bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 4-trifluoromethylpyridine nucleosides
Authors: Alneyadi Shaikha S. , Abdulqader Anas A. , Salem Alaa A. , Abdou Ibrahim M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
4-Trifluoromethylpyridine derivatives 4–8 represent good candidates for the discovery of new antibacterial agents. Fluorinated pyridine nucleosides 4–7 and non-nucleoside analogues 8a,b were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus infantis, Escherichia coli and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the new nucleosides 4–7 range from 1.3 to 4.9 μg/mL and MICs of fluoroaryl derivatives 8a,b are in the range of 1.8–5.5 μg/mL. Activity of amoxicillin, the reference drug, is 1.0–2.0 μg/mL under similar conditions.
Isolation and characterization of triterpenoids from the stem barks of Pinus massoniana
Authors: Si Chuan-Ling , Gao Yue , Wu Lei , Liu Rui , Wang Guanhua , Dai Lin , Li Xionghui , Hong Yimei 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Tree barks, residues in forestry and the pulp industry, could be a rich source of novel biologically or pharmaceutically active substances. In the current work, chemical constituents of extracts obtained from stem barks of Pinus massoniana have been analyzed. A novelty is the isolation of a new ursane-type triterpene saponin, which was characterized as ursolic acid 3-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl (1′′→6′)]-β-d-glucopyranoside-28-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (IV). Moreover, three already known triterpenoid compounds ursolic acid (I), oleanolic acid (II) and oleanolic acid 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (III) are described. The elucidation of chemical structures of the isolated extractives was carried out mainly by a combination of 1D 1H, 13C and various 2D NMR experiments as well as by IR, UV and MS spectroscopic techniques. It is the first report about four triterpenoids found in bark of P. massoniana.
Financial Performance of Socially Responsible Indices
Authors: Śliwiński Paweł , Łobza Maciej 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article analyzes rate-of-return and risk related to investments in socially responsible and conventional country indices. The socially responsible indices are the DJSI Korea, DJSI US and Respect Index, and the corresponding conventional country indices are the Korea Stock Exchange Composite KOSPI, Dow Jones Industrial Average and WIG20TR. We conclude that investing in the analyzed SRI indices do not yield systematically better results than investing in the respective conventional indices, both in terms of neoclassical risk and return rate.
This finding suggest that socially responsible investing should be assessed in terms of behavioral economics related to the psycho-social features of investors, rather than to simplified rational choices (based only on the risk and return rate analysis) that neoclassical economics assumes.
Does the Effect of Person-Environment Fit on Work Attitudes Vary with Generations? Insights from the Tourism Industry
Authors: Bednarska Marlena A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
There is an intrinsic link between the success of service firms and the availability of high-quality human resources, making employee attitudes and behaviors a critical concern for service organizations. This paper examines the role of generational differences in the relationship between person-environment fit, job satisfaction and work engagement in the tourism industry. The study was based on a group of 981 tourism employees in 15 localities in Poland. Data were collected through self-administered paper-based questionnaires. The hypothesized relationships were tested using a hierarchical regression analysis. This research revealed that Generation Y employees experienced lower job satisfaction, lower work engagement, and a lower degree of needs being met in the workplace than did their predecessors. It was also found that person-group fit was a stronger predictor of work attitudes for Millennials. The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on generational diversity in the workplace and its implication for human resources management. Specifically, in the service context, it adds a generational perspective of the person-environment fit influence on work-related attitudes.
Exotic rats consume sporocarps of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in American Samoa
Authors: Adler Gregory H. , Counsell Eva , Seamon Joshua O. , Bentivenga Stephen P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
We sampled three exotic species of rats (Rattus exulans, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) by live-trapping along two transects on Tutuila, American Samoa and searched for evidence of mycophagy by examining fecal pellets. We found spores of three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Septoglomus constrictum, Rhizophagus clarus and Rhizophagus fasciculatus) in 19 of the 26 samples examined. All the three species of rats consumed sporocarps, with R. clarus being the most widely consumed. We suggest that mycophagy by exotic rats is common in American Samoa and may facilitate invasion of exotic plants such as the tree Falcataria moluccana.
Hybrid metal complexes with opposed biological modes of action – promising selective drug candidates
Authors: Milaeva Elena R. , Tyurin Vladimir Yu. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The oxidative stress is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The antioxidative defense system in the living organism regulates the toxic impact of ROS and there is strong evidence that the antioxidants prevent some pathologies including cancer. The specific chemical properties of metal-based drugs impart innovative pharmacological profiles to this type of therapeutic agents, most likely in relation to novel biomolecular mechanisms. This review will focus on a novel approach to design polyfunctional metal-based physiollogically active compounds with opposed modes of action – prooxidant metal center and antioxidant 2,6-dialkylphenol group. The synthesis and anti/prooxidant activity and cytotoxicity studies of novel organometallic/coordination compounds (ferrocenes, complexes with di-(2-picolyl)amine ligand, porphyrins, pyridines, thiols, carboxylates) based on either biogenic metals (Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni) or exogenic metals (Sn, Au, Rh) are presented and discussed. The results allow us to conclude that combining in one molecule a redox active metal center and cytoprotective functional organic moiety with antioxidative function is a promising way to rational metallodrug design in modern medicinal chemistry.
Neural Monkey: An Open-source Tool for Sequence Learning
Authors: Helcl Jindřich , Libovický Jindřich 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we announce the development of Neural Monkey – an open-source neural machine translation (NMT) and general sequence-to-sequence learning system built over the TensorFlow machine learning library. The system provides a high-level API tailored for fast prototyping of complex architectures with multiple sequence encoders and decoders. Models’ overall architecture is specified in easy-to-read configuration files. The long-term goal of the Neural Monkey project is to create and maintain a growing collection of implementations of recently proposed components or methods, and therefore it is designed to be easily extensible. Trained models can be deployed either for batch data processing or as a web service. In the presented paper, we describe the design of the system and introduce the reader to running experiments using Neural Monkey.
Impulsive Rats Exhibit Blunted Dopamine Release Dynamics during a Delay Discounting Task Independent of Cocaine History
Authors: Moschak Travis M. , Carelli Regina M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe inability to wait for a large, delayed reward when faced with a small, immediate one, known as delay discounting, has been implicated in a number of disorders including substance abuse. Individual differences in impulsivity on the delay discounting task are reflected in differences in neural function, including in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core. We examined the role of a history of cocaine self-administration, as well as individual differences in impulsivity, on rapid dopamine (DA) release dynamics in the NAc core. Rats with a history of cocaine or water/saline self-administration were tested on delay discounting while being simultaneously assayed for rapid DA release using electrochemical methods. In controls, we found that cue DA release was modulated by reward delay and magnitude, consistent with prior reports. A history of cocaine had no effect on either delay discounting or DA release dynamics. Nonetheless, independent of drug history, individual differences in impulsivity were related to DA release in the NAc core. First, high impulsive animals exhibited dampened cue DA release during the delay discounting task. Second, reward delay and magnitude in high impulsive animals failed to robustly modulate changes in cue DA release. Importantly, these two DAergic mechanisms were uncorrelated with each other and, together, accounted for a high degree of variance in impulsive behavior. Collectively, these findings demonstrate two distinct mechanisms by which rapid DA signaling may influence impulsivity, and illustrate the importance of NAc core DA release dynamics in impulsive behavior.
Short-Term Facilitation at a Detonator Synapse Requires the Distinct Contribution of Multiple Types of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
Authors: Chamberland Simon , Evstratova Alesya , Tóth Katalin 
Published: April 2017

Neuronal calcium elevations are shaped by several key parameters, including the properties, density, and the spatial location of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). These features allow presynaptic terminals to translate complex firing frequencies and tune the amount of neurotransmitter released. Although synchronous neurotransmitter release relies on both P/Q- and N-type VGCCs at hippocampal mossy fiber–CA3 synapses, the specific contribution of VGCCs to calcium dynamics, neurotransmitter release, and short-term facilitation remains unknown. Here, we used random-access two-photon calcium imaging together with electrophysiology in acute mouse hippocampal slices to dissect the roles of P/Q- and N-type VGCCs. Our results show that N-type VGCCs control glutamate release at a limited number of release sites through highly localized Ca2+elevations and support short-term facilitation by enhancing multivesicular release. In contrast, Ca2+entry via P/Q-type VGCCs promotes the recruitment of additional release sites through spatially homogeneous Ca2+elevations. Altogether, our results highlight the specialized contribution of P/Q- and N-types VGCCs to neurotransmitter release.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn presynaptic terminals, neurotransmitter release is dynamically regulated by the transient opening of different types of voltage-gated calcium channels. Hippocampal giant mossy fiber terminals display extensive short-term facilitation during repetitive activity, with a large several fold postsynaptic response increase. Though, how giant mossy fiber terminals leverage distinct types of voltage-gated calcium channels to mediate short-term facilitation remains unexplored. Here, we find that P/Q- and N-type VGCCs generate different spatial patterns of calcium elevations in giant mossy fiber terminals and support short-term facilitation through specific participation in two mechanisms. Whereas N-type VGCCs contribute only to the synchronization of multivesicular release, P/Q-type VGCCs act through microdomain signaling to recruit additional release sites.
Disconnection of the Perirhinal and Postrhinal Cortices Impairs Recognition of Objects in Context But Not Contextual Fear Conditioning
Authors: Heimer-McGinn Victoria R. , Poeta Devon L. , Aghi Krisha , Udawatta Methma , Burwell Rebecca D. 
Published: April 2017

The perirhinal cortex (PER) is known to process object information, whereas the rodent postrhinal cortex (POR), homolog to the parahippocampal cortex in primates, is thought to process spatial information. A number of studies, however, provide evidence that both areas are involved in processing contextual information. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the rat POR relies on object information received from the PER to form complex representations of context. Using three fear-conditioning (FC) paradigms (signaled, unsignaled, and renewal) and two context-guided object recognition tasks (with 3D and 2D objects), we examined the effects of crossed excitotoxic lesions to the POR and the contralateral PER. Performance of rats with crossed lesions was compared with that of rats with ipsilateral POR plus PER lesions and sham-operated rats. We found that rats with contralateral PER–POR lesions were impaired in object–context recognition but not in contextual FC. Therefore, interaction between the POR and PER is necessary for context-guided exploratory behavior but not for associating fear with context. Our results provide evidence for the hypothesis that the POR relies on object and pattern information from the PER to encode representations of context. The association of fear with a context, however, may be supported by alternate cortical and/or subcortical pathways when PER–POR interaction is not available. Our results suggest that contextual FC may represent a special case of context-guided behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRepresentations of context are important for perception, memory, decision making, and other cognitive processes. Moreover, there is extensive evidence that the use of contextual representations to guide appropriate behavior is disrupted in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders including developmental disorders, schizophrenia, affective disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. Many of these disorders are accompanied by changes in parahippocampal and hippocampal structures. Understanding how context is represented in the brain and how parahippocampal structures are involved will enhance our understanding and treatment of the cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with neurological disorders and neuropsychiatric disease.
Odorant Sensory Input Modulates DNA Secondary Structure Formation and Heterogeneous Ribonucleoprotein Recruitment on the Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 1 Promoters in the Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Wang Meng , Cai Elizabeth , Fujiwara Nana , Fones Lilah , Brown Elizabeth , Yanagawa Yuchio , Cave John W. 
Published: April 2017

Adaptation of neural circuits to changes in sensory input can modify several cellular processes within neurons, including neurotransmitter biosynthesis levels. For a subset of olfactory bulb interneurons, activity-dependent changes in GABA are reflected by corresponding changes inGlutamate decarboxylase 1(Gad1) expression levels. Mechanisms regulatingGad1promoter activity are poorly understood, but here we show that a conserved G:C-rich region in the mouseGad1proximal promoter region both recruits heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) that facilitate transcription and forms single-stranded DNA secondary structures associated with transcriptional repression. This promoter architecture and function is shared withTyrosine hydroxylase(Th), which is also modulated by odorant-dependent activity in the olfactory bulb. This study shows that the balance between DNA secondary structure formation and hnRNP binding on the mouseThandGad1promoters in the olfactory bulb is responsive to changes in odorant-dependent sensory input. These findings reveal thatThandGad1share a novel transcription regulatory mechanism that facilitates sensory input-dependent regulation of dopamine and GABA expression.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAdaptation of neural circuits to changes in sensory input can modify several cellular processes within neurons, including neurotransmitter biosynthesis levels. This study shows that transcription of genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes for GABA and dopamine biosynthesis (Gad1andTh, respectively) in the mammalian olfactory bulb is regulated by G:C-rich regions that both recruit heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) to facilitate transcription and form single-stranded DNA secondary structures associated with repression. hnRNP binding and formation of DNA secondary structure on theThandGad1promoters are mutually exclusive, and odorant sensory input levels regulate the balance between these regulatory features. These findings reveal thatThandGad1share a transcription regulatory mechanism that facilitates odorant-dependent regulation of dopamine and GABA expression levels.
Attention to Multiple Objects Facilitates Their Integration in Prefrontal and Parietal Cortex
Authors: Kim Yee-Joon , Tsai Jeffrey J. , Ojemann Jeffrey , Verghese Preeti 
Published: April 2017

Selective attention is known to interact with perceptual organization. In visual scenes, individual objects that are distinct and discriminable may occur on their own, or in groups such as a stack of books. The main objective of this study is to probe the neural interaction that occurs between individual objects when attention is directed toward one or more objects. Here we record steady-state visual evoked potentials via electrocorticography to directly assess the responses to individual stimuli and to their interaction. When human participants attend to two adjacent stimuli, prefrontal and parietal cortex shows a selective enhancement of only the neural interaction between stimuli, but not the responses to individual stimuli. When only one stimulus is attended, the neural response to that stimulus is selectively enhanced in prefrontal and parietal cortex. In contrast, early visual areas generally manifest responses to individual stimuli and to their interaction regardless of attentional task, although a subset of the responses is modulated similarly to prefrontal and parietal cortex. Thus, the neural representation of the visual scene as one progresses up the cortical hierarchy becomes more highly task-specific and represents either individual stimuli or their interaction, depending on the behavioral goal. Attention to multiple objects facilitates an integration of objects akin to perceptual grouping.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIndividual objects in a visual scene are seen as distinct entities or as parts of a whole. Here we examine how attention to multiple objects affects their neural representation. Previous studies measured single-cell or fMRI responses and obtained only aggregate measures that combined the activity to individual stimuli as well as their potential interaction. Here, we directly measure electrocorticographic steady-state responses corresponding to individual objects and to their interaction using a frequency-tagging technique. Attention to two stimuli increases the interaction component that is a hallmark for perceptual integration of stimuli. Furthermore, this stimulus-specific interaction is represented in prefrontal and parietal cortex in a task-dependent manner.
Neural Correlates of Semantic Prediction and Resolution in Sentence Processing
Authors: Grisoni Luigi , Miller Tally McCormick , Pulvermüller Friedemann 
Published: April 2017

Most brain-imaging studies of language comprehension focus on activity following meaningful stimuli. Testing adult human participants with high-density EEG, we show that, already before the presentation of a critical word, context-induced semantic predictions are reflected by a neurophysiological index, which we therefore call the semantic readiness potential (SRP). The SRP precedes critical words if a previous sentence context constrains the upcoming semantic content (high-constraint contexts), but not in unpredictable (low-constraint) contexts. Specific semantic predictions were indexed by SRP sources within the motor system—in dorsolateral hand motor areas for expected hand-related words (e.g., “write”), but in ventral motor cortex for face-related words (“talk”). Compared with affirmative sentences, negated ones led to medial prefrontal and more widespread motor source activation, the latter being consistent with predictive semantic computation of alternatives to the negated expected concept. Predictive processing of semantic alternatives in negated sentences is further supported by a negative-going event-related potential at ∼400 ms (N400), which showed the typical enhancement to semantically incongruent sentence endings only in high-constraint affirmative contexts, but not to high-constraint negated ones. These brain dynamics reveal the interplay between semantic prediction and resolution (match vs error) processing in sentence understanding.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMost neuroscientists agree on the eminent importance of predictive mechanisms for understanding basic as well as higher brain functions. This contrasts with a sparseness of brain measures that directly reflects specific aspects of prediction, as they are relevant in the processing of language and thought. Here we show that when critical words are strongly expected in their sentence context, a predictive brain response reflects meaning features of these anticipated symbols already before they appear. The granularity of the semantic predictions was so fine grained that the cortical sources in sensorimotor and medial prefrontal cortex even distinguished between predicted face- or hand-related action words (e.g., the words “lick” or “pick”) and between affirmative and negated sentence meanings.
Novel Regulatory Mechanisms for the SoxC Transcriptional Network Required for Visual Pathway Development
Authors: Chang Kun-Che , Hertz Jonathan , Zhang Xiong , Jin Xiao-Lu , Shaw Peter , Derosa Brooke A. , Li Janet Y. , Venugopalan Praseeda , Valenzuela Daniel A. , Patel Roshni D. , Russano Kristina R. , Alshamekh Shomoukh A. , Sun Catalina , Tenerelli Kevin , Li Chenyi , Velmeshev Dmitri , Cheng Yuyan , Boyce Timothy M. , Dreyfuss Alexandra , Uddin Mohammed S. , Muller Kenneth J. , Dykxhoorn Derek M. , Goldberg Jeffrey L. 
Published: April 2017

What pathways specify retinal ganglion cell (RGC) fate in the developing retina? Here we report on mechanisms by which a molecular pathway involving Sox4/Sox11 is required for RGC differentiation and for optic nerve formation in micein vivo, and is sufficient to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells into electrophysiologically active RGCs. These data place Sox4 downstream of RE1 silencing transcription factor in regulating RGC fate, and further describe a newly identified, Sox4-regulated site for post-translational modification with small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMOylation) in Sox11, which suppresses Sox11's nuclear localization and its ability to promote RGC differentiation, providing a mechanism for the SoxC familial compensation observed here and elsewhere in the nervous system. These data define novel regulatory mechanisms for this SoxC molecular network, and suggest pro-RGC molecular approaches for cell replacement-based therapies for glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGlaucoma is the most common cause of blindness worldwide and, along with other optic neuropathies, is characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Unfortunately, vision and RGC loss are irreversible, and lead to bilateral blindness in ∼14% of all diagnosed patients. Differentiated and transplanted RGC-like cells derived from stem cells have the potential to replace neurons that have already been lost and thereby to restore visual function. These data uncover new mechanisms of retinal progenitor cell (RPC)-to-RGC and human stem cell-to-RGC fate specification, and take a significant step toward understanding neuronal and retinal development and ultimately cell-transplant therapy.