bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal guilds compete for the same organic substrates but affect decomposition differently
Authors: Bödeker Inga T. M. , Lindahl Björn D. , Olson Åke , Clemmensen Karina E. 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Communities of litter saprotrophic and root‐associated fungi are vertically separated within boreal forest soil profiles. It is unclear whether this depth partitioning is maintained exclusively by substrate‐mediated niche partitioning (i.e. distinct fundamental niches), or by competition for space and resources (i.e. distinct realized niches). Improved understanding of the mechanisms driving spatial partitioning of these fungal guilds is critical, as they modulate carbon and nutrient cycling in different ways.

Under field settings, we tested the effects of substrate quality and the local fungal species pool at various depths in determining the potential of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi to colonize and exploit organic matter. Natural substrates of three qualities – fresh or partly decomposed litter or humus – were incubated in the corresponding organic layers of a boreal forest soil profile in a fully factorial design. After one and two growing seasons, fungal community composition in the substrates was determined by 454‐pyrosequencing and decomposition was analyzed.

Fungal community development during the course of the experiment was determined to similar degrees by vertical location of the substrates (24% of explained variation) and by substrate quality (20%), indicating that interference competition is a strong additional driver of the substrate‐dependent depth partitioning of fungal guilds in the system. During the first growing season, litter substrates decomposed slower when colonized by root‐associated communities than when colonized by communities of litter saprotrophs, whereas humus was only slightly decomposed by both fungal guilds. During the second season, certain basidiomycetes from both guilds were particularly efficient in localizing and exploiting their native organic substrates although displaced in the vertical profile. This validates that fungal community composition, rather than microclimatic factors, were responsible for observed depth‐related differences in decomposer activities during the first season.

In conclusion, our results suggest that saprotrophic and root‐associated fungal guilds have overlapping fundamental niches with respect to colonization of substrates of different qualities, and that their substrate‐dependent depth partitioning in soils of ectomycorrhiza‐dominated ecosystems is reinforced by interference competition. Through competitive interactions, mycorrhizal fungi can thus indirectly regulate litter decomposition rates by restraining activities of more efficient litter saprotrophs.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Staying out of the heat: how habitat use is determined by local temperature
Authors: Genner Martin J. 
Published: April 2016

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and the Tvedestrand fjord on the Norwegian Skagerrak coast studied by Freitas et al. (2016). Photographs by Øystein Paulsen (left), and Institute of Marine Research, Norway (right).In Focus: Freitas, C., Olsen, E. M., Knutsen, H., Albretsen, J. & Moland, E. (2016) Temperature‐associated habitat selection in a cold‐water marine fish. Journal of Animal Ecology, 85, 611–613.In the marine environment, species distributions are closely linked to temperature gradients, but how individual behaviour is affected by local temperatures is less well understood. Freitas et al. (2016) tracked Atlantic cod within a Norwegian fjord using electronic acoustic tags. They showed that when surface waters were warm, cod occupied the cold deep non‐vegetated habitats. However, when surface waters cooled, fish moved into shallow seagrass and macroalgae beds that were previously out‐of‐bounds. The study provides a clear example of how thermal regimes determine habitat use over fine spatial and temporal scales, with potential implications for population dynamics under climate warming.
Delta‐shaped anastomosis in totally robotic Billroth I gastrectomy: technical aspects and short‐term outcomes
Authors: Kikuchi Kenji , Suda Koichi , Nakauchi Masaya , Shibasaki Susumu , Nakamura Kenichi , Kajiwara Shuhei , Goto Ai , Inaba Kazuki , Ishida Yoshinori , Uyama Ichiro 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIntroductionDelta‐shaped anastomosis has been recognized as a method of intracorporeal Billroth I anastomosis in totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy. However, the technical aspects and outcomes of the delta‐shaped anastomosis in totally robotic distal gastrectomy have never been reported.MethodsA single‐institutional, non‐randomized, retrospective study was performed between 2009 and 2013. During the study period, 47 patients underwent robotic distal gastrectomy followed by robotic delta‐shaped Billroth I reconstruction, and 165 patients underwent conventional laparoscopic distal gastrectomy followed by laparoscopic delta‐shaped Billroth I reconstruction. After 64 were excluded because of insufficient intraoperative video, 43 patients in the robotic group and 105 patients in the laparoscopic group were enrolled in the study. Short‐term outcomes were determined from medical records and full‐length operative videos.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the robotic and laparoscopic groups in terms of morbidity (4.7% vs 3.8%), anastomosis‐related complications (0% vs 1.0%), non‐anastomosis‐related complications (2.3% vs 0%), or systemic complications (2.3% vs 0%). Time for reconstruction did not vary between the robotic group (16.6 min [8.8–42.9 min]) and the laparoscopic group (15.8 min [7.2–41.0 min]). There was no mortality in this series. In the conventional group, the morbidity rate was 3.8%. The anastomosis‐related complication rate was 1.0% in the conventional group.ConclusionsGiven the excellent short‐term outcomes related to anastomosis, delta‐shaped anastomosis after robotic distal gastrectomy was at least as feasible and safe as delta‐shaped anastomosis after laparoscopic distal gastrectomy.
Comparative genomic hybridization in detection of DNA changes in canine lymphomas
Authors: Drážovská Monika , Šiviková Katarína , Dianovský Ján , Horňák Miroslav 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this study, chromosomal imbalances in tumor tissues (lymphomas) and nucleotide changes in tumor suppressor TP53 were studied in a Bernese Mountain dog bitch and a cross breed bitch. Using comparative genomic hybridization, numerous chromosomal rearrangements were detected, which indicated the heterogeneity in tumor growth: in the cross breed bitch, a deletion on the chromosome 9, and duplications on chromosomes 5, 8 and 17 have been found. In the Bernese Mountain Dog bitch, losses on chromosomes 1, 5, 8, 12, 18, 22, 27, 29 and gains on chromosomes 1, 2, 9, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 34, 36, 37 and 38 were identified. With the sequencing of the TP53 gene, one silent mutation, transition A/G at position 138 in exon 5 was detected, without changing the amino acid.
Effects of heat stress on production, somatic cell score and conception rate in Holsteins
Authors: Hagiya Koichi , Hayasaka Kiyoshi , Yamazaki Takeshi , Shirai Tatsuo , Osawa Takefumi , Terawaki Yoshinori , Nagamine Yoshitaka , Masuda Yutaka , Suzuki Mitsuyoshi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe examined the effects of heat stress (HS) on production traits, somatic cell score (SCS) and conception rate at first insemination (CR) in Holsteins in Japan. We used a total of 228 242 records of milk, fat and protein yields, and SCS for the first three lactations, as well as of CR in heifers and in first‐ and second‐lactation cows that had calved for the first time between 2000 and 2012. Records from 47 prefectural weather stations throughout Japan were used to calculate the temperature–humidity index (THI); areas were categorized into three regional groups: no HS (THI < 72), mild HS (72 ≤ THI < 79), and moderate HS (THI ≥ 79). Trait records from the three HS‐region groups were treated as three different traits and trivariate animal models were used. The genetic correlations between milk yields from different HS groups were very high (0.91 to 0.99). Summer calving caused the greatest increase in SCS, and in the first and second lactations this increase became greater as THI increased. In cows, CR was affected by the interaction between HS group and insemination month: with summer and early autumn insemination, there was a reduction in CR, and it was much larger in the mild‐ and moderate‐HS groups than in the no‐HS group.
Prevalence, faecal shedding and genetic characterisation of Yersinia spp. in sheep across four states of Australia
Authors: Yang R , Ryan U , Gardner G , Carmichael I , Campbell AJD , Jacobson C 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo develop molecular tools for the investigation of the prevalence, species and faecal shedding of Yersinia in sheep.MethodsA quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the β subunit of the Yersinia spp. RNA polymerase gene was developed and validated. The prevalence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was determined by screening for the virulent yst gene. These qPCR assays were used to determine Yersinia spp. prevalence and faecal shedding concentration from 3412 faecal samples collected from approximately 1189 lambs (100–180 lambs/flock) on eight farms across Australia. This was a longitudinal study, with sheep sampled on three occasions (weaning, post‐weaning and pre‐slaughter). A subset of up to five positive samples from each sampling on each farm (n = 111) was sequenced.Results
Yersinia spp. (including both pathogenic and non‐pathogenic species) were identified in all flocks, with 60.7% of lambs shedding Yersinia spp. on at least one sampling occasion. Point prevalence ranged from 4% to 91% across farms and sampling occasions. Median Yersinia spp. bacterial concentration was 1.1 × 106, 2.8 × 106 and 5.6 × 105 organisms/g faeces at weaning, post‐weaning and pre‐slaughter, respectively, across all farms. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was identified in all eight flocks sampled, with 14.8% of lambs shedding pathogenic Y. enterocolitica on at least one sampling occasion.
Conclusion
Yersinia spp. and pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in particular were commonly identified in a sample of Australian sheep flocks using molecular techniques. Further studies into associations between faecal shedding of pathogenic Yersinia spp. and sheep productivity or clinical disease may utilise qPCR in conjunction with other diagnostic tools.
Importance of secondary damage in downer cows
Authors: Poulton PJ , Vizard AL , Anderson GA , Pyman MF 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the relative importance in downer cows of the primary cause of recumbency in comparison with secondary complications.MethodsDowner dairy cows were monitored during their recumbency under field conditions in South Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. The cause of the original recumbency of the 218 cows was determined and secondary damage, status on day 7 and final outcome were recorded.ResultsSome type of secondary damage was found in 183/218 (84%) cows, of which 173/218 (79%) had damage deemed to be clinically important. By day 7, 52 (24%) had recovered and 69 (32%) eventually recovered. Of the 149 (68%) cows that were euthanased or died, 23 (15%) were deemed to have been lost solely from the primary cause, 107 (72%) from secondary damage and 19 (13%) from a combination of both.ConclusionThere was no difference in recovery among the five broad groups of causes of primary recumbency. Secondary damage was very common and presented in a large variety of ways, with many cows having multiple types of secondary damage concurrently. For most cows the secondary damage was more important than the initial primary damage in determining their fate.
Comparing dependent robust correlations
Authors: Wilcox Rand R. 
Published: April 2016

Let r1 and r2 be two dependent estimates of Pearson's correlation. There is a substantial literature on testing H0 : ρ1 = ρ2, the hypothesis that the population correlation coefficients are equal. However, it is well known that Pearson's correlation is not robust. Even a single outlier can have a substantial impact on Pearson's correlation, resulting in a misleading understanding about the strength of the association among the bulk of the points. A way of mitigating this concern is to use a correlation coefficient that guards against outliers, many of which have been proposed. But apparently there are no results on how to compare dependent robust correlation coefficients when there is heteroscedasicity. Extant results suggest that a basic percentile bootstrap will perform reasonably well. This paper reports simulation results indicating the extent to which this is true when using Spearman's rho, a Winsorized correlation or a skipped correlation.
Antagonizing midkine accelerates fracture healing in mice by enhanced bone formation in the fracture callus
Authors: Haffner‐Luntzer Melanie , Heilmann Aline , Rapp Anna Elise , Roessler Robin , Schinke Thorsten , Amling Michael , Ignatius Anita , Liedert Astrid 
Published: April 2016

Background and PurposePrevious findings suggest that the growth and differentiation factor midkine (Mdk) is a negative regulator of osteoblast activity and bone formation, thereby raising the possibility that a specific Mdk antagonist might improve bone formation during fracture healing.Experimental ApproachIn the present study, we investigated the effects of a monoclonal anti‐Mdk antibody (Mdk‐Ab) on bone healing using a standardized femur osteotomy model in mice. Additional in vitro experiments using chondroprogenitor and preosteoblastic cells were conducted to analyse the effects of recombinant Mdk and Mdk‐Ab on differentiation markers and potential binding partners in these cells.Key ResultsWe demonstrated that treatment with Mdk‐Ab accelerated bone healing in mice based on increased bone formation in the fracture callus. In vitro experiments using preosteoblastic cells showed that Mdk‐Ab treatment abolished the Mdk‐induced negative effects on the expression of osteogenic markers and Wnt/β‐catenin target proteins, whereas the differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells was unaffected. Phosphorylation analyses revealed an important role for the low‐density lipoproteinLDL receptor‐related protein 6 in Mdk signalling in osteoblasts.Conclusions and ImplicationsWe conclude that Mdk‐Ab treatment may be a potential novel therapeutic strategy to enhance fracture healing in patients with orthopaedic complications such as delayed healing or non‐union formation.
2‐Prenylated m‐dimethoxybenzenes as potent inhibitors of 15‐lipo‐oxygenase: inhibitory mechanism and SAR studies
Authors: Jabbari Atena , Sadeghian Hamid , Salimi Alireza , Mousavian Mina , Seyedi Seyed M. , Bakavoli Mehdi 
Published: April 2016

15‐lipo‐oxygenases are one of the iron‐containing proteins capable of performing peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in animals and plants. The critical role of enzymes in the formation of inflammations, sensitivities, and some cancers has been demonstrated in mammals. The importance of enzymes has led to the development of mechanistic studies, product analysis, and synthesis of inhibitors. In this study, a series of allyl and prenyl dimethoxybenzenes were synthesized and their inhibitory potency against soybean 15‐Lipo‐oxygenase (L1; EC 1,13,11,12) was determined. Among the synthetic compounds, 2,6‐dimethoxy‐1‐isopentenyl‐4‐methylbenzene, 2,6‐dimethoxy‐1‐geranyl‐4‐methylbenzene, and 2,6‐dimethoxy‐1‐farnesyl‐4‐methylbenzene showed the most potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 7.6, 5.3, and 0.52 μm, respectively. For some of the compounds, SAR studies showed acceptable relationship between inhibitory potency and enzyme–ligand interactions. Radical scavenging assessment results apart from the SAR studies indicate that electronic properties are the major factors for lipo‐oxygenase inhibition potency of the mentioned compounds. Based on the theoretical studies, it was suggested that CH…O intramolecular hydrogen bond between ortho‐methoxy oxygen and methine hydrogen atoms is one of the major factors in the stability of 2,6‐dimethoxyallyl(or prenyl)benzenes radical via the planarity fixation between phenyl and allyl (or prenyl) pi orbitals.
Association of changes in income with self‐rated oral health and chewing difficulties in adults in Southern Brazil
Authors: Di Bernardi Elaine Raupp , Tsakos Georgios , Sheiham Aubrey , Peres Karen Glazer , Peres Marco Aurélio 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether short‐term changes in income (IC) in adulthood were associated with self‐rated oral health (SROH) and chewing difficulties (CD).MethodsSecondary analysis of a longitudinal study in Florianópolis, Southern Brazil (EpiFloripa); a total of 1720 adults participated in 2009 and 1223 in 2012. Logistic regression analysed the variation of SROH and CD according to short‐term changes in income (IC) groups (‘high income‐stable’, ‘increased income’, ‘decreased income’ and ‘low income‐stable’) and adjusted for covariates (age, sex, marital status, skin colour, self‐reported number of teeth and education).ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, participants in the ‘decreased income’ were more likely to have poor SROH and CD than those at the ‘high income‐stable’ group (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.58; OR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.61, 4.74, respectively). Significant differences were also found between the ‘low income‐stable’ and ‘high income‐stable’ groups, but these differences were explained when adjusted for potential confounders. There were no significant differences in SROH and CD between the ‘increased income’ and the ‘high income‐stable’ groups.ConclusionsOverall, SROH and CD were adversely influenced by negative changes in income during adulthood in a short period of 3 years.
Dental therapy practice patterns in Minnesota: a baseline study
Authors: Blue Christine M. , Kaylor Mary Beth 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesA chronic shortage of dentists, the importance of oral health, and the lack of access to care led to the introduction of a new oral health practitioner in Minnesota, the dental therapist. Dental therapy graduates from the University of Minnesota have been in practice since 2012. To date, there has been no formal study of how they have been incorporated into dental practice. The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline knowledge of dental therapists' practice patterns in Minnesota and determine if dentists' patterns of work changed after a dental therapist was employed.MethodsFour dental practices were sampled purposefully to obtain various practice types and geographic locations within Minnesota. Secondary data were collected from practice management software databases in each practice between January‐March, 2015. Data were used to describe the work undertaken by dental therapists, the types of patients seen and payer mix. Additionally, data from 6 months before and after employment of the dental therapist were collected to determine whether dentists' practice patterns changed after a dental therapist was employed.ResultsDental therapists were employed full‐time, seeing an average of 6.8 patients per day. No distinct pattern emerged with regard to ages of patients seen by dental therapists. Dental therapists saw up to 90% of uninsured patients or patients on public assistance. Restorative services across practices comprised an average of 68% of work undertaken by dental therapists. Dentists delegated a full range of procedures within the dental therapy scope of practice indicating trust and acceptance of dental therapists. Dentists in two practices began to take on more complex dental procedures after a dental therapist joined the practice.ConclusionDental therapists are treating a high number of uninsured and underinsured patients, suggesting that they are expanding access to dental care in rural and metropolitan areas of Minnesota. Dentists appear to have an adequate workload for dental therapists and are delegating a full range of procedures within their scope of practice. Dentists performed fewer restorative and preventive procedures after a DT was hired.
A population survey of early factors associated with permanent tooth emergence: findings from a prospective cohort study
Authors: Wong Hai Ming , Peng Si‐Min , Wen Yi Feng , McGrath Colman P.J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesStudies investigating influencing factors of permanent tooth eruption/emergence have primarily focused on anthropometric measurements while less attention has been paid to the effect of perinatal factors. We aimed to explore early factors associated with eruption status of permanent teeth among 12‐year‐olds through a population‐representative prospective cohort.MethodsA community sample of Hong Kong children born in 1997 was obtained by random sampling from local secondary schools. Participants' background information including birth characteristics, prenatal and early childhood exposures, family socioeconomic status and medical records was prospectively collected. Clinical examination of tooth emergence was conducted in 2010. Children were divided into complete emergence (of 28 permanent teeth) and partial emergence groups based on clinical examinations. Bivariate analyses were used to assess the association of tooth emergence status with each putative predictor. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were applied to select the best predictors for tooth emergence status at age 12.ResultsComplete background information and clinical data were available from 514 children (76.9% of the invited participants). Bivariate analyses showed that the average birthweight in the partial emergence group was significantly lower than the complete emergence group (mean difference 0.2 kg, P = 0.006). The finding was confirmed by logistic regression analyses. In the adjusted regression model, it was found that for every 1 kilogram increase in birthweight, the odds of having partial emergence would be lowered by 0.49 (odds ratio 0.49, P = 0.006).ConclusionsBirthweight is associated with status of permanent tooth emergence at 12 years of age, as observed from a population‐representative sample of Hong Kong children.