bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timelines are Publisher-Driven Caches
Authors: Reiffers-Masson Alexandre , Hargreaves Eduardo , Altman Eitan , Caarls Wouter , Menasché Daniel S. 
Published: January 2017

Cache networks are one of the building blocks of information centric networks (ICNs). Most of the recent work on cache networks has focused on networks of request driven caches, which are populated based on users requests for content generated by publishers. However, user generated content still poses the most pressing challenges. For such content timelines are the de facto sharing solution.
In this paper, we establish a connection between timelines and publisher-driven caches. We propose simple models and metrics to analyze publisher-driven caches, allowing for variable-sized objects. Then, we design two efficient algorithms for timeline workload shaping, leveraging admission and price control in order, for instance, to aid service providers to attain prescribed service level agreements.
Inflammasomes and Cancer
Authors: Karki Rajendra , Man Si Ming , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Inflammation affects all stages of tumorigenesis. A key signaling pathway leading to acute and chronic inflammation is through activation of the caspase-1 inflammasome. Inflammasome complexes are assembled on activation of certain nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat–containing proteins (NLR), AIM2-like receptors, or pyrin. Of these, NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP6, and AIM2 influence the pathogenesis of cancer by modulating innate and adaptive immune responses, cell death, proliferation, and/or the gut microbiota. Activation of the inflammasome and IL18 signaling pathways is largely protective in colitis-associated colorectal cancer, whereas excessive inflammation driven by the inflammasome or the IL1 signaling pathways promotes breast cancer, fibrosarcoma, gastric carcinoma, and lung metastasis in a context-dependent manner. The clinical relevance of inflammasomes in multiple forms of cancer highlights their therapeutic promise as molecular targets. In this review, we explore the crossroads between inflammasomes and the development of various tumors and discuss possible therapeutic values in targeting the inflammasome for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(2); 94–99. ©2017 AACR.
Lifestyle Factors and Early Clinical Outcome in Patients With Acute Stroke
Authors: Ingeman Annette , Andersen Grethe , Thomsen Reimar W. , Hundborg Heidi H. , Rasmussen Henrik H. , Johnsen Søren P. 
Published: January 2017

Background and Purpose—
We examined the associations of individual and combined lifestyle factors with early adverse stroke outcomes.

Methods—

A total of 82 597 patients were identified from nationwide registries. Lifestyle factors at the time of stroke admission included body mass index (kg/m
2
), smoking habits, and alcohol intake, which were grouped (healthy, moderately healthy, moderately unhealthy, and unhealthy). The associations between lifestyle and outcomes were examined using multivariable regression.

Results—
A total of 18.3% had a severe stroke, 7.8% pneumonia, 12.5% urinary tract infection, and 9.9% died within 30 days. The association between lifestyle, stroke severity, and mortality, respectively, differed according to sex. Unhealthy lifestyle was associated with lower risk of severe stroke (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63–0.84) and 30-day mortality among men (adjusted OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58–0.87), but not among women (severe stroke: adjusted OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.85–1.55, and mortality: adjusted OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.90–1.99). No sex differences were found for pneumonia and urinary tract infection. Unhealthy lifestyle was not associated with a statistically significant increased risk of developing in-hospital pneumonia (adjusted OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.98–1.73) or urinary tract infection (adjusted OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.72–1.33). Underweight was associated with a higher 30-day mortality (men: adjusted OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.50–1.96, and women: adjusted OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.34–1.60).

Conclusions—
Healthy lifestyle was not associated with a lower risk of adverse stroke outcomes, in particularly among men. However, underweight may be a particular concern being associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes among both sexes.
Molecular and morphological characterisation of Ditylenchus persicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Kermanshah province, western Iran
Authors: Esmaeili Mehrab , Heydari Ramin , Castillo Pablo , Palomares-Rius Juan E. 
Published: January 2017

A new species of the genusDitylenchus,D.persicusn. sp., was collected around the roots of grapevine and is described and illustrated herein based on morphological and molecular studies. The new species is characterised by a body length of 783 (635-928) μm and 689 (670-715)μm in female and male, respectively, delicate stylet 6.2 (5.0-7.0)μm long, six lines in the lateral field, median bulb of pharynx well developed, muscular with crescentic valve, basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform with 10 (8-13)μm long stem extending into intestine, post-vulval uterine sac relatively short, 16 (14-18)μm long, female and male tail elongate-conoid with finely rounded terminus, and bursa covering 65-80% of male tail length. Morphologically,D.persicusn. sp. appears closer to five known species of the genus, namely:D.arachis,D.caudatus,D.clarus,D.myceliophagusandD. nanus. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of D2-D3 expansion region of 28S rRNA, ITS and partial 18S rRNA genes confirmed the close molecular relationship betweenD.persicusn. sp. and otherDitylenchusspecies such asD. myceliophagus,D. africanus,D. arachis,D. destructorandD. halictus.
On the Processes Leading to the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Megi (2010)
Authors: Chang Chuan-Chieh , Wu Chun-Chieh 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The processes leading to the rapid intensification (RI) of Typhoon Megi (2010) are explored with a convection-permitting full-physics model and a sensitivity experiment using a different microphysical scheme. It is found that the temporary active convection, gradually strengthened primary circulation, and a warm core developing at midlevels tend to serve as precursors to RI. The potential vorticity (PV) budget and Sawyer–Eliassen model are utilized to examine the causes and effects of those precursors. Results show that the secondary circulation, triggered by the latent heat associated with active convection, acts to strengthen the mid- to upper-level primary circulation by transporting the larger momentum toward the upper layers. The increased inertial stability at mid- to upper levels not only increases the heating efficiency but also prevents the warm-core structure from being disrupted by the ventilation effect. The warming above 5 km effectively lowers the surface pressure.
It is identified that the strong secondary circulation helps to accomplish the midlevel warming within the eye. The results based on potential temperature (θ) budget suggest that the mean subsidence associated with detrainment of active convection is the major process contributing to the formation of a midlevel warm core. On the possible causes triggering the inner-core active convection, it is suggested that the gradually increased vortex-scale surface enthalpy flux has a leading role in the development of vigorous convection. The results also highlight the potentially dominant role of weak to moderate convection in the onset of RI, while the convective bursts play a supporting role. Based on the aforementioned analyses, a schematic diagram is shown to describe the plausible path leading to RI.
A PDF-Based Parameterization of Subgrid-Scale Hydrometeor Transport in Deep Convection
Authors: Wong May , Ovchinnikov Mikhail 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
A parameterization scheme is proposed for the subgrid-scale transport of hydrometeors in an assumed probability density function (PDF) scheme. Joint distributions of vertical velocity and hydrometeor mixing ratios are typically unknown, but marginal (1D) PDFs of these variables are available. The parameterization is developed using high-resolution simulations of continental and tropical deep convection. A 3D cloud-resolving model (CRM) providing benchmark solutions has a horizontal grid spacing of 250 m and employs the Morrison microphysics scheme, which treats prognostically mass and number mixing ratios for four types of precipitating hydrometeors (rain, graupel, snow, and ice) as well as cloud droplet number mixing ratio. The subgrid-scale hydrometeor transport scheme assumes input given in the form of marginal PDFs of vertical velocity and hydrometeor mixing ratios; in this study, these marginal distributions are provided by the cloud-resolving model. Conditional sampling and scaling are then applied to the marginal distributions to account for subplume correlations. The parameterized fluxes tested for four episodes of deep convection show good agreement with benchmark fluxes computed directly from the CRM output. The results demonstrate the potential use of the subgrid-scale hydrometeor transport scheme in an assumed PDF scheme to parameterize the covariances of vertical velocity and hydrometeor mixing ratios.
Using Polynomial Regression in Designing the Time Filters for the Leapfrog Time-Stepping Scheme
Authors: Yazgi Daniel , Mohebalhojeh Ali R. , Ghader Sarmad 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
A general framework is presented based on the least squares polynomial regression to design time filters for the leapfrog time-stepping scheme with required amplitude and phase properties. The well-known Robert–Asselin filter and its modification, the Robert–Asselin–Williams filter, are obtained using the zeroth-degree and first-degree polynomial regression, respectively. It is shown that using the second-degree polynomial regression, one can achieve seventh-order amplitude accuracy with only four time levels. In addition, the designed filter exhibits promising results when used with a semi-implicit time-stepping scheme.
Using American Trade Shows to Access the US Market
Authors: Khera Inder P. 
Published: January 2017

US trade shows are often a quick and easy way to enter its distribution system. While domestic marketers usually take full advantage of the numerous trade shows, foreign.firms are often unfamiliar with available shows and the quick and relatively easy access such shows provide to the US market. Since trade shows in other parts of the world differ significantly from their US counterparts, even the firms that know about trade shows, are often unsure of how to use American shows to their best advantage. This paper discusses the pervasiveness and nature of American trade shows, describes their important elements, and provides information about trade shows as a unique market access channel. Guidelines for selecting appropriate trade shows, the process of trade show planning, conducting successful trade show exhibits, and appropriate follow-up are provided. An overall plan to successfully reach the US market via trade shows is provided
An Econometric Modelling of Trade Flows between SAARC and ASEAN
Authors: Sarkar Amal 
Published: January 2017

Foreign trade plays an important role in the economic development and growth of a country. The SAARC region is not exception to the rule. There are reasons for limited market in future for the SAA RC countries. They must find new markets for their exports. ASEAN region belongs to one of such potential export markets. Keeping with the view of future importance, we have constructed a trade linkage model for SAARC countries with ASEAN region within an econometric framework. The estimated results show the impact of the ASEAN import on the exports of the SAA RC countries is positive in most cases. Using the model, we have also examined the impact of ASEAN financial crisis on SAARC economies. The results of this simulation exercise show that the ASEAN crisis left its negative impact on exports of the SAARC regiion.
Canadian Coal in International Markets
Authors: Downing D. O. 
Published: January 2017

Canada represents a comparatively unique case in the world coal industry, being a significant importer of both metallurgical and thermal coals as well as an exporter. The vast distances between the major coal producing areas in western Canada and the industrial heartland to the east, and commensurate high freight costs explain this apparent dichotomy. Eastern US coals supply much of the industrial requirement in eastern Canada, chiefly the Province of Ontario, the major consumer of imported coals. Only about 25% of this requirement is met with western Canadian coal. Overall, Canada is not a coal based economy. Because of large reserves of oil and natural gas, coal supplies only 10% of Canada's energy needs. Despite the long-standing reliance on US imports, Canada has become a net exporter of coal on the basis of a comparatively young industry that has blossomed in western Canada since 1970. Metallurgical coal, the foundation of the Canadian export industry, was initially the sole export product but has been joined since the late 1970s by thermal coal. The growth in thermal coal exports is expected to exceed the growth of metallurgical coal exports over the remainder of the 1980s, but metallurgical coal will retain its major share of exports even by 1990. Not to be forgotten is the relatively modest export trade of metallurgical coal from the east of Canada, where coal has been produced in the mines of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, for many decades. The extent to which growth of exports from this region can be expected is uncertain at present, although expanded Nova Scotia exports could displace some US exports if expansion can take place economically. The western Canadian industry is well placed to participate in existing and new world-markets for coal, particularly in the Far East, due to the locational advantages on the Pacific, but also importantly in Europe due to the size and quality of the Canadian resource base and due to competitive mining costs. In addition, over a decade and a half have been dedicated to the placement of a modern and efficient infrastructure of rail and port facilities in the west to promote the development of a viable export business. The major portion of this paper addresses the main features of the Canadian coal industry, highlighting the export industry. The main features include: the large, well-located coal resources, growing production, consistent quality, competitive mine costs, modern infrastructure, labour stability and supportive government.
Indian Coal Exploration Scenario
Authors: Manjrekar V.D. 
Published: January 2017

The Indian Coal Mining Industry, which now ranks 5th in the world, was started in 1975. After initial sporadic efforts the thrust for coal exploration was given only after independence. The real impetus to the exploration was received after industrialisation of the coal industry in 1971–72 and 1973–74. The National Policy of coal exploration is well defined and is subjected to national level co-ordination by the Planning Commission of the country. For the purpose of exploration, coalfields have been divided into types which consider basinal area of coalfields and category-based on coverage by exploration of potential coal bearing areas. About seventy four coalfields are covered under various exploration systems. India has a three tier system of coal exploration viz. regional, detailed and production support exploration. Most modern techniques are being employed for coal exploration including remote-sensing, HRSS, well logging, geo-engineering investigations, physico-chemical and physico-mechanical studies, hydrogeological investigations and computer applications. The National Coal Inventory placed the reserves of the nation at about 196 billion tonnes which could be augmented by further exploration to about 239 billion tonnes. To this about, 620 billion tonnes of futuristic resources could also be added in the distant future.
Foreign Ownership Restrictions, Depositary Receipt Supply, and Investor Sentiment on Taiwanese Depositary Receipt Premiums
Authors: Li Shu-Hsing , Teruya Jenny , Tsai Bi-Huei 
Published: January 2017

This paper focuses on the price difference between depositary receipts (DRs) and the underlying securities issued by Taiwanese firms under foreign ownership restrictions. We examine two issues: (1) the price relationships between DRs and their underlying securities, and (2) the determinants of the price differences between DRs and their underlying securities. The empirical results show that large daily price differences are observed between DRs and their underlying Taiwanese securities. However, these price differences do not exist for DRs traded in different free-entry countries. We examine the determinants of the price differences between DRs and their underlying securities, and find that the time-series qualified foreign institutional investor (QFII) surplus, defined as the QFII ownership limit ratio minus the actual QFII ownership ratio, is inversely associated with the DR premium. As the foreign ownership restrictions become tighter, the QFII surplus decreases and the DR premium increases. The results also indicate that a structural change in the relationships between DR premiums and investor sentiment variables occurred in 1997. The DR premiums are sensitive to non-QFII holdings, defined as the total foreign holdings minus the QFII holdings, before 1997. However, post 1997 the DR premiums become more sensitive to firm size, but less sensitive to non-QFII holdings post 1997. The change in demand caused by regulation and investor sentiment is reflected in DR prices, which leads to the variations in DR premiums. Furthermore, this study finds a supply-side effect on DR premiums. As firms increase DRs issues, the DR premiums become smaller. This study concludes that regulation, investor sentiment (both can be viewed as demand for DRs), and supply conditions explain the DR premiums.
Explaining Budgetary Trends in Military Regimes
Authors: Shidlo Gil 
Published: January 2017

The conventional literature on the military generally believes that military, non-competitive regimes have a tendency to spend more for national-security purposes and less on welfare provision. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate why do Argentina and Brazil, military non-competitive regimes, have tendencies similar to those of Western democracies where the state’s economic expansion extends beyond that required by strictly economic considerations? In contrast to the rational-comprehensive or ‘technocratic’ model which is often assumed to predominate in bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes an analysis of social and economic policies in Brazil and Argentina highlights the essentially political nature of the policy process in non-democratic regimes.
Chemisorption of Lewis Bases on Zeolites – A New Interpretation of the Results
Authors: Patrylak L.K. 
Published: January 2017

The chemisorption of pyridine, the 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxypiperidine-1-oxyl radical and ammonia on the cationized and decationized forms of X and Y zeolites, as used for the determination of BrSnsted and Lewis acidity using infrared spectroscopy, ESR spectroscopy and the temperature programmed desorption of ammonia, has been investigated. A new approach, based on a detailed quantitative analysis of the experimental data, is proposed. It was found that the sodium cations are not the Lewis acid sites, but that on the outer surface of zeolite crystals such sites correspond to coordinatively unsaturated aluminium atoms. These amount to 17% and 14%, respectively, of the entire surface aluminium for NaX and NaY zeolites. The remaining coordinatively unsaturated aluminium in the heart of a zeolite structure decationized to 84% make little contribution to the overall percentage. It was shown that the temperature programmed desorption of ammonia is the most effective method for providing a quantitative determination of the BrOnsted acidity of zeolites. The overwhelming majority of Lewis acid sites on zeolites whose sodium ions had been exchanged for di- and tri-valent cations was provided by these latter cations. The quantitative accuracy of the determination of Lewis acid sites was not noticeably affected by the presence of BrOnsted sites on the zeolite.
The Critical Oestrogen Content of Combined Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Mumford J P 
Published: January 2017

A review of the evidence concerning efficacy, safety and side-effects of oral contraceptives indicates clear differences related to the lowering of oestrogen dosage. It is suggested that 50 μ g of ethinyloestradiol or its equivalent is a critical dose, for below that level the efficacy in combination with current progestogens falls almost twenty-fold without evidence of a similar reduction in unwanted side-effects. In fact there is a marked increase of irregular bleeding patterns in early cycles associated with diminished patient acceptance.
An Evaluation of Andursil – A New Antacid
Authors: Beaumont G , Rigby G I J , Seldrup J 
Published: January 2017

A number of characteristics of an ideal antacid are proposed. A new antacid formulation, Andursil, has been assessed both by in vitro and in vivo methods. Andursil has been found to compare favourably in its properties, with the profile of the ideal antacid. In a multicentre general practitioner trial it was found to be effective in relieving the symptoms of dyspepsia, to have a rapid onset of action and a satisfactory duration of effect, to be palatable and to be relatively free from undesirable effects.
Netilmicin: Clinical Evaluation of Efficacy and Toxicity of a New Aminoglycoside
Authors: Nordstrom Lisbeth , Christensson Per , Hæger Knut , Juhlin Ingmar , Tjernström Örjan , Walltnark Ewa 
Published: January 2017

The efficacy and toxicity of netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was clinically evaluated in fifty-two patients with moderate to severe infections with Gram-negative rods or Staph, aureus. Average duration of treatment was 14 days and mean total dose 2, 960 mg. One-hour mean value of netilmicin serum concentration was 6·4 μg/ml and mean trough value 1·2 μg/ml. Forty-four patients were cured or improved. In twenty-one of them the effect could be attributed to netilmicin alone; the other twenty-three had a combined therapy. No improvement took place in five, but four of them could not be regarded as netilmicin failure. One patient with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was a possible failure. The sensitivity of the causative bacteria to netilmicin was studied and compared with amikacin, gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin. Vestibular function and hearing acuity was thoroughly examined by electronystagmography and audiography. Drug-related VIIIth nerve damage could not be confirmed in any of our patients. Five patients showed a rise of serum creatinine of 30 μmol/l. This shows that netilmicin, similar to other aminoglycosides, is a potential nephrotoxic drug. Netilmicin appears to be an efficacious aminoglycoside and the oto- and nephrotoxicity is low, if careful attention is paid to the renal function and the serum concentrations of the drug.
Clinical Evaluation of Amoxycillin in the Treatment of Syphilis
Authors: Onoda Yoichi 
Published: January 2017

Following demonstration of in vitro activity of amoxycillin against Treponema pallidum, a clinical research group was set up to study the effects of amoxycillin against various stages of syphilitic infection in men. A total of eighty-nine cases, fifteen primary, twenty-nine secondary, thirty late and fifteen adult congenital patients have been investigated. One hundred per cent effectiveness was recorded for primary and secondary syphilis; 66.7% for late syphilis and 60% success for adult congenital syphilis. In 10.4% of cases there was a transient elevation of SGOT and SGPT although it is not certain whether this was a reaction to the drug itself. There were three incidences of drug-related rash and two other minor side-effects. Amoxycillin is thus a safe and effective oral agent for the treatment of all stages of syphilis in man.