bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Developing Oral Vaccines for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Induced Cancer using Nanoparticle mediated Delivery System
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Nasir , Kouzi Samir A. , Hussain Muhammad Delwar 
Published: March 2016

Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) are a diverse group of small non-enveloped DNA viruses. Some HPVs are classified as low-risk as they are very rarely associated with neoplasia or cancer in the general population, and cause lenient warts. Other HPVs are considered as high-risk types because they are responsible for several important human cancers, including cervical cancer, a large proportion of other anogenital cancers, and a growing number of head and neck cancers. Transmission of HPV occurs primarily by skin-to-skin contact. The risk of contracting genital HPV infection and cervical cancer is influenced by sexual activity. Currently two prophylactic HPV vaccines, Gardasil® (Merck, USA) and Cervarix® (GlaxoSmithKline, UK), are available and recommended for mass immunization of adolescents. However, these vaccines have limitations as they are expensive and require cold chain storage and trained personnel to administer them by injection. The use of nano or micro particulate vaccines could address most of these limitations as they are stable at room temperature, inexpensive to produce and distribute to resource poor regions, and can be administered orally without the need for adjuvants in the formulation. Also it is possible to increase the efficiency of these particulate vaccines by decorating the surface of the nano or micro particulates with suitable ligands for targeted delivery. Oral vaccines, which can be delivered using particulate formulations, have the added potential to stimulate mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue located in the digestive tract and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, both of which are important for the induction of effective mucosal response against many viruses. In addition, oral vaccines provide the opportunity to reduce production and administration costs and are very patient compliant. This review elaborately discusses different strategies that can be pursued to develop a nano or micro particulate oral vaccine for HPV induced cancers and other diseases. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Publication Planning 101
Authors: Sismondo Sergio , Nicholson Scott Howard 
Published: March 2016

Question: This article is a report on a meeting of "publication planning", the organizational and practical work that shapes pharmaceutical companies' data and eventually turns it into medical journal articles, especially those reporting on clinical trials.
Material and Methods: Our report is primarily based on information presented at the 2007 annual meeting of the International Society of Medical Planning Professionals (ISMPP) attended by one of us, including a workshop entitled "Publication Planning 101/201". The article is a narrative review based on statements made at the 2007 ISMPP meeting, on advertisements by publication planning agencies, and on previous reports and background literature.
Findings: We argue that the main purpose of publication planning is to create and communicate scientific information to support the marketing of products. We provide some analysis of the role of publication planning in medical publishing, and its implications for the structuring of medical knowledge. Medical literature relevant to current drugs is to a large extent shaped by commercial interests.
Coamorphous Atorvastatin Calcium to Improve its Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties
Authors: Shayanfar Ali , Ghavimi Hamed , Hamishekar Hamed , Jouyban Abolghasem 
Published: March 2016

Purpose: Atorvastatin calcium (ATC) is classified as class II (low solubility and high permeability) compound according to the biopharmaceutical classification system. The amorphous form of ATC possesses higher solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability than its crystalline form. Coamorphous drug system is a new and emerging method to prepare stable amorphous forms, in this case leading to the improved stability of ATC in dissolution medium. Methods: In this study, coamorphous form of ATC and nicotinamide (ATC-NIC) was prepared from solvent evaporation method and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The intrinsic dissolution rate and solubility of ATC-NIC were determined along with plasma concentrations of ATC using HPLC after oral dosing in rats. Results: The crystalline ATC was converted to coamorphous form revealing a molecular interaction between ATC and NIC. The intrinsic dissolution rate, solubility and plasma concentration of coamorphous ATC-NIC are higher than those of crystalline ATC. ATC-NIC coamorphous system showed greater solution stability than those reported in the literature for amorphous ATC. Conclusions: Coamorphous ATC-NIC has improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties as compared to ATC. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Technology, its Scope and Applications in Therapy and Drug Delivery
Authors: Phenix Christopher Peter , Togtema Melissa , Pichardo Samuel , Zehbe Ingeborg , Curiel Laura 
Published: March 2016

Ultrasonography is a safe, inexpensive and wide-spread diagnostic tool capable of producing real-time non-invasive images without significant biological effects. However, the propagation of higher energy, intensity and frequency ultrasound waves through living tissues can induce thermal, mechanical and chemical effects useful for a variety of therapeutic applications. With the recent development of clinically approved High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) systems, therapeutic ultrasound is now a medical reality. Indeed, HIFU has been used for the thermal ablation of pathological lesions; localized, minimally invasive ultrasound-mediated drug delivery through the transient formation of pores on cell membranes; the temporary disruption of skin and the blood brain barrier; the ultrasound induced break-down of blood clots; and the targeted release of drugs using ultrasound and temperature sensitive drug carriers. This review seeks to engage the pharmaceutical research community by providing an overview on the biological effects of ultrasound as well as highlighting important therapeutic applications, current deficiencies and future directions.This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Regulatory and Study Conditions for the Determination of Bioequivalence of Highly Variable Drugs
Authors: Endrenyi Laszlo , Tothfalusi Laszlo 
Published: March 2016

Purpose. The FDA Working Group on Highly Variable (HV) Drugs recently presented interim procedures and conditions for determining the bioequivalence (BE) of HV drug products. They included analysis by the method of scaled average BE (SABE), a switching coefficient of variation of CVS = 30% and a regulatory standardized variation of CV0 = 25% for applying SABE, and the use of a secondary regulatory criterion restricting to 0.80-1.25 the point estimate for the ratio of estimated geometric means (GMR) of the two formulations. These conditions are scrutinized in the present communication.

Methods. 3-period BE studies were simulated with various statistical and regulatory assumptions. Power curves, obtained by gradually increasing the true GMR, compared
performances of the methods of SABE, a constrained point estimate of GMR (PE/GMR), and the composite of these two approaches. The consumer risk of each procedure was evaluated.

Results. With CV0 = 30% and PE/GMR = 0.80-1.25, the composite criterion of BE relied on the confidence limits of SABE. In contrast, with CV0 = 25% and/or PE/GMR = 0.87-1.15, the composite criterion approached almost completely the features of the GMR point estimate, especially at high within-subject variation. The consumer risk was near 5% with CV0 = 30% but much higher when CV0 = 25%.

Conclusions. The condition of CVS = CV0 = 30% and PE/GMR = 0.80-1.25 is recommended as a composite regulatory criterion. With alternative settings of the conditions, such as the recommended CV0 = 25% and/or PE/GMR = 0.87-1.15, the composite criterion would reflect almost entirely the GMR point estimate. This would be an undesirable outcome.
ANÁLISE DE RISCO FAMILIAR NA ESTRATÉGIA SAÚDE DA FAMÍLIA: UMA VIVÊNCIA COMPARTILHADA ENTRE PRECEPTORES, DISCENTES E AGENTES COMUNITÁRIOS DE SAÚDE
Authors: Melo Ricardo Henrique Vieira , Vilar Rosana Lúcia Alves , Ferreira Antônio Fabiano , Pereira Eduardo Judene Silva , Carneiro Naiara Estefânia Alves , Freitas Nathália Gabrielle Henrique Bezerra , Júnior José Diniz 
Published: March 2016

O estudo do risco familiar deve ser pautado nas teias dos significados sociais que o próprio homem tece e destece no cotidiano, em meio ao que extravasa das casualidades e nas relações e determinações sociais. A Estratégia Saúde da Família carreia o dilema da priorização da atenção às famílias de maior vulnerabilidade biológica e social. Este artigo tem o objetivo de relatar os resultados da validação de um instrumento utilizado para estratificação de risco familiar para priorização de visitas domiciliares. Foram utilizados registros de observações em diário de campo e dos portfólios de aprendizagem dos alunos dos cursos da área de saúde da UFRN. O estudo foi realizado durante o primeiro semestre letivo do ano de 2013. Inicialmente foram realizadas rodas de leitura entre o Grupo Tutorial do PET-Saúde, Profissionais do NASF, Agentes Comunitários de Saúde e demais trabalhadores da unidade. Em seguida, a escala foi aplicada em regime de mutirão por grupos de trabalho compostos por Agentes de Saúde e Monitores supervisionados por Preceptores. Foram analisadas 1904 fichas “A” do Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica. Os escores gerais foram semelhantes, entretanto as micro áreas compostas por conjuntos habitacionais mostraram menor risco quando comparadas com as micro áreas constituídas por loteamentos, vilas residenciais e terrenos baldios. Foram observadas médias de 5,8% (equipe 046) e 6,7% (equipe 048) de famílias classificadas como de alto risco. A escala foi pertinente, entretanto é necessário maior investimento em outras ferramentas de análise das condições de vulnerabilidade não contempladas pela escala, tais como: condições de higiene, poluição local, condutas pessoais de alimentação, sedentarismo, aspectos relacionais, interpessoais e criminais. O estudo proporcionou aos discentes uma melhor compreensão da interface entre saúde, doença e cuidado, durante o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, multiplicando as frentes de trabalho em direção à discussão e construção de Projetos Terapêuticos Singulares compartilhados pela tocada interdisciplinar. Palavras-chaves: Estratégia Saúde da Família, Risco Familiar, Vulnerabilidade Social.
Relief of Injection Pain During Delivery of Local Anesthesia by Computer‐Controlled Anesthetic Delivery System for Periodontal Surgery: Randomized Clinical Controlled Trial
Authors: Chang Hyeyoon , Noh Jiyoung , Lee Jungwon , Kim Sungtae , Koo Ki‐Tae , Kim Tae‐Il , Seol Yang‐Jo , Lee Yong‐Moo , Ku Young , Rhyu In‐Chul 
Published: March 2016

Background: Pain from local anesthetic injection makes patients anxious when visiting a dental clinic. This study aims to determine differences in pain according to types of local anesthetizing methods and to identify the possible contributing factors (e.g., dental anxiety, stress, and sex).Methods: Thirty‐one patients who underwent open‐flap debridement in maxillary premolar and molar areas during treatment for chronic periodontitis were evaluated for this study. A randomized, split‐mouth, single‐masked clinical trial was implemented. The dental anxiety scale (DAS) and perceived stress scale (PSS) were administered before surgery. Two lidocaine ampules for each patient were used for local infiltration anesthesia (supraperiosteal injection). Injection pain was measured immediately after local infiltration anesthesia using the visual analog pain scale (VAS) questionnaire. Results from the questionnaire were used to assess degree of pain patients feel when a conventional local anesthetic technique (CNV) is used compared with a computer‐controlled anesthetic delivery system (CNR).Results: DAS and PSS did not correlate to injection pain. VAS scores were lower for CNR than for CNV regardless of the order in which anesthetic procedures were applied. VAS score did not differ significantly with sex. Pearson coefficient for correlation between VAS scores for the two procedures was 0.80, also indicating a strong correlation.Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, relief from injection pain is observed using CNR.
Potential Role of Long Non‐Coding RNA in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells
Authors: Qu Qian , Fang Fuchun , Wu Buling , Hu Yanwei , Chen Ming , Deng Zilong , Ma Dandan , Chen Ting , Hao Yilin , Ge Yihong 
Published: March 2016

Background: Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators of eukaryotic gene expression and have been shown to regulate various modular components of development and differentiation. However, the roles of lncRNAs in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) remain poorly understood.Methods: Expression patterns of lncRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) during osteogenic differentiation were profiled using microarray analysis. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate the microarray data. Biologic functions of candidates were revealed by: 1) cluster analysis; 2) gene ontology (GO); and 3) pathway analysis. Coding–non‐coding gene coexpression (CNC) networks were constructed to investigate potential regulatory roles of lncRNAs and osteogenesis‐related mRNAs.Results: After osteoinduction, 3,557 mRNAs and 2,171 lncRNAs were differentially expressed, of which 994 lncRNAs were upregulated and 1,177 were downregulated (fold change >2.0 or <−2.0; P <0.05). Cluster analysis showed that lncRNAs and mRNAs from the experimental and control groups belonged to different clusters. GO analysis demonstrated that: 1) cellular process; 2) biologic regulation; and 3) regulation of biologic process were the most significant groups related to induction. Pathway analysis indicated that 83 pathways corresponded to differentially expressed mRNAs, including: 1) mitogen‐activated protein kinase; 2) vascular endothelial growth factor; and 3) transforming growth factor‐β signaling pathways. CNC network analysis indicated that 393 lncRNAs were closely related to osteogenesis‐related mRNAs.Conclusions: Expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs were significantly altered during osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. This result suggests that lncRNAs may play crucial roles in this process and could regulate mRNA expression.
Ozone Therapy Enhances Osseous Healing in Rats With Diabetes With Calvarial Defects: A Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Alpan Aysan Lektemur , Toker Hülya , Ozer Hatice 
Published: March 2016

Background: Bone healing is impaired in diabetes mellitus (DM) cases. The aim of this study is to investigate, both morphometrically and immunohistochemically, the effect of gaseous ozone on bone healing in diabetic rat calvarial defects treated with xenografts.Methods: DM was induced with 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal streptozotocin in 56 male Wistar rats. Study groups were as follows: 1) empty defect (control, n = 14); 2) xenograft (XG, n = 14); 3) empty defect treated with ozone therapy (control + ozone, n = 14); and 4) xenograft and ozone application (XG + ozone, n = 14). Critical‐size defects were created in all rats. Bovine‐derived xenograft was applied to XG groups. Gaseous ozone was applied on the operation day and daily for 2 weeks (140 ppm at 2 L/d, 2.24 mg). Rats were sacrificed at 4 or 8 weeks post‐surgery. Total bone area, newly formed bone, and residual graft material were measured histomorphometrically. Osteocalcin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP)‐2 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically.Results: Osteoclast numbers in the XG + ozone group were higher than the other groups at week 4 (P <0.05). XG + ozone group revealed more total bone area and new bone area than the XG group at weeks 4 (P <0.05) and 8 (P >0.05). Residual graft materials were decreased in the XG + ozone group and the same group revealed more BMP‐2 positivity compared with other groups. Osteocalcin positivity in XG groups was higher than in control groups.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this DM animal study, gaseous ozone application accelerates xenograft resorption and enhances bone regeneration, especially in the early stages of bone healing.
Non‐Surgical Periodontal Therapy Reduces Saliva Adipokine and Matrix Metalloproteinase Levels in Periodontitis
Authors: Özcan Erkan , Işıl Saygun N. , Serdar Muhittin A. , Umut Bengi V. , Kantarcı Alpdoğan 
Published: March 2016

Background: Adipokines enhance the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which play a role in extracellular matrix degeneration. The aim of this study is to determine the levels of some adipokines, proinflammatory cytokines, and MMPs in the saliva of patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals and to evaluate the changes after non‐surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT).Methods: Of 32 individuals included in the study, 17 had periodontitis and 15 had healthy gingiva. Saliva samples were obtained from all individuals. In patients with periodontitis, samples were recollected 3 and 6 months after NSPT. Visfatin, chemerin, progranulin, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐8, MMP‐8, and MMP‐13 levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: In patients with periodontitis, all of the parameters measured in the saliva were higher than those of healthy individuals. At 3 months, visfatin, progranulin, IL‐8, and MMP‐8 levels were significantly decreased compared with baseline values. The levels of other biochemical parameters, chemerin and IL‐1β, were significantly decreased compared with baseline values at 6 months, and the levels became similar to those in healthy individuals. In the periodontitis group, positive correlations were found among visfatin and IL‐8 (r = 0.909, P <0.01), MMP‐8 (r = 0.702, P = 0.02), and MMP‐13 (r = 0.781, P = 0.01); chemerin and IL‐8 (r = 0.913, P <0.01), MMP‐8 (r = 0.770, P <0.01), and MMP‐13 (r = 0.788, P <0.01); and progranulin and IL‐8 (r = 0.762, P <0.01), MMP‐8 (r = 0.845, P <0.01), and MMP‐13 (r = 0.813, P <0.01).Conclusion: Adipokines may contribute to the breakdown of periodontal tissue in periodontitis by stimulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and MMPs.
Students Perceptions Of Cheating And Plagiarism In Higher Institutions
Authors: Owunwanne Daniel , Rustagi Narendra , Dada Remi 
Published: March 2016

There is a growing body of evidence that cheating and plagiarism are prominent problems in many universities. In informal conversations, it seems that different students perceive plagiarism differently. In this paper, we conducted a survey at Howard University to examine or to follow up with this growing trend. Specifically, team leaders in school of business were surveyed early in the Spring Semester of 2010 at a meeting and Freshmen were given the same survey at the end of the semester after their final examination. From the data generated in this survey, we determined the prevalence of cheating and the reasons why students cheat. This report is of great importance because it exposes the extent of academic dishonesty and, if successfully implemented, it could provide resources that would aid universities in solving the cheating problem.
Características clínico-patológicas de las pacientes con diagnóstico de embarazo ectópico en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins entre 1998 y 2002.
Authors: LUGLIO VILLANUEVA Jesús Mario , DÍAZ LEDESMA Lizeth , CÁCERES CHU Eduardo 
Published: March 2016

Objetivos: Determinar las características clínicas y patológicas de las pacientes con diagnóstico de embarazo ectópico en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) entre 1998 y 2002. Material y Métodos: En un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo se incluyó 203 casos de embarazo ectópico entre enero de 1998 y diciembre del 2002 en el HNERM. Resultados: Se encontró una frecuencia de 0,55%. El mayor porcentaje de pacientes presentó una edad entre 25-39años (89,17%), menarquia entre 9–13años (66,50%), edad gestacional entre 6–8sem (48,77%). La cirugía abdomino-pélvica fue el antecedente más frecuente en 102 (50,24%) pacientes y el método anticonceptivo más usado fue el DIU en 45 (22,16%) pacientes. El método de ayuda diagnóstica más usado fue la ecografía en 201 (99,01%) pacientes seguido por 2HCG en 104 (51,23%) pacientes. Se registraron 197 (97,04%) embarazos tubáricos: 47,72% ampulares, 29,44% ítsmicos, 7,11% intersticiales, 4,06% fímbricos y en 11,67% casos no se preciso su localización. Se registraron 6 (2,96%) embarazos extratubáricos: 3 (1,48%) casos a nivel ovárico, 2 (0,99%) casos a nivel cervical y 1 (0,49%) caso abdominal. Conclusión: La frecuencia del embarazo ectópico fue 0,55%.
Síntomas relacionados a trastornos del sueño en supuestos sanos que asisten a un centro de Atención Primaria de Salud.
Authors: REY DE CASTRO MUJICA Jorge , ALVAREZ MAYORGA Jimy , GAFFO LLONTOP Angelo 
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Evaluar los síntomas relacionados a trastornos del sueño en una población supuestamente sana. Material y Métodos: El estudio fue transversal y descriptivo en adultos supuestos sanos que asistieron a un centro de atención primaria de salud. Se confeccionó una encuesta auto administrada y validada por nosotros. La muestra final de 590 encuestados que corresponde al 28% de la población general de 17 ó más años que vive en el área de influencia. Resultados: Edad promedio fue 32,21+10,62 [16-74] años, 318 (54%) hombres e IMC promedio 25,25+3,75 [16,5-39,8] Kg/m2. Afirmaron presentar ronquido 27% (84/315) de los hombres y 18% (50/269) de mujeres. Refirieron pausas respiratorias durante el sueño 11 % (37/313) de los hombres y 16% (43/264) de mujeres. Reconocieron somnolencia diurna 30% (96/316) de los hombres y 31% (84/271) de las mujeres. Hubo insomnio de conciliación en 61% (194/318) de los hombres y 60% (162/269) de mujeres. Para el caso del insomnio de mantenimiento las frecuencias fueron 41% (126/307) y 46% (119/258) respectivamente. Refirieron despertarse más temprano de lo deseado 59% (189/318) de los hombres y 55% (147/266) de mujeres. Síntomas sugestivos de síndrome de piernas inquietas en 36% (111/307) de los hombres y 32% (82/255) mujeres. Refirieron síntomas relacionados a mioclonus nocturno 24% (77/315) hombres y 23% (62/268) mujeres. Según los encuestados, 33% (196) consideró que tenía algún problema para dormir. Sólo el 16 % (32/196) consultó al médico por dicha razón. Conclusiones: Los resultados de la encuesta muestran la elevada frecuencia de los síntomas asociados a diversos trastornos de sueño así como los cambios observados de acuerdo al género y la edad. La escasa importancia que los médicos y pacientes conceden al tema, justifican la implementación de intervenciones educativas en ambos casos.