bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newar BuddhistHomaRitual Traditions
Authors: Lewis Todd , Bajracharya Naresh 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroducing the Newar Mahāyāna–Vajrayāna tradition, still a vibrant part of the religious milieu of the Kathmandu valley, the chapter discusses the extensive textual record to be found there, and the history of the tradition. Vajrayāna ritual is the core of Newar Buddhism, and the homa an important part thereof. The chapter discusses the various kinds of homa found in the tradition, and it provides a closely detailed study of a standard ritual found in the tradition. These details include implements and offerings, and it then goes on to identify the ritual units that comprise a standard homa. Lastly, it describes the use of homa in construction and consecration rites.
Fire on the Mountain
Authors: Payne Richard K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Shugendō tradition of practicing austerities in the mountains of Japan has long included a homa (Jpn. goma, 護 摩). While most East Asian homa are performed inside temples, the Shugendō Saitō goma described in this chapter is performed out of doors. During the Tokugawa era, the Shugendō tradition had been mandated to affiliate with the esoteric Buddhist tradition, and as a consequence the homa and many other aspects of esoteric Buddhism, such as structuring mountain retreats according to the system of ten worlds, became part of the tradition. The chapter explores adapting Erik Zürcher’s fourfold typology of borrowing, developed for his studies of Daoism, to the study of ritual borrowing in Japan.
Cultural Defense
Authors: Orgad Liav 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter addresses the legal response to global immigration—proactive immigration and naturalization policies designed to defend the culture of majority groups. Immigration policies have increasingly taken a restrictive course, primarily in Europe. This includes a process that the author labels “cultural convergence,” under which liberal democracies define the essence of their citizenship, as well as the rules for joining the community, in cultural terms. Cultural defense takes place by using five legal mechanisms: (a) citizenship tests; (b) language requirements; (c) loyalty oaths; (d) attachment requirements; and (e) integration contracts. The chapter analyzes three cases—Europe, America, and Israel—and explores their distinctive form of “defense.” Analyzing different forms of cultural defense in the liberal state provides a unique platform to reflect on three issues: defining the “we,” setting criteria for identifying the desired “they,” and finding the core to which “they” should subscribe to become part of “us.”
A Case Series of Acquired Drug Resistance-Associated Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children: An Emerging Public Health Concern in Rural Africa
Authors: Gamell Anna , Muri Lukas , Ntamatungiro Alex , Nyogea Daniel , Luwanda Lameck B. , Hatz Christoph , Battegay Manuel , Felger Ingrid , Tanner Marcel , Klimkait Thomas , Letang Emilio 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The acquisition of drug-resistance mutations among African children living with in human immunodeficiency virus on antiretroviral treatment has been scarcely reported. This threatens the overall success of antiretroviral programs and the clinical outcomes of children in care. We present a well characterized series of children from rural Tanzania with acquired drug-resistance mutations to contribute to the better understanding of this emerging public health concern.
Listeria monocytogenes Endovascular Graft Infection
Authors: Heysell Scott K. , Hughes Molly A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Although best managed by surgical resection, we present a case of Listeria monocytogenes endovascular graft infection alternatively treated with graft retention and antibiotic induction followed by a lifelong suppressive course. The epidemiological, pathological, and clinical features of this unique entity are reviewed.
Advanced Containment With Triple Innominate Osteotomy in Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease: A Viable Option Even in Severe Cases
Authors: Stepanovich Matthew , Upasani Vidyadhar V. , Bomar James D. , Wenger Dennis R. 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD), in its severe form, remains a challenge. More recent classifications, particularly the modified Elizabethtown classification, have highlighted the chronologic stage of LCPD and its effect on surgical outcome. Hip severity and age of disease onset have also been shown to be powerful determinants of outcome. This study was performed to determine whether disease stage, disease severity, or patient age, are absolute indicators of whether a patient can benefit from surgical containment with triple innominate osteotomy (TIO).

Methods:
All patients with LCPD treated with TIO between 1995 and 2011 were collected. Only those patients with a minimum of 2-year radiographic follow-up and no previous or concomitant femoral realignment surgery were included. Fifty-four patients (56 hips) met our inclusion criteria. The modified Elizabethtown classification was used to classify disease stage as early (<IIb) or late (≥IIb). Catterall and lateral pillar classifications were used to classify disease severity, and the Stulberg classification was utilized for radiographic outcome, defined as good (I/II) or poor (III/IV/V).

Results:
Fifty-one males and 3 females with a mean chronological age at surgery of 8.2±1.8 years were included (2 bilateral cases). Mean follow-up was 72.8±30.2 months. There was no significant difference in the proportion of Stulberg good versus poor outcomes when comparing hips that were graded as early or late stage (P=0.842), or Catterall I and II versus III and IV (P=0.304). Although not statistically significant, patients with lateral pillars B and BC (P=0.076) and patients who were aged 8.0 and younger trended toward doing better compared with lateral pillar C and over age 8.0 (P=0.085), respectively.

Conclusions:
Radiographic results demonstrate that good outcomes are not entirely dependent on the stage of disease in LCPD when containment is performed with TIO. As expected, TIO appears to be more effective in younger patients with less severe disease. We conclude that even severely involved LCPD hips, independent of age, should be offered surgical containment. The failure rate in this group is higher, as expected, but many achieve good results and there are treatment methods available to those who fail containment.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Social media: is this the new organizational stepchild?
Authors: Choi Youngtae , Thoeni Andrew 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to investigate what activities allow the firm to efficiently and effectively integrate social media into its strategic marketing activities.

Design/methodology/approach
– As the current research investigates a new area of focus in the literature, an exploratory study consistent with the adoption of new technology in a firm was used to identify salient activities. In-depth interviews with those who oversee their firm’s social media strategies were conducted to discover and assess organizational activities.

Findings
– Findings suggest that many firms did not adopt organizational activities important for effective social media execution, leading us to the view social media as the “step-child” of corporate functions, not receiving resources more traditional functions would receive; those responsible for the social media function, an exercise in external communications, may be hampered by poor internal communications; and few firms have defined and measured goals for social media where employees are held accountable for supporting an overall marketing strategy.

Practical implications
– The findings point the way for future confirmatory empirical research of organizational activities, top management team support and effective internal communication in the rapid-response environment of social media. Findings also provide implications for marketing practitioners for the use and measurement of social media to achieve marketing objectives.

Originality/value
– The current research is meaningful and unique in that it approaches social media from the organizational process perspective, which has received little attention in the social media literature.
Culture studies in international business: paradigmatic shifts
Authors: Rohlfer Sylvia , Zhang Yingying 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to unfold the path of how the complexity of culture issues leads to a rising pressure for paradigm changes in the research on culture in international management. In terms of academic debate about culture, the crucial paradigm shift has not yet happened. Research and writing are still dominated by a mechanistic-rational approach which does not quite know to handle cultural phenomena which by nature are mutuable, often transient and invariably context-specific. Rising pressure is observed for paradigm changes through three main trends: integration of West-East dichotomy, coexistence of convergence and divergence; and dynamic vs static perspectives. It is argued that the unresolved debate on the culture construct and its measurement, the epistemological stance by researchers and associated methodological choices in culture studies reinforce these trends pressuring for a paradigm shift.Design/methodology/approach– This paper reviews the knowledge based on culture studies to establish the contributions of culture studies in international business and the foundation of its knowledge base. The conceptual foundation of culture, its multi-level and multi-dimensionality and critical issues in research epistemology and methodology are analyzed to discuss emerging trends in the process of an imminent paradigm change.Findings– By unfolding the nature of abstract and high-order definition of culture, the focus is on deciphering the complex construct and multi-level and multi-dimensionality in measurement, which, in turn, interact with the epistemology of culture researchers and the choice of methodology used to carry out culture studies. Eventually the interaction of the three studied elements drives the proposed three paradigmatic changes in the evolving business environment.Research limitations/implications– The identified trends in existing culture research keep the importance of culture studies in international business management thriving as we point to their relevance for the envisaged paradigm shift.Practical implications– The three paradoxes discussed challenge researchers who aim to contribute to the knowledge base of culture in international business. In addition, the debate cannot be ignored by international business managers as culture is a key informal institutional driver that influences international business performance.Originality/value– The review of the knowledge base on culture studies in management contributes to a better understanding of the envisaged paradigmatic shift of the discipline. The debate on the complexity of culture studies is extended to three tendencies for potential paradigmatic change, with implications discussed to suggest future research.
Examining knowledge gap and Psychic Distance Paradox interdependence
Authors: Mandrinos Symeon , Nik Mahdi Nik Malini 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the Knowledge Gap (KG) and Psychic Distance Paradox and to explain the three dominant factors; experiential knowledge, information and learning myopia.Design/methodology/approach– The paper uses an inductive multiple case study methodological approach.Findings– This research found that the KG has an interdependent relationship with the Psychic Distance Paradox; however, this interdependence does not exist in isolation; rather there is a distinct “time-continuum” nexus running through and enveloping these two theoretical frameworks and the three factors of experiential knowledge, information and learning myopia.Research limitations/implications– This paper provides a deeper understanding to the existing body of knowledge on the relationship between the KG and Psychic Distance Paradox and the emerging factors.Originality/value– This study is the first to examine the interdependence between the three factors of experiential knowledge, information and learning myopia and KG and Psychic Distance Paradox. This examination provides new ideas to practitioners and researchers relating to the advancement of export process in neighbour countries.
The gender dimension in knowledge and technology transfer – the German case
Authors: Best Kathinka , Sinell Anna , Heidingsfelder Marie Lena , Schraudner Martina 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– Knowledge and technology transfer (KTT) and particularly academic entrepreneurship (Klofsten and Jones-Evans, 2000) are indispensable for economic growth and wealth creation. In many European countries including Germany, substantially fewer women than men participate in KTT. Recently, decision makers from scientific, political, and commercial organisations have increased their attention to the gender dimension (e.g. Moser, 2007; Schiebinger, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate in what ways and to what degree gender is currently integrated in German KTT.Design/methodology/approach– By following an abductive approach (Suddaby, 2006) and building upon existing models (Klofsten and Jones-Evans, 2000; Carlssonet al., 2002; Lundvall, 2010), the authors developed an analytical framework for evaluating the position of the gender dimension in KTT, conducted a comprehensive literature review, and 22 key informant interviews.Findings– The findings indicate that the gender dimension is barely integrated in German KTT, which particularly manifests itself through the fact that there are fewer than 10 per cent women among academic entrepreneurs. Current organisational practices and attitudes of decision makers continue to reinforce traditional gender roles and “typically male” approaches and behaviours (Connell, 2005; Redien-Collot, 2009).Originality/value– The authors were the first to synthesise a variety of sources into one unified framework and to rigorously analyse the gender dimension in German KTT – both quantitatively and qualitatively and on different levels. This framework can help decisions makers, both in- and outside of Germany, re-envision KTT practices, and create new opportunities for its diverse participants.
Prey state alters trait‐mediated indirect interactions in rocky tide pools
Authors: Gravem Sarah A. , Morgan Steven G. 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Several studies on trait‐mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) have shown that predators can initiate trophic cascades by altering prey behaviour. Although it is well recognized that individual prey state alters antipredator and foraging behaviour, few studies explore whether this state‐dependent prey behaviour can alter the strength of the ensuing tritrophic cascade. Here, we link state‐dependent individual behaviour to community processes by experimentally testing whether hunger level and body size of prey altered antipredator behaviour and thus changed the strength of trophic cascades between predators and primary producers.

In rocky intertidal tide pools on the California Coast, waterborne cues from the predatory seastar Leptasterias spp. (Stimpson) can cause the herbivorous snail Tegula (Chlorostoma) funebralis (A. Adams) to reduce grazing and flee tide pools, resulting in positive indirect effects on tide pool microalgae.

However, we show that the strength of this behaviourally‐mediated cascade may be contingent on prey hunger level and body size. During short field experiments at low tide, medium‐sized snails that were either newly collected from the field or fed for 1 week in the laboratory mediated strong TMIIs because they grazed less when seastars were present. In contrast, no TMIIs occurred when medium‐sized snails had been starved for 1 week because they continued grazing regardless of seastar presence. Newly collected small snails fled from seastars but did not mediate cascades because they ate little algae. Despite reaching an apparent size refuge from predation, many newly collected large snails fled from seastars, but those individuals that remained tended to graze the algae more quickly, resulting in unexpected negative indirect effects of seastars on algae cover. The implication of this pattern for the natural system is unclear.

Because average hunger level and size of snails vary over time and space in nature, a mosaic of TMII strength may exist.

Overall, the strength of tritrophic TMIIs in tide pools depended on individual prey state, supporting model predictions and adding to sparse empirical evidence. This outcome suggests that patterns occurring system‐wide over the long term may be influenced by the state‐dependent decisions made by the individuals present.
Development of a Cropland Management Dataset to Support U.S. Swat Assessments
Authors: White Michael , Gambone Marilyn , Yen Haw , Daggupati Prasad , Bieger Katrin , Deb Debjani , Arnold Jeff 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is widely used in the United States (U.S.) to simulate hydrology and water quality simulation. Process‐based models like SWAT require a great deal of data to accurately represent the natural world, including topography, land use, soils, weather, and management. With the exception of management, all these data are available nationally from multiple sources. To date, credible SWAT studies in the U.S. have assembled suitable management data (operation scheduling, fertilization application rates, and plant growth parameterization). In this research, we develop a national management database for SWAT using existing U.S. Department of Agriculture data sources. These data are compatible with existing SWAT interfaces and are relatively easy to use. Although management data from local sources is preferred, these data are not always available. This work is intended to fill this void with more reasonable management data than the existing defaults. This national database covers all major cultivated crops and should facilitate improved SWAT applications in the U.S. These data were tested in two case studies and found to produce satisfactory SWAT predictions. The database developed in this research is freely available on the web.
Saving Private Hegel — Australian Liberalism and the 1914–1918 War
Authors: Moore Tod 
Published: December 2015

In this essay I explore the pamphlet literature and related sources, in order to assess the effects of the 1914–1918 War on liberal political ideas in Australia. The main focus of the study is the WEA intellectuals in Sydney and Brisbane, and the core group of Deakinite liberals in Melbourne as represented by the overlapping membership of the Boobooks Club and the Round Table. Themes of compulsion, Progressivism, industrial relations, citizenship, and internationalism are examined. In particular the tension which wartime experiences produced within the high idealism of Kantian and Hegelian new liberal political philosophy is investigated. The bitterness caused by the war and the doubts raised about German philosophy help us to understand the decline of statist and idealist elements within liberal thought in Australia.It seems impossible, during the present war, to write any book or to deliver a sermon or an address which does not in some way refer to the war.H.B. Higgins, Socrates, the State and War, p.7
Is the era of intravenous proton pump inhibitors coming to an end in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers? Meta‐analysis of the published literature
Authors: Jian Zhixiang , Li Hui , Race Nicholas S. , Ma Tingting , Jin Haosheng , Yin Zi 
Published: December 2015

AimsOral and intravenous proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are equipotent in raising gastric pH. However, it is not known whether oral PPIs can replace intravenous PPIs in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials to compare oral and intravenous PPIs among patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. A search of all major databases and relevant journals from inception to April 2015, without a restriction on languages, was performed.ResultsA total of 859 patients from seven randomized controlled trials were included in the meta‐analysis. Similar pooled outcome measures were demonstrated between the two groups in terms of oral PPIs vs. intravenous PPIs in the rate of recurrent bleeding within the 30‐day follow‐up period [risk ratio = 0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58, 1.39; P = 0.62; I2 = 0%). In terms of the rate of mortality, both oral and intravenous PPIs showed similar outcomes, and the pooled risk ratio was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.29, 2.71; P = 0.82; I2 = 0%). Likewise, no significant difference was detected in the need for blood transfusion and length of hospital stay; the pooled mean differences were −0.14 (95% CI: –0.39, 0.12; P = 0.29; I2 = 32%) and −0.60 (95% CI: –1.42, 0.23; P = 0.16; I2 = 79%), respectively.ConclusionsOur results suggest that oral PPIs are a feasible, safe alternative to intravenous PPIs in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers, and may be able to replace intravenous PPIs as the treatment of choice in these patients.
Quantifying the response of structural complexity and community composition to environmental change in marine communities
Authors: Ferrari Renata , Bryson Mitch , Bridge Tom , Hustache Julie , Williams Stefan B. , Byrne Maria , Figueira Will 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHabitat structural complexity is a key factor shaping marine communities. However, accurate methods for quantifying structural complexity underwater are currently lacking. Loss of structural complexity is linked to ecosystem declines in biodiversity and resilience. We developed new methods using underwater stereo‐imagery spanning 4 years (2010–2013) to reconstruct 3D models of coral reef areas and quantified both structural complexity at two spatial resolutions (2.5 and 25 cm) and benthic community composition to characterize changes after an unprecedented thermal anomaly on the west coast of Australia in 2011. Structural complexity increased at both resolutions in quadrats (4 m2) that bleached, but not those that did not bleach. Changes in complexity were driven by species‐specific responses to warming, highlighting the importance of identifying small‐scale dynamics to disentangle ecological responses to disturbance. We demonstrate an effective, repeatable method for quantifying the relationship among community composition, structural complexity and ocean warming, improving predictions of the response of marine ecosystems to environmental change.