bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Online Tar Analysis with Laser Mass-Spectrometry for Biomass Gasifiers
Authors: Neubauer York , Behrendt Frank 
Published: April 2016

The further development of gasification technology for biomass for various sizes of gasifiers and differrent end uses needs detailed information about the product gas com-position. This is especially the case for unwanted by-products like tar. An online analysis system is applied making use of a combination of gas chromatogra-phy (GC) and laser mass spectrometry (LAMS). A conventional tabletop gas chromatograph/ion-trap mass-spectrometer (GC/MS) system (Varian Saturn) was equipped with an additional laser ionization (LI) system. Its applicattion reduces fragmentation of analyte molecules and allows for short analysis times even in complex hydroocarbon matrices. The application of GC/LAMS for tar analysis in biomass gasification provides results in much shorter time compared with other tar analysis methods. The analysis system is set up for carrying out fundamental research on gasification processes mainly at laboratory sites. Its flexible design offers the possibilities of using electron impact (EI) as well as laser ionization in mass spectrometry, being able to perform hot-gas online and liquid offline analyses with the option of gas chroma-tographic separation. It was made mobile to perform field measurements on larger, technical-scale gasifiers as well.
Characterization and Breakdown of South Gabal EL A’urf Polymineralized ore Material
Authors: El-Hazek M.N. , Amer T.E. , Issa R.M. , Abu El-Azm M.G. , Omar S.A. , El-Hady S.M. 
Published: April 2016

The polymineralized ore material of south Gabal El-A’urf area hosts several economic minerals. These include tanteuxenite, monazite, bastanasite, anatase, as well as zircon. The corresponding interesting rare metals of these minerals include Nb, Ta, lanthanides (REE), Ti, and Zr. Different breakdown techniques have been investigated namely; agitation, pug and fusion. The latter technique is found to be preferred under the following conditions; potassium bisulphate ore/reagent weight ratio of 1/3 at 650 ºC for 3 h. The realized dissolution efficiencies for all metal values were as follows 98.0% and 99.3% for Nb and Ta respectively as well as complete dissolution for lanthanides (REE) and 94% for Ti while Zr did not exceed 20% and concentrated in the residue left behind. This study of breakdown techniques aims to characterization of ore material of south Gabal El-A’urf area as well as preparing a proper leach liquor suitable for further recovery procedure and obtain pure remarket able products.
Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α and Interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8 Impair In Vitro Migration and Induce Apoptosis of Gingival Fibroblasts and Epithelial Cells, Delaying Wound Healing
Authors: Basso Fernanda G. , Pansani Taisa N. , Turrioni Ana Paula S. , Soares Diana G. , de Souza Costa Carlos Alberto , Hebling Josimeri 
Published: April 2016

Background: Multiple factors affect oral mucosal healing, such as the persistence of an inflammatory reaction. The present study evaluates effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8 on epithelial cells (ECs) and human gingival fibroblasts (GFs) in vitro.Methods: GFs and ECs were seeded in 96‐well plates (1 × 104 cells/well) in plain culture medium (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium [DMEM]) containing 1% antibiotic/antimycotic solution and 10% fetal bovine serum, and incubated for 24 hours. Both cell lines were exposed for 24 hours to the following cytokines: 1) TNF‐α (100 ng/mL); 2) IL‐1β (1 ng/mL); 3) IL‐6 (10 ng/mL); and 4) IL‐8 (10 ng/mL). All cytokines were diluted in serum‐free DMEM. Control cultures were exposed only to serum‐free DMEM. Effects of exposure to inflammatory cytokines were determined by means of: 1) apoptosis (anexin V); 2) cell migration (wound healing assay); 3) inflammatory cytokine synthesis (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (α = 0.05).Results: Increased apoptosis rates were noted when cells were exposed to inflammatory cytokines, except ECs exposed to IL‐1β. Cell migration was negatively affected by all inflammatory cytokines for both cell lines. ECs and GFs exposed to IL‐6 and IL‐8 significantly increased synthesis of TNF‐α and IL‐1β.Conclusions: Demonstrated results indicate negative effects of tested inflammatory cytokines on ECs and GFs, inducing apoptosis and impairing cell migration. These results can justify delayed oral mucosa healing in the presence of inflammatory reaction.
Polymorphic Regions in Fc Gamma Receptor and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Genes and Susceptibility to Chronic Periodontitis in a Cohort From South India
Authors: Lavu Vamsi , Venkatesan Vettriselvi , Bhaskar Lakkakula V.K.S , Priyanka Venugopal , Kumarasamy P. , Durairaj Paul Solomon Franklin , Rao Suresh Ranga 
Published: April 2016

Background: Polymorphisms in the immunoglobulin G Fc receptor II (FcGR) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFA) genes are known to influence pathogenesis and severity of several inflammatory conditions. Association of FcGR and TNFA gene polymorphisms with chronic periodontitis (CP) susceptibility has been found to be diverse among different ethnic populations. Objectives of the present study are to determine association of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FcGR and TNF‐α genes with CP susceptibility in a cohort from South India.Methods: Polymorphisms of: 1) FCGR2A 131His/Arg (rs1801274); 2) FCGR2B 232Ile/Thr (rs1050501); 3) TNFA ‐1031T/C (rs1799964); and 4) TNFA ‐863C/A (rs1800630) were analyzed among patients with healthy gingiva (n = 176) and patients with CP (n = 177). Genotyping was performed using allele‐specific real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay. Association between CP and SNPs was examined by multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for: 1) age; 2) sex; and 3) oral hygiene index (OHI). Epistatic interaction between FcGR polymorphisms and interleukin 1B (IL1B) +3954C/T (rs1143634) was assessed using multifactorial dimensionality reduction analysis.Results: Among four SNPs analyzed, only FCGR2A 131His/Arg showed significant association with CP in a dominant model (odds ratio: 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.028 to 2.530). This significance disappeared after correcting for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni analysis, or after adjusting for age, sex, and OHI. A significant redundant interaction between IL1B +3954 C/T and FCGR2A 131His/Arg was observed.Conclusion: Study results suggest the variant form of the SNP in FCGR2A 131His/Arg, FCGR2B 232Ile/Thr, TNFA ‐1031T/C, and TNFA ‐863C/A are not associated with CP susceptibility in the selected cohort from South India.
Augmented Lagrangian Method for Maximizing Expectation and Minimizing Risk for Optimal Well-Control Problems With Nonlinear Constraints
Authors: Liu Xin , Reynolds Albert C. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Robust waterflooding optimization commonly refers to the problem of estimating well controls (wellbore pressures or rates at specified control steps) that maximize the expectation of net-present-value (NPV) of the life-cycle production over an ensemble of given reservoir models. Unfortunately, if the reservoir is operated under the “optimal” well controls obtained, the variance in NPV may be large; more importantly, if the smallest NPV obtained is close to the one that would be obtained for the true reservoir, the development of the reservoir might not be commercially viable. Liu and Reynolds (2015b) suggested that one way to manage risk was to consider the problem in which the dual objectives were to maximize the expected value of NPV and to minimize the risk in which the risk was defined as the minimum NPV from an ensemble of models spanning the uncertainty in reservoir description. However, the algorithms presented in Liu and Reynolds (2015b) considered only bound constraints. Here, we develop algorithms to generate points on the Pareto front when nonlinear state (output) constraints are present. The Pareto front is generated either by a constrained weighted-sum (WS) method or a constrained normal-boundary-intersection (NBI) method. In this paper, we extend the augmented Lagrangian approach given in Liu and Reynolds (2015b) for biobjective optimization with bound constraints to biobjective optimization problems in which nonlinear state constraints are present. We provide a detailed derivation of how to incorporate nonlinear constraints for multiobjective optimization problems (MOOPs) and illustrate, by means of example, that the methodology is viable for biobjective optimization with nonlinear constraints.
Dental and Chronological Ages as Determinants of Peak Growth Period and Its Relationship with Dental Calcification Stages
Authors: Litsas George , Lucchese Alessandra 
Published: April 2016

Purpose:To investigate the relationship between dental, chronological, and cervical vertebral maturation growth in the peak growth period, as well as to study the association between the dental calcification phases and the skeletal maturity stages during the same growth period.Methods:Subjects were selected from orthodontic pre-treatment cohorts consisting of 420 subjects where 255 were identified and enrolled into the study, comprising 145 girls and 110 boys. The lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs were examined from the archives of the Department of Orthodontics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Dental age was assessed according to the method of Demirjian, and skeletal maturation according to the Cervical Vertebral Maturation Method. Statistical elaboration included Spearman Brown formula, descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis, paired samples t-test, and Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient.Results:Chronological and dental age showed a high correlation for both gender(r =0.741 for boys, r = 0.770 for girls, p<0.001). The strongest correlation was for the CVM Stage IV for both males (r=0.554) and females (r=0.68). The lowest correlation was for the CVM Stage III in males (r=0.433, p<0.001) and for the CVM Stage II in females (r=0.393, p>0.001). The t-test revealed statistically significant differences between these variables (p<0.001) during the peak period. A statistically significant correlation (p<0.001) between tooth calcification and CVM stages was determined. The second molars showed the highest correlation with CVM stages (CVMS) (r= 0.65 for boys, r = 0.72 for girls).Conclusion:Dental age was more advanced than chronological for both boys and girls for all CVMS. During the peak period these differences were more pronounced. Moreover, all correlations between skeletal and dental stages were statistically significant. The second molars showed the highest correlation whereas the canines showed the lowest correlation for both gender.
99mTc-DPD SPECT/CT for localisation of inflammatory and chronic osteoarthritis of the foot and ankle
Authors: Freudenberg Lutz , Wieder Hinrich , Stollfuss Jens 
Published: April 2016

SummaryAim: The precise localisation of osteoarthritic and inflammatory changes is crucial for selective treatment planning of radiosynovectomy (RSV). The present study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of planar bone imaging and SPECT for the detection of pathological bone metabolism and inflammation in joints of the foot and ankle, compared with SPECT/CT. Patients, methods: 39 patients (mean age 65.6 ± 11.1 years) with suspected inflammatory osteoarthritis underwent SPECT/CT of the feet. After injection of approximately 500 MBq 99mTc DPD, all patients had three-phase planar bone imaging and late-phase hybrid SPECT/CT. late-phase SPECT, and CT of the foot. Increased bone metabolism and blood-pool was assigned to the respective joint of the fore-, mid-, and hindfoot, using SPECT/CT as the reference standard. Results: Overall, SPECT had a higher sensitivity than planar imaging (0.80 vs 0.68, n.s.). The advantage of SPECT was most obvious in the anatomically complex midfoot area (0.63 vs 0.26, p < 0.05) and less obvious in the forefoot (0.85 vs 0.79, n.s.) and hindfoot (0.89 vs 0.89, n.s.). The overall concordance (Cohen`s Kappa) between SPECT/CT and planar (late-phase) imaging and SPECT was high for the forefoot and the hindfoot (planar: 0.78/0.81; SPECT 0.86/0.88) and comparatively low for the midfoot (planar: 0.27; SPECT 0.61). Conclusion: SPECT was significantly superior to planar bone imaging for the detection of joint lesions in the midfoot. The differences between SPECT and planar imaging in the fore- and hindfoot were not significant, most likely due to the inherently less complex anatomy. Compared with SPECT alone, a benefit from the use of SPECT/CT can be observed in the midfoot region where it facilitates the identification of the correct joint for RSV.
Comparison of Pulse Rate Variability and Heart Rate Variability for Hypoglycemia Syndrome
Authors: Çelik Gamze , Yıldırım Mustafa , Ilhan Mahmut , Karaman Özcan , Taşan Ertuğrul , Kara Sadık , Okkesim Şükrü 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackground: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a signal obtained from RR intervals of electro -cardiography (ECG) signals to evaluate the balance between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system; not only HRV but also pulse rate va -riability (PRV) extracted from finger pulse plethysmography (PPG) can reflect irregularities that may occur in heart rate and control procedures.Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare the HRV and PRV during hypogly -cemia in order to evaluate the features that computed from PRV that can be used in detection of hypoglycemia.Methods: To this end, PRV and HRV of 10 patients who required testing with insulininduced hypoglycemia (IIHT) in Clinics of Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases of Bezm-i Alem University (Istanbul, Turkey), were obtained. The recordings were done at three stages: prior to IIHT, during the IIHT, and after the IIHT. We used Bland-Altman analysis for comparing the parameters and to evaluate the correlation between HRV and PRV if exists.Results: Significant correlation (r > 0.90, p < 0.05) and close agreement were found between HRV and PRV for mean intervals, the root-mean square of the difference of successive intervals, standard deviation of successive intervals and the ratio of the low-to-high frequency power.Conclusions: In conclusion, all the features computed from PRV and HRV have close agreement and correlation according to Bland-Altman analyses’ results and features computed from PRV can be used in detection of hypoglycemia.
Microsatellite primers for two threatened orchids in Florida: Encyclia tampensis and Cyrtopodium punctatum (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Weremijewicz Joanna , Almonte Jasmin I. , Hilaire Vanessa S. , Lopez Frank D. , Lu Stephen H. , Marrero Sarah M. , Martinez Catherine M. , Zarate Edson A. , Lam Ana K. , Ferguson Samantha A. N. , Petrakis Nicolas Z. , Peeples Kelsey A. , Taylor Ebony D. , Leon Natalie M. , Valdes Carolina , Hass Michael , Reeve Andrew B. , Palow Danielle T. , Downing Jason L. 
Published: April 2016

Premise of the study:The Million Orchid Project at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden is an initiative to propagate native orchids for reintroduction into Miami's urban landscapes. The aim of this study was to develop microsatellites for Encyclia tampensis and Cyrtopodium punctatum (Orchidaceae).Methods and Results:Ten microsatellites were developed for each species. For E. tampensis sampled from the natural population, allele numbers ranged from one to four, with an average observed heterozygosity (Ho) of 0.314 and average expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.281. For the individuals from cultivation, allele numbers ranged from one to six, with an average Ho of 0.35 and an average He of 0.224. For C. punctatum, allele numbers ranged from one to three, with an average Ho of 0.257 and an average He of 0.272.Conclusions:These microsatellites will be used to assess the genetic diversity of natural and cultivated populations with the intention of guiding genetic breeding under the Million Orchid Project.
AN HST SURVEY FOR 100–1000 au COMPANIONS AROUND YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS IN THE ORION MOLECULAR CLOUDS: EVIDENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY DEPENDENT MULTIPLICITY
Authors: Kounkel M. , Megeath S. T. , Poteet C. A. , Fischer W. J. , Hartmann L. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a near-infrared survey for the visual multiples in the Orion molecular clouds region at separations between 100 and 1000 au. These data were acquired at 1.6 μm with the NICMOS and WFC3 cameras on the Hubble Space Telescope. Additional photometry was obtained for some of the sources at 2.05 μm with NICMOS and in the L′ band with NSFCAM2 on NASA’s InfraRed Telescope Facility. Toward 129 protostars and 197 pre-main-sequence stars with disks observed with WFC3, we detect 21 and 28 candidate companions between the projected separations of 100–1000 au, of which less than 5 and 8, respectively, are chance line-of-sight coincidences. The resulting companion fraction (CF) after the correction for the line-of-sight contamination is

14.4

−
1.3

+
1.1

%

for protostars and

12.5

−
0.8

+
1.2

%

for the pre-main-sequence stars. These values are similar to those found for main-sequence stars, suggesting that there is little variation in the CF with evolution, although several observational biases may mask a decrease in the CF from protostars to the main-sequence stars. After segregating the sample into two populations based on the surrounding surface density of young stellar objects, we find that the CF in the high stellar density regions (ΣYSO > 45 pc−2) is approximately 50% higher than that found in the low stellar density regions (ΣYSO < 45 pc−2). We interpret this as evidence for the elevated formation of companions at 100–1000 au in the denser environments of Orion. We discuss possible reasons for this elevated formation.
X-RAY SOURCES IN THE DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXY DRACO
Authors: Sonbas E. , Rangelov B. , Kargaltsev O. , Dhuga K. S. , Hare J. , Volkov I. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the spectral analysis of an 87 ks XMM-Newton observation of Draco, a nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxy. Of the approximately 35 robust X-ray source detections, we focus our attention on the brightest of these sources, for which we report X-ray and multiwavelength parameters. While most of the sources exhibit properties consistent with active galactic nuclei, few of them possess the characteristics of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) and cataclysmic variable (CVs). Our analysis places constraints on the population of X-ray sources with L
X > 3 × 1033 erg s−1 in Draco, suggesting that there are no actively accreting black hole and neutron star binaries. However, we find four sources that could be quiescent state LMXBs/CVs associated with Draco. We also place constraints on the central black hole luminosity and on a dark matter decay signal around 3.5 keV.
THE DOUBLE-PEAKED SN 2013ge: A TYPE Ib/c SN WITH AN ASYMMETRIC MASS EJECTION OR AN EXTENDED PROGENITOR ENVELOPE
Authors: Drout M. R. , Milisavljevic D. , Parrent J. , Margutti R. , Kamble A. , Soderberg A. M. , Challis P. , Chornock R. , Fong W. , Frank S. , Gehrels N. , Graham M. L. , Hsiao E. , Itagaki K. , Kasliwal M. , Kirshner R. P. , Macomb D. , Marion G. H. , Norris J. , Phillips M. M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We present extensive multiwavelength (radio to X-ray) observations of the Type Ib/c supernova (SN Ib/c) SN 2013ge from −13 to +457 days relative to maximum light, including a series of optical spectra and Swift UV–optical photometry beginning 2–4 days post-explosion. This data set makes SN 2013ge one of the best-observed normal SNe Ib/c at early times—when the light curve is particularly sensitive to the progenitor configuration and mixing of radioactive elements—and reveals two distinct light curve components in the UV bands. The first component rises over 4–5 days and is visible for the first week post-explosion. Spectra of the first component have blue continua and show a plethora of moderately high velocity (∼15,000 km s−1) but narrow (∼3500 km s−1) spectroscopic features, indicating that the line-forming region is restricted. The explosion parameters estimated for the bulk explosion (

M

ej

∼ 2–3

M

⊙

;

E

K

∼ (1–2) × 1051 erg) are standard for SNe Ib/c, and there is evidence for weak He features at early times—in an object that would have otherwise been classified as Type Ic. In addition, SN 2013ge exploded in a low-metallicity environment (∼0.5

Z

⊙

), and we have obtained some of the deepest radio and X-ray limits for an SN Ib/c to date, which constrain the progenitor mass-loss rate to be

M

˙

< 4 × 10−6

M

⊙

yr−1. We are left with two distinct progenitor scenarios for SN 2013ge, depending on our interpretation of the early emission. If the first component is cooling envelope emission, then the progenitor of SN 2013ge either possessed an extended (≳30

R

⊙

) envelope or ejected a portion of its envelope in the final

≲
1

yr before core collapse. Alternatively, if the first component is due to outwardly mixed 56Ni, then our observations are consistent with the asymmetric ejection of a distinct clump of nickel-rich material at high velocities. Current models for the collision of an SN shock with a binary companion cannot reproduce both the timescale and luminosity of the early emission in SN 2013ge. Finally, the spectra of the first component of SN 2013ge are similar to those of the rapidly declining SN 2002bj.
A COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION ON THE SLOWING DOWN OF COSMIC ACCELERATION
Authors: Wang Shuang , Hu Yazhou , Li Miao , Li Nan 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Shafieloo et al. first proposed the possibility that the current cosmic acceleration (CA) is slowing down. However, this is rather counterintuitive because a slowing down CA cannot be accommodated in most mainstream cosmological models. In this work, by exploring the evolutionary trajectories of the dark energy equation of state w(z) and deceleration parameter q(z), we present a comprehensive investigation on the slowing down of CA from both the theoretical and the observational sides. For the theoretical side, we study the impact of different w(z) using six parametrization models, and then we discuss the effects of spatial curvature. For the observational side, we investigate the effects of different type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO), and cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. We find that (1) the evolution of CA is insensitive to the specific form of

w

(
z
)

;

in contrast, a non-flat universe favors a slowing down CA more than a flat universe. (2) SNLS3 SNe Ia data sets favor a slowing down CA at a 1σ confidence level, while JLA SNe Ia samples prefer an eternal CA; in contrast, the effects of different BAO data are negligible. (3) Compared with CMB distance prior data, full CMB data favor a slowing down CA more. (4) Due to the low significance, the slowing down of CA is still a theoretical possibility that cannot be confirmed by the current observations.