bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Diagnosis and Violence: Description and Mechanisms
Authors: Serper Mark R. , Sokol Yosef 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The belief that psychiatric illness is the primary cause of violence in the community has persisted for millennia and continues to endure in the mind of the public. The stigmatization associated with severe mental illnesses stems, in part, from this general misperception. The actual relationship between the two, however, is complex. For example, low socioeconomic status, younger age, male gender, low academic achievement, social instability, and unemployment are all more robust correlates of aggression than a mental illness diagnosis. Both distal and proximal factors, such as intra‐ and interpersonal stressors (e.g., poor coping resources or poor social support networks); socioeconomic factors (e.g., poverty or unstable housing); early exposure to violence (e.g., abuse or victimization); history of antisocial behavior; genetic liability; and contextual and environmental factors interact in leading to aggression. In this chapter, we describe a variety of psychiatric diagnoses and related factors that interact to contribute to aggressive behavior.
Hate Crime
Authors: Gerstenfeld Phyllis B. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Hate crime has become a topic of increased interest and research in recent decades. Hate crime incidents—some of them violent and a few even lethal—have caught the media's attention as well. While a body of knowledge about hate crime is slowly growing, many questions remain unanswered. This chapter addresses some of the main issues related to hate crime, beginning with defining them and distinguishing them from hate speech. The chapter continues with a summary of what we know about the victims and prevalence of hate crime, including a discussion of the problems associated with its measurement. Finally, the chapter discusses research on hate crime offenders.
Violence and Moral Philosophy
Authors: Brecher Bob 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis chapter starts by asking why physical violence is morally wrong and then attempts to test its conclusion with reference to some common instances of physical violence. Then it turns to the really hard issue: Is violence always wrong, or are there circumstances in which it might be morally justifiable? In the background throughout is the question of what role there might be for the discipline of moral philosophy in distinguishing those circumstances in which it is justified from others.
Developmental Pathways to Aggression and Violence
Authors: Olson Sheryl L. , Ip Ka I 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, we examine four developmental pathways leading to aggression and violence among youths and young adults: childhood‐onset conduct problems, adolescent‐onset conduct problems, callous–unemotional traits, and relational aggression. Adult outcomes reflect the type and age of onset of earlier conduct problems as well as the dynamic progression of neurobiological, behavioral, and social–ecological risks to development. Children with early onset conduct problems are at elevated risk for a mix of adult outcomes that include criminal behavior, psychological and health disorders, poor work and educational histories, and violent behavior toward intimate partners and offspring. These adverse and costly outcomes are not inevitable. The fact that the most serious difficulties begin in early childhood underscores the importance of preventive efforts with high‐risk children and their families.
The Development of Aggression and Violence Over the Life Span
Authors: Burke Jeffrey D. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Aggression and violence are heterogeneous constructs, but subtyping approaches, including distinctions by developmental course, by progression of severity, and by types of behaviors, illustrate methods to bring greater clarity to their description and identification. Over development, violent behavior shows a course similar to that of the general age–crime curve, whereas aggressive behavior reveals high rates of aggression in early childhood that, for most individuals, desist by adolescence. Several key intraindividual factors, including social cognition, callous–unemotional features, and intelligence, help to explain why some individuals show greater aggression or violence than others. Effective intervention strategies exist, but important barriers remain in the identification and engagement in services of those most in need of intervention.
Addressing Children's Disruptive Behavior Problems: A 30‐Year Journey With Stop Now And Plan (SNAP)
Authors: Augimeri Leena K. , Walsh Margaret , Kivlenieks Michelle , Pepler Debra 
Published: September 2017

AbstractYoung children with disruptive behavior problems are often seen as the embodiment of their problematic behavior. For the past 30 years, the Child Development Institute, Canada, has offered Stop Now And Plan (SNAP®), an evidence‐based program that challenges this misconception. SNAP leverages the potential to address behavior problems in the middle years, an often forgotten yet critical development stage. In developing SNAP, we have looked beyond children's problematic behavior to focus on promoting their potential and supporting parents to nurture their children's social–emotional development. In this chapter, we describe the development of SNAP within the context of historical and emerging research in the field, and how SNAP is scaling nationally to offer increased support to children and families across Canada.
The General Aggression Model and Its Application to Violent Offender Assessment and Treatment
Authors: Gilbert Flora , Daffern Michael , Anderson Craig A. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Violence is a complex, multiply determined, and multifunctional behavior that manifests in various forms. To date, assessment procedures and intervention efforts targeting violence propensity have remained largely disconnected from much of the theoretical and experimental literature concerning aggression and violence. A greater intersection between violent offender treatment programs and psychological understandings of aggression is required, in order to ground approaches to the assessment and treatment of violent offenders in a cohesive theoretical framework. In this chapter, we describe the general aggression model (GAM), a contemporary and comprehensive model of aggressive behavior. We explore how the GAM has the potential to enhance assessment and treatment of violent offenders and articulate aspects of the GAM's application to violent offending that require further attention.
Strain Theory, Violence, and Aggression
Authors: Slocum Lee Ann , Agnew Robert 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGeneral strain theory (GST) is the most comprehensive version of strain theory and can explain both instrumental and expressive violence. In GST, strains pressure people to take corrective action by generating negative emotions, especially anger. This chapter provides an overview of the core arguments and research on GST, violence, and aggression and describes recent extensions of the theory. Special attention is given to one type of strain that has received much recent attention: unjust treatment by criminal justice officials.
Theories of Political Violence
Authors: Zimmermann Ekkart 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis chapter provides a critical overview of micro‐, group, and macrolevel theories of political violence, addressing the various causes, correlates, and consequences of political violence ranging from individual and group terrorist attacks to collective protest, ethnic strife, secession, internal war, revolutions, and attempts at changing the international political order. One of the major aspects is tracing the relevance of public goods in assessing the various forms of political violence and links between them. Strengths and weaknesses of several theories and future developments are addressed.
Principles and Foundations of Psychological Assessment
Authors: Fisher Jane E. , O'Donohue William , Haynes Stephen N. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the scientific principles and conceptual foundations of psychological assessment with special consideration of their application to the assessment of violence and aggression. It emphasizes the importance of applying standards of clinical science in practice, research, and public policy decisions involving psychological assessment of persons who engage in violent or aggressive acts. Conceptual analysis and recommendations within the chapter are based on the tenet that the best strategy for psychological assessment depends on the type of violence that is assessed (e.g., peer‐to‐peer, intimate partner, or sexual violence), the setting and context in which violence occurs (e.g., in the home, a school, institutional settings, or the community), and the goals of assessment (e.g., case conceptualization, addressing etiology‐related questions, or monitoring treatment outcomes).
Dyadic Conceptualization, Measurement, and Analysis of Family Violence
Authors: Rodriguez Lindsey M. , Straus Murray A. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The traditional—and still prevalent—model of family violence primarily focuses on individuals as either perpetrators or victims. However, research demonstrates that violence within couples does not occur within a vacuum, is dynamic, and typically involves behaviors from both partners. In an attempt to incorporate a dyadic perspective to family violence, this chapter demonstrates why a dyadic perspective is important, outlines obstacles to obtaining dyadic data and methods for overcoming those obstacles, and presents two primary methodological and analytical techniques for analyzing dyadic data: the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) and concordance analysis (CA). We highlight that these methods are complementary and have different strengths. Whereas APIM models are best used by researchers, CA may be used by researchers, clinicians, and practitioners who are interested in quickly categorizing couples by their dyadic concordance type.
Assessment of Callous and Related Traits
Authors: Kimonis Eva R. , Goulter Natalie 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCallous–unemotional (CU) traits, the suggested developmental precursor to psychopathic personality disorder, best distinguish those antisocial youth at high risk for early onset, pervasive, aggressive, and violent behavior. CU traits are associated with fearlessness and emotional hyporeactivity to negative stimuli, which are thought to represent unique causal factors underlying the antisocial and aggressive behavior. Current methods for assessing CU traits in youth include but are not limited to the clinical expert rating scale; the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version; and informant and self‐report inventories, such as the Antisocial Process Screening Device, the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory, and the Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits. As part of a multi‐informant, multimethod approach, these tools can assist clinical and forensic professionals in assessing the presence of CU traits and associated risk for violence among youth to administer empirically supported interventions.
Physiological Measurement and Assessment
Authors: Patrick Christopher J. , Brislin Sarah J. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter reviews current methods and findings of physiological research studies on persistent violence and aggression, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and psychopathy. The review begins by describing how ASPD and psychopathy, two clinical conditions that are commonly associated with violent and aggressive behaviors, are assessed and measured in contemporary investigative work. Following this, the chapter discusses differing physiological measurement methods that have been used in the study of these conditions and in relation to aggression and violent behavior more specifically. A detailed review of autonomic, somatic, electrocortical, and neuroimaging methods and findings is provided. Following this, the chapter provides coverage of key conceptual issues pertaining to the use of physiological measurement in assessing psychiatric phenotypes and psychological processes central to them. Directions for future research are discussed in this context.
Psychiatric Assessment of Violence
Authors: Rozel John S. , Jain Abhishek , Mulvey Edward P. , Roth Loren H. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Psychiatric assessment of violence cannot be limited to a purely diagnostic approach. Psychiatrists encounter questions in a variety of clinical and forensic settings and, by virtue of their training, can play a unique role in leading effective clinical and forensic interventions to evaluate and manage violence risk. First, as medical doctors, psychiatrists are able to evaluate risk factors relating to underlying medical issues including medications and drugs of abuse. By leading a team through a comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment and management plan, they are able to consider a wide range of risk factors—not just those linked to psychiatric diagnoses. Often, factors of current hostility and past history of violence are significantly stronger predictors of violence risk than psychiatric illness. When contributing psychiatric illness is present, it can be managed through a combination of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions.
Psychoanalytic Assessment of Violence
Authors: Yakeley Jessica 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis chapter addresses the assessment of violence and aggression from a psychoanalytic or psychodynamic perspective, focusing on the evaluation of the individual violent offender. It reviews psychoanalytic theories of violence and aggression including contemporary models of attachment and mentalization, which provide a theoretical framework for therapeutic interventions for violent and antisocial behavior. The process of psychodynamic assessment for violent individuals is described in detail and the chapter covers conducting clinical interviews and risk assessments; motivation and engagement of the offender or patient; consideration of the therapist's countertransference; and how to construct a psychodynamic formulation. Although psychoanalytic psychotherapy for violent patients is a specialized treatment practiced by forensic psychotherapists, for which service provision is limited, psychodynamic assessment and formulation may be usefully applied in all forensic mental health services to assist treatment planning for violent patients by focusing on relational processes and the emotional impact of the offender on clinicians, teams, and institutions.
Risk Assessment, Violence, and Aggression
Authors: Shaffer Catherine S. , Blanchard Adam J. E. , Douglas Kevin S. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Mental health professionals are routinely required to assess the risk of violence toward others and identify associated management needs. In this chapter, we provide a general introduction to the practice of violence risk assessment and consolidate the existing literature on best practices in the field. In the first section of this chapter, we discuss risk factors commonly considered when reaching judgments about violence risk. In the second section, we discuss general issues in understanding a client's potential for violence, including issues in the selection and evaluation of various risk assessment approaches and tools. In the third section, we discuss strategies for bridging the gap between risk assessment and risk management practices. This chapter concludes with a discussion of conceptual issues in assessing and managing violence risk that warrant further investigation.
Violence in Individuals with Major Psychiatric Disorders: Its Prediction and Treatment in Light of Heterogeneous Pathways to Violence
Authors: Krakowski Menahem I. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractViolence in major psychiatric disorders is a heterogeneous phenomenon with multiple biological, psychological, and social etiologies. Important risk factors include psychotic symptoms, neurocognitive impairment, personality dimensions, and substance abuse. This chapter focuses on the complex interplay between these factors. These interactions can enhance or decrease the probability of violence. A particular symptom or deficit may be conducive to violence in some individuals but not in others. As part of this emphasis, this chapter considers various classifications of violence. One categorization differentiates between a transient form of violence associated with acute positive psychotic symptoms, and two persistent forms of violence. One of these manifests itself as an impairment in inhibitory control of behavior and is related to specific neurocognitive deficits. The other is associated with antisocial traits. It is important to take into consideration the heterogeneity of violence and the interactions among etiological factors in order to properly treat it.
Preschool Life Skills: Toward Teaching Prosocial Skills and Preventing Aggression in Young Children
Authors: Luczynski Kevin C. , Fahmie Tara A. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In the United States, more than one 1.5 million 4‐year‐olds attended publicly funded preschool in 2012, which is problematic considering that the amount of nonfamilial center‐based childcare experienced between 3 and 54 months of age has been positively correlated with externalizing problem behaviors such as aggression and noncompliance at 4.5 through 10 years of age. Teaching prosocial skills, such as functional communication, that produce the same consequences as problem behavior in early childhood has led to significant reductions in problem behavior and the prevention of problem behavior. We describe the situations that give rise to and maintain problem behavior, the preschool life skills that should be taught in these situations for the prevention of problem behavior, and the strategies used to teach these prosocial skills in early childhood classrooms.
Evidence‐Based Practice and Children and Adolescents: What Works? What Works Best?
Authors: Barnes Tia Navelene , O'Brien Kristen Merrill , Cumming Michelle M. , Pitts Donna Spencer , Smith Stephen W. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAggression in children and adolescents is problematic because it places them at risk for school failure, peer rejection, and future incarceration. In this chapter, we provide an overview of interventions that include an individual treatment component for aggressive children and adolescents and address various risk factors related to aggressive behavior. Specifically, we present four individualized approaches—behavior modification, cognitive–behavioral therapy (including third wave therapies), parent management, and multicomponent approaches. For each approach, we provide a brief overview, examples of evidence‐based treatments, and a discussion of the effectiveness and optimal conditions for each treatment. We end the chapter with future directions for the field.
Applied Behavior Analysis and Treatment of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Luiselli James K. , Ricciardi Joseph N. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter reviews the contribution of applied behavior analysis (ABA) to the treatment of violence and aggression demonstrated by children, youth, and adults. The authors consider several key features of an ABA approach such as assessment and measurement, functional behavioral assessment, and functional analysis. Other areas included in the chapter are clinical case formulation, assessment‐derived treatment, writing behavior support plans, and training interventionists. We present and describe the contemporary evidence‐based literature dealing with ABA's treatment of aggression and violence that is attention maintained, escape motivated, and automatically reinforced. The participants in this research are persons who have intellectual and developmental disabilities, psychiatric disorders, and traumatic brain injury. The chapter concludes by highlighting the need for risk assessment and adapting treatment procedures to the constraints of natural settings.
Mindfulness and the Treatment of Aggression and Violence
Authors: Singh Nirbhay N. , Lancioni Giulio E. , Winton Alan S. W. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Anger and aggression are ubiquitous in modern society. The most commonly accepted treatments for these behaviors include psychopharmacology, cognitive–behavioral therapy, relaxation training, and skills training. More recent approaches include cognitive reappraisal, self‐control training, cognitive control training, and mindfulness. Mindfulness is the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment to moment. Therapeutic approaches derived from mindfulness‐based approaches have been used to help individuals to react calmly and peacefully to situations that ordinarily give rise to anger and aggression. This chapter discusses several mindfulness‐based interventions that can be used in this manner, including meditation on the soles of the feet, mindfulness‐based stress reduction, Shenpa and calm abiding, and mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy. Of these interventions, meditation on the soles of the feet is the most promising in terms of effectiveness in self‐management of anger and aggression.
The Fast Track Project: Effects on Violence and Aggression and Related Outcomes
Authors:   Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Children who engage in early onset conduct‐problem behaviors are at significant risk for multiple negative outcomes (e.g., violence, aggression) in adolescence and adulthood. Fast Track is a comprehensive, multisite intervention trial that was designed to prevent serious and chronic conduct problems in youth identified as high risk in kindergarten. The high‐risk sample comprised approximately equal numbers of African American and White children, 69% of whom are boys. The families were from urban, semiurban, and rural areas. Children were randomly assigned to receive the Fast Track intervention (
n
= 445) or services as usual in the schools (
n
= 446). This multicomponent intervention was implemented in Grades 1–10 and included both universal and targeted interventions. The sample was followed annually from kindergarten through 2 years following high school (approximately age 20) and again at age 25. This chapter describes the experimental design, the intervention model, and outcomes through the school years and into young adulthood (age 25). Findings support the conclusion that a comprehensive, multicomponent, developmental‐science‐based intervention targeted toward children with early onset conduct problems can significantly reduce adult psychopathology and violent crime.
Treatment of Parent–Child Violence
Authors: Wilson Rebecca F. , Fortson Beverly L. , Chaffin Mark 
Published: September 2017

AbstractParent–child violence is a public health problem that affects the lives of millions of children and families annually. It is associated with many negative short‐ and long‐term outcomes (e.g., anxiety disorders, depression, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse) and also contributes significantly to the costs associated with health and medical care, special education, criminal justice, child welfare, and losses in productivity. In this chapter, nonbehavioral and behavioral interventions to prevent the reoccurrence of abusive behavior are discussed. The nonbehavioral interventions include kinship care, foster care, and adoption and termination of parental rights. The behavioral interventions discussed include Nurse–Family Partnership, SafeCare, Parent–Child Interaction Therapy, and Incredible Years. While the field has come a long way in recognizing the prevalence of parent–child violence, how it affects the lives of children, and treatments that work, much work remains to be done to ensure that impacted families have access to and benefit from programs that have evidence of effectiveness.