bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate and habitat interact to shape the thermal reaction norms of breeding phenology across lizard populations
Authors: Rutschmann Alexis , Miles Donald B. , Le Galliard Jean‐François , Richard Murielle , Moulherat Sylvain , Sinervo Barry , Clobert Jean 
Published: November 2015

Summary

Substantial plastic variation in phenology in response to environmental heterogeneity through time in the same population has been uncovered in many species. However, our understanding of differences in reaction norms of phenology among populations from a given species remains limited.

As the plasticity of phenological traits is often influenced by local thermal conditions, we expect local temperature to generate variation in the reaction norms between populations.

Here, we explored temporal variation in parturition date across 11 populations of the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) from four mountain chains as a function of air temperatures during mid‐gestation. We characterized among‐population variation to assess how local weather conditions (mean and variance of ambient temperatures during mid‐gestation) and habitat openness (an index of anthropogenic disturbance) influence the thermal reaction norms of the parturition date.

Our results provide evidence of interactive effects of anthropogenic disturbance and thermal conditions, with earlier parturition dates in warmer years on average especially in closed habitats.

Variation in the reaction norms for parturition date was correlated with mean local thermal conditions at a broad geographical scale. However, populations exposed to variable thermal conditions had flatter thermal reaction norms.

Assessing whether environmental heterogeneity drives differentiation among reaction norms is crucial to estimate the capacity of different populations to contend with projected climatic and anthropogenic challenges.
Changing climate cues differentially alter zooplankton dormancy dynamics across latitudes
Authors: Jones Natalie T. , Gilbert Benjamin 
Published: November 2015

Summary

In seasonal climates, dormancy is a common strategy that structures biodiversity and is necessary for the persistence of many species. Climate change will likely alter dormancy dynamics in zooplankton, the basis of aquatic food webs, by altering two important hatching cues: mean temperatures during the ice‐free season, and mean day length when lakes become ice free. Theory suggests that these changes could alter diversity, hatchling abundances and phenology within lakes, and that these responses may diverge across latitudes due to differences in optimal hatching cues and strategies.

To examine the role of temperature and day length on hatching dynamics, we collected sediment from 25 lakes across a 1800 km latitudinal gradient and exposed sediment samples to a factorial combination of two photoperiods (12 and 16 h) and two temperatures (8 and 12 °C) representative of historical southern (short photoperiod, warm) and northern (long photoperiod, cool) lake conditions. We tested whether sensitivity to these hatching cues varies by latitudinal origin and differs among taxa.

Higher temperatures advanced phenology for all taxa, and these advances were greatest for cladocerans followed by copepods and rotifers. Although phenology differed among taxa, the effect of temperature did not vary with latitude. The latitudinal origin of the egg bank influenced egg abundance and hatchling abundance and diversity, with these latter effects varying with taxa, temperature and photoperiod.

Copepod hatchling abundances peaked at mid‐latitudes in the high temperature and long photoperiod treatments, whereas hatchling abundances of other zooplankton were greatest at low latitudes and high temperature. The overall diversity of crustacean zooplankton (copepods and cladocerans) also reflected distinct responses of each taxa to our treatments, with the greatest diversity occurring at mid‐latitudes (~56 °N) in the shorter photoperiod treatment.

Our results demonstrate that hatching cues differ for broad taxonomic groups that vary in developmental and life‐history strategies. These differences are predicted to drive latitude‐specific shifts in zooplankton emergence with climate change and could alter the base of aquatic food webs.
Unravelling the role of allochthonous aquatic resources to food web structure in a tropical riparian forest
Authors: Recalde Fátima C. , Postali Thaís C. , Romero Gustavo Q. 
Published: November 2015

Summary

The role of matter and energy flow across ecosystem boundaries for the subsidized consumer populations is well known. However, little is known on the effects of allochthonous subsidies on food web structure and trophic niche dimensions of consumers in the tropics.

We excluded allochthonous aquatic insects from tropical streams using greenhouse‐type exclosures to test the influence of aquatic allochthonous subsidies on the trophic structure and niche dimensions of terrestrial predators using stable isotope methods.

In exclosure treatments, abundance and biomass of terrestrial predators, and biomass of phytophages decreased and increased, respectively. Vegetation‐living predators were more responsive to allochthonous inputs than those living on the ground. Overall, lower availability of allochthonous inputs did not affect community‐wide metrics and niche width of predators. However, the niche width of some spider families had very low overlap between treatments, and others had wider isotopic niches in the control than in the exclusion treatment. Most of the C and N in predators living in control stretches came from aquatic subsidies, and those predators living in the exclusion treatments switched their diets to terrestrial sources, showing a preference of predators for allochthonous subsidies.

Our results suggest that allochthonous subsidies are also relevant to tropical fauna living upon vegetation. Moreover, allochthonous resources may amplify the niche dimension of certain predators or considerably change the trophic niche of others. Our study highlights the importance of including modern isotopic tools in elucidating the role of allochthonous resources on the patterns of trophic structure and niche dimensions of consumers from donor ecosystems.
Desperately seeking reductions in health inequalities: perspectives of UK researchers on past, present and future directions in health inequalities research
Authors: Garthwaite Kayleigh , Smith Katherine E. , Bambra Clare , Pearce Jamie 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFollowing government commitments to reducing health inequalities from 1997 onwards, the UK has been recognised as a global leader in health inequalities research and policy. Yet health inequalities have continued to widen by most measures, prompting calls for new research agendas and advocacy to facilitate greater public support for the upstream policies that evidence suggests are required. However, there is currently no agreement as to what new research might involve or precisely what public health egalitarians ought to be advocating. This article presents an analysis of discussions among 52 researchers to consider the feasibility that research‐informed advocacy around particular solutions to health inequalities may emerge in the UK. The data indicate there is a consensus that more should be been done to learn from post‐1997 efforts to reduce health inequalities, and an obvious desire to provide clearer policy guidance in future. However, discussions as to where researchers should now focus their efforts and with whom researchers ought to be engaging reveal three distinct ways of approaching health inequalities, each of which has its own epistemological foundations. Such differences imply that a consensus on reducing health inequalities is unlikely to materialise. Instead, progress seems most likely if all three approaches are simultaneously enabled.
Category attribution as a device for diagnosis: fitting children to the autism spectrum
Authors: Turowetz Jason , Maynard Douglas W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe practice of medicine involves applying abstract diagnostic classifications to individual patients. Patients present with diverse histories and symptoms, and clinicians are tasked with fitting them into generic categories. They must also persuade patients, or family members, that the diagnosis is appropriate and elicit compliance with prescribed treatments. This can be especially challenging with psychiatric disorders such as autism, for which there are no clear biomarkers. In this paper, we explicate a discursive procedure, which we term category attribution. The procedure juxtaposes a narrative about the child with a claim about members of a clinically relevant category, in this case, either children with autism or typically/normally developing children. The attribution procedure carries the implication that the child does or does not belong to that category. We show that category attributions are organised in a recurrent interactional sequence. Further, we argue that category attributions encode normative expectations about child development, such that the child is rendered typical or atypical relative to clinical and social norms. Accordingly, such categorisation devices have a moral dimension as well as a clinical one.
Recurrent pre‐eclampsia in women with metabolic syndrome and low plasma volume: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Stekkinger E , Scholten RR , Heidema WM , Spaanderman MEA 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of recurrent pre‐eclampsia in women with a history of pre‐eclampsia with both metabolic syndrome and low plasma volume postpartum, as compared with women without either entity.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingThree tertiary referral hospitals in the Netherlands.PopulationWomen with a history of pre‐eclampsia.MethodsIn 196 women with a history of pre‐eclampsia we determined the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome using the World Health Organization criteria and measured plasma volume with the 125I‐human serum albumin indicator dilution technique. We compared the prevalence of recurrent pre‐eclampsia in four groups, classified according to presence or absence of metabolic syndrome and low or normal plasma volume, calculating odds ratios (OR), adjusted for confounders.Main outcome measureRecurrence of pre‐eclampsia in the subsequent pregnancy.ResultsThe prevalence of recurrent pre‐eclampsia was 12% (12/99) in women without metabolic syndrome with normal plasma volume, versus 47% (8/17) in women with both metabolic syndrome and low plasma volume: OR 6.44 (95% CI 2.09–19.90), adjusted OR 7.90 (95% CI 2.30–27.16). Recurrent pre‐eclampsia was present in 44% (10/23) and 25% (14/57) of women with isolated metabolic syndrome and low plasma volume, respectively.ConclusionsIn the concomitant presence of metabolic syndrome and low plasma volume, the prevalence of recurrent pre‐eclampsia was nearly 50%, which is four times as high as the prevalence in women without either entity.Tweetable abstractMetabolic syndrome and low plasma volume raise the risk of recurrent pre‐eclampsia to nearly 50%.
Outcomes of mucosal melanoma of the head and neck
Authors: Frakes Jessica M , Strom Tobin J , Naghavi Arash O , Trotti Andy , Rao Nikhil G , McCaffrey Judith C , Otto Kristen J , Padhya Tapan , Caudell Jimmy J 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroductionMucosal melanoma of the head and neck is a rare disease with limited data available on outcomes; therefore, we reviewed our institutional experience.MethodsAn institutional database was queried and 38 patients with head and neck mucosal melanoma were identified. Charts were abstracted and local control (LC), progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated.ResultsMost patients had T4 disease (86%), although nodes were positive in 11%. En bloc or endoscopic resection was performed on 93%. Adjuvant or definitive radiotherapy to a median dose of 60 Gy was utilized in 90%. Chemotherapy was given in 21%, and 16% received interferon. Three‐year LC, PFS and OS were 90%, 48% and 59%, respectively. Median OS was 4.6 years. Site of first failure was distant in 52% of cases.ConclusionWith aggressive therapy median OS was 4.6 years in this cohort. Distant recurrence remains the primary mode of failure. It may be reasonable to include mucosal melanoma patients in trials of systemic agents along with high‐risk cutaneous melanomas.
Characteristics of users and usage of different types of electronic cigarettes: findings from an online survey
Authors: Etter Jean‐François 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimsStudying users of e‐cigarettes is important to help determine whether these devices aid smoking cessation. Obtaining data in representative samples is difficult, but online surveys of users may begin to build a picture. Therefore, this study aimed, through a large online survey, to describe usage and characteristics of users of e‐cigarettes.DesignCross‐sectional internet survey between 2012 and 2014.Setting and participantsA total of 2807 current e‐cigarette users enrolled via e‐cigarette and smoking cessation websites, who lived in France (n = 988), the United States (n = 579), Switzerland (n = 310), the United Kingdom (n = 143) and other countries (n = 787).MeasurementsType of e‐cigarette used: pre‐filled cartridges (n = 71), unmodified refillable tanks (n = 758), modified refillable tanks (n = 392), patterns of use, perceived effects.FindingsPre‐filled models were perceived to be less effective than unmodified refillable tanks for smoking cessation by former smokers (‘definitely helped’: 74% vs. 94%, P < 0.001) and by current smokers for smoking reduction (‘definitely helped’: 37% vs. 78%, P < 0.001). Users modified their e‐cigarettes mainly to obtain a better taste (‘very true’ 60%, 55.5–64.5%). Modified tanks were perceived to make it easier to abstain from smoking than unmodified tanks 95% vs. 89%, P < 0.001); 34% of users of pre‐filled cartridges, 60% of users of unmodified tanks and 83% of users of modified tanks were men (P < 0.001).ConclusionsNewer‐generation e‐cigarettes were perceived to be more satisfactory and more effective for refraining from smoking than older models. Women tended to use pre‐filled, unmodified models, which were perceived by participants to be the least effective in terms of abstaining from smoking.
Restorative treatment for initial, cavitated and gross coronal carious lesions
Authors: Brennan DS , Balasubramanian M , Spencer AJ 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundTreatment patterns for caries have been shown to reflect high rates of restorative services. The objective of this study was to investigate types of restorative treatment provided to patients with a main diagnosis of coronal caries in relation to the severity of the caries lesion.MethodsA random sample of Australian dentists was surveyed by mailed questionnaires in 2009–2010 (response rate 67%). Data on types of restorative treatment, patient characteristics and main diagnosis were collected from a service log.ResultsModels of service rates adjusted for age, gender, insurance status and reason for visit showed that compared to the reference category of initial caries lesions, there were lower rates [Rate Ratio, 95% CI] of adhesive anterior restorative services [0.57, 0.34–0.95] and lower rates of adhesive posterior restorations [0.56, 0.40–0.79] for gross lesions.ConclusionsTreatment of coronal caries was characterized by high rates of adhesive posterior restorative services, but gross lesions had lower rates of both anterior and posterior adhesive restorations. Types of restorative treatment for coronal caries were similar between initial and cavitated lesions. This could indicate scope for the adoption of more minimum intervention approaches to the management of initial carious lesions.
Differential Spatiotemporal Patterns of Galectin Expression are a Hallmark of Endotheliochorial Placentation
Authors: Conrad Melanie L. , Freitag Nancy , Diessler Mónica E. , Hernandez Rocío , Barrientos Gabriela , Rose Matthias , Casas Luciano A. , Barbeito Claudio G. , Blois Sandra M. 
Published: November 2015

ProblemGalectins influence the progress of pregnancy by regulating key processes associated with embryo‐maternal cross talk, including angiogenesis and placentation. Galectin family members exert multiple roles in the context of hemochorial and epitheliochorial placentation; however, the galectin prolife in endotheliochorial placenta remains to be investigated.Method of studyHere, we used immunohistochemistry to analyze galectin (gal)‐1, gal‐3 and gal‐9 expression during early and late endotheliochorial placentation in two different species (dogs and cats).ResultsWe found that during early feline gestation, all three galectin members were more strongly expressed on trophoblast and maternal vessels compared to the decidua. This was accompanied by an overall decrease of gal‐1, gal‐3 and gal‐9 expressions in late feline gestation. In canine early pregnancy, we observed that gal‐1 and gal‐9 were expressed strongly in cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells compared to gal‐3, and no galectin expression was observed in syncytiotrophoblast (STB) cells. Progression of canine gestation was accompanied by increased gal‐1 and gal‐3 expressions on STB cells, whereas gal‐9 expression remained similar in CTB and STB.ConclusionThese data suggest that both the maternal and fetal compartments are characterized by a spatiotemporal regulation of galectin expression during endotheliochorial placentation. This strongly suggests the involvement of the galectin family in important developmental processes during gestation including immunemodulation, trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis. A conserved functional role for galectins during mammalian placental development emerges from these studies.
End user bag‐mask ability and perceptions of two infant resuscitation mannequins
Authors: Hawkes Gavin A. , Malik Yusuf , Livingstone Vicki , Dempsey Eugene M. , Ryan C Anthony 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimTo examine user ability and preference in performing bag‐mask ventilation (BMV) with four different configurations of infant mannequins.MethodsParticipants provided a 30‐second period of BMV to a Resusci Baby mannequin (RB), NeoNatalie mannequin (NN), NN filled with air (NNA), NN filled with water (NNW) and NN filled with 50% air and 50% water mix (NNAW). Participants rated the fidelity of each configuration.ResultsOf the 20 participants, 65% rated NNW as having a high level of fidelity (HLF) ‘to hold’ (50% for NNAW, 10% for RB and 0% for NNA) (p < 0.001). Half rated NNAW as having a HLF in ‘tone’ (40% for NNW, 20% for RB and 5% for NNA) (p = 0.008). About 45% of participants rated NNAW as having a HLF in ‘appearance’ (45% for the RB, 20% for NNA and 15% for NNW) (p = 0.035). About 35% of participants rated NNAW as having a HLF in how it ‘felt to touch’ (30% for NNW, 15% for RB and 10% for NNA) (p = 0.008). Half of participants rated NNAW as having a HLF in terms of ‘weight’ (45% for NNW, 40% for RB and 0% for NNA) (p = 0.003). Participants delivered the greatest number of effective ventilations to the NNW mannequin.ConclusionThe NNW and NNAW configurations had the highest fidelity and had the highest percentage of effective ventilations delivered.
Separating reflectance signatures of shrub species – a case study in the Central Greater Caucasus
Authors: Magiera Anja , Feilhauer Hannes , Tephnadze Nato , Waldhardt Rainer , Otte Annette 
Published: November 2015

AbstractQuestionsShrub encroachment has been observed in many alpine and arctic environments and is expected to significantly alter these ecosystems. Mapping these processes with remote sensing is a powerful tool for monitoring purposes. Thus, we test the distinctiveness of the reflectance signature of target species relative to their co‐occurring shrub species using uni‐ and multivariate analyses for an alpine ecosystem. We ask: (i) is it possible to differentiate shrub species with a unique growth form by their reflectance signature; (ii) which of the tested multispectral sensors produces the best separation; and (iii) how are the results affected by the timing of data acquisition in the vegetation period?LocationKazbegi district, Central Greater Caucasus, Georgia.MethodWe analysed three shrub (Betula litwinowii, Rhododendron caucasicum, Hippophae rhamnoides) and one tall forb (Veratrum lobelianum) species occurring in the sub‐alpine to alpine belt The vegetation of 52 relevés was analysed using non‐metric multidimensional scaling and indicator species analysis. From field spectrometric data we simulated multispectral sensor bands (IKONOS, Quickbird 2, RapidEye, WorldView‐2) directly taken from the target species. We analysed the reflectance signature in RapidEye data from June and September. For all data sets we calculated the Jeffries‐Matusita distance (JMD) as a separation measure and tested the reflectance signature of the single bands for differences.ResultsBetula litwinowii and V. lobelianum always co‐occurred in our data. A high abundance of B. litwinowii could also be found in the Rhododendron cluster and vice versa, whereas the Hippophae cluster was more homogeneous. Simulated bands showed good overall separation (JMD 1.58–2.00) of the target species. The separation increased with the increase of number of bands and inclusion of the red edge band. There was a general trend in which the reflectance from satellite images produced a lower separation (JMD 1.20–1.55) than the simulations, with the best separation in the late vegetation period.ConclusionOur results showed the possibility to spectrally separate encroaching shrub species with a unique growth form in a high‐mountain environment using simulated multispectral data and satellite imagery.