bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Drag Reduction Ability of Naturally Produced Polymers from a Local Plant Source
Authors: Kaur Harvin , Singh Gurchran , bt. Jaafar Azuraien 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Drag reduction is observed as reduced frictional pressure losses under turbulent flow conditions and hence, substantially increases the flowrate of the fluid. Practical application includes water flooding system, pipeline transport and drainage system. Drag reduction agent, such as polymers, can be introduced to increase the flowrate of water flowing, reducing the water accumulation in the system and subsequently lesser possibility of heavy flooding. Currently used polymer as drag reduction agents is carboxymethylcellulose, to name one. This is a synthetic polymer which will seep into the ground and further harm our environment in excessive use of accumulation. A more environmentally-friendly drag reduction agent, such as the polymer derived from natural sources or biopolymer, is then required for such purpose. As opposed to the synthetic polymers, the potential of biopolymers as drag reduction agents, especially those derived from a local plant source, are not extensively explored. The drag reduction of a polymer produced from a local plant source within the turbulent regime will be explored and assessed in this study using a rheometer where a reduced a torque produced can be perceived as a reduction of drag. This technique of assessment for drag reduction ability is also unique as many literatures on drag reduction rely heavily on flow loop data which sometimes, require time and high cost for the fabrication of the flow loop. The new method proposed is less time consuming and is more practical which is producing carboxymethylcellulose from the banana peel. The cellulose powder was converted to carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) by etherification process using sodium monochloroacetate and sodium hydroxide. The carboxymethylation reaction then was optimized against the reaction temperature. Then, the biopolymers will be rheologically characterized where the viscoelastic effects and the normal stresses produced by these biopolymers will be utilized to further relate and explain the drag reduction phenomena. The research is structured to focus on producing the biopolymer and also assess the drag reduction ability of the biopolymer produced. Various temperatures when synthesizing the biopolymers will be studied as a drag reduction agent to obtain the optimum value of which the biopolymer works the best. The rheological behavior of the biopolymers will also be analyzed and relate to the drag reduction ability. The results are intended to expand the currently extremely limited experimental database for biopolymers in turbulent flow.
Accurate 3D Seismic Interpretation of Large Braided Delta Reservoir & Outcrop Analogs In Northwest China.
Authors: HAO Qian , ZHUANG Xinguo , LU Yongchao , LU Tao , ZHANG Ji 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a first discovered braided delta images (area of 562.5 square kilometers, depth more than 3400 meters) with perfect river channels by accurate 3D seismic interpretation in the hinterland region of JR basin in northwest china. We can clearly identify micro facies like the main channels in the delta plain, underwater distributary channels in the delta front, mouth bar and sheet sand from the very fine 3D seismic images. Methods are discussed for identifying and dividing the features of braided delta sediments, using sequence stratigraphy, well log characteristics, core observation, 3D seismic data and outcrop analogs. The most effective and visual methods to reveal the characteristics of this special geological body are 3D seismic interpretation and outcrop analogs.
Based on high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework and well drilling, a work program focused on the fine description of this large braided delta reservoir has integrated accurate 3D seismic interpretation and outcrop analogs, which include: synthetically seismic attribute analysis, spectrum analysis, seismic waveform classification display, 3D coherency interpretation, logging constrained seismic inversion, 3D visualization Interpretation and outcrop studies. This method is a key to do a multi-angle research, and to find out the distribution law of favorable sedimentary facies belt.
Matching the modern outcrop sedimentary observation, accurately identify geophysical response of special geological body from 3D seismic images has greatly promoted present oil exploration. The high quality of this complete braided delta images will not only provide a new typical braided delta geologic model for geologists to do deep studies, but also be very useful to further develop the similar reservoir at home and abroad.

Preface
JR is a major oil and gas basin in Northwest China, which covering an area of 13 x 104km2. It is surrounded by several large mountains; its shape is triangular, long from east to west and narrow from north to south. Having area of 3648km2, Z1 block locates in the slope belt of the hinterland region in JR basin, which owns perfect 3D seismic full coverage (Fig.1).
CO2 capture from Sulfur Recovery Units
Authors: Roquet Damien , Aslam Imran , Emadaddhi Khalid 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Dolphin Energy Limited (DEL) is considering reducing the native Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions from its Ras Laffan plant in the state of Qatar. One important source of native Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the gaseous effluents from the two Sulfur Recovery Units (SRU's). Dolphin studied the possible options for recovering up to 50 MMSCFD CO2 from the subject SRU's effluents upstream the thermal incinerator section in the SRU using the existing infrastructures in its Ras Laffan plant. The recovered CO2 would be exported at medium pressure (MP, 7 bara) and/or high pressure (HP, 190 bara) to other users. The study investigated the possible options to recover and compress the CO2 product. Capital costs, utilities requirements, operating costs, carbon intensity savings, layout and electrical power supply were all studied. The study investigated the following technologies, which are based on amine solvents:HP scheme with some feed gas compression to improve the performance of the solvent and reduce equipment sizeLP scheme with low pressure efficient technology that does not need much feed compressionRevision of existing treatment scheme in the Sulfur Recovery Unit to perform Acid Gas Enrichment, Tail Gas Treatment and CO2 capture with minimum modifications
The study considered that either (i) each SRU train will get its own CO2 recovery unit and compressors, or (ii) the SRUs' effluents from both SRU trains will be combined before treatment.
The paper will present main outcomes of this study and highlight specific requirements with regard to CO2 properties in terms of phase behavior, design criteria and Health, Safety and Environment.
Lattice Boltzmann Flow Simulations With Applications of Reduced Order Modeling Techniques.
Authors: Brown Donald L. , Li Jun , Calo Victor M. , Ghommem Mehdi , Efendiev Yalchin 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
With the recent interest in shale gas, an understanding of the flow mechanisms at the pore scale and beyond is necessary, which has attracted a lot of interest from both industry and academia. One of the suggested algorithms to help understand flow in such reservoirs is the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). The primary advantage of LBM is its ability to approximate complicated geometries with simple algorithmic modificatoins. In this work, we use LBM to simulate the flow in a porous medium. More specifically, we use LBM to simulate a Brinkman type flow. The Brinkman law allows us to integrate fast free-flow and slow-flow porous regions. However, due to the many scales involved and complex heterogeneities of the rock microstructure, the simulation times can be long, even with the speed advantage of using an explicit time stepping method. The problem is two-fold, the computational grid must be able to resolve all scales and the calculation requires a steady state solution implying a large number of timesteps. To help reduce the computational complexity and total simulation times, we use model reduction techniques to reduce the dimension of the system. In this approach, we are able to describe the dynamics of the flow by using a lower dimensional subspace. In this work, we utilize the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique, to compute the dominant modes of the flow and project the solution onto them (a lower dimensional subspace) to arrive at an approximation of the full system at a lowered computational cost. We present a few proof-of-concept examples of the flow field and the corresponding reduced model flow field.

Introduction
Understanding the flow mechanics of petroleum reservoirs is critical to economic evaluation of recoverable resources and reservoir decelopment planning. Laboratory mesurements can be very expensive and may be limited in scope of scales that can be explored due to inability to accurately describe in-situ conditions. A key tool in understanding flow on both the pore and reservoirs scales is simulation methods. In reservoir conditions, there are many complex muli-physical processes that need to be modeled and, complicating issues further, there are a great number of uncertainties in subsurface parameters. These uncertainties require fast and accurate forward models to update parameters. Finally, due to the scale disparities involved, simulation of these reservoirs is often very computational expensive. With the recent boom in Shale gas, understanding fracture modeling and pore-scale flow mechanics has become critical. Computational tools and techniques must be developed in these areas to reduce simulation cost and time.
Online Inspection & Clamping of Large Size Steam Headers (52
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Selvan Suresh 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The scope of this paper is to discuss the background, design challenges, online damage assessment, repair selection and sustainment efforts undertaken to mitigate large scale caustic stress corrosion cracks in the common low pressure steam system.
Caustic ingression in the steam system through contaminated boiler feed water used for de-superheating caused multiple cracks in the steam piping systems. Crack locations were predominantly visible at the longitudinal and circumferential weld joints of the common utilities steam header. Cracks were observed on the intrados and extrados of elbow joints, tee joints and straight pipe sections of the large size (52" and 48") header. Cracks were also observed downstream of significant capacity de-super heaters and upstream of steam users in the process units.
The common steam system is utilised for process heating, pump and compressor drivers. Unplanned shutdown of the common steam header system for repair or replacement would require a multiple mega train outage and majour business impact.
Crack propagating beyond critical length will lead to catastrophic failure of the steam system. Online solutions needed to besafe to install,designed for sustainment for over 2 years until a permanent repair could be affected, andnot impose any risk of further damage during installation.

Background
Two mega LNG plants (7.8 Mmtpa/ plant) and one of the Gas plants (1350MmScfd) share a common steam system for process heat and pump / compressor drivers.
Three different steam systems are operating in these facilitiesHigh Pressure : 41.3 bar(g) at 384ºCMedium Pressure : 15 bar(g) at 230ºCLow Pressure : 5.1 bar(g) at 155ºC
The Field Tests for Measurement of Downhole Weight on Bit(DWOB) and the Calibration of a Real-time DWOB Model
Authors: Hareland Geir , Wu Andrew , Lei Lingyun 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The Drilling Engineering Research Group at the University of Calgary has been seeking better ways of improving drilling operations and decreasing costs by the use of advanced real-time modeling and simulation technologies. It is well known that the performance of a drill bit directly affects the overall drilling performance. The bit performance is often evaluated by the rate of penetration (ROP) which is dependent on the weight on bit (WOB). Therefore, obtaining actual downhole weight on bit (DWOB) is crucial in achieving good performance of a drill bit.
This paper defines the procedures or steps to measure DWOB and an analytical model for calculating DWOB using typical surface collected drilling data. Field test data is used to initially calibrate the analytical model. The calibrated analytical model is next used in a forward calculation to predict DWOB on the same well. DWOB is also predicted on a second well using the same drilling rig.
The results from the calibrated model are compared to the DWOB collected by the CoPilot, a Baker Inteq downhole measurement tool. The comparison shows that the DWOBs from the model match those from the CoPilot well.
The model can be integrated in a new directional Autodriller system, which can in real time set the DWOB from surface measurements. The directional Autodriller can automatically conduct real-time analysis and calculations of DWOB as well as maintaining a precise DWOB for the drill bit. This will improve drilling efficiency and reduce cost.

Introduction
A drilling mechanics sub (DMS) was developed to measure DWOB, torque on bit, bending moments, shear force, accelerations and differential pressure [1]. Measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tools have increased drilling efficiency in many directional wells. With information provided by downhole weight on bit and torque sensors, more timely and accurate decisions have been made, resulting in lower costs per foot. Specific applications of this technology include bit optimization, directional feedback, and drillstring-friction analysis [2]. The theoretical calculation of DWOB in this paper was done using an analytical torque and drag model [3]. The calculation of the friction coefficient and DWOB was also attempted using finite element analysis FEA [4, 5]. The calculations and analysis in these works have laid a solid foundation for a new type of Autodriller [6]. The future Autodriller will be installed at surface with an operating panel and connected to a powerful computer with high speed and a big memory, which can gather large amounts of real-time drilling data and other necessary information. This paper states the procedures or steps of measuring DWOB. An analytical model for calculating DWOB is introduced herein and some of the field test data is used to initially calibrate the analytical model. Finally, the calibrated model DWOB is compared to the collected downhole DWOB for two wells.
Multi-Scale Carbonate Reservoir Characterisation and Artificial Neural Networks Reveals Complexity in the Shuaiba Reservoir, Al Shaheen Field
Authors: Finlay S. , Marquez X. , Solling T. , Bounoua N. , Gagigi T. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The Shuaiba reservoir in Al Shaheen is a complex carbonate interval deposited in a platform to basin setting that has undergone significant diagenetic alteration during burial. Properly-constrained predictions of reservoir performance depend on understanding the processes that created (depositional) and altered (diagenesis) the carbonate rock, and therefore on characterizing rock properties at multiple scales. The Shuaiba reservoir in Al Shaheen has been appraised with vertical wells, and developed using extended reach horizontal wells, affording a unique opportunity for the multiscale investigation of lateral and vertical changes in the reservoir properties. This paper integrates a unique dataset of image logs (&gt;100kms), conventional core analysis, thin sections, mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), whole core computer tomography (micro-CT) scans, innovative 3D imaging of the pore network and mineral mapping with QEMSCAN. This integrated multi-scale work covering several orders of magnitude from µm to km has identified seven coherent petrophysical rock types (PRT's). These PRT's have been validated with blind tests and subsequently predicted using artificial neural network technology that enables characterization of the reservoir at well-to-well scale. Here we present the multidisciplinary workflow used to identify the seven rock types that has been used for prediction of Shuaiba reservoir properties.

Introduction
The Cretaceous Al Shaheen oil accumulation was discovered in the 1970's in connection with appraisal drilling of the underlying Permian & Triassic North Field Khuff gas reservoir. It is located on the central axis of the Qatar Arch some 70 Kms N-E of the Qatar peninsula, and covers an area of approximately 2080 km2, (Fig. 1). The reservoirs were initially considered uneconomical due to their thin oil columns. In 1992 Qatar Petroleum entered into an Exploration and Production Sharing agreement with Maersk Oil Qatar, and the Al Shaheen field has since been under appraisal and development, (Thomasen et al, 2005). The field contains multiple stacked reservoirs, of which the Shuaiba is one of the main productive intervals.
The Shuaiba at Al Shaheen has been appraised using vertical wells and developed using extended reach horizontal wells (ERD) predominantly in one stratigraphic interval herein defined as "the reservoir unit".
A Novel 3D Viscoelastic Acoustic Wave Equation Based Update Method for Reservoir History Matching
Authors: Katterbauer Klemens 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The oil and gas industry has been revolutionized within the last decade, with horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing enabling the extraction of huge amounts of shale gas in areas previously considered impossible and the recovering of hydrocarbons in harsh environments like the arctic or in previously unimaginable depths like the off-shore exploration in the South China sea and Gulf of Mexico. With the development of 4D seismic, engineers and scientists have been enabled to map the evolution of fluid fronts within the reservoir and determine the displacement caused by the injected fluids. This in turn has led to enhanced production strategies, cost reduction and increased profits. Conventional approaches to incorporate seismic data into the history matching process have been to invert these data for constraints that are subsequently employed in the history matching process. This approach makes the incorporation computationally expensive and requires a lot of manual processing for obtaining the correct interpretation due to the potential artifacts that are generated by the generally ill-conditioned inversion problems. I have presented here a novel approach via including the time-lapse cross-well seismic survey data directly into the history matching process. The generated time-lapse seismic data are obtained from the full wave 3D viscoelastic acoustic wave equation. Furthermore an extensive analysis has been performed showing the robustness of the method and enhanced forecastability of the critical reservoir parameters, reducing uncertainties and exhibiting the benefits of a full wave 3D seismic approach. Finally, the improved performance has been statistically confirmed. The improvements illustrate the significant improvements in forecasting that are obtained via readily available seismic data without the need for inversion. This further optimizes oil production in addition to increasing return-on-investment on oil & gas field development projects, especially in offshore environments.
A Saudi Arabia Company's Case of Transformation through Knowledge Management Activities
Authors: Arukhe James Ohioma I , Gahtani Mohammad , Singh Raj , Hall Carol , Hossain Tarique 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Saudi Aramco is in the fourth year of a 10-year transformation process to become a truly competitive international conglomerate with operations in more than 50 countries. Other major oil companies have embarked on similar efforts to transform into energy companies, improve performance, or place emphasis on strategic prospects. Knowledge management (KM) seems vital for facilitating decision making, establishing learning organizations, and stimulating innovation and cultural change. Difficulty in measuring the influence of KM activities on organizational transformation (OT) seems to constrain leaders' capacity to determine what KM efforts to apply for achieving OT. Although practitioners have established anecdotal support that KM is fundamental to business success, especially to effectively manage human resources (HR) for sustaining competitiveness, the extent of possible relationships between KM and OT remains unclear. Furthermore, less than 1% of KM studies in the past three decades are related to the oil and gas industry.
The purpose of this correlational, multiple regression study was to investigate the influence of the KM dimensions of knowledge creation, absorption, propagation, and application on OT in a global energy company in Saudi Arabia. The study involved data collection from 397 respondents across different units in the company out of a total of 1,052 surveys sent. Research questions (RQs) and hypotheses were tested with the Pearson r and multiple linear regressions. Data were screened for normality with skewness and kurtosis statistics. Reliability and regression coefficients, correlation matrix, and variance inflation factors (VIFs) were determined to establish the influences of KM activities on OT. All KM dimensions related strongly with OT. Three dimensions of KM (knowledge creation, knowledge absorption and knowledge application) influenced OT significantly. Knowledge propagation did not contribute significantly to the regression model, but was significant when testing the bivariate correlation between knowledge propagation and OT. By combining various KM components, KM use was determined to improve organizational performance; therefore, leaders should embrace KM activities to enhance successful OT. Although KM varies from one organization to the other and results from studies in OT are company specific, the study outcomes add to the existing body of knowledge in the fields of sustainable growth, OT, change and design.