bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Publicly evaluable pseudorandom functions and their applications
Authors: Chen Yu , Zhang Zongyang 
Published: April 2016

We put forth the notion of publicly evaluable pseudorandom functions (PEPRFs), which can be viewed as a counterpart of standard pseudorandom functions (PRFs) in the public-key setting. Briefly, PEPRFs are defined over domain X containing a language L associated with a hard relation [Formula: see text], and each secret key [Formula: see text] is associated with a public key [Formula: see text]. For any [Formula: see text], in addition to evaluate [Formula: see text] using [Formula: see text] as standard PRFs, one is also able to evaluate [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], x and a witness w for [Formula: see text]. We consider two security notions for PEPRFs. The basic one is weak pseudorandomness which stipulates a PEPRF cannot be distinguished from a real random function on uniformly random chosen inputs. The strengthened one is adaptive weak pseudorandomness which requires a PEPRF remains weak pseudorandom even when an adversary is given adaptive access to an evaluation oracle. We conduct a formal study of PEPRFs, focusing on applications, constructions, and extensions. ∙ We show how to construct chosen-plaintext secure (CPA) and chosen-ciphertext secure (CCA) public-key encryption (PKE) schemes from (adaptive) PEPRFs. The construction is simple, black-box, and admits a direct proof of security. We provide evidence that (adaptive) PEPRFs exist by showing constructions from injective trapdoor functions, hash proof systems, extractable hash proof systems, as well as a construction from puncturable PRFs with program obfuscation. ∙ We introduce the notion of publicly sampleable PRFs (PSPRFs), which is a relaxation of PEPRFs, but nonetheless imply PKE. We show (adaptive) PSPRFs are implied by (adaptive) trapdoor relations. This helps us to unify and clarify many PKE schemes from seemingly unrelated general assumptions and paradigms under the notion of PSPRFs. ∙ We explore similar extension on recently emerging constrained PRFs, and introduce the notion of publicly evaluable constrained PRFs, which, as an immediate application, implies attribute-based encryption. ∙ We propose a twist on PEPRFs, which we call publicly evaluable and verifiable functions (PEVFs). Compared to PEPRFs, PEVFs have an additional promising property named public verifiability while the best possible security degrades to unpredictability. We justify the applicability of PEVFs by presenting a simple construction of “hash-and-sign” signatures, both in the random oracle model and the standard model.
Montrer “l’invisible intérieur du corps” : Entre médiation et spectacularisation
Authors: Di Crosta Marida 
Published: April 2016

Les récits audiovisuels de voyage et d’aventure à l’intérieur du corps humain constituent des objets particulièrement adéquats à l’exploration des liens entre science, technique et production narrative. Lorsque l’objet de la médiation scientifique est notre «invisible intérieur » , en effet, les interactions entre stratégie narrative, systèmes de représentation et enjeux pédagogiques apparaissent aussi nombreuses qu’imbriquées. Pour mieux les comprendre, nous analyserons deux expériences de récits distinctes basées sur les procédés de l’immersion et de la miniaturisation : Le Voyage fantastique (1966), le célèbre film de Richard Fleischer, et Body Wars (1989), l’une des attractions majeures du parc de loisirs d’epcot. L’étude des spécificités de chaque objet, dans le traitement des relations entre médiation et spectacularisation ainsi que dans les effets produits sur le public, par la re-médiation du film de cinéma en simulateur de mouvement permet de les rapprocher de certains dispositifs d’exposition récents traitants de sujets scientifiques et techniques.
Titre : Montrer “ l’invisible intérieur du corps” : Entre médiation et spectacularisation.
LOW-METALLICITY YOUNG CLUSTERS IN THE OUTER GALAXY. II. SH 2-208
Authors: Yasui Chikako , Kobayashi Naoto , Saito Masao , Izumi Natsuko 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We obtained deep near-infrared images of Sh 2-208, one of the lowest-metallicity H ii regions in the Galaxy, [O/H] = −0.8 dex. We detected a young cluster in the center of the H ii region with a limiting magnitude of K = 18.0 mag (10σ), which corresponds to a mass detection limit of ∼0.2 M
⊙. This enables the comparison of star-forming properties under low metallicity with those of the solar neighborhood. We identified 89 cluster members. From the fitting of the K-band luminosity function (KLF), the age and distance of the cluster are estimated to be ∼0.5 Myr and ∼4 kpc, respectively. The estimated young age is consistent with the detection of strong CO emission in the cluster region and the estimated large extinction of cluster members (A

V
∼ 4–25 mag). The observed KLF suggests that the underlying initial mass function (IMF) of the low-metallicity cluster is not significantly different from canonical IMFs in the solar neighborhood in terms of both high-mass slope and IMF peak (characteristic mass). Despite the very young age, the disk fraction of the cluster is estimated at only 27% ± 6%, which is significantly lower than those in the solar metallicity. Those results are similar to Sh 2-207, which is another star-forming region close to Sh 2-208 with a separation of 12 pc, suggesting that their star-forming activities in low-metallicity environments are essentially identical to those in the solar neighborhood, except for the disk dispersal timescale. From large-scale mid-infrared images, we suggest that sequential star formation is taking place in Sh 2-207, Sh 2-208, and the surrounding region, triggered by an expanding bubble with a ∼30 pc radius.
A NEW STATISTICAL PERSPECTIVE TO THE COSMIC VOID DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Pycke J-R , Russell E. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
In this study, we obtain the size distribution of voids as a three-parameter redshift-independent log-normal void probability function (VPF) directly from the Cosmic Void Catalog (CVC). Although many statistical models of void distributions are based on the counts in randomly placed cells, the log-normal VPF that we obtain here is independent of the shape of the voids due to the parameter-free void finder of the CVC. We use three void populations drawn from the CVC generated by the Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) Mocks, which are tuned to three mock SDSS samples to investigate the void distribution statistically and to investigate the effects of the environments on the size distribution. As a result, it is shown that void size distributions obtained from the HOD Mock samples are satisfied by the three-parameter log-normal distribution. In addition, we find that there may be a relation between the hierarchical formation, skewness, and kurtosis of the log-normal distribution for each catalog. We also show that the shape of the three-parameter distribution from the samples is strikingly similar to the galaxy log-normal mass distribution obtained from numerical studies. This similarity between void size and galaxy mass distributions may possibly indicate evidence of nonlinear mechanisms affecting both voids and galaxies, such as large-scale accretion and tidal effects. Considering the fact that in this study, all voids are generated by galaxy mocks and show hierarchical structures in different levels, it may be possible that the same nonlinear mechanisms of mass distribution affect the void size distribution.
La mort des sols agricoles
Authors: Bourguignon Lydia , Bourguignon Claude 
Published: April 2016

L’agriculture est devenue une activité mortifère suite à l’introduction, après la Seconde guerre mondiale, des produits de l’industrie militaire : nitrate, pesticides, barbelés et matériel lourd. Ces produits et ces engins violent les lois du sol et entraînent sa destruction d’abord biologique puis chimique et enfin physique, c’est-à-dire son érosion. Pour sortir de cette dimension mortifère, il faut réintroduire de la science en agronomie afin de développer une agriculture respectueuse des lois de la vie du sol et capable de produire une alimentation à haute valeur nutritive.
Le Front national face aux modes de scrutin : entre victoire sous conditions et influences sur le système partisan
Authors: Ehrhard Thomas 
Published: April 2016

Les résultats électoraux du Front national depuis 2012 témoignent d’une dynamique électorale positive et interrogent : le fn peut-il l’emporter ? Son ascension électorale permet d’étudier, d’une part, les déterminants de sa victoire dans le système électoral de la V e République et de questionner, d’autre part, le devenir du système partisan face à l’essor de ce parti.
A prospective comparative clinical study of peripheral blood counts and indices in patients with primary brain tumors
Authors: Subeikshanan V , Dutt A , Basu D , Tejus MN , Maurya VP , Madhugiri VS 
Published: April 2016

Background:
Elevation of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been shown to be an indicator of poor prognosis in many malignancies including recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Objectives: This study was aimed at assessing if the NLR and other leukocyte counts and indices were deranged in treatment-naïve patients with primary brain tumors when compared with an age-matched healthy control group.

Materials and Methods:
This was a prospective comparative clinical observational study by design. A healthy control population was compared with treatment-naïve patients diagnosed with intra- and extraaxial brain tumors. Leukocyte counts (neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts) as well as leukocyte ratios such as the NLR and the monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) were calculated. We also evaluated if the counts and indices were related to the tumor volume.

Results:
In all patients with tumors, the platelet and neutrophil counts were elevated when compared to the controls. In contrast, monocyte counts and the MLR were found to be decreased in patients with tumors when compared to the controls. The subset of patients with glioblastoma showed a significant increase in NLR when compared to the controls.

Conclusions:
Significant changes in the neutrophil, monocyte, and platelet counts as well as NLR and MLR were observed. Prospective longitudinal studies are required to determine the prognostic and therapeutic implications of these findings.
Utilization of fecal occult blood test in the acute hospital setting and its impact on clinical management and outcomes
Authors: Mosadeghi S , Ren H , Catungal J , Yen I , Liu B , Wong RJ , Bhuket T 
Published: April 2016

Background:
Despite lack of evidence supporting the use of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in the acute hospital setting, FOBT is commonly used in the inpatient setting for reasons other than colorectal cancer (CRC) screening.

Aims:
To evaluate practice trends in utilizing FOBT on inpatients and its impact on affecting clinical management and outcomes.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study of consecutive adult patients undergoing FOBT from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011 during an acute medical admission at a large urban safety net hospital was performed. Indications for FOBT, and the impact of FOBT results on endoscopic procedures performed and clinical outcomes were assessed. The number of inpatient endoscopic procedures before and after discontinuing inpatient FOBT was also assessed.

Results:
A total of 207 inpatient FOBTs were performed in 2011. The most common reason cited for FOBT was anemia (36%, n = 74) followed by gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (27%, n = 55). Interestingly, 23% (n = 47) of the patients undergoing inpatient FOBT had overt GI bleeding. As expected, patients with positive FOBT were significantly more likely to undergo endoscopic examinations (P < 0.01). After discontinuing the availability of inpatient FOBT, patients were less likely to undergo endoscopic examinations [odds ratio (OR) 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-0.85].

Conclusion:
Inappropriate utilization of FOBT in the inpatient setting is common, even when the indication does not support its use. Setting limitations on inpatient FOBT may reduce the inappropriate utilization of inpatient FOBT. Quality improvement initiatives are needed to educate clinicians on the appropriate use of FOBT, which is primarily for average risk CRC screening.
Characteristics of gravity waves generated in the jet-front system in a baroclinic instability simulation
Authors: Kim Young-Ha , Chun Hye-Yeong , Park Sang-Hun , Song In-Sun , Choi Hyun-Joo 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. An idealized baroclinic instability case is simulated using a  ∼  10 km resolution global model to investigate the characteristics of gravity waves generated in the baroclinic life cycle. Three groups of gravity waves appear around the high-latitude surface trough at the mature stage of the baroclinic wave. They have horizontal and vertical wavelengths of 40–400 and 2.9–9.8 km, respectively, in the upper troposphere. The two-dimensional phase-velocity spectrum of the waves is arc shaped with a peak at 17 m s−1 eastward. These waves have difficulty in propagating upward through the tropospheric westerly jet. At the breaking stage of the baroclinic wave, a midlatitude surface low is isolated from the higher-latitude trough, and two groups of quasi-stationary gravity waves appear near the surface low. These waves have horizontal and vertical wavelengths of 60–400 and 4.9–14 km, respectively, and are able to propagate vertically for long distances. The simulated gravity waves seem to be generated by surface fronts, given that the structures and speeds of wave phases are coherent with those of the fronts.
Modeling and measurements of urban aerosol processes on the neighborhood scale in Rotterdam, Oslo and Helsinki
Authors: Karl Matthias , Kukkonen Jaakko , Keuken Menno P. , Lützenkirchen Susanne , Pirjola Liisa , Hussein Tareq 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. This study evaluates the influence of aerosol processes on the particle number (PN) concentrations in three major European cities on the temporal scale of 1 h, i.e., on the neighborhood and city scales. We have used selected measured data of particle size distributions from previous campaigns in the cities of Helsinki, Oslo and Rotterdam. The aerosol transformation processes were evaluated using the aerosol dynamics model MAFOR, combined with a simplified treatment of roadside and urban atmospheric dispersion. We have compared the model predictions of particle number size distributions with the measured data, and conducted sensitivity analyses regarding the influence of various model input variables. We also present a simplified parameterization for aerosol processes, which is based on the more complex aerosol process computations; this simple model can easily be implemented to both Gaussian and Eulerian urban dispersion models. Aerosol processes considered in this study were (i) the coagulation of particles, (ii) the condensation and evaporation of two organic vapors, and (iii) dry deposition. The chemical transformation of gas-phase compounds was not taken into account. By choosing concentrations and particle size distributions at roadside as starting point of the computations, nucleation of gas-phase vapors from the exhaust has been regarded as post tail-pipe emission, avoiding the need to include nucleation in the process analysis. Dry deposition and coagulation of particles were identified to be the most important aerosol dynamic processes that control the evolution and removal of particles. The error of the contribution from dry deposition to PN losses due to the uncertainty of measured deposition velocities ranges from −76 to +64 %. The removal of nanoparticles by coagulation enhanced considerably when considering the fractal nature of soot aggregates and the combined effect of van der Waals and viscous interactions. The effect of condensation and evaporation of organic vapors emitted by vehicles on particle numbers and on particle size distributions was examined. Under inefficient dispersion conditions, the model predicts that condensational growth contributes to the evolution of PN from roadside to the neighborhood scale. The simplified parameterization of aerosol processes predicts the change in particle number concentrations between roadside and urban background within 10 % of that predicted by the fully size-resolved MAFOR model.
Development and evaluation of CNRM Earth system model – CNRM-ESM1
Authors: Séférian Roland , Delire Christine , Decharme Bertrand , Voldoire Aurore , Salas y Melia David , Chevallier Matthieu , Saint-Martin David , Aumont Olivier , Calvet Jean-Christophe , Carrer Dominique , Douville Hervé , Franchistéguy Laurent , Joetzjer Emilie , Sénési Séphane 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. We document the first version of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques Earth system model (CNRM-ESM1). This model is based on the physical core of the CNRM climate model version 5 (CNRM-CM5) model and employs the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere and Atmosphere (ISBA) and the Pelagic Interaction Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies (PISCES) as terrestrial and oceanic components of the global carbon cycle. We describe a preindustrial and 20th century climate simulation following the CMIP5 protocol. We detail how the various carbon reservoirs were initialized and analyze the behavior of the carbon cycle and its prominent physical drivers. Over the 1986–2005 period, CNRM-ESM1 reproduces satisfactorily several aspects of the modern carbon cycle. On land, the model captures the carbon cycling through vegetation and soil, resulting in a net terrestrial carbon sink of 2.2 Pg C year−1. In the ocean, the large-scale distribution of hydrodynamical and biogeochemical tracers agrees with a modern climatology from the World Ocean Atlas. The combination of biological and physical processes induces a net CO2 uptake of 1.7 Pg C year−1 that falls within the range of recent estimates. Our analysis shows that the atmospheric climate of CNRM-ESM1 compares well with that of CNRM-CM5. Biases in precipitation and shortwave radiation over the tropics generate errors in gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration. Compared to CNRM-CM5, the revised ocean–sea ice coupling has modified the sea-ice cover and ocean ventilation, unrealistically strengthening the flow of North Atlantic deep water (26.1 ± 2 Sv). It results in an accumulation of anthropogenic carbon in the deep ocean.
La Seconde Guerre mondiale, la guerre de l’Autre ? Le conflit mondial dans la littérature arabe (Égypte et Soudan)
Authors: Luffin Xavier 
Published: April 2016

Si la Seconde Guerre mondiale est présente dans la littérature arabe, elle y apparaît toutefois autrement que dans la littérature occidentale, parce qu’il s’agit d’un conflit dont les acteurs principaux sont essentiellement européens, mais aussi parce que, parmi ces acteurs, certains – en l’occurrence la Grande-Bretagne, la France et l’Italie – occupent une partie du monde arabe.
Le conflit marque par exemple l’oeuvre de Naguib Mahfouz, notamment dans Le Jardin du passé. Cinquante ans plus tard, il figure aussi dans le roman d’un écrivain soudanais, ‘Adil Sa’ad Yusuf. Si les deux romans présentent bien des points communs, dus notamment à un voisinage culturel et à une occupation britannique commune, le fait notamment que le Soudan a été dominé aussi par l’égypte confère au concept d’impérialisme une dimension particulière.
World of a Tiny Insect: A Memoir of the Taiping Rebellion and Its Aftermath. By Zhang Daye, translated by Xiaofei Tian
Authors: Kilcourse Carl 
Published: April 2016

The World of a Tiny Insect: A Memoir of the Taiping Rebellion and Its Aftermath. By Zhang Daye, translated by XiaofeI Tian. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013. Pp. viii + 200. $75 (cloth); $30 (paper).
Analysis of nitrate in the snow and atmosphere at Summit, Greenland: Chemistry and transport
Authors: Fibiger Dorothy L. , Dibb Jack E. , Chen Dexian , Thomas Jennie L. , Burkhart John F. , Huey L. Gregory , Hastings Meredith G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAs a major sink of atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), nitrate (NO3−) in polar snow can reflect the long‐range transport of NOx and related species (e.g., peroxyacetyl nitrate). On the other hand, because NO3− in snow can be photolyzed, potentially producing gas phase NOx locally, NO3− in snow (and thus, ice) may reflect local processes. Here we investigate the relationship between local atmospheric composition at Summit, Greenland (72°35′N, 38°25′W) and the isotopic composition of NO3− to determine the degree to which local processes influence atmospheric and snow NO3−. Based on snow and atmospheric observations during May–June 2010 and 2011, we find no connection between the local atmospheric concentrations of a suite of gases (BrO, NO, NOy, HNO3, and nitrite (NO2−)) and the NO3− isotopic composition or concentration in snow. This suggests that (1) the snow NO3− at Summit is primarily derived from long‐range transport and (2) this NO3− is largely preserved in the snow. Additionally, three isotopically distinct NO3− sources were found to be contributing to the NO3− in the snow at Summit during both 2010 and 2011. Through the complete isotopic composition of NO3−, we suggest that these sources are local anthropogenic particulate NO3− from station activities (δ15N = 16‰, Δ17O = 4‰, and δ18O = 23‰), NO3− formed from midlatitude NOx (δ15N = −10‰, Δ17O = 29‰, δ18O = 78‰) and a NO3− source that is possibly influenced by or derived from stratospheric ozone NO3− (δ15N = 5‰, Δ17O = 39‰, δ18O = 100‰).
Interplay of drought and tropical cyclone activity in SE U.S. gross primary productivity
Authors: Lowman Lauren E. L. , Barros Ana P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTropical cyclones (TCs), often associated with massive flooding and landslides in the Southeast U.S. (SE U.S.), provide a significant input of freshwater to the hydrologic system, and their timing and trajectory significantly impact drought severity and persistence. This manuscript investigates the sensitivity of gross primary productivity (GPP) in the SE U.S. to TC activity using the 1‐D column implementation of the Duke Coupled Hydrology Model with Vegetation (DCHM‐V) including coupled water and energy cycles and a biochemical representation of photosynthesis. Decadal‐scale simulations of water, energy, and carbon fluxes were conducted at high temporal (30 min) and spatial (4 km) resolution over the period 2002–2012. At local scales, model results without calibration compare well against AmeriFlux tower data. At regional scales, differences between the DCHM‐V estimates and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer GPP product reflect the spatial organization of soil hydraulic properties and soil moisture dynamics by physiographic region, highlighting the links between the water and carbon cycles. To isolate the contribution of TC precipitation to SE U.S. productivity, control forcing simulations are contrasted with simulations where periods of TC activity in the atmospheric forcing data were replaced with climatology. During wet years, TC activity impacts productivity in 40–50% of the SE U.S. domain and explains a regional GPP increase of 3–5 Mg C/m2 that is 9% of the warm season total. In dry years, 23–34% of the domain exhibits a smaller positive response that corresponds to 4–8% of the seasonal carbon uptake, depending on TC timing and trajectory.