bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
D50 Shift Factor Shifting the Concept of SBMs Performance Evaluation
Authors: Amanullah Md. , Allen Tim , Kilani Mohammed 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Different grades of sized bridging materials such as ultra-fine, fine, medium and coarse grades are frequently used in drill-in fluid formulations to enhance fluid characteristics, improve mud cake quality and eliminate or reduce formation damage while drilling. Selection of high quality and long lasting SBMs is an essential part of superior drill-in fluid design to achieve these goals. Historically, color, provenience or origin of the SBM samples were evaluated visually or by applying some geological analysis tools such as the petrographic tools to identify and select highly durable and mechanically strong SBM products. These subjective and inappropriate methods of assessment frequently lead to disastrous SBMs performance in down hole conditions.
Due to the limitation and ambiguity of the petrographic methods, attempt was made to identify high quality and long lasting SBMs by evaluating acid solubility of SBMs. Though this evaluation criterion is good from acid solubility point of view, it has no relevance to mechanical behavior of SBMs while drilling. Hence, the assessment method also provided misleading information regarding SBMs performance in down hole conditions. Due to the failure of the above approaches, attempt was made to assess SBMs quality using Brinnel Hardness Tester. The outcome of the research was not reliable and inconclusive and thus was not successful in providing a guiding tool for SBMs performance evaluation.
This paper describes a fit-for-purpose index parameter defined as the D50 Shift Factor that readily indicates the relative toughness of SBM products and thus provides a powerful guiding tool for high quality SBM product selection for superior drill-in fluid formulations. The index parameter is based on size degradation principle of SBM particles i.e. weak SBMs will cause higher shift of the D50 size compared to tough SBM products. Experimental results demonstrate the usefulness of the D50 Shift Factor in SBM performance evaluation and superior fluid formulations for trouble-free, economic and non-damaging drilling operation.
Remaining Oil Distribution Pattern of Massive Matured Oilfield with Strong Bottom Water: An Integrated Reservoir View
Authors: Rao Liangyu , Wu Xianghong , Wang Hui 
Published: May 2016

Summary
The highlight of this study is to establish the distribution pattern of remaining oil in massive matured oilfield developed by bottom water under watercut over 90%. The approach combines reservoir engineering and numerical simulation to demonstrate the controlling factor and distribution pattern of remaining oil and complexity water oil movement. The study involves dynamically describing of water oil movement and studying of remaining oil enrichment mechanism and conducting a detailed typical numerical reservoir simulation of Hoilfield.
The results of the integrated reservoir study show that remaining oil distribution pattern was seven distribution forms (that is flower-like oil, isolated-island oil, ridge oil, attic oil, banded oil, roof oil, sandwich oil)controlled by micro-structure, inter-beds, rhythm, heterogeneity, faults, well pattern and development strategy, and water movement was affected by the transformation of water energy and the formation of water-flooding advantage flow channel, and which was formed for heterogeneity that is production rate heterogeneity, reservoir heterogeneity such as dual porosity and high permeability heterogeneity. Furthermore, the horizontal oil mainly located in flower-like oil which controlled by structure and well pattern, vertical oil mainly located in attic oil controlled by structure, isolated-island oil controlled by local micro-structure, and roof oil controlled by structure and rhythm.
The mechanism study also show that inter-bed can affect the distribution of remaining oil when the dimensionless inter-bed radius larger than 0.6 and has little effect on remaining oil when smaller than 0.2, and remaining oil may located on upper zone, lower part and cross inter-bed, and the high oil viscosity also made oil be remained under the inter-bed. The mechanism study show a great agreement with the simulation study of H oilfield, and can support the following development adjustment and EOR study.
Carbonate reservoir interaction with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: El-Hajj H. , Odi U. , Gupta A. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
It is well known that with continued production from wet gas reservoirs, the reservoir pressure eventually falls below the dew point pressure leading to condensation and loss of gas productivity in the reservoir. The concept of simultaneously injecting CO2 in a gas reservoir for long term storage while at the same time accelerating production of the gas reservoir is intriguing and promising. CO2 may also interact with carbonate matrix by changing porosity and permeability of the host rock; this is true for reservoirs that are found in the Gulf Region.
Core floods experiments with carbon dioxide aging were conducted in a core sample analogue to carbonate at reservoir conditions. CO2 interaction in carbonate formation was evaluated by XRF and SEM analysis; furthermore mineral trapping was also investigated by AFM.
The results of the laboratory study showed that the CO2 would dissolve some of the rock at high pressure aging. Dissolved carbonate was found also to be precipitated along the core after decreasing the pressure of the system.
The results of this study are directly applicable for evaluating CO2 Huff-n-Puff, a process that can potentially raise the reservoir pressure back above the original dew point. Results of this experiment help answer some critical questions related to introducing CO2 in wet gas reservoirs and its interaction with carbonate reservoirs.
Innovative Single-Phase Tank Technology for In-Situ Sample Validation Enhances Fluid Sampling Integrity
Authors: Galvan Sanchez Francisco 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Millions of dollars are spent each year drilling in deepwater areas to prove the presence of hydrocarbons. Wireline formation testers (WFT) are able to capture and retrieve multiple, discreet hydrocarbon discreet hydrocarbon fluid samples at in-situ conditions. Expeditious sample validation once the sample bottles are retrieved at the surface, expeditious sample validation is critical because it provides certainty on sample type and quality. The typical process for well-site wellsite sample validation can be very expensive and high risk because it requires a full laboratory restoration apparatus, a portable lab, and trained personnel to handle high-pressure samples —often under unfavorable conditions.
The Advanced Optical Cylinder (AOC) is the latest evolution development in single phase single-phase sampling technology by Baker Hughes. The AOC sample chamber eliminates the high risk and costs associated with sample quality validation in the field and provides costs associated with sample quality validation in the field and provide the clients with very valuable and timely data regarding their fluid sample. The AOC is nitrogen charged sample tank that provides pressure compensation to retrieve a single phase sample and incorporates visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR)technology to obtain spectroscopic measurements of the sample within the tank. The AOC design incorporates nitrogen compensation, to retrieve a single single-phase sample, as well as visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR)technology to obtain spectroscopic measurements of the sample within the tank. The ability to capture Capturing a single single-phase sample is very important because the accuracy of reservoir fluid samples can provide critical parameters needed for optimal completion and production design. Vis-NIR spectroscopy is a well-established tool used for downhole fluid analysis that provides critical information such as fluid type, sample purity and PVT properties. With the AOC, it is now possible to verify the consistency visible-near-infrared spectra of the captured sample of the crude oil or gas obtained during sampling, as soon as the tanks are retrieved at surface without the need for sample transfer. The benefits include avoiding lengthy waiting periods for PVT laboratory analysis, ensuring the quality of retrieved samples, and enhancing critical economic decisions about the reservoir development.
The AOC provides the best method for non-invasive sample validation of the captured formation fluid sample, using a high-resolution spectrometer that easily connects to the tank to capture detailed visible and NIR spectra of the pressurized fluid sample. This spectrum can then be compared to the fluid analysis data that was captured while the WFT was sampling, further analysis of the VIS-NIR spectra can determine contamination, GOR, bubble point, and API gravity.
Field examples will be used to demonstrate the application and benefits of in-situ sample validation using the AOC.
Fracture Optimization Applying a Novel Traceable Proppant and a Refined Mechanical Earth Model in the Congo Onshore
Authors: Perfetto R. , Saldungaray P. , Martocchia F. , Ceccarelli R.L. , Lorefice R. , Rinaldi F. , Tealdi L. , Dalmasso P. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Fracture stimulation has been adopted as an integral part of the completion in the M'Boundi field given the results achieved in enhancing well productivity, as well as the positive impact realized on field development economics. The fracturing process has been optimized over the years through improved reservoir understanding and ensuing implementation of technologies to address the uncovered challenges. Changes to the fracturing fluid formulation to prevent damaging the water sensitive reservoir rock, as well as modified proppant schedules to mitigate proppant embedment are examples of this improvement process.
This paper describes the successful ongoing process of optimizing hydraulic fracturing designs in M'Boundi field. By applying an integrated approach combining various technologies, it was possible to better understand fracture propagation and coverage of the target reservoir. Implementation of a novel non-radioactive traceable proppant allowed accurate frac height measurement at the wellbore. When combined with rocks mechanics derived from sonic logs it led to redefining the mechanical earth model and ultimately the completion and fracturing strategy in the field. The process will be illustrated with examples from a 3-well campaign recently executed onshore Congo.
Using a Novel Spacer and Ultralow Density Cement System to Control Lost Circulation in Coalbed Methane (CBM) Wells
Authors: Wang Chengwen , Wang Ruihe 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Coalbed methane (CBM) is one of the major clean-burning gas resources. Development and utilization of CBM can increase the energy supply, improve coalmine safety, and protect the global environment. The southern Qinshui basin of China is rich in coalbed methane; it is the first area that obtained good results in the commercial development of CBM in China. However, lost circulation is a common problem during cementing through the fractured coal-seams known as cleats. These cleats form an interconnected fracture network and this allows cement slurry to loss through the coal-seams during cementing operations. Cleats are often wide enough to accept cement slurry, not just cement slurry filtrate. Hence, simply reducing slurry density does not ensure a good cement job. Preventing cement slurry loss to coal-seams while cementing production casing is a major challenge.
To solve lost circulation problem across coal formations, an innovative hydrophilic-fiber-based spacer fluid and ultralow density cement slurries with density of 0.95–1.20 g/cm3 have been formulated. Laboratory tests have verified the effectiveness of hydrophilic-fiber-based spacer fluid in plugging these cleats of coal-seams. The ultralow density cement slurries exhibite favorable properties. These test results are confirmed by the goodfield application results obtained in southern Qinshui basin. Fourteen CBM wells have been successfully cemented using the novel spacer fluid and the ultra low density cement slurries. The combined application of the hydrophilic-fiber-based spacer fluid and the ultralow density cement slurry system is able to successfully combate the lost circulation problem in CBM wells, and provides better zonal isolation as well. This paper provides details about the slurry design and field application, and also presents the cement bond evaluations that verify the conclusions.
Hawiyah Gas Plant Alarm Rationlization and Controller Performance Monitoring
Authors: Almubarak Yousef H. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In order to improve the plant and operation efficiency and reliability, HGP established a consistent and standard methodology for the development, implementation, and modification of process and system alarms. In addition, this methodology serves as guideline to monitor, fix and report bad actors in alarms and PID controllers. The task involves a comprehensive study to the entire plant alarms database including settings, grouping, priorities, philosophy and configuration. In addition, this task will ensure the continuity of PID controllers monitoring to ensure that all of the plant PID controllers are in auto and they are maintaining their set point. Succeeding to achieve this will ensure the optimum performance and efficiency and ensure more vigilant operation. HGP succeeded to bring the controller in auto to above 90%and a full alarms rationalization study was conducted to bring the alarms level to the international KPIs.
The paper will start with providing basic background about essential definition including the alarms, alarm rationalization and controller performance monitoring. Then, the paper will address the importance of the subject and the need of the improvement. As there are many recent studies indicates that missing critical alarms lead to fatal insidents and major damages to different facilities. In addition, many of the plants upset and changes could have been avoided if good alarming system is in place. Beside all of this, the paper will address the importance of the plant controllers'automation as having these valves on auto will assure having the targeted product with the best possible efficiency.
Then, the paper will address the basic effort and plans Hawiyah Gas Plant conducted.
In the first section of the effort, the paper will address the alarm rationalization and monitoring effort with the goal to bring the plants alarms to the acceptable limit where only the required alarms will be received by the operator. In addition, all of the alarming system is based on best of practice configuration with the right color code, disception and presentation. To assure that the received alarms are meanenigful and they require operator action.
This section is divided in two parts: the alarms rationalization effort and the alarm monitoring part.
For the first part, the paper will address the newly plant developed alarm philosophy that act as the base of the Distrbuted Control System (DCS) alarms configuration. And the tools used to generate the alarms reports and how this set up is ideal for such service. In addition, the paper is highlighting the team and task force that it takes to accomplish the task as such critical task has to be attended by a multi disciplinary team. Then, this part will discuss the developed and utilized KPIs which they are related to the number of alarms received at each console, the peak alarm rate, the inhibited alarms, chattering and stale alarms.
Boilers Reliability Study- Abqaiq Plants Experience
Authors: Al-Alamoudi Saeed A. , Al-Hajji Mohammad H. , Al-Suwaian Mohammad S 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This paper describes a reliability enhancement study for boilers that was recently conducted at the world's largest crude oil stabilization plant in Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia. Since its inception in the 1940s, the Abqaiq plant has had to operate a number of water tube boilers to produce high pressure steam that is used to process stabilized oil. In each boiler, there are more than 2,000 tubes and, over the years, several boiler tube failures have occurred. This paper describes a recent study that was conducted to evaluate the history of tubes failure, identify the main factors of the tube failures, and generate recommendations to minimize the number of failures. This paper presents the results of a recent boiler life assessment study that was conducted on one of the boilers at the Abqaiq plant.
Performance of Refracturing in Multiple Thin Layers of Low Permeability Oilfields
Authors: He Liu , Wenjun Wang 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
For the low permeability formation of Daqing oilfield, we have to stimulate the multiple thin layers in one stage during a separated layer fracturing job because there are many of layers in one well. Based on the logging data analysis, the hard fracturing layers identified method has been built for the multiple thin layers re-fracturing in low permeability layers in Daqing. According to the calculating result of the broken pressure difference within multiple layers, we can recognize the layer which is not been stimulated in the first time multiple layers limited entry fracturing job. We can optimize the fracturing parameters design in the re-fracturing treatment. Based on the research of interference disciplinarian between fractures, we can get the boundary of the least interval without the interference. So we can analysis which layer is not been stimulated enough because of fractures interference in the first time fracturing. Researching the relationship of perforation holes erosion with fracturing treatment parameters can help us to estimate the first time fracturing and optimize the re-fracturing treatment parameters designing. By using above method, we have got a satisfactory re-fracturing result in 27wells. After fracturing, the oil production is increased 6.8t/d and the water ratio is decreased 4.2%. The oil production is even higher 1.2t/d than the first time fracturing. That shows the new layers have been stimulated.
Employing First Principles Model-Based Soft Sensors for Superior Process Control and Optimisation
Authors: Lee Shuyee D. , Zahrani Aidhah J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This paper describes the development and implementation of soft sensors at the world's largest crude oil stabilization plant (Abqaiq) for superior process control and optimization. The soft sensor uses a rigorous steady-state model combined with dynamic synchronization to compute real-time stream properties (i.e., hydrogen sulfide amount (H2S), Reid vapor pressure(RVP), and true vapor pressure (TVP)) so corrective action can be taken immediately. Crude oil is characterized by 19 pure light components and17 heavy pseudo-components. A non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) model is used for predicting thermodynamic properties of the liquid phase while an ideal gas model is used for the vapor phase. Unlike traditional data driven methods, the soft sensor adopts the first-principles modeling approach so current operating conditions can be correctly reflected in the online model based on sound engineering principles. Fault detection, sensor validation, and calibration with laboratory data are also performed online to ensure reliable and accurate predicted H2S, RVP and TVP values.
Assessment of Corrosion and Mechanical Properties Degradation of Pipeline Steel After Long Term Service in High Sour Gas-Field Environments
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Zhang Qingsheng , Chen Weiguo , Liu Dexu , Ou Tiongxiong , Huang Xuesong , Chen Can , Chen Changfeng 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this work, the corrosion behavior and mechanical degradation of two types of pipe steel, Inconoy 825 and L360, after two years of high sour environments service in Puguang gas-field were studied. Results demonstrated that a fearful elemental sulfur layer deposited on the inner wall of pipeline, pitting corrosion and hydrogen-induced cracking was observed in L360 pipe. In comparison, no pitting corrosion and hydrogen-induced cracking was found in Inconoy 825 steel pipe due to its excellent resistance to corrosion. Furthermore, mechanical properties (yield strength, impact strength, elongation, hardness, fracture toughness) and stress corrosion cracking were investigated. Results showed that the yield strength decreased obviously and the percentage of elongation increased in Inconoy 825 steel but little change in L360. The analysis a change of the mentioned mechanical characteristics together with the results of the diffusion and tapping of hydrogen of them indicated that the properties degradation of Inconoy 825 pipeline steel after long term service was associated with essential role of hydrogen in these processes.
The consequences of sudden failures and severe corrosion of metallic material in the high sour gas-field, which associated with their exposure to H2S/CO2 containing gas, led to the preparation of evaluation tests of pipeline. However, passing evaluation tests cannot guarantee the safety in actual work condition unless the field experience had been at least two years. As the first attempt to exploit high sour gas-field in China, it is anticipated that this work of Puguang provides valuable data and an essential insight into the corrosion and degradation of pipeline steel services in high-sour environmental.