bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemoglobin, Albuminuria, and Kidney Function in Cardiovascular Risk: The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study
Authors: Ishigami Junichi , Grams Morgan E. , Naik Rakhi P. , Caughey Melissa C. , Loehr Laura R. , Uchida Shinichi , Coresh Josef , Matsushita Kunihiro 
Published: January 2018

Background

Reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (
eGFR
) and elevated urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (
ACR
) individually increase risk of cardiovascular disease (
CVD
). We hypothesized that these associations are stronger among people with abnormal (both low and high) hemoglobin levels.

Methods and Results

Using 5801 participants with available hemoglobin measures of the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Community) study in 1996–1998, we explored the cross‐sectional association of
eGFR
and
ACR
with hemoglobin levels and their longitudinal associations with
CVD
(heart failure, coronary heart disease, and stroke) risk through 2013. At baseline, 8.8% had anemia (<13 g/dL in men and <12 g/dL in women) and 7.2% had high hemoglobin (≥16 g/dL in men and ≥15 g/dL in women). The adjusted prevalence ratio of anemia was 2.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.59–2.82) for
eGFR
30 to 59 compared with ≥90 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
and 1.45 (1.07–1.95) for
ACR
≥30 compared with <10 mg/g.
ACR
≥30 mg/g was also associated with high hemoglobin (prevalence ratio, 1.57 [1.12–2.19] compared with <10 mg/g). During follow‐up, there were 1069 incident
CVD
s among 5098
CVD
‐free participants at baseline. In multivariable Cox models, lower
eGFR
, higher
ACR
, and anemia were each independently associated with
CVD
risk, with the association of low
eGFR
being slightly stronger in anemia (
P
‐for‐interaction, 0.072). There was no hemoglobin‐
ACR
interaction; however, when
CVD
subtypes were analyzed separately, risk of coronary heart disease and stroke associated with high
ACR
was slightly stronger in high hemoglobin (
P
‐for‐interaction, 0.074).

Conclusions

Kidney function, albuminuria, and anemia were correlated and independently associated with
CVD
risk. Correlation and potential interaction for atherosclerotic
CVD
between albuminuria and high hemoglobin deserve further investigation.
High‐Intensity Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With Incident Diabetes Mellitus In Black Adults: The Jackson Heart Study
Authors: White Wendy B. , Cain Loretta R. , Benjamin Emelia J. , DeFilippis Andrew P. , Blaha Michael J. , Wang Wei , Okhomina Victoria , Keith Rachel J. , Al Rifai Mahmoud , Kianoush Sina , Winniford Michael D. , Robertson Rose M. , Bhatnagar Aruni , Correa Adolfo , Hall Michael E. 
Published: January 2018

Background
Previous reports on whether smoking is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus have yielded inconsistent findings. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between cigarette smoking and incident diabetes mellitus in the Jackson Heart Study.

Methods and Results
Jackson Heart Study participants enrolled at baseline without prevalent diabetes mellitus (n=2991) were classified by self‐report as current smokers, past smokers (smoked ≥400 cigarettes/life and no longer smoking), or never smokers. We quantified smoking intensity by number of cigarettes smoked daily; we considered ≥20 cigarettes per day (1 pack) “high‐intensity.” We defined diabetes mellitus as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5% or International Federation of Clinical Chemistry units HbA1c 48 mmol/mol, or use of diabetes mellitus medication. We estimated the adjusted associations of smoking status, intensity, and dose (pack‐years) with incident diabetes mellitus using Poisson regression models. At baseline there were 361 baseline current (1–10 cigarettes per day [n=242]; ≥20 [n=119]), 502 past, and 2128 never smokers. From Visit 1 to Visit 3 (mean 8.0±0.9 years), 479 participants developed incident diabetes mellitus. After adjustment for covariates, baseline current smokers who smoked less than a pack/d and past smokers had similar rates of incident diabetes mellitus compared with never smokers (incidence rate ratios 1.04, 95% confidence interval, 0.69–1.58 and 1.08, 95% confidence interval, 0.82–1.42, respectively). Baseline current high‐intensity smokers had a 79% (95% confidence interval, 1.14–2.81) higher incidence of diabetes mellitus compared with never smokers. Smoking dose (per 10 pack‐years) was also associated with a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (incidence rate ratios 1.10, 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.19) in adjusted models.

Conclusions
High‐intensity cigarette smoking and smoking pack‐years are associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus in blacks.
Osteochondral Graft Size Is Significantly Associated With Increased Force and Decreased Chondrocyte Viability
Authors: Walczak Brian E. , Nies Matthew S. , Trask Darrin J. , Hetzel Scott , Roney Patrick J. , Squire Matthew W. , Baer Geoffrey S. 
Published: January 2018

Background: Insertion force has been shown to significantly reduce chondrocyte viability during osteochondral allograft transplantation. How graft size influences the required insertion force and chondrocyte viability has yet to be determined. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose was to characterize how graft size influences insertion force requirements and chondrocyte viability during osteochondral transplantation. The hypothesis was that larger grafts would require greater force and reduce chondrocyte viability. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Four graft sizes—15 × 5 mm, 15 × 10 mm, 25 × 5 mm, and 25 × 10 mm (diameter × depth)—were harvested from 13 thawed fresh-frozen human cadaveric distal femurs. Average, maximum, and cumulative force and number of impacts were recorded for 44 grafts by a surgical mallet embedded with a calibrated force sensor. In a separate experiment, fresh osteochondral tissues were subjected to mechanical loading. To capture a range of clinically important forces, categories were selected to correspond to impaction force data. Chondrocyte viability was assessed with confocal laser microscopy and live/dead staining. Results: Total force for all grafts averaged 4576 N. Median number of impacts for all grafts was 20 (range, 7-116). The mean number of impacts for 5-mm-deep grafts was 14.2 (95% CI, 10.8-18.6), as compared with 26.3 (95% CI, 19.9-34.4) for 10-mm-deep grafts ( P < .001). The mean cumulative force for 5-mm-deep grafts was 2128 N (95% CI, 1467-3087), as opposed to 4689 N (95% CI, 3232-6803) for 10-mm-deep grafts ( P = .001). For every 1 mm in graft depth, an average of 13.1% (95% CI, 6.2%-20.3%) more impacts are required when controlling for diameter and density ( P < .001). For every 1 mm in graft depth, the force required increases on average by 17.1% (95% CI, 7.7%-27.4%) when controlling for diameter and density ( P = .001). There was a significant reduction in chondrocyte viability for the forces required for graft thickness values >10 mm. Only forces associated with graft thickness <10 mm had chondrocyte viabilities consistently >70%. Conclusion: Insertion force increases significantly with increasing graft depth. Controlling for diameter and bone density, a 1-mm increase in graft depth is associated with 13.1% more impacts and 17.1% more force. Chondrocyte viability was significantly reduced to <70% at average forces associated with grafts thicker than 10 mm. Clinical Relevance: Based on the current data, graft depth is an important consideration for surgeons when sizing osteochondral allograft transplant for chondral lesions of the knee.
Differences in salaries of physician assistants in the USA by race, ethnicity and sex
Authors: Smith Darron , Jacobson Cardell 
Published: January 2018

Objectives Data from the Academy of American Physician Assistants have suggested there are no differences in salaries by race and ethnic group. Our objective was to compare salaries of physician assistants for different racial and ethnic groups and sexes using another data source. Methods Data from the American Community Surveys (2010–2012) to examine pay differentials of physician assistants. Ordinary least squares regression analysis to compare the salaries of males and females, and those of racial and ethnic groups. Results The majority of physician assistants in recent decades have been women. Their salaries are substantially below those of their male counterparts. The number from racial and ethnic minorities remains low. American Community Surveys data show salaries to be lower than that reported by the American Academy of Physician Assistants. The salaries of Black and Hispanic physician assistants lag significantly behind the salaries of those who are White. Conclusions American Community Surveys data suggest that previously published Academy of American Physician Assistants survey data may have been biased with a low percentage of physician assistants from racial and ethnic minorities which suggests that the Academy of American Physician Assistants need to focus on recruiting greater numbers of minorities.
Expression of vitamin D receptor in the subsynovial connective tissue in women with carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Kim Kahyun , Gong Hyun Sik , Kim Jihyeung , Baek Goo Hyun 
Published: January 2018

Studies suggest that low vitamin D levels are associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. We aimed to evaluate whether level of vitamin D receptor expression in the endothelial cells of the subsynovial connective tissue is associated with clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome. We obtained the subsynovial connective tissue from 52 women with carpal tunnel syndrome during surgery and performed immunohistochemical analysis of vitamin D receptors in the endothelial cells of the subsynovial connective tissue. We explored correlation of vitamin D receptor expression with clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome, such as age, symptom duration, symptom severity and electrophysiological severity. Diverse range of vitamin D receptor expression was observed. Vitamin D receptor expression was independently associated with distal motor latency. This suggests that vitamin D receptor expression may be associated with disease progression, as prolonged distal motor latency reflects severity of the disease. Further studies are necessary to explore the role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptors in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Level of evidence: IV
Selection against BALB/c strain cells in mouse chimaeras
Authors: Tang Pin-Chi , MacKay Gillian E. , Flockhart Jean H. , Keighren Margaret A. , Kopakaki Anna , West John D. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTIt has been shown previously that BALB/c strain embryos tend to contribute poorly to mouse aggregation chimaeras. In the present study we showed that BALB/c cells were not preferentially allocated to any extraembryonic lineages of mouse aggregation chimaeras, but their contribution decreased during the early postimplantation period and they were significantly depleted by E8.5. The development of BALB/c strain preimplantation embryos lagged behind embryos from some other strains and the contribution that BALB/c and other embryos made to chimaeras correlated with their developmental stage at E2.5. This relationship suggests that the poor contribution of BALB/c embryos to aggregation chimaeras is at least partly a consequence of generalised selection related to slow or delayed preimplantation development. The suitability of BALB/c embryos for maximising the ES cell contribution to mouse ES cell chimaeras is also discussed.
Spring book review supplement
Authors: Seaman Claire , Jeffrey Bridget , Ross Mary , Mead Julie , Copping Roger , Woolman KJ , Rochford Bernie , Bradburn Caroline , Lambon Nicky 
Published: January 2018

Nutritional Needs of Athletes Occupational Therapy for Orthopaedic Conditions Management of Back Pain (2nd edn) Radiotherapy: Principles to Practice. A Manual for Quality in Treatment Delivery Physical Signs in Orthopaedics The Physiological Basis of Rehabilitation (2nd edn) Psychiatric Rehabilitation in Practice Clinical Practice of Sports Injury Prevention and Care: The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine (Vol. 5) Principles and Practice of Electrotherapy (3rd edn)
The effect of canal fill on paediatric femur fractures treated with titanium elastic nails
Authors: Nielsen E. , Bonsu N. , Andras L. M. , Goldstein R. Y. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose Traditional teaching for fixation of paediatric femur fractures recommends 80% nail diameter/medullary canal diameter ratio (ND/MCD) for successful maintenance of reduction. Prior studies have investigated this with stainless steel Enders nails. Our aim was to assess the impact of ND/MCD on maintenance of reduction and malunion rates in paediatric femur fractures treated with flexible intramedullary nails (FINs). Methods Retrospective data was collected on all paediatric patients treated with FINs for diaphyseal femur fractures at a single tertiary care institution over a ten-year period. Patients with co-morbidities affecting bone quality were excluded. Patients were subdivided into groups based on ND/MCD. Results A total of 66 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean ND/MCD was 76.3% (32.9% to 98.8%, SD 14.3). In all, 50% (n = 33/66) of patients had > 80% ND/MCD, and only 13.6% (n = 9/66) of patients had less than 60% ND/MCD. When controlling for fracture stability, ND/MCD had no correlation with mean shortening (p = 0.07) There was no correlation between ND/MCD and angulation in the sagittal (p = 0.96) or coronal plane (p = 0.20). Three patients fit malunion criteria. ND/MCD for these patients were 40%, 67% and 79%. Conclusion There was no correlation between ND/MCD and shortening or malangulation. The majority of patients in this series with less than 80% fill with FIN healed within acceptable parameters. Level of Evidence III
Shoghi Rabbani as ‘Abdu’l-Baha’s Secretary, 1918–20
Authors: Smith Peter 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A brief account of Shoghi Effendi’s work as ‘Abdu’l-Baha’s secretary during the period between his arrival in Haifa from Beirut in 1918 and his departure for Europe in 1920, focusing on Shoghi Effendi’s role as English-language translator and interpreter for his grandfather.
Messianic Concealment and Theophanic Disclosure
Authors: Momen Moojan 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this paper, I start by discussing a controversy that has erupted recently over the issue of the exact point in time that Baha’u’llah became aware of his mission. The controversy revolves around the translation of a phrase in the writings of Baha’u’llah which appears to state that he does not have any ‘amr’. One side to the controversy claims that the translation of this phrase indicates that Baha’u’llah had no thought of advancing any claim as late as 1857, while the opposing party contends that this is a mistranslation of the phrase and that Baha’u’llah was fully aware of his mission from at least the time of his imprisonment in the Siyah-Chal. I intend to show in this paper that the whole controversy is an illusory one caused by the specific nature of the meaning of the word ‘amr’ and that the phrase that is the subject of dispute proves neither side’s case, however it is translated. Evolving out of my discussion of this issue, is a theological schematic of the stages of the evolution of the mission of those persons that Baha’is call Manifestations of God. I then putatively impose this schematic upon the dispensation of the Bab creating a new interpretation of his ministry.
Baha’i Studies in Iran: A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Masumian Bijan , Masumian Adib 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Religions can transmit their culture by means of community religious education, writing, publication, formal scholarship and scriptural studies. This is especially important in the Baha’i Faith which is a lay religion. This essay is a preliminary survey of the history of the cultivation and evolution of religious education in the Baha’i Faith in Iran in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Key individuals who played a role in these educational processes are briefly introduced and discussed.
Mirza Husayn ‘Ali Nuri, Baha’u’llah, Tablet of Tribulations (Lawḥ-i Balāyā)
Authors: McCants William 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Many of Baha’ullah’s tablets and epistles lament his suffering, which he compares to the trials of past prophets and messengers. Baha’u’llah’s favourite point of comparison in Islam is his namesake Imam Husayn, whose suffering he likens to his own and whose return he claims to be. However, in a tablet tentatively entitled the ‘Tablet of Tribulations’, Baha’u’llah contrasts his suffering and political persecution with the worldly success of Muhammad. This tablet is translated with brief annotations.
Baha’u’llah’s Paradise of Justice: Commentary and Translation
Authors: Buck Christopher , Masumian Adib 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Baha’u’llah’s Paradise of Justice (Riḍvānu’l-‘Adl, or Riḍwān al-‘Adl; also known as Lawḥ-i Riḍvānu’l-‘Adl and Lawḥ-i ‘Adl) may be regarded as Baha’u’llah’s paradigm (‘Paradise’ or ideal) of ‘justice’. Baha’u’llah’s Paradise of Justice transforms received notions of ‘justice’. Although typically considered a ‘secular’ concern within rather specific institutional confines, Baha’u’llah allegorizes, personifies, symbolizes and otherwise expatiates on ‘Justice’ in such a way as to vivify the concept. Justice is made sacred, deriving from the ‘Name’ of God as ‘The Just’ (al-‘ādil). Justice – encompassing, as it does, both faith and action – is the essence of the Baha’i concept of salvation, both individual and societal. As a framework of analysis, this paper is organized as follows: Introduction; Historical Context; Structure (vis-à-vis Apostrophes); Highlights of Baha’u’llah’s Paradise of Justice; Theological Dimension of ‘Justice’; Revelatory Dimension of ‘Justice’; Authoritarian Dimension of ‘Justice’; Contemporaneous Dimension of ‘Justice’; Social Dimension of ‘Justice’; Individual Dimension of ‘Justice’; Conclusion; Appendix: Riḍwān al-‘Adl: Paradise of Justice (translated by Adib Masumian). This study demonstrates how Baha’u’llah’s Paradise of Justice presents a significantly expanded paradigm of justice, both in precept and practice.
Individual and collective absorptive capacities of new external knowledge: The case of Tunisian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
Authors: Oumaya Salha , Gharbi Lamia 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article attempts to address a company’s absorptive capacity as a dynamic capability made up of a set of organizational learning capacities. We consider the different levels of organizational learning and distinguish between individual and collective absorptive capabilities. Unlike most previous studies, knowledge sharing is considered, here, as a crucial and a full dimension of the company’s absorptive capacity. An operationalization is proposed and a measure scale is constructed for the five absorptive capacity dimensions that are distinguished in this work. The Empirical study of 104 Tunisian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) validates the absorptive capacity conceptualization proposed in this article. It also outlines the main characteristics of this capacity in the Tunisian context.
The growth factors of Tunisian handicraft small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): Towards an integration of cognitive approaches
Authors: Ammar Faten 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article aims to explore, through a qualitative study, the growth factors of the Tunisian handicraft small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Semi-structured interviews are conducted with six Tunisian owner-managers of handicraft SMEs. Data analysis was performed using content analysis, assisted by the NVivo8 qualitative data analysis software. The results highlight the role of strategic vision and organizational learning capability. These two concepts are rarely used to explain SMEs’ growth. Results highlight the importance of the role of cognitive approaches in comprehending growth. They can be integrated with explanatory approaches used in prior studies on SMEs’ growth and explain the divergent results. They could be used by supervisory institutions. They can help them better understand the managers’ logic of actions by taking into account their representations.
Explaining the impact of a customer-oriented strategy on the small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs) global performance: Lessons from the Balanced Scorecard and the CUSTOR scale model
Authors: Nouicer Houda , Zaim Imed , Abdallah Laroussi Ben 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This research aimed to explain the impact of a customer-oriented strategy on the small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs’) global performance. To do this, we proposed a modelling of this relation on the basis of the Balanced Scorecard and the CUSTOR scale model. A mixed methodology approach was used to validate our research model. A qualitative exploratory study was conducted among 25 SMEs Tunisian managers, which allowed us to develop and to study 25 verbatims by the content analysis method. Then, a PLS method was applied on data collected by a questionnaire from 137 managers of private SMEs of goods and service. Results showed that the financial axis of the global performance is affected by the customer intimacy and the continuous improvement of activity. The outcomes also reveal that the customer focus of global performance is affected by the customer intimacy, the customer retention and the business transparency. Moreover, the results reveal that the internal process axis of the global performance is only affected by the customer intimacy and the customer retention. These results also indicate that organizational learning is affected by customer retention, continuous improvement in activity and business transparency. In addition, our analyses highlighted a moderating effect of management’s commitment.
The determinants of trust in the customer–service provider relationship: The case of Tunisian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
Authors: Khalifa Ali Haj , Saad Mohammed 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In the context of fierce competition, the development of lasting relationships with clients is becoming increasingly crucial. The quality of this relationship is a decisive part of the exchange in which mutual trust is one of its fundamental pillars. In the context of services, customer trust may be directed towards the company itself (organizational trust) and/or to its employees (interpersonal trust). Most of the actual research focuses on one or the other of the two targets of trust, but rarely on both at the same time. The objective of this article is to highlight the ambivalence of customer trust towards small and medium-sized enterprises service provider and to propose a conceptual model of its determinants. This research is based on a sample of 300 bank customers chosen randomly. Results show that the relational behaviour of personnel in contact is the determinant of interpersonal and organizational trust. However, reputation is the main factor that contributes towards the development of organizational trust.