bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimize Pump Discharge, Save Steam
Authors: Breiki Hana Ali , Pitsas Athanasios , Ameiry Ahmed Al , Abdulla Haitham Salmeen 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Energy efficient use constitutes the main focus and ultimate goal in oil and gas industry nowadays with low oil prices era. A meticulous planning and a corporate strategy of energy use can improve significantly the company's profitability and reduce its environmental impact in corporate level while can improve the resources management and macro-economics in national level. Towards to this direction, ADGAS has implemented an Energy Management System (EnMS) which covers plant facilities as well as it considers all organization's aspects. Equipped with policy, manuals, procedures, and daily monitoring of its Significant Energy Uses (SEUs) within the plants, this system contributes towards the organization's continuous improvement in energy usage of the assets through regulating and monitoring energy use. Defining SEU can help the organization to focus on areas where significant saving can be made. Boiler Feed Water (BFW) pumps of LNG train 3 are one of the 2015's significant energy uses due to their high steam consumption and its potential for improvement. With a purpose of saving energy, steam reduction is considered as a main target for improving BFW pumps performance. The implementation of this action was completed in two stages. At the first stage, the differential pressure was reduced from 15 bar to 13 bar. This reduction led to a decrease in the steam consumption by 0.61 Ton steam/hr while the level indications of Boiler 5 and 6 steam drums did not experience any change or disturbance. During the second stage, the differential pressure set point was further decreased to 12 Bar, which led to saving of up to 0.26 Ton steam/hr. In conclusion, combining the results of the two trails (reducing the differential pressure from 15 Bar to 12 Bar), the total achieved steam savings was 6,559 GJ.
Fracture Patterns and Controlling Factors using LIDAR: An Outcrop Case Study of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, NW China
Authors: Qinglu Zeng , Huiliang Zhang , Wenzhong Lu 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Fracture is of primary importance to gas producibility from many tight sandstone reservoirs in the Kuqa depression, Tarim Basin, NW China, but the orientation, size and plane porosity of fractures in the subsurface is difficult to measure directly. Terrestrial light detection and ranging (LIDAR) surveys can offer factual information of outcrop-based research efforts to characterize fracture development laws and control factors. In this paper, we obtain the three-dimensional (3-D) point cloud data by the LIDAR survey from a typical outcrop. Matching with high-resolution digital photos and artificial measured information, the 3-D positions of natural fractures are extracted strictly in the data volume section. Furthermore, the fracture patterns and controlling factors are revealed accurately with the fracture and reservoir model founded by computer simulation technology based on the systematic sampling and laboratory analysis. It is founded that three groups of shear fractures are mainly developed with large inclination, short trace length and small spacing of normal distribution. The fracture aperture is related to the orientation with bimodal distribution of 0.2~0.4mm and 0.8~1mm. The fracture patterns provide the literal distribution of grid-like fracture zone and reticular fracture zone with a single and a double set of advantage orientation respectively. The fractures in the former zone have greater trace length, spacing and smaller surface density and run through the adjacent shale mostly while the latter is just the opposite. The plane porosity of fractures in 11 single sandbodies of different microfacies has been calculated quantitatively with a range of 0.026~0.081% and an average of 0.05%. It is in the sandbodies of underwater distributary channel is better than mouth bar and distal bar. It turned out that the size of fracture is controlled by lithology, bed thickness, maximum paleostress and rock composition with a good exponential relationship. The fractures are more developed relatively with the coarser particle size of the rock, the thinner thickness, the greater paleostress, the lower content of feldspar and the higher content of cement.
Ultra-Deep Directional Resistivity Measurements and The Way of Revealing Formation Tops Ahead of Time
Authors: Bazara Magdi , Abdelwahid Dia Khalil , Popov Timofey 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Petroleum Development of Oman (PDO) operates most of the fields of the Sultanate. In one of the developed fields, the formation has many internal subdivisions and discontinuous sublayers separated by dense argillaceous zones that make it difficult to land the well. Challenges to landing include depth, thickness, and dip uncertainties. Additionally, there are the errors that are inherent to correlating between the reservoir scale and the seismic scale. Finally, it is difficult to discern boundaries in this low-resistivity environment characterized by very low resistivity contrast. Resistivity contrast, in particular, is of major importance as it plays the main role in determining the operability of common distance-to-boundary tools.
A reservoir mapping-while-drilling tool with a large depth of investigation was used to reveal details of subsurface bedding and fluid contacts at the reservoir scale. The data provided were integrated with seismic surveys to refine the reservoir structure and geometry interpretation. The improved understanding made it possible to optimize recovery and production through optimum landing of the well and to map the overlying and underlying reservoir parameters.
By selecting the right tool configurations in the bottom hole assembly (BHA), formation tops were detected from a distance of up to 27-m true vertical depth (TVT), well before the drilling bit reached the formation. Resistivity contrast was as low as 1 ohm.m versus the more typical 1.4 ohm.m when detecting the limestone marker in the shale unit. In two wells, a formation petrophysical evaluation tool deployed in the BHA was used to calculate and confirm the reservoir formation tops while drilling to serve as a conventional means of confirming the tops that had been detected in advance of the bit by the new technology.
Surface Flow Selective Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane for NG Separation
Authors: Khan Shaihroz , Wang Kean 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Carbon molecular sieve membranes (CMSM) were derived from the pyrolysis of polymeric precursors at 3 different pyrolytic temperatures (600, 700, and 800°C), respectively. The CMSM samples were characterized and tested for the permeation of 4 pure gases (CH4, CO2, N2 and He) in a time-lag rig at different operation temperatures (20 and 0°C). For N2/CH4 gas pair at ambient temperature, CMSM700 showed a good perm-selectivity of ~ 40 with a N2 permeability of ~5.8 Barrer and a CH4 permeability of 0.145 Barrer. Analysis showed that the membrane is working more on sieving mechanism rather than surface diffusion mechanism on this membrane. For CO2/CH4 pair, CMSM700 demonstrated a good selectivity of ~1,000, with a CO2 permeability of ~180 Barrer and CH4 permeability of ~0.1 Barrer. The permeation by surface flow (or surface diffusion) is more significant for strongly adsorptive species CH4 on CMSM800, which revise the trend from N2 selective to CH4 selective. In summary, although the permeation flux is still a bit low for N2/CH4, CMSMs demonstrated superior separation performance for the purification of impurities such as N2 and CO2 in natural gas.
Real-Time Azimuthal Acoustic Data Acquisition Advances and Applications in Carbonate Reservoirs - Offshore Abu-Dhabi - Case Study
Authors: El Wazeer Fathy , Al Hosani Habeeba , El Farouk Omar , Mostafa Hassan , Awad Huda , El Kholy Mohamed 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
LWD acoustic data has been available in real-time for nearly 20 years, but the data quality has not always been acceptable. Recent developments in data acquisition, including the transmission of semblance quality control (QC) logs, have greatly improved the quality and reliability of LWD acoustic data for applications such as real-time inter-granular porosity measurements, synthetic seismic creation, cement quality indications, and geo-mechanics applications.
This new development in LWD azimuthal acoustic logging enablesd expansion of these advanced applications into the while-drilling environment and presents the oil industry a robust geosteering and formation evaluation tool.
This paper presents a case study in a giant oil reservoir onshore Abu Dhabi, where back-to-back conventional logging was used to evaluate the new data acquisition advances. The data collected with an azimuthal unipolar sonic LWD tool provides 16-bin compressional and shear slowness images in memory and quadrant images in real time.
New algorithms have been implemented to enhance the quality of transmitted data. Several Middle East case studies comparing the real-time sonic images to the memory data, in terms of resolution and data quality, have clearly showed improved data acquisition quality, which is crucial tor real-time formation evaluation and decision making.
Examples presented in this paper prove that these advances in acoustic data acquisition are very helpful in the following applications:Onshore horizontal wells in formations whose resistivity contrast is too low for conventional geosteering tools.Sourceless porosity tool in horizontal extended-reach wells, where the risk of sticking and losing nuclear sources is higherReal-time geomechanical modeling to determine the safe mud weight window, uniaxial rock strength, and mechanical rock properties
Integrity Assurance of Critical Common Pipelines of Two ADNOC OPCO's. A Success Story
Authors: Sabry Houssam 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Das Island facilities are operated by two OPCO's namely ADGAS and ADMA OPCO. ADGAS receives it sgas for processing through its sister company ADMA-OPCO. ADGAS and AMA-OPCO have joined forces to ensure the integrity of the common piping. Common piping is of high criticality. High criticality is driven by the high consequence of failure of these common lines. A task force was created to review the battery limit definition hence allocate the accountability of each section, this is in addition to risk assess all common lines.
Task force started its works on the 6th of April 2015 and concluded its works in December 2015.
Task force established a common piping asset register, this was followed by desk top demarcation followed by physical demarcation. Afterwards, risk assessment was done jointly on all common facilities. Inspection strategies was greed between the two teams. Results and findings of integrity management would be conducted on quarterly bases.
We hereby thank both sister company's management for their support towards the success of this exercise which we see as a role model of cooperation between the two sister companies.
Innovative Cutter Layout Technology Minimized PDC Bit Vibrations with RSS Tool and Helped in Placing Borehole Accurately While Drilling in Tight Reservoirs
Authors: El-Gayar Mahmoud , Horra Hichem , Maouche Zakaria 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Exploration and production of horizontal unconventional tight reservoirs is a growing market in the Middle East. Drilling challenges require precise horizontal steering control relative to the severe formation tendency to achieve higher degrees of accuracy in borehole placement while improving the overall rate of penetration (ROP). This paper discusses the interaction between the polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit cutting structure and rotary steerable systems (RSSs) with respect to vibration alleviation.
Steering using a RSS requires a special bit design to enhance the dogleg capability and ensure minimum vibration levels. A new PDC bit was designed using innovative multilevel force balancing technology—a new theory on PDC cutters layout in force-balanced groups. A group of three or four single-set cutters on a bit profile form a force-balanced cutter group; by carefully selecting the order of layout cutter groups, a new feature of the PDC bit is obtained, ensuring the efficient removal of any ring of rock in a balanced environment.
The new PDC bit design and the implementation of the integrated engineering softwares used to analyze offset wells vibration data, drilling parameters, bit walk tendency, and rock mechanics had a significant effect on the run performance. The clear reduction in the vibration levels enabled more parameters to be applied; thus, helping overcome the formation tendency of the tight reservoir and finishing the run with a good ROP. The even distribution of the cutting forces as a result of the multilevel force balancing of the bit cutting structure reduced the imbalance forces induced as the bit entered transit formation. This increased the overall bit stability, reduced vibration levels, and increased drilling efficiency.
Jet Mill Bit for Improving Cuttings Carrying Capacity in Horizontal Gas Drilling
Authors: Chen Xuyue , Gao Deli 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Cuttings accumulation is a major challenge in horizontal gas drilling, it may lead to accidents such as wellbore plugging and pipe sticking. The newly-developed jet mill bit (JMB) may overcome the challenge fundamentally by comminuting cuttings into dusk-like scale right after the cuttings are generated. In this paper, the JMB is investigated as an innovative method to improve cuttings carrying capacity in horizontal gas drilling. It presents the JMB's working principle and cuttings-comminuting mechanism, and explains why it is developed based on the analysis of cuttings carrying capacity in horizontal gas drilling. Analysis using field data in the published article demonstrates that the max cuttings that can be carried by the annular gas are dust-like and much smaller than the initial cuttings size in the high angle build section and horizontal sections, it needs several times as much gas injection volume as the current annular gas injection volume to eliminate cuttings accumulation. JMB can comminute cuttings in dusk-like scale and may eliminate cuttings accumulation fundamentally, meanwhile drilling complications such as near bit hole washout, hole deviation, and ice-balling (frozen) of bit can also be avoided in horizontal gas drilling.
Adapting Field Development Plan of Compartmentalized Oil Rim Reservoir with Significant Gas Cap and Water Aquifer - Case Study
Authors: Gazar Ashraf Lotfy , Shabibi Tariq Ali , Loredo Lenin , Kumar Ravi , Syofyan Syofvas , Al-Naqbi Sheikha , Alklih Yousef 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The paper is continuation of SPE-177659, This work illustrates adapted field development plan and optimization studies conducted on a Middle-Eastern compartmenlized complex carbonate oil rim reservoir with significant gas cap and water aquifer. The need to expedite the field development was realized based on increasing gas demand for the country as well as fast pace of urbanization in area which can potentially complicate the field development in future with regard to availability and accessibility of drilling sites. The surrounding fields have seen ranges of H2S concentartion in compositionhence, public safety is a major concern. PVT studies indicate a wide range of compositions which further complicates the development plan considering the surrounding sensitive environment. The reservoir exhibits relatively fair to poor reservoir characteristics, variable contacts and composition variation across the reservoir due to faulting- suggesting the presence of multiple reservoir compartments. To exploit the sweet spots of a thin oil rim in highly faulted reservoir is a major challenge considering limitation on drilling location and horizontal reach. The scenarios of field development and economics were created for developing the reservoir as oil as well as gas development.
A total of 10 wells had penetrated the reservoir out of which 8 wells tested oil and suggested a significant initial gas cap while 2 others penetrated water leg. Six years of early production scheme (EPS, 4 producers, 1993 to 1998) data in addition to production testing, core (2 wells), MDT (3 wells), PVT (4 wells) data were gathered in order to identify the main uncertainties and test the feasibility of the full field development. EPS indicated production decline coupled with severe increase in GOR and water cut in some wells, after which the producing wells and facilities were P&A due to safety concerns and low productivity.
A number of parameters were addressed and optimized as a part of full field development plan. The dynamic modeling suggests that an ultimate recovery of 70% can be achieved by the different injection scenarios. However, considering the complexity of the surrounding environment and the size of the prize, it is recommended that the field development should be consideredfor a period of 10 years under natural depletion considering economically viability, provided the most effective development strategy in terms of number, location, orientation and horizontal reach is adopted.
Initially it was planned to develop the field as oil rim development however the development strategy was adopted to develop the gas cap instead of the oil rim considering urgency of development, low oil price forecast in short term, better economics and the country gas demand. This work discusses the influence of different parameters including the human landscape on decision making.
Overcoming Hazards in Sour Gas Sampling by Controlled Measures
Authors: Haji Abdirehman , Veerakumar Ukkirapandian 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Objective
Sampling and analysis of sour gas is hazardous and can lead to fatality if appropriate safety precautions are not taken. Similarly if improper technique or instrument is used for measurement, it might lead to high error and the results will be unreliable for process control. The prime objective of this paper is to develop safe sampling and lab analysis procedure and adapt right analytical technique and instruments for accurate measurement of chemical composition of sour natural gas.

Method, process
Sour gas contains hydrocarbons ranging from C1 up to C9+, carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide etc. and its composition depends on the source, operating conditions etc. A novel technique of sample collection with strict safety regulations and adequate protective equipment's are implemented to avoid exposure to toxic H2S gas. Right configuration of sampling point connected to flare system with control valves and tools help us to extract a representative sample without any leak into atmosphere. An extended training in handling such toxic gas is provided to the staff performing sample collection and analysis. The conventional method for analysis of sour gas composition is GPA 2261 using gas chromatograph which is inadequate and the gas composition is incorrect due to fractionation or condensation of heavier fractions.

Results, discussion and conclusions
We have changed the configuration of the gas chromatograph adapted a modern technique of sample stabilization using a temperature controlled oven and enable automatic injection of several samples through programmed sequential operation. The results show good repeatability and high sensitivity for heavier fractions and other components. The equipment is calibrated before testing the sample with a primary standard of known composition. The results of both detectors (TCD for inert and permanent gases and FID for hydrocarbons) are combined using i-pentane and n-pentane as bridge compounds and calculated the relative response factors for each component and the gas composition. Applying the novel techniques of designing proper sample points, using right tools and modern instrumentation, we could ensure that the sample is homogenous and representative of the bulk supply in plant. We could completely eliminate exposure to toxic H2S gas by using personnel protective equipments and avoid any leak in to atmosphere by connecting it to flare. Changes in the configuration of gas chromatograph, test conditions and parameters helped us to improve the accuracy and precision of measurement. These simple methods of sampling and analysis of sour feed gases is applicable to all oil and gas industries and sharing these safety guidelines and right approach for accurate analysis will help the operations team. This is an effort towards our commitment to safety of personnel and operational excellence.
Identifying the Cause of Unexpected Solids Deposition from a Sodium Bromide Completion Brine in a Giant Field, Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Aouda Abdel Hakim , Monem Alaa Abdel , Daghar Tariq Al , Stalker Robert 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
To achieve the new increased production rate of a giant oilfield offshore Abu Dhabi, the operator started implementing a number of new technologies which push back the boundaries of technical expertise. Foremost among these is the construction of four artificial islands from which wells are being drilled using extended reach drilling (ERD) technology and the use of maximum reservoir contact (MRC) wells to maximise potential production.
To ensure that the maximum benefit was obtained from these MRC wells, an extensive research and testing program was conducted to select an optimised completion fluid for use in the island wells to improve and maximise production. The resulting selected sodium bromide/sodium chloride (NaBr/NaCl) based completion fluid was used in the pilot MRC wells and is now being used successfully in new wells on the islands with significant improvement in production. However, shortly after the start of production from one well, an unexpected production upset occurred with the appearance of significant quantities of solids at the surface non-return valve (NRV). Laboratory analysis of these solids confirmed that they consisted primarily of mineral scales, with sodium bromide (NaBr) and sodium chloride (NaCl) predominant.
To avoid major disruptions in the production system, the following key questions during the investigation required urgent answers: Why were these salts depositing in this production system?Why were similar issues not reported in other wells using the same completion brine?Were there any specific differences in this well or its operation that could cause the solids being formed?Are any mitigation measures required for the continued use of the NaBr/NaCl completion brine in the island wells?
This paper describes the detective work undertaken to investigate the unexpected appearance of these solids in the production system. This involved a combination of field data review, mineral scale prediction modelling and laboratory tests and analysis. The cause of the solids deposition was identified as being due to the interaction of the completion brine with the hydrocarbon phase at very low water cuts. It should be noted that other wells are also being produced at low water cuts without any similar issues occuring. By investigating and understanding this problem more fully, a set of guidelines and improved testing protocol could be developed to use in any repeat investigation. At the time of writing this paper no further problems have occurred in any of the subsequent wells drilled and produced.