bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology of seminal receptacle of the harvested golden crab Chaceon chilensis and its implication in the fertilization process
Authors: Pardo Luis Miguel , Ceroni Constanza , Riveros Marcela Paz , Ernst Billy , Pino Josefa 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe external and internal architecture of crab seminal receptacles are closely associated with mating behavior, sperm transfer, and storage patterns, and ultimately reproductive success. Therefore, describing their anatomy contributes to the development of a greater understanding of crab reproductive biology. In this study, we describe the anatomy and tissue characteristics of the seminal receptacle of the golden crab Chaceon chilensis, a harvested deep‐sea species from the Juan Fernández Archipelago (off central Chile). Females in the late mature stage were used as reference for histological description. Morphological features of the seminal receptacle included: (1) a dorsal receptacle–oviduct connection, (2) velum and septum separating the dorsal and ventral chambers, (3) extensive glandular epithelium in both chambers, (4) a ribbed chitin line, (5) a highly folded, bilobulated ventral chamber, and (6) a simple‐type vagina. Some of these traits (2, 3, 4, 5) are novel for crab receptacles and could contradict the generalized idea about the pattern of sperm precedence associated with the location of the receptacle–oviduct connection. External sperm plugs were not found in mature females, but variations in the color of opercula occluding the vulva were used to assess sexual maturity. The seminal receptacle of C. chilensis has an unusual internal morphology with vast sperm storage capacity and separate storage areas for sperm ejaculates, which could allow for cryptic female choice. In cases like these, male–male competition is usually intense and males deliver large quantities of sperm in each mating event, which makes them vulnerable to sperm depletion.
Resolution of Occlusive Carotid Artery Thrombus Treated with Anticoagulation as Demonstrated on Duplex Ultrasonography
Authors: Stein Laura , Liang John W. , Weinberger Jesse 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEWhile the majority of cerebral ischemic events due to carotid occlusive disease result from atherosclerotic plaque rupture, intraluminal carotid artery thrombus occasionally occurs in patients without preexisting carotid atherosclerosis. Identification of nonatherosclerotic thrombus as the cause of the carotid occlusive disease can obviate the need for an interventional procedure, and resolution of thrombus can be monitored with B‐mode duplex ultrasonography.METHODSWe reviewed 3 patients treated on The Mount Sinai Hospital Stroke Unit with anticoagulation for nonatherosclerotic carotid thrombi and followed with serial Doppler ultrasonogrpahy for resolution of thrombus.RESULTSOcclusive carotid thrombus was successfully treated in all 3 patients with systemic anticoagulation. B‐mode duplex ultrasonography allowed for demonstration of resolving thrombus.CONCLUSIONDifferentiation between a stenotic plaque and occlusive thrombus can be achieved by ultrasonographic analysis of thrombus morphology, attachment site potential, and characteristics of a resolving thrombus. Systemic anticoagulation can safely and effectively eliminate the risk for future embolization and complete occlusion of the carotid artery in patients who present with transient ischemic events or completed infarcts of small size.
The implementation of the Care Programme Approach for service users with a learning disability. Building Bridges to the same Old Horizons?
Authors: Kelly M. 
Published: May 2017

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

People with mental health problems and learning disabilities often do not receive the care they require.

The Care Programme Approach (CPA) is meant to help with this. However, there have been many problems in the past with the introduction of the CPA into mental health services.

There is no literature which explores what factors help or hinder the introduction of the CPA for service users with a mental health and learning disability, especially from the perspective of those responsible for overseeing this process.

What does this article add to existing knowledge?

The implementation of the CPA for this service user group is fragmented, and services are not working together in partnership.

The CPA is being effectively implemented for people who are deemed to present with a risk to themselves or others. If a service user does not present with a high risk, they are not provided care through the CPA.

Service users were not involved in the development or introduction of the policy in practice.

What are the implications for practice?

Services need to work better at engaging service users when they are developing and introducing new policies.

Rather than applying the CPA for all service users, across all services, it should only be considered for those deemed to present with a high risk. It is effectively implemented for these people.

For those not deemed to present with a high risk, services should consider using alternative service user led care planning frameworks.

AbstractIntroductionThe Care Programme Approach was introduced in England to ensure services met the needs of people with mental health problems and a concurrent learning disability (dual diagnosis). The CPA implementation was patchy and services failed to work in partnership.AimThis study aimed to explore the factors shaping the recent implementation of the CPA for service users with a dual diagnosis.MethodA single case study approach was undertaken. Data were collected through interview (n = 26), documentary analysis (n = 64), steering group observation (n = 3) and the Partnership Assessment Tool (n = 26). Data were analysed using the Framework Approach.ResultsThe CPA was only effectively implemented for people who were deemed to present with a high level of risk.DiscussionThe problems associated with implementation in the 1990s continue more recently for those with a dual diagnosis. The CPA has become more aligned with risk management protocols than supporting individual service user's recovery.Implications for practiceService users should be involved in the implementation of policies which have an impact on their recovery. The CPA should only be applied for those who present with high‐risk issues, whilst alternative user‐led initiatives should be considered for other service users.
Pure polyploidy: Closing the gaps in autopolyploid research
Authors: Spoelhof Jonathan P. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPolyploidy (whole‐genome duplication, WGD) is an integral feature of eukaryotic evolution with two main forms typically recognized, autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy. In plants, a growing body of research contradicts historical assumptions that autopolyploidy is both infrequent and inconsequential in comparison to allopolyploidy. However, the legacy of these assumptions still persists through a lack of research on central facets of autopolyploid evolution. This review highlights recent research that has significantly increased scientific understanding of autopolyploidy. Key advances include: 1) unreduced female gametes contribute disproportionally to polyploidization through the formation of triploids, 2) niche divergence in autopolyploids can occur immediately or gradually after WGD through a diverse set of mechanisms, but broad niche overlap is also common between diploids and autopolyploids, and 3) the degree of genomic and transcriptomic changes following WGD is lower in autopolyploids than allopolyploids, but is highly variable both within and between species in both types of polyploids. We discuss the implications of these and other recent findings, present promising systems for future research, and advocate for expanded research in diverse areas of autopolyploid evolution.
Impact of sleep‐disordered breathing in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Gessner Verena , Bitter Thomas , Horstkotte Dieter , Oldenburg Olaf , Fox Henrik 
Published: May 2017

SummarySleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Previous studies showed that severe SDB has a negative impact on myocardial salvage and progression of left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study investigated the frequency of SDB and the effects of SDB on left ventricular function after AMI. This retrospective study enrolled all patients with AMI who had undergone cardiorespiratory polygraphy for SDB diagnosis. The apnea–hypopnea index was used as a standard metric of SDB severity. SDB was classified as mild (apnea–hypopnea index >5 to <15 per h), moderate (≥15 to <30 per h) or severe (apnea–hypopnea index ≥30 per h). According to the majority of events, SDB was classified as predominant obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea or mixed sleep apnea (mixed SDB). A total of 223 patients with AMI (112 with ST elevation and 111 without ST elevation; 63.2 ± 11.2 years, 82% male, left ventricular ejection fraction 49 ± 12%) were enrolled. SDB was present in 85.6%, and was moderate‐to‐severe in 63.2%; 40.8% had obstructive sleep apnea, 41.7% had central sleep apnea and 3.1% had mixed SDB. Left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in patients with AMI with severe SDB (45 ± 14%) versus those without SDB (57 ± 7%; P < 0.005). In addition, lower left ventricular ejection fraction (≤45%) was associated with increased frequency (apnea–hypopnea index ≥5 per h in 96%) and severity (apnea–hypopnea index ≥30 per h in 48%) of SDB in general and a higher percentage of central sleep apnea (57%) in particular. SDB is highly frequent in patients with AMI. SDB severity appeared to be linked to impaired left ventricular function, especially in patients with central sleep apnea.
Rest–activity rhythm and sleep characteristics associated with depression symptom severity in strained dementia caregivers
Authors: Smagula Stephen F. , Krafty Robert T. , Taylor Briana J. , Martire Lynn M. , Schulz Richard , Hall Martica H. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryDepression is associated with disturbances to sleep and the 24‐h sleep–wake pattern (known as the rest–activity rhythm: RAR). However, there remains a need to identify the specific sleep/RAR correlates of depression symptom severity in population subgroups, such as strained dementia caregivers, who are at elevated risk for major depressive disorder. We assessed the cross‐sectional associations of sleep/RARs with non‐sleep depression symptom severity among 57 (mean age: 74 years, standard deviation: 7.4) strained dementia caregivers who were currently without clinical depression. We derived sleep measures from polysomnography and actigraphy, modelled RARs using a sigmoidally transformed cosine curve and measured non‐sleep depression symptom severity using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRDS) with sleep items removed. The following sleep–wake measures were associated with greater depression symptom severity (absolute Spearman's correlations ranged from 0.23 to 0.32): more time awake after sleep onset (WASO), higher RAR middle level (mesor), relatively shorter active periods (alpha), earlier evening settling time (down‐mesor) and less steep RARs (beta). In multivariable analysis, high WASO and low RAR beta were associated independently with depression symptom severity. Predicted non‐sleep HDRS means (95% confidence intervals) in caregivers with and without these characteristics were: normal WASO/beta = 3.7 (2.3–5.0), high WASO/normal beta = 5.5 (3.5–7.6), normal WASO/low beta = 6.3 (3.6–8.9) and high WASO/low beta = 8.1 (5.3–10.9). Thus, in our sample of strained caregivers, greater sleep fragmentation (WASO) and less sustained/sharply segregated resting and active periods (low RAR beta) correlate uniquely with depression symptom severity. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish whether these independent sleep–wake correlates of depression symptoms explain heightened depression risk in dementia caregivers.
One gene, multiple alleles: insights into the microevolution of pigmentation polymorphisms
Authors: Santos M. Emília 
Published: May 2017

Understanding how phenotypic variation is generated and maintained, and the evolutionary forces that shape these processes is the main goal of evolutionary biology. Great progress has been made in uncovering the genetic basis of morphological diversity, yet little is known about both the genetics and developmental basis of discrete polymorphisms segregating in wild populations. Exploring variation in developmental mechanisms at the population level can address the long‐standing question of whether the mechanisms of change are the same at the micro‐ and macroevolutionary scale. This integration has been difficult mainly because the study of the evolution of developmental mechanisms and population genetics remain separate (Genetics, 195, 625 and 2013). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Roberts et al. (Molecular Ecology and 2017) make a significant contribution towards bridging this gap by studying the genetic and developmental basis of an extremely variable pigmentation pattern. A polymorphic blotched coloration is common among females of four genera of Lake Malawi cichlids. The presence of this phenotype associates with a noncoding SNP upstream of the transcription factor pax7a (Science, 326, 998 and 2009). The authors describe in detail the morphs’ pigmentation development, showing that phenotypic differences result from alterations in pigment cell development and survival. Next, using controlled crosses and population genetics studies, they identified three putative pax7a dominant blotch alleles that are associated with specific morphs. These different alleles lead to higher levels of pax7a transcript that correlate with different pigment cell composition. Finally, sequence comparison of the locus within populations and between species revealed a common origin of the allele controlling the blotched morph followed by a pattern of sequential appearance of derived alleles that gave rise to morph diversity. The coupling of the evolutionary history of this allelic series with the developmental analysis of the phenotype paves the way for a mechanistic understanding of morphological innovation and diversification.
Local genes for local bacteria: Evidence of allopatry in the genomes of transatlantic Campylobacter populations
Authors: Pascoe Ben , Méric Guillaume , Yahara Koji , Wimalarathna Helen , Murray Susan , Hitchings Matthew D. , Sproston Emma L. , Carrillo Catherine D. , Taboada Eduardo N. , Cooper Kerry K. , Huynh Steven , Cody Alison J. , Jolley Keith A. , Maiden Martin C. J. , McCarthy Noel D. , Didelot Xavier , Parker Craig T. , Sheppard Samuel K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe genetic structure of bacterial populations can be related to geographical locations of isolation. In some species, there is a strong correlation between geographical distance and genetic distance, which can be caused by different evolutionary mechanisms. Patterns of ancient admixture in Helicobacter pylori can be reconstructed in concordance with past human migration, whereas in Mycobacterium tuberculosis it is the lack of recombination that causes allopatric clusters. In Campylobacter, analyses of genomic data and molecular typing have been successful in determining the reservoir host species, but not geographical origin. We investigated biogeographical variation in highly recombining genes to determine the extent of clustering between genomes from geographically distinct Campylobacter populations. Whole‐genome sequences from 294 Campylobacter isolates from North America and the UK were analysed. Isolates from within the same country shared more recently recombined DNA than isolates from different countries. Using 15 UK/American closely matched pairs of isolates that shared ancestors, we identify regions that have frequently and recently recombined to test their correlation with geographical origin. The seven genes that demonstrated the greatest clustering by geography were used in an attribution model to infer geographical origin which was tested using a further 383 UK clinical isolates to detect signatures of recent foreign travel. Patient records indicated that in 46 cases, travel abroad had occurred <2 weeks prior to sampling, and genomic analysis identified that 34 (74%) of these isolates were of a non‐UK origin. Identification of biogeographical markers in Campylobacter genomes will contribute to improved source attribution of clinical Campylobacter infection and inform intervention strategies to reduce campylobacteriosis.
Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation
Authors: Bray G.A. , Kim K.K. , Wilding J.P.H. ,   on behalf of the World Obesity Federation
Published: May 2017

SummaryThis paper considers the argument for obesity as a chronic relapsing disease process. Obesity is viewed from an epidemiological model, with an agent affecting the host and producing disease. Food is the primary agent, particularly foods that are high in energy density such as fat, or in sugar‐sweetened beverages. An abundance of food, low physical activity and several other environmental factors interact with the genetic susceptibility of the host to produce positive energy balance. The majority of this excess energy is stored as fat in enlarged, and often more numerous fat cells, but some lipid may infiltrate other organs such as the liver (ectopic fat). The enlarged fat cells and ectopic fat produce and secrete a variety of metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory products that produce damage in organs such as the arteries, heart, liver, muscle and pancreas. The magnitude of the obesity and its adverse effects in individuals may relate to the virulence or toxicity of the environment and its interaction with the host. Thus, obesity fits the epidemiological model of a disease process except that the toxic or pathological agent is food rather than a microbe. Reversing obesity will prevent most of its detrimental effects.
Scalp Infantile Hemangioma Complicated by Life‐Threatening Bleeding
Authors: Charny Jacob W. , Moon Amanda T. , Treat James R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe report on an 8‐month‐old girl with an ulcerated occipital infantile hemangioma resulting in significant hemorrhage. The hemangioma responded rapidly to systemic propranolol and prednisolone, and we believe that describing her atypical clinical course would be helpful for others managing complicated scalp hemangiomas.
Hidden floral adaptation to nocturnal moths in an apparently bee‐pollinated flower, Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Campanulaceae)
Authors: Funamoto D. , Ohashi K. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

The discrepancy between observed flower visitors and those predicted based on floral phenotype has often cast doubt on the pollination syndrome concept. Here we show that this paradox may be alleviated by gaining better knowledge of the contributions of different flower visitors to pollination and the effects of floral traits that cannot be readily perceived by humans in Adenophora triphylla var. japonica. The blue, bell‐shaped and pendant flowers of A. triphylla appear to fit a bee pollination syndrome. In contrast to this expectation, recent studies show that these flowers are frequented by nocturnal moths.

We compared the flower visitor fauna, their visitation frequency and their relative contributions to seed set between day and night in two field populations of A. triphylla in Japan. We also determined the floral traits associated with temporal changes in the visitor assemblage, i.e. the timing of anthesis, the timing of changes in the sexual phase and the diel pattern of nectar production.

While A. triphylla flowers were visited by both diurnal and nocturnal insects, the results from pollination experiments demonstrate that their primary pollinators are nocturnal settling‐moths. Moreover, the flowers opened just after sunset, changed from staminate to pistillate phase in successive evenings and produced nectar only during the night, which all conform to the activity of nocturnal/crepuscular moths.

Our study illustrates that the tradition of stereotyping the pollinators of a flower based on its appearance can be misleading and that it should be improved with empirical evidence of pollination performance and sufficient trait matching.
Restoring Brazilian savanna ground layer vegetation by topsoil and hay transfer
Authors: Pilon Natashi A. Lima , Buisson Elise , Durigan Giselda 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTropical grassy biomes have been widely neglected for conservation and, after unplanned land use conversion, ecological restoration becomes urgent. The majority of interventions have been based on the misapplication of forest restoration techniques, because there are no validated techniques to restore the species‐rich ground layer. In search for innovative techniques to restore the herbaceous layer of the cerrado vegetation, we carried out an experiment based upon topsoil and hay transfer, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The restoration treatments were: (1) transfer of topsoil collected at the end of the dry season; (2) topsoil collected at the end of the rainy season; (3) transfer of hay collected at the end of the dry season; (4) topsoil + hay collected at the end of the dry season; and (5) control. We used an old‐growth grassland as source of material and as reference ecosystem to assess the efficacy of the restoration techniques applied to an area severely degraded after invasion by African grasses. After 211 days, hay transfer apparently inhibited germination and did not contribute to grassland vegetation recovery. Topsoil transfer, however, was effective at reintroducing herbaceous plants, including target species. The season of topsoil collection mattered: material collected at the end of the rainy season provided better results in terms of density and richness of the restored community than that from the dry season. The remaining challenge is to find sources of topsoil not invaded by exotic grasses in large enough amounts to support restoration initiatives without jeopardizing the source ecosystems.