bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invited review: Resource inputs and land, water and carbon footprints from the production of edible protein of animal origin
Authors: Flachowsky Gerhard , Meyer Ulrich , Südekum Karl-Heinz 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The objective of this review is to analyze crucial factors in the output from the production of proteins in food of animal origin, such as milk, meat and eggs. We then consider inputs such as land, water, fuel, minerals and feed, as well as characterize emissions. Finally, we estimate footprints for land (land footprint, LF), water (water footprint, WF) and greenhouse gas emissions (i.e., carbon footprint, CF) during the production process. The wide range of different land and water inputs per unit feed between various studies largely influences the results. Further influencing factors are species and categories of animals that produce edible protein, their yields and the feeding of animals. Coproducts with no or low humanly edible fractions and grassland as feed contribute to a lower need for arable land and lower LF, WF and CF. The most efficient land use or the lowest LF per kilogram of edible protein was estimated for higher milk and egg yields; the highest LF values were calculated for beef, followed by pork. The lowest WF and CF were calculated for edible protein of chicken meat and eggs. Edible protein from ruminants is mostly characterized by a higher CF because of the high greenhouse gas potential of methane produced in the rumen. A key prerequisite for further progress in this field is the harmonization of data collection and calculation methods. Alternatives to partial or complete replacement of protein of terrestrial animals, such as marine animals, insects, cell cultures, single-cell proteins or “simulated animal products” from plants, as well as changing eating patterns and reducing food losses are mentioned as further potential ways for more efficient feed production. For all those dealing with plant or animal breeding and cultivation and all those who are working along the whole food production chain, it is a major challenge to enhance the production of more food for more people with, at the same time, less, limited resources and lower emissions.
Impacts of absorbing aerosol deposition on snowpack and hydrologic cycle in the Rocky Mountain region based on variable-resolution CESM (VR-CESM) simulations
Authors: Wu Chenglai , Liu Xiaohong , Lin Zhaohui , Rahimi-Esfarjani Stefan R. , Lu Zheng 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The deposition of light-absorbing aerosols (LAAs), such as black carbon (BC) and dust, onto snow cover has been suggested to reduce the snow albedo and modulate the snowpack and consequent hydrologic cycle. In this study we use the variable-resolution Community Earth System Model (VR-CESM) with a regionally refined high-resolution (0.125°) grid to quantify the impacts of LAAs in snow in the Rocky Mountain region during the period 1981–2005. We first evaluate the model simulation of LAA concentrations both near the surface and in snow and then investigate the snowpack and runoff changes induced by LAAs in snow. The model simulates similar magnitudes of near-surface atmospheric dust concentrations as observations in the Rocky Mountain region. Although the model underestimates near-surface atmospheric BC concentrations, the model overestimates BC-in-snow concentrations by 35 % on average. The regional mean surface radiative effect (SRE) due to LAAs in snow reaches up to 0.6–1.7 W m−2 in spring, and dust contributes to about 21–42 % of total SRE. Due to positive snow albedo feedbacks induced by the LAA SRE, snow water equivalent is reduced by 2–50 mm and snow cover fraction by 5–20 % in the two regions around the mountains (eastern Snake River Plain and southwestern Wyoming), corresponding to an increase in surface air temperature by 0.9–1.1 °C. During the snow melting period, LAAs accelerate the hydrologic cycle with monthly runoff increases of 0.15–1.00 mm day−1 in April–May and reductions of 0.04–0.18 mm day−1 in June–July in the mountainous regions. Of all the mountainous regions, the Southern Rockies experience the largest reduction of total runoff by 15 % during the later stage of snowmelt (i.e., June and July). Compared to previous studies based on field observations, our estimation of dust-induced SRE is generally 1 order of magnitude smaller in the Southern Rockies, which is ascribed to the omission of larger dust particles (with the diameter > 10 µm) in the model. This calls for the inclusion of larger dust particles in the model to reduce the discrepancies. Overall these results highlight the potentially important role of LAA interactions with snowpack and the subsequent impacts on the hydrologic cycles across the Rocky Mountains.
The role of storm scale, position and movement in controlling urban flood response
Authors: ten Veldhuis Marie-Claire , Zhou Zhengzheng , Yang Long , Liu Shuguang , Smith James 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The impact of spatial and temporal variability of rainfall on hydrological response remains poorly understood, in particular in urban catchments due to their strong variability in land use, a high degree of imperviousness and the presence of stormwater infrastructure. In this study, we analyze the effect of storm scale, position and movement in relation to basin scale and flow-path network structure on urban hydrological response. A catalog of 279 peak events was extracted from a high-quality observational dataset covering 15 years of flow observations and radar rainfall data for five (semi)urbanized basins ranging from 7.0 to 111.1 km2 in size. Results showed that the largest peak flows in the event catalog were associated with storm core scales exceeding basin scale, for all except the largest basin. Spatial scale of flood-producing storm events in the smaller basins fell into two groups: storms of large spatial scales exceeding basin size or small, concentrated events, with storm core much smaller than basin size. For the majority of events, spatial rainfall variability was strongly smoothed by the flow-path network, increasingly so for larger basin size. Correlation analysis showed that position of the storm in relation to the flow-path network was significantly correlated with peak flow in the smallest and in the two more urbanized basins. Analysis of storm movement relative to the flow-path network showed that direction of storm movement, upstream or downstream relative to the flow-path network, had little influence on hydrological response. Slow-moving storms tend to be associated with higher peak flows and longer lag times. Unexpectedly, position of the storm relative to impervious cover within the basins had little effect on flow peaks. These findings show the importance of observation-based analysis in validating and improving our understanding of interactions between the spatial distribution of rainfall and catchment variability.
Seismic assessment of a multi-span steel railway bridge in Turkey based on nonlinear time history
Authors: Yılmaz Mehmet F. , Çağlayan Barlas Ö. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Many research studies have shown that bridges are vulnerable to earthquakes,
graphically confirmed by incidents such as the San Fernando (1971 USA),
Northridge (1994 USA), Great Hanshin (1995 Japan), and Chi-Chi (1999 Taiwan)
earthquakes, amongst many others. The studies show that fragility curves are
useful tools for bridge seismic risk assessments, which can be generated
empirically or analytically. Empirical fragility curves can be generated
where damage reports from past earthquakes are available, but otherwise,
analytical fragility curves can be generated from structural seismic response
analysis. Earthquake damage data in Turkey are very limited, hence this study
employed an analytical method to generate fragility curves for the Alasehir
bridge. The Alasehir bridge is part of the Manisa–Uşak–Dumlupınar–Afyon
railway line, which is very important for human and freight transportation,
and since most of the country is seismically active, it is essential to
assess the bridge's vulnerability. The bridge consists of six 30 m truss
spans with a total span 189 m supported by 2 abutments and 5 truss piers,
12.5, 19, 26, 33, and 40 m. Sap2000 software was used to model the Alasehir
bridge, which was refined using field measurements, and the effect of 60 selected
real earthquake data analyzed using the refined model, considering
material and geometry nonlinearity. Thus, the seismic behavior of Alasehir
railway bridge was determined and truss pier reaction and displacements were
used to determine its seismic performance. Different intensity measures were
compared for efficiency, practicality, and sufficiency and their component
and system fragility curves derived.
Towards a cultural science of videogames: evolutionary social learning
Authors: Banks John , Potts Jason 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This paper outlines a cultural science approach to videogames. Using the example of the independently developed Minecraft, we examine the dimensions of social learning involved in playing videogames that are characterised by relatively unscripted gaming environments. We argue that a cultural science approach offers an analytic framework grounded in evolutionary externalism, social learning and emergent institutions. We develop this framework by proposing a multiple games model of social learning.
Social networking friendships: A cross-cultural comparison of network structure between MySpace and Wretch
Authors: Chang Hui-Jung 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A cross-cultural comparison of social networking friendship between MySpace (in USA) and Wretch (in Taiwan) was conducted utilizing the high- and low-context framework proposed by Edward T. Hall (1976). Three network indicators were used to describe the network structure of both social network sites: size, density, and heterogeneity. Data were drawn from the forum “Jobs, Work, Careers” on MySpace and “Job-Related” on Wretch over a 2-month period from mid-October to mid-December in 2007. For each of the 2 sites, 6 users (3 men and 3 women) were randomly selected as sources or “seeds” from which to crawl the friendship networks. From the 6 seed users, a snowball sample was constructed by crawling 2 degrees out along the networks. The results indicated that Wretch, although it followed the expected direction predicted by Hall’s model, did not have significantly larger and denser networks than MySpace. Finally, no differences in same-sex and cross-sex friendships were found between the 2 sites either. The overall findings are discussed with implications for future studies.
Emergent Scale-free Social Networks in History: Burning and the Rise of English Protestantism
Authors: Ormerod Paul , Roach Andrew P. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
There is a large and rapidly increasing literature which analyses social networks for which substantial amounts of quantitative data are available. Further, there is a growing and related literature on what is referred to by economists as ‘information cascades’ on such networks.
However, there is little discussion of the specific events which lead to either the creation of a network in the first instance, or of how a network which is latent in terms of its awareness evolves into a network on which individual behaviour/beliefs are actually altered.
In this paper, we describe the process of emergence and evolution of a historical cultural and social network across which the opinions and behaviour of individuals were influenced. We also illustrate how empirical networks can be reconstructed relying principally on information contained in qualitative, historical sources.
The specific example we use is religious belief in England in the 1550s. We describe how the burnings of Protestant leaders by the Catholic Queen Mary (1553-1558) created a set of martyrs which was decisive in increasing support not just for Protestantism compared to Catholicism, but which led to the rapid disappearance of rival Protestant factions.
The network of awareness of key religious leaders already existed prior to Mary’s accession to the throne. But her actions converted this into a network on which individual beliefs were affected, in this case decisively for English history.
Het lichaam van de niet-uitvoerende bestuurder
Authors: de Roo K.H.M. 
Published: January 2018

Het lichaam van de niet-uitvoerende bestuurder
De wetgevers van zowel Nederland als Engeland willen de benoeming van rechtspersonen als niet-uitvoerende bestuurders verbieden. In Nederland is deze keuze echter niet onderbouwd; dit terwijl zij lijkt te botsen met de behoeften van de praktijk. Welke lessen kunnen uit de Engelse stand van zaken worden getrokken?
Het special committee in de Nederlandse (overname)praktijk bij beursvennootschappen
Authors: Kemp B. 
Published: January 2018

Het special committee in de Nederlandse (overname)praktijk bij beursvennootschappen
In deze column staat de auteur kort stil bij de bijdragen die in MvO 2017/11 zijn verschenen van Koster & Groen en Hezer over het special committee bij openbare biedingen. Er worden drie vragen besproken die in de praktijk en literatuur tot verdeeldheid leiden. De auteur geeft daarop zijn eigen visie, die soms gedeeltelijk afwijkt van de visie in de voornoemde bijdragen.
Vital Effects and Ecologic Adaptation of Photosymbiont‐Bearing Planktonic Foraminifera During the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum, Implications for Paleoclimate
Authors: Si Weimin , Aubry Marie‐Pierre 
Published: January 2018

AbstractStable isotope‐size data of four major planktonic foraminifera lineages from the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~56 Ma) at two locations (North Atlantic New Jersey shelf and Southern Ocean) are analyzed. By comparing changes in δ13C/δ18O‐size correlation prior to and during the PETM, we present evidence of significant changes in vital effects in photosymbiont‐bearing planktonic foraminifera during the PETM. The δ13C‐size data indicate divergent changes in δ13C vital effects in high‐latitude versus mid‐latitude populations, due likely to different responses in photosymbiotic activities. Combined δ18O‐size data and isotopic ranking indicates that some surface dwellers experienced changes that may be interpreted as depth migrations. Extreme temperatures (>32°C) may have exerted selective pressure and drove depth migrations. Species with flexible depth distribution were capable of adapting to rapid warming by vertical migration in the upper ocean, while populations restricted to near‐surface ocean may have undergone temporal and/or regional collapse during the peak warming. From a paleo‐proxy perspective, these biologic responses have the potential to obscure paleoceanographic signatures both regionally and globally.
Improved Nested Sampling and Surrogate‐Enabled Comparison With Other Marginal Likelihood Estimators
Authors: Zeng Xiankui , Ye Ming , Wu Jichun , Wang Dong , Zhu Xiaobin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractEstimating marginal likelihood is of central importance to Bayesian model selection and/or model averaging. The nested sampling method has been recently used together with the Metropolis‐Hasting (M‐H) sampling algorithm for estimating marginal likelihood. This study develops a new implementation of nested sampling by using the DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAMzs) sampling algorithm. The two implementations of nested sampling are evaluated for four models of a synthetic groundwater flow modeling. The DREAMzs‐based nested sampling outperforms the M‐H‐based nested sampling in terms of their accuracy, convergence, efficiency, and stability, which is attributed to the fact that DREAMzs is more robust than M‐H for parameter sampling. The nested sampling method is also compared with four other methods (arithmetic mean, harmonic mean, stabilized harmonic mean, and thermodynamic integration) commonly used for estimating marginal likelihood and posterior probability of the four groundwater models. The comparative study requires hundreds of millions of model executions, which would not be possible without using surrogate models to replace the original models. Using the arithmetic mean estimator as the reference, the comparison reveals that thermodynamic integration outperforms nested sampling in terms of accuracy and stability, whereas nested sampling is more computationally efficient to reach to convergence. The harmonic mean and stabilized harmonic mean methods give the worst marginal likelihood estimation. Accurate marginal likelihood estimation is important for accurate estimation of posterior model probability and better predictive performance of Bayesian model averaging.
Folded roof house—Design solution to optimize environmental conditions with generic equipment and techniques
Authors: Suehiro Kaoru , Suehiro Noriko , Masuda Yoko , Ito Kazuko , Ito Kazuhide 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe covered a rectangular site in a residential area oriented at a 45° angle to the north and rotated the roof of the second floor on top of the rectangular first floor; then, we created a large window on the side at the south corner. To achieve an open interior with a limited footprint, we created a single‐volume space connecting the first floor to the second floor with stairs. The timber frame of the second floor sits on the concrete box of the first floor. The stiff timber box consists of a folded roof and exterior walls to achieve a large pillar‐free space. We set the main windows higher to maximize the effect of natural light, placed eaves in front of the large window to block direct sunlight, and used slit windows between the first and second floors to promote natural lighting and ventilation.
Cultural Elements in English as a Lingua Franca
Authors: Cogo Alessia 
Published: January 2018

This entry offers an overview of research concerning English as a lingua franca (ELF) and its applications for language teaching. It begins by exploring the dynamic, co‐constructed, and intercultural nature of ELF, focusing on pragmatic and multilingual aspects, before concentrating on pedagogical implications.Throughout the examination of research and applications, the emphasis is on how ELF is not a neutral medium but a complex phenomenon, which is constantly adapting and co‐constructing intercultural elements according to the context in which it is used. The fluidity of this kind of communication, its “inherent variability,” and intercultural nature raise questions for pedagogical applications for the language classroom, which are addressed in the last section. These relate to curriculum design, materials, a reconceptualization of the notion of communicative competence, and ultimately a change of mindset for an ELF‐informed pedagogy.
Low‐Bandgap Methylammonium‐Rubidium Cation Sn‐Rich Perovskites for Efficient Ultraviolet–Visible–Near Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: Zhu Hugh Lu , Liang Zhifu , Huo Zhengbao , Ng Wai Kit , Mao Jian , Wong Kam Sing , Yin Wan‐Jian , Choy Wallace C. H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSolution‐processed and low‐temperature Sn‐rich perovskites show their low bandgap of about 1.2 eV, enabling potential applications in next‐generation cost‐effective ultraviolet (UV)–visible (vis)–near infrared (NIR) photodetection. Particularly, the crystallization (crystallinity and orientation) and film (smooth and dense film) properties of Sn‐rich perovskites are critical for efficient photodetectors, but are limitedly studied. Here, controllable crystallization for growing high‐quality films with the improvements of increased crystallinity and strengthened preferred orientation through a introducing rubidium cation into the methylammonium Sn‐Pb perovskite system (65% Sn) is achieved. Fundamentally, the theoretical results show that rubidium incorporation causes lower surface energy of (110) plane, facilitating growth in the dominating plane and suppressing growth of other competing planes. Consequently, the methylammonium‐rubidium Sn‐Pb perovskite photodetectors simultaneously achieve larger photocurrent and lower noise current. Finally, highly efficient UV–vis–NIR (300–1100 nm) photodetectors with record‐high linear dynamic range of 110 and 3 dB cut‐off frequency reaching 1 MHz are demonstrated. This work contributes to enriching the cation selection in Sn‐Pb perovskite systems and offering a promising candidate for low‐cost UV–vis–NIR photodetection.
Diversified Photo/Electronic Functions Based on a Simple Chalcone Skeleton: Effects of Substitution Pattern and Molecular Packing
Authors: Cheng Xiao , Wang Zhaoyang , Tang Baolei , Zhang Hongyu , Qin Anjun , Sun Jing Zhi , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractStructurally simple chalcone derivatives 1–2 are prepared and their diversified emission behaviors are deeply investigated. Two polymorphs (1G: λem = 536 nm, Φf = 0.08, τ = 1.81 ns; 1O: λem = 573 nm, Φf = 0.19, τ = 10.82 ns) with distinctively different emission behaviors are constructed by finely controlling the crystallization conditions of compound 1. 1G exhibits typical amplified spontaneous emission while 1O shows an interesting blue shift under smashing process (1O‐S: λem = 562 nm, Φf = 0.23, τ = 6.42 ns), which is ascribed to their different molecular packing structures and intermolecular interactions. Notably, simply introducing a fluorine substituent effectively endows the crystal with red emission (crystal 2: λem = 598 nm, Φf = 0.16, τ = 18.77 ns). Thus multicolor emissions including green, yellow, orange, and red emissions are obtained based on this simple chalcone skeleton.
High Lithium Ion Conductivity LiF/GO Solid Electrolyte Interphase Inhibiting the Shuttle of Lithium Polysulfides in Long‐Life Li–S Batteries
Authors: Ni Xuyan , Qian Tao , Liu Xuejun , Xu Na , Liu Jie , Yan Chenglin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe “shuttle effect” that stems from the dissolution of polysulfides is the most fatal issue affecting the cycle life of lithium‐sulfur (Li–S) batteries. In order to suppress the “shuttle effect,” a new strategy of using a highly lithium ion conductive lithium fluoride/graphene oxide (LiF/GO) solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) to mechanically prevent the lithium dendrite breakthrough is reported. When utilized in Li–S batteries, the LiF/GO SEI coated separator demonstrates significant feature in mitigating the polysulfide shuttling as observed by in situ UV–vis spectroscopy. Moreover, the restrained “shuttle effect” can also be confirmed by analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and characterization of lithium dendrites, which indicates that no insulating layer of solid Li2S2/Li2S is found on lithium anode surface. Furthermore, the LiF/GO SEI layer puts out good lithium ion conductivity as its lithium ion diffusion coefficient reaches a high value of 1.5 × 10−7 cm2 s−1. These features enable a remarkable cyclic property of 0.043% of capacity decay per cycle during 400 cycles.