bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ISOTROPIC AT THE BREAK? 3D KINEMATICS OF MILKY WAY HALO STARS IN THE FOREGROUND OF M31
Authors: Cunningham Emily C. , Deason Alis J. , Guhathakurta Puragra , Rockosi Constance M. , van der Marel Roeland P. , Toloba Elisa , Gilbert Karoline M. , Sohn Sangmo Tony , Dorman Claire E. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the line-of-sight (LOS) velocities for 13 distant main sequence Milky Way halo stars with published proper motions (PMs). The PMs were measured using long baseline (5–7 years) multi-epoch Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys photometry, and the LOS velocities were extracted from deep (5–6 hr integrations) Keck II/DEIMOS spectra. We estimate the parameters of the velocity ellipsoid of the stellar halo using a Markov chain Monte Carlo ensembler sampler method. The velocity second moments in the directions of the Galactic (l, b, LOS) coordinate system are

km s−1,

, and

. We use these ellipsoid parameters to constrain the velocity anisotropy of the stellar halo. Ours is the first measurement of the anisotropy parameter β using 3D kinematics outside of the solar neighborhood. We find

, consistent with isotropy and lower than solar neighborhood β measurements by 2σ (β
SN ∼ 0.5–0.7). We identify two stars in our sample that are likely members of the known TriAnd substructure, and excluding these objects from our sample increases our estimate of the anisotropy to

, which is still lower than solar neighborhood measurements by 1σ. The potential decrease in β with Galactocentric radius is inconsistent with theoretical predictions, though consistent with recent observational studies, and may indicate the presence of large, shell-type structure (or structures) at r ∼ 25 kpc. The methods described in this paper will be applied to a much larger sample of stars with 3D kinematics observed through the ongoing HALO7D program.
AXISYMMETRIC SIMULATIONS OF HOT JUPITER–STELLAR WIND HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTION
Authors: Christie Duncan , Arras Phil , Li Zhi-Yun 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Gas giant exoplanets orbiting at close distances to the parent star are subjected to large radiation and stellar wind fluxes. In this paper, hydrodynamic simulations of the planetary upper atmosphere and its interaction with the stellar wind are carried out to understand the possible flow regimes and how they affect the Lyα transmission spectrum. Following Tremblin and Chiang, charge exchange reactions are included to explore the role of energetic atoms as compared to thermal particles. In order to understand the role of the tail as compared to the leading edge of the planetary gas, the simulations were carried out under axisymmetry, and photoionization and stellar wind electron impact ionization reactions were included to limit the extent of the neutrals away from the planet. By varying the planetary gas temperature, two regimes are found. At high temperature, a supersonic planetary wind is found, which is turned around by the stellar wind and forms a tail behind the planet. At lower temperatures, the planetary wind is shut off when the stellar wind penetrates inside where the sonic point would have been. In this regime mass is lost by viscous interaction at the boundary between planetary and stellar wind gases. Absorption by cold hydrogen atoms is large near the planetary surface, and decreases away from the planet as expected. The hot hydrogen absorption is in an annulus and typically dominated by the tail, at large impact parameter, rather than by the thin leading edge of the mixing layer near the substellar point.
DISCOVERY OF A MILLISECOND PULSAR IN THE 5.4 DAY BINARY 3FGL J1417.5–4402: OBSERVING THE LATE PHASE OF PULSAR RECYCLING
Authors: Camilo F. , Reynolds J. E. , Ransom S. M. , Halpern J. P. , Bogdanov S. , Kerr M. , Ray P. S. , Cordes J. M. , Sarkissian J. , Barr E. D. , Ferrara E. C. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
In a search of the unidentified Fermi gamma-ray source 3FGL J1417.5–4402 with the Parkes radio telescope, we discovered PSR J1417–4402, a 2.66 ms pulsar having the same 5.4 day orbital period as the optical and X-ray binary identified by Strader et al. The existence of radio pulsations implies that the neutron star is currently not accreting. Substantial outflows from the companion render the radio pulsar undetectable for more than half of the orbit, and may contribute to the observed Hα emission. Our initial pulsar observations, together with the optically inferred orbit and inclination, imply a mass ratio of 0.171 ± 0.002, a companion mass of

M
☉, and a neutron star mass in the range

M
☉. However, there remains a discrepancy between the distance of 4.4 kpc inferred from the optical properties of the companion and the smaller radio dispersion measure distance of 1.6 kpc. The smaller distance would reduce the inferred Roche-lobe filling factor, increase the inferred inclination angle, and decrease the masses. As a wide binary, PSR J1417–4402 differs from the radio-eclipsing black widow and redback pulsars being discovered in large numbers by Fermi. It is probably a system that began mass transfer onto the neutron star after the companion star left the main sequence. The companion should end its evolution as a He white dwarf in a 6–20 day orbit, i.e., as a typical binary millisecond pulsar companion.
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS IN LOW-LATENCY GRAVITATIONAL WAVE PARAMETER ESTIMATION IMPACT ELECTROMAGNETIC FOLLOW-UP OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Littenberg Tyson B. , Farr Ben , Coughlin Scott , Kalogera Vicky 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Among the most eagerly anticipated opportunities made possible by Advanced LIGO/Virgo are multimessenger observations of compact mergers. Optical counterparts may be short-lived so rapid characterization of gravitational wave (GW) events is paramount for discovering electromagnetic signatures. One way to meet the demand for rapid GW parameter estimation is to trade off accuracy for speed, using waveform models with simplified treatment of the compact objects’ spin. We report on the systematic errors in GW parameter estimation suffered when using different spin approximations to recover generic signals. Component mass measurements can be biased by

using simple-precession waveforms and in excess of

when non-spinning templates are employed. This suggests that electromagnetic observing campaigns should not take a strict approach to selecting which LIGO/Virgo candidates warrant follow-up observations based on low-latency mass estimates. For sky localization, we find that searched areas are up to a factor of

larger for non-spinning analyses, and are systematically larger for any of the simplified waveforms considered in our analysis. Distance biases for the non-precessing waveforms can be in excess of 100% and are largest when the spin angular momenta are in the orbital plane of the binary. We confirm that spin-aligned waveforms should be used for low-latency parameter estimation at the minimum. Including simple precession, though more computationally costly, mitigates biases except for signals with extreme precession effects. Our results shine a spotlight on the critical need for development of computationally inexpensive precessing waveforms and/or massively parallel algorithms for parameter estimation.
BACKWARD AND FORWARD MONTE CARLO METHOD IN POLARIZED RADIATIVE TRANSFER
Authors: Yong Huang , Guo-Dong Shi , Ke-Yong Zhu 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
In general, the Stocks vector cannot be calculated in reverse in the vector radiative transfer. This paper presents a novel backward and forward Monte Carlo simulation strategy to study the vector radiative transfer in the participated medium. A backward Monte Carlo process is used to calculate the ray trajectory and the endpoint of the ray. The Stocks vector is carried out by a forward Monte Carlo process. A one-dimensional graded index semi-transparent medium was presented as the physical model and the thermal emission consideration of polarization was studied in the medium. The solution process to non-scattering, isotropic scattering, and the anisotropic scattering medium, respectively, is discussed. The influence of the optical thickness and albedo on the Stocks vector are studied. The results show that the U, V-components of the apparent Stocks vector are very small, but the Q-component of the apparent Stocks vector is relatively larger, which cannot be ignored.
Improved Survival in HIV Treatment Programmes in Asia
Authors: Mata Nicole L De La , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Khol Vohith , Ng Oon Tek , Van Nguyen Kinh , Merati Tuti Parwati , Pham Thuy Thanh , Lee Man Po , Durier Nicolas , Law Matthew 
Published: March 2016

Background Antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV-positive patients has expanded rapidly in Asia over the last 10 years. Our study aimed to describe the time trends and risk factors for overall survival in patients receiving first-line ART in Asia. Methods We included HIV-positive adult patients who initiated ART between 2003–2013 ( n=16,546), from seven sites across six Asia–Pacific countries. Patient follow-up was to May 2014. We compared survival for each country and overall by time period of ART initiation using Kaplan–Meier curves. Factors associated with mortality were assessed using Cox regression, stratified by site. We also summarized first-line ART regimens, CD4+ T-cell count at ART initiation, and CD4+ T-cell and HIV viral load testing frequencies. Results There were 880 deaths observed over 54,532 person-years of follow-up, a crude rate of 1.61 (95% CI 1.51, 1.72) per 100 person-years. Survival significantly improved in more recent years of ART initiation. The survival probability at 4 years follow-up for those initiating ART in 2003–2005 was 92.1%, 2006–2009 was 94.3% and 2010–2013 was 94.5% ( P≤0.001). Factors associated with higher mortality risk included initiating ART in earlier time periods, older age, male sex, injecting drug use as HIV exposure and lower pre-ART CD4+ T-cell count. Concurrent with improved survival was increased tenofovir use, ART initiation at higher CD4+ T-cell counts and greater monitoring of CD4+ T-cells and HIV viral load. Conclusions Our results suggest that HIV-positive patients from Asia have improved survival in more recent years of ART initiation. This is likely a consequence of improvements in treatment, patient management and monitoring over time.
Les raisons de la colère
Authors: Fœssel Michaël 
Published: March 2016

Les colères sont des garanties affectives contre la soumission apathique à l’ordre établi. Mais comment distinguer entre les colères saines et les exaspérations réactives ? Le critère ne réside pas dans leur objet, mais dans leur capacité à expliciter leurs raisons et à aspirer à une politique de l’amitié.
La politique comme art de mener le changement
Authors: Rivaton Robin 
Published: March 2016

La politique, c’est l’art de mener le changement à l’échelle de la plus vaste des organisations humaines, la Nation. Une grande partie des Français ressent le besoin d’un changement d’ampleur à l’échelle du pays et de l’État, à la lumière de ce qu’ils acceptent dans leur vie quotidienne et ce qu’ils voient de l’étranger. L’absence de changement alors que nous le sentons impérieux provoque une tension telle que la purge parait salutaire. Les hommes politiques nous disent que la réforme est là partout, tout le temps. Pourtant, elle n’a jamais semblé produire aussi peu d’effets. La cause principale est à rechercher dans l’absence de méthode qui explique comment utiliser la boîte à outils de la transformation : diagnostic, ambition, stratégie et plan d’exécution.
Treatment Modalities of Odontogenic Keratocyst of Maxilla and Mandible: Our Experience
Authors: Lone Parveen Akhter , Singh Mohan , Johar Harpreet Singh 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundOdontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is known for its most aggressive behavior, high recurrence rate and is most common odontogenic cyst of the jaws. After completion of odontogenesis, some remnants of dental epithelium remain in oral cavity and variety of cysts and tumor can develop from this odontogenic epithelium the most common being odontogenic keratocyst. The most common site of occurrence of OKC reported is mandibular body and ramus region.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to report the other frequent site of occurrence, different size of OKC in mandible and maxilla and different treatment modalities depending on size, age, and extent of the lesion.Materials and methodsTen patients were selected among the patients referred to the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery with cystic lesions on mandible and maxilla. After making diagnosis treatment planning was done depending upon the age, radiographic appearance and size of the lesion.ResultsOdontogenic keratocyst was found more in males than females, was found more in mandible than maxilla. Majority of the cases were in mandible angle ramus region followed by anterior maxilla. Seventy-six percent cases were multilocular radiolucencies, whereas 24% unilocular. Multilocular radiolucencies were treated by wide surgical excision, hemimandibulectomy, whereas unilocular radiolucencies were treated by enucleation.ConclusionIt is concluded that treatment of OKC depends upon age, radiographic and clinical extent of lesion, unilocular or multilocular appearance, presence of daughter cysts, recurrence rate.How to cite this articleLone PA, Singh M, Johar HS. Treatment Modalities of Odontogenic Keratocyst of Maxilla and Mandible: Our Experience. World J Dent 2015;6(4):208-212.
Awareness among Young Parents about Preventive Aspects of Early Childhood Caries in Abha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Togoo Rafi Ahmad , Bijle Mohammed Nadeem Ahmed , Al-Shahrani Ibrahim , Al-Absi Wejdan Saad , Al-Shahrani Fatima Saeed , Al-Shahrani Amal Saeed Shiban 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a common disease affecting very young children in today's era. The prevention of ECC depends upon the vital information parents are available with during the upbringing of the child.

Aim
This survey was undertaken to evaluate the awareness among parents about preventive aspects of ECC in Abha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Methodology
A questionnaire study was conducted among young parents about preventive aspects of ECC in Abha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Descriptive statistics was used to observe the awareness.

Results
A total of 157 parents participated in the study of which 126 were mothers and 31 fathers. The mean age of the parents participating in the study was 34 years, and 55% of the participants had education till the university level. About half (53%) of the parents were unaware that the child should be taken for the first dental visit by 1 year of age. Around 60% of the participants had taken their children to the dentist only when the dental problem was in persistence and 48% of the participants allowed their child to sleep with milk bottle or juice in their mouth.

Conclusion
Hence, it can be concluded that the parents in Abha, KSA, are moderately aware of dental needs of their young children.

How to cite this article
Togoo RA, Al-Shahrani I, Al-Absi WS, Al-Shahrani FS, Al-Shahrani ASS, Bijle MNA. Awareness among Young Parents about Preventive Aspects of Early Childhood Caries in Abha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. World J Dent 2016;7(1):10-13.
Tooth Derived Bone Graft Material
Authors: Pentapati Kalyana Chakravarthy , Smriti Komal , Bhattacharjya Chayanika , Gadicherla Srikanth , Kamath Abhay Taranath 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Alveolar bone deficiency is a major postoperative complication in the treatment of traumatic injuries, periodontal diseases and likewise. Hence, alveolar bone repair remains a major hurdle in tissue engineering. Autogenous bone can be wellthought- of as benchmark for bone grafting sans its limitations and complications. In order to overcome these limitations, there is an increased demand of bone graft materials that led to numerous studies on different techniques and materials for bone regeneration over the years. Dentin and bone having same biochemical similarities led to the idea of using it as a bone regenerative material. Demineralized dentin matrix (DDM), an organic material obtained from dentin has been shown to possess osteogenic capacity. Demineralized dentin matrix may prosper in future endodontic world as an apexification material and as a permanent root canal filling material as well. Quick in bone forming as compared to conventional bone graft, this material is a boon to the dental world in this era. This manuscript reviews various studies on different types of DDM as a bone grafting material, and also summarizes the suggested pathway of bone regeneration.

How to cite this article
Bhattacharjya C, Gadicherla S, Kamath AT, Smriti K, Pentapati KC. Tooth Derived Bone Graft Material. World J Dent 2016;7(1):32-35.
In vivo Heat Inactivation of Serum can Distinguish False Positive Cross Matches in Renal Transplants
Authors: Riley Alyssa A. , Klingman Lynne , Brier Michael E. , Chand Deepa H. 
Published: March 2016

Introduction Renal transplants have traditionally been performed despite positive cross match if results are presumptively due to IgM antibodies. False positives have been distinguishable from true positives by dithiothreitol or dithioerythritol treatment to inactivate IgM antibodies. Heat inactivation, which renders the antibodies inactive, is an alternative to chemical amelioration. Methods We retrospectively evaluated clinical outcomes of patients who had positive cross matches presumed to be falsely positive as determined by treatment with heat inactivation compared to controls with negative cross matches over a six-year period. A total of 414 transplanted patients had available cross match data: 355 with a negative cross match and 59 with a positive cross match rendered negative after heat inactivation. Serum creatinine was reviewed at 6,12 and 24 months posttransplant. Results Graft function was considered stable at 12 and 24 months post-transplant if the change in creatinine compared to the 6-month value was >0.5 mg/dL. Repeated and nonrepeated measures analysis showed equivalence in the change in sCr from 6 to 12 (p = 0.525) and from 6 to 24 months (p = 0.752). Kaplan-Meier curves to evaluate graft survival demonstrated no significant difference in function over 24 months. Curves were censored for patient death, treated as death with functioning (p = 0.48) and nonfunctioning (p = 0.64) grafts. Discussions We have demonstrated comparable long-term function and survival for living donor renal transplants using heat inactivation to detect false positive cross matches. This simple and cost-effective method can be used to safely evaluate histocompatibility for living donor renal transplant recipients.
To Explore the Characteristics of Fatality in Children Poisoned by Paraquat – with Analysis of 146 Cases
Authors: Duan YingYing , Wang Zheng 
Published: March 2016

Purpose The incidence of paraquat (PQ) poisoning in China is increasing, so it is important to identify the characteristics of fatalities in children with acute PQ poisoning in order to prevent and treat future cases. Methods A prospective study that enrolled 146 children with PQ poisoning was performed. A novel evaluation system called the score of lethal factors for PQ poisoning (SLFPP) was established, including 1 contributing factor and 4 weakening factors. Comparisons with the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) score, the Poisoning Severity Score (PSS) in admission and the SLFPP were made to determine their values for prognosis. Results Younger patients (71/146, <10 years) had accidental exposure to PQ (64/71, 90.14%), whereas older patients (75/146, ≥10 years) had ingested PQ intentionally (46/75, 61.33%) (p<0.01); 21/146 (14.38%) died of PQ poisoning. Of these 21 children, 20 committed suicide with ages ≥10 years. Significant differences (p<0.01) were found between nonsurvivors and survivors with regard to the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) scores (19.76 ± 18.44 vs. 4.17 ± 5.98), PSS in admission (2.48 ± 0.60 vs. 1.43 ± 0.59), the SLFPP (10.40 ± 1.07 vs. 3.60 ± 1.89). In PELOD score and PSS in admission, there were relative large overlaps in scores between nonsurvivors and survivors. But for SLFPP, there were smaller overlaps. Conclusions Deliberate ingestion of PQ to commit suicide occurred mainly in older children (≥10 years), while accidental exposure to PQ occurred mainly in younger children (<10 years). Owing to small overlaps, the SLFPP may exceed PELOD and PSS in predicting the prognosis of PQ poisoning, but the SLFPP scores still require further clinical validation.
Toxicity Assessment and Selective Leaching Characteristics of Cu-Al-Ni Shape Memory Alloys in Biomaterials Applications
Authors: Chang Shih-Hang , Chen Bor-Yann , Lin Jin-Xiang 
Published: March 2016

Background Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys (SMAs) possess two-way shape memory effects, superelasticity, and damping capacity. Nonetheless, Cu-Al-Ni SMAs remain promising candidates for use in biomedical applications, as they are more economical and machinable than other SMAs. Ensuring the biocompatibility of Cu-Al-Ni SMAs is crucial to their development for biomedical applications. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the toxicity of Cu-Al-Ni SMAs using a Probit dose–response model and augmented simplex design. Methods In this study, the effects of Cu2+, Al3+ and Ni2+ metal ions on bacteria ( Escherichia coli DH5α) using Probit dose–response analysis and augmented simplex design to assess the actual toxicity of the Cu-Al-Ni SMAs. Results Extraction and repetition of Escherichia coli DH5α solutions with high Cu2+ ion concentrations and 30-hour incubation demonstrated that Escherichia coli DH5α was able to alter its growth mechanisms in response to toxins. Metal ions leached from Cu-Al-Ni SMAs appeared in a multitude of compositions with varying degrees of toxicity, and those appearing close to a saddle region identified in the contour plot of the augmented simplex model were identified as candidates for elevated toxicity levels. When the Cu-13.5Al-4Ni SMA plate was immersed in Ringer's solution, the selective leaching rate of Ni2+ ions far exceeded that of Cu2+ and Al3+. The number of Cu2+, Al3+ and Ni2+ ions leached from Cu-Al-Ni SMAs increased with immersion time; however, at higher ratios, toxicity interactions among the metal ions had the effect of gradually reducing overall toxicity levels with regard to Escherichia coli DH5α. Conclusions The quantities of Cu2+, Al3+ and Ni2+ ions leached from the Cu-13.5Al-4Ni SMA plate increased with immersion time, the toxicity interactions associated with these compositions reduced the actual toxicity to Escherichia coli DH5α.
An Extension of the Euler Phi-function to Sets of Integers Relatively Prime to 30
Authors: Mothebe Mbakiso Fix , T. Modise Ben 
Published: March 2016

Let $n \geq 1$ be an integer and let $S= \{1,7,11,13,17,19,23,29\},$ the set of integers which are both less than and relatively prime to $30.$ Define $\phi_3(n)$ to be the number of integers $x, \; 0 \leq x \leq n-1,$ for which $\gcd(30n, 30x+i) = 1$ for all $i \in S.$ In this note we show that $\phi_3$ is multiplicative, that is, if $\gcd(m, n)=1,$ then $\phi_3(mn)=\phi_3(m)\phi_3(n).$ We make a conjecture about primes generated by S.