bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaders against all odds: Women victims of conflict in Colombia
Authors: Restrepo Elvira Maria 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the current high-profile conflict within Colombia, women account for the majority of civilian victims. It has been argued that the inclusion of women in peace-building processes may help increase the scope and sustainability of the subsequently achieved peace. However, most women victims of conflict (WVCs) achieve public visibility simply because of their suffering, not because of their potential as sources, initiators and agents of peace. In contrast, this article argues that WVCs represent a hitherto uncharted piece of the peace-building puzzle. In particular, this study explores the ways in which some WVCs are overcoming their own victimhood and emerging as leaders in peace-building, despite the significant personal risks associated with the on-going violence: who better to help heal and empower victims and reconcile society than those who have suffered trauma themselves—and risen above it? The article draws its primary evidence from extensive personal interviews, ethnographic work and data on women victims in Colombia. Against all odds, these unsung WVC leaders have proven to be powerful agents of change: capable of healing, empowering and even reconciling broader society. This article is published as part of a thematic collection on multi- and interdisciplinary perspectives on gender studies.
Climate change mitigation: a role for climate clubs?
Authors: Hovi Jon , Sprinz Detlef F , Sælen Håkon , Underdal Arild 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe limited success of the UNFCCC negotiations has enticed scholars, environmentalists, and policymakers alike to propose alternative approaches to climate cooperation. This article reviews the scholarly literature concerning one such proposed alternative—climate clubs. According to the club approach, it would be promising to start with small groups of “enthusiastic” countries. These countries would outline what they are willing and able to do, conditional on what other enthusiastic countries offer and implement. Moreover, these enthusiastic countries would try to entice “reluctant” countries to join via “exclusive and contingent” measures. Focusing on the conditions for a climate club to effectively reduce global emissions, we organize our review around four main questions: first, what is a climate club’s potential for providing benefits that accrue exclusively to club members? Second, how might leadership influence a climate club’s ability to eventually become effective? Third, what insights can the formal modelling literature offer concerning the effectiveness of climate clubs? Finally, which is the empirical record of existing climate clubs? We conclude by providing several suggestions for future research.
A computational model to predict the immune system activation by citrus-derived vaccine adjuvants
Authors: Pappalardo Francesco , Fichera Epifanio , Paparone Nicoletta , Lombardo Alessandro , Pennisi Marzio , Russo Giulia , Leotta Marco , Pappalardo Francesco , Pedretti Alessandro , De Fiore Francesco , Motta Santo 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Motivation: Vaccines represent the most effective and cost-efficient weapons against a wide range of diseases. Nowadays new generation vaccines based on subunit antigens reduce adverse effects in high risk individuals. However, vaccine antigens are often poor immunogens when administered alone. Adjuvants represent a good strategy to overcome such hurdles, indeed they are able to: enhance the immune response; allow antigens sparing; accelerate the specific immune response; and increase vaccine efficacy in vulnerable groups such as newborns, elderly or immuno-compromised people. However, due to safety concerns and adverse reactions, there are only a few adjuvants approved for use in humans. Moreover, in practice current adjuvants sometimes fail to confer adequate stimulation. Hence, there is an imperative need to develop novel adjuvants that overcome the limitations of the currently available licensed adjuvants.
Results: We developed a computational framework that provides a complete pipeline capable of predicting the best citrus-derived adjuvants for enhancing the immune system response using, as a target disease model, influenza A infection. In silico simulations suggested a good immune efficacy of specific citrus-derived adjuvant (Beta Sitosterol) that was then confirmed in vivo .
Availability: The model is available visiting the following URL: http://vaima.dmi.unict.it/AdjSim
Contact: francesco.pappalardo@unict.it ; fp@francescopappalardo.net
Teaching and learning English in a multicultural classroom: strategies and opportunities
Authors: Xerri Daniel 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the beliefs and experiences of a group of teachers endeavouring to enhance their students’ learning of English while adapting to a multicultural classroom reality.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is based on the results of a case study involving a number of semi-structured interviews.

Findings
The paper illustrates how the teachers and their learners adopted a number of strategies to make the most of the opportunities of learning English within a multilingual context.

Originality/value
This paper underscores the role that language-in-education policies can play in enhancing the teaching and learning of English in a multicultural classroom.
What’s sex got to do with it? The preparation of elementary male teacher candidates
Authors: Stewart Shartriya , Coombs Letoynia , Burston Betty 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
This paper examines the experiences and outcomes of male teacher candidates in the College of Education at a large university in California.

Design/methodology/approach
This mixed methods study highlights findings from the preliminary analysis of student records as well as qualitative observation notes from their university supervisors and master teachers during their student teaching placements. Comments from student teaching assistance plans and remediation tools from the College of Education, Field Placement Office were also used. It also included the quantitative analysis of enrollment data as well as mid- and final student teaching evaluations for one semester. This multiple data triangulation process was used to illuminate the unique challenges and successes of male teacher candidates and the variables that influence their outcomes.

Findings
There were significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) between the male and female teacher candidates across each key measure used. Male teacher candidates scored lower in the areas of mathematics, assessment, planning and student engagement during instruction.

Practical implications
This study offers strategies that teachers’ trainers may use to recruit, retain and more effectively support the needs of their male elementary teacher candidates.

Originality/value
Few studies have examined both qualitative and quantitative data to determine pedagogical factors that impact male teacher candidates’ challenges and/or successes during their student teaching experiences. Moreover, few studies have explored how teacher training programs can more effectively support the needs of this population. This study is designed to fill that void.
Towards a model of the right-hand person
Authors: Mao Yina , Wang Ching-Wen , Wong Chi-Sum 
Published: May 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to propose a model explaining the roles of right-hand person and the factors contributing to the successful relationship between the top executive and the right-hand person.Design/methodology/approach– In-depth qualitative case studies are conducted. Longitudinal observations, interviews with six right-hand persons and the top executives in three organizations are conducted to test the propositions of the model.Findings– Results indicate that different types of congruence between the top executive and the right-hand person are required when the right-hand person is performing the roles of an implementer and joint decision maker.Research limitations/implications– This study extends the leadership literature by investigating the phenomenon of right-hand person of the top executive, which has seldom been studied systematically or scientifically. It provides insights and serves as a stepping stone for future research in this area. One key limitation is that it is a qualitative study with limited samples under investigation.Practical implications– Practical implications concerning how to build up a successful relationship between the top executive and the right-hand person can be drawn from the proposed model. Insight concerning how to collaborate between the top executive and the right-hand person can be drawn from the in-depth case analyses.Social implications– The phenomenon of right-hand person is not limited to business organizations. The collaboration between the key decision maker and his chief assistant should be applicable to other contexts such as non-government organizations.Originality/value– To the best of the knowledge, this is the first paper that investigates the right-hand person phenomenon in the literature. As the right-hand person of the top executive can have important influence on organizational performance, the study may serve as the stepping stone for further understanding of this important phenomenon.
Recovery versus risk? From managing risk to the co-production of safety and opportunity
Authors: Perkins Rachel , Repper Julie 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose a recovery-focused approach to risk and safety and what this might look like in practice.

Design/methodology/approach
– Review of recovery approaches and the ways in which traditional approaches to risk might hinder people in their recovery journey. Consideration of the principles of a recovery-focused approach to safety.

Findings
– A recovery-focused approach to risk based on co-produced safety plans that enable people to do the things they value as safely as possible and shared responsibility for safety. Four key principles of a recovery-focused approach to promoting safety, autonomy and opportunity are proposed.

Originality/value
– A recovery-focused approach to risk and safety is central to the development of recovery-focused practice within services. This paper outlines such an approach.
Radiological diagnosis of spinal arachnoid cysts: A pictorial essay
Authors: Ospina Moreno Carolina , Vela Marín Ana Carmen , Castán Senar Alba , Montejo Gañán Inmaculada , Cózar Bartos Magdalena , Marín Cárdenas Miguel Angel 
Published: May 2016

SummarySpinal arachnoid cysts (AC) are intraspinal extramedullary loculated cerebral spinal fluid collections. They are relatively uncommon lesions. Spinal AC often cause symptoms such as pain, weakness and radiculopathy. In this pictorial essay we demonstrate the main radiological features of spinal AC, as well as symptoms and complications associated with them. We also describe the main differential diagnoses.
Effects of livestock grazing on an Afromontane grassland bird community in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
Authors: Mamo Yosef , Asefa Addisu , Mengesha Girma 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLivestock grazing has been considered to be one of the major causes for biodiversity degradation worldwide. In this study, we examined this effect on Afromontane grassland birds by comparing their diversity between ungrazed and grazed grassland sites in the northern Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. We counted birds and recorded vegetation height and cover along 28 (14 in each land‐use type) 1 km transects. We used six different diversity measures (richness, evenness, Shannon diversity, taxonomic diversity and taxonomic distinctness) to express bird diversity and explored which of these measures better reveal the diversity pattern. Vegetation structure differed significantly between the two sites; the first two principal components accounted for 78% of the variation. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) showed bird diversity to differ significantly between the two sites; taxonomic diversity (Delta) contributed the most to the difference between the two sites, while species richness contributed the least. The results of ANOVA indicated that all diversity measures, except species richness, were significantly higher in the protected site compared to the unprotected site. In general, this study showed that grazing had negatively affected bird diversity in the study area and the use of taxonomic diversity measures had enabled us to reveal the impact better.
Direct oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: meta‐analysis by geographic region with a focus on European patients
Authors: Gómez‐Outes Antonio , Terleira‐Fernández Ana‐Isabel , Calvo‐Rojas Gonzalo , Suárez‐Gea M. Luisa , Vargas‐Castrillón Emilio 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimsTo analyse clinical outcomes with direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation according to geographic region.MethodsWe systematically searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, websites of regulatory agencies, clinical trials registers and conference proceedings for randomized controlled trials of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC: dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban or edoxaban) against warfarin for prophylaxis of stroke and systemic embolic events (SEE) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Two investigators independently extracted data. Relative risks of stroke and SEE as well as major bleeding depending on geographic region were estimated using a random effect meta‐analysis.ResultsFive trials in 72 963 patients were analysed; 32 089 (44%) patients were recruited in Europe (Western Europe: 13 676; Eastern Europe: 18 413). We found significant subgroup differences for stroke/SEE depending on the geographic region (interaction P = 0.003; I2 88.5%), with a neutral effect of the DOAC vs. warfarin in Europe [relative risk (RR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85–1.11, I2 0%] and a significant reduction of stroke/SEE in other regions including North America, Latin America and Asia‐Pacific/other (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63–0.83, I2 33%). There was a similar reduction in risk of major bleeding in Europe (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.92, I2 0%) and in other regions (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.72–1.02, I2 78%).ConclusionThe DOAC did not provide additional benefit in reducing the risk of stroke/SEE compared with warfarin in European patients with AF, but were generally associated with a lower bleeding tendency than warfarin regardless of geographic region.
Bioethics and Climate Change: A Response to Macpherson and Valles
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTwo articles published in Bioethics recently have explored the ways that bioethics can contribute to the climate change debate. Cheryl Cox Macpherson argues that bioethicists can play an important role in the climate change debate by helping the public to better understand the values at stake and the trade‐offs that must be made in individual and social choices, and Sean Valles claims that bioethicists can contribute to the debate by framing the issues in terms of the public health impacts of climate change. While Macpherson and Valles make valid points concerning a potential role for bioethics in the climate change debate, it is important to recognize that much more than ethical analysis and reflection will be needed to significantly impact public attitudes and government policies.
Extracellular microvesicle microRNAs in children with sickle cell anaemia with divergent clinical phenotypes
Authors: Khalyfa Abdelnaby , Khalyfa Ahamed A. , Akbarpour Mahzad , Connes Phillippe , Romana Marc , Lapping‐Carr Gabrielle , Zhang Chunling , Andrade Jorge , Gozal David 
Published: May 2016

SummarySickle cell anaemia (SCA) is the most frequent genetic haemoglobinopathy, which exhibits a highly variable clinical course characterized by hyper‐coagulable and pro‐inflammatory states, as well as endothelial dysfunction. Extracellular microvesicles are released into biological fluids and play a role in modifying the functional phenotype of target cells. We hypothesized that potential differences in plasma‐derived extracellular microvesicles (EV) function and cargo fromSCApatients may underlie divergent clinical trajectories. PlasmaEVfromSCApatients with mild, intermediate and severe clinical disease course were isolated, and primary endothelial cell cultures were exposed. Endothelial cell activation, monocyte adhesion, barrier disruption and exosome cargo (microRNAmicroarrays) were assessed.EVdisrupted the endothelial barrier and induced expression of adhesion molecules and monocyte adhesion in aSCAseverity‐dependent manner compared to healthy children. Microarray approaches identified a restricted signature of exosomal microRNAs that readily distinguished severe from mildSCA, as well as from healthy children. The microRNAcandidates were further validated using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction assays, and revealed putative gene targets. Circulating exosomal microRNAs may play important roles in predicting the clinical course ofSCA, and in delineation of individually tailored, mechanistically‐based clinical treatment approaches ofSCApatients in the near future.
Papular acantholytic dyskeratosis of the anogenital and genitocrural area: case series and review of the literature
Authors: Al‐Muriesh Maher , Abdul‐fattah Bilal , Wang Xia , Zhao Mengjie , Chen Siyuan , Huang Changzheng 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundPapular acantholytic dyskeratosis (PAD) of the anogenital/genitocrural area is described as a rare distinct clinicopathological entity known to dermatopathologists, although its characteristic histopathologic pattern resembles both Hailey–Hailey disease and Darier disease. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics, histopathologic features and response to treatment of PAD.MethodsWe report in detail six cases of PAD. A literature search of the keyword ‘papular acantholytic dyskeratosis’ was performed on Google scholar and PubMed, 21 cases of this entity were found. A total of 27 patients including our six cases are reviewed in this study.ResultsThe mean age at diagnosis was 38.8 years with a male to female ratio of 0.8 : 1. Clinically, papular lesions (55.6%) are the typical manifestation of PAD, and the anogenital area (63%) is the most commonly involved site. Lesions were resistant to topical steroids, subcutaneous interferon and antibiotics while one case showed complete resolution of the lesions after retinoid therapy. Laser therapy showed good results in one case. None of the patients had spontaneous remission.ConclusionAwareness of the clinicopathological hallmarks herein may be important to avoid underdiagnosis of PAD and may contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of this rare disease.
Treatment intensification for patients with type 2 diabetes and poor glycaemic control
Authors: Fu A. Z. , Sheehan J. J. 
Published: May 2016

AimsTo identify the time to and patient characteristics associated with treatment intensification in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and poor glycaemic control.MethodsUsing a large US insurance claims database, we conducted a retrospective cohort study among adult patients with T2D and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥8% (index date) after ≥3 months of therapy including metformin. Patients were required to have continuous enrolment for at least 12 months before (baseline) and after index date, and no injectable antidiabetes medications. We defined treatment intensification as prescription fill for injectable or additional oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). Cox modelling was performed to identify factors associated with time to treatment intensification.ResultsFor the 11 525 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, the mean age at index date was 57 years, 40% were female and the mean index HbA1c was 9.1%. Overall, 37% of patients had their treatment intensified <6 months after, 11% had their treatment intensified 6–12 months after, and 52% did not have their treatment intensified <12 months after the index date. A higher index HbA1c was associated with early intensification [hazard ratio (HR) 1.18 for HbA1c ≥9 to <10% and HR 1.41 for HbA1c ≥10% compared with HbA1c ≥8 to <9%; p < 0.0001), and later line of therapy was associated with late intensification (HR 0.78 for metformin with one OAD and HR 0.68 for metformin with ≥2 OADs compared with metformin monotherapy; p < 0.0001).ConclusionsFewer than half of patients with T2D and treatment failure received intensification within 12 months in a real‐world US population. Factors associated with treatment inertia can be used to target clinical care for these patients.
The life and death of barn beetles: faunas from manure and stored hay inside farm buildings in northern Iceland
Authors: FORBES VÉRONIQUE , DUGMORE ANDREW J. , ÓLAFSSON ERLING 
Published: May 2016

1. Subfossil beetle remains from archaeological sites have proven invaluable for examining past living conditions, human activities, and their impacts on landscapes and ecosystems.2. In Iceland, specific economic practices (e.g. land management and natural resource exploitation) and major historical events (i.e. colonisation, economic intensification and commercialisation, and urbanisation) have affected local environments and left recognisable traces in the beetle subfossil record.3. Understanding the ecology of synanthropic beetles is crucial if they are to be employed in high‐resolution reconstructions of past lifeways and their ecological impacts, yet, because buildings' interiors are rarely the object of systematic entomological research, the ecological requirements of many such species are poorly understood.4. A survey was conducted of live and dead beetle faunas from habitats that have so far been largely neglected by entomological research: stable manure and stored hay inside farm buildings, two key facets of a northern European pastoral economy.5. The present results clarify the ecological requirements of some under‐studied synanthropic beetles and the processes by which their exoskeletons may become incorporated into the archaeological record while also producing new records of exotic species recently introduced to Iceland.6. This paper provides crucial guidance for the interpretation of archaeological beetle assemblages and highlights the potential of further investigations of indoor insect faunas for clarifying the causes, processes, and ecological impacts of recent bio‐invasions.