bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The lek mating system of the worm pipefish (Nerophis lumbriciformis): a molecular maternity analysis and test of the phenotype‐linked fertility hypothesis
Authors: Monteiro N. M. , Carneiro D. , Antunes A. , Queiroz N. , Vieira M. N. , Jones A. G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe origin and maintenance of mating preferences continues to be an important and controversial topic in sexual selection research. Leks and lek‐like mating systems, where individuals gather in particular spots for the sole purpose of mate choice, are particularly puzzling, because the strong directional selection imposed by mate choice should erode genetic variation among competing individuals and negate any benefit for the choosing sex. Here, we take advantage of the lek‐like mating system of the worm pipefish (Nerophis lumbriciformis) to test the phenotype‐linked fertility hypothesis for the maintenance of mating preferences. We use microsatellite markers to perform a parentage analysis, along with a mark–recapture study, to confirm that the worm pipefish has an unusual mating system that strongly resembles a female lek, where females display and males visit the lek to choose mates. Our results show that the most highly ornamented females occupy positions near the centre of the breeding area, and males mating with these females receive fuller broods with larger eggs compared to males mating with less‐ornamented females. We also conduct a laboratory experiment to show that female ornaments are condition‐dependent and honestly signal reproductive potential. Overall, these results are consistent with the predictions of a sex‐independent version of the phenotype‐linked fertility hypothesis, as male preference for female ornaments correlates with fertility benefits.
Number needed to eat: pizza and resident conference attendance
Authors: Cosimini Michael J , Mackintosh Liza , Chang Todd P 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe didactic conference is a common part of the resident education curriculum. Given the demands of clinical responsibilities and restrictions on duty hours, maximising education is a challenge faced by all residency programmes. To date, little research exists with respect to how the provision of complimentary food affects physician and resident conference attendance. The objective of this study was to determine whether complimentary food improves resident arrival times and attendance at educational conferences and, furthermore, to test whether this provision is a potentially cost‐effective tool for improving education. A retrospective review of 36 resident educational Friday noon conferences, including 1043 resident arrivals, was performed. Data were analysed for total attendance, arrival times, number needed to eat (NNE) and the percentage of residents arriving on time, and compared between days on which food was and was not provided. Median attendance was 3.7% higher (p = 0.04) on days on which food was provided, at a cost of US$46 for each additional resident in attendance. Arrival times were also statistically significantly improved when food was provided, with a median improvement of 0.7 minutes (p = 0.02) and an 11.0% increase in on‐time arrivals (p < 0.001). The NNE was 10.6. Complimentary food improves both attendance and arrival times by a small, but statistically significant, degree. The provision of complimentary food can be considered as an incentive for attendance and on‐time arrival at didactic educational sessions, although more cost‐effective modalities may exist.
The 10 most wanted test cheaters in medical education
Authors: Royal Kenneth , Hedgpeth Marian‐Wells , Mulkey Jamie , Fremer John 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper takes on a list of the 10 most wanted test cheaters comparable with ‘most wanted’ lists used by law enforcement agencies to bring attention to the issue of test cheating in medical education. The research provides an overview of test cheating in modern medical education, presents a typology of common cheaters, and provides guidelines for the prevention and detection of cheating.
Oral hairy leukoplakia in an immunocompetent patient: a case report
Authors: O'Brien K. , Qudairat E. , Napier S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a viral infection of the oral mucosa which most dental practitioners will associate with patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The condition can also present in patients who are immunocompromised without HIV infection such as steroid use or organ transplant. This article presents a case of OHL in a patient who was not immunocompromised and which healed spontaneously following biopsy only. While perhaps surprising, this occurrence may not seemingly be rare and is one of which dentists should be aware of as it appears to be age related. With an increasing ageing population, this may become a more frequent presentation and highlights the importance of clinic‐pathological correlation when presenting patients with the results of laboratory investigations.
Maternal dietary intake in pregnancy and lactation and allergic disease outcomes in offspring
Authors: Venter Carina , Brown Kari R. , Maslin Kate , Palmer Debra J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAs the prevalence of allergic disease dramatically rises worldwide, prevention strategies are increasingly being considered. Given the potential modulatory effect of nutritional factors on disease, altering maternal diet during pregnancy and/or lactation has been considered in preventing allergic disease in offspring. Although there are a number of observational studies that have examined possible associations between maternal diet and allergic outcomes in offspring, interventional trials are limited. Furthermore, there is a paucity of studies that have prospectively studied maternal dietary intake as well as measuring maternal and infant biologic samples (blood, urine, breast milk) and their relation to allergic outcomes in infants. There is also a particular need to define terminology such as ‘fruit and vegetables intake’, ‘healthy diet’, and ‘diet diversity’ in order to make studies comparable. In this review, we discuss current evidence of maternal dietary factors during pregnancy and/or lactation that may play a role in the offspring developing allergic disease, including factors such as overall dietary intake patterns, specific whole food consumption (fish, fruit and vegetables, and common allergic foods), and individual immunomodulatory nutrient intakes. Additionally, we discuss the limitations of previous studies and propose improvements to study design for future investigation.
Nail Psoriasis: A Systematic Evaluation in 313 Children with Psoriasis
Authors: Pourchot Diane , Bodemer Christine , Phan Alice , Bursztejn Anne‐Claire , Hadj‐Rabia Smaïl , Boralevi Franck , Miquel Juliette , Hubiche Thomas , Puzenat Eve , Souillet Anne‐Laure , Kupfer Ingrid , Piram Maryam , Beauchet Alain , Mahé Emmanuel ,   Groupe de Recherche de la Société Française de Dermatologie Pédiatrique
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesLittle information is available on the prevalence and clinical aspects of nail involvement in children with psoriasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and clinical aspects of and the risk factors for nail involvement in French children with psoriasis.MethodsWe performed a multicenter, cross‐sectional study in 23 French dermatology centers. All children seen during the 1‐year study were systematically included. Clinical features of the nails were collected. Association with clinical aspects of the disease and comorbidities were evaluated.ResultsOf 313 children with psoriasis (mean age 9.1 ± 4.2 yrs; 149 boys, 164 girls), 31.1% had familial psoriasis and 30% had severe psoriasis. The mean age at onset was 6.1 ± 3.7 years. Nails were involved in 32.3% of children. The main clinical aspects were pitting (69.1%) for fingernails and onycholysis (40.0%) and pachyonychia (27.5%) for toenails. All of the fingers were involved at similar frequencies, whereas the big toe was involved twice as often as the others (p < 0.005). Nail involvement was associated with male sex (p < 0.001), palmoplantar psoriatic (p < 0.001), severity of disease (p = 0.003), and psoriatic arthritis (p = 0.03).ConclusionThe prevalence of nail involvement was 32.3% in children with psoriasis. Clinical aspects in children are reported, as well as clinical associations. As in adults, nail psoriasis is closely associated with psoriatic arthritis.
Follicular Psoriasis: Differentiation from Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris—An Illustrative Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Nguyen Cuong V. , Farah Ronda S. , Maguiness Sheilagh M. , Miller Daniel D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe follicular presentation of psoriasis is a well‐described but uncommon variant. In some cases, follicular psoriasis may clinically and histopathologically mimic pityriasis rubra pilaris. There are several reports discussing the resemblance of widespread follicular psoriasis in children to pityriasis rubra pilaris. We describe a case of follicular psoriasis in a 16‐year‐old black girl with acrally distributed follicular hyperkeratotic papules with associated keratoderma of her plantar surfaces resembling pityriasis rubra pilaris.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies Used by Patients of Pediatric Dermatology Outpatient Clinics in Turkey: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Can Burce , Akan Hülya , Topaloglu Demir Filiz , Zindanci Ilkin , Cebeci Filiz , Turkoglu Zafer , Kavala Mukaddes 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the frequency of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) methods used in children and adolescents with chronic skin diseases, which methods parents prefer, and to what extent these methods are useful.Material and methodsThis cross‐sectional study was conducted between June and November 2014 in patients with chronic skin diseases attending the outpatient pediatric dermatology clinics of three hospitals in Turkey. Data were collected using self‐administered questionnaires from the parents of the patients.ResultsA total of 307 patients were included in the study, 168 (54.7%) of whom were female and 139 (45.3%) male. The mean age was 12.3 ± 4.3 years. Eighty of the children (26.1%) had used CAM methods in the previous year. Longer disease duration and having a father with at least a university degree were highly associated with CAM use (p < 0.05). The most used method was herbal remedies available at home. Most patients used CAM methods to support the primary treatment given by their dermatologists. Only eight CAM users (2.6%) reported any side effects. Thirty‐nine (48.8%) did not mention CAM use to their doctors. The overall satisfaction rate was 4.5 ± 3.1 on a 10‐point rating scale.ConclusionCAM use rates are high in children with chronic skin problems, and parents generally prefer herbal treatments. Satisfaction with the results of CAM use is moderate. Parents generally do not share CAM use information with their doctors unless they are asked.
Adult attachment and perceptions of closeness
Authors: HUDSON NATHAN W. , FRALEY R. CHRIS 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn online sample of more than 150,000 participants was used to examine whether—in addition to predicting how much intimacy people want—attachment styles also predict how people define and perceive intimacy. Results indicated that, as compared with relatively secure individuals, people with high levels of attachment anxiety required more time, affection, and self‐disclosure to construe a relationship as “close.” Additionally, anxious individuals perceived less intimacy in relationship vignettes than did their less anxious peers. In contrast, highly avoidant individuals required less time, affection, and self‐disclosure to define a relationship as “close,” and they perceived more intimacy in vignettes than did their more secure peers. These findings indicate that people who are relatively anxious not only want more intimacy in their relationships, but they are also less likely to perceive intimacy, as compared with their less anxious peers. Conversely, people high in avoidance not only want less intimacy, but they are also more sensitive to its presence, as compared with their less avoidant peers.
Application of the Fisher's “Horizon Viewshed” to a proposed power transmission line in Nozzano (Italy)
Authors: Fontani Federico 
Published: November 2016

AbstractVisibility algorithms have progressed very little since early GIS software, and today the typical approach is still based on the simple binary logic (visible – not visible). Specialized packages, such as Esri's 3DAnalyst, provide tools able only to identify the cells from which an observer can see the evaluated target object. This technical note presents an experimental approach to combining different Esri tools into a model in order to return the visibility analysis based on the Fisher's “horizon viewshed” approach (Fisher, ). The latter consists in evaluating whether an object in the landscape rises above the skyline or remains below it. The model has been applied to study the visual impact of an High Voltage Power line in the area of Nozzano Castle, Lucca (Italy).
Biosynthesis of the psychotropic plant diterpene salvinorin A: Discovery and characterization of the Salvia divinorum clerodienyl diphosphate synthase
Authors: Pelot Kyle A. , Mitchell Rod , Kwon Moonhyuk , Hagelthorn Lynne M. , Wardman Jacob F. , Chiang Angela , Bohlmann Jörg , Ro Dae‐Kyun , Zerbe Philipp 
Published: November 2016

SummarySalvia divinorum commonly known as diviner's sage, is an ethnomedicinal plant of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Salvia divinorum is rich in clerodane‐type diterpenoids, which accumulate predominantly in leaf glandular trichomes. The main bioactive metabolite, salvinorin A, is the first non‐nitrogenous natural compound known to function as an opioid‐receptor agonist, and is undergoing clinical trials for potential use in treating neuropsychiatric diseases and drug addictions. We report here the discovery and functional characterization of two S. divinorum diterpene synthases (diTPSs), the ent‐copalyl diphosphate (ent‐CPP) synthase SdCPS1, and the clerodienyl diphosphate (CLPP) synthase SdCPS2. Mining of leaf‐ and trichome‐specific transcriptomes revealed five diTPSs, two of which are class II diTPSs (SdCPS1‐2) and three are class I enzymes (SdKSL1‐3). Of the class II diTPSs, transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana identified SdCPS1 as an ent‐CPP synthase, which is prevalent in roots and, together with SdKSL1, exhibits a possible dual role in general and specialized metabolism. In vivo co‐expression and in vitro assays combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis identified SdCPS2 as a CLPP synthase. A role of SdCPS2 in catalyzing the committed step in salvinorin A biosynthesis is supported by its biochemical function, trichome‐specific expression and absence of additional class II diTPSs in S. divinorum. Structure‐guided mutagenesis revealed four catalytic residues that enabled the re‐programming of SdCPS2 activity to afford four distinct products, thus advancing our understanding of how neo‐functionalization events have shaped the array of different class II diTPS functions in plants, and may promote synthetic biology platforms for a broader spectrum of diterpenoid bioproducts.
Explanation and Elaboration Document for the STROBE‐Vet Statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology – Veterinary Extension
Authors: O'Connor A. M. , Sargeant J. M. , Dohoo I. R. , Erb H. N. , Cevallos M. , Egger M. , Ersbøll A. K. , Martin S. W. , Nielsen L. R. , Pearl D. L. , Pfeiffer D. U. , Sanchez J. , Torrence M. E. , Vigre H. , Waldner C. , Ward M. P. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement was first published in 2007 and again in 2014. The purpose of the original STROBE was to provide guidance for authors, reviewers and editors to improve the comprehensiveness of reporting; however, STROBE has a unique focus on observational studies. Although much of the guidance provided by the original STROBE document is directly applicable, it was deemed useful to map those statements to veterinary concepts, provide veterinary examples and highlight unique aspects of reporting in veterinary observational studies. Here, we present the examples and explanations for the checklist items included in the STROBE‐Vet Statement. Thus, this is a companion document to the STROBE‐Vet Statement Methods and process document, which describes the checklist and how it was developed.
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Gepotidacin against Gram-Positive Organisms Using Data from Murine Infection Models
Authors: Bulik Catharine C. , Okusanya Ólanrewaju O. , Lakota Elizabeth A. , Forrest Alan , Bhavnani Sujata M. , Hoover Jennifer L. , Andes David R. , Ambrose Paul G. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Gepotidacin (formerly called GSK2140944) is a novel triazaacenaphthylene bacterial topoisomerase inhibitor with
in vitro
activity against conventional and biothreat pathogens, including
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. Using neutropenic murine thigh and lung infection models, the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) of gepotidacin against
S. aureus
and
S. pneumoniae
were characterized. Candidate models were fit to single-dose PK data from uninfected mice (for doses of 16 to 128 mg/kg of body weight given subcutaneously [s.c.]). Dose fractionation studies (1 isolate/organism; 2 to 512 mg/kg/day) and dose-ranging studies (5 isolates/organism; 2 to 2,048 mg/kg/day; MIC ranges of 0.5 to 2 mg/liter for
S. aureus
and 0.125 to 1 mg/liter for
S. pneumoniae
) were conducted. The presence of an
in vivo
postantibiotic effect (PAE) was also evaluated. Relationships between the change from baseline in log
10
CFU at 24 h and the ratio of the free-drug plasma area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to the MIC (AUC/MIC ratio), the ratio of the maximum concentration of drug in plasma (
C
max
) to the MIC (
C
max
/MIC ratio), and the percentage of a 24-h period that the drug concentration exceeded the MIC (%
T
>MIC) were evaluated using Hill-type models. Plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) PK data were best fit by a four-compartment model with linear distributional clearances, a capacity-limited clearance, and a first-order absorption rate. The ELF penetration ratio in uninfected mice was 0.65. Since the growth of both organisms was poor in the murine lung infection model, lung efficacy data were not reported. As determined using the murine thigh infection model, the free-drug plasma AUC/MIC ratio was the PK-PD index most closely associated with efficacy (
r
2
= 0.936 and 0.897 for
S. aureus
and
S. pneumoniae
, respectively). Median free-drug plasma AUC/MIC ratios of 13.4 and 58.9 for
S. aureus
, and 7.86 and 16.9 for
S. pneumoniae
, were associated with net bacterial stasis and a 1-log
10
CFU reduction from baseline, respectively. Dose-independent PAE durations of 3.07 to 12.5 h and 5.25 to 8.46 h were demonstrated for
S. aureus
and
S. pneumoniae
, respectively.
Antischistosomiasis Liver Fibrosis Effects of Chlorogenic Acid through IL-13/miR-21/Smad7 Signaling Interactions
In Vivo
and
In Vitro
Authors: Wang Yao , Yang Fan , Xue Jun , Zhou Xuan , Luo Lei , Ma Qian , Chen Yun-Fei , Zhang Juan , Zhang Shu-Ling , Zhao Lei 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the antischistosomiasis liver fibrosis effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on interleukin 13 (IL-13)/microRNA-21 (miR-21)/Smad7 signaling interactions in the hepatic stellate LX2 cell line and schistosome-infected mice. The transfection was based on the ability of the GV273–miR-21–enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and GV369–miR-21–EGFP lentiviral system to up- or downregulate the miR-21 gene in LX2 cells. The mRNA expression of miR-21, Smad7, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and the protein expression of Smad7, CTGF, Smad1, phosphor-Smad1 (p-Smad1), Smad2, p-Smad2, Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor I, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was assayed. Pathological manifestation of hepatic tissue was assessed for the degree of liver fibrosis in animals. The results showed that CGA could inhibit the mRNA expression of miR-21, promote Smad7, and inhibit CTGF mRNA expression. Meanwhile, CGA could significantly lower the protein levels of CTGF, p-Smad1, p-Smad2, p-Smad2/3, TGF-β receptor I, and α-SMA and elevate the Smad7 protein level.
In vivo
, with treatment with CGA, the signaling molecules of IL-13/miR-21/Smad7 interactions were markedly regulated. CGA could also reduce the degree of liver fibrosis in pathological manifestations. In conclusion, CGA could inhibit schistosomiasis-induced hepatic fibrosis through IL-13/miR-21/Smad7 signaling interactions in LX2 cells and schistosome-infected mice and might serve as an antifibrosis agent for treating schistosomiasis liver fibrosis.
The Paradoxical Effect of Echinocandins in Aspergillus fumigatus Relies on Recovery of the β-1,3-Glucan Synthase Fks1
Authors: Loiko Veronika , Wagener Johannes 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTEchinocandins target the fungal cell wall by inhibiting biosynthesis of the cell wall carbohydrate β-1,3-glucan. This antifungal drug class exhibits a paradoxical effect that is characterized by the resumption of growth of otherwise susceptible strains at higher drug concentrations (approximately 4 to 32 μg/ml). The nature of this phenomenon is still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the paradoxical effect of the echinocandin caspofungin on the pathogenic moldAspergillus fumigatus. Using a conditionalfks1mutant, we show that very high caspofungin concentrations exert an additional antifungal activity besides inhibition of the β-1,3-glucan synthase. This activity could explain the suppression of paradoxical growth at very high caspofungin concentrations. Additionally, we found that exposure to inhibitory caspofungin concentrations always causes initial growth deprivation independently of the capability of the drug concentration to induce the paradoxical effect. Paradoxically growing hyphae emerge from microcolonies essentially devoid of β-1,3-glucan. However, these hyphae expose β-1,3-glucan again, suggesting that β-1,3-glucan synthesis is restored. In agreement with this hypothesis, we found that expression of the β-1,3-glucan synthase Fks1 is an essential requirement for the paradoxical effect. Surprisingly, overexpression offks1rendersA. fumigatusmore susceptible, whereas reduced expression leads to hyphae that are more resistant to the growth-inhibitory and limited fungicidal activity of caspofungin. Upregulation of chitin synthesis appears to be of minor importance for the paradoxical effect, since paradoxically growing hyphae exhibit significantly less chitin than the growth-deprived parental microcolonies. Our results argue for a model where the paradoxical effect primarily relies on recovery of β-1,3-glucan synthase activity.