bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomised clinical study of plaque removal efficacy of a power toothbrush in a paediatric population
Authors: Davidovich Esti , Ccahuana‐Vasquez Renzo Alberto , Timm Hans , Grender Julie , Cunningham Pam , Zini Avi 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundClinical investigations of plaque removal efficacy of power toothbrushes in children are limited.AimTo compare plaque removal of a power versus manual toothbrush in a paediatric population.DesignThis was a randomised, replicate‐use, single‐brushing, examiner‐blinded, two‐treatment, four‐period crossover clinical trial in children 8–11 years of age. Subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence involving an oscillating–rotating power toothbrush and a manual toothbrush control. Subjects brushed under supervision with a NaF dentifrice. Plaque was assessed pre‐ (baseline) and post‐brushing using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley‐Hein Plaque Index by two examiners. Plaque scores were averaged for mixed and permanent dentition on a per‐subject basis and analysed using a mixed‐model ancova for a crossover design.ResultsForty‐one subjects (mean 9.0 years) were randomised and completed the trial. Both the power brush and manual brush provided statistically significant mean plaque reductions versus baseline in all analyses (P < 0.001). For both examiners, plaque removal was significantly (P < 0.001) larger for the power brush in permanent and mixed dentitions. The interexaminer correlations for the permanent dentition were strong (ICC = 0.68–0.88) for pre‐brushing plaque across all periods.ConclusionsAn oscillating–rotating power toothbrush provided superior plaque reduction versus a manual toothbrush in children.
Synthesis of monodisperse CeO2–ZrO2 particles exhibiting cyclic superelasticity over hundreds of cycles
Authors: Du Zehui , Ye Pengcheng , Zeng Xiao Mei , Schuh Christopher A. , Tamura Nobumichi , Zhou Xinran , Gan Chee Lip 
Published: May 2017

AbstractNano‐ and microscale CeO2–ZrO2 (CZ) shape memory ceramics are promising materials for smart micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS), sensing, actuation and energy damping applications, but the processing science for scalable production of such small volume ceramics has not yet been established. Herein, we report a modified sol‐gel method to synthesize highly monodisperse spherical CZ particles with diameters in the range of ~0.8‐3.0 μm. Synchrotron X‐ray micro‐diffraction (μSXRD) confirmed that most of the particles are single crystal after annealing at 1450°C. Having a monocrystalline structure and a small specimen length scale, the particles exhibit significantly enhanced shape memory and superelasticity properties with up to ~4.7% compression being completely recoverable. Highly reproducible superelasticity through over five hundred strain cycles, with dissipated energy up to ~40 MJ/m3 per cycle, is achieved in the CZ particles containing 16 mol% ceria. This cycling capability is enhanced by ten times compared with our first demonstration using micropillars (only 50 cycles in Lai et al, Science, 2013, 341, 1505). Furthermore, the effects of cycling and testing temperature (in 25°C‐400°C) on superelasticity have been investigated.
The subjective group dynamics in negative campaigns
Authors: Russo Silvia 
Published: May 2017

AbstractI relied on the subjective group dynamics framework to analyse the derogation of inparty candidates involved in negative campaigns. In an experimental study (dynamic simulation of an electoral campaign, N = 118), I found that participants downgraded the inparty candidate (both in terms of evaluation and vote choice) more when he ran a person‐based negative campaign than when he ran an issue‐based negative campaign. This effect was significant for participants with high levels of political identification only. Overall, the findings revealed that political candidates, as members of significant social groups, are not exempt from the forms of extremity in evaluations typically observed in other social groups.
Effect of starvation and refeeding on the hepatopancreas of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Boone) using computer‐assisted image analysis
Authors: Cervellione F , McGurk C , Berger Eriksen T , Van den Broeck W 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUnder normal farming conditions, shrimp can experience starvation periods attributable to disease outbreaks or adverse environmental conditions. Starvation leads to significant morphological changes in the hepatopancreas (HP), being the main organ for absorption and storage of nutrients. In the literature, limited research has described the effect on the HP of periods of starvation followed by refeeding and none in whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) using computer‐assisted image analysis (CAIA). This study describes the effect of starvation and starvation followed by refeeding on the HP of whiteleg shrimp using CAIA. Visiopharm® software was used to quantify the following morphological parameters, measured as ratio to the total tissue area (TLA): total lumen area (TLA:TTA), haemocytic infiltration area in the intertubular spaces (HIA:TTA), B‐cell vacuole area (VBA:TTA), lipid droplet area within R cells (LDA:TTA) and F‐cell area (FCA:TTA). Significant changes were measured for HIA:TTA and LDA:TTA during starvation (increase in HIA:TTA associated with decrease in LDA:TTA) and starvation followed by refeeding (decrease in HIA:TTA associated with increase in LDA:TTA). In the future, HIA:TTA and LDA:TTA have the potential to be used in a pre‐emptive manner to monitor the health of the HP, facilitate early diagnosis of diseases and study the pathophysiology of the organ.
The protective effect of humic‐rich substances on atypical Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Yamin G , Falk R , Avtalion R R , Shoshana N , Ofek T , Smirnov R , Rubenstein G , van Rijn J 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWhen challenged with atypical Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, exposure of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to different humic‐rich compounds resulted in a significant reduction in infection rates. Specifically, in fish exposed to (i) humic‐rich water and sludge from a recirculating system, (ii) a synthetic humic acid, and (iii) a Leonardite‐derived humic‐rich extract, infection rates were reduced to 14.9%, 17.0% and 18.8%, respectively, as compared to a 46.8% infection rate in the control treatment. An additional set of experiments was performed to examine the effect of humic‐rich components on the growth of the bacterial pathogen. Liquid culture medium supplemented with either humic‐rich water from the recirculating system, the synthetic humic acid or the Leonardite humic‐rich extract resulted in a growth reduction of 41.1%, 45.2% and 61.6%, respectively, as compared to the growth of the Aeromonas strain in medium devoid of humic substances. Finally, in a third set of experiments it was found that while the innate immune system of the carps was not affected by their exposure to humic‐rich substances, their acquired immune system was affected. Fish, immunized against bovine serum albumin, displayed elevated antibody titres as compared to immunized carps which were not exposed to the various sources of humic substances.
Prediction of pork storage time using Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy and Adaboost‐ULDA
Authors: Wu Xiaohong , Fu Haijun , Tian Xiaoyu , Wu Bin , Sun Jun 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPork storage time is related to its freshness. To discriminate the pork storage time rapidly, Adaboost‐ULDA algorithm was proposed to classify the Fourier transform near infrared reflectance (FT‐NIR) spectra of pork samples acquired by a Fourier transform near‐infrared spectrophotometer. Adaboost‐ULDA can not only extract discriminant information from FT‐NIR spectra but also construct a strong classifier with weak classifiers to classify spectra. Adaboost‐ULDA is a powerful classifier by combining uncorrelated linear discriminant analysis (ULDA) with Adaboost. Experimental results showed that Adaboost‐ULDA achieved the highest classification accuracy (100%) and classification accuracies were obtained as 87.9, 89.4, and 97.7% in principal component analysis (PCA) plus linear discriminant analysis (LDA), ULDA, and Adaboost‐PCA + LDA, respectively. In addition, the experiments demonstrated that the classification time of Adaboost‐ULDA was much less than that of Adaboost‐PCA + LDA. The overall results show that Adaboost‐ULDA combined with FT‐NIR is a feasible method in predicting the pork storage time.Practical applicationsFreshness is an important quality characteristic to pork's quality for food industry. Pork storage time is associated with its freshness. From the food safety point of view, it is significant and meaningful to predict the pork storage time. In our research, the proposed Adaboost‐ULDA coupled with Fourier transform near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy can successfully predict the pork storage time. The results demonstrate the application prospect of this method to the quality control of pork products.
The quality of life of people who have chronic wounds and who self‐treat
Authors: Kapp Suzanne , Miller Charne , Santamaria Nick 
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic wounds on the physical, emotional, social, lifestyle and financial domains of quality of life among people who self‐treat their wounds.BackgroundPatient‐centred models of care have received increased attention over recent decades because of the potential to contribute positively to the patient's health and well‐being. A contemporary understanding of the effect of chronic wounds on quality of life may assist care providers and healthcare systems to respond to patient needs and improve patient outcomes.MethodA qualitative, exploratory study was conducted in Victoria, Australia. Participants were aged 18 years or older and had a chronic wound that was currently or previously self‐treated. A sample of 25 participants was recruited from the community, and in‐depth interviews were conducted in participants’ homes. A thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes that represented the physical, emotional, social, lifestyle and financial domains of quality of life.ResultsStudy participants (n = 25) were 71 years of age (average), and the majority had a leg wound. Participants experienced a negative effect on quality of life. Physical limitations affected activity and compromised the management of other health conditions. Participants felt frustrated with and distrusting of healthcare professionals from whom they received advice and care. Daily lifestyle and workforce participation were disrupted when receiving professional care. Wound treatment and professional care expenses negatively affected personal finances.ConclusionContinued effort is required to develop relationships and treatment regimens that are conducive to healing and to optimise well‐being. Additionally, healthcare systems should identify and address structural shortcomings of care services to create more patient‐centred models of wound care in the community setting.
The double‐edged experience of healthcare encounters among women with endometriosis: A qualitative study
Authors: Grundström Hanna , Alehagen Siw , Kjølhede Preben , Berterö Carina 
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectivesTo identify and describe the experience of healthcare encounters among women with endometriosis.BackgroundEndometriosis is a “hidden” chronic gynaecological disease appearing in every 10th woman of fertile age. Different manifestations of pain are the main symptoms, often leading to impaired physical and mental health, and lower quality of life. Previous research on healthcare experiences among women with endometriosis has focused on diagnostic delay and experiences of encountering general practitioners.DesignA qualitative, interpretive, phenomenological approach was used.MethodsWe interviewed nine women aged 23–55, with a laparoscopy‐confirmed diagnosis of endometriosis. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed following the steps of the interpretive phenomenological approach.ResultsTwo themes were identified in the interview transcripts: being treated with ignorance and being acknowledged. The essence: “the double‐edged experience of healthcare encounters” emerged from the themes. The women's experience was double‐edged as it involved contradictory feelings: the encounters were experienced as both destructive or constructive. On the one hand, the destructive side was characterised by ignorance, exposure and disbelief. On the other hand, the constructive side made the women feel acknowledged and confirmed, boosting their self‐esteem.ConclusionsThe new and important aspects of the findings are that the experience of healthcare encounters is for the first time expressed as double‐edged: both destructive and constructive. The experience was of specific importance as it affected the women's perceptions of themselves and of their bodies.Relevance to clinical practiceThe information about the constructive side of the experience is of clinical valuable for all healthcare professionals (nurses, midwives and doctors) encountering these women, as it provides a new level of understanding of the experiences. The findings demonstrate both psychological and practical aspects that can help professionals to improve the encounters.
Families’ perceptions of the contribution of intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists in Ireland
Authors: Doody Owen , Slevin Eamonn , Taggart Laurence 
Published: May 2017

Aim and objectivesTo explore families’ perceptions of the contribution of clinical nurse specialists in intellectual disability nursing in Ireland.BackgroundClinical nurse specialists roles have developed over the years and are seen as complex and multifaceted, causing confusion, frustration and controversy. 2001 saw the formal introduction of clinical nurse specialists roles in Ireland across nursing including intellectual disability.DesignA exploratory qualitative approach using semistructured one‐to‐one interviews with 10 family members regarding their perceptions of the clinical nurse specialists in intellectual disability.MethodsData were audio‐recorded, transcribed and analysed using Burnard's framework. Ethical approval was gained and access granted by service providers.FindingsThe study highlights that intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists contribute and support care deliver across a range of areas, including personal caring, supporting and empowering families, liaison, education and leadership.ConclusionsClinical nurse specialists have an important role and contribution in supporting families and clients, and Ireland is in a unique position to develop knowledge regarding specialist care for people with intellectual disability that can be shared nationally and internationally.Relevance to clinical practiceIreland is in a unique position to develop knowledge regarding specialist care for people with intellectual disability that can be shared and adapted by other healthcare professionals in other countries that do not have a specialised intellectual disability nurses.
Pondering practice: Enhancing the art of reflection
Authors: Hayes Carolyn , Jackson Debra , Davidson Patricia M. , Daly John , Power Tamara 
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to describe the effect that immersive simulation experiences and guided reflection can have on the undergraduate nurses' understanding of how stressful environments impact their emotions, performance and ability to implement safe administration of medications.BackgroundPatient safety can be jeopardised if nurses are unsure of how to appropriately manage and respond to interruptions. Medication administration errors are a major patient safety issue and often occur as a consequence of ineffective interruption management. The skills associated with medication administration are most often taught to, and performed by, undergraduate nurses in a controlled environment. However, the clinical environment in which nurses are expected to administer medications is often highly stressed and nurses are frequently interrupted.Design/MethodsThis study used role‐play simulation and written reflections to facilitate deeper levels of student self‐awareness. A qualitative approach was taken to explore students' understanding of the effects of interruptions on their ability to undertake safe medication administration. Convenience sampling of second‐year undergraduate nursing students enrolled in a medical–surgical subject was used in this study. Data were obtained from 451:528 (85.42%) of those students and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsStudents reported increasing consciousness and the importance of reflection for evaluating performance and gaining self‐awareness. They described self‐awareness, effective communication, compassion and empathy as significant factors in facilitating self‐efficacy and improved patient care outcomes.ConclusionsFollowing a role‐play simulation experience, student nurses reported new knowledge and skill acquisition related to patient safety, and new awareness of the need for empathetic and compassionate care during medication administration. Practicing medication administration in realistic settings adds to current strategies that aim to reduce medication errors by allowing students to reflect on and in practice and develop strategies to ensure patient safety.Relevance to clinical practiceExperiencing clinical scenarios within the safety of simulated environments, offers undergraduate student nurses an opportunity to reflect on practice to provide safer, more empathetic and compassionate care for patients in the future.
Richness pattern and phytogeography of the Cerrado herb–shrub flora and implications for conservation
Authors: Amaral Aryanne G. , Munhoz Cássia B.R. , Walter Bruno M.T. , Aguirre‐Gutiérrez Jesús , Raes Niels 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimsThe herb–shrub flora has been widely neglected in science and conservation policy throughout the world, so that this biodiversity component remains largely unknown. The objective of this study was to elucidate the spatial patterns of species richness and phytogeographic regions of the Cerrado herb–shrub flora, and to estimate the percentage of areas with high species richness that is still covered by natural vegetation and is located in protected areas or priority areas for conservation.LocationCentral Brazil and surrounding territories.MethodsTo estimate the pattern of species richness we produced species distribution models (SDMs) for 5362 species using botanical records combined with 17 least correlated environmental variables. All SDMs were tested against a bias‐corrected null model and the 5039 significant SDMs were stacked to generate the pattern of botanical richness. The resulting presence–absence matrix was subjected to a partitioning around medoids (PAM) cluster analysis to delineate phytogeographic regions.ResultsThe pattern of species richness indicated that highest levels of richness are in the central–south and west parts of the Cerrado. The study recognized two floristically distinct clusters at the core of the Cerrado region, and seven additional regions that share floristic elements with the two core clusters. Many areas with high levels of modelled species richness are located outside protected and priority areas for conservation.ConclusionsWe recognized patterns of regional variation, reflected in the phytogeographic division. Furthermore, we show that the current protected areas in Brazil do not effectively protect high richness areas of the herb–shrub flora.
Union Affiliation, Socialization, and Political Identities: The Case of Mexico
Authors: Nolan-García Kimberly A. , Inclán María 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe literature on voting behavior has generally accepted that party identification largely determines voter choice. While many studies have found that party identification is largely transmitted through social learning, less studied are the processes of the construction of party identity by way of group membership. This study seeks to understand how group identity influences party identification among Mexican workers through an analysis of the effects of union affiliation on political behavior. It assesses the utility of corporatist legacies in explaining party identity in Mexico and provides a first assessment of party affinities among independent unionists. The evidence draws from original survey data collected during six demonstrations in Mexico City. The study finds that union membership does condition the party identity of corporatist workers but not that of independent unionists.
Comparison of central pit craters on Mars, Mercury, Ganymede, and the Saturnian satellites
Authors: Barlow Nadine G. , Ferguson Sierra N. , Horstman Ryan M. , Maine Aviva 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe report on the first results of a large‐scale comparison study of central pit craters throughout the solar system, focused on Mars, Mercury, Ganymede, Rhea, Dione, and Tethys. We have identified 10 more central pit craters on Rhea, Dione, and Tethys than have previously been reported. We see a general trend that the median ratio of the pit to crater diameter (Dp/Dc) decreases with increasing gravity and decreasing volatile content of the crust. Floor pits are more common on volatile‐rich bodies while summit pits become more common as crustal volatile content decreases. Uplifted bedrock from below the crater floor occurs in the central peak upon which summit pits are found and in rims around floor pits, which may or may not break the surface. Peaks on which summit pits are found on Mars and Mercury share similar characteristics to those of nonpitted central peaks, indicating that some normal central peaks undergo an additional process to create summit pits. Martian floor pits do not appear to be the result of a central peak collapse as the median ratio of the peak to crater diameter (Dpk/Dc) is about twice as high for central peaks/summit pits than Dp/Dc values for floor pits. Median Dpk/Dc is twice as high for Mars as for Mercury, reflecting differing crustal strength between the two bodies. Results indicate that a complicated interplay of crustal volatiles, target strength, surface gravity, and impactor energy along with both uplift and collapse are involved in central pit formation. Multiple formation models may be required to explain the range of central pits seen throughout the solar system.
Investigating the shock histories of lunar meteorites Miller Range 090034, 090070, and 090075 using petrography, geochemistry, and micro‐FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Martin Dayl J. P. , Pernet‐Fisher John F. , Joy Katherine H. , Wogelius Roy A. , Morlok Andreas , Hiesinger Harald 
Published: May 2017

AbstractFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging techniques, combined with electron microprobe analyses, have been used to determine the physical state of feldspathic phases that have been subject to varying levels of shock in the grouped lunar meteorites Miller Range 090034, 090070, and 090075. Six feldspathic phases have been identified based on spectral, textural, and chemical properties. A specific infrared wavelength band ratio (1064/932 cm−1 equivalent to 9.40/10.73 μm), chosen because it can distinguish between some of the feldspathic phases, can be used to estimate the pressure regimes experienced by these phases. In addition, FTIR spatial mapping capabilities allow for visual comparison of variably shocked phases within the samples. By comparing spectral and compositional data, the origin and shock history of this lunar meteorite group has been determined, with each of the shocked feldspathic phases being related to events in its geological evolution. As such, we highlight that FTIR spectroscopy can be easily employed to identify shocked feldspathic phases in lunar samples; estimate peak shock pressures; and when compared with chemical data, can be used to investigate their shock histories.