bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screen‐Printed Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrenesulfonate) Grids as ITO‐Free Anodes for Flexible Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhou Lu , Yu Mengjie , Chen Xiaolian , Nie Shuhong , Lai Wen‐Yong , Su Wenming , Cui Zheng , Huang Wei 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPoly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) grids have been successfully constructed by roll‐to‐roll compatible screen‐printing techniques and have been used as indium tin oxide (ITO)‐free anodes for flexible organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). The grid‐type transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) can adopt thicker PEDOT: PSS grid lines to ensure the conductivity, while the mesh‐like grid structure can play an important role to maintain high optical transparency. By adjusting grid periods, grid thickness and treatment of organic additives, PEDOT: PSS TCEs with high optical transparency, low sheet resistance, and excellent mechanical flexibility have been achieved. Using the screen‐printed PEDOT: PSS grids as the anodes, ITO‐free OLEDs achieved peak current efficiency of 3.40 cd A−1 at the current density of 10 mA cm−2, which are 1.56 times better than the devices with ITO glass as the anodes. The improved efficiency is attributed to the light extraction effect and improved transparency by the grid structure. The superior optoelectronic performances of OLEDs based on flexible screen‐printed PEDOT: PSS grid anodes suggest their great prospects as ITO‐free anodes for flexible and wearable electronic applications.
Vacuum Calcination Induced Conversion of Selenium/Carbon Wires to Tubes for High‐Performance Sodium–Selenium Batteries
Authors: Yang Xuming , Wang Hongkang , Yu Denis Y. W. , Rogach Andrey L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA vacuum calcination approach is developed to fabricate selenium/carbon composites, which does not require intensive mixing and durable heating such as in commonly used melt‐infusion methods of loading selenium into carbon hosts. Starting from carbon‐coated selenium wires prepared via a wet‐chemical reaction, selenium/carbon tubes are fabricated by a straightforward calcination process. The calcination is conducted in a confined space to reduce the insulating carbon shell under vacuum, and selenium melts but remains a constituting part of the composite. Paired with sodium metal anode, the resultant selenium/carbon tubes deliver a high reversible capacity of 601 and 509 mA h g−1 at 0.2 and 2 C normalized by the mass of selenium, which corresponds to energy and power densities of 860 and 667 Wh kg−1 at 193 and 1770 W kg−1, respectively. Such capacity and rate performance surpasses most typical cathode materials for lithium or sodium (ion) batteries, according to the comparative literature analysis. Moreover, the robust tubular‐like hollow structure of the selenium/carbon composites ensures for impressive capacity retention of more than 90% after 1000 cycles at 20 C.
Ultrahigh Rate and Long‐Life Sodium‐Ion Batteries Enabled by Engineered Surface and Near‐Surface Reactions
Authors: Zhao Changtai , Yu Chang , Qiu Bo , Zhou Si , Zhang Mengdi , Huang Huawei , Wang Biqiong , Zhao Jijun , Sun Xueliang , Qiu Jieshan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTo achieve the high‐power sodium‐ion batteries, the solid‐state ion diffusion in the electrode materials is a highly concerned issue and needs to be solved. In this study, a simple and effective strategy is reported to weaken and degrade this process by engineering the intensified surface and near‐surface reactions, which is realized by making use of a sandwich‐type nanoarchitecture composed of graphene as electron channels and few‐layered MoS2 with expanded interlayer spacing. The unique 2D sheet‐shaped hierarchical structure is capable of shortening the ion diffusion length, while the few‐layered MoS2 with expanded interlayer spacing has more accessible surface area and the decreased ion diffusion resistance, evidenced by the smaller energy barriers revealed by the density functional theory calculations. Benefiting from the shortened ion diffusion distance and enhanced electron transfer capability, a high ratio of surface or near‐surface reactions is dominated at a high discharge/charge rate. As such, the composites exhibit the high capacities of 152 and 93 mA h g−1 at 30 and 50 A g−1, respectively. Moreover, a high reversible capacity of 684 mA h g−1 and an excellent cycling stability up to 4500 cycles can be delivered. The outstanding performance is attributed to the engineered structure with increased contribution of surface or near‐surface reactions.
Light‐Emitting Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers under Cellular Digestion
Authors: Yeh Yin‐Ting , Tang Yi , Lin Zhong , Fujisawa Kazunori , Lei Yu , Zhou Yijing , Rotella Christopher , Elías Ana Laura , Zheng Si‐Yang , Mao Yingwei , Liu Zhiwen , Lu Huaguang , Terrones Mauricio 
Published: January 2018

Abstract2D materials cover a wide spectrum of electronic properties. Their applications are extended from electronic, optical, and chemical to biological. In terms of biomedical uses of 2D materials, the interactions between living cells and 2D materials are of paramount importance. However, biointerfacial studies are still in their infancy. This work studies how living organisms interact with transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers. For the first time, cellular digestion of tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayers is observed. After digestion, cells intake WS2 and become fluorescent. In addition, these light‐emitting cells are not only viable, but also able to pass fluorescent signals to their progeny cells after cell division. By combining synthesis of 2D materials and a cell culturing technique, a procedure for monitoring the interactions between WS2 monolayers and cells is developed. These observations open up new avenues for developing novel cellular labeling and imaging approaches, thus triggering further studies on interactions between 2D materials and living organisms.
Antigen‐Directed Fabrication of a Multifunctional Nanovaccine with Ultrahigh Antigen Loading Efficiency for Tumor Photothermal‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Pan Jinbin , Wang Yaqiong , Zhang Cai , Wang Xiaoyi , Wang Haoyu , Wang Jiaojiao , Yuan Yizhong , Wang Xu , Zhang Xuejun , Yu Chunshui , Sun Shao‐Kai , Yan Xiu‐Ping 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCurrent antigen‐encapsulated multifunctional nanovaccines for oncotherapy suffer from limited antigen loading efficiency, low yield, tedious manufacture, and systemic toxicity. Here, an antigen‐directed strategy for the fabrication of multifunctional nanovaccine with ultrahigh antigen loading efficiency in a facile way for tumor photothermal‐immunotherapy is shown. As a proof of concept, a model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) is used as a natural carrier to load a representative theranostic agent indocyanine green (ICG). Mixing OVA and ICG in aqueous solution gives the simplest multifunctional nanovaccine so far. The nanovaccine owns antigen loading efficiency of 80.8%, high yield of >90%, intense near‐infrared absorption and fluorescence, excellent reproducibility, good aqueous solubility and stability, and favorable biocompatibility. These merits not only guarantee sensitive labeling/tracking and efficient stimulation of dendritic cells, but also reliable imaging‐guided photothermal‐immunotherapy of tumors and tumor prevention. The proposed strategy provides a facile and robust method for large‐scale and reproducible fabrication of multifunctional nanovaccines with ultrahigh antigen loading efficiency for tumor therapy.
Investigating the Hybrid‐Structure‐Effect of CeO2‐Encapsulated Au Nanostructures on the Transfer Coupling of Nitrobenzene
Authors: Li Jian , Song Shuyan , Long Yan , Wu Lanlan , Wang Xiao , Xing Yan , Jin Rongchao , Liu Xiaogang , Zhang Hongjie 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDue to the obvious distinctions in structure, core–shell nanostructures (CSNs) and yolk–shell nanostructures (YSNs) exhibit different catalytic behavior for specific organic reactions. In this work, two unique autoredox routes are developed to the fabrication of CeO2‐encapsulated Au nanocatalysts. Route A is the synthesis of well‐defined CSNs by a one‐step redox reaction. The process involves an interesting phenomenon in which Ce3+ can act as a weak acid to inhibit the hydrolysis of Ce4+ under the condition of OH− shortage. Route B is the fabrication of monodispersed YSNs by a two‐step redox reaction with amorphous Co3O4 as an in situ template. Furthermore, the transfer coupling of nitrobenzene is chosen as a probe reaction to investigate their catalytic difference. The CSNs can gradually achieve the conversion of nitrobenzene into azoxybenzene, while the YSNs can rapidly convert nitrobenzene into azobenzene. The different catalytic results are mainly attributed to their structural distinctions.
A Simple Route to Porous Graphene from Carbon Nanodots for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Strauss Volker , Marsh Kris , Kowal Matthew D. , El‐Kady Maher , Kaner Richard B. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA facile method to convert biomolecule‐based carbon nanodots (CNDs) into high‐surface‐area 3D‐graphene networks with excellent electrochemical properties is presented. Initially, CNDs are synthesized by microwave‐assisted thermolysis of citric acid and urea according to previously published protocols. Next, the CNDs are annealed up to 400 °C in a tube furnace in an oxygen‐free environment. Finally, films of the thermolyzed CNDs are converted into open porous 3D turbostratic graphene (3D‐ts‐graphene) networks by irradiation with an infrared laser. Based upon characterizations using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, a feasible reaction mechanism for both the thermolysis of the CNDs and the subsequent laser conversion into 3D‐ts‐graphene is presented. The 3D‐ts‐graphene networks show excellent morphological properties, such as a hierarchical porous structure and a high surface area, as well as promising electrochemical properties. For example, nearly ideal capacitive behavior with a volumetric capacitance of 27.5 mF L−1 is achieved at a current density of 560 A L−1, which corresponds to an energy density of 24.1 mWh L−1 at a power density of 711 W L−1. Remarkable is the extremely fast charge–discharge cycling rate with a time constant of 3.44 ms.
Recent Advances in Wearable Transdermal Delivery Systems
Authors: Amjadi Morteza , Sheykhansari Sahar , Nelson Bradley J. , Sitti Metin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWearable transdermal delivery systems have recently received tremendous attention due to their noninvasive, convenient, and prolonged administration of pharmacological agents. Here, the material prospects, fabrication processes, and drug‐release mechanisms of these types of therapeutic delivery systems are critically reviewed. The latest progress in the development of multifunctional wearable devices capable of closed‐loop sensation and drug delivery is also discussed. This survey reveals that wearable transdermal delivery has already made an impact in diverse healthcare applications, while several grand challenges remain.
Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductor for Li‐Metal Anode Protection
Authors: Yan Jianhua , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLi‐metal is the optimal choice as an anode due to its highest energy density. However, Li‐anodes suffer safety problems from dendritic Li‐growth and continuous corrosion by liquid electrolytes. Here, an effective strategy of using ultrathin and conformal mixed ionic and electronic ceramic conductor (MIEC) is proposed to stabilize Li‐anodes. An ultrathin Li0.35La0.52[V]0.13TiO3 (LLTO) ceramic film with superior ionic conductivity is first obtained by sintering single‐crystal LLTO nanoparticles, which have controlled surface facets and particle sizes. Then the MIEC property is developed in the LLTO film by introducing toluene as catalyst, which triggers the chemical reactions between LLTO and Li‐metal, leading to high electronic conductivity in the LLTO film. After evaporating toluene, a hybrid LLTO/Li anode with a conformal and stable interface is formed. When applying the hybrid anodes in Li‐metal batteries, the MIEC ceramic film blocks Li‐corrosion from electrolyte and the formation of Li‐dendrites by buffering the Li‐ion concentration gradient and leveling secondary current distribution on Li‐metal surface. At the same time, the Coulombic efficiency of batteries reaches to 98%. This finding will impact the general approach for tailoring the properties of Li‐metal anodes for achieving better Li‐metal battery performance.
Argon Plasma Treatment to Tune Perovskite Surface Composition for High Efficiency Solar Cells and Fast Photodetectors
Authors: Xiao Xun , Bao Chunxiong , Fang Yanjun , Dai Jun , Ecker Benjamin R. , Wang Congcong , Lin Yuze , Tang Shi , Liu Ye , Deng Yehao , Zheng Xiaopeng , Gao Yongli , Zeng Xiao Cheng , Huang Jinsong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe surface composition of perovskite films is very sensitive to film processing and can deviate from the optimal, which generates unfavorable defects and results in efficiency loss in solar cells and slow response speed in photodetectors. An argon plasma treatment is introduced to modify the surface composition by tuning the ratio of organic and inorganic components as well as defect type before deposition of the passivating layer. It can efficiently enhance the charge collection across the perovskite–electrode interface by suppressing charge recombination. Therefore, perovskite solar cells with argon plasma treatment yield enhanced efficiency to 20.4% and perovskite photodetectors can reach their fastest respond speed, which is solely limited by the carrier mobility.
Coupling Mechanical and Electrical Properties in Spin Crossover Polymer Composites
Authors: Rat Sylvain , Piedrahita‐Bello Mario , Salmon Lionel , Molnár Gábor , Demont Philippe , Bousseksou Azzedine 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSpin crossover particles of formula [Fe{(Htrz)2(trz)}0.9(NH2‐trz)0.3](BF4)1.1 and average size of 20 nm ± 8 nm are homogeneously dispersed in poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoro‐ethylene), P(VDF‐TrFE), and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrices to form macroscopic (cm‐scale), freestanding, and flexible nanocomposite materials. The composites exhibit concomitant thermal expansion and discharge current peaks on cycling around the spin transition temperatures, i.e., new “product properties” resulting from the synergy between the particles and the matrix. Poling the P(VDF‐TrFE) (70–30 mol%) samples loaded with 25 wt% of particles in 18 MV m−1 electric field results in a piezoelectric coefficient d33 = −3.3 pC N−1. The poled samples display substantially amplified discharges and altered spin transition properties. Analysis of mechanical and dielectric properties reveals that both strain (1%) and permittivity (40%) changes in the composite accompany the spin transition in the particles, giving direct evidence for strong electromechanical couplings between the components. These results provide a novel route for the deployment of molecular spin crossover materials as actuators in artificial muscles and generators in thermal energy harvesting devices.
Surpassing 10% Efficiency Benchmark for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells by Scalable Coating in Air from Single Nonhalogenated Solvent
Authors: Ye Long , Xiong Yuan , Zhang Qianqian , Li Sunsun , Wang Cheng , Jiang Zhang , Hou Jianhui , You Wei , Ade Harald 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe commercialization of nonfullerene organic solar cells (OSCs) critically relies on the response under typical operating conditions (for instance, temperature and humidity) and the ability of scale‐up. Despite the rapid increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of spin‐coated devices fabricated in a protective atmosphere, the efficiencies of printed nonfullerene OSC devices by blade coating are still lower than 6%. This slow progress significantly limits the practical printing of high‐performance nonfullerene OSCs. Here, a new and relatively stable nonfullerene combination is introduced by pairing the nonfluorinated acceptor IT‐M with the polymeric donor FTAZ. Over 12% efficiency can be achieved in spin‐coated FTAZ:IT‐M devices using a single halogen‐free solvent. More importantly, chlorine‐free, blade coating of FTAZ:IT‐M in air is able to yield a PCE of nearly 11% despite a humidity of ≈50%. X‐ray scattering results reveal that large π–π coherence length, high degree of face‐on orientation with respect to the substrate, and small domain spacing of ≈20 nm are closely correlated with such high device performance. The material system and approach yield the highest reported performance for nonfullerene OSC devices by a coating technique approximating scalable fabrication methods and hold great promise for the development of low‐cost, low‐toxicity, and high‐efficiency OSCs by high‐throughput production.
Designer Shape Anisotropy on Transition‐Metal‐Dichalcogenide Nanosheets
Authors: Martella Christian , Mennucci Carlo , Lamperti Alessio , Cappelluti Emmanuele , de Mongeot Francesco Buatier , Molle Alessandro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMoS2 and generally speaking, the wide family of transition‐metal dichalcogenides represents a solid nanotechnology platform on which to engineer a wealth of new and outperforming applications involving 2D materials. An even richer flexibility can be gained by extrinsically inducing an in‐plane shape anisotropy of the nanosheets. Here, the synthesis of anisotropic MoS2 nanosheets is proposed as a prototypical example in this respect starting from a highly conformal chemical vapor deposition on prepatterend substrates and aiming at the more general purpose of tailoring anisotropy of 2D nanosheets by design. This is envisioned to be a suitable configuration for strain engineering as far as strain can be spatially redistributed in morphologically different regions. With a similar approach, both the optical and electronic properties of the 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenides can be tailored over macroscopic sample areas in a self‐organized fashion, thus paving the way for new applications in the field of optical metasurfaces, light harvesting, and catalysis.
Ordering pH‐Responsive Polyelectrolyte‐Grafted Nanoparticles in a Flow Coating Process
Authors: Zhang Chongfeng , Carlson Thomas , Yang Siyang , Akcora Pinar 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe effects of nanoscale particle interactions on deposition patterns in the flow coating process are investigated using pH‐responsive poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)‐grafted silica nanoparticles. Interactions between nanoparticles are effectively controlled by grafting densities, PAA brush lengths, and pH, in addition to hydrogen bonding between free polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and PAA. Consequently, various intriguing patterns of randomly distributed dots, polygonal networks, meshes, fork‐like structures along with highly regulated and densely packed stripes parallel to the moving direction of substrates are fabricated. Per se, the flow coating process is shown to form regulated patterns during evaporation by controlling particle–particle interactions with inherent brush properties and external pH.
Vapor‐Phase Polymerization and Carbonization to Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanoscale Networks with Designable Pore Geometries Templated from Block Copolymers
Authors: Zhang Ang , Qu Ting , Cao Shubo , Li Yayuan , Zhao Yongbin , Chen Aihua 
Published: January 2018

Abstract3D interconnected nitrogen‐doped carbon nanoscale networks (N‐CNNs) with designable pore geometries are prepared by vapor‐phase polymerization approach and subsequent carbonization using self‐assembled block copolymer (BCP) polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) with bicontinuous structures as templates. PS‐b‐P4VP monolithic membranes composed of interconnected micellar fibers or spheres with PS@P4VP core–shell structure are obtained by swelling lamellar supramolecular membranes of PS‐b‐P4VP and 3‐n‐pentadecylphenol (PDP) via hydrogen bonding. Importantly, the morphologies of self‐assembled BCP can be tuned by just adjusting swelling time for the same PS‐b‐P4VP(PDP). The vapor‐phase polymerization strategy is adopted for the first time to complex iodine to P4VP shell layers and subsequently initiates the polymerization of pyrrole to form polypyrrole on the outside of PS@P4VP core–shell structures. After carbonization, the BCP templates are removed and N‐CNNs with different pore geometries are obtained. The interconnected network structures and the introduction of nitrogen in carbon nanoscale networks make them particularly promising in many applications such as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The N‐CNN templated from micellar fibers (N‐CNN‐F), as a metal‐free ORR catalyst, displays comparable performance with Pt/C in alkaline media. The study provides not only a new synthesis method, but also important insight into designing 3D networks with open‐celled pores for ORR and other applications.
3D Printed Optical Quality Silica and Silica–Titania Glasses from Sol–Gel Feedstocks
Authors: Destino Joel F. , Dudukovic Nikola A. , Johnson Michael A. , Nguyen Du T. , Yee Timothy D. , Egan Garth C. , Sawvel April M. , Steele William A. , Baumann Theodore F. , Duoss Eric B. , Suratwala Tayyab , Dylla‐Spears Rebecca 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA method for fabricating optical quality silica and silica–titania glasses by three‐dimensional (3D) printing is reported. Key to this success is the combination of sol–gel derived silica and silica–titania colloidal feedstocks, direct ink writing (DIW) technology, and conventional glass thermal processing methods. Printable silica and silica–titania sol inks are prepared directly from molecular precursors by a simple one‐pot method, which is optimized to yield viscous, shear‐thinning colloidal suspensions with tuned rheology ideal for DIW. After printing, the parts are dried and sintered under optimized thermal conditions to ensure complete organic removal and uniform densification without crystallization. Characterizations of the 3D‐printed pure silica and silica–titania glasses show that they are equivalent to commercial optical fused silica and silica–titania glasses. More specifically, they exhibit comparable chemical composition, SiO2 network structure, refractive index, dispersion, optical transmission, and coefficient of thermal expansion. 3D‐printed silica and silica–titania glasses also exhibit comparable polished surface roughness and meet refractive index homogeneity standards within range of commercial optical grade glasses. This method establishes 3D printing as a viable tool to create optical glasses with compositional and geometric configurations that are inaccessible by conventional optical fabrication methods.