bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where and how to restore in a changing world: a demographic‐based assessment of resilience
Authors: Larios Loralee , Hallett Lauren M. , Suding Katharine N. 
Published: June 2017

Summary

Managers are increasingly looking to apply concepts of resilience to better anticipate and understand conservation and restoration in a changing environment.

In this study, we explore how information on demography (recruitment, growth and survival) and competitive effects in different environments and with different starting species abundances can be used to better understand resilience. We use observational and experimental data to better understand dynamics between native Stipa pulchra and exotic Avena barbata and fatua, grasses characteristic of native and invaded grasslands in California, at three different levels of nitrogen (N) representative of a range of pollution via atmospheric deposition. A modelling framework that incorporates this information on demography and competition allows us to forecast dynamics over time.

Our results showed that resilience of native grasslands depends on N inputs, where natural recovery should be possible at low N levels whereas native persistence would be difficult at high N levels. Hysteresis was evident at moderate N levels, where the starting conditions mattered.

Synthesis and applications. The resilience of both invaded and native grasslands is influenced by nitrogen inputs. Our modelling approach gives direction about how best to allocate limited management resources as baselines shift: where natural recovery is possible, where best to allocate active restoration efforts, and where native remnants may be most vulnerable.
Intra‐Ethnic Coverage Disparities among Latinos and the Effects of Health Reform
Authors: Gonzales Sergio , Sommers Benjamin D. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveTo examine the patterns of insurance coverage among nine Latino subgroups and assess heterogeneous effects of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) among these groups.Data SourcesAmerican Community Survey (2010–2014).Study DesignWe examined pre‐ACA disparities in coverage using linear probability models. Then, we used interrupted time series and triple‐difference models to evaluate coverage changes associated with the ACA and Medicaid expansion, respectively.Principal FindingsPre‐ACA coverage disparities between Latino subgroups were nearly 30 percentage points—larger than the gap between whites and Latinos as a whole. Coverage changes associated with the ACA and Medicaid expansion differed significantly between subgroups, with the largest gains among South Americans, Central Americans, and Mexicans.ConclusionsLatino subgroups show marked heterogeneity in baseline coverage rates and responses to the ACA.
Fibrinogen Reduction During Selective Plasma Exchange due to Membrane Fouling
Authors: Ohkubo Atsushi , Okado Tomokazu , Miyamoto Satoko , Hashimoto Yurie , Komori Shigeto , Yamamoto Motoki , Maeda Takuma , Itagaki Ayako , Yamamoto Hiroko , Seshima Hiroshi , Kurashima Naoki , Iimori Soichiro , Naito Shotaro , Sohara Eisei , Uchida Shinichi , Rai Tatemitsu 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFibrinogen is substantially reduced by most plasmapheresis modalities but retained in selective plasma exchange using Evacure EC‐4A10 (EC‐4A). Although EC‐4A's fibrinogen sieving coefficient is 0, a session of selective plasma exchange reduced fibrinogen by approximately 19%. Here, we investigated sieving coefficient in five patients. When the mean processed plasma volume was 1.15 × plasma volume, the mean reduction of fibrinogen during selective plasma exchange was approximately 15%. Fibrinogen sieving coefficient was 0 when the processed plasma volume was 1.0 L, increasing to 0.07 when the processed plasma volume was 3.0 L, with a mean of 0.03 during selective plasma exchange. When fibrinogen sieving coefficient was 0, selective plasma exchange reduced fibrinogen by approximately 10%. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed internal fouling of EC‐4A's hollow fiber membrane by substances such as fibrinogen fibrils. Thus, fibrinogen reduction by selective plasma exchange may be predominantly caused by membrane fouling rather than filtration.
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inactivation confers enhanced sensitivity to nicotine‐induced dopamine release in the mouse nucleus accumbens
Authors: Pavon Francisco J. , Serrano Antonia , Sidhpura Nimish , Polis Ilham , Stouffer David , de Fonseca Fernando Rodriguez , Cravatt Benjamin F. , Martin‐Fardon Rémi , Parsons Loren H. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractNicotine exerts its rewarding effects by promoting an increase in dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and this process is influenced by the endocannabinoid system. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of the endocannabinoid anandamide and other non‐cannabinoid N‐acylethanolamines. Previous research has reported that both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of FAAH enhance nicotine‐induced conditioned place preference at low doses. We conducted a microdialysis study to characterize nicotine‐induced changes in DA and serotonin (5‐HT) levels in the NAc of FAAH knockout (KO) mice using a conditioned place preference‐like paradigm with three nicotine doses (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.). Additionally, the effects of the selective FAAH inhibitor PF‐3845 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) were also examined. Our data indicated that compared with wild‐type mice, genetic deletion of FAAH selectively enhanced the effect of low‐dose nicotine on DA release (p < 0.001) and resulted in a strong post‐nicotine elevation in DA levels (p < 0.01). However, there were no differences between the genotypes at higher doses. Furthermore, FAAH KO mice displayed a moderate enhancement of the effect of low‐dose nicotine on NAc 5‐HT release (p < 0.05), with no differences between the genotypes at higher doses. Compared with vehicle‐pretreated mice, mice pretreated with PF‐3845 displayed an enhancement of the effect of low‐dose nicotine on NAc DA release (p < 0.001), which resulted in a sustained increase in DA levels (p < 0.05). Similar to FAAH KO mice, PF‐3845‐pretreated mice displayed a moderate enhancement of the effect of low‐dose nicotine on NAc 5‐HT release (p < 0.01). These observations in mice suggest that enhanced nicotine‐induced NAc DA release might contribute to increased sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding effects of low‐dose nicotine following FAAH inhibition, which has been previously reported. Future studies combining behavioral and neurochemical approaches are needed to elucidate the precise mechanism of these effects.
Do Derivative Markets Contain Useful Information for Signaling “Hot Money” Flows?
Authors: Fung Joseph K. W. , Webb Robert I. , Chan Wing H. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study examines whether information from derivative markets is useful for signaling “hot money” and other large capital flows in an economy where the monetary authority pursues a policy of exchange rate stability. It examines the information content of Hong Kong‐traded derivative securities for signaling changes in the aggregate balance of the Hong Kong banking system during a period of intense initial public offering activity and speculation on the revaluation of the renminbi. The impact of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority's (HKMA) Convertibility Undertakings on the dynamic relationships among capital flows, stock market volatility, and stock market turnover is examined.
Review article: dyssynergic defaecation and biofeedback therapy in the pathophysiology and management of functional constipation
Authors: Skardoon G. R. , Khera A. J. , Emmanuel A. V. , Burgell R. E. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryBackgroundFunctional constipation is a common clinical presentation in primary care. Functional defaecation disorders are defined as the paradoxical contraction or inadequate relaxation of the pelvic floor muscles during attempted defaecation (dyssynergic defaecation) and/or inadequate propulsive forces during attempted defaecation. Prompt diagnosis and management of dyssynergic defaecation is hindered by uncertainty regarding nomenclature, diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology and efficacy of management options such as biofeedback therapy.AimTo review the evidence pertaining to the pathophysiology of functional defaecation disorders and the efficacy of biofeedback therapy in the management of patients with dyssynergic defaecation and functional constipation.MethodsRelevant articles addressing functional defaecation disorders and the efficacy of biofeedback therapy in the management of dyssynergic defaecation and functional constipation were identified from a search of Pubmed, MEDLINE Ovid and the Cochrane Library.ResultsThe prevalence of dyssynergic defaecation in patients investigated for chronic constipation is as many as 40%. Randomised controlled trials have demonstrated major symptom improvement in 70%‐80% of patients undergoing biofeedback therapy for chronic constipation resistant to standard medical therapy and have determined it to be superior to polyethylene glycol laxatives, diazepam or sham therapy. Long‐term studies have shown 55%‐82% of patients maintain symptom improvement.ConclusionsDyssynergic defaecation is a common clinical condition in patients with chronic constipation not responding to conservative management. Biofeedback therapy appears to be a safe, successful treatment with sustained results for patients with dyssynergic defaecation. Further studies are required to standardise the diagnosis of dyssynergic defaecation in addition to employing systematic protocols for biofeedback therapy.
Changes in hip abductor moment 3 or more years after femoral derotation osteotomy among individuals with cerebral palsy
Authors: Boyer Elizabeth R , Novacheck Tom F , Schwartz Michael H 
Published: June 2017

AimTo examine the effect of femoral derotation osteotomy (FDO) on dimensionless hip abductor moment during gait in children with cerebral palsy.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data from independent ambulators within our database. Postoperative visits 1 year (short‐term) and at least 3 years (mid‐term) were analyzed. We estimated the coronal plane hip abductor moment arm based on musculoskeletal modeling that accounted for anteversion and hip rotation.ResultsThere were 140 individuals with a short‐term analysis (77 males, 63 females; age at surgery 9y 11mo [range 4y 5mo–17y 5mo]) and 29 with mid‐term analysis (15 males, 14 females; age at surgery 8y 7mo [range 4y 5mo–13y 1mo]). At short‐term, anteversion and internal hip rotation decreased 35° and 13° respectively, which increased median (IQR) moment arms from 20 (23) per cent below normal to 2 (12) per cent above normal. Dimensionless mean hip abductor moment remained unchanged at short‐term. Mid‐term anteversion did not change but hip rotation increased 8° and hip abductor moment increased to 0.040 (0.029). There was no change in pelvic and trunk obliquity, although hip abductor strength increased and walking velocity decreased at mid‐term.InterpretationThe unexpected lack of improvement in hip abductor moment from pre‐ to short‐term may be caused by gait compensations that unload the hip. The increase in hip abductor moment beyond 3 years postoperatively underscores the benefits of an FDO into adolescence for independent ambulating individuals with cerebral palsy.
Glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia during 12 months of randomized treatment with insulin glargine 300 U/mL versus glargine 100 U/mL in people with type 1 diabetes (EDITION 4)
Authors: Home Philip D. , Bergenstal Richard M. , Bolli Geremia B. , Ziemen Monika , Rojeski Maria , Espinasse Melanie , Riddle Matthew C. 
Published: June 2017

AimsInsulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla‐300) offers a flatter pharmacodynamic profile than insulin glargine 100 U/mL (Gla‐100). We have compared these insulins over 1 year in people with type 1 diabetes (T1DM).Methods
EDITION 4 was a 6‐month, multicentre, randomized, open‐label phase 3 study. People with T1DM who completed the 6 months continued randomized Gla‐300 or Gla‐100 once daily, morning or evening, for a further 6 months.ResultsAmong 549 participants randomized, 444 completed the 12‐month study period (Gla‐300, 80%; Gla‐100, 82%). Mean HbA1c decreased similarly from baseline to month 12 in the 2 treatment groups (difference, 0.02 [95% CI, −0.13 to 0.17]) %‐units [0.2 (−1.5 to 1.9) mmol/mol]), to a mean of 7.86 %‐units (62.4 mmol/mol) in both groups. For morning vs evening injection, there was no difference in HbA1c change over 12 months for Gla‐100, but a significantly larger decrease in HbA1c was observed in the Gla‐300 morning group than in the Gla‐300 evening group (difference, −0.25 [−0.47 to −0.04] %‐units [−2.7 (−5.2 to −0.4) mmol/mol]). Mean glucose from the 8‐point SMPG profiles decreased from baseline, and was similar between the 2 treatment groups. Basal insulin dose was 20% higher with Gla‐300 than with Gla‐100, while hypoglycaemia event rates, analysed at night, over 24 hours, or according to different glycaemic thresholds, did not differ between treatment groups, regardless of injection time. Adverse event profiles did not differ between groups.ConclusionsIn T1DM, Gla‐300 provides glucose control comparable to that of Gla‐100, and can be given at any time of day.
Structure of ground‐dwelling ant communities in burned and unburned areas in Brazilian subtropical grasslands
Authors: Albuquerque Emília Z. , Diehl Elena , Silva Rogério R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFire is frequently used in the management of pastures in southern Brazil, but its effects on ground‐dwelling ant communities in Brazilian subtropical grasslands is still poorly understood. Here, we compared ant species richness and composition between periodically burned and unburned areas in native grasslands of the Atlantic Forest biome. In total, we found 35 epigeic ant species in burned and unburned areas. There was slightly higher species richness in burned than in unburned areas, independent of the sampling period (season). There was a significant difference in richness over the sampling period (season effect). Species composition varied significantly between the areas, in which nine species (26%) occurred only in burned areas, eight (23%) occurred only in unburned areas, and 18 (51%) occurred in both. Four species showed a significant preference for burned sites (Camponotus crassus,Linepithema humileand two undetermined species ofPheidoleandSolenopsis). Although this study did not separate fire effects on ground‐dwelling ant communities (due to sampling design), it provides new information regarding subtropical native grasslands that can be used as a baseline for future studies.
Defective acid hydrolase secretion in RUNX1 haplodeficiency: Evidence for a global platelet secretory defect
Authors: Rao A. K. , Poncz M. 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundRUNX1 haplodeficiency is associated with thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction and a predisposition to acute leukaemia. Platelets possess three distinct types of granules and secretory processes involving dense granules (DG), α‐granules and vesicles or lysosomes containing acid hydrolases (AH). Dense granules and granule deficiencies have been reported in patients with RUNX1 mutations. Little is known regarding the secretion from AH‐containing vesicles.Methods and resultsWe studied two related patients with a RUNX1 mutation, easy bruising, and mild thrombocytopenia. Platelet aggregation and 14C serotonin in platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) were impaired in response to ADP, epinephrine, collagen and arachidonic acid. Contents of DG (ATP, ADP), α‐granules (β‐thromboglobulin) and AH‐containing vesicles (β‐glucuronidase, β‐hexosaminidase, α‐mannosidase) were normal or minimally decreased. Dense granules secretion on stimulation of gel‐filtered platelets with thrombin and divalent ionophore A23187 (4‐12 μmol L−1) were diminished. β‐thromboglobulin and AH secretion was impaired in response to thrombin or A23187. We studied thromboxane‐related pathways. The incorporation of 14C ‐arachidonic acid into phospholipids and subsequent arachidonic acid release on thrombin activation was normal. Platelet thromboxane A2 production in whole blood serum and on thrombin stimulation of PRP was normal, suggesting that the defective secretion was not due to impaired thromboxane production.ConclusionsThese studies provide the first evidence in patients with a RUNX1 mutation for a defect in AH (lysosomal) secretion, and for a global defect in secretion involving all three types of platelet granules that is unrelated to a granule content deficiency. They highlight the pleiotropic effects and multiple platelet defects associated with RUNX1 mutations.
Gender disparity in fistula use at initiation of hemodialysis varies markedly across ESRD networks—Analysis of USRDS data
Authors: Markell Mariana , Brar Amarpali , Stefanov Dimitre G. , Salifu Moro O. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackground: Gender disparities had been noted in the care of women with end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the early 2000's, including less frequent initiation of hemodialysis utilizing a fistula but more recent data have not been examined and underlying factors have not been extensively studied.Study design: Data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) were examined, including 202,999 hemodialysis patients. Only those who had received prior nephrology care were included. Multiple logistic regression was used, adjusted for possible confounders, including age, race, cause of ESRD, BMI, height, history of alcohol or drug abuse, medical comorbidities, ability to ambulate, time of nephrology care, type of insurance, and ESRD network.Results: The odds of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) use at initiation of hemodialysis were significantly lower in women compared to men (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.67‐0.71, P < 0.0001). The gender gap in AVF use at initiation was highest in New York and the upper Midwest (networks 2 and12) and smallest for Southern California and the Pacific Northwest and Alaska (18 and 16). Gender disparity was more pronounced for black women, with odds ratios for AVF use at initiation of dialysis (OR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.62‐0.69), P < 0.0001 as compared to non‐black (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.68‐0.73), P ≤ 0.0001.Limitations: Limitations include use of USRDS data. Data misclassification or errors in data reporting may exist and certain comorbid conditions may be underreported. Data regarding rate of primary fistula non‐function are also not available.Conclusion: Adjusted odds ratio for AVF use was significantly lower in women compared to men, independent of time of nephrology care and other predictors. The gender disparity was most pronounced for black women and also varied from 20% to 46% lower odds for AVF use in women for different ESRD networks, after controlling for possible confounding variables, suggesting that practice based factors may be of importance in explaining this important finding.
Visual methods in health dialogues: A qualitative study of public health nurse practice in schools
Authors: Laholt Hilde , Guillemin Marilys , Mcleod Kim , Olsen Randi Elisabeth , Lorem Geir Fagerjord 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimsWe aimed to explore how using visual methods might improve or complicate the dynamics of the health dialogue between public health nurses (PHNs) and school pupils. This was done from the perspective of PHNs, specifically examining how they understood their role and practice as a PHN and the application of visual methods in this practice.BackgroundThe health dialogue is a method used by PHNs in school nursing in Norway. In this practice, there can be communicative barriers between pupils and PHNs. Investigating how PHNs understand their professional practice can lead to ways of addressing these communicative barriers, which can affect pupil satisfaction and achievement of health‐related behaviours in the school context. Specifically, the use of visual methods by PHNs may address these communicative barriers.DesignThe research design was qualitative, using focus groups combined with visual methods.MethodsWe conducted focus group interviews using a semi‐structured discussion guide and visual methods with five groups of PHNs (n = 31) working in northern Norwegian school health services. The data were collected during January and February 2016. Discussions were audio recorded, transcribed and coded into themes and sub‐themes using systematic text condensation and drawings were analysed using interpretive engagement, a method of visual analysis.FindingsDrawings and focus group discussions showed that PHNs perceived their professional practice as primarily a relational praxis. The PHNs used a variety of visual methods as part of the health dialogue with school pupils. This active use of visualization worked to build and strengthen relations when words were inadequate and served to enhance the flexible and relational practice employed by the PHNs.ConclusionsPHNs used different kinds of visualization methods to establish relations with school pupils, especially when verbalization by the pupils was difficult. PHNs were aware of both the benefits and challenges of using visualization with school pupils in health education. We recommend the use of visual methods in schools because they are useful for PHNs, other health professionals and teachers working with children and young people in developing relations, particularly where verbal communication may be a challenge.
Plant speciation across environmental gradients and the occurrence and nature of hybrid zones
Authors: Abbott Richard J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEnvironmental gradients are very common and many plant species respond to them through adaptive genetic change. This can be a first step along a continuum of change that leads ultimately to the origin of fully reproductively isolated forms, i.e., ‘biological species’. Before complete reproductive isolation is achieved, hybrid zones may form between divergent lineages either through primary intergradation or secondary contact. Here, I review the literature on plant hybrid zones between native species and highlight: mode of origin (primary intergradation versus secondary contact); distribution among plant families, genera and life form; type and genotypic composition related to strength and type of reproductive isolation between parental lineages; nature of prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers; level and direction of gene flow; and the stability of hybrid zones in the face of climate change. The total number of plant hybrid zones detected in a literature search was surprisingly small (137). This was the case even for areas of the world with a long history of research into plant evolution, ecology and systematics. Reasons for this are discussed, including the possibility that plant hybrid zones are naturally rare in the wild. Only for a few hybrid zones have attempts been made to distinguish between formation by primary intergradation or secondary contact, and it is assumed that most hybrid zones originate through secondary contact. From the limited information available, it appears that plant hybrid zones may frequently move in response to climate change, but long‐term studies are required to confirm this.