bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The first cataract surgery
Authors: Grzybowski A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe couching technique was the predominant procedure to surgically remove cataracts until the 18th century, when Jacques Daviel introduced the extracapsular technique of extraction. The exact time of couching introduction is unknown, although Sushruta has been pointed for many years as its pioneer and the one who firstly described it. However, the first clear mention of this procedure comes from non‐ophthalmologist, the Greek stoic Chrysippus in the third century BC. There is no proof that cataract surgery was performed in ancient Egypt, although our present knowledge on ancient Egypt medicine is rather scarce. Sushruta also described the technique of extraocular evacuation of cortical masses with Valsalva maneuver, and later in the Middle Ages, some Arab physicians tried to aspirate the opaque lens by means of a glass tube following a paracentesis.
Antibiotics in intravitreal injections
Authors: Grzybowski A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryEndophthalmitis following intravitreal injection is uncommon. It was shown in several retrospective studies that pre‐injection and post‐injection antibiotic treatment was not supported by sufficient evidence of efficacy, and may in fact increase the rate of endophthalmitis. It is of increasing awareness that antibiotic use causes antibiotic resistance and that globally antibiotics are overused in different fields of medicine, including ophthalmology. This may lead to loss of activity of major antibiotics and inability to use them in future, increase in multidrug resistance, increase in infections caused by antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, and increase in health‐care costs. It was shown in several studies that repeated use of topical antibiotics lead to increase of antibiotic resistance in conjunctival flora and the use of antibiotics might be related with increased risk of endophthalmitis caused by resistant bacteria. Concluding, antiseptics (specifically povidone‐iodine), rather than antibiotics, are preferred for the majority of patients undergoing intravitreal injections.
Controversies in the use of antibiotics
Authors: Grzybowski A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPostoperative endophthalmitis is an uncommon but potentially sight‐threatening complication of cataract surgery. Antibiotics have been used before, during or after surgery and delivered by various routes, including topical, subconjunctival, in the irrigating solution, or by bolus intracameral injection in an attempt to decrease the rates of endophthalmitis. There are also controversies regarding the antibiotic to be used, even when one route of administration is considered. Since there are relatively few randomized clinical trials comparing the timing and administration of prophylactic antibiotics, there are wide variations in prevention practices around the world.
Yag laser glaucoma treatments; iridotomies and beyond
Authors: Crawley L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryYAG lasers have a multitude of uses in the glaucoma patient beyond capsulotomy and iridotomy. In this session we will discuss how YAG can optimize Tube flow, its role in managing misdirection and how and when to use it in manipulating iris tissue in compromised drainage angles.
Introduction to ultrahigh‐resolution OCT
Authors: Werkmeister R. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryVarious diseases can have significant effects on morphological and functional aspects of the anterior segment of the eye. These may include alterations in corneal anatomy, i.e. changes in thickness of epithelium and Bowman's layer, structural changes in the anterior chamber and aqueous outflow system or alterations in tear film thickness and tear secretion.Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non‐invasive optical imaging modality enabling cross‐sectional in vivo imaging of internal microstructure in biological tissues. However, commercially available OCT technology sometimes does not provide sufficient resolution for in vivo visualization of the fine anatomy of the anterior eye segment. In this talk, an ultrahigh‐resolution OCT system that is based on a Titanium:Sapphire laser and provides an axial resolution below 2 μm is introduced. It allows in vivo imaging the anatomy of the cornea, limbal and scleral region as well as the structure of the lens with unprecedented richness of detail and resolution. Furthermore, the precorneal tear film can be visualized.The technology might have considerable potential for both the diagnosis and the investigation of surgical outcome in various ocular diseases.
Cytogenetic or molecular analysis for prognosis?
Authors: Jager M.J. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPrognostication in uveal melanoma can have several functions: to advice the patient, to council patients with regard to monitoring, and to stratify patients in trials. Scientifically, determination of the parameters that define the development of metastases is of interest to understand tumour behaviour and develop treatments.The behaviour of tumor cells is related to changes at the DNA level, which lead to differences in mRNA, lncRNA, miRNA, and protein expression. A variety of tests using different technical platforms identify these differences, and can, after validation, be used for prognostication. Commonly‐used tests use the chromosome status (chrom 3, 8q), or the RNA expression pattern (Class 1 and 2). Expression of BAP1 can also be used. Some patients with low risk uveal melanoma also develop metastases, and these have been associated with the presence of extra copies of chromosome 8q, and with a specific marker, PRAME.The biological pathways that lead to metastases are still under investigation, although it is clear that a combination of loss of one chromosome 3 and loss of expression of BAP1 on the other chromosome 3 plays an important role in this pathway.
You Tube: Different tubes for different glaucomas: XEN
Authors: Arciniegas‐Perasso C.A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBased on current evidence and clinical experience, this part of the SIS aims to introduce the participant into XEN tube glaucoma surgery.Indications and contraindications, as well as the recommended preparation (anesthesia, mitomycin C use, instruments) will be reviewed.The surgical technique will be considered from a step‐by‐step approach. Important surgical and clinical tips to make it easier to start with this device will be presented as a troubleshooting guide.
Causes of night blindness
Authors: Leroy B. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPurposeTo describe the causes of both genetically determined and acquired night blindness.MethodsA case presentation format will be used to illustrate different genetically determined and acquired conditions leading to night blindness. Both clinical and electrophysiological phenotypes as well as genotypes will be discussed.ResultsPhenotypes and genotypes of genetically determined diseases leading to night blindness are very different. An important distinction to be made is the one between stationary and progressive diseases. Indeed, other than night blindness the visual outcome differs considerably between different conditions.ConclusionsThe causes of night blindness are diverse. Taking a thorough history in combination with an extensive clinical examination and psychophysical and electrophysiological tests most often allows a to make a specific diagnosis. Acquired conditions are generally treatable, and should be differentiated from those that are inherited. For genetic disease, it is important to distinguish between progressive and stationary conditions.
Controversies between retinal dystrophies and uveitis – the point of view of the retina specialist: does electrophysiology help?
Authors: Leroy B. , Holder G. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPurposeTo describe cases in which both genetically determined and acquired inflammatory retinal disease can be suspected.MethodsA case presentation format will be used to illustrate different genetically determined and acquired conditions leading to similar phenotypes of retinal dysfunction.ResultsPhenotypes of genetically determined diseases can mimic and overlap those of acquired conditions of the inflammatory and paraneoplastic type. Using a combination of detailed patient history taking, specialized imaging, psychophysics and electrophysiology, disease in most patients can be classified as either probably genetic or acquired.ConclusionsTaking a thorough history in combination with an extensive clinical examination and psychophysical and electrophysiological tests most often allows to make a specific diagnosis, although an exact diagnosis in some cases remains elusive. The presentation will examine various aspects of inflammatory and inherited disease using a case based approach. The similarities and differences between the electrophysiology of retinal dystrophies and inflammatory disorders will be discussed. The particular role of electrophysiology in the management of birdshot retinochoroidopathy, a disorder with an unpredictable course that is highly variable from patient to patient, will be addressed; ERG data are used to monitor the efficacy of treatment and facilitate management decisions in relation to treatment dose and nature. True unilateral retinitis pigmentosa is rare but exists; the topic of unilateral pigmentary retinopathy, which can often be post‐inflammatory, will also be examined.
How to succeed with grant applications?
Authors: Danielson P. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryTo accomplish scientific breakthroughs, all researchers are dependent on funding to support their studies. Without funding, not even the best idea or the most thrilling hypothesis will ever be tested. In a climate of increasing competition for grants, the art of forcefully conveying the message of one's research in a proposal, and making the funders understand its importance, is becoming more and more crucial for any researcher. Not least clinician‐scientists, having to confront competition for grants from full‐time researchers that are not torn from their projects by ‘distractions’ like clinical work, face an ever increasing challenge in getting their research funded. This brief tutorial talk will share some insight in the art of writing grant proposals and highlight some tricks and tips for the first‐time applicant as well as more experienced writers of grants.
Magnetized nanoparticles for transfection of the corneal endothelium
Authors: Fuchsluger T. , Mykhailyk O. , Christian P. , Singer B. , Czugala M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis talk will present principles of transfection of corneal cells with magnetized nanoparticles. Transfecton efficiencies, particles preparations, apoptosis induction and functional approaches will be discussed. In addition, translational aspects will be highlighted.
Classification of uveitis
Authors: Androudi S. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryClassification and standardization of uveitis is important, as it enhances the precision and comparability of clinical research from different centers and assists in the development of a complete picture of the course of the disorders and their response to treatment. Uveitis may be classified in a number of ways, according to several systems and multiple descriptors. The uveitis classification includes anterior uveitis (iritis, iridocyclitis, and anterior cyclitis), intermediate uveitis (pars planitis, posterior cyclitis, and hyalitis), posterior uveitis (focal, multifocal, or diffuse choroiditis, chorioretinitis, retinitis, and neuroretinitis) or panuveitis (anterior chamber, vitreous, retina, and choroid).Today's uveitis nomenclature has been revised regarding the anatomical location and the grade of inflammation, and supplemented by the inclusion of definitions for onset, duration and course. While helpful for clinical practice and clinical trials, further work still needs to be carried out concentrating on validated clinical assessment tools for activity and damage for common, specific uveitic entities.
Prevention of retinal detachment
Authors: Stangos A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryRhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is usually caused by peripheral retinal breaks related to anomalous posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). A smaller percentage is caused by atrophic retinal holes or traumatic dialysis of the ora serrata in the absence of a PVD. Although RRD affects only a small percentage of the general population, it can cause significant vision loss. A 5–10% of retinal reattachment attempts may fail whereas only half of the eyes with reattached retinas will maintain ≥ 20/50 vision. Furthermore, RRD repair harbours complications such as endophthalmitis, cataracts and diplopia. Prevention of RRD is therefore important. In this course we will explore the risk factors predisposing to RRD and will discuss preventive measures.
The E3 consortium – European eye epidemiology
Authors: Delcourt C. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe European Eye Epidemiology (E3) consortium is a recently formed consortium of 32 groups from 13 European countries. It already comprises more than 40 studies (population‐based, case‐control, cases only, randomized trials), providing ophthalmological data on more than 170,000 European participants. The aim of the consortium is to promote and sustain collaboration and sharing of data and knowledge in the field of ophthalmic epidemiology in Europe, with particular focus on the harmonization of methods for future research, estimation and projection of frequency and impact of visual outcomes in European populations (including temporal trends and European subregions), identification of risk factors and pathways for eye diseases and development and validation of prediction models for eye diseases. Coordinating these existing data will allow a detailed study of the risk factors and consequences of visual impairment and eye diseases, including study of international geographical variation which is not possible in individual studies. Most studies also include biobanks of various biological samples, which will enable identification of biomarkers to detect and predict occurrence and progression of eye diseases.
Indications and interpretation of various imaging techniques
Authors: Zografos L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryA large variety of imaging techniques are used in ocular oncology in order to document intraocular tumors.The imaging of choroidal and retinal tumors is obtained either by digital or by scanning laser fundus cameras. Panoramic fundus pictures are obtained both with transpupillary or transscleral illumination.Standard fluoresceine angiography and ICG as well as panoramic angiography (102°–150°) are used according to the location of the tumors and the extend of the serous retinal detachment, in order to document the integrity of the outer and inner blood retinal barrier as well as the presence of retinal ischemia.Retinal thickness, and serous retinal detachment in the macular area are studied with b‐mode OCT and OCT ‘en face’.More recently, OCT‐A provide useful informations on irradiation induced damage of the macula and optic disc.The more appropriate technique has to be always used in order to obtain the best quality of imaging and avoid diagnostic errors.
Controversies between retinal dystrophies and uveitis – the point of view of the uveitis specialist: does retinal antibody detection help?
Authors: Willermain F. , Draganova D. , Leroy B.P. , Caspers L. , Postelmans L. , Corazza F. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryMany diseases, presumed to be mediated by autoimmune mechanisms, may have clinical picture suggestive of retinal dystrophies. The paradigm of such cases is illustrated by cancer associated retinopathies. However the spectrum of antibody mediated retinopathy is expanding and non neoplastic forms are grouped under the name autoimmune retinopathy (AIR). However, the difficulties to demonstrate the presence of retinal antibodies, as well as their presence in control and retinal dystrophy patients render the diagnosis very challenging. In this talk, we will, through case reports, illustrate the potential usefulness and pitfalls of antiretinal antibody search in the management of such cases.
Imaging of corneal lesions and wound healing
Authors: Schmidl D. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryNew techniques, such as ultrahigh‐resolution optical coherence tomography allow for the noninvasive, objective assessment of the anterior segment of the eye. It also provides the possibility for longitudinal follow‐up of changes in the corneal structure, allowing for monitoring of affected patients. In the present talk, examples for the application of this technique in corneal lesions, such as abrasions or infiltrates, will be given and possible applications in clinical practice will be discussed.
OCT angiography in mitochondrial optic neuropathies
Authors: Barboni P. , Balducci N. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWe evaluated peripapillar and optic disc vessel density (VD) in mitochondrial optic neuropathies (MON) and we correlated them with functional and anatomical parameters. Patients affected by Dominant optic atrophy (DOA), Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy at the acute stage (LHONa), at the chronic stage (LHONch) and carriers (LHONc) were analyzed. Different changes in VD were detected in patients affected by MON and were correlated with different stages of the disease and with functional and structural parameters. VD could be a useful parameter for the monitoring of the disease and of the future therapeutic approaches.
Update on the 8th Edition TNM staging system for conjunctival tumours
Authors: Coupland S. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis presentation will provide an update on the 8th Edition of the Tumor Node and Metastasis (TNM) system for malignant tumours of the conjunctiva, which can be broadly grouped into conjunctival carcinomas and melanomas. The 8th Edition of the TNM staging of these tumours is presently being finalised by members of the Ophthalmic Oncology Tumour Force, a mixed and experienced international group of ophthalmologists, oncologists and pathologists who have extensively reviewed evidence in the literature to improve upon the 7th TNM Edition. Following sign‐off by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), the 8th Edition for all tumours, including those pertaining to the eye, the ocular adnexa and the orbit, will be available in the Autumn of this year, around the time of the EVER meeting.
Fundamental principals and applied biophysics
Authors: Marques‐Neves C. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPascal tonometry is a pressure sensor, made by a piezoresistive mycrocristal mounted on a concave tonometer, thus allowing a minimal contact with the anterior surface of the cornea. This design is meant to minimize the impact of the corneal components in the measurement of the transmural pressure. Carrying a weight of approximately 1 g, the tonometer itself has 7 mm in diameter with the crystal occupying the central 1.2 mm. Its 100 Hz reading rate allows a continuous pressure measurement which can be influenced by a number of variables ranging from axial length, to corneal elasticity.
Pharmacological restoration of transparency in cataract
Authors: Makley L. , Andley U. , Gestwicki J. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryCataracts are the leading cause of blindness in the world, currently treatable only with surgery. The molecular chaperone α‐crystallin helps to maintain the transparency of the crystallin lens. The soluble fraction of this protein decreases with aging, a phenomenon that is associated with presbyopia and age‐related cataract. Moreover, destabilizing mutations in α‐crystallin are associated with early onset, hereditary cataract. We hypothesized that a ligand that binds and stabilizes α‐crystallin may prevent its aggregation, representing a strategy for preventing or even treating cataract. We developed computational and experimental high‐throughput screening techniques to identify small molecule ligands for α‐crystallin. These molecules prevented and reversed protein aggregation and improved lens transparency when dosed to mice with cataracts. The presentation will include a discussion of the potential of the molecular chaperone α‐crystallin as a target for therapeutic intervention in cataracts. The safety, efficacy, bioavailability, and mechanism of the active compounds will be discussed, along with considerations of how a potential pharmacological intervention might complement the existing surgical treatment paradigm.
Endoscopic laser‐ a direct view on the direct view
Authors: Bloom P. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWith the current direction of travel towards Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS), Endoscopic laser Cycle‐Photocoagulation (ECP) is enjoying a resurgence in popularity. Is this justified given examination of issues of safety and efficacy? Is there still a place for trans‐scleral CP? This presentation will answer these questions and more, in a practical yet evidence‐based manner.
The review process – reviewer friend or foe?
Authors: Pleyer U. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAll – authors, reviewers, editors and publishers and reader – play their role in scientific publishing. Since the peer review system still is the dominant component of scientific publishing, editor and reviewer are key players in the manuscript processing system. The role of the reviewer is well defined and critical for the selection process. She/he is committed to support the editor's decision and selection which manuscript is suitable for publication – and which is not….. Since the number of manuscript submissions continues to grow, the quality of the peer‐review process are the key to support the journal's reputation and its standing in the field.This presentation will not only focus on the role of the reviewer, but also raise the question how to become an active member of the peer‐review process.
Proteomics of tear fluid
Authors: Beuerman R. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe tear film overlying the delicate ocular surface epithelial cells are a complex extra‐cellular fluid with components from the orbital and accessory lacrimal glands, ocular surface epithelial cells, goblet cells, Meibomium glands and as an ultrafiltrate of the blood. Molecular information regarding the health of the ocular surface is reflected in both the quantity and quality of the tear constituents. Moreover, this information can be acquired quantitatively and used for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of ocular surface disease and can be used as biomarkers for precision medicine. Recent studies have shown that the tear proteome contains over 1,500 identifiable proteins. Highly abundant proteins include lysozyme, lactoferrin, lipocalin, lacritin, and the proline rich proteins. The tear proteome is clearly shown not to be a simple reflection of the blood. As an extracellular fluid, inflammation is revealed in the tear fluid by upregulation of the pro‐inflammatory proteins S100A8 and S100A9.
Quantifying Inflammation as a common component of eye disease
Authors: Beuerman R. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryInflammation accompanies most pathologies regardless of their origin. Inflammation can become part of the pathology as well in the form of heightened fibrosis or some other adverse outcome. As part of innate immunity it is often desirable to monitor the level of inflammation as part of the response, using the tears as source of proinflammatory mediators coupled with mass spectrometry it is feasible to identify and measure levels of critical tear proteins such as S100A8, S100A9 and alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein in patients with diseases such as dry eye. These S100 proteins are particularly interesting as they are likely from tear PMNs, they act in both monomeric and dimeric form, and are particularly involved in calcium regulation. These have been noted to be upregulated in most ocular pathologies. As these can be readily quantified they provide a background to determine the relative levels in different ocular diseases.