bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drift‐corrected seafloor pressure observations of vertical deformation at Axial Seamount 2013–2014
Authors: Sasagawa G. , Cook M. J. , Zumberge M. A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAxial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge is a site of ongoing volcanic activity. The vertical component of the deformation can be observed with ambient seawater pressure gauges, which have excellent short‐term resolution. However, pressure gauge drift adds additional and significant uncertainty in estimates of long‐period deformation; drift rates equivalent to 20–30 cm/yr have been observed. One way to circumvent gauge drift is to make differential pressure measurements relative to a distant and presumably stable seafloor reference site. Such measurements require a remotely operated vehicle and can only be made infrequently. Another approach is to incorporate a piston gauge calibrator in the seafloor pressure recorder to generate an in situ reference pressure that, when periodically applied to the drift‐susceptible gauge, can be used to determine and remove gauge drift from the time series. We constructed a self‐calibrating pressure recorder and deployed it at Axial Seamount in September 2013. The drift‐corrected record from that deployment revealed an uplift of the volcano summit of 60 cm over 17 months.
Experimental constraints on the relationship between clay abundance, clay fabric, and frictional behavior for the Central Deforming Zone of the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Wojatschke Jasmaria , Scuderi Marco M. , Warr Laurence N. , Carpenter Brett M. , Saffer Demian , Marone Chris 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe presence of smectite (saponite) in fault gouge from the Central Deforming Zone of the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield, CA has been linked to low mechanical strength and aseismic slip. However, the precise relationship between clay mineral structure, fabric development, fault strength, and the stability of frictional sliding is not well understood. We address these questions through the integration of laboratory friction tests and FIB‐SEM analysis of fault rock recovered from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) borehole. Intact fault rock was compared with experimentally sheared fault gouge and different proportions of either quartz clasts or SAFOD clasts extracted from the sample. Nano‐textural measurements show the development of localized clay particle alignment along shear folia developed within synthetic gouges; such slip planes have multiples of random distribution (MRD) values of 3.0–4.9. The MRD values measured are higher than previous estimates (MRD 1.5) that show lower degrees of shear localization and clay alignment averaged over larger volumes. The intact fault rock exhibits less well‐developed nano‐clay fabrics than the experimentally sheared materials, and MRD values decrease with smectite content. We show that the abundance, strength, and shape of clasts all influence fabric evolution via strain localization: quartz clasts yield more strongly developed clay fabrics than serpentine‐dominated SAFOD clasts. Our results suggest that (1) both clay abundance and the development of nano‐scale fabrics play a role in fault zone weakening and (2) aseismic creep is promoted by slip along clay shears with >20 wt % smectite content and MRD values ≥2.7.
Glider observations of enhanced deep water upwelling at a shelf break canyon: A mechanism for cross‐slope carbon and nutrient exchange
Authors: Porter M. , Inall M. E. , Hopkins J. , Palmer M. R. , Dale A. C. , Aleynik D. , Barth J. A. , Mahaffey C. , Smeed D. A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUsing underwater gliders we have identified canyon driven upwelling across the Celtic Sea shelf‐break, in the vicinity of Whittard Canyon. The presence of this upwelling appears to be tied to the direction and strength of the local slope current, which is in itself highly variable. During typical summer time equatorward flow, an unbalanced pressure gradient force and the resulting disruption of geostrophic flow can lead to upwelling along the main axis of two small shelf break canyons. As the slope current reverts to poleward flow, the upwelling stops and the remnants of the upwelled features are mixed into the local shelf water or advected away from the region. The upwelled features are identified by the presence of sub‐pycnocline high salinity water on the shelf, and are upwelled from a depth of 300 m on the slope, thus providing a mechanism for the transport of nutrients across the shelf break onto the shelf.
Characterizing CMIP5 model spread in simulated rainfall in the Pacific Intertropical Convergence and South Pacific Convergence Zones
Authors: Lintner Benjamin R. , Langenbrunner Baird , Neelin J. David , Anderson Bruce T. , Niznik Mattie , Li Gen , Xie Shang‐Ping 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCurrent‐generation climate models exhibit various errors or biases in both the spatial distribution and intensity of precipitation relative to observations. In this study, empirical orthogonal function analysis is applied to the space‐model index domain of precipitation over the Pacific from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) simulations to explore systematic spread of simulated precipitation characteristics across the ensemble. Two significant modes of spread, generically termed principal uncertainty patterns (PUPs), are identified in the December‐January‐February precipitation climatology: the leading PUP is associated with the meridional width of deep convection, while the second is associated with tradeoffs in precipitation intensity along the South Pacific Convergence Zone, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and the spurious Southern Hemisphere ITCZ. An important factor distinguishing PUPs from the analogy to time series analysis is that the modes can reflect either true systematic intermodel variance patterns or internal variability. In order to establish that the PUPS reflect the former, three complementary tests are performed by using preindustrial control simulations: a bootstrap significance test for reproducibility of the intermodel spatial patterns, a check for robustness over very long climatological averages, and a test on the loadings of these patterns relative to interdecadal sampling. Composite analysis based on these PUPs demonstrates physically plausible relationships to CMIP5 ensemble spread in simulated sea surface temperatures (SSTs), circulation, and moisture. Further analysis of atmosphere‐only, prescribed SST simulations demonstrates decreased spread in the spatial distribution of precipitation, while substantial spread in intensity remains.
Decoupling of carbon dioxide and dissolved organic carbon in boreal headwater streams
Authors: Winterdahl Mattias , Wallin Marcus B. , Karlsen Reinert Huseby , Laudon Hjalmar , Öquist Mats , Lyon Steve W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractStreams and rivers emit large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. The sources of this CO2 are in‐stream mineralization of organic carbon (OC) and CO2 input via groundwater inflow, but their relative importance is largely unknown. In this study, we quantified the role of in‐stream OC mineralization as a source of CO2 in a number of nested boreal headwater streams. The results showed that mineralization of stream OC contributed 3% of CO2 supersaturation at time scales comparable to the estimated water travel times in the streams (<24 h). Mass balances showed that downstream losses of OC were ≤3% in low‐order streams, whereas up to 16% of the OC was lost in the largest (fourth order) streams. In contrast, 85% of the CO2 was lost along the stream network (longest total stream length = 17 km). Under the assumption that in‐stream OC mineralization was the main source of stream CO2, higher rates of OC mineralization (6% of OC) than those reported across the literature (≤0.7% of OC) would be required to sustain observed CO2 supersaturation. Further, model results indicated that groundwater inflows were sufficient to sustain observed stream CO2 concentrations. We hence conclude that in‐stream OC mineralization was a minor source of CO2 in these boreal headwater systems and that the main source of stream CO2 was inflowing groundwater transporting CO2 originating from soil respiration.
Landscape position influences soil respiration variability and sensitivity to physiological drivers in mixed‐use lands of Southern California, USA
Authors: Crum Steven M. , Liang Liyin L. , Jenerette G. Darrel 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLinking variation in ecosystem functioning to physiological and landscape drivers has become an important research need for understanding ecosystem responses to global changes. We investigate how these contrasting scale‐dependent ecosystem drivers influence soil respiration (Rs), a key ecosystem process, using in situ landscape surveys and experimental subsidies of water and labile carbon. Surveys and experiments were conducted in summer and winter seasons and were distributed along a coastal to desert climate gradient and among the dominant land use classes in Southern California, USA. We found that Rs decreased from lawn to agricultural and wildland land uses for both seasons and along the climate gradient in the summer while increasing along the climate gradient in the winter. Rs variation was positively correlated with soil temperature and negatively to soil moisture and substrate. Water additions increased Rs in wildland land uses, while urban land uses responded little or negatively. However, most land uses exhibited carbon limitation, with wildlands experiencing largest responses to labile carbon additions. These findings show that intensively managed land uses have increased rates, decreased spatial variation, and decreased sensitivity to environmental conditions in Rs compared to wildlands, while increasing aridity has the opposite effect. In linking scales, physiological drivers were correlated with Rs but landscape position influenced Rs by altering both the physiological drivers and the sensitivity to the drivers. Systematic evaluation of physiological and landscape variation provides a framework for understanding the effects of interactive global change drivers to ecosystem metabolism across multiple scales.
Isotopically constrained soil carbon and nitrogen budgets in a soybean field chronosequence in the Brazilian Amazon region
Authors: Figueira Adelaine M. e. Silva , Davidson Eric A. , Nagy R. Chelsea , Riskin Shelby H. , Martinelli Luiz A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe impacts of large‐scale conversion of cattle pastures to cropland on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks are poorly understood in the Amazon region. The objective of this research was to determine whether soybean cultivation on a previously deforested and pastured soil has changed C and N stocks and dynamics. We sampled a chronosequence of soybean fields in 2009 and again in 2013. We hypothesized that detecting statistically significant changes in total soil C and N stocks would be difficult but that fluxes of C and N through the soil would be sufficiently large to significantly decrease the stable isotope ratios of soil organic matter. We observed statistically significant decreases in the 13C and 15N enrichments and C:N ratio. When combined with estimates of crop biomass production, harvest yield, and biological nitrogen fixation, these measurements provided sufficient constraints for C and N budgets to infer modest rates of net change in soil N (+15 to +27 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and soil C (−0.15 to −0.30 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) in the top 10 cm of soil. These results indicate that this intensive soybean cropping system is having minimal impacts on N loss to the environment but likely is a small net source of C to the atmosphere.
The impact of the diurnal cycle on the propagation of Madden‐Julian Oscillation convection across the Maritime Continent
Authors: Hagos Samson M. , Zhang Chidong , Feng Zhe , Burleyson Casey D. , De Mott Charlotte , Kerns Brandon , Benedict James J. , Martini Matus N. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractInfluences of the diurnal cycle on the propagation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) convection across the Maritime Continent (MC) are examined using cloud‐permitting regional model simulations and observations. A pair of ensembles of control (CONTROL) and no‐diurnal cycle (NODC) simulations of the November 2011 MJO episode are performed. In the CONTROL simulations, the MJO signal is weakened as it propagates across the MC, with much of the convection stalling over the large islands of Sumatra and Borneo. In the NODC simulations, where the incoming shortwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere is maintained at its daily mean value, the MJO convection signal propagating across the MC is enhanced. Examination of the surface energy fluxes in the simulations indicates that the surface downwelling shortwave radiation is larger in the presence of the diurnal cycle (CONTROL simulations) primarily because clouds preferentially form in the afternoon and are smaller during day time in comparison to nighttime. Furthermore, the diurnal covariability of surface wind speed and skin temperature results in a larger sensible heat flux and a cooler land surface in the CONTROL runs compared to NODC runs. An analysis of observations indicates that ahead of and behind the MJO active phase, the diurnal cycle of cloudiness enhances downwelling shortwave radiation and hence convection over the MC islands. This enhanced stationary convection competes with and disrupts the convective signal of MJO events that propagate over the waters surrounding the islands.
Commercial Supported Gold Nanoparticles Catalyzed Alkyne Hydroamination and Indole Synthesis
Authors: Liang Shengzong , Hammond Luisa , Xu Bo , Hammond Gerald B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCommercial gold nanoparticles supported on titanium dioxide (TiO2) were found to be a highly efficient catalyst for alkyne hydroamination. Terminal alkynes could easily undergo intermolecular hydroamination with low catalyst loadings (0.2 mol% Au) under solvent‐free conditions. Indoles were efficiently synthesized using microwave heating through intramolecular hydroamination.magnified image
Leading the Way on Diversity: Community Psychology's Evolution from Invisible to Individual to Contextual
Authors: Bond Meg A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTo take up the AJCP editor's call to think forward in this article, I offer up three challenges that revolve around further contextualizing our understandings of diversity, i.e., reconsidering the notion of “difference” between discrete categories; more fully emphasizing diversity as socially situated; and further delving into local, setting‐specific practices that shape the meanings of diversity. Enhanced attention to these three challenges can transform theory, research, and action about diversity as we move into community psychology's next 50 years.
Efficacy of a rituximab regimen based on B cell depletion in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with suboptimal response to standard treatment: Results of a phase II, multicenter noncomparative study
Authors: Benhamou Ygal , Paintaud Gilles , Azoulay Elie , Poullin Pascale , Galicier Lionel , Desvignes Céline , Baudel Jean‐Luc , Peltier Julie , Mira Jean‐Paul , Pène Frédéric , Presne Claire , Saheb Samir , Deligny Christophe , Rousseau Alexandra , Féger Frédéric , Veyradier Agnès , Coppo Paul ,   French Reference Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Published: September 2016

The standard four‐rituximab infusions treatment in acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) remains empirical. Peripheral B cell depletion is correlated with the decrease in serum concentrations of anti‐ADAMTS13 and associated with clinical response. To assess the efficacy of a rituximab regimen based on B cell depletion, 24 TTP patients were enrolled in this prospective multicentre single arm phase II study and then compared to patients from a previous study. Patients with a suboptimal response to a plasma exchange‐based regimen received two infusions of rituximab 375 mg m−2 within 4 days, and a third dose at day +15 of the first infusion if peripheral B cells were still detectable. Primary endpoint was the assessment of the time required to platelet count recovery from the first plasma exchange. Three patients died after the first rituximab administration. In the remaining patients, the B cell‐driven treatment hastened remission and ADAMTS13 activity recovery as a result of rapid anti‐ADAMTS13 depletion in a similar manner to the standard four‐rituximab infusions schedule. The 1‐year relapse‐free survival was also comparable between both groups. A rituximab regimen based on B cell depletion is feasible and provides comparable results than with the four‐rituximab infusions schedule. This regimen could represent a new standard in TTP. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00907751). Am. J. Hematol. 91:1246–1251, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel Rearrangement Followed by Ring Contraction of Highly Selective and Sensitive Turn‐On Chromogenic and Fluorescent Chemodosimeters for Cu2+ Ions
Authors: Das Paramita , Chaudhuri Tandrima , Karmakar Animesh , Saha Sucharita , Sengupta Bandyopadhyay Sumita , Mukhopadhyay Chhanda 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe dual chromogenic and fluorogenic chemodosimetric behaviour of substituted 5‐amino‐1,2‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐1,6‐naphthyridine‐8‐carbonitriles was investigated. The reaction‐based indicators operate by an unusual rearrangement followed by ring contraction to generate a pyrrolopyridine, with a “naked‐eye” response and chromofluorogenic selective sensing for Cu2+ ions. The structure of the pyrrolopyridine was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis.
Synthesis and Applications of 3‐Methylene‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)azetidin‐2‐ones as Building Blocks for the Preparation of Mono‐ and Spirocyclic 4‐CF3‐β‐Lactams
Authors: Dao Thi Hang , Danneels Barbara , Desmet Tom , Van Hecke Kristof , Van Nguyen Tuyen , D'hooghe Matthias 
Published: September 2016

Abstract3‐Methylene‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)azetidin‐2‐ones were efficiently prepared from the corresponding 3‐oxo‐4‐trifluoromethyl‐β‐lactams and successfully evaluated as novel building blocks in organic synthesis. In particular, Michael additions, electrophilic additions, and cycloadditions were applied to allow easy access to a broad variety of stereodefined mono‐ and spirocyclic 4‐CF3‐β‐lactams as useful synthetic intermediates en route to a variety of biologically relevant CF3‐functionalized target structures.
Do boating and basking mix? The effect of basking disturbances by motorboats on the body temperature and energy budget of the northern map turtle
Authors: Jain‐Schlaepfer Sofia M. R. , Blouin‐Demers Gabriel , Cooke Steven J. , Bulté Grégory 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Basking is the primary mechanism used by many freshwater turtles to maintain their body temperature (Tb) in a range that maximizes physiological performance. Basking turtles are easily disturbed by motorboats, but the consequences of the increasingly popular use of motorboats on turtles is largely unknown.
In this work, predictive models built from field and laboratory data were used to assess the effects of the frequency of basking disturbance by motorboats on Tb and metabolic rate (MR) of female northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica), a species of conservation concern.
Simulations revealed that the effects of boat disturbance vary seasonally. In early May, a conservative estimate of the disturbance rate (0.15 per hour) resulted in a 0.34°C decrease in mean daily Tb, which translated to a 7.8% reduction in mean MR. In June, July and August, owing to warmer lake temperatures, the effect of disturbance was less marked and the observed disturbance rates (0.32, 0.96 and 1.23 per hour, respectively) reduced the mean MR of an adult female by 2.1%, 0.5%, and 0.4 %, respectively.
Reduction in MR decreases the rate of energy assimilation, which could translate into sublethal effects on turtles, such as reduced growth and reproductive output.
Motorboat usage is increasing in many areas and is probably affecting other species of freshwater turtles that use aerial basking. This study offers important insights on the implications of disturbances for species that bask.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucose oxidase stabilization against thermal inactivation using high hydrostatic pressure and hydrophobic modification
Authors: Halalipour Ali , Duff Michael R. , Howell Elizabeth E. , Reyes‐De‐Corcuera José I. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTHigh hydrostatic pressure (HHP) stabilized glucose oxidase (GOx) against thermal inactivation. The apparent first‐order kinetics of inactivation of GOx were investigated at 0.1–300 MPa and 58.8–80.0°C. At 240 MPa and 74.5°C, GOx inactivated at a rate 50 times slower than at atmospheric pressure at the same temperature. The apparent activation energy of inactivation at 300 MPa was 281.0 ± 17.4 kJ mol−1 or 1.3‐fold smaller than for the inactivation at atmospheric pressure (378.1 ± 25.6 kJ mol−1). The stabilizing effect of HHP was greatest at 74.5°C, where the activation volume of 57.0 ± 12.0 cm3 mol−1 was highest compared to all other studied temperatures. Positive apparent activation volumes for all the treatment temperatures confirmed that HHP favors GOx stabilization. A second approach to increase GOx stability involved crosslinking with N‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐N′‐ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and either aniline or benzoate. The modified enzyme remained fully active with only slight increases in KM (1.3–1.9‐fold increases for aniline and benzoate modification, respectively). The thermal stability of GOx increased by 8°C with aniline modification, while it decreased by 0.9°C upon modification with benzoate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 516–525. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel UPLC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of 10 effective constituents in the Jixingshizhen preparation
Authors: Cui Kunna , Sun Shuo , Wang Ping , Luo Linda , Yu Jia , Guo Xingjie 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA novel, reliable and reproducible UPLC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated to determine simultaneously the 10 bioactive constituents (baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, wogonin, luteoloside, dictamnine, fraxinellone, obacunone, geniposidic acid and glycyrrhizic acid) in Jixingshizhen (JXSZ) preparation. Briefly, chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters BEH C18 column with gradient elution employing a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. All analytes containing internal standard (verapamil) were detected without interference in the multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive electrospray ionization. Further, a comprehensive validation of the method was rigorously executed according to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization and Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition). The results indicated that the validated method afforded desired linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity and stability. At length, the newly established method was successfully applied to quantify the 10 effective ingredients in JXSZ granules from different production batches, indicating the proposed method in this paper was particularly preferable for the routine analysis of JXSZ preparation as well as the quality control, particularly in situations where high sample throughput and fast analytical speed are required.
A PC‐based simulation platform for a quadcopter system with self‐tuning fuzzy PID controllers
Authors: Abu Rmilah Moayad H. Y. , Hassan Mohsen A. , Bin Mardi Noor Azizi 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTNowadays, engineers rely on simulation environments to get fast, accurate results to develop complex engineering systems. This paper presents a simulation platform that is useful for students to investigate quadcopter systems. Based on real‐time simulation results, the performance of the quadcopter under self‐tuning fuzzy PID controllers was compared and further investigated. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:934–950, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21769