bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical Note: Penumbral width trimming in solid lung dose profiles for 0.9 and 1.5 T MRI‐Linac prototypes
Authors: Alnaghy Sarah J. , Begg Jarrad , Causer Trent , Alharthi Thahabah , Glaubes Laura , Dong Bin , George Armia , Holloway Lois , Metcalfe Peter 
Published: November 2017

PurposeLongitudinal magnetic fields narrow beam penumbra and tighten lateral spread of secondary electrons in air cavities, including lung tissue. Gafchromic® EBT3 film was used to investigate differences between penumbra in solid water and solid lung, without a magnetic field (0 T) and with two field strengths (0.9 and 1.5 T).MethodsThe first prototype of the Australian MRI‐linac consisted of a 1.5 T Siemens Sonata MRI and Varian industrial linatron (nominal 4 MV). The second prototype replaced the Sonata with a 1.0 T Agilent split‐bore magnet. Measurements were completed at 0.9 T to maintain the same source‐to‐surface distance between set‐ups. Gammex‐rmi® solid water with 50 mm of CIRS solid lung inserted as a lung cavity was positioned inside each magnet. This was compared to the same set‐up with solid water only, where film measurements were completed at solid water equivalent depths corresponding to entrance interface/mid/exit interface positions of solid lung from the first set‐up. Multileaf collimator (MLC)‐defined field sizes were set to 3 × 3 cm2 and 10 × 10 cm2. The 80%–20% penumbral width was determined.ResultsUnder 1.5 T conditions, penumbra narrowing occurred up to 4.4 ± 0.1 mm compared to 0 T. As expected, the effect was less for 0.9 T, which resulted in a maximum narrowing of 2.5 ± 0.1 mm. Exit profile penumbra were more affected than entrance penumbra by up to 2.6 ± 0.2 mm. The 1.5 T field brought the solid water and lung penumbral widths more into alignment by a maximum difference of 0.4 ± 0.1 mm.ConclusionsThe trimming of penumbral widths due to magnetic fields in solid water and lung was demonstrated and compared to 0 T. The 0.9 and 1.5 T field trimmed the penumbra by up to 2.5 ± 0.1 mm and 4.4 ± 0.1 mm respectively.
Establishing upper limits on neuronal activity–evoked pH changes with APT‐CEST MRI at 7 T
Authors: Khlebnikov Vitaliy , Siero Jeroen C.W. , Bhogal Alex A. , Luijten Peter R. , Klomp Dennis W.J. , Hoogduin Hans 
Published: November 2017

PurposeTo detect neuronal activity–evoked pH changes by amide proton transfer–chemical exchange saturation transfer (APT‐CEST) MRI at 7 T.MethodsThree healthy subjects participated in the study. A low‐power 3‐dimensional APT‐CEST sequence was optimized through the Bloch‐McConnell equations. pH sensitivity of the sequence was estimated both in phantoms and in vivo. The feasibility of pH–functional MRI was tested in Bloch‐McConnell‐simulated data using the optimized sequence. In healthy subjects, the visual stimuli were used to evoke transient pH changes in the visual cortex, and a 3‐dimensional APT‐CEST volume was acquired at the pH‐sensitive frequency offset of 3.5 ppm every 12.6 s.ResultsIn theory, a three‐component general linear model was capable of separating the effects of blood oxygenation level–dependent contrast and pH. The Bloch‐McConnell equations indicated that a change in pH of 0.03 should be measurable at the experimentally determined temporal signal‐to‐noise ratio of 108. However, only a blood oxygenation level–dependent effect in the visual cortex could be discerned during the visual stimuli experiments performed in the healthy subjects.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that if indeed there are any transient brain pH changes in response to visual stimuli, those are under 0.03 units pH change, which is extremely difficult to detect using the existent techniques. Magn Reson Med 80:126–136, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
The Relationship of Socioeconomic Status with Body Mass Index Depends on the Socioeconomic Measure Used
Authors: Basto‐Abreu Ana , Barrientos‐Gutiérrez Tonatiuh , Zepeda‐Tello Rodrigo , Camacho Vanessa , Gimeno Ruiz de Porras David , Hernández‐Ávila Mauricio 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveThe association between socioeconomic status (SES) and body mass index (BMI) in middle‐income countries is mixed. Heterogeneity in SES indicators used could explain some differences. This study aimed to identify SES indicators consistently associated with BMI in Mexican adults in 2006, 2012, and 2016.MethodsData were obtained from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys of 2006, 2012, and 2016, including adults 20 to 59 years old. Given expected differences by sex, sex‐stratified linear regression models were fitted for each survey. Age‐adjusted and multivariate models were fit by using seven noncollinear SES indicators.ResultsIn age‐adjusted models, most SES indicators were associated with a higher BMI in men; mixed associations were found for women. In multivariate models, living in urban areas was associated with a higher BMI for both men and women in 2006 and 2012. Across all surveys, education was associated with a lower BMI in women, while household assets were associated with a higher BMI in men.ConclusionsThe association between SES indicators and BMI is complex. Differences by sex need to be explicitly recognized when modeling this association. Approaches that rely on a single indicator could be confounded by other SES indicators. Adjusted models show the specific SES attributes that may influence BMI.
Within and beyond: Some implications of developmental contexts for reframing school psychology
Authors: Hacker Andrew H. , Hayes Alan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDisadvantage negatively affects human development but is amenable to change. Education is important in reducing disadvantage and school psychologists and counselors make critical contributions to reducing inequity and maximizing social mobility. Counselors and psychologists can further enhance their contributions in two ways. The first is to prioritize synergizing the strengths and resilience that all students bring. The second is to reconceptualize “the client” as the ecosystem in which all students develop and learn. Considering evidence through the lens of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological (Process–Person–Context–Time) model, this article presents promising evidence that where deliberate, collaborative efforts are made to strengthen multiple developmental contexts, both within and beyond schools, these can successfully improve student outcomes across multiple domains and have a greater likelihood of achieving scale and sustainability than traditional, individual‐focused therapeutic approaches.
An Approach to Incorporate Multi‐Enzyme Digestion into C‐TAILS for C‐Terminomics Studies
Authors: Zhang Yang , Li Qingqing , Huang Jingnan , Wu Zhen , Huang Jichang , Huang Lin , Li Yanhong , Ye Juanying , Zhang Xumin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractProtein C‐termini study is still a challenging task and far behind its counterpart, N‐termini study. MS based C‐terminomics study is often hampered by the low ionization efficiency of C‐terminal peptides and the lack of efficient enrichment methods. We previously optimized the C‐terminal amine‐based isotope labeling of substrates (C‐TAILS) method and identified 369 genuine protein C‐termini in Escherichia coli. A key limitation of C‐TAILS is that the prior protection of amines and carboxylic groups at protein level makes Arg‐C as the only specific enzyme in practice. Herein, we report an approach combining multi‐enzyme digestion and C‐TAILS, which significantly increases the identification rate of C‐terminal peptides and consequently improves the applicability of C‐TAILS in biological studies. We carry out a systematic study and confirm that the omission of the prior amine protection at protein level has a negligible influence and allows the application of multi‐enzyme digestion. We successfully apply five different enzyme digestions to C‐TAILS, including trypsin, Arg‐C, Lys‐C, Lys‐N, and Lysarginase. As a result, we identify a total of 722 protein C‐termini in E. coli, which is at least 66% more than the results using any single enzyme. Moreover, the favored enzyme and enzyme combination are discovered. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD004275.
Observation of Reverse Jetting from a Semi‐hollow EFP after Perforating a Finite Thickness Composite Armour Panel
Authors: Mostert Frederik J. , Snyman Izak M. , Corderley Gary 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA jet of material was observed exiting from the rear of the remnants of an initially semi‐hollow explosively formed projectile, which perforated a finite thickness composite armour panel. The observation of this phenomenon was made by means of flash‐X‐ray photography at two different sub‐millisecond times for a copper EFP that impacted the panel at above 2000 m/s. The jet exhibited remarkably similar characteristics to what is typically observed for shaped charge jets for similar liner materials. Progressive necking was observed in the jet and the velocity differences between necked sections were characterized. Simulation of a similar generic event by the ANSYS Autodyn hydrocode showed that reverse jet formation is possible for specific EFP geometries and impact conditions. The relatively low velocities of the jet elements in terms of the laboratory coordinates, holds promise for the soft recovery of the jetted particles.
Weight discordance and perinatal mortality in twin pregnancy: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: D'Antonio F. , Odibo A. O. , Prefumo F. , Khalil A. , Buca D. , Flacco M. E. , Liberati M. , Manzoli L. , Acharya G. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe primary aim of this systematic review was to explore the strength of association between birth‐weight (BW) discordance and perinatal mortality in twin pregnancy. The secondary aim was to ascertain the contribution of gestational age and growth restriction in predicting mortality in growth‐discordant twins.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and
ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched. Only studies reporting on the risk of mortality in twin pregnancies affected compared with those not affected by BW discordance were included. The primary outcomes explored were incidence of intrauterine death (IUD), neonatal death (NND) and perinatal death. Outcome was assessed separately for monochorionic (MC) and dichorionic (DC) twin pregnancies. Analyses were stratified according to BW discordance cut‐off (≥ 15%, ≥ 20%, ≥ 25% and ≥ 30%) and selected gestational characteristics, including incidence of IUD or NND before and after 34 weeks' gestation, presence of at least one small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) fetus in the twin pair and both twins being appropriate‐for‐gestational age. Risk of mortality in the larger vs smaller twin was also assessed. Meta‐analyses using individual data random‐effects logistic regression and meta‐analyses of proportion were used to analyze the data.ResultsTwenty‐two studies (10 877 twin pregnancies) were included in the analysis. In DC pregnancies, a higher risk of IUD, but not of NND, was observed in twins with BW discordance ≥ 15% (odds ratio (OR) 9.8, 95% CI, 3.9–29.4), ≥ 20% (OR 7.0, 95% CI, 4.15–11.8), ≥ 25% (OR 17.4, 95% CI, 8.3–36.7) and ≥ 30% (OR 22.9, 95% CI, 10.2–51.6) compared with those without weight discordance. For each cut‐off of BW discordance explored in DC pregnancies, the smaller twin was at higher risk of mortality compared with the larger one. In MC twin pregnancies, excluding cases affected by twin–twin transfusion syndrome, twins with BW discordance ≥ 20% (OR 2.8, 95% CI, 1.3–5.8) or ≥ 25% (OR 3.2, 95% CI, 1.5–6.7) were at higher risk of IUD, compared with controls. MC pregnancies with ≥ 25% weight discordance were also at increased risk of NND (OR 4.66, 95% CI, 1.8–12.4) compared with those with concordant weight. The risk of IUD was higher when considering discordant pregnancies involving at least one SGA fetus. The overall risk of mortality in MC pregnancies was similar between the smaller and larger twin, except in those with BW discordance ≥ 20%.ConclusionDC and MC twin pregnancies discordant for fetal growth are at higher risk of IUD but not of NND compared with pregnancies with concordant BW. The risk of IUD in BW‐discordant DC and MC twins is higher when at least one fetus is SGA. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
An outbreak of classical swine fever in pigs in Bangladesh, 2015
Authors: Sarkar Shamim , Hossain Mohammad Enayet , Gurley Emily S. , Hasan Rashedul , Rahman Mohammed Z. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn a group of 22 healthy pigs aged between 4 and 6 months, 2 pigs became ill with high fever, complete anorexia, cough and abnormal swaying movements on 22 June 2015. One of them died on June 24 and the second died on July 3. Shortly after, the remaining pigs also fell ill and died from the same illness by 10 August 2015. We investigated the aetiology, epidemiological and clinical features of the outbreak. We recorded the clinical signs and symptoms for each pig with the date of onset of illness. Veterinarians conducted post‐mortem examinations on the 12 dead pigs, they collected tissue samples from the dead pigs and placed them in a tube containing 1 mL of nucleic acid extraction buffer (lysis buffer). We tested all the tissue samples by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT‐PCR) to detect classical swine fever virus (CSFV) because the animals’ symptoms matched those of this disease. We also conducted a phylogentic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the E2 gene segment of CSFV detected in a lung tissue sample. The attack rate (22/22) and the case fatality were 100%. The predominant symptoms of the disease included high fever, cough, diarrhoea and swaying movements of the hind legs prior to death. Of the 12 pigs tissue samples tested, all had evidence of the presence of CSFV RNA by rRT‐PCR. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the virus belongs to genotype 2.2, which is closely related to CSFV genotype 2.2 reported in India. Our investigation suggests that CSF is circulating in pigs, posing a risk for communities in Bangladesh that rely on pigs for economic income and dietary protein. Future research could focus on estimating the disease and economic burden of CSFV in pig rearing areas to determine if interventions might be warranted or cost‐effective.
Introductory Sociology
Authors: Tony Bilton , Kevin Bonnett , Pip Jones , Tony Lawson , David Skinner , Michelle Stanworth , Andrew Webster 
Published: November 2017

Introductory Sociology is one of the most ambitious, scholarly and popular textbooks in its field. This welcome new edition builds on the strengths of its predecessor in its thematic coherence, clarity of exposition and analytical depth. It is carefully structured to cover all the main substantive topics studied at an introductory level within a framework that engages with exciting contemporary debates about modernity, globalisation and social identity.
Key features of the new edition include:
- A completely new chapter on the media
- Extended coverage of social divisions to include disability, youth and old age as well as class, gender and race
- Clearer and more compact treatment of social theory, incorporating discussion of work by such contemporary theorists as Habermas, Giddens and Beck
- An even stronger blend of theoretical, empirical and illustrative material, consolidating the critical and applied approach that is one of the text's most well-liked defining features
With outstanding presentation and pedagogical support for the student and hard-pressed lecturer alike, the text includes:
- An Instructor's Resource Pack, complete with powerpoint slides, available on the Palgrave website (or in hardcopy for adopters of the textbook, by written request)
- A detailed and extensive glossary - practically a 'mini dictionary' of sociology in its own right and an ideal reference tool
- chapter-specific further reading lists, annotated for further guidance and support
- Questions to think about, which can be used as the basis for essays, class discussion and further study
- Pictures, figures, graphs and tables
Self-Regulation
Authors: McClelland Megan , Geldhof John , Morrison Fred , Gestsdóttir Steinunn , Cameron Claire , Bowers Ed , Duckworth Angela , Little Todd , Grammer Jennie 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSelf-regulation has been shown to have important implications for individual trajectories of health and well-being across the life course. The present chapter examines the development of self-regulation from a life course health development (LCHD) perspective. Using the seven principles of LCHD and the relational developmental systems (RDS) framework, the chapter focuses on the importance of self-regulation for health and well-being over time and across contexts and examines the pathways of self-regulation including the individual, contextual, and sociocultural factors that influence the development of these skills over time, methods for studying self-regulation, and translational issues. The chapter concludes by providing recommendations for future research and for better integrating the principles of LCHD and RDS within the study of self-regulation.
Life Course Health Development Outcomes After Prematurity: Developing a Community, Clinical, and Translational Research Agenda to Optimize Health, Behavior, and Functioning
Authors: Msall Michael E. , Sobotka Sarah A. , Dmowska Amelia , Hogan Dennis , Sullivan Mary 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLong-term survival for infants born extremely prematurely (<28 weeks of gestation) and extremely low birth weight (<1000 g) has increased dramatically due to obstetrical and neonatal advances. However, poverty, inequality, and resulting health disparities are significant contributors to women who give birth to preterm infants and also impact their children’s healthy development and education. While the vast majority of survivors of extreme prematurity do not have the most severe forms of neurodevelopmental disability (i.e., cerebral palsy, blindness, sensorineural hearing loss >55 dB, and intellectual disability), half of survivors can be expected to require special education services at kindergarten entry and during their school years. In addition, there are also high rates of health disparities in the prevalence of preterm birth across the spectrum of gestations including very preterm (28–31 weeks), moderate preterm (32–33 weeks), and late preterm births (34–36 weeks). Life course health development offers a valuable framework for examining how complex medical and social adversities that impact a mother’s health can also impact their child’s health and developmental trajectories. A better understanding of the cumulative impact of protective factors and other buffers that can support prenatal and postnatal parental and child health will provide important insights into how to promote greater resiliency and optimal health development. This population-based information can provide ongoing data for thriving developmental health trajectories for vulnerable preterm survivors with respect to physical, behavioral, and social health outcomes. Though premature infants who receive comprehensive early intervention and preschool educational supportive services have improved outcomes at kindergarten entry, school-age survivors, even those escaping major neurodevelopmental diagnoses, have challenges which impact attention, behavioral regulation, academic achievement, and social skills compared to their full-term peers. Unfortunately, many essential services that can contribute to better outcomes are unnecessarily fragmented and not systematically implemented to provide preventive interventions that optimize health, learning, executive function, social, and adaptive competencies. These cumulative medical, developmental, and social risks among preterm survivors adversely impact long-term adult physical and behavioral health, educational attainment, and social participation. In order to address these disparities, more precise, population-based, health development interventions aimed at optimizing physical and behavioral health, educational achievement, and adaptive competencies will be required. We recommend research strategies to inform our efforts for improving life course outcomes.
Emerging Adulthood as a Critical Stage in the Life Course
Authors: Wood David , Crapnell Tara , Lau Lynette , Bennett Ashley , Lotstein Debra , Ferris Maria , Kuo Alice 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEmerging adulthood, viewed through the lens of life course health development, has the potential to be a very positive developmental stage with postindustrial societies giving adolescents and emerging adults a greater opportunity for choice and exploration but also greater challenges with greater educational and social role requirements. The loss of supports and structures offered by schools, families, and child- and family-oriented health and social services means that the emerging adult must rely more on his/her own resources in a less structured environment. This increased agency in the context of less structure is occurring as the human brain is still developing higher-level capacities such as executive functioning. The person-context interactions during EA are many and complex, leading to multiple different pathways through emerging adulthood. Those with sufficient economic and adult supports as well as personal resources and maturity will be more likely to choose well and embark on a positive trajectory during EA. Those lacking these resources, or those with physical and mental health or intellectual disabilities, may struggle during this period and experience a negative trajectory in the spheres of education, vocation, relationships, and health status. The life course health science of EA requires more detailed and deeper analysis of the relationship between family, peers, and societal supports and personal internal resources in order to help promote successful developmental trajectories during EA.
Early in the Life Course: Time for Obesity Prevention
Authors: Hawkins Summer Sherburne , Oken Emily , Gillman Matthew W. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOne of the reasons for the intractability of childhood obesity is the underappreciation of the complexity and interconnectedness of contributing factors across the life course. A multilevel approach for obesity prevention takes into account individual risk factors that operate “above water” (family, neighborhood, policies) and the interaction with biology and “underwater” influences (genetics, epigenetics, physiology) and recognizes that these factors also interact across the life course, starting before birth. We organize this chapter to reflect phases of life course health development, prenatally through adolescence, that appear to be most important for the development of obesity and present key examples to illustrate important risk factors, mechanisms, and gaps in research. One of the challenges to understanding influences on obesity risk is the extent to which associations described in observational studies are causal. We present alternative methodological approaches, including sibling-pair design, maternal versus paternal effects, Mendelian randomization, cohorts with different confounding structures, and randomized controlled trials, that can help disentangle causal associations. We conclude with recommendations for future work on methodology, research in emerging areas, and implications for practice and policy based on the current evidence.