bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Samaritan
Authors: Hjelm Ingrid 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter offers an introduction to the history of the Samaritans from their origin until the seventh century CE and gives detailed information on the Samaritan Literature in the Roman Period. The Samaritans formed the backbone of central and northern Palestine’s population and shared beliefs and traditions with southern Palestine’s Jewish population. However, their traditions developed differently in Samaritanism’s strong emphasis on a purely Mosaic Yahwism (as in the Five Books of Moses), which did not adopt the teachings of the larger Jewish canon (i.e. the Old Testament). Compared with Jewish and Christian literature, Samaritan literature is quite limited. It consists of the Samaritan Pentateuch, the SamaritanTargum of the Pentateuch in Aramaic, a midrashic compilation called Tibat or Memar Marqe, and the earliest prayer book called the Defter, which contains hymns from the third to fourth century CE. An additional paragraph deals with Samaritan use of biblical literature in inscriptions and artefacts.
Structuralism
Authors: Green Elliott D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article examines the structural origins of developmental politics by focusing on the argument that “bad politicians” are the reason for the problem with politics in developing countries, or that great leaders are responsible for development. Using the word “structuralism” to describe the underlying structures of society that affect developmental politics, it considers the claim that institutions are the cause behind political decisions taken in government. Two different, but related structural causes are analyzed, namely geography and demography. The article concludes by discussing how a more structural view of development makes it possible to peer into the future, especially with respect to population growth, population aging, and urbanization.
Civil Conflict and Development
Authors: Hegre Håvard 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This article examines the relationship between civil conflict and development. After outlining definitions of conflict and development, it considers a number of explanations of why they are empirically related. The extent to which conflict, such as civil war, is due to development is discussed, along with how conflict affects development. The article then describes the routes through which conflict reduces development, namely destruction, disruption, diversion, and dis-saving. It also considers why development reduces the risk of conflict, paying particular attention to poverty as motivation for conflict, opportunities for violence entrepreneurs, poor state capacity, decreased lootability in diversified economies, higher costs to violence in densely interacting societies, indirect effect through political institutions, and education and the cognitive ability to maintain peaceful relations. The article concludes by assessing future prospects for the conflict–development linkage, as well as the role of development in reducing incidences of armed conflict worldwide.
Music and Ethics
Authors: Cox Damian , Levine Michael 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This essay examines the relationship between music and ethics. Can music have a positive or negative role in our disposition toward, or performance of, right and wrong acts, duties, and virtues? Can it make a difference to us morally? Can musical experience make us better or worse off from a moral point of view? It is argued that although there is no necessary connection between listening to or appreciating music and one’s moral character, the contingent connections are many and various. Kivy’s critique of the character-building force of absolute music is examined and rejected. If music possesses epistemic and behavioral moral force, then it possesses—for some people, some of the time—the power to build moral character. If music enlarges our capacities of emotional empathy (not for everyone, or all music, and not on all occasions), then it has a role to play in building moral character.
Tapered-cuff Endotracheal Tube Does Not Prevent Early Postoperative Pneumonia Compared with Spherical-cuff Endotracheal Tube after Major Vascular Surgery
Authors: Monsel Antoine , Lu Qin , Le Corre Marine , Brisson Hélène , Arbelot Charlotte , Vezinet Corinne , Fléron Marie-Hélène , Ibanez-Estève Christina , Zerimech Farid , Balduyck Malika , Dexheimer Felippe , Wang Chunyao , Langeron Olivier , Rouby Jean-Jacques 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAbstract
Polyvinyl chloride tapered-cuff endotracheal tubes did not lower the postoperative pneumonia frequency after major vascular surgery. Higher tapered-cuff–pressure variability and higher percentage of time with cuff overinflation were documented. The potential clinical impact of such findings warrants further evaluation.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background
Patients undergoing major vascular surgery often develop postoperative pneumonia that impacts their outcomes. Conflicting data exist concerning the potential benefit of tapered-shaped cuffs on tracheal sealing. The primary objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of a polyvinyl chloride tapered-cuff endotracheal tube at reducing the postoperative pneumonia rate after major vascular surgery. Secondary objectives were to determine its impact on microaspiration, ventilator-associated pneumonia rate, and inner cuff pressure.

Methods
This prospective randomized controlled study included 109 patients who were randomly assigned to receive either spherical- (standard cuff) or taper-shaped (tapered cuff) endotracheal tubes inserted after anesthesia induction and then admitted to the intensive care unit after major vascular surgery. Cuff pressure was continuously recorded over 5 h. Pepsin and α-amylase concentrations in tracheal aspirates were quantified on postoperative days 1 and 2. The primary outcome was the early postoperative pneumonia frequency.

Results
Comparing the tapered-cuff with standard-cuff group, respectively, postoperative pneumonia rates were comparable (42 vs. 44%, P = 0.87) and the percentage (interquartile range) of cuff-pressure time with overinflation was significantly higher (16.1% [1.5 to 50] vs. 0.6% [0 to 8.3], P = 0.01), with a 2.5-fold higher coefficient of variation (20.2 [10.6 to 29.4] vs. 7.6 [6.2 to 10.2], P < 0.001). Although microaspiration frequencies were high, they did not differ between groups.

Conclusion
For major vascular surgery patients, polyvinyl chloride tapered-cuff endotracheal tubes with intermittent cuff-pressure control did not lower the early postoperative pneumonia frequency and did not prevent microaspiration.
Mechanical Power and Development of Ventilator-induced Lung Injury
Authors: Cressoni Massimo , Gotti Miriam , Chiurazzi Chiara , Massari Dario , Algieri Ilaria , Amini Martina , Cammaroto Antonio , Brioni Matteo , Montaruli Claudia , Nikolla Klodiana , Guanziroli Mariateresa , Dondossola Daniele , Gatti Stefano , Valerio Vincenza , Vergani Giordano Luca , Pugni Paola , Cadringher Paolo , Gagliano Nicoletta , Gattinoni Luciano 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAbstract
Twenty-four anesthetized piglets ventilated with a range of tidal volume and respiratory rate developed widespread lung injury above a threshold of 12 J/min. This finding suggests that mechanical power applied may be taken into account for ventilator-induced lung injury prevention.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background
The ventilator works mechanically on the lung parenchyma. The authors set out to obtain the proof of concept that ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) depends on the mechanical power applied to the lung.

Methods
Mechanical power was defined as the function of transpulmonary pressure, tidal volume (TV), and respiratory rate. Three piglets were ventilated with a mechanical power known to be lethal (TV, 38 ml/kg; plateau pressure, 27 cm H2O; and respiratory rate, 15 breaths/min). Other groups (three piglets each) were ventilated with the same TV per kilogram and transpulmonary pressure but at the respiratory rates of 12, 9, 6, and 3 breaths/min. The authors identified a mechanical power threshold for VILI and did nine additional experiments at the respiratory rate of 35 breaths/min and mechanical power below (TV 11 ml/kg) and above (TV 22 ml/kg) the threshold.

Results
In the 15 experiments to detect the threshold for VILI, up to a mechanical power of approximately 12 J/min (respiratory rate, 9 breaths/min), the computed tomography scans showed mostly isolated densities, whereas at the mechanical power above approximately 12 J/min, all piglets developed whole-lung edema. In the nine confirmatory experiments, the five piglets ventilated above the power threshold developed VILI, but the four piglets ventilated below did not. By grouping all 24 piglets, the authors found a significant relationship between the mechanical power applied to the lung and the increase in lung weight (r
2 = 0.41, P = 0.001) and lung elastance (r
2 = 0.33, P < 0.01) and decrease in Pao
2/Fio
2 (r
2 = 0.40, P < 0.001) at the end of the study.

Conclusion
In piglets, VILI develops if a mechanical power threshold is exceeded.
Using the Digits-In-Noise Test to Estimate Age-Related Hearing Loss
Authors: Koole Arne , Nagtegaal A. Paul , Homans Nienke C. , Hofman Albert , Baatenburg de Jong Rob J. , Goedegebure André 
Published: February 2016

Objective:
Age-related hearing loss is common in the elderly population. Timely detection and targeted counseling can lead to adequate treatment with hearing aids. The Digits-In-Noise (DIN) test was developed as a relatively simple test to assess hearing acuity. It is a potentially powerful test for the screening of large populations, including the elderly. However, until to date, no sensitivity or specificity rates for detecting hearing loss were reported in a general elderly population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of the DIN test to screen for mild and moderate hearing loss in the elderly.

Design:
Data of pure-tone audiometry and the DIN test were collected from 3327 adults ages above 50 (mean: 65), as part of the Rotterdam Study, a large population-based cohort study. Sensitivity and specificity of the DIN test for detecting hearing loss were calculated by comparing speech reception threshold (SRT) with pure-tone average threshold at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz (PTA0.5,1,2,4). Receiver operating characteristics were calculated for detecting >20 and >35 dB HL average hearing loss at the best ear.

Results:
Hearing loss varied greatly between subjects and, as expected, increased with age. High frequencies and men were more severely affected. A strong correlation (R = 0.80, p < 0.001) was found between SRTs and PTA0.5,1,2,4. Moreover, 65% of variance in SRT could be explained by pure-tone thresholds. For detecting mild or moderate hearing loss, receiver operating characteristics showed areas under the curve of 0.86 and 0.98, respectively.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that the DIN test has excellent test characteristics when screening for moderate hearing loss (or more) in an elderly population. It is less suited to screen for mild hearing loss. The test is easy to complete and should be suitable for implementation as an automated self-test in hearing screening programs. Ultimately, when combined with active counseling, hearing screening could lead to higher hearing aid coverage in the hearing impaired elderly.
Supplementation of ursodeoxycholic acid improves fat digestion and absorption in cystic fibrosis patients with mild liver involvement
Authors: Drzymała-Czyż Sławomira , Jończyk-Potoczna Katarzyna , Lisowska Aleksandra , Stajgis Marek , Walkowiak Jarosław 
Published: February 2016

Background
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) supplementation is recommended for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with associated liver disease. However, its effect on fat digestion and absorption is not known.

Materials and methods
In 23 patients with mild liver involvement, a 13C-mixed triglyceride breath test was performed on UDCA supplementation (with and without pancreatic enzymes – standard and increased dose) and after 1 month of UDCA withdrawal. Cumulative percentage dose recovery [CPDR; median (interquartile range)] has been considered to reflect lipid digestion and absorption.

Results
The enzyme supplementation resulted in a significant CPDR improvement [0% (0–0) vs. 4.6% (0.4–6.0); P<0.00046]. With the increased dose of enzymes in 16 patients with abnormal 13C-mixed triglyceride breath test results and lipase dose less than 3000 U/g of fat, higher CPDR values [8.6% (5.6–12.7); P<0.000027] were observed. However, a 1-month UDCA withdrawal resulted in a significant reduction in (P<0.000031) fat digestion and absorption [2.9% (0.7–5.8)].

Conclusion
UDCA supplementation seems to enhance lipid digestion and absorption in pancreatic insufficient CF patients with mild liver involvement. This finding points toward the potential impact of UDCA supplementation on nutritional status in CF patients with liver disease and underscores the often overlooked role of factors other than pancreatic enzymes on digestion and absorption of fats in CF.
Comprehensive epidemiological and genotype–phenotype analyses in a large European sample with idiopathic achalasia
Authors: Becker Jessica , Niebisch Stefan , Ricchiuto Arcangelo , Schaich Eva J. , Lehmann Gavin , Waltgenbach Tobias , Schafft Annette , Hess Timo , Lenze Frank , Venerito Marino , Hüneburg Robert , Lingohr Philipp , Matthaei Hanno , Seewald Stefan , Scheuermann Uwe , Kreuser Nicole , Veits Lothar , Wouters Mira M. , Gockel Henning R. , Lang Hauke , Vieth Michael , Müller Michaela , Eckardt Alexander J. , von Rahden Burkhard H.A. , Knapp Michael , Boeckxstaens Guy E. , Fimmers Rolf , Nöthen Markus M. , Schulz Henning G. , Gockel Ines , Schumacher Johannes 
Published: February 2016

Background and aim
Although an eight-residue insertion in HLA-DQβ1 has been recently identified as a genetic risk factor for idiopathic achalasia, other risk factors are still unknown. In the present study, we carried out an epidemiological survey and a genotype–phenotype (G×P) analysis to gain further insights into the etiology of achalasia.

Methods
We obtained medical data from 696 achalasia patients and 410 controls, as well as their first-degree relatives (2543 of patients and 1497 of controls). For the G×P analysis, we stratified the patients into HLA-DQβ1 insertion carriers and noncarriers.

Results
Our data show that patients are more often affected by viral infections before achalasia onset (P<0.0001, most significantly for varicella zoster virus infections). In addition, allergic (P=0.0005) and autoimmune disorders (P=0.0007, most significantly for psoriasis and Sjögren’s syndrome) represent comorbid disease conditions. First-degree relatives of patients also show higher prevalence rates of allergic disorders (P=0.0007) and psoriasis (P=0.016) compared with control relatives. Moreover, the G×P analysis reveals that achalasia is triggered by pregnancies in female HLA-DQβ1 insertion carriers (P=0.031).

Conclusion
Our data point to a role of viral infections in the development of achalasia. In addition, they provide evidence for a relationship between achalasia and allergic, as well as autoimmune, disorders. Furthermore, pregnancy seems to be a disease-triggering factor in female HLA-DQβ1 insertion carriers, which points to hormonal and/or immunosuppressive factors influencing disease development.
The Worst Thrush I Have Ever Seen
Authors: Douvoyiannis Miltiadis , Swank Colleen 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
A neonate developed oral lesions during treatment of thrush with gentian violet. The medication was applied by his mother according to the instructions on the bottle she bought over the counter. The literature is briefly reviewed and it is suggested that the availability of this solution without medical supervision should be reconsidered.
Acute Exertional Compartment Syndrome in Young Athletes
Authors: Livingston Kristin S. , Meehan William P. , Hresko M. Timothy , Matheney Travis H. , Shore Benjamin J. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives
Acute exertional compartment syndrome (AECS) is a rare presentation of acute compartment syndrome (ACS) after exertion without injury. Unfamiliarity with this entity can lead to delay in diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to increase awareness of AECS and illustrate the morbidities associated with delayed diagnosis.

Methods
With institutional review board approval, we conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent emergent fasciotomies for AECS from 1997–2013 at our institution. Male patients with sports-related closed fractures of the tibia leading to ACS were identified for comparison. Demographic variables, patient-specific factors, treatment, and outcome characteristics were analyzed.

Results
Seven male patients (mean age, 17 years) presented to our institution with AECS from 1997–2013, and 9 patients with fracture-related ACS were selected for comparison. All cases of AECS occurred in the leg. In the AECS group, the mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 97 hours. Four patients initially had a missed diagnosis. On presentation, 6 of 7 patients experienced neurologic symptoms (motor or sensory deficit), although none had perfusion deficits. The mean compartment pressure was 91 mm Hg. They all underwent isolated anterior and lateral compartment releases (except for 1 patient who required a 4-compartment release) and required a mean of 4 surgeries. The mean follow-up was 270 days. Of the 4 patients with missed diagnoses, 2 had significant neurologic and functional deficits at final follow-up. The other 5 patients had a full recovery. Fracture-related ACS patients were younger, with quicker time from symptom onset to surgery, and required more compartments to be decompressed at surgery.

Conclusions
Despite the rarity of AECS, orthopedists as well as primary care, emergency medicine, and sports medicine physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion when examining a patient with leg pain out of proportion to examination after exertion. Delay in diagnosis of AECS is associated with substantial muscle necrosis and morbidity.
Positive Affect and Inflammatory Activity in Breast Cancer Survivors: Examining the Role of Affective Arousal
Authors: Moreno Patricia I. , Moskowitz Andrew L. , Ganz Patricia A. , Bower Julienne E. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveGiven the importance of positive affect and inflammation for well-being in cancer survivors, the current study examined the relationship between high- and low-arousal positive affect and inflammation in 186 women who completed treatment of early-stage breast cancer.MethodsMeasures of high- and low-arousal positive affect were completed within 3 months after treatment completion (baseline). Plasma markers of inflammation, including soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type II (sTNF-RII), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, were assessed at baseline and 6- and 12-month follow-up assessments.ResultsMultilevel modeling analyses showed that high-arousal positive affect was associated with lower levels of sTNF-RII, a marker of TNF activity, at treatment completion and prospectively predicted maintenance of these differences through the 6- and 12-month follow-ups adjusting for biobehavioral confounds (b= −0.055,t(156) = −2.40,p= .018). However, this association was no longer significant when adjusting for fatigue. Exploratory analyses showed that low-arousal positive affect was associated with lower levels of CRP at treatment completion and through the 6- and 12-month follow-ups; this association remained significant after adjusting for fatigue and other confounds (b= −0.217,t(152) = −2.04,p= .043).ConclusionsThe relationship of high-arousal positive affect (e.g., “active”) with sTNF-RII seems to be driven by the overlap of high-arousal positive affect with fatigue, whereas the relationship of low-arousal positive affect (e.g., “calm”) with CRP was independent of fatigue. Future research should consider affective arousal when examining the association of positive affect with inflammation as this facet of positive affect may have important implications for interpretation of results.
Type D Personality and Coronary Plaque Vulnerability in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study
Authors: Wang Yini , Zhao Zhenjuan , Gao Xueqin , Li Ling , Liu Guojie , Chen Wei , Xing Lei , Yu Bo , Lin Ping 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
To investigate the association between Type D personality and higher incidence of major adverse cardiac events, we used in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) to evaluate the association between Type D with coronary plaque characteristics.

Methods
A total of 109 patients who had culprit coronary plaque (s) were included in the study. The Type D construct was analyzed using both the categorized and the continuous approaches. Plaque vulnerability of culprit lesions was measured by OCT.

Results
After adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, multivariate analysis demonstrated that Type D was associated with lipid plaque (odds ratio [OR] = 4.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.41–11.14, p = .025), thin cap fibroatheroma (OR = 3.84, 95% CI = 1.36–10.85, p = .011), and fibrous cap thickness (β = −1.43, standard error = 0.04, p = .001) analyzed by categorical approach. When analyzing Type D as continuous variable, the negative affectivity component was significantly related to plaque vulnerability, including lipid plaque (OR = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.23–9.52, p = .018), thin cap fibroatheroma (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.10–4.40, p = .026), and fibrous cap thickness (β = −0.05, standard error = 0.02, p = .030), whereas no associations between the negative affectivity by social inhibition interaction term with OCT indices were found.

Conclusions
The results suggest that plaque characteristics in Type D have more features of plaque vulnerability. The negative affectivity component seems to drive the associations between Type D and vulnerable plaques. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism involved in the association between Type D and major adverse cardiac event.