Recovery of Psychological Readiness May Differ Between Genders Following ACL Reconstruction in Adolescent Athletes
Authors: Milewski Matthew David , Kostyun Regina , Iannicelli Julie P. , Kostyun Kyle J. , Solomito Matthew , Nissen Carl W. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives: Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a traumatic and emotional event for adolescent athletes. Preparation to return to play (RTP) and the potential risk of re-injury are often equally as emotional as the injury, and have been identified as possible limiting factors to a successful rehabilitation and RTP. In order to create a comprehensive rehabilitation model, further understanding of psychological readiness following surgical intervention is needed. The purpose of this study was to determine if clinical outcomes of subjective knee function and psychological readiness differ between genders following ACL reconstruction surgery in adolescent athletes, and if higher knee function and physiological readiness was associated with an earlier to RTP. Methods: Athletes who underwent ACL reconstruction surgery and were successfully returned back to unrestricted sport were included in the analysis. At approximately six months post surgery, knee function was assessed using the validated International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Form, and psychological readiness was assessed using the validated ACL-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale. Formal clearance to resume unrestricted sport was obtained from clinic notes. A T-test was used to determine if demographics, IKDC and ACL-RSI scores between genders. A mixed effects random intercept regression model was used to determine the association of time to RTP with IKDC and ACL-RSI scores. Results: A total of 45 adolescent athletes (23 females) were included in this analysis. No significant differences were found between males and females for age (16.2±1.5 years, 16.3±2.2 years) and average time to RTP (7.3±2.0 months, 7.3±1.8 months). No significant differences in IKDC scores were found between males and females (88±10%, 87±10%). A trend was identified that males demonstrated higher ACL-RSI scores at six month post surgery than females (81±14%, 72±17%, p = 0.063). In females, higher IKDC scores (p=0.013, Ɓ =-0.09) and higher ACL-RSI scores (p = 0.002, Ɓ = -0.06) were associated with an earlier time to RTP. This association was not found in male athletes. Conclusion: Although both genders felt their knee would function well during sport at approximately six months following ACL reconstruction, male athletes seem to demonstrate an overall stronger psychological readiness to RTP. However, better scores on the ACL-RSI and IKDC were associated with an earlier RTP only in female athletes. The results of this study suggest a difference in the psychological readiness to RTP between male and female adolescent athletes approximately six months following ACL reconstruction. Further investigations are warranted to investigate the psychological hurdles that face each gender when trying to RTP following an ACL injury. A better understanding of these emotional limitations could help to clinically identify patients that may benefit from counseling.