bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educational mobility in transition: what can China and the UK learn from each other?
Authors: Quan Rose , Pearce Alison , Baranchenko Yevhen 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the differences in international student mobility (SM) in two contrasting countries: UK and China, at national, institutional and individual levels. Both are countries in transition in a greater global context. The objective is to identify what these countries can learn from each other about the issues and policies surrounding the management of educational mobility.

Design/methodology/approach
An inductive approach was employed to understand real-life experience via multiple case studies. Participant observation and semi-structured interview methods with a variety of stakeholders were used to collect data which were then subjected to a thematic analysis to identify in which areas countries had developed good practice.

Findings
Over-arching themes were developed through comparing national findings. These reveal that national policy and family support are most influential in China, while British universities largely drive SM at an institutional level.

Social implications
The significance of this knowledge lies in the potential for social impact and reform of successful mobility schemes. International mobility equates to social mobility through global employability of those who engage. Global citizenship is regarded as one of the paths to world peace and understanding. Mobilising a younger generation can contribute to better regional integration and international stability as part of an idealistic approach to geopolitics.

Originality/value
Concluding that neither country has a comprehensive and complete approach, this study proposes the areas in which all both could develop and details good practice. The value therefore emerges from the comparison and contrast and the practical focus of the research.
Friend or foe? The effects of patent attorney use on filing strategyvis-a-visthe effects of firm experience
Authors: Süzeroğlu-Melchiors Sevim , Gassmann Oliver , Palmié Maximilian 
Published: May 2017

PurposeIn the intellectual property (IP) and management literature, the question of how external patent attorneys impact patent filings has been understudied. The purpose of this paper is to advance this area of research by examining how the use of external patent attorneys influences the patent filing strategies of firms and what impact firms’ level of experience with the exclusive use of in-house resources has on filing strategies. This study, thus, provides insights into the strategic dimension behind patent filing, a process which is affected by patent attorneys’ work and decision-making processes.Design/methodology/approachThe econometric analysis is based on a patent database of 922,553 patents which is combined with an EPO patent database covering applications from 1990 to 2010. The authors test the hypotheses for this study using patent indicators addressing the impact of in-house firm experience vs the use of external patent attorneys on firm’s filing strategy.FindingsThis research finds empirical evidence that external patent attorneys’ work has an effect on patent scope, international scope, and patenting speed. Moreover, it can be shown that external patent attorneys have a positive impact on most filing dimensions, such as patent scope, international scope and the Patent Cooperation Treaty option, whereas the level of in-house firm experience has a negative impact on most filing dimensions. This implies that external patent attorneys seem to pursue a “maximization approach” while experienced firms seem to pursue a more differentiated approach to filing patents, for instance, drafting narrower and more focused patents.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that effective filing strategies require an integrated approach between diverse IP stakeholders. More particularly, filing strategies should be communicated and aligned between all actors, including external patent attorneys in order to achieve the targeted patenting output.Originality/valueThe current study develops a patent filing typology, which accounts for patent attorneys’ decision options. In providing insights into patent attorneys’ work and their impacts on intellectual property rights management, the study is a useful complement to prior research, which has predominantly focused on applicants or examiners.
Fuzzy front end patent management and innovation performance
Authors: Zhao Li , Xiang Yang , Yi Qiulu 
Published: May 2017

PurposeAs a resource input in enterprise technological innovation, patents play an important role in influencing innovation performance. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of fuzzy front end (FFE) patent management on innovation performance, and the mediating role of patent commercialization and the moderating effect of technological lock-in.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts a questionnaire survey from a sample of 203 high-tech Chinese enterprises across multiple industries. Structural equation modeling and the hierarchical regression method were used to test the hypothesis.FindingsThe results show that the FFE of patent management, namely, patent acquisition and patent protection, positively affect innovation performance. Specifically, patent commercialization mediates the relationship between FFE patent management and innovation performance. Moreover, technological lock-in moderates the relationship between patent management and innovation performance.Practical implicationsThis study puts forward suggestions relating to institution innovation and mechanism innovation for effective patent management in firms, and provides some guidelines for firms to efficiently utilize patents to improve innovation performance.Originality/valueThis paper provides certain empirical evidence for the study of organizational structure, strategic management, and knowledge governance. As the main participators in technology innovation, high-tech enterprises should utilize both inside and outside resources to acquire patents.
Open innovation and intellectual property rights
Authors: Brem Alexander , Nylund Petra A. , Hitchen Emma L. 
Published: May 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between open innovation and the use of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The authors consider patents, industrial designs (i.e. design patents in the USA), trademarks, and copyrights.Design/methodology/approachThe relationships between open innovation, IPRs, and profitability are tested with random-effects panel regressions on data from the Spanish Community Innovation Survey for 2,873 firms spanning the years 2008-2013.FindingsA key result is that SMEs do not benefit from open innovation or from patenting in the same way as larger firms. Furthermore, the results show that SMEs profit in different ways from IPR, depending on their size and the corresponding IPR.Research limitations/implicationsThe different impact of IPRs on the efficiency of open innovation in firms of varying sizes highlights the importance of further investigation into IP strategies and into open innovation in SMEs.Practical implicationsIndustrial designs are currently the most efficient IPR for SMEs to protect their intellectual property in open innovation collaborations. Depending on the company size, the use of different IPRs is recommended. Moreover, firms should seek to increase the efficiency of open innovation and the use of IPRs.Social implicationsThe high impact of SMEs on employment highlights the importance of fomenting efficient innovation processes in such firms.Originality/valueThis paper opens the black box of IPR in relation to open innovation in SMEs, and draws distinctive conclusions with regards to patents, industrial designs, trademarks, and copyrights.
Redesigning patent management process: an Action Research study
Authors: Soranzo Benedetta , Nosella Anna , Filippini Roberto 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe how the patent planning and patent evaluation processes might be redesigned for firms intending to move from a mere accumulation of patents to a more thoughtful patent management approach that couples protection with the reduction of cost related to patent file and maintenance.

Design/methodology/approach
An Action Research project was carried out in close collaboration with a firm. This approach was adopted since it allows generation of new scientific knowledge from the observation and direct intervention on a specific situation.

Findings
Results underline the importance of structuring and formalising the patent planning and patent evaluation processes within the firm. Moreover, it is suggested that the patent planning process should be integrated into the development of a new product/technology since its initial phases.

Research limitations/implications
The paper contributes to filling the gap regarding the practical implementation and improvement of patent planning and patent evaluation processes, coupling protection with the minimisation of costs related to patent file and maintenance. However, as the results of Action Research studies are specific to the context where they took place, result generalisability is limited.

Practical implications
This paper provides managers with a valuable example on how to structure the patent planning and patent evaluation processes. The introduction of specific analyses into these processes allows limiting the decision-making subjectivity and, consequently, enhances the accuracy of firm investment in filing and maintaining its patents.

Originality/value
Providing a practical example of the actual implementation and improvement of the patent planning and patent evaluation processes, this paper responds to the recent call for more qualitative studies on intellectual property management.
Walking into the room with IP: exploring start-ups’ IP licensing strategy
Authors: Belingheri Paola , Leone Maria Isabella 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the trends and features of one of the most visible intellectual property (IP) management practices, IP licensing, in the context of start-ups, accessing external technology at the outset of their lifetime. In particular, it compares start-ups and incumbent firms, in terms of licensing strategy pursued, role of in-licensed technologies relative to the internal innovation process and successively implemented IP management strategies.

Design/methodology/approach
A mixed-method study is presented using quantitative data on licensing deals from the US Securities and Exchange Commission and cases on start-up companies involved in inbound technology licensing.

Findings
Evidence indicates start-ups have different IP licensing strategies than incumbents, and their successive IP management strategies are more flexible than for incumbents.

Originality/value
The authors shed light on IP licensing, which is gaining momentum in open innovation (OI) settings, in an understudied segment of SMEs, namely, start-ups. The authors display interesting evidence of the portion of start-ups that license-in from external companies, indicating that this practice is more widespread than literature would suggest; the authors demonstrate that licensing-in is a valuable strategy for start-up companies, possibly providing additional channels for acquiring know-how on the market. The authors therefore contribute to, and advance, entrepreneurship, IP and OI literature.
The governance of organizational learning
Authors: Lauer Sabine , Wilkesmann Uwe 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to link two modes of governance (transactional and transformational) to organizational learning by examining the example of academic teaching. Consequently, the “transformational” strategies of best practices that have been used by German universities to achieve teaching excellence are interpreted as double-loop learning. In delineating two exemplary cases of double-loop learning concerning the university-wide implementation of a new teaching formats as part their institutional strategies to develop teaching excellence, the authors want to answer the following research question: Which kind of governance is required to manage double-loop learning processes?

Design/methodology/approach
The purposive sample comprised four universities that had won awards for their teaching excellence. In 2014, a total of 21 semi-structured expert interviews were conducted in these universities within the following status groups: members of the rectorate, full professors, and university management professionals. The coding procedure followed a directed content analysis.

Findings
Both forms of governance are required for the management of double-loop learning. In the case of a top-down instigation of organizational learning, transformational governance is especially required in terms of idealized influence and inspirational motivation. In the case of a more bottom-up trigger of organizational learning, intellectual stimulation becomes more important. Transactional governance is required for the university-wide implementation of new routines (e.g. a mandatory quality management tool, obligatory coaching for newly appointed professors or competitive teaching grants).

Originality/value
This paper contributes to the empirical research on organizational learning in higher education institutions by adding a governance perspective.
Leading entrepreneurial e-learning development in legal education
Authors: Trevitt Chris , Steed Aliya , Du Moulin Lynn , Foley Tony 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
The study aims to review the entrepreneurial and educational innovations in technology-enabled distance education in practical legal education (PLE) accomplished by a unit “on the periphery” of a strong research-led university. It also aims to examine the learning organisation (LO) attributes associated with this initiative.

Design/methodology/approach
This is a longitudinal case study based on interviews and reflective analysis, and reviewed using three “models” drawn from the literature: breaking the “iron triangle” (containing costs; widening access; enhancing quality); a tailored version of distance education appropriate for research-intensive universities; a strategy for successful adoption of disruptive technologies in higher education.

Findings
Entrepreneurialism yielded growth (PLE student numbers went from 150 to 2,000 in 15 years) and diversification (two new programmes established). The PLE programme advanced in two “waves”: the first centred on widening access and the second, on enhancing quality. Costs were contained. Both the presence and absence of LO attributes are identified at three different organisational levels.

Research limitations/implications
Challenges to academic identity may act to inhibit educational change, especially in research-strong settings.

Practical/implications
Business logic, and the creation and institutionalisation of educational development support – an “internal networking” group, were keys to success. “Organisational learning” in complex institutional environments such as universities involves understandably lengthy timescales (e.g. decades or more).

Practical/implications
Technology-enabled disruption in higher education appears relentless. While institutional and individual performance metrics favour research, proven cases of “how to do things differently” in education may well not get exploited, thus opening the market to alternative providers.

Originality/value
This is the only empirical example of a tailored version of distance education appropriate for research-intensive universities that we know about.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Lipsey Richard G. , Ng Yew‐Kwang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper presents the editors’ introduction for a symposium on Second and Third Best Theory forthcoming in The Pacific Economic Review, 22:2, May 2017. Unusual in such cases, the editors are the major protagonists in the debate. In the symposium Ng maintains that second‐best theory appears to preclude giving theory‐based policy advice because full second‐best optima can never be determined in practical cases. While agreeing about second‐best optima, Lipsey disagrees with Ng's conclusion regarding policy and discusses the development of context‐specific policies not based on the theory of optimal resource allocation. To allow for theory‐based policy, Ng offers his theory of third best. The major disagreement over this theory concerns its proposition: first‐best rules for third‐best worlds under Informational Poverty (not enough is known to determine the desirable direction of change of some the policy variable from the first‐best value). Lipsey argues that, if correct, this rule would upset the main result of second‐best theory that the sign of the change in the objective function may be either positive or negative when first‐best rules are fulfilled piecemeal in second‐best worlds. Woo supports Ng's third‐best theory and derives additional rules, while Boadway surveys the application of second‐best theory in several cases from the literature of public economics.
The Way We Teach Public Economics: A Rationalization Using the Theory of Third Best
Authors: Woo Wai Chiu 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe devastating implications of the theory of second best, despite being well recognized a half century ago, do not have much influence on the current way we teach public economics at undergraduate level, as this paper shows. The current practices basically stick to the first‐best policy framework, and the theory of second best, even if mentioned, is at most marginally important. Some justifications for this textbook framework are called for if we do not think second best is a bad idea. This paper argues that this textbook framework cannot be justified by the absence of irremovable distortions in the real world, and should be considered within the social‐welfare framework to maintain coherence with other parts of the framework. Without calling for a major revamp of the current way of teaching, I suggest that the theory of third best can be adopted to justify this way of teaching in a realistic environment: when policy‐makers are informationally constrained, and when the unaccounted‐for distortion is not large, or when a conservative attitude is adopted for interventions.
Nutritional analysis of alternative feed ingredients and their effects on the larval growth of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Kim Sun Young , Kim Hong Geun , Yoon Hyung Joo , Lee Kyeong Yong , Kim Nam Jung 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAlternative feeds comprising only brewer's spent grain (BSG) or distillers dried grain (DDG), both agricultural byproducts, and 50% BSG or 50% DDG mixed with 50% wheat bran (WB) were compared to the standard 100% WB feed provided to Tenebrio molitor larvae to evaluate their effects on the nutritional quality and economic viability of mass‐producing this insect. Crude protein content was highest in larvae fed on 100% WB and 100% DDG, and the latter had 2.32 and 1.88 times more essential and non‐essential amino acids than the 100% WB group, respectively. Larvae fed on 50% DDG + 50% WB had 1.30 times more saturated fatty acids but 1.08 times less unsaturated fatty acids and 1.03–1.23 times less potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium than larvae fed on 100% WB. Traces of mercury were detected in larvae fed on 100% WB and 50% DDG + 50% WB, although at levels below the General Food and Feed Standard (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Republic of Korea), but neither Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp. were detected in the feeds. Larval and pupal weight, larval development and survival, and pupation rate were higher in larvae fed on 50% BSG or 50% DDG mixed with 50% WB groups than in larvae fed on 100% WB. Therefore, using 50% BSG or 50% DDG mixed with 50% WB as an alternative feed in the mass production of T. molitor provides higher quality larvae at a lower cost than does using the conventional 100% WB feed.
Larynx motion considerations in partial larynx volumetric modulated arc therapy for early glottic cancer
Authors: Bahig Houda , Nguyen‐Tan Phuc Félix , Filion Édith , Roberge David , Thanomsack Pensavan , de Guise Jacques , Blais Danis , Doucet Robert , Létourneau‐Guillon Laurent , Lambert Louise 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionTo assess laryngeal motion in early glottic cancer in order to determine safe margins for partial larynx volumetric modulated arc therapy (PL‐VMAT), and to quantify dosimetric advantages of PL‐VMAT.MethodsThis prospective study included T1‐2N0 glottic cancers treated with whole larynx VMAT (WL‐VMAT). Pre‐ and mid‐treatment 4D‐computed tomography (4D‐CT) and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed for assessment of larynx swallowing and respiratory motion. For 10 patients with lateralized lesions, PL‐VMAT plans were calculated using margins derived from 4D‐CT analysis.ResultsTwenty patients were accrued from 2014 to 2016. Mean amplitude of larynx swallowing excursion was 23 mm and 6 mm in the superior and anterior directions, respectively. Mean respiratory motion reached 4 mm and 2 mm in superior‐inferior and antero‐posterior directions, respectively. Pre‐treatment 4D‐CT analysis identified one patient with planning CT acquired during swallowing. Mid‐treatment 4D‐CT revealed larynx shift relative to vertebrae in 30% of cases. PL‐VMAT allowed for significant reduction of mean doses to ipsilateral carotid, contralateral carotid, thyroid gland, contralateral arytenoid and larynx. Using 8 mm internal margin for PL‐VMAT, swallowing resulted in clinical target volume excursion beyond 95% isodose line during ≤1.5% of total treatment time in all patients.ConclusionAlthough swallowing motion is rare, rapid and easily suppressed by patients, there is a risk of systematic miss‐targeting if planning CT is acquired during swallowing. Larynx position shift relative to vertebrae occurs in 1/3 of patients over the course of radiotherapy. With soft‐tissue image guidance and margins accounting for respiratory motion, PL‐VMAT allows safe reduction of dose to organs at risk.
Diversity and ecology of and biomineralization by magnetotactic bacteria
Authors: Lin Wei , Pan Yongxin , Bazylinski Dennis A. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryMagnetotactic bacteria (MTB) biomineralize intracellular, membrane‐bounded crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) and/or greigite (Fe3S4) called magnetosomes. MTB play important roles in the geochemical cycling of iron, sulfur, nitrogen and carbon. Significantly, they also represent an intriguing model system not just for the study of microbial biomineralization but also for magnetoreception, prokaryotic organelle formation and microbial biogeography. Here we review current knowledge on the ecology of and biomineralization by MTB, with an emphasis on more recent reports of unexpected ecological and phylogenetic findings regarding MTB. In this study, we conducted a search of public metagenomic databases and identified six novel magnetosome gene cluster‐containing genomic fragments affiliated with theDeltaproteobacteriaandGammaproteobacteriaclasses of theProteobacteriaphylum, theNitrospiraephylum and thePlanctomycetesphylum from the deep subseafloor, marine oxygen minimum zone, groundwater biofilm and estuary sediment, thereby extending our knowledge on the diversity and distribution of MTB as well deriving important information as to their ecophysiology. We point out that the increasing availability of sequence data will facilitate researchers to systematically explore the ecology and biomineralization of MTB even further.