bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of macromolecules in wheat gluten/starch mixtures during twin‐screw extrusion: effect of different additives
Authors: Wang Kaiqiang , Li Cheng , Wang Bingzhi , Yang Wen , Luo Shuizhong , Zhao Yanyan , Jiang Shaotong , Mu Dongdong , Zheng Zhi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDWheat gluten comprises a good quality and inexpensive vegetable protein with an ideal amino acid composition. To expand the potential application of wheat gluten in the food industry, the effect of different additives on the physicochemical and structural properties of wheat gluten/starch mixtures during twin‐screw extrusion was investigated.RESULTSMacromolecules were observed to form in wheat gluten/starch mixtures during twin‐screw extrusion, which may be attributed to the formation of new disulfide bonds and non‐covalent interactions, as well as Maillard reaction products. Additionally, the water retention capacity and in vitro protein digestibility of all extruded wheat gluten/starch products significantly increased, whereas the nitrogen solubility index and free sulfhydryl group (SH) content decreased, during twin‐screw extrusion. Secondary structural analysis showed that α‐helices disappeared with the concomitant increase of antiparallel β‐sheets, demonstrating the occurrence of protein aggregation. Microstructures suggested that the irregular wheat gluten granular structure was disrupted, with additive addition favoring transformation into a more layered or fibrous structure during twin‐screw extrusion.CONCLUSIONThe findings of the present study demonstrate that extrusion might affect the texture and quality of extruded wheat gluten‐based foods and suggest that this process might serve as a basis for the high‐value application of wheat gluten products. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Iron and vitamin interactions in marine diatom isolates and natural assemblages of the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Cohen Natalie R. , A. Ellis Kelsey , Burns Wilton G. , Lampe Robert H. , Schuback Nina , Johnson Zackary , Sañudo‐Wilhelmy Sergio , Marchetti Adrian 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTrace metals and B‐vitamins play critical roles in regulating marine phytoplankton growth and composition. While some microorganisms are capable of producing certain B‐vitamins, others cannot synthesize them and depend on an exogenous supply. Therefore, external factors influencing vitamin synthesis, such as micronutrient concentrations, alter the extent to which B‐vitamins are available to auxotrophs in surface waters. We examined iron, B7 (biotin) and B12 (cobalamin) dynamics in diatoms through laboratory culture experiments and within natural diatom assemblages present along an iron gradient in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. In laboratory cultures of the diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia granii, biotin synthase (BIOB) expression decreased 2‐fold under iron limitation, suggesting iron status may affect B7 production in diatoms. Additionally in laboratory cultures of the diatom Grammonema cf. islandica, which contains a B12‐independent methionine synthase (METE), a 15‐fold increase in the expression of METE was observed when grown in the absence of B12 with no significant influence of iron status, suggesting METE expression can be driven by B12 status alone. Iron and B‐vitamin amendment experiments with natural diatom assemblages in iron‐limited waters of the Northeast Pacific Ocean provide evidence for vitamin‐associated molecular responses that suggest elevated B7 biosynthesis and the emergence of B12 limitation following iron addition. Furthermore B‐vitamin gene modules comprised of partial and/or complete B‐vitamin biosynthetic pathways in diatoms increased in response to iron addition, including genes potentially involved in the processing of B12 intermediates. Our results indicate that vitamins may play an important role in regulating phytoplankton growth and composition in this region, particularly following natural iron addition events.
Switch to Abobotulinum toxin A may be useful in the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity when intradetrusor injections of Onabotulinum toxin A failed
Authors: Bottet Florie , Peyronnet Benoit , Boissier Romain , Reiss Bénédicte , Previnaire Jean G. , Manunta Andrea , Kerdraon Jacques , Ruffion Alain , Lenormand Loïc , Perrouin Verbe Brigitte , Gaillet Sarah , Gamé Xavier , Karsenty Gilles ,   Groupe d'Etude de Neuro‐Urologie de Langue Française (GENULF) and the committee of NeuroUrology of the French Association of Urology (AFU)
Published: April 2017

AimsTo assess the outcomes of switching to a different brand of botulinum toxin A (BTA, from Botox® to Dysport®) in case of failure of intradetrusor injections (IDI) of Botox® in the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO).MethodsThe charts of all patients who underwent a switch to IDI of Dysport® after failure of an IDI of Botox® at six departments of neurourology were retrospectively reviewed. The main outcomes of interest were the bladder diary data and four urodynamic parameters: maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), maximum detrusor pressure (PDET max), and volume at first uninhibited detrusor contraction (UDC).ResultsFifty‐seven patients were included. After the first injection of Dysport®, no adverse events were reported. A significant decrease in number of urinary incontinence episodes per day was observed in 52.63% of patients (P < 0.001) and all patients experienced a reduction in PDET Max (−8.1 cmH20 on average; P = 0.003). MCC significantly increased by a mean of 41.2 (P = 0.02). The proportion of patients with no UDC increased significantly at week 6 after ATA injections (from 15.79% to 43.9%; P = 0.0002). Hence, 32 patients draw clinical and/or urodynamic benefits from the botulinum toxin switch from (56.14%). After a median follow up of 21 months, 87% of responders to BTA switch were still treated successfully with BTA.ConclusionMost patients refractory to Botox® (56.14%) draw benefits from the switch to Dysport®.
Allocation with demand competition: Uniform, proportional, and lexicographic mechanisms
Authors: Li Jianbin , Yu Niu , Liu Zhixin , Cai Xueyuan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe examine capacity allocation mechanisms in a supply chain comprising a monopolistic supplier and two competing retailers with asymmetric market powers. The supplier allocates limited capacity to retailers according to uniform, proportional, or lexicographic mechanism. We study the impact of these allocation mechanisms on supplier pricing decisions and retailer ordering behavior. With individual order size no greater than supplier capacity, we show that all three mechanisms guarantee equilibrium ordering. We provide precise structures of retailer ordering decisions in Nash and dominant equilibria. Further, we compare the mechanisms from the perspective of the supplier, the retailers, and the supply chain. We show that regardless of whether retailer market powers are symmetric, lexicographic allocation with any priority sequence of retailers is better than the other two mechanisms for the supplier. Further, under lexicographic allocation, the supplier gains more profit by granting higher priority to the retailer with greater market power. We also extend our study to the case with multiple retailers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 64: 85–107, 2017
Normal‐weight obesity and cardiometabolic risk: A 7‐year longitudinal study in girls from prepuberty to early adulthood
Authors: Wiklund Petri , Törmäkangas Timo , Shi Yi , Wu Na , Vainionpää Aki , Alen Markku , Cheng Sulin 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo study whether normal‐weight obesity in childhood is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk in early adulthood.MethodsThis study assessed data for 236 girls followed from prepuberty to early adulthood. Growth chart data were obtained from birth to 18 years. Body composition was assessed by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry and cardiometabolic risk by calculating continuous clustered risk score (at ages 11, 14, and 18). The association of body weight status with cardiometabolic risk from childhood to early adulthood was examined.ResultsSubjects with normal‐weight obesity were virtually indistinguishable from their normal‐weight lean peers in terms of relative body weight and BMI but had significantly higher fat mass (7.1‐7.3 kg) and cardiometabolic risk already in childhood, and this difference persisted into early adulthood (P <  0.001 for all).ConclusionsChildren and adolescents with normal body weight and high body fat percentage may be at increased risk for cardiometabolic morbidity in adulthood. Body fatness may be of utility in clinical practice to effectively identify children and adolescents at risk and to permit recommendation of lifestyle changes that could translate to lower risks of cardiovascular diseases in the future.
Topologically associated domains: a successful scaffold for the evolution of gene regulation in animals
Authors: Acemel Rafael D. , Maeso Ignacio , Gómez‐Skarmeta José Luis 
Published: April 2017

The evolution of gene regulation is considered one of the main drivers causing the astonishing morphological diversity in the animal kingdom. Gene regulation in animals heavily depends upon cis‐regulatory elements, discrete pieces of DNA that interact with target promoters to regulate gene expression. In the last years, Chromosome Conformation Capture experiments (4C‐seq, 5C, and HiC) in several organisms have shown that the genomes of many bilaterian animals are organized in the 3D chromatin space in compartments called topologically associated domains (TADs). The appearance of the architectural protein CTCF in the bilaterian ancestor likely facilitated the origin of this chromatin 3D organization. TADs play a critical role favoring the contact of cis‐regulatory elements with their proper target promoters (that often lay within the same TAD) and preventing undesired regulatory interactions with promoters located in neighboring TADs. We propose that TAD may have had a major influence in the history of the evolution of gene regulation. They have contributed to the increment of regulatory complexity in bilaterians by allowing newly evolved cis‐regulatory elements to find target promoters in a range of hundreds of kilobases. In addition, they have conditioned the mechanisms of evolution of gene regulation. These mechanisms include the appearance, removal, or relocation of TAD borders. Such architectural changes have been able to wire or unwire promoters with different sets of cis‐regulatory elements in a single mutational event. We discuss the contribution of these architectural changes to the generation of critical genomic 3D structures required for new regulatory mechanisms associated to morphological novelties. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e265. doi: 10.1002/wdev.265This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics
Comparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary Novelties
Resource use by the dryad butterfly is scale‐dependent
Authors: Kalarus Konrad , Nowicki Piotr 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe factors shaping the ways in which animals use resources are a key element of conservation biology, but ecological studies on resource use typically neglect to consider how the study's spatial scale may have affected the outcomes. We used the dryad butterfly, inhabiting xerothermic grassland and wet meadow, to test for differences in its resource use at two scales–habitat patch and landscape. Based on records of plant species composition from random points within four habitat patches and from points in 53 patches along surveyed transects, we compared the microhabitat preferences of the butterfly on the patch scale, and species occurrence and abundance patterns on the landscape scale. We distinguished four main groups of factors related to vegetation structure which affected the butterfly's resource use—factors having similar effects on both spatial scales, factors operating primarily on one of the scales considered, factors relevant only on a single spatial scale, and factors operating on both scales but with effects differing between the two habitat types. We suggest that invertebrates may respond on two spatial levels or on only one, and conclude that larger‐scale studies can meet the challenges of a sophisticated metapopulation approach and can give insight into the habitat characteristics affecting the persistence of species in landscapes. We stress the value of large‐scale studies on species’ habitat preferences when planning conservation strategies, while pointing out that small‐scale studies provide useful information about species ecology and behavior, especially if conducted in multiple habitats.
Bone health in epilepsy
Authors: Menon Bindu , Mehndiratta Man Mohan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEpilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorder usually requiring life long treatment. Long term treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AED’s) is associated with chronic side effects which includes effect on bone healthThere is a growing volume of literature suggesting that chronic use of AED in patients with epilepsy significantly reduces bone mineral density (BMD) with an increased fracture risk. The causes of these associations are likely to be multifactorial. Unlike other chronic side effects, symptoms of bone loss are insidious and asymptomatic; hence they are usually not recognized, and thus untreated. Hence one needs to determine the presence of osteoporosis before the overt signs are evident to reduce fracture risk. Evaluation of bone health is mandatory for a comprehensive treatment and to provide calcium and 25-OH vitamin-D 3 supplementation if needed. The goals of epilepsy treatment are to achieve seizure freedom while minimizing adverse effects of treatment. Management goal should include a comprehensive care of the patient and this includes much more than controlling seizures.
The tribal partners of empire in Arabia: the Ottomans and the Rashidis of Najd, 1880–1918
Authors: Çiçek M. Talha 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article is about an aspect of the Ottoman-Rashidi partnership in the late Ottoman Empire that deeply influenced the order of things in Arabia and resulted in both the Ottomans and the Rashidis becoming more significant actors in regional politics. The main argument is that this partnership made a great contribution to the visibly increasing Ottoman influence in Najd (i.e., central Arabia) and the Persian Gulf in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. At the same time, the Rashidi family’s alliance with the Ottoman Empire paved the way for their emergence as a regional power. Since scholarship on the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century history of Najd and the Arab lands has tended to neglect the importance of this collaboration, the article sets out to analyze it from its inception until its end, drawing on documents from Ottoman, British, German, and Austrian archives.
Homo Diplomaticus: Mixed-Method Evidence of Variation in Strategic Rationality
Authors: Rathbun Brian C. , Kertzer Joshua D. , Paradis Mark 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPsychology is traditionally used in political science to explain deviations from rationality. Lost in the debate between rationalists and their critics, however, is a sense of whether the kinds of strategic self-interested behavior predicted by these models has psychological microfoundations: what wouldhomo economicuslook like in the real world? We argue that strategic rationality varies across individuals and is characterized by a pro-self social-value orientation and a high level of epistemic motivation. Testing our argument in the context of international relations, we employ a laboratory bargaining game and integrate it with archival research on German foreign policy-making in the 1920s. We find in both contexts that even among those interested in maximizing only their own egoistic gains, those with greater epistemic motivation are better able to adapt to the strategic situation, particularly the distribution of power. Our results build a bridge between two approaches often considered to be antithetical to one another.
Rising Power on the Mind
Authors: Tingley Dustin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA prominent explanation of war claims that international conflict can result when shifts in bargaining power induce the declining power to behave aggressively today because the rising power cannot credibly commit to not behave aggressively tomorrow. This paper asks whether individuals respond to shifting power in ways assumed by these models. Rather than use abstract laboratory-based bargaining games as in other work, I use vignettes describing the United States in an international bargaining situation to explore the microfoundations of power transitions models empirically. The vignettes vary whether the individual is a member of a declining or a rising power and whether there are previous public commitments to the status quo division of territory. Subjects propose a response the United States should make and then explain their decision in their own words. I apply new methods for analyzing these open-ended responses. Consistent with predictions from the behavioral literature, I find important asymmetries in behavior across these conditions as well as substantial heterogeneities in individuals' motivations for their decisions. The results of the experiments suggest potential ways that power-transition models should be refined to have a firmer behavioral basis.
No Substitute for Experience: Presidents, Advisers, and Information in Group Decision Making
Authors: Saunders Elizabeth N. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDespite advances in the study of individuals in international relations, we still know little about how the traits and biases of individuals aggregate. Most foreign policy decisions are made in groups, usually by elites with varying degrees of experience, which can have both positive and negative psychological effects. This paper addresses the aggregation problem by exploring how the balance of foreign policy experience among leaders and advisers affects decision making in war, using a principal-agent framework that allows the relative experience of leaders and advisers to vary. A leader's experience affects decision making and, ultimately, the risks associated with conflict, through three mechanisms. First, experience influences a leader's ability to monitor advisers. Second, a leader's experience affects the credibility of delegation to experienced advisers and, in turn, the nature and extent of information gathering. Third, experience affects whether leaders are able to diversify advice, as well as their preference for policies that appear certain. I illustrate the argument using two cases that hold an unusual number of factors constant: the 1991 and 2003 Iraq Wars. George W. Bush's inexperience exacerbated the biases of his advisers, whereas his father's experience cast a long shadow over many of the same officials. Understanding the experience and biases of any one individual is insufficient—the balance of experience within a group is also important. Experience is therefore not fungible: a seasoned team cannot substitute for an experienced leader.
A genetic variant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism interacts with hostile parenting to predict error-related brain activity and thereby risk for internalizing disorders in children
Authors: Meyer Alexandria , Hajcak Greg , Hayden Elizabeth , Sheikh Haroon I. , Singh Shiva M. , Klein Daniel N. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event-related potential occurring when individuals make mistakes, and is increased in children with internalizing psychopathology. We recently found that harsh parenting predicts a larger ERN in children, and recent work has suggested that variation in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene may moderate the impact of early life adversity. Parents and children completed measures of parenting when children were 3 years old (N= 201); 3 years later, the ERN was measured and diagnostic interviews as well as dimensional symptom measures were completed. We found that harsh parenting predicted an increased ERN only among children with a methionine allele of theBDNFgenotype, and evidence of moderated mediation: the ERN mediated the relationship between parenting and internalizing diagnosesanddimensional symptoms only if children had a methionine allele. We tested this model with externalizing disorders, and found that harsh parenting predicted externalizing outcomes, but the ERN did not mediate this association. These findings suggest that harsh parenting predicts both externalizing and internalizing outcomes in children; however, this occurs through different pathways that uniquely implicate error-related brain activity in the development of internalizing disorders.
Low absolute peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell count predicts poor prognosis in R-CHOP-treated patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Kusano Y , Yokoyama M , Terui Y , Nishimura N , Mishima Y , Ueda K , Tsuyama N , Hirofumi Y , Takahashi A , Inoue N , Takeuchi K , Hatake K 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe absolute peripheral blood lymphocyte count at diagnosis is known to be a strong prognostic factor in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP), but it remains unclear as to which peripheral blood lymphocyte population is reflective of DLBCL prognosis. In this cohort, 355 patients with DLBCL treated with R-CHOP from 2006 to 2013 were analyzed. The low absolute CD4+ T-cell count (ACD4C) at diagnosis negatively correlated with the overall response rate and the complete response rate significantly (P<0.00001). An ACD4C<343 × 106/l had a significant negative impact on the 5-year progression-free survival and the overall survival as compared with an ACD4C⩾343 × 106/l (73.7% (95% confidence interval (CI)=66.7–79.5) versus 50.3% (95% CI=39.0–60.6), P<0.00001 and 83.3% (95% CI=77.1–88.0) versus 59.0% (95% CI=47.9–68.5), P<0.00000001, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that the ACD4C was an independent prognostic marker (hazard ratio=2.2 (95% CI=1.3–3.7), P<0.01). In conclusion, a low ACD4C at diagnosis served as an independent poor prognostic marker in patients with DLBCL.
The human amygdala parametrically encodes the intensity of specific facial emotions and their categorical ambiguity
Authors: Wang Shuo , Yu Rongjun , Tyszka J. Michael , Zhen Shanshan , Kovach Christopher , Sun Sai , Huang Yi , Hurlemann Rene , Ross Ian B. , Chung Jeffrey M. , Mamelak Adam N. , Adolphs Ralph , Rutishauser Ueli 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe human amygdala is a key structure for processing emotional facial expressions, but it remains unclear what aspects of emotion are processed. We investigated this question with three different approaches: behavioural analysis of 3 amygdala lesion patients, neuroimaging of 19 healthy adults, and single-neuron recordings in 9 neurosurgical patients. The lesion patients showed a shift in behavioural sensitivity to fear, and amygdala BOLD responses were modulated by both fear and emotion ambiguity (the uncertainty that a facial expression is categorized as fearful or happy). We found two populations of neurons, one whose response correlated with increasing degree of fear, or happiness, and a second whose response primarily decreased as a linear function of emotion ambiguity. Together, our results indicate that the human amygdala processes both the degree of emotion in facial expressions and the categorical ambiguity of the emotion shown and that these two aspects of amygdala processing can be most clearly distinguished at the level of single neurons.