bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LA CONVENTION CADRE POUR LA LUTTE ANTITABAC, DIX ANS APRES: LA FONCTION NORMATIVE DE L’OMS A LA RESCOUSSE DE LA SANTE MONDIALE?
Authors: Kastler Florian 
Published: July 2016

Alors qu’au moment de son entrée en vigueur en 2005 la Convention cadre pour la lutte antitabac (CCLAT) était perçue comme un instrument juridique contraignant en santé, novateur et de portée internationale, dix ans après, un premier bilan de sa mise en oeuvre est ici envisagé. Considérée comme symptomatique de la fonction normative forte de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) qui en est l’hôte en application de l’article 19 de sa Constitution, cette Convention a pu susciter une volonté d’en faire un exemple à suivre dans la mise en place de nouveaux instruments juridiques de santé mondiale. Après une analyse sur l’influence de cette Convention sur les systèmes juridiques nationaux et l’impact sur la santé des individus, cet article vise à étudier les éléments qui ont permis son adoption ainsi que les difficultés persistantes dans sa mise en oeuvre. Ce bilan permet de constater que si les résultats pour la lutte contre le tabagisme sont prometteurs, des leçons sont à tirer de l’expérience de la CCLAT: d’une part, afin d’améliorer le système de surveillance et de suivi de la mise en oeuvre de la Convention et, d’autre part, afin d’envisager de nouveaux instruments ambitieux dans d’autres domaines de la santé. Il apparait notamment que ces instruments devront être adaptés aux contextes particuliers de chaque enjeu de santé représenté. Plus généralement, dans un contexte de réforme, ce bilan démontre que l’utilisation pertinente de la fonction normative apporte une réponse aux critiques faites à l’encontre de l’OMS et qui remettent en cause sa légitimité et sa crédibilité en tant qu’institution spécialisée de la santé mondiale.
A crônica Hussita de Vavrinec Brezové e a sua autoimagem nacionalista tcheca
Authors: Aguiar Thiago Borges , Silva Davi Costa da 
Published: July 2016

Neste artigo, recuperamos uma crônica escrita na Boêmia do início do século XV intitulada Husitská kronika (em tcheco ou Crônica hussita em português) por Vavřinec z Březové (Lourenço de Brezová), mestre em artes pela Universidade de Praga. Neste texto, o autor narra os eventos que vão da aceitação da comunhão em duas espécies às primeiras batalhas das Guerras Hussitas, de 1414 a 1421. Dada a ausência de materiais a respeito deste documento em língua portuguesa, neste artigo reconstruiremos os rastros biográficos de seu autor e faremos um mapeamento da crônica a partir de duas versões em tcheco publicadas na segunda metade do século XX. Na sequência, como primeira entrada no texto, faremos um apanhado da autoimagem nacionalista que o autor ajuda a construir a partir da associação entre ser um tcheco verdadeiro e ser um verdadeiro fiel.
Serum Angiopoietin–Like Protein 2 Is a Novel Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in the Community
Authors: Hata Jun , Mukai Naoko , Nagata Masaharu , Ohara Tomoyuki , Yoshida Daigo , Kishimoto Hiro , Shibata Mao , Hirakawa Yoichiro , Endo Motoyoshi , Ago Tetsuro , Kitazono Takanari , Oike Yuichi , Kiyohara Yutaka , Ninomiya Toshiharu 
Published: July 2016

Objective—
Angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2), a proinflammatory mediator, has been reported to accelerate the development of insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis in mice. However, no cohort studies have examined the relationship between serum ANGPTL2 levels and the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a general population.

Approach and Results—

A total of 3005 community-dwelling Japanese aged ≥40 years without a history of CVD were divided into 4 groups according to the quartiles of serum ANGPTL2 concentrations (Q1, lowest and Q4, highest) and followed up for 10 years. The hazards ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for the development of CVD (coronary heart disease or stroke) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. During the follow-up, 219 first-ever CVD events were observed. The risk of CVD increased significantly with elevating ANGPTL2 levels after adjustment for age, sex, serum total cholesterol, use of lipid-lowering agents, ECG abnormalities, smoking habits, alcohol intake, and regular exercise (hazards ratios [95% confidence interval], Q1, 1.00 [reference]; Q2, 1.27 [0.80–2.04]; Q3, 1.48 [0.95–2.32]; and Q4, 1.85 [1.20–2.85];
P
=0.003 for trend). After additional adjustment for metabolic syndrome components and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels as an inflammatory marker, the association was attenuated but remained significant (hazards ratios [95% confidence interval], Q1, 1.00 [reference]; Q2, 1.21 [0.76–1.94]; Q3, 1.38 [0.87–2.17]; and Q4, 1.66 [1.05–2.60];
P
=0.02 for trend).

Conclusions—
Our findings suggest that elevated serum ANGPTL2 levels are a novel risk factor for the development of CVD in the general population. This association is partially mediated by metabolic disorders and inflammation.
Role of Axl in T-Lymphocyte Survival in Salt-Dependent Hypertension
Authors: Batchu Sri N. , Hughson Angie , Wadosky Kristine M. , Morrell Craig N. , Fowell Deborah J. , Korshunov Vyacheslav A. 
Published: July 2016

Objective—
Survival of immune and nonimmune cells relies on Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is implicated in hypertension. Activated T lymphocytes are involved in regulation of high blood pressure. The goal of the study was to investigate the role of Axl in T-lymphocyte functions and its contribution to salt-dependent hypertension.

Approach and Results—

We report increased apoptosis in peripheral blood from Axl
−/−
mice because of lower numbers of white blood cells mostly lymphocytes. In vitro studies showed modest reduction in interferon gamma production in Axl
−/−
type 1 T helper cells. Axl did not affect basic proliferation capacity or production of interleukin 4 in Axl
−/−
type 2 T helper cells. However, competitive repopulation of Axl
−/−
bone marrow or adoptive transfer of Axl
−/−
CD4
+
T cells to Rag1
−/−
mice showed robust effect of Axl on T lymphocyte expansion in vivo. Adoptive transfer of Axl
−/−
CD4
+
T cells was protective in a later phase of deoxycorticosterone-acetate and salt hypertension. Reduced numbers of CD4
+
T cells in circulation and in perivascular adventitia decreased vascular remodeling and increased vascular apoptosis in the late phase of hypertension.

Conclusions—
These findings suggest that Axl is critical for survival of T lymphocytes, especially during vascular remodeling in hypertension.
Cardiac Involvement in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Schmacht Luisa , Traber Julius , Grieben Ulrike , Utz Wolfgang , Dieringer Matthias A. , Kellman Peter , Blaszczyk Edyta , von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff Florian , Spuler Simone , Schulz-Menger Jeanette 
Published: July 2016

Background—
Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is a genetic disorder characterized by skeletal muscle symptoms, metabolic changes, and cardiac involvement. Histopathologic alterations of the skeletal muscle include fibrosis and fatty infiltration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether subclinical cardiac involvement in DM2 is already detectable in preserved left ventricular function by cardiovascular magnetic resonance.

Methods and Results—

Twenty-seven patients (mean age, 54±10 years; 20 females) with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of DM2 were compared with 17 healthy age- and sex-matched controls using a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging. For myocardial tissue differentiation, T1 and T2 mapping, fat/water-separated imaging, focal fibrosis imaging (late gadolinium enhancement [LGE]), and
1
H magnetic resonance spectroscopy were performed. Extracellular volume fraction was calculated. Conduction abnormalities were diagnosed based on Groh criteria. LGE located subepicardial basal inferolateral was detectable in 22% of the patients. Extracellular volume was increased in this region and in the adjacent medial inferolateral segment (
P
=0.03 compared with healthy controls). In 21% of patients with DM2, fat deposits were detectable (all women). The control group showed no abnormalities. Myocardial triglycerides were not different in LGE-positive and LGE-negative subjects (
P
=0.47). Six patients had indicators for conduction disease (60% of LGE-positive patients and 12.5% of LGE-negative patients).

Conclusions—
In DM2, subclinical myocardial injury was already detectable in preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Extracellular volume was also increased in regions with no focal fibrosis. Myocardial fibrosis was related to conduction abnormalities.
Plasma Macrophage Migration Inhibitor Factor Is Elevated in Response to Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Fan Fenling , Fang Lu , Moore Xiao‐Lei , Xie Xuegang , Du Xiao‐Jun , White David A. , O'Brien Jessica , Thomson Helen , Wang Jun , Schneider Hans G. , Ellims Andris , Barber Thomas W. , Dart Anthony M. 
Published: July 2016

Background

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (
MIF
) is a key regulator of inflammatory responses, including in the heart. Plasma
MIF
is elevated early in the course of acute myocardial infarction. In this study, we hypothesized that plasma
MIF
may also be increased in acute myocardial ischemia.

Methods and Results

Patients undergoing cardiac stress test (stress nuclear myocardial perfusion scan or stress echocardiography) were recruited. Twenty‐two patients had a stress test indicative of myocardial ischemia and were compared with 62 patients who had a negative stress test. Plasma
MIF
was measured by ELISA before and after the stress test.
MIF
was also measured in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease before and after exercise causing claudication. Gene and protein expression of
MIF
was measured in mouse cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. Plasma
MIF
was elevated at 5 and 15 minutes after stress (relative to before stress) in patients with a positive test, compared with those with a negative test. In contrast, high‐sensitivity troponin T and C‐reactive protein were not altered after stress in either group.
MIF
was not altered after exercise in
PAOD
patients, despite the occurrence of claudication, suggesting that plasma
MIF
is not a marker for skeletal muscle ischemia. This may be explained by a lower gene and protein expression of
MIF
in skeletal muscle than the heart.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that plasma
MIF
is an early marker for acute myocardial ischemia.
Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination
Authors: Lima Fabricio O. , Silva Gisele S. , Furie Karen L. , Frankel Michael R. , Lev Michael H. , Camargo Érica C.S. , Haussen Diogo C. , Singhal Aneesh B. , Koroshetz Walter J. , Smith Wade S. , Nogueira Raul G. 
Published: July 2016

Background and Purpose—
Patients with large vessel occlusion strokes (LVOS) may be better served by direct transfer to endovascular capable centers avoiding hazardous delays between primary and comprehensive stroke centers. However, accurate stroke field triage remains challenging. We aimed to develop a simple field scale to identify LVOS.

Methods—
The Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination (FAST-ED) scale was based on items of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) with higher predictive value for LVOS and tested in the Screening Technology and Outcomes Project in Stroke (STOPStroke) cohort, in which patients underwent computed tomographic angiography within the first 24 hours of stroke onset. LVOS were defined by total occlusions involving the intracranial internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery-M1, middle cerebral artery-2, or basilar arteries. Patients with partial, bihemispheric, and anterior+posterior circulation occlusions were excluded. Receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of FAST-ED were compared with the NIHSS, Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation (RACE) scale, and Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Severity (CPSS) scale.

Results—

LVO was detected in 240 of the 727 qualifying patients (33%). FAST-ED had comparable accuracy to predict LVO to the NIHSS and higher accuracy than RACE and CPSS (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: FAST-ED=0.81 as reference; NIHSS=0.80,
P
=0.28; RACE=0.77,
P
=0.02; and CPSS=0.75,
P
=0.002). A FAST-ED ≥4 had sensitivity of 0.60, specificity of 0.89, positive predictive value of 0.72, and negative predictive value of 0.82 versus RACE ≥5 of 0.55, 0.87, 0.68, and 0.79, and CPSS ≥2 of 0.56, 0.85, 0.65, and 0.78, respectively.

Conclusions—
FAST-ED is a simple scale that if successfully validated in the field, it may be used by medical emergency professionals to identify LVOS in the prehospital setting enabling rapid triage of patients.
Studying the Weather and Climate of Alaska Across a Network of Observers
Authors: Collins Richard L. , Warner Susan P. , Martus Cameron M. , Moss Jennifer L. , Leelasaskultum Ketsiri , Winnan Reynir C. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Weather and Climate of Alaska is an undergraduate course for nonscience majors where students study meteorology from their home as part of a statewide network of classmates. The students draw on their experience of the weather and climate by observing weather locally and sharing their work with classmates across the state. The goal of the class is to have this cohort of students understand weather and climate through exploring the relationships between processes at the local, regional, and global scales. The class is organized around weekly investigations where the students use an equipment kit to make observations, report their work with videos, and discuss the work with the instructor and their peers. The students use NWS resources extensively, including station data to check the quality of their observations, weather maps and satellite images to understand the weather they have observed, weather forecasts to evaluate different forecasting techniques, and long-term data to compare their observations with the climate record. The course also includes traditional quizzes and exams. The instructor has regular teleconferences with students and discusses their work firsthand. A teaching assistant also supports the students. Students take pre- and postcourse tests and show gains typical of interactive science classes. The level of student support results in high student course completion rates.
Warm Season Dry Spells in the Central and Eastern United States: Diverging Skill in Climate Model Representation
Authors: Zhao Siyu , Deng Yi , Black Robert X. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Warm season dry spells over the central and eastern United States are classified into three canonical types via a hierarchical cluster analysis for the period 1950–2005. Four CMIP5 models exhibit diverging skill in representing the observed behavior, ranging from southern Great Plains dry spells that are reasonably simulated by all four models to southeastern U.S. dry spells that are only accurately captured by one model. A model’s skill in representing a particular dry spell cluster is positively correlated with the model’s ability to simulate the large-scale meteorological patterns (LMPs) accompanying the dry spell. The interannual variability and overall observed decreasing trend in dry spell days are represented with varying degrees of accuracy by the four models. The results 1) highlight existing shortcomings in the climate model representation of regional dry spells and 2) illustrate the importance of properly simulating the observed spectrum of LMPs in minimizing these shortcomings.
Drought in the Pacific Northwest, 1920–2013
Authors: Xiao Mu , Nijssen Bart , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The severity–area–duration (SAD) method is used in conjunction with the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC) to identify the major historical total moisture (TM; soil moisture plus snow water equivalent) droughts over the Pacific Northwest region, defined as the Columbia River basin and the region’s coastal drainages, for the period 1920–2013. The motivation is to understand how droughts identified using TM (a measure similar to that used in the U.S. Drought Monitor) relate to sector-specific drought measures that are more relevant to users. It is found that most of the SAD space is dominated by an extended drought period during the 1930s, although the most severe shorter droughts are in the 1970s (1976–78) and early 2000s (2000–04). The impact of the three severe TM droughts that dominate most of the SAD space are explored in terms of sector-specific measures relevant to dryland and irrigated agriculture, hydropower generation, municipal water supply, and recreation. It is found that in many cases the most severe droughts identified using the SAD method also appear among the most severe sector-specific droughts; however, there are important exceptions. Two types of inconsistencies are examined and the nature of the conditions that give rise to them are explored.
Partitioning Evapotranspiration into Soil Evaporation and Canopy Transpiration via a Two-Source Variational Data Assimilation System
Authors: Xu Tongren , Bateni Sayed M. , Margulis Steven A. , Song Lisheng , Liu Shaomin , Xu Ziwei 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to assess the accuracy of the two-source variational data assimilation (TVDA) system for partitioning evapotranspiration (ET) into soil evaporation (ETS) and canopy transpiration (ETC). Its secondary aim is to compare performance of the TVDA system with the commonly used two-source surface energy balance (TSEB) method. A combination of eddy-covariance-based ET observations and stable-isotope-based measurements of the ratio of evaporation and transpiration to total evapotranspiration (ETS/ET and ETC/ET) over an irrigated cropland site (the so-called Daman site) in the middle reach of the Heihe River basin (northwestern China) was used to investigate these objectives. The results indicate that the TVDA method predicts ETS and ETC more accurately than TSEB. Root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of midday (1300–1500 LT) averaged soil and canopy latent heat flux (LES and LEC) estimates from TVDA are 23.1 and 133.0 W m−2, respectively. Corresponding RMSE values from TSEB are 41.9 and 156.0 W m−2. Compared to TSEB, the TVDA method takes advantage of all of the information in land surface temperature observations in the estimation period by leveraging a dynamic model (the heat diffusion equation) and thus can generate more accurate LES and LEC estimates.
Assimilation of Pseudo-GLM Data Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Allen Blake J. , Mansell Edward R. , Dowell David C. , Deierling Wiebke 
Published: July 2016

Total lightning observations that will be available from the GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) have the potential to be useful in the initialization of convection-resolving numerical weather models, particularly in areas where other types of convective-scale observations are sparse or nonexistent. This study used the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) to assimilate real-data pseudo-GLM flash extent density (FED) observations at convection-resolving scale for a nonsevere multicell storm case (6 June 2000) and a tornadic supercell case (8 May 2003). For each case, pseudo-GLM FED observations were generated from ground-based lightning mapping array data with a spacing approximately equal to the nadir pixel width of the GLM, and tests were done to examine different FED observation operators and the utility of temporally averaging observations to smooth rapid variations in flash rates. The best results were obtained when assimilating 1-min temporal resolution data using any of three observation operators that utilized graupel mass or graupel volume. Each of these three observation operators performed well for both the weak, disorganized convection of the multicell case and the much more intense convection of the supercell case. An observation operator using the noninductive charging rate performed poorly compared to the graupel mass and graupel volume operators, a result that appears likely to be due to the inability of the noninductive charging rate to account for advection of space charge after charge separation occurs.
Building capacity for community mental health care in rural Malawi: Findings from a district-wide task-sharing intervention with village-based health workers
Authors: Wright Jerome , Chiwandira Chikayiko 
Published: July 2016

Background: The mental health ‘treatment gap’ is at its widest in low-resource countries where the vast majority of its people have no access to mental health services and where developing effective models of primary mental health care that can expand from research pilot sites to large-scale population-based services is a major research and practice imperative. Aim: The Mental Health in Zomba initiative builds upon an earlier pilot project to establish and sustain a district-wide scale-up of a village-based health workers’ mental health task-sharing intervention in Southern Malawi across a population of more than 600,000 people. Methods: The article describes the development, implementation and structured evaluation of the impact of this task-sharing initiative. Results: Results from an examination of the care for 240 consecutive attendees show how the village-based workers recognised and responded to the needs of people experiencing both common and severe mental health problems and how they facilitated 850 mental health promotion events to more than 40,000 people within their communities. Conclusion: A new and essential district-wide tier of mental health service was established at the crucial intersection between health centre and the community. Within the socio-cultural context of rural Malawi with its diverse explanatory models for psychological distress, the approach of the village-based health worker was found to be both credible and practical in meeting the needs of the population and therefore responding to both the ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ elements of the mental health treatment gap.