bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermochemical Approach for Screening of Alternative Metal Oxides as a Flame Retardant of Modacrylic Fiber
Authors: Tanaka Takeshi , Terakado Osamu , Hirasawa Masahiro 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In the view of the exploring novel flame retardants for polymers, modacrylic fibers, which consist of acrylonitrile and vinylidene dichloride, containing metal oxide have been investigated by thermogravimetric–mass spectrometry (TG-MS) analysis. It was found that, among the examined oxides, germanium and antimony oxides formed the corresponding volatile chlorides through the reactions of oxides with hydrogen chloride formed during thermal decomposition of the polymer. The results have been discussed in the framework of thermochemistry. Based on the equilibrium calculation of the polymer–oxide mixture, the predominance diagrams of the M-O-Cl systems (M = Sb and Ge) show that the chlorides are the most stable phases at 573 K, at which temperature the major decomposition of the polymer starts. These results suggest that GeO2 would be a possible candidate of a flame retardant for chlorinated polymers. However, combustion experiments revealed an insufficient performance of the oxide. The inductively coupled plasma with atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis showed the reactivity of GeO2 for HCl was inferior to that of Sb2O3, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) analysis of the solid thermal decomposition products showed that the evaporation of germanium was less intense than that of the conventional antimony system. This result is presumably due to the smaller rate of the chlorination of GeO2 than that of Sb2O3.
25(OH)D levels and skinfolds thickness in athletes
Authors: Książek Anna , Zagrodna Aleksandra , Pietraszewska Jadwiga , Słowińska-Lisowska Małgorzata 
Published: April 2016

PurposeThe aim of our study was to assess the relationship between 25(OH)D levels and skinfold thickness in Poland’s premier league (Ekstraklasa) football players.MethodsWe enrolled 43 Poland’s premier league football players. The mean age was 22.7 ± 5.3 years. Serum levels of 25(OH)D were measured by electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA) using the Elecsys system (Roche, Switzerland). Skinfold measurements were taken with a Harpenden-type skinfold calliper body fat tester, characterised by a constant pressure of 10 g/mm<sup>2</sup>.ResultsOur study showed decreased serum 25(OH)D levels in 74.4% of the professional football players. We did show a statistically significant negative correlation between the 25(OH)D levels and the biceps skinfold thickness (<i>r</i> = −0.33), iliac crest skinfold thickness (<i>r</i> = −0.43), the sum of all the studied parameters (<i>r</i> = −0.5) and percentage of body fat (<i>r</i> = −0.49).ConclusionsOur results suggest that athletes with higher content of the adipose tissue may be at a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency, and that 25(OH)D levels need to be monitored in professional athletes, particularly during the winter season.
Illicit Trade as a Countervailing Effect: What the FDA Would Have to Know to Evaluate Tobacco Regulations
Authors: Kleiman Mark , Prieger James , Kulick Jonathan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act [P.L. 111–31] gives the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to regulate tobacco products, including placing restrictions on product composition, sale, and distribution. A complete accounting of the costs and benefits of any tobacco regulation includes harms from possible illicit trade in tobacco products (ITTP): costs of enforcement, violence, incarceration, etc. Indeed, the law instructs the FDA to take into account the “countervailing effects” of regulation on public health, “such as the creation of a significant demand for contraband or other tobacco products that do not meet the requirements.” While the law’s narrow focus on public health may limit the scope of an inquiry by the FDA compared to a full benefit-cost analysis, aspects of ITTP such as violence and incarceration have substantial health impacts. Illicit markets in drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine, not to mention the grand experiment of alcohol Prohibition in the early twentieth century, illustrate the substantial risks of unwanted side effects of drug prohibition. But taxes, product limitations, access restrictions, and narrowly defined product bans constitute “lesser prohibitions,” and are subject to the same kind (if not degree) of risks. All tobacco policy-making should therefore consider ITTP. This article sets forth a research agenda for the FDA to consider in order to estimate the effects of contemplated tobacco-product regulation and ITTP. To carry out fully its legislative mandate, the FDA would have to determine the current size and impacts of ITTP, analyze how these may be expected to change under new regulations, and look for interdependencies among tobacco-product markets that may complicate single-product regulation. A more challenging element of the research agenda would be to develop a better theoretical groundwork for the prediction of the emergence, size, and side effects of illicit markets. We close with discussion of how the proposed research agenda may lead to insights into other policy areas as well.
Historische Angemessenheit als hermeneutisches Konzept, Argument oder Problem?
Authors: Willand Marcus 
Published: April 2016

AbstractArguments about the concept of adequacy (›Angemessenheit‹) of interpretation are as constitutive for many hermeneutic theories of meaning as they are for the interpretive praxis derived from these theories. This essay seeks to illustrate by way of exemplary approaches by Georg Friedrich Meier (1718–1777), Johann Martin Chladenius (1710–1759) and Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768–1834) that very different notions are prevalent within hermeneutics as to what counts as an adequate interpretation. For instance, the ascription ofThe goal of the following elaborations is not, however, a (linguistic) historical derivation of diverse forms of ›Angemessenheit‹. By means of a complex example for the interpretive deployment of (il-)legitimate anachronisms, the semantic conceptions of the three hermeneuticists mentioned above will be exemplified and analyzed with respect to the question of which bids for a specificallyUsing the scheme »a is suitable for b with respect to c«, we can with some clarity reconstruct the problem areas (among others, author, spatiotemporal contexts, reader, hypothetical reader models) associated with adequacy on the interpretive and theoretical levels. However, it will also be shown that a field of reference for arguments about adequacy which limits the scope of statements (»with reference to c«) is seldom explicated. It has to be deduced from precisely those premises which are axiomatic for a specific theory and its conception of meaning. If we compare the explicit arguments, the argumentative fields of reference, and the axiomatic premises of each hermeneutic with one another, we can very clearly prove that 1) there is noAgainst this background, a position can be taken with regard to the two arguments discussed repeatedly over the course of the essay: i) Arguments for adequacy are to be understood as hermeneutic topics and can in this way count as unproblematic aspects of theories of meaning. ii) Arguments for adequacy provide – contrary to i) – references to a previously insufficiently reflected type of argument in literary studies that hardly provides a solution to historically determined difficulties of understanding.The argumentative reference to specifically historical adequacy certainly invokes the central problems of a conception of meaning, but it does not explicate the strategies for solving them. The vagueness that results from such an attempt at reconstructive explication not only indicates the insufficient reflection of this type of argumentation (thesis ii). It also raises the question of whether adequacy – just like plausibility (cf. Winko 2015) – as a
Design and Analysis of Higher Order Exponential Horn Profiles for Ultrasonic Machining
Authors: Chhabra Akash Deep , Vinod Kumar R. , Vundavilli Pandu R. , Surekha B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNow-a-days ultrasonic machining (USM) is playing a vital role in machining recently developed very hard and high strength materials that are difficult to machine using other conventional processes. It is important to note that the vibrating/oscillating acoustic horn along with abrasive slurry are responsible for removal of material in USM process, the performance of the process relies largely on the design of the acoustic horn. Therefore, in the present study an attempt is made to design and analyse various shapes, such as exponential, double exponential and triple exponential profiles of the acoustic horns. Further, the performances of the designed acoustic horns have been analysed with the help of finite element method in terms of deformation profile, stress profile, strain and amplitude variation for each of the horn profiles. In the present analysis structural steel is considered as material of the tool for the USM process. Moreover, a new type of horn profile, namely a mixed profile that consists of two exponential and one cylindrical portion has been designed and its performance has been compared with the commercially available horn profiles.
Thermodynamic Assessment of TiO2 Reduction to Ti Metal in Molten CaCl2
Authors: Bogala Mallikharjuna R. , Reddy Ramana G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThermodynamic assessment of electrochemical reduction of TiO2 to Ti metal in CaCl2 molten salt electrolyte is discussed. The conversion of TiO2 to Ti takes place via multi-step reduction process that involves formation of several intermediates or sub-oxides of titanium at different reaction conditions. A complete understanding of these redox chemical reactions, and change in reaction Gibbs energy is very essential for efficient extraction of the Ti metal. This research article discusses the thermodynamic modelling studies on the formation of different titanium sub-oxides and corresponding reaction conditions (change in Gibb’s energy, temperature, and pressure) during TiO2 reduction to Ti metal.
Employee privileges in the Polish tobacco industry in a period of Polish People’s Republic
Authors: Synowiec Andrzej 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Described privileges of determined employee groups in the Polish tobacco industry in a period of Polish People’s Republic on example of Kraków plants arose largely from the statute law, although not without meaning carried out its interpretation, by workers self-management and Company’s Dispute Adjudication Boards (CDAB). It was possible to notice the sign of appropriating privileges by determined employees groups not-arising from the existing law, but being a sign of aspirations to ensure a higher position for oneself in the unit through certain acquaintances and in consequence achieving common benefits, etc. informally. The article constitutes only a starting point for further in-depth studies covering employee issues in all tobacco industry in Poland.
Gimme 3 Steps (With a Nod to an American Rock Song from the 1970s)
Authors: Tribble Curt G 
Published: April 2016

The message that patients are frequently dissatisfied with their interactions with their physicians is a common one. And, articles about physician burnout are plentiful [Shanafelt 2015]. Indeed, a recent national survey showed a nearly 9 percent increase in burnout rates over just the last 3 years [Peckham 2015]. Many factors contribute to this problem, not the least of which is the push to use electronic medical records systems, as evidenced by the recent comment from the acting administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, Mr. Andy Slavitt, who said “we have to get the hearts and minds of physicians back. I think we’ve lost them” [McKnight 2016]. <br />While many of the factors contributing to physician dissatisfaction are, and will be, difficult to control, there is at least one source of satisfaction that is within the relatively easy purview of virtually all practicing physicians, and that source is the patients for whom all physicians care. Fortunately, there are some straightforward, simple, and efficient ways to improve the view patients have of their physicians and the satisfaction that physicians can derive from caring for their patients. Three simple steps that can make both physicians and their patients more satisfied with the interactions between patients and physicians are outlined here. These suggestions are primarily oriented toward physicians in training caring for hospitalized patients, though they are most certainly applicable to all physicians. These suggestions are based on what younger physicians can say to, ask of, or do for a patient under their care, all of which can be easily and efficiently accomplished.
Computational modeling of the bacterial self-organization in a rounded container: The effect of dimensionality
Authors: Baronas Romas , Ledas Žilvinas , Šimkus Remigijus 
Published: April 2016

A bacterial self-organization in a rounded container as detected by bioluminescence imaging is mathematically modeled by applying the the Keller–Segel approach with logistic growth. The pattern formation in a colony of luminous Escherichia coli is numerically simulated by the nonlinear reaction-advection-diffusion equations. In this work, the pattern formation is studied in 3D and the results are compared with previous and new 2D and 1D simulations. The numerical simulation at transition conditions was carried out using the finite difference technique. The simulation results showed that the developed 3D model captures fairly well the sophisticated patterns observed in the experiments. Since the numerical simulation based on the 3D model is very time-consuming, the reduction of spatial dimension of the model for simulating 1D spatiotemporal patterns is discussed. Due to the accumulation of luminous cells near the top three-phase contact line the experimental patterns of the bioluminescence can be qualitatively described by 1D and 2D models by adjusting values of the diffusion coefficient and/or chemotactic sensitivity.
A Review of Warm Mix Asphalt Technology: Technical, Eco-nomical and Enviromental Aspects
Authors: Rondón Hugo Alexander , Hernández Jesús Alfredo , Reyes Fredy Alberto 
Published: April 2016

<p class="Abstractandkeywordscontent"><span lang="EN-US">In general terms, warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology presents a wide potential for successful use in road works construction projects. However, concerns remain regarding the durability and behavior of WMA mixtures in the long term, which need to be addressed. This review focuses on the technical, economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages. The review concludes that the main advantage, at the moment, of this technology concerns the environment. At the end of this work, the authors include certain recommendations for future works to continue strengthening the development of WMA technology. </span></p>
An Eclectic Professional Development Proposal for English Language Teachers
Authors: Chaves Orlando , Guapacha Maria Eugenia 
Published: April 2016

<span>This article reports a mixed-method research project aimed at improving the practices of public sector English teachers in Cali (Colombia) through a professional development program. At the diagnostic stage surveys, documentary analysis, and a focus group yielded the teachers’ profile and professional needs. The action phase measured the program’s impact via surveys, evaluation formats, a focus group, researchers’ journal, and documentary analysis. Findings revealed that an eclectic approach tailored to the participants’ needs and interests and a practice-reflection-theory cycle improved the teachers’ quality.</span><p> </p>
Thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposites based on polyethylene and Mg/Al hydrotalcite
Authors: Jaramillo L.Y. , Posada-Correa J.C. , Pabón-Gelves E. , Ramos-Ramírez E. , Gutiérrez-Ortega N.L. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTIn this work there was studied the effect of nano-Mg/Al hydrotalcite (NHT) as filler on maleic anhydride grafted linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE-g-MA). NHT was synthesized by the coprecipitation method with a ratio of Mg/Al=6 and nanocomposites were prepared using 1, 3 and 5 %wt of filler via melt-blending.Morphological and structural analysis of NHT were performed and for nanocomposites, tensile tests and thermal properties were measured. Results showed that filler was well dispersed in the LLDPE matrix, mechanical properties were enhanced in most of the cases and thermal stability improvements were achieved in the nanocomposites.
Current Induced G-Factor Shift in Modulation Doped Si Quantum Wells
Authors: Malissa Hans , Jantsch Wolfgang , Schäffler Friedrich , Wilamowski Zbyslaw 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe report the observation of a particularly simple effect of spin-orbit coupling which allows for efficient manipulation of spins by an electric current in semiconductor nanostructures. Passing an electric current density of j = 2.5 mA/cm through a modulation doped Si quantum well (density of 5 × 1011 cm-2) perpendicular to an in-plane magnetic field, we observe a shift of the spin resonance of the conduction electrons (CESR) by about 0.1 mT. This shift reverses sign when we invert (i) the current direction, (ii) the magnetic field direction and it vanishes for perpendicular magnetic field. We show that this current-induced shift in g-factor, i.e., its dependence on current and carrier density, its temperature dependence and its anisotropy can be consistently and quantitatively explained in terms of the Bychkov-Rashba coefficient determined earlier from the CESR broadening and the g-factor anisotropy [1]. Other sources of magnetic field (e.g. the Oersted effect) are negligible. This effect can be utilized for g-factor tuning, and thus for local spin manipulation: passing a current through some part of a sample may be utilized to bring those electrons into resonance with a microwave field. These spins are thus excited to Rabi oscillations and, using current pulses of suitable duration, π rotations (or by any other angle) can be achieved.
Types of hope and action styles of adolescents
Authors: Myślińska Aleksandra , Śliwak Jacek , Partyka Józef 
Published: April 2016

The problem discussed in this article concerns the relationship between hope and action styles in adolescents. An action style is a way in which man perceives and responds to the outside world, and it may be aimed at securing oneself or interacting with the surroundings. The main aim of this analysis was to find out if, and to what degree, the level of hope is connected with action styles. The following hypotheses are proposed: H – 1. There is a relationship between hope and an action style. H- 2. Persons with different types of hope are characterised by different styles of action. H – 3. Persons with a high level of hope have a cooperation­‑oriented style. H – 4. Persons with a low level of hope are often characterised by a style aimed at protecting themselves. 149 persons aged 17 – 18 participated in the study. The following methods were used: the Basic Hope Inventory (BHI-12) – compiled by Trzebiński and M. Zięba, the Hope for Success Questionnaire (KNS) – adaptation of C. R. Snyder’s questionnaire made by M. Łaguna, J. Trzebiński and M. Zięba, as well as the Action Styles Questionnaire by Z. Uchnast. The results obtained have allowed the researchers to form the opinion that hope helps individuals function better in the world. The way in which a person perceives the world and their own capabilities translates into the style of action which they choose. A person who is full of hope seeks self­‑actualisation as well as cooperation with others.
An examination of equal access in athletic programs throughout public high schools in the United States
Authors: Buchanan Rebecca R. , Odenheimer Eleanor F. , Prewitt-White Tanya R. 
Published: April 2016

The mission of the U.S. Department of Education is “to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access” (www.ed.gov). As an extension of U.S. public education institutions, secondary afterschool programs involving physical activity are theoretically designed to enhance and support the educational mission of public schools. Yet, due to the hyper-commodification of youth sports, “equal access” in sport and physical activity is becoming increasingly limited to parameters grounded in highly competitive environments reflecting broader sport trends in society. An interesting paradox emerges in public school settings where the importance of physical activity for adolescents is also emphasized. However, in reality, the majority of public tax dollars funding extracurricular opportunities to be physically active are only for those who are highly competitive, physically literate and have the financial means to assist in the funding of their sport experiences. There are also issues related to gender in terms of who is being served. Therefore, it is importance to examine how public resources relating to physical activity and health are being unequally allocated in the public school setting.
Meta-analysis on the PARP-inhibitor olaparib reveals therapeutic efficacy in ovarian cancer independent of BRCA1/2 mutation status
Authors: Vasconcelos Ines , Gaspar Oscar 
Published: April 2016

<p> </p><div><p>Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are one of the most promising drugs for ovarian cancer treatment. This study investigated clinical trials of PARP inhibitors, in order to obtain a more complete prognosis of ovarian cancer patients, which is usually dependent on their <em>BRCA1/2</em> mutation status. The PubMed database was searched using the key terms “PARP inhibitor OR olaparib OR veliparib OR niraparib OR rucaparib OR (BMN 673) AND (ovarian cancer OR solid tumors)”, while narrowing the selection of the article type to “clinical trial” only. Women included in the study had been histologically diagnosed with recurrent high-grade serous ovarian-, fallopian tube- or primary peritoneal-carcinoma, regardless of the presence of <em>BRCA</em> germline mutation or platinum-sensitive disease recurrence. Data from three Phase I and eight Phase II clinical trials were obtained, two of which evaluated veliparib, eight olaparib and one niraparib. A total of 1042 patients with either high-grade serous ovarian-, fallopian tube- or primary peritoneal cancer were enrolled, of which 587 had a <em>BRCA1/2</em> germline mutation and at least 370 were platinum-sensitive. The overall response rate (ORR) for patients who underwent treatment with olaparib was 44.5% (95% confidence interval = 0.396–0.496). Patients with <em>BRCA1/2</em> mutation and those with wild-type <em>BRCA1/2</em> showed no significant difference in ORR (<em>p</em> = 0.35), even when considering solely Phase II trials (<em>p</em> = 0.13). PARP inhibitors, particularly olaparib, proved effective in the management of ovarian cancer patients. This study identified the existence of patients who presented wild-type <em>BRCA1/2</em> and possibly <em>BRCA</em>-independent homologous-recombination deficient tumors, or patients with wild-type <em>BRCA1/2</em> and tumors presenting other forms of <em>BRCA</em>ness, who benefit from treatment with olaparib.</p></div>