bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Targeted Sequencing of Paralogous Sequences for Noninvasive Detection of Selected Fetal Aneuploidies
Authors: Ellison Christopher K , Sun Youting , Hogg Grant , Fox Jesse , Tao Helen , McCarthy Erin , Sagoe Bright , Azab Mostafa A , Mazloom Amin R , Tynan John , Burcham Timothy , Kim Sung K , van den Boom Dirk , Ehrich Mathias , Jensen Taylor J 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Current methods for noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) ascertain fetal aneuploidies using either direct counting measures of DNA fragments from specific genomic regions or relative measures of single nucleotide polymorphism frequencies. Alternatively, the ratios of paralogous sequence pairs were predicted to reflect fetal aneuploidy. We developed a NIPT assay that uses paralog sequences to enable noninvasive detection of fetal trisomy 21 (T21) and trisomy 18 (T18) using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from maternal plasma.

METHODS
A total of 1060 primer pairs were designed to determine fetal aneuploidy status, fetal sex, and fetal fraction. Each library was prepared from cfDNA by coamplifying all 1060 target pairs together in a single reaction well. Products were measured using massively parallel sequencing and deviations from expected paralog ratios were determined based on the read depth from each paralog.

RESULTS
We evaluated this assay in a blinded set of 480 cfDNA samples with fetal aneuploidy status determined by the MaterniT21® PLUS assay. Samples were sequenced (mean = 2.3 million reads) with 432 samples returning a result. Using the MaterniT21 PLUS assay for paired plasma aliquots from the same individuals as a reference, all 385 euploid samples, all 31 T21 samples, and 14 of 16 T18 samples were detected with no false positive results observed.

CONCLUSIONS
This study introduces a novel NIPT aneuploidy detection approach using targeted sequencing of paralog motifs and establishes proof-of-concept for a potentially low-cost, highly scalable method for the identification of selected fetal aneuploidies with performance and nonreportable rate similar to other published methods.
Mali: vive la Coloniale?
Authors: Utley Rachel E. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article considers the context and consequences of French intervention in Mali, 2013–2014, through a prism which seeks to focus on military aspects. Starting from the premise that a successful intervention was not a foregone conclusion, it argues that the outcomes of the conflict did carry elements of success, but additionally raised a wide range of questions about broader implications of the purposes and means of French action. Of note, François Hollande’s placement of the intervention squarely in the context of dangers of international terrorism and the importance of multilateral responses posed particular limits on evaluations of the outcomes of Opération Serval. Not least, in the light of apparently long-standing contradictions in French perspectives towards military engagements in Africa, questions were raised concerning Hollande’s declared intentions to pursue new partnerships with Africa, measured against the swift and sustained recourse to military intervention in Africa which has characterized his presidency to date. Initial assessments of success in Mali might well have indicated positive outcomes: this article suggests that the longer-term implications could be less assured.
The jobbing artist as ethnographer: Documenting ‘lore’
Authors: McCannon Desdemona 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article focuses on a set of scholarly books published during the period 1920–1960, written and illustrated by women who were also well-known artists and designers, which offer histories and taxonomies of ‘popular’ and ‘folk’ art. I would like to argue that their interest in popular and vernacular culture can be seen as a creative as well as scholarly engagement with the history of their own profession as ‘jobbing artists’ – the phrase Barbara Jones used to describe her wide-ranging and pragmatic creative output Jones was an illustrator of children’s books, a mural painter, as well as a curator, writer and documenter of popular taste. Enid Marx was a printmaker, illustrator and creator of patterned textiles, notably for the London Underground, and a lifelong collector and connoisseur of english folk art, and co-author of English Popular and Traditional Art with Margaret Lambert (1946). Dorothy Hartley was an illustrator, journalist, historian and scholar. They shared an interest in documenting rural crafts, the ‘Lost Worlds’ they represent, and the popular or ‘folk’ culture, which was translated into mass produced forms during the industrial revolution – ‘the things that people make for themselves or that are manufactured in their taste’ (Jones 1972: 5). The authors in question were effective communicators in several types of media, and worked as ‘cultural agents’ – whether creating contemporary visual culture or writing about the material culture of the past.
Finnegans Wake: Readings through drawing
Authors: Cahill Clinton 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This is a visual practitioner’s personal, reflective account of an ongoing investigation into the potential of drawing as a means of reading James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake. It acknowledges the challenging and distinctive nature of this text, regarding this as arising at least in part from the struggle it has with its own format and its movement towards the condition of a visual image. In this movement lies the surprising amenability of the text to visual adaptation. The account is broadly contextualised within the lineage of illustrative responses to the Wake but proposes a particular method of annotation and pictorial notation of imaginative responses during the moment of reading. In so doing it articulates the experience of realizing the text as an internalized visual experience that is cyclically externalized and re-imbibed through graphic gesture, reinforcing the notion of Joyce’s text as a generative meta-tool that retains the capacity to challenge and extend the conventions of illustration.
Tools and Methods for RTCP-Nets Modeling and Verification
Authors: Szpyrka Marcin , Biernacki Jerzy , Biernacka Agnieszka 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
RTCP-nets are high level Petri nets similar to timed colored Petri nets, but with different time model and some structural restrictions. The paper deals with practical aspects of using RTCP-nets for modeling and verification of real-time systems. It contains a survey of software tools developed to support RTCP-nets. Verification of RTCP-nets is based on coverability graphs which represent the set of reachable states in the form of directed graph. Two approaches to verification of RTCP-nets are considered in the paper. The former one is oriented towards states and is based on translation of a coverability graph into nuXmv (NuSMV) finite state model. The later approach is oriented towards transitions and uses the CADP toolkit to check whether requirements given as μ-calculus formulae hold for a given coverability graph. All presented concepts are discussed using illustrative examples
Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Mastitis Bovine Milk
Authors: Erbas Goksel , Parin Ugur , Turkyilmaz Suheyla , Ucan Nese , Ozturk Mehmet , Kaya Osman 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this study, determination of enterococcus species that were isolated from mastitic milk samples, investigation of their susceptibilities to antibiotics and identification of the existence of resistance genes in resistant strains were conducted. The specimens consist of 600 mastitic milk samples that were collected from 242 cows. Isolation of enterococcus was carried out in selective media and 94 (15.6%) Enterococcus spp. were isolated. A total of 94 species of Enterococci were identified using both sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enterococcus spp. isolates belong to 5 different species (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. hirae, E. mundtii) in sequence analysis and 4 different species (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. hirae) were identify by PCR method with specific primers. Analyzing 94 enterococcus strains by antibiotic sensitiveness test a high rate of resistance to tetracycline in 77 (81.9%) isolates was shown. The tet resistance genes were identified as follows: 54 were tetM positive, 23 were tetK positive and 17 were positive on tetM and tetK. Resistance to erythromycin was established in 27 (28.7%) isolates (25 ermB) while the chloramphenicol resistance gene was found in 10 (10.7%) of isolates and the cat gene was identified in nine samples and one isolate was resistant to vancomycin (1.06%) with the VanA gene confirmed. In conclusion, it was shown that E. faecalis has the biggest role in enterococcus originated mastitis and these strains were found to be mostly resistant to tetracycline. One vancomycine resistant isolate that had the VanA gene was also determined.
A double window state observer for detection and isolation of abrupt changes in parameters
Authors: Byrski Jędrzej , Byrski Witold 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The paper presents a new method for diagnosis of a process fault which takes the form of an abrupt change in some real parameter of a time-continuous linear system. The abrupt fault in the process real parameter is reflected in step changes in many parameters of the input/output model as well as in step changes in canonical state variables of the system. Detection of these state changes will enable localization of the faulty parameter in the system. For detecting state changes, a special type of exact state observer will be used. The canonical state will be represented by the derivatives of the measured output signal. Hence the exact state observer will play the role of virtual sensors for reconstruction of the derivatives of the output signal. For designing the exact state observer, the model parameters before and after the moment of fault occurrence must be known. To this end, a special identification method with modulating functions will be used. A novel concept presented in this paper concerns the structure of the observer. It will take the form of a double moving window observer which consists of two signal processing windows, each of width T. These windows are coupled to each other with a common edge. The right-hand side edge of the left-side moving window in the interval [t − 2T, t − T ] is connected to the left-hand side edge of the right-side window which operates in the interval [t − T, t]. The double observer uses different measurements of input/output signals in both the windows, and for each current time t simultaneously reconstructs two values of the state—the final value of the state in the left-side window zT
(t − T) and the initial value of the state z
0(t − T) in the right-side window. If the process parameters are constant, the values of both the states on the common joint edge are the same. If an abrupt change (fault) in some parameter at the moment tA
= t − T occurs in the system, then step changes in some variables of the canonical state vector will also occur and the difference between the states will be detected. This will enable localization of the faulty parameter in the system.
A new sufficient schedulability analysis for hybrid scheduling
Authors: Zhang Fengxiang , Zhai Yanfeng , Liao Jianwei 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Earliest deadline first (EDF) and fixed priority (FP) are the most commonly used and studied scheduling algorithms for real-time systems. This paper focuses on combining the EDF and FP strategies in one system. We provide a new sufficient schedulability analysis for real-time hybrid task systems which are scheduled by EDF and FP. The proposed analysis has a polynomial time complexity and no restrictions on task parameters, where the relative deadline of each task could be less than, equal to, or greater than its period. By extensive experiments, we show that our proposed analysis significantly improves the acceptance ratio compared with the existing results of the sufficient schedulability test for hybrid scheduling systems.
Investigation of the Accuracy of Google Earth Elevation Data
Authors: El-Ashmawy Khalid L.A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) comprise valuable source of elevation data required for many engineering applications. Contour lines, slope - aspect maps are part of their many uses. Moreover, DEMs are used often in geographic information systems (GIS), and are the most common basis for digitally-produced relief maps. This paper proposes a method of generating DEM by using Google Earth elevation data which is easier and free. The case study consisted of three different small regions in the northern beach in Egypt. The accuracy of the Google earth derived elevation data are reported using root mean square error (RMSE), mean error (ME) and maximum absolute error (MAE). All these accuracy statistics were computed using the ground coordinates of 200 reference points for each region of the case study. The reference data was collected with total station survey. The results showed that the accuracies for the prepared DEMs are suitable for some certain engineering applications but inadequate to meet the standard required for fine/small scale DEM for very precise engineering study. The obtained accuracies for terrain with small height difference can be used for preparing large area cadastral, city planning, or land classification maps.
In general, Google Earth elevation data can be used only for investigation and preliminary studies with low cost. It is strongly concluded that the users of Google Earth have to test the accuracy of elevation data by comparing with reference data before using it.
Does the Quality of a Place Affect Well-being?
Authors: Murgaš František , Klobučník Michal 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
An important methodological question in the general discourses concerning the quality of life is scale and mutual relationship of its two dimensions. In this article, the subjective dimension is understood as well-being; data from its spatial differentiation in districts of the Czech Republic were obtained from a face-to-face interview. The objective dimension is understood from the geographical aspect as quality of a place; it is quantified by the indicators of the golden standard of quality of life. Data from its spatial differentiation in districts of the Czech Republic are secondary. The article aims to compare the data of well-being and quality of a place for all the districts, with a premise of a higher level of well-being in the districts with a higher quality of a place, and vice-versa. This would answer the question of whether the quality of a place affects well-being.
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches of Delineation in Detailed Mapping of Vineyard Landscape. Case Study: Vicinity of Pezinok (Slovakia)
Authors: Gábor Marián , Falťan Vladimír , Petrovič František 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe main goal of this paper is the application of qualitative and quantitative free available data for geographical delineation based on reconnaissance research in vineyard landscape. The results of delineation are useful in agricultural management or environmental planning. Our delineation may serve as the basic information on site conditions of vineyards near Pezinok (Slovakia), with historical use from the beginning of 13thcentury. We have studied the actual land cover and classified physiotopes of the study area into a set of relatively homogenous and coherent landscape units. The landscape units defined in this work consist of homogenous physiotopes in terms of their structural and functional characteristics, which have been shaped by natural factors (land-forms, soil type and subtype, geological base, elevation, slope, aspect, solar radiation and normal different vegetation index (NDVI)). The characteristics were used to define 23 landscape units in qualitative delineation (based on both qualitative and quantitative data). Only quantitative characteristics – elevation, aspect, slope, solar radiation and NDVI, were used in a K-means cluster analysis to define the 17 landscape units. The number of landscape units was computed by WB-index, and standardisation of data was computed by factor analysis. The whole classification process was statistically significant. The strength of the grouping procedure was tested by using Discriminant Analysis, which found that 92.70% of objects in qualitative and 98.50% of objects in quantitative delineation were correctly classified.
The Reaction of Private Spending and Market Interest Rates to the Changes in Public Spending
Authors: Przekota Grzegorz , Lisowska Agnieszka 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Expansionary fiscal policy is mired in controversy. Its proponents suggest that during recession, it stimulates investors’ activity and has a stabilizing effect on economic growth. However, its opponents point to the costs associated with the budget deficit and public debt handling. Increased public spending may result in an increase in the interest rates, which may, in turn, hinder private investment and weaken the multiplier effect of public spending. The following study examines how private spending and market interest rates reacted to changes in public spending in Poland. The study has shown that public spending stimulates private spending, which is consistent with the Keynesian model, but it also leads to an increase in market interest rates, which is consistent with the neoclassical model.
Risk Categories and Risk Management Processes in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Domański Jarosław 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The article addresses risk management in nonprofit organizations. This topical issue appears not to have been adequately studied by researchers to date. There are several questions the author of this paper attempts to answer: What are the risk categories faced by nonprofit organizations in their daily operations? Do Polish nonprofit organizations take any measures in the area of strategic risk management? A contribution is made to the theory of management of nonprofit organizations by making an overview of existing literature on the subject, identifying a research gap, proposing concepts that attempt to fill the gap, and recommending areas for future study. A comprehensive list of risks faced by nonprofit organizations in their daily operations has been developed and validated for further application. The empirical material comes from a study based on a national random sample of 235 nonprofit organizations.
Are Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Planning for Strategic Marketing in South Africa?
Authors: van Scheers Louise , Makhitha Khathutshelo Mercy 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Substantial evidence shows that strategic marketing planning leads to increased small business performance, yet most small business owners do not draw up a plan for their businesses. This paper presents the results of a secondary research survey on strategic marketing planning of SMEs in South Africa. They indicate that while the higher performing SMEs give a higher priority to marketing than to other business functions, they are still sales- or production-oriented. The higher performing SMEs are more aware of strategic planning tools. They compete with value-added products and good buyer-seller relationships. The findings suggest that broad, small business marketing principles to some extent contribute to the success of SMEs.
Estimation for Iron Redox Equilibria in Multicomponent Slags
Authors: Liu Jun-Hao , Zhang Guo-Hua , Chou Kuo-Chih 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe knowledge of redox equilibria of iron in multicomponent molten slags is of significant importance to understand the viscosity, electrical conductivity and structure of iron-containing slags. However, the available data of molar ratio of ferric ion to ferrous ion are limited due to the difficulty of experiment and heavy workload. In this study, a model was established to estimate the $${{{X_{{\rm{FeO}}_2^ -}}} \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {{{X_{{\rm{FeO}}_2^ -}}} {{X_{{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}^{2 +}}}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{X_{{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}^{2 +}}}}}}$$ (normally, most of ferric ions exist in the form of complex anions such as $${\rm{FeO}}_2^ - $$) ratio in CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–“FeOt” slags, which can give good estimation results compared to the experimental measured values. From the model, by increasing oxygen partial pressure or decreasing temperature, the $${{{X_{{\rm{FeO}}_2^ -}}} \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {{{X_{{\rm{FeO}}_2^ -}}} {{X_{{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}^{2 +}}}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{X_{{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}^{2 +}}}}}}$$ ratio will increase. Different components have different influences on $${{{X_{{\rm{FeO}}_2^ -}}} \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {{{X_{{\rm{FeO}}_2^ -}}} {{X_{{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}^{2 +}}}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{X_{{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}^{2 +}}}}}}$$ ratio: CaO and MgO are beneficial for the increase of this ratio, but Al2O3 and SiO2 have reverse effects.
Problematic alcohol use and problem gambling: Associations to structural and functional aspects of social ties in a Finnish population sample
Authors: Nordmyr Johanna , Forsman Anna K. , österman Karin 
Published: September 2016

Aims This study aims to explore associations between structural and functional aspects of social networks and relationships (here labelled social ties) among individuals exhibiting problematic alcohol use and problem gambling, respectively. Material & Methods Data was collected in the 2011 Western Finland Mental Health Survey, a postal questionnaire survey applying a stratified random sampling approach. The survey response rate was 46.2% (n = 4624, age range 15–80 years). Problem behaviours were assessed using the CAGE and Lie/Bet tools. Logistic regression analyses were performed, with problematic alcohol use and problem gambling as dependent variables. Demographic variables, structural social tie factors (marital status, frequency of social contacts, engagement in association activities) and functional social tie factors (experienced loneliness, social support, neighbourhood trust, general trust) constituted explanatory variables. Results In this representative population sample, only one structural social tie variable, marital status, proved to be significantly associated with one of the outcomes (problematic alcohol use). Identical functional social tie variables were associated with both problematic alcohol use and problem gambling: individuals exhibiting the problem behaviours experienced higher levels of experienced loneliness and low levels of neighbourhood trust. Identified interaction effects with demographic factors highlight the complexity of links. Conclusions Functional aspects of individual-level social ties appear to be more relevant when studying problematic alcohol use or problem gambling, similarly to other forms of mental health problems. The role of social ties as preventive or risk factors for problem behaviour development, as a part of problem behaviour maintenance or as a cessation and a recovery resource should be further explored, considering also interactions with demographic variables.