bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mishima, Yukio
Authors: Wren James A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Blending modern and traditional aesthetics with sexuality, death, and political change, Yukio Mishima is likely the most influential Japanese literary figure of the twentieth century. He penned 34 novels, 50 plays, some 25 collections of short stories, and no less than 35 volumes of essays, as well as one libretto and a film script.
Modernismo
Authors: Baker Peter 
Published: June 2017

AbstractModernismorefers to a Spanish American literary movement which began to emerge toward the end of the nineteenth century and continued into the twentieth century. It is most often identified with a loose transcontinental network of authors centered around the leadership of Rubén Darío, although it may also indicate more generally a set of shared aesthetic and political interests among a group of Latin America authors who established themselves as part of a literary sphere dependent not on state apparatuses but on the literary market and an increasingly important reading public in Latin America that emerged during those years.
Mootoo, Shani
Authors: Pirbhai Mariam 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

This entry provides an overview of Caribbean‐Canadian novelist Shani Mootoo, as well as a brief critical outline of scholarship focused on Mootoo's fiction. Mootoo is the author of four novels, one short story collection, and one volume of poetry. She is best known for her debut novel
Cereus Blooms at Night
(1996), which is considered a groundbreaking work for its candid portraits of same‐sex desire and queer identities in the colonial and postcolonial Caribbean.
Multinatural Perspectivism
Authors: Luciani José Antonio Kelly 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Multinatural perspectivism (MP) describes what comes back to us when we play some of anthropology's fundamental concepts and premises against their correlates in Amerindian thought, as expressed in myth, shamanism, and native reflexive commentary on hunting, warfare, and other aspects of life. MP is at once a phenomenon, in that it is an aspect of Amerindian conceptual imagination; a theory of a theory, in that it articulates in anthropological language concepts and premises more or less explicitly present in native thought about humans, nonhumans, and social relationships; and a counter‐(to our)anthropology, for given the torsion it impresses on the nature–culture configuration, and its reflection on social relations, MP's premises for understanding and engaging with alterity are orthogonal to the longstanding anthropological assumption that culture and its diversity are myriad constructions of nature and social relations being a matter of connections between pre‐existing persons.
Narco
Authors: Zavala Oswaldo 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The notion of
narco
is mediated by official sources that describe the phenomenon of the drug trade as essentially exterior to the structures of government and of a normalized and functional civil society. The majority of the most visible cultural representations of narco thus refer to mythological drug cartels and kingpins with an expansive world reach. While these representations effectively erase the history of official power as the very condition of possibility of organized crime, others are challenging this hegemonic imaginary by placing the state as the central signifier of narco.
Nationalism
Authors: Rizzuto Nicole 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Today, the word “nationalism” inspires a host of associations ranging from patriotic self‐sacrifice and civic pride to ethnocentrism and xenophobia. These associations speak to the concept's changing meaning across a history of practices that begin during the eighteenth century, and theories that commence at the end of the nineteenth century and continue to develop into the twenty‐first. This entry examines theories of nationalism as they intersect with postcolonial studies. Whether nationalism is defined by its location within the modern nation‐state or extends temporally and spatially beyond it; how this “spiritual principle” relates to material conditions of industrialization, capitalism, imperialism, and neocolonialism; the ways nationalism both marshals memory and induces forgetting of the past, and deploys violence in efforts to secure a political or social formation while naturalizing identities that are historically constructed – these are themes that animate critical conceptualizations of nationalism in the contexts of anti‐colonial resistance, decolonization, postcoloniality, and globalization.
Native American Culture and Society
Authors: Krian Lena 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Native American culture and society is difficult to understand through a Western classification that neatly separates culture and society as isolated categories, because Native American culture is typically characterized by reciprocal relations with other realms of life. This sort of relationality is visible in the sustaining social structure of Native American society: the kinship system. The extended family bonds or clans of the kinship system express a ceremonial relationship between the earth as primal creator and all other beings, blurring boundaries between what, according to Western knowledge, belongs strictly to either society or culture. Colonization reshaped Native American society by imposing norms of national affiliations, constructing legally dependent tribal nations out of diverse Native American clans. Expressions of Native American culture can be located in a discursive realm of storytelling. These stories with their multiple genres constitute the main source of historiographic knowledge and communal identification within society and space.
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
Authors: Nyairo Joyce 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Ngugi wa Thiong'o, previously known as James Ngugi, is one of East Africa's most celebrated literary figures. He started writing fiction, poetry, and drama as a student at Makerere University. A political detainee under the Kenyatta government, and a long‐time exile under the Moi regime, Ngugi has given practical meaning to the idea of “writers in politics,” an area of literary criticism that he has consistently articulated and written about. Ngugi is a professor of comparative literature at the University of California, Irvine, and his teaching career spans three continents and close to 50 years. But Ngugi's commitment to unraveling human character and dissecting Africa's tortured journey through decolonization and the vagaries of political independence has been steadfast. Through fiction, literary theory, and cultural criticism he has challenged the mainstays of thought and practice and shown how political power works and how postcolonial identities might be understood.
Philip, Marlene NourbeSe
Authors: Beckford Sharon Morgan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A poet, essayist, novelist, playwright, and short story writer, Tobago‐born Canadian Marlene NourbeSe Philip writes about the history of colonialism and its legacy in relation to peoples of African descent living in the African diaspora. Importantly, Philip's work addresses issues of race, gender, language, memory, class, migration, exile, belonging, sexuality, and the body. In addition, many of Philip's works highlight the blending of Western European, African, and Amerindian cultures, traditions, and mythologies over four centuries of colonial contact in the New World. Forthright in her approach to the postcolonial experience, Philip offers insightful critiques on transatlantic slavery and the legacy of colonialism.
Positivism in Latin America
Authors: Cortes‐Rocca Paola 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Positivism is both a program and a description of the end of the century's epistemological field – both an epistemological change accompanying specific political and social processes, and the transformation of the institutions which enable these processes. Its introduction and expansion in Latin America coincides with the processes of organization and centralization of the national states. Thus it becomes the master narrative that promotes regional modernization, normalizes the relationship between the population and the national states, and provides a new vocabulary for old dichotomies – such as civilization/barbarism, city/country, elite/people. Observing, controlling what exists, and using it through the scientific gaze is the equation that links positivism, perception, and visual technologies. Criminology adds the distress caused by concealment and camouflage among the crowd as a problem that also requires the use of an apparatus based on observation and control. The positivist genre, par excellence, is the essay, but positivism will also be present in the novel through naturalism.
Rushdie, Salman
Authors: Ratti Manav 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

An internationally renowned writer born in India to a Muslim family, who studied and lived in England, Salman Rushdie has produced fiction and nonfiction that provocatively addresses a range of controversial issues, such as politics, religion, secularism, colonialism, empire, democracy, and freedom of expression. He has published eleven novels, a collection of short stories, three works of nonfiction, and a memoir,
Joseph Anton
(2012). Among his best‐known novels are
Midnight's Children
(1981) and
The Satanic Verses
(1988), both of which use magic realism.
Midnight's Children
, telling the story of India's independence from the United Kingdom, catapulted Rushdie to global fame.
The Satanic Verses
led to a decree or
fatwa
issued by the Ayatollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, calling for Rushdie's death. Rushdie's writings have been used by postcolonial studies scholars to theorize ideas such as hybridity and migration. His work has been translated into over 40 languages.
Sartre, Jean‐Paul
Authors: Pendakis Andrew 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Though Jean‐Paul Sartre has often been framed by poststructuralist and postcolonial theory as a humanist who could offer little in the way of resources for contemporary critical thought, Sartre himself was a fervent anti‐imperialist whose work is now being reconsidered in the light of the attention being paid to the philosophy of his self‐avowed “disciple” Alain Badiou. This entry argues that Sartre's work continues to be relevant to questions pertaining to the subjectivity of colonial and postcolonial peoples and that his attentiveness to critical forms of universality usefully offsets the contemporary emphasis on particularity, identity, and resistance so prevalent in postcolonial theory.
Spanish Empire (Hispanism)
Authors: Lumba Allan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The Spanish empire was one of the first planetary empires in human history. At its height, it held sovereignty over vast territories and populations throughout Europe, Asia, the Pacific, Africa, and the Americas. Due to its rivalry with other European powers, it commissioned explorations that would result in the “discovery” of the Americas and the first circumnavigation of the globe. Its military power governed advanced civilizations in the Americas and made possible the immense global extraction of wealth that would drive the rise of European industrial capitalism. Imperial commercial and trade routes enabled not only the mixing and migration of a vast population of humans, but also radically new ecological encounters between a diverse array of vegetation and animals. Finally its historical significance is profound: through its imposition of Spanish culture, religion, and language upon colonized subjects, its imperial legacies continue to shape postcolonial societies into the present.
Testimonio
Authors: Solís Ángel Octavio Álvarez 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The Testimonio entry contains three parts. The first establishes a critical mapping of testimonial literature, arguing that it is impossible to develop a general theory of the
testimonio
. The second designates the testimony related to literature, rhetoric, and politics. Finally, the text puts forward a definition and the uses of the testimony in different contexts.
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
Authors: Kumar Uday 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe term “nongovernmental organization” (NGO) refers broadly to an organization that is explicitly involved in the promotion of social and economic development, especially in developing countries. The term was introduced in the development literature during the postwar period. During the second half of the twentieth century, when the state in newly independent countries failed to accommodate the interests of the weaker sections of society, there was a need for an alternative agency to address people's right to a decent and dignified life. Under such circumstances, civil society offered itself as a breeding ground for social formations like voluntary and nongovernmental organizations that could address a range of issues, rooted in rights and liberty. NGOs include all types of organizations engaged in socioeconomic welfare at the grassroots level, other than the state and the for‐profit private sector. Some social scientists associate civil society with organizations like voluntary associations and NGOs that allow individuals to participate directly and address issues concerning their welfare.
Toer, Pramoedya Ananta
Authors: Lumba Allan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Pramoedya Ananta Toer (1925–2006) was an Indonesian writer, historian, and political activist. During the course of his lifetime he wrote over 30 works including novels, short and long fiction, nonfiction essays, and a memoir of his life. Toer is internationally recognized as one of the greatest Southeast Asian writers of the twentieth century. He is most famous for
The Buru Quartet
, four novels that he wrote while imprisoned on the gulag island of Buru under Sukarno's New Order regime.
Walcott, Derek
Authors: Breiner Laurence A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Nobel Laureate Derek Walcott is the most prominent poet and playwright of the English‐speaking Caribbean. Born in St. Lucia in 1930, his work has reflected the full trajectory of colonialism and its aftermath. He is more an uncompromising observer than a participant in explicit politics, and his governing concern has been the writer's responsibility to his people, his place, and his languages, all of which he has celebrated in a long career.
Wicomb, Zoë
Authors: Lytle Cynthia 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Zoë Wicomb (1948– ) is a South African author, critic, and Professor Emeritus at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. Her creative writings discuss motifs such as gender, race, history, and discrimination, and focus on characters from the South African colored community. Through such an emphasis, Wicomb not only sheds light on the community and oppressive ideologies, but she also problematizes nation‐building and subjugating practices that resonate with apartheid principles. Furthermore, she argues against the authoritative histories and for the inclusion of multiple stories, particularly with a feminine voice, as a way of coming closer to possible truths that are lesser known and have been discounted. Her published creative writings include
You Can't Get Lost in Cape Town
(1987),
David's Story
(2000),
Playing in the Light
(2006),
The One that Got Away
(2008) and
October
(2014).
Writing in Latin America
Authors: Zivin Erin Graff 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA sustained reflection on “writing” from the vantage point of Iberian postcoloniality amounts to nothing short of an appraisal of the rapport between language and power in Latin America. The first part of this entry traces the roots of this bond as well as to identify work that exposes possible limits to the dominion of the letter. The second half of the entry carries out close readings of two “scenes” of writing – one colonial, one postmodern – in order to propose a hypothesis about the shifting place of writing in Latin America, as well as within an increasingly visual and digital global culture.
Headlam[‐Morley], (Sir) James (1863–1929)
Authors: Stray Christopher A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

James Headlam was a talented ancient historian, best remembered now for his prize essay
Election by lot at Athens
(1891). Obliged to look beyond academe for employment, he became an inspector of schools, produced wartime propaganda, joined the intelligence department of the Foreign Office and later became its historical adviser.
Prussian Blue Nanocubes with an Open Framework Structure Coated with PEDOT as High‐Capacity Cathodes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Su Dawei , Cortie Michael , Fan Hongbo , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIt is shown that Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) can be a very competitive sulfur host for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Sulfur stored in the large interstitial sites of a PBA host can take advantage of reversible and efficient insertion/extraction of both Li+ and electrons, due to the well‐trapped mobile dielectron redox centers in the well‐defined host. It is demonstrated that Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6] has a large open framework, and as a cathode, it both stores sulfur and acts as a polysulfide diffusion inhibitor based on the Lewis acid–base bonding effect. The electrochemical testing shows that the S@Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6]@poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) composite achieves excellent reversibility, good stability, and fast kinetics. Its outstanding electrochemical properties should be ascribed to the internal transport of Li+/e−, maximizing the utilization of sulfur. Moreover, the open metal centers serve as the Lewis acid sites with high affinity to the negatively charged polysulfide anions, reducing the diffusion of polysulfides out of the cathode and minimizing the shuttling effect. The fundamental basis of these exceptional performance characteristics is explored through a detailed analysis of the structural and electrochemical behavior of the material. It is believed that the PBAs will have a useful role in ensuring more effective and stable Li–S batteries.
Tuning Luminescence and Conductivity through Controlled Growth of Polymorphous Molecular Crystals
Authors: Chen Songhua , Liu Huibiao , Li Yongjun , Li Dan , Li Yuliang 
Published: June 2017

AbstractClear structure–property correlation is of crucial importance for molecular materials for optical and electronic application. Here, a new intramolecular charge transfer compound (E)‐2‐{4‐[4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)styryl]benzylidene}malononitrile (TCBR) with a dicyanovinyl group as the electron acceptor and a carbazole group as the electron donor is designed and synthesized. Four different single crystals based on the cis and trans isomeric forms of this compound are grown simultaneously, which are both kinetically and thermodynamically stable. The different packing modes give rise to a dynamic crystal structure change, leading to dramatically different optical and electronic properties. The closer packing can effectively promote the π–π interactions to increase the exciton coupling and orbital overlap between neighbor molecules in crystals, which produces a redshift fluorescence emission and good conductivity. This permits one to tune the packing molecules in the solid state to specific applications in a more precise way. The results of this study highlight the power of designing new functional molecules for optical and electronic applications.
Investigation of Physical and Electronic Properties of GeSe for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Liu Shun‐Chang , Mi Yang , Xue Ding‐Jiang , Chen Yao‐Xuan , He Chao , Liu Xinfeng , Hu Jin‐Song , Wan Li‐Jun 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGeSe is a promising absorber material for photovoltaic applications due to its attractive material, optical, and electrical properties as well as its low toxicity and earth abundance. The first GeSe‐based solar cell with 1.48% efficiency has been recently reported through self‐regulated rapid thermal sublimation. However, most of the fundamental physical and electronic properties of GeSe such as refractive index, dielectric constant, carrier mobility, lifetime, and diffusion length remain unclear, despite the necessity of this for the design of high‐performance GeSe solar cells. In this work, the above basic properties of GeSe are systematically studied by using spectroscopic ellipsometry, space charge limited current measurements, and transient absorption spectroscopy. These comprehensive results provide a solid foundation for the further development of GeSe solar cells.
The economic consequences of divorce in six OECD countries
Authors: de Vaus David , Gray Matthew , Qu Lixia , Stanton David 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article uses longitudinal data to estimate the short‐ and medium‐term economic effects of divorce in the USA, the UK, Switzerland, Korea, Germany and Australia during the first decade of the 21st century. Based on the data collected during the 2000s, in all of the countries studied, divorce had, on average, negative effects on the equivalised household incomes of women. However, the extent and duration of the negative effects of divorce differed markedly between countries. In all of the countries, the effects of divorce on the equivalised household income of men were smaller than for women. Although, using the available data, it is not possible to definitely explain the differences between countries, the analysis presented in this article has demonstrated that the average economic effects of divorce, particularly for women, are heavily influenced by the social security system, the labour market, family models and the family law system of each country. While the social security system and institutional arrangements such as child support and spousal maintenance do influence women's post‐divorce economic outcomes, what is most important in explaining cross‐country differences is women's labour market earnings and the extent to which re‐partnering occurs.
Lithiophilic Sites in Doped Graphene Guide Uniform Lithium Nucleation for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Zhang Rui , Chen Xiao‐Ru , Chen Xiang , Cheng Xin‐Bing , Zhang Xue‐Qiang , Yan Chong , Zhang Qiang 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLithium (Li) metal is the most promising electrode for next‐generation rechargeable batteries. However, the challenges induced by Li dendrites on a working Li metal anode hinder the practical applications of Li metal batteries. Herein, nitrogen (N) doped graphene was adopted as the Li plating matrix to regulate Li metal nucleation and suppress dendrite growth. The N‐containing functional groups, such as pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen in the N‐doped graphene, are lithiophilic, which guide the metallic Li nucleation causing the metal to distribute uniformly on the anode surface. As a result, the N‐doped graphene modified Li metal anode exhibits a dendrite‐free morphology during repeated Li plating and demonstrates a high Coulombic efficiency of 98 % for near 200 cycles.
Cesium's Off‐the‐Map Valence Orbital
Authors: Goesten Maarten G. , Rahm Martin , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Hensen Emiel J. M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe Td‐symmetric [CsO4]+ ion, featuring Cs in an oxidation state of 9, is computed to be a minimum. Cs uses outer core 5s and 5p orbitals to bind the oxygen atoms. The valence Cs 6s orbital lies too high to be involved in bonding, and contributes to Rydberg levels only. From a molecular orbital perspective, the bonding scheme is reminiscent of XeO4: an octet of electrons to bind electronegative ligands, and no low‐lying acceptor orbitals on the central atom. In this sense, Cs+ resembles hypervalent Xe.