bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structural organization of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone in binary mixtures probed by Raman spectroscopy: Experimental and quantum chemical results
Authors: Xu Wenwen , Wang Huigang , Tao Yinsong , Zheng Xuming 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe isotropic and anisotropic Raman spectra of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) in the binary mixture at a variety of volume fractions have been measured. The noncoincidence effect (NCE) of NMP was determined separately in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) solution and acetonitrile solution. The NCE of the ν10(C=O) stretching mode versus concentration in the NMP/acetonitrile mixtures exhibits a linear plot; however, the NCE behavior in the NMP/CCl4 mixtures shows an upward (convex) curvature. The dimer structure (short‐range orientational order) of NMP may play a major role in exhibitions of different NCE behavior in the NMP/CAN and NMP/CCl4 mixtures; thus, the geometries of monomer and dimer of NMP were calculated at the B3LYP‐D3/6‐311G (d,p) level of theory. We proposed aggregated model to explain the NMP C=O vibration NCE phenomenon and its concentration effect and found it largely consistent with our experimental findings. Solvent‐dependent experiment shows the value of NCE declined with increase the solvent dielectric constant under the same condition.
Temperature‐programmed multicapillary gas chromatograph microcolumn for the analysis of odorous sulfur pollutants
Authors: Yuan Huan , Du Xiaosong , Tai Huiling , Xu Ming 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe report the fabrication and performance of a silicon‐on‐glass micro gas chromatography eight‐capillary column based on microelectromechanical systems technology that is 50 cm long, 30 μm wide, and 300 μm deep. According to the theory of a gas chromatography column, an even gas flow among different capillaries play a vital role in the peak broadening. Thus, a flow splitter structure is designed by the finite element method through the comparison of the velocity distributions of the eight‐capillary columns with and without splitter as well as an open tubular column. The simulation results reveal that eight‐capillary column with flow splitters can receive more uniform flow velocity in different capillaries, hence decreases the peak broadening and in turn increases the separation efficiency. The separation experiment results show that the separation efficiency of about 22 000 plates/m is achieved with the chip column temperature programmed for analysis of odorous sulfur pollutants. This figure is nearly two times higher than that of the commercial capillary column coated the similar stationary phase. And the separation time of all the components in the microcolumn is less than 3.8 min, which is faster than the commercial capillary column.
Band‐tailed pigeon use of supplemental mineral
Authors: Sanders Todd A. , Koch Ryan C. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTBand‐tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata) congregate at and use mineral sites (mineralized water or soil) throughout their range; however, information needed to interpret counts of pigeons at these sites and make inference to population abundance and distribution is lacking despite current monitoring efforts. Our objectives were to determine if we could create a mineral site used by band‐tailed pigeons; test whether pigeons seek supplemental sodium, calcium, or both; describe the pattern of pigeon use of mineral sites seasonally and within days by individual birds; and evaluate implications of precipitation, fog, temperature, and mineral concentration on pigeon visitation patterns. We attracted hundreds of pigeons/day to a created mineral site that offered sodium, calcium, or both in a forested area in southwestern Washington, USA where we captured and applied passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to 771 pigeons and monitored mineral use during 2010–2014. When offered paired sodium and calcium stations, pigeons near exclusively consumed sodium, and pigeons continued to use the created mineral site for 3 years when calcium was not available. Pigeons visited sodium stations on average once every 12 days during June through early October; reducing available sodium concentration from 3,500 ppm to 1,000 ppm had no significant effect on visitation rates. Counts of pigeons at mineral sites varied with precipitation, sex, and time of season; consequently, comparison of pigeon counts among mineral sites can be biased if not accounting for these factors. Our results show that pigeons can be attracted to mineral stations, and that counts at mineral sites and stations allow opportunities for population monitoring. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Rate Coefficients for the Gas‐Phase Reaction of Ozone with C5 and C6 Unsaturated Aldehydes
Authors: Kalalian C. , Roth E. , Chakir A. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTEmissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds are higher than those from anthropogenic sources. In this work, we studied the kinetics of the reaction of three unsaturated aldehydes (trans‐2‐pentenal, trans‐2‐hexenal, and 2‐methyl‐2‐pentenal) with ozone in a rigid atmospheric simulation chamber coupled to an FTIR spectrometer at four different temperatures (273, 298, 333, and 353 K). Reaction rate constants (× 10−18cm3molecule−1 s−1) at 298 K are 1.24 ± 0.06 for trans‐2‐pentenal (t‐2P), 1.37 ± 0.03 for trans‐2‐hexenal (t‐2H), and 1.58 ± 0.20) for 2‐methyl‐2‐pentenal (2M2P). The following Arrhenius expressions were deduced (cm3molecule−1s−1):urn:x-wiley:05388066:kin21139:equation:kin21139-math-0001urn:x-wiley:05388066:kin21139:equation:kin21139-math-0002urn:x-wiley:05388066:kin21139:equation:kin21139-math-0003The obtained data are presented and compared to those reported in the literature at room temperature, as well as to homologous alkenes. The atmospheric lifetimes with respect to ozone, derived from this study, are estimated to vary between 7 and 10 days.
Skin color and tissue thickness effects on transmittance, reflectance, and skin temperature when using 635 and 808 nm lasers in low intensity therapeutics
Authors: Souza‐Barros Leanna , Dhaidan Ghaith , Maunula Mikko , Solomon Vaeda , Gabison Sharon , Lilge Lothar , Nussbaum Ethne L. 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveTo examine the role of skin color and tissue thickness on transmittance, reflectance, and skin heating using red and infrared laser light.MethodsForty volunteers were measured for skin color and skin‐fold thickness at a standardized site near the elbow. Transmittance, reflectance and skin temperature were recorded for energy doses of 2, 6, 9, and 12 Joules using 635 nm (36 mW) and 808 nm (40 mW) wavelength laser diodes with irradiances within American National Standards Institute safety guidelines (4.88 mm diameter, 0.192 W/cm2 and 4.88 mm diameter, 0.214 W/cm2, respectively).ResultsThe key factors affecting reflectance to an important degree were skin color and wavelength. However, the skin color effects were different for the two wavelengths: reflectance decreased for darker skin with a greater decrease for red light than near infrared light. Transmittance was greater using 808 nm compared with 635 nm. However, the effect was partly lost when the skin was dark rather than light, and was increasingly lost as tissue thickness increased. Dose had an increasing effect on temperature (0.7–1.6°C across the 6, 9, and 12 J doses); any effects of wavelength, skin color, and tissue thickness were insignificant compared to dose effects. Subjects themselves were not aware of the increased skin temperature. Transmittance and reflectance changes as a function of energy were very small and likely of no clinical significance. Absorption did not change with higher energy doses and increasing temperature.ConclusionSkin color and skin thickness affect transmittance and reflectance of laser light and must be accounted for when selecting energy dose to ensure therapeutic effectiveness at the target tissue. Skin heating appears not to be a concern when using 635 and 808 nm lasers at energy doses of up to 12 J and irradiance within American National Standards Institute standards. Photobiomodulation therapy should never exceed the American National Standards Institute recommendation for the maximum permissible exposure to the skin. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:291–301, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Levodopa: A new look at an old friend
Authors: Olanow C. Warren , Stocchi Fabrizio 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTLevodopa is the most effective antiparkinsonian agent, but chronic treatment is associated with the development of motor complications in the majority of patients with PD. Recent scientific and clinical advances are improving this situation. Long‐term, double‐blind studies demonstrate that dose is an important risk factor for the development of both motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, and suggest that it is best to use low doses of l‐dopa when possible. Inhaled l‐dopa and sublingual apomorphine are now being developed as rescue therapies that permit rapid and predictable reversal of off periods. Finally, substantial evidence suggests that motor complications are related to the nonphysiological restoration of brain dopamine with intermittent oral doses of standard l‐dopa. Double‐blind studies demonstrate significant clinical benefits with continuous intraintestinal infusion of l‐dopa. New approaches that provide continuous plasma l‐dopa levels without the need for a surgical procedure are currently being investigated. Finally, the development of an oral long‐acting form of l‐dopa that provides continuous plasma l‐dopa levels is actively being pursued. Collectively, these approaches offer the potential to considerably reduce and even prevent the disability associated with l‐dopa‐induced motor complications. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Spatiotemporal trend and abrupt change analysis of temperature in Iran
Authors: Ahmadi Farshad , Nazeri Tahroudi Mohammad , Mirabbasi Rasoul , Khalili Keivan , Jhajharia Deepak 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe long‐term trends in temperature over Iran were examined over 34 synoptic stations during a 50 year period (1961–2010) on seasonal and annual time scales. Two methods, a modified version of the Mann–Kendall test by eliminating the effect of all significant autocorrelation co‐efficients and the regional Kendall test, were used in trend identification. The results revealed that the temperature had experienced significant positive trends in autumn, spring and especially summer over the study area. On an annual time scale and in the winter, the highest increasing trends were observed at stations located in the southern and southeastern parts of Iran. For regional analysis of trends, the stations were divided into five clusters based on the K‐means clustering method and the silhouette index. Subsequently, the regional trend of temperature was analysed on seasonal and annual time scales using the regional Kendall test. The results of the regional Kendall test also indicated the rising trends in temperature during the last 50 years throughout the country on both seasonal and annual time scales. After verifying the presence of an increasing trend in the temperature time series, the non‐parametric Pettitt test was used to detect the change points in the annual and seasonal time scales. The results showed that the change point of average temperature began from the summer of 1972 (Sabzevar station) and continued until the summer of 1998 (Zahedan station). The most frequent change point occurrence was between the years 1986 and 1994.
Face allotransplantation for various types of facial disfigurements: A series of five cases
Authors: Özkan Ömer , Özkan Özlenen , Ubur Mehmetcan , Hadimioğlu Necmiye , Cengiz Melike , Afşar İsmail 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundThe aim of this report is to present our long‐term experiences with a series of 5 face‐transplanted patients in terms of surgical aspects and postoperative outcomes, and to describe possible salvage strategies in case of difficulties.MethodsFive patients, 4 receiving full‐face transplantation and 1 undergoing partial transplantation at our institution were included. The patients were aged between 19 and 54 years. Two had extensive burn scars to the face, and 3 had suffered gunshot injuries. The post‐transplant induction immunosuppressive regimen included ATG combined with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone, while maintenance was provided by the last 3. We focused on patient summaries including their etiologies, preoperative preparations, surgical techniques, immunosuppressive regimen, postoperative courses, revisional surgeries, together with challenges including acute rejection episodes, and immunosuppressive drug complications.ResultsNo re‐surgery due to vascular compromise was required in any case. One of the 5 patients was eventually lost due to complicated infectious and metabolic events at the end of post‐transplantation month 11. The other 4 patients were still alive, with a mean follow‐up time of 53 months and had satisfactory functional transplants and cosmetic appearance.ConclusionsFace transplantation still involves challenges and many issues including compliance and psychological maturity of patients, the risk of opportunistic infections and malignancies still need to be resolved for it to be accepted as a safe procedure. Surgical rescue procedures considering ideal timing should be kept in mind strictly as one of the most important issues in case of unexpected events.
Gut Microbiome‐Induced Shift of Acetate to Butyrate Positively Manages Dysbiosis in High Fat Diet
Authors: Si Xu , Shang Wenting , Zhou Zhongkai , Strappe Padraig , Wang Bing , Bird Anthony , Blanchard Chris 
Published: November 2017

ScopeA recent study revealed that the accumulation of gut microbiota‐produced acetate (GMPA) led to insulin over‐secretion and obesity symptom. To further develop this scientific point, the effect of resistant starch (RS) or exogenous acetate carried by RS (RSA) in the gut on metabolic syndrome is investigated using diet‐induced obese rats.Methods and resultsThe metabonomics analysis shows that the gut of rats in the RSA group generate more butyrate in both serum and feces rather than acetate compared to the rats in RS group, indicating the conversion among metabolites, in particular from acetate to butyrate via gut microbiota. Consistently, the gut microbiome uses acetate as a substrate to produce butyrate, such as Coprococcus, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, and Eubacterium and was highly promoted in RSA group, which further supports the metabolic conversion. This is the first report to reveal the accumulation of gut microbiota‐produced butyrate (GMPB) but not GMPA significantly enriched AMPK signaling pathway with reduced expression of lipogenesis‐associated genes for suppressing sphingosines and ceramides biosynthesis to trigger insulin sensitivity.ConclusionGut microbiome profile and lipogenesis pathway are regulated by GMPB, which substantially influences energy harvesting in the gut from patterns opposed to GMPA.
Genetic Markers of Brown Adipose Tissue Identity and In Vitro Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Humans
Authors: Nascimento Emmani B.M. , Sparks Lauren M. , Divoux Adeline , van Gisbergen Marike W. , Broeders Evie P.M. , Jörgensen Johanna A. , Schaart Gert , Bouvy Nicole D. , van Marken Lichtenbelt Wouter D. , Schrauwen Patrick 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveHuman brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity decreases with age and obesity. In addition to uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), several genetic markers of BAT in humans have been published. However, the link between human BAT activity and genetic markers has been inadequately explored.MethodsWhite adipose tissue (WAT) and BAT biopsies were obtained from 16 patients undergoing deep neck surgery. In vitro differentiated adipocytes were used to measure norepinephrine‐stimulated mitochondrial uncoupling as a measure of in vitro BAT activity. Gene expression was determined in adipose tissue biopsies.ResultsNorepinephrine increased in vitro BAT activity in adipocytes derived from human BAT, and this increase was abolished by propranolol. Furthermore, in vitro BAT activity showed a negative correlation to age and BMI. UCP1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression showed a positive correlation to in vitro BAT activity, while zinc finger protein of cerebellum 1 (ZIC1) mRNA showed a negative correlation to in vitro BAT activity. In human BAT biopsies, UCP1 mRNA showed negative correlations to age and BMI, while ZIC1 mRNA showed positive correlations to age and BMI.ConclusionsDifferentiated adipocytes derived from human BAT maintain intrinsic characteristics of the donor. High ZIC1 mRNA does not necessarily reflect high BAT activity.
A Prospective Study of Obesity, Metabolic Health, and Cancer Mortality
Authors: Akinyemiju Tomi , Moore Justin Xavier , Pisu Maria , Judd Suzanne E. , Goodman Michael , Shikany James M. , Howard Virginia J. , Safford Monika , Gilchrist Susan C. 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveThis study examined whether metabolic health status is associated with risk of cancer mortality and whether this varies by body mass index (BMI) category.MethodsA prospective study of 22,514 participants from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort was performed. Metabolically unhealthy status was defined as having three or more of the following: (1) elevated fasting glucose, (2) high triglycerides, (3) dyslipidemia, (4) hypertension, and (5) elevated waist circumference. Participants were categorized into normal weight (BMI 18.5‐24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0‐29.9 kg/m2), and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) groups. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cancer mortality during follow‐up.ResultsAmong participants with normal weight, participants who were metabolically unhealthy had an increased risk of cancer mortality (HR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.20‐2.26) compared with metabolically healthy participants. The overall mortality risk for participants who were metabolically unhealthy and had normal weight was stronger for obesity‐related cancers (HR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.17‐4.91). Compared with participants with normal weight, those who were metabolically healthy and overweight were at a reduced risk of any cancer mortality (adjusted HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.63‐0.99).ConclusionsThere was an increased risk of overall and obesity‐related cancer mortality among metabolically unhealthy participants with normal weight.
Genome‐Wide Study of Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue Reveals Novel Sex‐Specific Adiposity Loci in Mexican Americans
Authors: Gao Chuan , Langefeld Carl D. , Ziegler Julie T. , Taylor Kent D. , Norris Jill M. , Chen Yii‐Der I. , Hellwege Jacklyn N. , Guo Xiuqing , Allison Matthew A. , Speliotes Elizabeth K. , Rotter Jerome I. , Bowden Donald W. , Wagenknecht Lynne E. , Palmer Nicholette D. 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the genetic mechanisms of regional fat deposition, which is a strong risk factor for metabolic diseases beyond total adiposity.MethodsA genome‐wide association study of 7,757,139 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 983 Mexican Americans (nmale = 403; nfemale = 580) from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study was performed. Association analyses were performed with and without sex stratification for subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and visceral‐subcutaneous ratio (VSR) obtained from computed tomography.ResultsThe strongest signal identified was SNP rs2185405 (minor allele frequencies [MAF] = 40%; PVAT = 1.98 × 10−8) with VAT. It is an intronic variant of the GLIS family zinc finger 3 gene (GLIS3). In addition, SNP rs12657394 (MAF = 19%) was associated with VAT in males (Pmale = 2.39×10−8; Pfemale = 2.5 × 10−3). It is located intronically in the serum response factor binding protein 1 gene (SRFBP1). On average, male carriers of the variant had 24.6 cm2 increased VAT compared with noncarriers. Subsequently, genome‐wide SNP‐sex interaction analysis was performed. SNP rs10913233 (MAF = 14%; Pint = 3.07 × 10−8) in PAPPA2 and rs10923724 (MAF = 38%; Pint = 2.89 × 10−8) upstream of TBX15 were strongly associated with the interaction effect for VSR.ConclusionsSix loci were identified with genome‐wide significant associations with fat deposition and interactive effects. These results provided genetic evidence for a differential basis of fat deposition between genders.
Incremental Treatment Costs Attributable to Overweight and Obesity in Patients with Diabetes: Quantile Regression Approach
Authors: Lee Seung‐Mi , Choi In‐sun , Han Euna , Suh David , Shin Eun‐Kyung , Je Seyunghe , Lee Sung Su , Suh Dong‐Churl 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveThis study aimed to estimate treatment costs attributable to overweight and obesity in patients with diabetes who were less than 65 years of age in the United States.MethodsThis study used data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from 2001 to 2013. Patients with diabetes were identified by using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code (250), clinical classification codes (049 and 050), or self‐reported physician diagnoses. Total treatment costs attributable to overweight and obesity were calculated as the differences in the adjusted costs compared with individuals with diabetes and normal weight. Adjusted costs were estimated by using generalized linear models or unconditional quantile regression models.ResultsThe mean annual treatment costs attributable to obesity were $1,852 higher than those attributable to normal weight, while costs attributable to overweight were $133 higher. The unconditional quantile regression results indicated that the impact of obesity on total treatment costs gradually became more significant as treatment costs approached the upper quantile.ConclusionsAmong patients with diabetes who were less than 65 years of age, patients with diabetes and obesity have significantly higher treatment costs than patients with diabetes and normal weight. The economic burden of diabetes to society will continue to increase unless more proactive preventive measures are taken to effectively treat patients with overweight or obesity.
Nanoencapsulation mechanism of fragrant oil: effect of formaldehyde − melamine molar ratio
Authors: Escobar Camila F , Roldo Liane , Rocha Tatiana LAC , Kindlein Wilson 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEncapsulation of essential oils by in situ polymerization is commonly used to contain the oil and thus ensure its controlled release. Melamine resin formaldehyde is one of the most widely used shell materials due to its thermal and chemical stability. One of the factors that influences the properties of the capsules is the molar relationship between monomers. The effect of formaldehyde − melamine (F/M) molar ratios 3, 4 and 6 on the nanoencapsulation, morphology and properties of nanocapsules was investigated. The morphology and particle size were investigated by the scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques. The composition of the formaldehyde − melamine resins was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the thermal stability of the nanocapsules was analysed by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Increasing the formaldehyde content reduced the nanocapsules' chemical stability. The capsule sizes obtained were nanometric at all melamine − formaldehyde ratios studied, with a non‐significant variation in particle size and shape. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry