bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Courage, cowardice, and Maher’s misstep
Authors: Kyle Brent G. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCould a Nazi soldier or terrorist be courageous? The Courage Problem asks us to answer this sort of question, and then to explain why people are reluctant to give this answer. The present paper sheds new light on the Courage Problem by examining a controversy sparked by Bill Maher, who claimed that the 9/11 terrorists’ acts were ‘not cowardly.’ It is shown that Maher’s controversy is fundamentally related to the Courage Problem. Then, a unified solution to both problems is provided. This solution entails that gutsy people who lack good ends are not courageous.
Bacillus subtilis iolU encodes an additional NADP+-dependent scyllo-inositol dehydrogenase
Authors: Kang Dong-Min , Tanaka Kosei , Takenaka Shinji , Ishikawa Shu , Yoshida Ken-ichi 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Bacillus subtilis genes iolG, iolW, iolX, ntdC, yfiI, yrbE, yteT, and yulF belong to the Gfo/Idh/MocA family. The functions of iolG, iolW, iolX, and ntdC are known; however, the functions of the others are unknown. We previously reported the B. subtilis cell factory simultaneously overexpressing iolG and iolW to achieve bioconversion of myo-inositol (MI) into scyllo-inositol (SI). YulF shares a significant similarity with IolW, the NADP+-dependent SI dehydrogenase. Transcriptional abundance of yulF did not correlate to that of iol genes involved in inositol metabolism. However, when yulF was overexpressed instead of iolW in the B. subtilis cell factory, SI was produced from MI, suggesting a similar function to iolW. In addition, we demonstrated that recombinant His6-tagged YulF converted scyllo-inosose into SI in an NADPH-dependent manner. We have thus identified yulF encoding an additional NADP+-dependent SI dehydrogenase, which we propose to rename iolU.
phyloSkeleton: taxon selection, data retrieval and marker identification for phylogenomics
Authors: Guy Lionel 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Summary
With the wealth of available genome sequences, a difficult and tedious part of inferring phylogenomic trees is now to select genomes with an appropriate taxon density in the different parts of the tree. The package described here offers tools to easily select the most representative organisms, following a set of simple rules based on taxonomy and assembly quality, to retrieve the genomes from public databases (NCBI, JGI), to annotate them if necessary, to identify given markers in these, and to prepare files for multiple sequence alignment.

Availability and Implementation
phyloSkeleton is a Perl module and is freely available under GPLv3 at https://bitbucket.org/lionelguy/phyloskeleton/.
Progress and directions in low-cost redox-flow batteries for large-scale energy storage
Authors: Li Bin , Liu Jun 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCompared to lithium-ion batteries, redox-flow batteries have attracted widespread attention for long-duration, large-scale energy-storage applications. This review focuses on current and future directions to address one of the most significant challenges in energy storage: reducing the cost of redox-flow battery systems. A high priority is developing aqueous systems with low-cost materials and high-solubility redox chemistries. Highly water-soluble inorganic redox couples are important for developing technologies that can provide high energy densities and low-cost storage. There is also great potential to rationally design organic redox molecules and fine-tune their properties for both aqueous and non-aqueous systems. While many new concepts begin to blur the boundary between traditional batteries and redox-flow batteries, breakthroughs in identifying/developing membranes and separators and in controlling side reactions on electrode surfaces also are needed.
Factors Influencing Mini-CEX Rater Judgments and Their Practical Implications: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Lee Victor , Brain Keira , Martin Jenepher 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
At present, little is known about how mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX) raters translate their observations into judgments and ratings. The authors of this systematic literature review aim both to identify the factors influencing mini-CEX rater judgments in the medical education setting and to translate these findings into practical implications for clinician assessors.

Method
The authors searched for internal and external factors influencing mini-CEX rater judgments in the medical education setting from 1980 to 2015 using the Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ERIC, PubMed, and Scopus databases. They extracted the following information from each study: country of origin, educational level, study design and setting, type of observation, occurrence of rater training, provision of feedback to the trainee, research question, and identified factors influencing rater judgments. The authors also conducted a quality assessment for each study.

Results
Seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria. The authors identified both internal and external factors that influence mini-CEX rater judgments. They subcategorized the internal factors into intrinsic rater factors, judgment-making factors (conceptualization, interpretation, attention, and impressions), and scoring factors (scoring integration and domain differentiation).

Conclusions
The current theories of rater-based judgment have not helped clinicians resolve the issues of rater idiosyncrasy, bias, gestalt, and conflicting contextual factors; therefore, the authors believe the most important solution is to increase the justification of rater judgments through the use of specific narrative and contextual comments, which are more informative for trainees. Finally, more real-world research is required to bridge the gap between the theory and practice of rater cognition.
The Political Future of Social Medicine: Reflections on Physicians as Activists
Authors: Geiger H. Jack 
Published: January 2017

The academic discipline of social medicine has always had a political and policy advocacy component, in addition to its core functions of research and teaching. Its origins lie in the 18th and 19th centuries, in the work of Johann Peter Frank and Rudolph Virchow, among others. Virchow’s dictum that “politics is nothing else but medicine on a large scale” highlights that most social determinants of health are politically determined and shape population health. Yet despite intense epidemiological and sociological research on the social determinants of health, less attention has been paid to this political and policy dimension.
During the 1960s, the author and many other clinicians were directly involved in attempts to use health care institutions to foster structural change. However, the author argues that efforts to assist individual patients and more effectively manage their interactions with the health care system, as described in the articles in this issue’s special collection on “structural competency,” while worthy and useful, do not confront root causes. Going forward, efforts to effect structural change must take place outside the arena of the clinical encounter and involve interprofessional teams and collaborations with nongovernmental organizations. They should intervene directly on the structures that contribute to illness such as poor housing, income and wealth inequality, inferior education, racism and residential segregation, and toxic concentrations of extreme poverty in urban areas. Collectively, these efforts—within and outside the spheres of medicine—represent the real operative form of structural competency.
Changes in Primary Care Graduate Medical Education Are Not Correlated With Indicators of Need: Are States Missing an Opportunity to Strengthen Their Primary Care Workforce?
Authors: Coutinho Anastasia J. , Klink Kathleen , Wingrove Peter , Petterson Stephen , Phillips Robert L. , Bazemore Andrew 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
Federal and state graduate medical education (GME) funding exceeds $15 billion annually. It is critical to understand mechanisms to align undergraduate medical education (UME) and GME to meet workforce needs. This study aimed to determine whether states’ primary care GME (PCGME) trainee growth correlates with indicators of need.

Method
Data from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile, the Association of American Medical Colleges, the American Association of the Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, and the U.S. Census were analyzed to determine how changes between 2002 and 2012 in PCGME trainees—a net primary care physician (PCP) production estimate—correlated with state need using three indicators: (1) PCP-to-population ratio, (2) change in UME graduates, and (3) population growth.

Results
Nationally, PCGME trainees declined by 7.1% from the net loss of 679 trainees (combined loss of 54 postgraduate year 1 trainees in internal medicine, family medicine, and pediatrics and addition of 625 fellowship trainees in those specialties). The median state PCGME decline was 2.7%. There was no correlation between the percent change in states’ PCGME trainees and PCP-to-population ratio (r = −0.06) or change in UME graduates (r = 0.17). Once adjusted for population growth, PCGME trainees declined by 15.3% nationally; the median state decline was 9.7%.

Conclusions
There is little relationship between PCGME trainee growth and state need indicators. States should capitalize on opportunities to create explicit linkages between UME, GME, and population need; strategically allocate Medicaid GME funds; and monitor the impact of workforce policies and training institution outputs.
Applications of Burow's Grafts in the Reconstruction of Mohs Micrographic Surgery Defects
Authors: Benoit Anastasia , Leach Brian C. , Cook Joel 
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND
Surgical defects in anatomically challenging locations, such as near free margins or crossing cosmetic subunits, may present reconstructive challenges to the dermatologic surgeon. For selected defects, Burow's grafts may produce functional and aesthetic results in a single operative session.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the applications of the Burow's graft technique for the repair of defects after Mohs micrographic surgery.

METHODS
An institutional review board–approved retrospective database review of surgical defects repaired with Burow's grafting after Mohs micrographic surgery at the Medical University of South Carolina was performed. The general technique of Burow's grafting is described, emphasizing proper graft sizing and direction of tension vectors. Varying anatomic locations and defect types are presented, with site-specific considerations and operative photographs.

RESULTS
Burow's grafting provides ideal color and textural match, preserves subunit boundaries, results in a compact single-site wound, and may avoid complications of alternate repair choices. The tension vectors produced in closing the graft's harvest site may be designed to prevent distortion of free margins. Burow's grafting may be combined with hinge flaps to repair deep or avascular defects.

CONCLUSION
Burow's grafts are reproducible, aesthetic, and useful reconstructive choices for a variety of surgical wounds.
PURTSCHER-LIKE RETINOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH ADULT-ONSET STILL DISEASE
Authors: Yachoui Ralph 
Published: January 2017

Purpose:
To describe clinical, laboratory, and funduscopic data of a patient presenting with newly diagnosed adult-onset Still disease and Purtscher-like retinopathy.

Methods:
Observational case report.

Patient:
A 43-year-old man presented with a 3-week history of daily high-spiking fever, diffuse arthralgia and myalgia, sore throat, and a transient nonpruritic maculopapular rash. Two weeks from the onset of his illness, he developed a gradual decrease in visual acuity in both eyes. Fundoscopic examination showed multiple areas of retinal whitening, discrete superficial retinal hemorrhages, and few characteristic Purtscher flecken in the left eye.

Results:
The patient was diagnosed with adult-onset Still disease. We used high-dose corticosteroid therapy with complete resolution of adult-onset Still disease, but it was ineffective for recovery of vision.

Conclusion:
Clinicians should be aware of Purtscher-like retinopathy as a severe ophthalmic complication of adult-onset Still disease.
Genotype Characterization of Group B Streptococcus Isolated From Infants With Invasive Diseases in South Korea
Authors: Kang Hyun Mi , Lee Hoan Jong , Lee Hyunju , Jo Dae Sun , Lee Hye Soo , Kim Taek Soo , Shin Jeong Hwan , Yun Ki Wook , Lee Bongjin , Choi Eun Hwa 
Published: January 2017

Background:
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is one of the leading causes of invasive infections in infants. This study aimed to investigate the genotypic diversity of GBS causing invasive infections in infants and to observe the prevalence of the highly virulent clone in South Korea.

Methods:
Invasive strains of GBS were collected prospectively from infants admitted at 4 hospitals during 1995–2015. Serotype and multilocus sequence typing were determined. All isolates underwent polymerase chain reaction amplification to detect the presence of the hypervirulent GBS adhesin (hvgA) gene. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by E-test, and erythromycin resistance genes were detected using polymerase chain reaction amplification.

Results:
Among 98 GBS isolates collected, 14 sequence types (STs) were found; ST1 (20.4%), ST17 (19.4%) and ST19 (18.4%) were the most prevalent. The dominant serotype capsule expressed by ST1 was serotype V, ST17 and ST19 were all serotype III and ST23 was serotype Ia. hvgA gene was detected in 19.4% (n = 19) of the isolates; all were ST17, serotype III. A significant temporal trend of serotype III isolates was observed; as ST17 increased (P = 0.001) in proportion, ST19 decreased (P = 0.009). Erythromycin resistance was found in 42.9% (42/98); dominant strains were ermB-positive ST1 serotype V (n = 18/20, 90%), ermB-positive ST17 serotype III (n = 10/19, 52.6%) and ermA-positive ST335 serotype III (n = 7/7, 100%).

Conclusions:
The predominant STs causing invasive infections in South Korea were ST1, ST19 and ST17. Among serotype III isolates, an increase in proportion of the hypervirulent ST17 strains was observed. Erythromycin resistance was significantly associated with ST1.
Stress-related psychological symptoms contribute to axial pain persistence after motor vehicle collision: path analysis results from a prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Feinberg Rose K. , Hu JunMei , Weaver Mark A. , Fillingim Roger B. , Swor Robert A. , Peak David A. , Jones Jeffrey S. , Rathlev Niels K. , Lee David C. , Domeier Robert M. , Hendry Phyllis L. , Liberzon Israel , McLean Samuel A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain after traumatic events such as motor vehicle collision (MVC) have been proposed to be mutually promoting. We performed a prospective multicenter study that enrolled 948 individuals who presented to the emergency department within 24 hours of MVC and were discharged home after evaluation. Follow-up evaluations were completed 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after MVC. Path analysis results supported the hypothesis that axial pain after MVC consistently promotes the maintenance of hyperarousal and intrusive symptoms, from the early weeks after injury through 1 year. In addition, path analysis results supported the hypothesis that one or more PTSD symptom clusters had an influence on axial pain outcomes throughout the year after MVC, with hyperarousal symptoms most influencing axial pain persistence in the initial months after MVC. The influence of hyperarousal symptoms on pain persistence was only present among individuals with genetic vulnerability to stress-induced pain, suggesting specific mechanisms by which hyperarousal symptoms may lead to hyperalgesia and allodynia. Further studies are needed to better understand the specific mechanisms by which pain and PTSD symptoms enhance one another after trauma, and how such mechanisms vary among specific patient subgroups, to better inform the development of secondary preventive interventions.
Spinal intracellular metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) contributes to pain and c-fos expression in a rat model of inflammatory pain
Authors: Vincent Kathleen , Wang Shu Fan , Laferrière André , Kumar Naresh , Coderre Terence J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMetabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is an excitatory G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) present in the spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) where it has a well-established role in pain. In addition to its traditional location on the cytoplasmic membrane, recent evidence shows that these receptors are present intracellularly on the nuclear membrane in the spinal cord dorsal horn and are implicated in neuropathic pain. Nuclear mGluR5 is a functional receptor that binds glutamate entering the cell through the neuronal glutamate transporter (GT) EAAT3 and activates transcription factor c-fos, whereas plasma membrane mGluR5 is responsible for c-junactivation. Here, we extend these findings to a model of inflammatory pain using complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and show that nuclear mGluR5 is also upregulated in the spinal cord dorsal horn following inflammation. We also show that pretreatment with an excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) inhibitor attenuates pain and decreases Fos, but not Jun, expression in complete Freund's adjuvant rats. In contrast, selective glial glutamate transporter inhibitors are pronociceptive and increase spinal glutamate concentrations. Additionally, we found that permeable mGluR5 antagonists are more effective at attenuating pain and Fos expression than nonpermeable group I mGluR antagonists. Taken together, these results suggest that under inflammatory conditions, intracellular mGluR5 is actively involved in the relay of nociceptive information in the spinal cord.
It is a painful somatic symptom, not the history of cancer/malignancy that is associated with depression: findings from multiple national surveys
Authors: Johnson Krystina , Politis Maria D. , Hansen Andrew R. , McKenzie Lindsey E. , Duncan Dustin T. , Zhang Jian 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Medical case management has improved in the past few decades, changing the dynamic interaction between depression and prevalent medical diseases. It is relevant to describe the comorbidity between depression and medical diseases to further improve the effectiveness of case management. We analyzed the data of adults aged 20 years and older, who completed depression screening as a part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005 to 2012. Depression was ascertained using the Patient Health Questionnaire, a 9-item screening instrument asking about the frequency of depression symptoms over the past 2 weeks. Comorbid diseases were assessed in a self-reported personal interview on doctor-diagnosed health conditions. The associations between depression and medical diseases were limited to the diseases with painful somatic symptoms. Reported from 19.78% of men and 27.84% of women, arthritis was the most prevalent chronic disease, and was the only one consistently associated with depression. The odds ratio of moderate to severe depression was 1.65 (95% confidence interval = 1.12-2.44) for men and 2.11 (1.63-2.99) for women with arthritis compared with their counterparts free of arthritis. Moderate/severe depression was associated with a history of heart disease among men (2.45 [1.19-5.06]) and angina/angina pectoris among women (2.13 [1.07-4.26]). No associations were found between depression and cancer/malignancy, either among men or women. The potential impact of pain management on depression prevention among general population is substantial; more efforts are needed to assess chronic pain to facilitate timely prevention and treatment of depression and comorbid medical conditions.
Chronic stress exacerbates neuropathic pain via the integration of stress-affect–related information with nociceptive information in the central nucleus of the amygdala
Authors: Li Ming-Jia , Liu Ling-Yu , Chen Lin , Cai Jie , Wan You , Xing Guo-Gang 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Exacerbation of pain by chronic stress and comorbidity of pain with stress-related psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression, represent significant clinical challenges. However, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether chronic forced swim stress (CFSS)–induced exacerbation of neuropathic pain is mediated by the integration of stress-affect–related information with nociceptive information in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). We first demonstrated that CFSS indeed produces both depressive-like behaviors and exacerbation of spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced mechanical allodynia in rats. Moreover, we revealed that CFSS induces both sensitization of basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons and augmentation of long-term potentiation (LTP) at the BLA-CeA synapse and meanwhile, exaggerates both SNI-induced sensitization of CeA neurons and LTP at the parabrachial (PB)-CeA synapse. In addition, we discovered that CFSS elevates SNI-induced functional up-regulation of GluN2B-containing NMDA (GluN2B-NMDA) receptors in the CeA, which is proved to be necessary for CFSS-induced augmentation of LTP at the PB-CeA synapse and exacerbation of pain hypersensitivity in SNI rats. Suppression of CFSS-elicited depressive-like behaviors by antidepressants imipramine or ifenprodil inhibits the CFSS-induced exacerbation of neuropathic pain. Collectively, our findings suggest that CFSS potentiates synaptic efficiency of the BLA-CeA pathway, leading to the activation of GluN2B-NMDA receptors and sensitization of CeA neurons, which subsequently facilitate pain-related synaptic plasticity of the PB-CeA pathway, thereby exacerbating SNI-induced neuropathic pain. We conclude that chronic stress exacerbates neuropathic pain via the integration of stress-affect–related information with nociceptive information in the CeA.
Divergent functions of the left and right central amygdala in visceral nociception
Authors: Sadler Katelyn E. , McQuaid Neal A. , Cox Abigail C. , Behun Marissa N. , Trouten Allison M. , Kolber Benedict J. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The left and right central amygdalae (CeA) are limbic regions involved in somatic and visceral pain processing. These 2 nuclei are asymmetrically involved in somatic pain modulation; pain-like responses on both sides of the body are preferentially driven by the right CeA, and in a reciprocal fashion, nociceptive somatic stimuli on both sides of the body predominantly alter molecular and physiological activities in the right CeA. Unknown, however, is whether this lateralization also exists in visceral pain processing and furthermore what function the left CeA has in modulating nociceptive information. Using urinary bladder distension (UBD) and excitatory optogenetics, a pronociceptive function of the right CeA was demonstrated in mice. Channelrhodopsin-2–mediated activation of the right CeA increased visceromotor responses (VMRs), while activation of the left CeA had no effect. Similarly, UBD-evoked VMRs increased after unilateral infusion of pituitary adenylate cyclase–activating polypeptide in the right CeA. To determine intrinsic left CeA involvement in bladder pain modulation, this region was optogenetically silenced during noxious UBD. Halorhodopsin (NpHR)-mediated inhibition of the left CeA increased VMRs, suggesting an ongoing antinociceptive function for this region. Finally, divergent left and right CeA functions were evaluated during abdominal mechanosensory testing. In naive animals, channelrhodopsin-2–mediated activation of the right CeA induced mechanical allodynia, and after cyclophosphamide-induced bladder sensitization, activation of the left CeA reversed referred bladder pain–like behaviors. Overall, these data provide evidence for functional brain lateralization in the absence of peripheral anatomical asymmetries.