bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The preventive effect of dexmedetomidine on paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe traumatic brain injury patients who have undergone surgery: a retrospective study
Authors: Tang Qilin , Wu Xiang , Weng Weiji , Li Hongpeng , Feng Junfeng , Mao Qing , Gao Guoyi , Jiang Jiyao 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundParoxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) results and aggravates in secondary brain injury, which seriously affects the prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury patients. Although several studies have focused on the treatment of PSH, few have concentrated on its prevention.MethodsNinety post-operation (post-op) severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) patients admitted from October 2014 to April 2016 were chosen to participate in this study. Fifty of the post-op sTBI patients were sedated with dexmedetomidine and were referred as the “dexmedetomidine group” (admitted from May 2015 to April 2016). The other 40 patients (admitted from October 2014 to May 2015) received other sedations and were referred as the “control group.” The two groups were then compared based on their PSH scores and the scores and ratios of those patients who met the criteria of “probable,” “possible” and “unlikely” using the PSH assessment measure (PSH-AM) designed by Baguley et al. (2014). The durations of the neurosurgery intensive care unit (NICU) and hospital stays and the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) values for the two groups were also compared to evaluate the therapeutic effects and the patients’ prognosis.ResultsThe overall PSH score for the dexmedetomidine group was 5.26 ± 4.66, compared with 8.58 ± 8.09 for the control group. The difference between the two groups’ PSH scores was significant (P = 0.017). The score of the patients who met the criterion of “probable” was 18.33 ± 1.53 in the dexmedetomidine group and 22.63 ± 2.97 in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.045). The ratio of patients who were classified as “unlikely” between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.028); that is, 42 (84%) in the dexmedetomidine group and 25 (62.5%) in the control group. The differences in NICU, hospital stays and GOS values between the two groups were not significant.ConclusionDexmedetomidine has a preventive effect on PSH in sTBI patients who have undergone surgery.
Physiological Models, Development
Authors: Bahill A. Terry 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA model is a simplified representation of some aspect of a real system. Models are ephemeral: they are created, they explain a phenomenon, they stimulate discussion, they foment alternatives, and then they are replaced by new models. Models can be used for many reasons, such as understanding or improving an existing system, creating a new system, controlling a system, suggesting new experiments, guiding data collection activities, allocating resources, identifying cost drivers, increasing return on investment, identifying bottlenecks, helping to sell the product, and reducing risk. The purpose of this article is to show the development of a model for one physiological system. Our example is that of the smooth pursuit eye movement system. We give a lot of detail for this model because the detail is necessary in order to see the process. We hope that you, the reader, can see the forest through the trees.
Infrared Imaging
Authors: Meitzler Thomas , Bednarz David , Sohn Euijung , Singh Harpreet , Raj J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn the following article, the science and technology behind infrared imaging is described with many examples. The history of the discovery of the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum is outlined along with a physical explanation of infrared radiation and some of the applications of infrared technology in industry. Detailed descriptions of typical infrared imaging systems along with infrared imaging system modeling is provided. The next section includes a lengthy description of modern image processing, in other words, how a computer can be used to improve and analyze the images produced from infrared imaging systems. Several clutter and infrared image quality metrics, such as texture and entropy, are examined and their relevance to ground vehicle target acquisition is described. Texture and entropy metrics are computed for several example images and then compared to an experimental probability of detection in the Visual Perception Lab. Comparison of computational metrics to experimental human perception metrics is a very important type of visual image assessment. The use of human perception experiments as a qualifier and validator of infrared imagery quality along with experimental protocols are described. Image processing modern approaches such as relative clutter, probability of edge, image fusion, and fuzzy logic image fusion are explained in detail. Finally, there are examples of the use of infrared imaging for important problems in industry and to the US Army, such as using infrared imaging to detect ice on the external surface of the NASA Space Transport System and how infrared imaging can be used for the purpose of burred mine detection and homeland security applications.
Flexible Electronics
Authors: Kwon Kiyoon , Jin Jo Young , Kim Tae–il 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCompared to conventional rigid and brittle electronics, shape‐deformable electronics have recently drawn attention. Flexible electronics facilitate a new class of technology and applications that would be impossible to achieve using the traditional silicon wafer‐based process. To accomplish the flexible electronics, electrical and mechanical properties of semiconductor materials as well as engineering effort for new processing technology should be developed. Herein, we review recent advances in flexible electronics placing particular focus on their materials and design.
Network Synchronization: An introduction
Authors: Rinaldi Stefano , Ferrari Paolo , Flammini Alessandra , Sisinni Emiliano , Sauter Thilo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn distributed systems based on networks, the clock synchronization allows to coordinate and schedule actions between stations. In today's systems, the clock synchronization may be considered as a required feature that has to be delivered by the network technology. Even the widely used Ethernet and Internet Protocol (IP) networks were not designed with support for the high‐performance clock synchronization required by audio and video applications, industrial systems, measurement devices, and grid power systems monitoring. In this article, we give an introduction to clock synchronization protocols that can be used in networks where real‐time performance is demanded.
Direction of Arrival Estimation: Introduction
Authors: Zhang Xiaofei , Cao Renzheng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDirection of arrival (DOA) estimation of multiple narrow‐band sources is a fundamental problem in array signal processing and it is also significant for various engineering applications such as wireless communications, acoustics, radar, sonar, and medical imaging. In this article, we introduce the conventionalDOAestimation methods, including the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm, the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT) algorithm, the Capon algorithm, and the propagator method (PM). We also discuss the uniform planar array and the two‐dimensional DOA estimation algorithms. Some extended two‐dimensional DOA estimation algorithms and low‐complexity two‐dimensional DOA estimation algorithms are introduced. The angular parameter estimation of distributed source is also presented.
Image Denoising Algorithms: From Wavelet Shrinkage to Nonlocal Collaborative Filtering
Authors: Pižurica Aleksandra 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article presents an overview of image denoising algorithms ranging from wavelet shrinkage to patch‐based nonlocal processing. The focus is on the suppression of additive Gaussian noise (white and colored). A great attention is devoted to explaining the main underlying ideas and concepts of representative approaches, complemented by illustrative examples, accessible also to nonexperts in the field. A Bayesian perspective of wavelet shrinkage is given, with different instances of spatial context modeling (including local spatial activity indicators, Markov random fields, hidden Markov tree models, and Gaussian scale mixture models). Extensions to other transform domains (curvelets and other generalizations of wavelets) are addressed too, showing the benefits in terms of image quality. Patch‐based image denoising is illustrated with principles of nonlocal means filtering and collaborative filtering, explaining also the connections with dictionary learning. Some general notes on the performance comparison are given, by summarizing the benefits and limitations of various approaches against each other, and pointing to some of the current trends in the field.
Superconducting Levitation Applied To Urban Transportation
Authors: Stephan Richard M. , de Andrade Rubens , Ferreira Antonio C. , Sotelo Guilherme G. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article describes the construction and operation of superconducting magnetically levitated vehicles applied to urban transportation. The technology was tested with a full‐scale prototype namedMagLev‐Cobra. Comparisons with wheel and rail technology, high‐speedMagLevand otherMagLevtechnologies are presented and application niches identified. The steps for commercialization are also addressed.
Geographic Information Systems: Crowd‐Sourced Spatial Data
Authors: Jilani Musfira , Corcoran Padraig , Bertolotto Michela 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article covers concepts related to geographic information systems (GIS), focussing on the characteristics of the data such systems process, i.e., spatial data. In particular, it discusses the new phenomenon of crowdsourcing and how it has affected spatial data production and use. The most popular crowdsourcing project in the spatial domain, namely,OpenStreetMap(OSM), is analysed including an overview of the research literature that investigates the characteristics of its data. Issues related to the quality ofOSMdata are also the focus of much attention from the research community and are reviewed here.
Photoresponsive Azo Polymer Films
Authors: Wang Xiaogong 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPolymers containing aromatic azo chromophores have been the subject of intense investigation due to their unique functions and potential applications. Many of the photoresponsive functions are related to solid films made of the azo polymers. Light absorption and electronic excitation of the aromatic azo cores are the essential steps triggering photochemical effects. Owing to the trans–cis isomerization of azo chromophores, azo polymers can exhibit a variety of photoresponsive functions, such as molecular orientation, macroscopic anisotropy, surface relief structure formation, photomechanical deformations of azo liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), and nonlinear optical properties. Many of these functions are unprecedented for polymers and other materials, attracting research interest both for fundamental understanding and possible applications. This article starts with the introduction of basic concepts and terminology, which are typically used to describe the photoresponsive properties. The following sections are devoted to azo polymer syntheses, methods to prepare solid films, and main functions of the solid films. Some of the most interesting functions such as the photoinduced orientation and anisotropy, photoinduced surface patterning, and photomechanical actions of azo LCEs are discussed in detail. The basic background and concepts are discussed at the level appropriate as a brief introduction. The material design and preparation, structure–property relationship, mechanism, and models are also presented.
CNOT1 cooperates with LMNA to aggravate osteosarcoma tumorigenesis through the Hedgehog signaling pathway
Authors: Cheng Dong‐dong , Li Jing , Li Shi‐jie , Yang Qing‐cheng , Fan Cun‐yi 
Published: February 2017

While treatments for childhood osteosarcoma have improved, the overall survival for this common type of bone cancer has not changed for three decades, and thus, new targets for therapeutic development are needed. To identify tumor‐related proteins in osteosarcoma, we used isobaric tags in a relative and absolute quantitation proteomic approach to analyze the differentially expressed proteins between osteosarcoma cells and human osteoblastic cells. Through clinical screening and functional evaluation, CCR4–NOT transcription complex subunit 1 (CNOT1) correlated with the growth of osteosarcoma cells. To date, the mechanisms and regulatory roles of CNOT1 in tumors, including osteosarcoma, remain largely elusive. Here, we present evidence that knockdown of CNOT1 inhibits the growth of osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we observed that CNOT1 interacted with LMNA (lamin A) and functioned as a positive regulator of this intermediate filament protein. The RNA‐seq analysis revealed that CNOT1 depletion inhibited the Hedgehog signaling pathway in osteosarcoma cells. A rescue study showed that the decreased growth of osteosarcoma cells and inhibition of the Hedgehog signaling pathway by CNOT1 depletion were reversed by LMNA overexpression, indicating that the activity of CNOT1 was LMNA dependent. Notably, the CNOT1 expression was significantly associated with tumor recurrence, Enneking stage, and poor survival in patients with osteosarcoma. Examination of clinical samples confirmed that CNOT1 expression positively correlated with LMNA protein expression. Taken together, these results suggest that the CNOT1–LMNA–Hedgehog signaling pathway axis exerts an oncogenic role in osteosarcoma progression, which could be a potential target for gene therapy.
Boron isotope variations in Tonga‐Kermadec‐New Zealand arc lavas: Implications for the origin of subduction components and mantle influences
Authors: Leeman William P. , Tonarini Sonia , Turner Simon 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Tonga‐Kermadec‐New Zealand volcanic arc is an end‐member of arc systems with fast subduction suggesting that the Tonga sector should have the coolest modern slab thermal structure on Earth. New data for boron concentration and isotopic composition are used to evaluate the contrasting roles of postulated subduction components (sediments and oceanic slab lithologies) in magma genesis. Major observations include: (a) Tonga‐Kermadec volcanic front lavas are enriched in B (as recorded by B/Nb and similar ratios) and most have relatively high δ11B (>+4‰), whereas basaltic lavas from New Zealand have relatively low B/Nb and δ11B (<−3.5‰); (b) both δ11B and B/Nb generally increase northward from New Zealand along with convergence rate and overall slab flux; (c) δ11B and B/Nb decrease toward the back‐arc, as observed elsewhere; and (d) low δ11B is observed in volcanic front samples from Ata, an anomalous sector where the back‐arc Valu Fa Spreading Center impinges on the arc and the Louisville Seamount Chain is presently subducting. Otherwise, volcanic front lavas exhibit positive correlations for both B/Nb and δ11B with other plausible indicators of slab‐derived fluid contributions (e.g., Ba/Nb, U/Th, (230Th/232Th) and 10Be/9Be), and with estimated degree of melting to produce the mafic lavas. Inferred B‐enrichments in the arc magma sources are likely dominated by serpentinite domains deeper within the subducting slab (±altered oceanic crust), and B systematics are consistent with dominant transport by slab‐derived aqueous fluids. Effects of this process are amplified by mantle wedge source depletion due to prior melt extraction.
Late Holocene droughts in the Fertile Crescent recorded in a speleothem from northern Iraq
Authors: Flohr Pascal , Fleitmann Dominik , Zorita Eduardo , Sadekov Aleksey , Cheng Hai , Bosomworth Matt , Edwards Lawrence , Matthews Wendy , Matthews Roger 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDroughts have had large impacts on past and present societies. High‐resolution paleoclimate data are essential to place recent droughts in a meaningful historical context and to predict regional future changes with greater accuracy. Such records, however, are very scarce in the Middle East in general, and the Fertile Crescent in particular. Here we present a 2400 year long speleothem‐based multiproxy record from Gejkar Cave in northern Iraq. Oxygen and carbon isotopes and magnesium are faithful recorders of effective moisture. The new Gejkar record not only shows that droughts in 1998–2000 and 2007–2010, which have been argued to be a contributing factor to Syrian civil war, were extreme compared to the current mean climate, but they were also superimposed on a long‐term aridification trend that already started around or before 950 C.E. (Common Era). This long‐term trend is not captured by tree ring records and climate models, emphasizing the importance of using various paleoclimate proxy data to evaluate and improve climate models and to correctly inform policy makers about future hydroclimatic changes in this drought‐prone region.
Multiple mechanisms generate a universal scaling with dissipation for the air‐water gas transfer velocity
Authors: Katul Gabriel , Liu Heping 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA large corpus of field and laboratory experiments support the finding that the water side transfer velocity kL of sparingly soluble gases near air‐water interfaces scales as kL∼(νε)1/4, where ν is the kinematic water viscosity and ε is the mean turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate. Originally predicted from surface renewal theory, this scaling appears to hold for marine and coastal systems and across many environmental conditions. It is shown that multiple approaches to representing the effects of turbulence on kL lead to this expression when the Kolmogorov microscale is assumed to be the most efficient transporting eddy near the interface. The approaches considered range from simplified surface renewal schemes with distinct models for renewal durations, scaling and dimensional considerations, and a new structure function approach derived using analogies between scalar and momentum transfer. The work offers a new perspective as to why the aforementioned 1/4 scaling is robust.
An inverse method to derive surface fluxes from the closure of oceanic heat and water budgets: Application to the north‐western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Caniaux G. , Prieur L. , Giordani H. , Redelsperger J.‐L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe large amount of data collected during DeWEX, MOOSE, and HyMeX campaigns in the north‐western Mediterranean in 2012–2013 allowed to implement an inverse method to solve the difficult problem of heat and water budget closure. The inverse method is based on the simulation of the observed heat and water budgets, strongly constrained by observations collected during the campaigns and on the deduction of adjusted surface fluxes. The inverse method uses a genetic algorithm that generates 50,000 simulations of a single‐column model and optimizes some adjustable coefficients introduced in the surface fluxes. Finally, the single‐column model forced by the adjusted fluxes during 1 year and over a test area of about 300 × 300 km2 simulates the daily mean satellite bulk SST with an accuracy/uncertainty of 0.011 ± 0.072°C, as well as daily mean SSS and residual buoyancy series deduced from wintertime analyses with an accuracy of 0.011 ± 0.008 and 0.03 ± 0.012 m2 s−2, respectively. The adjusted fluxes close the annual heat and rescaled water budgets by less than 5 W m−2. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a flux data set is produced. It can thus be considered as a reference for the north‐western Mediterranean and be used for estimating other flux data sets, for forcing regional models and for process studies. Compared with the adjusted fluxes, some operational numerical weather prediction models (ARPEGE, NCEP, ERA‐INTERIM, ECMWF, and AROME), often used to force oceanic models, were evaluated: they are unable to retrieve the mean annual patterns and values.
One‐dimensional evolution of the upper water column in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean in winter
Authors: Fer Ilker , Peterson Algot K. , Randelhoff Achim , Meyer Amelie 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA one‐dimensional model is employed to reproduce the observed time evolution of hydrographic properties in the upper water column during winter, between 26 January and 11 March 2015, in a region north of Svalbard in the Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean. From an observed initial state, vertical diffusion equations for temperature and salinity give the hydrographic conditions at a later stage. Observations of microstructure are used to synthesize profiles of vertical diffusivity, K, representative of varying wind forcing conditions. The ice‐ocean heat and salt fluxes at the ice‐ocean interface are implemented as external source terms, estimated from the salt and enthalpy budgets, using friction velocity from the Rossby similarity drag relation, and the ice core temperature profiles. We are able to reproduce the temporal evolution of hydrography satisfactorily for two pairs of measured profiles, suggesting that the vertical processes dominated the observed changes. Sensitivity tests reveal a significant dependence on K. Variation in other variables, such as the temperature gradient of the sea ice, the fraction of heat going to ice melt, and the turbulent exchange coefficient for heat, are relatively less important. The increase in salinity as a result of freezing and brine release is approximately 10%, significantly less than that due to entrainment (90%) from beneath the mixed layer. Entrainment was elevated during episodic storm events, leading to melting. The results highlight the contribution of storms to mixing in the upper Arctic Ocean and its impact on ice melt and mixed‐layer salt and nutrient budgets.
Ocean circulation and sea‐ice thinning induced by melting ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea
Authors: Jourdain Nicolas C. , Mathiot Pierre , Merino Nacho , Durand Gaël , Le Sommer Julien , Spence Paul , Dutrieux Pierre , Madec Gurvan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA 1/12° ocean model configuration of the Amundsen Sea sector is developed to better understand the circulation induced by ice‐shelf melt and the impacts on the surrounding ocean and sea ice. Eighteen sensitivity experiments to drag and heat exchange coefficients at the ice shelf/ocean interface are performed. The total melt rate simulated in each cavity is function of the thermal Stanton number, and for a given thermal Stanton number, melt is slightly higher for lower values of the drag coefficient. Sub‐ice‐shelf melt induces a thermohaline circulation that pumps warm circumpolar deep water into the cavity. The related volume flux into a cavity is 100–500 times stronger than the melt volume flux itself. Ice‐shelf melt also induces a coastal barotropic current that contributes 45 ± 12% of the total simulated coastal transport. Due to the presence of warm circumpolar deep waters, the melt‐induced inflow typically brings 4–20 times more heat into the cavities than the latent heat required for melt. For currently observed melt rates, approximately 6–31% of the heat that enters a cavity with melting potential is actually used to melt ice shelves. For increasing sub‐ice‐shelf melt rates, the transport in the cavity becomes stronger, and more heat is pumped from the deep layers to the upper part of the cavity then advected toward the ocean surface in front of the ice shelf. Therefore, more ice‐shelf melt induces less sea‐ice volume near the ice sheet margins.