bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Requirements of Escherichia coli in Intracellular Bacterial Communities during Urinary Tract Infection Pathogenesis
Authors: Conover Matt S. , Hadjifrangiskou Maria , Palermo Joseph J. , Hibbing Michael E. , Dodson Karen W. , Hultgren Scott J. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC) is the primary etiological agent of over 85% of community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs). Mouse models of infection have shown that UPEC can invade bladder epithelial cells in a type 1 pilus-dependent mechanism, avoid a TLR4-mediated exocytic process, and escape into the host cell cytoplasm. The internalized UPEC can clonally replicate into biofilm-like intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) of thousands of bacteria while avoiding many host clearance mechanisms. Importantly, IBCs have been documented in urine from women and children suffering acute UTI. To understand this protected bacterial niche, we elucidated the transcriptional profile of bacteria within IBCs using microarrays. We delineated the upregulation within the IBC of genes involved in iron acquisition, metabolism, and transport. Interestingly,
lacZ
was highly upregulated, suggesting that bacteria were sensing and/or utilizing a galactoside for metabolism in the IBC. A Δ
lacZ
strain displayed significantly smaller IBCs than the wild-type strain and was attenuated during competitive infection with a wild-type strain. Similarly, a
galK
mutant resulted in smaller IBCs and attenuated infection. Further, analysis of the highly upregulated gene
yeaR
revealed that this gene contributes to oxidative stress resistance and type 1 pilus production. These results suggest that bacteria within the IBC are under oxidative stress and, consistent with previous reports, utilize nonglucose carbon metabolites. Better understanding of the bacterial mechanisms used for IBC development and establishment of infection may give insights into development of novel anti-virulence strategies.

IMPORTANCE
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections, impacting mostly women. Every year, millions of UTIs occur in the U.S. with most being caused by uropathogenic
E. coli
(UPEC). During a UTI, UPEC invade bladder cells and form an intracellular bacterial community (IBC) that allows for the bacteria to replicate protected from the host immune response. In this study, we investigated genes that are expressed by UPEC within the IBC and determined how they contribute to the formation of this specialized community. Our findings suggest that galactose is important for UPEC growth in the IBC. Additionally, we found that a gene involved in oxidative stress is also important in the regulation of a key factor needed for UPEC invasion of bladder cells. These results may open the door for the development of treatments to diminish UTI frequency and/or severity.
Ralstonia solanacearum Type III Effector RipAY Is a Glutathione-Degrading Enzyme That Is Activated by Plant Cytosolic Thioredoxins and Suppresses Plant Immunity
Authors: Mukaihara Takafumi , Hatanaka Tadashi , Nakano Masahito , Oda Kenji 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

The plant pathogen
Ralstonia solanacearum
uses a large repertoire of type III effector proteins to succeed in infection. To clarify the function of effector proteins in host eukaryote cells, we expressed effectors in yeast cells and identified seven effector proteins that interfere with yeast growth. One of the effector proteins, RipAY, was found to share homology with the ChaC family proteins that function as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases, which degrade glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide that plays important roles in the plant immune system. RipAY significantly inhibited yeast growth and simultaneously induced rapid GSH depletion when expressed in yeast cells. The
in vitro
GSH degradation activity of RipAY is specifically activated by eukaryotic factors in the yeast and plant extracts. Biochemical purification of the yeast protein identified that RipAY is activated by thioredoxin TRX2. On the other hand, RipAY was not activated by bacterial thioredoxins. Interestingly, RipAY was activated by plant
h
-type thioredoxins that exist in large amounts in the plant cytosol, but not by chloroplastic
m
-,
f
-,
x
-,
y
- and
z
-type thioredoxins, in a thiol-independent manner. The transient expression of RipAY decreased the GSH level in plant cells and affected the flg22-triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) marker genes in
Nicotiana benthamiana
leaves. These results indicate that RipAY is activated by host cytosolic thioredoxins and degrades GSH specifically in plant cells to suppress plant immunity.

IMPORTANCE
Ralstonia solanacearum
is the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease of plants. This pathogen injects virulence effector proteins into host cells to suppress disease resistance responses of plants. In this article, we report a biochemical activity of
R. solanacearum
effector protein RipAY. RipAY can degrade GSH, a tripeptide that plays important roles in the plant immune system, with its γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase activity. The high GSH degradation activity of RipAY is considered to be a good weapon for this bacterium to suppress plant immunity. However, GSH also plays important roles in bacterial tolerance to various stresses and growth. Interestingly, RipAY has an excellent safety mechanism to prevent unwanted firing of its enzyme activity in bacterial cells because RipAY is specifically activated by host eukaryotic thioredoxins. This study also reveals a novel host plant protein acting as a molecular switch for effector activation.
Are parents’ anxiety and depression related to child fussy eating?
Authors: de Barse Lisanne M , Cardona Cano Sebastian , Jansen Pauline W , Jaddoe Vincent V W , Verhulst Frank C , Franco Oscar H , Tiemeier Henning , Tharner Anne 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo examine the association between parental anxiety and depression with child fussy eating—that is, consistent rejection of particular food items.DesignThis study was embedded in Generation R, a prospective cohort from fetal life onwards in the Netherlands.SettingPopulation-based.Participants4746 4-year-old children and their parents.ExposureParental internalising problems (ie, symptoms of anxiety and depression) were assessed with the Brief Symptoms Inventory during pregnancy and the preschool period (child age 3 years).Main outcome measureThe food fussiness scale of the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire.ResultsMaternal anxiety during pregnancy and during the child's preschool period was related to higher food fussiness sum-scores in children. For instance, per point on the anxiety scale in pregnancy, children had on average a 1.02 higher sum-score (95% CI 0.59 to 1.46) on the food fussiness scale, after adjustment for confounders. Likewise, mothers’ depressive symptoms at both time points were associated with fussy eating behaviour in their children (eg, in the antenatal period: per point on the depression scale, children had a 0.91 point higher sum-score on the food fussiness scale, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.33). We found largely similar associations between fathers’ internalising problems and children's fussy eating. However, fathers’ anxiety during the antenatal period was not related to child fussy eating.ConclusionsMaternal and paternal internalising problems were prospectively associated with fussy eating in preschoolers. Healthcare practitioners should be aware that non-clinical symptoms of anxiety and depression in parents are risk factors for child fussy eating.
A systematic review of technology-based interventions for unintentional injury prevention education and behaviour change
Authors: Omaki Elise , Rizzutti Nicholas , Shields Wendy , Zhu Jeffrey , McDonald Eileen , Stevens Martha W , Gielen Andrea 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveThe aims of this literature review are to (1) summarise how computer and mobile technology-based health behaviour change applications have been evaluated in unintentional injury prevention, (2) describe how these successes can be applied to injury-prevention programmes in the future and (3) identify research gaps.MethodsStudies included in this systematic review were education and behaviour change intervention trials and programme evaluations in which the intervention was delivered by either a computer or mobile technology and addressed an unintentional injury prevention topic. Articles were limited to those published in English and after 1990.ResultsAmong the 44 technology-based injury-prevention studies included in this review, 16 studies evaluated locally hosted software programmes, 4 studies offered kiosk-based programmes, 11 evaluated remotely hosted internet programmes, 2 studies used mobile technology or portable devices and 11 studies evaluated virtual-reality interventions. Locally hosted software programmes and remotely hosted internet programmes consistently increased knowledge and behaviours. Kiosk programmes showed evidence of modest knowledge and behaviour gains. Both programmes using mobile technology improved behaviours. Virtual-reality programmes consistently improved behaviours, but there were little gains in knowledge. No studies evaluated text-messaging programmes dedicated to injury prevention.ConclusionsThere is much potential for computer-based programmes to be used for injury-prevention behaviour change. The reviewed studies provide evidence that computer-based communication is effective in conveying information and influencing how participants think about an injury topic and adopt safety behaviours.
The association between diet and glucocorticoid treatment in patients with SLE
Authors: Lourdudoss Cecilia , Hafström Ingiäld , Frostegård Johan , van Vollenhoven Ronald 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundSome studies suggest that the risk for and severity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be modified by certain nutrients. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between diet and glucocorticoid (GC) treatment, as a proxy for disease activity, in patients with SLE.MethodsWe included 111 patients with SLE from the SLE Vascular Impact Cohort (SLEVIC). Dietary data were linked with data on GC treatment during a 2-year period. The association between diet and GC treatment was analysed with logistic regression. GC treatment and unchanged/increased doses were considered a proxy for active SLE.ResultsDuring the 2-year period, 54 patients (48.6%) had continued GC treatment. Dietary vitamin D was associated with GC treatment (OR=2.70–2.85 (95% CI 1.00 to 8.11)), whereas alcohol was inversely associated with GC treatment (OR=0.28–0.39 (95% CI 0.10 to 98)). Beta-carotene, fatty acid C18:2 and vitamin B6were inversely associated with unchanged/increased GC dose (OR=0.29–0.30 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.90)). Finally, total energy intake was associated with GC doses >5.0 mg/day and >7.5 mg/day, explaining a direct association between 35 nutrients and higher GC dose levels (OR=2.98–23.82 (95% CI 1.01 to 203.88)).DiscussionDietary vitamin D did not protect against lupus activity. Beta-carotene, fatty acid C18:2 and vitamin B6may protect against increased GC dose. The inverse association between alcohol intake and GC treatment/lupus activity may provide a partial explanation for the link between moderate alcohol intake and reduced risk of SLE. The association between higher dietary intake and higher GC dose levels indicated GC's influence on increasing appetite.
Complete reperfusion mitigates influence of treatment time on outcomes after acute stroke
Authors: Prabhakaran Shyam , Castonguay Alicia C , Gupta Rishi , Sun Chung-Huan J , Martin Coleman O , Holloway William , Mueller-Kronast Nils H , English Joey , Linfante Italo , Dabus Guilherme , Malisch Tim , Marden Franklin , Bozorgchami Hormozd , Xavier Andrew , Rai Ansaar , Froehler Michael , Badruddin Aamir , Taqi Mohammad Asif , Novakovic Roberta , Abraham Michael , Janardhan Vallabh , Shaltoni Hashem , Yoo Albert J , Abou-Chebl Alex , Chen Peng , Britz Gavin , Kaushal Ritesh , Nanda Ashish , Nogueira Raul , Nguyen Thanh , Zaidat Osama O 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundTime to reperfusion following endovascular treatment (ET) predicts outcomes after acute ischemic stroke (AIS).ObjectiveTo assess the time–outcome relationship within reperfusion grades in the North American Solitaire Acute Stroke registry.MethodsWe identified patients given ET for anterior circulation ischemic stroke within 8 h from onset and in whom reperfusion was achieved. Together with clinical and outcome data, site-adjudicated modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia (TICI) was recorded. We assessed the impact of time to reperfusion (onset to procedure completion time) on good outcome (modified Rankin Scale 0–2 at 3 months) in patients who achieved TICI 2 or higher reperfusion in multivariable models. We further assessed this relationship within strata of reperfusion grades. A p<0.05 was considered significant.ResultsIndependent predictors of good outcome at 3 months among those achieving TICI ≥2a reperfusion (n=188) were initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (adjusted OR=0.90, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.95), symptomatic hemorrhage (adj. OR=0.16, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.60), TICI grade (TICI 3: adj. OR=11.52, 95% CI 3.34 to 39.77; TICI 2b: adj. OR=5.14, 95% CI 1.61 to 16.39), and time to reperfusion per 30 min interval (adj. OR=0.91, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99). There was an interaction between final TICI grade and 30 min time to reperfusion intervals (p=0.001) such that the effect of time was strongest in TICI 2a patients.ConclusionsTime to reperfusion was a strong predictor of outcome following ET for AIS. However, the effect varied by TICI grade such that its greatest effect was in those achieving TICI 2a reperfusion.
Brain imaging in dementia
Authors: Bonifacio Guendalina , Zamboni Giovanna 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe introduction of MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging has contributed significantly to the understanding of different dementia syndromes. Over the past 20 years these imaging techniques have been increasingly used for clinical characterisation and differential diagnosis, and to provide insight into the effects on functional capacity of the brain, patterns of spatial distribution of different dementia syndromes and their natural history and evolution over time. Brain imaging is also increasingly used in clinical trials, as part of inclusion criteria and/or as a surrogate outcome measure. Here we review all the relatively specific findings that can be identified with different MRI and PET techniques in each of the most frequent dementing disorders.
Multielectrode Pulmonary Vein Isolation Versus Single Tip Wide Area Catheter Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Boersma Lucas V. , van der Voort Pepijn , Debruyne Pilippe , Dekker Lukas , Simmers Tim , Rossenbacker Tom , Balt Jippe , Wijffels Maurits , Degreef Yves 
Published: April 2016

Background—
Single-shot ablation techniques may facilitate safe and simple pulmonary vein isolation to treat paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Multielectrode pulmonary vein isolation versus single tip wide area catheter ablation-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is the first multinational, multicenter, prospective, noninferiority randomized clinical trial comparing multielectrode-phased radiofrequency ablation (MEA) to standard focal irrigated radiofrequency ablation (STA) using 3-dimensional navigation.

Methods and Results—

Patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation were randomized to MEA (61 patients) or STA (59 patients). Preprocedure transesophageal echocardiogram and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (also 6-month postprocedure) were performed. Mean age was 57 years, 25% female sex, BMI was 28, CHA
2
DS
2
–VASc score was 0 to 1 in 82%, 8% had previous right atrial ablation, whereas all had at least 1 antiarrhythmic drug failure. The MEA group had significantly shorter mean procedure time (96±36 versus 166±46 minutes,
P
<0.001) and fluoroscopy time (23±9 versus 27±9 minutes,
P
=0.023). The total radiofrequency energy duration was 22±8 minutes for MEA versus 36±13 minutes for STA (
P
<0.001) with confirmed pulmonary vein isolation in all patients. Hospital admission was 1 day in both groups, without major adverse events either during the procedure or during 30-day follow-up. Two patients in the STA group had 1 PV with asymptomatic narrowing >50%. Freedom of atrial fibrillation for MEA and STA was 86.4% and 89.7% at 6 months, dropping to 76.3% and 81.0% at 12 months.

Conclusions—
In this multicenter, randomized clinical trial, MEA and STA had similar rates of single-procedure acute pulmonary vein isolation without serious adverse events in the first 30 days. MEA had slightly lower long-term arrhythmia freedom, but showed marked and significantly shorter procedure, fluoroscopy, and radiofrequency energy times.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01696136.
Der Einzug des Heeres Willehalms, die Furcht Giburgs und Wolframs Deutsch
Authors: Neukirchen Thomas 
Published: April 2016

Beginning with the insight that the poetologic statement in the Wh 237,3–14 passage stands in clear contradiction to its own original context, this article undertakes a comparison with the corresponding parts of the presumed ‘Aliscans’ source text. The author tries to show that Wolfram here attempts a narrative harmonization, that contrasts with his ‘crooked German’. This leads to the conclusion that Wolfram’s way of making poetry hasn’t been adequately understood and described yet.Ausgehend von der Einsicht, dass die poetologische Aussage in der Passage Wh 237,3–14 einen deutlichen Widerspruch zu ihrem ureigensten Kontext aufweist, versucht der Beitrag durch einen Vergleich mit den entsprechenden Abschnitten in der angenommenen Vorlage ‚Aliscans‘ darzulegen, dass Wolfram hier im ‚Willehalm‘ eine narrative Harmonisierung vornimmt, die seinem angeblichen „krummen Deutsch“ entgegensteht. Die Schlussfolgerung mündet in die Erkenntnis, dass Wolframs Art und Weise zu dichten noch längst nicht adäquat verstanden und beschrieben worden ist.This article is in German Language
The Multidecadal Variability of the Asymmetric Mode of the Boreal Autumn Hadley Circulation and Its Link to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Guo Yipeng , Li Jianping , Feng Juan , Xie Fei , Sun Cheng , Zheng Jiayu 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Previous studies show that the first principal mode of the variability of the seasonal mean Hadley circulation (HC) is an equatorial asymmetric mode (AM) with long-term trend. This study demonstrates that the variability of the boreal autumn [September–November (SON)] HC is also dominated by an AM, but with multidecadal variability. The SON AM has ascending and descending branches located at approximately 20°N and 20°S, respectively, and explains about 40% of the total variance. Further analysis reveals that the AM is closely linked to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), which is associated with a large cross-equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) gradient and sea level pressure (SLP) gradient. The cross-equatorial thermal contrast further induces an equatorial asymmetric HC anomaly. Numerical simulations conducted on an atmospheric general circulation model also suggest that AMO-associated SST anomalies can also induce a cross-equatorial SLP gradient and anomalous vertical shear of the meridional wind at the equator, both of which indicate asymmetric HC anomaly. Therefore, the AM of the variability of the boreal autumn HC has close links to the AMO. Further analysis demonstrates that the AMO in SON has a closer relationship with AM than those in the other seasons. A possible reason is that the AMO-associated zonal mean SST anomaly in the tropics has differences among the four seasons, which leads to different atmospheric circulation responses.
The AM in SON has inversed impacts on the tropical precipitation, suggesting that the precipitation difference between the northern and southern tropics has multidecadal variability.
Sensitivity of Global Upper-Ocean Heat Content Estimates to Mapping Methods, XBT Bias Corrections, and Baseline Climatologies*
Authors: Boyer Tim , Domingues Catia M. , Good Simon A. , Johnson Gregory C. , Lyman John M. , Ishii Masayoshi , Gouretski Viktor , Willis Josh K. , Antonov John , Wijffels Susan , Church John A. , Cowley Rebecca , Bindoff Nathaniel L. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Ocean warming accounts for the majority of the earth’s recent energy imbalance. Historic ocean heat content (OHC) changes are important for understanding changing climate. Calculations of OHC anomalies (OHCA) from in situ measurements provide estimates of these changes. Uncertainties in OHCA estimates arise from calculating global fields from temporally and spatially irregular data (mapping method), instrument bias corrections, and the definitions of a baseline climatology from which anomalies are calculated. To investigate sensitivity of OHCA estimates for the upper 700 m to these different factors, the same quality-controlled dataset is used by seven groups and comparisons are made. Two time periods (1970–2008 and 1993–2008) are examined. Uncertainty due to the mapping method is 16.5 ZJ for 1970–2008 and 17.1 ZJ for 1993–2008 (1 ZJ = 1 × 1021 J). Uncertainty due to instrument bias correction varied from 8.0 to 17.9 ZJ for 1970–2008 and from 10.9 to 22.4 ZJ for 1993–2008, depending on mapping method. Uncertainty due to baseline mean varied from 3.5 to 14.5 ZJ for 1970–2008 and from 2.7 to 9.8 ZJ for 1993–2008, depending on mapping method and offsets. On average mapping method is the largest source of uncertainty. The linear trend varied from 1.3 to 5.0 ZJ yr−1 (0.08–0.31 W m−2) for 1970–2008 and from 1.5 to 9.4 ZJ yr−1 (0.09–0.58 W m−2) for 1993–2008, depending on method, instrument bias correction, and baseline mean. Despite these complications, a statistically robust upper-ocean warming was found in all cases for the full time period.