bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kant on Right
Authors: Hasan Rafeeq 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains Kant’s theory of Recht—a word that encompasses in translation ‘right’, ‘law’, and ‘justice’. It focuses on two of the theory’s central claims. First, that persons have a right to be independent of others’ control. Second, that independence requires a system of rights, a system which can only be realized through joint membership in the state. Combining these two claims yields an unexpected result: it is the very independence of persons which requires them to become cooperating citizens. In elucidating this idea, the chapter treats Kant’s views on topics such as: freedom of choice and action, the relation between natural rights and positive law, and the role played by both private property and economic redistribution in realizing independence. It also argues that careful attention to Kant’s theory of right warrants major revisions to the traditional understanding of Kantian morality. Against the standard picture of the Kantian moral agent as reasoning entirely on their own, the chapter suggests that for Kant, properly enacting one’s moral duties actually requires collective political institutions. I cannot fulfil my moral duty to aid you unless the law has settled what is mine to give. Kant thus joins an illustrious line of thinkers in treating man as a political animal.
Kant on Transcendental Idealism
Authors: Rosefeldt Tobias 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of how Kant defines and explicates his doctrine of transcendental idealism, his arguments for this doctrine, and some of the objections that have been raised against it. It then offers the sketch of an interpretation that allows us to combine the advantages of so called ‘two-object’ and ‘two-aspect’ readings of transcendental idealism by assuming a certain ambiguity in Kant’s notion of an appearance. The basic idea is that this term on the one hand designates purely inner-mental sensible contents, which are the results of the affection of sensibility by external objects, but on the other hand these external objects themselves insofar as they are bearers of response-dependent properties that can be defined on the basis of these contents. Appearances in the first sense are distinct from objects that exist and have properties in themselves, while appearances in the second sense are identical to them.
Kant on the State
Authors: Pallikkathayil Japa 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Kant distinguishes between two kinds of freedom. Internal freedom, i.e. autonomy, consists in freedom from one’s inclinations. Kant famously argues that internal freedom requires being governed by the Categorical Imperative. External freedom, i.e. independence, consists in freedom from other agents. Kant argues that our innate right to external freedom requires the establishment of the state. This chapter begins by explaining this argument. It considers different ways of construing the problems in the state of nature to which the state is supposed to be the solution. It then explores what kind of state Kant takes right to require. How should we understand the requirement that a sovereign represent the united will of its people? The chapter goes on to consider how competing views about the kind of state required by right shape the practical import of Kant’s arguments against a right to revolution. Finally, it observes that Kant’s argument for the state seems to indicate the necessity of a world state. Kant, however, seems to resist this implication of his view, often emphasizing a voluntary league of nations instead. I examine Kant’s arguments against a world state and consider whether a voluntary league of nations could satisfy the requirements of right that were established in his initial argument for the state.
Kant on the Unity of Reason
Authors: Tolley Clinton 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Kant’s Critical philosophy centres around the examination of the nature and limits of reason. This chapter explores various dimensions along which Kant takes reason itself to be or form a ‘unity’: first, as a faculty of the soul in relation to the three basic psychical faculties of cognition, desire, feeling; second, as to what qualitative unity is supposed to be present (‘distributively’) in each of reason’s activities across its various ‘uses’ and ‘applications’ (such that these are uses of ‘one and the same reason’); and third, as to the nature of the whole which is to be constituted or realized by the ‘collective unity’ of all of reason’s different uses, and its relation to what Kant identifies as ‘the highest complete good’.
Kant on Hope
Authors: Blöser Claudia , Willaschek Marcus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The notion of hope is of central importance to Kant’s conception of human reason, in particular to his account of the highest good and the related ‘postulates’ of God and immortality. This becomes most obvious when, in the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant famously summarizes ‘all interest’ of human reason in three questions: ‘What can I know? What ought I to do? What may I hope?’ (A805/B833). This contribution concentrates on Kant’s answer to the question ‘What may I hope?’ and thus the role of hope in Kant’s account of human reason. After giving a brief account of what hope is, according to Kant, and what exactly he means by the question ‘What may I hope?’ in §2, the chapter turns to Kant’s answer in §3. It clarifies the relation between the highest good and the postulate of God’s existence (3.1) and argues that belief in God is what makes hope for morally deserved happiness rational (3.2). It then provides an account of the psychological role played by hope (3.3) and explains why Kant takes the hope question to be central to the interest of human reason. The chapter closes in §4 by indicating open questions and further lines of research.
Kant on Teleology
Authors: Kern Andrea 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The concept of a telos or end plays a crucial role in all of Kant’s writings. It is, for example, part of his definition of the capacities whose investigation is Kant’s main concern in his three Critiques. For the idea of a capacity of the human mind, according to Kant, is the idea of a distinctive kind of unity that is defined by three features: it has an end, a form, and a matter. Yet the different capacities that Kant investigates are differently related to the notion of an end. Whereas with respect to the capacity for theoretical cognition, the notion of an end is merely part of a formal account of the capacity, it is the very business of practical reason to cognize practical ends, all of which are grounded in a cognition of the ‘final end’ of human conduct, which Kant calls the ‘highest good’. This cognition of practical ends, however, is not self-standing; it must be conjoined with a cognition of nature in terms of a system of natural ends in order to think of itself as the capacity of a distinctive kind of living being that is the ‘final end’ of nature. This chapter reconstructs Kant’s teleology of nature in order to bring out why, for Kant, the teleology of nature must be grounded in the capacity for practical self-determination and why this account of nature is the necessary basis for Kant’s account of the human as it figures in all of his writings.
Kant on the Metaphysical Deduction of the Categories
Authors: Stang Nicholas F. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In ‘On the Guiding Thread for the Discovery of all Pure Concepts of the Understanding’ Kant attempts to derive the complete table of categories from the table of the logical functions of judging. However, he gives little explicit indication of how this is to be done for each function and its corresponding category. This chapter attempts to reconstruct Kant’s derivation of the categories. The key idea in my reconstruction is that we map hierarchies of concepts to manifolds of intuition in such a way that individual logical objects (instances of concepts) get mapped to objects of intuition and (some) concepts get mapped to ‘fusions’ of such objects. It then argues that this mapping induces a mapping from logical functions to structure in objects, from which we can abstract categories as general concepts of objects as standing in such structures. Due to limitations of space, the chapter presents only the mapping from the logical functions of Quantity (universal, particular, singular) to the corresponding categories of Quantity (totality, plurality, unity). It concludes by indicating, briefly, how to extend this derivation to the logical functions and categories of Quality, Relation, and Modality.
Kant on Race
Authors: Ypi Lea 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of Kant’s thoughts on race in connection to his analysis of teleology. It explains how Kant’s analysis of the differences between human races is rooted in eighteenth-century biological debates on the unity and diversity of the species. Focusing on Kant’s analysis of the concept of ‘germs’ and ‘predispositions’ to account for human development, the chapter illustrates how the place of these ideas in Kant’s system changes with Kant’s analysis of reflective judgment, and the modified account of natural teleology proposed in the third Critique. This shift has important implications for Kant’s analysis of human races, and helps respond to some of the charges of ‘structural’ racism that his theories have recently received.
Kant on Nature and Freedom
Authors: McLear Colin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys the distinction, in Kant’s Critical philosophy, between the ‘systems’ of nature and freedom. It examines the sense in which there is a putative ‘gulf’ between them (as Kant notoriously puts it in CPJ 5:175), and whether or how Kant may aim to bridge such a gulf. As we’ll see, the distinction and division between nature and freedom raises a variety of questions concerning what exactly the ‘problem’ of their division is, as well as how the putative gulf between them may be bridged. The chapter will thus be aimed as much at ground-clearing as it is at a dispositive answer to such questions.
Should the Government Be Paying Investment Fees on $3 Trillion of Tax-Deferred Retirement Assets?
Authors: Landoni Mattia , Zeldes Stephen P 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Under standard assumptions, individuals and the government are indifferent between traditional tax-deferred retirement accounts and “front-loaded” (Roth) accounts. Adding investment fees to this benchmark, individuals are still indifferent, but the government is not. We show that under weak conditions firms charge equal percent fees under both systems, yielding higher dollar fees under Traditional. We estimate that tax deferral increases demand for asset management services by $3.8 trillion, costing the government $23.4 billion in annual fees. In a general equilibrium differentiated-product model, tax deferral produces a larger asset management industry, higher taxes, and lower social welfare.
Homoplantaginin alleviates high glucose‐induced vascular endothelial senescence by inhibiting mtDNA–cGAS–STING pathway via blunting DRP1–mitochondrial fission–VDAC1 axis
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Xueying , Huang Xi , Sha Xiaotong , Li Xulu , Zheng Jianmei , Li Shitong , Wei Zhifeng , Wu Feihua 
Published: October 2024

AbstractVascular endothelial senescence is a major risk factor for diabetic vascular complications. Abnormal mitochondrial fission by dynamically related protein 1 (DRP1) accelerates vascular endothelial cell senescence. Homoplantaginin (Hom) is a flavonoid in Salvia plebeia R. Br. with protecting mitochondrial and repairing vascular properties. However, the relevant mechanism of Hom against diabetic vascular endothelial cell senescence remains unclear. Here, we used db/db mice and high glucose (HG)‐treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to assess the anti‐vascular endothelial cell senescence of Hom. We found that Hom inhibited senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase activity, decreased the levels of senescence markers, and senescence‐associated secretory phenotype factors. Additionally, Hom inhibited the expression of cGAS–STING pathway and downstream inflammatory factors. STING inhibitor H‐151 delayed endothelial senescence, whereas STING overexpression attenuated the anti‐endothelial senescence effect of Hom. Furthermore, we observed that Hom reduced mitochondrial fragmentation and inhibited abnormal mitochondrial fission using transmission electron microscopy. Importantly, Hom has a stronger effect on mitochondrial fission protein than mitochondrial fusion protein, especially downregulated the expression of DRP1. DRP1 inhibitor Mdivi‐1 suppressed cGAS‐STING pathway and vascular endothelial senescence, yet DRP1 agonist FCCP attenuated the effect of Hom. Surprisingly, Hom blunted abnormal mitochondrial fission mediated by DRP1 mitochondrial localization, suppressed interaction of DRP1 with VDAC1 and prevented VDAC1 oligomerization, which was necessary for mtDNA escape and subsequent cGAS–STING pathway activation. These results revealed a previously unrecognized mechanism that Hom alleviated vascular endothelial senescence by inhibited mtDNA–cGAS–STING signaling pathway via blunting DRP1–mitochondrial fission–VDAC1 axis.
Socioeconomic Status, Smoking, and Lung Cancer: Mediation and Bias Analysis in the SYNERGY Study
Authors: Hovanec Jan , Kendzia Benjamin , Olsson Ann , Schüz Joachim , Kromhout Hans , Vermeulen Roel , Peters Susan , Gustavsson Per , Migliore Enrica , Radoi Loredana , Barul Christine , Consonni Dario , Caporaso Neil E. , Landi Maria Teresa , Field John K. , Karrasch Stefan , Wichmann Heinz-Erich , Siemiatycki Jack , Parent Marie-Elise , Richiardi Lorenzo , Simonato Lorenzo , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Ahrens Wolfgang , Pohlabeln Hermann , Fernández-Tardón Guillermo , Zaridze David , McLaughlin John R. , Demers Paul A. , Świątkowska Beata , Lissowska Jolanta , Pándics Tamás , Fabianova Eleonora , Mates Dana , Schejbalova Miriam , Foretova Lenka , Janout Vladimír , Boffetta Paolo , Forastiere Francesco , Straif Kurt , Brüning Thomas , Behrens Thomas 
Published: October 2024

Background:
Increased lung cancer risks for low socioeconomic status (SES) groups are only partially attributable to smoking habits. Little effort has been made to investigate the persistent risks related to low SES by quantification of potential biases.

Methods:
Based on 12 case–control studies, including 18 centers of the international SYNERGY project (16,550 cases, 20,147 controls), we estimated controlled direct effects (CDE) of SES on lung cancer via multiple logistic regression, adjusted for age, study center, and smoking habits and stratified by sex. We conducted mediation analysis by inverse odds ratio weighting to estimate natural direct effects and natural indirect effects via smoking habits. We considered misclassification of smoking status, selection bias, and unmeasured mediator–outcome confounding by genetic risk, both separately and by multiple quantitative bias analyses, using bootstrap to create 95% simulation intervals (SI).

Results:
Mediation analysis of lung cancer risks for SES estimated mean proportions of 43% in men and 33% in women attributable to smoking. Bias analyses decreased the direct effects of SES on lung cancer, with selection bias showing the strongest reduction in lung cancer risk in the multiple bias analysis. Lung cancer risks remained increased for lower SES groups, with higher risks in men (fourth vs. first [highest] SES quartile: CDE, 1.50 [SI, 1.32, 1.69]) than women (CDE: 1.20 [SI: 1.01, 1.45]). Natural direct effects were similar to CDE, particularly in men.

Conclusions:
Bias adjustment lowered direct lung cancer risk estimates of lower SES groups. However, risks for low SES remained elevated, likely attributable to occupational hazards or other environmental exposures.
Improving Patient Care Through Collaborative Re-envisioning of the Model of Critical Care
Authors: Hickin Sharon , Hudniuk Heather , Gyorfi Sarah 
Published: October 2024

Purpose
Advanced medical therapies enable people to live longer with multiple comorbidities, increasing the acuity and complexity of care required upon admission into the intensive care unit. This, coupled with the shift toward a less experienced nursing workforce as skilled nurses retire or leave the critical care environment, prompted the need to re-envision how critical care is delivered. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to embed the values of staff and patient partners in a re-envisioned critical care model, which aligns the provision of high-quality care with staff skill mix and patient needs.

Methods
Through a series of clinical nurse specialist–led engagement sessions with patients, families, and the members of the healthcare team who work in this environment every day, we talked about what is important in critical care. We used their words and thoughts to inform and shape a new sustainable model of critical care.

Outcome
The 4 components identified as essential to achieving this vision include an acuity-complexity–based approach to care, a transition from separate high-acuity and intensive care areas to integrated units, development of a career pathway to advance practice, and exploration of opportunities to optimize the scope of the interprofessional team.

Conclusion
Embedding the values and experience of the people directly connected with providing and/or experiencing critical care increases the likelihood of success in developing, implementing, and sustaining a new model of care. This multifaceted approach resulted in 4 distinct components with achievable outcomes that support this re-envisioned patient-centered sustainable model of critical care.
Addressing US Military Transgender Care Inequalities
Authors: Vendramel Santos Weeks Luana , Linder Julie Michelle 
Published: October 2024

Purpose/Objectives
There are more than 130 000 US veterans and more than 12 500 active-duty service members who identify as transgender. Lack of training in transgender and gender-affirming care among healthcare providers in the military is still reported. The article aims to explore and advocate for the unique role of advanced practice registered nurses, especially clinical nurse specialists, in providing culturally sensitive and evidence-based care to the transgender population within the US military.

Description of the Project/Program
The clinical nurse specialists’ pivotal role in policy advocacy and translation of evidence to improve the quality of care and patient outcomes for transgender service members is highlighted. The article also explores the historical journey of transgender care in the US military, addressing discriminatory policies and the implications of the ever-evolving regulations in military transgender healthcare.

Outcome
The article aims to create awareness of clinical nurse specialist utilization in US military healthcare services to improve the care of transgender individuals in the military.

Conclusion
The uncertain future for transgender service members highlights the ongoing commitment needed to navigate complex military healthcare policies and foster inclusive, evidence-based practices. Therefore, the clinical nurse specialist plays a pivotal role in shaping the future of transgender healthcare within the US military.
Telesurgery a Systematic Literature Review and Future Directions
Authors: Reddy Sumeet Kumar , Saikali Shady , Gamal Ahmed , Moschovas Marcio Covas , Rogers Travis , Dohler Mischa , Marescaux Jacques , Patel Vipul 
Published: October 2024

Objective:
To undertake a systematic review of the medical literature on telesurgery, with a key focus on identifying the key technical and non-technical themes searched in medical articles and to analyze gaps in the current knowledge base on telesurgery.

Background:
It has now been over two decades since the first successful case of telesurgery and since this time there have been significant technological and telecommunications advancements.

Methods:
A systematic review of the literature was completed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Details of the protocol for this systematic review were registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024511530).

Results:
In total, 102 unique references which were allocated into five categories; technical, cybersecurity, ethical, financial, regulatory considerations to discuss key themes. The vast majority of references were related to technical considerations which have demonstrated the feasibility of telesurgery. The non-technical considerations have a paucity of literature and a lack of guidance on telesurgery which appears to still be the major barriers to telesurgery.

Conclusions:
Telesurgery presents many interdisciplinary challenges, encompassing both important technical and non-technical (such as cybersecurity, ethical, financial, and regulatory) considerations. Further research, collaboration between stakeholders, collaborative community of experts, and the development of comprehensive consensus frameworks are essential steps toward the widespread adoption of telesurgery.
The COMPARE Study: Comparing Perioperative Outcomes of Oncologic Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic, Da Vinci Robotic, and Open Procedures
Authors: Ricciardi Rocco , Seshadri-Kreaden Usha , Yankovsky Ana , Dahl Douglas , Auchincloss Hugh , Patel Neera M. , Hebert April E. , Wright Valena 
Published: October 2024

Objective:
To assess 30-day outcomes of da Vinci robotic-assisted (dV-RAS) versus laparoscopic/thoracoscopic (lap/VATS) or open oncologic surgery.

Summary Background Data:
Complex procedures in deep/narrow spaces especially benefit from dV-RAS. Prior procedure-specific comparisons are not generalizable.

Methods:
PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE were systematically searched (latest: 11/17/2023) following PRISMA and PROSPERO (Reg#CRD42023466759). Randomized, prospective, and database studies were pooled as odds ratios (OR) or mean differences (MD) in R using fixed-effect or random-effects (heterogeneity significant). ROBINS-I/RoB 2 were used to assess bias.

Results:
Of 56,314 unique references over 12 years from 22 countries, 230 studies (34 randomized, 74 prospective, 122 database) comparing dV-RAS to lap/VATS or open surgery across 7 procedures, 4 specialties, representing 1,194,559 dV-RAS; 1,095,936 lap/VATS and 1,625,320 open cases were included. Operative time for dV-RAS was longer than lap/VATS (MD:17.73min [9.80,25.67], P<0.01) and open surgery (MD:40.92min [28.83,53.00], P<0.01), whereas hospital stay was shorter (lap/VATS MD:-0.51d [-0.64,-0.38], P<0.01; open MD:-1.85d [-2.09,-1.62], P<0.01) and blood loss was less versus open (MD:-293.44ml [-359.53,-227.35]). There were fewer dV-RAS conversions (OR:0.44 [0.40,0.49], P<0.01), transfusions (OR:0.79 [0.72,0.88], P<0.01), postoperative complications (OR:0.90 [0.84,0.96], P<0.01), readmissions (OR:0.91 [0.83,0.99], P=0.04), and deaths (OR:0.86 [0.81,0.92], P<0.01) versus lap/VATS, and fewer transfusions (OR:0.25 [0.21,0.30], P<0.01), postoperative complications (OR:0.56 [0.52,0.61], P<0.01), readmissions (OR:0.71 [0.63,0.81], P<0.01), reoperations (OR:0.89 [0.81,0.97], P<0.01), and deaths (OR:0.54 [0.47,0.63], P<0.01) versus open surgery. Blood loss (MD:-12.26mL [-29.44,4.91], P=0.16) and reoperations (OR:1.03 [0.95,1.11], P=0.48) were similar for dV-RAS and lap/VATS. There was significant heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

Da Vinci-RAS confers benefits across oncological procedures and study designs. These results provide clinical evidence to multi-specialty-care decision-makers considering dV-RAS.