bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The phenology of leaf quality and its within‐canopy variation is essential for accurate modeling of photosynthesis in tropical evergreen forests
Authors: Wu Jin , Serbin Shawn P. , Xu Xiangtao , Albert Loren P. , Chen Min , Meng Ran , Saleska Scott R. , Rogers Alistair 
Published: April 2017

AbstractLeaf quantity (i.e., canopy leaf area index, LAI), quality (i.e., per‐area photosynthetic capacity), and longevity all influence the photosynthetic seasonality of tropical evergreen forests. However, these components of tropical leaf phenology are poorly represented in most terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). Here, we explored alternative options for the representation of leaf phenology effects in TBMs that employ the Farquahar, von Caemmerer & Berry (FvCB) representation of CO2 assimilation. We developed a two‐fraction leaf (sun and shade), two‐layer canopy (upper and lower) photosynthesis model to evaluate different modeling approaches and assessed three components of phenological variations (i.e., leaf quantity, quality, and within‐canopy variation in leaf longevity). Our model was driven by the prescribed seasonality of leaf quantity and quality derived from ground‐based measurements within an Amazonian evergreen forest. Modeled photosynthetic seasonality was not sensitive to leaf quantity, but was highly sensitive to leaf quality and its vertical distribution within the canopy, with markedly more sensitivity to upper canopy leaf quality. This is because light absorption in tropical canopies is near maximal for the entire year, implying that seasonal changes in LAI have little impact on total canopy light absorption; and because leaf quality has a greater effect on photosynthesis of sunlit leaves than light limited, shade leaves and sunlit foliage are more abundant in the upper canopy. Our two‐fraction leaf, two‐layer canopy model, which accounted for all three phenological components, was able to simulate photosynthetic seasonality, explaining ~90% of the average seasonal variation in eddy covariance‐derived CO2 assimilation. This work identifies a parsimonious approach for representing tropical evergreen forest photosynthetic seasonality in TBMs that utilize the FvCB model of CO2 assimilation and highlights the importance of incorporating more realistic phenological mechanisms in models that seek to improve the projection of future carbon dynamics in tropical evergreen forests.
Climate‐ and successional‐related changes in functional composition of European forests are strongly driven by tree mortality
Authors: Ruiz‐Benito Paloma , Ratcliffe Sophia , Zavala Miguel A. , Martínez‐Vilalta Jordi , Vilà‐Cabrera Albert , Lloret Francisco , Madrigal‐González Jaime , Wirth Christian , Greenwood Sarah , Kändler Gerald , Lehtonen Aleksi , Kattge Jens , Dahlgren Jonas , Jump Alistair S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntense droughts combined with increased temperatures are one of the major threats to forest persistence in the 21st century. Despite the direct impact of climate change on forest growth and shifts in species abundance, the effect of altered demography on changes in the composition of functional traits is not well known. We sought to (1) quantify the recent changes in functional composition of European forests; (2) identify the relative importance of climate change, mean climate and forest development for changes in functional composition; and (3) analyse the roles of tree mortality and growth underlying any functional changes in different forest types. We quantified changes in functional composition from the 1980s to the 2000s across Europe by two dimensions of functional trait variation: the first dimension was mainly related to changes in leaf mass per area and wood density (partially related to the trait differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms), and the second dimension was related to changes in maximum tree height. Our results indicate that climate change and mean climatic effects strongly interacted with forest development and it was not possible to completely disentangle their effects. Where recent climate change was not too extreme, the patterns of functional change generally followed the expected patterns under secondary succession (e.g. towards late‐successional short‐statured hardwoods in Mediterranean forests and taller gymnosperms in boreal forests) and latitudinal gradients (e.g. larger proportion of gymnosperm‐like strategies at low water availability in forests formerly dominated by broad‐leaved deciduous species). Recent climate change generally favoured the dominance of angiosperm‐like related traits under increased temperature and intense droughts. Our results show functional composition changes over relatively short time scales in European forests. These changes are largely determined by tree mortality, which should be further investigated and modelled to adequately predict the impacts of climate change on forest function.
Catheter‐related fungal endocarditis caused by Candida parapsilosis in a hemodialysis patient
Authors: Shu Ying , Yu Shaobin , Zha Ling , Fu Ping , Cui Tianlei 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFungal endocarditis (FE) is commonly regarded as a rare but fatal disease. The incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) in hemodialysis (HD) patients is thought to be obviously higher than that in the general population. Moreover, IE occurs more likely in HD patients with catheters. With the increase of HD population and extensive use of catheters in HD patients, FE, as a special form of IE, may increase and bring new challenges to clinicians. We reported a case of FE associated with catheter infection in a 44‐year‐old woman on HD. The risk factors and treatment strategies of FE in HD patients were discussed.
Molecular subtyping of mammary‐like adenocarcinoma of the vulva shows molecular similarity to breast carcinomas
Authors: Tessier‐Cloutier Basile , Asleh‐Aburaya Karama , Shah Varsha , McCluggage W Glenn , Tinker Anna , Gilks C Blake 
Published: April 2017

AimsMammary‐like adenocarcinoma (MLA) of the vulva is thought to be derived from vulvar mammary‐like glands. The aim of this study was to characterize a series of MLAs by using an immunohistochemical algorithm that identifies the major molecular subtypes of breast cancer.Methods and resultsSeven cases of vulval MLA were stained for oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), Ki67, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cytokeratin (CK) 5, nestin, and inositol polyphosphate‐4‐phosphatase (INPP4b). Seventeen cases of vulval extramammary Paget disease (EMPD), seven with invasion, were studied for comparison. The median age of patients with MLA was 72 years. All tumours except one were early‐stage tumours. On the basis of an immunohistochemical panel, three of seven tumours were classified as luminal B, two of seven as HER2‐enriched, one of seven as luminal A, and one of seven as basal‐like. ER was expressed in four of seven tumours, PR in three of seven, HER2 in three of seven, EGFR in two of seven, and CK5 in one of seven, and the Ki67 index was >15% in six of seven cases. Nestin and INPP4b were, respectively, negative and positive in all cases. Of the seven cases of invasive EMPD, two showed a luminal A profile, three a luminal B profile (two of three with HER2 amplification), one a HER2‐enriched profile, and one a basal‐like profile. Three of seven were HER2‐amplified. Among the 10 cases of EMPD without invasion, seven showed a luminal A profile and three showed a luminal B profile (all HER2‐amplified); no HER2‐enriched or basal‐like subtypes were identified.ConclusionsBreast cancer subtyping can be applied to vulvar MLAs. All four intrinsic molecular subtypes are seen, with frequencies similar to those in breast carcinoma. Our results support the potential use of breast cancer molecular profiling algorithms to guide treatment for these cancers.
Commentary: On the importance of looking at nonlinearity and developmental effects – a reflection on Flom et al. (2017)
Authors: Rioux Charlie , Parent Sophie , Séguin Jean R. 
Published: April 2017

By examining both linear and curvilinear associations between mental development and activity level, the study by Flom et al. (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2017) highlights the importance of going beyond linear associations in psychological fields of research. Results from Flom et al. (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2017) also raise interesting questions for future research. First, studies should look at variables that may explain the associations between activity level and mental development, such as self‐regulation and attention. Second, longitudinal changes in the strength of the association between activity level and mental development should be examined to determine when this association is at its strongest. Finally, longitudinal research looking at bidirectional effects is needed to confirm the direction of the associations between activity level and mental development. Answers to these questions will allow the identification of the best targets and developmental periods for interventions to take place.
Facts and values in psychotherapy—A critique of the empirical reduction of psychotherapy within evidence‐based practice
Authors: Berg Henrik , Slaattelid Rasmus 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis paper addresses an implicit presupposition in research‐supported psychological treatments and evidence‐based practice in psychology. It argues that the notion of research‐supported psychological treatments is based on a reductive conceptualisation of psychotherapy. Research‐supported psychological treatments hinge upon an empirical reduction where psychotherapy schools become conceptualized as mere collections of empirical propositions. However, this paper argues that the different psychotherapy schools have distinct ethoses that are constituted by normative claims. Consequently, the evaluation of the different psychotherapy schools and the practice of psychotherapy should include the underlying normative claims of these ethoses.
Effect of an electronic medication administration record application on patient safety
Authors: Vicente Oliveros Noelia , Gramage Caro Teresa , Pérez Menendez‐Conde Covadonga , Álvarez‐Díaz Ana María , Martín‐Aragón Álvarez Sagrario , Bermejo Vicedo Teresa , Delgado Silveira Eva 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesTo evaluate the effect of an electronic medication administration record (eMAR) application on the rate of medication errors in medication administration recording (ME‐MAR).MethodsA before‐and‐after, quasiexperimental study was conducted in a university hospital that implemented the eMAR application in March 2014. Data collection was conducted in April 2012 (pre‐) and June 2014 (post‐) by two pharmacists. The ME‐MARs were analysed by the staff involved to identify their cause. The two pharmacists independently classified the ME‐MARs. In the case of disagreement, a research team examined the ME‐MARs and categorized them by consensus. Three classifications were used: A classic medication error taxonomy and 2 technology‐induced error taxonomies.ResultsThe pharmacists analysed 2835 (pre‐) and 2621 (post‐) medication administration records (MAR), respectively. Overall, the ME‐MAR rate decreased from 48.0% (pre‐) to 36.9% (post‐) (P < .05). The same types of ME‐MAR were observed in both phases except for “MAR with incomplete information,” which was not observed in the postimplementation phase. In both phases, the most frequent ME‐MAR was “MAR at the wrong time” (MAR before or after medication administration) (31.6% vs 30.2%). The main cause of ME‐MARs in both phases was the failure to follow work procedures. The potential future risk of ME‐MARs significantly decreased after the eMAR implementation (P < .05). All ME‐MARs were “use errors” because of human factors. New ME‐MARs (1.24%; n = 12) were observed in the postimplementation phase.ConclusionUse of the eMAR application significantly reduces the rate of ME‐MAR and their potential risk. The main cause of ME‐MAR was the failure to follow work procedures.
Natural mortality and cause of death analysis of the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): A 35‐year review
Authors: Laurence Hannah , Kumar Shyamesh , Owston Michael A. , Lanford Robert E. , Hubbard Gene B. , Dick Edward J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe present the spontaneous causes of mortality for 137 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) over a 35‐year period. A record review of the pathology database was performed and a primary cause of mortality was determined for each chimpanzee. The most common causes of mortality were as follows: cardiomyopathy (40% of all mortalities), stillbirth/abortion, acute myocardial necrosis, chimpanzee‐induced trauma, amyloidosis, and pneumonia. Five morphologic diagnoses accounted for 61% of mortalities: cardiomyopathy, hemorrhage, acute myocardial necrosis, amyloidosis, and pneumonia. The most common etiologies were degenerative, undetermined, bacterial, traumatic, and neoplastic. The cardiovascular system was most frequently involved, followed by the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and multisystemic diseases. Degenerative diseases were the primary etiological cause of mortality of the adult captive chimpanzee population. Chimpanzee‐induced trauma was the major etiological cause of mortality among the perinatal and infant population. This information should be a useful resource for veterinarians and researchers working with chimpanzees.
Sagittal crest formation in great apes and gibbons
Authors: Balolia Katharine L. , Soligo Christophe , Wood Bernard 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe frequency of sagittal crest expression and patterns of sagittal crest growth and development have been documented in hominoids, including some extinct hominin taxa, and the more frequent expression of the sagittal crest in males has been traditionally linked with the need for larger‐bodied individuals to have enough attachment area for the temporalis muscle. In the present study, we investigate sagittal cresting in a dentally mature sample of four hominoid taxa (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus and Hylobates lar). We investigate whether sagittal crest size increases with age beyond dental maturity in males and females of G. g. gorilla and Po. pyg. pygmaeus, and whether these taxa show sex differences in the timing of sagittal crest development. We evaluate the hypothesis that the larger sagittal crest of males may not be solely due to the requirement for a larger surface area than the un‐crested cranial vault can provide for the attachment of the temporalis muscle, and present data on sex differences in temporalis muscle attachment area and sagittal crest size relative to cranial size. Gorilla g. gorilla and Po. pyg. pygmaeus males show significant relationships between tooth wear rank and sagittal crest size, and they show sagittal crest size differences between age groups that are not found in females. The sagittal crest emerges in early adulthood in the majority of G. g. gorilla males, whereas the percentage of G. g. gorilla females possessing a sagittal crest increases more gradually. Pongo pyg. pygmaeus males experience a three‐fold increase in the number of specimens exhibiting a sagittal crest in mid‐adulthood, consistent with a secondary growth spurt. Gorilla g. gorilla and Po. pyg. pygmaeus show significant sex differences in the size of the temporalis muscle attachment area, relative to cranial size, with males of both taxa showing positive allometry not shown in females. Gorilla g. gorilla males also show positive allometry for sagittal crest size relative to cranial size. Our results suggest that although patterns of sagittal crest expression have limited utility for taxonomy and phylogeny reconstruction, they could be useful for reconstructing aspects of social behaviour in some extinct hominin taxa. In particular, our results in G. g. gorilla and Po. pyg. pygmaeus, which suggest that the size of sagittal crests in males cannot be solely explained by the surface area required for attachment of the temporalis muscle, offer partial support for the hypothesis that large sagittal crests form in response to sexual selection and may play a role in social signalling.
Neuronal loss, demyelination and volume change in the multiple sclerosis neocortex
Authors: Carassiti D. , Altmann D. R. , Petrova N. , Pakkenberg B. , Scaravilli F. , Schmierer K. 
Published: April 2017

AimsIndices of brain volume [grey matter, white matter (WM), lesions] are being used as outcomes in clinical trials of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated the relationship between cortical volume, the number of neocortical neurons estimated using stereology and demyelination.MethodsNine MS and seven control hemispheres were dissected into coronal slices. On sections stained for Giemsa, the cortex was outlined and optical disectors applied using systematic uniform random sampling. Neurons were counted using an oil immersion objective (× 60) following stereological principles. Grey and WM demyelination was outlined on myelin basic protein immunostained sections, and expressed as percentages of cortex and WM respectively.ResultsIn MS, the mean number of neurons was 14.9 ± 1.9 billion vs. 24.4 ± 2.4 billion in controls (P < 0.011), a 39% difference. The density of neurons was smaller by 28% (P < 0.001) and cortical volume by 26% (P = 0.1). Strong association was detected between number of neurons and cortical volume (P < 0.0001). Demyelination affected 40 ± 13% of the MS neocortex and 9 ± 12% of the WM, however, neither correlated with neuronal loss. Only weak association was detected between number of neurons and WM volume.ConclusionNeocortical neuronal loss in MS is massive and strongly predicted by cortical volume. Cortical volume decline detected in vivo may be similarly indicative of neuronal loss. Lack of association between neuronal density and demyelination suggests these features are partially independent, at least in chronic MS.
Leaf rust infection reduces herbivore‐induced volatile emission in black poplar and attracts a generalist herbivore
Authors: Eberl Franziska , Hammerbacher Almuth , Gershenzon Jonathan , Unsicker Sybille B. 
Published: April 2017

Summary

Plants release complex volatile blends after separate attack by herbivores and pathogens, which play many roles in interactions with other organisms. Large perennials are often attacked by multiple enemies, but the effect of combined attacks on volatile emission is rarely studied, particularly in trees.

We infested Populus nigra trees with a pathogen, the rust fungus Melampsora larici‐populina, and Lymantria dispar caterpillars alone and in combination. We investigated poplar volatile emission and its regulation, as well as the behavior of the caterpillars towards volatiles from rust‐infected and uninfected trees.

Both the rust fungus and the caterpillars alone induced volatile emission from poplar trees. However, the herbivore‐induced volatile emission was significantly reduced when trees were under combined attack by the herbivore and the fungus. Herbivory induced terpene synthase transcripts as well as jasmonate concentrations, but these increases were suppressed when the tree was additionally infected with rust. Caterpillars preferred volatiles from rust‐infected over uninfected trees.

Our results suggest a defense hormone crosstalk upon combined herbivore–pathogen attack in poplar trees which results in lowered emission of herbivore‐induced volatiles. This influences the preference of herbivores, and might have other far‐reaching consequences for the insect and pathogen communities in natural poplar forests.
How do fishery policies affect Hawaii's longline fishing industry? Calibrating a positive mathematical programming model
Authors: Sweeney Jonathan R. , Howitt Richard E. , Chan Hing Ling , Pan Minling , Leung PingSun 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe present a vessel and target‐specific positive mathematical programming model (PMP) for Hawaii's longline fishing fleet. Although common in agricultural economics, PMP modeling is rarely attempted in fisheries. To demonstrate the flexibility of the PMP framework, we separate tuna and swordfish production technologies into three policy‐relevant fishing targets. We find the model most accurately predicts vessel‐specific annual bigeye catch in the Western Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO), with an accuracy of 12–35%, and a correlation between 0.30 and 0.53. To demonstrate the model's usefulness to policy makers, we simulate the impact to individual vessels from increasing and decreasing the bigeye catch limit in the WCPO by 10%. Our results suggest that such policy changes will have moderate impacts on most vessels, but large impacts on a few generating a fat‐tailed distribution. These results offer insights into the range of winners and losers resulting from changes in fishery policies, and therefore, which policies are more likely to gain widespread industry support. As a tool for fishery management, the calibrated PMP model offers a flexible and easy‐to‐use framework, capable of capturing the heterogeneous response of fishing vessels to evaluate policy changes.
Zygomaticomaxillary suture maturation: A predictor of maxillary protraction? Part I ‐ A classification method
Authors: Angelieri F. , Franchi L. , Cevidanes L. H. S. , Hino C. T. , Nguyen T. , McNamara J. A. 
Published: April 2017

Structured AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to present a method of classifying the maturational level of the zygomaticomaxillary sutures (ZMSs).MethodsCone‐beam CT (CBCT) images from 74 subjects (5.6‐58.4 years) were examined to define the radiographic stages of ZMS maturation. Five stages of maturation of the ZMS were identified and defined: Stage A—uniform high‐density sutural line, with no or little interdigitation; Stage B—scalloped appearance of the high‐density sutural line; Stage C—two parallel, scalloped, high‐density lines, separated in some areas by small low‐density spaces; Stage D—fusion in the inferior portion of the suture; and Stage E—complete fusion. Intra‐ and inter‐examiner agreements were evaluated by weighted kappa tests.ResultsThe intra‐ and inter‐examiners reproducibility values demonstrated substantial to almost perfect agreement. No fusion of ZMSs was observed in patients up to 10 years of age. From 10 to 15 years, all maturational stages were identified. After 15 years of age, the majority of patients showed fusion of ZMSs.ConclusionsThe classification of ZMS maturation using CBCT is a reliable method that allows the assessment of the morphology of the ZMSs in the individual patient.