bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Dynamics of the Shipping Industry: Economic Cycles, Technology, and Regulation
Authors: Tenold Stig , Cho Sungshin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the dynamics of the shipping industry, one of the industries that define the modern global economy. Shipping is a core activity in the international economy, enabling the international division of labour and the use of comparative advantage. The aim of this chapter is to present the basic economic principles of the shipping industry in a historical perspective. To explain the dynamics of the industry, the chapter considers three factors that shape how shipping markets function and how the economic agents act: demand and economic cycles, technology, and ownership and regulation. The basic output of the shipping industry—transport of commodities and products—has remained the same throughout the last centuries. However, the way in which the industry has fulfilled this function, has been radically transformed.
The Petroleum Sector
Authors: Nyamazana Mushiba 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines the market structure of Zambia's petroleum supply chain, highlighting the significant influence of the government. It also analyses the patterns of national consumption of petroleum products, sector governance, pricing, regulatory frameworks, and challenges, and provides a policy outlook considering the change of government in August 2021. The analysis assesses the disparity in access to high-quality and dependable petroleum goods and services throughout the country, both between urban and rural areas and among different socioeconomic groups. The discussion on the new government's reform pronouncements and actions to-date identifies some preconditions that must be addressed in order to tackle long-standing challenges in the petroleum sector.
Cultural Transmission in the West
Authors: King Paul R. , Manni Franz 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter documents and discusses the history of recent self-experimentations that led to the development of the Euro-American body-piercing movement starting with the 1970s. Until those years, the West implemented a single practice: the piercing of the ears. Then some piercing pioneers, inspired by ethnographic and historical accounts, (re)invented the praxis to include piercing other body parts. The chapter scrutinizes the emergence of these modern practices and argues that they provide clues to understanding the emergence and consolidation of the piercing traditions of the past. It explores the pertinent biographies, motivations, and modification practices of the people who, in the second half of the nineteenth century, wished to pierce their bodies without retaining the know-how to do it. Using personal correspondence, illustrations, and photographs, it documents the trials, successes, failures, and innovations associated with the 1970s rejuvenation of piercing practices. Documentation shows that these practices came to coalesce in a novel shared knowledge, culturally transmitted.
Realism and Race in the Literature of the Global Hispanic Empire
Authors: Chang Julia Haeyoon 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the illusiveness of race in Spanish literary realism in the context of the global Hispanic empire. The Spanish realist novel has been conventionally treated as a genre that aided in the consolidation of a national consciousness. But the modern novel, as Edward Said had demonstrated, was crucially also accessory to European empires. In the case of the global Hispanic empire—however diminished it was in the late nineteenth century—realism was coterminous with the increased traffic of enslaved Africans to the Caribbean (despite its illegality) and the emergence of race science. And yet, tracing race in Spanish realism is no straightforward task. Racial identity often remains unnamed, appearing metonymically, for example, through the traffic of racialized commodities from abroad. When race is named, it tends to function as metaphor—a stand-in for something other than the category of race itself. This essay contends that these very modes of appearance—which are slippery, metaphoric, and spectral—are themselves worthy of critical engagement. Using canonical writers like Benito Pérez Galdós and Emilia Pardo Bazán, the author examines how race in realism—never wholly or mimetically represented—points elsewhere, exceeding the diegetic bounds of the novel and revealing the representational limits of realism itself.
How Do We Think in Movements?
Authors: Cox Laurence 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Struggles for justice are hard—we have powerful and wealthy opposition, while our knowledge and culture are rarely designed for the challenge. Activists have to find the right questions and create languages and institutions to answer them: we need to learn to think, together, as movements. This is easier said than done. The struggle for justice exists at many levels, with differing capacity to act and reflect; and struggle is a developmental process. Finding, or creating, relevant learning (from past movements, movements elsewhere, or on other issues) is always a challenge; but movements also move. How can we know what social transformation might be possible, beyond today? Movements generate different kinds of knowledge—agitational, educational, and organizational. But as our own spaces for thinking have declined and other kinds of institutions mediate between us, thinking from and for our own needs becomes harder. This chapter asks how to think about specific movements’ knowledge needs; how well these are met by existing spaces for thinking; and how different kinds of people can help the development of “really useful knowledge.” It finishes with a concrete example of a movement learning project.
Introduction
Authors: Dolgon Corey 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This introduction provides a historical framing for the current landscape of higher education and the discipline of sociology. It argues that the forces of neocolonialism and neoliberalism impact higher education globally as every aspect of education is commoditized and knowledge production remains driven by colonial and corporate interests. Given these conditions, the discussion begins from the premise that the primary goal is not the reform of higher education or the discipline of sociology. The chapter calls on sociologists to be first and foremost activists who apply sociological skills and imaginations to the work of organizing, mobilizing, educating, and envisioning radical social change. As millions of people are organizing and mobilizing in new and unparalleled ways to challenge the global powers responsible for political repression, exploitation and poverty, social devastation and ecological destruction, authoritarian movements are growing just as quickly. Thus, just as exciting and complex liberation movements develop new strategies, tactics and visions for change, they are met by rising fascist responses complete with bigger walls, stronger armies, and virulent xenophobia. This transformative political and social moment calls for the boldest forms of praxis from radical scholar-activists. This book presents myriad examples of just such people and just such work.
Your Voice, Your Choice
Authors: Mahali-Bhengu Alude , Ntini-Makununika Thobeka 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that despite living in a democratic South Africa, young people’s barrier to civic participation continues to be a major source of what Amartya Sen calls “unfreedom.” This condition comes from barriers to access, corruption in individuals, and the failure of services, all of which potentially lead to avolition. “Your Voice, Your Choice” was a youth-targeted intervention aimed at empowering young people’s active participation and engagement in civil society. The intervention used dialogue and innovative participatory methodologies to capture young people’s understanding of the political landscape of South Africa, including how they envision changing it. This chapter unpacks the transformative potential of dialogue in the Your Voice, Your Choice (YVYC) intervention as an alternative to bolstering social and economic opportunities for young people in the face of unfreedoms.
Claim It in Bahia
Authors: Macedo Ponte Camila 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Youth participation in community research and development catalyzes social change and is key for improving the implementation of rights and justice for this group. This chapter explores young mobilizers’ work and interactions with institutional environments in the backlands of the State of Bahia in Brazil. By addressing the participation of young people in places of power and decision-making, the chapter brings a view on partnership building and the challenge of breaking down oppressive structures in an admittedly adult-led environment. Ultimately, the project prepares the ground for a new generation of cadres of activists for rights and social justice, as it helps dismantle exclusionary practices and reinforces the right to citizenship and participation in public policies—that shall contemplate a diversity of experiences, demands, and visions of the world.
From Social to All-Terrain
Authors: Longa Francisco 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the development and growth of social movements in Argentina. Born in the crisis of neoliberalism in the late 1990s, these movements began to organize in the slums, providing food to the most vulnerable people and demanding subsidies for the unemployed from the state. But as the country recovered from the economic crisis and rebuilt its political institutions, the movements continued to grow. Using research techniques such as interviews, documentary analysis, and participant observation, this chapter shows that social movements have ventured into new “terrains” in their struggles, such as the trade union and the political-institutional arenas, placing militants in various governments, including seven movement leaders in the National Congress, taking up seats in the Chamber of Deputies. This makes them real “all-terrain” movements, which have to face new challenges and compete with relevant power actors, such as traditional trade unions and professional politicians.
“System Change, Not Climate Change!” Climate Activism in Austria
Authors: Drüeke Ricarda , Zobl Elke 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on climate activism in Austria, especially the relationship among protest, the media, and the public. It explores how activists use media and cultural practices for social change by critiquing social conditions, institutions of power, and promoting new visions for social justice. It highlights activists’ perspective on social structures and possibilities for change around climate justice. Based on radical theories of democracy, it presents a theoretical framework for media and cultural activism within new social and protest movements. It elaborates how hegemonic practices function—that is, how and why certain interests and social issues prevail. It also looks at how differences between ideological and political positions persist in society thus allowing for protest and change. Methodologically, it draws on eighteen guided interviews with lead climate activists in Austria. It concludes with a short summary of the potential and the challenges for activists today.
Climate Justice Is Social Justice
Authors: Foran John 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the climate justice movement within the context of multiple system failures on a global scale. It begins with a look at the historical and social origins of the climate justice movement and then presents an overview of the incredibly diverse and international movement today. It highlights such diverse movement organizations as the youth-led Sunrise and Fridays for Future movements, Extinction Rebellion, 350.org, the Pan-African Climate Justice Alliance, and Acción Ecológica. Because the climate crisis affects multiple arenas, including the economic, social, political, and ecological spheres, it argues that a proper understanding of climate justice requires a broad approach to social justice. It concludes by explaining the need not only to address climate change but also to do so within the context of systemic changes that will address the root causes of both global warming and the need for sustainable economic systems and more participatory democratic political systems.
Organizing The Streets to Enact Social Justice
Authors: Payne Yasser Arafat , Hitchens Brooklynn , Wilson Jonathan Rashied Rapheal 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically examines how street participatory action research (Street PAR) can be used as a community-level intervention to reduce gun violence and improve psychological and social well-being in poor Black American communities. Street PAR is an epistemological orientation that targets street-identified populations in schools, correctional facilities, and communities to engage in this participatory enterprise. It privileges the worldview of street-identified populations as “expert” indigenous knowledge or theory and assumes people actively or formerly involved with the streets are best poised to critically examine street culture. In addition to a research experience, Street PAR also underscores two levels of “action”: (1) rigorous methods training for Street PAR Associates; and (2) extensive local or grassroots organizing. This chapter also covers how the authors, over the course of six studies, developed a robust Street PAR research program to stem the rise of gun violence and improve well-being in Wilmington, Delaware.
Modes of Inquiry and Struggle from Housing Justice to Land Justice
Authors: Krinsky John , Caldwell Hillary 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
From the practice of movements against oppressive conditions, a critical sociology can emerge constituted by the following elements: Ideological demystification identifies the ways those in power mask their positions from criticism. Reabstraction redefines objects to understand their relation to larger wholes; it helps us to think beyond what is directly in front of us. Studying contradictions means identifying the ways social processes pull apart, to understand why problems appear as they do. Embedding inquiry in movements—which bring together people with multiple perspectives and different experiences in relation to movements’ objects and goals—allows it to be both rooted and networked in a way that enhances its ability to leverage the other three elements effectively. Such a critical sociological inquiry is illustrated through a study of work around a community land trust coalition in New York, cofounded by homeless activists, and in which the authors are active.
In the Wake of the Murder of George Floyd
Authors: Leo Moore Nicole , Leo Moore Wendy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter was born in the summer of 2020 amid the racial uprisings that took place in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, following the brutal murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police officers. Media coverage and social media discourse about local activities focused on sensational scenes of angry protests but ignored the powerful elements of community activism and organizing occurring on the ground and behind the scenes. The chapter contributes valuable insights into racial justice activism during the 2020 rebellion. It also sheds light on how academic writing constrains knowledge production, sanitizing it in a way that attempts to force a civil discussion about events that are not civil; they are heinous and harmful. The form of the chapter exposes the emotional labor involved in academic writing about social justice activism and the contradictions that arise from having to navigate between a generalized analytical space and personal emotion laden experience.
Centers for Engagement and the Possibility of Decentering the Academy in Knowledge Production
Authors: Robinson Vernon , Hutnick Carrie , Johnson Nina 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of centers for engagement at institutions of higher education as a facilitator, container, or resource for relationships between people situated within academic institutions and people situated in communities who partner with them. It explores the ways communities of care built among people offer a sustainable alternative way to ground engaged work when compared to the precarity of institutional interest, funding priorities, and employment status often associated with higher education, and by proxy, their centers for engagement. These centers often play an important role in supporting the work done in collaboration with communities, but they cannot replace or eclipse authentic relationships among people. While these centers’ can facilitate substantial efforts for positive change, the goal of maintaining their status within the institution cannot replace or eclipse the goal of liberation.
Workers Go Global?
Authors: Fütterer Michael 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Trade unions in the export-oriented garment industry in South Asia build solidarity networks with various international groups and NGOs and are part of different forms of social regulation. Usually this is seen as a key way to improve working and living conditions. These forms enable local unions to compensate for a lack of power resources by bridging spatial levels of scale. Nevertheless trade unionists are critical of these forms of cooperation: they do not strengthen the union’s ability to negotiate and do not lead to the development of trade union power at the shop floor level. However, this does not mean a rejection of international cooperation. Based on the connection of research and activism in the export-oriented textile and garment industry in Bangalore, India, this chapter argues that this tension expresses different orientations of action and ideas of everyday trade union work.
Lessons from a Participatory Action Research Project Ten Years Later
Authors: Piñeros Shields Thomas 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the 14th Amendment Project, a participatory action research project about the experiences and political participation of US-born children of undocumented immigrants as they come of age. The chapter presents lessons for participatory action researchers working with social movement actors: (1) timing and program length of grant funding matter, especially for youth organizations; (2) projects need to develop ways to incorporate new coresearchers who enter a research project in later stages after missing the early stages (i.e., defining a research question, etc.); (3) participation differs from ownership of a project; (4) epistemological principles about how to construct community-based knowledge when coresearchers leave a project; (5) action goals can change in a shifting political context; and (6) audacious and innovative action goals may not succeed. Reflection ten years after the project ended reveals important lessons that may contribute to future participatory action research within social movements.
Journalism, Social Media, and Wars of Position
Authors: Bebawi Saba , Mutsvairo Bruce 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how social media platforms, seen from a non-Western lens, create opportunities and challenges for all, from ordinary people to state and nongovernmental institutions. To understand these challenges, it is important to take a step back and show how the Western media and technologies have benefited from their long-held hegemonic position before the advent of social media. The marginalization of non-Western societies continues, and in fact global inequalities have been further perpetrated by these technologies. Such inequalities have predetermined whether countries in the South could and should benefit from the presence of social media. Still, social media platforms have given a new voice to the long-oppressed people living in authoritarian circumstances. The opportunities that these platforms offer, particularly in authoritarian environments, will continue to dominate policy and scientific research. Investments in research should thus be encouraged so as to stay abreast with current trends on social media use.
Crafting Insubordinate Spaces
Authors: Olmos Daniel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
As US colleges and universities become increasingly diverse but remain plagued by socioeconomic inequities, campuses continue to be sites of struggle for making higher education as a democratic public sphere for social justice. This chapter reflects on these contests, examining a multiyear faculty effort to promote social justice education and activism at a large regional public Hispanic serving institution—California State University—Northridge. While addressing the tensions between social justice and the neoliberal university, the chapter explores the organizational and pedagogical dimensions of a faculty-led social justice initiative as an expression of insubordinate spaces. It examines its curricular and cocurricular impact on critical thinking, democratic engagement, and political consciousness among traditionally underserved university students of color. It discusses the implications for faculty seeking to promote social justice while under assault by authoritarian forces opposed to democratically engaged and antioppressive education.
Talkin’ Decoloniality Blues
Authors: Dolgon Corey 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes and responds to the major themes raised in the published plenary session from the 2020 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems. Some of the most preeminent international scholars in the field were asked to frame the current drive to “decolonize” sociology within a historical and political framework. They did so magnificently and set the stage for a powerful conference for colleagues looking to do research and teaching that connects with efforts to create a just and sustainable world. Yet, this postscript suggests researchers must move from theory to practice and consider object examples and opportunities to support radical activity. The dynamic richness of different histories and approaches with actual experiences of revolutionary work can create new ways of thinking about the theory and practice of sociology. But this book—and particularly the plenary’s preceding chapters—suggest that the most important paradigm for a social justice sociology is to embrace local and global liberation movements to encounter and produce epistemological, cognitive, and applied knowledge in struggle and for struggle.
Wins, Losses, and Lessons of Engaged Social Justice Research
Authors: Squires Gregory D. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Leading sociologists have long conducted research and applied their work to major social problems and public policy issues. Students have been increasingly finding partners outside of academia to pursue rigorous collaborative social justice research. Sociology as a discipline and profession, however, has been somewhat schizophrenic toward this research, nurturing it in some ways but constituting some of the strongest barriers to its proliferation. This chapter draws four lessons from the author’s pursuit of such inquiry and a reading of other similar ventures. First, there must be great trust among the academic and nonacademic partners. Second, there must be pressure from the bottom up and the top down for this work to proceed and pay off. Third, it is vital to connect the research and partnerships with mainstream institutions. Fourth, universities need to do more to incentivize and less to discourage such engagement.