bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENERAPAN PRINSIP “KEPENTINGAN TERBAIK BAGI ANAK” DALAM KASUS TINDAK PIDANA NARKOTIKA
Authors: Ohoiwutun Y. A. Triana , Samsudi Samsudi 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRAKPutusan Nomor 229/Pid.B/2012/PN.Jpr memutuskan sanksi pidana penjara terhadap anak pengguna narkotika, tanpa disertai tindakan rehabilitasi medis dan rehabilitasi sosial. Kewajiban pemeriksaan dokter ahli jiwa untuk menentukan urgensi tindakan rehabilitasi telah dikesampingkan oleh hakim di dalam memutus kasus. Permasalahan yang dikaji meliputi urgensi keterangan ahli dalam pemeriksaan ajudikasi tindak pidana narkotika dan aplikasi prinsip "kepentingan terbaik bagi anak" dalam penjatuhan sanksi terhadap anak pengguna narkotika. Metode penulisan berbasis pada penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan sumber data sekunder. Data penelitian berupa bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier. Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif, yaitu penelitian hukum kualitatif (qualitative-legal research). Penjatuhan sanksi pidana penjara tanpa tindakan rehabilitasi terhadap anak pengguna narkotika tidak sejalan dengan tujuan pemidanaan. Prinsip individualisasi pidana dan prinsip double track system sebenarnya dapat diterapkan dalam kasus tindak pidana narkotika oleh pelaku anak. Hakim dalam menjatuhkan sanksi terhadap anak seharusnya berorientasi pada prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak, sehingga pemidanaan terhadap anak, khususnya pidana perampasan kemerdekaan digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir (ultimum remedium).Kata kunci: keterangan ahli, pertanggungjawaban pidana, hukum pembuktian. ABSTRACTThe Court Decision Number 229/Pid.B/2012/PN.Jpr imposed sanctions of imprisonment against the children of drug users without any of medical and social rehabilitation measures. The provision on the examination of the psychiatrist to settle on the urgency of rehabilitation measures have been ruled out by the judges in deciding the case. The problems outlined embrace the urgency of testifying expert witnesses in the adjudication of narcotic crime case and the implementation of the "best interests of the child" measure in the imposition of sanction on the children of drug users. The analytical method used is based on normative legal research using secondary data sources. The research data are in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The data were analyzed qualitatively through a method of qualitative legal research. Imposing sanction of imprisonment with no rehabilitation measures on the children of drug users is inconsistent with the objective of sentencing. The principle of individualization of punishment and double track system can actually be implemented in the case of narcotic crime involving children offender. The judge in imposing sanctions on the children should be oriented to the measure of best interests of children, so that conviction for a criminal offence against children, particularly deprivation of liberty is done as a last resort (ultimum remedium).Keywords: expert witnesses, criminal responsibility, rules of evidence.
PROBLEM MELINDUNGI HAK BERAGAMA DAN BERKEYAKINAN BAGI KELOMPOK MINORITAS MELALUI PENGADILAN
Authors: Wijaya Endra 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRAKJaminan terhadap hak untuk memeluk agama dan keyakinan sudah dijamin melalui konstitusi Indonesia, tapi jaminan konstitusional itu belumlah cukup. Penegakan hak untuk memeluk agama dan keyakinan masih perlu didukung dengan instrumen hukum lainnya, dan salah satunya ialah putusan pengadilan. Dalam konteks seperti itu, maka keberadaan Putusan Nomor 69/PID.B/2012/PN.SPG menarik untuk dicermati. Putusan tersebut berkaitan erat dengan isu penegakan hak untuk memeluk agama dan keyakinan di Indonesia, terutama bagi kelompok minoritas. Fokus permasalahan dalam tulisan ini akan diarahkan kepada persoalan bagaimanakah substansi Putusan Nomor 69/PID.B/2012/PN.SPG dilihat dari perspektif penegakan hak asasi manusia, khususnya hak asasi manusia untuk secara bebas (tanpa tekanan) memilih dan memeluk suatu agama dan keyakinan. Dalam melakukan analisis, penulis menggunakan metode kajian kepustakaan dengan bersandar pada data sekunder. Analisis akan dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan metode pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan metode pendekatan konseptual. Kesimpulan yang didapat dari analisis ialah bahwa Putusan Nomor 69/PID.B/2012/PN.SPG cenderung masih berupaya mencapai aspek keadilan prosedural. Semangat untuk mengedepankan penegakan hak asasi manusia, khususnya hak beragama dan berkeyakinan bagi kelompok minoritas, tidak tampak dalam putusan tersebut.Kata kunci: hak beragama dan berkeyakinan, kelompok minoritas, putusan pengadilan. ABSTRACTThe rights to freedom of religion and belief has been guaranteed under the Indonesian Constitution, although it is not enough. Enforcement of the right to religion and belief still needs to be supported by other legal instruments, one of which is the court ruling. In that context, Court Decision Number 69/PID.B/2012/PN.SPG is interesting to study. Decision Number 69/PID.B/2012/PN.SPG is closely related to the issue of enforcing the right to embrace religion and belief in Indonesia, especially for minority groups. The focus of the problem in this paper leads to the question of how the substance of Court Decision Number 69/PID.B/2012/PN.SPG is viewed from the perspective of human rights enforcement, especially the rights to freedom (without pressure) of religion and belief. The method of analysis employed is literature study by relying on secondary data. The analysis is conducted qualitatively by the legislation and conceptual approach. From the analysis largely it can be concluded that Court Decision Number 69/PID.B/2012/PN.SPG still tends to grasp the aspect of procedural justice. The spirit to encourage human rights enforcement, especially religious rights for minority groups is not evident in the decision.Keywords: the right to freedom of religion and belief, minority, court decision.
PEMBUKTIAN TINDAK PIDANA PENCUCIAN UANG TANPA DAKWAAN TINDAK PIDANA ASAL
Authors: Halif Halif 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRAKDalam surat dakwaan Putusan Nomor 57/PID.SUS/2014/PN.SLR, penuntut umum mendakwa dengan pasal tindak pidana pencucian uang tanpa bersamaan dengan pasal tindak pidana asal, sebagaimana diatur secara limitatif dalam Pasal 2 Undang-Undang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang. Hal yang demikian berdampak kepada hakim dalam membuktikan unsur tindak pidana pencucian uang yang diketahui atau patut diduga hasil dari tindak pidana asal. Permasalahan yang menarik untuk dianalisis adalah 1) mengapa penentuan bentuk dakwaan menjadi penting dalam tindak pidana pencucian uang?; dan 2) bagaimanakah hakim membuktikan unsur tindak pidana pencucian uang jika tindak pidana asal tidak didakwakan? Untuk menganalisis permasalahan tersebut digunakanlah metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Penentuan bentuk dakwaan dalam tindak pidana pencucian uang menjadi dasar bagi hakim untuk menentukan sistem pembuktian dalam membuktikan unsur. Dengan pembuktian yang tepat hakim dapat membuktikan unsur tindak pidana pencucian uang. Oleh karena itu, penyusunan surat dakwaan yang tepat dalam tindak pidana pencucian uang menjadi hal yang sangat penting.Kata kunci: pencucian uang, dakwaan, pembuktian. ABSTRACTIn the accusation of Court Decision Number 57/PID.SUS/2014/PN.SLR, the prosecutor filed the accusation with the article of money laundering crime without referring to the article on the predicate crime, as regulated in Article 2 of Law on Money Laundering Crime. Such matters affect the judges in proving the elements of money laundering crime known or reasonably suspected to be the result of a predicate crime. Issues of interest to review in the analysis are: 1) why does determining the form of the accusation play important role in the money laundering crime? and 2) how does the judge prove the element of money laundering crime if the predicate crime is not accused? To analyse these problems, the juridical-normative method with legislative and conceptual approaches was used in this analysis. The accusation form determination in money laundering crime becomes the basis for the judge to determine the proof system in proving the element. With the precise proof the judge can prove the element of money laundering crime. It is therefore vey important to precisely write the accusation letter in the money laundering crime. However in proving the money laundering crime the predicate crime should be proved first. Keywords: money laundering, accusation, proof.
Effect of Number of Wire Mesh Layers and Depth Ratio on Ultimate Shear Force for Monopanel Beam Specimens
Authors: Al-Talqany Faris J. 
Published: December 2017

A monopanel is the system building witch consists of two thin ferrocement block as a faces and between them a bushy layer of low strength, density and cost as a core made from lightweight material for example from polystyrene foam as using in this investigation or any material as an insulation .
The simple structural idealization of a monopanel system is that the core provides transverse trusses between the faces that prevent flexural ,shear force and compression. Transverse trusses made of steel bars having a diameter of 3.2 mm, which make available as tie reinforcement to prevent the thin ferrocement skins from local buckling, have been used in the present work. These transfer system consist of two longitudinal bars connected by inclined steel bar forming trusses shape making an angle equals to 60o with the longitudinal bars.
The main object of this research is to present an experimental investigation on the behavior and load carrying capacity of monopanel beams. The experimental work includes testing six groups of monopanel beams, and has been investigated the effect of a different depths of monopanel beams and number of layer of wire mesh of skin faces (one or two layers ) on the behavior and the ultimate load capacity. Also comparison of these results with the ACI code 318M-08 formulations have been made.
The Rhythm of Divorce by The Wife is A Legal Study of Sussio in the City of Diwaniya
Authors: حنيوي وسن حمودي 
Published: December 2017

Divorce as a form of familial dissociation has occupied an important position in the issues of modern societies . For it has influential effect on the stability of the family and social building that women are considered the backbone of it . The Iraqi society like all societies ,is suffering today from the increase in the rates of divorce ,statistics show that women hold the big part in the issue of divorce. Women either go to court and ask for a lawyer to go through divorce or ask directly from their husbunds for divorce giving up all her rights . this makes women being the first to ask for divorce which was proved by the personal status courts . Beacuase of the danger of such phenomena this study tries to shed light on the reasons behind it through investigating and interviewing (125)divorced women in the city of Al- Dewniya the study is divided into two sections . the first section is concerned with the theoretical part which contains three chapter one deals with the definition, limitation and the problem of the study . The second chapter shows the right for women to ask for divorce throughout xhistory .The last chapter deals with the reasons behind the women asking for divorce.
The second section deals with the practical side of the study Chapter one is all about the social research methodology while the second chapter is concerned with the analysis and discussion of the results that were obtained through the interview . Results of the study showed important facts concerning this very serious issue some of them are
1.there is a relation between early marriage and the increase in the rates of divorce among women who asked fmooor it less than age 18 .
2.the effect of the family is not only on determining their daughters marriages but also their divorced .
3.the reasons behind women asking for divorce were a lot but the most prominent one 100% was the abuse wives witness by their husbands . then the husbands being reluctant to bay expenditure, also the husband practicing harmful behavior like drinking alcohol and drugs and marital cheating .
4.Results also proved that wives asking for divorce in the courts had already tried a lot to settle out their problems trying to come to a compromise in a friendly way .
Finally the study had some recommendations like a total review is very urgent for the personal status legislation especially laws concerning family abuse against wives , putting laws against early marriage ,putting laws against polygamy and increasing incomes of those who are poor.
Polychaetes of Greece: an updated and annotated checklist
Authors: Faulwetter Sarah , Simboura Nomiki , Katsiaras Nikolaos , Chatzigeorgiou Giorgos , Arvanitidis Christos 
Published: December 2017

The last annotated checklist of marine polychaetes in Greece was published in 2001. Since then, global taxonomic progress, combined with many new species records for Greece, required a thorough review of the taxonomic, nomenclatural and biogeographic status of the national species list. This checklist revises the status of all extant polychaete species reported from the Greek Exclusive Economic Zone since 1832. The work was undertaken as part of the efforts on compiling a national species inventory (Greek Taxon Information System initiative) in the framework of the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure.
This checklist comprises an updated and annotated inventory of polychaete species in Greek waters, compiled from literature reports, online databases, museum collections and unpublished datasets. The list provides information on 836 species-level taxa from Greece, of which 142 are considered questionable. An additional 84 species reported in the past are currently considered absent from Greece; reasons for the exclusion of each species are given. Fourteen species are reported here for the first time from Greek waters. At least 52 species in the present list constitute in fact a complex of cryptic or pseudo-cryptic species. Forty-seven species are considered non-native to the area. In addition to the species-level taxa reported in this checklist, eleven genera have been recorded from Greece with no representatives identified to species level. One replacement name is introduced. For each species, a comprehensive bibliographic list of occurrence records in Greece and the synonyms used in these publications are provided as supplementary material. Where necessary, the taxonomic, nomenclatural or biogeographic status is discussed. Finally, the findings are discussed in the wider context of Mediterranean polychaete biogeography, taxonomic practice and worldwide research progress.
Aménager, subvertir et contester l’ordre électoral
Authors: Mitsushima Nagisa 
Published: December 2017

Paris, 1815 : l’introduction du suffrage bouleverse les mécanismes de domination. L’article montre le rôle qu’a eu en France la philanthropie dans l’acclimatation du système représentatif, tant pour le roi qui cherche à ménager ses aristocraties dans ce moment d’incertitude que pour l’aristocratie libérale qui s’en saisit pour subvertir l’ordre électoral. Mode d’action privilégié de la haute noblesse, la philanthropie devient, dans un contexte de radicalisation partisane, une modalité essentielle de la contestation.
Corps travaillés dans la lutte. Fabriquer des lutteurs de làmb à Dakar
Authors: Fanoli Francesco 
Published: December 2017

Cet article vise à dépasser une distinction simpliste entre aspects « mystiques » et pragmatiques des « techniques du corps » des lutteurs de làmb (lutte avec frappe) à Dakar, en saisissant leurs effets en termes de subjectivation. En décrivant des stratégies de contrôle de l’incorporation des puissances externes (alliés et forces « mystiques ») et de la circulation des informations sensibles, des prises de lutte et des pratiques de l’« invisible » mises en œuvre par les membres d’une écurie (gymnase d’entraînement), nous saisirons l’imbrication entre ces deux aspects. Enfin, nous examinerons la contribution de ces techniques à la production de dispositions et de contraintes morales centrales dans le monde de la lutte avec frappe.
Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus & West Nile virus in Alappuzha district, Kerala
Authors: Balakrishnan Anukumar , Thekkekare Romy Jose , Sapkal Gajanan , Tandale Babasaheb V. 
Published: December 2017

Background & objectives:
Several outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) have been reported in Alappuzha district, Kerala State, India, in the past. The aetiology of these outbreaks was either inconclusive or concluded as probable Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection based on clinical presentation. The role of West Nile virus (WNV) in AES outbreaks was also determined. However, the extent of WNV infection has not been studied in this region previously. A population-based cross-sectional serosurvey study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of JEV and WNV in Alappuzha district.

Methods:
A total of 30 clusters were identified from 12 blocks and five municipalities as per the probability proportional to size sampling method. A total of 1125 samples were collected from all age groups. A microneutralization assay was performed to estimate the prevalence of JEV and WNV neutralizing antibodies in the sample population.

Results:
Of 1125 serum samples tested, 235 [21.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 15.2-27.8%] and 179 (15.9%, 95% CI: 9.6-22.3%) were positive for neutralizing antibodies against WNV and JEV, respectively. In addition, 411 (34.5%, 95% CI: 26.7-42.2%) were positive for cross-reactive antibodies against flaviviruses.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The study showed the seroprevalence of WNV and JEV antibodies in the surveyed area and the WNV seroprevalence was greater than JEV. It is necessary to create awareness in public and adopt suitable policy to control these diseases.
Coexistence of metallo-beta-lactamase-encoding genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Mohanam Lavanya , Menon Thangam 
Published: December 2017

Background & objectives:
The emergence and rapid spread of carbapenem resistance mediated by metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is of major concern due to limited therapeutic options. This study was aimed at detecting the presence of MBL and its association with integrons in imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates and to determine their genetic relatedness.

Methods:
A total of 213 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from two tertiary care centres and tested against anti-pseudomonal antibiotics by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, followed by the detection of MBL production by combined disk method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of meropenem was determined by E-test. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for the detection of bla
SPM
, bla
IMP, bla
VIM, bla
NDM, bla
GIM and bla
SIM. PCR was carried out to characterize the variable region of class 1 integron. Transcongujation assay was carried out for the confirmation of plasmid-mediated resistance. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC)-PCR was performed for determining the genetic relatedness among P. aeruginosa isolates.

Results:
Of the 213 P. aeruginosa isolates, 22 (10%) were found to be carbapenem resistant and these were from pus 18 (82%), urine 2 (9%), sputum 1 (5%) and tracheal wash 1 (5%). Among 22 isolates, 18 (81.8%) were found to be MBL producers by phenotypic method and MIC range of meropenem was 8 to >32 µg/ml. PCR amplification showed that 20 (91%) isolates carried any one of the MBL genes tested: bla
VIM and bla
NDM in seven (32%) and six (27%) isolates, respectively; bla
VIM and bla
NDM in three (14%); bla
IMP and bla
NDM in two (9%); bla
VIM and bla
IMP in one (5%) isolate. The bla
VIM, bla
IMP and bla
NDM were found to co-exist in one isolate. None of the isolates were positive for bla
SPM, bla
SIM and bla
GIM. All 22 isolates carried class I integron. Of the 20 MBL-positive isolates, transconjugants were obtained for 15 isolates. ERIC-PCR analysis showed all isolates to be clonally independent.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Our results showed 10.3 per cent of carbapenem resistance among P. aeruginosa isolates, and the coexistence of MBL-encoding genes among P. aeruginosa mediated by class I integron.
Characterization of antimicrobial resistance markers & their stability in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi
Authors: Kumar Yashwant , Sharma Anshu , Mani Kavaratty Raju 
Published: December 2017

Background & objectives:
Typhoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing countries including India. Resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents is an emerging global problem that has serious impact on the treatment of disease. There are many factors associated with the emergence of resistance. Most important of them is the acquisition and further transmission and spread of resistance markers among various bacterial species. Therefore, we conducted this study to characterize the resistance plasmids in terms of their transferability and stability among Salmonella
enterica serovar Typhi.

Methods:
Six multidrug-resistant S. Typhi isolates were evaluated for the stability and transfer of resistance markers. The resistance plasmids were also checked for the presence of RepHI1A replicon.

Results:
All resistance markers were found to be transferred to the recipient through conjugation and transformation, except for nalidixic acid. None of the resistance plasmid was found to harbour RepHI1A replicon and therefore, did not belong to incompatibility group IncHI1. Resistance markers were found to be highly stable in all the isolates during serial passages and storage as stab cultures at different temperatures for different time periods.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Resistance markers for chloramphenicol, ampicillin, streptomycin and trimethoprim were transferred through conjugation as well as transformation whereas that for nalidixic acid was not transferred in any of the isolates. Markers for chloramphenicol and streptomycin resistance were found to be most stable during various storage conditions. Presence of small-sized non-IncHI1 resistance plasmids is a matter of concern due to their capability to exist inside the host, thereby increasing the possibility of their transmission and spread among S. Typhi and other bacterial species.