bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: AROMATIC SULFINES WITH NITRILIMINES, A REGIOSPECIFIC, NON‐STEREOSPECIFIC CYCLOADDITION REACTION
Authors: BONINI B. F. , MACCAGNANI G. , THIJS L. , ZWANENBURG B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDiphenylnitrilimin (II), hergestellt aus de Sulfinen (III) zu den Addukten (IVa) oxidiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME REACTIONS OF THE 2‐(1H)‐PYRIDONES PREPARED FROM 4,4′‐DIMETHOXYCHALCONE AND ANISAL ACETONE
Authors: SAMMOUR A. , FAHMY A. F. , EL‐RAHMAN S. A. , AKNOOKH Y. , ELMOEZ M. S. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Chalkone (I) können mit Cyanessigester (II) in sehr geringer Ausbeute zu den Pyridinen (III) und (IV), mit Malondinitril zum Pyridin (VI) und mit den Acetamiden (VII) zu den Pyridinen (VIII) kondensiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF AN ANALOG OF CAMPTOTHESIN BY A GENERAL METHOD
Authors: LYLE R. E. , BRISTOL J. A. , KANE M. J. , PORTLOCK D. E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstractβ‐Picolin‐N‐oxid (Ia) wird zu (Ib) nitriert und durch Acetylbromid oder HBr in die Bromverbindung (Ic) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: QUATERNIZATION REACTIONS WITH THE AID OF ETHYLENE OXIDE
Authors: DONETTI A. , BELLORA E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Alkylierung von Scopolamin (I) mit den Alkylierungsmitteln (IIa)‐(IId) erfolgt in Gegenwart von Äthyleno xid und führt zu einem reinen Material (III), da das Äthylenoxid zusätzlich gebildete Halogenwasserstoffsäuren bindet.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS PART 12, A NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF 5‐OXO‐ AND 7‐OXO‐PYRIDO(2,3‐D)PYRIMIDINES
Authors: OGURA H. , SAKAGUCHI M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Uracile (I) bilden mit Acetylendicarbonsäuredimethylester (II) die Addukte (III) und (IV)"sowie die Cyclisierungsprodukte (V) und (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 3,4,5,6‐TETRAHYDRO‐2H‐AZEPIN‐7‐OL HYDROGEN SULFATE WITH NUCLEOPHILIC REAGENTS
Authors: MASAKI MITSUO , UCHIDA MASARU , FUKUI KIYOSHI 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNucleophile spalten die S‐O‐Bindung der Titelverbindung (I) unter Bildung von e‐Caprolactam (II) und den entsprechenden Hydrogensulfaten (IIa) bzw. (IIc) oder (bei der Reaktion mit Aminen) der entsprechenden Sulfaminsäure (als Salz des betreffenden Amins), wie z.B. (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMISTRY OF METHYLDICHLOROSILANE ADDITIONS TO PENTADIENES
Authors: SWISCHER J. V. , ZULLIG C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMethyldichlorsilan (I) wird mit den isomeren Pentadienen (II)‐(IV) in Addukte übergeführt,die nach Methylierung in Form der Trimethylsi1y1‐olefine (V)‐(IX) oder auch der Hydrierungsprodukte (X) und (XI) isoliert und identifiziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: INTERCONVERSION REACTIONS OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDE POLYMERS
Authors: KLEINSCHMIDT D. C. , SHINER V. J. , WHITTAKER D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFür Aluminium‐isopropylat (I) werden die verschiedenen oligomeren Formen wie (II) und (III) und ihre gegenseitige Umwandlung diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: TIN‐ANNUAL SURVEY COVERING THE YEAR 1972
Authors: HARRISON P. G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn dem Übersichtsartikel wird über Zinnverbindungen mit vier Sn‐C‐Bindungen, Hydride, Halogenide, Pseudohalogenide, Oxide, Hydroxide, Peroxide, Alkoxide.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL PERFLUORO‐ALKYL‐ AND ‐ARYL‐THIOLATES PART 2, MOLYBDENUM, TUNGSTEN, MANGANESE, IRON, AND NICKEL DERIVATIVES
Authors: DAVIDSON J. L. , SHARP D. W. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie photolytische Reaktion von dimerem Mn‐pentacarbonyl bzw. π‐Cyclopentadienylcarbonylnickel mit entsprechenden Disulfiden in Pentan liefert die instabilen Produkte (I) bzw. (II), die unter Decarbonylierung dimerisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: FERROCENYLALANES, THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF (PI‐C5H5)FE(PI‐C5H4AL2ME4CL)
Authors: ATWOOD J. L. , BAILEY B. L. , KINDBERG B. L. , COOK W. J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Titelverbindung (II) wurde durch Reaktion der Ferrocenylquecksilber‐ Verbindung (I) mit Trimethylaluminium in Toluol bei 60°C erhalten und durch Kristalldaten, NMR‐ und massenspektroskopische Untersuchungen charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: FERROCENE ‐ ANNUAL SURVEY COVERING THE YEAR 1972
Authors: MARR G. , ROCKETT B. W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDer Übersichsartikel stellt die neuesten Erkenntnisse der Ferrocen‐Chemie zusammen: neben der Chemie neuer Ferrocene wird auch über Spektroskopische, theoretische und stereochemischeUntersuchungen berichtet.
ChemInform Abstract: COPPER, SILVER AND GOLD ‐ ANNUAL SURVEY COVERING THE YEAR 1971
Authors: BROWN J. , COPPER D. G. , POWELL J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDer Artikel berichtet aus der Chemie des Kupfers über Reaktionen von Lithium‐ Kupfer‐Verbindungen, über Kupplungsreaktionen, Additionen an Olefine, Umlagerungen sowie über Kupfer‐Phosphin‐Komplexe.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHEMISTRY OF POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS PART 25, SOME REACTIONS OF ALPHA‐TETRAHYDRIDODODECACARBONYLTETRARUTHENIUM WITH CYCLIC OLEFINS
Authors: CANTY ALAN J. , DOMINGOS ANTONIO J. P. , JOHNSON BRIAN F. G. , LEWIS JACK 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion des Hydridocarbonyltetraruthenium‐Komplexes (I) mit Cyclooctadien (II) führt zu den fünf dünnschicht‐ und säulenchromatographisch trennbaren Komplexen (III)‐(VI), deren Strukturen anhand von NMR‐, massenund IR‐spektroskopischen Daten diskutiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: RHODIUM(I), RHODIUM(III), PALLADIUM(II), AND PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES CONTAINING LIGANDS OF THE TYPE PR(N)Q(3‐N) (N=0, 1, OR 2, R=ME, ET, BU(T), OR PH, Q=CH2OCOME OR CH2OH)
Authors: CHATT JOSEPH , LEIGH G. JEFFERY , SLADE ROGER M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Chloro‐Komplexe (I)‐(IV) werden durch Umsetzung der Titelphosphine mit Na‐tetrachloropalladat(II), K‐tetrachloroplatinat?l) bzw. dimerem Chlorodicarbonyl‐Rh(I) synthetisiert und IR‐ sowie NMR‐spektroskopisch charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOCYANIDE COMPLEXES OF RHODIUM AND IRIDIUM PART 2, FOUR‐ AND FIVE‐CO‐ORDINATE COMPLEXES CONTAINING TERTIARY PHOSPHINES, AND SOME OXIDATIVE ADDITION REACTIONS
Authors: DART JAMES W. , LLOYD MALCOLM K. , MASON RONALD , MCCLEVERTY JON A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Rh(I)‐ und Ir(I)‐Komplexe (I) und (II) werden durch Substitutionsreaktionen von Chlorocarbonyl‐bis‐[triphenylphosphin]‐Rh oder ‐Ir, Tetrakis‐[diphenylmethylphosphin]‐ oder Carbonyl‐tris‐[diphenylmethylphosphin]‐Rhhexafluorophosphat mit entsprechenden Isonitrilen oder von Tetrakis‐[isonitri?‐ Rh‐hexafluorophosphat mit Phosphinen synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A SUBSTITUTED 5BETA‐STEROIDS PART 5, SYNTHESES AND SOME REACTIONS OF 1‐OXYGENATED 5BETA‐CHOLESTANES
Authors: SATOH J. YASUO , MISAWA KATSUMI , TAKAHASHI T. TOMOYOSHI , HIROSE MASAKATSU , HORIUCHI C. AKIRA , TSUJI SHIN‐ICHIRO , HAGITANI AKIRA 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDas Bromcholestanon‐(3) (I) wird über die Stufen (II)‐(V) in das Cholestanon‐ (1) (VI) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL REDUCTIVE AROMATIZATION OF 4,4‐DIMETHYL‐STEROIDS
Authors: DE NIJS H. , SPECKAMP W. N. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus den Dimethylsteroiden (I) und (IV) erhält man bei derAlanatreduktion und anschließenden Acylierung die Aromaten (II) sowie die Dimeren (III) und 212 (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SPECIFITY OF ANTIBODIES PRODUCED BY LINEAR ANTIGENIC POLYPEPTIDES OF A KNOWN PRIMARY STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND USE OF THE POLYMERS POLY(L‐PHENYLALANYL‐L‐GLUTAMYL‐L‐VALYLGLYCYL)GLYCINE METHYL ESTER AND POLY(L‐PHENYLALANYL‐L‐ASPARTYL‐L‐VALYLGLYCYL)GLYCINE METHYL ESTER
Authors: JOHNSON B. J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie im Kaninchenorganismus gegen das Polypeptid (I) erzeugten Antikörper hängen von der Struktur des Antigens ab.
ChemInform Abstract: SUGARS CONTAINING A CARBON‐PHOSPHORUS BOND PART 4, 5‐(ALKYLPHOSPHONYL)‐5‐DEOXY‐O‐METHYL‐D‐XYLOPYRANOSE
Authors: SEO KUNIAKI , INOKAWA SABURO 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMichaelis‐Arbusov‐Reaktion des Xylofuranose‐Derivates (I) mit den Phosphoniten (II) und Reduktion der gebildeten Phosphinate (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) liefern die Phosphinoxide (IVa) bzw. (IVb), aus denen bei der Hydrolyse die Tite1verbindungen (Va) bzw. (Vb) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOLATIONS OF PHYTOTOXIC SUBSTANCES PRODUCED BY PYRICULARIA ORYZAE CAVARA
Authors: IWASAKI S. , MURO H. , SASAKI K. , NOZOE S. , OKUDA S. , SATO Z. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus obigen Spezies werden als weitere phytotoxische Verbindungen die beiden Tetralone (I) und (II) neben dem substituierten Salicylaldehyd (III) und zwei Isomeren des hydrierten Benzofurans (IV) isoliert.
Ionic‐Liquid‐Functionalized Copper Oxide Nanorods for Photocatalytic Splitting of Water
Authors: Gusain Rashi , Singhal Nikita , Singh Raghuvir , Kumar Umesh , Khatri Om P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThin films of imidazolium (Im) ionic liquids with bis(salicylato)borate (BScB) and hexafluorophosphate (PF6−) anions were grafted onto copper oxide (CuO) nanorods. Chemical and structural features of ionic‐liquid‐functionalized CuO (CuO−IL) nanorods were examined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and high‐resolution TEM analyses. The CuO−IL nanorods were demonstrated to be efficient photocatalysts for the splitting of water under visible‐light irradiation without using any sacrificial agent. The pristine CuO nanorods could not split water, whereas CuO−IL nanorods exhibited excellent photocatalytic activities and produced 1827 and 1082 μmol of hydrogen in 2 h with 20 mg of CuO−ImBScB and CuO−ImPF6 as photocatalysts, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the CuO−IL nanorods was attributed to the synergistic effect of ionic‐liquid thin films and CuO nanorods. The trapping of photoinduced charge carriers by ionic liquids inhibits the recombination process, and consequently, the CuO nanorods facilitate the water‐splitting reaction. The CuO−IL photocatalysts were efficiently recycled without loss of catalytic activity, which revealed the stability of the ionic‐liquid thin films grafted on the CuO nanorods.
Iterative h‐minima‐based marker‐controlled watershed for cell nucleus segmentation
Authors: Koyuncu Can Fahrettin , Akhan Ece , Ersahin Tulin , Cetin‐Atalay Rengul , Gunduz‐Demir Cigdem 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAutomated microscopy imaging systems facilitate high‐throughput screening in molecular cellular biology research. The first step of these systems is cell nucleus segmentation, which has a great impact on the success of the overall system. The marker‐controlled watershed is a technique commonly used by the previous studies for nucleus segmentation. These studies define their markers finding regional minima on the intensity/gradient and/or distance transform maps. They typically use the h‐minima transform beforehand to suppress noise on these maps. The selection of the h value is critical; unnecessarily small values do not sufficiently suppress the noise, resulting in false and oversegmented markers, and unnecessarily large ones suppress too many pixels, causing missing and undersegmented markers. Because cell nuclei show different characteristics within an image, the same h value may not work to define correct markers for all the nuclei. To address this issue, in this work, we propose a new watershed algorithm that iteratively identifies its markers, considering a set of different h values. In each iteration, the proposed algorithm defines a set of candidates using a particular h value and selects the markers from those candidates provided that they fulfill the size requirement. Working with widefield fluorescence microscopy images, our experiments reveal that the use of multiple h values in our iterative algorithm leads to better segmentation results, compared to its counterparts. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Genetic variation in bitter taste receptor genes influences the foraging behavior of plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi)
Authors: Zhao Fang , Zhang Tongzuo , Xie Jiuxiang , Zhang Shoudong , Nevo Eviatar , Su Jianping , Lin Gonghua 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe ability to detect bitter tastes is important for animals; it can help them to avoid ingesting harmful substances. Bitter taste perception is mainly mediated by bitter taste receptor proteins, which are encoded by members of theTas2rgene family and vary with the dietary preference of a specific species. Although individuals with different genotypes differ in bitterness recognition capability, little is known about the relationship between genetic variation and food selection tendencies at the intraspecific level. In this study, we examined the relationship between genotypes and diet in plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a subterranean rodent endemic to the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau that caches food for the winter. We assayed the composition and taste profile of each plant contained in temporary caches and vicinity quadrats, which were representative of selected and available food, respectively. Bitter plant selection indices (Ebitter) were estimated. We also sequenced 26 candidateTas2rgenes from zokors and determined their relationships with theEbitterof their caches. We identified four key results: (1) zokors varied considerably in both bitter food preference andTas2rsequences; (2) five genes (zTas2r115,zTas2r119,zTas2r126,zTas2r134, andzTas2r136) exhibited allelic variation that was significantly associated withEbitter; (3) synonymousSNPs, nonsynonymousSNPs, and pseudogenization are involved in the genotype–phenotype relationship; (4) the minor genotypes ofzTas2r115,zTas2r134, andzTas2r136and the major genotypes ofzTas2r119andzTas2r126cached more bitter plants. Our results linkTas2rvariation with food selection behavior at the population level for the first time.
Ruthenium Carbonyl Complexes with Azole Heterocycles – Synthesis, X‐ray Diffraction Structures, DFT Calculations, Solution Behavior, and Antiproliferative Activity
Authors: Kuhn Paul‐Steffen , Meier Samuel M. , Jovanović Katarina K. , Sandler Isolde , Freitag Leon , Novitchi Ghenadie , González Leticia , Radulović Siniša , Arion Vladimir B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe reactions of (H2azole)[trans‐RuCl4(Hazole)2] [Hazole = 1H‐pyrazole (Hpz), 1H‐indazole (Hind), 1‐methylindazole (1‐Me‐ind), or 1H‐benzimidazole (Hbzim)] with 1:1 mixtures of 12 M HCl and formic acid resulted in the formation of trans‐[RuCl4(CO)(Hazole)]– complexes, which were isolated and identified by X‐ray diffraction as nBu4N[trans‐RuCl4(CO)(Hpz)] (1a), nBu4N[trans‐RuCl4(CO)(Hind)] (2a), [(Hind)2H][trans‐RuCl4(CO)(Hind)] (2b), nBu4N[trans‐RuCl4(CO)(1‐Me‐ind)] (3a), and nBu4N[trans‐RuCl4(CO)(Hbzim)] (6a), whereas a prolonged reaction with 1H‐benzimidazole afforded (nBu4N)2[trans‐RuCl5(CO)] (7a). The reactions of [(DMSO)2H][trans‐RuCl4(CO)(DMSO)] with different azole heterocycles in dichloromethane afforded five similar complexes, which were isolated as azolium salts (H2azole)[trans‐RuCl4(CO)(Hazole)] [Hazole = 1H‐indazole (2), 1‐methylindazole (3), 2‐methylindazole (4), 1H‐imidazole (5), and 1H‐benzimidazole (6)]. Complexes 2–6 were characterized by elemental analysis, high‐resolution electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy, and 3 was also characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The pH of the solution was crucial for the stability of the obtained compound series. The interactions of 2–4 with the model proteins myoglobin and ubiquitin and the influence of the indazole tautomer identity on those processes were investigated by high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The ruthenium(III) complexes interact with the proteins to form protein–RuII(CO) adducts, that is, metal reduction appears to be responsible for the release of the azole heterocycle but not CO. Moreover, the binding of the RuII(CO) unit to myoglobin reduces the observed global charge state of the adduct with respect to that of free myoglobin, which suggests that the Ru(CO) fragment can cross‐link the protein backbone. Complexes 2–6 show low antiproliferative activity against the human cancer cell lines HeLa and MDA‐MB‐231 and the noncancerous cell line MRC‐5, and this activity correlates with the low stability of complexes in aqueous media, especially at neutral or basic pH. The results are compared to previously reported data on ruthenium nitrosyl analogues and KP1019.
One Step Synthesis of Calix[n]quin­ones through the HClO4/PbO2‐Mediated Oxidation of Calix[n]arenes
Authors: Lavendomme Roy , Troian‐Gautier Ludovic , Zahim Sara , Reinaud Olivia , Jabin Ivan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA procedure using HClO4 and PbO2 allows the straightforward oxidation of para‐substituted and unsubstituted calix[n]arenes into the corresponding calix[n]quinones in approximately 82 % yield per quinone unit. These mild conditions constitute a good alternative to the classical procedure that involves highly toxic thallium(III) salts in trifluoroacetic acid.
Application of an automated LSPIV system in a mountainous stream for continuous flood flow measurements
Authors: Ran Qi‐hua , Li Wei , Liao Qian , Tang Hong‐lei , Wang Meng‐yao 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn imaging‐based automated large‐scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV) system for flash flood monitoring is developed and deployed in a mountainous stream in the Longchi Catchment, Chengdu, China. This system is built from a low‐cost Raspberry Pi board‐level computer with a camera module, which can acquire continuous images/videos automatically at programmed intervals. The minimum quadratic difference algorithm tracks surface patterns as flow tracers to estimate the distribution of surface velocities. Meanwhile, a stereo imaging‐based ‘virtual pole’ method has been developed to reconstruct the three‐dimensional topography with a stereo digital camera, and a cross‐sectional bathymetry has been generated without manual surveying. The varying water stage and water surface gradient, which are critical parameters that affect image rectification and surface velocity measurements, can also be directly resolved by applying the two imaging modules together. Discharge can then be estimated with the velocity–area method through selected cross sections.A flash flood that occurred between 24 July 2014 and 25 July 2014 is selected for analysis. The water surface level reconstructed from image processing was validated with marked water levels, and a good agreement was found with a root mean square error of 3.7 cm. The discharge recorded during the flood recession process ranged from approximately 3.5 to 27 m3/s. The rating curve obtained can be well described by a power function, and the linear regression suggested a Manning's n roughness coefficient of 0.18 of one specific cross section. Some limitations of the presented large‐scale particle image velocimetry system are also put forward, and possible solutions are provided for future improvements. With these proposed upgrades, the system can provide valuable datasets of flash floods in steep mountainous streams, which are critically needed for improving our understanding and modelling of many hydrological processes associated with flood generation, propagation and erosion, as well as for real‐time forecasting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons from the construction of a climate change adaptation plan: A Broads wetland case study
Authors: Turner R Kerry , Palmieri Maria Giovanna , Luisetti Tiziana 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The dynamic nature of environmental change in coastal areas means that a flexible “learning by doing” management strategy has a number of advantages. This article lays out the principles of such a strategy and then assesses an actual planning and management process focused on climate change consequences for the Broads wetland on the East coast of England. The management strategy focused on the concept of ecosystem services (stocks and flows) provided by the coastal wetland and the threats and opportunities posed to the area by sea level rise and other climate change impacts. The analysis explores the process by which an adaptive management plan has been formulated and coproduced by a combination of centralized (vertical) and stakeholder social network (horizontal) arrangements. The process values where feasible the ecosystem services under threat and prioritizes response actions. Coastal management needs a careful balance between strategic requirements imposed at a national scale and local schemes that affect regional and/or local communities and social networks. These networks aided by electronic media have allowed groups to engage more rapidly and effectively with policy proposals. However, successful deliberation is conditioned by a range of context specific factors, including the type of social networks present and their relative competitive and/or complementary characteristics. The history of consultation and dialogue between official agencies and stakeholders also plays a part in contemporary deliberation processes and the success of their outcomes. Among the issues highlighted are the multiple dimensions of nature's value; the difficulty of quantifying some ecosystem service changes, especially for cultural services; and the problem of “stakeholder fatigue” complicating engagement arrangements. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:719–725. © 2016 SETAC
Testing against “normal” with environmental data
Authors: Kilgour Bruce W , Somers Keith M , Barrett Timothy J , Munkittrick Kelly R , Francis Anthony P 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Normal ranges are some fraction of a reference distribution deemed to represent an expected condition, typically 95%. They are frequently used as the basis for generic criteria for monitoring programs designed to test whether a sample is outside of “normal,” as in reference-condition approach studies. Normal ranges are also the basis for criteria for more classic environmental effects monitoring programs designed to detect differences in mean responses between reference and exposure areas. Limits on normal ranges are estimated with error that varies depending largely on sample size. Direct comparison of a sample or a mean to estimated limits of a normal range will, with some frequency, lead to incorrect conclusions about whether a sample or a mean is inside or outside the normal range when the sample or the mean is near the limit. Those errors can have significant costs and risk implications. This article describes tests based on noncentral distributions that are appropriate for quantifying the likelihood that samples or means are outside a normal range. These noncentral tests reverse the burden of evidence (assuming that the sample or mean is at or outside normal), and thereby encourage proponents to collect more robust sample sizes that will demonstrate that the sample or mean is not at the limits or beyond the normal range. These noncentral equivalence and interval tests can be applied to uni- and multivariate responses, and to simple (e.g., upstream vs downstream) or more complex (e.g., before vs after, or upstream vs downstream) study designs. Statistical procedures for the various tests are illustrated with benthic invertebrate community data collected as part of the Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP) in the vicinity of oil sands operations in northern Alberta, Canada. An Excel workbook with functions and calculations to carry out the various tests is provided in the online Supplemental Data. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:188–197. © 2016 SETAC.

Key Points
The article provides clarity on appropriate statistical procedures for testing whether a single observation or a mean falls outside a normal range of variation for a reference distribution. Three statistical procedures are described that test whether an observation or mean falls outside a normal range, and each uses noncentral distributions of test statistics. The procedures are illustrated with real data from simplified examples, in order to give readers a template on which to use the calculations in their work. An Excel workbook is provided with functions and calculations that can be used to compute the various tests.