bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational learning through transformational leadership
Authors: Imran Muhammad Kashif , Ilyas Muhammad , Aslam Usman , Ubaid-Ur-Rahman Ubaid-Ur-Rahman 
Published: July 2016

PurposeThe transformation of firms from resource-based-view to knowledge-based-view has extended the importance of organizational learning. Thus, this study aims to develop an organizational learning model through transformational leadership with indirect effect of knowledge management process capability and interactive role of knowledge-intensive culture.Design/methodology/approachDifferent statistical analyses were done to check the direct, indirect and interactive effects on 204 valid responses.FindingsThe results are clearly depicting that transformational leadership has significant positive impact on organizational learning and knowledge management process capability, and partially mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational learning. Additionally, knowledge-intensive culture has strengthened the relationship between transformational leadership and knowledge management process capability.Originality/valueThis is an overarching and unique conceptual model. After examining the importance of organizational learning in the context of innovative ability, competitive advantage, creativity and organizational performance, management has to initiate steps to induct transformational leaders, develop knowledge-intensive culture and introduce knowledge management processes to boost learning environment in organizations.
Prioritizing revived species: what are the conservation management implications of de‐extinction?
Authors: Iacona Gwenllian , Maloney Richard F. , Chadès Iadine , Bennett Joseph R. , Seddon Philip J. , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryDe‐extinction technology that brings back extinct species, or variants on extinct species, is becoming a reality with significant implications for biodiversity conservation. If extinction could be reversed there are potential conservation benefits and costs that need to be carefully considered before such action is taken.Here, we use a conservation prioritization framework to identify and discuss some factors that would be important if de‐extinction of species for release into the wild were a viable option within an overall conservation strategy.We particularly focus on how de‐extinction could influence the choices that a management agency would make with regard to the risks and costs of actions, and how these choices influence other extant species that are managed in the same system.We suggest that a decision science approach will allow for choices that are critical to the implementation of a drastic conservation action, such as de‐extinction, to be considered in a deliberate manner while identifying possible perverse consequences.Alay summaryis available for this article.
Interpregnancy interval after live birth or pregnancy termination and estimated risk of preterm birth: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Shachar BZ , Mayo JA , Lyell DJ , Baer RJ , Jeliffe‐Pawlowski LL , Stevenson DK , Shaw GM 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesWe assessed whether interpregnancy interval (IPI) length after live birth and after pregnancy termination was associated with preterm birth (PTB).DesignMultiyear birth cohort.SettingsFetal death, birth and infant death certificates in California merged with Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development.PopulationOne million California live births (2007–10) after live birth and after pregnancy termination.MethodsLogistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of PTB of 20–36 weeks of gestation and its subcategories for IPIs after a live birth and after a pregnancy termination. We used conditional logistic regression (two IPIs/mother) to investigate associations within mothers.Main outcome measurePTB relative to gestations of ≥ 37 weeks.ResultsAnalyses included 971 211 women with IPI after live birth, and 138 405 women with IPI after pregnancy termination with 30.6% and 74.6% having intervals of <18 months, respectively. IPIs of <6 months or 6–11 months after live birth showed increased odds of PTB adjusted ORs for PTB of 1.71 (95% CI 1.65–1.78) and 1.20 (95% CI 1.16–1.24), respectively compared with intervals of 18–23 months. An IPI >36 months (versus 18–23 months) was associated with increased odds for PTB. Short IPI after pregnancy termination showed a decreased OR of 0.87 (95% CI 0.81–0.94). The within‐mother analysis showed the association of increased odds of PTB for short IPI, but not for long IPI.ConclusionsWomen with IPI <1 or >3 years after a live birth were at increased odds of PTB—an important group for intervention to reduce PTB. Short IPI after pregnancy termination was associated with reduced odds for PTB and needs to be further explored.Tweetable abstractShort and long IPI after live birth, but not after pregnancy termination, showed increased odds for PTB.
The role of remnant trees in carbon sequestration, vegetation structure and tree diversity of early succession regrowing fallows in eastern Sierra Leone
Authors: Cuni Sanchez Aida , Lindsell Jeremy A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRemnant tree presence affects forest recovery after slash‐and‐burn agriculture. However, little is known about its effect on above‐ground carbon stocks, especially in Africa. We focused our study on Sierra Leone, part of the Upper Guinean forests, an important centre of endemism threatened by encroachment and forest degradation. We studied 99 (20‐m‐radius) plots aged 2–10 years with and without remnant trees and compared their above‐ground carbon stocks, vegetation structure (stem density, basal area) and tree diversity. Above‐ground carbon stocks, stem density, basal area, species richness and tree diversity increased significantly with fallow age. Remnant tree presence affected significantly tree diversity, species dominance and above‐ground carbon stocks, but not vegetation structure (stem density, basal area). Number of remnant trees and number of species of remnant trees were also important explanatory variables. Although other factors should be considered in future studies, such as the size and dispersal modes of remnant trees, our results highlight that more strategic inclusion of remnant trees is likely to favour carbon stock and forest recovery in old fallows. To our knowledge, this is the first study on early succession regrowing fallows in West Africa.
The relationship between liver stiffness measurement and outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis: a retrospective longitudinal hospital study
Authors: Sultanik P. , Kramer L. , Soudan D. , Bouam S. , Meritet J.‐F. , Vallet‐Pichard A. , Fontaine H. , Bousquet L. , Boueyre E. , Corouge M. , Sogni P. , Pol S. , Mallet V. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundThere is a relationship between liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and outcome of HCV patients.AimTo evaluate the performance of LSM to predict outcome of HCV patients at risk of liver‐related complication.MethodsWe established a retrospective longitudinal cohort of 341 HCV patients with unequivocal cirrhosis. All underwent LSM and were followed from September 2006 to July 2015. Outcome measure was a composite end‐point of end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cox models and areas under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves were used to evaluate independent risk factors of outcome.ResultsOverall, LSM was below the 12.5 kPa threshold in 129 (37.8%) patients, including three‐fourth and one‐third of patients with or without a sustained virological response respectively. Liver disease progressed in 136 (39.9%) patients after a median observational period of 23.5 months. Older age, male gender, alcohol use disorders, metabolic syndrome and LSM were independent risk factors of liver disease progression. Age, alcohol use disorders and LSM were independently associated with ESLD. Age, gender and metabolic syndrome, but not LSM, were associated with HCC. The AUROC curves for disease progression, ESLD and HCC were 0.67, 0.70 and 0.58 respectively. Patients with a liver stiffness >12.5 kPa were at the highest risk of liver disease progression; below 12.5 kPa, liver stiffness was not discriminant.ConclusionLiver stiffness measurement is not a surrogate of disease progression of HCV patients with cirrhosis. HCV patients with cirrhosis should undergo the recommended follow‐up, regardless of liver stiffness measurement.
Bioenergy harvest impacts to biodiversity and resilience vary across aspen‐dominated forest ecosystems in the Lake States region, USA
Authors: Curzon Miranda T. , D'Amato Anthony W. , Palik Brian J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractQuestionsDoes the increase in disturbance associated with removing harvest residues negatively impact biodiversity and resilience in aspen‐dominated forest ecosystems? How do responses of functional diversity measures relate to community recovery and standing biomass?LocationAspen (Populus tremuloides, Michx.) mixedwood forests in Minnesota and Michigan, USA.MethodsThree levels for two factors, organic matter removal and compaction, were fully crossed, resulting in nine experimental treatments that spanned a range of disturbance severity. Each treatment was replicated three times at each of three sites dominated by the same tree species but having different soil textures (clay, silty loam, sandy). Community composition and taxonomic diversity (species richness, species evenness, Shannon diversity index) were quantified based on woody species abundance sampled 5, 10 and 15 yr after disturbance. Community composition response was assessed using non‐metric multidimensional scaling. Functional diversity (functional richness, evenness, dispersion and divergence) was also estimated using eight species effect and response traits. Finally, we examined community recovery as well as responses of species and functional diversity to disturbance severity over time using repeated measures ANOVA.ResultsTwo responses indicated a potentially negative impact of whole‐tree harvest relative to conventional, stem‐only harvest: functional richness on silty loam soils and species evenness on clayey soils. Otherwise, negative impacts were restricted to forest floor removal or increased compaction. Recovery in community composition was reduced by the most severe treatments, particularly forest floor removal, across the study, but the responses of functional and taxonomic diversity varied among sites, with some measures increasing as a result of severe disturbance.ConclusionsMaximization of standing biomass may mean a short‐term sacrifice in species and functional diversity. Also, examinations of forest management impacts on species and functional diversity and composition should apply multiple metrics and indices to ensure potential impacts are not obscured by the reliance on a single approach.
The Meta‐Nudge – A Response to the Claim That the Use of Nudges During the Informed Consent Process is Unavoidable
Authors: Gelfand Scott D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRichard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, in Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, assert that rejecting the use nudges is ‘pointless’ because ‘[i]n many cases, some kind of nudge is inevitable’. Schlomo Cohen makes a similar claim. He asserts that in certain situations surgeons cannot avoid nudging patients either toward or away from consenting to surgical interventions. Cohen concludes that in these situations (assuming surgeons believe that surgery is the best option for their patients), nudging patients toward consenting to surgical interventions is (at the very least) uncriticizable or morally permissible. I call this argument: The Unavoidability Argument. In this essay, I will respond to Cohen's use of the unavoidability argument in support of using nudges during the process of informed consent. Specifically, I argue that many so‐called ‘unavoidable nudges’ are, in fact, avoidable. Although my argument is directed toward Cohen's use of the unavoidability argument, it is applicable to the unavoidability argument more generally.
Testosterone treatment is not associated with increased risk of prostate cancer or worsening of lower urinary tract symptoms: prostate health outcomes in the Registry of Hypogonadism in Men
Authors: Debruyne Frans M.J. , Behre Hermann M. , Roehrborn Claus G. , Maggi Mario , Wu Frederick C.W. , Schröder Fritz H. , Jones Thomas Hugh , Porst Hartmut , Hackett Geoffrey , Wheaton Olivia A. , Martin‐Morales Antonio , Meuleman Eric , Cunningham Glenn R. , Divan Hozefa A. , Rosen Raymond C. ,   the RHYME Investigators
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of testosterone‐replacement therapy (TRT) on prostate health indicators in hypogonadal men, including rates of prostate cancer diagnoses, changes in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) over time.Patients and MethodsThe Registry of Hypogonadism in Men (RHYME) is a multi‐national patient registry of treated and untreated, newly‐diagnosed hypogonadal men (n = 999). Follow‐up assessments were performed at 3–6, 12, 24, and 36 months. Baseline and follow‐up data collection included medical history, physical examination, blood sampling, and patient questionnaires. Prostate biopsies underwent blinded independent adjudication for the presence and severity of prostate cancer; PSA and testosterone levels were measured via local and central laboratory assays; and LUTS severity was assessed via the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Incidence rates per 100 000 person‐years were calculated. Longitudinal mixed models were used to assess effects of testosterone on PSA levels and IPSS.ResultsOf the 999 men with clinically diagnosed hypogonadism (HG), 750 (75%) initiated TRT, contributing 23 900 person‐months of exposure. The mean testosterone levels increased from 8.3 to 15.4 nmol/L in treated men, compared to only a slight increase from 9.4 to 11.3 nmol/L in untreated men. In all, 55 biopsies were performed for suspected prostate cancer, and 12 non‐cancer related biopsies were performed for other reasons. Overall, the proportion of positive biopsies was nearly identical in men on TRT (37.5%) compared to those not on TRT (37.0%) over the course of the study. There were no differences in PSA levels, total IPSS, or the IPSS obstructive sub‐scale score by TRT status. Lower IPSS irritative sub‐scale scores were reported in treated compared to untreated men.ConclusionsResults support prostate safety of TRT in newly diagnosed men with HG.
Aquaglyceroporin function in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Liu Kun , Tsujimoto Hitoshi , Huang Yuzheng , Rasgon Jason L. , Agre Peter 
Published: July 2016

Background informationAnopheles gambiae is the major mosquito vector for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub‐Saharan Africa, where it survives in stressful climates. Aquaporin water channels are expressed in all life forms, where they provide environmental adaptation by conferring rapid trans‐cellular movement of water (classical aquaporins) or water plus glycerol (aquaglyceroporins). Here, we report an aquaglyceroporin homolog in A. gambiae, AgAQP3 (A. gambiae aquaglyceroporin 3).ResultsDespite atypical pore‐lining amino acids, AgAQP3 is permeated by water, glycerol and urea, and is not significantly inhibited by 1 mM HgCl2. AgAQP3 is expressed more heavily in male mosquitoes, yet adult female A. gambiae abundantly express AgAQP3 in Malpighian tubules and gut where large amounts of fluid exchange occur during blood meal digestion, water and nutrient absorption and waste secretion. Reducing expression of AgAQP3 by RNA interference reduces median mosquito survival at 39°C. After an infectious blood meal, mosquitoes with depleted AgAQP3 expression exhibit fewer P. falciparum oocysts in the midgut compared to control mosquitoes.ConclusionsOur studies reveal critical contributions of AgAQP3 to A. gambiae heat tolerance and P. falciparum development in vivo.SignificanceThis study indicates that AgAQP3 may be a major factor explaining why A. gambiae is an important malaria vector mosquito in sub‐Saharan Africa, and may be a potential target for novel malaria control strategies.
Hydrocephalus compacted cortex and hippocampus and altered their output neurons in association with spatial learning and memory deficits in rats
Authors: Chen Li‐Jin , Wang Yueh‐Jan , Chen Jeng‐Rung , Tseng Guo‐Fang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHydrocephalus is a common neurological disorder in children characterized by abnormal dilation of cerebral ventricles as a result of the impairment of cerebrospinal fluid flow or absorption. Clinical presentation of hydrocephalus varies with chronicity and often shows cognitive dysfunction. Here we used a kaolin‐induction method in rats and studied the effects of hydrocephalus on cerebral cortex and hippocampus, the two regions highly related to cognition. Hydrocephalus impaired rats' performance in Morris water maze task. Serial three‐dimensional reconstruction from sections of the whole brain freshly froze in situ with skull shows that the volumes of both structures were reduced. Morphologically, pyramidal neurons of the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus appear to be distorted. Intracellular dye injection and subsequent three‐dimensional reconstruction and analyses revealed that the dendritic arbors of layer III and V cortical pyramid neurons were reduced. The total dendritic length of CA1, but not CA3, pyramidal neurons was also reduced. Dendritic spine densities on both cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons were decreased, consistent with our concomitant findings that the expressions of both synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 were reduced. These cortical and hippocampal changes suggest reductions of excitatory connectivity, which could underlie the learning and memory deficits in hydrocephalus.
Marginal bone loss around implants with platform‐switched Morse‐cone connection: a radiographic cross‐sectional study
Authors: Degidi Marco , Daprile Giuseppe , Piattelli Adriano 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe aims of the present cross‐sectional study are to evaluate the bone remodeling around Morse‐cone implants placed subcrestally 1 year after loading and the prevalence of bone loss >0.5 mm after at least 3 years of loading.Material and methodsSubjects who underwent a radiographic check in 2013 with implants that had been in function for at least 3 years were considered for inclusion. The study population comprised of 145 subjects with a total of 523 implants. At the moment of insertion, all the implants were placed subcrestally from 1 to 3 mm as clinically measured. Radiographs taken at baseline, that is 1 year after loading (T0), and at the follow‐up visit in 2013 (T1) were examined. The distance between the rim of the implant and the marginal bone level at mesial and distal aspects of each implant was determined and the mean bone loss calculated.ResultsIn the total sample, the mean bone loss occurred between baseline and 2013 examination was 0.42 ± 0.77 mm; at T1 424 implants presented the marginal bone level at the implant rim (78) or above it (346). On the other hand, 99 implants presented the rim above the bone crest. Fifty‐one implants that at T1 presented the rim above the bone crest, and that between T0 and T1 had lost at least 0.5 mm, were considered losers: 10 implants lost up to 0.5 mm, 11 lost from 0.6 to 1 mm, 16 lost from 1.1 to 2 mm, and 14 lost more than 2 mm of bone. On a subject basis, 34 subjects (group A) with a total of 200 implant sites presented loser implants, while 111 subjects (group B) with 323 implants displayed non‐loser implants.ConclusionsWithin the limits of a cross‐sectional study, the results show that Morse‐cone implants placed subcrestally in the vast majority of cases (89.9%) are able to maintain the bone crest at level of the rim or above it 1 year after loading. The incidence of loser sites (bone loss >0.5 mm) after at least 3 years of follow‐up is 9.7% at implant level and 23.5% at patient level.
Socioeconomic Benefits of Large Carnivore Recolonization Through Reduced Wildlife‐Vehicle Collisions
Authors: Gilbert Sophie L. , Sivy Kelly J. , Pozzanghera Casey B. , DuBour Adam , Overduijn Kelly , Smith Matthew M. , Zhou Jiake , Little Joseph M. , Prugh Laura R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe decline of top carnivores has released large herbivore populations around the world, incurring socioeconomic costs such as increased animal–vehicle collisions. Attempts to control overabundant deer in the Eastern United States have largely failed, and deer–vehicle collisions (DVCs) continue to rise at alarming rates. We present the first valuation of an ecosystem service provided by large carnivore recolonization, using DVC reduction by cougars as a case study. Our coupled deer population models and socioeconomic valuations revealed that cougars could reduce deer densities and DVCs by 22% in the Eastern United States, preventing 21,400 human injuries, 155 fatalities, and $2.13 billion in avoided costs within 30 years of establishment. Recently established cougars in South Dakota prevent $1.1 million in collision costs annually. Large carnivore restoration could provide valuable ecosystem services through such socio‐ecological cascades, and these benefits could offset the societal costs of coexistence.
Lack of evidence for a harmful effect of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on fracture risk among type 2 diabetes patients: a network and cumulative meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Tang H. L. , Li D. D. , Zhang J. J. , Hsu Y. H. , Wang T. S. , Zhai S. D. , Song Y. Q. 
Published: July 2016

AimTo evaluate the comparative effects of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on risk of bone fracture in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods
PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched from inception to 27 January 2016 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the outcome of fracture in patients with T2DM treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. Pairwise and network meta‐analyses, as well as a cumulative meta‐analysis, were performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsA total of 38 eligible RCTs (10 canagliflozin, 15 dapagliflozin and 13 empagliflozin) involving 30 384 patients, with follow‐ups ranging from 24 to 160 weeks, were included. The fracture event rates were 1.59% in the SGLT2 inhibitor groups and 1.56% in the control groups. The incidence of fracture events was similar among these three SGLT2 inhibitor groups. Compared with placebo, canagliflozin (OR 1.15; 95% CI 0.71‐1.88), dapagliflozin (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.37‐1.25) and empagliflozin (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.74‐1.18) were not significantly associated with an increased risk of fracture. Our cumulative meta‐analysis indicated the robustness of the null findings with regard to SGLT2 inhibitors.ConclusionsOur meta‐analysis based on available RCT data does not support the harmful effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on fractures, although future safety monitoring from RCTs and real‐world data with detailed information on bone health is warranted.