bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual and refractive outcomes of small incision lenticule extraction for the correction of myopia: 1-year follow-up
Authors: Kamiya Kazutaka , Shimizu Kimiya , Igarashi Akihito , Kobashi Hidenaga 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveTo assess the 1 year clinical outcomes of small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism using a 500 kHz femtosecond laser system.MethodsThis prospective study evaluated 52 eyes of 39 consecutive patients (31.8±6.9 years, mean age±SD) with spherical equivalents of −4.11±1.73 D (range, −1.25 to −8.25 D) who underwent SMILE for myopia and myopic astigmatism. Preoperatively, 1 week, and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively, we assessed the safety, efficacy, predictability, stability, corneal endothelial cell loss and the adverse events of the surgery.ResultsThe logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) uncorrected distance visual acuity and LogMAR corrected distance visual acuity were −0.16±0.11 and −0.22±0.07, respectively, 1 year postoperatively. At 1 year, all eyes were within±0.5 D of the targeted correction. Manifest refraction changes of −0.05±0.32 D occurred from 1 week to 1 year postoperatively (p=0.20, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). The endothelial cell density was not significantly changed from 2804±267 cells/mm2preoperatively to 2743±308 cells/mm21 year postoperatively (p=0.12). No vision-threatening complications occurred during the observation period.ConclusionsSMILE performed well in the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism, and no significant change in endothelial cell density or any other serious complications occurred throughout the 1-year follow-up period, suggesting its viability as a surgical option for the treatment of such eyes.
Obesity in pregnancy: infant health service utilisation and costs on the NHS
Authors: Morgan Kelly L , Rahman Muhammad A , Hill Rebecca A , Khanom Ashrafunnesa , Lyons Ronan A , Brophy Sinead T 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveTo estimate the direct healthcare cost of infants born to overweight or obese mothers to the National Health Service in the UK.DesignRetrospective prevalence-based study.SettingCombined linked anonymised electronic data sets on a cohort of mother–child pairs enrolled on the Growing Up in Wales: Environments for Healthy Living (EHL) study. Infants were categorised according to maternal early-pregnancy body mass index (BMI): healthy weight mother (18.5≤BMI<25 kg/m2; n=342), overweight mother (25≤BMI≤29.9 kg/m2; n=157) and obese mother (BMI≥30; n=110).Participants609 singleton pregnancies with available health service records and an antenatal maternal BMI.Primary outcome measureTotal health service utilisation and direct healthcare costs for providing these services in the year 2012–2013. Costs are calculated as cost of the infant (no maternal costs considered) and are related to health service usage from birth to age 1 year.ResultsA strong association existed between healthcare usage cost and BMI (p<0.001). Mean total costs were 72% higher among children born to obese mothers (rate ratio (RR) 1.72, 95% CI 1.71 to 1.73) compared with infants born to healthy weight mothers. Higher costings were attributed to a significantly greater number (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.84) and duration (RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.74) of inpatient visits and a higher number of general practitioner visits (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.16). Total mean additional resource cost was estimated at £65.13 for infants born to overweight mothers and £1138.11 for infants born to obese mothers, when compared with infants of healthy weight mothers.ConclusionsIncreasingly infants born to mothers with high BMIs consume additional health service resources in the first year of life; this was apparent across inpatient and general practitioner services. Considering both maternal and infant health service use, interventions that cost less than £2310 per person in reducing obesity early pregnancy could be cost-effective.
Social epidemiology of excess weight and central adiposity in older Indians: analysis of Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)
Authors: Samal Sudipta , Panigrahi Pinaki , Dutta Ambarish 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesWe aimed to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, represented by extra body weight and abdominal circumference, among older Indians; and to characterise the social pattern of obesity and measure the magnitude of hypertension attributable to it.SettingA nationally representative sample of older Indians was selected from 6 Indian states, including Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, Maharashtra and Karnataka, as a part of the multicountry Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE).ParticipantsIndians aged 50 years or more (n=7273) were included in the first wave of the SAGE (2010), which we used in our study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measures included excess weight (EW), defined by body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2, and central adiposity (CA), defined by waist circumference >90 cm for men and >80 cm for women. The secondary outcome included hypertension, defined by systolic blood pressure >139 or diastolic blood pressure >79 mm Hg, or by those receiving antihypertensive medications.Results14% of older Indians possessed EW, whereas 35% possessed CA; 50.9% of the wealthier third and 27.7% of the poorer two-thirds have CA; the proportions being 69.1% and 46.2%, respectively, in older women. Mostly wealth (adjusted OR for CA: 4.36 (3.23 to 5.95) and EW: 4.39 (3.49 to 5.53)), but also urban residence, privileged caste, higher education, white-collared occupation and female gender, were important determinants. One of 17 older Indians overall and 1 of 18 in the poorer 70% suffered from CA-driven hypertension, independent of BMI.ConclusionsThe problem of CA and its allied diseases is already substantial and expected to rise across all socioeconomic strata of older Indians, though currently, CA affects the privileged more than the underprivileged, in later life. Population-based promotion of appropriate lifestyles, with special emphasis on women, is required to counteract prosperity-driven obesity before it becomes too entrenched and expensive to uproot.
Role of development partners in Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) programming in post-reform times: a qualitative study from Pakistan
Authors: Pervaiz Farrah , Shaikh Babar Tasneem , Mazhar Arslan 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesDespite certain reforms undertaken in Pakistan to reorient its health system, the health-related millennium goals lagged behind many neighbouring and regional countries. This study was conducted to understand the implications of government reforms including the devolution on the National Maternal Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) programme; and to determine donors’ and development partners’ current and prospective role in the post-reform scenario.SettingThe donor agencies based in the federal capital Islamabad, as well as the federal and provincial government offices involved in the financing, design, oversight and implementation of various MNCH initiatives in Pakistan, were included in the sample.ParticipantsA descriptive qualitative study based on individual in-depth interviews with representatives from donor agencies and government offices (8 each) involved in programmes directly related to the MNCH sector.ResultsThe reforms are denounced as deficient in terms of detailed planning and operationalisation of the vertical programmes including that for MNCH. The government had to face coordination challenges with the provinces, which has affected donor engagement and funding mechanisms to a great deal. Investment in MNCH, population and nutrition has been the topmost priority of development partners in Pakistan. Their contributions towards health systems also include assistance in developing and implementing provincial health sector strategies, establishment of Health Sector Reform Units and investments in service delivery, research and advocacy.ConclusionsAny health sector reform must be complemented by a roll-out strategy, including robust support to the provincial health systems and to their capacity building. Development partners must align and coordinate their strategies with provinces to stabilise the MNCH programme in Pakistan. More coordination between the different tiers of the government and the donors could streamline MNCH partnership in post-reform times.
The test characteristics of physician clinical gestalt for determining the presence and severity of anaemia in patients seen at the emergency department of a tertiary referral hospital in Tanzania
Authors: Sawe Hendry Robert , Mfinanga Juma A , Mwafongo Victor , Reynolds Teri A , Runyon Michael S 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the test characteristics of clinical gestalt for detecting the presence and severity of anaemia in emergency department patients at a tertiary referral hospital in Tanzania.MethodsThis prospective study enrolled a convenience sample of emergency department patients who had a complete blood count ordered by the treating physician in the course of their clinical care. Physicians recorded their impression of the presence and severity of anaemia before viewing the laboratory results. To assess interobserver agreement, a second physician provided their blinded gestalt impression of the patient's haemoglobin level.ResultsWe enrolled 216 patients and complete data were available for 210 patients (97%), 59% male, median age 30 years. The range of measured haemoglobin values was 1.5–15.4 g/dL. The physicians rated anaemia mild or absent in 74 (35%), moderate in 72 (34%) and severe in 64 patients (30%). These estimates were significantly concordant with the laboratory haemoglobin measurements (Kendall's τ b=0.63, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.69, p<0.0001). The test characteristics of physician gestalt estimates for severe anaemia were: sensitivity 64% (95% CI 53% to 74%), specificity 91% (95% CI 85% to 96%), positive likelihood ratio of 7.4 (95% CI 4.2 to 13.3) and negative likelihood ratio of 0.40 (0.3 to 0.5). The weighted Cohen's κ for interobserver agreement between physicians on the gestalt estimate of the degree of anaemia was 0.87 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.98).ConclusionPhysicians’ estimates of the severity of anaemia were significantly concordant with laboratory haemoglobin measurements. Sensitivity of the gestalt estimate for severe anaemia was moderate. Interobserver agreement was ‘almost perfect’.
Prevalence of hypertension subtypes in 2011 and the trends from 1991 to 2011 among Chinese adults
Authors: Qi Su-Fen , Zhang Bing , Wang Hui-Jun , Yan Jing , Mi Ying-Jun , Liu Dian-Wu , Tian Qing-Bao 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundThis study aims to estimate the current prevalence and trends of hypertension subtypes among Chinese adults from 1991 to 2011.MethodsWe analysed the measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure among adults aged ≥18 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 1991–2011. The prevalence was age-adjusted to the 2010 census of Chinese adults.ResultsThe adjusted prevalence in 2011 was 20.9% (95% CI 20.2% to 21.6%) of hypertension, 3.30% (95% CI 2.99% to 3.62%) of isolated systolic hypertension, 4.44% (95% CI 4.08% to 4.80%) of isolated diastolic hypertension, 4.11% (95% CI 3.76% to 4.46%) of systolic–diastolic hypertension and 9.01% (95% CI 8.51% to 9.51%) of current use of antihypertensive medication, respectively. From 1991 to 2011, the prevalence increased from 15.6% to 20.9% for hypertension (p<0.001) and from 3.04% to 3.30% for isolated systolic hypertension (p<0.001). However, the prevalence decreased from 4.77% to 4.44% for isolated diastolic hypertension (p=0.023) and from 5.27% to 4.11% for systolic–diastolic hypertension (p<0.001). Consistent with these findings, the percentage of current use of antihypertensive medication increased from 2.55% to 9.01%, which accounted for approximately 43.1% of the total number of cases in 2011. Importantly, only 36.9% (equivalent to 17.5% of the total number of hypertensive people) of cases of current use of antihypertensive medication were adequately controlled.ConclusionsBoth the prevalence of hypertension and the percentage of current use of antihypertensive medication significantly increased from 1991 to 2011. Currently, about one-fifth of Chinese adults are hypertensive; however, only 17.5% of hypertension is controlled.
Predictive value of autoantibodies from anti-CCP2, anti-MCV and anti-human citrullinated fibrinogen tests, in early rheumatoid arthritis patients with rapid radiographic progression at 1 year: results from the ESPOIR cohort
Authors: Degboé Yannick , Constantin Arnaud , Nigon Delphine , Tobon Gabriel , Cornillet Martin , Schaeverbeke Thierry , Chiocchia Gilles , Nicaise-Roland Pascale , Nogueira Leonor , Serre Guy , Cantagrel Alain , Ruyssen-Witrand Adeline 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesWe compared the ability of antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP2), against mutated citrullinated vimentin (anti-MCV) and against citrullinated fibrinogen (AhFibA) to predict 1 year rapid radiographic progression (RRP; total Sharp score variation ≥5 points), in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsWe analysed 566 patients from the ESPOIR cohort with early RA fulfilling the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) criteria at year 1. We assayed the 3 anticitrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) tests on baseline sera. We compared the performance of these 3 ACPA tests to predict first-year RRP, by comparing areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs). We assessed the 1 year RRP risk by ACPA titres. We used a logistic multivariate regression to analyse RRP risk in terms either of ACPA positivity or titre: high (>3 times the N cut-off) and low (1 to 3N).Results145 patients displayed RRP. Areas under the ROCs were similar (0.60) for the 3 tests. High ACPA titres were associated with 1 year RRP, whatever the test was, and with similar ORs. Low+ anti-MCV titres were not associated with 1-year RRP, whereas low+ anti-CCP2 titres (p=0.0226) and low+ AhFibA titres (p=0.0332) were significantly associated. In multivariate analysis, 1 year RRP was associated with anti-CCP2 positivity (p<0.0001), AhFibA positivity (p<0.0001) and high anti-MCV titres (p<0.0001).ConclusionsAnti-CCP2 antibodies and AhFibA were predictive of 1 year RRP in early RA whatever their titre was, whereas only high anti-MCV antibody titres were predictive, potentially making them more discriminant to predict 1 year RRP risk.
Optimization of Area and Delay for Implementation of the Composite Field Advanced Encryption Standard S-Box
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqiang , Wu Ning , Zhou Fang , Ge Fen 
Published: November 2015

Among different implementations of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) S-box, the implementation based on composite field arithmetic (CFA) has the smallest size. In this study, to eliminate the redundant gates in the implementation of CFA-based S-box, a new optimization algorithm named common subexpression elimination (CSE)–shortest critical path constructing (SCPC) algorithm is proposed. The CSE–SCPC algorithm combines an efficient CSE technology with the SCPC method, therefore not only area cost but also the delays are taken into account in the optimization process. For facilitating the search of common subexpressions (CSs), the main operation of CFA-based S-box — the multiplicative inverses (MI) over galois field (GF)((2[Formula: see text] — is divided into six parts and each part is expressed by logical expressions directly. Furthermore, the parts with same input are classified into the same group, as there are CSs among them. Each part of the S-box is optimized by the CSE–SCPC algorithm. For the MI over GF((2[Formula: see text], both the CSs in each part and the CSs among the parts are eliminated by the CSE–SCPC algorithm. Compared to the previous works, our design has not only the minimal area cost but also the shorter critical path in both theoretical computing evaluation and experimental evaluation.
Increased Sympathetic Renal Innervation in Hemodialysis Patients Is the Anatomical Substrate of Sympathetic Hyperactivity in End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Mauriello Alessandro , Rovella Valentina , Anemona Lucia , Servadei Francesca , Giannini Elena , Bove Pierluigi , Anselmo Alessandro , Melino Gerry , Di Daniele Nicola 
Published: November 2015

Background
Renal denervation represents an emerging treatment for resistant hypertension in patients with end‐stage renal disease, but data about the anatomic substrate of this treatment are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the morphological basis of sympathetic hyperactivity in the setting of hemodialysis patients to identify an anatomical substrate that could warrant the use of this new therapeutic approach.

Methods and Results

The distribution of sympathetic nerves was evaluated in the adventitia of 38 renal arteries that were collected at autopsy or during surgery from 25 patients: 9 with end‐stage renal disease on dialysis (
DIAL
group) and 16 age‐matched control nondialysis patients (
CTRL
group). Patients in the
DIAL
group showed a significant increase in nerve density in the internal area of the peri‐adventitial tissue (within the first 0.5 mm of the beginning of the adventitia) compared with the
CTRL
group (4.01±0.30 versus 2.87±0.28×mm
2
,
P
=0.01). Regardless of dialysis, hypertensive patients with signs of severe arteriolar damage had a greater number of nerve endings in the most internal adventitia, and this number was significantly higher than in patients without hypertensive arteriolar damage (3.90±0.36 versus 2.87±0.41×mm
2
,
P
=0.04), showing a correlation with hypertensive arteriolar damage rather than with hypertensive clinical history.

Conclusions
The findings from this study provide a morphological basis underlying sympathetic hyperactivity in patients with end‐stage renal disease and might offer useful information to improve the use of renal denervation in this group of patients.
Description of Malenchus sexlineatus n. sp., new records of three known species of Malenchus Andrássy, 1968 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) and notes on amphidial aperture development
Authors: Qing Xue , Sánchez-Monge Alcides , Janssen Toon , Couvreur Marjolein , Bert Wim 
Published: November 2015

A new species, Malenchus sexlineatus n. sp., discovered from the Philippines, is described based on morphological and molecular data. The new species is unusual in the genus by having six lateral lines. Malenchus sexlineatus n. sp. is distinguished from M. williamsi, the only other species in the genus with six lateral lines (based on currently available SEM data), by a shorter body of 278 (270-288) vs 452 (425-495) μm, shorter stylet (7.0 (6.2-7.5) vs 11-12 μm), narrower annulations (0.8 (0.7-0.8) vs 1.2-1.6 μm), lateral field comprising one elevated ridge in LM vs six well-separated incisures (resembling the lateral lines in Cephalenchus) in LM, the presence of S-shaped vs straight amphidial apertures, and vulval flaps absent or only one annuli long vs distinct. By having an exceptionally short body, M. sexlineatus n. sp. comes close to M. parvus, M. bryanti and M. acarayensis. However, there are significant differences in the lateral lines, annuli width and most morphometric ratios. Three known species, namely M. exiguus, M. nanellus and M. pachycephalus, all being first records and first representative from China, are characterised by morphological data. The new species was placed in a robustly supported clade containing two other Malenchus spp. and M. exiguus. Interestingly, M. pressulus was placed in a separate, unresolved phylogenetic position. However, the phylogenetic position of these clades could not be resolved within Tylenchidae. The shapes of the amphidial aperture and fovea within Malenchus are also compared and its possible developmental process is illustrated and discussed.
Spontaneous extracranial hemorrhagic phenomena in primary headache disorders: A systematic review of published cases
Authors: Peretz Addie M , Woldeamanuel Yohannes W , Rapoport Alan M , Cowan Robert P 
Published: November 2015

Background Head pain is a cardinal feature of primary headache disorders (PHDs) and is often accompanied by autonomic and vasomotor symptoms and/or signs. Spontaneous extracranial hemorrhagic phenomena (SEHP), including epistaxis, ecchymosis, and hematohidrosis (a disorder of bleeding through sweat glands), are poorly characterized features of PHDs. Aim To critically appraise the association between SEHP and PHDs by systematically reviewing and pooling all reports of SEHP associated with headaches. Methods Advanced searches using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate databases were carried out for clinical studies by combining the terms “headache AND ecchymosis”, “headache AND epistaxis”, and “headache AND hematohidrosis” spanning all medical literature prior to October 10, 2015. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines were applied. Results A total of 105 cases of SEHP associated with PHDs (83% migraine and 17% trigeminal autonomic cephalgias) were identified (median age 27 years, male to female ratio 1:2.3); 63% had epistaxis, 33% ecchymosis, and 4% hematohidrosis. Eighty-three percent of studies applied the International Classification of Headache Disorders diagnostic criteria. Eighty percent of the reported headaches were episodic and 20% were chronic. Twenty-four percent of studies reported recurrent episodes of SEHP. Conclusions Our results suggest that SEHP may be rare features of PHDs. Future studies would benefit from the systematic characterization of these phenomena.
Thirteen years of oxcarbazepine exposures reported to US poison centers
Authors: Spiller HA , Strauch J , Essing-Spiller SJ , Burns G 
Published: November 2015

Objectives: Oxcarbazepine (OXC) is a 10-keto analogue of carbamazepine used in patients with partial and secondary generalized seizures. We evaluated ingestions of OXC reported to US poison centers for adverse effects from supratherapeutic doses and/or overdose. Method: Retrospective analysis of data reported to National Poison Data System from single-substance OXC ingestions between January 2000 and December 2012. Results: There were 18,867cases with a mean of 1451 exposures/year. The patients were predominantly adults with 5464 exposures in children <6 years (29%). The most commonly reported clinical effects were drowsiness ( n = 4703, 25%), vomiting ( n = 1559, 8%), tachycardia ( n = 590, 3%), agitated ( n = 342, 1.8%), hypotension ( n = 178, 0.9%), electrolyte disturbance ( n = 153, 0.8%), coma (n = 156, 0.8%), and seizures ( n = 121, 0.6%). There were 176 patients with a major effect of which 31 involved were children and 1728 (9%) patients with moderate effects of which 300 involved were children. Five deaths were reported in adults. Intentional exposure (e.g. suicide) was the reason for exposure in 68% of patients with major effects and in all fatalities. Fifty-three percent of adults and 38% of children were managed in a health-care facility (HCF). HCF utilization levels remained consistent. Discussion: Severe outcomes appear to be infrequent (<1%). Unlike other anticonvulsants OXC does not appear to be proconvulsant in overdose. Conclusion: Serious outcomes for OXC overdoses are unlikely in the pediatric patient. With only mild symptoms likely, observation at home may be appropriate for the majority of cases. In the adult population there appears to be few neurologic and cardiovascular complications even in the intentional exposure.