bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unit Roots in Time Series with Changepoints
Authors: Herranz Ed , Gentle James , Wang George 
Published: October 2017

Many financial time series are nonstationary and are modeled as ARIMA processes; they are integrated processes (I(n)) which can be made stationary (I(0)) via differencing n times. I(1) processes have a unit root in the autoregressive polynomial. Using OLS with unit root processes often leads to spurious results; a cointegration analysis should be used instead. Unit root tests (URT) decrease spurious cointegration. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) URT fails to reject a false null hypothesis of a unit root under the presence of structural changes in intercept and/or linear trend. The Zivot and Andrews (ZA) (1992) URT was designed for unknown breaks, but not under the null hypothesis. Lee and Strazicich (2003) argued the ZA URT was biased towards stationarity with breaks and proposed a new URT with breaks in the null. When an ARMA(p,q) process with trend and/or drift that is to be tested for unit roots and has changepoints in trend and/or intercept two approaches that can be taken: One approach is to use a unit root test that is robust to changepoints. In this paper we consider two of these URT's, the Lee-Strazicich URT and the Hybrid Bai-Perron ZA URT(Herranz, 2016.) The other approach we consider is to remove the deterministic components with changepoints using the Bai-Perron breakpoint detection method (1998, 2003), and then use a standard unit root test such as ADF in each segment. This approach does not assume that the entire time series being tested is all I(1) or I(0), as is the case with standard unit root tests. Performances of the tests were compared under various scenarios involving changepoints via simulation studies. Another type of model for breaks, the Self-Exciting-Threshold-Autoregressive (SETAR) model is also discussed.
Circus and zoo animal welfare in Sweden: an epidemiological analysis of data from regulatory inspections by the official competent authorities
Authors: Hitchens PL , Hultgren J , Frössling J , Emanuelson U , Keeling LJ 
Published: October 2017

AbstractGood animal welfare is crucial for the success of circuses and zoos. Epidemiological studies of animal welfare that investigate associations between animal-based measures (ABMs) and resource- and management-based measures are needed. However, due to the relatively low numbers of animals within each species kept at individual facilities, such investigations can be difficult to carry out. In this paper, we report the analysis of a multi-facility epidemiological study using data from all regulatory inspections of circus and zoo animals in Sweden for 2010 to 2014. Information from 42 inspections of 38 circuses, and 318 inspections of 179 zoos was analysed. For ABMs assessed during routine inspections of circuses (n = 14) and zoos (n = 61), 9.1 and 14.3% did not comply with requirements for general care of hooves/claws and coat, 10.0 and 8.6% for body condition, and 0 and 1.7% for animal cleanliness, respectively. In addition, the zoo checklist assessed whether animals were kept in appropriate groups, finding non-compliance in 17.0% of inspections. The most frequent non-compliant resource- and management-based measures at routine inspections of circuses were for space (41.7%) and exercise requirements (38.5%). For zoos, 29.4% did not comply with space followed by 28.8% for enrichment requirements. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, zoos that had inadequate or unsafe housing and space design, inadequate bedding, or failed to meet nutritional requirements, were more likely to be non-compliant with at least one ABM. The checklists should be improved to better assess welfare status by including more ABMs; benchmarking of risks and trends over time is also recommended.
Are consumers wilfully ignorant about animal welfare?
Authors: Bell E , Norwood F Bailey , Lusk JL 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWilful ignorance is a documented human behaviour whereby people deliberately avoid information. Although much work has documented consumer attitudes toward farm animal welfare, few studies have questioned whether people even want to know how farm animals are raised. Using an internet survey of 1,000 subjects from the US state of Oklahoma, it is shown that around one-third admit to being wilfully ignorant regarding pork production. One-third also chose to look at a blank screen rather than a picture of how pregnant hogs are housed. Avoidance of guilt is shown to be a motivator for this behaviour.
Neurodynamic mobilization and foam rolling improved delayed-onset muscle soreness in a healthy adult population: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Romero-Moraleda Blanca , La Touche Roy , Lerma-Lara Sergio , Ferrer-Peña Raúl , Paredes Víctor , Peinado Ana Belén , Muñoz-García Daniel 
Published: October 2017

Objectives
Compare the immediate effects of a Neurodynamic Mobilization (NM) treatment or foam roller (FR) treatment after DOMS.

Design
Double blind randomised clinical trial.

Setting
The participants performed 100 drop jumps (5 sets of 20 repetitions, separated by 2 min rests) from a 0.5-m high box in a University biomechanics laboratory to induce muscle soreness. The participants were randomly assigned in a counter-balanced fashion to either a FR or NM treatment group.

Participants
Thirty-two healthy subjects (21 males and 11 females, mean age 22.6 ± 2.2 years) were randomly assigned into the NM group (n = 16) or the FR group (n = 16).

Main Outcome Measures
The numeric pain rating scale (NPRS; 0–10), isometric leg strength with dynamometry, surface electromyography at maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and muscle peak activation (MPA) upon landing after a test jump were measured at baseline, 48 h after baseline before treatment, and immediately after treatment.

Results
Both groups showed significant reduction in NPRS scores after treatment (NM: 59%, p < .01; FR: 45%, p < .01), but no difference was found between them (p > .05). The percentage change improvement in the MVIC for the rectus femoris was the only significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05) at post-treatment. After treatment, only the FR group had a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.01) in strength compared to pre-treatment.

Conclusion
Our results illustrate that both treatments are effective in reducing pain perception after DOMS whereas only FR application showed differences for the MVIC in the rectus femoris and strength.
Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes predict different clinical outcomes in organ- and non-organ-confined urothelial carcinoma of the bladder following radical cystectomy
Authors: Zhang Shiqiang , Wang Jun , Zhang Xinyu , Zhou Fangjian 
Published: October 2017

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are associated with better clinical outcomes in many tumors. TILs represent a cell-mediated immune response against the carcinoma. CD8+ TILs are a crucial component of cell-mediated immunity. The significance of CD8+ TILs has not been reported respectively in organ- and non-organ-confined urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder. We explored the prognostic value of CD8+ TILs in the two groups. The presence of CD8+ TILs was assessed by immunohistochemical staining of whole tissue sections from 75 organ and 51 non-organ-confined disease patients with long-term follow-up, and its correlation with clinicopathological features and overall survival (OS) was determined. The CD8+ TIL immunohistochemical staining score was 0 (<1%), 1 (≥1%), 2 (≥5%), or 3 (≥10%) based on the percentage of positively stained cells out of total cells. A patient was considered CD8 negative if the score was 0. There were no associations between CD8+ TILs and age, sex, nuclear grade, and adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy in organ- and non-organ-confined disease. The presence of CD8+ TILs was seen more frequently in pTa-1 than pT2 stage (p = 0.033) in organ-confined disease. No associations between CD8+ TILs and pT stage, pN stage were found in non-organ-confined disease. CD8+ TILs were associated with better OS (log-rank test, P = 0.036) in non-organ-confined disease, but with poorer OS (log-rank test, P = 0.040) in organ-confined disease by the Kaplan–Meier method. In multivariate analysis, CD8+ TILs were an independent favorable prognostic factor in non-organ-confined disease, but were an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in organ-confined disease. These results suggest that CD8+ TILs have clinically significant anti-tumor activity in non-organ-confined disease, but may have pro-tumor activity in organ-confined disease. Therefore, we should be cautious if CD8+ TILs are aimed to be exploited in the treatment of bladder cancer.
Long‐Term Geomagnetically Induced Current Observations From New Zealand: Peak Current Estimates for Extreme Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Rodger Craig J. , Mac Manus Daniel H. , Dalzell Michael , Thomson Alan W. P. , Clarke Ellen , Petersen Tanja , Clilverd Mark A. , Divett Tim 
Published: October 2017

AbstractGeomagnetically induced current (GIC) observations made in New Zealand over 14 years show induction effects associated with a rapidly varying horizontal magnetic field (dBH/dt) during geomagnetic storms. This study analyzes the GIC observations in order to estimate the impact of extreme storms as a hazard to the power system in New Zealand. Analysis is undertaken of GIC in transformer number six in Islington, Christchurch (ISL M6), which had the highest observed currents during the 6 November 2001 storm. Using previously published values of 3,000 nT/min as a representation of an extreme storm with 100 year return period, induced currents of ~455 A were estimated for Islington (with the 95% confidence interval range being ~155–605 A). For 200 year return periods using 5,000 nT/min, current estimates reach ~755 A (confidence interval range 155–910 A). GIC measurements from the much shorter data set collected at transformer number 4 in Halfway Bush, Dunedin, (HWB T4), found induced currents to be consistently a factor of 3 higher than at Islington, suggesting equivalent extreme storm effects of ~460–1,815 A (100 year return) and ~460–2,720 A (200 year return). An estimate was undertaken of likely failure levels for single‐phase transformers, such as HWB T4 when it failed during the 6 November 2001 geomagnetic storm, identifying that induced currents of ~100 A can put such transformer types at risk of damage. Detailed modeling of the New Zealand power system is therefore required to put this regional analysis into a global context.
Was That Assumption Necessary? Reconsidering Boundary Conditions for Analytical Solutions to Estimate Streambed Fluxes
Authors: Luce Charles H. , Tonina Daniele , Applebee Ralph , DeWeese Timothy 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTwo common refrains about using the one‐dimensional advection diffusion equation to estimate fluid fluxes and thermal conductivity from temperature time series in streambeds are that the solution assumes that (1) the surface boundary condition is a sine wave or nearly so, and (2) there is no gradient in mean temperature with depth. Although the mathematical posing of the problem in the original solution to the problem might lead one to believe these constraints exist, the perception that they are a source of error is a fallacy. Here we develop a mathematical proof demonstrating the equivalence of the solution as developed based on an arbitrary (Fourier integral) surface temperature forcing when evaluated at a single given frequency versus that derived considering a single frequency from the beginning. The implication is that any single frequency can be used in the frequency‐domain solutions to estimate thermal diffusivity and 1‐D fluid flux in streambeds, even if the forcing has multiple frequencies. This means that diurnal variations with asymmetric shapes or gradients in the mean temperature with depth are not actually assumptions, and deviations from them should not cause errors in estimates. Given this clarification, we further explore the potential for using information at multiple frequencies to augment the information derived from time series of temperature.
Graphene‐Based Linear Tandem Micro‐Supercapacitors with Metal‐Free Current Collectors and High‐Voltage Output
Authors: Shi Xiaoyu , Wu Zhong‐Shuai , Qin Jieqiong , Zheng Shuanghao , Wang Sen , Zhou Feng , Sun Chenglin , Bao Xinhe 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPrintable supercapacitors are regarded as a promising class of microscale power source, but are facing challenges derived from conventional sandwich‐like geometry. Herein, the printable fabrication of new‐type planar graphene‐based linear tandem micro‐supercapacitors (LTMSs) on diverse substrates with symmetric and asymmetric configuration, high‐voltage output, tailored capacitance, and outstanding flexibility is demonstrated. The resulting graphene‐based LTMSs consisting of 10 micro‐supercapacitors (MSs) present efficient high‐voltage output of 8.0 V, suggestive of superior uniformity of the entire integrated device. Meanwhile, LTMSs possess remarkable flexibility without obvious capacitance degradation under different bending states. Moreover, areal capacitance of LTMSs can be sufficiently modulated by incorporating polyaniline‐based pseudocapacitive nanosheets into graphene electrodes, showing enhanced capacitance of 7.6 mF cm−2. To further improve the voltage output and energy density, asymmetric LTMSs are fabricated through controlled printing of linear‐patterned graphene as negative electrodes and MnO2 nanosheets as positive electrodes. Notably, the asymmetric LTMSs from three serially connected MSs are easily extended to 5.4 V, triple voltage output of the single cell (1.8 V), suggestive of the versatile applicability of this technique. Therefore, this work offers numerous opportunities of graphene and analogous nanosheets for one‐step scalable fabrication of flexible tandem energy storage devices integrating with printed electronics on same substrate.
A Rational Design of High‐Performance Sandwich‐Structured Quasisolid State Li–O2 Battery with Redox Mediator
Authors: Liu Kailiang , Sun Hongguang , Dong Shanmu , Lu Chenglong , Li Yang , Cheng Junmei , Zhang Jianjun , Wang Xiaogang , Chen Xiao , Cui Guanglei 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe increasing interest in Li–O2 battery arises from its unparalleled theoretical energy density. Nevertheless, the poor reversibility of cathode reaction and unstable characteristic of Li anode hinder its further application. To address these issues, a high‐performance sandwich‐structured quasisolid polymer electrolyte (QSPE) is designed to meet the requirement of both cathode and anode. For the first time, lithiated Nafion ionomer (Li‐Nafion) is introduced into Li–O2 cell to separate “catholyte” and “anolyte.” Redox mediator (RM) is introduced into gel‐like catholyte, based on polymethymethacrylate, to achieve high capacity and reversibility. Polypropylene carbonate is chosen as solid‐state anolyte for enhancing interface stability of lithium anode. It is demonstrated that the QSPE exhibits excellent permselectivity to block RM shuttling, as well as good ionic conductivity and high electrochemical window. A solution mechanism formation of discharge product is demonstrated in the Li–O2 cell with QSPE and the RM works well for cycles at room temperature. This sandwich‐structured design strategy will provide a new pathway to promote the properties of Li–O2 battery.
Atomic‐Scale Friction of Black Phosphorus: Effect of Thickness and Anisotropic Behavior
Authors: Cui Ziyi , Xie Guoxin , He Feng , Wang Weiqi , Guo Dan , Wang Wei 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe understanding on the friction properties of black phosphorus (BP) is very crucial for such applications as strain‐engineered devices and micro/nanoelectromechanical systems. Herein, the relationship between the layer number of few‐layer BP flakes and its nanoscale friction, as well as the atomic‐scale friction anisotropy, is studied. BP flakes thicker than about five layers show almost the same friction as that of the bulk value, and the friction increases with the layer number decreasing from five, due to the strengthening mechanism. Obvious friction anisotropy of BP flakes are observed in that the friction for the armchair direction is the highest, that for the zigzag direction the lowest, and that for the lattice orientation between the two directions the intermediate. Supported by the theoretical prediction with 2D Tomlinson model, the observed phenomena are explained by the anisotropies in the amplitudes of the tip‐induced flexural deformations of BP flakes.
Synergistic Cooperative Effect of Sodium borohydride‐Iodine Towards Cascade C−N and C−S/Se Bond Formation: One‐pot Regioselective Synthesis of 3‐Sulfenyl/selenyl Indoles and Mechanistic Insight
Authors: Lavekar Aditya G. , Equbal Danish , Saima  , Sinha Arun K. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn this work, a new strategy to synthesize 3‐sulfenyl/selenyl indole is reported wherein LC−MS reveals a novel insight into synergistic cooperative effect of NaBH4‐I2 which allows cascade C−N and C−S/C−Se bond formations via reduction‐nucleophilic cyclization‐chalcogenylation, three steps in one‐pot, towards regioselective synthesis of diverse 3‐chalcogenyl indoles including 5‐bromo‐3‐[(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)thio]‐1H‐indole, a known lead anticancer compound, directly from 2‐amino‐phenacylchlorides and thiophenols or disulfides/diselenides in aqueous dioxane under transition‐metal‐free condition.magnified image
Navigating Community Development Conflicts: Contested Visions of Poverty & Poverty Alleviation
Authors: Suiter Sarah V. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis article explores an ethical dilemma that arose from the author's involvement in a project intended to identify and address the needs of seven batey communities in the Dominican Republic. In the summer of 2014, the author conducted a large‐scale needs assessment to inform strategic planning for a foundation that was invested in community development work in those communities. Through a collaborative process, the author worked with the foundation, representatives of the migrant communities, and other researchers to develop survey and focus group tools that were administered to 1,360 and 54 people, respectively. Data collection, analysis, and dissemination proceeded as planned. The conflict and resulting ethical dilemma emerged at the point of data interpretation and strategic planning, processes that revealed that the different parties held conflicting theories of poverty. The ideological conflicts related to why poverty exists, who is responsible for it, and what should be done about it made proceeding with the project ethically tenuous for the author. The author describes the values and theories of ethics on which she relied to navigate this challenge, as well as reflections on her continued participation in the community development process.
Spatial distribution of kidney disease in the contaminated site of Taranto (Italy)
Authors: Benedetti Marta , De Santis Marco , Manno Valerio , Minerba Sante , Mincuzzi Antonella , Morabito Angela , Panocchia Nicola , Soggiu Maria Eleonora , Tanzarella Annalisa , Pastore Tiziano , Bossola Maurizio , Giua Roberto , Leogrande Simona , Nocioni Alessandra , Conti Susanna , Comba Pietro 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundExposure to heavy metals has been associated with kidney disease. We investigated the spatial distribution of kidney disease in the industrially contaminated site of Taranto.MethodsCases were subjects with a first hospital discharge diagnosis of kidney disease. Cases affected by specific comorbidities were excluded. Standardized Hospitalization Ratios (SHRs) were computed for low/high exposure area and for modeled spatial distribution of cadmium and fine particulate matter.ResultUsing the high/low exposure approach, in subjects aged 20‐59 years residing in the high exposure area a significant excess of hospitalization was observed in males and a non‐significant excess in females. No excesses were observed in subjects aged 60 years and over. The analysis by the modeling approach did not show a significant association with the greatest pollution impact area.ConclusionDue to the excesses of hospitalization observed in the high/low exposure approach, a continuing epidemiological surveillance of residents and occupational groups is warranted.
Copper‐Catalyzed Carboxylation of Aryl‐ and Alkenyltrialkoxysilanes
Authors: Nguyen Thanh V. Q. , Yoo Woo‐Jin , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe use of a simple copper salt as a catalyst, in conjunction with CsF as an activator, enabled a wide range of aryl‐ and alkenyltrialkoxysilanes to undergo carboxylation under atmospheric pressure of CO2, affording the corresponding carboxylic acids in good to high yields.
Thermal degradation kinetics of polyimide nanocomposites from different carbon nanofillers: Applicability of different theoretical models
Authors: Nayak Lalatendu , Rahaman Mostafizur , Khastgir Dipak , Chaki Tapan Kumar 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study, the nanocomposites of polyimide (PI) with the nanofillers multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) were prepared by in situ polymerization technique. The thermal stability of the nanocomposites were investigated and discussed with respect to nanofillers type, concentration, and their functionality within the PI matrix. It is observed that there are 16 and 18 °C increment in thermal degradation temperature with the addition of 3 wt % MWCNT and CNF within the PI matrix, respectively. The thermal degradation kinetics of the nanocomposites were studied by Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, and Kim–Park method. The results show that these models are well fitted with the experimental data. It is found that the calculated activation energy increases with the increase in nanofillers loading and PI/CNF nanocomposites exhibit higher activation energy compared to PI/MWCNT composites at their similar loading. Moreover, the effect of nanofillers type and loading on the glass transition temperature of nanocomposites were also investigated in details. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45862.
Some like it hot: The impact of next generation FLIR Systems thermal cameras on archaeological thermography
Authors: Thomas Hugh 
Published: October 2017

AbstractInfrared thermography, or thermal imaging, has been used as a remote sensing technique to determine whether subsurface features such as walls or pits generate a heat differentiation from the surrounding earth. To date, this form of remote sensing has been notoriously difficult to perform due to cost, low‐resolution thermal cameras and an inability to provide a stable aerial photographic platform. Furthermore, thermal fluctuations produced by archaeological remains are highly volatile, and are dependent on a multitude of variables such as soil moisture, particle size, and the construction materials of features. These issues have restricted the use of infrared thermography within archaeology. Yet, with the rapid development and adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) over the last decade as well as developments in thermographic technology, thermal imaging is now affordable and can be attached with relative ease to a multitude of UAVs. This paper reviews a new, low‐cost, FLIR Systems thermal camera made specifically for UAVs, which were successfully employed at the Ancient Methone Archaeological Project, Pieria, Greece. By utilizing the FLIR Vue Pro, along with a DJI Phantom 2, aerial thermography was performed at the site at a cost far below that proposed by previous studies, with results also equalling or exceeding those methodologies. In combination with high resolution aerial photogrammetry, this methodology has helped to clarify previous archaeological investigations at the site, as well as revealing significant rectilinear subsurface remains.