bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐traumatic out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in rural Taiwan: A retrospective study
Authors: Hung Shih‐Chang , Mou Ching‐Yi , Hung Hung‐Chang , Lai Shih‐Wei , Chen Chun‐Chih , Lin Jui‐Wen , Wang Ssu‐Hung , Chen Chung‐Kuang , Cheng Kai‐Chun 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveOut‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) studies are usually conducted at metropolitan medical centres. Because rural studies are rare, our study aimed to assess non‐traumatic OHCA prevalence and resuscitation outcomes in rural Taiwan.DesignA retrospective observational study.SettingAll seven designated community hospital emergency departments (ED) in Nantou County, Taiwan.ParticipantsAll OHCA patients from May 2011 to March 2013.Main outcome measuresAny return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival for ED discharge.ResultsIn the 23‐month period, 850 OHCA cases were reported; 741 (87.2%) were non‐traumatic. The overall ROSC achievement rate was 19.7%, with 16.4% case survival for ED discharge. Logistic regression identified that arrest in public (OR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.19–5.78), witness when collapsed (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.28–3.60), and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by bystander (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.02–4.26) might increase the likelihood of any ROSC; arrest in public (OR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.10–6.50), witnessed collapse (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.24–4.09) and CPR by bystander (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.28–6.05) might also increase the likelihood of survival. For non‐traumatic OHCA patients conveyed to EDs via emergency medical service system (EMS), a shorter response time (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01–1.18) and travelling time (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00–1.09) might also increase the chance of survival.ConclusionCompared to previous data from metropolitan areas, ROSC achievement rate was lower in rural Taiwan. Witness presence, response and travelling times affect ROSC achievement in non‐traumatic OHCA patients in rural Taiwan.
Expert clinical management of autoimmune hepatitis in the real world
Authors: Liberal R. , de Boer Y. S. , Andrade R. J. , Bouma G. , Dalekos G. N. , Floreani A. , Gleeson D. , Hirschfield G. M. , Invernizzi P. , Lenzi M. , Lohse A. W. , Macedo G. , Milkiewicz P. , Terziroli B. , van Hoek B. , Vierling J. M. , Heneghan M. A. ,   the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG)
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundHigh‐quality data on the management of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are scarce. Despite published guidelines, management of AIH is still expert based rather than evidence based.AimTo survey expert hepatologists, asking each to describe their practices in the management of patients with AIH.MethodsA survey questionnaire was distributed to members of the International AIH Group. The questionnaire consisted of four clinical scenarios on different presentations of AIH.ResultsSixty surveys were sent, out of which 37 were returned. None reported budesonide as a first line induction agent for the acute presentation of AIH. Five (14%) participants reported using thiopurine S‐methyltransferase measurements before commencement of thiopurine maintenance therapy. Thirteen (35%) routinely perform liver biopsy at 2 years of biochemical remission. If histological inflammatory activity is absent, four (11%) participants reduced azathioprine, whereas 10 (27%) attempted withdrawal altogether. Regarding the management of difficult‐to‐treat patients, mycophenolate mofetil is the most widely used second‐line agent (n = ~450 in 28 centres), whereas tacrolimus (n = ~115 in 21 centres) and ciclosporin (n = ~112 in 18 centres) are less often reported. One centre reported considerable experience with infliximab, while rescue therapy with rituximab has been tried in seven centres.ConclusionsThere is a wide variation in the management of patients with autoimmune hepatitis even among the most expert in the field. Although good quality evidence is lacking, there is considerable experience with second‐line therapies. Future prospective studies should address these issues, so that we move from an expert‐ to an evidence‐ and personalised‐based care in autoimmune hepatitis.
The Edge of Human? The Problem with the Posthuman as the ‘Beyond’
Authors: Lawrence David R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article asks whether enhancement can truly lead to something beyond humanity, or whether it is, itself, an inherently human act. The ‘posthuman’ is an uncertain proposition. What, exactly, would one be? Many commentators suggest it to be an endpoint for the use of enhancement technologies, yet few choose to codify the term outright; which frequently leads to unnecessary confusion. Characterizing and contextualizing the term, particularly its more novel uses, is therefore a valuable enterprise. The abuse of the term ‘Human’, especially in the context of the enhancement debate and the myriad meanings ascribed to it, could give ‘posthuman’ very different slants depending on one's assumptions. There are perhaps three main senses in which the term ‘human’ is employed: the biological, the moral, and the self‐idealizing. In the first of these, ‘human’ is often conflated with Homo sapiens, and used interchangeably to denote species; in the second, ‘human’ (or ‘humanity’) generally refers to a community of beings which qualify as having a certain moral value; and the third, the self‐idealizing sense, is more descriptive; a label denoting the qualities that make us who we are as beings, or ‘what matters about those who matter’. So, what might enhancement make us? A novel species or genus of hominid? Or, perhaps, a morally more valuable being than a regular human? Of course, there's a third option: that a posthuman is a being which embodies our self‐ideal more successfully than we do ourselves – one ‘more human than human’. Which to choose?
An integrated model of clastic injectites and basin floor lobe complexes: implications for stratigraphic trap plays
Authors: Cobain Sarah Louise , Hodgson David Mark , Peakall Jeff , Shiers Michelle Nicole 
Published: December 2016

AbstractInjectites sourced from base‐of‐slope and basin‐floor parent sandbodies are rarely reported in comparison to submarine slope channel systems. This study utilizes the well‐constrained palaeogeographic and stratigraphic context of three outcrop examples exposed in the Karoo Basin, South Africa, to examine the relationship between abrupt stratigraphic pinchouts in basin‐floor lobe complexes, and the presence, controls, and character of injectite architecture. Injectites in this palaeogeographic setting occur where there is: (i) sealing mudstone both above and below the parent sand to create initial overpressure; (ii) an abrupt pinchout of a basin‐floor lobe complex through steep confinement to promote compaction drive; (iii) clean, proximal sand beds aiding fluidization; and (iv) a sharp contact between parent sand and host lithology generating a source point for hydraulic fracture and resultant injection of sand. In all outcrop cases, dykes are orientated perpendicular to palaeoslope, and the injected sand propagated laterally beneath the parent sand, paralleling the base to extend beyond its pinchout. Understanding the mechanisms that determine and drive injection is important in improving the prediction of the location and character of clastic injectites in the subsurface. Here, we highlight the close association of basin‐floor stratigraphic traps and sub‐seismic clastic injectites, and present a model to explain the presence and morphology of injectites in these locations.
Physical geographers’ understanding of the real world
Authors: Slaymaker Olav 
Published: December 2016

Key Messages

In spite of the major successes of logical positivism in experimental science, the philosophy of positivism alone restricts physical geographers’ understanding of the real world.
Roy Bhaskar's version of critical realism has the potential to expand physical geographers’ understanding of the real world.
Critical realism can resolve the nature/culture binary and bring ethical concerns over systemic injustices into the purview of physical geography.
Mortality and morbidity in offspring of mothers with diabetes compared with a population group: a Danish cohort study with 8–35 years of follow‐up
Authors: Nielsen G. L. , Welinder L. , Berg Johansen M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimsTo assess mortality and morbidity in the offspring of mothers with diabetes compared with a control cohort of offspring of mothers without diabetes.MethodsThe mortality rate, percentage of days admitted to hospital, diagnostic categories and incidence of diabetes mellitus among 691 offspring of mothers with diabetes were compared with a control group of 168 831 offspring not exposed to maternal diabetes. Offspring of mothers with diabetes were identified from the North Jutland Pregnancy database (521 Type 1; 34 Type 2; 136 gestational diabetes) born between 1976 and 2003. Outcome data were retrieved from the National Registry of Patients with follow‐up until 31 December 2011. In a subgroup with the longest hospital stay we reviewed hospital records for clinical details until 2016.ResultsMortality was 1.45% in the diabetes group compared with 1.36% in the control group. In the first 2 years, offspring exposed to diabetes spent significantly more time in hospital than the control offspring, but this difference faded to an insignificant difference of 0.04% of time spent in hospital between age 2 and 8 years. The offspring of mothers with diabetes had a sixfold increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus.ConclusionsThe offspring of mothers with and without diabetes had almost identical mortality. The increased morbidity was restricted to the first 2 years of life, and was primarily attributable to a few individuals with very severe but probably non‐diabetes‐related disease burden. The large majority of offspring of mothers with diabetes experienced health conditions similar to those not exposed to diabetes.
European Citizenship and the Right to Reside: ‘No One on the Outside has a Right to be Inside?’
Authors: Raucea Chiara 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper deals with the question: Who ought not to be excluded from the enjoyment of European citizenship rights? Recently, the Court of Justice has ruled that, in exceptional situations, the ‘genuine enjoyment of the substance of rights attaching to European citizenship’ can be invoked in order to also extend legal protection to specific categories of third country nationals. I will argue that the ‘genuine enjoyment’ formula is not only setting an innovative jurisdictional test concerning European citizenship rights, but that it is also highlighting how the traditional account of citizenship (from status to rights) can be conceptually reversed. This happens in threshold cases, where the tenability of the schema of distribution of rights, agreed within a political community, depends on the possibility to readjust the boundaries of political membership.
Effect of experimental sample size on local Weibull assessment of cleavage fracture for steel
Authors: Zhang Z , Qian X 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the sample size of the experimental datasets in calibrating the Weibull parameters for the modified three‐parameter Weibull stress framework, so as to enhance the experimental strategy for cleavage assessment of ferritic steels based on a local approach. The present work generates a large number of random and independent subsets from the ‘Euro steel’ fracture toughness database for the calibration procedure. The calibration of the Weibull parameters utilizes a subset of high‐constraint specimens and a subset of low‐constraint specimens from the Euro steel database to resolve the uniqueness issue in the calibration procedure reported in previous studies. This investigation reveals strong dependence of the calibrated Weibull modulus on both the constraint differences between the high‐constraint subset and the low‐constraint subset and the size of the selected subsets. The scale fracture toughness value, however, does not exhibit significant dependence on the constraint difference between the two subsets of specimens. The confidence level of the scale fracture toughness, nevertheless, still exhibits strong dependence on the sample size of the experimental data.
Non‐destructive evaluation of fatigue damage and fatigue crack initiation in type 316 stainless steel by positron annihilation line‐shape and lifetime analyses
Authors: Uematsu Y , Kakiuchi T , Hattori K , Uesugi N , Nakao F 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRotating bending fatigue tests were conducted using type 316 stainless steel. The fatigue tests were periodically terminated, and fatigue damage and fatigue crack initiation were non‐destructively and sequentially evaluated by positron annihilation line‐shape and lifetime analyses. The counter‐jig and anticoincidence methods were used for positron annihilation line‐shape and lifetime analyses, respectively, to enhance the analytical precision. The fatigue crack lengths were monitored by a plastic replication technique, and related to the parameters in both analyses. S‐parameter obtained in the line‐shape analysis increased with increasing fatigue damage, while it was difficult to detect fatigue crack initiation and subsequent small fatigue crack growth. That was because the precision of line‐shape analysis was limited. On the other hand, both fatigue damage and fatigue crack initiation were successfully detected by lifetime analysis. Positron annihilation lifetime also increased with increasing fatigue damage, and lifetime was longer at the notch root with fatigue crack than at the smooth section without crack. It was considered that the precision of lifetime analysis was high enough to detect high dislocation density areas at the fatigue crack tips.
Alpha richness and niche breadth of a widespread group of aquatic insects in Nearctic and Neotropical streams
Authors: McCreadie John W. , Hamada Neusa , Grillet Maria E. , Adler Peter H. 
Published: December 2016

Summary

The increase in species richness from the poles to the equator is one of the most consistent biogeographical patterns of species distributions.

Using a globally distributed group of stream insects–black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)–we addressed two questions: (i) How does α‐richness vary among streams of the New World? (ii) Does niche width, as measured by a proxy based on stream‐habitat conditions, differ between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions?

In our analyses of α‐richness, we consider the potential effects of area, elevation, sample size and season. Examining 296 streams in 12 regional collections, we found that α‐richness differed little among New World streams. Using stream variables to delineate a measure of niche breadth, we also found no difference in the mean niche breadth of species between North and South America.

Our results are consistent with niche conservatism. In other words, as black flies expanded into the tropics, their mean niche breadth did not contract relative to that of their northern counterparts.
Thermal and structural characterization of the Bi2‐xSmxSr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ glass‐ceramic system
Authors: Kizilaslan Olcay , Kirat Gokhan , Aksan Mehmet Ali 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this work, investigations on the crystallization and oxidization kinetics of the Sm substituted BiSrCaCuO glass‐ceramic system were performed. It has been shown that the Sm ions changed the glassification properties of the BiSrCaCuO system. While fully glass samples were obtained for low Sm‐substitution levels (x=0.2 and x=0.4), the Sm containing particles on the surface have grown especially at high Sm‐substitution levels (x>0.6) and glassification problem increased. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics including activation energy for crystallization, Ea, and Avrami parameter, n, of the samples prepared was investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA) at four different uniform heating rates. The values of glass transition temperature and crystallization temperature exhibited compositional and heating rate dependence. Ea value of the samples showed an increase with increasing the Sm concentration. The Avrami parameter, n, was found approximately 4.5, suggesting the growth of small particles with an increasing nucleation rate. The calculated values of the oxidization rates and the activation energy for oxygen out‐diffusion process, E, indicated that the oxygen deficiencies by the Sm substitution in the unit cell of BiSrCaCuO were formed and more oxygen atoms were absorbed to fill the oxygen deficiencies in the system.
Epidemiology characteristics, reporting characteristics, and methodological quality of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses on traditional Chinese medicine nursing interventions published in Chinese journals
Authors: Yang Min , Jiang Li , Wang Aihong , Xu Guihua 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTo evaluate the epidemiological characteristics, reporting characteristics, and methodological quality of systematic reviews in the traditional Chinese medicine nursing field published in Chinese journals. The number of systematic reviews in the traditional Chinese medicine nursing field has increased, but their epidemiology, quality, and reporting characteristics have not been assessed completely. We generated an overview of reviews using a narrative approach. Four Chinese databases were searched for systematic reviews from inception to December 2015. The Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses and the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews checklists were adopted to evaluate reporting and methodological quality, respectively. A total of 73 eligible systematic reviews, published from 2005 to 2015, were included. The deficiencies in reporting characteristics mainly lay in the lack of structured abstract or protocol, incomplete reporting of search strategies, study selection, and risk of bias. The deficiencies in methodological quality were reflected in the lack of a priori design and conflict of interest, incomplete literature searches, and assessment of publication bias. The quality of the evaluated reviews was unsatisfactory; attention should be paid to the improvement of reporting and methodological quality in the conduct of systematic reviews.
A real‐time digital bio‐imaging system to quantify cellular cytotoxicity as an alternative to the standard chromium‐51 release assay
Authors: Fassy Julien , Tsalkitzi Kyriaki , Salavagione Emie , Hamouda‐Tekaya Nedra , Braud Véronique M. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryReliable measurement of cellular cytotoxicity is essential for the characterization of immune responses and for the monitoring of antibody treatment efficacy. Until now, the standard 51Cr‐release assay has remained the sole sensitive assay that measures cellular cytotoxicity. Alternative non‐radioactive assays have been developed but they do not provide accurate measurement of target cell cytotoxicity. The cost and hazard of handling radioactivity are strong incentives to find alternative solutions to 51Cr. We took advantage of the recent development of cell‐imaging multimode readers to develop a novel non‐radioactive and real‐time cytotoxic assay that demonstrates good reproducibility and sensitivity. The extent of target‐cell cytotoxicity is monitored over time by imaging and quantifying live fluorescent target cells in 96‐well plates. We have developed classical natural killer cell assays in the presence or absence of blocking antibodies and antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. We show that in these assays, cell killing occurs within the first 2 hr with half maximum killing reached after 30 min. This technology has numerous applications such as natural killer and T‐cell cytotoxicity assays and can be extended to cell survival and apoptosis measurement assays.
Postural care for people with intellectual disabilities and severely impaired motor function: A scoping review
Authors: Robertson Janet , Baines Susannah , Emerson Eric , Hatton Chris 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundPoor postural care can have severe and life‐threatening complications. This scoping review aims to map and summarize existing evidence regarding postural care for people with intellectual disabilities and severely impaired motor function.MethodStudies were identified via electronic database searches (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science) covering January 1990 to March 2016, and email requests to researcher networks. Results were collated via descriptive numerical summary of studies and thematic analysis.ResultsTwenty‐three studies were identified and summarized narratively in relation to three themes: characteristics and prevalence, interventions and service related issues. The evidence base is small with significant gaps. Lack of evidence for night‐time positioning equipment and 24‐hr postural care needs to be addressed urgently.ConclusionFuture research should be clearly directed towards ascertaining how best postural care interventions can be employed to help improve the health and quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities.
A qualitative exploration of participants’ experiences of taking part in a walking programme: Perceived benefits, barriers, choices and use of intervention resources
Authors: Mitchell Fiona , Stalker Kirsten , Matthews Lynsay , Mutrie Nanette , Melling Chris , McConnachie Alex , Murray Heather , Melville Craig A. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundAdults with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience significant inequalities and tend to be more sedentary and less physically active than the wider population. Walking programmes are an effective way to increase physical activity (PA) but have not been used in studies involving adults with intellectual disabilities.MethodNineteen adults with intellectual disabilities participated in semistructured interviews or focus groups exploring their experiences of taking part in a walking programme (Walk Well). Data were coded using thematic analysis.ResultsFour overarching themes emerged: perceived benefits of taking part in the programme, perceived drawbacks/ barriers, walking choices and using the Walk Well resources. While there was not a significant increase in walking for all, the participants reported positive experiences of taking part in the programme. Self‐monitoring proved difficult for some, particularly reading the daily step count recorded on the pedometer and writing it in the diary. Carers also played an important role in facilitating and preventing behaviour change in adults with intellectual disabilities.ConclusionAdditional barriers prevent many adults with intellectual disabilities from participating in PA. Capturing participant experiences provides important information for designing effective and equitable health improvement programmes.
Relationship between maternal mindfulness and anxiety 1 month after childbirth
Authors: Yamamoto Natsuki , Naruse Takashi , Sakai Mahiro , Nagata Satoko 
Published: December 2016

AimTo investigate the relationship between maternal mindfulness and maternal anxiety 1 month after childbirth.MethodsA cross‐sectional design was used, featuring anonymous questionnaires that were completed between July and December 2014 at two Japanese hospitals. The participants (n = 151) completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Japanese version) and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory Form X (Japanese version). The data analysis was carried out by using a hierarchical multiple regression.ResultsThe state and trait anxiety scores showed significant relationships with mindfulness, the mother's age, and the perceived difference between the expectations of motherhood before childbirth and the reality of post‐partum daily life. Furthermore, the amount of average sleep time in the past week (including naps) showed a negative association with the state anxiety score, whereas the marital relationship showed a positive association with trait anxiety. Finally, at 1 month post‐partum, the mothers with greater mindfulness scores showed lower anxiety.ConclusionsImprovements in mindfulness could help mothers to reduce their post‐partum anxiety.