bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the morphology and density of internally mixed black carbon with SP2 and VTDMA: new insight into the absorption enhancement of black carbon in the atmosphere
Authors: Zhang Yuxuan , Zhang Qiang , Cheng Yafang , Su Hang , Kecorius Simonas , Wang Zhibin , Wu Zhijun , Hu Min , Zhu Tong , Wiedensohler Alfred , He Kebin 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The morphology and density of black carbon (BC) cores in internally mixed BC (In-BC) particles affect their mixing state and absorption enhancement. In this work, we developed a new method to measure the morphology and effective density of the BC cores of ambient In-BC particles using a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) and a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (VTDMA) during the CAREBeijing-2013 campaign from 8 to 27 July 2013 at Xianghe Observatory. This new measurement system can select size-resolved ambient In-BC particles and measure the mobility diameter and mass of the In-BC cores. The morphology and effective density of the ambient In-BC cores are then calculated. For the In-BC cores in the atmosphere, changes in their dynamic shape factor (χ) and effective density (ρeff) can be characterized as a function of the aging process (Dp∕Dc) measured by SP2 and VTDMA. During an intensive field study, the ambient In-BC cores had an average shape factor χ of  ∼ 1.2 and an average density of  ∼ 1.2 g cm−3, indicating that ambient In-BC cores have a near-spherical shape with an internal void of  ∼ 30 %. From the measured morphology and density, the average shell ∕ core ratio and absorption enhancement (Eab) of ambient BC were estimated to be 2.1–2.7 and 1.6–1.9, respectively, for In-BC particles with sizes of 200–350 nm. When the In-BC cores were assumed to have a void-free BC sphere with a density of 1.8 g cm−3, the shell ∕ core ratio and Eab were overestimated by  ∼ 13 and  ∼ 17 %, respectively. The new approach developed in this work improves the calculations of the mixing state and optical properties of ambient In-BC particles by quantifying the changes in the morphology and density of ambient In-BC cores during aging.
ПРОПАНТ ХӨӨСТ КАМЕРТ БҮРТГЭГДСЭН ХАРИМХАЙ БУС ХАРИЛЦАН ҮЙЛЧЛЭЛЭЭР ҮҮССЭН ЭЕРЭГ ЦЭНЭГТ БӨӨМИЙГ ЯЛГАН ТАНИХ НЭГЭН БОЛОМЖ
Authors: Тогоо Р , Тулгаа Т , Төрсүх А , Рогачевский О В , Совд М , Шинэбаяр Ж 
Published: April 2016

Релятив энергийн мужид ажилладаг молекуляр квант динамикийн загвар дээр тулгуурлан, их энергитэй эерэг бөөмийг ялган таних бэрхшээлийг гиперболлог буюу Лобачевскийн огторгуй дахь бүтэн хурдац хэмээх хэмжигдэхүүн ашиглан, протонуудын 25.3% нь π+ - мезонууд байсныг арилгаж чадлаа. Ингээд π+ - мезоны шинж чанарыг судлах боломжтой болов.
First-principles simulation on Seebeck coefficient in silicon and silicon carbide nanosheets
Authors: Nakamura Koichi 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Seebeck coefficients of silicon and silicon carbide for both bulk and nanosheet structures were simulated on the basis of first-principles calculation. The simulation procedure by means of the electronic band structure with periodic boundary condition is presented, and the dependences of the Seebeck coefficient on temperature and carrier concentration have been demonstrated for many kinds of n- or p-doped models. Under the assumption that the relaxation time is constant regardless of energy, the calculated Seebeck coefficients for bulk structures are mostly in accordance with the measured values quantitatively. The typical quantum-mechanical confinement can be observed for all nanosheet models in this study owing to dimensional reduction from bulk to nanosheet structure, but it is not so effective on the Seebeck coefficient. By the simulation with consideration of the energy dependence of the relaxation time, it is confirmed that the Seebeck coefficient should be significantly affected by the relaxation time in a wide range of temperature.
Tension density as counter force to the Lorentz force density
Authors: Nozaki Hiroo , Senami Masato , Ichikawa Kazuhide , Tachibana Akitomo 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
It is confirmed numerically that the tension density defined in quantum field theory is the counter force to the Lorentz force density. We take benzenedithiol in a nonequilibrium steady state as an example for the numerical demonstration of the balance between these densities. While we use simply a nonequilibrium Green’s function method for a quantum conduction state instead of computations based on quantum field theory, the balance between the tension density and the Lorentz force density can be confirmed. The tension density is free from the relaxation time ansatz and defined as a local quantity. The tension density may give a novel viewpoint to the understanding of the physics of electrical conduction.
Socio-Economic Considerations of the Aquaculture Industries in Cebu and Siquijor, Central Visayas, Philippines
Authors: Rica Rachel Luz V 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Aquaculture industry has grown globally to fill in the shortage of fish supply from the sea. A study of aquaculture industries in ICRMP sites of Central Visayas was conducted to determine the socio-cultural and economic aspects of aquaculture. Results revealed that 79% of aquaculture systems are in freshwater and brackish ponds with 50% Oreochromis niloticus and 43% Chanos chanos as common cultured species. Ponds are operated by private individuals and conform to the standard culture systems of cultured species.
The individuals that were employed in aquaculture industries are those that are living near the aquaculture sites which are mostly hired as caretakers and helpers and basically non-permanent and on-call basis. In spite of their employment in the aquaculture industries, communities near aquaculture sites are considered poor since majority of households are living below the poverty thresholds. There is a periodicity of consumption of aquaculture products in the community. The frequency of consumption is high during harvest time (50%) which usually happens every 3-4 months only, thus creating high demand in the community.
Trends of mean temperatures and warm extremes in northern tropical Africa (1961–2014) from observed and PPCA‐reconstructed time series
Authors: Moron Vincent , Oueslati Boutheina , Pohl Benjamin , Rome Sandra , Janicot Serge 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTrends in daily maximum (TX) and minimum (TN) temperatures and indices of warm extremes are studied in tropical North Africa, west of the eastern African highlands, from 1961 to 2014. The analysis is based on the concatenation and cross‐checking of two observed databases. Due to the large number of missing entries (~25%), a statistical infilling using probabilistic principal component analysis was applied. Averaged over 90 stations, the linear trends of annual mean TX and TN equal respectively +0.021 °C/yr and +0.028 °C/yr. The frequency of very hot days (TX > 35°C) and tropical nights (TN > 20°C), as well as the frequency of daily TX and TN above the 90th percentile (p90) (“warm days” and “warm nights”), roughly follows the variations of mean TX and TN, respectively. Heat spells of TX or TN > p90 are often short (usually <2–3 days), and the interannual variation of their mean duration is noisier than for the other indices. Nevertheless, heat spells tend to last longer, with almost constantly positive anomalies since the mid‐1990s. The trends in March–June, the warmest season across the Sahelian and Sudanian belts, show similar variations as annual means. Overall, the local‐scale warming in annual temperatures, and in March–June, may be viewed merely as a simple shift of the probability distribution function of daily TX and TN. The correlations between the thermal indices and the 2 m temperatures suggest that the low‐frequency (>8 years) variations may be viewed as a regional‐scale fingerprint of the global warming, with largest correlations in the tropical Atlantic and Indian basins, while the high‐frequency (<8 years) variations should be mostly viewed as a delayed remote impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events over the region, with warm (cold) anomalies tending to follow warm (cold) ENSO events.
Interannual variability in the summertime hydrological cycle over European regions
Authors: Zveryaev Igor I. , Zahn Matthias , Allan Richard P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA variety of observations‐based hydrological variables from different data sets are used to investigate interannual variability and changes in the summertime hydrological cycle over four European regions—Iberian Peninsula (IP), British Isles (BI), Central Europe (CE), and European Russia (ER). An analysis performed on seasonal means (June, July, and August) suggests that soil moisture variability is impacted almost equally by precipitation and air temperature in BI and ER regions. However, stronger links between soil moisture and precipitation are revealed for CE region and between soil moisture and air temperature for IP region. In all except IP regions summertime interannual variability of column‐integrated water vapor is strongly linked to air temperature consistent with the dominating influence of the Clausius‐Clapeyron equation. In BI, CE, and ER interannual variability of regional precipitation is driven by variations in atmospheric moisture transport into these regions. In IP the link between precipitation and moisture transport is relatively weak. Based on monthly data, analysis of the lag‐lead correlations revealed specific regional relationships between different hydrological variables. In particular, it is shown that in some regions (and months) interannual variability of soil moisture is linked more strongly to precipitation and air temperature anomalies in the previous month, rather than in the coinciding month. An analysis of the vertical structure of regional atmospheric moisture transport has revealed that the more continental the climate of the region is, the larger deviation from the mean (i.e., climatological) profile might be observed during anomalously dry/wet summers.
Fugitive emissions from the Bakken shale illustrate role of shale production in global ethane shift
Authors: Kort E. A. , Smith M. L. , Murray L. T. , Gvakharia A. , Brandt A. R. , Peischl J. , Ryerson T. B. , Sweeney C. , Travis K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEthane is the second most abundant atmospheric hydrocarbon, exerts a strong influence on tropospheric ozone, and reduces the atmosphere's oxidative capacity. Global observations showed declining ethane abundances from 1984 to 2010, while a regional measurement indicated increasing levels since 2009, with the reason for this subject to speculation. The Bakken shale is an oil and gas‐producing formation centered in North Dakota that experienced a rapid increase in production beginning in 2010. We use airborne data collected over the North Dakota portion of the Bakken shale in 2014 to calculate ethane emissions of 0.23 ± 0.07 (2σ) Tg/yr, equivalent to 1–3% of total global sources. Emissions of this magnitude impact air quality via concurrent increases in tropospheric ozone. This recently developed large ethane source from one location illustrates the key role of shale oil and gas production in rising global ethane levels.
Conjugated Vinylgold(I)‐Vinylideneruthenium(II) Complexes and Related Organoruthenium Compounds: Stable Analogues of Intermediates Proposed in Dual Gold Catalysis
Authors: Wieteck Marcel , Larsen née Vilhelmsen Mie Højer , Nösel Pascal , Schulmeister Jürgen , Rominger Frank , Rudolph Matthias , Pernpointner Markus , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe reaction of a platinum acetylide derived from a 1,2‐dialkynylarene with a phosphanegold(I) species delivered a σ‐platinum‐π‐gold coordination to the same triple bond of the organic substrate. Cyclopentadienyl‐di(phosphanyl)ruthenium(II) acetylides of the same substrate type gave vinylgold(I)‐vinylideneruthenium(II) complexes in similar reactions. A switch to the corresponding cyclopentadienyl‐di(carbonyl)ruthenium(II) species with a phenyl group on the second alkyne provided vinylruthenium(II) complexes in which the ruthenium was still bound to the same carbon as in the starting material, with a tert‐butyl group on the second alkyne vinylruthenium(II) complexes in which the ruthenium has migrated to another carbon, were obtained. This reactivity mimics the initial steps suggested for dual gold catalysis with these substrates and thus for the first time experimentally confirms the organometallic reactivity patterns proposed for the single steps.magnified image
Structure Determination of Monomeric Phloroglucinol Derivatives with a Cinnamoyl Group Isolated from Propolis of the Stingless Bee, Tetragonula carbonaria
Authors: Nishimura Eiji , Murakami Shino , Suzuki Koichi , Amano Kazuhiro , Tanaka Rika , Shinada Tetsuro 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTetragocarbones A and B were isolated from the propolis of an Australian stingless bee, Tetragonula carbonaria. These largely planar structures were proposed as a result of NMR analysis as well as comparison of their NMR data with those of related monomeric phloroglucinol derivatives. To elucidate relative and absolute stereochemistry of tetragocarbone A, the synthesis of the proposed structure of tetragocarbone A was performed. As a result, the synthetic compound bearing stereogenic centers 1R*,3R*,6S* was identical with naturally occurring tetragocarbone A. The absolute stereochemistry of tetragocarbone A was established to be 1R,3R,6S by chiral HPLC separation and X‐ray analysis. Comparison of the NMR data of tetragocarbone A with that of tetragocarbone B indicated that tetragocarbone B would be a natural congener of tetragocarbone A.
Diamant‐Quantensensoren in der Biologie
Authors: Wu Yuzhou , Jelezko Fedor , Plenio Martin B , Weil Tanja 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie gegenwärtig verfügbaren Techniken der molekularen Bildgebung, die atomare Auflösung erzielen, benötigen extreme Arbeitsbedingungen wie niedrige Temperaturen, Vakuum sowie große Probenvolumina. Quantensensoren, die auf der spinabhängigen Photolumineszenz von Stickstoff‐Fehlstellen(NV)‐Zentren basieren, haben ein großes Potenzial für die Detektion einzelner Moleküle mit atomarer Auflösung bei Raumtemperatur. In Diamant‐Nanopartikeln können NV‐Zentren gezielt implantiert werden, sodass einzigartige Nanosensoren entstehen, die in lebende biologische Systeme eindringen können. Aus diesen Gründen könnte die Diamant‐Sensorik einen noch nie dagewesenen Einblick in die Struktur und Funktion von einzelnen Biomolekülen unter physiologischen Bedingungen liefern, sodass sich biologische Prozesse bis auf das Quantenniveau und mit atomarer Auflösung beobachten ließen. Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Diamant‐Quantensensoren und die aktuellen Entwicklungen von ihrer Herstellung bis zu den verschiedenen Sensor‐Techniken werden in diesem Kurzaufsatz erörtert.
Von der chemischen Mutagenese zur Postexpressions‐Mutagenese: eine 50 Jahre währende Odyssee
Authors: Wright Tom H. , Vallée M. Robert J. , Davis Benjamin G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie ortsspezifische (Gen‐)Mutagenese ist das wichtigste Verfahren zur Umwandlung eines Protein‐Aminosäurerestes in einen anderen. Bis vor kurzem war diese Strategie auf die zwanzig Standardaminosäuren beschränkt. Die ständige Weiterentwicklung der Stopp‐Codon‐Suppression und verwandter Techniken zum Einbau nichtnatürlicher Aminosäuren hat den Zugang zu nichtkanonischen Aminosäuren erweitert, indem der Spielraum des Translationsapparates vergrößert wurde. Weil die genetischen Veränderungen jedoch von der Translation abhängen, bleibt die Diversität der einbaubaren Aminosäurereste begrenzt. Wir beschreiben hier einen anderen Ansatz, die Postexpressions‐Mutagenese, die an den funktionalen Biomolekülen selbst angreift. Aus dem Blickwinkel der Retrosynthese beleuchten wir die Aussichten auf neue Strategien der Proteinmodifizierung, ‐veränderung und ‐konstruktion, mit deren Hilfe die Proteinwissenschaft die Einschränkungen des “Translationsfilters” hinter sich lassen und sich zu einer echten synthetischen Biologie weiterentwickeln kann.
Regioselective C−H Hydroarylation of Internal Alkynes with Arenecarboxylates: Carboxylates as Deciduous Directing Groups
Authors: Huang Liangbin , Biafora Agostino , Zhang Guodong , Bragoni Valentina , Gooßen Lukas J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn the presence of catalytic [Ru(p‐cym)I2]2 and the base guanidine carbonate, benzoic acids react with internal alkynes to give the corresponding 2‐vinylbenzoic acids. This alkyne hydroarylation is generally applicable to diversely substituted electron‐rich and electron‐poor benzoic and acrylic acids. Aryl(alkyl)acetylenes react regioselectively with formation of the alkyl‐branched hydroarylation products, and propargylic alcohols are converted into γ‐alkylidene‐δ‐lactones. The hydroarylation can also be conducted decarboxylatively with a different choice of catalyst and reaction conditions. This reaction variant, which does not proceed via intermediate formation of 2‐vinylbenzoic acids, opens up a regioselective, waste‐minimized synthetic entry to vinylarenes.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Benzylic Alkylation of Active Methylene Compounds with α‐Naphthylbenzyl Carbonates and Pivalates
Authors: Tabuchi Sho , Hirano Koji , Miura Masahiro 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA Pd/(R)‐H8‐BINAP‐catalyzed asymmetric benzylic alkylation of active methylene compounds has been developed. The reaction proceeds without the use of an external base, and the starting racemic diarylmethyl carbonates are converted into the optically active coupling products which contain the benzylic chiral stereocenter by a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT). Additionally, with suitable carbonates bases, the same palladium catalysis allows the corresponding pivalates to be adopted in the same DYKAT process.
The relationships between temperature gradient and wind during cold frontal passages in the eastern United States: a numerical modeling study
Authors: Conrick Robert , Curtis Nathan L. , Staten Paul W. , Kirkpatrick Cody 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCold frontal passages are a common occurrence throughout the eastern United States. Previous observational research showed the surprising result that there is only a very weak, statistically nonsignificant relationship between a cold front's maximum 2‐min sustained wind and the across‐front temperature gradient. By using the WRF‐ARW model to simulate eight cold fronts, we re‐examine the relationship between temperature gradient and wind near the surface, and provide additional analysis. Results confirm previous observational research that found no relationship between wind speed and cross‐frontal temperature gradient. The agreement between studies suggests that the lack of relationship may be physical and not a result of undersampling.
Prediction of survival in patients with oesophageal or junctional cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery
Authors: Shapiro J , van Klaveren D , Lagarde S M , Toxopeus E L A , van der Gaast A , Hulshof M C C M , Wijnhoven B P L , van Berge Henegouwen M I , Steyerberg E W , van Lanschot J J B 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe value of conventional prognostic factors is unclear in the era of multimodal treatment for oesophageal cancer. This study aimed to quantify the impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and surgery on well established prognostic factors, and to develop and validate a prognostic model.MethodsPatients treated with nCRT plus surgery were included. Multivariable Cox modelling was used to identify prognostic factors for overall survival. A prediction model for individual survival was developed using stepwise backward selection. The model was internally validated leading to a nomogram for use in clinical practice.ResultsSome 626 patients who underwent nCRT plus surgery were included. In the multivariable model, only pretreatment cN category and ypN category were independent prognostic factors. The final prognostic model included cN, ypT and ypN categories, and had moderate discrimination (c-index at internal validation 0·63).ConclusionIn patients with oesophageal or oesophagogastric cancer treated with nCRT plus surgery, overall survival can best be estimated using a prediction model based on cN, ypT and ypN categories. Predicted survival according to this model showed only moderate correlation with observed survival, emphasizing the need for new prognostic factors to improve survival prediction.
Population-based analysis of colorectal cancer risk after oophorectomy
Authors: Segelman J , Lindström L , Frisell J , Lu Y 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Background
The development of colorectal cancer is influenced by hormonal factors. Oophorectomy alters endogenous levels of sex hormones, but the effect on colorectal cancer risk is unclear. The aim of this cohort study was to examine colorectal cancer risk after oophorectomy for benign indications.

Methods
Women who had undergone oophorectomy between 1965 and 2011 were identified from the Swedish Patient Registry. Standard incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals for colorectal cancer risk were calculated compared with those in the general population. Stratification was carried out for unilateral and bilateral oophorectomy, and hysterectomy without specification of whether the ovaries were removed or not. Associations between the three oophorectomy options and colorectal cancer risk in different locations were assessed by means of hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression modelling.

Results
Of 195 973 women who had undergone oophorectomy, 3150 (1·6 per cent) were diagnosed with colorectal cancer at a later date (median follow-up 18 years). Colorectal cancer risk was increased after oophorectomy compared with that in the general population (SIR 1·30, 95 per cent c.i. 1·26 to 1·35). The risk was lower for younger age at oophorectomy (15–39 years: SIR 1·10, 0·97 to 1·23; 40–49 years: SIR 1·26, 1·19 to 1·33; P for trend &lt; 0·001). The risk was highest 1–4 years after oophorectomy (SIR 1·66, 1·51 to 1·81; P &lt; 0·001). In the multivariable analysis, women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy had a higher risk of rectal cancer than those who had only unilateral oophorectomy (HR 2·28, 95 per cent c.i. 1·33 to 3·91).

Conclusion
Colorectal cancer risk is increased after oophorectomy for benign indications.
Dose enhancement and cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles in colon cancer cells when irradiated with kilo‐ and mega‐voltage radiation
Authors: Hau Herman , Khanal Dipesh , Rogers Linda , Suchowerska Natalka , Kumar Rajiv , Sridhar Srinivas , McKenzie David , Chrzanowski Wojciech 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDespite major advances in the field of radiotherapy, healthy tissue damage continues to constrain the dose that can be prescribed in cancer therapy. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been proposed as a solution to minimize radiation‐associated toxicities by enhancing the radiation dose delivered locally to tumor cells. In the current study, we investigated the application of third‐generation GNPs in two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) cell cultures and whether there is synergy between the nanoparticles and kilo‐ or mega‐voltage radiation to cause augmented cytotoxicity. The 10‐nm GNPs were found to be nontoxic in both 2D and 3D in vitro cultures of colon cancer cells at concentrations of up to 10–25 µg/ml. There was a significant increase in cell survival fraction reduction following exposure to 1 Gy of kilo‐voltage (18.3%) and 2 Gy of mega‐voltage (35.3%) radiation when the cells were incubated with 50 µg/ml of GNPs. The biocompatibility of the GNPs combined with their substantial synergy with radiation encourages further investigations into their application in targeted cancer treatment.