bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural products for the management of xerostomia: a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Navarro Morante Anabel , Wolff Andy , Bautista Mendoza Gloria Rocio , López‐Jornet Pia 
Published: August 2016

AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of lycopene‐enriched virgin olive oil in spray form used to treat patients with drug‐induced xerostomia, comparing this with a placebo spray.Materials and MethodsThis double‐blind, randomized clinical trial included elderly subjects with drug‐induced xerostomia (n = 60). Resting salivary flow was measured using the draining technique. The Xerostomia Inventory (XI) was used to assess symptoms and the Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP‐14) to assess patient quality of life. Evaluations were made before and after 12 weeks of product/placebo application.ResultsSixty patients took part in the study. Symptoms improved among the treatment group (n = 30) after 12 weeks in the following XI domains: ‘Rate the difficulty you experience in speaking because of dryness’ (P = 0.03); ‘Rate how much saliva is in your mouth’ (P = 0.03); and ‘Rate the dryness of your lips’ (P = 0.04). The placebo group (n = 30) underwent improvements in: ‘Rate how much saliva is in your mouth’ (P = 0.02) and ‘Rate the dryness of your mouth’ (P = 0.01). A significant improvement (P = 0.001) in oral‐related quality of life (OHIP‐14) was identified in the treatment group, while no significant differences were observed in the placebo group (P > 0.05).ConclusionThe topical application of lycopene‐enriched virgin olive oil and its placebo counterpart improved xerostomia‐related symptoms significantly (but not salivary flow rate) in patients with drug‐induced xerostomia.
Respite needs of families receiving palliative care
Authors: Smith Christine H , Graham Carol A , Herbert Anthony R 
Published: August 2016

AimThe care of a child with a life‐limiting condition proves an emotional, physical and financial strain on the family that provides care for their child. Respite care is one way which allows carers to receive some relief and support in the context of this burden of care. The provision of and the requirements for respite in this context is poorly understood. This survey aims to describe the types of respite care families receive, the respite that they would ideally receive and the barriers that prevent this.MethodsA cohort of 34 families cared for by the Paediatric Palliative Care Service in Queensland were approached to participate in a 20‐question survey about their current respite preferences for future respite, with 20 surveys returned.ResultsThree of the families (15%) reported receiving no respite in the previous 12 months. Families who received respite received a combination of formal respite (a structured care provider) and informal respite (family or friends). Ten families (50%) reported that they would want the time of respite changed. Barriers to receiving adequate respite included complexity of care of the child, financial barriers and lack of a respite provider.ConclusionsThere is disparate provision of respite care with the main perceived barrier to attaining ‘ideal respite’ being the lack of a provider able to meet the complex care needs of their child. The provision of respite across diversity in geography; medical condition; social and cultural needs remains a challenge.
Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of diversity among small araphid diatoms all lacking rimoportulae. I. Five new genera, eight new species
Authors: Li Chun L. , Ashworth Matt P. , Witkowski Andrzej , Lobban Christopher S. , Zgłobicka Izabela , Kurzydłowski Krzysztof J. , Qin Song 
Published: August 2016

Pennate diatoms are important contributors to primary production in freshwater and marine habitats. But the extent of their diversity, ecology, and evolution is still largely unknown. This is particularly evident among the clades of pennate diatoms without raphe slits, whose diversity is likely underestimated due to their small size and features that can be difficult to discern under light microscopy. In this study, we described five new araphid genera with eight new species based on morphological observations (light and electron microscopy) and molecular data (nuclear‐encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA and chloroplast‐encoded rbcL and psbC): Serratifera varisterna, Hendeyella rhombica, H. dimeregrammopsis, H. lineata, Psammotaenia lanceolata, Castoridens striata, C. hyalina, and Cratericulifera shandongensis. We also transferred Dimeregramma dubium to Hendeyella dubia. Phylogenetic analysis of the molecular data revealed that all the newly established taxa fell into a monophyletic group, with Fragilariforma virescens located at the base. The group was composed by two subclades: one comprising Castoridens, Cratericulifera, and Plagiostriata, and the larger including also the rest of the new genera plus some of the smallest known diatoms, such as Nanofrustulum, Opephora, Pseudostaurosira, Staurosirella, and Staurosira with a high level of support. This study enhances the general knowledge on the phylogeny and biodiversity of a group of small araphid diatoms that have been generally poorly described both by electron microscopy and DNA sequence data.
Salivary and serum adiponectin and C‐reactive protein levels in acute myocardial infarction related to body mass index and oral health
Authors: Ebersole J. L. , Kryscio R. J. , Campbell C. , Kinane D. F. , McDevitt J. , Christodoulides N. , Floriano P. N. , Miller C. S. 
Published: August 2016

Background and ObjectiveAdiponectin is produced by adipose cells and is considered an anti‐inflammatory molecule. In contrast, C‐reactive protein (CRP) has been identified as a hallmark of systemic inflammation and used as a risk marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Of interest was the relationship of these two biomarkers to oral health and CVD risk.Material and MethodsThis investigation examined these two molecules in serum and unstimulated whole saliva of patients within 48 h of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to control subjects. We hypothesized a differential response in these biomolecules resulting from the heart attack that would be affected by both the body mass index and oral health characteristics of the individuals.ResultsSignificantly lower adiponectin levels were observed in the serum of patients with AMI. Serum adiponectin in both groups and salivary adiponectin in patients with AMI decreased with increasing body mass index. Oral health was significantly worse in patients with AMI, and both serum and salivary adiponectin were elevated with better oral health in control subjects. Serum CRP levels were increased in patients with AMI regardless of their oral health, and both serum and salivary CRP were significantly elevated in S‐T wave elevated patients with MI.ConclusionsThese initial data provide evidence relating obesity and oral health to salivary and serum analyte levels that occur in association with cardiac events. Relationships have been described between CVD risk and periodontal disease. Additionally, various systemic inflammatory biomarkers appear to reflect both the CVD risk and the extent/severity of periodontitis. Our findings indicated that oral health and obesity contribute to altering levels of these salivary and serum analytes in association with cardiac events. The potential that serum and/or salivary biomarkers could aid in evaluating CVD risk requires knowledge regarding how the oral health of the individual would impact the effectiveness of these biological measures.
Current Research on Linguistic Variation in the Arabic‐Speaking World
Authors: Horesh Uri , Cotter William M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractGiven its abundance of dialects, varieties, styles, and registers, Arabic lends itself easily to the study of language variation and change. It is spoken by some 300 million people in an area spanning roughly from northwest Africa to the Persian Gulf. Traditional Arabic dialectology has dealt predominantly with geographical variation. However, in recent years, more nuanced studies of inter‐ and intra‐speaker variation have seen the light of day. In some respects, Arabic sociolinguistics is still lagging behind the field compared to variationist studies in English and other Western languages. On the other hand, the insight presented in studies of Arabic can and should be considered in the course of shaping a crosslinguistic sociolinguistic theory. Variationist studies of Arabic‐speaking speech communities began almost two decades after Labov's pioneering studies of American English and have flourished following the turn of the 21st century. These studies have sparked debates between more quantitatively inclined sociolinguists and those who value qualitative analysis. In reality, virtually no sociolinguistic study of Arabic that includes statistical modeling is free of qualitative insights. They are also not flawless and not always cutting edge methodologically or theoretically, but the field is moving in a positive direction, which will likely lead to the recognition of its significance to sociolinguistics at large.
Ethics in Numbers: Auditing Cleft Treatment in Mexico and Beyond
Authors: Taylor‐Alexander Samuel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPlastic surgeons around the globe are implementing projects that mix audit with medical research to ensure and improve the level of care offered to patients with cleft lip and palate. Drawing on recent literature on “audit culture” and the global growth of “performance indicators” as a form of governance, I demonstrate the conjugation of ethics and the production of numerical indicators in cleft treatment. By standardizing documentation, cleft treatment audit programs facilitate evidence‐based medicine and a form of reflexive self‐governance. However, the abstraction that accompanies standardization is amplified as corollary data practices travel. In emerging as the answer to improving treatment, these projects lock out the politico–economic factors that mediate medical care in resource poor settings. This danger is compounded by the tendency of numerical governance to replace political conversation with technocratic expertise.
Multiple dispersal vectors drive range expansion in an invasive marine species
Authors: Richardson Mark F. , Sherman Craig D. H. , Lee Randall S. , Bott Nathan J. , Hirst Alastair J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe establishment and subsequent spread of invasive species is widely recognized as one of the most threatening processes contributing to global biodiversity loss. This is especially true for marine and estuarine ecosystems, which have experienced significant increases in the number of invasive species with the increase in global maritime trade. Understanding the rate and mechanisms of range expansion is therefore of significant interest to ecologists and conservation managers alike. Using a combination of population genetic surveys, environmental DNA (eDNA) plankton sampling and hydrodynamic modelling, we examined the patterns of introduction of the predatory Northern Pacific seastar (Asterias amurensis) and pathways of secondary spread within southeast Australia. Genetic surveys across the invasive range reveal some genetic divergence between the two main invasive regions and no evidence of ongoing gene flow, a pattern that is consistent with the establishment of the second invasive region via a human‐mediated translocation event. In contrast, hydrodynamic modelling combined with eDNA plankton sampling demonstrated that the establishment of range expansion populations within a region is consistent with natural larval dispersal and recruitment. Our results suggest that both anthropogenic and natural dispersal vectors have played an important role in the range expansion of this species in Australia. The multiple modes of spread combined with high levels of fecundity and a long larval duration in A. amurensis suggests it is likely to continue its range expansion and significantly impact Australian marine ecosystems.
Targeted re‐sequencing confirms the importance of chemosensory genes in aphid host race differentiation
Authors: Eyres Isobel , Duvaux Ludovic , Gharbi Karim , Tucker Rachel , Hopkins David , Simon Jean‐Christophe , Ferrari Julia , Smadja Carole M. , Butlin Roger K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHost‐associated races of phytophagous insects provide a model for understanding how adaptation to a new environment can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation, ultimately enabling us to connect barriers to gene flow to adaptive causes of divergence. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) comprises host races specializing on legume species and provides a unique system for examining the early stages of diversification along a gradient of genetic and associated adaptive divergence. As host choice produces assortative mating, understanding the underlying mechanisms of choice will contribute directly to understanding of speciation. As host choice in the pea aphid is likely mediated by smell and taste, we use capture sequencing and SNP genotyping to test for the role of chemosensory genes in the divergence between eight host plant species across the continuum of differentiation and sampled at multiple locations across western Europe. We show high differentiation of chemosensory loci relative to control loci in a broad set of pea aphid races and localities, using a model‐free approach based on principal component analysis. Olfactory and gustatory receptors form the majority of highly differentiated genes and include loci that were already identified as outliers in a previous study focusing on the three most closely related host races. Consistent indications that chemosensory genes may be good candidates for local adaptation and barriers to gene flow in the pea aphid open the way to further investigations aiming to understand their impact on gene flow and to determine their precise functions in response to host plant metabolites.
Oppressed nationalities: Italian responses to the Polish Uprising of January 1863
Authors: Bacchin Elena 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis article analyses the activities organised in Italy to support the Polish Uprising of 1863 and the speeches and narratives used to present this foreign question to the Italian public. This international event brought to the forefront the same issues that had been raised by Italian nationalism, and also when discussing foreign national movements, Italy reflected both on her own identity and past history. In particular, the democratic ideals of the Risorgimento found their fulfilment in supporting the Polish rebels. The article, using archival sources, tries to build a transnational approach to Italian nationalism with a particular focus on how both Italian patriots and public opinion perceived and acted towards other ‘oppressed nationalities’ while also struggling to complete its own unification. Supporting a foreign cause was not only an expression of solidarity, but it also strengthened national sentiment and provoked a reflection on Italian national pride and identity.
Caudal analgesia and cardiothoracic surgery: a look at postoperative pain scores in a pediatric population
Authors: Nguyen Khoa N. , Byrd Heather S. , Tan Jonathan M. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryAimCaudal epidural anesthesia has been shown to reduce stress response and shorten the time to extubation in children after cardiac surgery. Combined with general anesthesia, regional anesthesia has been proven to be safe and efficacious in the pediatric population. It is not known, however, whether the use of caudal anesthesia actually reduces postoperative pain scores and decreases postoperative opioid use.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the charts of 199 children who underwent repair for atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) at a major academic children's hospital between 2010 and 2013.ResultsEighty‐six patients underwent preoperative placement of caudal anesthesia (bupivacaine 0.25% 1 ml·kg−1 up to 20 ml + clonidine 2mcg·kg−1 + Duramorph 40 mcg·kg−1 up to 2.5 mg) and 113 patients did not have a caudal block. Postoperative cardiac intensive care pain scores were analyzed according to standard nurse‐recorded patient‐appropriate pain scales ranging from 0 to 10 (CRIES for neonates and FLACC for 2 months–7 years). There was no statistical difference between caudal and noncaudal groups with respect to postoperative pain scores or with postoperative opioid requirements. There was a statistical significance with regard to intraoperative opioid use as noncaudal patients invariably received more opioid during the procedure.ConclusionAlthough regional anesthesia reduced intraoperative opioid usage, there was no difference in postoperative opioid usage or pain scores.
Regional variation in the use of 1A status exceptions for pediatric heart transplant candidates: is this equitable?
Authors: Godown Justin , McKane Meghann , Wujcik Kari A. , Mettler Bret A. , Dodd Debra A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe use of status exceptions (SE) was recently publicized as a strategy to reduce waitlist times for children awaiting heart transplant (HTx). The aim of this study was to assess SE use across UNOS regions and compare survival in patients listed using a SE to those listed by standard criteria. The OPTN database was queried for all pediatric patients listed for HTx (2000–2014). SE use was compared across UNOS regions. Survival curves were generated and compared using the log‐rank test. 1A SE use is uncommon, being utilized in 108 of 4587 pediatric 1A listings (2.4%). There is significant variability in SE use across UNOS regions (0.7%–16.4% of 1A listings, P < .001). Waitlist survival is significantly higher in candidates listed using a 1A SE compared to those listed by standard criteria (P = .001) and is similar to 1B listings. Regional variation in 1A SE use has the potential to introduce bias into a system designed to be equitable. Waitlist survival in patients listed using a SE is similar to those listed status 1B, suggesting these patients may not require 1A status. Careful review of pediatric heart allocation policies is needed to optimize patient outcomes and ensure a fair and unbiased allocation system.
Comparison of the efficacy of 308‐nm excimer lamp monotherapy with topical tacrolimus or clobetasol 17‐propionate combination therapies in localized vitiligo
Authors: Bapur Erduran Funda , Adışen Esra 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundIn recent years, excimer light treatments have come to the fore in localized vitiligo because of their high efficacy and safety.ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 308‐nm excimer lamp as a monotherapy and its combination with tacrolimus 0.1% or clobetasol 17‐propionate 0.05% ointment in localized vitiligo.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study including a total of 82 patients who were treated with excimer lamp monotherapy (EL group) (n = 30), excimer lamp + topical tacrolimus (EL + T group) (n = 29), or excimer lamp + topical clobetasol 17‐propionate (EL + CS group) (n = 23). We used digital morphometric analysis for the evaluation of repigmentation.ResultsMedian healing rate after 24 sessions was significantly higher in EL + T group (69%) than EL (42.5%) and EL + CS (44%) groups (P = 0.008 and P = 0.032). There were not any patients with face lesions in EL + CS group, so when these patients were excluded, EL + T and EL + CS groups had higher healing rates than EL group (P = 0.037 and P = 0.043). It was confirmed that combination with tacrolimus was superior to clobetasol‐17 propionate (P = 0.048) with multivariate regression analysis.ConclusionWe noted that 308‐nm excimer lamp therapy was efficacious; adding topical tacrolimus or topical clobetasol‐17 propionate could increase response to treatment.
Expression of RANKL by peripheral neutrophils and its association with bone mineral density in COPD
Authors: Hu XiaoLing , Sun Yongchang , Xu Weihan , Lin Tao , Zeng Hui 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Background and objectiveOsteoporosis is a major co‐morbidity of COPD, but the mechanistic links between diseases of the lung and the bone remain elusive. Human neutrophils express the osteoclast activation factor RANKL (receptor activator of NF‐kB ligand) and act directly on osteoclasts to promote bone loss. Given that neutrophils are key effector cells in the pathogenesis of COPD, these same cells, by expressing RANKL, may be involved in osteoporosis of COPD.MethodsWe enrolled 59 male patients with COPD, 32 smokers with normal lung function and 25 healthy non‐smokers of the same gender as controls. The expression of RANKL on peripheral neutrophils was detected by flow cytometry. The plasma concentrations of pro‐inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. We analysed the association of RANKL
+ neutrophils with bone mineral density (BMD), lung function and the levels of cytokines.Results
RANKL
+ neutrophils in the blood of COPD patients were increased as compared to smokers and healthy controls, and the percentage of RANKL
+ neutrophils was higher in patients with low BMD as compared to those with normal BMD. The percentage of RANKL
+ neutrophils showed negative correlations with BMD and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) % predicted. Further analysis showed that activated neutrophils were increased and expressed a higher level of RANKL in COPD patients. Plasma levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐8 were increased in COPD patients and correlated with RANKL expression by neutrophils.ConclusionOur results show that RANKL‐expressing neutrophils are increased in male patients with COPD and associated with BMD and lung function, suggesting that these cells may play a role in osteoclastogenesis in COPD.
Role of anxiety and brooding in specificity of autobiographical recall
Authors: Ricarte Jorge Javier , Ros Laura , Latorre Jose Miguel , Muñoz Maria Dolores , Aguilar Maria Jose , Hernandez Jose Vicente 
Published: August 2016

Overgeneral schemas and lack of autobiographical memory (AM) specificity about our past experiences can predict mood disturbance. Rumination, functional avoidance and executive processes are the main explanatory variables of such overgenerality. However, in non‐clinical samples, rumination predicts overgenerality most consistently after the induction of dysphoric mood. Anxiety also activates rumination. Furthermore, anxiety predicts memory performance and has effects on mood which are independent of the effects of rumination. So, what might be the role of anxiety in autobiographical memory performance? A sample of 210 voluntary participants reported measures of autobiographical memory, anxiety, rumination (brooding and reflection), functional avoidance and executive functions (semantic and phonetic verbal fluency task). Autobiographical performance (specificity) was negatively associated with brooding and age and positively with phonetic verbal fluency but not with functional avoidance and anxiety. However, anxiety and brooding were positively correlated even after controlling for depression scores. Moreover, using structural equation modeling, anxiety showed a significant indirect effect on autobiographical specificity through brooding rumination. These results suggest a possible association of anxiety with autobiographical recall through brooding rumination.