bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjustable built-in resistor on oxygen-vacancy-rich electrode-capped resistance random access memory
Authors: Pan Chih-Hung , Chang Ting-Chang , Tsai Tsung-Ming , Chang Kuan-Chang , Chu Tian-Jian , Chen Po-Hsun , Chen Min-Chen , Sze Simon M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this study, an adjustable built-in resistor was observed on an indium–tin oxide (ITO)-capped resistance random access memory (RRAM) device, which has the potential to reduce operating power. Quite notably, the high-resistance state (HRS) current of the device decreased with decreasing current compliance, and a special situation, that is, a gradual change in current always appears and climbs slowly to reach the compliance current in the set process even when the compliance current decreases, was observed. Owing to this observed phenomenon, the device is regarded to be equipped with an adjustable built-in resistor, which has the potential for low-power device application.
Effect of initial growth on the quality of GaN on patterned sapphire substrate with ex situ physical vapor deposition AlN seed layer
Authors: Wang Hongbo , Daigo Yoshiaki , Seino Takuya , Ishibashi Sotaro , Sugiyama Masakazu 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
GaN epitaxy was explored on a cone-patterned sapphire substrate with an ex situ AlN seed layer prepared by physical vapor deposition (PVD). The effect of initial growth on the quality of the GaN epilayer was investigated using both ex situ PVD-AlN seed layers with various thicknesses and various deposition parameters such as temperature and reactor pressure in metal–organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). It was found that the quality of GaN is insensitive to both the thickness of the ex situ PVD-AlN seed layer and the MOVPE growth conditions. A high-quality GaN film was realized, as indicated by room-temperature CL mapping (dark spot density of 1.6 × 108 cm−2), on a patterned sapphire substrate with a wide growth condition window by simply employing an ex situ PVD-AlN seed layer.
Geoelectric hazard maps for the continental United States
Authors: Love Jeffrey J. , Pulkkinen Antti , Bedrosian Paul A. , Jonas Seth , Kelbert Anna , Rigler E. Joshua , Finn Carol A. , Balch Christopher C. , Rutledge Robert , Waggel Richard M. , Sabata Andrew T. , Kozyra Janet U. , Black Carrie E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn support of a multiagency project for assessing induction hazards, we present maps of extreme‐value geoelectric amplitudes over about half of the continental United States. These maps are constructed using a parameterization of induction: estimates of Earth surface impedance, obtained at discrete geographic sites from magnetotelluric survey data, are convolved with latitude‐dependent statistical maps of extreme‐value geomagnetic activity, obtained from decades of magnetic observatory data. Geoelectric amplitudes are estimated for geomagnetic waveforms having 240 s sinusoidal period and amplitudes over 10 min that exceed a once‐per‐century threshold. As a result of the combination of geographic differences in geomagnetic activity and Earth surface impedance, once‐per‐century geoelectric amplitudes span more than 2 orders of magnitude and are an intricate function of location. For north‐south induction, once‐per‐century geoelectric amplitudes across large parts of the United States have a median value of 0.26 V/km; for east‐west geomagnetic variation the median value is 0.23 V/km. At some locations, once‐per‐century geoelectric amplitudes exceed 3 V/km.
Emissions of nitrogen‐containing organic compounds from the burning of herbaceous and arboraceous biomass: Fuel composition dependence and the variability of commonly used nitrile tracers
Authors: Coggon Matthew M. , Veres Patrick R. , Yuan Bin , Koss Abigail , Warneke Carsten , Gilman Jessica B. , Lerner Brian M. , Peischl Jeff , Aikin Kenneth C. , Stockwell Chelsea E. , Hatch Lindsay E. , Ryerson Thomas B. , Roberts James M. , Yokelson Robert J. , de Gouw Joost A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from residential wood and crop residue burning were measured in Colorado, U.S. When compared to the emissions from crop burning, residential wood burning exhibited markedly lower concentrations of acetonitrile, a commonly used biomass burning tracer. For both herbaceous and arboraceous fuels, the emissions of nitrogen‐containing VOCs (NVOCs) strongly depend on the fuel nitrogen content; therefore, low NVOC emissions from residential wood burning result from the combustion of low‐nitrogen fuel. Consequently, the emissions of compounds hazardous to human health, such as HNCO and HCN, and the formation of secondary pollutants, such as ozone generated by NOx, are likely to depend on fuel nitrogen. These results also demonstrate that acetonitrile may not be a suitable tracer for domestic burning in urban areas. Wood burning emissions may be best identified through analysis of the emissions profile rather than reliance on a single tracer species.
Dipolarization in the inner magnetosphere during a geomagnetic storm on 7 October 2015
Authors: Matsui H. , Erickson P. J. , Foster J. C. , Torbert R. B. , Argall M. R. , Anderson B. J. , Blake J. B. , Cohen I. J. , Ergun R. E. , Farrugia C. J. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Korth H. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Magnes W. , Marklund G. T. , Mauk B. H. , Paulson K. W. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Turner D. L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA dipolarization event was observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft at L = 3.8 and 19.8 magnetic local time starting at ∼23:42:36 UT on 7 October 2015. The magnetic and electric fields showed initially coherent variations between the spacecraft. The sunward convection turned tailward after the dipolarization. The observation is interpreted in terms of the pressure balance or the momentum equation. This was followed by a region traversed where the fields were irregular. The scale length was of the order of the ion gyroradius, suggesting the kinetic nature of the fluctuations. Combination of the multi‐instrument, multispacecraft data reveals a more detailed picture of the dipolarization event in the inner magnetosphere. Conjunction ionosphere‐plasmasphere observations from DMSP, two‐dimensional GPS total electron content, the Millstone Hill midlatitude incoherent scatter radar, and AMPERE measurements imply that MMS observations are located on the poleward edge of the ionospheric trough where Region 2 field‐aligned currents flow.
Effects of solar and geomagnetic activity on the occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles over Hong Kong
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Chen Wu , Liu Zhizhao , Ji Shengyue 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn the present study, the occurrence and characteristics of equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) has been analyzed using the GPS data from continuously operating reference stations network over Hong Kong during 2001–2012. The analysis found maximum EPB occurrences during the equinoctial months and minimum EPB occurrences during the December solstice throughout 2001–2012 except during the solar minimum in 2007–2009. The maximum EPB occurrences were observed in June solstice during 2007–2008, whereas for 2009, EPB occurrences were quite higher for June solstice but slightly smaller than the March equinox. The seasonal maximum in EPB occurrences have been discussed in terms of plasma density seed perturbation caused by gravity waves as well as the post sunset F‐layer rise due to the pre‐reversal enhancement of zonal electric field. Generally, EPB occurrences are found to be more prominent during nighttime hours (19:00–24:00 h) than daytime hours. The day and nighttime EPB occurrences were inferred and found to vary linearly with solar activity and have an annual correlation coefficient (R) of ~ 0.92 with F10.7 cm solar flux and ~0.88 with sunspot number. Moreover, the impact of solar activity on EPB occurrences is found to be dependent on seasons with maximum during the equinox (R = 0.80) and minimum during the summer season (R = 0.68). The detail study of EPB occurrences during two typical cases of geomagnetic storms on 6 November and 24 November 2001 found that the storm on 24 November triggered the EPB occurrence whereas storm on 6 November suppressed the EPB occurrence. The enhancement/suppression of EPB occurrences during storms periods is a consequence of a storm‐induced prompt penetration electric field as well as disturbance dynamo electric field effects associated with the main phase of the geomagnetic storm.
Solar wind driving of ionosphere‐thermosphere responses in three storms near St. Patrick's Day in 2012, 2013, and 2015
Authors: Verkhoglyadova O. P. , Tsurutani B. T. , Mannucci A. J. , Mlynczak M. G. , Hunt L. A. , Paxton L. J. , Komjathy A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe identify interplanetary plasma regions associated with three intense interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs)‐driven geomagnetic storm intervals which occurred around the same time of the year: day of year 74–79 (March) of 2012, 2013, and 2015. We show that differences in solar wind drivers lead to different dynamical ionosphere‐thermosphere (IT) responses and to different preconditioning of the IT system. We introduce a new hourly based global metric for average low‐latitude and northern middle‐latitude vertical total electron content responses in the morning, afternoon, and evening local time ranges, derived from measurements from globally distributed Global Navigation Satellite System ground stations. Our novel technique of estimating nitric oxide (NO) cooling radiation in 11° latitudinal zones is based on Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) measurements. The thermospheric cooling throughout the storm phases is studied with this high latitudinal resolution for the first time. Additionally, TIMED/Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) observations of the dynamical response of the thermospheric composition (O/N2 ratio) are utilized to study negative ionospheric storm effects. Based on these data sets, we describe and quantify distinct IT responses to driving by ICME sheaths, magnetic clouds, coronal loop remnants, plasma discontinuities, and high‐speed streams following ICMEs. Our analysis of coupling functions indicates strong connection between coupling with the solar wind and IT system response in ICME‐type storms and also some differences. Knowledge of interplanetary features is crucial for understanding IT storm dynamics.
Ionospheric storm effects and equatorial plasma irregularities during the 17–18 March 2015 event
Authors: Zhou Yun‐Liang , Lühr Hermann , Xiong Chao , Pfaff Robert F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe intense magnetic storm on 17–18 March 2015 caused large disturbances of the ionosphere. Based on the plasma density (Ni) observations performed by the Swarm fleet of satellites, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment mission, and the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellite, we characterize the storm‐related perturbations at low latitudes. All these satellites sampled the ionosphere in morning and evening time sectors where large modifications occurred. Modifications of plasma density are closely related to changes of the solar wind merging electric field (Em). We consider two mechanisms, prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) and disturbance dynamo electric field (DDEF), as the main cause for the Ni redistribution, but effects of meridional wind are also taken into account. At the start of the storm main phase, the PPEF is enhancing plasma density on the dayside and reducing it on the nightside. Later, DDEF takes over and causes the opposite reaction. Unexpectedly, there appears during the recovery phase a strong density enhancement in the morning/prenoon sector and a severe Ni reduction in the afternoon/evening sector, and we suggest a combined effect of vertical plasma drift, and meridional wind is responsible for these ionospheric storm effects. Different from earlier studies about this storm, we also investigate the influence of storm dynamics on the initiation of equatorial plasma irregularities (EPIs). Shortly after the start of the storm main phase, EPIs appear in the postsunset sector. As a response to a short‐lived decline of Em, EPI activity appears in the early morning sector. Following the second start of the main phase, EPIs are generated for a few hours in the late evening sector. However, for the rest of the storm main phase, no more EPIs are initiated for more than 12 h. Only after the onset of recovery phase does EPI activity start again in the postmidnight sector, lasting more than 7 h. This comprehensive view of ionospheric storm effects and plasma irregularities adds to our understanding of conditions that lead to ionospheric instabilities.
Comparison of algorithms for determination of solar wind regimes
Authors: Neugebauer Marcia , Reisenfeld Daniel , Richardson Ian G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study compares the designation of different solar wind flow regimes (transient, coronal hole, and streamer belt) according to two algorithms derived from observations by the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer, the Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor, and the Magnetometer on the ACE spacecraft, with a similar regime determination performed on board the Genesis spacecraft. The comparison is made for the interval from late 2001 to early 2004 when Genesis was collecting solar wind ions for return to Earth. The agreement between hourly regime assignments from any pair of algorithms was less than two thirds, while the simultaneous agreement between all three algorithms was only 49%. When the results of the algorithms were compared to a catalog of interplanetary coronal mass ejection events, it was found that almost all the events in the catalog were confirmed by the spacecraft algorithms. On the other hand, many short transient events, lasting 1 to 13 h, that were unanimously selected as transient like by the algorithms, were not included in the catalog.
Two‐stage spin transition of iron in FeAl‐bearing phase D at lower mantle
Authors: Wu Xiang , Wu Ye , Lin Jung‐Fu , Liu Jin , Mao Zhu , Guo Xinzhuan , Yoshino Takashi , McCammon Catherine , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Xiao Yuming 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHydrous magnesium silicate phase D plays a key role in the transport of water from the upper to the lower mantle via subducted slabs. Here we report pressure dependence hyperfine and lattice parameters of FeAl‐bearing phase D up to megabar pressures using synchrotron nuclear forward scattering and X‐ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature. FeAl‐bearing phase D undergoes a two‐stage high‐spin to low‐spin transition of iron for Fe2+ at 37–41 GPa and for Fe3+ at 64–68 GPa. These transitions are accompanied by an increase in density and a significant softening in the bulk modulus and bulk velocity at their respective pressure range. The occurrence of the dense low‐spin FeAl‐bearing phase D with relatively high velocity anisotropies in deep‐subducted slabs can potentially contribute to small‐scale seismic heterogeneities in the middle‐lower mantle beneath the circum‐Pacific area.
An enhanced VIIRS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) retrieval algorithm over land using a global surface reflectance ratio database
Authors: Zhang Hai , Kondragunta Shobha , Laszlo Istvan , Liu Hongqing , Remer Lorraine A. , Huang Jingfeng , Superczynski Stephen , Ciren Pubu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (S‐NPP) satellite has been retrieving aerosol optical thickness (AOT), operationally and globally, over ocean and land since shortly after S‐NPP launch in 2011. However, the current operational VIIRS AOT retrieval algorithm over land has two limitations in its assumptions for land surfaces: (1) it only retrieves AOT over the dark surfaces and (2) it assumes that the global surface reflectance ratios between VIIRS bands are constants. In this work, we develop a surface reflectance ratio database over land with a spatial resolution 0.1° × 0.1° using 2 years of VIIRS top of atmosphere reflectances. We enhance the current operational VIIRS AOT retrieval algorithm by applying the surface reflectance ratio database in the algorithm. The enhanced algorithm is able to retrieve AOT over both dark and bright surfaces. Over bright surfaces, the VIIRS AOT retrievals from the enhanced algorithm have a correlation of 0.79, mean bias of −0.008, and standard deviation (STD) of error of 0.139 when compared against the ground‐based observations at the global AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) sites. Over dark surfaces, the VIIRS AOT retrievals using the surface reflectance ratio database improve the root‐mean‐square error from 0.150 to 0.123. The use of the surface reflectance ratio database also increases the data coverage of more than 20% over dark surfaces. The AOT retrievals over bright surfaces are comparable to MODIS Deep Blue AOT retrievals.
Impact of high‐resolution sea surface temperature and urban data on estimations of surface air temperature in a regional climate
Authors: Adachi Sachiho A. , Kimura Fujio , Takahashi Hiroshi G. , Hara Masayuki , Ma Xieyao , Tomita Hirofumi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe investigated the impact of using high‐resolution sea surface temperature (SST) data and a sophisticated urban model on the simulation of surface air temperature (SAT) in the Nagoya metropolitan area using a regional climate model. The spatially detailed structure of SST, expressed in high‐resolution SST data, had relatively little impact on SAT. On the other hand, the difference in areal mean value of SST strongly affected SAT across a wide range of land surfaces. When a spatially inhomogeneous distribution was used for the urban fraction and anthropogenic heat, and appropriate physical properties for building materials were given according to the specific urban categories, we achieved significant improvements in both the diurnal range of SAT and its daily mean. Based on a comparison with an additional sensitivity experiment for building albedo, the sophistication of urban fraction and thermal parameters related to building materials had a comparable impact on SAT as presumable building albedo in the daytime, while they indicated a larger impact on the nighttime SAT. We conclude that (1) the areal mean SST is critical rather than its resolution for the climatological average of SAT over the land; (2) the simultaneous refinement of the urban fraction and building material parameters, as well as an appropriate building albedo setting, greatly improves the representation of SAT; and (3) the refinement of areal mean SST and the urban data have the same degree of importance for a better representation of the SAT.
Enhanced formation of isoprene‐derived organic aerosol in sulfur‐rich power plant plumes during Southeast Nexus
Authors: Xu Lu , Middlebrook Ann M. , Liao Jin , de Gouw Joost A. , Guo Hongyu , Weber Rodney J. , Nenes Athanasios , Lopez‐Hilfiker Felipe D. , Lee Ben H. , Thornton Joel A. , Brock Charles A. , Neuman J. Andrew , Nowak John B. , Pollack Ilana B. , Welti Andre , Graus Martin , Warneke Carsten , Ng Nga Lee 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe investigate the effects of anthropogenic sulfate on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biogenic isoprene through airborne measurements in the southeastern United States as part of the Southeast Nexus (SENEX) field campaign. In a flight over Georgia, organic aerosol (OA) is enhanced downwind of the Harllee Branch power plant but not the Scherer power plant. We find that the OA enhancement is likely caused by the rapid reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) in the sulfate‐rich plume of Harllee Branch, which was emitting at least 3 times more sulfur dioxide (SO2) than Scherer, and more aerosol sulfate was produced downwind. The contrast in the evolution of isoprene‐derived OA concentration between two power plants with different SO2 emissions provides an opportunity to investigate the magnitude and mechanisms of particle sulfate on isoprene‐derived OA formation. We estimate that 1 µg sm−3 reduction of sulfate would decrease the isoprene‐derived OA by 0.23 ± 0.08 µg sm−3. Based on a parameterization of the IEPOX heterogeneous reactions, we find that the effects of sulfate on isoprene‐derived OA formation in the power plant plume arises from enhanced particle surface area and particle acidity, which increases both IEPOX uptake to particles and subsequent aqueous‐phase reactions, respectively. The observed relationships between isoprene‐OA, sulfate, particle pH, and particle water in previous field studies are explained using these findings.
A multisatellite climatology of clouds, radiation, and precipitation in southern West Africa and comparison to climate models
Authors: Hill Peter G. , Allan Richard P. , Chiu J. Christine , Stein Thorwald H. M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSouthern West Africa (SWA) has a large population that relies on highly variable monsoon rainfall, yet climate models show little consensus over projected precipitation in this region. Understanding of the current and future climate of SWA is further complicated by rapidly increasing anthropogenic emissions and a lack of surface observations. Using multiple satellite observations, the ERA‐Interim reanalysis, and four climate models, we document the climatology of cloud, precipitation, and radiation over SWA in June–July, highlight discrepancies among satellite products, and identify shortcomings in climate models and ERA‐Interim. Large differences exist between monthly mean cloud cover estimates from satellites, which range from 68 to 94%. In contrast, differences among satellite observations in top of atmosphere outgoing radiation and surface precipitation are smaller, with monthly means of about 230 W m−2 of longwave radiation, 145 W m−2 of shortwave radiation, and 5.87 mm d−1 of precipitation. Both ERA‐Interim and the climate models show less total cloud cover than observations, mainly due to underestimating low cloud cover. Errors in cloud cover, along with uncertainty in surface albedo, lead to a large spread of outgoing shortwave radiation. Both ERA‐Interim and the climate models also show signs of convection developing too early in the diurnal cycle, with associated errors in the diurnal cycles of precipitation and outgoing longwave radiation. Clouds, radiation, and precipitation are linked in an analysis of the regional energy budget, which shows that interannual variability of precipitation and dry static energy divergence are strongly linked.