bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propuesta Metodológica para la Implementación de un Modelo de Gestión por Procesos en las Oficinas Regionales de un Organismo Internacional
Authors: Figueroa Picado Carlos Efraín , Solís Solís Luis Paulino 
Published: September 2024

La gestión por procesos es parte fundamental de la gestión moderna de la calidad, por ende, para mejorar los servicios ofrecidos por las organizaciones se promueve el trabajo bajo este modelo de gestión administrativa y operativa. Este artículo científico fue desarrollado en la Organización No Gubernamental (ONG) llamada Instituto Especializado en Agricultura (IEA), Costa Rica. Esta es una propuesta de mejora significativa para la organización ya que comprende un cambio de paradigma en relación con la gestión interna de la organización. El resultado puede dividirse en dos hallazgos importantes. El primero es, que existe diferencia de las operaciones entre la Sede Central (Costa Rica) y sus delegaciones en los diferentes estados miembros por lo que, el IEA no cuenta con cultura de procesos robusta que permita a sus representaciones gestionar de manera oportuna sus procesos. El segundo hallazgo fue, que no existe un modelo para la implementación de la gestión por procesos en las representaciones y aunado a esto, existe una alta variabilidad en las realidades de cada una de ellas que no permite tener procesos estándar porque pueden verse afectados por muchas variables que deben tomarse en cuenta para la implementación de este tipo de gestión, como por ejemplo aspectos legales. Con la propuesta del modelo de implementación de la gestión por procesos (prueba piloto en Argentina) se pretende establecer una guía estándar aplicable a cualquiera de sus representaciones tomando en cuenta sus particularidades, permitiendo a estas, hacer los procesos más eficientes y tener un mejor uso de los recursos.
In-situ and Co-pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber for Hydrocarbon Production
Authors: Bashar Hadi Abdullahi  , Abdullahi Muhammad Sokoto  , Aminu Bayawa Muhammad  , Yahaya Alhassan  , Chika Muhammad  
Published: September 2024

Significant amount of empty oil palm bunches are produced annually in Nigeria that mostly going to waste or as animal feed. This study explores the feasibility of transforming these bunches into hydrocarbons via pyrolysis process. The MoO3 and NiO catalyst materials facilitated the catalytic pyrolysis resulting in favourable properties of EFB fibre pyrolysis products suitable for various applications. Valuable compounds were identified through GC-MS analysis of pyrolysis oils. In-situ catalytic pyrolysis with MoO3 and NiO catalysts favored acidic compounds, and produced combustible (CH4) and non-combustible (CO2) gases. Co-pyrolysis of Low-Density Polyethylene and the fiber generated high olefins and paraffin production, along with a significant 40% methane gas yield in both processes. The study highlights the conversion potential of agricultural waste into valuable hydrocarbons, emphasizing the crucial role of catalysts with selectivity for acidic compounds and achieving high olefin, paraffin, and up to 40% methane gas yields in both co-pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis process.
ETHNOGRAPHY OF WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN IN RUSSIAN SOURCES
Authors: Rysbekov Tuyakbay , Tynyshtykov Ansar 
Published: September 2024

The article deals with ethnographic research, which is the direction of Russian expeditions aimed at exploring the kazakh land. Analytical studies of the ethnography of the kazakhs who inhabited the Volga and the Urals have been carried out. A voluminous material on the life and culture of the kazakhs of the Small zhuz is presented. The characteristics of the economy and profession of the West Kazakhstan people of the XVIII-XIX centuries have been developed. The analysis of the importance of trade in the Small zhuz and animal husbandry in everyday life is carried out. The main goals and objectives of travelers and their achievements are considered. The scientists' assessment of the place of nomadism in the lifestyle of the Kazakhs of the XVIII-XIX centuries between the Volga and the Urals will be worked out. The analysis of researchers' views on how the colonial policy of the tsarist government changed Kazakh life will be carried out. As a result of the study, it was found that travelers evaluated the Kazakhs of the Maly Zhuz in comparison with neighboring peoples (Tatar, Bashkir). The Kazakhs of the Maly Zhuz differ from the Kazakhs of the Older and Middle Zhuz, as shown in the works of scientists.It tells about the nature of traditional rituals in Maly Zhuz. In the final part, the importance of ethnographic exploration of the West Kazakhstan steppes at the historiographical level is determined and the influence of Russian scientists and travelers on the presentation of Kazakh history to the world is assessed.
Gastronomia erótica: explorando a interação entre comida, corpo e identidade de gênero na cultura popular
Authors: Oliveira Ramon Araujo , Mesquita Maressa de Carvalho , Ferreira Carlos de Araujo 
Published: September 2024

O presente artigo analisa o fenômeno da gastronomia erótica, caracterizado pela venda de comidas em formato de órgãos sexuais, como uma representação das complexas interações entre comida, corpo, sensualidade e identidade de gênero. Na história, culturas antigas associaram alimentos a poderes afrodisíacos e fertilidade, influenciando as tradições contemporâneas, as quais se perpetuam na cultura popular, por meio das redes sociais, filmes, músicas e publicidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem interdisciplinar, que busca compreender a interseção entre gênero e alimentação através das raízes históricas, influências culturais, midiáticas e as implicações psicológicas e sociais. Os resultados analisados revelam que a comida sensual não é apenas uma tendência efêmera, mas um desafio para os estereótipos tradicionais, sendo uma poderosa ferramenta de exploração da sexualidade e da expressão de gênero, provocando uma reflexão sobre a imagem corporal dos padrões alimentares pré-estabelecidos. Assim, evidencia-se como a dinâmica alimentar dos diversos grupos populares deve ser um estudo contínuo.
MENJAGA CITRA ALLAH: Gereja Dan Kaum LGBT
Authors: Riorocky  
Published: September 2024

Diskursus LGBT semstinya memberi ruang refleksi dengan penuh kerendahan bahwa setiap manusia yang diciptakan Allah memiliki keunikan masing-masing. Allah menciptakan manusia tanpa membedakan gender supaya manusia terus hidup dalam suatau Persekutuan yang salam tanpa mendeskriminasi satu dengan yang lain. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka Gereja harus mengelolah suatau Persekutuan tanpa menyudutkan dengan kaum LGBT. Orientasi seksual yang disebabkan oleh biologis dan lingkungan bahkan bukan suatu permintaan yang diminta seseorang ketika lahir, sesuatau yang diterima sebagai sesuatu yang given. Tulisan ini memberi opini kepada gereja yang masi mendeskriminasi kaum LGBT sebagai orang yang berbeda, memang berbeda tetapi mereka adalah Citra Allah yang tidak boleh ditolak dalam suatau peresekutuan yang Allah berikan. Kasih Allah yang trasenden tidak mampu dibatasi oleh perbedaan gender, Allah mengasihi tanpa membeda-bedakan maka setiap ornag yang menerima kasih itu tidak boleh membatasi diri dan membatasi orang lain untuk merasakan kasih Allah.
Ground‐based High Spectral Resolution Lidar observation of aerosol vertical distribution in the summertime Southeast United States
Authors: Reid Jeffrey S. , Kuehn Ralph E. , Holz Robert E. , Eloranta Edwin W. , Kaku Kathleen C. , Kuang Shi , Newchurch Michael J. , Thompson Anne M. , Trepte Charles R. , Zhang Jianglong , Atwood Samuel A. , Hand Jenny L. , Holben Brent N. , Minnis Patrick , Posselt Derek J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAs part of the Southeast United States‐based Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS), and collinear with part of the Southeast Atmosphere Study, the University of Wisconsin High Spectral Resolution Lidar system was deployed to the University of Alabama from 19 June to 4 November 2013. With a collocated Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun photometer, a nearby Chemical Speciation Network (PM2.5) measurement station, and near daily ozonesonde releases for the August–September SEAC4RS campaign, the site allowed the region's first comprehensive diurnal monitoring of aerosol particle vertical structure. A 532 nm lidar ratio of 55 sr provided good closure between aerosol backscatter and AERONET (aerosol optical thickness, AOT). A principle component analysis was performed to identify key modes of variability in aerosol backscatter. “Fair weather” days exhibited classic planetary boundary layer structure of a mixed layer accounting for ~50% of AOT and an entrainment zone providing another 25%. An additional 5–15% of variance is gained from the lower free troposphere from either convective detrainment or frequent intrusions of western United States biomass burning smoke. Generally, aerosol particles were contained below the 0°C level, a common level of stability in convective regimes. However, occasional strong injections of smoke to the upper troposphere were also observed, accounting for the remaining 10–15% variability in AOT. Examples of these common modes of variability in frontal and convective regimes are presented, demonstrating why AOT often has only a weak relationship to surface PM2.5 concentration.
Incorporating a prognostic representation of marine nitrogen fixers into the global ocean biogeochemical model HAMOCC
Authors: Paulsen Hanna , Ilyina Tatiana , Six Katharina D. , Stemmler Irene 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNitrogen (N2) fixation is a major source of bioavailable nitrogen to the euphotic zone, thereby exerting an important control on ocean biogeochemical cycling. This paper presents the incorporation of prognostic N2 fixers into the HAMburg Ocean Carbon Cycle model (HAMOCC), a component of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM). Growth dynamics of N2 fixers in the model are based on physiological characteristics of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. The applied temperature dependency confines diazotrophic growth and N2 fixation to the tropical and subtropical ocean roughly between 40°S and 40°N. Simulated large‐scale spatial patterns compare well with observations, and the global N2 fixation rate of 135.6 Tg N yr−1 is within the range of current estimates. The vertical distribution of N2 fixation also matches well the observations, with a major fraction of about 85% occurring in the upper 20 m. The observed seasonal variability at the stations BATS and ALOHA is reasonably reproduced, with highest fixation rates in northern summer/fall. Iron limitation was found to be an important factor in controlling the simulated distribution of N2 fixation, especially in the Pacific Ocean. The new model component considerably improves the representation of present‐day N2 fixation in HAMOCC. It provides the basis for further studies on the role of diazotrophs in global biogeochemical cycles, as well as on the response of N2 fixation to changing environmental conditions.
Method for the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in workplace air using gas chromatography [Air Monitoring Methods, 2016]
Authors: Krämer W. , Brock T.H. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2017

This analytical procedure is a validated measurement method for the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) such as tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, 1,1,2‐trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and trichloromethane and for monitoring their Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) or MAK values in workplace air. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through an adsorption tube filled with activated charcoal using a flow‐regulated pump. The flow rate is set to 50 L/min with a recommended air sample volume of approx. 24 L at a sampling duration of 8 hours. The collected CHCs are desorbed with carbon disulphide containing n‐tetradecane as internal standard and analysed by means of gas chromatography fitted with flame ionisation detectors (FID) using two capillary columns of different polarity connected in parallel with the injector. The quantitative evaluation is based on calibration functions obtained by means of 6‐point calibrations with equidistant values in the lower working range. The limits of quantification (LOQs) are between 0.04 and 0.24 µg/m
3
for the individual CHC with an expanded uncertainty between 15 and 17%.

Joint Publication of the Analytical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Board of Experts of the Expert Committee Raw Materials and Chemical Industry of the German Social Accident Insurance and the Working Group “Air Monitoring Methods” of the Permanent Senate Commission of the DFG for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.
Trichloroethene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane and tetrachloroethene – Determination of trichloroacetic acid in urine using headspace‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry [Biomonitoring Methods, 2017]
Authors: Will W. , Bader M. , Berger‐Preiss E. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2017

Trichloroacetic acid is a metabolite of several chlorinated hydrocarbons which are often used as solvents, such as 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethene and above all trichloroethene.The described method enables the determination of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in urine and is based on the quantitative, thermolytic degradation of TCA into carbon dioxide and chloroform (trichloromethane) in an aqueous solution. The analyte is chloroform, which can be quantified using headspace‐gas chromatography and a mass selective detector in the Selected‐Ion‐Monitoring‐mode. For quantitation, a calibration is carried out using standard solutions in pooled urine or water which are processed and analysed in the same way as the samples. The validation of the procedure showed a precision in the range of 4.0 to 5.5%. Mean accuracy ranged from 95 to 118%. LOQ was found to be 0.03 mg TCA per liter urine.
Bernsteinsäure [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig Andrea ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: January 2017

Succinic acid [butanedioic acid]The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated succinic acid to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints.The critical effect is severe local irritation as shown with the Draize test in the rabbit eye. Inhalation studies are not available, however, effects on the respiratory tract have to be assumed. Systemic toxicity in rats in the form of reduced body weight gain occurred at 1900 mg/kg body weight/day given in drinking water. After gavage administration, blood urea nitrogen was increased in female rats from 1000 mg/kg body weight/day and urinary protein was increased in males from 300 mg/kg body weight/day. The lower LOAEL in the gavage study as compared with the drinking water study suggests adverse effects on the kidney presumably due to the bolus application.After comparing succinic acid with other solid acids, a MAK value of 2 mg succinic acid/m3I has been set in analogy to phosphoric acid, which is considered to be the worst‐case.As the critical effect is local, succinic acid is assigned to Peak Limitation Category I. In analogy to phosphoric acid an excursion factor of 2 is set.There is no reason to fear damage to the embryo or foetus when the MAK value is observed; thus, the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.Succinic acid is not genotoxic and not carcinogenic. No contact sensitizing effects have been observed. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
Tantal (alveolengängige Fraktion) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig Andrea ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: January 2017

Tantalum (respirable Fraction)Tantalum is a biopersistent granular dust of a high density. Tantalum is not systemically distributed and accumulates only locally in the lungs. On the basis of current knowledge it cannot be estimated to what extent the high density of the tantalum particles has an influence on the burden of macrophages and the transport of the particles by the macrophages. Therefore, a MAK value in analogy to the biopersistent granular dusts cannot be established. Consequently, the respirable fraction of tantalum dust is classified in Carcinogen Category 3R and remains a candidate for Carcinogen Category 4.Since no MAK value can be established, neither a peak limitation category nor a pregnancy risk group can be determined for tantalum. Tantalum is not designated with either “Sa” or “Sh” or “H”.
Alkylamine, C11–14‐verzweigte, Monohexyl‐ und Dihexylphosphate [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig Andrea ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: January 2017

Alkyl amines, C11–14‐branched, monohexyl and dihexyl phosphates
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated alkyl amines, C11‐14‐branched, monohexyl and dihexyl phosphates to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. In a screening study according to OECD Test Guideline 422, inflammation in the lymph nodes and the adrenals was seen at the lowest dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and day after gavage administration to rats. The mixture is irritating to skin and eyes but an inhalation study to address possible irritation potential in the respiratory tract is lacking. For this reason and as no systemic NOAEL was obtained, a MAK value could not be derived and the substance is assigned to Section II b of the List of MAK and BAT Values. In the screening study, no adverse effects on fertility of the parental animals or on development of the progeny were observed up to the highest dose of 100 mg/kg body weight and day. The substance is not genotoxic in vitro and studies in vivo as well as carcinogenicity studies are not available. There are no clinical results on contact sensitization in humans and no unequivocally positive sensitization tests in animals. The amount of skin absorption was not investigated and could not be calculated.
Di‐n‐butylphthalat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig Andrea ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: January 2017

Di‐n‐butyl phthalate [dibutyl benzene‐1,2‐dicarboxylate]The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the developmental toxicity of di‐n‐butyl phthalate. Available publications are described in detail. In prenatal developmental toxicity studies in rats, the most sensitive endpoint was altered morphometry (size and organization) of the seminiferous cords, the precursor of the seminiferous tubules, at 50 mg/kg body weight and day and above; the NOAEL was 30 mg/kg body weight and day. In rats, teratogenic effects like hypospadia and underdeveloped or absent epididymides were observed at 250 mg/kg KG body weight and day and above; the NOAEL was 100 mg/kg body weight and day.In a two‐generation reproduction toxicity study in rats, a LOAEL of 52 mg/kg body weight and day, the lowest dose, could be derived for foetotoxicity and decreased birth weight in the male animals. In rats, the NOAEL for behavioural toxicity is 291 mg/kg body weight and day in male pups. From a one‐generation reproduction toxicity study in mice, a NOAEL of 1410 mg/kg body weight and day could be derived for foetotoxicity and decreased number of live pups. The NOAEL/LOAEL for developmental toxicity and foetotoxicity can be scaled to concentrations of 32/107 and 84/252 mg/m3, respectively, at the workplace. Thus, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value of 0.58 mg/m3is observed, and the classification in Pregnancy Risk Group C is confirmed.
Erhöhtes Atemvolumen am Arbeitsplatz – Bedeutung für die MAK‐Wert‐Ableitung bei Stoffen mit systemischer Wirkung [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig Andrea ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: January 2017

Increased respiratory volume at the workplace – Significance for the derivation of the MAK value
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated whether MAK values which are derived from systemic effects in inhalation experiments in animals or in volunteers at rest should reflect that the respiratory volume at the workplace, and therefore the amount taken up, is higher than under these experimental conditions.

Assuming that the same external concentration in the air leads to the same internal exposure in all species at rest, it is taken into account when extrapolating data from inhalation studies in animals to humans that in the case of systemic effects the body burden (related to kg body weight) of the worker at the workplace, with an assumed respiratory volume of 10 m
3
in 8 hours, is about twice as high as that of the experimental animal in the usual 6‐hour experiment. The equivalent external concentration at the workplace is, therefore, half of that used in the experiment. This extrapolation applies only for gases and vapours with a blood:air distribution coefficient of > 5 and for aerosols, provided that the effect is the product of c×t. If it can be shown that the critical effect depends more on the concentration than the product of c×t and that the steady state was reached within the duration of the experiment, the equivalent concentration at the workplace is two thirds of the concentration used in the experiment, as then extrapolation of the usual 6‐hour exposure in animal experiments to the 8‐hour exposure at the workplace is no longer necessary.

When deriving MAK values for systemic effects from studies with volunteers at rest, the MAK value is established at half of the concentration used in the volunteer study, which is calculated from the ratio of the respiratory volume of workers to that of persons at rest. Gases and vapours with a blood:air distribution coefficient of < 5 represent an exception. In addition, the results are extrapolated to the longer daily exposure at the workplace, unless there are toxicokinetic data available that show this to be unnecessary. If there are valid PBPK models of exposure with the relevant metabolites in humans and animals, these are used for extrapolation from the experimental animal to persons at the workplace.
Boron Trifluoride‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 3‐Alkylidene‐3H‐indole N‐Oxides via Tandem Reaction of Propargylic Alcohols and Nitrosobenzenes
Authors: Muthusamy Sengodagounder , Balasubramani Alagesan , Suresh Eringathodi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAn atom‐economical synthesis of 3‐alkylidene‐3H‐indole N‐oxides has been developed via a tandem reaction of propargylic alcohols and nitrosobenzenes in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate (BF3⋅Et2O) as catalyst. This method offers great potential for the synthesis of biologically important 3‐alkylidene‐3H‐indole N‐oxides and related derivatives.magnified image