bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction Mechanism of Tellurium Species from Copper Electrowinning Solutions
Authors: Mokmeli Mohammad , Dreisinger David B. , Wassink Berend , Difley Bryce 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe presence of tellurium in copper–nickel sulfide ores results in downstream contamination of leach solutions and electrolytes. Tellurium must be removed from leach solutions before electrowinning to prevent contamination of copper cathodes. Cuprous ion is industrially used as a reductant to remove tellurium ions. However, the reduction kinetics of tellurium ions with cuprous is not well known. In this study, the slow TeVI reduction step with cuprous was identified and a plausible TeVI reduction mechanism was suggested. The rate‐determining step was investigated by studying the kinetics of the coupled reaction of TeVI and TeIV with cuprous. The rate law suggested for the reduction of TeIV with cuprous and the coupled kinetics equation for consecutive reduction reactions of TeIV and TeVI were derived. It was shown that the rate constant of the coupled reaction is very close to the rate constant calculated based on the assumption that TeVI reduction is a rate‐determining step.
Familial Adult‐Onset Alexander Disease with a Novel GFAP Mutation
Authors: Ogura Hana , Maki Futaba , Sasaki Naoshi , Yoshida Tomokatsu , Hasegawa Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe patient was a 65‐year‐old woman who became gradually more prone to falling from age 30 and who was visiting the hospital on an outpatient basis following a diagnosis of multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type. While eating, she started choking as a result of aspiration and was transported to our hospital by ambulance. Head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed tadpole‐like atrophy of the brainstem, i.e. marked atrophy of the medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord with disproportionately slight atrophy of the pons. Her eldest son also had the same symptoms, suggesting Alexander disease. A search of the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene revealed the previously unreported mutation Y242N. The same MRI findings and genetic mutation were confirmed in her 38‐year‐old son. Adult onset Alexander disease is a rare condition with very few reported familial cases. We hereby report this case with a discussion of the literature.
Spinal Movement Disorders in Neuromyelitis Optica: An Under‐recognized Phenomenon
Authors: Abboud Hesham , Fernandez Hubert H. , Mealy Maureen A. , Levy Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundSpinal cord demyelination can cause several movement disorders. Although these abnormal movements could be the presenting symptom of the disease and, at times, the major source of disability, they are often overlooked, mislabeled, or undertreated. The aims of this study were to clearly define and establish common terminology for spinal movement disorders (SMDs) and characterize their full spectrum in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO).MethodsWe chart reviewed 37 patients with NMO or NMO spectrum disorder. We classified spinal movement disorders under five categories: tonic spasms; focal dystonia; spinal myoclonus; spontaneous clonus; and tremors of spinal origin. We examined clinical, MRI, and medication data of symptomatic patients.ResultsOf the 37 patients (86.4% female; mean age: 51 ± 17 years; mean disease duration: 9.4 ± 5.3 years), 16 (43.2%) had one or more form of SMDs. Compared to those without SMDs, patients with SMDs were generally older at presentation and were less likely to be African Americans. An abnormal movement was the main complaint in at least one posthospitalization visit in all symptomatic patients. Thirteen (35.1%) patients had paroxysmal tonic spasms, 2 (5.4%) had focal dystonia, 3 (8%) had postural/action tremors, and no patient had spinal myoclonus or spontaneous clonus. In 9 patients, spasms were painful. There was no signal abnormality in the basal ganglia or the brainstem/cerebellum in any of the symptomatic patients.ConclusionsSMDs are common in NMO and are often a major source of disability. Using clear, unified terminology to describe SMDs is crucial for both clinical and research purposes.
Motion correction and frequency stabilization for MRS of the human spinal cord
Authors: Hock Andreas , Henning Anke 
Published: February 2016

Subject motion is challenging for MRS, because it can falsify results. For spinal cord MRS in particular, subject movement is critical, since even a small movement > 1 mm) can lead to a voxel shift out of the desired measurement region. Therefore, the identification of motion corrupted MRS scans is essential. In this investigation, MR navigators acquired simultaneously with the MRS data are used to identify a displacement of the spinal cord due to subject motion. It is shown that navigators are able to recognize substantial subject motion (>1 mm) without impairing the MRS measurement. In addition, navigators are easy to apply to the measurement, because no additional hardware and just a minor additional user effort are needed. Moreover, no additional scan time is required, because navigators can be applied in the deadtime of the MRS sequence. Furthermore, in this work, retrospective motion correction combined with frequency stabilization is presented by combining navigators with non‐water‐suppressed 1H‐MRS, resulting in an improved spectral quality of the spinal cord measurements. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paediatric and adult soft tissue sarcomas with NTRK1 gene fusions: a subset of spindle cell sarcomas unified by a prominent myopericytic/haemangiopericytic pattern
Authors: Haller Florian , Knopf Jasmin , Ackermann Anne , Bieg Matthias , Kleinheinz Kortine , Schlesner Matthias , Moskalev Evgeny A , Will Rainer , Satir Ali Abdel , Abdelmagid Ibtihalat E , Giedl Johannes , Carbon Roman , Rompel Oliver , Hartmann Arndt , Wiemann Stefan , Metzler Markus , Agaimy Abbas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNeoplasms with a myopericytomatous pattern represent a morphological spectrum of lesions encompassing myopericytoma of the skin and soft tissue, angioleiomyoma, myofibromatosis/infantile haemangiopericytoma and putative neoplasms reported as malignant myopericytoma. Lack of reproducible phenotypic and genetic features of malignant myopericytic neoplasms have prevented the establishment of myopericytic sarcoma as an acceptable diagnostic category. Following detection of a LMNA–NTRK1 gene fusion in an index case of paediatric haemangiopericytoma‐like sarcoma by combined whole‐genome and RNA sequencing, we identified three additional sarcomas harbouring NTRK1 gene fusions, termed 'spindle cell sarcoma, NOS with myo/haemangiopericytic growth pattern'. The patients were two children aged 11 months and 2 years and two adults aged 51 and 80 years. While the tumours of the adults were strikingly myopericytoma‐like, but with clear‐cut atypical features, the paediatric cases were more akin to infantile myofibromatosis/haemangiopericytoma. All cases contained numerous thick‐walled dysplastic‐like vessels with segmental or diffuse nodular myxohyaline myo‐intimal proliferations of smooth muscle actin‐positive cells, occasionally associated with thrombosis. Immunohistochemistry showed variable expression of smooth muscle actin and CD34, but other mesenchymal markers, including STAT6, were negative. This study showed a novel variant of myo/haemangiopericytic sarcoma with recurrent NTRK1 gene fusions. Given the recent introduction of a novel therapeutic approach targeting NTRK fusion‐positive neoplasms, recognition of this rare but likely under‐reported sarcoma variant is strongly encouraged. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 3‐in‐1 doping process for interdigitated back contact solar cells exploiting the understanding of co‐diffused dopant profiles by use of PECVD borosilicate glass in a phosphorus diffusion
Authors: Gloger Sebastian , Herguth Axel , Engelhardt Josh , Hahn Giso , Terheiden Barbara 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBoron and phosphorus doping of crystalline silicon using a borosilicate glass (BSG) layer from plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and phosphorus oxychloride diffusion, respectively, is investigated. More specifically, the simultaneous and interacting diffusion of both elements through the BSG layer into the silicon substrate is characterized in depth. We show that an overlying BSG layer does not prevent the formation of a phosphorus emitter in silicon substrates during phosphorus diffusion. In fact, a BSG layer can even enhance the uptake of phosphorus into a silicon substrate compared with a bare substrate.From the understanding of the joint diffusion of boron and phosphorus through a BSG layer into a silicon substrate, a model is developed to illustrate the correlation of the concentration‐dependent diffusivities and the emerging diffusion profiles of boron and phosphorus. Here, the in‐diffusion of the dopants during diverse doping processes is reproduced by the use of known concentration dependences of the diffusivities in an integrated model. The simulated processes include a BSG drive‐in step in an inert and in a phosphorus‐containing atmosphere.Based on these findings, a PECVD BSG/capping layer structure is developed, which forms three different n++−, n+− and p+−doped regions during one single high temperature process. Such engineered structure can be used to produce back contact solar cells. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase behavior of blends of PCBM with amorphous polymers with different aromaticity
Authors: Bernardo Gabriel , Deb Nabankur , King Stephen M. , Bucknall David G. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe phase behavior of [6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blends with amorphous polymers with different degrees of aromaticity has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS). The polymers investigated are the homologous series of polystyrene (PS), poly(2‐vinyl‐naphthalene) (P2VN), and poly(9‐vinyl‐phenanthrene) (P9VPh). The DSC results show that the miscibility of PCBM in these polymers increases nonlinearly from 16.5 wt % in PS, 57.0 wt % in P2VN, and 74.9 wt % in P9VPh. The SANS results show that at all concentrations of PCBM, the blends are composed of two mixed phases. Analysis shows that the phase dimensions remain largely independent of PCBM content, but there is a strong dependence of the PCBM concentration difference in the two phases with increasing PCBM content. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 994–1001
Health behaviours and fear of cancer recurrence in 10 969 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients
Authors: Fisher A. , Beeken R.J. , Heinrich M. , Williams K. , Wardle J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to examine whether fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) was related to two important health behaviours (physical activity and smoking) in a large sample of colorectal cancer patients.MethodsTen thousand nine hundred sixty nine patients, diagnosed in 2010–11, and in remission in 2013, completed the ‘Living with and Beyond Colorectal Cancer’ survey. The survey included purpose‐designed questions on fear of recurrence (‘I have fear about my cancer coming back’), demographics, treatment and health variables. Physical activity (PA) was recorded as number of days per week doing at least 30 min of brisk activity, and smoking status was reported.ResultsFifty per cent of respondents reported fear of their cancer returning. More women than men ((Odds Ratio; (OR) 1.58; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46, 1.71)) more younger than older patients (OR 2.53; CI 2.33, 2.74) and slightly more patients from deprived areas (OR 1.14, 1.05, 1.23) reported FCR. Independently of demographics and treatment, compared with those meeting the PA guidelines, those who were doing only ‘some’ (OR 1.22; CI 1.11, 1.35) or ‘no’ PA (OR 1.28; CI 1.15, 1.42) reported higher FCR. Compared with non‐smokers, more current smokers reported fear (OR 1.34, CI 1.10, 1.58) and slightly more ex‐smokers (OR 1.11; CI 1.04, 1.21).ConclusionsThis cross‐sectional study provided novel data showing that colorectal cancer survivors with poorer health behaviours (those with lower activity levels and those who smoked) were more likely to experience FCR. Future research should replicate findings using detailed measures of fear, objective measures of health behaviours and identify directions of associations. © 2016 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Distribution of the two‐sample t‐test statistic following blinded sample size re‐estimation
Authors: Lu Kaifeng 
Published: February 2016

We consider the blinded sample size re‐estimation based on the simple one‐sample variance estimator at an interim analysis. We characterize the exact distribution of the standard two‐sample t‐test statistic at the final analysis. We describe a simulation algorithm for the evaluation of the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis at given treatment effect. We compare the blinded sample size re‐estimation method with two unblinded methods with respect to the empirical type I error, the empirical power, and the empirical distribution of the standard deviation estimator and final sample size. We characterize the type I error inflation across the range of standardized non‐inferiority margin for non‐inferiority trials, and derive the adjusted significance level to ensure type I error control for given sample size of the internal pilot study. We show that the adjusted significance level increases as the sample size of the internal pilot study increases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testifying the digital artifacts for line application program under Mac OS X from the aspects of witness experts
Authors: Chu Hai‐Cheng , Chao Han‐Chieh 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUnarguably, the physical memory acquisition of contemporary computing devices has been an extremely pivotal and indispensable errand for digital forensics specialists because of its volatility of the embedded data, which was deposited from related computing resources. Nowadays, hundreds of millions of global naive or sophisticated end users exploit LINE application program (AP) as the instant messaging toolkit to conduct real‐time communications including sending text messages or video clips. Unfortunately, this cutting‐edge innovation has been taken advantage by the cybercrime syndicates, terrorists, or the extremists to fulfill their lucrative purposes. Hence, this research provides generic research methodologies for digital forensics experts to conduct whenever digital artifacts become mandatory in order to disclose some cybercrimes or the noncompliance of computer usage concerning LINE AP especially for the witness experts to testify in a court of law. On the other hand, this research paper pinpoints the volatile raw memory contains valuable and imperceptive digital artifacts that could reflect the interactions when LINE AP was utilized under Mac OS X. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Role for RE-1-Silencing Transcription Factor in Embryonic Stem Cells Cardiac Lineage Specification
Authors: Aksoy Irene , Marcy Guillaume , Chen Jiaxuan , Divakar Ushashree , Kumar Vibhor , John-Sanchez Daniel , Rahmani Mehran , Buckley Noel J. , Stanton Lawrence W. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
During development, lineage specification is controlled by several signaling pathways involving various transcription factors (TFs). Here, we studied the RE-1-silencing transcription factor (REST) and identified an important role of this TF in cardiac differentiation. Using mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to model development, we found that REST knockout cells lost the ability to differentiate into the cardiac lineage. Detailed analysis of specific lineage markers expression showed selective downregulation of endoderm markers in REST-null cells, thus contributing to a loss of cardiogenic signals. REST regulates cardiac differentiation of ESCs by negatively regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and positively regulating the cardiogenic TF Gata4. We propose here a new role for REST in cell fate specification besides its well-known repressive role of neuronal differentiation.
The Antiaging Gene Klotho Regulates Proliferation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Fan Jun , Sun Zhongjie 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Klotho was originally discovered as an aging-suppressor gene. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether secreted Klotho (SKL) affects the proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that short-form Klotho was expressed in mouse ADSCs. The Klotho gene mutation KL(–/–) significantly decreased proliferation of ADSCs and expression of pluripotent transcription factors (Nanog, Sox-2, and Oct-4) in mice. The adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs was also decreased in KL(–/–) mice. Incubation with Klotho-deficient medium decreased ADSC proliferation, pluripotent transcription factor levels, and adipogenic differentiation, which is similar to what was found in KL(–/–) mice. These results indicate that Klotho deficiency suppresses ADSC proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, treatment with recombinant SKL protein rescued the Klotho deficiency-induced impairment in ADSC proliferation and adipogenic differentiation. SKL also regulated ADSCs' differentiation to other cell lineages (osteoblasts, myofibroblasts), indicating that SKL maintains stemness of ADSCs. It is intriguing that overexpression of SKL significantly increased PPAR-γ expression and lipid formation in ADSCs following adipogenic induction, indicating enhanced adipogenic differentiation. Overexpression of SKL inhibited expression of TGFβ1 and its downstream signaling mediator Smad2/3. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that SKL is essential to the maintenance of normal proliferation and differentiation in ADSCs. Klotho regulates adipogenic differentiation in ADSCs, likely via inhibition of TGFβ1 and activation of PPAR-γ.
Serially Transplanted Nonpericytic CD146− Adipose Stromal/Stem Cells in Silk Bioscaffolds Regenerate Adipose Tissue In Vivo
Authors: Frazier Trivia P. , Bowles Annie , Lee Stephen , Abbott Rosalyn , Tucker Hugh A. , Kaplan David , Wang Mei , Strong Amy , Brown Quincy , He Jibao , Bunnell Bruce A. , Gimble Jeffrey M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Progenitors derived from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of white adipose tissue (WAT) possess the ability to form clonal populations and differentiate along multiple lineage pathways. However, the literature continues to vacillate between defining adipocyte progenitors as “stromal” or “stem” cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that a nonpericytic subpopulation of adipose stromal cells, which possess the phenotype, CD45−/CD31−/CD146−/CD34+, are mesenchymal, and suggest this may be an endogenous progenitor subpopulation within adipose tissue. We hypothesized that an adipose progenitor could be sorted based on the expression of CD146, CD34, and/or CD29 and when implanted in vivo these cells can persist, proliferate, and regenerate a functional fat pad over serial transplants. SVF cells and culture expanded adipose stromal/stem cells (ASC) ubiquitously expressing the green fluorescent protein transgene (GFP-Tg) were fractionated by flow cytometry. Both freshly isolated SVF and culture expanded ASC were seeded in three-dimensional silk scaffolds, implanted subcutaneously in wild-type hosts, and serially transplanted. Six-week WAT constructs were removed and evaluated for the presence of GFP-Tg adipocytes and stem cells. Flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and confocal microscopy demonstrated GFP-Tg cell persistence, proliferation, and expansion, respectively. Glycerol secretion and glucose uptake assays revealed GFP-Tg adipose was metabolically functional. Constructs seeded with GFP-Tg SVF cells or GFP-Tg ASC exhibited higher SVF yields from digested tissue, and higher construct weights, compared to nonseeded controls. Constructs derived from CD146− CD34+ -enriched GFP-Tg ASC populations exhibited higher hemoglobin saturation, and higher frequency of GFP-Tg cells than unsorted or CD29+ GFP-Tg ASC counterparts. These data demonstrated successful serial transplantation of nonpericytic adipose-derived progenitors that can reconstitute adipose tissue as a solid organ. These findings have the potential to provide new insights regarding the stem cell identity of adipose progenitor cells.
Concise Review: Mechanisms Behind Apoptotic Cell-Based Therapies Against Transplant Rejection and Graft versus Host Disease
Authors: Morelli Adrian E. , Larregina Adriana T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe main limitations to the success of transplantation are the antigraft response developed by the recipient immune system, and the adverse side effects of chronic immunosuppression. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) triggered by donor-derived T lymphocytes against the recipient tissues is another serious obstacle in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Several laboratories have tested the possibility of promoting antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance for therapy of graft rejection, GVHD, and autoimmune disorders, by developing methodologies that mimic the mechanisms by which the immune system maintains peripheral tolerance in the steady state. It has been long recognized that the silent clearance of cells undergoing apoptosis exerts potent immune-regulatory effects and provides apoptotic cell-derived Ags to those Ag-presenting cells (APCs) that internalize them, in particular macrophages and dendritic cells. Therefore, in situ-targeting of recipient APCs by systemic administration of leukocytes in early apoptosis and bearing donor Ags represents a relatively simple approach to control the antidonor response against allografts. Here, we review the mechanisms by which apoptotic cells are silently cleared by phagocytes, and how such phenomenon leads to down-regulation of the innate and adaptive immunity. We discuss the evolution of apoptotic cell-based therapies from murine models of organ/tissue transplantation and GVHD, to clinical trials. We make emphasis on potential limitations and areas of concern of apoptotic cell-based therapies, and on how other immune-suppressive therapies used in the clinics or tested experimentally likely also function through the silent clearance of apoptotic cells by the immune system.