bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homothallism in Pseudoperonospora humuli
Authors: Gent D. H. , Cohen Y. , Runge F. 
Published: February 2017

The downy mildew pathogen, Pseudoperonospora humuli, forms oospores abundantly in diseased hop tissue. Diverse monosporangial isolates of P. humuli derived from samples collected in Japan, Germany and the USA readily formed oospores within hop leaves when inoculated singly, suggesting homothallism. Single zoospore isolates also readily formed oospores within hop leaves, further supporting the homothallic nature of this oomycete. The majority of oospores were deemed viable based on cytoplasm characteristics and plasmolysis assays. However, disease symptoms failed to develop when hop leaves were inoculated with newly formed oospores, even when oospore conditioning was attempted with treatment with potassium permanganate or β‐glucuronidase/arylsulphatase, brief exposure to freezing temperature, or passage through an earthworm. Oospores derived from a monosporangial isolate of P. humuli that overwintered outdoors in infested leaves buried in soil also failed to cause downy mildew. Pseudoperonospora humuli is homothallic and oospores of the organism appear to require as yet unknown conditions to stimulate their germination and/or infection.
Administration of exogenous hormones in ovulatory and embryonic response in Pelibuey sheep
Authors: García‐Salas A , Cortez‐Romero C , Salazar‐Ortiz J , Arroyo‐Ledezma J , Ruíz‐Vera VM , Vaquera‐Huerta H , Gallegos‐Sánchez J 
Published: February 2017

ContentsThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two sources of commercial porcine pituitary‐derived follicle‐stimulating hormone (pFSH) and pFSH—porcine Luteinizing Hormone (pLH), including equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), in ovulatory and embryonic response in Pelibuey sheep. Twenty‐four Pelibuey sheep were used and were assigned randomly to four treatments (n = 6): (T1; 200 mg pFSH‐Folltropin®); (T2; 200 mg pFSH + 300 UI eCG‐Folligon®); (T3; 250 UI pFSH/pLH‐Pluset®) and (T4; 250 UI pFSH/pLH + 300 UI eCG). The interval of hours from withdrawal of the device to the beginning of oestrus (BO) was lower (p < .05) in sheep treated with eCG (T2 = 8.0 ± 1.4 and T4 = 10.0 ± 2.8) than in those without eCG (T1 = 12.6 ± 0.6 and T3 = 20.6 ± 2.4). The ovulatory rate (OR) was higher (p < .05) in T1 = 15.5 ± 2.8 and T2 = 15.6 ± 1.4, compared to T3 = 8.1 ± 3.2 and T4 = 11.8 ± 2.8; a significant difference was not shown between them (T1 vs. T2 and T3 vs. T4) when including eCG. The number of non‐fertilized oocytes (NFO) was lower (p ˂ .05) in T1 = 0.8 ± 0.4 and T3 = 1.8 ± 1.8, compared to those that included eCG (T2 = 6.3 ± 2.4 and T4 = 2.1 ± 1.2). The number of transferable embryos (TE) was higher (p < .05) when FSH was applied (T1 = 5.8 ± 1.1), compared with (T2 = 2.6 ± 1.1, T3 = 2.3 ± 1.4 and T4 = 2.8 ± 1.5). The commercial treatments (pFSH or pFSH‐pLH) in combination with eCG did not improve OR, NFO and TE. However, the exclusive pFSH (Folltropin) treatment presented a higher OR, lower number of NFO and higher number of TE.
Protein and mRNA expression of follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor and luteinizing hormone receptor during the oestrus in the yak (Bos grunniens)
Authors: Huo S‐d , Chen S‐e , Long R‐j , Yang J‐t , Lu J‐x , Zang R‐x , Zhang T‐j , Abudureyimu A. , Liu J‐l , Zhang G‐h , Zhao Y‐q , Ma Z‐r 
Published: February 2017

ContentsFollicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) have a central role in follicle growth, maturation and oestrus, but no clear pathway in the seasonal oestrus of yak (Bos grunniens) has been found. To better understand the role of FSH and LH in seasonal oestrus in the yak, six yaks were slaughtered while in oestrus, and the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads were collected. Using real‐time PCR and immunohistochemical assays, we determined the mRNA and protein expression of the FSH and LH receptors (FSHR and LHR) in these organs. The analysis showed that the FSHR mRNA expression level was higher in the pituitary gland tissue compared with LHR (p < .01) during oestrus. By contrast, there was low expression of FSHR and LHR mRNA in the pineal gland and hypothalamus. FSHR mRNA expression was higher than that of LHR (p < .05) in the ovary, whereas LHR mRNA expression was higher than that of FSHR (p < .01) in the uterus. FSHR and LHR proteins were located in the pinealocyte, synaptic ribbon and synaptic spherules of the pineal gland and that FSH and LH interact via nerve fibres. In the hypothalamus, FSHR and LHR proteins were located in the magnocellular neurons and parvocellular neurons. FSHR and LHR proteins were localized in acidophilic cells and basophilic cells in the pituitary gland, and in surface epithelium, stromal cell and gland epithelium in the uterus. In the ovary, FSHR and LHR protein were present in the ovarian follicle. Thus, we concluded that FSHR and LHR are located in the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary and gonad during oestrus in the yak. However, FSHR was mainly expressed in the pituitary gland and ovaries, whereas LHR was mainly expressed in the pituitary gland and uterus.
Sources of Bias in Teenagers' College Expectations
Authors: Cowan Benjamin W. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveThough many studies have found that teenagers overestimate their chances of college completion, the sources of this bias are still not well understood.MethodsThis article compares individuals' college expectations as teenagers with their subsequent college outcomes using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97). I analyze how a rich set of youth characteristics correlate with the discrepancy between expectations and realizations.ResultsTeenagers' expectations are highly predictive of future college completion, but they are also systematically positively biased (overly optimistic). I find that scholastic aptitude—as proxied by youths' AFQT scores—is highly negatively correlated with expectation bias. Once test scores are accounted for, family income, parental education, race/ethnicity, and sex have little or no effect on bias in teenagers' college expectations.ConclusionsThe relationship between scholastic aptitude and college success may not be well understood by some youths, contributing to inflated expectations among those with lower test scores.
Public Support for Campaign Finance Reform: The Role of Policy Narratives, Cultural Predispositions, and Political Knowledge in Collective Policy Preference Formation
Authors: Jorgensen Paul D. , Song Geoboo , Jones Michael D. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveWe use the variation in public support for campaign finance reform (CFR) to determine factors important to collective policy preference formation.MethodsUsing a national survey, we factor analyze the latent dimensions of various reforms, and rely on an experimental design to explain the role policy narratives, cultural theory (CT), and political knowledge play in preference formation.ResultsThe reform debate groups along three dimensions: (1) strengthening limitations and regulations, (2) deregulating campaign finance, or (3) ending the dependence on private money altogether. We show policy narratives are most influential, and CT has more explanatory value, among those with higher levels of political knowledge. Certain policy narratives tend to increase support for CFR across all cultural types, including those who most oppose reforms that seek to end the dependence on private money.ConclusionAs awareness of campaign finance increases, and as particular narratives become salient, we would expect increasing support for public financing, free media time, and/or public matching funds among those with higher levels of general political knowledge.
School Architecture: An Analysis of the Role of the State in the (Re)Configuration of the Profession
Authors: Veloso Luísa , Marques Joana S. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesThis article aims at discussing the relationship between a specific public policy and the professional field of architecture through the analysis of the Portuguese Secondary School Modernization Program (SSMP).MethodsThe study was conducted in a set of 13 schools renovated within the SSMP, based on qualitative and quantitative methods, and in this article particular emphasis is given to the content analysis of the interviews conducted with architects.ResultsThe analysis shows how the SSMP has had an impact on the architects’ profession in Portugal, discussing: (i) the extent to which the program calls into question the architects’ autonomy in the exercise of their profession; and (ii) how it contributes to the transformation of architectural knowledge and to the (re)configuration of the profession in the domain of school architecture.ConclusionsThe research allowed us to conclude that an education policy program such as the SSMP had an impact on the architects’ profession in Portugal, providing a series of insights into how public works contribute toward shaping the profession and the labor market. One of the particularities of school architecture central to the discussion is the ability of listening and mapping the needs of such complex users as a school community in order to translate an educational project into an architectural design.
Relations Between Socioeconomic Status, Subjective Social Status, and Health in Shanghai, China
Authors: Rarick Jason R. D. , Dolan Carly Tubbs , Han Wen‐Jui , Wen Jun 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesAlthough research has established a strong link between socioeconomic status (SES) and health in Western settings, comparable work in China lags behind. Similarly, studies showing a unique relationship for subjective social status (SSS) and health above and beyond SES have yet to be tested in China. The present study addresses these gaps.MethodsRegression analyses investigated the relationship between SES, SSS, and mental and physical health net of several covariates for 2,282 caregivers in Shanghai, China. Indirect relationships for SES through SSS were also tested.ResultsResults indicate that SES is linked to mental and physical health outcomes, but in complicated ways. SSS, on the other hand, is consistently and robustly linked to health outcomes above and beyond income, education, occupational prestige, andHukoustatus. Further significant indirect effects were found through SSS for income, education, andHukoustatus.ConclusionIn China's context of rapid economic growth, relationships to SES and health appear complicated. However, subjective perceptions of status are consistently linked to health outcomes.
The effects of film thickness variations on the residual stress distributions in coated Cr thin films
Authors: Chien Chi‐Hui , Su Ting‐Hsuan , Wang Chung‐Ting , Gan Jia‐Lun , Wang Jhao‐Shun 
Published: February 2017

AbstractGenerally, the residual stress of thin film coatings is calculated using Stoney's equation. However, variables in the manufacturing of the coated film, such as crystalline particle size and the unevenness of the thickness of the film, cause the radius of curvature of the beam to vary all over the beam. The cantilever beam curves not only in the axial direction but also in the transverse direction. Therefore, the residual stress in a film coating comprises not only axial residual stress but also transverse residual stress, and its distribution is also not uniform. Under such conditions, Stoney's equation must be modified. In this study, Si was used as a substrate in the production of cantilever beam specimens. Chromium thin films of various thicknesses were coated onto the Si substrates. The 3D digital image correlation technique was used to measure the out‐of‐plane displacement of the specimens at various positions. Then the modified Stoney's equation was used to obtain the axial and transverse residual stress at each measurement point to study the effect of variations in the thickness of the thin film on the magnitude and uniformity of the distribution of the residual stresses. Three thin film thicknesses 1, 2, and 3 μm were studied, and three specimens for each thickness were used. For each specimen, axial and transverse residual stresses were obtained at nine test points, and the equivalent residual stress was calculated. The results of this study reveal that as the difference between the thicknesses of the coating increased, average equivalent residual stress decreased and the distribution of stresses became more uniform. By comparing the corresponding results for the 1‐ and 3‐μm‐thick films revealed that the confidence levels in the average value and uniformity of the equivalent residual stress distribution, which increased with thickness, were 92.81% and 80.57%, respectively.
Impact of light intensity and quality on chromatophore and nuclear gene expression in Paulinella chromatophora, an amoeba with nascent photosynthetic organelles
Authors: Zhang Ru , Nowack Eva C. M. , Price Dana C. , Bhattacharya Debashish , Grossman Arthur R. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryPlastid evolution has been attributed to a single primary endosymbiotic event that occurred about 1.6 billion years ago (BYA) in which a cyanobacterium was engulfed and retained by a eukaryotic cell, although early steps in plastid integration are poorly understood. The photosynthetic amoeba Paulinella chromatophora represents a unique model for the study of plastid evolution because it contains cyanobacterium‐derived photosynthetic organelles termed ‘chromatophores’ that originated relatively recently (0.09–0.14 BYA). The chromatophore genome is about a third the size of the genome of closely related cyanobacteria, but 10‐fold larger than most plastid genomes. Several genes have been transferred from the chromatophore genome to the host nuclear genome through endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT). Some EGT‐derived proteins could be imported into chromatophores for function. Two photosynthesis‐related genes (psaI and csos4A) are encoded by both the nuclear and chromatophore genomes, suggesting that EGT in Paulinella chromatophora is ongoing. Many EGT‐derived genes encode proteins that function in photosynthesis and photoprotection, including an expanded family of high‐light‐inducible (ncHLI) proteins. Cyanobacterial hli genes are high‐light induced and required for cell viability under excess light. We examined the impact of light on Paulinella chromatophora and found that this organism is light sensitive and lacks light‐induced transcriptional regulation of chromatophore genes and most EGT‐derived nuclear genes. However, several ncHLI genes have reestablished light‐dependent regulation, which appears analogous to what is observed in cyanobacteria. We postulate that expansion of the ncHLI gene family and its regulation may reflect the light/oxidative stress experienced by Paulinella chromatophora as a consequence of the as yet incomplete integration of host and chromatophore metabolisms.
H3K23me1 is an evolutionarily conserved histone modification associated with CG DNA methylation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Trejo‐Arellano Minerva S. , Mahrez Walid , Nakamura Miyuki , Moreno‐Romero Jordi , Nanni Paolo , Köhler Claudia , Hennig Lars 
Published: February 2017

SummaryAmino‐terminal tails of histones are targets for diverse post‐translational modifications whose combinatorial action may constitute a code that will be read and interpreted by cellular proteins to define particular transcriptional states. Here, we describe monomethylation of histone H3 lysine 23 (H3K23me1) as a histone modification not previously described in plants. H3K23me1 is an evolutionarily conserved mark in diverse species of flowering plants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high‐throughput sequencing in Arabidopsis thaliana showed that H3K23me1 was highly enriched in pericentromeric regions and depleted from chromosome arms. In transposable elements it co‐localized with CG, CHG and CHH DNA methylation as well as with the heterochromatic histone mark H3K9me2. Transposable elements are often rich in H3K23me1 but different families vary in their enrichment: LTR‐Gypsy elements are most enriched and RC/Helitron elements are least enriched. The histone methyltransferase KRYPTONITE and normal DNA methylation were required for normal levels of H3K23me1 on transposable elements. Immunostaining experiments confirmed the pericentromeric localization and also showed mild enrichment in less condensed regions. Accordingly, gene bodies of protein‐coding genes had intermediate H3K23me1 levels, which coexisted with CG DNA methylation. Enrichment of H3K23me1 along gene bodies did not correlate with transcription levels. Together, this work establishes H3K23me1 as a so far undescribed component of the plant histone code.
LEUNIG_HOMOLOG transcriptional co‐repressor mediates aluminium sensitivity through PECTIN METHYLESTERASE46‐modulated root cell wall pectin methylesterification in Arabidopsis
Authors: Geng Xiaoyu , Horst Walter J. , Golz John F. , Lee Joanne E. , Ding Zhaojun , Yang Zhong‐Bao 
Published: February 2017

SummaryA major factor determining aluminium (Al) sensitivity in higher plants is the binding of Al to root cell walls. The Al binding capacity of cell walls is closely linked to the extent of pectin methylesterification, as the presence of methyl groups attached to the pectin backbone reduces the net negative charge of this polymer and hence limits Al binding. Despite recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of Al resistance in a wide range of plants, it is not well understood how the methylation status of pectin is mediated in response to Al stress. Here we show in Arabidopsis that mutants lacking the gene LEUNIG_HOMOLOG (LUH), a member of the Groucho‐like family of transcriptional co‐repressor, are less sensitive to Al‐mediated repression of root growth. This phenotype is correlated with increased levels of methylated pectin in the cell walls of luh roots as well as altered expression of cell wall‐related genes. Among the LUH‐repressed genes, PECTIN METHYLESTERASE46 (PME46) was identified as reducing Al binding to cell walls and hence alleviating Al‐induced root growth inhibition by decreasing PME enzyme activity. seuss‐like2 (slk2) mutants responded to Al in a similar way as luh mutants suggesting that a LUH–SLK2 complex represses the expression of PME46. The data are integrated into a model in which it is proposed that PME46 is a major inhibitor of pectin methylesterase activity within root cell walls.
Standardizing the freeze‐thaw preparation of growth factors from platelet lysate
Authors: Strandberg Gabriel , Sellberg Felix , Sommar Pehr , Ronaghi Martin , Lubenow Norbert , Knutson Folke , Berglund David 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDOver the past decades, the focus on the regenerative properties of platelets (PLTs) has intensified and many PLT‐derived growth factors are readily used in medical settings. A general lack of standardization in the preparation of these growth factors remains, however, and this study therefore examines the dynamics of growth factors throughout the freeze‐thaw procedure.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSPlateletpheresis (PA) and PLT‐poor plasma (PPP) samples were collected from 10 healthy donors. PA was lysed to produce PLT lysate (PL) for 1, 3, 5, 10, and 30 freeze‐thaw cycles. The resulting growth factor and cytokine concentrations from PPP, PA, and PL of different cycles were analyzed and compared using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and multiplex bead assays.RESULTSPL produced by the freeze‐thaw procedure resulted in approximately four‐ to 10‐fold enrichment of transforming growth factor‐β1, epidermal growth factor, PLT‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐AB/BB, PLT factor‐4, and fibroblast growth factor‐2. The increase in concentrations plateaued at Cycles 3 and 5 and in some cases declined with further cycles. The concentrations of insulin‐like growth factor‐1, hepatocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 in PL were essentially comparable to those in PPP.CONCLUSIONUsing the freeze‐thaw method, optimal preparation of PL with regard to the concentration of growth factors was achieved at Cycles 3 to 5. Based on our findings, the clinical significance of using a greater number of cycles is likely limited.
Ca2+ tunnelling through the ER lumen as a mechanism for delivering Ca2+ entering via store‐operated Ca2+ channels to specific target sites
Authors: Petersen Ole H , Courjaret Raphael , Machaca Khaled 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCa2+ signalling is perhaps the most universal and versatile mechanism regulating a wide range of cellular processes. Because of the many different calcium‐binding proteins distributed throughout cells, signalling precision requires localized rises in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. In electrically non‐excitable cells, for example epithelial cells, this is achieved by primary release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum via Ca2+ release channels placed close to the physiological target. Because any rise in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration activates Ca2+ extrusion, and in order for cells not to run out of Ca2+, there is a need for compensatory Ca2+ uptake from the extracellular fluid. This Ca2+ uptake occurs through a process known as store‐operated Ca2+ entry. Ideally Ca2+ entering the cell should not diffuse to the target site through the cytosol, as this would potentially activate undesirable processes. Ca2+ tunnelling through the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum is a mechanism for delivering Ca2+ entering via store‐operated Ca2+ channels to specific target sites, and this process has been described in considerable detail in pancreatic acinar cells and oocytes. Here we review the most important evidence and present a generalized concept.
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Proteasome dysfunction in cardiomyopathies
Authors: Gilda Jennifer E. , Gomes Aldrin V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) plays a critical role in removing unwanted intracellular proteins and is involved in protein quality control, signalling and cell death. Because the heart is subject to continuous metabolic and mechanical stress, the proteasome plays a particularly important role in the heart, and proteasome dysfunction has been suggested as a causative factor in cardiac dysfunction. Proteasome impairment has been detected in cardiomyopathies, heart failure, myocardial ischaemia, and hypertrophy. Proteasome inhibition is also sufficient to cause cardiac dysfunction in healthy pigs, and patients using a proteasome inhibitor for cancer therapy have a higher incidence of heart failure. In this Topical Review we discuss the experimental data which suggest UPS dysfunction is a common feature of cardiomyopathies, with an emphasis on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by sarcomeric mutations. We also propose potential mechanisms by which cardiomyopathy‐causing mutations may lead to proteasome impairment, such as altered calcium handling and increased oxidative stress due to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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