bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bottlenose dolphins that forage with artisanal fishermen whistle differently
Authors: Romeu Bianca , Cantor Mauricio , Bezamat Carolina , Simões‐Lopes Paulo C. , Daura‐Jorge Fábio G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAcoustic communication is a taxonomically widespread phenomenon, crucial for social animals. We evaluate social sounds from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) of Laguna, southern Brazil, whose social structure is organized around a cooperative foraging tactic with artisanal fishermen. This tactic involves stereotyped and coordinated behaviour by dolphins and fishermen and is performed by a subset of the dolphin population, splitting it into two distinct social communities. We compared the acoustic parameters and type of whistles emitted by dolphins of the “non‐cooperative” and “cooperative” communities, both during their interactions with fishermen and in times where dolphins were engaged in other types of foraging. Our findings show how dolphins’ social sounds differ between foraging tactics and social communities. The frequencies of six whistle types (ascending, descending, concave, convex, multiple, flat) were significantly dependent on tactics and communities. Ascending whistles were more common than expected during foraging without fishermen, and among dolphins of the non‐cooperative community. Whistle acoustic parameters (duration, number of inclination changes and inflection points, and initial, final, maximum, minimum frequencies) also varied between social communities. In general, whistles emitted by cooperative dolphins, mainly when not interacting with fishermen, tended to be shorter, had higher frequency and more inflections than those emitted by non‐cooperative dolphins. These results suggest that different whistles may convey specific information among dolphins related to foraging, which we hypothesize promote social cohesion among members of the same social community. These differences in acoustic repertoires add a new dimension of complexity to this unique human–animal interaction.
Activation of factor XIII is accompanied by a change in oligomerization state
Authors: Anokhin Boris A. , Stribinskis Vilius , Dean William L. , Maurer Muriel C. 
Published: September 2017

Factor XIII A (FXIIIA) is a member of the transglutaminase enzyme family that cross‐links both intra‐ and extracellular protein substrates. To prevent undesired cross‐linking, FXIIIA is expressed as an inactive zymogen and exists intracellularly as an A2 homodimer. In plasma, FXIII A2 is complexed with two protective factor XIII B subunits (A2B2) that dissociate upon activation of the zymogen. Based on limited experimental data, activated FXIII was considered a dimer of two catalytically active A subunits. However, accumulating but indirect evidence has suggested activation may lead to a monomeric state instead. In the present study, we employed analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) to directly explore the oligomerization state of zymogen as well as active FXIIIA in solution. We first confirmed that the zymogen was a FXIIIA2 dimer. When we activated FXIIIA nonproteolytically (by high mm Ca2+), the protein dissociated to monomers. More importantly, FXIIIA incubation with its physiological partner, the protease thrombin, led to a monomeric state as well. AUC studies of partially cleaved FXIIIA further suggested that thrombin cleavage of a single activation peptide in a zymogen dimer is sufficient to weaken intersubunit interactions, initiating the transition to monomer. The enzymatic activity of the thrombin‐cleaved species was higher than nonproteolytically activated enzyme, suggesting that displacement of the activation peptide renders the FXIIIA more accessible to substrates. Thus, results provide evidence that FXIII undergoes a change in oligomerization state as part of the activation process, and emphasize the role of the activation peptide in preventing FXIIIA catalytic activity.EnzymesFactor XIIIA (EC2.3.2.13).
Clinicopathological characteristics of distant metastases of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma: An autopsy study of older Japanese patients
Authors: Matsuda Yoko , Seki Atsuko , Nonaka Keisuke , Kakizaki Mototsune , Wang Tan , Aida Junko , Ishikawa Naoshi , Nakano Yuta , Kaneda Daita , Takata Tadayuki , Takahashi‐Fujigasaki Junko , Murayama Shigeo , Takubo Kaiyo , Ishiwata Toshiyuki , Sawabe Motoji , Arai Tomio 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimWe aimed to clarify the characteristics of malignancies in older adults focusing on distant metastasis in the whole body.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 7710 cases of autopsies (4011 men, 3699 women, median age of 80 years), and analyzed the characteristics of metastasis of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma in each organ.ResultsThe total number of cases with adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma or urothelial carcinoma was 2856, and most of them were adenocarcinomas. Among them, 1604 had metastatic lesions, and patients with metastasis were younger than those without metastasis. The major primary organs of adenocarcinoma were the stomach, colon, lung, prostate, gallbladder and pancreas, whereas those for squamous cell carcinoma were the lung, esophagus and uterus. Urothelial carcinoma cases were found in the urinary bladder, kidney and ureter. Metastatic adenocarcinomas mainly originated from the stomach, colon, lung, pancreas and gallbladder. Metastatic squamous cell carcinomas were from the lung, esophagus and uterus, whereas the kidney, bladder and ureter were the primary origins of metastatic urothelial carcinomas. Squamous cell carcinoma showed the highest incidence of metastasis, suggestive of it being of an aggressive phenotype. Furthermore, metastatic ability and the preferred metastatic sites varied among primary organs.ConclusionsWe revealed an accurate incidence and the characteristics of metastatic cancer in a large‐scale autopsy study of older Japanese patients from one institution. Identifying these features might prompt screening for malignancies, and consequently improve quality of life for older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 211–215.
High primary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter Pylori strains isolated from dyspeptic patients: A prevalence cross‐sectional study in Spain
Authors: Macías‐García Fernando , Llovo‐Taboada José , Díaz‐López Mario , Bastón‐Rey Iria , Domínguez‐Muñoz Juan Enrique 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe rate of H. pylori resistance to different antibiotics is increasing and determines the selection of eradication therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance patterns of H. pylori strains in our area.MethodsBiopsies from gastric corpus for microbiological culture and antibiotic resistance were obtained in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for dyspepsia. Selective Agar Pylori for isolation of the bacteria and Agar Mueller‐Hinton supplemented with blood to test the sensitivity to antibiotics were used. Presence of H. pylori was confirmed using direct observation with phase‐contrast microscopy and/or smears stained with acridine orange. In vitro bacterial susceptibility to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, rifampicin, tetracycline, metronidazole, and levofloxacin was tested using diffusion MIC test strips. Minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined based on the 6th version of the EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) Clinical Breakpoint (2016).ResultsTwo hundred and seventeen patients were included (58.1% female, median age 64 years, range 25‐92). H. pylori was identified in 108 patients (49.8%); culture and antibiogram were completed in 77 of them (71.3% of H. pylori‐positive patients). The resistance rates were as follows: levofloxacin 38.7%, rifampicin 33.3%, metronidazole 27% and clarithromycin 22.4%. No case of amoxicillin or tetracycline resistance was identified. Dual clarithromycin‐metronidazole resistance was observed in 10% of strains, whereas multiple drug‐resistant was observed in 14.2%.ConclusionsResistance rate of H. pylori to antibiotics is high in the northwest of Spain. The high resistance to levofloxacin and clarithromycin advises against their wide empirical use of these antibiotics in eradication regimens.
Reinforcement of polymethyl methacrylate denture base resin with ZnO nanostructures
Authors: Salahuddin Nehal , El‐Kemary Maged , Ibrahim Ebtisam 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPolymethyl methacrylate‐zinc oxide (PMMA/ZnO) nanocomposites with different ZnO morphology and quantities were prepared by in situ curing of MMA/PMMA used in denture base material in the presence of ZnO nanostructured materials. The composition, structure, and morphology of the nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier‐Transform infrared spectra (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of ZnO morphology and contents on the mechanical properties including impact, flexural, and hardness was studied. The results demonstrated that the mechanical and thermal properties of denture base materials were improved by incorporation of nano‐sized ZnO into the polymethyl methacrylate matrix. The impact strength was highly improved upon using ZnO nanotubes. However, the flexural strength was improved using ZnO nanospheres.
Structure and functional properties of rice protein–dextran conjugates prepared by the Maillard reaction
Authors: Cheng Yun‐Hui , Tang Wen‐Juan , Xu Zhou , Wen Li , Chen Mao‐Long 
Published: September 2017

SummaryDextran was grafted on to rice protein (RP) by the wet‐heating Maillard reaction, and the structure and functional properties of the rice protein–dextran conjugates (RPDCs) were investigated. The RPDCs obtained by the Maillard reaction exhibited superior functionality compared with original RP. The solubility, emulsifying activity index, emulsifying stability index, foaming activity index and foaming stability of the RPDCs increased by factors of 7.50, 1.79, 2.20, 1.69 and 2.01, respectively, compared to original RP. The molecular weight, particle size distribution, surface hydrophobicity, secondary structures, amino acid compositions and chemical bonds of RPDCs were also characterised. The structure–function relationship was preliminary discussed, and the relationship suggests that the improvements in the functional properties were closely related to structural changes.
A FAMILY STUDY OF ISCHÆMIC HEART DISEASE
Authors: DENBOROUGH M. A. , CLARKE PAM , PATERSON BETTY 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn a family study of ischæmic heart disease, it was found that although mean plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in patients with ischæmic heart disease than in apparently healthy men, there was no significant difference in plasma lipid levels in siblings and parents of the propositi when compared with those in apparently healthy subjects of similar sex. The plasma lipid levels in children of the propositi were lower than in older subjects of the same sex.These results suggest that blood lipid levels in patients with ischæmic heart disease are determined predominantly by environmental rather than genetic factors.Mean plasmic uric acid levels and hæmatocrits were not significantly different in the propositi, in their relatives, or in apparently healthy subjects of similar sex.
ALIMENTARY DISORDER IN PARKINSONISM
Authors: EADIE M. J. , TYRER J. H. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe alimentary symptoms found in 107 consecutive cases of Parkinsonism have been compared with those found in 96 control subjects. Chewing difficulty, drooling of saliva, dysphagia, frequent heartburn and constipation all occurred significantly more often in Parkinsonism than in controls, and of these symptoms only the incidences of dysphagia and heartburn did not correlate with increasing disability from Parkinsonism. There was relatively little correlation between alimentary symptoms and ætiological type of Parkinsonism, though chewing difficulty occurred particularly in Parkinsonism following encephalitis lethargica, and constipation in paralysis agitans. The alimentary symptoms of Parkinsonism may be due to dorsal vagal nuclear and basal ganglia lesions, and to side effects of drug therapy.
“THROMBOTEST” AND PROTHROMBIN TIME: A CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: ROZENBERG M. C. , KRONENBERG H. , FIRKIN B. G. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA controlled trial was undertaken to assess the “Thrombotest” method and compare it to the Quick's one‐stage prothrombin time estimation in the patients attending the anticoagulant service of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. Two major groups of patients with ischæmic heart disease, and two minor groups consisting of patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency, rheumatic heart disease and venous thrombosis, were obtained according to preconstructed random allocation tables.It was found that the therapeutic range with the use of “Thrombotest” was consistently above our accepted range of the prothrombin time, and this was confirmed by assay of some of the individual coagulation factors depressed. The “Thrombotest” was found to be sensitive to factor IX depression below 10% “Thrombotest” activity, but there was no correlation between marked depression of Christmas factor and hemorrhage. A statistically significant difference in the recurrences was found in the ischæmic heart‐disease group, favouring the prothrombin time. Death rates suggested a similar advantage, but figures did not reach statistical significance.Major hæmorrhage was less frequent in the “Thrombotest” group, but total complications (recurrences and major hæmorrhages) still appeared to favour the Quick's one‐stage prothrombin time. No conclusions could be drawn in the cerebrovascular insufficiency and miscellaneous groups.Within the therapeutic range of 10% to 20% activity, the “Thrombotest” method did not appear as satisfactory as estimation of the prothrombin time in the prevention of arterial thrombosis.
SOME PRINCIPLES IN INVESTIGATION AND INTERPRETATION OF METABOLIC BEHAVIOUR IN THE NEW‐BORN
Authors: STEVENS L. H. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThere are many drawbacks to investigation and interpretation of metabolic behaviour in the new‐born. Apart from technical difficulties, control of observation is often unsatisfactory. Moreover, the measurement of a response in a group of babies, all on the same day after birth, does not necessarily result in a homogeneous grouping of data Averaging of heterogeneous data invites misleading conclusions.Evidence is discussed that suggests that birth rarely, if ever, is entirely free of influences that injure the child. The metabolic aftermath of these events is examined and compared with the responses of the injured adult. Certain implications of the pattern of early post‐natal clinical and metabolic behaviour being partly a result of perinatal injury are considered.
EFFECT OF LONG‐TERM TETRACYCLINE THERAPY, STEROID THERAPY AND COLECTOMY IN PERICHOLANGITIS ASSOCIATED WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: MISTILIS STEVEN P. , SKYRING ALAN P. , GOULSTON STANLEY J. M. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe effect of long‐term tetracycline and steroid therapy, colectomy and biliary drainage on the clinical course, the results of liver‐function tests and hepatic histological changes in seven cases of pericholangitis and ulcerative colitis have been assessed. Tetracycline was given to six patients for periods varying from one and a half to six years in a maintenance dose of 500 mg. per day, and prednisone was given to three patients for periods of five, five and ten years respectively. None of the forms of treatment used had an effect on the clinical course, the pathological changes or the results of liver‐function tests in this disease. Attacks of cholestasis and cholangitis occurred with equal frequency and severity both before and after therapy. The hypercholesterolæmia and raised serum alkaline phosphatase level persisted, and the expected progression from acute to subacute to chronic pericholangitis, and in some cases to post‐necrotic cirrhosis, occurred in spite of therapy.
SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN BY HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO I. CLINICAL STUDIES
Authors: FORBES I. J. , TURNER K. J. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA method has been developed to measure the capacity of human lymphocytes from the blood to synthesize globulin in vitro. The method depends on the incorporation of C14‐amino acids into protein. By standardizing the conditions of culture, it has been possible to quantitate the capacity of lymphocytes from different patients to synthesize globulin. Two parameters have been used—the capacity of unstimulated lymphocytes to synthesize globulin, and the synthesis by lymphocytes stimulated by phytohæmagglutinin (PHA).The normal response was a “basal” secretion by unstimulated lymphocytes, and a several‐times increase in the rate of synthesis by PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes.The function of lymphocytes from patients with various diseases has been studied. Cells from patients with diseases of the lymphocytes—for example, chronic lymphatic leukæmia and macroglobulinæmia—had a normal or reduced basal secretion, and in most cases they failed to produce any more globulin under the stimulus of PHA. Failure of the lymphocytes to produce additional globulin on stimulation correlated with low serum gamma‐globulin levels.
ABNORMAL PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Authors: WOOLCOCK A. J. , MCRAE J. , MORRIS J. G , READ JOHN 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYLung scans were performed with 131I macro‐aggregated albumin in six patients with severe asthma, during an exacerbation and during a relatively symptom‐free phase of the disease.Abnormalities of distribution of blood flow were demonstrated in all six patients, and were sometimes gross. These abnormalities varied from patient to patient ; and, in a given patient, the distribution of blood flow varied between states of exacerbation and remission.The possible reasons for this blood flow maldistribution are discussed. They include compensatory pulmonary vasoconstriction and mechanical occlusion of capillaries by high intra‐alveolar pressure.
RECURRENT RHABDOMYOLYSIS PRECIPITATED BY ALCOHOL: A CASE REPORT WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: DOUGLAS R. M. , FEWINGS J. D. , CASLEY-SMITH J. R. , WEST R. F. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe case history is reported of a male chronic alcoholic, aged 40 years, who presented with muscle cramps and weakness, the passage of a decreasing quantity of dark urine, and a past history of similar episodes, all of which followed periods of acute alcoholism. The diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was confirmed by the demonstration of myoglobinuria and the histological findings in skeletal muscle. Management of the accompanying hyperkalæmia and acute renal failure was by a potassium‐binding resin and mannitol diuresis.Physiological studies of forearm skeletal muscle revealed a decreased exercise ability, but a normal vascular and biochemical response to exercise and intra‐arterial infusion of adrenaline. Intra‐arterial infusion of alcohol caused a decrease in the blood flow through forearm muscle.Electron microscopic examination of skeletal muscle obtained during the acute attack revealed patchy cellular and mitochondrial damage. The latter appeared to precede myofibrillar damage, as normal myofibrils were found adjacent to injured mitochondria; but normal mitochondria were not found adjacent to damaged myofibrils.Without information about the degree of muscle ischæmia produced by alcohol or about the effects of ischæmia on the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle cells, it is not possible at present to determine whether rhabdomyolysis is caused by ischæmia or by some other mechanism.
EFFECT OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED CHELATING AGENTS EDTA, DTPA AND FRUCTOSE ON RADIOIRON ABSORPTION IN MAN
Authors: DAVIS P. S. , DELLER D. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn order to assess the effect of orally administered chelating agents on iron absorption in man, experiments were carried out with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and fructose. Sixty‐eight radio‐iron absorption tests were carried out on 17 hæmatologically normal adult volunteers. The dose in each test consisted of 5 mg. of elemental iron labelled with 2 µCi. of 59Fe, 50 mg. of ascorbic acid and the chelating agent present in a 0 : 1, 1 : 1, 10 : 1 or 50 : 1 molar ratio with respect to iron.EDTA and DTPA had no significant effect on iron absorption when given in a 1 : 1 ratio, but reduced it when given in a ratio of 10 : 1 or 50 : 1. Fructose had no significant effect on iron absorption when given in a 1 : 1 or 10 : 1 ratio, but increased it when given in a 50 : 1 ratio. The effect of these chelating agents was not due to urinary excretion of chelated iron.These studies show the importance of the molar ratio of chelating agent: iron when the role of orally administered chelating agents on iron absorption is considered, and confirm that the absorption promoting effect of fructose applies to man as well as to the rat and rabbit. The enhancement of iron absorption by fructose could have clinical importance for a number of reasons: iron‐fructose chelate should be an efficient hæmematinic in the treatment of iron deficiency anæmia; and it may play a role in the development of siderosis in the alcoholic who drinks wine containing fructose.
IN‐VITRO THROMBOSIS AND PLATELET BEHAVIOUR AFTER OPERATION
Authors: ARDLIE N. G. , KINLOUGH R. L. , SCHWARTZ C. J. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThrombosis and platelet aggregation were studied with the use of a modified Chandler apparatus as an in‐vitro technique. Fifty‐two healthy control subjects and 63 postoperative patients were investigated. There were three episodes of venous thrombosis in the postoperative group.Thrombus size and plasma fibrinogen levels were significantly greater in patients after operation than in control subjects. The plasma fibrinogen level, but not the thrombus size, was directly related to the extent of the operation. In both control and postoperative patients there was a significant correlation between thrombus size and the plasma fibrinogen levels. The total serum cholesterol level did not relate to thrombus size.The plasma thrombus formation time, but not the whole blood thrombus formation time, was significantly shorter in postoperative than in healthy subjects.Spontaneous platelet aggregation was markedly more frequent in postoperative subjects. This greater frequency could not be related to the elevated plasma fibrinogen levels.It was suggested that the findings with the Chandler apparatus might reflect a tendency to abnormal platelet aggregation which exists as a constitutional diathesis in some subjects after an operation.
EXTRAHEPATIC PORTAL HYPERTENSION: THE CLINICAL EVALUATION, INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF 28 PATIENTS
Authors: STATHERS G. M. , MA M. H. , BLACKBURN C. R. B. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe clinical picture of 28 patients with extrahepatic portal hypertension who presented before 19 years of age is described. There was a high incidence of infection in early life. Gastro‐intestinal bleeding was precipitated by salicylates, fragments of bone and pregnancy.Splenoportography showed that two patients had developed spontaneous hæmodynamically significant portacaval shunts.The results of surgical treatment were satisfactory, but not good enough to make surgery the management of choice. Conservative non‐operative management, with stress on the avoidance of salicylates and traumatic dietary intake, has been satisfactory for some patients. The spontaneous development of hæmodynamically significant portal‐systemic shunts, not through œsophageal varices, and the small size of the splenic vein in children provide additional reasons for avoiding surgical treatment except in emergencies to control bleeding.The choice of surgical treatment lies between spleno‐renal anastomosis and interruption of the gastro‐œsophageal venous anastomoses.