bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wrap-Around Case Packing
Authors: Wood Walter D. 
Published: January 2018

Until two or three years ago, the conventional method of getting canned, glassed, or packaged goods to market was to load them into a top-opening regular printed and slotted corrugated case. The packaging operation itself had become pretty well automated through use of drop type and push in equipment. Some had completely automated the system with automatic case openings positioning and gluing and sealing machines. By far the bulk of the packing industry was still in the semi-automatic stage of manual case opening and placing the case on the packer funnel to complete the loading cycle, prior to discharge and conveying to the gluer.
Paper published with permission.
Can Making Technology
Authors: Armbruster Ronald H. 
Published: January 2018

Every day we Americans open more than 140 million cans. Last year our plants turned out the astounding total of 60 billion cans of all sizes and shapes. Of this total, the beer industry alone accounts for 14 billion. This in turn requires almost six million tons of steel. In addition, several hundred thousand tons of aluminum were used. Is it any wonder then, that we refer to the dynamic nature of this can making industry.
Paper published with permission.
Manufacture of Spiral Wound Composite Cans
Authors: Martin R. M. 
Published: January 2018

Spiral wound can manufacturing is an old art. The early cans were used primarily for dry products such as salt and cereals. During World War II the metal shortage precipitated the manufacture of spiral-wound composite paint cans. With the end of the war, this not too successful container reverted to its original metal construction — but a seed had been planted and development continued until, during the 1950’s, the composite biscuit conister became a reality. In 1961, many separate developments led to the award-winning orange juice concentrate can introduced by H. P. Hood and Sons.
Paper published with permission.
Cooling Towers for Process Industry
Authors: Bell Max 
Published: January 2018

In the recent past we have seen a dramatic awakening to the problem of properly managing the waste heat being introduced into our water supplies. What was once considered to be an inexhaustible natural resource is now known to have very finite limitations. The accelerating emission of heated wastes to the environment has triggered an acute concern on the part of the public - the legislators - and industry itself. It is generally recognized that few naturally occurring bodies of water are large enough to absorb the staggering amount of future heat loads which could be imposed upon them and that some alternative method of rejecting large quantities of heat must be utilized.
Paper published with permission.
The Use of Fabric Filters in Air Pollution Control
Authors: Brennan T. J. 
Published: January 2018

One of the classic and highly efficient forms of industrial air filtration for particulate dust control is fabric filter baghouse. First used in the 1870–1880’s, they have developed into one of the most versatile, high performance air pollution control devices. These units are now capable of efficiencies in the range of 99.9% on particulate as small as 0.20 of a micron in size. I would like to take just a few moments and trace the evolution of the fabric filter baghouse from its inception to its position today.
Paper published with permission.
The Effect of the Presence of an Internet-Connected Mobile Tablet Computer on Physical Activity Behavior in Children
Authors: Kobak Mallory S. , Lepp Andrew , Rebold Michael J. , Faulkner Hannah , Martin Shannon , Barkley Jacob E. 
Published: January 2018

Background: Mobile Internet-connected electronic devices provide access to activities that have traditionally been associated with sedentary behavior. Because they are portable, these devices can be utilized in any environment. Therefore, providing children with access to these devices in environments that typically promote physical activity may result in a reduction in physical activity behavior. Purpose: To assess children’s physical and sedentary (ie, sitting) activity with and without the presence of a mobile Internet-connected tablet computer. Methods: A total of 20 children [6.7 (1.9) y old] participated in 2 simulated recess conditions in a gymnasium on separate days. During each condition, children had free-choice access physical activity options and a table of sedentary activities for 40 minutes. During 1 session, the iPad was present, and in the other session, it was not. Physical activity was monitored via an accelerometer, and sedentary time was monitored via a stopwatch. Results: Children significantly (P ≤ .03) reduced average physical activity intensity and increased their sedentary behavior with the iPad present [4.4 (4.0) metabolic equivalents/min and 20.9 (12.4) min sitting] versus the condition without the iPad present [5.3 (4.0) metabolic equivalents/min and 13.6 (13.2) min sitting]. Conclusion: Introducing an mobile Internet-connected tablet computer into a gymnasium reduced children’s physical activity intensity by 17% and increased sedentary behavior by 54%.
Clofazimine for Treatment of Extensively Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis in China
Authors: Wang Qingfeng , Pang Yu , Jing Wei , Liu Yufeng , Wang Na , Yin Hongyun , Zhang Qing , Ye Zhizhong , Zhu Min , Li Fujian , Liu Ping , Wu Tingting , Chen Wei , Wu Wei , Qin Zhihua , Qiu Chao , Deng Qunyi , Xu Tao , Wang Jing , Guo Ru , Du Yadong , Wang Jun , Huang Hairong , Chen Xiaohong , Chu Naihui 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

We performed a multicenter, prospective, randomized study to investigate the efficacy and safety of clofazimine (CLO) for treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in China. Forty-nine patients infected with XDR-TB were randomly assigned to either the control group or the CLO group, both of which received 36 months of individually customized treatment. The primary endpoint was the time to sputum culture conversion on solid medium. Clinical outcomes of patients were evaluated at the time of treatment completion. Of the 22 patients in the experimental group, 7 (31.8%) met the treatment criterion of “cure” and 1 (4.5%) “complete treatment,” for a total of 8 (36.4%) exhibiting successful treatment outcomes without relapse. In the control group, 6 patients (22.2%) were cured and 6 (22.2%) completed treatment by the end of the study. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in successful outcome rates between the CLO group and the control group. The average sputum culture conversion time for the experimental group was 19.7 months, which was not statistically different from that for the control group (20.3 months;
P
= 0.57). Of the 22 patients in the CLO group, 12 (54.5%) experienced adverse events after starting CLO treatment. The most frequently observed adverse event was liver damage, with 31.8% of patients (7/22 patients) in the CLO group versus 11.1% (3/27 patients) in the control group exhibiting this adverse event. Our study demonstrates that inclusion of CLO in background treatment regimens for XDR-TB is of limited benefit, especially since hepatic disorders arise as major adverse events with CLO treatment. (This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry [ChiCTR,
www.chictr.org.cn
] under identifier ChiCTR1800014800.)
Identification of the
In Vivo
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Driver of Iclaprim
Authors: Park Jee Hyun , Craig William , Marchillo Karen , Huang David B. , Andes David R. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

The neutropenic murine thigh infection model was used to define the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index linked to efficacy of iclaprim against
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 29213 and
Staphylococcus pneumoniae
ATCC 10813. The 24-h area under the curve (AUC)/MIC index was most closely linked to efficacy for
S. aureus
(
R
2
, 0.65), while both the 24-h AUC/MIC and the percentage of time that drug concentrations remain above the MIC (%
T
>MIC) were strongly associated with effect (
R
2
, 0.86 for both parameters) for
S. pneumoniae
.
Genome Analysis of Fimbriiglobus ruber SP5T, a Planctomycete with Confirmed Chitinolytic Capability
Authors: Ravin Nikolai V. , Rakitin Andrey L. , Ivanova Anastasia A. , Beletsky Alexey V. , Kulichevskaya Irina S. , Mardanov Andrey V. , Dedysh Svetlana N. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTMembers of the bacterial orderPlanctomycetaleshave often been observed in associations with Crustacea. The ability to degrade chitin, however, has never been reported for any of the cultured planctomycetes although utilization ofN-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) as a sole carbon and nitrogen source is well recognized for these bacteria. Here, we demonstrate the chitinolytic capability of a member of the familyGemmataceae,Fimbriiglobus ruberSP5T, which was isolated from a peat bog. As revealed by metatranscriptomic analysis of chitin-amended peat, the pool of 16S rRNA reads fromF. ruberincreased in response to chitin availability. Strain SP5Tdisplayed only weak growth on amorphous chitin as a sole source of carbon but grew well with chitin as a source of nitrogen. The genome ofF. ruberSP5Tis 12.364 Mb in size and is the largest among all currently determined planctomycete genomes. It encodes several enzymes putatively involved in chitin degradation, including two chitinases affiliated with the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family GH18, GH20 family β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and the complete set of enzymes required for utilization of GlcNAc. The gene encoding one of the predicted chitinases was expressed inEscherichia coli, and the endochitinase activity of the recombinant enzyme was confirmed. The genome also contains genes required for the assembly of type IV pili, which may be used to adhere to chitin and possibly other biopolymers. The ability to use chitin as a source of nitrogen is of special importance for planctomycetes that inhabit N-depleted ombrotrophic wetlands.IMPORTANCEPlanctomycetes represent an important part of the microbial community inSphagnum-dominated peatlands, but their potential functions in these ecosystems remain poorly understood. This study reports the presence of chitinolytic potential in one of the recently described peat-inhabiting members of the familyGemmataceae,Fimbriiglobus ruberSP5T. This planctomycete uses chitin, a major constituent of fungal cell walls and exoskeletons of peat-inhabiting arthropods, as a source of nitrogen in N-depleted ombrotrophicSphagnum-dominated peatlands. This study reports the chitin-degrading capability of representatives of the orderPlanctomycetales.
Deterioration-Associated Microbiome of Stone Monuments: Structure, Variation, and Assembly
Authors: Li Qiang , Zhang Bingjian , Yang Xiaoru , Ge Qinya 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Research on the microbial communities that colonize stone monuments may provide a new understanding of stone biodeterioration and microbe-induced carbonate precipitation. This work investigated the seasonal variation of microbial communities in 2016 and 2017, as well as its effects on stone monuments. We determined the bacterial and fungal compositions of 12 samples from four well-separated geographic locations by using 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer gene amplicon sequencing.
Cyanobacteria
and Ascomycota were the predominant bacterial and fungal phyla, respectively, and differences in species abundance among our 12 samples and 2 years showed no consistent temporal or spatial trends. Alpha diversity, estimated by Shannon and Simpson indices, revealed that an increase or decrease in bacterial diversity corresponded to a decrease or increase in the fungal community from 2016 to 2017. Large-scale association analysis identified potential bacteria and fungi correlated with stone deterioration. Functional prediction revealed specific pathways and microbiota associated with stone deterioration. Moreover, a culture-dependent technique was used to identify microbial isolates involved in biodeterioration and carbonatogenesis; 64% of 85 bacterial isolates caused precipitation of carbonates in biomineralization assays. Imaging techniques including scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and fluorescence imaging identified CaCO
3
crystals as calcite and vaterite. Although CaCO
3
precipitation induced by bacteria often has esthetically deleterious impacts on stone monuments, this process may potentially serve as a novel, environmentally friendly bacterial self-inoculation approach to the conservation of stone.

IMPORTANCE
Comprehensive analyses of the microbiomes associated with the deterioration of stone monuments may contribute to the understanding of mechanisms of deterioration, as well as to the identification of potentially beneficial or undesirable microbial communities and their genomic pathways. In our study, we demonstrated that
Cyanobacteria
was the predominant bacterial phylum and exhibited an increase from 2016 to 2017, while
Proteobacteria
showed a decreasing trend. Apart from esthetic deterioration caused by cyanobacteria and fungi, white plaque, which is composed mainly of CaCO
3
and is probably induced by
Crossiella
and
Cyanobacteria
, was also considered to be another threat to stone monuments. We showed that there was no significant correlation between microbial population variation and geographic location. Specific functional genes and pathways were also enriched in particular bacterial species. The CaCO
3
precipitation induced by an indigenous community of carbonatogenic bacteria also provides a self-inoculation approach for the conservation of stone.
Targeting Bacteria and Methanogens To Understand the Role of Residual Slurry as an Inoculant in Stored Liquid Dairy Manure
Authors: Habtewold Jemaneh , Gordon Robert , Sokolov Vera , VanderZaag Andrew , Wagner-Riddle Claudia , Dunfield Kari 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTMicrobial communities in residual slurry left after removal of stored liquid dairy manure have been presumed to increase methane emission during new storage, but these microbes have not been studied. While actual manure storage tanks are filled gradually, pilot- and farm-scale studies on methane emissions from such systems often use a batch approach. In this study, six pilot-scale outdoor storage tanks with (10% and 20%) and without residual slurry were filled (gradually or in batch) with fresh dairy manure, and methane and methanogenic and bacterial communities were studied during 120 days of storage. Regardless of filling type, increased residual slurry levels resulted in higher abundance of methanogens and bacteria after 65 days of storage. However, stronger correlation between methanogen abundance and methane flux was observed in gradually filled tanks. Despite some variations in the diversity of methanogens or bacteria with the presence of residual slurry, core phylotypes were not impacted. In all samples, the phylumFirmicutespredominated (∼57 to 70%) bacteria: >90% were members ofClostridia.Methanocorpusculumdominated (∼57 to 88%) archaeal phylotypes, whileMethanosarcinagradually increased with storage time. During peak flux of methane,Methanosarcinawas the major player in methane production. The results suggest that increased levels of residual slurry have little impact on the dominant methanogenic or bacterial phylotypes, but large population sizes of these organisms may result in increased methane flux during the initial phases of storage.IMPORTANCEMethane is the major greenhouse gas emitted from stored liquid dairy manure. Residual slurry left after removal of stored manure from tanks has been implicated in increasing methane emissions in new storages, and well-adapted microbial communities in it are the drivers of the increase. Linking methane flux to the abundance, diversity, and activity of microbial communities in stored slurries with different levels of residual slurry can help to improve the mitigation strategy. Mesoscale and lab-scale studies conducted so far on methane flux from manure storage systems used batch-filled tanks, while the actual condition in many farms involves gradual filling. Hence, this study provides important information toward determining levels of residual slurry that result in significant reduction of well-adapted microbial communities prior to storage, thereby reducing methane emissions from manure storage tanks filled under farm conditions.
CpxR-Dependent Thermoregulation of Serratia marcescens PrtA Metalloprotease Expression and Its Contribution to Bacterial Biofilm Formation
Authors: Bruna Roberto E. , Molino María Victoria , Lazzaro Martina , Mariscotti Javier F. , García Véscovi Eleonora 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

PrtA is the major secreted metalloprotease of
Serratia marcescens
. Previous reports implicate PrtA in the pathogenic capacity of this bacterium. PrtA is also clinically used as a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, and its catalytic properties attract industrial interest. Comparatively, there is scarce knowledge about the mechanisms that physiologically govern PrtA expression in
Serratia
. In this work, we demonstrate that PrtA production is derepressed when the bacterial growth temperature decreases from 37°C to 30°C. We show that this thermoregulation occurs at the transcriptional level. We determined that upstream of
prtA
, there is a conserved motif that is directly recognized by the CpxR transcriptional regulator. This feature is found along
Serratia
strains irrespective of their isolation source, suggesting an evolutionary conservation of CpxR-dependent regulation of PrtA expression. We found that in
S. marcescen
s, the CpxAR system is more active at 37°C than at 30°C. In good agreement with these results, in a
cpxR
mutant background,
prtA
is derepressed at 37°C, while overexpression of the NlpE lipoprotein, a well-known CpxAR-inducing condition, inhibits PrtA expression, suggesting that the levels of the activated form of CpxR are increased at 37°C over those at 30°C. In addition, we establish that PrtA is involved in the ability of
S. marcescens
to develop biofilm. In accordance, CpxR influences the biofilm phenotype only when bacteria are grown at 37°C. In sum, our findings shed light on regulatory mechanisms that fine-tune PrtA expression and reveal a novel role for PrtA in the lifestyle of
S. marcescens
.

IMPORTANCE
We demonstrate that
S. marcescens
metalloprotease PrtA expression is transcriptionally thermoregulated. While strongly activated below 30°C, its expression is downregulated at 37°C. We found that in
S. marcescens
, the CpxAR signal transduction system, which responds to envelope stress and bacterial surface adhesion, is activated at 37°C and able to downregulate PrtA expression by direct interaction of CpxR with a binding motif located upstream of the
prtA
gene. Moreover, we reveal that PrtA expression favors the ability of
S. marcescens
to develop biofilm, irrespective of the bacterial growth temperature. In this context, thermoregulation along with a highly conserved CpxR-dependent modulation mechanism gives clues about the relevance of PrtA as a factor implicated in the persistence of
S. marcescens
on abiotic surfaces and in bacterial host colonization capacity.
Simultaneous Immunodetection of Anthrax, Plague, and Tularemia from Blood Cultures by Use of Multiplexed Suspension Arrays
Authors: Mechaly Adva , Vitner Einat , Levy Haim , Weiss Shay , Bar-David Elad , Gur David , Koren Michal , Cohen Hila , Cohen Ofer , Mamroud Emanuelle , Fisher Morly 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Multiplexed detection technologies are becoming increasingly important given the possibility of bioterrorism attacks, for which the range of suspected pathogens can vary considerably. In this work, we describe the use of Luminex MagPlex magnetic microspheres for the construction of two multiplexed diagnostic suspension arrays, enabling antibody-based detection of bacterial pathogens and their related disease biomarkers directly from blood cultures. The first 4-plex diagnostic array enabled the detection of both anthrax and plague infections using soluble disease biomarkers, including protective antigen (PA) and anthrax capsular antigen for anthrax detection and the capsular F1 and LcrV antigens for plague detection. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 0.5 and 5 ng/ml for the different antigens. The second 2-plex diagnostic array facilitated the detection of
Yersinia pestis
(LOD of 1 × 10
6
CFU/ml) and
Francisella tularensis
(LOD of 1 × 10
4
CFU/ml) from blood cultures. Inoculated, propagated blood cultures were processed (15 to 20 min) via 2 possible methodologies (Vacutainer or a simple centrifugation step), allowing the direct detection of bacteria in each sample, and the entire assay could be performed in 90 min. While detection of bacteria and soluble markers from blood cultures using PCR Luminex suspension arrays has been widely described, to our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the utility of the Luminex system for the immunodetection of both bacteria and soluble markers directly from blood cultures. Targeting both the bacterial pathogens as well as two different disease biomarkers for each infection, we demonstrated the benefit of the multiplexed developed assays for enhanced, reliable detection. The presented arrays could easily be expanded to include antibodies for the detection of other pathogens of interest in hospitals or labs, demonstrating the applicability of this technology for the accurate detection and confirmation of a wide range of potential select agents.
Comparative Analysis of Sequence Clustering Methods for Deduplication of Biological Databases
Authors: Chen Qingyu , Wan Yu , Zhang Xiuzhen , Lei Yang , Zobel Justin , Verspoor Karin 
Published: January 2018

The massive volumes of data in biological sequence databases provide a remarkable resource for large-scale biological studies. However, the underlying data quality of these resources is a critical concern. A particular challenge is duplication, in which multiple records have similar sequences, creating a high level of redundancy that impacts database storage, curation, and search. Biological database deduplication has two direct applications: for database curation, where detected duplicates are removed to improve curation efficiency, and for database search, where detected duplicate sequences may be flagged but remain available to support analysis.
Clustering methods have been widely applied to biological sequences for database deduplication. Since an exhaustive all-by-all pairwise comparison of sequences cannot scale for a high volume of data, heuristic approaches have been recruited, such as the use of simple similarity thresholds. In this article, we present a comparison between CD-HIT and UCLUST, the two best-known clustering tools for sequence database deduplication. Our contributions include a detailed assessment of the redundancy remaining after deduplication, application of standard clustering evaluation metrics to quantify the cohesion and separation of the clusters generated by each method, and a biological case study that assesses intracluster function annotation consistency to demonstrate the impact of these factors on a practical application of the sequence clustering methods. Our results show that the trade-off between efficiency and accuracy becomes acute when low threshold values are used and when cluster sizes are large. This evaluation leads to practical recommendations for users for more effective uses of the sequence clustering tools for deduplication.
NCWIT
Authors: Bradshaw Eva 
Published: January 2018

NCWIT (National Center for Women & Information Technology) was chartered by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 2004. We were founded by a trio of techies; Telle Whitney, Robert (Bobby) Schnabel and Lucy Sanders. Lucy is our fearless, feisty co-founder and CEO.
NCWIT convenes, equips, and unites change-leader organizations to increase the meaningful participation of all women in the field of computing, particularly in terms of innovation and development.