bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependence of field‐responsive mechanisms in lead zirconate titanate
Authors: Chung Ching‐Chang , Fancher Chris M. , Isaac Catherine , Nikkel Jason , Hennig Eberhard , Jones Jacob L. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAn electric field loading stage was designed for use in a laboratory diffractometer that enables in situ investigations of the temperature dependence in the field response mechanisms of ferroelectric materials. The stage was demonstrated by measuring PbZr1−xTixO3 (PZT) based materials—a commercially available PZT and a 1% Nb‐doped PbZr0.56Ti0.44O3 (PZT 56/44)—over a temperature range of 25°C to 250°C. The degree of non‐180° domain alignment (η002) of the PZT as a function of temperature was quantified. η002 of the commercially available PZT increases exponentially with temperature, and was analyzed as a thermally activated process as described by the Arrhenius law. The activation energy for thermally activated domain wall depinning process in PZT was found to be 0.47 eV. Additionally, a field‐induced rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition was observed 5°C below the rhombohedral‐tetragonal transition in PZT 56/44 ceramic. The field‐induced tetragonal phase fraction was increased 41.8% after electrical cycling. A large amount of domain switching (η002=0.45 at 1.75 kV/mm) was observed in the induced tetragonal phase.
Critical Thinking: Art Criticism as a Tool for Analysing and Evaluating Art, Instructional Practice and Social Justice Issues
Authors: Broome Jeffrey , Pereira Adriane , Anderson Tom 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRecent educational initiatives have emphasised the importance of fostering critical thinking skills in today's students in order to provide strategies for becoming successful problem solvers throughout life. Other scholars advocate the use of critical thinking skills on the grounds that such tools can be used effectively when considering social justice issues. In this article we make the case that the teaching and learning strategies of analytic art criticism can serve as fundamental tools used not just for the study of art but can also centre critical thinking and analysis in all aspects of the art education curriculum. Our argument begins with a review of literature on the use of art criticism for critical thinking and meaning making. Then we describe our efforts to address critical thinking with our students by using the critical analysis model of art criticism and applying it to learning environments for forming reasoned judgments about teaching and learning, and also as springboard for examining social justice issues. We believe that promoting this form of affectively driven, intellectually guided critical thinking makes our students potentially more successful not just in their encounters with art and education, but also in their lives as human beings beyond school.
Design Education without Borders: How Students Can Engage with a Socially Conscious Pedagogy as Global Citizens
Authors: Macdonald Iain , MacLeod Myrna 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis study examines the student experience of a third sector graphic design project in an international context. Inspired by a humanist and socially conscious perspective that was originally set out by Ken Garland's ‘First Things First’ manifesto in 1964, the project developed into a collaborative learning experience for African and European students. The aim of this project was to develop student global citizenship and mobility through a cultural learning experience in a very different environment with challenging resources and social conditions. Using student interviews and evidence from their reflective journals, this article analyses how UK design students participated and negotiated the implementation of live projects in an African context, specifically Mozambique. It also examines the wider impact on the cohort of students and friends who did not travel to Africa but followed the experience online. Risk taking, experimentation and an appetite for enquiry are attributes that students are encouraged to develop, but they can equally apply to teachers and lecturers as they develop their curricula. Within the framework of university learning, teaching and assessment strategies space can be found for design educators to look beyond corporate and conventional consumer outlets to a more socially conscious and community focus without borders.
Art Education and the Moral Injunction to be Oneself
Authors: Stabler Albert 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA primary function of schooling is to impart moral discipline, and art education distills this role to its core imperative of mandated pleasure, summarised by Jacques Lacan as the ‘will to enjoy’. This manifests in the insistence that, despite producing similar outcomes, students come to recognise themselves as unique and creative. In the twentieth century, art education in the USA has developed methods for extracting supposedly intimate personal expressions from young people, albeit without demanding the technical versatility, historical knowledge and critical reflection required of mature artists – the exception to this, despite its many flaws, being so‐called Discipline‐Based Art Education, or DBAE. In this article, I begin with reflections on the untapped potential of DBAE to relate to contemporary art practices. My ideas on moral instruction are expanded upon in the second section, when I undertake a ‘backwards’ history of British and American art education, in which the ideal of art class as a site of intrinsic and authentic meaning‐making is challenged by the functional requirements of education. My last section takes up a critique of critical pedagogy, in which I use the example of a project my high school students did about Michael Jackson to challenge ways in which trauma and pleasure are seen by critical pedagogues as features of experience that conflict fatally with the educational ends of individualist autonomy.
Work climate and the mediating role of workplace bullying related to job performance, job satisfaction, and work ability: A study among hospital nurses
Authors: Olsen Espen , Bjaalid Gunhild , Mikkelsen Aslaug 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimTo increase understanding of workplace bullying and its relation to work climate and different outcomes among nurses. Examine a proposed bullying model including both job resource and job demands, as well as nurse outcomes reflected in job performance, job satisfaction, and work ability.BackgroundWorkplace bullying has been identified as some of the most damaging mechanisms in workplace settings. It is important to increase understanding of workplace bullying in relation to work climate and different outcomes among nurses.DesignThis study adopted a cross‐sectional web based survey design.MethodA sample of 2946 Registered Nurses from four public Norwegian hospitals were collected during October 2014. We analysed data using descriptive statistics, correlations, Cronbach's alpa, confirmatory factor analyses, and structural equation modelling.ResultsThe majority of work climate characteristics confirmed to influence workplace bullying, and additionally had direct influence on nurse outcomes; job performance, job satisfaction, and work ability. Bullying had a mediational role between most of the work climate dimensions and nurse outcomes.ConclusionThis study increases our understanding of organizational antecedent of bullying among nurses. Workplace bullying among nurses functions as a mediator between the majority of work climate dimensions and outcomes related to job satisfaction and work ability. Strategies to reduce bullying should look at the study finding and specifically job resources and job demands that influence bullying and nurse outcomes.
The inter‐play between facilitation and context in the promoting action on research implementation in health services framework: A qualitative exploratory implementation study embedded in a cluster randomized controlled trial to reduce restraint in nursing homes
Authors: Mekki Tone Elin , Øye Christine , Kristensen Bodil , Dahl Helen , Haaland Astrid , Nordin Kristin Aas , Strandos Marta , Terum Toril Marie , Ydstebø Arnt Egil , McCormack Brendan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimTo explore the inter‐play between external facilitation and nursing home contexts relative to intervention outcomes.BackgroundThe Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services framework is frequently used to theoretically inform implementation and research in nursing and recent reviews indicate high face validity for health services. However, the inter‐play and relationship between framework sub‐elements of evidence, context and facilitation and the prospective utility in non‐English speaking contexts warrant further illumination.DesignIn an overarching single‐blind cluster‐randomized controlled trial, we applied participatory action research and ethnography from August 2011–June 2015 to evaluate a standardized education intervention to reduce restraint and agitation in nursing home residents living with dementia. The trial results are published elsewhere.MethodsProspectively informed by the PARIHS framework, a research team and eight facilitators participating in dual roles as action researchers designed, implemented, and evaluated the intervention. How contextual factors influenced the facilitation processes were explored in focus group interviews (1), reflection notes (84) written by the facilitators’ after each education session, ethnographic field studies (6 homes), and co‐analysis workshops (5). Directed content analysis was used to analyse data.ResultsClinical leaders taking roles of internal facilitator influenced the success of implementation, while complex and fluctuating context elements determined whether restraint use was reduced‐ or not. The PARIHS framework was found to be relevant in a non‐English nursing home setting, albeit some elements merit further conceptualization.ConclusionsOur findings confirm the prospective utility of the PARIHS framework for implementation in a non‐English context, particularly the notion of implementation processes as dynamic and multifaceted.
Components and drivers of change in European freshwater fish faunas
Authors: Sommerwerk Nike , Wolter Christian , Freyhof Jörg , Tockner Klement 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimHuman‐induced loss of native species and introduction of non‐native species have altered richness and composition of species assemblages world‐wide. During the past 15 years many studies have focused on changes in taxonomic similarity and identified numerous yet often contrasting reasons for these changes. This study aims to quantify taxonomic changes in freshwater fish assemblages between the mid‐19th century and today, while explicitly separating its different components and drivers.LocationGeographic Europe, 251 river basins > 2500 km².MethodsPairwise catchment comparisons of historic and contemporary fish species inventories, with and without migratory fish, using Jaccard similarity; quantification of relative species turnover using a newly developed Reshuffling Index; determination of the threshold (here: number of catchments occupied) that displays how widespread a species must be to cause homogenization.ResultsThe European freshwater fish fauna changed profoundly since the mid‐19th century. All river catchments exhibited an average net gain of 5.7 species, leading to an overall increase in faunal similarity across Europe of 3.1% (4.6% if migratory species are excluded). However, species turnover was much higher than indicated by the net gain. On average, 20% of the historic assemblages became reshuffled. The native catchment range size of an introduced species primarily determined its impact on taxonomic similarity change, irrespective whether it is translocated within or introduced from outside Europe and whether the species is of fisheries importance or not.Main conclusionsThe concurrent use of multiple indices allowed disentangling the main components and drivers of taxonomic change. It became evident that prevention of intended or unintended species introduction will not lower the rate of taxonomic homogenization per se. However, most species actually caused taxonomic differentiation despite their range gain. All introduced species still considerably contributed to taxonomic change with potential negative effects on ecosystem functions.
Web‐based integrated bipolar parenting intervention for parents with bipolar disorder: a randomised controlled pilot trial
Authors: Jones Steven H. , Jovanoska Jelena , Calam Rachel , Wainwright Laura D. , Vincent Helen , Asar Ozgur , Diggle Peter J. , Parker Rob , Long Rita , Sanders Matthew , Lobban Fiona 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundPeople with bipolar disorder (BD) experience additional parenting challenges associated with mood driven fluctuations in communication, impulse control and motivation. This paper describes a novel web‐based self‐management approach (Integrated Bipolar Parenting Intervention; IBPI) to support parents with BD.MethodParents with BD with children aged 3–10 years randomised to IBPI plus treatment as usual (TAU) or waitlist control (WL). IBPI offered 16 weeks access to interactive self‐management information concerning BD and parenting issues. Feasibility was through recruitment, retention and web usage. Clinical outcomes were assessed at baseline, 16, 24, 36 and 48 weeks. Trial Registration Number: ISRCTN75279027.ResultsNinety seven participants were recruited with 98% retention to end of intervention and 90% to final follow‐up (56%–94% data analysed of retained participants; higher rates for observer measures). 77% of IBPI participants accessed the website (53% accessed parenting modules). Child behaviour, parenting sense of competence and parenting stress improved significantly in IBPI compared to WL to end of intervention, sustained to 48 weeks. Impacts of IBPI on family functioning, parent mood and time to mood relapse were not significant.ConclusionsOnline self‐management support for parents with BD is feasible, with promising improvements in parenting and child behaviour outcomes. A definitive clinical and cost‐effectiveness trial is required to confirm and extend these findings.
Post‐harvest disinfestation of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango using hot‐water treatments
Authors: Ndlela S. , Ekesi S. , Ndegwa P. N. , Ong'amo G. O. , Mohamed S. A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), is one of the most important fruits in Africa, providing household nutrition and economic development opportunities for millions of growers across the continent. In Kenya, over 80% of mango production is carried out by smallholders who produce this crop for both the domestic and the export markets. Despite its importance, mango production is hampered by several constraints, including infestation by fruit flies, especially the exotic Bactrocera dorsalis. In addition to its direct damage to fruits, the high quarantine status of the pest restricts the export of fruits and limits access to lucrative markets, impacting negatively on export earnings. To facilitate access to export markets, post‐harvest management measures such as hot‐water treatment are required to ensure quarantine security. Internationally, this level has been set as either 99.99% (Probit 8.7) or 99.9968% (Probit 9). In developing a protocol, the development of immature life stages of B. dorsalis in ‘Apple’ mango was established. Using this information, infested mangoes harbouring the different immature life stages were subjected to a hot‐water treatment of 46.1°C for four different times, and the egg mortality and larval mortality were determined. The third‐instar life stage was the most heat tolerant, followed by second‐ and first‐instar larvae and the egg stage, respectively. The immersion time of 81.47 min (95% CL 75.77–87.18) was established as the time required to achieve 99.99% security level. In the validation experiment, there were no survivors from the 51,101 third‐instar individuals treated in ‘Apple’ mango weighing 400–500 g. Furthermore, there were no survivors from the 44,651 third instars exposed to 46.1°C for 68 min. These results provide sound evidence that the shorter treatment duration is an effective post‐harvest disinfestations treatment against B. dorsalis, and should facilitate access to export markets for mango fruits from Africa.
An audit of adherence to heart failure guidelines in an Australian hospital: A pharmacist perspective
Authors: Khalil Viviane , Danninger Melanie , Wang Wei , Khalil Hanan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesThe Australian National Heart Foundation Guidelines have been developed to guide clinicians on how to best manage chronic heart failure (CHF) patients according to the current best available evidence. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the proportion of patients prescribed evidence‐based therapy (EBT) for CHF on discharge at this Australian metropolitan hospital and factors affecting its prescribing. The secondary aims are to examine the proportion of patients prescribed EBT on discharge on cardiac wards compared to medical wards and to explore the role of the pharmacist in the management of these patients.MethodA retrospective audit of patients' medical notes who were admitted consecutively for CHF management was conducted over 6 months to examine their management.ResultsThe results showed at discharge, a total of 52% of patients were discharged on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, 49% were discharged on β‐blockers, 15% were on Aldosterone receptor antagonists, 90% were discharged on diuretics, and 29% were discharged on Digoxin. The main determinants of prescribing EBT on discharge were the presence of prescribing contraindications and patients' comorbidities. Patients discharged from cardiac wards were more likely to be prescribed EBT than if discharged on medical wards. Furthermore, in the subset of the cohort who was reviewed by a pharmacist during admission, a higher percentage of patients were discharged on EBT compared with those who did not have a pharmaceutical input.ConclusionThis study highlighted existing gaps between the National CHF Guidelines and clinical prescribing practice in this hospital. Patients who were discharged from cardiac wards were more likely to be prescribed medications concordant with the guidelines, and there is further opportunity for pharmacists to assist in closing gaps in prescribing practice by the promotion of adherence to these guidelines.
Different perspectives of validity in psychiatry
Authors: Telles Correia Diogo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIt is important to improve our understanding about what might be the specific characteristics of mental disorders to strengthen the scientific credibility of psychiatry and to clarify its position among other medical and nonmedical sciences.On the other hand, this issue has diagnostic, research, therapeutic, legal, financial, and moral implications.Some authors defend a realistic and absolutist attitude towards validity and others an instrumental and relativistic stance. Regarding the organization of concepts, dimensional or categorical approaches have both advantages and disadvantages.Regarding the methodology by which validity is sought, it can be oriented externally or internally to the concept in question. On the other hand, the validity can be expert driven or data driven, the research can be based on disorders or in symptoms and quantitative or qualitative methods may be used.In this article, we review all these different kinds of perspectives that can be taken towards the definition of validity in psychiatry and the methodology to search for it.
Assessment of the efficacy and safety of a new complex skin cream in Asian women: A controlled clinical trial
Authors: Jung Yu Seok , Lee Ji Hae , Bae Jung Min , Lee Dong Won , Kim Gyong Moon 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundMedical products such as hydroquinone and tretinoin have been widely used to treat various types of skin hyperpigmentation. However, these products are limited in daily use given their adverse effects. Other alternative agents with fewer adverse side effects have been developed. However, single agents often do not produce satisfactory results.AimsTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new brightening complex cream containing niacinamide, tranexamic acid, oxyresveratrol, glutathione disulfide, and linoleic acid.Patients and MethodsA total of 26 Korean women seeking to lighten their skin were enrolled. The product was applied on the face two times per day for 12 weeks. Standardized photographs were taken at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. Efficacy was assessed using melanin index (MI), erythema index (EI), and chromatic aberration values (L*, a*, and b*). Improvement perceived by investigators and patients was measured as well.ResultsThe L*‐value was increased at 8 weeks (0.7±2.5, P<.05) and at 12 weeks (0.8±2.5, P<.05). The MI was significantly decreased at 8 weeks (−4.2±4.5, P<.05) and at 12 weeks (−3.8±4.8, P<.001). The EI was significantly improved at 12 weeks (−3.2±2.2, P<.001). More than 80% of patients were considered improved at 12 weeks based on the view of the investigators and patients.ConclusionsThe new brightening complex cream was proved to be effective and safe in Asian women.
The views of older people and health professionals about dignity in acute hospital care
Authors: Tauber‐Gilmore Marcelle , Addis Gulen , Zahran Zainab , Black Sally , Baillie Lesley , Procter Sue , Norton Christine 
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectivesTo report the findings from interviews conducted as part of a wider study on interventions to support dignified care in older people in acute hospital care. The data in this study present the interview data.BackgroundDignity is a complex concept. Despite a plethora of recommendations on how to achieve dignified care, it remains unclear how to attain this in practice and what the priorities of patients and staff are in relation to dignity.DesignA purposive sample of older patients and staff took part in semi‐structured interviews and gave their insight on the meaning of dignity and examples of what sustains and breaches a patient's dignity in acute hospital care.MethodThirteen patients and 38 healthcare professionals in a single metropolitan hospital in the UK interviewed. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and underwent a thematic analysis.ResultsThe meaning of dignity was broadly agreed on by patients and staff. Three broad themes were identified: the meaning of dignity, staffing level and its impact on dignity, and organisational culture and dignity. Registered staff of all healthcare discipline and student nurses report very little training on dignity or care of the older person.ConclusionThere remain inconsistencies in the application of dignified care. Staff behaviour, a lack of training and the organisational processes continue to result in breaches to dignity of older people. Clinical nurses have a major role in ensuring dignified care for older people in hospital.Relevance to clinical practiceThere needs to be systematic dignity‐related training with regular refreshers. This education coupled with measures to change the cultural attitudes in an organisation towards older peoples’ care should result in long‐term improvements in the level of dignified care. Hospital managers have an important role in changing system to ensure that staff deliver the levels of care they aspire to.