bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cobalt cyclo‐P4 Sandwich Complex and Its Role in the Formation of Polyphosphorus Compounds
Authors: Dielmann Fabian , Timoshkin Alexey , Piesch Martin , Balázs Gábor , Scheer Manfred 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA synthetic approach to the sandwich complex [Cp′′′Co(η4‐P4)] (2) containing a cyclo‐P4 ligand as an end‐deck was developed. Complex 2 is the missing homologue in the series of first‐row cyclo‐Pn sandwich complexes, and shows a unique tendency to dimerize in solution to form two isomeric P8 complexes [(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η4:η2:η1‐P8)] (3 and 4). Reactivity studies indicate that 2 and 3 react with further [Cp′′′Co] fragments to give [(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η2:η2‐P2)2] (5) and [(Cp′′′Co)3P8] (6), respectively. Furthermore, complexes 2, 3, and 4 thermally decompose forming 5, 6, and the P12 complex [(Cp′′′Co)3P12] (7). DFT calculations on the P4 activation process suggest a η3‐P4 Co complex as the key intermediate in the synthesis of 2 as well as in the formation of larger polyphosphorus complexes via a unique oligomerization pathway.
Manganese‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyrimidines from Alcohols and Amidines
Authors: Deibl Nicklas , Kempe Rhett 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe development of catalytic reactions for synthesizing different compounds from alcohols to save fossil carbon feedstock and reduce CO2 emissions is of high importance. Replacing rare noble metals with abundantly available 3d metals is equally important. We report a manganese‐complex‐catalyzed multicomponent synthesis of pyrimidines from amidines and up to three alcohols. Our reaction proceeds through condensation and dehydrogenation steps, permitting selective C−C and C−N bond formations. β‐Alkylation reactions are used to multiply alkylate secondary alcohols with two different primary alcohols to synthesize fully substituted pyrimidines in a one‐pot process. Our PN5P‐Mn‐pincer complexes efficiently catalyze this multicomponent process. A comparison of our manganese catalysts with related cobalt catalysts indicates that manganese shows a reactivity similar to that of iridium but not cobalt. This analogy could be used to develop further (de)hydrogenation reactions with manganese complexes.
Tri‐ and diorganotin(IV) derivatives of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug sulindac: Characterization, electronic structures (DFT), DNA binding and plasmid cleavage studies
Authors: Kumari Ranjana , Nath Mala 
Published: January 2017

Tri‐ and diorganotin(IV) derivatives of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug sulindac (Sul), coordinated with carboxylate oxygen, namely C23H25FO3SSn (1), C38H31FO3SSn (2), C32H43FO3SSn (3), C52H42F2O6S2Sn (4), C44H44S2Cl2O6F2Sn2 (5), C48H50F2O6S2Sn (6) and C56H66F2O6S2Sn (7), have been synthesized and characterized using analytical and spectroscopic (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 119Sn NMR and ESI‐MS) techniques. Optimized geometry and electronic structures of the complexes obtained from density functional theory calculations indicate that complexes 1, 2, 3 and 7 are tetra‐coordinated with monodentate carboxylates, 4 and 6 are hexa‐coordinated with highly distorted octahedral geometry, whereas 5 is penta‐coordinated with distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Probable mode of DNA binding with ligand (Sul) and complexes 1–7 has been revealed via various biophysical techniques (UV–visible spectroscopy, fluorometry and circular dichroism). Intrinsic binding constants (Kb) obtained from UV–visible spectroscopy for Sul and complexes 1–7 are 3.69 × 104, and 7.3 × 103, 1.14 × 104, 1.47 × 104, 1.55 × 104, 1.49 × 104, 2.02 × 104, 1.17 × 104 M−1, respectively. The quenching constants (Ksv) using fluorometric titrations, calculated from competitive binding of ethidium bromide versus Sul/complexes with calf thymus DNA, also correspond to the above results. Circular dichroism spectral patterns of calf thymus DNA with Sul and complexes 1–7 have also been investigated. All the results reveal that the complexes bind with DNA through partial intercalative mode. pBr322 plasmid fragmentation has also been studied using gel electrophoresis, which shows the fragmentation of circular DNA by an increase in nicked form and also by the appearance of linear form with increasing concentration of drug or complexes.
‘Climate Refugees’: An Oceanic Perspective
Authors: Hingley Rebecca 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe primary argument of this article seeks to highlight the irresponsible and insensitive categorisation of the Pacific peoples as 'climate refugees'. International actors' interpretation and use of such a term is damaging as it depicts these peoples as a vulnerable, rather than resilient group. The term effectively strips them of their agency and the potential for their valuable knowledge and efforts to contribute to the fight against a natural phenomenon that proves the most serious threat to humankind today, climate change. In the first section the international perception will be addressed, in the second section the Oceanic understanding will be explored in contrast, and finally in the third section, the implications for International Relations will be outlined. In conclusion, we find that the impact of the term ‘climate refugees’ is detrimental at both the conceptual and experiential level, making its deconstruction a complex but necessary task.
Knock‐on effects of national risk assessments on the conservation of global biodiversity
Authors: Mazaris Antonios D. , Vokou Despoina , Almpanidou Vasiliki , Schofield Gail 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGlobal biodiversity conservation relies on the efficient operation of protected areas, with revenue often originating from visitors. However, visitors generally select destinations where personal security and safety are guaranteed.Information about potential threats (natural hazards or terrorism) for global destinations is mainly released to the public via national safety travel advice and via global reports on disaster and terrorism risk indices.This study aimed to evaluate the extent to which different types of national security risks occur in countries that contain marine protected areas (MPAs) globally, towards highlighting the importance of incorporating these security issues into conservation management plans.Countries hosting most global marine protected areas (MPAs) have a low to medium risk of natural disasters. However, the analyses demonstrated that about one‐third of MPAs are hosted by countries with lower income economies, which are also shown to have a lower capacity to cope with natural disasters.Of interest, countries with high terrorism risk host only a small fraction of global MPAs, with lower income countries being subjected to significantly higher terrorism risk than higher income countries.Overall, the results show that the chance of a country with an MPA being subject to a national security risk is generally low. However, countries with a higher risk of violence and natural disaster have lower coping capacities and weaker economies. Thus, MPAs in such countries should incorporate the risk of national security issues into their management schemes, particularly when visitor revenue is incorporated into wildlife protection and the employment of locals.
NON‐PDC Observer‐Based T‐S Fuzzy Tracking Controller Design and its Application in CHAOS Control
Authors: Asemani Mohammad Hassan , Vatankhah Ramin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn many mechanical devices with chaotic behavior, stabilizing unstable periodic orbits (UPOs) of the system has positive effects in the lifetime and effectiveness of these devices. In this study, a new non‐parallel distributed compensation (non‐PDC) observer‐based tracking controller is presented for Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems to control the chaotic behavior of such systems. Asymptotic stability synthesis of the closed‐loop system is investigated using a fuzzy Lyapunov function to derive less conservative conditions than common quadratic Lyapunov function‐based approaches. To tackle the main drawback of the fuzzy Lyapunov‐based approaches, which assume some upper bounds on the derivatives of the fuzzy grade functions, we propose a new procedure by considering a constraint on the control signal. The new design conditions are given in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The proposed control structure is applied to spinning disks in which chaos phenomena appear in lateral vibration. Simulation results are given to show the applicability of the proposed tracker to the UPO problem.
The impact of pH inhomogeneities on CHO cell physiology and fed‐batch process performance – two‐compartment scale‐down modelling and intracellular pH excursion
Authors: Brunner Matthias , Braun Philipp , Doppler Philipp , Posch Christoph , Behrens Dirk , Herwig Christoph , Fricke Jens 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDue to high mixing times and base addition from top of the vessel, pH inhomogeneities are most likely to occur during large‐scale mammalian processes. The goal of this study was to set‐up a scale‐down model of a 10–12 m3 stirred tank bioreactor and to investigate the effect of pH perturbations on CHO cell physiology and process performance. Short‐term changes in extracellular pH were hypothesized to affect intracellular pH and thus cell physiology. Therefore, batch fermentations, including pH shifts to 9.0 and 7.8, in regular one‐compartment systems were conducted. The short‐term adaption of the cells intracellular pH showed an immediate increase due to elevated extracellular pH. With this basis of fundamental knowledge, a two‐compartment system was established which was capable of simulating defined pH inhomogeneities. In contrast to state‐of‐the‐art literature, the scale‐down model included parameters (e.g. volume of the inhomogeneous zone) as they might occur during large‐scale processes. pH inhomogeneity studies in the two‐compartment system were performed with simulation of temporary pH zones of pH 9.0. The specific growth rate especially during the exponential growth phase was strongly affected resulting in a decreased maximum viable cell density and final product titer. The gathered results indicate that even short‐term exposure of cells to elevated pH values during large‐scale processes can affect cell physiology and overall process performance. In particular, it could be shown for the first time that pH perturbations, which might occur during the early process phase, have to be considered in scale‐down models of mammalian processes.
Comparative study on fatty acid composition of olive (Olea europaea L.), with emphasis on phytosterol contents
Authors: Ozkan Ali , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Kulak Muhittin , Bindak Recep 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe present study was designed to determine the fatty acid composition and phytosterol contents of Turkish native olive cultivars, namely Kilis Yağlık and Nizip Yağlık cv. In this context, olive fruits from 34 locations were sampled and then screened for their components in comparison. Fifteen different fatty acids were found in both olive oils. In the order of abundance, the most important ones were oleic acid (18:1) > palmitic acid (16:0) > linoleic acid (18:2) > stearic acid (18:0). Significant differences were observed in the contents of oleic acid (18:1), palmitic acid (16:0), linoleic acid (18:2) but not for stearic acid content in comparison both oils (p < 0.01). There were significant differences in terms of unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.01). The seven phytosterols – cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, β‐sitosterol, Δ‐5‐avenasterol, Δ‐7‐stigmastenol and Δ‐7‐avenasterol – were studied in both oil sources. The predominant sterols were β‐sitosterol, Δ5‐avenasterol and campesterol in the samples analysed. However, no significant differences were found in the levels of the phytosterols between the two olive cultivars.
Effect of an art brut therapy program called go beyond the schizophrenia (GBTS) on prison inmates with schizophrenia in mainland China—A randomized, longitudinal, and controlled trial
Authors: Qiu Hong‐Zhong , Ye Zeng‐Jie , Liang Mu‐Zi , Huang Yue‐Qun , Liu Wei , Lu Zhi‐Dong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCreative arts therapies are proven to promote an interconnection between body and mind, but there are major obstacles for providing therapeutic services in prisons due to inmates' inherent mistrust for verbal disclosure and rigid self‐defenses, especially among inmates with schizophrenia. Thus, we developed a structured and quantitative art brut therapy program called go beyond the schizophrenia to actually measure the benefits of art therapy on prison inmates in mainland China. Upon completion of the program, the intervention group reported a decrease in anxiety, depression, anger, and negative psychiatric symptoms and showed better compliance with rules, socialization with peers, compliance with medications, and regular sleeping patterns after 16 weekly sessions of go beyond the schizophrenia. This article concludes that the art brut therapy was effective for the inmates with schizophrenia in mainland China and provides encouraging data on how to enhance mental health for inmates with schizophrenia.Key practitioner message

Art brut therapy can reduce emotional distress and negative psychiatric symptoms among Chinese inmates.
Arts brut therapy can enhance Chinese inmates' compliance with rules, socialization with peers, compliance with medicines, and regular sleeping patterns.
Arts brut therapy in conjunction with medication is highly recommended for recovery of Chinese inmates with schizophrenia, especially for patients with negative symptoms.
In vivo bone tunnel evaluation of nanoparticle‐grafts using an ACL reconstruction rabbit model
Authors: Grant Sheila A. , Smith Sarah E. , Schmidt Hilary , Pfeiffer Ferris , Kuroki Kei , Sherman Seth , White Richard , Grant David A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAcellular human gracilis tendons conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nano‐HAp) were used as a graft in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction rabbit model. The ACLs of 11 New Zealand rabbits were reconstructed using grafts conjugated without nanoparticles, with AuNP only, and with both AuNP and nano‐HAp. Semi‐quantitative histological scoring of bone tunnel portion of grafts was performed after 14 weeks. Bone tunnels were scored for graft degeneration, graft remodeling, percentage of new host fibrous connective, collateral connection, head‐to‐head connection, graft collagen fiber organization, new host fibrous connective tissue organization, and graft and interface vascularity. All grafts were intact at 14 weeks. Results of bone tunnel scoring indicate remodeling in all graft types with new organized host fibrous connective tissue, head‐to‐head connection to bone and mild inflammation associated with remodeling. Components of the 20 nm AuNP grafts have significantly more graft degeneration, more new host fibrous connective tissue, and more vascularity compared to crosslinked grafts. Comparison between femoral and tibial tunnel scores indicate more degeneration in femoral tunnels compared to tibial tunnels. Overall results indicated potentially enhanced remodeling from the use of 20 nm AuNP grafts. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1071–1082, 2017.
Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) in melanoma: There's smoke, but is there fire?
Authors: Brinckerhoff Constance E. 
Published: January 2017

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also called Tumor Initiating Cells (TICs), can be defined as cancer cells that are present within solid tumors or hematological cancers, which have characteristics associated with normal stem cells, but which can give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. CSCs, therefore, are transformed stem cells, which can self‐renew, differentiate into diverse progenies, and drive continuous tumor growth (Kreso & Dick, , Cell Stem Cell, 14:275‐291; Schatton et al., , Nature, 451:345‐349; Villani, Sabbatino, Ferrone, & Ferrone, , Melanoma Management, 2:109‐114; Zhou et al., , Drug Discovery, 8:806–823) (Fig. ).The cancer stem cell hypothesis. Tumor cells are heterogeneous and only the tumor‐initiating cells have the ability to proliferate extensively, give rise to differentiated cells and form new tumors. There are various therapeutic strategies that could target tumor‐initiating cells. Killing these cells could be achieved by inhibiting their survival pathways. Some of the survival pathways that are used by tumor‐initiating cells could also be used by the bulk of the tumor, so agents targeting these pathways are expected to kill more than just tumor‐initiating cells (adapted from Zhou et al. 2009)image
A continuous‐infusion dynamic MRI model at 3.0 Tesla for the serial quantitative evaluation of microvascular proliferation in an animal model of glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Underhill Hunter R. 
Published: January 2017

PurposeTo develop a continuous‐infusion dynamic MRI technique to characterize tumor‐associated microvascular proliferation (MVP) in a rat brain model of glioblastoma multiforme.MethodsThe proposed model assumes effects due to tumor‐associated MVP (eg, vascular permeability, Ktrans; intravascular plasma fraction, vp) cannot be individually separated and solves for a single parameter (kvasc) that quantifies the T1‐weighted contrast enhancement from dynamic images acquired during continuous contrast agent (CA) infusion. Untreated C6 tumor‐bearing animals (N = 6) were serially imaged on postoperative days (PODs) 14 and 18 with a 3 Tesla clinical scanner utilizing a dynamic spatial and temporal resolution of 0.38 × 0.38 × 1.5 mm3 and 3.47 s, respectively.ResultsAn association was present between PODs 14 and 18 for median tumor kvasc (Pearson's r = 0.94, P = 0.0052) and CA concentration ([CA], derived from pre‐ and postcontrast R1 maps; r = 0.94, P = 0.0054). On POD 18, there was a voxel‐based association between kvasc and [CA] within each tumor (0.45 < r < 0.82, P < 0.001). However, voxel‐based subregions demonstrated a reduced association between kvasc and [CA] (N = 5; –0.08 < r < 0.22, P > 0.05) or an inverse association (N = 1; r = –0.28, P = 0.001), indicating differences between locations of vascular permeability and subsequent CA pooling in tumors.ConclusionThe continuous‐infusion method may provide a quantitative measure for characterizing and monitoring tumor‐associated MVP. Magn Reson Med 78:1824–1838, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Molecular effectors of radiation resistance in colorectal cancer
Authors: Geng Liying , Wang Jing 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEvasion from apoptosis is critical for cancer development and progression. It is also a main reason for the resistance to anticancer therapy. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer‐related mortality in the USA. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are often combined with surgery to treat more advanced CRC patients. Although anticancer therapies have yielded a good success rate, the failure of treatment in over 90% of patients with advanced disease is due to resistance to the treatment, one of the biggest obstacles for effective cancer therapy. However, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that govern the resistance of CRC is very limited. No significant advance has been made to overcome the resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify molecules or pathways that can be targeted to overcome the resistance and improve cancer treatment. Expression of phosphatase of regenerating liver‐3 and survivin has been shown to correlate with advanced CRC, liver and lymph node metastases, high risk of recurrences, and worse patient survival. They have been implicated as important effectors in the resistance to anticancer therapy including radiation therapy in CRC. Their potential role in the resistance to radiation therapy makes them promising molecular targets to overcome radioresistance and increase efficacy of radiotherapy. The antagonists against phosphatase of regenerating liver‐3 and survivin could represent a novel type of molecular drug to be used in cancer treatment either as a single agent or, more likely, in combination with radiation or chemoradiation therapy.
Robust output synchronization of linear multi‐agent systems with constant disturbances via integral control
Authors: Wang Qingling , Cao Xianghui , Sun Changyin 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThis paper solves the robust output synchronization problem for a group of linear agents subject to constant disturbances on directed graphs. A new distributed control protocol with integral action is first proposed with the assumption that each agent has access to its own state. Then, an observer‐based implementation of the control protocol is illustrated for the case that the agents do not have access to their states. Compared with existing methods, the new distributed protocol does not require exchanging of the controller states or output states among neighboring agents. Finally, simulation results of a group of low‐speed experimental unmanned aerial vehicles show the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding patterns of evolution acceptance—A new implementation of the Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution (MATE) with Midwestern university students
Authors: Romine William L. , Walter Emily M. , Bosse Ephiram , Todd Amber N. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe validate the Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution (MATE) on undergraduate students using the Rasch model and utilize the MATE to explore qualitatively how students express their acceptance of evolution. At least 24 studies have used the MATE, most with the assumption that it is unidimensional. However, we found that the MATE is best used as two separate dimensions. When used in this way, the MATE produces reliable (α > 0.85) measures for (i) acceptance of evolution facts and data and (ii) acceptance of the credibility of evolution and rejection of non‐scientific ideas. Using k‐means cluster analysis, we found students express their acceptance of evolution in five distinct profiles: (i) uniform high acceptance; (ii) uniform moderate acceptance; (iii) neutral acceptance; (iv) acceptance of facts, but rejection of credibility; and (v) rejection of both facts and credibility. Furthermore, we found that knowledge of macroevolution moderately explains students’ acceptance profiles, corroborating previous claims that teaching macroevolution may be one way to improve students’ acceptance. We use these findings to express the first set of operational definitions of evolution acceptance and propose that educators continue to explore additional ways to operationalize evolution acceptance. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 54:642–671, 2017