bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epigenetic suppression of potassium‐chloride co‐transporter 2 expression in inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)
Authors: Lin C.‐R. , Cheng J.‐K. , Wu C.‐H. , Chen K.‐H. , Liu C.‐K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundMultiple mechanisms contribute to the stimulus‐evoked pain hypersensitivity that may be experienced after peripheral inflammation. Persistent pathological stimuli in many pain conditions affect the expression of certain genes through epigenetic alternations. The main purpose of our study was to investigate the role of epigenetic modification on potassium‐chloride co‐transporter 2 (KCC2) gene expression in the persistence of inflammatory pain.MethodsPersistent inflammatory pain was induced through the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the left hind paw of rats. Acetyl‐histone H3 and H4 level was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation in the spinal dorsal horn. Pain behaviour and inhibitory synaptic function of spinal cord were determined before and after CFA injection. KCC2 expression was determined by real time RT‐PCR and Western blot. Intrathecal KCC2 siRNA (2 μg per 10 μL per rat) or HDAC inhibitor (10 μg per 10 μL per rat) was injected once daily for 3 days before CFA injection.ResultsPersistent inflammatory pain epigenetically suppressed KCC2 expression through histone deacetylase (HDAC)‐mediated histone hypoacetylation, resulting in decreased inhibitory signalling efficacy. KCC2 knock‐down caused by intrathecal administration of KCC2 siRNA in naïve rats reduced KCC2 expression in the spinal cord, leading to sensitized pain behaviours and impaired inhibitory synaptic transmission in their spinal cords. Moreover, intrathecal HDAC inhibitor injection in CFA rats increased KCC2 expression, partially restoring the spinal inhibitory synaptic transmission and relieving the sensitized pain behaviour.ConclusionThese findings suggest that the transcription of spinal KCC2 is regulated by histone acetylation epigenetically following CFA.SignificancePersistent pain suppresses KCC2 expression through HDAC‐mediated histone hypoacetylation and consequently impairs the inhibitory function of inhibitory interneurons. Drugs such as HDAC inhibitors that suppress the influences of persistent pain on the expression of KCC2 may serve as a novel analgesic.
Putting pain out of mind with an ‘out of body’ illusion
Authors: Pamment J. , Aspell J.E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundChronic pain is a growing societal concern that warrants scientific investigation, especially given the ineffectiveness of many treatments. Given evidence that pain experience relies on multisensory integration, there is interest in using body ownership illusions for reducing acute pain.AimIn the present study, we investigate whether patients’ experience of chronic pain could be reduced by full body illusions (FBIs) that cause participants to dissociate from their own body.MethodsParticipants with chronic pain (including sciatica, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, muscular pain, IBS and back pain) viewed their own ‘virtual’ bodies via a video camera and head‐mounted display for two minutes. In the ‘back‐stroking FBI’, their backs were stroked with a stick while they viewed synchronous or asynchronous stroking on the virtual body and in the ‘front‐stroking FBI’, they were stroked near their collarbone while viewing the stick approach their field of view in a synchronous or asynchronous fashion. Illusion strength and pain intensity were measured with self‐report questionnaires.ResultsWe found that full body illusions were experienced by patients with chronic pain and further, that pain intensity was reduced by an average of 37% after illusion (synchronous) conditions.ConclusionThese findings add support to theories that high‐level multisensory body representations can interact with homeostatic regulation and pain perception.SignificancePain intensity in chronic pain patients was reduced by 37% by ‘out of body’ illusions. These data demonstrate the potential of such illusions for the management of chronic pain.
The SAGES telephone neuropsychological battery: correlation with in‐person measures
Authors: Bunker Lydia , Hshieh Tammy T. , Wong Bonnie , Schmitt Eva M. , Travison Thomas , Yee Jacqueline , Palihnich Kerry , Metzger Eran , Fong Tamara G. , Inouye Sharon K. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveNeuropsychological test batteries are administered in person to assess cognitive function in both clinical and research settings. However, in‐person administration holds a number of logistical challenges that makes it difficult to use in large or remote populations or for multiple serial assessments over time. The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine whether a telephone‐administered neuropsychological test battery correlated well with in‐person testing.MethodsFifty English‐speaking patients without dementia, over 70 years old, and part of a cohort of patients in a prospective cohort study examining cognitive outcomes following elective surgery were enrolled in this study. Five well‐validated neuropsychological tests were administered by telephone to each participant by a trained interviewer within 2–4 weeks of the most recent in‐person interview. Tests included the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test‐Revised, Digit Span, Category Fluency, Phonemic Fluency, and Boston Naming Test. A General Cognitive Performance composite score was calculated from individual subtest scores as a Z‐score.ResultsMean age was 74.9 years (SD = 4.1), 66% female, and 4% non‐White. Mean and interquartile distributions of telephone scores were similar to in‐person scores. Correlation analysis of test scores revealed significant correlations between telephone and in‐person results for each individual subtest, as well as for the overall composite score. A Bland–Altman plot revealed no bias or trends in scoring for either test administration type.ConclusionsIn this descriptive study, the telephone version of a neuropsychological test battery correlated well with the in‐person version and may provide a feasible supplement in clinical and research applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Hox in Pisiform and Calcaneus Growth Plate Formation and the Nature of the Zeugopod/Autopod Boundary
Authors: Reno Philip L. , Kjosness Kelsey M. , Hines Jasmine E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe mesopodium forms at the boundary between the zeugopod and autopod and is composed of short nodular bones that typically lack growth plates. Hoxa11 and Hoxa13 are expressed in mutually exclusive proximal‐distal domains that demarcate the zeugopod/autopod boundary. Similarly, Hoxd genes are deployed in two distinct phases during limb development. The early phase corresponds to proximal segments including the zeugopod, and a late phase occurs in the digits. This arrangement produces a gap of low Hoxd expression that is traditionally viewed to correspond to the mesopodium. In contrast to the other mesopodials, the mammalian pisiform and calcaneus form true growth plates. We show that these bones, along with other proximal mesopodials, develop within the Hoxa11 and Hoxd11 expression domains. We also observe that the pisiform growth plate becomes disorganized with Hoxa11 or Hoxd11 loss of function, indicating a direct role for Hox11 in its development. Hoxa13 loss of function has minimal effect on the pisiform and proximal calcaneus as these bones still form secondary centers and undergo longitudinal growth. Consideration of the phenotypes resulting from hypodactyly (Hd) and synpolydactyly homolog (spdh) mutations, which result from altered HOXA13 and HOXD13 proteins, respectively, confirms that Hox13 plays a limited role in the development of the pisiform and calcaneus and suggests that they lie within the early phase of Hox expression. Therefore, with respect to patterns of ossification and gene expression, these bones share much more in common with the zeugopod than the autopod. Such an interpretation fits with the timing of autopod origins during tetrapod evolution.
Complementary models reveal cellular responses to contact stresses that contribute to post‐traumatic osteoarthritis
Authors: Martin James A. , Anderson Donald D. , Goetz Jessica E. , Fredericks Douglas , Pedersen Douglas R. , Ayati Bruce P. , Marsh J. Lawrence , Buckwalter Joseph A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTTwo categories of joint overloading cause post‐traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA): single acute traumatic loads/impactions and repetitive overloading due to incongruity/instability. We developed and refined three classes of complementary models to define relationships between joint overloading and progressive cartilage loss across the spectrum of acute injuries and chronic joint abnormalities: explant and whole joint models that allow probing of cellular responses to mechanical injury and contact stresses, animal models that enable study of PTOA pathways in living joints and pre‐clinical testing of treatments, and patient‐specific computational models that define the overloading that causes OA in humans. We coordinated methodologies across models so that results from each informed the others, maximizing the benefit of this complementary approach. We are incorporating results from these investigations into biomathematical models to provide predictions of PTOA risk and guide treatment. Each approach has limitations, but each provides opportunities to elucidate PTOA pathogenesis. Taken together, they help define levels of joint overloading that cause cartilage destruction, show that both forms of overloading can act through the same biologic pathways, and create a framework for initiating clinical interventions that decrease PTOA risk. Considered collectively, studies extending from explants to humans show that thresholds of joint overloading that cause cartilage loss can be defined, that to at least some extent both forms of joint overloading act through the same biologic pathways, and interventions that interrupt these pathways prevent cartilage damage. These observations suggest that treatments that decrease the risk of all forms of OA progression can be discovered. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:515–523, 2017.
Structured Approach Therapy for Combat‐Related PTSD in Returning U.S. Veterans: Complementary Mediation by Changes in Emotion Functioning
Authors: Sautter Frederic J. , Glynn Shirley M. , Becker‐Cretu Julia J. , Senturk Damla , Armelie Aaron P. , Wielt Dustin B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo address the impact of combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on U.S. Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans, the investigators developed a 12‐session manualized PTSD treatment for couples called structured approach therapy (SAT). A randomized controlled trial had shown that 29 OEF/OIF veterans with combat‐related PTSD who had participated in SAT showed significantly greater reductions in PTSD compared to 28 veterans receiving a 12‐session PTSD family education intervention (Sautter, Glynn, Cretu, Senturk, & Vaught, 2015). We conducted supplemental follow‐up and mediation analyses, which tested the hypothesis that changes in emotion functioning play a significant role in the decreases in PTSD symptoms primarily observed in veterans who had received SAT. Veterans assigned to the SAT condition showed significantly greater decreases than those assigned to PTSD family education in emotion regulation problems (p < .001, Cohen's f2 = .18) and fear of intense emotions (p < .001, Cohen's f2 = .152). Decreases in both emotion regulation problems (mediated effect:= .36), and fear of intense emotions (mediated effect: = .24) were found to be complementary mediators of reductions in PTSD symptoms greater with SAT. These findings suggest that SAT may aid veterans in improving their ability to regulate trauma‐related emotions.
Genetic gain in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) varieties 1973 to 2013
Authors: McDonagh J. , O’Donovan M. , McEvoy M. , Gilliland T. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPerennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) forms the basis of grassland production in temperate pastures and is globally one of the most important forage grasses. Consequently, there has been large plant breeding industry investment over the past 40 years in producing new varieties and independent testing systems designed to identify and list those with the most improved performances. This study was conducted at the Plant Testing Station, Crossnacreevy, Northern Ireland and compared the DM yield and sward density of new varieties submitted from 1973 to 2013 and grass digestibility from 1980 to 2013, under conservation and simulated grazing managements. A variety × years matrix was compiled for each parameter and comparable means between varieties never in side by side performance trials were produced. Dry matter yields showed an overall significant (p < 0.001) average annual increase of 0.52 % under conservation and 0.35 % under simulated grazing, with similar gain levels within maturity groups or ploidies. These rates were not constant over time, and periods of no gain occurred in various variety groupings. Sward density of the examined varieties did not change significantly. Herbage digestibility showed no improvement over the timeframe but had the largest differences between concurrent varieties, indicating that improvements were possible in the future. The study indicated that plant breeding gains were primarily DM yield focused with sward density remaining stagnant over the 40 years, while the lack of grass digestibility improvement appeared to only require more time to overcome. Evidence of benefits and risks of variety testing influences on plant breeding objectives was discussed.
Prehospital Application of the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale by Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Leeies Murdoch , ffrench Cheryl , Strome Trevor , Weldon Erin , Bullard Michael , Grierson Rob 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesTriage is fundamental to emergency patient assessment. Effective triage systems accurately prioritize patients and help predict resource utilization. CTAS is a validated five-level triage score utilized in Emergency Departments (EDs) across Canada and internationally. Historically CTAS has been applied by triage nurses in EDs. Observational evidence suggests that the CTAS might be implemented reliably by paramedics in the prehospital setting. This is the first system-wide assessment of CTAS interrater reliability between paramedics and triage nurses during clinical practice.MethodsVariables were extracted from hospital and EMS databases. EMS providers determined CTAS on-scene, CTAS pre-transport, and CTAS on-arrival at hospital for each patient (N=14,378). The hospital arrival EMS CTAS (CTASarrival) score was compared to the initial nursing CTAS score (CTASinitial) and the final nursing CTAS score (CTASfinal) incuding nursing overrides. Interrater reliability between ED CTASinitial and EMS CTASarrival scores was assessed. Interrater reliability between ED CTASfinal and EMS CTASarrival scores, as well as proportion of patient encounters with perfect or near-perfect agreement, were evaluated.ResultsOur primary outcome, interrater reliability [kappa=0.437 (p<0.001, 95% CI 0.421-0.452)], indicated moderate agreement. EMS CTASarrival and ED CTASinitial scores had an exact or within one point match 84.3% of the time. The secondary interrater reliability outcome between hospital arrival EMS CTAS (CTASarrival) score and the final ED triage CTAS score (CTASfinal) showed moderate agreement with kappa =0.452 (p<0.001, 95% CI 0.437-0.466).ConclusionsInterrater reliability of CTAS scoring between triage nurses and paramedics was moderate in this system-wide implementation study.
Stonehenge as an Astronomical Instrument
Authors: Trotter A. P. 
Published: August 2016

The astronomical controversy about Stonehenge may perhaps be approached from an impartial view of one who is neither an archaeologist nor an astronomer, who offers no new or original observations, and proposes to examine facts rather than to discuss theories.Sir Norman Lockyer was one of those who held that many Egyptian and Greek buildings were set so that they faced certain points on the horizon at which the sun or some bright star arose. But the buildings do not face these directions exactly, and the suggestion is that the discrepancies are due to a well recognized astronomical principle—that the points of rising and setting gradually move on the horizon; and the rate of motion being known, the date of the building may be ascertained.
Where did Man Originate?
Authors: Hooton E. A. 
Published: August 2016

Students of human origins agree that man was not separately created, but evolved in the remote past from an apelike ancestor. To such as reject the evidence of man’s emergence from a lower animal form, the place of his original home is not a subject for discussion but rather a tenet of faith, or a simple geographical identification of the Garden of Eden.Even if one is uninfluenced by ecclesiastical tradition it is difficult to avoid prejudice in the search for the cradle of humanity. The ex oriente Zux hypothesis, which Reinach once so vigorously contested in the field of archaeology, numbers among its submissive acceptants a majority perhaps of anthropologists and students of primate evolution. Much of human culture and many peoples have come out of Asia. Because of the antiquity of its civilizations, the multifariousness of its inhabitants and its vast extent and physical diversity, that continent has become a natural residuary legatee for all unknown origins. The paucity of knowledge concerning the archaeology and palaeontology of Asia has determined its selection as the mute scapegoat of all our original sins.
The ‘Works of the Old Men’ in Arabia
Authors: Maitland  
Published: August 2016

The walls and hut circles which are known to the Bedouins as “the works of the old men” lie about 120 miles to the east of the Dead Sea, in a southern extension of the Jebel Druze range through which the Cairo-Baghdad air mail passes, in the neighbourhood of landing grounds F, G, and H.The Jebel Druze is a desolate range of mountains rising to from 2000 to 3000 feet above sea level. It consists of steep-sided flat-topped mountains of black basalt, the wadis and flat country between being covered with sand thickly besprinkled with huge black basalt boulders. Here and there the winter rains have formed lakes of sand which during the winter are morasses and during the summer hard flat glaring expanses of white sand, many as much as three miles long.
Prehistoric Flint Sickles
Authors: Curwen E. Cecil 
Published: August 2016

So much interest was aroused by my recent paper on ‘Prehistoric Agriculture’ in vol. I of ANTIQUITYth, at it may be worth while to expand and add to what was there said on the subject of flint sickles. The most comprehensive study of the subject comes from the pen of M. André Vayson de Pradenne whose paper must first be reviewed.The author sets out by describing an almost perfect example of a flint sickle, consisting of five carefully worked flakes set in an L-shaped wooden mount, discovered some years ago in a peat-bog at the foot of the hill of Solferino, near the Lago di Garda in North Italy (fig. I). After describing its characteristics and discussing its purpose, he reviews all the other known specimens from Europe and Africa, and finally discusses their types and distribution.
A Prehistoric Metropolis: the first Verulamium
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M. 
Published: August 2016

Westward across the valley from St. Albans, the horizon is today fringed by a tract of secluded woodland. A part of this woodland has acquired the name of Prae Wood from a small medieval nunnery, dedicated to St. Mary de Pré, that once stood half-a-mile away beside the derelict Watling Street. The nunnery is now a patch of nettles in the meadows by the Ver, and the Street is a channel from which the metalling has been torn; but both are better known to the historian and the antiquary than are the banks and ditches which lie hidden beneath the summer-jungle of Prae Wood. For all that, these banks and ditches are relics of a city which was at one time no less than the metropolis of a considerable part of Britain. It is nearly nineteen centuries since they passed into oblivion, and there is something of ironical irrelevance in the words of a Georgian milestone which chance has set up in their midst: ‘I mile from Gorhambury, 20 miles from Hyde Park Corner The shade of Sir Thomas Browne might find a happy perch upon that milestone.About the year 30 B.c., king Tasciovanus, suzerain (it would seem) of a large region in central and eastern Britain, struck coins which bear upon them, in one form or another, the name of Verulamium and are, incidentally, amongst the first inscribed coins minted in these islands. His predecessor, Cassivelaunus, had been the elected leader of the British tribes against Julius Caesar in 54 B.c.; and it is unnecessary here to discuss again in detail the plausible identification of Verulamium with the unnamed stronghold of Cassivelaunus which Caesar's legions stormed in that year.
Dogs
Authors: Hilzheimer Max 
Published: August 2016

I do not intend in this paper to give a complete history of the dog, but simply to discuss certain problems connected with it, and in particular to describe a number of types belonging to different periods and countries.Our evidence is for the most part pictorial; .yet it must be used with caution, for difficulties are bound to arise if anmals are represented alone, with no clue to their size. For example, figure 3 shows representations of dogs on coins from Panormus of the 4th century B.c.; artistically they are excellent, but nothing can be inferred as to breed, for this depends on the size, of which we know nothing. On the other hand, figure I, although artistically crude, not only tells us the size of the dog relative to the man beside him, but also that the animal is of Maltese breed (MEAITAIE). This is in fact the only instance in antiquity where a breed can be definitely ascertained, for even when descriptions are given of classical breeds, they are as a rule thoroughly unsatisfactory and establish no certain conclusion.
Pyramids and their Purpose II. The Pyramid
of Khufu (The Great Pyramid)
Authors: Wheeler Noel F. 
Published: August 2016

As measurements play a certain art in this
article it is as well, before dealing with the
pyramid of Khufu, to consider the ancient Egyptian
measures.
Different values of the cubit or ell
(referred to as E), are found in different sites,
and in different structures of the same site and
period ; but it seems quite certain that the
Pyramid Age ell had a value between 20.58 and 20.6
in. In later times the variation is much wider.
Opinions differ on the division of the ell, since
there was also a ‘ short ell ’ of 6 palms or hands
(referred to as H), whereas the normal ell was
divided into 7 hands.
Did Hengist settle in Kent?
Authors: Fletcher E. G. M. 
Published: August 2016

The article by Mr J. N. L. Myres in Antiquity (December 1942), discussing the earlier articles by Mr K. D. M. Dauncey (March 1942), and by Mr Dayrell Reed (June 1942), has revived, among other matters, the vexed problem whether the Hengist and Vortigern story is true, and whether the earliest settlement of Saxon invaders in this country was in Kent or elsewhere.Mr Dauncey claimed that the evidence from the cremation cemeteries of Norfolk and Lincolnshire indicated a primary military settlement in those areas. Mr Dayrell Reed, while rejecting the specific conclusions of Mr Dauncey, proceeded to assert, largely on the strength of citations from medieval writers, that the cremation cemeteries in question were evidence that Hengist's mercenary army was established by Vortigern in that region to fight against the Picts shortly after the year A.D. 446.