bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recurrent Conjunctival Myofibrosarcoma Managed With Triple Application of Episcleral Brachytherapy
Authors: Platt Sean M. , Schoenfield Lynn , Basti Surendra , Bryar Paul J. , Goldblum John R. , Singh Annapurna , Singh Arun D. 
Published: February 2017

Purpose:
To report a case of recurrent conjunctival myofibrosarcoma treated with wide surgical excision, cryotherapy, and triple sequential applications of episcleral brachytherapy.

Methods:
A single case of recurrent conjunctival myofibrosarcoma.

Results:
A 54-year-old man with a history of a renal transplant presented with a recurrent conjunctival tumor. Histopathologic diagnosis was established through immunohistochemistry. In total, 3 125iodine radiation episcleral plaques were used over a period of 49 weeks. After cicatricial ectropion repair and cataract surgery, visual acuity was 20/20 at 4.5-year follow-up without evidence of recurrence or radiation retinopathy.

Conclusions:
Myofibrosarcoma is a rare mesenchymal tumor that can present as ocular surface tumor. Final histopathologic diagnosis can be challenging, and immunohistochemistry is important for evaluation. Myofibrosarcoma should be considered in the clinical differential diagnosis of atypical ocular surface lesions and the histopathologic differential diagnosis of ocular spindle neoplasms.
Long-Term Clinical Course in Eyes With Peters Anomaly
Authors: Yoshikawa Haruna , Sotozono Chie , Ikeda Yoko , Mori Kazuhiko , Ueno Morio , Kinoshita Shigeru 
Published: February 2017

Purpose:
Peters anomaly (PA) is known to be a primary cause of congenital corneal opacity. The aim of this study is to report the long-term clinical course and visual achievement of patients with PA who did not undergo keratoplasty.

Methods:
This retrospective study involved 15 eyes of 9 infants with PA less than 5 months of age at initial presentation at the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine who were followed up without keratoplasty for more than 6 years after presentation. In each subject, visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), presence of congenital glaucoma, and change of corneal opacity were retrospectively investigated.

Results:
At initial presentation, the mean patient age was 2.3 months (SD: 1.3; range: 0–4 mo), and the mean follow-up period was 7.9 years (SD: 1.8; range: 6.5–11.3 yrs). Of the 9 patients, 6 were affected bilaterally. Thirteen eyes of 7 patients were found to have glaucoma. Over the follow-up period, corneal opacity gradually decreased in 4 eyes, 1 eye each of 2 unilateral patients without glaucoma and both eyes of 1 bilaterally affected patient with good IOP control during the follow-up period. Visual acuity in the unilateral case with intensive amblyopia treatment gradually increased along with decreasing corneal opacity.

Conclusions:
The findings of this study show that a natural decrease of corneal opacity can occur in eyes with PA. In cases of unilateral PA without IOP elevation and no enlargement of the corneal diameter, strict amblyopia treatment is vital to obtain a favorable visual prognosis.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Adolescent Health Promotion Scale in Chile: Differences by Socioeconomic Status and Gender
Authors: Rojas-Barahona Cristian A. , Gaete Jorge , Olivares Esterbina , Förster Carla E. , Chandia Eugenio , Chen Mei-Yen 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Background:
The promotion of healthy behaviors is a relevant issue worldwide, especially among adolescent populations, as this is the developmental stage where most unhealthy behaviors become ingrained.

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Adolescent Health Promotion Scale (AHPS) in a Chilean sample of early adolescents.

Methods:
The sample was composed of 1,156 adolescents aged 10–14 years from schools in San Felipe, Chile. Item structure was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha; and differences in terms of gender, age, and socioeconomic status (SES) were established using analysis of variance.

Results:
The analyses of item structure identified all of the six original factors (nutrition behaviors, health responsibility, social support, life appreciation, stress management and exercise behavior) as significant. However, eight items did not fit the Chilean population well. Therefore, the AHPS in Chile has been reduced to 32 items. The Cronbach’s alpha of the 32-item Chilean AHPS was .95, with the subscale coefficients ranging from .76 to .94. In addition, female subjects performed better than male subjects, and individuals of higher SES scored higher than the middle and lower socioeconomic groups. No differences on AHPS scores were found in different age groups.

Conclusions:
The AHPS appears to have good psychometric properties in terms of item structure and reliability. Consistent with studies carried out in other countries, health promotion behavioral differences were observed in association with gender and SES. The results support the Chilean version of the AHPS as an appropriate instrument for measuring the health promotion behaviors of early adolescents in Chile and for comparing results with those from other countries.
Method to Quantify Cadence Variability of Individuals with Lower-Limb Amputation
Authors: Arch Elisa S. , Erol Ozan , Bortz Connor , Madden Chelsea , Galbraith Matthew , Rossi Anthony , Lewis Jessica , Higginson Jill S. , Buckley Jenni M. , Horne John 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The ability to walk with different cadences (cadence variability) is considered an important factor for determining the functional ability of individuals with lower-limb amputation and making prosthetic recommendations. However, a method to quantify cadence variability of these individuals has never been presented before, so there are no standardized methodologies or values to guide prosthesis prescription. The purpose of this study was to develop and demonstrate feasibility of a method to quantify real-world cadence variability.

Materials and Methods
The method utilizes step-count data collected by an accelerometer-based activity monitor. Cadence at each minute is calculated. Then, the spread of the cadence data distribution during a 7-day observation period is measured to quantify cadence variability. To demonstrate feasibility, this method was applied to a set of step-count data for individuals with unilateral lower-limb amputation classified by their health care provider as a K2 or K3 ambulator.

Results
Results showed that this method was able to differentiate the cadence characteristics of individuals classified as K2 versus K3. On average, individuals classified as K2 walked with significantly less cadence variability than those classified as K3.

Conclusions
This study provides a novel method for objectively determining cadence variability and provides a foundation for ultimately developing normative cadence characteristic values for K2 and K3 levels.
Global Immunizations
Authors: Macintosh Janelle L. B. , Eden Lacey M. , Luthy Karlen E. , Schouten Aimee E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background:
Immunizations are one of the most important health interventions of the 20th century, yet people in many areas of the world do not receive adequate immunizations. Approximately 3 million people worldwide die every year from vaccine-preventable diseases; about half of these deaths are young children and infants. Global travel is more common; diseases that were once localized now can be found in communities around the world.

Problem:
Multiple barriers to immunizations have been identified. Healthcare access, cost, and perceptions of safety and trust in healthcare are factors that have depressed global immunization rates.

Interventions:
Several global organizations have focused on addressing these barriers as part of their efforts to increase immunization rates. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, The World Health Organization, and the United Nations Children's Emergency Fund each have a part of their organization that is concentrated on immunizations.

Clinical Implications:
Maternal child nurses worldwide can assist in increasing immunization rates. Nurses can participate in outreach programs to ease the burden of patients and families in accessing immunizations. Nurses can work with local and global organizations to make immunizations more affordable. Nurses can improve trust and knowledge about immunizations in their local communities. Nurses are a powerful influence in the struggle to increase immunization rates, which is a vital aspect of global health promotion and disease prevention.
Early-Life Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Metabolic Health Disparities
Authors: Hostinar Camelia E. , Ross Kharah M. , Chen Edith , Miller Gregory E. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective
A quarter of the world's population have metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS prevalence is stratified by socioeconomic status (SES), such that low SES is associated with higher MetS risk. The present study examined the relative roles of early-life SES and current SES in explaining MetS risk.

Methods
Participants (N = 354; ages = 15–55 years, M [SD] = 36.5 [10.7] years; 55% female; 72.9% white, 16.9% Asian, 10.2% others) were evaluated for SES and MetS. All were in good health, defined as free of chronic medical illness and acute infectious disease. Using occupational status as a proxy for SES, we recruited roughly equal numbers of participants with low-low, low-high, high-low, and high-high combinations of early-life and current SES. We used the International Diabetes Federation definition for MetS using race- and sex-specific cutoffs for waist circumference, triglyceride levels, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels.

Results
Analyses revealed a main effect of low early-life SES on increased MetS risk according to the three separate definitions. They included the traditional MetS diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.53, confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–2.33, p = .044), the number of MetS components for which diagnostic thresholds were met (OR = 1.61, CI = 1.10–2.38, p = .015), and a continuous indicator of metabolic risk based on factor analysis (F(1,350) = 6.71, p = .010, partial η2 = .019). There was also a significant interaction of early-life SES and current SES in predicting MetS diagnosis (OR = 1.54, CI = 1.02–2.34). The main effects of current SES were nonsignificant in all analyses.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that MetS health disparities originate in childhood, which may be an opportune period for interventions.
Brief Report: HIV Prevalence and the Prevalence of Unsuppressed HIV in New York City, 2010–2014
Authors: Xia Qiang , Sun Xuming , Wiewel Ellen W. , Torian Lucia V. 
Published: February 2017

Background:
The widespread use of antiretroviral treatment made HIV prevalence no longer a good measure of population-level transmission risk. The objective of this analysis was to use the prevalence of unsuppressed HIV to describe population-level HIV transmission risk.

Methods:
Using New York City (NYC) HIV surveillance data, we reported HIV prevalence and the prevalence of unsuppressed HIV, defined as the number of persons living with HIV with an unsuppressed viral load divided by population size.

Results:
The estimated number of persons living with HIV in NYC increased from 79,100 [95% confidence interval (CI): 78,200 to 80,000] in 2010 to 81,700 (95% CI: 80,500 to 82,900) in 2014. HIV prevalence (≥18 years old) remained unchanged at 1.22% (95% CI: 1.21% to 1.24%) in 2010 and 1.22% (95% CI: 1.20% to 1.24%) in 2014. The prevalence of unsuppressed HIV (≥18 years old) steadily decreased from 0.49% (95% CI: 0.48% to 0.51%) in 2010 to 0.34% (95% CI: 0.32% to 0.36%) in 2014. Men had both higher HIV prevalence (1.86% vs. 0.65% in 2014) and higher prevalence of unsuppressed HIV (0.51% vs. 0.18% in 2014) than women. In 2014, the black–white ratio of prevalence of unsuppressed HIV was 5.8 among men and 26.3 among women, and the Hispanic–white ratio was 2.7 among men and 10.0 among women.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of unsuppressed HIV has been steadily decreasing in NYC. As antiretroviral treatment continues to expand, programs should consider using the prevalence of unsuppressed HIV to measure population-level transmission risk.
Innate immune response to Burkholderia mallei
Authors: Saikh Kamal U. , Mott Tiffany M. 
Published: February 2017

Purpose of review

Burkholderia mallei is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes the highly contagious and often the fatal disease, glanders. With its high rate of infectivity via aerosol and recalcitrance toward antibiotics, this pathogen is considered a potential biological threat agent. This review focuses on the most recent literature highlighting host innate immune response to B. mallei.

Recent findings
Recent studies focused on elucidating host innate immune responses to the novel mechanisms and virulence factors employed by B. mallei for survival. Studies suggest that pathogen proteins manipulate various cellular processes, including host ubiquitination pathways, phagosomal escape, and actin–cytoskeleton rearrangement. Immune-signaling molecules such as Toll-like receptors, nucleotode-binding oligomerization domain, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, and proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-α, play key roles in the induction of innate immune responses. Modifications in B. mallei lipopolysaccharide, in particular, the lipid A acyl groups, stimulate immune responses via Toll-like receptor4 activation that may contribute to persistent infection.

Summary
Mortality is high because of septicemia and immune pathogenesis with B. mallei exposure. An effective innate immune response is critical to controlling the acute phase of the infection. Both vaccination and therapeutic approaches are necessary for complete protection against B. mallei.
Outcomes in Surgical Treatment of Mucocele in Frontal Sinus
Authors: Santos Priscila Luiza dos , Chihara Letícia Liana , Alcalde Luis Fernando Azambuja , Masalskas Bárbara Furtado , Sant’Ana Eduardo , Faria Paulo Esteves Pinto 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The aim of the study was to correlate several studies dating from 1997 to 2015 to identify the most effective treatments for mucocele in the frontal sinus (with/without other paranasal sinuses), considering successful outcomes and recurrence. We aimed to conduct a literature review for articles published between 1997 and 2015. For this, we accessed articles in the SciELO database, as well as LILACS, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Were identified 32 work-related injuries in the paranasal sinuses; 2 of these were not related to mucoceles or mucopyocele, 4 had no relation to the frontal sinus, 9 were related to the frontal sinus and other paranasal sinuses, 4 were related to mucocele associated with other sinuses, and 13 involved only the frontal sinus. Endoscopic techniques decrease intra- and postoperative morbidity, reducing the operative time, allow a larger view of the lesion and surrounding anatomical structures, and decrease chances of recurrence. Thus, the successful outcomes have been beneficial to both the surgeon and the patient.
Laparoscopic Approach in Colonic Diverticulitis: Dispelling Myths and Misperceptions
Authors: Gralista Panagiota , Moris Demetrios , Vailas Michail , Angelou Anastasios , Petrou Athanasios , Felekouras Evangelos , Papalampros Alexandros 
Published: February 2017

Background/Aim:
Diverticular disease is a first-class health care problem and one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders in western industrialized countries, causing significant morbidity and mortality. In this review of the literature, we aim to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the laparoscopic approach in both elective and emergency setting of diverticular disease.

Materials and Methods:
A bibliographic search of articles was performed using the electronic database Medline from PubMed. Of 341 articles identified, 279 were excluded, resulting in 62 full-text articles for review. Our final review included 16 articles.

Results:
The 16 articles included in the final review consisted of 6 retrospective studies, 5 prospective studies, 2 randomized controlled trials, 1 systematic review and meta-analysis, and 2 systematic reviews. Seven articles considered elective laparoscopic sigmoid resection, 7 articles evaluated laparoscopic peritoneal lavage, and 2 articles considered emergency laparoscopic sigmoid resection for perforated diverticulitis. The elective laparoscopic approach is feasible and safe. Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage has emerged as a safe and effective minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of perforated diverticulitis. Furthermore, in selected patients, emergency laparoscopic sigmoidectomy could also be feasible for perforated diverticulitis with generalized peritonitis.

Conclusions:
Laparoscopic approach can be a safe and effective option in both elective and emergency setting of diverticular disease. Large, prospective, randomized studies should be conducted to confirm these findings.
Functional visual loss
Authors: Dhanji Shanil , Lawlor Mitchell 
Published: February 2017

Purpose of review
Functional visual loss (FVL) is a syndrome in which subjective visual parameters are inconsistent with objective measures. Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology and management of functional disorders and FVL will be explored.

Recent findings
FVL requires a positive diagnosis of normal function through clinical examination or visual electrophysiology. A substantial proportion of patients have an underlying organic illness that needs to be identified and treated. Recent updates in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 reflect the observation that many patients with FVL do not have a recognizable psychological association. A small number of functional neuroimaging studies suggest that there may be a stress-mediated prefrontal suppression of visual awareness. There is limited evidence to guide the treatment of FVL; education and reassurance remain first line, followed by cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy for psychiatric comorbidities.

Summary
FVL remains a poorly studied and understood condition. Recent advances in the understanding and management of functional symptoms more generally may aid in advancing the understanding of this condition.
New insights into the mechanisms of the ketogenic diet
Authors: Boison Detlev 
Published: February 2017

Purpose of review
High-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets have been used for almost a century for the treatment of epilepsy. Used traditionally for the treatment of refractory pediatric epilepsies, in recent years the use of ketogenic diets has experienced a revival to include the treatment of adulthood epilepsies as well as conditions ranging from autism to chronic pain and cancer. Despite the ability of ketogenic diet therapy to suppress seizures refractory to antiepileptic drugs and reports of lasting seizure freedom, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This review explores new insights into mechanisms mobilized by ketogenic diet therapies.

Recent findings
Ketogenic diets act through a combination of mechanisms, which are linked to the effects of ketones and glucose restriction, and to interactions with receptors, channels, and metabolic enzymes. Decanoic acid, a component of medium-chain triclycerides, contributes to seizure control through direct α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor inhibition, whereas drugs targeting lactate dehydrogenase reduce seizures through inhibition of a metabolic pathway. Ketogenic diet therapy also affects DNA methylation, a novel epigenetic mechanism of the diet.

Summary
Ketogenic diet therapy combines several beneficial mechanisms that provide broad benefits for the treatment of epilepsy with the potential to not only suppress seizures but also to modify the course of the epilepsy.
Advances in epilepsy gene discovery and implications for epilepsy diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Symonds Joseph D. , Zuberi Sameer M. , Johnson Michael R. 
Published: February 2017

Purpose of review
Epilepsy genetics is shifting from the academic pursuit of gene discovery to a clinical discipline based on molecular diagnosis and stratified medicine. We consider the latest developments in epilepsy genetics and review how gene discovery in epilepsy is influencing the clinical classification of epilepsy and informing new therapeutic approaches and drug discovery.

Recent findings
Recent studies highlighting the importance of mutation in GABA receptors, NMDA receptors, potassium channels, G-protein coupled receptors, mammalian target of rapamycin pathway and chromatin remodeling are discussed. Examples of precision medicine in epilepsy targeting gain-of-function mutations in KCNT1, GRIN2A, GRIN2D and SCN8A are presented. Potential reasons for the paucity of examples of precision medicine for loss-of-function mutations or in non-ion channel epilepsy genes are explored. We highlight how systems genetics and gene network analyses have suggested that pathways disrupted in epilepsy overlap with those of other neurodevelopmental traits including human cognition. We review how network-based computational approaches are now being applied to epilepsy drug discovery.

Summary
We are living in an unparalleled era of epilepsy gene discovery. Advances in clinical care from this progress are already materializing through improved clinical diagnosis and stratified medicine. The application of targeted drug repurposing based on single gene defects has shown promise for epilepsy arising from gain-of-function mutations in ion-channel subunit genes, but important barriers remain to translating these approaches to non-ion channel epilepsy genes and loss-of-function mutations. Gene network analysis offers opportunities to discover new pathways for epilepsy, to decipher epilepsy's relationship to other neurodevelopmental traits and to frame a new approach to epilepsy drug discovery.
On the heritability of criminal justice processing
Authors: Boutwell Brian B. , Connolly Eric 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAn impressive number of researchers have devoted a great amount of effort toward examining various predictors of criminal justice processing outcomes. Indeed, a vast amount of research has examined various individual- and aggregate-level predictors of arrests, incarceration, and sentencing decisions. To this point, less attention has been devoted toward uncovering the relative contribution of genetic and environmental effects on variation in risk for criminal justice processing. As a result, the current study employs a behavioral genetic design in order to help fill this void in the existing literature. Using twin data from a national sample of youth, the current study produced evidence suggesting that genetic factors accounted for at least a portion of variance in risk for incarceration among female twins and probation among male twins. Shared and nonshared environmental influences accounted for the variance in risk for arrest among both female and male twins, probation among female twins, and incarceration among male twins. Ultimately, it appears that risk for contact with the criminal justice system and criminal justice processing is structured by a combination of factors beyond shared cultural and neighborhood environments, and appear to also include genetic factors as well. Moving forward, continuing to not use genetically sensitive research designs capable of estimating the role of genetic and nonshared environmental influences on criminal justice outcomes may result in misleading results.