bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucose-lowering medications and glucose levels as the major determinants of progression of carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged adults and elders: a community-based prospective study
Authors: Chou Chao-Liang , Lu Shu-Xin , Cheng Chun-Fang , Wu Tzu-Wei , Wang Li-Yu 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundFew prospective studies explored the incidence and determinant of carotid atherosclerosis (CA) progression (CAP). This community-based prospective study focused on the effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) treatments and glucose levels on CAP risks.MethodsWe followed up a group of 657 CA-positive middle-aged adults and elders for CAP. CAP was defined as an increase in the total number of carotid plaque and/or an increase in diameter stenosis by at least 10%.ResultsAfter 4.05 years of followed-up, CAP was detected in 364 (55.4%) subjects. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were 1.805 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.374-2.358) and 0.694 (95% CI: 0.510-0.944) for elevated fasting plasma glucose (eFPG; FPG≥100 mg/dL) and glucose-lowering medications (GLM), respectively. As compared to GLM-negative+eFPG-positive subjects, the multivariable-adjusted HRs were 0.497 (95% CI: 0.373-0.662), 0.537(95% CI: 0.306-0.942), and 0.586 (95% CI: 0.412-0.833) for GLM-negative+eFPG-negative, GLM-positive+eFPG-negative, and GLM-positive+ eFPG-positive subjects, respectively. The multivariable-adjusted risks of CAP were similar between GLM-negative+eFPG-negative and GLM-positive+ eFPG-positive subjects (p=0.77). Stratified analyses showed that the multivariable-adjusted HRs per 5.0 mg/dL increase in FPG were significantly increased among GLM-negative subjects (HR=1.131; 95% CI: 1.094-1.171) and non-significantly decreased among GLM-positive subjects (HR=0.985; 95% CI: 0.957-1.013).ConclusionWe found that more than 50% of CA-positive subjects had CAP in 4 years and higher FPG significantly increased and GLM significantly decreased the risks of CAP. Additionally, GLM and FPG demonstrated an interactive effect on CAP risks. It seems possible that GLM may induce effects beyond lowering glucose levels and subsequently lowers CAP risks.
Pharmacological blockade of the mast cell MRGPRX2 receptor supports investigation of its relevance in skin disorders
Authors: Macphee Colin H. , Dong Xinzhong , Peng Qi , Paone Daniel V. , Skov Per Stahl , Baumann Katrine , Roethke Theresa , Goldspink Deborah A. , Pearson Samuel K. , Wu Zining 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionBecause MRGPRX2 is now recognized as the mast cell receptor for basic secretagogues, there is currently a tremendous interest in whether MRGRPX2 could play an important role in various pruritic dermatoses such as chronic spontaneous urticaria. Therefore, we sought to identify new potent and selective antagonists to pharmacologically characterize the biological role of MRGPRX2.MethodsVarious relevant in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo model systems were used to investigate the role of MRGPRX2. This included the study of freshly isolated human skin mast cells and human basophils as well as an ex vivo human skin microdialysis preparation. The additivity of MRGPRX2 and FcεR1-mediated degranulation was also investigated. Human MRGPRX2 knock-in mice were generated to interrogate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships because both antagonists studied were shown to be human specific.ResultsTwo novel and structurally distinct MRGPRX2 antagonists were identified with one, Compound B, being orally active and demonstrating high potency in blocking Substance P–mediated degranulation using freshly isolated human skin mast cells with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 0.42 nM. Compound B also potently blocked Substance P–stimulated histamine release from resident mast cells in a human skin explant setup as well as blocking itch in an established behavioral scratching model using MRGPRX2 knock-in mice. Unlike human mast cells, Substance P failed to elicit a functional response in human basophils.ConclusionThese data fully support the investigation of MRGPRX2 receptor antagonists in mast cell–driven allergic skin disorders such as chronic spontaneous urticaria.
Gender differences in the use of an upper-extremity exoskeleton during physically and cognitively demanding tasks- a study protocol for a randomized experimental trial
Authors: Wollesen Bettina , Gräf Julia , Hansen Lasse , Gurevich Anna , Elprama Shirley A. , Argubi-Wollesen Andreas , De Pauw Kevin 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundUpper limb exoskeletons are recommended to alleviate muscle fatigue, particularly in working conditions inducing musculoskeletal discomfort like overhead work. However, wearing an exoskeleton might introduce cognitive-motor interference, affecting performance. Understanding its neural impact and potential gender differences in design effects is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine exoskeleton effects addressing cross-gender comparisons, and exploring the impact on cognitive and physical workload in real-world scenarios. The research questions address the impact of exoskeleton use on muscle synergies, upper body posture, cognitive resources, comfort/discomfort, acceptance and usability.MethodsThe cross-sectional study integrates a multifactorial mixed-measure design. Participants are grouped by gender (female vs. male) and working condition (with vs. without exoskeleton). Motor performance and underlying neuronal correlates (fNIRS) will be analyzed. Based on an a priori sample size calculation, 80 participants (40 female/40 male) will be recruited. Working performance will be assessed by 1. Physical Performance Task (PILE task) and 2. Precision Task (following the Fitts paradigm), while body postures will be monitored with an Xsens motion capture system. Brain activation will be captured with an fNIRS system comprising 32 active optodes. Postural comfort/discomfort, acceptance, and usability will be reported via standardized questionnaires.DiscussionThe study will gain insights into potential gender differences in exoskeleton use and will contribute to designing and optimizing the implementation of exoskeletons by considering muscle synergies, movement variability and cognitive resource allocation. Additionally, the study also highlights user discomfort, a crucial factor that could impede widespread adoption, particularly among females, in real-world scenarios.
Evolving trends in oral cancer burden in Europe: a systematic review
Authors: Ghanem Amr Sayed , Memon Hafsa Aijaz , Nagy Attila Csaba 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionOral cavity cancer (OCC), primarily oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is a growing concern in Europe, particularly among younger populations. Preventable lifestyle factors and social determinants of health contribute significantly to the disease burden. Limited access to healthcare and delayed diagnoses further complicate treatment and reduce survival rates.MethodsThis systematic literature review adhered to PRISMA guidelines to explore trends in OSCC epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and survival across Europe. A comprehensive search strategy using PubMed, GLOBOCAN data, and the EUROCARE-5 study identified relevant articles focusing on human populations in Europe with a primary interest in OSCC epidemiology. Only peer-reviewed publications in English with full-text access were included.ResultsThis study investigated the burden of OSCC across Europe, revealing variations in incidence, mortality, and prognosis. Eastern and Central Europe displayed the highest burden. Males exhibited a significantly higher risk compared to females. Age-related disparities existed in life expectancy and time to achieve favorable outcomes. HPV emerged as a growing risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. Public health strategies should target modifiable risk factors and improve early detection.ConclusionThis review reveals concerning disparities in European OSCC. Region, sex, and age all influence burden and prognosis. Future research should focus on controlling risk factors and personalized medicine to optimize treatment. This will lead to a Europe with reduced OSCC incidence and demonstrably better patient outcomes.
Breast conservation and oncoplastic surgery are associated with improved quality of life
Authors: Barbalho Daniel , Polidorio Natalia , Mori Lincon , Barros Alfredo , Sampaio Marcelo , Melo Sandro , Assis Amilcar , Bioni Pamela , Miziara Giovanna , Fraga Murilo , Andrade Felipe 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionLocal treatment can be distressful to breast cancer patients. We aimed to evaluate how different types of local treatment impact the quality of life of patients.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, one-year postoperative Breast-Q Satisfaction with Breasts scores were used as a surrogate for Quality of Life. Linear regression was used to estimate the impact of breast conservation, oncoplastic surgery, breast reconstruction, and radiation therapy on Breast-Q scores. All analyses were adjusted for multiple covariates.ResultsOf the 711 eligible patients, 349 female patients answered both the pre- and one-year postoperative questionnaires and were included in the final analysis. In total, 237 (68%) patients underwent breast-conserving surgeries and 112 (32%) underwent mastectomies. All mastectomy patients underwent breast reconstruction and 176 (74% of breast-conserving surgeries) underwent concomitant oncoplastic surgery. After multivariate analysis, mastectomy was associated with lower scores compared to breast-conserving surgery (-21.3; 95%CI: -36.2, -6.4, p=0.005), and oncoplastic surgery was associated with higher scores (9.2; 95%CI: 0.8, 17.6, p=0.032). There was a tendency for higher scores with the use of flaps in breast reconstruction and a tendency for lower scores with the use of radiation therapy, but the difference was not significant.ConclusionsBreast-conserving surgery is associated with better quality of life than mastectomy. Additionally, oncoplastic surgery is associated with a better quality of life than standard breast-conserving surgery. Patients should be counseled whenever multiple options for surgery are possible, and efforts should be made to increase the availability of trained surgeons in oncoplastic techniques.
Trend and forecast analysis of the changing disease burden of pancreatic cancer attributable to high fasting glucose in China, 1990–2021
Authors: Song Lichen , Chen Ziyi , Li Yongjie , Ran Lirong , Liao Dongwei , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wang Guangming 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundPancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumour with poor prognosis and high mortality, and high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) is considered to be one of its important risk factors.MethodsPC disease burden data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) database. Annual percent change (APC), average APC (AAPC), and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were analysed using joinpoint linkpoint regression models to assess the trend of PC burden of disease between 1990 and 2021. An age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the independent effects of age, period, and cohort on PC burden, and data on PC mortality attributable to HFPG in China from 2022 to 2032 were analysed on the basis of a Bayesian age-period-cohort model projection.ResultsThe number of Pc deaths due to HFPG continue to rise in China from 1990 to 2021, with age-standardised mortality (ASMR) and age-standardised disability-adjusted life-year rates with increasing AAPC values of 1.12% (95% CI, 0.73–1.52) and 1.00% (95% CI, 0.63–1.37), respectively. Throughout the study, we found that the overall level of PC disease burden was significantly higher in men than that in women. In age-period-cohort analyses, the age effect of PC showed an increasing and then decreasing trend, the period effect showed an overall increasing trend during the study period, and the cohort effect showed an overall slow decreasing trend. In addition, the BAPC model predicted that ASMR is expected to decline significantly in both men and women from 2022 to 2032.ConclusionsIt was found that PC attributable to HFPG was generally on the rise in China from 1990 to 2021 and has been on the decline in recent years, and projections suggest that the country’s future PC disease burden will continue to show a downward trend. Age and period of birth are the main factors affecting the disease burden, especially in men and older age groups. Early prevention, regular screening, and research into the pathogenesis of PC have, therefore, become particularly important.
Vδ2 T-cell engagers bivalent for Vδ2-TCR binding provide anti-tumor immunity and support robust Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell expansion
Authors: King Lisa A. , de Jong Milon , Veth Myrthe , Lutje Hulsik David , Yousefi Parsa , Iglesias-Guimarais Victoria , van Helden Pauline M. , de Gruijl Tanja D. , van der Vliet Hans J. 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundVγ9Vδ2 T-cells are antitumor immune effector cells that can detect metabolic dysregulation in cancer cells through phosphoantigen-induced conformational changes in the butyrophilin (BTN) 2A1/3A1 complex. In order to clinically exploit the anticancer properties of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells, various approaches have been studied including phosphoantigen stimulation, agonistic BTN3A-specific antibodies, adoptive transfer of expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells, and more recently bispecific antibodies. While Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells constitute a sizeable population, typically making up ~1-10% of the total T cell population, lower numbers have been observed with increasing age and in the context of disease. MethodsWe evaluated whether bivalent single domain antibodies (VHHs) that link Vδ2-TCR specific VHHs with different affinities could support Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell expansion and could be incorporated in a bispecific engager format when additionally linked to a tumor antigen specific VHH. ResultsBivalent VHHs that link a high and low affinity Vδ2-TCR specific VHH can support Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell expansion. The majority of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells that expanded following exposure to these bivalent VHHs had an effector or central memory phenotype and expressed relatively low levels of PD-1. Bispecific engagers that incorporated the bivalent Vδ2-TCR specific VHH as well as a tumor antigen specific VHH triggered antitumor effector functions and supported expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in vitro and in an in vivo model in NOG-hIL-15 mice.ConclusionBy enhancing the number of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells available to exert antitumor effector functions, these novel Vδ2-bivalent bispecific T cell engagers may promote the overall efficacy of bispecific Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell engagement, particularly in patients with relatively low levels of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells.
The DLPFC is centrally involved in resolving Stroop conflicts, suppressing distracting sensory input within the auditory and visual system
Authors: Ehlis Ann-Christine , Zarantonello Lisa , Haeussinger Florian B. , Rohe Tim , Rosenbaum David , Fallgatter Andreas J. , Maier Moritz J. 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionCognitive control is a prerequisite for successful, goal-oriented behavior. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is assumed to be a key player in applying cognitive control; however, the neural mechanisms by which this process is accomplished are still unclear.MethodsTo further address this question, an audiovisual Stroop task was used, comprising simultaneously presented pictures and spoken names of actors and politicians. Depending on the task block, participants had to indicate whether they saw the face or heard the name of a politician or an actor (visual vs. auditory blocks). In congruent trials, both stimuli (visual and auditory) belonged to the same response category (actor or politician); in incongruent trials, they belonged to different categories. During this task, activity in sensory target regions was measured via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG), respectively. Specifically, fNIRS was used to monitor activity levels within the auditory cortex, while the EEG-based event-related potential of the N170 was considered as a marker of FFA (fusiform face area) involvement. Additionally, we assessed the effects of inhibitory theta-burst stimulation—a specific protocol based on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)—over the right DLPFC. Non-invasive brain stimulation is one of the few means to draw causal conclusions in human neuroscience. In this case, rTMS was used to temporarily inhibit the right DLPFC as a presumed key player in solving Stroop conflicts in one of two measurement sessions; then, effects were examined on behavioral measures as well as neurophysiological signals reflecting task-related activity in the frontal lobes and sensory cortices.ResultsThe results indicate a central role of the DLPFC in the implementation of cognitive control in terms of a suppression of distracting sensory input in both the auditory cortex and visual system (FFA) in high-conflict situations. Behavioral data confirm a reduced Stroop effect following previous incongruent trials (“Gratton effect”) that was only accomplished with an intact DLPFC (i.e., following placebo stimulation).DiscussionBecause non-invasive brain stimulation is uniquely suited to causally test neuroscientific hypotheses in humans, these data give important insights into some of the mechanisms by which the DLPFC establishes conflict resolution across different sensory modalities.
Performance of self-performed SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cai Peiling , Wang Junren , Ye Peng , Zhang Yarong , Wang Mengping , Guo Ronglian , Zhao Hongying 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of self-tested SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests.MethodsDatabases of Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for original studies investigating accuracy of self-tested SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests, with RT-PCR as “gold standard.”ResultsForty-five eligible studies were found after database searching and screening using pre-defined criteria. The accuracy results from 50,897 suspected COVID-19 patients were pooled, and the overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio were 0.77, 1.00, and 625.95, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed higher sensitivity of rapid antigen tests in subgroups of Abbott Panbio, self-collected nasal swab samples, and use of nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab and lower Ct cutoff value in RT-PCR.ConclusionFully self-performed SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests showed overall high accuracy compared to “gold standard,” and are reliable surrogates for the standard test of COVID-19 using nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal samples and RT-PCR.
МЕХАНИЗМЫ ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ МУНИЦИПАЛЬНЫМИ ЗЕМЛЯМИ
Authors: Алексеева Н.А. , Доронина С.А. , Абашева О.Ю. 
Published: October 2024

Земельно-имущественные отношения занимают большую роль в становлении экономического развития российской экономики. Они требуют детальной правовой регламентации и постоянного правового регулирования. Для повышения инвестиционного потенциала земельно-имущественных отношений данные об объектах недвижимости, и особенно земельных участках, должны актуализироваться как можно чаще. Земельные участки значимы в формировании доходов местных бюджетов. Рассмотрены современные проблемы регулирования оборота земельных участков на примере Завьяловского района Удмуртии. Среди них названы: кадастровая стоимость участков, как правило, оказывается завышенной и по статистике в половине случаев оспаривается гражданами и юридическими лицами в комиссиях и судах; уменьшается количество договоров аренды земельных участков; занижен процент отчисления от кадастровой стоимости земельного участка, уплачиваемый в качестве платы на землю; просроченная задолженность по уплате арендных платежей за землю; существование земельных участков, не вовлеченных в хозяйственный оборот. Предложены механизмы повышения доходов местных бюджетов за счет регулирования ставок арендной платы за земли, предоставления скидок за своевременную оплату аренды, система штрафов и другие механизмы. Предложенные механизмы апробированы на основе опросов граждан и юридических лиц, обоснованы прогнозными расчетами.
Land and property relations play a large role in the formation of economic development of the Russian economy. They require detailed legal regulation and constant legal control. To increase the investment potential of land-property relations, data on real estate objects, and especially land plots, should be updated as often as possible. Land plots are significant in the formation of local budget revenues. The modern problems of regulating the turnover of land plots on the example of the Zavyalovsky district of Udmurtia are considered. Among them are named: the cadastral value of plots is usually overestimated and, according to statistics, in half of the cases it is disputed by citizens and legal entities in commissions and courts; the number of land lease agreements is decreasing; the percentage of deduction from the cadastral value of a land plot paid as a payment for land is underestimated; overdue lease payments for land; existence of land plots not involved in economic circulation. Mechanisms have been proposed to increase local budgets by regulating land rent rates, providing discounts for timely rent payment, a system of fines and other mechanisms. The proposed mechanisms have been tested on the basis of surveys of citizens and legal entities, and substantiated by forecast calculations.
Aplikasi Na-CMC dari bacterial cellulose sebagai emulsifier dalam santan cair instan
Authors: Santosa Budi , Suliana Gatut , Yoweni Mega Christin 
Published: October 2024

𝘚𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘯 𝘬𝘦𝘭𝘢𝘱𝘢 𝘮𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘬𝘪 𝘬𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘬𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘬 𝘮𝘶𝘥𝘢𝘩 𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘨𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘮𝘪 𝘬𝘦𝘳𝘶𝘴𝘢𝘬𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘢 𝘴𝘶𝘩𝘶 𝘬𝘢𝘮𝘢𝘳 𝘬𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘯𝘢 𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘨𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘪𝘳, 𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘬 𝘥𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘪𝘯. 𝘒𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘯𝘨𝘢𝘯 𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘺𝘢𝘸𝘢 𝘪𝘯𝘪 𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘺𝘦𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘬𝘢𝘯 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘯 𝘬𝘦𝘭𝘢𝘱𝘢 𝘮𝘶𝘥𝘢𝘩 𝘥𝘪𝘵𝘶𝘮𝘣𝘶𝘩𝘪 𝘮𝘪𝘬𝘳𝘰𝘣𝘢 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘶𝘴𝘢𝘬 𝘱𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘢𝘯. 𝘒𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘯𝘨𝘢𝘯 𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘬 𝘥𝘪 𝘥𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘮 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘯 𝘫𝘶𝘨𝘢 𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘺𝘦𝘣𝘢𝘣𝘬𝘢𝘯 𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘫𝘢𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘺𝘢 𝘬𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘨𝘪𝘬𝘢𝘯 𝘢𝘬𝘪𝘣𝘢𝘵 𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘬 𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘬𝘴𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘴𝘪 𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘩 𝘶𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘢. 𝘚𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘩 𝘴𝘢𝘵𝘶 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘶𝘴𝘪 𝘶𝘯𝘵𝘶𝘬 𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘺𝘦𝘭𝘦𝘴𝘢𝘪𝘬𝘢𝘯 𝘮𝘢𝘴𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘩 𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘦𝘣𝘶𝘵 𝘺𝘢𝘪𝘵𝘶 𝘥𝘪𝘣𝘶𝘢𝘵 𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘫𝘢𝘥𝘪 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘯 𝘤𝘢𝘪𝘳 𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯. 𝘗𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘢𝘯 𝘪𝘯𝘪 𝘣𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘶𝘫𝘶𝘢𝘯 𝘶𝘯𝘵𝘶𝘬 𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘨𝘦𝘵𝘢𝘩𝘶𝘪 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘯 𝘕𝘢𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘶𝘮-𝘊𝘢𝘳𝘣𝘰𝘹𝘺𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘺𝘭 𝘊𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘶𝘭𝘰𝘴𝘦 (𝘕𝘢-𝘊𝘔𝘊) 𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘪 𝘣𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘤𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘶𝘭𝘰𝘴𝘦 𝘴𝘦𝘣𝘢𝘨𝘢𝘪 𝘦𝘮𝘶𝘭𝘴𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘳 𝘥𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘮 𝘱𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘶𝘢𝘵𝘢𝘯 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘯 𝘤𝘢𝘪𝘳 𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯. 𝘙𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘤𝘰𝘣𝘢𝘢𝘯 𝘺𝘢𝘯𝘨 𝘥𝘪𝘨𝘶𝘯𝘢𝘬𝘢𝘯 𝘙𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘢𝘯 𝘈𝘤𝘢𝘬 𝘒𝘦𝘭𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘰𝘬 𝘧𝘢𝘬𝘵𝘰𝘳 𝘵𝘶𝘯𝘨𝘨𝘢𝘭, 𝘧𝘢𝘬𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘯𝘺𝘢 𝘺𝘢𝘪𝘵𝘶 𝘬𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘴𝘪 𝘕𝘢-𝘊𝘔𝘊 𝘺𝘢𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘥𝘪𝘳𝘪 𝘢𝘵𝘢𝘴 5 𝘭𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘭 : 𝘌1 = 𝘕𝘢-𝘊𝘔𝘊 0,5% (𝘣/𝘷), 𝘌2 = 𝘕𝘢-𝘊𝘔𝘊 1% (𝘣/𝘷), 𝘌3 = 𝘕𝘢-𝘊𝘔𝘊 1,5% (𝘣/𝘷), 𝘌4 = 𝘕𝘢-𝘊𝘔𝘊 2% (𝘣/𝘷), 𝘌5 = 𝘕𝘢-𝘊𝘔𝘊 2,5% (𝘣/𝘷).𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘺𝘢𝘯𝘨 𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪 𝘬𝘢𝘥𝘢𝘳 𝘢𝘪𝘳, 𝘬𝘢𝘥𝘢𝘳 𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘵 𝘥𝘢𝘯 𝘥𝘢𝘺𝘢 𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘶𝘵. 𝘏𝘢𝘴𝘪𝘭 𝘱𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘢𝘯 𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘶𝘯𝘫𝘶𝘬𝘬𝘢𝘯 𝘬𝘢𝘥𝘢𝘳 𝘢𝘴𝘢𝘮 𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘬 𝘣𝘦𝘣𝘢𝘴 𝘱𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘨𝘪 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘯 𝘤𝘢𝘪𝘳 𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘢 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘭𝘢𝘬𝘶𝘢𝘯 𝘊1 (𝘕𝘢-𝘊𝘔𝘊 0,5%) 𝘴𝘦𝘣𝘦𝘴𝘢𝘳 0,3825%, 𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘬𝘰𝘴𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘴 (𝘬𝘦𝘬𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘯) 𝘱𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘨𝘪 𝘴𝘦𝘣𝘦𝘴𝘢𝘳 1,132𝘤𝘗 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘢 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘭𝘢𝘬𝘶𝘢𝘯 𝘊5 (𝘕𝘢-𝘊𝘔𝘊 2,5%), 𝘴𝘦𝘥𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘬𝘢𝘯 𝘥𝘢𝘺𝘢 𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘶𝘵 𝘱𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘨𝘪 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘢 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘭𝘢𝘬𝘶𝘢𝘯 𝘊5 (𝘕𝘢-𝘊𝘔𝘊 2,5%) 𝘴𝘦𝘣𝘦𝘴𝘢𝘳 87,83%.