bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students being and becoming scientists: measured success in a novel science education partnership
Authors: Yang Joanna , LaBounty Thomas J , Ekker Stephen C , Pierret Chris 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe primary and secondary learning years shape development of scientific interest and skills required for science literacy, presenting a critical timeline target for science education intervention. Although many initiatives exist to target this timeframe, the modern classroom belies easy scientific investigation. Numerous initiatives often run simultaneously in a given classroom, creating limited capacity for variable control. Consequently, there is a dearth of high-quality and meaningful data in education sciences that exacerbates the general segregation of education research from practice. Many science reform programmes go unmeasured. The limited number that is researched often report strictly qualitative results or stop short of statistically significant quantitative investigation. Lack of high-resolution data restricts the ability to make informed policy changes and precludes attainment of “evidence-based education”. Here, we demonstrate 5-year efficacy of a novel, inquiry-based primary and secondary science reform programme Integrated Science Education Outreach (InSciEd Out). Five years of data over three cohorts of matched students from US grades 5–8 show maintained gains in science fair and honours biology election, as well as improved performance on Minnesota state standardized science testing. Detailed value-added analyses further reveal InSciEd Out-correlated gains in partnership-focused areas of life sciences, and history and nature of science. These analyses provide evidence that scientifically rigorous evaluation demonstrating relevant programme efficacy is indeed achievable in education science. Our results support the premise that the InSciEd Out programme is a scalable intervention capable of primary and secondary science education reform. The programme substantively builds upon prior efforts in the field. Although InSciEd Out deploys novel approaches and tools, the broad lessons learned from this programme are readily translatable to other contemporary efforts cultivating science literacy for all.
Functional and topological diversity of LOV domain photoreceptors
Authors: Glantz Spencer T. , Carpenter Eric J. , Melkonian Michael , Gardner Kevin H. , Boyden Edward S. , Wong Gane Ka-Shu , Chow Brian Y. 
Published: March 2016

SignificancePhotoreceptor proteins dynamically control many critical physiological processes in response to light across the whole phylogenetic order, including the regulation of circadian rhythms and photosynthesis. We created a comprehensive catalog of the protein architectures and biochemical functions of a ubiquitous class of natural photoreceptors, the light–oxygen–voltage sensitive (LOV) class of flavoproteins, including >4,000 new candidate LOVs, which nearly triples the sequence diversity known to date. Establishing the functional and structural diversity of LOVs will (i) shed light on how organisms adapt to environmental changes, (ii) elucidate the structure–function principles by which common photosensory inputs are transmitted into a multitude of cell signaling events, and (iii) beget novel “optogenetic” tools for light-driven physiological perturbation of cells expressing natural or engineered photoreceptors.
Mean deformation metrics for quantifying 3D cell–matrix interactions without requiring information about matrix material properties
Authors: Stout David A. , Bar-Kochba Eyal , Estrada Jonathan B. , Toyjanova Jennet , Kesari Haneesh , Reichner Jonathan S. , Franck Christian 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Investigations in mechanobiology rely on correlation of cellular processes with mechanical signals, such as matrix stiffness and cell tractions. Almost all cell traction and force quantification methodologies require knowledge of the underlying mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix to convert displacement data into corresponding traction data, which restricts the use of these techniques to systems in which the material properties are known. To overcome this hurdle, we present a new approach that does not require any knowledge of the underlying matrix properties but rather makes use of the intrinsically recorded kinematic displacement data. Through rigorous validation and an application to a neutrophil disease model, we show that such an approach produces both accurate and biologically significant information.
Critical role for Epac1 in inflammatory pain controlled by GRK2-mediated phosphorylation of Epac1
Authors: Singhmar Pooja , Huo XiaoJiao , Eijkelkamp Niels , Berciano Susana Rojo , Baameur Faiza , Mei Fang C. , Zhu Yingmin , Cheng Xiaodong , Hawke David , Mayor Federico , Murga Cristina , Heijnen Cobi J. , Kavelaars Annemieke 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Chronic pain represents a massive therapeutic challenge that requires understanding of underlying mechanisms to develop novel treatments. We show that genetic deletion of the Rap1 guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Epac1 protects against chronic inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia. Moreover, an orally active Epac inhibitor reverses existing inflammatory pain without affecting normal pain sensitivity. Epac1-mediated pain is controlled by G protein kinase 2 (GRK2) through inhibition of Epac1-to-Rap1 signaling and inhibition of sensitization of mechanocurrents mediated by Piezo2. Molecularly, GRK2 controls Epac1-to-Rap1 signaling by phosphorylating Epac1 at Ser-108 to inhibit plasma membrane accumulation of Epac1. Our findings provide further insights into the molecular pathways regulating Epac1 activity, demonstrate its key role in chronic pain, and identify Epac1 as a potential target for treatment of chronic pain.
Composite lithium metal anode by melt infusion of lithium into a 3D conducting scaffold with lithiophilic coating
Authors: Liang Zheng , Lin Dingchang , Zhao Jie , Lu Zhenda , Liu Yayuan , Liu Chong , Lu Yingying , Wang Haotian , Yan Kai , Tao Xinyong , Cui Yi 
Published: March 2016

Significance
This research paper presents a novel strategy for the fabrication of metal–scaffold composite materials. Particularly, molten lithium metal is infused into a surface-modified three-dimensional matrix with a “lithiophilic” coating. The resulting lithium–scaffold composite was used as battery anodes and exhibited superior performance compared with bare lithium metal anodes. Whereas the emphasis of this study is on lithium anodes, our present work opens up a direction for realization of other metal-anode–based systems. We believe the present work will contribute significantly to the energy-related field and also inspire research in other areas.
Quantifying dispersal from hydrothermal vent fields in the western Pacific Ocean
Authors: Mitarai Satoshi , Watanabe Hiromi , Nakajima Yuichi , Shchepetkin Alexander F. , McWilliams James C. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Submarine hot springs known as hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems of endemic animals that do not depend on photosynthesis. Quantifying larval dispersal processes is essential to understanding gene flows and diversity distributions of vent endemic species, as well as to protect vent communities from anthropological disturbances (e.g., deep-sea mining). In this study, we assess the potential frequency of larval exchange between vent fields throughout the entire western Pacific via ocean circulation processes, so that population geneticists can make quantitative comparisons. We show that western Pacific vents in distant basins are potentially connected with strong directionality. This article makes a valuable contribution to a difficult and important area of deep ocean processes.
Partial connectivity increases cultural accumulation within groups
Authors: Derex Maxime , Boyd Robert 
Published: March 2016

Significance
The remarkable ecological success of the human species has been attributed to our capacity to overcome environmental challenges through the development of complex technologies. Complex technologies are typically beyond the inventive capacities of individuals and result from a population process by which innovations are gradually added to existing cultural traits across many generations. Recent work suggests that a population’s ability to develop technologies is positively affected by its size and connectedness. Here, we present an experiment demonstrating that partially connected groups produce more diverse and complex cultural traits than fully connected groups. This result suggests that changes in patterns of interaction between human groups may have created propitious conditions for the emergence of complex cultural repertoires in our evolutionary past.
Risk assessment of radioisotope contamination for aquatic living resources in and around Japan
Authors: Okamura Hiroshi , Ikeda Shiro , Morita Takami , Eguchi Shinto 
Published: March 2016

SignificanceQuantification of contamination risk caused by radioisotopes released from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant is useful for excluding or reducing groundless rumors about food safety. Our new statistical approach made it possible to evaluate the risk for aquatic food and showed that the present contamination levels of radiocesiums are low overall. However, some freshwater species still have relatively high risks. We also suggest the necessity of refining data collection plans to reduce detection limits in the future, because a small number of precise measurements are more valuable than many measurements that are below detection limits.
Global change and terrestrial plant community dynamics
Authors: Franklin Janet , Serra-Diaz Josep M. , Syphard Alexandra D. , Regan Helen M. 
Published: March 2016

SignificanceGlobal terrestrial vegetation plays a critical role in biogeochemical cycles and provides important ecosystem services. Vegetation has been altered by anthropogenic global change drivers including land-use change, altered disturbance regimes, invasive species, and climate change, for decades to centuries, or in some cases millennia. Vegetation responses to land use and disturbance can be more immediate than to climate change and can be long lasting. The effect of global warming on water balance may have a stronger influence than the direct effects of temperature on vegetation. Models deployed at multiple ecological scales, populations, communities, and landscapes will be required to forecast vegetation responses and feedbacks to accelerated global change.
Efficient delivery of genome-editing proteins using bioreducible lipid nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Ming , Zuris John A. , Meng Fantao , Rees Holly , Sun Shuo , Deng Pu , Han Yong , Gao Xue , Pouli Dimitra , Wu Qi , Georgakoudi Irene , Liu David R. , Xu Qiaobing 
Published: March 2016

Significance
The therapeutic potential of protein-based genome editing is dependent on the delivery of proteins to appropriate intracellular targets. Here we report that combining bioreducible lipid nanoparticles and negatively supercharged Cre recombinase or anionic Cas9:single-guide (sg)RNA complexes drives the self-assembly of nanoparticles for potent protein delivery and genome editing. The design of bioreducible lipids facilitates the degradation of nanoparticles inside cells in response to the reductive intracellular environment, enhancing the endosome escape of protein. In addition, modulation of protein charge through either genetic fusion of supercharged protein or complexation of Cas9 with its inherently anionic sgRNA allows highly efficient protein delivery and effective genome editing in mammalian cells and functional recombinase delivery in the rodent brain.
Gold surfaces and nanoparticles are protected by Au(0)–thiyl species and are destroyed when Au(I)–thiolates form
Authors: Reimers Jeffrey R. , Ford Michael J. , Halder Arnab , Ulstrup Jens , Hush Noel S. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Synthetic design strategies for gold surface protection and nanoparticle formation require knowledge of how protectant ligands bind. Sulfur compounds may protect gold surfaces using a weakly bound (physisorbed) form or a strongly bound (chemisorbed) one often assumed to be Au(I)–thiolate. However, chemical reaction conditions optimized for Au(I)–thiolate protection instead etch surfaces to produce molecular thin films. All experimental and calculated evidence indicates that chemisorbed surface species are actually bound mainly by strong van der Waals (aurophilic-like) forces. This understanding unifies gold–sulfur surface chemistry with that of all other ligands and also with that of gold compounds, forming the basis for future methodological developments. It is applied to predict intermediate species during the Brust–Schiffrin nanoparticle synthesis that are subsequently observed spectroscopically.
Disruption of lipid homeostasis in the Gram-negative cell envelope activates a novel cell death pathway
Authors: Sutterlin Holly A. , Shi Handuo , May Kerrie L. , Miguel Amanda , Khare Somya , Huang Kerwyn Casey , Silhavy Thomas J. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria contains two membranes and a cell wall located in the aqueous compartment between them. The outer membrane (OM) functions as a barrier that contributes to antibiotic resistance. We describe a dominant mutation in a gene for an OM lipoprotein that leads to cell death under starvation conditions in medium with limited cation concentrations. We show that death occurs not by rapid cell lysis but by a previously uncharacterized mechanism involving flow of material from the inner membrane to the OM that results in rupture of the inner membrane and the slow leakage of cytoplasmic contents. Our study highlights the vital need for balanced synthesis across the Gram-negative envelope and may empower the development of new therapeutics.
Endolysosomal trafficking of viral G protein-coupled receptor functions in innate immunity and control of viral oncogenesis
Authors: Dong Xiaonan , Cheng Adam , Zou Zhongju , Yang Yih-Sheng , Sumpter Rhea M. , Huang Chou-Long , Bhagat Govind , Virgin Herbert W. , Lira Sergio A. , Levine Beth 
Published: March 2016

Significance
We show that the autophagy-related protein Beclin 2 functions as a newly described cellular regulator of viral G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and as a suppressor of viral GPCR-driven tumorigenesis. Beclin 2 functions in regulating Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded GPCR levels, proinflammatory signaling, and oncogenic activity in mice by facilitating viral GPCR endolysosomal trafficking. This Beclin 2-dependent endolysosomal trafficking and degradation of an oncogenic viral protein may represent a broader and heretofore unappreciated role of the endolysosomal trafficking machinery in innate immunity (by defending against microbial virulence factors) and in tumor suppression (by degrading oncogenic cell surface receptors).
Restrictions on definiteness in the grammars of German-Turkish heritage speakers
Authors: Kupisch Tanja , Belikova Alyona , Özçelik Öner , Stangen Ilse , White Lydia 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper reports on a study investigating restrictions on definiteness (the Definiteness Effect) in existential constructions in the two languages of Turkish heritage speakers in Germany. Turkish and German differ in how the Definiteness Effect plays out. Definite expressions in German may not occur in affirmative or negative existentials, whereas in Turkish the restriction applies only to affirmative existentials. Participants were adults and fell into two groups: simultaneous bilinguals (2L1) who acquired German before age 3 and early sequential bilinguals (2L1) who acquired German after age 4; there were also monolingual controls. The tasks involved acceptability judgments. Subjects were presented with contexts, each followed by a sentence to be judged, including grammatical and ungrammatical existentials. Results show that the bilinguals, regardless of age of acquisition, make judgments appropriate for each language. They reject definite expressions in negative existentials in German and accept them in Turkish, suggesting distinct grammars.
Lifelong bilingualism, cognitive reserve and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Gold Brian T. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Increasing our understanding about neuroprotective lifestyle variables has become a practical imperative in our aging society. Cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the use brain resources in a way that allows for coping with neuropathology and maintaining cognitive functioning. A growing body of evidence suggests that bilingualism may represent a form of CR against Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The purpose of the present review is to summarize both behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for bilingualism as a reserve variable against AD. The potential influences of literacy, intelligence, immigration status are discussed. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that bilingualism may delay clinical AD symptoms by protecting against age-related declines in the brain’s executive control circuitry. It is suggested that such potential beneficial effects within executive control systems may enable bilinguals to circumvent the typical effects of AD pathology on symptom expression for several years.
Individual differences in cognitive control advantages of elderly late Dutch-English bilinguals
Authors: Keijzer Merel C. J. , Schmid Monika S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This study addresses a gap in the literature on executive function advantages among bilingual speakers by investigating a group of elderly, long-term, immersed bilinguals. Our participants are native Dutch speakers who emigrated to Australia as adults and have spent many years in that country. They are compared on a range of cognitive and linguistic measures to native Dutch and native English control groups. We argue that, due to the massive differences in the bilingual experience, group analyses may fall short of capturing the full picture. We argue instead for a more qualitative approach, which takes into account as detailed a picture of bilingual development, daily language habits and, in particular, code-switching habits as possible.
Inhibitory effects of geranium essential oil and its major component, citronellol, on degranulation and cytokine production by mast cells
Authors: Kobayashi Yuko , Sato Harumi , Yorita Mika , Nakayama Hiroto , Miyazato Hironari , Sugimoto Keiichiro , Jippo Tomoko 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe investigated the effects of geranium essential oil (GEO) on anaphylaxis. GEO can exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but its roles in allergic reactions are incompletely understood. Here, we used mouse cells to show that GEO inhibited the degranulation of cultured mast cells (CMCs). Citronellol is the major component of GEO and inhibited CMC degranulation. The l-enantiomer of citronellol more effectively suppressed CMC degranulation than did d-citronellol. We also examined whether citronellol could inhibit the immunoglobulin (Ig) E-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Treatment with various concentrations of citronellol before CMC activation with IgE significantly inhibited the induction of TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, citronellol suppressed the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK), which is critical for ERK activation and the production of inflammatory cytokines in mast cells. These findings suggest that citronellol may represent a candidate compound for the effective treatment of allergic diseases.
Enthymemes in the Orators
Authors: Fredal James 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTA theoretical bias pervades enthymeme. Most studies of the enthymeme are thoroughly Aristotelian and syllogistic, while the study of enthymemes in ancient oratory is virtually nonexistent. Yet the Attic orators used enthymemes commonly and consistently, and as practitioners, they have something to teach us about enthymemes that theorists can’t. In this article, I begin an examination of oratorical enthymemes and the variety of their use and offer a preliminary understanding of the “oratorical enthymeme” as a rhetorical technique. I conclude by briefly touching on the connections between oratorical enthymemes and ancient theory.
Low‐intensity electrical muscle stimulation induces significant increases in muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness
Authors: Miyamoto Toshiaki , Kamada Hiroyuki , Tamaki Akira , Moritani Toshio 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low‐intensity exercise training using belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation on muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy subjects. Nineteen healthy subjects were allocated into control or intervention groups; in both groups the participants kept regular physical activity while the intervention group underwent 30 min B‐SES training at 3–4 METs for four weeks. Knee extensor muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance during incremental exercise test were measured at baseline and after four weeks for all participants. The relative change of knee extensor muscle strength in the intervention group was significantly higher than control group (p < .05). Also, oxygen uptake at ventilator threshold and peak oxygen uptake during incremental exercise test significantly increased in the intervention group when compared with control group (p < .05). This study showed that prolonged low‐intensity B‐SES training resulted in significant increases in muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy subjects. Our present work suggested that B‐SES training could assist patients who might have difficulty performing adequate voluntary exercise because of excessive obesity, orthopaedic problems and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. An intervention study conducted for such patients is strongly recommended.
SASpy: a PyMOL plugin for manipulation and refinement of hybrid models against small angle X-ray scattering data
Authors: Panjkovich Alejandro , Svergun Dmitri I. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Summary: Complex formation and conformational transitions of biological macromolecules in solution can be effectively studied using the information about overall shape and size provided by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Hybrid modeling is often applied to integrate high-resolution models into SAXS data analysis. To facilitate this task, we present SASpy, a PyMOL plugin that provides an easy-to-use graphical interface for SAXS-based hybrid modeling. Through a few mouse clicks in SASpy, low-resolution models can be superimposed to high-resolution structures, theoretical scattering profiles and fits can be calculated and displayed on-the-fly. Mouse-based manual rearrangements of complexes are conveniently applied to rapidly check and interactively refine tentative models. Interfaces to automated rigid-body and flexible refinement of macromolecular models against the experimental SAXS data are provided.
Availability and implementation: SASpy is available as open source at: github.com/emblsaxs/saspy/. Working installations of both PyMOL (www.pymol.org) and ATSAS (www.embl-hamburg.de/biosaxs/download.html) are required.
Contact: apanjkovich@embl-hamburg.de or svergun@embl-hamburg.de