bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immediate implant placement and restoration in the anterior maxilla: Tissue dimensional changes after 2‐5 year follow up
Authors: Arora Himanshu , Khzam Nabil , Roberts David , Bruce William L , Ivanovski Saso 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundImmediate implant placement followed by an immediate restoration has proven to be a viable technique in the anterior maxillary region.PurposeThis prospective study evaluated the mid‐long term (2‐5 years) tissue changes around immediately placed and restored implants in the anterior maxilla using flapless surgery and simultaneous hard tissue augmentation.Materials and methodsThirty AstraTech implants were immediately placed in 30 patients, followed by the delivery of an immediate provisional restoration on the same day. All participating 30 patients underwent the same treatment strategy that involved flapless removal of a failing maxillary anterior tooth, immediate implant placement, simultaneous augmentation with a deproteinized particulate xenograft, followed by the connection of a screw‐retained provisional restoration. Radiographs and photographs were used to measure hard and soft tissue changes. Aesthetic evaluation was performed using the Pink Esthetic Score (PES).ResultsAll implants remained osseointegrated during the follow up period of 2‐5 years (mean 47 ± 15 months). Twelve of the thirty patients completed the 5 year follow up. Radiographic evaluation revealed average gains in bone levels of 0.18 and 0.34 mm mesially and distally, respectively. Soft tissue evaluation showed a mean tissue loss of 0.05 ± 0.64 mm and 0.16 ± 0.63 mm at the mesial and distal papillae, respectively, while mid‐facial mucosal recession was 0.29 ± 0.74 mm. A significant improvement in the Pink Esthetic Scores was seen at the final follow‐up (mean PES 11.50), as compared to the baseline (mean PES 10.27) (P = .001).ConclusionsIn addition to a favorable implant success rate and peri‐implant bony response, the soft tissue levels and overall aesthetics around single immediately placed and restored implants can also be maintained in the mid‐long term.
A cross‐circulated bicephalic model of head transplantation
Authors: Li Peng‐Wei , Zhao Xin , Zhao Yun‐Long , Wang Bing‐Jian , Song Yang , Shen Zi‐Long , Jiang Hong‐Jun , Jin Hai , Canavero Sergio , Ren Xiao‐Ping 
Published: April 2017

SummaryAimsA successful cephalosomatic anastomosis (“head transplant”) requires, among others, the ability to control long‐term immune rejection and avoidance of ischemic events during the head transference phase. We developed a bicephalic model of head transplantation to study these aspects.Methods and ResultsThe thoracic aorta and superior vena cava of a donor rat were anastomosed with the carotid artery and extracorporeal veins of a recipient rat by vascular grafts. Before thoracotomy in the donor rat, the axillary artery and vein of the donor were connected to the carotid and the extracranial vein of the third rat through a silicone tube. The silicone tube was passed through a peristaltic pump to ensure donor brain tissue blood supply. There is no ischemia reperfusion injury in donor brain tissue analyzed by electroencephalogram. Postoperative donor has pain reflex and corneal reflex.ConclusionsPeristaltic pump application can guarantee the blood supply of donor brain tissue per unit time, while the application of temperature change device to the silicone tube can protect the brain tissue hypothermia, postoperative experimental data show that there is no brain tissue ischemia during the whole operation. The application of vascular grafting can also provide the possibility of long‐term survival of the model.
Investigating general medication prescription by general practitioners during a 12‐month randomized controlled weight loss trial
Authors: Fuller N. R. , Lau N. S. , Markovic T. P. , Caterson I. D. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryMuch healthcare expenditure is on pharmaceutical drugs. Expenditure on medications has increased both in absolute terms, and as a proportion of total health expenditure. No previous studies have investigated the prescribing costs by general practitioners when managing patients during a weight loss intervention. This study evaluated the medication costs by individual class during a 1‐year study in which 268 participants were randomized to one of two weight loss programmes, either standard care (SC) as defined by national guidelines, or a commercial provider (Weight Watchers) (CP). The baseline body mass index of participants (mean ± standard deviation) was 32.0 ± 2.5 kg m−2, their body weight was 87.5 ± 11.8 kg, and age 47.4 ± 11.7 years. Weight loss for the SC and CP groups was −2.6 and −6.1 kg, respectively (between group difference; P < 0.0001). The greater weight loss in the CP group compared to SC was accompanied by larger reductions in waist circumference and fat mass. The CP group also had significantly greater improvements than SC in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Despite SC participants being prescribed and spending more on medications than the CP group with no better weight or metabolic outcomes, this was not of statistical significance. For both groups the highest proportion of prescriptions (≥30% of medications) was for control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In conclusion, this study indicates that obesity treatment via a shared care approach with a CP results in greater weight loss and some better clinical outcomes, but despite lower medication costs overall, this was not significant when compared to SC treatment.
Effectiveness of community‐based interventions for reducing alcohol‐related harm in two metropolitan and two regional sites in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Curtis Ashlee , Coomber Kerri , Droste Nicolas , Hyder Shannon , Palmer Darren , Miller Peter G. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe relationship between alcohol intoxication and harm is well known, and many community‐based interventions have been introduced in an attempt to reduce the rates of alcohol‐related harm. The current paper uses two metropolitan and two regional Australian cities as sites to investigate the impact of community‐based interventions on the reduction of alcohol‐related harms.Design and MethodsData for injury‐related emergency department (ED) presentations and police attended assaults during high‐alcohol hours (i.e. 20:00–06:00 h, Friday and Saturday nights) were obtained for each site from 2000 to 2015 for ED presentations and from 2000 to 2016 for police assaults. Autoregressive integrated moving average time series analyses were conducted to determine the impact of the community‐based interventions introduced at each site for reducing these rates of ED injury presentations and police attended assaults.ResultsNone of the community‐level interventions that were introduced across the four sites resulted in a reduction in ED presentation rates or assault rates.Discussion and ConclusionsThe majority of interventions introduced across the four sites were proposed and implemented by local liquor accords. Given none of the interventions demonstrated a reduction in ED injury presentation rates or police attended assault rates, it is argued that local liquor accords may not be best placed to propose alcohol‐related harm reduction measures, and instead, there should be a focus on the implementation of evidence‐based regulatory strategies, such as restricted trading hours. [Curtis A, Coomber K, Droste N, Hyder S, Palmer D, Miller PG. Effectiveness of community‐based interventions for reducing alcohol‐related harm in two metropolitan and two regional sites in Victoria, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:359‐368]
Exploring why young people with Type 1 diabetes decline structured education with a view to overcoming barriers
Authors: Coates V. E. , Horigan G. , Davies M. , Davies M. T. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimsTo identify factors that influence lack of engagement of young adults with Type 1 diabetes (aged 13–21 years) with structured diabetes education (SDE) to inform and broaden the reach of future SDE.MethodsA quantitative, cross‐sectional survey was undertaken of 227 young people with Type 1 diabetes drawn from 11 health trusts across Northern Ireland and England, deemed to be representative of the wider population. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire exploring non‐attendance, along with the Diabetes Care Profile, the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (Short Form), the Diabetes Knowledge Test and the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire. Demographic, health and diabetes‐specific variables including HbA1c were also collected.ResultsThe five most commonly cited reasons for non‐attendance were ‘Had other things to do’ (68.3%), ‘No time’ (62.2%), ‘Could not get time off school/college or work’ (60.8%), ‘Learnt about diabetes from other sources’ (55.5%) and ‘Feel able to cope on own’ (52.9%).ConclusionsGreater emphasis is required on communication with young people about the benefits of SDE. In addition, efforts need to be directed to making diabetes education more accessible without losing the quality of structured programmes.
Outcome of individuals “not at risk of psychosis” and prognostic accuracy of the Basel Screening Instrument for Psychosis (BSIP)
Authors: Papmeyer Martina , Aston Jacqueline , Everts‐Graber Judith , Heitz Ulrike , Studerus Erich , Borgwardt Stefan J. , Stieglitz Rolf‐Dieter , Riecher‐Rössler Anita 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundWe aimed to determine the prognostic accuracy of the Basel Screening Instrument for Psychosis (BSIP) in terms of specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value by following up individuals that were initially not considered to be at increased risk of psychosis based on the BSIP. Moreover, clinical characteristics of these individuals were examined given the relative lack of such information in the literature.MethodsAs part of the “Früherkennung von Psychosen” (FePsy) study, 87 individuals were screened with the BSIP. Of these, 64 were classified at baseline as being in an at‐risk mental state (ARMS+) for psychosis using the BSIP and followed up at regular time intervals for at least 2 years to determine a putative transition to psychosis. Twenty‐three individuals were classified at baseline as not being in an at‐risk mental state (ARMS–) using the BSIP and re‐assessed after 4 years. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the BSIP were computed. Clinical characteristics of the ARMS– group were analysed descriptively.ResultsDuring the follow‐up period, none of the ARMS– individuals, but 21 of ARMS+ had developed psychosis. Sensitivity of the BSIP was 1.0, specificity was 0.35. The majority of ARMS– individuals showed depressive disorders or anxiety disorders and varying levels of functioning.ConclusionsThe BSIP has good prognostic accuracy for detecting the prodromal phase of psychosis with an excellent sensitivity and a specificity similar to other risk instruments and the advantage of a relatively short duration. Depressive and anxiety symptoms commonly develop in ARMS– individuals.
Invest more and die faster: The life history of a parasite on intensive farms
Authors: Mennerat Adèle , Ugelvik Mathias Stølen , Håkonsrud Jensen Camilla , Skorping Arne 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOrganisms are expected to respond to alterations in their survival by evolutionary changes in their life history traits. As agriculture and aquaculture have become increasingly intensive in the past decades, there has been growing interest in their evolutionary effects on the life histories of agri‐ and aquacultural pests, parasites, and pathogens. In this study, we used salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) to explore how modern farming might have affected life history evolution in parasites. We infected salmon hosts with lice from either farmed or unfarmed locations, and monitored life history traits of those parasites in laboratory conditions. Our results show that compared to salmon lice from areas unaffected by salmon farming, those from farmed areas produced more eggs in their first clutch, and less eggs later on; they achieved higher infestation intensities in early adulthood, but suffered higher adult mortality. These results suggest that salmon lice on farms may have been selected for increased investment in early reproduction, at the expense of later fecundity and survival. This call for further empirical studies of the extent to which farming practices may alter the virulence of agricultural parasites.
The crystal structure of a new O‐demethylase from Sphingobium sp. strain SYK‐6
Authors: Harada Ayaka , Kamimura Naofumi , Takeuchi Koh , Yu Hong Yang , Masai Eiji , Senda Toshiya 
Published: April 2017

In the cell, tetrahydrofolate (H4folate) derivatives with a C1 unit are utilized in various ways, such as for the synthesis of amino acids and nucleic acids. While H4folate derivatives with the C1 unit are typically produced in the glycine cleavage system, Sphingobium sp. strain SYK‐6, which can utilize lignin‐derived aromatic compounds as a sole source of carbon and energy, lacks this pathway, probably due to its unique nutrient requirements. In this bacterium, H4folate‐dependent O‐demethylases in catabolic pathways for lignin‐derived aromatic compounds seem to be involved in the C1 metabolism. LigM is one of the O‐demethylases and catalyzes a C1‐unit transfer from vanillate (VNL) to H4folate. As the primary structure of LigM shows a similarity to T‐protein in the glycine cleavage system, we hypothesized that LigM has evolved from T‐protein, acquiring its unique biochemical and biological functions. To prove this hypothesis, structure‐based understanding of its catalytic reaction is essential. Here, we determined the crystal structure of LigM in apo form and in complex with substrates and H4folate. These crystal structures showed that the overall structure of LigM is similar to T‐protein, but LigM has a few distinct characteristics, particularly in the active site. Structure‐based mutational analysis revealed that His60 and Tyr247, which are not conserved in T‐protein, are essential to the catalytic activity of LigM and their interactions with the oxygen atom in the methoxy group of VNL seem to facilitate a methyl moiety (C1‐unit) transfer to H4folate. Taken together, our structural data suggest that LigM has evolved divergently from T‐protein.DatabasesAll atomic coordinates of the crystal structures determined in this study have been deposited to PDB. LigM: 5X1I, LigM‐VNL complex: 5X1J, LigM‐3‐O‐methylgallate complex: 5X1K, LigM‐H4folate complex: 5X1IL, LigM‐H4folate‐protocatechuate (PCA) complex (P21212): 5X1M, LigM‐H4folate‐PCA complex (P3121): 5X1N.
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) leaf photosynthesis in relation to nitrogen content and temperature: implications for hemp as a bio‐economically sustainable crop
Authors: Tang Kailei , Struik Paul C. , Amaducci Stefano , Stomph Tjeerd‐Jan , Yin Xinyou 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHemp (Cannabis sativa L.) may be a suitable crop for the bio‐economy as it requires low inputs while producing a high and valuable biomass yield. With the aim of understanding the physiological basis of hemp's high resource‐use efficiency and yield potential, photosynthesis was analysed on leaves exposed to a range of nitrogen and temperature levels. Light‐saturated net photosynthesis rate (Amax) increased with an increase in leaf nitrogen up to 31.2 ± 1.9 μmol m−2 s−1 at 25 °C. The Amax initially increased with an increase in leaf temperature (TL), levelled off at 25–35 °C and decreased when TL became higher than 35 °C. Based on a C3 leaf photosynthesis model, we estimated mesophyll conductance (gm), efficiency of converting incident irradiance into linear electron transport under limiting light (κ2LL), linear electron transport capacity (Jmax), Rubisco carboxylation capacity (Vcmax), triose phosphate utilization capacity (Tp) and day respiration (Rd), using data obtained from gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements at different leaf positions and various levels of incident irradiance, CO2 and O2. The effects of leaf nitrogen and temperature on photosynthesis parameters were consistent at different leaf positions and among different growth environments except for κ2LL, which was higher for plants grown in the glasshouse than for those grown outdoors. Model analysis showed that compared with cotton and kenaf, hemp has higher photosynthetic capacity when leaf nitrogen is <2.0 g N m−2. The high photosynthetic capacity measured in this study, especially at low nitrogen level, provides additional evidence that hemp can be grown as a sustainable bioenergy crop over a wide range of climatic and agronomic conditions.
Air pollution, weight loss and metabolic benefits of bariatric surgery: a potential model for study of metabolic effects of environmental exposures
Authors: Ghosh R. , Gauderman W. J. , Minor H. , Youn H. A. , Lurmann F. , Cromar K. R. , Chatzi L. , Belcher B. , Fielding C. R. , McConnell R. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryBackgroundEmerging experimental evidence suggests that air pollution may contribute to development of obesity and diabetes, but studies of children are limited.ObjectivesWe hypothesized that pollution effects would be magnified after bariatric surgery for treatment of obesity, reducing benefits of surgery.MethodsIn 75 obese adolescents, excess weight loss (EWL), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured prospectively at baseline and following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). Residential distances to major roads and the average two‐year follow‐up exposure to particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone were estimated. Associations of exposure with change in outcome and with attained outcome two years post‐surgery were examined.ResultsMajor‐roadway proximity was associated with reduced EWL and less improvement in lipid profile and ALP after surgery. NO2 was associated with less improvement in HbA1c and lower attained HDL levels and change in triglycerides over two years post‐surgery. PM2.5 was associated with reduced EWL and reduced beneficial change or attained levels for all outcomes except HbA1c.ConclusionsNear‐roadway, PM2.5 and NO2 exposures at levels common in developed countries were associated with reduced EWL and metabolic benefits of LAGB. This novel approach provides a model for investigating metabolic effects of other exposures.
Child body mass index, genotype and parenting in the prediction of restrictive feeding
Authors: Bost K. K. , Teran‐Garcia M. , Donovan S. M. , Fiese B. H. ,   the STRONG Kids Team
Published: April 2017

SummaryBackgroundRestrictive feeding is implicated in pediatric obesity, and caregivers increase controlling feeding practices on the basis of higher child weight status. However, few studies have examined how child genetic and parenting characteristics together impact restrictive feeding.ObjectivesWe examined whether child body mass index (BMI) status predicts caregiver use of restrictive feeding and if this association is moderated by (i) caregiver strategies to manage their children's distress and (ii) child variations in the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) gene (Val158Met, rs4680).MethodsParticipants included 126 Caucasian children (50% girls) and their caregivers who were participating in a larger study in the USA. Caregivers reported on their feeding practices and responses to child distress when children were 2.5–3.5 years of age. Child anthropometric measurements were also obtained. Restrictive feeding was assessed again 1–1.5 years later. Genomic DNA was obtained from saliva samples, and COMT‐rs4680 was genotyped using TaqMan® methodology.ResultsChild BMI percentile predicted subsequent caregiver restrictive feeding for children who were Met/Met and who had caregivers reporting higher use of negative responses to child distress. For Val carriers, BMI percentile predicted restrictive feeding when caregivers were below the mean on these responses.ConclusionsCaregivers are at risk for use of restrictive feeding practices when their children are at higher BMI percentiles, and this association increases when caregivers use more ineffective stress regulation practices and their children are homozygous for the Met allele. Prevention programmes might focus on parenting behaviours that foster emotion regulation and consider variation in child responses to parenting.
Sealing glass‐ceramics with near‐linear thermal strain, part III: Stress modeling of strain and strain rate matched glass‐ceramic to metal seals
Authors: Dai Steve , Elisberg Brenton , Calderone James , Lyon Nathan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThermal mechanical stresses of glass‐ceramic to stainless steel (GCtSS) seals are analyzed using finite element modeling over a temperature cycle from a set temperature (Tset) 500°C to −55°C, and then back to 600°C. Two glass‐ceramics having an identical coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) at ~16 ppm/°C but very different linearity of thermal strains, designated as near‐linear NL16 and step‐like SL16, were formed from the same parent glass using different crystallization processes. Stress modeling reveals much higher plastic strain in the stainless steel using SL16 glass‐ceramic when the GCtSS seal cools from Tset. Upon heating tensile stresses start to develop at the GC‐SS interface before the temperature reaches Tset. On the other hand, the much lower plastic deformation in stainless steel accumulated during cooling using NL16 glass‐ceramic allows for radially compressive stress at the GC‐SS interface to remain present when the seal is heated back to Tset. The qualitative stress comparison suggests that with a better match of thermal strain rate to that of stainless steel, the NL16 glass‐ceramic not only improves the hermeticity of the GCtSS seals, but would also improve the reliability of the seals exposed to high‐temperature and/or high‐pressure abnormal environments.
Microwave dielectric properties and crystal structures of Mg0.7Al2.2O4 and Mg0.4Al2.4O4 ceramics with defect structures
Authors: Takahashi Susumu , Kan Akinori , Ogawa Hirotaka 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMg0.7Al2.2O4 and Mg0.4Al2.4O4 ceramics with cation vacancies were synthesized using the molten salt method, and the relationships between the microwave dielectric properties and crystal structures of these materials were investigated. The 27Al NMR spectra of these ceramics indicate that the preferential occupation of tetrahedral sites by Al3+ cations was enhanced by the introduction of cation vacancies. The λ values of Mg0.7Al2.2O4 and Mg0.4Al2.4O4 ceramics fired at 1600°C, which correspond to the fraction of Al3+ cations in tetrahedral sites, were 0.37 and 0.60, respectively. Crystal structure refinements using the Rietveld method suggest that cation vacancies are preferentially located at octahedral sites in both ceramics. The εr and Q·f values of a Mg0.7Al2.2O4 ceramic fired at 1600°C were 7.7 and 201 111 GHz, respectively, while those of a Mg0.4Al2.4O4 ceramic fired at 1600°C were 7.5 and 232 301 GHz, respectively. These data demonstrate that the preferential occupation of tetrahedral sites by Al3+ cations following the introduction of cation vacancies enhances the Q·f value.