bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valuable habitat and low deforestation can reduce biodiversity gains from development rights markets
Authors: Helmstedt Kate J. , Potts Matthew D. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Illegal private land deforestation threatens global biodiversity, even in areas with native habitat requirements stipulated by law. Compliance can be improved by allowing landholders to meet legal reserve requirements by buying and selling the rights to have deforested land through a Tradeable Development Rights system (TDR). While this policy mechanism may prevent native habitat area loss, the spatial pattern of reserved areas will shift, creating novel landscape patterns. The resulting altered fragmentation and connectivity of habitat will impact biodiversity. TDR may also allow landholders to earn rent on land they never intended on converting, resulting in additional deforestation elsewhere and net habitat loss.

We construct a simulation model to explore the potential implications for biodiversity when development rights can be traded, compared with the landscape resulting from enforced individual compliance with deforestation laws.

We find that where future deforestation is very likely, a TDR market can provide better outcomes for both biodiversity and agriculture, resulting in more connected habitat networks with larger fragments and fewer edge effects. However, the TDR market can be harmful if future deforestation is unlikely, or if one habitat type is tightly spatially correlated with high economic returns from agriculture.

Policy implications. Allowing landholders to buy and sell the rights to keep more cleared land than legally stipulated will result in transformed multiuse landscapes. Losses of native habitat in some areas will be offset in others. We conclude that trading forest development rights has the potential to improve habitat configurations, but that careful consideration should be given to current species distributions and likely future deforestation scenarios.
Social Strategy to Gain Knowledge for Innovation
Authors: Candi Marina , Roberts Deborah L. , Marion Tucker , Barczak Gloria 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTaking the knowledge‐based view of the firm as its starting point, and acknowledging that knowledge can lie outside the firm, this research extends our understanding of how the growing social media trend can contribute to open innovation. It focuses specifically on small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), which tend to be resource constrained and might benefit particularly from leveraging social media platforms. The authors bring forward the notion that people flock to social media because they are motivated by a desire for social interaction. Indeed, the findings suggest that SMEs that put effort into connecting customers on social media – which the authors refer to as having a ‘social strategy’ – are likely to reap both customers’ involvement in innovation on social media and new knowledge of value for innovation. Examining differences between social media platforms used primarily for personal purposes and those used primarily for professional purposes, the authors find that a social strategy is more effective in the first category than in the second. This probably reflects differences in the social identities that people adopt on these two types of social media platforms.
Missed Opportunities and New Risks: Penal Policy in England and Wales in the Past Twenty‐Five Years
Authors: Jacobson Jessica , Hough Mike 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper discusses trends in criminal justice and penal policy over the past twenty‐five years. This period has been characterised as a time of penal populism, which originated in the failure of the 1991 Criminal Justice Act, and the competition between the main political parties to be ‘tough on crime’. However, this is not the only trend to be found in penal policy. There has continued to be a strong undertow of support for rehabilitation and community penalties, including restorative justice. There has been pressure from the left as much as the right to take domestic violence, sexual offences against women and children, and hate crimes more seriously. There have been pressures to meet performance targets—which gradually transformed into calls to build the legitimacy of the justice system. Finally, there have been pressures to privatise criminal justice agencies. These various impulses have sometimes amplified and sometimes counteracted the pressures towards tough penal policy. If the period of intense penal populism ran from 1993 to 2007, inertia in the system has ensured that there have been no significant attempts to row back from tough policies, and to reassert the values of penal parsimony. Given that money has been tight since 2007 and crime has continued to fall, this must amount to a lost opportunity of significant proportions.
Bourdieu Comes to Town: Pertinence, Principles, Applications
Authors: Wacquant Loïc 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article frames the themes of the two‐part Interventions section ‘Bourdieu Comes to Town’. I first establish the pertinence of Bourdieu's sociology for students of the city by revisiting his youthful work on power, space, and the diffusion of urban forms in provincial Béarn and colonial Algeria. In both cases, urbanization is the key vector of transformation, and the city, town, or camp the site anchoring the forces dissolving the social fabric of the French countryside and overturning French imperialism in North Africa. These early studies establish that all social and mental structures have spatial correlates and conditions of possibility; that social distance and power relations are both expressed in and reinforced by spatial distance; and that propinquity to the center of accumulation of capital (economic, military, or cultural) is a key determinant of the force and velocity of social change. Next, I discuss four principles that undergird Bourdieu's investigations and can profitably drive urban inquiry: the Bachelardian moment of epistemological rupture, the Weberian invitation to historicize the agent (habitus), the world (social space) and the categories of the analyst (epistemic reflexivity); the Leibnizian‐Durkheimian imperative to deploy the topological mode of reasoning; and Cassirer's command to heed the constitutive efficacy of symbolic structures. The plasticity and productivity of his concepts suggest that Bourdieu can not only energize urban inquiry but also merge it into a broader analytic of the trialectic of symbolic division, social space, and the built environment. This paves a pathway for reconceptualizing the urban as the domain of accumulation, differentiation and contestation of manifold forms of capital, which makes the city a central ground, product, and prize of historical struggles.
Corporate Scandals and Regulation
Authors: HAIL LUZI , TAHOUN AHMED , WANG CLARE 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTAre regulatory interventions delayed reactions to market failures or can regulators proactively pre‐empt corporate misbehavior? From a public interest view, we would expect “effective” regulation to ex ante mitigate agency conflicts between corporate insiders and outsiders, and prevent corporate misbehavior from occurring or quickly rectify transgressions. However, regulators are also self‐interested and may be captured, uninformed, or ideological, and become less effective as a result. In this registered report, we develop a historical time series of corporate (accounting) scandals and (accounting) regulations for a panel of 26 countries from 1800 to 2015. An analysis of the lead‐lag relations at both the global and individual country level yields the following insights: (1) Corporate scandals are an antecedent to regulation over long stretches of time, suggesting that regulators are typically less flexible and informed than firms. (2) Regulation is positively related to the incidence of future scandals, suggesting that regulators are not fully effective, that explicit rules are required to identify scandalous corporate actions, or that new regulations have unintended consequences. (3) There exist systematic differences in these lead‐lag relations across countries and over time, suggesting that the effectiveness of regulation is shaped by fundamental country characteristics like market development and legal tradition.
Stage of obesity epidemic model: Learning from tobacco control and advocacy for a framework convention on obesity control
Authors: Xu Lin , Lam Tai Hing 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe 2011 United Nations political declaration against non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) targeted four major risk factors: tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, an unhealthy diet, and a lack of physical activity. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), MPOWER strategies, and the four‐stage model of the tobacco epidemic are useful references for the prevention and control of other risk factors and NCDs. Obesity control is a more complex challenge. Herein we propose a stage of obesity epidemic model (SOEM). Obesity is in the early stages in most countries with increasing prevalence, but its effects on mortality will increase rapidly, even if its prevalence may have reached a peak and be declining. Based on current relative risk, obesity kills one in three obese people. Like tobacco, epidemiological studies of obesity in the early stages would underestimate the risks and disease burden. Further research will reveal more harm, especially from long‐term obesity since childhood. The prevalence of obesity will likely overtake smoking prevalence, but commitments to obesity control are too weak. The SOEM is needed and should be useful to forewarn against the expanding public health problems attributable to obesity, and challenges in epidemiology and interventions. Learning from tobacco control, we advocate for a framework convention on obesity control. Framing obesity control initiatives in the spirit of MPOWER strategies against tobacco should be considered to prevent and control obesity and obesity‐induced diseases. Healthcare professionals should take leading roles in these initiatives and obese individuals should reduce their weight and “quit” obesity.
Efficacy of management strategies for aromatase inhibitor‐induced arthralgia in breast cancer patients: a systematic review
Authors: Nahm Nicole , Mee Susie , Marx Gavin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAromatase inhibitors are the gold standard in the treatment of hormone receptor‐positive breast cancer, but lead to an arthralgia syndrome which is implicated in 13–22% of noncompliance. This is the first systematic review of the efficacy of existing management strategies for this side effect. Eligible studies were retrieved from computer searches of Medline, Cochrane and Embase and the significant intervention groups were identified. The risk of bias of selected studies was evaluated and the relevant data items were extracted, summarized and analyzed. A total of 21 studies were discussed in this review representing 12 different interventions. While several trials had positive findings, the major methodological limitations of the studies meant that no definitive evidence could be found supporting any of the interventions. Future trials are needed which address the methodological problems identified in this review. Exercise holds promise for future research based on its proven benefit in breast cancer.
Differential expression profiles of conserved Snail transcription factors in the mouse testis
Authors: Micati D. J. , Hime G. R. , McLaughlin E. A. , Abud H. E. , Loveland K. L. 
Published: January 2018

SummarySnail transcription factors are key regulators of cellular transitions during embryonic development and tumorigenesis. The closely related SNAI1 and SNAI2 proteins induce epithelial–mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), acting predominantly as transcriptional repressors, while the functions of SNAI3 are unknown. An initial examination of Snai2‐deficient mice provided evidence of deficient spermatogenesis. To address the hypothesis that Snail proteins are important for male fertility, this study provides the first comprehensive cellular expression profiles of all three mammalian Snail genes in the post‐natal mouse testis. To evaluate Snail transcript expression profiles, droplet digital (dd) PCR and in situ hybridization were employed. Snai1, 2 and 3 transcripts are readily detected at 7, 14, 28 days post‐partum (dpp) and 7 weeks (adult). Unique cellular expression was demonstrated for each by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry using Western blot‐validated antibodies. SNAI1 and SNAI2 are in the nucleus of the most mature germ cell types at post‐natal ages 10, 15 and 26. SNAI3 is only detected from 15 dpp onwards and is localized in the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. In the adult testis, Snai1 and Snai2 transcripts are detected in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, while Snai3 is in both germ and Sertoli cells. SNAI1 protein is evident in nuclei of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids (Stages IX–XII). SNAI2 is present in the nuclei of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, with a faint signal detected in round spermatids. SNAI3 was detected only in Sertoli cell cytoplasm, as in juvenile testes. Additionally, colocalization of SNAI1 and SNAI2 with previously identified key binding partners, LSD1 and PRC2 complex components, provides strong evidence that these important functional interactions are conserved during spermatogenesis to control gene activity. These distinct expression profiles suggest that each Snail family member has unique functions during spermatogenesis.
Noninvasive diagnostic tools for pelvic congestion syndrome: a systematic review
Authors: Steenbeek Miranda P. , van der Vleuten Carine J.M. , Schultze Kool Leo J. , Nieboer Theodoor E. 
Published: January 2018

IntroductionIn the work‐up of patients with suspected pelvic congestion syndrome, venography is currently the gold standard. Yet if non‐invasive diagnostic tools are found to be accurate, invasive venography might no longer be indicated as necessary.Material and methodsA literature search in Pubmed and EMBASE was performed from inception until 6 May 2017. Studies comparing non‐invasive diagnostic tools to a reference standard in the work‐up of patients with (suspected) pelvic congestion syndrome were included. Relevant data were extracted and methodological quality of individual included studies was assessed by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS‐2) tool.ResultsNine studies matched our inclusion criteria. Six studies compared ultrasonography to venography and three studies described a magnetic resonance imaging technique. In using transvaginal ultrasonography, the occurrence of a vein greater than five mm crossing the uterine body had a specificity of 91% (95% CI; 77–98%) and occurrence of pelvic varicoceles a sensitivity and specificity of 100% (95% CI; 89–100%) and 83–100% (95% CI; 66–93%), respectively. In transabdominal ultrasonography, reversed caudal flow in the ovarian vein accounted for a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI; 84–100%). Detection of pelvic congestion syndrome with magnetic resonance imaging techniques resulted in a sensitivity varying from 88 to 100%.ConclusionsThe sensitivity of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging seem to be adequate, which indicates a role for both tests in an early stage of the diagnostic workup. However, due to methodological flaws and diversity in outcome parameters, more high standard research is necessary to establish a clear advice for clinical practice.
Brainstem auditory abnormality in extremely premature babies and the impact of neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Wang Cui , Jiang Ze D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIntroductionExtremely premature babies, particularly those who have neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia, are at risk of brain damage and neurodevelopmental impairment. This study aimed to examine functional status of the brainstem auditory pathway in extremely premature babies and assess the impact of bronchopulmonary dysplasia on function.Material and methodsBrainstem auditory evoked response was studied at term in babies born at ≤27 weeks of gestation with or without neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The normal controls were term babies without perinatal problems.ResultsCompared with the normal controls, the extremely premature babies showed an elevated response threshold, increased latencies of waves I, III and particularly V. They also showed significantly increased I–V and III–V intervals. The amplitudes of waves I and V were moderately reduced. These abnormalities were clearly more significant in those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia than those without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A direct comparison between the two groups of extremely premature babies revealed that wave V latency, and I–V and particularly III–V intervals were significantly longer in the babies with bronchopulmonary dysplasia than those without bronchopulmonary dysplasia.ConclusionsExtremely premature babies have functional impairment of the brainstem auditory pathway. The impairment is clearly more significant in those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia than those without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia and associated unfavorable conditions are major contributors to brainstem auditory impairment in extremely premature babies.
A genome‐wide association study for fat‐related traits computed by image analysis in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Nakajima Ayaka , Kawaguchi Fuki , Uemoto Yoshinobu , Fukushima Moriyuki , Yoshida Emi , Iwamoto Eiji , Akiyama Takayuki , Kohama Namiko , Kobayashi Eiji , Honda Takeshi , Oyama Kenji , Mannen Hideyuki , Sasazaki Shinji 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with fat‐related traits using a Japanese Black cattle population in Hyogo. From 1836 animals, those with high or low values were selected on the basis of corrected phenotype and then pooled into high and low groups (n = 100 each), respectively. DNA pool‐based genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was performed using Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip v2 with three replicate assays for each pooled sample. GWAS detected that two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on BTA7 (ARS‐BFGL‐NGS‐35463 and Hapmap23838‐BTA‐163815) and one SNP on BTA12 (ARS‐BFGL‐NGS‐2915) significantly affected fat percentage (FAR). The significance of ARS‐BFGL‐NGS‐35463 on BTA7 was confirmed by individual genotyping in all pooled samples. Moreover, association analysis between SNP and FAR in 803 Japanese Black cattle revealed a significant effect of SNP on FAR. Thus, further investigation of these regions is required to identify FAR‐associated genes and mutations, which can lead to the development of DNA markers for marker‐assisted selection for the genetic improvement of beef quality.
Implications of intercorrelation between hepatic CYP3A4‐CYP2C8 enzymes for the evaluation of drug–drug interactions: a case study with repaglinide
Authors: Doki Kosuke , Darwich Adam S. , Achour Brahim , Tornio Aleksi , Backman Janne T. , Rostami‐Hodjegan Amin 
Published: January 2018

AimsStatistically significant positive correlations are reported for the abundance of hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzymes. We investigate, as an example, the impact of CYP3A4–CYP2C8 intercorrelation on the predicted interindividual variabilities of clearance and drug–drug interactions (DDIs) for repaglinide using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling.MethodsPBPK modelling and simulation were employed using Simcyp Simulator (v15.1). Virtual populations were generated assuming intercorrelations between hepatic CYP3A4–CYP2C8 abundances derived from observed values in 24 human livers. A repaglinide PBPK model was used to predict PK parameters in the presence and absence of gemfibrozil in virtual populations, and the results were compared with a clinical DDI study.ResultsCoefficient of variation (CV) of oral clearance was 52.5% in the absence of intercorrelation between CYP3A4–CYP2C8 abundances, which increased to 54.2% when incorporating intercorrelation. In contrast, CV for predicted DDI (as measured by AUC ratio before and after inhibition) was reduced from 46.0% in the absence of intercorrelation between enzymes to 43.8% when incorporating intercorrelation: these CVs were associated with 5th/95th percentiles (2.48–11.29 vs. 2.49–9.69). The range of predicted DDI was larger in the absence of intercorrelation (1.55–77.06) than when incorporating intercorrelation (1.79–25.15), which was closer to clinical observations (2.6–12).ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates via a systematic investigation that population‐based PBPK modelling incorporating intercorrelation led to more consistent estimation of extreme values than those observed in interindividual variabilities of clearance and DDI. As the intercorrelations more realistically reflect enzyme abundances, virtual population studies involving PBPK and DDI should avoid using Monte Carlo assignment of enzyme abundance.
Multiple signaling in a variable environment: expression of song and color traits as a function of ambient sound and light
Authors: Simpson Richard K. , McGraw Kevin J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMany animals communicate using more than one signal, and several hypotheses exist to explain the evolution of multiple signals. However, these hypotheses typically assume static selection pressures, and previous work has not addressed how spatial and temporal environmental variation can shape variation in signaling systems. In particular, environmental variability, such as ambient lighting or noise, may affect efficacy (e.g., detectability/perception by receivers) of signals. To examine how signal expression varies intraspecifically as a function of habitat characteristics, we evaluated relationships between spatial environmental variation and song and plumage color expression in a tropical songbird, the Red‐throated Ant‐tanager (Habia fuscicauda) in Panama. We recorded male ant‐tanager song, plucked feathers to measure coloration, and quantified the acoustic and light environments from each male's territory. In addition, we took several morphological measurements from each male to assess the potential information content of song and plumage color. We found that males with redder and more saturated crown plumage occurred on darker territories, and males that sang shorter and lower frequency songs occurred on noisier territories. We also found that more colorful males tended to sing longer and lower frequency songs. Finally, we found that song and color correlated similarly with male morphology (e.g., tarsus length, body mass). Altogether, these results indicate that spatial variation in the environment is related to male coloration and song, and that males might be optimizing color and song expression for their particular territorial environment.