bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a New Casedhole Resistivity Tool Helping Optimization of Production and Time in Wells With Hole Issues; a Case History from the Greater Burgan Field, Kuwait
Authors: Bahman Hussain , Naik Vinay , Gazi Naz , Malik Abdullah , Al-Sabea Salem , Ali Farida , Hayat Laila , Marafie Hussam , Bibi Amro , Barnett Steven , Eremenko Vasiliy B. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
A mature field similar to the Greater Burgan field in Kuwait brings many challenges. The Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) has determined that the production from the Burgan oilfield of South & East Kuwait required to be maintained as per the production plan. Often, the unavailability of suitable surface locations posed several challenges, and drilling was one of them. A new approach helped to address these issues which otherwise delayed production. The Lower Cretaceous Burgan sands are divided into five main reservoirs; two reservoirs consist of stacked, massive fluvial channels, while the remaining three mostly consist of deltaic distributary channels and bays in a tidal delta setting, grading to shallow marine. These three reservoirs are also discontinuous, both laterally and vertically.
Every year in the Greater Burgan field, a large number of wells are drilled targeting the Cretaceous reservoirs. The Greater Burgan field has been producing for more than 60 years. Due to the unavailability of suitable surface locations, highly deviated wells are drilled, and to reach them at target reservoir, the well profile sometimes passes through faults which create partial or total losses while drilling, which results in badhole condition. In some of the wells, owing to poor hole conditions, recording openhole logs are not possible. Normally in such cases where openhole logging is not possible, PNC logs are carried out. However, recording of PNC logs is only possible after 2-3 months when the effects of mud invasion and mud filtrate are reduced to a minimum. However, this delays production.
Openhole logging had to be abandoned in one of the recently drilled wells, due to poor hole conditions. Resistivity Behind Casing tool (RBC) was proposed to be run in this well as a replacement for the PNC log. The RBC provides the measurement of reservoir bed resistivity in order to determine the oil saturation for estimating reserves. The RBC uses stationary measurements where the tool’s probes apply current to the steel casing. The current that is leaked into the formation is then measured and processed to determine the formation resistivity. The tool has a depth of investigation of 7 to 34 ft depending on the bed thickness and is therefore not influenced by the effects of mud invasion.
Based on the casedhole resistivity, potential intervals were identified, perforated and were put on early production. Casedhole resistivity paved a way for replenishment of missing data on openhole electrical logging. This has enabled early production from a well with badhole issues.
Efficient and Scalable Methods for Dual-Porosity/Permeability Models in Fractured Reservoir Simulations
Authors: Cui Tao , Wang Kun , Liu Hui , Luo Jia , Chen Zhangxin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this paper, the multi-stage preconditioners are modified and applied to dual-porosity/permeability (DPDK) model problems. Employed as the first step of the multi-stage preconditioning processes, two modified decoupling processes for DPDK problems are developed. In a DPDK model, mass transfer both between fractures and between matrices is allowed, which means that the pressure both in fractures and matrix behaves as an elliptic property, so it is natural to employ two preconditioning stages solving the fracture pressure system and the matrix pressure, respectively, which draws the first type of a multi-stage preconditioner in this paper. Since the transmisibility between fracture blocks is much higher than that between matrices, the elliptic property of the fracture pressure is much stronger. Hence, we remove the stage of solving the matrix pressure system in the second type of a multi-stage preconditioner. Moreover, an extra stage of the ILU preconditioning process is added to the above multi-stage preconditioners in order to improve their efficiency, which results in another two multi-stage preconditioners. Combination of the modified decoupling processes and four new multi-stage preconditioners are studied and compared by large-scale reservoir simulation problems. Based on these numerical experiments, the optimal method to solve the DPDK model problems is concluded.
How to Age Gracefully – Pipeline Life Extension
Authors: Selman Allison , Hubbard Rex 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This paper presents the engineering process for performing a design life extension study (or design requalification) for an offshore pipeline system. The principles and process however, could be applied to design requalification of any physical asset.
Every pipeline system is designed for a theoretical maximum duration called its design life. In some instances there may be a requirement to continue operations beyond this date. This paper provides guidance on the technical life extension processes and procedures and it focusses on the engineering that is required to provide adequate assurance for safe continued operations.
This paper presents the two main international guidelines that are typically used: NORSOK Y-002 and ISO 12747. The life extension process is discussed step-by-step with guidance on technical considerations at each stage. A case study example is used to demonstrate how the process has been applied to assess the fitness for service of an offshore pipeline system for an additional 20 years.
Pipeline life extension opens up many development opportunities, especially in challenging economic conditions. If a pipeline can be re-used or re-purposed for future developments then significant CAPEX reductions can be achieved for small, nearby developments. To enable this opportunity the risks of continued operation must be fully understood following a systematic and comprehensive approach to assess the risks. Once the risks are understood then they can be adequately managed through a proactive integrity management program.
Safety Measures Undertaken and Planned for North Kuwait's Sour Hydrocarbon Installations
Authors: Alomair Ahmad , AlSaleh Mohamed 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) is developing Jurassic fields spread over 65 X 50 Km in North Kuwait, which are aimed to support the state's growing gas demands. The present contribution to Jurassic production is from Raudhatain, Sabriyah, NWRA, Um-Nigah & Dhabi fields of sour MM/NS reservoirs. Some of the wells and flowlines of these fields are located outside current KOC security fence very close to the existing public Farm Houses, posing great threat to public in the event of toxic H2S gas release. This paper mainly describes KOC's Production & Project Gas Group initiatives undertaken to mitigate the threat to public safety (potential Societal Risk) by implementing effective barriers to minimize the source and impact of any toxic gas release.
Immediate safety measures undertaken include installation of field crash barriers along entire flowlines/corridors that prevent damage to existing surface flowlines. Mid-term protection by boundary fencing is in advance stage of installation for UN, NWRA, DA & Liyah fields and H2S warning signs are installed at well heads as well as along flowline routes. Long-term plans are underway to install required safety instrumented instrumentation for improved safeguarding systems of well heads, flow lines & the Early Production Facility (EPF-50) protection. The plan includes monitoring facilities of potential H2S release and public warning system (in two phases) for emergency preparedness and crisis management.
The paper presents few specific cases of how by implementing the safety measures and barrier installations so far have yielded results in avoidance of hazardous condition and unsafe incident.
In addition, the paper also presents process safety features like hazard analysis and risk assessment studies (HAZOP, SIL assessment, QRA etc.) carried out to identify potential risks associated with site specific situations (both for Jurassic field areas and EPF-50 plant) based on ALARP principle.
Safety Risk Management of Drilling Operations
Authors: Zhang Shaohui , Teng Xinxing , Wang Ling , Wang Shuai , Wen Liangfan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Safety risks of drilling operations exist widely because of the hostile environment, ageing equiments, more challenging wells, human errors, etc. Failure to control or eliminate the safety risks may affect the drilling safety and lead to drilling accidents, resulting in enormous economic losses, or even casualties. Previous drilling accidents had shown great challenges of safety risk management, such as outdated management ideas and tools, poor awareness of safety risks, lack of effective safety risk information sharing and incomplete risk management system.
In this paper, the potential safety risks associated with drilling facilities, workers, and management are figured out, and the corresponding risk management measures are formulated. Meanwhile, the guidelines for safety risk management of drilling operations are established. In addition, the guidelines are combined with the information technology, and the Web and mobile versions of the intelligent safety risk management software of drilling operations are designed and developed. The safety inspector in drilling sites can use mobile terminals to identify the drilling risks, being recorded in the form of text, pictures, video and other documents, and choose the risk control and mitigation measures. The safety management staff in the company can monitor the results of chosen measures in time by using the Web version, and provide effective and timely technical support for the field’s safety risk management if necessary.
With the use of the intelligent safety risk management software of drilling operations, the two-way communication and safety risk information sharing between drilling sites and drilling safety management departments can be realized. A complete drilling safety risk management system can also be gradually developed in the process of risk identification, record, report, analysis, control, mitigation and prevention.
The intelligent safety risk management software of drilling operations has been applied in some oilfields, and reveals excellent application prospects. Being an intelligent management tool, the software system can significantly improve the safety risk management efficiency, and finally realize the informational management of safety risks in drilling operations.
Mobile Data Acquisition: There's An App For That … Or Is There?
Authors: Linden Mason 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The world of mobile data acquisition is transitioning rapidly from paper and pencil to the smartphone and tablet. In this age of big data, one of the primary operational risks is how to collect reliable, accurate and timely data in a cost efficient manner. Modern operations require a large amount of accurate data to make informed engineering decisions on maintenance and operation of large numbers of assets, using OPEX as efficiently as possible. Remote locations, poor connectivity and a need for highly bespoke data acquisition tools mean that industry is required to solve its own challenges.
Wood Group has been in the role of self-determination and innovation in mobile data acquisition for the better part of a decade and shares in this paper a series of key design decisions and case-study examples of the process in action. The experience shows that real efficiency gains are possible and that if industry can come together to solve some of the challenges in a connected way our work environments will continue to transform.
Change in Geomechanical Properties of Limestone Due to Supercritical CO2 Injection
Authors: Zhang Yihuai , Lebedev Maxim , Sarmadivaleh Mohammad , Barifcani Ahmed , Iglauer Stefan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
CO2 geo-storage in deep saline aquifers or oil and gas reservoirs is a key technology to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Technically, CO2 is captured from large emitters, e.g. coal-fired power plants, and injected deep underground into geological formations. In case of hydrocarbon reservoirs, this can be combined with CO2-enhanced petroleum recovery, which is rather efficient. One potential host rock for CO2 is thus porous limestone; however, the geomechanical response (especially at the microscale) of the limestone when it is exposed to the acidic CO2-fluids (CO2 saturated brine or wet supercritical CO2) is only poorly understood.
We thus measured the geomechanical properties of Savonnières limestone cores before and after injection of supercritical CO2 at the microscale. The CO2 was injected at representative flow conditions: a fully brine saturated storage reservoir at approximately 1000m depth (323K temperature, 10 MPa pore pressure, 5 MPa effective stress) was simulated, and 10 pore volumes of supercritical CO2 were injected at a capillary number of 10-6, which mimics storage conditions. The dynamic elastic properties and the formation factor were measured and compared with the geomechanical response.
We found that the dynamic Young’s modulus decreased, while permeability and porosity increased after scCO2 injection; however, the micro-scale indentation moduli showed a dual behaviour: while the indentation modulus slightly increased in less consolidated rock areas, it decreased in the more and highly consolidated areas. We conclude that the scCO2 injected into limestone weakens the well consolidated areas, but strengthens the weaker areas.
Dual String Section Milling Tool Design Optimisation Using Advanced Numerical Simulations
Authors: Deshpande K. M. , Haq M. A. , Gajula S. , Teale D. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Well Intervention Plug and Abandon (P&A) operations play an important role at the end of life cycle of a subsea well in safely dismantling the well such that the well no longer poses any environmental hazards. P&A operations for subsea wells require sophisticated and efficient downhole tools that can operate at downhole pressures safely and reduce Non-Productive Time (NPT). A Dual String Section Milling (DSSM) downhole tool removes two adjacent casings in single trip reducing NPT while conducting safe P&A operations is discussed in this paper. This paper’s objectives are two fold first is to utilize advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to improve DSSM tool life span for safe and economical P&A operations and second is to develop methodology for a quick and reliable solution for field personnel by combining CFD results with known closed form hydraulic models.
The DSSM tool must maintain a certain pressure drop and flow range to achieve optimum performance. Higher flow rates and pressures can reduce tool life and cause erosion/washouts due to higher flow velocities. To address these issues simultaneously numerical simulations are conducted to optimize the DSSM tool design and operating parameters. To prove validity of numerical results CFD simulation outputs are compared against available test data and a good match is observed. Three dimensional CFD simulations are conducted using pressure based algorithm for numerically solving Reynolds-Averaged Navier-stokes (RANS) equation using second order upwind discretization scheme and k-ε turbulence model. Extensive CFD results are utilized in generating flow coefficients for closed form hydraulics models to formulate pressure drop versus flow rate charts for field usage.
CFD simulations are conducted for flow rates between 100 gpm to 700 gpm to understand flow characteristics and pressure drop distribution within DSSM tool. CFD simulations showcased the locations prone to washouts; particularly washouts were observed around 90 degrees bend angles. The washout locations indicated by CFD analysis matched very well against the available test data. The DSSM tool design was then optimized using CFD simulations such that fluid velocities were below washout velocity and also higher annular velocities were maintained to alleviate hole cleaning problem during milling operations. The pressure drop versus flow rates curves obtained using flow coefficients showed correct trends with higher pressure drop for higher flow rates and higher pressure drop for reduced nozzle size. Thus utilizing CFD analysis, optimization and laboratory testing, service life of DSSM tool was increased, thus saving substantially on field NPT.
Analysis and Test of Flow Field of Two-Stage Series Downhole Hydrocyclone
Authors: Yang Gao , He Liu , Shujun Bao , Fengshan Wang , Guoxing Zheng , lei Zhang , Bo Yu , Li Zhang 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Hydrocyclone is a critical component of downhole oil-water separation technology. Sometimes, it is necessary to use two hydrocyclones in series in order to improve the effectiveness of downhole oil-water separation and reduce oil concentration in reinjected water. Unlike single-stage hydrocyclones, however, a two-stage series hydrocyclone is characterized of a more complicated flow field, more significant flow field interference and more factors that affect separation effectiveness.
The flow field of a two-stage series hydrocyclone is analyzed and, in particular, the distribution of oil phase, pressure field and velocity field near the overflow port of the second stage hydrocyclone is studied by means of a two-stage series hydrocyclone oil-water separation model built based on the hydrodynamic theory.
According to our analysis, when the water content of oil-water mixture is higher than 97%, the two-stage series hydrocyclone offers insignificant advantage in separation effectiveness compared to a single-stage counterpart; when the water content is lower than 97%, the effectiveness of separation using a two-stage series hydrocyclone is very significant, where the second stage hydrocyclone provides good repurification of underflow of the first stage hydrocyclone, helping to reduce oil concentration in reinjected water. It is also discovered that the geometry of the connector located between the two hydrocyclones is the major factor affecting the separation effectiveness of the second stage hydrocyclone. Cylindrical connector, which is identified as the best geometry by comparing connectors of three different structures through modeling analysis, can not only improve the separation effectiveness of the series hydrocyclone but also offer decreased pressure loss.
The accuracy of analysis and calculation results are further verified through comparison of results of lab tests conducted on the two-stage series hydrocyclone on the basis of analytical calculation.
Improving the Conductivity of Natural Fracture Systems in Conjunction with Hydraulic Fracturing in Stress Sensitive Reservoirs
Authors: Keshavarz Alireza , Johnson Ray , Carageorgos Themis , Bedrikovetsky Pavel , Badalyan Alexander 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The technology of injecting micro-sized proppant particles along with fracturing fluid is proposed to improve the conductivity of naturally fracture systems (e.g., cleats, natural fractures) in stress sensitive reservoirs, by placing graded particles in a larger, preserved stimulated reservoir volume around the induced hydraulical fracture. One of the main parameters determining the efficiency of the proposed technology is the concentration of placed proppant particles in the fracture systems. A laboratory study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of placed proppant concentration on coal permeability enhancement using a one-dimensional linear injection of micro-sized proppant into coal core and varying effective stress. Permeability values are measured for different concentrations of placed particles as a function of effective stress. The results show that there is an optimum concentration of placed particles for which the cleat system permeability reaches a maximum and permeability enhancement is more sensitive to concentration of placed proppant at higher than lower effective stress. The experimental results show maximum permeability enhancement of about 20% for an optimum concentration of placed particles at 490 psi effective stress. Permeability enhancement by 3.2 folds is observed at elevated effective stress of 950 psi. Finally, the paper proposes a field application strategy to apply graded particle injection in field case study.
Getting Safety Leadership Right
Authors: Fruhen Laura , Wang Lena , Griffin Mark , Finnerty Dannielle , Jorritsma Karina , Boeing Alexandra 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Practitioner views on good safety leadership constitute implicit leadership theories. Themes in the descriptions of best practices in safety leadership, illustrate what behaviours are seen as most effective and may be most beneficial in leader development. Paricipants of this study (n=112) completed an online survey consisting of open questions regarding their views on safety leadership and multiple choice items concerned with how these behaviours may best be trained. Based on a model of safety leadership that contains four behaviours (Leveraging, Energising, Adapting, and Defending), the responses were analysed to identify themes. The analysis indicated that participants' responses particularly reflected three of the leadership behaviours namely Leveraging, Energising, and Defending. Adapting, which contains future oriented behaviours related to learning was not frequently indicated. Participants' responses also showed a preference for a blended approach for safety leadership training consisting of online and face to face learning. The results provide insights into the similarities and discrepancies between academics and practitioners' views on the conceptualization of safety leadership and can inform leader development.
Knowledge × Experience = Expertise
Authors: Selman Allison , Jas Eric , Harvey Chris , Wilson Ian 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This paper presents the Offshore Pipeline Engineering Competency Project. The project was initiated by the Australian Pipeline Gas Association (APGA) in 2013, in response to the resource shortage of skilled offshore pipeline engineers. This project has resulted in a national framework and standard for competency in the field of offshore pipeline engineering.
The paper describes the Offshore Pipeline Engineering Competency Project from its inception through implementation with Engineers Australia for establishing a Special Area of Practice in Offshore Pipeline Engineering. The paper will describe the process used for competency development, the challenges and lessons learnt during the three year project; and the challenges that still lie ahead. The paper will detail the list of competency requirements and provide detail on the process of qualification through Engineers Australia. Finally, the paper will demonstrate how individuals and organisations can apply the competency framework for professional development.
This project demonstrates leadership and innovation within the Australian oil and gas industry. The positive response within Australia and internationally, indicates the importance of and demand for, this work. Success is attributed to the high level of collaboration within the industry. The first industry benchmark in offshore pipeline engineering has been set. This has many positive outcomes including guiding professional development, guiding educational institutions and ensuring the future of the industry is secure by developing the skills of the engineering workforce.
Establishing an Offshore Pipeline Engineering Competency framework is unique and the Australian industry is the first in the world to do this. There are ongoing discussions with international peak engineering bodies and standards organisations, to use this benchmark as the basis for a global framework. This will secure the future of the industry by ensuring that skilled resources are readily transferable between global regions.