bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oropharyngeal mucosal transmission of Zika virus in rhesus macaques
Authors: Newman Christina M. , Dudley Dawn M. , Aliota Matthew T. , Weiler Andrea M. , Barry Gabrielle L. , Mohns Mariel S. , Breitbach Meghan E. , Stewart Laurel M. , Buechler Connor R. , Graham Michael E. , Post Jennifer , Schultz-Darken Nancy , Peterson Eric , Newton Wendy , Mohr Emma L. , Capuano Saverio , O’Connor David H. , Friedrich Thomas C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) is present in urine, saliva, tears, and breast milk, but the transmission risk associated with these body fluids is currently unknown. We evaluated the risk of ZIKV transmission through mucosal contact in rhesus macaques. Application of high-dose ZIKV directly to the tonsils of 3 rhesus macaques resulted in detectable plasma viremia in all animals by 2 days post-exposure; virus replication kinetics were similar to those observed in animals infected subcutaneously. Three additional macaques inoculated subcutaneously with ZIKV served as saliva donors to assess the transmission risk from contact with oral secretions from an infected individual. Seven naive animals repeatedly exposed to donor saliva via the conjunctivae, tonsils, or nostrils did not become infected. Our results suggest that there is a risk of ZIKV transmission via the mucosal route, but that the risk posed by oral secretions from individuals with a typical course of ZIKV infection is low.
Social closure, micro‐class immobility and the intergenerational reproduction of the upper class: a comparative study
Authors: Ruggera Lucia , Barone Carlo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article assesses how processes of social closure enhance intergenerational immobility in the regulated professions and thus promote persistence at the top of the occupational hierarchy. We compare four European countries (GB, Germany, Denmark and Sweden) that differ considerably in their degree of professional regulation and in their broader institutional arrangements. We run log‐linear and logistic regression models on a cumulative dataset based on three large‐scale surveys with detailed and highly comparable information at the level of unit occupations. Our analyses indicate that children of licensed professionals are far more likely to inherit the occupation of their parents and that this stronger micro‐class immobility translates into higher chances of persistence in the upper class. These results support social closure theory and confirm the relevance of a micro‐class approach for the explanation of social fluidity and of its cross‐national variations. Moreover, we find that, when children of professionals do not reproduce the micro‐class of their parents, they still display disproportionate chances of persistence in professional employment. Hence, on the one hand, processes of social closure erect barriers between professions and fuel micro‐class immobility at the top. On the other hand, the cultural proximity of different professional groups drives intense intergenerational exchanges between them. Our analyses indicate that these micro‐ and meso‐class rigidities work as complementary routes to immobility at the top.
Physical Properties and Volatile Composition Changes of Cooked Sausages Stuffed in a New Casing Formulation Based in Surfactants and Lactic Acid During Long‐Term Storage
Authors: Feng Chao‐Hui , Li Cheng , García‐Martín Juan Francisco , Malakar Pradeep Kumar , Yan Yue , Liu Yao‐Wen , Wang Wei , Liu Yun‐Tao , Yang Yong 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe objective of this research was to investigate the effects of different modified casings and storage time on the quality attributes of cooked sausages using principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis. The effects of modifying different casing treatments on sausages’ color (L*, a*, b*), pH, and texture (hardness, springiness, cohesion, gumminess, chewiness) after 36‐d storage were estimated by PCA. According to the PCA, lightness at day 36 was correlated to sample stuffed in casing with treatment 2 (T2; soy lecithin concentration: 1:27.5, soy oil concentration: 1.25%, lactic acid concentration: 19.5 mL/kg NaCl [solid], residence time: 75 min). T2 sample can be distinguished from control sample at days 1, 8, 15, and 36 according to electronic nose system. DA was performed to determine possible different sample groups according to selected variables. Results showed that chewiness was the best discriminator for differentiating sausages stored for 15 d from other days. Chewiness and gumminess were able to discriminate sausages stuffed in casing with T2 from control sample. The relationships between modified concentrations and quality attributes of cooked sausages after 36‐d storage were also established.
Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Capacity of Fruits from Nine Sorbus Genotypes
Authors: Mikulic‐Petkovsek Maja , Krska Boris , Kiprovski Biljana , Veberic Robert 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this study, biochemical profile of fruits of 9 Sorbus genotypes was analyzed. The content of total sugars ranged from 69.7 g/kg (‘Titan’) to 217.5 g/kg (Sorbus torminalis) and total organic acids from 17.7 g/kg (‘Businka’) to 40.2 g/kg (S. torminalis). The highest content of total anthocyanins had ‘Burka’ (871 mg/kg FW) and ‘Businka’ (856 mg/kg FW). Quercetin derivatives represented more than 95% of total flavonols. ‘Alaja krupnaja’ had 3.5‐ to 29‐fold higher rutin content than other analyzed genotypes. S. torminalis fruits had the greatest diversity of isorhamnetin and kaempferol derivatives. Chlorogenic acid was the major hydroxycinnamic acid and its share was 33% to 73% of total analyzed hydoxycinnamic acid derivatives. The richest in chlorogenic acid were ‘Krasavica’ and ‘Alaja krupnaja’ fruits. Cultivar ‘Businka’ had the highest content of epicatechin (40.7 mg/kg) and neochlorogenic acid (1061 mg/kg). Different procyanidin oligomers were detected among flavanols in Sorbus fruits. The highest content of total flavanols was measured in ‘Alaja Krupnaja’ fruits. Cultivars ‘Krasavica’ (84.5 mg/kg) and ‘Burka’ (85.1 mg/kg) had 1.2‐ to 6.9‐fold higher amount of total carotenoids. ‘Businka’ was highlighted as the richest in total tannin and phenolic contents (3768 mg GAE/kg) and consequently, it had the highest antioxidant activity (57.6 mM TE/kg FW). Being abundant in polyphenolics, some extracts of Sorbus genotypes, for example, ‘Businka,’ ‘Burka,’ and ‘Alaja krupnaja’ could serve as valuable resource of bioactive compounds to food and pharmaceutical industries.
Startup Financing with Patent Signaling under Ambiguity
Authors: Hahn Guangsug , Kim Kwanho , Kwon Joon Yeop 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOne of the most important challenges for startup companies is securing financing. Indeed, it is crucial for startups to demonstrate their projects’ profitability to potential investors. We develop a model of single‐stage startup financing with signaling under ambiguity. Nature determines the ability of a technology entrepreneur (startup), who strategically chooses a costly patent level to signal his ability to potential investors. Because the project undertaken by a startup may involve highly innovative technology and may not be well known to agents, they might face ambiguity about the value of the project. To examine ambiguity effects on startup financing, we provide three different financing models in view of the degree of ambiguity: (i) no ambiguity; (ii) only investors face ambiguity; (iii) all agents face ambiguity. In each model, we derive perfect Bayesian equilibria and refine them into a unique equilibrium by imposing the Intuitive Criterion of Cho and Kreps (Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102, 1987, 179) or its extension. We analyze the refined equilibria from the perspectives of agents’ equity shares and expected profits, and equilibrium patent levels.
Endometriosis increases the risk of obstetrical and neonatal complications
Authors: Berlac Janne Foss , Hartwell Dorthe , Skovlund Charlotte Wessel , Langhoff‐Roos Jens , Lidegaard Øjvind 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of this study was to assess obstetrical complications and neonatal outcomes in women with endometriosis as compared with women without endometriosis.Material and methodsNational cohort including all delivering women and their newborns in Denmark 1997–2014. Data were extracted from the Danish Health Register and the Medical Birth Register. Logistic regression analysis provided odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sub‐analyses were made for primiparous women with a singleton pregnancy and for women with endometriosis who underwent gynecological surgery before pregnancy.ResultsIn 19 331 deliveries, women with endometriosis had a higher risk of severe preeclampsia (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5–2.0), hemorrhage in pregnancy (OR 2.3, 95% CI 2.0–2.5), placental abruption (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.7–2.3), placenta previa (OR 3.9, 95% CI 3.5–4.3), premature rupture of membranes (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5–1.8), and retained placenta (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.4–6.6). The neonates had increased risks of preterm birth before 28 weeks (OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.7–3.6), being small for gestational age (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.4–1.6), being diagnosed with congenital malformations (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.3–1.4), and neonatal death (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4–2.1). Results were similar in primiparous women with a singleton pregnancy. Gynecological surgery for endometriosis before pregnancy carried a further increased risk.ConclusionWomen with endometriosis had a significantly higher risk of several complications, such as preeclampsia and placental complications in pregnancy and at delivery. The newborns had increased risk of being delivered preterm, having congenital malformations, and having a higher neonatal death rate. Pregnant women with endometriosis require increased antenatal surveillance.
Comparing intravenous and oral proton pump inhibitor therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers following endoscopic management: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tringali Alberto , Manta Raffaele , Sica Mariano , Bassotti Gabrio , Marmo Riccardo , Mutignani Massimiliano 
Published: February 2017

Background and AimsThe efficacy of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been demonstrated for bleeding peptic ulcers but the route of administration remains controversial. Several studies have demonstrated that high‐dose oral PPIs are as effective as intravenous PPIs in reducing recurrent bleeding. However, current guidelines recommend intravenous PPIs after endoscopic treatment. Previous data based on numbers that were too small to enable a firm conclusion to be reached suggested that oral and intravenous PPIs had equivalent efficacy. We undertook a meta‐analysis to compare oral and intravenous PPIs in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers after endoscopic management.MethodsA literature search was undertaken using MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library, between 1990 and February 2016, to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the efficacy of PPIs administered by different routes. Nine RCTs, involving 1036 patients, were analysed. Outcomes were: recurrent bleeding, blood transfusion requirement, duration of hospital stay, a need for repeat endoscopy, surgery and 30‐day mortality.ResultsThere were no differences in the rebleeding rates [odds ratio (OR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60, 1.46; P = 0.77], need for surgery (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.25, 2.40; P = 0.65), need for repeat endoscopy (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.39, 1.21; P = 0.19), need for blood transfusion [(MD) –0.03, 95% CI –0.26, 0.19; P = 0.76], duration of hospital stay (MD –0.61, 95% CI –1.45, 0.23; P = 0.16) or 30‐day mortality (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.27, 2.43; P = 0.84) according to the route of administration.ConclusionsOral PPIs represent better value for money, with clinical efficacy equivalent to intravenous PPIs.
The Place of Crowdfunding in the Discovery of Scientific and Social Value of Medical Research
Authors: del Savio Lorenzo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCrowdfunding is increasingly common in medical research. Some critics are concerned that by adopting crowdfunding, some researchers may sidestep the established systems of review of the social and scientific value of studies (e.g. impact on disease burden, issues of justice), especially mechanisms of expert‐based review. I argue firstly that such concerns are based on a misleading picture of how research value is assessed and secondly that crowdfunding may turn out to be an useful complement of extant funding systems. I start with the idea that medical knowledge is a structured and intermediate public good and explain from this perspective that funding systems as a whole, rather than any of their parts (such as expert‐based reviews) ought to be considered devices for the discovery of the social and scientific value of research. If so, we should not be concerned with whether crowdfunding bypasses expert reviews, but with whether it may constitute an improvement of extant funding systems. In the second part, I speculate that crowdfunding may ameliorate, albeit limitedly, some recalcitrant failures of funding systems, such as the sponsorship of research on neglected diseases, and smooth funding adaptations for scientific transitions. If, after trial, such hypotheses turn out to be true, crowdfunding ought to be promoted.
Pearson's Chi-Square Test and Rank Correlation Inferences for Clustered Data
Authors: Shih Joanna H. , Fay Michael P. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Pearson's chi-square test has been widely used in testing for association between two categorical responses. Spearman rank correlation and Kendall's tau are often used for measuring and testing association between two continuous or ordered categorical responses. However, the established statistical properties of these tests are only valid when each pair of responses are independent, where each sampling unit has only one pair of responses. When each sampling unit consists of a cluster of paired responses, the assumption of independent pairs is violated. In this article, we apply the within-cluster resampling technique to U-statistics to form new tests and rank-based correlation estimators for possibly tied clustered data. We develop large sample properties of the new proposed tests and estimators and evaluate their performance by simulations. The proposed methods are applied to a data set collected from a PET/CT imaging study for illustration.
Changes in penile length after radical prostatectomy: investigation of the underlying anatomical mechanism
Authors: Kadono Yoshifumi , Machioka Kazuaki , Nakashima Kazufumi , Iijima Masashi , Shigehara Kazuyoshi , Nohara Takahiro , Narimoto Kazutaka , Izumi Kouji , Kitagawa Yasuhide , Konaka Hiroyuki , Gabata Toshifumi , Mizokami Atsushi 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveTo measure changes in penile length (PL) over time before and after radical prostatectomy (RP), and to investigate the underlying mechanisms for these changes.Patients and MethodsThe stretched PL (SPL) of 102 patients was measured before, 10 days after, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months after RP. The perpendicular distance from the distal end of the membranous urethra to the midline of the pelvic outlet was measured on mid‐sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) slice at three time points: preoperatively; 10 days after RP; and 12 months after RP. Pre‐ and postoperative SPLs were compared using paired Student's t‐test. Predictors of PL shortening at 10 days and at 12 months after RP were evaluated on univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsThe SPL was shortest 10 days after RP (mean PL shortening from preoperative level: 19.9 mm), and gradually recovered thereafter. SPL at 12 months after RP was not significantly different from preoperative SPL. On MRI examination, the distal end of membranous urethra was found to have moved proximally (mean proximal displacement: 3.9 mm) at 10 days after RP, and to have returned to the preoperative position at 12 months after RP. On univariate analysis, only the volume of the removed prostate was a predictor of SPL change at 10 days after surgery; on multivariate analysis, the association was not statistically significant. No predictor of SPL change was found at 12 months after RP.ConclusionThe SPL was shortest at 10 days after RP and gradually recovered thereafter in the present study. Anatomically, the glans and corpus spongiosum surrounding the urethra are an integral structure, and the proximal urethra is drawn into the pelvis during urethrovesical anastomosis. This is the first report showing that slight vertical repositioning of the membranous urethra after RP causes changes in SPL over time. These results can help inform patients about changes in penile appearance after RP.
Detection and oncological effect of circulating tumour cells in patients with variant urothelial carcinoma histology treated with radical cystectomy
Authors: Soave Armin , Riethdorf Sabine , Dahlem Roland , Minner Sarah , Weisbach Lars , Engel Oliver , Fisch Margit , Pantel Klaus , Rink Michael 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesTo investigate for the presence of circulating tumour cells (CTC) in patients with variant urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) histology treated with radical cystectomy (RC), and to determine their impact on oncological outcomes.Patients and methodsWe prospectively collected data of 188 patients with UCB treated with RC without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Pathological specimens were meticulously reviewed for pure and variant UCB histology. Preoperatively collected blood samples (7.5 mL) were analysed for CTC using the CellSearch® system (Janssen, Raritan, NJ, USA).ResultsVariant UCB histology was found in 47 patients (25.0%), most frequently of squamous cell differentiation (16.5%). CTC were present in 30 patients (21.3%) and 12 patients (25.5%) with pure and variant UCB histology, respectively. At a median follow‐up of 25 months, the presence of CTC and non‐squamous cell differentiation were associated with reduced recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and cancer‐specific survival (pairwise P ≤ 0.016). Patients without CTC had better RFS, independent of UCB histology, than patients with CTC with any UCB histology (pairwise P < 0.05). In multivariable analyses, the presence of CTC, but not variant UCB histology, was an independent predictor for disease recurrence [hazard ratio (HR) 3.45; P < 0.001] and cancer‐specific mortality (HR 2.62; P = 0.002).ConclusionCTC are detectable in about a quarter of patients with pure or variant UCB histology before RC, and represent an independent predictor for outcomes, when adjusting for histological subtype. In addition, our prospective data confirm the unfavourable influence of non‐squamous cell‐differentiated UCB on outcomes.
Recurrent copy number alterations in low‐grade and anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with and without BRAF V600E mutation
Authors: Vaubel Rachael A. , Caron Alissa A. , Yamada Seiji , Decker Paul A. , Eckel Passow Jeanette E. , Rodriguez Fausto J. , Nageswara Rao Amulya A. , Lachance Daniel , Parney Ian , Jenkins Robert , Giannini Caterina 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a rare localized glioma characterized by frequent BRAF V600E mutation and CDKN2A/B deletion. We explored the association of copy‐number variants (CNVs) with BRAF mutations, tumor grade, and patient survival in a cohort of 41 PXA patients using OncoScan chromosomal microarray. Primary resection specimens were available in 38 cases, including 24 PXA and 14 anaplastic PXA (A‐PXA), 23 BRAF V600E mutant tumors (61%). CNVs were identified in all cases and most frequently involved chromosome 9 with homozygous CDKN2A/B deletion (n = 33, 87%), a higher proportion than previously detected by comparative genomic hybridization (50%–60%) (37). CDKN2A/B deletion was present in similar proportion of PXA (83%), A‐PXA (93%), BRAF V600E (87%), and wild‐type (87%) tumors. Whole chromosome gains/losses were frequent, including gains +7 (n = 15), +2 (n = 11), +5 (n = 10), +21 (n = 10), +20 (n = 9), +12 (n = 8), +15 (n = 8), and losses −22 (n = 11), −14 (n = 7), −13 (n = 5). Losses and copy‐neutral loss of heterozygosity were significantly more common in A‐PXA, involving chromosomes 22 (P = 0.009) and 14 (P = 0.03). Amplification of 8p and 12q was identified in a single tumor. Histologic grade was a robust predictor of overall survival (P = 0.003), while other copy‐number changes, including CDKN2A/B deletion, did not show significant association with survival. Distinct histologic patterns of anaplasia included increased mitotic activity in an otherwise classic PXA or associated with small cell, fibrillary, or epithelioid morphology, with loss of SMARCB1 expression in one case. In 10 cases, matched specimens were compared, including A‐PXA with areas of distinct low‐ and high‐grade morphology (n = 2), matched primary/tumor recurrence (n = 7), or both (n = 1). Copy‐number changes on recurrence/anaplastic transformation were complex and highly variable, from nearly identical profiles to numerous copy‐number changes. Overall, we confirm CDKN2A/B deletion as key a feature of PXA not associated with tumor grade or BRAF mutation, but central to the underlying genetics of PXA.
Phylogeny, host association and biogeographical patterns in the diverse millipede‐parasitoid genusMyriophoraBrown (Diptera:Phoridae)
Authors: Hash John M. , Heraty John M. , Brown Brian V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMyriophorais the most species‐rich group of parasitoids that attack toxic, chemically defended millipedes in the superorder Juliformia and order Polydesmida—a resource that few insect predators and parasitoids are able to exploit. Worldwide, there are an estimated 200 species ofMyriophora, with the majority of the diversity centred in the Neotropical region. The phylogeny ofMyriophorais unknown, biogeographical patterns are not documented, and known host associations have not been assessed in a phylogenetic context. We provide the first phylogenetic study of the genus from a data set composed of 52 taxa primarily from the Neotropical region including 10 outgroups, 40 morphological characters, and molecular data from three mitochondrial (16S,COIandND1) and one nuclear marker (AK). We find thatMyriophoradispersed from the New World to the Old World in a single event before subsequently spreading to the Afrotropical region. The ancestral hosts reconstructed forMyriophoraare the benzoquinone‐producing Juliformia, and this association has been retained in the Old World clade. In the Neotropical region,Myriophorathat are associated with cyanide‐producing polydesmidan millipedes are confined to a single clade that shows remarkably little genetic variation between clearly morphologically diagnosable species.