bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An integral equation representation of wide‐band electromagnetic scattering by thin sheets
Authors: Song Yoonho , Kim Hee Joon , Lee Ki Ha 
Published: July 2002

An efficient, accurate numerical modeling scheme has been developed, based on the integral equation solution to compute electromagnetic (EM) responses of thin sheets over a wide frequency band. The thin‐sheet approach is useful for simulating the EM response of a fracture system in the earth. The focus of this development has been the accuracy of the numerical solution over a wide‐band frequency range of up to 100 MHz. The effect of displacement currents is included to correctly evaluate high‐frequency EM scattering.Currently, EM responses of two thin sheets with different geometrical and electrical properties embedded in a three‐layer earth can be modeled over a frequency band of 10−3to 108Hz. The layered earth and the sheets can be electrically dispersive, an important feature that allows analysis of frequency‐dependent characteristics of the model under investigation. The source field can be generated by a remote or local electric or magnetic dipole located on the surface or in a borehole. A plane‐wave source can also be used, and numerical analyses have been made for magnetotellurics and the high‐frequency impedance method.
From acquisition footprints to true amplitude
Authors: Gesbert Stéphane 
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses the issue of the sensitivity of 3‐D prestack depth migration (PSDM) with respect to the acquisition geometry of 3‐D seismic surveys. Using the theoretical framework of PSDM, I show how acquisition‐related imaging artifacts—the acquisition footprints—can arise. I then show how the acquisition footprint can be suppressed in two steps by (1) partitioning the 3‐D survey into minimal data sets, each to be migrated separately, and (2) applying a robust variable‐geometry PSDM quadrature. The validity of the method is demonstrated on synthetic parallel and antiparallel multistreamer data and cross‐spread data.The proposed two‐step solution can play an important role in projects where amplitude integrity and fidelity are paramount, e.g., quantitative interpretation and time‐lapse surveying. The concept of minimal data also fills a gap in understanding the relation between acquisition and imaging.
Stable wide‐angle Fourier finite‐difference downward extrapolation of 3‐D wavefields
Authors: Biondi Biondo 
Published: July 2002

I present an unconditionally stable, implicit finite‐difference operator that corrects the constant‐velocity phase‐shift operator for lateral velocity variations. The method is based on the Fourier finite‐difference (FFD) method. Contrary to previous results, my correction operator is stable even when the medium velocity has sharp discontinuities, and the reference velocity is higher than the medium velocity. The stability of the new correction enables the definition of a new downward‐continuation method based on the interpolation of two wavefields: the first wavefield is obtained by applying the FFD correction starting from a reference velocity lower than the medium velocity; the second wavefield is obtained by applying the FFD correction starting from a reference velocity higher than the medium velocity. The proposed Fourier finite‐difference plus interpolation (FFDPI) method combines the advantages of the FFD technique with the advantages of interpolation.A simple and economical procedure for defining frequency‐dependent interpolation weight is presented. When the interpolation step is performed using these frequency‐dependent interpolation weights, it significantly reduces the residual phase error after interpolation, the frequency dispersion caused by the discretization of the Laplacian operator, and the azimuthal anisotropy caused by splitting.Tests on zero‐offset data from the SEG‐EAGE salt data set show that the FFDPI method improves the imaging of a fault reflection with respect to a similar interpolation scheme that uses a split‐step correction for adapting to lateral velocity variations.
Current practice of prophylactic anticoagulation in Guillain–Barré syndrome
Authors: Gaber T A-Z K , Kirker S GB , Jenner J R 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To document the incidence of venous thromboembolism in Guillain–Barré syndrome and current practice of anticoagulating these patients. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Acute neurology and rehabilitation wards in a teaching hospital. Subjects: Seventy-three patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome admitted to Addenbrooke's Hospital from 1995 to 1999. Results: Out of 73 patients, 50 were anticoagulated (68%) for 5–490 days with mean of 72 days. Anticoagulation was discontinued in 28 patients when they could walk independently and in six who were still wheelchair dependent. Five patients developed clinical deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (7%), three of them had pulmonary emboli. Venous thrombosis occurred in the ”rst two months after onset in four patients. Two patients were not anticoagulated when they developed their DVT and the other three were on enoxaparin; one of these three had a pulmonary embolism and died. Conclusion: Despite prophylactic anticoagulants being used in the majority of patients admitted with major problems of mobility, 6% (3 out of 50) still developed clinically detected DVT and two developed pulmonary embolism. While this incidence is considerably lower than data reported before routine anticoagulation became a standard practice, these data reinforce the need for anticoagulation and suggest that full anticoagulation might be needed to reduce the incidence of thromboembolic complications further.
Ethical Issues in Paediatric Nontherapeutic Pain Research
Authors: Kankkunen Päivi , Vehviläinen-Julkunen Katri , Pietilä Anna-Maija 
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this article is to describe the main ethical issues in paediatric nontherapeutic qualitative pain research. It is based on an analysis of the research literature related to ethical issues in research and on experiences from a family interview study focusing on pain assessment and management in children aged 1-6 years. In addition, different views concerning obtaining informed consent from children, as published in the research literature, are compared. Ethical challenges occur during all stages of qualitative research. The risks of emotional distress and possible benefits of the results must be assessed prior to conducting a study. However, risks and harm are difficult to avoid in a study in which the research area, pain, raises emotional distress in both parents and children. The children’s assent and parental permission are both required. It is essential to obtain informed consent from all family members when family research is conducted. Participants’ privacy and confidentiality should be protected during data collection, analysis and publication. Protecting children from harm may be impossible during pain research in which they are required to recall a painful postoperative period. However, after data collection they can be assisted to focus on pleasant activities, for example, by engaging in playful activities with them. Finally, the role of the nurse and the researcher should be carefully assessed, especially in qualitative research, in order to be able to analyse the data and report the findings in an unbiased manner.
Long-Term Results of Combined-Modality Therapy in Resectable Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Martin Jocelyne , Ginsberg Robert J. , Venkatraman Ennapadam S. , Bains Manjit S. , Downey Robert J. , Korst Robert J. , Kris Mark G. , Rusch Valerie W. 
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: Assessment of long-term results of combined-modality therapy for resectable non–small-cell lung cancer is hampered by insufficient follow-up and small patient numbers. To evaluate this, we reviewed our collective experience. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was a retrospective chart review recording demographics, tumor stage, treatment, and outcome of consecutive patients undergoing surgery. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier, and prognostic factors were analyzed by log-rank and Cox regression. RESULTS: From January 1993 to December 1999, 470 patients were treated, with follow-up in 446: 27 stage I, 55 stage II, 316 stage III, 43 stage IV (solitary M1), and five uncertain. Chemotherapy was mitomycin/vinblastine/cisplatin (174 patients [39.0%]), carboplatin/paclitaxel (148 [33.2%]), and other combination (124 [27.8%]); 75 patients (16.8%) received induction radiation. Resection was complete in 77.4%, incomplete in 8.3%, attempted but with gross residual disease afterward in 1.8%, and not performed in 12.6%. Pathologic complete response occurred in 20 patients (4.5%). With median follow-up of 31.0 months for patients still alive, median and 3-year survival for pathologic stages 0, I, II, III, and IV were more than 90 months, 73%; 42 months, 52%; 23 months, 35%; 16 months, 28%; and 16 months, 23% (P < .001). In a multivariate analysis, age, complete resection, pathologic stage, and pneumonectomy, but not induction regimen, significantly influenced survival. CONCLUSION: Although pathologic complete response outside the protocol setting is low, survival of this large patient cohort is comparable to that of patients in published combined-modality trials. Survival is significantly influenced by patient age, complete resection, pathologic stage, and pneumonectomy. These results can help guide standard clinical practice and emphasize the need for novel induction regimens.
Multiprogrammable Anisotropic Soft Material via Magneto‐Orientation of Ferromagnetic Nanoplates
Authors: Chen Mingfeng , Chen Junliang , Liu Sanhu , He Dongqing , Wang Yong , Chen Hongtao , Jin Dongdong , Ma Xing 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAnisotropic materials featured with ordered arrangement of sub‐structures are ubiquitous in living organisms, and possess rapidly increasing relevance to emerging technologies in smart materials, soft robotics, flexible displays, and biomedicines. However, the integration and programming of multiple properties into anisotropic materials, which endow themselves with extended intrinsic capabilities and utilities, still remain a challenge. Herein, we report a multi‐programmable anisotropic material by embedding ferromagnetic two‐dimensional nanoplates into hydrogel matrix. The nanoplate exhibits not only a disc‐like non‐isotropic shape, but also an intrinsic easy magnetization axis perpendicular to its basal plane. Using a directional external magnetic field, we can precisely control the orientation of nanoplates inside hydrogel precursor solution and then fix them via photolithographic polymerization, leading to the fabrication of anisotropic hydrogel with on‐demand ordered alignment of nanoplates. Such deliberate arrangement of nanoplates brings in extraordinary optical properties due to birefringence, enabling us to encrypt pattern information into hydrogel materials that is only visible under polarized light. Soft actuators with programmable optical, mechanical and magnetic properties are engineered, which allow to encode diverse deformation and locomotion modes, determine the actuation sites, and monitor the sub‐structural anisotropy all simultaneously, opening new avenues for the design of anisotropic soft materials.
Nitrogen and Oxygen Co‐Doped Graphene Quantum Dots as a Trace Amphipathic Additive for Dendrite‐Free Zn Anodes
Authors: Wu Kuan , Wang Yuqing , Wan Yuhang , Gu Wen , Zhang Lei , Yang Xianzhong , Chou Shulei , Liu Hua‐Kun , Dou Shi‐Xue , Wu Chao 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe practical implementation of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) has encountered obstacles stemming from the limited reversibility of the zinc anode, primarily due to dendrite proliferation and water‐induced reactions occurring. In this investigation, a novel bifunctional interphase is proposed by integrating nitrogen and oxygen group graphene quantum dot (N‐O‐GQD) additives into the electrolyte. Experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the amphipathic N‐O‐GQD additive enhances the stability of the electrode by forming a protection layer on Zn surface. The zincophilic and hydrophobic nitrogen function groups stick to the surface of Zn electrodes to form a hydrophobic layer that shields water molecules from the electrode and promotes the uniform deposition of Zn. The hydrophilic hydroxyl function groups are exposed to the electrolyte to improve the compatibility at the electrode/electrolyte interface. As a result, the amphipathic N‐O‐GQD additive enables a robust cycling performance at high depth of discharge (DOD). Significantly, cells incorporating N‐O‐GQDs demonstrate a remarkable Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% over 900 cycles and sustain dendrite‐free cycling for 564 h (DOD = 51%). Particularly noteworthy is the performance of the modified Zn||ZnVO full cell with robust cycling behavior, enduring 4 000 cycles at 10 A g−1.
Characteristics, Encapsulation Strategies, and Applications of Al and Its Alloy Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Shi Chenwu , Xu Mingjian , Guo Xiaojie , Zhu Shuyan , Zou Deqiu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAmong metal‐based phase change materials (PCMs), Al and its alloys have garnered significant attention due to their high latent heat and high thermal conductivity. However, challenges such as leakage, corrosion, and oxidation have limited their widespread application. Numerous researches have demonstrated that encapsulating Al and its alloy PCMs is one effective way to address these problems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics, encapsulation strategies, and applications of Al and its alloy PCMs. First, the advantages and thermal properties of Al and its alloy PCMs are introduced, and their problems are then discussed. Subsequently, various encapsulation strategies that are expected to solve the above problems are summarized and compared. Additionally, the applications of Al and its alloy PCMs in solar thermal energy storage, catalysis, and electric vehicles are reviewed. Finally, current challenges, potential solutions, and the key direct of future study are presented.
Triboelectric Programmed Droplet Manipulation for Plug‐and‐Play Assembly
Authors: Li Roujuan , Li Xiang , Zhang Zhiwei , Willatzen Morten , Wang Zhong Lin , Wei Di 
Published: October 2024

AbstractProgrammed droplet transport which is typically directed by surface energy gradients or external fields, is crucial in domains ranging from chemical reaction modulation to self‐powered intelligent sensing. However, droplet motion control remains constrained by path reconfiguration, requirements on chemical surface modification, and platform complexity. Here, a more universal plug‐and‐play droplet manipulation paradigm based on liquid‐solid contact electrification and triboelectricwetting on common dielectric surfaces is reported. By regulating the electrical double layer via asymmetric ion dynamics, the triboelectric charge polarity of droplets can be adjusted, enabling in situ manipulation without path reconfiguration dictated by the conventional droplet motion output. Droplets achieved an ultrahigh velocity of 450 mm s−1 on general surfaces, significantly exceeding the speeds observed in droplets subjected to constant electrostatic fields with chemical modifications. This flexible and modular functionally decoupled manipulation strategy offers an environmentally friendly, cost‐effective, and versatile paradigm, facilitating applications in chemical analysis and smart sensing.
Removal‐Free and Multicellular Suspension Bath‐Based 3D Bioprinting
Authors: Li Shuai , Li Jianping , Xu Jian , Shen Yifan , Shang Xiushuai , Li Hangyu , Wang Jingwen , Liu Yihao , Qiang Lei , Qiao Zhiguang , Wang Jinwu , He Yong , Hu Yihe 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSuspension bath‐based 3D bioprinting (SUB3BP) is effective in creating engineered vascular structures. The transfer of oxygen and nutrients via engineered vascular networks is necessary for tissue or organ survival and integration following transplantation. Existing SUB3BP techniques face challenges in fabricating hierarchical structures with multicellular organization, including issues related to suspension bath removal, restricted material choices, and low accuracy. A next‐generation SUB3BP technique that is removal‐free and multicellular is presented. A simple, storable, stable, and scalable starch hydrogel design leverages the diverse spectrum of hydrogels available for use in SUB3BP. Starch granules (8.1 µm) create vascular structures with minimal surface roughness (2.5 µm) that simulate more natural vessel walls compared to prior research. The development of cells and organoids, as well as the bioprinting of multicellular skin models with vasculature, demonstrates that starch suspension baths eliminate the removal process and have the potential for fabricating artificial tissue with a hierarchical structure and multicellular distribution.
Enhanced Electric Field Minimizing Quasi‐Fermi Level Splitting Deficit for High‐Performance Tin‐Lead Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Cheng Jiahui , Cao Huijie , Zhang Shuming , Shao Jie , Yan Wenjian , Peng Cheng , Yue Fang , Zhou Zhongmin 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe quasi‐Fermi level splitting (QFLS) deficit caused by the non‐radiative recombination at the interface of perovskite/electron transport layer (ETL) can lead to severe open‐circuit voltage (VOC) loss and thus decreases the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), however, has received limited attention in inverted tin‐lead PSCs. Herein, the strategy of constructing an extra‐electric field is presented by introducing ferroelectric polymer dipoles (FPD)‐β‐poly(1,1‐difluoroethylene)‐to suppress the QFLS deficit. The directional polarization of FPD can enhance the built‐in electric field (BEF) and thus promote the charge transfer at the perovskite/ETL interface, which effectively suppresses non‐radiative recombination. Furthermore, the incorporation of FPD facilitates high‐quality crystallization of perovskite and reduces the surface energetic disorder. Therefore, the QFLS deficit in the perovskite/ETL half‐stacked device is reduced from 62 to 27 meV after incorporating FPD, and the optimized device achieves an efficiency of 23.44% with a high VOC of 0.88 V. Additionally, the addition of FPD increases the activation energy for ion migration, which can reduce the effect of ion migration on the long‐term stability of the device. Consequently, the FPD‐incorporated device retains 88% of the initial efficiency after 1100 h of continuous illumination at the maximum power point (MPP).
Insulator‐to‐Metal Transition and Isotropic Gigantic Magnetoresistance in Layered Magnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Acharya Gokul , Neupane Bimal , Hsu Chia‐Hsiu , Yang Xian P. , Graf David , Choi Eun Sang , Pandey Krishna , Nabi Md Rafique Un , Chhetri Santosh Karki , Basnet Rabindra , Rahman Sumaya , Wang Jian , Hu Zhengxin , Da Bo , Churchill Hugh O. H , Chang Guoqing , Hasan M. Zahid , Wang Yuanxi , Hu Jin 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMagnetotransport, the response of electrical conduction to external magnetic field, acts as an important tool to reveal fundamental concepts behind exotic phenomena and plays a key role in enabling spintronic applications. Magnetotransport is generally sensitive to magnetic field orientations. In contrast, efficient and isotropic modulation of electronic transport, which is useful in technology applications such as omnidirectional sensing, is rarely seen, especially for pristine crystals. Here a strategy is proposed to realize extremely strong modulation of electron conduction by magnetic field which is independent of field direction. GdPS, a layered antiferromagnetic semiconductor with resistivity anisotropies, supports a field‐driven insulator‐to‐metal transition with a paradoxically isotropic gigantic negative magnetoresistance insensitive to magnetic field orientations. This isotropic magnetoresistance originates from the combined effects of a near‐zero spin–orbit coupling of Gd3+‐based half‐filling f‐electron system and the strong on‐site f–d exchange coupling in Gd atoms. These results not only provide a novel material system with extraordinary magnetotransport that offers a missing block for antiferromagnet‐based ultrafast and efficient spintronic devices, but also demonstrate the key ingredients for designing magnetic materials with desired transport properties for advanced functionalities.
Constructing Electron‐Rich Ru Clusters on Non‐Stoichiometric Copper Hydroxide for Superior Biocatalytic ROS Scavenging to Treat Inflammatory Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Liu Jinglun , Wang Ting , Liao Chengcheng , Geng Wei , Yang Jian , Ma Shixing , Tian Weidong , Liao Li , Cheng Chong 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTraumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a complex neuropathological challenge that significantly impacts the well‐being of affected individuals. The quest for efficacious antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory therapies is both a compelling necessity and a formidable challenge. Here, in this work, the innovative synthesis of electron‐rich Ru clusters on non‐stoichiometric copper hydroxide that contain oxygen vacancy defects (Ru/def‐Cu(OH)2), which can function as a biocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger for efficiently suppressing the inflammatory cascade reactions and modulating the endogenous microenvironments in SCI, is introduced. The studies reveal that the unique oxygen vacancies promote electron redistribution and amplify electron accumulation at Ru clusters, thus enhancing the catalytic activity of Ru/def‐Cu(OH)2 in multielectron reactions involving oxygen‐containing intermediates. These advancements endow the Ru/def‐Cu(OH)2 with the capacity to mitigate ROS‐mediated neuronal death and to foster a reparative microenvironment by dampening inflammatory macrophage responses, meanwhile concurrently stimulating the activity of neural stem cells, anti‐inflammatory macrophages, and oligodendrocytes. Consequently, this results in a robust reparative effect on traumatic SCI. It is posited that the synthesized Ru/def‐Cu(OH)2 exhibits unprecedented biocatalytic properties, offering a promising strategy to develop ROS‐scavenging and anti‐inflammatory materials for the management of traumatic SCI and a spectrum of other diseases associated with oxidative stress.
A Kelp Inspired High‐Power Density Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Stacking Structure for Multiple Directional Ocean Wave Energy Harvesting
Authors: Sun Chao , Liu Xue , Zhong Wei , Pan Qinying , Chen Longyi , Zhang Gengchen , Wang Jia , Dong Xiaohong , Shao Jiang 
Published: October 2024

AbstractOcean wave energy is one of the most promising green energies in the wild. However, it is still challenging to effectively collect wave energy due to its randomness and irregularity. In this work, a kelp inspired high‐power density triboelectric nanogenerator (K‐TENG) is presented for harvesting wave energy with characteristics in multiple directions. The proposed K‐TENG consists of a series of stacked leaf‐like units. The influence of configuration parameters, including pellet diameters, pellet numbers, unit sizes, oscillation frequency, swing amplitude, and wave directions on output performances of leaf‐like units, are extensively investigated. Experimental data indicates that a single leaf‐like unit can achieve a maximum output voltage of 623.14 V as well as a maximum current of 1.48 µA and realize energy harvesting from different wave directions. A K‐TENG composed of 15 leaf‐like units demonstrates a high‐power density of 18.77 W m−3 at a wave frequency of 2.5 Hz, which successfully powers a digital watch and 414 light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). This work is hoped to provide a simple and reliable route to effectively harvest ocean wave energy.