bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Antioxidant Potential of Bark and Leaves of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb) Wight & Arn from Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Kumar Vikas , Dev Kamal , Sourirajan Anuradha , Khosla Prem Kumar 
Published: April 2017

The present study aimed to compare antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid content present in leaves and bark of Terminalia arjuna and check whether there is any correlation between phenolic content and flavonoid content with antioxidant activities or not. Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of leaves and bark revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponin, phytosterols and phytosteroids. Total phenolic content was found to be higher in bark (272.71±3.18 mg/g gallic acid equivalents) as compared to that of leaves (95±3.11 mg/g gallic acid equivalents). Similarly, flavonoid content of ethanolic extract of bark was found to be higher (203.95±5.13 mg/g rutin equivalents) than that of leaves (87.625±4.28 mg/g rutin equivalents). DPPH activity of ethanolic extract of bark (IC50-17.41 µg/ml) was more than that of leaves (IC50-20.22µg/ml). FRAP activity of bark (IC50- 4.781 µM Fe (II) equivalents) is more than that of leaves (IC50-7.572 µM Fe (II) equivalents). Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity of bark (IC50-12.87 µg/ml) was higher than that of leaves (IC50-13.91 µg/ml).The present study clearly showed that there is a correlation between total phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of leaves and bark of T. arjuna. The phenolic compounds and flavonoids could be major contributor to antioxidant activity of T. arjuna. Keywords: Terminalia arjuna, DPPH, FRAP, NO, IC50, Antioxidants
Phytochemical analysis and salivary amylase inhibition activities of Carica papaya leaf and Garcinia mangostana pericarp extracts and partially purified fractions
Authors: Alvarez Michael Russelle , Bueno Paolo Robert , Cruz Raymond Oliver , Macapulay Richard , Vallesfin Francis Jayson , Heralde III Francisco 
Published: April 2017

Plant-derived digestive enzyme inhibitors particularly those targeted to carbohydrate metabolism has been the focus of recent studies as natural supplements for weight control and diabetes. The present study explores the salivary amylase inhibition activity of Garcinia mangostana (Linn.) pericarp extracts and Carica papaya (Linn.) leaf extracts and fractions, as well as perform phytochemical screening and quantification, and thin layer – and high performance liquid chromatographic profiling. ­Results show that crude extracts and purified fractions were able to inhibit salivary amylase, with C. papaya fraction 1 being the most active at 30.89% inhibition. Phytochemical screening of all extracts tested ­positive for tannins, glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids. Quantification of phenolics showed that extracts contained high levels of phenolics, with C. papaya crude extract having the highest content with 219.0±12.7 mg GAE/g extract followed by G. mangostana crude extract with 247.1±18.0 mg GAE/g extract. Quantification of total flavonoids also showed C. papaya crude extract to contain the highest content with 55.12±0.679 mg QE/g extract. All extracts contained negligible alkaloid content, though. HPLC and TLC profiling showed several peaks and bands, when viewed in 210 nm and UV light, respectively. These results demonstrate in vitro the salivary amylase inhibitory activity of both plants and their potential as antidiabetic drug candidates; however, further studies need to be done, like isolation and structure elucidation of active components and toxicity assays. Keywords: Amylase inhibition, phytochemical quantification, Carica papaya, Garcinia mangostana
Synchrotron Spectrum of Fast Cooling Electrons in GRBs
Authors: Zhao Xiao-Hong , Bai Jin-Ming 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
We discuss the synchrotron emission of fast cooling electrons in shocks. The fast cooling electrons behind the shocks can generate a position-dependent inhomogeneous electron distribution if they do not have enough time to mix homogeneously. This can lead to a very different synchrotron spectrum in low-frequency bands from that in the homogeneous case, due to the synchrotron absorption. In this paper, we calculate the synchrotron spectrum in the inhomogeneous case in a gamma-ray burst (GRB). Both the forward shock and the reverse shock are considered. We find that for the reverse shock dominated case, we would expect a “reverse shock bump” in the low-frequency spectrum. The spectral bump is due to the combination of synchrotron absorption in both the forward and reverse shock regions. In the low frequencies the forward shock spectrum has two unconventional segments, with spectral slopes of

and 11/8. The slope of 11/8 has been found by some authors, while the slope of

is new and due to the approximately constant electron temperature in the optically thick region. In the future, simultaneous observations in multiple bands (especially in the low-frequency bands) in the GRB early afterglow or prompt emission phases will possibly reveal these spectral characteristics and enable us to identify the reverse shock component and distinguish between the forward and reverse shock emissions. This also may be a method with which to diagnose the electron distribution status (homogeneous or inhomogeneous) after fast cooling in the relativistic shock region.
Optical Line Emission from z ∼ 6.8 Sources with Deep Constraints on Lyα Visibility
Authors: Castellano M. , Pentericci L. , Fontana A. , Vanzella E. , Merlin E. , Barros S. De , Amorin R. , Caputi K. I. , Cristiani S. , Finkelstein S. L. , Giallongo E. , Grazian A. , Koekemoer A. , Maiolino R. , Paris D. , Pilo S. , Santini P. , Yan H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
We analyze a sample of z-dropout galaxies in the CANDELS GOODS South and UDS fields that have been targeted by a dedicated spectroscopic campaign aimed at detecting their Lyα line. Deep IRAC observations at 3.6 and 4.5 μm are used to determine the strength of optical emission lines affecting these bands at z ∼ 6.5–6.9 in order to (1) investigate possible physical differences between Lyα emitting and non-emitting sources; (2) constrain the escape fraction of ionizing photons; and (3) provide an estimate of the specific star formation rate at high redshifts. We find evidence of strong [O iii]+Hβ emission in the average (stacked) SEDs of galaxies both with and without Lyα emission. The blue IRAC [3.6]–[4.5] color of the stack with detected Lyα line can be converted into a rest-frame equivalent width EW([O iii]+Hβ) =

Å assuming a flat intrinsic stellar continuum. This strong optical line emission enables a first estimate of

on the escape fraction of ionizing photons from Lyα detected objects. The objects with no Lyα line show less extreme EW([O iii]+Hβ) =

Å, suggesting different physical conditions of the H ii regions with respect to Lyα-emitting ones, or a larger

. The latter case is consistent with a combined evolution of

and the neutral hydrogen fraction as an explanation of the lack of bright Lyα emission at z > 6. A lower limit on the specific star formation rate, SSFR > 9.1 Gyr−1 for

galaxies at these redshifts can be derived from the spectroscopically confirmed sample.
Constraints on Quenching of Z ≲ 2 Massive Galaxies from the Evolution of the Average Sizes of Star-forming and Quenched Populations in COSMOS
Authors: Faisst A. L. , Carollo C. M. , Capak P. L. , Tacchella S. , Renzini A. , Ilbert O. , McCracken H. J. , Scoville N. Z. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
We use >9400

quiescent and star-forming galaxies at z ≲ 2 in COSMOS/UltraVISTA to study the average size evolution of these systems, with focus on the rare ultra-massive population at

. The large 2 square degree survey area delivers a sample of ∼400 such ultra-massive systems. Accurate sizes are derived using a calibration based on high-resolution images from the Hubble Space Telescope. We find that at these very high masses, the size evolution of star-forming and quiescent galaxies is almost indistinguishable in terms of normalization and power-law slope. We use this result to investigate possible pathways of quenching massive m > M* galaxies at z < 2. We consistently model the size evolution of quiescent galaxies from the star-forming population by assuming different simple models for the suppression of star formation. These models include an instantaneous and delayed quenching without altering the structure of galaxies and a central starburst followed by compaction. We find that instantaneous quenching reproduces the observed mass-size relation of massive galaxies at z > 1 well. Our starburst+compaction model followed by individual growth of the galaxies by minor mergers is preferred over other models without structural change for

galaxies at z > 0.5. None of our models is able to meet the observations at m > M* and z < 1 without significant contribution of post-quenching growth of individual galaxies via mergers. We conclude that quenching is a fast process in galaxies with m ≥ 1011
M
⊙, and that major mergers likely play a major role in the final steps of their evolution.
Test of the FLRW Metric and Curvature with Strong Lens Time Delays
Authors: Liao Kai , Li Zhengxiang , Wang Guo-Jian , Fan Xi-Long 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
We present a new model-independent strategy for testing the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric and constraining cosmic curvature, based on future time-delay measurements of strongly lensed quasar-elliptical galaxy systems from the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope and supernova observations from the Dark Energy Survey. The test only relies on geometric optics. It is independent of the energy contents of the universe and the validity of the Einstein equation on cosmological scales. The study comprises two levels: testing the FLRW metric through the distance sum rule (DSR) and determining/constraining cosmic curvature. We propose an effective and efficient (redshift) evolution model for performing the former test, which allows us to concretely specify the violation criterion for the FLRW DSR. If the FLRW metric is consistent with the observations, then on the second level the cosmic curvature parameter will be constrained to ∼0.057 or ∼0.041 (1σ), depending on the availability of high-redshift supernovae, which is much more stringent than current model-independent techniques. We also show that the bias in the time-delay method might be well controlled, leading to robust results. The proposed method is a new independent tool for both testing the fundamental assumptions of homogeneity and isotropy in cosmology and for determining cosmic curvature. It is complementary to cosmic microwave background plus baryon acoustic oscillation analyses, which normally assume a cosmological model with dark energy domination in the late-time universe.
Investigating the Magnetic Imprints of Major Solar Eruptions with SDO/HMI High-cadence Vector Magnetograms
Authors: Sun 孙 Xudong 旭东 , Hoeksema J. Todd , Liu 刘 Yang 扬 , Kazachenko Maria , Chen 陈 Ruizhu 瑞竹 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The solar active region photospheric magnetic field evolves rapidly during major eruptive events, suggesting appreciable feedback from the corona. Previous studies of these “magnetic imprints” are mostly based on line of sight only or lower-cadence vector observations; a temporally resolved depiction of the vector field evolution is hitherto lacking. Here, we introduce the high-cadence (90 s or 135 s) vector magnetogram data set from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, which is well suited for investigating the phenomenon. These observations allow quantitative characterization of the permanent, step-like changes that are most pronounced in the horizontal field component (B

h
). A highly structured pattern emerges from analysis of an archetypical event, SOL2011-02-15T01:56, where B

h
near the main polarity inversion line increases significantly during the earlier phase of the associated flare with a timescale of several minutes, while B

h
in the periphery decreases at later times with smaller magnitudes and a slightly longer timescale. The data set also allows effective identification of the “magnetic transient” artifact, where enhanced flare emission alters the Stokes profiles and the inferred magnetic field becomes unreliable. Our results provide insights on the momentum processes in solar eruptions. The data set may also be useful to the study of sunquakes and data-driven modeling of the corona.
Epidemiology of Knee Sprains in Youth, High School, and Collegiate American Football Players
Authors: Clifton Daniel R. , Onate James A. , Schussler Eric , Djoko Aristarque , Dompier Thomas P. , Kerr Zachary Y. 
Published: April 2017

Context:
Variations in knee-sprain incidence among competition levels are unclear but may help inform prevention strategies in American football players.

Objective:
To describe the epidemiology of knee sprains in youth, high school, and collegiate football players.

Design:
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting:
Injury and athlete-exposure (AE) data were collected from 3 injury-surveillance programs at the youth, high school, and collegiate competition levels.

Patients or Other Participants:
Data from 310 youth, 184 high school, and 71 collegiate football team-seasons were collected during the 2012 through 2014 seasons.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Knee-sprain rates and risks were calculated for each competition level. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) and risk ratios (RRs) compared knee-sprain rates by competition level. Injury proportion ratios (IPRs) compared differences in surgery needs, recurrence, injury mechanism, and injury activity by competition level.

Results:
Knee-sprain rates in youth, high school, and collegiate football were 0.16/1000 AEs, 0.25/1000 AEs, and 0.69/1000 AEs, respectively. Knee-sprain rates increased as the competition level increased (high school versus youth: IRR = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12, 2.30; collegiate versus high school: IRR = 2.73; 95% CI = 2.38, 3.96). Knee-sprain risk was highest in collegiate (4.3%), followed by high school (2.0%) and youth (0.5%) athletes. Knee-sprain risk increased as the competition level increased (high school versus youth: RR = 3.73; 95% CI = 2.60, 5.34; collegiate versus high school: RR = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.83, 2.51). Collegiate football had the lowest proportion of knee sprains that were noncontact injuries (collegiate versus youth: IPR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.31, 0.95; collegiate versus high school: IPR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.44, 0.79) and the lowest proportion that occurred while being tackled (collegiate versus youth: IPR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.26, 0.76; collegiate versus high school: IPR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.51, 0.98).

Conclusions:
Knee-sprain incidence was highest in collegiate football. However, level-specific variations in the distributions of knee sprains by injury activity may highlight the need to develop level-specific policies and prevention strategies that ensure safe sports play.
Metodologia para Análise de Conteúdo Qualitativa integrada à técnica de Mapas Mentais com o uso dos softwares Nvivo e FreeMind
Authors: Lima José Leonardo Oliveira , Manini Miriam Paula 
Published: April 2017

Introdução: Em uma pesquisa, não basta escolher os instrumentos, recursos e procedimentos. É importante compreender o método, para além da técnica, e a sua relação com a filosofia, epistemologia e metodologia.Objetivo: Apresentar reflexões teóricas e metodológicas sobre a Pesquisa Qualitativa na Ciência da Informação e sobre o processo de Análise de Conteúdo Qualitativa (ACQ) no campo de Estudos de Usuários e demonstrar um percurso empreendido de ACQ integrado à técnica dos Mapas Mentais para o desenvolvimento de categorias e indicadores, com a utilização de softwares de apoio à Análise de Dados Qualitativa (QDAS) e de desenho de Mapas Mentais.Metodologia: A pesquisa foi descritiva, metodológica, bibliográfica e de campo, tendo como instrumento as entrevistas abertas, que foram processadas utilizando a ACQ e a técnica dos Mapas Metais, com o apoio do QDAS Nvivo e do Software FreeMind de desenho de mapas mentais.Resultados: Demonstra-se aspectos da teoria da pesquisa qualitativa e da ACQ e um percurso metodológico de ACQ usando as técnicas e softwares mencionados, de forma integrada.Conclusões: Nas pesquisas qualitativas, o referencial teórico sugere a necessidade de mais diálogo da Ciência da Informação com outras disciplinas. O processo de ACQ, com o uso do QDAS, explicitou um percurso viável que pode servir de referência para outras investigações. Evidenciou-se a contribuição da técnica e do software de desenho de Mapas Mentais, no desenvolvimento das categorias e indicadores da ACQ
Gluren bij de buren
Authors: Gärtner Stefan 
Published: April 2017

Peeking at the neighbors. The legal frameworks of spiritual care in care institutions in the Netherlands and of healthcare chaplaincy in Germany
The article analyzes the legal integration of religion and worldview communication in secular care contexts in Germany and the Netherlands. The constitutional position of spiritual care and healthcare chaplaincy and the organization of the religious field are diverse in these states. This creates a variety of correlation between the religious and the medical domain within healthcare institutions in both countries. The analysis leads to the question, how the observed differences work out in organization and policy concretely. Finely, there are some conclusions drawn out of the comparison.
Levensbeschouwelijk onderwijzen en leren
Authors: ter Avest Ina 
Published: April 2017

Worldview: Teaching and learning Children’s right – teacher’s responsibility
The Netherlands changed from a culturally homogenous society into a religiously plural society. This had an impact across public and denominational schools. The pluralisation of the pupil population raised the issue of the so-called pillarized educational system. In this contribution I explore this theme in the context of the freedom of education laid down in article 23 of the Dutch Constitution, and the right of every child to get acquainted with the diversity of its society’s traditions, and to position itself in the plural Dutch society. Moving beyond the pillarized system, all education can then become truly special, preparing children for normative citizenship.
High pre‐exposure prophylaxis uptake and early adherence among men who have sex with men and transgender women at risk for HIV Infection: the PrEP Brasil demonstration project
Authors: Hoagland Brenda , Moreira Ronaldo I. , De Boni Raquel B. , Kallas Esper G. , Madruga José Valdez , Vasconcelos Ricardo , Goulart Silvia , Torres Thiago S. , Marins Luana M. S. , Anderson Peter L. , Luz Paula M , Costa Leite Iuri da , Liu Albert Y. , Veloso Valdilea G. , Grinsztejn Beatriz ,   for the PrEP Brasil Study Team
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroduction: The efficacy of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing sexual acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is well established. Little is known about the feasibility of PrEP implementation in middle‐income settings with concentrated epidemics among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW).Methods: PrEP Brasil is a prospective, multicentre, open‐label demonstration project assessing PrEP delivery in the context of the Brazilian Public Health System. HIV‐uninfected MSM and TGW in 3 referral centres in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo were evaluated for eligibility and offered 48 weeks of daily emtricitabine/tenofovir for PrEP. Concentrations of tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spot samples (DBS) at week 4 after enrolment (early adherence) were measured. Predictors of drug levels were assessed using ordinal logistic regression models considering the DBS drug level as a 3 level variable (<350 fmol/punch, ≥350–699 fmol/punch and ≥700 fmol/punch).Results: 1,270 individuals were assessed for participation; n = 738 were potentially eligible and n = 450 were offered PrEP (PrEP uptake was 60.9%). Eligible but not enrolled individuals were younger, had lower HIV risk perception and had lower PrEP awareness. At week 4, 424 participants (of the 450 enrolled) had DBS TFV‐DP concentrations, 94.1% in the protective range (≥350 fmol/punch, consistent with ≥2 pills per week), and 78% were in the highly protective range (≥700 fmol/punch, ≥4 pills per week). Participants with ≥12 years of schooling had 1.9 times the odds (95%CI 1.10–3.29) of a higher versus lower drug level than participants with <12 years of schooling. Condomless receptive anal intercourse in the prior 3 months was also associated with higher drug levels (adjusted OR = 1.78; 95% CI 1.08–2.94).Conclusions: The high uptake and early adherence indicate that PrEP for high‐risk MSM and TGW can be successfully delivered in the context of the Brazilian Public Health System. Interventions to address disparities on PrEP awareness and HIV risk perception among the younger and less educated are urgently needed in order to maximize the impact of this prevention strategy on the reduction of HIV infection among MSM and TGW in Brazil.
Stick‐slip dynamics of flow‐induced seismicity on rate and state faults
Authors: Cueto‐Felgueroso Luis , Santillán David , Mosquera Juan Carlos 
Published: April 2017

AbstractChanges in pore pressure due to the injection or extraction of fluids from underground formations may induce potentially damaging earthquakes and/or increase the sensitivity of injection sites to remote triggering. The basic mechanism behind injection‐induced seismicity is a change in effective stress that weakens a preexisting fault. The seismic potential of a given fault is controlled by the partitioning between seismic and aseismic slip events, which emerge as a manifestation of stick‐slip instabilities. Through fully coupled hydromechanical simulations, with fault frictional contact described by the Dieterich‐Ruina “aging” law, we investigate the evolution of slip due to pore pressure increase in an underground injection model. For the same flow conditions and rock mechanical properties, different constitutive parameters lead to a variety of stick‐slip patterns, ranging from stable sliding or a sequence of many small slip events, to a single, larger coseismic event after significant aseismic slip has occurred. Our results suggest that good characterization of fault frictional properties and coupled geomechanical simulations are essential to assess the seismic hazard associated with underground flow processes.
Drivers of Arctic Ocean warming in CMIP5 models
Authors: Burgard Clara , Notz Dirk 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe investigate changes in the Arctic Ocean energy budget simulated by 26 general circulation models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 framework. Our goal is to understand whether the Arctic Ocean warming between 1961 and 2099 is primarily driven by changes in the net atmospheric surface flux or by changes in the meridional oceanic heat flux. We find that the simulated Arctic Ocean warming is driven by positive anomalies in the net atmospheric surface flux in 11 models, by positive anomalies in the meridional oceanic heat flux in 11 models, and by positive anomalies in both energy fluxes in four models. The different behaviors are mainly characterized by the different changes in meridional oceanic heat flux that lead to different changes in the turbulent heat loss to the atmosphere. The multimodel ensemble mean is hence not representative of a consensus across the models in Arctic climate projections.