bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation and characterization of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli present in mussels from harvesting areas in Galician southern Rias (NW Spain)
Authors: Rodriguez‐Souto Rafael R. , Garrido‐Maestu Alejandro , Pastoriza‐Fontan Alejandro , Lozano‐Leon Antonio 
Published: May 2017

AbstractShiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli are a known cause of serious illnesses, and a major public health concern. The coastal environment is the receptacle of agricultural and urban wastewater effluents, thus STEC can be present. In the current study their occurrence and prevalence in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) cultured in the southern Rias of Galician was assessed. This region is interesting due to its economic importance as Galicia produces the 98% of the mussels cultured in Spain, being this country the third world producer. From June 2012 until September 2013, 241 mussel samples were collected, being 112 positive for eae and 17 also positive for stx1,2. An increase was observed in the winter months for both genes, which seemed correlated with a generalized decrease in water salinity. Serotype O157:H7 was not detected, but one isolate resulted resistant to six antibiotics, denoting the presence of multidrug resistant bacteria in this área.Practical applicationsA critical step for adequate risk assessments is the evaluation of potential threats. In this sense, very few microbiological parameters are analyzed in bivalve molluscs, being many human pathogens not assayed. Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli was detected for the first time in mussels harvested in Galicia, a region of critical importance worldwide for the mussel industry. This study highlights that additional studies to better characterize the microbial populations of this important region are still needed, and furthermore, that measures to control microbial pathogens, such as depuration, must not be taken lightly.
The causes and consequences of inbreeding avoidance and tolerance in cooperatively breeding vertebrates
Authors: Nichols H. J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCooperative breeders provide a particularly interesting scenario for studying inbreeding. Such populations are viscous due to delayed dispersal and short dispersal distances, resulting in the build‐up of relatives in the local population. This leads to a high risk of inbreeding, and consequently of inbreeding depression. This has driven the evolution of an array of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms resulting in a relatively low level of close inbreeding in the majority of cooperative breeders. However, there are a number of species where inbreeding occurs relatively frequently. The presence of regular inbreeding (in cases where inbreeding is not a result of recent population declines), suggests that inbreeding tolerance and even preference can evolve under some circumstances. Both inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance mechanisms have enormous downstream fitness consequences for cooperative breeding species. For example, they can influence reproductive dynamics leading to a monopolization of breeding opportunities by dominant individuals. Inbreeding and its avoidance are also likely to impact on the evolution of cooperative breeding itself through influencing levels of relatedness between potential cooperators. Finally, in some cooperative breeders, a high degree of inbreeding avoidance can be detrimental to population viability, and hence is of particular concern to conservationists. In this review, I discuss these issues in detail and also briefly consider recent advances in the methods available for the study of inbreeding in natural populations.
Molecular insights into Cassava brown streak virus susceptibility and resistance by profiling of the early host response
Authors: Anjanappa Ravi B. , Mehta Devang , Okoniewski Michal J. , Szabelska‐Berȩsewicz Alicja , Gruissem Wilhelm , Vanderschuren Hervé 
Published: May 2017

SummaryCassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) are responsible for significant cassava yield losses in eastern sub‐Saharan Africa. To study the possible mechanisms of plant resistance to CBSVs, we inoculated CBSV‐susceptible and CBSV‐resistant cassava varieties with a mixed infection of CBSVs using top‐cleft grafting. Transcriptome profiling of the two cassava varieties was performed at the earliest time point of full infection (28 days after grafting) in the susceptible scions. The expression of genes encoding proteins in RNA silencing, salicylic acid pathways and callose deposition was altered in the susceptible cassava variety, but transcriptional changes were limited in the resistant variety. In total, the expression of 585 genes was altered in the resistant variety and 1292 in the susceptible variety. Transcriptional changes led to the activation of β‐1,3‐glucanase enzymatic activity and a reduction in callose deposition in the susceptible cassava variety. Time course analysis also showed that CBSV replication in susceptible cassava induced a strong up‐regulation of RDR1, a gene previously reported to be a susceptibility factor in other potyvirus–host pathosystems. The differences in the transcriptional responses to CBSV infection indicated that susceptibility involves the restriction of callose deposition at plasmodesmata. Aniline blue staining of callose deposits also indicated that the resistant variety displays a moderate, but significant, increase in callose deposition at the plasmodesmata. Transcriptome data suggested that resistance does not involve typical antiviral defence responses (i.e. RNA silencing and salicylic acid). A meta‐analysis of the current RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) dataset and selected potyvirus–host and virus–cassava RNA‐seq datasets revealed that the conservation of the host response across pathosystems is restricted to genes involved in developmental processes.
Burying the Hatchet? Elite Influence and White Opinion on the Washington Redskins Controversy*
Authors: Nteta Tatishe M. , Sharrow Elizabeth A. , Tarsi Melinda R. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveIs the opinion of white Americans regarding the continued use of the Washington Redskins’ team name influenced by their exposure to elite rhetoric that supports a team name change and views the team's name as offensive?MethodsIn order to explore the potential for elite opinion leadership on white opinion, this article employs a survey experiment embedded in the 2014 Cooperative Congressional Election Study in which respondents were randomly exposed to a message attributed to either Senator Harry Reid (a Democrat), Senator John McCain (a Republican), or NBC Sports broadcaster Bob Costas that details their opposition to the team's name.ResultsTesting hypotheses derived from the scholarship on elite opinion theory, this article finds that exposure only to a message from Costas on this issue leads respondents to more strongly support a team name change and to more clearly view the term “Redskins” as offensive. Our results (1) further the scholarship on public opinion concerning Native American mascots, (2) suggest the conditions under which the barriers to change in sporting institutions may continue to evolve, and (3) speak to the limits of political elite influence.
The meaning of confidence for older people living with frailty: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Underwood Frazer , Burrows Lisa , Gegg Rod , Latour Jos M. , Kent Bridie 
Published: May 2017

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background
In many countries, the oldest old (those aged 85 years and older) are now the fastest growing proportion of the total population. This oldest population will increasingly be living with the clinical condition of frailty. Frailty syndromes negatively impact on the person as they do the healthcare systems supporting them. Within healthcare literature “loss of confidence” is occasionally connected to older people living with frailty, but ambiguously described. Understanding the concept of confidence within the context of frailty could inform interventions to meet this growing challenge.

Objectives
The objective of this systematic review was to explore the meaning of confidence from the perspective of older people living with frailty through synthesis of qualitative evidence to inform healthcare practice, research and policy.

Inclusion criteria Types of participants
Studies that included frail adults, aged over 60 years, experiencing acute hospital and or post-acute care in the last 12 months.

Phenomena of interest
The concept of “confidence” and its impact on the physical health and mental well-being of older people living with frailty.

Context
Studies that reported on the older person's descriptions, understanding and meaning of confidence in relation to their frailty or recent healthcare experiences.

Types of studies
Studies of qualitative design and method.

Search strategy
A three step search strategy was used. The search strategy explored published studies and gray literature. Publications in English from the last 20 years were considered for inclusion.

Methodological quality
All included articles were assessed by two independent reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Assessment Review Instrument (JBI-QARI).

Data extraction
Data were extracted from included studies using the data extraction tools developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute.

Data synthesis
Qualitative research findings were collated using a meta-aggregative approach and JBI-QARI software.

Results
Synthesized findings of this review were drawn from just four research studies that met the inclusion criteria. Only six findings contributed to the creation of three categories. These informed a single synthesized finding: Vulnerability, described as a fragile state of well-being that is exposed to the conflicting tensions between physical, emotional and social factors. These tensions have the capability to enhance or erode this state.

Conclusions
Assertions that an understanding of the concept confidence has been reached cannot be made. The review data offer limited insight into the concept of confidence being described by the cohort of older people living with frailty.
Effectiveness of telehealth on correctional facility health care: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Wheeler Jaime , Hinton Elizabeth 
Published: May 2017

Review question/objective:
The objective of this review is to identify the effectiveness of telehealth in improving correctional facility health care. The outcomes of the review will include the primary outcomes of access to health care and costs associated with health care and the secondary outcome of virologic suppression.
Specifically, the review question is: What is the effect of telehealth compared to usual care on improving correctional facility health care and decreasing costs in correctional facility health care?
Experiences of unpaid family/friend caregivers of community-dwelling adults with dementia: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Macdonald Marilyn , Martin-Misener Ruth , Helwig Melissa , Weeks Lori , MacLean Heather 
Published: May 2017

Review question/objective:
The objective of the review is to synthesize evidence regarding the experiences of unpaid caregivers of community-dwelling adults with dementia. Specifically, the review question is: What are the experiences and perceptions of unpaid caregivers providing care for community-dwelling adults with dementia?
Effectiveness of Patient Safety Leadership WalkRounds™ on patient safety culture: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Sølvtofte Ane-Sofie , Larsen Palle , Laustsen Sussie 
Published: May 2017

Review question/objective:
The review objective is to synthesize the effect of Patient Safety Leadership WalkRounds (PSLWs) on patient safety culture (PSC).
Specifically, the review question is: What is the effect of PSLWs on the PSC in hospitals, measured with validated surveys?
Experiences of healthcare professionals of having their significant other admitted to an acute care facility: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Sabyani Hussamaldeen , Wiechula Richard , Magarey Judy , Donnelly Frank 
Published: May 2017

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background
Most healthcare professionals at some time will experience having a significant other admitted to an acute care hospital. The knowledge and understanding that these individuals possess because of their professional practice can potentially alter this experience. Expectations of staff and other family members (FMs) can potentially increase the burden on these health professionals. All FMs of patients should have their needs and expectations considered; however, this review specifically addresses what may be unique for healthcare professionals.

Objectives
To synthesize the qualitative evidence on the experiences of healthcare professionals when their significant others are admitted to an acute care hospital.

Inclusion criteria Types of participants
The current review considered studies reporting the experiences of healthcare professionals, specifically registered nurses (RNs) and physicians.

Phenomena of interest
The experiences of RNs and physicians when a significant other is admitted to an acute care facility.

Types of studies
Qualitative studies that have examined the phenomenon of interest including, but not limited to, designs such as phenomenology and grounded theory.

Search strategy
The search strategy aimed to find both published and unpublished studies with no date restrictions. Only studies published in English were considered for inclusion in this review.

Methodological quality
Qualitative papers selected for retrieval were assessed using the standardized critical appraisal instrument from the Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-QARI).

Data extraction
Data were extracted from the seven included papers using the standardized data extraction tool from JBI-QARI.

Data synthesis
The data were synthesized using the JBI approach to meta-synthesis by meta-aggregation using the JBI-QARI software and methods.

Results
Seven studies of moderate quality were included in the review. Forty findings were extracted and aggregated to create 10 categories, from which five synthesized findings were derived:Privileged knowledgeUnavoidable dilemmas as a consequence of dual identityBeing a protector is imperativeFamily expectations are inevitableThe intense impact of the experience

Conclusion
In contrast to “lay” FMs, health professionals possess additional knowledge and understanding that alter their perceptions and expectations, and the expectations others have of them. This knowledge and understanding can be an advantage in navigating a complex health system but may also result in an additional burden such as role conflict.
New midwives’ experiences of transition support during their first year of practice: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Rahmadhena Melisa P. , McIntyre Meredith , McLelland Gayle 
Published: May 2017

Review question/objective:
The current review aims to investigate new midwives’ experiences of transition support during their first year of practice as registered midwives. A further objective is to identify the social support experiences of new midwives during their first year of practice as registered midwives.
Specifically, the review question is: How do new graduate midwives experience transition and social support during their first year of practice?
Approximate Analytical Mean-Square Response of an Impacting
Stochastic System Oscillator With Fractional Damping
Authors: Yurchenko D. , Burlon A. , Di Paola M. , Failla G. , Pirrotta A. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The paper deals with the stochastic dynamics of a vibroimpact single-degree-of-freedom system under a Gaussian white noise. The system is assumed to have a hard type impact against a one-sided motionless barrier, located at the system's equilibrium. The system is endowed with a fractional derivative element. An analytical expression for the system's mean squared response amplitude is presented and compared with the results of numerical simulations.
Quantitative Doppler in musculoskeletal ultrasonography – suboptimal performance of both experienced and in-training sonographers in selection of the highest Doppler signal image from cine-loops
Authors: Berghea Florian , Vlad Violeta , Palanciuc Lavinia , Micu Mihaela , Bojinca Violeta , Vreju Florentin , Enache Luminita , Copotoiu Monica , Kosevoi Alexandra , Serban Teodora , Stanciu Denisa , Abobului Mihai , Borangiu Andreea , Berghea Camelia Elena , Balanescu Andra Rodica , Ionescu Ruxandra 
Published: May 2017

Aims: Doppler ultrasonography assessment is mandatory nowadays for the complete description of rheumatic disease activity. Initially it was performed in semi quantitative way but recently the (fully) quantitative assessment is gaining more interest. In quantitative assessment, the ratio between total colorized and total pixels (CTR) is computed for the whole image or just for the region of interest (ROI). The frame with the highest amount of Doppler signal (also called worst case scenario image – WCSI) is usually the only one analyzed. The technique requires a very precise identification of WCSI from a certain number of consecutive frames, captured from the same position of the US probe, (and in most cases this is done manually). Our study examined the ability of both experienced and in-training sonographers to identify WCSI using a computerized analytical system as the gold standard.Materials and methods: The study analyzed 480 frame selections done in two distinct exercises. The WCSI and other 3 images with a 5%, 10% and respectively 20% lower level of CTR compared with WCSI were packed in one selection. All frames emerging from the same video clip were randomly presented to six experienced and six in training sonographers; the request was to select the frame with the highest CTR (WCSI) from each package (twenty packages in total). A similar exercise was performed with CTRs decreasing in steps of 2%.Results: In the first exercise the WCSI was correctly identified in 79.1% cases and in 67% of cases in the 2nd exercise. The interobserver agreement between experienced and in-trainer evaluators for the 1st exercise was 0.78 and 0.4 in the 2nd exercise.Conclusion: Using computerized analysis as the gold standard, we demonstrated a large heterogeneity across sonographers regarding their ability to identify the best Doppler image even from a small group of frames.
Waning Immunity and Microbial Vaccines—Workshop of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Authors: Gu Xin-Xing , Plotkin Stanley A. , Edwards Kathryn M. , Sette Alessandro , Mills Kingston H. G. , Levy Ofer , Sant Andrea J. , Mo Annie , Alexander William , Lu Kristina T. , Taylor Christopher E. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTSince the middle of the 20th century, vaccines have made a significant public health impact by controlling infectious diseases globally. Although long-term protection has been achieved with some vaccines, immunity wanes over time with others, resulting in outbreaks or epidemics of infectious diseases. Long-term protection against infectious agents that have a complex life cycle and antigenic variation remains a key challenge. Novel strategies to characterize the short- and long-term immune responses to vaccines and to induce immune responses that mimic natural infection have recently emerged. New technologies and approaches in vaccinology, such as adjuvants, delivery systems, and antigen formulations, have the potential to elicit more durable protection and fewer adverse reactions; together within vitrosystems, these technologies have the capacity to model and accelerate vaccine development. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) held a workshop on 19 September 2016 that focused on waning immunity to selected vaccines (forBordetella pertussis,Salmonella entericaserovar Typhi,Neisseria meningitidis, influenza, mumps, and malaria), with an emphasis on identifying knowledge gaps, future research needs, and how this information can inform development of more effective vaccines for infectious diseases.
Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in Two Rural Populations of Thailand from 2009 to 2012
Authors: Whistler Toni , Sawatwong Pongpun , Diaz Maureen H. , Benitez Alvaro J. , Wolff Bernard J. , Sapchookul Patranuch , Thamthitiwat Somsak , Winchell Jonas M. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTStudies onMycoplasma pneumoniaein Thailand have focused on urban centers and have not included molecular characterization. In an attempt to provide a more comprehensive understanding of this organism, we conducted a systematic random sampling to identify 3,000 nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected from January 2009 through July 2012 during population-based surveillance for influenza-like illness in two rural provinces.M. pneumoniaewas detected by real-time PCR in 175 (5.8%) specimens. Genotyping was performed using the major adhesion protein (P1) and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). Of the 157 specimens typed, 97 were P1 type 1 and 60 were P1 type 2. Six different MLVA profiles were identified in 149 specimens, with 4/5/7/2 (40%) and 3/5/6/2 (26%) predominating. There was no discrete seasonality toM. pneumoniaeinfections. Examination of the 23S rRNA sequence for known polymorphisms conferring macrolide resistance revealed that all 141 tested to possess the genotype associated with macrolide susceptibility.
Sensing of HIV-1 Entry Triggers a Type I Interferon Response in Human Primary Macrophages
Authors: Decalf Jérémie , Desdouits Marion , Rodrigues Vasco , Gobert François-Xavier , Gentili Matteo , Marques-Ladeira Santy , Chamontin Célia , Mougel Marylène , Cunha de Alencar Bruna , Benaroch Philippe 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Along with CD4
+
T lymphocytes, macrophages are a major cellular source of HIV-1 replication and a potential viral reservoir. Following entry and reverse transcription in macrophages, cloaking of the viral cDNA by the HIV-1 capsid limits its cytosolic detection, enabling efficient replication. However, whether incoming HIV-1 particles are sensed by macrophages prior to reverse transcription remains unclear. Here, we show that HIV-1 triggers a broad expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISG) in monocyte-derived macrophages within a few hours after infection. This response does not require viral reverse transcription or the presence of HIV-1 RNA within particles, but viral fusion is essential. This response is elicited by viruses carrying different envelope proteins and thus different receptors to proceed for viral entry. Expression of ISG in response to viral entry requires TBK1 activity and type I IFNs signaling. Remarkably, the ISG response is transient but affects subsequent viral spread. Together, our results shed light on an early step of HIV-1 sensing by macrophages at the level of entry, which confers an early protection through type I IFN signaling and has potential implications in controlling the infection.

IMPORTANCE
HIV infection is restricted to T lymphocytes and macrophages. HIV-1-infected macrophages are found in many tissues of infected patients, even under antiretroviral therapy, and are considered a viral reservoir. How HIV-1 is detected and what type of responses are elicited upon sensing remain in great part elusive. The kinetics and localization of the production of cytokines such as interferons in response to HIV is of critical importance to understanding how the infection and the immune response are established. Our study provides evidence that macrophages can detect HIV-1 as soon as it enters the cell. Interestingly, this sensing is independent of the presence of viral nucleic acids within the particles but requires their fusion with the macrophages. This triggers a low interferon response, which activates an antiviral program protecting cells against further viral challenge and thus potentially limiting the spread of the infection.