bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Events and marketing communication.
Authors: Gerritsen D. , Olderen R. van 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

What is typical of communication is that sender and recipient switch roles all the time. Not only is the message itself important but also the communication channels. An event is a medium and a platform at the same time; it is the place where people meet, as well as the communication channel. Live communication is the key; it allows the recipient to decode and respond to the message immediately. As for the message itself, four aspects are important: the business aspect, the expressive aspect, the relational aspect and the appealing aspect. The four modalities of communication are information, public relations, advertising and propaganda - the latter modality usually involves one-way communication. Good communication is characterized by efficient coordination between goal, message, means/tool, target group and timing. Events facilitate interpersonal communication and can be used to generate changes in knowledge, attitude and behaviour. Understanding the process of communication, the various means/tools and their advantages and disadvantages, and old and new media is important in this respect. Multi-channel strategies can be applied in this process as well, so as to get the communication message across to the target group via multiple channels at several points in time. Because an event often has news value in itself, free publicity is a welcome side effect.
Events and branding.
Authors: Velthoven T. van 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A brand should be in alignment with the needs of the consumer. In this respect, brand attributes are of vital importance. On the demand side, brand functions include identification, assurance and symbolic functions. On the supply side, there is a role for brand building with the related brand associations and values. Some events have become brands themselves. The Black Cross is an example of this. Companies use events to load their brands, to accentuate their positioning. Think of the air races organized by Red Bull. Among other things, the process of image transfer and co-branding is used in this context. A company uses internal branding events to address its own employees, in which optimization of the customer or visitor experience is the main objective.
Touchpoints.
Authors: Gerritsen D. , Olderen R. van 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The individual event visitor, with his individual needs, is becoming increasingly important and should be the primary point of departure in planning and organizing events. The visitor embarks on a journey (the customer journey), calling in at touchpoints that are instrumental to an optimal visitor experience. Touchpoints are points of contact; moments when a visitor or customer has contact with an organization or company. Touchpoints are becoming increasingly important in the events industry, and they are applied to control the points of contact, taking the customer's values and needs as the guiding principle (value addition and value fit). Touchpoint models can be set up from the organization's perspective, as well as from the customer's perspective; however, the customer's perception of the touchpoints is always the guiding principle. Touchpoints should be diversified, inspire memorable experiences, evoke emotions, stimulate several senses, be value oriented, be mutually consistent and be well chosen. Organizations can direct the visitor experience by means of the setting, the people and the process of interactions. Touchpoint models that have been developed for trade fairs and corporate events are presented in two appendices.
How to plan: the role of the planner and planning in the 21st century.
Authors: Morpeth N. D. , Brown I. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explores aspects of Ian Brown's career as a planner and in his current role, in planning for the needs of residents and tourists within an historic urban environment (Canterbury, UK). A case study on tourism within the city highlights the planning challenges of transport and the World Heritage Site of the cathedral.
Destination planning for disabled people.
Authors: Grimes C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Written from the perspective of an entrepreneur and academic and wheelchair user, this chapter reviews how historically there is an 'invisibility' of disabled people in tourism literature and contrasts this with the developing concepts of accessible tourism and universal design. These concepts are then applied to a case study of Barcelona and pioneering work in the city in planning and providing bespoke holidays for disabled people.
Planning for sustainable tourism development in a context of regional instability: the case of the Lebanon.
Authors: Haddad N. F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter highlights how public and private sector stakeholders are struggling to develop strategic planning for sustainable tourism in Lebanon. There is consideration of how domestic rural and nature tourism can be used as new niche tourism products, to help to develop sustainable tourism. The chapter also emphasizes that successive planning initiatives are hampered by the challenge of the insecurity in Lebanon, not least from the hosting of political refugees from neighbouring states.
Cooperation, local communities and planning of a religious heritage site: Valle del Colca, Peru.
Authors: Vidal-Casellas D. , Crous-Costa N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter highlights the marginalization of rural areas in Peru, within the wider context of rapid economic growth in urban settings, with this economic growth stimulated partly by a growth in tourist visits surpassing 3 million in 2013. Specifically, the chapter focuses on the Colca Valley and describes the relevant stakeholders involved in the tourism industry from a social perspective. It evaluates the role of the local population in hospitality and tourism decision-making processes and related jobs, particularly in religious-based tourist sites.
Service characteristics and the nature of the LETS product.
Authors: Buswell J. , Williams C. , Sutton C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter examines the nature of services and evaluates the distinctiveness of leisure, events, tourism and sport (LETS) products and services, and the challenges posed by this for the management of service quality. The chapter addresses both the traditional service characteristics (intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability, and perishability) and the newer approaches to service characteristics such as non-ownership, value creation and value-in-use. The demand to provide core and peripheral services is discussed; the need to categorize services into typologies is also questioned in this chapter.
Service providers and consumers: a multidimensional interface.
Authors: Buswell J. , Williams C. , Sutton C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter addresses the wider perspective of leisure, events, tourism and sport (LETS) stakeholders rather than the simplistic two-dimensional notion of service providers and customers. Therefore external and internal customers, volunteers and the supply chain are examined, together with other stakeholders such as shareholders, sport governing bodies and National Lottery Funding bodies. The cooperation and coordination required to facilitate major events are also considered. The chapter continues by considering consumer behaviour and the benefits sought from a specific LETS service provider. This discussion is divided into three sections utilizing Lovelock and Wirtz's three-stage model of service consumption, which comprises the pre-purchase phase, the service encounter and the post encounter phase.
Capacity management.
Authors: Buswell J. , Williams C. , Sutton C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter considers some fundamental issues of managing capacity in leisure, events, tourism and sport (LETS) operations and their implications for service quality. There are two broad strategies that organizations adopt to manage their capacity and their productive potential: (i) control of the supply, which can be fixed or variable; and (ii) management of demand. The uneven demand for, and usage of, facilities and services require an understanding of aspects such as yield management and queuing and how they can be managed to achieve both productivity and customer satisfaction.
Business improvement through the use of quality systems and models.
Authors: Buswell J. , Williams C. , Sutton C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter investigates the introduction and implementation of specific service quality management systems, tools and techniques in all sectors of the leisure, events, tourism and sport (LETS) industry. A diverse range of quality systems and awards, both accredited and non-accredited, are evaluated for their application to developing business strategies for improvement, including very recently updated systems such as BS EN ISO 9001:2015.
Business improvement strategy: a navigation plan for LETS professionals.
Authors: Buswell J. , Williams C. , Sutton C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter addresses the need to make strategic decisions about service quality and provides some signposting and the options to consider for implementing business improvement strategies in the leisure, events, tourism and sport (LETS) industry. The right set of tools, techniques or approaches provide insights to current performance and highlight areas that need attention. To facilitate the planning of this, they have been grouped into the following key LETS strategic perspectives: (1) leaders' perspective; (2) multidimensional stakeholders' perspective; (3) operational perspective; and (4) research perspective.
Social and economic implications of Mikania micrantha in the Kerala Western Ghats.
Authors: Anitha V. , Santheep K. V. , Jyotsna Krishnakumar Jyotsna Krishnakumar 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Mikania micrantha, or mikania weed, is posing a serious threat to both agricultural and natural ecosystems in the parts of the Western Ghats that lie in Kerala State, India. This chapter examines and explains the socio-economic and management implications of mikania infestation and suggests a feasible and sustainable solution from the smallholder perspective. It is based on a study that used participatory rural assessments carried out with 50 households in the Kottappadi Grama Panchayath (village local self-governance area) of Ernakulam District in central Kerala. Based on the results obtained during the study, a model of the mikania weed infestation and its implications was developed, and from that a feasible and sustainable solution is proposed. An integrated approach that includes people's active participation, along with the government, as well as the support or intervention of non-governmental organizations, is necessary for the effective management and efficient use of mikania weed. The goal should therefore be to consider the societal and sustainable livelihood concerns of the local community in the short run, and the sustainable development of the area in the long run, which will depend on both policy and extension support.
Impact and management of invasive alien plants in Pacific Island communities.
Authors: Orapa W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter outlines the many challenges that the Pacific islands face in mitigating the impacts of invasive plant species and discusses the species involved and the environmental and socio-economic impacts of selected alien plant invaders for which published or anecdotal information exists. It concludes by reviewing the management of plant invasions in the Islands, including some case studies and future threats. The plant families Asteraceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae stand out as containing some of the most common weedy plants in the Pacific, but the members of many other plant groups are also important. Major regional weeds, such as Merremia tuberosa, Mikania micrantha (mikania), Pennisetum purpureum and Spathodea campanulata to name but a few, are already causing socio-economic problems. As we have discussed in this chapter, some invasive plants, for example Chromolaena odorata and mikania, have recently attracted increased attention from weed managers, and others such as the water weeds from the New World have been brought under successful biological control, but the challenges for the region lie in how effectively these and many other highly adapted species are prevented from reaching the Pacific and spreading further.
Prevention and related measures for invasive alien plants in India: policy framework and other initiatives.
Authors: Ravi Khetarpal Ravi Khetarpal , Kavita Gupta Kavita Gupta , Usha Dev Usha Dev , Kavya Dashora Kavya Dashora 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the history and current status of the regulatory mechanisms and other initiatives in India that relate to preventive and related measures for invasive alien plants. The emphasis is on prevention because this is the most cost-effective means of reducing the threats of these invasive alien species. Naturally, much of this is embedded in or stems from the country's general regulatory framework development and actions. Lastly, the chapter outlines the need for a national strategy on IAS. However, as the national regulatory framework has, by necessity, needed to harmonize with some binding international agreements and conventions that contain provisions on regulation, a brief overview of these is given first.
Classical biological control of Mikania micrantha: the sustainable solution.
Authors: Ellison C. A. , Cock M. J. W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the application of classical biological control (CBC) of M. micrantha using natural enemies such as insects and fungi. A number of key issues that need to be addressed when considering CBC as a strategy for the control of invasive alien weeds are summarized. The release of the rust fungus (Puccinia spegazzinii) in Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Taiwan and Vanuatu appears to be the first success against M. micrantha and it is to be hoped that it will be a critical turning point.
Policy frameworks for the implementation of a classical biological control strategy: the Chinese experience.
Authors: Ding JianQing Ding JianQing 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In Asia, China is one of several developing countries that have implemented active classical biological control programmes and achieved successes in their campaign against invasive species. Although classical biological control is still in its early stages in China, and many aspects including the policy framework need to be greatly improved, the experience that has been gained may be of value to other Asian countries. Certainly, China shares with them many similar social, political and scientific issues, in particular in the management of invasive species. The purposes of this chapter are: (i) to review the current status and impact of, and the constraints to providing solutions for invasive plants in China; (ii) to report China's experiences in classical biological control; and (iii) to review and assess the current policy framework in terms of its role in the implementation of a classical biological control strategy.
Community engagement and rural tourism enterprise.
Authors: Wiltshier P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses the role of communities in the development of rural tourism. Through a representative sample of more developed destination case studies in Europe and North America, the key indicators leading to successful community-based rural tourism are explored. These indicators include innovation in endogenous planning, shared networks, relationship management, informed decision making and support and future-proofing destinations for growing shared wealth and social capital. A framework and working model of community-based tourism, developed to identify good practices in rural communities, is explored.
Marketing, communications and rural business in developing countries.
Authors: Obayelu A. E. , Stylos N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces the concept of marketing and communications for rural businesses in developing countries. Various cases coming from a range of business activities are included to reveal the practical aspect of relevant theoretical frameworks. For example, this chapter delineates the importance of marketing for rural tourism businesses; the core concepts, theories, models and strategies of marketing to be applied in enhancing rural tourism in developing countries; and the contemporary types of communication in rural marketing. A mix of communication activities to promote rural marketing is provided, which is illustrated through a success story on the use of communication for rural business marketing in a Nigeria. Finally, the communication challenges regarding marketing in rural areas and common government marketing policies are discussed.
Consumers and rural tourism in developing economies.
Authors: Saverimuttu V. , Varua M. E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explores the key concepts of tourist behaviour in the consumption of rural tourism and the factors that influence the demand for and supply of related rural products in developing economies. In so doing, the chapter considers the differing characteristics of developing economies within the context of a service oriented sector and explains the characteristics of rural tourism and related products within developing economies. The chapter considers the impact of social class on the consumption of rural tourism products and explores the nature and characteristics of consumers (who are primarily tourists in many cases) in developing world contexts.
Community engagement, rural institutions and rural tourism business in developing countries.
Authors: Malek A. , Carbone F. , Alder J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter considers the specifics of rural institution formation and development of rural tourism business by drawing attention to the ways community engagement can be achieved considering the limitation of rural areas in developing countries. Apart from that, the text is built upon the discussion of current challenges for community engagement and rural tourism businesses and an effort to introduce some considerations in planning institutional and collaborative programmes for rural communities.
Challenges and strategies for rural business operations in developed and developing economies.
Authors: Oriade A. , Robinson P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter highlights the current and ongoing challenges facing rural tourism business operations in both developed and developing countries. It explores both the differences and similarities between rural business operations management in the developed and developing world. It also examines the interrelationships that exist between operations, finance and marketing in the delivery of the tourism offer in these two contexts. The chapter covers the breadth of operations management concepts, including capacity management, revenue and yield management, performance and productivity, service quality and servicescapes and supply chain management, among others.
Political ideologies.
Authors: Veal A. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The aim of this chapter is to outline major political ideological perspectives and discuss their implications for public policy in relation to leisure, sport and tourism in Western capitalist societies. First, the nature of ideology is discussed and this is followed by outlines of the basic ideas involved in nine ideological positions (conservatism, liberalism/neo-liberalism, Marxism, democratic socialism, social democracy, feminism, environmentalism, anti-globalism/populism, and theocracy) and a consideration of their implications for the role of the state in regard to leisure, sport and tourism policy.
A participation-based approach to planning for leisure, sport and tourism.
Authors: Veal A. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter describes a step-by-step approach to planning for leisure, sport and tourism focused on the concept of participation. The particular approach outlined here is the U-Plan system developed at the University of Technology Sydney. The system comprises three core modules: the Objectives/Outcomes Module, the Participation Module and the Supply Module. These are made up of 18 tasks.
Planning tool 2: facility/service audit - capacity.
Authors: Veal A. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter outlines the facility/service audit process, particularly as required in the U-Plan system, in leisure, sport and tourism. First, the audit process is outlined in general terms, and this is followed by consideration of four major processes: capacity assessment; usage assessment; analysis of spatial patterns of use; and resource assessment. Six types of capacity are considered: physical capacity; operational capacity; economic capacity; social/psychological capacity; ecological capacity; and tourism capacity. Then the process of measuring capacity is examined for formal facilities and informal purpose-built and natural/heritage facilities.
Planning tool 4: forecasting.
Authors: Veal A. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter examines the forecasting of leisure, sport and tourism demand, which is seen as one of the key inputs to the planning process. Changes in demand for leisure and tourism are affected by many factors, all of which are not equally susceptible to prediction. Several change factors are reviewed in this chapter, namely: demographic change; income levels; the activities of producers; leisure and work time; transport; technological change; the environment; tastes and lifestyles; and the media. Various forecasting techniques are also reviewed, namely: informed speculation; asking the public; asking the experts (the Delphi technique); scenario writing; time series analysis; spatial models; cross-sectional analysis; comparative analysis; and composite methods.
Policy and planning for particular groups.
Authors: Veal A. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter is concerned with social groups and their involvement with leisure, sport and tourism. Four perspectives for viewing the needs and demands of different social groups are discussed: a welfare perspective; a human and citizens' rights perspective; a market perspective; and a diversity and inclusion perspective. The chapter includes discussions of the five dimensions of gender, class, ethnicity, disability and age and the various groups they define.
Research methods for leisure, recreation and tourism.
Authors: Sirakaya-Turk E. , Uysal M. S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces the nature and importance of research in leisure, recreation and tourism. Research in this broad field is a process by which we produce new information and knowledge to answer questions, help managers solve problems and make effective decisions. The process is planned and systematic in its approach and is free from bias. Specifically, the process may consist of the formulation of research questions and ideas, identification of research concepts, development of the theoretical model that guides and underpins the research process, data collection, testing hypotheses, analysis and feedback to theory, and generating new questions. This chapter provides research typologies that include exploratory research, descriptive research and explanatory research. Exploratory research is intended to develop familiarity with a topic in order to generate new insights. The chapter further introduces the concept of the unit of analysis in research.