bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aryllithiums and Hetaryllithiums: Generation and Reactivity
Authors: Slocum D. W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAryllithiums and hetaryllithiums are of great utility to the chemical community. Not only do they serve as intermediates in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, but they also can be used in routes to polymers, inorganic complexes, natural products, and materials. Their versatility is well known.In the late 1930s, simultaneous research discoveries of Georg Wittig and Henry Gilman began to appear. Eventually, these two pioneers delineated some of the parameters of both the ortho‐lithiation and halogen/lithium exchange reactions. Amplification of aspects of the ortho‐lithiation reaction over the next 25 years was provided by J. D. Roberts and C. R. Hauser with articulation of the “Complex‐Induced Proximity Effect” by Roberts and the directing groups –CH2NMe2and –CONHR by Hauser. Another 10 years passed before significant addition to the capabilities of the X/Li (X = halogen, halide) exchange took place. This is attributed to W. Parham and is known as the Parham cyclization. In many respects, this advancement in the overall usefulness of the halogen/lithium exchange has become a most important component of the incorporation of the exchange into synthetic procedures.As details of the equilibria of alkyllithium reagents in various ether and hydrocarbon solvents began to emerge, advances in mechanistic understanding of both ortho‐lithiation and the exchange were made. These advances have made the production of aryllithiums and hetaryllithiums of significant value to the synthetic chemist. Recent discoveries promise to provide safer, more efficient process conditions, thereby making both protocols more attractive for scaled processes.With all these advances, understanding of both reactions remains incomplete. Future research promises even greater control and fine‐tuning of the variables in each reaction such that they become of even greater utility. Although other main group metal and transition metal ortho‐metalations are known, the specificity and overall economy of aryllithium and hetaryllithium generation should bring about even greater involvement of these intermediates in future research and scaled production.
Occurrence of Magnesia Minerals and Production of Magnesium Chemicals and Metal
Authors: Shand Mark A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe formation and occurrence of magnesium containing mineral sources is discussed with a focus on magnesite, magnesium brines, and dolomite. Production of synthetic magnesia from seawater and magnesium chloride containing brines is also outlined, all of which can be used as feedstocks for the production of magnesium metal. The production of metallic magnesium through the two primary production routes, namely metallothermic and electrolytic and their variants, is also discussed.
Lithium Pharmacology
Authors: Janicak Philip G. , Cutler Bradley R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLithium is an important treatment option for psychiatry. Although less clear, lithium's history also indicates a potential therapeutic role in other disorders. Presently, a lack of understanding regarding its mechanism(s) of action hamper clarification of this agent's optimal medical application and the development of more effective and better‐tolerated alternatives. Despite these issues, lithium provides practitioners and patients a potentially life‐saving therapeutic option in managing more severe mood disorders. This review considers the historical development of lithium; its pharmacokinetics; theoretical mechanism(s) of action; supportive clinical trial data, particularly for bipolar and related mood disorders; potential risks; and optimal use in clinical practice.
Microstructure relaxation process of polyhexafluoropropylene after swelling in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Belov N. A. , Alentiev A. Yu. , Ronova I. A. , Sinitsyna O. V. , Nikolaev A. Yu. , Zharov A. A. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the process of relaxation of a polymer after swelling in supercritical carbon dioxide. Polyhexafluoropropylene (PHFP) was chosen as the object for investigation. The relaxation process was monitored by a change of the permeability coefficients for a number of gases. Thin polymeric films of PHFP were modified by different treatments: drying to a constant weight, annealing at a temperature slightly higher than the glass‐transition temperature, and swelling in supercritical carbon dioxide. The permeability coefficients of six gases, He, H2, O2 N2, CO2, and CH4, were measured after each stage of the treatment. It was shown that the permeability coefficients in the films were increased by 2.4 times for He, 3.6 for H2, 5.9 for O2, 8.1 for N2, 6.7 for CO2, and 10.9 for methane. The permeability coefficients of the same gases were measured 50 days later after swelling in supercritical carbon dioxide. A decrease in the permeability coefficient demonstrated that the relaxation process had taken place. Nevertheless, the values exceeded the initial ones for annealed samples by 2.0 times for He, 2.4 for H2, 1.8 for O2, 1.7 for N2, 1.7 for CO2, and 1.3 for methane. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43105.
Preparation and performance analysis of barium titanate incorporated in corn starch‐based polymer electrolytes for electric double layer capacitor application
Authors: Teoh K. H. , Lim Chin‐Shen , Liew Chiam Wen , Ramesh S. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTPolymer electrolyte membranes composing of corn starch as host polymer, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as salt, and barium titanate (BaTiO3) as composite filler are prepared using solution casting technique. Ionic conductivity is enhanced on addition of BaTiO3 by reducing the crystallinity and increasing the amorphous phase content of the polymer electrolyte. The highest ionic conductivity of 1.28 × 10−2 S cm−1 is obtained for 10 wt % BaTiO3 filler in corn starch‐LiClO4 polymer electrolytes at 75°C. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer electrolytes decreases as the amount of BaTiO3 filler is increased, as observed in differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis are employed to characterize surface morphological and thermal properties of BaTiO3‐based composite polymer electrolytes. The electrochemical properties of the electric double‐layer capacitor fabricating using the highest ionic conductivity polymer electrolytes is investigated using cyclic voltammetry and charge‐discharge analysis. The discharge capacitance obtained is 16.22 F g−1. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43275.
Polypropylene composites obtained from self‐reinforced hybrid fiber system
Authors: Andrzejewski Jacek , Tutak Nicole , Szostak Marek 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to obtain a composite material with the self‐reinforced structure, which processing provide increased mechanical properties. The composites used in presented work were prepared from the two types of fiber mixtures, both were based on polypropylene fibers, the difference was in used cellulose or wood flour filler. Composites were prepared using the hot compaction method. The presented research describes the effect of the composite composition and processing conditions. The results include the static tension measurements, tensile impact tests and thermal analysis, including: DSC and DMTA. The structure has been studies using the SEM observations. Results of presented studies confirm the self‐reinforcing effect in obtained hybrid composites. It provides in the comparison to the standard wood polymer composites to the higher level of material reinforcement with lower amount of natural filler. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43283.
Glass fiber coated with graphene constructed through electrostatic self‐assembly and its application in poly(lactic acid) composite
Authors: Yin Xiande , Bao Jianjun 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTA method to construct glass fiber/graphene material via the electrostatic self‐assembly was proposed. The graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were firstly prepared from graphite according to Hummer's methods. Oppositely charged GO is successfully introduced to the surface of the GF cationized by 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) treatment in the solution with mild agitation. Sequently, glass fibers coated with graphene (GF/CRG) were obtained after chemical reduction. The graphene content was characterized by TGA and XPS tests and the value of about 0.7 wt % was obtained. Composites of poly(lactic acid) and GF/CRG were prepared through melt blending. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results shows that more than 50% graphene remains on the surface of GF after processing, which indicates a strong binding between GF and graphene. GF/CRG has significant influences on crystallization and mechanical property of PLA: the crystallinity of PLA increases from 27.61 to 51.29%; the tensile strength of the PLA–GF/CRG composite is about 63% larger than the pure PLA at the GF/CRG content of 10 wt %. This new method can apply to making composites with high performance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43296.
Statistically related coupled modes of South Asian summer monsoon interannual variability in the tropics
Authors: Syed F. S. , Kucharski F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStatistically coupled patterns of South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) interannual variability in the tropical oceans have been explored. Maximum covariance analysis (MCA) performed between global tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and SASM precipitation shows that El‐Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) is the leading mode in the tropics, whereas the eastern pole of the Indian Ocean Dipole contributes to the second global mode and is the leading mode in the Indian Ocean. South tropical Atlantic SST variability is contributing to the second and third mode in the tropics and is the leading mode in the tropical Atlantic MCA coupled with SASM.
Investigation of an extreme Koshava wind episode of 30 January–4 February 2014
Authors: Romanić Djordje , Ćurić Mladjen , Zarić Miroljub , Lompar Miloš , Jovičić Ilija 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn extreme Koshava episode (EKE) from 30 January to 4 February 2014 has been studied. Koshava is a local windstorm in Southeast Europe. EKE was characterized by wind gusts above 45 m s−1 and deep snowdrifts. Strong Eurasian anticyclone in combination with large temperature gradient between the anticyclone region and the Mediterranean caused the EKE. The anticyclone had the probability of occurrence of 0.1%. Koshava layer was either statically stable or adiabatic. The event was numerically modelled using two mesoscale models: WRF‐NMM and NMMB. Wind directions were forecasted more accurately than the mean speed and gusts.
Integrated optimization of location and signal timings for midblock pedestrian crosswalk
Authors: Yu Chunhui , Ma Wanjing , Yang Xiaoguang 
Published: December 2015

SummaryFinding the optimal location and signal timing plan is one of the most critical operational issues for a signalized midblock crosswalk on an arterial section, which is increasingly being installed in highly populated areas in developing countries such as China. This paper presents a multiobjective optimization model and an efficient solution algorithm for a one‐ or two‐stage midblock crosswalk on an arterial section. The proposed model aims to produce the optimal location and corresponding signal settings to balance the trade‐off between pedestrian delays and vehicular bandwidth when the signals of the crosswalk and adjacent intersections are coordinated. The proposed model has three distinguishing features: (i) the costs for both pedestrians and vehicles are considered in a unified framework; (ii) the location and signal settings of the midblock crosswalk are simultaneously optimized; and (iii) a multiobjective optimization approach is developed to study the effectiveness of the midblock crosswalk under conditions in which the priorities between pedestrian and vehicle flows differ. A nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II)‐based algorithm is developed to solve the model efficiently. The results of the case study showed that the proposed model would help traffic practitioners, researchers, and authorities properly locate and signalize a one‐ or two‐stage midblock pedestrian crosswalk on an arterial section. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The comparative pharmacokinetics of four bioactive ingredients after administration of Ramulus Cinnamomi–Radix Glycyrrhizae herb pair extract, Ramulus Cinnamomi extract and Radix Glycyrrhizae extract
Authors: Wang Shengnan , Sun Lijiao , Gu Liqiang , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhao Simin , Zhao Long‐shan , Bi Kai‐shun , Chen Xiaohui 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRamulus Cinnamomi (RC)–Radix Glycyrrhizae (RG) is a classic herb pair, which is commonly used as a fixed form to treat cardiovascular disease in the clinic. Our work aimed to compare the pharmacokinetic difference of cinnamic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhetinic acid in rats after oral administration of the RC–RG herb pair extracts [Guizhigancao Decoction (GGD) and Lingguizhugan Decoction (LGZGD)] and the single RC or RG extract. A HPLC‐MS method was developed and validated to study comparative pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUC, MRT) of four compounds between the RC–RG herb pair group and the single herb (RC or RG) group showed significant differences (p < 0.05). Compared with the single herb (RC or RG) group, higher peak concentration, slower elimination and larger exposure could be observed after giving the RC–RG herb‐pair extracts. The pharmacokinetic differences might indicate the relativity of remedy in the RC–RG herb pair and provide scientific information for rational administration of the drug in the clinic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modular Equipment for Chemical Process Development and Small‐Scale Production in Multipurpose Plants
Authors: Kockmann Norbert 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSmall‐scale, continuous‐flow processes are currently discussed in the chemical industry for rapid process development and manufacturing of small product amounts. This contribution describes an equipment toolbox system for continuously operated chemical reactors consisting of microfluidic chip or plate reactors for rapid mixing, capillary or coil tube reactors for defined mixing and residence time, as well as continuously stirred tank reactors. The involved phases of the physico‐chemical system determine the successfully deployed elements or modules and therefore enable the setup of a flexible multipurpose plant. The platform strategy with modules of similar flow throughput as well as temperature or pressure range allow for consistent scale‐up. Several examples show the current development level, while first experiences from plant engineering indicate the implementation status and open issues.
Enantioselective Benzylic Hydroxylation Catalysed by P450 Monooxygenases: Characterisation of a P450cam Mutant Library and Molecular Modelling
Authors: Eichler Anja , Gricman Łukasz , Herter Susanne , Kelly Paul P. , Turner Nicholas J. , Pleiss Jürgen , Flitsch Sabine L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCytochrome P450 monooxygenases can catalyse the stereoselective C−H activation of a very broad range of substrates. Prediction and control of enantioselectivity of this enzyme class is of great interest for the synthesis of high‐value chiral molecules. Here we have used a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and experimental screening to study the enantioselectivity of a library of active‐site mutants of chimeric P450cam‐RhFRed towards the benzylic hydroxylation of structurally related regioisomers of ethylmethylbenzene. Small variations either in substrate structure or in enzyme active site architecture were shown to lead to dramatic changes in enantioselectivity; this was broadly in agreement with computational predictions. In addition to validating computational approaches, these studies have provided us with a deeper understanding of effects that might control stereoselectivity in these biooxidation reactions.
Experience and complications associated with use of guide extension catheters in percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Waterbury Thomas M. , Sorajja Paul , Bell Malcolm R. , Lennon Ryan J. , Mathew Verghese , Singh Mandeep , Sandhu Gurpreet S. , Gulati Rajiv 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesTo investigate the utility and safety of the GuideLiner “mother‐and‐child” catheter system during transradial and transfemoral percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).BackgroundIn patients with complex coronary anatomy, stent delivery can be challenging and result in procedural failure and complications. The GuideLiner is a coaxial guide extension system designed to enable deep vessel engagement and facilitate device delivery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate procedural success and safety in a series of GuideLiner‐facilitated PCI.MethodsSingle center retrospective study of PCI utilizing the GuideLiner catheter between February 2010 and October 2014. Patients who underwent PCI without GuideLiner use during the same time period were used as controls for comparison.ResultsA total of 363 cases of GuideLiner‐facilitated PCI were identified from 6,088 unique PCI procedures performed during this same time period. Patients in the GuideLiner group were older (mean age 71.5 vs. 67.8, P < 0.001) and had more multivessel disease (72% vs. 63%, P = 0.001) compared with controls. Type C lesions were present in 78% of GuideLiner cases. Procedural success resulting in successful device delivery with the GuideLiner catheter was 80.2%. Stent deformation associated with GuideLiner use occurred in 2.2% (8/363), with the incidence of this complication decreasing over device iterations. Coronary dissection attributed to GuideLiner occurred in 3.3% (12/363) and became less frequent over the study period.ConclusionsIn this consecutive series of GuideLiner supported PCI, the guide extension system enabled procedural success in the majority. A decline in device‐associated complications over time may be attributed to operator learning curve, patient selection, and improvement in catheter design. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preliminary results of adjunctive use of endoanchors in the treatment of short neck and pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Galiñanes Edgar Luis , Hernandez Eduardo , Krajcer Zvonimir 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesTo present our initial experience with the use of EndoAnchors for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) with little to no infrarenal landing zone.BackgroundEndoAnchors have been reported to assist in the prevention and treatment of type 1a endoleaks in patients with hostile aortic necks who undergo EVAR.MethodsBetween July 2013 and July 2014, nine patients with AAAs and short proximal aortic necks (i.e., 0–10 mm in length) underwent EVAR. In five patients, utilization of the chimney graft technique was necessary. A mean of 2.5 (range 1–4) visceral vessels underwent chimney graft. The prophylactic use of EndoAnchors was utilized in all 9 patients. The decision to use the EndoAnchors was made in the preoperative planning phase.ResultsTechnical success was achieved in 100% of cases. In two cases, type 1a endoleaks were noted before the deployment of any EndoAnchors. In both cases, a final angiogram depicted resolution of the type 1a endoleak after insertion of the EndoAnchors. Mean follow‐up time was 8 months. At 30 days, 3 months, and 6 months, 100% of the endografts remained patent and free from type 1a endoleaks. No adverse renal complications or mortality was reported.ConclusionsEndoAnchors are an applicable adjunct to EVAR as treatment for short infrarenal neck and pararenal AAAs. Further investigations are needed to determine the durability of this novel application. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A hospital‐wide system to ensure rapid treatment time across the entire spectrum of emergency percutaneous intervention
Authors: Khot Umesh N. , Johnson‐Wood Michele L. , VanLeeuwen Robert , Ramsey Curtis , Khot Monica B. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesThis study's aim was to describe a hospital‐wide system to deliver rapid door‐to‐balloon time across the entire spectrum of emergency percutaneous intervention.BackgroundMany patients needing emergency PCI are excluded from door‐to‐balloon public reporting metric; these groups do not achieve door‐to‐balloon times ≤90 min and have increased mortality rates. Methods: We prospectively implemented a protocol for patients with STEMI or other emergency indication for catheterization mandating (1) emergency department physician or cardiologist activation of the catheterization lab and (2) immediate patient transfer to an immediately available catheterization lab by an in‐house nursing transfer team.ResultsFrom September 1, 2005 to December 31, 2008, 526 consecutive patients underwent emergency PCI. Median door‐to‐balloon time was 68 min with 85.7% ≤90 min overall. Important subgroups included primary emergency department (62.5 min), cardiorespiratory arrest (71 min), cardiogenic shock (68 min), need for temporary pacemaker or balloon pump (67 min), initial ECG without ST‐elevation (66.5 min), transfer from another ED (84 min), in‐hospital (70 min), and activation indications other than STEMI (68 min). Patients presenting to primary ED and in transfer were compared to historical controls. Treatment ≤90 min increased (28%–85%,P < 0.0001). Mean infarct size decreased, as did hospital length‐of‐stay and admission total hospital costs. Acute myocardial infarction all‐cause 30‐day unadjusted mortality and risk‐standardized mortality ratios were substantially lower than national averages.ConclusionA hospital‐wide systems approach applied across the entire spectrum of emergency PCI leads to rapid door‐to‐balloon time, reduced infarct size and hospitals costs, and low myocardial infarction 30‐day all‐cause mortality. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced Aerogen–π Interaction by a Cation–π Force
Authors: Miao Junjian , Song Bo , Gao Yi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe interaction between a noble gas atom and an aromatic π‐electron system, which mainly originates from the London dispersion force, is very weak and has not attracted enough attention yet. Herein, we reported a type of notably enhanced aerogen–π interaction between cation–π systems and noble gas atoms. The binding strength of a divalent cation–π system with a xenon atom is comparable to a moderate hydrogen bond (up to ca. 7 kcal mol−1), whereas krypton and argon atoms produce slightly weaker interactions. Energy‐decomposition analysis reveals that the induction interaction is responsible for the stabilization of divalent cation–π⋅Xe species besides the dispersion interaction. Our results might be helpful to increase the understanding of some unsolved mysteries of aerogens.