bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What if the 25 October 2011 event that struck Cinque Terre (Liguria)
had happened in Genoa, Italy? Flooding scenarios, hazard mapping and
damage estimation
Authors: Silvestro Francesco , Rebora Nicola , Rossi Lauro , Dolia Daniele , Gabellani Simone , Pignone Flavio , Trasforini Eva , Rudari Roberto , De Angeli Silvia , Masciulli Cristiano 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. During the autumn of 2011 two catastrophic, very intense rainfall events affected two different parts of the Liguria Region of Italy causing various flash floods. The first occurred in October and the second at the beginning of November. Both the events were characterized by very high rainfall intensities (> 100 mm h−1) that persisted on a small portion of territory causing local huge rainfall accumulations (> 400 mm 6 h−1). Two main considerations were made in order to set up this work. The first consideration is that various studies demonstrated that the two events had a similar genesis and similar triggering elements. The second very evident and coarse concern is that two main elements are needed to have a flash flood: a very intense and localized rainfall event and a catchment (or a group of catchments) to be affected. Starting from these assumptions we did the exercise of mixing the two flash flood ingredients by putting the rainfall field of the first event on the main catchment struck by the second event, which has its mouth in the biggest city of the Liguria Region: Genoa. A complete framework was set up to quantitatively carry out a “what if” experiment with the aim of evaluating the possible damages associated with this event. A probabilistic rainfall downscaling model was used to generate possible rainfall scenarios maintaining the main characteristics of the observed rainfall fields while a hydrological model transformed these rainfall scenarios in streamflow scenarios. A subset of streamflow scenarios is then used as input to a 2-D hydraulic model to estimate the hazard maps, and finally a proper methodology is applied for damage estimation. This leads to the estimation of the potential economic losses and of the risk level for the people that stay in the affected area. The results are interesting, surprising and in a way worrying: a rare but not impossible event (it occurred about 50 km away from Genoa) would have caused huge damages estimated between 120 and EUR 230 million for the affected part of the city of Genoa, Italy, and more than 17 000 potentially affected people.
Modern Spirometry Supports Anesthetic Management in Small Animal Clinical Practice: A Case Series
Authors: Calice Ivana , Moens Yves 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Modern spirometry, like no other monitoring technique, allows insight into breath-to-breath respiratory mechanics. Spirometers continuously measure volume, airway pressure, and flow while calculating and continuously displaying respiratory system compliance and resistance in the form of loops. The aim of this case series is to show how observation of spirometric loops, similar to electrocardiogram or CO2 curve monitoring, can improve safety of anesthetic management in small animals. Spirometric monitoring cases described in this case series are based on use of the anaesthesia monitor Capnomac Ultima with a side stream spirometry sensor. The cases illustrate how recognition and understanding of spirometric loops allows for easy diagnosis of iatrogenic pneumothorax, incorrect ventilator settings, leaks in the system, kinked or partially obstructed endotracheal tube, and spontaneous breathing interfering with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. The case series demonstrates the potential of spirometry to improve the quality and safety of anesthetic management, and, hence, its use can be recommended during intermittent positive-pressure ventilation and procedures in which interference with ventilation can be expected.
Evaluation of Commonly Used Products for Disinfecting Clipper Blades in Veterinary Practices: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ley Benjamin , Silverman Edward , Peery Kara , Dominguez Delfina 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTNosocomial infections are a concern of growing interest in veterinary medicine. Clipper blades have been confirmed as fomites for numerous potential pathogens and, as such, may be associated with wound and surgical site infections. The goal of this study was to evaluate the disinfectant capabilities of several commonly used clipper blade cleaning products. Seventy sterile clipper blades were inoculated with strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Blades were then subjected to one of seven treatment groups for disinfecting. Quantitative cultures of remaining bacteria were performed. All blades in the control group showed large amounts of bacterial recovery. Culture results showed no recovery in blades soaked in alcohol or chlorhexidine or those sprayed with an ethanol/o-phenylphenol product, while moderate recovery was seen with all other treatments. These results show that persistent contamination of clipper blades can occur with the use of several commonly used disinfectant products. Further research is necessary to evaluate fungicidal capabilities as well as the effect of disinfection on clipper blade maintenance.
Experimental constraints on the serpentinization rate of fore‐arc peridotites: Implications for the upwelling condition of the slab‐derived fluid
Authors: Nakatani T. , Nakamura M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo constrain the water circulation in subduction zones, the hydration rates of peridotites were investigated experimentally in fore‐arc mantle conditions. Experiments were conducted at 400–580°C and 1.3 and 1.8 GPa, where antigorite is expected to form as a stable serpentine phase. Crushed powders of olivine ± orthopyroxene and orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene were reacted with 15 wt % distilled water for 4–19 days. The synthesized serpentine varieties were lizardite and aluminous lizardite (Al‐lizardite) in all experimental conditions except those of 1.8 GPa and 580°C in the olivine + orthopyroxene system, in which antigorite was formed. In the olivine + orthopyroxene system, the reactions were interface‐controlled except for the reaction at 400°C, which was transport‐controlled. The corresponding reaction rates were 7.0 × 10−12 to 1.5 × 10−11 m s−1 at 500–580°C and 7.5 × 10−16 m2 s−1 at 400°C for the interface and transport‐controlled reactions, respectively. Based on a simple reaction‐transport model including these hydration rates, we infer that penetration of the slab‐derived fluid all the way through a water‐unsaturated fore‐arc mantle is allowed only when focused flow occurs with a spacing larger than 77–229 km in hot subduction zones such as Nankai and Cascadia. However, the necessary spacing is only 2.3–4.6 m in intermediate‐temperature subduction zones such as Kyushu and Costa Rica. These calculations imply that fluid leakage in hot subduction zones may occur after the fore‐arc mantle is totally hydrated, whereas in intermediate‐temperature subduction zones, leakage through a water‐unsaturated fore‐arc mantle may be facilitated.
Marine silicate weathering in the anoxic sediment of the Ulleung Basin: Evidence and consequences
Authors: Kim Ji‐Hoon , Torres Marta E. , Haley Brian A. , Ryu Jong‐Sik , Park Myong‐Ho , Hong Wei‐Li , Choi Jiyoung 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMarine silicate weathering (MSiW) in anoxic sediments has been recently shown to be a significant sink for CO2 generated by methanogenesis. Independently, the roles of clay dehydration (illitization) in producing water and driving upward fluid advection have been well established in deep marine sediments, but to date the K+ source required for the reaction has not been established. Here we present chemical and strontium isotope properties of pore fluids from seven cores in the Ulleung Basin, which show radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr values (up to ∼0.71045), very high alkalinity values (maximum ∼130 mM), and enrichment in H4SiO4, Na+, K+, and Mg2+, consistent with MSiW. This reaction consumes CO2, generates alkalinity, and acts as a K+ source for illitization; water released from MSiW‐supported illitization drives upward fluid flow. Our results highlight the importance of MSiW along continental margins and its underappreciated role in carbon cycling, silicate diagenesis, and hydrogeology of marine systems.
Internal‐tide interactions with the Gulf Stream and Middle Atlantic Bight shelfbreak front
Authors: Kelly Samuel M. , Lermusiaux Pierre F. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractInternal tides in the Middle Atlantic Bight region are found to be noticeably influenced by the presence of the shelfbreak front and the Gulf Stream, using a combination of observations, equations, and data‐driven model simulations. To identify the dominant interactions of these waves with subtidal flows, vertical‐mode momentum and energy partial differential equations are derived for small‐amplitude waves in a horizontally and vertically sheared mean flow and in a horizontally and vertically variable density field. First, the energy balances are examined in idealized simulations with mode‐1 internal tides propagating across and along the Gulf Stream. Next, the fully nonlinear dynamics of regional tide‐mean‐flow interactions are simulated with a primitive‐equation model, which incorporates realistic summer‐mesoscale features and atmospheric forcing. The shelfbreak front, which has horizontally variable stratification, decreases topographic internal‐tide generation by about 10% and alters the wavelengths and arrival times of locally generated mode‐1 internal tides on the shelf and in the abyss. The (sub)mesoscale variability at the front and on the shelf, as well as the summer stratification itself, also alter internal‐tide propagation. The Gulf Stream produces anomalous regions of
(20 mW m−2) mode‐1 internal‐tide energy‐flux divergence, which are explained by tide‐mean‐flow terms in the mode‐1 energy balance. Advection explains most tide‐mean‐flow interaction, suggesting that geometric wave theory explains mode‐1 reflection and refraction at the Gulf Stream. Geometric theory predicts that offshore‐propagating mode‐1 internal tides that strike the Gulf Stream at oblique angles (more than thirty degrees from normal) are reflected back to the coastal ocean, preventing their radiation into the central North Atlantic.
Select strengths and biases of models in representing the Arctic winter boundary layer over sea ice: the Larcform 1 single column model intercomparison
Authors: Pithan Felix , Ackerman Andrew , Angevine Wayne M. , Hartung Kerstin , Ickes Luisa , Kelley Maxwell , Medeiros Brian , Sandu Irina , Steeneveld Gert‐Jan , Sterk H. A. M. , Svensson Gunilla , Vaillancourt Paul A. , Zadra Ayrton 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWeather and climate models struggle to represent lower tropospheric temperature and moisture profiles and surface fluxes in Arctic winter, partly because they lack or misrepresent physical processes that are specific to high latitudes. Observations have revealed two preferred states of the Arctic winter boundary layer. In the cloudy state, cloud liquid water limits surface radiative cooling, and temperature inversions are weak and elevated. In the radiatively clear state, strong surface radiative cooling leads to the build‐up of surface‐based temperature inversions. Many large‐scale models lack the cloudy state, and some substantially underestimate inversion strength in the clear state. Here, the transformation from a moist to a cold dry air mass is modeled using an idealized Lagrangian perspective. The trajectory includes both boundary layer states, and the single‐column experiment is the first Lagrangian Arctic air formation experiment (Larcform 1) organized within GEWEX GASS (Global atmospheric system studies). The intercomparison reproduces the typical biases of large‐scale models: some models lack the cloudy state of the boundary layer due to the representation of mixed‐phase microphysics or to the interaction between micro‐ and macrophysics. In some models, high emissivities of ice clouds or the lack of an insulating snow layer prevent the build‐up of surface‐based inversions in the radiatively clear state. Models substantially disagree on the amount of cloud liquid water in the cloudy state and on turbulent heat fluxes under clear skies. Observations of air mass transformations including both boundary layer states would allow for a tighter constraint of model behavior.
Digital FMCW for ultrawideband spectrum sensing
Authors: Cheema A. A. , Salous S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn ultrawideband digital frequency‐modulated continuous wave sensing engine is proposed as an alternative technique for cognitive radio applications. A dual‐band demonstrator capable of sensing 750 MHz bandwidth in 204.8 µs is presented. Its performance is illustrated from both bench tests and from real‐time measurements of the GSM 900 band and the 2.4 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) band. The measured sensitivity and noise figure values are −90 dBm for a signal‐to‐noise ratio margin of at least 10 dB and ~13–14 dB, respectively. Data were collected over 24 h and were analyzed by using the energy detection method. The obtained results show the time variability of occupancy, and considerable sections of the spectrum are unoccupied. In addition, unlike the cyclic temporal variations of spectrum occupancy in the GSM 900 band, the detected variations in the 2.4 GHz WLAN band have an impulsive nature.
Reagent/Substituent Switching Approach for the Synthesis of Substituted 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole/1,3,4‐Oxadiazoline and 1,2,4‐Triazole Derivatives from N‐Substituted Hydrazides
Authors: Kotipalli Trimurtulu , Kavala Veerababurao , Konala Ashok , Janreddy Donala , Kuo Chu‐Wei , Yao Ching‐Fa 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA metal‐free method for the synthesis of substituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole/1,3,4‐oxadiazoline and 1,2,4‐triazole derivatives from a common starting material via reagent/substituent switching is reported. In the presence of 2‐fluoropyridine/triflic anhydride, 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives were exclusively formed from N′‐tert‐butylhydrazides and 1,3,4‐oxadiazoline derivatives were produced from N‐phenylhydrazides. On the other hand, when using pyridine/triflic anhydride, salts of 1,2,4‐triazoles were the sole products.magnified image
A Metal‐Organic Framework Brønsted Acid Catalyst: Synthesis, Characterization and Application to the Generation of Quinone Methides for [4+2] Cycloadditions
Authors: Qi Chao , Ramella Daniele , Wensley Allison M. , Luan Yi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA Brønsted acid‐derived metal‐organic framework (MOF) has been developed to serve as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for a [4+2] cycloaddition. Aromatic sulfonyl groups were successfully installed using commercially available anhydridic reagents during post‐synthetic modifications. The MIL‐101‐NH‐RSO3H MOF catalyst was fully characterized by SEM, PXRD, FTIR, TGA and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm. Furthermore, a novel [4+2] cycloaddition of substituted 2‐vinyl‐substituted phenol was evaluated. The MIL‐101‐NH‐RSO3H catalyst showed superior catalytic capabilities when compared to a few other strong homogeneous Brønsted acid catalysts. The MIL‐101‐NH‐RSO3H catalyst is compatible with a variety of substituted substrates and it can be recycled five times without loss of yield or selectivity.magnified image
One‐Pot Synthesis of Fluorovinyl Acetates and β,β‐Difluoro Carboxylates from a Hypervalent Iodine and Hydrogen Fluoride‐Based Fluorination Reagent
Authors: Song Zhidong , Yi Wenbin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA new strategy for the synthesis of fluorovinyl acetates and β,β‐difluoro carboxylates using a hypervalent iodine and hydrogen fluoride‐based fluorination reagent is established through a silver‐catalyzed one‐pot reaction involving formation of carbon‐oxygen and carbon‐nitrogen bonds. The generated fluoroalkenes substituted with the carbon‐oxygen and carbon‐nitrogen bond on the β‐position have the potential to be transformed into various products which would be difficult to obtain via direct fluorination.magnified image
Stereoselective Synthesis of Hydropyrano[3,2‐b]indoles via Organocatalytic Asymmetric Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Oxa‐Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Yang Lei , Huang Wei , He Xiang‐Hong , Yang Ming‐Cheng , Li Xiang , He Gu , Peng Cheng , Han Bo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEnantio‐ and diastereoselective inverse‐electron‐demand oxa‐Diels–Alder reactions are described between (Z)‐2‐ylideneoxindoles and aldehydes in the presence of a chiral secondary amine catalyst. The corresponding hydropyrano[3,2‐b]indoles are produced in up to 77% yield with up to 99% ee. Convenient synthetic transformations of the products readily lead to pharmacologically interesting scaffolds bearing multiple functional groups. This method may also provide an alternative approach for the asymmetric synthesis of 2‐spirocyclo‐3‐oxindoles.magnified image
Esters, Including Triglycerides, and Hydrogen as Feedstocks for the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct N‐Alkylation of Amines
Authors: Adam Rosa , Cabrero‐Antonino Jose R. , Junge Kathrin , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTriglycerides are used for the direct N‐alkylation of amines with molecular hydrogen for the first time. A broad range of interesting and industrially relevant secondary and tertiary amines are obtained in the presence of an in situ formed Ru/Triphos complex. Notably, plant oil can be efficiently applied in this single‐step process. Moreover, a variety of other methyl esters can be used as N‐alkylation agents in the presence of hydrogen for the synthesis of more advanced building blocks.
Improvement of High‐Density Lipoprotein Function in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Methotrexate Monotherapy or Combination Therapies in a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Charles‐Schoeman Christina , Yin Lee Yuen , Shahbazian Ani , Wang Xiaoyan , Elashoff David , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Navarro‐Millán Iris , Yang Shuo , Chen Lang , Cofield Stacey S. , Moreland Larry W. , Paulus Harold , O'Dell James , Bathon Joan , Bridges S. L. , Reddy Srinivasa T. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveAbnormal function of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) has been implicated as a potential mechanism for the increased incidence of cardiovascular (CV) disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to evaluate changes in HDL function and HDL‐associated proteins over 2 years of follow‐up in patients with early RA receiving either methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy, MTX + etanercept (ETN) combination therapy, or MTX + sulfasalazine (SSZ) + hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) triple therapy in the Treatment of Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis (TEAR) trial.MethodsThe antioxidant capacity of HDL, paraoxonase 1 (PON‐1) activity, and levels of HDL‐associated haptoglobin (Hp), HDL‐associated apolipoprotein A‐I (Apo A‐I), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in 550 TEAR participants at 4 time points (time 0 [pretreatment] and at 24, 48, and 102 weeks of treatment). Repeated‐measures analysis using mixed‐effects linear models with an autoregressive covariate structure was performed to model the within‐subject covariance over time.ResultsMixed‐effects models, which were controlled for traditional CV risk factors, treatment regimen, prednisone use, and statin use, demonstrated significant associations between RA disease activity, measured using the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or C‐reactive protein level, and the profile of HDL function over time. Specifically, decreases in RA disease activity over time were associated with increases in PON‐1 activity and levels of HDL‐associated Apo A‐I, and decreases in the HDL inflammatory index and levels of MPO and HDL‐associated Hp.ConclusionReduced disease activity in patients with early RA treated with MTX monotherapy, MTX + ETN combination therapy, or MTX + SSZ + HCQ triple therapy in the TEAR trial was associated with improvements in the HDL function profile. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate abnormal HDL function as a potential mechanism and therapeutic target for CV risk in patients with RA.
Bio‐based propylene production in a sugarcane biorefinery: A techno‐economic evaluation for Brazilian conditions
Authors: Machado Pedro Gerber , Walter Arnaldo , Cunha Marcelo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a techno‐economic evaluation of potential Greenfield projects of integrated first‐ and second‐generation sugarcane biorefineries, in which ethanol is converted to bio‐based propylene through metathesis of ethylene with 2‐butene. Two scenarios were tested, considering improvements both in first‐ and second‐generation ethanol production: with and without pentoses fermentation, which increases the amount of ethanol produced. The viability of the proposed propylene production facility was studied through Minimum Bio‐Propylene Selling Price (MBSP), and sensitivity and risk analysis were performed. Results show that, compared to the average propylene prices in recent years, the MBSP (based on the average estimates) would be no more than 85‐90% higher than the price of the conventional fossil‐fuel based product. In addition, three aspects were further assessed: (i) scaling of production plants, (ii) learning effects, and (iii) policies that would result lower capital costs. The results show that the cumulative effect would lead a substantial reduction of the MBSP, leading to a competitive price of 1347 US$/t. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Structure–activity relationships and action mechanisms of collagen‐like antimicrobial peptides
Authors: Masuda Ryo , Dazai Yui , Mima Takehiko , Koide Takaki 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn antimicrobial triple‐helical peptide, R3, was previously obtained from a collagen‐like combinatorial peptide library. In this research, based on structure–activity relationship studies of R3, a more potent peptide, RR4, with increased positive net charge and charge density relative to R3, was developed. RR4 exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacterial strains, including multidrug‐resistant strains. Its action could be attributed to entry into cells and interactions with intercellular molecules such as DNA/RNA that inhibited cell division rather than increasing bacterial membrane permeability. Furthermore, RR4 exhibited remarkable stability in serum and low cytotoxicity.
Layer‐by‐Layer Gold–Ceramic Nanoparticulate Electrodes for Electrocatalysis
Authors: Celebanska Anna , Opallo Marcin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFilm electrodes prepared from oppositely charged silicate sub‐microparticles and gold nanoparticles were applied for electrocatalysis. Mesoporous silicate sub‐microparticles with sulfonate functionalities were prepared by the sol–gel method. They were immobilized on an indium tin oxide film surface together with imidazolium‐functionalized gold nanoparticles by the layer‐by‐layer method, that is, alternating immersion into their suspensions. As shown by scanning electron microscopy, the deposited silicate sub‐microparticles were covered by gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticulate film was found to be stable, and its electroactive surface was determined to be significantly larger than that of the electrode substrate. It exhibited some cation accumulation behavior. After activation, a gold–ceramic nanoparticulate electrode exhibited catalytic properties towards the reduction dioxygen and the oxidation of hydrazine, SO32−, and NO2−.