bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parasites and a host's sense of smell: reduced chemosensory performance of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) infected with a monogenean parasite
Authors: Lari Ebrahim , Goater Cameron P. , Cone David K. , Pyle Greg G. 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Parasites residing within the central nervous system of their hosts have the potential to reduce various components of host performance, but such effects are rarely evaluated.

We assessed the olfactory acuity of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) infected experimentally with the monogenean Dactylogyrus olfactorius, the adults of which live within the host's olfactory chambers.

Olfactory acuity was compared between infected and uninfected hosts by assessing electro‐olfactography (EOG) neural responses to chemical stimuli that indicate the presence of food (L‐alanine) or the presence of conspecifics (taurocholic acid). We also compared differences in gross morphology of the olfactory epithelium in infected and uninfected minnows.

Differences in EOG responses between infected and uninfected minnows to both cue types were non‐significant at 30 days post‐exposure. By days 60 and 90, coincident with a two times increase in parasite intensity in the olfactory chambers, the EOG responses of infected minnows were 70–90% lower than controls. When infected fish were treated with a parasiticide (Prazipro), olfactory acuity returned to control levels by day 7 post‐treatment.

The observed reduction in olfactory acuity is best explained by the reduced density of cilia covering the olfactory chambers of infected fish, or by the concomitant increase in the density of mucous cells that cover the olfactory chambers. These morphological changes are likely due to the direct effects of attachment and feeding by individual worms or by indirect effects associated with host responses. Our results show that infection of a commonly occurring monogenean in fathead minnows reduces olfactory acuity. Parasite‐induced interference with olfactory performance may reduce a fish's ability to detect, or respond to, chemical cues originating from food, predators, competitors or mates.
Joining revisited in family therapy: discourse analysis of cross‐cultural encounters between a therapist and an immigrant family
Authors: Lee Eunjung , Tsang A. Ka Tat , Bogo Marion , Wilson Gabrielle , Johnstone Marjorie , Herschman Jessica 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWith increasing diversity in therapeutic dyads, there has been renewed attention to the process of ‘joining’ in cross‐cultural encounters. Inspired by discourse analysis, we conducted a close reading of therapy transcripts between a Pakistani immigrant mother‐daughter dyad and a Canadian white female therapist in an outpatient clinic. Our findings illustrate detailed discursive interactions for joining techniques – selective joining, confirmation, and tracking – (1) where the therapist facilitates joining moments with the family and (2) where the same techniques are used to preclude further exploration of the family's cultural views. Consequently, the joining process is at times limited by the therapist's enactment of her own assumptions about the family's culture. Due to the doxic nature of cultural assumptions, a discursive analysis may help to prevent therapists from silencing their clients’ cultural voices and to be more reflexive of their assumptions, thus promoting joining.Practitioner pointsJoining in family therapy is a dynamic processThe detailed analysis of joining moments can serve as an example for training therapists to examine their moment‐to‐moment responses to culturally diverse clientsTherapeutic constructs/techniques (e.g. joining) cannot be decontextualized or conceptualized as apolitical and aculturalCritical reflexivity may prevent therapists from unknowingly oppressing culturally diverse clients’ experiences and cultural identities
Use of a postoperative pad test to identify continence status in women after obstetric vesicovaginal fistula repair: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Kopp DM , Bengtson AM , Tang JH , Chipungu E , Moyo M , Wilkinson J 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveDetermine whether a 1‐hour pad test at discharge can identify continence status within 120 days of obstetric vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) repair.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingFistula Care Centre in Lilongwe, Malawi.PopulationWomen with VVF who underwent repair between January 2012 and December 2014.MethodsData on demographics, obstetric history, physical exam findings, operative management, postoperative findings, and follow up evaluations were collected on women with VVF repair.Main outcome measuresSensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and a receiver operating curve (ROC) were calculated to assess the utility of using a discharge pad test at three thresholds to identify women likely to be continent at follow up.ResultsAfter VVF repair, 346 women had a 1‐hour pad test performed at the time of hospital discharge and completed follow up within 120 days of repair. Of these, 79.8% (n = 276) were completely continent, whereas 20.2% (n = 70) had some degree of incontinence. The sensitivity and specificity of a negative 1‐hour pad test at predicting continence is 68.1% and 82.9%, respectively. With this prevalence, a negative pad test at a 1.5‐g threshold demonstrates a high predictive value (PPV = 94.0%, 95% CI 90.0–96.9) in detecting women with continence after repair.ConclusionsAt the 1.5‐g threshold, a negative pad test at discharge identifies 94% of women who will remain continent after VVF repair. Adding the pad test to fistula care can identify women who are likely to remain continent and may not need further therapies in settings where resources are limited and follow up after repair is difficult.Tweetable abstractA negative pad test after repair is associated with continued continence at follow up.
Psychometric characteristics of a sexuality education survey for teachers of secondary school students with learning disabilities in Malaysia
Authors: Ang Chai Tin , Lee Lay Wah 
Published: January 2017

Delivery of sexuality education to secondary school students in Malaysia started since 1989. However, this area of education was neglected for secondary students with learning disabilities. Therefore, in order to explore their needs for sexuality education, society's perceptions especially teachers’ towards this matter should be considered. To achieve this objective, it is important to conduct a needs analysis on teachers’ perceptions towards this topic. An instrument with good psychometric properties is needed to obtain consistent and reliable information. This paper describes the development and psychometric testing of the Sexuality Education Survey for Teachers of Secondary School Students with Learning Disabilities (SES). SES showed acceptable content validity, construct validity, and achieved satisfactory reliability. The instrument also has good stability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95) to be adopted as an instrument for analysing the health and sexuality education needs of secondary students with learning disabilities in Malaysia.
Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters in Refined Edible Oils: A Review on Formation, Occurrence, Analysis, and Elimination Methods
Authors: Cheng Wei‐wei , Liu Guo‐qin , Wang Li‐qing , Liu Zeng‐she 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGlycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs), one of the main contaminants in processed oils, are mainly formed during the deodorization step in the refining process of edible oils and therefore occur in almost all refined edible oils. GEs are potential carcinogens, due to the fact that they readily hydrolyze into the free form glycidol in the gastrointestinal tract, which has been found to induce tumors in various rat tissues. Furthermore, glycidol has already been identified as a “possible human carcinogen’’ (group 2A) by the Intl. Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Therefore, significant effort has been devoted to inhibit and eliminate the formation of GEs. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary on the following topics: (i) GE occurrence data for different edible oils and oil‐based food products, (ii) precursors of GEs, (iii) factors influencing the formation of GEs, (iv) potential reaction mechanisms involving the leaving group and reaction intermediates, and (v) analytical methods, including the indirect and direct methods. More importantly, the various elimination methods for GEs in refined edible oils are being reviewed with focus on 3 aspects: (i) inhibition and removal of reactants, (ii) modification of reactive conditions, and (iii) elimination of GE products.
Rapid Cell‐Based Assay for Detection and Quantification of Active Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type D
Authors: Rasooly Reuven , Do Paula M. , Hernlem Bradley J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFood poisoning by Staphylococcus aureus is a result of ingestion of Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by this bacterium and is a major source of foodborne illness. Staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED) is one of the predominant enterotoxins recovered in Staphylococcal food poisoning incidences, including a recent outbreak in Guam affecting 300 children. Current immunology methods for SED detection cannot distinguish between the biologically active form of the toxin, which poses a threat, from the inactive form, which poses no threat. In vivo bioassays that measure emetic activity in kitten and monkeys have been used, but these methods rely upon expensive procedures using live animals and raising ethical concerns. A rapid (5 h) quantitative bioluminescence assay, using a genetically engineered T‐cell Jurkat cell line expressing luciferase under regulation of nuclear factor of activated T cells response elements, in combination with the lymphoblastoid B‐cell line Raji for antigen presentation, was developed. In this assay, the detection limit of biologically active SED is 100 ng/mL, which is 10 times more sensitive than the splenocyte proliferation assay, and 105 times more sensitive than monkey or kitten bioassay. Pasteurization or repeated freeze–thaw cycles had no effect on SED activity, but reduction in SED activity was shown with heat treatment at 100°C for 5 min. It was also shown that milk exhibits a protective effect on SED. This bioluminescence assay may also be used to rapidly evaluate antibodies to SED for potential therapeutic application as a measurement of neutralizing biological effects of SED.
Life‐time history of insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms as correlates of alcohol, cocaine and heroin use and relapse among adults seeking substance use treatment in the United States from 1991 to 1994
Authors: Dolsen Emily A. , Harvey Allison G. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimsTo examine the association between a life‐time history of insomnia and hypersomnia compared with no sleep disturbance and substance use patterns and amounts before and after a substance use treatment episode.DesignSecondary analysis of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies conducted from 1991 to 1994.SettingData were collected at 96 substance use treatment programs in 11 United States cities, including short‐term in‐patient, long‐term residential, methadone maintenance and out‐patient drug‐free treatment modalities.ParticipantsStudy samples included 7168 adults at treatment entry and 2965 at 12 months post‐treatment entry whose primary substance use at entry was alcohol (14.7%), cocaine (62.7%) or heroin (22.6%).MeasurementsLife‐time history of insomnia and hypersomnia was assessed via self‐report. Type and frequency of substance use were assessed at treatment entry. Substance use was also assessed 12 months following treatment completion. Associations were examined using linear and logistic regression with age, sex, race, education level, depression history, treatment modality and in‐treatment substance use as covariates.FindingsLife‐time history of insomnia, hypersomnia, both or neither was reported by 26.3, 9.5, 28.0 and 36.2% of participants, respectively. Compared with no sleep disturbance, life‐time insomnia and hypersomnia were associated at treatment entry with unique substance use patterns and a higher frequency of any substance use (P < 0.001). All types of sleep disturbance were associated with higher rates of cocaine use at 12‐month post‐entry (odds ratios: 1.30–1.57).ConclusionsThere is evidence of an adverse association between substance use and sleep disturbance including higher frequency of all substance use before substance abuse treatment and higher rates of cocaine use after a treatment episode.
The application of three‐dimensional printing technology in anaesthesia: a systematic review
Authors: Chao I. , Young J. , Coles‐Black J. , Chuen J. , Weinberg L. , Rachbuch C. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThree‐dimensional printing has rapidly become an easily accessible, innovative and versatile technology, with a vast range of applications across a wide range of industries. There has been a recent emergence in the scientific literature relating to its potential application across a multitude of fields within medicine and surgery; however, its use within anaesthesia has yet to be formally explored. We undertook a systematic review using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases of three‐dimensional printing in anaesthesia. We identified eight relevant articles. Due to the paucity of studies, we also completed a narrative review of the applications of three‐dimensional printing pertinent to anaesthetic practice that our department are currently exploring, and suggest potential future uses for this technology relevant to our speciality.
Identification and clinical role of choroidal neovascularization characteristics based on optical coherence tomography angiography
Authors: Sulzbacher Florian , Pollreisz Andreas , Kaider Alexandra , Kickinger Stefan , Sacu Stefan , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula ,   the Vienna Eye Study Center
Published: January 2017

AbstractPurposeTo suggest a novel classification of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) based on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to correlate morphological characteristics based on optical coherence tomography (OCT)/OCTA with clinical criteria of disease activity.MethodsA total of 88 eyes with neovascular AMD (14 treatment‐naïve, 74 eyes following anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor treatment (VEGF)) were examined using the AngioVue OCTA system (Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) and evaluated based on vascular morphology. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV)‐vessel morphology based on OCTA and associations with retinal layers were described and correlated with clinical markers of disease activity.ResultsIn treatment‐naïve CNV, CNV‐vessel morphology based on OCTA showed a dense‐net configuration (DN) in 12 of 14 eyes, a loose‐net configuration (LN) in one of 14 eyes and an unidentifiable CNV pattern in one of 14 eyes, whereas in treated CNV, DN was registered in 43.2% (32/74), LN in 27% (20/74), DN with additional LN (mixed type) in 14.9% (11/74) and an unidentifiable CNV pattern in 14.9% (11/74). Clinical correlations revealed a significantly longer disease duration for LN with a median value of 4.3 years compared to DN with 2.0 years (p = 0.009) and for CNV involving the outer retina with 3.1 years compared to CNV not involving the outer retina with 1.9 years (p = 0.051).ConclusionOptical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) allows identification of distinct CNV‐specific vascular patterns at the level of the outer retinal layer and choriocapillaris. Correlation with clinical and functional parameters may be useful to better understand pathophysiological mechanisms and guide efficient therapeutic strategies.
Stapling an extracorporeal Billroth‐I anastomosis by the complete double stapling technique after laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy
Authors: Tanaka Chie , Fujiwara Michitaka , Kanda Mitsuro , Murotani Kenta , Iwata Naoki , Hayashi Masamichi , Kobayashi Daisuke , Yamada Suguru , Nakayama Goro , Sugimoto Hiroyuki , Koike Masahiko , Fujii Tsutomu , Kodera Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntroductionLaparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy is one of the major treatments for early stage gastric cancer, particularly in the East Asia. In this method, extracorporeal anastomosis is performed via a small laparotomy wound, but excessive tissue traction may be encountered during the anastomotic procedure. Therefore, we developed an original procedure for extracorporeal Billroth‐I reconstruction: end‐to‐end stapling gastroduodenostomy with complete double stapling technique. This procedure aims to reduce the problems related to maneuvers through a small laparotomy.MethodsAn end‐to‐end anastomosis is constructed on the transection line using a circular stapler inserted from the distal end of the greater curvature of the remnant stomach. Short‐term outcomes were reviewed in 218 consecutive patients who underwent complete double stapling technique reconstruction after laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy between 2002 and 2012. Findings from GI endoscopy were reviewed in 110 patients.ResultsThe mean operative time was 216 min, and mean blood loss was 163 mL. There was no conversion to the open surgery and no operative death. Eight patients (3.6%) had anastomosis‐related postoperative complications. In follow‐up endoscopic examinations 1 year after surgery, grade 3 or higher residual food was seen in 17.2% of patients. Gastritis extending to the entire remnant stomach was observed in 8.2% of patients, and grade 3 gastritis was seen in 2.7%. Los Angeles classification grade A or higher reflux esophagitis was found in 10.9%.ConclusionsBillroth‐I reconstruction by the complete double stapling technique is a safe and feasible procedure. This method provides satisfactory short‐term outcomes, including the incidence of reflex remnant gastritis and esophagitis.
Pharmacological inhibition of complement C5a‐C5a1 receptor signalling ameliorates disease pathology in the hSOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Lee John D , Kumar Vinod , Fung Jenny N T , Ruitenberg Marc J , Noakes Peter G , Woodruff Trent M 
Published: January 2017

Background and PurposeAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and rapidly progressing motor neuron disease without effective treatment. The complement system is up‐regulated in ALS, with recent studies indicating that the activation product C5a accelerates disease progression via the C5a1 receptor (C5aR1). We therefore examined the therapeutic effect of C5a1 receptor antagonism in hSOD1G93A mice, the most widely used preclinical model of ALS.Experimental ApproachThe selective and orally active C5a1 receptor antagonist, PMX205, was administered to hSOD1G93A mice in drinking water, both pre‐ and post‐disease onset. Blood, brain and spinal cord pharmacokinetics were performed using LC–MS/MS methods. Effects of PMX205 on hSOD1G93A disease progression was determined using body weight, hindlimb grip strength, survival time and blood analysis.Key ResultsPMX205 entered the intact CNS at pharmacologically active concentrations, with increased entry observed in hSOD1G93A mice as the disease progressed, in line with augmented blood–brain barrier breakdown. hSOD1G93A mice treated with PMX205 before disease onset had significantly improved hindlimb grip strength, slower disease progression and extended survival, compared with vehicle treatment. These improvements were associated with reductions in pro‐inflammatory monocytes and granulocytes and increases in T‐helper lymphocytes in peripheral blood. PMX205 treatment beginning 3 weeks following disease onset also attenuated disease progression, significantly extending survival.Conclusion and ImplicationsThese results confirm that C5a1 receptors play a pathogenic role in hSOD1G93A mice, further validating the C5a‐C5a1 receptor signalling axis as a potential therapeutic target to slow disease progression in ALS.
The Journey to Children's Mindsets—and Beyond
Authors: Dweck Carol S. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMy career has been devoted to understanding the nature, workings, and development of children's motivation. Starting with research on motivation in animals, I went on to study the motivational impact of children's attributions, achievement goals, and mindsets about their abilities. I have explored how socialization practices affect these mindsets, as well as how interventions that change children's mindsets can enhance their motivation and learning. I am now developing a broad theory that puts motivation and the formation of mindsets (or beliefs) at the heart of social and personality development. It is hoped that this will attract even more young scholars in developmental psychology to the study of motivation.
Retinal prosthesis that incorporates the organization of the nerve fibre layer
Authors: FitzGibbon Thomas 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRecent efforts to restore partial vision in blind patients have made significant progress. Currently, prosthetic design concentrates on stimulating as many foveal retinal ganglion cells as possible but is hampered by stimulation of the nerve fibre layer. This results in a nonvisuotopic arrangement of phosphenes (stimulation percepts). This article suggests that by extending the stimulation area well beyond the fovea and stimulating the nerve fibre layer, axons from any remaining ganglion cells in more peripheral regions of the retina (low acuity) can be used to generate a visuotopic map. Stimulation of the fibre layer will generate a large number of stimulation percepts; however, it is unlikely that these will have sufficient topographic order to be immediately useful to the patient. Thus, it will be necessary to recreate an ordered visuotopic map by using appropriate computer algorithms and interactions between the patient and the clinician.
Community sidelined: The loss of community focus in differential response
Authors: Delaye Ashleigh , Sinha Vandna 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDifferential response (DR) first emerged as one component of a child welfare paradigm that emphasized the need to engage communities in supporting families and children. However, the role of community in differential response has received little attention in recent literature. We examine the intellectual history of these ideas, tracing changes in the framing of community engagement in relation to DR over time. We find that attention to community has been sidelined by an increasingly narrow definition of DR that focuses on the existence of an alternative approach to engaging with screened in families, rather than the building of community support networks. There is currently no clear and explicit theoretical framework connecting community engagement to DR. We find that the absence of such a framework has given rise to a series of conceptual debates about the definition and purpose of DR. The development of a literature that elucidates the topic of community engagement in DR may serve to resolve some of these debates.