bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiences co-firing grasses in existing coal-fired power plants.
Authors: Boylan D. M. , Eastis J. , Russell K. H. , Wilson S. M. , Zemo B. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper describes handling, emissions, and performance results generated while testing switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and other grasses with two co-firing technologies. Ongoing studies to address issues related to the impact of co-firing on fly ash sales and on catalyst performance in selective catalytic reduction nitrogen oxide control systems are also described. Cost estimates associated with generating renewable energy from grass co-firing are presented, based on both current results and expected technology improvements.
Development of genetically engineered stress tolerant ethanologenic yeasts using integrated functional genomics for effective biomass conversion to ethanol.
Authors: Liu Z. L. , Slininger P. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The topics covered include: metabolic conversion pathways of inhibitors; adaptive response of ethanologenic yeasts to the inhibitors; enhanced tolerance and inhibitor detoxification by biotransformation; tolerance improvement potential; by-product utilization issues; quality control development for microarray studies; genomic expression in response to the inhibitors; and novel strain design and genetic engineering.
Potential for biofuel-based greenhouse gas emission mitigation: rationale and potential.
Authors: McCarl B. A. , Gillig D. , Lee HengChi Lee HengChi , El-Halwagi M. , Qin X. Y. , Cornforth G. C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter examines the first and last of the 4 motivations from institutional and quantitative viewpoints. The institutional section discusses the context in which offsets may be needed and the role that agriculture and forestry may play with an emphasis on biofuels. The quantitative portion extends the work of McCarl et al. [see Annals of Operations Research (2000) 94, 37-55] and Schneider and McCarl [see Environmental and Resource Economics (2003) 24, 291-312] to further consider the potential of biofuel and other possible agriculture/forestry greenhouse gas (GHG) emission offset alternatives in the face of a range of GHG offset prices emphasizing dynamics.
EU structural policies and the ESDP.
Authors: Shucksmith M. , Thomson K. J. , Roberts D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter outlines the relevant features of EU structural and cohesion policy and of the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) itself. The structural policies of the EU are aimed at reducing disparities between different regions and social groups, and at promoting sustainable development and general economic efficiency. Information is presented on the structural funds allocated in rural areas. ESDP concepts applied to agriculture and rural development are discussed.
The territorial distribution of CAP/RDP support.
Authors: Shucksmith M. , Thomson K. J. , Roberts D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter considers the way in which Common Agricultural Policy/Rural Development Policy (CAP/RDP) support has, in practice, been distributed across European territory, where farmers operate in a wide range of economic, social and environmental contexts. The analysis intends to highlight territorial imbalances in the incidence of CAP/RDP support. The results presented are based on a statistical analysis of indicators and data at NUTS3 level over the period 1990-2000, augmented by findings from an EU-wide review of literature. The chapter considers the incidence of Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 support and LFA payments separately before considering more generally the influence of farm type, accessibility and region type on the distribution of support.
Adjustments and impacts of the CAP/RDP.
Authors: Shucksmith M. , Thomson K. J. , Roberts D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter reviews and synthesizes a number of case studies of the regional impact of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy/Rural Development Policy (CAP/RDP). The case studies were undertaken to provide deepened insight into the core issues, i.e. detailed empirical information on the territorial incidence of the CAP/RDP, and more evidence on the impact of CAP/RDP measures on the economic, social and environmental situation in regions of different types. The focus is on more differential territorial information about the application of CAP/RDP instruments, in particular the territorial (mainly regional) effect of specific schemes, and/or the combined effect of policy programmes. The policy instruments selected for case study are four major sub-programmes/schemes of CAP Pillar 2 (agri-environmental programme, farmers' early retirement scheme, less-favoured areas scheme, and LEADER programme). In addition, the SAPARD programme designed as a pre-accession instrument for countries in Central Europe is studied, and two countries (Ireland and (pre-accession) Poland) have been singled out for case-study treatment at a broader level. The Irish study takes a number of contemporaneous economic developments and support schemes into account, while the Polish one examines the practical details of implementing the SAPARD programme in that country.
The CAP/RDP reforms in the EU-15 and the NMSs.
Authors: Shucksmith M. , Thomson K. J. , Roberts D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter summarizes existing analyses of the Common Agricultural Policy/Rural Development Policy (CAP/RDP) reforms (mainly the original Mid Term Review (MTR) proposals of July 2002). It starts with a description of the Commission's MTR proposals, and reviews some basic analysis. The next section shows the results of quantitatively analysing at a NUTS3 level some estimates from one of these studies (the Common Agricultural Policy Regional Impact (CAPRI) study). Finally, the implications of CAP reform for the new member states in Central Europe are discussed. It is indicated that CAP reform proposals are expected to generate a sustainable improvement in the medium-term perspectives of the agricultural sector of the EU-25. In the new member states, CAP reform could secure income gains, generated by enlargement, which could reach up to 45% when taking into account the phasing-in of direct payments and rural development measures. Although the territorially differentiated effects of the reform are rather difficult to calculate, it is concluded that the reform proposals would have diverging impacts across regions and the various sectors, leading to declines in the milk and (food) oilseed sectors, broadly stable development in the cereal sector, and significant gains for the meat sector.
Ways forward in rural development.
Authors: Shucksmith M. , Thomson K. J. , Roberts D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Following a background discussion on the key dimensions of rural development in the EU, this chapter highlights some examples that present either innovative approaches or representative use of the framework provided by the EU's Rural Development Regulation. Examples have been selected so as to address the different instruments analysed and reflect the on-going policy discussion on future reform. The cases presented include: (1) differentiation of compensatory allowances for less favoured areas in Austria; (2) the Ireland Rural Environmental Protection Scheme (REPS); (3) CTE (contract territorial d'exploitation), France; (4) "Cheese Route Bregenzerwald", LEADER, Austria; (5) rural tourism in Italy; (6) PRODER (Programa Operativo de Desarollo y Diversificación Económica de Zonas Rurales) Andalucia, Spain; and (7) POMO (Rural Programme Based on Local Initiative) and POMO+, Finland. The mainstreaming of the LEADER approach to rural development is then discussed.
Turkey's economy and regional income distribution.
Authors: Oskam A. , Longworth N. , Yİldİz A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter provides the macroeconomic context within which other chapters analyse agrifood issues and the consequences of Turkey's accession to the EU. After a brief overview of the economy in Section 2.2, Section 2.3 gives information on economic growth, inflation, employment, exchange rates, trade and the balance of payments on current account. The Turkish economy has gone through a period of instability and high inflation, which makes it difficult to measure the underlying growth trend. The growth of Turkey's economy will, however, strongly influence its future position relative to the European Union, and will, together with the exchange rate at and after accession, determine the size of budgetary flows. Section 2.4 gives a brief discussion of this issue. Section 2.5 analyses inter-household and regional income distribution in some detail, since large regional differences in income in an acceding country have implications for targeting EU structural and rural policy.
Agricultural production, prices and trade.
Authors: Longworth N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Section 2 of this chapter outlines the role of agriculture in the general economy of Turkey, showing its shares in GDP, employment and foreign trade. Section 3 assesses the importance of land and labour for Turkish agriculture. Section 4 covers agricultural production: its size, diversity and economic value, with more detail for specific sectors including field crops, fruit and vegetables and livestock, and the agronomic production potential of Turkey. Section 5 looks at output price indices for agriculture, as well as trends in real prices for specific agricultural products. Turkish output prices are compared with those of the EU-15. Section 6 addresses agricultural incomes in Turkey, compared to agricultural incomes in the EU-15. Section 7 presents self-sufficiency levels and outlines Turkey's foreign trade in agricultural products.
Turkey's rural population and agricultural workforce.
Authors: Burrell A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Using data for 1999, 2000 and 2003, this chapter describes Turkey's rural population and agricultural workforce. It examines urban-rural differences in labour force participation and unemployment. Education levels are reported, as well as the health and nutritional status, and the incidence of poverty, among the rural population. Two conclusions emerge from this overview. First, improving education provision, access, and attainment levels must be a top priority for Turkey in the coming years. Second, the duality of Turkey's economy is epitomized by the third of its population that remains in agricultural employment.
Agricultural and food industry structure.
Authors: Berkum S. van 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter describes the structure of all components of Turkey's agribusiness cluster, which includes the upstream sectors (input industries and financial services) and downstream sectors (agrifood industries) as well as the primary agricultural sector. In addition, the structures of the wholesale and retail sector are presented. The chapter concludes with a section on how the linkages between farmers, processors, traders and retail can be characterized in Turkey.
Overview of agricultural, food, rural and structural policies.
Authors: Oskam A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter considers three partly related policy areas in Turkey: agricultural, food and rural development/structural policy. Most attention is given to agricultural policy because of its recent reform and its relevance for the EU. The agricultural policy section starts with the policy-making process, because this is seen as one of the explanations for the inconsistent use of policy instruments over time. The Agricultural Reform and Implementation Project (ARIP) is discussed in detail. The food policy section focuses on food safety and quality. The rural policy section points out key differences between Turkey and the EU. Structural policy in Turkey has taken a special form, namely, as part of the policies relating to state economic enterprises and agricultural sales cooperative unions. Rural development policy takes the form of rural development plans, which have sometimes covered infrastructural elements.
Environment and agriculture.
Authors: Vílchez I. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter studies the relationship between agriculture and the environment in Turkey. Sections examine: (i) the environmental impacts of Turkish agriculture (on water resources, on the soil, on climate change); (ii) the extent to which agri-environmental concerns are dealt with by current policies (with regard to environmental, agricultural and rural development policies); (iii) the institutional arrangements for enforcing legislation on agriculture and the environment; (iv) the current state and prospects for organic farming; and (v) biodiversity in Turkey and related institutional developments. It is concluded that the main environmental impacts of agriculture in Turkey involve the degradation of water and soil due to uninformed farming practices, namely, the overuse of water and chemicals. Environmental policy in Turkey has improved in terms of new legislative instruments. However, it is argued that institutions dealing with agri-environmental issues seem to be poorly coordinated and there seems to be a lack of effective implementation at local level.
Animal and plant health in Turkey.
Authors: Burrell A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The first section of this chapter presents an overview of animal health in Turkey. It covers (i) the most infectious and economically significant animal diseases (List A diseases), (ii) less infectious diseases that also have serious economic consequences (List B diseases) and (iii) diseases that can be passed from animals to humans (zoonoses), followed by discussion of the legislative framework and the resources available for adequate animal health control. The second section focuses on plant health and presents information on the various pests and diseases by category of crop, and the various methods adopted by Turkish farmers to prevent or control them. Regulations concerning plant health are also examined. It is concluded that (1) much institutional change is still needed before Turkey can effectively implement the veterinary and phytosanitary acquis of the EU, and that (2) this holds particularly for the animal sector.
Consequences for the EU-27 of enlargement to Turkey.
Authors: Oskam A. , Longworth N. , Vílchez I. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter considers the main consequences of Turkey's accession for the EU-27 regarding agriculture and agricultural policy, the food industry, the likely budget flows and other less tangible, related consequences. Sections cover: (i) assumptions regarding exogenous policy trends; (ii) specific agricultural policy changes likely to be made in preparation for Turkish accession; (iii) consequences relating to the single market and to EU agribusiness/food industry; (iv) assumptions in calculating budget payments and the decision-making background to these flows, including structural fund spending; and (v) calculations of budget flows/payments under the CAP. It is concluded, among others, that Turkey's accession to the EU will not only reduce average EU per capita income by about EUR 3150 (at 2015 prices) but would also bring a country with large differences in institutional performance into the EU. This could divert attention and funding away from a growth strategy for the more developed regions of the EU, while also reducing the emphasis given to further improvements in areas of concern like food safety, food quality, environmental quality, veterinary and phytosanitary standards, and animal welfare.
Expected consequences for Turkey of EU entry in 2015.
Authors: Temel T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explores the likely consequences for Turkey's agricultural and agrifood sectors of future EU membership. Two groups of issues are explored. The first set of issues relates to Turkey's ability to assume the obligations of the acquis regarding competition rules, property rights, and free movement of agricultural products by 2015. The second set of issues relates to the implications of membership for agricultural markets in Turkey and their capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces implied by the EU single market. The emphasis is on how the policy changes necessary for membership affect the functioning of agricultural and food markets. Sections of the chapter discuss: (a) the key assumptions underlying the discussion; (b) the implications of EU membership for Turkish policies that relate to agriculture, food and rural development, international trade, and agri-environmental interactions; (c) the implications for agrifood chain developments; (d) implications for the institutional framework of Turkish agriculture; (e) budget consequences (payments to Turkey under the CAP); and (f) selected studies on Turkish accession.
Periphyton structure, diversity and colonization.
Authors: Azim M. E. , Asaeda T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The morphological characteristics, biochemical composition, taxonomic composition and diversity, as well as the colonization process and sloughing and recolonization of periphyton are reviewed. The proximate composition of periphyton grown on different substrates in different habitats, and a list of some periphyton taxa in different habitats (i.e., ponds, lake, marsh/wetland, stream/river and estuary/sea) are given.
Periphyton in the aquatic ecosystem and food webs.
Authors: Wetzel R. G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper presents an in-depth insight into the role of periphyton in aquatic food webs and as a critical metabolic component of aquatic ecosystems. Energy and organic matter fluxes in general, growth regulation and habitat variables, community metabolism and links between periphyton and higher trophic levels are discussed. Recycling is also discussed as the key to nutrient fluxes and maximizing productivity of periphyton. Finally, modulation of periphyton by light availability and by mortality and losses, and the potential effects of global changes in climate and related environmental conditions are also covered.
Periphyton in freshwater lakes and wetlands.
Authors: Goldsborough L. G. , McDougal R. L. , North A. K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The ecology of algae associated with benthic habitats in freshwater lentic environments such as lakes and wetlands and the primary biotic and abiotic factors (i.e., nutrients, light, hydrodynamics and herbivory) affecting their productivity are reviewed. There is a growing consensus that periphyton in these ecosystems provide a plentiful and important resource for subsequent trophic levels, sometimes exceeding that of planktonic algae and macrophytes.
Utilization of periphyton for fish production in ponds: a systems ecology perspective.
Authors: Dam A. A. van , Verdegem M. C. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

An attempt is made to synthesize the available knowledge on the processes underlying periphyton-based fish production in ponds into a quantitative framework that can help to understand the impact of periphyton substrates on the main nutrient cycles in ponds. A simple model of phytoplankton production and fish growth in ponds is constructed and parameterized to simulate fish production with a realistic level of fertilizer input. To this simple model, a periphyton component is added to evaluate the effect of the periphyton loop on fish production. Experimentally derived data from Bangladesh were used to parameterize the models. Nitrogen is chosen as the model currency.
Traditional brush park fisheries in natural waters.
Authors: Welcomme R. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Brush parks are designed to mimic the natural dry season habitat of many species of fish and crustaceans that regularly use the floating vegetation and submerged branches associated with riverbanks and shores of floodplain lakes for refuge, food and reproduction. Evidence suggests that their mode of operation is more complex and that under the right circumstances, brush parks can contribute to the overall production and well being of fisheries in the water bodies where they are found. In view of the potential of such methods to enhance the fisheries of the water bodies in which they are installed, this chapter reviews the various types of tropical fish parks. Their construction from wood, branches and floating vegetation (including the species used), ecology that mirrors the riparian vegetation in provision of food and shelter, uses, operation, management, and the social, economic and environmental (deforestation, sedimentation) impacts are also described. Management strategies are proposed to resolve most of the physical and biological objections to the use of these fish parks.
Periphyton as biological indicators in managed aquatic ecosystems.
Authors: Sabater S. , Admiraal W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper focuses on the pros and cons of using periphyton (phototrophic biofilms) as monitoring tools in natural and managed aquatic ecosystems. The structural (biomass, community composition) and physiological (pigment composition, photosynthesis) descriptors of periphyton are critically examined to evaluate their use as biological indicators. Different responses of biofilms to physical, chemical and biological disturbances (e.g. extreme water pH and excess nutrients) are discussed. An annotated list of the methods used for monitoring managed aquatic systems using periphyton is given. The range of methods presented includes methods to determine the general state of biofilms/periphyton as well as specific methods in relation to growth or structure. A combination of methods can be made depending on the type of information required.
Effect of periphyton on water quality.
Authors: Milstein A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper focuses on the mutual effects among periphyton, phytoplankton, water quality, different cultured fish species and management procedures in periphyton-based earthen fish ponds in Bangladesh. The periphyton community developing on hard surfaces interacts with other communities in the pond. Two types of such interactions are discussed, viz., periphyton-environment relationships in the absence of grazing pressure by cultured organisms, and periphyton-environment-cultured organisms relationships. These interactions and the water quality resulting from them are different in the absence of large fish biomass characteristic of fish culture ponds.
Periphyton-based pond polyculture.
Authors: Azim M. E. , Wahab M. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A brief history of fish polyculture system and pond polyculture (in particular) as an age-old practice in Asia is provided. A list of suitable fish species for polyculture is also given. The benefits of traditional polyculture can also be enjoyed in periphyton-based aquaculture systems. The periphyton-based Indian major carp (Labeo rohita, L. gonius and L. calbasu) polyculture and carp-freshwater prawn polyculture are described based on experiments carried out in Bangladesh. The intensification of periphyton-based polyculture and the possible mechanisms for enhanced fish production in periphyton-based systems are discussed. Also examined are some factors influencing the increased fish production in periphyton systems such as provision of additional food and shelter, opportunity for higher nutrient efficiency, better environment through improved water quality, and optimizing the synergistic effects. Finally, the applicability of the periphyton technology and its socioeconomic impacts are discussed.