bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A linear scale height Chapman model supported by GNSS occultation measurements
Authors: Olivares‐Pulido G. , Hernández‐Pajares M. , Aragón‐Àngel A. , Garcia‐Rigo A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGlobal Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) radio occultations allow the vertical sounding of the Earth's atmosphere, in particular, the ionosphere. The physical observables estimated with this technique permit to test theoretical models of the electron density such as, for example, the Chapman and the Vary‐Chap models. The former is characterized by a constant scale height, whereas the latter considers a more general function of the scale height with respect to height. We propose to investigate the feasibility of the Vary‐Chap model where the scale height varies linearly with respect to height. In order to test this hypothesis, the scale height data provided by radio occultations from a receiver on board a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite, obtained by iterating with a local Chapman model at every point of the topside F2 layer provided by the GNSS satellite occultation, are fitted to height data by means of a linear least squares fit (LLS). Results, based on FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC GPS occultation data inverted by means of the Improved Abel transform inversion technique (which takes into account the horizontal electron content gradients) show that the scale height presents a more clear linear trend above the F2 layer peak height, hm, which is in good agreement with the expected linear temperature dependence. Moreover, the parameters of the linear fit obtained during four representative days for all seasons, depend significantly on local time and latitude, strongly suggesting that this approach can significantly contribute to build realistic models of the electron density directly derived from GNSS occultation data.
Transit time distributions and StorAge Selection functions in a sloping soil lysimeter with time‐varying flow paths: Direct observation of internal and external transport variability
Authors: Kim Minseok , Pangle Luke A. , Cardoso Charléne , Lora Marco , Volkmann Till H. M. , Wang Yadi , Harman Ciaran J. , Troch Peter A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTransit times through hydrologic systems vary in time, but the nature of that variability is not well understood. Transit times variability was investigated in a 1 m3 sloping lysimeter, representing a simplified model of a hillslope receiving periodic rainfall events for 28 days. Tracer tests were conducted using an experimental protocol that allows time‐variable transit time distributions (TTDs) to be calculated from data. Observed TTDs varied with the storage state of the system, and the history of inflows and outflows. We propose that the observed time variability of the TTDs can be decomposed into two parts: “internal” variability associated with changes in the arrangement of, and partitioning between, flow pathways; and “external” variability driven by fluctuations in the flow rate along all flow pathways. These concepts can be defined quantitatively in terms of rank StorAge Selection (rSAS) functions, which is a theory describing lumped transport dynamics. Internal variability is associated with temporal variability in the rSAS function, while external is not. The rSAS function variability was characterized by an “inverse storage effect,” whereby younger water is released in greater proportion under wetter conditions than drier. We hypothesize that this effect is caused by the rapid mobilization of water in the unsaturated zone by the rising water table. Common approximations used to model transport dynamics that neglect internal variability were unable to reproduce the observed breakthrough curves accurately. This suggests that internal variability can play an important role in hydrologic transport dynamics, with implications for field data interpretation and modeling.
A proposal of optimal sampling design using a modularity strategy
Authors: Simone A. , Giustolisi O. , Laucelli D. B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn real water distribution networks (WDNs) are present thousands nodes and optimal placement of pressure and flow observations is a relevant issue for different management tasks. The planning of pressure observations in terms of spatial distribution and number is named sampling design and it was faced considering model calibration. Nowadays, the design of system monitoring is a relevant issue for water utilities e.g., in order to manage background leakages, to detect anomalies and bursts, to guarantee service quality, etc. In recent years, the optimal location of flow observations related to design of optimal district metering areas (DMAs) and leakage management purposes has been faced considering optimal network segmentation and the modularity index using a multiobjective strategy. Optimal network segmentation is the basis to identify network modules by means of optimal conceptual cuts, which are the candidate locations of closed gates or flow meters creating the DMAs. Starting from the WDN‐oriented modularity index, as a metric for WDN segmentation, this paper proposes a new way to perform the sampling design, i.e., the optimal location of pressure meters, using newly developed sampling‐oriented modularity index. The strategy optimizes the pressure monitoring system mainly based on network topology and weights assigned to pipes according to the specific technical tasks. A multiobjective optimization minimizes the cost of pressure meters while maximizing the sampling‐oriented modularity index. The methodology is presented and discussed using the Apulian and Exnet networks.
Einzelmolekül‐Sensoren: Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten für die quantitative Analyse
Authors: Gooding J. Justin , Gaus Katharina 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFortschritte in der Messtechnik ermöglichen immer kleinere Probenmengen, sodass mittlerweile der Nachweis einzelner Moleküle möglich ist. Schwerpunkt dieses Aufsatzes ist die nächste Generation von Analysewerkzeugen, die die Einzelmolekül‐Detektion mit der simultanen Messung vieler Einzelmoleküle kombinieren und/oder größere und komplexere Probenmengen bearbeiten können. Solche Einzelmolekül‐Sensoren sind eine neue Art quantitativer Analysewerkzeuge, da die Untersuchung durch Molekülzählung erfolgt und dadurch die Heterogenität der Probe bestimmt werden kann. Der Aufsatz gibt eine Übersicht über die Vorteile und das Potential dieser neuen, quantitativen Einzelmolekül‐Sensoren, die messtechnischen Herausforderungen bei der Herstellung von Einzelmolekül‐Instrumenten für die Analyse, die Anregungen aus der Biologie zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen sowie einige der derzeit untersuchten Lösungsansätze.
Hydrogele aus amorphem Calciumcarbonat und Polyacrylsäure: bioinspirierte Materialien für “Mineral‐Kunststoffe”
Authors: Sun Shengtong , Mao Li‐Bo , Lei Zhouyue , Yu Shu‐Hong , Cölfen Helmut 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAngesichts zunehmender ökologischer Probleme durch die massive Nutzung nicht biologisch abbaubarer, erdölbasierter Kunststoffe ist die Nachfrage nach neuen ökonomischen, umweltverträglichen und recyclierbaren Kunststoffmaterialien hoch. Eine mögliche Alternative stellt die bioinspirierte Synthese mineralbasierter Hybridmaterialien dar. Hier stellen wir ein auf amorphem Calciumcarbonat (ACC) basierendes Hydrogel aus sehr kleinen ACC‐Nanopartikeln vor, die durch Polyacrylsäure physikalisch vernetzt sind. Das Hydrogel ist formbar, dehnbar und selbstheilend. Durch Trocknung lassen sich feste, freistehende und transparente Objekte mit bemerkenswerten mechanischen Eigenschaften erstellen. Der ursprüngliche Hydrogel‐Zustand kann durch Quellen in Wasser vollständig wiederhergestellt werden. Das Material kann auch als Matrix für ein thermochromes Material dienen. Das hier vorgestellte Material ist ein Beispiel für eine neue Klasse von Kunststoffmaterialien, die “Mineral‐Kunststoffe”.
Gradients of Rectification: Tuning Molecular Electronic Devices by the Controlled Use of Different‐Sized Diluents in Heterogeneous Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Kong Gyu Don , Kim Miso , Cho Soo Jin , Yoon Hyo Jae 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMolecular electronics has received significant attention in the last decades. To hone performance of devices, eliminating structural defects in molecular components inside devices is usually needed. We herein demonstrate this problem can be turned into a strength for modulating the performance of devices. We show the systematic dilution of a monolayer of an organic rectifier (2,2′‐bipyridine‐terminated n‐undecanethiolate) with electronically inactive diluents (n‐alkanethiolates of different lengths), gives remarkable gradients of rectification. Rectification is finely tunable in a range of approximately two orders of magnitude, retaining its polarity. Trends of rectification against the length of the diluent indicate the gradient of rectification is extremely sensitive to the molecular structure of the diluent. Further studies reveal that noncovalent intermolecular interactions within monolayers likely leads to gradients of structural defect and rectification.
Aphanomyces astaci presence in Japan: a threat to the endemic and endangered crayfish species Cambaroides japonicus?
Authors: Mrugała Agata , Kawai Tadashi , Kozubíková‐Balcarová Eva , Petrusek Adam 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Spread of the crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci, by North American crayfish species is considered one of the main reasons for substantial declines and local extinctions of native European crayfish populations. Owing to human introductions, several American crayfish species have become established throughout the world, and thus pose a potential threat to indigenous crayfish populations susceptible to crayfish plague.
In Japan, two such widespread alien species, Procambarus clarkii and Pacifastacus leniusculus, were introduced for aquaculture purposes in the late 1920s and since then successfully expanded their ranges.
Aggressive interactions with alien crayfish along with habitat modifications have been considered primarily responsible for drastic declines in populations of the Japanese endemic crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus, observed in the last few decades. However, the presence of the crayfish plague pathogen, to which Japanese crayfish are susceptible, may be expected, and could contribute to these declines.
Only recently, A. astaci has been reported from Taiwan, and to our knowledge no study focusing on its presence outside of the Western Palearctic has been conducted.
To fill this gap, 54 P. clarkii and 47 P. leniusculus individuals from five different Japanese locations were screened using molecular methods recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health. Aphanomyces astaci DNA was detected in all studied populations, altogether in 61% and 21% of examined individuals of P. clarkii and P. leniusculus, respectively.
The results provide the first evidence of A. astaci presence in Japan and highlight the threat of pathogen transmission to C. japonicus populations.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiwavelength and parsec‐scale properties of extragalactic jets
Authors: Müller C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExtragalactic jets originating from the central supermassive black holes of active galaxies are powerful, highly relativistic plasma outflows, emitting light from the radio up to the y‐ray regime. The details of their formation, composition and emission mechanisms are still not completely clear. The combination of high‐resolution observations using very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and multiwavelength monitoring provides the best insight into these objects. Here, such a combined study of sources of the TANAMI sample is presented, investigating the parsec‐scale and high‐energy properties. The TANAMI program is a multiwavelength monitoring program of a sample of the radio and y‐ray brightest extragalactic jets in the southern sky, below –30° declination. We obtain the first‐ever VLBI images for most of the sources, providing crucial information on the jet kinematics and brightness distribution at milliarcsecond resolution. Two particular sources are discussed in detail: PMN J1603–4904, which can be classified either as an atypical blazar or a y‐ray loud (young) radio galaxy, and Centaurus A, the nearest radio‐loud active galaxy. The VLBI kinematics of the innermost parsec of Centaurus A's jet result in a consistent picture of an accelerated jet flow with a spine‐sheath like structure. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Educational aspirations amongUKYoung Teenagers: Exploring the role of gender, class and ethnicity
Authors: Berrington Ann , Roberts Steven , Tammes Peter 
Published: July 2016

Large socio‐economic differences in educational attainment and participation in Higher Education (HE) are seen in the United Kingdom (UK). Furthermore, improvements in attainment and in rates of progression to university have been much faster for most ethnic minority groups than for White children. Political rhetoric explains these differences in terms of a lack of aspiration, particularly among White, working‐class boys. This paper extends recent work by examining the intersection of gender, class and ethnicity in their association with aspirations for higher levels of education among teenagers born in the late 1990s and early 2000s. We adopt a developmental‐context approach using detailed information collected from teenagers and their parents within the United Kingdom Household Panel Survey. White boys from the lowest occupational class and from workless households have the lowest aspirations (around one‐half have a positive aspiration for college or university) because the three elements – being White, male and working class – combine in an additive fashion to encourage lower aspiration. However, even though this figure is low, it is higher than the percentage of working‐class boys who go to university. Thus, focusing on aspirations alone will not on its own reduce ethnic differences inHEparticipation. Class and ethnic differences in parental attitudes towards education, levels of parental engagement with their children's schoolwork, and in the quality of the parent–child relationship act as important mediating factors. Key Stage 2 scores from the English National Pupil Database demonstrate that attainment is also a key mechanism through which parental class influences teenagers' aspirations.
Chemical Profiling of the Essential Oils of Syzygium aqueum, Syzygium samarangense and Eugenia uniflora and Their Discrimination Using Chemometric Analysis
Authors: Sobeh Mansour , Braun Markus Santhosh , Krstin Sonja , Youssef Fadia S. , Ashour Mohamed L. , Wink Michael 
Published: July 2016

The essential oil compositions of the leaves of three related Myrtaceae species, namely Syzygium aqueum, Syzygium samarangense and Eugenia uniflora, were investigated using GLC/MS and GLC/FID. Altogether, 125 compounds were identified: α‐Selinene (13.85%), β‐caryophyllene (12.72%) and β‐selinene constitute the most abundant constituents in S. aqueum. Germacrene D (21.62%) represents the major compound in S. samarangense whereas in E. uniflora, spathulenol (15.80%) represents the predominant component. Multivariate chemometric analyses were used to discriminate the essential oils using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) based on the chromatographic results. The antimicrobial activity of the popularly used E. uniflora essential oil was assessed using broth microdilution method against six Gram‐positive, three Gram‐negative bacteria and two fungi. The oil showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Bacillus licheniformis exhibiting MIC and MMC of 0.63 mg/ml. The cytotoxic activity of E. uniflora essential oil was investigated against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T. b. brucei) and MCF‐7 cancer cell line using MTT assay. It showed moderate activity against MCF‐7 cells with an IC50 value of 76.40 μg/ml. On the other hand, T. brucei was highly susceptible to E. uniflora essential oil with IC50 of 11.20 μg/ml, and a selectivity index of 6.82.
An 8.4‐Mb 3q26.33‐3q28 microdeletion in a patient with blepharophimosis–intellectual disability syndrome and a review of the literature
Authors: Õunap Katrin , Pajusalu Sander , Zilina Olga , Reimand Tiia , Žordania Riina 
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message3q26.33‐3q27.2 microdeletion can be classified as a clinical entity characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, feeding problems in infancy, short stature, intellectual disability, hypotonia, dysmorphic facial features (medially sparse eyebrows, narrow horizontal palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, flat nasal bridge and tip, short philtrum, and downturned corners of mouth), and teeth and feet abnormalities.
Apical Functionalization of Tribenzotriquinacenes
Authors: Dhara Ayan , Weinmann Joshua , Krause Ana‐Maria , Beuerle Florian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe introduction of one alkyne moiety at the central carbon atom of the tripodal tribenzotriquinacene scaffold allows easy access to a great variety of apically functionalized derivatives. The spatially well‐separated arrangement of different functional units on the convex face and outer rim was further proven by single‐crystal X‐ray studies. Subsequent modifications that feature a general protecting group‐free strategy for the demethylation of protected catechols in the presence of a terminal alkyne group, an azide–alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition, and Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions showcase the high synthetic potential of this modular approach for tribenzotriquinacene derivatization.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Phase Transitions in EuNbO3 Perovskite.
Authors: Kususe Yoshiro , Yoshida Suguru , Fujita Koji , Akamatsu Hirofumi , Fukuzumi Masafumi , Murai Shunsuke , Tanaka Katsuhisa 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPolycrystalline EuNbO3 samples are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Eu2O3 and Nb2O3 (air, 1400 °C, 1 d) to form Eu3NbO7 which in a second step is sintered with stoichiometric amounts of NbO2 and Nb (Mo foil enwrapped in evacuated silica tubes, 1200 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Na2BaMQ4 (M: Ge, Sn; Q: S, Se): Infrared Nonlinear Optical Materials with Excellent Performances and that Undergo Structural Transformations.
Authors: Wu Kui , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSingle crystals of the title compounds are prepared from the elements (graphite crucible, 500—700 °C, 90 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Interactions in New Fluorite‐Related Rare Earth Oxides LnLn′2RuO7 (Ln,Ln′ = Rare Earths).
Authors: Hinatsu Yukio , Doi Yoshihiro 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPr2YRuO7 (I) and La2TbRuO7 (II) are prepared by repeated firing of stoichiometric mixtures of the rare earth sesqui‐oxides and RuO2 (air, 1250—1300 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: New Transition Metal Oxide Fluorides with ReO3‐Type Structure.
Authors: Nakhal Suliman , Lerch Martin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCrNb2O4F5, and Fe2Nb3O6F9 are prepared by adding stoichiometric amounts of Cr(NO3)3 or Fe(NO3)3 to a HF solution of Nb2O5 (15 h; drying at 80 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Electronically Deficient (Rax,S,S)‐F12‐C3‐TunePhos and Its Applications in Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition Reactions.
Authors: Hu Shu‐Bo , Chen Zhang‐Pei , Zhou Ji , Zhou Yong‐Gui 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe title ligand is applied in asymmetric 1,4‐addition reactions of aryl boronic acids to α,β‐unsaturated ketones to give chiral β‐arylated ketones with high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Seven‐Membered Carbo‐ and Heterocyles by Organocatalyzed Intramolecular Michael Addition.
Authors: Guevara‐Pulido James O. , Andres Jose M. , Avila Deisy P. , Pedrosa Rafael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe diastereo‐ and enantioselective synthesis of seven‐membered rings proceeds well by using the Joergensen—Hayashi catalyst leading to a mixture of trans 2,3‐disubstituted cyclic derivatives and their corresponding hemiacetals with good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by an Available Ruthenium Complex.
Authors: Tan Xuefeng , Wang Guozhen , Zhu Ziyue , Ren Conghui , Zhou Jinping , Lv Hui , Zhang Xiaoyong , Chung Lung Wa , Zhang Lina , Zhang Xumu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn efficient hydrogenation of aryl and alkyl aldehydes is examined, and the protocol is applied to the reduction of glucose.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed C—H Arylation at Room Temperature.
Authors: Yang Fanzhi , Koeller Julian , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe title reaction is successfully applied to a broad range of aromatic and nonaromatic heterocycles, thus allowing the synthesis of the natural products balsoxin (IXb) and texamine (IXc).
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C‐Alkylation of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with Primary Alcohols and Synthesis of 3‐Keto‐quinolines.
Authors: Cini Elena , Petricci Elena , Truglio Giuseppina I. , Vecchio Marialaura , Taddei Maurizio 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCatalytic amounts of RuClH(CO)(PPh3)3 and the Hantzsch ester promote the mono‐alkylation of 1,3‐diketones using alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III) Catalyzed Carboamination of Alkenes Triggered by C—H Activation of N‐Phenoxyacetamides under Redox‐Neutral Conditions.
Authors: Hu Zhiyong , Tong Xiaofeng , Liu Guixia 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA variety of o‐tyrosine derivatives is synthesized by a Rh‐catalyzed carboamination of alkenes with N‐phenoxyacetamide via C—H functionalization and amido transfer.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light‐Promoted Decarboxylative Di‐ and Trifluoromethylthiolation of Alkyl Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Candish Lisa , Pitzer Lena , Gomez‐Suarez Adrian , Glorius Frank 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA novel light promoted process is developed for the decarboxylative di‐ and trifluoromethylation of alkyl carboxylic acids with phthalimide electrophilic reagents (II) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Cationic Chiral Fluorinated Oxazaborolidines. More Potent, Second‐Generation Catalysts for Highly Enantioselective Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Mahender Reddy Karla , Bhimireddy Eswar , Thirupathi Barla , Breitler Simon , Yu Shunming , Corey E. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA new, second‐generation family of chiral oxazaborolidinium cationic species is used as catalyst in a range of Diels—Alder reactions with catalyst loadings at a 1‐2 mol% level.
ChemInform Abstract: PPh3O as an Activating Reagent for One‐Pot Stereoselective Syntheses of Di‐ and Polybrominated Esters from Simple Aldehydes.
Authors: Yu Tian‐Yang , Wei Hao , Luo Yong‐Chun , Wang Yao , Wang Zhu‐Yin , Xu Peng‐Fei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis one‐pot reaction sequence allows the direct synthesis of di‐ and tetra‐brominated products.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) as an Efficient and Reusable Nanocatalyst for Synthesis of β‐Amino Ketones Through One‐Pot Three‐Component Mannich Reactions.
Authors: Nasresfahani Zahra , Kassaee Mohammad Zaman , Nejati‐Shendi Mohammad , Eidi Esmaiel , Taheri Qazale 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe employed catalyst can be reused five times without significant loss of its activity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 1‐Amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthols Catalyzed by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Singh Rajesh K. , Bala Renu , Kumar Sahil 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe one‐pot condensation of aromatic aldehydes, naphthol, and amides under microwave irradiation affords the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Controlled 1,6‐Enyne‐bicyclization: Divergent Synthesis of Benzo[b]fluorenones and Benzo[b]fluorenols.
Authors: Hao Wen‐Juan , Zhou Peng , Yang Zheng , Jiang Bo , Zhang Jin‐Peng , Tu Shu‐Jiang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA facile base‐controlled method enables the selective formation of benzo[b]fluorenone and benzo[b]fluorenole derivatives, respectively.