bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Evaluation of the Reproducibility of TLD Systems Using LiF and BeO
Authors: Scarpa G. , Alberici A. , Ledda S. , Klamert V. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A preliminary report is given on the results of an investigation carried out by four Italian TLD laboratories on the problem of reproducibility of TL systems. Commercial LiF:Mg,Ti chips and BeO discs were chosen as they are the most widely used detectors on personal dosimetry services. Two Harshaw 2000 B + C, one Harshaw 2000-D (Atlas) and two Vinten Toledo readers were used by the participating laboratories. The same set of 30 LiF chips and 30 BeO discs, individually coded, was used, in a sequence, by all laboratories, following a carefully agreed protocol concerning: total number of annealing-irradiation-preheat-readout cycles, irradiation dose, type of source, annealing and preheat procedure, time intervals and reading technique. Five out of the 30 detectors of each type were read without irradiation, to evaluate the background signal of the system. According to a simplified model, the overall variability of a response of a given TL system was assumed to have only two components: (1) the variability really due to the fluctuations of the light output of the detector, per unit dose; and (2) the variability due to the fluctuations of the reader response. Among other results, the present investigation shows that the variability of response of a TL system is primarily due to the instability of the reader.
The NRPB PADC Neutron Personal Dosemeter: Recent Developments
Authors: Tanner R.J. , Gilvin P.J. , Steele J.D. , Bartlett D.T. , Williams S.M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
NRPB have been operating a substantial neutron personal dosimetry service using PADC for over three years. Amongst recent developments is a re-designed holder, composed of nylon-6 and comprising two snap-together halves. Results are presented of thorough tests of the re-designed dosemeter, including studies of environmental effects and radon sensitivity, and the dependence of response on neutron energy and on angle of incidence. Quality control procedures for the acceptance of PADC plastic are also described, and results comparing the performances of PADC manufactured from two different monomers are presented.
Lyoluminescence of Calcium Carbonate and Possible Applications in the Dating of Loess and Soils
Authors: Copty-Wergles K. , Nowotny R. , Hille P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Lyoluminescence (LL) during the dissolution in HCl of calcite and aragonitic snail shells irradiated with 60Co ? rays was investigated. In the dose range of 100 to 3000 Gy the LL response of analytical grade calcite powder samples is sub-linear but shows no saturation. The influence of solvent concentration, temperature and of dissolved nitrogen on LL yield was studied. The traps responsible for LL are not stable under illumination. Annealing experiments indicate the existence of several different traps and the possibility of electron transfer between them.
The Effect of Age on the Absorption and Intestinal Retention of Ingested Radionuclides
Authors: Harrison J.D. , Fritsch (INVITED) P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The available data from animal experiments and limited human studies indicate that increased absorption of ingested radionuclides in the new born is a general phenomenon. The greatest absorption is observed immediately after birth, followed generally by a progressive reduction over the suckling period. For the actinides and other elements studied, adult values are reached by about the time of weaning on to solid foods. However, for essential elements such as iron and calcium, and related elements such as cobalt, strontium and lead, increased absorption may also occur at later stages in response to changes in physiological demand. The Nuclear Energy Agency has recommended fractional absorption (f1) values for the first year of life using a general approach of assuming a factor of ten increase for elements with adult values of 0.001 or less and a factor of two increase for values up to 0.5. A Task Group of ICRP Committee 2, currently considering age-dependent doses from ingested radionuclides, has endorsed this general approach. However, changes during childhood have been taken into account for lead, strontium, barium and radium.
A One Trap, Two Luminescence Centre TL Model
Authors: Franklin A.D. , Hornyak W.F. , Chen R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The differential equations governing the behaviour of a model of the TL process in the presence of two luminescence centres and only one thermally active electron trap have been solved numerically. An additional deep trap not communicating thermally with the conduction band is included. At low temperatures and, for glow curves, for low temperature rise rates the well known quasi-steady state regime applies. At sufficiently high temperatures, however, exhaustion of the electrons in the active trap may take place and the quasi-steady state conclusions may be no longer valid. The simultaneous influences of both luminescence centres must be taken into account. In the quasi-steady state regime the familiar methods of determining the activation energy E from the data are valid even in the presence of two luminescence centres, provided exhaustion effects are not present and provided the recombination rates for the two luminescence centres do not differ by too much.
Alpha Particle Induced TL Supralinearity in TLD-100: Dependence on Vector Properties of the Radiation Field
Authors: Rosenkrantz M. , Horowitz Y.S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The linear/supralinear behaviour of the TL dose response in LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) and its dependence on ionisation density is a fairly unique phenomenon which cannot be explained by conventional atomic 'conduction band/valence band' kinetic models. The Track Interaction Model (TIM) provides the microscopic framework which, when coupled with other appropriate physical mechanisms (spatial localisation of traps and recombination centres, competing centres, variations in the capture cross sections with temperature, etc.) can be used to describe all the dominant features of the TL supralinearity of LiF:Mg,Ti and similar TL systems. The unique feature of the TIM applied to alpha particles is that it is an integral approach with only one free parameter, the average charge carrier migration distance in the luminescence recombination stage. Although the TIM provides a comprehensive description of the mechanisms underlying supralinearity in TLD-100, definitive unambiguous proof of its validity has been lacking. The present paper reports on the experimentally measured dependence of 4 MeV alpha particle induced supralinearity of glow peaks 5, 7, 8, and 9 on the vector properties of the radiation field. The onset of supralinearity is shifted to lower fluence levels by a factor 3-4 in 'near-isotropic' geometry compared to 'near-parallel' irradiation geometry. No other experimental or radiation field parameter is changed. The only reasonable explanation is that the track interaction is enhanced in 'near-isotropic' geometry due to the approximately 50:1 aspect ratio of the alpha particle track. These results are considered 'proof-positive' or undeniable proof of the dominant importance of track interaction in TLD-100 supralinearity.
Combined TSL-ESR MgO Detectors for Ionising and UV Radiations
Authors: Kortov V.S. , Milman I.I. , Monakhov A.V. , Slesarev A.I. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
MgO single crystals doped with iron after a reducing thermochemical treatment can be used for measuring ionising and UV radiation doses with simultaneous readout of TSL and ESR. A single maximum at 400 K is observed in TSL spectra. Its intensity grows in linear fashion with the radiation dose from 10-4 to 104 Gy for X radiation and from 10-1 to 103 µj.cm-2 for UV radiation (wavelength = 250 nm). Dose dependence of the ESR signal intensity caused by Fe3+ ions is linear from 1 to 104 Gy for X irradiation. Under UV irradiation the ESR signal is registered starting from doses of 2 x 102 µJ.cm-2. The upper level of the measured dose exceeds 105 µJ.cm-2. Complete anneal of the ESR signal is observed at 950 K. This makes it possible to use the detectors when measuring irradiation doses at higher temperatures.
Retrospective Accident Dosimetry Using Environmental Materials
Authors: Haskell (INVITED) E.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Retrospective dosimetry of radiation accidents can be accomplished with the aid of environmental materials which were exposed during the time of the accident. The primary requirements for such dosemeters include: (1) the absence of a saturating natural dose accumulated over geological time periods, (2) the ability to retain a record of the accident exposure with negligible fading over the time interval between exposure and measurement and (3) the ability to determine the cumulative dose from natural radiation sources. Natural dosemeters often meeting these requirements are the quartz inclusions found in fired ceramics such as bricks, tiles and porcelain plumbing fixtures. The firing during manufacture erases the prior geological dose. The total cumulative dose (DT) accrued from natural sources as well as the accidental dose is measured using thermoluminescence or other dosimetry techniques. The cumulative natural dose since firing (DN) can de determined with a knowledge of the age of the material (time since firing) together with measurements of dose rate due to internal as well as external sources. The accidental dose is derived by subtracting the natural from the total accrued dose (DT-DN). In cases of high accidental exposures or low natural doses due to the selection of young samples, the natural dose can be estimated or neglected. Three dosimetry techniques, the pre-dose TL technique, the 'high temperature' TL technique (quartz inclusion or fine grain) and more recently the optically stimulated luminescence technique may be applied to quartz grains from the same samples to provide estimates of accrued dose which are largely independent of one another. A non-destructive technique, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) may also be applied to these materials in situations of moderately high exposure. An additional advantage of EPR is that it may be applied to biological materials, most notably the hydroxyapatite of tooth enamel. This paper briefly reviews past uses of dosimetry techniques in accident situations, discusses the types of information which may be obtained with their use and the basic methodologies of some of the procedures.
An Interim Protocol for the Mitigation of Radon in Non-Residential Buildings
Authors: Wilson D.L. , Dudney C.S. , Gammage R.B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
To date, the US Environmental Protection Agency has not published guidance for radon testing, diagnostics, or mitigation within large, non-residential buildings. Current research indicates that large buildings may contain construction features or mechanical systems that could inhibit the installation or operation of a mitigation system. Health and safety issues such as asbestos and fire codes may further interfere with the installation process. Studies also show that elevated radon can be restricted to a particular area or room within a building and not be uniformly distributed. A four-step, sequential protocol has been developed to address these issues and facilitate large building radon mitigation.
Where's the Radon? The Geographic Information System in Washington State
Authors: Coleman K.A. , Hughes G.C. , Scherieble F.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
As Washington's lead agency for radon issues, the Department of Health (DOH) is developing the analytical basis for establishing a public health policy regarding radon. The Geographic Information System (GIS) is a fundamental step in this analytical process to develop a map of the potential for indoor radon occurrence. The GIS analysis will take into account geology, geography, topography, soil permeability, indoor test results, population density and distribution, and housing. In addition, DOH is working to aid policy makers and residents by comparing residential exposures to the lowest exposure range at which miners evidenced excess lung cancers. This approach is a departure from the commonly used risk assessments that extrapolate from high to low exposure, and will help determine how many Washington residents are at risk. In conclusion there is an examination of Washington's radon prescriptive construction standards for residences.
The Department of Energy's Radon Testing Programme
Authors: Dudney C.S. , Wilson D.L. , Gammage R.B. , Scott H.L. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The US Department of Energy (DOE) conducted an initial study of indoor radon in buildings under its control in response to Public Law 100-551, the Indoor Radon Abatement Act, enacted by the US Congress in 1988. Other federal agencies have also conducted radon surveys. This paper presents an overview of the results from radon testing of several thousand buildings ranging from 100 m2 to over 10,000 m2 in size. In addition, results from groups of buildings have been examined, classified according to ventilation and usage characteristics. So far, there is no apparent difference among building classes. The paper also discusses a proposal for phased radon surveys. It is suggested that first-phase results can be used to identify facilities with radon problems. In the second phase, measurements can be made at a much higher sampling density at facilities with radon problems. The results of the second phase are expected to identify all buildings in need of mitigation.
Pitfalls in the Use of 57Co Flood Sources
Authors: Busemann-Sokole E , Kugi A , Bergmann H 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Long-lived 57Co flood sources, used for routine quantitative monitoring of scintillation camera flood-field uniformity, have recently become available with nominal activities of 370 MBq and higher. Non-uniformity problems have been observed. These are presumably related to high overall count rates from 57Co and other radioactive cobalt isotopes present as impurities. This was investigated in five different cameras from four manufacturers using three cobalt sources of different ages and strengths. Count rates were measured within the energy range 30 keV to 1200 keV, and compared to the count rates in the 122 keV photopeak window. For a new flood source placed on the collimator, the overall count rate was about 400% of the photopeak window count rate. About 200% was due to high energy photons with energies above 134 keV. The count rate diminished when the source was moved away to a distance of 50 cm. The high energy contribution was less with the older sources, due to the faster decay of the cobalt impurities. Uniformity images were visually and quantitatively evaluated. Non-uniformity patterns were observed. These were dependent on the actual source area viewed by the camera, the age of the source, the distance of the source from the collimator, and the type of camera. Problems can be circumvented by purchasing lower activity sources (180 MBq), and increasing the source-collimator distance. Uniformity must first be carefully assessed before the source is put into use.
Late Effects of Low Level Irradiation
Authors: Pelevina I.I. , Gotlib V.Ja. , Afanasjev G.G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The effect of low level irradiation may be delayed for many generations in HeLa cells. When the progeny of irradiated cells was seeded 15-30 generations after irradiation (0.1-0.5 Gy 60Co ? rays, 0.3 Gy.min-1; or in the Chernobyl zone 0.1-0.5 Gy, 0.003-0.005 Gy.h-1) they formed clones with a reduced number of cells. There are giant cells and cells with micronuclei in such clones. Progeny of surviving HeLa cells showed a reduced cloning efficiency and enhanced radiosensitivity. These results suggest that residual damage may by carried by surviving progeny over many generations and expressed as changes which lead to delayed reproductive death.
Thermoluminescence Kinetics at the Extreme Heating Rates Possible with Thermal Laser Stimulation
Authors: Kelly P. , Braunlich P. , Abtahi A. , Jones S.C. , deMurcia M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Heating rates approaching 105 K.s-1 are possible by direct non-contact laser heating whereby the energy from the laser beam can be coupled directly to the phonon system of the thermoluminescence material. In addition to describing phenomena such as shifts of glow peak temperatures, loss of glow spectrum resolution and anticipated decrease of luminous efficiencies due to extreme heating rates, we will discuss problems associated with the common presuppositions of classical thermoluminescence kinetics: thermal equilibrium and detailed balance. Theoretical and experimental results will be compared.
Use of Cotton in Accident Dosimetry
Authors: Barthe J. , Iacconi P. , Lapraz D. , Petel M. , Keller P. , Portal G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In this paper we present preliminary phenomenological and feasibility studies of accident dosimetry based on absorbed dose by cotton fibres. Cotton fibres are very often the main constituent of clothing. It should thus be possible to estimate the dose received by an individual exposed to ionising radiation and not wearing an individual dosemeter. Cotton fabric was chosen for its well known structure and its suitability for studies by simple techniques such as exoelectron emission from surface defects selected for its high sensitivity.
Low Dose Measurements with Lyoluminescence Materials
Authors: Busuoli G. , Monteventi F. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The paper reports LL measurements for which the reader assembly has been improved in order to standardise the measurement procedures and to limit the uncertainties. Materials, like L-glutamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, in addition to mannose and glucose, have been tested using sensitised solutions heated and kept at constant temperature during the read-out process. Mannose is rather insensitive even using sensitised solutions (minimum detectable dose: 0.1 Gy), while the detection limit for glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is of the order of 2 mGy using luminol as the sensitiser. The reproducibility is within ±10% for doses of the order of 50 mGy for glucose. Measurements with diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) have shown small amplification of the LL signal.
Highlights of the Sixth International Intercomparison of Environmental Dosemeters
Authors: Gesell T.F. , Kalbeitzer F.L. , de Planque G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The sixth in a series of intercomparisons of environmental dosemeters was conducted at the United States Department of Energy's Idaho National Engineering Laboratory during the late summer and early fall of 1982. These studies permit assessment of the state of the art of environmental dosimetry and allow participants to compare their results with those of their counterparts at other laboratories. Data were obtained for 169 sets of dosemeters submitted by 119 laboratories from 27 countries. Frequency distributions of the results for the various test categories are provided and the results are tabulated by dosemeter type. Performance as a function of calibration technique and other factors is noted.
Properties of Sintered CaSO4:Dy Dosemeters
Authors: Drazic G. , Trontelj M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Glow curves of dosemeters sintered from a mixture of CaSO4 and Dy2O3, in addition to low temperature peaks, also display a sensitive peak at 300 oC, which seems to be due to the incorporation of Dy in the CaSO4 lattice at high sintering temperatures. The influence of chemical composition and sintering temperature on this peak was studied. It was found that the 300 oC peak is not influenced by monovalent impurities. The fading rate of this peak is also small at elevated temperatures.
A Comparative Study of Different (n,alpha) Converter Materials Placed in Contact with Cellulose Nitrate Track Etch Detectors for Neutron Detection
Authors: Niwa T. , Koga T. , Morishima H. , Kawai H. , Nishiwaki Y. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Different (n,a) converter materials placed in contact with cellulose nitrate detectors were tested as thermal neutron detectors. A plastic sheet doped with 1% boron, a solidified boron oxide plate, a single crystal plate of boron oxide and a single crystal plate of lithium fluoride were used as converter materials. After thermal neutron irradiation in the low power research reactor of the Institute, the cellulose nitrate detectors were etched in alkaline solution. The etched holes on the films were counted with a spark counter. The single crystal of lithium fluoride was found to be the most sensitive converter for the detection of thermal neutrons. A linear relation was observed between thermal neutron fluence and spark counts in the range 106 to 107 n.cm-2. A method of producing the single crystal converter is also described.
Soft Errors in Dynamic Random Access Memories - A Basis for Dosimetry
Authors: Haque A.K.M.M. , Yates J. , Stevens D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The soft error rates of a number of 64k and 256k dRAMs from several manufacturers have been measured, employing a MC 68000 microprocessor. For this 'accelerated test' procedure, a 37 kBq (1 µCi) 241Am alpha emitting source was used. Both 64k and 256k devices exhibited widely differing error rates. It was generally observed that the spread of errors over a particular device/manufacturer was much smaller than the differences between device families and manufacturers. Bit line errors formed a significant part of the total for 64k dRAMs, whereas in 256k dRAMs cell errors dominated; the latter also showed an enhanced sensitivity to integrated dose leading to total failure, and a time-dependent recovery. Although several theoretical models explain soft error mechanisms and predict responses which are compatible with our experimental results, it is considered that microdosimetric and track structure methods should be applied to the problem for its better appreciation. Finally, attention is drawn to the need for further studies of dRAMs, with a view to their use as digital dosemeters.
A Routine ESR Technique for Dating Calcite Speleothems
Authors: Smith B.W. , Smart P.L. , Symons M.C.R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The electron spin resonance (ESR) methods employed for measuring the dose accumulated by calcite since its deposition (the equivalent dose) have varied enormously from laboratory to laboratory. Following a detailed study of the stability and dose response of the ESR signals present in calcite, we previously reported that the signal at g=2.0005 (±0.0003) is the only one suitable for dating the last million years. The measurement of this signal requires great care as there is often significant interference from a very sharp signal at g=2.0001 (±0.0002) produced by grinding, and a short-lived radiation sensitive signal at g=2.0020 (±0.0003) which has previously not been recognised. Annealing techniques have been developed to remove interference from the latter and check for instabilities in the g=2.0005 signal which appear to be due to re-crystalisation of the calcite. A routine experimental procedure is described which in our experience produces reliable equivalent doses, and the advantages of the ESR technique are discussed.