bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Benzoylcarbamate Cyclizations.
Authors: KNAPP S. , KUKKOLA P. J. , SHARMA S. , PIETRANICO S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe cyclohexenes (I) react with NBS and benzoyl isocyanate (II), yielding the O‐acylated bromohydrins (III) which form the cyclic N‐benzoylurethanes (IV) upon basic treatment.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Catalysis in Oxidation by Peroxides. Anionic Molybdenum‐Picolinate N‐Oxido‐Peroxo Complex: An Effective Oxidant of Primary and Secondary Alcohols in Nonpolar Solvents.
Authors: BORTOLINI O. , CAMPESTRINI S. , DI FURIA F. , MODENA G. , VALLE G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOxidation of the alcohols (I) with a molybdenum peroxo complex gives the aldehydes and ketones (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot Preparation of α‐Halo‐Carbonyl and α‐Halo‐Sulfonyl Compounds by Halo‐Deacylation.
Authors: MIGNANI G. , MOREL D. , GRASS F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe C‐acetyl derivatives (I), (VII) and (VIII) are simultaneously deacylated and halogenated to form the halides (II), (III), (IX) and (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Control of a Branching of a Reaction by Appropriate Phase‐Transfer Catalysts. Application of Phase‐Transfer Catalysis. Part 37.
Authors: DEHMLOW E. V. , WILKENLOH J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAllyl bromide (I) reacts with dibromocarbene to form the dibromo cyclopropanes (III) and (V) and the tribromobutene (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 1‐Acetyladamantane with Thionyl Chloride.
Authors: BURKHARD J. , JANKU J. , VODICKA L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the presence of pyridine the title compound (I) reacts with thionyl chloride to yield the 1‐chloroethenyl derivative (II) as the sole isolable product.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Route to Alkylidenecyclopropanes from Cyclopropyldiphenylphosphine Oxide and Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: MEIJS G. F. , EICHINGER P. C. H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCyclopropyldiphenylphosphine oxide (I) is coupled with the aldehydes or ketones (II) to produce the adducts (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Generation and Use of 3‐Carbalkoxycyclopentadienone as a Diels‐Alder Dienophile. Part 13.
Authors: NANTZ M. H. , FUCHS P. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStarting with the sulfonylcyclopentenecarboxylate (I), the isomeric cylopentenones (V) and (VI) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Catalyzed Aromatic Claisen Rearrangement of 3‐Hydroxyphenyl Allyl Ethers.
Authors: HARWOOD L. M. , OXFORD A. J. , THOMSON C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTreatment of the 3‐hydroxyphenyl allyl ethers (I) with potassium hydroxide in the presence of oxygen gives the rearrangement products (II) ‐ (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Contraction Reactions of Dihydro‐ and Tetrahydrothiazepines to Isothiazolone Derivatives under Pummerer Conditions.
Authors: YAMAMOTO K. , YAMAZAKI S. , MURATA I. , FUKAZAWA Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe thiopyran oxime (III), prepared from the ketone (I), undergoes Beckmann‐rearrangement to produce regioisomeric tetrahydrothiazepines (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Xanthone Derivatives: Part 6. Synthesis of Furano‐ and Difuranoxanthones.
Authors: PATEL G. N. , PATOLIA R. J. , TRIVEDI K. N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe reaction of the corresponding resorcinol derivatives with methyl 2,4‐dihydroxybenzoate affords the xanthones (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Substituted and 3,4‐Disubstituted 3,4‐Dihydro‐1(2H)‐isoquinolones by Condensation of Lithiated N,N‐Diethyl‐o‐toluamide with Imines.
Authors: CLARK R. D. , JAHANGIR JAHANGIR 
Published: May 2016

AbstractN,N‐Diethyl‐o‐toluamide (II) is lithiated and then coupled with the imines (I) or (IV) to give the 3,4‐dihydro‐1(2H)‐isoquinolones (III) or (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Nicotinic Acid 1‐Oxide with Propionic, Phenylacetic and Benzoic Anhydrides.
Authors: NAGANO H. , NAWATA Y. , HAMANA M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of nicotinic acid 1‐oxide (I) with propionic anhydride (II) yields a mixture of the bicyclic pyridines (III) ‐ (VI) and pyridones (VII) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dimethyl 4a,8a‐Methanophthalazine‐1,4‐dicarboxylate and Derivatives.
Authors: NEIDLEIN R. , TADESSE L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Diels‐Alder reaction between the tetrazine (II) and the dienophile (I) proceeds at C‐3 and C‐6 of the diene (II) to afford the title compound (III) after elimination of N2.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Uracil Derivatives and Analogues. Part 10. A Silicon‐Mediated Synthesis of Novel 5‐Substituted 2,4‐Dimethoxypyrimidines and 5‐Substituted Uracils.
Authors: KUNDU N. G. , DAS B. , MAJUMDAR A. , CHOUDHURI L. N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAcylation of the pyrimidylethynylsilane (I) yields the acetylenic ketones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Benzylpiperazine Derivatives. Part 6. Design and Syntheses of Vinylogs of 1‐Benzyl‐4‐diphenylmethylpiperazine Derivatives and Their Cerebral Vasodilating Activities.
Authors: OHTAKA H. , KANAZAWA T. , ITO K. , TSUKAMOTO G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTreatment of the cinnamic acids (II) with ethyl chloroformate (III) and subsequent reaction with the piperazines (I) yield the carboxamides (IV) which are reduced to form the cinnamyldiarylmethylpiperazines (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of S3N2Cl2 and (NSCl)3 with a New Silylcyanamide Reagent (Me3Si)2N.CN: Synthesis and X‐Ray Crystal Structure of Cyclic SNSNS: N.CN and Bicyclic CClS3N5.
Authors: BANISTER A. J. , CLEGG W. , GORRELL I. B. , HAUPTMANN Z. V. , SMALL R. W. H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSilylation of silver cyanamide (II) with trimethylsilyl chloride (I) yields bis(trimethylsilyl)cyanamide (III) which reacts with the chlorides (IV) and (VI) to produce the cyaniminotrithiadiazole (V) or the chlorotrithiapentaazabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Azidophosphites. Part 5. Molecular Structure of 2‐Oxo‐2‐triphenylphosphazo‐1,3,2‐benzodioxaphosphole.
Authors: CHERNEGA A. N. , ANTIPIN M. YU. , STRUCHKOV YU. T. , GUSAR' N. I. , BUDILOVA I. YU. , GOLOLOBOV YU. G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStarting with the phosphorous azide (I), the phosphoric chloride (IV), or the azidophosphorane (VII) the title compound (III) is prepared as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanisms of Oxidation of Phenol and Cyclohexene by an Oxo Complex of Ruthenium(IV).
Authors: SEOK W. K. , DOBSON J. C. , MEYER T. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFrom results of 1H NMR studies and stopped‐flow kinetics at a variety of temp. and the use of 18O‐labeled compounds the mechanisms of the title reactions are interpreted as initial attack by the Ru=O group of the oxidant (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Promoted Cyclization Reactions of Isocyanide Ligands. Synthesis of Cyclic Aminooxycarbene Complexes of Platinum(II) and X‐Ray Structure of Cyclic trans‐((PPh3)2Pt(CN(C6H4‐p‐Me)CH2CH2O)Br)BF4.
Authors: MICHELIN R. A. , ZANOTTO L. , BRAGA D. , SABATINO P. , ANGELICI R. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractElectrophilic isocyanide ligands in cationic Pt(II) complexes (I) are converted to the corresponding 5‐membered cyclic title complexes (III) as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Very Soluble and Photostable Perylene Fluorescent Dyes.
Authors: DEMMIG S. , LANGHALS H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAttempting to raise the solubility of the known dye (III) (R: 2,5‐di‐tert.‐butylphenyl) the dependence of solubility on substituent R is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Triterpenes. Part 85. Photolysis of 19β,28‐Epoxy‐18α‐oleanan‐2β‐ol Nitrites: Functionalization of 10β‐ and 8β‐Methyl Groups.
Authors: SEJBAL J. , KLINOT J. , VYSTRCIL A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe photolysis of the epoxyoleanol nitrite (I) affords the oximes (II) and (III) by functionalization of the 10β‐methyl group as well as of the rather distant 8β‐methyl group.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Macrocyclic Terpenoids by Intramolecular Cyclization. Part 11. Total Synthesis of Zerumbone.
Authors: KODAMA M. , SHIOBARA Y. , SUMITOMO H. , MITANI K. , UENO K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGeranyl bromide (I) is converted into the phosphonate (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of L‐(+)‐Ribose via (S)‐Pinanediol (αS)‐α‐Bromo Boronic Esters.
Authors: MATTESON D. S. , PETERSON M. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractL‐(+)‐Ribose (VII) is prepared from the boronic ester (I) by a homologation procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 3‐Aminonocardicinic Acid and Its Acyl Derivatives.
Authors: NAKAGUCHI O. , OKU T. , HASHIMOTO M. , KAMIYA T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe sodium salt of nocardicin A (I) is reduced to give the amino derivative (IIa) which reacts with phenyl isothiocyanate (III), producing the thiourea (IIb).
ChemInform Abstract: Homogeneous Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Functionalized Ketones.
Authors: KITAMURA M. , OHKUMA T. , INOUE S. , SAYO N. , KUMOBAYASHI H. , AKUTAGAWA S. , OHTA T. , TAKAYA H. , NOYORI R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBINAP‐Ru(II) complexes are effective catalysts for the asym.
ChemInform Abstract: Acylcobalt Salophen Reagents. Precursors to Acyl Radical Intermediates for Inter‐ and Intramolecular Oxidative Michael Addition Reactions.
Authors: COVENEY D. J. , PATEL V. F. , PATTENDEN G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe acylcobalt salophens (III), prepared from (I) and the acyl chlorides (II), react with diphenyl disulfide and diselenide (IV) under irradiation to give the thiolo and seleno esters (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Arene Synthesis by Extrusion Reaction. Part 12. Chemistry of Dibenzo(2.2)paracyclophane and Its Related Compounds. Evidence for the Existence of a Cyclophyne Intermediate.
Authors: CHAN C. W. , WONG H. N. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBase treatment of (I) results in the formation of the strained cyclophyne intermediate (III), which is trapped by the furans (II) to give the Diels‐Alder adducts (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SRN1‐Substitution Reactions of Quinones.
Authors: CROZET M. P. , JENTZER O. , VANELLE P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe methylanthraquinone derivatives (Ib) ‐ (Id) are coupled with the salts (III) generated from 2‐nitropropane under various conditions to produce the anthraquinones (IV) ‐ (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of an Extremely Unusual 1:2‐Adduct from 3‐Cyanoindolizines and Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate.
Authors: MATSUMOTO K. , KABUTO C. , UCHIDA T. , YOSHIDA H. , OGATA T. , IWAIZUMI M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHeating of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (II) with the 3‐cyanoindolizines (I) yields the N‐styryl‐2‐cyanopyrroles (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Cycloenol Acetates (5 and 6 Ring Members) with Grignard Reagents and Lithium Enolates in the Presence of Copper Salts. Part 1. Rapid Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Mitsugashiwalactone.
Authors: AMRI H. , VILLIERAS J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe ethoxycarbonylhydroxycycloalkene acetates or silyl ethers (I) react with the Grignard compounds (II) or the lithium derivative (IV) in the presence of copper(I) compounds, yielding the substituted cycloalkenes (III) or (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Azides in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Part 7. 4‐Aminouracils and Pyrimido(4,5‐b)indolediones from 4‐Azidouracils.
Authors: LAPACHEV V. V. , STADLBAUER W. , KAPPE T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCondensation of phenylmalonic acid (I) with the ureas (II) affords the barbituric acid derivatives (III), which are converted to the 4‐azidouracils (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Transformations of 1‐Azinyl‐4‐ethoxycarbonyl Thiosemicarbazides. The Synthesis of 3‐Ethoxycarbonylamino‐s‐triazolo(4,3‐x)azines.
Authors: KOREN B. , STANOVNIK B. , TISLER M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe reactions between the heterocyclic hydrazines (I) or (V) and ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate (II) yield the thiosemicarbazides (III) or (VI) specified in the title.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanides as Lewis‐Acid Catalysts in Aldol Addition, Cyanohydrin‐Forming, and Oxirane Ring Opening Reactions.
Authors: VOUGIOUKAS A. E. , KAGAN H. B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe aldehydes or ketones (I) react with trimethylsilyl cyanide (II) or the ketene silyl acetal (V) in the presence of lanthanide trichlorides, producing mixtures of the α‐hydroxy nitriles (III) and the α‐siloxy derivatives (IV) or of the β‐hydroxy/β‐siloxy esters (VI) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of Phosphorus‐Containing Cyanoguanidines.
Authors: MARTYNOV I. V. , CHEKHLOV A. N. , AKSINENKO A. YU. , PUSHIN A. N. , SOKOLOV V. B. , GONTAR' A. F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe phosphonates (I) with a trifluorodiazabutadiene fragment react with ammonia (II) to give the title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorodiazadiphosphetidines. Part 18. New Betainic Fluorodiazadiphosphetidine Derivatives.
Authors: GALLE K. , UTVARY K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe equimolar reaction of the diazadiphosphetidine (I) with the substituted hydrazines (II) leads to the formation of the betainic derivatives (III) by addition of only one molecule HF to the substituted ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Co2(CO)8‐Mediated and ‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of Diaryl Diselenides and Ditellurides to Seleno and Telluro Esters.
Authors: TAKAHASHI H. , OHE K. , UEMURA S. , SUGITA N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe diaryl diselenides (Ib), (Id), and the ditellurides (Ic) and (Ie) react with CO (II) in the presence of Co2(CO)8 to give the corresponding seleno esters (IIIb) and (IIId) or telluro esters (IIIc) and (IIIe), together with a small amount of the monoselenides and monotellurides (IVb) ‐ (IVe).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Optical Properties of Terminally Substituted Conjugated Polyenes.
Authors: EFFENBERGER F. , SCHLOSSER H. , BAEUERLE P. + , MAIER S. , PORT H. , WOLF H. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe target compounds (IV), (V) and (VIII) are prepared from (I) by a sequence of Wittig reactions; their analogues (X) are obtained from (IX) by similar procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Enzymatic Sterol Synthesis by Ultrasonically Stimulated Bakers′ Yeast.
Authors: BUJONS J. , GUAJARDO R. , KYLER K. S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title yeast suspension is a direct source of a sterol cyclase which is employed for the preparation of lanosterol (IIa) and the ester (IIb).
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Method for the Preparation of Unsaturated Alcohols from 1,3‐Glycols via Dimethylformamide Acetals.
Authors: ACKLAND M. J. , GORDON J. F. , HANSON J. R. , YEOH B. L. , RATCLIFFE A. H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe dimethylformamide acetals (I) and (III) are methylated to give the corresponding trimethylammonium salts which are cleaved upon thermolysis, producing homoallyl formates.
ChemInform Abstract: Protease‐Catalyzed Regioselective Esterification of Sugars and Related Compounds in Anhydrous Dimethylformamide.
Authors: RIVA S. , CHOPINEAU J. , KIEBOOM A. P. G. , KLIBANOV A. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe proteolytic enzyme subtilisin is very active as a catalyst for the selective acylation of carbohydrates and other sugar‐containing compounds.
Preparation of a novel silk microfiber covered by AgCl nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity
Authors: Xie Qifan , Xu Zongpu , Hu Binhui , He Xiuling , Zhu Liangjun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe prepared silk fibroin microfibers in which silver chloride (AgCl) nanoparticles were dispersed, by sequential dipping of microfibers obtained using alkaline hydrolysis in alternating solutions of silver nitrate and potassium chloride. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed an increase in nanoparticle size and quantity with increase in dipping cycles and solution concentration, but ultrasound irradiation did not affect nanoparticle formation. The presence of cubic AgCl crystals was confirmed by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray diffractometry. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the nanoparticles do not affect the microfiber properties. The growth of Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria was inhibited by microfiber covered with AgCl nanoparticles. This antimicrobial activity allows to use microfiber as a reinforced or surface additive biomaterial. Microsc. Res. Tech. 80:272–279, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single institution results of radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of pancreas in 78 patients
Authors: Grossman Julie G. , Fields Ryan C. , Hawkins William G. , Strasberg Steven M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this report is to present results of the radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) procedure in 78 patients from a single center.MethodsSeventy‐eight patients had RAMPS procedure over 13 years. A database dealing with RAMPS for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas was constructed so that it could be converted into a set of tables. Each table covered one element of the subject. The database was populated from clinical records of patients who had a RAMPS procedure from 1999 to 2013.ResultsFifty‐six patients had anterior RAMPS and 22 had posterior RAMPS. Negative tangential margins were obtained in 94% of specimens. Overall the R0 rate was 85%. Mean lymph node count was 20. There were no 30‐day or in‐hospital mortalities but two patients died within 90 days. Pancreatic fistula and need for postoperative transfusion were the most common complications. Median survival was 24.6 months and 5‐year overall actuarial survival was 25.1%.ConclusionsThe RAMPS technique resulted in high negative tangential margin rates and good lymph node retrieval. The long‐term survival result in 78 patients is probably an accurate reflection of what is possible with this tumor using this technique at this time.
Concomitant hepatic artery resection for advanced perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: a case‐control study with propensity score matching
Authors: Noji Takehiro , Tsuchikawa Takahiro , Okamura Keisuke , Tanaka Kimitaka , Nakanishi Yoshitsugu , Asano Toshimichi , Nakamura Toru , Shichinohe Toshiaki , Hirano Satoshi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundWhether concomitant hepatic artery resection (HAR) improves the prognosis for advanced perihilar cholangiocarcinoma remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to compare short‐ and long‐term surgical results of HAR versus standard resection (SR) for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma using propensity score matching.MethodsAmong 209 patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma patients who underwent resection in our department, 28 patients underwent HAR, and the remaining 181 patients underwent SR. To adjust for differences in clinicopathological factors, including difficulty in surgery, between groups, propensity score matching was used at a 1:1 ratio, resulting in a comparison of 24 patients per group. The study protocols were approved by our institutional review board (015‐0365), enrolled in UMIN‐CTR (No: UMIN000019927), and conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.ResultsNo significant differences were seen in overall incidence of postoperative complications (Clavien‐Dindo classification ≥IIIa: 37.5% in SR group vs. 62.5% in HAR group; P = 0.080), except for postoperative liver abscess formation (P = 0.020). Five‐year overall survival rates were 30.3% and 20.4%, respectively. No significant difference in overall survival rate was apparent between the SR and HAR groups (P = 0.150).ConclusionDespite being a demanding procedure, concomitant HAR appears feasible for selected patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Benefits of ESA Gravity-Related Hands-on Programmes for University Students’ Careers
Authors: Callens Natacha , Ha Lily , Galeone Piero 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Education Office of the European Space Agency (ESA) offers university students, from ESA Member and Cooperating States, the opportunity to perform investigations in physical sciences, life sciences, and technology, under different gravity conditions through three educational programmes. The “Fly Your Thesis!” (FYT) programme makes use of parabolic flights and the “Drop Your Thesis!” (DYT) programme utilizes a drop tower as microgravity carriers, while the “Spin Your Thesis!” (SYT) programme uses a large centrifuge to create hypergravity. To date, more than hundred university students had the chance to participate in the design, development, and performance of one or more experiments during dedicated campaigns. In the following paper, we examine demographics of past participants of the ESA Education Office gravity-related opportunities over the past seven years and evaluate the benefits of these educational programmes for the participants’ studies and careers. Student teams that participated in one of the programmes between 2009 and 2013 were contacted to fill in a questionnaire. The feedback from the students demonstrate significant benefits extending far beyond the primary educational objectives of these programmes.
Mechanical forcing of water pressure in a hydraulically isolated reach beneath Western Greenland's ablation zone
Authors: Meierbachtol Toby W. , Harper Joel T. , Humphrey Neil F. , Wright Patrick J. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTA suite of surface and basal measurements during and after borehole drilling is used to perform in situ investigation of the local basal drainage system and pressure forcing in western Greenland. Drill and borehole water temperature were monitored during borehole drilling, which was performed with dyed hot water. After drilling, borehole water pressure and basal dye concentration were measured concurrently with positions in a GPS strain diamond at the surface. Water pressure exhibited diurnal changes in antiphase with velocity. Dye monitoring in the borehole revealed stagnant basal water for nearly 2 weeks. The interpretation of initial connection to an isolated basal cavity is corroborated by the thermal signature of borehole water during hot water drilling. Measurement-based estimates of cavity size are on the order of cubic meters, and analysis indicates that small changes in its volume could induce the observed pressure variations. It is found that longitudinal coupling effects are unable to force necessary volume changes at the site. Sliding-driven basal cavity opening and elastic uplift from load transfer are plausible mechanisms controlling pressure variations. Elastic uplift requires forcing from a hydraulically connected reach, which observations suggest must be relatively small and in close proximity to the isolated cavity.
Aggression and violence around the world: A model of CLimate, Aggression, and Self-control in Humans (CLASH)
Authors: Van Lange Paul A. M. , Rinderu Maria I. , Bushman Brad J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWorldwide there are substantial differences within and between countries in aggression and violence. Although there are various exceptions, a general rule is that aggression and violence increase as one moves closer to the equator, which suggests the important role of climate differences. While this pattern is robust, theoretical explanations for these large differences in aggression and violence within countries and around the world are lacking. Most extant explanations focus on the influence of average temperature as a factor that triggers aggression (The General Aggression Model), or the notion that warm temperature allows for more social interaction situations (Routine Activity Theory) in which aggression is likely to unfold. We propose a new model, CLimate, Aggression, and Self-control in Humans (CLASH), that helps us to understand differences within and between countries in aggression and violence in terms of differences in climate. Lower temperatures, and especially larger degrees of seasonal variation in climate, call for individuals and groups to adopt a slower life history strategy, a greater focus on the future (vs. present), and a stronger focus on self-control. The CLASH model further outlines that slow life strategy, future orientation, and strong self-control are important determinants of inhibiting aggression and violence. We also discuss how CLASH differs from other recently developed models that emphasize climate differences for understanding conflict. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and societal importance of climate in shaping individual and societal differences in aggression and violence.