bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small-Cell Carcinomas of the Bladder and Lung Are Characterized by a Convergent but Distinct Pathogenesis
Authors: Chang Matthew T. , Penson Alexander , Desai Neil B. , Socci Nicholas D. , Shen Ronglai , Seshan Venkatraman E. , Kundra Ritika , Abeshouse Adam , Viale Agnes , Cha Eugene K. , Hao Xueli , Reuter Victor E. , Rudin Charles M. , Bochner Bernard H. , Rosenberg Jonathan E. , Bajorin Dean F. , Schultz Nikolaus , Berger Michael F. , Iyer Gopa , Solit David B. , Al-Ahmadie Hikmat A. , Taylor Barry S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Purpose: Small-cell carcinoma of the bladder (SCCB) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine tumor with a dismal prognosis and limited treatment options. As SCCB is histologically indistinguishable from small-cell lung cancer, a shared pathogenesis and cell of origin has been proposed. The aim of this study is to determine whether SCCBs arise from a preexisting urothelial carcinoma or share a molecular pathogenesis in common with small-cell lung cancer.
Experimental Design: We performed an integrative analysis of 61 SCCB tumors to identify histology- and organ-specific similarities and differences.
Results: SCCB has a high somatic mutational burden driven predominantly by an APOBEC-mediated mutational process. TP53, RB1, and TERT promoter mutations were present in nearly all samples. Although these events appeared to arise early in all affected tumors and likely reflect an evolutionary branch point that may have driven small-cell lineage differentiation, they were unlikely the founding transforming event, as they were often preceded by diverse and less common driver mutations, many of which are common in bladder urothelial cancers, but not small-cell lung tumors. Most patient tumors (72%) also underwent genome doubling (GD). Although arising at different chronologic points in the evolution of the disease, GD was often preceded by biallelic mutations in TP53 with retention of two intact copies.
Conclusions: Our findings indicate that small-cell cancers of the bladder and lung have a convergent but distinct pathogenesis, with SCCBs arising from a cell of origin shared with urothelial bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 24(8); 1965–73. ©2017 AACR.
See related commentary by Oser and Jänne, p. 1775
O arcabouço estrutural da Bacia Sedimentar do Araripe, Província Borborema, baseado em dados aeromagnetométricos
Authors: Camacho Clyvihk Renna , Sousa Frederico Ricardo Ferreira Rodrigues de Oliveira e 
Published: November 2017

Este trabalho apresenta uma interpretação atualizada da estruturação interna da Bacia Sedimentar do Araripe, localizada ao sul da porção setentrional da Província Borborema, por meio do processamento e da análise de dados aerogeofísicos de magnetometria pertencentes à Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais – Serviço Geológico do Brasil. Essa bacia é reconhecida como um conjunto de meio-grábens assimétricos, fragmentados por altos de embasamento e complexos sistemas de falhas e lineamentos E-W a NE-SW, associados ao trend estrutural do Orógeno Borborema, e NW-SE, relacionados a processos extencionais cuja evolução poderia estar associada ao rift-valley na extremidade norte do rift abortado da Bacia do Recôncavo. A partir da imagem geofísica do campo magnético anômalo foram extraídas suas derivadas de primeira ordem nas direções x, y, z, seu gradiente horizontal total, sua amplitude do sinal analítico (ASA) e inclinação do sinal analítico. A deconvolução de Euler foi aplicada ao grid ASA, o que permitiu uma aproximação da posição horizontal e estimativa da profundidade do topo das principais fontes magnéticas. A análise conjunta dos diversos mapas gerados permitiu uma interpretação regional dos domínios e lineamentos magnéticos, os quais foram associados às principais estruturas em subsuperfície que compõem o arcabouço da bacia. Os resultados demonstram que a compartimentação estrutural da Bacia Sedimentar do Araripe é muito mais complexa do que a descrita anteriormente por outros autores. O padrão estrutural da bacia apresenta variação lateral, de W para E, conforme demonstrado pela divisão dos domínios magnéticos, indicando haver variações substanciais na espessura das rochas sedimentares, com áreas mais espessas a E e mais rasas a W.
Geologia e petrologia do Granito São Vicente na região do Parque Estadual Águas Quentes, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil
Authors: Guimarães Giulia Barbosa Trivelli , Pierosan Ronaldo , Ruiz Amarildo Salina 
Published: November 2017

A análise petrogenética das rochas hipabissais do Granito São Vicente na região do Parque Estadual Águas Quentes permitiu o reconhecimento e a caracterização de distintas fácies. A partir de critérios petrográficos, foram individualizadas quatro fácies, todas de natureza isotrópica: sienogranito grosso (textura equigranular a inequigranular, leucocrática); aplito porfirítico (textura inequigranular fina a média com fenocristais, leucocrática, sienogranítica); microgranito (textura microporfirítica com microfenocristais em matriz fanerítica muito fina, textura micrográfica frequente, sienogranítica); e riolito porfirítico (textura porfirítica e glomeroporfirítica em matriz afanítica a fanerítica muito fina). As fácies aplito porfirítico e microgranito são características de cúpulas graníticas epizonais. A fácies riolito porfirítico tem relação com diques hipabissais. O padrão de distribuição dos elementos terras raras (ETRs) indica um forte fracionamento de ETRs leves, com razões LaN/SmN médias de 7,87, anomalia negativa de Eu (Eu/Eu* ~0,38) e enriquecimento de ETRs pesados, expressos por razões GdN/YbN menores que a unidade (~0,82). A distribuição dos elementos em diagramas binários e as anomalias negativas em diagramas multielementos indicam atuação de processos de cristalização fracionada de fases minerais como plagioclásio, biotita, apatita e zircão para as fácies sienogranito e aplito. Análises U-Pb SHRIMP em zircão mostram idade de 528 ± 4 Ma para o riolito porfirítico, considerada idade de cristalização magmática. Sugere-se que o magma que gerou as rochas plutônicas e hipabissais do Granito São Vicente na região estudada pode ter se originado por um componente de fontes litosféricas previamente afetadas por subducção ou por fontes crustais, com contribuição de fontes astenosféricas como outro componente importante.
Introductory Comments
Authors: Sujecka Jolanta 
Published: November 2017

Introductory CommentsThe sixth issue (not just in the Thematic Section) is devoted to the borders of civilization in our memory, in culture, in art, in literature, in the arrangement of political objectives. Both their demarcation and their crossing is a matter of the objectives we can and want to set ourselves in the context of the order that exists and into which we try to fit, transforming it or levelling.The value of this survey of “images of borders” is its setting in such varied material, owing to which the theoretical speculations gain a representative illustration and, at the same time, a guarantee of being rooted, even if it is only a “contact zone”. WprowadzenieSzósty numer (nie tylko sekcja tematyczna) jest poświęcony kwestii granic cywilizacji w naszej pamięci, kulturze, sztuce, literaturze, w definiowaniu celów politycznych. Zarówno ich wyznaczanie, jak i przekraczanie, jest kwestią celów, jakie możemy i chcemy postawić sobie w kontekście istniejącego ładu, w który staramy się wpisać, przekształcając go lub dostosowując się do niego. Wartością niniejszego przeglądu "obrazów granic" jest przedstawienie ich poprzez tak zróżnicowany materiał, dzięki czemu rozważania teoretyczne zyskują reprezentatywną ilustrację, a zarazem gwarancję zakorzenienia, nawet jeśli będzie to tylko "sfera kontaktu".
Northeast China as a Contact Zone in Polish and Serbian Travelogues, 1900-1939
Authors: Ewertowski Tomasz 
Published: November 2017

Northeast China as a Contact Zone in Polish and Serbian Travelogues, 1900-1939Historically, Northeast China (Manchuria) was a border zone between China and nomadic peoples, as well as between Russian and Qing empires since the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, a number of factors (penetration by foreign powers, collapse of the Qing Empire, revolution in Russia, Japanese expansion and demographic changes) transformed this area into “a contact zone” in the sense given by Mary Louise Pratt. The main focus of the article is the way in which this contact zone was described by Polish and Serbian travellers. Their can provide a special outlook, because Poland and Serbia did not participate extensively in the colonial penetration into China, however, Serbs and Poles travelled there, often representing Russian institutions. Therefore they were observing China as agents of imperial force, but they did not identify themselves fully with it. Our analysis of the image of Northeast China as a contact zone will be divided into three broad sections: 1) political and military expansion, 2) economic and demographic relations, 3) transcultural phenomena of everyday life. Chiny Północno-Wschodnie jako strefa kontaktu w polskich i serbskich relacjach podróżniczych w latach 1900-1939Północno-wschodnie Chiny (Mandżuria) są historyczną granicą między Chinami a ludami wędrownymi, od siedemnastego wieku również między Rosją a imperium dynastii Qing. W drugiej połowie dziewiętnastego wieku, a zwłaszcza w pierwszej połowie dwudziestego szereg czynników (penetracja przez obce mocarstwa, upadek dynastii Qing, rewolucja w Rosji, ekspansja japońska i zmiany demograficzne) uczyniły z tego obszaru „strefę kontaktu” w rozumieniu Mary Louise Pratt. Głównym tematem artykułu jest sposób opisu strefy kontaktu przez polskich i serbskich podróżników. Ich dzieła dają bowiem szczególną perspektywę, gdyż Polska i Serbia nie uczestniczyły w kolonialnej penetracji Chin, jednakże Serbowie i Polacy podróżowali do Państwa Środka, często reprezentując rosyjskie instytucje. Z tego względu obserwowali Chiny jako reprezentanci imperium, jednak nie identyfikowali się z nim w pełni. Analiza obrazu północno-wschodnich Chin jako strefy kontaktu dzieli się na trzy sekcje: 1) ekspansja polityczna i militarna, 2) relacje ekonomiczne i demograficzne, 3) zjawiska transkulturowe w życiu codziennym.
The Empire Strikes Back. Russian National Cinema After 2005
Authors: Rawski Tomasz , Roman-Rawska Katarzyna 
Published: November 2017

The Empire Strikes Back. Russian National Cinema After 2005The paper provides critical analysis of the latest wave of Russian national cinema (2005-2013), considered one of key instruments of Vladimir Putin’s nation-building cultural policy. The analysis, focused mostly on historical film and war film, reveals the concept of an ‘imperial nation’ as the main concept underlying this policy. The new Russian nation-concept is calculated to binding elements from two former Russian imperial traditions: tradition of the Russian Empire and the Soviet tradition, thus trying to overcome the identity crisis in contemporary Russia. Imperium kontratakuje. Rosyjskie kino narodowe po 2005 rokuArtykuł zajmuje się krytyczną analizą filmów najnowszej fali rosyjskiego kina narodowego (2005-2013), uważanej tu za jedno z kluczowych narzędzi polityki kulturalnej Władimira Putina obliczonej na budowanie narodu. Autorzy artykułu skupiają się przede wszystkim na filmie historycznym i wojennym, odsłaniając pojęcie „imperialnego narodu” jako konceptu stojącego u podstaw oficjalnej polityki. Nowe rosyjskie pojęcie narodu łączy w sobie dwie tradycje rosyjskie: tradycję Imperium Rosyjskiego oraz tradycję Związku Radzieckiego, próbując w ten sposób przezwyciężyć kryzys tożsamościowy współczesnej Rosji.
Broadening of Cloud Droplet Size Spectra by Stochastic Condensation: Effects of Mean Updraft Velocity and CCN Activation
Authors: Sardina Gaetano , Poulain Stéphane , Brandt Luca , Caballero Rodrigo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The authors study the condensational growth of cloud droplets in homogeneous isotropic turbulence by means of a large-eddy simulation (LES) approach. The authors investigate the role of a mean updraft velocity and of the chemical composition of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) on droplet growth. The results show that a mean constant updraft velocity superimposed onto a turbulent field reduces the broadening of the droplet size spectra induced by the turbulent fluctuations alone. Extending the authors’ previous results regarding stochastic condensation, the authors introduce a new theoretical estimation of the droplet size spectrum broadening that accounts for this updraft velocity effect. A similar reduction of the spectra broadening is observed when the droplets reach their critical size, which depends on the chemical composition of CCN. The analysis of the square of the droplet radius distribution, proportional to the droplet surface, shows that for large particles the distribution is purely Gaussian, while it becomes strongly non-Gaussian for smaller particles, with the left tail characterized by a peak around the haze activation radius. This kind of distribution can significantly affect the later stages of the droplet growth involving turbulent collisions, since the collision probability kernel depends on the droplet size, implying the need for new specific closure models to capture this effect.
Validation of a Statistical Methodology for Extracting Vegetation Feedbacks: Focus on North African Ecosystems in the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Yu Yan , Notaro Michael , Wang Fuyao , Mao Jiafu , Shi Xiaoying , Wei Yaxing 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGeneralized equilibrium feedback assessment (GEFA) is a potentially valuable multivariate statistical tool for extracting vegetation feedbacks to the atmosphere in either observations or coupled Earth system models. The reliability of GEFA at capturing the terrestrial impacts on regional climate is demonstrated here using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Earth System Model (CESM), with focus on North Africa. The feedback is assessed statistically by applying GEFA to output from a fully coupled control run. To reduce the sampling error caused by short data records, the traditional or full GEFA is refined through stepwise GEFA by dropping unimportant forcings. Two ensembles of dynamical experiments are developed for the Sahel or West African monsoon region against which GEFA-based vegetation feedbacks are evaluated. In these dynamical experiments, regional leaf area index (LAI) is modified either alone or in conjunction with soil moisture, with the latter runs motivated by strong regional soil moisture–LAI coupling. Stepwise GEFA boasts higher consistency between statistically and dynamically assessed atmospheric responses to land surface anomalies than full GEFA, especially with short data records. GEFA-based atmospheric responses are more consistent with the coupled soil moisture–LAI experiments, indicating that GEFA is assessing the combined impacts of coupled vegetation and soil moisture. Both the statistical and dynamical assessments reveal a negative vegetation–rainfall feedback in the Sahel associated with an atmospheric stability mechanism in CESM versus a weaker positive feedback in the West African monsoon region associated with a moisture recycling mechanism in CESM.
The Influence of Atmospheric Rivers over the South Atlantic on Winter Rainfall in South Africa
Authors: Blamey R. C. , Ramos A. M. , Trigo R. M. , Tomé R. , Reason C. J. C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA climatology of atmospheric rivers (ARs) impinging on the west coast of South Africa (29°–34.5°S) during the austral winter months (April–September) was developed for the period 1979–2014 using an automated detection algorithm and two reanalysis products as input. The two products show relatively good agreement, with 10–15 persistent ARs (lasting 18 h or longer) occurring on average per winter and nearly two-thirds of these systems occurring poleward of 35°S. The relationship between persistent AR activity and winter rainfall is demonstrated using South African Weather Service rainfall data. Most stations positioned in areas of high topography contained the highest percentage of rainfall contributed by persistent ARs, whereas stations downwind, to the east of the major topographic barriers, had the lowest contributions. Extreme rainfall days in the region are also ranked by their magnitude and spatial extent. The results suggest that although persistent ARs are important contributors to heavy rainfall events, they are not necessarily a prerequisite. It is found that around 70% of the top 50 daily winter rainfall extremes in South Africa were in some way linked to ARs (both persistent and nonpersistent). Overall, the findings of this study support similar investigations on ARs in the North Atlantic and North Pacific.
Turbulence Dissipation Rate in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Observations and WRF Mesoscale Modeling during the XPIA Field Campaign
Authors: Muñoz-Esparza Domingo , Sharman Robert D. , Lundquist Julie K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
A better understanding and prediction of turbulence dissipation rate ε in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is important for many applications. Herein, sonic anemometer data from the Experimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment (XPIA) field campaign (March–May 2015) are used to derive energy dissipation rate (EDR; =) within the first 300 m above the ground employing second-order structure functions. Turbulence dissipation rate is found to be strongly driven by the diurnal evolution of the ABL, presenting a distinct statistical behavior between daytime and nighttime conditions that follows log–Weibull and lognormal distributions, respectively. In addition, the vertical structure of EDR is characterized by a decrease with height above the surface, with the largest gradients occurring within the surface layer (z &lt; 50 m). Convection-permitting mesoscale simulations were carried out with all of the 1.5-order turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) closure planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes available in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Overall, the three PBL schemes capture the observed diurnal evolution of EDR as well as the statistical behavior and vertical structure. However, the Mellor–Yamada-type schemes underestimate the large EDR levels during the bulk of daytime conditions, with the quasi-normal scale elimination (QNSE) scheme providing the best agreement with observations. During stably stratified nighttime conditions, Mellor–Yamada–Janjić (MYJ) and QNSE tend to exhibit an artificial “clipping” to their background TKE levels. A reduction in the model constant in the dissipation term for the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) scheme did not have a noticeable impact on EDR estimates. In contrast, application of a postprocessing statistical remapping technique reduced the systematic negative bias in the MYNN results by 75%.
Dramatic Inner-Core Tropopause Variability during the Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Patricia (2015)
Authors: Duran Patrick , Molinari John 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Dropsondes with horizontal spacing as small as 4 km were released from the stratosphere in rapidly intensifying Hurricane Patricia (2015) during the Office of Naval Research Tropical Cyclone Intensity experiment. These observations provide cross sections of unprecedented resolution through the inner core of a hurricane. On 21 October, Patricia exhibited a strong tropopause inversion layer (TIL) across its entire circulation, with a maximum magnitude of 5.1 K (100 m)−1. This inversion weakened between 21 and 22 October as potential temperature θ increased by up to 16 K just below the tropopause and decreased by up to 14 K in the lower stratosphere. Between 22 and 23 October, the TIL over the eye weakened further, allowing the tropopause to rise by 1 km. Meanwhile over Patricia’s secondary eyewall, the TIL restrengthened and bulged upward by about 700 m into what was previously the lower stratosphere. These observations support many aspects of recent modeling studies, including eyewall penetration into the stratosphere during rapid intensification (RI), the existence of a narrow inflow layer near the tropopause, and the role of subsidence from the stratosphere in developing an upper-level warm core. Three mechanisms of inner-core tropopause variability are hypothesized: destabilization of the TIL through turbulent mixing, weakening of the TIL over the eye through upper-tropospheric subsidence warming, and increasing tropopause height forced by overshooting updrafts in the eyewall. None of these processes are seen as the direct cause of RI, but rather part of the RI process that includes strong increases in boundary layer moist entropy.
Comparison of automated volumetry of the hippocampus using NeuroQuant® and visual assessment of the medial temporal lobe in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Persson Karin , Barca Maria Lage , Cavallin Lena , Brækhus Anne , Knapskog Anne-Brita , Selbæk Geir , Engedal Knut 
Published: November 2017

Background Different clinically feasible methods for evaluation of medial temporal lobe atrophy exists and are useful in diagnostic work-up of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Purpose To compare the diagnostic properties of two clinically available magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based methods—an automated volumetric software, NeuroQuant® (NQ) (evaluation of hippocampus volume) and the Scheltens scale (visual evaluation of medial temporal lobe atrophy [MTA])—in patients with AD dementia, and subjective and mild cognitive impairment (non-dementia). Material and Methods MRIs from 56 patients (31 AD, 25 non-dementia) were assessed with both methods. Correlations between the methods were calculated and receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses that yield area under the curve (AUC) statistics were conducted. Results High correlations were found between the two MRI assessments for the total hippocampal volume measured with NQ and mean MTA score (–0.753, P < 0.001), for the right (–0.767, P < 0.001), and for the left (–0.675, P < 0.001) sides. The NQ total measure yielded somewhat higher AUC (0.88, “good”) compared to the MTA mean measure (0.80, “good”) in the comparison of patients with AD and non-dementia, but the accuracy was in favor of the MTA scale. Conclusion The two methods correlated highly and both methods reached equally “good” power.
Enhancing the professional dignity of midwives: A phenomenological study
Authors: Froneman Christelle , Wyk Neltjie C van , Mogale Ramadimetja S 
Published: November 2017

Background: When midwives are not treated with respect and their professional competencies are not recognised, their professional dignity is violated. Objective: This study explored and described how the professional dignity of midwives in the selected hospital can be enhanced based on their experiences. Research design: A descriptive phenomenological research design was used with in-depth interviews conducted with 15 purposely selected midwives. Ethical considerations: The Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee of the University of Pretoria approved the study. The research was conducted in an academic tertiary hospital with voluntary participants. Findings: To dignify midwives it is essential to enhance the following: ‘to acknowledge the capabilities of midwives’, ‘to appreciate interventions of midwives’, ‘to perceive midwives as equal health team members’, ‘to invest in midwives’, ‘to enhance collegiality’, ‘to be cared for by management’ and ‘to create conducive environments’. Conclusion: The professional dignity of midwives is determined by their own perspectives of the contribution that they make to the optimal care of patients, the respect that they get from others and the support that hospital management gives them. With support and care, midwives’ professional dignity is enhanced. Midwives will strive to render excellent services as well as increasing their commitment.