bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “Dirty Liver” as a Coincidental Finding on Sonography
Authors: Merkel Daniel , Wiens Daniel , Kämmer Jörg 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesBiliary microhamartomas of the liver are known as symptomless, benign, microscopic biliary duct deformations. The consistently improving quality of ultrasound technology has made it possible to visualize them, which has led to difficulty in distinguishing them from neoplastic liver alterations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the appearance of biliary microhamartomas and their behavior on contrast‐enhanced sonography.MethodsWe defined typical sonographic findings in biliary microhamartomas of the liver (1 main criterion and 3 secondary criteria). Nineteen patients were identified as have typical characteristics images of biliary microhamartomas as coincidental findings on liver sonography. All patients were included in a clinical follow‐up program without histologic confirmation after they underwent risk assessment. Follow‐up examinations were performed with B‐mode sonographic examinations at 6, 12, and 18 months. In addition, in 15 patients, contrast‐enhanced sonographic examinations of the liver were performed.ResultsNone of the patients had a change in the number or size of the identifiable typical liver lesions (main criterion) after a mean follow‐up period ± SD of 14.4 ± 6.5 months. There were also no alterations among the aforementioned secondary criteria in any of the participants. On contrast‐enhanced sonography, the lesions of all patients showed a consistent pattern, with early arterial enrichment and persistent homogeneous contrast in the late portal venous phase.ConclusionsThe sonographic appearance of biliary microhamartomas is characteristic and typical enough that histologic confirmation is not always necessary. Follow‐up examinations to monitor any developments are usually adequate.
Multifunctional Nano‐Conductive Hydrogels With High Mechanical Strength, Toughness and Fatigue Resistance as Self‐Powered Wearable Sensors and Deep Learning‐Assisted Recognition System
Authors: Wang Yanqing , Chen Picheng , Ding Yu , Zhu Penghao , Liu Yuetao , Wang Chuanxing , Gao Chuanhui 
Published: September 2024

AbstractHigh mechanical strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance are essential to improve the reliability of conductive hydrogels for self‐powered sensing. However, achieving mutually exclusive properties simultaneously remains challenging. Hence, a novel directed interlocking strategy based on topological network structure and mechanical training is proposed to construct tough hydrogels by optimizing the network structure and modulating the orientation of molecular chains. Combining Zn2+ crosslinked cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and a polyacrylamide‐poly(vinyl alcohol) double‐network, the unique interlocked‐network structure exhibits an enhanced toughening effect due to hydrogen bonding and metal‐ligand interactions. The aligned nanocrystalline domains achieved by training further contribute to an increase in the toughness and fatigue thresholds. This innovative approach synergistically enhances the mechanical properties of the nano‐conductive hydrogel, achieving a maximum tensile strength of 4.98 MPa and a toughness of 48 MJ m−3. Notably, the CNFs template with anchored polyaniline, when oriented through mechanical training, forms a unique directional conductive pathway, which significantly enhances the power output performance. Besides, a motion recognition system based on a self‐powered sensing device is designed with the assistance of deep learning techniques to accurately identify human motion behaviors. This work showcases a potentially transformative flexible electronic material for self‐powered sensing systems and intelligent recognition systems.
Fabricating Water‐Resistant and Stimuli Responsive Smart Hydrogels via Iminoboronate Chemistry
Authors: Hu Junfei , Li Lin , Li Zhan , Yang Lei , Ren Xiancheng , Cheng Yiyun , Li Yiwen , Huang Quan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe construction and application of smart hydrogels often involve balancing the conflicting relationship between the stability and dynamics. Imine bond, as a type of dynamic chemical bonding, is commonly used in the construction of diverse smart hydrogels since it can effectively achieve the response to some external stimuli. However, its poor thermodynamic stability often leads to the limited crosslinking density and easy degradation of hydrogels in water and biofluids. To address this critical issue, a series of model smart hydrogels is prepared with highly water stability and stimuli responsiveness via the iminoboronate gelation of aminoglycosides and 8‐arm PEG terminated with 2‐acetylphenylboronic acid pinacol ester [(pin)‐APBA]. Note that the presence of pinacol esters, as electron‐donating agents and hydrophobic couplers with large steric hindrance, can keep the five‐membered ring of iminoboronate intact and protect the nitrogen‐boron (N─B) coordination bond from water molecules, offering the water resistance feature of the hydrogels. And the rapid responsiveness of the gels to stimuli (e.g., acid, H2O2 and unhindered amines) further confirmed that their dynamic nature, allowing the on‐demand release of aminoglycosides with satisfactory antibacterial effect. This iminoboronate chemistry‐based strategy can offer new opportunities toward stable and smart hydrogels with various applications in many fields.
Single‐Atom Zirconium Coordination Polyimide Aerogel as Separator Coating Toward High‐Rate Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Zhou Kangjie , Bao Minxian , Fang Yongkang , He Peng , Ren Jianguo , Zong Wei , Zhang Longsheng , Liu Tianxi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDeveloping high‐rate lithium‐metal battery (LMB) with superior energy density and operation durability is of significance, which shows enormous potential to be extensively applied. However, the commercialized polyolefin separators exhibit inferior ability to resist the elevated internal temperature and inhibit the lithium (Li) dendrite growth, especially for LMBs under high‐rate operations. With undesired Li+‐anion solvated structures in the electrolyte, previous separator modification strategies usually meet a dilemma to simultaneously increase the Li+ transference number and decrease the anion transference number. Here, a facile and scalable strategy are reported to prepare high‐performance sandwiched separators with polyolefin separators coated by single‐atom zirconium coordination polyimide aerogel (Zr‐PIA) layers, which can achieve a stable LMB operation at 20 C for 2700 cycles with a capacity retention of 94.6%, substantially outperforming its counterpart separator without Zr. Both the experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the Zr‐PIA layer with nanoporous architecture and anion‐trapping Zr sites can effectively increase the Li+ transference number without sacrificing the overall ion conductivity, enabling a rapid, selective and uniform Li+ flux through the separator. Such features can facilitate homogeneous the Li nucleation/deposition and mitigate Li dendrite growth, leading to enhanced battery durability and safety.
Electrospinning Fiber Membrane‐Derived Gel Polymer Electrolytes with High Mechanical Strength and Low Swelling Effect for High‐Safety Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Peng , Li Haibo , Li Na , Sun Jinfeng , Xu Feng , Tian Xinlong , Shi Xiaodong 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is hindered by the issues of flammable electrolytes, lithium dendrites and the resulting thermal runaway. Designing flame‐retardant electrolytes with high performance is a valid strategy to break the current dilemma. In this work, the flame retardant of triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is elaborately encapsulated into the polymer shell of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) to realize the controllable release of TPP during the soaking process. The resulting TPP@PAN/PVDF‐HFP fiber membrane holds high thermal stability, high mechanical strength, and low swelling rate, which is essential for the preparation of flame‐retardant gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). As demonstrated, the TPP@PAN/PVDF‐HFP GPE can deliver high Li+ transference number of 0.877, low interfacial activation energy barrier of 26.6 kJ mol−1 and heterogeneous SEI composition of Li3PO4/Li2CO3/LiF. The corresponding Li||Li cells achieve stable voltage polarization over 1000 h, and the Li||Cu cells display high plating/stripping CE of 99.1%. Meanwhile, the optimized Li||LiFePO4 batteries exhibit high reversible capacity of 158 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5 C, and present outstanding fire resistance through the thermal runaway and puncture test. This study will open window for the design of high‐safety electrolytes to promote the practical application of LMBs.
Generation, Inversion, and Amplification of Intrinsic Circularly Polarized Room Temperature Phosphorescence in Chiral Carbon Dots
Authors: Gao Xinhui , Pan Kai , Zhao Biao , Deng Jianping 
Published: September 2024

AbstractChiral carbon dots (C‐dots) with circularly polarized luminescence emission have attracted tremendous attention, but achieving circularly polarized room temperature phosphorescence (CPRTP) C‐dots is still challenging. The present contribution reports the success in constructing C‐dots with intrinsic CPRTP property through an eco‐friendly solvent‐free pyrolysis method using urea and (R/S)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine as precursors. The obtained C‐dots exhibit intrinsic circularly polarized fluorescence (CPF) and CPRTP dual emission with dissymmetric factors of 10−3, accompanied by long lifetime up to 400 ms. Detailed experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations show that the presence of carbonyl groups and nitrogen atoms as well as charge transfer excitation within the C‐dots is crucial for the RTP emission. More importantly, upon the incorporation of achiral helical polyacetylene, chirality transfer from the nanoscale C‐dots to achiral helical chains effectively occurs during the film formation process, resulting in amplified chiroptical performance. Significantly, based on the synergistic interaction of “circularly polarized excitation” and “re‐polarization” mechanisms, inversion and amplification of CPF/CPRTP emissions with large dissymmetric factors up to 2.0 × 10−2/2.2 × 10−2 are observed in the resulting C‐dots/polyacetylene composite films. This work provides a platform for the construction of novel CPRTP materials with significant potentials.
Achieving Unipolar Organic Transistors for Complementary Circuits by Selective Usage of Doped Organic Semiconductor Film Electrodes
Authors: Chen Ping‐An , Guo Jing , Wei Huan , Xia Jiangnan , Chen Chen , Chen Huajie , Lei Ting , Jiang Lang , Liao Lei , Hu Yuanyuan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractUnipolar p‐ and n‐type organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) are essential for constructing organic circuits and complementary designs crucial for high‐performance electronics. Traditionally, fabricating these transistors requires separate p‐type and n‐type organic semiconductors (OSCs), which complicates the process due to intricate patterning, protection of the first OSC layer, and considerable material wastage. In this work, an innovative approach is introduced, inspired by silicon transistor fabrication to obtain unipolar OFETs, employing a single ambipolar OSC in conjunction with doped organic semiconductor films (DOSCFs) as electrodes. This results demonstrate that OFETs with DOSCF electrodes suppress ambipolarity dramatically and achieve on/off ratios that are two to three orders of magnitude higher than those with metal electrodes, along with excellent stability. The unipolar characteristics of the devices are attributed to the unique work function properties and the intrinsic charge carrier behavior of the DOSCF electrodes. Significantly, inverter circuits utilizing these unipolar transistors outperformed traditional ambipolar transistors with metal electrodes, achieving a fivefold increase in voltage gain. This novel strategy promises to enhance the practicality and economic viability of organic electronics, paving the way for more sustainable and high‐performance circuit designs.
Robust Growth of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Vertical Heterostructures via Ammonium‐Assisted CVD Strategy
Authors: Li Wei , Qin Qiuyin , Li Xin , Huangfu Ying , Shen Dingyi , Liu Jialing , Li Jia , Li Bo , Wu Ruixia , Duan Xidong 
Published: September 2024

AbstractTwo dimension (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) heterostructures have opened unparalleled prospects for next‐generation electronic and optoelectronic applications due to their atomic‐scale thickness and distinct physical properties. The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is the most feasible approach to prepare 2D TMD heterostructures. However, the synthesis of 2D vertical heterostructures faces competition between in‐plane and out‐of‐plane growth, which makes it difficult to precisely control the growth of vertical heterostructures. Here, a universal and controllable strategy is reported to grow various 2D TMD vertical heterostructures through an ammonium‐assisted CVD process. The ammonium‐assisted strategy shows excellent controllability and operational simplicity to prevent interlayer diffusion/alloying and thermal decomposition of the existed TMD templates. Ab initio simulations demonstrate that the reaction between NH4Cl and MoS2 leads to the formation of MoS3 clusters, promoting the nucleation and growth of 2D MoS2 on existed 2D WS2 layer, thereby leading to the growth of vertical heterostructure. The resulting 2D WSe2/WS2 vertical heterostructure photodetectors demonstrate an outstanding optoelectronic performance, which are comparable to the performances of photodetectors fabricated from mechanically exfoliated and stacked vertical heterostructures. The ammonium‐assisted strategy for robust growth of high‐quality vertical van der Waals heterostructures will facilitate fundamental physics investigations and device applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
Giant Capacitive Energy Storage in High‐Entropy Lead‐Free Ceramics with Temperature Self‐Check
Authors: Zeng Xiangfu , Lin Jinfeng , Shen Jie , Chen Yan , Xu Wei , Tang Luomeng , Wang Simin , Gao Min , Zhao Chunlin , Lin Tengfei , Luo Laihui , Chen Chao , Sa Baisheng , Lin Cong , Wu Xiao , Zhai Jiwei 
Published: September 2024

AbstractConsidering the large demand for electricity in the era of artificial intelligence and big data, there is an urgent need to explore novel energy storage media with higher energy density and intelligent temperature self‐check functions. High‐entropy (HE) ceramic capacitors are of great significance because of their excellent energy storage efficiency and high power density (PD). However, the contradiction between configurational entropy and polarization in traditional HE systems greatly restrains the increase in energy storage density. Herein, the contradiction is effectively solved by regulating the octahedral tilt and cationic displacement in ABO3‐type perovskite HE ceramics, i.e., (1‐x)[0.6(Bi0.47Na0.47Yb0.03Tm0.01)TiO3‐0.4(Ba0.5Sr0.5)TiO3]‐xSr(Zr0.5Hf0.5)O3 (BNYTT‐BST‐xSZH). Combining the tape‐casting process and cold isostatic pressing, the optimal BNYTT‐BST‐0.06SZH ceramic displays a large recoverable energy storage density (10.46 J cm−3) at 685 kV cm−1 and a high PD (332.88 MW cm−3). More importantly, due to Tm/Yb codoping, abnormal fluorescent negative thermal expansion and excellent real‐time temperature sensing are developed, thus the application of fault detection and warning in high‐voltage transmission line systems is conceptualized. This study provides an effective strategy for enhancing the polarization of energy‐storing HE ceramics and offers a promising material for overcoming the problems of insufficient capacitor density and thermal runaway in terminal communication.
Homogenizing Energy Landscape for Efficient and Spectrally Stable Blue Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Qi Heng , Tong Yu , Zhang Xuewen , Wang Hao , Zhang Lu , Chen Yali , Wang Yibo , Shang Jingzhi , Wang Kun , Wang Hongqiang 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBlue perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have attracted enormous attention; however, their unsatisfactory device efficiency and spectral stability still remain great challenges. Unfavorable low‐dimensional phase distribution and defects with deeper energy levels usually cause energy disorder, substantially limiting the device's performance. Here, an additive‐interface optimization strategy is reported to tackle these issues, thus realizing efficient and spectrally stable blue PeLEDs. A new type of additive‐formamidinium tetrafluorosuccinate (FATFSA) is introduced into the quasi‐2D mixed halide perovskite accompanied by interface engineering, which effectively impedes the formation of undesired low‐dimensional phases with various bandgaps throughout the entire film, thereby boosting energy transfer process for accelerating radiative recombination; this strategy also diminishes the halide vacancies especially chloride‐related defects with deep energy level, thus reducing nonradiative energy loss for efficient radiative recombination. Benefitting from homogenized energy landscape throughout the entire perovskite emitting layer, PeLEDs with spectrally‐stable blue emission (478 nm) and champion external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 21.9% are realized, which represents a record value among this type of PeLEDs in the pure blue region.
Constructing a Janus Catholyte/Cathode Structure: A New Strategy for Stable Zn‐Organic Batteries
Authors: Hong Hu , Wang Yiqiao , Wei Zhiquan , Yang Xinru , Wu Zhuoxi , Guo Xun , Chen Ao , Zhang Shaoce , Wang Shixun , Li Qing , Li Shimei , Zhang Dechao , Xiong Qi , Zhi Chunyi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractOrganic materials are promising candidates for the electrodes of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries due to their nonmetallic nature, environmental friendliness, and cost‐effectiveness. However, they often suffer from significant dissolution during the charge‐discharge process, which poses a major hurdle to their practical applications. Inspired by membrane‐less organelles in cells, a simple and versatile strategy is proposed—constructing a Janus catholyte/cathode structured electrode based on liquid‐liquid phase separation, in which redox‐active organic molecules are confined in the liquid state within the activated carbon, thereby eliminating the volume effect and preventing their diffusion into the electrolyte. The customization of phase separation systems by leveraging the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity differences of various anions is successfully demonstrated. This approach allows for precise regulation of ion cluster/coordination structures, enabling the confinement of active substances while ensuring efficient ion transport. Consequently, the as‐constructed Zn||Janus catholyte/cathode cells exhibit superior reversible rate capacity (186 mA h g−1 at 5.0 A g−1) and remarkable cycling performance (retention of 72.5% after 12 000 cycles). The strategy in building Janus catholyte/cathode structured electrodes breaks free from the limitations imposed by traditional solid‐state electrodes, offering tremendous opportunities for exploring diverse advanced battery systems.
Coupling Charge‐Regulated Interfacial Chemistry to Electrokinetic Ion Transport in Bipolar SiO2‐Al2O3 Nanofluidic Diodes
Authors: Eden Alexander , Pennathur Sumita 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDue to the surface‐dominant nature of electrokinetic ion transport in confined geometries, ionic currents in nanofluidic channels are fundamentally governed by the interfacial chemistry of the constituent substrates. In this work, the intrinsic coupling between charge‐regulated oxide surfaces and local changes in concentration and pH induced during the operation of bipolar nanofluidic diodes is numerically explored. Using a heterogeneous SiO2‐Al2O3 nanochannel as a representative example, field‐dependent ion accumulation and depletion effects are shown to have a marked effect on the local surface chemistry and resulting charge density of the amphoteric Al2O3 surface in particular. While the SiO2 surface tends to remain relatively indifferent to the presence of an applied potential due to its low point of zero charge (PZC), the comparatively high PZC of Al2O3 renders it much more susceptible to the extent of ion accumulation and depletion events which drive localized concentration and pH changes. Including this surface coupling in models can be necessary to capture the true behavior of real‐world devices; comparison with a fixed‐charge model demonstrates that only a fully coupled model can quantitatively reproduce reported experimental current measurements in heterogeneous SiO2‐Al2O3 nanochannels, the limiting behavior of which is revealed to stem from this surface‐to‐bulk coupling.
Sodium Ion‐Induced Structural Transition on the Surface of a DNA‐Interacting Protein
Authors: Xu Chunhua , Lu Yue , Wu Yichao , Yuan Shuaikang , Ma Jianbing , Fu Hang , Wang Hao , Wang Libang , Zhang Hao , Yu Xuan , Tao Wei , Liu Chang , Hu Shuxin , Peng Yi , Li Wenfei , Li Yunliang , Lu Ying , Li Ming 
Published: September 2024

AbstractProtein surfaces have pivotal roles in interactions between proteins and other biological molecules. However, the structural dynamics of protein surfaces have rarely been explored and are poorly understood. Here, the surface of a single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein (SSB) with four DNA binding domains that bind ssDNA in binding site sizes of 35, 56, and 65 nucleotides per tetramer is investigated. Using oligonucleotides as probes to sense the charged surface, NaCl induces a two‐state structural transition on the SSB surface even at moderate concentrations. Chelation of sodium ions with charged amino acids alters the network of hydrogen bonds and/or salt bridges on the surface. Such changes are associated with changes in the electrostatic potential landscape and interaction mode. These findings advance the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the enigmatic salt‐induced transitions between different DNA binding site sizes of SSBs. This work demonstrates that monovalent salt is a key regulator of biomolecular interactions that not only play roles in non‐specific electrostatic screening effects as usually assumed but also may configure the surface of proteins to contribute to the effective regulation of biomolecular recognition and other downstream events.