bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Spirits and the Medieval Language of Life
Authors: Bono James J. 
Published: August 2016

The termorspiritushas a long history in Western natural philosophy. Its extensive use and elaboration in the Graeco-Roman world formed the background for medieval and Renaissance treatments. Although the Stoic and Neoplatonic traditions, as well as such authors as Vergil, Macrobius, Nemesius, and Augustine, are important, the present article will attempt only to survey some medieval understandings of the Aristotelian and Galenicspiritus, which provided the basis for medicine and biological speculation.The earliest moments of medieval Latin theoretical medicine are marked by the assimilation of Greek medicine and natural philosophy from the living tradition of Arabic medicine and philosophy. With respect tospiritus, Arabic modifications which mediated the assimilation of Aristotle's and Galen's views led to a multiplicity of meanings being attached to the termspiritus, especially where the ancient resources were applied to problems generated by the mingling of diverse cultural and religious systems. A second result was the attempt to fix, through critical interpretation, the specific medical meaning attributable to the termspiritus, to define the domain of animate beings to whichspiritusbelonged, and to justify philosophically and theologically the quite restricted nature of the termspiritus.If the former tendency was the legacy of the broader and more fluid concerns of the twelfth century, the latter, we shall see, was the standpoint bequeathed to later medieval and Renaissance medicine by authors like Albertus Magnus.
Hebrews, Israelites, and Wicked Jews: An Onomastic Crux in ‘Andreas’ 161-67
Authors: Hill Thomas D. 
Published: August 2016

In the Old English poem Andreas, the narrative begins with the imprisonment and suffering of Matthew, who is blinded and forced to drink a magic potion which is intended to reduce him to bestiality. This drink, which literarily is directly descended from Circe's potion, fails to be effective in this case, and Matthew prays to God for help in his affliction. God responds directly and tells Matthew that He will bring help. God's help is mediated by the apostle Andrew, and immediately before God summons Andrew He is apostrophized in the following passage:
þa w æs gemyndig, se Ðe middangeardgestaÐelode strangum mihtum.hu he in ellþeodigum yrmÐum wunodebelocen leoÐubendum, þe oft his lufan adregfor Ebreum ond Israhelum,swylce he Iudea galdorcræftumwiÐstod stranglice.1
Hisperic Latin: ‘Luxuriant Culture-Fungus of Decay’
Authors: Herren Michael 
Published: August 2016

The pejorative phrase of the title, penned by Eóin MacNeill in his article ‘Beginnings of Latin Culture in Ireland’ has clung tenaciously to the study of Hisperic texts. Indeed, it was repeated some twenty-odd years later by Bieler in his ‘Hibernian Latin’. However, the belief that Hisperica Famina and the texts related to them — the Lorica of Laidcenn, the Rubisca (possibly by Máeldub of Malmesbury), the St. Omer Hymn, some of the writings of Aldhelm, and a few other works — are the products of a literary decadence rests squarely on the assumption that they spring from southwestern Britain, especially Wales, around the middle of the sixth century; to cite MacNeill:
The destruction of the cities of Britain and the exposure of the eastern and southern regions of the island to Germanic raiders must have caused a kind of congestion of such academic worthies in the western parts where Irish aggression had ceased and where the Britons, under new tyranni, had learned to defend themselves or, like Coroticus, had become aggressors. Gildas looks back to a lengthy period of security and degeneracy under these conditions. There, and not in Ireland of that time, we may recognise the fitting environment of the decadent Latin culture exemplified in the Hisperica Famina.
Hippocrates Latinus: Repertorium of Hippocratic Writings in the Latin Middle Ages (VII)
Authors: Kibre Pearl 
Published: August 2016

The Repertorium of Hippocratic Latin Writings in the Middle Ages begun in Traditio 31 (1975) 99–125, and continued annually in the issues following, here resumes with XLV, Prognostica or Liber prognosticorum, as it was entitled in the Latin manuscripts.Acknowledgment and thanks should here be accorded for the continued help of Mlle Marthe Dulong on Paris manuscripts and for the courtesy and assistance of librarians and conservators of manuscripts.
Aelfric and the Early Medieval Homiliary
Authors: Smetana Cyril L. 
Published: August 2016

‘… hit stod gefyrn awriten on Ledenbocumpeah pe pa laewdan men paet nyston.’Aelfric,Lives of the SaintsThe suggestion of a possible dependence of Aelfric'sCatholic Homilieson a medieval collection of patristic sermons is neither new nor startling. John Earle, writing in 1884, remarked that Aelfric had most probably used ‘some standard collection of homilies now lost’. Max Förster, commenting on Earle's suggestion that Aelfric's source may have been similar to the homiliary of Eusebius of Emesa, pointed out that theCatholic Homilieshave more in common with the Homiliary of Paul the Deacon as printed in Migne PL 95. Förster readily admitted that Aelfric may have used such a collection, but he contended that theCatholic Homiliesrepresented a translation from a number of sources. His own study of Aelfric's sources is based on this assumption. It is the purpose of this paper to show that while Aelfric may not have used the medieval homiliary as his sole source, the two volumes of hisCatholic Homiliesgive evidence of a very real dependence on the homiliary, and that almost all of his patristic sources can be traced to one or other version of a collection of homilies generally known as the Homiliary of Paul the Deacon.
The Earliest ‘Difiniciones' of the Order of Calatrava, 1304–1383
Authors: O'Callaghan Joseph F. 
Published: August 2016

The major sources for an inquiry into the customs of the Spanish military Order of Calatrava are the difiniciones or statutes enacted in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The difiniciones were formulated by the Cistercian abbots of Morimond, or by their representatives, and, on two occasions, by the masters of Calatrava.The legislative authority of the abbots of Morimond resulted from the incorporation of Calatrava into the Order of Citeaux in 1187. At that time, the Cistercian general chapter affiliated Calatrava with the abbey of Morimond. Henceforth, the abbots of this monastery possessed the right of visiting the knights and of regulating their observances. Oftentimes this right was delegated to the abbots of Spanish Cistercian monasteries affiliated with Morimond.
Latin Manuscript Pontificals and Benedictionals in England and Wales
Authors: Brückmann J. 
Published: August 2016

The importance of the manuscript pontificals for the study of the medieval evolution of the Latin liturgy needs no reaffirmation here. The state of the published descriptions and classifications of these manuscripts, however, is not commensurate in all cases with what their importance would lead one to expect.Ehrensberger has provided a full description of the manuscript pontificasl preserved in the Vatican Library; although this is no longer recent, it is invaluable in the absence of a complete catalogue of the Vatican manuscripts. The monumental work of Leroquais describes in detail the manuscript pontificals extant in the public libraries in France; as most of the pontificals in France appear to be in public libraries, this work is fairly comprehensive in its coverage. Dom Anselm Strittmatter has listed and classified the liturgical manuscripts preserved in the United States. For pontificals in other countries, however, there exist no such reference works. Professor Richard Kay of the University of Kansas is currently compiling a handlist in which all the manuscript pontificals extant throughout the world will be cited and briefly identified, but not fully described. Until this appears, anyone working on pontificals or on ordines normally included in pontificals will quite likely have to work systematically through innumerable catalogues of manuscript collections to cover every library, city by city, for a frequently minimal return.
Witelo's Recension of Euclid's ‘De visu’
Authors: Theisen Wilfred 
Published: August 2016

Witelo, the thirteenth-century author of an extensive treatise on optics entitled Perspectiva, was thoroughly acquainted with most of the optical works available in the Latin West at that time. Among the works he studied was Euclid's Optica (in a Latin translation under the title De visu). It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that in fact Witelo had produced an earlier recension of Euclid's treatise, a work not generally attributed to him. Although this earlier investigation into optics is also entitled Perspectiva, to avoid confusion it will be referred to here as the Recension. This Recension is found in the following manuscripts:Florence, Bibl. Riccardiana, MS 885 (s. xiv) fols. 132r–143v (Props. 1–15, 18, 17–23, 26–28, 16).Milan, Bibl. Ambrosiana, MS R. 47 sup. (s. xiii) fols. 133r–148r (Props. 1–23, 26–61).Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 7366 (s. xiv) fols. 90v–97v (Props. 1–23, 26–34).Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 10252 (a.d. 1476) fols. 159 (154)v–172 (167)r (Props. 1–23, 26–30).Toruń, Ksiąžnica, Miejska im. Kopernika, MS Gymnasialbibl. R.4°.2 (s. xiv) pp. 3–30 (Props. 1–23, 26–61).Vatican, Bibl. Apost. Vaticana, MS Vat. lat. 3102 (s. xiv) fols. 37v–50r (Props. 1–23, 26–61).Vienna, Österr. Nat. Bibl. MS 5303 (s. xv–xvi) fols. 32r–41v (Props. 1–23, 26–30).
‘Peccatrix quondam femina’: A Survey of the Mary Magdalen Hymns
Authors: Szövérffy Joseph 
Published: August 2016

In my mercy dispaire thou noght,Sen I the so dere haue boght,And ensaumple thou takeOf synfull Mary maudelayne,That with syn was gastly slayneAnd sythen gan it for-sake.Monseigneur Duchesne's study of the legend of the coming of Saint Mary Magdalen to Gaul left very little to be said on the subject.' Jean Misrahi has opened with this statement a brief note followed by an unpublished version of an early legend of Mary Magdalen and this can indeed be applied mutatis mutandis to many areas of the Magdalen traditions. Still, other features connected with this cult are insufficiently investigated and this is true, in the first place, of the rich and extensive group of medieval Latin hymns celebrating Mary Magdalen.
Cacciaguida's Prophecy in ‘Paradiso’ 17
Authors: Hardie Colin 
Published: August 2016

In face of the uncompromising condemnation of divination in Inferno 20 some disquiet may be felt that Dante should have allowed himself any unfulfilled prophecies in the Comedy. If Dante began the Comedy in 1307–8, as is widely held, and penned the prophecy of the ‘515,’ referring to Henry VII, in Purg. 33 before Henry VII's failure became obvious, as it did after July 1312 at latest, the prophecy of Clement V's death in Inf. 19.79–84—that he would be dead before 1323 — must have been made ante eventum, before April 1314. But, it is argued, it was a safe bet for Dante to venture on, in view of Clement's poor health and the average length of recent papal reigns. But in the world of politics as well as in poetry Dante allowed himself about this time (31 March 1311) a confident prophecy which was very soon utterly falsified. In Epistle 6 to the Florentine ‘Scoundrels within the city’ he forecast the imminent fall of the city to Henry, § 4: ‘et si praesaga mens mea non fallitur, sic signis veridicis sicut inexpugnabilibus argumentis instructa praenuntians, etc. (cf. § 6 ‘infusa praesagia’). What then was Dante thinking of prophecy in real life or in poetry, when in Purg. 23.109 he put into the mouth of Forese Donati an Italian counterpart of his phrase in Epistle 6,se l'anteveder qui non m'inganna?
Apocalyptic Conversion: The Joachite Alternative to the Crusades
Authors: Daniel E. R. 
Published: August 2016

Then to the font the Paynim folk they drive.Should Carlon's orders by any be defiedThe Man is hanged or slain or burned with fire,An hundred thousand or more are thus baptizedAnd christened. …’With these succinct lines, the Chanson de Roland conveys the aggressive intolerance which characterized the crusading spirit. From the apostolic period, Christianity had usually been propagated by missionaries who tried to persuade the pagan people to accept the faith voluntarily.
Felix of Nantes: A Merovingian Bishop
Authors: McDermott William C. 
Published: August 2016

The relations between Gregory, metropolitan of Tours, and Felix, suffragan of Nantes, were not always felicitous. O. M. Dalton in the monumental introduction to his translation of the Historiae commented (1.12):In his own province, too, even before Chilperic's tragic end, a source of discord had been removed by the death of one of his suffragans with whom his relations had never been harmonious.
Die Lehre von der Interpellation beim Paulinischen Privileg in der Kirchenrechtsschule von Bologna, 1140 bis 1234
Authors: Rink Von Othmar F. 
Published: August 2016

1. —Wir wissen, dass sich die Lehre der Kirche bezüglich des Paulinischen Privilegs (= P.Pr.) um 1140 gefestigt hatte und demselben die Kraft zuschrieb, das Band der Naturehe zu lösen. Nach 1234 dagegen tritt schon Göffredus von Trano mit seiner Summa super rubricis decretalium (1241-1243) als ausdrücklicher Zeuge der Interpellation auf:
1 (X 4.19 de divort.) Sed qualiter de hoc faciet fidelis fidem quod infidelis nolit cohabitare fideli, vel cohabitans blasphemet, vel trahat fidelem ad mortale peccatum? Respondeo: per testes, et propterea, ut de secundo matrimonio dubitari non possit, laudo fideli ut testes adhibeat cum infldelis requisitus cohabitare recusat… alioquin, si de secundo matrimonio contingeret dubitari, deficeret non ius, sed probatio.
Robert Lychlade's Oxford Sermon of 1395
Authors: Wenzel Siegfried 
Published: August 2016

In the mid-1390s, a group of Oxford scholars caused the authorities some concern because of their Lollard sympathies, and for propagating heretical teachings at the university. Among them was Robert Lychlade, singled out by name in the following royal directive to the chancellor of Oxford dated 18 July 1395:
We have learned reliably that some sons of iniquity, without heed of their salvation, living and studying at this university, and above all Robert Lychlade, who is allowed to speak there contemptuously (prophane), have been publishing, communicating, and teaching for some time, in that university as well as other secret places, impious opinions and conclusions as well as detestable allegations that are in many ways contrary to the Catholic faith. They are said to have been sowing them like tares among the people, and they still intend to publish, communicate, and teach them in a way that is wrongful and worthy of condemnation, in order to hurt the Catholic faith and openly subvert the aforesaid university, unless they are held in check by the arm of our royal majesty…. We command you firmly to remove and expel all Lollards and others who live in the university and are openly suspected of heretical depravity, and especially the aforementioned Robert, if he, through examination or any other lawful means, should be found before you to be such as should be feared to taint the university, just as an ailing sheep taints the flock.
Signs and Things: The ‘Vita Heinrici IV. Imperatoris’ and the Crisis of Interpretation in Twelfth-Century History
Authors: Stein Robert M. 
Published: August 2016

Universus enim mundus iste sensibilis quasi quidam liber est scriptus digito Dei, hoc est divina creatus, et singulae creaturae quasi figurae quaedem sunt non humano placito inventae sed divino arbitrio institutae ad manifestandam invisibilium Dei sapientiam.Hugh of St. Victor, Eruditionis didascalicae liber septimusIpsa tamen veritas connexionem non instituta sed animadversa est ab hominibus et notata ut eam possint vel discere vel docere: nam est in rerum ratione perpetua et divinitus instituta. Sicut enim qui narrat ordinem temporum, non eum ipse componit.St. Augustine, De doctrina Christiana 2.32The Vita Heinrici IV. Imperatoris, composed by an unknown author probably around the turn of the twelfth century, is an old-fashioned imperial life which raises serious interpretive questions in a period of social and cultural transformation. There are certain cultural moments characterized by the absence of an interpretive consensus, when older patterns of interpretation no longer seem adequate to experience. Criticism has looked to the work of the imaginative artist at those moments, on whom typically devolves the task of representing experience and rendering it coherent in expression. This is a task at which the artist must necessarily fail insofar as the representation is true to the sense of experience which has left behind available interpretive categories. But what of the historian whose work is necessarily rooted directly in the social transformation ? In what follows I want to consider the peculiarities of historical narrative at one such cultural moment. The Vita Heinrici provides an example of singular narrative power and singular clarity.
Health Lessons Learned from the Recent Earthquakes and Tsunami in Asia
Authors: de Ville de Goyet Claude 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe evaluations following the Tsunami that affected 12 countries (December 2004) and the earthquakes in Bam, Iran (2003), and in Pakistan (2005) offered valuable lessons for public health preparedness against all types of risks (natural, complex, or technological) in all countries (regardless their level of development).The lessons learned, needs assessments, effectiveness of external life-saving assistance, disease surveillance and control, as well as donations management, were reviewed.Although hundreds of surveys or studies were conducted, the needs assessments were partial and uncoordinated. The findings often were not shared by individual agencies.The evaluations in each of the three disasters point to some additional issues:1. Foreign mobile hospitals rarely arrived in time for immediate trauma care. Existing international guidelines for the use of field hospitals often were ignored and must be updated and promoted. Local and neighboring facilities are best at providing immediate, life-saving care;2. Occassionally, the risk of epidemics was grossly overestimated by the agencies and the mass media. Surveillance and improved routine control programs work without resorting to costly, improvised immunization campaigns of doubtless value. Improving or re-establishing water and sanitation must be the first priority;3. Health donations were not always appropriate, nor did they follow the World Health Organization guidelines. The costly destruction of inappropriate donations was a recurrent problem; and4. Medical volunteers from within the affected country were abounding, but did not benefit from the external logistical and material support. The international community should provide logistical and material support before sending expatriate teams that are unfamiliar with the area and its health problems.Investing in the preparedness of the national health services and communities should become a priority for disaster-prone countries and those assisting them in their development.
Protecting Nursing Home Residents during Emergencies or Disasters: An Exploratory Study from South Carolina
Authors: Laditka Sarah B. , Laditka James N. , Xirasagar Sudha , Cornman Carol B. , Davis Courtney B. , Richter Jane V.E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPurpose:This is an exploratory study of nursing home preparedness in South Carolina intended to: (1) examine nursing home administrators' perceptions of disaster preparedness in their facility in the absence of an immediate emergency or disaster, and changes in their views about preparedness following a large disaster; (2) study whether administrators' knowledge of shortcomings in preparedness leads them to change their views about planning; and (3) suggest ways to enhance preparedness.Methods:A descriptive survey based on interviews with public officials responsible for nursing home safety was developed and mailed to all 192 licensed nursing homes in South Carolina in July 2005, and an extensive literature review was performed. As responses to the baseline survey were received, Hurricane Katrina devastated the Gulf Coast.Two weeks after Katrina, a brief, post-Katrina survey was mailed, asking administrators if Katrina had influenced their preparedness plans. Quantitative responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Three researchers coded the qualitative data and conducted a thematic analysis.Results:One hundred twelve baseline surveys and 50 post-Katrina surveys were completed (response rates 58.3% and 26%, respectively). A large number of respondents reported a high level of satisfaction with the overall ability of their facilities to protect residents during an emergency or disaster. However, many were less satisfied with their preparedness in specific, important areas, including: (1) providing shelter to evacuees from other nursing homes; (2) transportation; and (3) staffing. In the post-Katrina survey, 54% of respondents were re-evaluating their disaster plans; only 36% felt well-prepared. Those re-evaluating their plans specifically mentioned evacuation, transportation, supplies, staffing, and communication.Conclusions:Transportation, communication, supplies, staffing, and the ability to provide shelter to evacuees are important domains to consider when evaluating nursing home preparedness. Administrators believe their nursing homes need to improve in all of these areas. Recommendations include developing improved transportation arrangements, redundant communication systems, and stronger linkages with local emergency preparedness systems.
Estimating Demographic Indicators in a Conflict-Affected Population in Eastern Sudan
Authors: Doocy Shannon , Burnham Gilbert , Robinson Courtland 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Although the international community currently is focused on Darfur, it is important that the status of other conflict-affected populations throughout Sudan are not overlooked. For the past decade, the Beja population, located along the Sudan-Eritrea border, has been affected by a conflict that has drawn little attention from the international community.Methods:This study assessed crude mortality rates and other demographic characteristics using a mortality study nested within a nutrition assessment using cluster sampling methods.Results:The crude mortality rate among the Beja population in the National Democratic Alliance (NDA)-controlled territories between October 2003 and October 2004 was estimated at 1.4/10,000/day (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–1.6); the under five years of age mortality rate was estimated at 2.7/10,000/day (95% CI: 2.2–3.3). Both of these are elevated rates that exceed the accepted threshold to declare a humanitarian emergency.Conclusions:When considered with recent reports of elevated malnutrition rates, the status of Beja is critical by international standards. Study findings suggest that: (1) nesting demographic objectives into other planned assessments (such as nutrition) are a feasible and cost-effective means for non-governmental organizations to characterize beneficiary populations; and (2) the Beja residing in the NDA-controlled territories are facing elevated mortality and are in urgent need of humanitarian assistance.