bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration of The Ziegler–Nichols PID Controller
Authors: De Paor Annraoi M. 
Published: July 2017

A fiftieth anniversary celebration of the Ziegler–Nichols PID controller The Ziegler–Nichols PID controller tuning rules (November 1942) are addressed anew in the frequency domain. They are shown to guarantee asymptotic stability for processes considered, with a phase margin of about 25°. Refinements and interrelationship are explored.
An Academic-Industry Partnership: A Case Study of a Teaching Company
Authors: Price T. E. , Redford M. 
Published: July 2017

An academic-industry partnership: a case study of a teaching company Details of an academic-industry partnership scheme based on the Teaching Company scheme is presented here as a case study. The participants have been National Semiconductor and the University of Paisley. It has successfully brought together academia and industry to develop and transfer ideas and skills and to provide training for young graduates.
A Transputer Processing System Interface for The Evaluation of Digital Signal Processing Algorithms
Authors: Pointon C. T. , Carrasco R. A. 
Published: July 2017

A transputer processing system interface for the evaluation of digital signal processing algorithms The design and construction of a low-cost transputer processing system input/output (I/O) interface for the acquisition and retrieval of data, and its use in the evaluation of the computational performance characteristics of discrete convolution in the time domain, and fast convolution, using a non-look-up table fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, is presented.
The Fundamentals of Power Factor Correction
Authors: Hurley W. G. 
Published: July 2017

The fundamentals of power factor correction The fundamental issues of power factor analysis for non-sinusoidal waveforms are described. A full-wave rectifier circuit is analysed and original approximations are derived for voltage ripple, peak diode current and input power factor. A power factor correction technique, based on a switching mode power supply, is presented.
Introduction Au Contrôle Par Logique Floue
Authors: Vibet C. 
Published: July 2017

An introduction to fuzzy logic control The paper presents an introduction to fuzzy logic control through the pollution control problem of internal combustion engines. The fuzzy sets and variables are next defined and applied to design the controller of an inverted pendulum on a moving car. This example allows us also to illustrate the inference concept of triangular fuzzy functions which is based on the Min-Max Centre-of-gravity rule.
A Real-Time Digital Control Environment for Research and Development of Digital Controllers
Authors: Chen G. P. , Malik O. P. , Hancock G. C. 
Published: July 2017

A real-time digital control environment for research and development of digital controllers A real-time digital control environment, based on Intel iSBC386/21, to implement digital controllers is described. A human-machine interface package developed on a PC AT computer allows the operator to monitor the controller under development. Illustrative results for an adaptive power system stabilizer implemented and tested in this environment are given.
Current Feedback Operational Amplifiers: A Tutorial
Authors: Hart B. L. 
Published: July 2017

Current feedback operational amplifiers: a tutorial In a didactic approach, the amplifying properties of an inverter stage using a current feedback operational amplifier (COA) and one using a voltage feedback operational amplifier (VOA) are compared. Then, following a discussion of COA modelling, the frequency and transient responses of a COA non-inverter stage are analysed.
Using D Type Flip Flops in State Machine Design — An Alternative Approach
Authors: Minns P. D. 
Published: July 2017

Using D type flip flops in state machine design A simplified method of designing Finite State Machines (FSM) is described, which is suitable for students at undergraduate level. The method allows students to develop realistic FSM designs in a short time, without the usual need for much practical experience. The paper uses two simple examples to show how the method is applied.
The Effect that Minimum Mark Caveats Have on Borderline Students in Engineering Examinations
Authors: James C. , Hub D. R. 
Published: July 2017

The effect that minimum mark caveats have on borderline students in engineering examinations The case of students who obtain an average mark for a set of papers which lies on a borderline is considered with respect to minimum marks to be obtained in all papers. Data is presented to show that such caveats can be severe on the students, particularly when the assessment scheme is made up of a large number of papers.
The History of Technology: How it Can Enhance the Information Engineering Curriculum
Authors: Bissell Chris 
Published: July 2017

The history of technology: how it can enhance the information engineering curriculum It is argued, with reference to three case studies from the field of information engineering, that the history of technology has significant pedagogical potential for engineering education. Appropriate historical elements can give students a vital broader perspective, as well as improve the attractiveness of technology as a subject of study.
A Map of Electromagnetic Formulae
Authors: Glover I. A. , Sengupta N. 
Published: July 2017

A map of electromagnetic formulae A map of those equations most commonly encountered by undergraduate electrical engineering students is presented. The equations are arranged to show their principal logical relationships and also to illustrate the symmetry which exists between electric and magnetic quantities. Coding is used to distinguish fundamental experimental laws from definitions and equations of a less fundamental nature.
Topic-Driven and Project-Based Teaching for a Computer Image Processing Subject
Authors: Qiu B. , Shi H. 
Published: July 2017

Topic-driven and project-based teaching for a computer image processing subject A computer image processing subject as an honours year elective for an electrical and electronic engineering course was developed. Topic-driven and project-based teaching was adopted. The important issues of the area were organised into several topic units, and the students also complete a few practically-oriented projects as part of the subject.
A Versatile Stand-Alone Tester of Pc Expansion Cards Designed for Undergraduate Projects
Authors: Ipson S. S. , Van Haght N. O. , Booth W. 
Published: July 2017

A versatile stand-alone tester of PC expansion cards designed for undergraduate projects An inexpensive tester of PC expansion cards, providing safe hardware emulation of the PC, is described. The tester accommodates a variety of different applications by reprogramming an internal Altera EPLD to generate the test sequence required for each undergraduate or M.Sc. project.
Analysis of Some Physical Phenomena and Processes by Equivalent Electrical Circuits
Authors: Reljin Branimir , Ristić Slavica , Srećković Milesa 
Published: July 2017

Analysis of some physical phenomena and processes by equivalent electrical circuits Electric circuit analysis is a very powerful tool solving many complex problems. Consequently, most non-electrical problems can be efficiently resolved if they are modelled, first, by appropriate electric circuits. In this paper some physical phenomena (in thermodynamics, optics and dynamics of fluids) are chosen to illustrate the above statement. The modelling procedure exposed can also be extended to other problems in science.
A Spectrographic Investigation of the Structural Status of Ueberlaenge in German Vowels
Authors: Hanhardt Arthur M. , Obrecht Dean H. , Babcock William R. , Delack John B. 
Published: July 2017

An investigation was carried out concerning an alleged contrast in spoken German, between long and overlong vowels. Minimally biasing frames were created and exposed to a number of native speakers, eliciting members of various pairs in context. Detailed acoustical measurements were made and analysed. Comparison of results indicates that the presence of a long/overlong contrast as a valid signal element is extremely doubtful. Numerous reversals occur, no definite pattern can be observed even in the speech of individuals, and such increments in length as do occur in some of the allegedly overlong items appear to be below threshold.
Reaction of Silk Fibroin with Diazomethane
Authors: Rutherford Henry A. , Patterson Wilbur I. , Harris Milton 
Published: July 2017

The reactive groups in silk are intimately related to the absorp tion of moisture, acids, alkalies, or dyes, and to physical properties such as extensibility and tensile strength. A large proportion of these gorups are present in silk fibroin in the form of hydroxyl groups of the amino acid tyrosine. The latter groups are of special interest, partly because of their preponderance, but principally be cause there are divergent views as to whether they are free in the untreated fibres. As an approach to the problem it appeared ad visable to attempt to inactivate these groups by suitable chemical treatment and then to study the properties of the modified protein. Several methods have been tried for this purpose by different in vestigators but they were found to be too drastic, and generally resulted in severe physical deterioration of the fibre. In the present investigation, the silk was treated with an ethereal solution of the methylating agent diazomethane. The treatment resulted in a rapid decrease in tyrosine content of the silk with no appreciable decrease in tensile strength of the fibres, and the results led to the conclusion that the hydroxyl groups of tyrosine are free in the untreated fibres. The total methoxyl con tent after treatment of the fibre for 25 hours or longer was greater than could be accounted for by assuming that only phenolic hy droxyl groups had reacted. The "extra" methoxyl was not on either the primary amino or the serine hydroxyl groups, but appears to have resulted from the reaction of diazomethane with groups, tentatively assumed to be carboxyl, to form the methyl esters.
Durable-Press Cotton by Wet Fixation
Authors: Colbran R. L. , Maitland C. C. , Roff W. J. 
Published: July 2017

The development of both continuous and batch steaming techniques suitable for the wet fixation of full-width cloth is described. When resin-impregnated cloth in open width is passed through steam at atmospheric pressure, steaming times of 15 sec to 2 min lead to a good fabric performance; further prolongation of steaming results in lower recoveries but greater strength and abrasion resistance. When fabric is held in steam in rolled-up form, so that the escape of volatile products from the cloth during steaming is minimized, good wrinkle recovery is obtained even after 60-min steaming. Other aspects of the process, such as the variation of impregnation conditions, the effect of partial drying immediately after impregnation, and the conditions of the final dry cure are also discussed. For comparable wrinkle recoveries and smoothness ratings, wet fixation gives fabrics with better strength and abrasion resistance than conventional pad-dry-press-cure with a DHDMEU-zinc nitrate system, the same amount of polyethylene lubricant being applied in both types of treatment.
The Use of Economic Tools to Develop a Consensus on Alcohol Policies within and between Jurisdictions
Authors: Rinaldi Gustavo 
Published: July 2017

Alcohol policies encounter major problems because of the lack of consensus within and between jurisdictions. Tools that economists have developed in other contexts may be of use in addressing these problems. The consensus between neighboring jurisdictions can be facilitated when a jurisdiction with higher alcohol taxes and greater alcohol revenue offers to share part of that revenue with the neighbor with lower alcohol revenue and alcohol taxes. The final solution can result in both jurisdictions having larger revenues and in reduced alcohol consumption. Decreasing support for alcohol curbing policies within some jurisdictions could probably be reversed if such tools as revenue neutrality of alcohol taxes, heavier taxation of heavy drinkers, introduction of minimum prices and substitution of low-quality drinks with high-quality food and drinks were to be employed, and if greater attention were given to the determinants of alcohol needs and, in particular, of “happiness.”
Tympanostomy Tubes for Prevention of Purulent Otitis Media
Authors: Söderberg Ove , Hellström Sten , Stenfors Lars‐Eric , Thore Magnus 
Published: July 2017

A recently developed animal model was used to study the effect of tympanostomy tubes (TTs) on the spontaneous development of purulent otitis media. in 35 rats with soft‐palate clefts a TT was inserted into the right tympanic membrane. The left ear was left intact. Serous effusion occurred in the attic space within 2 days after surgery, whether or not the middle ear cavity (MEC) was artificially ventilated. Between days 7 and 21 the intact‐ear MEC was gradually filled with effusion material that turned purulent. Effusion material did not develop in the mesotympanum and hypotympanum of the intubated ears. Microbiologic examination of the effusion material showed a microflora similar to that in the nasopharynx. Ventilation through a TT reduced the number of colonized MECs (4 vs. 10) on day 21. In the individual culture‐positive MEC with a TT there were fewer colonies than in the corresponding ear without a TT. These results support the contention that a TT may prevent the development of purulent otitis media.
Effect of Acid Feeds on Feeding System Contamination
Authors: Heyland Daren K. , Wood Gordon 
Published: July 2017

Background and Objective:Bacterial contamination of the enteral nutrition delivery system (FS) has been well described. Case reports and prospective cohort studies suggest that bacterial contamination is a cause of morbidity and mortality in the critically ill patient. Because bacterial growth and replication is pH dependent, we hypothesized that acidified enteral feedings would lower incidence of bacterial contamination of the FS and potentially infectious morbidity and mortality of critically ill patients. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of acidified enteral feedings on bacterial growth in the FS and subsequent gastric and tracheal bacterial growth.Design:Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter study.Setting:Eight mixed intensive care units at tertiary care hospitals.Patients:We recruited mechanically ventilated critically ill patients expected to remain ventilated ≥48 hours. We excluded patients with overt gastrointestinal bleeding, persistent acidemia, and renal failure requiring dialysis. We enrolled 120 patients: women, 38%; age, 57.6 ± 19.3 years, and mean APACHE II score, 21.6 ± 7.6.Interventions:Vital High Nitrogen (Abbott Laboratories, Ross Products Division, Columbus, OH) was used as the standard feeding formula for the control group. Hydrochloric acid was added to achieve a pH to 3.5 in the experimental group.Main Outcome Measures:Microbial growth in the FS, stomach, and trachea.Results:Compared with patients in the control group, patients who received acid feedings were less likely to have potentially pathogenic microorganisms in their FSs (19% versus 80% of patients [p ≤ .001] and 0.1 versus 0.8 organisms per specimen [p ≤ .001]). There were 151 organisms that were cultured in two or more sites. Of the 146 organisms cultured from the stomach, 22 (15%) were first cultured in the feeding system and 32 (22%) were cultured simultaneously in the feeding system and the stomach. Of the 58 organisms cultured in the trachea, 19 (33%) were first cultured in the feeding system and 6 (10%) were cultured simultaneously in the feeding system and the trachea.Conclusions:The feeding system is a frequent source of gastric and tracheal contamination. Acidified enteral feedings reduces contamination of the feeding system and therefore may have an impact on subsequent colonization and infection. Larger studies of acidified enteral feedings are needed to examine their effect on infectious morbidity and mortality.
Willingness to Donate Organs and Tissues in Vietnam
Authors: Hai Tran Bac , Eastlund Ted , Chien Le Anh , Duc Phan Thi Hong , Giang Tran Huong , Hoa Nguyen Thi Nguyen , Viet Phan Hong , Trung Duong Quang 
Published: July 2017

Context Few studies on public attitudes toward organ and tissue donation have been carried out in Asia. Objective To determine demographic influences on attitudes toward organ and tissue donation in Vietnam. Design Face-to-face interviews. Setting Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Participants Random sample of adults (N=785). Main Outcome Measures Awareness of donation and transplantation, acceptance of organ and tissue donation. Results 75% of respondents stated they had heard of organ or tissue donation, but only 55% were aware of organ and tissue transplantation taking place in Vietnam. Forty-eight percent of Buddhists and 27.5% of Christians had either no knowledge or incorrect knowledge about their religion's official position toward donation and transplantation. Sixty-four percent stated they would give consent for the donation of their deceased relative's tissues and organs, 66% would themselves become posthumous donors, and 21% to 22% would donate multiple organs and tissues. A significant association was found between respondents' acceptance of organ and tissue donation and their educational level, sex, occupation, and awareness of transplantation. Most respondents stated that their willingness to donate depended on whether other family members agreed. Many noted the importance of preventing commerce in organ and tissue transplantation but were in favor of providing healthcare for the donor's family or monetary incentives as a reward for donating. Conclusion Nearly two thirds of urban Vietnamese surveyed were willing to donate organs or tissues after death. Their willingness was related to awareness of transplantation, sex, education level, and occupation.
Issues, Concepts and Theory of Poverty in Nigeria
Authors: Ade-Lawal Najeem 
Published: July 2017

Administrators usually prefer to think of themselves as “men of action.” Perhaps they are. But one thing is certain, namely, that every decision arrived at by such men of public affairs is informed by their own “theories” of the phenomenon - to which the policies and measures deriving from it are addressed. And this is so even when the administrators fail to make explicit the theoretical basis of their decisions. It is so even when they themselves are not fully and consciously aware of the theories that they are using. Furthermore, any policy decision is only as good as the theory which informed its formulations; and wrong theories of a problem can produce only wrong “diagnosis” of it and wrong decisions as to how to deal with it. This is true whether the particular problem in question is lung cancer or mass poverty.1 The most serious social problem undermining progress in the world today is poverty. It has emerged as an important social issue in many developed and developing countries: Yet, it is difficult to say that an end of the war against poverty is in sight. Rowntree and Lavers argued, that the policies of the welfare state—full employment, provision for emergencies and so on—had almost entirely eradicated “primary poverty” in Britain where the war on poverty has gone on longest? It is also true to say that the basic structure of economic and social relations which generates poverty as a byproduct of its normal functioning has remained largely unscathed in the prolonged campaign. This paper will assume three considerations contrary to conventional notions, that (1) a particular power configuration in the past provided the-social setting of the current poverty structure; (2) the present structure of power determines the nature and effectiveness of poverty policies; and (3) that successful elimination depends on the future of power constellations in the country.
Cost Effectiveness of Bone Density Measurements
Authors: Brown Matthew A , Bradlow Jean , Gray Alastair M 
Published: July 2017

Objective To assess the cost-effectiveness of bone density screening programmes for osteoporosis. Study design Using published and locally available data regarding fracture rates and treatment costs, the overall costs per fracture prevented, cost per quality of life year (QALY) saved and cost per year of life gained were estimated for different bone density screening and osteoporosis treatment programmes. Main outcome measures Cost per fracture prevented, cost per QALY saved, and cost per year of life gained. Results In women over the age of 50 years, the costs per fracture prevented of treating all women with hormone replacement therapy, or treating only if osteoporosis is demonstrated on bone density screening were £32,594 or £23,867 respectively. For alendronate therapy for the same groups, the costs were £171,067 and £14,067 respectively. Once the background rate of treatment with alendronate reaches 18%, bone density screening becomes cost-saving. Costs estimates per QALY saved ranged from £1,514 to £39,076 for osteoporosis treatment with alendronate following bone density screening. Conclusions For relatively expensive medications such as alendronate, treatment programmemes with prior bone density screening are far more cost effective than those without, and in some circumstances become cost-saving. Costs per QALY of life saved and per year of life gained for osteoporosis treatment with prior bone density screening compare favourably with treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
Non HRT Options for the Treatment of Osteoporosis
Authors: Davies Michael 
Published: July 2017

Osteoporosis is now a treatable condition with an abundance of evidence for the efficacy of certain therapeutic strategies in preventing recurrent fractures. Most of these treatments act by improving bone mineral density through inhibition or reduction of bone resorption. For those women who are unable to take HRT; bisphosphonates, calcium, vitamin D, calcitriol or calcitonin may confer certain benefits. The bisphosphonate alendronate reduces both vertebral and long bone fractures, an effect seen soon after starting treatment. The changes in BMD and fracture reduction are less with the use of etidronate but it is certainly beneficial in reducing recurrent vertebral fracture. In the elderly calcium and vitamin D in combination can reduce non-vertebral and hip fracture and supplemental calcium of 1 g/day has been predicted to reduce bone loss and thus hip fractures by 22%. Evidence that calcitriol or calcitonin reduce fracture incidence is not good but calcitonin has been shown to have analgesic properties in those with acute vertebral fracture. The role of calcitriol is less certain and should be reserved for women with vertebral fractures in whom HRT or bisphosphonates cannot be used.