bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The glycocalyx and its significance in human medicine
Authors: Tarbell J. M. , Cancel L. M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCells are covered by a surface layer of glycans that is referred to as the ‘glycocalyx’. In this review, we focus on the role of the glycocalyx in vascular diseases (atherosclerosis, stroke, hypertension, kidney disease and sepsis) and cancer. The glycocalyx and its principal glycosaminoglycans [heparan sulphate (HS) and hyaluronic acid (HA)] and core proteins (syndecans and glypicans) are degraded in vascular diseases, leading to a breakdown of the vascular permeability barrier, enhanced access of leucocytes to the arterial intima that propagate inflammation and alteration of endothelial mechanotransduction mechanisms that protect against disease. By contrast, the glycocalyx on cancer cells is generally robust, promoting integrin clustering and growth factor signalling, and mechanotransduction of interstitial flow shear stress that is elevated in tumours to upregulate matrix metalloproteinase release which enhances cell motility and metastasis. HS and HA are consistently elevated on cancer cells and are associated with tumour growth and metastasis. Later, we will review the agents that might be used to enhance or protect the glycocalyx to combat vascular disease, as well as a different set of compounds that can degrade the cancer cell glycocalyx to suppress cell growth and metastasis. It is clear that what is beneficial for either vascular disease or cancer will not be so for the other. The overarching conclusions are that (i) the importance of the glycocalyx in human medicine is only beginning to be recognized, and (ii) more detailed studies of glycocalyx involvement in vascular diseases and cancer will lead to novel treatment modalities.
The immune system and cancer evasion strategies: therapeutic concepts
Authors: Muenst S. , Läubli H. , Soysal S. D. , Zippelius A. , Tzankov A. , Hoeller S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe complicated interplay between cancer and the host immune system has been studied for decades. New insights into the human immune system as well as the mechanisms by which tumours evade immune control have led to the new and innovative therapeutic strategies that are considered amongst the medical breakthroughs of the last few years. Here, we will review the current understanding of cancer immunology in general, including immune surveillance and immunoediting, with a detailed look at immune cells (T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, macrophages and dendritic cells), immune checkpoints and regulators, sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectins (Siglecs) and other mechanisms. We will also present examples of new immune therapies able to reverse immune evasion strategies of tumour cells. Finally, we will focus on therapies that are already used in daily oncological practice such as the blockade of immune checkpoints cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) and programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) in patients with metastatic melanoma or advanced lung cancer, or therapies currently being tested in clinical trials such as adoptive T‐cell transfer.
How Social Entrepreneurs Facilitate the Adoption of New Industry Practices
Authors: Waldron Theodore L. , Fisher Greg , Pfarrer Michael 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper explores how social entrepreneurs use rhetoric to facilitate the pervasive adoption of new, socially focused, industry practices. Our conceptualization proposes that the nature of social entrepreneurs’ rhetoric hinges on perceptions of their relationships to the industry members they seek to influence. We develop a framework that explains the effects of two cognitive structures – identity and power – on social entrepreneurs’ perceptions of industry members and, in turn, the social entrepreneurs’ rhetorical strategies for persuading the industry members to adopt new practices. Our framework specifies mechanisms through which social entrepreneurs facilitate systemic social change and, in doing so, informs theory at the intersection of social entrepreneurship, sustainable social change, and rhetoric.
Tongue pressure production during swallowing in patients with mandibular prognathism
Authors: Sakaue K. , Fukui T. , Sasakura C. , Hori K. , Ono T. , Saito I. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryAbnormalities of swallowing in patients with mandibular prognathism have not been evaluated quantitatively. The aim of this study was to compare tongue pressure production for bolus transfer between volunteers with normal occlusion and patients with mandibular prognathism. The control group had 10 female volunteers with normal occlusion, and the patient group had 10 women with mandibular prognathism. Tongue pressure was measured by a palatal sensor sheet at five sites on swallowing 4 mL of a tasteless and odourless jelly. Results: The tongue pressure waveform differed between the control and patient groups. The incidence of a double‐peak tongue pressure waveform was more frequent in the patient group. In both groups, the exertion of tongue pressure began at the anterior point of the sensor sheet, followed by the peripheral parts. Although the order of expression of tongue pressure was the same for the two groups, maximum tongue pressure at all parts of the sensor sheet was lower in the patient group than in the control group. Furthermore, swallowing time was longer in the patient group than in the control group at the peripheral parts of the palate. These results clearly show the difference in tongue pressure production during swallowing between patients with mandibular prognathism and volunteers with normal occlusion. The current findings suggest that maxillofacial morphology may affect tongue movement during swallowing.
Effect of temporomandibular disorder therapy on otologic signs and symptoms: a systematic review
Authors: Stechman‐Neto J. , Porporatti A. L. , Porto de Toledo I. , Costa Y. M. , Conti P. C. R. , De Luca Canto G. , Mezzomo L. A. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe most common temporomandibular disorders (TMD) signs and symptoms are related to muscle sensitivity through palpation, restricted mouth opening, asymmetric mandibular movements, joint sounds, pain and otologic signs and symptoms. To date, counselling, occlusal splints, exercises, biofeedback and acupuncture are examples of conservative modalities proposed for TMD therapy. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of these conservative therapies for TMD on otologic signs and symptoms. The authors searched the following electronic databases published up to 1st May 2015: PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct with no time or language limitations. Using a two‐phase selection process, the authors identified 08 articles and used them to conduct a qualitative analysis. Methodological quality of each article was performed with the aid of ‘Quality Assessment of a Cohort Study’ and ‘Quality Assessment of a Randomized Clinical Trial’, developed by the Dutch Cochrane Centre, a centre of the Cochrane Collaboration. This systematic review showed in seven of the eight studies included that a total or partial resolution of otologic complains occurred after counselling, exercise therapies and occlusal splint therapy. Upon the limitations of the studies included in this systematic review, the present outcomes suggested that there is insufficient evidence in favour or against the conservative therapies for TMD on changes in otologic signs and symptoms. Thus, further studies with a higher level of evidence and more representative samples should be conducted to better understand the relationship of TMD therapy changes on otologic complains.
NURSES’ BEREAVEMENT NEEDS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS PATIENT DEATH: A QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF NURSES IN A DIALYSIS UNIT
Authors: Tranter Shelley , Josland Elizabeth , Turner Kylie 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYBackgroundDialysis nurses have a unique relationship with their patients and often require bereavement support should a patient death occur. This study was conducted in 2014 and aimed to explore the attitudes of dialysis nurses to death and dying and to identify suitable bereavement strategies following a death of a patient.MethodsA purposeful, convenience sample of all nurses employed in the dialysis service completed a demographic profile and The Death Attitudes Profile Revisited (DAP_R) survey.ResultsThere were 52 responses to the survey (98% response rate). The mean age of the participants was 45 years ± 8.0 years; 87% had >10 years nursing experience. Nurses suggest that debriefing and the use of a counsellor would support them in their grieving process while new graduate nurses appear to require extra support following a patient death. Analysis of the death attitude profile‐revised (DAP‐R) showed significant relationships between fear of death/death avoidance as well as fear of death/neutral acceptance. Spirituality and religion correlate strongly with ‘Approach Acceptance’ in this study group. Forty‐four percent people who ‘approach acceptance’ of death can be explained by the strength of religious beliefs.ConclusionsMany dialysis nurses appear to have strong religious or spiritual belief systems and this contributes to their acceptance of death, although there also appears to be a degree of death avoidance. The study has highlighted the need to provide adequate bereavement support for dialysis nurses.
Prominent efficiency in skin delivery of resveratrol by novel sucrose oleate microemulsion
Authors: Yutani Reiko , Komori Yuka , Takeuchi Atsuko , Teraoka Reiko , Kitagawa Shuji 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Objectives
To achieve an efficient skin delivery of resveratrol using sucrose fatty acid ester microemulsions and to clarify the mechanism of enhanced penetration.

Methods
Skin delivery of resveratrol using different sucrose fatty acid ester microemulsions was examined in vitro. Vehicle–skin interaction was assessed by applying blank microemulsions to skin. Skin incorporation of microemulsion components was also assessed.

Key findings
The microemulsion consisting of sucrose oleate (SO), ethanol, isopropyl myristate (IPM) and water (MESO-E) showed a prominent increase in the amount of skin incorporation of resveratrol, which was more than 5-fold higher than those of all microemulsions we previously examined. Using MESO-E, resveratrol was rapidly incorporated into skin and mainly located in the dermis. When applied in the concentration range of 5–55 mm, the amount of skin incorporation of resveratrol increased with the applied concentration up to 30 mm, whereas skin incorporation efficiency was inversely proportional to the concentration. The microemulsion–skin interaction seemed to be involved in the enhanced skin delivery process of resveratrol by MESO-E. Stratum corneum modification due to the penetration of IPM, ethanol and SO is also involved in this interaction.

Conclusions
MESO-E would be a promising vehicle for the efficient skin delivery of resveratrol, especially when applied at a low concentration.
Acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide is inhibited by wogonin in mice via reduction of Akt phosphorylation and RhoA activation
Authors: Yeh Yen-Cheng , Yang Ching-Ping , Lee Shiuan-Shinn , Horng Chi-Ting , Chen Hung-Yi , Cho Ta-Hsiung , Yang Ming-Ling , Lee Chien-Ying , Li Miao-Cing , Kuan Yu-Hsiang 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Objectives
Neutrophil infiltration into the lung is the critical characteristic of acute lung injury (ALI), which is a clinical state with acute inflammatory syndrome. Up to now, there is no effective medicine for ALI. Wogonin has been shown to posses serval biological activities including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant and anti-carcinoma.

Methods
Acute lung injury was induced by intratracheal injection of LPS, and wogonin at various concentrations was injected intraperitoneally 30 min prior to LPS. Contents of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules were determined by commercially and ELISA assay kits, respectively. Akt phosphorylation and RhoA activation were measured by western blot and RhoA pull-down activation assay, respectively.

Key finding
Neutrophil infiltration was reduced by wogonin in a concentration-dependent manner in the LPS-induced ALI mice model. LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules were inhibited by wogonin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) with LPS-induced ALI. Furthermore, wogonin suppressed Akt phosphorylation and RhoA activation in lungs in LPS-induced ALI. The similar parallel trend was observed as wogonin reduced LPS-induced neutrophils infiltration, proinflammatory cytokines generation, adhesion molecules expression, Akt phosphorylation, and RhoA activation.

Summary
These results suggested that the effects of wogonin in LPS-induced ALI were induced by inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and RhoA activation.
Preparation and evaluation of ziprasidone–phospholipid complex from sustained-release pellet formulation with enhanced bioavailability and no food effect
Authors: Miao Yanfei , Chen Guoguang , Ren Lili , Ouyang Pingkai 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this work was to develop ziprasidone–phospholipid complex (ZIP-PLC) in sustained-release pellets to enhance the oral bioavailability and overcome the food effect of ziprasidone.

Methods
Ziprasidone–phospholipid complex was formulated by solvent-evaporation method. The complexes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and solubility testing. The optimized ZIP-PLC was used to prepare ZIP-PLC sustained-release pellets via extrusion–spheronization method. The pellets were characterized by in vitro drug-release studies and administered to fasted and fed beagle dogs, and their pharmacokinetics were compared with commercial formulation Zeldox capsule as a control.

Key findings
The results of FTIR, SEM, DSC and PXRD studies confirmed the formation of phospholipid complex. Solubility studies showed there was a higher solubility in water for ZIP-PLC than monohydrate ziprasidoe. The in vitro release rate of ziprasidone from the ZIP-PLC sustained-release pellet exhibited controlled-release characteristics with over 95% total release in 12 h. Pharmacokinetic studies in beagle dogs showed ziprasidone with prolong actions, and no food effect was achieved simultaneously in ZIP-PLC sustained-release pellet compared with Zeldox capsule.

Conclusions
The results indicated a sustained release with prolonged actions of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder treatment.
Conjugation of curcumin-loaded lipid nanoemulsions with cell-penetrating peptides increases their cellular uptake and enhances the anti-inflammatory effects in endothelial cells
Authors: Simion Viorel , Stan Daniela , Constantinescu Cristina Ana , Deleanu Mariana , Dragan Emanuel , Tucureanu Monica Madalina , Gan Ana-Maria , Butoi Elena , Constantin Alina , Manduteanu Ileana , Simionescu Maya , Calin Manuela 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Objectives
To prepare and characterize in vitro and in vivo lipid nanoemulsions (LN) loaded with curcumin (Cm) and functionalized with a cell-penetrating peptide.

Methods
Curcumin-loaded lipid nanoemulsions (CmLN) functionalized with a nona-arginine peptide (R9-CmLN) have been obtained, characterized and optimized for size, entrapment efficiency and in vitro Cm release. The interaction of R9-CmLN with human endothelial cells (HEC) was investigated using cultured EA.hy926 cells, and in vivo biodistribution studies were performed using C57BL6 mice.

Key findings
When used in therapeutically relevant concentration, R9-CmLN have low haemolytic activity, low cytotoxicity on HEC, and show anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the monocytes adhesion to TNF-α activated HEC. Moreover, HEC uptake and internalization of R9-CmLN was significantly higher compared to the non-functionalized CmLN. In vivo biodistribution studies in mice revealed a higher accumulation of R9-CmLN in the liver and the lungs compared to CmLN and the body clearance of the both nanoformulations after 72 h.

Conclusions
Cell-penetrating peptides-functionalized CmLN have superior characteristics compared to their non-functionalized counterparts: are more efficiently internalized by the cells, produces anti-inflammatory effects in HEC and when administrated intravenously in mice exhibit increased accumulation in the liver and the lungs, suggesting their potential therapeutic applications in different inflammatory pathologies localized in the liver or the lungs.
A supermatrix approach provides a comprehensive genus‐level phylogeny for Gentianales
Authors: Yang Lei‐Lei , Li Hong‐Lei , Wei Lei , Yang Tuo , Kuang Dai‐Yong , Li Ming‐Hong , Liao Yi‐Ying , Chen Zhi‐Duan , Wu Hong , Zhang Shou‐Zhou 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGentianales consist of Apocynaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae, of which the majority are woody plants in tropical and subtropical areas. Despite extensive efforts in reconstructing the phylogeny of Gentianales based on molecular data, some interfamily and intrafamily relationships remain uncertain. We reconstructed the genus‐level phylogeny of Gentianales based on the supermatrix of eight plastid markers (rbcL, matK, atpB, ndhF, rpl16, rps16, the trnL‐trnF region, and atpB‐rbcL spacer) and one mitochondrial gene (matR) using maximum likelihood. The major clades and their relationships retrieved in the present study concur with those of previous studies. All of the five families of Gentianales are monophyletic with strong support. We resolved Rubiaceae as sister to the remaining families in Gentianales and showed support for the sister relationship between Loganiaceae and Apocynaceae. Our results provide new insights into relationships among intrafamilial clades. For example, within Rubiaceae we found that Craterispermeae were sister to Morindeae + (Palicoureeae + Psychotrieae) and that Theligoneae were sister to Putorieae. Within Gentianaceae, our phylogeny revealed that Gentianeae were sister to Helieae and Potalieae, and subtribe Lisianthiinae were sister to Potaliinae and Faroinae. Within Loganiaceae, we found Neuburgia as sister to Spigelieae. Within Apocynaceae, our results supported Amsonieae as sister to Melodineae, and Hunterieae as sister to a clade comprising Plumerieae + (Carisseae + APSA). We also confirmed the monophyly of Perplocoideae and the relationships among Baisseeae + (Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae).
Reduced evoked motor and sensory potential amplitudes in obstructive sleep apnea patients
Authors: Mihalj Mario , Lušić Linda , Đogaš Zoran 
Published: January 2016

SummaryIt is unknown to what extent chronic intermittent hypoxaemia in obstructive sleep apnea causes damage to the motor and sensory peripheral nerves. It was hypothesized that patients with obstructive sleep apnea would have bilaterally significantly impaired amplitudes of both motor and sensory peripheral nerve‐evoked potentials of both lower and upper limbs. An observational study was conducted on 43 patients with obstructive sleep apnea confirmed by the whole‐night polysomnography, and 40 controls to assess the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and peripheral neuropathy. All obstructive sleep apnea subjects underwent standardized electroneurographic testing, with full assessment of amplitudes of evoked compound muscle action potentials, sensory neural action potentials, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities, and distal motor and sensory latencies of the median, ulnar, peroneal and sural nerves, bilaterally. All nerve measurements were compared with reference values, as well as between the untreated patients with obstructive sleep apnea and control subjects. Averaged compound muscle action potential and sensory nerve action potential amplitudes were significantly reduced in the nerves of both upper and lower limbs in patients with obstructive sleep apnea compared with controls (P < 0.001). These results confirmed that patients with obstructive sleep apnea had significantly lower amplitudes of evoked action potentials of both motor and sensory peripheral nerves. Clinical/subclinical axonal damage exists in patients with obstructive sleep apnea to a greater extent than previously thought.
How many hours do people sleep in Bangladesh? A country‐representative survey
Authors: Yunus Fakir M. , Khan Safayet , Akter Tahera , Jhohura Fatema T. , Reja Saifur , Islam Akramul , Rahman Mahfuzar 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThis study investigated total sleep time in the Bangladeshi population and identified the proportion of the population at greater risk of developing chronic diseases due to inadequate sleep. Using a cross‐sectional survey, total sleep time was captured and analysed in 3968 respondents aged between 6 and 106 years in 24 (of 64) districts in Bangladesh. Total sleep time was defined as the hours of total sleep in the previous 24 h. We used National Sleep Foundation (2015) guidelines to determine the recommended sleep hours in different age categories. Less or more than the recommended total sleep time (in hours) was considered ‘shorter’ and ‘longer’ sleep time, respectively. Linear and multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the relationship between demographic variables and estimated risk of shorter and longer total sleep time. The mean (±standard deviation) total sleep time of children (6–13 years), teenagers (14–17 years), young adults and adults (18–64 years) and older adults (≥65 years) were 8.6 (±1.1), 8.1 (±1.0), 7.7 (±0.9) and 7.8 (±1.4) h, respectively, which were significantly different (P < 0.01). More than half of school‐age children (55%) slept less than, and 28.2% of older adults slept longer than, recommended. Residents in all divisions (except Chittagong) in Bangladesh were less likely to sleep longer than in the Dhaka division. Rural populations had a 3.96× greater chance of sleeping for a shorter time than urban residents. The Bangladeshi population tends to sleep for longer and/or shorter times than their respective recommended sleep hours, which is detrimental to health.