bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonality in spatial organization and dispersal of sympatric jackals (Canis mesomelas and C. adustus): implications for rabies management
Authors: Loveridge A. J. , Macdonald D. W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn Zimbabwe the incidence of reported jackal rabies varies predictably over the year with peaks during June to August (cold dry season) and December to May (wet season), and may be explained by the social behaviour of jackals. June to August is the mating season, at which time home ranges increase in size, and overlap between species and neighbouring conspecifics is greater. Intra‐group concordance in range use decreases in association with the social stress caused by mating and mate guarding, and young adults use peripheral areas, perhaps increasing contact with neighbouring jackals. Dispersal is most likely to occur in the mating season. These factors increase the contact rate between neighbours and, therefore, rabies incidence. In the hot dry season (the whelping season), home ranges decrease in size, and the overlap of interspecific and neighbouring conspecific ranges decreases. Concordance in range use of intra‐group conspecifics increases and activity focuses on the den; inter‐group contact rate therefore decreases, as does rabies incidence. The addition of juveniles to the population in the wet season increases jackal density and thus contact rate and also coincides with a high rabies incidence. Taking these factors into account, we suggest that the control of jackal rabies by oral vaccination should focus on the period before the mating season and after the whelping season.
Identification of New Zealand bats (Chalinolobus tuberculatus and Mystacina tuberculata) in flight from analysis of echolocation calls by artificial neural networks
Authors: Parsons Stuart 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTime‐expanded and heterodyned echolocation calls of the New Zealand long‐tailed Chalinolobus tuberculatus and lesser short‐tailed bat Mystacina tuberculata were recorded and digitally analysed. Temporal and spectral parameters were measured from time‐expanded calls and power spectra generated for both time‐expanded and heterodyned calls. Artificial neural networks were trained to classify the calls of both species using temporal and spectral parameters and power spectra as input data. Networks were then tested using data not previously seen. Calls could be unambiguously identified using parameters and power spectra from time‐expanded calls. A neural network, trained and tested using power spectra of calls from both species recorded using a heterodyne detector set to 40 kHz (the frequency with the most energy of the fundamental of C. tuberculatus call), could identify 99% and 84% of calls of C. tuberculatus and M. tuberculata, respectively. A second network, trained and tested using power spectra of calls from both species recorded using a heterodyne detector set to 27 kHz (the frequency with the most energy of the fundamental of M. tuberculata call), could identify 34% and 100% of calls of C. tuberculatus and M. tuberculata, respectively. This study represents the first use of neural networks for the identification of bats from their echolocation calls. It is also the first study to use power spectra of time‐expanded and heterodyned calls for identification of chiropteran species. The ability of neural networks to identify bats from their echolocation calls is discussed, as is the ecology of both species in relation to the design of their echolocation calls.
Variation in adult survival rate of the tortoise Testudo hermanni in Greece: implications for evolution of body size
Authors: Willemsen R. E. , Hailey A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAdult annual survival rates estimated by mark–recapture for eight Greek populations of the tortoise Testudo hermanni were in the range 0.80–1.0 (mean 0.886). Estimates from growth rings for the same populations were in a similar range (0.84–0.95, mean 0.899). The average survival rate from the two methods was significantly positively related to mean adult body size (r=0.815) and negatively related to effective temperature (r=−0.880). A life table model was used to investigate the consequences of adult survival rate for optimum age at maturity and mean adult size of females. The basis of the model was the trade‐off between increased reproduction from large adult size, and decreased survival to maturity from delayed age at maturity. The model showed that the observed variation in adult survival rates was more than sufficient to account for the variation of adult size among populations. The model thus predicted an even greater range of mean adult size than that observed. A negative correlation between growth rate and adult survival rate or age at maturity, as observed, was needed to fit the size data. The model supports the hypothesis that variation in adult size of T. hermanni in Greece is adaptive (rather than a non‐adaptive environmental or phylogenetic effect) and due to variation in adult survival rates (rather than other factors such as juvenile survival).
Determinants of gregariousness in the spectral tarsier (Prosimian: Tarsius spectrum)
Authors: Gursky Sharon 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInterspecific comparisons of mammals and primates suggest that the major determinants of gregarious behaviour are the distribution of food resources in space and time, predation pressure and infanticide avoidance. This study of gregarious behaviour in the spectral tarsier Tarsius spectrum at Tangkoko Nature Reserve, Sulawesi Indonesia suggests that all three may be important in understanding the relatively gregarious nature of spectral tarsiers. To test whether predation pressure was the major determinant of sociality for this species, I mimicked predation pressure by using predator models and playback predator vocalizations. In response to increased predation pressure from rubber models of snakes, the family group was observed mobbing the ‘predator’. On the other hand, when plastic bird of prey models were placed throughout the tarsier's territory the adult group members often increased their distance from one another. No significant response was made by the spectral tarsiers in response to playbacks of predator vocalizations. To test whether infanticide avoidance was the major determinant of sociality for this species, I compared the distance between adult males and females for three reproductive phases. When adult females were lactating, adult males were observed to decrease the distance between themselves and the adult female, while the female often attempted to increase the distance. However, groups containing either a pregnant female or a non‐reproductive (cycling) female did not differ in their gregariousness. To explore whether the temporal distribution of resources was the major determinant of sociality in spectral tarsiers I collected insects hourly. The diet of spectral tarsiers is restricted to insects. Distance between group members closely followed hourly and monthly changes in insect abundance. During hours when abundance was high, distance between group members decreased and vice versa. Additional long‐term and more fine‐grained data need to be collected to ascertain the relative importance of resources, predators and infanticide in determining sociality in the spectral tarsier.
Monadic parsing in Haskell
Authors: HUTTON GRAHAM , MEIJER ERIK 
Published: July 2002

This paper is a tutorial on defining recursive descent parsers
in Haskell. In the spirit
of one-stop shopping, the paper combines material from three areas
into a single
source. The three areas are functional parsers (Burge, 1975; Wadler, 1985;
Hutton,
1992; Fokker, 1995), the use of monads to structure functional programs
(Wadler,
1990, 1992a, 1992b), and the use of special syntax for monadic programs
in Haskell
(Jones, 1995; Peterson et al., 1996). More specifically, the paper
shows how to define
monadic parsers using do notation in Haskell.Of course, recursive descent parsers defined by hand lack the efficiency
of bottom-up
parsers generated by machine (Aho et al., 1986; Mogensen, 1993;
Gill and
Marlow, 1995). However, for many research applications, a simple recursive
descent
parser is perfectly sufficient. Moreover, while parser generators typically
offer a
fixed set of combinators for describing grammars, the method described
here is
completely extensible: parsers are first-class values, and we have the
full power of
Haskell available to define new combinators for special applications. The
method is
also an excellent illustration of the elegance of functional programming.
‘Graduates’
Authors: Dale Mark C , Burns Alistair 
Published: July 2002

The term 'graduate' (hereafter without quotation marks) has been used to describe the following groups of patients:1) All those patients with enduring psychiatric illness who have graduated to old age (usually defined as age over 65 years);2) 'Patients who entered hospitals for the mentally ill before modern methods of treatment were available and have grown old in them after many years there.'3) Specifically, long-stay patients with schizophrenia over the age of 65 years who came into continuous psychiatric contact well before that age.
Some Overseas Angles on the History of French Literature
Authors: SAPIRO GISÈLE 
Published: July 2002

Martyn Cornick, The Nouvelle Revue Française under Jean Paulhan 1925–1940 (Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1995), 224 pp., Fl. 65, $40.50, ISBN 9-051-83767-6.Nicholas Hewitt, Literature and the Right in Postwar France: The Story of the ‘Hussards’ (Oxford and Washington, DC: Berg Publishers, 1996), 218 pp. (hb.), £34.95, ISBN 1-859-73029-9.Denis Hollier, Absent Without Leave: French Literature under the Threat of War, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1997), 256 pp. (pb.), £18.50, ISBN 0-674-21271-1.Jeffrey Mehlman, Geneologies of the Text: Literature, Psychoanalysis, and Politics in Modern France (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 262 pp., hardcover, ISBN 0-521-47213-X.Jennifer E. Milligan, The Forgotten Generation: French Women Writers of the Inter-War Period (New York and Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1996), 236 pp. (pb.), £14.99, ISBN 1-859-73118-X.
Critical Exponents, Colines, and Projective Geometries
Authors: KUNG JOSEPH P. S. 
Published: July 2002

In [9, p. 469], Oxley made the following conjecture, which is a geometric analogue of a
conjecture of Lovász (see [1, p. 290]) about complete graphs.Conjecture 1.1.Let G be a rank-n GF(q)-representable simple matroid with critical
exponent n − γ. If, for every coline X in G,
c(G/X; q) = c(G; q) − 2 = n − γ − 2,
then G is the projective geometry PG(n − 1, q).We shall call the rank n, the critical ‘co-exponent’ γ, and the order q of the field the
parameters of Oxley's conjecture. We exhibit several counterexamples to this conjecture.
These examples show that, for a given prime power q and a given positive integer γ,
Oxley's conjecture holds for only finitely many ranks n. We shall assume familiarity with
matroid theory and, in particular, the theory of critical problems. See [6] and [9].A subset C of points of PG(n − 1, q) is a (γ, k)-cordon if,
for every k-codimensional subspace X in PG(n − 1, q), the intersection
C ∩ X contains a γ-dimensional subspace of PG(n − 1, q). In this
paper, our primary interest will be in constructing (γ, 2)-cordons.
With straightforward modifications, our methods will also yield (γ, k)-cordons.Complements of counterexamples to Oxley's conjecture are (γ, 2)-cordons.
PEKING PLOTS: FICTIONALIZING THE BOXER REBELLION OF 1900
Authors: Forman Ross G. 
Published: July 2002

“A handful of foreigners have shown China what they can do against murderous thousands, and it only remains for the Powers to stamp the lesson deeper, and exact punishment for the guilty and full compensation for losses sustained.”— W. Murray Graydon, The Perils of Pekin (1904)“To find something akin in its savage barbarity you must go back to Lucknow, where a mixed multitude shut up in the Residency were holding out against fearful odds in expectation of relief by Havelock’s Highlanders, resolved to perish of starvation rather than surrender, for the fate of Cawnpore stared them in the face. “It adds point to this parallel to remember that the Tartar rulers of China are cousin german to the Great Moghul who headed the Sepoy Mutiny. “It was some excuse for the King of Delhi that he was seeking to regain his throne. No such apology can be offered for the Empress Dowager of China. She has made war not without provocation, but wholly unjustifiable, on all nations of the civilized world.”— W. A. P. Martin, The Siege in Peking (1900)THIS ESSAY REVIEWS THE LITERARY PRODUCTION — primarily adventure novels, and several of them bestsellers — centered around the events of the 1900 Boxer Rebellion, in which a Chinese “secret society,” with the collusion of certain Manchu authorities, carried out a systematic attempt to annihilate all Westerners and “native Christians” living in China.1 The Boxers, so-called because their “superstitious” practices looked like magic boxing, swept across North China from the spring of 1900, eventually throwing much of the imperial capital of Peking (Beijing) into confusion.2 Forced to hole up in the Legations and other barricaded areas, the Westerners of the region joined forces under largely British leadership and fought against incredible odds to protect themselves, holding out until an international resistance force, led by the British, rescued them fifty-five days later, and the Rebellion subsided.3 Important as a turning point in Chinese international relations and as a mark of the increasing weakness of the central authority of the Middle Kingdom, the Boxer Rebellion served an even more important function with regard to British conceptualizations of the empire in its formal and informal forms. It threw into question non-interventionist trade strategies and underscored the tenuous nature of imperial authority both in formal colonies such as India (where fledgling nationalist movements were evolving) and in areas bordering on these formal colonies and largely dominated through foreign authority. (The central Chinese government, for instance, though not dependent on imports and loans to any great degree, at this point gathered all of its significant income from the British-led Imperial Maritime Customs Service.)
Appendix: Definitions of typed feature structures
Authors: COPESTAKE ANN 
Published: July 2002

The LinGO grammar consists of a specification of a type system and of various typed
feature structures which are well-formed according to the type system. The typed
feature structures function as grammar rules, lexical rules and lexical entries. There
are several variant typed feature structure formalisms, with different computational
properties, so in this appendix we very briefly specify the version assumed by the
LinGO grammar.This appendix is necessarily terse, and is only intended to allow a reader who
already has a knowledge of typed feature structures to understand the specific
formalism used in the LinGO grammar. The definitions given below basically follow
Carpenter (1992), with the notion of type constraint from Copestake (1992). For
formal details of typed feature structures in general see Carpenter (1992). A detailed
account of the specific assumptions made here is given in Copestake (1999) (See
Chapter 4 for an introduction, and Chapter 5 for a semi-formal account.)Note that the LinGO grammar uses a very restricted formalism. For instance,
it does not utilize disjunctive feature structures, negation, implication, inequalities,
defaults, set-valued features, extensionality or relational constraints. Constraint resolution does not require that every type be made maximally specific, and the type
inference system is essentially non-recursive. The recursive power necessary in grammars is explicitly encoded via rules, which are expressed as typed feature structures,
but interpreted as phrase structure rules.
Multiple LTR-Retrotransposon Families in the Asexual Yeast Candida albicans
Authors: Goodwin Timothy J.D. , Poulter Russell T.M. 
Published: July 2002

We have begun a characterization of the long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons in the asexual yeast Candida albicans. A database of assembled C. albicans genomic sequence at Stanford University, which represents 14.9 Mb of the 16-Mb haploid genome, was screened and >350 distinct retrotransposon insertions were identified. The majority of these insertions represent previously unrecognized retrotransposons. The various elements were classified into 34 distinct families, each family being similar, in terms of the range of sequences that it represents, to a typical Ty element family of the related yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These C. albicans retrotransposon families are generally of low copy number and vary widely in coding capacity. For only three families, was a full-length and apparently intact retrotransposon identified. For many families, only solo LTRs and LTR fragments remain. Several families of highly degenerate elements appear to be still capable of transposition, presumably via trans-activation. The overall structure of the retrotransposon population in C. albicans differs considerably from that of S. cerevisiae. In that species, retrotransposon insertions can be assigned to just five families. Most of these families still retain functional examples, and they generally appear at higher copy numbers than the C. albicans families. The possibility that these differences between the two species are attributable to the nonstandard genetic code of C. albicans or the asexual nature of its genome is discussed. A region rich in retrotransposon fragments, that lies adjacent to many of theCARE-2/Rel-2 sub-telomeric repeats, and which appears to have arisen through multiple rounds of duplication and recombination, is also described.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library. Accession numbers are listed in Table 1 and in the Materials and Methods section.]
Sulfur Availability and the SAC1 Gene Control Adenosine Triphosphate Sulfurylase Gene Expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Yildiz F. H. , Davies J. P. , Grossman A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A Chalmydomonas reinhardtii adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sulfurylase cDNA clone (pATS1) was selected by complementing a mutation in the ATP sulfurylase gene (cysD) of Escherichia coli. E. coli cysD strains harboring pATS1 grow on medium containing sulfate as the sole sulfur source and exhibit ATP sulfurylase activity. The amino acid sequence of the C. reinhardtii ATP sulfurylase, derived from the nucleotide sequence of the complementing gene (ATS1), is 25 to 40% identical to that of ATP sulfurylases in other eukaryotic organisms and has a putative transit peptide at its amino terminus. ATP sulfurylase mRNA was present when cells were grown in sulfur-replete medium, but accumulated to higher levels when the cells were exposed to sulfur-limiting conditions. Furthermore, sulfur-stress-induced accumulation of the ATS1 transcript was reduced in a strain defective in SAC1, a gene that is critical for acclimation to sulfur-limited growth.
Molecular Cloning of 4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase in Loblolly Pine and the Roles of This Enzyme in the Biosynthesis of Lignin in Compression Wood
Authors: Zhang X. H. , Chiang V. L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Two genomic sequences encoding 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL;EC 6.2.1.12) in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were cloned. Both sequences contained three introns and four exons with identical coding sequences predicting 537 amino acids. Two of the three introns in these two clones were different both in sequence and in length. Sequences of both 4CL clones were found in all nine megagametophyte DNAs tested, providing genetic evidence that these two 4CL genomic sequences are nonallelic genes. Our analyses suggest that there are at least two distinct, intron-containing 4CL genes, at least one of which is transcribed into 4CL mRNA in developing xylem tissue of loblolly pine. The levels of 4CL gene transcription in xylem were influenced by compressional stress, resulting in an elevated 4CL enzyme activity with 4-coumaric acid. 4CL enzyme activity with ferulic acid remained unchanged, whereas with caffeic acid it was significantly inhibited. Exogenously applied trans-cinnamic acid in the protein extracts from normal wood xylem caused inhibition of 4CL activity toward caffeic acid similar to that under compressional stress. The implications of this cinnamic acid-modulated effect on 4CL enzyme activities toward different substrates in regulating monolignol synthesis in xylem under compressional stress are discussed.
Characterization of a New Antifungal Chitin-Binding Peptide from Sugar Beet Leaves
Authors: Nielsen K. K. , Nielsen J. E. , Madrid S. M. , Mikkelsen J. D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The intercellular washing fluid (IWF) from leaves of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) contains a number of proteins exhibiting in vitro antifungal activity against the devastating leaf pathogen Cercospora beticola (Sacc.). Among these, a potent antifungal peptide, designated IWF4, was identified. The 30-amino-acid residue sequence of IWF4 is rich in cysteines (6) and glycines (7) and has a highly basic isoelectric point. IWF4 shows homology to the chitin-binding (hevein) domain of chitin-binding proteins, e.g. class I and IV chitinases. Accordingly, IWF4 has a strong affinity to chitin. Notably, it binds chitin more strongly than the chitin-binding chitinases. A full-length IWF4 cDNA clone was obtained that codes for a preproprotein of 76 amino acids containing an N-terminal putative signal peptide of 21 residues, followed by the mature IWF4 peptide of 30 residues, and an acidic C-terminal extension of 25 residues. IWF4 mRNA is expressed in the aerial parts of the plant only, with a constitutive expression in young and mature leaves and in young flowers. No induced expression of IWF4 protein or mRNA was detected during infection with C. beticola or after treatment with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid, a well-known inducer of resistance in plants.
Characterization and Expression of NAD(H)-Dependent Glutamate Dehydrogenase Genes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Turano F. J. , Thakkar S. S. , Fang T. , Weisemann J. M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Two distinct cDNA clones encoding NAD(H)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD[H]-GDH) in Arabidopsis thaliana were identified and sequenced. The genes corresponding to these cDNA clones were designated GDH1 and GDH2. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences suggest that both gene products contain putative mitochondrial transit polypeptides and NAD(H)- and α--ketoglutarate-binding domains. Subcellular fractionation confirmed the mitochondrial location of the NAD(H)-GDH isoenzymes. In addition, a putative EF-hand loop, shown to be associated with Ca2+ binding, was identified in the GDH2 gene product but not in the GDH1 gene product. GDH1 encodes a 43.0-kD polypeptide, designated α-, and GDH2 encodes a 42.5-kD polypeptide, designated [beta]. The two subunits combine in different ratios to form seven NAD(H)-GDH isoenzymes. The slowest-migrating isoenzyme in a native gel, GDH1, is a homohexamer composed of α- subunits, and the fastest-migrating isoenzyme, GDH7, is a homohexamer composed of [beta] subunits. GDH isoenzymes 2 through 6 are heterohexamers composed of different ratios of α- and [beta] subunits. NAD(H)-GDH isoenzyme patterns varied among different plant organs and in leaves of plants irrigated with different nitrogen sources or subjected to darkness for 4 d. Conversely, there were little or no measurable changes in isoenzyme patterns in roots of plants treated with different nitrogen sources. In most instances, changes in isoenzyme patterns were correlated with relative differences in the level of α- and [beta] subunits. Likewise, the relative difference in the level of α- or [beta] subunits was correlated with changes in the level of GDH1 or GDH2 transcript detected in each sample, suggesting that NAD(H)-GDH activity is controlled at least in part at the transcriptional level.