bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Birds Alter Levels of Parental Investment Based on Nest‐Site Habitat Features?
Authors: Merrill Loren , Baehl Elizabeth M. , Ripple Kaitlyn E. , Benson Thomas J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMany habitats have undergone rapid changes over the past century as a result of anthropogenic activities. Organisms can respond to changes in their environment in many ways, including how much they invest in a given reproductive bout. Optimality theory and life history theory together have provided a framework for understanding how individuals make decisions about the risks and rewards of investing high levels of resources into their offspring within the context of current vs. future reproduction. Shrubland birds in the United States often breed in habitat that has been impacted by humans to varying degrees and provide an ideal system for examining whether organisms alter their levels of parental investment based on the habitat around the nest site. In this study, we assessed levels of nest‐defense behavior during a simulated nest predation event in four shrubland birds: American robins (Turdus migratorius), gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis), brown thrashers (Toxostoma rufum), and northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis). We found that thrashers and catbirds exhibited significantly higher levels of nest defense compared to robins and cardinals and that birds with larger broods acted more aggressively in defending them. We also found that thrashers acted less aggressively as the proportion of shrubland around the nest increased and as the proportion of developed land around the nest decreased and that cardinals acted less aggressively as the proportion of developed land around the nest increased. These patterns suggest that nest‐defense behavior can covary with features of the landscape surrounding the nest, but that the factors shaping that behavior can differ by species.
Environmental and spatial characterisation of an unknown fauna using DNA sequencing – an example with Himalayan Hydropsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera)
Authors: Hoppeler Felicitas , Tachamo Shah Ram Devi , Shah Deep Narayan , Jähnig Sonja C. , Tonkin Jonathan D. , Sharma Subodh , Pauls Steffen U. 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Ecological studies of freshwater biota in understudied regions are often obstructed by poor taxonomic knowledge. We posit that molecular tools can help alleviate this issue and present an example where we combined molecular tools, environmental data and ecological statistics to investigate the distribution and community ecology of an unknown fauna of hydropsychid caddisflies along altitudinal gradients in four Himalayan river systems of Central and Eastern Nepal.

A total of 484 larval specimens from 34 tributaries were examined. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and the nuclear ribosomal RNA 28S were used to delineate molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) applying three analytical methods: general mixed Yule‐coalescent (GMYC) model, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (BPP). Spatial distributional patterns and potential differences in ecological niches among MOTUs were statistically tested using regression and correlation approaches. Further, we examined the data for signs of non‐random structure in MOTU communities.

MOTU diversity within the family of Hydropsychidae was generally high but varied across evaluated gene fragments and slightly among delineation methods. Yet, the subsequent evaluation of environmental and spatial drivers and resulting distributional patterns were highly consistent among the different MOTU estimates.

Within each river system, we found community composition varied greatly along the altitudinal gradients, with many MOTUs associated with specific altitudinal ranges. Prevalent MOTU turnover at the river system scale indicated high β‐diversity in the hydropsychid community leading to high degrees of regional endemism. In the Langtang river system, we found fewer MOTU co‐occurrences than expected by chance.

These results highlight the utility of DNA‐based approaches using variable genetic markers (mitochondrial or ribosomal nuclear) for primary biodiversity assessment of poorly studied groups or regions. Our study further shows that DNA‐based biodiversity measures are suitable for downstream applications, such as exploring fundamental questions in stream ecology.
Pushing precipitation to the extremes in distributed experiments: recommendations for simulating wet and dry years
Authors: Knapp Alan K. , Avolio Meghan L. , Beier Claus , Carroll Charles J. W. , Collins Scott L. , Dukes Jeffrey S. , Fraser Lauchlan H. , Griffin‐Nolan Robert J. , Hoover David L. , Jentsch Anke , Loik Michael E. , Phillips Richard P. , Post Alison K. , Sala Osvaldo E. , Slette Ingrid J. , Yahdjian Laura , Smith Melinda D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntensification of the global hydrological cycle, ranging from larger individual precipitation events to more extreme multiyear droughts, has the potential to cause widespread alterations in ecosystem structure and function. With evidence that the incidence of extreme precipitation years (defined statistically from historical precipitation records) is increasing, there is a clear need to identify ecosystems that are most vulnerable to these changes and understand why some ecosystems are more sensitive to extremes than others. To date, opportunistic studies of naturally occurring extreme precipitation years, combined with results from a relatively small number of experiments, have provided limited mechanistic understanding of differences in ecosystem sensitivity, suggesting that new approaches are needed. Coordinated distributed experiments (CDEs) arrayed across multiple ecosystem types and focused on water can enhance our understanding of differential ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation extremes, but there are many design challenges to overcome (e.g., cost, comparability, standardization). Here, we evaluate contemporary experimental approaches for manipulating precipitation under field conditions to inform the design of ‘Drought‐Net’, a relatively low‐cost CDE that simulates extreme precipitation years. A common method for imposing both dry and wet years is to alter each ambient precipitation event. We endorse this approach for imposing extreme precipitation years because it simultaneously alters other precipitation characteristics (i.e., event size) consistent with natural precipitation patterns. However, we do not advocate applying identical treatment levels at all sites – a common approach to standardization in CDEs. This is because precipitation variability varies >fivefold globally resulting in a wide range of ecosystem‐specific thresholds for defining extreme precipitation years. For CDEs focused on precipitation extremes, treatments should be based on each site's past climatic characteristics. This approach, though not often used by ecologists, allows ecological responses to be directly compared across disparate ecosystems and climates, facilitating process‐level understanding of ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation extremes.
Injection‐induced seismicity in Carbon and Emery Counties, central Utah
Authors: Brown M. R. M. , Liu M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUtah is one of the top producers of oil and natural gas in the United States. Over the past 18 years, more than 4.2 billion gallons of wastewater from the petroleum industry has been injected into the Navajo Sandstone, Kayenta Formation, and Wingate Sandstone in Carbon and Emery Counties, central Utah, where seismicity has increased during the same period. Previous studies have attributed this seismicity to coal mining. Here, we present evidence for wastewater injection being a major cause of the increased seismicity. We show that, in the coal mining area, seismicity rate increased significantly 1–5 years following the wastewater injection, and the earthquakes, mostly with magnitudes <3.0, are concentrated in areas seismically active prior to the injection. Using simple analytical and numerical models, we show that the injection in central Utah can sufficiently raise pore pressure to trigger seismicity within 10–20 km of the injection wells, and the time needed for the diffusion of pore pressure may explain the observed lag of seismicity increase behind the commencement of injection. The b‐value of these earthquakes increased following the wastewater injection, which is consistent with these events being injection‐induced. We conclude that the marked increase in seismicity rate in central Utah is induced by both mining activity and wastewater injection, which raised pore pressure along preexisting faults.
The biases and trends in fault zone hydrogeology conceptual models: global compilation and categorical data analysis
Authors: Scibek J. , Gleeson T. , McKenzie J. M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTo investigate the biases and trends in observations of the permeability structures of fault zones in various geoscience disciplines, we review and compile a database of published studies and reports containing more than 900 references. The global data are categorized, mapped, and described statistically. We use the chi‐square test for the dependency of categorical variables to show that the simplified fault permeability structure (barrier, conduit, barrier–conduit) depends on the observation method, geoscience discipline, and lithology. In the crystalline rocks, the in situ test methods (boreholes or tunnels) favor the detection of permeable fault conduits, in contrast to the outcrop‐based measurements that favor a combined barrier–conduit conceptual models. These differences also occur, to a lesser extent, in sedimentary rocks. We provide an estimate of the occurrence of fault conduits and barriers in the brittle crust. Faults behave as conduits at 70% of sites, regardless of their barrier behavior that may also occur. Faults behave as barriers at at least 50% of the sites, in addition to often being conduits. Our review of published data from long tunnels suggests that in crystalline rocks, 40–80% (median about 60%) of faults are highly permeable conduits, and 30–70% in sedimentary rocks. The trends with depth are not clear, but there are less fault conduits counted in tunnels at the shallowest depths. The barrier hydraulic behavior of faults is more uncertain and difficult to observe than the conduit.
Palliative care needs and symptoms of nursing home residents with and without dementia: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Hermans Kirsten , Cohen Joachim , Spruytte Nele , Van Audenhove Chantal , Declercq Anja 
Published: September 2016

AimThe aims of the present study were: (i) to describe palliative care needs and symptoms of older adults anticipated to be in the last year of their life in Flemish nursing homes (Belgium); and (ii) to evaluate whether these needs differ between residents with and without dementia.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out in 2014. Nurses and nursing assistants in 15 Flemish nursing homes (Belgium) completed the Palliative care Outcome Scale for 109 residents with palliative care needs.ResultsPain, as well as other physical symptoms, was present in more than half of the nursing home residents according to caregivers. The most prominent needs occurred on psychosocial and spiritual domains, such as patient anxiety, support, finding life worth living and self‐worth. Caregivers reported that residents with dementia experienced fewer physical symptoms apart from pain than did residents without dementia (coeffficient –0.73, 95% CI –1.18–0.84; P = 0.001. Furthermore, residents with dementia received higher scores on the items “support” (coefficient 0.75; 95% CI 0.15–1.34, P = 0.015), “life worthwhile” (coeffficient 0.58; 95% CI 0.090–1.07, P = 0.020) and “self‐worth” (coefficient 0.58, 95% CI 0.13–1.03, P = 0.012).ConclusionsAccording to caregivers, residents with dementia experienced fewer other physical symptoms (e.g. nausea) than residents without dementia. This, however, might be a result of an underdetection of other symptoms in nursing home residents with dementia. Furthermore, most challenges in nursing homes lie within the spiritual and psychosocial domains of palliative care, particularly in people with dementia. These aspects should be integrated in the professional education of caregivers. Assessment tools might be of help to improve the identification of needs and symptoms. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1501–1507.
Mutational landscape of combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, and its clinicopathological significance
Authors: Sasaki Motoko , Sato Yasunori , Nakanuma Yasuni 
Published: September 2016

AimsCombined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (cHC‐CC), which generally has a poor prognosis, comprises hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CC), and diverse components with intermediate features between HCC and CC. Histological subtypes with stem cell (SC) features (the SC subtype) have different clinicopathological significance in cHC‐CC. The mutational status may reflect the clinicopathological subgroup of cHC‐CC together with the histological subtype.Methods and resultsWe examined the mutational statuses of KRAS, IDH1 or IDH2 (IDH1/2), ARID1A, the TERT promoter, and TP53, and their relationships with clinicopathological features in 53 patients with cHC‐CC. Background liver diseases were hepatitis B (n = 9), hepatitis C (n = 22), alcoholic liver disease (n = 5), non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (n = 8), and unknown (n = 9). Mutations in KRAS, IDH1/2, ARID1A, the TERT promoter and TP53 were detected in four (7.5%), six (11.8%) seven (13.2%), 16 (31.3%), and 24 patients (45.3%), respectively. KRAS mutations correlated with higher histological diversity scores and a higher M‐factor (P < 0.05). ARID1A mutations correlated with alcoholic liver disease, smaller tumour size, a lower grade of coexistent HCC, and α‐fetoprotein (AFP) positivity, and were associated with cholangiolocellular carcinoma subtype predominance (P < 0.05). TERT promoter mutations correlated with hepatitis B, an intermediate subtype‐predominant histology, higher clinical stage, and a higher N‐factor (P < 0.05), and were associated with gender (female‐predominant) and previous therapy. TP53 mutations correlated with AFP positivity (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe results of the mutational analysis revealed that cHC‐CC has diverse types of mutations, and also that mutations in the TERT promoter and ARID1A may reflect aetiological impact, different histological subtypes, histogenesis, and tumour aggressiveness. These results suggest the potential efficacy of molecular‐based subclassification of cHC‐CC.
Superficial CD34‐positive fibroblastic tumour: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of an additional series
Authors: Lao I Weng , Yu Lin , Wang Jian 
Published: September 2016

AimsTo describe an additional series of superficial CD34‐positive fibroblastic tumour, a newly described neoplasm, in order to enhance the recognition of an emerging novel entity.Methods and resultsThe clinicopathological features and immunophenotypes of 11 cases of superficial CD34‐positive fibroblastic tumour were studied. There were eight males and three females, with a median age of 36 years. Tumours occurred in the thigh (n = 4), buttock (n = 3), shoulder (n = 2), upper arm (n = 1), and waist (n = 1). Histologically, all tumours were characterized by relative circumscription, pleomorphic spindled to polygonal cells with variably enlarged bizarre‐appearing cells, intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions, and extremely low mitotic activity. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells showed diffuse and strong expression of CD34 and focal staining of cytokeratin. Follow‐up thus far has revealed an indolent clinical behaviour.ConclusionsSuperficial CD34‐positive fibroblastic tumour represents a new member of the family of cutaneous CD34‐positive spindle‐cell tumours. Familiarity with its clinicopathological characteristics is helpful in avoiding confusion with a variety of cutaneous mesenchymal tumours with overlapping features.
Floral abundance and resource quality influence pollinator choice
Authors: Fowler Robert E. , Rotheray Ellen L. , Goulson Dave 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Pollinator declines caused by forage habitat loss threaten insect pollination services. Pollinating insects depend on adequate floral resources, and their ability to track these resources. Variability of these resources and the effect on insect foraging choice is poorly understood.

We record patterns of visitation to six wildflower species and test the hypotheses that: pollinators preferentially visit the most rewarding flowers; nectar diurnal variations affect foraging preferences; pollinators respond most strongly to nectar rewards.

Nectar volume and sugar concentration were negatively correlated within plant species over time of day where greater concentration and lower volume was evident in the afternoon, but this did not correspond to pollinator visitation. Both floral abundance and nectar quality (total sugar per inflorescence) positively affect insect visitation. For some foragers, the positive effects of high‐quality rewards were only evident when floral abundance was high (>50 inflorescences per patch), perhaps reflecting the low probability of pollinators detecting scarce rewards. Pollen quality (total protein per inflorescence) was negatively related to visitation of Apis mellifera and Bombus pascuorum.

Fewer pollinators visiting flowers of higher pollen quality could reflect plant allocation trade‐offs or the presence of secondary metabolites in pollen, meaning pollen foraging is likely affected by factors other than protein concentration. Nectar rather than pollen appeared to be the main driver of floral choice by insects in this system.

Conservation schemes for bees in farmland or gardens might benefit from ensuring that rewarding plant species are present at high density and/or are aggregated in space.
A mixed methods study of the administration of flucloxacillin oral liquid; identifying strategies to overcome administration issues of medicines with poor palatability
Authors: Rouse Claudia , Mistry Punam , Rayner Oli , Nickless Jess , Wan Mandy , Southern Kevin W , Batchelor Hannah K 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Background
The palatability of flucloxacillin oral liquid is poor. Parents/carers use strategies to aid the administration of poorly palatable medicines.

Aim
To assess views on the palatability of flucloxacillin oral liquid and identify factors associated with successful administration.

Methods
A mixed methods study which included a structured review of online forums and a survey of parent/carers of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) to obtain parent/carer views on the administration of flucloxacillin oral liquid.

Results
A total of 18 strategies to aid the administration of flucloxacillin suspension to children were identified on 10 different public online forums. A total of 255 responses to the open online survey were received with 47% of respondents reporting that administration of flucloxacillin was more problematic compared to other medicines and 38% reporting the need to improve the palatability.
The brand of flucloxacillin oral liquid significantly influenced the degree of difficulty associated with administration to children. A significant relationship was found between the concentration of flucloxacillin and the reported number of doses successfully administered. The use of food and drink to aid administration was more commonly stated in online forums (44%) compared to the survey data of parents/carers of children with CF (15.9%).

Conclusion
The administration of flucloxacillin oral liquid is perceived as a challenge by parent/carers because of palatability. For chronic use, a more concentrated oral liquid and certain brands are likely to improve acceptability.
The role of mucosal‐associated invariant T cells in infectious diseases
Authors: Wong Emily B. , Ndung'u Thumbi , Kasprowicz Victoria O. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryMucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are donor‐unrestricted lymphocytes that are surprisingly abundant in humans, representing 1–10% of circulating T cells and further enriched in mucosal tissues. MAIT cells recognize and are activated by small molecule ligands produced by microbes and presented by MR1, a highly conserved MHC‐related antigen‐presenting protein that is ubiquitously expressed in human cells. Increasing evidence suggests that MAIT cells play a protective role in anti‐bacterial immunity at mucosal interfaces. Some fungi are known to produce MAIT‐activating ligands, but the role of MAIT cells in fungal infections has not yet been investigated. In viral infections, specifically HIV, which has received the most study, MAIT cell biology is clearly altered, but the mechanisms explaining these alterations and their clinical significance are not yet understood. Many questions remain unanswered about the potential of MAIT cells for protection or pathogenesis in infectious diseases. Because they interact with the universal, donor‐unrestricted ligand‐presenting MR1 molecule, MAIT cells may be attractive immunotherapy or vaccine targets. New tools, including the development of MR1‐ligand tetramers and next‐generation T‐cell receptor sequencing, have the potential to accelerate MAIT cell research and lead to new insights into the role of this unique set of lymphocytes in infectious diseases.
Positive psychotherapy for depression and self‐efficacy in undergraduate nursing students: A randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Guo Yu‐Fang , Zhang Xia , Plummer Virginia , Lam Louisa , Cross Wendy , Zhang Jing‐Ping 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNursing students across the globe experience depressive symptoms, and many interventions have been used to alleviate their depression. However, few interventions focus on students' personal strengths and advantages. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of an 8‐week group positive psychotherapy (PPT) programme on depression and self‐efficacy in full‐time undergraduate nursing students. A randomized, controlled trial was conducted for 76 nursing students (34 in the experimental group, 42 in the control group). The Beck Depression Inventory‐II and the General Self‐Efficacy Scale were used to collect data prior to, immediately after PPT, 3 months', and 6 months' post‐PPT. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance indicated that the intervention significantly alleviated depression and improved self‐efficacy (each P < 0.05); the effect of time and time–group interaction was also significant (each P < 0.05). The findings suggest that PPT could significantly relieve depressive symptoms and improve self‐efficacy. We recommend that PPT is effective in alleviating depression and improving self‐efficacy in undergraduate nursing students. Academic mental health nurses should appreciate the value of PPT and consider incorporating it in psychological support methods in order to facilitate nursing students' mental health.