bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACTITUDES HACIA LA RECONCILIACIÓN SOCIAL Y APUNTES PARA UNA POLÍTICA DEL PERDÓN: CASOS EN EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Rico Revelo Diana , Maza Ditta María 
Published: October 2017

Este trabajo corresponde a una investigación cualitativa cuyo objeto de estudio fue explorar actitudes hacia la reconciliación social con exvictimarios, presentes en víctimas del conflicto interno armado. Participaron 400 víctimas que gestionaban su proceso de reparación integral en el Departamento del Atlántico durante los años 2014 y 2015. Entre los hallazgos a resaltar, se destaca la presencia de diferentes y contradictorias categorías de mínima coexistencia y confianza; cuyos contenidos no coinciden en su totalidad con características de una convivencia pacífica, avizorando dificultades para avanzar hacia el perdón y para establecer lazos de confianza. Finalmente, se ofrecen reflexiones a considerar para formular una política pública del perdón.
Ways of Arising of Public Awareness and Educational Level in Solid Waste Management Sphere of St. Petersburg
Authors: Lyubarskaya Maria 
Published: October 2017

Whereas solid waste products influence deterioration of the environment and reduce quality of human life, intensification of activity on creation the effective solid waste management (SWM) system is necessary. In the usual conditions of management there is a necessity of application of the integrated approach allowing comprehensively to evaluate usual situation in the sphere of SWM and to find the most rational solutions. It demands significant improvement of the system of education, training and improvement of professional skill of technicians and managers for the given sphere. Use of experience of the Nordic countries in the field of scientific and practical researches on the given problem and in the organization of education and training specialists, will assist to the achievement of the object and solving the connected problems.
For Elaborating of Educational course on Solid Waste Management for students of Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics the following methods was used:- Revealing of problems in the SWM sphere in St Petersburg – organizational, legislative, technical, technological, psychological, informational, educational and environmental;- Studying of the experience of the organizational charts for the SWM in big and small citiesof adjacent Nordic countries, realization of the SWOT-analysis and benchmarking ofoperating of these systems;- Development of measures on improving organizational, economic and legal principles of SWM, on stimulation of innovation activity for attraction modern engineering andtechnologies, and also on radical improvement of education and training for improving professional skill of personnel for this sector of economy.
Experimental Study of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfills and Nonauthorized Waste Damps Impact on the Environment
Authors: Tarbaeva Veronica , Delarov Dmitry 
Published: October 2017

A purpose was an analysis of waste disposal sites existing in the Leningrad region and a choice of facilities potentially suitable for the removal and utilization of greenhouse- and other gases. In order to achieve the purpose in view, data were collected on the arrangement of non-authorized landfills and waste dumps within the Leningrad region. The preliminary visual evaluation and instrumental monitoring were carried out for 10 facilities. The evaluation of greenhouse- and other gas emissions into the atmosphere as well as of ground water pollution near places of waste disposal was performed. A databank was created for waste disposal sites where it could be possible to organize the work on removing and utilizing of greenhouse gas.
The conducted examination stated that landfills exert negative influence on the environment in the form of emissions into the atmosphere and impurities penetrating underground and surface water. A volume of greenhouse gas emissions calculated in units of СО2 – equivalent from different projects fluctuates from 63.8 to 8091.4 t in units of СО2 – equivalent. Maximum summarized emissions of greenhouse gases in units of СО2 – equivalent were stated for MSW landfills of the towns of Kirishi, Novaya Ladoga and Slantsy, as well as for MSW landfills near Lepsari residential settlement and the town of Vyborg.
Nitrogen Removal from Landfill Leachate by Chemical and Biological Treatment: Process Comparison
Authors: Butkovskyi Andrii , Jönsson Karin 
Published: October 2017

The efficiency of nitrogen removal from leachate by different chemical and biological methods was explored. The leachate was derived from Filborna landfill (NSR AB, Helsingborg, Sweden) and was characterized as an old leachate with pH = 8.0 and comparatively low concentrations of nitrogen and organic compounds (ca. 150 mg/l NH4-N and 500 mg/l COD). Three treatment processes were tested in lab-scale experiments; combined nitrification and denitrification in a sequencing-batch reactor (SBR), one-reactor nitritation-anammox process in a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) in sequencing-batch configuration and nitrogen precipitation in the form of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate (MAP). State-of-the-art of these processes is described.
The conventional combined nitrification/denitrification process allowed 99% removal of inorganic nitrogen with 23 mg NH4-N/(l·h) being the highest nitrification rate achieved. Aeration during nitrification step and addition of carbon source according to the stoichiometric ratio for denitrification was required, accounting for the operational costs. The nitritation-anammox process also allowed 99% removal of inorganic nitrogen with 3.7 g NH4- N/(m2·d) being the highest process rate achieved while running the reactor at 25°C and pH 8.0. The process is advantageous in comparison with the conventional biological removal process, as oxygen consumption is lower and addition of carbon source is not required. With MAP precipitation at the optimal Mg:N:P ratio (1.2:1:1) only 78% removal of inorganic nitrogen was achieved. The precipitation process led to a significant increase of phosphorous concentrations in the effluent, while external magnesium and phosphorous sources to be added resulted in high process costs. Detailed descriptions of the processes and obtainedresults are given in the article.
Comparing the three processes, conclusions are drawn that it is possible to achieve effluent nitrogen requirements (15 mg N/l) by treatment of leachate with both tested biological processes, but not with MAP precipitation. One-reactor nitritation-anammox would require the lowest operational costs, while MAP precipitation – the highest.
Importance of End-of-Life Cost for a Product Life Cycle in the Choice Between Copper and Aluminium
Authors: Carlsson Bo 
Published: October 2017

A total cost accounting approach was used to analyse the suitability of copper and aluminium as winding material for transformers, using available data from the Ecoinvent database. It could be concluded that the use of recycled metal is a necessary requisite for sustainability. Using cost data for energy and materials and reasonable assumptions about costs for labour and interest for the metal supplier and the product manufacturer, the copper alternative turns out to be the better choice, especially when the expected increase in the prices of energy,copper, and aluminium during life cycle is taken into account. When considering environmental cost, useful indicators are those that can be expressed in cost terms. With the Ecoindicator 99 indicator as the basis for estimating environmental cost, the aluminium alternative is better than the copper alternative. However, the contribution of the environmental cost to the total cost has minor importance when compared with the effect you get from the negative cost contribution from the end-of-life phase. Therefore, the copper alternative is the better choice in terms of least total cost in the application considered.
From the study it could also be concluded that the total cost accounting approach would be a valuable design tool, when comparing two design alternatives of a product functional unit to decide which of the two is the more favourable from a sustainability point of view.
The Impact of Efficient Management Mechanism of the Energy Supply on Environment
Authors: Chekalin Vadim 
Published: October 2017

An economic growth of the country strongly depends on the terms and level of development of key economic sectors, including energy supply. The centralized heat supply plays considerable role at energy sector of Russian economics. Privatization and economic liberalization in the Russian Federation have generated relations between the economic subjects which differ a lot from Soviet Union system. However, the centralized heat supply system means of heat tariffs formation were inherited from Soviet Union and they still apply practically without changes.
It is necessary to pay attention also to an ecological component of this problem. Nowadays, if we want to preserve environment for the future and eliminate negative consequences, we should spend much more financial and technological resources. The result of negative impact of applying out-of-date energy technologies characterized by low efficiency can be enhancement of environmental contamination: water, air, soil.
Working out of theoretical, practical and organizational and economic principles for formation of the state tools management in a centralized heat supply sphere, enhancement of efficiency at the present stage must be the subjects of research works. The complex solution of problems of the market organizational and economic management mechanism is complicated because of lack of methodological, methodical information for authority at all hierarchical levels. Therefore working out in this very important sector should become one ofpriority tasks.
Phytoremediation as a Prospective Method for Rehabilitation of Areas Contaminated by Long-Term Sewage Sludge Storage: The Greek Experience
Authors: Suchkova N. , Darakas E. , Ganoulis J. , Vergeles Y. 
Published: October 2017

In this work the suitability of several plant species for phytoremediation under natural and artificially installed conditions was studied. Brassica napus, Medicago sativa, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, and Hordeum vulgare were grown in pots with sewage sludge from Sindos Main WWTP in Thessaloniki and from Sindos Industrial WWTP in Thessaloniki, Greece.
The first series of experiments included comparing measurements of various parameters for the above mentioned plants and the sludge to those for control samples (the same plants growing in compost). It was shown that shoot growth was less reduced in T. aestivum and H. vulgare than in the other plant species studied. B. napus had lower germination tax, followed by M. sativa with the lowest germination tax. Generally B. napus, giving less biomass production than Z. mays and T. aestivum, is characterised by a higher ability to accumulate heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr, As and Hg.
The second series of experiments included comparing measurements of various parameters of B. napus grown in sludge and treated each 7 days with metal solutions of Ni, Zn and Pb containing 10-2mg/l, 10-4mg/l, 10-6mg/l of each metal, to those for control plants treated with double distilled water. Results showed that shoot growth of B. napus were increased at treatments with lower concentrations of metals (10-6 mg/l) and control (treatment with d-distilled water). At the same time uptake of metal ions was increased with the concentration of the solution, i.e. at higher concentrations (10-2 mg/l). It is truly for Pb and Zn, transfer coefficient TC of which (indicates a plant’s potential to concentrate a metal) was quite high 15 % and 7 % correspondingly. It was noticed that B. napus has high ability to accumulate Cr, from the other hand it did not accumulate Ni (at present case).
Lab-Scale Column Study on Phosphorus Removal from Synthetic Wastewater by Filtralite P and Iron Filings
Authors: Kirjanova Ala , Rimeika Mindaugas , Zopelytė Kristina 
Published: October 2017

Column study was performed in order to compare phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) removal capacity of iron filings and Filtralite P. The experiment with two vertical downflow columns (0.05 in diameter and with 0.9 m medium height) feeding synthetic wastewater was carried out over a period of 66 days at wastewater temperature of 17.2–21.8 ºC. The study also aimed to determine the effect of submergence of the medium on Filtralite P PO4-P removal potential. During the experiment the submerged Filtralite P sorbed almost double amount of PO4-P (1581 mg PO4-P/kg filter material or 662 mg PO4-P/m3 filter material) compared to the unsubmerged (881 mg PO4-P/kg filter material or 369 mg PO4-P/m3 filter material). In both cases PO4-P removal efficiency exceeded 90 % when pH in the effluent was higher than 9.5. Through the experimental period the iron filings removed 2249 mg PO4-P/kg filter material. When evaluating the amount of removed PO4-P per volume of filter material, the iron filings removed 2164 mg PO4-P/m3 filter material, i. e. 3.3 times more than the submerged Filtralite P did. In the case of iron filings the largest PO4-P amount was removed in the top layer (0–30 cm) of the filter material. The amount of removed PO4-P decreased and PO4-P removal efficiency increased with depth of the medium: in the top layer (0–30 cm) PO4-P removal efficiency was 27 %, whereas in the bottom layer (60–90 cm) it reached 44 %. The same tendency of PO4-P removal efficiency was observed in the column with the submerged Filtralite P; however, the PO4-P removal efficiency in all layers of this filter material was lower in comparison with the iron filings.
Ecotoxicological assessment of drill cuttings of oil deposits by biotesting methods
Authors: Kapelkina Ludmila P. , Chugunova Marina V. , Bardina Tamara V. 
Published: October 2017

Complex multi-component wastes include sewage sludges of treatment plants, industrial and domestic wastes, as well as drill cuttings. In the oil-producing regions, they are the main large-capacity waste. Chemical composition of drill cuttings is conditioned by mineralogical composition of drilled solids and properties of chemicals used in drilling. Since the composition of the latter is not always known (in some cases it can be protected by patent), it is almost impossible to establish the danger or safety of drill cuttings to the environment, based only on the use of chemical analysis methods. Therefore, the only way allowing to assess the cumulative toxicity of drilling waste is biotesting which is based on the determination of reaction of the living organisms to content of the pollutant in the tested sample.
While assessing the toxicity of drill cuttings by biological methods, scientists often test the aqueous extract to which the soluble forms of pollutants tend to migrate (eluate biotesting method), and various hydrobionts are used as the tested organisms. However, for adequate assessment of multicomponent solid mediums apart from the eluate methods, it is necessary to use substrate biotesting that provides direct contact of test organism with the tested sample, and thus allows to establish the level of cumulative impact rendered by the contaminants present in the solid substrates, on the living organisms. Therefore we, especially for the purpose of drill cuttings evaluation, have developed substrate methods in which higher plants and natural complex of microorganisms contained in the sludge itself are used as the tested organisms.
The goal of our researches was ecotoxicological assessment of drill cuttings in the oil fields of the Western Siberia, applying methods of substrate and eluate biotesting. For this purpose, test organisms at various levels of organization were used: microorganisms, aquatic organisms, higher plants, and mammals.
It has been established that the studied drill cuttings are hypotoxic or practically nontoxic. According to current statutory regulations of the Russian Federation, they can be classified within IV and V hazard classes. The results of the conducted researches indicate the advisability of applying, for the purpose of environmental assessment of drill cuttings, of both eluate and substrate biotesting methods.
Constitutions and Criminal Law Reform
Authors: Jacobsen Jørn 
Published: October 2017

In 2014, a major revision of the Norwegian Constitution was carried out, the momentum being the 200th jubilee of the Constitution and of Norway’s independence in 1814. This was the first major revision of the Norwegian Constitution (the world’s second oldest, only beaten by the US Constitution). Almost ten years earlier, in 2005, a new criminal code had been enacted in Norway. In 2015, this code replaced the code of 1902. A thoroughly revised Constitution and a new criminal code are both major events in any legal order. One could therefore imagine that the Norwegian reforms were related to each other, but wrongly so. This raises the questions: Should the Constitution have played a bigger role in the reform of the criminal code and in that case - how? And more generally: How could an optimal relation between a Constitution and a criminal law reform be achieved?
Correlating the permeability of mortar under compression with connected porosity and tortuosity
Authors: Bindiganavile Vivek , Mamun Muhammad , Dashtestani Behrang , Banthia Nemkumar 
Published: October 2017

This paper describes the influence of pore structure parameters – connected porosity and tortuosity – on the water permeability coefficient of cement mortar. Plain and fibre-reinforced mortar specimens were prepared to evaluate the permeability and characterise the microstructure. Polypropylene microfibres were incorporated at 0·25% volume fraction in the fibre-reinforced mortar specimens. The permeability of the mortar specimens was determined using an in situ method where hollow cylinders were subjected to uniaxial compressive stress. The specimens were loaded in the range of 0–90% of the ultimate compressive strength in five different stages. X-ray computed micro-tomography was employed to characterise the pore system of the mortar specimens. By analysing the tomographic images, both connected porosity and tortuosity of the pore network were evaluated. The results showed that the coefficient of water permeability has a correlation with connected porosity across the load levels. While no significant correlation was found with tortuosity alone, the water permeability was found to depend on the ratio between connected porosity and tortuosity as expressed by the Kozeny–Carman formulation.
Categorización de las confrontaciones armadas desde el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH)
Authors: Cáceres Cáceres Leonel Gustavo 
Published: October 2017

La sociedad colombiana ha estado siempre afectada por la confrontación armada que históricamente vive el país, existe una sensible necesidad de tener caminos y de obtener respuestas frente a lo que se ha venido calificando para unos como guerra civil, para otros como “Terrorismo”, y en otros casos como un conflicto armado interno; en ese sentido, es fácilmente observable que a nivel institucional, así como a nivel social se califica la confrontación armada sin ningún rigor académico, lo que limita el establecimiento de categorías válidas y consecuentemente la ausencia de un mecanismo o instrumento idóneo que permita un tratamiento adecuado del problema armado en Colombia. La invocación del Derecho Internacional Humanitario contiene efectos benéficos como la protección de civiles, responsabilizar victimarios, humanizar las hostilidades y en su punto de conciencia presentar un lenguaje compartido y acorde que permita una salida no armada al problema que alienta la confrontación armada en Colombia. Sumado a lo anterior, algunos violentólogos han tomado parte en el análisis conceptuando frente al problema armado en Colombia como un asunto claramente conductual que se fundamenta en definir al hombre colombiano como de naturaleza violenta, hecho éste que desde nuestro observador advierte resistencia, toda vez que las guerras que ha vivido Colombia podrían obedecer a causas diversas a la calificación de la naturaleza del hombre colombiano, tales como la descolonización, la independencia, la construcción de Estado, el establecimiento de las normas vinculantes, el monopolio de la fuerza; el orden en sí de la sociedad. De acuerdo a lo anterior, se originó en curso del Doctorado en Sociología Jurídica e Instituciones Políticas en la Universidad Externado de Colombia, resolver el interrogante que se planteaba de cómo definir de manera válida mediante una categoría reconocida el problema armado colombiano, para de alguna manera limitar las calificaciones que se surtían por gobernantes y por la misma sociedad de acuerdo a sus intereses que en algunos casos coinciden con los del Estado, pero en otros, someten a la población civil a innumerables daños frente a las acciones armadas, sin que exista una salida que supere en gran medida la alternativa militar.
Rol de las Fuerzas Armadas y de Policía en el marco del posconflicto colombiano
Authors: Cárdenas  Sepúlveda Sandra Lorena , Petro González Ingrid Regina 
Published: October 2017

Con la implementación de mecanismos propios de la Justicia Transicional, se está llevando a cabo en la actualidad un proceso de diálogos entre el Gobierno Nacional Colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – F.A.R.C., además de tener la intención de articularse a este proceso el Ejército de Liberación Nacional. En consecuencia, una vez se logre el consenso sobre los puntos que hacen parte de la agenda, se suscribirá un gran acuerdo que tendrá como finalidad obtener la paz, poniendo fin a un conflicto armado que data de más de cuatro décadas y que ha estado influenciado por diversos factores dejando como consecuencia un gran número de víctimas. En este contexto las Fuerzas Militares y de Policía han tenido un papel relevante en su papel de mantener la seguridad nacional y la seguridad ciudadana en el ámbito de las confrontaciones bélicas para lo cual han debido reorganizarse las Instituciones con el fin de atender las mutaciones de la connotación del referido conflicto. En la etapa posterior a la firma de los acuerdos de paz es fundamental analizar los roles que deberá asumir cada una de estas Instituciones con el fin de garantizar la no repetición del conflicto y coadyuvar para la consecución de la paz social, como etapa siguiente a la paz política. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la presente investigación se orienta a determinar el rol de las Fuerzas Armadas y de Policía en el marco del Posconflicto Colombiano, para lo cual se utilizará un paradigma histórico hermenéutico.
Basel and Securitization: Conflicting Incentives and Rationales
Authors: Echeverry Botero David Augusto 
Published: October 2017

La crisis financiera presentada en el 2007 reviste una serie de factores similares a lo que generó la crisis de 1929, precedidas por un ambiente de desregulación económica. Existen entonces dentro de los sistemas bancarios una serie de incentivos y racionalidades que, dependiendo de la posición que se ocupe dentro del mercado financiero, están constantemente en conflicto con la regulación y en especial con los principios establecidos en Basilea para el correcto funcionamiento del sistema.
En consecuencia al presentarse nuevos mecanismos de negocios, como la titulación o el mercado de futuros, estos incentivos van a influenciar enormemente en los agentes del mercado financiero, para que incumplan sus obligaciones (Basilea I, II, y III). Así logran una mayor ganancia tanto para ellos como para las instituciones a las que pertenecen.
Por lo anterior las medidas contenidas en Basilea III, que se basan principalmente en aumentar el capital de riesgo y disminuir el apalancamiento, si no se acompañan con una política de control efectiva, teniendo en cuenta los incentivos y al agente racional dentro del mercado, no van a ser eficientes en el largo plazo, siendo posible que se produzca una nueva crisis económica, si se encuentra un nuevo instrumento financiero apto para ello.