bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Flow Fractionation for the Size, Molar Mass, and Gel Content Analysis of Emulsion Polymers for Water‐Based Coatings
Authors: Makan Ashwell C. , Williams Ryan P. , Pasch Harald 
Published: August 2016

In the present investigation, styrene‐acrylic and pure acrylic emulsions used in water‐based decorative coatings are characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and asymmetric flow field‐flow fractionation (AF4). Both the separation techniques are coupled online to multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) and refractive index detection to investigate the molar mass properties during the course of the free radical polymerization reaction. For the acrylic emulsion, kinetic samples are taken from the reactor at fixed time intervals and analyzed. In SEC‐MALLS, unusual elution behavior is observed which is found previously for highly branched polymer species. In contrast, the AF4 fractograms indicate normal mode elution without any unusual behavior as compared to the SEC analyses. The molar masses obtained by AF4 are significantly higher compared to the SEC results. Further, AF4 is used to determine the gel contents of the kinetic samples of the acrylic emulsion and for both the acrylic and styrene‐acrylic emulsions, AF4 proves to be a robust and feasible tool allowing for improved correlations of the molecular and materials properties of water‐based polymer emulsions.
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The control of the discrimination between dNTP and rNTP in DNA and RNA polymerase
Authors: Yoon Hanwool , Warshel Arieh 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the origin of discrimination between rNTP and dNTP by DNA/RNA polymerases is important both for gaining fundamental knowledge on the corresponding systems and for advancing the design of specific drugs. This work explores the nature of this discrimination by systematic calculations of the transition state (TS) binding energy in RB69 DNA polymerase (gp43) and T7 RNA polymerase. The calculations reproduce the observed trend, in particular when they included the water contribution obtained by the water flooding approach. Our detailed study confirms the idea that the discrimination is due to the steric interaction between the 2′OH and Tyr416 in DNA polymerase, while the electrostatic interaction is the source of the discrimination in RNA polymerase. Proteins 2016; 84:1616–1624. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacological characterization of cebranopadol a novel analgesic acting as mixed nociceptin/orphanin FQ and opioid receptor agonist
Authors: Rizzi Anna , Cerlesi Maria Camilla , Ruzza Chiara , Malfacini Davide , Ferrari Federica , Bianco Sara , Costa Tommaso , Guerrini Remo , Trapella Claudio , Calo' Girolamo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of cebranopadol, a novel agonist for opioid and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) receptors (NOP). In vitro cebranopadol was assayed in calcium mobilization studies in cells coexpressing NOP or opioid receptors and chimeric G‐proteins and in a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay for studying receptor interaction with G‐protein and β‐arrestin 2. The mouse tail withdrawal and formalin tests were used for investigating cebranopadol antinociceptive properties. In calcium mobilization studies cebranopadol showed the following rank order of potency NOP = mu > kappa ≥ delta. In BRET studies, cebranopadol promoted NOP and mu receptors interaction with G‐protein with similar high potency and efficacy. However, cebranopadol did not stimulated NOP–β‐arrestin 2 interactions and displayed reduced potency at mu/β‐arrestin 2. In vivo, cebranopadol exhibits highly potent and extremely long‐lasting antinociceptive effects. The effects of cebranopadol in the tail withdrawal assay were sensitive to both SB‐612111 and naloxone. Collectively the present results confirm and extend previous finding demonstrating that cebranopadol, by acting as mixed NOP/opioid receptor agonist, elicits robust analgesic effects in different pain models.
Trans‐oral robotic surgery (TORS) for the treatment of lingual tonsillitis. When conventional therapies fail
Authors: Montevecchi Filippo , Cammaroto Giovanni , Meccariello Giuseppe , D'Agostino Giovanni , Hsu Ying‐Shuo , Galletti Bruno , Vicini Claudio 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundLingual tonsillitis is an underestimated but serious health problem. This paper describes the feasibility and efficacy of the trans‐oral robotic surgical approach in cases of lingual tonsillitis.Materials and MethodsFrom February 2012 to April 2014, 10 patients affected by lingual tonsillitis resistant to medical treatments underwent transoral robotic lingual tonsillectomy at the authors’ Institution.ResultsThe surgical robotic procedure was completed in all cases and there was no need to change the operative approach once started. The mean set‐up time was 13.2 ± 5.2 min, while mean operating time was 28 ± 12 min. The mean amount of tissue removed was 16.5 ± 13 cm3. No major intra‐operative and post‐operative complications were registered. After 15.2 ± 12 months of follow‐up, no relapses were reported and patients did not complain of any further symptoms.ConclusionLingual tonsillitis seems to be safely and effectively managed by trans‐oral robotic surgery. The data are encouraging and worthy of further evaluation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the random greedy independent set algorithm
Authors: Bennett Patrick , Bohman Tom 
Published: August 2016

Let r be a fixed constant and let be an r‐uniform, D‐regular hypergraph on N vertices. Assume further that for some . Consider the random greedy algorithm for forming an independent set in . An independent set is chosen at random by iteratively choosing vertices at random to be in the independent set. At each step we chose a vertex uniformly at random from the collection of vertices that could be added to the independent set (i.e. the collection of vertices v with the property that v is not in the current independent set I and contains no edge in ). Note that this process terminates at a maximal subset of vertices with the property that this set contains no edge of ; that is, the process terminates at a maximal independent set.We prove that if satisfies certain degree and codegree conditions then there are vertices in the independent set produced by the random greedy algorithm with high probability. This result generalizes a lower bound on the number of steps in the H‐free process due to Bohman and Keevash and produces objects of interest in additive combinatorics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 49, 479–502, 2016
Remote sensing of species dominance and the value for quantifying ecosystem services
Authors: Pau Stephanie , Dee Laura E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRemote sensing (RS) is a powerful tool to measure and monitor Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) and their environmental drivers. Despite this potential, stronger integration between remote sensing experts and the ecological community could better support biodiversity initiatives. Here we highlight opportunities to harness remote sensing technology to better understand biodiversity patterns, ecological processes and the consequences for ecosystem services (ESs). We argue that tracking many EBVs using remote sensing should prioritize the monitoring of dominant species, a scalable property across multiple EBV classes, for several reasons. First, a few dominant species in an ecological community disproportionately contribute to the satellite spectral signature. Second, a focus on dominance would enable a stronger links to ecological research, as dominance reflects the ecological community context (i.e. relative abundance of coexisting species). For example dominant species should be especially important contributors to many ecosystem functions and services that rely on abundance or biomass, such as carbon storage or nutrient cycling, because of their greater representation in a community. Furthermore, global change impacts on communities may be reflected in changing dominance structure before the losses of species, thus tracking dominance provides an early‐warning sign of community change for EBVs. Finally, focusing on dominant species should improve understanding of spatial and temporal dynamics of dominance‐driven ESs through RS mapping. Given the importance of dominant species to ecological communities and ESs, monitoring dominance under changing environmental conditions and human impacts should be a global priority.
An overview of inference methods in probabilistic classifier chains for multilabel classification
Authors: Mena Deiner , Montañés Elena , Quevedo José Ramón , del Coz Juan José 
Published: August 2016

This study presents a review of the recent advances in performing inference in probabilistic classifier chains for multilabel classification. The interest of performing such inference arises in an attempt of improving the performance of the approach based on greedy search (the well‐knownCCmethod) and simultaneously reducing the computational cost of an exhaustive search (the well‐knownPCCmethod). UnlikePCCand asCC, inference techniques do not explore all the possible solutions, but they increase the performance ofCC, sometimes reaching the optimal solution in terms of subset 0/1 loss, asPCCdoes. Theε‐approximate algorithm, the method based on a beam search and Monte Carlo sampling are those techniques. An exhaustive set of experiments over a wide range of datasets are performed to analyze not only to which extent these techniques tend to produce optimal solutions, otherwise also to study their computational cost, both in terms of solutions explored and execution time. Onlyε‐approximate algorithm withε=.0 theoretically guarantees reaching an optimal solution in terms of subset 0/1 loss. However, the other algorithms provide solutions close to an optimal solution, despite the fact they do not guarantee to reach an optimal solution. Theε‐approximate algorithm is the most promising to balance the performance in terms of subset 0/1 loss against the number of solutions explored and execution time. The value ofεdetermines a degree to which one prefers to guarantee to reach an optimal solution at the expense of increasing the computational cost.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2016, 6:215–230. doi: 10.1002/widm.1185This article is categorized under:Technologies > ClassificationTechnologies > Machine Learning
Chemical Composition, Anti‐oxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Four Saline‐Tolerant Plant Seed Oils Extracted by SFC
Authors: Wei Qi , Wei Yue , Wu Haiwen , Yang Xiuyan , Chen Huangli , Zhang Huaxin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe supercritical CO2 fluid extraction process was used to obtain seed oils. The compositional analyses of the seed oils of Amorpha fruticosa L., Caragana microphylla Lam and Elaeagnus angustifolia L. were performed by GC–MS, from which 18–22 fatty acid compositions were identified, and their main components were linoleic acid (49.10–66.39 %) and oleic acid (11.95–41.10 %). The seed oils were rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which accounted for 79.75–91.19 %. The in vitro anti‐oxidant activities of the seed oils were measured by the DPPH, ABTS and phosphomolybdenum complex assays. The IC50s of the seed oils were 6.5110–12.6599 mg/mL tested by DPPH assay, and the IC50s were in the range of 0.6872–1.9310 mg/mL tested by ABTS assay. The anti‐oxidant activities of seed oils decreased in the order of A. fruticosa > C. microphylla > E. angustifolia (A) > E. angustifolia (D). In vitro antimicrobial activities of seed oils against five bacteria were tested by microdilution method. The MIC values of the oils against Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, P. solanacearum and B. thuringiensis were in the range of 26–36, 30–38, 58, 56–58 and 56–58 mg/mL, respectively, while the MBC values were in the range of 30–40, 34–42, 58, 56–58 and 58 mg/mL, respectively. In vitro antifungal properties of the seed oils against four plant pathogenic fungi were tested by the mycelial growth rate method. The EC50s of seed oils against V. mali, C. gloeosporioides, F. graminearum and B. cinerea were in the range of 17.51–19.25, 15.58–19.12, 8.00–17.12 and 18.76–19.14 mg/mL, respectively. The seed oils showed moderate anti‐oxidant and antimicrobial activities.
An evaluation of the current patterns and practices of educational supervision in postgraduate medical education in the UK
Authors: Patel Priyank 
Published: August 2016

Introduction Globally, clinical supervision has been widely adopted and studied. But in the UK, another variant of supervision has developed in the form of educational supervision. The quality of supervision remains highly variable and inadequate time, investment and guidance hinders its ability to actually benefit trainees. Therefore, undertaking a detailed study of the patterns and practices in educational supervision to inform developments in supervisory practice would be extremely beneficial.
Methods In this mixed methods study, educational supervisors and trainees working within a large London Trust were surveyed online about their experiences of educational supervision. In addition, observations of supervision sessions with a small group of supervisor and trainee pairs followed-up by semi-structured interviews were conducted. The quantitative data were analyzed using statistical software via descriptive statistics. The qualitative data underwent thematic framework analysis.
Results Both the qualitative and quantitative data revealed that whilst most junior doctors and supervisors value the ideal of educational supervision as a process for engaging in mentoring dialogues, it can become a tick box exercise, devaluing its usefulness and purpose. Trainees highlighted the need for more frequent formal meeting along with better preparation by supervisors. Supervisors would appreciate more support from trusts to help them enhance supervision for trainees.
Conclusion The effectiveness of educational supervision can be improved with trainees and supervisors engaging in meaningful preparation and proactive communication before meetings. During these formal meetings, improving the quality of feedback and ensuring that regular mentoring dialogues occurred would be highly valuable.
Integrating supply chains for emergencies and ongoing operations in UNHCR
Authors: Jahre Marianne , Kembro Joakim , Rezvanian Tina , Ergun Ozlem , Håpnes Svein J. , Berling Peter 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHumanitarian organizations (HOs) often base their warehouse locations on individuals' experience and knowledge rather than on decision‐support tools. Many HOs run separate supply chains for emergency response and ongoing operations. Based on reviews of humanitarian network design literature combined with an in‐depth case study of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), this paper presents a warehouse location model for joint prepositioning that incorporates political and security situation factors. Although accessibility, co‐location, security, and human resources are crucial to the practice of humanitarian operations management, such contextual factors have not been included in existing network optimization models before. We found that when quantified, and modeled, such factors are important determinants of network configuration. In addition, our results suggest that joint prepositioning for emergency response and ongoing operations allows for expansion of the global warehouse network, and reducing cost and response time.
The Old Babylonian tuning text UET VI/3 899
Authors: Mirelman Sam , Krispijn Theo J. H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe text discussed here is one of only two identified fragments of Mesopotamian instructions for tuning a stringed instrument. Apart from its rarity, this text is important in several other respects. It confirms the reconstruction of the tuning cycle suggested by the other tuning fragment (UET VII 74), it appears to belong to a duplicate manuscript of the tuning cycle, it supports the argument for the presence of the verb nê'um (as opposed to enûm) in Akkadian terminology for tuning, and it offers a revised reading of the music-theoretical term nīš GABA.RI as nīš tuḫri(m).
The Queen under attack—A rejoinder
Authors: Collon Dominique 
Published: August 2016

The object once known as the Burney Relief, and now renamed The Queen of the Night (hereinafter referred to as the Queen) is a mould-made plaque of straw-tempered clay (Fig. 1). Integral with the rectangular background (49.5 × 37 cm) is a nude figure who wears the horned headdress of a Mesopotamian goddess, has lowered wings, dewclaws and bird's talons, holds the divine rod-and-ring symbol in each hand, stands on the backs of two addorsed lions, and is flanked by large owls. Traces of black, red and white paint survive. Since it was first published in the Illustrated London News on 13 June 1936, the plaque has been hailed as a masterpiece of ancient Mesopotamian art generally dated to the Old Babylonian period and, more specifically, to the age of Hammurabi (reigned 1792–1750 BC according to the Middle Chronology). After more than seven decades in private ownership, the plaque finally came into the public domain when, in 2003, the British Museum celebrated its 250th anniversary with the acquisition of this iconic work.One would expect such a unique piece to have its detractors, and in 1936–7 Dietrich Opitz published an article in which he raised doubts about its authenticity, although Van Buren, in her article appended to his (1936–7), came out in favour of the plaque. Then “a seminal article by Henri Frankfort (1937–9)… caused Opitz (1937–9) to change his mind” (Curtis and Collon 1996: 91–2), and other major scholars have agreed with Frankfort, including Thorkild Jacobsen (1987).In 1970, Pauline Albenda published a short article that focused on two features of the plaque's iconography, namely the “ring and rod” (normally referred to as rod-and-ring) symbols held by the goddess, and the overlapping lions on which she stood. These led her to “conclude that the Burney relief is not genuine”. In 2005, she revived the debate in an article in the Journal of the American Oriental Society. I shall consider in turn the various points she raises (giving the relevant page numbers in brackets) and seek to demonstrate why I think her arguments to be flawed and why I am convinced that the Queen of the Night is a genuine work of the age of Hammurabi of Babylon.
Capital punishment at Hatra: Gods, magistrates and laws in the Roman-Parthian period
Authors: Kaizer Ted 
Published: August 2016

This paper deals with gods, magistrates and laws. It centres on one example from the Roman-Parthian period. Its title derives from five Hatrean Aramaic inscriptions which record legal statements on capital punishment at Hatra, a city in the steppe of northern Mesopotamia that came to flourish suddenly (and briefly) in the second and early third century AD. I will argue that the information in these inscriptions about the divine world, institutional aspects and legislation can contribute to our understanding of the interaction of various cultural spheres of influence at Hatra. As such, this information may throw some light on the modes in which one can study the civilization of a Near Eastern city in the Roman-Parthian period, and it may help us to understand the gap left by the archaeological record. The paper aims to locate the inscriptions in the framework of the divine world of Hatra, and it will also make suggestions as to their contribution to our understanding of processes of urbanization in the “Classical” Near East. A detailed look at this material can help us to comprehend more fully the history of the Levantine lands in the period during which the Roman imperial armies spread over the eastern provinces. In the words of Fergus Millar, it is necessary to look beyond the range of sources generally used to define the field of Classical studies, “to discern the material development of human life and settlement in the whole vast range of different areas which at one time or another came within the orbit of Graeco-Roman civilisation”.Hatra was of course brought within the power of the Roman empire only late, a few years before the Sasanian conquest in AD 240. By then — so we are told by Cassius Dio (LXVIII 31, 1–4; LXXVI 10–12) and Herodian (III 1, 2–3; 5, 1; 9, 1–7) — the city had already won renown for withstanding attacks by Trajan and (probably twice) Septimius Severus, and also by the Sasanian king Ardashir. The second Sasanian attempt, however, ended its existence as an inhabited city. When the historian Ammianus Marcellinus passed by its ruins in AD 363, on the way back from the emperor Julian's disastrous Persian campaign, he saw “an old city situated in an uninhabited area and deserted for a long time past” (25.8.5).
Kish in the Kassite Period (c.1650–1150 B.C.)
Authors: Clayden T. 
Published: August 2016

After over half a century systematic excavation is once again underway at Kish. A team of Japanese archaeologists led by Prof. Hideo Fujii has reopened the archaeological investigation of this large ancient site where many periods of occupation are to be found. This study focuses on only a small fragment of the history of settlement at Kish, drawing together the evidence for habitation on the site in the Kassite Period.The evidence may broadly be separated into three groups: inscribed objects found at Kish; references to Kish in texts of the Kassite Period; and artifacts peculiar to the Kassite Period found on the site.The history and results of the excavations conducted at Kish before the Second World War have been well summarized by Moorey [1978]. I do not intend to present an even briefer summary in this paper. Suffice it to note that the bulk of the material discussed below derives from the two major campaigns at Kish: those of de Genouillac in 1912 [1925; Gibson: 1972: 69–70], and those of the Oxford–Field Museum Expedition between 1923 and 1933 [Field: 1929; Langdon: 1924; Mackay: 1925, 1929; Watelin: 1930, 1934; Gibson: 1972: 69–70]. Important supplementary evidence is also contained in the results of the surface survey work conducted at and around Kish by Gibson [1972].
The trouble with “Hairies”
Authors: Ellis Richard S. 
Published: August 2016

Of all figures seen in Mesopotamian art, the naked or kilted human male figure with curls of hair on either side of his face is one of the most familiar. A form of this figure was portrayed already in the Jemdet Nasr period; he became common in Early Dynastic III, and particularly in the Akkadian period, after which he was less popular, though he was revived from time to time, probably until Achaemenid times. Since the early identification with Gilgamesh has been abandoned, he has been referred to by many names: the “six-locked hero”, “wild man”, “naked hero”, or whatever. Long ago Erich Ebeling cited evidence that his Akkadian name was talīmu, the “twin”. F. A. M. Wiggermann, in his article “Exit talim!”, and later in his valuable book Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, has argued that this familiar figure was instead referred to in Akkadian, at least in the first millennium B.C., as laḫmu, the “hairy one”, the “Hairy”. This identification has been accepted by numerous other scholars.Wiggermann presents the following evidence for his identification (listed from the most general to the most specific, rather than in Wiggermann's own order):1. Lexical evidence to show that the root lḫm means “to be hairy”, and that the noun laḫmu means “the hairy one”.2. Various citations of the noun laḫmu that in general are consistent with the identification.3. A very specific association of the term and the image in the Neo-Assyrian texts which prescribe the preparing of figurines to be buried in houses and palaces for protection against evil spirits. This evidence is the same as was used by Ebeling for his identification of the “wild man” as talīmu, which Wiggermann wishes to discredit.