bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of Preoperative Patients' Use of Herbal Products and Other Selected Dietary Supplements
Authors: Meyer Tricia A. , Baisden Clinton E. , Roberson Charles R. , Gloyna David F. , Rajab Mohammad H. , Woodward Billy W. , Mcleskey Charles H. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose This study was designed to determine the prevalence of herbal and selected dietary product use among preoperative patients. Methods A questionnaire listing 26 herbal/dietary supplements was given to 979 preoperative patients in the anesthesia assessment unit. Subjects were asked to indicate the amounts and durations of products taken. Demographic data and proposed surgical procedures were noted. Results One hundred and seventy surgical patients (17.4%) reported taking herbal or dietary supplements. Neurosurgical, gynecological, and orthopedic surgical patients reported the highest incidences of use at 21%, 21%, and 20%, respectively. Of patients taking these agents, 34.7% took only one product, 23.5% took two products, 11.2% took three products, and 10.6% took four or more products. The most commonly used herbals, in descending order of frequency, were ginkgo, garlic, ginseng, St. John's wort, and echinacea. Glucosamine, chondroitin, and chromium were the surveyed dietary supplements most widely used. More than 40 herbs were taken occasionally. The median age of users and nonusers was 62 years. Orthopedic patients took glucosamine and chondroitin most commonly, ophthalmic patients took ginkgo most commonly, and urology patients took saw palmetto most commonly. Conclusion The adverse effects of herbals and dietary products during surgical procedures and the interactions between these products and anesthetic drugs warrant further research. The use of herbal or dietary supplements may indicate alteration of patients' perioperative regimens.
Friendship within Entrepreneurial Teams and its Association with Team and Venture Performance
Authors: Francis Deborah H. , Sandberg William R. 
Published: January 2018

This article explores friendship within the entrepreneurial team with particular attention to its association with the team's behavior and the performance of the venture. Building on a foundation in the literatures on friendship, entrepreneurial teams, and strategic decisions, we propose 13 such relationships. Friendship facilitates the formation of management teams for new ventures, thereby improving their early performance. As the entrepreneurial team continues to function, friendship is conducive to decision-making processes that enhance the team's effectiveness in solving “wicked” problems and ultimately improve the venture's performance. Friendships, under different circumstances, may exert either positive or negative influences on turnover within the entrepreneurial team, and those influences may improve or impair the venture's performance. (At the same time, behavior within the team or events in the venture's development may affect friendships within the team.) Finally we develop and discuss several implications of our propositions for research and practice in entrepreneurship. We point out methodological considerations and directions for future research that would address these implications.
Impact of SME Manager's Behavior on the Adoption of Technology
Authors: Gagnon Yves-C. , Sicotte Hélène , Posada Elisabeth 
Published: January 2018

It has been acknowledged that firms must resort to technology in order to acquire the flexibility needed to meet the challenges posed by the globalization of the economy. The successful adoption of new technology has thus become a matter of survival for companies. Several studies have already highlighted the importance of the manager's behavior in the process of adopting technology. The Stevenson model suggests that this behavior may be situated anywhere on a continuum ranging from the characteristics of the administrator, at one extreme, to those of the entrepreneur, at the other. Using this model, we conducted a study of senior managers to analyze their behavior in the decision to adopt a new technology. A questionnaire was mailed to 450 of them and in-depth interviews were conducted among 54 others. Our findings show that in the process of adopting a new technology, half the managers adopted a behavior closer to that of an administrator. The other half acted more like entrepreneurs. This seems to have a major impact on the success of the adoption since we found that managers with an entrepreneurial style were not as successful as those who adopt an administrative style.
Attitudes of Owner-Managers' Children towards Family and Business Issues
Authors: Birley Sue 
Published: January 2018

This paper reports responses from 412 children of owner-managers (61% sons and 39% daughters) with regard to their attitudes to family and business Issues. The assumption in the study was that respondents would display a consistent set of attitudes toward the relationship between the family and the business. For example, those who believed that “management successors should be chosen from the family” would also consider “the business (to be) stronger with family members involved.” Moreover, this group would view their parents’ business as a family business and would have joined or intend to join. The reverse would also apply. In other words, those who did not believe that “management successors should be chosen from the family” would nor view their parents’ business as a family business, and would have no intention to join. In the study, two distinct clusters of attitude were identified and were labelled the Family in and Family Out groups. While those in the Family in group were more likely to consider the business to be a family business, the results for the Family Out group were more complicated. The relationship held for those currently working in the business—the halo effect—but not for the rest. In other words, it was quite possible to belong to the Family in group and to see the business as a family business but not to have joined.
Are Entrepreneurial Cognitions Universal? Assessing Entrepreneurial Cognitions across Cultures
Authors: Mitchell Ronald K. , Smith J. Brock , Morse Eric A. , Seawright Kristie W. , Peredo Ana Maria , McKenzie Brian 
Published: January 2018

In this study we examine three research questions concerned with entrepreneurial cognition and culture: (1) Do entrepreneurs have cognitions distinct from those of other business people? (2) To what extent are entrepreneurial cognitions universal? and (3) To what extent do entrepreneurial cognitions differ by national culture? These questions were investigated in an exploratory study using data collected from 990 respondents in eleven countries. We find, in answer to question one, that individuals who possess “professional entrepreneurial cognitions” do indeed have cognitions that are distinct from business non-entrepreneurs. In answer to question two, we report further confirmation of a universal culture of entrepreneurship. And in answer to question three, we find (a) observed differences on eight of the ten proposed cognition constructs, and (b) that the pattern of country representation within an empirically developed set of entrepreneurial archetypes does indeed differ among countries. Our results suggest increasing credibility for the cognitive explanation of entrepreneurial phenomena in the cross-cultural setting.
The girl from Ibiza. A Socratic dialogue with a female substance abuser
Authors: Holmberg Nils 
Published: January 2018

Cognitive therapy has lately gained a more central role in Finnish treatment of different problem behaviors. Abroad, research has shown the model to be effective in the treatment of, e.g., depression, panic disorder, eating disorders, OCD, and borderline personality disorder. From the early '80s onwards, the model has also been applied in the treatment of substance abuse. Cognitive therapy is more goal-oriented than psychodynamic therapy and is also more structured and task-oriented. Beside the purely cognitive tools, like Socratic dialogue, the therapy also includes a variety of techniques from the behavior therapy tradition. Today the therapy model is in a period of rapid change and can be seen as stressing more complex conceptualizations of the human mind and problem behaviors. The case presented in the article is a 29-year-old female with a 5-year stretch of marijuana and cocaine abuse. The patient sought treatment because of depressive episodes and problems resulting from her drug use. In the treatment process described, the therapist and the patient together analyzed and modified her dysfunctional addictive beliefs and tried to elaborate the personal meaning of her drug use. It was hypothesized that this web of meanings (and the resulting addictive beliefs) had been the key factor in the development and maintenance of the problem behavior. This was also found to be the case as through the use of Socratic dialogue the therapist guided the patient to construct new meanings and targets for her view of herself and her behavior.
Article
Authors: Heinonen Harri 
Published: January 2018

Harri Heinonen: Football, fandom and flow. On postmodern passions and media-mediated communities The article is an attempt to analyse football fandom within the framework of post-modern culture. In a world where traditional ties have detoriated, fandom fosters a new kind of community of the kind described as neotribalistic. The article argues that sports consumption is not just a passive diversion, but also an active production of cultural meanings. The paper studies the Finnish Everton fans, a group of people (almost exclusively men) who support the English football team Everton, mainly in their homes, in front of their TV sets, where they try to imitate the ‘carnivalesque’ atmosphere of the stadium. The study is based on eight long interviews with representative members of the group, and the data is analysed with a hermeneutical method. The author also participated in gatherings of the Finnish Everton fans. The flow experience, as described by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, seems to capture the essence of the experience. In flow, the enjoyment comes from the intensive psychological input in the activity itself, in this case fandom. The pleasurable flow experiences may in certain cases transform into something that features similar to addiction. Fandom can be interpreted as a kind of ‘positive addiction’, where the fans has considerable control over the repetition of the behaviour. Whether Everton fandom is a flow activity or an addiction, it is anyhow an essential activity in the fans' construction of their own good and meaningful life. The role of alcohol as a part of the watching experience is also considered. True fans consume alcohol in front of the TV only for ritual purposes, to strengthen an already pleasurable experience. After the match, or during the fans' yearly gatherings, the drinking can take on the form more typical of Finnish male drinking behaviour.
The Norwegian “russefeiring”. The use of alcohol as a ritual in the “rite of passage” to adulthood
Authors: Sande Allan 
Published: January 2018

The article deals with the use of alcohol in a special ‘rite of passage’, called russefeiring, among youth in Norway. Traditionally, rites of passage transform youths' identity and include them in the community of adults. Nowadays, not having these collective rituals, young people in Norway have invented a new rite of passage in the form of prolonged graduation parties, held by 18-year-olds ending their compulsory higher education. Thus, the russefeiring is a symbolic action that marks the transition from youth to adulthood. In the liminal phase of the ritual the young people wear special clothes, celebrate and drink beer and spirits during a period of 17 days, from the 1st to the 17th of May – the former being a traditional day of intoxication, the latter being the Norwegian national day. The article argues that the more traditional rites of passage are transformed into a passage to friendship, in which expressive individualism is stressed as a value, making the intoxication and fraternization among youth a ritual of its own. The rite of becoming an adult has thereby turned into a street theatre of novices who play with norms and taboos in public. The article discusses the use of symbolic anthropology and field methods in research relating to this kind of ritual alcohol use and intoxication. Theoretically, the focus is on studying alcohol use as a ritual practice. Post-structural theory defines ritual action as the communication of meaning and the construction of reality, identity and community. Use of alcohol can be defined as a key symbol in these ritual processes, offering an opportunity to communicate meanings between members in the society and culture.
Dirty drinking. The construction of class and masculinity among youth
Authors: Lalander Philip 
Published: January 2018

The focus of the article is on how ideas about alcohol consumption and home-made liquor are constructed by 30 upper secondary school pupils, mainly from two schools: Lars Kagg, which is oriented towards blue-collar occupations, and Stagnelius, which is oriented towards white-collar professions. The Lars Kagg culture is very much focussed on practical matters; it is a do-it-yourself culture, and home-made liquor is not seen as something problematic, but more or less as part of their culture. For the Stagnelius pupils, on the other hand, home-made liquor is seen as a sign of cultural inferiority and very much associated with blue-collar professions. The Stagnelius pupils use these stereotypes about home-made liquor to construct an imaginary hierarchy in which they are part of the upper level and the Kagg pupils part of the lower. Drinking heavily and home-made liquor are thus not seen as something preferable. These stereotypes should guide Stagnelius pupils towards moderate and sophisticated drinking, but this is not the case. At weekends they drink in about the same manner as the Lars Kagg pupils. This has, for young men, partly to do with their efforts to define themselves as genuine men. Boozing together makes it possible for them to create a form of raw masculinity and an image of themselves as hunters, looking for a girl. This image contradicts the stereotypes they make about themselves and the Kagg pupils. The weekends make it possible for them to be less sophisticated and more like brutal conquerors. Young women don't seem to have these privileges to binge drink. Nor can they do ‘dirty drinking’, i.e., drink directly from the bottle or drink home-made hard liquor. If they do they risk being labelled as obscene. It is, however, not just the desire to construct a tough masculinity that leads the pupils to boozing, but also an effort to escape self-discipline.
Use of treatment among drug abusers. A five-year prospective study of a treatment-seeking cohort
Authors: Ravndal Edle , Vaglum Per , Skjei Elisiv Hårstad 
Published: January 2018

Background: There is little longitudinal research concerning the number and length of different inpatient and outpatient treatment episodes among drug abusers. Most studies follow clients through one or a few treatment episodes and over short time-periods only. Design: Two-hundred Norwegian drug abusers (31 % females, mean age 27.5 year), who consecutively applied for treatment at Phoenix House, Oslo, were personally followed up on average 5 years after the first evaluation. Material: The material consists of 139 drug abusers, 79 % of the original 200 (12 % deceased). Method: Both at first and second evaluation all were interviewed with a structured research interview schedule covering sociodemographic data, substance abuse, legal problems, social adjustment, personality disorder (MCMI), nervous symptoms (SCL-90) and all kinds of treatment received, both number and length of treatment episodes. Results: All except six persons had at least one inpatient treatment stay during the observation period. Average time was 17.6 months in inpatient treatment and 26.0 months in outpatient settings. This means that during 73 % of the observation time the subjects took part in some kind of treatment. Subjects with many inpatient stays had a shorter drug career before the first evaluation. Subjects with few and long inpatient stays were in a somewhat better situation at follow-up, while subjects with manyand short inpatient stays had more alcohol problems but shorter drug careers. Conclusion: Frequency or duration of treatment episodes is not related to client characteristics. It is not the availability of treatment that is lacking but rather treatment effects.
Construing clients with substance abuse problems as alcoholics
Authors: Arminen Ilkka , Perälä Riikka 
Published: January 2018

The article is concerned with the way that a 12-step treatment programme construes a certain kind of image of its clients and their substance abuse problems. The main focus is on how the basic assumptions of the treatment programme are reproduced and maintained at the weekly meetings of the multiprofessional team running the programme. The article offers a behind-the-scenes look at the 12-step treatment programme: in particular, we are interested in the ways that the staff process and use the background information available on the clients admitted. We want to know how the methods and approaches used by the multiprofessional team shape and influence the kind of treatment that the clients will receive. Based originally on the AA recovery programme, the 12-step treatment programme draws on the disease concept of alcoholism. One of our main observations is that this disease concept is conducive to selective and purposive working methods in the programme. Information on the patients' background or their test results are systematically so interpreted that the outcome confirms the view that the clients are indeed alcoholics who can only be treated by methods that are consistent with the programme ideology. Strict normative expectations are placed upon clients in the programme, and any sign of deviation will be interpreted as resistance and reluctance on the part of substance abusers to deal with their own alcohol problems. In this way the programme itself may produce resistance among clients and the staff may easily elicit the resistance and denial that they regard as symptoms of alcoholism. A key focus in the article is on the interactive techniques and tactics applied in the programme to construe clients' alcohol problems in a manner that fits in with the institution's treatment culture. These techniques and tactics are studied using the methods of conversation analysis. The material consists of videorecordings from seven staff meetings in spring 1997, which have been transcribed in line with CA conventions. The focus of our analysis is not on spoken interaction, but we are chiefly interested in demonstrating how the institutional beliefs and values of the treatment programme determine the interactive planning of treatments.
Institutionalised resignation – On the development of the Danish treatment system
Authors: Järvinen Margaretha 
Published: January 2018

The article describes, quoting a popular Danish song from the 1980s,' bad company, those the others don't want to play with'. Bad company in this case refers to alcohol abusers, persons with long-lasting drinking problems and complicated social problems (unemployment, social marginalisation, homelessness). The article builds on an empirical study in which the clients and personnel of 34 treatment institutions and shelters for homeless people in the Copenhagen area were interviewed. The main finding is that heavy alcohol abusers gradually have been excluded from the treatment system and that this exclusion is connected to a neo-moralistic perspective on substance abuse. The Danish treatment system today operates with a marked division of abusers into two separate groups: those who are ‘suited for treatment’ and those who are not. This division has no empirical or theoretical scientific base; it is a ‘subjective’ classification that gradually has been ‘objectified’, and thus ‘institutionalised’ in the sense de-scribed by Berger and Luckmann. Institutionalised resignation in the alcohol and drug treatment field is part of a complex development consisting of socio-political changes and ideological shifts during the last two decades. These trends are discussed within a theoretical frame inspired by Jock Young and Zygmunt Bauman.
A Part of the Game – alcohol, football fans and male comradeship
Authors: Estrada Felipe , Tryggvesson Kalle 
Published: January 2018

Football is one of the world's most popular sports, both when it comes to the number of players involved in the game and the number of spectators or fans. A lot of attention has been drawn to the supporters' consumption of alcohol, most often in combination with violence. Less interest has been taken in the role and involvement of alcohol for the large number of supporters who do not become involved in violence. This study describes the role of alcohol for ordinary football supporters. What do fans drink and why? Our starting point is the research of supporter culture where we identify three important concepts for the understanding of fandom: masculinity, belonging and participation. We then analyze the importance of alcohol in relation to these concepts. Our empirical data consists of transcripts from four focus-group interviews with Swedish football supporters during the European Championship in Eindhoven 2000. Alcohol is a central part of the supporter culture. The supporters are quite clinical in their discussion of why, how and how much alcohol they consume in connection with football. Fans claim that alcohol in general, and more specifically beer, helps them to achieve a moment of joy, relaxation and a sense of collectiveness. We did, however, find evidence that made this explicit attribution to the positive effects of alcohol more complex. The perceived alcohol intake was more important than the actual alcohol intake in achieving a desired level of intoxication. We therefore argue that beer has a symbolic importance for football supporters and that it is the specific situation that our supporters are experiencing, as much as the alcohol itself, that creates the effect of alcohol.
Folk regulation of drinking in Finland
Authors: Apo Satu 
Published: January 2018

Stereotypical ideas of Finnish drinking habits have not included the concept of folk regulation, or ethnocontrol. Until the 1950s, the majority of Finnish ‘folk’ were members of the rural population. Traditional Finnish drinking has been characterised as unrestrained, or at least unregulated. When studying the folklore, memories and ethnographic descriptions of agrarian culture in the 19th and 20th centuries, the picture of a people who engage in unrestrained drinking changes. Finnish peasants an rural workers had developed different forms of control by which the village community, the household and the family could limit drinking, especially the negative effects of excessive drinking. Ways of restraining the use of alcohol included at least 1) an economic rationale and the self-control of the master of the farm; this was complemented by family and household control, 2) rules governing drinking occasions (who was allowed to drink, how much, who supervised order, what was allowed and what not when the person was drunk), 3) the control exerted by the village community and the neighbours (stigmatisation, foiling the establishment of a pair relationship), 4) oral discourse about drinking (true stories about drinkers, belief and origin legends, songs, proverbs) and 5) magic and folk medicine (the prevention and cure of alcohol-related harm).