bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic by environmental variation but no local adaptation in oysters (Crassostrea virginica)
Authors: Hughes A. Randall , Hanley Torrance C. , Byers James E. , Grabowski Jonathan H. , Malek Jennafer C. , Piehler Michael F. , Kimbro David L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFunctional trait variation within and across populations can strongly influence population, community, and ecosystem processes, but the relative contributions of genetic vs. environmental factors to this variation are often not clear, potentially complicating conservation and restoration efforts. For example, local adaptation, a particular type of genetic by environmental (G*E) interaction in which the fitness of a population in its own habitat is greater than in other habitats, is often invoked in management practices, even in the absence of supporting evidence. Despite increasing attention to the potential for G*E interactions, few studies have tested multiple populations and environments simultaneously, limiting our understanding of the spatial consistency in patterns of adaptive genetic variation. In addition, few studies explicitly differentiate adaptation in response to predation from other biological and environmental factors. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment of first‐generation eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) juveniles from six populations across three field sites spanning 1000 km in the southeastern Atlantic Bight in both the presence and absence of predation to test for G*E variation in this economically valuable and ecologically important species. We documented significant G*E variation in survival and growth, yet there was no evidence for local adaptation. Condition varied across oyster cohorts: Offspring of northern populations had better condition than offspring from the center of our region. Oyster populations in the southeastern Atlantic Bight differ in juvenile survival, growth, and condition, yet offspring from local broodstock do not have higher survival or growth than those from farther away. In the absence of population‐specific performance information, oyster restoration and aquaculture may benefit from incorporating multiple populations into their practices.
A new approach to decrease the computational complexity of e‐voting protocols
Authors: Mousavi Hamed , Ahmadi Babak , Rahimi Saeed 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOne of the most important methods of remote e‐voting is based on the ElGamal homomorphic cryptosystems. These systems are secure enough provided that the discrete logarithm problem is secure. However, one of their main challenges is the limitation on the number of voters. In this paper, a new scheme is suggested so as to increase the number of voters by designing parallel voting subprotocols. The required time for the tally computing process for 10 subprotocols decreases to less than 20% of the time in a similar scheme. The necessary memory space and the number of random integers do not show a significant change in comparison with those of similar voting protocols. Also, the communication complexity is of order O(Nt), which seems reasonable. The security comparisons show an acceptable rate of security in a reasonable length of keys for the proposed protocol. Simulations show that the number of covering voters in this protocol is 10 times more than that of a similar protocol.
The Nursing Profession as a Pressure Group
Authors: Dickenson Mary 
Published: December 2016

Within democratic political systems the activities of organized groups, striving to influence government decisions on matters affecting their particular interests, are widely recognized as a significant element in the political process. Members of the nursing profession in Queensland have sought to obtain concessions from governments. The tactics used and the degree of success achieved by nurses, when acting as a pressure group, are described.The organization which represents the interests of Queensland nurses is the state branch of the Royal Australian Nursing Federation (RANF). Until the 1960s the organization did not utilize pressure group activities to any great extent, being satisfied to accept the status quo in matters of nurse training and registration. In the 1960s the RANF decided to take the initiative in seeking changes in the relevant legislation. Initially, the campaign mounted by the organization to achieve its objectives revealed a lack of acceptance by the association of the full implications of pressure group tactics. In the later 1960s when there was more awareness of the fact that the organization was acting as a pressure group, greater success was achieved.
Evaluating Alternative Modes of Consumer Participation in Community Health Services
Authors: Tydeman J. 
Published: December 2016

There has been considerable effort expended over the last ten years in the field of technological forecasting in which attempts have been made to qualify, quantify and aggregate subjective judgments. However, the methods have not achieved widespread application in the social fields in Australia. This paper offers a procedure which utilizes subjective judgments for evaluating a set of alternative proposals for consumer participation in community health services; these proposals were suggested by Gross in an earlier issue of the Australian Journal of Social Issues. In his article, a number of options for consumer participation were examined and some conceptual mechanisms were outlined for improving both the visibility and impact of community organizations, but no evaluation of the proposals was included.The subjective modelling procedure is applied to the findings and recommendations from Gross' paper, using subjective evaluations of a carefully selected non‐random sample of health care personnel from the Australian Capital Territory.
Acculturative Stress Among Asian Students in Australia
Authors: Hodgkin Mary C. 
Published: December 2016

When foreign students from Southeast Asia come to Australia, they encounter many problems of norm conflict and cultural misunderstanding. In some cases these stresses, together with academic failure, social isolation and the strains of living in lodgings away from the supportive family, lead to emotional disturbances.Students fall into a different category from migrants. They must make a selection from the host cultural norms and exercise restraint in identification with Australian ways because they face eventual return to their home sociocultural environment.Examples from a number of case histories have been chosen. They appear to follow a regular pattern of academic failure, inability to cope with relationships with the opposite sex, and eventual mental breakdown which required hospitalization.
Energy Conservation—A Case Study in Campaign Evaluation
Authors: Maher Mary , Bycroft Peter 
Published: December 2016

This study demonstrates the considerations involved in evaluation research into the effectiveness of campaigns designed to influence social change. It is an examination of the results of applying aspects of the attitude change studies to the subject of environmental issues. A case study was made of the Smallternatives energy conservation campaign which originated in 1976 in Brisbane, at a time of little recognition of an energy 'crisis' for Australia or the need for energy conservation.Results indicated that levels of concern for environmental issues were present throughout the sample; that one group (who requested Smallternatives information) were more concerned about energy and environmental issues than groups who had not requested it; and that the booklet, when issued without request, had little or no effect on desired attitudes towards energy conservation. These results are discussed with respect to the dilemma of attitude‐behaviour consistency, and the impact of information input when it is sent to, rather than requested by, the individual.
Discrimination Against Women Teachers: Does it Persist?
Authors: Partington Geoffrey 
Published: December 2016

Promotion rates of men and women who were teaching in primary and secondary schools in 1979 were compared to establish whether or not prima facie evidence existed for charges of ongoing unfair discrimination against women teachers whose experience and qualifications were similar to those of men.It was found that such prima facie evidence still exists in primary school promotions. Three hypotheses are offered: The large proportion of unqualified persons among women primary teachers adversely affects the professional standing of the qualified women as well; country service is even more unpopular among women than among men in primary than in high schools, because one and two teacher schools are mainly primary schools; junior primary teaching is not valued equally with the teaching of the upper primary years.On the other hand it was found that women entrants into high school teaching in 1970 had just as much likelihood of promotion as their equally experienced male colleagues. Doubt is thus thrown on the validity of claims made by the South Australian Institute of Teachers and by the Department of Education of South Australia for women teachers in High Schools to be exempt from the terms of the Sex‐Discrimination Act so that more women may be appointed to Deputy Principalships in such schools.
Reform for Australian Family Law
Authors: Corns Christopher T. 
Published: December 2016

This article examines the Commonwealth Family Law Amendment Bill 1981 and considers the extent to which some of the proposed reforms will affect family law in Australia.The article analyses existing jurisdictional and procedural limitations of the Family Court originating from the High Court decision in Russell v Russell (1976). It is argued that most of the proposed reforms contained in the Bill are welcome and should improve the financial and psychological position of spouses and children who are subject to the trauma of marital breakdown.
Poverty in 1986: Aboriginal Families with Children
Authors: Ross Russell , Whiteford Peter 
Published: December 2016

This paper brings together information from the 1986 Census of Population and Dwellings and the 1986 Income Distribution Survey to estimate poverty rates for Aboriginal families and other families. It also describes the factors associated with income poverty among Aboriginal families.The analysis in this paper is primarily descriptive and is limited to measuring income poverty using the Henderson poverty line. The main objective is to provide the first estimates of poverty among Aboriginal families with children since the early 1970s. The results confirm for 1986 the common perception that income poverty rates are much higher among the Aboriginal population than among the non‐Aboriginal population, although the gap is less dramatic for sole parent families than it is for two parent families. The major factor associated with this poverty is joblessness, with over half of all Aboriginal families with children having no employed adults. However, poverty is still higher among those Aboriginal families with children in which there is at least one employed adult than it is among comparable non‐Aboriginal families with children.
POVERTY, IDEOLOGY AND EMPLOYABILITY: CANADIAN AND AUSTRALIAN POLICIES FOR LOW‐INCOME MOTHERS
Authors: Baker Maureen 
Published: December 2016

A similar trend is apparent in Australian and Canadian programs to enhance work incentives and program effectiveness, but the Canadian provinces are increasingly insisting that low‐income mothers with school‐age children enter the workforce rather than accept social benefits to care for their children at home. There is no Canadian counterpart to the Sole Parent Pension or Parenting Allowance, although the provinces pay higher rates of social assistance to needy families than to individuals. Furthermore, there is little public support for the idea that low‐income mothers should care for school‐aged children at home at the taxpayer's expense. This paper discusses the similarities and differences in rhetoric and policies for low‐income mothers, and seeks reasons for the stronger social support for mothering at home in Australia.Although the current discourse of economic rationalism suggests that enhancing work incentives and ‘employability’ will bring prosperity, this paper illustrates that neither paying mothers to care for their children at home nor pushing them into the workforce has reduced family poverty. To make employability programs more effective, governments need to deal with low female wages, the shortage and high cost of child care, and the lack of full‐time permanent jobs.
CALCULATING THE TRUE COST OF PRIVATE SCHOOL EDUCATION: BASED ON A SURVEY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN SCHOOL FEES
Authors: Laws T.A. , Fiedler Brenton 
Published: December 2016

The cost of a child's education should not be a mystery to consumers, yet little has been published about the true costs, and it is no simple task for parents to calculate. This paper seeks to fill a gap in the research literature that exists in relation to informing parents and educationalists alike as to the true cost of private school education. The term cost is used in the economic sense as encompassing not only the price paid for the product (school fees) but also the opportunity cost to the family in terms of what they forego in order to finance private schooling. Identifying opportunity cost is a useful means of assessing the impact of factors, other than financial, that are influential in determining whether or not private education is purchased.From a survey of South Australian private schools, we have been able to provide a detailed account of the price variations between the fees charged, as well as identifying a variety of additional ancillary charges. Based on the survey figures, we have projected the amount of money that needs to be taken out of the family budget in order to pay for a child's private schooling. At the time the survey was conducted the cost of private school education across three strata, on average, ranged from $13,400 to $42,246. We calculated that incremental family pretax incomes of between $20,303 and $64,009 would be required to fund this education. The amounts represent an opportunity cost to a family whereby money could be put to alternative uses such as home renovation, an overseas holiday, or a buffer against unexpected life events. We conclude that the outlay is substantial for many families and that greater transparency of all costs is needed for families to make informed financial plans to accommodate the overall cost of education for their children.
An Evaluation of a Parenting Payment Intervention Program
Authors: Dockery A. M. , Stromback Thorsten 
Published: December 2016

This paper analyses the effect of a pilot program to assist single parent claimants to lessen their dependence on social security benefits. A sample of about 5000 persons was randomly assigned to one control and two treatment groups. Those in the treatment groups were asked to attend an initial interview to help them plan for the future and were then referred to other forms of assistance that might help them to realise their plans. Using different estimators and several indicators of outcomes, the evidence for the program having a positive effect on outcomes is very weak.The reason for this result is explored by an analysis of the relationships between the plans participants formulated, the barriers they faced and whether they left benefits. It is found that while the program encouraged claimants to plan for moving into paid work, the assistance offered did not reduce the barriers they faced.
Social Policy at the 2004 Election
Authors: Duckett S.J. 
Published: December 2016

Social policy appeared to be a key battleground at the 2004 Australian Federal election. Opposition Leader Latham announced major policies on Medicare, family support and taxation, and schools funding during the election campaign. Using sample survey data from the Australian Election Study 2004, this paper analyses how these policies may have influenced voters. In brief, although a significant proportion of electors identified these issues as being extremely important to them when they were deciding about how to vote, many made up their mind about how to vote around the time of the announcement of the election or before. This mitigated the potential effect that these major policies could have on the election outcome.Nevertheless, these policies were important and Labor had a significant policy advantage amongst those who were late deciders about how to cast their vote.
Inhospitable workplaces? International students and paid work in food services
Authors: Campbell Iain , Boese Martina , Tham Joo‐Cheong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMost international students in Australia take up paid work during their studies, generally as part‐time employees in low‐wage, low‐skill labour markets. Though little is known about the detail of their work experiences, scattered reports suggest that wages and working conditions are often poor and pose significant issues of social justice. This article examines the characteristics of jobs held by one group of international students, drawing on in‐depth qualitative interviews that form part of a case study of Melbourne's café, restaurant and takeaway food services sector. The evidence indicates that precariousness in employment is widespread in this sector and that it centres on underpayment and non‐payment of wages, in breach of labour regulation. The article suggests that such illegal employer practices are facilitated by use of undeclared casual work. Underpayments are most severe in what are typically regarded as ethnic cafes and restaurants, which concentrate on employment of international students, but they are also widespread in mainstream cafes and restaurants, where international students share precarious work conditions with other workers. The findings underline the case for more concerted research and new policy initiatives.
A new uncertainty analysis in the climate change impact assessment
Authors: Lee Jae‐Kyoung , Kim Young‐Oh , Kim Yongdai 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTA majority of existing studies on uncertainties in climate change impact assessments carried out the uncertainty analysis independently at each stage without quantifying the total uncertainty and thus it was seldom possible to assess the relative contribution of each stage to the total uncertainty and also to see how the uncertainty is propagated as the stage proceeds. To overcome these shortcomings, this study proposes a simple yet new approach, which can quantify the total uncertainty as well as the incremental uncertainty at each stage. Employing the maximum entropy as an uncertainty measure, the new approach was applied to a case study that consists of two emission scenarios, four global climate model GCM scenarios, two downscaling techniques, and two hydrological models. The difference was noteworthy: in case of the water streamflow projection, the conventional approach identified the GCM stage as the largest contributor (89.34%) to the total uncertainty while this new approach concluded the emission scenario stage the largest (58.66%). In case of the precipitation projection, the downscaling stage produced the largest uncertainty indicating that the relative uncertainty contribution of each assessment stage can vary depending on the projection variable which of uncertainty is examined. The case study also compared the projection uncertainty with the natural variability that exists in the observed data and concluded that the uncertainty generated by the future climate change projection is about two times larger than that of the past natural variability.
A trial of pharmacy‐based testing for Chlamydia trachomatis using postal specimen kits
Authors: Debattista Joseph , Hayes Meghan , Marshall Penelope , Pouchkareff Nickolas , Gordon Rose , Priddle Alannah 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundChlamydia trachomatis infection is the most commonly notified sexually transmissible bacterial infection in the developed world. An effective approach to improve screening lies with programs that specifically target high risk populations through accessible testing strategies.ObjectiveTo pilot the distribution of chlamydia postal testing kits through a network of community pharmacies.MethodsChlamydia postal test kits, adapted from a current online service, were sold at a minimal price across 18 community pharmacies located in Brisbane. Samples, collected by Uri swab, were mailed to a centralised service for processing, and results directly communicated to clients.ResultsOver a 9‐month period, 333 test kits were made available through pharmacies, of which 109 (32.7% of total) were sold. Of these, 43 specimens were returned for processing, comprising 39.4% of sales, or 12.9% of total. Of these returned samples, seven (16.3% of specimens) returned a reactive result, 34 specimens were non‐reactive and one was invalid.ConclusionsDespite a low specimen return rate (12.9% of total kits available, 39.4% of kits sold), a high reactivity rate (16.3%) for chlamydia was identified among those persons purchasing a kit and returning a sample, suggesting that the pharmacy program had been effectively targeted. Overall, this pilot has demonstrated the feasibility of a system for distributing chlamydia test kits through pharmacy and the use of the existing health infrastructure to follow up results and manage clients.
Anticholinergic burden: considerations for older adults
Authors: Kouladjian O'Donnell Lisa , Gnjidic Danijela , Nahas Rayan , Bell J. Simon , Hilmer Sarah N. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAnticholinergic medications are frequently used in older adults to manage a wide range of chronic diseases. Anticholinergic burden associated with the use of multiple medications with anticholinergic effects is cumulative within an individual, and older adults are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of these medications. These include dry mouth resulting in poor oral health, constipation, urinary retention and confusion. Use of anticholinergic medications has been associated with impaired cognitive and physical function, increased risk of falls, vascular events and hospitalisation. Consideration of anticholinergic burden is an important component of medication management for older adults. Several measures have been developed and validated to quantify anticholinergic burden, such as the Anticholinergic Drug Scale, Anticholinergic Risk Scale and the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scale. However, the evidence for translation of these measures into clinical practice is limited. This narrative review provides a brief clinical overview of the pharmacology of anticholinergic medications in the context of older adults, summarises approaches to measure anticholinergic burden, reviews recent evidence of the clinical impact of anticholinergic medications and discusses deprescribing strategies to manage anticholinergic burden for older adults in clinical practice.