bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why are adult women physically active? A systematic review of prospective cohort studies to identify intrapersonal, social environmental and physical environmental determinants
Authors: Prince S. A. , Reed J. L. , Martinello N. , Adamo K. B. , Fodor J. G. , Hiremath S. , Kristjansson E. A. , Mullen K. A. , Nerenberg K. A. , Tulloch H. E. , Reid R. D. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryObjectiveThis study aims to systematically review available evidence from prospective cohort studies to identify intrapersonal, social environmental and physical environmental determinants of moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) among working‐age women.MethodsSix databases were searched to identify all prospective cohort studies that reported on intrapersonal (e.g. self‐efficacy and socioeconomic status [SES]), social (e.g. crime, area SES and social support) and/or physical (e.g. weather, work and recreation) environmental determinants of MVPA in working‐age (mean 18–65 years) women. A qualitative synthesis including harvest plots was completed. PROSPERO: CRD42014009750ResultsSearching identified 17,387 potential articles; 97 were used in the analysis. The majority (n = 87 studies) reported on ≥1 intrapersonal determinant. Very few (n = 34) examined factors in the social or physical environments, and none looked at social policy. Positive and consistent influencers included higher self‐efficacy (n = 18/23), self‐rated health (n = 8/13) and intentions (n = 10/11) and perceived behavioural control (n = 5/7) to be physically active. Having children in the household was negatively related to MVPA (n = 9/15).ConclusionsPhysical activity intervention studies should consider a woman's level of self‐efficacy and perceived behavioural control to be physically active. Additional studies are needed on the impact of children in the household, having a spouse/partner and using group goal setting. More evidence is needed to evaluate the impact of environmental factors.
How Fictional Worlds Are Created
Authors: Weisberg Deena Skolnick 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBoth adults and children have the ability to not only think about reality but also use their imaginations and create fictional worlds. This article describes the process by which world creation happens, drawing from philosophical and psychological treatments of this issue. First, world creators recognize the need to create a fictional world, as when starting a pretend game or opening a novel. Then, creators merge some real‐world knowledge with the premises of the fictional world to construct a fuller representation, though there is some controversy about how much of the real world is represented in any given fictional world. After the world is created, events can be set in motion within it. While it is generally accepted that this basic process is used for a wide variety of fictional worlds, including fictional stories, pretend games, and counterfactual scenarios, this process of world creation can vary over the course of development and depending on the use to which it is put.
A MODIFIED WAVEMAKER BOUNDARY CONDITION FOR A NUMERICAL WAVE TANK BASED ON THE WCSPH METHOD
Authors: Mahmoudi Amin , Hakimzadeh Habib , Ketabdari Mohammad Javad , Abyn Hassan 
Published: July 2016

In this paper a space-averaged Navier–Stokes approach was deployed to Modified Wavemaker Boundary condition for a numerical wave tank. The developed model is based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) method which is a pure Lagrangian approach and can handle large deformations of the free surface with high accuracy. In this study, the large eddy simulation (LES) turbulent model was coupled with the weakly compressible version of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (WCSPH) method to Modified Wavemaker Boundary condition for a numerical wave tank. An absorbing wavemaker boundary condition was developed to absorb the second reflecting waves from the wavemaker. The capacity of absorbing secondary reflecting waves and incoming waves in absorbing wavemaker was validated through comparisons of the numerical results with general wavemaker.
UNDERSTANDING THE ‘SPECIAL NEEDS’ GROUPS FOR SHELTER AND EMERGENCY EVACUATION DURING FLOOD DISASTER
Authors: Abdul Sukor Nur Sabahiah , Mohamad Ismail Mohd Ashraf 
Published: July 2016

This paper emphasizes the importance of understanding the diversify of inviduals with special needs for emergency response, relief and aids strategic plan for disaster event. The respondents for this study were the victims of East Coast flood disaster in 2014. The respondents with special needs were divided into two groups; the special needs groups and move to shelter (Group A, N= 340) and the special needs group and not move to shelter (Group B, N=411).The result shows that for Group A the elderly was the highest percentage of the special needs groups. Meanwhile, the insulin dependent diabetic patients dominated the percentages of special needs for Group B. This paper also suggests several methods to establish the data sharing platform between related agencies that focused on the special needs groups to enhance the evacuation plan and process during disaster.
A Parallel Control of Four Independently Driven Wheels to Maintain UGV Inverse Dynamics
Authors: Salama Mostafa , Vantsevich Vladimir V. 
Published: July 2016

An All-Wheel Drive Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) equipped with individual electric motors for each wheel offers tremendous potential to control the angular velocity for each individual wheel and thus control UGV energy efficiency. The objective of this study is to develop an analytical method for a UGV angular velocity control that is based on inverse longitudinal dynamics in straight line motion to indirectly provide the required torque for each wheel to overcome wheel load torque produced from the stochastic terrain.
A stochastic terrain mathematical model was developed and used as a disturbance load in the control algorithm to introduce the on-line (real time) influence different terrain conditions on each wheel of UGV. The control algorithm is based on a developed strategy that utilizes the inverse dynamics approach and provides a wheel with both the specified/required angular velocity and rolling radius. At the same time, the required functional of quality is provided during the control process.
Such an approach provides a new way to control unmanned ground vehicle dynamics and vehicle performance by concentrating on the individual power distribution to the drive wheels.
Vehicle Handling Dynamics Optimization Based in Passive Suspension Settings in Target Cascading Framework
Authors: Blanco Juan C. , Muñoz Luis E. 
Published: July 2016

The vehicle optimal design is a multi-objective multi-domain optimization problem. Each design aspect must be analyzed by taking into account the interactions present with other design aspects. Given the size and complexity of the problem, the application of global optimization methodologies is not suitable; hierarchical problem decomposition is beneficial for the problem analysis.
This paper studies the handling dynamics optimization problem as a sub-problem of the vehicle optimal design. This sub-problem is an important part of the overall vehicle design decomposition. It is proposed that the embodiment design stage can be performed in an optimal viewpoint with the application of the analytical target cascading (ATC) optimization strategy. It is also proposed that the design variables should have sufficient physical significance, but also give the overall design enough design degrees of freedom. In this way, other optimization sub-problems can be managed with a reduced variable redundancy and sub-problem couplings.
Given that the ATC strategy is an objective-driven methodology, it is proposed that the objectives of the handling dynamics, which is a sub-problem in the general ATC problem, can be defined from a Pareto optimal set at a higher optimization level. This optimal generation of objectives would lead to an optimal solution as seen at the upper-level hierarchy.
The use of a lumped mass handling dynamics model is proposed in order to manage an efficient optimization process based in handling dynamics simulations. This model contains detailed information of the tire properties modeled by the Pacejka tire model, as well as linear characteristics of the suspension system. The performance of this model is verified with a complete multi-body simulation program such as ADAMS/car.
The handling optimization problem is presented including the proposed design variables, the handling dynamics simulation model and a case study in which a double wishbone suspension system of an off-road vehicle is analyzed. In the case study, the handling optimization problem is solved by taking into account couplings with the suspension kinematics optimization problem. The solution of this coupled problem leads to the partial geometry definition of the suspension system mechanism.
Teaching accreditation exams reveal grading biases favor women in male-dominated disciplines in France
Authors: Breda Thomas , Hillion Mélina 
Published: July 2016

Signaling ability and grit to academia
In many professions, getting ahead requires evidence of both effort and ability. This is especially true if one is not a member of the dominant group and thus surmounting social norms. Breda and Hillion show that oral examiners of candidates for teaching positions in the French education system reward such applicants. Specifically, women applying for high-level teaching positions in male-dominated fields, such as physics and philosophy, are favored, as are men who apply in female-dominated fields, such as literature and foreign languages.

Science
, this issue p.
474
Crystal Structure of the Human Astrovirus Capsid Protein
Authors: Toh Yukimatsu , Harper Justin , Dryden Kelly A. , Yeager Mark , Arias Carlos F. , Méndez Ernesto , Tao Yizhi J. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Human astrovirus (HAstV) is a leading cause of viral diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. HAstV is a nonenveloped virus with a T=3 capsid and a positive-sense RNA genome. The capsid protein (CP) of HAstV is synthesized as a 90-kDa precursor (VP90) that can be divided into three linear domains: a conserved N-terminal domain, a hypervariable domain, and an acidic C-terminal domain. Maturation of HAstV requires proteolytic processing of the astrovirus CP both inside and outside the host cell, resulting in the removal of the C-terminal domain and the breakdown of the rest of the CP into three predominant protein species with molecular masses of ∼34, 27/29, and 25/26 kDa, respectively. We have now solved the crystal structure of VP90
71–415
(amino acids [aa] 71 to 415 of VP90) of human astrovirus serotype 8 at a 2.15-Å resolution. VP90
71–415
encompasses the conserved N-terminal domain of VP90 but lacks the hypervariable domain, which forms the capsid surface spikes. The structure of VP90
71–415
is comprised of two domains: an S domain, which adopts the typical jelly-roll β-barrel fold, and a P1 domain, which forms a squashed β-barrel consisting of six antiparallel β-strands similar to what was observed in the hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid structure. Fitting of the VP90
71–415
structure into the cryo-electron microscopy (EM) maps of HAstV produced an atomic model for a continuous, T=3 icosahedral capsid shell. Our pseudoatomic model of the human HAstV capsid shell provides valuable insights into intermolecular interactions required for capsid assembly and trypsin-mediated proteolytic maturation needed for virus infectivity. Such information has potential applications in the development of a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine as well as small-molecule drugs targeting astrovirus assembly/maturation.

IMPORTANCE
Human astrovirus (HAstV) is a leading cause of viral diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. As a nonenveloped virus, HAstV exhibits an intriguing feature in that its maturation requires extensive proteolytic processing of the astrovirus capsid protein (CP) both inside and outside the host cell. Mature HAstV contains three predominant protein species, but the mechanism for acquired infectivity upon maturation is unclear. We have solved the crystal structure of VP90
71–415
of human astrovirus serotype 8. VP90
71–415
encompasses the conserved N-terminal domain of the viral CP. Fitting of the VP90
71–415
structure into the cryo-EM maps of HAstV produced an atomic model for the T=3 icosahedral capsid. Our model of the HAstV capsid provides valuable insights into intermolecular interactions required for capsid assembly and trypsin-mediated proteolytic maturation. Such information has potential applications in the development of a VLP vaccine as well as small-molecule drugs targeting astrovirus assembly/maturation.
Multiple Transcripts Encode Full-Length Human Cytomegalovirus IE1 and IE2 Proteins during Lytic Infection
Authors: Arend Kyle C. , Ziehr Benjamin , Vincent Heather A. , Moorman Nathaniel J. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Expression of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IE1 and IE2 proteins is critical for the establishment of lytic infection and reactivation from viral latency. Defining the mechanisms controlling IE1 and IE2 expression is therefore important for understanding how HCMV regulates its replicative cycle. Here we identify several novel transcripts encoding full-length IE1 and IE2 proteins during HCMV lytic replication. Two of the alternative major immediate early (MIE) transcripts initiate in the first intron, intron A, of the previously defined MIE transcript, while others extend the 5′ untranslated region. Each of the MIE transcripts associates with polyribosomes in infected cells and therefore contributes to IE1 and IE2 protein levels. Surprisingly, deletion of the core promoter region of the major immediate early promoter (MIEP) from a plasmid containing the MIE genomic locus did not completely abrogate IE1 and IE2 expression. Instead, deletion of the MIEP core promoter resulted in increased expression of alternative MIE transcripts, suggesting that the MIEP suppresses the activity of the alternative MIE promoters. While the canonical MIE mRNA was the most abundant transcript at immediate early times, the novel MIE transcripts accumulated to levels equivalent to that of the known MIE transcript later in infection. Using two HCMV recombinants, we found that sequences in intron A of the previously defined MIE transcript are required for efficient IE1 and IE2 expression and viral replication. Together, our results identify new regulatory sequences controlling IE1 and IE2 expression and suggest that multiple transcription units act in concert to regulate IE1 and IE2 expression during lytic infection.

IMPORTANCE
The HCMV IE1 and IE2 proteins are critical regulators of HCMV replication, both during primary infection and reactivation from viral latency. This study expands our understanding of the sequences controlling IE1 and IE2 expression by defining novel transcriptional units controlling the expression of full-length IE1 and IE2 proteins. Our results suggest that alternative promoters may allow for IE1 and IE2 expression when MIEP activity is limiting, as occurs in latently infected cells.
Constitutively Active IRF7/IRF3 Fusion Protein Completely Protects Swine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Ramírez-Carvajal Lisbeth , Diaz-San Segundo Fayna , Ramirez-Medina Elizabeth , Rodríguez Luis L. , de los Santos Teresa 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains one of the most devastating livestock diseases around the world. Several serotype-specific vaccine formulations exist, but they require about 5 to 7 days to induce protective immunity. Our previous studies have shown that a constitutively active fusion protein of porcine interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF) 7 and 3 [IRF7/3(5D)] strongly induced type I IFN and antiviral genes
in vitro
and prevented mortality in an FMD mouse model when delivered with a replication-defective adenoviral vector [Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D)]. Here, we demonstrate that pigs treated with 10
8
, 10
9
, or 10
10
PFU of Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) 24 h before FMDV challenge were fully protected from FMD clinical signs and did not develop viremia, virus shedding or antibodies against FMDV nonstructural proteins. Pigs treated with Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) had higher levels of IFN and antiviral activity in serum, and upregulated expression of several IFN-stimulated genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, compared to pigs treated with Ad5-Blue vector control. Importantly, treatment of porcine cultured cells with Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) inhibited the replication of all 7 FMDV serotypes.
In vitro
experiments using cultured embryonic fibroblasts derived from IFN receptor knockout mice suggested that the antiviral response induced by Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) was dependent on type I and III IFN pathways; however, experiments with mice demonstrated that a functional type I IFN pathway mediates Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) protection conferred
in vivo
. Our studies demonstrate that inoculation with Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) completely protects swine against FMD by inducing a strong type I IFN response and highlights its potential application to rapidly and effectively prevent FMDV replication and dissemination.

IMPORTANCE
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a fast-spreading disease that affects farm animals, with economically and socially devastating consequences. Our study shows that inoculation with a constitutively active transcription factor, namely, a fusion protein of porcine interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF) 7 and 3 delivered by an adenovirus vector [Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D)], is a new effective treatment to prevent FMD in swine. Animals pretreated with Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) 1 day before being exposed to FMDV were completely protected from viral replication and clinical disease. It is noteworthy that the doses of Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) required for protection are lower than those previously reported for similar approaches using Ad5 vectors delivering type I, II, or III IFN, suggesting that this novel strategy would be economically appealing to counteract FMD. Our results also indicate that a dynamic interplay among different components of pigs' innate immune defenses allows potent antiviral effects after Ad5-poIF7/3(5D) administration.
Type I Interferons and NK Cells Restrict Gammaherpesvirus Lymph Node Infection
Authors: Lawler Clara , Tan Cindy S. E. , Simas J. Pedro , Stevenson Philip G. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Gammaherpesviruses establish persistent, systemic infections and cause cancers. Murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4) provides a unique window into the early events of host colonization. It spreads via lymph nodes. While dendritic cells (DC) pass MuHV-4 to lymph node B cells, subcapsular sinus macrophages (SSM), which capture virions from the afferent lymph, restrict its spread. Understanding how this restriction works offers potential clues to a more comprehensive defense. Type I interferon (IFN-I) blocked SSM lytic infection and reduced lytic cycle-independent viral reporter gene expression. Plasmacytoid DC were not required, but neither were SSM the only source of IFN-I, as IFN-I blockade increased infection in both intact and SSM-depleted mice. NK cells restricted lytic SSM infection independently of IFN-I, and SSM-derived virions spread to the spleen only when both IFN-I responses and NK cells were lacking. Thus, multiple innate defenses allowed SSM to adsorb virions from the afferent lymph with relative impunity. Enhancing IFN-I and NK cell recruitment could potentially also restrict DC infection and thus improve infection control.

IMPORTANCE
Human gammaherpesviruses cause cancers by infecting B cells. However, vaccines designed to block virus binding to B cells have not stopped infection. Using a related gammaherpesvirus of mice, we have shown that B cells are infected not via cell-free virus but via infected myeloid cells. This suggests a different strategy to stop B cell infection: stop virus production by myeloid cells. Not all myeloid infection is productive. We show that subcapsular sinus macrophages, which do not pass infection to B cells, restrict gammaherpesvirus production by recruiting type I interferons and natural killer cells. Therefore, a vaccine that speeds the recruitment of these defenses might stop B cell infection.
Retrograde Transport from Early Endosomes to the
trans
-Golgi Network Enables Membrane Wrapping and Egress of Vaccinia Virus Virions
Authors: Sivan Gilad , Weisberg Andrea S. , Americo Jeffrey L. , Moss Bernard 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

The anterograde pathway, from the endoplasmic reticulum through the
trans
-Golgi network to the cell surface, is utilized by
trans
-membrane and secretory proteins. The retrograde pathway, which directs traffic in the opposite direction, is used following endocytosis of exogenous molecules and recycling of membrane proteins. Microbes exploit both routes: viruses typically use the anterograde pathway for envelope formation prior to exiting the cell, whereas ricin and Shiga-like toxins and some nonenveloped viruses use the retrograde pathway for cell entry. Mining a human genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen revealed a need for multiple retrograde pathway components for cell-to-cell spread of vaccinia virus. We confirmed and extended these results while discovering that retrograde trafficking was required for virus egress rather than entry. Retro-2, a specific retrograde trafficking inhibitor of protein toxins, potently prevented spread of vaccinia virus as well as monkeypox virus, a human pathogen. Electron and confocal microscopy studies revealed that Retro-2 prevented wrapping of virions with an additional double-membrane envelope that enables microtubular transport, exocytosis, and actin polymerization. The viral B5 and F13 protein components of this membrane, which are required for wrapping, normally colocalize in the
trans
-Golgi network. However, only B5 traffics through the secretory pathway, suggesting that F13 uses another route to the
trans
-Golgi network. The retrograde route was demonstrated by finding that F13 was largely confined to early endosomes and failed to colocalize with B5 in the presence of Retro-2. Thus, vaccinia virus makes novel use of the retrograde transport system for formation of the viral wrapping membrane.

IMPORTANCE
Efficient cell-to-cell spread of vaccinia virus and other orthopoxviruses depends on the wrapping of infectious particles with a double membrane that enables microtubular transport, exocytosis, and actin polymerization. Interference with wrapping or subsequent steps results in severe attenuation of the virus. Some previous studies had suggested that the wrapping membrane arises from the
trans
-Golgi network, whereas others suggested an origin from early endosomes. Some nonenveloped viruses use retrograde trafficking for entry into the cell. In contrast, we provided evidence that retrograde transport from early endosomes to the
trans
-Golgi network is required for the membrane-wrapping step in morphogenesis of vaccinia virus and egress from the cell. The potent
in vitro
inhibition of this step by the drug Retro-2 suggests that derivatives with enhanced pharmacological properties might serve as useful antipoxviral agents.