bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term drainage reduces CO2 uptake and increases CO2 emission
on a Siberian floodplain due to shifts in vegetation community and soil
thermal characteristics
Authors: Kwon Min Jung , Heimann Martin , Kolle Olaf , Luus Kristina A. , Schuur Edward A. G. , Zimov Nikita , Zimov Sergey A. , Göckede Mathias 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. With increasing air temperatures and changing precipitation patterns forecast for the Arctic over the coming decades, the thawing of ice-rich permafrost is expected to increasingly alter hydrological conditions by creating mosaics of wetter and drier areas. The objective of this study is to investigate how 10 years of lowered water table depths of wet floodplain ecosystems would affect CO2 fluxes measured using a closed chamber system, focusing on the role of long-term changes in soil thermal characteristics and vegetation community structure. Drainage diminishes the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of organic soil, leading to warmer soil temperatures in shallow layers during the daytime and colder soil temperatures in deeper layers, resulting in a reduction in thaw depths. These soil temperature changes can intensify growing-season heterotrophic respiration by up to 95 %. With decreased autotrophic respiration due to reduced gross primary production under these dry conditions, the differences in ecosystem respiration rates in the present study were 25 %. We also found that a decade-long drainage installation significantly increased shrub abundance, while decreasing Eriophorum angustifolium abundance resulted in Carex sp. dominance. These two changes had opposing influences on gross primary production during the growing season: while the increased abundance of shrubs slightly increased gross primary production, the replacement of E. angustifolium by Carex sp. significantly decreased it. With the effects of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production combined, net CO2 uptake rates varied between the two years, which can be attributed to Carex-dominated plots' sensitivity to climate. However, underlying processes showed consistent patterns: 10 years of drainage increased soil temperatures in shallow layers and replaced E. angustifolium by Carex sp., which increased CO2 emission and reduced CO2 uptake rates. During the non-growing season, drainage resulted in 4 times more CO2 emissions, with high sporadic fluxes; these fluxes were induced by soil temperatures, E. angustifolium abundance, and air pressure.
Developing European operational oceanography for Blue Growth, climate change
adaptation and mitigation, and ecosystem-based management
Authors: She Jun , Allen Icarus , Buch Erik , Crise Alessandro , Johannessen Johnny A. , Le Traon Pierre-Yves , Lips Urmas , Nolan Glenn , Pinardi Nadia , Reißmann Jan H. , Siddorn John , Stanev Emil , Wehde Henning 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Operational approaches have been more and more widely developed and used for providing marine data and information services for different socio-economic sectors of the Blue Growth and to advance knowledge about the marine environment. The objective of operational oceanographic research is to develop and improve the efficiency, timeliness, robustness and product quality of this approach. This white paper aims to address key scientific challenges and research priorities for the development of operational oceanography in Europe for the next 5–10 years. Knowledge gaps and deficiencies are identified in relation to common scientific challenges in four EuroGOOS knowledge areas: European Ocean Observations, Modelling and Forecasting Technology, Coastal Operational Oceanography and Operational Ecology. The areas “European Ocean Observations” and “Modelling and Forecasting Technology” focus on the further advancement of the basic instruments and capacities for European operational oceanography, while “Coastal Operational Oceanography” and “Operational Ecology” aim at developing new operational approaches for the corresponding knowledge areas.
17O NMR and Raman Spectroscopies of Green Tea Infusion with Nanomaterial to Investigate Their Properties
Authors: Zhou Changyan , Zhang Huiping , Yan Ying , Zhang Xinya 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
17O NMR and Raman spectrograms of green tea infusions with nanomaterial were investigated. Different green tea infusions were prepared by steeping tea powder with different concentrations of nanomaterial aqueous solution. The tea infusions were tested with 17O NMR and Raman spectroscopies. The 17O NMR results showed that line width increased to 90 in the tea infusions after nanomaterial was added as a result of the effects of the self-association of Ca2+ and tea polyphenol. The results of Raman spectroscopy showed that, in tea infusions, the enhancement of C─C and C─O stretching vibrations suggest an increase in the number of effective components in water.
Analysis of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 in Fortified Milk Powders and Infant and Nutritional Formulas by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2016.05
Authors: Gill Brendon D , Abernethy Grant A , Green Rebecca J , Indyk Harvey E 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A method for the determination of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 in fortified milk powders and infant and adult nutritional formulas is described. Samples are saponified at high temperature and lipid-soluble components are extracted into isooctane. A portion of the isooctane layer is transferred and washed, and an aliquot of 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione is added to derivatize the vitamin D to form a high-molecular-mass, easily ionizable adduct. The vitamin D adduct is then re-extracted into a small volume of acetonitrile and analyzed by RPLC. Detection is by tandem MS, using multiple reaction monitoring. Stable isotope-labeled vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 internal standards are used for quantitation to correct for losses in extraction and any variation in derivatization and ionization efficiencies. A single-laboratory validation of the method using AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) kit samples was performed and compared with parameters defined according to the vitamin D Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPR®). Linearity was demonstrated over the range specified in the SMPR, with the LOD being estimated at below that required. Method spike recovery (vitamin D2, 97.0–99.2%; and vitamin D3, 96.0–101.0%) and RSDr (vitamin D3, 1.5–5.2%) were evaluated and compared favorably with limits in the vitamin D SMPR. Acceptable bias for vitamin D3 was demonstrated against both the certified value for National Institute of Standards and Technology 1849a Standard Reference material (P(α = 0.05) = 0.25) and AOAC INTERNATIONAL reference method 2002.05 (P(α = 0.05) = 0.09). The method was demonstrated to meet the requirements of the vitamin D SMPR as defined by SPIFAN, and was recently approved for Official First Action status by the AOAC Expert Review Panel on SPIFAN Nutrient Methods.
A workflow for reproducing mean benthic gas fluxes
Authors: Fulweiler Robinson W. , Emery Hollie E. , Maguire Timothy J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLong‐term data sets provide unique opportunities to examine temporal variability of key ecosystem processes. The need for such data sets is becoming increasingly important as we try to quantify the impact of human activities across various scales and in some cases, as we try to determine the success of management interventions. Unfortunately, long‐term benthic flux data sets for coastal ecosystems are rare and curating them is a challenge. If we wish to make our data available to others now and into the future, however, then we need to provide mechanisms that allow others to understand our methods, access the data, reproduce the results, and see updates as they become available. Here we use techniques, learned through the EarthCube Ontosoft Geoscience Paper of the Future project, to develop best practices to allow us to share a long‐term data set of directly measured net sediment N2 fluxes and sediment oxygen demand at two sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (USA). This technical report describes the process we used, the challenges we faced, and the steps we will take in the future to ensure transparency and reproducibility. By developing these data and software sharing tools we hope to help disseminate well‐curated data with provenance as well as products from these data, so that the community can better assess how this temperate estuary has changed over time. We also hope to provide a data sharing model for others to follow so that long‐term estuarine data are more easily shared and not lost over time.
Time‐of‐flight mass spectrographs—From ions to neutral atoms
Authors: Möbius E. , Galvin A. B. , Kistler L. M. , Kucharek H. , Popecki M. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAfter their introduction to space physics in the mid 1980s time‐of‐flight (TOF) spectrographs have become a main staple in spaceborne mass spectrometry. They have largely replaced magnetic spectrometers, except when extremely high mass resolution is required to identify complex molecules, for example, in the vicinity of comets or in planetary atmospheres. In combination with electrostatic analyzers and often solid state detectors, TOF spectrographs have become key instruments to diagnose space plasma velocity distributions, mass, and ionic charge composition. With a variety of implementation schemes that also include isochronous electric field configurations, TOF spectrographs can respond to diverse science requirements. This includes a wide range in mass resolution to allow the separation of medium heavy isotopes or to simply provide distributions of the major species, such as H, He, and O, to obtain information on source tracers or mass fluxes. With a top‐hat analyzer at the front end, or in combination with deflectors for three‐axis stabilized spacecraft, the distribution function of ions can be obtained with good time resolution. Most recently, the reach of TOF ion mass spectrographs has been extended to include energetic neutral atoms. After selecting the arrival direction with mechanical collimation, followed by conversion to ions, adapted TOF sensors form a new branch of the spectrograph family tree. We review the requirements, challenges, and implementation schemes for ion and neutral atom spectrographs, including potential directions for the future, while largely avoiding overlap with complementary contributions in this special issue.
Ocean worlds in the outer solar system
Authors: Nimmo F. , Pappalardo R. T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMany outer solar system bodies are thought to harbor liquid water oceans beneath their ice shells. This article first reviews how such oceans are detected. We then discuss how they are maintained, when they formed, and what the oceans' likely characteristics are. We focus in particular on Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan, and Enceladus, bodies for which there is direct evidence of subsurface oceans. We also consider candidate ocean worlds such as Pluto and Triton.
Dose response of task‐specific upper limb training in people at least 6 months poststroke: A phase II, single‐blind, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Lang Catherine E. , Strube Michael J. , Bland Marghuretta D. , Waddell Kimberly J. , Cherry‐Allen Kendra M. , Nudo Randolph J. , Dromerick Alexander W. , Birkenmeier Rebecca L. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveThe objectives of this work were to (1) determine whether higher doses of motor therapy in chronic poststroke hemiparesis result in better outcomes, compared to lower doses, and (2) evaluate potential modifiers of the dose‐response relationship.MethodsEighty‐five adults with upper extremity paresis ≥6 months poststroke were randomized to one of four dose groups in this single‐blind, parallel, randomized, control trial. The dosing parameter manipulated was amount of task‐specific training, as indexed by the number of task repetitions. Groups received 3,200, 6,400, 9,600, or individualized maximum (IM) repetitions, during 1‐hour sessions, 4 days/week for 8 weeks. The intervention was an individualized, progressive, task‐specific upper‐limb training program designed to improve upper‐limb functional motor capacity. The primary outcome was the slope of the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) during the intervention. Effects of dose and potential modifiers of the dose‐response relationship were evaluated with hierarchical linear models.ResultsARAT scores for the 3,200, 9,600, and IM groups improved over time as indicated by slopes (ΔARAT/week, mean ± standard errors) of 0.40 ± 0.15, 0.31 ± 0.16, and 0.66 ± 0.14, respectively (p < 0.05). The slope of the 6,400 group was smaller (−0.05 ± 0.15) and significantly different from the 3,200 and IM groups (p < 0.001). Initial motor capacity, neglect, and other tested characteristics did not modify the dose‐response relationship.InterpretationOverall, treatment effects were small. There was no evidence of a dose‐response effect of task‐specific training on functional capacity in people with long‐standing upper‐limb paresis poststroke. Ann Neurol 2016;80:342–354
Formation and Reversible Morphological Transition of Bicontinuous Nanospheres and Toroidal Micelles by the Self‐Assembly of a Crystalline‐b‐Coil Diblock Copolymer
Authors: Presa‐Soto David , Carriedo Gabino A. , de la Campa Raquel , Presa Soto Alejandro 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe herein report the formation of two complex nanostructures, toroidal micelles and bicontinuous nanospheres, by the self‐assembly of the single structurally simple crystalline‐b‐coil diblock copolymer poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]‐b‐poly(styrene), PTFEP‐b‐PS, in one solvent (THF) and without additives. The nature of these nanostructures in solution was confirmed by DLS and cryo‐TEM experiments. The two morphologies are related by means of a new type of reversible morphological evolution, bicontinuous‐to‐toroidal, triggered by changes in the polymer concentration. WAXS experiments showed that the degree of crystallinity of the PTFEP chains located at the core of the toroids was higher than that in the bicontinuous nanospheres, thus indicating that the final morphology of the aggregates is mostly determined by the ordering of the PTFEP core‐forming blocks.
Biodegradable nanocomposites based on starch/polycaprolactone/compatibilizer ternary blends reinforced with natural and organo‐modified montmorillonite
Authors: Guarás M. P. , Alvarez V. A. , Ludueña L. N. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article, biodegradable polymer/clay nanocomposites were prepared. The matrices used were based on blends of Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Anhydride‐Functional Polycaprolactone (PCL‐gMA) with Thermoplastic Starch (TPS). Nanocomposites films based on PCL/TPS and PCL/PCL‐g‐MA/TPS blends reinforced with 1 and 3 wt % of natural montmorillonite and two organo‐modified ones were prepared by melt intercalation followed by compression molding. The study was designed focusing on packaging applications. Grafting maleic anhydride onto PCL was efficient to improve PCL/TPS compatibility but did not modify matrix/nanoclay interaction. Matrix compatibilization and nanoclays increased the Younǵs modulus and slightly decreased the maximum stress of the TPS/PCL matrix. Nanoclay functionalization improved nanoclay dispersion in the blends but it was not reflected in mechanical properties improvements. The water adsorption of the compatibilized matrix was reduced after clay incorporation. A slight decrease in the biodegradation rate was observed with the addition of nanoclay. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44163.
Improved Electrochromic Performance of Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) by Incorporating a Three‐Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Structure
Authors: Zhang Hangchuan , Qu Huiying , Lv Haiming , Hou Shuai , Zhang Kun , Zhao Jiupeng , Li Xingang , Frank Endres , Li Yao 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper, three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films were electropolymerized from an ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim]PF6). The electrochromic performances of the 3DOM PEDOT films were studied. The 3DOM films exhibited high transmittance modulation (41.2 % at λ=580 nm), high ionic fast switching speeds (0.7 and 0.7 s for coloration and bleaching, respectively), and enhanced cycling stability relative to that exhibited by the dense PEDOT film. The relationship between the declining behavior of the transmittance modulation and the nanostructure of the film was investigated. A three‐period decay process was proposed to understand the declining behavior. The 3D interconnected macroporous nanostructure is beneficial for fast ion and electron transportation, high ion accessibility, and maintenance of structure integrity, which result in enhanced cycling stability and fast switching speeds.
Silver‐Catalyzed Isocyanide–Isocyanide [3+2] Cross‐Cycloaddition Involving 1,2‐Group Migration: Efficient Synthesis of Trisubstituted lmidazoles
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Kumar Rapolu Kiran , Yu Yang , Zhang Lin , Liu Zhaohong , Liao Peiqiu , Bi Xihe 
Published: July 2016

AbstractImidazole ring is an important five‐membered aromatic heterocycle that is widely present in natural products and synthetic molecules. The isocyanide–isocyanide [3+2] cross‐cycloaddition reaction constitutes a straightforward method to access imidazoles starting from the easily available chemicals. So far, only three successive reports are known and all lead to the formation of 1,4‐disubstituted imidazoles. Here, we report the first isocyanide–isocyanide [3+2] cross‐cycloaddition reaction allowing for the formation of 1,4,5‐trisubstituted imidazoles under silver catalysis. An unexpected 1,2‐migration of sulfonyl, alkoxycaybonyl, and carbamoyl groups took place during the cyclization process that is responsible for the formation of trisubstituted imidazoles. This report displayed a mechanistically novel synthetic method toward a variety of imidazole derivatives, which are otherwise difficult to access by conventional methods.
The characterization of plant species using first‐derivative fluorescence spectra
Authors: Yang Jian , Shi Shuo , Gong Wei , Du Lin , Sun Jia , Song Shalei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPlants are one of the most important parts of the ecological system and demand a reliable method for accurate classification. In this study, the first‐derivative fluorescence spectral curves (FDFSCs) based on laser‐induced fluorescence technology were proposed for the characterization of plant species. The measurement system is mainly composed of a spectrometer, an excitation light source (the two excitation wavelengths are 460 and 556 nm, respectively), and an intensified charge‐coupled device camera. FDFSCs were calculated from the deviation between the fluorescence values at each wavelength, plus and minus one band, divided by the wavelength range. Principal component analysis was utilized to analyze the FDFSCs by extracting the main attributes and reducing the dimensionality of variables. A support vector machine was used to evaluate FDFSC performance for the identification of plant species. Plant species that are difficult to distinguished by the naked eye, can be identified effectively using the proposed FDFSCs. For the 556 nm and 460 nm excitation wavelengths, the overall identification rates of the six plant species evaluated were 93.3% and 91.7%, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that the combination of the FDFSCs with multivariate analysis could provide a simple and reliable method for the characterization of plant species.
Efficacy of topotecan in pretreated metastatic poorly differentiated extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma
Authors: Apostolidis Leonidas , Bergmann Frank , Jäger Dirk , Winkler Eva Caroline 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTherapeutic options for metastatic poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) after prior platinum‐based chemotherapy are limited. Topotecan is an approved second‐line chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NEC is often considered to show a biological behavior similar to SCLC. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of topotecan in pretreated metastatic NEC patients. We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients treated with topotecan for metastatic NEC who presented at our center between January 2005 and December 2014 (n = 30). All 30 patients had received at least a platinum and etoposide containing regimen as prior chemotherapy. Median proliferation rate (Ki67) was 80%. As best response to topotecan five patients showed a stable disease, two patients a partial remission, resulting in a disease control rate of 23%. Of the remaining 23 patients, 14 (47%) showed a progressive disease, nine (30%) died before radiologic response could be evaluated. Median progression‐free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) after start of topotecan was 2.1 and 4.1 months, respectively. In the subgroup analysis, patients with unknown primary (vs. those with a known primary) showed a significantly prolonged PFS of 3.5 months (vs. 1.9, P = 0.0107) and OS of 6.7 months (vs. 2.6 months, P = 0.0168). Grade 3/4 hematotoxicity was observed in 60% of patients. Topotecan shows only moderate antitumor activity in metastatic NEC. Disease control rate is lower than reported for SCLC. However, antitumor activity of topotecan seems higher in patients with unknown primary.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination: Application of O‐Benzoylhydroxylamines in the Construction of the C−N Bond
Authors: Dong Xu , Liu Qing , Dong Yunhui , Liu Hui 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTransition‐metal‐catalyzed electrophilic amination has been developed into a powerful tool for C−N bond construction. So far, O‐benzoylhydroxylamines are the most widely used electrophilic aminating reagents. Herein, we summarize the recent advances of O‐benzoylhydroxylamines involved in electrophilic amination catalyzed by transition metals. Several pioneering studies and some of the relevant mechanisms are discussed in this review.
A Red‐Emitting Luminescent Material Capable of Detecting Low Water Content in Organic Solvents
Authors: Wang Tianren , Li Huanrong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA new red‐emitting luminescent material was prepared from a gel formed by simply mixing EuCl3⋅6 H2O and 4′‐para‐phenylcarboxyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine (Hcptpy) in a molar ratio of 1:2 in anhydrous ethanol at room temperature. It shows bright red luminescence dominated by the 5D0→7F2 transition of Eu3+, a long lifetime (1.16 ms), a high absolute quantum yield (48.2 %), and good thermostability (stable up to 500 °C). In addition, the luminescence of the material can be easily quenched by contact with water, which makes it suitable for detecting low contents of water (0.1–1.5 vol %) in common organic solvents such as diethyl ether and THF.
An Entry to Mixed NHC–Fischer Carbene Complexes and Zwitterionic Group 6 Metal Alkenyls
Authors: Sierra Miguel A. , Merinero Alba D. , Giner Elena A. , Gómez‐Gallego Mar , Ramírez de Arellano Carmen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe addition of NHCs to α,β‐unsaturated Cr0 and W0 (Fischer) carbene complexes is strongly dependent on the electrophilicity of the carbene carbon. Electrophilic alkoxy–carbene complexes quantitatively react with NHCs to yield stable zwitterionic (racemic) Cr0‐ and W0‐alkenyls with total regio‐ and E‐stereoselectivity. Less electrophilic aminocarbenes react with NHCs to promote the displacement of a CO ligand and yield “mixed” NHC/Fischer biscarbenes in a process that is unprecedented in group 6 metal–carbene chemistry. In fact, the compounds prepared, are some of the scarce examples of Fischer bisylidenes reported in the literature. The electrochemistry of the zwitterionic Cr0‐ and W0‐alkenylcomplexes made, show that these compounds have a strong reductor character, which is demonstrated in their reactions towards [Ph3C][PF6]. The oxidation processes lead to new types of cationic Fischer mono‐ and biscarbene complexes having a charged NHC fragment in their structures, in a new example of the use of electron‐transfer reactions as a method to prepare novel group 6 (Fischer) carbene complexes.