bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of an Electronic Medical Record-Based System to Promote Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatitis C Virus Screening in Public Hospital Primary Care Clinics
Authors: Golden Matthew R. , Duchin Jeffery , Chew Lisa D. , Huntington Jane H. , Sugg Nancy , Jackson Sara , Lane Aric , Pecha Monica , Barash Elizabeth , Scott John 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Background
United States guidelines recommend that all adolescents and adults be tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and that persons born between 1945 and 1965 be tested for hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Methods
We used electronic medical record (EMR) data to identify patients in 3 primary care clinics in Seattle, Washington who met national criteria for routine HCV or HIV testing and had no documented history of prior testing. Clinic staff received daily lists of untested patients with scheduled appointments. We used generalized linear models to compare the percentage of patients tested and newly diagnosed with HIV and HCV in the 18 months before and during the intervention.

Results
A total of 16784 patients aged 18–64 and 9370 patients born between 1945 and 1965 received care from January 2011 to December 2015. Comparing the preintervention and intervention periods, the percentage of previously untested patients tested for HIV and HCV increased from 14.9% to 30.8% and from 18.0% to 35.5%, respectively (P &lt; .0001 for both). Despite this increase in testing, there was no change in the percentage of patients newly diagnosed with HIV (0.7% in both periods, P = .96) or HCV (3.6% vs 3.7%, P = .81). We estimate that 1.2%–15% of HCV-infected primary care patients in our medical center are undiagnosed.

Conclusions
EMR-based HCV/HIV testing promotion increased testing but not case finding among primary care patients in our medical center. In our institution, most HCV-infected patients are already diagnosed, primarily through risk-based and clinical screening, highlighting the need to concentrate future efforts on increasing HCV treatment.
Use of a Polytetrafluoroethylene-Coated Vascular Plug for Focal Intracranial Parent Vessel Sacrifice for Fusiform Aneurysm Treatment
Authors: Carlson Andrew P , Abbas Mohammad , Hall Patricia , Taylor Christopher 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Fusiform intracranial aneurysms are challenging due to the circumferential nature of the disease. Endovascular parent vessel sacrifice with coils may be a treatment option, but typically requires a long vessel segment to induce complete cessation of flow.

OBJECTIVE:  We evaluate early clinical experience with the intracranial use of the microvascular plug (MVP; Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) device and to compare to previous coil-only techniques for vertebral artery sacrifice for fusiform vertebral aneurysm.

METHODS: We reviewed patients treated with the MVP for intracranial aneurysms at our institution. As a case-control study, we located 6 control patients who underwent coiling alone for vertebral artery sacrifice. The number of implants, fluoroscopy time, and procedural charges were compared using unpaired t-tests.

RESULTS: Twelve patients underwent vessel sacrifices with MVP. Eight were for vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms. Comparing only vertebral aneurysms, the mean implants was 7 in the MVP group (n = 8) and 19.5 in the coiling group (n = 6; P = .0015). Mean fluoroscopy time was 17.62 min in the MVP group compared to 24.2 min in the coiling group (P = .07). Procedural costs were less in the MVP group ($19 667.38) compared to coiling ($44 909.50, P = .05). There were no technical failures and no cases with persistent flow in the parent vessel at the end of the procedure.

CONCLUSION: The MVP is a cost-effective device for focal intracranial vessel occlusion in select patients. This is an important tool for cerebrovascular surgeons, particularly in cases of ruptured dissecting vertebral aneurysms.
A Single-Institution Experience with Pineal Region Tumors: 50 Tumors Over 1 Decade
Authors: Abecassis Isaac Josh , Hanak Brian , Barber Jason , Mortazavi Martin , Ellenbogen Richard G. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pineal region tumors are rare intracranial tumors that are more common in children than adults. Surgical management of tumors in this region using a tailored approach is a strategy that enhances extent of resection and neurological outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To review our institutional experience with pineal region tumors in children and adults over the past 10 years.

METHODS: Our institutional pathology database and patient records were retrospectively reviewed for details regarding clinical and radiological presentation, surgical management, extent of resection, morbidity, and neurological outcome. Statistical analysis was performed to assess for variables related to functional outcomes.

RESULTS: Fifty patients were identified as having undergone surgical management of a pineal region tumor with at least 1 year of follow-up. Forty-one percent presented with a Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score of 70 or less, all of whom had concomitant hydrocephalus that required urgent treatment. The following variables were statistically significant to KPS score on admission: age, tumor volume, preoperative hydrocephalus, length of hospitalization (total and intensive care unit), and elevations in serum tumor markers. The median postoperative (2 months) KPS score was 90. The following variables were statistically significant with respect to change in KPS score postoperatively: tumor maximum diameter, KPS score on admission, and intensive care unit length of stay. The specific surgical strategy did not correlate to extent of tumor resection, morbidity, immediate neurological outcome, and progression-free survival.

CONCLUSION: Extent of resection, neurological outcome, and progression-free survival in the patients in our series were not related to the specific surgical approach employed and its perioperative complications.
Favorable Long-Term Functional Outcomes and Safety of Auditory Brainstem Implants in Nontumor Patients
Authors: Jung Na Young , Kim Minsoo , Chang Won Seok , Jung Hyun Ho , Choi Jae Young , Chang Jin Woo 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Auditory brainstem implants (ABIs) were designed to restore hearing in deaf patients with auditory tumors or those unable to receive cochlear implants. Although ABIs may help some patients, their long-term outcomes have been rarely studied.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the long-term benefits and safety of ABIs in nontumor patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).

METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed the histories of 15 deaf patients (8 females, 7 males; mean age, 15.5 yr; range, 1-56 yr) who received ABIs for treatment of SNHL at our hospital from July 2008 to November 2015. These included 11 children with narrow internal auditory canals and 4 deaf adults with severe cochlear ossification. In each patient, a 12-channel ABI electrode was placed in the cochlear nucleus complex via a retrosigmoid approach. Auditory performance was evaluated using the Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) index and sound detection and word identification tests.

RESULTS
One year after ABI placement, 13 of 15 patients showed adequate or significantly improved auditory function based on the CAP scores at the last follow-up. Generally, adult patients tended to show better CAP scores (3.50) than pediatric patients (2.15), but the difference was not significant (P = .058). Postoperative complications included electrode migration, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, nonauditory stimulation, and minor seizures without severe sequelae or mortality.

CONCLUSION
ABIs show favorable functional outcomes and long-term safety in nontumor deaf patients with limited treatment options. Collectively, our data indicate that ABIs represent an important treatment option for SNHL.
Microsurgical Anatomy of the Interfascial Vein. Its Significance in the Interfascial Dissection of the Pterional Approach
Authors: Campero Alvaro , Ajler Pablo , Paíz Martín , Elizalde Ramiro López 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The pterional approach (PA), together with its variants, is still one of the most common methods used by surgeons to reach the anterior and middle cranial base. A highly important technical detail during a PA is the preservation of the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve, which can be achieved through an interfascial dissection.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the anatomy of the interfascial vein (IFV), highlighting its recognition as a significant anatomic reference to perform an interfascial dissection (IFD).

METHODS: Eight adult cadaveric heads, fixed with formaldehyde and injected with colored silicone, were studied. In 6 heads, an IFD was performed, simulating a PA. In the 2 remaining heads, the IFV was dissected. In addition, an IFD was performed in 10 patients, studying the IFV anatomy.

RESULTS: In the 6 cadaveric heads in which the PA with an IFD was performed, and in the 10 patients who underwent a PA with an IFD, the IFV was found. If the interfascial space is divided into thirds, in all cases, the IFV was located within the middle third of the interfascial fat pad. On the 2 cadaveric heads in which the IFV was anatomically dissected, the IFV was also located within the middle third of the interfascial space.

CONCLUSION: Recognizing the IFV in the interfascial space is of great help as an anatomic landmark to confirm that one is actually between both layers of the superficial temporal fascia.
Ronald Dworkin,Taking Rights Seriously
Authors: Bellamy Richard 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTaking Rights Seriously is concerned above all with due process, both in law and politics. In this respect, his theory of law and critique of legal positivism frames his theory of politics. He conceives both law and politics in terms of a “right to equality,” the aim being to show individuals equal concern and respect. However, whereas he regards legal process as a matter of principle, orientated toward viewing our relations with others in terms of justice, he treats political process as dealing only with policy and focused on promoting the general welfare. The result is an account of law and politics that is original yet idiosyncratic. Though he sees rights-based judicial review as legitimately trumping utilitarian democratic decisions, his account of legal deliberation is in its way democratic, as his view of civil disobedience illustrates, and could apply as much—if not more—to legislatures as to courts.
Paul Gilroy,The Black Atlantic
Authors: Lebron Christopher J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPaul Gilroy’s The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness has, since its publication, been a foundational text for scholars working at the intersection of race, culture, and political thought. This chapter identifies three themes that structure Gilroy’s expansive argument and make it enduring. First, Gilroy offers juxtaposing analyses of the role of roots and routes in the history of black trans-Atlantic culture. Second, it argues that Gilroy thinks that many scholars prize racial essentialism or authenticity over understanding the ways black culture has evolved over time in ways that have shaped and benefitted from modernity. Last, Gilroy seeks to reclaim a genuine appreciate of black culture as a major contribution to modernity as a means of resisting the problem of double-consciousness since this distracts from the appreciation and study of black culture to blacks acculturating themselves to social values that do not contribute to their social or political liberty.
Love and the Rationality of Grief
Authors: Moller Dan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Most people exhibit resilience in the face of losing those they love most. Three views have been put forward concerning this pattern. First is the conventional view that this response gets things just right. Second, the quasi-medical view is that grief represents a pathological disorder. And third, the minority view is that our typical grief responses are in fact insufficient. This chapter explores this terrain by examining the surprisingly strong case to be made for the eccentric-sounding third view in light of the mismatch between the massive loss that is suffered and the relatively muted response that most people muster.
Colonialism and Development in Africa
Authors: Heldring Leander , Robinson James A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn this article, we evaluate the impact of colonialism on development in sub-Saharan Africa. In the world context, colonialism had very heterogeneous effects, operating through many mechanisms—sometimes encouraging development, sometimes retarding it. In the African case, however, this heterogeneity is muted, making an assessment of the average effect more interesting. To draw conclusions, it is necessary to know not just what actually happened to development during the colonial period but also what might have happened without colonialism and its legacy. In light of plausible counterfactuals, colonialism probably had a uniformly negative effect on development in Africa. To develop this claim, we distinguish between three sorts of colonies, each with a distinct performance within the cultural period, different counterfactuals, and varied legacies.
The Dynamics of Poverty
Authors: Krishna Anirudh 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article examines the dynamics of poverty and explains why poverty dynamics studies are necessary: to estimate the risk of impoverishment and the probability of escaping poverty; to identify the reasons associated with poverty descents and escapes; to distinguish between transient and chronic poverty; and to elucidate the social mobility prospects of individuals in different economic situations. The article begins with an overview of three types of approaches used in investigating poverty dynamics: panel data studies, participatory poverty assessments and ethnographic studies, and mixed-method studies. This is followed by a discussion of key findings from poverty dynamics studies; one finding is that poverty creation and poverty reduction occur everywhere in tandem. The article concludes by outlining future directions for research into poverty dynamics.
Single and Cohabiting Parents and Poverty
Authors: Gibson-Davis Christina M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article examines the interrelationships among poverty rates, inequality, and nonmarital family structures, focusing on households with a never-married parent, usually the mother, or with cohabiting parents. It first considers marriage and fertility patterns around the world and how these patterns exhibit characteristics of the so-called second demographic transition in which marriage and fertility have become increasingly disconnected. It then discusses the reasons why nonmarital families tend to be poorer than marital families and also why the correlation between poverty and nonmarital family structures does not causally explain between- or within-country variation in poverty rates. It also describes some methods for addressing high poverty rates among nonmarital household structures, arguing that policies other than marriage promotion would be far more effective at reducing poverty for nonmarital households. The article concludes with an assessment of some implications of nonmarital fertility for economic inequality.
Employment and the Working Poor
Authors: Gautié Jérôme , Ponthieux Sophie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article examines the phenomenon of working poverty and issues relating to employment and the working poor. It first provides an overview of the problems of definition and measurement regarding the working poor, along with the consequences of the diversity of definitions. In particular, it considers different current definitions of the statistical category “working poor” and how definitions affect the assessment of the in-work poverty phenomenon. It also provides a “statistical” portrait of the working poor and explores how the risk of working poverty has evolved in the 2000s. Finally, it discusses the causes of working poverty, including low income at the individual level and the role of welfare states, and outlines potential remedies in terms of public policies.
Great Escapes and Great Divergences
Authors: Wade Robert H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article highlights ambiguities and indeterminacies in our knowledge about growth, inequality, and poverty, stemming in particular from measurement difficulties and from differences in measures of what is ostensibly the same thing (“poverty,” “inequality”). It examines global income distribution, patterns of economic growth, the movement of countries in the global income hierarchy, trends in income distribution between countries and between individuals or households, and trends in the incidence of “extreme” and “ordinary” poverty. The article begins with a snapshop of world income and population distribution, followed by a discussion on growth and geographical distribution. It then considers income inequality within countries, along with income inequality between countries and all people. It shows that the global income distribution is still highly polarized and that the proportion of the world’s population living in the degree of poverty which kills—“extreme poverty”—has probably fallen over the past several decades.
Hunger and Food Insecurity
Authors: Barrett Christopher , Lentz Erin C. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article examines hunger and food insecurity in relation to poverty. Evidence shows that food insecurity is overwhelmingly concentrated in developing countries, even as it also exists in wealthy countries. Today, food insecurity remains widespread in large measure because extreme poverty remains widespread, and vice versa. However, the relationship between poverty and food insecurity is complex and bidirectional. This article first reviews concepts and definitions related to food security before discussing the major approaches used to measure food insecurity. It then explains why measurement matters and why it remains so challenging and proceeds by providing a historical overview of hunger and food insecurity. It also analyzes the causes of hunger and food insecurity and interventions intended to reduce hunger and food insecurity. Finally, it suggests directions for future research.
Poverty and Crime
Authors: Sharkey Patrick , Besbris Max , Friedson Michael 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article examines theory and evidence on the association between poverty and crime at both the individual and community levels. It begins with a review of the literature on individual- or family-level poverty and crime, followed by a discussion at the level of the neighborhood or community. The research under consideration focuses on criminal activity and violent behavior, using self-reports or official records of violent offenses (homicide, assault, rape), property crime (burglary, theft, vandalism), and in some cases delinquency or victimization. The article concludes by highlighting three shifts of thinking about the relationship between poverty and crime, including a shift away from a focus on individual motivations and toward a focus on situations that make crime more or less likely.
Poverty and Informal Economies
Authors: Bonnet Francois , Venkatesh Sudhir 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article examines how the informal economy matters in the context of poverty and social inequality. It first presents a brief history of the concept and related theoretical perspectives and controversies before discussing the informal economic activities among the urban poor. In particular, it considers the informal economy between informal activities and the informal sector and describes three types of informal economies, along with their corresponding problems: the informal economy in the third world, to which corresponds a problem of development; the “second economy” in the Soviet Union, which complicates the question of the relationship between formal and informal; and the informal economy in contemporary Western societies. The article also explores what types of regulation emerge from informality and concludes with an assessment of methodological challenges and research priorities for the coming period of social science research on the urban poor.
Social Class, Poverty, and the Unequal Burden of Illness and Death
Authors: Angel Ronald J. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article explores major themes related to the association among social factors that generate and maintain poverty and that determine health outcomes among different income groups. It first considers the social class factors that affect health and persistent socially based inequities in health before explaining the meaning and measurement of poverty. It then examines the effect of childhood poverty on adult outcomes, along with the phenomenon known as the “Hispanic paradox.” It also assesses the interrelationships among poverty, mental illness, and health care, the concept of “social capital,” the so-called “new morbidity,” and the health implications of health care reform for poor and minority Americans. Finally, it reflects on the potential role of nongovernmental and faith-based organizations in enhancing the health of disadvantaged individuals and communities.
Poverty Knowledge and the History of Poverty Research
Authors: O'Connor Alice 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article examines the history of poverty research and the evolution of the practice of gathering knowledge about the poor. It distinguishes between poverty research and poverty knowledge, suggesting that the convergence of the two was a historically specific development that first began to gain wide currency in the late nineteenth century in response to the vast and increasingly visible disparities of industrial capitalism in Western Europe and the United States. It also situates poverty research within the politics and social organization of knowledge and considers the influence of broader contextual factors, such as the creation, expansion, and subsequent restructuring of welfare states in Western industrial democracies; the geopolitical imperatives of empire, decolonization, and the Cold War; and the official declaration of the War on Poverty in the 1960s. Finally, it explores how poverty knowledge was reshaped by the economic, political, and ideological transformations associated with the rise of neoliberalism.
The Mirror, the Lamp, and Public Performances
Authors: Ghosh Shubha 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
How courts determine copyright infringement has been the subject of scholarly debate. Where courts fail is in adequately appreciating the richness of a creative work, often reducing the novel, the song, the work to its literal terms. While the need for contextualizing creative works is accepted, the approach is not. This article uses the aesthetic framework of literary critic M.H. Abrams to offer a conceptual framework to contextualizing a work within the legal method for assessing copyright infringement. This framework is applied to the problems of infringement by reproduction and unauthorized public performance. Abrams’ aesthetic categories provide a multivalent approach to copyright law. The article ends with a precatory discussion of the problems of conceptualism in law, whether in the application of economic models or of aesthetic theories.