bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design principles for robust vesiculation in clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Authors: Hassinger Julian E. , Oster George , Drubin David G. , Rangamani Padmini 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA critical step in cellular trafficking pathways is the budding of membranes by protein coats, which recent experiments have demonstrated can be inhibited by elevated membrane tension. The robustness of processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) across a diverse range of organisms and mechanical environments suggests that the protein machinery in this process has evolved to take advantage of some set of physical design principles to ensure robust vesiculation against opposing forces like membrane tension. Using a theoretical model for membrane mechanics and membrane protein interaction, we have systematically investigated the influence of membrane rigidity, curvature induced by the protein coat, area covered by the protein coat, membrane tension and force from actin polymerization on bud formation. Under low tension, the membrane smoothly evolves from a flat to budded morphology as the coat area or spontaneous curvature increases, whereas the membrane remains essentially flat at high tensions. At intermediate, physiologically relevant, tensions, the membrane undergoes asnapthrough instabilityin which small changes in the coat area, spontaneous curvature or membrane tension cause the membrane to “snap” from an open, U-shape to a closed bud. This instability can be smoothed out by increasing the bending rigidity of the coat, allowing for successful budding at higher membrane tensions. Additionally, applied force from actin polymerization can bypass the instability by inducing a smooth transition from an open to a closed bud. Finally, a combination of increased coat rigidity and force from actin polymerization enables robust vesiculation even at high membrane tensions.Significance statementPlasma membrane tension plays an important role in various biological processes. In particular, recent experimental studies have shown that membrane tension inhibits membrane budding processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). We have identified a mathematical relationship between the curvature-generating capability of the protein coat and membrane tension that can predict whether the coat alone is sufficient to produce closed buds. Additionally, we show that a combination of increased coat rigidity and applied force from actin polymerization can produce closed buds at high membrane tensions. These findings are general to any membrane budding process, suggesting that biology has evolved to take advantage of a set of physical design principles to ensure robust vesicle formation across a range of organisms and mechanical environments.Author ContributionsJ.E.H., G.O., and P.R. designed research. J.E.H. performed research. J.E.H., D.G.D., and P.R. analyzed data. J.E.H., G.O., D.G.D., and P.R. wrote the paper.
Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequence-based Molecular Phylogeography ofSalvadora oleoides(Salvadoraceae) in Punjab, India
Authors: Bast Felix , Kaur Navreet 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSalvadora oleiodesis a tropical tree species belonging to the little-known family Salvadoraceae and distributed in the arid regions of Africa and Asia. Aims of our study were to trace the microevolutionary legacy of this tree species with the help of sequence-based multi-local phylogeography and to find the comparative placement of family Salvadoraceae within angiosperm clade malvids. A total 20 geographical isolates were collected from different regions of North India, covering a major part of its species range within the Indian Subcontinent. Sequence data from nuclear-encoded Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and plastid-encodedtrnL-Fspacer region, were generated for this species for the first time in the world. ITS-based Bayesian phylogeographic analysis revealed the existence of four clades whiletrnL-Fspacer based Bayesian analysis revealed one clade for this species distributed in the Indian subcontinent. Between these two loci, ITS revealed more distinct phylogeographic clades, indicating the phylogeographic utility of this locus for the systematics of Salvadoraceae. Phylogenetic analyzes based ontrnL-Fspacer suggested a synonymy of this species withSalvadora angustifolia. Maximum Likelihood gene tree based on ITS sequence data revealed that Salvadoraceae belongs to Sapindales rather than Brassicales. However, in the gene tree based ontrnL-Fspacer sequence, this family clustered within Brassicales. An evolutionary congruence ofS. oleoidesisolates across its range in North India is revealed in this study. Given the conflicting results on the relative placement of Salvadoraceae in Brassicales and Sapindales, the need for further phylogenetic analyses of malvids using supermatrix approach is highlighted.
Carbon nanotube electrodes for retinal implants: a study of structural and functional integration over time
Authors: Eleftheriou Cyril G. , Zimmermann Jonas B. , Kjeldsen Henrik D. , David-Pur Moshe , Hanein Yael , Sernagor Evelyne 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThe choice of electrode material is of paramount importance in neural prosthetic devices. Electrodes must be biocompatible yet able to sustain repetitive current injections in a highly corrosive environment. We explored the suitability of carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes to stimulate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a mouse model of outer retinal degeneration. We investigated morphological changes at the bio-hybrid interface and changes in RGC responses to electrical stimulation following prolongedin vitrocoupling to CNT electrodes. We observed gradual remodelling of the inner retina to incorporate CNT assemblies. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrate a progressive increase in coupling between RGCs and the CNT electrodes over three days, characterized by a gradual decrease in stimulation thresholds and increase in cellular recruitment. These results provide novel evidence for time-dependent formation of viable bio-hybrids between CNTs and the retina, demonstrating that CNTs are a promising material for inclusion in retinal prosthetic devices.
Subiculum Neurons Map the Current Axis of Travel
Authors: Olson Jacob M. , Tongprasearth Kanyanat , Nitz Douglas A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTravel constrained to paths, a common navigational context, demands knowledge of spatial relationships between routes, their components, and their positioning in the larger environment. During traversal of an environment composed of multiple interconnected paths, a subpopulation of subiculum neurons robustly encoded the animal’s current axis of travel. The firing of these axis-tuned neurons peaked bimodally at head orientations approximately 180 degrees apart. Track rotation experiments revealed that axis encoding carried the spatial reference frame of the larger environment as opposed to the track itself. However, axis-tuned activity of the same subpopulation was largely absent during unconstrained movement about a circular arena. Thus, during navigation in a path-rich environment, subpopulations of subiculum neurons encode the animal’s current axis of travel relative to environmental boundaries - providing a powerful mechanism for mapping of specific relationships between routes, route components, and the larger environment.
The code of silence and ethical perceptions
Authors: Porter Louise E , Prenzler Tim 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore Australian police officers’ perceptions of unethical conduct scenarios with the aim of understanding unwillingness to report infractions.Design/methodology/approach– The responses of 845 officers were compared across 11 scenarios to explore variation in the extent to which they understood the behaviour to violate policy and their hypothetical willingness, or unwillingness, to report the behaviour. Particularly, it was hypothesised that non-reporters may justify their inaction based on the misperception that other officers hold even less ethical beliefs.Findings– Five scenarios emerged as least likely to be reported, with a substantial minority of officers stating their decision was despite their understanding that the behaviour constituted a policy violation. Contrary to predictions, these “non-reporters” were aware they were less likely to report than their colleagues, but believed they held the same views as their colleagues in terms of the seriousness of scenarios. Comparisons between non-reporters and other survey participants, however, found this belief to be false, with non-reporters viewing the scenarios as significantly less serious. A perceived self-other difference, along with a belief that others will report were shown to reduce the likelihood of not reporting.Practical implications– The results are discussed in terms of increasing willingness to report misconduct through organisational efforts to communicate values and support officers to make ethical decisions.Originality/value– The paper contributes to understanding the “code of silence” in perpetuating police misconduct and how it may be reduced.
Social bonds and police misconduct
Authors: Donner Christopher , Maskaly Jon , Fridell Lorie 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between social control (adult social bonds) and police misconduct.Design/methodology/approach– Multiple regression methods are used to analyze survey data from a sample of 101 first-line police supervisors. A consequence-based measure is used to capture social bonds and workplace deviance is measured as the self-reported likelihood of future misconduct.Findings– Police supervisors reported varying likelihoods of future workplace deviance across four acts of misconduct. Social control was found to be negatively related to three of the four acts, which provides general support for the theory and study hypothesis.Practical implications– The results are discussed in terms of research and policy implications.Originality/value– Acknowledging important gaps in the literature, this study explores the validity of social control theory for explaining police misconduct.
Exploring gender-neutrality of police integrity in Estonia
Authors: Vallmüür Birgit 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there are gender differences in police integrity in Estonia.Design/methodology/approach– The exploratory study is based on a police integrity survey – gender-neutral in nature – carried out in the Estonian Public Order Police. The study uses nonparametric methods to test whether male and female police officers are identical in their views and characterizes the differences in the sample (n=109).Findings– Results show that male and female respondents differ in how they relate to police integrity, but the differences are situation specific, not general across scenarios or measures.Originality/value– This is the first study of gender differences in police integrity in Estonia and one of the first explorations of gender differences in police integrity overall using an approach that includes a wider range of motives. As the Estonian police force has the highest proportion of women among European police services, the study explores gender differences in a unique police organization with a rare gender balance. The study compares variability across groups with the nonparametric Levene test for equality of variances – an approach that is not common in similar studies.
Does discipline fairness matter for the police code of silence? Answers from the US supervisors and line officers
Authors: Ivković Sanja Kutnjak , Peacock Robert , Haberfeld Maria 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– Following the theoretical model of reporting and disciplinary fairness developed by Kutnjak Ivković and Klockars (1998), the purpose of this paper is to use a survey of US police officers to explore empirically the contours of the code of silence and the potential relation between the code and perceptions of disciplinary fairness.Design/methodology/approach– In 2013-2014, a police integrity survey was used to measure the contours of police integrity among 604 police officers from 11 police agencies located in the Midwest and on the East Coast of the USA. The questionnaire contains descriptions of 11 scenarios describing various forms of police misconduct, followed by seven questions measuring officer views of scenario seriousness, the appropriate and expected discipline, and willingness to report misconduct.Findings– The results point out that the code of silence varies greatly across the scenarios, both for supervisors and line officers. While the supervisor code and the line officer code differ substantially, they are the most similar for the scenarios evaluated as the most serious. Compared to the respondents who evaluated expected discipline as fair, the respondents who evaluated it as too harsh were more likely to say that they would adhere to the code. On the other hand, compared to the respondents who evaluated discipline as fair, the respondents who evaluate the expected discipline as too lenient were as likely to adhere to the code.Research limitations/implications– The data were collected online, resulting in a lower response rates those typical of traditional paper surveys.Practical implications– The results of the research allow police supervisors interested in the controlling the code of silence to assess where the code is the weakest and easiest to break. Furthermore, the findings suggest to the supervisors who want to curtail the code that the strategy of meting out discipline perceived by line officers as too harsh will potentially only strengthen the code.Originality/value– Whereas the study of the code of silence has started several decades ago, empirical studies exploring the relation between the code of silence and perceptions of disciplinary fairness are rare.
A multi-country comparative study of the perceived police disciplinary environments
Authors: Ivković Sanja Kutnjak , Haberfeld Maria , Kang Wook , Peacock Robert , Sauerman Adri 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to test an aspect of the theory of police integrity by exploring the perceived disciplinary threat made by police agencies in Croatia, South Africa, South Korea, and the USA.

Design/methodology/approach
– A police integrity survey was used to assess perceptions of the expected discipline meted out by police agencies in four countries. Samples of police officers from Croatia, South Africa, South Korea, and the USA evaluated 11 hypothetical scenarios describing various forms of police misconduct.

Findings
– Bi-variate analyses reveal considerable divergence of perceptions of disciplinary consequences across the four countries. The majority of the respondents in each country expected some discipline for every scenario, but dismissal was expected for very few scenarios. Multivariate models of perceptions of expected discipline show that the country effect remains strong in the majority of the scenarios even in the presence of numerous controls.

Research limitations/implications
– To accommodate the diversity of legal rules, answers providing disciplinary options were not identical across countries. Some of the samples are representative, while others are convenience samples.

Practical implications
– The results show that, controlling for societal integrity, organizational variables play a critical role in shaping the respondents’ perceptions of expected discipline. Teaching police officers official rules might be an effective tool toward attaining more accurate perceptions of expected discipline.

Originality/value
– Police integrity research is dominated by single-country studies; this paper provides an in-depth exploration of perceptions of expected discipline across four countries.
Normative Limits of Peace Negotiations: Questions, Guidance and Prospects
Authors: Wählisch Martin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article considers the issue of normative limits of peace negotiations as set in the existing international guidance for peace mediators. Tensions between the aim for peace, justice and the protection of human rights in the crafting of conflict settlements have been of increasing concern. Over the past decade the United Nations (UN) has been at the forefront of informing and guiding mediators on the normative limits of peace agreements negotiated under UN auspices. This article provides an overview of UN guidance addressing normative aspects and explores how these can impact on the negotiation process. It then proposes questions for further reflection on this growing trend. Ultimately the article argues that understanding the role of normative factors, especially legal parameters such as international human rights law and minority rights, can help to strengthen the legitimacy and credibility of peace processes and their outcomes.
Australian contemporary management of synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Malouf Phillip , Gibbs Peter , Shapiro Jeremy , Sockler Jim , Bell Stephen 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionThis article outlines the current Australian multidisciplinary treatment of synchronous metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma and assesses the factors that influence patient outcome.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of the prospective ‘Treatment of Recurrent and Advanced Colorectal Cancer’ registry, describing the patient treatment pathway and documenting the extent of disease, resection of the colorectal primary and metastases, chemotherapy and biological therapy use. Cox regression models for progression‐free and overall survival were constructed with a comprehensive set of clinical variables. Analysis was intentionn‐ton‐treat, quantifying the effect of treatment intent decided at the multidisciplinary team meeting (MDT).ResultsOne thousand one hundred and nine patients presented with synchronous metastatic disease between July 2009 and November 2015. Median follow‐up was 15.8 months; 4.4% (group 1) had already curative resections of primary and metastases prior to MDT, 22.2% (group 2) were considered curative but were referred to MDT for opinion and/or medical oncology treatment prior to resection and 70.2% were considered palliative at MDT (group 3). Overall, 83% received chemotherapy, 55% had their primary resected and 23% had their metastases resected; 13% of resections were synchronous, 20% were staged with primary resected first and 62% had only the colorectal primary managed surgically. Performance status, metastasis resection (R0 versus R1 versus R2 versus no resection), resection of the colorectal primary and treatment intent determined at MDT were the most significant factors for progression‐free and overall survival.ConclusionsThis is the largest Australian series of synchronous metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma and offers insight into the nature and utility of contemporary practice.
Three‐dimensional CT for preoperative detection of the left gastric artery and left gastric vein in laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy
Authors: Yuasa Yasuhiro , Okitsu Hiroshi , Goto Masakazu , Kuramoto Shunsuke , Tomibayashi Atsushi , Matsumoto Daisuke , Edagawa Hiroshi , Mori Osamu , Tani Ryotaro , Akagawa Takuya , Kinoshita Mitsuhiro , Akagawa Yoko , Tani Hayato , Ohnishi Norio , Shirono Ryozo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIntroductionWe evaluated 3‐D CT imaging for preoperative classification of the left gastric artery and vein in patients with early gastric cancer and estimated its clinical benefit.MethodsBetween April 2009 and March 2014, 279 patients underwent preoperative 3‐D CT using a 64‐row multi‐detector CT scanner, followed by laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy. The 3‐D CT images of the arterial and portal phases were reconstructed and fused. The operative outcomes were compared between patients who had not undergone 3‐D CT (2007–2008) and who had undergone 3‐D CT (2009–2011).ResultsAccording to Adachi's classification, the numbers of type I, II, III, IV, V, and VI arterial patterns were 253, 15, 1, 3, 3, and 1, respectively. Three cases could not be classified. According to the Douglass classification, the left gastric vein flowed into the portal vein, splenic vein, junction of the portal vein and splenic vein, and left branch of the portal vein in 119, 111, 36, and 5 patients, respectively. The left gastric vein could not be visualized in six patients, and two patients could not be classified. In addition, the relation was absent for an Adachi type I vein and one of the “other” types of veins. The total operative time was significantly shorter with 3‐D CT than without it (P = 0.01), and the degree of lymph‐node dissection was significantly higher (P = 0.01). Inflammatory parameters and operative morbidity tended to decrease with 3‐D CT.ConclusionThree‐dimensional CT is a useful modality to visualize the vessel anatomy around the stomach, and it improves clinical effectiveness and reduces the invasiveness of surgery.
Spontaneously ruptured hepatic cyst treated with laparoscopic deroofing and cystobiliary communication closure: A case report
Authors: Shimada Shoji , Hara Yoshiaki , Wada Naoto , Nakahara Kenta , Takayanagi Daisuke , Ishiyama Yasuhiro , Maeda Chiyo , Mukai Shunpei , Sawada Naruhiko , Yamaguchi Noriko , Sato Yoshinobu , Hidaka Eiji , Ishida Fumio , Kudo Shin‐ei 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe rupture of a nonparasitic hepatic cyst with biliary communication is rare. We report the case of a patient with a hepatic cyst with biliary communication that spontaneously ruptured and was successfully treated by laparoscopic deroofing and closure of the communication. A 61‐year‐old woman presented at our hospital with a chief complaint of right upper abdominal pain. Enhanced abdominal CT showed a collapsed hepatic cyst and fluid collection. Drip infusion CT cholangiography showed contrast medium pooling in the collapsed cyst. Therefore, hepatic cyst rupture with biliary communication was diagnosed, and laparoscopic deroofing and closure of the communication were performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 6. In cases of hepatic cyst rupture, even in the presence of biliary communication, laparoscopic deroofing and closure of the communication should be recommended as the first‐choice treatment.
Minor populations of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria‐type cells in patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia
Authors: Damianaki Athina , Stagakis Elias , Mavroudi Irene , Spanoudakis Michael , Koutala Helen , Papadogiannis Fotios , Kanellou Peggy , Pontikoglou Charalampos , Papadaki Helen A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractChronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) is an acquired disorder of granulopoiesis characterized by increased apoptosis of the bone marrow (BM) granulocytic progenitor cells under the influence of pro‐inflammatory mediators and oligoclonal/monoclonal T‐lymphocytes. Because patients with immune‐mediated BM failure display frequently paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)‐type cells in the peripheral blood (PB), we investigated the possible existence of PNH‐type cells in 91 patients with CIN using flow cytometry. The patients displayed increased proportions of PNH‐type glycophorin A+/CD59dimand glycophorin A+/CD59−red blood cells (RBCs), FLAER−/CD24−granulocytes, and FLAER−/CD14−monocytes, compared to controls (n= 55). A positive correlation was found between the proportions of PNH‐type RBCs, granulocytes, and monocytes and an inverse correlation between the number of PB neutrophils and the proportions of PNH‐type cell populations. The number of patients, displaying percentages of PNH‐type cells above the highest percentage observed in the control group, was significantly increased among patients with skewed compared to those with normal T‐cell receptor repertoire suggesting that T‐cell‐mediated immune processes underlie the emergence of PNH‐type cells in CIN. Our findings suggest that patients with CIN display PNH‐type cells in the PB at a high frequency corroborating the hypothesis that CIN belongs to the immune‐mediated BM failure syndromes.