bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative examination of the differences between cannabis psychosis and methamphetamine psychosis in a psychological state
Authors: Oda A. 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundWith the rapid and intensive spread of marihuana abuse among youth, Japanese society is focusing on law enforcement against drug abusers. In 2016, a mass killing allegedly committed by a marihuana abuser was reported in Japan.ObjectivesTo consider that common recognition of the diverse process and potential risks of cannabis psychosis should be shared among psychiatrists.AimsElicit differences between cannabis psychosis and methamphetamine psychosis, and determine whether specific guidelines for treatment of cannabis psychosis are required.MethodIntensive retrospective review of distinctive methamphetamine and cannabis psychosis through case studies in our hospital.ResultMajor symptoms of methamphetamine psychosis include auditory hallucination and paranoia, however recovery is achieved soon after undertaking treatment. In cannabis psychosis, distinctive features are megalomania and by a pseud-enlightenment experience of supernatural existence, abusers stick to an unrealistic self-estimate of omnipotent, which leads them to refuse the fading away of this feeling and repeat abuse.ConclusionPsychological substances have strong suggestibility so abusers’ symptoms are easily modified by their mental state. Involvement of syndicate or perception of illegality reflects abusers’ drastic symptoms, but after dehospitalisation, recurrences are relatively fewer. Cannabis, however, grows wild and is admitted legally in some countries, so abusers lack awareness of guilt by mistaken perception of omnipotence and unrealistic optimism. Due to addiction and depersonalization, they rather enjoy gaining contact with supernatural power and fall into social withdrawal and are implicated to social problems. Considering the difficulty of rehabilitating and returning abusers to the community, we should not disregard the risks of cannabis abuse.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
25c-nbome: Case report and literature review
Authors: Preve M. , Casigliani S. , Tognola L. , Traber R. , Colombo R.A. 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionNovel psychoactive drugs (NPS) have rapidly increase in the last years in the drug market as a recreational use. A new group of toxic phenethylamine derivates named NBOMe of 2 C class present have emerged recently, are frequently bought using the internet and have similar effects to other hallucinogenic drugs; however, they may pose larger risks, due to the limited knowledge about them, their relatively low price and availability via the internet. The purpose of this report is to review the clinical evidence for the potential of abuse of NBOMe compounds. We propose a case report and literature review.MethodWe conducted a systematic review of the literature with the principal database (PubMed, Enbase, PsychInfo) and we present a case report.ResultsThe effects of 25C-NBOMe is characterized by hallucination, violent agitation, rhabdomyolysis and kydney injury.Discussion and conclusionEffects from 25C-NBOMe in our case report were similar to previous individual case reports in literature. The clinical features were also similar to effects from other analogues in the class (25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe). In our case, violent agitation (signs of serotonergic stimulation), rhabdomyolysis and kidney injury were observed. Further research is warranted to replicate our clinical and qualitative observations and, in general, quantitative studies in large samples followed up over time are needed. Methodological limitations, clinical implications and suggestions for future research directions are considered.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Paramethoxymethamphetamine (Mitsubishi turbo) abuse: Case report and literature review
Authors: Preve M. , Suardi N.E. , Godio M. , Traber R. , Colombo R.A. 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionParamethoxymethamphetamine and paramethoxyamphetamine (PMMA and PMA) are two so-called designer amphetamines, which appear from time to time on the illegal narcotics market in many countries. They are frequently sold as ecstasy or amphetamine, often mixed with amphetamine or methamphetamine [1, 2]. Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) is a hallucinogenic synthetic substituted amphetamine with capable of development of dependence [3]. The purpose of this report is to review the clinical evidence for the potential of abuse of paramethoxyamphetamine. We propouse a case report and literature review.MethodWe conducted a systematic review of the literature with the principal database (PubMed, Enbase, PsychInfo) and we present a case report.ResultsThe effects of paramethoxyamphetamine is characterized at the beginning with symptoms like euphoria, derealizzation, psychomotor activation, feeling in tune with surroundings and in love for friends, who come to visual and auditory illusions and hallucinations, paranoid delusion, and violent agitation.Discussion and conclusionThe use of these recreational drugs is especially common among young people participating in rave parties. Occasionally paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) or paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) are found in street drugs offered as ecstasy. Further research is warranted to replicate our clinical and qualitative observations and, in general, quantitative studies in large samples followed up over time are needed. Methodological limitations, clinical implications and suggestions for future research directions are considered.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Screening for alcohol use disorder, in mentally healthy military personnel
Authors: Rantis K. , Gougoulias K. 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionAUD, with a prevalence of 7.5% in Europe, is a common disorder among general population. Reports show higher incidence in military personnel.PurposeTo detect possible AUD in mentally healthy military personnel, and estimate the need for a more regular screening.MethodsUsing the AUDIT questionnaire, we assessed personnel (n = 248) visiting our outpatient department, from January to June 2016, diagnosed as having “no major psychopathology”, by gender, age, marital status, rank and education. The results were processed using the SPSS Mann–Whitney-U and Kruskal Wallis tests.ResultsWe tested n = 215 men and n = 33 women, most aged over 35, married, n = 97 officers and n = 151 NCOs (non-commissioned officers), of medium or higher education; 59.7%, scored very low (0–2), n = 11 had a borderline score of 6–7, 6 scored > 8, with one scoring 16, all men and NCOs. Women had very low scores (72.7% P = 0.009). Older personnel concentrated on lower scores, while the younger (18–24) have higher odds of AUD (12.6% scored 6+). Married personnel scored lower (P < 0.001). No significant correlation between AUDIT scores and education (P = 0.705), however, lower education personnel seem to concentrate on very low scores (82.6%).ConclusionsFemale gender, age, marriage, and rank may have a positive effect on alcohol use. Lower educated personnel possibly drink less due to their more physical duties. The fact that 17 diagnosed as mentally healthy personnel had a score implying borderline to problematic alcohol use, could underline the need for a more regular screening for alcohol use disorder in the armed forces.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Suicide prevention program in the argentine federal penitentiary service
Authors: Jemar G.N. , Barros D. , Cisneros C. , Salech M. , Gizzi V. 
Published: June 2017

Suicide configures failure in the mental health care of persons deprived of their liberty in terms of detection of risk factors, prevention, specific planning in terms of addressing thoughts of death or autolytic planning, trends, impulses and moods. The factors that unite in this catastrophe are multiple and depend not only on mental health care, but also on the circumstances that led to the deprivation of liberty, the family and the care of social continence and the intimate relationship of the person with its existence. Also, security personnel who take care of people in confinement contexts have a preponderant role in suicide preference. Structuring the personality distorted, immature or insufficient, circumstances that lead to vulnerability and threaten the preservation of life in the context of constant stress and loneliness. The transdisciplinary work experience provides us with constant review and dynamic concepts and practices to predict, diagnose and prevent risky behaviors prone to the symptoms of self-injury or self-harm of patients. In this sense, we propose interdisciplinary interviews of entry, registry for the detection of risk factors, specific treatment in patients at risk. The transdisciplinary confluence is a tool to be implemented to quantify the results and propose to reduce the incidence of suicide in people in a confinement context.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Suicides and road traffic deaths in Russia: A comparative analysis of trends
Authors: Razvodovsky Y. 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionIt has long been recognized that there are difficulties in obtaining valid mortality rates for suicides. The evidence indicated that suicides are sometimes misclassified and “hidden” as accidental. Suicide by motor vehicle crash is a recognized phenomenon, leading to under-reporting of the actual number of suicides and inaccuracies in the suicides mortality statistics. Road traffic accident mortality and the suicides rates in Russia are both among the highest in the world. This phenomenon has attracted much attention in recent years, but remains poorly understood.AimsThe present study aims to test the hypothesis of the close aggregate level link between road traffic accident mortality and the suicides rates in Russia.MethodsTrends in sex-specific road traffic accident mortality and the suicides rates from 1956 to 2015 were analyzed employing a distributed lags analysis in order to assess bivariate relationship between the two time series.ResultsThe graphical evidence suggests that the trends in both road traffic accident mortality and the suicides for male and female seem to follow each other across the time series. The results of analysis indicate the presence of a statistically significant association between the two time series for male at lag zero. This association for female was also positive, but statistically non-significant.ConclusionsThis study indirectly supports the hypothesis that many of road traffic accident deaths in Russia are likely to have been suicides. Alternatively, common confounding variables, including binge drinking and psychosocial distress, may explain positive aggregate-level association between the two time series.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
Suicidal ideation expressed in online video diaries: New form of sharing intention to die
Authors: Sendler D. 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionSuicide risk is increasing among all population groups, and no effective prevention method has been established due to high variability of risk factors.ObjectivesTo (1) determine risk factors in people, who video-streamed unsuccessful suicide attempt, and (2) assess whether screening video blog websites is an effective suicide prevention.MethodsParticipants (n = 24, 14 M and 10F, age range = 19 to 53) with past history of suicidal attempts were recruited online to participate in encrypted video qualitative interview. Three scales assessed suicidal tendencies and Internet addiction: Columbia–suicide severity rating (C-SSRS), suicide assessment five-step evaluation and triage (SAFE-T), validated Internet addiction scale of own design. Reported data are mixed quantitative and qualitative measures.ResultsParticipants were stratified into two age categories (students vs. working professionals), and all were determined to be addicted to Internet. Each group engaged in minimum 15 suicides ideation-related postings, prior to attempting suicide. Young participants typically posted impulsive, quick massages capturing distress caused by peers and family conflicts; seeking short-time recognition was evidenced by eliciting more “likes” and “comments” for each post. Working professionals posted less, but each video was lengthier and messages were emotional, usually ending in tearful summary of life events leading up to suicidal thoughts. While students expressed anger with “the system” as motivation to die, working professionals had financial problems and trouble forming long-lasting friendships.ConclusionPeople of all age groups increasingly document intention to die via blog video posts. These messages can be captured by prevention professionals who can reach out to troubled students and working adults.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
Designing an instrument to assess the competence of cognitive analytic therapists in training
Authors: Gimeno E. , Chiclana C. 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionSince its origins, cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) has become a focused and more effective alternative that can be approached from the first line of action by mental health teams. However, since CAT incorporates in its intervention aspects of other currents, it is possible that its limits and specificity may have blurred. Furthermore, therapists in training use to report difficulties related to this. For that reason, assessing the competence of CAT therapists in training becomes so important, as it promote the reflection of the therapist in its training and provides professionals necessary skills to ensure a better quality care for their patients.Aim and objectivesThe aim of this study was to design an instrument to identify the main training problems in CAT therapists which allows therapist's competence evaluation.MethodsFor this purpose, a specific tool to detect the main problems in the implementation of the psychotherapy by self-report was administered and evaluated by two therapists in training during its clinical practice.ResultsThe main implementation problems detected had to do with collusions and the temporary adjustment of the sessions. The therapists reported a high satisfaction with the instrument, which was valued as useful to be aware of the problems in CAT training and with clearly explained contents.ConclusionsThe tool has been shown to be useful to assess therapist's competence and to take awareness of collusions allowing the therapist to avoid them.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Differential Neural Correlates of Dimensions of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia During Social-emotional Appraisal and Effects of Treatment
Authors: Aleman A. 
Published: June 2017

Factor analyses of large datasets have established two dimensions of negative symptoms: expressive deficits and a motivation. This distinction is of relevance as the dimensions differ in their cognitive and clinical correlates (e.g. with regard to functional outcome). Using functional MRI, we examined the neural correlates of the two negative symptom dimensions with brain activation during social-emotional evaluation. Patients with schizophrenia (n = 38) and healthy controls (n = 20) performed the Wall of Faces task during fMRI, which measures emotional ambiguity in a social context by presenting an array of faces with varying degrees of consistency in emotional expressions. More specifically, appraisal of facial expressions under uncertainty. We found severity of expressive deficits to be negatively correlated with activation in thalamic, prefrontal, precentral, parietal and temporal brain areas during emotional ambiguity (appraisal of facial expressions in an equivocal versus an unequivocal condition). No association was found for a motivation with these neural correlates, in contrast to a previous fMRI study in which we found a motivation to be associated with neural correlates of executive (planning) performance. We also evaluated the effects of medication and neurostimulation (rTMS treatment over the lateral prefrontal cortex) on activation during the social–emotional ambiguity task. The medication comparison concerned an RCT of aripiprazole versus risperidone. Compared to risperidone, aripiprazole showed differential involvement of frontotemporal and frontostriatal circuits in social-emotional ambiguity. We conclude that deconstruction of negative symptoms into more homogeneous components and investigating underlying neurocognitive mechanisms can potentially shed more light on their nature and may ultimately yield clues for targeted treatment.Disclosure of interestAA received speaker fees from Lundbeck.
Flow experiences improve mindfulness of educational emotions during interprofessional training. Meta-analysis of a pilot study
Authors: Lazzari C. , Masiello I. 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionCsikszentmihalyi defines “flow experience” as the state of mind students experience when the average skills and challenges while learning are above their own average.ObjectivesDelle Fave, Massimi, & Bassi optimal experiences are used to assess students’ flow experience during interprofessional education (IPE).AimsTo use the emotions comprising the Milan school eight-channel model [“afraid, concerned, bored, relaxed, in control, excited, happy (‘flow’), and glad”] to assess flow experiences of undergraduate health care students during interprofessional training.MethodsTwenty-seven undergraduate health care students undergoing IPE training recoded their flow emotions during discussion of a clinical case in ward rounds, patient care in interprofessional teams, self-reflective practice at the end of each day of training and supervision of teachers. Statistical evaluation using meta-analysis with Tau squared (t2), Cochrane's Q and I2 provided the results (Table 1).ResultsAs reported in Table 1, interactions with teachers (I2 = 60.98%), patient care (I2 = 58.87%) and discussion of clinical cases (I2 = 63.31%) reported higher variability, significant at P < 0.05. The most frequent emotions were “relaxed” (> 66%) and “in control” (> 66%) but not “flow” (> 20%).ConclusionsResults show that challenges were below the skills possessed, which can slow down the learning process.Table 1Results for flow experiences in interprofessional education.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The Patient is Suicidal: What Should I Do as a Clinician?
Authors: Carli V. 
Published: June 2017

Suicidal behaviour is the most common psychiatric emergency. A large proportion of suicidal behaviour can be prevented, particularly in cases associated with mental disorders. Early recognition of suicidality and reliable evaluation of suicide risk are crucial for the clinical prevention of suicide. Evaluation of suicidal risk involves assessment of suicidal intent, previous suicide attempts, underlying psychiatric disorders, the patients’ personality, the social network, and suicide in the family or among acquaintances as well as other well-known risk factors. Suicide risk assessment should take place on several levels and relate to the patient, the family and social network but also to the availability of treatment, rehabilitation and prevention resources in the community. As suicide risk fluctuates within a short period of time, it is important to repeat the suicide risk assessment over time in an emphatic and not mechanistic way. The suicidal person may mislead both family members and hospital staff, giving a false sense of independence and of being able to manage without the help of others. Although extreme ambivalence to living or dying is often strongly expressed by the suicidal individual, it is not seldom missed by others. If observed in the diagnostic and treatment process, dialogue and reflection on such ambivalence can be used to motivate the patient for treatment and to prevent suicide. If ambivalence and suicidal communications go undiscovered, the treatment process and the life of the patient can be endangered. Today, several measurement tools of suicide risk exist, including psychometric and biological measurements. Some of these tools have been extensively studied and measures of their sensitivity and specificity have been estimated. This allows for the formulation of an approximate probability that a suicidal event might happen in the future. However, the low precision of the predictions make these tools insufficient from the clinical perspective and they contribute very little information that is not already gained in a standard clinical interview. Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals have always longed for reliable and precise tools to predict suicidal behavior, which could support their clinical practice, allow them to concentrate resources on patients that really need them, and backup their clinical judgement, in case of eventual legal problems. In order to be useful, however, the approximate probability that a suicidal event might happen in the future is not sufficient to significantly change clinical routines and practices. These should rely on the available evidence base and always consider the safety of the patient as paramount.Disclosure of interestThe author declares that he has no competing interest.
Psychological and psychiatric consequences of violence against Women
Authors: Kachaeva M. , Shport S. 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionDomestic violence against women has increasingly been recognized nationally and internationally as a serious problem. Violence against women is a troubling phenomenon in Russia. Meanwhile domestic abuse against women often results in long-term mental health problems.ObjectivesThe main aim of the study was to find out the psychological and psychiatric consequences of violence against women and to determine the origins of crimes committed by abused females.Materials and methodsA cohort of 18 females was examined by forensic psychiatrists. All women had committed crimes of violence (murders, attempted murders). Details of background, psychiatric and offending history were extracted. Each item was assessed with the help of descriptive statistics.ResultsA research has been carried out on the basis of psychiatric and forensic psychiatric assessment of two groups of women who had a long history of violence by their husbands or partners. Clinical assessment has revealed depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, drug abuse. All women underwent forensic psychiatric assessment as they had committed serious crimes of violence. The research has revealed two types of homicides. Women of the first subgroup displayed pathological altruistic motivation of their children. Women of the second subgroup had committed homicides of their husbands and partners whose violence towards women escalated in severity.ConclusionThe research shows the necessity of domestic violence prevention by legal provisions and multidisciplinary research with participation of psychiatrists, psychologists, sociologists, human rights advocates and feminist societies.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.