bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financing Long‐Term Services and Supports: Ideas From Singapore
Authors: GRAHAM WAN CHEN KANG , BILGER MARCEL 
Published: June 2017

Policy Points:
In Singapore, long‐term services and supports (LTSS) are financed through a mix of public and private sources comprising tiered means‐tested public subsidies and government grants to care providers, charitable donations, voluntary long‐term care insurance, and other private resources.
Singapore's high take‐up rate of voluntary long‐term care insurance is explained by plans offering partial coverage, medical underwriting, early automatic enrollment, direct debit of insurance premiums, and defined cash benefits.
Singapore's experience in long‐term care financing is relevant to the US debate, as it provides policy ideas that may be transferable to the American context.
We recommend maximizing the population's total contribution to voluntary long‐term care insurance by striking the right balance between coverage adequacy and take‐up rate while targeting subsidies to low‐income individuals.
ContextFinancing long‐term services and supports (LTSS) for the elderly is a pressing issue in the United States with reforms of long‐term care insurance (LTCI) presently being explored. Singapore, with 65% of residents aged 40 to 83 covered by basic LTCI, including 22% with supplementary LTCI plans, has the highest voluntary LTCI rate in the world. This article contributes to the discourse by presenting the case of LTSS financing in Singapore.MethodsWe first reviewed Singapore's LTSS policies through a comprehensive search of academic papers, governmental reports, parliamentary debate transcripts, print media, and official websites of LTSS providers. We then estimated the LTSS financing mix, conducted an in‐depth analysis of the main policies, and illustrated the financial protection they procure for the elderly using realistic hypothetical scenarios.FindingsThe main principles governing Singapore's LTSS policies are shared responsibility for long‐term care financing, targeted assistance for the poor, centralized governance and administration, separation from other income and housing policies, and limited intergenerational cross‐subsidizing. We estimate the financing mix to consist of out‐of‐pocket spending (40%), government spending (42%), long‐term care insurance (9%), and charitable donations (9%). Assuming a monthly LTSS bill of US$1,545 to US$2,575, between 11% and 19% of LTSS expense is offset by LTCI for severely disabled individuals with basic coverage. Overall, 63% of care recipients are eligible for public subsidies that amount to 20% to 80% of their expenses.ConclusionsThe high take‐up of voluntary LTCI in Singapore is explained by the high prevalence of plans offering partial coverage, medical underwriting, early automatic enrollment, direct debit of insurance premiums, and defined cash benefits. We recommend setting the coverage of voluntary long‐term care insurance plans at levels that maximize the population's total contribution by striking the right balance between coverage adequacy and take‐up rate while targeting subsidies to low‐income individuals.
UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 Campaign to End the AIDS Epidemic in Historic Perspective
Authors: KAZANJIAN POWEL 
Published: June 2017

Policy Points:Examining the reasons for the failure of 20th‐century syphilis eradication programs (difficulties in finding cases, tracing contacts, procuring consistent funding, overcoming moral framing, and rectifying social problems that create vulnerable environments) provides insight into the possibility that today's UNAIDS campaign may not achieve its goal.Disease eradication, although applicable to smallpox, may not be a realistic goal for public health officials who are designing programs to control sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) like AIDS. STDs such as AIDS have a distinctive array of socioeconomic, behavioral, biologic, and epidemiologic features that may not make these diseases amenable to eradication.ContextThroughout its course, there has been talk of ending the AIDS epidemic. Initially aspirational in nature, this discourse has now taken the form of an explicit UNAIDS proposal to maximize the number of infected people who are tested and receive antiretroviral treatment (ART). If the milestones are met by 2020, the proposal states, an end to the AIDS pandemic could be achieved by 2030. This article uses a historical approach to explore whether this strategy to end the epidemic is feasible.MethodsIn this article, I identify historical analogues of today's UNAIDS plan for STDs. I then examine features of today's HIV campaign and compare them with elements of syphilis eradication campaigns that carried out widespread testing and treatment between the 1930s and 1960s.FindingsTwentieth‐century syphilis campaigns failed because they did not issue specific proposals that would enable them to achieve their eradication goal. They could not change the features of the disease that impeded their test‐and‐treat strategy: the moral framing (stigma deters people from testing), biologic factors (asymptomatic periods of contagiousness), and epidemiologic issues (difficulty tracking contacts occurring in private settings). Furthermore, they could not ensure sustainable funding, rectify social problems that create vulnerable environments, or issue educational messages to curb unsafe behaviors. Today's UNAIDS campaign offers no new provisions to address those factors that led to the failure of earlier syphilis campaigns.ConclusionsThe distinctive array of socioeconomic, biologic, and epidemiologic factors that characterize STDs like syphilis also apply to AIDS and weaken the assumption that the AIDS epidemic can be ended by implementing today's UNAIDS plan. The discourse of ending the AIDS epidemic may be a carryover from the successful elimination, before the appearance of AIDS, of smallpox—a disease that is not comparable to AIDS owing to different biologic qualities, social concerns, epidemiologic behaviors, and the possession of an effective vaccine. Future AIDS control campaigns should therefore concentrate on maximizing ART distribution and not targeting the end of the epidemic.
Agenda control in EU referendum campaigns: The power of the anti‐EU side
Authors: ATIKCAN ECE ÖZLEM 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEuropean Union (EU) referendums provide unique opportunities to study voters’ attitudes toward a distant level of governance. Scholars have long tried to understand whether EU referendum results reflect domestic (dis‐)satisfaction with the incumbent governments or actual attitudes toward the Union. Finding evidence supporting both domestic and European factors, the recent focus has thus turned to referendum campaigns. Recent studies emphasise the importance of the information provided to voters during these campaigns in order to analyse how domestic or European issues become salient in the minds of voters. These studies nonetheless overlook the asymmetrical political advantage in such campaigns. The broader literature on referendums and public opinion suggest that in a referendum, the ‘No’ side typically has the advantage since it can boost the public's fears by linking the proposal to unpopular issues. This article explores whether this dynamic applies to EU treaty ratification referendums. Does the anti‐EU treaty campaign have more advantage than the pro‐EU treaty campaign in these referendums? Campaign strategies in 11 EU treaty ratification referendums are analysed, providing a clear juxtaposition between pro‐treaty (‘Yes’) and anti‐treaty (‘No’) campaigns. Based on 140 interviews with campaigners in 11 referendums, a series of indicators on political setting and campaign characteristics, as well as an in‐depth case study of the 2012 Irish Fiscal Compact referendum, it is found that the anti‐treaty side indeed holds the advantage if it engages the debate. Nonetheless, the findings also show that this advantage is not unconditional. The underlying mechanism rests on the multidimensionality of the issue. The extent to which the referendum debate includes a large variety of ‘No’ campaign arguments correlates strongly with the campaigners’ perceived advantage/disadvantage, and the referendum results. When the ‘No’ side's arguments are limited (either through a single‐issue treaty or guarantees from the EU), this provides the ‘Yes’ side with a ‘cleaner’ agenda with which to work. Importantly, the detailed data demonstrate that the availability of arguments is important for the ‘Yes’ side as well. They tend to have the most advantage when they can tap into the economic costs of an anti‐EU vote. This analysis has implications for other kinds of EU referendums such as Brexit, non‐EU referendums such as independence referendums, and the future of European integration.
Lentigo maligna of the face: A quantitative simple method to identify individual patient risk probability on dermoscopy
Authors: Carbone Anna , Ferrari Angela , Paolino Giovanni , Buccini Pierluigi , De Simone Paola , Eibenschutz Laura , Piemonte Paolo , Silipo Vitaliano , Sperduti Isabella , Catricalà Caterina , Frascione Pasquale 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesThe clinical and dermoscopic differential diagnosis of flat pigmented facial lesions represents a great challenge for the clinicians. Our aim was to report a quantitative method based on dermoscopic features to better classify pigmented facial lesions.MethodsThis is a retrospective case‐series study that analysed the dermoscopic features of 582 pigmented facial lesions.ResultsThe individual patient probability of lentigo maligna (LM) was predicted by a multivariate model, with an accuracy of 0.72. According to the odds ratio at the multivariate analysis, an individual scoring index was assigned to each criterion, and a value of 4.56 was identified as optimal cut‐off point. Up to a score of 2.5, the probability that a lesion is an LM is 0. The probability increases from 10 to 50% for a score ranging between 4.5 and 6. It is about 90% for a score of 7.ConclusionThe optimal cut‐off point obtained and the curve that identifies the probability of a patient having a LM could improve the classification and the management strategies of equivocal pigmented facial lesions.
2016 Society for Humanistic Anthropology Fiction/Creative Nonfiction Third Prize How Grades Had Been Gotten for Penguins and Money
Authors: Cherkaev Xenia A. 
Published: June 2017

SUMMARYThis is a story about penguins and passing grades, about the practices and ethics of informal exchange in 1980s Leningrad and 2010s St. Petersburg, and about things' incommensurability spurring stories. It is, specifically, about one dead penguin: a bird that was killed, found, bought, gifted, found, stolen, and gifted again. [Gifting, storytelling, planned economy, post‐Socialism, materiality]
Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of the Hemodialysis Plastic Cannula
Authors: Fulker David , Sayed Zakir , Simmons Anne , Barber Tracie 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe jet of fluid returning to the patient through a hemodialysis venous needle has previously been reported as a potential source of endothelial damage which can lead to intimal hyperplasia (IH) in arteriovenous fistulae (AVF). Metal needles are the current standard practice for accessing the vascular system in hemodialysis. However, plastic cannulae have been used in Japan for 30 years. This study utilized computational fluid dynamics to analyze the hemodynamics of blood exiting a plastic cannula and determined the optimal placement and blood flow rate. Transient simulations were run using a 15G Argyle Safety Fistula Cannula with Anti‐Reflux Valve inserted into an idealized cephalic vein. The cannula tip was fixed at three different locations within the vein (upper third, middle, and lower third) with blood flow rates of 200 mL/min, 300 mL/min, and 400 mL/min imposed. The high degree of jet break down immediately after exiting the cannula was attributed to the staggered side hole arrangement, position of the cannula in the vein, and the imposed blood flow rate. Elevated levels of wall shear stress which may lead to IH were identified at the site of jet impingement on the vein floor as well as regions of high residency time. The risk of IH may be minimized by enhancing the breakdown of the jet through the use of optimal blood flow rates between 300 and 400 mL/min and ensuring the cannula tip is placed away from the walls of the vein.
The Effect of Impella CP on Cardiopulmonary Physiology During Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support
Authors: Lim Hoong Sern 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLeft ventricle (LV) distension is a complication of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA‐ECMO) support. The effects of Impella on the pulmonary circulatory physiology were studied in a single‐center study of six consecutive patients on VA‐ECMO support who had LV unloading with Impella. Right ventricular stroke volume, pulmonary hemodynamics, and partial pressure of end‐tidal CO2 (PETCO2) were measured on echocardiogram, pulmonary artery catheter, and capnography, respectively. The addition of Impella CP increased total blood flow and reduced pulmonary artery wedge pressure. There was a small reduction in arterial oxygen saturation as Impella increased LV output. The increase in pulmonary artery capacitance (PCap) exceeded the reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), thereby increasing the pulmonary artery time constant (product of PCap and PVR). The right ventricular stroke volume increased and the improvement in pulmonary hemodynamics and blood flow were associated with reduced arterial‐PETCO2 gradient. The Impella CP unloads the LV during VA‐ECMO support, increasing total flow, reducing RV afterload, and facilitating RV output and pulmonary blood flow with improvement in gas exchange.
Letter: sublingual dosing of tacrolimus in transplant patients―interesting concept to overcome first pass effects. Authors' reply
Authors: Benítez C. , Vargas J. I. , Solari S. 
Published: June 2017

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Solari et al and Srinivas papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14022 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14087.
Systematic review: exercise‐induced gastrointestinal syndrome—implications for health and intestinal disease
Authors: Costa R. J. S. , Snipe R. M. J. , Kitic C. M. , Gibson P. R. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryBackground“Exercise‐induced gastrointestinal syndrome” refers to disturbances of gastrointestinal integrity and function that are common features of strenuous exercise.AimTo systematically review the literature to establish the impact of acute exercise on markers of gastrointestinal integrity and function in healthy populations and those with chronic gastrointestinal conditions.MethodsSearch literature using five databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, SPORTSdiscus, and Ovid Medline) to review publications that focused on the impact of acute exercise on markers of gastrointestinal injury, permeability, endotoxaemia, motility and malabsorption in healthy populations and populations with gastrointestinal diseases/disorders.ResultsAs exercise intensity and duration increases, there is considerable evidence for increases in indices of intestinal injury, permeability and endotoxaemia, together with impairment of gastric emptying, slowing of small intestinal transit and malabsorption. The addition of heat stress and running mode appears to exacerbate these markers of gastrointestinal disturbance. Exercise stress of ≥2 hours at 60% VO2max appears to be the threshold whereby significant gastrointestinal perturbations manifest, irrespective of fitness status. Gastrointestinal symptoms, referable to upper‐ and lower‐gastrointestinal tract, are common and a limiting factor in prolonged strenuous exercise. While there is evidence for health benefits of moderate exercise in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or functional gastrointestinal disorders, the safety of more strenuous exercise has not been established.ConclusionsStrenuous exercise has a major reversible impact on gastrointestinal integrity and function of healthy populations. The safety and health implications of prolonged strenuous exercise in patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases/disorders, while hypothetically worrying, has not been elucidated and requires further investigation.
Value Relevance of Comprehensive Income
Authors: Khan Shahwali , Bradbury Michael E. , Courtenay Stephen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the value relevance of comprehensive income and its components for a sample of 92 New Zealand companies over the period 2003–2010. We find a stronger association of aggregate comprehensive income with stock price and market returns relative to net income. The change in the asset revaluation reserve and the change in fair value of available‐for‐sale securities drive this association. However, foreign currency translation and cash flow hedges are also associated with prices and returns.
Can Employees Be Used to Overcome Independent Audit Limitations?
Authors: Christopher Joe , Leung Philomena , Leong Shane 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIndependent financial statement auditors are appointed by shareholders to provide reasonable assurance on the reliability of financial statements published by management of reporting entities. However, in the last two decades questions have been raised concerning the credibility of external audits due to their apparent failure, especially following the spate of corporate collapses. This paper applies a critical review of literature and a multi‐theoretical governance perspective to examine the inherent limitation of independent external audits and argues that employees can contribute to reducing the limitation gap by strengthening governance through a structure that incorporates a board and employee management representation. It is argued that through this arrangement, auditors can benefit as they will be privy to additional information from employees about issues such as irregular matters that impact upon shareholders and other stakeholders, and control weaknesses across governance levels, allowing auditors to establish a broader understanding of organisational information that may otherwise be less readily available. Thus auditors can base their judgements in terms of audit risks, and develop audit plans based on more reliable information. The theoretical proposition emerging from these findings is that the traditional governance model should be refined to include employees as an additional component of governance.
Winter supplementary feeding influences forest soil seed banks and vegetation
Authors: Jaroszewicz Bogdan , Kwiecień Kamil , Czortek Patryk , Olech Wanda , Pirożnikow Ewa 
Published: June 2017

AbstractQuestionTo what extent does winter supplementary feeding influence vegetation and soil seed banks in forest ecosystems?LocationBiałowieża Primaeval Forest, NE Poland.MethodsSeveral dozen feeding stations, each composed of one to several haystacks, are used in Białowieża Forest for supplementary winter feeding of European bison (Bison bonasus). We checked the species composition and availability of seeds in hay in 15 haystacks of the eight oldest feeding stations, which could be a potential source of seeds. Vegetation and soil seed bank were sampled on the overlapping 10 m × 10 m plots distributed along 500‐m long transects running south and north of the studied feeding stations. Seed content in the soil samples was studied by the seedling emergence method in an unheated greenhouse.ResultsWe revealed high dissimilarity of species composition of the hayseed, soil seed bank and standing vegetation. The dissimilarity between soil seed banks and standing vegetation increased with the distance from the haystack. The species richness of the standing vegetation was not affected by distance to the haystack, while seed bank species richness showed a significant negative correlation with distance. The mean weighted ecological indicator values of pH, light and soil fertility were negatively correlated with the distance from the haystack for the seed bank and the standing vegetation. The percentage of damaged bushes and juvenile trees was positively correlated with their density and decreased with the distance from the haystack.ConclusionsWe revealed distinct but local (25–50 m off the haystack) effect of supplementary feeding on the vegetation and soil seed banks of forest ecosystems. Taking into account the ecosystem approach to nature conservation, the winter feeding in forest ecosystems should be concentrated in few places to avoid the expansion of non‐native plant species in forest ecosystems. To prevent potential plant invasions, the origin of the hay used as supplementary winter fodder should be carefully selected, with a preference for local origin and making of hay of native plant species in the forest's meadows or in its surroundings.
A Gatekeeping Procedure to Test a Primary and a Secondary Endpoint in a Group Sequential Design with Multiple Interim Looks
Authors: Tamhane Ajit C. , Gou Jiangtao , Jennison Christopher , Mehta Cyrus R. , Curto Teresa 
Published: June 2017

Summary
Glimm et al. (2010) and Tamhane et al. (2010) studied the problem of testing a primary and a secondary endpoint, subject to a gatekeeping constraint, using a group sequential design (GSD) with looks. In this article, we greatly extend the previous results to multiple () looks. If the familywise error rate (FWER) is to be controlled at a preassigned level then it is clear that the primary boundary must be of level . We show under what conditions one -level primary boundary is uniformly more powerful than another. Based on this result, we recommend the choice of the O'Brien and Fleming (1979) boundary over the Pocock (1977) boundary for the primary endpoint. For the secondary endpoint the choice of the boundary is more complicated since under certain conditions the secondary boundary can be refined to have a nominal level , while still controlling the FWER at level , thus boosting the secondary power. We carry out secondary power comparisons via simulation between different choices of primary–secondary boundary combinations. The methodology is applied to the data from the RALES study (Pitt et al., 1999; Wittes et al., 2001). An R library package gsrsb to implement the proposed methodology is made available on CRAN.