bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil vs. alternative parenteral methods for pain management in labour: a Cochrane systematic review
Authors: Jelting Y. , Weibel S. , Afshari A. , Pace N. L. , Jokinen J. , Artmann T. , Eberhart L. H. J. , Kranke P. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryWe aimed to assess the effectiveness of remifentanil used as intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia for the pain of labour. We performed a systematic literature search in December 2015 (updated in December 2016). We included randomised, controlled and cluster‐randomised trials of women in labour with planned vaginal delivery receiving patient‐controlled remifentanil compared principally with other parenteral and patient‐controlled opioids, epidural analgesia and continuous remifentanil infusion or placebo. The primary outcomes were patient satisfaction with pain relief and the occurrence of adverse events for mothers and newborns. We assessed risk of bias for each included study and applied the GRADE approach for the quality of evidence. We included total zero event trials, using a constant continuity correction of 0.01 and a random‐effect meta‐analysis. Twenty studies were included in the qualitative analysis; within these, 3713 participants were randomised and 3569 analysed. Most of our pre‐specified outcomes were not studied in the included trials. However, we found evidence that women using patient‐controlled remifentanil were more satisfied with pain relief than women receiving parenteral opioids (four trials, 216 patients, very low quality evidence) with a standardised mean difference ([SMD] 95%CI) of 2.11 (0.72–3.49), but were less satisfied than women receiving epidural analgesia (seven trials, 2135 patients, very low quality evidence), −0.22 (−0.40 to −0.04). Data on adverse events were sparse. However, the relative risk (95%CI) for maternal respiratory depression for patient‐controlled remifentanil compared with epidural analgesia (three trials, 687 patients, low‐quality evidence) was 0.91 (0.51–1.62). Compared with continuous intravenous infusion of remifentanil (two trials, 135 patients, low‐quality evidence) no conclusion could be reached as all study arms showed zero events. The relative risk (95%CI) of Apgar scores less than 7 at 5 min after birth compared with epidural analgesia (five trials, 1322 participants, low‐quality evidence) was 1.26 (0.62–2.57).
1 Introduction: Establishing a Bioarchaeology of Community
Authors: Becker Sara K. , Juengst Sara L. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTIn this chapter, we introduce our volume and focus on defining the various ways in which the term community is used by bioarchaeologists in this volume, especially with respect to the theoretical ideas within the emerging social and theoretical bioarchaeology. We also provide an initial summary concerning each of the chapters and how each author, or set of authors, focuses on community within their research. Our goals are: (1) to discuss the possibilities and limitations of identifying different types of past community or communities; (2) to expand on methods in bioarchaeology that can be used to identify community; and (3) to develop theoretically based bioarchaeological research on community in order to elucidate meaningful relationships that structured past people's lives.
9 A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Community and the Tension between Individual and Population
Authors: Blom Deborah E. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTThe community framework this volume champions is a fruitful addition for anthropological bioarchaeologists seeking to understand ancient population dynamics. The breadth illustrates the importance of the concept of community, the difficulty of moving beyond definitions restricted by geography, and particular challenges of bioarchaeological datasets. Population‐ and spatially‐based analyses are critical and generally most appropriate in our discipline; yet, they can inadvertently present pictures of homogeneity that do not accurately characterize the ancient communities we study. We must continue to seek productive ways to appreciate diversity within the ancient communities though contextually based and “multi‐subdisciplinary” approaches. We continue asking in what way the patterns in mortuary and other bioarchaeological variables are culturally meaningful from real or ideal culture perspectives, seeking to move beyond geographically bound approaches.
The effects of foreign shocks when interest rates are at zero
Authors: Bodenstein Martin , Erceg Christopher J. , Guerrieri Luca 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn a two‐country DSGE model, the effects of foreign demand shocks on the home country are greatly amplified if the home economy is constrained by the zero lower bound on policy interest rates. This result applies even to countries that are relatively closed to trade such as the United States. Departing from many of the existing closed‐economy models, the duration of the liquidity trap is determined endogenously. Adverse foreign shocks can extend the duration of the trap, implying more contractionary effects for the home country. The home economy is more vulnerable to adverse foreign shocks if the neutral rate is low—consistent with “secular stagnation”—and trade openness is high.
Assessment of the inferior mesenteric vein diameter as a surrogate marker to evaluate response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ivan C. V. , Mullineux J. H. , Verma R. , Shah V. , De A. , Elabassy M. , Rajesh A. , Stephenson J. A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimNeoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer aims to downstage prior to definitive management. Repeat imaging assessment of the tumour post‐therapy has implications for treatment. Our aim was to assess if the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) diameter measured on CT can be used as a surrogate marker for evaluation of tumour response to neoadjuvant treatment.MethodIMV diameter was assessed in patients with and without locally advanced rectal cancer, pre‐ and post‐radiotherapy, to ascertain if IMV diameter is a surrogate marker of tumour response.ResultsIMV diameter was 5.9 mm in patients with rectal cancer vs 4.7 mm in patients without (P = 0.0001). The baseline IMV diameter was significantly higher for cases with local lymphadenopathy [N0 5.2 mm vs N1/2 6 mm (P = 0.0059)] and extramural venous invasion (EMVI) [negative 5.4 mm vs positive 6.4 mm (P = 0.0001)]. Post‐radiotherapy there was a significant decrease in the IMV diameter in cases with treatment response compared to non‐responders: the percentage change in IMV diameter was a 17.54% decrease vs 1.39% increase (P = 0.0001). These results were reproduced on comparing between magnetic resonance tumour regression grades using ANOVA (P = 0.0001). There was also a significant decrease in IMV diameter when assessing lymph node (LN) and EMVI response vs non‐responders (P = 0.0001 and 0.0001 respectively).ConclusionPatients with rectal cancer have a dilated IMV compared with patients without rectal cancer. We confirm that IMV diameter is a potential surrogate marker of LN status and EMVI at baseline. IMV diameter is also a marker of tumour, LN and EMVI response to chemoradiotherapy.
Electroacupuncture as an additional treatment for headshaking in six horses
Authors: Devereux S. 
Published: July 2017

SummarySome success has been demonstrated using percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) to treat trigeminal‐mediated headshaking (TMHS) in horses. The aim of this study is to determine whether electroacupuncture (EA) can provide similar remission from the pain of this debilitating condition. EA is less invasive than PENS and can be carried out in the stable yard without the need for a hospital setting and expensive equipment. Six horses and ponies showing clinical signs of headshaking were treated with electroacupuncture of the infraorbital nerve under light sedation. The nerve was stimulated with alternating 2 and 80 Hz frequencies for a period of 25 min with the current adjusted so that there was visible twitching of the nostrils and/or lips. Follow‐up treatments were given when the signs recurred or 4–7 days later if there was no initial response. The procedure was well tolerated by all the horses. Once a response was achieved, the period of remission often increased with subsequent treatments. Median remission time for the first treatment was 5.5 days (mean 7.6 days, range 0–13 days, n = 6). second treatment 8.5 days (mean 10.6 days, range 7–21 days, n = 6), third treatment 18 days (mean 28.8 days, range 6–71 days, n = 6), fourth treatment 47.5 days (mean 10 weeks, range 11 days–23 weeks, n = 6), fifth treatment 13 weeks 5 days (mean 18 weeks 5 days, range 5 weeks–46 weeks, n = 5), sixth treatment 24 days (mean 26 days, range 13–41 days, n = 3). The three horses that started treatment in 2015 received a single treatment in April or May of 2016 and were still asymptomatic at the end of the study period in October 2016. It was concluded that EA of the infraorbital nerve is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for the management of horses considered to be experiencing trigeminal‐mediated headshaking.
Micro‐alloys precipitation in NiO‐ and CoO‐bearing enamel coatings and their effect on adherence of enamel/steel
Authors: Chen Ken , Chen Minghui , Wang Qunchang , Zhu Shenglong , Wang Fuhui 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe effect of CoO and NiO on the adherence between enamel coating and steel is investigated experimentally in this study. Enamel coatings are applied to the steel using a wet process with slurries. A total of five enamels were prepared including three single layer enamels: blank enamel (BL), NiO bearing enamel (MTNi3), CoO bearing enamel (MTCo3), and two double layer enamels: BL‐MTNi3, BL‐MTCo3, which consisted an inner layer of BL and an outer layer of MTNi3 or MTCo3. Falling‐weights tests were performed and the cross‐sections at the enamel/steel interface were analyzed with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Results show that the increases of adherence for MTCo3 and MTNi3 coated steel are attributed to the micro‐alloys precipitation at the enamel/steel interface. These micro‐alloy precipitations grow parallel to the steel/enamel interface for MTNi3, while they are dendritic and perpendicular for MTCo3. Compared with MTCo3, the negative reaction energy between NiO and FeO for MTNi3 causes micro‐alloy precipitations formed far away from the enamel/steel interface, resulting in different morphology and adherence.
Acute evaluation of the acute vestibular syndrome: differentiating posterior circulation stroke from acute peripheral vestibulopathies
Authors: Tsang Benjamin K. T. , Chen Alex S. K. , Paine Mark 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis review article aims to provide an evidence‐based approach to evaluating the patient who presents with acute prolonged, spontaneous vertigo in the context of the acute vestibular syndrome (AVS). Differentiation of posterior circulation stroke (PCS) presenting as an AVS has been regarded as an important diagnostic challenge for physicians involved in acute care. Current evidence suggests that a targeted approach to history taking and physical examination with emphasis on the oculomotor examination, more specifically the HINTS (Head Impulse/Nystagmus/Test‐of‐skew) examination battery, yields a higher sensitivity for the diagnosis of PCS than even standard magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion‐weighted imaging. However, most studies have only validated the utility of the HINTS examination when performed by experts, who interpret the most powerful component of HINTS, namely the head impulse test (HIT), considerably different to the novice. Several investigations useful in the differentiation of the AVS are becoming more accessible and portable, such as videooculography with Frenzel goggles and video head impulse testing (vHIT), which allows for the quantitative assessment of the HIT. In clinical practice, vHIT has already become accepted as standard of care in the evaluation of AVS.
Caspase‐11 non‐canonical inflammasome: a critical sensor of intracellular lipopolysaccharide in macrophage‐mediated inflammatory responses
Authors: Yi Young‐Su 
Published: July 2017

SummaryInflammatory responses mediated by macrophages are part of the innate immune system, whose role is to protect against invading pathogens. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in the outer membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria stimulates an inflammatory response by macrophages. During the inflammatory response, extracellularLPSis recognized by Toll‐like receptor 4, one of the pattern recognition receptors that activates inflammatory signalling pathways and leads to the production of inflammatory mediators. The innate immune response is also triggered by intracellular inflammasomes, and inflammasome activation induces pyroptosis and the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin‐1β(IL‐1β) andIL‐18 by macrophages. Cysteine‐aspartic protease (caspase)‐11 and the human orthologues caspase‐4/caspase‐5 were recently identified as components of the ‘non‐canonical inflammasome’ that senses intracellularLPSderived from Gram‐negative bacteria during macrophage‐mediated inflammatory responses. Direct recognition of intracellularLPSfacilitates the rapid oligomerization of caspase‐11/4/5, which results in pyroptosis and the secretion ofIL‐1βandIL‐18.LPSis released into the cytoplasm from Gram‐negative bacterium‐containing vacuoles by small interferon‐inducible guanylate‐binding proteins encoded on chromosome 3 (GBPchr3)‐mediated lysis of the vacuoles.In vivostudies have clearly shown thatcaspase‐11−/−mice are more resistant to endotoxic septic shock by excessiveLPSchallenge. Given the evidence, activation of caspase‐11 non‐canonical inflammasomes by intracellularLPSis distinct from canonical inflammasome activation and provides a new paradigm in macrophage‐mediated inflammatory responses.
Phylogenetic conservatism of species range size is the combined outcome of phylogeny and environmental stability
Authors: Zacaï Axelle , Fara Emmanuel , Brayard Arnaud , Laffont Rémi , Dommergues Jean‐Louis , Meister Christian 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimTo test for the phylogenetic conservatism of geographic range size and to explore the effect of the environment on this potential conservatism.LocationThe western Tethys Ocean and its surroundings (present‐day Europe, the Middle East and North Africa) during the early Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic).MethodsUsing 104 localities and 1,765 occurrences of ammonite species, we estimated geographic range sizes using the extent of occurrence and the latitudinal range. The phylogenetic conservatism of range sizes was tested using Moran'sIindex which measures phylogenetic autocorrelation, and Pagel's λ which indicates whether a phylogeny correctly predicts covariance patterns among taxa on a given trait according to a Brownian evolution model. We conducted these analyses for two neighbouring provinces with contrasting environmental features (Mediterranean and Northwest European). We also explored scale effects by considering the whole western Tethys and two temporal resolutions (chronozone and sub‐stage).ResultsA marked difference in phylogenetic signal is observed between Mediterranean (MED) and Northwest European (NWE) species; the range size ofMEDspecies is more frequently phylogenetically conserved than that ofNWEspecies. No phylogenetic conservatism of species range size is observed during the last chronozone of the early Pliensbachian which is characterized by numerous palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes.Main conclusionsSpecies range size may be partly determined by phylogeny, but this phylogenetic conservatism is modulated by spatio‐temporal environmental stability. The phylogenetic signal of species range size may be labile through time within the same lineage and may differ between contemporaneous species of the same group. This lability stems from the fact that species range size results from a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Biogeography of the Gondwanan tree fern family Dicksoniaceae—A tale of vicariance, dispersal and extinction
Authors: Noben Sarah , Kessler Michael , Quandt Dietmar , Weigand Anna , Wicke Susann , Krug Michael , Lehnert Marcus 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimAre the disjunct distributions of ancient lineages on continents in the Southern Hemisphere determined by vicariance following the Gondwanan tectonic breakup or recent long‐distance dispersal? We traced the historical biogeography of the tree fern family Dicksoniaceae (145 Ma), which has a typical Gondwanan distribution, to test for vicariance or recent long‐distance dispersal.LocationSubtropical, tropical and temperate forests of the Southern Hemisphere.MethodsWe performed a molecular phylogenetic study of the family based on four chloroplast markers using Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference. Spore fossils served to calibrate the dating of the phylogeny using beast. The historical biogeography of the family was traced via an ancestral area reconstruction using a maximum likelihood approach.ResultsWe corroborated the genus Dicksonia (widespread) as sister to Lophosoria (Neotropical), with Calochlaena (Palaeotropical) as sister to both. The phylogenetic splits between the genera predate the break‐up of Gondwana. Lophosoria is currently restricted to America but fossils document extinct populations in Australia, Tasmania and Antarctica. Within Dicksonia, we found three clades which separated 55–25 Ma: one including species from New Caledonia, New Zealand and Fiji; another containing species from the Neotropics as well as southern Australia and New Zealand; and one with species from northern Australia to the Philippines and Sumatra. Vicariance and ancient long‐distance dispersal can equally explain the occurrence of these three clades on different tectonic units of Gondwana. Other geographical disjunctions, for example, between Australia and Malesia, are more recent (15–3 Ma) and inferred to be the result of long‐distance dispersal. The combination of fossil evidence and island endemics whose ages predate the ages of the islands point to substantial extinction in the genus.Main conclusionsThe biogeographical history of the family Dicksoniaceae, and especially of Dicksonia itself, appears to have involved a much more dynamic interplay of vicariance, dispersal and extinction than inferred from current distributions alone. Dicksonia is one of the few biogeographical Gondwanan floristic elements whose current distribution can at least partly be linked to plate tectonic events.
Dermoscopic and reflectance confocal microscopy features of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Manfredini M. , Longo C. , Ferrari B. , Piana S. , Benati E. , Casari A. , Pellacani G. , Moscarella E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is a highly prevalent neoplasm. The management and the prognosis of this tumour are dependent on its invasiveness and its grade of differentiation.ObjectivesTo evaluate whether specific dermoscopic and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) criteria can predict the diagnosis of invasiveSCCvs.in situSCCand poorly differentiated compared with well‐ and moderately differentiatedSCC.MethodsDermoscopic andRCMimages ofSCCwere retrospectively evaluated for the presence of predefined criteria.ResultsAmong 143SCCs, 121 cases had a complete set of images and thus were included in the study set. The head and neck area was the most frequently involved body site (74/121; 61.1%) followed by extremities (36/121, 29.7%) and trunk (11/121, 9.1%). Seventy tumours werein situ(57.8%), while 51 were invasive (42.1%), of these 11 were poorly differentiated (21.5%), 16 were moderately differentiated (31.3%), and 24 were well differentiated (47.0%). Chi‐squared analysis demonstrated that invasiveSCCs were characterized by polymorphic vessels, erosion/ulceration, architectural disarrangement, speckled nucleated cells in the dermis, irregularly dilated vessels and absence of hyperkeratosis. Buttonhole vessels, white structureless areas and dotted or glomerular vessels were significantly associated within situlesions. Poorly differentiatedSCCs were typified by red areas, erosion/ulceration and architectural disarrangement. Well‐ or moderately differentiatedSCCs were associated with white areas and speckled nucleated cells in the epidermis.ConclusionClinical, dermoscopic andRCMimages provide useful information that should be integrated in order to achieve the optimal therapeutic management for the patient.
PRMT1 regulates astrocytic differentiation of embryonic neural stem/precursor cells
Authors: Honda Mizuki , Nakashima Kinichi , Katada Sayako 
Published: July 2017

AbstractArginine methylation is a post‐translational modification which is catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Here, we report that PRMT1 is highly expressed in neural stem/precursor cells (NS/PCs) of mouse embryos, and knockdown of PRMT1 in NS/PCs suppresses the generation of astrocytes. The luciferase assay demonstrated that knockdown of PRMT1 inhibits activation of the promoter of a typical astrocytic marker gene, glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap), in NS/PCs. The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is known to generally be critical for astrocytic differentiation of NS/PCs. We found that PRMT1 methylates arginine residue(s) of STAT3 to regulate its activity positively, resulting in the promotion of astrocytic differentiation of NS/PCs.
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Nurses’ experience of the transfer of ICU patients to general wards: A great responsibility and a huge challenge
Authors: Enger Ronny , Andershed Birgitta 
Published: July 2017

Aims and objectivesThe aim of the study was to describe nurses’ experiences of patients’ transition from ICUs to general wards and their suggestions for improvements.BackgroundIn the ICU, the most seriously ill patients with life‐threatening conditions and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes are cared for and carefully monitored by specially trained professionals using advanced techniques for the prevention of failure of vital functions. The transfer of ICU patients to general wards means a change from a high to a lower level, including the loss of one‐to‐one nursing and a reduction of visible monitoring equipment and general close attention.DesignA qualitative descriptive design.MethodsEight nurses from three different inpatient units in Norway, five from a university hospital and three from a local hospital were selected through a convenience sample. Interviews with open questions were conducted, and qualitative content analysis was used to explore the data.ResultsNurses’ experiences were described in one main category: ICU patients’ transition—a great responsibility and a huge challenge, and two generic categories: (i) a challenging transition for nurses, patients and relatives and (ii) dialogue and competencies as tools for improvement, with six subcategories.ConclusionA number of factors affected patient care, such as poor cooperation, communication, reporting, expertise and clinical gaze. It was clear that the general wards had major challenges, and a number of improvements were suggested.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study shows that there is still a gap between the ICU and general wards and that nurses continue to struggle with this. It is therefore important that the managers responsible for the quality of care together with the professionals take seriously the criticism in the present and previous studies and work towards a safe transition for patients.