bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mid‐childhood lung function in a cohort of children with “new bronchopulmonary dysplasia”
Authors: Fortuna Manuela , Carraro Silvia , Temporin Eva , Berardi Mariangela , Zanconato Stefania , Salvadori Sabrina , Lago Paola , Frigo Anna Chiara , Filippone Marco , Baraldi Eugenio 
Published: April 2016

SummaryObjectiveRecent advances in perinatal care and neonatal respiratory therapy have led to a new phenotype of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (“new BPD”). The long‐term respiratory outcome of this new form of BPD has yet to be adequately described. Aim of this study was to provide longitudinal data on lung function of an unselected cohort of children born extremely premature (EP) with an extremely low birth weight in the post‐surfactant era.Study DesignRespiratory function was assessed twice (at 8 and 12 years) in 48 children born at a gestational age <28 weeks with a birth weight <1,000 g. Twenty‐eight of them had BPD (oxygen‐dependency at 36 weeks postmenstrual age) (EP‐BPD), and 20 not (EP non‐BPD). Twenty‐seven children born at term served as control group.ResultsThe EP‐BPD group had significantly lower spirometric values (given as z‐scores) than controls, especially in parameters indicating airflow obstruction (8 ys: zFEV1:−1.3 ± 1 vs. 0.5 ± 0.8; 12 ys:−1.6 ± 1 vs. 0.5 ± 0.8, P < 0.001). Despite their better spirometric profile, EP‐non‐BPD children also had significantly lower parameters than controls (8ys: zFEV1:−0.5 ± 0.8; 12 ys:−0.5 ± 0.9, P < 0.001). During the 4‐year follow‐up, EP‐non‐BPD and controls had stable mean z‐scores, but EP‐BPD had a significant decline in mean zFEV1 (from −1.3 ± 1 to −1.6 ± 1, P = 0.03), zFEV1/FVC (from −0.4 ± 1 to −1.1 ± 1, P = 0.008), and zFEF 25–75% (from −1.2 ± 1 to −1.8 ± 1, P = 0.03).ConclusionEP children born in the post‐surfactant era showed a significant airflow limitation, particularly pronounced in BPD subjects who in addition, presented an abnormal airway growth trajectory with a decline in lung function between the ages of 8 and 12 years. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1057–1064. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The importance of sewer biofilms
Authors: Jensen Henriette , Biggs Catherine A. , Karunakaran Esther 
Published: April 2016

In spite of being under ground and out of sight, sewers are important parts of the urban infrastructure for transporting used, contaminated water for safe treatment. Within sewers, during the transport of waste water, processes take place, transforming the chemical components of the waste water. These processes are largely carried out by bacteria, a significant part of which live in biofilms. These microbial processes impact the sewers by causing odor and corrosion of the sewer pipes, leading to the need costly repair and control strategies. The biofilms may also impact the environment by contributing to greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere and pollution in natural aquatic environments. However, improved understanding of the function of biofilms and the novel techniques and approaches for manipulating biofilms may provide us with strategies for controlling these problems. Moreover, such advances may allow us to design in‐sewer biofilms for beneficial purposes such as in‐pipe treatment of waste water, potentially leading to decreased environmental impact. WIREs Water 2016, 3:487–494. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1144This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation
Science of Water > Water Quality
An evaluation of hunter surveys to monitor relative abundance of bobcats
Authors: Mahard Tyler J. , Litvaitis John A. , Tate Patrick , Reed Gregory C. , Broman Derek J. A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTWe examined the utility of bobcat (Lynx rufus) detections by deer hunters in New Hampshire, USA, as an index of relative abundance. To validate the index, we compared the number of hunter outings that detected bobcats per 1,000 outings (hunting seasons 2009 through 2013) with a statewide model of habitat suitability after we partitioned both by wildlife management units (WMUs). We also compared annual hunter‐detection rates with tallies of road‐killed bobcats. The habitat‐suitability model and bobcat road mortalities were correlated with hunter‐survey indices. Linear and exponential trends in hunter‐detection rates of ±10%/year could be detected with power ≥99% over 5‐year periods. As a result, we believe that major changes in bobcat abundance could be detected by the hunter‐survey index. However, without information needed to calibrate the relationship between the index and bobcat populations (e.g., linear or exponential), it was not possible to estimate the extent of change in bobcat abundance by a specific change in detection rate. We consider hunter detections a useful approach to monitor bobcats if applied in concert with other indices (e.g., road‐kill tallies, trapper harvests, etc.) to obtain a reliable gauge of population trends. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Using roadside surveys to detect short‐eared owls: A comparison of visual and audio techniques
Authors: Larson Matt D. , Holt Denver W. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTWe piloted a roadside survey technique for detecting short‐eared owls (Asio flammeus) during the courtship period in western Montana, USA. We conducted 33 surveys between 2009 and 2012 and timed surveys to coincide with courtship behavior. Short‐eared owls perform courtship flights and vocalizations that can be observed and heard during the crepuscular and nocturnal periods. We designed surveys to compare visual and audio survey techniques. Visual surveys occurred during the crepuscular period and were immediately followed by a nocturnal audio‐playback survey. Visual survey techniques accounted for >91% (n = 237) of all detections. Detections associated with audio survey techniques were almost always associated with survey points where ≥1 owl was detected during visual survey. Nearly three‐quarters of visual survey detections (n = 217) occurred between 30 min and 70 min before the end of civil twilight. Greater than 75% of visual survey detections and 90% of audio survey detections occurred in areas where vegetation was uncut, ungrazed, and most frequently associated with vegetation heights greater than approximately 60 cm. We never detected short‐eared owls in areas where livestock was present. We recommend visual surveys during the courtship period as a useful and applicable method for monitoring breeding populations of short‐eared owls. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Muscle Steatosis is an Independent Predictor of Postoperative Complications in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Hamaguchi Yuhei , Kaido Toshimi , Okumura Shinya , Kobayashi Atsushi , Fujimoto Yasuhiro , Ogawa Kohei , Mori Akira , Hammad Ahmed , Hatano Etsuro , Uemoto Shinji 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundSkeletal muscle depletion, referred to as sarcopenia, has been shown to be an independent predictor of lower disease‐free and overall survivals in various kinds of diseases. The quality of skeletal muscle has recently attracted much attention as a new parameter of sarcopenia, but its impact on surgical complications is still unknown.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 492 patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in our institution between April 2005 and December 2014 was performed. The quality of skeletal muscle was evaluated by intramuscular adipose tissue content (IMAC) using preoperative CT imaging at the umbilical level. The impact of sarcopenia on postoperative complications and the predictors of surgical complications after hepatectomy for HCC were analyzed.ResultsPatients with high IMAC were older and had higher body mass index, higher indocyanine green retention test at 15 min, and more operative blood loss. Among 492 patients, 108 (22 %) patients had major postoperative complications (Clavien grade ≥ III), and infectious complications were found in 74 (15 %) patients. Twelve (2 %) patients died from postoperative complications. On multivariate analysis, preoperative high IMAC was an independent risk factor for increased major postoperative complications [odds ratio (OR) 1.580; P = 0.049] and infectious complications (OR 1.903; P = 0.021).ConclusionsPreoperative muscle steatosis evaluated with IMAC was closely correlated with increased postoperative complications, especially infectious complications. The preoperative nutritional intervention and rehabilitation might lead to the improvement of postoperative outcomes after hepatectomy for HCC.
Eighteen new oleaginous yeast species
Authors: Garay Luis A , Sitepu Irnayuli R , Cajka Tomas , Chandra Idelia , Shi Sandy , Lin Ting , German J Bruce , Fiehn Oliver , Boundy-Mills Kyria L 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Of 1600 known species of yeasts, about 70 are known to be oleaginous, defined as being able to accumulate over 20 % intracellular lipids. These yeasts have value for fundamental and applied research. A survey of yeasts from the Phaff Yeast Culture Collection, University of California Davis was performed to identify additional oleaginous species within the Basidiomycota phylum. Fifty-nine strains belonging to 34 species were grown in lipid inducing media, and total cell mass, lipid yield and triacylglycerol profiles were determined. Thirty-two species accumulated at least 20 % lipid and 25 species accumulated over 40 % lipid by dry weight. Eighteen of these species were not previously reported to be oleaginous. Triacylglycerol profiles were suitable for biodiesel production. These results greatly expand the number of known oleaginous yeast species, and reveal the wealth of natural diversity of triacylglycerol profiles within wild-type oleaginous Basidiomycetes.
Suitability of Sludge Biotic Index (SBI), Sludge Index (SI) and filamentous bacteria analysis for assessing activated sludge process performance: the case of piggery slaughterhouse wastewater
Authors: Pedrazzani Roberta , Menoni Laura , Nembrini Stefano , Manili Livia , Bertanza Giorgio 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Piggery slaughterhouse wastewater poses serious issues in terms of disposal feasibility and environmental impact, due to its huge organic load and variability. It is commonly treated by means of activated sludge processes, whose performance, in case of municipal wastewater, can be monitored by means of specific analyses, such as Sludge Biotic Index (SBI), Sludge Index (SI) and floc and filamentous bacteria observation. Therefore, this paper was aimed at assessing the applicability of these techniques to piggery slaughterhouse sewage. A plant located in Northern Italy was monitored for 1 year. Physical, chemical and operation parameters were measured; the activated sludge community (ciliates, flagellates, amoebae and small metazoa) was analysed for calculating SBI and SI. Floc and filamentous bacteria were examined and described accordingly with internationally adopted criteria. The results showed the full applicability of the studied techniques for optimizing the operation of a piggery slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant.
Carers' diaries in dementia: Is there a role in clinical practice?
Authors: Jayalath Dilini , Ashaye Kunle , Kvavilashvili Lia 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIntroductionCarers' diaries have been used in very few instances in dementia to assist with gathering information about persons with dementia in the community. The main aim of this study was to compare problems identified using diaries kept by family carers for a week with carers' oral recollection of problems.MethodCarers were randomly allocated into two groups, diary and control groups. In the diary group, carers received a diary and instructions on how to complete it for 7 days.ResultsA total of 78 carers completed the study. The frequency of problems identified in the carers diaries was greater than in the carers' narrative accounts at day 1 and day 8. The most common problems were behavioral and cognitive problems.DiscussionCarers' diaries may complement the assessment of dementia as they can provide more information on the problems faced by the persons with dementia.
‘Is Fox News a Breach of Human Rights?’: The News Media’s Immunity from the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
Authors: JOSEPH Sarah 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe business and human rights debate has essentially bypassed the media industry. This article addresses that gap in the debate by applying the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to the media. Application of human rights responsibilities to the media in accordance with the Guiding Principles is significantly complicated by the existence of media rights of freedom of expression. It is argued that the application of the Guiding Principles to the media industry leaves significant scope for it to be involved with serious and systemic human rights violations. This conclusion indicates that the Guiding Principles are an inadequately theorised tool for dealing with human rights responsibilities of the media. It may reveal deeper flaws in the Guiding Principles, which extend to industries other than the media. At the least, a dialogue between the human rights community and the media industry must commence in order to work out how human rights might apply in the context of the responsibilities of one of the world’s most important and powerful industries.
Immunological Aspects of Malignant Gliomas
Authors: Cohen-Inbar Or , Zaaroor Menashe 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGlioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain neoplasm having a mean survival time of <24 months. This figure remains constant, despite significant progress in medical research and treatment. The lack of an efficient anti-tumor immune response and the micro-invasive nature of the glioma malignant cells have been explained by a multitude of immune-suppressive mechanisms, proven in different models. These immune-resistant capabilities of the tumor result in a complex interplay this tumor shares with the immune system. We present a short review on the immunology of GBM, discussing the different unique pathological and molecular features of GBM, current treatment modalities, the principles of cancer immunotherapy and the link between GBM and melanoma. Current knowledge on immunological features of GBM, as well as immunotherapy past and current clinical trials, is discussed in an attempt to broadly present the complex and formidable challenges posed by GBM.
Possible Interplay Between Hospital and Community Transmission of a Novel Clostridium Difficile Sequence Type 295 Recognized by Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Moloney Geraldine , Mac Aogáin Micheál , Kelleghan Maureen , O’Connell Brian , Hurley Caroline , Montague Elizabeth , Conlon Mary , Murray Helena , Rogers Thomas R. 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVETo use next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis to enhance epidemiological information to identify and resolve a Clostridium difficile outbreak and to evaluate its effectiveness beyond the capacity of current standard PCR ribotyping.METHODSNGS analysis was performed as part of prospective surveillance of all detected C. difficile isolates at a university hospital. An outbreak of a novel C. difficile sequence type (ST)-295 was identified in a hospital and a community hostel for homeless adults. Phylogenetic analysis was performed of all ST-295 and closest ST-2 isolates. Epidemiological details were obtained from hospital records and the public health review of the community hostel.RESULTSWe identified 7 patients with C. difficile ST-295 infections between June 2013 and April 2015. Of these patients, 3 had nosocomial exposure to this infection and 3 had possible hostel exposure. Current Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)— Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) surveillance definitions (2010) were considered in light of our NGS findings. The initial transmission was not detectable using current criteria, because of 16 weeks between ST-295 exposure and symptoms. We included 3 patients with hostel exposure who met surveillance criteria of hospital-acquired infection due to their hospital admissions.CONCLUSIONNGS analysis enhanced epidemiological information and helped identify and resolve an outbreak beyond the capacity of standard PCR ribotyping. In this cluster of cases, NGS was used to identify a hostel as the likely source of community-based C. difficile transmission.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:680–684
The Distinctive Common Good
Authors: Duke George 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper defends the traditional distinctive notion of the common good against the claim that it is normatively redundant on the aggregative conception. The first two sections of the paper outline the different candidate conceptions of the common good and the normative role of the common good within natural law theories. The paper then considers some difficulties faced by the instrumental and aggregative conceptions, before developing an Aristotelian account of the distinctive conception of the common good and demonstrating its normative significance for a natural law account of political and legal authority.
Drink, song and politics in early modern England
Authors: McShane Angela 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBetween about 1580 and 1690, early modern England experienced three interrelated developments: first, the growth of a successful commercial popular music industry, centred on London, which served a socially broad national market; secondly, the development of political parties, emerging from the political and religious turmoil of the period, which impinged significantly upon the newly burgeoning popular music industry and its markets; thirdly, a substantial increase in the per capita consumption of alcoholic drinks across all social classes, for reasons of sociability rather than health or nutrition. This article explores the unexpected effects of these changes on cultures of politics, drink and song across the whole period. In particular, it explores the way in which the Cavaliers of the 1650s and the new ‘Tory’ party of the 1680s used the medium of song to encourage excessive drinking and the political and social denigration of sobriety in order to promote loyal obedience.
The role of habitat, landscape structure and residence time on plant species invasions in a neotropical landscape
Authors: Haider Julian Ananda , Höbart Raphael , Kovacs Nina , Milchram Markus , Dullinger Stefan , Huber Werner , Essl Franz 
Published: April 2016

Abstract:Plant invasions in tropical agricultural landscapes have been poorly studied so far. Here, we use plot data collected in 2015 in the La Gamba valley in southern Costa Rica to analyse the spread of two invasive alien species (Hydrilla verticillata, Hedychium coronarium) on the landscape level. In total, we recorded the aquaticH. verticillata, which was locally introduced into the La Gamba valley in 2005, in 26% of all plots (size: 15 m2), whileH. coronarium, which occurs along water courses, was recorded in 80% of all plots (size: 25 m2). Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) showed that the habitat type invaded and shading had no significant effect onH. verticillatapresence and abundance. However, proximity to the point of local introduction and habitat diversity in the adjacent landscape did positively affect its presence. ForH. coronarium, GLMs showed a significant correlation with the invaded habitat type. The probability ofH. coronariumpresence was highest in herbaceous vegetation and cover was higher compared with other habitats. There was no effect on native plant species richness and cover byH. verticillata, whileH. coronariumexerted a negative impact on herbaceous plant species number and, in particular, cover.Hydrilla verticillatais a rather recent addition to the local alien flora, and thus dispersal limitation still restricts its local range. Compared with observed rates of spread in other regions, spread velocity within the first decade of its local presence was low. In contrast,H. coronariumhas been locally present for a substantially longer time period. This species encounters suitable habitat conditions in herbaceous vegetation along water courses, where it builds up dense clonal stands which negatively affect herbaceous vegetation. Our results show that while both study species are invasive in Central American lowlands, their local abundance and impacts on native vegetation may differ profoundly.
Sectarianism and Irish Republican Violence on the South-East Ulster Frontier, 1919–1922
Authors: LEWIS MATTHEW 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFocusing on events on the south-east Ulster frontier, this article seeks to think afresh about the sectarian dimensions of republican violence on the Irish border amid the twin upheavals of revolution and partition. Drawing on a variety of primary sources, it questions a number of the intuitive notions that surround the phenomenon. In doing so, it highlights the limitations of the current discourse on sectarian violence and aims to encourage a more nuanced appreciation of the complex processes and behaviours that both facilitated and limited such violence at a grassroots level.
Psychosocial interventions for people with young onset dementia and their carers: a systematic review
Authors: Richardson Angela , Pedley Gillian , Pelone Ferruccio , Akhtar Farrukh , Chang Jacqueline , Muleya Wilson , Greenwood Nan 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBackground:Dementia in younger people, known as young (YOD) or early onset dementia (EOD), can pose significant challenges. YOD is often diagnosed in those in paid employment who have relatively young children, leading to different challenges to those for older people. It is therefore very important to provide support tailored to their specific needs. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the literature investigating the impact of psychosocial interventions for people with YOD and their family carers.Method:Eight electronic databases were searched and three key journals were also hand searched. Narrative synthesis of the selected articles was undertaken.Results:Of the 498 records identified, 495 were ineligible after application of the exclusion criteria. The final sample included three studies, all of which were employment-based. Two were qualitative and one used mixed methods. Study quality was mixed. People with YOD and their carers reported benefits from participating in work-based interventions designed for those with YOD, including improved self-esteem and sense of purpose. Social contact was highlighted. Despite cognitive decline, maintenance in well-being was also reported. Carers described benefits for people with YOD, which extended outside the intervention, e.g. enhanced sleep and mood. The impact of the interventions on carers was not assessed.Conclusions:This review suggests work-based interventions providing supported, meaningful work outside the home can be beneficial. However, the dearth of studies, the lack of focus on family carers and their mixed quality demonstrate the need for better quality, mixed methods research with larger sample sizes.