bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triple therapy in type 2 diabetes; a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Downes Martin J. , Bettington Emilie K. , Gunton Jenny E. , Turkstra Erika 
Published: December 2015

Aims.The purpose was to evaluate the evidence for triple therapy regimen using medicines available in Australia for type 2 diabetes.Methods.A systematic literature review was performed to update the relevant evidence from 2002 to 2014 on triple therapy for type 2 diabetes. A multiple-treatments network meta-analysis was undertaken to summarise the comparative efficacy and harms of different triple therapies.Results.Twenty seven trials were identified, most were six months of duration. The following combinations were included in the network meta-analysis: metformin (MET) + sulfonylureas (SU) (used as reference combination); MET + SU+ dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4-i); MET + SU+ thiazolidinediones (TZD); MET + SU+ glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1-RA); MET + SU+ insulins; MET + TZD + DPP-4-i; and MET + SU+ sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i). For HbA1creduction, all triple therapies were statistically superior to MET+SU dual therapy, except for MET + TZD + DPP-4-i. None of the triple therapy combinations demonstrated differences in HbA1ccompared with other triple therapies. MET + SU + SGLT2-i and MET + SU + GLP-1-RA resulted in significantly lower body weight than MET + SU + DPP-4-i, MET+SU+insulin and MET + SU + TZDs; MET + SU + DPP-4-i resulted in significantly lower body weight than MET + SU + insulin and MET + SU + TZD. MET + SU + insulin, MET + SU + TZD and MET + SU + DPP-4-i increased the odds of hypoglycaemia when compared to MET + SU. MET + SU + GLP-1-RA reduced the odds of hypoglycaemia compared to MET + SU + insulin.Conclusion.Care when choosing a triple therapy combination is needed as there is often a risk of increased hypoglycaemia events associated with this regimen and there are very limited data surrounding the long-term effectiveness and safety of combined therapies.
Covariance between Arctic sea ice and clouds within atmospheric state regimes at the satellite footprint level
Authors: Taylor Patrick C. , Kato Seiji , Xu Kuan‐Man , Cai Ming 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the cloud response to sea ice change is necessary for modeling Arctic climate. Previous work has primarily addressed this problem from the interannual variability perspective. This paper provides a refined perspective of sea ice‐cloud relationship in the Arctic using a satellite footprint‐level quantification of the covariance between sea ice and Arctic low cloud properties from NASA A‐Train active remote sensing data. The covariances between Arctic low cloud properties and sea ice concentration are quantified by first partitioning each footprint into four atmospheric regimes defined using thresholds of lower tropospheric stability and midtropospheric vertical velocity. Significant regional variability in the cloud properties is found within the atmospheric regimes indicating that the regimes do not completely account for the influence of meteorology. Regional anomalies are used to account for the remaining meteorological influence on clouds. After accounting for meteorological regime and regional influences, a statistically significant but weak covariance between cloud properties and sea ice is found in each season for at least one atmospheric regime. Smaller average cloud fraction and liquid water are found within footprints with more sea ice. The largest‐magnitude cloud‐sea ice covariance occurs between 500 m and 1.2 km when the lower tropospheric stability is between 16 and 24 K. The covariance between low cloud properties and sea ice is found to be largest in fall and is accompanied by significant changes in boundary layer temperature structure where larger average near‐surface static stability is found at larger sea ice concentrations.
Control of water distribution networks with dynamic DMA topology using strictly feasible sequential convex programming
Authors: Wright Robert , Abraham Edo , Parpas Panos , Stoianov Ivan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe operation of water distribution networks (WDN) with a dynamic topology is a recently pioneered approach for the advanced management of District Metered Areas (DMAs) that integrates novel developments in hydraulic modeling, monitoring, optimization, and control. A common practice for leakage management is the sectorization of WDNs into small zones, called DMAs, by permanently closing isolation valves. This facilitates water companies to identify bursts and estimate leakage levels by measuring the inlet flow for each DMA. However, by permanently closing valves, a number of problems have been created including reduced resilience to failure and suboptimal pressure management. By introducing a dynamic topology to these zones, these disadvantages can be eliminated while still retaining the DMA structure for leakage monitoring. In this paper, a novel optimization method based on sequential convex programming (SCP) is outlined for the control of a dynamic topology with the objective of reducing average zone pressure (AZP). A key attribute for control optimization is reliable convergence. To achieve this, the SCP method we propose guarantees that each optimization step is strictly feasible, resulting in improved convergence properties. By using a null space algorithm for hydraulic analyses, the computations required are also significantly reduced. The optimized control is actuated on a real WDN operated with a dynamic topology. This unique experimental program incorporates a number of technologies set up with the objective of investigating pioneering developments in WDN management. Preliminary results indicate AZP reductions for a dynamic topology of up to 6.5% over optimally controlled fixed topology DMAs.
Impact of switching crop type on water and solute fluxes in deep vadose zone
Authors: Turkeltaub T. , Kurtzman D. , Russak E. E. , Dahan O. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSwitching crop type and consequently changing irrigation and fertilization regimes lead to alterations in deep percolation and solute concentrations of pore water. Herein, observations from the deep vadose zone and model simulations demonstrate the changes in water, chloride, and nitrate fluxes under a commercial greenhouse following the change from tomato to lettuce cropping. The site, located above a phreatic aquifer, was monitored for 5 years. A vadose‐zone monitoring system was implemented under the greenhouse and provided continuous data on both temporal variations in water content and chemical composition of the pore water at multiple depths in the deep vadose zone (up to 20 m). Following crop switching, a significant reduction in chloride concentration and dramatic increase in nitrate were observed across the unsaturated zone. The changes in chemical composition of the vadose‐zone pore water appeared as sequential breakthroughs across the unsaturated zone, initiating at land surface and propagating down toward the water table. Today, 3 years after switching the crops, penetration of the impact exceeds 10 m depth. Variations in the isotopic composition of nitrate (18O and 15N) in water samples obtained from the entire vadose zone clearly support a fast leaching process and mobilization of solutes across the unsaturated zone following the change in crop type. Water flow and chloride transport models were calibrated to observations acquired during an enhanced infiltration experiment. Forward simulation runs were performed with the calibrated models, constrained to tomato and lettuce cultivation regimes as surface boundary conditions. Predicted chloride and nitrate concentrations were in agreement with the observed concentrations. The simulated water drainage and nitrogen leaching implied that the observed changes are an outcome of recommended agricultural management practices.
Steady nonuniform shallow flow within emergent vegetation
Authors: Wang Wei‐Jie , Huai Wen‐Xin , Thompson Sally , Katul Gabriel G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSurface flow redistribution on flat ground from crusted bare soil to vegetated patches following intense rainfall events elevates plant available water above that provided by rainfall. The significance of this surface water redistribution to sustaining vegetation in arid and semiarid regions is undisputed. What is disputed is the quantity and spatial distribution of the redistributed water. In ecohydrological models, such nonuniform flows are described using the Saint‐Venant equation (SVE) subject to a Manning roughness coefficient closure. To explore these assumptions in the most idealized setting, flume experiments were conducted using rigid cylinders representing rigid vegetation with varying density. Flow was induced along the streamwise x direction by adjusting the free water surface height H(x) between the upstream and downstream boundaries mimicking the nonuniformity encountered in nature. In natural settings, such H(x) variations arise due to contrasts in infiltration capacity and ponded depths during storms. The measured H(x) values in the flume were interpreted using the SVE augmented with progressively elaborate approximations to the roughness representation. The simplest approximation employs a friction factor derived from a drag coefficient (Cd) for isolated cylinders in a locally (but not globally) uniform flow and upscaled using the rod density that was varied across experiments. Comparison between measured and modeled H(x) suggested that such a “naive” approach overpredicts H(x). Blockage was then incorporated into the SVE model calculations but resulted in underestimation of H(x). Biases in modeled H(x) suggest that Cd must be varying in x beyond what a local or bulk Reynolds number predicts. Inferred Cd(x) from the flume experiments exhibited a near‐parabolic shape most peaked in the densest canopy cases. The outcome of such Cd(x) variations is then summarized in a bulk resistance formulation that may be beneficial to modeling runon‐runoff processes on shallow slopes using SVE.
Biomechanical Effects of Prefabricated Foot Orthoses and Rocker‐Sole Footwear in Individuals With First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Osteoarthritis
Authors: Menz Hylton B. , Auhl Maria , Tan Jade M. , Levinger Pazit , Roddy Edward , Munteanu Shannon E. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of prefabricated foot orthoses and rocker‐sole footwear on spatiotemporal parameters, hip and knee kinematics, and plantar pressures in people with first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint osteoarthritis (OA). Methods. A total of 102 people with first MTP joint OA were randomly allocated to receive prefabricated foot orthoses or rocker‐sole footwear. The immediate biomechanical effects of the interventions (compared to usual footwear) were examined using a wearable sensor motion analysis system and an in‐shoe plantar pressure measurement system.ResultsSpatiotemporal/kinematic and plantar pressure data were available from 88 and 87 participants, respectively. The orthoses had minimal effect on spatiotemporal or kinematic parameters, while the rocker‐sole footwear resulted in reduced cadence, percentage of the gait cycle spent in stance phase, and sagittal plane hip range of motion. The orthoses increased peak pressure under the midfoot and lesser toes. Both interventions significantly reduced peak pressure under the first MTP joint, and the rocker‐sole shoes also reduced peak pressure under the second through fifth MTP joints and heel. When the effects of the orthoses and rocker‐sole shoes were directly compared, there was no difference in peak pressure under the hallux, first MTP joint, or heel; however, the rocker‐sole shoes exhibited lower peak pressure under the lesser toes, second through fifth MTP joints, and midfoot.ConclusionPrefabricated foot orthoses and rocker‐sole footwear are effective at reducing peak pressure under the first MTP joint in people with first MTP joint OA, but achieve this through different mechanisms. Further research is required to determine whether these biomechanical changes result in improvements in symptoms.
Effectiveness of Foot Orthoses Versus Rocker‐Sole Footwear for First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Osteoarthritis: Randomized Trial
Authors: Menz Hylton B. , Auhl Maria , Tan Jade M. , Levinger Pazit , Roddy Edward , Munteanu Shannon E. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of prefabricated foot orthoses to rocker‐sole footwear in reducing foot pain in people with first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsParticipants (n = 102) with first MTP joint OA were randomly allocated to receive individualized, prefabricated foot orthoses or rocker‐sole footwear. The primary outcome measure was the pain subscale on the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) at 12 weeks. Secondary outcome measures included the function, footwear, and general foot health subscales of the FHSQ; the Foot Function Index; severity of pain and stiffness at the first MTP joint; perception of global improvement; general health status; use of rescue medication and co‐interventions to relieve pain; physical activity; and the frequency of self‐reported adverse events.ResultsThe FHSQ pain subscale scores improved in both groups, but no statistically significant difference between the groups was observed (adjusted mean difference 2.05 points, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] −3.61, 7.71; P = 0.477). However, the footwear group exhibited lower adherence (mean ± SD total hours worn 287 ± 193 versus 448 ± 234; P < 0.001), were less likely to report global improvement in symptoms (39% versus 62%; relative risk [RR] 0.63, 95% CI 0.41, 0.99; P = 0.043), and were more likely to experience adverse events (39% versus 16%; RR 2.47, 95% CI 1.12, 5.44; P = 0.024) compared to the orthoses group.ConclusionPrefabricated foot orthoses and rocker‐sole footwear are similarly effective at reducing foot pain in people with first MTP joint OA. However, prefabricated foot orthoses may be the intervention of choice due to greater adherence and fewer associated adverse events.
Synthesis and Electronic, Optical, and Electrochemical Properties of a Series of Tetracyanobutadiene‐Substituted Carbazoles
Authors: Kato Shin‐ichiro , Noguchi Hiroto , Jin Satoshi , Nakamura Yosuke 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA series of tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD)‐substituted carbazole chromophores were synthesized by formal [2+2] cycloaddition between tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and carbazole derivatives containing an acetylenic moiety, followed by retro‐electrocyclization. The reactivity of the carbazole varied depending on the conjugation connectivity between the carbazole and acetylenic moieties, the number of the carbazole moieties, and the length of the acetylenic moieties. All of the products feature intramolecular charge‐transfer bands in the visible region. TCBD substitution at the 1‐position of the carbazole gave rise to small HOMO–LUMO gaps compared to that at the 2‐ and 3‐positions. The relationship between the TCBD substitution pattern of the carbazole moiety and the effectiveness of donor–acceptor π‐conjugation was evaluated, and it was established that the π‐conjugation was effective in order of positions 1<2<3.
Biomimetische superhydrophobe/superoleophile hoch fluorierte Graphenoxid‐ZIF‐8‐Komposite für die Öl‐Wasser‐Trennung
Authors: Jayaramulu Kolleboyina , Datta Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha , Rösler Christoph , Petr Martin , Otyepka Michal , Zboril Radek , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDie Synthese von superhydrophoben/superoleophilen HFGO@ZIF‐8‐Kompositen aus hoch fluoriertem Graphenoxid (HFGO) und dem nanokristallinen zeolithischen Imidazolatgerüst ZIF‐8 wird vorgestellt. Die strukturdirigierenden und koordinativen Eigenschaften des HFGO erlauben eine selektive Nukleation der ZIF‐8‐Nanopartikel entlang der Sauerstoff‐funktionalisierten Oberfläche des Graphenoxids. Dies führt zu einer lokalisierten Keimbildung und Größenkontrolle der ZIF‐8‐Nanokristalle innerhalb der HFGO‐Schichten. Die Mikrostruktur des Verbundmaterials ist durch die Anwesenheit von Fluorgruppen entlang der Graphenoberfläche charakterisiert. Durch Selbstorganisation resultiert eine einzigartige mikro‐mesoporöse Struktur, deren Mikroporosität durch die enthaltenen ZIF‐8‐Nanokristalle begründet ist. Das Hybridmaterial weist einen großen Wasserkontaktwinkel von 162° und einen sehr niedrigen Ölkontaktwinkel von 0° auf, wodurch eine hohe Sorptionsselektivität sowie ein gutes Aufnahmevermögen für nichtpolare/polare Lösungsmittel und Öl‐Wasser‐Gemische gegeben ist. Demzufolge können die Sponge@HFGO@ZIF‐8‐Kompositmaterialien für die Öl‐Wasser‐Trennung eingesetzt werden.
Force‐Induced Reversal of β‐Eliminations: Stressed Disulfide Bonds in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Dopieralski Przemyslaw , Ribas‐Arino Jordi , Anjukandi Padmesh , Krupicka Martin , Marx Dominik 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the impact of tensile forces on disulfide bond cleavage is not only crucial to the breaking of cross‐linkers in vulcanized materials such as strained rubber, but also to the regulation of protein activity by disulfide switches. By using ab initio simulations in the condensed phase, we investigated the response of disulfide cleavage by β‐elimination to mechanical stress. We reveal that the rate‐determining first step of the thermal reaction, which is the abstraction of the β‐proton, is insensitive to external forces. However, forces larger than about 1 nN were found to reshape the free‐energy landscape of the reaction so dramatically that a second channel is created, where the order of the reaction steps is reversed, turning β‐deprotonation into a barrier‐free follow‐up process to C−S cleavage. This transforms a slow and force‐independent process with second‐order kinetics into a unimolecular reaction that is greatly accelerated by mechanical forces.
Tetrazole Photoclick Chemistry: Reinvestigating Its Suitability as a Bioorthogonal Reaction and Potential Applications
Authors: Li Zhengqiu , Qian Linghui , Li Lin , Bernhammer Jan C. , Huynh Han Vinh , Lee Jun‐Seok , Yao Shao Q. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe bioorthogonality of tetrazole photoclick chemistry has been reassessed. Upon photolysis of a tetrazole, the highly reactive nitrile imine formed undergoes rapid nucleophilic reaction with a variety of nucleophiles present in a biological system, along with the expected cycloaddition with alkenes. The alternative use of the tetrazole photoclick reaction was thus explored: tetrazoles were incorporated into Bodipy and Acedan dyes, providing novel photo‐crosslinkers with one‐ and two‐photon fluorescence Turn‐ON properties that may be developed into protein‐detecting biosensors. Further introduction of these photo‐activatable, fluorogenic moieties into staurosporine resulted in the corresponding probes capable of photoinduced, no‐wash imaging of endogenous kinase activities in live mammalian cells.
Enantioselective Aza Michael‐Type Addition to Alkenyl Benzimidazoles Catalyzed by a Chiral Phosphoric Acid
Authors: Wang Ya‐Yi , Kanomata Kyohei , Korenaga Toshinobu , Terada Masahiro 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHighly enantioselective Michael‐type addition (MTA) reactions between N‐protected alkenyl benzimidazoles and either pyrazoles or indazoles as nitrogen nucleophiles are accomplished for the first time using chiral phosphoric acid catalyst. Theoretical studies elucidated the reaction pathway and the origin of the stereochemical outcomes, where the catalyst substituent and the N‐protecting group of benzimidazole contributed to the resulting high enantioselectivity.
A General Method for Extracting Individual Coupling Constants from Crowded 1H NMR Spectra
Authors: Sinnaeve Davy , Foroozandeh Mohammadali , Nilsson Mathias , Morris Gareth A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCouplings between protons, whether scalar or dipolar, provide a wealth of structural information. Unfortunately, the high number of 1H‐1H couplings gives rise to complex multiplets and severe overlap in crowded spectra, greatly complicating their measurement. Many different methods exist for disentangling couplings, but none approaches optimum resolution. Here, we present a general new 2D J‐resolved method, PSYCHEDELIC, in which all homonuclear couplings are suppressed in F2, and only the couplings to chosen spins appear, as simple doublets, in F1. This approaches the theoretical limit for resolving 1H‐1H couplings, with close to natural linewidths and with only chemical shifts in F2. With the same high sensitivity and spectral purity as the parent PSYCHE pure shift experiment, PSYCHEDELIC offers a robust method for chemists seeking to exploit couplings for structural, conformational, or stereochemical analyses.
Solvent‐Enabled Radical Selectivities: Controlled Syntheses of Sulfoxides and Sulfides
Authors: Wang Huamin , Lu Qingquan , Qian Chaohang , Liu Chao , Liu Wei , Chen Kai , Lei Aiwen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractControlling selectivity is of central importance to radical chemistry. However, the highly reactive and unstable radical intermediates make this task especially challenging. Herein, a strategy for taming radical redox reactions has been developed, in which solvent‐bonding can alter the reactivity of the generated radical intermediates and thereby drastically alter the reaction selectivity at room temperature. Various β‐oxy sulfoxides and β‐hydroxy sulfides can be facilely obtained, some of which are difficult to synthesize by existing methods. Notably, neither a metal catalyst nor any further additives are necessary in these processes.
Amid‐substituierte Titanocene für die H‐Atom‐Transfer‐Katalyse
Authors: Zhang Yong‐Qiang , Jakoby Verena , Stainer Katharina , Schmer Alexander , Klare Sven , Bauer Mirko , Grimme Stefan , Cuerva Juan Manuel , Gansäuer Andreas 
Published: December 2015

AbstractZwei neue katalytische Systeme für die HAT‐Katalyse mit N‐H‐Bindungen Amid‐substituierter Titanocen(III)‐Komplexe werden vorgestellt. In einem Monometallsystem wird ein bifunktioneller Katalysator für die Radikalgenerierung und ‐reduktion durch HAT‐Katalyse eingesetzt. Diese Bifunktionalität hängt von der Koordination des Amidliganden ab. In einem Dimetallsystem aktivieren Amid‐substituierte Titanocen(III)‐Komplexe Crabtrees Katalysator für die Radikalgenerierung und HAT‐Katalyse.
Asymmetric Conjugate Alkynylation of Cyclic α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds with a Chiral Diene Rhodium Catalyst
Authors: Dou Xiaowei , Huang Yinhua , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAsymmetric conjugate alkynylation of cyclic α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds (ketones, esters, and amides) was realized by use of diphenyl[(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl]methanol as an alkynylating reagent in the presence of a rhodium catalyst coordinated with a new chiral diene ligand (Fc‐bod; bod=bicyclo[2.2.2]octa‐2,5‐diene, Fc=ferrocenyl) to give high yields of the corresponding β‐alkynyl‐substituted carbonyl compounds with 95–98 % ee.
C‐Alkylation of Ketones and Related Compounds by Alcohols: Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenation
Authors: Huang Fei , Liu Zhuqing , Yu Zhengkun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTransition‐metal‐catalyzed C‐alkylation of ketones and secondary alcohols, with alcohols, avoids use of organometallic or environmentally unfriendly alkylating agents by means of borrowing hydrogen (BH) or hydrogen autotransfer (HA) activation of the alcohol substrates. Water is formed as the only by‐product, thus making the BH process atom‐economical and environmentally benign. Diverse homogeneous and heterogeneous transition‐metal catalysts, ketones, and alcohols can be used for this transformation, thus rendering the BH process promising for replacing those procedures that use traditional alkylating agents. This Minireview summarizes the advances during the last five years in transition‐metal‐catalyzed BH α‐alkylation of ketones, and β‐alkylation of secondary alcohols with alcohols. A discussion on the application of the BH strategy for C−C bond formation is included.