bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey research: sampling and questionnaire design.
Authors: Sirakaya-Turk E. , Uysal M. S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter covers three major areas of data collection and generation: (i) underlying logic and principles of survey research; (ii) issues in designing survey instruments; and (iii) means of data collection. It introduces sampling and design of survey research as one of the most important areas of data collection methods in applied research in leisure, recreation and tourism. The chapter begins with issues surrounding the logic of sampling and representativeness, sampling process and methods, choosing representative units of analysis, the concept and terminology of sampling, sample size, sample error (variability) and confidence intervals. The chapter then addresses a number of issues, including questionnaire development and design, developing questions, evaluating questionnaires, conducting surveys and secondary analysis of survey data. Furthermore, the chapter briefly covers some of the special issues involved in internet and panel surveys with some of the advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods.
Summarizing data.
Authors: Baloglu S. , Usakli A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter deals with how to summarize data. Once the data have been collected, they need to be organized and summarized to reduce a large amount of data to a few meaningful measures that describe the entire data set. There are two basic ways of summarizing a set of data. The first way is to present it in the form of a graph. There are many different graphical methods that can be used to summarize data. The chapter presents the most commonly used graphical representations such as frequency table, pie chart, bar chart, histogram, boxplot, scatterplot, q-q plot, and stem-and-leaf display. The second basic way of summarizing a set of data is to compute a numerical measure. The chapter focuses on the three commonly used measures of central tendency (the mode, the median and the mean) and the measures of variability (the range, the interquartile range, the variance and the standard deviation). The chapter also covers two measures of shape: skewness and kurtosis. While skewness refers to the asymmetry of a distribution, the kurtosis indicates the 'peakedness' or flatness of a distribution when compared with normal distribution. Note that in this chapter the data is analysed using SPSS 16.0 for Windows.
Factor analytical procedure and scale reliability.
Authors: Uysal M. S. , Sirakaya-Turk E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The chapter has two major sections. The first part of the chapter introduces a common factor analytical procedure with a worked example. The aim of factor analysis is twofold: (1) to reduce the number of observed variables (or scale items) into a smaller set of mutually exclusive composite variables or domains; and (2) to detect theoretical structures in the relationships between variables (or scales items) when classifying variables. Therefore, factor analysis is applied as a data reduction or structure detection method. Factor analysis is a very useful technique in that once factors have been delineated, we can also conduct subsequent analyses using the factors as inputs. For example, the delineated factors can be used in regression analysis, comparing mean scores via t-test, ANOVA or MANOVA, or exploring variations of factors across a range of both travel behaviour and traveller questions in any study. The second part of the chapter focuses on scale reliability with a worked example that also presents cases for improvement of reliability coefficients and handling reversed coding of items in obtaining reliability alphas.
Overview of organic agriculture.
Authors: Kristiansen P. , Merfield C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This introductory chapter presents an overview of the history and development of the organic farming movement from its roots in early 1900s Europe to its current position in global agriculture. The chapter describes some of the key people and trends that shaped modern organic agriculture and reports on the status of organic agriculture around the world in specific countries. In order to understand the aims and practices of organic agriculture, the evolution of the core principles are also discussed. Finally, some of the challenges for organic agriculture are identified.
Developing no-tillage systems without chemicals: the best of both worlds?
Authors: Morse R. , Creamer N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper discusses the core components and the advantages of high-residue reduced-till systems (HRRT). In addition, the uses of cover crops in organic agriculture and the integration of organic cropping systems with no-tillage are discussed. Organic no-tillage systems present many challenges, including production and management of high-residue cover crops, establishment of cash crops and weed management. Each challenge is desired together with desired objectives, recommendations for success, and limitations. Finally, the characteristics and the different types of equipment used in non-inversion tillage (ploughing) are discussed. Under organic cropping systems, non-inversion tillage aims to accomplish necessary weed management, enhance short-term nutrient availability, incorporate crop residues and soil amendments, and alleviate soil compaction.
Crop protection in organic agriculture.
Authors: Letourneau D. , Bruggen A. van 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This subject is reviewed under the following headings: pests and diseases in organic versus conventional agriculture; pest and disease management in organic versus conventional agriculture, including prevention of colonization or establishment of pests and pathogens in organic agriculture, regulation of established pests and pathogens in organic agriculture, host plant resistance, community resistance - vegetation, community resistance - pathogens and herbivores, community resistance - biological control, curative control; and pest and disease management case studies in organic versus conventional agriculture. Future research directions are also discussed.
Environmental impacts of organic farming.
Authors: Kasperczyk N. , Knickel K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the main indicators of environmental impact, i.e., biodiversity, landscape, soil, ground and surface water, climate and air, and energy. The discussion of environmental impacts is structured by six main sectors. Significant interrelationships were observed between these sectors. The effects of biological diversity are detailed for the following three aspects: genetic diversity, species diversity (floral and faunal) and habitat diversity. The soil aspect focuses on organic matter content, biological activity, nutrient cycles and soil erosion. Different sources of ground and surface water pollution (viz., leaching of nutrients, fertilizers, pesticides and pathogens) are also discussed in detail. The harmful effects of global climatic change on the environment and on plant production are discussed. Finally, the energy intensity and efficiency as indicators to measure and evaluate energy use are discussed.
Tillage: how bad is it in organic agriculture?
Authors: Bàrberi P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of tillage in organic agriculture, and details its impacts on the environment. Aside from the climatic factors, socioeconomic and cultural factors also influence the attitude of organic farmers toward tillage. Some agronomically based concepts of tillage management in organic agriculture are presented. Finally, differences between the expected effects of tillage management in conventional and organic systems are addressed.
Organic agriculture: opportunities and challenges.
Authors: Kristiansen P. , Taji A. , Reganold J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This concluding chapter is concerned with documenting and reviewing current knowledge on organic agriculture, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and applying that information to the immediate challenges ahead. Opportunities for supporting the continuing development of the organic movement through cross fertilization of technologies and conceptual approaches in the areas of supply chains and farming systems, are discussed.
Research on lupine-induced 'crooked calf disease' at the poisonous plant research laboratory: past, present and future.
Authors: Panter K. E. , James L. F. , Wierenga T. L. , Gay C. C. , Motteram E. S. , Lee S. T. , Gardner D. R. , Pfister J. A. , Ralphs M. H. , Stegelmeier B. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This discussion of lupine research, past, present and future, is limited to that involving poisoning in livestock and more specifically the problem of the lupine-induced 'crooked calf disease' in the western US.
Intoxication by the pods of Enterolobium contortisiliquum in goats.
Authors: Benício T. M. A. , Nardelli M. J. , Nogueira F. R. B. , Araújo J. A. S. de , Riet-Correa F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper reports on two cases of poisoning which occurred last July 2004 which were suspected to be from the pods of E. contortisiliquum eaten by goats raised in the state of Paraiba, Brazil. The clinical aspects, clinical examination as well as treatment of pods to eliminate its toxicity were also discussed in the report.
Cross-fostering as a means to study transplacental toxicosis of Ipomoea carnea in rats.
Authors: Hueza I. M. , Guerra J. L. , Górniak S. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper reports on the use a technique using cross-fostering (CF) as a tool to evaluate the possible transplacental toxicoses of I. carnea in an animal model (rat) used in a perinatal study to verify the possible toxic effects of I. carnea on the offspring from dams which had an intake of I. carnea during the gestation period.
Effect of Solanum malacoxylon in goats: a prenatal study.
Authors: Górniak S. L. , Hueza I. M. , Raspantini P. C. F. , Shumaher-Henrique B. , Barbosa-Ferreira M. , Maiorka P. C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible toxic effects on both dams and kids with maternal exposure to S. malacoxylon during pregnancy. 20 female goats were used in this study wherein pregnant goats after breeding were treated with the following levels of S. malacoxylon: 0.0 (control), 12.5mg/kg (Sm12.5), 25.0mg/kg (Sm25), and 50.0mg/kg (Sm50) from day 27 to day 91 of gestation. Results after the experiment showed, in a dose-response fashion, progressive physical deterioration such as emaciation, kyphosis and impaired gait. Two dams from Sm25 and two from Sm50 groups died between the 18th and 20th weeks of gestation. Histopathological evaluation revealed alterations in all goats treated with S. malacoxylon. The histopathologic changes were dose-related thus the lesions were more evident in those females treated with higher levels of S. malacoxylon. It was also observed that kids from Sm25 and Sm50 goats also showed the same lesions as described from their mothers however the lesions were much milder.
Evaluation of ultrasonographic and biochemical profile of fetal development of intoxicated female goats with Senna occidentalis seeds.
Authors: Barbosa-Ferreira M. , Górniak S. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of S. occidentalis during gestation in goats. 20 pregnant goats were used in this study and were divided into 4 equal groups and were treated with the following levels of S. occidentalis in the diets: 0% (control), 1% (S.01), 2% (S.02), and 4% (S.04) from the 27th day of gestation to parturition. Results showed that goats from the S.04 group gained 45% less weight as compared with the control. It was also observed that two goats from this group resorbed their fetuses between the 27th and 35th day of pregnancy. Serum concentrations of aldolase, glucose, protein, albumin and LDH fluctuated during the trial, whereas AST and GGT concentrations were similar between the control and all treatment groups.
Risk factors for lupine-induced crooked calf disorder in East-central Washington State.
Authors: Gay C. C. , Panter K. E. , Motteram E. , Gay J. M. , Hantz H. , Wierenga T. , Platt T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A report on the risk factors and epidemiological survey on lupine-induced crooked calf disorder in East-central Washington State, USA was presented.
The pelleting process or treatment with sodium hydroxide do not detoxify the toxins of annual ryegrass toxicity.
Authors: Allen J. G. , Hoxey M. , Thompson C. , Masters A. M. , Milton J. T. B. , Vercoe P. E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is a major disease of livestock in Western Australia. It is caused when livestock eat ryegrass with the toxigenic bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus. This study was conducted to determine the potential use of pelleting or alkali treatment using NaOH in the detoxification of corynetoxins produced by R. toxicus. Commercial feed mixes were added with 368, 736 and 2941 g of toxic material to provide materials for pelleting containing approximately 500, 1000 and 4000 µg corynetoxins/kg. Each feed mix was then put through the pelleting machine. The pellets from each mix were then tested for the presence of bacterial and corynetoxin antigens. Two experiments were conducted with alkali treatments using NaOH. In the first experiment, 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% NaOH (w/w) were sprayed on ryegrass samples. After one week, the samples were tested for corynetoxin concentration using ELISA. In the second experiment, the same four treatments were used and bacterial galls were isolated and treated to increase the concentration of toxin to within the range of sensitivity of the B. cereus bioassay. Results showed that neither pelleting nor treatment with NaOH reduced the toxicity of toxic ryegrass or toxic bacterial galls.
Butylated hydroxytoluene reduces aflatoxin B1 bioavailability and hepatic adduct formation in Turkeys.
Authors: Guarisco J. A. , Hall J. O. , Coulombe R. A., Jr. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We confirmed our hypothesis that dietary butylated hydroxytoluene would reduce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) bioavailability and the formation of hepatic AFB1-DNA adducts in turkeys in vivo. It is reasonable to assume that both events resulted from the inhibition of AFB1 bioactivation. Thus, butylated hydroxytoluene may have the added benefit of reducing AFB1 residues in poultry, thereby improving food safety.
A case of acute water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) poisoning and death in cattle after ingestion of green seed heads.
Authors: Panter K. E. , Gardner D. R. , Holstege D. , Stegelmeier B. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper reports for the first time suspected acute poisoning and death in cattle ingesting immature seed heads of water hemlock (Utah, USA, date not given). Investigation of the pasture after the cows died revealed that a nearby creek had been heavily infested with water hemlock and that all the water hemlock seed heads had been eaten. Three cows were necropsied and rumen samples, blood, liver, kidney and heart were collected for histopathological examination. Plant specimens including stem, leaves, flowers and seed heads were also submitted for identification, toxicity testing and chemical analysis. Histopathological examination did not implicate any disease condition. No gross or microscopic lesions were diagnostic in the tissues examined. Chemical analysis of tuber and green seed from water hemlock revealed levels of cicutoxin and cicutol equal to or higher than archive samples from highly toxic tubers. The green seed contained 0.01, 9.5 and 22.5 times more cicutoxin, cicutol-1 and cicutol-2, respectively, when compared to the highly toxic archive sample. Chemical analysis of the tubers from ingested plants contained 4.6, 9.8 and 18.8 times more cicutoxin, cicutol-1 and cicutol-2, respectively. Oral dosing to mice of crude water extracts from both tubers and seeds from plants collected immediately upstream from the area resulted in toxicity and death in mice.
Toxicity, pathophysiology and pathology in sheep following dosing of the nephrotoxic plant Nolletia gariepina (DC) Mattf.
Authors: Botha C. J. , Meintjes R. A. , Prozesky L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Nolletia gariepina was collected on a farm in the Kuruman district, Northern Cape, South Africa. Nine mutton Merino wethers were fasted for 24 h and then dosed with dried, milled N. gariepina plant material (1.5-3g/kg body weight) by stomach tube. The animals were monitored daily and blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical analysis. Urine samples were also examined by conventional analysis. Four of the seven sheep dosed with 3 g/kg N. gariepina plant material died acutely within 24 h. Two sheep that received 3 g/kg N. gariepina plant material survived for longer periods, but were depressed, anorexic and had weak rumen movements and tachycardia. Administration of 1.5 g/kg N. gariepina plant material did not elicit any clinical effects. The most noticeable aberrations in blood chemistry were the remarkable increases in serum urea and creatinine concentrations in sheep that survived for 24 h or longer. A moderate increase in AST activity occurred in some sheep. There was no noticeable increase in GGT activity. Severe nephrosis characterized by degeneration and necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) was present in all animals.
Nephrotoxicity of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum).
Authors: Hall J. O. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of Easter lily to a cat, rats and rabbits administered or fed Easter lily leaves. It was shown that the cat vomited >95% of the administered Easter lily leaves. The cat also showed profuse salivation, polyuria, altered serum biochemical and haematological values and kidney lesions. No clinicopathological or histopathological changes were observed in the rats and rabbits. The clinicopathological, histopathological, treatment and outcome of Easter lily poisoning in cats as recorded by the National Animal Poison Control Centre (NAPCC) in the USA are also described. The results indicate that Easter lily is uniquely nephrotoxic to cats.
A preliminary investigation on changes in esophageal diameter and function of sheep recovering from vermeersiekte.
Authors: Snyman L. D. , Olivier-Carstens A. , Schultz R. A. , Labuschagne L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In this study, vermeersiekte was induced feeding Geigeria ornativa to 3 sheep for 26 days, 42 days and 6 months, respectively, after which they had no further access to the plant. The oesophageal diameter index and oesophageal function were examined periodically in all animals. It was shown that withdrawal from G. ornativa resulted in a decrease in the oesophageal diameter index over a period of ∼200 days to values approaching normal, indicating a slow anatomical recovery of the oesophagus. The oesophageal function of the sheep fed G. ornativa for 26 days was only moderately affected and returned to normal between 345 and 562 days after withdrawal from feeding. The sheep fed the plant for 42 days improved from severely to moderately affected between 56 and 159 days after withdrawal, but did not show further improvement until day 610 when the last measurement was performed. The sheep fed the plant for 6 months was extremely affected. Its condition improved to severely affected after day 98 after withdrawal and then remained unchanged until day 1070, the last day on which oesophageal function was determined. In conclusion, the slow and incomplete recovery of oesophageal diameter and function over there extended periods may result in reduced feed intake and production in sheep fed G. ornativa.
Effect of Senna occidentalis seeds in broiler chickens: a preliminary immunotoxicologic study.
Authors: Hueza I. M. , Latorre A. O. , Mariano-Souza D. P. , Raspantini L. E. R. , Maiorka P. C. , Górniak S. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Sixty day-old broiler chicks were divided into 4 groups which were fed rations containing 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% S. occidentalis (So) seeds for 28 days. An additional 32 birds were also divided into 4 groups and fed the same levels of So for 35 days. These birds were vaccinated against Newcastle disease at 14 days of age. Lymphoid organs were collected for histological analysis and macrophage activity and phagocytosis were evaluated. It was shown that the spreading and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages were not affected by So at any level compared to the control group. However, So treatment for 28 days increased hydrogen peroxide release by peritoneal macrophages in the 0.75% So group. The weight of the bursa fabricii was also significantly reduced in this group at 28 and 35 days of treatment. No significant differences were observed in the thymus gland and spleen between treatment and control groups. Histological examination of the bursa fabricii in the 0.75% SO group also showed reduced follicular areas and depleted cellular areas with the presence of peritoneal macrophages within these follicular areas.
Chronic canine aflatoxin and management of an epidemic.
Authors: Garland T. , Reagor J. C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This article describes an outbreak of acute hepatic failure and death among otherwise healthy dogs in Texas. Dog food from 2 early cases contained about 150 ppb aflatoxin. Investigations revealed that all of the initially unexplained deaths occurred in dogs consuming food made by the same manufacturer. The dog food formulations were prepared on 1 day in either July or August at a particular plant. Immediately following the diagnosis, the dog food manufacturer made a complete recall for all dog food made from mid-July through August at the plant where the aflatoxin B1-tainted food originated. The manufacturer also hired a veterinary toxicologist to come and educate them, assess the magnitude of the calls, and assist in formulating a plan to handle the situation. In addition, the company hired local veterinarians to assist with customer calls. These methods among others allowed the food-related outbreak to be contained in a timely fashion.
Evaluation of the possible immunomodulatory effects of Ipomoea carnea.
Authors: Latorre A. O. , Hueza I. M. , Haraguchi M. , Górniak S. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A study was undertaken to investigate, in Swiss outbreed mice, the possible effect of the indolizidine swainsonine (SW, isolated from I. carnea) on lymphoid tissues and to observe the immunomodulatory effects of SW and/or the aqueous fraction (AF) of I. carnea on peritoneal macrophage activity (e.g. macrophage spreading, phagocytosis, and hydrogen peroxide release). The peritoneal macrophages of mice treated with AF did not show any differences in their activity. Similarly, no statistical differences were observed in both cellularity and relative weight of lymphoid tissues when the treated animals were compared to the controls. The histopathology revealed the presence of vacuolar lesions on pancreas, liver and kidneys of mice treated with 7.0 g AF/kg. SW did not significantly affect phagocytosis. Conversely, an enhancement of both spreading activity and phorbol myristate-acetate solution-induced H2O2 production of peritoneal macrophages in mice treated with SW was observed. No statistical differences observed in lymphoid weight and cellularity of mice from all groups.