bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS) in pediatric and young adult patients: Results from a prospective study using limited‐margin radiotherapy
Authors: Tinkle Christopher L. , Fernandez‐Pineda Israel , Sykes April , Lu Zhaohua , Hua Chia‐ho , Neel Michael D. , Bahrami Armita , Shulkin Barry L. , Kaste Sue C. , Pappo Alberto , Spunt Sheri L. , Krasin Matthew J. 
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUNDIndications for and delivery of adjuvant therapies for pediatric nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS) have been derived largely from adult studies; therefore, significant concern remains regarding radiation exposure to normal tissue. The authors report long‐term treatment outcomes and toxicities for pediatric and young adult patients with high‐grade NRSTS who were treated on a prospective trial using limited‐margin radiotherapy.METHODSSixty‐two patients (ages 3‐22 years) with predominantly high‐grade NRSTS requiring radiation were treated on a phase 2 institutional study of conformal external‐beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy using a 1.5‐cm to 2‐cm anatomically constrained margin. The estimated cumulative incidence of local failure, Gray's method estimated cumulative incidence of local failure, Kaplan‐Meier method estimated survival, competing‐risk regression model determined predictors of disease outcome, and toxicity was reported according to CTCAE v2.0.RESULTSAt a median follow‐up of 5.1 years (range, 0.2‐10.9 years), 9 patients had experienced local failure. The 5‐year overall cumulative incidence of local failure was 14.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2%‐25%), and all but 1 local failure occurred outside the highest‐dose irradiation volume. The 5‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimates for event‐free and overall survival were 49.3% (95% CI, 36.3%‐61.1%) and 67.9% (95% CI, 54.2%‐78.3%), respectively. Multivariable analysis indicated that younger age was the only independent predictor of local recurrence (P = .004). The 5‐year cumulative incidence of grade 3 or 4 late toxicity was 15% (95% CI, 7.2%‐25.3%).CONCLUSIONSThe delivery of limited‐margin radiotherapy using conformal external‐beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy provides a high rate of local tumor control without an increase in marginal failures and with acceptable treatment‐related morbidity. Cancer 2017;123:4419‐29. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Adequate sampling of multiple thyroid nodules by fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Gould Ewing W. 
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUNDRecommendations regarding how many nodules to biopsy with thyroid fine‐needle aspiration vary.METHODSThe authors reviewed fine‐needle aspiration specimens of 12,763 nodules from 10,506 patients and correlated them with the number of nodules biopsied.RESULTSCompared with patients in whom only a single nodule was biopsied, patients in whom multiple nodules were biopsied were found to be significantly younger, more likely female, and to have larger tumors, and those tumors were more often papillary (all P<.001). On fine‐needle aspiration, patients who had multiple nodules biopsied were more often diagnosed with benign findings (P<.001), but usually had no significant difference in the risk of malignancy associated with any cytologic diagnosis. Performing biopsy in 3 nodules detected all carcinomas in the current series. Combining all cases in the literature demonstrated that performing only 3 biopsies in a patient with at least 4 suspicious nodules had a risk of malignancy of 1.2%.CONCLUSIONSBiopsy of 3 different nodules in patients with multiple nodules appears to lower the risk of malignancy to that of a benign fine‐needle aspiration specimen. Although exceptions can occur, cytologists may be able to improve the accuracy of their diagnoses by focusing predominantly on identifying papillary carcinoma after the first 2 nodules have been biopsied. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:848–53. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Sodium channel subtypes are differentially localized to pre‐ and post‐synaptic sites in rat hippocampus
Authors: Johnson Kenneth W. , Herold Karl F. , Milner Teresa A. , Hemmings Hugh C. , Platholi Jimcy 
Published: July 2017

AbstractVoltage‐gated Na+ channels (Nav) modulate neuronal excitability, but the roles of the various Nav subtypes in specific neuronal functions such as synaptic transmission are unclear. We investigated expression of the three major brain Nav subtypes (Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.6) in area CA1 and dentate gyrus of rat hippocampus. Using light and electron microscopy, we found labeling for all three Nav subtypes on dendrites, dendritic spines, and axon terminals, but the proportion of pre‐ and post‐synaptic labeling for each subtype varied within and between subregions of CA1 and dentate gyrus. In the central hilus (CH) of the dentate gyrus, Nav1.1 immunoreactivity was selectively expressed in presynaptic profiles, while Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 were expressed both pre‐ and post‐synaptically. In contrast, in the stratum radiatum (SR) of CA1, Nav1.1, Nav1.2, and Nav1.6 were selectively expressed in postsynaptic profiles. We next compared differences in Nav subtype expression between CH and SR axon terminals and between CH and SR dendrites and spines. Nav1.1 and Nav1.2 immunoreactivity was preferentially localized to CH axon terminals compared to SR, and in SR dendrites and spines compared to CH. No differences in Nav1.6 immunoreactivity were found between axon terminals of CH and SR or between dendrites and spines of CH and SR. All Nav subtypes in both CH and SR were preferentially associated with asymmetric synapses rather than symmetric synapses. These findings indicate selective presynaptic and postsynaptic Nav expression in glutamatergic synapses of CH and SR supporting neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity.
Clustered organization and region‐specific identities of estrogen‐producing neurons in the forebrain of Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata)
Authors: Ikeda Maaya Z. , Krentzel Amanda A. , Oliver Tessa J. , Scarpa Garrett B. , Remage‐Healey Luke 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA fast, neuromodulatory role for estrogen signaling has been reported in many regions of the vertebrate brain. Regional differences in the cellular distribution of aromatase (estrogen synthase) in several species suggest that mechanisms for neuroestrogen signaling differ between and even within brain regions. A more comprehensive understanding of neuroestrogen signaling depends on characterizing the cellular identities of neurons that express aromatase. Calcium‐binding proteins such as parvalbumin and calbindin are molecular markers for interneuron subtypes, and are co‐expressed with aromatase in human temporal cortex. Songbirds like the zebra finch have become important models to understand the brain synthesis of steroids like estrogens and the implications for neurobiology and behavior. Here, we investigated the regional differences in cytoarchitecture and cellular identities of aromatase‐expressing neurons in the auditory and sensorimotor forebrain of zebra finches. Aromatase was co‐expressed with parvalbumin in the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM) and HVC shelf (proper name) but not in the caudolateral nidopallium (NCL) or hippocampus. By contrast, calbindin was not co‐expressed with aromatase in any region investigated. Notably, aromatase‐expressing neurons were found in dense somato‐somatic clusters, suggesting a coordinated release of local neuroestrogens from clustered neurons. Aromatase clusters were also more abundant and tightly packed in the NCM of males as compared to females. Overall, this study provides new insights into neuroestrogen regulation at the network level, and extends previous findings from human cortex by identifying a subset of aromatase neurons as putative inhibitory interneurons.
Distinct projection targets define subpopulations of mouse brainstem vagal neurons that express the autism‐associated MET receptor tyrosine kinase
Authors: Kamitakahara Anna , Wu Hsiao‐Huei , Levitt Pat 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDetailed anatomical tracing and mapping of the viscerotopic organization of the vagal motor nuclei has provided insight into autonomic function in health and disease. To further define specific cellular identities, we paired information based on visceral connectivity with a cell‐type specific marker of a subpopulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and nucleus ambiguus (nAmb) that express the autism‐associated MET receptor tyrosine kinase. As gastrointestinal disturbances are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we sought to define the relationship between MET‐expressing (MET+) neurons in the DMV and nAmb, and the gastrointestinal tract. Using wholemount tissue staining and clearing, or retrograde tracing in a METEGFP transgenic mouse, we identify three novel subpopulations of EGFP+ vagal brainstem neurons: (a) EGFP+ neurons in the nAmb projecting to the esophagus or laryngeal muscles, (b) EGFP+ neurons in the medial DMV projecting to the stomach, and (b) EGFP+ neurons in the lateral DMV projecting to the cecum and/or proximal colon. Expression of the MET ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), by tissues innervated by vagal motor neurons during fetal development reveal potential sites of HGF‐MET interaction. Furthermore, similar cellular expression patterns of MET in the brainstem of both the mouse and nonhuman primate suggests that MET expression at these sites is evolutionarily conserved. Together, the data suggest that MET+ neurons in the brainstem vagal motor nuclei are anatomically positioned to regulate distinct portions of the gastrointestinal tract, with implications for the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal comorbidities of ASD.
Anisotropic Diffusion of Microbeads Surrounded by an Anisotropically Elongated Supramolecular Diarylethene Architecture under Linearly Polarized Light
Authors: Sakaguchi Akira , Higashiguchi Kenji , Matsuda Kenji 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUpon irradiation of an amphiphilic diarylethene derivative (which shows a photoinduced morphological transformation in water between sphere and fiber states) with linearly polarized light, elongation of the fiber in the direction of polarization was observed in TEM images. The diffusive motion was suppressed in the direction perpendicular to that of the generated fiber, as revealed by means of trajectory tracking of added polystyrene (PS) beads. When unpolarized UV light was used, the TEM image showed no anisotropic features and the diffusion of PS beads was isotropic. These results provide a means for anisotropic photocontrol of the morphology of supramolecular architectures.
Validation of an LC–MS/MS method for analysis of anti‐diabetic drugs in botanical dietary supplements labeled for blood sugar management
Authors: Ma Jun , Pawar Rahul S. , Grundel Erich 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe developed and validated a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method to detect and quantitate 14 anti‐diabetic, 2 anti‐obesity, and 3 cholesterol‐lowering drugs in botanical dietary supplements marketed for blood sugar management. Many botanical dietary supplements which carry label statements related to blood sugar management are available over the Internet. Potential adulteration of such dietary supplements with anti‐diabetic and other prescription drugs, some of which have been removed from the market due to adverse events, is of concern. No significant matrix effects were observed and mean recoveries of all 19 analytes from a single product matrix were 88 to 113% at spiking concentrations from 500 to 2000 μg/g. Mean recoveries of metformin, phenformin, and sibutramine from matrices prepared from multiple product composites ranged from 93 to 115% at a spiking concentration of 100 μg/g. The relative standard deviations (RSD) (%) of intra‐day analyses ranged from 0.2 to 13 for all recovery studies. Eighty dietary supplements obtained in the USA and carrying label statements related to blood sugar management were analyzed using this method and none were found to be adulterated with the above 19 drugs. Two products obtained outside of the USA and known to be adulterated were also analyzed by this method and found to contain phenformin, glibenclamide, and sibutramine. This method provided satisfactory selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity for rapid determination of 19 drugs and has broad applicability for the analysis of dietary supplements for possible adulteration with these compounds.
Comparison of measures of crowding, group size, and diversity
Authors: Lang Zsolt , Rózsa Lajos , Reiczigel Jenő 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn ecology, diversity is often measured as the mean rarity of species in a community. In behavioral sciences and parasitology, mean crowding is the size of the group to which a typical individual belongs. In this paper, focusing mostly on the mathematical aspect, we demonstrate that diversity and crowding are closely related notions. We show that mean crowding can be transformed into diversity and vice versa. Based on this general equivalence rule, notions, relationships, and methods developed in one field can be adapted to the other one. In relation to crowding, we introduce the notion “effective number of groups” that corresponds to the “effective number of species” used in diversity studies. We define new aggregation indices that mirror evenness indices known from diversity theory. We also construct aggregation profiles and orderings of populations based on aggregation indices. By uniting the mathematical interpretation of the ecological notion of diversity and the ethological notion of typical group size (or crowding, in parasitology), our insight opens a new avenue of both theoretical and methodological research. This is exemplified here using real‐life abundance data of avian parasites.
Recent stability of resident and migratory landbird populations in National Parks of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Ray Chris , Saracco James F. , Holmgren Mandy L. , Wilkerson Robert L. , Siegel Rodney B. , Jenkins Kurt J. , Ransom Jason I. , Happe Patricia J. , Boetsch John R. , Huff Mark H. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMonitoring species in National Parks facilitates inference regarding effects of climate change on population dynamics because parks are relatively unaffected by other forms of anthropogenic disturbance. Even at early points in a monitoring program, identifying climate covariates of population density can suggest vulnerabilities to future change. Monitoring landbird populations in parks during the breeding season brings the added benefit of allowing a comparative approach to inference across a large suite of species with diverse requirements. For example, comparing resident and migratory species that vary in exposure to non‐park habitats can reveal the relative importance of park effects, such as those related to local climate. We monitored landbirds using breeding‐season point‐count data collected during 2005–2014 in three wilderness areas of the Pacific Northwest (Mount Rainier, North Cascades, and Olympic National Parks). For 39 species, we estimated recent trends in population density while accounting for individual detection probability using Bayesian hierarchicalN‐mixture models. Our analyses integrated several recent developments inN‐mixture modeling, incorporating interval and distance sampling to estimate distinct components of detection probability while also accommodating count intervals of varying duration, annual variation in the length and number of point‐count transects, spatial autocorrelation, random effects, and covariates of detection and density. As covariates of density, we considered metrics of precipitation and temperature hypothesized to affect breeding success. We also considered effects of park and elevational stratum on trend. Regardless of model structure, we estimated stable or increasing densities during 2005–2014 for most populations. Mean trends across species were positive for migrants in every park and for residents in one park. A recent snowfall deficit in this region might have contributed to the positive trend, because population density varied inversely with precipitation‐as‐snow for both migrants and residents. Densities varied directly but much more weakly with mean spring temperature. Our approach exemplifies an analytical framework for estimating trends from point‐count data, and for assessing the role of climatic and other spatiotemporal variables in driving those trends. Understanding population trends and the factors that drive them is critical for adaptive management and resource stewardship in the context of climate change.
One‐step Solution‐Processed Formamidinium Lead Tribromide Formation for Better Reproducible Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Das Jaykrushna , Subbiah Anand S. , Mahuli Neha , Singh Roja , Sarkar Shaibal K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLow‐cost solar cells based on solution‐processed organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites with high photovoltage are highly sought after, especially for their use in tandem cells or for driving electrochemical reactions. Towards this end, we herein present a single‐step method for the preparation of regular planar heterojunction solar cells based on formamidinium lead tribromide (FAPbBr3), which is fabricated through an antisolvent‐assisted crystallization process. This results in the formation of improved film quality of the perovskite layer in terms of uniformity, surface coverage, crystallinity, and light absorption. Devices fabricated using such films utilizing 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐p‐dimethoxyphenylamino)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) as the hole‐transport layer exhibits an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.32 V with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) close to 6 %. The device performance is much higher than when using devices based on the conventional one‐step process (i.e., without using an antisolvent), where a Voc of 1.04 V and a PCE of 1.1 % are obtained. Moreover, the devices show better reproducibility with very little hysteresis.
Design and full‐scale experimental evaluation of a seismically endurant steel buckling‐restrained brace system
Authors: Dehghani Morteza , Tremblay Robert 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThis paper presents the results of 12 full‐scale tests on buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) specimens. A simple‐to‐fabricate all‐steel encasing joined by high‐strength bolts was used as the buckling‐restrainer mechanism. Steel BRBs offer significant energy dissipation capability through nondeteriorating inelastic response of an internal ductile core. However, seismic performance of BRBs is characterized by interaction between several factors. In this experimental study, the effects of core‐restrainer interfacial condition, gap size, loading history, bolt spacing, and restraining capacity are evaluated. A simple hinge detail is introduced at the brace ends to reduce the flexural demand on the framing components. Tested specimens with bare steel contact surfaces exhibited satisfactory performance under the American Institute of Steel Construction qualification test protocol. The BRBs with friction‐control self‐adhesive polymer liners and a graphite‐based dry lubricant displayed larger cumulative inelastic ductility under large‐amplitude cyclic loading, exceeding current code minimum requirements. The BRB system is also examined under repeated fast‐rate seismic deformation history. This system showed significant ductility capacity and remarkable endurance under dynamic loading. Furthermore, performance is qualified under long‐duration loading history from subduction zone's megathrust type of earthquake. Predictable and stable performance of the proposed hinge detail was confirmed by the test results. Internally imposed normal thrust on the restrainer is measured using series of instrumented bolts. Weak‐ and strong‐axis buckling responses of the core are examined. Higher post‐yield stiffness was achieved when the latter governed, which could be advantageous to the overall seismic response of braced frames incorporating BRBs.
Prediction of time to ignition in multiple vehicle fire spread experiments
Authors: Tohir Mohd Zahirasri Mohd , Spearpoint Michael , Fleischmann Charles 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThis paper describes the application of the flux‐time product ignition criterion and the point source flame radiation model to predict the time to ignition in multiple vehicle spread scenarios. Ten experiments from the literature have been selected due to sufficiency of information required to apply the methods. The outcome of this work is to be applied to a risk‐based model for the design of car parking buildings to determine when and if a fire spreads between vehicles; therefore, the analysis suggests properties of a representative material that can reasonably account for those external vehicle components that are most likely to ignite first. The application of both methods to the complex problem of multiple vehicle ignition requires several assumptions and simplifications which are discussed in the paper.
Archaeological site formation processes in northwestern Patagonia, Mendoza Province, Argentina
Authors: Tripaldi Alfonsina , Zárate Marcelo A. , Neme Gustavo A. , Gil Adolfo F. , Giardina Miguel , Salgán M. Laura 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe Cañadón Amarillo area in northwestern Patagonia (Mendoza Province, Argentina) presents a rich archaeological record contained within thick successions of fine‐grained deposits with well‐constrained chronological and stratigraphic resolution. Geomorphological, sedimentological, and archaeological analysis of three archaeological localities, constrained by radiocarbon ages, was conducted to reconstruct site formation processes and depositional variability in an exposed, dryland setting. The archaeological sites are located in the Cañadón Amarillo area between the southern margin of the volcanic Payunia Plateau and the Colorado River, in an area of ephemeral streams and eolian sand sheets. The archaeological remains are preferentially contained in fine to very fine sand to silty sand deposits associated with the ephemeral streams. Low‐energy fluvial deposition related to overbank flows, and eolian aggradation associated with coppice dunes, sand shadows, and unrippled and partially vegetated mantles have favored preservation of in situ archaeological materials. Our investigations provide insight into site formation processes in exposed settings within the semiarid parts of northwestern Patagonia and extend the local record of human occupation to ∼7300 14C yr B.P.