bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapy of 645 children with parapneumonic effusion and empyema—A German nationwide surveillance study
Authors: Segerer Florian J. , Seeger Karin , Maier Anna , Hagemann Christine , Schoen Christoph , van der Linden Mark , Streng Andrea , Rose Markus A. , Liese Johannes G. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryObjective: To evaluate the initial management of pediatric parapneumonic effusion or pleural empyema (PPE/PE) with regard to length of hospital stay (LOS). Methods: Collection of pediatric PPE/PE cases using a nationwide surveillance system (ESPED) from 10/2010 to 06/2013, in all German pediatric hospitals. Inclusion of PPE/PE patients <18 years of age requiring drainage or with a PPE/PE persistence >7 days. Staging of PPE/PE based on reported pleural sonographic imaging. Comparison of LOS after diagnosis between children treated with different forms of initial invasive procedures performed ≤3 days after PPE/PE diagnosis: pleural puncture, draining catheter, intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy, surgical procedures. Results: Inclusion of 645 children (median age 5 years); median total LOS 17 days. Initial therapy was non‐invasive in 282 (45%) cases and invasive in 347 (55%) cases (pleural puncture: 62 [10%], draining catheter: 153 [24%], intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy: 89 [14%], surgical procedures: 43 [7%]). LOS after diagnosis did not differ between children initially treated with different invasive procedures. Results remained unchanged when controlling for sonographic stage, preexisting diseases, and other potential confounders. Repeated use of invasive procedures was observed more often after initial non‐invasive treatment or pleural puncture alone than after initial pleural drainage, intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy or surgery. Conclusions: Initial treatment with intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy or surgical procedures did not result in shorter LOS than initial pleural puncture alone. Larger prospective studies are required to investigate which children benefit significantly from more intensive forms of initial invasive treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:540–547. © 2016 The Authors. Pediatric Pulmonology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Foreign body removal in children: Recommendations versus real life—A survey of current clinical management in Germany
Authors: Schramm Dirk , Ling Kerstin , Schuster Antje , Nicolai Thomas 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBackgroundTask forces of the European Respiratory Society (ERS, 2003) and the American Thoracic Society (ATS, 2015) both recommend rigid bronchoscopy for foreign body removal in children. However, there is an increasing number of publications recommending flexible bronchoscopy as primary method for foreign body removal in children.MethodsWe therefore initiated a nationwide survey, investigating the routinely used method of foreign body removal in children in different centers in Germany.ResultsIn total, 259 centers took part in the survey. Twenty percent used flexible bronchoscopy as primary method of choice for foreign body removal. Of note, only 40% of the respondents reported that they had attended formal training courses in flexible bronchoscopy, 15% in rigid bronchoscopy, and 42% had never attended a formal training. Twenty‐five percent indicated that they had already encountered an emergency situation during or after foreign body removal, requiring intensive care.ConclusionPublished data shows that rigid bronchoscopy involves fewer complications and is more successful in foreign body removal in children. It is consequently questionable, why 20% of the medical centers report a preference for the flexible method. One reason might be the poor availability of rigid bronchoscopy and the difficulty gaining sufficient expertise in rigid bronchoscopy in Germany. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:656–661. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of superconducting gap anisotropy in hole‐doped 122 iron pnictides
Authors: Platt Christian , Li Gang , Fink Mario , Hanke Werner , Thomale Ronny 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMotivated by recent experimental findings, we investigate the evolution of the superconducting gap anisotropy in 122 iron pnictides as a function of hole doping. Employing both a functional and a weak coupling renormalization group approach (FRG and WRG), we analyze the Fermi surface instabilities of an effective 122 model band structure at different hole dopings x, and derive the gap anisotropy from the leading superconducting instability. In the transition regime from collinear magnetism to ‐wave, where strong correlations are present, we employ FRG to identify a non‐monotonous change of the gap anisotropy in qualitative agreement with new experimental findings. From the WRG, which is asymptotically exact in the weak coupling limit, we find an ‐wave to d‐wave transition as a function of hole doping, complementing previous findings from FRG [Thomale et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 117001 (2011)]. The gap anisotropy of the ‐wave monotonously increases towards the transition to d‐wave as a function of x.
Differential analysis of muscle fatigue induced elbow and wrist tremor in controlled laparoscopic manoeuvring
Authors: Chandra Sourav , Hayashibe Mitsuhiro , Thondiyath Asokan , Ramalingam Manickam 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundFatigue induced hand tremor (FIT) is a primary limiting concern for the prolonged surgical intervention in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and robot‐assisted‐minimally invasive surgery (RAMIS). A thorough analysis is necessary to understand the FIT characteristics in laparoscopic tool movement. The primary aim of this study is to perform a differential analysis of the elbow and wrist tremor due to muscle fatigue in laparoscopic manoeuvring.MethodsWe have introduced a joint angle based tremor analysis method, which enables us to perform a differential study of FIT characteristics at the individual joint. Experimental data was acquired from a group of subjects during static and dynamic laparoscopic movement in an imitative RAMIS master manipulation scenario. A repetitive task was performed with a total span of 1 h for observing the effect of muscle fatigue. Along with the joint angle variation, surface electromyography (sEMG) signal was also studied in the analysis.ResultsThe wrist tremor is more predominant than tremor generated at the elbow, especially in highly fatigued condition. The high‐frequency tremor (>4 Hz) is contributed by the wrist joint. Moreover, the variation of the wrist and elbow tremor ratio was found to be dependent upon the experience of the surgeons.ConclusionsIn this work, we have investigated the attribution of elbow and wrist joints in FIT during laparoscopic tool manipulation. The outcomes may be useful for the design of robot‐assisted surgical manipulator, and can be used for quality assessment of surgical training as well.
Robustness analysis of uncertain discrete‐time systems with dissipation inequalities and integral quadratic constraints
Authors: Hu Bin , Lacerda Márcio J. , Seiler Peter 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis paper presents a connection between dissipation inequalities and integral quadratic constraints (IQCs) for robustness analysis of uncertain discrete‐time systems. Traditional IQC results derived from homotopy methods emphasize an operator‐theoretic input–output viewpoint. In contrast, the dissipativity‐based IQC approach explicitly incorporates the internal states of the uncertain system, thus providing a more direct procedure to analyze uniform stability with non‐zero initial states. The standard dissipation inequality requires a non‐negative definite storage function and ‘hard’ IQCs. The term ‘hard’ means that the IQCs must hold over all finite time horizons. This paper presents a modified dissipation inequality that requires neither non‐negative definite storage functions nor hard IQCs. This approach leads to linear matrix inequality conditions that can provide less conservative results in terms of robustness analysis. The proof relies on a key J‐spectral factorization lemma for IQC multipliers. A simple numerical example is provided to demonstrate the utility of the modified dissipation inequality. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visible Light and Aqueous Ethanol Synergy: An Efficient One‐Pot Route for the Synthesis of Spiropyran Derivatives
Authors: Rai Pragati , Rahila  , Sagir Hozeyfa , Siddiqui I. R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this work, we disclose a convenient and eco‐friendly protocol for the synthesis of spiropyran derivatives by one‐pot three‐component reaction of ninhydrin, active methylene compounds and 1,3‐dicarbonyl using Compact fluorescent lamp as a source of light in the absence of any additional catalyst. In view of the various advantages this strategy gives an efficient and straightforward pathway to construct spiropyrans in an eco‐friendly fashion.
Solution‐Based in–situ Synthesis of Transition Metal Sulfides as Efficient Counter Electrodes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Huang Niu , Zheng Fang , Xu Jixing , Huang Hua , Li Guowang , Xia Zhifen , Sun Panpan , Sun Xiaohua 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTransition metal sulfide films Co−S, Mo−S, and Ni−S have been deposited by spin‐coating their precursor solutions followed by a mild thermal treatment. X‐ray diffraction results and X‐ray photoelectron spectrum demonstrate that the solution‐processed Co−S, Mo−S, and Ni−S are composed of CoS2, MoS2, and NiS with NiS2, respectively. Electrochemical characterizations reveal these sulfide films deposited on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glasses as counter electrodes (CEs) show high catalytic activity to I3− species and good electrical conductivity compared to that of conventional Pt/FTO. Photo‐electric conversion efficiencies of 6.42 %, 5.82 %, and 5.72 % are obtained for the DSSCs adopting Co−S CE, Mo−S CE, and Ni−S CE, respectively, comparable to the device (6.59 %) employing Pt/FTO CE.
Using a clinical decision‐making framework to foster sonographer student learning in the clinical setting
Authors: Thoirs K. , Sim J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSonographers in clinical education roles have an important role in developing clinical skills in sonography students. These skills include technical (psychomotor) skills, image interpretation skills and clinical decision‐making (CDM) skills. CDM in clinical practice is important for the quality of clinical services. Although, there is well developed and a growing body of knowledge on CDM in the health and medical literature, there is a paucity of information that sonographers or sonography students can draw on to facilitate the development of decision‐making skills in the clinical setting. We postulate that a framework or model of CDM can be useful in teaching and evaluating critical thinking and clinical reasoning in sonography students. CDM frameworks can help students and their supervisors organise their learning to solve clinical questions by providing guidance, organisation and sequencing of learning experiences, scaffolding of learning, building of existing knowledge and skills through new real life experiences and promotion of deep learning. This paper outlines and discusses the elements of a CDM framework and how it can be used to in the clinical setting to develop CDM skills and provide a structure for clinical teaching.
Effect of icing roughness on wind turbine power production
Authors: Blasco Peter , Palacios Jose , Schmitz Sven 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe objective of this work is a quantitative analysis of power loss of a representative 1.5‐MW wind turbine subject to various icing conditions. Aerodynamic performance data are measured using a combination of ice accretion experiments and wind tunnel tests. Atmospheric icing conditions varying in static temperature, droplet diameter and liquid water content are generated in an icing facility to simulate a 45‐min icing event on a DU 93‐W‐210 airfoil at flow conditions pertinent to 80% blade span on a 1.5‐MW wind turbine. Iced airfoil shapes are molded for preservation and casted for subsequent wind tunnel testing. In general, ice shapes are similar in 2D profile, but vary in 3D surface roughness elements and in the ice impingement length. Both roughness heights and roughness impingement zones are measured. A 16% loss of airfoil lift at operational angle of attack is observed for freezing fog conditions. Airfoil drag increases by 190% at temperatures near 0° C, 145% near 10° C and 80% near 20° C. For a freezing drizzle icing condition, lift loss and drag rise are more severe at 25% and 220%, respectively. An analysis of the wind turbine aerodynamic loads in Region II leads to power losses ranging from 16% to 22% for freezing fog conditions and 26% for a freezing drizzle condition. Differences in power loss between icing conditions are correlated to variance in temperature, ice surface roughness and ice impingement length. Some potential control strategies are discussed for wind turbine operators attempting to minimize revenue loss in cold‐climate regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applied catastrophic phase inversion: a continuous non-centrifugal phase separation step in biphasic whole-cell biocatalysis
Authors: Glonke Sebastian , Sadowski Gabriele , Brandenbusch Christoph 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Biphasic whole-cell biotransformations are known to be efficient alternatives to common chemical synthesis routes, especially for the production of, e.g. apolar enantiopure organic compounds. They provide high stereoselectivity combined with high product concentrations owing to the presence of an organic phase serving as substrate reservoir and product sink. Industrial implementation suffers from the formation of stable Pickering emulsions caused by the presence of cells. State-of-the-art downstream processing includes inefficient strategies such as excessive centrifugation, use of de-emulsifiers or thermal stress. In contrast, using the catastrophic phase inversion (CPI) phenomenon (sudden switch of emulsion type caused by addition of dispersed phase), Pickering-type emulsions can be destabilized efficiently. Within this work a model system using bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP) as organic phase in combination with E. coli, JM101 was successfully separated using a continuous mixer settler setup. Compared to the state-of-the-art centrifugal separations, this process allows complete phase separation with no detectable water content or cells in the organic phase with no utilities/additives required. Furthermore, the concentration of the product is not affected by the separation. It is therefore a simple applicable method that can be used for separation of stable Pickering-type emulsions based on the knowledge of the point of inversion.
Effect of pH on the Binding of Sodium, Lysine, and Arginine Counterions to l‐Undecyl Leucinate Micelles
Authors: Lewis Corbin , Hughes Burgoyne H. , Vasquez Mariela , Wall Alyssa M. , Northrup Victoria L. , Witzleb Tyler J. , Billiot Eugene J. , Fang Yayin , Billiot Fereshteh H. , Morris Kevin F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMicelle formation by the amino acid‐based surfactant undecylenyl l‐leucine was investigated as a function of solution pH with NMR, dynamic light scattering, and fluorescence spectroscopy. NMR and dynamic light scattering showed that 50 mM undecylenyl l‐leucine and 50 mM NaHCO3 solutions contained micelles approximately 20 Å in diameter and that micelle radius and the mole fraction of surfactant molecules associated with micelles changed very little with solution pH. The binding of the amino acids arginine and lysine to the anionic micelles was also investigated from pH 7.0 to 11.5. Below pH 9.0, the mole fraction of arginine cations bound to the micelles was approximately 0.4. Above pH 9.0, the arginine counterions became zwitterionic, and the mole fraction of bound arginine molecules decreased steadily to less than 0.1 at pH 11. When arginine dissociated from the micelles, their radii decreased from 14 to 10 Å. Similar behavior was observed with lysine; however, when lysine dissociated from the micelle surface, little change in micelle radius was observed. Two‐dimensional NMR experiments suggested that below pH 9.0, l‐arginine bound perpendicular to the micelle surface primarily though its side chain amine while l‐lysine bound parallel to the surface through both of its amine functional groups. Finally, the rate at which the amide protons on the surfactant headgoup exchanged with solvent was investigated with NMR spectroscopy. The exchange reaction was faster in solutions containing only surfactant monomers and slower when the surfactants were in micellar form and the headgoup amide protons were less exposed to solvent.
Revisiting the Enzymatic Epoxidation of Vegetable Oils by Perfatty Acid: Perbutyric Acid Effect on the Oil with Low Acid Value
Authors: Liu Wei , Chen Jingnan , Liu Ruili , Bi Yanlan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEnzymatic epoxidation of vegetable oils in the presence of free fatty acids has been well studied in recent years, by mainly using long chain fatty acids (e.g., stearic acid) as the active oxygen carrier. However, for the previous enzymatic processes, the acid value (AV) of final epoxidized oils using long chain fatty acids is high, and the free fatty acid is not easily removed in the post treatment with water. Aiming at developing a more sustainable process, enzymatic epoxidation of sunflower oil was revisited using different free fatty acids catalyzed by Novozym 435 (lipase B from Candida antarctica, provided by Novozymes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark). When long chain stearic acid was introduced into the epoxidation in toluene solvent, the epoxy oxygen group content (EOC) of 6.41 ± 0.19 % was obtained. Due to the poor water solubility of stearic acid, the AV of the final epoxidized oil product was very high (53.40 ± 1.34) after it was washed with water. Alternatively, current study shows that the epoxidation process using short chain butyric acid produced the final epoxidized oil with lower AV of 2.57 ± 0.11. When the enzymatic epoxidation of sunflower oil was optimized in the presence of butyric acid and Novozym 435, EOC of 6.84 ± 0.21 % was obtained, reaching an oxriane conversion of 96.4 ± 3.0 %. Therefore, introducing short chain butyric acid as an active oxygen carrier will provide an alternative to the present enzymatic epoxidation process and produce the desired epoxidized oil products with much lower AV only after simple water‐treatments, which will make the enzymatic epoxidation more attractive.
Waste Frying Oils as Substrate for Enzymatic Lipolysis: Optimization of Reaction Conditions in O/W Emulsion
Authors: Moya‐Ramírez Ignacio , Fernández‐Arteaga Alejandro , Jurado‐Alameda Encarnación , García‐Román Miguel 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWaste frying oils (WFO) can be both environmental pollutants and a source of valuable products. In this work we explore the conversion of WFO into surface‐active substances, such as FFA and partial glycerides, through enzymatic hydrolysis in O/W emulsion. Two different WFO and three lipases of different origin were tested. In addition, we optimized the conditions for the production of O/W emulsions to be used as reaction medium as well as several reaction parameters, such as the type of enzyme and its concentration, the pH, and the presence of Ca2+ ions. Gum arabic‐stabilized emulsions with an oil fraction of 0.15 proved to be the most adequate owing to their high interfacial area and short‐term stability. The physicochemical characterization of both WFO revealed the presence of an increased amount of surface‐active matter relative to food‐grade vegetable oils. These substances, mainly FFA, can interfere with lipase action and reduce the reaction rate. However, the extent of hydrolysis was only slightly affected by them, and remained fairly similar to that achieved with a control mixture of food‐grade vegetable oils. The product distribution depended on the enzyme used. Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase was found to be particularly suitable for the production of partial glycerides (mono‐ and diacylglycerols), which are in great demand by the food industry. In any case our results demonstrate that WFO are a good substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis, comparable to food‐grade vegetable oils, providing an alternative route for the valorization of this waste.
Factors influencing students’ receptivity to formative feedback emerging from different assessment cultures
Authors: Harrison Christopher J. , Könings Karen D. , Dannefer Elaine F. , Schuwirth Lambert W. T. , Wass Valerie , Van der Vleuten Cees P. M. 
Published: September 2016

Introduction Feedback after assessment is essential to support the development of optimal performance, but often fails to reach its potential. Although different assessment cultures have been proposed, the impact of these cultures on students’ receptivity to feedback is unclear. This study aimed to explore factors which aid or hinder receptivity to feedback.
Methods Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, the authors conducted six focus groups in three medical schools, in three separate countries, with different institutional approaches to assessment, ranging from a traditional summative assessment structure to a fully implemented programmatic assessment system. The authors analyzed data iteratively, then identified and clarified key themes.
Results Helpful and counterproductive elements were identified within each school’s assessment system. Four principal themes emerged. Receptivity to feedback was enhanced by assessment cultures which promoted students’ agency, by the provision of authentic and relevant assessment, and by appropriate scaffolding to aid the interpretation of feedback. Provision of grades and comparative ranking provided a helpful external reference but appeared to hinder the promotion of excellence.
Conclusions This study has identified important factors emerging from different assessment cultures which, if addressed by programme designers, could enhance the learning potential of feedback following assessments. Students should be enabled to have greater control over assessment and feedback processes, which should be as authentic as possible. Effective long-term mentoring facilitates this process. The trend of curriculum change towards constructivism should now be mirrored in the assessment processes in order to enhance receptivity to feedback.
Early-adult outcome of child and adolescent mental disorders as evidenced by a national-based case register survey
Authors: Castagnini A.C. , Foldager L. , Caffo E. , Thomsen P.H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundMental disorders show varying degrees of continuity from childhood to adulthood. This study addresses the relationship of child and adolescent mental disorders to early adult psychiatric morbidity.MethodsFrom a population at risk of 830,819 children and adolescents aged 6-16 years, we selected all those (n = 6043) who were enrolled for the first time in the Danish Psychiatric Register with an ICD-10 F00-99 diagnosis in 1995-1997, and identified any mental disorder for which they received treatment up to 2009.ResultsNeurodevelopmental and conduct disorders were the principal diagnostic groups at 6-16 years and exhibited a characteristic male preponderance; while affective, eating, neurotic, stress-related and adjustment disorders were more common in girls. Over a mean follow-up period of 10.1 years, 1666 (27.6%) cases, mean age 23.4 years, were referred for treatment to mental health services, and they had a markedly higher risk than the general population (RR 5.1; 95% CI 4.9-5.4). Affective, eating, neurodevelopmental, obsessive-compulsive and psychotic disorders had the strongest continuity. Heterotypic transitions were observed for affective, eating, neurodevelopmental, personality and substance use disorders.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that individuals with psychiatric antecedents in childhood and adolescence had a high risk of being referred for treatment in early adulthood, and many mental disorders for which they required treatment revealed both homotypic and heterotypic continuity.