bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positives and pathologies of natural resource management on private land‐conservation areas
Authors: Clements Hayley S. , Cumming Graeme S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn managed natural resource systems, such as fisheries and rangelands, there is a recognized trade‐off between managing for short‐term benefits and managing for longer term resilience. Management actions that stabilize ecological attributes or processes can improve productivity in the supply of ecosystem goods and services in the short term but erode system resilience at longer time scales. For example, fire suppression in rangelands can increase grass biomass initially but ultimately result in an undesirable, shrub‐dominated system. Analyses of this phenomenon have focused largely on how management actions influence slow‐changing biophysical system attributes (such as vegetation composition). Data on the frequency of management actions that reduce natural ecological variation on 66 private land‐conservation areas (PLCAs) in South Africa were used to investigate how management actions are influenced by manager decision‐making approaches, a largely ignored part of the problem. The pathology of natural resource management was evident on some PLCAs: increased focus on revenue‐generation in decision making resulted in an increased frequency of actions to stabilize short‐term variation in large mammal populations, which led to increased revenues from ecotourism or hunting. On many PLCAs, these management actions corresponded with a reduced focus on ecological monitoring and an increase in overstocking of game (i.e., ungulate species) and stocking of extralimitals (i.e., game species outside their historical range). Positives in natural resource management also existed. Some managers monitored slower changing ecological attributes, which resulted in less‐intensive management, fewer extralimital species, and lower stocking rates. Our unique, empirical investigation of monitoring‐management relationships illustrates that management decisions informed by revenue monitoring versus ecological monitoring can have opposing consequences for natural resource productivity and sustainability. Promoting management actions that maintain resilience in natural resource systems therefore requires cognizance of why managers act the way they do and how these actions can gradually shift managers toward unsustainable strategies.
What Are the “True” Statistics of the Environment?
Authors: Feldman Jacob 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA widespread assumption in the contemporary discussion of probabilistic models of cognition, often attributed to the Bayesian program, is that inference is optimal when the observer's priors match the true priors in the world—the actual “statistics of the environment.” But in fact the idea of a “true” prior plays no role in traditional Bayesian philosophy, which regards probability as a quantification of belief, not an objective characteristic of the world. In this paper I discuss the significance of the traditional Bayesian epistemic view of probability and its mismatch with the more objectivist assumptions about probability that are widely held in contemporary cognitive science. I then introduce a novel mathematical framework, the observer lattice, that aims to clarify this issue while avoiding philosophically tendentious assumptions. The mathematical argument shows that even if we assume that “ground truth” probabilities actually do exist, there is no objective way to tell what they are. Different observers, conditioning on different information, will inevitably have different probability estimates, and there is no general procedure to determine which one is right. The argument sheds light on the use of probabilistic models in cognitive science, and in particular on what exactly it means for the mind to be “tuned” to its environment.
Harms from alcohol consumption by strangers in five Indian states and policy implications
Authors: Esser Marissa B. , Gururaj Gopalkrishna , Rao Girish N. , Jayarajan Deepak , Sethu Lakshmanan , Murthy Pratima , Jernigan David H. , Benegal Vivek ,   Collaborators Group on Epidemiological Study of Patterns and Consequences of Alcohol Misuse in India
Published: November 2016

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. India has a checkered history of alcohol prohibition; however, alcohol use is becoming more prevalent. We assessed the reporting of tangible and intangible harms from strangers' alcohol consumption by respondents' sex and how respondents' drinking and sociodemographic characteristics were associated with the reporting of these alcohol‐related harms by strangers. Design and Methods. We analysed cross‐sectional data from household interviews administered in five Indian states from October 2011 to May 2012. We analysed data among 7332 adults who responded to all 12 questions on alcohol‐related harms from strangers' drinking and for whom data were available on drinking status and sex. Result. In this sample, 63.2% reported experiences of one or more harms from strangers' drinking in the past year, with 47.4% reporting at least one tangible harm. Nearly one‐fifth reported being physically harmed from strangers' alcohol consumption. Drinking by women did not predict reports of alcohol‐related harms from strangers, while drinking by men was associated with at least 1.9 greater odds of reporting these harms compared with non‐drinkers. Living in rural areas was associated with reduced odds of reporting psychological harms from strangers' drinking among women but greater odds of reporting physical and sexual harms among men. Discussion and Conclusions. In five Indian states, both drinkers and non‐drinkers report being harmed by strangers' alcohol consumption. Greater implementation and enhanced enforcement of multilevel interventions may effectively reduce these alcohol‐related harms, such as regulating the density of alcohol outlets, screening and brief interventions in health settings and community empowerment initiatives. [Esser MB, Gururaj G, Rao GN, Jayarajan D, Sethu L, Murthy P, Jernigan DH, Benegal V. Harms from alcohol consumption by strangers in five Indian states and policy implications. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;00:000‐000]
Spitz nevi: diverse clinical, dermatoscopic and histopathological features in childhood
Authors: Dika Emi , Neri Iria , Fanti Pier ­Alessandro , ­Barisani Alessia , Ravaioli Giulia Maria , Patrizi Annalisa 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackground and objectivesThe characterization of clinical features and biological potential of Spitz nevi has attracted a lot of interest in past decades. The aim of our paper was to describe the clinical, dermatoscopic features as well as the clinical outcome of surgically excised Spitz nevi in three different pediatric age groups.Patients and methodsA retrospective study analyzing clinical features, videodermatoscopic images, histopathological diagnosis and patient outcome. The level of pigmentation was evaluated both clinically and histopathologically.Results72 spitzoid neoplasms were excised from 71 pediatric patients. Videodermatoscopic images were available for 41 patients. The distribution of pigmentation significantly correlated with patient age: hyperpigmented lesions were rather rare in preschool children, becoming more frequent in patients aged 7 to 12 years and older than 13 years. The histopathological diagnosis of atypical Spitz nevus was uncommon. None of the patients originally diagnosed with atypical Spitz nevi developed local recurrence or metastases during subsequent follow‐up.ConclusionsPigmented Spitz nevi were more common after 13 years of age. The study confirms other reports regarding the distribution of pigmentation patterns, and underlines the low number of atypical Spitz nevi in pediatric patients as well as their low recurrence rate during long‐term follow‐up.
Bilingualism affects 9‐month‐old infants’ expectations about how words refer to kinds
Authors: Byers‐Heinlein Krista 
Published: November 2016

AbstractInfants are precocious word learners, and seem to possess systematic expectations about how words refer to object kinds. For example, while monolingual infants show a one‐to‐one mapping bias (e.g. mutual exclusivity), expecting each object to have only one basic level label, previous research has shown that this is less robust in bi‐ and multilinguals aged 1.5 years and older. This study examined the early origins of such one‐to‐one mapping biases by comparing monolingual and bilingual 9–10‐month‐olds’ expectations about the relationship between labels and object kinds. In a violation of expectation paradigm, infants heard a speaker name hidden objects with either one label (‘I see a mouba! I see a mouba!’) or two labels (‘I see a camo! I see a tenda!’). An occluder moved to reveal two objects that were either identical or of different kinds. Monolingual infants looked longest when two labels were associated with identical objects, and when one label was associated with objects of different kinds, showing that they found these outcomes unexpected. This replicated previous findings showing that monolinguals expect that distinct words label distinct object kinds (Dewar & Xu, ). Bilinguals looked equally to the outcomes regardless of the number of labels, showing no such expectations. This finding indicates that bilingualism influences young infants’ expectations about how words refer to kinds, and more broadly supports the position that language experience contributes to the development of word learning heuristics.
Screening for psychosis risk among adolescents in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: a description of the first step with the 16‐item version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ‐16)
Authors: de Jong Yvonne , Mulder Cornelis L. , Boon Albert E. , Deen Mathijs , van ’t Hof Maarten , van der Gaag Mark 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimAlthough the 16‐item version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ‐16) is used as a screener in the early detection of psychosis risk, little is known about PQ‐16 scores among adolescents referred to the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. We assessed such scores in adolescents referred to these services in the Netherlands, and also their associations with age, gender, diagnosis and level of functioning.MethodsThe PQ‐16 was added to regular intake procedures.ResultsThe PQ‐16 was completed by 176 adolescents (mean age 14.58 years; standard deviation = 1.50; 55.1% females), 34.7% of whom scored above the current cut‐off score of ≥6 items. Positive item scores with the highest odds ratio for scoring above the cut‐off were related to tasting or smelling things, seeing things and hearing thoughts out aloud. There were no age‐, gender‐ or disorder‐related differences in total scores on the PQ‐16. Lower Global Assessment of Functioning scores were associated with higher total scores on the PQ‐16.ConclusionsThe PQ‐16 is easy to implement in routine assessment and can be useful to bring up potential psychotic symptoms for further exploration in an early stage, especially in adolescents with low Global Assessment of Functioning scores. The PQ‐16 total scores were not confounded by differences in age, gender or disorder. Future research should investigate the true nature of PQ‐16 items and whether the item scores and cut‐off scores of the PQ‐16 in adolescence have any predictive value regarding the development of an ultra high‐risk status, a psychotic disorder or other mental disorders.
Alemtuzumab consolidation in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a phase I/II multicentre trial
Authors: Al‐Sawaf Othman , Fischer Kirsten , Herling Carmen D. , Ritgen Matthias , Böttcher Sebastian , Bahlo Jasmin , Elter Thomas , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Eichhorst Barbara F. , Busch Raymonde , Elberskirch Ute , Abenhardt Wolfgang , Kneba Michael , Hallek Michael , Wendtner Clemens‐Martin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveDespite high rates of long‐lasting remissions in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) treated with chemoimmunotherapy, none of the current therapeutic approaches is curative with the exception of allogeneic transplantation. One strategy to extend progression‐free survival and long‐term survival might be the establishment of consolidation therapies.MethodsIn this trial, patients with complete or partial second remission after fludarabine‐based treatment received consolidation therapy with alemtuzumab. The aim of this phase I/II trial was to determine the maximal tolerable dose (MTD) of alemtuzumab consolidation and to evaluate safety and efficacy in patients who responded to second‐line fludarabine‐based treatment. Thirteen patients in complete (CR) or partial remission (PR) received alemtuzumab dose escalation starting with 10 mg intravenously (iv) once weekly for 8 wk and increasing in 10‐mg intervals per dose level.ResultsThe main dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) were infectious complications, and the MTD was determined at 10 mg. After alemtuzumab consolidation, seven of 13 patients (53%) were in CR, and four of these patients (30.7%) achieved minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity (<1 × 10E‐4). At a median follow‐up of 71.5 months, four patients were progression‐free, with a median progression‐free survival (PFS) of 28.5 months after the end of second‐line treatment.ConclusionThe results provide a safe and efficient schedule with weekly intravenous application of 10 mg of alemtuzumab as a consolidation regime in patients with CLL.
Fragmented control: Governing contentious labor organizations in China
Authors: Fu Diana 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHow does an authoritarian state govern contentious civil society and what are the effects on grassroots mobilization? This article theorizes the relationship between repression and mobilization by examining the case of informal labor organizations in South China that threaten social stability. Findings based on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork inside these organizations suggest that the central state's mandate to maintain social stability is refracted through the interests and capabilities of local agencies. This results in “fragmented control”: divergent, even conflicting, forms of state governance over civil society. Local authorities work at cross‐purposes by simultaneously repressing, co‐opting, and neglecting underground organizing. Fragmented control generates political uncertainty on the part of activists and induces them to engage in “censored entrepreneurialism”—a set of tactical adaptations characterized by a mixture of self‐censorship and entrepreneurial experimentation.
Small spheroids of adipose‐derived stem cells with time‐dependent enhancement of IL‐8 and VEGF‐A secretion
Authors: Furuhata Yuichi , Kikuchi Yuka , Tomita Shunsuke , Yoshimoto Keitaro 
Published: November 2016

Wound‐healing factors secreted from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) modulate the immune response and facilitate proliferation of neighboring cells. Although in vitro three‐dimensional (3D) culture techniques have improved the therapeutic potential of MSCs, no studies have focused on the effects of cell aggregation alone. In this study, the effect of cell aggregation on the up‐regulation of wound‐healing proteins secretions was investigated by constructing small spheroids of human adipose‐derived stem cells (hADSCs) on a micropatterned surface. These spheroids were mostly unaffected by the secondary effects of cell aggregation, such as hypoxia, low‐nutrient supply, and metabolic waste accumulation. Small spheroids of hADSCs, which were of 100 μm in diameter, were successfully constructed using micropatterned surface. Expression of the wound‐healing‐related factors, VEGF‐A and IL‐8, was markedly enhanced at the gene and protein levels, whereas the enhancement of VEGF‐A expression was transient and IL‐8 enhancement was maintained for a long time.
Medication‐Overuse Headache: Protocols and Outcomes in 149 Consecutive Patients in a Tertiary Brazilian Headache Center
Authors: Krymchantowski Abouch V. , Tepper Stewart J. , Jevoux Carla , Valença Marcelo 
Published: November 2016

AimMedication‐overuse headache (MOH) is a challenging clinical disorder often resulting in frustration for patients and physicians. Adherence issues are common and limited treatment evidence is an obstacle to effective care. Individual bias usually directs the treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcome and treatment strategies in consecutive MOH patients from a tertiary center.MethodsEvery consecutive patient seen between January and December 2014 with the diagnosis of MOH was included. Psychiatric comorbidities, inability to report baseline headache frequency, current or previous 2‐month use of preventive medications, and refusal to sign informed consent were exclusion criteria. The patients were evaluated by the same specialist (AVK) in thorough initial consultations. The diagnosis and treatment strategies were clearly explained, and a detailed headache diary was given to all patients. Endpoints were headache frequency and adherence after 2, 4, and 8 months.ResultsOne hundred sixty‐eight patients (31 M, 137 F) met the inclusion criteria. Nineteen patients (11.3%) were excluded. All patients had migraine or chronic migraine as primary headache. Mean baseline frequency was 24.8 headache days/month, average headache history was 20.6 years (1–37), and mean time with > 15 headache days/month was 4.8 years (.5–32). All patients were overusing acute symptomatic medications (SM), and 59 (39.5%) were using more than one pharmacological class. Outpatient withdrawal from overused medications was carried out with all patients, who received different preventive treatment choices and triptan plus NSAID for the acute attacks (maximum of 2 days/week). One hundred and one patients (67.8%) received prednisone during the first 5–7 days. After 2 months, 30 (20.1%) were lost to follow‐up, and in those who followed up, the mean headache frequency decreased to 10.7 headache days/month (ITT 13.1). After 4 and 8 months, 109 and 105 patients, respectively, were under treatment, with a mean headache frequency of 7.9 and 8.2 headache days/month. Patients who received prednisone did not perform better than those who did not (P = .3032, 5 d vs no prednisone; P = .639, 7 d vs no prednisone).ConclusionsWithdrawing overused medications, starting prevention, and motivating patients may have helped the high adherence rates and decreasing headache frequency. Additionally, real‐world patient studies are scarce and may be useful to guide clinicians struggling to help their daily headache patients. Open studies do not allow definitive conclusions and controlled studies with this subset of patients are necessary.
The Hammermen: Life and Death as a Gang Hitman in Cape Town
Authors: SHAW MARK , SKYWALKER LUKE LEE 
Published: November 2016

AbstractContract killing and hitmen are underexplored in criminology. Recent studies, including an ongoing project in South Africa, have examined a large number of individual cases relating to contract killings, producing a series of typologies of hitmen. Despite this thematic ordering, few empirically‐based studies – incorporating interviews with hitmen themselves – exist, especially given the practical and ethical issues involved. Such information remains essential, however, to more clearly understand the socialisation and criminal careers of contract killers. Our subjects occupy a specific place within the gangs of Cape Town: they are ordered to kill for gang bosses as well as being recruited by external parties to conduct ‘hits’. On the basis of seven interviews with ‘hammermen’ and two with senior gang bosses, we explore the experiences of gang‐associated hitmen. We conclude that the current literature, by seeking to identify a series of typologies of contract killers that focus mainly on their level of ‘professionalism’, provides only a one‐dimensional and – in some respects – stereotypical picture of the realities of contract killing. Instead, we show that hitmen occupy an ambiguous and tenuous position within local gangs and gang culture: essential to the security of gang bosses, but also a threat to it as a result of what they know and what they do. As a result, ‘hammermen’ express a surprising degree of vulnerability, and may themselves be subject to assassination.
Development and validation of an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometric method for determination of phenylethyl resorcinol in new topical nanoemulsions
Authors: Hong L. , Han D. , Li M.‐X. , Zhang P. , Liu C.‐G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a rapid, simple and efficient ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometric method for the quantification of phenylethyl resorcinol (PR), a potent skin‐lightening agent, incorporated into new topical nanoemulsions, and to validate this method according to International Commission for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.MethodsUV–vis spectrophotometric method for quantification of PR in new topical nanoemulsions was developed and validated in terms of specificity, linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy. The method was applied to determine PR content (extraction recoveries) in the nanoemulsions and entrapment efficiencies.ResultsThe calibration curve for PR was linear in the range of 10–60 μg mL−1, with a determination coefficient (r2) which is higher than 0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 1.55 and 4.69 μg mL−1, respectively. The method was shown to be specific, precise [intraday, interday and reproducibility levels relative standard deviation < 3%] and accurate (between 91.90 ± 1.28% and 104.73 ± 0.60%). The extraction recoveries of PR in nanoemulsions were 97.07%, 96.64% and 103.54% at concentrations of 3, 6 and 9 mg mL−1, respectively. The entrapment efficiencies were nearly 100%, which agrees with the oil core location of PR in nanoemulsions.ConclusionThis developed method was confirmed to be rapid, simple, cost‐effective, specific, precise, accurate and suitable for determination of PR content in nanoemulsions and entrapment efficiencies.
Outcome of Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis Who Received Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Comparison With Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients
Authors: YUFU KUNIO , KONDO HIDEKAZU , SHINOHARA TETSUJI , KAWANO KYOKO , ISHII YUMI , MIYOSHI MIHO , IMAMURA TAKAAKI , SAITO SHOTARO , OKADA NORIHIRO , AKIOKA HIDEFUMI , TESHIMA YASUSHI , NAKAGAWA MIKIKO , TAKAHASHI NAOHIKO 
Published: November 2016

Cardiac Sarcoidosis and CRT OutcomeIntroductionCardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been shown to be effective for patients with chronic heart failure; however, the efficacy of CRT in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) has not been established.MethodsWe compared the outcomes of patients with CS who received CRT to patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The incidence of major adverse cerebral and cardiovascular events (MACCE) in 11 consecutive CS patients (8 females; mean age, 66 ± 8.0 years) who received CRT were compared with 29 DCM patients (9 females; mean age, 70 ± 8.9 years).ResultsFemales and patients with previous right ventricular pacing were largely included in the comparison of CS and DCM patients (P < 0.05 and P < 0.0001, respectively). During the mean follow‐up period (465 ± 383 days for CS and 729 ± 393 days for DCM), MACCE were evident in 9 patients (23%); specifically, 5 CS and 4 DCM patients developed MACCE (45% vs. 14%, P < 0.05), respectively. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis demonstrated that CS patients had a higher prevalence of MACCE than DCM patients (log rank = 6.306, P = 0.0120; and Wilcoxon = 7.1333, P = 0.0076). Based on univariate analysis, the etiology of CS was associated with MACCE.ConclusionOur results suggest that the long‐term outcome of CRT in patients with CS was very poor compared with DCM patients. Thus, caution should be exercised regarding the indication of CRT in patients with CS.