bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How close are formal and informal work?
Authors: Shapland Joanna , Heyes Jason 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
Recent changes in the UK to the regulation and modes of work in the formal and informal economies are considered. Research in this field has tended to remain in silos (treating formal economy working conditions separately from research on the informal economy). The question is whether the means of work and benefits to the worker for formal and informal work are now as different as the former images of formal and informal economy work imply under a “jobs-for-life” economy. The purpose of this paper is to consider whether the current aim of government regulation of the informal economy – to formalise it – is actually of benefit to workers, as might be supposed.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper considers recent research findings on the formal and informal economy, using official government statistics for the UK and more detailed European studies on the informal economy.

Findings
This paper argues that formal employment in the UK is becoming more casualised, with less associated benefits to employees. Though it is still of benefit to the state to formalise informal work (to increase tax take), some of the links between formalisation and a good working environment for workers are being broken, which may lead to the informal economy becoming more popular and requiring different priorities in its regulation.

Originality/value
This paper argues that we need to change our assumptions and image of work in the formal economy, compared to that in the informal economy.
Great expectations but little evidence: policing money laundering
Authors: Verhage Antoinette 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to map anti-money laundering policy and its impact on money laundering. The AML system is discussed from the perspective of the compliance officer, who is responsible for translating AML law into practice in Belgian banks.

Design/methodology/approach
Literature review, based largely on a PhD study (2009) that involved a survey and interviews. Additionally, 12 compliance officers were interviewed in 2015.

Findings
The global AML system impacts significantly on issues of privacy and due process but has not yet been evaluated. The system’s preventive effect is difficult to measure because of a lack of (cross-border) information. The way in which Risks are currently managed in diverse ways.

Research limitations/implications
Results from the first study in 2009 (based on interviews in 2007-2008) were potentially outdated. This recent update (2015) confirms that compliance officers are still dealing with the same issues.

Practical implications
The study clarifies the ways in which compliance and AML is dealt with and mapped, providing insights into an often closed setting.

Social implications
The battle against money laundering is very costly and intrusive, making the need for stringent evaluation more pressing.

Originality/value
The study is both original and valuable because compliance officers have rarely been the subject of research. The study discloses useful information about their role.
Informal employment in the poor European periphery
Authors: Pfau-Effinger Birgit 
Published: September 2017

PurposeDuring the transition from socialist to post-socialist regimes, many Central and Eastern Europe societies have developed a broad sector of informal work. This development has caused substantial economic and social problems. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThis paper aims to answer two questions regarding European countries with a relatively weak economy and welfare state: what are the differences in the social characteristics between workers in formal and informal employment? And how might they be explained? According to the main assumption, a key reason why people work in undeclared employment in such countries is that they are in particularly vulnerable positions in the labour market. This paper uses the example of Moldova. The empirical study is based on a unique survey data set from the National Statistical Office of Moldova covering formal and informal employment.FindingsThe findings show that, in informal employment, workers in rural areas, workers with a low level of education, young workers and older workers – in the final years of their careers and after the age of retirement – are over-represented. It seems that a significant reason why these workers are often engaged in informal employment is the lack of alternatives in the labour market, particularly in rural areas, compounded by limited social benefits from unemployment benefits and pensions.Originality/valueResearch about social differences between workers in formal and informal employment in the countries of the European periphery is rare. This paper makes a new contribution to the theoretical debate and research regarding work in informal employment.
Inheritance tax compliance – earmarking with normative value principles
Authors: Stark Jennifer Anna , Kirchler Erich 
Published: September 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship of inheritance tax behavior with normative value principles and factors found relevant for income tax compliance. Also, it examines the influence of affectedness and earmarking on inheritance tax compliance. Furthermore, it compares two countries similar in tax morale, tax culture as well as dominant normative value principles, Austria and Germany, of which one – Germany – levies inheritance taxes and the other – Austria – is debating its reintroduction.Design/methodology/approachA two (affected vs nonaffected) by two (Austria vs Germany) by two (inheritance tax vs stock profit tax) by three (no earmarking vs social justice earmarking vs equality of opportunity earmarking) experimental online questionnaire was conducted with 296 Austrians and 230 Germans.FindingsNormative value principles and other socio-psychological variables play an important role concerning inheritance tax behavior. Affectedness does not influence inheritance tax compliance. Earmarking inheritance tax to projects corresponding to these value principles increases inheritance tax compliance in the Austrian sample and could represent a measure to increase inheritance tax compliance in countries implementing inheritance tax or increasing inheritance tax.Originality/valueThis study draws a comprehensive picture of the socio-psychological variables relevant to inheritance tax behavior and tests the effect of earmarking as a policy measure to increase inheritance tax compliance.
Engendering leadership in the Indian workplace – a framework on cross-level linkages
Authors: Chakravarty Arjya , Bhatnagar Jyotsna 
Published: September 2017

PurposeGender inequality is a critical economic challenge. A need to conceptualize and understand gender-based issues is of utmost importance to frame policies and processes for healthy workplaces. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThis study attempts to capture the nuances of “gender diversity” issues at the Indian workplace from a grounded theory perspective by highlighting the viewpoints of women leaders and their organizations in the Indian context.FindingsThe findings reveal certain important themes. Indian organizations which have eliminated stereotyping and sex typing (stereotypical categorization of people according to conventional perceptions of sex) in roles and have implemented gender neutral policies and processes have become preferred employers and achieved better business results.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has proposed a linkage framework (Figure 1) and has suggested ways to understand an organization’s gender imbalance and lack of gender leadership with factors in the micro and macro environment. Organizations may use this model to gain perspective and adapt and invent policies and processes to have more gender diversity at workplace, for sustainable business results. Organizations should deepen their understanding of how “engendering leadership” should be embedded into the macro, micro and meso levels of an organization.Practical implicationsOrganizations that have created gender neutralism by procreating a performance and talent-driven culture find themselves creating positive business results. This was made possible by involving all stakeholders in the efforts to remove and negate gender myths and biases. A false sense of complacency, by creating rules and policies which were never implemented in spirit, proved to be detrimental.Social implicationsThis research attempts to investigate gender diversity’s coherence with the other features of the broader social context.Originality/valueTo gain perspective of how this phenomenon is manifested in reality in the Indian organizations, the authors conducted a qualitative study to gain deep immersed insights. This research has attempted to contribute and enrich the literature on gender leadership using a grounded theory approach. None of the earlier gender-related studies have applied grounded theory as a methodology.
Letter: bleeding in cirrhotics receiving coronary stenting and antiplatelet therapy – author's reply
Authors: Feagins L. A. 
Published: September 2017

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Ponzetto and Figura, and Krill et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14244 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14121.
Impact of implant–abutment connection on osteoimmunological and microbiological parameters in short implants: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Öztürk Veli Özgen , Emingil Gülnur , Bostanci Nagihan , Belibasakis Georgios N. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe study aimed to determine the levels of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor‐кB ligand (sRANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) as well as their relative calculated ratio in peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) obtained around two different types of implant–abutment connection on short implants following a 12‐month monitoring period. Moreover, the levels of a number of oral bacterial species were investigated in the corresponding submucosal biofilm samples.Materials and methodsThirty short implants were randomly placed in posterior maxillary edentulous sites using a split‐mouth design in 15 periodontally healthy subjects. Tapered interference fit (TIF) and taper‐integrated screwed‐in (TIS) types of implant–abutment connections were selected for investigation. PICF and submucosal biofilm samples were collected 1 month after surgery and repeated 12 months after prosthetic loading. Clinical parameters, including probing depth, dichotomous presence of bleeding on probing, and plaque index, were recorded and digital periapical radiographs were taken at each time point. sRANKL and OPG levels in PICF were analyzed using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Total bacterial levels, as well as levels of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, and Streptococcus oralis, were analyzed in the corresponding submucosal biofilm samples using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction.ResultsThe total amount of sRANKL in TIF implants was 2.64‐fold lower than that in TIS implants at baseline (P < 0.001), whereas similar levels were found after 12 months (P > 0.05). Accordingly, OPG and RANKL/OPG ratio were similar between the groups at each time point (P > 0.05). Microbiological results were similar in both groups at each time point (P > 0.05).ConclusionThe results of this longitudinal study suggested that sRANKL and OPG in PICF, as well as microbiological parameters in submucosal biofilms, were similar between TIF and TIS implants, after a 12‐month monitoring period, despite early differences in the former. Therefore, the type of implant–abutment connection does not appear to influence longitudinally the levels of osteoimmunological and microbiological markers in the peri‐implant tissues of short implants.
Primary cells in BCR/FGFR1‐positive 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome are sensitive to dovitinib, ponatinib, and dasatinib
Authors: Landberg Niklas , Dreimane Arta , Rissler Marianne , Billström Rolf , Ågerstam Helena 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesTranslocations involving the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene are associated with the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS), a rare neoplasm that following a usually short chronic phase progresses into acute myeloid or lymphoid leukemia. The treatment commonly involves chemotherapy and, if possible, allogeneic stem cell transplantation which is the only therapeutic option for long‐term survival. Given the aggressive course of EMS, we here evaluated tyrosine kinase inhibitors as treatment options to delay disease progression.MethodsWe described a new case of EMS and used chromosome analyses, PCR, and sequencing to investigate the underlying genetic aberrations. The sensitivity to several tyrosine kinase inhibitors was tested in vitro on the EMS cell line KG1 and on primary cells from the newly diagnosed EMS patient.ResultsA translocation involving chromosomes 8 and 22 was detected, and a BCR/FGFR1 fusion gene was confirmed and characterized by sequencing. KG1 cells and primary EMS cells displayed distinct sensitivity to dovitinib, ponatinib, and dasatinib as compared to normal bone marrow control cells.ConclusionsThese results suggest that treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be beneficial for patients with EMS during the search for a suitable stem cell donor and for those not eligible for transplantation.
Large soil organic carbon increase due to improved agronomic management in the North China Plain from 1980s to 2010s
Authors: Han Daorui , Wiesmeier Martin , Conant Richard T. , Kühnel Anna , Sun Zhigang , Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid , Hou Ruixing , Cong Peifei , Liang Rubiao , Ouyang Zhu 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAgricultural soils are widely recognized to be capable of carbon sequestration that contributes to mitigating CO2 emissions. To better understand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock dynamics and its driving and controlling factors corresponding with a period of rapid agronomic evolution from the 1980s to the 2010s in the North China Plain (NCP), we collected data from two region‐wide soil sampling campaigns (in the 1980s and 2010s) and conducted an analysis of the controlling factors using the random forest model. Between the 1980s and 2010s, environmental (i.e. soil salinity/fertility) and societal (i.e. policy/techniques) factors both contributed to adoption of new management practices (i.e. chemical fertilizer application/mechanization). Results of our work indicate that SOC stocks in the NCP croplands increased significantly, which also closely related to soil total nitrogen changes. Samples collected near the surface (0–20 cm) and deeper (20–40 cm) both increased by an average of 9.4 and 5.1 Mg C ha−1, respectively, which are equivalent to increases of 73% and 56% compared with initial SOC stocks in the 1980s. The annual carbon sequestration amount in surface soils reached 10.9 Tg C year−1, which contributed an estimated 43% of total carbon sequestration in all of China's cropland on just 27% of its area. Successful desalinization and the subsequent increases in carbon (C) inputs, induced by agricultural projects and policies intended to support crop production (i.e. reconstruction of low yield farmland, and agricultural subsidies), combined with improved cultivation practices (i.e. fertilization and straw return) since the early 1980s were the main drivers for the SOC stock increase. This study suggests that rehabilitation of NCP soils to reduce salinity and increase crop yields have also served as a pathway for substantial soil C sequestration.
Prevalence and factors associated with mild cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults with depression
Authors: Li Ning , Chen Gong , Zeng Ping , Pang Jing , Gong Huan , Han Yiwen , Zhang Yan , Zhang Enyi , Zhang Tiemei , Zheng Xiaoying 
Published: September 2017

AimDepression and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are common among older adults. Most of the existing studies were carried out in developed countries, and evidence from developing countries are lacking. In the present study, using a national sample, we aimed to describe the prevalence of MCI and its associated factors among Chinese older adults with depression.MethodThe present study uses data from a national survey of the 2011 Comprehensive Assessment of Elderly Health, which involved 8113 older adults from eight provinces or municipalities directly under the Central Government of six regions in China. The Geriatric Depression Scale was used to assess depression, and the Mini‐Mental State Examination was used as the measurement of cognitive function.ResultsThe results showed that the prevalence of geriatric depression was 15.9%, and 36.4% of those with depression had MCI. Geriatric depression was found to be significantly associated with MCI after controlling for demographics. Among participants with geriatric depression, female sex, older age, rural or suburban residence, poor physical health status, education level of illiterate or elementary school, having no daily physical activity, and living in Central China or West China were associated with an increased risk of MCI.ConclusionsThe present study showed a high prevalence rate of MCI among Chinese older adults with depression. Early screening and treatment for MCI are necessary among people with geriatric depression. Further research and health services innovations are required to address the high prevalence of MCI in this population. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 263–268.
Quantity over quality—Findings from a systematic review and environmental scan of patient decision aids on early abortion methods
Authors: Donnelly Kyla Z. , Elwyn Glyn , Thompson Rachel 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe availability and effectiveness of decision aids (DAs) on early abortion methods remain unknown, despite their potential for supporting women's decision making.ObjectiveTo describe the availability, impact and quality of DAs on surgical and medical early abortion methods for women seeking induced abortion.Search strategyFor the systematic review, we searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE and PsycINFO. For the environmental scan, we searched Google and App Stores and consulted key informants.Inclusion criteriaFor the systematic review, we included studies evaluating an early abortion method DA (any format and language) vs a comparison group on women's decision making. DAs must have met the Stacey et al (2014). Cochrane review definition of DAs. For the environmental scan, we included English DAs developed for the US context.Data extraction and synthesisWe extracted study and DA characteristics, assessed study quality using the Effective Practice and Organization of Care risk of bias tool and assessed DA quality using International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS).ResultsThe systematic review identified one study, which found that the DA group had higher knowledge and felt more informed. The evaluated DA met few IPDAS criteria. In contrast, the environmental scan identified 49 DAs created by non‐specialists. On average, these met 28% of IPDAS criteria for Content, 22% for Development and 0% for Effectiveness.ConclusionsResearch evaluating DAs on early abortion methods is lacking, and although many tools are accessible, they demonstrate suboptimal quality. Efforts to revise existing or develop new DAs, support patients to identify high‐quality DAs and facilitate non‐specialist developers' adoption of best practices for DA development are needed.
Photostimulation with subthreshold yellow micropulsed laser for chronic residual subfoveal rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after surgery
Authors: Esposti G. , Esposti P.L. , Fruschelli M. , Hadjistilianou T. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeThe aim of this pilot study, the first of this kind, was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Subthreshold Yellow Micropulsed Laser (SML) to treat eleven patients with chronic residual subfoveal Retinal Detachment (RD) after surgery to repair Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment (RRD).MethodsEleven eyes with residual subfoveal RD after surgery, dating from eight to sixteen months before treatment have been evaluated. Evaluation included visual acuity, Amsler test, ophthalmoscopy, Autofluorescence (AF) and Spectral‐Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD‐OCT).ResultsAfter treatment we recorded improved visual acuity and Amsler test, disappearance of subfoveal detachment by ophthalmoscopy, reduced retinal pigment epithelial distress by AF and restored macular retinal profile without neuroretinal alterations by SD‐OCT evaluation in nine eyes.ConclusionsPhotostimulation with SML, selective for the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE), is proved to be painless, effective and safe. The possibility to reabsorb subretinal liquid by foveal and parafoveal RPE photostimulation, without neuroretinal damage, opens new prospects for the therapy of this pathology. If further studies confirm the results of the present pilot study, SML treatment can be considered the first and only non invasive option for chronic residual RD after retinal surgery to repair RRD.
Biodegradable implants for sustained drug release: Manufacturing considerations, drug stability, and drug release
Authors: Kompella U.B. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryPoly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) is a biodegradable polymer used in preparing sustained release dosage forms including implants, microparticles, and nanoparticles. Indeed, an intravitreally injectable PLGA implant loaded with dexamethasone, an anti‐inflammatory corticosteroid, has been approved for treating retinal vein occlusion, posterior segment uveitis, and diabetic macular edema. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of implant manufacturing method on release of dexamethasone from PLGA implants. Melt compression and hot‐melt extrusion were the two methods employed for implant manufacturing. Drug release from implants was assessed over 10 weeks in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) maintained at 37 degrees Centigrade. Drug stability in PBS was assessed under the same conditions. The results indicated degradation of dexamethasone to over 10 products in PBS. Drug amounts in release medium were corrected for drug degradation, in order to estimate actual drug release. The two manufacturing methods resulted in different drug release profiles.
Directed migration of retinal astrocytes by PDGF signaling
Authors: Tao C. , Zhang X. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeProper patterning of astrocytes is crucial for retinal angiogenesis in both rodents and human. Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) is one of the key regulators of cell migration, but distinctive downstream pathways have been implicated in a variety of cell types. Herein we investigated the detailed mechanism of PDGFA‐directed astrocyte migration in early postnatal mouse retina.MethodsTransgenic mice with glia‐specific deletion of PDGFRα and multiple potential downstream effectors of PDGF signaling pathway are generated. Perinatal astrocytes and retinal vasculature are evaluated by whole mount IHC.ResultsAstrocyte migration and retinal angiogenesis are severely impaired in knockout mice of PDGFRα. This is phenocopied by mutations in PI3K catalytic subunits p110αβ, as well as in mutations of PI3K binding site in PDGFRα. Rac/Rap mediated cytoskeleton rearrangement is also imperative for the patterning of astrocytic network. On the other hand, disruption of mTOR signaling by knocking out binding partner Raptor or Rictor had no effect on astrocyte motility. PLCγ pathway, which is essential for PDGF chemotaxis in mesenchymal cells, is also dispensable for astrocyte migration.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that PDGFA‐directed astrocyte migration is mediated through PI3K and Rac/Rap signaling, but not PLCγ or Akt/mTOR pathway. These findings add mechanistic insight into cell type‐specific regulation of migration by PDGF.