bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
URINARY pH IN GOUT
Authors: PAK POY R. K. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryDiurnal rhythm studies on 13 patients suffering from gout showed a loss of the normal rhythm for urinary pH. This disturbance is characterized by the excretion of a persistently acidic urine with pH values below 6 throughout the day. There is also a disturbance of rhythm for titratable acidity and ammonium. A possible explanation for these findings is presented. Some of the clinical implications of the results are discussed.
TRANSIENT ALTERATIONS IN EXCRETION OF UREA WITH DIURESIS IN MAN
Authors: HAAS L. F. , HOLDAWAY I. M. , ROBINSON J. R. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryRates of excretion of urea were determined in two young men during water diuresis and during osmotic diuresis with sodium chloride and with urea.At the onset of water diuresis or of osmotic diuresis with sodium chloride, there was a large, but transient, increase in the rate of excretion of urea, which reached its peak about an hour before the peak of diuresis and then fell again while the urinary minute volume continued to increase. The transient increase in excretory rate suggested that urea previously stored in the kidney was washed out when the urinary concentration fell, but too much was washed out to have been contained in concentrated urine in the renal‐tract dead space. The greater part of this urea probably diffused out from an intrarenal store when the urinary concentration fell.When urea was used as the diuretic, the concentration of urea in the urine did not fall, and the transient excretion of stored urea did not occur. The intrarenal store could have been accommodated in a volume of the same order as the subjects' medullary fluid.Urea appears to be accumulated in the human kidney, as it has been found to be accumulated by a countercurrent mechanism in the kidneys of other mammals.
RENAL LESIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL PLUMBISM AND THEIR CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: TANGE, D. , HAYWARD NANCY , BREMNER D. A. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryAdministration of lead acetate to rats for long periods is associated with changes in the cells of the convoluted tubules, especially those in the deeper portions of the renal cortex. These changes comprise dilatation of the affected tubules, degeneration, death and subsequently regeneration of individual cells, nuclear inclusions, and atypical mononuclear, giant tubule cells. Gross changes in renal architecture are not produced by administration of lead acetate alone. Administration of lead acetate followed by unilateral nephrectomy is associated with the appearance of foci of scarring in the remaining kidney in a proportion of animals. These foci may be widespread. In the present study the factors determining presence or absence of scarring could not be defined. Kidneys damaged by lead acetate are no more susceptible than normal kidneys to damage from intravenous injection of Escherichia coli. These experimental results may help to explain the frequency of chronic renal disease following lead poisoning in infancy and childhood and its rarity in industrial lead poisoning.
THE IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF CRYOMACRO‐GLOBULINS IN MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA
Authors: BAUMGARTEN A. , CURTAIN C. C. , WHITESIDE M. G. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryBy means of the fluorescent antibody technique, a cryomacroglobulin was localized in plasma cells in the bone marrow and spleen of a patient suffering from malignant lymphoma of an unspecified type. Cryomacroglobulin was also localized in plasma cells of the bone marrow of another patient suffering from lymphoma. In neither case was cryomacroglobulin detected in the small lymphocytes with scanty cytoplasm which were observed in relatively large numbers in bone marrow and splenic smears from the two patients, and whose presence supported the diagnosis of lymphoma. It is suggested that, although there is no evidence that these lymphocytes are direct precursors of the cryomacroglobulin‐containing plasma cells, there may be a transfer of information between the two cell lines analogous to that suggested in normal antibody production between macrophage and lymph‐node cell.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC DEMONSTRATION OF ORGANISMS IN THE INTESTINE AND MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES IN A CASE OF WHIPPLE'S DISEASE
Authors: PAPADIMITRIOU J. M. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA case is reported of Whipple's disease in which bodies resembling bacilli were demonstrated by electron micrography, not only in the intestinal mucosa, but also in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Their possible role in the causation of disease is discussed.
NEUTRALIZATION OF LONG‐ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR BY ANTIBODIES TO EUTHYROID HUMAN SERUM
Authors: ADAMS D. D. , SHARARD A. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYAntiserum to unfractionated euthyroid human serum, prepared in the goat, neutralized the thyroidstimulating activity of a highly potent LATS preparation. Absorption tests with gamma globulin and with albumin showed that the neutralizing antibodies were anti‐gamma globulins. These findings, together with previous observations, make it probable that LATS is itself a gamma globulin.
THE RADIOSPLENOGRAM IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH SPLENOMEGALY
Authors: PRYOR D. S. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYAutologous red cells labelled with 51Cr were injected intravenously into 10 normal subjects and 23 patients with splenomegaly due to various causes. The attainment of radioactive equilibrium in the spleen was measured with a scintillation detector over the organ connected to an automatic recording device. In the normal spleen equilibrium was established rapidly, this observation indicating that the red‐cell content is freely exchangeable with circulating erythrocytes. Delayed mixing was usual in splenomegaly, and was unrelated to the cause of the splenic enlargement or to the presence of excessive red cell destruction.The enlarged spleen may contain a considerable mass of trapped red cells that are exchanged only slowly with circulating erythrocytes. The removal of such a trap may explain the beneficial effects of splenectomy in certain cases of anæmia in which there is no evidence of excessive red‐cell destruction by the spleen.
TRIGLYCERIDE TURNOVER AFTER DIETS RICH IN CARBOHYDRATE OR ANIMAL FAT
Authors: NESTEL P. , HIRSCH E. Z. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe influence on triglyceride turnover of diets rich in either carbohydrate or animal fat was studied in three normal men.A twofold to fourfold rise in plasma triglyceride concentration was brought about by the 3000 Calorie, 70% carbohydrate diet, but not by the 3000 Calorie, 50% animal fat diet.The turnover rate of palmitate in the triglycerides of very low density lipoproteins was greatly increased by the carbohydrate diet, but was not affected by the high fat diet. The carbohydrate‐induced rise in triglycerides was therefore associated with an increase in the synthesis of triglyceride. However, it was also found that diminished utilization contributed to the rise in triglyceride concentration.Characteristic changes in triglyceride fatty acid composition were observed after the carbohydrate diet. There was an absolute increase in the concentrations of palmitate, palmitoleate and oleate. Although there was a fall in the percentage content of linoleate, there was no change in the absolute linoleate concentration.The similarities in the findings obtained in this study and those described in hypertriglyceridæmic subjects with coronary heart disease suggest that excessive consumption of carbohydrate is responsible for the hypertriglyceridæmia of coronary heart disease.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AUTOIMMUNITY TO A CLINICIAN
Authors: BLACKBURN C. R. B. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYAutoimmunity and autoimmune disease are described in terms of the types of immune hypersensitivity reactions which may arise from endogenous or exogenous stimuli. The presence of autoantibodies does not imply that they are having harmful effects or that they are causally related to the patient's diseases. The effects of exogenous agents, such as drugs, inducing immune responses in genetically susceptible persons may mimic autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune causation for most so‐called autoimmune diseases has not been proven, and strict criteria must be adopted if a diagnosis of an autoimmune cause for a patient's illness is made, especially before the administration of potentially lethal drugs. Immunosuppressive agents, such as prednisone and 6‐mercaptopurine, may effectively control symptoms by exerting anti‐inflammatory effects, and a response to them does not necessarily imply immune causation for the disease being treated.
RELATIONSHIP OF ANTIGEN TO THE FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES
Authors: ADA G. L. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYIt is difficult to compose a precise summary of the present state of knowledge about the role of antigen in inducing antibody formation. If one remembers that no theory has been proved or disproved, a reasonable statement would be as follows. The immune response to even a simple antigen depends upon a complex interplay of different cell types. Competent cells possess the necessary genetic information to manufacture specific antibody and they are stimulated to do this by antigen which has been modified by contact with a macrophage.
THE THYMUS: EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOLOGY IN MAN
Authors: MACKAY IAN R. , GOLDSTEIN GIDEON 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe thymus is an integral part of the immunological system. It is a site of intense lymphopoiesis, especially in early life. Neonatal thymectomy in mice causes runting and death due to gross immunological deficiencies. These deficiencies are determined by lymphopenia, and by lack of a lymphotrophic hormone secreted by the epithelial cells of the medulla; this hormone confers on lymphocytes the capacity to respond to antigenic stimulation. The thymus may be the main source of lymphoid cells carrying new or primary patterns of immune reactivity; it is thus “first‐level” or “central” lymphoid tissue, which seeds cells to “second‐level” or “peripheral” lymphoid tissues in the lymph nodes and spleen.Pathological lesions of the thymus in man include aplasia, hyperplasia, dysplasia and neoplasia. Gross aplasia characterizes the immunological deficiency diseases of infancy, including the lymphopenic type of congenital agammaglobulinæmia. Hyperplasia accompanies thyrotoxicosis. Dysplasia refers to the lymph follicle‐germinal centre development in myasthenia gravis, probably an autoimmune disease, and to the proliferation in the medulla of spindle‐epithelial cells in lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Neoplasia occurs as benign thymoma, which may be accompanied by extrathymic diseases which are possibly autoimmune in origin; these include myasthenia gravis, red cell aplasia, polymyositis, agammaglobulinæmia and lupus erythematosus. These diseases may in some way be caused by the thymoma; alternatively, the thymoma may represent the result of continuing hyperplasia of the thymus provoked by a primary autoimmune process.The place of thymectomy in the treatment of autoimmune disease is discussed. It is an established procedure in myasthenia gravis, and has been successful in two cases of autoimmune hæmolytic anæmia in infancy. We review our experience with thymectomy for three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
PLATELET THROMBOPLASTIC FUNCTION IN POLYCYTHÆMIA AND THROMBOCYTHÆMIA
Authors: JELLETT L. B. , BONNIN J. A. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe platelet thromboplastic function levels in patients with primary disease of the bone marrow (polycythæmia vera and primary thrombocythæmia) were compared with the findings in patients whose polycythæmia or thrombocytosis was due to a definable underlying disorder.Of the patients with untreated polycythæmia vera, irrespective of the platelet count, 71% showed reduced platelet thromboplastic function, compared with only 12% of patients with secondary polycythæmia which was uncomplicated by either renal or liver disease. Similarly, the platelet thromboplastic function level was reduced in 100% of patients with untreated primary thrombocythæmia, compared with 47% of patients with elevated platelet numbers secondary to other associated diseases. The platelet thromboplastic function test was therefore useful in differentiating between primary and secondary polycythæmia. Normal platelet thromboplastic function virtually excluded a myeloproliferative disease (thrombocythæmia) in patients with raised platelet counts, irrespective of other hæmatological changes.The effect of 32P in the two conditions due to primary disease of the bone marrow was to produce a rise towards normal platelet thromboplastic function.It is considered that the platelet defect in primary thrombocythæmia is a qualitative one, and not, as has been reported by others, a quantitative anticoagulant effect of high in‐vitro platelet numbers.
A DUPLICATION OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
Authors: MIDDLETON G. , HIRSCHFELD MARY 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA duplication adherent to the lesser curve of the stomach in a child, aged six months, is described. The duplication had a cyst lined with gastric mucosa, and pancreatic tissue was present in the lesser omentum adjacent to the cyst. In common with the other cases of duplications in this region, the main presenting symptom was vomiting. Suggested mechanisms of origin of alimentary canal duplications are discussed. It is concluded that no single hypothesis can explain all types. However, in individual cases there is frequently strong evidence for favouring one or other of the proposed mechanisms of development.
NORMAL HUMAN IRON STORAGE AND ITS RELATION TO ETHANOL CONSUMPTION
Authors: POWELL L. W. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYHepatic storage iron was estimated in 100 subjects who had suffered sudden unexpected death, and in whom post‐mortem examination revealed no abnormality other than cardio‐vascular or cerebro‐vascular disease. Information about previous alcohol consumption and past illnesses was obtained from close relatives who had lived with the subjects before death. There was a significant difference in hepatic iron concentration and total hepatic iron content between subjects with heavy alcohol consumption and subjects with light alcohol consumption. When those subjects with a heavy alcohol consumption were excluded, the range of hepatic iron concentration was reduced to 0·03 to 0·53 mg. per gramme wet weight of liver (mean 0·20±0·02 for males, and 0·14±0·02 for females). This corresponded to a mild degree of hæmosiderin deposition (Grades 0 and 1) in histological preparations stained for iron. It is concluded that the finding of stainable iron in the livers of relatives of patients with idiopathic hæmochromatosis cannot be regarded as positive evidence of the existence of the genetic abnormality unless the iron is present in increased amounts and unless alcoholism has been excluded.
NEUROLOGICAL PRESENTATIONS OF INSULIN SECRETING TUMOURS OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: SUTHERLAND J. M. , TYRER J. H. , EADIE M. J. , LEAMING DONALD B. , COURTICE B. , LEGGETT C. A. C. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYHypoglycæmia may produce a variety of disturbances of nervous system function. Neurological manifestations were the presenting features in all four patients here described as suffering from episodic hypoglycæmia due to insulin‐producing tumours of the pancreas. These manifestations included headache, paræsthesiæ, blurred vision, diplopia, staggering gait and speech disturbance, while each patient had experienced episodes of disturbed consciousness and other symptoms suggesting epilepsy. The patients' histories permitted a provisional clinical diagnosis of hypoglycæmia in two instances, but the passage of time and special investigations were required before the remaining cases were diagnosed. Unless the clinician keeps in mind the possibility of hypoglycæmia in such cases, he may omit the laboratory investigations necessary to establish the diagnosis. Even when a pancreatic tumour has been diagnosed clinically, identified at laparotomy and removed, a second insulin‐producing tumour may still be present.
STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF SALICYLATE IN HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: GOOD B. F. , HETZEL B. S. , HOFFMANN M. J. , WELLBY M. L. , BLACK M. L. , POTTER H. A. , BUTTFIELD I. H. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYPrevious studies in rats have shown that salicylate depresses thyroid function by causing a fall in TSH secretion from the pituitary. This fall in TSH secretion has been correlated with a rise in free thyroxine (T4) level due to displacement by salicylate from thyroxine‐binding proteins in the plasma. There is evidence of similar changes following administration of salicylate to man. In view of these findings, the effects of salicylate have now been studied in hyperthyroidism.Consistent depression of the plasma P.B.I. level was noted in 12 hyperthyroid subjects given 6 grammes of salicylate per day for four days. However, there was no improvement in clinical status. A rise in metabolic rate was observed. There was also a rise in free T4 (demonstrated with the dialysis procedure of Christensen). This increase in free T4 was correlated with displacement of T4 from thyroxine‐binding prealbumin (TBPA). The isomer p‐hydroxybenzoate was without effect on free T4 and TBPA.There was a significant depression of three‐hour uptake of radioiodine after salicylate administration (5 grammes per day for 48 hours), but no consistent effect on 24‐hour uptake. The depression in uptake occurred in the presence or absence of long‐acting thyroid stimulator (LATS).A slowing of secretion rate was noted in three of nine hyperthyroid subjects studied after therapeutic doses of 131I. LATS was demonstrated in one of these three subjects.The significance of these findings is discussed. The persistence of clinical hyperthyroidism has been shown to be correlated with a rise in free T4 level, in spite of a fall in the plasma P.B.I. (total T4) concentration. This finding indicates that the free T4 level determines the clinical state of the patient. The reason for the fall in uptake of radioiodine and slowing of secretion rate is uncertain. The possibility of salicylate affecting the action of LATS on the thyroid gland is suggested.
AN EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR ARYL SULPHATASE ACTIVITY AS AN AID TO THE CYTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE LEUKÆMIA
Authors: EKERT HENRY , DENETT XENIA 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA cytochemical method for the detection of aryl sulphatase in the nuclei of cells was applied to bone marrow smears of 16 children and two adults with leukæmia. Four children with an acute undifferentiated leukæmia were found to have nuclear aryl sulphatase, as seen in acute lymphatic leukæmia. The clinical course of these patients has been similar to that seen in acute lymphatic leukæmia. It is suggested that this test will facilitate a cytological diagnosis in acute leukæmia, particularly in those cases found to be undifferentiated by other criteria.
RHEUMATOID LUNG DISEASE WITH REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: BASTEN ANTONY , CAMENS I. , SCHWARTZ C. J. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe clinical, laboratory and pathological features are described of a rare example of rheumatoid lung disease, in which a spontaneous pneumothorax was found in association with cavitating pulmonary nodules, rheumatoid involvement of the pleura and a unilateral pleural effusion. The relevant literature is reviewed.
LEUCOCYTES CONTAINING BACTERIA IN PLAIN BLOOD FILMS FROM PATIENTS WITH SEPTICÆMIA
Authors: SMITH H. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA search for infected cells was made with the low power (× 10 or × 20) objective in plain blood films from patients known to have, or suspected of having, septicæmia. It was found that scanning of a film in this way for a short time will detect even small concentrations of infected cells. Infected leucocytes occurred in highest concentration in the first drop of blood issuing from the previously unmanipulated ear lobe. They occurred most frequently in films in which there was also an increase in mononuclear cells containing inclusions of corpuscular origin, and were found whether or not the patient had recently been given apparently effective antibiotic treatment.Consideration is given to the requirements for a diagnosis of septicæmia from the presence of infected cells in blood films and the distinction of bacteria from other structures in leucocytes which may resemble them.A search for infected leucocytes in a plain blood film of the first drop of blood from the ear lobe appears to be a useful procedure in routine investigation of patients who may have septicæmia.
THALASSÆMIA MINOR IN AUSTRALIANS OF NORTHERN EUROPEAN EXTRACTION: A REPORT OF FIVE FAMILIES
Authors: JOHNSEN J. K. , IBBOTSON R. N. , HORWOOD J. M. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYFive families of heterozygous beta (type 1) thalassæmia minor with elevated hæmoglobin A2values and no “known” Mediterranean ancestry are presented. Four families are of Anglo‐Saxon origin, and one family is of German descent. All five propositi and an isolated sixth patient with an elevated hæmoglobin A2value were referred with hypochromic microcytic anæmia unresponsive to iron therapy. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the incidence of thalassæmia minor in Northern Europeans resident in Australia, and to emphasize the importance of full investigation of all cases of iron refractory hypochromic microcytic anæmia, to avoid the over‐treatment with iron of persons with thalassæmia minor.
POST‐TRANSFUSION MONONUCLEOSIS
Authors: FOSTER KEAY M. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThirty‐two patients with circulating atypical mononuclear cells appearing after blood transfusions are described. The term “post‐transfusion mononucleosis” is introduced to describe this finding. In all but one of these cases, the transfused blood was known to have been freshly donated before the transfusion.Serial blood films from most of these patients have been reviewed, and the atypical mononuclear cells are described. They resemble the transformed lymphocytes which develop in tissue culture from small lymphocytes under the influence of phytohæmagglutinin.Splenomegaly, fever and lymphocytosis are common features of post‐transfusion mononucleosis, but the neutrophil count has usually been normal or reduced. Eosinophilia, lymphadenopatny and anæmia have rarely been found. Elevated titres of sheep cell agglutinin have been found in several cases, but in only one case did the type of agglutinin constitute a positive Paul Bunnell test.Post‐transfusion mononucleosis may mimic infectious mononucleosis and acute or subacute bacterial endocarditis, and the criteria for the differentiation of these diseases are discussed.The ætiology of the syndrome is unknown, and the hypothesis is made that it may be a graft rejection response directed against viable transfused foreign lymphocytes contained in freshly donated blood.
CALCIUM‐47 KINETICS IN OSTEOPOROSIS
Authors: MELICK R. A. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYWith the use of Ca47, the exchangeable calcium (E) and the accretion of calcium to bone (A) have been estimated in 15 subjects—four normal, five osteoporotic, one chronically immobilized, three acutely immobilized, and two receiving prednisolone for active arthritis. Low values for exchangeable calcium and calcium accretion were found in one normal subject, two osteoporotic subjects and the chronically immobilized subject. High accretion rates were found in one acutely immobilized subject and in both subjects with arthritis.The low values in some osteoporotic subjects and the normal values in others are consistent with published reports, and suggest either that calcium kinetics are not greatly disturbed in osteoporosis, or that this method lacks sensitivity.Some of the problems in the interpretation of radiocalcium data are discussed.