bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy band management of corn-like ZnO/Ag2S heterojunctions for efficient light harvesting and enhanced photocatalysis
Authors: Yang Lei , Zhou Lifang , Hong Chunshui , Gao Po , Zhao Shihua , Zhu Wencai 
Published: October 2024

Corn-like ZnO/Ag2S heterojunctions are designed and prepared by the solvothermal method and the subsequent covering process. They construct a type II core–shell heterojunction structure. This structure adjusts the relative positions of electron energy levels and generates a strong and broad absorption band, while emitting weak visible light. It also facilitates the transfer of photoexcited carriers through the interface and the confinement of the same by the different components of the nanostructure. Separation of electrons and holes makes them possible to drift to the surface of ZnO and Ag2S and to participate in the redox reactions. In addition, the presence of many defects produces many active sites on the surface of the lattice. So, the ZnO/Ag2S heterojunctions exhibit excellent photocatalytic properties in the first and second cycles of the photocatalytic process. It degrades 97.7% Rhodamine B only in 18 min. This study plays a significant role in promoting visible light catalysis, the efficiency of wastewater treatment technology, and the water environment on the earth.
Insights into glass surface dynamics from fast scanning calorimetry studies of softening and vaporization of ultrathin molecular films
Authors: Kaur Rinipal , Ladau Abigail , Bhattacharya Deepanjan , Sadtchenko Vlad 
Published: October 2024

Chemical and physical processes on the surfaces of amorphous solids have been the focus of many studies over the past decades. These studies have established that dynamics in a thin layer near a glass surface are often dramatically faster than those in the glass bulk. Nevertheless, recent advances also emphasize the need for new experimental techniques capable of characterizing the structure and dynamics of the near-surface regions in glassy materials at the molecular length scale. Using a quasi-adiabatic fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) technique, we have investigated softening and vaporization of pure amorphous methylbenzene films of moderately heightened kinetic stability with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 20 nm. The analysis of the FSC thermograms reveals the existence of a high fictive temperature (liquid-like) layer on the surface of the solid glass with a thickness of 3.5 ± 0.5 nm or seven molecular diameters. Furthermore, the width of the boundary between liquid-like and solid layers in the films is less than 1 nm. These preliminary findings compliment and substantiate past determinations of the mobile surface layer thicknesses obtained by introduction of nanoparticles or spectroscopic molecular probes to near-surface regions of amorphous samples. The developed FSC methodology will advance the theoretical and computational research by providing calorimetric data on the enhanced interfacial dynamics phenomenon in a variety of low-molecular-weight amorphous materials.
Benchmarking the non-flow contributions to the elliptic flow parameter (v2) in proton-proton collisions
Authors: Abdulhamid M I , Hamed A M , Osama E A , Rateb M , Sadoun N K , Sawy F H 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This manuscript reports on the elliptic flow parameter,

v

2

,

in proton-proton (p–p) collisions using PYTHIA8 event generator simulations. The typical event plane (EP) method

v

2

(EP) as the one used for the real data analysis has been adopted to measure the

v

2

of particles composed of different quark flavors, and produced at mid-pseudorapidity ∣η∣≤1 at center-of-mass energy

s

= 200 GeV and

s

= 13 TeV. The event plane has been constructed using the soft-charged particles with transverse momentum (

p

T

<

2 GeV/c) produced in various η ranges. The pseudorapidity gap technique (Δη) between the particle of interest and the soft charged particles contributed to the event plane constructions has been utilized to benchmark the non-flow contributions. The

v

2

π

±

,

π

0

,

v

2

J
∕
ψ
,
ϒ
,
K
,
D
,
B

,

and the

v

2

γ
dir

show similar pattern dependence on the transverse momentum for the same Δη, at both

s

= 200 GeV and

s

= 13 TeV. At each center-of-mass energy, the measured

v

2

shows obvious dependence on the quark flavor contents where

v

2

γ
dir

≤

v

2

J
∕
ψ
,
ϒ
,
K
,
D
,
B

≤

v

2

π

±

,

π

0

for similar Δη gap. The measured

v

2

shows slightly higher values at smaller

s

for particles of similar values of Δη gaps, particularly at small Δη gap. The measured

v

2

for all particles shows systematic decreases with increasing the Δη gap as expected from the previous experimental results. Because PYTHIA8 simulations do not incorporate final state interactions, the

v

2

(
EP
)

values reported here primarily reflect the non-flow contributions and its dependence on the quark contents, pseudorapidity gap as a function on p

T
at each center of mass–energy. These contributions should be carefully subtracted from the signal in real data analysis that employs the same event plane determination algorithm.
Radiation information, protection and awareness of healthcare professionals in terms of occupational health and safety: a two–center survey study
Authors: Çetin Muhammed Esat , Akbaş Muhammet Mikdat , Bayram Nurullah , Candemir Mustafa , Aras Serhat 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, protection and awareness of radiation among healthcare professionals. A total of 413 healthcare professionals from two major training and research hospitals in Istanbul took part in the study. The sample consisted of 26.6% physicians and 73.4% other healthcare professionals. There was considerable variation in the knowledge of radiation content in imaging techniques, with correct response rates of 89.3% for Computed Tomography, 80.1% for digital x-ray, and 52.8% for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. While 69.5% of respondents provided correct answers to questions regarding radiation protection principles, 64.4% demonstrated a lack of sufficient knowledge in this area. It is noteworthy that 48.4% of respondents incorrectly identified the medical imaging technique to which the public is most exposed. It was concluded that further training on radiation-related issues should be provided at the university level and through in-service training for healthcare professionals.
Low-damage etching of poly-Si and SiO2 via a low-energy electron beam in inductively coupled CF4 plasma
Authors: Jung Jiwon , Kim Jae-Hwi , Lim Chang-Min , Choi Jung-Eun , Bae Junil , Kim Hyung-Dong , Chung Chin-Wook 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Electron-assisted etching of poly-Si and SiO2 is performed via a grid system in inductively coupled CF4 plasma. The feasibility of electron-assisted etching is discussed with a focus on the low-surface damage of the etching. The etch rate increases with electron beam energy, which indicates that the electrons assist the surface etching process. To verify this, etching of poly-Si and SiO2 is performed in several plasma conditions, which leads to differences in etch rate that depend on the presence or absence of radicals and electron beams. Poly-Si and SiO2 are not etched without radicals of CF4 plasma, but they are etched when such radicals are present. When the electron beam and radicals exist simultaneously, the etch rate increases more dramatically than in the case of a CF4 plasma without an electron beam, demonstrating that the electron beam assists the etching process. Optical emission spectroscopy is employed to verify the F radical does not affect the etch rate increase. The surface roughness is measured after electron-assisted etching and compared with the surface roughness after ion-assisted etching.
DeepCSNet: a deep learning method for predicting electron-impact doubly differential ionization cross sections
Authors: Wang Yifan , Zhong Linlin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Electron-impact ionization cross sections of atoms and molecules are essential for plasma modeling. However, experimentally determining the absolute cross sections is not easy, and ab initio calculations become computationally prohibitive as molecular complexity increases. Existing artificial intelligence -based prediction methods suffer from limited data availability and poor generalization. To address these issues, we propose Deep Cross Section Network (DeepCSNet), a deep learning approach designed to predict electron-impact ionization cross sections using limited training data. We present two configurations of DeepCSNet: one tailored for specific molecules and another for various molecules. Both configurations can typically achieve a relative L2 error less than 5%. The present numerical results, focusing on electron-impact doubly differential ionization cross sections, demonstrate DeepCSNet’s generalization ability, predicting cross sections across a wide range of energies and incident angles. Additionally, DeepCSNet shows promising results in predicting cross sections for molecules not included in the training set, even large molecules with more than 10 constituent atoms, highlighting its potential for practical applications.
A DFT study of gas molecules adsorption on TM-doped PtS2 gas nanosensors
Authors: Yang Xu , Duan Ying , Qin ZengMing , Wang Jing 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this study, we examined the adsorption and sensing capabilities of transition metal doped PtS2 monolayers (TM = Co, Cu, Fe, Ni) towards three industrially relevant toxic and hazardous gases: CO, NO, and H2S, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The interaction between the gases and the TM-doped PtS2 monolayer substrates was thoroughly investigated, taking into account various adsorption configurations, charge transfer phenomena, band structures, and state densities. Results indicate that the TM dopants markedly enhances the conductivity and gas adsorption capacity of PtS2 monolayer. Specifically, the TM-doped PtS2 monolayers exhibit strong adsorption properties towards CO, NO, and H2S, with the adsorption process identified as chemisorption. By analyzing the alterations in conductivity subsequent to gas adsorption, we discerned that Ni-PtS2 could potentially serve as an effective sensor for CO, NO, and H2S. Consequently, our results furnish a solid theoretical foundation for the development of PtS2-based sensors aimed at detecting these gases. Furthermore, the findings of this research offer valuable insights into the design of gas nanosensors.
Investigation of exact solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional Sakovich equation with time dependent coefficients using analytical methods
Authors: Zhang Bitong , Gao Ben 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this paper, the exact solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional variable coefficient Sakovich equation are investigated. Four distinct analytical methods, containing the unified method, the modified Kudryashov method, the modified

G

′

G

2

-expansion method and the improved Riccati sub-equation method, are implemented to find new exact solutions of this equation. Soliton and periodic soliton solutions, elliptic solutions, kink solutions and traveling wave solutions, which are expressed in polynomial, rational, trigonometric and hyperbolic forms, have been obtained and are graphically represented with the aim of exhibiting the structures and dynamic behaviors of the equation. Furthermore, we have discussed the influence of variable coefficients on soliton behaviors in detail.
Characterization of the hydrostatic core and plastic zone that form during Brinell and Vickers hardness tests
Authors: Oláh F. , Réger M. , Horváth R 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
During a hardness test, a hydrostatic core and a plastic zone are formed under the impression due to the load. The size and shape of the hydrostatic core and the plastic zone are greatly influenced by the tested material, the loading force and the shape of the indenter. In this study, we examine in detail the characteristics of the hydrostatic core and plastic zone formed during a Brinell and Vickers hardness test with the same (bilinear) hardening material model and with the same load using the finite element method in the ANSYS environment. The results of our resarch is concluded that the characteristics under the indenter can be determined well with finite element modeling and in the case of the Vickers procedure, the ratio of the hydrostatic core to the plastic zone is greater for all loads as in the case Brinell method.
Silicon–based integrated orbital angular momentum parity sorter
Authors: Soltani Afsoun , Babazadeh Amin , Faramarzi Hamed , Firouzeh Zaker Hossein 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A silicon–based integrated orbital angular momentum (OAM) parity sorter using two-dimensional multimode interference (2D MMI) waveguides is designed and numerically analyzed. An OAM parity sorter, which sorts OAM modes according to their parity (even or odd) is an elegant device in a broad range of OAM states processing applications including quantum gates, quantum key distribution, generation of high dimensional quantum gates, quantum information, and teleportation. The presented three–part integrated parity sorter is realized based on the self–imaging and field–splitting properties of MMI structures. Its total length is 11 444 µm. The proposed device works for OAM modes with |l| ⩽ 5. The performance of OAM sorting is investigated with the results confirming the high purity (up to 98.33% and 94.45% at even and odd ports, respectively) for the telecommunication wavelength λ
0 = 1550 nm.
Far field ring beam generation based on 3-bit encoded metasurface
Authors: Huang Wenlong , Li Chenxia , Tian Ying 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The encoding metasurface establishes a bridge between the physical and digital worlds, ushering in a new era of manipulating electromagnetic waves and realizing programmable metamaterials through digital coding sequences. This ‘digital metasurface,’ relying on binary logic, significantly simplifies the design process, thereby enhancing the flexibility and efficiency of controlling electromagnetic waves. While most encoding metasurfaces control beamforming for pencil-shaped beams, we propose a 3-bit encoding metasurface with a ‘well structure’ in the microwave band.The 3-bit encoding metasurface features a more extensive encoding sequence, offering increased degrees of freedom and flexibility in manipulating the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation. Its symmetric design features polarization-insensitive characteristics, suitable for generating annular beams by varying gradient-encoded numbers radially. This approach enables the production of linearly polarized omnidirectional radiation within the desired elevation angle range. Additionally, adjustments in quantity and orientation of the produced annular beams are achieved through Fourier convolution theorem. This type of annular beams holds promise for applications in various fields, including wireless radio broadcasting and wireless local area networks.
Green synthesis of carbon dots nanoparticles from edible swiftlet nest and evaluation of their antioxidant activity
Authors: Aji Mahardika Prasetya , Umar Syafril Rahmat , Octaviani Angela Christa , Arrosyid Moh Harun , Rahmawati Ita , Priyanto Aan , Marwoto Putut 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Edible swiftlet nest (ESN) confers various health benefits to humans, including immune system enhancement, anti-inflammatory properties, bone strengthening, and antioxidative effect. ESN is notably rich in protein and minerals, with its proteins serving as non-enzymatic antioxidants capable of binding free radicals. However, the antioxidant capacity of ESN is comparatively lower than that of other free radical scavengers, such as carbon dots nanoparticles (CNPs). CNPs features charged ligands on their surface that act as electron donors for free radical binding. The presence of the carbon chain forming proteins in ESN suggests their potential as the primary source for CNPs formation. The enhancement of hydroxyl groups and delocalized electrons is imperative for enhancing the antioxidant activity of ESN. This study aims to enhance the antioxidant activity of ESN by converting it into CNPs nanoparticles. The results demonstrated the effective synthesis of CNPs from the ESN solution using microwave methods. This was evidenced by XRD patterns indicating CNPs formation, and an average particle size of 4.86 nm as indicated by TEM analysis. The optimal microwave heating duration of 30 min yielded CNPs with a prominent emission spectrum peak at 425 nm and significantly high intensity. Absorbance data revealed the presence of C=C bonds, consistent with aromatic CNPs bonds observed in FTIR studies. CNPs possessed hydroxyl and carboxyl linkages, suggesting their potential as antioxidants. The percent inhibition results indicated that CNPs exhibited a substantial percentage (62.5%) at a concentration of 50 mg ml−1. The free radical scavenging activity of the CNPs significantly elevated compared to ESN.
Time-resolved observation of DHR123 nano-clay radio-fluorogenic gel dosimeters by photoluminescence-detected pulse radiolysis
Authors: Gohdo Masao , Maeyama Takuya 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The importance of real-time dose evaluation has increased for recent advanced radiotherapy. However, conventional methods for real-time dosimetry using gel dosimeters face challenges owing to the delayed dose response caused by the slow completion of radiation-induced chemical reactions. In this study, a novel technique called photoluminescence-detected pulse radiolysis (PLPR) was developed, and its potential to allow real-time dose measurements using nano-clay radio-fluorogenic gel (NC-RFG) dosimeters was investigated. PLPR is a time-resolved observation method, and enables time-resolved fluorescence measurement. NC-RFG dosimeters were prepared, typically consisting of 100 μM dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123) and 2.0 wt.% nano-clay, along with catalytic and dissolving additives. We successfully achieved time-resolved observation of the increase in fluorescence intensity upon irradiation of the dosimeter. Dose evaluation was possible at 1 s after irradiation. The dose-rate effect was not observed for the deoxygenated dosimeter, but was observed for the aerated dosimeter. Besides the dose-rate effect, linear dose responses were obtained for both conditions. Furthermore, we made a novel observation of a decay in the fluorescence intensity over time in the early stages which named fluorescence secondary loss (FSL) and elucidated the conditions under which this phenomenon occurs.
Non-collagenous protein analog-induced biomimetic mineralization strategy to restore the dentin interface
Authors: Chen Ruhua , Xie Yimeng , Ma Liang , Li Bing , Yao Wei 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Dentin biomineralization is a gene-regulated, cytokine-mediated, programmed process by mineralized cells to form highly ordered hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals encapsulating dentin matrix, ultimately creating a stable dentin interface. Repairing dentin damage caused by irreversible demineralization has been a significant challenge in dental regenerative medicine due to dentin’s limited biomineralization capacity. It is well established that non-collagenous proteins (NCPs)–collagen interactions and NCPs–crystal interactions influence the nucleation, deposition, arrangement, and assembly of HAP crystals during the biomineralization process. Inspired by this process, NCP analogs can be used as a biomimetic template to stabilize the intermediate mineral phases of biomineralization to achieve collagen fibrils’ hierarchical mineralization in dentin. In addition, specific functional groups can be introduced to achieve antimicrobial, anti-enzymatic, cross-linking and tissue regeneration functions to restore the microstructure and mechanical properties of demineralized dentin. Therefore, designing and developing NCP analogs are currently a hot topic in dentin biomimetic restorations. However, most existing reviews have only focused on the mineralizing effect of NCP analogs and have rarely summarized their additional functions and applications at the dentin interface. This review first summarizes the basic principles of dentin biomineralization and biomimetic mineralization and then focuses on the common classifications of NCP analogs and newly introduced functional properties. It finally discusses the applications and limitations of NCP analogs in dentin interface, providing a theoretical basis for applying NCP analogs in the minimally invasive treatment of demineralized dentin.
Unsettling Questions
Authors: Longworth Guy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Should we expect someone who knows by seeing invariably to be able to settle the questions (i) How do you know? (ii) Why do you think so? or (iii) Are you sure? I defend the following answers. First, we should not expect someone who knows that p by seeing invariably to be able to know how they know that p. Second, we should expect someone who knows that p by seeing to have conclusive reasons for thinking that p; however, in light of the first claim, we should not expect their seeing what they do invariably to figure amongst their reasons. Although one who knows by seeing need not know how they know and need not have amongst their reasons the fact that they see what they do, still their seeing what they do can play an important role in establishing surety.
Comparative efficacy of various exercise types and doses for depression in older adults: a systematic review of paired, network and dose–response meta-analyses
Authors: Tian Shudong , Liang Zhide , Tian Mengmeng , Qiu Fanghui , Yu Yingdanni , Mou Hong , Gao Yan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
We assessed the effects of different exercise modalities and doses on depression levels in older adults.

Methods
Systematic searches of the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Scopus databases were conducted from the start of database construction until December 2023. Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise interventions in older adults. Pairwise, network and dose-network meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models for the outcome of depression in older adults.

Results
A total of 80 RCTs with 5536 participants were included in this study. Network meta-analyses showed that resistance exercise [standardized mean difference (SMD) = − 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI): − 0.90, − 0.46] and mind–body exercise (MBE; SMD = − 0.54, 95% CI: − 0.72, − 0.37) were the most effective forms of exercise for improving depression in older adults, followed by aerobic exercise (SMD = − 0.31, 95% CI: − 0.50, − 0.13) and mixed exercise (SMD = − 0.23, 95% CI: − 44, − 0.01). In addition, a U-shaped dose–response relationship was found between overall exercise dose and depression levels in older adults, and a significant response was seen after 390 metabolic equivalent (MET)-min/week.

Conclusions
Our study determined the effectiveness of different exercises in improving levels of older adults and found that resistance exercise and MBE were more effective adjunctive treatments. By providing the most effective treatments, older adults can reap the benefits of improving depression in older adults at doses lower than the World Health Organization guidelines.