bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraining the geometry of PSR J0855−4644: A nearby pulsar wind nebula with double torus/jet morphology
Authors: Maitra C. , Acero F. , Venter C. 
Published: October 2016

Aims. PSR J0855−4644 is a fast-spinning, energetic pulsar discovered at radio wavelengths near the south-eastern rim of the supernova remnant RX J0852.0−4622. A follow-up XMM-Newton observation revealed the X-ray counterpart of the pulsar and a slightly asymmetric pulsar wind nebula, which suggests possible jet structures. Lying at a distance d ≤ 900 pc, PSR J0855−4644 is a pulsar with one of the highest Ė/d2 from which no GeV γ-ray pulsations have been detected. With a dedicated Chandra observation we aim to further resolve the possible jet structures of the nebula and study the pulsar geometry to understand the lack of γ-ray pulsations.
Methods. We performed detailed spatial modelling to constrain the geometry of the pulsar wind nebula and in particular the pulsar line of sight (observer angle) ζPSR, which is defined as the angle between the direction of the observer and the pulsar spin axis. We also performed geometric radio and γ-ray light-curve modelling using a hollow-cone radio beam model together with two-pole caustic and outer gap models to further constrain ζPSR and the magnetic obliquity α defined as the angle between the magnetic and spin axes of the pulsar.
Results. The Chandra observation reveals that the compact XMM source, thought to be the X-ray pulsar, can be further resolved into a point source surrounded by an elongated axisymmetric nebula with a longitudinal extent of 10′′. The pulsar flux represents only ~1% of the XMM compact source, and its spectrum is well described by a blackbody of temperature kT = 0.2 keV, while the surrounding nebula has a much harder spectrum (Γ = 1.1 for a power-law model). Assuming the origin of the extended emission is a double torus yields ζPSR = 32.5° ± 4.3°. The detection of thermal X-rays from the pulsar may point to a low value of | ζ−α | if this emission originates from a heated polar cap. Independent constraints from geometric light-curve modelling yield α ≲ 55° and ζ ≲ 55°, and 10° ≲ | ζ−α | ≲ 30°. A χ2 fit to the radio light curve yields a best fit at (α,ζPSR) = (22°,8°), with an alternative fit at (α,ζPSR) = (9°,25°) within 3σ. The lack of non-thermal X-ray emission from the pulsar further supports low values for α and ζ under the assumption that X-rays and γ-rays are generated in the same region of the pulsar magnetosphere. Such a geometry would explain, in the standard caustic pulsar model picture, the radio-loud and γ-ray-quiet behaviour of this high Ė/d2 pulsar.
Trinkverhalten von Personen verschiedener Herkunftsregionen in Deutschland: Ein Vergleich mit Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund
Authors: Strupf Michael , Gomes de Matos Elena , Soellner Renate , Kraus Ludwig , Piontek Daniela 
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung
Ziel: Es wurden Personen mit Migrationshintergrund aus verschiedenen Herkunftsregionen hinsichtlich ihres Alkoholkonsums mit Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund verglichen.
Methodik: Daten des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys (ESA) 2012 wurden ausgewertet (n=9 084). Personen mit Migrationshintergrund wurden ihrer Herkunft entsprechend in 10 Gruppen aufgeteilt. Als Indikatoren zur Erfassung des Alkoholkonsums dienten Abstinenz, Durchschnittskonsum und episodisches Rauschtrinken. Inferenzstatistische Vergleiche erfolgten regressionsanalytisch.
Ergebnisse: Alle Herkunftsgruppen außerhalb Europas und wenige innerhalb Europas wiesensignifikant höhere Abstinenzraten auf als Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund. Die höchsten Werte zeigten Personen mit einem Hintergrund aus arabisch-islamisch geprägten Ländern und der Türkei. Hinsichtlich des Durchschnittskonsums und episodischen Rauschtrinkens wurden kaum Gruppenunterschiede gefunden.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die Bereitschaft unter Personen mit Migrationshintergrund zur Abstinenz sollte unterstützt werden. Ein Bedarf migrationsspezifischer Präventionsmaßnahmen auf Populationsebene ist für die Gruppe der in den zurückliegenden Jahrzehnten nach Deutschland migrierten Personen und ihre Nachkommen nicht erkennbar; die Erreichung der Personen mit Migrationshintergrund durch bestehende Maßnahmen sollte gewährleistet werden.
Assessment of Detoxifying Markers for Florfenicol in Rainbow Trout Liver
Authors: Elia Antonia Concetta , Pacini Nicole , Fioravanti Maria Letizia , Dörr Ambrosius Josef Martin , Zaccaroni Annalisa , Parmeggiani Alba Maria , Gustinelli Andrea , Mordenti Oliviero , Abete Maria Cesarina , Prearo Marino 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Florfenicol (FF) is employed in fish farms to contest or prevent bacterial infections. However, this pharmaceutical may produce reactive oxygen species that may cause biochemical changes in antibiotic-treated fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of FF on Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss treated for 10 d with 7.5 and 15 mg/kg FF followed by a withdrawal period of 5 d. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II, total glutathione, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were investigated in the livers of treated and untreated fish. A general impairment of antioxidant enzymes and metabolic indicators was measured in FF-treated Rainbow Trout. Onset of oxidative damage may have occurred during the antibiotic treatment as a consequence of the effect of FF toxicity at mainly the highest dose. Nevertheless, the rise in levels of total glutathione and glutathione S-transferase even after the withdrawal period may shield the antibiotic-mediated oxidative processes.
Received December 22, 2015; accepted May 26, 2016 Published online October 28, 2016
Induction of the SHARP-2 mRNA level by insulin is mediated by multiple signaling pathways
Authors: Kanai Yukiko , Asano Kosuke , Komatsu Yoshiko , Takagi Katsuhiro , Ono Moe , Tanaka Takashi , Tomita Koji , Haneishi Ayumi , Tsukada Akiko , Yamada Kazuya 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The rat enhancer of split- and hairy-related protein-2 (SHARP-2) is an insulin-inducible transcription factor which represses transcription of the rat phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. In this study, a regulatory mechanism of the SHARP-2 mRNA level by insulin was analyzed. Insulin rapidly induced the level of SHARP-2 mRNA. This induction was blocked by inhibitors for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), protein kinase C (PKC), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), actinomycin D, and cycloheximide. Whereas an adenovirus infection expressing a dominant negative form of atypical PKC lambda (aPKCλ) blocked the insulin-induction of the SHARP-2 mRNA level, insulin rapidly activated the mTOR. Insulin did not enhance transcriptional activity from a 3.7 kb upstream region of the rat SHARP-2 gene. Thus, we conclude that insulin induces the expression of the rat SHARP-2 gene at the transcription level via both a PI 3-K/aPKCλ- and a PI 3-K/mTOR- pathways and that protein synthesis is required for this induction.
The energy budget of stellar magnetic fields: comparing non-potential simulations and observations
Authors: Lehmann L. T. , Jardine M. M. , Vidotto A. A. , Mackay D. H. , See V. , Donati  J.-F. , Folsom C. P. , Jeffers S. V. , Marsden S. C. , Morin J. , Petit P. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The magnetic geometry of the surface magnetic fields of more than 55 cool stars have now been mapped using spectropolarimetry. In order to better understand these observations, we compare the magnetic field topology at different surface scale sizes of observed and simulated cool stars. For ease of comparison between the high-resolution non-potential magnetofrictional simulations and the relatively low-resolution observations, we filter out the small-scale field in the simulations using a spherical harmonics decomposition. We show that the large-scale field topologies of the solar-based simulations produce values of poloidal/toroidal fields and fractions of energy in axisymmetric modes which are similar to the observations. These global non-potential evolution model simulations capture key magnetic features of the observed solar-like stars through the processes of surface flux transport and magnetic flux emergence. They do not, however, reproduce the magnetic field of M-dwarfs or stars with dominantly toroidal field. Furthermore, we analyse the magnetic field topologies of individual spherical harmonics for the simulations and discover that the dipole is predominately poloidal, while the quadrupole shows the highest fraction of toroidal fields. Magnetic field structures smaller than a quadrupole display a fixed ratio between the poloidal and toroidal magnetic energies.
Superoutburst of WZ Sge-type dwarf nova below the period minimum: ASASSN-15po
Authors: Namekata Kosuke , Isogai Keisuke , Kato Taichi , Littlefield Colin , Matsumoto Katsura , Kojiguchi Naoto , Sugiura Yuki , Uto Yusuke , Fukushima Daiki , Tatsumi Taiki , Yamada Eiji , Kamibetsunawa Taku , de Miguel Enrique , Stein William L. , Sabo Richard , Andreev Maksim V. , Morelle Etienne , Pavlenko E. P. , Babina Julia V. , Baklanov Alex V. , Antonyuk Kirill A. , Antonyuk Okasana I. , Sosnovskij Aleksei A. , Shugarov Sergey Yu. , Golysheva Polina Yu. , Gladilina Natalia G. , Miller Ian , Neustroev Vitaly V. , Chavushyan Vahram , Valdés José R. , Sjoberg George , Maeda Yutaka , Itoh Hiroshi , Masi Gianluca , Michel Raúl , Dubovsky Pavol A. , Kiyota Seiichiro , Tordai Tamás , Oksanen Arto , Ruiz Javier , Nogami Daisaku 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We report on a superoutburst of a WZ Sge-type dwarf nova (DN), ASASSN-15po. The light curve showed the main superoutburst and multiple rebrightenings. In this outburst, we observed early superhumps and growing (stage A) superhumps with periods of 0.050454(2) and 0.051809(13) d, respectively. We estimated that the mass ratio of secondary to primary (q) is 0.0699(8) by using Porb and a superhump period PSH of stage A. ASASSN-15po [Porb ∼ 72.6 min] is the first DN with an orbital period between 67–76 min. Although the theoretical predicted period minimum Pmin of hydrogen-rich cataclysmic variables (CVs) is about 65–70 min, the observational cut-off of the orbital period distribution at 80 min implies that the period minimum is about 82 min, and the value is widely accepted. We suggest the following four possibilities: the object is (1) a theoretical period minimum object, (2) a binary with a evolved secondary, (3) a binary with a metal-poor (Popullation II) seconday, or (4) a binary which was born with a brown-dwarf donor below the period minimum.
A rare cause of abdominal pain and hypotension in pregnancy
Authors: Monti Jonathan D. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Splenic artery aneurysm rupture is rare. Pregnancy is a significant risk factor and the mortality for mother and fetus is very high if the rupture is undiagnosed or diagnosis is delayed. Patients typically present with abdominal pain and hemodynamic instability. This article describes a woman and fetus who survived a ruptured splenic artery aneurysm.
What is the effect of pill burden on adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy?
Authors: Sutton S. Scott , Ahuja Divya , Magagnoli Joseph 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a combination treatment involving three or more antiretroviral agents for patients with HIV. ART has reduced HIV-related morbidity and mortality via single-tablet or multiple-tablet regimens. Single-tablet regimens, with their lower pill burdens, have demonstrated higher adherence rates, improved viral suppression, and reduced resource use compared with multiple-tablet regimens. In addition, select newer ARTs do not require the high levels of adherence for viral load suppression required by older ART formulations.
Does Dexmedetomidine Have a Perineural Mechanism of Action When Used as an Adjuvant to Ropivacaine?
Authors: Andersen Jakob H. , Grevstad Ulrik , Siegel Hanna , Dahl Jørgen B. , Mathiesen Ole , Jæger Pia 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background
Dexmedetomidine used as an adjuvant to local anesthetics may prolong the duration of peripheral nerve blocks. Whether this is mediated by a perineural or systemic mechanism remains unknown. The authors hypothesized that dexmedetomidine has a peripheral mechanism of action.

Methods
The authors conducted a randomized, paired, triple-blind trial in healthy volunteers. All received bilateral saphenous nerve blocks with 20 ml ropivacaine, 0.5%, plus 1 ml dexmedetomidine, 100 µg/ml, in one thigh and 20 ml ropivacaine 0.5% plus 1 ml saline in the other thigh. The primary outcome measure was the duration of block assessed by temperature sensation (alcohol swab). The secondary outcome measure was the duration of block assessed by pinprick, pain during tonic heat stimulation, warmth detection threshold, and heat pain detection threshold.

Results
All 21 enrolled volunteers completed the trial. The mean duration of block assessed by temperature sensation in the leg receiving ropivacaine plus dexmedetomidine was 22 h (95% CI, 21 to 24) compared to 20 h (95% CI, 19 to 21) in the leg receiving ropivacaine plus placebo with a mean difference of 2 h (95% CI, 1 to 3; P = 0.001). The duration of block was also significantly longer in the leg receiving dexmedetomidine when assessed by pinprick, pain during tonic heat stimulation, and warmth detection threshold but not heat pain detection threshold. One participant experienced numbness in an area in the leg receiving dexmedetomidine.

Conclusions
Dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of a saphenous nerve block by a peripheral mechanism when controlling for systemic effects but not necessarily to a clinically relevant extent.
Relationship between Intraoperative Hypotension, Defined by Either Reduction from Baseline or Absolute Thresholds, and Acute Kidney and Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Salmasi Vafi , Maheshwari Kamal , Yang Dongsheng , Mascha Edward J. , Singh Asha , Sessler Daniel I. , Kurz Andrea 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background
How best to characterize intraoperative hypotension remains unclear. Thus, the authors assessed the relationship between myocardial and kidney injury and intraoperative absolute (mean arterial pressure [MAP]) and relative (reduction from preoperative pressure) MAP thresholds.

Methods
The authors characterized hypotension by the lowest MAP below various absolute and relative thresholds for cumulative 1, 3, 5, or 10 min and also time-weighted average below various absolute or relative MAP thresholds. The authors modeled each relationship using logistic regression. The authors further evaluated whether the relationships between intraoperative hypotension and either myocardial or kidney injury depended on baseline MAP. Finally, the authors compared the strength of associations between absolute and relative thresholds on myocardial and kidney injury using C statistics.

Results
MAP below absolute thresholds of 65 mmHg or relative thresholds of 20% were progressively related to both myocardial and kidney injury. At any given threshold, prolonged exposure was associated with increased odds. There were no clinically important interactions between preoperative blood pressures and the relationship between hypotension and myocardial or kidney injury at intraoperative mean arterial blood pressures less than 65 mmHg. Absolute and relative thresholds had comparable ability to discriminate patients with myocardial or kidney injury from those without.

Conclusions
The associations based on relative thresholds were no stronger than those based on absolute thresholds. Furthermore, there was no clinically important interaction with preoperative pressure. Anesthetic management can thus be based on intraoperative pressures without regard to preoperative pressure.
The future of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy
Authors: Davidson Michael H. , Benes Lane B. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review
This article focuses on the potential role by which a complex mixture of omega-3 fatty acids (OM3-FAs) may beneficially modify cardiovascular risk by modifying the cholesterol composition of atherogenic lipoproteins. This hypothesis is being tested in the STRENGTH trial, which is enrolling 13 000 patients on statins at high cardiovascular risk with hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) treated with an OM3-carboxylic acid.

Recent findings
Complex mixtures of OM3-FAs containing predominately eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexanoic acid in combination with statins lowers non-HDL by reducing triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol (TRL-C) while shifting small LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) to large LDL-C. Recent genomic and epidemiological studies have implicated TRL-C and small LDL-C as causal for cardiovascular disease. Therefore OM3-FAs containing both eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexanoic acid in combination with statins may beneficially modify the high residual risk for patients with hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C.

Summary
Although outcome trials are underway, subgroup analyses of data from previous randomized controlled trials are suggestive of a reduction in coronary artery disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease event rates with triglyceride and TRL-C lowering therapies, particularly if accompanied by low HDL-C. Although the limitations of such data are acknowledged, clinicians must make treatment decisions while awaiting more definitive results from well-designed large-scale randomized controlled trials.
Ocular Focusing Behavior of the One-Eyed Child
Authors: Sravani N. Geetha , Bharadwaj Shrikant R. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To compare the accommodative gain and pupil miosis of children with only one functional eye with the binocular and monocular accommodative and pupil responses of typically developing age-matched controls.

Methods
Forty-one uniocular cases and 43 controls (3–14 years for both cohorts) watched a cartoon movie on an LCD screen that ramped between 90 and 30 cm, with a stable period of 4 seconds at both viewing distances. Cases performed the task with their only functional eye whereas controls performed the task binocularly and monocularly. A subset of subjects also repeated the task while reading 20/40-sized letters on the LCD screen. Accommodative and pupil responses were recorded using the Plusoptix PowerRef3 photorefractor.

Results
Accommodative gain of cases [median (25th–75th IQR): 0.73 (0.60–0.85)] was larger than the monocular gain of controls [0.56 (0.47–0.79)] (P = .03). Both responses were lower than the binocular gain of controls [0.95 (0.81–1.11)] (P < .001). Uniocular pupil miosis of cases [0.14 mm (0.06–0.24 mm)] were similar to monocular [0.12 mm (0.05–0.29 mm)] (P = .69) and smaller than binocular [0.23 mm (0.14–0.34 mm)] (P < .001) responses of controls. The increase in accommodative gain from movie watching to reading was significant only for controls (P = .02) but not for cases (P = .15). Age and time of visual deficit were poorly correlated with accommodative gain and pupil miosis of cases (r ≤ 0.25; P ≥ .1 for all). Age was also poorly correlated with the binocular and monocular accommodative and pupil performance of controls (r ≤ −0.3; P = .33).

Conclusions
The accommodative gain of children with permanent loss of binocularity is in between the binocular and monocular gains of typically developing children. Their accommodative gains do not show any significant increase with a cognitively demanding task even while such a behavior is observed in controls. Pupil responses of uniocular children are similar to the monocular responses of age-matched controls.
Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing the Extracardiac Fontan Operation With and Without the Use of Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Algaze Claudia A. , Koth Andrew M. , Faberowski Lisa W. , Hanley Frank L. , Krawczeski Catherine D. , Axelrod David M. 
Published: October 2016

Objectives:
To describe the prevalence and risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients undergoing the extracardiac Fontan operation with and without cardiopulmonary bypass, and to determine whether acute kidney injury is associated with duration of mechanical ventilation, cardiovascular ICU and hospital postoperative length of stay, and early mortality.

Design:
Single-center retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Pediatric cardiovascular ICU, university-affiliated children’s hospital.

Patients:
Patients with a preoperative creatinine before undergoing first-time extracardiac Fontan between January 1, 2004, and April 30, 2012.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Acute kidney injury occurred in 55 of 138 patients (39.9%), including 41 (29.7%) with stage 1, six (4.4%) with stage 2, and eight (5.8%) with stage 3 acute kidney injury. Cardiopulmonary bypass was strongly associated with a higher risk of any acute kidney injury (adjusted odds ratio, 4.8 [95% CI, 1.4–16.0]; p = 0.01) but not stage 2/3 acute kidney injury. Lower renal perfusion pressure on the day of surgery (postoperative day, 0) was associated with a higher risk of stage 2/3 acute kidney injury (adjusted odds ratio, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.0–1.5]; p = 0.03). Higher vasoactive-inotropic score on postoperative day 0 was associated with a higher risk for stage 2/3 acute kidney injury (adjusted odds ratio, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.0–3.4]; p = 0.04). Stage 2/3 acute kidney injury was associated with longer cardiovascular ICU length of stay (mean, 7.3 greater d [95% CI, 3.4–11.3]; p < 0.001) and hospital postoperative length of stay (mean, 6.4 greater d [95% CI, 0.06–12.5]; p = 0.04).

Conclusions:
Postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing the extracardiac Fontan operation is common and is associated with lower postoperative renal perfusion pressure and higher vasoactive-inotropic score. Cardiopulmonary bypass was strongly associated with any acute kidney injury, although not stage 2/3 acute kidney injury. Stage 2/3 acute kidney injury is a compelling risk factor for longer cardiovascular ICU and hospital postoperative length of stay. Increased attention to and management of renal perfusion pressure may reduce postoperative acute kidney injury and improve outcomes.
Brief Report: Assessing and Interpreting the Association Between Continuous Covariates and Outcomes in Observational Studies of HIV Using Splines
Authors: Shepherd Bryan E. , Rebeiro Peter F. ,   the Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV epidemiology
Published: October 2016

Abstract:
The HIV epidemiology literature is replete with studies that categorize continuous predictors, such as age and CD4+ cell count. It is well known that such an approach is suboptimal, but it persists in part because results are easy to interpret after categorization. Splines may be used to incorporate continuous predictors with smoothed curves into regression models without categorization or linearity assumptions. Properly presenting and interpreting results from analyses with splines is critical for their widespread use. With data from 13,706 antiretroviral initiators in Latin America, we demonstrate how to interpret results from a Cox regression model using restricted cubic splines.