bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of 2D Phenethylammonium Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Guo Rui , Zhu Zhuan , Boulesbaa Abdelaziz , Hao Fang , Puretzky Alexander , Xiao Kai , Bao Jiming , Yao Yan , Li Wenzhi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have emerged as promising optoelectronic materials for applications in photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices. Particularly, 2D layer‐structured hybrid perovskites are of great interest due to their remarkable optical and electrical properties, which can be easily tuned by selecting suitable organic and inorganic moieties during the material synthesis. Here, the solution‐phase growth of a large square‐shaped single‐crystalline 2D hybrid perovskite, phenethylammonium lead bromide (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbBr4 (PEPB), with thickness as few as 3 unit cell layers is demonstrated. Compared to bulk crystals, the 2D PEPB nanocrystals show a major blueshifted photoluminescence (PL) peak at 409 nm indicating an increase in bandgap of 40 meV. Besides the major peak, two new PL peaks located at 480 and 525 nm are observed from the hybrid perovskite nanocrystals. PEPB nanocrystals with different thicknesses show different colors, which can be used to estimate the thickness of the nanocrystals. Time‐resolved reflectance spectroscopy is used to investigate the exciton dynamics, which exhibits a biexponential decay with an amplitude‐weighted lifetime of 16.7 ps. The high‐quality 2D (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbBr4 nanocrystals are expected to have high PL quantum efficiency and potential applications for light‐emitting devices.
Toward characterizing HTML defects on the Web
Authors: Mendes Joaquim , Laranjeiro Nuno , Vieira Marco 
Published: September 2017

SummaryHTML is being massively used as an interface to provide services to users. Web developers are producing and changing sites at a high pace while trying to support the latest HTML standards. In this context, it is common to find websites that do not comply with the standards and fail to be correctly processed by browsers. Considering this dynamic environment and the increasingly large diversity of browsers with frequent updates, the appearance of problems in web pages is a common, sometimes severe, and hard‐to‐track problem. In this short communication, we describe the initial design of an approach that will be used to obtain information regarding the characteristics of HTML documents on the Web and extract indicators of representative errors made by their developers. Preliminary results show nearly 90% of the pages analyzed having at least one type of error and the prevalence of a small number of error types.
Neuroprotective effect of amantadine on corticosterone‐induced abnormal glutamatergic synaptic transmission of CA3‐CA1 pathway in rat's hippocampal slices
Authors: Xiao Xi , Zhang Hui , Wang Hui , Li Qun , Zhang Tao 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDepression is a psychiatric disorder and chronic stress, leading to altered glucocorticoid secretion patterns, is one of the factors that induce depression. Our previous study showed that amantadine significantly attenuated the impairments of synaptic plasticity and cognitive function a rat model of CUS. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanism. In the present study, the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique was applied to examine the protection effect of amantadine on the hippocampus CA3‐CA1 pathway. Evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs), miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), paired‐pulse ratio (PPR) and the action potentials of CA3 neurons were recorded. Our data showed that corticosterone increased the amplitude of eEPSCs and decreased the value of paired‐pulse ratio (PPR), but both of them were significantly reversed by amantadine. In addition, the frequency of mEPSC was considerably increased by corticosterone, but it was reduced by amantadine. Moreover, we used the Fluo‐3/AM image to detect the Ca2+ influx in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. The results showed that the intracellular calcium levels were significantly decreased by amantadine in the corticosterone treated neurons. Additionally, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were reduced by corticosterone, while they were enhanced by either amantadine or low‐calcium artificial cerebral spinal fluid (ACSF). These results suggest that amantadine significantly improves corticosterone‐induced abnormal glutamatergic synaptic transmission of CA3‐CA1 synapses presynaptically and alleviates the activities of antioxidant enzymes via regulating the calcium influx.
Stochastic seismic collapse and reliability assessment of high‐rise reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Li Jie , Zhou Hao , Ding Yanqiong 
Published: September 2017

SummaryTo provide knowledge beyond the conventional engineering insights, attention in this work is focused on a comprehensive framework for the stochastic seismic collapse analysis and reliability assessment of large complex reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Three key notions are emphasized: the refined finite element modeling and analysis approach towards structural collapse, a physical random ground motion model, and an energy‐based structural collapse criterion. First, the softening of concrete material, which substantially contributes to the collapse of RC structures, is modeled by the stochastic damage constitutive model. Second, the physical random ground motion model is introduced to quantitatively describe the stochastic properties of the earthquake ground motions. And then the collapse‐resistance performance of a certain RC structure can be systematically evaluated on the basis of the probability density evolution method combining with the proposed structural collapse criterion. Numerical results regarding a prototype RC frame‐shear wall structure indicate that the randomness from ground motions dramatically affects the collapse behaviors of the structure and even leads to entirely different collapse modes. The proposed methodology is applicable in better understanding of the anti‐collapse design and collapse prediction of large complex RC buildings.
How Do You Use Problem‐Based Learning to Improve Interdisciplinary Thinking?
Authors: Vandenhouten Christine , Groessl Joan , Levintova Ekaterina 
Published: September 2017

AbstractProblem‐Based Learning (PBL) is an increasingly popular interdisciplinary pedagogy. In this chapter, we discuss its roots, benefits, and potential trade‐offs and give practical advice applicable to a variety of academic disciplines.
Teaching Scientific Metaphors Through Informational Text Read‐Alouds
Authors: Barnes Erica M. , Oliveira Alandeom W. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractElementary students are expected to use various features of informational texts to build knowledge in the content areas. In science informational texts, scientific metaphors are commonly used to make sense of complex and invisible processes. Although elementary students may be familiar with literary metaphors as used in narratives, they may be less familiar with how metaphors function in science. In this article, the authors describe how teaching with scientific metaphor during informational text read‐alouds can help elementary students become more cognizant of scientific metaphoricity and develop scientific literacy. Practical examples from two elementary classrooms are included.
From Solidification Processing to Microstructure to Mechanical Properties: A Multi-scale X-ray Study of an Al-Cu Alloy Sample
Authors: Tourret D. , Mertens J. C. E. , Lieberman E. , Imhoff S. D. , Gibbs J. W. , Henderson K. , Fezzaa K. , Deriy A. L. , Sun T. , Lebensohn R. A. , Patterson B. M. , Clarke A. J. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We follow an Al-12 at. pct Cu alloy sample from the liquid state to mechanical failure, using in situ X-ray radiography during directional solidification and tensile testing, as well as three-dimensional computed tomography of the microstructure before and after mechanical testing. The solidification processing stage is simulated with a multi-scale dendritic needle network model, and the micromechanical behavior of the solidified microstructure is simulated using voxelized tomography data and an elasto-viscoplastic fast Fourier transform model. This study demonstrates the feasibility of direct in situ monitoring of a metal alloy microstructure from the liquid processing stage up to its mechanical failure, supported by quantitative simulations of microstructure formation and its mechanical behavior.
Model validity of randomised placebo-controlled trials of non-individualised homeopathic treatment
Authors: Van Wassenhoven Michel , Rutten A.L.B. , Klein-Laansma Christien T. , Eizayaga José , Pla i Castellsagué Anna , Jong Miek C. , Manchanda Raj K. , Dantas Flávio , Oberbaum Menachem , Frye Joyce , Roniger Helmut , Baumgartner Stephan , van Haselen Robbert , Nicolai Ton , Fisher Peter , Mathie Robert T. 
Published: September 2017

Background: The comprehensive systematic review of randomised placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) in homeopathy requires examination of a study's model validity of homeopathic treatment (MVHT) as well as its risk of bias (extent of reliable evidence).Objective: To appraise MVHT in those RCTs of non-individualised homeopathy that an associated investigation had judged as ‘not at high risk of bias’.Design: Systematic review.Methods: An assessment of MVHT was ascribed to each of 26 eligible RCTs. Another 49 RCTs were ineligible due to their high risk of bias.Main outcome measures: MVHT and the prior risk of bias rating per trial were merged to obtain a single overall quality designation (‘high’, ‘moderate’, ‘low’), based on the GRADE principle of downgrading.Results: The trials were rated as ‘acceptable MVHT’ (N = 9), ‘uncertain MVHT’ (N = 10) and ‘inadequate MVHT’ (N = 7); and, previously, as ‘reliable evidence’ (N = 3) and ‘non-reliable evidence’ (N = 23). The 26 trials were designated overall as: ‘high quality’ (N = 1); ‘moderate quality’ (N = 18); ‘low quality’ (N = 7).Conclusion: Of the 26 RCTs of non-individualised homeopathy that were judged ‘not at high risk of bias’, nine have been rated ‘acceptable MVHT’. One of those nine studies was designated ‘high quality’ overall (‘acceptable MVHT’ and ‘reliable evidence’), and is thus currently the only reported RCT that represents best therapeutic practice as well as unbiased evidence in non-individualised homeopathy. As well as minimising risk of bias, new RCTs in this area must aim to maximise MVHT and clarity of reporting.
HOW TO SOLVE HUME'S PROBLEM OF INDUCTION
Authors: Jackson Alexander 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThis paper explains what's wrong with a Hume-inspired argument for skepticism about induction. Hume's argument takes as a premise that inductive reasoning presupposes that the future will resemble the past. I explain why that claim is not plausible. The most plausible premise in the vicinity is that inductive reasoning from E to H presupposes that if E then H. I formulate and then refute a skeptical argument based on that premise. Central to my response is a psychological explanation for how people judge that if E then H without realizing that they thereby settled the matter rationally.
Hand Hygiene Improvement and Sustainability: Assessing a Breakthrough Collaborative in Western Switzerland
Authors: Staines Anthony , Amherdt Isabelle , Lécureux Estelle , Petignat Christiane , Eggimann Philippe , Schwab Marcos , Pittet Didier 
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVETo assess hand hygiene improvement and sustainability associated with a Breakthrough Collaborative.DESIGNMulticenter analysis of hand hygiene compliance through direct observation by trained observers.SETTINGA total of 5 publicly funded hospitals in 14 locations, with a total of 1,152 beds, in the County of Vaud, Switzerland.PARTICIPANTSClinical staff.INTERVENTIONSIn total, 59,272 opportunities for hand hygiene were monitored for the duration of the study, for an average of 5,921 per audit (range, 5,449–6,852). An 18-month Hand Hygiene Breakthrough Collaborative was conducted to implement the WHO multimodal promotional strategy including improved access to alcohol-based hand rub, education, performance measurement and feedback, reminders and communication, leadership engagement, and safety culture.RESULTSOverall hand hygiene compliance improved from 61.9% to 88.3% (P<.001) over 18 months and was sustained at 88.9% (P=.248) 12 months after the intervention. Hand hygiene compliance among physicians increased from 62% to 85% (P<.001) and finally 86% at follow-up (P=.492); for nursing staff, compliance improved from 64% to 90% (P<.001) and finally 90% at follow-up (P=.464); for physiotherapists compliance improved from 50% to 90% (P<.001) and finally 91% at follow-up (P=.619); for X-ray technicians compliance improved from 45% to 80% (P<.001) and finally 81% at follow-up (P=.686). Hand hygiene compliance also significantly increased with sustained improvement across all hand hygiene indications and all hospitals.CONCLUSIONSA rigorously conducted multicenter project combining the Breakthrough Collaborative method for its structure and the WHO multimodal strategy for content and measurement was associated with significant and substantial improvement in compliance across all professions, all hand hygiene indications, and all participating hospitals.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1420–1427
Consumption of whole grains, fruit and vegetables is not associated with indices of renal function in the population-based longitudinal Doetinchem study
Authors: Herber-Gast Gerrie-Cor M. , Boersma Marijke , Verschuren W. M. Monique , Stehouwer Coen D. A. , Gansevoort Ron T. , Bakker Stephan J. L. , Spijkerman Annemieke M. W. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEmerging evidence suggests that diet and renal function are related. Little is known, however, about the association of consumption of whole grains, fruit and vegetables with urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) and changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We investigated this in a population-based cohort aged 26–65 years. Data were from 3787 participants from the Doetinchem cohort study, who were examined ≥3 times, 5 years apart. Consumption of food groups was assessed at each round with a validated FFQ. GFR was estimated at each round from routinely measured cystatin C and creatinine using the Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) equation. ACR was measured at the last round. Generalised estimated equation models were performed to examine associations with changes in eGFR. Linear regression was used to examine associations with ACR. Adjustments were made for covariates related to lifestyle, biological factors and diet. Mean baseline eGFR was 104·5 (sd 13·7) and mean annual decline was −0·95 (sd 0·67) ml/min per 1·73 m2 over a 15-year follow-up. A trend was observed towards slightly less annual decline in eGFR among those with higher consumption of whole grains (P=0·06). This association, however, was attenuated and no longer significant in multivariate models (P=0·29). Consumption of fruit and vegetables was not associated with changes in eGFR and urinary ACR. In conclusion, consumption of whole grains, fruit and vegetables is not associated with changes in eGFR and mean ACR. As this was the first longitudinal study into this association in the general population, and as results are only partially in line with related studies, further research is recommended.
Which Donors, Which Funds? Bilateral Donors' Choice of Multilateral Funds at the World Bank
Authors: Reinsberg Bernhard , Michaelowa Katharina , Knack Stephen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe rapid growth of trust funds at multilateral development organizations has been widely neglected in the academic literature. We examine sovereign donors' choices among various trust fund options and contend that the choice among the different trust funds involves a fundamental trade-off: larger funds provide donors with “burden-sharing” benefits, but each donor can better assert its individual preferences in a fund with fewer other donors. The theoretical considerations yield testable hypotheses on a range of factors affecting this fundamental trade-off, most notably the area of the trust fund's intervention and donor countries' competing domestic interests. A large-Nanalysis of participation decisions of OECD/DAC donors in trust funds over the past decade mostly corroborates these hypotheses. In particular,ex antepreference alignment among donors as well as indicators for global activities and fragile states aid are robust determinants of participation in (large) multi-donor funds. In contrast, a donor tends to prefer a single-donor fund in areas where its national interests dominate.
Generation and transportation of high-intensity pulsed ion beam at varying background pressures
Authors: Zhu X.P. , Ding L. , Zhang Q. , Isakova Yu. , Bondarenko Y. , Pushkarev A.I. , Lei M.K. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHigh-intensity pulsed ion beam (HIPIB) technology is developed as an advanced manufacturing method for components with improved wear, corrosion and/or fatigue performance, etc. Robust HIPIB equipment with stable repetitive operation, long-lifetime, and easy maintenance are desired for industrial applications, on which stability of ion beam parameters is critical to achieve consistent result of reproducibility. Here, magnetically insulated ion diodes (MIDs) as ion source with durable graphite anode are investigated in a simple self-magnetic field configuration under repetitive operation. Influence of background pressure on ion beam generation and transportation is emphasized since ion beam sources were intrinsically a vacuum-based system. Comparative experiments were conducted on two types of HIPIB equipment, that is, TEMP-6 and TEMP-4M, differing in vacuum packages where turbo-molecular pump or oil diffusion pump was used. Both the HIPIB equipments are operated on a bipolar pulse mode, that is, a first negative pulse of 150–200 kV with pulse duration 450–500 ns to generate anode plasma on explosive electron emission, and a second positive pulse of 200–250 kV with 120 ns to accelerate the ions. Ion beam energy density up to 8 J/cm2 is achievable using MIDs of geometrical focusing configuration, and the total energy, energy density distribution along cross-section, deflection and divergence, and charge neutralization of the ion beams are assessed under background pressures in a wide range of two orders of magnitude, that is, 1–100 mPa. No appreciable change in the parameters is observed up to 50 mPa, and merely a slight increase in the beam deflection from about ±3 mm to about ±4 mm at the focal point over 50 mPa. The stability of ion beam at the varied pressure is mainly facilitated by the higher pressure up to several Pa in anode–cathode gap during plasma generation and good neutralizing effect for ion beam transportation.
The provider perspective: investigating the effect of the Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome (ePRO) mobile application and portal on primary care provider workflow
Authors: Hans Parminder K. , Gray Carolyn Steele , Gill Ashlinder , Tiessen James 
Published: September 2017

AimThis qualitative study investigates how the Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome (ePRO) mobile application and portal system, designed to capture patient-reported measures to support self-management, affected primary care provider workflows.BackgroundThe Canadian health system is facing an ageing population that is living with chronic disease. Disruptive innovations like mobile health technologies can help to support health system transformation needed to better meet the multifaceted needs of the complex care patient. However, there are challenges with implementing these technologies in primary care settings, in particular the effect on primary care provider workflows.MethodsOver a six-week period interdisciplinary primary care providers (n=6) and their complex care patients (n=12), used the ePRO mobile application and portal to collaboratively goal-set, manage care plans, and support self-management using patient-reported measures. Secondary thematic analysis of focus groups, training sessions, and issue tracker reports captured user experiences at a Toronto area Family Health Team from October 2014 to January 2015.FindingsKey issues raised by providers included: liability concerns associated with remote monitoring, increased documentation activities due to a lack of interoperability between the app and the electronic patient record, increased provider anxiety with regard to the potential for the app to disrupt and infringe upon appointment time, and increased demands for patient engagement. Primary care providers reported the app helped to focus care plans and to begin a collaborative conversation on goal-setting. However, throughout our investigation we found a high level of provider resistance evidenced by consistent attempts to shift the app towards fitting with existing workflows rather than adapting much of their behaviour. As health systems seek innovative and disruptive models to better serve this complex patient population, provider change resistance will need to be addressed. New models and technologies cannot be disruptive in an environment that is resisting change.
The role of glutamate transporters in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: O’Donovan Sinead M. , Sullivan Courtney R. , McCullumsmith Robert E. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAltered glutamate transporter expression is a common feature of many neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are responsible for the reuptake of glutamate, preventing non-physiological spillover from the synapse. Postmortem studies have revealed significant dysregulation of EAAT expression in various brain regions at the cellular and subcellular level. Recent animal studies have also demonstrated a role for glutamate spillover as a mechanism of disease. In this review, we describe current evidence for the role of glutamate transporters in regulating synaptic plasticity and transmission. In neuropsychiatric conditions, EAAT splice variant expression is altered. There are changes in the localization of the transporters and disruption of the metabolic and structural protein network that supports EAAT activity. This results in aberrant neuroplasticity and excitatory signaling, contributing to the symptoms associated with neuropsychiatric disease. Understanding the complex functions of glutamate transporters will clarify the relevance of their role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.