bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scoping review: strategies of providing care for children with chronic health conditions in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Graham Hamish , Tokhi Mariam , Duke Trevor 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo identify and review strategies of providing care for children living with chronic health conditions in low‐ and middle‐income countries.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE and Cochrane EPOC databases for papers evaluating strategies of providing care for children with chronic health conditions in low‐ or middle‐income countries. Data were systematically extracted using a standardised data charting form, and analysed according to Arksey and O'Malley's ‘descriptive analytical method’ for scoping reviews.ResultsOur search identified 71 papers addressing eight chronic conditions; two chronic communicable diseases (HIV and TB) accounted for the majority of papers (n = 37, 52%). Nine (13%) papers reported the use of a package of care provision strategies (mostly related to HIV and/or TB in sub‐Saharan Africa). Most papers addressed a narrow aspect of clinical care provision, such as patient education (n = 23) or task‐shifting (n = 15). Few papers addressed the strategies for providing care at the community (n = 10, 15%) or policy (n = 6, 9%) level. Low‐income countries were under‐represented (n = 24, 34%), almost exclusively involving HIV interventions in sub‐Saharan Africa (n = 21). Strategies and summary findings are described and components of future models of care proposed.ConclusionsStrategies that have been effective in reducing child mortality globally are unlikely to adequately address the needs of children with chronic health conditions in low‐ and middle‐income settings. Current evidence mostly relates to disease‐specific, narrow strategies, and more research is required to develop and evaluate the integrated models of care, which may be effective in improving the outcomes for these children.
Effect of texture of platelet bags on bacterial and platelet adhesion
Authors: Hadjesfandiari Narges , Schubert Peter , Fallah Toosi Salma , Chen Zhongming , Culibrk Brankica , Ramirez‐Arcos Sandra , Devine Dana V. , Brooks Donald E. 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUNDMissed detection of Staphylococcus epidermidis contamination in platelet (PLT) storage bags by the standard 24‐hour‐postcollection BacT/ALERT screening test has been documented. A slow growth rate and the strong tendency of this bacterium to adhere to surfaces can contribute to missed detection of the pathogen.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSTopography of two different PLT storage bag surfaces, textured (rough) and smooth surfaces of Terumo 80440 bags (designated A15), was studied. Adhesion of biofilm‐positive and ‐negative S. epidermidis strains on these surfaces was evaluated under static conditions. Quality of stored PLTs in A15 bags under blood bank conditions was compared for two different bag orientations (rough vs. smooth surface down) on Days 2, 5, and 7 of storage. PLT adhesion on the surfaces was evaluated after 7 days of storage.RESULTSBacterial adhesion and biofilm formation were significantly higher on the rough surfaces of A15 bags compared to the smooth surfaces. After 7 days of storage in A15 bags, PLTs showed similar metabolite levels, pH, and response capacity in the bags with different orientation and more PLT adhesion and aggregation was observed on rough surfaces.CONCLUSIONHigher bacterial adhesion on rough surfaces can contribute to missed detection of bacterial strains that tend to adhere on surfaces. PLT adhesion and aggregation on rough surfaces can affect the quality and safety of PLTs by promoting more bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on surfaces.
A retrospective evaluation of contrast‐induced kidney injury in dogs (2006–2012)
Authors: Goic Joana B. , Koenigshof Amy M. , McGuire Lindsey D. , Klinger Anthony C. , Beal Matthew W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate a population of dogs for evidence of contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN).DesignA retrospective case review between 2006 and 2012.SettingA university teaching hospital.AnimalsA total of 1,217 client‐owned dogs that were administered intravenous iodinated contrast agents were reviewed for evidence of CIN. Inclusion required a measured serum creatinine within 1 week prior as well as within 1 week following administration of contrast. Eighty‐six dogs with 92 contrast administrations qualified for inclusion.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsCIN was defined as an increase in >44.2 μmol/L (0.5 mg/dL) from baseline creatinine concentration within 1 week following administration of an intravenous iodinated contrast agent. A total of 7.6% of contrast administrations (7/92) fulfilled the definition of CIN. The creatinine postcontrast administration as well as the change in creatinine concentration was significantly higher in the CIN group than in the non‐CIN group (median postcreatinine 150 μmol/L [1.7 mg/dL] versus 70.7 μmol/L [0.8 mg/dL], median change in creatinine 53 μmol/L [0.6 mg/dL] versus 0 μmol/L). Patient signalment, initial creatinine, number of total contrast administrations, dose of contrast received, duration of anesthesia, IV fluid administration, administration of nephrotoxic agents, and use or vasopressor therapy were not significantly different between groups.ConclusionsThe temporal association between contrast administration and renal injury in these cases highlights the potential for CIN in dogs. Due to the retrospective nature of this study, a causal association between contrast administration and renal injury cannot be determined. A prospective study is needed to further evaluate CIN in dogs.
Evaluation of an Axial Pattern Flap Based on the Cranial Cutaneous Branch of the Saphenous Artery: A Cadaveric Perfusion Study
Authors: Murdoch Andrew P. , Greenaway Sam N. , Owen Laura J. , Danielski Alan 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo confirm the anatomic location of the cranial cutaneous branch of the saphenous artery (CCSA), delineate the angiosome of the CCSA, and provide guidelines for clinical use of an axial pattern flap based on the CCSA.Study DesignAnatomic study.AnimalsGreyhound cadavers (n=10).MethodsShortly after euthanasia, the CCSA was identified and isolated in each hindlimb. Methylene blue and radiographic perfusion studies were performed. The skin was freed from the thigh for photographic and radiographic images. The dimensions of the skin area suitable for use as an axial pattern flap were related to anatomical landmarks. Mock surgical elevation and transposition of the flap in 2 dogs allowed assessment of flap mobility and ease of donor site closure for clinical use.ResultsThe CCSA was reliably identified in all dogs branching from the saphenous artery as it became superficial to the sartorius muscle, immediately distal to the caudal cutaneous branch and proximal to the genicular branches. Genicular branches were variably paired or singular. Perfusion studies defined the CCSA angiosome as the area cranial to the saphenous artery and caudal to the cranial border of the thigh, extending proximally from the level of the medial tibial condyle to two‐thirds of the distance to the inguinal ring.ConclusionAn axial pattern flap based on the CCSA could be expected to cover skin defects of the cranial aspect of the distal thigh and stifle, the popliteal region caudal to the stifle, and the proximal medial crus.
Technical Note: Experimental results from a prototype high‐field inline MRI‐linac
Authors: Liney G. P. , Dong B. , Begg J. , Vial P. , Zhang K. , Lee F. , Walker A. , Rai R. , Causer T. , Alnaghy S. J. , Oborn B. M. , Holloway L. , Metcalfe P. , Barton M. , Crozier S. , Keall P. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:The pursuit of real‐time image guided radiotherapy using optimal tissue contrast has seen the development of several hybrid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐treatment systems, high field and low field, and inline and perpendicular configurations. As part of a new MRI‐linac program, an MRI scanner was integrated with a linear accelerator to enable investigations of a coupled inline MRI‐linac system. This work describes results from a prototype experimental system to demonstrate the feasibility of a high field inline MR‐linac.Methods:The magnet is a 1.5 T MRI system (Sonata, Siemens Healthcare) was located in a purpose built radiofrequency (RF) cage enabling shielding from and close proximity to a linear accelerator with inline (and future perpendicular) orientation. A portable linear accelerator (Linatron, Varian) was installed together with a multileaf collimator (Millennium, Varian) to provide dynamic field collimation and the whole assembly built onto a stainless‐steel rail system. A series of MRI‐linac experiments was performed to investigate (1) image quality with beam on measured using a macropodine (kangaroo) ex vivo phantom; (2) the noise as a function of beam state measured using a 6‐channel surface coil array; and (3) electron contamination effects measured using Gafchromic film and an electronic portal imaging device (EPID).Results:(1) Image quality was unaffected by the radiation beam with the macropodine phantom image with the beam on being almost identical to the image with the beam off. (2) Noise measured with a surface RF coil produced a 25% elevation of background intensity when the radiation beam was on. (3) Film and EPID measurements demonstrated electron focusing occurring along the centerline of the magnet axis.Conclusions:A proof‐of‐concept high‐field MRI‐linac has been built and experimentally characterized. This system has allowed us to establish the efficacy of a high field inline MRI‐linac and study a number of the technical challenges and solutions.
Effectiveness of Social Marketing Interventions to Promote Physical Activity Among Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Xia Yuan , Deshpande Sameer , Bonates Tiberius 
Published: August 2016

Background:Social marketing managers promote desired behaviors to an audience by making them tangible in the form of environmental opportunities to enhance benefits and reduce barriers. This study proposed “benchmarks,” modified from those found in the past literature, that would match important concepts of the social marketing framework and the inclusion of which would ensure behavior change effectiveness. In addition, we analyzed behavior change interventions on a “social marketing continuum” to assess whether the number of benchmarks and the role of specific benchmarks influence the effectiveness of physical activity promotion efforts.Methods:A systematic review of social marketing interventions available in academic studies published between 1997 and 2013 revealed 173 conditions in 92 interventions.Results:Findings based on χ2, Mallows’ Cp, and Logical Analysis of Data tests revealed that the presence of more benchmarks in interventions increased the likelihood of success in promoting physical activity. The presence of more than 3 benchmarks improved the success of the interventions; specifically, all interventions were successful when more than 7.5 benchmarks were present. Further, primary formative research, core product, actual product, augmented product, promotion, and behavioral competition all had a significant influence on the effectiveness of interventions.Conclusions:Social marketing is an effective approach in promoting physical activity among adults when a substantial number of benchmarks are used and when managers understand the audience, make the desired behavior tangible, and promote the desired behavior persuasively.
Home and Neighborhood Environment Predictors of Adolescents’ Screen Viewing
Authors: Bounova Anastasia , Michalopoulou Maria , Agelousis Nikolaos , Kourtessis Thomas , Gourgoulis Vassilios 
Published: August 2016

Background:Nowadays, the majority of adolescents exceed the AAP guidelines for screen use and this is likely to be a risk factor for obesity. The current study aims at investigating adolescent screen viewing in the context of home and neighborhood environment.Methods:A sample of 1141 adolescents as well as their parents participated in this survey. Adolescents were asked to complete a questionnaire about time spent on screen viewing behaviors. Respectively, parents completed a questionnaire concerning environmental predictors.Results:Almost two-thirds of the adolescents surveyed spend more than 2 hours per day on screen entertainment, with boys dealing with personal computers (PCs) and electronic games more than girls. The likelihood for an adolescent to exceed 2 hours of screen time is 3.87 times more when he has his meals in front of a TV screen on a daily basis, 1.69 times more when the TV is on, often as not on his return from school and 1.74 times more when there is a PC in the adolescent’s bedroom.Conclusion:Certain environmental predictors influence adolescents’ screen time, as a result, corrective intervention should aim at the family as a whole, as this whole shapes home environment.
Validity and Reliability of Smartphone Applications for the Assessment of Walking and Running in Normal-weight and Overweight/Obese Young Adults
Authors: Konharn Kurusart , Eungpinichpong Wichai , Promdee Kluaymai , Sangpara Paramaporn , Nongharnpitak Settapong , Malila Waradanai , Karawa Jirachai 
Published: August 2016

Background:The suitability of smartphone applications (apps) currently used to track walking/running may differ depending on a person’s weight condition. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of apps for both normal-weight and overweight/obese young adults.Methods:Thirty normal-weight (aged 21.7 ± 1.0 years, BMI 21.3 ± 1.9 kg/m2) and 30 overweight/ obese young adults (aged 21.0 ± 1.4 years, BMI 28.6 ± 3.7 kg/m2) wore a smartphone and pedometer on their right hip while walking/running at 3 different intensities on treadmills. Apps was randomly assigned to each individual for measuring average velocity, step count, distance, and energy expenditure (EE), and these measurements were then analyzed.Results:The apps were not accurate in counting most of the measured variables and data fell significantly lower in the parameters than those measured with standard-reference instruments in both light and moderate intensity activity among the normal-weight group. Among the overweight and obese group, the apps were not accurate in detecting velocity, distance, or EE during either light or vigorous intensities. The percentages of mean difference were 30.1% to 48.9%.Conclusion:Apps may not have sufficient accuracy to monitor important physical parameters of human body movement. Apps need to be developed that can, in particular, respond differently based on a person’s weight status.
Green Space and Physical Activity in Pregnant Women: Evidence From the Growing Up in New Zealand Study
Authors: Nichani Vikram , Dirks Kim , Burns Bruce , Bird Amy , Morton Susan , Grant Cameron 
Published: August 2016

Background:Exposure to green space has been associated with increased physical activity. However, it is not clear whether this association is because active people preferentially live in greener areas. Relationships between exposure to green space and physical activity during pregnancy are not well defined. Our objective was to determine whether exposure to green space was associated with physical activity in pregnant women.Methods:The current study was completed within the Growing Up in New Zealand cohort study of 6772 pregnant women. The proportion of green space in each census area unit was determined and geocoded to residential address. The association between exposure to green space and physical activity was determined using logistic regression analyses after controlling for confounding variables.Results:Exposure to green space was not associated with participation in physical activity during first trimester and the remainder of pregnancy once preference for living in greener neighborhoods was taken into account.Conclusions:The lack of association between green space and physical activity found in this study does not necessarily mean that living in green space will not translate into better pregnancy health. Preference for living in greener neighborhoods should be considered when investigating relationships between green space and physical activity.
The Influence of Weather Conditions on Outdoor Physical Activity Among Older People With and Without Osteoarthritis in 6 European Countries
Authors: Timmermans Erik J. , van der Pas Suzan , Dennison Elaine M. , Maggi Stefania , Peter Richard , Castell Maria Victoria , Pedersen Nancy L. , Denkinger Michael D. , Edwards Mark H. , Limongi Federica , Herbolsheimer Florian , Sánchez-Martínez Mercedes , Siviero Paola , Queipo Rocio , Schaap Laura A. , Deeg Dorly J.H. , _ _ 
Published: August 2016

Background:Older adults with osteoarthritis (OA) often report that their disease symptoms are exacerbated by weather conditions. This study examines the association between outdoor physical activity (PA) and weather conditions in older adults from 6 European countries and assesses whether outdoor PA and weather conditions are more strongly associated in older persons with OA than in those without the condition.Methods:The American College of Rheumatology classification criteria were used to diagnose OA. Outdoor PA was assessed using the LASA Physical Activity Questionnaire. Data on weather parameters were obtained from weather stations.Results:Of the 2439 participants (65–85 years), 29.6% had OA in knee, hand and/or hip. Participants with OA spent fewer minutes in PA than participants without OA (Median = 42.9, IQR = 20.0 to 83.1 versus Median = 51.4, IQR = 23.6 to 98.6; P < .01). In the full sample, temperature (B = 1.52; P < .001) and relative humidity (B = –0.77; P < .001) were associated with PA. Temperature was more strongly associated with PA in participants without OA (B = 1.98; P < .001) than in those with the condition (B = 0.48; P = .47).Conclusions:Weather conditions are associated with outdoor PA in older adults in the general population. Outdoor PA and weather conditions were more strongly associated in older adults without OA than in their counterparts with OA.
Impact of Hot Yoga on Arterial Stiffness and Quality of Life in Overweight/Obese Adults
Authors: Hunter Stacy D. , Dhindsa Mandeep S. , Cunningham Emily , Tarumi Takashi , Alkatan Mohammed , Nualnim Nantinee , Tanaka Hirofumi 
Published: August 2016

Background:Obesity is associated with arterial stiffening and diminished quality of life. Bikram yoga may be a feasible alternative to traditional exercise among obese individuals. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Bikram yoga, a heated style of hatha yoga, on arterial stiffness in normal and overweight/obese adults.Methods:Forty-three (23 normal body mass index or BMI; 20 overweight/obese) apparently healthy participants completed an 8-week Bikram yoga intervention. Body composition was estimated via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, arterial stiffness was measured via brachialankle pulse wave velocity, and health-related quality of life was assessed via RAND 36-Item Short Form survey at baseline and at the end of the 8-week intervention.Results:After the intervention, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity decreased (P < .05) in overweight/obese participants while no such changes were observed in normal BMI participants. In the quality of life measures, emotional well-being improved (P < .05) in both groups, and general health improved (P < .05) only in the normal weight BMI group.Conclusion:Bikram yoga ameliorates arterial stiffness in overweight/obese adults and can positively impact quality of life regardless of BMI.
Rac Regulates Giardia lamblia Encystation by Coordinating Cyst Wall Protein Trafficking and Secretion
Authors: Krtková Jana , Thomas Elizabeth B. , Alas Germain C. M. , Schraner Elisabeth M. , Behjatnia Habib R. , Hehl Adrian B. , Paredez Alexander R. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Encystation of the common intestinal parasite
Giardia lamblia
involves the production, trafficking, and secretion of cyst wall material (CWM). However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the regulation of these sequential processes remains elusive. Here, we examined the role of GlRac,
Giardia
’s sole Rho family GTPase, in the regulation of endomembrane organization and cyst wall protein (CWP) trafficking. Localization studies indicated that GlRac is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus-like encystation-specific vesicles (ESVs). Constitutive GlRac signaling increased levels of the ER marker PDI2, induced ER swelling, reduced overall CWP1 production, and promoted the early maturation of ESVs. Quantitative analysis of cells expressing constitutively active hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged GlRac (HA-Rac
CA
) revealed fewer but larger ESVs than control cells. Consistent with the phenotype of premature maturation of ESVs in HA-Rac
CA
-expressing cells, constitutive GlRac signaling resulted in increased CWP1 secretion and, conversely, morpholino depletion of GlRac blocked CWP1 secretion. Wild-type cells unexpectedly secreted large quantities of CWP1 into the medium, and free CWP1 was used cooperatively during cyst formation. These results, in part, could account for the previously reported observation that
G. lamblia
encysts more efficiently at high cell densities. These studies of GlRac show that it regulates encystation at several levels, and our findings support its coordinating role as a regulator of CWP trafficking and secretion. The central role of GlRac in regulating membrane trafficking and the cytoskeleton, both of which are essential to
Giardia
parasitism, further suggests its potential as a novel target for drug development to treat giardiasis.

IMPORTANCE
The encystation process is crucial for the transmission of giardiasis and the life cycle of many protists. Encystation for
Giardia lamblia
involves the assembly of a protective cyst wall via sequential production, trafficking, and secretion of cyst wall material. However, the regulatory pathways that coordinate cargo maturation and secretion remain unknown. Here, we asked whether the signaling activities of
G. lamblia
’s single Rho family GTPase, GlRac, might have a regulatory role in the encystation process. We show that GlRac localizes to endomembranes and its signaling activities regulate the production of cyst wall protein 1 (CWP1), the maturation of encystation-specific vesicles (ESVs), and secretion of CWP1. We also show that secreted CWP1 is available for the development of cysts at the population level, a finding that in part could explain why
Giardia
encystation proceeds more efficiently at high cell densities.