bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of fabrication of line-and-space patterns with 7 nm quarter-pitch using electron beam lithography with chemically amplified resist process: V. Optimum beam size
Authors: Kozawa Takahiro 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The high-volume production of semiconductor devices with sub-10 nm critical dimensions is challenging. We have investigated the feasibility of the fabrication of line-and-space patterns with a 7 nm quarter-pitch (7 nm space width and 21 nm line width) by electron beam (EB) lithography. In this study, the optimum beam size for the fabrication of line-and-space patterns with a 7 nm quarter-pitch was investigated from the viewpoint of the trade-off relationship between line edge roughness (LER) and sensitivity. When the peak charge was constant, the optimum beam size depended on the required sensitivity. When the total charge was constant, the beam size was required to be less than 1.6 nm for minimizing LER.
A case report of transfusion-transmitted Plasmodium vivax malaria from an asymptomatic donor to a premature newborn
Authors: Echeverri Daniel , Barreto Dhayra Karem , Osorio Lyda , Cortés Armando , Martínez Ernesto 
Published: September 2016

Gran parte del territorio colombiano es endémico para malaria; sin embargo, los casos autóctonos con parasitemia baja se presentan principalmente en el área del Litoral Pacífico y zonas extensas de Antioquia y Córdoba.Según la legislación colombiana, no se requiere ninguna prueba obligatoria para el diagnóstico de malaria en los donantes de sangre de las áreas no endémicas. No obstante, si los donantes potenciales han viajado a las regiones endémicas, son diferidos por seis meses antes de que puedan donar. Este reporte describe un caso de malaria transmitida por transfusión en Cali (Valle del Cauca, Colombia), en el que un recién nacido prematuro recibió hemoderivados infectados de un donante que vivía en la misma ciudad que viajó a la zona rural de Dagua (Valle del Cauca) nueve meses antes de la donación. La prueba de la gota gruesa confirmó la enfermedad por Plasmodium vivax en el recién nacido y la muestra del donante se sometió a reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), que fue positiva para la misma especie.Este caso sugiere la necesidad de revisar los criterios de selección de donantes y las estrategias de aplazamiento, para evitar posibles casos de malaria transmitida por transfusión.
Aggressive nutrition in extremely low birth weight infants: impact on parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis and growth
Authors: Repa Andreas , Lochmann Ruth , Unterasinger Lukas , Weber Michael , Berger Angelika , Haiden Nadja 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundParenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC) is a frequently observed pathology in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Its pathogenesis is determined by the composition and duration of parenteral nutrition (PN) as well as the tolerance of enteral feeds (EF). “Aggressive” nutrition is increasingly used in ELBW infants to improve postnatal growth. Little is known about the effect of “aggressive” nutrition on the incidence of PNAC. We analyzed the influence of implementing an “aggressive” nutritional regimen on the incidence of PNAC and growth in a cohort of ELBW infants.MethodsELBW infants were nourished using a “conservative” (2005–6;n= 77) or “aggressive” (2007–9;n= 85) nutritional regimen that differed in the composition of PN after birth as well as the composition and timing of advancement of EFs. We analyzed the incidence of PNAC (conjugated bilirubin > 1.5 mg/dl (25 µmol/l)) corrected for confounders of cholestasis (i.e., NEC and/or gastrointestinal surgery, sepsis, birth weight, Z-score of birth weight, time on PN and male sex), growth until discharge (as the most important secondary outcome) and neonatal morbidities.ResultsThe incidence of PNAC was significantly lower during the period of “aggressive” vs. “conservative “nutrition (27% vs. 46%,P< 0.05; adjusted OR 0.275 [0.116–0.651],P< 0.01). Body weight (+411g), head circumference (+1 cm) and length (+1 cm) at discharge were significantly higher. Extra-uterine growth failure (defined as a Z-score difference from birth to discharge lower than −1) was significantly reduced for body weight (85% vs. 35%), head circumference (77% vs. 45%) and length (85% vs. 65%) (P< 0.05). The body mass index (BMI) at discharge was significantly higher (11.1 vs. 12.4) using “aggressive” nutrition and growth became more proportionate with significantly less infants being discharged below the 10th BMI percentile (44% vs. 9%), while the percentage of infants discharged over the 90th BMI percentile (3% vs. 5%) did not significantly increase.Discussion“Aggressive” nutrition of ELBW infants was associated with a significant decrease of PNAC and marked improvement of postnatal growth.
Modification of land‐atmosphere interactions by CO2 effects: Implications for summer dryness and heat wave amplitude
Authors: Lemordant Léo , Gentine Pierre , Stéfanon Marc , Drobinski Philippe , Fatichi Simone 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPlant stomata couple the energy, water, and carbon cycles. We use the framework of Regional Climate Modeling to simulate the 2003 European heat wave and assess how higher levels of surface CO2 may affect such an extreme event through land‐atmosphere interactions. Increased CO2 modifies the seasonality of the water cycle through stomatal regulation and increased leaf area. As a result, the water saved during the growing season through higher water use efficiency mitigates summer dryness and the heat wave impact. Land‐atmosphere interactions and CO2 fertilization together synergistically contribute to increased summer transpiration. This, in turn, alters the surface energy budget and decreases sensible heat flux, mitigating air temperature rise. Accurate representation of the response to higher CO2 levels and of the coupling between the carbon and water cycles is therefore critical to forecasting seasonal climate, water cycle dynamics, and to enhance the accuracy of extreme event prediction under future climate.
An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions
Authors: McCabe Ryan M. , Hickey Barbara M. , Kudela Raphael M. , Lefebvre Kathi A. , Adams Nicolaus G. , Bill Brian D. , Gulland Frances M. D. , Thomson Richard E. , Cochlan William P. , Trainer Vera L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA coastwide bloom of the toxigenic diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia in spring 2015 resulted in the largest recorded outbreak of the neurotoxin, domoic acid, along the North American west coast. Elevated toxins were measured in numerous stranded marine mammals and resulted in geographically extensive and prolonged closures of razor clam, rock crab, and Dungeness crab fisheries. We demonstrate that this outbreak was initiated by anomalously warm ocean conditions. Pseudo‐nitzschia australis thrived north of its typical range in the warm, nutrient‐poor water that spanned the northeast Pacific in early 2015. The seasonal transition to upwelling provided the nutrients necessary for a large‐scale bloom; a series of spring storms delivered the bloom to the coast. Laboratory and field experiments confirming maximum growth rates with elevated temperatures and enhanced toxin production with nutrient enrichment, together with a retrospective analysis of toxic events, demonstrate the potential for similarly devastating ecological and economic disruptions in the future.
Inferences of mantle viscosity based on ice age data sets: Radial structure
Authors: Lau Harriet C. P. , Mitrovica Jerry X. , Austermann Jacqueline , Crawford Ophelia , Al‐Attar David , Latychev Konstantin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe perform joint nonlinear inversions of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) data, including the following: postglacial decay times in Canada and Scandinavia, the Fennoscandian relaxation spectrum (FRS), late‐Holocene differential sea level (DSL) highstands (based on recent compilations of Australian sea level histories), and the rate of change of the degree 2 zonal harmonic of the geopotential, J2. Resolving power analyses demonstrate the following: (1) the FRS constrains mean upper mantle viscosity to be ∼3 × 1020 Pa s, (2) postglacial decay time data require the average viscosity in the top ∼1500 km of the mantle to be 1021 Pa s, and (3) the J2 datum constrains mean lower mantle viscosity to be ∼5 × 1021 Pa s. To reconcile (2) and (3), viscosity must increase to 1022–1023 Pa s in the deep mantle. Our analysis highlights the importance of accurately correcting the J2 observation for modern glacier melting in order to robustly infer deep mantle viscosity. We also perform a large series of forward calculations to investigate the compatibility of the GIA data sets with a viscosity jump within the lower mantle, as suggested by geodynamic and seismic studies, and conclude that the GIA data may accommodate a sharp jump of 1–2 orders of magnitude in viscosity across a boundary placed in a depth range of 1000–1700 km but does not require such a feature. Finally, we find that no 1‐D viscosity profile appears capable of simultaneously reconciling the DSL highstand data and suggest that this discord is likely due to laterally heterogeneous mantle viscosity, an issue we explore in a companion study.
Mesospheric ozone destruction by high‐energy electron precipitation associated with pulsating aurora
Authors: Turunen Esa , Kero Antti , Verronen Pekka T. , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Oyama Shin‐Ichiro , Saito Shinji 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEnergetic particle precipitation into the upper atmosphere creates excess amounts of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen. These destroy mesospheric and upper stratospheric ozone in catalytic reaction chains, either in situ at the altitude of the energy deposition or indirectly due to transport to other altitudes and latitudes. Recent statistical analysis of satellite data on mesospheric ozone reveals that the variations during energetic electron precipitation from Earth's radiation belts can be tens of percent. Here we report model calculations of ozone destruction due to a single event of pulsating aurora early in the morning on 17 November 2012. The presence of high‐energy component in the precipitating electron flux (>200 keV) was detected as ionization down to 68 km altitude, by the VHF incoherent scatter radar of European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Scientific Association (EISCAT VHF) in Tromsø, Norway. Observations by the Van Allen Probes satellite B showed the occurrence of rising tone lower band chorus waves, which cause the precipitation. We model the effect of high‐energy electron precipitation on ozone concentration using a detailed coupled ion and neutral chemistry model. Due to a 30 min, recorded electron precipitation event we find 14% odd oxygen depletion at 75 km altitude. The uncertainty of the higher‐energy electron fluxes leads to different possible energy deposition estimates during the pulsating aurora event. We find depletion of odd oxygen by several tens of percent, depending on the precipitation characteristics used in modeling. The effect is notably maximized at the sunset time following the occurrence of the precipitation.
Carboalumination Reactions
Authors: Huo Shouquan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis chapter deals with the carboalumination of alkenes and alkynes including dienes, diynes, and enynes. The zirconium‐catalyzed methylalumination of alkynes (Negishi ZMA reaction), the zirconium‐catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes (Negishi ZACA reaction), and the cyclic carboalumination reactions of alkynes and alkenes (Dzhemilev cyclocarboalumination reaction) are discussed in great detail. The ZMA and ZACA reactions are covered in the following aspects: discovery of the reactions, synthetic methodological developments, mechanistic investigations of the reactions, and their applications in the natural product syntheses. Method developments include improvements on prototypical reactions, further transformations of the carboalumination products, and synergetic coupling of ZMA and ZACA reactions with other synthetic methods, such as palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. Discussion of the cyclic carboalumination is focused on the preparation of aluminacyclopentenes, aluminacyclopentadienes, and aluminacyclopentanes and their further transformations including the preparation of heterocyclic compounds containing N, O, S, Se, P, and B and interesting carbocycles. Recent studies on mechanisms of zirconium‐catalyzed carboalumination with triethylaluminum are described, which reveal multi‐pathway mechanisms leading to either a direct addition of ethyl carbon–metal bond to carbon–carbon multiple bonds or a cyclic carboalumination of alkenes and alkynes. Other metal‐catalyzed or uncatalyzed carboalumination reactions are also covered as appropriate.
Advances in the use of Lanthanide Enolates as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Shift Reagents
Authors: Wenzel Thomas J. , Patton William R. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The use of lanthanide enolates as NMR shift reagents is described. Strategies to reduce broadening in the NMR spectrum with paramagnetic lanthanide ions are discussed. Recent studies of achiral donors are presented. Recent studies in which lanthanide enolates are used for structural and conformation analysis are described. The use of paramagnetic and diamagnetic chiral lanthanide complexes for analysis of enantiopurity by NMR spectroscopy is discussed. Recent studies in which NMR spectroscopy is used to characterize lanthanide β‐diketonate complexes are described.
Tunable and Practical Synthesis of Thiosulfonates and Disulfides from Sulfonyl Chlorides in the Presence of Tetrabutylammonium Iodide
Authors: Zheng Yong , Qing Feng‐Ling , Huang Yangen , Xu Xiu‐Hua 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA tunable and practical synthesis of electrophilic sulfenylating reagents, thiosulfonates and disulfides, from inexpensive and easily available sulfonyl chlorides, has been developed. By appropriate choice of solvents, the reaction of sulfonyl chlorides and tetrabutylammonium iodide gave the target products in good to excellent yields, respectively. These transformations probably proceed through a reducing–coupling pathway.magnified image
Transition Metal‐Free Carbazole Synthesis from Arylureas and Cyclohexanones
Authors: Wu Jun , Xie Yanjun , Chen Xiangui , Deng Guo‐Jun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn efficient strategy for carbazole synthesis from arylureas and cyclohexanones under transition metal‐free conditions has been developed. The combined use of potassium iodide and iodine could significantly improve the reaction efficiency to provide 2,6‐disubstituted 9‐arylcarbazoles in moderate to good yields. In this kind of transformation, the whole carbazole moiety (except the nitrogen atom) comes from two equivalents of cyclohexanones.magnified image
BOIMPYs – ein schneller Zugang zu einer Familie rot emittierender Fluorophore und NIR‐Farbstoffe
Authors: Patalag Lukas J. , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAls strukturelle Ableitung des BODIPY‐Kerns wurde ein grundlegendes, einfach zugängliches und hochfluoreszierendes Strukturmotiv erschlossen. Benzimidazol als Brückenligand an der meso‐Position ermöglicht die Bindung zweier BF2‐Einheiten zur Gerüstversteifung und elektronischen Stabilisierung des neuinvolvierten π‐Systems. Absorptions‐ und Emissionsvorgänge erfolgen im Roten (λ≈600 nm); Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten erreichen ihr Maximum (0.96) und zeigen geringe Abhängigkeiten vom Solvens. Die Syntheseroute wurde ausgehend von kommerziell erhältlichen Vorstufen auf nur zwei Stufen verkürzt; der Zugang ist dabei modular mit weitreichender Toleranz für die zu verknüpfenden Pyrrol‐ und Benzimidazol‐Bausteine. BF2‐Einheiten lassen sich mit ausgewählten Alkinyl‐Einheiten unkompliziert derivatisieren. Die Bereitschaft für diverse Halogenierungen sowie effiziente Knoevenagel‐Kondensationen erweitert die Vielseitigkeit dieses neuen, photostabilen Luminophors, der BOIMPY genannt wird.
Reversible Carbon–Carbon Bond Breaking and Spin Equilibria in Bis(pyrimidinenorcorrole)
Authors: Liu Bin , Yoshida Takuya , Li Xiaofang , Stępień Marcin , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Chmielewski Piotr J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractReversible homolytic dissociation of the bis(pyrimidinenorcorrole) σ‐dimer was elucidated by means of variable temperature ESR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and optical spectrocopy. Dehydrogenation of the σ‐dimer yielded another dimer displaying a singlet–triplet equilibrium in solution, strong NIR absorption (1570 nm), and a narrow electrochemical HOMO–LUMO gap (0.74 V).
Tunable Morphology of Spiropyran Assemblies: From Nanospheres to Nanorods
Authors: Wu Zhen , Pan Kai , Lü Baozhong , Ma Le , Yang Wantai , Yin Meizhen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSpiropyran (SP), which can respond to acid, ultraviolet irradiation, and mechanical force, has received great attention as a classic molecule for the construction of stimuli‐responsive materials. However, the self‐assembly behavior of SP with a tunable morphology has rarely been investigated. In the present work, a SP derivative bearing two carboxyl groups and one hydroxyl group was prepared and used as a model to investigate the optical properties, molecular self‐assembly, and morphology of SP. This pH‐responsive derivative could undergo a large morphology variation from a sphere‐ to a rodlike structure by adjusting the acidity. The indoline and pyridopyran fragments contributed to π–π stacking, whereas the carboxyl groups contributed to hydrogen bonding. Both π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding contributed to the pH‐responsive self‐assembly. The morphologies of spiropyran aggregates formed under different conditions were characterized by SEM, TEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. Control of the morphology of the spiropyran nanostructure was achieved.
Poor sleep quality in patients with multiple sclerosis: gender differences
Authors: Vitkova Marianna , Rosenberger Jaroslav , Gdovinova Zuzana , Szilasiova Jarmila , Mikula Pavol , Groothoff Johan W. , Reijneveld Sijmen A. , van Dijk Jitse P. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesMost of the psychological and physical factors associated with poor sleep quality in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a different prevalence in women and men, but whether or not these factors contribute differently to sleep quality in women and men with MS remains unclear. The aim of this study was to identify possible gender differences in factors related to poor sleep quality in MS patients.Material and MethodsWe collected data from 153 patients with MS. Patients filled out the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and one item of the Short Form‐36 regarding pain.ResultsThe best model of predictors of poor sleep quality consisting of gender, depression, anxiety, pain, and the interaction between gender and pain showed that the only variable interacting with gender, which was significantly associated with poor sleep quality was pain (odds ratio [OR] for interaction of pain with male gender was 15.4, 95% CI: 2.4; 39.5). Separate models for men and women consisting of pain, depression, anxiety, after adjustment for age, disease duration, and disability showed that pain was the only variable associated with poor sleep quality in men (OR = 12.7, 95% CI: 1.9; 29.6), whereas depression (OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.3; 13.2) and anxiety (OR = 6.8, 95% CI: 2.4; 19.1) were in women.ConclusionsFactors contributing to poor sleep quality in MS patients differ by gender. Depression and anxiety are associated with poor sleep quality in women, whereas pain is in men. This highlights the need to apply gender‐specific approaches to the treatment of sleep disorders.
Identification of Sternbin and Naringenin as Detoxified Metabolites from the Rice Flavanone Phytoalexin Sakuranetin by Pyricularia oryzae
Authors: Katsumata Shun , Hamana Kazuho , Horie Kiyotaka , Toshima Hiroaki , Hasegawa Morifumi 
Published: September 2016

Sakuranetin (1) is a flavanone phytoalexin that has been reported to play an important role in disease resistance in rice plants. The rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) has been reported to metabolize 1 to lower its antifungal activity. Here, two flavanones, sternbin (2) and naringenin (3), were identified as metabolites of 1 in P. oryzae suspension culture by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The inhibition of 1, 2, and 3 on P. oryzae mycelial growth were 45%, 19%, and 19%, respectively, at a concentration of 100 μm. Thus, 2 and 3 are detoxified metabolites of 1 by P. oryzae.
Reassigning Sense Codon AGA to Encode Noncanonical Amino Acids in Escherichia coli
Authors: Wang Yiyan , Tsao Meng‐Lin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA new method has been developed to reassign the rare codon AGA in Escherichia coli by engineering an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl–tRNA synthetase pair derived from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. The tRNA mutant was introduced with a UCU anticodon, and the synthetase was evolved to correctly recognize the modified tRNA anticodon loop and to selectively charge a target noncanonical amino acid (NAA) onto the tRNA. In order to maximize the efficiency of AGA codon reassignment, while avoiding the lethal effects caused by global codon reassignment in cellular proteins, an inducible promoter (araBAD) was utilized to provide temporal controls for overexpression of the aminoacyl–tRNA synthetase and switch on codon reassignment. Using this system, we were able to efficiently incorporate p‐acetylphenylalanine, O‐methyl‐tyrosine, and p‐iodophenylalanine into proteins in response to AGA codons. Also, we found that E. coli strain GM10 was optimal in achieving the highest AGA reassignment rates. The successful reassignment of AGA codons reported here provides a new avenue to further expand the genetic code.
Facile Synthesis of Sulfur–Polypyrrole as Cathodes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Xin Peiming , Jin Bo , Li Huan , Lang Xingyou , Yang Chuncheng , Gao Wang , Zhu Yongfu , Zhang Wenqi , Dou Shixue , Jiang Qing 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTo explore the potential application of lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) in the emerging electric vehicle market, sulfur–polypyrrole (S‐PPy) is prepared by a facile ball‐milling route, in which polypyrrole is synthesized by using ferric chloride as an oxidant in a self‐degrading template method. Compared with sulfur, S‐PPy possesses a higher discharge capacity, much better cycling stability, and better rate performance. At a current density of 200 mA g−1, the discharge capacity of S‐PPy is maintained at 675 mA h g−1 after 150 cycles, and even at a current density of 1675 mA g−1, the retained discharge capacity is still 617 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles. The retained discharge capacity of pure sulfur, however, is only 150 mA h g−1 after 150 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g−1. These results indicate that S‐PPy, with its facile, low‐cost, and eco‐friendly synthesis, could be a potential cathode material for LSBs.
The Weakness of B−H⋅⋅⋅π Interactions: Much Softer than a Hydrogen Bond
Authors: Grunenberg Jörg 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRecently, a new type of non‐covalent interaction, the B−H⋅⋅⋅π interaction, was introduced. Nevertheless, the unique determination of individual, non‐covalent bond strengths in complex molecular systems is a non‐trivial task with often controversial results. The utilization of generalized compliance constants (relaxed force constants) is proposed as unique bond‐strength descriptors for classical and non‐classical hydrogen bonds. The strength of recently proposed B−H⋅⋅⋅π bonds is discussed.