bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ice algal communities in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas in spring and early summer: Composition, distribution, and coupling with phytoplankton assemblages
Authors: Selz Virginia , Laney Samuel , Arnsten Alexandra E. , Lewis Kate M. , Lowry Kate E. , Joy‐Warren Hannah L. , Mills Matthew M. , van Dijken Gert L. , Arrigo Kevin R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTo understand the controls on distributions of ice algal communities in spring and the role of ice algae in under‐ice bloom development through possible seeding, we sampled the ice and water column in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas over spring and summer. Field observations showed that high springtime concentrations of bottom ice algal communities were released from the ice into the water column by summer. Furthermore, during our spring sampling, bottom ice algal concentrations were highly variable. Declines in spring ice algal biomass and physiological state were correlated with ice melt, rather than light or nutrient availability. Nonparametric multivariate data analysis of the seasonal succession of phytoplankton and ice algal community composition illustrated that the loss of algae from the sea ice temporarily elevated water column chlorophyll a (Chl a) levels, as ice‐derived taxa dominated the phytoplankton biomass. Model simulations, constrained by field observations from this study, further suggested that seeding by ice algae was brief and alone could not account for the phytoplankton biomass concentrations exceeding 2 mg Chl a m−3 observed in our study. Ice algal sloughing from the sea ice to the water column contributes biomass to the phytoplankton community. However, this signal of ice‐derived taxa is brief and non‐ice derived taxa dominate phytoplankton blooms later in the spring and summer.
Winter‐mixing preconditioning of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Biscay
Authors: González‐Gil Ricardo , González Taboada Fernando , Cáceres Carlos , Largier John L. , Anadón Ricardo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe spring phytoplankton bloom plays a key role in the dynamics of temperate and polar seas. Nevertheless, the mechanisms and processes behind these blooms remain a subject of considerable debate. We analyzed the influence of deep mixing during winter on the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Cantabrian Sea (southern Bay of Biscay). To this end, we combined long‐term physical and biogeochemical in situ data (1993–2012) and satellite observations (1997–2012). Deeper winter mixing led to higher nitrate and chlorophyll concentrations through the water column during the spring bloom. However, this effect was modified by short‐term variability in near‐surface stratification in spring. Winter‐mixing preconditioning also influenced different spring bloom metrics: deeper and later mixing in winter was followed by later blooms with a larger peak. In these enhanced blooms, nitrate was taken up at faster rates, indicating higher rates of phytoplankton production. Winters with weaker mixing (that led to weaker spring blooms) were associated with warmer surface temperatures. This relationship suggests that the multi‐decadal trend toward warmer surface temperatures in the Bay of Biscay may promote a decrease in the magnitude of the spring bloom, which could impact upper trophic levels and also deep carbon export in the future.
Observation of Type I Photonic Weyl Points in Optical Frequencies
Authors: Goi Elena , Yue Zengji , Cumming Benjamin P. , Gu Min 
Published: December 2017

AbstractManipulation of momentum space in photonic structures has enabled a range of physical phenomena including negative refraction, slow light, enhanced nonlinearity and three‐dimensional complete bandgaps. Recently, Topology, a property related to the global structure of the frequency dispersion of a photonic system, emerged as a new tool for the control of momentum space and an additional degree of freedom for the discovery of fundamentally new states of light. The Weyl point systems considered in this work are an excellent platform to investigate topological bosonic states. Weyl points act as monopoles or anti‐monopoles Berry flux in momentum space, and carry chirality defined by quantised topological charges. In this work, the experimental realisation of photonic type I Weyl points at optical frequencies is demonstrated in a bio‐inspired three‐dimensional photonic crystal coated uniquely with layered‐composite nanometric materials. More importantly, the chiral nature of the photonic Weyl points is discovered by coupling with spin‐angular momentum carried by circularly polarised light. This Weyl‐point induced mechanism leads to reversed circular dichroism along the directions that intersect the oppositely charged topological photonic states. This discovery provides an entirely new platform for developing topologically protected super‐robust photonic devices in angular‐momentum‐based information processing, circular‐dichroism‐enabled protein sensing, spintronics and quantum optoelectronics.
Discrete operators of sampling type and approximation in ‐variation
Authors: Angeloni Laura , Vinti Gianluca 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe paper deals with approximation results with respect to the φ‐variation by means of a family of discrete operators for φ‐absolutely continuous functions. In particular, for the considered family of operators and for the error of approximation, we first obtain some estimates which are important in order to prove the main result of convergence in φ‐variation. The problem of the rate of approximation is also studied. The discrete operators that we consider are deeply connected to some problems of linear prediction from samples in the past, and therefore have important applications in several fields, such as, for example, in speech processing. Moreover such family of operators coincides, in a particular case, with the generalized sampling‐type series on a subset of the space of the φ‐absolutely continuous functions: therefore we are able to obtain a result of convergence in variation also for the generalized sampling‐type series. Some examples are also discussed.
Patients with sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis found value in genetic testing
Authors: Wagner Karin N. , Nagaraja Haikady N. , Allain Dawn C. , Quick Adam , Kolb Stephen J. , Roggenbuck Jennifer 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is increasingly recognized as a genetic disease. There is no consensus, however, as to the role of genetic testing in the care of the ALS patient.MethodsWe conducted a survey to study patient access, attitudes, and experience with ALS genetic testing among patients enrolled in a US ALS registry.ResultsAmong 449 survey respondents, 156 (34.7%) were offered testing and 105 of 156 (67.3%) completed testing. The majority of respondents with familial ALS (fALS) (31/45, 68.9%) were offered testing, while a minority of respondents with sporadic ALS (sALS) (111/404, 27.5%) were offered testing (p = .00001). Comparison of mean test experience scores between groups revealed that respondents with fALS were no more likely to report a favorable experience with genetic testing than those with sALS (p = .51). Respondents who saw a genetic counselor did not have significantly different test experience scores, compared to those who did not (p = .14). In addition, no differences in test experience scores were observed between those who received positive or negative genetic test results (p = .98).ConclusionThese data indicate that patients with ALS found value in clinical genetic testing.
Tomato Powder Inhibits Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation Potentially Through Restoring SIRT1 Activity and Adiponectin Function Independent of Carotenoid Cleavage Enzymes in Mice
Authors: Li Cheng‐Chung , Liu Chun , Fu Maobin , Hu Kang‐Quan , Aizawa Koichi , Takahashi Shingo , Hiroyuki Suganuma , Cheng Junrui , von Lintig Johannes , Wang Xiang‐Dong 
Published: December 2017

ScopeBeta‐carotene‐15,15′‐oxygenase (BCO1) and beta‐carotene‐9′,10′‐oxygenase (BCO2) metabolize lycopene to biologically active metabolites, which can ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigate the effects of tomato powder (TP containing substantial lycopene (2.3 mg/g)) on NAFLD development and gut microbiome in the absence of both BCO1 and BCO2 in mice.Method and resultsBCO1−/−/BCO2−/− double knockout mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) alone (n = 9) or with TP feeding (n = 9) for 24 weeks. TP feeding significantly reduced pathological severity of steatosis and hepatic triglyceride levels in BCO1−/−/BCO2−/− mice (p < 0.04 vs HFD alone). This was associated with increased SIRT1 activity, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase expression and AMP‐activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and subsequently decreased lipogenesis, hepatic fatty acid uptake, and increasing fatty acid β‐oxidation (p < 0.05). TP feeding significantly decreased mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (tnf‐α, il‐1β, and il‐6) in both liver and mesenteric adipose tissue, which were associated with increased plasma adiponectin and hepatic adiponectin receptor‐2. Multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed using DNA extracted from cecum fecal samples. TP feeding increased microbial richness and decreased relative abundance of the genus Clostridium.ConclusionDietary TP can inhibit NAFLD independent of carotenoid cleavage enzymes, potentially through increasing SIRT1 activity and adiponectin production and decreasing Clostridium abundance.
Performance of commercially available deformable image registration platforms for contour propagation using patient‐based computational phantoms: A multi‐institutional study
Authors: Loi Gianfranco , Fusella Marco , Lanzi Eleonora , Cagni Elisabetta , Garibaldi Cristina , Iacoviello Giuseppina , Lucio Francesco , Menghi Enrico , Miceli Roberto , Orlandini Lucia C. , Roggio Antonella , Rosica Federica , Stasi Michele , Strigari Lidia , Strolin Silvia , Fiandra Christian 
Published: December 2017

PurposeTo investigate the performance of various algorithms for deformable image registration (DIR) to propagate regions of interest (ROIs) using multiple commercial platforms.Methods and materialsThirteen institutions participated in the study with six commercial platforms: RayStation (RaySearch Laboratories, Stockholm, Sweden), MIM (Cleveland, OH, USA), VelocityAI and Smart Adapt (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA), Mirada XD (Mirada Medical Ltd, Oxford, UK), and ABAS (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden). The DIR algorithms were tested on synthetic images generated with the ImSimQA package (Oncology Systems Limited, Shrewsbury, UK) by applying two specific Deformation Vector Fields (DVF) to real patient data‐sets. Head‐and‐neck (HN), thorax, and pelvis sites were included. The accuracy of the algorithms was assessed by comparing the DIR‐mapped ROIs from each center with those of reference, using the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and Mean Distance to Conformity (MDC) metrics. Statistical inference on validation results was carried out in order to identify the prognostic factors of DIR performances.ResultsDVF intensity, anatomic site and participating center were significant prognostic factors of DIR performances. Sub‐voxel accuracy was obtained in the HN by all algorithms. Large errors, with MDC ranging up to 6 mm, were observed in low‐contrast regions that underwent significant deformation, such as in the pelvis, or large DVF with strong contrast, such as the clinical tumor volume (CTV) in the lung. Under these conditions, the hybrid DIR algorithms performed significantly better than the free‐form intensity based algorithms and resulted robust against intercenter variability.ConclusionsThe performances of the systems proved to be site specific, depending on the DVF type and the platforms and the procedures used at the various centers. The pelvis was the most challenging site for most of the algorithms, which failed to achieve sub‐voxel accuracy. Improved reproducibility was observed among the centers using the same hybrid registration algorithm.
Development of a Competitive Time‐Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay for Paclitaxel
Authors: Cui Qian , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Shoyama Yukihiro , Ye Hao‐Ting , Li Fang , Tian En‐Wei , Wu Ying‐Song , Chao Zhi 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroductionPaclitaxel (Tax) is a diterpene alkaloid isolated from Taxus species and has proved clinically effective in treating a number of malignancies. Current quantitative analytical methods for Tax such as high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) often involve complicated sample preparation procedures with low recovery rates.ObjectiveTo establish a rapid and sensitive time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for measuring Tax in Taxus materials with convenient sample preparation and a high recovery rate.MethodsRabbit anti‐mouse IgG was coated onto a 96‐well microplate, which was then incubated with standard solutions of Tax and anti‐Tax monoclonal antibody 3A3. A Eu3+‐labelled conjugate of Tax and human serum albumin was used as the tracer. The luminescent system was enhanced with a solution containing 2‐naphthoyltrifluoroacetone.ResultsThe established TRFIA showed a linear response within the Tax concentration range of 3.2 to 80 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of 1.4 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficient of variation of the assay was 9.6% and 9.7%, respectively, with an average recovery rate from spiked samples of 108.5%. Tax contents in Taxus samples were determined using both the established TRFIA system and a previously established enzyme‐linked immunosorbent (ELISA), and the results of two assays were well correlated.ConclusionThis TRFIA system shows a high sensitivity, precision and accuracy for detection of Tax. This assay, which is convenient and less time‐consuming, allows rapid analysis of Tax and provides another option for Tax measurement for quality control of Taxus materials and products. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale interfibrillar adhesion in UHMWPE fibers
Authors: McDaniel Preston B. , Strawhecker Kenneth E. , Deitzel Joseph M. , Gillespie John W. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThe goal of this research is to quantify the fibrillar adhesive energy in ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene fibers, characteristic of nanoscale fibril interactions. Quantification of these energies is vital to the understanding of fibrillar deformation mechanisms that have been shown to play an important role in fiber performance. This is achieved through the development and implementation of a nanosplitting technique developed through the use of AFM‐enabled nanoindentation. This technique allows the quantification of nanoscale adhesive energies through careful monitoring of load and unload curves as well as examination of the residual split through high‐resolution AFM images. Results indicate that the average nanoscale fibril adhesive energy is over 3 times larger than the energy expected from van der Waals interactions alone. This indicates that a significant degree of physical interactions exist between fibrils, beyond van der Waals interactions, in the form of tie‐molecules, fibrillar network junctions, and bridging lamellar crystals. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 391–401
Computational predictions of cysteine cathepsin‐mediated fibrinogen proteolysis
Authors: Ferrall‐Fairbanks Meghan C. , West Dayne M. , Douglas Simone A. , Averett Rodney D. , Platt Manu O. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractFibrin clot formation is a proteolytic cascade of events with thrombin and plasmin identified as the main proteases cleaving fibrinogen precursor, and the fibrin polymer, respectively. Other proteases may be involved directly in fibrin(ogen) cleavage, clot formation, and resolution, or in the degradation of fibrin‐based scaffolds emerging as useful tools for tissue engineered constructs. Here, cysteine cathepsins are investigated for their putative ability to hydrolyze fibrinogen, since they are potent proteases, first identified in lysosomal protein degradation and known to participate in extracellular proteolysis. To further explore this, we used two independent computational technqiues, molecular docking and bioinformatics sequence analysis (PACMANS), to predict potential binding interactions and sites of hydrolysis between cathepsins K, L, and S and fibrinogen. By comparing the results from these two objective, computational methods, it was determined that cathepsins K, L, and S do bind and cleave fibrinogen α, β, and γ chains at similar and unique sites. These differences were visualized experimentally by the unique cleaved fibrinogen banding patterns after incubation with each of the cathepsins, separately. In conclusion, human cysteine cathepsins K, L, and S are a new class of proteases that should be considered during fibrin(ogen) degradation studies both for disease processes where coagulation is a concern, and also in the implementation and design of bioengineered systems.
Activation and diffusion of ammonia borane hydrogen on gold tetramers
Authors: Mejía Leopoldo , Ferraro Franklin , Osorio Edison , Hadad Cacier Z. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOne of the most serious candidates for safe storage of high hydrogen densities is ammonia borane, AB. Likewise, one of the most versatile catalysts known is gold in the form of atomic clusters. Taking these elements into account, in this work a density functional theory ‐based study about initial activation, detachment, and diffusion of ammonia borane hydrogen on gold tetramer, as a catalyst model, is developed. It was found that the total process is exergonic and that the hydrogen diffusion occurs with very low energy barriers. The process has a hydrogen detachment energy barrier lower than the one of the uncatalyzed AB, and that is easily overcome by the energy expelled in the previous stage of formation of the initial activated species. Additionally, all the process is assisted by the fluxionality of the gold cluster, and occurs via a unique catalytically activated initial species, which contains a three‐center simultaneous interaction at the catalytically activated zone.
Characterizing elementary teachers’ enactment of high‐leverage practices through engineering design‐based science instruction
Authors: Capobianco Brenda M. , DeLisi Jacqueline , Radloff Jeffrey 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn an effort to document teachers’ enactments of new reform in science teaching, valid and scalable measures of science teaching using engineering design are needed. This study describes the development and testing of an approach for documenting and characterizing elementary science teachers’ multiday enactments of engineering design‐based science teaching. Using the tenets of ambitious teaching, we explore how Grade 4 teachers utilized elements of high‐leverage practices in an effort to teach science using engineering design. Data included 33 hours of classroom observations, semistructured interviews, and teacher reflections. Using lesson event, classroom organization, and instructional codes analogous to the literature on the engineering design process, we generated and analyzed classroom event maps, noting trends across multiple and individual teacher classrooms. Results indicated percentages of time spent on different phases within the design process among multiple classrooms as well as consistency across individual cases that demonstrate teachers’ capacity to enact ambitious teaching practices through engineering design‐based science instruction. Implications suggest that our approach provides a useful method to not only document and characterize engineering design‐based science teaching practices but also reveals complexities of leveraging student thinking through ambitious engineering teaching practices.
The investigation of the friction and wear properties of surface‐treated carbon fiber/SiO2 reinforced PMMA composites
Authors: Chilan Cai , Jin Zhu 
Published: December 2017

The mechanical properties of SiO2 filler particles on carbon fibers have been under discussion for several decades; the diverse models, and the properties of the components relevant to retention, are critically reviewed in the first part of this study. In addition, to gain an insight into some possible combined effect of the carbon fiber/poly(methyl methacrylate) (CF/PMMA), interfacial adhesion strength and the tensile properties and dielectric strength of the hybrid composites were studied. Simple modified rules of mixtures are used to estimate the fiber efficiency factors for the strength and modulus of the hybrid composites. Except, with the increasing fraction of CFs in PMMA, the weld line area's elongation percent is decreased. Whereas for case of SiO2, the 10 wt% is the threshold for micro injection molded weld line tensile strength and dielectric strength turning from decrease trend to increase. Same as CF, elongation of micro weld line samples is in general lower than neat PMMA as well, due to the addition of SiO2 particles.
ToF‐SIMS and computation analysis: Fragmentation mechanisms of polystyrene, polystyrene‐d5, and polypentafluorostyrene
Authors: Ng Kai‐Mo , Lau Yiu‐Ting R. , Weng Lu‐Tao , Yeung King‐Lun , Chan Chi‐Ming 
Published: December 2017

We studied the time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry fragmentation mechanisms of polystyrenes—phenyl‐fluorinated polystyrene (5FPS), phenyl‐deuterated polystyrene (5DPS), and hydrogenated polystyrene (PS). From the positive ion spectra of 5FPS, we identified some characteristic molecular ion structures with isomeric geometries such as benzylic, benzocyclobutene, benzocyclopentene, cyclopentane, and tropylium systems. These structures were evaluated by the B3LYP‐D/jun‐cc‐pVDZ computation method. The intensities of the C7H2F5+ (m/z = 181), CyPent‐C9H3F4+ (m/z = 187), CyPent‐C9H4F5+ (m/z = 207), and CyPent‐C9H2F5+ (m/z = 205) ions were enhanced by resonance stabilization. The positive fluorinated ions from 5FPS tended to rearrange and produce fewer fluorine‐containing molecular ions through the loss of F (m/z = 19), CF (m/z = 31), and CF2 (m/z = 50) ion fragments. Consequently, the fluorine‐containing polycyclic aromatic ions had much lower intensities than their hydrocarbon counterparts. We propose the fragmentation mechanisms for the formation of C5H5+, C6H5+, and C7H7+ ion fragments, substantiated with detailed analyses of the negative ion spectra. These ions were created through elimination of a pentafluoro‐phenyl anion (C6F5−) and H+, followed by a 1‐electron‐transfer process and then cyclization of the newly generated polyene with carbon‐carbon bond formation. The pendant groups with elements of different electronegativities exerted strong influences on the intensities and fragmentation processes of their corresponding ions.