bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health outcomes among HIV‐positive Latinos initiating antiretroviral therapy in North America versus Central and South America
Authors: Cesar Carina , Koethe John R , Giganti Mark J , Rebeiro Peter , Althoff Keri N , Napravnik Sonia , Mayor Angel , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Wolff Marcelo , Padgett Denis , Sierra‐Madero Juan , Gotuzzo Eduardo , Sterling Timothy R , Willig James , Levison Julie , Kitahata Mari , Rodriguez‐Barradas Maria C , Moore Richard D , McGowan Catherine , Shepherd Bryan E , Cahn Pedro ,   for the Caribbean, Central and South America Network for HIV epidemiology (CCASAnet) and the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA‐ACCORD)
Published: March 2016

IntroductionLatinos living with HIV in the Americas share a common ethnic and cultural heritage. In North America, Latinos have a relatively high rate of new HIV infections but lower rates of engagement at all stages of the care continuum, whereas in Latin America antiretroviral therapy (ART) services continue to expand to meet treatment needs. In this analysis, we compare HIV treatment outcomes between Latinos receiving ART in North America versus Latin America.MethodsHIV‐positive adults initiating ART at Caribbean, Central and South America Network for HIV (CCASAnet) sites were compared to Latino patients (based on country of origin or ethnic identity) starting treatment at North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA‐ACCORD) sites in the United States and Canada between 2000 and 2011. Cox proportional hazards models compared mortality, treatment interruption, antiretroviral regimen change, virologic failure and loss to follow‐up between cohorts.ResultsThe study included 8400 CCASAnet and 2786 NA‐ACCORD patients initiating ART. CCASAnet patients were younger (median 35 vs. 37 years), more likely to be female (27% vs. 20%) and had lower nadir CD4 count (median 148 vs. 195 cells/µL, p<0.001 for all). In multivariable analyses, CCASAnet patients had a higher risk of mortality after ART initiation (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32 to 1.96), particularly during the first year, but a lower hazard of treatment interruption (AHR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.50), change to second‐line ART (AHR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.62) and virologic failure (AHR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.57).ConclusionsHIV‐positive Latinos initiating ART in Latin America have greater continuity of treatment but are at higher risk of death than Latinos in North America. Factors underlying these differences, such as HIV testing, linkage and access to care, warrant further investigation.
Development of environmentally friendly piezoelectric polymer film actuator having multilayer structure
Authors: Tajitsu Yoshiro 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We designed a new soft piezoelectric polymer actuator with a multilayer structure using the environmentally friendly polymer poly(lactic acid) (PLA). PLA is a chiral polymer having two isomers. One is poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and the other is poly(d-lactide) (PDLA). PLLA and PDLA exhibit piezoelectric constants with opposite signs owing to their chirality. On the basis of their piezoelectric characteristics, we were able to realize a PDLA and PLLA multilayer film (PDLA/PLLA multilayer) with a simple structure. The PDLA/PLLA multilayer film of centimeter-order size exhibited a large piezoelectric resonance and its piezoelectric performance was equivalent to that of a practical piezoelectric ceramic. In this paper, as a first step toward realizing a new film actuator using the PDLA/PLLA multilayer film, we introduce the piezoelectric characteristics of a PLLA film and the concept of an actuation system using a PLLA film. Next, the fabrication process of the PDLA/PLLA multilayer film and its piezoelectric characteristics are summarized. Finally, typical examples of developed piezoelectric polymer actuation systems using a PDLA/PLLA multilayer film are described to demonstrate the potential application of piezoelectric polymer actuation systems.
Edge of polar cap patches
Authors: Hosokawa K. , Taguchi S. , Ogawa Y. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOn the night of 4 December 2013, a sequence of polar cap patches was captured by an all‐sky airglow imager (ASI) in Longyearbyen, Norway (78.1°N, 15.5°E). The 630.0 nm airglow images from the ASI of 4 second exposure time, oversampled the emission of natural lifetime (with quenching) of at least ∼30 sec, introduce no observational blurring effects. By using such high‐quality ASI images, we succeeded in visualizing an asymmetry in the gradients between the leading/trailing edges of the patches in a 2‐D fashion. The gradient in the leading edge was found to be 2–3 times steeper than that in the trailing edge. We also identified fingerlike structures, appearing only along the trailing edge of the patches, whose horizontal scale size ranged from 55 to 210 km. These fingers are considered to be manifestations of plasma structuring through the gradient‐drift instability (GDI), which is known to occur only along the trailing edge of patches. That is, the current 2‐D observations visualized, for the first time, how GDI stirs the patch plasma and such a mixing process makes the trailing edge more gradual. This result strongly implies a close connection between the GDI‐driven plasma stirring and the asymmetry in the large‐scale shape of patches and then suggests that the fingerlike structures can be used as markers to estimate the fine‐scale structure in the plasma flow within patches.
A revised calibration function and results for the Phoenix mission TECP relative humidity sensor
Authors: Zent A. P. , Hecht M. H. , Hudson T. L. , Wood S. E. , Chevrier V. F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA new calibration function for the humidity sensor in the Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP) on the Phoenix (PHX) Mars mission has been developed. Two changes are incorporated: (1) it is now cast in terms of frost point (Tf) rather than relative humidity (RH), and (2) flight data, taken when the atmosphere is independently known to be saturated, are included in the calibration data set. Daytime (6:00 h–19:00 h) frost points ranged from 194 K to 209 K; the nighttime frost point ranged from 179 K to 206 K. The response of the sensor was smooth and continuous throughout. Daytime humidity exhibited large, high‐frequency variance driven by turbulence, whereas nighttime humidity varied smoothly with the temperature of the atmosphere. Nighttime saturation of the atmosphere begins atLs101°, (Martian solar day (sol) 55), which is earlier than reported by either Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) or solid‐state imager (SSI). Early mornings are the most humid part of the sol afterLs113° (sol 80), due to sublimation of surface ice that precipitates overnight. H2O is removed from the atmosphere into the regolith, mostly during the late afternoon, although this continues into the evening. The ground ice exposed by Phoenix operations masks the naturally occurring process in the early evening and may cause the atmosphere immediately around the lander to saturate somewhat earlier in the evening than it otherwise would have. The average H2O vapor density is close to the summertime value expected for equilibrium with ground ice. A discrepancy between the H2O column calculated from TECP data and the column measured by CRISM and SSI is likely due to comparable timescales between turbulent mixing through the planetary boundary layer and adsorptive drawdown of H2O. We find that RH is mostly < 5% (daytime) or > 95% (nighttime), and the transition between the two extremes is extremely rapid.
Partitioning of organic carbon among density fractions in surface sediments of Fiordland, New Zealand
Authors: Cui Xingqian , Bianchi Thomas S. , Hutchings Jack A. , Savage Candida , Curtis Jason H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTransport of particles plays a major role in redistributing organic carbon (OC) along coastal regions. In particular, the global importance of fjords as sites of carbon burial has recently been shown to be even more important than previously thought. In this study, we used six surface sediments from Fiordland, New Zealand, to investigate the transport of particles and OC based on density fractionation. Bulk, biomarker, and principle component analysis were applied to density fractions with ranges of <1.6, 1.6–2.0, 2.0–2.5, and >2.5 g cm−3. Our results found various patterns of OC partitioning at different locations along fjords, likely due to selective transport of higher density but smaller size particles along fjord head‐to‐mouth transects. We also found preferential leaching of certain biomarkers (e.g., lignin) over others (e.g., fatty acids) during the density fractionation procedure, which altered lignin‐based degradation indices. Finally, our results indicated various patterns of OC partitioning on density fractions among different coastal systems. We further propose that a combination of particle size‐density fractionation is needed to better understand transport and distribution of particles and OC.
Uppermost mantle structure beneath eastern China and its surroundings from Pn and Sn tomography
Authors: Sun Weijia , Kennett B. L. N. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Pn and Sn residuals from regional events provide strong constraints on the structure and lithological characteristics of the uppermost mantle beneath eastern China and its surroundings. With the dense Chinese Digital Seismic Network in eastern China, separate Pn and Sn tomographic inversions have been exploited to obtain P and S velocities at a resolution of 2° × 2° or better. The patterns of P velocities are quite consistent with the S velocities at depth of 50 and 60 km, but the amplitude of P wave speed anomalies are a little larger than those of S wave speed. The low P wave speed, high S wave speed, and low Vp/Vs ratio beneath the northern part of Ordos Basin are related to upwelling hot material. Abrupt changes in material properties are indicated from the rapid variations in the Vp/Vs ratio.
Single Mothers by Choice in
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pain and the
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nited
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tates
Authors: Hertz Rosanna , Rivas Ana María , Jociles María Isabel Rubio 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The rise of single‐parent families through nonmarital childbearing and adoption includes a growing number of women who are older and have decided to pursue motherhood on their own. The United States and Spain reflect this trend and offer an interesting comparison. In both countries becoming a mother entails similar experiences, including seeking compatible employment to balance work and family life. However, women in Spain are politically active and want family diversity to be socially acknowledged, whereas single mothers in the United States are not politically active and want to blend in with other middle‐class families.
Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Panagakis Christina 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDemographic changes in industrial societies have led to young people taking longer to transition from adolescence into adulthood. The psychologist Jeffrey Arnett proposed that the time between adolescence and adulthood be conceptualized as emerging adulthood, a stage of the life course distinct from both adolescence and adulthood. Emerging adulthood is a time of self‐focus and identity exploration in which young people understand their adult status not in terms of demographic markers but instead through feelings of responsibility and maturity. Critics of the theory argue that it ignores the heterogeneity that characterizes this stage in the life course, particularly in relation to race and social class.
Life Expectancy
Authors: Kronenfeld Jennie Jacobs 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Life expectancy is the average number of years people in a given population can expect to live. Life expectancy is calculated by taking the sum of the ages at death of all individuals in a specific population and then dividing that figure by the number of people in that population. Because life expectancy is an average, it does not predict the specific experience of any one individual. In most countries in the world, life expectancy is higher for females than for males and is often linked to the country's level of development; in less developed countries, female life expectancy is linked to maternal mortality. In developed countries such as the United States, England, France, Sweden, and Japan, for example, women generally live six to eight years longer than men. In contrast, in some developing countries such as India, Egypt, and South Africa, women live only three to five years longer than men. In the United States currently women live longer than men, with the overall life expectancy at birth being 76 years for men and 80.9 years for women. Overall life expectancy at birth is 79 years for whites and 75 years for African Americans.
Cult of Domesticity
Authors: Fehlbaum Amanda 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
As the family economic unit shifted from being a site of production to one of consumption in the nineteenth century, a new gender ideology emerged to sanction the separation of public and private spaces. The cult of domesticity reflected the restructuring of the home as a private, feminine sphere and work as a public, masculine sphere. The middle‐class white women who adhered to the cult of domesticity self‐consciously embraced the idea of true womanhood and its virtues of piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity.
Family Finances
Authors: Dew Jeffrey P. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The term “family finances” encompasses the many ways in which families earn money, procure goods and services, save, and financially interact within financial infrastructures. The study of family finances is important to both scholars and to family finance practitioners who help families attain their financial goals and enjoy greater financial security. Historically, research on family finances has encompassed such topics as financial literacy, financial well‐being, financial behaviors, and the financial outcomes of these topics. More recently, research has focused on financial capability as well as on the nonfinancial outcomes (e.g., individual health, relationship quality) associated with family finances.
Role Ambiguity
Authors: Carter Michael J. , Harper Heather 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRole ambiguity occurs when behavioral expectations associated with a role are vague, imprecise, or unclear to a role occupant. Role ambiguity occurs as a dual process of stress that emerges when roles are not clearly understood, and outcomes that emerge as a consequence of such uncertainty (such as anxiety and depression). Role ambiguity often occurs in organizational settings such as the workplace; it also can occur within the family setting.
Intimate Partner Violence Fatalities in the
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nited
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tates
Authors: Hattery Angela J. , Smith Earl 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Intimate partner violence fatalities refers to the murder of one member of a couple or ex‐couple by the other. Intimate partner violence fatalities may occur among people who are married, cohabiting, simply dating, or ex‐partners. It is the most severe outcome of physical violence: homicide. Intimate partner violence fatalities can be intentional or result from a severe beating that may last minutes or hours and that leaves the victim dead.
Street Children
Authors: Schmeeckle Maria 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Street children (also called children in street situations) are an imprecisely defined group of children who are of concern to many worldwide. The term generally refers to children who live and/or work in city streets or are otherwise street‐connected. Recent international focus on these children has affirmed that, while accurate numerical estimates of them are not available on a global scale, techniques for estimating their prevalence are improving at local levels. Regardless of their exact number, street children are recognized as a group whose rights are frequently violated and for whom societal supports are needed. New efforts to bring far‐flung studies and best practices together are underway.
Convenience Marriage in the
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nited
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tates
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jacki , Kostina‐Ritchey Erin 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The term “convenience marriage” reflects the process whereby individuals are motivated to wed by factors other than romantic love. In contrast to romantic marriage, convenience marriage has been viewed in an ambivalent or disparaging manner. However, the primacy of romantic love as a motivating factor represents a specific view of marriage that has not been true for most of US history and is not relevant for all cultural subgroups within the United States. Thus, the term “convenience marriage” might reflect a broader range of marital situations than previously assumed.
Suicide and Divorce
Authors: Stack Steven 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Durkheim's social integration perspective on suicide continues to be the basis of much sociological work on the link between family integration and suicide. The ecological perspective has been commonly used to understand suicide. Marital disruption is one of the ecological factors. Suicidogenic conditions such as mental, physical, and economic strains tend to be higher among the divorced than the married. There has been little research on the timing of suicide over the process of divorce. Are suicide rates highest during the often stressful stage of separation or the period around when the divorce is finalized in a courtroom and bonds broken forever, or perhaps even for years thereafter? Future research is needed to carefully unravel the links between divorce and suicide. Individual predispositions toward divorce, such as personality differences including low agreeableness, need to be weighed against social factors, including socioeconomic status, to improve understanding of this long‐standing linkage.
Sexual Orientation
Authors: Charlebois Justin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis entry provides an overview of sexual orientation, or an individual's erotic desires and practices, which is frequently referred to as “preference.” Sexual orientation is divided into heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and asexual; however, these discrete social categories cannot depict the fluid, heterogeneous, and contradictory nature of sexual orientation. As sexual orientations are unequally valued, heterosexuality occupies a superior and homosexuality an inferior position in contemporary US society. Not all forms of heterosexuality are celebrated but only a certain form of reproductively oriented monogamous heterosexuality. The entry provides examples from empirical research which demonstrate the overall privileged status of stable, monogamous heterosexuality and the inherent fluidity and permeability all forms of sexual orientation.
Sibling Relationships
Authors: Tabor Jaclyn A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Sibling relationships are thought to be one of the most influential and long‐lasting of human relationships. Since the early 1990s there has been rapid growth in the sociological study of sibling relationships. To date, three key areas dominate sociological research on sibling relationships: defining and describing siblings, sibling composition and outcomes, and sibling relationships throughout the life course. The first area draws from siblings' own accounts to understand who constitutes a sibling and what siblings do. The diversity of sibling configurations and variations in the family underscore the impracticalities of identifying universal principles of sibship. The second area focuses on the effects siblings have on a number of status outcomes. Confluence, resource dilution, and siblings‐as‐resources perspectives have been used to explain why some siblings are advantaged vis‐à‐vis others. The third area of research examines how sibling relationships shape and are shaped throughout the life course. Suggestions for future research conclude this entry.
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outh
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frica, Families in
Authors: Rabe Marlize 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
South Africa is characterized by a variety of family forms but nuclear families, multigenerational households, and absent biological fathers are commonly found. This variety of family forms is associated with a complex racial history that still affects South African families in the early twenty‐first century. Even though there is legal scope in South Africa for a variety of family forms, intolerance of alternative family forms is commonly found in practice. Poverty, HIV/AIDS, and domestic violence are widespread problems that many South African families have to face on a daily basis. Despite such widespread problems, a strong activist element runs though the fabric of South African society, as can be observed in feminist thinking and marches designed to change society to accommodate alternative family forms.
Sexuality in
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ran
Authors: Rahbari Ladan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In Iranian society, sexuality is regulated by cultural restrictions, prohibitions, taboos, and indirect regulations due to the country's traditional and highly religious culture. Socialization processes are gendered as a consequence of there being different rules of sexual behavior for men and women. Sexual activity such as masturbation, erotic behavior, and cross‐gender associations such as premarital dating relationships are legally and culturally banned. Virginity plays an important role in women's lives because it is a required condition for a girl's marriage. Masturbation is the major form of sexual activity, especially among single youth as an alternative to sexual intercourse. Lack of sexual education until late teenage years has caused a general ignorance about human sexuality and has led to mystification regarding sexual activity.
Structure and Fluorescent Performance of Waterborne Polyurethane‐Acrylate Based on a Carbazole Derivative
Authors: Wang Huaiwei , Zhang Xingyuan , Li Junpei 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTA purple fluorescent monomer, 2‐[3‐(9‐ethylcarbazole)ureido]ethyl methacrylate (CUMA), was synthesized from 3‐amino‐9‐ethylcarbazole and 2‐isocyanatoethyl methacrylate. A series of fluorescent waterborne polyurethane‐acrylate emulsions (PCUMA‐PUA) were obtained by the step‐growth addition polymerization method. In this method, a polyurethane prepolymer was terminated with C=C first, then reacted with CUMA by free radical polymerization. It was demonstrated that the hydrophobic component in the amphiphilic PCUMA‐PUA is preferentially located on both ends of the copolymer. The molecular structures of the monomer and the copolymer were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV–Vis absorption spectra. It was observed that the fluorescence intensity of the PCUMA‐PUA copolymer is higher than CUMA at the same concentration of fluorophores in aqueous solutions. It was also observed that when the mass fraction of CUMA was higher than 2 wt%, self‐quenching behavior became evident. The new composite films were ascertained to have an increased thermal stability with increasing CUMA content.
Adaptive Mittag‐Leffler Stabilization of a Class of Fractional Order Uncertain Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Wang Qiao , Zhang Jianliang , Ding Dongsheng , Qi Donglian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper deals with the stabilization of a class of commensurate fractional order uncertain nonlinear systems. The fractional order system concerned is of the strict‐feedback form with uncertain nonlinearity. An adaptive control scheme combined with fractional order update laws is proposed by extending classical backstepping control to fractional order backstepping scheme. The asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system is guaranteed under the construction of fractional Lyapunov functions in the sense of generalized Mittag‐Leffler stability. The fractional order nonlinear system investigated can be stabilized asymptotically globally in presence of arbitrary uncertainty. Finally illustrative examples and numerical simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.