bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unidirectional allostery in the regulatory subunit RIα facilitates efficient deactivation of protein kinase A
Authors: Guo Cong , Zhou Huan-Xiang 
Published: October 2016

Significance
Activation and deactivation of protein kinase A (PKA) are triggered by cAMP binding to and unbinding from two tandem domains of the regulatory subunit. Evidence indicates that both binding and unbinding of two cAMPs are ordered. Whereas sequential binding to the inactive holoenzyme complex can be attributed to masking of one binding site by the catalytic subunit, sequential unbinding from the regulatory subunit appears related to unidirectional allosteric communication between the two domains, although the mechanism for unidirectionality has been a mystery. Here, we present a solution through molecular dynamics simulations. One of the two cAMPs acts as a bridge between the domains and thereby gates interdomain communication. Directionality of allostery can facilitate PKA deactivation and may have broad functional importance.
Cross-talk between amyloidogenic proteins in type-2 diabetes and Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Horvath Istvan , Wittung-Stafshede Pernilla 
Published: October 2016

SignificanceProtein assembly into ordered so-called amyloid fibers is a process that promotes several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Also type-2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease involving amyloid formation, although it occurs in the pancreas. Since the protein that forms amyloids in PD, α-synuclein (aS), is also expressed in the pancreas, we investigated whether it could affect aggregation of the peptide involved in T2D, and vice versa. Using in vitro methods and purified proteins, we here demonstrate that the two proteins cross-react and, importantly, the T2D amyloid protein (both as monomer and amyloid seed) can accelerate aS aggregation. This result provides a possible explanation for why patients with T2D are more prone to getting PD.
How the hydrophobic factor drives protein folding
Authors: Baldwin Robert L. , Rose George D. 
Published: October 2016

Significance
A study of how hydrophobicity (HY) drives protein folding reveals two kinds of HY: intrinsic (proportional to surface area) and extrinsic (augmented by hydration shells). The Nozaki–Tanford method of measuring HY has been modified to use gaseous solutes. Hydration shells on alkanes explain the unusual HY of alkanes. Transfer of alkanes from water to cyclohexane causes release of alkane hydration shells. Comparing the energetics of formation and release shows that hydration shells are clearly present on alkanes and supports Kauzmann's 1959 mechanism for how the hydrophobic factor drives protein folding. A space-filling model is given for the hydration shells on linear alkanes.
The fear gasping face as a threat display in a Melanesian society
Authors: Crivelli Carlos , Russell James A. , Jarillo Sergio , Fernández-Dols José-Miguel 
Published: October 2016

SignificanceHumans interpret others’ facial behavior, such as frowns and smiles, and guide their behavior accordingly, but whether such interpretations are pancultural or culturally specific is unknown. In a society with a great degree of cultural and visual isolation from the West—Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea—adolescents interpreted a gasping face (seen by Western samples as conveying fear and submission) as conveying anger and threat. This finding is important not only in supporting behavioral ecology and the ethological approach to facial behavior, as well as challenging psychology’s approach of allegedly pancultural “basic emotions,” but also in applications such as emotional intelligence tests and border security.
Glutamate-induced RNA localization and translation in neurons
Authors: Yoon Young J. , Wu Bin , Buxbaum Adina R. , Das Sulagna , Tsai Albert , English Brian P. , Grimm Jonathan B. , Lavis Luke D. , Singer Robert H. 
Published: October 2016

Significance
Local translation in dendrites of neurons has been shown to be important for neuronal function and synaptic biology. We imaged changes in the localization of β-actin mRNA and protein in dendritic spines. Our results showed that activating specific synapses can drive changes in the localization of endogenous mRNA and the translation of reporter RNA in dendrites of hippocampal neurons. Enhancing our understanding of the spatial and temporal kinetics of mRNA localization in dendrites informs local protein synthesis in neurons. These results provide direct evidence of protein synthesis away from the soma and allow us to determine how the kinetics of mRNA localization and translation could influence synaptic physiology and plasticity.
Motivation, second language learning and CLIL
Authors: Sylvén Liss Kerstin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
One of the most decisive factors influencing the learning of a second language (L2/FL) seems to be learner motivation. Studies into motivation and L2/FL learning abound, but studies specifically targeting the role of language learning motivation in CLIL are scarce. This chapter will further illuminate this relationship. The chapter accounts for the theoretical underpinnings of motivation research, primarily in the form of the L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS; Dörnyei 2005, 2009), but also integrative and instrumental motivation (Gardner & Lambert 1959). Further, an overview of existing studies on motivation and CLIL is presented. The chapter ends with a discussion on the pedagogical implications of previous research and how to move forward with CLIL, language learning and motivation.
Investigating pragmatics in CLIL through students’ requests
Authors: Sobhy Nashwa Nashaat 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The study compares how three groups of learners at different educational levels in CLIL, post-CLIL and EFL classes modify their requests which were elicited by means of a written discourse completion task with two situations (different power relations). Data analysis is based on earlier request taxonomies (Alcón-Soler et al. 2005; Blum-Kulka et al. 1989), but the study also introduces new pragmatic features that appeared in the learners’ data. Qualitative and quantitative differences point to a duality in how learners use softening and aggravating request modifications, attributed to insufficient sociopragmatic knowledge. Among other finer results, the study shows that CLIL, as an educational approach, does not necessarily contribute to enhancing learners’ pragmatic competence if seen through the lens of making requests.
Classroom interactional competence in content and language integrated learning
Authors: Escobar Urmeneta Cristina , Walsh Steve 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter problematizes the Classroom Interactional Competence (CIC) of learners and teachers working in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) contexts. Through Multimodal Conversation Analysis (CA), we consider how CIC is enacted in dialogues which focus on both subject content and English. Our analysis reveals that (a) teachers’ deployment of multimodal resources ensures comprehension and self-selection; (b) teachers’ questions and evaluative feedback may play a major role in guiding the students; (c) the scarcity of teacher elicitations aimed at more elaborated learner responses may limit the development of academic discourse; and (d) groupwork may become a privileged environment for students to deploy and develop L2 interactional resources.
Multimodal conversation analysis and CLIL classroom practices
Authors: Evnitskaya Natalia , Jakonen Teppo 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter introduces multimodal Conversation Analysis (CA) as a research framework for CLIL classroom interaction. We begin by presenting key methodological principles of CA and discussing how CA has recently broadened its analytical focus to examine how modalities such as gestures and texts are used as resources for interaction. Following this, we review recent (multimodal) CA work that has investigated teaching and learning practices in classrooms involving second language users, such as in CLIL and immersion settings. To illustrate the described methodological orientation, we briefly analyse one video-recorded interaction and conclude by suggesting research areas related to CLIL classrooms that could benefit from a multimodal CA perspective.
“I always speak English in my classes”
Authors: Lasagabaster David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The L1’s role in the foreign language classroom has always been fraught with controversy due to the dominance of the target language only principle. This chapter analyses this issue by letting teachers have their say, sharing their teaching experiences and reflecting upon how they use the L1 and L2 in their CLIL classes. Three discussion groups were organised, as this method serves to capture and analyse ideological discourses and encourages participants to express their perspectives and unearth contradictions. Analysis of the results indicates that current practices are arbitrary and that most teachers make decisions based on their beliefs, teaching experience and intuition.
CLIL teachers’ professionalization
Authors: Bonnet Andreas , Breidbach Stephan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter presents a reflexive approach to teacher identity in CLIL, which is structurally similar to the sociolinguistic approach to language acquisition (e.g., Norton 2013), replacing psychological concepts (e.g., motivation) with sociological ones (e.g., investment). Teacher professionalization is understood as a reflexive, biographically embedded process of identity construction that can be modelled using the concept of Bildung as a transformation of a teacher’s relation to him‑ or herself and to the (professional) world s/he is acting in (Bonnet & Hericks 2013). We use this theoretical framework to explore the state of the art of international CLIL teacher research. Findings from the literature will be complemented by data from an ongoing research project.
A sociolinguistic approach to the multifaceted Roles of English in English-medium education in multilingual university settings
Authors: Dafouz Emma , Smit Ute 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Over the last twenty years, English-medium education in tertiary settings has turned into a global reality, with higher education institutions (HEIs) across the world aiming to become increasingly international. Yet this apparently uniform move towards English-medium instruction comes in such a variety of highly diverse local realisations that, when looked at in detail, the homogenising function of English turns out to be more complex and multifaceted than initially expected (Smit & Dafouz 2012). Within this context, the chapter draws on a recently developed conceptual framework for describing English-medium education in multilingual university settings (or EMEMUS), known by the acronym ROAD-MAPPING (Dafouz & Smit 2016) and focuses specifically on one of the six core dimensions, namely Roles of English (in relation to other languages). With the help of illustrative discursive examples from two different HEIs, we contend that well-established notions (such as EFL, EAP, ESP and ELF) while useful for initial categorizations of English language usage, are, firstly, complex in themselves and, secondly, adopt predominantly linguistic perspectives, potentially sidelining other relevant societal, institutional, pedagogical and communicational factors.
Short-Term Effects of Albendazole on the Oxidative Stress Markers and Hematological Parameters in Tissues of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Nwani Christopher Didigwu , Odo Gregory Ejike , Nwadinigwe Alfreda O. , Onyeke Christopher C. , Atama Chinedu Ifeanyi , Ngwu Godwin , Oluah Stanley N. , Ukonze Juliana Adimonye , Ezeibe Bridget Chidi A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Albendazole (ABZ) is a typical broad-spectrum benzimidazole drug used for the treatment of parasitic worm infestations in humans and animals. The present study investigated the oxidative stress biomarkers and hematological parameters in juvenile African Catfish (also known as Sharptooth Catfish) Clarias gariepinus exposed to ABZ for 96 h. Fish were exposed to 0 (control) 20, 40, and 60 mg/L ABZ. The liver and gill tissues were sampled at regular intervals of 24 h, and the results showed significant concentration- and time-dependent increases in the values of lipid peroxidation but reductions in glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase in both tissues. Erythrocytes were sampled to evaluate hematological parameters. The results showed significant concentration- and time-dependent increases in white blood cells but no significant differences in mean cellular hemoglobin. Hemoglobin values, red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration decreased significantly over the experimental period. The activities of lymphocytes and neutrophils increased significantly, whereas there were no significant differences in basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes among the treatment groups. Albendazole should be used with caution, as sublethal concentrations induced oxidative stress in the liver and gill tissues along with hematological changes that were more evident in liver cells.
Received November 20, 2015; accepted May 4, 2015 Published online October 18, 2016
Influence of Maternal Gestational Hypertensive Disorders on Microvasculature in School-Age Children
Authors: Yesil Gizem Dilan , Gishti Olta , Felix Janine F. , Reiss Irwin , Ikram Mohammad Kamran , Steegers Eric A. P. , Hofman Albert , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Gaillard Romy 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Gestational hypertensive disorders may lead to vascular changes in the offspring. We examined the associations of maternal blood pressure development and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy with microvasculature adaptations in the offspring in childhood. This study was performed as part of the Generation R Study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (2002–2012), among 3,748 pregnant mothers and their children for whom information was available on maternal blood pressure in different periods of pregnancy and gestational hypertensive disorders. Childhood retinal arteriolar and venular calibers were assessed at the age of 6 years. We found that higher maternal systolic and diastolic blood pressures in early pregnancy were associated with childhood retinal arteriolar narrowing (P &lt; 0.05). Higher maternal systolic blood pressure in late pregnancy, but not in middle pregnancy, was associated with childhood narrower retinal venular caliber (standard deviation score per standardized residual increase in systolic blood pressure: −0.05; 95% confidence interval: −0.08, −0.01). Paternal blood pressure was not associated with childhood retinal vessel calibers. Children of mothers with gestational hypertensive disorders tended to have narrower retinal arteriolar caliber (standard deviation score: −0.13, 95% confidence interval: −0.27, 0.01). Our results suggest that higher maternal blood pressure during pregnancy is associated with persistent microvasculature adaptations in their children. Further studies are needed to replicate these observations.
Einasto Profiles and the Dark Matter Power Spectrum
Authors: Ludlow Aaron D. , Angulo Raúl E. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We study the mass accretion histories (MAHs) and density profiles of dark matter halos using N-body simulations of self-similar gravitational clustering from scale-free power spectra, P(k)∝kn. We pay particular attention to the density profile curvature, which we characterize using the shape parameter, α, of an Einasto profile. In agreement with previous findings our results suggest that, despite vast differences in their MAHs, the density profiles of virialized halos are remarkably alike. Nonetheless, clear departures from self-similarity are evident: for a given spectral index, α increases slightly but systematically with “peak height”, ν ≡ δsc/σ(M, z), regardless of mass or redshift. More importantly, however, the “α − ν” relation depends on n: the steeper the initial power spectrum, the more gradual the curvature of both the mean MAHs and mean density profiles. These results are consistent with previous findings connecting the shapes of halo mass profiles and MAHs and imply that dark matter halos are not structurally self-similar but, through the merger history, retain a memory of the linear density field from which they form.
Imaging in knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Oo Win M. , Linklater James M. , Hunter David J. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review
Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent and disabling disease still necessitating research in pathogenic mechanisms, predictors of disease progression and responsive techniques to detect the slow structural changes within a short time frame. In this scenario, imaging modalities are essential. With recent advancements in technology and availability of large longitudinal datasets, tremendous advances are occurring. The present review discusses and summarizes recent original publications in this area.

Recent findings
MRI has been the most popular modality used to evaluate the different roles of structural disorders in incident knee osteoarthritis, to compare predictability of individual features of semiquantitative scores for knee replacement and to formulate different disease progression models. More ultrasound studies have been published, including the proposed semiquantitative scoring system by the Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trial group.

Summary
As more advanced emerging technologies are developed in imaging, there are great opportunities to formulate new incident and prediction osteoarthritis models and to discover tissue-targeted disease-modifying drugs.
Conservative Treatment for Bony Healing in Pediatric Lumbar Spondylolysis
Authors: Sakai Toshinori , Tezuka Fumitake , Yamashita Kazuta , Takata Yoichiro , Higashino Kosaku , Nagamachi Akihiro , Sairyo Koichi 
Published: October 2016

Study Design.
A retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to investigate recent outcomes of conservative treatment for bony healing in pediatric patients with lumbar spondylolysis (LS) and to identify the problems that need to be resolved.

Summary of Background Data.
Several diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for LS have been developed recently, leading to better outcomes for bony healing.

Methods.
Overall, 63 consecutive pediatric patients (53 boys and 10 girls) with LS (average age: 13.8 years; range: 6–17 years) were analyzed. Diagnosis and staging (very early, early, progressive, and terminal) were based on multidetector computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For all patients except those with terminal-stage pars defect, conservative treatment included rest, avoidance of sports, and the use of a thoraco-lumbo-sacral-type trunk brace. Follow-up MRI was performed monthly. When the signal changes resolved, CT scans were obtained to assess bony healing.

Results.
Three patients dropped out during the study period. A total of 60 patients were included (50 boys and 10 girls) in this study (follow-up rate: 95.2%), with 86 instances of LS (very early: 36, early: 16, progressive: 15, terminal: 19) in 65 laminae. In the very early stage, the bony healing rate was 100%, and average treatment period was 2.5 months (range: 1–7 months). In the early stage, the bony healing rate was 93.8%, and the average treatment period was 2.6 months (range: 1–6 months). In the progressive stage, the bony healing rate was 80.0%, and the average treatment period was 3.6 months (range: 3–5 months). The average overall recurrence rate was 26.1%. All patients showing recurrence eventually achieved bony healing.

Conclusion.
High bony healing rates and short treatment periods were observed with conservative treatment in pediatric patients with LS. However, the recurrence rates were relatively high. This issue should be targeted in future studies.

Level of Evidence: 2
The Effect of Leaf Temperature and Photorespiratory Conditions on Export of Sugars during Steady-State Photosynthesis in Salvia splendens
Authors: Jiao J. , Grodzinski B. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Export and photosynthesis in leaves of Salvia splendens were measured concurrently during steady-state 14CO2 labeling conditions. Under ambient CO2 and O2 conditions, photosynthesis and export rates were similar at 15 and 25[deg]C, but both declined as leaf temperature was raised from 25 to 40[deg]C. Suppressing photorespiration between 15 and 40[deg]C by manipulating CO2 and O2 levels resulted in higher rates of leaf photosynthesis, total sugar synthesis, and export. There was a linear relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and the rate of export between 15 and 35[deg]C. At these temperatures, 60 to 80% of the carbon fixed was readily exported with sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose, which together constituted over 90% of phloem mobile assimilates. Above 35[deg]C, however, export during photosynthesis was inhibited both in photorespiratory conditions, which inhibited photosynthesis, and in nonphotorespiratory conditions, which did not inhibit photosynthesis. Sucrose and raffinose but not stachyose accumulated in the leaf at 40[deg]C. When leaves were preincubated at 40[deg]C and then cooled to 35[deg]C, export recovered more slowly than photosynthesis. These data are consistent with the view that impairment of export processes, rather than photosynthetic processes associated with light trapping, carbon reduction, and sucrose synthesis, accounted for the marked reduction in export between 35 and 40[deg]C. Taken together, the data indicated that temperature changes between 15 and 40[deg]C had two effects on photosynthesis and concurrent export. At all temperatures, suppressing photorespiration increased both photosynthesis and export, but above 35[deg]C, export processes were more directly inhibited independent of changes in photorespiration and photosynthesis.
Dynamics of Changing Intercellular CO2 Concentration (ci) during Drought and Determination of Minimum Functional ci
Authors: Brodribb T. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Nine conifer species with narrow (&lt;5 mm), single-veined leaves were selected for the purpose of examining changes in intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) during drought. Due to the leaf morphology of the study plants, the confounding effects of nonhomogenous photosynthesis common to most reticulate-veined angiosperms were largely avoided, giving a clear picture of ci dynamics under increasing drought. A characteristic biphasic response was observed in all species, with an initial stomatal control phase resulting in a substantial reduction in ci as stomatal conductance (gs) decreased. As gs reached low levels, a strong nonstomatal limitation phase was observed, causing ci to increase as gs approached a minimum. This nonstomatal phase was linked to a concomitant rapid decrease in the fluorescence parameter quantum efficiency, indicating the onset of nonreversible photoinhibition. The ratio of internal to atmospheric CO2 concentration (ci/ca) decreased from values of between 0.68 and 0.57 in undroughted plants to a minimum, (ci/ca)min, which was well defined in each species, ranging from 0.10 in Actinostrobus acuminatus to 0.36 in Acmopyle pancheri. A high correlation was found to exist between (ci/ca)min and leaf water potential measured at (ci/ca)min. Species developing high maximum intrinsic water use efficiencies (low [ci/ca]min), such as A. acuminatus, did so at lower leaf water potentials (-4.5 MPa) than more mesic species (-1.75 MPa for A. pancheri). It is concluded that in the absence of patchy stomatal closure, (ci/ca)min gives a good representation of the drought tolerance of foliage.