bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overpressure Protections in Liquid Pipeline Hydraulic Design
Authors: Zhou Alan X. L. , Yu David , Cabrejo Victor 
Published: November 2016

Continuous economic development demands safe and efficient means of transporting large quantities of crude oil and other hydrocarbon products over vast extensions of land. Such transportation provides critical links between organizations and companies, permitting goods to flow between their facilities. Operation safety is paramount in transporting petroleum products in the pipeline industry. Safety can affect the performance and economics of pipeline system. Pipeline design codes also evolve as new technologies become available and management principles and practices improve. While effective operation safety requires well-trained operators, adequate operational procedures and compliance with regulatory requirements, the best way to ensure process safety is to implement safety systems during the design stage of pipeline system.
Pressure controls and overpressure protection measures are important components of a modern pipeline system. This system is intended to provide reliable control and prevent catastrophic failure of the transport system due to overpressure conditions that can occur under abnormal operating conditions. This paper discusses common pressure surge events, options of overpressure protection strategies in pipeline design and ideas on transient hydraulic analyses for pipeline systems. Different overpressure protection techniques considered herein are based on pressure relief, pressure control systems, equipment operation characteristics, and integrated system wide approach outlining complete pressure control and overpressure protection architecture for pipeline systems. Although the analyses presented in this paper are applicable across a broad range of operating conditions and different pipeline system designs, it is not possible to cover all situations and different pipeline systems have their own unique solutions. As such, sound engineering judgment and engineering principles should always be applied in any engineering design.
Mechanical Properties Anisotropy in X80 Line Pipes
Authors: Gervasyev Alexey , Petrov Roumen , Pyshmintsev Igor , Struin Alexey , Leis Brian 
Published: November 2016

The anisotropy of tensile properties and impact toughness of X80 ferrite-bainite pipeline steels was investigated. The lowest strength values were found in longitudinal (L) direction, medium — in the direction of wall thickness (Z-direction), the highest — in transverse (T) direction. The anisotropy of the tensile properties is low and does not change significantly with the test temperature. The maximum variation in yield stress and tensile stress do not exceed the ranges of 100 MPa and 50 MPa respectively.
The anisotropy in toughness is more clearly pronounced. Impact toughness in both T and L directions is more than 250 J/cm2 at minus 20°C while in Z-direction it is less than 30 J/cm2 at the same temperature. Low Z-direction toughness determines the susceptibility of steel to splitting during ductile fracture propagation (formation of brittle cracks parallel to the rolling plane of the plate). Microstructure and crystallographic texture analyses showed that the susceptibility to splitting is controlled by a number of factors like the predominant orientation of cleavage crystallographic planes parallel to the rolling plane, morphology of the microstructure elements, and the distribution of “second” phases.
Technical Note: Display window setting: An important factor for detecting subtle but clinically relevant artifacts in daily CT quality control
Authors: Long Zaiyang , Bruesewitz Michael R. , Sheedy Emily N. , Powell Michele A. , Kramer Jacqualynn C. , Supalla Randall R. , Colvin Chance M. , Bechel Jessica R. , Favazza Christopher P. , Kofler James M. , Leng Shuai , McCollough Cynthia H. , Yu Lifeng 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:This study aimed to investigate the influence of display window setting on technologist performance detecting subtle but clinically relevant artifacts in daily computed tomography (CT) quality control (dQC) images.Methods:Fifty three sets of dQC images were retrospectively selected, including 30 sets without artifacts, and 23 with subtle but clinically relevant artifacts. They were randomized and shown to six CT technologists (two new and four experienced). Each technologist reviewed all images in each of two sessions, one with a display window width (WW) of 100 HU, which is currently recommended by the American College of Radiology, and the other with a narrow WW of 40 HU, both at a window level of 0 HU. For each case, technologists rated the presence of image artifacts based on a five point scale. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the artifact detection performance.Results:At a WW of 100 HU, the AUC (95% confidence interval) was 0.658 (0.576, 0.740), 0.532 (0.429, 0.635), and 0.616 (0.543, 0.619) for the experienced, new, and all technologists, respectively. At a WW of 40 HU, the AUC was 0.768 (0.687, 0.850), 0.546 (0.433, 0.658), and 0.694 (0.619, 0.769), respectively. The performance significantly improved at WW of 40 HU for experienced technologists (p = 0.009) and for all technologists (p = 0.040).Conclusions:Use of a narrow display WW significantly improved technologists’ performance in dQC for detecting subtle but clinically relevant artifacts as compared to that using a 100 HU display WW.
Contribution of Maternal Immunity to Decreased Rotavirus Vaccine Performance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Mwila Katayi , Chilengi Roma , Simuyandi Michelo , Permar Sallie R. , Becker-Dreps Sylvia 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
The role of maternal immunity, received by infants either transplacentally or orally from breast milk, in rotavirus vaccine (RV) performance is evaluated here. Breastfeeding withholding has no effect on vaccine responses, but higher levels of transplacental rotavirus-specific IgG antibody contribute to reduced vaccine seroconversion. The gaps in knowledge on the factors associated with low RV efficacy in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) remain, and further research is needed to shed more light on these issues.
Towards a Standardized Method for Broth Microdilution Susceptibility Testing of Haemophilus parasuis
Authors: Prüller Sandra , Turni Conny , Blackall Patrick J. , Beyerbach Martin , Klein Günter , Kreienbrock Lothar , Strutzberg-Minder Katrin , Kaspar Heike , Meemken Diana , Kehrenberg Corinna 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTCurrently, there is no agreed method available for broth microdilution susceptibility testing ofHaemophilus parasuis, one of the most important bacterial pathogens in pig production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a method that could be easily performed by diagnostic laboratories and that appears suitable for a harmonized susceptibility testing. Growth determinations using one type strain and three field isolates revealed no visible growth ofH. parasuisin media which have proven to be suitable for susceptibility testing of fastidious organisms. Therefore, a new medium, cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) plus NADH and sterile filtered heat-inactivated chicken serum, was developed. The reproducibility of MICs obtained in this medium was evaluated and statistically analyzed, considering a model with two different variables (precondition of five identical MICs and MIC mode accepting a deviation of ±1 dilution step, respectively). No significant differences for both variables were seen between two time points investigated and between results obtained with the recently proposed test medium broth (TMB). Nearly all MICs of quality control strains were in the acceptable range. Subsequently, 47H. parasuisisolates representing 13 serovars were tested with the newly developed medium and TMB. Statistical analysis of all isolates and 15 antimicrobial agents and antimicrobial combinations showed no significant difference between MICs obtained in supplemented CAMHB and TMB. Because of a simplified implementation in routine diagnostic and a lower chance of interference between medium components and antimicrobial agents, supplemented CAMHB is recommended with an incubation time of 24 h.
The Added Cost of Rapid Diagnostic Testing and Active Antimicrobial Stewardship: Is It Worth It?
Authors: McElvania TeKippe Erin 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Rapid diagnostic testing reduces the turnaround time for pathogen identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory, but the impact on patient care and hospital costs is a matter of speculation. Patel et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 55:60–67, 2017,
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01452-16
) investigate the impact of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in conjunction with active antimicrobial stewardship to determine if implementation is indeed worth the added costs.
Crystal Structure of the Marburg Virus VP35 Oligomerization Domain
Authors: Bruhn Jessica F. , Kirchdoerfer Robert N. , Urata Sarah M. , Li Sheng , Tickle Ian J. , Bricogne Gérard , Saphire Erica Ollmann 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Marburg virus (MARV) is a highly pathogenic filovirus that is classified in a genus distinct from that of Ebola virus (EBOV) (genera
Marburgvirus
and
Ebolavirus
, respectively). Both viruses produce a multifunctional protein termed VP35, which acts as a polymerase cofactor, a viral protein chaperone, and an antagonist of the innate immune response. VP35 contains a central oligomerization domain with a predicted coiled-coil motif. This domain has been shown to be essential for RNA polymerase function. Here we present crystal structures of the MARV VP35 oligomerization domain. These structures and accompanying biophysical characterization suggest that MARV VP35 is a trimer. In contrast, EBOV VP35 is likely a tetramer in solution. Differences in the oligomeric state of this protein may explain mechanistic differences in replication and immune evasion observed for MARV and EBOV.

IMPORTANCE
Marburg virus can cause severe disease, with up to 90% human lethality. Its genome is concise, only producing seven proteins. One of the proteins, VP35, is essential for replication of the viral genome and for evasion of host immune responses. VP35 oligomerizes (self-assembles) in order to function, yet the structure by which it assembles has not been visualized. Here we present two crystal structures of this oligomerization domain. In both structures, three copies of VP35 twist about each other to form a coiled coil. This trimeric assembly is in contrast to tetrameric predictions for VP35 of Ebola virus and to known structures of homologous proteins in the measles, mumps, and Nipah viruses. Distinct oligomeric states of the Marburg and Ebola virus VP35 proteins may explain differences between them in polymerase function and immune evasion. These findings may provide a more accurate understanding of the mechanisms governing VP35's functions and inform the design of therapeutics.
PrP Knockout Cells Expressing Transmembrane PrP Resist Prion Infection
Authors: Marshall Karen E. , Hughson Andrew , Vascellari Sarah , Priola Suzette A. , Sakudo Akikazu , Onodera Takashi , Baron Gerald S. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of the prion protein (PrP
C
) influences PrP
C
misfolding into the disease-associated isoform, PrP
res
, as well as prion propagation and infectivity. GPI proteins are found in cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich membrane regions called rafts. Exchanging the GPI anchor for a nonraft transmembrane sequence redirects PrP
C
away from rafts. Previous studies showed that nonraft transmembrane PrP
C
variants resist conversion to PrP
res
when transfected into scrapie-infected N2a neuroblastoma cells, likely due to segregation of transmembrane PrP
C
and GPI-anchored PrP
res
in distinct membrane environments. Thus, it remained unclear whether transmembrane PrP
C
might convert to PrP
res
if seeded by an exogenous source of PrP
res
not associated with host cell rafts and without the potential influence of endogenous expression of GPI-anchored PrP
C
. To further explore these questions, constructs containing either a C-terminal wild-type GPI anchor signal sequence or a nonraft transmembrane sequence containing a flexible linker were expressed in a cell line derived from PrP knockout hippocampal neurons, NpL2. NpL2 cells have physiological similarities to primary neurons, representing a novel and advantageous model for studying transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) infection. Cells were infected with inocula from multiple prion strains and in different biochemical states (i.e., membrane bound as in brain microsomes from wild-type mice or purified GPI-anchorless amyloid fibrils). Only GPI-anchored PrP
C
supported persistent PrP
res
propagation. Our data provide strong evidence that in cell culture GPI anchor-directed membrane association of PrP
C
is required for persistent PrP
res
propagation, implicating raft microdomains as a location for conversion.

IMPORTANCE
Mechanisms of prion propagation, and what makes them transmissible, are poorly understood. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchoring of the prion protein (PrP
C
) directs it to specific regions of cell membranes called rafts. In order to test the importance of the raft environment on prion propagation, we developed a novel model for prion infection where cells expressing either GPI-anchored PrP
C
or transmembrane-anchored PrP
C
, which partitions it to a different location, were treated with infectious, misfolded forms of the prion protein, PrP
res
. We show that only GPI-anchored PrP
C
was able to convert to PrP
res
and able to serially propagate. The results strongly suggest that GPI anchoring and the localization of PrP
C
to rafts are crucial to the ability of PrP
C
to propagate as a prion.
Mutations Inactivating Herpes Simplex Virus 1 MicroRNA miR-H2 Do Not Detectably Increase
ICP0
Gene Expression in Infected Cultured Cells or Mouse Trigeminal Ganglia
Authors: Pan Dongli , Pesola Jean M. , Li Gang , McCarron Seamus , Coen Donald M. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) latency entails the repression of productive (“lytic”) gene expression. An attractive hypothesis to explain some of this repression involves inhibition of the expression of ICP0, a lytic gene activator, by a viral microRNA, miR-H2, which is completely complementary to
ICP0
mRNA. To test this hypothesis, we engineered mutations that disrupt miR-H2 without affecting ICP0 in HSV-1. The mutant virus exhibited drastically reduced expression of miR-H2 but showed wild-type levels of infectious virus production and no increase in ICP0 expression in lytically infected cells, which is consistent with the weak expression of miR-H2 relative to the level of
ICP0
mRNA in that setting. Following corneal inoculation of mice, the mutant was not significantly different from wild-type virus in terms of infectious virus production in the trigeminal ganglia during acute infection, mouse mortality, or the rate of reactivation from explanted latently infected ganglia. Critically, the mutant was indistinguishable from wild-type virus for the expression of
ICP0
and other lytic genes in acutely and latently infected mouse trigeminal ganglia. The latter result may be related to miR-H2 being less effective in inhibiting ICP0 expression in transfection assays than a host microRNA, miR-138, which has previously been shown to inhibit lytic gene expression in infected ganglia by targeting
ICP0
mRNA. Additionally, transfected miR-138 reduced lytic gene expression in infected cells more effectively than miR-H2. While this study provides little support for the hypothesis that miR-H2 promotes latency by inhibiting ICP0 expression, the possibility remains that miR-H2 might target other genes during latency.

IMPORTANCE
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), which causes a variety of diseases, can establish lifelong latent infections from which virus can reactivate to cause recurrent disease. Latency is the most biologically interesting and clinically vexing feature of the virus. Ever since miR-H2's discovery as a viral microRNA bearing complete sequence complementarity to the mRNA for the important viral gene activator ICP0, inhibition of ICP0 expression by miR-H2 has been a major hypothesis to help explain the repression of lytic gene expression during latency. However, this hypothesis remained untested in latently infected animals. Using a miR-H2-deficient mutant virus, we found no evidence that miR-H2 represses the expression of
ICP0
or other lytic genes in cells or mice infected with HSV-1. Although miR-H2 can repress
ICP0
expression in transfection assays, such repression is weak. The results suggest that other mechanisms for miR-H2 activity and for the repression of lytic gene expression during latency deserve investigation.
Impact of the 2008 global financial crisis on the health of Canadians: repeated cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007–2013
Authors: Nour Sabrina , Labonté Ronald , Bancej Christina 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundDespite a clear impact on the Canadian economy, little is known about the subsequent health impacts of the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) in this country. This study fills this gap in knowledge by conducting a repeated cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS).MethodsData from 7 cycles (2007–2013) of the CCHS were combined to form a large data set representative of the Canadian working-age population (15–64 years) residing in 1 of 10 provinces. A logistic regression model was used to determine whether exposure to various periods of the GFC resulted in increased odds of reporting poor mental health. Exposure was categorised into 4 periods based on political and economic indicators, as follows: precrisis period (baseline), initial crisis period, stimulus period and austerity period. Other outcomes investigated included: anxiety disorders (AD), mood disorders (MD), poor physical health and health-related behaviours (heavy alcohol drinking (HAD) and decreased fruit/vegetable consumption (FVC)).ResultsA significant increased odds of reporting poor mental health was observed during the austerity period compared with the precrisis period (OR=1.26 (1.16 to 1.32)); findings remain significant when adjusted for sex, marital status and education. Exposure to the austerity period was also significantly associated with increased odds of reporting AD, MD, HAD and decreased odds of FVC. No significant associations were observed for the poor self-perceived physical health variable.ConclusionsStatistically significant associations were observed between several negative health outcomes and the austerity period when compared with the precrisis period. Austerity has been linked to worsening health in other studies and represents an example of how the policy response can have greater detrimental impact on health than the financial crisis itself.
The history of volcanology in Costa Rica: from the Amerindian legends to the beginning of the twenty-first century
Authors: Alvarado Guillermo E. , Patino Lina C. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We divide the narrative history of legends on volcanoes, descriptions of volcanic landscape, eruptions and products, and the gradual development of volcanology in Costa Rica as a formal science, into several periods or stages. Each stage is discussed in detail in the text: (a) pre-Columbian period (11 500 BC–AD 1502); (b) colonization period (1502–1718); (c) first period (1719–1887); (d) second period (1888–1925); (e) third period (1926–62), and (f) fourth period (1963–present). The social and economic contribution of volcanology research is also discussed.
Parietal area BA7 integrates motor programs for reaching, grasping, and bimanual coordination
Authors: Le Ada , Vesia Michael , Yan Xiaogang , Crawford J. Douglas , Niemeier Matthias 
Published: November 2016

Skillful interaction with the world requires that the brain uses a multitude of sensorimotor programs and subroutines, such as for reaching, grasping, and the coordination of the two body halves. However, it is unclear how these programs operate together. Networks for reaching, grasping, and bimanual coordination might converge in common brain areas. For example, Brodmann area 7 (BA7) is known to activate in disparate tasks involving the three types of movements separately. Here, we asked whether BA7 plays a key role in integrating coordinated reach-to-grasp movements for both arms together. To test this, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt BA7 activity in the left and right hemispheres, while human participants performed a bimanual size-perturbation grasping task using the index and middle fingers of both hands to grasp a rectangular object whose orientation (and thus grasp-relevant width dimension) might or might not change. We found that TMS of the right BA7 during object perturbation disrupted the bimanual grasp and transport/coordination components, and TMS over the left BA7 disrupted unimanual grasps. These results show that right BA7 is causally involved in the integration of reach-to-grasp movements of the two arms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our manuscript describes a role of human Brodmann area 7 (BA7) in the integration of multiple visuomotor programs for reaching, grasping, and bimanual coordination. Our results are the first to suggest that right BA7 is critically involved in the coordination of reach-to-grasp movements of the two arms. The results complement previous reports of right-hemisphere lateralization for bimanual grasps.