bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Large‐Scale Analysis of Variance in Written Language
Authors: Johns Brendan T. , Jamieson Randall K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe collection of very large text sources has revolutionized the study of natural language, leading to the development of several models of language learning and distributional semantics that extract sophisticated semantic representations of words based on the statistical redundancies contained within natural language (e.g., Griffiths, Steyvers, & Tenenbaum, ; Jones & Mewhort, ; Landauer & Dumais, ; Mikolov, Sutskever, Chen, Corrado, & Dean, ). The models treat knowledge as an interaction of processing mechanisms and the structure of language experience. But language experience is often treated agnostically. We report a distributional semantic analysis that shows written language in fiction books varies appreciably between books from the different genres, books from the same genre, and even books written by the same author. Given that current theories assume that word knowledge reflects an interaction between processing mechanisms and the language environment, the analysis shows the need for the field to engage in a more deliberate consideration and curation of the corpora used in computational studies of natural language processing.
Health insurance and use of recommended routine care in adults with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Li Susan S. , Hayes Don , Tobias Joseph D. , Morgan Wayne J. , Tumin Dmitry 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundLow socioeconomic status is correlated with worse outcomes in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Whether insurance status impacts adherence to care in this population is unknown.MethodsPatients ≥18 years old in the CF Foundation Patient Registry (2005‐2013) were grouped based on reported annual insurance as private, public (Medicaid, Medicare or state medical assistance program), others or no insurance. Random effects logistic regression evaluated association between change in insurance status and annual use of recommended routine care.ResultsA total of 18 358 patients contributed 94 690 years of data to the analysis. In descriptive analysis, adherence to recommended routine care (≥4 clinic visits, ≥4 respiratory cultures and ≥2 pulmonary function tests per year) and recommended chronic medications for those with moderate to severe lung disease (dornase alfa and inhaled tobramycin or aztreonam if Pseudomoas aeruginosa in respiratory cultures) was most common in public insurance compared to other insurance types. In multivariable logistic regression, public insurance was associated with greater use of recommended care relative to private insurance (OR = 1.16; 95% confidence interval: 1.10‐1.22; P < .001), while being uninsured was associated with lower odds of using recommended care (OR = 0.37; 95% confidence interval: 0.31‐0.46; P < .001).ConclusionsFor adults with CF in the United States, public insurance was associated with greater use of routine care than private coverage. Being uninsured was strongly associated with not using routine care. Further efforts to improve access to CF care should address the feasibility of universal and continuous insurance coverage in the CF population.
Adherence and medication belief in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: A nationwide population‐based cohort survey
Authors: Ivarsson Bodil , Hesselstrand Roger , Rådegran Göran , Kjellström Barbro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are rare diseases with a gradual decline in physical health. Adherence to treatment is crucial in these very symptomatic and life threatening diseases.ObjectiveTo describe PAH and CTEPH patients experience of their self‐reported medication adherence, beliefs about medicines and information about treatment.MethodsA quantitative, descriptive, national cohort survey that included adult patients from all PAH‐centres in Sweden. All patients received questionnaires by mail: The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS‐8) assesses treatment‐related attitudes and behaviour problems, the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire‐Specific scale (BMQ‐S) assesses the patient's perception of drug intake and the QLQ‐INFO25 multi‐item scale about medical treatment information.ResultsThe response rate was 74% (n = 325), mean age 66 ± 14 years, 58% were female and 69% were diagnosed with PAH and 31% with CTEPH. Time from diagnosis was 4.7 ± 4.2 years. More than half of the patients (57%) reported a high level of adherence. There was no difference in the patients' beliefs of the necessity of the medications to control their illness when comparing those with high, medium or low adherence. Despite high satisfaction with the information, concerns about potential adverse effects of taking the medication were significantly related to adherence.ConclusionsTreatment adherence is relatively high but still needs improvement. The multi‐disciplinary PAH team should, together with the patient, seek strategies to improve adherence and prevent concern.
Effects of school‐based mindfulness training on emotion processing and well‐being in adolescents: evidence from event‐related potentials
Authors: Sanger Kevanne Louise , Thierry Guillaume , Dorjee Dusana 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn a non‐randomized controlled study, we investigated the efficacy of a school‐based mindfulness curriculum delivered by schoolteachers to older secondary school students (16–18 years). We measured changes in emotion processing indexed by P3b event‐related potential (ERP) modulations in an affective oddball task using static human faces. ERPs were recorded to happy and sad face oddballs presented in a stimulus stream of frequent faces with neutral expression, before and after 8 weeks of mindfulness training. Whilst the mean amplitude of the P3b, an ERP component typically elicited by infrequent oddballs, decreased between testing sessions in the control group, it remained unchanged in the training group. Significant increases in self‐reported well‐being and fewer doctor visits for mental health support were also reported in the training group as compared to controls. The observed habituation to emotional stimuli in controls thus contrasted with maintained sensitivity in mindfulness‐trained students. These results suggest that in‐school mindfulness training for adolescents has scope for increasing awareness of socially relevant emotional stimuli, irrespective of valence, and thus may decrease vulnerability to depression.
Mitral leaflet separation to evaluate the severity of mitral stenosis: Validation of the index by transesophageal three‐dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Bigdelu Leila , Poorzand Hoorak , Azari Ali , Jarahi Lida , Ghaderi Fereshteh , Fazlinejad Afsoon , Alimi Hedieh , Rohani Atooshe , Manavifar Negar 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundDetermining severity of mitral stenosis (MS) by planimetry of mitral valve orifice area (MVA) has been a challenging issue in clinical practice, especially for less experienced cardiologists. Mitral leaflet separation (MLS) has shown a good correlation with MVA measurements. However, it has never been validated against multiplane 3DTEE planimetry (MVA3D). We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of MLS index (MLSI2D) in predicting MS severity.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 144 patients with MS who underwent clinically indicated 2DTTE and 3DTEE. MLSI2D was yield by averaging the maximal leaflet tip distance in diastole, in parasternal long‐axis and apical four‐chamber views. MVA3D was used as the reference method.ResultsMLSI2D showed an excellent discriminatory ability between different grades of MS (P < .001). There was a significant positive correlation between MLSI2D and MVA3D (r = .93, P < .001) irrespective of concurrent mitral regurgitation (r = .94, P < .001) and/or atrial fibrillation (r = .92, P < .001). By receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, MLSI2D ≤ 8.6 mm showed 100% sensitivity and 76% specificity for very severe MS. MLSI2D ≥ 11.2 mm determined progressive MS with 100% sensitivity and 82% specificity. The study population was then divided into a derivation group and a validation group. A regression equation for MVA by MLSI2D was derived in first group. Then, the MVA was calculated by this equation in validation group and was not significantly different from MVA3D.ConclusionMLSI2D showed an excellent ability to assess MS severity and correlates well with planimetered MVA measured by 3DTEE.
Exposure of the developing heart to diabetic environment and early cardiac assessment: A review
Authors: Asoglu Mehmet R. , Gabbay‐Benziv Rinat , Turan Ozhan M. , Turan Sifa 
Published: January 2018

Hyperglycemia during organogenesis is associated with an increased risk of congenital cardiac defects (CHDs). The pathophysiology leading to CHDs is not completely uncovered. However, elevated oxidative stress is considered to be the primary trigger that causes CHDs in fetuses of diabetic mothers. Maternal diabetes has been found to increase the risk for all types of CHDs. Diabetes may also impact the fetal cardiac performance at all gestational ages. Early detection of CHDs has certain advantages, such as making early decision about termination of pregnancy, enabling early genetic testing, and early reassurance if scan is normal. Combined transabdominal and transvaginal approach at 13–14 weeks of gestation is a reasonable strategy to assess fetal heart in diabetic women. Diagnostic accuracy of early fetal echocardiography has reached to above a reasonable cutoff when it is done in the late first trimester or early second trimester in the hands of expert sonographers. However, the literature is less certain to provide a firm conclusion about functional heart assessment in fetuses of diabetic mothers.
Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a smartphone application intervention for subthreshold depression
Authors: Takahashi Kana , Takada Koki , Hirao Kazuki 
Published: January 2018

AimWe developed a motion picture‐reproducing smartphone application (app) designed to improve self‐confidence in individuals with subthreshold depression (StD) and examined the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an app intervention for individuals with StD.MethodsWe conducted an open‐label, single‐arm pre‐post study of 22 young adults with StD. Our intervention involved app usage for at least 70 min/wk for 5 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the adherence rate. Secondary outcome measures were safety and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) scores.ResultsNo participants dropped out during the study. The adherence rate was 50%. The mean time of app use over 5 weeks was 124.23 ± 81.94 min/wk. No adverse events were reported. The CES‐D scores were significantly improved at 5 weeks post‐intervention.ConclusionsAlthough this app intervention has the potential to reduce depressive symptoms, the app needs to be improved to increase adherence rates.
Mentoring and teachers’ professional development in Albania
Authors: Gjedia Robert , Gardinier Meg P. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe role of teachers is becoming increasingly important in advancing student learning outcomes. This article discusses one area that is still in need of significant reform in Albania: the induction and mentoring of new teacher‐candidates. Based on a mixed‐method study involving 275 Albanian teachers and mentors, it provides insights into the benefits and challenges of current practices. The study identifies a number of key areas in need of improvement, including: the selection of mentors; professional training for mentors; communication among different stakeholders; and overall planning and coordination of mentoring services. These issues are discussed within a wider European policy context that situates mentoring as an important component of teachers’ ongoing professional development.
How does innovative continuous professional development (CPD) operate in the ECEC sector? Insights from a cross‐analysis of cases in Denmark, Italy and Poland
Authors: Bove Chiara , Jensen Bente , Wysłowska Olga , Iannone Rosa Lisa , Mantovani Susanna , Karwowska‐Struczyk Małgorzata 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article offers insights into what characterises innovative continuous professional development (CPD) in the field of early childhood education and care (ECEC) by analysing similarities and differences from case studies of exemplary approaches to innovative CPD in Denmark, Italy and Poland. The comparative analysis focuses on four features that are particularly relevant for innovation in CPD in the field of ECEC: the social dimension of innovation as a strengthening component; the benefit of dynamic learning processes aimed at integrating theory and practice; the role of key figures in the quality of CPD; and measurements of CPD impact, outcomes and sustainability. This analysis sheds light on the effects of dynamic factors (e.g., regular team‐based reflection sessions based on documentation and observation), the importance of work conditions (e.g., contractual obligations to provide time for reflection), the critical role of pedagogical leaders (coordinators, principals and head teachers, supervisors), the importance of inter‐organisational networking at a local level and the facilitating role of collaboration with research institutes.
Genomewide association analyses of fitness traits in captive‐reared Chinook salmon: Applications in evaluating conservation strategies
Authors: Waters Charles D. , Hard Jeffrey J. , Brieuc Marine S. O. , Fast David E. , Warheit Kenneth I. , Knudsen Curtis M. , Bosch William J. , Naish Kerry A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA novel application of genomewide association analyses is to use trait‐associated loci to monitor the effects of conservation strategies on potentially adaptive genetic variation. Comparisons of fitness between captive‐ and wild‐origin individuals, for example, do not reveal how captive rearing affects genetic variation underlying fitness traits or which traits are most susceptible to domestication selection. Here, we used data collected across four generations to identify loci associated with six traits in adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and then determined how two alternative management approaches for captive rearing affected variation at these loci. Loci associated with date of return to freshwater spawning grounds (return timing), length and weight at return, age at maturity, spawn timing, and daily growth coefficient were identified using 9108 restriction site‐associated markers and random forest, an approach suitable for polygenic traits. Mapping of trait‐associated loci, gene annotations, and integration of results across multiple studies revealed candidate regions involved in several fitness‐related traits. Genotypes at trait‐associated loci were then compared between two hatchery populations that were derived from the same source but are now managed as separate lines, one integrated with and one segregated from the wild population. While no broad‐scale change was detected across four generations, there were numerous regions where trait‐associated loci overlapped with signatures of adaptive divergence previously identified in the two lines. Many regions, primarily with loci linked to return and spawn timing, were either unique to or more divergent in the segregated line, suggesting that these traits may be responding to domestication selection. This study is one of the first to utilize genomic approaches to demonstrate the effectiveness of a conservation strategy, managed gene flow, on trait‐associated—and potentially adaptive—loci. The results will promote the development of trait‐specific tools to better monitor genetic change in captive and wild populations.
Abnormal locomotor muscle recruitment activity is present in horses with shivering and Purkinje cell distal axonopathy
Authors: Aman J. E. , Valberg S. J. , Elangovan N. , Nicholson A. , Lewis S. S. , Konczak J. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBackgroundCerebellar Purkinje cell axonal degeneration has been identified in horses with shivering but its relationship with abnormal hindlimb movement has not been elucidated.ObjectivesTo characterise surface electromyographic (sEMG) hindlimb muscle activity in horses with shivering, correlate with clinical scores and examine horses for Purkinje axonal degeneration.Study designDescriptive controlled clinical study.MethodsThe hindlimb of seven shivering and six control draught horses were clinically scored. Biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), tensor fasciae latae and extensor digitorum longus were recorded via sEMG during forward/backward walking and trotting. Integrated (iEMG) and peak EMG activity were compared between groups and correlated with clinical locomotor exam scores. Sections of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) of six of the seven shivering horses were examined with calbindin immunohistochemistry.ResultsIn control horses, backward walking resembled forward walking (right hindlimb peak EMG: backward: 47.5 ± 21.9%, forward: 36.9 ± 15.7%) but displayed significantly higher amplitudes during trotting (76.1 ± 3.4%). However, in shivering horses, backward walking was significantly different from forward (backward: 88.5 ± 21.5%, forward: 49.2 ± 8.9%), and resembled activity during trotting (81.4 ± 4.8%). Specific to backward walking, mean sEMG amplitude fell outside two standard deviations of mean control sEMG for ≥25% of the stride in the BF for all seven and the VL for six of the seven shivering horses. Locomotor exam scores were correlated with peak EMG (r = 0.87) and iEMG (r = 0.87). Calbindin‐positive spheroids were present in Purkinje axons in DCN of all shivering horses examined.Main limitationsThe neuropathological examination focused specifically on the DCN and, therefore, we cannot fully exclude additional lesions that may have influenced abnormal sEMG findings in shivering horses.ConclusionShivering is characterised by abnormally elevated muscle recruitment particularly in BF and VL muscles during backward walking and associated with selective Purkinje cell distal axonal degeneration.
Adaptive evolution in the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica following 1,000 generations of selection under elevated CO2
Authors: Tong Shanying , Gao Kunshan , Hutchins David A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCoccolithophores are important oceanic primary producers not only in terms of photosynthesis but also because they produce calcite plates called coccoliths. Ongoing ocean acidification associated with changing seawater carbonate chemistry may impair calcification and other metabolic functions in coccolithophores. While short‐term ocean acidification effects on calcification and other properties have been examined in a variety of coccolithophore species, long‐term adaptive responses have scarcely been documented, other than for the single species Emiliania huxleyi. Here, we investigated the effects of ocean acidification on another ecologically important coccolithophore species, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, following 1,000 generations of growth under elevated CO2 conditions (1,000 μatm). High CO2‐selected populations exhibited reduced growth rates and enhanced particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) production, relative to populations selected under ambient CO2 (400 μatm). Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and PIC/POC ratios decreased progressively throughout the selection period in high CO2‐selected cell lines. All of these trait changes persisted when high CO2‐grown populations were moved back to ambient CO2 conditions for about 10 generations. The results suggest that the calcification of some coccolithophores may be more heavily impaired by ocean acidification than previously predicted based on short‐term studies, with potentially large implications for the ocean's carbon cycle under accelerating anthropogenic influences.
Phase angle measured by electrical bioimpedance and global cardiovascular risk in older adults
Authors: Saad Maria AN , Jorge Antonio JL , de Andrade Martins Wolney , Cardoso Gilberto P , dos Santos Marcia MS , Rosa Maria LG , Lima Giovanna AB , de Moraes Rafaela Q , da Cruz Filho Rubens A 
Published: January 2018

AimPopulation aging is a worldwide phenomenon associated with physiological and metabolic changes that contribute to the increased prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The phase angle (PA) is a variable calculated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, interpreted as a direct measure of cell stability. The objective of the present study was to investigate the correlation of PA with the anthropometric measures, metabolic profile and the cardiovascular risk estimated by the Global Cardiovascular Risk Score in the elderly population.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out with 402 patients aged >60 years (70.4 ± 6.9 years, 74% female) treated in primary care. Patients were evaluated by blood pressure, anthropometric measurements and body composition. The score of the risk and the stratification of the cardiovascular risk were calculated using the criteria from the Framingham Heart Study.ResultsAge, systolic blood pressure, neck circumference and fat‐free mass correlated with PA in female patients. In men, age and systolic blood pressure were the variables that correlated with the PA in the bivariate analysis. In the multiple linear regression, for the female group the risk score presented an independent variation with PA (P = 0.051) and age (P < 0.0001). The same correlation was observed for the male group both for PA (P = 0.042) and age (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe present data show an independent association of PA with overall cardiovascular risk in the elderly population. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 732–737.