bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ryutin Affair and the “Terrorism” Narrative of The Purges
Authors: Clark William A. 
Published: December 2015

Described by one prominent Russian historian as “the only genuine conspiracy against Stalin,” and by another as “the process that would lead to the Terror,” the Ryutin Affair of the 1930s is inextricably tied to the events that surround the consolidation of Stalin’s dictatorship. It serves as a common thread linking Stalin’s repudiation of the nep in 1928, the internal party resistance of the Right Opposition, the destruction of intra-party dialogue on important policy questions, the systematic elimination of Stalin’s perceived rivals within the leadership, and the public show trials that punctuated the Terror. And yet, detailed accounts of the Ryutin Platform and the political affair that followed are largely absent from the English-language historiography of the period. Rather, the Ryutin Affair, despite its key role in the story of Stalin’s consolidation of power and radical turn to the Left after 1928, has gone largely underspecified in the literature.
This paper seeks to contribute to a remedy by tracing the impact of the Ryutin Affair – predicated as it was on a 194-page philosophical denunciation of Stalin and his policies written and circulated within party circles by Moscow party official Martem’ian Ryutin – in the events surrounding Stalin’s key claim during the period of the purges that leading figures of the Bolshevik leadership (Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Tomsky, Rykov and others) were engaged in a terrorist conspiracy against Stalin and his inner leadership. As one after another of Stalin’s rivals are eliminated, and as one after another of the key protagonists in these events admit to terroristic plans against “Stalin and his clique,” Ryutin steadfastly denied terroristic intent and refused to be a willing participant in the denunciations that were part and parcel of the purge trials. The paper reveals Stalin’s determination to defend his “terrorism” narrative – a narrative rejected by the Politburo in 1932 when Stalin initially sought Ryutin’s execution but resurrected successfully in 1936 as the basis of the Show Trials.
Eddy Activity Sensitivity to Changes in the Vertical Structure of Baroclinicity
Authors: Yuval Janni , Kaspi Yohai 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The relation between the mean meridional temperature gradient and eddy fluxes has been addressed by several eddy flux closure theories. However, these theories give little information on the dependence of eddy fluxes on the vertical structure of the temperature gradient. The response of eddies to changes in the vertical structure of the temperature gradient is especially interesting since global circulation models suggest that as a result of greenhouse warming, the lower-tropospheric temperature gradient will decrease whereas the upper-tropospheric temperature gradient will increase. The effects of the vertical structure of baroclinicity on atmospheric circulation, particularly on the eddy activity, are investigated. An idealized global circulation model with a modified Newtonian relaxation scheme is used. The scheme allows the authors to obtain a heating profile that produces a predetermined mean temperature profile and to study the response of eddy activity to changes in the vertical structure of baroclinicity. The results indicate that eddy activity is more sensitive to temperature gradient changes in the upper troposphere. It is suggested that the larger eddy sensitivity to the upper-tropospheric temperature gradient is a consequence of large baroclinicity concentrated in upper levels. This result is consistent with a 1D Eady-like model with nonuniform shear showing more sensitivity to shear changes in regions of larger baroclinicity. In some cases, an increased temperature gradient at lower-tropospheric levels might decrease the eddy kinetic energy, and it is demonstrated that this might be related to the midwinter minimum in eddy kinetic energy observed above the northern Pacific.
Transdermal solid delivery of epigallocatechin-3-gallate using self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system as vehicle: Formulation, evaluation and vesicle-skin interaction
Authors: Hu Caibiao , Gu Chengyu , Fang Qiao , Wang Qiang , Xia Qiang 
Published: December 2015

The present study investigated a self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system loaded with epigallocatechin-3-gallate to improve epigallocatechin-3-gallate skin retention. The long chain solid lipids (cetostearyl alcohol) and macadamia oil were utilized as a carrier to deliver the bioactive ingredient. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the formulation, and the solid lipid to total lipid weight ratio, concentration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and hydrophilic surfactant on skin retention were found to be the principal factors. The optimum formulation with high encapsulation efficiency (95.75%), self-double-emulsification performance (99.58%) and skin retention (87.24%) were derived from the fitted models and experimentally examined, demonstrating a reasonable agreement between experimental and predicted values. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system was found to be stable for 3 months. Transdermal studies could explain a higher skin diffusion of epigallocatechin-3-gallate from the self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system compared with EGCG aqueous solution. In vitro cytotoxicity showed that epigallocatechin-3-gallate-self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system did not exert hazardous effect on L929 cells up to 1:10.
Promoting spinal fusions by biomineralized silk fibroin films seeded with bone marrow stromal cells: An in vivo animal study
Authors: Gu Yong , Chen Liang , Niu Hai-Yun , Shen Xiao-Feng , Yang Hui-Lin 
Published: December 2015

Objectives To prepare a biomineralized nano silk fibroin film seeded with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), and to evaluate its performance in spinal fusion. Methods The silk fibroin film was mineralized in a modified, simulated body fluid, seeded with BMSCs, and evaluated in a rat model of posterolateral lumbar fusion, compared with pure silk fibroin, silk fibroin/bone marrow stromal cells, mineralized silk fibroin, mineralized silk fibroin/bone marrow stromal cells, iliac crest bone, and no graft. After 12 weeks, all rats were sacrificed and underwent manual palpation, micro-CT scanning, biomechanical testing, and histology. Results The infrared spectrum, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated deposition of mineral layers on the silk fibroin film surface. The fusion rate, bone volume, relative strength and stiffness, and histological score of the mineralized silk fibroin/bone marrow stromal cells were slightly lower than the autograft, but without any significant difference ( p > 0.05). In addition, the mineralized silk fibroin was significantly greater in most parameters than the silk fibroin/bone marrow stromal cells ( p < 0.05). Conclusion The mineralized silk fibroin resembles natural bone structurally, and the cellular and mineral layers of silk fibroin are both critical to bone regeneration. The ability to promote spinal fusion is enhanced when the mineralized silk fibroin is seeded with bone marrow stromal cells.
Reliability of chemotherapy preparation processes: Evaluating independent double-checking and computer-assisted gravimetric control
Authors: Carrez Laurent , Bouchoud Lucie , Fleury-Souverain Sandrine , Combescure Christophe , Falaschi Ludivine , Sadeghipour Farshid , Bonnabry Pascal 
Published: December 2015

Background and objectives Centralized chemotherapy preparation units have established systematic strategies to avoid errors. Our work aimed to evaluate the accuracy of manual preparations associated with different control methods. Method A simulation study in an operational setting used phenylephrine and lidocaine as markers. Each operator prepared syringes that were controlled using a different method during each of three sessions (no control, visual double-checking, and gravimetric control). Eight reconstitutions and dilutions were prepared in each session, with variable doses and volumes, using different concentrations of stock solutions. Results were analyzed according to qualitative (choice of stock solution) and quantitative criteria (accurate, <5% deviation from the target concentration; weakly accurate, 5%–10%; inaccurate, 10%–30%; wrong, >30% deviation). Results Eleven operators carried out 19 sessions. No final preparation (n = 438) contained a wrong drug. The protocol involving no control failed to detect 1 of 3 dose errors made and double-checking failed to detect 3 of 7 dose errors. The gravimetric control method detected all 5 out of 5 dose errors. The accuracy of the doses measured was equivalent across the control methods ( p = 0.63 Kruskal–Wallis). The final preparations ranged from 58% to 60% accurate, 25% to 27% weakly accurate, 14% to 17% inaccurate and 0.9% wrong. A high variability was observed between operators. Discussion Gravimetric control was the only method able to detect all dose errors, but it did not improve dose accuracy. A dose accuracy with <5% deviation cannot always be guaranteed using manual production. Automation should be considered in the future.
Expression of Annexin A2 and Its Correlation With Drug Resistance and Recurrence of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Hu Huihui , Zhao Jin , Zhang Man 
Published: December 2015

Objective: To explore the expressions of annexin A2 in bladder cancer cell lines and bladder cancer tissues, we want to find the relationship among annexin A2, drug resistance, and recurrence of bladder cancer. Methods: Our laboratory established the PUMC-91 bladder cancer cell line against gradient concentration of Adriamycin (0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 μg/mL), and we also collected 60 cases of surgically resected bladder cancer recurrent tissue samples. The tissues were classified into 2 groups according to the frequency of recurrence (<6 months and >2 years) after initial surgery. The method of immunohistochemistry was used to examine the differences in the expression of annexin A2. Results: There were statistical differences in annexin A2 among normal bladder epithelial cell line SV-HUC-1, PUMC-91, PUMC-91 against 0.3 μg/mL Adriamycin, and PUMC-91 against 1.0 μg/mL Adriamycin ( P < .05). The expressions of Annexin A2 were found to be higher than those that recurred at >2 years ( P = .002) in the bladder cancer tissues and that recurred at <6 months after initial surgery. It was also associated with invasion depth (stage) of bladder cancer, such as higher expression in T2 (invasive muscular) group than Tis (carcinoma in situ) and T1 (invasive mucosa lamina propria) groups ( P = .003 and P = .000, respectively). But, it did not correlate with the differentiation (grade) of cancer cells in bladder cancer tissues ( P = .593). Conclusion: Annexin A2 can act as a valuable biomarker for predicting the drug resistance and recurrence of bladder cancer.
The association between self-monitoring of blood glucose, hemoglobin A1C and testing patterns in community pharmacies
Authors: Mansell Kerry , Evans Charity , Tran David , Sevany Shellina 
Published: December 2015

Objectives: To determine if pharmacists providing advice on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) to new meter users, based on the Canadian Diabetes Association (CDA) Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs), resulted in improvements in A1C. SMBG testing patterns and pharmacist interactions were also observed. Methods: A cluster randomized, pilot study was performed, with pharmacies randomized to an intervention or control group. The intervention group provided SMBG education according to the CDA CPGs at baseline, 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months; the control group provided usual care. The primary endpoint was the mean change in A1C measured at 6 months. Secondary endpoints included a description of SMBG patterns and lifestyle changes and were determined via a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Thirty-six participants (26 intervention, 10 control) were recruited from 9 pharmacies across Saskatchewan, Canada. Mean A1C decreased by −1.69 and −0.70 in the intervention and control groups, respectively ( p = 0.376). A total of 12 of 26 (46.2%) participants in the intervention group indicated they performed SMBG ≥7 times per week; 75% (9/12) of these were controlled by lifestyle or metformin alone. When applicable, most participants in the intervention group indicated they perform SMBG with exercise (62.5%), during illness (62.5%) and with hypoglycemic symptoms (81.3%) compared with 33.3%, 42.9% and 42.9% in the control group, respectively. Most participants in the intervention group (20/26; 76.9%) reported making lifestyle changes as a result of speaking with the pharmacist, with all indicating that they maintained these changes at 6 months. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study indicate that a larger study examining pharmacist interventions related to SMBG is feasible. Future studies are required to determine patient motivations and further evaluate the role of pharmacists in ensuring best practices to positively influence guideline-based blood glucose monitoring.
Case series of necrotizing fasciitis presenting to the Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, from 2006 to 2012
Authors: Pek Jen Heng , Poh Juliana , Seth Puneet 
Published: December 2015

Introduction: We aim to review the clinical course of patients with necrotizing fasciitis (NF) presenting to the emergency department, hence determining the need for close monitoring for deterioration, and the need for urgent and rapid surgical intervention. Methods: A retrospective review of electronic medical records of patients with the main diagnosis of NF presenting to the Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, from 2006 to 2012 was performed. Data was collected in standardized forms and used for analysis. Patients’ demographics, LRINEC scores, time to disposition, and clinical course and outcome were reviewed. Results: A total of 27 cases with the main diagnosis of NF were reviewed. The median age was 56 years (range 20–79). Twenty-four (88.9%) cases had significant underlying comorbidities. Only 18 (66.7%) cases had a LRINEC score of six or more, mandating careful evaluation for NF. Seven (25.9%) cases were managed in the resuscitation room, with median time taken from registration to resuscitation room being 14 min (range 0–231). Four (14.8%) cases were sent to the operation theater from the emergency department with a median time 321.5 min (range 286–436). Case fatality rate in this series was 14.8%. Conclusions: NF can result in gross morbidity and mortality if not treated in the early stages. The emergency physician needs to have a high index of suspicion to recognize the disease early and initiate prompt resuscitative efforts in septic patients, including urgent referral for surgical debridement.
Down syndrome increases hospital length of stay in children with bronchiolitis
Authors: Ting Teck Wah , Chan Hiok Yang , Wong Petrina Poh Chen , Testoni Daniela , Lee Jan Hau 
Published: December 2015

Background: Children with Down syndrome have an increased burden of respiratory infections. We hypothesized that children with Down syndrome hospitalized for bronchiolitis would stay longer compared with children without Down syndrome. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case–control study of children with Down syndrome who were hospitalized for bronchiolitis in Singapore from 2004 to 2012. Results: There were 27 and 43 admissions in the Down syndrome and control groups respectively. More children with Down syndrome had congenital heart defects (14 (52%) vs. none in controls). Children with Down syndrome stayed longer in hospital compared with controls (7 (interquartile range (IQR) 5–14) vs. 3 (IQR 2–4) days, p<0.001). In a subgroup analysis of patients without or surgically corrected congenital heart defects, children with Down syndrome still had a longer stay (6 (IQR 5–8) vs. 3 (IQR 2–4) days, p<0.001). Conclusion: Our study suggests that children with Down syndrome hospitalized for bronchiolitis stayed longer in hospital compared with those without Down syndrome.
Short term effectiveness of haloperidol versus risperidone in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Chee Ashwin Weng Seng , Abidin Edimansyah bin , Verma Swapna Kamal 
Published: December 2015

Aim: The supposed superiority of second-generation antipsychotic medication over first-generation antipsychotic medication has been challenged recently by several studies. This naturalistic retrospective study aims to compare outcomes between patients admitted for the first time with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders who were started on either haloperidol or risperidone. Would choice of antipsychotic affect length of admission and three-month outcome? Methods: Seventy-seven patients from the Early Psychosis Intervention Programme at the Institute of Mental Health were included in this study. Length of stay was obtained from hospital electronic records. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores at three months were used to assess severity of psychopathology and level of functioning respectively. A secondary analysis was also done to measure time to discontinuation for any reason. Results: There was a significant reduction in PANSS total, positive, negative and general psychopathology scores in both groups at three months, with the patients on risperidone showing a greater reduction in PANSS negative scores compared to the patients on haloperidol. However, there were no statistically significant differences between length of hospitalization and total PANSS score at three months between the two groups. Time to discontinuation was longer in the risperidone group compared to the haloperidol group. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that risperidone has a better effect on negative symptoms and is better tolerated, resulting in a longer time to discontinuation. Thus, starting a patient with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorder on risperidone would result in a better short-term outcome as compared to starting the same patient on haloperidol.
The use and impact of 12-lead electrocardiograms in acute stroke patients: A systematic review
Authors: Munro Scott FS , Cooke Debbie , Kiln-Barfoot Valerie , Quinn Tom 
Published: December 2015

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability across the globe. Emergency Medical Services assess and transport a large number of these patients in the prehospital setting. Guidelines for UK ambulance services recommend recording a 12-lead electrocardiogram in the prehospital environment, providing this does not add to significant delay in transporting the patient to hospital; however, this recommendation is not based on any evidence. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to search and synthesise the literature surrounding the use of prehospital electrocardiograms in acute stroke patients, focusing on the prevalence of abnormalities and their association with prognosis and outcome. Online databases, references from selected articles and hand searches were made to identify eligible studies. Two authors independently reviewed the studies to ensure eligibility criteria were met. Main outcomes were presence of abnormality on electrocardiogram, mortality and disability. No studies set in the prehospital environment were found by the search; therefore the eligibility criteria were widened to include hospital-based studies. A total of 18 studies were subsequently included in the review. Results: Although the prevalence of electrocardiogram abnormalities appears common in hospitalised patients, their prognostic impact on mortality, disability and other adverse outcomes is conflicting amongst the literature. There is a lack of research surrounding the use of prehospital electrocardiogram in acute stroke patients. Conclusion: Future studies should be based in the prehospital environment and should investigate whether undertaking an electrocardiogram in the prehospital setting affects clinical management decisions or has an association with mortality or morbidity.
Brca1 deficiency causes bone marrow failure and spontaneous hematologic malignancies in mice
Authors: Vasanthakumar Aparna , Arnovitz Stephen , Marquez Rafael , Lepore Janet , Rafidi George , Asom Anase , Weatherly Madison , Davis Elizabeth M. , Neistadt Barbara , Duszynski Robert , Vardiman James W. , Le Beau Michelle M. , Godley Lucy A. , Churpek Jane E. 
Published: December 2015

Key Points
Brca1 deficiency causes Fanconi anemia–like cytopenias, mitomycin C hypersensitivity, and spontaneous bone marrow failure. Brca1 is critical for the maintenance of normal hematopoietic progenitor function and genomic stability in the bone marrow.
Targeting of the bone marrow microenvironment improves outcome in a murine model of myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Balderman Sophia R. , Li Allison J. , Hoffman Corey M. , Frisch Benjamin J. , Goodman Alexandra N. , LaMere Mark W. , Georger Mary A. , Evans Andrew G. , Liesveld Jane L. , Becker Michael W. , Calvi Laura M. 
Published: December 2015

Key PointsAn in vivo model of MDS displays time-dependent defects in HSPCs and in microenvironmental populations. Normalization of the marrow microenvironment alters disease progression and transformation and improves hematopoietic function.
Sympathetic stimulation facilitates thrombopoiesis by promoting megakaryocyte adhesion, migration, and proplatelet formation
Authors: Chen Shilei , Du Changhong , Shen Mingqiang , Zhao Gaomei , Xu Yang , Yang Ke , Wang Xinmiao , Li Fengju , Zeng Dongfeng , Chen Fang , Wang Song , Chen Mo , Wang Cheng , He Ting , Wang Fengchao , Wang Aiping , Cheng Tianmin , Su Yongping , Zhao Jinghong , Wang Junping 
Published: December 2015

Key Points
NE and EPI promote megakaryocyte adhesion, migration, and proplatelet formation via α2-adrenoceptor-ERK1/2 signaling. Sympathetic stimulation enhances platelet production, which may facilitate recovery of thrombocytopenia or aggravate atherosclerosis.
‘Error Bred in the Bone’: The Bad Seed
Authors: Singer Robert 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article examines William March’s The Bad Seed ([1954] 1997), an American naturalist novel about a violent serial killer, 8-year-old Rhoda Penmark, and its film adaptation, Mervyn LeRoy’s The Bad Seed (1956). When read as a hypotextual narrative, March’s The Bad Seed has multiple, significant intertextual variations, such as Ruben’s film The Good Son (1993) and Collet-Serra’s film, Orphan (2009), which focus on the theme of the biological, non-supernatural child serial killer. These films should be read critically as products of the materialistdeterminist philosophy of Emile Zola’s modernist notion of natural, quasi-scientific causalities leading to criminality: genetic malfunctions in action. This article also suggests LeRoy’s film adaptation is more appropriately viewed as a re-interpretation of Maxwell Anderson’s popular stage horror-melodrama, Bad Seed, produced in New York, 1954. In particular, ‘Error Bred in the Bone’: The Bad Seed examines the appropriation of the monster-child by popular culture. From the living room, to the dollhouse, and to the hospital bed, bad seeds liberally germinate.
‘Type H’: Medicine, psychiatry and psychoanalysis in the Body Snatchers films
Authors: Hurley Kelly 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Psychoanalysis is one of several sociomedical discourses that work to defamiliarize human subjective identity in three film adaptations of Jack Finney’s 1954 novel The Body Snatchers: Invasion of the Body Snatchers (Siegel, 1956), Invasion of the Body Snatchers (Kaufman, 1978) and Body Snatchers (Ferrara, 1993). In each film a subdominant narrative about human mental aberration overlaps with, and complements, the more overt narrative about alien replication of seemingly unique individual identity, the total effect being to render ‘Type H’ (the aliens’ shorthand term for the human species in the 1978 film) as a pathological type, self-divided, deranged, heterogeneous and phantasmatic.