bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids investigating their role in medicinal applications and genomic protection
Authors: Raza Sayed Haidar Abbas , Zhong Ruimin , Li Xiangmei , Pant Sameer D , Shen Xing , BinMowyna Mona N , Luo Lin , Lei Hongtao 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is a white rot fungus widely used for its pharmacological properties and health benefits. GL consists of several biological components, including polysaccharides, sterols, and triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are often found in GL in the form of lanostane-type triterpenoids with quadrilateral carbon structures.

Key findings
The study revealed that triterpenoids have diverse biological properties and can be categorized based on their functional groups. Triterpenoids derived from GL have shown potential medicinal applications. They can disrupt the cell cycle by inhibiting β-catenin or protein kinase C activity, leading to anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. They can also reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating inflammation. Additionally, triterpenoids have been found to enhance the immune system’s defenses against various health conditions. They possess antioxidant, antiparasitic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and antimicrobial activities, making them suitable for pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, triterpenoids are believed to afford radioprotection to DNA, protecting it from radiation damage.

Summary
This review focuses on the types of triterpenoids isolated from GL, their synthesis pathways, and their chemical structures. Additionally, it highlights the pharmacological characteristics of triterpenoids derived from GL, emphasizing their significant role in various therapeutic applications and health benefits for both humans and animals.
Brazilian red propolis synergistically with imipenem modulates immunological parameters and the bactericidal activity of human monocytes against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Authors: Ripari Nicolas , Honorio Mariana da Silva , Sartori Arthur Alves , de Oliveira Larissa Ragozo Cardoso , Bastos Jairo Kenupp , Sforcin José Maurício 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Propolis is a bee product found all over the globe and has a well-known antibacterial activity. Previous findings of our group revealed that the combination of Brazilian red propolis (BRP) with a lower concentration of imipenem (IPM) exerted a bactericidal action against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro. Here, we aimed at investigating the effects of BRP in combination or not with IPM on human monocytes to assess a possible immunomodulatory action.

Methods
Monocyte metabolic activity was analysed by MTT assay, cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) by ELISA, and the expression of cell markers (TLR-2, TLR-4, HLA-DR, and CD80) by flow cytometry. The bactericidal activity of monocytes over MRSA was determined by colony-forming units’ count.

Key findings
BRP alone or in combination with IPM exerted no cytotoxic effects on monocytes. BRP downregulated TLR-2 expression and inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production, while BRP + IPM stimulated these parameters. BPR alone or in combination increased the bactericidal activity similarly to LPS-activated monocytes.

Conclusions
Data indicated the potential of BRP as an anti-inflammatory agent increasing the bactericidal activity of monocytes against MRSA. The combination of BRP + IPM exhibited a stimulatory profile that may be potentially useful in treating patients with MRSA infection.
The distorting effects of the for-or-against binary in the representation of European refugee hosting societies in 2015–6
Authors: Michail Eugene 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
European receiving societies’ reactions to the increased refugee arrivals of 2015–6 were represented through a for-or-against binary, which focused on whether locals were hospitable or hostile to refugees. This article offers a critical examination of the making and effects of this binary, examining its discursive unfolding in the Greek island of Chios. Its findings show that the repeated use of the for-or-against framing by different actors resulted in the acceleration of the polarization that this representational scheme was purporting merely to describe, benefiting anti-refugee actors on the ground, obscuring a more complex understanding of the root causes of the developing ‘crisis’, and closing down the possibility of host societies imagining a future with refugees. This research contributes to a clearer understanding of the way host societies have been represented in recent years and of how radical political actors took advantage of these discursive practices to claim a central political role.
Arabidopsis METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE 2 functions independently of PENETRATION 2 during primary immunity against rice blast
Authors: Sultan Eram , Pati Debasish , Kumar Sanjeev , Sahu Binod Bihari 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Non-host resistance (NHR) is the most durable and robust form of innate immunity, with a surge of interest in its role in crop improvement. Of the NHR genes identified against rice blast, a devastating disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, Arabidopsis PEN2 is indispensable for pre-penetration resistance to M. oryzae, while a consortium of genes orchestrates post-penetration resistance via lesser known mechanisms. We identified M. oryzae-susceptible mosA (mthfr2 pen2-3) from a randomly mutagenized Arabidopsis pen2-3 population using forward genetics. Analysis of T-DNA-inserted mthfr2 lines and pen2-3-complemented mosA lines revealed that MTHFR2-dependent resistance to M. oryzae is independent of PEN2. MTHFR2-defective plants exhibited higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species and expression of salicylic acid-dependent defense markers. MTHFR2–ligand docking revealed that A55V non-synonymous substitution in mosA altered ligand binding efficiency. This further affected the metabolomic profile of mosA, effectively allowing in vitro germination and development of M. oryzae conidia. Moreover, the loss-of-function mutation in mthfr2 (involved in the 1C metabolic pathway) potentiated mosA immunity against Pst DC3000. In conclusion, our findings showed that MTHFR2 is a positive modulator of NHR against M. oryzae. This work documents another layer of conserved yet divergent metabolomic defense in Arabidopsis regulated by folate-mediated 1C metabolism that has the potential to revolutionize crop improvement.
General Priority Rule: Nemo Dat (First in Time to be Created Wins)
Authors: Bridge Michael , Gullifer Louise , Lomnicka Eva 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the principle of nemo dat quod non habet and the fact that there are many exceptions to that principle (which are discussed in detail in chapter 14). It focuses on operation of the nemo dat principle in a number of factual situations concerning different security, quasi-security, and absolute interests, and considers its application in relation to the way in which priority questions between competing interests would be decided. The importance of whether the interests are registered is highlighted where appropriate.The concept and significance of a purchase money security interest is also discussed.
Obstetric Management of Labor and Vaginal Delivery
Authors: David Marianne , Ho Geoffrey , Fisher Daniel , Roland Laura , Chu Everett , Burnette Michelle S. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a review of the four stages of labor, including normal versus abnormal labor and the potential complications at each stage. The failure of the placenta to separate after delivery is discussed, as well as postpartum hemorrhage. This chapter discusses the risk factors and management of postpartum pain, as well as predictors of postpartum depression. It also reviews both the obstetric considerations and anesthetic management of trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) and vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), multiple gestation, and external cephalic version (ECV). This chapter is written for residents, advanced providers, and practicing physicians in the fields of anesthesia and obstetrics.
Characteristics and impact of social cognitive deficits
Authors: Baune Bernhard T. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Characteristics and impact of social cognitive deficits describes dysfunctional social cognition as an important symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD). It informs that social cognition relates closely to various aspects of perception of emotional states in oneself and in others, and it applies to complex social interactions. It supports the observation that patients with MDD show a negative bias towards ambiguous emotional information across all domains of social perception. It highlights that social cognitive function exerts important effects on the course of treatment outcomes and illness trajectory in MDD patients although it is perceived that social cognitive dysfunction in MDD often presents as a subtle phenomenon.
Robust constraints on the physics of the MeV emission line in GRB 221009A from optical depth arguments
Authors: Yi Shu-Xu , Zhang Zhen , Yorgancioglu Emre Seyit , Zhang Shuang-Nan , Xiong Shao-Lin , Zhang Yan-Qiu 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
The brightest-of-all-time gamma-ray burst (GRB), GRB 221009A, is the first GRB observed to have emission line (up to 37 MeV) in its prompt emission spectra. It is naturally explained as $e^-/e^+$ annihilation line that was Doppler boosted in the relativistic jet of the GRB. In this work, we repeatedly apply the simple optical depth argument to different physical processes necessary to produce an observable $e^-/e^+$ annihilation line. This approach results in robust constraints on the physics of the line: We conclude that in GRB 221009A, the $e^-/e^+$ pairs were produced at a radius greater than $4.3\times 10^{15}$ cm from the central engine, and annihilated in a region between $1.4\times 10^{16}$ and $4.3\times 10^{16}$ cm. From these constraints, we established a self-consistent picture of $e^-/e^+$ production, cooling, and annihilation. We also derived a criterion for pair production in the GRB prompt emission: $E_{\rm {iso}} \gtrsim 3.3\times 10^{53} E_{\rm {peak},100} (1+z) R^2_{\rm {prod},16}~\text{erg}$. Using this criterion, we find tens of candidate GRBs that could have produced $e^-/e^+$ in prompt emissions to annihilate. GRB 221009A is with the highest likelihood according to this criterion. We also predict the presence of a thermal radiation, with a time-evolving blackbody temperature, sweeping through soft X-ray during the prompt emission phase.
Magnetic fields in the Large Magellanic Cloud and their connection to the Magellanic System
Authors: Livingston J D , McClure-Griffiths N M , Ma Y K , Bustard C , Mao S A , Gaensler B M , Kaczmarek J 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Studying the Magellanic System can help us understand the role that magnetic fields play in the evolution and structure of interacting low-mass galaxies. We have measured the Faraday rotation measure (RM) of 185 extra-galactic radio sources behind the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) to determine the structure of the magnetic field of the LMC. These observations were conducted with the CSIRO Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) with a frequency range of 1.6–3.0 GHz. Our observations double the density of the grid of RMs for the LMC. With these new RM observations in conjunction with previous measurements, we find that the |RM| on the east side of the LMC is greater than the west. Using dispersion measure information from known LMC pulsars, we find that the magnitude of the coherent line-of-sight (LOS) magnetic field, $B_{||}$, is weakest to the north-west of the LMC, and the random LOS magnetic field is stronger in the east side. We find that $B_{||}$ traces neutral hydrogen arm-like structures within the LMC. Overall, the LMC does not appear to have a magnetic field like that of the Small Magellanic Cloud and Magellanic Bridge, indicating that the LMC is not directly part of the ‘pan-Magellanic’ magnetic field.
Polarization position angle standard stars: a reassessment of θ and its variability for seventeen stars based on a decade of observations
Authors: Cotton Daniel V , Bailey Jeremy , Kedziora-Chudczer Lucyna , Bott Kimberly , De Horta Ain Y , Filcek Normandy , Marshall Jonathan P , Melville Graeme , Buzasi Derek L , Boiko Ievgeniia , Borsato Nicholas W , Perkins Jean , Opitz Daniela , Melrose Shannon , Grüning Gesa , Evensberget Dag , Zhao Jinglin 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Observations of polarization position angle ($\theta$) standards made from 2014 to 2023 with the High Precision Polarimetric Instrument (HIPPI) and other HIPPI-class polarimeters in both hemispheres are used to investigate their variability. Multiband data were first used to thoroughly recalibrate the instrument performance by bench-marking against carefully selected literature data. A novel co-ordinate difference matrix (CDM) approach – which combines pairs of points – was then used to amalgamate monochromatic ($g^\prime$ band) observations from many observing runs and re-determine $\theta$ for 17 standard stars. The CDM algorithm was then integrated into a fitting routine and used to establish the impact of stellar variability on the measured position angle scatter. The approach yields variability detections for stars on long time-scales that appear stable over short runs. The best position angle standards are $\ell$ Car, o Sco, HD 154445, HD 161056, and $\iota ^1$ Sco, which are stable to $\le$0.123$^\circ$. Position angle variability of 0.27–0.82$^\circ$, significant at the 3$\sigma$ level, is found for 5 standards, including the Luminous Blue Variable HD 160529 and all but one of the other B/A-type supergiants (HD 80558, HD 111613, HD 183143, and 55 Cyg), most of which also appear likely to be variable in polarization magnitude (p) – there is no preferred orientation for the polarization in these objects, which are all classified as $\alpha$ Cygni variables. Despite this we make six key recommendations for observers – relating to data acquisition, processing and reporting – that will allow them to use these standards to achieve $\lt $ 0.1$^\circ$ precision in the telescope position angle with similar instrumentation, and allow data sets to be combined more accurately.
The policy-making hypothesis
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Rittberger Berthold , Zangl Bernhard , Kriegmair Lisa 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the policy-making hypothesis, which holds that different types of EU policy making affect the type of blame game that resonates in the European public. According to the policy-making hypothesis, the attribution for responsibility for EU performance failures tends to be straightforward in cases of supranational and intergovernmental policy making, giving rise to scapegoat and renegade games respectively. Diffusion games only emerge in cases where supranational EU institutions and member states are jointly involved in policy making. The chapter probes this policy-making hypothesis with two pair-wise comparisons: First, it compares the EU’s intergovernmental financial assistance programmes with the European Central Bank’s supranational sovereign bonds programme. It then compares the EU’s failed external border control policy, an instance of shared policy making, with the controversy over the enactment of EU’s welfare entitlements policy, in which the European Commission played a central policy making role.
Synopsis
Authors: Gill Ann-Katrin , Smith Mark 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a complete line-by-line hieroglyphic synopsis of all known versions of the sixteen spells of the Glorification Recited on Each Due Occasion of the Embalming Place. In addition to the five extant copies known of this text, the synopsis also includes all parallels known to the authors from contemporary ritual texts which share material with our collection of spells. These include individual sentences or longer passages, as well as parallels in ritual texts of earlier periods, extending back to the Old Kingdom. This will permit users of the book to see both the synchronic and the diachronic relationships of the spells, and to trace how they developed over time. The synopsis is likewise essential if one wishes to study the spells for comparative purposes.
Online Hip Hop Feminism, Rap Music Videos, and Gender in YouTube Comments
Authors: Gamble Steven 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 spotlights a new wave of Black women rappers—including Nicki Minaj, Megan Thee Stallion, and Cardi B—making mainstream rap music aligned with hip hop feminism. This chapter demonstrates how hip hop feminism has been a powerful force in the culture and considers how it has been received in online spaces. It details how these rappers, often identifying as ‘hot girls’ or ‘bad bitches’, flip the script on the traditional sexualization of women in hip hop music videos, providing more diverse and authentic representations of Black womanhood. The chapter includes analysis of a big data set of YouTube comments divided by user gender, discovering gendered themes in the online reception of Black women rappers’ music videos. The main thrust of the chapter is to better understand how patriarchy and misogynoir are sustained online and therefore how they can be challenged.
Houthis and the “Flying Lawnmowers”
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In 2015, the Saudis and Emiratis expected a quick victory over Houthi rebels in Yemen. However, more than eight years later, the Saudis and the Emiratis are now looking for an exit ramp to extricate themselves from Yemen. The Houthis have hit Saudi and Emirati oil and petroleum facilities, oil shipping routes, and other vital economic targets such as airports and major cities with missiles and drones. The continued strikes on oil facilities have heightened fears of the potential for future attacks to cause much greater havoc and economic shocks. Despite massive investments in missile hunting and defense, the Houthi bombardment has not decreased. The Houthis have succeeded in diminishing the resolve of the Saudi-led Coalition and appear to have coerced it into a negotiated settlement that accepts the status quo in Yemen.
The Caroline Islands Script
Authors: de Voogt Alex 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The development of writing systems in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has occasionally provided detailed information about the inception of a script, including its system of writing, and the value and shape of individual signs. The Caroline Islands script was studied in detail by Riesenberg and Kaneshiro (1960), and their work has already presented this script as part of debates in the history of writing systems. Recent discussions about script history and developments in the Caroline Islands after the 1950s has created unique illustrations of at least five debates that concern our understanding of ancient and modern script histories.
The Rongorongo ‘Lunar Calendar’ of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and the Type of Script
Authors: Valério Miguel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Rongorongo script of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) may represent one of the few cases of independent writing in the world. Still, it is hard to situate as a code, because it remains undeciphered. Rongorongo Tablet C bears a sequence of text that most scholars agree can be interpreted to some extent. It most probably contains a ‘calendar’ with the list of ‘the nights of the moon’ that made up the Polynesian month, and whose Rapanui variety is known from oral tradition. If this identification is correct, then this ‘list of nights’ is crucial for decipherment. In this chapter, I propose that revisiting some older views on Rongorongo through a new look at Tablet C can help us understand where Rongorongo is situated in terms of typology. It is argued that it is a form of logo-phonetic notation that largely omitted grammatical words, and whose individual and combined glyphs represented polysyllabic morphemes—not syllables, as the most widespread view today holds. Readings of certain glyphic sequences of Tablet C as names of nights of the month and astronomical or time-reckoning phrases are proposed.
Vector and Complex Calculus
Authors: Waleffe Fabian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Vector and complex calculus are essential for applications to electromagnetism, fluid and solid mechanics, and the differential geometry of surfaces. The standard multivariable calculus courses are largely limited to `xyz’ calculus, but vector calculus is about geometric concepts invariant under coordinate transformations. This textbook takes the students from the geometry and algebra of vectors, to the key concepts and tools of vector calculus, including differential geometry of curves and surfaces, curvilinear coordinates, and capping off with a study of the essential elements of the calculus of functions of one complex variable. The book develops vector and index notation and is richly illustrated to help the student develop a solid visual understanding of the material. Every chapter is accompanied with many exercises that lead the student to practice key concepts and explore further interesting results. The development of this textbook was informed by the author’s teaching of many upper level applied mathematics and engineering physics courses at MIT and UW-Madison.
From the Streets to the Voting Booth: The Electoral Effect of Grassroots Mobilization Against the Far Right
Authors: Colombo Francesco , Ferrara Alessandro , Dinas Elias , Vassou Foteini-Maria , Bernardi Fabrizio 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Is anti-far-right grassroots mobilization effective? Scholars studying the far right have focused extensively on the causes and consequences of far-right success but have paid little attention to what citizens and civil society can do to tackle this phenomenon. Focusing on the surge of Sardine (the Sardines), an anti-far-right social movement, during the 2020 Italian regional elections, we test whether grassroots mobilization is an effective tool to curb far-right parties’ electoral performance. Employing municipality-level data on electoral results, Sardines rallies, and far-right events, we exploit a difference-in-differences design to identify the effect of local exposure to Sardine mobilization on the municipal electoral performance of far-right parties. The results suggest that local exposure to a Sardines event has a strong negative effect on far-right electoral results.