bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration of Gold Nanoparticles into NIR‐Radiation Curable Powder Resin
Authors: Schmitz Christian , Gökce Bilal , Jakobi Jurij , Barcikowski Stephan , Strehmel Bernd 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGold nanoparticles were integrated into a maleate polyester/vinylurethane powder coating by mixing the prepolymer with a colloid comprising either tetrahydrofurane or tripropyleneglycoldiacrylate as continuous phase. This slurry was extruded resulting in a homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles in the resin. Curing of the powder coating occurred by near infrared (NIR) photopolymerization. The initiator system comprised the heptamethine cyanine absorber S2265 and bis‐(4‐(t‐butyl)‐phenyl)iodonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide as radical initiator. The use of NIR‐LED arrays as a light source for photopolymerization of the powder coating is insufficient due to the low emission intensity. In addition, absorption and scattering of nanoparticles prevent penetration of excitation light in deeper layers of the molten coating. This avoids curing of deep layers in the curing sample. Nevertheless, exposure with IR radiators results in high conversions of cured powder resin even if nanoparticles were embedded. Such treatment also gives the possibility for simultaneous melting and spreading of the powder coating on the substrate resulting in a solidified film nearly by one process step. This new procedure demonstrates the facile integration of nanoparticles with plasmon resonance in the visible region into the solidified and filmed powder coating.
Psychological distress following crime victimization: An exploratory study from an agency perspective
Authors: Kunst M.J.J. , Koster N.N. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDeficits in recognition of suffering play a significant role in the etiology of psychological distress in crime victims. However, given the preliminary status of the literature, it seems necessary to take other factors into account as well. Starting from an agency perspective, this study explored three such factors: negative self‐attributions, peritraumatic distress, and early posttraumatic emotions. More specifically, this study explored whether the association between recognition deficits and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms observed in other studies could be replicated and, if so, whether this association was mediated by negative self‐attributions and would decrease in strength when taking into account the adverse roles of peritraumatic distress and early posttraumatic emotions. To address these questions, we used prospective data from 201 victims who had reported a crime to the Dutch police. Recognition deficits, negative self‐attributions, peritraumatic distress, and early posttraumatic emotions were assessed within 1 month after the crime report and PTSD symptoms 1 month later. Results indicated that the association between recognition deficits and PTSD symptoms was partly mediated by negative self‐attributions and that the strength of this association decreased when controlling for peritraumatic distress and early posttraumatic emotions.
Functional carbon nanodots for multiscale imaging and therapy
Authors: Ostadhossein Fatemeh , Pan Dipanjan 
Published: October 2016

As an emerging class of carbon nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) have garnered many researchers’ interests in the past decade due to their excellent biocompatibility, replete surface functional groups, water dispersibility, and unique photoluminescence. These extraordinary properties have opened new avenues for their advanced application in cell labeling, bioimaging, drug delivery, sensors, and energy‐related devices. In this paper, we critically review recent advances in the synthetic strategies and the application of CDs for biological purposes, specifically, imaging and therapy. Finally, a perspective has been given on the potential challenges facing the translation of these materials from the bench to the market. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1436. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1436This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing
Deformation Microstructure and Deformation-Induced Martensite in Austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys Depending on Stacking Fault Energy
Authors: Tian Ye , Gorbatov Oleg I. , Borgenstam Annika , Ruban Andrei V. , Hedström Peter 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The deformation microstructure of austenitic Fe-18Cr-(10-12)Ni (wt pct) alloys with low stacking fault energies, estimated by first-principles calculations, was investigated after cold rolling. The ɛ-martensite was found to play a key role in the nucleation of α′-martensite, and at low SFE, ɛ formation is frequent and facilitates nucleation of α′ at individual shear bands, whereas shear band intersections become the dominant nucleation sites for α′ when SFE increases and mechanical twinning becomes frequent.
Impinging planar jet flow on a horizontal surface with slip
Authors: Khayat Roger E. 
Published: October 2016

The flow of a planar jet (sheet) impinging onto a solid flat plate with slip is examined theoretically. The jet is assumed to spread out in a thin layer bounded by a hydraulic jump, and draining at the edge of the plate. In contrast to an adhering jet, a slipping jet does not admit a similarity solution. Taking advantage of the different scaling in each region, series expansions are used in the developing and fully viscous layers, which are matched at the transition point. We show that a slipping film exhibits a singularity in the normal stress at the leading edge of the boundary layer, as opposed to the singularity in velocity and shear stress for an adhering film. The boundary-layer and film heights are both found to decrease with slip relative to a smooth substrate, roughly like $\sqrt{30x/Re}-2S$, whereas the slip velocity intensifies like $S\sqrt{Re/30x}$ with slip. Here, $x$ is the distance along the plate, $S$ is the slip length and $Re$ is the Reynolds number (in units of the jet width). The transition is delayed by slip. Guided by the measurements of Duchesne et al. (Europhys. Lett., vol. 107, 2014, p. 54002) for a circular adhering jet, the hydraulic-jump height and location are determined for a planar jet, and are found to increase with the Froude number (flow rate) like $Fr^{1/4}$ and $Fr^{5/8}$ respectively, essentially independently of slip length.
Investigation of Nano-Mechanical and- Tribological Properties of Hydrogenated Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) Coatings
Authors: Jeng Y.-R. , Islam S. , Wu K-T. , Erdemir A. , Eryilmaz O. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHydrogenated diamond like Carbon (H-DLC) is a promising lubricious coating that attracted a great deal of interest in recent years mainly because of its outstanding tribological properties. In this study, the nano-mechanical and -tribological properties of a range of H-DLC films were investigated. Specifically, four kinds of H-DLC coatings were produced on Si substrates in pure acetylene, pure methane, 25% methane + 75% hydrogen, 50% methane + 50% hydrogen discharge plasmas using a plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) system. Nano indentation was performed to measure the mechanical properties such as hardness and young's modulus and nanoscartching was performed to investigate the frictional behavior and wear mechanism of the H-DLC samples in open air. Moreover, Vickers indentation method was utilized to assess the fracture toughness of the samples. The results revealed that there is a strong correlation between the mechanical properties (hardness, young's modulus, fracture toughness) and the friction coefficient of DLC coatings and the source gas chemistry. Lower hydrogen to carbon ratio in source gas leads to higher hardness, young's modulus, fracture toughness and lower friction coefficient. Furthermore, lower wear volume of the coated materials was observed when the friction coefficient was lower. It was also confirmed that lower hydrogen content of the DLC coating leads to higher wear resistance under nanoscratch conditions.
RESISTANCE OFSACCHARUMSPP. AGAINSTCHILO SACCHARIPHAGUS INDICUS(KAPUR) (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) IN INDIA
Authors: MAHESH P. , SRIKANTH J. , CHANDRAN K. , SINGARAVELU B. 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYAccessions of fourSaccharumspp. from the world collection of sugarcane germplasm maintained at the ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute Research Center, Kannur, Kerala State, India, were screened againstChilo sacchariphagus indicus(Kapur) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), commonly known as internode borer. Observations on the progression of borer attack in the most susceptibleSaccharum officinarumindicated that the incidence began in the first fortnight of July, increased in the next 2 months and reached its peak in September. Thereafter, the incidence decreased in the next 2 months but reached its overall peak in December. Simple correlation coefficients between mean monthly weather parameters and borer incidence were not significant. Percent of canes attacked was significantly lower in 2011 than in 2012 forS. officinarum,Saccharum barberiandSaccharum sinensebut did not differ between the years forSaccharum robustum. Amongst the fourSaccharumspp.,S. robustumshowed the lowest borer incidence whereasS. officinarumrecorded the lowest attack intensity. Whilst infestation index showed the same trend as percent canes attacked, percent deadhearts did not differ amongst the fourSaccharumspp. Considering the 171 accessions evaluated, 29 (16.9%) accessions were resistant, 39 (22.8%) moderately resistant and 103 (60.2%) susceptible to internode borer. Out of the 39 accessions ofS. officinarum, none occupied the resistant category whereas 17.9% were in the moderately resistant category. InS. robustum, whilst nearly half (44.5%) the accessions emerged as resistant, a considerable number occupied the moderately resistant category. InS. barberi, no accession was resistant to the borer. InS. sinense, only one accession each represented resistant and moderately resistant categories. Plant morphological characters, yield and quality parameters did not show clear-cut relationship with the three infestation parameters.
ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY CSDP MISSIONS: AVAILABLE AND SUFFICIENT?
Authors: Johansen Stian Øby 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article demonstrates that it is doubtful whether the accountability mechanisms available in connection with operative missions conducted under the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) provide a sufficient level of protection when human rights are violated. The assessment of the CSDP accountability mechanisms—the Court of Justice of the European Union, domestic courts of EU Member States, and other mechanisms at the international level—is conducted in light of the requirements laid down in Article 13 of the European Convention of Human Rights. The consequences of the insufficiency of these mechanisms for the EU's accession to the ECHR are also touched upon.
Trade Facilitation: An Assessment of South African Experiences vis-à-vis WTO Disciplines
Authors: Khanderia Saloni 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDespite an array of trade reforms undertaken to integrate the country into the international community, South Africa's performance in international trade has remained dismal, primarily due to its customs procedures and documentation, coupled with resulting high transaction costs. The facilitation of trade and integration into the international community has therefore been a challenging issue for South Africa. Recently, the republic has embarked upon reforming its existing customs regimes, by enacting new legislation that will replace the prevailing Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964. This article attempts to analyse how far these reforms will adhere to the World Trade Organization's disciplines on trade facilitation that call for harmonization and simplification of customs related rules. The author evaluates the provisions of this new legislation in order to assess whether South Africa is ready to undertake the obligations imposed by the Agreement on Trade Facilitation.
Nematode infection patterns in a Neotropical lizard species from an insular mountain habitat in Brazil
Authors: Václav A.B.H.P. , Anjos L.A. , Queiróz M.S. , Nascimento L.B. , Galdino C.A.B. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNeotropical lizards are known to harbour rich nematode parasite faunas; however, knowledge of the diversity and patterns of infection are still lacking for many species. This is true for the genusTropidurus,in which data on patterns of parasitism are known for only approximately 11 of its 30 species. We show that the nematode fauna associated with a population ofTropidurus montanusis composed of three species of host-generalist parasites with high overall prevalence. Male and female lizards did not differ in infection pattern and there was no relationship between host body size and intensity of infection for the most prevalent parasite species. Nevertheless, overall prevalence changed seasonally, with a higher proportion of parasitized individuals being found in the dry period than in the rainy period. We discuss our findings in the context of diet patterns ofT. montanus,which we suggest may explain the similarities in prevalence and intensity of infection between the sexes. In addition, seasonal changes in diet are considered to be related to the observed differences in prevalence between dry and rainy periods.
Comparison between merthiolate–iodine–formalin and Kato–Katz methods for the diagnosis of human helminth infections in resource-limited settings
Authors: Incani R.N. , Homan T. , Pinelli E. , Mughini-Gras L. , Guevara H. , Jesus J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDiagnosis of intestinal parasites through examination of fresh faecal samples is hampered by its unpleasantness and the urgent need to detect all parasitic forms. In this paper, we compared the standard Kato–Katz (KK) technique with a traditional fixation method, the merthiolate–iodine–formalin (MIF) method. Two hundred and twenty-seven faecal samples from individuals living in a rural setting in Venezuela with high to moderate prevalences ofAscaris lumbricoides(Al),Trichuris trichiura(Tt) and hookworm infections were examined. The ‘gold standard’ used here was derived from the combination of the outcomes from both methods. KK performed better at detectingTt, and showed higher sensitivity and negative predictive value for bothTtandAl, probably due to a higher capacity of KK to detect low parasite loads. Both methods showed an almost perfect agreement using the Kappa index. MIF provided a higher median of parasitic loads for low and total egg counts for the three helminths. Differentiating fertile from infertile eggs ofAldid not affect the results; infertile eggs were present only at low and intermediate parasitic loads, but absent at high loads. KK was not able to detect high loads of any of the helminths. MIF allowed for the detection of other helminths, such asStrongyloides stercoralis, and protozoan infections, for which KK is not specific. In conclusion, MIF is a simple and inexpensive technique that performs competitively with KK in both laboratory and field work on intestinal helminths, particularly in resource-limited settings.
Ecology and demography of the Critically Endangered Kandian torrent toadAdenomus kandianus: a long-lost endemic species of Sri Lanka
Authors: Karunarathna Suranjan , Henkanaththegedara Sujan , Gabadage Dinesh , Botejue Madhava , Madawala Majintha , Surasinghe Thilina D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe tropical island nation of Sri Lanka is a biodiversity hotspot with a high diversity and endemism of amphibians. The endemic, stream-dwelling Kandian torrent toadAdenomus kandianusis Critically Endangered and was considered to be extinct until its rediscovery in 2012. The species is now known from two localities in tropical montane forests. We conducted a 4-year study using transect surveys and opportunistic excursions to assess habitat associations, demographics and abundance ofA. kandianusin and around Pidurutalagala Conservation Forest. We recorded a mean of 44.25 post-metamorphs per year, with a density of < 1 individual per 100 m2, with occurrence within a narrow extent (c. 0.005 km2) of the stream channel. Behaviour and microhabitat selection varied depending on sex and stage of maturity. The species preferred moderately sized montane streams with rocky substrates and woody debris, colder temperatures, and closed-canopy, intact riparian forests. We noted size-based reversed sexual dimorphism and a strong ontogenetic relationship between snout–vent length and body weight. Anthropogenic activities such as intensive crop farming deterred the species; proximity to croplands had a negative influence on abundance. We recommend re-delineation of the boundary of Pidurutalagala Conservation Forest to incorporate the toad's habitat into the core of the reserve and thus limit the impacts of human activities. Conservation and management actions such as ex-situ breeding, population monitoring, and restoration of degraded habitats could also contribute towards the persistence of this toad. Our findings provide useful insights into ecological research on and conservation of range-restricted aquatic amphibians.
Recent and future threats to the Endangered Cuban toad Peltophryne longinasus: potential additive impacts of climate change and habitat loss
Authors: Cobos Marlon E. , Alonso Bosch Roberto 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHabitat loss and climate change are major threats to amphibian species worldwide. We combined niche modelling under various climatic scenarios with analysis of habitat loss and the appropriateness of Cuban protected areas to identify major risk zones for the Endangered Cuban toad Peltophryne longinasus. Four subspecies with disjunct distributions associated with mountain forests are recognized. Our results suggest that the western subspecies, P. longinasus longinasus and P. longinasus cajalbanensis, are at risk from global warming, habitat degradation and potential additive effects. Peltophryne longinasus dunni, in central Cuba, has the lowest threat level related to climate change and habitat loss but could become increasingly threatened by the presence of the infectious disease chytridiomycosis. The eastern subspecies, P. longinasus ramsdeni, faces moderate impacts of climate change and habitat loss; however, low opportunity of migration to new areas and population decline justify a high threatened status for this subspecies. Our results predict minor temperature increases and precipitation decreases in the future. Nevertheless, at the biological level these changes could generate variations in species physiology, vocal behaviour and prey availability, and could probably increase the risk of predation. In Cuba protected areas have contributed to avoiding excessive forest loss but the potential impact of climate change was not considered in their original design. Our findings confirm that all subspecies of P. longinasus are threatened but management measures should be tailored according to the various predicted impacts.
How rare is rare? Quantifying and assessing the rarity of the bush dog Speothos venaticus across the Amazon and other biomes
Authors: de Oliveira Tadeu G. , Michalski Fernanda , Botelho André L. M. , Michalski Lincoln J. , Calouro Armando M. , Desbiez Arnaud L. J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe bush dog Speothos venaticus is a medium-sized Neotropical canid. It is considered to be rare and its biology and population parameters are still poorly understood. The Amazon is one of the main strongholds of this species and is important for maintaining viable populations, as the region still holds extensive tracts of pristine habitat. We gathered field data from camera-trap studies throughout the Brazilian Amazon to estimate the relative abundance of the species and gain an understanding of its rarity, and how this compares with estimates from other vegetative formations and for sympatric hypercarnivores. We focused on three pristine or partially disturbed sites and one fragmented site. The estimated relative abundance of the species was 0.060–0.185 individuals per 100 trap-days, confirming that the species is rare. The bush dog's abundance in the Amazon is equivalent to that in all other areas outside the Basin. The mean group size recorded was c. 2.5 individuals. There were no differences in group sizes between forests in the Amazon and in other regions of Central America; however, there were significant differences between forests and open habitats. A combination of competition/predation, habitat structure/integrity, and disease may be acting synergistically in determining the abundance and rarity of bush dogs.
Are corridors good for tigersPanthera tigrisbut bad for people? An assessment of the Khata corridor in lowland Nepal
Authors: Wegge Per , Yadav Shailendra Kumar , Lamichhane Babu Ram 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAs part of a landscape-scale programme for conserving tigersPanthera tigristhe Khata corridor was established between Bardia National Park in Nepal and Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary in India in early 2000. We examined its functionality by comparing the status of tigers and prey in the corridor and in the adjacent National Park, using camera trapping, transect sampling and diet analysis of scats. Tiger movement was inferred from the photographs, and tiger–human conflict was assessed by means of questionnaires and interviews. The corridor harboured transient individuals as well as resident, breeding tigers. Tigers with core areas in the corridor were also recorded in the two protected areas, and vice versa. Wild prey was 3–4 times more abundant in the area of the National Park bordering the corridor than in the corridor itself, and domestic livestock constituted 12–15% of the tigers’ food in the corridor. Livestock losses and human fatalities or injuries were relatively low compared to within the buffer zones of the National Parks. Despite such problems and restrictions on grazing and extraction of natural resources, local residents were generally positive towards tigers and the corridor. The successful establishment of the corridor and the positive attitudes of local people were attributable to community development programmes initiated to compensate for the imposed restrictions, financed by the government and national and international organizations. By linking Bardia National Park and Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary via the Khata corridor, a protected tiger landscape of c. 3,000 km2was established in west-central Nepal and northern India.
Attitudes and perceived barriers to women participating in a proposed community-based conservation programme in Belize
Authors: Kaeser Amanda S. , Willcox Adam S. , Panti Nidia C. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMany global efforts to decrease deforestation have focused on community-based conservation programmes to reach their goals. However, many such programmes are lacking a potentially helpful population, women. We employed key-informant interviews to examine attitudes towards, and barriers to, women's participation in a community-based conservation programme prior to implementation. We conducted 47 semi-structured interviews in January 2015 in communities adjacent to the Vaca Forest Reserve in the Cayo District of Belize. Results indicated that the benefits of involving women in community-based conservation activities included them learning more about the forest and conservation, transferring this knowledge to their family and community, and helping the environment. Some possible barriers to participation included lack of time and motivation to participate. However, there were notable differences between men's and women's responses relating to women's available time and their willingness to participate, with men not mentioning time as a barrier and stating that women would need more motivation to participate. The results will be used to work with local women to collaboratively develop and implement a community-based conservation programme around the Vaca Forest Reserve.