bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile palladium–catalyzed homocoupling of aryl halides using 1,4‐butanediol as solvent, reductant and O,O‐ligand
Authors: Huang Ye , Liu Lijie , Feng Wenhua 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA mild, efficient and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of biaryl compounds via palladium‐catalyzed reductive homocoupling of aryl halides in 1,4‐butanediol (1,4‐DBO) has been developed. In this catalyst system, green solvent‐1,4‐butanediol is used not only as solvent, but also as reductant and O,O‐ligand, and therefore no extra reducing agents and ligands are required. Moreover, the weak coordinate effect brings 1,4‐butanediol close to the palladium and accelerates the process of electron transfer in a four‐membered ring transition state and hence promotes the reduction and catalytic process. A variety of biaryl compounds have been synthesized via this protocol rapidly with low loading of palladium catalyst under mild conditions in air.
Impact of Baseline Total Testosterone Level on Successful Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction in Men Taking Once-Daily Tadalafil 5 mg for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: An Integrated Analysis of Three Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Mulhall John P. , Brock Gerald B. , Glina Sidney , Baygani Simin , Donatucci Craig F. , Maggi Mario 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionControversy exists as to whether erectile response to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors is compromised in men with low total testosterone (TT) levels. This is amplified by reports of improved response to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor therapy after coadministration of testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men unresponsive to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors.AimTo determine whether TT and luteinizing hormone levels influence efficacy of tadalafil for erectile dysfunction in men with concomitant lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia.MethodsThis integrated analysis included 1,075 men randomized to once-daily tadalafil 5 mg (n = 540) or placebo (n = 535) for 12 weeks in three prospective clinical trials who had not received concomitant testosterone replacement therapy. Subjects were categorized at baseline by low vs normal TT levels (n = 1,049; &lt;300 vs ≥300 ng/dL) and normal vs high luteinizing hormone levels (n = 1,058; ≤9.4 vs &gt;9.4 mIU/mL). Treatment-group differences in International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) by hormone subgroups were assessed using analysis of covariance.Main Outcome MeasuresChanges in IIEF erectile function domain and other domain scores.ResultsThe overall study population was comprised primarily of white men (&gt;86%) with a mean age range of 64 to 70 years. Median baseline TT level in the integrated population was 355 ng/dL; levels were lower than 300 ng/dL (cutoff for normal) in 32.4% of men. Men with low TT levels reported diabetes (21.8%), cardiovascular disease (54.1%), and hypertension (49.1%) numerically more often than men with normal TT levels (10.6%, 43.2%, and 36.7%, respectively). Low TT and high luteinizing hormone levels were associated with numerically, but not statistically significantly, lower 12-week IIEF domain scores compared with those with normal levels. Changes in most 12-week IIEF domain scores showed that tadalafil was significantly more effective than placebo (P &lt; .02).ConclusionLow TT levels at baseline did not negatively influence response to tadalafil in men of advancing age with concomitant lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction.
Taurine Supplementation Improves Erectile Function in Rats with Streptozotocin-induced Type 1 Diabetes via Amelioration of Penile Fibrosis and Endothelial Dysfunction
Authors: Ruan Yajun , Li Mingchao , Wang Tao , Yang Jun , Rao Ke , Wang Shaogang , Yang Weiming , Liu Jihong , Ye Zhangqun 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionFor patients with diabetes, erectile dysfunction (ED) is common and greatly affects quality of life. However, these patients often exhibit a poor response to first-line oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors.AimTo investigate whether taurine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, affects diabetic ED (DED).MethodsType 1 diabetes mellitus was induced in male rats by using streptozotocin. After 12 weeks, an apomorphine test was conducted to confirm DED. Only rats with DED were administered taurine or vehicle for 4 weeks. Age-matched nondiabetic rats were administered saline intraperitoneally for 4 weeks.Main Outcome MeasuresErectile function was evaluated by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. Histologic and molecular alterations of the corpus cavernosum also were analyzed.ResultsErectile function was significantly reduced in the diabetic rats compared with in the nondiabetic rats, and was improved in the diabetic rats treated with taurine. The corpus cavernosum of the rats with DED exhibited severe fibrosis and decreased smooth muscle content. Deposition of extracellular matrix proteins was increased in the diabetic rats, while expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase/cyclic guanosine monophosphate/nitric oxide pathway–related proteins was reduced. Taurine supplementation ameliorated erectile response as well as histologic and molecular alterations.ConclusionTaurine supplementation improves erectile function in rats with DED probably by potential antifibrotic activity. This finding provides evidence for a potential new therapy for DED.
Zoned magmatic areas and anorogenic batholith formation in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (by the example of the Late Paleozoic Khangai magmatic area)
Authors: Yarmolyuk V.V. , Kozlovsky A.M. , Kuzmin M.I. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic, the Central Asian Rift System formed in the southern framing of the Siberian Craton. It has a specific structure owing to zoned magmatic areas comprising the largest world’s batholiths (Angara–Vitim, Khangai, and Khentei) in the core and coeval rift zones on the periphery. By the example of the Khangai batholith, which is the core of the Khangai zoned magmatic area, we have demonstrated that the batholith granites are a specific class of anorogenic granitoids. Each batholith is composed of nearly coeval rocks of widely varying compositions, from low-alkali to subalkalic and alkaline and from mafic to ultrafelsic. The geochemical and isotopic characteristics of rocks of the Khangai batholith are intermediate between the host continental crust and the juvenile mantle source. The melts from this mantle source formed lava sequences on the rift periphery of the batholith and were also manifested in its core as synplutonic mafic intrusions. The isotope-geochemical characteristics of the batholith granitoids evidence that mantle magmas took part in the formation of granite melts. With regard to the volume of the batholith rocks (~1 mln km3), the Khangai zoned magmatic area can be considered a silicic large igneous province, whose formation was controlled by a localized source of material and heat, i.e., mantle plume. We propose a model relating the composition, structure, and geologic position of batholiths to the impact of mantle plumes on the lithosphere of a folded area. The model assumes that mantle melts intruded into the base of crust by the underplating mechanism or formed underlayers, caused crustal anatexis, and were mixed with anatectic melts. The geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the resulted magmatic products were intermediate between the parameters typical of the convergent boundaries of lithospheric plates and those characteristic for intraplate environments.
The stress state of the northern Tien Shan crust based on the KNET seismic network data
Authors: Rebetsky Yu.L. , Sycheva N.A. , Sychev V.N. , Kuzikov S.I. , Marinin A.V. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this study we present a detailed analysis of natural stresses in the Northern Tien Shan crust averaged in a window of 10–15 km obtained from seismological data of the local KNET network. The transformation of focal mechanism data into the parameters of the stress tensor was based on the method of cataclastic analysis of rupture displacement elaborated by Yu.L. Rebetsky (Institute of Physic of the Earth, Moscow). The results, including the orientation of the principal stress axes and the reduced stresses, are presented for four depth layers. It was shown that the central part of the study area is dominated by horizontal compression, while multiple domains characterized by horizontal shear and superimposed compression or pure horizontal shear are also present (uppermost layers in the eastern part of the Chuya depression, Suusamyr depression and adjoining regions, in the central part of the Kyrgyz Range). There are also several large domains of high and low effective confining pressure, which defines the corresponding deviator stress, according to the Coulomb–Mohr law. It was shown that relatively strong earthquakes are correlated with zones with low levels of effective pressure where the ruptures are characterized by lower resistance to brittle fracturing, i.e., Coulomb friction stresses. It was also shown that a distinct segment of the ~ 60 km E–W striking fault on the northern slope of the Kyrgyz Range generates a uniform distribution of stresses, corresponding to a dextral slip along of its edges.
Granulites of the South Muya block (Baikal–Muya Foldbelt): Age of metamorphism and nature of protolith
Authors: Skuzovatov S.Yu. , Sklyarov E.V. , Shatsky V.S. , Wang K.-L. , Kulikova K.V. , Zarubina O.V. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
High-pressure mafic granulites and garnet pyroxenites occur within the South Muya block as boudins or lenses among metamorphic rocks of the Kindikan Group. Their primary minerals crystallized at 670-750 °C and 9.5–12.0 kbar. Granulite metamorphism peaked at 630 Ma, according to LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon ages. Judging by their major- and trace-element compositions and Hf isotope ratios in zircons, the South Muya granulites were derived from differentiated within-plate basalts, which, in turn, resulted from melting of juvenile mantle source and Meso- or Paleoproterozoic crust. The events of granulite and eclogite metamorphism in the South and North Muya blocks, respectively, were coeval and the two blocks were spatially close to each other at the onset of Late Baikalian subduction and collision events.
Integrated archeological and geophysical studies in West Siberia
Authors: Epov M.I. , Molodin V.I. , Manshtein A.K. , Balkov E.V. , Dyad’kov P.G. , Matasova G.G. , Kazansky A.Yu. , Bortnikova S.B. , Pozdnyakova O.A. , Karin Yu.G. , Kuleshov D.A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe present the most informative results of archeological and geophysical field studies of the Baraba forest–steppe over the last three years. The studies of the archeological sites of different types belonging to a wide time interval (~6000 BC–2000 AD) were carried out. Data on the presence, size, and configuration of archeological objects were obtained by magnetometry and electrometry. We studied contrast between the magnetic properties of the upper horizon of present-day soil and underlying substratum at archeological sites of different types and ages. Low contrast reduces amplitudes of magnetic anomalies above buried ancient structures. It has been shown that geoelectric methods are efficient in cases when magnetometry is not.
Fluctuations in geomagnetic secular variation rate according to data from the global network of magnetic observatories
Authors: Ladynin A.V. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The secular variation rate (SVR) of geomagnetic-field components (horizontal intensity H, vertical intensity Z, and inclination I) shows two types of fluctuations: with a short period (3 ± 0.15 years) and a long period (10–70 years). The amplitudes of the short-period fluctuations (SPFs) were estimated. The SPFs are uniform throughout the Earth, the Z and I SVR fluctuations are synchronous and have the same phases, and H SVR fluctuations are opposite in phase. Modeling of an eccentric-dipole field with a variable axial-pole latitude has shown that the SPFs in SVR are caused by the nutation of the dipole axis (and by the outer-core current systems responsible for the dipole field). LPFs in SVR manifest themselves differently in different regions, and their nature is dominated by the effect of currents in the liquid core near the mantle.
Stabilizers of actions of lattices in products of groups
Authors: CREUTZ DARREN 
Published: March 2016

We prove that any ergodic non-atomic probability-preserving action of an irreducible lattice in a semisimple group, with at least one factor being connected and of higher-rank, is essentially free. This generalizes the result of Stuck and Zimmer [Stabilizers for ergodic actions of higher rank semisimple groups.Ann. of Math. (2)139(3) (1994), 723–747], who found that the same statement holds when the ambient group is a semisimple real Lie group and every simple factor is of higher-rank. We also prove a generalization of a result of Bader and Shalom [Factor and normal subgroup theorems for lattices in products of groups.Invent. Math.163(2) (2006), 415–454] by showing that any probability-preserving action of a product of simple groups, with at least one having property$(T)$, which is ergodic for each simple subgroup, is either essentially free or essentially transitive. Our method involves the study of relatively contractive maps and the Howe–Moore property, rather than relying on algebraic properties of semisimple groups and Poisson boundaries, and introduces a generalization of the ergodic decomposition to invariant random subgroups, which is of independent interest.
The official attitude of Basil of Caesarea as a Christian bishop towards Greek philosophy and science
Authors: De Mendieta Emmanuel Amand 
Published: March 2016

In this paper I wish to deal with a rather specialised topic. But this specialised topic may partly explain what was in fact the official attitude of the Byzantine Church, of its patriarchs, bishops and monks, over the centuries, towards Greek philosophy and science. May I suggest that Greek philosophy and science were, and still are indeed, one of the component factors and inspirations of our renaissance and post-renaissance western civilisation?In order to avoid misunderstanding, I must explain the title of this paper, so that the limitations or strict boundaries of this paper, and also its precise contents, its scope or design may be fully realised.
Made in Architecture: Education as collaborative practice
Authors: Kattein Jan 
Published: March 2016

In an attempt to make architectural education more relevant to professional architectural practice and as a response to increasing tuition fees, major changes to university curricula in the UK are afoot. This brings unprecedented opportunities to re-consider what and how universities teach - and to make architectural education more relevant to real-world challenges.Last year, undergraduate design unit UG3 at the Bartlett School of Architecture completed an innovative project. The unit teamed-up with educational charity Global Generation to design and build a series of small buildings for a real client on a real site in King’s Cross. The article ‘Made in Architecture: Education as collaborative practice’ evaluates the emerging tradition of the live project as a vehicle for teaching architecture students about teamwork, collaboration and engagement. These skills - although increasingly significant to architectural practice - have until now been largely side-lined by university curricula.Only if educators and practitioners together embrace new opportunities for architects to engage and empower communities can the profession reverse increasing marginalisation and re-define it’s remit in the face of new social and environmental challenges.
Architectures of deviation: exploring the spatial protocols of contemporary videogames
Authors: Pearson Luke 
Published: March 2016

This essay attempts to outline the ways in which contemporary videogames produce spatial experiences, and how architects might interrogate their unique media form. Framing videogames as both computational constructions and cultural artefacts, the paper places the study in a lineage of architectural thinkers examining ‘pop-culture’ and technology. This draws from the Smithson's writings on advertisements as technical images, Venturi Scott-Brown's studies on symbolism, through to Reyner Banham's definition of mass produced gizmos. The paper first outlines the importance of videogames on society and their Smithsonian impulses towards architectural design. To support this, I examine the work of game theorists such as Espen Aarseth and Ian Bogost. Aarseth argues that game spaces sever certain ties and ‘deviate’ from reality in order to become playable spaces. Bogost contends that game rules produce ‘procedural rhetoric’ - games may advance arguments through the playing of their rules. Reading from these theories I argue that these rule-based breaks from the real are a potent site for architectural speculation.The second section comprises design case studies scrutinising existing game worlds and producing new videogames as architectural experiments. I begin by examining the significance of symbolism in videogame worlds, and how this might provide alternative trajectories for digital architectural design. I subsequently explore Atkinson and Willis’ concept of the ludodrome, slippages between virtual and real, and discuss Ubiquity, a game I produced to explore this condition. I return to Banham's Great Gizmo, alongside PW Singer's writings on military robotics, to see the gamepad as a new order of gizmo for colonising space. And I discuss ‘Grand Theft Auto V’'s loading screen as a manifestation of satellite imagery aesthetics that collapse space. The paper concludes that games are powerful media for spatial experimentation and we must prepare for new generations of designers highly influenced by such ‘deviated’ architectures.
Conflict and Compromise in multi-storey timber architecture
Authors: Larsson Magnus , Kaiser Alex , Girhammar Ulf Arne 
Published: March 2016

From the Stone Age to the Silicon Age, humanity’s relationship with materials has framed our scientific and cultural evolution. Despite recent scientific advances that open the laboratory doors to a future of material experimentation, the building industry remains stuck in the Concrete Age. The next material age is likely to be a Timber Age, as engineered timber finally comes into its own as a structural material suitable for multi-storey buildings.The research and design methodology of our practice can be summarised as an essay in conflict and compromise; a continual infliction of self-imposed constraints that allows us to discover hitherto unimaginable paths through the available options. We achieve this by searching through a space of possibilities demarcated by the properties and performative logic of the material at hand. First, we create an abundant field of alternatives, then we often use evolutionary computations to find our way through this field towards a visionary and original design.All design involves conflicting objectives. The best schemes offer the best compromise between desires. This article discusses how evolutionary solvers can be used as a tool for material-based architectural optimisation of geometries and structures, and how we have used them in designs for the imminent Timber Age. As one potentially conflicting objective is weighed against another, we move closer and closer to a tradeoff: the fitness of cooperating, opposing or unconnected variables.A population of possible design responses is visualised as a ‘fitness landscape’. Inspired by the role of natural selection in biological evolution, we use evolutionary algorithms to perform a selection process in which the ‘most fit’ members of such a population survive, while the ‘least fit’ members are eliminated, with the selection process guiding the algorithm towards ever-better solutions. The resulting timber structures would have made Darwin proud.
Predictors of radiation-induced skin toxicity in nasopharyngeal cancer patients treated by intensity-modulated radiation therapy: a prospective study
Authors: Radaideh Khaldoon M. , Matalqah Laila M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPurposesExposure of skin to high doses of radiation may lead to the development of erythematous skin changes. The aims of this study were to measure skin doses and to identify potential factors that may contribute to skin reactions in nasopharyngeal cancer patients undergoing intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).Material and methodsThis study was a prospective study with 21 nasopharyngeal cancer patients treated by IMRT. Personal data were collected and in vivo skin dose measurements were performed using Thermoluminescent dosimeters. All patients were monitored clinically and skin reactions were classified according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Software to identify skin toxicity risk factors.ResultsGrade 1 toxicity was observed in eight patients, Grade 2 in 11 patients and Grade 3 in two patients towards the end of treatment. It was found that accumulative skin doses >7 Gy (p<0·05) was a risk factor for skin toxicity. However, previous or concomitant chemotherapy with radiotherapy and stage of cancer were not significant factors for the severity of skin reactions.ConclusionThe neck skin should be identified as a sensitive structure for dose optimisation. Skin dose measurement and skin-sparing techniques are highly recommended for head and neck patients treated with IMRT.
Dynamic optoelectric trapping and deposition of multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Mishra Avanish , Clayton Katherine , Velasco Vanessa , Williams Stuart J. , Wereley Steven T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn the path toward the realization of carbon nanotube (CNT)-driven electronics and sensors, the ability to precisely position CNTs at well-defined locations remains a significant roadblock. Highly complex CNT-based bottom–up structures can be synthesized if there is a method to accurately trap and place these nanotubes. In this study, we demonstrate that the rapid electrokinetic patterning (REP) technique can accomplish these tasks. By using laser-induced alternating current (AC) electrothermal flow and particle–electrode forces, REP can collect and maneuver a wide range of vertically aligned multiwalled CNTs (from a single nanotube to over 100 nanotubes) on an electrode surface. In addition, these trapped nanotubes can be electrophoretically deposited at any desired location onto the electrode surface. Apart from active control of the position of these deposited nanotubes, the number of CNTs in a REP trap can also be dynamically tuned by changing the AC frequency or by adjusting the concentration of the dispersed nanotubes. On the basis of a calculation of the stiffness of the REP trap, we found an upper limit of the manipulation speed, beyond which CNTs fall out of the REP trap. This peak manipulation speed is found to be dependent on the electrothermal flow velocity, which can be varied by changing the strength of the AC electric field.