bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A formal reduction of the general problem of expressibility of formulas in the Gödel-Löb provability logic
Authors: Ratsa M.F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIt is a well-known idea to embed the intuitionistic logic into the modal logic in order to interprete the modality 'provable' as the deducibility in the Peano arithmetics with also well-known difficulties. P. M. Solovay and A. V. Kuznetsov introduced into consideration the Gödel-Löb provability logic whose formulas are constructed from propositional variables with the use of the connectives &, v, ⊃, ¬, and Δ (Gödelised provability). This logic is defined by the classic propositional calculus complemented by the three Δ-axiomsΔ (p ⊃ q) ⊃ (Δp ⊃ Δq), Δ(Δp ⊃ Δp) Δp, Δp ⊃ ΔΔp,and the extension rule (the Gödel rule). A formula F is called (functionally) expressible in terms of a system of formulas ∑ in logic L if, on the base of ∑ and variables, it is possible to obtain F with the use of the weakened substitution rule and the rule of change by equivalent in L. The general problem of expressibility in a logic L requires to give an algorithm which for any formula F and any finite system of formulas ∑ recognises whether F is expressible in terms of ∑ in L.In this paper, it is proved that in the Gödel-Löb provability logic and in many of extensions of this logic there is no algorithm which recognises the expressibility. In other words, the general expressibility problem is algorithmically undecidable in these logics.
The structure of an infinite Sylow subgroup in some periodic Shunkov groups
Authors: Senashov V.I. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe study periodic groups such that the normaliser of any finite non-trivial subgroup of such a group is almost layer-finite. The class of groups satisfying this condition is rather wide and includes the free Burnside groups of odd period which is greater than 665 and the groups constructed by A. Yu. Olshanskii.We consider the classical question: how the properties of the system of subgroups of a group influence on the properties of the group? We show that almost layer-finiteness is transferred on the group G from the normalisers of non-trivial finite subgroups of the group G if G is periodic conjugately biprimitively finite group with a strongly embedded subgroup.We study the structure of an infinite Sylow 2-subgroup in a periodic conjugately biprimitively finite group in the case that the normaliser of any finite non-trivial subgroup is almost layer-finite.The results of the paper can be useful in the study of the class of periodic conjugately biprimitively finite groups (periodic Shunkov groups).
Kierkegaard’s Passion for Equality
Authors: Cain David 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFundamental in Kierkegaard is passion for equality among persons, and this in a double sense: passion-“desire”- for equality, but also passion for-“for the sake of”-equality. Now, if the ethical and religious are of inestimable importance in human life, then justice demands that potential for them be equally accessible to all. But how? All are so differentiated. In what can equal potential be rooted, if not in passion? Enter the Christian faith, however, and an enormous problem, anchored precisely in Kierkegaard’s concern to take seriously the specificity of Christianity, arises: No passion can produce Jesus; so how can Jesus and equality be brought together? Can they be brought together?
Selfless Passion: Kierkegaard on True Love
Authors: Dalferth Ingolf U. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the Works of Love Kierkegaard answers the question what love is not by distinguishing types of love or by outlining cases or instances of how love occurs in human life (a descriptive approach) but by exploring what must be true for love to be at all (normative approach). Thus, he offers not a descriptive or conceptual but rather a hermeneutical and orienting account of love. Love as an orienting ought is sheer activity, always present, and therefore a mode of life rather than one particular activity among others. Living in this mode means loving others as a selfless self-but this can only be done when we are enabled to see ourselves and our neighbors not only as selves and other selves but as we are seen by God: as God’s neighbors. The upshot of Kierkegaard’s hermeneutical account of love is that love cannot be fully understood as a (reciprocal or onesided) I-you-relationship. Rather, such a relationship is a relationship of love only if and insofar as love-and therefore God-as the middle term enables two selves to fully relate in a you-you-relationship, a relation of true love.
Love, Death, and the Limits of Singularity
Authors: Fox-Muraton Mélissa 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLove and death are two predominate and multifarious themes in Kierkegaard’s authorship. The aim of this paper will be to demonstrate that a coherent, unified understanding of Kierkegaard’s views on love and death can only be attained when the two concepts are brought together and thought in relation to singularity and community. Reading death through love, we will argue that Kierkegaard’s insistence on loving and remembering the dead requires a recognition of the limits of human singularity, which itself enables a new way of understanding life within community-and that love’s repetition proves to be death’s contradiction.
Passion as a Will to Existence in Kierkegaard
Authors: Petkanič Milan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractKierkegaard might be aptly called a philosopher of passion due to his enormous emphasis on this concept. At the same time his notion of passion is highly original and does not correspond to common usage of the term. That is why the paper begins with pointing out the differences between the two. However, the main intention of the paper is to interpret his specific concept of passion as a will to existence on the basis of analyzing the correlative relationship between passion and existence, and as a part of this goal to outline some positive aspects of passion as found in Kierkegaard’s authorship.
Climacus and the Arguments for God’s Existence
Authors: Teodorescu Valentin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article offers an evaluation of Climacus’ objections to the arguments for the existence of God. With one exception (the critique of the ontological argument, which seems to anticipate the contemporary logico-empiricist position), these objections are found wanting. In the first general objection, Climacus seems to jump illegitimately from the objective reality of God’s existence (or non-existence) to the subjective conviction about God’s existence (or nonexistence). In the second, one might find exceptions to Climacus’ assertion that one can never deduce the existence of persons from the facts of the palpable world. Next, the objection against the teleological argument is inconclusive, since, in my opinion, Climacus does not offer a clear structure to-or critique of-this argument. Lastly, the ethico-religious objection fails because God’s existence- even if one would accept the reality of a sensus divinitatis-is not yet transparently evident to us. Nonetheless, in Climacus’ treatment of all these objections we observe similarities with certain ideas of contemporary reformed epistemology: a skepticism with regard to natural theology, a belief in a sensus divinitatis, and a positive assessment of the role of faith as an epistemological presupposition.
The Middle Term: Kierkegaard and the Contemporary Debate about Explanatory Theism
Authors: Dalferth Ingolf U. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractContrary to what many hold, Kierkegaard does not champion the God of classical theism. On the contrary, he criticizes the ideologies, anthropomorphisms and misleading objectifications of classical theism. He understands God not as a perfect being but as the fundamental dynamic reality of love without which nothing else could and would exist. In his view God is not a first cause or a necessary being but the infinite or eternal actuality of creative and transforming love: a love that is self-communicating and the source of all life and love in heaven and on earth
Der Schatten der Kierkegaard-Renaissance. Eine rezeptionsgeschichtliche Studie über die dezisionistisch-irrationalistischen Kierkegaard-Interpretationen zwischen den Weltkriegen in Deutschland
Authors: Yoshida Keisuke 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDuring the first half of the 20th century, especially between the two world wars, the German-speaking countries experienced the so-called Kierkegaard Renaissance. Although at that time a wide range of thinkers engaged with Kierkegaard’s writings, Georg Lukács and Theodor W. Adorno argue that Kierkegaard exercised a particularly strong influence on fascist thought. Furthermore, Wilfried Greve claims that Kierkegaard was widely interpreted in the decisionist-irrationalist fashion during the Third Reich, which resulted in the appropriation of Kierkegaard by the ideologues of National Socialism, particularly by Alfred Baeumler, a leading intellectual of National Socialism, and by Emanuel Hirsch, a leading theologian of the “German Christians” movement at the time. In the present article I examine historical examples of the decisionist-irrationalist Kierkegaard interpretation. Then I discuss Carl Schmitt’s appropriation of Kierkegaard and the critical responses to it from Karl Löwith and Norbert Bolz. This discussion leads to the conclusion that the decisionist-irrationalist Kierkegaard interpretation takes on an “occasionalistic” character and thereby willy nilly renders the arbitrary or accidental content of the decision absolute. It can be maintained that this “occasionalistic” character of the decisionistirrationalist interpretation paved the way for a Kierkegaard appropriation favored by fascist ideologues in the interwar period
An Overview of Kierkegaard’s Nachlass. Part One: the Materials
Authors: Stewart Jon 
Published: February 2016

AbstractKierkegaard’s journals, notebooks and loose papers represent a generally neglected part of his vast corpus of writings. The present two-part article tells the story of this material from the time of Kierkegaard’s death until the creation of the new Danish edition, Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter. This first part explains the general nature of the surviving material. An account is further given of the long road that Kierkegaard’s Nachlass took from its discovery upon his death in 1855 to its current home at the Royal Library in Copenhagen. The goal is to provide little-known factual information about this large body of material and to encourage scholars to use it more frequently in their studies.
Crystal structure of a poly[bis(3,4,5,6-tetrachlorophthalato)neodym(III)potassium(I)] — 4,4′-bipyridine — water (1/1/5.5)
Authors: Zhang Fan , Qu Ya-Jie , Wu Wen-Hua , Deng Yu-Heng 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
C26H19Cl8KN2NdO13.5, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 8.6114(17) Å, b = 12.665(3) Å, c = 16.997(3) Å, α = 96.53(3)°, β = 103.28(3)°, γ = 97.89(3)°, V = 1766.6(6) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0254, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0838, T = 293 K.
Historical Note: Aqueous Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching at Christa Gaehde’s Studio in the 1990s
Authors: Brückle Irene 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe preparation and use of aqueous 0.2% chlorine dioxide as it was practiced at the private conservation studio of paper conservator Christa M. Gaehde in the 1990s is described for the record. The bleach was used predominantly on prints printed in black printing inks on machinemade lignin-free paper. The treatment sequence involved washing in deionized water; immersion in the chlorine dioxide solution or a local brush application of the bleach in the print margins; rinsing in deionized water; neutralization of residual bleach by misting 1% sodium thiosulfate solution recto and verso; four rinsing baths in deionized water, the fourth one conditioned with calcium hydroxide to pH 9. Preparation of the bleach required special precautions in handling the sodium chlorite and formaldehyde.
Moist Heat Accelerated Aging Test of Naturally Aged Paper by Suspension Method
Authors: Lee Kang , Inaba Masamitsu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis research was planned to clarify the relationship between natural ageing and accelerated ageing of paper using naturally aged paper. First, samples of paper which had deteriorated over time for 130 to 80 years were artificially aged at 80°C, 65% RH, and their physical and chemical changes were investigated. Oxalic acid contained in the samples before accelerated ageing increased, while glycolic acid showed a tendency to decrease. This means that accelerated ageing test did not simulate the chemical processes occurring during natural ageing in a straight forward manner. On the other hand, paper in which many organic acids had accumulated by natural ageing showed larger degradation rate indicators of tear index and burst index i.e. initial degradation rate constant divided by initial tear index or initial burst index before accelerated ageing and discolouration rate. That of values of the degradation rate indicators of tear index and burst index and the discolouration rate showed good correlation with the number of cellulose chain breaks. However, the number of cellulose chain breaks is not simply correlated with the concentration of hydrogen ion which is an index of the acidic hydrolysis of paper. Oxidation contributes to the rate of cellulose chain breaks.
Stabilisation Treatments with Aerosols: Evaluating the Penetration Behaviour of Gelatine and Methylcellulose
Authors: Hummert Eva , Henniges Ute , Potthast Antje 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the stabilisation of unbound paint layers on paper and fragile papers with misted adhesive solutions, the distribution of the consolidant determines whether the stabilisation treatment is effective. Knowing the distribution of the adhesive throughout the pigment-paper matrix is therefore crucial. It was studied by labelling gelatine and methylcellulose solutions with fluorescent dyes. Their distribution was analysed in thin sections by fluorescence microscopy. The penetration of the misted 0.25-1% adhesive solutions into powdery pigment layers was investigated by simulating gouaches and pastels with a low ratio of binding agent vs. pigment. The penetration of these dilute adhesives into paper substrates was evaluated using four types of paper with different porosities. The following application techniques were compared: repeated applications with and without intermediate drying, applying the aerosol on the suction table and adding alcohol to the consolidant to decrease its surface tension. The results show that the distribution of misted adhesives is governed by the method of application. Drying between applications diminished the penetration of a 1% gelatine solution. The penetration behaviour of the misted adhesives was influenced by the water absorbency of the paper. Porous papers are completely saturated by 0.5% gelatine solutions. On samples with a low porosity, the adhesive was deposited mainly at the surface. Immersing the papers in 0.5% solutions of gelatine or methylcellulose always led to a full penetration of the paper with the adhesive, regardless of the water absorbency of the paper. Aerosol misting allowed a highly localized precise application, making it a suitable method for local stabilisation of media and paper.
Washing, Spraying and Brushing. A Comparison of Paper Deacidification by Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Wójciak Adam 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe paper presents the results of studies on the deacidification of model papers (Whatman) using nanodispersions of magnesium hydroxide in 2-propanol. Preliminary experiments showed greater effectiveness of nanodispersion deacidification in comparison with the standard magnesium hydroxide reagent which was applied in the form of micrometric particles. Further analyses compared the effectiveness of deacidification by washing, spraying and brushing. Although all of the tested methods caused an increase in the pH of paper water extracts, the assays of magnesium contents using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with an Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX) showed greatest effectiveness of deacidification by washing. Dispersion spraying requires repetition of the operation at least three times in order to provide an effect that would be comparable with that of washing. Brushing seems to be a less effective method of magnesium hydroxide application to paper. When comparing uniformity of magnesium application on the surface of the paper samples (mapping, SEM-EDX), it was found that the deacidifier was distributed more uniformly when sprayed than in the case of washing.
Mounting and Re-framing a Large-Scale Work on Paper by Bruno Gironcoli Reusing the Original Frame
Authors: Steiner Karin , Kaltenbruner Gerda 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe paper focuses on the strategy for mounting and re-framing a contemporary work of art on paper with different types of damages and alterations caused by an experimental use of materials of varying quality as well as by the problematic mounting system in the original artist’s frame.
Influence of Deacidification on Arylmethane Dyes on Paper
Authors: Jančovičová Viera , Belányiová Eva , Machatová Zuzana , Havlínová Bohuslava 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe deacidification of historic paper objects has evolved into a method that is applied in mass-scale in some archives and libraries. While the impact of the deacidification reagents on paper is quite well researched, knowledge about the behavior of colours and dyes is more limited. Our study focused on the influence of paper deacidification by the Book Saver® process on eight different dyes applied on paper, as well as on the paper support itself. Accelerated ageing in moist and warm conditions (80°C, 65% relative humidity) was applied to investigate the stability of the dye layer on top of the paper, with respect to their chemical, optical and spectroscopic attributes. The Book® deacidification process increased the pH of the aqueous extract and an alkaline reserve was created. FTIR spectroscopic measurements showed that deacidification suppresses acid hydrolysis of paper. The variations in UV-Vis reflectance spectra and in total colour difference of the dye layer evidenced the changes in the structure of dyes caused by accelerated ageing, but the extent of the changes differs depending on the dye. We can conclude that some dyes are more prone to changes by deacidification than others.
The “Schinkel’s Legacy” Project at the Kupferstichkabinett Berlin
Authors: Meyer Fabienne , Hansen Dagmar , Knjasev Vladimir , Volland Gerhard 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the Kupferstichkabinett (Museum of Prints and Drawings) of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (National Museums in Berlin), the collection of the drawings and prints of Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781–1841) is stored in cabinets made of laminated chipboard panels. The works are enclosed in portfolios that sit inside the cabinets on shelves made of bonded beech wood. Oddy tests carried out on the various storage materials showed their high corrosive potential on lead. In particular, the two wood composite materials caused a corrosion rate that was even higher than that of 5% acetic acid or 5% formic acid. The analysis of the air composition inside the storage cabinets confirmed this showing a considerably high concentration of acetic acid (4.7 mg/m
Drei Lesarten im Text von Āed oll fri andud n-āne
Authors: Bronner Dagmar 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The edition of the Old Irish panegyric Āed oll fri andud n-āne published in the second volume of the Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus contains three hitherto unnoticed misreadings. These are du farclu (Thes. II, 295.5), centhain (Thes. II, 295.10), and no (Thes. II, 295.12), the correct readings being dufarcai, centham, and ro. While the first reading clearly represents the pres. 3 sg. du·farcai ‘towers over, surpasses, excels’, the interpretation of the other two readings is not as straightforward. In any case, however, they entail that emendations suggested by Kuno Meyer (1912) and Whitley Stokes and John Strachan respectively (Thes. II, 295, n. i) be discarded.
Fedelm and the claideb corthaire (TBC I ll. 37 f.)
Authors: Egeler Matthias 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
Eines der lexikalischen Probleme der Táin ist der Terminus claideb corthaire, der einen Gegenstand bezeichnet, den die Seherin Fedelm in der Hand hält, während sie das Scheitern von Medbs Feldzug prophezeit (TBC I ll. 37 f.). Auf der Grundlage der Wortbildung dieser Objektbezeichnung und unter Berücksichtigung der an einem mittelalterlichen Gewichtswebstuhl verwendeten Werkzeuge wird vorgeschlagen, daß claideb corthaire als „Webschwert“ aufgefaßt werden sollte. Die in den Parallelstellen der späteren Táin-Rezensionen beschriebene Handlung, wo Fedelm webt, ist nicht auf TBC I zurückzuprojizieren. Dies hat auch Konsequenzen für die wiederholt vertretene Annahme eines keltischen Einflusses im altnordischen Gedicht Darraðarljóð.
Pears, apples or pear-apples? Two puzzles in the Black Book of Carmarthen
Authors: Jacobs Nicolas 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Aufsatz werden zwei Stellen im sogenannten ,Black Book of Carmarthen‘ unter Berücksichtigung von mkymr. pêr ,süß‘ und per(en) ,Birne, Birnbaum‘ erörtert. Siric a perwit wird zögernd als ,Seide und Gewürz‘ aufgefaßt; den genauen botanischen Sinn von afallen peren kann man jedoch nicht sicher bestimmen. - Ob das Adjektiv pêr von dem Baumnamen abzuleiten ist, bleibt zweifelhaft.
Ex ore infantium: Hintergrund und Quelle eines Brigittenwunders
Authors: Zimmer Stefan 
Published: February 2016

Summary
In one of her miracles, St Brigit makes an infant speak in order to find our who his father is. The present investigation aims at finding a source for the story in an anecdote told by Gregory of Tours (6th century), and adduces a number of Christian (and one Quoranic) parallels from Ireland, from the Continent, and from the Orient. The kernel turns out to be a citation from the Psalter. Results may provide arguments for further discussion of (e.g.) philological and historical problems, such as the dating of Brigit’s or Ailbhe’s Lives or the influences from abroad on early Irish monasticism.
No badger in the bag
Authors: Toorians Lauran 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
Um seine verlorene Braut Rhiannon zurück zu gewinnen, muss Pwyll im ersten Zweig des Mabinogi seinen Gegner überwältigen. Dies geschieht in einer märchenhaften Episode mit Hilfe eines Sacks oder Beutels, der sich auf magische Weise nie füllen lässt, bis Pwylls Gegner selbst sich in den Sack begibt. Auf diese Weise - so sagt der Erzähler - wird zum ersten Mal ein Spiel namens ‚Dachs im Sack‘ (oder ‚Dachs im Beutel‘) gespielt. Diese Benennung lenkt allerdings davon ab, was eigentlich gemeint ist. Ein Dachs spielt in dieser Geschichte keine Rolle, und worum es wirklich geht, ist das Konzept ‚jemanden im Sack haben‘ oder ‚jemanden in den Sack stecken‘. Vergleichbare Ausdrücke sind schon im Mittelalter in mehreren Sprachen bekannt und verweisen möglicherweise auf eine wirkliche Art von Zweikampf. Die entsprechende Erwähnung in dieser walisischen Geschichte scheint der bislang älteste Beleg für diesen Ausdruck zu sein.