bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7
Authors: Agut Henri , Bonnafous Pascale , Gautheret-Dejean Agnès 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTHuman roseoloviruses include three different species, human herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7 (HHV-6A, HHV-6B, HHV-7), genetically related to human cytomegalovirus. They exhibit a wide cell tropismin vivoand, like other herpesviruses, induce a lifelong latent infection in humans. In about 1% of the general population, HHV-6 DNA is covalently integrated into the subtelomeric region of cell chromosomes (ciHHV-6). Many active infections, corresponding to primary infections, reactivations, or exogenous reinfections, are asymptomatic. They also may cause serious diseases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, including hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) and solid-organ transplant recipients, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. This opportunistic pathogenic role is formally established for HHV-6 infection and less clear for HHV-7. It mainly concerns the central-nervous system, bone marrow, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and liver. As the best example, HHV-6 causes both exanthema subitum, a benign disease associated with primary infection, and severe encephalitis associated with virus reactivations in HSCT recipients. Diagnosis using serologic and direct antigen-detection methods currently exhibits limitations. The most prominent technique is the quantification of viral DNA in blood, other body fluids, and organs by means of real-time polymerase-chain reaction (PCR). The antiviral compounds ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir are effective against active infections, but there is currently no consensus regarding the indications of treatment or specifics of drug administration. Numerous questions about HHV-6A, HHV-6B, HHV-7 are still pending, concerning in particular clinical impact and therapeutic options in immunocompromised patients.
Parvovirus B19
Authors: Landry Marie Louise 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
Primary parvovirus B19 infection is an infrequent, but serious and treatable, cause of chronic anemia in immunocompromised hosts. Many compromised hosts have preexisting antibody to B19 and are not at risk. However, upon primary infection, some patients may be able to mount a sufficient immune response to terminate active parvovirus B19 infection of erythroid precursors. The most common consequence of B19 infection in the compromised host is pure red-cell aplasia, resulting in chronic or recurrent anemia with reticulocytopenia. Anemia persists until neutralizing antibody is either produced by the host or passively administered. Parvovirus B19 should be suspected in compromised hosts with unexplained or severe anemia and reticulocytopenia, or when bone-marrow examination shows either giant pronormoblasts or absence of red-cell precursors. Diagnosis is established by detection of B19 DNA in serum in the absence of IgG antibody to B19. In some cases, IgG antibody is detected but is not neutralizing. Anti-B19 IgM may or may not be present. Therapy includes any or all of the following: red-cell transfusion, adjustment in medications to restore or improve the patient’s immune system, and administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Following treatment, patients should be closely monitored, especially if immunosuppression is unchanged or increased. Should hematocrit trend downward and parvovirus DNA trend upward, the therapeutic options above should be revisited. In a few instances, monthly maintenance IVIG may be indicated. Caregivers should be aware that B19 variants, though rarely encountered, can be missed or under-quantitated by some real-time polymerase-chain reaction methods.
Change in vision-related quality of life and influencing factors in Asians receiving treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Fenwick Eva K , Cheung Gemmy Chui Ming , Gan Alfred TL , Tan Gavin , Lee Shu Yen , Wong Doric , Yeo Ian , Mathur Ranjana , Wong Tien Y , Lamoureux Ecosse L 
Published: June 2017

AimTo assess the change in vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) after treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and factors influencing this change in an Asian population.MethodsIn this longitudinal study, 116 patients (mean age±SD=66.5±9.9 years; 59.5% male) who underwent treatment for nAMD were recruited from a tertiary eye centre in Singapore. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the Impact of Vision Impairment (IVI) questionnaire were evaluated at baseline and month 12. We defined three categories of BCVA change in the treated eye: BCVA gain ≥2 lines; no change in BCVA; BCVA loss ≥2 lines. The main outcome measures were the Rasch-derived IVI Reading, Mobility, and Emotional Scores. Multivariable linear regression analyses assessed the influence of sociodemographic, clinical and treatment-related factors on change in VRQoL.ResultsFollowing treatment, mean treated-eye BCVA improved by almost 2 lines (−0.22±0.40 logMAR, p<0.001) and 43% (n=50) patients reported a gain in BCVA of ≥2 lines. Mean±SD scores for Reading, Mobility and Emotional demonstrated positive changes of 0.43±1.73, 0.45±1.54 and 0.66±1.6, respectively (p<0.001 for all). In multivariable models, a ≥2 line improvement in BCVA was independently associated with a 47% (β=0.20; CI 0.01 to 0.39) increase in Reading Scores, but was not independently associated with Mobility or Emotional Scores.ConclusionNearly half of patients undergoing treatment for nAMD reported a 2-line improvement in vision which was, in turn, associated with substantial positive increases in Reading Scores. Improvements in Mobility and Emotional Scores appear to be driven by factors other than visual acuity.
Extra- and intracranial blood flow regulation during the cold pressor test: influence of age
Authors: Flück Daniela , Ainslie Philip N. , Bain Anthony R. , Wildfong Kevin W. , Morris Laura E. , Fisher James P. 
Published: June 2017

We determined how the extra- and intracranial circulations respond to generalized sympathetic activation evoked by a cold pressor test (CPT) and whether this is affected by healthy aging. Ten young [23 ± 2 yr (means ± SD)] and nine older (66 ± 3 yr) individuals performed a 3-min CPT by immersing the left foot into 0.8 ± 0.3°C water. Common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) diameter, velocity, and flow were simultaneously measured (duplex ultrasound) along with middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAvmean and PCAvmean) and cardiorespiratory variables. The increases in heart rate (~6 beats/min) and mean arterial blood pressure (~14 mmHg) were similar in young and older groups during the CPT ( P < 0.01 vs. baseline). In the young group, the CPT elicited an ~5% increase in CCA diameter ( P < 0.01 vs. baseline) and a tendency for an increase in CCA flow (~12%, P = 0.08); in contrast, both diameter and flow remained unchanged in the older group. Although ICA diameter was not changed during the CPT in either group, ICA flow increased (~8%, P = 0.02) during the first minute of the CPT in both groups. Whereas the CPT elicited an increase in MCAvmean and PCAvmean in the young group (by ~20 and ~10%, respectively, P < 0.01 vs. baseline), these intracranial velocities were unchanged in the older group. Collectively, during the CPT, these findings suggest a differential mechanism(s) of regulation between the ICA compared with the CCA in young individuals and a blunting of the CCA and intracranial responses in older individuals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sympathetic activation evoked by a cold pressor test elicits heterogeneous extra- and intracranial blood vessel responses in young individuals that may serve an important protective role. The extra- and intracranial responses to the cold pressor test are blunted in older individuals.
Factors contributing to lower metabolic demand of eccentric compared with concentric cycling
Authors: Peñailillo Luis , Blazevich Anthony J. , Nosaka Kazunori 
Published: June 2017

This study compared muscle-tendon behavior, muscle oxygenation, and muscle activity between eccentric and concentric cycling exercise at the same work output to investigate why metabolic demand is lower during eccentric cycling than with concentric cycling. Eleven untrained men (27.1 ± 7.0 y) performed concentric cycling (CONC) and eccentric cycling (ECC) for 10 min (60 rpm) at 65% of the maximal concentric cycling power output (191 ± 45 W) 4 wk apart. During cycling, oxygen consumption (V̇o2), heart rate (HR), vastus lateralis (VL) tissue total hemoglobin (tHb), and oxygenation index (TOI) were recorded, and muscle-tendon behavior was assessed using ultrasonography. The surface electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from VL, vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles, and cycling torque and knee joint angle during each revolution were also recorded. Average V̇o2 (−65 ± 7%) and HR (−35 ± 9%) were lower and average TOI was greater (16 ± 1%) during ECC than CONC, but tHb was similar between bouts. Positive and negative cycling peak crank torques were greater (32 ± 21 and 48 ± 24%, respectively) during ECC than CONC, but muscle-tendon unit and fascicle and tendinous tissue length changes during pedal revolutions were similar between CONC and ECC. VL, VM, RF, and BF peak EMG amplitudes were smaller (24 ± 15, 22 ± 18, 16 ± 17, and 18 ± 9%, respectively) during ECC than CONC. These results suggest that the lower metabolic cost of eccentric compared with concentric cycling was due mainly to a lower level of muscle activation per torque output. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows that lower oxygen consumption of eccentric compared with concentric cycling at the same workload is explained by lower muscle activity of agonist and antagonist muscles during eccentric compared with during concentric cycling.
Bone microvascular flow differs from skin microvascular flow in response to head-down tilt
Authors: Howden Michelle , Siamwala Jamila H. , Hargens Alan R. 
Published: June 2017

Loss of hydrostatic pressures in microgravity may alter skin and bone microvascular flows in the lower extremities and potentially reduce wound healing and bone fracture repair. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate at which skin and bone microvascular flows respond to head-down tilt (HDT). We hypothesized that microvascular flows in tibial bone and overlying skin would increase at different rates during HDT. Tibial bone and skin microvascular flows were measured simultaneously using photoplethysmography (PPG) in a total of 17 subjects during sitting (control posture), supine, 6° HDT, 15° HDT, and 30° HDT postures in random order. With greater angles of HDT, bone microvascular flow increased significantly, but skin microvascular flow did not change. Tibial bone microvascular flow increased from the sitting control posture (0.77 ± 0.41 V) to supine (1.95 ± 1.01 V, P = 0.001) and from supine posture to 15° HDT (3.74 ± 2.43 V, P = 0.004) and 30° HDT (3.91 ± 2.68 V, P = 0.006). Skin microvascular flow increased from sitting (0.703 ± 0.75 V) to supine (2.19 ± 1.72 V, P = 0.02) but did not change from supine posture to HDT ( P = 1.0). We show for the first time that microcirculatory flows in skin and bone of the leg respond to simulated microgravity at different rates. These altered levels of blood perfusion may affect rates of wound and bone fracture healing in spaceflight. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our data show that bone microvascular flow increases more than cutaneous blood flow with greater degrees of head-down tilt. A higher level of perfusion in bone may give insight into the bone mineral density loss in lower extremities of astronauts and why similar tissue degradation is not observed in the skin of the same areas.
Removal of endogenous neuromodulators in a small motor network enhances responsiveness to neuromodulation
Authors: Lett Kawasi M. , Garcia Veronica J. , Temporal Simone , Bucher Dirk , Schulz David J. 
Published: June 2017

We studied the changes in sensitivity to a peptide modulator, crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), as a response to loss of endogenous modulation in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the crab Cancer borealis. Our data demonstrate that removal of endogenous modulation for 24 h increases the response of the lateral pyloric (LP) neuron of the STG to exogenously applied CCAP. Increased responsiveness is accompanied by increases in CCAP receptor (CCAPr) mRNA levels in LP neurons, requires de novo protein synthesis, and can be prevented by coincubation for the 24-h period with exogenous CCAP. These results suggest that there is a direct feedback from loss of CCAP signaling to the production of CCAPr that increases subsequent response to the ligand. However, we also demonstrate that the modulator-evoked membrane current ( IMI) activated by CCAP is greater in magnitude after combined loss of endogenous modulation and activity compared with removal of just hormonal modulation. These results suggest that both receptor expression and an increase in the target conductance of the CCAP G protein-coupled receptor are involved in the increased response to exogenous hormone exposure following experimental loss of modulation in the STG.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The nervous system shows a tremendous amount of plasticity. More recently there has been an appreciation for compensatory actions that stabilize output in the face of perturbations to normal activity. In this study we demonstrate that neurons of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion generate apparent compensatory responses to loss of peptide neuromodulation, adding to the repertoire of mechanisms by which the stomatogastric nervous system can regulate and stabilize its own output.
Comments on “Short-Term Precipitation and Temperature Trends along an Elevation Gradient in Northeastern Puerto Rico”
Authors: Torres-Valcárcel Angel R. , Gonzalez-Avilés Cesar 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The selection of statistical methods to evaluate data depends on study questions and characteristics of available data. In climate science, some methods are more popularly used than others; however, the use of applicable alternative methods does not invalidate study findings. Regardless of limitations, some methods like Pearson ordinary correlation are widely used in all sciences including climate and by scientists at government agencies like NOAA and the USGS. In addition, the use of the robust Student’s t test is valid for near-Gaussian distributions with high sample numbers, since it is resistant to data distribution inconsistencies. We wish to put in context the citation about our article and clarify the methods and justification for using them and to educate readers about the use of some conventional statistical tools and tests.
Influence of Monsoonal Wind Speed and Moisture Content on Intensity and Diurnal Variations of the Mei-Yu Season Coastal Rainfall over South China
Authors: Chen Xingchao , Zhang Fuqing , Zhao Kun 
Published: June 2017

AbstractConvection-permitting numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model are performed to explore the influence of monsoonal onshore wind speed and moisture content on the intensity and diurnal variations of coastal rainfall over south China during the mei-yu seasons. The focus of the analyses is on a pair of 10-day WRF simulations with diurnally cyclic-in-time lateral boundary conditions averaged over the high versus low onshore wind speed days of the 2007–09 mei-yu seasons. Despite differences in the rainfall intensity, the spatial distributions and diurnal variations of rainfall in both simulations verified qualitatively well against the mean estimates derived from ground-based radar observations, averaged respectively over either the high-wind or low-wind days.Sensitivity experiments show that the pattern of coastal rainfall spatial distribution is mostly controlled by the ambient onshore wind speed. During the high-wind days, strong coastal rainfall is concentrated along the coastline and reaches its maximum in the early morning. The coastal lifting induced by the differential surface friction and small hills is the primary cause for the strong coastal rainfall, while land breeze enhances coastal lifting and precipitation from evening to early morning. In the low-wind days, on the other hand, coastal rainfall is mainly induced by the land–sea-breeze fronts, which has apparent diurnal propagation perpendicular to the coastline. With stronger land–sea temperature contrast, the land–sea breeze is stronger during the low-wind days. Both in the high-wind and low-wind days, the coastal rainfall intensity is sensitive to the incoming moisture in the upstream oceanic airflow, especially to the moisture content in the boundary layer.
Identifying Changes in Source Regions Impacting Speciated Atmospheric Mercury at a Rural Site in the Eastern United States
Authors: Cheng Irene , Zhang Leiming , Castro Mark , Mao Huiting 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTo investigate the effectiveness of emission reductions on the concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and particulate-bound mercury (PBM) at a rural site in Maryland (MD08), long-term (2005–14) measurements of speciated atmospheric mercury were analyzed using concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis. CWT results suggested that the number of major source regions contributing to GEM, GOM, and reactive mercury (RM = GOM + PBM) over the eastern United States and southeastern Canada declined over time. Across much of these regions, source contributions in 2011–14 decreased by up to 20% for GEM, by greater than 60% for GOM, and by 20%–60% for PBM compared to 2006–08, largely because of the decreases in power-plant mercury emissions since 2009. Changes in the spatial distribution of the source regions were also observed over time. Increases in source contributions of GEM after 2011 over the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada were predominantly from emission increases in metal and steel production and forest fires. Source contribution increases in PBM were more widespread, which can be attributed potentially to mercury transformation processes in the air or wood combustion rather than industrial sources.
Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Study Reacting Polymer Systems
Authors: van Mele Bruno , van Assche Guy , van Hemelrijck Annick 
Published: June 2017

Modulated (temperature) differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC or MDSC) is used to study simultaneously the evolution of heat flow and heat capacity for the isothermal and non-isothermal reactions of polymer systems. An epoxy-anhydride thermosetting system is treated as an example. Vitrification and devitrtification steps are observed. The heat flow phase during isothermal and non-isothermal cure is always small, but its evolution contains information on relaxation phenomena, vitrification and devitrification, in the course of the chemical reaction. Modelling of the (heat flow related) chemical kinetics and the (heat capacity related) mobility restrictions contributes to a better understanding of the reaction mechanism and reaction kinetics up to a high degree of chemical conversion. The use of MTDSC as a tool for a quantitative construction of the vitrification curve in Temperature-Time-Transformation (TTT) and Continuous-Heating-Transformation (CHT) diagrams is illustrated.
Investigation into the Cooling Characteristics of Blown Film Extrusion Lines
Authors: Hauck Jochen , Michaeli Walter 
Published: June 2017

To analyze and to optimize the cooling conditions at blown film extrusion lines, the cooling air stream has been determined by using a hot wire anemometer. The velocity and temperature profiles of the air stream and the air pressure along the bubble have been measured. During film extrusion the significant process parameters and the cooling air ring geometry have been varied. The goal of these studies is to gain a theoretical description of the cooling air stream. Therefore, the experimental results represent a good basis for developing and checking the results of such a model.
Isotretinoin Use during Chemical Skin Resurfacing: A Review of Complications
Authors: Obagi Suzan , Obagi Zein E. , Bridenstine James B. 
Published: June 2017

Introduction: There is a great deal of concern when it comes to resurfacing the skin of patients who have recently taken or are taking isotretinoin. Much of the concern arises from reports of abnormal and keloidal scarring postdermabrasion, Argon laser, and pulsed dye laser. This study was designed to retrospectively evaluate the complication rate of patients undergoing chemical resurfacing within 2 years of taking isotretinoin and to see if timing of the medication and depth of peel correlated. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of 91 patients (14 men, 77 women) who had 123 peels documented. Patients were assigned to 1 of the following 4 groups based on the timing of isotretinoin use to the chemical peel: prepeel, perioperative, pre- and postpeel, and postoperative. Complications, isotretinoin dose, patient age and race, peel depth, and presence of keloids before surgery were recorded. Results: A total of 123 peels were documented in 91 patients: 51 prepeel, 13 perioperative, 22 pre- and postpeel, and 37 postoperative. The complications recorded were prolonged erythema (0.8%), atrophic scarring (0.8%), altered texture (0.8%), delayed healing (3.25%), and hypertrophic scarring (2.44%). Delayed healing was observed only in patients taking isotretinoin before or at the time of surgery. Two of 3 patients who developed hypertrophic scarring had taken isotretinoin during the postoperative stage. Discussion: Although previous case reports suggest a correlation between isotretinoin use and abnormal or keloidal scarring after dermabrasion, Argon laser, and pulsed dye laser, the occurrence of hypertrophic scarring remained low in the chemical-peel group of patients. We suggest avoiding isotretinoin for 3 months preoperatively and delaying postoperative use of isotretinoin until dermal regeneration is complete (3 months). Further studies are needed to determine if the use of refrigerants in dermabrasion and the heat generated by lasers cause temperature alterations that predispose to scarring in patients taking isotretinoin.
Copper Deficiency Myelopathy After Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery
Authors: King Dominic , Siau Keith , Senthil Latha , Kane Katherine F. , Cooper Sheldon C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA well‐functioning alimentary canal is required for adequate nutrient absorption. Disruption to the upper gastrointestinal tract through surgery can lead to micronutrient malnourishment. Copper deficiency has been noted in up to 10% of those undergoing Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery, but sequalae are not frequently reported. The resultant deficiency states can have profound and long‐term consequences if not realized early and managed appropriately. Here we present a case of copper deficiency myelopathy, a condition indistinguishable from subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, following upper gastrointestinal bypass surgery for gastric ulceration, further complicated by inadequate nutrition.