bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Just Google it: assessing the use of Google Images to describe geographical variation in visible traits of organisms
Authors: Leighton Gabriella R. M. , Hugo Pierre S. , Roulin Alexandre , Amar Arjun 
Published: May 2016

Summary

Describing spatial patterns of phenotypic traits can be important for evolutionary and ecological studies. However, traditional approaches, such as fieldwork, can be time‐consuming and expensive. Information technologies, such as Internet search engines, could facilitate the collection of these data. Google Images is one such technology that might offer an opportunity to rapidly collect information on spatial patterns of phenotypic traits.

We investigated the use of Google Images in extracting data on geographical variation in phenotypic traits visible from photographs. We compared the distribution of visual traits obtained from Google Images with four previous studies: colour morphs of black bear (Ursus americanus); colouration and spottiness in barn owl (Tyto alba); colour morphs of black sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus) and the distribution of hooded (Corvus corone) and carrion crows (Corvus cornix) across their European hybrid zone. Additionally, we develop and present a web application (Morphic), which facilitates the human data capture process of this method.

We found good agreement between fieldwork data and Google Images data across all studies. Indeed, there was strong agreement between the data obtained from the original study and from the Google Images method for the colour morphs of black bear (R2 = 80%) and for two barn owl plumage traits (R2 = 64% and 53%). Our approach also successfully matched the clinal variation of black sparrowhawks morphs across South Africa. Our method also gave a good agreement between the distribution of hooded and carrion crows (with 86% placed on the correct side of the hybrid zone line).

Our results suggest that this method can work well for visible traits of common and widespread species that are objective, binary, and easy to see irrespective of angle. The Google Images method is cost‐effective and rapid and can be used with some confidence when investigating patterns of geographical variation, as well as a range of other applications. In many cases, it could therefore supplement or replace fieldwork.
Smoking history, nicotine dependence and opioid use in patients with chronic non‐malignant pain
Authors: Plesner K. , Jensen H. I. , Højsted J. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated a positive association between smoking and addiction to opioids in patients with chronic non‐malignant pain. This could be explained by a susceptibility in some patients to develop addiction. Another explanation could be that nicotine influences both pain and the opioid system. The objective of the study was to investigate whether smoking, former smoking ± nicotine use and nicotine dependence in patients with chronic non‐malignant pain were associated with opioid use and addiction to opioids.MethodsThe study was a cross‐sectional study carried out at a multidisciplinary Danish pain centre. All patients aged 18 or more in treatment at the pain centre on the 1st of September 2013 were invited to participate in the study.ResultsA total of 98 patients (65%) participated in the study. The prevalence of current smokers was twice as high as in the general population. The prevalence of patients using opioids was 54% and the prevalence of addiction to opioids was 6%. No significant differences in addiction were found between the different smoking groups, but smokers and former smokers using nicotine tended to use opioids more frequently and at higher doses than never smokers and former smokers not using nicotine.ConclusionsThe study supports previous evidence that smoking is associated with chronic pain. Our data suggest that information about use of nicotine substitution in chronic non‐malignant patients are relevant both in a clinical setting, but also in future studies of the association between smoking habits, pain and opioid use.
Prospective observational study of conjunctival scarring after phacoemulsification
Authors: Gozawa Makoto , Takamura Yoshihiro , Miyake Seiji , Yokota Satoshi , Sakashita Masanori , Arimura Shogo , Takihara Yuji , Inatani Masaru 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPurposeTo examine whether anterior segment‐optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) can detect conjunctival scarring after transscleral phacoemulsification and whether temporal transscleral phacoemulsification causes scarring in the superior conjunctiva.MethodsTransscleral phacoemulsification was performed in the superior conjunctiva (superior incision group) or the temporal conjunctiva (temporal incision group). Anterior segment‐optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) images of the superior conjunctiva were obtained before and after surgery. We quantified the thickness of the conjunctiva and preservation rates of the borderlines among the subconjunctival layers. The relationship between the AS‐OCT images and histology was evaluated in rabbit eyes with phacoemulsification.ResultsEach group comprised 25 patients. At ≤1 month after surgery, the superior conjunctiva was significantly thicker in the superior incision group than the temporal incision group (1 day, 7 days, and 1 month after surgery; p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.001 respectively); however, there were no significant differences between the two groups at ≥2 months. The borderline of the conjunctival stroma/Tenon's capsule and the borderline of the Tenon's capsule/sclera were preserved significantly better in the temporal incision group after surgery (p < 0.0001). The cell densities in the conjunctiva of the rabbit temporal incision group were unchanged after surgery, whereas the rabbit superior incision group had significantly more neutrophils (p = 0.0001) and myofibroblasts (p < 0.0001) in the superior conjunctiva than the temporal incision group.ConclusionsAnterior segment‐optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) images can detect conjunctival scarring after transscleral phacoemulsification. The layer structures in the superior conjunctiva are unaffected by temporal transscleral incision.
Strong independent association between obesity and essential hypertension
Authors: Movahed M. R. , Lee J. Z. , Lim W. Y. , Hashemzadeh M. , Hashemzadeh M. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryObesity and hypertension (HTN) are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Association between obesity and HTN has not been studied in a large populations following adjustment for comorbidities. The goal of this study was to evaluate any association between obesity and HTN after adjusting for baseline characteristics. We used ICD‐9 codes for obesity and HTN from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) databases. Two randomly selected years, 1992 and 2002, were chosen from the databases as two independent samples. We used uni‐ and multivariable analysis to study any correlation between obesity and HTN. The 1992 database contained a total of 6,195,744 patients. HTN was present in 37.2 % of patients with obesity versus 12% of the control group (OR: 4.36, CI 4.30–4.42, P < 0.001). The 2002 database contained a total of 7,153,982 patients. HTN was present in 50.7% of patients with obesity versus 25.6% of the control group (OR: 2.98, CI 2.96–3.00, P < 0.001). Using multivariable analysis adjusting for gender, hyperlipidaemia, age, smoking, type 2 diabetes and chronic renal failure, obesity remained correlated with HTN in both years (1992: OR 2.69, CI 2.67–2.72, P < 0.001; 2002: OR 2.98, CI 2.96–3.00, P < 0.001). The presence of obesity was found to be strongly and independently associated with HTN. The cause of this correlation is not known warranting further investigation.
Differences in the socio‐economic distribution of inflammatory bowel disease and microscopic colitis
Authors: Sonnenberg A. , Turner K. O. , Genta R. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and microscopic colitis are characterized by different geographical distributions across the USA. In this cross‐sectional study we utilized demographic and socio‐economic information associated with individual ZIP codes to further delineate the epidemiological characteristics of the two diseases.MethodA total of 813 057 patients who underwent colonoscopy between 2008 and 2014 were extracted from an electronic database of histopathology reports. The prevalence of patients with IBD or microscopic colitis was expressed as percentage of the population associated with specific demographic (age, sex, ethnicity) and socio‐economic characteristics (population size, housing value, annual income, tertiary education).ResultsBoth diseases were more common among subjects from ZIP codes with predominantly White residents and less common among subjects from ZIP codes with predominantly non‐White residents such as Black, Hispanic and Asian. These ethnic variations were more pronounced in microscopic colitis than IBD. Markers of affluence, such as average residential house value and annual income, were positively associated with IBD and negatively with microscopic colitis. The prevalence of both diseases was positively correlated with tertiary education.ConclusionThe occurrence of both IBD and microscopic colitis is influenced by environmental risk factors. The differences in the demographic, ethnic and socio‐economic distributions of the two diseases suggest that different sets of risk factors affect the two diseases and that their aetiology is unrelated.
Current land use is a poor predictor of hellbender occurrence: why assumptions matter when predicting distributions of data‐deficient species
Authors: Bodinof Jachowski Catherine M. , Millspaugh Joshua J. , Hopkins William A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimUnderstanding species distributions is fundamental to effective conservation planning. Data deficiency is common among rare and imperiled species and poses challenges for conservation planning because status assessments become reliant on scant data that can introduce bias. We used occupancy modelling to evaluate support for commonly accepted, but previously untested, hypotheses regarding factors that drive the occurrence of an imperiled and data‐deficient amphibian, the eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). We investigated the potential for mismatch between areas likely to be identified as having high conservation priority based on the common assumption that hellbender occurrence corresponds to areas of high forest cover and those identified by well‐informed models.LocationSouth‐west Virginia, USA.MethodsWe conducted triplicate surveys to detect C. alleganiensis in 49 stream reaches stratified across a land use gradient and two major drainages. We used a Bayesian multimodel framework to investigate factors associated with C. alleganiensis occupancy. We used the best‐performing models to predict probability of occupancy at the scale of a 50‐m stream reach throughout our study area and identify areas most likely to be occupied.ResultsOccurrence of C. alleganiensis was explained primarily by differences in underlying geology and topography (i.e. physiography) and negative effects of agriculture were only modestly supported. Best‐performing models suggested ~ 35% of our study area was occupied. Our findings suggest that predictions from models informed by presence‐only data and current land use would likely underestimate C. alleganiensis occupancy by as much as one‐third and incorrectly classify over half the currently occupied area to be of little importance to the species.Main conclusionOur study highlights the potential danger of assuming that the distribution of data‐deficient species can be approximated using untested, but commonly accepted, species–habitat associations.
Secondary school teachers and mental health competence: Italy–United Kingdom comparison
Authors: Monducci Elena , Battaglia Claudia , Forte Alberto , Masillo Alice , Telesforo Ludovica , Carlotto Alessandra , Piazzi Gioia , Patanè Martina , De Angelis Giulia , Romano Antonio , Fagioli Francesca , Girardi Paolo , Cocchi Angelo , Meneghelli Anna , Alpi Andrea , Pafumi Nicoletta , Moreno Granados Noelia , Preti Antonio , Masolo Francesca , Benzoni Stefano , Cavenaghi Sonia , Molteni Ilaria , Salvadori Lavinia , Solbiati Sara , Costantino Antonella , Di Lauro Rosalba , Piccinini Annachiara , Collins Eade Amanda , Holmshaw Janet , Fiori Nastro Paolo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the differences between teachers' knowledge about early psychosis among three different Italian cities and a UK sample.MethodsThe sample consisted of 556 secondary school teachers from three different cities in Italy (Milan, Rome and Lamezia Terme) and London (UK). The research was based on the Knowledge and Experience of Social Emotional Difficulties Among Young People Questionnaire. The Italian version of the questionnaire was used in Italy.ResultsOverall, 67.6% of English teachers, 58.5% of Milan's teachers, 41.8% of Rome's teachers and 33.3% of Lamezia Terme's teachers were able to recognize psychotic symptoms from a case vignette. Logistic regression analysis showed that ‘city’ was the only independent variable significantly related to the correct/wrong answer about diagnosis.ConclusionsWe found statistically significant differences between the three Italian samples and the UK sample regarding teachers' knowledge about first signs of psychosis. English teachers showed a better knowledge than Italian teachers in general. Teachers from Milan, where a specific early detection program was established in 2000, seemed to be more familiar with early signs of psychosis than teachers in the other two Italian towns.
Adolescent construction of mental illness: implication for engagement and treatment
Authors: Chisholm Katharine , Patterson Paul , Greenfield Sheila , Turner Erin , Birchwood Max 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimsUnderstanding how adolescents perceive mental illness is important for clinicians wishing to improve engagement, and for the development of educational programmes and health‐behaviour directed policies. The current research aimed to develop a preliminary model of how adolescents perceive mental illness and construct their understanding of mental health.MethodForty‐six participants aged 11–18 from six schools in Birmingham, UK, took part in one of 12 group interviews.ResultsA thematic analysis highlighted a dual perception of mental illness. Adolescents discussed stereotypes and extreme examples of illness, but also displayed an insightful understanding of mental distress which had developed through participants' own experiences. Participants attempted to reconcile and negotiate these conflicting perceptions by creating distinctions between concepts of ‘craziness’ and ‘normality’, and reported experiencing negative emotions relating to both perceptions of illness.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that once media stereotypes have been acknowledged, adolescents demonstrate a relatively sophisticated understanding of mental illness, although one which differed at times from the diagnostic medical model of mental illness. Focusing on individual symptoms, prevalence rates and prior contact adolescents have had with individuals with mental illnesses provides a framework to discuss mental health and ill‐health with adolescents.
Can trans‐generational experiments be used to enhance species resilience to ocean warming and acidification?
Authors: Chakravarti Leela J. , Jarrold Michael D. , Gibbin Emma M. , Christen Felix , Massamba‐N'Siala Gloria , Blier Pierre U. , Calosi Piero 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHuman‐assisted, trans‐generational exposure to ocean warming and acidification has been proposed as a conservation and/or restoration tool to produce resilient offspring. To improve our understanding of the need for and the efficacy of this approach, we characterized life‐history and physiological responses in offspring of the marine polychaete Ophryotrocha labronica exposed to predicted ocean warming (OW: + 3°C), ocean acidification (OA: pH −0.5) and their combination (OWA: + 3°C, pH −0.5), following the exposure of their parents to either control conditions (within‐generational exposure) or the same conditions (trans‐generational exposure). Trans‐generational exposure to OW fully alleviated the negative effects of within‐generational exposure to OW on fecundity and egg volume and was accompanied by increased metabolic activity. While within‐generational exposure to OA reduced juvenile growth rates and egg volume, trans‐generational exposure alleviated the former but could not restore the latter. Surprisingly, exposure to OWA had no negative impacts within‐ or trans‐generationally. Our results highlight the potential for trans‐generational laboratory experiments in producing offspring that are resilient to OW and OA. However, trans‐generational exposure does not always appear to improve traits and therefore may not be a universally useful tool for all species in the face of global change.
Threatened and invasive reptiles are not two sides of the same coin
Authors: Tingley Reid , Mahoney Peter J. , Durso Andrew M. , Tallian Aimee G. , Morán‐Ordóñez Alejandra , Beard Karen H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimThe ‘two sides of the same coin’ hypothesis posits that biological traits that predispose species to extinction and invasion lie on opposite ends of a continuum. Conversely, anthropogenic factors may have similar effects on extinction and invasion risk. We test these two hypotheses using data on more than 1000 reptile species.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe used hierarchical Bayesian models to determine whether biological traits and anthropogenic factors were correlated with whether a species was: (1) listed as Threatened versus Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, and (2) successful versus unsuccessful at establishing a viable population once introduced outside of its native geographical range. The ‘two sides of the same coin’ hypothesis predicts that model coefficients for each trait should be opposite in sign between these two models.ResultsSeventy‐three per cent of model coefficients describing 10 aspects of a species’ life history, ecology, biogeography and environmental niche breadth were opposite in sign between the two groups; however, most effect sizes for variables that showed contrasting relationships were small and/or uncertain. The only exception was body size: larger‐bodied species were more likely to be threatened, whereas smaller‐bodied species were more likely to be invasive. As predicted, human population density across a species’ native geographical range was positively correlated with both threat and invasion probabilities. Other anthropogenic variables did not have strong analogous effects.Main conclusionsThe assumption that threatened and invasive species lie on opposite ends of a continuum, while consistent with life‐history theory, appears to be an oversimplification. Our results do suggest, however, that anthropogenic variables can be important predictors of a species’ fate, and should be more routinely incorporated in trait‐based analyses of extinction and invasion risk.
Designing Institutions for Social Dilemmas
Authors: Rockenbach Bettina , Wolff Irenaeus 
Published: May 2016

AbstractConsiderable experimental evidence has been collected on rules enhancing contributions in public goods dilemmas. These studies either confront subjects with prespecified rules or have subjects choose between different rule environments. In this paper, we completely endogenize the institution design process by asking subjects to design and repeatedly improve rule sets for a public goods problem in order to investigate which rules social planners facing a social dilemma ‘invent’ and how these rules develop over time. We make several noteworthy observations, in particular the strong and successful use of framing, the concealment of individual contribution information and the decreasing use of punishment.
PEPDar: A randomized prospective noninferiority study of ritonavir‐boosted darunavir for HIV post‐exposure prophylaxis
Authors: Fätkenheuer G , Jessen H , Stoehr A , Jung N , Jessen AB , Kümmerle T , Berger M , Bogner JR , Spinner CD , Stephan C , Degen O , Vogelmann R , Spornraft‐Ragaller P , Schnaitmann E , Jensen B , Ulmer A , Kittner JM , Härter G , Malfertheiner P , Rockstroh J , Knecht G , Scholten S , Harrer T , Kern WV , Salzberger B , Schürmann D , Ranneberg B 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesPEPDar compared the tolerability and safety of ritonavir‐boosted darunavir (DRV/r)‐based post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with the tolerability and safety of standard of care (SOC). The primary endpoint was the early discontinuation rate among the per‐protocol population.MethodsPEPDar was an open‐label, randomized, multicentre, prospective, noninferiority safety study. Subjects were stratified by type of event (occupational vs. nonoccupational, i.e. sexual) and were randomized to receive DRV/r plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) or SOC PEP. Twenty‐two private or university HIV clinics in Germany participated. Subjects were ≥ 18 years old and had documented or potential HIV exposure and indication for HIV PEP. They initiated PEP not later than 72 h after the event and were HIV negative.ResultsA total of 324 subjects were screened, the per‐protocol population was 305, and 273 subjects completed the study. One hundred and fifty‐five subjects received DRV/r‐based PEP and 150 subjects received ritonavir‐boosted lopinavir (LPV/r)‐based PEP for 28–30 days; 298 subjects also received tenofovir/emtricitabine. The early discontinuation rate in the DRV/r arm was 6.5% compared with 10.0% in the SOC arm (P = 0.243). Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported in 68% of DRV/r subjects and 75% of SOC subjects (P = 0.169). Fewer DRV/r subjects (16.1%) had at least one grade 2 or 3 ADR compared with SOC subjects (29.3%) (P = 0.006). All grades of diarrhoea, nausea, and sleep disorders were significantly less frequent with DRV/r, while headache was significantly more frequent. No HIV seroconversion was reported during follow‐up.ConclusionsNoninferiority of DRV/r to SOC was demonstrated. DRV/r should be included as a standard component of recommended regimens in PEP guidelines.
Submixture model to predict nepheline precipitation in waste glasses
Authors: Vienna John D. , Kroll Jared O. , Hrma Pavel R. , Lang Jesse B. , Crum Jarrod V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHigh‐alumina high‐level waste (HLW) glasses are prone to nepheline precipitation during canister‐centerline cooling (CCC). If sufficient nepheline forms, the chemical durability of the glass will be significantly impacted. Overly conservative constraints have been developed and used to avoid the deleterious effects of nepheline formation in U.S. HLW glasses. The constraints used have been shown to significantly limit the loading of waste in glass at Hanford and therefore the cost and schedule of cleanup. A 90‐glass study was performed to develop an improved understanding of the impacts of glass composition on the formation of nepheline during CCC. The CCC crystallinity data from these glasses were combined with 657 glasses found in the literature. The trends showed significant effects of Na2O, Al2O3, SiO2, B2O3, CaO, Li2O, and potentially K2O on the propensity for nepheline formation. A pseudo‐ternary submixture model was proposed to identify the glass composition region prone to nepheline precipitation. This pseudo‐ternary with axes of SiO2 + 1.98B2O3, Na2O + 0.653Li2O + 0.158CaO, and Al2O3 was found to divide glasses that precipitate nepheline during CCC from those that do not. Application of this constraint is anticipated to increase the loading of Hanford high‐alumina HLWs in glass by roughly one‐third.