bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fausses continuités, interrelations complexes : l’Europe et l’Asie méridionale depuis le xv e siècle
Authors: Markovits Claude , Margolin Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2016

Europe et Asie méridionale étaient connectées indirectement depuis le xii	e siècle à travers un actif commerce d’épices dominé par les Vénitiens. L’établissement d’une route maritime directe par le Cap de Bonne-Espérance fut le fait des Portugais, avec le voyage de Vasco de Gama en 1497-98. Entre 1500 et 1750, la présence européenne, élargie après 1600 aux Européens du Nord, resta essentiellement commerciale. Une transition s’effectua à partir de 1750 vers une domination coloniale qui, vers 1880, englobait la totalité de cette immense région. La colonisation européenne ne fut cependant jamais en mesure d’établir une maîtrise absolue sur ces espaces, et dut toujours composer avec des élites indigènes, qui finirent par se retourner contre les puissances coloniales.
Les caricaturistes européens et le dragon chinois au xix e siècle : l’évolution d’une représentation de l’ennemi
Authors: Knüsel Ariane 
Published: November 2016

Cet article analyse l’émergence du dragon comme symbole de la Chine dans la caricature européenne du xix	e siècle. Les caricaturistes européens se mirent, à cette époque, à dessiner la Chine sous les traits d’un dragon lorsqu’il s’agissait de la représenter comme une menace ou un danger afin de justifier l’impérialisme ou l’usage de la force en Chine. Cependant, se servir du ­dragon, dans les dessins humoristiques, comme d’un symbole de la Chine procède toujours d’une culture propre : les dessins naissent sous l’influence des intérêts nationaux et de la construction discursive de l’identité nationale. Ainsi les dessinateurs britanniques étaient-ils beaucoup plus portés à cet usage du dragon que leurs homologues français, et les dessinateurs allemands ne commencèrent-ils à recourir au motif du dragon que lorsque l’Allemagne se positionna comme une puissance impériale en Chine. La révolte des Boxers en 1900 installa le dragon comme le symbole de la Chine dans toute l’Europe. En dépit de la circulation transnationale de l’image en question, sa popularité est restée différente cependant d’une nation à l’autre.
A pictorial review of reconstructive foot and ankle surgery: elective lesser forefoot procedures
Authors: Meyr Andrew James , Sansosti Laura , Ali Sayed 
Published: November 2016

This pictorial review focuses on basic procedures performed within the field of podiatric surgery, specifically for elective procedures of the lesser forefoot including the correction of hammertoes and lesser metatarsal deformities. Our goal is to demonstrate objective radiographic parameters that surgeons utilize to initially define the deformity, lead to procedure selection and judge post-operative outcomes. We hope that radiologists will employ this information to improve their assessment of post-operative radiographs following reconstructive foot surgeries. First, relevant radiographic measurements are defined and their role in procedure selection explained. Second, the specific surgical procedures of the digital arthroplasty, digital arthrodesis, lesser metatarsal osteotomy, and correction of metatarsus adductus are described in detail. Finally, specific plain film radiographic findings that judge post-operative outcomes for each procedure are detailed.
Should we blame Calvinism for the development of apartheid in South Africa? A perspective from the Reformed Churches in South Africa: A case study
Authors: Van Wyk J.H. 
Published: November 2016

In his book The Irony of Apartheid (1981), I. Hexham argues that Calvinists – also those from Potchefstroom – formulated and promoted the ideology of apartheid. In this article this statement is investigated by comparing it to the view of the Dutch historian, Gerrit Schutte, who blamed Hertzog, Malan and the volksnasionaliste [nationalists] for the development of the Afrikaner ideology. The views of Calvinist individuals and organisations, especially some hailing from Potchefstroom as well as those of the Gereformeerde Kerke van Suid-Afrika (GKSA) are examined and a far more nuanced conclusion is reached. The article ends with some short remarks on the everlasting question about the relation between (national) unity and (cultural) diversity.
Application of three-dimensional-printed navigation template in pediatric femoral neck fracture
Authors: Zheng Pengfei , Yao Qingqiang , Xu Peng , Tang Kai , Chen Jie , Li Yong , Jiang Bo , Wang Liming , Lou Yue 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:
Pediatric femoral neck fracture is a serious and disabling injury that is prone to complications. This study examined the feasibility, accuracy, and efficiency of treating the fracture through a three-dimensional (3D)-printed navigation template that was used to guide placement of cannulated screws and locking compression-pediatric hip plates (LC-PHPs).

Materials and Methods:
Template-guided surgeries were carried out on nine children with femoral neck fracture from 1, 2012 to 12, 2014, and the resulting data were analyzed retrospectively. From preoperative computed tomography data, a 3D model of the proximal femur and a matching navigation template were created for guiding placement of cannulated screws or LC-PHP. Finally, the template-guided operation was performed, and the outcomes were compared to those from control patients undergoing the same surgery without navigation templates (n = 10).

Results:
The navigation templates were found to match the individual proximal femurs well. Two to three screws were accurately inserted in the femoral neck, and the end of the fracture was successfully stabilized. Implantation of the cannulated screws or LC-PHP took an average of 13.6 and 24.5 min, respectively, whereas intraoperative X-ray was used an average of 4.2 times for the former and 5.5 times for the latter. This was compared to 37.6 and 59.6 min, and 11.4 and 15.4 X-rays, for the controls. Postoperative X-ray showed a great reduction of the femoral neck fracture. Six- to twelve-month follow-ups indicated that the fracture had healed and the function of hip joint was excellent for seven of the children and good for two (Ratliff's criteria).

Conclusions:
Using 3D-printed guides, accurate and effective placement of cannulated screws and LC-PHPs is realized in the femoral neck. The method reduces operation time, intraoperative bleeding, radiation exposure, and iatrogenic damage to the vasculature, femoral neck, and epiphysis.
Estudos gramaticais à luz da linguística ecossitêmica
Authors: Couto Hildo Honório do 
Published: November 2016

<p>O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar argumentos em prol de uma representação reticular-rizomática do que a tradição tem chamado de estrutura linguística, tendo por base teórica a versão da ecolinguística chamada de linguística ecossistêmica. Para tanto, ele apresenta um panorama das concepções de língua ao longo da história, salientando que as primeiras concepções laicas estavam em consonância com a ciência moderna, mas que as primeiras reflexões sobre questões linguísticas eram normativas, pressupunham um sistema estático. As primeiras tentativas de se representar graficamente se deram no âmbito semântico e fonético-fonológico. Na sintaxe, uma das primeiras formas de representação deve ter sido a do estruturalista Lucien Tesnière e a dos constituintes imediatos do estruturalismo norte-americano. A concepção de língua como esqueleto dos primeiros "filólogos" continuou e foi aperfeiçoada no estruturalismo e na gramática gerativa, que ficam no nível da ciência da mecânica de Newton e da filosofia de Descartes. Foi com a gramática estratificacional, agora linguística neurocognitiva, que as representações começaram a dar conta da língua como fenômeno dinâmico, não unilinear e unidirecional. Após as visões de língua como organismo e como vírus, respectivamente, surgiu a visão ecossistêmica de língua, segundo a qual ela é basicamente interação e suas representações devem ser do tipo redes ou rizomas multidirecionais e multilaterais. Enfim, esta última representação contém as demais em seu interior, é mais ampla do que elas.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: Estrutura. Redes. Rizoma. Ecolinguística. Linguística ecossistêmica. </p>
Mechanism of Aggregation Colloid Centers on Surface Ionic Crystals
Authors: Sharopov Utkirjon , Atabaev Bakhtiyar , Djabbarganov Ruzmat , Qurbanov Muzaffar 
Published: November 2016

In this chapter, we analyze the kinetics of changes in the intensities of peaks of these aggregate defects as a function of the substrate temperature, as well as study the degradation of these aggregate F centers in order to understand the mechanisms of their formation and transformation to other types of defects, to colloids. The results obtained using methods of total current (TC) spectroscopy and secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) under ion bombardment of LiF crystals are analyzed. The temperature dependence of the generation kinetics of F centers and their aggregates in a LiF/Si(1 1 1) thin-film system after irradiation with low-energy (80 eV) electrons was studied by TC spectroscopy. It was shown that, in all cases, low-temperature annealing results in the degradation of the formed centers followed by their coalescence. By SIMS, it is shown that the majority of the products of crystal sputtering contain point defects. A procedure for determining defects in sputtered clusters of ionic crystals is developed.
De Victor à Educação Especial: ainda o corpo selvagem?
Authors: Guimarães Rafael Siqueira de 
Published: November 2016

Este ensaio tem o intuito de refletir sobre os Relatórios produzidos por Itard (1822, 1828) como documentos que enunciam sobre o olhar perplexo sobre a diferença, compreendendo-o como possibilidade de elencar questões sobre o momento histórico em que foi produzido, no que tange à educação e como conectá-lo com questões da atualidade nas propostas direcionadas à Educação Especial.
Pabaisko mūšyje dalyvavusių kariuomenių sudėtis ir skaičiai
Authors: Baranauskas Tomas 
Published: November 2016

Straipsnyje siekiama įvertinti šaltiniuose pateikiamą informaciją ir istorikų samprotavimus apie 1435 m. rugsėjo 1 d. Pabaisko mūšyje dalyvavusių kariuomenių dydį ir sudėtį bei nustatyti, kokie skaičiai adekvačiausiai atspindi šio mūšio statistiką.
Couple interdependence impacts HIV‐related health behaviours among pregnant couples in southwestern Kenya: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Rogers Anna Joy , Achiro Lillian , Bukusi Elizabeth A , Hatcher Abigail M , Kwena Zachary , Musoke Pamela L , Turan Janet M , Weke Elly , Darbes Lynae A 
Published: November 2016

IntroductionHIV infection is frequently transmitted within stable couple partnerships. In order to prevent HIV acquisition in HIV‐negative couples, as well as improve coping in couples with an HIV‐positive diagnosis, it has been suggested that interventions be aimed at strengthening couple relationships, in addition to addressing individual behaviours. However, little is known about factors that influence relationships to impact joint decision‐making related to HIV.MethodsWe conducted qualitative in‐depth interviews with 40 pregnant women and 40 male partners in southwestern Kenya, an area of high HIV prevalence. Drawing from the interdependence model of communal coping and health behaviour change, we employed thematic analysis methods to analyze interview transcripts in Dedoose software with the aim of identifying key relationship factors that could contribute to the development of a couples‐based intervention to improve health outcomes for pregnant women and their male partners.ResultsIn accordance with the interdependence model, we found that couples with greater relationship‐centred motivations described jointly engaging in more health‐enhancing behaviours, such as couples HIV testing, disclosure of HIV status, and cooperation to improve medication and clinic appointment adherence. These couples often had predisposing factors such as stronger communication skills and shared children, and were less likely to face potential challenges such as polygamous marriages, wife inheritance, living separately, or financial difficulties. For HIV‐negative couples, joint decision‐making helped them face the health threat of acquiring HIV together. For couples with an HIV‐positive diagnosis, communal coping helped reduce risk of interspousal transmission and improve long‐term health prospects. Conversely, participants felt that self‐centred motivations led to more concurrent sexual partnerships, reduced relationship satisfaction, and mistrust. Couples who lacked interdependence were more likely to mention experiencing violence or relationship dissolution, or having difficulty coping with HIV‐related stigma.ConclusionsWe found that interdependence theory may provide key insights into health‐related attitudes and behaviours adopted by pregnant couples. Interventions that invest in strengthening relationships, such as couple counselling during pregnancy, may improve adoption of beneficial HIV‐related health behaviours. Future research should explore adaptation of existing evidence‐based couple counselling interventions to local contexts, in order to address modifiable relationship characteristics that can increase interdependence and improve HIV‐related health outcomes.
Highly linearly polarized white light emission from InGaN light-emitting diode with nanograting-integrated fluorescent ceramics
Authors: Chen Linghua , Wang Miao , Cao Bing , Zhou Shengming , Lin Yu , Hu Jingpei , Wang Chinhua , Wang Jianfeng , Sun Qian , Xu Ke 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We proposed and demonstrated a linearly polarized white light emission from an InGaN light-emitting diode with nanograting-integrated fluorescent ceramics. By incorporating a dielectric layer with low refractive index between multilayer nanogratings and a fluorescent ceramic, both high TM transmission (TMT) and high extinction ratio (ER) were effectively achieved across the entire range of white light. An ER higher than 20 dB and a TMT of 60% were obtained experimentally for a GaN/fluorescent-ceramic-integrated white LED with a multilayer grating of 150 nm period. The fluorescent-ceramic-integrated structure showed possibilities of implementing a polarized white LED with high performance.
Amorphous indium–gallium–zinc–oxide thin-film transistors using organic–inorganic hybrid films deposited by low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition for all dielectric layers
Authors: Hsu Chao-Jui , Chang Ching-Hsiang , Chang Kuei-Ming , Wu Chung-Chih 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We investigated the deposition of high-performance organic–inorganic hybrid dielectric films by low-temperature (close to room temperature) inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition (ICP-CVD) with hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO)/O2 precursor gas. The hybrid films exhibited low leakage currents and high breakdown fields, suitable for thin-film transistor (TFT) applications. They were successfully integrated into the gate insulator, the etch-stop layer, and the passivation layer for bottom-gate staggered amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O (a-IGZO) TFTs having the etch-stop configuration. With the double-active-layer configuration having a buffer a-IGZO back-channel layer grown in oxygen-rich atmosphere for better immunity against plasma damage, the etch-stop-type bottom-gate staggered a-IGZO TFTs with good TFT characteristics were successfully demonstrated. The TFTs showed good field-effect mobility (μFE), threshold voltage (V
th), subthreshold swing (SS), and on/off ratio (I
on/off) of 7.5 cm2 V−1 s−1, 2.38 V, 0.38 V/decade, and 2.2 × 108, respectively, manifesting their usefulness for a-IGZO TFTs.
WINDII observations of thermospheric O(1D) nightglow emission rates, temperature, and wind: 1. The northern hemisphere midnight temperature maximum and the wave 4
Authors: Shepherd M. G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe midnight temperature maximum (MTM) is a large‐scale neutral temperature anomaly with a wide‐ranging effect on the nighttime thermospheric dynamics at low latitudes. The focus of the current study is an investigation of the extent of the MTM to northern midlatitudes (20°N–40°N), employing multiyear observations of O(1D) airglow volume emission rates (VERs), Doppler temperatures (DoT), and neutral winds over the altitude range of 190–300 km by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) experiment on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. The MTM dependence on longitude, season, local time, and altitude was examined. Midnight maxima were observed both in the O(1D) VER and DoT with peaks at ~24 local time (LT) during winter solstice, 22 LT for fall equinox, and 2 LT for spring equinox. The peak in the DoTs was marked with strong southward meridional winds (e.g., ~100–150 m s−1). Latitude/longitude maps of the VER and DoT revealed wave 4 signatures most persistently seen around local midnight, with very little variation in phase, while the amplitude of the individual peaks varied with time. The observed perturbations in the O(1D) VER and temperature were out of phase with respect to longitude. Two of the peaks at ~100°E and 260°E–300°E were almost stationary, while the other two peaks varied in strength over the period of observation. A common feature was that one of the wave 4 peaks was always over the American sector; it was constant with local time, and the meridional wind was southward only over the same region.
Effects of auroral potential drops on plasma sheet dynamics
Authors: Xi Sheng , Lotko William , Zhang Binzheng , Wiltberger Michael , Lyon John 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe reaction of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system to dynamic auroral potential drops is investigated using the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry global model including, for the first time in a global simulation, the dissipative load of field‐aligned potential drops in the low‐altitude boundary condition. This extra load reduces the field‐aligned current (j||) supplied by nightside reconnection dynamos. The system adapts by forcing the nightside X line closer to Earth, with a corresponding reduction in current lensing (j||/B = constant) at the ionosphere and additional contraction of the plasma sheet during substorm recovery and steady magnetospheric convection. For steady and moderate solar wind driving and with constant ionospheric conductance, the cross polar cap potential and hemispheric field‐aligned current are lower by approximately the ratio of the peak field‐aligned potential drop to the cross polar cap potential (10–15%) when potential drops are included. Hemispheric ionospheric Joule dissipation is less by 8%, while the area‐integrated, average work done on the fluid by the reconnecting magnetotail field increases by 50% within |y| < 8 RE. Effects on the nightside plasma sheet include (1) an average X line 4 RE closer to Earth; (2) a 12% higher mean reconnection rate; and (3) dawn‐dusk asymmetry in reconnection with a 17% higher rate in the premidnight sector.
Forces driving fast flow channels, dipolarizations, and turbulence in the magnetotail
Authors: El‐Alaoui Mostafa , Richard Robert L. , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Walker Raymond J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFast flow channels are a major contributor to earthward transport in the magnetotail. Fast flow channels originate at reconnection sites in the magnetotail and terminate with dipolarizations, earthward moving regions of enhanced magnetic field. We have used a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of magnetotail dynamics during a substorm on 7 February 2009 to investigate the stresses in the plasma sheet. In particular, we present an analysis of forces in and around flow channels and dipolarizations. Earthward of the dipolarization magnetic and thermal pressure forces are nearly in equilibrium. Tailward of the dipolarization the pattern of stresses is complex, but several general features are evident. In the earthward flow channel the magnetic tension force dominates. In the dipolarization a tailward magnetic force is partially balanced by the earthward pressure force. The stresses in azimuth (y) are variable. In some places they cause the flow stream to meander, while in others they cause the stream to become wider or narrower. A major consequence of fast earthward flow channels is that they drive large‐scale vortices that initiate turbulence.
Comment on “Younger Dryas sea level and meltwater pulse 1B recorded in Barbados reefal crest coral Acropora palmata” by N. A. Abdul et al.
Authors: Bard Edouard , Hamelin Bruno , Deschamps Pierre , Camoin Gilbert 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBased on new U‐Th ages of corals drilled offshore Barbados, Abdul et al. (2016) have confirmed the existence of the abrupt stratigraphic feature called meltwater pulse 1B (MWP‐1B), which they interpret as being due to a very large and global sea level step change dated at about 11.3 kyr before present (approximately 15 m and equivalent to twice the amount of water stored in the present Greenland ice sheet). This contrasts with the Tahiti record, in which MWP‐1B is essentially absent or very small, as Carlson and Clark (2012) and Lambeck et al. (2014) also conclude in their recent reviews of deglacial sea levels at the global scale. However, the evidence provided by Abdul et al. and their main conclusions are not convincing as they are affected by the following three main problems, which may explain the apparent discrepancies: Problem #1/Barbados is located in a subduction zone, which was also active throughout the Late Glacial period. Furthermore, the Barbados cores studied by Abdul et al. were drilled on both sides of the extension of a tectonic feature identified at the southern tip of Barbados (South Point) as underlined by several studies of the Barbados stratigraphy. Problem #2/Fossil samples of Acropora palmata may not be reliable sea level markers during rapid and large sea level rises. Indeed, the asexual reproduction strategy of this species may not be optimal to keep up when the water depth is increasing very rapidly. This may in part explain why the living depth of A. palmata at Barbados was significantly greater than 5 m during some periods of the last deglaciation, notably between 14.5 and 14 kyr B.P. and possibly between 14 and 11.5 kyr B.P. Problem #3/The slow glacio‐isostatic adjustment and the rapid responses due to gravitational changes of ice and water masses complicate the interpretation of individual relative sea level (RSL) records at specific locations. Therefore, the Barbados and Tahiti record cannot be compared directly in terms of absolute sea level values as done by Abdul et al. In addition, different glaciohydroisostatic adjustments at the two sites may also have contributed to the observed discrepancy between their deglacial RSL records.