bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heavy Crude Oil Rheology Improvement Using Naturally Extracted Surfactant
Authors: Naiya Tarun Kumar , Banerjee Shirsendu , Kumar Ravindra , Mandal Ajay 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Crude oil transportation through pipelines encounters severe problems due to their high pour point and viscosity. As temperature drops below the Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT) paraffins present in the crude oil start precipitating in the inner walls of the pipelines which hinder the flow to a great extent. Sometimes the pipelines even get blocked due to high wax content of the crude oils. Various pour point depressants and surfactants have been used to deal with this problem. However they are quite expensive in terms of industrial applications. To meet these problems a new surfactant extracted from tropical Indian plant Madhuca Longifolia was used to enhance flow properties of heavy crude oil through pipelines. Experimental measurements include viscosity, yield stress, viscoelastic properties, pour point, SARA analysis, microscopic studies and FTIR studies. Experimental verification of Power Law model was justified. Crude oil surfactant mixtures tend to behave like Newtonian fluid as surfactant concentration was increased from 500 to 2000 ppm. Viscosity of crude with 2000 ppm surfactant at 30°C was almost same as that of pure crude at 50°C. Presence of surfactant significantly reduced elastic and complex moduli of heavy crude oil at 40°C. Yield stress of crude oil reduced from 0.9 to 0.017 Pa with surfactant addition at 40°C. Microscopic studies showed surfactant addition reduced size of wax crystals appreciably. FTIR studies implied that aldehydic and amine groups are responsible for high viscosity and their concentration reduced after addition of surfactant.
Headspace Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration for the Determination of Water Content in Finished Tobacco Products
Authors: Aydin N , Chardonnens F , Rotach M 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Because many physicochemical properties of tobacco are highly sensitive to its moisture content, the determination of water level is an important parameter for tobacco characterization. A headspace volumetric Karl Fischer titration (HS-V-KFT) method is presented for the quantification of water content in different finished tobacco materials. The parameters affecting the extraction of water from the tobacco materials were the sample size and the oven temperature which have been optimized. The extraction of water from the samples was achieved within a reasonable time (<25 min) with a sample size of 200 mg and an optimum temperature of between 90 °C and 100 °C. The results of the water determination by HS-V-KFT at the optimized parameters were in good agreement with those obtained by standard volumetric Karl Fischer titration. HS-V-KFT showed very good repeatability (RSDr 0.9%) and intermediate precision (RSDiR 1.1%). With respect to a considerable time saving, solvent consumption reduction, precision and accuracy, HS-V-KFT can therefore be suggested as the method of choice to determine water amount in finished tobacco products.
Formation of Dihydroxybenzenes in Cigarette Smoke. Part 1. Contribution from Chlorogenic Acid and Rutin
Authors: Davis MF , Mills HD , Moldoveanu SC 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Catechol and alkylcatechols are known co-carcinogens present in cigarette smoke. Hydroquinone, although nongenotoxic, can form a metabolite with nephrotoxic properties and is a potential human carcinogen. The formation of dihydroxybenzenes during smoking originates with the pyrolysis of several precursors from tobacco. These include cellulose, chlorogenic acid, rutin, etc. The present study attempts to quantitate the contribution of chlorogenic acid and rutin to the formation of dihydroxybenzenes and of some alkyldihydroxybenzenes. Also it estimates the contribution to the formation of dihydroxybenzenes from other potential precursors including glucose, fructose, sucrose, cellulose, pectin, starch, and lignin. The study was done in three parts: 1. pyrolytic evaluation of the amount of dihydroxybenzenes in smoke generated from isolated potential precursors; 2. analysis of smoke from cigarettes made from a variety of tobaccos (14 single grades) and two blended cigarettes, followed by correlations of dihydroxybenzenes yield with the tobacco content of various suspected precursors; 3. addition of chlorogenic acid or rutin to several tobaccos followed by the smoking of the spiked cigarettes and measurement of dihydroxybenzenes yield increase. The study shows that for a variety of singlegrade cigarettes and for two blended cigarettes (one being the 2R4F Kentucky reference), the contribution of chlorogenic acid and of rutin to the formation of catechol and hydroquinone in smoke depends on the blend. For the 2R4F cigarette, the contribution from chlorogenic acid is 8.7% for catechol, and 7.7% for hydroquinone (for ISO smoking protocol). For the same cigarette, the contribution from rutin is 3.7% for catechol and 5.1% for hydroquinone. The results of the study are in agreement with a previously reported finding indicating that chlorogenic acid contributes about 13% to the catechol formation in smoke for the 1R1 Kentucky reference cigarette. The study results suggest that other components in tobacco, besides chlorogenic acid, rutin, glucose, fructose, sucrose, cellulose, pectin, starch, and lignin are major contributors to the formation of catechol and hydroquinone in cigarette smoke.
EDITORS’ NOTE
Authors: Heller WD , Scherer G 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In 2002, Dr. Hubert Klus wrote a guest editorial introducing a review article on “Effects of Ingredients on Cigarette Smoke Composition and Biological Activity: A Literature Overview” [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2002) 107-247]. On this occasion, he turned to some historical facts on the monitoring and regulation of additives used for tobacco products. He reported that already some 200 years ago stringent rules were set up in Nuremberg for the correct use of ingredients in manufacturing tobacco products (and vinegar)! In the decade from 2000 on, a wealth of valuable scientific information as well as opinionated reviews were published on the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. Therefore, we believe that the critical review in this issue is important and right on time.
It is with great sadness that we have to inform our readers that Professor ZHU Zunquan passed away in July. He was one of the most important scientists in tobacco research in China. He was born in 1919 in Xiangyang, China, and has for a long time been honorary or visiting professor of four universities in China. Of Professor Zhu's large spectrum of scientific publications we would like to mention especially the books “Cigarette Manufacturing Technology” and “Tobacco Technology”. Professor Zhu served also as executive editor of the journals “Tobacco Science and Technology” and “ActaTabacariaSinica”. Dr. Nicolas Baskevitch wrote a personal obituary for this issue.
Determination of Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The CORESTA 2011 Collaborative Study
Authors: Intorp M , Purkis S , Wagstaff W 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
A CORESTA Recommended Method (CRM 75) has been developed and published, applicable to the quantification of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), namely, Nnitrosonornicotine (NNN), N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), Nnitrosoanatabine (NAT) and 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in cigarette mainstream smoke. The method involves smoke collection on a Cambridge filter pad under both ISO 3308 and the intense conditions adopted by Health Canada. An internal standard solution is added to the smoke collected on the pad and, after extraction, an aliquot is separated and quantitatively analysed by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
CRM 63 involving gas chromatography coupled with a thermal energy analyser (GC-TEA) was previously developed by the CORESTA Special Analytes Group that had been set up to develop recommended methods on smoke components. However, by 2009 most laboratories had moved to similar LC-MS/MS methods for TSNA analysis and so this technique was chosen as the basis of a new CRM and to complement CRM 63. Initial joint experiments, specific experiments by single laboratories and ongoing discussions identified methodological aspects that needed to be ‘standardised’ before moving to a CRM.
A joint experiment by 15 laboratories was carried out in 2010-2011 that investigated and identified important methodological features that needed to be controlled or clarified. CRM 75 was produced through a final collaborative experiment involving 20 laboratories from 12 countries using both linear and rotary smoking machines. Some notes are included in the CRM to inform other laboratories that might wish to adopt the method, concerning aspects that need to be well controlled to provide data as robust as possible and to provide similar repeatability and reproducibility data.
Statistical evaluations were made according to ISO 5725 guidelines and are included. Under ISO smoking, the levels of reproducibility (R) expressed as a percentage of the mean of TSNA yields across laboratories are much greater than the levels found for “tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide and given in the relevant ISO standards. The R value was expressed as a percentage of the mean yield amonglaboratories and across all of the studied products. Under
ISO smoking R% values ranged from 25-60% for NNN; from 31-85% for NNK; from 47-58% for NAT and 40-99% for NAB. These levels are generally in line with those determined previously for TSNAs in CRM 63 and for other smoke analytes studied by the Special Analytes Group.
Under ‘intense’ smoking, R% values ranged from 30-88% for NNN; from 37-79% for NNK; from 47-83% for NAT and 42-111% for NAB. A plot of R against mean yields suggests that the ‘intense’ regime gives similar or slightly worse reproducibility than the ISO regime in spite of the higher yields generated.
Aesthetic Orthodontics : An Overview
Authors: Patel Dolly , Mehta Falguni , Mehta Nishit 
Published: November 2015

Through the influence of the media and increasing awareness amongst the people aesthetic concerns regarding orthodontic treatment have risen up. The adult orthodontic patients put higher demands for aesthetic results not only after the treatment but also during the treatment phase. Not only adults but all orthodontic patients give importance to their appearance and forsocial or work reasons would probably refuse visible orthodontic treatment therapy. This article describes some of the effective solutions to these problems that will not impair the patient from an aesthetic point of view during the treatment phase
Multidisciplinary Approach in the Rehabilitation of Complicated Crown-root Fracture: A Case Report
Authors: Acharya Nisha , Samant Praveen Singh , Gautam Vanita , Singh Ourvind , Halwai Hemanta 
Published: November 2015

The management of patients with traumatic injuries to their dentition poses a serious challenge in everyday general dental practice. For the rehabilitation of the complicated subgingival crown fracture of anterior teeth, multidisciplinary approach is often indicated. A combination of endodontic, orthodontic, periodontal and prosthodontic approach may be required. Orthodontic or periodontal intervention becomes an integral part for the exposure of the sound tooth structure of fractured anterior teeth with fracture line extending subgingivally. The aim of this paper is to discuss the immediate endodontic management followed by orthodontic extrusion of traumatized upper anterior teeth with fracture at the subgingival level. In order to expose the sound tooth structure for prosthodonticintervention, orthodontic extrusion was performed after endodontic treatment. To avoid extraction of the involved teeth, the multidisciplinary approach was adopted and finally the teeth were restored prosthodontically. The final result was esthetically pleasant and periodontically sound.
Cost analysis of awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation: a single academic health center experience
Authors: Jacob R. Lorie , Geddes Jonah , McCartney Shirley , Burchiel Kim J. 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
The objective of this study was to compare the cost of deep brain stimulation (DBS) performed awake versus asleep at a single US academic health center and to compare costs across the University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) Clinical Database.

METHODS
Inpatient and outpatient demographic and hospital financial data for patients receiving a neurostimulator lead implant (from the first quarter of 2009 to the second quarter of 2014) were collected and analyzed. Inpatient charges included those associated with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) procedure code 0293 (implantation or replacement of intracranial neurostimulator lead). Outpatient charges included all preoperative charges ≤ 30 days prior to implant and all postoperative charges ≤ 30 days after implant. The cost of care based on reported charges and a cost-to-charge ratio was estimated. The UHC database was queried (January 2011 to March 2014) with the same ICD-9 code. Procedure cost data across like hospitals (27 UHC hospitals) conducting similar DBS procedures were compared.

RESULTS
Two hundred eleven DBS procedures (53 awake and 158 asleep) were performed at a single US academic health center during the study period. The average patient age ( ± SD) was 65 ± 9 years old and 39% of patients were female. The most common primary diagnosis was Parkinson’s disease (61.1%) followed by essential and other forms of tremor (36%). Overall average DBS procedure cost was $39,152 ± $5340. Asleep DBS cost $38,850 ± $4830, which was not significantly different than the awake DBS cost of $40,052 ± $6604. The standard deviation for asleep DBS was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05). In 2013, the median cost for a neurostimulator implant lead was $34,052 at UHC-affiliated hospitals that performed at least 5 procedures a year. At Oregon Health & Science University, the median cost was $17,150 and the observed single academic health center cost for a neurostimulator lead implant was less than the expected cost (ratio 0.97).

CONCLUSIONS
In this single academic medical center cost analysis, DBS performed asleep was associated with a lower cost variation relative to the awake procedure. Furthermore, costs compared favorably to UHC-affiliated hospitals. While asleep DBS is not yet standard practice, this center exclusively performs asleep DBS at a lower cost than comparable institutions.
Insufficient platelet inhibition and thromboembolic complications in patients with intracranial aneurysms after stent placement
Authors: Yang Hongchao , Li Youxiang , Jiang Yuhua 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
Insufficient platelet inhibition has been associated with an increased incidence of thromboembolic complications in cardiology patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Data regarding the relationship between insufficient platelet inhibition and thromboembolic complications in patients undergoing neurovascular procedures remain controversial. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of insufficient platelet inhibition and thromboembolic complications in patients with intracranial aneurysm undergoing stent treatment.

METHODS
The authors prospectively recruited patients with intracranial aneurysms undergoing stent treatment and maintained the data in a database. MRI with diffusion-weighted sequences was performed within 24 hours of stent insertion to identify acute ischemic lesions. The authors used thromboelastography to assess the degree of platelet inhibition in response to clopidogrel and aspirin. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify potential risk factors of thromboembolic complications.

RESULTS
One hundred sixty-eight patients with 193 aneurysms were enrolled in this study. Ninety-one of 168 (54.2%) patients with acute cerebral ischemic lesions were identified by diffusion-weighted MRI. In 9 (5.4%) patients with ischemic lesions, transient ischemic attack or stroke was found at discharge, and these complications were found in 11 (6.5%) patients during the follow-up period. The incidence of periprocedural thromboembolic complications increased with resistance to antiplatelet agents, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, complete occlusion, and aneurysm of the anterior circulation. The multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the anterior circulation and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) inhibition percentage were independent risk factors of perioperative thromboembolic complications. The maximum amplitude and ADP inhibition percentage were independent risk factors for thromboembolic complications during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS
The ADP inhibition percentage is related to thromboembolic complications after stent placement for intracranial aneurysms. The increase of the ADP inhibition may decrease the risk of thromboembolic complications.
Characterization of complications associated with open and endoscopic craniosynostosis surgery at a single institution
Authors: Han Rowland H. , Nguyen Dennis C. , Bruck Brent S. , Skolnick Gary B. , Yarbrough Chester K. , Naidoo Sybill D. , Patel Kamlesh B. , Kane Alex A. , Woo Albert S. , Smyth Matthew D. 
Published: November 2015

OBJECT
The authors present a retrospective cohort study examining complications in patients undergoing surgery for craniosynostosis using both minimally invasive endoscopic and open approaches.

METHODS
Over the past 10 years, 295 nonsyndromic patients (140 undergoing endoscopic procedures and 155 undergoing open procedures) and 33 syndromic patients (endoscopic procedures in 10 and open procedures in 23) met the authors’ criteria. Variables analyzed included age at surgery, presence of a preexisting CSF shunt, skin incision method, estimated blood loss, transfusions of packed red blood cells, use of intravenous steroids or tranexamic acid, intraoperative durotomies, procedure length, and length of hospital stay. Complications were classified as either surgically or medically related.

RESULTS
In the nonsyndromic endoscopic group, the authors experienced 3 (2.1%) surgical and 5 (3.6%) medical complications. In the nonsyndromic open group, there were 2 (1.3%) surgical and 7 (4.5%) medical complications. Intraoperative durotomies occurred in 5 (3.6%) endoscopic and 12 (7.8%) open cases, were repaired primarily, and did not result in reoperations for CSF leakage. Similar complication rates were seen in syndromic cases. There was no death or permanent morbidity. Additionally, endoscopic procedures were associated with significantly decreased estimated blood loss, transfusions, procedure length, and length of hospital stay compared with open procedures.

CONCLUSIONS
Rates of intraoperative durotomies and surgical and medical complications were comparable between endoscopic and open techniques. This is the largest direct comparison to date between endoscopic and open interventions for synostosis, and the results are in agreement with previous series that endoscopic surgery confers distinct advantages over open surgery in appropriate patient populations.
Impact de la démographie sur les importations de Mayotte
Authors: Candau Fabien , Rey Serge 
Published: November 2015

Les importations de Mayotte ont été multipliées par huit sur les vingt dernières années, creusant le déficit commercial de l’île. Dans le même temps, la population de Mayotte a plus que doublé. Cet article propose d’étudier la contribution de la croissance de cette population dans l’augmentation des importations sur la période 2000-2010. L’estimation d’une équation de gravité microfondée sur un modèle avec préférences non homothétiques permet de montrer qu’une augmentation de 1 % de la population totale entraîne une hausse de 1,23 % des importations. En guise de comparaison, une augmentation de la population minorée de la population clandestine n’impacte les importations que de 0,46 %.
L’impact des prix de l’immobilier sur les inégalités et leur mesure
Authors: Carbonnier Clément 
Published: November 2015

Le livre de Thomas Piketty, Le Capital au xxi e siècle , et les débats qui l’ont entouré ont rappelé l’importance de l’immobilier et des variations de ses prix dans la mesure des inégalités. Nous défendons l’idée que si la valeur de marché surestime le patrimoine immobilier en période de bulle, la somme actualisée des loyers la sous-estime. Une surestimation du patrimoine immobilier conduit à sous-estimer les inégalités de patrimoine car cela affecte relativement plus les classes moyennes que le haut de la distribution. Pour l’avenir, la répartition des types de capital et les différences dans leur rendement peuvent conduire à un accroissement des inégalités de revenu.
La criminalité favorise-t-elle l’acceptation de la carte bancaire ?
Authors: Karoubi Bruno 
Published: November 2015

Le présent article analyse l’impact de la criminalité comme facteur environnemental sur l’acceptation de la carte bancaire. Nous utilisons un document publié par le ministère de l’Intérieur, l’« état 4 001 », pour associer à chaque commerçant le niveau de criminalité de son département. Nous concluons qu’un niveau élevé de criminalité financière défavorise l’acceptation de la carte bancaire, tandis qu’un niveau élevé de criminalité violente la favorise. L’effet de la criminalité financière est interprété comme un effet de sélection adverse, et l’effet de la criminalité violente résulte de l’internalisation partielle par les commerçants des risques encourus par les consommateurs.
Forceps Delivery-Related Ophthalmic Injuries: A Case Series
Authors: McAnena Lisa , O'Keefe Michael , Kirwan Caitriona , Murphy John 
Published: November 2015

Purpose:
To report a case series of neonatal ophthalmic trauma induced by forceps-assisted vaginal delivery.

Methods:
Retrospective, non-comparative case series focusing on presentation and long-term outcomes.

Results:
Eleven cases of ophthalmic injury secondary to forceps delivery (7 male, 4 female) from October 1997 to July 2014 are presented. Eight cases were born at a single center from January 2006 to July 2014, a rate of 1 case per 413 forceps-assisted deliveries. Follow-up ranged from 2 months to 17 years. Three cases had self-limiting eyelid bruising only. There was one case each of vitreous hemorrhage and hyphema, which resolved spontaneously. There were two cases of oculomotor nerve palsy associated with intracranial hemorrhage, both requiring surgical ptosis repair at 3 and 5 weeks old, respectively. There was one case of facial nerve palsy. Four cases sustained corneal trauma, manifesting as corneal edema in three cases at birth. The fourth of these cases presented at age 4.5 years with corneal scarring and amblyopia. Resulting astigmatism in these four cases ranged from 3.5 to 7.5 diopters and best-corrected visual acuity ranged from 6/12 to 6/36 Snellen at last follow-up.

Conclusions:
Although rare, ophthalmic trauma secondary to forceps-assisted delivery can result in a wide spectrum of anatomical injuries, which may be self-limiting or cause significant long-term visual impairment. The authors recommend awareness among obstetricians and pediatricians of these injuries, and referral to the ophthalmologist of any newborn delivered by forceps with evidence of compressive trauma such as scalp or eyelid bruising to rule out the presence of more serious ophthalmic trauma.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2015;52(6):355–359.]