bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Norfloxacin Acute Toxicity in Five Day old Broiler Chicken
Authors: Darmel Mohammad Bayer , Waziri Mohammad Yunas , Nassary NoorAgha , Rahmani Mohammad Malyar , Omari Palwasha , Halim Mahshed , Khalili Fazal Akbar , Ahmady Huma , Arain Muhammad Bilawal 
Published: September 2024

Background: Norfloxacin is a second generation fluoroquinolone, used widely against sensitive organisms. After the withdrawal of enrofloxacin by the U.S. FDA for its use in poultry, the importance of Norfloxacin is getting increased and already some veterinary formulations were introduced by pharmaceutical companies in the market. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the acute toxicity of Norfloxacin IP, a member of fluoroquinolone in five day old broiler chicken. Materials and Methods: Healthy 60 COBB broiler a day old chicks, with an average body weight of 45±5g were acclimatized to the laboratory condition for five days. Six groups; each group consisting 10 experimental birds were used for determining LD50 safety value. Clinical observations were made. The tissue samples from concerned organs of all the birds were collected for histopathological study. Findings: The maximum dose of Norfloxacin, where no mortality occurred was 1.4 g /kg. The dose at which 100 percent mortality observed was calculated to be 1.8 g/kg /body weight. The clinical signs of toxicity observed before death were dullness, excitability, and drowsiness, circling, oozing of fluid from mouth and gasping for breath with beaks wide open. The calculated LD50 value for Norfloxacin was found to be 1.55 g/kg for 24 h observation period. The histopathological findings observed in concerned organs were: hemorrhage, congestion and tubular epithelium degeneration and necrosis in kidney, Hemorrhage, edema and infiltration of few inflammatory cells in heart. Congestion of vessels and dilatation of sinusoidal space were observed. Perivascular hepatocytes were degenerated with infiltration of few inflammatory cells on liver and sever lymphocytolysis in spleen. Conclusion: Norfloxacin can be classified as a moderately toxic drug according to Global Harmonization System (GHS) for classification of toxic compounds as per given protocol.
Perceptions of University Students in Bangladesh towards the Challenges and Benefits of Online Classes: A Samir Bhadra Qualitative Approach
Authors: Bhadra Samir , Uddin Md. Shawan , Ali Mir Mokaddesh , Sheikh Md. Imran , Sultana Niger 
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions of students regarding the challenges and benefits of online classes based on their online classes’ experiences particularly during pandemic COVID-19. Following the interpretive research paradigm and cross-sectional design, this research is qualitative in nature. Using a semi-structured questionnaire the researchers conducted 30 in-depth interviews of the 23 public and private university students who are attending their classes virtually during the pandemic. The collected data was analyzed following a content analysis approach to evaluate the relationship among the ideas, the interview data, and the theoretical context. This study finds that in developing countries like Bangladesh, the online class system is a relatively new concept, so the participants face some difficulties such as low internet connection, electricity support, teachers’ capacities, and lack of institutional support as well as their technological engagement. As such participants face challenges that they do not learn as well as they would in regular classes. Moreover, the participants must comprehend the contrasts between traditional and online classrooms in order to improve their competence. However, participants are taking e-learning for extra advantages due to COVID-19 pandemic in order to reduce detachment from education and session gap. This study will be helpful to the policy-makers to develop proper rules to cope with such difficult situations, particularly when it comes to delivering communicative education to students particularly in a crisis situation.

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"Kubla Khan": A Poem of Sexual Ambiguity
Authors: Miah A.S.M. Shamim 
Published: September 2024

The poem 'Kubla Khan' is quite inexplicable. It a fun of ambiguity and seemingly bizarre Implications. Many critics have seen it as a poem full of ethereal music, but I find it a mysterious reflection on human sexuality. In it Coleridge makes reference to what Freud would have called "dream work? basically thoughts surfacing as thing and thinking being dramatized: the thoughts being pulled from the subconscious and made significant. Had It not been for the opium. Coleridge's 'Kubla Khan" would have remained a fantasy. dreamt arid last. Certainty. the poem is a mad intricate work, full of the poet's desire to portray grandeur synaestheticaily. 'Kubla Khan' is also, among other things. a poem full of ironic reflections on the legendary architectural feat of the Mughals.
Evaluation of rabi season sesame productivity from graded nutrient doses and tillage regimes in rice fallows of southern plateau and hills region of the Indian sub-continent
Authors: Chandrasekaran Harisudan , Ramesh K. , Yadav Praduman , Pasala Ratnakumar , Sathiah Elamathi , Indiragandhi Pandiyan , Perumal Veeramani , Kannan Sivagamy , Karunakaran V. , Perumal Kathirvelan , Rengasamy Baskaran , Kasirajan Subrahmaniyan 
Published: September 2024

Background
Only scattered information is available on the tillage and nutrient management information for the sesame crop following rice in the literature. Sesame as an edible oil yielding crop with high levels of unsaturated fatty acids has high international demand due to superior health benefits. Being a small seeded crop, it requires standard tillage and nutrient management to obtain optimum productivity under rice fallow ecologies. As a sequential crop after rice harvest, the tillage and nutrient management practices followed for the preceding rice have astounding effects on the succeeding sesame crop. To better understand and manipulate the agro ecology in the rice fallow culture, it is necessary to study the behaviour of sesame cultivars, in relation to the tillage requirements and macro nutrient factors that have a bearing on the productivity.

Methods
The aim of this work was to evaluate the productivity of rice fallow sesame in the southern plateau and hills regions of the Indian sub-continent (Tamil Nadu) with a hypothesis that tillage and nutrient management would immensely benefit the sesame crop. Field experiments were conducted at TNAU, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduturai, Tamil Nadu during 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 with tillage practices (reduced tillage, conventional tillage and zero tillage) and fertilizer doses (zero percent RDF, 25% RDF, 50% RDF, 75% RDF and 100% RDF) in a split plot design replicated thrice.

Results
The results have clearly indicated that the performance of rice fallow sesame was poor under zero till conditions as the sesame crop is poorly adapted leading to a yield penalty up to 68%. A total of 75% RDF has yielded statistically similar yield to that of 100% RDF to the rice fallow sesame. Further, neither the oil content nor the fatty acid composition was modified by tillage and nutrient management regimes.
Influence of Iron and Zinc Biofortification on Growth and Yield of Drilled Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
Authors: Jinjala V. R. , Gudadhe N. N. , Tripathi Sonal , Chudasama S. D. , Ninama A. R. 
Published: September 2024

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2022 and 2023 to study the effect of iron and zinc biofortification on the growth and yield of drilled rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Krushi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Dediapada, Gujarat. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments. Based on pooled analysis, almost all the growth attributes (periodical plant height, number of tillers plant-1, leaf area, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation plant-1), yield attributes (productive tillers m-2, number of filled grains panicle-1, panicle length, weight of panicle and 1000 grain weight), grain yield (3035 kg ha-1) and straw yield (5336 kg ha-1) were recorded significantly higher under treatment T10 (soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 and foliar ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 0.5% at 30 & 60 DAS). Based on the results, it concluded that for achieving higher growth and yield in drilled rice, the crop should be fertilized with soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 and foliar ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 0.5% at 30 & 60 DAS along with RDF and soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 along with RDF.
Effect of Foliar Application of Nano fertilizers on Soil Properties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Western UP, India
Authors: Verma Sandeep Kumar , Kumar Mukesh , Vivek  , Singh P. K. , Singh S. P. , Singh Bhim , Verma Aparna , Roy Shalini 
Published: September 2024

An experiment was conducted during kharif 2022 and 2023 at the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, to study the Effect of Foliar Application of Nano on Soil properties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Western UP. The investigation was carried out with fourteen treatments viz. Control, RDF (N:P:K-120:60:40 kg ha-1 + 25 kg zinc sulphate), 100% RDF + Nano urea, 100% RDF + Nano potash, 100% RDF + Nano Zn, 100% RDF + Nano urea + Nano potash + Nano Zn, 75% RDF + Nano urea, 75% RDF + Nano potash, 75% RDF + Nano Zn, 75% RDF + Nano urea + Nano potash + Nano Zn, 50% RDF + Nano urea, 50% RDF + Nano potash, 50% RDF + Nano Zn and 50% RDF + Nano urea + Nano potash + Nano Zn. The nano fertilizers were applied at tillering stage (35 DAT). Result revealed that highest soil properties viz., organic matter % (0.48 & 0.52), available nitrogen (225.6 & 228.7 kg ha-1), available phosphorus (19.5 & 20.7 kg ha-1), available potassium (235.6 & 233.8 kg ha-1) and available zinc (0.80 & 0.83 g ha-1) were recorded with application of 100% RDF + Nano urea + Nano potash + Nano Zn spray at tillering stage (35 DAT) respectively, during both the years. The lowest values of these parameters were recorded under control treatment.
Comparative Study of Effectiveness of Haloperidol Versus Olanzapine among Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: R Dhanalakshmi , R Hari Shankar , C Hemachandar , J Janeviennygrace 
Published: September 2024

Aim: To compare the efficacy of oral Typical Antipsychotic drug [Haloperidol] Group A versus oral Atypical Antipsychotic drug [Olanzapine] Group B in patients who met the criteria for schizophrenia. This study includes observe and compare the positive symptoms and negative symptoms in Group A and Group B by using PSYRATS scale and negative symptom assessment tool.
Study Design: Prospective comparative observational study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried from April 2023 – September 2023 at Psychiatric Outpatient Department in the Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagapattinam.
Methodology: The study sample comprised 60 patients [N=60], The 30 subjects were in Group A and 30 subjects were in Group B who met the SCID – DSM V criteria and also include criteria 1. Age between 22 – 65 years. 2. Subject should have Minimum mental state examination [MMSE] score between 25 – 30. Paired and Unpaired t test was performed to observe statistical significance.
Results: Out of 60 patients Olanzapine was associated with a mean baseline to endpoint improvement of ( -22.77) versus a Mean change of ( -14.39) in Haloperidol. Olanzapine [Group B] had higher mean difference than Haloperidol [Group A].
Conclusion: By using PSYRATS scale and Negative symptom assessment tool, Olanzapine treated group were numerically better than the Haloperidol treated group in both Negative and Positive Symptoms.
Mantle exhumation and metamorphism in the Basque‐Cantabrian Basin (NSpain): Stable and clumped isotope analysis in carbonates and comparison with ophicalcites in the North‐Pyrenean Zone (Urdach and Lherz)
Authors: DeFelipe I. , Pedreira D. , Pulgar J. A. , Iriarte E. , Mendia M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe presence of ophicalcites in serpentinized peridotites together with fragments of these rocks in Cretaceous breccias along several North‐Pyrenean basins led to the interpretation of complete mantle exhumation to the seafloor. The westernmost outcrop of peridotites in the Pyrenean‐Cantabrian belt is located in Ziga (eastern Basque‐Cantabrian Basin), associated to a band of HT metamorphism related to the Leiza fault (Marble Unit). We present a petrological and geochemical study of the marbles and Ziga peridotite‐hosted calcite, including standard stable isotope composition and clumped isotope geothermometry. These isotopic techniques allow the determination of different types of formational fluids and crystallization temperatures, and are a useful tool for studying carbonation processes in hyperextended basins. Fieldwork and analytical studies lead us to conclude that during the opening of the Bay of Biscay, mantle rocks were unroofed at the base of the sedimentary pile of the eastern Basque‐Cantabrian Basin. However, the ophicalcite veins were recrystallized from meteoric fluids at low temperatures (≤49°C). The primary carbonate phase may have been formed either during the mid‐Cretaceous unroofing of the mantle or in a post‐exhumation stage. The process of mantle exhumation was accompanied with HT‐LP metamorphism and fluid circulation along major faults that reset the marine isotopic signature in the nearest marbles. For comparison, ophicalcites from Urdach and Lherz (North‐Pyrenean Zone) were included in the clumped isotope study. Results show that they were recrystallized from hot (∼200–230°C), saline fluids, and from meteoric fluids at near ambient temperatures (∼32–42°C), respectively.
Ion acceleration at dipolarization fronts in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Sitnov M. I. , Merkin V. G. , Gkioulidou M. , Mitchell D. G. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDuring geomagnetic storms plasma pressure in the inner magnetosphere is controlled by energetic ions of tens to hundreds of keV. Plasma pressure is the source of global storm time currents, which control the distribution of magnetic field and couple the inner magnetosphere and the ionosphere. Recent analysis showed that the buildup of hot ion population in the inner magnetosphere largely occurs in the form of localized discrete injections associated with sharp dipolarizations of magnetic field, similar to dipolarization fronts in the magnetotail. Because of significant differences between the ambient magnetic field and the dipolarization front properties in the magnetotail and the inner magnetosphere, the physical mechanisms of ion acceleration at dipolarization fronts in these two regions may also be different. In this paper we discuss a new acceleration mechanism enabled by stable trapping of ions at the azimuthally localized dipolarization fronts. It is shown that trapping can provide a robust mechanism of ion energization in the inner magnetosphere even in the absence of large electric fields.
Comparing and contrasting dispersionless injections at geosynchronous orbit during a substorm event
Authors: Kronberg E. A. , Grigorenko E. E. , Turner D. L. , Daly P. W. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Kozak L. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractParticle injections in the magnetosphere transport electrons and ions from the magnetotail to the radiation belts. Here we consider generation mechanisms of “dispersionless” injections, namely, those with simultaneous increase of the particle flux over a wide energy range. In this study we take advantage of multisatellite observations which simultaneously monitor Earth's magnetospheric dynamics from the tail toward the radiation belts during a substorm event. Dispersionless injections are associated with instabilities in the plasma sheet during the growth phase of the substorm, with a dipolarization front at the onset and with magnetic flux pileup during the expansion phase. They show different spatial spread and propagation characteristics. Injection associated with the dipolarization front is the most penetrating. At geosynchronous orbit (6.6 RE), the electron distributions do not have a classic power law fit but instead a bump on tail centered on ∼120 keV during dispersionless electron injections. However, electron distributions of injections associated with magnetic flux pileup in the magnetotail (13 RE) do not show such a signature. We surmise that an additional resonant acceleration occurs in between these locations. We relate the acceleration mechanism to the electron drift resonance with ultralow frequency waves localized in the inner magnetosphere.
Investigation of turbulent momentum flux in the typhoon boundary layer
Authors: Duan Ziqiang , Yao Xiaohong , Li Yongping , Lei Xiaotu , Fang Pingzhi , Zhao Bingke 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTurbulent momentum flux in the typhoon boundary layer was measured at a turbulent flux tower in Southeast China using an eddy covariance technique during the passage of typhoons Fanapi and Megi in 2010. The anemometers were mounted on the cantilever bracket at the height of 26.6, 42.4, 60.4, and 82.9 m. The momentum flux in the typhoon boundary layer decreased with increasing height during the two typhoon passages. The decrease was nearly linear during the passage of the Typhoon Fanapi. However, in the boundary layer of the Typhoon Megi, the momentum flux at 26.6 m height was much greater than that at 42.4 m height. The cospectra of wind components showed that the enhanced flux at the bottom of the boundary layer was caused by small‐scale turbulence with frequency in the range of 0.1–1 Hz and can be explained by the turbulent energy accumulation of small‐scale turbulence.
Redistribution of ice nuclei between cloud and rain droplets: Parameterization and application to deep convective clouds
Authors: Paukert M. , Hoose C. , Simmel M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn model studies of aerosol‐dependent immersion freezing in clouds, a common assumption is that each ice nucleating aerosol particle corresponds to exactly one cloud droplet. In contrast, the immersion freezing of larger drops—“rain”—is usually represented by a liquid volume‐dependent approach, making the parameterizations of rain freezing independent of specific aerosol types and concentrations. This may lead to inconsistencies when aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation shall be investigated, since raindrops consist of the cloud droplets—and corresponding aerosol particles—that have been involved in drop‐drop‐collisions. Here we introduce an extension to a two‐moment microphysical scheme in order to account explicitly for particle accumulation in raindrops by tracking the rates of selfcollection, autoconversion, and accretion. This provides a direct link between ice nuclei and the primary formation of large precipitating ice particles. A new parameterization scheme of drop freezing is presented to consider multiple ice nuclei within one drop and effective drop cooling rates. In our test cases of deep convective clouds, we find that at altitudes which are most relevant for immersion freezing, the majority of potential ice nuclei have been converted from cloud droplets into raindrops. Compared to the standard treatment of freezing in our model, the less efficient mineral dust‐based freezing results in higher rainwater contents in the convective core, affecting both rain and hail precipitation. The aerosol‐dependent treatment of rain freezing can reverse the signs of simulated precipitation sensitivities to ice nuclei perturbations.
Mccrearamycins A–D, Geldanamycin‐Derived Cyclopentenone Macrolactams from an Eastern Kentucky Abandoned Coal Mine Microbe
Authors: Wang Xiachang , Zhang Yinan , Ponomareva Larissa V. , Qiu Qingchao , Woodcock Ryan , Elshahawi Sherif I. , Chen Xiabin , Zhou Ziyuan , Hatcher Bruce E. , Hower James C. , Zhan Chang‐Guo , Parkin Sean , Kharel Madan K. , Voss S. Randal , Shaaban Khaled A. , Thorson Jon S. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFour cyclopentenone‐containing ansamycin polyketides (mccrearamycins A–D), and six new geldanamycins (Gdms B–G, including new linear and mycothiol conjugates), were characterized as metabolites of Streptomyces sp. AD‐23‐14 isolated from the Rock Creek underground coal mine acid drainage site. Biomimetic chemical conversion studies using both simple synthetic models and Gdm D confirmed that the mccrearamycin cyclopentenone derives from benzilic acid rearrangement of 19‐hydroxy Gdm, and thereby provides a new synthetic derivatization strategy and implicates a potential unique biocatalyst in mccrearamycin cyclopentenone formation. In addition to standard Hsp90α binding and cell line cytotoxicity assays, this study also highlights the first assessment of Hsp90α modulators in a new axolotl embryo tail regeneration (ETR) assay as a potential new whole animal assay for Hsp90 modulator discovery.
Antioxidant α‐tocopherol/γ‐cyclodextrin–inclusion complex encapsulated poly(lactic acid) electrospun nanofibrous web for food packaging
Authors: Aytac Zeynep , Keskin Nalan Oya San , Tekinay Turgay , Uyar Tamer 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTα‐Tocopherol (α‐TC) and α‐TC/cyclodextrin (CD)–inclusion complex (IC) incorporated electrospun poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers (NF) were developed via electrospinning (PLA/α‐TC–NF and PLA/α‐TC/γ‐CD–IC–NF). The release of α‐TC into 95% ethanol (fatty food simulant) was much greater from PLA/α‐TC/γ‐CD–IC–NF than from PLA/α‐TC–NF because of the solubility increase in α‐TC; this was confirmed by a phase‐solubility diagram. 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging assay shows that PLA/α‐TC–NF and PLA/α‐TC/γ‐CD–IC–NF had 97% antioxidant activities; this value was expected to be high enough to inhibit lipid oxidation. PLA/α‐TC–NF and PLA/α‐TC/γ‐CD–IC–NF were tested directly on beef with the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method, and the nanofibers displayed a lower TBARS content than the unpackaged meat sample. Thus, active packaging significantly enhanced the oxidative stability of the meat samples at 4 °C. In conclusion, PLA/α‐TC/γ‐CD–IC–NF was shown to be promising as an active food‐packaging material for prolonging the shelf life of foods. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44858.
Measured extent of agricultural expansion depends on analysis technique
Authors: Dunn Jennifer B. , Merz Dylan , Copenhaver Ken L. , Mueller Steffen 
Published: January 2017

AbstractConcern is rising that ecologically important, carbon‐rich natural lands in the United States are losing ground to agriculture. We investigate how quantitative assessments of historical land‐use change (LUC) to address this concern differ in their conclusions depending on the data set used through an examination of LUC between 2006 and 2014 in 20 counties in the Prairie Pothole Region using the Cropland Data Layer, a modified Cropland Data Layer dataset, data from the National Agricultural Imagery Program, and in‐person ground‐truthing. The Cropland Data Layer analyses overwhelmingly returned the largest amount of LUC with associated error that limits drawing conclusions from it. Analysis with visual imagery estimated a fraction of this LUC. Clearly, analysis technique drives understanding of the measured extent of LUC; different techniques produce vastly different results that would inform land management policy in strikingly different ways. Best practice guidelines are needed. © 2017 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.