bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of small‐scale spatial structuring of phytoplankton alpha‐ and beta‐diversity in the open ocean
Authors: Mousing Erik Askov , Richardson Katherine , Bendtsen Jørgen , Cetinić Ivona , Perry Mary Jane 
Published: August 2016

SummaryPhytoplankton assemblages in the open ocean are usually assumed to be mixed on local scales unless large semi‐permanent density discontinuities separating water masses are present. Recent modelling studies have, however, suggested that ephemeral submesoscale oceanographic features leading to only subtle density discontinuities may be important for controlling phytoplankton alpha‐ and beta‐diversity patterns. Until now, no empirical evidence has been presented to support this hypothesis.Using hydrographic and taxonomic composition data collected near Iceland during the period of the 2008 spring bloom, we show that the distribution of phytoplankton alpha‐ and beta‐diversity was related to submesoscale heterogeneity in oceanographic conditions. Distinct phytoplankton communities as well as differences in richness were identified on either side of a front delimiting surface waters of slightly different (˜0.03) salinities.Alpha‐diversity was significantly higher on the high salinity side of the front compared to the low salinity side. This difference was primarily driven by the presence of several large diatom species in the high salinity region, especially of the genusChaetoceroswhich dominated the biomass here. By investigating beta‐diversity in relation to environmental and spatiotemporal variables, we show that the regional distribution of phytoplankton taxa was influenced by both different environmental conditions on either side of the front and dispersal limitation across the front. Changes in beta‐diversity were primarily driven by turnover rather than nestedness and were apparently controlled by different processes in each region.Synthesis. This study shows that small‐scale and ephemeral density discontinuities created by submesoscale frontal dynamics can play a major role in structuring patterns of phytoplankton diversity. Evidence is presented that they can generate changes in environmental conditions (leading to environmental filtering) and act as physical (dispersal) barriers for phytoplankton transport. The study suggests that dispersal barriers are potentially of much greater importance for phytoplankton diversity at local scales than currently recognized and indicates that drivers of marine phytoplankton diversity are similar to those structuring diversity of land plants.
Multi‐tissue stable‐isotope analyses can identify dietary specialization
Authors: Bond Alexander L. , Jardine Timothy D. , Hobson Keith A. 
Published: August 2016

Summary

Individual specialization along one or more niche axes is now recognized as an integral and ubiquitous aspect of populations. A major challenge, however, is quantifying the level of specialization using robust metrics that are applicable across species and ecosystems. Measuring stable‐isotope values in multiple tissues with different isotopic turnover rates could be one mechanism for quantifying specialization.

We used simulation studies of stable‐isotope values to investigate how the recently proposed relative index of specialization varies in relation to variance in prey isotope values, diet–tissue discrimination factors, specialist group size and tissue half‐life, and applied specialization metrics to two systems – Australian freshwater fish and marine birds in the Canadian Arctic.

In all simulations, populations comprised entirely of generalists were easily separated from those with even small amounts (5%) of individual specialization. In some cases, however, specialization measured using isotope values with bimodal distributions may appear similar to those with univariate distributions, but this can be detected by examining the original data. All fish and bird species examined showed varying degrees of individual specialization.

Analysing stable isotopes in multiple tissues can provide a useful index of the degree of specialization within a population that can be compared to the same metric measured in other groups or species.
Do Emergency Medicine Residency Graduates Feel Prepared to Manage Closed Fractures After Training?
Authors: Pittman Mark A. , Yarris Lalena M. , Lall Michelle D. , Smith Jessica L. , Wills Charlotte P. , Ufberg Jacob W. , Hegarty Cullen B. , Love Jeffrey N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesFractures comprise 3% of all emergency department (ED) visits. Although emergency physicians are often responsible for managing most of the initial care of these patients, many report a lack of proficiency and comfort with these skills. The primary objective was to assess how prepared recent emergency medicine (EM) residency graduates felt managing closed fractures upon completion of residency. Secondary objectives included whether residency training or independent practice contributed most to the current level of comfort with these procedures and which fractures were most commonly reduced without orthopedic consultation.MethodsAn anonymous online survey was sent to graduates from seven EM residency programs over a 3‐month period to evaluate closed fracture reduction training, practice, and comfort level. Each site primary investigator invited graduates from 2010 to 2014 to participate and followed a set schedule of reminders.ResultsThe response rate was 287/384 (74.7%) and included 3‐year (198/287, 69%) and 4‐year (89/287, 31%) programs. Practice in community, academic, and hybrid ED settings was reported by 150/287 (52.3%), 64/287 (22.3%), and 73/287 (25.4%), respectively. It was indicated by 137/287 (47.7%) that they reduce closed fractures without a bedside orthopedic consultation greater than 75% of the time. The majority of graduates felt not at all prepared (35/287, 12.2%) or somewhat prepared (126/287, 43.9%) upon residency graduation. Postresidency independent practice contributed most to the current level of comfort for 156/287 (54.4%). The most common fractures requiring reduction were wrist/distal radius and/or ulna, next finger/hand, and finally, ankle/distal tibia and/or fibula.ConclusionsAlthough most recent graduates feel at least “somewhat” prepared to manage closed fractures in the ED, most felt that independent practice was a greater contributor to their current level of comfort than residency training. Recent graduates indicate that fracture reduction without orthopedic consultation is common in today's clinical practice. This survey identifies common fractures requiring reduction which EM residencies may wish to consider prioritizing in their emergency orthopedic curricula to better prepare their residents for independent clinical practice.
A genome‐wide association study of heat stress‐associated SNPs in catfish
Authors: Jin Y. , Zhou T. , Geng X. , Liu S. , Chen A. , Yao J. , Jiang C. , Tan S. , Su B. , Liu Z. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryHeat tolerance is a complex and economically important trait for catfish genetic breeding programs. With global climate change, it is becoming an increasingly important trait. To better understand the molecular basis of heat stress, a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was carried out using the 250 K catfish SNP array with interspecific backcross progenies, which derived from crossing female channel catfish with male F1 hybrid catfish (female channel catfish × male blue catfish). Three significant associated SNPs were detected by performing an EMMAX approach for GWAS. The SNP located on linkage group 14 explained 12.1% of phenotypical variation. The other two SNPs, located on linkage group 16, explained 11.3 and 11.5% of phenotypical variation respectively. A total of 14 genes with heat stress related functions were detected within the significant associated regions. Among them, five genes—TRAF2, FBXW5, ANAPC2, UBR1 and KLHL29— have known functions in the protein degradation process through the ubiquitination pathway. Other genes related to heat stress include genes involved in protein biosynthesis (PRPF4 and SYNCRIP), protein folding (DNAJC25), molecule and iron transport (SLC25A46 and CLIC5), cytoskeletal reorganization (COL12A1) and energy metabolism (COX7A2, PLCB1 and PLCB4) processes. The results provide fundamental information about genes and pathways that is useful for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms of heat stress. The associated SNPs could be promising candidates for selecting heat‐tolerant catfish lines after validating their effects on larger and various catfish populations.
The relationships between symptoms and quality of life over the course of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for panic disorder in Japan
Authors: Ogawa Sei , Kondo Masaki , Okazaki Jynya , Imai Risa , Ino Keiko , Furukawa Toshi A , Akechi Tatsuo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroductionThis study examined the relationships between changes in symptoms and changes in quality of life (QOL) during cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder (PD).MethodsWe treated 198 PD patients with group CBT in Japan. Using multiple regression analysis, we examined the associations between changes in QOL and changes in PD symptoms or comorbid psychological symptoms during CBT.ResultsChanges in anticipatory anxiety, agoraphobic fear/avoidance, and somatization were significant predictors of changes in some aspects of QOL.DiscussionIt might be useful to decrease somatization, anticipatory anxiety, and agoraphobic fear to improve QOL in CBT for PD.
In vitro safety assessments and antimicrobial activities of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains isolated from a fermented mare's milk
Authors: Aryantini Ni Putu Desy , Yamasaki Eiki , Kurazono Hisao , Sujaya I Nengah , Urashima Tadasu , Fukuda Kenji 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSafety and probiotic characteristics such as antimicrobial activities of three Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains, FSMM15, FSMM22 and FSMM26, previously isolated as potential probiotics from fermented mare's milk were investigated. The three FSMM strains were susceptible to ampicillin, gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, whereas they were resistant to erythromycin (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 4−8 µg/mL) and clindamycin (MIC = 4 µg/mL); bioconversion of bile salts, hemolytic activity and mucin degradation activity were negative; enzymatic activities of α‐chymotrypsin and β‐glucosidase were detected, but those of α‐galactosidase, β‐glucuronidase and N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase, were undetectable. Among the strains, strain FSMM15 was chosen as a safer probiotic candidate due mainly to the lack of plasminogen binding ability. Despite lower acid production of strain FSMM15 than others, its cell‐free culture supernatant inhibited growths of Salmonella Typhimurium LT‐2, Shigella sonnei, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157 with comparable levels of ampicillin, suggesting a favorable aspect of strain FSMM15 as a probiotic strain.
Detecting Rare and Common Haplotype–Environment Interaction under Uncertainty of Gene–Environment Independence Assumption
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Lin Shili , Biswas Swati 
Published: August 2016

Summary
Finding rare variants and gene–environment interactions (GXE) is critical in dissecting complex diseases. We consider the problem of detecting GXE where G is a rare haplotype and E is a nongenetic factor. Such methods typically assume G-E independence, which may not hold in many applications. A pertinent example is lung cancer—there is evidence that variants on Chromosome 15q25.1 interact with smoking to affect the risk. However, these variants are associated with smoking behavior rendering the assumption of G-E independence inappropriate. With the motivation of detecting GXE under G-E dependence, we extend an existing approach, logistic Bayesian LASSO, which assumes G-E independence (LBL-GXE-I) by modeling G-E dependence through a multinomial logistic regression (referred to as LBL-GXE-D). Unlike LBL-GXE-I, LBL-GXE-D controls type I error rates in all situations; however, it has reduced power when G-E independence holds. To control type I error without sacrificing power, we further propose a unified approach, LBL-GXE, to incorporate uncertainty in the G-E independence assumption by employing a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Our simulations show that LBL-GXE has power similar to that of LBL-GXE-I when G-E independence holds, yet has well-controlled type I errors in all situations. To illustrate the utility of LBL-GXE, we analyzed a lung cancer dataset and found several significant interactions in the 15q25.1 region, including one between a specific rare haplotype and smoking.
A Framework for Bayesian Nonparametric Inference for Causal Effects of Mediation
Authors: Kim Chanmin , Daniels Michael J. , Marcus Bess H. , Roy Jason A. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryWe propose a Bayesian non-parametric (BNP) framework for estimating causal effects of mediation, the natural direct, and indirect, effects. The strategy is to do this in two parts. Part 1 is a flexible model (using BNP) for the observed data distribution. Part 2 is a set of uncheckable assumptions with sensitivity parameters that in conjunction with Part 1 allows identification and estimation of the causal parameters and allows for uncertainty about these assumptions via priors on the sensitivity parameters. For Part 1, we specify a Dirichlet process mixture of multivariate normals as a prior on the joint distribution of the outcome, mediator, and covariates. This approach allows us to obtain a (simple) closed form of each marginal distribution. For Part 2, we consider two sets of assumptions: (a) the standard sequential ignorability (Imai et al., 2010) and (b) weakened set of the conditional independence type assumptions introduced in Daniels et al. (2012) and propose sensitivity analyses for both. We use this approach to assess mediation in a physical activity promotion trial.
Advances in drug delivery to high grade gliomas
Authors: Frosina Guido 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIf cancer is hard to be treated, brain cancer is even more, caused by the inability of many effective drugs given systemically to cross the blood brain and blood tumor barriers and reach adequate concentrations at the tumor sites. Effective delivery of drugs to brain cancer tissues is thus a necessary, albeit not sufficient, condition to effectively target the disease. In order to analyze the current status of research on drug delivery to high grade gliomas (HGG‐WHO grades III and IV), the most frequent and aggressive brain cancers, a literature search was conducted in PubMed using the terms: “drug delivery and brain tumor” over the publication year 2015. Currently explored drug delivery techniques for HGG include the convection and permeabilization‐enhanced deliveries, drug‐releasing depots and Ommaya reservoirs. The efficacy/safety ratio widely varies among these techniques and the success of current efforts to increase this ratio widely varies as well.
Redox‐based therapeutics in neurodegenerative disease
Authors: McBean G J , López M G , Wallner F K 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis review describes recent developments in the search for effective therapeutic agents that target redox homeostasis in neurodegenerative disease. The disruption to thiol redox homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis is discussed, together with the experimental strategies that are aimed at preventing, or at least minimizing, oxidative damage in these diseases. Particular attention is given to the potential of increasing antioxidant capacity by targeting the Nrf2 pathway, the development of inhibitors of NADPH oxidases that are likely candidates for clinical use, together with strategies to reduce nitrosative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. We describe the shortcomings of compounds that hinder their progression to the clinic and evaluate likely avenues for future research.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc
Modified two‐dimensional response as surrogate marker of overall survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Nakayama Goro , Fujii Tsutomu , Murotani Kenta , Uehara Keisuke , Hattori Norifumi , Hayashi Masamichi , Tanaka Chie , Kobayashi Daisuke , Kanda Mitsuro , Yamada Suguru , Sugimoto Hiroyuki , Koike Masahiko , Fujiwara Michitaka , Ando Yuichi , Kodera Yasuhiro 
Published: August 2016

The identification of surrogate markers for long‐term outcomes in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) may help in designing treatment regimens. The aim of this study was to assess whether two‐dimensional response (2‐DR) can serve as a new surrogate marker for overall survival (OS) in patients with mCRC. The study group consisted of 99 patients with mCRC from two independent cohorts who were treated with oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy plus bevacizumab. Two‐dimensional response was defined as an area enclosed by coordinate points, including early tumor shrinkage at 8 weeks, depth of response at nadir, and 20% increase over nadir at progression. Each variable was weighted by its contribution rate to OS. The model was developed and internally validated in the learning cohort, and the performance of this model was externally verified in the validation cohort. Spearman correlation coefficients for 2‐DR and OS in the learning and validation cohorts were 0.593 and 0.661, respectively. The C‐indexes in predicting OS were 0.724 (95% confidence interval, 0.623–0.815) in the learning cohort and 0.762 (95% confidence interval, 0.651–0.873) in the validation cohort. Overall survival was significantly longer in patients with high 2‐DR values than in patients with low 2‐DR values in both the learning (37.0 vs. 24.1 months, P < 0.001) and validation (41.2 vs. 20.4 months, P < 0.001) cohorts. In contrast, differences in early tumor shrinkage and depth of response were not statistically significant. Multivariate analyses showed that 2‐DR was an independent prognostic factor for OS.
Social participation of teenagers and young adults with developmental co‐ordination disorder and strategies that could help them: results from a scoping review
Authors: Gagnon‐Roy M. , Jasmin E. , Camden C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of developmental co‐ordination disorder (DCD) on teenagers' and young adults' participation is not well documented. This article aims to synthesize the current knowledge on social participation, which is the performance of an individual in realizing his or her daily activities and social roles within its life environment. Strategies and interventions to support youths (15–25 years old) with DCD were also synthesized.MethodsA scoping review interrogating three databases and using ‘snowballing techniques’ was performed to identify both scientific and grey literature published between 2004 and 2014. Over 1000 documents were screened and 57 were read in full; 28 met inclusion criteria. A charting form based on 12 life habits described in the disability creation process and developed by two reviewers was used to extract data and report the results.ResultsAll life habits were reported to be affected for teenagers and young adults with DCD, with education and interpersonal relationships being the most frequently discussed. During adolescence and adulthood, new tasks and subsequent difficulties emerge, such as driving. Mental health difficulties emerged as a key theme. Few strategies and interventions were described to support social participation of youths with DCD.ConclusionMany life habits are challenging for youths with DCD, but few evidence‐based strategies and interventions have been designed to help them to increase their social participation.
The effectiveness of taping on children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Güçhan Zehra , Mutlu Akmer 
Published: August 2016

AimTaping is popular in a variety of paediatric clinical settings. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of taping on the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodWe used MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials as the electronic databases for the review. We reviewed all relevant studies published up to May 2015. We also analysed pertinent secondary references. We used Sackett's Levels of Evidence and the guidelines for critical review of McMaster University to criticize the reviewed articles.ResultsNine papers met the inclusion criteria. Five of these were randomized controlled trials, three were case series, and one was a single case study. Four papers were high quality according to the methodological critical forms of this review, and two of these found that taping was effective in increasing activity in children with CP.InterpretationAlthough benefits of taping were found in the population, and functional gains according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health were obtained, the evidence was not conclusive. Randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes and with more specific taping procedures are required to strengthen the evidence for the effectiveness of taping on children with CP.
Insufficient global health education in European neurological post‐graduate training: a European Association of Young Neurologists and Trainees survey
Authors: Sauerbier A. , Macerollo A. , Györfi O. , Balicza P. , Moarcas M. , Papp V. , Zis P. , Klingelhoefer L. , Saifee T. , Struhal W. , Sellner J. 
Published: August 2016

Background and purposeThe awareness of and demand for neurological expertise in global health (GH) have emerged over recent years and have become more relevant due to the increasing numbers of refugees from developing countries arriving in Europe. This study aimed to assess the provision of GH education and opportunities for international exchange during neurology post‐graduate training with a focus on Europe.MethodsWe developed a questionnaire covering different aspects of and interest in GH education on behalf of the European Association of Young Neurologists and Trainees. Residents in neurology and junior neurologists (RJN) were approached to complete this survey.ResultsCompleted questionnaires were returned by 131 RJNs, of whom 65.7% were women and 84.0% were between 26 and 35 years old. In total, almost one‐third (29.0%) of RJNs reported that their residency programs offered training in GH. Limited education was reported for women's or children's health and neurological disorders of immigrants and refugees, as only 22.1%, 25.2% and 22.1% of RJNs reported that such training was offered, respectively. The curriculum rarely included coverage of the global impact of neurological disorders. Definite plans to volunteer in a developing country were reported by 7.6%. The majority of the participants acknowledged the importance of GH training and international exchange during post‐graduate education.ConclusionThis survey corroborates the interest in and appreciation of GH education by European RJNs. However, there are shortcomings in training and opportunities for international exchange. Academic neurology and international bodies, including the European Academy of Neurology, are requested to address this.