bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malawi in the Socio-Economic Development History of Southern Africa
Authors: Nagoli Joseph 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Development discourses after the 18th century placed emphasis on providing capital investments as an important ingredient for economic growth in decolonized states. Several development initiatives have been implemented, but with no significant impact on economic growth in developing countries, especially those in southern Africa, such as Malawi. These countries’ growth performance since gaining independence from colonial rule in the 1960s has on average been declining. This chapter uses world-systems theory to analyse this uneven global development. Central to the world-systems perspective is wealth accumulation, mainly the strategies used by different groups to enrich themselves through unequal distribution, with the issue of development not defined adequately. This chapter argues that the same historic development objective persists today, with the West continuing to produce knowledge and exercise power over poor states. For meaningful development, Africa needs to have a ‘place-in-the-world’—in a system of dependencies and responsibilities, rights, and obligations.
The Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Ganguly Šumit 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of India’s foreign policy since Independence to the present day. It argues that the country’s foreign policy had a distinctly idealistic bent in its initial phases with a clear-cut commitment to decolonization, global nuclear disarmament, a commitment to multilateral diplomacy and the reduction of global inequalities. During this initial phase the theory and practice of nonalignment was one of its key foreign policy lodestars. Following the death of India’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, the country maintained a rhetorical commitment to most of these goals. However, for all practical purposes its pursuit of these objectives waned. At the Cold War’s end, the country started to move away from its hoary commitment to nonalignment and increasingly came embrace the role of material power in international affairs. Most recently, under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the country has adopted a more unabashed pursuit of what it deems to be its national interests even while using some language calling for the creation of a more equitable global order.
The Supreme Court
Authors: Sen Ronojoy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically evaluates the place of the Supreme Court in India’s democracy. This I do by examining three aspects of the higher judiciary in independent India. First, I briefly describe the history of the struggle between the judiciary on the one hand and the executive and the legislature on the other over custody of the Constitution. Second, I look at the independence of the judiciary and how the courts, in response to events in the 1970s related to the Emergency, have put in place a system whereby judges appoint themselves. Third, I analyse whether the Supreme Court is guilty of judicial activism or judicial overreach. This tendency of the Court is closely tied to the institution of public interest litigation (PIL), which from the 1980s allowed anyone to approach the Supreme Court by an easing up of the normal legal requirement of litigation by directly affected parties only. In conclusion, I assess the state of the court since 2014 when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government, headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, was first elected to power.
Bacteriophages: sustainable and effective solution for climate-resilient agriculture
Authors: Siyanbola Kehinde Favour , Ejiohuo Ovinuchi , Ade-adekunle Olusegun A , Adekunle Feranmi O , Onyeaka Helen , Furr Carrie-Lynn Langlais , Hodges Francesca E , Carvalho Pedro , Oladipo Elijah Kolawole 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Climate change entails significant challenges to global food security and agricultural sustainability, prompting the need for innovative solutions to enhance climate resilience in farming practices. Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that specifically target and infect bacteria, provide promising applications in numerous agricultural practices to address these challenges. With traits such as specificity towards bacterial pathogens along with self-replication, self-dosing, and adaptability properties phages offer potential as effective biocontrol agents while exerting minimal harm on non-target organisms or their surrounding environment. In this review, various applications of phages have been explored, including increasing crop resilience, improving soil health, preserving food, managing water resources, and adapting to emerging pests and diseases. Additionally, the benefits of these applications are also explored, such as improving sustainable practices, enhancing plant growth and yield, and supporting pollinator health. Although they offer great promise, there are still several obstacles such as limited host range, environmental stability, and regulatory challenges, so further research and policies are required for their integration into agricultural systems. Furthermore, education and public awareness are essential for farmers to adopt phage-based biocontrol. By harnessing the potential of phages, agriculture can mitigate the adverse effects of climate change, promote sustainability, and ensure food security in a changing climate.
Pericentriolar material 1 promotes intestinal inflammation in ulcerative colitis by activating NLRP3/gasdermin D‐mediated macrophage pyroptosis
Authors: Niu Junkun , Wen Yunling , Zhang Fengrui , Li Shijie , Miao Jiarong , Liang Hao , Bai Xinyu , Zeng Zhong , Guo Xiaolong , Miao Yinglei 
Published: September 2024

AbstractExcessive proinflammatory cytokine release induced by pyroptosis plays a vital role in intestinal mucosal inflammation in ulcerative colitis (UC). Several pyroptosis‐related factors are regulated by the centrosome. Pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1) is a primary component of centriolar satellites that is present as cytoplasmic granules around the centrosome. Our previous study revealed that PCM1 was highly expressed in UC patients, but the role of PCM1 in UC remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of PCM1 in the development of UC, especially the mechanism in pyroptosis process of UC. Clinical mucosal sample and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis mouse were used to reveal the association between PCM1 and intestinal inflammation. Intestinal epithelial cell‐specific PCM1‐knockout mice were constructed to determine the role of PCM1 in colitis. Finally, PCM1 RNA interference and overexpression assays in THP1 cells were employed to study the molecular mechanisms of PCM1 in inflammatory responses and pyroptosis. We found that PCM1 expression was upregulated in the colonic mucosa of UC patients and positively correlated with inflammatory indicators. PCM1 expression was elevated in DSS‐induced colitis mice and was reduced after methylprednisolone treatment. In the DSS colitis model, intestinal‐specific PCM1‐knockout mice exhibited milder intestinal inflammation and lower pyroptosis levels than wild‐type mice. In cell level, PCM1 exerted a proinflammatory effect by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and triggering subsequent gasdermin D‐mediated pyroptosis to release IL‐1β and IL‐18. In conclusion, PCM1 mediates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and gasdermin D‐dependent pyroptosis, ultimately accelerating intestinal inflammation in UC. These findings revealed a previously unknown role of PCM1 in initiating intestinal mucosal inflammation and pyroptosis in UC, and this factor is expected to be a regulator in the complex inflammatory network of UC.
Does Childhood Cochlear Implantation Spill Over to Carers’ Employment Status?
Authors: Sharma Rajan , Tani Massimiliano , Cheng Zhiming , Ching Teresa Y. C. , Marnane Vivienne , Mendolia Silvia , Parkinson Bonny 
Published: September 2024

Objectives:
Carers of children with disabilities, especially primary carers, tend to have poorer labor market outcomes than carers of typically developing children. However, the extant literature has been largely silent on whether interventions for children’s disabilities spill over to carers’ employment outcomes, if at all. We aimed to fill this gap.

Design:
We analyzed data from the Longitudinal Outcomes of Children with Hearing Impairment study, which is a unique panel dataset of Australian children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH). The Longitudinal Outcomes of Children with Hearing Impairment dataset includes information about 449 DHH children. We used 3 waves covering the same children at ages 0 to 3, 5 to 7, and 8 to 10 years during 2005 and 2018. We used a panel random-effects model, the use of which was supported by the Hausman specification test to control for time-invariant individual heterogeneity.

Results:
We found that primary carers (typically mothers) of DHH children with cochlear implants (CI) were more likely to be employed relative to DHH children without a CI. The positive association was stronger among carers from a lower socioeconomic background.

Conclusions:
The association between childhood CI and carer employment may potentially be due to relaxed primary carers’ time constraints to care for the child, increased self-efficacy, and reduced carer stress, enabling them to engage in other activities, including employment. Further research through large-scale, longitudinal studies is warranted to solidify the findings of this research.
Frequency of and Risk Factors for Increased Healthcare Utilization After Pediatric Sepsis Hospitalization*
Authors: Carlton Erin F. , Rahman Moshiur , Maddux Aline B. , Weiss Scott L. , Prescott Hallie C. 
Published: September 2024

OBJECTIVES:
To determine the frequency of and risk factors for increased post-sepsis healthcare utilization compared with pre-sepsis healthcare utilization.

DESIGN:
Retrospective observational cohort study.

SETTING:
Years 2016–2019 MarketScan Commercial and Medicaid Database.

PATIENTS:
Children (0–18 yr) with sepsis treated in a U.S. hospital.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We measured the frequency of and risk factors for increased healthcare utilization in the 90 days post- vs. pre-sepsis hospitalization. We defined increased healthcare utilization as an increase of at least 3 days in the 90 days post-hospitalization compared with the 90 days pre-hospitalization based on outpatient, emergency department, and inpatient hospitalization. We identified 2801 patients hospitalized for sepsis, of whom 865 (30.9%) had increased healthcare utilization post-sepsis, with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 3 days (1–6 d) total in the 90 days pre-sepsis and 10 days (IQR, 6–21 d) total in the 90 days post-sepsis (p < 0.001). In multivariable models, the odds of increased healthcare use were higher for children with longer lengths of hospitalization (> 30 d adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.35; 95% CI, 2.99-6.32) and children with preexisting complex chronic conditions, specifically renal (aOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.02–2.12), hematologic/immunologic (aOR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.03–1.74), metabolic (aOR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.08–1.79), and malignancy (aOR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.38–2.59).

CONCLUSIONS:
In this nationally representative cohort of children who survived sepsis hospitalization in the United States, nearly one in three had increased healthcare utilization in the 90 days after discharge. Children with hospitalizations longer than 30 days and complex chronic conditions were more likely to experience increased healthcare utilization.
The Histopathology of Vacuoles, E1 Enzyme, X-Linked, Autoinflammatory, Somatic Syndrome: Report of 12 Skin Biopsies From 6 Patients
Authors: Brumbaugh Bethany J. , Laga Alvaro C. , Pouli Dimitra , Fernandez-Figueras Maria Teresa , Hoang Mai P. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract:
We present the histopathology of 12 skin biopsies from 6 patients with vacuoles, enzyme E1, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic syndrome and review the literature. The age of these 6 men ranges from 62 to 83 years (median of 70 years). UBA1 mutation was documented in all 6 patients. Multiple organ systems were involved with constitutional symptoms noted in 4 of 6 patients (67%), cutaneous involvement in 6 of 6 patients (100%), hematologic abnormalities in 6 of 6 patients (100%), pulmonary involvement in 4 of 6 patients (67%), musculoskeletal abnormalities in 3 of 6 patients (50%), vascular thrombosis in 2 of 6 patients (33%), ocular involvement in 2 of 6 patients (33%), and gastrointestinal involvement in 5 of 6 patients (83%). Of the 6 presented patients, neutrophilic dermatosis was seen in 3 biopsies, histiocytoid neutrophilic dermatosis in 1 biopsy, neutrophilic dermatosis with vasculitis in 1 biopsy, neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis in 2 biopsies, septal panniculitis consistent with erythema nodosum in 2 biopsies, and nonspecific patterns in 3 biopsies. In summary, neutrophilic dermatosis, small-vessel vasculitis, and panniculitis are frequent histopathologic patterns noted in decreasing frequency in skin biopsies of the patients with vacuoles, enzyme E1, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic syndrome. However, the histopathologic findings can be diverse, nonspecific in some instances, and varied among different biopsies obtained from the same patient.
Using Descending Genicular Artery as the Recipient Artery for Free Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery Perforator Flap
Authors: Shirota Maiko , Karakawa Ryo , Yano Tomoyuki , Yoshimatsu Hidehiko 
Published: September 2024

Summary:
This case report presents the use of the superficial circumflex iliac perforator (SCIP) flap for soft tissue reconstruction of the knee, using the descending genicular artery (DGA) as the recipient vessel. A 14-year-old female table-tennis player presented with a right knee mass diagnosed as angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma. Following resection of the mass, which left a 6.5 × 5.5 cm soft tissue defect over the patella, a free SCIP flap was harvested and used for reconstruction. The SCIP flap was chosen for its thinness and flexibility, making it suitable for the highly mobile knee joint. The superficial circumflex iliac artery (1.2 mm) was anastomosed to the DGA (1.5 mm) in an end-to-end fashion. The flap and deepithelialized skin paddle were routed through a subcutaneous tunnel, and the donor site was closed directly over a drain. The flap survived completely with no postoperative complications. Six months later, despite hyperpigmentation of the scar, the contour was satisfactory with no limitations in knee range of motion. This case underscores the advantages of the SCIP flap, particularly its compatibility with the DGA, reduced donor site morbidity, and excellent aesthetic and functional outcomes. The SCIP flap, combined with the DGA as the recipient vessel, provides an effective solution for complex knee reconstructions, offering a primary option for similar cases.
Class in Session: Analysis of GPT-4-created Plastic Surgery In-service Examination Questions
Authors: Najafali Daniel , Galbraith Logan G. , Camacho Justin M. , Stoffel Victoria , Herzog Isabel , Moss Civanni , Taiberg Stephanie L. , Knoedler Leonard 
Published: September 2024

Background:
The Plastic Surgery In-Service Training Examination (PSITE) remains a critical milestone in residency training. Successful preparation requires extensive studying during an individual’s residency. This study focuses on the capacity of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) to generate PSITE practice questions.

Methods:
GPT-4 was prompted to generate multiple choice questions for each PSITE section and provide answer choices with detailed rationale. Question composition via readability metrics were analyzed, along with quality. Descriptive statistics compared GPT-4 and the 2022 PSITE.

Results:
The overall median Flesch–Kincaid reading ease for GPT-4-generated questions was 43.90 (versus 50.35 PSITE, P = 0.036). GPT-4 provided questions that contained significantly fewer mean sentences (1 versus 4), words (16 versus 56), and percentage of complex words (3 versus 13) than 2022 PSITE questions (P < 0.001). When evaluating GPT-4 generated questions for each examination section, the highest median Flesch–Kincaid reading ease was on the core surgical principles section (median: 63.30, interquartile range [54.45–68.28]) and the lowest was on the craniomaxillofacial section (median: 36.25, interquartile range [12.57–58.40]). Most readability metrics were higher for the 2022 PSITE compared with GPT-4 generated questions. Overall question quality was poor for the chatbot.

Conclusions:
Our study found that GPT-4 can be adapted to generate practice questions for the 2022 PSITE, but its questions are of poor quality. The program can offer general explanations for both the correct and incorrect answer options but was observed to generate false information and poor-quality explanations. Although trainees should navigate with caution as the technology develops, GPT-4 has the potential to serve as an effective educational adjunct under the supervision of trained plastic surgeons.
Tips to Virtually Plan Your Free Scapula Flap
Authors: Reilly Frank O.F. , Dimovska Eleonora O.F. , Lindell Björn , Thor Andreas , Rodriguez-Lorenzo Andrés 
Published: September 2024

Summary:
The use of virtual surgical planning (VSP) and computer-aided design and manufacturing to assist in osseous reconstruction has become the standard of care in head and neck reconstruction. The use of the free fibula flap with VSP remains the most common flap for osseous reconstruction, and as such, it is well described in the published literature. The scapular free flap (SFF) based on the angular branch has not yet garnered the same attention. The popularity of the SFF osseus head and neck reconstruction is increasing due to the flaps’ inherently different properties and indications it can fulfill; the natural curvature of the bone, the reduced incidence of atheroscelerosis in the donor vessels and the earlier postoperative mobilization of the patient. In the preoperative planning process, the SFF presents several unique challenges and considerations that differ from the free fibula flap. It is important for surgeons already using, or considering using the SFF, that VSP is used correctly to achieve optimal outcomes. The authors aim to describe and clarify aspects of VSP use in SFF reconstruction in the head and neck area with a specific focus on: (1) The perforator-like vascular anatomy of the scapula; (2) How to maximize the shape of the scapula to minimize osteotomies; (3) Fine-tuning of scapula osteotomies on side table; (4) How to plan cutting guide placement and fit on the scapula. The authors hope that this article will help reconstructive microsurgeons plan and perform the SFF in conjunction with VSP.
Analysis of Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies for Parapharyngeal Space Tumors With Follicular Dendritic Sarcoma
Authors: Li Fengzhen , Cha Xudong , Wang Shenglei , Xie Yingqi , Xu Zengyi , Liu Huanhai 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Parapharyngeal space tumor is a tumor that occurs in the parapharyngeal space. Parapharyngeal space tumors are uncommon, accounting for about 0.5% of head and neck tumors. Eighty percent of them are benign and 20% are malignant. The pathologic types of tumors are varied, mainly neurogenic tumors and salivary gland tumors. Follicular dendritic sarcomas are much rarer, with an inert biological behavior and a low-grade malignant sarcoma. Clinicians face difficulties in the management of this lesion. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the management of this disease is necessary.

Case presentations:
In May 2023, a 22-year-old male presented with pharyngeal discomfort, dysphagia, and sleep apnea. The patient underwent MRI which showed a rounded hypodense shadow with a size of 3.2×2.1×4.5 cm in the left lateral pharyngeal wall and a mass located in the posterior aspect of the left submandibular gland. After preliminary diagnosis of left parapharyngeal space tumor and left neck mass, the clinician performed transoral endoscopy-assisted resection of the left parapharyngeal space tumor and transcervical resection of the left cervical mass. The patient has been followed up without recurrence.

Conclusions:
This case provided a reference for the diagnosis and management of parapharyngeal space tumors. In particular, new insights into the diagnosis and management of a rare pathologic type were presented, which had the potential to improve the overall understanding of this disease.
Surgical Second Opinion for Pancreatic Cancer Patients
Authors: Quinn Patrick L , Nikahd Melica , Saiyed Shah , Heifetz Addie , Bath Natalie M , Hyer J Madison , Cloyd Jordan M , Jain Shikha , Ejaz Aslam 
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND:
Due to the complexity of pancreatic surgery, patients diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) may seek out the opinion of more than 1 surgeon. Little is known regarding how second surgical opinions impact the likelihood of pancreatectomy and perioperative outcomes. Our study aimed to determine the impact of obtaining second surgical opinions on pancreatectomy rates and to assess its impact on surgical outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN:
Patients who were diagnosed with PDAC between 2013 and 2020 were identified using 100% Medicare Inpatient and Outpatient Standard Analytic Files. Data collected included the number of surgeons consulted and geographic region. Receipt of pancreatectomy and perioperative outcomes were compared between patients who received only 1 and more than 1 surgical consultation.

RESULTS:
Of 116,072 patients diagnosed with PDAC, 10,640 (9.2%) underwent pancreatectomy. A total of 4,913 (4.2%) patients received a second surgical opinion, of whom 1,906 (17.9%) patients underwent pancreatectomy after the second opinion visit. Patients receiving a second surgical opinion were more likely to undergo pancreatectomy (adjusted odds ratio 6.17; 95% CI 5.78 to 6.59). Patients who received a second opinion and underwent surgery had equivalent length of stay and complication rates compared to those who underwent surgery without seeking a second opinion (both p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:
Among Medicare patients who underwent pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer, approximately 1 in 7 patients received a second surgical opinion. Further research is needed to determine how patient motivations, referral patterns, disease characteristics, and treatments all interplay to affect clinical outcomes for patients undergoing pancreatectomy for PDAC.