bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wintertime variability of the Beaufort gyre in the Arctic Ocean derived from CryoSat‐2/SIRAL observations
Authors: Mizobata Kohei , Watanabe Eiji , Kimura Noriaki 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe processed the sea surface height measured by the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)/Interferometric Radar Altimeter (SIRAL) on board CryoSat‐2 (CS‐2) and successfully estimated the monthly dynamic ocean topography (DOT) of the Arctic Ocean. The CS‐2 monthly DOT showed the interannual and monthly variability of the Beaufort Gyre (BG) during winter between 2010/2011 and 2014/2015. The northward flow at the western edge of the BG was primarily estimated over the Chukchi Borderland (CBL). However, the BG extended across the CBL, and the northward flow was estimated over the Mendeleev Ridge in the winter of 2012/2013. Our analyses revealed a significantly variable BG in response to changes in the sea surface stress field. Our analysis indicated that (1) sea ice motion, driven by wind fields, acts as a driving force for the BG when sea ice motion was intensified during winter and (2) sea ice motion can also act as an inhibiting force for the BG when sea ice motion is weakened during winter. In addition, the relationship between the DOT, steric height, and ocean bottom pressure implied that the DOT during winter responded to varying wind stresses through baroclinic and barotropic adjustments. According to a tracer experiment, we inferred that in the winter of 2012/2013, the Pacific‐origin water carried into the BG through the Barrow Canyon was transported to the northern shelf and shelf break of the Chukchi Sea rather than the CBL, which is where the Pacific‐origin water had been transported in the other years of the observation period.
Stratospheric gravity wave momentum flux from radio occultations
Authors: Schmidt T. , Alexander P. , de la Torre A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTriples of GPS radio occultation (RO) temperature data are used to derive horizontal and vertical gravity wave (GW) parameters in the stratosphere between 20 km and 40 km from which the vertical flux of horizontal momentum is determined. Compared to previous studies using RO data, better limiting values for the sampling distance (Δd≤250 km) and the time interval (Δt≤15 min) are used. For several latitude bands the mean momentum fluxes (MFs) derived in this study are considerably larger than MF from other satellite missions based on horizontal wavelengths calculated between two adjacent temperature profiles along the satellite track. Error sources for the estimation of MF from RO data and the geometrical setup for the applied method are investigated. Another crucial issue discussed in this paper is the influence of different background separation methods to the final MF. For GW analysis a measured temperature profile is divided into a fluctuation and a background and it is assumed that the fluctuation is caused by GWs only. For the background separation, i.e., the detrending of large‐scale processes from the measured temperature profile, several methods exist. In this study we compare different detrending approaches and for the first time an attempt is made to detrend RO data with ERA‐Interim data from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. We demonstrate that the horizontal detrending based on RO data and ERA‐Interim gives more consistent results compared with a vertical detrending.
How sharp is the sharp Archean Moho? Example from eastern Superior Province
Authors: Levin Vadim , VanTongeren Jill A. , Servali Andrea 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Superior Province of North America has not experienced major internal deformation for nearly 2.8 Gyr, preserving the Archean crust in its likely original state. We present seismological evidence for a sharp (less than 1 km) crust‐mantle boundary beneath three distinct Archean terranes and for a more vertically extensive boundary at sites likely affected by the 1.2–0.9 Ga Grenville orogeny. At all sites crustal thickness is smaller than expected for the primary crust produced by melting under higher mantle potential temperature conditions of Archean time. Reduced thickness and an abrupt contrast in seismic properties at the base of the undisturbed Archean crust are consistent with density sorting and loss of the residues through gravitational instability facilitated by higher temperatures in the upper mantle at the time of formation. Similar sharpness of crust‐mantle boundary in disparate Archean terranes suggests that it is a universal feature of the Archean crustal evolution.
Mantle‐induced subsidence and compression in SE Asia since the early Miocene
Authors: Yang Ting , Gurnis Michael , Zahirovic Sabin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRift basins developed extensively across Sundaland, the continental core of Southeast Asia, since the Eocene. Beginning in the early Miocene, basins in southern Sundaland experienced widespread synchronous compression (inversion) and marine inundation, despite a large drop in long‐term global sea level. The mechanism for this large‐scale synchronous regional sea level rise, basin inversion, and subsidence is not well understood and contrary to expectations from traditional basin models and eustatic sea level trends. We present geodynamic models of mantle convection with both deformable and rigid plate reconstructions to investigate this enigma. Models suggest that a slab stagnates within the transition zone beneath Southeast Asia before the Miocene. The stagnant slab penetrated through the 660 km mantle discontinuity during the early Miocene and formed a slab avalanche event, due to continuous subduction and accumulation of negatively buoyant slabs. This avalanche may have induced large‐scale marine inundation, regional compression, and basin inversion across southern Sundaland. We argue mantle convection induced large‐scale basin compression, in contrast to conventional plate margin‐induced compression; this suggests mantle convection may exert a much stronger control on surface processes than previously recognized.
A Southern Ocean mode of multidecadal variability
Authors: Le Bars D. , Viebahn J. P. , Dijkstra H. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA 250 year simulation of a strongly eddying global version of the Parallel Ocean Program (POP) model reveals a new mode of intrinsic multidecadal variability, the Southern Ocean Mode (SOM), with a period of 40–50 year. The peak‐to‐peak difference in the global ocean heat content within a multidecadal cycle is up to 60 ZJ. This change results from surface heat flux variations in the South Atlantic and propagation of temperature anomalies along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and into the Weddell gyre around 30°E. The temperature anomalies propagate as deep as 5000 m along the isopycnals between 50°S and 30°S and induce multidecadal changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. A positive feedback loop between the generation of eddies through baroclinic instability and the dynamics of the mean circulation is essential for the existence of the SOM. The dominant physics appears similar to that responsible for variability found in a three‐layer quasi‐geostrophic eddy‐resolving model. This combined with the fact that the SOM is not found in a noneddying version of the same global POP model further suggests that eddy processes are crucial for its existence and/or excitation.
Cyber Security of Smart Meters
Authors: Sanchez Abel , Li Depeng , Aung Zeyar , Williams John R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe recently emerging advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is envisioned to be one of the most prominent features of the smart grid. Security, especially authentication, is crucial for the success of large‐scale AMI deployment. Unfortunately, authentication schemes relying on per‐packet signature and per‐signature verification introduce heavy cost for computation and communication. Due to resource constraints, smart meter authentication requirements cannot be satisfied by this scheme. In this chapter, a new authentication architecture for AMI is described to validate the delay‐tolerant metering data. In this chapter, not only a set of efficient authentication schemes, but more importantly, their corresponding fault diagnosis algorithms will be recited. The authentication scheme incurs substantially lighter overheads than those by the existing schemes, while it can effectively address the formidable authentication challenges in AMI.
Industry Practice and Operational Experience of Key Distribution Applications of Smart Grid Technologies
Authors: Takano Hirotaka , Kawamura Kiyonori , Iizaka Tatsuya 
Published: February 2016

AbstractJapanese electrical power utilities are now under the pressure of overhauling power systems operation because the issues associated with the growth in penetration of renewable energy‐based distribution generation units (REGs) have been realized in recent years. Therefore, it is urgently needed to establish smart power grids to address the issues caused by massive installation of REGs, especially in power distribution systems because the distribution systems are directly interfacing to customers. This situation has been emphasizing vigorous discussions, developments, and demonstrative field tests for achieving next‐generation transmission and distribution systems.In this chapter, the authors present examples of industrial practice and operational experience with a focus on Japanese distribution operation. This chapter consists of the following four major sections. First, the overview and the distinctive features of the Japanese distribution automation systems are described. Second, the current status of distribution operations and their issues (e.g., those caused by increase in photovoltaic generation units, wind turbine generation units, and other renewable energy installation) are discussed. Third, new challenges in distribution operation, and technologies and innovations developed by selected companies are illustrated. Finally, examples of demonstrative field tests are explained.
Chlorine‐Free Synthesis of Organic Alkyl Carbonates and Five‐ and Six‐Membered Cyclic Carbonates
Authors: Pyo Sang‐Hyun , Hatti‐Kaul Rajni 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis report presents a new, one‐pot, facile, selective and green method for methoxycarbonylation of alcohols and synthesis of five‐ and six‐membered cyclic carbonates from corresponding alcohols with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) in the presence of molecular sieves without any additional solvent and catalyst. Syntheses of bifunctional structures comprising a six‐membered cyclic carbonate with allyl ether and methacrylate groups, respectively, for different polymerization modes, were also achieved and showed reproducibility on up‐scaling the processes.magnified image
Design and Synthesis of 2‐Methyl‐7‐aminobenzoxazole as Auxiliary in the Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Arylation of a beta‐Positioned C(sp3)H Bond
Authors: Luo Feihua , Yang Jun , Li Zhengkai , Xiang Haifeng , Zhou Xiangge 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA palladium(II)‐catalyzed direct arylation of methylene C(sp3)H bonds by 2‐methyl‐7‐aminobenzoxazole as an effective auxiliary is reported. This process exhibited high beta‐site selectivity, broad substrate scope, and compatibility with different functional groups with moderate to high yields up to 89%.magnified image
Synthesis of Furans and Pyrroles from 2‐Alkoxy‐2,3‐dihydrofurans Through a Nucleophilic Substitution‐Triggered Heteroaromatization
Authors: Liu Changhui , Zhou Li , Huang Wenbo , Wang Man , Gu Yanlong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn effective method to synthesize α‐functionalized furan and pyrrole derivatives was developed using 2‐alkoxy‐2,3‐dihydrofurans as modular precursors. This protocol featured a previously unreported tandem nucleophilic substitution/heteroaromatization reaction. Nucleophiles such as indole, α‐oxoketene dithioacetal, trimethoxybenzene, and dimethoxynaphthalene can react readily with 2‐alkoxy‐2,3‐dihydrofurans to afford α‐functionalized five‐membered ring heterocycles in the presence of acid catalysts, such as copper bromide and iron chloride. The mechanism of the reaction was also discussed, in which the first step, nucleophilic substitution, is the key in triggering the succeeding heteroaromatization. This method can also be extended to the synthesis of dihydrothiophenes.magnified image
Synthesis and Covalent Grafting of Tripod‐Shaped Oligo(p‐phenylene)s End‐Capped with Azide Groups
Authors: Sánchez‐Molina María , López‐Romero Juan M. , Hierrezuelo‐León Jesús , Martín‐Rufián Mercedes , Díaz Amelia , Valpuesta María , Contreras‐Cáceres Rafael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHere we report the synthesis and characterization of several tripod‐shaped oligo(p‐phenylene)s molecules with legs composed of five and three phenylene units, compounds 1 and 2, respectively. In these structures, each leg is end‐capped with an azide group and the terminal functional arm contains an acetylene or bromine group. The presented synthesis has as the key step a Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction. In particular, the iodine derivative from the silicon core molecule reacts with the appropriate oligo(p‐phenylene) boron derivative, thus generating the final tripod‐shaped structure. The azide end‐capped leg is specifically designed for its covalent incorporation on alkynyl terminated silicon surfaces in an easy and reproducible way. As a preliminary study, we present the nanostructuration of tripod 2 a on alkynyl‐functionalized silicon wafers through copper‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction.
Demographic differences between funerary caves and megalithic graves of northern Spanish Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic
Authors: Fernández‐Crespo Teresa , de‐la‐Rúa Concepción 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe study focuses on the estimation of demographic parameters of Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic (mid 4th‐early 3rd millenniums cal. BC) burial sites from the La Rioja region (Ebro valley, northern Spain) to identify demographic characteristics.Materials and MethodsThe human remains come from three caves (Las Yurdinas II, Peña Larga, and La Peña de Marañón) and three megalithic graves (Alto de la Huesera, San Martín, and Peña Guerra II). The total skeletal sample consists of a minimum of 261 individuals, 149 being buried in caves and 112 in megalithic graves. Data based on age and sex estimation are analyzed using abridged life tables, mortality rates, and sex ratios.ResultsA systematic bias against children under 5 years of age is detected both in caves (5q0 = 187.92%) and megalithic graves (5q0 = 71.43%) but also against some juveniles and adults compared with population models, though a statistically significant greater lack of infants is worth noting in the megaliths (t‐test, P = 0.012). Moreover, a significant divergence in sex ratios (χ2, P = 0.002) is also identified between site types, clearly prioritizing women in caves (sex ratio = 0.45) and men in megalithic graves (sex ratio = 1.33).ConclusionsThis evidence is interpreted as the result of different selective burial patterns. The mortuary variability could lie behind intragroup differential status relationships, though the hypothesis of two populations performing distinct funerary practices in a small region cannot be rejected at the present state of the research. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:284–297, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epidemiology of aquaporin‐4 autoimmunity and neuromyelitis optica spectrum
Authors: Flanagan Eoin P. , Cabre Philippe , Weinshenker Brian G. , Sauver Jennifer St , Jacobson Debra J. , Majed Masoud , Lennon Vanda A. , Lucchinetti Claudia F. , McKeon Andrew , Matiello Marcelo , Kale Nilifur , Wingerchuk Dean M. , Mandrekar Jay , Sagen Jessica A. , Fryer James P. , Robinson Angala Borders , Pittock Sean J. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveNeuromyelitis optica (NMO) and its spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs) with a specific biomarker, aquaporin‐4–immunoglobulin G (AQP4‐IgG). Prior NMO/NMOSD epidemiological studies have been limited by lack of AQP4‐IgG seroprevalence assessment, absence of population‐based USA studies, and under‐representation of blacks. To overcome these limitations, we sought to compare NMO/NMOSD seroepidemiology across 2 ethnically divergent populations.MethodsWe performed a population‐based comparative study of the incidence (2003–2011) and prevalence (on December 31, 2011) of NMO/NMOSD and AQP4‐IgG seroincidence and seroprevalence (sera collected in 80–84% of IDD cases) among patients with IDD diagnosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota (82% white [Caucasian]) and Martinique (90% black [Afro‐Caribbean]). AQP4‐IgG was measured by M1 isoform fluorescence‐activated cell‐sorting assays.ResultsThe age‐ and sex‐adjusted incidence (7.3 vs 0.7/1,000,000 person‐years [p < 0.01]) and prevalence (10 vs 3.9/100,000 [p = 0.01]) in Martinique exceeded that in Olmsted County. The AQP4‐IgG age‐ and sex‐adjusted seroincidence (6.5 vs 0.7/1,000,000 person‐years [p < 0.01]) and seroprevalence (7.9 vs 3.3/100,000 [p = 0.04]) were also higher in Martinique than Olmsted County. The ethnicity‐specific prevalence was similar in Martinique and Olmsted County: 11.5 and 13/100,000 in blacks, and 6.1 and 4.0/100,000 in whites, respectively. NMO/NMOSD represented a higher proportion of IDD cases in Martinique than Olmsted County (16% vs 1.4%; p < 0.01). The onset age (median = 35–37 years) and female:male distribution (5–9:1) were similar across both populations; 60% of prevalent cases were either blind in 1 eye, dependent on a gait aid, or both.InterpretationThis study reports the highest prevalence of NMO/NMOSD in any population (10/100,000 in Martinique), estimates it affects 16,000 to 17,000 in the USA (higher than previous predictions), and demonstrates it disproportionately affects blacks. Ann Neurol 2016;79:775–783
Modulating myosin restores muscle function in a mouse model of nemaline myopathy
Authors: Lindqvist Johan , Levy Yotam , Pati‐Alam Alisha , Hardeman Edna C. , Gregorevic Paul , Ochala Julien 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveNemaline myopathy, one of the most common congenital myopathies, is associated with mutations in various genes including ACTA1. This disease is also characterized by various forms/degrees of muscle weakness, with most cases being severe and resulting in death in infancy. Recent findings have provided valuable insight into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Mutations in ACTA1 directly disrupt binding interactions between actin and myosin, and consequently the intrinsic force‐generating capacity of muscle fibers. ACTA1 mutations are also associated with variations in myofiber size, the mechanisms of which have been unclear. In the present study, we sought to test the hypotheses that the compromised functional and morphological attributes of skeletal muscles bearing ACTA1 mutations (1) would be directly due to the inefficient actomyosin complex and (2) could be restored by manipulating myosin expression.MethodsWe used a knockin mouse model expressing the ACTA1 His40Tyr actin mutation found in human patients. We then performed in vivo intramuscular injections of recombinant adeno‐associated viral vectors harboring a myosin transgene known to facilitate muscle contraction.ResultsWe observed that in the presence of the transgene, the intrinsic force‐generating capacity was restored and myofiber size was normal.InterpretationThis demonstrates a direct link between disrupted attachment of myosin molecules to actin monomers and muscle fiber atrophy. These data also suggest that further therapeutic interventions should primarily target myosin dysfunction to alleviate the pathology of ACTA1‐related nemaline myopathy. Ann Neurol 2016;79:717–725
Zweifache, simultane Oberflächenmodifikation von dreidimensionalen Mikrostrukturen mittels Photochemie
Authors: Claus Tanja K. , Richter Benjamin , Hahn Vincent , Welle Alexander , Kayser Sven , Wegener Martin , Bastmeyer Martin , Delaittre Guillaume , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn dieser Studie stellen wir eine effiziente Route für die gleichzeitige, zweifache Oberflächenfunktionalisierung von 2D‐ und 3D‐Mikrostrukturen vor. Die Kombination aus einem auf Oligo(ethylenglycol) basierenden Netzwerk mit zwei neuartigen, synthetisch leicht zugänglichen Monomeren, die in der Seitenkette eine photochemische Funktionalität tragen, führt zu zwei neuen Photolacken, mit denen in einer Zwei‐Photonen‐Polymerisation Mikrostrukturen hergestellt werden können, die eine zweifach reaktive Oberfläche aufweisen. Indem beide funktionalen Photolacke in einer Struktur kombiniert werden, kann eine zweifache, nachträgliche Oberflächenfunktionalisierung in nur einem, globalen Belichtungsschritt erfolgen. Dies geschieht durch die geeignete Wahl der Reaktionspartner in einer Art Selbstorientierung. Die Vielseitigkeit des verfolgten Ansatzes wird durch doppelte Strukturierung der Oberfläche mittels halogenierter und fluoreszierender Moleküle sowie durch das Anbinden eines Proteins gezeigt. Zusätzlich stellen wir einen neuen Messmodus für das ToF‐SIMS vor, der eine hohe Massenauflösung mit einer hohen lateralen Auflösung verknüpft, um die erhaltenen Mikrostrukturen optimal charakterisieren zu können.
Selective Dinitrogen Conversion to Ammonia Using Water and Visible Light through Plasmon‐induced Charge Separation
Authors: Oshikiri Tomoya , Ueno Kosei , Misawa Hiroaki 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe generation of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen and water using sunlight is a preferable approach to obtaining ammonia as an energy carrier and potentially represents a new paradigm for achieving a low‐carbon and sustainable‐energy society. Herein, we report the selective conversion of dinitrogen into ammonia through plasmon‐induced charge separation by using a strontium titanate (SrTiO3) photoelectrode loaded with gold nanoparticles (Au‐NPs) and a zirconium/zirconium oxide (Zr/ZrOx) thin film. We observed the simultaneous stoichiometric production of ammonia and oxygen from nitrogen and water under visible‐light irradiation.
Direct Acylation of C(sp3)−H Bonds Enabled by Nickel and Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Joe Candice L. , Doyle Abigail G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUsing nickel and photoredox catalysis, the direct functionalization of C(sp3)−H bonds of N‐aryl amines by acyl electrophiles is described. The method affords a diverse range of α‐amino ketones at room temperature and is amenable to late‐stage coupling of complex and biologically relevant groups. C(sp3)−H activation occurs by photoredox‐mediated oxidation to generate α‐amino radicals which are intercepted by nickel in catalytic C(sp3)−C coupling. The merger of these two modes of catalysis leverages nickel's unique properties in alkyl cross‐coupling while avoiding limitations commonly associated with transition‐metal‐mediated C(sp3)−H activation, including requirements for chelating directing groups and high reaction temperatures.
Synthesis of Glc1Man9‐Glycoprotein Probes by a Misfolding/Enzymatic Glucosylation/Misfolding Sequence
Authors: Izumi Masayuki , Oka Yukiho , Okamoto Ryo , Seko Akira , Takeda Yoichi , Ito Yukishige , Kajihara Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGlycoproteins in non‐native conformations are often toxic to cells and may cause diseases, thus the quality control (QC) system eliminates these unwanted species. Lectin chaperone calreticulin and glucosidase II, both of which recognize the Glc1Man9 oligosaccharide on glycoproteins, are important components of the glycoprotein QC system. Reported herein is the preparation of Glc1Man9‐glycoproteins in both native and non‐native conformations by using the following sequence: misfolding of chemically synthesized Man9‐glycoprotein, enzymatic glucosylation, and another misfolding step. By using synthetic glycoprotein probes, calreticulin was found to bind preferentially to a hydrophobic non‐native glycoprotein whereas glucosidase II activity was not affected by glycoprotein conformation. The results demonstrate the ability of chemical synthesis to deliver homogeneous glycoproteins in several non‐native conformations for probing the glycoprotein QC system.