bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of refuges in the persistence of Australian dryland mammals
Authors: Pavey Chris R. , Addison Jane , Brandle Rob , Dickman Chris R. , McDonald Peter J. , Moseby Katherine E. , Young Lauren I. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTIrruptive population dynamics are characteristic of a wide range of fauna in the world's arid (dryland) regions. Recent evidence indicates that regional persistence of irruptive species, particularly small mammals, during the extensive dry periods of unpredictable length that occur between resource pulses in drylands occurs as a result of the presence of refuge habitats or refuge patches into which populations contract during dry (bust) periods. These small dry‐period populations act as a source of animals when recolonisation of the surrounding habitat occurs during and after subsequent resource pulses (booms). The refuges used by irruptive dryland fauna differ in temporal and spatial scale from the refugia to which species contract in response to changing climate. Refuges of dryland fauna operate over timescales of months and years, whereas refugia operate on timescales of millennia over which evolutionary divergence may occur. Protection and management of refuge patches and refuge habitats should be a priority for the conservation of dryland‐dwelling fauna. This urgency is driven by recognition that disturbance to refuges can lead to the extinction of local populations and, if disturbance is widespread, entire species. Despite the apparent significance of dryland refuges for conservation management, these sites remain poorly understood ecologically. Here, we synthesise available information on the refuges of dryland‐dwelling fauna, using Australian mammals as a case study to provide focus, and document a research agenda for increasing this knowledge base. We develop a typology of refuges that recognises two main types of refuge: fixed and shifting. We outline a suite of models of fixed refuges on the basis of stability in occupancy between and within successive bust phases of population cycles. To illustrate the breadth of refuge types we provide case studies of refuge use in three species of dryland mammal: plains mouse (Pseudomys australis), central rock‐rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus), and spinifex hopping‐mouse (Notomys alexis). We suggest that future research should focus on understanding the species‐specific nature of refuge use and the spatial ecology of refuges with a focus on connectivity and potential metapopulation dynamics. Assessing refuge quality and understanding the threats to high‐quality refuge patches and habitat should also be a priority. To facilitate this understanding we develop a three‐step methodology for determining species‐specific refuge location and habitat attributes. This review is necessarily focussed on dryland mammals in continental Australia where most refuge‐based research has been undertaken. The applicability of the refuge concept and the importance of refuges for dryland fauna conservation elsewhere in the world should be investigated. We predict that refuge‐using mammals will be widespread particularly among dryland areas with unpredictable rainfall patterns.
Heterogeneity in Food Demand among Rural Indian Households: The Role of Demographics
Authors: Khanal Aditya R. , Mishra Ashok K. , Keithly Walter 
Published: December 2015

Food expenditures, influenced by social, demographic, and economic factors, constitute a significant proportion of the typical rural Indian's household income. Based on cross‐sectional household data, this study employs the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System to estimate food demand among rural Indian households. Special attention is given to the rural household's two‐stage budgeting in total food expenditure and then to a demand for a specific food item. Conditional and unconditional expenditure and price elasticities for seven food groups are estimated. Results indicate that own‐price elasticities for each group are negative ranging from fairly inelastic to elastic range. Expenditure elasticities indicate that food items are a normal necessity to luxury goods. Additionally, socio‐demographic factors play a significant role in food consumption patterns. Based on our unconditional expenditure elasticities, we also project food demand from rural Indian households for next two decades.Les dépenses alimentaires, qui sont influencées par des facteurs socioéconomiques et démographiques, absorbent une partie considérable du revenu des ménages ruraux typiques en Inde. Dans la présente étude, nous avons utilisé le modèle de demande quasi idéal quadratique pour estimer, à l'aide de données transversales sur les ménages, la demande alimentaire des ménages ruraux en Inde. Nous avons accordé une attention spéciale à la budgétisation en deux étapes des dépenses alimentaires totales et à la demande d'un produit alimentaire particulier du ménage rural. Nous avons estimé les dépenses conditionnelles et inconditionnelles et l’élasticité‐prix de sept groupes alimentaires. Les résultats de notre étude indiquent que l’élasticité‐prix de chaque groupe est négative et qu'elle varie de plutôt inélastique à divers degrés d’élasticité. L’élasticité des dépenses indique que les produits alimentaires varient de nécessités de base à produits de luxe. Les facteurs sociodémographiques jouent également un rôle important dans les habitudes de consommation alimentaire. D'après les élasticités des dépenses établies dans notre étude, nous avons estimé la demande alimentaire des ménages ruraux en Inde pour les deux prochaines décennies.
Management of paediatric otogenic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a systematic review
Authors: Wong B.Y.W. , Hickman S. , Richards M. , Jassar P. , Wilson T. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundOtogenic paediatric cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is rare but has potential clinical sequelae. Its management has long been debated mainly concerning the role of surgery and the use of anticoagulant therapy.Objective of reviewTo review the current literature and examine the medical and surgical management of paediatric otogenic CVST and its clinical and radiological outcome.Type of reviewSystematic review.Search strategyThe electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane) were searched from inception to November 2014 using text words ‘cerebral venous sinus thrombosis OR cerebral venous thrombosis OR lateral sinus thrombosis OR sigmoid sinus thrombosis’ AND ‘otogenic OR mastoiditis OR otitis media’ AND ‘children OR paediatric OR pediatric’.Evaluation methodInclusion criteria were applied by two reviewers and data extraction was carried out. The type of otological surgery (conservative versus extensive) and the use of anticoagulants with their clinical and radiological outcomes were tabulated.ResultsThirty‐six studies (15 case reports and 21 case series) were included with a total of 190 patients. A total of 92.1% of patients underwent otological surgery, and 69.5% had conservative surgery and 30.5% extensive otological surgery. Anticoagulants were used in 59%. A total of 79.2% of patients were reported to have had a good clinical outcome. Within this group, 56% had conservative surgery and anticoagulants. Follow‐up scans were documented in 61.6% of patients and complete recanalisation was observed in 51%. Complete recanalisation was observed in 47% of those who had been anticoagulated and 55% of those who received no anticoagulation.ConclusionsConservative otological surgery with the combination of anticoagulation was the most common treatment modality found in the group of patients with good clinical outcome. However, given the current low level of evidence, a multicentre collaborative study is needed to help establish the optimum surgical approach and the role of anticoagulation in managing paediatric otogenic CVST.
Improving the photostability of bleached silk without reducing its whiteness
Authors: Wang Zongqian , Chen Weiguo , Zhou Xuewei , Liu Chaonan , Millington Keith 
Published: December 2015

Bleached silk is rapidly yellowed by exposure to the ultraviolet radiation present in sunlight. The conventional application of a water‐soluble hydroxyphenyl benzotriazole ultraviolet absorber (such as UVFast W) to bleached silk reduces its rate of photoyellowing but has a negative impact on the whiteness of the bleached silk, largely cancelling out the improvements in whiteness achieved during bleaching. Therefore, a series of bleaching processes and aftertreatments using UVFast W on silk were investigated, with the measurement of reflection spectrum, whiteness, yellowness, and strength before and after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The results show that whiteness of silk treated by oxidation–reduction double bleaching can be increased, and the whiteness of double‐bleached silk with 4% UVFast W aftertreatment was even slightly higher than that of the hydrogen‐peroxide‐bleached silk. After ultraviolet irradiation, double‐bleached silk samples with 4% UVFast W treatment resulted in both the highest whiteness and optimum photostability by comparison with unbleached standard silk and hydrogen‐peroxide‐bleached silk samples with and without 4% UVFast W treatment, and its strength difference was superior to the samples, except for standard silk with 4% UVFast W treatment after exposure to UV radiation for 18 h.
Thermal tolerances to cold do not predict upper elevational limits in New Guinean montane birds
Authors: Freeman Benjamin G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimTo test predictions of the ‘fundamental physiological niche’ hypothesis that thermal tolerances are tightly correlated with upper elevational limits in New Guinean montane birds.LocationNew Guinea.MethodsI combined previously published data describing New Guinean montane birds’ (1) metabolic responses to temperature, (2) elevational distributions and (3) recent upslope shifts, with an empirically measured lapse rate (temperature–elevation regression) to test two predictions of the fundamental physiological niche hypothesis – that species’ thermal tolerances to cold temperatures, measured as lower critical temperatures (LCTs) and thermal conductances, are correlated with their upper elevational limits (n = 24 species), and that species’ thermal mismatches (the difference between the mean temperatures species experience at their upper elevation limits and theirLCTs) predict the magnitude of recent warming‐associated upslope shifts (n = 11 species).ResultsSpecies’LCTs and thermal conductances were not correlated with the ambient temperatures they experience at their upper elevational limits (cold range limit), and species’ thermal mismatches were not related to the magnitude of recent upslope shifts at their upper elevational limits.Main ConclusionsMy results do not support the fundamental physiological niche hypothesis and suggest New Guinean montane birds’ upper elevational limits are unlikely to be set by the direct influence of temperature on adult birds’ thermal tolerances. I also found no evidence that warming‐associated upslope shifts in this avifauna are related to species’ thermal physiology. While this result is based on a small sample size, it is consistent with the hypothesis that recent upslope shifts result from biotic factors indirectly related to temperature.
NFI‐C2 temporal‐spatial expression and cellular localization pattern during tooth formation
Authors: Lamani Ejvis , Gluhak‐Heinrich Jelica , MacDougall Mary 
Published: December 2015

Currently, little is known regarding critical signaling pathways during later stages of tooth development, especially those associated with root formation. Nfi‐c null mice, lacking molar roots, have implicated the transcription factor NFI‐C as having an essential role in root development. Previously, we identified three NFI‐C isoforms expressed in dental tissues with NFI‐C2 being the major transcript. However, the expression pattern of the NFI‐C2 protein is not characterized. In this study we performed in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry using isoform specific probes. We show the production of a NFI‐C2 peptide antibody, its characterization, the temporal‐spatial expression pattern of the NFI‐C2 protein during odontogenesis and sub‐cellular localization in dental cells. Moderate NFI‐C2 staining, as early as bud stage, was detected mostly in the condensing dental ectomesenchyme. This staining intensified within the dental pulp at later stages culminating in high expression in the dentin producing odontoblasts. The dental epithelium showed slight staining until cytodifferentiation of enamel organ into ameloblasts and stratum intermedium. During root formation NFI‐C2 expression was high in the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath and later was found in the fully developed root and its supporting tissues. NFI‐C2 cellular staining was cytosolic, associated with the Golgi, and nuclear. These data suggest a broader role for NFI‐C during tooth formation than limited to root and periodontal ligament development.
Short‐term Costs and Benefits of Habitat Complexity for a Territorial Fish
Authors: Bilhete Caroline , Grant James W.A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn increase in habitat complexity is thought to decrease visibility and the territory size of visually oriented animals. Hence, the addition of physical structure has been viewed as a useful restoration technique to increase the density of territorial species, particularly in stream fishes. However, a decrease in territory size may have a negative effect on the fitness of individual organisms. We attempted to quantify some of the positive and negative effects of increasing habitat structure on the behaviour and growth rate of wild young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) Atlantic salmon. Fish were exposed to one of two habitat treatments in mesh enclosures in Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick: a gravel substrate (low complexity) or a gravel substrate with boulders added (high complexity). Wild‐caught individuals were tagged, weighed and measured before being stocked at densities of 1·m−2 for 7‐d trials. While fish from high‐complexity treatments benefited from lower rates of aggression, they also had lower foraging rates and smaller territories compared to those in low‐complexity treatments. Specific growth rate, however, did not differ significantly between treatments. While the addition of structure to a habitat may be beneficial at the population level in terms of an increase in population density, our results suggested that individual fish may pay some short‐term costs in these environments. Further research is needed to evaluate the longer term costs and benefits of adding structure to improve the habitat quality for stream salmonids.
Pyoderma gangrenosum‐like oral ulcerations in an elderly patient
Authors: Kaomongkolgit Ruchadaporn , Subbalekha Keskanya , Sawangarun Wanlada , Thongprasom Kobkan 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo present a case of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG)‐like oral ulcerations in an elderly patient.BackgroundPG is an uncommon idiopathic, ulcerative, chronic inflammatory cutaneous disorder of unknown etiology, which is associated with systemic diseases found in more than 50% of patients. Oral lesions of PG are extremely rare and have not been previously reported on chronic leukemia patient.Clinical reportThis report presents the first case of a 73 year‐old man who had PG‐like oral ulcerations which offered the possibility of an initial finding of chronic myeloid leukemia.ConclusionClinicians should always take into consideration that PG in the oral mucosa is a recalcitrant ulcer and can precede the development of underlying clonal malignancy.
Preparing students for research: faculty/librarian collaboration in a pre‐doctoral physical therapy research course
Authors: Brooks Salome V. , Bigelow Susan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this article, guest writers Susan Bigelow and Dr Salome Brooks from Springfield College, Massachusetts, present an overview of their evaluative research study in which a faculty professor and the liaison librarian collaborated to develop an information literacy course entitled Physical Therapy (PT) and Health care Research Skills, in order to teach necessary information literacy skills to upper‐level undergraduate PT students. Triangulation of the Physical Therapy and Information Literacy standards in alignment with the course objectives strengthened the collaboration, course development and expectations of student performance. Student performance was assessed through formal and expected evaluative means, and the preliminary evidence suggests some key successes in the course outcomes.H.S.
Switching from a two‐tablet regimen of tenofovir/emtricitabine and efavirenz to a one‐tablet regimen may affect patients’ perceptions and drug management
Authors: Rotzinger A , Locatelli I , Bugnon O , Fayet Mello A , Parienti J‐J , Cavassini M , Schneider M.P 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesSimplification of antiretroviral therapy enhances a patient's adherence but a new formulation could also lead to new adverse events and changes in daily routine. This study compared medication adherence, tolerance and satisfaction among subjects switching from a two‐tablet tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz regimen to a one‐tablet regimen.MethodsClinical and sociodemographic data were collected and three surveys were administered at month 0 (=switch), and then 1 and 4–6 months after the switch: the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire, the HIV‐symptom index questionnaire, the Short HIV Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) two‐item adherence questionnaire, and a questionnaire on daily combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) management. Medication adherence of a subgroup of subjects was routinely monitored using an electronic device (MEMS™).ResultsEighty‐eight subjects gave informed consent to participate in the study. The subjects’ back‐switch rate was 7% (six of 88). Subjects who did not back‐switch preferred the one‐tablet regimen (median = 2; IQR = 1.3–2.5; on a −3 to 3 scale), but no change in adherence was found (10 of 46 nonadherent subjects; P = 1.00). The perception of treatment necessity score decreased (P = 0.004), the efavirenz blood level increased (14%; P = 0.04), and association/dissociation of cART with food intake evolved (P = 0.01) after the switch. Subjects listed equivalent numbers of symptoms during the three visits.ConclusionsThe one‐tablet regimen was preferred but the number of back‐switches was not negligible. The perception of treatment necessity score decreased with the simplification of the regimen from a two‐tablet to a one‐tablet formulation, which could negatively impact adherence. Switching is a sensitive time in a patient's treatment life and professionals should pay particular attention to patient's perceptions of treatment during such a transition.
Assortative mating but no evidence of genetic divergence in a species characterized by a trophic polymorphism
Authors: Colborne S. F. , Garner S. R. , Longstaffe F. J. , Neff B. D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDisruptive selection is a process that can result in multiple subgroups within a population, which is referred to as diversification. Foraging‐related diversification has been described in many taxa, but many questions remain about the contribution of such diversification to reproductive isolation and potentially sympatric speciation. Here, we use stable isotope analysis of diet and morphological analysis of body shape to examine phenotypic divergence between littoral and pelagic foraging ecomorphs in a population of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). We then examine reproductive isolation between ecomorphs by comparing the isotopic compositions of nesting males to eggs from their nests (a proxy for maternal diet) and use nine microsatellite loci to examine genetic divergence between ecomorphs. Our data support the presence of distinct foraging ecomorphs in this population and indicate that there is significant positive assortative mating based on diet. We did not find evidence of genetic divergence between ecomorphs, however, indicating that isolation is either relatively recent or is not strong enough to result in genetic divergence at the microsatellite loci. Based on our findings, pumpkinseed sunfish represent a system in which to further explore the mechanisms by which natural and sexual selection contribute to diversification, prior to the occurrence of sympatric speciation.
Characterization of a Strain ofFukuyoa paulensis(Dinophyceae) from the Western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Laza‐Martínez Aitor , David Helena , Riobó Pilar , Miguel Irati , Orive Emma 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA single cell of the dinoflagellate genusFukuyoawas isolated from the island of Formentera (Balearic Islands, west Mediterranean Sea), cultured, and characterized by morphological and molecular methods and toxin analyses. This is the first report of theGambierdiscuslineage (generaFukuyoaandGambierdiscus) from the western Mediterranean Sea, which is cooler than its eastern basin. Molecular analyses revealed that the Mediterranean strain belongs toF. paulensisand that it bears LSU rDNA sequences identical to New Zealand, Australian, and Brazilian strains. It also shared an identical sequence of the more variable ITS‐rDNA with the Brazilian strain. Toxin analyses showed the presence of maitotoxin, 54‐deoxyCTX1B, and gambieric acid A. This is the first observation of the two latter compounds in aFukuyoastrain. Therefore, bothGambierdiscusandFukuyoashould be considered when as contributing to ciguatera fish poisoning. Different strains ofFukuyoaform a complex of morphologically cryptic lineages whereF. paulensisstands as the most distantly related nominal species. The comparison of the ITS2 secondary structures revealed the absence of CBCs among strains. The study of the morphological and molecular traits depicted an unresolved taxonomic scenario impacted by the low strains sampling.
Nanoscopic voltage distribution of operating cascade laser devices in cryogenic temperature
Authors: DHAR R.S. , BAN D. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryA nanoscopic exploratory measurement technique to measure voltage distribution across an operating semiconductor device in cryogenic temperature has been developed and established. The cross‐section surface of the terahertz (THz) quantum cascade laser (QCL) has been measured that resolves the voltage distribution at nanometer scales. The electric field dissemination across the active region of the device has been attained under the device's lasing conditions at cryogenic temperature of 77 K.