bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cirrus cloud retrieval with MSG/SEVIRI using artificial neural networks
Authors: Strandgren Johan , Bugliaro Luca , Sehnke Frank , Schröder Leon 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Cirrus clouds play an important role in climate as they tend to warm the Earth–atmosphere system. Nevertheless their physical properties remain one of the largest sources of uncertainty in atmospheric research. To better understand the physical processes of cirrus clouds and their climate impact, enhanced satellite observations are necessary. In this paper we present a new algorithm, CiPS (Cirrus Properties from SEVIRI), that detects cirrus clouds and retrieves the corresponding cloud top height, ice optical thickness and ice water path using the SEVIRI imager aboard the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation satellites. CiPS utilises a set of artificial neural networks trained with SEVIRI thermal observations, CALIOP backscatter products, the ECMWF surface temperature and auxiliary data. CiPS detects 71 and 95 % of all cirrus clouds with an optical thickness of 0.1 and 1.0, respectively, that are retrieved by CALIOP. Among the cirrus-free pixels, CiPS classifies 96 % correctly. With respect to CALIOP, the cloud top height retrieved by CiPS has a mean absolute percentage error of 10 % or less for cirrus clouds with a top height greater than 8 km. For the ice optical thickness, CiPS has a mean absolute percentage error of 50 % or less for cirrus clouds with an optical thickness between 0.35 and 1.8 and of 100 % or less for cirrus clouds with an optical thickness down to 0.07 with respect to the optical thickness retrieved by CALIOP. The ice water path retrieved by CiPS shows a similar performance, with mean absolute percentage errors of 100 % or less for cirrus clouds with an ice water path down to 1.7 g m−2. Since the training reference data from CALIOP only include ice water path and optical thickness for comparably thin clouds, CiPS also retrieves an opacity flag, which tells us whether a retrieved cirrus is likely to be too thick for CiPS to accurately derive the ice water path and optical thickness. By retrieving CALIOP-like cirrus properties with the large spatial coverage and high temporal resolution of SEVIRI during both day and night, CiPS is a powerful tool for analysing the temporal evolution of cirrus clouds including their optical and physical properties. To demonstrate this, the life cycle of a thin cirrus cloud is analysed.
Response of water use efficiency to summer drought in a boreal Scots pine forest in Finland
Authors: Gao Yao , Markkanen Tiina , Aurela Mika , Mammarella Ivan , Thum Tea , Tsuruta Aki , Yang Huiyi , Aalto Tuula 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The influence of drought on plant functioning has received considerable attention in recent years, however our understanding of the response of carbon and water coupling to drought in terrestrial ecosystems still needs to be improved. A severe soil moisture drought occurred in southern Finland in the late summer of 2006. In this study, we investigated the response of water use efficiency to summer drought in a boreal Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris) on the daily time scale mainly using eddy covariance flux data from the Hyytiälä (southern Finland) flux site. In addition, simulation results from the JSBACH land surface model were evaluated against the observed results. Based on observed data, the ecosystem level water use efficiency (EWUE; the ratio of gross primary production, GPP, to evapotranspiration, ET) showed a decrease during the severe soil moisture drought, while the inherent water use efficiency (IWUE; a quantity defined as EWUE multiplied with mean daytime vapour pressure deficit, VPD) increased and the underlying water use efficiency (uWUE, a metric based on IWUE and a simple stomatal model, is the ratio of GPP multiplied with a square root of VPD to ET) was unchanged during the drought. The decrease in EWUE was due to the stronger decline in GPP than in ET. The increase in IWUE was because of the decreased stomatal conductance under increased VPD. The unchanged uWUE indicates that the trade-off between carbon assimilation and transpiration of the boreal Scots pine forest was not disturbed by this drought event at the site. The JSBACH simulation showed declines of both GPP and ET under the severe soil moisture drought, but to a smaller extent compared to the observed GPP and ET. Simulated GPP and ET led to a smaller decrease in EWUE but a larger increase in IWUE because of the severe soil moisture drought in comparison to observations. As in the observations, the simulated uWUE showed no changes in the drought event. The model deficiencies exist mainly due to the lack of the limiting effect of increased VPD on stomatal conductance during the low soil moisture condition. Our study provides a deeper understanding of the coupling of carbon and water cycles in the boreal Scots pine forest ecosystem and suggests possible improvements to land surface models, which play an important role in the prediction of biosphere–atmosphere feedbacks in the climate system.
Consistent initial conditions for the Saint-Venant equations in river network modeling
Authors: Yu Cheng-Wei , Liu Frank , Hodges Ben R. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Initial conditions for flows and depths (cross-sectional areas) throughout a river network are required for any time-marching (unsteady) solution of the one-dimensional (1-D) hydrodynamic Saint-Venant equations. For a river network modeled with several Strahler orders of tributaries, comprehensive and consistent synoptic data are typically lacking and synthetic starting conditions are needed. Because of underlying nonlinearity, poorly defined or inconsistent initial conditions can lead to convergence problems and long spin-up times in an unsteady solver. Two new approaches are defined and demonstrated herein for computing flows and cross-sectional areas (or depths). These methods can produce an initial condition data set that is consistent with modeled landscape runoff and river geometry boundary conditions at the initial time. These new methods are (1) the pseudo time-marching method (PTM) that iterates toward a steady-state initial condition using an unsteady Saint-Venant solver and (2) the steady-solution method (SSM) that makes use of graph theory for initial flow rates and solution of a steady-state 1-D momentum equation for the channel cross-sectional areas. The PTM is shown to be adequate for short river reaches but is significantly slower and has occasional non-convergent behavior for large river networks. The SSM approach is shown to provide a rapid solution of consistent initial conditions for both small and large networks, albeit with the requirement that additional code must be written rather than applying an existing unsteady Saint-Venant solver.
Melodic heads, saliency, and strength in voicing and nasality
Authors: Breit Florian 
Published: September 2017

Melodic Heads in Element Theory (Kaye et al. 1985; Harris &amp; Lindsey 1995; Backley 2011) have long been associated with higher acoustic saliency of the headed prime’s properties (Lindsey &amp; Harris 1990; Backley 1995; Harris &amp; Lindsey 1995; et alia) and with the relative strength (e.g. alignment of melodic heads with strong positions and robustness of headed expressions against lenition) of a melodic head compared to a dependent (e.g. Backley &amp; Nasukawa 2009). Following substantial work on the interaction of voicing and nasality (Nasukawa 1997, 2005; Ploch 1999; Botma 2004) it is commonly assumed that voicing and nasality are both represented by the same prime |L|, with dependent |L| encoding nasality and headed |L| encoding voicing. In this paper I counter some of the arguments for the universality of this implementation, and develop an alternative view of a unified voicing–nasality prime, in which voicing is encoded by dependent |L| and nasality by headed |L|. I show how this analysis is more consistent with both the saliency and strength arguments by considering arguments based on the represented acoustic patterns, positional strength, nasal sharing (nasal harmony within onset–nucleus pairs), and cross-linguistic biases against loss of nasality. Finally, I show how this account is compatible with a more restrictive, recursive view of the phonological interpretation component following the set theoretic model of Element Theory in Breit (2013). Based on these arguments I conclude that we have good reason to doubt the universality of Nasukawa (1997, 2005) and Ploch’s (1999) implementation; instead we must give serious consideration to the reverse option with headed |L| for nasality and dependent |L| for voicing. I suggest that there are two possible responses to this situation: we can either make the attempt to radically adopt the alternative, or we can adopt a more relativistic position (in the sense of Cyran 2011, 2014) which allows a choice between both options. This article is part of the Special Collection: Headedness in Phonology
Junior doctors and limitation-of-care orders: perspectives, experiences and the challenge of dealing with persons with dementia
Authors: Lovell Janaka J , MacPhail Aleece , Cunningham Nicola , Winbolt Margaret , Young Carmel , Pham Tony , Ibrahim Joseph E 
Published: September 2017

Background/Objectives: Globally, junior doctors play a central role in completing limitation of care orders (LCOs). This study aims to guide improvement of LCO utility by ascertaining junior doctor perspectives, LCO experiences and identifying challenges encountered in LCOs for patients with dementia, a particularly complex patient group. Design/Setting/Participants: Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Participants were registered medical practitioners who had graduated within the previous 3 years and were practicing in a hospital in Victoria, Australia. Results: Nineteen junior doctors were interviewed between December 2013 and January 2015. Junior doctors were frequently involved in discussion and decision-making around treatment limitations and end-of-life care. Participants described inconsistent support, a lack of preparedness, a vague understanding of related hospital policies and inadequate knowledge and experience when it came to completing LCOs. Although participants acknowledged the additional nuances of capacity and prognosis assessment for patients with dementia, they did not feel that the processes for completing LCOs were significantly different for these persons. Many also recognised that decisions were often made without adequate consultation with the relevant stakeholders in this patient group. Conclusion: The junior doctors in this study highlighted global challenges in providing appropriate end-of-life care, particularly when they are responsible for this role. To improve patient care and ensure the wellbeing of junior doctors, hospitals need to address gaps in training needs and supervision with respect to end-of-life care, as well as to implement policies that support consistent and informed use of LCOs.
Chemical Fate of Photodegraded Diluted Bitumen in Seawater
Authors: Yang Zeyu , Hollebone Bruce P. , Zhang Gong , Brown Carl E. , Yang Chun , Lambert Patrick , Wang Zhendi , Landriault Mike , Shah Keval 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT2017-336:Diluted bitumen (dilbit), an oil sands product, may present new response challenges differing from conventional crude oil in terms of its potential environmental impacts. Simple naphthenic acids (NAs), a complex group of monocarboxylic acids, with a general formula CnH2n+zO2, may be present in the source bitumen or may be created by photolytic weathering. Knowing the composition and concentrations of NAs created during the photo-degradation process of dilbit will help understand the fate, behavior and toxicity of dilbit.In the present study, two diluted bitumen products, Cold Lake Blend (CLB) and Access Western Blend (AWB), were mixed with saltwater and irradiated with natural solar light (Ottawa, Canada, 45.4°N) over winter and summer seasons, to assess the impact of sunlight on the chemical fate of the dilbit. For comparison, a light, sweet crude oil was exposed under similar conditions. The samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry to examine the molecular transformation of diluted bitumen by solar irradiation. The abundances of NAs in all three test oils increased significantly after 90 days of solar irradiation, strongly suggesting that polar NAs were formed by photolysis. Further, greater increases in NAs in the light crude were found than in the two dilbits. Similarly, the lighter oil had higher photolytic removal rates of petroleum hydrocarbons than the two dilbits.The concentrations of NAs in oils exposed during the summer were generally higher than those exposed in winter. During summer exposure, the abundance of total NAs increased up to the 30-day’s solar exposure, then fell again, indicating the transient nature of these compounds. However, net increases in polar NA compounds were observed for all the winter exposed samples. Greater increases were observed in the smaller NA compounds (average C-number decreased), also accompanied by an increase in saturation (average z-number decreased).These chemical changes strongly indicate the effect of sunlight on the potential behaviour, fate and effects of spilled oil, with creation of new resin group compounds and reduction of aromatics and saturates. These changes may affect the viscosity of the oil and its ability to uptake water. These chemical compositions also imply significant changes to the ecological effects of the oil following a spill when aged in sunlight.
Worst Case Preparation – Environmental Risk Based Dimensioning of Oil Spill Response
Authors: Ly Johan Marius 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In Norway, the governmental oil spill response is primarily in place to cover for spills from unknown sources, or when the polluter is incapable of responding, or when his/her response is inadequate. The national plan for preparedness against acute pollution describes this.
In 2015 a series of environmental risk based analyses specifically directed towards spills from ships were finalized. Together with a worst-case assessment on spills from an extremely large shipping incident and from an offshore blow-out we now have a set of analysis covering the whole range from smaller spills to worst case scenarios. Further, the Government presented a white paper on oil spill response to the Norwegian parliament in 2016, and these analyses are one of the inputs to the white paper.
This paper will give an overview of the general methodology, process and recommendations from the environmental risk based analyses from the Norwegian mainland coastline and from Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The methodology follows three steps; a risk analysis, an environmental impact analysis and an emergency response analysis. The latter gives the recommendations related to equipment and other resources such as vessels and manpower, response time, training and exercises. The worst-case analysis follows a different methodology by being more descriptive than mathematical. Responding to the worst-case scenarios will depend upon using all available resources nationally, and includes international assistance. The scenarios from the analyses are also used as basis for large, national spill exercises, and the paper will give examples of exercises at Svalbard (in 2016), exercises with unified command from large offshore petroleum industry spill (2015) and a large ships collision with international assistance (planned for 2017).
PROPOSTA DE UM SISTEMA AUTOMÁTICO DE DESCARTE DE ÁGUA DE CHUVA: ESTUDO DE CASO
Authors: Dalsasso Ramon Lucas , Guedes Tiago Lemos 
Published: September 2017

<p>O aproveitamento da água de chuva pode atenuar crises de escassez de água, reduzir escoamentos superficiais e minimizar alagamentos em centros urbanos. Este trabalho traz resultados do desenvolvimento e aplicação de um sistema hidráulico, automático, para o descarte da água de escoamento pluvial inicial. No laboratório de Hidráulica e Hidrologia do Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental da UFSC, foram feitos inicialmente testes em sistema piloto, com variações de vazão, para avaliar a funcionalidade do sistema proposto. Posteriormente, o sistema foi testado em uma edificação com cobertura de fibrocimento. Foram coletadas e analisadas amostras de água da chuva armazenada e descartada, incluindo parâmetros de cor, turbidez, pH, coliformes, entre outros. Constatou-se que o dispositivo funcionou adequadamente, desviando para descarte o volume de água esperado. Em termos de qualidade, a água armazenada na cisterna atendeu os valores prescritos na norma NBR 15527 (ABNT, 2007), exceto para os valores de cor e coliformes, aspectos que podem ser melhorados combinando incremento no volume descartado com a desinfecção da água armazenada.</p>
Expanding Greenland Ice Sheet Enhances Sensitivity of Plio‐Pleistocene Climate to Obliquity Forcing in the Kiel Climate Model
Authors: Song Zhaoyang , Latif Mojib , Park Wonsun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractProxy data suggest the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation during the Plio‐Pleistocene transition from 3.2 to 2.5 Ma before present resulted in enhanced climate variability at the obliquity (41 kyr) frequency. Here we investigate the influence of the expanding Greenland ice sheet on the mean climate and obliquity‐related variability in a series of climate model simulations. These suggest that an expanding GrIS weakens the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) by ~1 Sverdrup, mainly due to reduced heat loss in the Greenland‐Iceland‐Norwegian Sea. Moreover, the growing GrIS amplifies the Hadley circulation response to obliquity forcing driving variations in freshwater export from the tropical Atlantic and in turn variations of the AMOC. The stronger AMOC response to obliquity forcing, by about a factor of 2, results in a stronger global mean near‐surface temperature response. We conclude that the AMOC response to obliquity forcing is important to understand the enhanced climate variability at the obliquity frequency during the Plio‐Pleistocene transition.
High‐Latitude Neutral Mass Density Maxima
Authors: Huang C. Y. , Huang Y. , Su Y.‐J. , Huang T. , Sutton E. K. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRecent studies have reported that thermospheric effects due to solar wind driving can be observed poleward of auroral latitudes. In these papers, the measured neutral mass density perturbations appear as narrow, localized maxima in the cusp and polar cap. They conclude that Joule heating below the spacecraft is the cause of the mass density increases, which are sometimes associated with local field‐aligned current structures, but not always. In this paper we investigate neutral mass densities measured by accelerometers on the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) spacecraft from launch until years 2010 (CHAMP) and 2012 (GRACE), approximately 10 years of observations from each satellite. We extract local maxima in neutral mass densities over the background using a smoothing window with size of one quarter of the orbit. The maxima have been analyzed for each year and also for the duration of each set of satellite observations. We show where they occur, under what solar wind conditions, and their relation to magnetic activity. The region with the highest frequency of occurrence coincides approximately with the cusp and mantle, with little direct evidence of an auroral zone source. Our conclusions agree with the “hot polar cap” observations that have been reported and studied in the past.
Switching Light Transmittance by Responsive Organometallic Poly(ionic liquid)s: Control by Cross Talk of Thermal and Redox Stimuli
Authors: Zhang Kaihuan , Zhang Minmin , Feng Xueling , Hempenius Mark A. , Vancso G. Julius 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA novel organometallic poly(ionic liquid) with both redox‐ and thermoresponsive properties is synthesized from a poly(ferrocenylsilane) (PFS) via a one‐step Strecker sulfite alkylation reaction by using tetraalkylphosphonium sulfite as an effective and versatile nucleophile. This dual‐responsive polymer is composed of a PFS backbone and quaternary phosphonium sulfonate side groups and exhibits a concentration‐dependent lower critical solution temperature (LCST)‐type phase transition in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the LCST‐type phase behavior of the polymer can be switched between the “off” state and “on” state by chemical or electrochemical oxidation and reduction on the ferrocene units in the polymer main chain. As a consequence, a classical LCST‐type phase transition, as well as an “isothermal” redox‐triggered phase transition can be induced by using thermal and electrochemical triggers without changing the composition of the system. On the basis of this dual responsiveness, a “smart window” device is fabricated. The optical characteristics of this device are completely unaltered after 100 thermal and/or redox cycles.
High‐Drug‐Loading Mesoporous Silica Nanorods with Reduced Toxicity for Precise Cancer Therapy against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: You Yuanyuan , He Lizhen , Ma Bin , Chen Tianfeng 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNanorod‐based drug delivery systems have attracted great interest because of their enhanced cell internalization capacity and improved drug loading property. Herein, novel mesoporous silica nanorods (MSNRs) with different lengths are synthesized and used as nanocarriers to achieve higher drug loading and anticancer activity. As expected, MSNRs‐based drug delivery systems can effectively enhance the loading capacity of drugs and penetrate into tumor cells more rapidly than spherical nanoparticles due to their greater surface area and trans‐membrane transporting rates. Interestingly, these tailored MSNRs also enhance the cellular uptake of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer cells, thus significantly enhancing its anticancer efficacy for hundreds of times by inducing of cell apoptosis. Internalized MSNRs‐DOX triggers intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, which subsequently activates p53 and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways to promote cell apoptosis. MSNRs‐DOX nanosystem also shows prolonged blood circulation time in vivo. In addition, MSNRs‐DOX significantly inhibits in vivo tumor growth in nude mice model and effectively reduced its in vivo toxicity. Therefore, this study provides an effective and safe strategy for designing chemotherapeutic agents for precise cancer therapy.
Brønsted‐Acid‐Catalyzed Substrate‐Controlled and Site‐Selective Friedel–Crafts Alkylation: A New Strategy for Post‐Modification of 1,2‐Dihydroquinolines
Authors: Huang Jin , Li Guangxun , Yang Guobin , Zhao Jinzhong , Tang Zhuo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA variety of C3‐, C6‐, C8‐ and C13‐functionalized 1,2‐dihidroquinolines (1,2‐DHQs) have been prepared through post‐modification of simple 1,2‐DHQs by regioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylations. Several commonly used electrophiles such as 3‐indolylmethanol derivatives, nitroolefins, 1,4‐benzoquinones, aromatic aldehydes and ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐ethoxy‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline were rationally used to afford the corresponding 1,2‐DHQs with high yield and regioselectivity. The regioselectivity of the reaction appears to be governed by the substituents of the 1,2‐DHQ substrates.