bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Groundwater shapes sediment biogeochemistry and microbial diversity in a submerged Great Lake sinkhole
Authors: Kinsman‐Costello L. E. , Sheik C. S. , Sheldon N. D. , Allen Burton G. , Costello D. M. , Marcus D. , Uyl P. A. Den , Dick G. J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFor a large part of earth's history, cyanobacterial mats thrived in low‐oxygen conditions, yet our understanding of their ecological functioning is limited. Extant cyanobacterial mats provide windows into the putative functioning of ancient ecosystems, and they continue to mediate biogeochemical transformations and nutrient transport across the sediment–water interface in modern ecosystems. The structure and function of benthic mats are shaped by biogeochemical processes in underlying sediments. A modern cyanobacterial mat system in a submerged sinkhole of Lake Huron (LH) provides a unique opportunity to explore such sediment–mat interactions. In the Middle Island Sinkhole (MIS), seeping groundwater establishes a low‐oxygen, sulfidic environment in which a microbial mat dominated byPhormidiumandPlanktothrixthat is capable of both anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis, as well as chemosynthesis, thrives. We explored the coupled microbial community composition and biogeochemical functioning of organic‐rich, sulfidic sediments underlying the surface mat. Microbial communities were diverse and vertically stratified to 12 cm sediment depth. In contrast to previous studies, which used low‐throughput or shotgun metagenomic approaches, our high‐throughput 16SrRNAgene sequencing approach revealed extensive diversity. This diversity was present within microbial groups, including putative sulfate‐reducing taxa ofDeltaproteobacteria, some of which exhibited differential abundance patterns in the mats and with depth in the underlying sediments. The biological and geochemical conditions in theMISwere distinctly different from those in typicalLHsediments of comparable depth. We found evidence for active cycling of sulfur, methane, and nutrients leading to high concentrations of sulfide, ammonium, and phosphorus in sediments underlying cyanobacterial mats. Indicators of nutrient availability were significantly related toMISmicrobial community composition, whileLHcommunities were also shaped by indicators of subsurface groundwater influence. These results show that interactions between the mats and sediments are crucial for sustaining this hot spot of biological diversity and biogeochemical cycling.
Quantifying full phenological event distributions reveals simultaneous advances, temporal stability and delays in spring and autumn migration timing in long‐distance migratory birds
Authors: Miles Will T. S. , Bolton Mark , Davis Peter , Dennis Roy , Broad Roger , Robertson Iain , Riddiford Nick J. , Harvey Paul V. , Riddington Roger , Shaw Deryk N. , Parnaby David , Reid Jane M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPhenological changes in key seasonally expressed life‐history traits occurring across periods of climatic and environmental change can cause temporal mismatches between interacting species, and thereby impact population and community dynamics. However, studies quantifying long‐term phenological changes have commonly only measured variation occurring in spring, measured as the first or mean dates on which focal traits or events were observed. Few studies have considered seasonally paired events spanning spring and autumn or tested the key assumption that single convenient metrics accurately capture entire event distributions. We used 60 years (1955–2014) of daily bird migration census data from Fair Isle, Scotland, to comprehensively quantify the degree to which the full distributions of spring and autumn migration timing of 13 species of long‐distance migratory bird changed across a period of substantial climatic and environmental change. In most species, mean spring and autumn migration dates changed little. However, the early migration phase (≤10th percentile date) commonly got earlier, while the late migration phase (≥90th percentile date) commonly got later. Consequently, species' total migration durations typically lengthened across years. Spring and autumn migration phenologies were not consistently correlated within or between years within species and hence were not tightly coupled. Furthermore, different metrics quantifying different aspects of migration phenology within seasons were not strongly cross‐correlated, meaning that no single metric adequately described the full pattern of phenological change. These analyses therefore reveal complex patterns of simultaneous advancement, temporal stability and delay in spring and autumn migration phenologies, altering species' life‐history structures. Additionally, they demonstrate that this complexity is only revealed if multiple metrics encompassing entire seasonal event distributions, rather than single metrics, are used to quantify phenological change. Existing evidence of long‐term phenological changes detected using only one or two metrics should consequently be interpreted cautiously because divergent changes occurring simultaneously could potentially have remained undetected.
Patterns of structural and defense investments in fine roots of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) across a strong temperature and latitudinal gradient in Europe
Authors: Zadworny Marcin , McCormack M. Luke , Żytkowiak Roma , Karolewski Piotr , Mucha Joanna , Oleksyn Jacek 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPlant functional traits may be altered as plants adapt to various environmental constraints. Cold, low fertility growing conditions are often associated with root adjustments to increase acquisition of limiting nutrient resources, but they may also result in construction of roots with reduced uptake potential but higher tissue persistence. It is ultimately unclear whether plants produce fine roots of different structure in response to decreasing temperatures and whether these changes represent a trade‐off between root function or potential root persistence. We assessed patterns of root construction based on various root morphological, biochemical and defense traits including root diameter, specific root length (SRL), root tissue density (RTD), C:N ratio, phenolic compounds, and number of phellem layers across up to 10 root orders in diverse populations of Scots pine along a 2000‐km climatic gradient in Europe. Our results showed that different root traits are related to mean annual temperature (MAT) and expressed a pattern of higher root diameter and lower SRL and RTD in northern sites with lower MAT. Among absorptive roots, we observed a gradual decline in chemical defenses (phenolic compounds) with decreasing MAT. In contrast, decreasing MAT resulted in an increase of structural protection (number of phellem layers) in transport fine roots. This indicated that absorptive roots with high capacity for nutrient uptake, and transport roots with low uptake capacity, were characterized by distinct and contrasting trade‐offs. Our observations suggest that diminishing structural and chemical investments into the more distal, absorptive roots in colder climates is consistent with building roots of higher absorptive capacity. At the same time, roots that play a more prominent role in transport of nutrients and water within the root system saw an increase in structural investment, which can increase persistence and reduce long‐term costs associated with their frequent replacement.
Carbohydrate and crude protein fractions in perennial ryegrass as affected by defoliation frequency and nitrogen application rate
Authors: Loaiza P. A. , Balocchi O. , Bertrand A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of defoliation frequency (either at two‐ or three‐leaf stage) and nitrogen (N) application rate (0, 75, 150, 300, 450 kg N ha−1 year−1) on herbage carbohydrate and crude protein (CP) fractions, and the water‐soluble carbohydrate‐to‐protein ratio (WSC:CP) in perennial ryegrass swards. Crude protein fractions were analysed according to the Cornell carbohydrate and protein system. Carbohydrate fractions were analysed by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography. Sward defoliation at two‐leaf stage increased the total CP, reduced the buffer‐soluble CP fractions and decreased carbohydrate fractions of herbage (P < 0·001). The effect of defoliation frequency was less marked during early spring and autumn (P < 0·001) than for the rest of the seasons. An increase in N application rate was negatively associated with WSC, fructans and neutral detergent fibre (P < 0·001), and positively associated with CP and nitrate (N‐NO3) contents of herbage. Nitrogen application rate did not affect CP fractions of herbage (P > 0·05). The fluctuations in CP and WSC contents of herbage resulted in lower WSC:CP ratios during early spring and autumn (0·45:1 and 0·75:1 respectively) than in late spring (1·11:1). The herbage WSC:CP ratio was greater (P < 0·001) at the three‐leaf than the two‐leaf defoliation stage and declined as the N application increased in all seasons (P < 0·001). The results of this study indicate that CP and carbohydrate fractions of herbage can be manipulated by sward defoliation frequency and N application rate. The magnitude of these effects, however, may vary with the season.
Spatial Risk Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing near Abandoned and Converted Oil and Gas Wells
Authors: Brownlow Joshua W. , Yelderman Joe C. , James Scott C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractInteraction between hydraulically generated fractures and existing wells (frac hits) could represent a potential risk to groundwater. In particular, frac hits on abandoned oil and gas wells could lead to upward leakage into overlying aquifers, provided migration pathways are present along the abandoned well. However, potential risk to groundwater is relatively unknown because few studies have investigated the probability of frac hits on abandoned wells. In this study, actual numbers of frac hits were not determined. Rather, the probability for abandoned wells to intersect hypothetical stimulated reservoir sizes of horizontal wells was investigated. Well data were compiled and analyzed for location and reservoir information, and sensitivity analyses were conducted by varying assumed sizes of stimulated reservoirs. This study used public and industry data for the Eagle Ford Shale play in south Texas, with specific attention paid to abandoned oil and gas wells converted into water wells (converted wells). In counties with Eagle Ford Shale activity, well‐data analysis identified 55,720 abandoned wells with a median age of 1983, and 2400 converted wells with a median age of 1954. The most aggressive scenario resulted in 823 abandoned wells and 184 converted wells intersecting the largest assumed stimulated reservoir size. Analysis showed abandoned wells have the potential to be intersected by multiple stimulated reservoirs, and risks for intersection would increase if currently permitted horizontal wells in the Eagle Ford Shale are actually completed. Results underscore the need to evaluate historical oil and gas activities in areas with modern unconventional oil and gas activities.
Response to tolvaptan and its effect on prognosis in cirrhotic patients with ascites
Authors: Kogiso Tomomi , Yamamoto Kuniko , Kobayashi Mutsuki , Ikarashi Yuichi , Kodama Kazuhisa , Taniai Makiko , Torii Nobuyuki , Hashimoto Etsuko , Tokushige Katsutoshi 
Published: September 2016

AimThe vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist tolvaptan has been used for the treatment of cirrhotic patients with ascites; however, no predictor of efficacy and prognosis has been developed. We evaluated candidate predictors of response to tolvaptan treatment.MethodsThis was a single‐center retrospective study. Overall, 97 Japanese cirrhotic patients (60 men, median age 63 years), who were hospitalized for ascites treatment including oral tolvaptan coupled with conventional diuretics, were enrolled. The efficacy of tolvaptan was defined as a urination increase of ≥500 mL or a urine volume ≥2000 mL/day on the day following treatment. The prognosis of tolvaptan treatment was evaluated by the post‐treatment survival time by Kaplan–Meier analysis.ResultsTolvaptan therapy was effective in 67% of cirrhotic patients. Patients showed −1.5 (−17.2 to +6.2) kg change in body weight and 40% achieved ≥2.0 kg reduction in body weight after 1 week of treatment. Platelet counts, urine sodium (Na) level, and urine Na/potassium (Na/K) ratio were higher, and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine (Cr) ratio was lower, in cases showing a response to tolvaptan. The combination of a BUN/Cr ratio ≥17.5 and urine Na/K ratio <3.09 was predictive of being non‐responsive to tolvaptan, and the response rate in these patients was only 39% (P < 0.01). The mean post‐treatment survival duration was significantly longer in patients who responded to tolvaptan therapy.ConclusionsUrinary BUN and Na excretion were predictive of a response to tolvaptan, and tolvaptan treatment may improve the prognosis of cirrhotic patients.
Estimates of the actual relationship between half‐sibs in a pig population
Authors: García‐Baccino C.A. , Munilla S. , Legarra A. , Vitezica Z.G. , Forneris N.S. , Bates R.O. , Ernst C.W. , Raney N.E. , Steibel J.P. , Cantet R.J.C. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryGenomic relationships based on markers capture the actual instead of the expected (based on pedigree) proportion of genome shared identical by descent (IBD). Several methods exist to estimate genomic relationships. In this research, we compare four such methods that were tested looking at the empirical distribution of the estimated relationships across 6704 pairs of half‐sibs from a cross‐bred pig population. The first method based on multiple marker linkage analysis displayed a mean and standard deviation (SD) in close agreement with the expected ones and was robust to changes in the minor allele frequencies (MAF). A single marker method that accounts for linkage disequilibrium (LD) and inbreeding came second, showing more sensitivity to changes in the MAF. Another single marker method that considers neither inbreeding nor LD showed the smallest empirical SD and was the most sensible to changes in MAF. A higher mean and SD were displayed by VanRaden's method, which was not sensitive to changes in MAF. Therefore, the method based on multiple marker linkage analysis and the single marker method that considers LD and inbreeding performed closer to theoretical values and were consistent with the estimates reported in literature for human half‐sibs.
Mobile hotspots and refugia of avian diversity in the mountains of south‐west China under past and contemporary global climate change
Authors: Wu Yongjie , DuBay Shane G. , Colwell Robert K. , Ran Jianghong , Lei Fumin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimTo identify hotspots of endemic and non‐endemic avian diversity in the mountains of south‐west China and delineate biodiversity corridors that connect the faunas of northern and southern Asia. To understand how biodiversity and endemism in this region has been maintained through palaeoclimate change.LocationThe mountains of south‐west China, spanning an elevational gradient > 7000 m.MethodsWe used the distributional data of 752 breeding birds to investigate current patterns of diversity across elevational and geographical space. We simulated species richness under palaeoclimate models of global temperature change, assessing changes in species richness.ResultsContemporary species richness of non‐endemic birds peaked at 800–1800 m elevation, while endemic richness peaked at 2000–3000 m. Richness of non‐endemic birds was highest in the southern Hengduan Mountains and Yungui Plateau, while endemic richness peaked further north, extending into the mountains along the western edge of the Sichuan Basin. Under global warming models, species richness remained high throughout the Hengduan Mountains region. Under global cooling models, the Sichuan Basin showed increased richness.ConclusionsEndemism peaked in the mountains along the western edge of the Sichuan Basin, highlighting the importance of this region in promoting and maintaining diversity. This region has likely functioned as a biodiversity corridor, bridging the Palaearctic and Oriental biotas to the north and south. Climate simulations suggest that the mountains of south‐west China can accommodate upslope range shifts in response to warming, but low elevation specialists may have experienced increased extinction probabilities during cold periods in the recent past, which may in part explain the current mid‐elevation diversity peak. During glacial periods the Sichuan Basin likely served as a warm refugium for montane birds. Steep environmental heterogeneity has been a key to maintaining high diversity and endemism in the region during palaeoclimate change. These same features will likely shape the effects of future climate change on biodiversity in the region.
Insular plant turnover across a 22‐year interval: a critical retrospective of the roles of pseudoturnover and cryptoturnover
Authors: Morrison Lloyd W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimTo document patterns of insular plant turnover spanning a 22‐year period, and to critically evaluate the potential influence of cryptoturnover and pseudoturnover.LocationSmall islands in the Exuma Cays, Andros and Abacos archipelagos of the Bahamas.MethodsThe vascular plants inhabiting 243 small islands in four archipelagos of the Bahamas were surveyed by the same investigator in multi‐year (4–5 years) intervals. Turnover rates were calculated, and the data record was examined for evidence of cryptoturnover and pseudoturnover.ResultsObserved rates of turnover on a per island basis were low (mean < 4% per year). Extinctions represented 68% of turnover events. Cryptoturnover could cause turnover estimates to be up to three times too low, although most cryptoturnover involved propagules that did not reach adult status and species that were not common on the small islands. Pseudoturnover due to the potential overlooking of species was very low (maximum rates of 5–9% of observed turnover). Yet if attainment of a reproductive state, rather than simple residency, is required, pseudoturnover would be higher.Main ConclusionsAlthough often not explicitly addressed or quantified, cryptoturnover and pseudoturnover have cast doubt on numerous turnover studies. In this Bahamas data set, the magnitude of such errors will depend on how an immigrant is defined (i.e. whether maturity or reproduction is required). More restrictive assumptions of immigration (i.e. maturity of the propagule to a reproductive state) would increase pseudoturnover, whereas more lenient assumptions (i.e. simple residency) would increase cryptoturnover. Given the robust patterns of extinctions outnumbering immigrations, neither source of error would greatly affect the overall patterns documented in this Bahamian system. These sources of error will continue to be important concerns in any study of temporal diversity, however, and should be considered seriously in the design of future studies.
Cost of treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain with pregabalin or gabapentin in routine clinical practice: impact of their loss of exclusivity
Authors: Sicras‐Mainar Antoni , Rejas‐Gutiérrez Javier , Pérez‐Páramo María , Navarro‐Artieda Ruth 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTo analyze the effect of loss of exclusivity of data on the cost of treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) with pregabalin or gabapentin in routine clinical practice. A retrospective observational study, with electronic medical records for patients enrolled at primary care centers managed by the health care provider Badalona Serveis Assistencials, who initiated treatment of PNP with pregabalin or gabapentin. The analysis used drugs and resources prices for year 2015. The 1163 electronic medical records (pregabalin; N = 764, gabapentin; N = 399) for patients (62.2% women) with a mean (standard deviation) age of 59.2 (14.7) years were analyzed. Treatment duration was slightly shorter with pregabalin than with gabapentin (5.2 vs 5.5 months; P = 0.124), with mean doses of 227.4 (178.6) mg and 900.0 (443.4) mg, respectively. The average study drug cost per patient was higher for pregabalin than for gabapentin; €214.6 (206.3) vs €157.4 (181.9), P < 0.001, although the cost of concomitant analgesic medication was lower; €176.5 (271.8) vs €306.7 (529.2), P < 0.001. The adjusted average total cost per patient was lower in those treated with pregabalin than in those treated with gabapentin; €2,413 (2119‐2708) vs €3201 (2806–3.597); P = 0.002, owing to significantly lower health care costs; €1307 (1247‐1367) vs €1538 (1458‐1618), P < 0.001, and also non‐health care costs; €1106 (819‐1393) vs €1663 (1279‐2048), P = 0.023, that was caused by a significantly lower use of concomitant medication, fewer medical visits to primary care, and fewer days of sick leave. After loss of exclusivity of both drugs, pregabalin continued to show lower health care and non‐health care costs than gabapentin in the treatment of PNP in routine clinical practice.
Immediate Implant Placement of a Single Central Incisor Using a CAD/CAM Crown‐Root Form Technique: Provisional to Final Restoration
Authors: Vafiadis Dean , Goldstein Gary , Garber David , Lambrakos Anthony , Kowalski Bj 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivePreserving soft and hard tissues after extraction and implant placement is crucial for anterior esthetics. This technique will show how the information gathered from a cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan of the maxillary left central incisor and an intra‐oral digital impression can be merged to fabricate a CAD/CAM crown‐root matrix to be used as an immediate provisional restoration that mimics the natural anatomy.Clinical ConsiderationsDue to trauma, a left central incisor appeared to be fractured and was scheduled for extraction and implant placement. The crown‐root configuration captured by the CBCT scan was merged with the digital files from an intra‐oral digital impression. A CAD/CAM crown‐root matrix was fabricated. Because the matrix shell was fabricated with the exact anatomy of the natural tooth, it replicated the position and three dimensional anatomy of the soft and hard tissue. It was connected to the implant with a customized provisional abutment. A digital impression of a coded healing abutment was made to fabricate the final implant abutment and final restoration. Throughout the treatment time and 36 months after completion, the thickness of tissue, emergence profile, and adjacent papilla was analyzed by clinical evaluation and photography and seemed to be maintained.ConclusionThe use of a pre‐operative intra‐oral digital scan of the clinical crown‐root architecture and the CBCT scan of the bone/root anatomy, can be used together to fabricate a CAD/CAM crown‐root form provisional matrix. This digital design helps in the preservation of the 3D tissue topography, as well as the final restoration.Clinical SignificanceThe preservation of soft and hard tissue after extraction and implant placement has always been paramount for ideal anterior implant esthetics. Using the information from digital files from CBCT scans and intra‐oral scans may help the clinician identify critical anatomical features that can be replicated in the provisional and final CAD/CAM restoration. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:13–21, 2017)