bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 101
Authors: Rohde Christian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Art 101 of the UN Charter. It explains that Art 101 is the main pillar of the UN framework for the recruitment and employment of its staff, the authority of the UN Secretary-General to administer the staff of the Organization, and the authority of the UN General Assembly to regulate the staff of the United Nations. While Art 101 (1) and (2) establish the division of competencies and the Secretariat’s structure, Art 101 (3) lays down several of the Organization’s basic principles of human resources policy-making. The chapter details the key employment principles as per the provisions of Art 101. It also provides an overview of the legal framework for staff of the Organization in the UN Charter.
Article 103
Authors: Leiss Johann Ruben , Paulus Andreas 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Art 103 of the Charter of the UN. As one of its central provisions, Art 103 gives the law of the UN Charter a superior character over other international treaties and all other international laws. The real value of Art 103 lies in being a last resort when all efforts to interpret obligations under other binding legal instruments in line with the Charter fail. The chapter elaborates on the scope and effect of Art 103, while also considering the correlation between the provisions and the law of treaties. It highlights the importance of Art 103 in maintaining the coherence and unity of the international legal system under the UN Charter.
Article 104
Authors: Ziegler Andreas R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the general notions of Art 104 of the UN Charter. Article 104 exclusively deals with the capacity of the UN in the territory of each of its member States and establishes the functional limits of the capacity of the UN and the interpretation of its scope of legal personality. The chapter also looks into the juridical personality of the United Nations and its limitations with regards to time and the internal structure of the UN and at the liability of its members for acts of the UN.
Article 105
Authors: Ziegler Andreas R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Art 105 of the Charter of the UN. It starts with the history and rationale of Art 105, which introduces the principle of the functional necessity of privileges and immunities for the UN member States. The implementation of Art 105 (3) by the General Assembly has been the object of various polemic discussions and setbacks due to the establishment of a comprehensive system of privileges and immunities. The chapter considers the implementation of Art 105 in line with multilateral conventions, host nation agreements, and national legislation. It elaborates further on various privileges and immunities granted by Art 105.
Article 107
Authors: Couzigou Irène 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Art 107 of the UN Charter. It discusses the correlation between Art 107 and Art 53 as enemy State clauses that provide for dispensation from obligations under the Charter. Article 107 is applicable only for those actions which were taken or authorized as a result of World War II, but it does not specify the notion of the result of that war therefore it does not have any strict limitations. The chapter then looks into the settlement of unresolved problems with respect to Germany resulting from that war while discussing the treaties concerned with the German process of reunification. It clarifies that the legal significance of Art 107 is linked to the post-war situation.
An Opera of Convenience: Musical Diplomacy and Nationalist Politics at the Barcelona Premiere of Amaya in 1934
Authors: Odriozola Otamendi Asier 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
This article analyses the political background surrounding the 1934 Barcelona premiere of the opera Amaya (1920) by the Basque composer Jesús Guridi (1886–1961). During the Second Spanish Republic, amid escalating political tensions between Basque and Catalan nationalist parties and the central government in Madrid, the premiere of Amaya at the Gran Teatre del Liceu presents significant points for historiographical discussion. By interpreting the interactions between Basque and Catalan nationalists as diplomatic exchanges, this essay assesses the role conferred on musical practices in fostering solidarity and self-legitimation among sub-state actors. Drawing on archival documentation and press sources, this study provides a detailed overview of the internal mechanisms that facilitated the premiere of Amaya, with a particular focus on the strategies employed by sub-state agents to garner public recognition, musical agency, and political legitimacy.
Is modulation of immune checkpoints on glioblastoma-infiltrating myeloid cells a viable therapeutic strategy?
Authors: Du Ruochen , Zhang Jianzhong , Lukas Rimas V , Tripathi Shashwat , Ahrendsen Jared T , Curran Michael A , Dmello Crismita , Zhang Peng , Stupp Roger , Rao Ganesh , Heimberger Amy B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The field of immunology has traditionally focused on immune checkpoint modulation of adaptive immune cells. However, many malignancies such as glioblastoma are mostly devoid of T cells and rather are enriched with immunosuppressive myeloid cells of the innate immune system. While some immune checkpoint targets are shared between adaptive and innate immunity, myeloid-specific checkpoints could also serve as potential therapeutics. To better understand the impact of immune checkpoint blockade on myeloid cells, we systematically summarize the current literature focusing on the direct immunological effects of PD-L1/PD-1, CD24/Siglec-10, collagen/LAIR-1, CX3CL1/CX3CR1, and CXCL10/CXCR3. By synthesizing the molecular mechanisms and the translational implications, we aim to prioritize agents in this category of therapeutics for glioblastoma.
How did trust in the police change in COVID-19 times? A longitudinal study
Authors: Panizzolo Davide , Roccato Michele , Russo Silvia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Using a unique longitudinal database (large quota sample of the Italian adult population, n = 2,223) structured in seven waves, we analysed how trust in the police changed in the 3.5 years between June 2019 (i.e. before the outbreak of COVID-19) and October 2022 (i.e. after COVID-19). A latent growth model showed that trust in the police changed following a cubic trend. It was stable between June 2019 and April 2020, decreased between April 2020 and April 2022, and increased between April 2022 and October 2022, not returning to prepandemic levels. Two complementary models showed that this change differed from those of two other super partes institutions (the President of the Republic and the judiciary), which showed quadratic trends. The variables that, according to the literature, explain the absolute level of trust in the police were not associated with its change. Strengths, weaknesses, and possible developments of the study are discussed.
Self-reported physical activity properties and 20-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among community-dwelling older adults
Authors: Moshkovits Yonatan , Chetrit Angela , Dankner Rachel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Physical activity was previously associated with decreased mortality. Current guidelines recommend &gt;150 min/week or &gt;75 min/week of moderate or high-intensity exercise to maintain a healthy lifestyle; however, exercise properties most strongly associated with low mortality among the elderly may still be explored.

Methods
A total of 1210 community-dwelling older adults, from the third phase (1999–2004) of the Israel Study on Glucose Intolerance, Obesity, and Hypertension, were followed until 2016 and 2019 for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, respectively. Physical activity properties were recorded and evaluated against all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Results
Mean age at baseline was 73 ± 7 years, with 638 (53%) females, and 585 (48%) reported habitual exercise. When compared to sedentary individuals, multivariable Cox regressions showed a significantly lower risk for all-cause mortality among currently active individuals [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59–0.88, P = .002], those engaging in light-moderate activity (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.57–0.89, P = .003), those with diverse exercise types (HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.44–0.80, P = .001), more sessions/week (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.92–0.97, P &lt; .001), those meeting current exercise recommendations (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.58–0.89, P = .03), those who engaged in walking (HR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.45–0.76, P &lt; .001), and swimming (HR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.45–0.96, P = .03). Similar HRs were found for cardiovascular mortality, although a somewhat stronger protective association was observed for swimming (HR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.24–0.95, P = .04) compared to a sedentary lifestyle.

Conclusion
The study further supports current exercise guidelines among the elderly. It also underscores the importance of physical activity in older individuals while prioritizing a greater number of sessions/week in addition to the total duration, and highlights specific activity features associated with lower long-term mortality among older adults.
Key message • What is already known on this topic – Physical activity was associated with a lower risk for mortality, although the specific properties and the preferred type of exercise among older adults are still debatable. • What this study adds – The study suggests the optimal activity characteristics in older adults while prioritizing activity sessions over time, light-moderate exercise over strenuous activity, diverse activity, and walking and swimming over other activities. • How this study might affect research, practice or policy – Future exercise guidelines should focus on increasing activity sessions throughout the week and not on the cumulative time to maximize the effect on mortality.
(Dis)harmonic styles of valuation: A study of academic justification across research domains and levels of assessment
Authors: Hammarfelt Björn , Helgesson Claes-Fredrik , Nelhans Gustaf , Joelsson Erik 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Disciplines display field-specific ways of valuing research contributions, and these different ‘styles of valuation’ influence how academic careers are assessed and formed. Yet, differences in how research is evaluated are also prevalent between different levels of assessment: collegial and organizational. Consequently, we employ a multifaceted two-dimensional approach for studying styles of valuation where both horizontal (across domains) and vertical (organization levels) variations in assessment practices are examined. For this purpose, we make use of 16 faculty guidelines and 112 referee reports concerning candidates for becoming ‘docent’ (Habilitation) from four broad domains: the humanities, the social sciences, medicine and the natural sciences (including technology). By inductively identifying five broad dimensions used when assessing publication merits: (1) Attribution of work, (2) Qualities of content, (3) Publication channel, (4) Publication impact, and (5) Publication volume we can distinguish specific styles of valuation for each of our four domains. Moreover, by extending the analysis to an organizational level we detect opposing ways in which the evaluations are justified—what we call ‘disharmonic styles of valuation’. Thus, when developing insights on ‘quality understandings’—and their operationalization through styles of valuation—in academia we need to put less emphasis on their origins and rather focus on how they come to travel between and co-exist within specific evaluative contexts.
Determination of neutron spectrum based on artificial neural network using liquid scintillation detector EJ-301
Authors: Bo Wan , Gang Li , Kun Li , Qichang Huang , Bangping Xiong , Jiao Cai , Jiaji He , Wenbin Wei , Yuan Xia , Daibo Yang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This paper focuses on the neutron spectrum measurement using a liquid scintillation detector, where the neutron spectrum could be identified and unfolded from the light output distribution of the EJ-301 liquid scintillation detector through a linear artificial neural network (ANN). The response functions of the EJ-301 detector for monoenergetic neutron sources, as well as the light outputs, have been simulated and calculated by Monte Carlo procedure FLUKA. The linear ANN was trained and tested through the simulated data, where response functions were set as the input of ANN and the corresponding neutron spectra were output. Therefore, the neutron spectrum-unfolding model was created. This spectrum-unfolding model was tested through the light outputs induced by monoenergetic neutrons and the random superposition of them. Unfolding results show that this model could identify the information of the neutron spectrum accurately from the light outputs of a liquid scintillation detector. Moreover, the EJ-301 detector was used to measure the radioactivity of 252Cf, and the pulse height distribution induced by neutrons was derived through the charge-comparison method to remove the influence of gamma rays. The measured pulse height distribution was unfolded by the trained model, and measured results show that the unfolded neutron spectrum of 252Cf was consistent with the reference one. This paper presents the feasibility that the unknown neutron spectrum could be identified and confirmed through a linear neural network trained by simulated monoenergetic neutron response functions, which could be a candidate of choice for the determination of the neutron spectrum.
Metformin acts on miR-181a-5p/PAI-1 axis in stem cells providing new strategies for improving age-related osteogenic differentiation decline
Authors: Hong Guanhao , Zhou Yulan , Yang Shukai , Yan Shouquan , Lu Jiaxu , Xu Bo , Zhan Zeyu , Jiang Huasheng , Wei Bo , Wang Jiafeng 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A general decline in the osteogenic differentiation capacity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) in the elderly is a clinical consensus, with diverse opinions on the mechanisms. Many studies have demonstrated that metformin (MF) significantly protects against osteoporosis and reduces fracture risk. However, the exact mechanism of this effect remains unclear. In this study, we found that the decreased miR-181a-5p expression triggered by MF treatment plays a critical role in recovering the osteogenic ability of aging hBMSCs (derived from elderly individuals). Notably, the miR-181a-5p expression in hBMSCs was significantly decreased with prolonged MF (1000 μM) treatment. Further investigation revealed that miR-181a-5p overexpression markedly impairs the osteogenic ability of hBMSCs, while miR-181a-5p inhibition reveals the opposite result. We also found that miR-181a-5p could suppress the protein translation process of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), as evidenced by luciferase assays and Western blots. Additionally, low PAI-1 levels were associated with diminished osteogenic ability, whereas high levels promoted it. These findings were further validated in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs). Finally, our in vivo experiment with a bone defects rat model confirmed that the agomiR-181a-5p (long-lasting miR-181a-5p mimic) undermined bone defects recovery, while the antagomiR-181a-5p (long-lasting miR-181a-5p inhibitor) significantly promoted the bone defects recovery. In conclusion, we found that MF promotes bone tissue regeneration through the miR-181a-5p/PAI-1 axis by affecting MSC osteogenic ability, providing new strategies for the treatment of age-related bone regeneration disorders.
Evolutionary and Epidemiological Insights from Historical and Modern Genomes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the Causal Agent of Bacterial Leaf Streak of Rice
Authors: Hutin Mathilde , Carpenter Sara , Baruah Shivrajani , Campos Paola , Boyer Karine , Andriantsimialona Dodelys , Rapanarivo Solo Hery , Pruvost Olivier , Becker Nathalie , Gagnevin Lionel , Koebnik Ralf , Szurek Boris , Koita Ousmane , Bogdanove Adam J. , Rieux Adrien 
Published: September 2024

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola ( Xoc) causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of rice. This disease represents a major constraint for rice production, which is a crop feeding more than half of the world's population. Xoc was first described in 1918 in the Philippines and is prevalent in southeast Asia. Today, BLS is also omnipresent in both East- and West-Africa, where the disease was first reported in the early 1980s. The appearance of Xoc in Africa decades after its first report in Asia suggests that the disease could have been introduced from Asia to Africa. Strict conservation of five transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors in whole-genome sequences of 10 strains of Xoc including three from West-Africa and seven from Asia also support this hypothesis. East-Africa, especially Madagascar, where the disease was first described in 1985 is located at the interface between Asia and Africa, hence representing an interesting region to explore the link between strains from Asia and West-Africa. In this study, we did the following: (i) reconstructed the genome of a historical Xoc strain from a herbarium specimen of rice showing symptoms of BLS that was sampled in Madagascar in 1931, 50 years before the first description of the disease, and (ii) sequenced nine new modern strains, including five from Madagascar and East-Africa. The analysis of those new genomes along with previously published ones shed light within the evolutionary and epidemiological history of Xoc. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Unraveling Pinus massoniana’s Defense Mechanisms Against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Under Aseptic Conditions: A Transcriptomic Analysis
Authors: Zhu Jinghui , Lim Kean-Jin , Fang Tianyu , Zhang Chen , Ye Jianren , Zhu Li-Hua 
Published: September 2024

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and significantly impacts pine forest ecosystems globally. This study focuses on Pinus massoniana, an important timber and oleoresin resource in China, which is highly susceptible to PWN. However, the defense mechanism of pine trees in response to PWN remains unclear. Addressing the complexities of PWD, influenced by diverse factors such as bacteria, fungi, and environment, we established a reciprocal system between PWN and P. massoniana seedlings under aseptic conditions. Utilizing combined second- and third-generation sequencing technologies, we identified 3,718 differentially expressed genes post PWN infection. Transcript analysis highlighted the activation of defense mechanisms via stilbenes, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways, terpene synthesis, and induction of pathogenesis-related proteins and resistance genes, predominantly at 72 h postinfection. Notably, terpene synthesis pathways, particularly the mevalonate pathway, were crucial in defense, suggesting their significance in P. massoniana’s response to PWN. This comprehensive transcriptome profiling offers insights into P. massoniana’s intricate defense strategies against PWN under aseptic conditions, laying a foundation for future functional analyses of key resistance genes. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Noninvasive, Presymptomatic Detection of Potato Cyst Nematode Infection in Tomato Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: van Himbeeck Robbert , Binnebösz Eline Laura , Amora Deisy , Gottardi Michele , Willig Jaap-Jan , Geisen Stefan , Helder Johannes 
Published: September 2024

Potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) are notorious pathogens in all major potato production areas worldwide. Mainly due to the low mobility of this soil pathogen, PCN infestations are mostly observed as patches (“foci”) that only cover a fraction of the acreage. In-field presymptomatic localization of these pathogens is valuable, as it would allow for the localized application of control measures. Although the mapping of foci is technically feasible, it is unpractical, as it would require the analysis of numerous soil samples. We investigated whether chlorophyll fluorescence (Chl-F) could be suitable as a rapid, nondestructive method for early PCN detection. To this end, the impact of four Globodera pallida densities on the Chl-F of tomato was investigated in a phenotyping greenhouse for 26 days. Furthermore, the classical plant performance indicators of biomass and root surface area were compared with Chl-F. Thermal dissipation (NPQ) and an estimate of the photosynthetic rate (ΦPSII) responded at 1 day postinoculation, and ΦPSII was most sensitive to low PCN infection levels. Chl-F parameters responded more readily to PCN infection than biomass and root surface area. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the potential activity of photosystem II (Fv/F0) initially increased at low PCN infection levels, whereas a sharp decrease was observed at higher infestation levels. Hence, our data suggest that low PCN levels promoted plant performance before becoming detrimental at higher levels. Although Chl-F allowed for early and sensitive PCN detection, it remains to be investigated whether these signals can be distinguished from those produced by other belowground stressors in the field. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Rate of hydrolysis of the phosphate esters of B vitamins is reduced by zinc deficiency: In vitro and in vivo
Authors: Yuasa Hana , Miyazaki Kiyoshi , Kido Takamasa , Nishino Katsutoshi , Shiotsu Miku , Fukuwatari Tsutomu , Suka Machi , Nagao Masaya , Kambe Taiho 
Published: September 2024

AbstractExtracellular hydrolysis of the phosphate esters of B vitamins (B1, B2, and B6) is crucial for their cellular uptake and metabolism. Although a few zinc‐dependent enzymes have been implicated in these processes, their exact mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. This study investigated the potential involvement of phosphate group hydrolyzing enzymes in the hydrolysis of B vitamin phosphate esters. We evaluated enzyme activity in membrane lysates prepared from cells transiently transfected with these enzymes or those endogenously expressing them. Specifically, we investigated how zinc deficiency affects the rate of hydrolysis of B vitamin phosphate esters in cellular lysates. Assessment of the activities of zinc‐dependent ectoenzymes in the lysates prepared from cells cultured in zinc‐deficient conditions and in the serum of rats fed zinc‐deficient diets revealed that zinc deficiency reduced the extracellular hydrolysis activity of B vitamin phosphate esters. Furthermore, our findings explain the similarities between several symptoms of B vitamin and zinc deficiencies. Collectively, this study provides novel insights into the diverse symptoms of zinc deficiency and could guide the development of appropriate clinical strategies.