bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased expression of phosphorylated forms of heat‐shock protein‐27 and p38MAPK in macrophage‐rich regions of fibro‐fatty atherosclerotic lesions in the rabbit
Authors: Shafi Shahida , Codrington Rosalind , Gidden Lewis Michael , Ferns Gordon Ashley Anthony 
Published: February 2016

SummaryWe aimed to assess the expression and distribution of Hsp27, pHsp27 (Ser82), p38MAPK and p‐p38MAPK in fibro‐fatty atherosclerotic lesions and the myocardium of hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Male New Zealand white rabbits were fed a high‐cholesterol diet for 18 weeks, maintaining serum cholesterol at approximately 20 mmol/l over this period. Aortic arch and myocardial tissues were analysed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence. Plasma Hsp27 levels were measured by ELISA. There was a significant increase in the expression of monomeric and dimeric forms of Hsp27, together with pHsp27 (Ser82), p38MAPK and p‐p38MAPK in the fibro‐fatty atherosclerotic lesions (P < 0.01; P < 0.05; P < 0.001; and P < 0.001, respectively) and the myocardial tissues (P < 0.001) from the cholesterol‐fed rabbits compared with equivalent tissues from controls when the plasma concentration was low. Immunohistochemical analysis of the fibro‐fatty lesions showed marked increases in Hsp27 and pHsp27 (Ser82) immunoreactivity. Double immunostaining showed intense expression of pHsp27 and p‐p38MAPK in regions that were rich in macrophages, suggesting a close association with these inflammatory cells, whereas, in regions rich in smooth muscle cells, only p‐p38MAPK was found to be strongly expressed. An increased expression of pHsp27 (Ser82) was spatially associated with increased p‐p38MAPK within fibro‐fatty atherosclerotic lesions and was colocalized to regions rich in macrophages. The initial increase in plasma Hsp27 levels may reflect the increase in systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the early phases of disease. The falling concentrations subsequently may be coincident with the development of the advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
Directed selection of influenza virus produces antigenic variants that match circulating human virus isolates and escape from vaccine‐mediated immune protection
Authors: DeDiego Marta L. , Anderson Christopher S. , Yang Hongmei , Holden‐Wiltse Jeanne , Fitzgerald Theresa , Treanor John. J. , Topham David J. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryInfluenza vaccination does not provide 100% protection from infection, partly due to antigenic drift of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein. Low serum antibody titres increase the risk of infection. To determine whether there were additional correlates of risk, we examined the relationship between human serum immunity and antigenic variation in seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses. Seasonal H3N2 vaccine strains grown in the presence of heterogeneous human or mono‐specific ferret antisera selected variants with mutations in the HA antigenic sites. Surprisingly, circulating strains infecting human subjects in the same seasons displayed mutations in the same positions, although only in one case did the change correspond to the same amino acid. Serum antibody titres were lower against both the in vitro selected and clinical isolates compared with the vaccine strains, suggesting that the mutations are relevant to vaccine failure. Antibody titres were also significantly lower in sera from infected subjects than in non‐infected subjects, suggesting relatively poor responses to vaccination in the infected subjects. Collectively, the data suggest that risk from influenza infection is a result of poor response to vaccination, as well as encounter with drifted seasonal influenza virus antigenic variants. The results also show that directed selection under human immune pressure could reveal antigenic variants relevant to real‐world drifted viruses, helping in annual vaccine re‐formulation.
Effects of pressure ulcer classification system education programme on knowledge and visual differential diagnostic ability of pressure ulcer classification and incontinence‐associated dermatitis for clinical nurses in Korea
Authors: Lee Yun Jin , Kim Jung Yoon ,   Korean Association of Wound Ostomy Continence Nurses
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pressure ulcer classification system education on clinical nurses' knowledge and visual differential diagnostic ability of pressure ulcer (PU) classification and incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD). One group pre and post‐test was used. A convenience sample of 407 nurses, participating in PU classification education programme of continuing education, were enrolled. The education programme was composed of a 50‐minute lecture on PU classification and case‐studies. The PU Classification system and IAD knowledge test (PUCS‐KT) and visual differential diagnostic ability tool (VDDAT), consisting of 21 photographs including clinical information were used. Paired t‐test was performed using SPSS/WIN 20.0. The overall mean difference of PUCS‐KT (t = −11·437, P<0·001) and VDDAT (t = −21·113, P<0·001) was significantly increased after PU classification education. Overall understanding of six PU classification and IAD after education programme was increased, but lacked visual differential diagnostic ability regarding Stage III PU, suspected deep tissue injury (SDTI), and Unstageable. Continuous differentiated education based on clinical practice is needed to improve knowledge and visual differential diagnostic ability for PU classification, and comparison experiment study is required to examine effects of education programmes.
Prospective study on Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis and its Severity instrument for verifying its ability to predict the development of pressure ulcers in patients with fecal incontinence
Authors: Park Kyung Hee , Choi Heejung 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFecal incontinence with loose stools is a risk factor for skin damage that may develop into a pressure ulcer (PU). The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of applying the Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis and its Severity (IADS) instrument to patients with fecal incontinence as a tool to predict PU development. This prospective study enrolled 120 intensive care unit patients with bowel incontinence of Bristol Stool type 5, 6, and 7. Trained nurses evaluated IADS scores and the occurrence of PUs daily for 7 days. Patients with higher IADS scores were significantly more likely to develop a PU (odds ratio = 1·22, 95% confidence interval = 1·12–1·33). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed the area under curve to be 0·790, suggesting that higher IADS scores are associated with an increased likelihood of developing a PU (sensitivity 72·5%, specificity 71·2%, using a cut‐off value of 8/9). Our results suggest that the IADS instrument can serve as a tool for predicting the occurrence of PUs in patients with fecal incontinence. Patients with IADS scores that exceed eight points should be classified as being at risk of developing a PU, and placed under intensive care as a proactive measure to prevent PU development.
Amorphization by Mechanical Milling for Making IR Transparent Glass‐Ceramics
Authors: Xue Bai , Calvez Laurent , Allix Mathieu , Delaizir Gaëlle , Zhang Xiang‐Hua 
Published: February 2016

In this article, we put forward the possibility to prepare amorphous powder from chalcogenide compositions usually located out of the glassy domain when synthesized via a conventional melt‐quenching technique. Both X‐ray diffraction and DSC techniques were used to demonstrate that the original Ge15Ga20S65 composition can be prepared in the amorphous state by using mechanical milling starting from raw metallic elements. Subsequent hot‐pressing by spark plasma sintering in a graphite die above the glass transition temperature leads to sintered pellets presenting a high rate of nanocrystals of about 30 nm. These as‐made glass–ceramic materials present promising transparency in the infrared range.
Epistemic Injustice and Illness
Authors: Kidd Ian James , Carel Havi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article analyses the phenomenon of epistemic injustice within contemporary healthcare. We begin by detailing the persistent complaints patients make about their testimonial frustration and hermeneutical marginalization, and the negative impact this has on their care. We offer an epistemic analysis of this problem using Miranda Fricker's account of epistemic injustice. We detail two types of epistemic injustice, testimonial and hermeneutical, and identify the negative stereotypes and structural features of modern healthcare practices that generate them. We claim that these stereotypes and structural features render ill persons especially vulnerable to these two types of epistemic injustice. We end by proposing five avenues for further work on epistemic injustice in healthcare.
Rose's Prevention Paradox
Authors: Thompson Christopher 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGeoffrey Rose's ‘prevention paradox’ occurs when a population‐based preventative health measure that brings large benefits to the community – such as compulsory seatbelts, a ‘fat tax’, or mass immunisation – offers little to each participating individual. Although the prevention paradox is not obviously a paradox in the sense in which philosophers understand the term, it does raise important normative questions. In particular, should we implement population‐based preventative health measures when the typical individual is not expected to gain from them? After canvassing other attempts to address the paradox, I argue that what is significant about the prevention paradox is that it involves intra‐personal trade‐offs; the costs and benefits of the choice to implement or not implement a preventative health measure fall on the same individuals. The intra‐personal nature of these trade‐offs has two implications. First, the solutions to the paradox proposed by other authors are deficient. Second, the policy choice to not implement some preventative health measures can be normatively justified.
On the Significance of Membership in Approaches to Global Justice: Putting Carens in Context
Authors: Risse Mathias 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMy main theme is to compare Carens' take on membership with Michael Blake's and mine. Both Carens and Blake think membership matters enormously in the context of global justice. But they develop this point very differently. However, from the standpoint of my theory (pluralist internationalism), Carens’ and Blake's accounts have symmetrical shortcomings. Neither view takes a genuinely globally balanced approach to immigration.
Genomewide association study of immune traits in chicken F2 resource population
Authors: Sun Y. , Li Q. , Hu Y. , Sun Y. , Liu R. , Zheng M. , Wen J. , Li P. , Liu L. , Zhao G. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryImmune traits play pivotal roles in animal immune capacity development and disease resistance. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are common forms of genetic variations among individuals, which are thought to account for the majority of inherited phenotypic variations. In this study, we performed genomewide association, using the Illumina 60K SNP BeadChip studies to detect molecular markers and candidate genes associated with immune traits in an F2 population. Sixteen immune traits were measured. We identified 85 significant SNPs (p < 2.98 × 10−6) with 5% as the genomewide significance threshold, 380 SNPs of suggestive significance (p < 5.96 × 10−5) from simple model (general linear model, GLM) and 15 SNPs of suggestive significance (p < 5.96 × 10−5) from the compressed mixed linear model (MLM), which were also found in GLM (six significant SNPs and seven suggestive SNPs). Three significant SNPs (GGaluGA151406, Gga_rs14554319 and Gga_rs13593979) and candidate genes (LYRM4 and KTN1) were found to be associated with avian influenza antibody titres, and the first two SNPs are from the results of two‐model analysis. For the immune organs, through the analysis of GLM, 19 SNPs were found to be significantly associated with the thymus weight, 61 SNPs were significantly associated with the bursa of Fabricius weight, six of which were located within a 34‐Mb region (125 846 474–159 649 698 bp) on chicken chromosome 1 (GGA1). A candidate region relevant to haematological traits from GLM was found in GGA4 and 9 loci were located on it. Three loci (GGaluGA348521, Gga_rs16098446 and GGaluGA348518) within 179 kb (16 286 868–16 466 134 bp) on GGAZ from GLM provided evidence that this genomic segment may be relevant to red blood cell volume distribution width (RDW). Our study provides a list of significant SNPs and candidate genes that will be valuable information for unveiling the underlying molecular mechanism of immune regulation.
Environmental predictors of species richness in forest landscapes: abiotic factors versus vegetation structure
Authors: Zellweger Florian , Baltensweiler Andri , Ginzler Christian , Roth Tobias , Braunisch Veronika , Bugmann Harald , Bollmann Kurt 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimTo investigate the performance and relative importance of abiotic and biotic predictors of species richness of three taxa in forest‐dominated landscapes across an environmentally heterogeneous mountain region.LocationSwitzerland (central Europe).MethodsWe used a broad set of nationally available environmental predictors grouped into (1) climate, (2) topography and soil and (3) 3‐D vegetation structure derived from airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data to spatially predict the forest species richness of vascular plants, butterflies and breeding birds. We used presence data of 212 plant, 157 butterfly and 92 bird species from multiple transect samples in > 220 1 km2 squares at elevations between 261 and 2123 m a.s.l. across 41,248 km2. We applied an ensemble modelling approach consisting of five modelling techniques and evaluated their predictive performance using the cross‐validated percentage of explained variance of each predictor group separately and the combinations thereof. We investigated the relative importance and response of each predictor and partitioned the variation into independent and shared components per variable group.ResultsClimate performed best in predicting forest species richness across taxa. Vegetation structure particularly improved the predictions of butterfly and bird species richness, while soil pH was an important predictor for forest plant species richness. Climate appeared to be mainly indirectly related to butterfly species richness, via correlations with habitat type and structure. The strength and direction of the relationships between the predictors and species richness were taxon‐specific with low cross‐taxon congruence.Main conclusionsThe growing availability of LiDAR data offers powerful new tools for describing vegetation structure and associated animal habitat quality across large areas. This will further our understanding of niche‐driven assembly processes in forest landscapes. Although climate was the dominant factor controlling species richness across taxa from different trophic levels, the taxon‐specific distributional pattern and response to environmental conditions emphasize the difficulty of accounting for a range of taxa in prioritising biodiversity conservation measures.
Uncovering the spatio‐temporal drivers of species trait variances: a case study of Magnoliaceae in China
Authors: Liu Hui , Lundgren Marjorie R. , Freckleton Robert P. , Xu Qiuyuan , Ye Qing 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimAnalyses of the relationships between evolutionary history, environmental constraints and associated trait variances can reveal how species distributions were shaped. Phylogenetic comparative models can be used to disentangle the relative roles of spatial and phylogenetic factors in explaining trait variances. Here, we analyse variances in plant traits and environmental variables of the widely distributed and early diverging Magnoliaceae within a phylogeographical context to test whether species distributions have been limited more by evolutionary or spatial constraints in this family.LocationChina.MethodsThe phylogenetic relatedness and geographical distributions of 183 Magnoliaceae species in China were analysed for phylogenetic clustering or over‐dispersion. The phylogenetic signals of 15 plant traits and 12 environmental variables were determined, and the relative contributions of phylogeny and space to each quantitative trait were distinguished using four comparative models.ResultsSpecies richness gradually decreased from south to north, with phylogenetic clustering along the southern coast, and in northern and central China. Strong phylogenetic signals were found in leaf form, flowering sequence, diameter at breast height, leaf length and width, mean and minimum mean annual temperature, and minimum mean annual precipitation. Variances of plant diameter, length and width of leaves and tepals, and fruit length were strongly associated with phylogenetic relatedness. In contrast, variances of plant height, flowering and fruiting time, and all of the 12 environmental variables (mean, minimum, maximum and range of altitude, temperature and precipitation) were associated with both spatial proximity and phylogenetic distance between species.Main conclusionsPhylogenetic niche conservatism was identified in most of the studied plant traits across the Magnoliaceae. In contrast, environmental variables showed weak phylogenetic signals, but strong spatial signals. These results suggest that the present tropical‐temperate distributional pattern of the Magnoliaceae is driven by the ecophysiological adaptation of plant traits under both geographical separation and environmental constraints.
Clinical Outcomes of Single‐ versus Dual‐Chamber Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: Lessons from the Israeli ICD Registry
Authors: KONSTANTINO YUVAL , HAIM MOTI , BOXER JEREMY , GOLDENBERG ILAN , FELDMAN ALEXANDER , MICHOWITZ YOAV , GLIKSON MICHAEL , SULEIMAN MAHMOUD ,   On behalf of the Israeli Working Group on Pacing and Electrophysiology
Published: February 2016

Clinical Outcome of Single‐ versus Dual‐Chamber ICDsObjectiveTo compare the clinical outcomes of a single‐ versus dual‐chamber ICD for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in a large, national ICD registry.MethodsData were collected from the prospective Israeli ICD Registry. Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes including mortality, admissions for heart failure (HF), and ICD therapy were compared between the two groups.ResultsA total of 1,125 subjects, 37% with a single‐chamber and 63% with a dual‐chamber ICD, constructed the baseline cohort. Approximately 80% had ischemic heart disease (IHD). Mean follow‐up was 22 months, mean ejection fraction was 30%, and mean QRS width was 103 milliseconds in both groups. During follow‐up, there were no significant differences in the rate of mortality, admissions for HF, appropriate or inappropriate therapy, or in time to any of the clinical outcomes. Using multivariate analysis, single‐chamber ICD was not associated with increased risk of death or admission for HF. In a subgroup of patients with IHD, single‐chamber ICD was associated with a higher rate of inappropriate therapy.ConclusionsIn this large retrospective population‐based cohort, dual‐chamber ICD showed no benefit in reducing the incidence of death or HF admissions, whereas in a subgroup of patients with IHD, single‐chamber ICD was associated with increased inappropriate therapy. Further prospective studies are necessary to assess the benefit of dual‐chamber ICD in reducing the rate of inappropriate therapy.
Use of outcome measures improved after a tailored implementation in primary care physiotherapy: a prospective, controlled study
Authors: Käll Ingela , Larsson Maria EH , Bernhardsson Susanne 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesIt is important that physiotherapists routinely use outcome measures to evaluate treatment results. There is limited knowledge about effective ways to increase use of outcome measures. The objectives were to investigate the effect of a tailored implementation of guidelines for evaluation of physiotherapy treatment and to explore differences in outcome subgrouped by demographic variables.MethodsA prospective, controlled study was conducted in primary care physiotherapy in western Sweden. 448 publicly employed physiotherapists participated. The intervention comprised a tailored, multi‐component implementation of guidelines for treatment and evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders. The core component was a 3‐hour implementation seminar. The control group received no intervention. Self‐reported attitudes towards, access to and use of outcome measures were assessed with a web‐based questionnaire before and after the implementation.ResultsAfter the implementation, a significantly higher proportion of physiotherapists in the intervention group than in the control group reported using outcome measures frequently, 54.8% vs. 35.6%, a 19.2% difference. The proportion of physiotherapists who reported that they considered outcome measures important to use and that they had easy access to outcome measures at their workplace, were similar in both groups at follow‐up, 92.8% vs. 93.1%, and 95.2% vs. 90.8%, respectively. At follow‐up, no differences related to demographic variables were found in the subgroup analyses.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that a tailored, multi‐component implementation can be effective in increasing use of outcome measures. Although most physiotherapists considered outcome measures important and reported having easy access to them at their workplace, only a little more than half reported using outcome measures after the intervention.
Development of a cross‐disciplinary continuous insulin infusion protocol for non‐critically ill patients in a French university hospital
Authors: Bernard Lise , Roche Béatrice , Batisse Marie , Maqdasy Salwan , Terral Daniel , Sautou Valérie , Tauveron Igor 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesIn non‐critically ill patients, the use of an insulin syringe pump allows the management of temporary situations during which other therapies cannot be used (failure of subcutaneous injections, awaiting advice from the diabetes team, emergency situations, prolonged corticosteroid therapy, initiation of an artificial nutrition, need for a fasting status, etc.). To manage the risks related to this «never event», the use of a standard validated protocol for insulin administration and monitoring is an essential prerequisite. To this end, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended.MethodWith the support of our subcommission «Endocrinology‐Diabetology», we proceeded with a «step‐by‐step process» to create such a standardized protocol: (1) review of all existing protocols in our hospital; (2) overview of the literature data concerning insulin infusion protocols developed by multidisciplinary teams in France and abroad; (3) development of a standardized protocol for non‐intensive care unit patients, respecting the current recommendations and adapting it to the working habits of health teams; and (4) validation of the protocolResultsTwo protocols based on the same structure but adapted to the health status of the patient have been developed. The protocols are divided in to three parts: (1) golden rules to make the use of the protocol appropriate and safe; (2) the algorithm (a double entry table) corresponding to a dynamic adaptation of insulin doses, clearly defining the target and the ‘at risk situations’; and (3) practical aspects of the protocol: preparation of the syringe, treatment initiation and traceability. The protocols have been validated by the institution.ConclusionOur standardized insulin infusion protocol is simple, easy to implement, safe and is likely to be applicable in diverse care units. However, the efficiency, safety and the workability of our protocols have to be clinically evaluated.