bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Theory for Downslope Windstorms and Trapped Mountain Waves
Authors: Lott François 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Linear mountain gravity waves forced by a nonlinear surface boundary condition are derived for a background wind that is null at the surface and increases smoothly to reach a constant value aloft and for a constant buoyancy frequency. In this configuration, the mountain waves have a critical level just below the surface that is dynamically controlled by the surface and minimum Richardson number J. When the flow is very stable , and when the depth over which dissipations act is smaller than the mountain height, this critical-level dynamics easily produces large downslope winds and foehns. The downslope winds are more intense when the stability increases and much less pronounced when it decreases (when J goes below 1). In contrast, the trapped lee waves are very small when the flow is very stable, start to appear when , and can become pure trapped waves (e.g., not decaying downstream) when the flow is unstable (for ). For the trapped waves, these results are explained by the fact that the critical level absorbs the gravity waves downstream of the ridge when , while absorption decreases when J approaches 0.25. Pure trapped lee waves follow that when the absorption can become null in the nondissipative limit. In the background-flow profiles analyzed, the pure trapped lee waves also correspond to neutral modes of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. The validity of the linear approximation used is tested a posteriori by evaluating the relative amplitude of the neglected nonlinear terms.
Aerodynamic and Radiative Controls on the Snow Surface Temperature
Authors: Pomeroy J. W. , Essery R. L. H. , Helgason W. D. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The snow surface temperature (SST) is essential for estimating longwave radiation fluxes from snow. SST can be diagnosed using finescale multilayer snow physics models that track changes in snow properties and internal energy; however, these models are heavily parameterized, have high predictive uncertainty, and require continuous simulation to estimate prognostic state variables. Here, a relatively simple model to estimate SST that is not reliant on prognostic state variables is proposed. The model assumes that the snow surface is poorly connected thermally to the underlying snowpack and largely transparent for most of the shortwave radiation spectrum, such that a snow surface energy balance among only sensible heat, latent heat, longwave radiation, and near-infrared radiation is possible and is called the radiative psychrometric model (RPM). The RPM SST is sensitive to air temperature, humidity, ventilation, and longwave irradiance and is secondarily affected by absorption of near-infrared radiation at the snow surface that was higher where atmospheric deposition of particulates was more likely to be higher. The model was implemented with neutral stability, an implicit windless exchange coefficient, and constant shortwave absorption factors and aerodynamic roughness lengths. It was evaluated against radiative SST measurements from the Canadian Prairies and Rocky Mountains, French Alps, and Bolivian Andes. With optimized and global shortwave absorption and aerodynamic roughness length parameters, the model is shown to accurately predict SST under a wide range of conditions, providing superior predictions when compared to air temperature, dewpoint, or ice bulb calculation approaches.
Modulation of Tropical Instability Wave Intensity by Equatorial Kelvin Waves
Authors: Holmes R. M. , Thomas L. N. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTropical instability waves (TIWs) and equatorial Kelvin waves are dominant sources of intraseasonal variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and both play important roles in the heat and momentum budgets of the large-scale flow. While individually they have been well studied, little is known about how these two features interact, although satellite observations suggest that TIW propagation speed and amplitude are modulated by Kelvin waves. Here, the influence of Kelvin waves on TIW kinetic energy (TIWKE) is examined using an ensemble set of 1/4° ocean model simulations of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The results suggest that TIWKE can be significantly modified by 60-day Kelvin waves. To leading order, TIWs derive kinetic energy from the meridional shear and available potential energy of the background zonal currents, while losing TIWKE to friction and the radiation of waves. The passage of Kelvin waves disrupts this balance. Downwelling (upwelling) Kelvin waves induce decay (growth) in TIWKE through modifications to the background currents and the TIWs’ Reynolds stresses. These modulations in TIWKE affect eddy heat fluxes and the downward radiation of waves, with implications for the variability of SST and the energetics of abyssal flows in the eastern equatorial Pacific.
An Evaluation of the Parallel Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition Method in Revealing the Role of Downscaling Processes Associated with African Easterly Waves in Tropical Cyclone Genesis
Authors: Wu Yuling , Shen Bo-Wen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this study the parallel ensemble empirical mode decomposition (PEEMD) is applied for an analysis of 10-yr (2004–13) ERA-Interim global reanalysis data in order to explore the role of downscaling processes associated with African easterly waves (AEWs) in tropical cyclone (TC) genesis. The focus of the study was aimed at understanding the downscaling process in multiscale flows during storm intensification. To represent the various length scales of atmospheric systems, intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) were extracted from the reanalysis data using the PEEMD. It was found that the nonoscillatory trend mode can be used to represent large-scale environmental flow and that the third oscillatory mode (IMF3) can be used to represent AEW/TC scale systems. The results 1) identified 42 developing cases from 272 AEWs, where 25 of them eventually developed into hurricanes; 2) indicated that the maximum for horizontal shear largely occurs over the ocean for the IMF3 and over land near the coast for the trend mode for developing cases, suggesting shear transfer between the trend mode and the IMF3; 3) displayed opposite wind shear tendencies for the trend mode and the IMF3 during storm intensification, signifying that the downscaling process was active in 13 hurricane cases along their tracks; and 4) showed that among the 42 developing cases, only 13 of the 25 hurricanes were found to have significant downscaling transfer features, so other processes such as upscaling processes may play an important role in the other developing cases, especially for the remaining 12 hurricane cases. In a future study, the authors intend to investigate the upscaling process between the convection scale and AEWs/TCs, which requires data at a finer grid resolution.
A Comparison of ASOS Near-Surface Winds and WSR-88D-Derived Wind Speed Profiles Measured in Landfalling Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Krupar Richard J. , Schroeder John L. , Smith Douglas A. , Kang Song-Lak , Lorsolo Sylvie 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA set of velocity–azimuth display (VAD) wind speed profiles derived from coastal Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) systems was paired with Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) 10-m standardized mean and nonstandardized gust wind speeds measured within 10 km of nearby WSR-88Ds. The goal was to formulate an appropriate methodology and empirical relationships to estimate overland near-surface wind conditions in landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) using VAD tropical cyclone boundary layer (TCBL) lower-tropospheric wind measurements. A total of 17 TCs and seven ASOS/WSR-88D sites were used to construct a unique comparative dataset. Four estimation methods including the log and power laws, mean and gust wind speed ratio (WSR) methods, and curve fitting with linear regression and polynomial fits were evaluated. Results from the evaluation show that WSR-88D site-specific linear regression equations using a VAD 0–200-m layer average wind speed and nonzero intercepts provided the most accurate predictions of the ASOS 10-m standardized mean wind speed. Results also show that a non-site-specific linear regression model using a VAD 0–500-m mean boundary layer (MBL) wind speed and nonzero intercept is 1.07% more accurate than using a single-gust WSR to predict ASOS 10-m nonstandardized gust wind speeds. Only 2.15% of the ASOS 10-m nonstandardized maximum 3-s gust wind speeds were found to exceed the VAD 0–500-m MBL wind speed, indicating that the VAD 0–500-m MBL wind speed represents a viable source of momentum available for transport to the surface in the form of a gust.
Impact of Minimally Invasive Multilevel Surgery on Mild/Moderate OSA
Authors: Salapatas Anna M. , Bonzelaar Lauren B. , Hwang Michelle S. , Goyal Vinay , Bakhsheshian Joshua , Ellenberg Elie C. , Friedman Michael 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo assess 10‐year data on subjective and objective improvements in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after single‐stage multilevel minimally invasive surgery.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary academic center.Subjects and MethodsA chart review was conducted of 601 patients diagnosed with mild to moderate OSA who were treated with single‐stage multilevel minimally invasive surgery from January 2005 to January 2015. Patients were treated with a combination of procedures that included various nasal procedures, palatal stiffening, and radiofrequency tongue base reduction. Demographics and objective and subjective parameters were collected; all patients were included who had a mean of 6 months of follow‐up data available. Pre‐ and postoperative values were compared.ResultsA total of 601 patients were included in this study (67.0% male; age, 38.2 ± 9.4 years; mean body mass index, 27.4 ± 4.1 kg/m2). Mean apnea‐hypopnea index decreased significantly from 19.8 ± 5.9 events per hour preoperatively to 12.7 ± 7.6 events per hour postoperatively (P <. 0001), with a 45.9% rate of “surgical success.” Mean daytime sleepiness decreased significantly from 12.1 ± 4.8 to 6.8 ± 2.9 (P <. 001) per the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Mean snoring intensity showed a significant decrease from 8.8 ± 0.8 to 4.0 ± 2.1 (P <. 001).ConclusionTen‐year experience shows that treatment with single‐stage multilevel minimally invasive surgery decreases objective and subjective measures in selected patients with mild to moderate OSA. Although not curative, this technique helps to control symptoms in a population of patients who refused CPAP.
Airway Obstruction during Drug‐Induced Sleep Endoscopy Correlates with Apnea‐Hypopnea Index and Oxygen Nadir in Children
Authors: Dahl John P. , Miller Craig , Purcell Patricia L. , Zopf David A. , Johnson Kaalan , Horn David L. , Chen Maida L. , Chan Dylan K. , Parikh Sanjay R. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo determine if standardized intraoperative scoring of anatomic obstruction in children with obstructive sleep apnea correlates with the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) and lowest oxygen saturation on preprocedural polysomnogram (PSG). A secondary objective was to determine if age, presence of a syndrome, or previous adenotonsillectomy affect this correlation.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTwo tertiary care children’s hospitals.SubjectsPatients with a preprocedural PSG who underwent drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) over a 4‐year period.MethodsAll DISEs were graded in a systematic manner with the Chan‐Parikh (C‐P) scoring system. AHI and nadir oxygen saturations were extracted from preprocedural PSG. Data were analyzed with a multivariate linear regression model that controlled for age at time of sleep endoscopy, syndrome diagnosis, and previous adenotonsillectomy.ResultsA total of 127 children underwent PSG prior to DISE: 56 were syndromic, and 21 had a previous adenotonsillectomy. Mean AHI was 13.6 ± 19.6 (± SD), and mean oxygen nadir was 85.4% ± 9.4%. Mean C‐P score was 5.9 ± 2.7. DISE score positively correlated with preoperative AHI (r = 0.36, P <. 0001) and negatively correlated with oxygen nadir (r = −0.26, P =. 004). The multivariate linear regression models estimated that for every 1‐point increase in C‐P score, there is a 2.6‐point increase in AHI (95% confidence interval: 1.4‐3.8, P <. 001) and a 1.1% decrease in the lowest oxygen saturation (95% confidence interval: –1.7 to −0.6, P <. 001).ConclusionThe C‐P scoring system for pediatric DISE correlates with both AHI and lowest oxygen saturation on preprocedural PSG.
Interventions to achieve ongoing exercise adherence for adults with chronic health conditions who have completed a supervised exercise program: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jansons Paul S , Haines Terry P , O’Brien Lisa 
Published: June 2016

Objective: To determine which exercise adherence interventions are most effective for achieving ongoing exercise adherence in adults with chronic health conditions who had already completed a supervised short-term program. Method: Search of MEDLINE (Ovid Medline 1946 to April 8th, 2016), EMBASE (1980 to April 8th, 2016), CINAHL (1982-April 8th 2016) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted. The chronic health conditions search terms as per the Chronic Disease and Participation in Work AIHW Report, 2008. Included were randomised (or quasi-randomised) trials and observational studies evaluating interventions that aimed to improve exercise adherence in adults with chronic health conditions that had completed a supervised exercise program. Random-effects meta-analyses and random-effects logistic meta-regression were used to examine relationships between exercise adherence strategy and adherence. Results: Eleven studies were included with a total of 1231 participants with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease or Osteoarthritis. Methods used for maintaining adherence were categorized post hoc as: centre based programs; home exercise programs with telephone follow-up; home exercise programs with no follow-up; and weaning programs that transitioned patients to an independent, off-site exercise program. There was no difference in the proportion of participants who were fully adherent to an exercise program 12 months between the centre-based follow-up (pooled proportion fully adherent=0.34) and telephone follow-up (pooled proportion fully adherent=0.30, difference p-value=0.75). Conclusion: Interventions such as centre-based exercise programs or home exercise programs (with or without telephone follow-up) do not differentially impact exercise adherence for people who have completed a short-term supervised program.
Telemedicine in the management of non-acute headaches: A prospective, open-labelled non-inferiority, randomised clinical trial
Authors: Müller Kai I , Alstadhaug Karl B , Bekkelund Svein I 
Published: June 2016

Objectives We determined headache patients’ satisfaction with telemedicine and assessed how telemedicine influenced headache burden, compliance with diagnosis and treatment, and need for follow-up consultations. Methods During 2.5 years, patients from Northern Norway referred with non-acute headaches for a specialist consultation at Tromsø University Hospital were consecutively randomised to either telemedicine or traditional visits. Baseline data were recorded and compared to data from a three-month follow-up questionnaire (see Supplementary material). The following were evaluated: (1) satisfaction with the consultation; (2) headache status; subjective improvement, average pain intensity, treatment, headache days per month, and Headache Impact Test (HIT-6); and (3) treatment compliance and follow-up visits. Results Out of 402 consultations, 348 (86.6%) answered the questionnaire. Satisfaction was similar in the telemedicine and the traditional group (88.8% vs. 92.3%; p = 0.35). Subgroup analyses were not prespecified, but there were no differences in satisfaction among females, migraineurs, rural patients and urban patients. Improvement from baseline after three months was reported equally in the telemedicine and the traditional groups. There were also no differences in treatment compliance, but rural telemedicine patients had less-frequent headache visits at three months’ follow-up (28.9% vs. 48.7%, p = 0.002). Conclusion Telemedicine is non-inferior to traditional consultations in patient satisfaction, specialist evaluation, and treatment of non-acute headaches. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02270177.
Temporary Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Ten-Year Experience at a Cardiac Transplant Center
Authors: Tran Bao G. , De La Cruz Kim , Grant Stuart , Meltzer Joseph , Benharash Peyman , Dave Ravi , Ardehali Abbas , Shemin Richard , Depasquale Eugene , Nsair Ali 
Published: June 2016

Objective: Advances in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) have enabled rapid deployment in a wide range of clinical settings. We report our experience with venoarterial (VA) ECMO in adult patients over 10 years and aim to identify predictors of mortality. Design: This is a retrospective analysis of all adult patients undergoing VA ECMO at a tertiary care center from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2013. Results: A total of 224 consecutive cases were reviewed. Eighty (35.7%) patients survived to discharge and 144 (64.3%) patients died. Patients requiring ECMO for heart transplant graft failure had lower mortality (51.6%) compared to all other etiologies (69.1%; P = .02). Forty-two percent (94 of the 224) of the patients required cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) preceding ECMO and had higher rate of in-hospital mortality (74.5%) compared with patients without cardiac arrest (56.9%; P = .01). Patients with less than 30 minutes of CPR had a mortality rate of 40.0% compared to 91.4% for CPR > 30 minutes ( P = .001). In all, 24.1% of patients (54 of the 224) experienced ECMO-associated complications without significant increase in mortality, and 22.3% (50 of the 224) of the patients were transitioned to ventricular assist devices (VADs) or transplant. Patients bridged to a VAD including left ventricular assist devices and biventricular assist devices had a mortality rate of 56.1% versus 22.2% when bridged directly to transplant ( P = .01). Paradoxically, patients with an ejection fraction (EF) > 35% had a higher mortality compared to patients with an EF < 35% (75.3% vs 49.4%, respectively, P = .001). Conclusion: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with heart transplant graft failure had the best outcome. In patients who had cardiac arrest, prolonged CPR > 30 minutes was associated with very high mortality. Paradoxically, patients with EF > 35% had a higher mortality than patients with EF < 35%, likely reflecting patients with diastolic heart failure or noncardiac causes necessitating ECMO. For transplant candidates, direct bridge from ECMO to transplant could achieve a very good outcome.
Social worker characteristics associated with perceived meaning in life
Authors: Itzick Michal , Kagan Maya , Ben-Ezra Menachem 
Published: June 2016

Summary Meaning in life is an important element in the context of the workplace. The purpose of this study was to explore how certain factors, namely: subjective well-being, professional quality of life (compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, burnout), loneliness, personal work-related subjection to violence, fear of being subjected to violence, age, parental status, and marital status can predict meaning in life among social workers in Israel. An extensive battery of online questionnaires was administered to 501 participants. A hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine the association between a series of independent variables and meaning in life among social workers. Findings The findings suggest that age, subjective well-being, compassion satisfaction and fear of being personally subjected to violence were positively associated with meaning in life. However, loneliness and burnout were negatively associated with meaning in life. The other variables were not significantly associated with meaning in life. Applications Social work educators and managers must consider the importance of meaning in life when developing social care curricula and policies. Social workers must be aware of the importance of enhancing their sense of meaning in life for increasing their job satisfaction as well as improving the service provided to their clients.
A cultural and contextual analysis of health concepts and needs of women in a rural district of Nepal
Authors: Yang Youngran , Bekemeier Betty , Choi Jongsan 
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Globally, individuals and groups have different notions of health promotion influenced by their social and cultural contexts. Effective primary health care and healthy public policy depend on a clear understanding of people’s perceptions of health and their health needs. Women in the Far Western Region (FWR) of Nepal live in one of the most remote and rural areas in that country, and their general health status is one of the worst in that country. In this study we explored the socio-cultural health concepts and needs of women in a district of Nepal’s FWR. Methods: Qualitative research methods and a culture-centred approach guided the study, with 30 women from the district of Dadeldhura in the FWR participating in in-depth interviews. Data were analysed through qualitative content analysis. Results: The women’s concepts of health included ‘absence of disease’, ‘no tension’, ‘peace in the family’ and ‘being able to work’. The participants felt good health required good food, wealth, education and employment for their children, and a healthy community (free of drug or alcohol addiction). ‘Money is everything’ also emerged as a main theme, linking the concept of wealth to good health. To improve health, respondents recommended that the government provide financial support for education and employment and a focus on listening to and caring for the country’s rural poor. Conclusions: Overall, participants’ perceived health as not just about themselves but their families and communities. Socially as well as culturally determined gender roles influenced the health concepts and needs of the women. This study’s findings can be used to guide public health leaders in priority-setting and in determining strategies for women’s health promotion in rural districts of Nepal and other similar cultures.
Promoting Hand Hygiene With a Lighting Prompt
Authors: Diegel-Vacek Lauren , Ryan Catherine 
Published: June 2016

Objectives: The objective of this pilot study was to assess an automatic sink light design intervention as a prompt for clinician hand hygiene (as defined by World Health Organization [WHO]). Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are still leading causes of morbidity and mortality and contribute to burdens on our healthcare system. Hand hygiene has been related to reducing the rate of HAIs and positively impacting both patient and hospital outcomes. Methods: This pilot study was a prospective, longitudinal observational study of a convenience sample of healthcare clinicians. In one inpatient room, clinicians were exposed to a hand hygiene reminder that consisted of a light turning on over the sink as they entered. A control room (the adjacent inpatient room) did not have the intervention. Results: A total of 88 clinician encounters were monitored during the study. On the first observation day at the initial activation of the signal light system, the percentage of clinicians performing hand hygiene upon entering a room was only 7% in the control room and 23% in the intervention room. During the second observation (Day 14), those percentages were 16% in the control room and 30% in the intervention room. During the third observation (Day 21), those percentages were 23% in the control room and 23% in the intervention room. Conclusions: The healthcare system frequently relies on expensive technology to improve healthcare delivery, but implementation of low-cost, low-technology methods such as this light may be effective in prompting hand hygiene.