bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein Complexation and pH Dependent Release Using Boronic Acid Containing PEG‐Polypeptide Copolymers
Authors: Negri Graciela E. , Deming Timothy J. 
Published: June 2016

New poly(L‐lysine)‐b‐poly(ethylene glycol) copolypeptides have been prepared, where the side‐chain amine groups of lysine residues are modified to contain ortho‐amine substituted phenylboronic acid, i.e., Wulff‐type phenylboronic acid (WBA), groups to improve their pH responsive, carbohydrate binding properties. These block copolymers form nanoscale complexes with glycosylated proteins that are stable at physiological pH, yet dissociate and release the glycoproteins under acidic conditions, similar to those found in endosomal and lysosomal compartments within cells. These results suggest that WBA modified polypeptide copolymers are promising for further development as degradable carriers for intracellular protein delivery.
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Near‐Infrared Light Triggered Soft Actuators in Aqueous Media Prepared from Shape‐Memory Polymer Composites
Authors: Fang Liang , Fang Tianyu , Liu Xiaoxia , Chen Shunping , Lu Chunhua , Xu Zhongzi 
Published: June 2016

Light triggered soft actuator in aqueous media has applications in operating underwater objects, creating liquid flow, and adjusting reaction velocity, etc. Here, composites prepared from commercial materials, poly[ethylene‐ran‐(vinyl acetate)] (EVA) and aniline black (AB), are reported as one cost efficient material for preparing such actuator, where EVA and AB work respectively as shape‐memory polymer matrix and near‐infrared light triggered photothermal filler. Upon irradiation, the temperature of the composites increases greatly with light power density and AB content. Light‐induced shape‐memory effect (SME) with recovery ratio >98%, temperature‐memory effect (TME), and reversible bidirectional shape‐memory effect (rbSME) of the prepared composites in air are realized. Higher light power density is required to trigger the shape recovery in aqueous media, while good SME, TME, and rbSME are also achieved. Releasing device and gripper are used to indicate the feasibility of the composites as light triggered soft underwater actuators.
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What Encourages Nonprofits' Adoption of Good Governance Policies?
Authors: Lee Young‐Joo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study examines how nonprofits' external environments and organizational characteristics explain their likelihood of having written policies for good governance. Findings from the 2010 data of the National Center for Charitable Statistics show that state requirements for registration and annual reporting are not related to a nonprofit's likelihood of adopting such written policies. The results instead indicate that organizations that engage in lobbying activities and operate in metropolitan areas are more likely to have good governance standards. Most of all, the analysis shows that organizational resources, both financial and human, explain differences in the adoption of these policies. These findings suggest that the nonprofit community should collectively invest in building the infrastructure that helps smaller organizations develop good governance policies and, hence, stay competitive.
The Roles of Chronic Disease Complexity, Health System Integration, and Care Management in Post‐Discharge Healthcare Utilization in a Low‐Income Population
Authors: Hewner Sharon , Casucci Sabrina , Castner Jessica 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEconomically disadvantaged individuals with chronic disease have high rates of in‐patient (IP) readmission and emergency department (ED) utilization following initial hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between chronic disease complexity, health system integration (admission to accountable care organization [ACO] hospital), availability of care management interventions (membership in managed care organization [MCO]), and 90‐day post‐discharge healthcare utilization. We used de‐identified Medicaid claims data from two counties in western New York. The study population was 114,295 individuals who met inclusion criteria, of whom 7,179 had index hospital admissions in the first 9 months of 2013. Individuals were assigned to three disease complexity segments based on presence of 12 prevalent conditions. The 30‐day inpatient (IP) readmission rates ranged from 6% in the non‐chronic segment to 12% in the chronic disease complexity segment and 21% in the organ system failure complexity segment. Rehospitalization rates (both inpatient and emergency department [ED]) were lower for patients in MCOs and ACOs than for those in fee‐for‐service care. Complexity of chronic disease, initial hospitalization in a facility that was part of an ACO, MCO membership, female gender, and longer length of stay were associated with a significantly longer time to readmission in the first 90 days, that is, fewer readmissions. Our results add to evidence that high‐value post‐discharge utilization (fewer IP or ED rehospitalizations and early outpatient follow‐up) require population‐based transitional care strategies that improve continuity between settings and take into account the illness complexity of the Medicaid population. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of the polymer structure over self‐assembly and thermo‐responsive properties: The case of PEG‐b‐PCL grafted copolymers via a combination of RAFT and ROP
Authors: Sponchioni Mattia , Ferrari Raffaele , Morosi Lavinia , Moscatelli Davide 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTDuring the last years, the field of drug delivery has experienced a growing interest toward the so‐called thermo‐responsive polymers: synthetic materials that, due to the specific hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of their repeating units, exhibit a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water associated to a characteristic coil–globule transition. In this work, thermo‐responsive amphiphilic block copolymers are synthesized via reversible addition‐fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization starting from thermo‐responsive monomers and a hydrophobic biodegradable macromonomer, oligo(caprolactone)methacrylate (CL3MA), produced via ring opening polymerization (ROP). The obtained copolymers exhibit an interesting self‐assembly behavior leading to nanoparticles (NPs) as long as temperature is kept below the LCST. Otherwise, once this value is overcome, the destabilization of the NPs causes the formation of hydrophobic superstructures that enhance the release of an entrapped lipophilic drug. This characteristic behavior has been systematically studied and related to the copolymer structure. In particular, the self‐assembly behavior as well as temperature‐triggered NP destabilization have been related to the relative length of the two blocks constituting the copolymers and to their hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB). Finally, the efficacy of the thermo‐responsive triggered drug release has been tested in the case of Paclitaxel (PTX). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 2919–2931
Primate cognition: attention, episodic memory, prospective memory, self‐control, and metacognition as examples of cognitive control in nonhuman primates
Authors: Beran Michael J. , Menzel Charles R. , Parrish Audrey E. , Perdue Bonnie M. , Sayers Ken , Smith J. David , Washburn David A. 
Published: June 2016

Primate Cognitionis the study of cognitive processes, which represent internal mental processes involved in discriminations, decisions, and behaviors of humans and other primate species.Cognitive controlinvolves executive and regulatory processes that allocate attention, manipulate and evaluate available information (and, when necessary, seek additional information), remember past experiences to plan future behaviors, and deal with distraction and impulsivity when they are threats to goal achievement. Areas of research that relate to cognitive control as it is assessed across species include executive attention, episodic memory, prospective memory, metacognition, and self‐control. Executive attention refers to the ability to control what sensory stimuli one attends to and how one regulates responses to those stimuli, especially in cases of conflict. Episodic memory refers to memory for personally experienced, autobiographical events. Prospective memory refers to the formation and implementation of future‐intended actions, such as remembering what needs to be done later. Metacognition consists of control and monitoring processes that allow individuals to assess what information they have and what information they still need, and then if necessary to seek information. Self‐control is a regulatory process whereby individuals forego more immediate or easier to obtain rewards for more delayed or harder to obtain rewards that are objectively more valuable. The behavioral complexity shown by nonhuman primates when given tests to assess these capacities indicates psychological continuities with human cognitive control capacities. However, more research is needed to clarify the proper interpretation of these behaviors with regard to possible cognitive constructs that may underlie such behaviors.WIREs Cogn Sci2016, 7:294–316. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1397This article is categorized under:Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of CognitionPsychology > Comparative PsychologyPsychology > Memory
Extremes for the inradius in the Poisson line tessellation
Authors: Chenavier Nicolas , Hemsley Ross 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A Poisson line tessellation is observed in the window Wρ := B(0, π-1/2ρ1/2) for ρ > 0. With each cell of the tessellation, we associate the inradius, which is the radius of the largest ball contained in the cell. Using the Poisson approximation, we compute the limit distributions of the largest and smallest order statistics for the inradii of all cells whose nuclei are contained in Wρ as ρ goes to ∞. We additionally prove that the limit shape of the cells minimising the inradius is a triangle.
On a memory game and preferential attachment graphs
Authors: Acan Hüseyin , Hitczenko Paweł 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In their recent paper Velleman and Warrington (2013) analyzed the expected values of some of the parameters in a memory game; namely, the length of the game, the waiting time for the first match, and the number of lucky moves. In this paper we continue this direction of investigation and obtain the limiting distributions of those parameters. More specifically, we prove that when suitably normalized, these quantities converge in distribution to a normal, Rayleigh, and Poisson random variable, respectively. We also make a connection between the memory game and one of the models of preferential attachment graphs. In particular, as a by-product of our methods, we obtain the joint asymptotic normality of the degree counts in the preferential attachment graphs. Furthermore, we obtain simpler proofs (although without rate of convergence) of some of the results of Peköz et al. (2014) on the joint limiting distributions of the degrees of the first few vertices in preferential attachment graphs. In order to prove that the length of the game is asymptotically normal, our main technical tool is a limit result for the joint distribution of the number of balls in a multitype generalized Pólya urn model.
Jackson networks in nonautonomous random environments
Authors: Krenzler Ruslan , Daduna Hans , Otten Sonja 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe investigate queueing networks in a random environment. The impact of the evolving environment on the network is by changing service capacities (upgrading and/or degrading, breakdown, repair) when the environment changes its state. On the other side, customers departing from the network may enforce the environment to jump immediately. This means that the environment is nonautonomous and therefore results in a rather complex two-way interaction, especially if the environment is not itself Markov. To react to the changes of the capacities we implement randomised versions of the well-known deterministic rerouteing schemes 'skipping' (jump-over protocol) and `reflection' (repeated service, random direction). Our main result is an explicit expression for the joint stationary distribution of the queue-lengths vector and the environment which is of product form.
On a class of multivariate counting processes
Authors: Cha Ji Hwan , Giorgio Massimiliano 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this paper we define and study a new class of multivariate counting processes, named `multivariate generalized Pólya process'. Initially, we define and study the bivariate generalized Pólya process and briefly discuss its reliability application. In order to derive the main properties of the process, we suggest some key properties and an important characterization of the process. Due to these properties and the characterization, the main properties of the bivariate generalized Pólya process are obtained efficiently. The marginal processes of the multivariate generalized Pólya process are shown to be the univariate generalized Pólya processes studied in Cha (2014). Given the history of a marginal process, the conditional property of the other process is also discussed. The bivariate generalized Pólya process is extended to the multivariate case. We define a new dependence concept for multivariate point processes and, based on it, we analyze the dependence structure of the multivariate generalized Pólya process.
Radicalism in the Margins: The Politics of Reading Wilfrid Scawen Blunt in 1920
Authors: King Edmund G. C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article examines marginalia as a form of radical writing practice in the period immediately after the First World War. It focuses specifically on a densely annotated copy of the second part of Wilfrid Scawen Blunt's My Diaries, which covers on 1900–1914 and was published in 1920. The annotator, John Arthur Fallows (1864–1935), was a former Church of England clergyman and Independent Labour Party politician, and the article asks what motivated him to leave such an explicit record of his engagement with the book in its margins. Blunt recast his original diary entries to show how the outbreak of the First World War had arisen from the prewar imperialist policies of the Entente. Fallows, meanwhile, used his copy of My Diaries to inscribe a permanent record of his responses to Blunt's writing, which were shaped by his own memories of prewar radical-left political action. The dual record of textual engagement that can be recovered from this copy of My Diaries provides insight into how two British radicals “read” the causes of the First World War in the period between the Armistice and the conclusion of the Paris Peace Accords.
A NOTE ON WEIGHTED BADLY APPROXIMABLE LINEAR FORMS
Authors: HARRAP STEPHEN , MOSHCHEVITIN NIKOLAY 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe prove a result in the area of twisted Diophantine approximation related to the theory of Schmidt games. In particular, under certain restrictions we give an affirmative answer to the analogue in this setting of a famous conjecture of Schmidt from Diophantine approximation.
THE GROUP OF AUTOMORPHISMS OF THE LIE ALGEBRA OF DERIVATIONS OF A FIELD OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Authors: BAVULA V. V. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe prove that the group of automorphisms of the Lie algebra DerK(Qn) of derivations of the field of rational functionsQn=K(x1, . . .,xn) over a field of characteristic zero is canonically isomorphic to the group of automorphisms of theK-algebraQn.
Paediatric tympanoplasty: comparative study between patients aged 5–8 years and those aged over 14 years
Authors: Singh G B , Arora R , Garg S , Kumar S , Kumar D 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjective:To evaluate and analyse the success rate of tympanoplasty type I in paediatric patients aged 5 to 8 years compared to a control group (patients aged over 14 years).Methods:In this prospective study, 60 patients (of either sex) with chronic suppurative otitis media inactive mucosal disease were divided into 2 groups (30 in each): group A comprised paediatric patients aged 5–8 years and group B consisted of older individuals aged over 14 years. All patients underwent tympanoplasty type I with an underlay technique using a temporalis fascia graft.Results:Impressive surgical success rates of 87 and 90 per cent were recorded in groups A and B, respectively. Furthermore, audiological success rates of 69 and 78 per cent were achieved in groups A and B respectively. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that eustachian tube function had no impact on the outcome of tympanoplasty.Conclusion:Tympanoplasty type I performed in children aged five to eight years gives comparable results to those of older individuals.
Pascal's Prism
Authors: Brothers Harlan J. 
Published: June 2016

Pascal's triangle is well known for its numerous connections to probability theory [1], combinatorics, Euclidean geometry, fractal geometry, and many number sequences including the Fibonacci series [2,3,4]. It also has a deep connection to the base of natural logarithms, e [5]. This link to e can be used as a springboard for generating a family of related triangles that together create a rich combinatoric object.2. From Pascal to LeibnizIn Brothers [5], the author shows that the growth of Pascal's triangle is related to the limit definition of e.Specifically, we define the sequence sn; as follows [6]:
Maclaurin's inequalities: reflections on a STEP question
Authors: Siklos Stephen 
Published: June 2016

Step is a public examination administered by the admissions tests division of Cambridge Assessment (which is the parent body of the OCR examination board). It used as a basis for conditional offers by Cambridge and Warwick.A grade one on a STEP paper is awarded to candidates who produce nearly complete solutions to four questions. The duration of the paper is three hours, so each question is designed to take a good candidate about 45 minutes to complete. Not surprisingly, then, the questions can be quite profound, often having depths far beyond what is required for the examination. One such question haunted me, on and off, for many years. It turns out that the underlying idea is elementary and far from new; but it is nevertheless very striking and not, I suspect, well known. A pleasing by-product is a relatively easy proof of the AM–GM (algebraic mean–geometric mean) inequality.
Defining the neuroanatomic basis of motor coordination in children and its relationship with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Shaw P. , Weingart D. , Bonner T. , Watson B. , Park M. T. M. , Sharp W. , Lerch J. P. , Chakravarty M. M. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundWhen children have marked problems with motor coordination, they often have problems with attention and impulse control. Here, we map the neuroanatomic substrate of motor coordination in childhood and ask whether this substrate differs in the presence of concurrent symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodParticipants were 226 children. All completed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5)-based assessment of ADHD symptoms and standardized tests of motor coordination skills assessing aiming/catching, manual dexterity and balance. Symptoms of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) were determined using parental questionnaires. Using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance data, four latent neuroanatomic variables (for the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia and thalamus) were extracted and mapped onto each motor coordination skill using partial least squares pathway modeling.ResultsThe motor coordination skill of aiming/catching was significantly linked to latent variables for both the cerebral cortex (t = 4.31, p < 0.0001) and the cerebellum (t = 2.31, p = 0.02). This effect was driven by the premotor/motor cortical regions and the superior cerebellar lobules. These links were not moderated by the severity of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. In categorical analyses, the DCD group showed atypical reduction in the volumes of these regions. However, the group with DCD alone did not differ significantly from those with DCD and co-morbid ADHD.ConclusionsThe superior cerebellar lobules and the premotor/motor cortex emerged as pivotal neural substrates of motor coordination in children. The dimensions of these motor coordination regions did not differ significantly between those who had DCD, with or without co-morbid ADHD.
Thermal protein unfolding by differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism spectroscopy Two-state modelversussequential unfolding
Authors: Seelig Joachim , Schönfeld Hans-Joachim 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThermally-induced protein unfolding is commonly described with the two-state model. This model assumes only two types of protein molecules in solution, the native (N) and the denatured, unfolded (U) protein. In reality, protein unfolding is a multistep process, even if intermediate states are only sparsely populated. As an alternative approach we explore the Zimm–Bragg theory, originally developed for theα-helix-to-random coil transition of synthetic polypeptides. The theory includes intermediate structures with concentrations determined by the cooperativity of the unfolding reaction. We illustrate the differences between the two-state model and the Zimm–Bragg theory with measurements of apolipoprotein A-1 and lysozyme by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and CD spectroscopy. Nine further protein examples are taken from the literature. The Zimm–Bragg theory provides a perfect fit of the calorimetric unfolding transitions for all proteins investigated. In contrast, the transition curves and enthalpies predicted by the two-state model differ considerably from the experimental results. Apolipoprotein A-1 is ~50%α-helical at ambient temperature and its unfolding follows the classicalα-helix-to-random coil equilibrium. The unfolding of proteins with littleα-helix content, such as lysozyme, can also be analyzed with the Zimm–Bragg theory by introducing the concept of ‘folded’ and ‘unfolded’ peptide units assuming an average unfolding enthalpy per peptide unit. DSC is the method of choice to measure the unfolding enthalpy,$\Delta H_{\rm exp} ^0 $, but CD spectroscopy in combination with the two-state model is often used to deduce the unfolding enthalpy. This can lead to erroneous result. Not only are different enthalpies required to describe the CD and DSC transition curves but these values deviate distinctly from the experimental result. In contrast, the Zimm–Bragg theory predicts the DSC and CD unfolding transitions with the same set of parameters.
REPETITION TROPES AND LEVELS OF OBLITERATION IN JOHN ADAMS'S SAXOPHONE CONCERTO AND AMERICAN BERSERK
Authors: Robinson Paul 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe music of John Adams has grown far away from its roots in Minimalism, but even in complex works likeAmerican Berserk(2001) and the Saxophone Concerto (2013) one can detect the working of a compositional mind conditioned by procedures relating back to earlier periods of the composer's output. A feature of Adams recent work is a continuing concern with various repetition strategies but in a far more veiled and multilayered manner. Another feature of both works is the deployment of ‘pushing up’ and ‘pushing down’ material manipulated rhythmically and raised to a structural level. Two strategies are adopted and adapted to investigate these features. The first, is from Rebecca Leydon's ‘Towards a Typology of Minimalist Tropes’, which considers thequalitiesof repetition in Minimal music, and the second is an idea borrowed from David Osmond Smith's monograph on Berio'sSinfonia, Playing on Words, where he considers ‘levels of obliteration’ of an underlying text (Mahler 2 Scherzo ‘In Ruhig Fliessender Bewegung’) in the third movement of theSinfonia.