bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Mixing Methods on the Thermal Stability and Detonation Characteristics of Ammonium Nitrate and Sodium Chloride Mixtures
Authors: Tan Liu , Liu Dabin , Xu Sen , Wu Qiujie , Xia Lianghong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA study has examined the effect of mixing methods on the thermal stability and detonation characteristics of ammonium nitrate (AN) and sodium chloride (NaCl) mixtures. NaCl was mixed with AN by two methods. The thermal stability, detonation velocity and structural properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), measurement of detonation velocity and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). For the mechanical mixing method, in all tested scope of proportions of NaCl in the mixtures, activation energies increase when the proportion of NaCl increases; for solution mixing method, the activation energies decrease first and then start to increase as the proportion of NaCl increases. The detonation velocity of AN‐NaCl mixtures prepared by two mixing methods also showed different results. The results indicate that the mixing methods significantly affect the thermal stability and detonation characteristics of AN.
Crystal structure of a marine glycoside hydrolase family 99‐related protein lacking catalytic machinery
Authors: Robb Craig S. , Mystkowska Agata Anna , Hehemann Jan‐Hendrik 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAlgal polysaccharides of diverse structures are one of the most abundant carbon resources for heterotrophic, marine bacteria with coevolved digestive enzymes. A putative sulfo‐mannan polysaccharide utilization locus, which is conserved in marine flavobacteria, contains an unusual GH99‐like protein that lacks the conserved catalytic residues of glycoside hydrolase family 99. Using X‐ray crystallography, we structurally characterized this protein from the marine flavobacterium Ochrovirga pacifica to help elucidate its molecular function. The structure reveals the absence of potential catalytic residues for polysaccharide hydrolysis, which—together with additional structural features—suggests this protein may be noncatalytic and involved in carbohydrate binding.
Prediction of nearest neighbor effects on backbone torsion angles and NMR scalar coupling constants in disordered proteins
Authors: Shen Yang , Roche Julien , Grishaev Alexander , Bax Ad 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUsing fine‐tuned hydrogen bonding criteria, a library of coiled peptide fragments has been generated from a large set of high‐resolution protein X‐ray structures. This library is shown to be an improved representation of ϕ/ψ torsion angles seen in intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). The ϕ/ψ torsion angle distribution of the library, on average, provides good agreement with experimentally observed chemical shifts and 3JHN‐Hα coupling constants for a set of five disordered proteins. Inspection of the coil library confirms that nearest‐neighbor effects significantly impact the ϕ/ψ distribution of residues in the coil state. Importantly, 3JHN‐Hα coupling constants derived from the nearest‐neighbor modulated backbone ϕ distribution in the coil library show improved agreement to experimental values, thereby providing a better way to predict 3JHN‐Hα coupling constants for IDPs, and for identifying locations that deviate from fully random behavior.
Fragmentation patterns of chromophore‐tagged peptides in visible laser induced dissociation
Authors: Garcia Lény , Lemoine Jérôme , Dugourd Philippe , Girod Marion 
Published: September 2017

RationaleTandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is the pivotal tool for protein structural characterization and quantification. Identification relies on the fragmentation step of tryptic peptides in bottom‐up strategy. Specificity of fragmentation can be obtained using laser‐induced dissociation (LID) in the visible range, after tagging of the targeted peptides with an adequate chromophore. Backbone fragmentation is required to obtain specific fragments and confident identification. We present herein a study of fragmentation patterns of chromophore‐tagged peptides in LID, showing the potential of LID methodology to provide the maximum number of fragments for further identification and quantification.MethodsA total of 401 cysteine‐containing tryptic peptides originating from the human proteome were derivatizated on the thiol group of cysteine with a Dabcyl maleimide chromophore, which has a high photo‐absorption cross section at 473 nm. The derivatized peptides were then analyzed by LID at 473 nm on a Q Exactive instrument.ResultsLID spectra present a characteristic fragment at m/z 252.112 for all precursors. This product ion arises from the internal dissociation of the Dabcyl chromophore. Several peptide‐backbone fragment ions are also detected. Results show the quasi absence of fragmentation at the cysteine site. This indicates that part of the energy must be redistributed across the entire system despite excitation initially localized at the chromophore. Indeed, the fragmentation mainly occurs at 3 to 5 amino acids from the derivatized cysteine residue.ConclusionsLID of derivatized cysteine‐containing peptides displays the initial fragmentation of the chromophore. As energy is redistributed all along the peptide sequence, fragmentation of the peptide backbone is also observed. Thus, LID of chromophore‐tagged peptides produces adequate fragment ions, allowing both good sequence coverage for a greater confidence of identification, and a large choice of transitions for specific quantification.
"Bottom‐up" in situ proteomic differentiation of human and non‐human haemoglobins for forensic purposes by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kamanna S. , Henry J. , Voelcker N. , Linacre A. , Kirkbride K. P. 
Published: September 2017

RationaleThe detection and identification of human blood on crime‐related items are of particular relevance to many investigations because shed blood can provide evidence of violent contact between individuals. However, for any detection and identification technique, specificity is a critical performance characteristic to assess; that is, whether the technique has the capability to differentiate between human blood (which usually is of relevance to a criminal investigation) and non‐human blood (which usually would not be associated with a crime but may be detected incidentally).MethodsMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) approaches using "top‐down" (detection of intact proteins) and "bottom‐up" (detection of tryptic peptide markers) were used to detect and identify haemoglobin in blood from humans and from a range of Australian native mammals; the technique could be carried out directly on blood stains without the need to extract proteins (i.e., in situ measurement). Imaging of haemoglobin was achieved in bloodied fingermarks, including those that had been enhanced using two "industry standard" fingermark enhancement processes.ResultsDifferentiation of intact haemoglobin proteins in human and non‐human blood using "top‐down" MALDI‐TOF‐MS was difficult. However, in situ "bottom‐up" approaches using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and de novo sequencing of tryptic digest peptides allowed unambiguous differentiation. Imaging mass spectrometry of human haemoglobin, even when it was mixed with animal blood, was achieved in bloodied fingermarks that had been enhanced using two common processes (staining with Amido Black or dusted with magnetic powder) and "lifted" using adhesive tape.ConclusionsThe MALDI‐TOF‐MS‐based in situ "bottom‐up" proteomic methodology described here shows great promise for the detection of human blood and even imaging of blood in bloodied fingermarks. The approach is sensitive, can differentiate between human blood and that from many animals (including several Australian native animals), and can be implemented after traditional crime scene fingermark enhancement techniques have been carried out.
Transesophageal echocardiographic thromboembolic risk is associated with smoking status in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Inao Kyoko , Hirai Tadakazu , Nakagawa Keiko , Numa Satoshi , Ohara Kazumasa , Fukuda Nobuyuki , Kinugawa Koichiro , Inoue Hiroshi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundSmoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but it is unclear whether smoking status, including environmental tobacco smoke, increases stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Abnormalities of the left atrium (LA) and aortic atherosclerosis, as detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), are risk factors for stroke and thromboembolism in AF patients. We investigated the impact of smoking status on thromboembolic risk by TEE in patients with nonvalvular AF.MethodsIn 122 patients with AF (mean age, 63 years; chronic AF 50%) who underwent TEE before catheter ablation of AF or for detection of the potential cardioembolic source, urinary concentrations of cotinine and clinical variables including smoking status and the CHA2DS2‐VASc score were determined.ResultsSevere aortic atherosclerosis and increased aortic wall thickness were more frequently detected by TEE in current smokers than in non‐smokers (p<0.05), though these findings did not significantly differ between non‐smokers and environmental smokers. Patients in AF rhythm during TEE, who were environmental smokers and at relatively low risk, as stratified by their CHA2DS2‐VASc score (≤ 2), showed lower LA appendage flow velocity than those without environmental smoking (47±22 vs. 34±13 cm/sec, p<0.05).ConclusionsTEE findings indicated that smoking status could be associated with thromboembolic risk in patients with AF.
Banks’ earnings: Empirical evidence of the influence of economic and financial market factors
Authors: Albert Stéphane , Alexandre Hervé 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe structure of income is a foremost address within research on banks’ performance, especially with regard to effects on the resilience of banks’ earnings. Indeed, given their central position in the economy, banks shall thrive to generate sustainable earnings and control for their potential volatility. Existing studies mostly consider the weight of non‐net interest income (nonNII) as opposed to the traditional NII income source. Such aggregated nonNII is found to increase earnings risk but more granular studies conflict. We propose an original investigation of the influence of economic and financial conditions on various income types, assuming that performance may actually be driven by both the income structure and external conditions.We focus European banks, which have long been allowed to diversify beyond retail banking. Out of a straight panel framework, we question if the influence of external conditions spreads to earnings components other than credit losses and trading income and if it does allow for diversification benefits among components. We find that each component actually evolves owing to its own equation. Furthermore, effects of single variables may cumulate over different components of earnings (e.g. GDP) or provide with diversification benefits. These effects are all the more important since they are not mitigated by operating expenses. Hence, over a regarded period, banks’ performance depends upon their structure of income and upon volatilities and correlations of influential variables. Besides controlling for ex‐ante volatility, our approach shows that a given structure of income is not necessarily more resilient than others but that selected non‐banking income may support a higher stability of Earnings
Weak limits for the largest subpopulations in Yule processes with high mutation probabilities
Authors: Baur Erich , Bertoin Jean 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We consider a Yule process until the total population reaches size n ≫ 1, and assume that neutral mutations occur with high probability 1 - p (in the sense that each child is a new mutant with probability 1 - p, independently of the other children), where p = pn ≪ 1. We establish a general strategy for obtaining Poisson limit laws and a weak law of large numbers for the number of subpopulations exceeding a given size and apply this to some mutation regimes of particular interest. Finally, we give an application to subcritical Bernoulli bond percolation on random recursive trees with percolation parameter pn tending to 0.
The quasispecies regime for the simple genetic algorithm with roulette wheel selection
Authors: Cerf Raphaël 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We introduce a new parameter to discuss the behavior of a genetic algorithm. This parameter is the mean number of exact copies of the best-fit chromosomes from one generation to the next. We believe that the genetic algorithm operates best when this parameter is slightly larger than 1 and we prove two results supporting this belief. We consider the case of the simple genetic algorithm with the roulette wheel selection mechanism. We denote by ℓ the length of the chromosomes, m the population size, pC the crossover probability, and pM the mutation probability. Our results suggest that the mutation and crossover probabilities should be tuned so that, at each generation, the maximal fitness multiplied by (1 - pC)(1 - pM)ℓ is greater than the mean fitness.
EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS WHICH ARE BOREL SOMEWHERE
Authors: CHAN WILLIAM 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe following will be shown: Let I be a σ-ideal on a Polish space X so that the associated forcing of I+${\bf{\Delta }}_1^1$ sets ordered by ⊆ is a proper forcing. Let E be a ${\bf{\Sigma }}_1^1$ or a ${\bf{\Pi }}_1^1$ equivalence relation on X with all equivalence classes ${\bf{\Delta }}_1^1$. If for all $z \in {H_{{{\left( {{2^{{\aleph _0}}}} \right)}^ + }}}$, z♯ exists, then there exists an I+${\bf{\Delta }}_1^1$ set C ⊆ X such that E ↾ C is a ${\bf{\Delta }}_1^1$ equivalence relation.
GENERIC LARGE CARDINALS AND SYSTEMS OF FILTERS
Authors: AUDRITO GIORGIO , STEILA SILVIA 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe introduce the notion of ${\cal C}$-system of filters, generalizing the standard definitions of both extenders and towers of normal ideals. This provides a framework to develop the theory of extenders and towers in a more general and concise way. In this framework we investigate the topic of definability of generic large cardinals properties.
The missing Other: a review of Linklater’sViolence and Civilization in the Western States-System
Authors: Ling L. H. M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAs Andrew Linklater has shown, Europeans have decreased their tolerance for, or endorsement of, violence over the centuries. Various international and domestic conventions demonstrate the point. This accomplishment rightfully deserves celebration. But herein lies the rub. While Linklater recognises the role of imperialism and colonialism in perpetrating global violence, he does not grant equal opportunity to the Rest in contributing to the world’s new moral heights. Linklater assumes, for instance, that Las Casas never talked with indigenes to realise that they, too, warrant recognition as human beings; Catholic piety alone sufficed. The West thus towers in singular triumph, embedding International Relations (IR) in what I call Hypermasculine Eurocentric Whiteness (HEW). Still, the Other retains a sense of its Self. An effervescent spirit of play enables resilience and creativity toco-produceour world-of-worlds. Come out and play!, I urge. It’s time to shed IR’s ‘tragedy’ for the sparkle within.
Writing International Relations from the invisible side of the abyssal line
Authors: Çapan Zeynep Gülşah 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe article discusses the manner in which the story of the international system and the relationship between violence and civilisation that Andrew Linklater tells inViolence and Civilization in the Western States-Systemsremains on the visible side of the absyssal line. Absyssal thinking refers to the distinctions created between visible and invisible realms and it is Eurocentrism as a system of knowledge that sustains and reproduces this abyssal line. The article will focus on two instances of reproducing this abyssal line. The first will be with respect to the way in which histories of Europe and colonialism are detached from each other. The second will be on where political and moral ‘progress’ is being located within the development of the ‘global civilizing process’.
Process sociology, the English School, and postcolonialism – understanding ‘civilization’ and world politics: a reply to the critics
Authors: Linklater Andrew 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article responds to critics of Violence and Civilization in the Western States-Systems (Cambridge University Press, 2016). It provides a rejoinder to challenges to the attempted synthesis of process sociology and the English School analysis of international society. It rebuts the postcolonial contention that the process-sociological analysis of the impact of the European ‘civilizing process’ on the modern states-system is Eurocentric. The article explains how process sociology contributes to the postcolonial critique of ‘civilization’. It concludes by arguing that their combined strengths of the two perspectives can inform the comparative study of Western and non-Western ‘civilizing processes’ and support the development of a more ‘global IR’.
Contacts of healthcare workers, patients and visitors in general wards in Singapore
Authors: JIANG L. , NG H. L. , HO H. J. , LEO Y. S. , PREM K. , COOK A. R. , CHEN M. I. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYTo characterize contacts in general wards, a prospective survey of healthcare workers (HCWs), patients and visitors was conducted using self-reported diary, direct observation and telephone interviews. Nurses, doctors and assorted HCWs reported a median of 14, 18 and 15 contact persons over one work shift, respectively. Within 1 h, we observed 3·5 episodes with 25·6 min of cumulative contact time for nurses, 2·9 episodes and 22·1 min for doctors and 5·0 episodes with 44·3 min for assorted-HCWs. In interactions with patients, nurses had multiple brief episodes of contact; doctors had fewer episodes and less cumulative contact time; assorted-HCWs had fewer contact episodes of longer durations (than for nurses and doctors). Assortative mixing occurred amongst HCWs: those of the same HCW type were the next most frequent class of contact after patients. Over 24-h, patients contacted 14 persons with 23 episodes and 314·5 min of contact time. Patient-to-patient contact episodes were rare, but a maximum of five were documented from one patient participant. 22·9% of visitors reported contact with patients other than the one they visited. Our study revealed differences in the characteristics of contacts among different HCW types and potential transmission routes from patients to others within the ward environment.
Costly Values: The Limited Benefits and Potential Costs of Targeted Policy Justifications
Authors: Peterson Erik , Simonovits Gabor 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCan politicians use targeted messages to offset position taking that would otherwise reduce their public support? We examine the effect of a politician’s justification for their tax policy stance on public opinion and identify limits on the ability of justifications to generate leeway for incongruent position taking on this issue. We draw on political communication research to establish expectations about the heterogeneous effects of justifications that employ either evidence or values based on whether or not constituents agree with the position a politician takes. In two survey experiments, we find small changes in support in response to these types of messages among targeted groups, but rule out large benefits for politicians to selectively target policy justifications toward subsets of the public. We also highlight a potential cost to selective messaging by showing that when these targeted messages reach unintended audiences they can backfire and reduce a candidate’s support.
Ecological and genomic profiling of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea in a deep granitic environment
Authors: Ino Kohei , Hernsdorf Alex W , Konno Uta , Kouduka Mariko , Yanagawa Katsunori , Kato Shingo , Sunamura Michinari , Hirota Akinari , Togo Yoko S , Ito Kazumasa , Fukuda Akari , Iwatsuki Teruki , Mizuno Takashi , Komatsu Daisuke D , Tsunogai Urumu , Ishimura Toyoho , Amano Yuki , Thomas Brian C , Banfield Jillian F , Suzuki Yohey 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Recent single-gene-based surveys of deep continental aquifers demonstrated the widespread occurrence of archaea related to Candidatus Methanoperedens nitroreducens (ANME-2d) known to mediate anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). However, it is unclear whether ANME-2d mediates AOM in the deep continental biosphere. In this study, we found the dominance of ANME-2d in groundwater enriched in sulfate and methane from a 300-m deep underground borehole in granitic rock. A near-complete genome of one representative species of the ANME-2d obtained from the underground borehole has most of functional genes required for AOM and assimilatory sulfate reduction. The genome of the subsurface ANME-2d is different from those of other members of ANME-2d by lacking functional genes encoding nitrate and nitrite reductases and multiheme cytochromes. In addition, the subsurface ANME-2d genome contains a membrane-bound NiFe hydrogenase gene putatively involved in respiratory H2 oxidation, which is different from those of other methanotrophic archaea. Short-term incubation of microbial cells collected from the granitic groundwater with 13C-labeled methane also demonstrates that AOM is linked to microbial sulfate reduction. Given the prominence of granitic continental crust and sulfate and methane in terrestrial subsurface fluids, we conclude that AOM may be widespread in the deep continental biosphere.
Achromatic super-oscillatory lenses with sub-wavelength focusing
Authors: Yuan Guang Hui , Rogers Edward TF , Zheludev Nikolay I 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLenses are crucial to light-enabled technologies. Conventional lenses have been perfected to achieve near-diffraction-limited resolution and minimal chromatic aberrations. However, such lenses are bulky and cannot focus light into a hotspot smaller than a half-wavelength of light. Pupil filters, initially suggested by Toraldo di Francia, can overcome the resolution constraints of conventional lenses but are not intrinsically chromatically corrected. Here we report single-element planar lenses that not only deliver sub-wavelength focusing, thus beating the diffraction limit of conventional refractive lenses, but also focus light of different colors into the same hotspot. Using the principle of super-oscillations, we designed and fabricated a range of binary dielectric and metallic lenses for visible and infrared parts of the spectrum that are manufactured on silicon wafers, silica substrates and optical fiber tips. Such low-cost, compact lenses could be useful in mobile devices, data storage, surveillance, robotics, space applications, imaging, manufacturing with light and spatially resolved nonlinear microscopies.