bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'inspiration romaine dans Les Chaines de l'esclavage de Marat
Authors: Andrivet Patrick 
Published: June 2016

Patrick Andrivet : Roman inspiration in Marat's Chains of Slavery.
Because Marat uses the term "slavery" metaphorically to refer to any type of oppression, but more particularly political oppression (thus aiming at the absolutisms of his own age) his Chains of Slavery deals with ancient Rome in the same terms as Stuart England or contemporary France. It is particularly critical of the republican Senate, oppressor of the plebeians, but is just as harsh towards the latter who often "forge their own chains" which their masters have only to "fasten". Marat does not deal with Rome the conqueror and thus removes both its main characteristic and the prestige which it had been accorded since Antiquity.
Mythologie et art poétique. L'Antiquité dans la théorie de l'architecture régénérée de Ledoux
Authors: Rabreau Daniel 
Published: June 2016

Daniel Rabreau : Mythology and poetic art. Antiquity in Ledoux'S regenerated architectural theory.
Ledoux was one of the French architects with the most sites under construction during the reigns of Louis XV and XVI, but his career was broken by the Revolution. In 1804 he published a great illustrated work which was his artistic testament, a theory of architecture and an encyclopœdia of art and history for the use of posterity (general public and students of architecture). He was considered as one of the reformers of the classical architecture of his time, but after more than a century of neglect, 20th-century critics see him as an Utopian visionary anticipating modernist purity (E. Kaufmann). A study of the 1804 text and illustrations devoted to classical poetic art, mythology and Greco-Roman history, show that Ledoux's literary and symbolic objectives were to regenerate the architecture of his time by making it speak like an epic poem or a historical painting. This poetico-historical dimension of classical Antiquity, a sort of Ut architectura poesis, which guides his reform of classical architecture, has never before been brought out.
A la découverte de Lahontan
Authors: Ouellet Real 
Published: June 2016

Real Ouellet : Discovering Lahontan.
This article seeks to identify the place of Lahontan in the intellectual currents of the final decades of the Eighteenth Century, and to bring out the originality of his use of both genre and argument. On one hand, Lahontan draws fully on the three streams that flow into travel literature, namely the adventure story, journey inventory accounts and socio-philosophical discourse ; and on the other, his use of irony makes his text ambiguous and infuses a dynamism into it that makes an airtight interpretation impossible.
La fiction selon Mme Riccoboni
Authors: Flaux Mireille 
Published: June 2016

Mireille Flaux : Fiction according to Madame Riccoboni.
What did writing fiction mean for Mme Riccoboni ? Several circumstances pushed her to exploit her talent, like the meeting with Marivaux in the Italian Theatre where she acted, or the encouragements of her friends, not to mention the need to earn a living after she left the stage. It was for her a serious occupation, as for her the role of the writer was, without lecturing, to provide a moral teaching by speaking to the heart. In addition, the study of novels reveals traces of the author's sentimental life. Even more, her work became a stage for presenting the condition of women ; this does not mean that she preached, for the aim was to amuse as well as to convince, but the epistolary novel and even more the novel of memoirs are particularly well adapted to revealing the truth about women. The writing reflects her sensitivity and aspirations and the style reveals a pleasure in writing blending with her search for happiness.
Derjavine, poète russe
Authors: Vatcheva Anguélina 
Published: June 2016

Anguélina Vatchéva : Derjavine, the Russian poet.
G. R. Derjavine (1743-1816), who played a public role under four sovereigns, was a leading figure in Russian literary life. This article studies mainly his contribution to poetry as the last great representative of classicism, who drew on the inheritance of both Lomonossov and Soumarokov. It emphasizes the originality of his odes, in particular the most famous, Felitza (1763), in which the Russian national tradition is combined with a modern opening onto Western culture. Deijavine is thus seen as a great philosopher poet, half-way between Lomonossov' s lyrical meditation and the generation of 19th century romantics, and particularly famous for his anacreontic poetry. At the end of his life, he played a conciliatory role in the literary quarrel between the Neoclassicists and the Sentimentalists.
Les débuts de l'orientalisme en France et les études arméniennes
Authors: Kevorkian Raymond H. 
Published: June 2016

Raymond Kevorkian : Armenian studies and the beginnings of Orientalism in France.
Colbert's intructions to Antoine Galland before his third visit to the East in 1679 — shortly after the authorisation given to Oskan Erewanc'i in 1669 to set up an Armenian-language printing press in Marseilles — initiated a policy of Armenian acquisitions. The study of the Fathers of the Eastern Church became an issue in the theological disputes between Catholics and Protestants, which stimulated study of Armenian liturgical texts and manuscripts. However the collection of Armenian manuscripts at the Royal Library did not develop until abbé Sevin's mission to the East in 1728. Pétis de la Croix, the royal interpreter and professor at the Royal College, translated Armenian documents, and the first school of Armenian specialists in Europe was founded in Venice in 1715. Napo leon's creation of the chair of Armenian at the School of Oriental Languages enabled the inventory of the riches of the Armenian cultural heritage to continue.
L'orientalisme piétiste en Prusse et en Russie
Authors: Duverdier Gérald 
Published: June 2016

Gérald Duverdier : Pietist orientalism in Prussia and Russia.
Pietism, a return to the 'rue Christianity' of Lutheranism, naturally turned to the Eastern Churches, which were closer to the primitive Church, in order to restore their old vitality. It wished to work with them to revive the missionary spirit of early Christianity, in order to reconquer Christendom. Although its approaches to the Ethiopian, Malabar and Armenian churches were unsuccessful, they led to the development of study of their holy languages and history. Relations with the Orthodox Chruch were very fruitful : although in the Ottoman Empire they only led to the development of Arabic, Turkish and Persian studies, in Russia, Pietism helped to revive the Church, according to the wishes of Peter the Great, and gave birth to Russian Orientalism at a time when expansion towards the Amor and the Caspian was beginning.
A la recherche de textes indiens
Authors: D'Souza Florence 
Published: June 2016

Florence D'Souza : In search of Indian texts.
Serious Orientalist study was only established in the early 18th Century. By 1738 the French Jesuits in India had sent 287 Indian texts to the Royal Library in response to abbé Bignon's appeal for Oriental documents. In the 1750s three travellers (J.-B. Gentil, Anquetil-Duperron and A. de Polier) collected documents and compilations of Indian texts. Foucher d'Obsonville and J. Maissin also deposited documents in the Royal Library. Rival British scholars assembled and translated legal and literary texts for the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, founded in 1784, thus ensuring a solid collection of Indian documents in Britain's major libraries. This politically-motivated British Orientalist research was replaced by colonialist concerns by 1850. The selections made by these early European Orientalists greatly influenced the way India has since been perceived ; for exam¬ ple, the oversimplified bipolarisation of Indian society into Hindus and Muslims, an exaggerated admiration for ancient Indian civilisation, as well as the rigidifica-tion of traditional power structures, can be seen as the result of certain trends in Orientalist discourse.
Jean-Louis Asselin, agent consulaire et collectionneur de manuscrits orientaux
Authors: Burger Pierre-François 
Published: June 2016

Pierre-François Burger : Jean-Louis Asselin, a diplomat and collector of Oriental manuscripts.
This article traces the career and activity of Jean-Louis Asselin de Cherville or Chervillé (1772-1822), who was the French diplomatic agent in Cairo and an Orientalist with a strong and unusual personality. He assembled a very important and original collection of Oriental manuscripts which were later acquired by the French National Library.
L'Orient et la numismatique
Authors: de Turckheim-Pey Sylvie 
Published: June 2016

Sylvie de Turckheim-Pey : Numismatics and the Orient.
From the very beginning of the 18th Century, interest in the East can be seen in commercial exchanges which were the result of the foreign policy of the main Western rulers. At the same time, the emperors of the Indies, the rulers of Chinese provinces, the governors of Indian Ocean ports and the princes of Eastern Europe were interested in art and the new sciences and thus open to Enlightened ideas. Monetary circulation, the activities of mints and the iconographic sources of numismatics represent important aspects of this interaction between civilisations and often produced both wealth and artistic creations, which also benefited the local populations.
La correspondance de D'Alembert avec Gabriel Cramer
Authors: Pappas John 
Published: June 2016

John Pappas : D'Alembert's correspondence with Gabriel Cramer.
The voluminous correspondence of the Swiss mathematician G. Cramer, located in the Bibliothèque publique et universitaire in Geneva, is a rich source of information for the historian of science. The D'Alembert letters are especially interesting because, although there are the expected mathematical discussions, the bulk of the letters deal with literary, cultural and political matters, chiefly becauce Cramer wished such news from Paris. D'Alembert tells him of the latest plays (Voltaire's Sémiramis, Crébillon' s Catilina ), literary productions (L'Esprit des lois, Lettre sur les aveugles — and Diderot's imprisonment at Vincennes), his own publications (Discours préliminaire, Éloge de l'abbé Terr assort, Éléments de musique ) and the controversy between the Encyclopédie and Berthier's Journal de Trévoux. The correspondance ends upon Cramer's death in 1751.
Une lettre du chanoine Bergier (1774)
Authors: Besse Guy 
Published: June 2016

Guy Besse : A letter from Canon Bergier to abbé Pralet (1774).
This letter, in the Nantes municipal library, is to a friend from Franche-Comté, abbé Pralet, who was in Madrid, governed by the enlightened Charles
III. While showing Bergier' s attachment to the Bishop of Arras, de Conzie, who was influential at court, it also confirms what his published correspondence already tells us ; the former priest at Flangebouche, the confessor of the first princesses in the realm as well as a philosopher and theologien with comfortable pensions from church and state, nevertheless affirms his independence as a man and a scholar and hopes one day to break the 'chains' keeping him at Versailles. He informs his friend about the imminent re-establishment of the former Parlement and, although refusing to give an opinion as to what is likely to happen, he is nevertheless critical of the probable reticence of the Philosophes, who he thinks will weigh up the risks before reacting.
«Malheur aux faibles !» Condamnations de l'oppression des animaux
Authors: Mannucci Erica J. 
Published: June 2016

Erica Mannucci : 'Woe to the weak' ! J. Oswald against the oppression of animals.
John Oswald, a young Scottish republican journalist and former army officer who had become a vegetarian in India, published The Cry of Nature in London in 1791 ; it was the first manifesto against the oppression of animals. Oswald, who was a member of the Parisian Jacobin club and died in the Vendée in 1793 as a French patriot, thought that the revolutionary era would bring justice for animals. He was the first to politicise the problem of anthropocentric cruelty towards animals, which became for him the key to a critical reading of the entire course of Western civilisation. A comparative approach, with a survey of a number of significant philosophical and moral arguments concerning animals by French authors from Meslier to Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, helps to highlight the innovative aspects of Oswald's position within the framework of the development of a new sensibility.
L'Arétin en France
Authors: Fischer Caroline 
Published: June 2016

Caroline Fischer : Aretino in France.
During his lifetime, Pietro Aretino (1492-1556) was a celebrity who was received by François I and spoken of as a famous writer by Montaigne. Major figures of 17th-century literature such as Corneille, Gilbert, Molière and La Fontaine drew inspiration from his life and works. In the 18th Century his name was synonymous with erotic and satirical literature. Aretino' s catalogue of positions was legendary, and his life was much better known than his works, which were hardly published after 1660. A that moment, the erotic novel appeared on the French scene with L'École des filles, L'Académie des dames and, shortly after, Vénus dans le cloître (ca 1680). All three novels were clearly influenced by Aretino' s Ragionamenti (dialogues of courtisans) and in turn left their imprint on 18th-century erotic literature. Even when Aretino' s influence was only evident to observant eyes, he was rightfully considered as a pornographer par excellence.
Théâtre et cafés à Paris
Authors: Jubinville Yves 
Published: June 2016

Yves Jubinville : Theatres and cafés in Paris.
In the cultural geography of 18th-century Paris, there were two "institutions" which complicated the hitherto untroubled activity of the élites gravitating around the monarchy : the theatre and the café, which increased in number (in particular the cafés) throughout the century. From them rose a sort of murmer, even din, which created a certain disorder in the society of the Old Régime. This study looks above all at the disorder of discourse ; for cafés and theatres were places which encouraged exchanges of all sorts and in particular verbal exchanges. It was here, in the 18th Century, that speech originated, in the form of rumours, secrets, mockery, pamphlets — all forms which defied the dominant rules of discourse. It is easy to understand the threat they posed, echoed in the works by Diderot (Neveu de Rameau) and Voltaire (L'Ecossaise) analysed here. Their "mocking speech" endangered the social consensus and the general norms of legitimacy which framed the struggles between the old (Academies, court society) and new (republic of letters, salons) organisations of cultural power.
Les peintres de l'Académie et leurs familles
Authors: Wine Humphrey 
Published: June 2016

Humphrey Wine : Academy painters and their families.
During the course of the 1 8th Century the perception of the painter in France evolved from that of a person who exercised a skill acquired by diligence to that of one inspired by genius. This change was accompanied to a significant degree by a change in the type of person admitted to membership of the French Academy of Painting. Whereas in 1700 over half the painter members of the Academy were the children of painters, sculptors or engravers, the proportion fell to less than a quarter of painters admitted to membership during the period 1780-91. This reduction in the link between family and profession emerges statistically in the early part of the century, but is particularly marked between the years 1740 and 1780.
Rousseau sans peine et en cartes postales
Authors: Starobinski Jean 
Published: June 2016

Rousseau without tears and in postcards.
This article denounces the scandalous publication of a book by Jean-Jacques Monney called Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Sa vie, son œuvre racontées en un siècle de cartes postales (Geneva, Slatkine, 1994, new edition 1995). This work, in which a series of postcards is reproduced and commented on, is full of crude errors which deform Rousseau's life and work. It appeared under the more or less official patronage of the Genevan authorities and has been translated into Japanese and Chinese.
De grappe en verre : état des questions
Authors: Bart Jean , Wahl Élisabeth 
Published: June 2016

Jean Bart and Elisabeth Wahl : From grape to glass. The present state of studies.
Research on vines and wine has greatly developed in the last decades. Many studies, both individual and collective, particularly in the fields of history and geography, have adopted a long time-scale which can lead from classical antiquity to the phylloxera crisis. The present special issue both complements and extends no. 15, on "Food and Cooking" ; it reflects the present state of research on the subject and, from a resolutely pluridisciplinary point of view, throws light on the changes that came about during the 18th Century, both concerning the reality of viti-and viniculture and the representations and myths about the production, commercialisation and consumption of wine.
La taxe des vins de Metz : un système de paiement qui appauvrit le vigneron
Authors: Barthel Jocelyne 
Published: June 2016

Jocelyne Barthel : the "tax" on metz wines, a system of payment which impoverished the wine-growers.
The Moselle Valley wine region, prosperous since Gallo-Roman times, had been in the hands of small traders and artisans since the 17th Century. Domains were small, and although some of the wine-growers were landowners, most were tenants and paid the landowner between a third and half of the crop. As no money came in until after the harvest, the independent growers or tenants borrowed money from their masters or landowners, repaid in wine after the harvest, according to a tariff, often improperly called a "wine tax". The wine-grower provided the creditor with wine up to the sum owed in addition to the part of the crop owed as rent. As the "tax" was always lower than the true price of the wine, he had usually to give up all of his crop without being able to reimburse the loan completely. Year after year the debt increased and the Metz winegrowers became poorer. In addition, this undervalued tariff, often better known than the true price of the wine, devalued it in the eyes of foreigners, who believed that this cheap product was inferior, and thus this ruined the reputation of the region in the 18th Century.
Thomas Jefferson : chef d'État, vigneron, œnophile
Authors: Fink Béatrice 
Published: June 2016

Beatrice Fink : Thomas Jefferson : Statesman, winegrower, lover of
wines.
Jefferson is America's first, and arguably greatest, patron of wine and winegrowing. This article, after a brief survey of earlier winegrowing in America, traces the hows, whens and whys of the third American President's involvement in the world of wine, thereby enhancing the "Sage of Monticello" behind the Founding Father. Apart from a love of the land and its cultivation, reinforced by a fascination with the natural sciences, Jefferson's commitment to his vineyards and the universe of wine represents a conflation (which is not without its inconsistencies) of a visionary physiocratic dream energized by patriotic zeal, a pragmatic clinical attitude towards the tangible realities of soil, weather, economics, etc., and the subtle tastes of wine. A three-stage itinerary — initiation, assimilation (comprising the crucial 1784-89 stay in France) and consolidation — is fired throughout by his belief in wine drinking as a means of controlling alcoholism in which wine replaced "ardent spirits". Jefferson's dream was not to materialize during his lifetime, but he himself foresaw a rosier future.
Le discours sur le vin dans la presse régionale et l'identité nationale (1750-1790)
Authors: Merrett Robert James 
Published: June 2016

Robert James Merrett : Discussion of wine in regional journalism and national identity (1750-1790).
This article surveys the journalism produced in eleven provincial centres of the wine trade in 18th-century France. By showing what the affiches reveal about this trade, the article considers how this court-controlled and miscellaneous journalism may yield documentary information useful to cultural history. The rhetoric of the regional press is oblique and contradictory, but such faults expose interesting problems in the wine trade, problems that reflect how the history of industry, trade and consumerism enlightens social issues, such as the formation of national identity.
Le service de la boisson à table
Authors: Mabille Gérard 
Published: June 2016

Gérard Mabille : Serving wine at table.
The French etiquette for serving food was established and spread during the first half of the 18th Century in a way that parallels the development of the art of gardens. The rules linked to drink are one of the most surprising aspects of French serving etiquette. It had long been established that no drinker should put his glass on the table, and the habit of cooling all drinks and glasses with ice gave rise to a whole range of instruments : ice-buckets or coolers, divided into three groups according to size, some of the most beautiful specimens of which have survived. For those wines which were never served on the table, special buckets called "cuvettes" were used ; to cool several glasses at once, glass racks or crenellated buckets were apparently developed in the Sèvres factory.
Le vin dans La Nouvelle Héloïse. «In vino Veritas»
Authors: Fougère Éric 
Published: June 2016

Éric Fougère : In vino Veritas. Wine in J.-J. Rousseau's Nouvelle Héloïse.
Wine plays two main roles in La Nouvelle Héloïse : first, in the narration, it indicates Rousseau's Utopia. Clarens represents a microcosm centred on, amongst other activities, the domestic economy of grape gathering, in which Rousseau's ideal of selected equality is given free rein. Secondly, from a philosophical point of view, the question of wine seems to provide a solution to the problem of the interpretation of nature. As a beneficial drink, wine, if mixed with water, can make one healthy both physically and morally, but as a harmful one, it estranges one from reason, as when Saint-Preux is inebriated. In fact, wine has an ambiguous status. It represents the natural aesthetics and ethics underlying the Discours sur l'origine et fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes and the Entretien sur les romans. In a corrupt society, wine, like art and fiction, represents the kind of illusion which can lead to the discovery of a hidden moral truth.
Le vin dans le Théâtre de la Foire
Authors: Aguilâ Solana Irène 
Published: June 2016

Irène Aguilâ Solana : Wine in the "théâtre de la foire".
As comic opera is mainly a light-hearted genre, it is not surprising that drinking is very common in this kind of play. Wine is undoubtedly the most popular alcoholic drink amongst the characters of the "Foire" ; beer and spirits follow far behind it. The comic opera emphasizes the positive effects of alcohol consumption, but it also points out its negative consequences, as seen in its criticism of trade and customs. Within the culture of wine encouraged by the "Théâtre de la Foire", other formal aspects are also analysed, such as references to its use, at a real or a metaphorical level, and the frequency of drinking songs to back up the dialogue.