bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From the Editor
Authors: Koskoff Ellen 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Taken together, the articles in this issue of Ethnomusicology all deal in some way with musical and social constructions, how and why they come about, are put to use, and validated (or endured) by their communities. Benjamin Krakhauer’s, “The Ennobling of a ‘Folk Tradition’ and the Disempowerment of the Performers: Celebrations and Appropriations of Bāul-Fakir Identity in West Bengal,” presents a variety of ways in which affluent Bengalis, in constructing an imagined and celebratory identity for Bāul-Fakirs, have inadvertently created a disempowering situation for individual practitioners of this tradition, who find it impossible to live up to this idealized construction. Michael B. Silvers, in his “Birdsong and a Song about a Bird: Popular Music and the Mediation of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Northeastern Brazil,” examines the work of the popular mid-twentieth century singer, Luiz Gonzaga, whose music lends credibility to those who predict rain and drought in northeastern Brazil. The article traces the history of how Gonzaga’s voice became a vehicle for the transmission of ecological knowledge.
Tarkovsky’sNostalghia: A Journey to the Home That Never Was
Authors: Sushytska Julia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAndrei Tarkovsky’s 1983 masterpiece Nostalghia allows us to rethink our ordinary notion of nostalgia and move beyond the idea of nostalgia as sentimental longing for the past, the fruitless yearning that allows us to avoid living in the present. The film suggests that nostalgia can help us notice that which is not a part of our current situation and to introduce new threads into the fabric of our world. Because of nostalgia, we become aware of perforations in the existing order of things and, as a result, become capable of altering the status quo. The protagonist of Tarkovsky’s film, Gorchakov, a Russian poet visiting Italy, shows us that nostalgia is a violent voyage that never leads home but only helps us find and found a new–and always temporary–dwelling place. Nostalgia, then, is a journey to the home that never was, but to the home that might be. The final sequence of the film beautifully confirms this by placing Gorchakov next to his Russian home that turns out to be inside the ruins of the Cistercian abbey of San Galgano in Italy. This cinematic merging of two very different places and cultures creates a new world for Gorchakov and asks us to continue creating the places in which we happen to find ourselves today.
Uma análise discursiva das questões de leitura da avaliação do saems
Authors: Freitas Silvane Aparecida de , Santos Michele Serafim dos 
Published: February 2016

<div><p>A leitura se caracteriza, nesta investigação, como um processo discursivo em que considera o sujeito leitor como produtor de significados, considerando toda a situação sócio-histórica-ideológica em que o leitor e autor estão inseridos. Nessa perspectiva, pretendemos discutir alguns conceitos presentes no debate acadêmico sobre a avaliação externa e sua relação com as políticas públicas, destacando os seguintes objetivos específicos: conceituar avaliação externa de Língua portuguesa em MS (SAEMS) e analisar as questões de leitura aplicadas ao 3º ano do Ensino Médio, com o fito de verificar se estas questões estão em consonância com as atuais concepções de leitura. A presente pesquisa verificou que os textos exigidos na avaliação externa do SAEMS trazem interpretação com respostas objetivas, com respostas prontas e acabadas, não fazem com que o aluno/leitor seja sujeito atuante diante do texto exigido, portanto, não se pode afirmar que contribuem para comprovar se o aluno é ou não leitor.</p><p><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p></div>
Item Analysis di prove di ascolto a scelta multipla della certificazione di italiano per stranieri CILS
Authors: Torresan Paolo 
Published: February 2016

<p><strong> </strong>Il saggio si concentra sullo studio di tre prove di ascolto a scelta multipla della certificazione di italiano a stranieri CILS (livello B1, sessioni estive 2009, 2012). L’<em>Item Analysis</em> è la ricognizione, sulla base di dati statistici elaborati a partire dalle risposte di un campione, del comportamento di ogni singolo <em>item</em>. Viene data risposta a domande del tipo: per tramite degli <em>item</em> si discrimina a sufficienza tra candidati di diversa competenza? Chiavi e distrattori funzionano adeguatamente? Lo studio, oltre ad offrire un esempio di analisi critica di un test, consente al lettore di prendere coscienza delle difficoltà che la progettazione di un’esercitazione ampiamente usata, sia in sede di <em>testing</em> che in sede di didattica, qual è il quesito a scelta multipla, comporta.</p>
Ritos genéticos: uma abordagem discursiva do texto literário e suas contribuições para a teoria da análise do discurso
Authors: Aguiar Denise Brasil Alvarenga , Rocha Décio 
Published: February 2016

<p> </p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Este artigo busca atingir um duplo objetivo: por um lado, avaliar a produtividade do conceito de ritos genéticos (MAINGUENEAU, 2008) na análise de textos literários; por outro, explicitar as contribuições da análise dos textos literários para uma ressignificação do próprio quadro teórico da Análise do discurso. Esse duplo trajeto será atualizado no contexto da semântica global proposta por Maingueneau (2008). No desenvolvimento da reflexão, o conceito de ritos genéticos é confrontado com diversas produções literárias, de diferentes períodos de nossa história cultural, tanto para apreendê-lo na especificidade da produção de sentido da escrita artística, quanto para levantar algumas de suas formas de inserção no próprio universo da construção ficcional, dentro de um movimento metalinguístico comum na literatura. Dentre os resultados alcançados, ganham destaque a pertinência da análise dos ritos genéticos para a consolidação da noção de prática discursiva e o lugar central ocupado pelo texto literário na produção de uma memória que institui formas de enunciabilidade implicadas com a própria constituição da língua.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p> </p>
Proxy Measurements of California Mussel Valve Length
Authors: Glassow Michael , Sutton Elizabeth A. , Fernandez Carola Flores , Thakar Heather B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractArchaeologists studying shell assemblages from prehistoric sites along the Pacific coast of North America have been interested in the influences of collecting intensity and environmental variability on California mussel (Mytilus californianus) size. To determine the variation in mussel size within a shell assemblage, researchers have developed a variety of proxies of mussel valve length based on measurements of morphological features occurring at or near the valve’s umbo. We propose four additional measurements that can serve as proxies and evaluate their correlation with valve length using regression analysis. Of the four, anterior adductor scar length has the strongest correlation, and we present two examples of its application. We also evaluate a popular visual technique based on a set of outline drawings of valves of varying lengths, and we found that it systematically underestimated valve length but could be useful under certain circumstances. We conclude that the selection of a particular proxy of mussel valve length depends on the nature of the mussel shell assemblage being studied and the research context.
Molecular characterisation of theChlamydia pecorumplasmid from porcine, ovine, bovine, and koala strains indicates plasmid-strain co-evolution
Authors: Jelocnik Martina , Bachmann Nathan L. , Seth-Smith Helena , Thomson Nicholas R. , Timms Peter , Polkinghorne Adam M. 
Published: February 2016

Background.Highly stable, evolutionarily conserved, small, non-integrative plasmids are commonly found in members of theChlamydiaceaeand, in some species, these plasmids have been strongly linked to virulence. To date, evidence for such a plasmid inChlamydia pecorumhas been ambiguous. In a recent comparative genomic study of porcine, ovine, bovine, and koalaC. pecorumisolates, we identified plasmids (pCpec) in a pig and three koala strains, respectively. Screening of further porcine, ovine, bovine, and koalaC. pecorumisolates for pCpec showed that pCpecis common, but not ubiquitous inC. pecorumfrom all of the infected hosts.Methods.We used a combination of (i) bioinformatic mining of previously sequencedC. pecorumgenome data sets and (ii) pCpec PCR-amplicon sequencing to characterise a further 17 novel pCpecs inC. pecorumisolates obtained from livestock, including pigs, sheep, and cattle, as well as those from koala.Results and Discussion.This analysis revealed that pCpec is conserved with all eight coding domain sequences (CDSs) present in isolates from each of the hosts studied. Sequence alignments revealed that the 21 pCpecs show 99% nucleotide sequence identity, with 83 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) shown to differentiate all of the plasmids analysed in this study. SNPs were found to be mostly synonymous and were distributed evenly across all eight pCpecCDSs as well as in the intergenic regions. Although conserved, analyses of the 21 pCpecsequences resolved plasmids into 12 distinct genotypes, with five shared between pCpecs from different isolates, and the remaining seven genotypes being unique to a single pCpec. Phylogenetic analysis revealed congruency and co-evolution of pCpecs with their cognate chromosome, further supporting polyphyletic origin of the koalaC. pecorum. This study provides further understanding of the complex epidemiology of this pathogen in livestock and koala hosts and paves the way for studies to evaluate the function of this putativeC. pecorumvirulence factor.
The Anthropocene: a conspicuous stratigraphical signal of anthropogenic changes in production and consumption across the biosphere
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan , Waters Colin N. , Edgeworth Matt , Bennett Carys , Barnosky Anthony D. , Ellis Erle C. , Ellis Michael A. , Cearreta Alejandro , Haff Peter K. , Ivar do Sul Juliana A. , Leinfelder Reinhold , McNeill John R. , Odada Eric , Oreskes Naomi , Revkin Andrew , Richter Daniel deB , Steffen Will , Summerhayes Colin , Syvitski James P. , Vidas Davor , Wagreich Michael , Wing Scott L. , Wolfe Alexander P. , Zhisheng An 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBiospheric relationships between production and consumption of biomass have been resilient to changes in the Earth system over billions of years. This relationship has increased in its complexity, from localized ecosystems predicated on anaerobic microbial production and consumption to a global biosphere founded on primary production from oxygenic photoautotrophs, through the evolution of Eukarya, metazoans, and the complexly networked ecosystems of microbes, animals, fungi, and plants that characterize the Phanerozoic Eon (the last ∼541 million years of Earth history). At present, one species, Homo sapiens, is refashioning this relationship between consumption and production in the biosphere with unknown consequences. This has left a distinctive stratigraphy of the production and consumption of biomass, of natural resources, and of produced goods. This can be traced through stone tool technologies and geochemical signals, later unfolding into a diachronous signal of technofossils and human bioturbation across the planet, leading to stratigraphically almost isochronous signals developing by the mid‐20th century. These latter signals may provide an invaluable resource for informing and constraining a formal Anthropocene chronostratigraphy, but are perhaps yet more important as tracers of a biosphere state that is characterized by a geologically unprecedented pattern of global energy flow that is now pervasively influenced and mediated by humans, and which is necessary for maintaining the complexity of modern human societies.
High‐resolution paleomagnetic and sedimentological investigations on the Tibetan Plateau for the past 16 ka cal B.P.—The Tangra Yumco record
Authors: Henkel Karoline , Haberzettl Torsten , St‐Onge Guillaume , Wang Junbo , Ahlborn Marieke , Daut Gerhard , Zhu Liping , Mäusbacher Roland 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe spatial distribution of paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) records on the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas covering the Holocene and Late Glacial is sparse. In order to reconstruct PSV in this area, a piston core covering the past 17.5 ka cal B.P. retrieved from Lake Tangra Yumco, southern‐central Tibetan Plateau, was analyzed. In the laminated sediments, several event layers are intercalated. Those were identified by sedimentological analysis and excluded for age‐depth modeling and interpretation. Paleomagnetic measurements on u‐channels reveal two contrasting core sections. The lower section (dated to 17.5–15.9 ka cal B.P.) is very coarse grained (up to 220 µm) and characterized by low intensities (0.8 mA m−1) and high maximum angular deviation values (mean 25°), making it unsuitable for PSV reconstruction. In contrast, the upper unit (dated to <15.9 ka cal B.P.) yields ideal properties with a well‐defined magnetization carried by low‐coercivity minerals in the pseudo single domain state making those younger sediments a proper record for PSV studies. The robustness of the PSV reconstruction for the past 3000 years is highlighted by a comparable inclination and declination pattern of three short sediment cores (2 m) from Tangra Yumco. On a regional scale, the obtained inclination signal for the past 15.9 ka cal B.P. is in good agreement with the Lake Baikal record (3000 km to the North), PSV stack for East Asia, as well as with predictions of geomagnetic field models. This study is a step forward in constructing a PSV reference curve for central Asia.
Along‐strike structure of the Costa Rican convergent margin from seismic a refraction/reflection survey: Evidence for underplating beneath the inner forearc
Authors: St. Clair J. , Holbrook W. S. , Van Avendonk H. J. A. , Lizarralde D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe convergent margin offshore Costa Rica shows evidence of subsidence due to subduction erosion along the outer forearc and relatively high rates of uplift (∼3–6 mm/yr) along the coast. Recently erupted arc lavas exhibit a low 10Be signal, suggesting that although nearly the entire package of incoming sediments enters the subduction zone, very little of that material is carried directly with the downgoing Cocos plate to the magma generating depths of the mantle wedge. One mechanism that would explain both the low 10Be and the coastal uplift is the underplating of sediments, tectonically eroded material, and seamounts beneath the inner forearc. We present results of a 320 km long, trench‐parallel seismic reflection and refraction study of the Costa Rican forearc. The primary observations are (1) margin perpendicular faulting of the basement, (2) thickening of the Cocos plate to the northwest, and (3) two weak bands of reflections in the multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection image with travel times similar to the top of the subducting Cocos plate. The modeled depths to these reflections are consistent with an ∼40 km long, 1–3 km thick region of underplated material ∼15 km beneath some of the highest observed coastal uplift rates in Costa Rica.
Constraining mantle viscosity structure for a thermochemical mantle using the geoid observation
Authors: Liu Xi , Zhong Shijie 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLong‐wavelength geoid anomalies provide important constraints on mantle dynamics and viscosity structure. Previous studies have successfully reproduced the observed geoid using seismically inferred buoyancy in whole‐mantle convection models. However, it has been suggested that large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) underneath Pacific and Africa in the lower mantle are chemically distinct and are likely denser than the ambient mantle. We formulate instantaneous flow models based on seismic tomographic models to compute the geoid and constrain mantle viscosity by assuming both thermochemical and whole‐mantle convection. Geoid modeling for the thermochemical model is performed by considering the compensation effect of dense thermochemical piles and removing buoyancy structure of the compensation layer in the lower mantle. Thermochemical models well reproduce the observed geoid, thus reconciling the geoid with the interpretation of LLSVPs as dense thermochemical piles. The viscosity structure inverted for thermochemical models is nearly identical to that of whole‐mantle models. In the preferred model, the lower mantle viscosity is ∼10 times higher than the upper mantle viscosity that is ∼10 times higher than the transition zone viscosity. The weak transition zone is consistent with the proposed high water content there. The geoid in thermochemical mantle models is sensitive to seismic structure at midmantle depths, suggesting a need to improve seismic imaging resolution there. The geoid modeling constrains the vertical extent of dense and stable chemical piles to be within ∼500 km above CMB. Our results have implications for mineral physics, seismic tomographic studies, and mantle convection modeling.
An atmospheric mechanism for ENSO amplitude changes under an abrupt quadrupling of CO2 concentration in CMIP5 models
Authors: Rashid Harun A. , Hirst Anthony C. , Marsland Simon J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe investigate the impact of a quadrupled CO2 concentration on the simulated El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitudes in 19 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models. The amplitude of ENSO‐related sea surface temperature (SST) variability decreases in 11 of these models, and increases in the rest, in response to the enhanced radiative forcing. These opposing amplitude changes are predominantly explained by opposite changes in the time‐lagged SST response to a given central Pacific zonal wind stress (ZWS) forcing, with the net heat flux forcing and the SST‐ZWS feedback playing smaller roles. We find a robust relationship between the changes in the ZWS forcing efficiency and those in the ZWS‐deep convection coupling in the central‐western Pacific, indicating an important role for this coupling in ENSO amplitude changes. Indeed, the projected change in this coupling is indicative of the projected change in ENSO‐related SST variability.
Source model of the 2015 Mw 6.4 Pishan earthquake constrained by interferometric synthetic aperture radar and GPS: Insight into blind rupture in the western Kunlun Shan
Authors: He Ping , Wang Qi , Ding Kaihua , Wang Min , Qiao Xuejun , Li Jie , Wen Yangmao , Xu Caijun , Yang Shaomin , Zou Rong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Pishan, Xinjiang, earthquake on 3 July 2015 is the one of largest events (Mw 6–7) that has occurred along the western Kunlun Shan, northwestern edge of the Tibetan Plateau in recent time. It involved blind thrusting at a shallow depth beneath the range front, providing a rare chance to gain insights into the interaction between the Tarim Basin and the Tibetan Plateau. Here we present coseismic ground displacements acquired by high‐resolution ALOS‐2 SAR imagery and derived from GPS resurveys on several near‐field geodetic markers after the event. We observed a maximum displacement exceeding 10 cm in the epicentral region. Analysis of the data based on a finite fault model indicates that coseismic slip occurred on a subsurface plane of 22 km × 8 km in size with a dip of about 27° to the north and a strike of 114°, representing partial break of one ramp fault buried in Paleozoic strata at 8–16 km depths beneath the foothill of the western Kunlun Shan. This blind rupture is characterized largely by a compact thrusting patch with a peak slip of 0.63 m, resulting in a stress drop of 2.3 MPa. The source model yields a geodetic moment of 5.05 × 1018 N · m, corresponding to Mw 6.4. The Pishan earthquake suggests a northward migration of deformation front of the Tibetan Plateau onto the Tarim Basin. Our finding highlights slip along ramp‐décollement faults to build up the western Kunlun Shan as the Tarim slab is subducting beneath western Tibet.
Estimating decadal variability in sea level from tide gauge records: An application to the North Sea
Authors: Frederikse Thomas , Riva Riccardo , Slobbe Cornelis , Broerse Taco , Verlaan Martin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOne of the primary observational data sets of sea level is represented by the tide gauge record. We propose a new method to estimate variability on decadal time scales from tide gauge data by using a state space formulation, which couples the direct observations to a predefined state space model by using a Kalman filter. The model consists of a time‐varying trend and seasonal cycle, and variability induced by several physical processes, such as wind, atmospheric pressure changes and teleconnection patterns. This model has two advantages over the classical least‐squares method that uses regression to explain variations due to known processes: a seasonal cycle with time‐varying phase and amplitude can be estimated, and the trend is allowed to vary over time. This time‐varying trend consists of a secular trend and low‐frequency variability that is not explained by any other term in the model. As a test case, we have used tide gauge data from stations around the North Sea over the period 1980–2013. We compare a model that only estimates a trend with two models that also remove intra‐annual variability: one by means of time series of wind stress and sea level pressure, and one by using a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. The last two models explain a large part of the variability, which significantly improves the accuracy of the estimated time‐varying trend. The best results are obtained with the hydrodynamic model. We find a consistent low‐frequency sea level signal in the North Sea, which can be linked to a steric signal over the northeastern part of the Atlantic.
ITCZ structure as determined by parameterized versus explicit convection in aquachannel and aquapatch simulations
Authors: Nolan David S. , Tulich Stefan N. , Blanco Joaquin E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNumerous studies using both global and regional models of the atmosphere have found daunting sensitivities of the structure and dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) to the representations of unresolved processes, particularly the convective parameterization (CP). Evaluations of these results by comparison to high‐resolution simulations with explicit convection have been rather limited, due to the large computational burden of using grid spacings less than 10 km over large domains representative of the Earth's tropics. This study introduces a framework that allows the use of cloud‐resolving grid spacings over the tropics and larger spacings over remainder of the domain. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used in an “aquachannel” beta‐plane configuration, zonally periodic with length equal to that of the real equator. This model reproduces the general circulation and eddy statistics of similarly configured aquaplanet models. A channel shortened to one third the length of the equator (the “aquapatch”) also reproduces the zonal‐mean circulations and eddies. Finally, nested grids embedded in the aquapatch are used to simulate tropical convection with 5.15 km resolution. The nested 5.15 km simulations produce broader and lighter rainfall distributions, making single ITCZs wider and smoothing out double ITCZ structures. They also show quite different rainfall production rates for atmospheric parameters such as convective available potential energy (CAPE) and column relative humidity (CRH). The apparent reason for these differences is that the higher resolution allows for the representation of squall lines and associated cold pools that propagate meridionally, redistributing rainfall away from the ITCZ.