bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presentation, diagnosis, and management of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome: 11 years of experience with 61 legs
Authors: Corneloup L. , Labanère C. , Chevalier L. , Jaussaud J. , Mignot A. , Gencel L. , Corneloup O. , Midy D. 
Published: May 2017

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is still underdiagnosed yet it may significantly interfere with lifestyle, especially among young sportspeople, with symptoms like intermittent claudication. Although case reports and small case series are sometimes published, studies with larger populations are quite rare. This study summarizes our experience with PAES on 61 limbs (35 patients) over a period of 11 years, describing the demographics, the disease, and the diagnostic and therapeutic methods used with PAES patients. In a population of 327 consecutive explored symptomatic sportspersons, PAES was confirmed in 35 patients on 61 pathologic limbs. The median time with the symptoms before diagnosis was 34 months (range, 3‐180 months). The mean age of patients was 30.5 years (range, 17‐52 years) with 83% of males. The proportion of patients diagnosed with bilateral PAES was 74%. The main sports practiced were running (15 patients, 43%), soccer (nine patients, 26%), rugby (two patients), and athletics (two patients). Among 21 patients, intra‐compartmental pressure measurements (ICP) found 18 (86%) to have an associated chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). Among the patients followed up after PAES surgery, 80% were able to resume sport at a level comparable to that before the onset of pain. PAES could be sought earlier in young sportspeople who experience unexplained leg pain during exercise to diagnose the disease and avoid complications in a timely manner. Compartmental pressures should systematically be measured in the search for an associated CECS.
Verbalizing a commitment reduces cheating in young children
Authors: Evans Angela D. , O'Connor Alison M. , Lee Kang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractChildren are frequently given rules and permissions that contrast their self‐interest, resulting in cheating behavior. The present study examined whether a verbalized commitment without the word ‘promise’ could reduce cheating rates in young children and whether this technique would be significantly more effective than a simple affirmation to a request not to cheat. Ninety‐nine 3‐to‐5‐year‐olds were randomly assigned to one of three obligation conditions: control, simple ‘okay’, or a verbalized commitment condition. All children played a guessing game in which the experimenter left the room on the final trial and children were instructed not to peek at the toy in the experimenter's absence. Children were asked to agree to the request not to peek (simple ‘okay’ condition), to verbally state that they would not peek (verbalized commitment condition), or were just instructed not to peek (control condition). The verbalized commitment condition significantly reduced cheating rates compared to the other conditions, regardless of age. Furthermore, among those who cheated, children in the verbalized commitment condition took significantly longer to peek compared to the other conditions. Results suggest that a verbal commitment without the word ‘promise’ can be an effective method to reduce young children's cheating behavior.
The importance of assessing out‐of‐pocket payments when the financing of antiretroviral therapy is transitioned to domestic funding: findings from Vietnam
Authors: Johns Benjamin , Chau Le Bao , Hanh Kieu Huu , Huong Nguyen Thuy , Do Hoa Mai , Duong Anh Thuy , Nguyen Long Hoang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo assess out‐of‐pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditures among antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients in Vietnam, and to model catastrophic payments under different copayment scenarios when the primary financing of ART changes to social health insurance.MethodsCross‐sectional facility‐based survey of 843 patients at 42 health facilities representative of 87% of ART patients in 2015.ResultsBecause of donor and government funding, no payments were made for antiretroviral drugs. Other health expenditures were about $66 per person per year (95% CI: $30–$102), of which $15 ($7–$22) were directly for HIV‐related health services, largely laboratory tests. These payments resulted in a 4.9% (95% CI: 3.1–6.8%) catastrophic payment rate and 2.5% (95% CI: 0.9–4.1%) catastrophic payment rate for HIV‐related health services. About 32% of respondents reported, they were eligible for SHI without copayments. If patients had to pay 20% of costs of ART under social health insurance, the catastrophic payment rate would increase to 8% (95% CI: 5.5–10.0%), and if patients without health insurance had to pay the full costs of ART, the catastrophic payment rate among all patients would be 24% (95% CI: 21.1–27.4%).ConclusionsHealth and catastrophic expenditures were substantially lower than in previous studies, although different methods may explain some of the discrepancy. The 20% copayments required by social health insurance would present a financial burden to an additional 0.6% to 5.1% of ART patients. Ensuring access to health insurance for all ART patients will prevent an even higher level of financial hardship.
Quantification of body iron and iron absorption in the REDS‐IIDonor Iron Status Evaluation (RISE) study
Authors: Kiss Joseph E. , Birch Rebecca J. , Steele Whitney R. , Wright David J. , Cable Ritchard G. 
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUNDRepeated blood donation alters the iron balance of blood donors. We quantified these effects by analyzing changes in body iron as well as calculating iron absorbed per day for donors enrolled in a prospective study.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSFor 1308 donors who completed a final study visit, we calculated total body iron at the enrollment and final visits and the change in total body iron over the course of the study. Taking into account iron lost from blood donations during the study and obligate losses, we also calculated the average amount of iron absorbed per day.RESULTSFirst‐time/reactivated donors at enrollment had iron stores comparable to previous general population estimates. Repeat donors had greater donation intensity and greater mean iron losses than first‐time/reactivated donors, yet they had little change in total body iron over the study period, whereas first‐time/reactivated donors had an average 35% drop. There was higher estimated iron absorption in the repeat donors (men: 4.49 mg/day [95% confidence interval [CI], 4.41‐4.58 mg/day]; women: 3.75 mg/day [95% CI, 3.67‐3.84 mg/day]) compared with estimated iron absorption in first‐time/reactivated donors (men: 2.89 mg/day [95% CI, 2.75‐3.04 mg/day]; women: 2.76 mg/day [95% CI, 2.64‐2.87 mg/day]). The threshold for negative estimated iron stores (below “0” mg/kg stores) was correlated with the development of anemia at a plasma ferritin value of 10 ng/mL.CONCLUSIONSThese analyses provide quantitative data on changes in estimated total body iron for a broad spectrum of blood donors. In contrast to using ferritin alone, this model allows assessment of the iron content of red blood cells and the degree of both iron surplus and depletion over time.
In vitro bactericidal activity of blue light (465 nm) phototherapy on meticillin‐susceptible and meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
Authors: Schnedeker Amy H. , Cole Lynette K. , Lorch Gwendolen , Diaz Sandra F. , Bonagura John , Daniels Joshua B. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundStaphylococcus pseudintermedius is the most common cause of bacterial skin infections in dogs. Meticillin‐resistant infections have become more common and are challenging to treat. Blue light phototherapy may be an option for treating these infections.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to measure the in vitro bactericidal activity of 465 nm blue light on meticillin‐susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MSSP) and meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP). We hypothesized that irradiation with blue light would kill MSSP and MRSP in a dose‐dependent fashion in vitro as previously reported for meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).MethodsIn six replicate experiments, each strain [MSSP, n = 1; MRSP ST‐71 (KM1381) n = 1; and MRSA (BAA‐1680) n = 1] were cultivated on semisolid media, irradiated using a 465 nm blue light phototherapeutic device at the cumulative doses of 56.25, 112.5 and 225 J/cm2 and incubated overnight at 35°C. Controls were not irradiated. Colony counts (CC) were performed manually. Descriptive statistics were performed and treatment effects assessed using the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney rank‐sum test. Bonferroni‐corrected rank‐sum tests were performed for post hoc analysis when significant differences were identified.ResultsThere was a significant decrease in CC with blue light irradiation at all doses for MRSA (P = 0.0006) but not for MSSP (P = 0.131) or MRSP (P = 0.589).ConclusionsBlue light phototherapy significantly reduced CC of MRSA, but not of MSSP or MRSP. The mechanism for the relative photosensitivity of the MRSA isolate is unknown, but is hypothesized to be due to an increased concentration of porphyrin in S. aureus relative to S. pseudintermedius, which would modulate blue light absorption.
Selectivity of foramsulfuron + thiencarbazone‐methyl and classic herbicides in sensitive and non‐sensitive sugar beet genotypes
Authors: Wendt M J , Kenter C , Stibbe C , Ladewig E , Märländer B 
Published: May 2017

SummaryA new herbicide for sugar beet cultivation using the ALS‐inhibiting active ingredients foramsulfuron and thiencarbazone‐methyl is under approval in the EU member states. Sugar beet genotypes that are non‐sensitive to this herbicide are currently under development. Selectivity of the ALS‐inhibiting herbicide and yield response of the non‐sensitive genotypes might be relevant to meet the requirements for variety registration. To evaluate these issues, six field trials were conducted in Germany in 2013 and 2014. Classic herbicides and the ALS‐inhibitor herbicide were applied in dosages of up to fourfold the authorised (or applied for) application rates. The ALS‐inhibitor herbicide did not cause any significant phytotoxicity and had no effect on leaf area index at a single, double or fourfold dosage. By contrast, classic herbicides had significant negative effects at the single dosage. At fourfold dosage, they caused 41% phytotoxicity and reduced leaf area index by 35%. The relative yield difference between ALS‐inhibitor and classic herbicide treatments was 8.6% and 17.4% of white sugar yield at double and fourfold dosage respectively. The ALS‐inhibitor herbicide thus showed higher selectivity than the classic herbicides. In the registration process, the resulting yield advantage could balance a possible yield penalty of non‐sensitive genotypes. The introduction of a new system for weed control could improve application flexibility and control of troublesome weeds in sugar beet.
5-Aminopyrazole-4-Carboxamide-Based Compounds Prevent the Growth of Cryptosporidium parvum
Authors: Huang Wenlin , Choi Ryan , Hulverson Matthew A. , Zhang Zhongsheng , McCloskey Molly C. , Schaefer Deborah A. , Whitman Grant R. , Barrett Lynn K. , Vidadala Rama Subba Rao , Riggs Michael W. , Maly Dustin J. , Van Voorhis Wesley C. , Ojo Kayode K. , Fan Erkang 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Cryptosporidium parvum
calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (
Cp
CDPK1) is a promising target for drug development against cryptosporidiosis. We report a series of low-nanomolar
Cp
CDPK1 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide (AC) scaffold inhibitors that also potently inhibit
C. parvum
growth
in vitro
. Correlation between anti-
Cp
CDPK1 and
C. parvum
growth inhibition, as previously reported for pyrazolopyrimidines, was not apparent. Nonetheless, lead AC compounds exhibited a substantial reduction of parasite burden in the neonatal mouse cryptosporidiosis model when dosed at 25 mg/kg.
Antimicrobial Resistance Risks of Cholera Prophylaxis for United Nations Peacekeepers
Authors: Kunkel Amber , Lewnard Joseph A. , Pitzer Virginia E. , Cohen Ted 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

More than 5 years after a United Nations peacekeeping battalion introduced cholera to Haiti, over 150,000 peacekeepers continue to be deployed annually from countries where cholera is endemic. The United Nations has thus far declined to provide antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis to peacekeepers, a policy based largely on concerns that the risks of drug resistance generation and spread would outweigh the potential benefits of preventing future cholera importations. In this study, we sought to better understand the relative benefits and risks of cholera chemoprophylaxis for peacekeepers in terms of antibiotic resistance. Using a stochastic model to quantify the potential impact of chemoprophylaxis on importation and transmission of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive
Vibrio cholerae
, we found that chemoprophylaxis would decrease the probability of cholera importation but would increase the expected number of drug-resistant infections if an importation event were to occur. Despite this potential increase, we found that at least 10 drug-sensitive infections would likely be averted per excess drug-resistant infection under a wide range of assumptions about the underlying prevalence of drug resistance and risk of acquired resistance. Given these findings, policymakers should reconsider whether the potential resistance risks of providing antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis to peacekeepers are sufficient to outweigh the anticipated benefits.
Potentiation of Antibiotic Activity by a Novel Cationic Peptide: Potency and Spectrum of Activity of SPR741
Authors: Corbett David , Wise Andrew , Langley Tara , Skinner Kirsty , Trimby Emily , Birchall Stephen , Dorali Alain , Sandiford Stephanie , Williams Jennifer , Warn Peter , Vaara Martti , Lister Troy 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Novel approaches for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections are urgently required. One approach is to potentiate the efficacy of existing antibiotics whose spectrum of activity is limited by the permeability barrier presented by the Gram-negative outer membrane. Cationic peptides derived from polymyxin B have been used to permeabilize the outer membrane, granting antibiotics that would otherwise be excluded access to their targets. We assessed the
in vitro
efficacies of combinations of SPR741 with conventional antibiotics against
Escherichia coli
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, and
Acinetobacter baumannii
. Of 35 antibiotics tested, the MICs of 8 of them were reduced 32- to 8,000-fold against
E. coli
and
K. pneumoniae
in the presence of SPR741. The eight antibiotics, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, mupirocin, retapamulin, rifampin, and telithromycin, had diverse targets and mechanisms of action. Against
A. baumannii
, similar potentiation was achieved with clarithromycin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, retapamulin, and rifampin. Susceptibility testing of the most effective antibiotic-SPR741 combinations was extended to 25 additional multidrug-resistant or clinical isolates of
E. coli
and
K. pneumoniae
and 17 additional
A. baumannii
isolates in order to rank the potentiated antibiotics. SPR741 was also able to potentiate antibiotics that are substrates of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump in
E. coli
, effectively circumventing the contribution of this pump to intrinsic antibiotic resistance. These studies support the further development of SPR741 in combination with conventional antibiotics for the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections.
Arr-cb Is a Rifampin Resistance Determinant Found Active or Cryptic in Clostridiumbolteae Strains
Authors: Marvaud Jean-Christophe , Lambert Thierry 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Clostridium
bolteae
, which belongs to the
Clostridium clostridioforme
complex, is a member of the human gut microbiota. Recent analysis of seven genomes of
C
.
bolteae
revealed the presence of an
arr
-like gene. Among these strains, only 90A7 was found to be resistant to rifampin in the absence of alteration of RpoB. Cloning of
arr-cb
from 90A7 in
Escherichia coli
combined with directed mutagenesis demonstrated that Arr-cb was functional but that a Q127→R variant present in 90A9 and 90B3 was inactive. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis indicated that
arr-cb
was silent in the four remaining strains because of defective transcription. Thus, two independent mechanisms can make the probably intrinsic
arr-cb
gene of
C
.
bolteae
cryptic.
Epidemic Emergence in the United States of Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131-
H
30 (ST131-
H
30), 2000 to 2009
Authors: Johnson James R. , Porter Stephen , Thuras Paul , Castanheira Mariana 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

The
H
30 subclone of
Escherichia coli
sequence type 131 (ST131-
H
30) has become the leading antimicrobial resistance
E. coli
lineage in the United States and often exhibits resistance to one or both of the two key antimicrobial classes for treating Gram-negative infections, extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) and fluoroquinolones (FQs). However, the timing of and reasons for its recent emergence are inadequately defined. Accordingly, from
E. coli
clinical isolates collected systematically across the United States by the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program in 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009, 234 isolates were selected randomly, stratified by year, within three resistance categories: (i) ESC-reduced susceptibility, regardless of FQ phenotype (ESC-RS); (ii) FQ resistance, ESC susceptible (FQ-R); and (iii) FQ susceptible, ESC susceptible (FQ-S). Susceptibility profiles, phylogroup, ST, ST131 subclone, and virulence genotypes were determined, and temporal trends and between-variable associations were assessed statistically. From 2000 to 2006, concurrently with the emergence of ESC-RS and FQ-R strains, the prevalence of (virulence-associated) phylogroup B2 among such strains also rose dramatically, due entirely to rapid emergence of ST131, especially
H
30. By 2009,
H
30 was the dominant
E. coli
lineage overall (22%), accounting for a median of 43% of all single-agent and multidrug resistance (68% for ciprofloxacin).
H
30's emergence increased the net virulence gene content of resistant (especially FQ-R) isolates, giving stable overall virulence gene scores despite an approximately 4-fold expansion of the historically less virulent resistant population. These findings define more precisely the timing and tempo of
H
30's emergence in the United States, identify possible reasons for it, and suggest potential consequences, including more frequent and/or aggressive antimicrobial-resistant infections.
Heterocycle Thiazole Compounds Exhibit Antifungal Activity through Increase in the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii Species Complex
Authors: Sá Nívea Pereira de , Lima Caroline Miranda de , Lino Cleudiomar Inácio , Barbeira Paulo Jorge Sanches , Baltazar Ludmila de Matos , Santos Daniel Assis , Oliveira Renata Barbosa de , Mylonakis Eleftherios , Fuchs Beth Burgwyn , Johann Susana 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Human cryptococcosis can occur as a primary or opportunistic infection and develops as an acute, subacute, or chronic systemic infection involving different organs of the host. Given the limited therapeutic options and the occasional resistance to fluconazole, there is a need to develop novel drugs for the treatment of cryptococcosis. In this report, we describe promising thiazole compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 and explore their possible modes of action against
Cryptococcus
. To this end, we show evidence of interference in the
Cryptococcus
antioxidant system. The tested compounds exhibited MICs ranging from 0.25 to 2 μg/ml against
Cryptococcus neoformans
strains H99 and KN99α. Interestingly, the knockout strains for Cu oxidase and sarcosine oxidase were resistant to thiazoles. MIC values of thiazole compounds 1, 2, and 4 against these mutants were higher than for the parental strain. After the treatment of
C. neoformans
ATCC 24067 (or
C. deneoformans
) and
C. gattii
strain L27/01 (or
C. deuterogattii
) with thiazoles, we verified an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Also, we verified the synergistic interactions among thiazoles and menadione, which generates superoxides, with fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) equal to 0.1874, 0.3024, 0.25, and 0.25 for the thiazole compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. In addition, thiazoles exhibited antagonistic interactions with parasulphonatephenyl porphyrinato ferrate III (FeTPPS). Thus, in this work, we showed that the action of these thiazoles is related to an interference with the antioxidant system. These findings suggest that oxidative stress may be primarily related to the accumulation of superoxide radicals.
Transcriptional Control of the Lateral-Flagellar Genes of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens
Authors: Mongiardini Elías J. , Quelas J. Ignacio , Dardis Carolina , Althabegoiti M. Julia , Lodeiro Aníbal R. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens
, a soybean N
2
-fixing symbiont, possesses a dual flagellar system comprising a constitutive subpolar flagellum and inducible lateral flagella. Here, we analyzed the genomic organization and biosynthetic regulation of the lateral-flagellar genes. We found that these genes are located in a single genomic cluster, organized in two monocistronic transcriptional units and three operons, one possibly containing an internal transcription start site. Among the monocistronic units is blr6846, homologous to the class IB master regulators of flagellum synthesis in
Brucella melitensis
and
Ensifer meliloti
and required for the expression of all the lateral-flagellar genes except
lafA2
, whose locus encodes a single lateral flagellin. We therefore named blr6846
lafR
(
la
teral-
f
lagellar
r
egulator). Despite its similarity to two-component response regulators and its possession of a phosphorylatable Asp residue,
lafR
behaved as an orphan response regulator by not requiring phosphorylation at this site. Among the genes induced by
lafR
is

flbT
L

, a class III regulator. We observed different requirements for FlbT
L
in the synthesis of each flagellin subunit. Although the accumulation of
lafA1
, but not
lafA2
, transcripts required FlbT
L
, the production of both flagellin polypeptides required FlbT
L
. Moreover, the regulation cascade of this lateral-flagellar regulon appeared to be not as strictly ordered as those found in other bacterial species.

IMPORTANCE
Bacterial motility seems essential for the free-living style in the environment, and therefore these microorganisms allocate a great deal of their energetic resources to the biosynthesis and functioning of flagella. Despite energetic costs, some bacterial species possess dual flagellar systems, one of which is a primary system normally polar or subpolar, and the other is a secondary, lateral system that is produced only under special circumstances.
Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens
, an N
2
-fixing symbiont of soybean plants, possesses dual flagellar systems, including the lateral system that contributes to swimming in wet soil and competition for nodulation and is expressed under high energy availability, as well as under requirement for high torque by the flagella. The structural organization and transcriptional regulation of the 41 genes that comprise this secondary flagellar system seem adapted to adjust bacterial energy expenditures for motility to the soil's environmental dynamics.