bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioural differences of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita infective juveniles exposed to root extracts in vitro
Authors: Masler Edward P. , Rogers Stephen T. , Hooks Cerruti R. R. 
Published: December 2016

In vitrobehaviour of infective second-stage juveniles (J2) ofHeterodera glycinesandMeloidogyne incognitawas compared in the presence and absence of plant root extracts. In an agar plate attraction-retention assay, with samples applied by agar disc infused with water (control) or aqueous test solutions,H. glycineswas 15-fold more responsive to a chemical attractant (CaCl2) than wasM. incognita. Control discs retainedH. glycinesat a rate 2.9-fold greater thanM. incognita. Crude extracts (slurries; 40 mg dry root (ml water)−1) from roots of six plant species (corn,Zea mays; cucumber,Cucumis sativus; marigold,Tagetes patula; mustard,Sinapis alba; pepper,Capsicumannuum; soybean,Glycinemax) differentially affected the two nematodes. Cucumber, marigold, pepper and soybean each attractedH. glycinesat rates between 2.2- and 3.6-fold greater than controls. No root preparations were attractive toM. incognita, which were significantly repelled by corn, cucumber, mustard and pepper, relative to controls. Preparation of selected root extract supernatants, which involved vacuum drying, decreased the attractiveness of marigold and soybean toH. glycinesby 38 and 82%, respectively, but the effect of pepper was unchanged. Supernatant processing had no effect onM. incognitabehaviour. In a liquid-based J2 movement assay, root supernatants from marigold, pepper and soybean at 1 mg dry root ml−1each decreased the frequency of head movement inH. glycinesandM. incognitarelative to controls. However, dose responses were detected only with marigold, with maximum decreases in activity at 16 mg dry root ml−1for each species. These decreases were significantly different at 46 and 66%, respectively, forH. glycinesandM. incognita. The behaviour of the two nematodes was qualitatively different in assays that required detection of signals across a short distance (agar assay), whereas qualitative responses were similar when juveniles were immersed in treatment solution (liquid assay). In the latter, quantitative responses to marigold differed significantly betweenH. glycinesandM. incognitaJ2.
Le Miroir des Saxons : un texte remarquable, mais presque inconnu dans l’historiographie française
Authors: Heirbaut Dirk 
Published: December 2016

The ‘Saxon Mirror’ was one of the most important books of medieval law, but literature on it in other Western European languages than German, remains scarce. This article therefore wants to present the Saxon Mirror to French readers by studying its author Eike von Repgow and its content, characteristics and influence. The author also puts forward his own hypotheses concerning the Saxon Mirror. The Saxon Mirror has to be studied together with other texts which used the same material, more in particular the Auctor vetus de beneficiis, and the law book of Görlitz. Making a comparison with texts of feudal law elsewhere, it becomes clear that the Saxon Mirror was based on notes taken by practitioners, which could be compilated in different ways. The differences between the longer and the shorter versions of the Saxon Mirror may be explained by the groups behind them. Specialists of feudal law were responsible for the shorter version, whereas the longer version was the work of aldermen. In this context, it is not unlikely that Eike von Repgow may have been a pleader in feudal courts rather than an alderman.
Use, Meaning, and Theoretical Commitment
Authors: Von Savigny Eike 
Published: December 2016

This paper is on theoretical commitments involved in connecting use and meaning. Wittgenstein maintained, in his , that meaning more or less 'is' use; and he more or less proclaimed that in philosophy, we must 'not advance any kind of theory' (PI § 109). He presented a connection between use and meaning by describing a sequence of language-games where richness of vocabularies and complexity of embedding behaviour grow simultaneously. This presentation is very in the sequence of PI §§ 2, 8, 15, and 21, even if it needs sympathetic touching up. If supplemented, the presentation makes a for claiming that there is a connection between use and meaning in the following sense: This may be a very modest statement of the meaning-is-use connection. However, , as sober analysis of the sequence presented by Wittgenstein will reveal.
This is not to say that the modest statement is in any way fishy. Rather, I want to remind readers of how desirable it is to restrict the interpretation of Wittgenstein's famous hostile remarks on theories to that kind of metaphysical misunderstandings of our everyday language which the context of PI § 109 is about.
In (1) I characterize, by way of listing examples from the , the area of what I think Wittgenstein regarded as innocent, everyday meaning talk, talk that is not yet infected by bad philosophy. In (2), I argue that what Wittgenstein wanted to show was that such talk is in some sense replaceable by use descriptions, i.e. by descriptions of language-games. In (3), I argue that not all kinds of language-games are relevant; in particular, those of teaching and explaining words have to be excluded. As I restrict myself to the four remaining 'primitive' language-games in PI §§ 2, 8, 15, and 21, I have to defend my approach, in (4), against Joachim Schulte's case for reading Wittgenstein's comparison of these language-games with real languages as ironical. How the invitation to regard such a language-game as a complete, primitive language should in fact be construed is a question I discuss in (5), defending my interpretation against Richard Raatzsch in particular. How increases of expressive power are brought about by increases of the use repertoires is shown by an analysis of modified versions of the language-games in question, and of alternatives thereof, in (6), (7), (8), and (9) respectively, pointing out the places where theoretical commitments enter. Section (10) sums up commitments that have emerged from a sympathetic defence of a modest reading of the meaning-and-use connection.
A New Ice Nucleation Active Site Parameterization for Desert Dust and Soot
Authors: Ullrich Romy , Hoose Corinna , Möhler Ottmar , Niemand Monika , Wagner Robert , Höhler Kristina , Hiranuma Naruki , Saathoff Harald , Leisner Thomas 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Based on results of 11 yr of heterogeneous ice nucleation experiments at the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) chamber in Karlsruhe, Germany, a new empirical parameterization framework for heterogeneous ice nucleation was developed. The framework currently includes desert dust and soot aerosol and quantifies the ice nucleation efficiency in terms of the ice nucleation active surface site (INAS) approach.
The immersion freezing INAS densities nS of all desert dust experiments follow an exponential fit as a function of temperature, well in agreement with an earlier analysis of AIDA experiments. The deposition nucleation nS isolines for desert dust follow u-shaped curves in the ice saturation ratio–temperature (Si–T) diagram at temperatures below about 240 K. The negative slope of these isolines toward lower temperatures may be explained by classical nucleation theory (CNT), whereas the behavior toward higher temperatures may be caused by a pore condensation and freezing mechanism. The deposition nucleation measured for soot at temperatures below about 240 K also follows u-shaped isolines with a shift toward higher Si for soot with higher organic carbon content. For immersion freezing of soot aerosol, only upper limits for nS were determined and used to rescale an existing parameterization line.
The new parameterization framework is compared to a CNT-based parameterization and an empirical framework as used in models. The comparison shows large differences in shape and magnitude of the nS isolines especially for deposition nucleation. For the application in models, implementation of this new framework is simple compared to that of other expressions.
Improving the Radiance Assimilation Performance in Estimating Snow Water Storage across Snow and Land-Cover Types in North America
Authors: Kwon Yonghwan , Yang Zong-Liang , Hoar Timothy J. , Toure Ally M. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Continental-scale snow radiance assimilation (RA) experiments are conducted in order to improve snow estimates across snow and land-cover types in North America. In the experiments, the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter is applied and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) brightness temperature TB observations are assimilated into an RA system composed of the Community Land Model, version 4 (CLM4); radiative transfer models (RTMs); and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART). The performance of two snowpack RTMs, the Dense Media Radiative Transfer–Multi-Layers model (DMRT-ML), and the Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS) in improving snow depth estimates through RA is compared. Continental-scale snow estimates are enhanced through RA by using AMSR-E TB at the 18.7- and 23.8-GHz channels [3% (DMRT-ML) and 2% (MEMLS) improvements compared to the cases using the 18.7- and 36.5-GHz channels] and by considering the vegetation single-scattering albedo ω [2.5% (DMRT-ML) and 4.8% (MEMLS) improvements compared to the cases neglecting ω]. The contribution of TB of the vegetation canopy to TB at the top of the atmosphere is better represented by considering ω in the RA system, and improvements in the resulting snow depth are evident for the forest land-cover type (about 5%–11%) and the taiga and alpine snow classes (about 5%–11% and 4%–8%, respectively), especially in the MEMLS case. Compared to the open-loop run (0.171-m snow depth RMSE), about 7% (DMRT-ML) and 10% (MEMLS) overall improvements of the RA performance are achieved.
Relationship between patient‐reported outcome measures (PROM) and three measures of foot–ankle alignment in patients with metatarsal head pain: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: González‐Sánchez Manuel , Velasco‐Ramos Esther , Muñoz Maria Ruiz , Cuesta‐Vargas Antonio I 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study is to establish the relationship between foot–ankle patient‐reported outcome measures (PROM) and three measures of foot–ankle alignment (MoFAA) in patients with metatarsal head pain.MethodsA cross‐sectional study where 206 patients completed three PROMs and a clinician recorded three MoFAA bilaterally (three times each). A reliability analysis of the MoFAA, a correlation analysis (between MoFAA and PROM) and regression analysis (dependent variable: PROM; independent variables: MoFAA) were performed.ResultsPearson's coefficient changed in each PROM used, ranging from 0.243 (AAOS‐FAMShoeComfortScale–FVARight) to 0.807 (FFIIndex–first MTPJEright). Regression indices (R2‐corrected) ranged between 0.117 (AAOS‐FAMShoeComfortScale) and 0.701 (FFIIndex).ConclusionsThe MoFAA correlated between moderately to strongly with the foot–ankle PROM selected. The level of correlation between MoFAA and PROM was higher when patients with metatarsal head pain were asked about foot health status, pain and function; however, the correlation was poor when the patient was asked about shoe aspects. In addition, the MoFAA variable that achieved the highest correlation value was the first metatarsophalangeal joint extension. The results obtained in this study could be used in future studies to develop tools for assessing and monitoring patients with metatarsal head pain.
Automated Scanner for External Pipe Non-Desructive Testing
Authors: Чижиков  , Chizhikov Mikhail , Жуков  , Zhukov Nikolay 
Published: December 2016

For more than ten years the Diagnostic Scientific and Technical Center (DSTC) &#34;Defectoskopiya&#34; is engaged in the development of flaw detectors using magnetic inspection method. The main object of testing were the pipes with their diameters ranging from 1020 mm to 1420 mm and wall thickness up to 28mm.
The “Orbita” Magnetic Diagnostic Complex (MDC) is the newest detector developed. It is designed for automated pipe body testing using magnetic method. MDC “Orbita” allows searching and identification of such common defects as pitting corrosion, stress corrosion, cracking, pipe wall separation, as well as changes in the pipe geometric parameters such as jam, flutes, nicks.
MDC “Orbita” performance features are the low weight, easy transportability and maintenance, indiscriminateness to the operating personnel qualifications.
The efficiency and reliability of the MDC “Orbita” components and assemblies were tested on a real pipe in field conditions (in the column for the removal of the insulating coating during the works of re-isolation section of the main ø1420 mm gas pipeline &#34;Urengoy-Novopskov&#34; 3007-3030 km), as well as in the pits (the main gas pipeline &#34;Petrovsk-Novopskov&#34; Bubnovsky LPU MG OOO &#34;Gazprom transgaz Volgograd&#34; on 325 and 326 kilometres MG &#34;Petrovsk-Novopskov&#34;) during the period of April 21-23, 2015.
MDC “Orbita” is designed for external inspection of pipes coated with insulating material, or after purification, in the pits, on the inventory of resting after pruning, as well as in the column with a cleaning machine.
Operation with the scanner can take place at any time of the day, in the ambient temperature range from -200C to +400C in any weather conditions.
The operating personnel amounts to not more than two persons, the deployment time (loading from a fully disassembled state until you are ready to work including erection onto the pipe) takes not more than 15 minutes.
Mounting on a pipe in the assembled state takes not more than 1 minute.
Scanner weight does not exceed 25 kg, and when assembled it can be transported by any means of transport. Automated scanner flaw-detector tests showed the claimed technical characteristics, high reliability, the reliability of the scan results, and its handiness.
Strategic CSR, Heterogeneous Firms and Credit Constraints
Authors: Giallonardo Luisa , Mulino Marcella 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:
We set out a model of strategic CSR with consumers’ demand for CSR products, where ethical features improve the “quality” of goods through a complementarity between production and CSR provision. Our model builds on the literature based on heterogeneous firms in monopolistic competition with quality product differentiation. By letting the optimal level of ethical standards to be endogenously determined by each profit-maximizing firm, we analyse the link between heterogeneity in productivity and CSR intensity. The analytical results are confirmed by a numerical analysis. We then consider the need for external financing, finding that credit constraints may lead active firms to reduce the optimal CSR level whereas the reputational effect of CSR firms may help in dampening the reduction in firms’ optimal CSR level. Finally, we find that policy interventions may lead to a higher level of the optimal CSR, when addressed to change firms’ incentives and consumers’ ethical awareness.
A seepage outlet boundary condition in hemodynamics modeling
Authors: He Fan , Hua Lu , Gao Li-jian 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Background:
In computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for hemodynamics applications, boundary conditions remain one of the major issues in obtaining accurate fluid flow predictions.

Objective:
As an important part of the arterial circulation, microcirculation plays important roles in many aspects, such as substance exchange, interstitial fluid generation and inverse flow. It is necessary to consider microcirculation in hemodynamics modeling. This is a methodological paper to test and validate a new type of boundary condition never applied to microcirculation before.

Methods:
In order to address this issue, we introduce microcirculation as a seepage outlet boundary condition in computational hemodynamics. Microcirculation is treated as a porous medium in this paper. Numerical comparisons of the seepage and traditional boundary conditions are made.

Results:
The results show that the seepage boundary condition has significant impacts on numerical simulation. Under the seepage boundary condition, the fluctuation range of the pressures progressively rises in the artery zone. The results obtained from the traditional boundary condition show that the pressure fluctuation range gradually falls. In addition, the wall shear stresses under the traditional outlet boundary condition are much higher than those under the seepage outlet boundary condition.

Conclusions:
The proposed boundary condition is more suitable in hemodynamics modeling.
Relationship between anti-Müllerian hormone and antral follicle count across the menstrual cycle using the Beckman Coulter Access assay in comparison with Gen II manual assay
Authors: Schiffner Julia , Roos Judith , Broomhead David , Helden Joseph van , Godehardt Erhard , Fehr Daniel , Freundl Günter , Johnson Sarah , Gnoth Christian 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackground:The study aim was to validate Beckman Coulter’s fully automated Access Immunoassay System (BC Access assay) for anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and compare it with Beckman Coulter’s Modified Manual Generation II assay (BC Mod Gen II), with regard to cycle AMH fluctuations and antral follicle counts.Methods:During one complete menstrual cycle, transvaginal ultrasound was performed on regularly menstruating women (n=39; 18–40years) every 2 days until the dominant ovarian follicle reached 16mm, then daily until observed ovulation; blood samples were collected throughout the cycle. Number and size of antral follicles was determined and AMH levels measured using both assays.Results:AMH levels measured by the BC Access assay vary over ovulatory menstrual cycles, with a statistically significant pre-ovulatory decrease from –5 to +2 days around objective ovulation. Mean luteal AMH levels were significantly lower (–7.99%) than mean follicular levels but increased again towards the end of the luteal phase. Antral follicle count can be estimated from AMH (ng/mL, BC Access assay) concentrations on any follicular phase day. BC Access assay-obtained AMH values are considerably lower compared with the BC Mod Gen II assay (–19% on average); conversion equation: AMH BC Access (ng/mL)=0.85 [AMH BC Mod Gen II (ng/mL)]Conclusions:AMH levels vary throughout the cycle, independently of assay utilised. A formula can be used to convert BC Access assay-obtained AMH levels to BC Mod Gen II values. The number of antral follicles can be consistently estimated from pre-ovulatory AMH levels using either assay.
Expropriation Procedures in Germany and the Netherlands: Ready for the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure?
Authors: Hoops Björn 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThroughout the world, particularly in the Global South, state authorities expropriate property rights without following a fair, transparent, and participatory procedure. The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure provide good governance standards for expropriation procedures that are the results of in-depth world-wide consultations with all stakeholders. Not only countries in the Global South, however, but also countries in Global North are meant to observe the Guidelines. Whether or not expropriation procedures in Germany and the Netherlands are ready for the Guidelines is the topic of this contribution. The Guidelines contain several recommendations for fair, transparent, and participatory expropriation procedures. The state should empower affected persons to participate. Information about the procedure and the subject-matter should be widely disseminated. Participation should take the form of deliberations at a point in time when affected persons can still influence the decision to expropriate property. Obligations to balance all involved interests and to furnish reasons should also form part of a good expropriation procedure. German and Dutch law mostly comply with these Guidelines. However, these systems do not seem to empower participants sufficiently, and do not show a sufficient commitment to deliberations among participants and between participants and the authority. Also, German law does not inform holders of contractual use rights as well as it informs holders of registered property rights.
Counterfactual Reasoning and Expropriation Compensation: An Argument for Elimination of Elimination Rules
Authors: Dyrkolbotn Sjur K 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTo award compensation for expropriated property, it is usually necessary to determine what the value of the property would have been if there had been no expropriation. This requires counterfactual thinking, a form of “make-believe” reasoning that legal professionals and valuators often find difficult to apply. The challenge becomes particularly difficult and important when the scheme underlying expropriation influences the value of the property that is taken. In such situations, rules developed in case law and legislation often attempt to clarify when aspects of property value should be attributed to the expropriation scheme and disregarded from further consideration. This article critically addresses elimination rules of this kind, arguing that they interfere with counterfactual assessments in ways that can render these assessments more difficult, less predictable, and more open to manipulation. To illustrate the overarching point, it is argued that recent proposals for reform in England and Wales, aiming to constrain the scope of contrary-to-fact elimination in expropriation cases, might not work as intended and could potentially make the situation worse. More broadly, the article argues that counterfactual reasoning in expropriation cases cannot be circumvented by legislative and casuistic interventions. Just as the law of tort, the law of expropriation compensation illustrates why counterfactual reasoning should be recognised as an irreducible and unique mode of legal reasoning, one that should be addressed as such by legal theorists and lawmakers alike.
Mathematical models and experimental data for HDF based sandwich panels with dual corrugated lightweight core
Authors: Smardzewski Jerzy , Jasińska Dorota 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Light layer honeycomb panels could replace traditional wood materials, if their stiffness and strength properties could be improved. The aim of this research was to design and determine elastic properties of sandwich panels (SPs) based on a dual corrugated HDF core. Stiffness matrix values of elements were determined by a numerical method. The 3D calculation results were compared with those of the homogeneous model. The calculation results were collated with those of experimental investigations. It was demonstrated that the linear elasticity modulus as well as the modulus of rupture of the SPs were comparable with mechanical properties of a particle board with identical thickness, while the SP has a 1/3 lower density. The panel core exhibited significant orthotropic properties. In the xy plane it could be characterized as an auxetic structure. The homogeneous model leads to results similar to those achieved from the 3D model and observed in experimental tests.