bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Isokinetic Open and Closed Chain Lower Extremity Strength and Functional Performance
Authors: Negrete Rodney , Brophy Jay 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:To determine (1) correlations between isokinetic lower extremity strength and functional performance and (2) correlations among different modes of isokinetic testing.Design and Setting:A correlational design with 6 measures. A series of strength, power, and agility tests was performed at a hospital-based outpatient physical therapy clinic.Participants:A volunteer sample of 29 male and 31 female, college-age subjects participated.Measurements:All subjects were tested in the following isokinetic tests: reciprocal leg press, single-leg squat, and knee extension. Performance tests included single-leg hop and vertical jump and a speed/agility test.Results:Analysis showed isokinetic knee extension, leg press, and single-leg squat strength significantly correlated to all functional tests. There were significant correlations among the 3 different isokinetic strength measures, as well.Conclusions:These results suggest a significant relationship between lower extremity open and closed chain isokinetic strength and functional performance testing.
Arthrogenic Muscle inhibition: A Limiting Factor in Joint Rehabilitation
Authors: Hopkins J. Ty , Ingersoll Christopher D. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:To define the concept of arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), to discuss its implications in the rehabilitation of joint injury, to discuss the neurophysiologic events that lead to AMI, to evaluate the methods available to measure AM1 and the models that might be implemented to examine AMI, and to review therapeutic interventions that might reduce AMI.Data Sources:The databases MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and CIHNAL were searched with the termsreflex inhibition, joint mechanoreceptor, Ib interneuron, Hoffmann reflex, effusion, andjoint injury. The remaining citations were collected from references of similar papers.Conclusions:AMI is a limiting factor in the rehabilitation of joint injury. It results in atrophy and deficiencies in strength and increases the susceptibility to further injury. A therapeutic intervention that results in decreased inhibition, allowing for active exercise, would lead to faster and more complete recovery.
A Review of the Relationship among Knee Effusion, Quadriceps Inhibition, and Knee Function
Authors: Bolgla Lori A. , Keskula Douglas R. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To provide information on research investigating the relationship between a knee effusion and quadriceps inhibitionData Sources:Peer-reviewed publications from 1965 to 1997 that investigated the effect of a knee effusion on quadriceps strength.Study Selection:The studies reviewed involved human subjects. Researchers have used active motion, electromyographic equipment, and isokinetics to measure changes in quadriceps strength after a knee effusion.DataSynthesis:Most studies reported that a knee effusion resulted in quadriceps inhibition and inferred that quadriceps inhibition would impair knee function.Conclusions:The authors believe that additional research is needed to better understand the effect of a knee effusion on knee function. Although a knee effusion might lead to quadriceps inhibition, other factors contribute to normal knee function and might allow enough compensation so that knee function is not affected significantly in the presence of certain effusions.
Factors Affecting Reliability of the Biodex Balance System: A Summary of Four Studies
Authors: Hinman Martha R. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To describe differences in test-retest reliability of balance measures produced by the Biodex Balance System.Methods:Subjects performed balance tests in 4 studies, each involving two 30-second tests under varying conditions. Test-retest reliability coefficients were calculated for the overall stability index (SI) under each condition. Test-retest reliability was computed for subjects' limits of stability (LOS).Results:Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1) ranged from .44 to .89 for static balance tests; variability between the 2 tests ranged from 21% to 37%. Tests at lower stability levels or without visual input produced the highest ICCs. ICCs for the LOS tests ranged from .64 to .89. These measures were less variable (6% to 8%) than the static measures of balance.Conclusions:Test-retest reliability of the SI produced by the Biodex Balance System is acceptable for clinical testing and is comparable to other balance measures currently in use.
The Effects of External Bracing on Joint Position Sense Awareness for the Chronically Unstable Ankle
Authors: Hartsell Heather D. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The effect of externally bracing chronically unstable ankles on joint position sense awareness has had limited study yet is clinically relevant.Objective:To determine active joint position sense awareness, effects of bracing, and differences between flexible and semirigid braces.Design:Between-ankle-group (chronic and healthy), repeated-measures, including brace condition for the joint position of 15° inversion from subtalar neutral. Setting: Research laboratory.Participants:24 subjects with healthy and 12 with chronically unstable ankles.Main Outcome Measures:Blindfolded subjects attempted to find a passively placedjoint position under conditions of unbraced, flexible, and semirigid braced. A 3-way repeated-measures ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test for significant interaction effects were conducted.Results:Significant main effects were observed for ankle status, brace, and gender, but no significant interaction effects.Conclusion:Chronically unstable ankles have greater error in joint position sense awareness. However, this deficit might be reduced by using an external semirigid brace.
The Use of Imagery by Athletes during Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Sordoni Carla , Hall Craig , Forwell Lorie 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:To determine whether athletes use motivational and cognitive imagery during injury rehabilitation and to develop an instrument for measuring imagery use.Design:A survey concerning imagery use during rehabilitation was administered to injured athletes.Setting:The Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic in London, Ontario, Canada.Participants:Injured athletes (N = 71) receiving physiotherapy.Main Outcome Measure:The Athletic Injury Imagery Questionnaire (AIIQ).Results:As hypothesized, 2 distinct factors emerged from the items on the AIIQ: motivational and cognitive imagery. Motivational imagery was used more often than cognitive imagery in this context, yet less frequently than in other sport situations (eg, training and competition).Conclusions:The study indicates that the AIIQ is a potentially useful tool through which physiotherapists and sport psychologists can examine athletes' use of imagery in injury rehabilitation.
North American Society for Pediatric Exercise Medicine
Authors: Johnson M.R. , Hopkins-Price P. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Children may undergo exercise testing for multiple reasons. Exercise testing measures multiple physiologic parameters when the body is under stress and can be performed by cycle or treadmill protocols. A higher oxygen consumption (VO2) has been noted by treadmill protocols. The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) and slope of ventilation to carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2) are newer parameters of cardiopulmonary response. Differences in OUES and VE/VCO2 slope have not been compared in regards to method of testing.Methods:Clinical exercise tests performed by graded treadmill (Treadmill group) were compared with those performed by cycle ergometer (Cycle controls) from a previous study carried out at a separate institution. Exercise testing of persons with cystic fibrosis (Cycle CF) was evaluated during the same study. Age, weight, height, body mass index, sex, pulmonary function, maximal heart rate, VO2max, VEmax, end tidal carbon dioxide (ET-CO2), OUES and VE/VCO2 slope were compared by unpaired student’s T-test among the three groups. Pearson product moment correlations compared VO2max, OUES and VE/VCO2 slope in all three study groups.Results:The Treadmill group and Cycle controls had similar age, height, weight, BMI and baseline pulmonary function. The Cycle CF group had lower height, weight and BMI but similar age and pulmonary function to the other two groups. VO2max, and VEmax were significantly higher in Treadmill group than cycle controls. OUES was higher in the Treadmill group than cycle controls (p=0.07). Correlation between VO2max and OUES was 0.89 in treadmill group, 0.96 in cycle controls and 0.93 in cycle CF.Discussion:This study suggests OUES and VO2max, are highly correlated in healthy controls whether obtained by cycle or treadmill protocols. Variation in the level of correlation between VE/VCO2 slope and VO2max existed in the three study populations. VE/VCO2 slope correlated highest with end tidal carbon dioxide at maximal exercise and this may confound the use of the VE/VCO2 slope in healthy populations. No clear advantage to testing by treadmill or cycle ergometry was determined in this study and testing can be determined based on institutional preference.
Parents’ Perceptions of Children’s Physical Activity Compared on Two Electronic Diaries
Authors: Lau Jamie , Engelen Lina , Bundy Anita 
Published: August 2016

Background:After-school hours provide an opportunity for physical activity (PA). Parental perceptions influence children’s PA. The aims were to: compare parents’ perceptions of children’s PA with objectively measured PA; shed light on PA during after-school hours; and compare two electronic devices for collecting data.Methods:Twenty parent-child dyads participated. Children (5–7 years, mean 6.25 ± 0.64) wore Actical accelerometers; their parents responded to activity diaries on electronic devices. Data were collected twice for 4 consecutive weekday afternoons (15.30–19.00).Results:While parents perceived their children to be quite active, children were, in fact, largely inactive. Parents’ responses compared with accelerometer data yielded moderate correlations (r = .44, p < .01). Two thirds of parents’ responses were overestimations. Boys were physically more active than girls and had higher PA outdoors than indoors. Girls’ PA remained similar indoors and outdoors but parents did not perceive the similarity. Both electronic devices produced similar results and compliance rates.Conclusion:Parents consistently over-reported their children’s PA. Findings have implications for initiatives to increase PA. If parents perceive their children as very active, they may lack motivation to promote PA. Parents’ limitations as proxy reporters aside, the similarity of results yielded by the two electronic devices suggests that the choice is a matter of researcher preference.
We Want to Play Too
Authors: Titlebaum Peter , Brennan Kate , Chynoweth Tracy 
Published: August 2016

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that persons with disabilities be integrated to the maximum extent possible, and that these persons cannot be excluded from participation. Despite the size of the population, intramural directors need to be proactive in this area, and operate within compliance of the law that requires schools to make recreational facilities accessible to persons with disabilities. Industry leaders agree that the benefits of intramural sports are vast and that they should be provided to everyone. Intramural sports help many students become part of the college community. Forming an alliance with the Disability Services on campus, the first step, is the most vital aspect of making these programs successful. This relationship is an important aspect of meeting the ADA mandate of making programs viable, and can benefit the entire campus community. The ADA requires that sports agencies modify programs, facilities, or services to allow individuals with disabilities to participate without causing an undue burden on the agency and undue expense. Modification is the key to this compliance. It is important to remember the difference between what can be done, and what must be done. Even with the best of intentions, it is impossible to accommodate everyone but modified games can be more inclusive. Program facilitators can use their imagination to modify rules to get even more students involved, which is the ultimate goal. Beginning a program like this can be a challenge but the long-term impact can be wonderful. Besides increasing compliance with the ADA, the program can be beneficial to persons with and without disabilities.
Foucault in Leotards: Corporeal Discipline in Women’s Artistic Gymnastics
Authors: Barker-Ruchti Natalie , Tinning Richard 
Published: August 2016

Women’s artistic gymnastics is an Olympic sport that involves intricate acrobatic and rhythmic activities. This kinesthetic proficiency demands muscular strength and courage, which have been argued to serve its athletes as a source of empowerment.Various scholars question the positive effects of sport participation. This article builds on these doubts through a feminist Foucauldian study of WAG. An essayistic research story, compiled from data gained in an ethnographic study, serves as the basis for our analyses. The results demonstrate the complexity of WAG experiences and illustrate that gymnasts’ athletic proficiency is only possible through an extensive and elaborate process of corporeal discipline.
Website Coverage of NCAA Basketball: Are Women Getting Equal Playing Time?
Authors: Redmond Michelle L. , Ridinger Lynn L. , Battenfield Frederick L. 
Published: August 2016

Opportunities for girls and women to participate in sports have been increasing since the enactment of Title IX; however, the media attention given to female athletes and women’s sports has lagged behind. Media coverage of female athletes has been investigated extensively in newspapers and magazines; however, few studies have examined the attention given to women’s sports on the Internet.This study focused on one sports news website to examine and compared the coverage of female and male athletes and coaches in one specific sport, college basketball. A content analysis was conducted on ESPN.com during the 2007 NCAA Men’s and Women’s Basketball Tournaments. Results showed that women and men do not receive the same attention on the main page; however, equity was evident when the webpage for women’s college basketball was compared to the webpage for men’s college basketball.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Praziquantel in Ugandan Children with Intestinal Schistosomiasis: Higher Dosages Are Required for Maximal Efficacy
Authors: Bustinduy Amaya L. , Waterhouse David , de Sousa-Figueiredo Jose C. , Roberts Stephen A. , Atuhaire Aaron , Van Dam Govert J. , Corstjens Paul L. A. M. , Scott Janet T. , Stanton Michelle C. , Kabatereine Narcis B. , Ward Stephen , Hope William W. , Stothard J. Russell 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Each year, millions of African children receive praziquantel (PZQ) by mass drug administration (MDA) to treat schistosomiasis at a standard single dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight, a direct extrapolation from studies of adults. A higher dose of 60 mg/kg is also acceptable for refractory cases. We conducted the first PZQ pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) study in young children comparing dosing. Sixty Ugandan children aged 3 to 8 years old with egg patent
Schistosoma mansoni
received PZQ at either 40 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg. PK parameters of PZQ racemate and enantiomers (
R
and
S
) were quantified. PD outcomes were assessed by standard fecal egg counts and novel schistosome-specific serum (circulating anodic antigen [CAA]) and urine (circulating cathodic antigen [CCA]) antigen assays. Population PK and PD analyses were performed to estimate drug exposure in individual children, and the relationship between drug exposure and parasitological cure was estimated using logistic regression. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to identify better, future dosing regimens. There was marked PK variability between children, but the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of PZQ was strongly predictive of the parasitological cure rate (CR). Although no child achieved antigenic cure, which is suggestive of an important residual adult worm burden, higher AUC was associated with greater CAA antigenic decline at 24 days. To optimize the performance of PZQ, analysis of our simulations suggest that higher doses (>60 mg/kg) are needed, particularly in smaller children.

IMPORTANCE
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease, typically associated with chronic morbidity, and its control is a global health priority. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only available antiparasitic drug and is often given out, as a single oral dose (40 mg/kg), to school-aged children by mass drug administration (MDA) schemes operating within preventive chemotherapy campaigns as endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO). This current strategy has several limitations. (i) It excludes preschool children who can be patently infected. (ii) It delivers PZQ at a dose directly extrapolated from adult pharmacological studies. To address these problems, we conducted the first pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of young children within an area of Uganda where
Schistosoma mansoni
is hyperendemic. Our results demonstrate that a higher dose (>60 mg/kg) is required, especially in smaller children, and draw attention to the need for further optimization of PZQ treatment based on schistosome antigenic assays, which are more sensitive to pharmacodynamic markers.
Refining Ovarian Cancer Test accuracy Scores (ROCkeTS): protocol for a prospective longitudinal test accuracy study to validate new risk scores in women with symptoms of suspected ovarian cancer
Authors: Sundar Sudha , Rick Caroline , Dowling Francis , Au Pui , Snell Kym , Rai Nirmala , Champaneria Rita , Stobart Hilary , Neal Richard , Davenport Clare , Mallett Susan , Sutton Andrew , Kehoe Sean , Timmerman Dirk , Bourne Tom , Van Calster Ben , Gentry-Maharaj Aleksandra , Menon Usha , Deeks Jon 
Published: August 2016

IntroductionOvarian cancer (OC) is associated with non-specific symptoms such as bloating, making accurate diagnosis challenging: only 1 in 3 women with OC presents through primary care referral. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines recommends sequential testing with CA125 and routine ultrasound in primary care. However, these diagnostic tests have limited sensitivity or specificity. Improving accurate triage in women with vague symptoms is likely to improve mortality by streamlining referral and care pathways. The Refining Ovarian Cancer Test Accuracy Scores (ROCkeTS; HTA 13/13/01) project will derive and validate new tests/risk prediction models that estimate the probability of having OC in women with symptoms. This protocol refers to the prospective study only (phase III).Methods and analysisROCkeTS comprises four parallel phases. The full ROCkeTS protocol can be found athttp://www.birmingham.ac.uk/ROCKETS. Phase III is a prospective test accuracy study. The study will recruit 2450 patients from 15 UK sites. Recruited patients complete symptom and anxiety questionnaires, donate a serum sample and undergo ultrasound scored as per International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA) criteria. Recruitment is at rapid access clinics, emergency departments and elective clinics. Models to be evaluated include those based on ultrasound derived by the IOTA group and novel models derived from analysis of existing data sets. Estimates of sensitivity, specificity, c-statistic (area under receiver operating curve), positive predictive value and negative predictive value of diagnostic tests are evaluated and a calibration plot for models will be presented. ROCkeTS has received ethical approval from the NHS West Midlands REC (14/WM/1241) and is registered on the controlled trials website (ISRCTN17160843) and the National Institute of Health Research Cancer and Reproductive Health portfolios.
The electric conductivity characteristics of seawater ionic solution under the influence of magnetic field
Authors: Han Xue-Yun , Peng Yu-Feng , Ma Zhong-Jun 
Published: August 2016

The electric conductivity of magnetized and unmagnetized seawater ionic solutions was measured by impedance analyzer (4294A, Agilent Technologies) at 12[Formula: see text]C, 1 KHz. A new relationship model of conductivity and concentration has been established, which fitted both magnetized and unmagnetized samples and was suitable for all the solutions whether at low concentration or at high concentration. Meanwhile, it was found that the magnetic field effect on the conductivity of solution is to some extent due to the changes of thickness and order of water shell around the ion.
The application of portable XRF and benchtop SEM-EDS to Cu-Pd exploration in the Coldwell Alkaline Complex, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Cao Y. H. , Linnen R. L. , Good D. J. , Samson I. M. , Epstein R. 
Published: August 2016

Mineral exploration is increasingly taking advantage of real time techniques that dramatically reduce the costs and time taken to obtain results compared to traditional analytical methods. Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) is now a well-established technique that is used to acquire lithogeochemical data. To date, however, benchtop scanning electron microscopes, equipped with energy dispersive systems (bSEM-EDS) have received little attention as a possible mineral exploration tool.
This study examines the utility of combining pXRF and bSEM-EDS to characterize the igneous stratigraphy and its relationship to Cu-Pd mineralization in a drill hole at the Four Dams occurrence, located within the Eastern Gabbro assemblage of the Coldwell Alkaline Complex, Canada.
The first part of this study compares field portable and laboratory techniques. Seventy-two powdered samples analysed by pXRF are compared with traditional major elements analysed by inductively coupled atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the compositions of 128 olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase grains analysed by bSEM-EDS are compared with traditional electron microprobe data. Our results show that each portable technique yields results similar to their lab-based counterparts within the analytical capabilities and precisions of the respective instruments.

The second part presents a case study for the application of pXRF and bSEM-EDS to resolve questions related to igneous stratigraphy as an aid to mineral exploration in a complicated geological setting. A major problem for Cu-Pd exploration in the Coldwell Complex of NW Ontario is that the oxide-rich units that host Cu-Pd mineralization in the Marathon Series are petrographically similar to the barren oxide-rich units in the Layered Series. However, the mineralized units are geochemically distinctive. Our results show that the mineralized Marathon Series can be distinguished from the barren Layered Series, including oxide-rich units of both, by combinations of P
2
O
5
, Ba, Zr and V/Ti values, determined by pXRF, combined with plagioclase, olivine or clinopyroxene compositions measured by bSEM-EDS. The combination of pXRF and bSEM-EDS thus shows considerable promise as an exploration technique.

Supplementary material:
Comparisons of pXRF analyses with ICP-AES, ICP-MS and IR analysis are available at
http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3291518