bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opioid prescription practices at discharge and 30‐day returns in children with sickle cell disease and pain
Authors: Okorji Leslie M. , Muntz Devin S. , Liem Robert I. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundAcute pain episodes in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) represent a leading cause of readmissions. We examined prescription practices at the time of discharge in children with SCD presenting with acute pain to determine their impact on 30‐day emergency department (ED) revisits and readmissions.MethodsIn this single‐institution, 5‐year retrospective study, we reviewed 290 encounters of patients with SCD aged 7–21 years hospitalized or discharged from the ED with acute pain. We reviewed demographic, treatment and discharge data, and 30‐day returns, defined as ED revisits and readmissions within 30 days of discharge. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate the association between discharge prescription practices and 30‐day returns.ResultsCompared to hospitalizations, treat‐and‐release ED visits for acute pain were associated with a higher incidence of 30‐day returns (OR = 2.7 [95% CI: 1.5–4.8], P < 0.01). We found no association between prescribed opioid frequency (scheduled vs. as‐needed) and 30‐day returns (OR = 1.12 [95% CI: 0.62–2.02], P = 0.70). By multivariable logistic regression, the prescription of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) only, without opioids, after treat‐and‐release ED visits was independently associated with a higher frequency of 30‐day ED revisits (OR = 6.9 [95% CI: 1.3–37.3], P = 0.03) but not readmissions.ConclusionVariability exists in opioid prescription practices after discharge in children with SCD and pain episodes. Prescription of NSAIDs only, without opioids, was an independent predictor of higher 30‐day ED revisits. Formalized studies to better understand factors that influence returns, including outpatient opioid management, are warranted in this population.
Risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension in children and young adults
Authors: Naumburg Estelle , Söderström Lars , Huber Daniel , Axelsson Inge 
Published: November 2016

SummaryObjectivesPulmonary hypertension (PH) has been linked to preterm birth explained by congenital heart defects and pulmonary diseases.Working hypothesisOther factors may influence the risk of PH among adolescences and children born premature.Study designThis national registry‐based study assess risk of PH following premature birth adjusted for known risk factors.Patient‐subject selection and methodologyAll cases born 1993–2010, identified by diagnostic codes applicable to PH and retrieved from the Swedish Registry of Congenital Heart Disease (N = 67). Six controls were randomly selected and matched to each case by year of birth and hospital by the Swedish Medical Birth Register (N = 402). Maternal and infant data related to preterm birth, pulmonary diseases, and congenital defects were retrieved. The association between preterm birth and pulmonary hypertension was calculated by conditional logistic regression taking into account potential confounding factors.ResultsOne third of the cases and seven percent of the controls were born preterm in our study. Preterm birth was associated with PH, OR = 8.46 (95%CI 2.97–24.10) (P < 0.0001) even after adjusting for confounding factors. Other factors, such as acute pulmonary diseases, congenital heart defects, congenital diaphragm herniation, and chromosomal disorders were also associated with PH in the multivariate analysis.ConclusionsChildren and young adults born preterm are known to have an increased risk of PH, previously explained by congenital heart defects and pulmonary diseases. By adjusting for such factors, our study indicates that new factors may play a role in the risk of developing PH among children born preterm. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:636–641. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advances in the development of aptamer drug conjugates for targeted drug delivery
Authors: Chen Ke , Liu Bo , Yu Bo , Zhong Wen , Lu Yi , Zhang Jiani , Liao Jie , Liu Jun , Pu Ying , Qiu Liping , Zhang Liqin , Liu Huixia , Tan Weihong 
Published: November 2016

A key goal of modern medicine is target‐specific therapeutic intervention. However, most drugs lack selectivity, resulting in ‘off‐target’ side effects. To address the requirements of ‘targeted therapy,’ aptamers, which are artificial oligonucleotides, have been used as novel targeting ligands to construct aptamer drug conjugates (ApDC) that can specifically bind to a broad spectrum of targets, including diseased cells. Accordingly, the application of aptamers in targeted drug delivery has attracted broad interest due to their impressive selectivity and affinity, low immunogenicity, easy synthesis with high reproducibility, facile modification, and relatively rapid tissue penetration with no toxicity. Functionally, aptamers themselves can be used as macromolecular drugs, and they are also commonly used in biomarker discovery and targeted drug delivery. In this review, we will highlight the most recent advances in the development of aptamers and aptamer conjugates, and discuss their potential in targeted therapy. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1438. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1438This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing
Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing
Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures
Status and trends in the development of clinical diagnostic agents
Authors: Opacic Tatjana , Paefgen Vera , Lammers Twan , Kiessling Fabian 
Published: November 2016

Contrast agents (CA) are routinely used in clinical practice to improve the diagnosis of diseases and to monitor therapy response. The majority of CA comprises small molecules accumulating at pathological sites due to vascular abnormalities, such as changes in perfusion and permeability. For many diseases, high diagnostic accuracy can be achieved with contrast‐enhanced imaging. This means that new CA will only succeed in translation if they either show superior performance with respect to diagnostic accuracy, safety and cost, support a new imaging modality, or are directly linked to the refinement of therapy, e.g., as a companion diagnostic. Unfortunately, these basic demands are often not carefully considered by the scientific community, leading to concepts with low chances of clinical translation. Thus, it is not surprising that, despite steadily increasing numbers of publications, there is quite the opposite trend when it comes to the clinical approval of new diagnostics. As a matter of fact, except for PET tracers, in the last decade, only a handful of CA received FDA or EMA approval. Furthermore, several approved products were discontinued by the manufacturers because of low market potential, a competitive own product, suboptimal clinical performance, or safety concerns. This review article discusses the current status of approved diagnostic probes for clinical imaging modalities, with a focus on new trends in CA development. In this context, molecularly targeted diagnostics or probes for emerging fields, such as image‐guided surgery, nanomedicine, or theranostics, will be introduced and discussed with regard to their clinical translation. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1441. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1441This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Metformin Reduces Lipogenesis Markers in Obese Mice Fed a Low‐Carbohydrate and High‐Fat Diet
Authors: de Oliveira Santana Karla Nayara , Lelis Deborah Farias , Mendes Keila Lopes , Lula Jamille Fernandes , Paraíso Alanna Fernandes , Andrade João Marcus Oliveira , Feltenberger John David , Cota Junio , da Costa Diego Vicente , de Paula Alfredo Mauricio Batista , Guimarães André Luiz Sena , Santos Sérgio Henrique Sousa 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLipogenesis is the process by which fatty acids are synthesized. In metabolic syndrome, an insulin resistant state along with high plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and hyperglycemia may contribute to the lipogenic process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of metformin on the expression of lipogenic genes and glycemic profile in mice fed with low‐carbohydrate high‐fat diet by evaluating their metabolic profile. SWISS male mice were divided into 4 groups (N = 7) that were fed with standard (ST), standard plus metformin (ST + MET), low‐carbohydrate high‐fat diet (LCHFD) and low‐carbohydrate high‐fat diet plus metformin (LCHFD + MET) (100 mg kg−1 diet) diets respectively. Food intake, body weight and blood parameters, such as glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, glucose, HDL‐c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, ASL and ALT levels were assessed. Histological analyses were performed on hematoxylin and eosin‐stained epididymal adipose tissue histological specimens. The expression levels of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), were assessed by RT‐PCR. This study showed that metformin decreased adipocyte area, body weight and food consumption in obese animals when compared to the standard group. Furthermore, the expression of lipogenic markers in adipose tissue were diminished in obese animals treated with metformin. This data showed that oral administration of metformin improved glucose and lipid metabolic parameters in white adipose tissue by reducing the expression of lipogenesis markers, suggesting an important clinical application of MET in treating obesity‐related diseases in metabolic syndrome.
Midpregnancy Marriage and Divorce: Why the Death of Shotgun Marriage Has Been Greatly Exaggerated
Authors: Gibson-Davis Christina M. , Ananat Elizabeth O. , Gassman-Pines Anna 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Conventional wisdom holds that births following the colloquially termed “shotgun marriage”—that is, births to parents who married between conception and the birth—are nearing obsolescence. To investigate trends in shotgun marriage, we matched North Carolina administrative data on nearly 800,000 first births among white and black mothers to marriage and divorce records. We found that among married births, midpregnancy-married births (our preferred term for shotgun-married births) have been relatively stable at about 10 % over the past quarter-century while increasing substantially for vulnerable population subgroups. In 2012, among black and white less-educated and younger women, midpregnancy-married births accounted for approximately 20 % to 25 % of married first births. The increasing representation of midpregnancy-married births among married births raises concerns about well-being among at-risk families because midpregnancy marriages may be quite fragile. Our analysis revealed, however, that midpregnancy marriages were more likely to dissolve only among more advantaged groups. Of those groups considered to be most at risk of divorce—namely, black women with lower levels of education and who were younger—midpregnancy marriages had the same or lower likelihood of divorce as preconception marriages. Our results suggest an overlooked resiliency in a type of marriage that has only increased in salience.
Brief report: Feasibility of a mindfulness and self‐compassion based mobile intervention for adolescents
Authors: Donovan Elizabeth , Rodgers Rachel F. , Cousineau Tara M. , McGowan Kayla M. , Luk Stephanie , Yates Kayla , Franko Debra L. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of the study was to test the feasibility of a mindfulness and self‐compassion based program for adolescents, to be delivered though mobile phones. Twenty racially and ethnically diverse US adolescents enrolled in a study to use the app for 30 days, after which they provided satisfaction data and participated in focus groups to describe their experiences and offer suggestions for improving the app. Usage data were also captured. Results indicated that participants used the app on the majority of days over the intervention period, reported finding it helpful for managing stress, and provided suggestions for substantive areas for improvement. These findings suggest that a mobile app may be a feasible way to disseminate a mindfulness and selfcompassion based program widely among adolescents.
Prospective associations of plasma phospholipids and mild cognitive impairment/dementia among African Americans in the ARIC Neurocognitive Study
Authors: Li Danni , Misialek Jeffrey R. , Boerwinkle Eric , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Sharrett A. Richey , Mosley Thomas H. , Coresh Josef , Wruck Lisa M. , Knopman David S. , Alonso Alvaro 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of this study was to investigate whether 10 phospholipids/metabolites previously identified as prospectively predictive of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia in whites would also be predictive in a mostly African‐American cohort.MethodsWe repeatedly measured 188 phospholipids/metabolites in plasma samples of 221 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, 97% African American, who were followed between 2004–2006 and 2011–2013.ResultsAfter a mean follow‐up of 7.3 years, 77 were classified as having MCI and 18 as having dementia. Our study failed to replicate previous findings in this mostly African American cohort, in that the 10 phospholipids/metabolites only achieved a C statistic/AUC of 0.609 in predicting development of MCI or dementia (compared to 0.96) and 0.607 in distinguishing normal from MCI or dementia at the follow‐up visit.ConclusionA panel of 10 phospholipids/metabolites previously associated with incident dementia was not predictive of MCI or dementia in an independent cohort.
Why so GLUMM? Detecting depression clusters through graphing lifestyle-environs using machine-learning methods (GLUMM)
Authors: Dipnall J.F. , Pasco J.A. , Berk M. , Williams L.J. , Dodd S. , Jacka F.N. , Meyer D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundKey lifestyle-environ risk factors are operative for depression, but it is unclear how risk factors cluster. Machine-learning (ML) algorithms exist that learn, extract, identify and map underlying patterns to identify groupings of depressed individuals without constraints. The aim of this research was to use a large epidemiological study to identify and characterise depression clusters through “Graphing lifestyle-environs using machine-learning methods” (GLUMM).MethodsTwo ML algorithms were implemented: unsupervised Self-organised mapping (SOM) to create GLUMM clusters and a supervised boosted regression algorithm to describe clusters. Ninety-six “lifestyle-environ” variables were used from the National health and nutrition examination study (2009–2010). Multivariate logistic regression validated clusters and controlled for possible sociodemographic confounders.ResultsThe SOM identified two GLUMM cluster solutions. These solutions contained one dominant depressed cluster (GLUMM5-1, GLUMM7-1). Equal proportions of members in each cluster rated as highly depressed (17%). Alcohol consumption and demographics validated clusters. Boosted regression identified GLUMM5-1 as more informative than GLUMM7-1. Members were more likely to: have problems sleeping; unhealthy eating; ≤ 2 years in their home; an old home; perceive themselves underweight; exposed to work fumes; experienced sex at ≤ 14 years; not perform moderate recreational activities. A positive relationship between GLUMM5-1 (OR: 7.50, P < 0.001) and GLUMM7-1 (OR: 7.88, P < 0.001) with depression was found, with significant interactions with those married/living with partner (P = 0.001).ConclusionUsing ML based GLUMM to form ordered depressive clusters from multitudinous lifestyle-environ variables enabled a deeper exploration of the heterogeneous data to uncover better understandings into relationships between the complex mental health factors.
A novel mechanism for host-mediated photoprotection in endosymbiotic foraminifera
Authors: Petrou Katherina , Ralph Peter J , Nielsen Daniel A 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Light underpins the health and function of coral reef ecosystems, where symbiotic partnerships with photosynthetic algae constitute the life support system of the reef. Decades of research have given us detailed knowledge of the photoprotective capacity of phototrophic organisms, yet little is known about the role of the host in providing photoprotection in symbiotic systems. Here we show that the intracellular symbionts within the large photosymbiotic foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis exhibit phototactic behaviour, and that the phototactic movement of the symbionts is accomplished by the host, through rapid actin-mediated relocation of the symbionts deeper into the cavities within the calcium carbonate test. Using a photosynthetic inhibitor, we identified that the infochemical signalling for host regulation is photosynthetically derived, highlighting the presence of an intimate communication between the symbiont and the host. Our results emphasise the central importance of the host in photosymbiotic photoprotection via a new mechanism in foraminifera that can serve as a platform for exploring host–symbiont communication in other photosymbiotic organisms.
Trade-offs between microbiome diversity and productivity in a stratified microbial mat
Authors: Bernstein Hans C , Brislawn Colin , Renslow Ryan S , Dana Karl , Morton Beau , Lindemann Stephen R , Song Hyun-Seob , Atci Erhan , Beyenal Haluk , Fredrickson James K , Jansson Janet K , Moran James J 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Productivity is a major determinant of ecosystem diversity. Microbial ecosystems are the most diverse on the planet yet very few relationships between diversity and productivity have been reported as compared with macro-ecological studies. Here we evaluated the spatial relationships of productivity and microbiome diversity in a laboratory-cultivated photosynthetic mat. The goal was to determine how spatial diversification of microorganisms drives localized carbon and energy acquisition rates. We measured sub-millimeter depth profiles of net primary productivity and gross oxygenic photosynthesis in the context of the localized microenvironment and community structure, and observed negative correlations between species richness and productivity within the energy-replete, photic zone. Variations between localized community structures were associated with distinct taxa as well as environmental profiles describing a continuum of biological niches. Spatial regions in the photic zone corresponding to high primary productivity and photosynthesis rates had relatively low-species richness and high evenness. Hence, this system exhibited negative species–productivity and species–energy relationships. These negative relationships may be indicative of stratified, light-driven microbial ecosystems that are able to be the most productive with a relatively smaller, even distributions of species that specialize within photic zones.
Fitness costs restrict niche expansion by generalist niche-constructing pathogens
Authors: Lang Julien , Vigouroux Armelle , El Sahili Abbas , Kwasiborski Anthony , Aumont-Nicaise Magali , Dessaux Yves , Shykoff Jacqui Anne , Moréra Solange , Faure Denis 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We investigated the molecular and ecological mechanisms involved in niche expansion, or generalism, versus specialization in sympatric plant pathogens. Nopaline-type and octopine-type Agrobacterium tumefaciens engineer distinct niches in their plant hosts that provide different nutrients: nopaline or octopine, respectively. Previous studies revealed that nopaline-type pathogens may expand their niche to also assimilate octopine in the presence of nopaline, but consequences of this phenomenon on pathogen dynamics in planta were not known. Here, we provided molecular insight into how the transport protein NocT can bind octopine as well as nopaline, contributing to niche expansion. We further showed that despite the ability for niche expansion, nopaline-type pathogens had no competitive advantage over octopine-type pathogens in co-infected plants. We also demonstrated that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the nocR gene was sufficient to allow octopine assimilation by nopaline-type strains even in absence of nopaline. The evolved nocR bacteria had higher fitness than their ancestor in octopine-rich transgenic plants but lower fitness in tumors induced by octopine-type pathogens. Overall, this work elucidates the specialization of A. tumefaciens to particular opine niches and explains why generalists do not always spread despite the advantage associated with broader nutritional niches.
Seismic evidence for a cold serpentinized mantle wedge beneath Mount St Helens
Authors: Hansen S. M. , Schmandt B. , Levander A. , Kiser E. , Vidale J. E. , Abers G. A. , Creager K. C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMount St Helens is the most active volcano within the Cascade arc; however, its location is unusual because it lies 50 km west of the main axis of arc volcanism. Subduction zone thermal models indicate that the down-going slab is decoupled from the overriding mantle wedge beneath the forearc, resulting in a cold mantle wedge that is unlikely to generate melt. Consequently, the forearc location of Mount St Helens raises questions regarding the extent of the cold mantle wedge and the source region of melts that are responsible for volcanism. Here using, high-resolution active-source seismic data, we show that Mount St Helens sits atop a sharp lateral boundary in Moho reflectivity. Weak-to-absent PmP reflections to the west are attributed to serpentinite in the mantle-wedge, which requires a cold hydrated mantle wedge beneath Mount St Helens (<∼700 °C). These results suggest that the melt source region lies east towards Mount Adams.
Altruistic punishment does not increase with the severity of norm violations in the field
Authors: Balafoutas Loukas , Nikiforakis Nikos , Rockenbach Bettina 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe degree of human cooperation among strangers is a major evolutionary puzzle. A prominent explanation is that cooperation is maintained because many individuals have a predisposition to punish those violating group-beneficial norms. A critical condition for cooperation to evolve in evolutionary models is that punishment increases with the severity of the violation. Here we present evidence from a field experiment with real-life interactions that, unlike in lab experiments, altruistic punishment does not increase with the severity of the violation, regardless of whether it is direct (confronting a violator) or indirect (withholding help). We also document growing concerns for counter-punishment as the severity of the violation increases, indicating that the marginal cost of direct punishment increases with the severity of violations. The evidence suggests that altruistic punishment may not provide appropriate incentives to deter large violations. Our findings thus offer a rationale for the emergence of formal institutions for promoting large-scale cooperation among strangers.