bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat and Mass Transfer of the Droplet Vacuum Freezing Process Based on the Diffusion-controlled Evaporation and Phase Transition Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Zhijun , Gao Jingxin , Zhang Shiwei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA frozen phase transition model is developed to investigate the heat and mass transfer of a single water droplet during the vacuum freezing process. The model is based on the diffusion-controlled evaporation mechanism and phase transition characteristics. The droplet vacuum freezing process can be divided into three stages according to the droplet states and the time order. It includes the evaporation freezing stage, the isothermal freezing stage and the sublimation freezing stage. A numerical calculation is performed, and the result is analysed. The effects of the vacuum chamber pressure, initial droplet diameter and initial droplet temperature on the heat and mass transfer characteristics at each stage are studied. The droplet experiences supercooling breakdown at the end of the evaporation freezing stage before the isothermal freezing stage begins. The temperature is transiently raised as a result of the supercooling breakdown phenomenon, whose effects on the freezing process and freezing parameters are considered.
Dislocation Strengthening without Ductility Trade-off in Metastable Austenitic Steels
Authors: Liu Jiabin , Jin Yongbin , Fang Xiaoyang , Chen Chenxu , Feng Qiong , Liu Xiaowei , Chen Yuzeng , Suo Tao , Zhao Feng , Huang Tianlin , Wang Hongtao , Wang Xi , Fang Youtong , Wei Yujie , Meng Liang , Lu Jian , Yang Wei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractStrength and ductility are mutually exclusive if they are manifested as consequence of the coupling between strengthening and toughening mechanisms. One notable example is dislocation strengthening in metals, which invariably leads to reduced ductility. However, this trend is averted in metastable austenitic steels. A one-step thermal mechanical treatment (TMT), i.e. hot rolling, can effectively enhance the yielding strength of the metastable austenitic steel from 322 ± 18 MPa to 675 ± 15 MPa, while retaining both the formability and hardenability. It is noted that no boundaries are introduced in the optimized TMT process and all strengthening effect originates from dislocations with inherited thermal stability. The success of this method relies on the decoupled strengthening and toughening mechanisms in metastable austenitic steels, in which yield strength is controlled by initial dislocation density while ductility is retained by the capability to nucleate new dislocations to carry plastic deformation. Especially, the simplicity in processing enables scaling and industrial applications to meet the challenging requirements of emissions reduction. On the other hand, the complexity in the underlying mechanism of dislocation strengthening in this case may shed light on a different route of material strengthening by stimulating dislocation activities, rather than impeding motion of dislocations.
Non-equilibrium plasma prevention of Schistosoma japonicum transmission
Authors: Wang Xing-Quan , Wang Feng-Peng , Chen Wei , Huang Jun , Bazaka Kateryna , Ostrikov Kostya 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSchistosoma japonicum is a widespread human and animal parasite that causes intestinal and hepatosplenic schistosomiasis linked to colon, liver and bladder cancers, and anemia. Estimated 230 million people are currently infected with Schistosoma spp, with 779 million people at risk of contracting the parasite. Infection occurs when a host comes into contact with cercariae, a planktonic larval stage of the parasite, and can be prevented by inactivating the larvae, commonly by chemical treatment. We investigated the use of physical non-equilibrium plasma generated at atmospheric pressure using custom-made dielectric barrier discharge reactor to kill S. japonicum cercariae. Survival rate decreased with treatment time and applied power. Plasmas generated in O2 and air gas discharges were more effective in killing S. japonicum cercariae than that generated in He, which is directly related to the mechanism by which cercariae are inactivated. Reactive oxygen species, such as O atoms, abundant in O2 plasma and NO in air plasma play a major role in killing of S. japonicum cercariae via oxidation mechanisms. Similar level of efficacy is also shown for a gliding arc discharge plasma jet generated in ambient air, a system that may be more appropriate for scale-up and integration into existing water treatment processes.
Skin-bacteria communication: Involvement of the neurohormone Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) in the regulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis virulence
Authors: N’Diaye Awa R. , Leclerc Camille , Kentache Takfarinas , Hardouin Julie , Poc Cecile Duclairoir , Konto-Ghiorghi Yoan , Chevalier Sylvie , Lesouhaitier Olivier , Feuilloley Marc G. J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractStaphylococci can sense Substance P (SP) in skin, but this molecule is generally released by nerve terminals along with another neuropeptide, Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP). In this study, we investigated the effects of αCGRP on Staphylococci. CGRP induced a strong stimulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis virulence with a low threshold (<10−12 M) whereas Staphylococcus aureus was insensitive to CGRP. We observed that CGRP-treated S. epidermidis induced interleukin 8 release by keratinocytes. This effect was associated with an increase in cathelicidin LL37 secretion. S. epidermidis displayed no change in virulence factors secretion but showed marked differences in surface properties. After exposure to CGRP, the adherence of S. epidermidis to keratinocytes increased, whereas its internalization and biofilm formation activity were reduced. These effects were correlated with an increase in surface hydrophobicity. The DnaK chaperone was identified as the S. epidermidis CGRP-binding protein. We further showed that the effects of CGRP were blocked by gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), an inhibitor of MscL mechanosensitive channels. In addition, GdCl3 inhibited the membrane translocation of EfTu, the Substance P sensor. This work reveals that through interaction with specific sensors S. epidermidis integrates different skin signals and consequently adapts its virulence.
Inclination not force is sensed by plants during shoot gravitropism
Authors: Chauvet Hugo , Pouliquen Olivier , Forterre Yoël , Legué Valérie , Moulia Bruno 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGravity perception plays a key role in how plants develop and adapt to environmental changes. However, more than a century after the pioneering work of Darwin, little is known on the sensing mechanism. Using a centrifugal device combined with growth kinematics imaging, we show that shoot gravitropic responses to steady levels of gravity in four representative angiosperm species is independent of gravity intensity. All gravitropic responses tested are dependent only on the angle of inclination from the direction of gravity. We thus demonstrate that shoot gravitropism is stimulated by sensing inclination not gravitational force or acceleration as previously believed. This contrasts with the otolith system in the internal ear of vertebrates and explains the robustness of the control of growth direction by plants despite perturbations like wind shaking. Our results will help retarget the search for the molecular mechanism linking shifting statoliths to signal transduction.
Family of graphene-assisted resonant surface optical excitations for terahertz devices
Authors: Lin I-Tan , Liu Jia-Ming , Tsai Hsin-Cheng , Wu Kaung-Hsiung , Syu Jheng-Yuan , Su Ching-Yuan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe majority of the proposed graphene-based THz devices consist of a metamaterial that can optically interact with graphene. This coupled graphene-metamaterial system gives rise to a family of resonant modes such as the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes of graphene, the geometrically induced SPPs, also known as the spoof SPP modes, and the Fabry-Perot (FP) modes. In the literature, these modes are usually considered separately as if each could only exist in one structure. By contrast, in this paper, we show that even in a simple metamaterial structure such as a one-dimensional (1D) metallic slit grating, these modes all exist and can potentially interact with each other. A graphene SPP-based THz device is also fabricated and measured. Despite the high scattering rate, the effective SPP resonances can still be observed and show a consistent trend between the effective frequency and the grating period, as predicted by the theory. We also find that the excitation of the graphene SPP mode is most efficient in the terahertz spectral region due to the Drude conductivity of graphene in this spectral region.
The bornavirus-derived human protein EBLN1 promotes efficient cell cycle transit, microtubule organisation and genome stability
Authors: Myers Katie N. , Barone Giancarlo , Ganesh Anil , Staples Christopher J. , Howard Anna E. , Beveridge Ryan D. , Maslen Sarah , Skehel J. Mark , Collis Spencer J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIt was recently discovered that vertebrate genomes contain multiple endogenised nucleotide sequences derived from the non-retroviral RNA bornavirus. Strikingly, some of these elements have been evolutionary maintained as open reading frames in host genomes for over 40 million years, suggesting that some endogenised bornavirus-derived elements (EBL) might encode functional proteins. EBLN1 is one such element established through endogenisation of the bornavirus N gene (BDV N). Here, we functionally characterise human EBLN1 as a novel regulator of genome stability. Cells depleted of human EBLN1 accumulate DNA damage both under non-stressed conditions and following exogenously induced DNA damage. EBLN1-depleted cells also exhibit cell cycle abnormalities and defects in microtubule organisation as well as premature centrosome splitting, which we attribute in part, to improper localisation of the nuclear envelope protein TPR. Our data therefore reveal that human EBLN1 possesses important cellular functions within human cells, and suggest that other EBLs present within vertebrate genomes may also possess important cellular functions.
Enhancement of anodic current attributed to oxygen evolution on α-Fe2O3 electrode by microwave oscillating electric field
Authors: Kishimoto Fuminao , Matsuhisa Masayuki , Kawamura Shinichiro , Fujii Satoshi , Tsubaki Shuntaro , Maitani Masato M. , Suzuki Eiichi , Wada Yuji 
Published: October 2016

AbstractVarious microwave effects on chemical reactions have been observed, reported and compared to those carried out under conventional heating. These effects are classified into thermal effects, which arise from the temperature rise caused by microwaves, and non-thermal effects, which are attributed to interactions between substances and the oscillating electromagnetic fields of microwaves. However, there have been no direct or intrinsic demonstrations of the non-thermal effects based on physical insights. Here we demonstrate the microwave enhancement of oxidation current of water to generate dioxygen with using an α-Fe2O3 electrode induced by pulsed microwave irradiation under constantly applied potential. The rectangular waves of current density under pulsed microwave irradiation were observed, in other words the oxidation current of water was increased instantaneously at the moment of the introduction of microwaves, and stayed stably at the plateau under continuous microwave irradiation. The microwave enhancement was observed only for the α-Fe2O3 electrode with the specific surface electronic structure evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This discovery provides a firm evidence of the microwave special non-thermal effect on the electron transfer reactions caused by interaction of oscillating microwaves and irradiated samples.
Phosphate availability regulates ethylene biosynthesis gene expression and protein accumulation in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) roots
Authors: Roldan Marissa , Islam Afsana , Dinh Phuong T.Y. , Leung Susanna , McManus Michael T. 
Published: October 2016

The expression and accumulation of members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) gene families was examined in white clover roots grown in either Pi (phosphate) sufficient or Pi-deprived defined media. The accumulation of one ACO isoform, TR-ACO1, was positively influenced after only 1 h of exposure to low Pi, and this was maintained over a 7-day time-course. Up-regulation of TR-ACS1, TR-ACS2 and TR-ACS3 transcript abundance was also observed within 1 h of exposure to low Pi in different tissue regions of the roots, followed by a second increase in abundance of TR-ACS2 after 5–7 days of exposure. An increase in transcript abundance of TR-ACO1 and TR-ACO3, but not TR-ACO2, was observed after 1 h of exposure to low Pi, with a second increase in TR-ACO1 transcripts occurring after 2–5 days. These initial increases of the TR-ACS and TR-ACO transcript abundance occurred before the induction of Trifolium repens PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1 (TR-PT1), and the addition of sodium phosphite did not up-regulate TR-ACS1 expression over 24 h. In situ hybridization revealed some overlap of TR-ACO mRNA accumulation, with TR-ACO1 and TR-ACO2 in the root tip regions, and TR-ACO1 and TR-ACO3 mRNA predominantly in the lateral root primordia. TR-ACO1p-driven GFP expression showed that activation of the TR-ACO1 promoter was initiated within 24 h of exposure to low Pi (as determined by GFP protein accumulation). These results suggest that the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in white clover roots is biphasic in response to low Pi supply.
Metaphor evolution and survival in Hungarian public discourse on the Trianon peace treaty
Authors: Putz Orsolya 
Published: October 2016

The peace Treaty of Trianon, which was signed by the representatives of Hungary and the Allies in 1920, caused substantial economic, political and social changes in the life of the Hungarian nation. The paper explores how far these changes have been conceptualized by conceptual metaphors in Hungarian public discourse from 1920 to the present day. Specifically, it looks at whether there is a conventionalized metaphoric conceptual system concerning the treaty, which began (or was current) in 1920 and has been developing for almost a hundred years.The paper applies a qualitative approach to a small corpus of written texts. The corpus contains twenty texts, which are taken from four different categories of public discourse (political, academic, informative and media) and four time periods (1920–1945, 1945–1990, 1990–2010, and 2010–2015).The paper concludes that, within the public discourse on the consequences of the Trianon peace treaty, the same metaphors have fundamentally survived over nine decades. This conceptual history of metaphors suggests heavy conventionalization, which can play a crucial role in the survival of a certain mental image of the nation and in maintaining negative emotions about the treaty. It also suggests that the Trianon frame is still an essential part of Hungarian national identity.
Kant’s deductions of morality and freedom
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIt is commonly held that Kant ventured to derive morality from freedom inGroundworkIII. It is also believed that he reversed this strategy in the secondCritique, attempting to derive freedom from morality instead. In this paper, I set out to challenge these familiar assumptions: Kant’s argument inGroundworkIII rests on a moral conception of the intelligible world, one that plays a similar role as the ‘fact of reason’ in the secondCritique. Accordingly, I argue, there is no reversal in the proof-structure of Kant’s two works.
Use of Cover for Concealment Behavior by Rainbow Trout: Influences of Cover Structure and Area
Authors: Harvey Bret C. , White Jason L. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Concealment behavior by stream salmonids can benefit individuals and populations, but the availability of concealment habitat may be limited in many streams. Quantification of concealment habitat is likely to be a valuable process in the management of stream salmonids; it is a necessary step in the application of spatially explicit, individual-based models that incorporate concealment behavior. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments with Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to aid in the identification and quantification of concealment habitat. Overall, individual Rainbow Trout about 12 cm FL readily used low-ceiling spaces with one, two, or four openings for concealment. Structures analogous to weakly undercut banks were used less. Mean use of different cover types was less variable in an experiment in which groups of three fish were tested. Individuals in groups rarely shared cover spaces, even though in another experiment individual fish readily occupied spaces less than 25% of the area of the spaces they rarely shared. One cover structure that was not preferred in a simple choice experiment was used as much as the preferred structure when the former was the only cover available, indicating that habitat preference experiments provide limited information when the issue is whether fish are willing to use specific habitats.
Received February 16, 2016; accepted June 18, 2016 Published online October 14, 2016
Using Scenarios to Assess Possible Future Impacts of Invasive Species in the Laurentian Great Lakes
Authors: Lauber T. Bruce , Stedman Richard C. , Connelly Nancy A. , Rudstam Lars G. , Ready Richard C. , Poe Gregory L. , Bunnell David B. , Höök Tomas O. , Koops Marten A. , Ludsin Stuart A. , Rutherford Edward S. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The expected impacts of invasive species are key considerations in selecting policy responses to potential invasions. But predicting the impacts of invasive species is daunting, particularly in large systems threatened by multiple invasive species, such as North America's Laurentian Great Lakes. We developed and evaluated a scenario-building process that relied on an expert panel to assess possible future impacts of aquatic invasive species on recreational fishing in the Great Lakes. To maximize its usefulness to policy makers, this process was designed to be implemented relatively rapidly and considered a range of species. The expert panel developed plausible, internally consistent invasion scenarios for five aquatic invasive species, along with subjective probabilities of those scenarios. We describe these scenarios and evaluate this approach for assessing future invasive species impacts. The panel held diverse opinions about the likelihood of the scenarios, and only one scenario with impacts on sport fish species was considered likely by most of the experts. These outcomes are consistent with the literature on scenario building, which advocates for developing a range of plausible scenarios in decision-making because the uncertainty of future conditions makes the likelihood of any particular scenario low. We believe that this scenario-building approach could contribute to policy decisions about whether and how to address the possible impacts of invasive species. In this case, scenarios could allow policy makers to narrow the range of possible impacts on Great Lakes fisheries they consider and help set a research agenda for further refining invasive species predictions.
Received February 9, 2016; accepted July 4, 2016 Published online October 14, 2016
The Association Between Rate and Severity of Exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Application of a Joint Frailty-Logistic Model
Authors: Sadatsafavi Mohsen , Sin Don D. , Zafari Zafar , Criner Gerard , Connett John E. , Lazarus Stephen , Han Meilan , Martinez Fernando , Albert Richard 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Exacerbations are a hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Evidence suggests the presence of substantial between-individual variability (heterogeneity) in exacerbation rates. The question of whether individuals vary in their tendency towards experiencing severe (versus mild) exacerbations, or whether there is an association between exacerbation rate and severity, has not yet been studied. We used data from the MACRO Study, a 1-year randomized trial of the use of azithromycin for prevention of COPD exacerbations (United States and Canada, 2006–2010; n = 1,107, mean age = 65.2 years, 59.1% male). A parametric frailty model was combined with a logistic regression model, with bivariate random effects capturing heterogeneity in rate and severity. The average rate of exacerbation was 1.53 episodes/year, with 95% of subjects having a model-estimated rate of 0.47–4.22 episodes/year. The overall ratio of severe exacerbations to total exacerbations was 0.22, with 95% of subjects having a model-estimated ratio of 0.04–0.60. We did not confirm an association between exacerbation rate and severity (P = 0.099). A unified model, implemented in standard software, could estimate joint heterogeneity in COPD exacerbation rate and severity and can have applications in similar contexts where inference on event time and intensity is considered. We provide SAS code (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina) and a simulated data set to facilitate further uses of this method.
Estimating the Prevalence of Ovarian Cancer Symptoms in Women Aged 50 Years or Older: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Sun Zhuoyu , Gilbert Lucy , Ciampi Antonio , Kaufman Jay S. , Basso Olga 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDiagnostic testing is recommended in women with “ovarian cancer symptoms.” However, these symptoms are nonspecific. The ongoing Diagnosing Ovarian Cancer Early (DOVE) Study in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, provides diagnostic testing to women aged 50 years or older with symptoms lasting for more than 2 weeks and less than 1 year. The prevalence of ovarian cancer in DOVE is 10 times that of large screening trials, prompting us to estimate the prevalence of these symptoms in this population. We sent a questionnaire to 3,000 randomly sampled women in 2014–2015. Overall, 833 women responded; 81.5% reported at least 1 symptom, and 59.7% reported at least 1 symptom within the duration window specified in DOVE. We explored whether such high prevalence resulted from low survey response by applying inverse probability weighting to correct the estimates. Older women and those from deprived areas were less likely to respond, but only age was associated with symptom reporting. Prevalence was similar in early and late responders. Inverse probability weighting had a minimal impact on estimates, suggesting little evidence of nonresponse bias. This is the first study investigating symptoms that have proven to identify a subset of women with a high prevalence of ovarian cancer. However, the high frequency of symptoms warrants further refinements before symptom-triggered diagnostic testing can be implemented.