bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic flame retardant effects of activated carbon and molybdenum oxide in poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Zhang Mengjiao , Wu Weihong , He Shaorui , Wang Xue , Jiao Yunhong , Qu Hongqiang , Xu Jianzhong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe synergistic effects of activated carbon (AC) and molybdenum oxide (MoO3) in improving the flame retardancy of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were investigated. The effects of AC, MoO3and their mixture with a mass ratio of 1:1 on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of PVC were studied using the limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter tests. It was found that the flame retardancy of the relatively cheaper AC was slightly weaker than that of MoO3. In addition, the incorporation of AC and MoO3greatly reduced the total heat release and improved smoke suppressant property of PVC composites. When the total content of AC and MoO3was 10 phr, PVC/AC/MoO3had the lowest peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate values of 173.80 kW m−2and 0.1472 m2s−1, which represented reductions of 47.3 and 59.9%, respectively, compared with those of PVC. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis and gel content tests were used to analyze the flame retardant mechanism of AC and MoO3, with results showing that AC could promote early crosslinking in PVC. Char residue left after heating at 500 °C was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and the results showed that MoO3produced the most compact char, with the smallest and most organized carbonaceous microstructures. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Fabrication and temperature‐dependent performance of aluminum‐alloyed back‐junction n‐type silicon solar cells
Authors: Li Shuai , Lin Guanhua , Li Yang , Li Zhen , Gao Wenxiu , Cheng Qijin , Chen Chao 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAluminum‐alloyed back‐junction is a novel concept for low‐cost and industrially feasible n‐type silicon solar cells. In this paper, we fabricated industrially high‐efficiency solar cells based on both uncompensated and compensated n‐type silicon. Moreover, we measured the impact of temperature on the photovoltaic performance of aluminum‐alloyed back‐junction n‐type silicon solar cells. Compared with conventional front‐junction solar cells, the back‐junction silicon solar cells have a lower absolute temperature coefficient especially for moderate carrier diffusion lengths which is attributed to distinctive spectral response, stronger dependence on carrier diffusion lengths, and incomplete ionization of aluminum. In addition, the lowest absolute temperature coefficient is obtained on this type of aluminum‐alloyed back‐junction solar cell when the compensated silicon is used as the base layer. These results suggest that aluminum‐alloyed back‐junction solar cells especially based on the compensated silicon can generate more electricity at a high temperature, and therefore, as a cost‐effective production of silicon solar cells, this type of solar cells have a very good potential for actual outdoor application. This work is highly relevant to the development of an advanced process for the achievement of low‐cost, high‐efficiency, commercially viable silicon‐based solar cells.
Evaluating biases in sea surface temperature records using coastal weather stations
Authors: Cowtan Kevin , Rohde Robert , Hausfather Zeke 
Published: December 2017

Sea surface temperatures form a vital part of global mean surface temperature records. Historical observation methods have changed substantially over time from buckets to engine‐room intake sensors, hull sensors and drifting buoys, rendering their use for climatological studies problematic. There are substantial uncertainties in the relative biases of different observations which may impact the global temperature record.Island and coastal weather stations can be compared to coastal sea surface temperature observations to obtain an assessment of changes in bias over time. The process is made more challenging by differences in the rate of warming between air temperatures and sea surface temperatures, and differences across coastal boundaries. A preliminary sea surface temperature reconstruction homogenized using coastal weather station data suggests significant changes to the sea surface temperature record, although there are substantial uncertainties, only some of which can be quantified. A large warm excursion in versions 4 and 5 of the NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature during World War 2 is rejected, as is a cool excursion around 1910 present in all existing records. The mid‐century plateau is cooler than in existing reconstructions.
Theoretical aspects of upscale error growth on the mesoscales: Idealized numerical simulations
Authors: Bierdel L. , Selz T. , Craig G. C. 
Published: December 2017

The mechanism for the upscale growth of small errors through the atmospheric mesoscales has not been conclusively identified, but geostrophic adjustment in response to diabatically generated motions such as cumulus convection is a plausible candidate. In a companion paper, an analytic solution of the linearized, hydrostatic Boussinesq equations to an impulsive, localized heat source that mimics the effect of latent heating within a convective cloud on an unperturbed, rotating environment is found. Three characteristics of the solution are shown to be potentially useful for identifying the geostrophic adjustment process in numerical simulations. The predictions relate to the horizontal gravity wave speed, the Rossby number and the quantitative relationship between a precipitation anomaly and the balanced flow response (i.e. large‐scale vorticity).Here these predictions are tested in the framework of error growth experiments in idealized numerical simulations of a convective cloud field. Three different rotation rates are employed in order to identify the geostrophic adjustment mechanism and allow a quantitative comparison with the predictions of the analytic model. The gravity wave speed estimated from the simulations resembles the theoretical value and is independent of the Coriolis parameter, as predicted. The Rossby number resulting from the proposed scaling of temporal and spatial coordinates features a unique shape and the vorticity diagnostic agrees quantitatively with the analytical predictions. Based on these findings, it is proposed that upscale error growth through the atmospheric mesoscales is governed by the geostrophic adjustment process.
An Animal Model of Local Breast Cancer Recurrence in the Setting of Autologous Fat Grafting for Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Tsuji Wakako , Valentin Jolene E. , Marra Kacey G. , Donnenberg Albert D. , Donnenberg Vera S. , Rubin J. Peter 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAutologous fat grafting after breast cancer surgery is commonly performed, but concerns about oncologic risk remain. To model the interaction between fat grafting and breast cancer cells, two approaches were employed. In the first approach, graded numbers of viable MDA-MB-231 or BT-474 cells were admixed directly into human fat grafts and injected subcutaneously into immune-deficient mice to determine if the healing graft is a supportive environment for the tumor. In the second approach, graded doses of MDA-MB-231 cells were suspended in Matrigel and injected into the mammary fat pads of mice. Two weeks after the tumor cells engrafted, 100 μL of human adipose tissue was grafted into the same site. Histologically, MDA-MB-231 cells seeded within fat grafts were observed and stained positive for human-specific pan-cytokeratin and Ki67. The BT-474 cells failed to survive when seeded within fat grafts at any dose. In the second approach, MDA-MB-231 cells had a strong trend toward lower Ki67 staining at all doses. Regression analysis on all groups with fat grafts and MDA-MB-231 revealed fat tissue was associated with lower cancer cell Ki67 staining. Healing fat grafts do not support the epithelial BT-474 cell growth, and support the mesenchymal MDA-MB-231 cell growth only at doses ten times greater than in Matrigel controls. Moreover, fat grafts in association with MDA-MB-231 cancer cells already present in the wound resulted in decreased tumor proliferation and increased fibrosis. These findings suggest that clinical fat grafting does not induce breast cancer cell growth, and may even have a suppressive effect.
An Electrosynthesized 3D Porous Molybdenum Sulfide/Graphene Film with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance for Lithium Storage
Authors: Ge Yu , Wang Caiyun , Zhao Yong , Liu Yong , Chao Yunfeng , Zheng Tian , Wallace Gordon G. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMolybdenum sulfide/graphene composites are promising anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, MoSx/graphene composite film with an ideal 3D porous structure is developed via a facile and straightforward electrochemical route. The MoSx nanoparticles are uniformly anchored on the graphene nanosheets that are randomly arranged, resulting in MoSx/graphene composites with well‐developed porous structure. Benefiting from such structure and the synergistic effect from two components, this material shows a high specific capacity over 1200 mA h g−1, an excellent rate performance, and superior cycling stability. The dominating pseudocapacitive behavior in Li storage contributes to the outstanding rate capacity. Importantly, this kind of novel material can be easily produced as 3D microelectrodes for microscaled LIBs that are highly demanded for autonomous microelectronic systems.
Hair Follicle Stem Cell Faith Is Dependent on Chromatin Remodeling Capacity Following Low-Dose Radiation
Authors: Schuler Nadine , Timm Sara , Rübe Claudia E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The main function of the skin, to protect against the environment, is supported by the activity of different stem cell populations. The main focus of this study was elucidating the coping mechanisms of stem cells against the stimulation of constant exposure to genotoxic stresses, both endogenous and exogenous, to ensure long-term function. Investigation of various mouse strains, differing in their DNA repair capacity, enables us to clarify fractionated low-dose irradiation (LDR)-induced consequences for different stem cell populations of the murine hair follicle (HF) in their physiological stem cell niche. Using microscopic techniques combined with flow cytometry, we could show that LDR induces accumulation of persisting; pKu70-independent 53BP1-foci (“chromatin-alterations”) in heterochromatic regions of the HF stem cells (HFSCs). These remaining chromatin-alterations result in varying stem cell consequences. CD34-positive HFSCs react by ataxia telangiectasia mutated-dependent, premature senescence, which correlates with global chromatin compaction, whereby apoptosis is prevented by the activity of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. However, distinctively highly damaged HFSCs seem to be sorted out of the niche by differentiation, transferring their chromatin-alterations to more proliferative G protein-coupled receptor 5-positive stem cells. Consequentially, the loss of basal HFSCs is compensated by increased proliferation within the stem cell pool. Despite the initial success of these mechanisms in stem cell population maintenance, the combined effect of the chromatin-alterations and the modification in stem cell pool composition may lead to downstream long-term functional loss of tissue or organs.
Microplastics: An introduction to environmental transport processes
Authors: Horton Alice A. , Dixon Simon J. 
Published: December 2017

Microplastic pollution is widespread across the globe, pervading land, water, and air. These environments are commonly considered independently, however, in reality these are closely linked. This review gives an overview of the background knowledge surrounding sources, fate and transport of microplastics within the environment. We introduce a new “Plastic Cycle” concept in order to better understand the processes influencing flux and retention of microplastics between and across the wide range of environmental matrices. As microplastics are a pervasive, persistent and potentially harmful pollutant, an understanding of these processes will allow for assessment of exposure to better determine the likely long‐term ecological and human health implications of microplastic pollution. WIREs Water 2018, 5:e1268. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1268This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
The renewable energy sector in Afghanistan: Policy and potential
Authors: Fahimi Abdullah , Upham Paul 
Published: December 2017

Afghanistan has one of the lowest rates of access to and usage of electricity in the world. Fuelwood, charcoal, agricultural, and animal waste still dominate in meeting energy needs for cooking and heating, with a large percentage of the population using kerosene, candles, and gas for lighting. Yet the situation has changed significantly since the U.S. and coalition combat operations that began at the end of 2001. The period through to the present day has seen a fivefold increase in the electrification rate; agreements with Central Asian countries and Iran for importing electricity; the implementation of thousands of small‐scale renewable energy projects in rural areas; the development and rehabilitation of several large‐scale energy projects; the (partial) development of the institutional, policy, and regulatory landscape; and the expansion of transmission lines and distribution networks. Although accurate information is scarce, Afghanistan has both substantial fossil fuel reserves and renewable energy potential. The country's wind power potential alone looks likely to exceed projected power demand for several decades ahead. Similarly, both the estimated hydropower and solar photovoltaic (PV) potential each exceed projected 2032 power demand. The institutional context of the Afghanistan energy sector is complex, comprising multiple ministries, government agencies, aid agencies, and intergovernmental organizations. Nonetheless, given suitable coordination, the technologies, natural resources, and capabilities are available for transforming the sector and the lives of many people. WIREs Energy Environ 2018, 7:e280. doi: 10.1002/wene.280This article is categorized under:

Energy Infrastructure > Climate and Environment
Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Energy Policy and Planning > Systems and Infrastructure
Treatment Outcomes and Prognostic Factors After Recurrence of Esophageal Squamous Cell carcinoma
Authors: Hamai Yoichi , Hihara Jun , Emi Manabu , Furukawa Takaoki , Ibuki Yuta , Yamakita Ichiko , Kurokawa Tomoaki , Okada Morihito 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe evaluation of treatment outcomes and detection of prognostic factors after recurrence are very important for tailoring optimal therapies for individual patients with recurrent esophageal cancer.MethodsWe reviewed 133 patients in whom esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) recurred after curative surgery, and assessed recurrence patterns, treatment outcomes and prognostic factors.ResultsRecurrence in 57 (42.9%), 54 (40.6%) and 22 (16.5%) patients was locoregional, distant and combined, respectively. The median amounts of elapsed time until recurrence and median survival after recurrence for all patients were 9.1 and 8.3 months, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses selected time to recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97–0.999; p = 0.04), recurrence location (locoregional vs. distant: HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.03–2.61; p = 0.04), number of organs with recurrence (1 vs. 3: HR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.23–9.87; p = 0.02) and treatment after recurrence (best supportive care, [BSC] vs. chemotherapy [CT] or radiation therapy [RT]: HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15–0.94; p = 0.04; BSC vs. CT and RT: HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.26–0.94; p = 0.03; BSC vs. surgery: HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.25–0.88; p = 0.02) as independent factors for survival after recurrence. Seventeen (12.8%) patients who had localized lymph node recurrence and lung oligometastasis and received multidisciplinary therapy after recurrence survived for >3 years thereafter.ConclusionDespite the poor survival of patients with ESCC and early or distant recurrence or recurrence in ≥3 recurrent organs, appropriate multimodal therapies should be tailored for individual patients with recurrent ESCC.
Three Dimensional Velocity Structure of the Koyna-Warna Region using Local Earthquake Tomography
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Dixit Madan M. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
A dense seismic network (∼100 stations) was operated in the Koyna-Warna region from January 2010 to May 2010, that allow us to collect 400 high-quality local earthquake data of magnitude less than 4. In this region, the fault structure and tectonic setting that accommodate the induced seismicity is not well understood. To investigate the seismotectonics of the region, we have inverted 7826 P- and 7047 S-P arrival times for 3-D Vp and Vp/Vs tomographic models along with hypocenters parameters in the region. Although, Dixit et al. (2014) have performed 3-D local earthquake tomography with double-difference tomography code using catalog differential time data. In this paper, Simulps14 code on the same data set is applied. For better approach P arrival time and S-P travel times are inverted directly for Vp, Vp/Vs variations and earthquake locations. High Vp ∼5.9 to 6.5 and low to high Vp/Vs ∼1.69-1.74 imaged in the hypocenter region. These features interpreted as a fluid bearing rock mass under high pore pressure. It is also observed that below the trap basement form a local topography depression between the Koyna and Warna Reservoirs. To the South of the Warna reservoir, intense seismic activity defines a major cluster of ∼ 5 km width at 3 to7 km deep, located under the trap, where the basement is deepening. Such regions are inferred to be associated with the seismically active faults zones. The obtain velocity anomalies are reliable down to a depth of 10 km. This is also confirmed by the analysis of three resolution parameters viz. Hit count, Derivative Weight sum (DWS) and Resolution Diagonal Elements (RDE).
Migration of Seismicity and Pore Pressure Diffusion for Five Decades Long Koyna–Warna Sequence and Precursory Nucleation Process for Earthquake Forecasting
Authors: Rastogi B. K. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
The continued reservoir-triggered seismicity for five decades in Koyna area has been attributed to southward migration of seismicity (during 1967-1992 near and south of Koyna dam and from 1993 onwards mostly near the new Warna reservoir). Spread of seismicity in the vicinity of reservoirs is attributed to pore-pressure diffusion. Moderate size Koyna – Warna earthquakes are found to nucleate at shallow depth (≤ 3 km) due to pore pressure caused by water level fluctuation of reservoir(s). The nucleation zone deepens along the critically stressed permeable fault zone to cause the occurrence of mainshock at the base of seismogenic layer (i.e. 5-10 km). The clustering of foreshocks up to 500 hr prior to several moderate size Koyna earthquakes of magnitude Mw 4-5 has been detected and used for quantifying the nucleation process. A static stress transfer by means of cascade model from one foreshock to next for the generation of foreshocks has been proposed for nucleation model. The nucleation process can be considered as an immediate earthquake precursor for the Koyna-Warna region.
Co-seismic Gravity Changes in the Koyna-Warna Region: Implications of Mass Redistribution
Authors: Prasad K. N. D. , Srinivas N. , Meshram A. E. , Singh A. P. , Tiwari V. M. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
Koyna-Warna Region (KWR) is one of the known sites for reservoir triggered seismicity. The continued triggered seismicity over the five decades is restricted to a region of about 600-700 sq. km, which provides a unique opportunity to monitor geophysical anomalies likely to be associated with seismicity of the region. Present study confers temporal gravity changes recorded by gPhone and GRACE satellite and interprets observed changes in conjunction with seismological, geodetic (cGPS) observations and groundwater level measurements. GRACE data suggest that seasonal vertical deformation due to hydrological loading is ∼ 2 cm, which corroborates with continuous GPS observations. Seasonal hydrological loading of the region, which is in a phase of reservoir loading, might be influencing the critically stressed KWR leading to the seasonal seismicity of the region. The gPhone gravity data distinctly show co-seismic gravity signals for eight earthquakes of Mw &gt; 2 and gravity anomalies show positive correlation on a logarithmic scale with earthquake released energy. To investigate the cause of gravity changes, an estimate is made for 14th April 2012 earthquake for Mw 4.8 using fault dislocation model. The recorded gravity changes of 189 μGal by gPhone located at a distance of 28 km from the hypocentre is much more than the estimate of ∼0.1 μGal calculated for Mw 4.8 Koyna earthquake. Therefore, it is inferred that co-seismic gravity signals for eight earthquakes are primarily caused due to redistribution of mass at shallow depth.
Influence of Permeability in Modeling of Reservoir Triggered Seismicity in Koyna Region, Western India
Authors: Hazarika Pinki , Yadav Amrita , Roy Sukanta 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
The Koyna region located in the west coast of India is a classic example of reservoir triggered seismicity (RTS) that started soon after the impoundment of the Koyna reservoir in 1962. Previous studies have shown that RTS can be explained in terms of stress and pore pressure changes due to poroelastic response of the rock matrix. The permeability of rock matrix is a key parameter for pore pressure diffusion which is mainly responsible for generation of stress perturbation related to seismicity. Based on the poroelastic theory, we employ 2-D finite element models to simulate the evolution of pore pressure up to 5 years after the reservoir impoundment in 1962, using a range in permeability, 10−16-10−14 m2. Constraints on material properties of Deccan basalt and granitic rocks were taken from available studies. The results show the formation of pore pressure front and its propagation with depth and time since the reservoir impoundment as a function of permeability. While a permeability of 10−16 m2 does not produce any significant change in pore pressure, a ten-fold increase in permeability produces significant changes up to a depth of 2 km only beneath the reservoir after 5 years of impoundment. Permeability values between 10−15 m2 and 10−14 m2 are required to induce critical pore pressure changes in the range 0.1-1 MPa up to depth of 10 km, capable of triggering earthquakes in a critically stressed region. Studies on core samples of granitic basement rock down to a depth of 1522 m in the Koyna region provide evidences of fracture zones that may contribute to water channelization. Direct measurements of material properties through the ongoing deep drilling programme would help to develop more realistic models of RTS.