bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blockchain and the (re)imagining of trusts jurisprudence
Authors: Herian Robert 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThere are important synergies between the trust of blockchain and that of trusts law.This article critically examines the intersection between law and blockchain technology through an exploration of the notional impacts upon orthodox practices and principles of trusts law made by blockchain and other “disruptive” technologies, including smart property and the Internet of Things.
Visibility and digital art: Blockchain as an ownership layer on the Internet
Authors: McConaghy Masha , McMullen Greg , Parry Glenn , McConaghy Trent , Holtzman David 
Published: September 2017

AbstractVisibility of digital art and its ownership can be achieved using blockchain technology as part of a broader solution for the identification, attribution, and payment for digital work. A case study is provided of a firm using the Bitcoin blockchain as part of an integrated solution to identify and authenticate ownership of digital property. An integrated ownership ledger allows for secure attribution, transfer, and provenance of digital property. Blockchain technology enables limited‐edition digital property, while Internet‐scale web crawl and machine learning shows where and how works are being used on the Internet.
Blockchain futures: With or without Bitcoin?
Authors: Kewell Beth , Michael Ward Peter 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBlockchain technology is considered, in some quarters, to have outgrown its primary association with the Bitcoin payments ecosystem. This belief has fostered numerous predictions of blockchain futures, in which the Bitcoin ecosystem is largely absent. It is nevertheless wholly possible to imagine a future for blockchain in which Bitcoin plays a presiding role. In drawing attention to subtexts of this kind, expectations of the future can prove highly persuasive within the context of technology selection and adoption processes of the present, lending an invisible hand to the design of business models, while also guiding strategic choices and the purchasing decisions made by managers.
Disrupting governance with blockchains and smart contracts
Authors: Shermin Voshmgir 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBlockchain as an engine for auto‐enforceable smart contracts could disrupt traditional governance structures by reducing bureaucracy through lower transaction costs, solving principal–agent issues, and subsequent moral hazard. While machine consensus can radically reduce transaction costs and disrupt traditional governance structures, there is a gap between initial conceptualizations of blockchains and their first instantiations. First use cases show that as circumstances change, protocols can become inappropriate for the new environment and require modification. Modification of blockchain code happens through majority consensus, but reaching consensus in a distributed multi‐stakeholder network with sometimes unaligned interests is complex, potentially introducing new agency issues.
Rare sugars, d‐allulose, d‐tagatose and d‐sorbose, differently modulate lipid metabolism in rats
Authors: Nagata Yasuo , Mizuta Narumi , Kanasaki Akane , Tanaka Kazunari 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDRare sugars including d‐allulose, d‐tagatose, and d‐sorbose are present in limited quantities in nature; some of these rare sugars are now commercially produced using microbial enzymes. Apart from the anti‐obesity and anti‐hyperglycaemic activities of d‐allulose, effects of these sugars on lipid metabolism have not been investigated. Therefore, we aimed to determine if and how d‐tagatose and d‐sorbose modulate lipid metabolism in rats. After feeding these rare sugars to rats, parameters on lipid metabolism were determined.RESULTSNo diet‐related effects were observed on body weight and food intake. Hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity was lowered by d‐allulose and d‐sorbose but increased by d‐tagatose. Faecal fatty acid excretion was non‐significantly decreased by d‐allulose, but significantly increased by d‐sorbose without affecting faecal steroid excretion. A trend toward reduced adipose tissue weight was observed in groups fed rare sugars. Serum adiponectin levels were decreased by d‐sorbose relative to the control. Gene expression of cholesterol metabolism‐related liver proteins tended to be down‐regulated by d‐allulose and d‐sorbose but not by d‐tagatose. In the small intestine, SR‐B1 mRNA expression was suppressed by d‐sorbose.CONCLUSIONLipid metabolism in rats varies with rare sugars. Application of rare sugars to functional foods for healthy body weight maintenance requires further studies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Tobacco exposure and wound healing in head and neck surgical wounds
Authors: Lassig Amy Anne D. , Bechtold Joan E. , Lindgren Bruce R. , Pisansky Andrew , Itabiyi Abayo , Yueh Bevan , Joseph Anne M. 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveSmoking impairs wound healing, yet the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear. We evaluated tobacco‐altered healing in head and neck surgery by studying the association between biomarkers and tobacco exposure, as well as cutaneous perfusion by smoking status.Study DesignProspective cohort study, tertiary/academic care center, 2011 to present.MethodsPatients who required head and neck surgery were enrolled prospectively. Postsurgical drain fluid was collected 24 hours postoperatively. Biomarkers associated with postulated mechanisms of smoking‐impaired healing were assayed. These included interleukin‐1, ‐6, and ‐8; tumor necrosis factor‐ alpha; transforming growth factor‐beta; epidermal growth factor (EGF); basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF); C‐reactive protein; vascular endothelial growth factor; soluble FMS‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFLT‐1); and placental growth factor. Tobacco exposure and clinical outcomes were recorded. Two sample two‐sided t tests evaluated the differences in cytokine levels by tobacco exposure. In a second cohort, cutaneous vascular assessment via indocyanine green angiography was compared by smoking status.ResultsTwenty‐eight patients were enrolled with drain fluid collection. Twenty‐one subjects were current/former smokers, whereas seven were never smokers. EGF was higher in never smokers than smokers in a statistically significant manner (P = 0.030). Likewise, sFLT‐1 was significantly higher in never smokers (P = 0.011). Cutaneous angiography revealed nonsmokers to have significantly higher cutaneous perfusion than smokers.ConclusionIn this head and neck surgical cohort, significantly higher EGF and sFLT‐1 levels in wound fluid were associated with never smoking, suggesting that smoking has adverse effects on the inflammatory phase of wound healing. Cutaneous angiography supports the detrimental effect of smoking on skin perfusion. These findings suggest the need for further study as well as therapeutic targets for smokers undergoing surgery.Level of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope, 128:618–625, 2018
Sandwich compression with rubbery tourniquet sheets and cotton balls for auricular pseudocyst
Authors: Wu Ming‐Ying , Chen Chun‐Bing , Chen Yi‐Hsi , Chang Catherine , Chan Kai‐Chieh 
Published: September 2017

Objectives/HypothesisPseudocyst of the auricle is a benign, noninflammatory cystic disease that is more common in Asians than in Caucasians. When managed conservatively, the results are often unsatisfactory and recurrences are common. We aimed to introduce a novel modified surgical method that involves a deroofing technique followed by a sandwich compression suture using two rubber tourniquet sheets and an iodine‐soaked cotton ball for the treatment of auricular pseudocysts and to ascertain its effectiveness.Study DesignCase series with or without comparison.MethodsThe charts of 100 patients with auricular pseudocysts who were treated with this new method from 2004 to 2016 in a university‐affiliated tertiary teaching hospital were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed.ResultsThe mean patient age was 37.7 years, and 84% were male. All of the patients had unilateral lesions, with right‐side lesions (53.0%) being slightly predominant. The cymba concha (44.1%) was the most common site. Seven patients (7.0%) had trauma to the ear within 3 months before presentation. Previous aspiration or drainage had been performed for the cysts in 35 patients (35.0%), and the recurrences had been treated conservatively. In comparison, 98 of the 100 patients recovered smoothly from surgery without further recurrence or complications after follow‐up for at least 1 year.ConclusionsBased on our experience, not only does this surgical procedure yield reliable results in the treatment of pseudocysts of auricles, but it also has advantages such as using readily available materials, being simple to perform, improving efficacy, and lowering recurrence rates.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 128:1653–1657, 2018
Targeting metabolic abnormalities to reverse fibrosis in iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis
Authors: Murphy Michael K. , Motz Kevin M , Ding Dacheng , Yin Linda , Duvvuri Madhavi , Feeley Michael , Hillel Alexander T. 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveManagement of laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) remains primarily surgical, with a critical need to identify targets for adjuvant therapy. Laryngotracheal stenosis scar fibroblasts exhibit a profibrotic phenotype with distinct metabolic shifts, including an increased glycolysis/oxidative phosphorylation ratio. This study examines the effects of the glutamine antagonist 6‐diazo‐5‐oxo‐l‐norleucine (DON) on collagen production, gene expression, proliferation, and metabolism of human LTS‐derived fibroblasts in vitro.MethodPaired normal and scar‐derived fibroblasts isolated from subglottic and proximal tracheal tissue in patients with iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis (iLTS) were cultured. Proliferation rate, gene expression, protein production, and cellular metabolism were assessed in two conditions: 1) fibroblast growth medium, and 2) fibroblast growth medium with 1 × 10−4 M DON.ResultsDON treatment reduced cellular proliferation rate (n = 7, P =  0.0150). Expression of genes collagen 1 and collagen 3 both were reduced (n = 7, P =  0.0102, 0.0143, respectively). Soluble collagen production decreased (n = 7, P =  0.0056). As measured by the rate of extracellular acidification, glycolysis and glycolytic capacity decreased (n = 7, P =  0.0082, 0.0003, respectively). adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and basal respiration decreased (n = 7, P = 0.0045, 0.0258, respectively), determined by measuring the cellular rate of oxygen consumption.ConclusionThe glutamine antagonist DON reverses profibrotic changes by inhibiting both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in iLTS scar fibroblasts. In contrast to untreated iLTS scar fibroblasts, collagen gene expression, protein production, metabolic rate, and proliferation were significantly reduced. These results suggest DON and/or its derivatives as strong candidates for adjuvant therapy in the management of iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis. Enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism inhibited by DON offer targets for future investigation.Level of EvidenceNA. Laryngoscope, 128:E59–E67, 2018
Consumption of Two Healthy Dietary Patterns Restored Microbiota Dysbiosis in Obese Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction
Authors: Haro Carmen , García‐Carpintero Sonia , Rangel‐Zúñiga Oriol A. , Alcalá‐Díaz Juan F. , Landa Blanca B. , Clemente José C. , Pérez‐Martínez Pablo , López‐Miranda José , Pérez‐Jiménez Francisco , Camargo Antonio 
Published: September 2017

ScopeThe consumption of two healthy diets (Mediterranean (MED) and low‐fat (LF) diets) may restore the gut microbiome dysbiosis in obese patients depending on the degree of metabolic dysfunction.Methods and resultsThe differences in bacterial community at baseline and after 2 years of dietary intervention of 106 subjects from the CORDIOPREV study were analyzed, 33 of whom were obese patients with severe metabolic disease (5 criteria for metabolic syndrome) (MetS‐OB), 32 obese patients without metabolic dysfunction (2 or less criteria for metabolic syndrome) (NonMetS‐OB) and 41 non‐obese subjects (NonMetS‐NonOB). Our study showed a marked dysbiosis in people with severe metabolic disease (Met‐OB), compared with obese people without MetS (NonMetS‐OB) and non‐obese people (NonMetS‐NonOB). This disbiotic pattern was reversed by consumption of both MED (35% of calories as fat (22% MUFA fat, 6% PUFA fat and <10% saturated fat) or LF (<30% total fat (<10% saturated fat, 12%–14% MUFA fat and 6–8% PUFA fat) diets, whereas no significant microbiota changes were observed in NonMetS‐NonOB and NonMetS‐OB groups.ConclusionOur results suggest that the chronic intake of two healthy dietary patterns partially restores the gut microbiome dysbiosis in obese patients with coronary heart disease, depending on the degree of metabolic dysfunction.
Using 21st century video prompting technology to facilitate the independence of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Cullen Jennifer M. , Simmons‐Reed Evette A. , Weaver Lindy 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBarriers in acquiring, maintaining, and generalizing daily living skills are factors that contribute to discrepancies in independent living outcomes among transition age youth and young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Acquisition and generalization of daily living skills empowers transition age youth and young adults with disabilities to meet their own needs with minimal reliance on others. Infusing the use of technology as a self‐prompting device facilitates the acquisition of tasks that may not be otherwise attainable. In this study, self‐directed video prompting on an iPad with the My Pictures Talk application was used to help young adults with IDD in a postsecondary program acquire daily living skills in a single subject, multiple probe across subjects design. The effects of the intervention on generalization to tasks that were one, two, and three components different were also assessed. Results demonstrated a functional relationship between the introduction of the intervention and improvement in skill performance.
Decreased Neuro‐Axonal Proteins in CSF at First Attack of Suspected Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Stoop Marcel P. , Runia Tessel F. , Stingl Christoph , van der Vuurst de Vries Roos M. , Luider Theo M. , Hintzen Rogier Q. 
Published: September 2017

The pathology of multiple sclerosis is located in the central nervous system, therefore cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an attractive biofluid for biomarker research for proteins related to the early stages of this disease. In this study, the CSF proteome of patients with a clinically isolated syndrome of demyelination (CIS, a first attack of multiple sclerosis) is compared to the CSF proteome of control patients to identify differentially abundant proteins. CSF samples of 47 CIS patients and 45 control subjects are enzymatically digested and subsequently measured by LC‐MS/MS (LTQ‐Orbitrap). Following mass spectrometry differential abundances of the identified proteins between groups are investigated. A total of 3159 peptides are identified, relating to 485 proteins. One protein is significantly more abundant in CSF of CIS patients than in controls: Ig kappa chain C region. In contrast, 35 proteins are significantly lower in CIS patients than controls, most of them with functions in nervous system development and function, such as amyloid‐like protein 1 (validated by ELISA in an independent sample set (p < 0.01)), contactin 1, contactin 2 and neuronal cell adhesion molecule. A remarkably lower abundance of neuro‐axonal proteins is observed in patients with a first demyelinating event compared to controls.
Comparative Analysis of Serum Proteins from Patients with Severe and Mild EV‐A71‐induced HFMD using iTRAQ‐Coupled LC‐MS/MS Screening
Authors: Fan Peihu , Chen Wei , Yu Pin , Bao Linlin , Xu Lili , Qin Chuan 
Published: September 2017

PurposeThis study was designed to provide a rationale for monitoring the development of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and predicting the onset of this disease via global comparative analysis between patients with severe and mild HFMD.Experimental designThe authors collected serum from five groups: mild (E‐M) and severe (E‐S) EV‐A71‐induced HFMD; mild (NE‐M) and severe (NE‐S) non‐EV‐A71‐induced HFMD; and healthy control subjects (CON). The authors then performed comparative analysis and identified specific differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of E‐S using isobaric mass tag (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation, iTRAQ) labeling coupled with multidimensional liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Moreover, The authors validated specific DEPs by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM).ResultsThe authors identified 10 specific proteins that were significantly altered in E‐S patients. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of these DEPs are primarily involved in the acute response to infection, which was common to all groups. More importantly, up‐regulated proteins associated with neural injury were specifically identified in the E‐S group.ConclusionThese findings conclude that severe HFMD symptoms may be caused by EV‐A71 infection‐mediated injury of the neural system and provide a reference for future research on the course and prognosis of severe HFMD.
Visible Light Controlled Aggregation of a Spiropyran‐HSO4− Complex as a Strategy for Reversible Detection in Water
Authors: Kumar Ajeet , Prakash Kunal , Sahoo Priya Ranjan , Kumar Satish 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA merocyanine salt form of a substituted spiropyran was synthesized and evaluated for stimuli‐responsive properties. The HSO4− induced H‐aggregation of the merocyanine salt was used as a strategy for detection in pure water. The anion induced aggregation was controlled by light, which converted the open merocyanine form into the closed spiropyran form. The formation of the closed form released the hydrogen sulfate ion. The DLS and TEM analyses were used to investigate the aggregation and disaggregation of the merocyanine salt form of a spiropyran. Therefore, the study establishes the first example of reversible, highly selective and nanomolar level response towards HSO4− ion in water.
Solvent‐Free and Catalyst‐Free Biginelli Reaction to Synthesize 4‐Alkyl‐ 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones
Authors: Guo Yongbiao , Tang Hui , Gao Zhenhua , Meng Xiangyan , Yu Huilan , Zhong Hui , Huang Guilan , Zou Chuanpin 
Published: September 2017

Abstract3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones and related compounds have attracted considerable attention because of their important pharmacological and biological properties. And 4‐alkyl‐3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐ 2‐(1H)‐ones can be used as key intermediates in the total synthesis of the natural products Batzelladine A and crambescin A−C. The Biginelli reaction is one of the most important multicomponent reactions that offer an efficient route to produce these compounds. However, most of the related studies have mainly focused on the synthesis of 4‐aryl‐3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐ 2‐(1H)‐ones. Herein we report a simple, solvent‐ and catalyst‐free method for efficient synthesis of 4‐alkyl‐3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐ 2‐(1H)‐ones by the Biginelli reaction of aliphatic aldehyde, urea/thiourea and methyl/ethyl/iso‐propyl/tert‐butyl acetoacetate.
Homoleptic Zr and Hf Complexes of Imino/Bis(imino)phenoxide Scaffolds: Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Their Catalytic Activity in the ROP of Cyclic Esters
Authors: Rajashekhar Bijja , Mandal Mrinmay , Chakraborty Debashis , Ramkumar Venkatachalam 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA series of homoleptic iminophenoxide and bis(imino)phenoxide supported Zr and Hf complexes 1–10 has been synthesized and characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Structural analysis of the selected complexes by single crystal X‐ray diffraction method revealed that the complexes are monomeric in their solid state with distorted dodecahedral geometries. These complexes are found to be potential single‐site catalysts for ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide (LA) and ϵ‐caprolactone (ϵ‐CL) and afforded controlled molecular weight (Mn) polyesters with narrow molecular weight distributions (MWDs) of 1.12‐1.28. Kinetic studies revealed that the polymerization rate have shown to be first order dependency on lactide. The low molecular weight oligomer analysis imparted that the polymerization proceeds through the coordination‐insertion mechanism.
A Metal‐Free Iodination of Aryl Ethers and Phenols Using I2
Authors: Patil Avinash M. , Kamble Dayanand A. , Lokhande Pradeep D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractI2/DMSO mediated method for deprotection and selective iodination of allyl aryl ethers and phenols has been developed. A wide range of allyl aryl ethers and phenols have been efficiently iodinated to the respective iodophenols in one pot.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Cyclopropylamine Vitamin D‐Like CYP24A1 Inhibitors
Authors: Chiellini Grazia , Rapposelli Simona , Nesi Giulia , Sestito Simona , Sabatini Martina , Zhu Jinge , Massarelli Ilaria , Plum Lori A. , Clagett‐Dame Margaret , DeLuca Hector F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCYP24A1 hydroxylase plays a key role in tuning the levels and function of 1,25(OH)2D3, and inhibitors of CYP24 may be used for the treatment of a wide variety of clinical conditions. In the present work we describe the synthesis and biological properties of a small series of novel cyclopropylamine vitamin D‐like CYP24A1 inhibitors, designed as structural analogues of our previously described cyclopropylamine vitamin D‐like highly selective CYP24A1 inhibitor, CPA1. When tested in a cell‐free assay, two of these compounds, namely VN‐23 and SAP‐3, were found to be potent inhibitors of CYP24A1, with compound VN‐23 exhibiting selectivity with respect to CYP27B1 almost comparable to that of the lead compound CPA1. Interestingly, although compound SAP‐3, is only moderately selective with respect to CYP27B1, it is almost as potent as 1,25(OH)2D3 in binding for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and transcriptional activity, while showing low calcemic activity in vivo.
Adverse impacts of fog events during winter on fine particulate matter, CO and VOCs: a case study of a highway near Dhanbad, India
Authors: Gupta Sunil K. , Elumalai Suresh P. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAdverse meteorological conditions due to frequent fog events during the winter period are a primary cause of the sharp increase in the number of cities with high levels of air pollution, especially in terms of fine particulate matter. Dense fog events were recorded over Dhanbad, in the eastern part of India, during January 2015. Variations in particulate matter (mass/number) concentrations and gaseous pollutant concentrations (carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) during foggy days were studied. Elevated ambient concentrations of air pollutants during foggy days were observed, due to high relative humidity (RH), low temperature (T) and stagnant wind conditions. During fog events, the average mass concentrations of particulate matter smaller than 1μm (PM1), 2.5μm (PM2.5), and 10μm (PM10) were observed to be 352, 394 and 497μgm−3, respectively. During fog events, high mass fractions of PM1 (72%) and PM2.5 (82%) in PM10 were observed. However, during normal winter days in January 2015 smaller fractions of PM1 (43%) and PM2.5 (57%) in PM10 were observed. This clearly indicates that fog events were responsible for the creation of additional fine particles (PM1–2.5) in the atmosphere due to adverse meteorological conditions. During fog events the levels of CO and VOCs were found to rise by 88 and 81%, respectively, relative to a normal winter day in January 2015. Similarly, particle number concentrations in the accumulation mode (265–900nm) were observed to be higher on foggy days compared to normal winter days in January 2015. Overall, this study finds that foggy conditions affected PM1–2.5 fractions considerably, and moderately affected levels of CO and VOCs.