bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chest radiographs and the elusive lung cancer
Authors: Walker Andrew E. , Murchison John T. , Beek Edwin Van , Ritchie Gillian , Sharkey Joanne 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:
Lung cancer is the commonest cancer killer in the western world. Many patients have lung cancers first identified on chest radiograph (CXR). Potentially curable cancers are often missed on CXR. This study quantified the incidence of cases of lung cancer which were initially overlooked and studied the causes of delayed diagnosis.

Materials and Methods:
All consecutive patients discussed during a 3-month period at the local lung cancer multidisciplinary meeting (MDM) were identified. All imaging within two years prior to diagnosis of lung cancer were reviewed with its report. Any CXR examination which failed to raise the potential for lung cancer was blindly reviewed by four consultant chest radiologists.

Results:
189 patients were identified from the MDM over three months. 38,049 CXRs were carried out in the trust over the same period. Of the 189 patients, 58 had previous CXRs within 2 years reported as normal. On review 27 (47%) showed an abnormality in the region of the lung subsequently shown to have cancer. 70% of lesions were central, obscured by the heart, diaphragm, clavicles or mediastinum.

Conclusions:
This study shows that 1 in 1,409 CXRs reported as normal harbours a visible lung cancer on retrospective review. In this group 14% of patients with lung cancer could potentially have been diagnosed earlier. Of those that had previous CXRs, 47% had abnormal CXRs reported as normal. This study qualifies the rate of missed lung cancer on CXR in clinical practice and highlights where on CXR cancers are missed.
Knife-bladed vortices in non-Newtonian fluids
Authors: Freyssingeas Eric , Frelat Damien , Dossmann Yvan , Géminard Jean-Christophe 
Published: November 2016

A tank is filled with a non-Newtonian fluid. We report on the deformation of the free surface resulting from the presence of an underlying vortex. In a tiny range of the experimental parameters, the flow spontaneously loses its initial axi-symmetry, leading to the formation of a stationary knife-bladed vortex. We report on the series of patterns observed experimentally and summarize the conditions of existence of the latter by establishing a state diagram.Received: 1 July 2016, Accepted: 24 October 2016; Edited by: J. P. Hulin; Reviewed by: C. Nouar, LEMTA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.080007Cite as: E Freyssingeas, D Frelat, Y Dossmann, J-C Géminard, Papers in Physics 8, 080007 (2016)This paper, by E Freyssingeas, D Frelat, Y Dossmann, J-C Géminard, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
Effect of vehicular traffic, remote sources and new particle formation on the activation properties of cloud condensation nuclei in the megacity of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Souto-Oliveira Carlos Eduardo , Andrade Maria de Fátima , Kumar Prashant , Lopes Fábio Juliano da Silva , Babinski Marly , Landulfo Eduardo 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol is the primary source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The microphysics and chemical composition of aerosols can affect cloud development and the precipitation process. Among studies conducted in Latin America, only a handful have reported the impact of urban aerosol on CCN activation parameters such as activation ratio (AR) and activation diameter (Dact). With over 20 million inhabitants, the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) is the largest megacity in South America. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the impact that remote sources and new particle formation (NPF) events have on CCN activation properties in a South American megacity. The measurements were conducted in the MASP between August and September 2014. We measured the CCN within the 0.2–1.0 % range of supersaturation, together with particle number concentration (PNC) and particle number distribution (PND), as well as trace-element concentrations and black carbon (BC). NPF events were identified on 35 % of the sampling days. Combining multivariate analysis in the form of positive matrix factorization (PMF) with an aerosol profile from lidar and HYSPLIT model analyses allowed us to identify the main contribution of vehicular traffic on all days and sea salt and biomass burning from remote regions on 28 and 21 % of the sampling days, respectively. The AR and Dact parameters showed distinct patterns for daytime with intense vehicular traffic and nighttime periods. For example, CCN activation was lower during the daytime than during the nighttime periods, a pattern that was found to be associated mainly with local road-traffic emissions. A decrease in CCN activation was observed on the NPF event days, mainly due to high concentrations of particles with smaller diameters. We also found that aerosols from sea salt, industrial emissions, and biomass burning had minor effects on Dact. For example, nights with biomass burning and vehicular emissions showed slightly lower CCN activation properties than sea-salt, industrial and non-event nights. Our results show that particulate matter from local vehicular emissions during the daytime has a greater effect on CCN activation parameters than that from remote sources.
Linking hydraulic traits to tropical forest function in a size-structured and trait-driven model (TFS v.1-Hydro)
Authors: Christoffersen Bradley O. , Gloor Manuel , Fauset Sophie , Fyllas Nikolaos M. , Galbraith David R. , Baker Timothy R. , Kruijt Bart , Rowland Lucy , Fisher Rosie A. , Binks Oliver J. , Sevanto Sanna , Xu Chonggang , Jansen Steven , Choat Brendan , Mencuccini Maurizio , McDowell Nate G. , Meir Patrick 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Forest ecosystem models based on heuristic water stress functions poorly predict tropical forest response to drought partly because they do not capture the diversity of hydraulic traits (including variation in tree size) observed in tropical forests. We developed a continuous porous media approach to modeling plant hydraulics in which all parameters of the constitutive equations are biologically interpretable and measurable plant hydraulic traits (e.g., turgor loss point πtlp, bulk elastic modulus ε, hydraulic capacitance Cft, xylem hydraulic conductivity ks,max, water potential at 50 % loss of conductivity for both xylem (P50,x) and stomata (P50,gs), and the leaf : sapwood area ratio Al : As). We embedded this plant hydraulics model within a trait forest simulator (TFS) that models light environments of individual trees and their upper boundary conditions (transpiration), as well as providing a means for parameterizing variation in hydraulic traits among individuals. We synthesized literature and existing databases to parameterize all hydraulic traits as a function of stem and leaf traits, including wood density (WD), leaf mass per area (LMA), and photosynthetic capacity (Amax), and evaluated the coupled model (called TFS v.1-Hydro) predictions, against observed diurnal and seasonal variability in stem and leaf water potential as well as stand-scaled sap flux. Our hydraulic trait synthesis revealed coordination among leaf and xylem hydraulic traits and statistically significant relationships of most hydraulic traits with more easily measured plant traits. Using the most informative empirical trait–trait relationships derived from this synthesis, TFS v.1-Hydro successfully captured individual variation in leaf and stem water potential due to increasing tree size and light environment, with model representation of hydraulic architecture and plant traits exerting primary and secondary controls, respectively, on the fidelity of model predictions. The plant hydraulics model made substantial improvements to simulations of total ecosystem transpiration. Remaining uncertainties and limitations of the trait paradigm for plant hydraulics modeling are highlighted.
O estatuto de nem na gramática do português
Authors: Marques Norma Barbosa Novaes , Pezatti Erotilde Goreti 
Published: November 2016

<p>Tradicionalmente a partícula ‘nem’ tem sido considerada uma conjunção aditiva, pois se entende que estabelece entre elementos uma relação de acréscimo. Etimologicamente, é proveniente do latim ‘nec’, um dos<em> </em>poucos juntores que restaram nas variedades vernáculas de latim, juntamente com ‘<em>et’, ‘aut’, ‘magis’, ‘ca’, ‘post’</em> (cf. Nascentes, 1955)<em>. </em>Para Neves (2000),<em> </em>‘nem’ tem o mesmo papel de ‘e’, ou seja, é uma conjunção que marca uma relação de adição entre segmentos negativos coordenados, com significado básico de “e também não”. Como se pode observar, a autora considera ‘nem’ um elemento complexo, indicando acréscimo por meio de ‘e’ e ‘também’, e negação, por meio de ‘não’. Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o estatuto desse elemento, utilizando o aparato teórico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), tendo como hipótese a de que ‘nem’, tal como ‘não’, representa, morfossintaticamente, o operador de polaridade negativa, acrescida, no entanto, de ênfase. Para isso, utiliza o córpus do Projeto PHPB, constituído de documentos escritos no Brasil, dos séculos XVII ao XX. Os dados analisados revelam que ‘nem’ pode ocorrer numa relação de justaposição entre atos discursivos, ou entre termos de diferentes categorias semânticas, e representa, além da negação, uma estratégia de intensificação, utilizada pelo Falante para atingir seu propósito comunicativo. </p><p> </p>
Orações concessivas prefaciadas por a pesar de e a pesar de que no espanhol peninsular falado: Factualidade, Pressuposição e Tempo de Referência à luz do funcionalismo
Authors: Garcia Talita Storti , Fante Bárbara Ribeiro 
Published: November 2016

<p>Este trabalho visa a descrever, tendo como base a teoria da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, as orações concessivas prefaciadas por <em>a pesar de (que)</em> no espanhol peninsular falado, com o objetivo de verificar em que medida os critérios Factualidade, Pressuposição e Tempos de Referência podem distinguir <em>a pesar de</em> e <em>a pesar de que</em> e como esses fatores podem ser reconhecidos na materialidade linguística dessas construções. O universo de investigação consiste no <em>corpus</em> do projeto PRESEEA (<em>Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolingüístico del Español de España y de América</em>) e no <em>corpus </em>do projeto CREA (<em>Corpus de Referencia del español actual. </em>Os resultados mostram que as orações prefaciadas por <em>a pesar de </em> tendem a veicular uma informação factual e pressuposta enquanto <em>a pesar de que</em> tende a apresentar uma informação também factual, porém pressuposta ou não-pressuposta. Com relação ao fator Tempo de Referência, observamos que, enquanto <em>a pesar de </em> apresenta Tempo de Referência Dependente, <em>a pesar de que </em>apresenta Tempo de Referência Independente.</p>
Divergências entre a construção passiva no português brasileiro e no inglês evidências de corpus oral
Authors: Guimarães Mara Passos , Souza Ricardo Augusto 
Published: November 2016

<p>A visão transformacional na construção passiva não é esgota todas as suas possibilidades. Neste estudo, propomos uma visão construcional da construção, na qual ela é tomada como entidade teórica independente. Apesar de sintaticamente congruente no português brasileiro (PB) e no inglês, esta construção não pode ser tomada como equivalente uma vez que o PB apresenta uma opcionalidade para alcance de efeitos semântico-pragmáticos que são obtidos no inglês apenas através da construção passiva. Considerando-a como construção dentro da Gramática de Construções (GOLDBERG, 1995; 2006), foi feita uma análise de frequência da construção em corpora de fala do português brasileiro e do inglês, na qual foi atestada uma diferença distribucional. Conjectura-se, então, que a passiva recupere representações construcionais distintas no PB e no inglês. </p>
Epêntese consonantal
Authors: Bisol Leda 
Published: November 2016

<p>O artigo diz respeito ao papel da epêntese consonantal no processo de formação de palavras. Examinam-se palavras terminadas em sufixos produtivos com fundamentos na teoria da otimidade, depreendendo-se a gramática básica da derivação com epêntese consonantal e as implicações relacionadas à especificidade de sufixos. Evidências justificam a entrada de uma consoante que não está presente na palavra base da derivação nem na forma original do sufixo, motivando este estudo. Explicam-se as exceções que fazem parte da gramática, assim como a binômio, palavra com epêntese e palavra com hiato, oriundo da mesma base e finaliza-se com a epêntese vocálica que se consonantiza. Neste estudo, emergem como regulares, /z/ e /r/ com preponderância de /z/ que ocorre com todos os sufixos em consideração, enquanto /r/ tem seus limites. </p><p>Palavras básicas: epêntese consonantal, hiato, restrição, fidelidade e marcação. </p>
„Kultūrinės atminties“ ir „komunikacinės atminties“ diskursai kaip Mariaus Katiliškio kūrybos intertekstai
Authors: Brazauskas Nerijus 
Published: November 2016

Straipsnyje tiriami kultūrinės atminties ir komunikacinės atminties diskursai kaip Mariaus Katiliškio kūrybos intertekstai, remiantis Jano Assmanno ir Maurice’o Halbwachso kolektyvinės atminties koncepcijomis, Renate’os Lachmann intertekstualumo samprata. Nagrinėjami pagrindiniai Katiliškio kūriniai, rašyti nuo 1931 m. iki 1975 m. imtinai. Žagarės miesto gyventojo kolektyvinės atminties diskursas yra pagrindinis ankstyvosios poetinės kūrybos intertekstas. Novelių ir apsakymų rinkiniuose intertekstiškai dominuoja komunikacinės atminties diskursas, kurį istoriniai įvykiai vėliau pavertė istorinės atminties diskursu. Katiliškio sukurti romanai analizuojami kolektyvinės, individualios ir asmeninės tapatybės aspektais. Tyrimas atskleidžia, kad kultūrinės atminties diskursas Katiliškio kūryboje yra intertekstas, aktualizuojantis ne tik kultūros atmintį, bet ir istorijos diskursą. Komunikacinės atminties diskursas meniniuose tekstuose yra autoriaus biografijos intertekstas. Minėtos atmintys literatūros kūriniuose yra intertekstai, konstruojantys atminties diskursą.
Refractive index sensing using ultrasonically crushed polymer optical fibers
Authors: Shimada Shumpei , Lee Heeyoung , Shizuka Makoto , Tanaka Hiroki , Hayashi Neisei , Matsumoto Yukihiro , Tanaka Yosuke , Nakamura Hitoshi , Mizuno Yosuke , Nakamura Kentaro 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We demonstrate power-based refractive index (RI) sensing using an ultrasonically crushed polymer optical fiber (POF). This structure can be easily and cost-effectively fabricated within a short time (i.e., ∼1 s) without the need to employ external heat sources or chemicals. The only requirement is to simply press a horn connected to an ultrasonic transducer against part of the POF. The RI dependence of the transmitted power shows linear trends in RI ranges of ∼1.32 to ∼1.36 [coefficient: −62 dB/RIU (RI unit)] and ∼1.40 to ∼1.44 (coefficient: −257 dB/RIU). The temperature dependence of the transmitted power is also investigated.
Two acceptor levels and hopping conduction in Mn-doped GaAs
Authors: Kajikawa Yasutomo 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
By analysing the experimental data of the temperature-dependent Hall-effect measurements, an additional acceptor level has been confirmed to exist in Mn-doped p-GaAs besides the isolated substitutional Mn acceptor level. It is found that, in most of the investigated samples, the room-temperature hole concentration is governed by the additional acceptor level rather than the isolated substitutional Mn acceptor level. The concentration of the additional acceptor level is found to increase almost in proportion to the square of the concentration of the isolated substitutional Mn acceptors, suggesting that the additional acceptor level is related to Mn dimers. This suggests that the ferromagnetism observed in more heavily Mn-doped GaAs may be attributed to Mn clusters. For some of the samples in which the characteristic of nearest-neighbour hopping conduction in the substitutional Mn acceptor impurity band is evident, the hopping activation energy is deduced and is proved to increase in proportion to the cube root of the concentration of the substitutional Mn acceptors.
Evaporation of an inkjet droplet on a flat substrate
Authors: Masuda Takashi , Shimoda Tatsuya 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Understanding the evaporation behavior of inkjet droplets has become increasingly important as printed electronic technology develops. In this study, the evaporation phenomena of a 5–6-pL droplet were studied. Four types of non-polar liquid droplets were prepared via the inkjet method and placed on substrates with small contact-angle hystereses. The observed contact radius and contact angle during evaporation were in good agreement with the theoretical model. This model, that of diffusion-controlled evaporation, was obtained based on a microliter droplet or bulk liquid wherein the evaporation was considered to be a quasi-steady state. The square of contact radius R decreased linearly with the evaporation time t, and the gradient of the R
2 vs t plot provided the diffusivity of vapor in the air. The experimentally obtained diffusivity values were helpful for estimating the evaporation speeds and times of droplets at any contact angle.
Development of geopolitically relevant ranking criteria for geoengineering methods
Authors: Boyd Philip W. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA decade has passed since Paul Crutzen published his editorial essay on the potential for stratospheric geoengineering to cool the climate in the Anthropocene. He synthesized the effects of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption on the planet's radiative budget and used this large‐scale event to broaden and deepen the debate on the challenges and opportunities of large‐scale geoengineering. Pinatubo had pronounced effects, both in the short and longer term (months to years), on the ocean, land, and the atmosphere. This rich set of data on how a large‐scale natural event influences many regional and global facets of the Earth System provides a comprehensive viewpoint to assess the wider ramifications of geoengineering. Here, I use the Pinatubo archives to develop a range of geopolitically relevant ranking criteria for a suite of different geoengineering approaches. The criteria focus on the spatial scales needed for geoengineering and whether large‐scale dispersal is a necessary requirement for a technique to deliver significant cooling or carbon dioxide reductions. These categories in turn inform whether geoengineering approaches are amenable to participation (the “democracy of geoengineering”) and whether they will lead to transboundary issues that could precipitate geopolitical conflicts. The criteria provide the requisite detail to demarcate different geoengineering approaches in the context of geopolitics. Hence, they offer another tool that can be used in the development of a more holistic approach to the debate on geoengineering.
Dissolved organic matter composition of Arctic rivers: Linking permafrost and parent material to riverine carbon
Authors: O'Donnell Jonathan A. , Aiken George R. , Swanson David K. , Panda Santosh , Butler Kenna D. , Baltensperger Andrew P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecent climate change in the Arctic is driving permafrost thaw, which has important implications for regional hydrology and global carbon dynamics. Permafrost is an important control on groundwater dynamics and the amount and chemical composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) transported by high‐latitude rivers. The consequences of permafrost thaw for riverine DOM dynamics will likely vary across space and time, due in part to spatial variation in ecosystem properties in Arctic watersheds. Here we examined watershed controls on DOM composition in 69 streams and rivers draining heterogeneous landscapes across a broad region of Arctic Alaska. We characterized DOM using bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, optical properties, and chemical fractionation and classified watersheds based on permafrost characteristics (mapping of parent material and ground ice content, modeling of thermal state) and ecotypes. Parent material and ground ice content significantly affected the amount and composition of DOM. DOC concentrations were higher in watersheds underlain by fine‐grained loess compared to watersheds underlain by coarse‐grained sand or shallow bedrock. DOC concentration was also higher in rivers draining ice‐rich landscapes compared to rivers draining ice‐poor landscapes. Similarly, specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254, an index of DOM aromaticity) values were highest in watersheds underlain by fine‐grained deposits or ice‐rich permafrost. We also observed differences in hydrophobic organic acids, hydrophilic compounds, and DOM fluorescence across watersheds. Both DOC concentration and SUVA254 were negatively correlated with watershed active layer thickness, as determined by high‐resolution permafrost modeling. Together, these findings highlight how spatial variations in permafrost physical and thermal properties can influence riverine DOM.
Scaling laws for coastal overwash morphology
Authors: Lazarus Eli D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOverwash is a physical process of coastal sediment transport driven by storm events and is essential to landscape resilience in low‐lying barrier environments. This work establishes a comprehensive set of scaling laws for overwash morphology: unifying quantitative descriptions with which to compare overwash features by their morphological attributes across case examples. Such scaling laws also help relate overwash features to other morphodynamic phenomena. Here morphometric data from a physical experiment are compared with data from natural examples of overwash features. The resulting scaling relationships indicate scale invariance spanning several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, these new relationships for overwash morphology align with classic scaling laws for fluvial drainages and alluvial fans.
A quasi‐global assessment of changes in remotely sensed rainfall extremes with temperature
Authors: Wasko C. , Parinussa R. M. , Sharma A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe dependence between extreme rainfall and temperature is used to understand climatic relationships, constrain model predictions, and evaluate future changes to rainfall. Understanding this dependence, however, is limited by the fact that many areas worldwide lack gauged data, particularly at short time scales. The advent of remote sensing allows a new insight into this dependence quasi‐globally. Here we address whether remotely sensed daily rainfall and temperature can be used in ungauged areas to understand extreme rainfall scaling with temperature. Using the multisensor Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 (v7) rainfall product and remotely sensed air temperature, we examine the spatial homogeneity in remotely sensed rainfall scaling with temperature and demonstrate that it replicates the spatial variation in the scaling observed in ground data. Finally, changes to duration and percentile are examined showing that the scaling response is climatologically sensitive.