bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methodology for examining the challenges in mainstreaming climate change adaptation
Authors: Cuevas Sining C. , Peterson Ann , Morrison Tiffany , Robinson Catherine 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to contribute to adaptation research by devising a systematic method for examining the challenges in mainstreaming climate change adaptation (CCA) into local land use planning. It argues that mainstreaming operationalization necessitates a methodology that focuses on the challenges in applying the approach and an analytical framework that can examine the mainstreaming process from an institutional perspective.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper applied triangulation by data method (i.e. document review, interview, survey and key informant consultations) and incorporated the scorecard approach in developing the four-stage mixed methodology. It used a modified Institutional Analysis and Development framework as primary analytical guide and applied the case study methodology for structure and focus in relation to data collection activities.

Findings
This paper devised the four-stage mixed methodology and successfully applied it in examining the challenges in mainstreaming CCA into local land use planning in Albay, Philippines. Using the methodology, this paper developed 20 quantitative “mainstreaming indicators” and generated qualitative analyses to assess the state of play of the challenges in local mainstreaming of CCA. Results suggest that mainstreaming challenges exist within a certain spectrum, with one end composed of barriers to, and the other, opportunities for CCA. Furthermore, the challenges occur at varying degrees of severity depending on the conditions that surround them.

Research limitations/implications
This paper is limited to illustrating the process involved in developing the four-stage mixed methodology and presents only a brief discussion of the quantitative and qualitative results.

Practical implications
Although the methodology is at its initial stages of development, it generated results that can help analysts, planners and decision-makers: determine the nature of the challenges in mainstreaming CCA, thereby understand the mainstreaming process; prioritize the mainstreaming challenges to address; and design strategies that will maximize the use of limited resources (i.e. utilizing the opportunities to overcome the existing barriers), among others.

Originality/value
The four-stage mixed methodology was developed to aid analysts, planners and decision-makers determine the state-of-play of the challenges in mainstreaming CCA and make informed decisions in overcoming these challenges. Thus, the mixed method can be a useful tool in advancing the operationalization of the mainstreaming approach.
Trials and tribulations of conducting bio-behavioral surveys in prisons: implementation science and lessons from Ukraine
Authors: Azbel Lyuba , Grishaev Yevgeny , Wickersham Jeffrey A , Chernova Olena , Dvoryak Sergey , Polonsky Maxim , Altice Frederick L 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– Ukraine is home to Europe’s worst HIV epidemic, overwhelmingly fueled by people who inject drugs who face harsh prison sentences. In Ukraine, HIV and other infectious diseases are concentrated in prisons, yet the magnitude of this problem had not been quantified. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the systematic health survey of prisoners in the former Soviet Union (FSU).

Design/methodology/approach
– Qualitative interviews were carried out with research and prison administrative staff to assess the barriers and facilitators to conducting a bio-behavioral survey in Ukrainian prisons.

Findings
– Crucial barriers at the institutional, staff, and participant level require addressing by: first, ensuring Prison Department involvement at every stage; second, tackling pre-conceived attitudes about drug addiction and treatment among staff; and third, guaranteeing confidentiality for participants.

Originality/value
– The burden of many diseases is higher than expected and much higher than in the community. Notwithstanding the challenges, scientifically rigorous bio-behavioral surveys are attainable in criminal justice systems in the FSU with collaboration and careful consideration of this specific context.
Varicella zostervirus transmission in youth during incarceration
Authors: Moreau Danusia , Besney Jonathan , Jacobs Angela , Woods Dan , Joffe Mark , Ahmed Rabia 
Published: May 2016

Purpose– Facility-basedVaricella zostervirus (VZV) transmission is reported in a Canadian youth offender correctional centre (YOCC). Transmission occurred from an immunocompetent youth offender (YO) with localizedHerpes zosterto another immunocompetent single dose vaccinated YO, resulting inVaricella zoster(VZ) breakthrough disease. The purpose of this paper is to identify infection prevention and control (IPAC) measures utilized in this setting.Design/methodology/approach– A retrospective chart and immunization record review was conducted for two VZV cases and 27 exposed YO contacts in order to obtain demographic, clinical and immunization data. Descriptive data analysis was performed.Findings– All VZV cases and exposed contacts were male with an average age of 14.2 and 15.6 years for cases and contacts, respectively. Both cases shared the same living unit in the YOCC. There were 28 identified YO contacts, of whom 70 percent were single dose vaccinated with univalent vaccine, followed by 22 percent with a previous history ofVaricelladisease. All cases and contacts were born in Canada. No foreign-born populations were involved with this event. Infection control measures included additional precaution management, enhanced surveillance and environmental cleaning. As such, no hospitalizations or post-exposure immunizations were required.Originality/value– This report highlights the role that VZ breakthrough disease could play in fueling an outbreak in a high-risk environment without rapid recognition and implementation of preventative measures. It also underscores the importance of IPAC presence and public health immunization programs within correctional centers to avoid infectious disease threats.
Households in international marketing research
Authors: Penz Elfriede , Kirchler Erich 
Published: May 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to respond to the call of alternative methodologies for studying household dynamics and aims to contribute to method development in international marketing research.Design/methodology/approach– Based on the Viennese Diary Study, a methodology was developed to study Vietnamese middle-class partners’ decision making. This allows for dyadic analyses and keeping track of the decision and mutual influence history in an emerging market.Findings– The methodology proved suitable to be used in a transitional economy, which is characterized by specific cultural aspects, such as the embeddedness of decisions in close relationships and traditional role specialization.Research limitations/implications– While the diary method is time and resource-costly with rather small sample size, it allows for detailed insight into everyday decision making. Further research might want to extend participation in the method to the extended family, which is of high importance in collectivistic cultures.Originality/value– Since partners in a household independently reported their perceptions and behaviours during decision processes each day, the methodology allows for dyadic analyses and keeping track of everyday decision making. In addition, the role in decision making of each spouse can be analysed.
Management of pension discount rate and financial health
Authors: Diane Parker Paula , Swanson Nancy J. , Dugan Michael T. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
This study aims to examine the unexpected portion of the pension discount rate to determine if the pension discount rate is being used to manage earnings for both financially healthy and financially unhealthy firms as categorized based upon their Altman z-score for bankruptcy.

Design/methodology/approach
Regression analysis is conducted with the unexpected portion of the pension discount rate as the dependent variable and various metrics indicating potential firm strengths and weaknesses as the independent variables.

Findings
This study finds evidence that suggests managers for both groups of firms are using their choice of discount rate to manage bottom-line earnings. These findings highlight the patterns of various firm choice differences found between the two groups and the magnitude of the differences between the groups.

Originality/value
Three streams of literature are considered in this research: earnings management, defined pension plans and z-score bankruptcy. This study extends prior research by examining the unexpected portion of the pension discount rate based on the z-score determination of whether a firm is considered financially healthy or financially unhealthy. Our findings highlight the impact of various firm choice differences found between the two groups of firms.
Automatic generation of a section erection planning for European shipyards building complex ships
Authors: Rose Christopher , Coenen Jenny 
Published: May 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to present a method for generating a set of feasible, optimized production schedules for the erection process of compact shipyards building complex ship types.Design/methodology/approach– A bi-objective mathematical model is developed based on the process constraints. A Pareto front of possible erection schedules is created using a the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II with a custom heuristic fitness function and constraint violation.Findings– It was possible to consistently generate a wide variety of production schedules with superior performance to those manually created by shipyard planner in negligible computational time.Practical implications– The set of optimized production schedules generated by the developed methodology can be used as a starting point by existing shipyard planners when drafting the initial erection planning for a new project. This allows the planners to consider wider variety of options in less time.Originality/value– No other published approach for the automatic generation of optimized production schedules of the erection process is specifically tailored to the construction of complex ships.
Setting a fox to guard the henhouse? Determinants in elections for presidents of supreme audit institutions
Authors: Seyfried Markus 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence regarding the selection procedures for and characteristics of senior officials in supreme audit institutions (SIAs).

Design/methodology/approach
This study follows a quantitative approach using original data collected for presidential elections of SIAs in the 16 federal states in Germany. A fractional logit model is calculated to test different theoretical assumptions in relation to structural, political and individual factors.

Findings
The descriptive results confirm the findings of prior research that presidential candidates are elected with very high approval rates. The main determinants are the vote share of the ruling coalition and the executive experience of the presidential candidate.

Research limitations/implications
This study focuses on 16 federal states in Germany, but an international comparative perspective covering subnational levels would further augment analysis through the variance of selection procedures and electoral outcomes.

Social implications
Independence of auditors is a fundamental issue for the control of the executive, but it seems that there are inevitable trade-offs therein, such as between knowledge of the auditing objects or the politicization of the election process and the independence of the auditor.

Originality/value
This study provides novel empirical insights into the election and selection procedures for senior SIA officials at the subnational level, and shows that the executive exerts strong, but functionally reasonable, influence on candidate selection.
SOX 404(b) exemption effects on auditor changes
Authors: Hoffman Benjamin W. , Nagy Albert L. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate whether the Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Section 404(b) exemption caused an increase in auditor changes due to changes in expectations for both auditors and their clients.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper predicts that this exemption caused a significant amount of auditor changes post-exemption, due to a change in expected future economic rents (audit scope demands) for auditors (clients). Logistic regression analysis is used to examine whether auditor changes increased for non-accelerated filers (public companies with less than $75 million in public float), who were affected by this exemption, compared to auditor changes for accelerated filers (public companies with greater than $75 million in public float), who were not affected by this exemption.

Findings
The results show a significant positive association between the exemption and auditor dismissals for non-accelerated filers compared to that of accelerated filers. This finding is robust when sensitivity tests are used.

Practical implications
Prior literature finds that an increase in auditor changes can have various positive and negative effects on the affected companies. Thus, investors will be interested in the results of this paper when making their investment decisions with regard to non-accelerated filers.

Social implications
The results of this paper will aid policymakers as they consider the pros and cons of this exemption, as it pertains to the affected companies.

Originality/value
This paper is the first to study the effects of this exemption on auditor turnover for the affected companies.
Auditor choice in Italian non-listed firms
Authors: Matonti Gaetano , Tucker Jon , Tommasetti Aurelio 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate auditor choice in those Italian non-listed firms adopting the “traditional” model of corporate governance. In Italy, non-listed firms can choose between two types of auditor: the Board of Statutory Auditors (BSA), that is the statutory auditors, or an “external” auditor. At the same time, a BSA conducts the administrative auditing for all companies with equity exceeding €120,000.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper estimates a logistic regression model of firm auditor choice between an external auditor and the BSA, which incorporates variables proxying for both agency conflict and organizational complexity effects.

Findings
The results show that of the potential agency factors, only board independence drives auditor choice, whereas organizational complexity and risk factors including firm size, investment in inventories, subsidiary status and complexity drive auditor choice. These results may be explained in the administrative audit role of the BSA, which monitors both day-by-day firm operations and the financial statements preparation “project”. Stakeholders as a result are reassured that, in general, their interests are protected. Finally, it was found that legal form and voluntary International Financial Reporting Standards compliance exert an impact on auditor choice.

Originality/value
The paper provides support for an internal yet independent auditing body such as the Italian BSA as a wider model for corporate governance in European non-listed firms (OECD, 2004 and 2015). The BSA as an administrative and financial auditing body made up solely of independent highly qualified professionals can work within the firm on an operational basis, and in so doing can increase stakeholder protection.
Linking the respiration of fungal sporocarps with their nitrogen concentration: variation among species, tissues and guilds
Authors: Trocha Lidia K. , Rudy Elżbieta , Chen Weile , Dabert Miroslawa , Eissenstat David M. 
Published: May 2016

Summary

Tissue nitrogen (N) concentration has been correlated with respiration (RS) across plants of different life‐forms, functional and phylogenetic groups, plant organs and ectomycorrhizae of different fungal species. Nothing is known, however, if a similar relationship exists in other organisms like fungi.

Here, we explored the N‐RS relationship across sporocarps of 93 fungal species that varied in their guilds (mutualistic, saprotrophic and parasitic) as well as ‘tissue’ types (caps and stipes). We hypothesized that RS, N and protein concentrations were higher for saprotrophic fungi than for either mutualistic or parasitic fungi and were higher for caps than for stipes. We also hypothesized that respiration of fungal guild could be predicted by the N concentration. Lastly, we predicted N and RS were phylogenetically conserved and that by subtracting metabolically inactive N in chitin, we could improve the N‐RS relationship.

Sporocarp N concentration only explained 26% of the variation in RS across species. We found a significant difference in the N‐RS relationship among the three fungal guilds, but no difference between the two tissue types.

Saprotrophic species had higher N concentration and respiration than mutualistic and parasitic fungal species. Sporocarp components differed with caps showing both higher respiration and higher N and protein concentrations than stipes. Overall, our results show that fungal sporocarp nitrogen concentration is phylogenetically conserved among fungal families and may prove to be a strong predictor of fungal guild.

The positive N‐RS relationships existed for all fungal species (similar to plants), within fungal guilds (similar to plant functional groups), and fungal ‘tissue’ types (like plants’ organs). The clear linkage of fungal sporocarp respiration to total N concentration could help improve C and N cycling models in forest ecosystems by including estimates of fungal respiration based on fungal N concentration.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Validation of the boundary conditions to model the seismic response of fractures
Authors: Corredor Robiel Martinez , Santos Juan E. , Gauzellino Patricia M. , Carcione José M. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTFractures in fluid‐saturated poroelastic media can be modeled as extremely thin, highly permeable, and compliant layers or by means of suitable boundary conditions that approximate the behavior of such thin layers. Since fracture apertures can be very small, the numerical simulations would require the use of extremely fine computational meshes and the use of boundary conditions would be required.In this work, we study the validity of using boundary conditions to describe the seismic response of fractures. For this purpose, we compare the corresponding scattering coefficients to those obtained from a thin‐layer representation. The boundary conditions are defined in terms of fracture apertures that, in the most general case, impose discontinuity of displacements, fluid pressures, and stresses across a fracture. Furthermore, discontinuities of either fluid pressures, stresses, or both can be removed, or displacement jumps proportional to the stresses and/or pressures can be expressed via shear and normal dry compliances in order to simplify.In the examples, we vary the permeability, thickness, and porosity of the fracture and the type of fluid saturating the background medium and fractures. We observe good agreement of the scattering coefficients in the seismic range obtained with the two different approaches.
Evidence for enemy release and increased seed production and size for two invasive Australian acacias
Authors: Correia Marta , Montesinos Daniel , French Kristine , Rodríguez‐Echeverría Susana 
Published: May 2016

Summary

Invasive plants are hypothesized to have higher fitness in introduced areas due to their release from pathogens and herbivores and the relocation of resources to reproduction. However, few studies have tested this hypothesis in native and introduced regions. A biogeographical approach is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms involved in plant invasions and to detect rapid evolutionary changes in the introduced area.

Reproduction was assessed in native and introduced ranges of two invasive Australian woody legumes, Acacia dealbata and A. longifolia. Seed production, pre‐dispersal seed predation, seed and elaiosome size and seedling size were assessed in 7–10 populations from both ranges, taking into account the effect of differences in climate.

There was a significantly higher percentage of fully developed seeds per pod, a lower proportion of aborted seeds and the absence of pre‐dispersal predation in the introduced range for both Acacia species. Acacia longifolia produced more seeds per pod in the invaded range, whereas A. dealbata produced more seeds per tree in the invaded range. Seeds were bigger in the invaded range for both species, and elaiosome: seed ratio was smaller for A. longifolia in the invaded range. Seedlings were also larger in the invaded range, suggesting that the increase in seed size results into greater offspring growth.

There were no differences in the climatic conditions of sites occupied by A. longifolia in both regions. Minimum temperature was higher in Portuguese A. dealbata populations, but this difference did not explain the increase in seed production and seed size in the introduced range. It did have, however, a positive effect on the number of pods per tree.

Synthesis. Acacia dealbata and A. longifolia escape pre‐dispersal predation in the introduced range and display a higher production of fully developed seeds per fruit and bigger seeds. These differences may explain the invasion of both species because they result in an increased seedling growth and the production of abundant soil seedbanks in the introduced area.
Malignant hyperechoic breast lesions at ultrasound: A pictorial essay
Authors: Tiang Stephen , Metcalf Cecily , Dissanayake Deepthi , Wylie Elizabeth 
Published: May 2016

SummaryMalignant breast lesions are typically hypoechoic at sonography. However, a small subgroup of hyperechoic malignant breast lesions is encountered in clinical practice. We present a pictorial essay of a number of different hyperechoic breast malignancies with mammographic, sonographic and histopathologic correlation. Suspicious sonographic features in a hyperechoic lesion include inhomogeneity in echogenic pattern, an irregular margin, posterior acoustic shadowing and internal vascularity. A hyperechoic lesion at ultrasound does not discount the need to undertake histological assessment of a mammographically suspicious lesion.