bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illegal, Legal, Irregular or Regular – Who is the Incoming Foreigner?
Authors: Perkowska Magdalena 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Irregular migration is a global topic which currently occupies a central position especially in Europe. Illegal migration as a concept covers a number of rather different issues. We can find different terms as clandestine migration, illegal entry, irregular migrant, undocumented migrant irregular migration etc., to name the phenomenon of illegal entry, illegal stay or overstaying a visa-free travel period. In the context of legal instruments and recommendations of the United Nations and European Union, this article tries to present the multitude of terms and definitions concerning the phenomenon of migration that is unusual to rules and regulations, and its authors who neither recognise nor follow legal migration procedure. The article also endeavours to present the terms which are mostly used in legal discourse and examples of particular acts and contexts in which they are used.
Variability of soil properties in an intensively cultivated experimental field
Authors: Gałka Bernard , Kabała Cezary , Karczewska Anna , Sowiński Józef , Jakubiec Justyna 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine whether long-term intensive cultivation that used variable ploughing and fertilisation technologies and schemes influences the differentiation of soil properties which may impact the results of growing experiments in a relatively small experimental field (0.1 ha). The field under study is located in Wrocław, in an agricultural experimental station that has been operating for more than 60 years. A transformation of rusty gleyic soils (Brunic Gleyic Arenosols) into anthropogenic black earths (Gleyic Phaeozems (Arenic)) was noticed. The content of organic carbon and nitrogen, pH and the content of exchangeable base cations in the plough layer were positively (statistically and spatially) correlated and their increased values were observed in soils with a deeper and darker plough level. The present differentiation of the physical and chemical properties of soils in the experimental field do not result from such primary soil-forming factors as a kind and texture of parent material, topography, moisture regime, or (micro-)climatic conditions, which are not differentiated within the field, but from various intensity of former cultivation on individual sections of the experimental field. The variability cśfficient of the crucial soil properties was found to exceed 30%, which might significantly influence the results of micro-plot vegetation experiments.
Foggy Diaspora: Romanian Women in Eastern Serbia
Authors: Sorescu-Marinković Annemarie 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Drawing on ethnographic and anthropological research on the Romanian communities in Eastern Serbia, this article seeks to contribute to the global scholarship on diaspora and migration. It reveals interesting differences between the well defined and intensely studied notion of “diaspora” on the one hand, and the understudied, but useful concept of “near diaspora” on the other. First, the presence of Romanians in Eastern Serbia is looked at from a gender perspective, in the wider context of feminization of international migration. Second, the paper argues that the Romanian women in Eastern Serbia adopt the strategy of living in the “social fog”, thus becoming what can be termed “foggy diaspora”.
Digital Natives or Not? How do Romanian Adolescents Cross the Boundaries of Internet Common Use
Authors: Balea Bianca 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The present paper challenges the dominance of the digital natives’ agenda and turns its attention to the social context in which Internet usage among adolescents occurs. Findings indicate that even when young people are using the Internet with the same frequency, i.e. every day, the differences among them remain significant. Therefore, it can be argued that considering an entire cohort to be similar in terms of Internet use only due its age is a misconception. The way children make use of the Internet and the gratifications they gain after using it depend, as van Dijk (2005) showed, on the quality of access, on the level of skills, and on the personal (e.g. Experience, self-efficacy, confidence) and positional resources (e.g. Age, gender, socio-economic status). Questioning the main determinants that lead to the most advanced way to make use of the Internet, the logistic analysis shows that, in order for a Romanian adolescent to turn into an experienced user once he or she embedded the Internet in his or her everyday life, is a matter of skills, experience, and time online, and is less a matter of socioeconomic background. However, we have to keep in mind the previous path analysis’ findings, which emphasize that online experience, time spent online, self-efficacy, and digital skills are all determined, through direct or indirect effects, by demographic variables (i.e. age, gender and socio-economic status), even when age is held constant (Fizesan [Balea], 2012).
Nationalsozialismus als Antikolonialismus
Authors: Goldenbaum Hans 
Published: July 2016

Vorspann
Die Beziehungen zwischen dem Nationalsozialismus und der arabischen Welt werden in den letzten Jahren häufig und vielfach kontrovers diskutiert. Wie kompatibel oder gar verwandt waren die Weltanschauungen des NS-Regimes und der arabisch- nationalistischen und islamistischen Strömungen im Nahen Osten? Inwieweit zogen diese Kräfte an einem Strang? Hans Goldenbaum kommt bei seiner Analyse der arabischsprachigen NS-Rundfunkpropaganda und ihrer Rezeption zu einer differenzierten Sicht. Gestützt auf die umfassende Erschließung neuer Quellen kann er indes klar zeigen, dass es den Berliner Stellen ausschließlich um die Instrumentalisierung arabischer Befindlichkeiten für eigene Interessen ging.
Unexpected Behavior on Nonlinear Tunneling of Chirped Ultrashort Soliton Pulse in Non-Kerr Media with Raman Effect
Authors: Rajan M.S. Mani 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In this manuscript, the ultrashort soliton pulse propagation through nonlinear tunneling in cubic quintic media is investigated. The effect of chirping on propagation characteristics of the soliton pulse is analytically investigated using similarity transformation. In particular, we investigate the propagation dynamics of ultrashort soliton pulse through dispersion barrier for both chirp and chirp-free soliton. By investigating the obtained soliton solution, we found that chirping has strong influence on soliton dynamics such as pulse compression with amplification. These two important dynamics of chirped soliton in cubic quintic media open new possibilities to improve the solitonic communication system. Moreover, we surprisingly observe that a dispersion well is formed for the chirped case whereas a barrier is formed for the chirp-free case, which has certain applications in the construction of logic gate devices to achieve ultrafast switching.
Head Impact Magnitude in American High School Football
Authors: Schmidt Julianne D. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Mihalik Jason P. , Blackburn J. Troy , Siegmund Gunter P. , Marshall Stephen W. 
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVES:
To describe determinants of head impact magnitudes between various play aspects in high school football.

METHODS:
Thirty-two high school American football players wore Head Impact Telemetry System instrumented helmets to capture head impact magnitude (linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, and Head Impact Technology severity profile [HITsp]). We captured and analyzed video from 13 games (n = 3888 viewable head impacts) to determine the following play aspects: quarter, impact cause, play type, closing distance, double head impact, player’s stance, player’s action, direction of gaze, athletic readiness, level of anticipation, player stationary, ball possession, receiving ball, and snapping ball. We conducted random intercepts general linear mixed models to assess the differences in head impact magnitude between play aspects (α = 0.05).

RESULTS:
The following aspects resulted in greater head impact magnitude: impacts during the second quarter (HITsp: P = .03); contact with another player (linear, rotational, HITsp: P &lt; .001); initial head impact when the head is struck twice (linear, rotational, HITsp: P &lt; .001); longer closing distances, especially when combined with a 3-point stance or when being struck in the head (linear: P = .03); the 2-point stance (linear, rotational, HITsp: P &lt; .001); and offensive linemen not snapping the ball compared with those snapping the ball (rotational: P = .02, HITsp: P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS:
Preventing head impacts caused by contact with another player may reduce head impact magnitude in high school football. Rule or coaching changes that reduce collisions after long closing distances, especially when combined with the 3-point stance or when a player is being struck in the head, should be considered.
The Female Athlete Triad
Authors: Weiss Kelly Amanda K. , Hecht Suzanne ,   COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS, Brenner Joel S. , LaBella Cynthia R. , Brooks Margaret A. , Diamond Alex , Hennrikus William , LaBotz Michele , Logan Kelsey , Loud Keith J. , Moffatt Kody A. , Nemeth Blaise , Pengel Brooke 
Published: July 2016

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed December 2021.
The number of girls participating in sports has increased significantly since the introduction of Title XI in 1972. As a result, more girls have been able to experience the social, educational, and health-related benefits of sports participation. However, there are risks associated with sports participation, including the female athlete triad. The triad was originally recognized as the interrelationship of amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and disordered eating, but our understanding has evolved to recognize that each of the components of the triad exists on a spectrum from optimal health to disease. The triad occurs when energy intake does not adequately compensate for exercise-related energy expenditure, leading to adverse effects on reproductive, bone, and cardiovascular health. Athletes can present with a single component or any combination of the components. The triad can have a more significant effect on the health of adolescent athletes than on adults because adolescence is a critical time for bone mass accumulation. This report outlines the current state of knowledge on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the triad conditions.
Infectious Complications With the Use of Biologic Response Modifiers in Infants and Children
Authors: Davies H. Dele ,   COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Byington Carrie L. , Maldonado Yvonne A. , Barnett Elizabeth D. , Edwards Kathryn M. , Lynfield Ruth , Munoz-Rivas Flor M. , Nolt Dawn L. , Nyquist Ann-Christine , Rathore Mobeen H. , Sawyer Mark H. , Steinbach William J. , Tan Tina Q. , Zaoutis Theoklis E. 
Published: July 2016

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed March 2021.
Biologic response modifiers (BRMs) are substances that interact with and modify the host immune system. BRMs that dampen the immune system are used to treat conditions such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or inflammatory bowel disease and often in combination with other immunosuppressive agents, such as methotrexate and corticosteroids. Cytokines that are targeted include tumor necrosis factor α; interleukins (ILs) 6, 12, and 23; and the receptors for IL-1α (IL-1A) and IL-1β (IL-1B) as well as other molecules. Although the risk varies with the class of BRM, patients receiving immune-dampening BRMs generally are at increased risk of infection or reactivation with mycobacterial infections (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria), some viral (herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B) and fungal (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis) infections, as well as other opportunistic infections. The use of BRMs warrants careful determination of infectious risk on the basis of history (including exposure, residence, and travel and immunization history) and selected baseline screening test results. Routine immunizations should be given at least 2 weeks (inactivated or subunit vaccines) or 4 weeks (live vaccines) before initiation of BRMs whenever feasible, and inactivated influenza vaccine should be given annually. Inactivated and subunit vaccines should be given when needed while taking BRMs, but live vaccines should be avoided unless under special circumstances in consultation with an infectious diseases specialist. If the patient develops a febrile or serious respiratory illness during BRM therapy, consideration should be given to stopping the BRM while actively searching for and treating possible infectious causes.
Families Affected by Parental Substance Use
Authors: Smith Vincent C. , Wilson Celeste R. ,   COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE USE AND PREVENTION, Ryan Sheryl A. , Gonzalez Pamela K. , Patrick Stephen W. , Quigley Joanna , Siqueira Lorena , Walker Leslie R. 
Published: July 2016

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed September 2022.Children whose parents or caregivers use drugs or alcohol are at increased risk of short- and long-term sequelae ranging from medical problems to psychosocial and behavioral challenges. In the course of providing health care services to children, pediatricians are likely to encounter families affected by parental substance use and are in a unique position to intervene. Therefore, pediatricians need to know how to assess a child’s risk in the context of a parent’s substance use. The purposes of this clinical report are to review some of the short-term effects of maternal substance use during pregnancy and long-term implications of fetal exposure; describe typical medical, psychiatric, and behavioral symptoms of children and adolescents in families affected by substance use; and suggest proficiencies for pediatricians involved in the care of children and adolescents of families affected by substance use, including screening families, mandated reporting requirements, and directing families to community, regional, and state resources that can address needs and problems.
Perspectivas teóricas y evidencia empírica sobre la estructura de la inhibición
Authors: Introzzi Isabel Maria , Canet Juric Lorena , Aydmune Yesica , Stelzer Florencia 
Published: July 2016

<p>Desde el punto de vista teórico la inhibición ha sido un mecanismo relevante para explicar cómo las personas seleccionan información relevante y descartan información irrelevante. A su vez, parece estar fuertemente implicada en el dominio y adquisición de competencias sociales, emocionales y comportamentales. De manera inversa, los fallos en esta habilidad se asocian a diferentes síndromes y a la emergencia de comportamientos no deseados, como por ejemplo el abuso de sustancias, los problemas atencionales, el sobrepeso, entre otros. Aunque, actualmente existe acuerdo sobre la importancia de la inhibición, existen divergencias en cuanto a su definición conceptual y operativa. Principalmente, existe un fuerte debate en torno a si la inhibición es un constructo unitario o debería fragmentarse en un conjunto de procesos. El objetivo de este trabajo, es por tanto, describir los hallazgos y posturas más relevantes en relación a las problemáticas en el abordaje del constructo inhibitorio. Para ello, en primer lugar se expondrá una propuesta explicativa del control de la interferencia basada en un enfoque no inhibitorio. En segundo lugar, se describirán los modelos más representativos, de uno, dos y tres factores para finalmente, exponer algunos de los aportes y hallazgos propuestos como principal fuente de evidencia a favor del enfoque fragmentado.</p>
Comparison of Oxygen Saturation during Impression Taking before and after Presurgical Orthopedic Therapy in Babies with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Burcu Nur Yilmaz R. , Germeç Çlakan Derya , Adnan Noyan 
Published: July 2016

Aim The objective of this study was to (1) evaluate the oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels during intraoral and extraoral impression taking and (2) compare the SpO2 levels during impression taking before and after presurgical orthopedic therapy (POT) of infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Patients and Methods In our study, 31 babies with CLP before (mean age 7.6 ± 3.2 days) and after (mean age 108.3 ± 24.2 days) POT were monitored, and SpO2 levels were measured under operating conditions before any intervention (T1), after oxygenation (T2), during taking intraoral (T3), and extraoral (T4) impressions with oxygen support and immediately before the discharge from the operating room (T5). Results In both groups, statistically significant differences in SpO2 measurements at T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 stages were found (P < .01). For the pre-POT measurements, increases in SpO2 levels from T1 to T2 and T4 to T5 (P < .05) and decreases from T2 to T3 and T3 to T4 (P < .01) were noted. Similarly, SpO2 levels decreased significantly from the intraoral (T3) to extraoral (T4) post-POT impression periods (P < .01). Comparisons of pre- and post-POT measurements revealed that the SpO2 level of each time period was higher at the post-POT impression taking except for stages T2 and T5 (P < .01). Conclusion The SpO2 values were low at the onset of POT in infants with CLP before any intervention. Oxygen saturation levels may decrease particularly during extraoral impression taking in infants with CLP despite the supplemental oxygen. SpO2 measurements were higher during post-POT intraoral and extraoral impression taking when compared with pre-POT measurements.
Size of Velopharyngeal Structures after Primary Palatoplasty
Authors: Rodrigues Da Silva Ana Flavia , De Cassia Rillo Dutka Jeniffer , Maressa Pereira Do Amaral Adna , De Souza Parico Maíra , Inêcs Pegoraro-Krook Maria 
Published: July 2016

Objective To describe and compare measures of velar length, velar thickness, and depth of the nasopharynx between two groups of patients with velopharyngeal dysfunction after primary palatoplasty: one received the modified Langenbeck procedure and the other the Furlow procedure. Design Comparative study involving a convenience sample of videofluoroscopic films established prospectively. Setting Surgeries and videofluoroscopic assessments were conducted at a craniofacial center. Participants Exams from 90 participants were used: 27 (30%) operated with Furlow and 63 (70%) with Langenbeck. Three speech-language pathologists (SLPs) traced the images of the velopharyngeal port to determine the measures of interest. Results Intrajudge agreement for the SLPs ranged between 0.85 and 0.53, while interjudge agreement ranged between 0.44 and 0.51. The overall measure of velar length was significantly larger (P = .042) for the Furlow group (mean = 26.5) than the Langenbeck group (mean = 24.2 mm). There was no significant difference in velar thickness or depth of the nasopharynx between the two procedures. Although no significant difference was found between the current findings and Subtelny's norms for length, thickness, and depth, the patients presented with an overall depth:length ratio (0.89) significantly greater than Subtelny’ ratio (P = .025). Conclusion The findings of this study confirmed the hypothesis that patients who underwent surgery with the Furlow technique may present with significantly longer velums than patients who underwent surgery with the Langenbeck procedure. Information regarding velopharyngeal morphology was predictive of velopharyngeal dysfunction for speech for 80% of the participants and can be useful in documenting outcome of treatment.
Remote Digital Preoperative Assessments for Cleft Lip and Palate May Improve Clinical and Economic Impact in Global Plastic Surgery
Authors: Hughes Christopher , Campbell Jacob , Mukhopadhyay Swagoto , Mccormack Susan , Silverman Richard , Lalikos Janice , Babigian Alan , Charles Castiglione 
Published: July 2016

Objective Reconstructive surgical care can play a vital role in the resource-poor settings of low- and middle-income countries. Telemedicine platforms can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of surgical care. The purpose of this study is to determine whether remote digital video evaluations are reliable in the context of a short-term plastic surgical intervention. Setting The setting for this study was a district hospital located in Latacunga, Ecuador. Patients Participants were 27 consecutive patients who presented for operative repair of cleft lip and palate. Main Outcome Measures We calculated kappa coefficients for reliability between in-person and remote digital video assessments for the classification of cleft lip and palate between two separate craniofacial surgeons. We hypothesized that the technology would be a reliable method of preoperative assessment for cleft disease. Results Of the 27 (81.4%) participants, 22 received operative treatment for their cleft disorder. Mean age was 11.1 ± 8.3 years. Patients presented with a spectrum of disorders, including cleft lip (24 of 27, 88.9%), cleft palate (19 of 27, 70.4%), and alveolar cleft (19 of 27, 70.4%). We found a 95.7% agreement between observers for cleft lip with substantial reliability (κ = .78, P .01). There was an 82.6% agreement between observers for cleft palate, with a moderate interrater reliability (κ = .55, P = .01). We found only a 47.8% agreement between observers for alveolar cleft with a nonsignificant, weak kappa agreement (κ = .06, P .74). Conclusions Remote digital assessments are a reliable way to preoperatively diagnose cleft lip and palate in the context of short-term plastic surgical interventions in low- and middle-income countries. Future work will evaluate the potential for real-time, telemedicine assessments to reduce cost and improve clinical effectiveness in global plastic surgery.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography Analysis of Oropharyngeal Airway in Preadolescent Nonsyndromic Bilateral and Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients
Authors: Al-Fahdawi Mahmood Abd , El-Kassaby Marwa Abdelwahab , Farid Mary Medhat , El-Fotouh Mona Abou 
Published: July 2016

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the volume, area, and dimensions of the oropharyngeal airway (OPA) in a previously repaired nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) versus bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) patients when compared with noncleft controls using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Design: This was a retrospective case-control study. Setting: The Cleft Care Center and outpatient clinic that are affiliated to our faculty were the settings for the study. Participants: A total of 58 CBCT scans were selected of preadolescent individuals: 14 BCLP, 20 UCLP, and 24 age- and gender-matched noncleft controls. Variables: Variables were volume, cross-sectional area (CSA), midsagittal area (MSA), and dimensions of OPA. Statistical analysis: One-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests were used to compare variables. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05. Results: UCLP showed significantly smaller superior oropharyngeal airway volume than both controls and BCLP ( P ≤ .05). BCLP showed significantly larger CSA at soft palate plane and significantly larger MSA than both UCLP and controls ( P < .05). Conclusions: UCLP patients at the studied age and stage of previously repaired clefts have significantly less superior oropharyngeal airway volume than both controls and BCLP patients. This confirms that preadolescents with UCLP are at greater risk for superior oropharyngeal airway obstruction when compared with those BCLP and controls. Furthermore, BCLP patients showed significantly larger CSA at soft palate plane and MSA than both controls and UCLP patients. These variations in OPA characteristics of cleft patients can influence function in terms of respiration and vocalization.