bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Centrifuge modelling of upheaval buckling in sand
Authors: White D. J. , Barefoot A. J. , Bolton M. D. 
Published: November 2015

When operating at high temperature and internal pressure, initial imperfections in a cold laid pipeline can lead, through expansion and an increase in axial stress, to imperfection· growth and upheaval buckling. Efficient design against upheaval buckling requires accurate prediction of soil uplift resistance. However, current design methods are based on empirical uplift factors chosen from soil classification data, and do not capture the strong influence of backfill density on uplift resistance. A series of tests are reported, in which the pipe uplift is modelled in a 0.8 m diameter mini-drum centrifuge. A key advantage of the mini-drum centrifuge is that uplift tests can be carried out on small soil samples taken from boreholes along the pipeline length. Pipe uplift can be considered as a routine laboratory test. The results demonstrate the strong influence of backfill density on peak uplift resistance. Observation of the failure mechanism suggests that existing design methods based on vertical slip planes are unrepresentative of the failure. Instead, a new solution is presented, which more closely represents the observed mechanism, and provides excellent correlation with the measured data of peak uplift resistance across a range of backfill densities. Design curves are presented, which require element test results as input parameters. However, upheaval buckling is an unusual example in which centrifuge models, standing alone, provide the most efficient design tool.
Evaluating the coefficient of consolidation using penetration tests
Authors: House A.R. , Oliveira J.R.M.S. , Randolph M.F. 
Published: November 2015

This paper discusses the potential for using variable rate penetration tests as a means of assessing the consolidation coefficient for fine-grained soils. Previous testing has shown that the penetration resistance increases as the rate of penetration decreases, owing to partial consolidation in the soil ahead of the advancing probe. This led to the idea of reducing the penetration rate over a short interval during a standard (rapid) test, in order to identify the velocity at which consolidation effects become significant. By matching that point against a normalised backbone curve of penetration resistance versus non-dimensionalised velocity, the consolidation coefficient, cv, of the soil may be deduced. To explore this idea, a series of penetration tests in kaolin clay were undertaken on a drum centrifuge at the University of Western Australia (UWA), using a cylindrical T-bar penetrometer. A backbone curve was first established using constant penetration rate tests, but with velocities covering nearly 3 orders of magnitude. Then, a series of ‘twitch’ tests were undertaken, where the velocity was successively halved over 8 steps, from a high value (corresponding to undrained conditions) down to 0.4% of the initial value, with the penetrometer being advanced by either 1 or 2 diameters in each step. Comparison of the normalised penetration resistance with the backbone curve provided an estimate of the coefficient of consolidation, which was compared with independent estimates from oedometer tests. The tests gave very encouraging results, with the potential for the value of cv to be estimated within an error band of ±20%.
Static and cyclic undrained response of square embedded foundations
Authors: Ntritsos N. , Anastasopoulos I. , Gazetas G. 
Published: November 2015

Results of a three-dimensional finite-element study for the effect of embedment on the undrained bearing capacity, the elastic stiffness, and the cyclic behaviour of square-in-plan foundations are presented. Uniaxial horizontal (Q) and pure-moment (M) limit loads, as well as the respective elastic stiffnesses (KHH and KMM) are obtained, and simplified models are developed to interpret the observed trends. The substantially different role of embedment in increasing elastic stiffness and in increasing ultimate loads is interpreted in simple soil mechanics terms. Extensive comparisons are made with the two-dimensional results for a strip foundation. Combined (QM) loading capacities are obtained and presented as ‘interaction’ diagrams; the significance of the vertical load (N) is also addressed. The importance of the type of contact between the foundation interfaces (vertical or horizontal) with the surrounding or underlying soil is explored. A substantial reduction in all capacities is shown when the interfaces are tensionless and of limited shear (sliding) resistance (TSI), compared with the capacities for the ideal case of fully bonded contact (FBC). The cyclic moment–rotation (M–θ) response of embedded foundations carrying a simple slender structure is investigated parametrically. It is found that the monotonic loading curves provide approximately the envelope for the cyclic M–θ loops. But the shape of these loops and the ensuing settlement of the foundation are both functions of the factor of safety (FSV) against vertical bearing capacity. In case of surface and shallowly embedded foundations with high values of FSV (i.e. with light loading or on very stiff soil) the loops pass nearly through the centre (M = θ = 0) of the coordinate axes and the residual settlement is negligible; both are a consequence of the predominantly geometric non-linearity in the form of separation of the walls and uplifting of the base from the soil. On the contrary, with low FSV values (heavy loading or soft soil) and deeper relative embedment, broad hysteresis loops and accumulating settlement are the rule – a product of material inelasticity of the soil, under limited soil–foundation detachment.
review of the control of schistosomiasis in South Africa
Authors: Magaisa Kundai , Taylor Myra , Kjetland Eyrun F. , Naidoo Panjasaram J. 
Published: November 2015

Schistosomiasis is the second most important tropical disease in the world in terms of public health impact. In South Africa, more than 4 million people are estimated to be infected with schistosomiasis. School-age children usually have the highest prevalence and intensity of infection. Schistosoma haematobium may result in female genital schistosomiasis which presents as inflammation and ulceration of the genital mucosa and pathological blood vessels. These effects may increase the susceptibility of women with female genital schistosomiasis to HIV. Praziquantel is the drug used to treat schistosomiasis and it is best to treat people during the early stages of infection, before female genital schistosomiasis presents as lesions and sandy patches, as there currently is no treatment for these symptoms. Schistosomiasis is not regarded as a serious public health issue in South Africa despite evidence revealing the seriousness of the disease. In areas endemic for schistosomiasis, the World Health Organization recommends regular mass treatment of all school-age children. In 2001, South Africa became a signatory to the World Health Assembly resolution 54.19 which urged all member states to achieve the minimum goal of 75% treatment coverage in school-age children at risk by 2010. This goal was not achieved in South Africa, despite efforts made by the Department of Health, such as the first statutory school-based geohelminth control programme in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. However, this programme has not been continued. Therefore, there is still much work to be done in order to control and decrease the prevalence of schistosomiasis in endemic areas.
Insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Mamfene, KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Brooke Basil D. , Robertson Leanne , Kaiser Maria L. , Raswiswi Eric , Munhenga Givemore , Venter Nelius , Wood Oliver R. , Koekemoer Lizette L. 
Published: November 2015

The control of malaria vector mosquitoes in South Africa’s affected provinces is primarily based on indoor spraying of long-lasting residual insecticides. The primary vectors in South Africa are Anopheles arabiensis and An. funestus. South Africa’s National Malaria Control Programme has adopted a malaria elimination agenda and has scaled up vector control activities accordingly. However, despite these plans, local transmission continues and is most likely because of outdoor feeding by populations of An. arabiensis. An outdoor Anopheles surveillance system has been set up in three sections of the Mamfene district in northern KwaZulu- Natal in order to assess the extent of outdoor resting An. arabiensis in Mamfene and to assess the current insecticide susceptibility status of this population. According to WHO criteria, the An. arabiensis samples tested showed evidence of resistance to deltamethrin (pyrethroid), DDT (organochlorine) and bendiocarb (carbamate), and full susceptibility to the organophosphates pirimiphos-methyl and fenitrothion. Pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide completely nullified the deltamethrin resistance otherwise evident in these samples, supporting previous studies implicating monooxygenase-based detoxification as the primary mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. The data presented here affirm the presence of pyrethroid and DDT resistance previously detected in this population and also indicate the comparatively recent emergence of resistance to the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb. These data show that special attention and commitment needs to be given to the principles of insecticide resistance management as well as to investigations into alternative control techniques designed to target outdoor-resting An. arabiensis in northern KwaZulu-Natal.
Evaluation of Interallelic waxy, Heterowaxy, and Wild‐Type Grain Sorghum Hybrids
Authors: Yerka M.K. , Toy J.J. , Funnell‐Harris D.L. , Sattler S.E. , Pedersen J.F. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTFour near‐isogenic Wheatland × Tx430 grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids differing in allelic status at the Waxy locus were grown in yield trials to determine their potential to expand existing sources of low‐amylose starch. The hypothesis tested was that agronomic performance and grain yield do not differ among hybrid genotypes. Hybrids were generated in a two‐by‐two factorial design using wxb and wild‐type (WT) Wheatland as female parents with wxa and WT Tx430 as male parents. Yield trials were conducted at two Nebraska locations in 2009 and 2010. No differences were observed for field emergence, but grain yield of the interallelic waxy (wxb × wxa) hybrid was 330 kg ha−1 greater than the WT × WT hybrid (P = 0.0482). The wxb × Wx hybrid had the highest grain yield, 633 kg ha−1 greater than the WT (P = 0.0003). Amylose starch content was lowest for wxb × wxa (7.66 g kg−1), intermediate for wxb × Wx and Wx × wxa (25.06 and 27.20 g kg−1, respectively); and highest for WT × WT (34.80 g kg−1) (n = 4, P < 0.0001). The waxy and heterowaxy hybrids evaluated in this study are promising options for commercial production of starches with reduced amylose contents in a drought‐tolerant crop.
Characterization and Fine Mapping of SiDWARF2 (D2) in Foxtail Millet
Authors: Xue Cuixia , Zhi Hui , Fang Xuejiao , Liu Xiaotong , Tang Sha , Chai Yang , Zhao Baohua , Jia Guanqing , Diao Xianmin 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTElongation of grass internodes determines the plant height and underlies the grain yield of grass crop species, by enhancing of lodging resistance in elite cultivars. Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] is an ancient cereal crop that served as a staple food during early civilization in China and is still grown widely across South and East Asia, Europe, and Africa. In this study, a foxtail millet dwarf mutant (Sidwarf2), derived from ‘Yugu1’, was characterized. In the dwarf mutant, significantly reduced cell lengths caused the observed shorter internodes. Gibberellin sensitivity analyses suggested that the height of the mutant could be restored under out spraying of gibberellic acid (GA3). In both the wild‐type and the mutant, endogenous levels of GA3 in elongated internodes stayed the same, while the abscisic acid (ABA) content of the dwarf mutant was greatly elevated. The dwarf gene (D2) was finally mapped on chromosome 3 and located to a genome region spanning 52.7 kb using combined bulked segregation analysis and map‐based approaches. Twelve transcripts were annotated in the target region and a cytochrome P450 encoding gene was deduced to be the candidate gene of D2. This study highlighted the potential of fast‐mapping‐favorable loci in foxtail millet, which will aid molecular selection and modification of foxtail millet in the future.
Comparison of the effects of micro-osteoperforation and corticision on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rats
Authors: Tsai Chi-Yang , Yang Teng-Kai , Hsieh Hsueh-Yin , Yang Liang-Yu 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To investigate the effects of flapless micro-osteoperforation and corticision on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rats.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-five 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following groups: micro-osteoperforation and orthodontic force (MOP + F), corticision and orthodontic force (C + F), and orthodontic force only (F, control). The left maxillary first molars were pulled forward with a force of 50 g. Flapless surgical interventions were conducted in the MOP + F and C + F groups. The total duration of the experiment was 6 weeks. Alveolar bone density and the number of osteoclasts were evaluated using microcomputed tomography and histologic examination, respectively.

Results:
The tooth movement distance was significantly higher in both experimental groups than in the control group. Bone density and bone mineral density decreased in the MOP + F and C + F groups. The number of osteoclasts in the MOP + F and C + F groups was significantly higher than in the control group F.

Conclusion:
The two minimally invasive flapless surgical interventions increased bone remodeling and osteoclast activity and induced faster orthodontic tooth movement for at least 2 weeks in rats. No differences were observed between the outcome of flapless micro-osteoperforation and corticision in the rats.
Comparison of the ability of veterinary medical students to perform laparoscopic versus conventional open ovariectomy on live dogs
Authors: Levi Ohad , Kass Philip H. , Lee Lyon Y. , Cantrell Valerie M. , Clark David E. , Griffon Dominique J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Objective—To compare the feasibility of training veterinary medicine students to perform laparoscopic versus conventional open ovariectomy in live dogs.
Design—Randomized prospective parallel-group experiment.
Population—25 students completing the second year of their veterinary curriculum.
Procedures—Students were randomly assigned to 2 groups to receive 14 hours of specific training in either open ovariectomy (n = 13) or laparoscopic ovariectomy (12). Confidence, basic surgical skills, and basic laparoscopic skills were evaluated before and after training, prior to live surgical procedures.
Results—Scores related to basic surgical skills were high in both groups and did not improve with either training program. Before live animal surgeries, student confidence and basic laparoscopic skills improved after training in laparoscopic ovariectomy and were higher than after training in open ovariectomy. Surgery time was higher for the students who received training in laparoscopic ovariectomy (129 minutes; range, 84 to 143 minutes), compared with students who received training in open ovariectomy (80 minutes; range, 62 to 117 minutes). On a 55-point scoring system, ovariectomy scores were similar between students who received training in open ovariectomy (34.5; range, 16.5 to 45) and students who received training in laparoscopic ovariectomy (34.5; range, 25 to 44.5).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The training programs were effective in improving student confidence and skills in laparoscopic ovariectomy. Results of this study suggested that veterinary medical students, with assistance from an instructor, may be taught to perform laparoscopic ovariectomies with performance equivalent to that for students performing open ovariectomies.
Transcatheter arterial embolization for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in a cat
Authors: Iwai Satomi , Okano Shozo , Chikazawa Seishiro , Kakizaki Takehiko , Sakonju Iwao , Solomon Jeffrey A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Case Description—A 16-year-old 6.8-kg (15-lb) castrated male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of a 3 × 6-cm mass in the right medial lobe of the liver.
Clinical Findings—The cat had a history of frequent vomiting and anorexia along with 10% weight loss over the past year.
Treatment and Outcome—Transcatheter arterial embolization was selected because surgery (standard first-line treatment) was declined and only 1 vessel feeding the tumor was apparent on contrast-enhanced CT. A 4F sheath was placed in the left carotid artery, and a 3.3F guide catheter was advanced into the celiac artery. A 0.014-inch guidewire and 1.7F microcatheter were inserted into the hepatic artery through the guiding catheter and advanced into the feeding vessel. A mixture of polyvinyl alcohol particles and contrast agent was injected for embolization. A hypoechoic area in the tumor was identified on ultrasonography on posttreatment day 6, and necrotic and degenerated cells in the area were identified cytologically. By posttreatment day 71, vomiting had resolved and CT revealed decreased tumor size, but altered attenuation suggested a more solid mass on day 205. No feeding vessel for embolization was found on contrast-enhanced CT, so ultrasonic emulsification to remove the tumor was performed on day 231. No recurrence was seen on contrast-enhanced CT on day 420 or day 721.
Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that transcatheter arterial embolization may be suitable for treating hepatic tumors in cats, but alternative approaches are needed in cats, compared with dogs, owing to anatomic differences.
Evaluation of the Effect of Phytol on the Formation of PAHs in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Moldoveanu SC , Coleman WM III , Kulshreshtha NP 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Phytol or (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen- 1-ol (MW = 296.53 a.u.), is naturally present in tobacco at levels around 100-150 µg/g dry leaf, where it is bound in the form of an ester to a porphyrine type group (known as chlorin) with several substituents and chelated to Mg2+ ion, to form chlorophyll. This study evaluated the formation of PAHs when several levels of phytol up to ten times higher than typical phytol level were added on 3R4F cigarettes. The cigarettes were smoked under two different smoking conditions. One regimen (indicated as 35/60) used 35 mL puff volume, 2 s puff duration, each puff taken every 60 s, and in the other used 60 mL puff volume, 2 s puff duration, each puff taken every 30 s (indicated as 60/30). The increase in the PAHs level upon phytol addition was not significant. A statistical evaluation of the dependence of total PAHs and the added level of phytol showed that the hypothesis of a zero slope for the dependence line phytol/total PAHs cannot be rejected (with a p = 0.101 for 35/60 smoking and p = 0.626 for 60/30 smoking). Still, for 35/60 smoking conditions, an increase of about 14% in total levels of PAHs was noticed when the added phytol level was 1.5 mg phytol per cigarette. However, this PAHs increased level was not necessarily determined by the phytol addition, and can be caused by random procedural/analytical errors (as indicated by the statistical analysis) or by the modification of cigarettes during phytol addition. Also, the observed level is much lower than the expected 100% increase in the PAHs level, based on literature prediction. Intensive smoking did not show an increase in PAHs level at all. Flash pyrolysis of free phytol and of chlorophyll a provided results that indicated that phytol bound in chlorophyll is not likely to generate different PAHs level compared to free phytol. Thus, phytol has been shown not to be a significant contributor/ precursor to the PAHs formation in cigarette smoke.
HPLC-MS Determination of Acrolein and Acetone Generated from 13C3 -Labeled Glycerol Added to Cigarette Tobacco Using Two Machine-Smoking Regimes
Authors: Yip SH , Taylor LT , Ashraf-Khorassani M , Yu J , Borgerding MF , Coleman WM , Bodnar JA 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The extent of blend glycerol degradation in a burning cigarette to form acrolein and acetone has been quantitatively determined by the addition of glycerol-13C3 to three styles of a leading commercial cigarette brand. Multiple Cambridge pads soaked with a solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) were employed to trap hydrazone derivatives of low molecular weight carbonyl compounds in both mainstream and sidestream smoke. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with negative ion mass spectrometry was used to isolate DNPH derivatives of the volatile carbonyl products of combustion and to ascertain their concentration. Acrolein, acetone, and propionaldehyde were the principal compounds of interest. The DNPH derivatives of acrolein-13C3 and acetone-13C3 were independently synthesized, and they served as external standards for absolute quantitation. The cost of fully labeled propionaldehyde precluded its use in this study. The brand styles selected for study represent the cigarette design features that are most prevalent in the U.S. market today and afford a representative range of standardized “tar” yields (14, 10, and 5 mg/cig, respectively by the Cambridge Filter Method). The brand styles studied are part of a commercial cigarette brand family that does not contain additives to the tobacco blend, including glycerol. Mainstream smoke was generated by an automated smoking machine employing the standard Cambridge Filter Smoking Regime and a more intense regime requiring larger, more frequent puffs and 100% vent blocking that is specified for regulatory purposes by the Canadian federal government. The research indicated that only a small fraction of added glycerol (~0.25%-0.30%, w/w) was converted to the two compounds of interest, with the larger portion generally observed in sidestream smoke. Less than 0.1% of the added glycerol was converted to acrolein in mainstream smoke for all cigarette designs and smoking regimes studied.
Influence of Tobacco Additives on the Chemical Composition of Mainstream Smoke - Additional Analysis of Three Tobacco Industry Based Laboratories
Authors: Intorp M , Pani J , Blumenstock M 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Three tobacco industry based laboratories determined selected mainstream components using their established in-house methods. Machine smoking was done according to the ISO smoking regime. The Test cigarettes smoked for this investigation were manufactured with different amounts of added glycerol, cocoa powder and sucrose. Variability between the three laboratories differed clearly for the analyzed smoke components. No overall effects due to the added ingredients on smoke components could be found. The high ‘tar’ products with the highest lodading of sucrose showed a slight increase in formaldehyde emissions among all three laboratories.