bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Public Procurement of Innovation as a Cross‐Domain Policy: A Framework and Application to the Chinese Context
Authors: Li Yanchao 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDespite the fact that public procurement of innovation (PPI) has become an increasingly popular policy tool, there has been a lack of holistic approaches to assessing policies promoting PPI. This article attempts to address this gap by proposing a framework which links the multiple levels and aspects related to the design and implementation of PPI policies. By adopting a systemic understanding of “public procurement” as well as “innovation policies,” this article positions PPI as a cross‐domain policy which is inherently a mix of procurement and innovation‐related interventions. The article develops an assessment framework using “vertical coherence” and “horizontal coherence” as criteria. It then illustrates the use of the framework by applying it to PPI policies in China. The framework can aid the conduct of ex ante as well as ex post assessment of PPI policies, which can further inform policy design, implementation, and learning.
Changes in soil phosphorus pools of grasslands following 17 yrs of balanced application of manure and fertilizer
Authors: van der Salm C. , van Middelkoop J. C. , Ehlert P. A. I. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLimiting the use of phosphorous (P) in intensive agriculture is necessary to decrease losses to surface waters. Balanced fertilizer application (P supply equals P offtake by the crop) is a first step to limit the use of P. However, it is questioned whether this balance approach is sufficient to maintain soil fertility. A long‐term field experiment (17 yr), on grazed grassland, has been conducted on sandy soil, marine clay soil and peat soil to obtain insight into the effects of balanced P fertilizer application on soil test P values and to explain the results by changes in P pools in the soil. The balance approach led to a gradual decline in plant available P, measured as P‐AL, in the topsoil (<0.10 m deep). This decline was accompanied by a decline in oxalate extractable P, dithionite extractable P and inorganic P (0.5 m H2SO4). The decline in these mineral P pools in the topsoil was (partly) compensated by an increase in the amount of organic P. There was evidence for the accumulation of P in an occluded form, especially at one of sites which received P as Gafsa rock phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2].
The pangenome of hexaploid bread wheat
Authors: Montenegro Juan D. , Golicz Agnieszka A. , Bayer Philipp E. , Hurgobin Bhavna , Lee HueyTyng , Chan Chon‐Kit Kenneth , Visendi Paul , Lai Kaitao , Doležel Jaroslav , Batley Jacqueline , Edwards David 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThere is an increasing understanding that variation in gene presence–absence plays an important role in the heritability of agronomic traits; however, there have been relatively few studies on variation in gene presence–absence in crop species. Hexaploid wheat is one of the most important food crops in the world and intensive breeding has reduced the genetic diversity of elite cultivars. Major efforts have produced draft genome assemblies for the cultivar Chinese Spring, but it is unknown how well this represents the genome diversity found in current modern elite cultivars. In this study we build an improved reference for Chinese Spring and explore gene diversity across 18 wheat cultivars. We predict a pangenome size of 140 500 ± 102 genes, a core genome of 81 070 ± 1631 genes and an average of 128 656 genes in each cultivar. Functional annotation of the variable gene set suggests that it is enriched for genes that may be associated with important agronomic traits. In addition to variation in gene presence, more than 36 million intervarietal single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified across the pangenome. This study of the wheat pangenome provides insight into genome diversity in elite wheat as a basis for genomics‐based improvement of this important crop. A wheat pangenome, GBrowse, is available at http://appliedbioinformatics.com.au/cgi-bin/gb2/gbrowse/WheatPan/, and data are available to download from http://wheatgenome.info/wheat_genome_databases.php.
Harmonization of nucleic acid testing for Zika virus: development of the 1st World Health Organization International Standard
Authors: Baylis Sally A. , Hanschmann Kay‐Martin O. , Schnierle Barbara S. , Trösemeier Jan‐Hendrik , Blümel Johannes ,   Zika Virus Collaborative Study Group
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDWith the ongoing public health emergency due to Zika virus (ZIKV), nucleic acid testing (NAT) is essential for clinical diagnosis and screening of blood donors. However, NAT for ZIKV has not been standardized, and this study was performed to establish a World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard (IS) for ZIKV RNA; WHO ISs have been used to improve detection and quantification of blood‐borne viruses.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThe candidate IS (cIS), code number 11468/16, was prepared by heat inactivation and lyophilization of a ZIKV strain isolated from a patient in French Polynesia in 2013. The cIS was evaluated together with other reference materials, including both Asian and African ZIKV lineages as well as a panel of clinical samples and in vitro–transcribed RNAs. The samples for evaluation were distributed to 24 laboratories from 11 countries. The assays used consisted of a mixture of in‐house developed and commercial assays (available or in development).RESULTSThe potencies of the standards were determined by quantitative and qualitative assays. In total, 37 sets of data were analyzed: 19 from quantitative assays and 18 from qualitative assays. Data demonstrated wide variations in reported potencies of the cIS and the other study samples.CONCLUSIONSAssay variability was substantially reduced when ZIKV RNA concentrations from the biological reference materials and clinical samples were expressed relative to the cIS. Thus, the WHO has established 11468/16 as the 1st IS for ZIKV RNA, with a unitage of 50,000,000 IU/mL.
Phenome‐wide association studies: a new method for functional genomics in humans
Authors: Roden Dan M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn experimental physiological research, a common study design for examining the functional role of a gene or a genetic variant is to introduce that genetic variant into a model organism (such as yeast or mouse) and then to search for phenotypic consequences. The development of DNA biobanks linked to dense phenotypic information enables such an experiment to be applied to human subjects in the form of a phenome‐wide association study (PheWAS). The PheWAS paradigm takes advantage of a curated medical phenome, often derived from electronic health records, to search for associations between ‘input functions’ and phenotypes in an unbiased fashion. The most commonly studied input function to date has been single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but other inputs, such as sets of SNPs or a disease or drug exposure, are now being explored to probe the genetic and phenotypic architecture of human traits. Potential outcomes of these approaches include defining subsets of complex diseases (that can then be targeted by specific therapies) and drug repurposing.
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Endogenous nitric oxide formation in cardiac myocytes does not control respiration during β‐adrenergic stimulation
Authors: Kohlhaas Michael , Nickel Alexander G. , Bergem Stefanie , Casadei Barbara , Laufs Ulrich , Maack Christoph 
Published: February 2017

Key points
In the heart, endothelial nitric oxide (NO) controls oxygen consumption in the working heart through paracrine mechanisms.
While cardiac myocytes contain several isoforms of NO synthases, it is unclear whether these can control respiration in an intracrine fashion.
A long‐standing controversy is whether a NOS exists within mitochondria.
By combining fluorescence technologies with electrical field stimulation or the patch‐clamp technique in beating cardiac myocytes, we identified a neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) as the most relevant source of intracellular NO during β‐adrenergic stimulation, while no evidence for a mitochondria‐located NOS was obtained.
The amounts of NO produced by non‐mitochondrial nNOS were insufficient to regulate respiration during β‐adrenergic stimulation, arguing against intracrine control of respiration by NO within cardiac myocytes.
AbstractEndothelial nitric oxide (NO) controls cardiac oxygen (O2) consumption in a paracrine way by slowing respiration at the mitochondrial electron transport chain. While NO synthases (NOSs) are also expressed in cardiac myocytes, it is unclear whether they control respiration in an intracrine way. Furthermore, the existence of a mitochondrial NOS is controversial. Here, by combining fluorescence imaging with electrical field stimulation, the patch‐clamp method and knock‐out technology, we determined the sources and consequences of intracellular NO formation during workload transitions in isolated murine and guinea pig cardiac myocytes and mitochondria. Using 4‐amino‐5‐methylamino‐2′,7′‐difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF) as a fluorescent NO‐sensor that locates to the cytosol and mitochondria, we observed that NO increased by ∼12% within 3 min of β‐adrenergic stimulation in beating cardiac myocytes. This NO stems from neuronal NOS (nNOS), but not endothelial (eNOS). After patch clamp‐mediated dialysis of cytosolic DAF, the remaining NO signals (mostly mitochondrial) were blocked by nNOS deletion, but not by inhibiting the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter with Ru360. While in isolated mitochondria exogenous NO inhibited respiration and reduced the NAD(P)H redox state, pyridine nucleotide redox states were unaffected by pharmacological or genetic disruption of endogenous nNOS or eNOS during workload transitions in cardiac myoctyes. We conclude that under physiological conditions, nNOS is the most relevant source for NO in cardiac myocytes, but this nNOS is not located in mitochondria and does not control respiration. Therefore, cardiac O2 consumption is controlled by endothelial NO in a paracrine, but not intracrine, fashion.
Effect of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) Alone versus MALDI-TOF MS Combined with Real-Time Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions on Time to Optimal Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients with Positive Blood Cultures
Authors: Beganovic Maya , Costello Michael , Wieczorkiewicz Sarah M. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) decreases the time to organism identification and improves clinical and financial outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of MALDI-TOF MS alone versus MALDI-TOF MS combined with real-time, pharmacist-driven, antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) intervention on patient outcomes. This single-center, pre-post, quasiexperimental study evaluated hospitalized patients with positive blood cultures identified via MALDI-TOF MS combined with prospective AMS intervention compared to a control cohort with MALDI-TOF MS identification without AMS intervention. AMS intervention included: real-time MALDI-TOF MS pharmacist notification and prospective AMS provider feedback. The primary outcome was the time to optimal therapy (TTOT). A total of 252 blood cultures, 126 in each group, were included in the final analysis. MALDI-TOF MS plus AMS intervention significantly reduced the overall TTOT (75.17 versus 43.06 h;
P
< 0.001), the Gram-positive contaminant TTOT (48.21 versus 11.75 h;
P
< 0.001), the Gram-negative infection (GNI) TTOT (71.83 versus 35.98 h;
P
< 0.001), and the overall hospital length of stay (LOS; 15.03 versus 9.02 days;
P
= 0.021). The TTOT for Gram-positive infection (GPI) was improved (64.04 versus 41.61 h;
P
= 0.082). For GPI, the hospital LOS (14.64 versus 10.31 days;
P
= 0.002) and length of antimicrobial therapy 24.30 versus 18.97 days;
P
= 0.018) were reduced. For GNI, the time to microbiologic clearance (51.13 versus 34.51 h;
P
< 0.001), the hospital LOS (15.40 versus 7.90 days;
P
= 0.027), and the intensive care unit LOS (5.55 versus 1.19 days;
P
= 0.035) were reduced. To achieve optimal outcomes, rapid identification with MALDI-TOF MS combined with real-time AMS intervention is more impactful than MALDI-TOF MS alone.
Prevalence of FAI radiographic hip abnormalities in elite soccer players: are there differences related to skeletal maturity?
Authors: Monckeberg Juan , Amenabar Tomas , Rafols Claudio , Garcia Nicolas , Yañez Roberto 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundFemoroacetabular impingement (FAI) can be a source of hip pain in young adults. Some reports have revealed that participation in high-impact sports may play a role in the development of cam deformity, and there is a higher prevalence of signs of cam impingement in asymptomatic adolescents who participate in soccer and basketball than in non-athlete controls; however, current evidence is scarce regarding the initiation and development of deformities.PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of radiographic hip abnormalities related to FAI in young elite soccer players and compare this with findings in a group of adult elite soccer players.Subjects and methodsAnteroposterior pelvic and cross-table hip radiographs were obtained for 75 young elite soccer players with skeletal immaturity (group 1) and for 75 adult elite soccer players (group 2), all of whom were previously asymptomatic and had no history of hip disease. After exclusion, group 1 included 72 patients, and group 2 included 70 patients. Radiological signs of FAI were evaluated.Results34 subjects in groups 1 and 2 demonstrated cam morphology. The prevalence of pincer morphology was 30 in group 1 and 36 in group 2. However, these differences were not statistically significant.ConclusionWe found no differences in the prevalence of FAI radiological signs between soccer players in their late adolescence and adult soccer players.
Unloading knee brace is a cost-effective method to bridge and delay surgery in unicompartmental knee arthritis
Authors: Lee Paul YF , Winfield Thomas G , Harris Shaun RS , Storey Emerald , Chandratreya Amit 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundUnloading knee braces can provide good short-term pain relief for some patients with unicompartmental osteoarthritis (UOA). Their cost is relatively small compared with surgical interventions. However, no previous studies have reported their use over a duration of 5 years or more.MethodsUp to 8 years of prospective data were collected from 63 patients who presented with UOA. After conservative management with analgesia and physiotherapy, patients were offered an unloading brace. EQ-5D (EuroQol five dimensions) questionnaires were collected at baseline and after wearing the brace. Cost and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were compared with a total knee replacement (TKR) with an 8-month waiting duration and 8 years of results.ResultsPatients experienced a mean increase in EQ-5D of 0.42 with an average duration of wear of 26.1 months resulting in an increase of 0.44 in QALYs with a mean cost of £625. The adoption of an unloader knee brace was found to be a short-term cost-effective treatment option with an 8-month incremental cost effectiveness ratio of £9599. Compared with no treatment, the unloader knee brace can be considered cost effective at 4 months or more. At 8 years follow-up, the unloader knee brace demonstrated QALYs gain of 0.43 and with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of -£6467 compared with TKR.ConclusionUnloading knee braces are cost effective for the management of UOA. These findings strongly support the undertaking of further research into the long-term impact of unloading knee brace. The unloader knee brace has benefits to the National Health Service for capacity, budget, waiting list duration, frequency of surgery and reducing the required severity of surgical intervention.
Outcomes in patients with glenoid labral lesions: a cohort study
Authors: Zughaib Marc , Robbins Christopher B , Miller Bruce S , Gagnier Joel J 
Published: February 2017

Background/aimFor patients presenting with glenoid labral pathologies, there is little information on how operative interventions affect long-term outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study evaluated outcomes in operative and non-operative patients presenting with labral tears versus labral degenerations.MethodsParticipants completed a pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Veterans RAND 12-item Health Survey, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons instrument, Scapular Assistance Test (SAT), Shoulder Activity Level, and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation at baseline and at 6-month, 12-month and 2-year follow-ups. χ2and Student's t-test were used to test the differences between categorical and continuous variables. Analysis of variance investigated the differences between groups, and linear regression analyses explored the relationship of baseline characteristics with outcome scores.ResultsAfter 2 years, the operative cohort (n=68) significantly improved in all measures. The non-operative cohort (n=55) showed significant improvements in all scores except the mental component summary (MCS) and pain VAS. Labral tear patients (n=52) within the operative group (n=28) significantly improved in all measures except MCS. Non-operative labral tear patients (n=24) indicated significant improvements in all measures except MCS, VAS and SAT. Labral degeneration patients (n=71) within the operative group (n=27) significantly improved in all measures except MCS and SAT. Non-operative labral degeneration patients (n=44) indicated significant improvements in all measures except the physical component summary, MCS, VAS and SAT.ConclusionPatients who were surgically treated for labral tears or degenerations had significantly improved outcomes and HRQoL scores after 2 years compared with the non-operative cohort.
Preeclampsia and Future Cardiovascular Health
Authors: Wu Pensée , Haththotuwa Randula , Kwok Chun Shing , Babu Aswin , Kotronias Rafail A. , Rushton Claire , Zaman Azfar , Fryer Anthony A. , Kadam Umesh , Chew-Graham Carolyn A. , Mamas Mamas A. 
Published: February 2017

Background—
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder resulting in hypertension and multiorgan dysfunction. There is growing evidence that these effects persist after pregnancy. We aimed to systematically evaluate and quantify the evidence on the relationship between preeclampsia and the future risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Methods and Results—
We studied the future risk of heart failure, coronary heart disease, composite cardiovascular disease, death because of coronary heart or cardiovascular disease, stroke, and stroke death after preeclampsia. A systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed to identify relevant studies. We used random-effects meta-analysis to determine the risk. Twenty-two studies were identified with >6.4 million women including >258 000 women with preeclampsia. Meta-analysis of studies that adjusted for potential confounders demonstrated that preeclampsia was independently associated with an increased risk of future heart failure (risk ratio [RR], 4.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.09–8.38), coronary heart disease (RR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.43–4.37), cardiovascular disease death (RR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.83–2.66), and stroke (RR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.29–2.55). Sensitivity analyses showed that preeclampsia continued to be associated with an increased risk of future coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke after adjusting for age (RR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.83–8.26), body mass index (RR, 3.16; 95% CI, 1.41–7.07), and diabetes mellitus (RR, 4.19; 95% CI, 2.09–8.38).

Conclusions—
Preeclampsia is associated with a 4-fold increase in future incident heart failure and a 2-fold increased risk in coronary heart disease, stroke, and death because of coronary heart or cardiovascular disease. Our study highlights the importance of lifelong monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors in women with a history of preeclampsia.
Lee Teng Hwee, Ho Pao Jin, and Educational Reform in Malacca, Singapore, Shanghai and Beyond, 1885–1945 (李登輝、何葆仁和麻六甲、新加坡、上海各處的教育改革及其它,一八八五-一九四五)
Authors: Dennerline (鄧爾麟) Jerry 
Published: February 2017

This essay focuses on Lee Teng Hwee and Ho Pao Jin, two “trans-local” activist educational reformers, in order to explore the interaction between changing social networks, governments, and educational reform movements in Shanghai, Singapore, and Malacca at critical moments between the 1880s and 1930s. Lee, as Fudan University President, and Ho, as Shanghai Student Union President, were key actors in the 1919 protest movement. Both were sons of families engaged in trans-regional trade, Lee moving from Batavia to Singapore, America, and Shanghai and Ho moving from Xiamen to Singapore, Shanghai, America, and Malacca. My purpose is to show how the shifting socio-economic networks and political structures and the activities of these educational reformers influenced each other, drawing on and contributing to local and trans-local experience. As these contributors were flexible in adapting to circumstances as they pursued their goals, we should also be flexible in our analysis of them.本文聚焦在李登輝、何葆仁這兩位「跨越地域」（trans-local）的行動派教育改革者，從而探討在一八八零年代到一九三零年代的關鍵時刻，發生在麻六甲、新加坡和上海各地社會網絡、政府和教育改革運動之間的交流。兩位在一九一九年抗議運動時皆是活躍份子：李氏當時是復旦大學的校長，而何氏則是上海學生會的主席。兩人亦皆出身於從事跨區域貿易的商人家庭：李氏自巴達維亞移居到新加坡、美國和上海；而何氏則自廈門移往新加坡、美國和麻六甲。我的目的是要突顯出變動的社會經濟網絡、政治結構和這些教育改革者的活動之間彼此的影響，特別是一地的經驗如何在另一地被承續。由於這些貢獻者是探取相當彈性的方式在追求其目標，會因不同的情境而做出調整，我們對他們的活動之分析也應是彈性的。 (This article is in English).
Seasonal Climate Prediction: A New Source of Information for the Management of Wind Energy Resources
Authors: Torralba Verónica , Doblas-Reyes Francisco J. , MacLeod Dave , Christel Isadora , Davis Melanie 
Published: February 2017

AbstractClimate predictions tailored to the wind energy sector represent an innovation in the use of climate information to better manage the future variability of wind energy resources. Wind energy users have traditionally employed a simple approach that is based on an estimate of retrospective climatological information. Instead, climate predictions can better support the balance between energy demand and supply, as well as decisions relative to the scheduling of maintenance work. One limitation for the use of the climate predictions is the bias, which has until now prevented their incorporation in wind energy models because they require variables with statistical properties that are similar to those observed. To overcome this problem, two techniques of probabilistic climate forecast bias adjustment are considered here: a simple bias correction and a calibration method. Both approaches assume that the seasonal distributions are Gaussian. These methods are linear and robust and neither requires parameter estimation—essential features for the small sample sizes of current climate forecast systems. This paper is the first to explore the impact of the necessary bias adjustment on the forecast quality of an operational seasonal forecast system, using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts seasonal predictions of near-surface wind speed to produce useful information for wind energy users. The results reveal to what extent the bias adjustment techniques, in particular the calibration method, are indispensable to produce statistically consistent and reliable predictions. The forecast-quality assessment shows that calibration is a fundamental requirement for high-quality climate service.