bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and World-Systems: Complexity, Energy, and Form
Authors: Grimes Peter E 
Published: August 2017

World-Systems Theory and Complexity Theory are siblings from the same parent of Von Bertalanffy’s foundational work on general systems theory. But they were ideologically separated at birth. World-Systems emerged out of dependency theory, itself a product of and reaction to neocolonialism after World War Two. Wallerstein’s historical analysis of the origins of unequal exchange in the “long” 16th C., first within Europe, and then encompassing its colonies, extended dependency theory’s exposure of exploitation by demonstrating the systemic consistency of geopolitical parasitism well before the modern era. Christopher Chase-Dunn has furthered that insight by using empirical research on the unequal exchange between the earliest known polities. His work has additionally shown how the methods of cross-polity parasitism have changed over time, both creating and undermining the empires of history in response to changing ecological and climatic constraints. His work also shows how systemic change often starts in the creative conditions unique to semiperipheries. The other child of general systems theory evolved in the worlds of physics and computer science, becoming known first as Chaos and later Complexity theory. It too expanded, demonstrating that positive causal feedback loops of energy and information could explain the life-processes of biology and evolutionary theory. Given their common ancestry and attention to the flows of energy and information, their re-connection was inevitable. This paper seeks to merge them. The approach will be to use complexity to explain how entropy builds structures on a physical level, then how those same dynamics created life, drove evolution, and continue to drive social complexity from our nomadic roots to our current global strife. The work of Chase-Dunn will be shown as logically consistent with complexity theory, and ideally a marriage of the traditions completed. As a former student and life-long colleague of Chase-Dunn’s, the author is also paying homage while pointing a way forward.
DA FUNDAÇÃO MÍTICA AO EXERCÍCIO DA SOBERANIA POPULAR: COMO UNIR VONTADE E ENTENDIMENTO?
Authors: Moscateli Renato 
Published: August 2017

Os “mitos fundadores” políticos são um tema recorrente em diversos pensadores, desde Platão até Rousseau, passando por Maquiavel e Hobbes. No Contrato Social, o autor trata disto no capítulo sobre o Legislador, mostrando que quando Moisés, Numa ou Maomé concederam leis a seus povos, eles não os convocaram para deliberar racionalmente sobre a adequação de suas propostas ao bem público, pois era impossível para essas nações incipientes fazer reflexões dessa espécie, já que elas careciam do entendimento e do espírito social que lhes permitiriam discernir o valor dessa legislação. Logo, restava ao Legislador persuadir o povo sem convencê-lo, invocando o único argumento válido para os seus ouvidos: a autoridade divina. Tais ideias levantam um problema crucial acerca de outros aspectos do pensamento de Rousseau. Para o filósofo, as leis elaboradas pelo Legislador somente têm validade quando aprovadas pela vontade do povo soberano. Porém, é possível perguntar, como faz Hilail Gildin: “Pode uma sociedade baseada em um código que as pessoas foram enganadas para aceitar porque acreditavam que ele expressasse a vontade divina, e que um povo não ousaria modificar por essa mesma razão, ser uma sociedade na qual o povo vê a si mesmo como única fonte legítima da lei?”
POLYMER ELECTROLYTE BLENDS OF MONO-CARBOXYLIC ACID–MODIFIED EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER AND POLY(ETHYLENEOXIDE)
Authors: Karim Wan Nurhidayah A. , Ng Jin Guan , Chan Chin Han , Yahya Rosiyah , Gan Seng Neon 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTNatural rubber with 50% of isoprene units epoxidized (ENR50) was treated with excess of mono-carboxylic acids to completely ring open the epoxide groups. The reaction was carried out by heating ENR50 dissolved in toluene with each of acetic and benzoic acid separately at 105 °C. The ring-opening reaction has produced hydroxyl –OH and ester –O-COR groups, leading to an increase in Tg. The products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. By the solution casting method, each of the modified ENR50s was blended with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in various ratios in toluene, and 2% lithium perchlorate (LiCIO4) was added as the dopant. Results show that the modified ENR and PEO formed incompatible blends. The PEO spherulite growth rate in the blends increased with PEO content. The electrical conductivity was found to increase with the weight fraction of PEO in the blend. At the ratio of 25/75, the acetic acid–modified ENR50/PEO blend exhibits a conductivity value of 3.1 × 10−8 S cm−1. The benzoic acid–modified ENR50/PEO achieved conductivity of 5.8 × 10−7 S cm−1 at the ratio of 30/70. These blends form conducting polymer electrolytes with potential application in batteries.
Lærerutdanning i det 21. århundre – tradisjoner, utfordringer, endringer
Authors: Brevik Lisbeth M , Fosse Britt Oda 
Published: August 2017

Hva kan vi forvente av lærerutdanningen i Norge i det 21. århundre? Den siste tiden har læreres kvalifikasjoner vært mye debattert. Samtidig har opptakskrav til ulike lærerutdanninger blitt fastsatt – og endret. Den største endringen i fremtidens lærerutdanning er likevel at den nå blir en femårig mastergrad. Samtidig ser vi en høyere søkning til lærerutdanningene generelt, noe som lover godt for fremtidens lærerutdanning og lærerprofesjon. Det er derfor gledelig å se at bidragene i dette spesialnummeret i Acta Didactica Norge diskuterer lærerutdanningen i det 21. århundre i lys av både tradisjoner, utfordringer og behov for endringer. Her gir vi først en introduksjon til lærerutdanning og lærerprofesjon, før vi presenterer ulike aspekter ved bidragene i spesialnummeret. Til slutt diskuterer vi et tema vi har fått mange spørsmål om—akseptraten for artiklene i spesialnummeret
Notions of EFL Reading in Norwegian Curricula, 1939–2013
Authors: Bakken Anja Synnøve 
Published: August 2017

I denne artikkelen undersøker jeg sentrale utviklingstrekk i læreplaners beskrivelser av lesing i engelskfaget fra 1939 til 2013. Jeg anvender perspektiver fra kritisk diskursanalyse i utforskingen av læreplanene for å illustrere hvordan ulike forståelser av lesing kommer fram og hva disse innebærer når det gjelder elevens og lærerens rolle. Jeg inndeler de ulike læreplandiskursene omkring lesing i engelfaget i fire forståelser av lesing: lesing som eksponering, verktøy, tekstmøte og meta-forståelse. Hvordan lesing forklares henger sammen med skiftende pedagogiske strømninger men må også forstås i et politisk og ideologisk landskap hvor stadig nye grupper av befolkningen deltar i et obligatorisk løp fra barneskole til og med videregående opplæring. Disse forståelsene kan ses som ledd i en historisk utvikling men også som et gjenkjennelig repertoar av forståelser knyttet til lesing i engelskfaget i dag.Nøkkelord: lesing i engelsk, læreplanhistorie, kritisk diskursanalyseAbstractThis article explores how English syllabi between 1939 and 2013 dealt with reading in English as a foreign language (EFL). Using perspectives from critical discourse analysis (CDA), I address the different notions of reading expressed in these syllabi, the purpose of reading and the roles of the reader and the teacher. I distinguish between four notions of reading: reading as exposure, reading as a tool, reading as an encounter, and reading as meta-awareness. How curricula explain reading is tied to contemporary pedagogical thinking, but must also be understood in a political and ideological landscape where increasingly larger groups of the Norwegian population gain access to universal secondary education. The notions of reading addressed in this article are part of a historical development as well as a recognisable repertoire of understandings related to EFL reading today.Key words: EFL reading, curriculum history, critical discourse analysis (CDA)
UNA MIRADA ALTERNATIVA A LA RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL EMPRESARIAL DESDE EL CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD EN UNA ECONOMÍA EMERGENTE EN POS CONFLICTO
Authors: Valencia-DeLara Pilar , Escobar-Sierra Manuela , Calderón-Valencia Felipe 
Published: August 2017

El presente estudio comienza con la comprensión del constructor responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) para luego identificar el estado actual de la discusión a través de un análisis bibliométrico, en donde se sugiere la necesidad de revisar las regulaciones gubernamentales desde ciertas decisiones de la corte constitucional. Se selecciona como objeto de estudio a Colombia (Estado social y constitucional de derecho, y economía emergente en pos conflicto) para ofrecer una mirada alternativa a la RSE desde el derecho y establecer pautas para la gestión empresarial a partir del control de constitucionalidad.
Política de educação especial e o atendimento educacional especializado no estado de Santa Catarina
Authors: Trentin Valéria Becher 
Published: August 2017

A Política de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva (2008) vem se manifestando nos documentos que orientam a educação inclusiva nos estados brasileiros de maneiras diversas. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem por objetivo identificar as expressões da Política de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva (2008) na Política de Educação Especial de SC (2009), no que tange o Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE). De abordagem qualitativa, foi utilizada a análise documental em que toma como fonte de dados os documentos que norteiam a educação inclusiva no âmbito internacional, nacional e estadual. Para a análise dos documentos utilizou-se “Abordagem do Ciclo de Políticas” de Stephen J. Ball e Richard Bowe (1992). Constatou-se que o alinhamento ao modelo conceitual proposto pela Política Nacional se encontra no discurso de justificação da Política Catarinense para a educação especial. Identificaram-se ainda elementos de adequação à Política Nacional de educação especial, no que tange a função do SAEDE (Serviço de Atendimento Educacional Especializado), o público-alvo do serviço proposto, afirmando que a Política Estadual, utiliza-se de conceitos e serviços para a educação especial que vão ao encontro da Política de Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva (2008).
Revisão das produções científicas sobre altas habilidades/superdotação no Brasil no período de 2011 a 2015
Authors: Pederro Mariana De Freitas Pereira , Rocha Belfort Arantes Brero Denise , Viviani Silva Raissa , Maria Teodoro Cunha Angélica , Faria Gonçalves Lucas , Bruno Viana Campos Érico , Maria Bueno Neme Carmen 
Published: August 2017

Estudos sobre Altas Habilidades/Superdotação são relativamente recentes no Brasil e foram impulsionados a partir da implantação dos NAAH/S e do aumento do número de alunos identificados pelo Censo Escolar. Este crescimento, apesar de importante, ainda é pouco significativo, e reflete as dificuldades para identificar e atender a essa população. O presente estudo se configura como uma pesquisa de revisão de literatura que objetiva demonstrar os avanços na área das Altas Habilidades/Superdotação nos últimos cinco anos. O levantamento realizado nas bases de dados resultou em um total de 52 produções, distribuídas entre as seguintes categorias: Políticas públicas e inclusão, Educação e Prática do Professor, Características e identificação, Desenvolvimento de Habilidades, Revisão de literatura, Terminologia e Testes. Concluiu-se que é necessário realizar mais estudos de intervenção, pois grande parte dos artigos baseia-se em estudos teóricos. As intervenções devem considerar as especificidades da população atendida bem como sua cultura, dessa forma, poderão ser construídas propostas de identificação e atendimento adequadas à realidade brasileira.
Formation of Alkanes and Arenes by Reduction
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Xiaoxia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCyclic AlkanesArenesAlkenesAlkynesOrganic HalidesAmines and DerivativesNitro CompoundsEthersAlcohols and PhenolsSulfur CompoundsSelenium and Tellurium CompoundsAldehydes and KetonesAcetalsCarboxylic AcidsAcid HalidesAnhydridesEsters and LactonesNitrilesIsonitriles
Formation of Nitriles, Carboxylic Acids, and Derivatives by Oxidation, Substitution, and Addition
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Yao Tuanli 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAlkanesArenesAlkenesDienesAlkynesAlkyl HalidesAminesImines and DerivativesAzidesNitro CompoundsNitrothioalkenesEthersSulfidesAlcoholsDiolsAmino AlcoholsAzido AlcoholsPhenolsAldehydes and DerivativesKetonesHemiacetals and LactolsAcetalsCarboxylic AcidsEstersAmidesNitriles
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed C−H Activation of O‐Acetyl Ketoximes/N‐Methoxybenzamides toward the Synthesis of Isoquinoline/Isoquinolone‐Fused Bicycles
Authors: Vijayan Ajesh , Jumaila Choorappulan Ummu , Radhakrishnan Kokkuvayil Vasu 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAn efficient rhodium(III)‐catalyzed C−H activation approach for the construction of fused heterocyclic motifs with urea‐derived bicyclic olefins has been demonstrated. A rhodium‐catalyzed reaction of O‐acetyl ketoximes with these bicyclic motifs furnished isoquinoline derivatives, whereas isoquinolone‐fused bicyclic olefins were obtained with the reaction of N‐methoxybenzamides.
Traversing Biosynthetic Carbocation Landscapes in the Total Synthesis of Andrastin and Terretonin Meroterpenes
Authors: Xu Gong , Elkin Masha , Tantillo Dean J. , Newhouse Timothy R. , Maimone Thomas J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMeroterpenes derived from dimethylorsellinic acid (DMOA) and farnesyl pyrophosphate have attracted much biosynthetic attention, yet only recently have synthetic solutions to any family members appeared. A key point of divergence in DMOA‐derived meroterpene biosynthesis is the protoaustinoid A carbocation, which can be diverted to either the berkeleyone, andrastin, or terretonin structural classes by cyclase‐controlled rearrangement pathways. Shown herein is that the protoaustinoid bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane nucleus can be reverted to either andrastin or terretonin ring systems under abiotic reaction conditions. The first total syntheses of members of these natural product families are reported as their racemates.
Hydrogels with Reversible Mechanics to Probe Dynamic Cell Microenvironments
Authors: Rosales Adrianne M. , Vega Sebastián L. , DelRio Frank W. , Burdick Jason A. , Anseth Kristi S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe relationship between ECM mechanics and cell behavior is dynamic, as cells remodel and respond to changes in their local environment. Most in vitro substrates are static and supraphysiologically stiff; thus, platforms with dynamic and reversible mechanical changes are needed. Herein, we developed hyaluronic acid‐based substrates capable of sequential photodegradation and photoinitiated crosslinking reactions to soften and then stiffen the hydrogels over a physiologically relevant range of moduli. Reversible mechanical signaling to adhered cells was demonstrated with human mesenchymal stem cells. In situ hydrogel softening (from ca. 14 to 3.5 kPa) led to a decrease in the cell area and nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ, and subsequent stiffening (from ca. 3.5 to 28 kPa) increased the cell area and nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ. Each photoreaction was cytocompatible and tunable, rendering this platform amenable to studies of dynamic mechanics on cell behavior across many cell types and contexts.
Remote meta‐C–H Cyanation of Arenes Enabled by a Pyrimidine‐Based Auxiliary
Authors: Bag Sukdev , Jayarajan Ramasamy , Dutta Uttam , Chowdhury Rajdip , Mondal Rahul , Maiti Debabrata 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAn easily removable pyrimidine‐based auxiliary has been employed for the remote meta‐C−H cyanation of arenes. The scope of this Pd‐catalyzed cyanation reaction using copper(I) cyanide as the cyanating agent was demonstrated with benzylsilanes, benzylsulfonates, benzylphophonates, phenethylsulfonates, and phenethyl ether derivatives. The method was utilized for the synthesis of pharmaceutically valuable precursors.
Rapid Access to Nanographenes and Fused Heteroaromatics by Palladium‐Catalyzed Annulative π‐Extension Reaction of Unfunctionalized Aromatics with Diiodobiaryls
Authors: Matsuoka Wataru , Ito Hideto , Itami Kenichiro 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEfficient and rapid access to nanographenes and π‐extended fused heteroaromatics is important in materials science. Herein, we report a palladium‐catalyzed efficient one‐step annulative π‐extension (APEX) reaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heteroaromatics, producing various π‐extended aromatics. In the presence of a cationic Pd complex, triflic acid, silver pivalate, and diiodobiaryls, diverse unfunctionalized PAHs and heteroaromatics were directly transformed into larger PAHs, nanographenes, and π‐extended fused heteroaromatics in a single step. In the reactions that afford [5]helicene substructures, simultaneous dehydrogenative ring closures occur at the fjord regions to form unprecedented larger nanographenes. This successive APEX reaction is notable as it stiches five aryl–aryl bonds by C−H functionalization in a single operation. Moreover, the unique molecular structures, crystal‐packing structures, photophysical properties, and frontier molecular orbitals of the thus‐formed nanographenes were elucidated.
High‐Level Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry, and Catalysis: Not just a Passing Fad
Authors: Neese Frank 
Published: August 2017

AbstractQuantum chemistry can be used as a powerful link between theory and experiment for studying reactions in all areas of catalysis. The key feature of this approach is the combination of quantum chemistry with a range of high‐level spectroscopic methods. This allows for conclusions to be reached that neither theory nor experiment would have been able to obtain in isolation.
Syntheses, silylation, characterization, and antimicrobial and antifertility activities of organoboron derivatives of some bioactive monofunctional bidentate semicarbazones
Authors: Bhomia Jyoti , Sharma Jyoti , Lakhne Rucha , Sharma Rachna , Gupta R.S. , Sharma Ram Avatar , Singh Yashpal 
Published: August 2017

Some new mononuclear organoboron derivatives of the type PhBL1–5(OH) (1a–1e) were synthesized by the reaction of PhB(OH)2 and LH (LH = OC(NH2)NH:NC(CH3)4C6H4R, where R = H (L1H); CH3(L2H); OCH3(L3H); Cl (L4H); Br (L5H)) in 1:1 molar ratio in refluxing tetrahydrofuran (THF). This was followed by the reactions of PhBL1–5(OH) with NH(SiMe3)2 in 2:1 molar ratio in THF to yield new heterodinuclear derivatives of the type PhBL1–5(OSiMe3) (2a–2e). All these newly synthesized complexes were characterized using elemental analyses and their probable structure was proposed on the basis of infrared, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 11B NMR and 29Si NMR spectral data and mass spectrometry. Semicarbazone ligands and their corresponding mono‐ and heterodinuclear boron derivatives were screened against pathogenic bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) and fungi (A. niger and P. peniculosum) to examine their antimicrobial activities. Representative compounds of each series of mono‐ and heterodinuclear boron derivatives and a ligand were screened for their antifertility activity on male adult Wistar rats.
Enhanced dielectric and ferroelectric properties induced by Ag @ Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 in poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix composites: A solution casting approach
Authors: Moharana Srikanta , Joshi Sourav K. , Mahaling Ram Naresh 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe present research work focused on the dielectric and electrical properties of silver (Ag) doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) particles embedded in a matrix of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) via solution casting technique. The structural analysis confirmed the presence of Ag particles and the microstructural study revealed that both Ag and PZT particles were successfully homogenized over the polymer matrix. The Ag–PZT–PVA composites showed enhanced dielectric properties over a wide range of frequency and the dielectric constant value of such composites was significantly increased to 366 (100 Hz) at 1.1 wt % filler loading. The percolation threshold of the Ag–PZT–PVA composites was found to be 0.9 wt %. The experimental result well fitted to the percolation theory. The enhancement of dielectric constant of the resulting composite systems might be attributed to the increment of conductivity of the interlayer between PZT and PVA due to the presence of Ag particles, which improved the space charge polarization and Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars (MWS) polarization effects. Furthermore, the remnant polarization of the unpoled Ag–PZT–PVA composites (2Pr ∼1.48 µC/cm2 for 1.1.wt % of Ag–PZT) has also improved, which is favorable for enhanced ferroelectric properties of the composites. The present findings of the composites might be exploited in the potential application of high performance energy storage devices. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45583.
Design of modular dual enzyme‐responsive peptides
Authors: Boehnke Natalie , Maynard Heather D. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDual enzyme‐responsive peptides were synthesized by masking the ɛ‐amine of lysine with various enzyme substrates. Enzymatic cleavage of these sequences unmasked the ɛ‐amine, allowing for further digestion by a second enzyme, which was monitored colorimetrically. This modular peptide design should provide substrates for a large combination of clinically relevant enzymes.
Anticancer efficacy of the hypoxia‐activated prodrug evofosfamide is enhanced in combination with proapoptotic receptor agonists against osteosarcoma
Authors: Liapis Vasilios , Zysk Aneta , DeNichilo Mark , Zinonos Irene , Hay Shelley , Panagopoulos Vasilios , Shoubridge Alexandra , Difelice Christopher , Ponomarev Vladimir , Ingman Wendy , Atkins Gerald J. , Findlay David M. , Zannettino Andrew C. W. , Evdokiou Andreas 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTumor hypoxia is a major cause of treatment failure for a variety of malignancies. However, hypoxia also leads to treatment opportunities as demonstrated by the development of compounds that target regions of hypoxia within tumors. Evofosfamide is a hypoxia‐activated prodrug that is created by linking the hypoxia‐seeking 2‐nitroimidazole moiety to the cytotoxic bromo‐isophosphoramide mustard (Br‐IPM). When evofosfamide is delivered to hypoxic regions of tumors, the DNA cross‐linking toxin, Br‐IPM, is released leading to cell death. This study assessed the anticancer efficacy of evofosfamide in combination with the Proapoptotic Receptor Agonists (PARAs) dulanermin and drozitumab against human osteosarcoma in vitro and in an intratibial murine model of osteosarcoma. Under hypoxic conditions in vitro, evofosfamide cooperated with dulanermin and drozitumab, resulting in the potentiation of cytotoxicity to osteosarcoma cells. In contrast, under the same conditions, primary human osteoblasts were resistant to treatment. Animals transplanted with osteosarcoma cells directly into their tibiae developed mixed osteosclerotic/osteolytic bone lesions and consequently developed lung metastases 3 weeks post cancer cell transplantation. Tumor burden in the bone was reduced by evofosfamide treatment alone and in combination with drozitumab and prevented osteosarcoma‐induced bone destruction while also reducing the growth of pulmonary metastases. These results suggest that evofosfamide may be an attractive therapeutic agent, with strong anticancer activity alone or in combination with either drozitumab or dulanermin against osteosarcoma.