bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating spatio‐temporal variability in the habitat quality of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Guan Lisha , Chen Yong , Wilson James A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractReduced abundance and contracted spatial distribution of Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua, in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) may indicate large spatio‐temporal variation in their habitat quality. Season‐specific Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models were developed to quantify such variation in the offshoreGOMmanagement area. Data used were non‐zero cod catch rates with calibrations from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) spring and fall bottom trawl surveys over the period 1982–2013 and key physical environmental variables including depth, bottom temperature, bottom salinity and sediment types. Significant declines were found in the averageHSIacross the study area in the springs of early 2000s and 2010s. These low averageHSIvalues coincide with reduced age‐1 recruitment ofGOMcod stock after the mid‐1990s. Moreover, the western coastal areas of theGOMgenerally exhibited higher averageHSIvalues than the eastern coastal areas, whereas the offshore areas always had the lowest averageHSI. Relatively higher cod survey catch rates in the westernGOMmay imply positive influences of environmental controls on the distribution ofGOMcod.
SMEs and Marketing: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Bocconcelli Roberta , Cioppi Marco , Fortezza Fulvio , Francioni Barbara , Pagano Alessandro , Savelli Elisabetta , Splendiani Simone 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a systematic review of recent academic literature analysing the role, organization and management of marketing activities in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). To this end, 310 articles published between 2006 and 2015 in 69 main journals devoted to small firms/entrepreneurship and management/marketing fields were analysed. This review shows that SMEs’ marketing has received great attention in both management and marketing literature in recent years. Findings reveal, on the one hand, the emerging role of networks and information and communication technologies in marketing behaviour by SMEs, and on the other hand a research gap in terms of specific marketing practices. Entrepreneurial marketing has been used as the main conceptual framework in reviewed studies, even if findings overall still point out a distance between the theoretical bases of reviewed contributions and the study of SMEs’ marketing behaviour and practices. Therefore, future research on the role of resources, relationships and networks could benefit from the combination of theories developed within the field of entrepreneurship with other approaches such as the resource‐based view, the dynamic capabilities theory and the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) framework.
Associations Between Toddlers' Naturalistic Media Experience and Observed Learning from Screens
Authors: Kirkorian Heather L. , Choi Koeun 
Published: November 2016

Using secondary analysis, researchers examined associations between two‐year‐olds' (N = 135) naturalistic use of interactive and noninteractive media with performance on a screen‐based learning task. Parents reported the number of minutes that children spent the previous day doing nine media‐related activities (e.g., watching television, playing handheld videogames). The object‐retrieval task required children to watch a hiding event on video and then search for the object on another screen or a real felt board. Results indicated that toddlers' naturalistic experience with interactive (but not noninteractive) media predicted their screen‐based learning in the laboratory. This was true regardless of whether children were tested using interactive or noninteractive video, suggesting that using interactive media (but not watching noninteractive video) is associated with children's learning from screen media generally.
Infant social attention: an endophenotype of ASD‐related traits?
Authors: Jones Emily J.H. , Venema Kaitlin , Earl Rachel K. , Lowy Rachel , Webb Sara J. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundAs a neurodevelopmental disorder, symptoms of ASD likely emerge from a complex interaction between preexisting genetic vulnerabilities and the child's environment. One way to understand causal paths to ASD is to identify dimensional ASD‐related traits that vary in the general population and that predispose individuals with other risk factors toward ASD. Moving beyond behavioral traits to explore underlying neurocognitive processes may further constrain the underlying genetics. Endophenotypes are quantitative, heritable, trait‐related differences that are generally assessed with laboratory‐based methods, can be identified in the general population, and may be more closely tied to particular causal chains that have a more restricted set of genetic roots. The most fruitful endophenotypes may be those observed in infancy, prior to the emergence of behavioral symptoms that they are hypothesized to cause. Social motivation is an ASD‐related trait that is highly heritable. In this study, we investigate whether infant endophenotypes of social attention relate to familial risk for lower social motivation in the general population.MethodsWe examined whether infant social attention (measured using habituation, EEG power, and event‐related potential tasks previously used in infants/toddlers with ASD) varies quantitatively with parental social motivation in 117 six‐month‐old and 106 twelve‐month‐old typically developing infants assessed cross‐sectionally. To assess heritable aspects of social motivation, primary caregiver biological parents completed two self‐report measures of social avoidance and discomfort that have shown high heritability in previous work.ResultsParents with higher social discomfort and avoidance had infants who showed shorter looks to faces but not objects; reduced theta power during naturalistic social attention; and smaller P400 responses to faces versus objects.ConclusionsEarly reductions in social attention are continuously related to lower parental social motivation. Alterations in social attention may be infant endophenotypes of social motivation traits related to ASD.
The evolution of intrinsic reproductive isolation in the genus Cakile (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Willis C. G. , Donohue K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn theory, adaptive divergence can increase intrinsic post‐zygotic reproductive isolation (RI), either directly via selection on loci associated with RI, or indirectly via linkage of incompatibility loci with loci under selection. To test this hypothesis, we measured RI at five intrinsic post‐zygotic reproductive barriers between 18 taxa from the genera Cakile and Erucaria (Brassicaceae). Using a comparative framework, we tested whether the magnitude of RI was associated with genetic distance, geographic distance, ecological divergence and parental mating system. Early stages of post‐zygotic RI related to F1 viability (i.e. initial seed set) tended to be stronger than later stages related to F1 fecundity (i.e. flower number, fruit number). Mating system significantly influenced early stages of RI, such that RI was lowest when the mother was selfing and father was outcrossing, consistent with an imbalance between sink strength and resistance to provisioning. We found little evidence that adaptive divergence accelerates the evolution of intrinsic post‐zygotic RI, consistent with a nonecological model of evolution that predicts the nonlinear accumulation of RI and RI asymmetry with time (i.e. genetic distance), irrespective of adaptive divergence. Thus, although certain aspects of ecological divergence do not appear to have contributed strongly to the evolution of RI in this system, divergence in mating system actually reduced RI, suggesting that mating system evolution may play a significant role in speciation dynamics.
Fabp1 gene ablation inhibits high‐fat diet‐induced increase in brain endocannabinoids
Authors: Martin Gregory G. , Landrock Danilo , Chung Sarah , Dangott Lawrence J. , Seeger Drew R. , Murphy Eric J. , Golovko Mikhail Y. , Kier Ann B. , Schroeder Friedhelm 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe endocannabinoid system shifts energy balance toward storage and fat accumulation, especially in the context of diet‐induced obesity. Relatively little is known about factors outside the central nervous system that may mediate the effect of high‐fat diet (HFD) on brain endocannabinoid levels. One candidate is the liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP1), a cytosolic protein highly prevalent in liver, but not detected in brain, which facilitates hepatic clearance of fatty acids. The impact of Fabp1 gene ablation (LKO) on the effect of high‐fat diet (HFD) on brain and plasma endocannabinoid levels was examined and data expressed for each parameter as the ratio of high‐fat diet/control diet. In male wild‐type mice, HFD markedly increased brain N‐acylethanolamides, but not 2‐monoacylglycerols. LKO blocked these effects of HFD in male mice. In female wild‐type mice, HFD slightly decreased or did not alter these endocannabinoids as compared with male wild type. LKO did not block the HFD effects in female mice. The HFD‐induced increase in brain arachidonic acid‐derived arachidonoylethanolamide in males correlated with increased brain‐free and total arachidonic acid. The ability of LKO to block the HFD‐induced increase in brain arachidonoylethanolamide correlated with reduced ability of HFD to increase brain‐free and total arachidonic acid in males. In females, brain‐free and total arachidonic acid levels were much less affected by either HFD or LKO in the context of HFD. These data showed that LKO markedly diminished the impact of HFD on brain endocannabinoid levels, especially in male mice.image
Seventeen years of Kasai portoenterostomy for biliary atresia in a single Southeast Asian paediatric centre
Authors: Chiang Li Wei , Lee Chuan Yaw , Krishnaswamy Gita , Nah Shireen Anne , Kader Ajmal , Ong Christina , Low Yee , Phua Kong Boo 
Published: November 2016

AimBiliary atresia (BA) has preponderance in Asian populations with Kasai portoenterostomy (KP) regarded as the first‐line standard of care. Yet reports from Southeast Asia remain scant. This study reviews the demographics, short‐ and medium‐term outcomes for our cohort, and evaluates prognostic factors for outcome.MethodsAll patients diagnosed with BA between January 1997 and December 2013 were included. Clinical data were obtained from medical records. Jaundice clearance was defined as total bilirubin < 20 µmol/L within 6 months after KP. Two‐year and 5‐year native liver survival (NLS) were determined. Prognostic factors examined included gender, ethnicity, associated anomalies, age at KP, post‐KP cholangitis and clearance of jaundice within 6 months.ResultsOf 58 patients studied, 31(53.4%) were male. Median age at time of KP was 53 days (range: 28–127). Ethnic distribution showed 32 (55.2%) Chinese, 16 (27.6%) Malays and 10 (17.2%) others. Twenty‐one (36.2%) patients achieved jaundice clearance by 6 months. Two‐year NLS rate was 36 out of 50 (72%), while 5‐year NLS rate was 16 out of 35 (45.7%). Only clearance of jaundice within 6 months had a significant association with NLS (P = 0.006). All other factors showed no significant impact on outcome.ConclusionsOur short‐ and medium‐term outcomes after KP for BA are comparable with those reported by most international centres. However, prognostic factors such as age at KP, cholangitis episodes and associated anomalies did not show significant correlation; only clearance of jaundice within 6 months was significantly predictive of NLS.
Contrasting activity budgets of alternative reproductive tactics in male striped mice
Authors: Rimbach R. , Wastavino M. , Yuen C. H. , Pillay N. , Schradin C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTo maximize their fitness, individuals of one sex can display discrete reproductive phenotypes, called alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). Individuals following ARTs show behavioural variation, which might result in differences in energy intake and expenditure. However, few studies have compared activity budgets and non‐sexual behaviour of individuals following ARTs in nature. We studied male African striped mice Rhabdomys pumilio, which can follow three ARTs: (1) breeding male of a group of females; (2) philopatrics remaining in their natal group; or (3) solitary living roamers. We predicted that each tactic is characterized by its specific activity budget, representing alternative energy trade‐offs. We conducted focal animal observations on 70 males following ARTs. Roamers had higher travelling rates than philopatrics, and breeders had larger daily range sizes compared to philopatrics but not roamers. Philopatrics had higher foraging rates than breeders and showed more socio‐positive behaviour than roamers. Breeders and philopatrics were in their nest more often than roamers, potentially engaging in social interactions with other group members. Roamers were chased off more often than breeders, but the three tactics did not differ concerning rates of socio‐negative behaviour. Overall, philopatrics allocated their time towards behaviours that would increase body mass and survival probability, which could improve the probability to switch to a tactic of higher reproductive success. In contrast, breeders and roamers allocated their time towards behaviours that would increase their chances to mate. In conclusion, following ARTs results in contrasting activity budgets that reflect the differences in reproductive behaviours observed between tactics.
Co‐evolutionary dynamics between a defensive microbe and a pathogen driven by fluctuating selection
Authors: Ford Suzanne A. , Williams David , Paterson Steve , King Kayla C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMicrobes that protect their hosts from pathogenic infection are widespread components of the microbiota of both plants and animals. It has been found that interactions between ‘defensive’ microbes and pathogens can be genotype‐specific and even underlie the variation in host resistance to pathogenic infection. These observations suggest a dynamic co‐evolutionary association between pathogens and defensive microbes, but direct evidence of co‐evolution is lacking. We tested the hypothesis that defensive microbes and pathogens could co‐evolve within host populations by co‐passaging a microbe with host‐defensive properties (Enterococcus faecalis) and a pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus)withinCaenorhabditis elegansnematodes. Using both phenotypic and genomic analyses across evolutionary time, we found patterns of pathogen local adaptation and defensive microbe–pathogen co‐evolution via fluctuating selection dynamics. Moreover, co‐evolution with defensive microbes resulted in more rapid and divergent pathogen evolution compared to pathogens evolved independently in host populations. Taken together, our results indicate the potential for defensive microbes and pathogens to co‐evolve, driving interaction specificity and pathogen evolutionary divergence in the absence of host evolution.
Plant volatile‐mediated signalling and its application in agriculture: successes and challenges
Authors: Pickett John A. , Khan Zeyaur R. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe mediation of volatile secondary metabolites in signalling between plants and other organisms has long been seen as presenting opportunities for sustainable crop protection. Initially, exploitation of interactions between plants and other organisms, particularly insect pests, foundered because of difficulties in delivering, sustainably, the signal systems for crop protection. We now have mounting and, in some cases, clear practical evidence for successful delivery by companion cropping or next‐generation genetic modification (GM). At the same time, the type of plant signalling being exploited has expanded to signalling from plants to organisms antagonistic to pests, and to plant stress‐induced, or primed, plant‐to‐plant signalling for defence and growth stimulation.

Contents

Summary
856

I.
Introduction
856

II.
Plant volatile‐mediated host signalling
857

III.
Plant volatile‐mediated nonhost signalling
858

IV.
Plant volatile‐mediated signalling between plants via air
859

V.
Plant volatile‐mediated signalling between plants through soil
860

VI.
Plant volatile‐mediated signal transduction
862

VII.
Success and lessons from exploiting plant volatile‐mediated signalling by companion cropping: push–pull
863

VIII.
Exploitation of plant volatile‐mediated signalling in agriculture by GM
864

IX.
Conclusions
866

Acknowledgements
866

References
866
Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine as a Sole Sedative Agent in Small Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures: A Systematic Review
Authors: ter Bruggen Feline F.J.A. , Eralp Ismail , Jansen Chris K. , Stronks Dirk L. , Huygen Frank J.P.M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDexmedetomidine is an upcoming agent with sedative, anxiolytic, and analgesic properties. This review summarizes empirical evidence for the efficacy of dexmedetomidine as a sole sedative agent, and its effectiveness for small diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, in comparison with other frequently used sedatives. All randomized controlled trials on the effect of dexmedetomidine were reviewed. Pain level, patient satisfaction, operator satisfaction, procedure duration, recovery time, and hemodynamic and respiratory characteristics were examined. A total of 1993 patients (1,621 adults; 372 children) from 35 studies were included. In the adult studies, dexmedetomidine yielded significantly lower pain levels compared to the other sedatives (in 31.25% of the included studies) and significantly more patient satisfaction (68.2%). In studies on children, more favorable results concerning respiratory safety and the level of adequate sedation were found compared to the control sedatives. Implications for future studies are discussed.
Vulnerability to xylem embolism as a major correlate of the environmental distribution of rain forest species on a tropical island
Authors: Trueba Santiago , Pouteau Robin , Lens Frederic , Feild Taylor S. , Isnard Sandrine , Olson Mark E. , Delzon Sylvain 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIncreases in drought‐induced tree mortality are being observed in tropical rain forests worldwide and are also likely to affect the geographical distribution of tropical vegetation. However, the mechanisms underlying the drought vulnerability and environmental distribution of tropical species have been little studied. We measured vulnerability to xylem embolism (P50) of 13 woody species endemic to New Caledonia and with different xylem conduit morphologies. We examined the relation between P50, along with other leaf and xylem functional traits, and a range of habitat variables. Selected species had P50 values ranging between −4.03 and −2.00 MPa with most species falling in a narrow range of resistance to embolism above −2.7 MPa. Embolism vulnerability was significantly correlated with elevation, mean annual temperature and percentage of species occurrences located in rain forest habitats. Xylem conduit type did not explain variation in P50. Commonly used functional traits such as wood density and leaf traits were not related to embolism vulnerability. Xylem embolism vulnerability stands out among other commonly used functional traits as a major driver of species environmental distribution. Drought‐induced xylem embolism vulnerability behaves as a physiological trait closely associated with the habitat occupation of rain forest woody species.
Health professionals perceive teamwork with relatives as an obstacle in their daily work ‐ a focus group interview
Authors: Laursen Jannie , Broholm Malene , Rosenberg Jacob 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundHealth professionals must often balance between different rationalities within the hospital organisation. Having adequate time with patients, shorter waiting time and the ability to greater professional autonomy have been shown to help provide a higher quality of care. Empathy and sympathy appear to be crucial components for the health professionals and their relationship to patients.AimThe aim of this study was to explore health professionals’ experiences of relatives to critically ill patients in order to identify aspects that may facilitate a better understanding of this teamwork.MethodsThe study was descriptive and exploratory and had a qualitative design with a phenomenological/hermeneutic orientation for the interviews. Focus group was the chosen methodology.The study comprised 19 health professionals in four focus groups.ResultsTwo themes emerged from the interviews: the hospital culture does not integrate relatives, and health professionals felt that relatives took their resources and saw them as an obstacle in their daily work.Conclusion and implications for practiceHealth professionals felt divided between the system and the individual sphere, which makes it difficult for them to integrate relatives more and see them as participants in a natural teamwork for the benefit of the patient.
Araport11: a complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana reference genome
Authors: Cheng Chia‐Yi , Krishnakumar Vivek , Chan Agnes P. , Thibaud‐Nissen Françoise , Schobel Seth , Town Christopher D. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana is a dicot model organism for research in many aspects of plant biology. A comprehensive annotation of its genome paves the way for understanding the functions and activities of all types of transcripts, including mRNA, the various classes of non‐coding RNA, and small RNA. The TAIR10 annotation update had a profound impact on Arabidopsis research but was released more than 5 years ago. Maintaining the accuracy of the annotation continues to be a prerequisite for future progress. Using an integrative annotation pipeline, we assembled tissue‐specific RNA‐Seq libraries from 113 datasets and constructed 48 359 transcript models of protein‐coding genes in eleven tissues. In addition, we annotated various classes of non‐coding RNA including microRNA, long intergenic RNA, small nucleolar RNA, natural antisense transcript, small nuclear RNA, and small RNA using published datasets and in‐house analytic results. Altogether, we identified 635 novel protein‐coding genes, 508 novel transcribed regions, 5178 non‐coding RNAs, and 35 846 small RNA loci that were formerly unannotated. Analysis of the splicing events and RNA‐Seq based expression profiles revealed the landscapes of gene structures, untranslated regions, and splicing activities to be more intricate than previously appreciated. Furthermore, we present 692 uniformly expressed housekeeping genes, 43% of whose human orthologs are also housekeeping genes. This updated Arabidopsis genome annotation with a substantially increased resolution of gene models will not only further our understanding of the biological processes of this plant model but also of other species.