bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Floating Algae Blooms in the East China Sea
Authors: Qi Lin , Hu Chuanmin , Wang Mengqiu , Shang Shaoling , Wilson Cara 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA floating algae bloom in the East China Sea was observed in Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery in May 2017. Using satellite imagery from MODIS, Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite, Geostationary Ocean Color Imager, and Ocean Land Imager, and combined with numerical particle tracing experiments and laboratory experiments, we examined the history of this bloom as well as similar blooms in previous years and attempted to trace the bloom source and identify the algae type. Results suggest that one bloom origin is offshore Zhejiang coast where algae slicks have appeared in satellite imagery almost every February–March since 2012. Following the Kuroshio Current and Taiwan Warm Current, these “initial” algae slicks are first transported to the northeast to reach South Korea (Jeju Island) and Japan coastal waters (up to 135°E) by early April 2017, and then transported to the northwest to enter the Yellow Sea by the end of April. The transport pathway covers an area known to be rich in Sargassum horneri, and spectral analysis suggests that most of the algae slicks may contain large amount of S. horneri. The bloom covers a water area of ~160,000 km2 with pure algae coverage of ~530 km2, which exceeds the size of most Ulva blooms that occur every May–July in the Yellow Sea. While blooms of smaller size also occurred in previous years and especially in 2015, the 2017 bloom is hypothesized to be a result of record‐high water temperature, increased light availability, and continuous expansion of Porphyra aquaculture along the East China Sea coast.
Definition of Extreme El Niño and Its Impact on Projected Increase in Extreme El Niño Frequency
Authors: Cai Wenju , Wang Guojian , Santoso Agus , Lin Xiaopei , Wu Lixin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDuring extreme El Niño events, the Intertropical Convergence Zone moves to the normally cold and dry east equatorial Pacific, resulting in a nonlinear rainfall increase with sea surface temperature in the region. An arbitrary threshold value of boreal winter total rainfall (e.g., 5 mm d−1) in the east equatorial Pacific was used by previous studies to capture this feature. Under greenhouse warming, the frequency of extreme El Niño events is projected to increase, so is the mean east equatorial Pacific rainfall. Is the projected frequency increase a consequence of the mean rainfall increase? We show that the projection is not significantly influenced by the increased mean rainfall. Instead, the increased frequency accounts for approximately 50% of the mean rainfall increase. Using upward atmospheric vertical velocity for defining extreme El Niño reaffirms the conclusion that the increased frequency results from increased probability of atmospheric deep convection, as the eastern equatorial Pacific warms faster than the surrounding regions.
Solar Radio Burst Statistics and Implications for Space Weather Effects
Authors: Giersch O. D. , Kennewell J. , Lynch M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSolar radio bursts have the potential to affect space and terrestrial navigation, communication, and other technical systems that are sometimes overlooked. However, over the last decade a series of extreme L band solar radio bursts in December 2006 have renewed interest in these effects. In this paper we point out significant deficiencies in the solar radio data archives of the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) that are used by most researchers in analyzing and producing statistics on solar radio burst phenomena. In particular, we examine the records submitted by the United States Air Force (USAF) Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN) and its predecessors from the period 1966 to 2010. Besides identifying substantial missing burst records we show that different observatories can have statistically different burst distributions, particularly at 245 MHz. We also point out that different solar cycles may show statistically different distributions and that it is a mistake to assume that the Sun shows similar behavior in different sunspot cycles. Large solar radio bursts are not confined to the period around sunspot maximum, and prediction of such events that utilize historical data will invariably be an underestimate due to archive data deficiencies. It is important that researchers and forecasters use historical occurrence frequency with caution in attempting to predict future cycles.
Necessary Conditions for Intraplate Seismic Zones in North America
Authors: Thomas William A. , Powell Christine A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe cause of intraplate seismic zones persists as an important scientific and societal question. Most intraplate earthquakes are concentrated in specific seismic zones along or adjacent to large‐scale basement structures (e.g., rifts or sutures at ancient plate boundaries) within continental crust. The major intraplate seismic zones are limited to specific segments and are not distributed along the lengths of the ancient structures. We present a new hypothesis that major intraplate seismic zones are restricted to places where concentrated crustal deformation (CCD) is overprinted on large‐scale basement structures. Examples where CCD affects the stability of specific parts of large‐scale structures in response to present‐day stress conditions include the most active seismic zones in central and eastern North America: Charlevoix, Eastern Tennessee, and New Madrid. Our hypothesis has important implications for the assessment of seismic hazards.
Dimethylformamide [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2017

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated the possibility to add the indication “prerequisite for Pregnancy Risk Group C” to the classification of Pregnancy Risk Group B for dimethylformamide [
68‐12‐2
] at the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 5 ml/m
3
. The NOAECs for developmental toxicity are 32 ml/m
3
in rats and 50 ml/m
3
in rabbits. Only a LOAEL is available for mice. From this LOAEL of 182 mg/kg body weight/day, which after toxicokinetic scaling corresponds to a concentration of 67 ml/m
3
at the workplace, the Commission estimated a NAEC of 22 ml/m
3
.

After whole body exposure of volunteers to dimethylformamide, the same amount was found to be taken up from the gas phase via the lung as via the skin. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely at the concentration of 1 ml/m
3
and less. An exposure to this concentration would be the prerequisite for an assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C.
Overtly MarkedWh‐Paths
Authors: den Dikken Marcel 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSuccessive‐cyclic Aʹ‐movement derivations exploiting intermediate landing sites are a staple of the generative approach to Aʹ‐dependencies. A wide variety of arguments have been accumulated in the generative literature in favor of successive‐cyclic Aʹ‐movement, with finely articulatedwh‐paths. These arguments are summarized in this chapter, and subjected to careful scrutiny. It will be shown that most of the arguments that explicitly implicate SpecCP typically succeed better as arguments for terminal movement to a subordinate SpecCP or for successive‐cyclic movement via intermediate stopovers in positions other than SpecCP (in particular, positions on the edge ofvP).
Verb Particle Constructions
Authors: Haiden Martin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractVerb particle constructions are collocations of a verb and another element likecall+upin “He called his friend up.” Verb particle constructions pose a series of problems for grammatical description and explanation related to their status with respect to two partly orthogonal oppositions: the syntactic distinction between heads and phrases, and the lexical‐semantic distinction between idiomatic, listed lexical items and compositional, complex objects. The grammar of verb particle constructions thus highlights some often implicit background assumptions on the lexicon and its interaction with the syntax. This chapter summarizes the most salient descriptive properties of verb particle constructions in the Modern Germanic languages, including English (with the odd reference to Hungarian), sketching how the syntactic literature has dealt with the following set of questions:Do the termslexically listedandidiomaticimplyatomicin any syntactically meaningful sense?Do the particle and the verb enter the syntactic derivation as a single object (which may later be separated by the rules of the grammar), or do they enter the syntax as two independent items to be reanalyzed as a complex predicate by the rules of the grammar?If particle+verb enter the syntactic derivation as a lexical unit, then what are the conditions under which the syntax can access and manipulate sublexical units?If particle and verb are initially independent elements reanalyzed as a complex predicate in syntax, then why is the semantics of verb particle constructions so often idiomatic?Can psycho‐linguistic evidence decide between the two options?Is the NP object of a verb+particle combination a complement of the verb, of the particle, or of the particle‐verb?What is the syntactic status of further predicative constituents, as in “John turned out intelligent”?
Complementizer Deletion
Authors: Bianchi Valentina , Frascarelli Mara 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis chapter reviews the phenomenology of complementizer‐deletion and the approaches that have emerged in successive phases of the generative framework, focusing mainly on English, and distinguishing two subtypes: (i) optional C‐deletion in embedded declarative clauses, and (ii) “Doubly Filled Comp” (DFC) effects in clauses hosting awh‐phrase in CP, where the appearance or omission of the local complementizer is subject to diachronic and cross‐linguistic variation. Not included here are “Complementizer‐trace effects.”The approaches to this phenomenology can be divided into three major phases. In the GB phase, DFC effects were analyzed by means of a surface filter, while optional C‐deletion was reduced to the Empty Category Principle: a complementizer can be optionally deleted only if it is properly governed by a verbal head. In the early 1990a, a “truncation” account emerged, based on the observation that C‐less clauses disallow Topicalization and Negative preposing in them. It was argued that C‐less clauses are bare IPs; later on, the emergence of the split CP structure allowed for a less radical truncation analysis, as well as for a reconsideration of DFC effects (ii). Starting from the late 1990s, the interface between syntax and the external systems came into focus. Investigation of C‐deletion in Italian subjunctive clauses concentrated on the syntax–semantics interface, while an analysis of optional C‐deletion (i) was proposed on the basis of the syntax–prosody interface. Prosodic evidence is here provided, based on elicited data.Finally, a potential parallelism is discussed between optional C‐deletion (i) and the phenomenology of “embedded root phenomena.”
Switch Reference and Obviation
Authors: Camacho José 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Many of the world's languages track constituents across clauses using switch‐reference morphemes. These markers convey information about whether arguments in each clause have the same referent (
same subject
) or different referents (
different subject
). Switch‐reference morphemes tend to appear attached to a verbal head, although they track arguments in two separate clauses. Additionally, switch‐reference morphemes may indicate how the temporal denotation of each clause is ordered with respect to the other. Switch reference has been analyzed in the following three ways: first, as an instance of pronominal coreference, regulated by the principles of Binding Theory; second, as relations between the situations depicted by each proposition; and, third, as a phenomenon driven by agreement relations between clauses.

Obviation morphology classifies nominal arguments in a clause depending on their ranking along scales of person, thematic role, animacy, definiteness, and topichood. For example, proximate marking can indicate a highly ranked argument in the person and the thematic role hierarchy. Obviation is frequently signaled through a complex interaction between two paradigms, the obviation paradigm proper (proximate vs. obviative) and a related voice‐marking system (direct or inverse).
Since obviation refers to topichood ranking, it also serves the purpose of tracking referents across clauses, so that proximate marking indicates topic continuity, whereas obviative morphology signals change of topic. Likewise, switch reference may track topic continuity by marking subjects as coreferential (same‐subject marking), and topic discontinuity through a different‐subject setting. However, obviation can rank arguments clause‐internally, whereas switch reference always takes place across clauses. Additionally, the case system and the number of arguments of a verb indirectly determine the type of obviation marking, whereas case and argument structure rarely affect switch‐reference systems.
Chinese
Ba
Authors: Li Yen‐Hui Audrey 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

The Chinese
ba
construction, referred to as the disposal, executive, pre‐transitive, or causative construction, has been a challenging topic of research due to its complex properties. The massive literature on this construction has offered important insights into its core properties; however, there are many other possibilities beyond the core, eluding a comprehensive, adequate description and analysis.

Within the limited space available, this chapter will describe in as detailed a way as possible the properties of each of the components of the
ba
construction that must be considered in any account. In addition, to provide a different perspective and a direction for a more adequate analysis, the
ba
construction in Mandarin will be compared with the corresponding
ka
sentences in Taiwanese. The two constructions are quite similar but bear important differences, offering better guidance to the establishment of their syntactic structures reflecting the core and variations. This chapter also aims to clarify the constraints on the
ba
construction, the center of controversy in the relevant literature. Some representative analyses for the constraints will be briefly reviewed, mainly those based on pragmatics, aspectual structure, and event structure. The latter two are more precisely formulated and their predictions can be tested. Unfortunately, they are both too weak and too strong empirically. In contrast, pragmatic accounts seem to capture some of the facts not accommodated by the grammatical accounts; yet they are based on vague and uncertain notions. The challenge is that there exist many minimal pairs of sentences that are structurally identical (including identical aspectual and event structure) but differ in acceptability as
ba
sentences. Accordingly, it is important to distinguish form from usage. Form can be represented precisely by syntactic structures as proposed in this chapter. Usage, however, is influenced by pragmatic factors, which cannot be accommodated by precisely defined grammatical terms.
Analytical Causatives
Authors: Guasti Maria Teresa 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAnalytical causatives, in Romance languages, are of two types, one calledfaire‐infinitifand the otherfaire‐par. They are similar in that they comprise a finite verb, the causative verb, selecting an infinitive complement, and they share properties with monoclausal structures. They differ in their structure and in their meaning. After having surveyed the properties of causatives and having established their structure, the chapter presents two analyses of analytical causatives. According to one, causative sentences feature incorporation of the infinitive with the causative verb, giving rise to a monoclausal structure (following a long tradition in the linguistic field). The second analysis holds that there are two causative verbs, a functional and a full‐fledged lexical verb. Under the incorporation analysis, the existence of two causative constructions is explained by assuming that the causative verb is associated with two thematic grids: one grid includes a causer/agent, an event, and a benefactive role (faire‐infinitif), and the other grid only includes a causer/agent and an event role (faire‐par). The causative complement associated with the former grid is avP including the external argument (of the infinitive), which receives two thematic roles (one from the infinitive and one from the causative verb); the one associated with the latter grid is a VP, lacking the external argument. Lack of the external argument and thus formation of thefaire‐parconstruction are possible only if the process described by the infinitive affects the internal argument of the infinitive. The second analysis accounts for the existence of the two causative constructions by assuming that the lexical verb is a vdo, which selects a nominal VP complement and gives rise to thefaire‐parconstruction. Since the complement is a nominal VP, no external argument is projected, as happens with nominals, and a PP can be right‐adjoined to express the causee. The functional verb is a vcause, which takes avP complement and yields thefaire‐infinitifconstruction.
Long‐Distance Binding in Germanic Languages
Authors: Reuland Eric 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of non‐local binding patterns in the major Germanic languages, including Faroese, and a note on Frisian and Yiddish. It addresses the question of why non‐local binding in Dutch and German is much more limited than non‐local binding in the Scandinavian languages. It puts this contrast in the context of earlier discussions of parameterizing binding domains, but shows how in fact no reference to binding‐specific parameters is necessary. Building on general principles of chain formation, this contrast is derived from the way in which the relative order of verbs and complements in these languages interacts with chain formation. Finally, it addresses the question of why in Dutch, German, and Mainland Scandinavian, complementarity between pronominals and simplex anaphors is obviated in cases of non‐local binding, with a suggestion of how to accommodate the fact that Icelandic does show complementarity in the infinitival domain.
The Effect of Lifeguard Experience upon the Detection of Drowning Victims in a Realistic Dynamic Visual Search Task
Authors: Laxton Victoria , Crundall David 
Published: October 2017

SummaryLifeguard surveillance is a complex task that is crucial for swimmer safety, though few studies of applied visual search have investigated this domain. This current study compared lifeguard and non‐lifeguard search skills using dynamic, naturalistic stimuli (video clips of confederate swimmers) that varied in set size and type of drowning. Lifeguards were more accurate and responded faster to drowning targets. Differences between drowning targets were also found: Passive drownings were responded to less often, but more quickly than active drownings, highlighting that passive drownings may be less salient but are highly informative once detected. Set size effects revealed a dip in reaction speeds at an intermediate set‐size level, suggesting a possible change in visual search strategies as the array increases in size. Nonetheless, the ability of the test to discriminate between lifeguards and non‐lifeguards offers future possibilities for training and assessing lifeguard surveillance skills. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trial Characteristics as Contextual Factors When Evaluating Targeted Therapies in Patients With Psoriatic Disease: A Meta‐Epidemiologic Study
Authors: Ballegaard Christine , Jørgensen Tanja S. , Skougaard Marie , Strand Vibeke , Mease Philip J. , Kristensen Lars E. , Dreyer Lene , Gottlieb Alice , de Wit Maarten , Christensen Robin , Tarp Simon 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveTo assess the importance of trial characteristics as contextual factors when evaluating the treatment effect of targeted therapies for patients with psoriatic disease.MethodsWe identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating targeted therapies approved for psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and psoriasis (8 biologics and apremilast). The effect of targeted therapies was analyzed in the 2 psoriatic conditions combined by using drug retention as a common outcome, and separately by using the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (ACR20) for PsA and the Psoriasis Area Severity Index 75% improvement score (PASI75) for psoriasis. We explored potential effect modification of trial characteristics in stratified and meta‐regression analyses. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated and compared among the trial eligibility criteria via the ratio of ORs.ResultsForty‐eight PsA and psoriasis trials (51 comparisons; 17,737 patients) were eligible. Overall retention was OR 2.16 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.70–2.75) with higher odds for PsA trials compared with psoriasis trials (ratio of ORs 2.55 [95% CI 1.64–3.97]). The eligibility criteria “targeted therapy history,” “minimum required disease duration,” “required negative rheumatoid factor,” and “required Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis criteria” were of importance for achieving ACR20 in PsA. The eligibility criterion “minimum required disease duration” was of importance for achieving PASI75 in psoriasis. A total of 7 PsA trials had rescue before time‐point‐of‐retention reporting (adaptive trials).ConclusionFrom this exploratory meta‐epidemiologic study, we now have evidence from RCTs to support the notion that patients with PsA are more likely to adhere to targeted therapies compared to patients with psoriasis. Furthermore, we identified a few contextual factors of importance in regard to achieving ACR20 in PsA trials and PASI75 in psoriasis trials.
Human Periodontal Ligament‐ and Gingiva‐derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Nerve Regeneration When Encapsulated in Alginate/Hyaluronic Acid 3D Scaffold
Authors: Ansari Sahar , Diniz Ivana M. , Chen Chider , Sarrion Patricia , Tamayol Ali , Wu Benjamin M. , Moshaverinia Alireza 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRepair or regeneration of damaged nerves is still a challenging clinical task in reconstructive surgeries and regenerative medicine. Here, it is demonstrated that periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) isolated from adult human periodontal and gingival tissues assume neuronal phenotype in vitro and in vivo via a subcutaneous transplantation model in nude mice. PDLSCs and GMSCs are encapsulated in a 3D scaffold based on alginate and hyaluronic acid hydrogels capable of sustained release of human nerve growth factor (NGF). The elasticity of the hydrogels affects the proliferation and differentiation of encapsulated MSCs within scaffolds. Moreover, it is observed that PDLSCs and GMSCs are stained positive for βIII‐tubulin, while exhibiting high levels of gene expression related to neurogenic differentiation (βIII‐tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein) via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Western blot analysis shows the importance of elasticity of the matrix and the presence of NGF in the neurogenic differentiation of encapsulated MSCs. In vivo, immunofluorescence staining for neurogenic specific protein markers confirms islands of dense positively stained structures inside transplanted hydrogels. As far as it is known, this study is the first demonstration of the application of PDLSCs and GMSCs as promising cell therapy candidates for nerve regeneration.