bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery Through Gossip
Authors: Haeupler Bernhard , Pandurangan Gopal , Peleg David , Rajaraman Rajmohan , Sun Zhifeng 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe study randomized gossip‐based processes in dynamic networks that are motivated by information discovery in large‐scale distributed networks such as peer‐to‐peer and social networks. A well‐studied problem in peer‐to‐peer networks is resource discovery, where the goal for nodes (hosts with IP addresses) is to discover the IP addresses of all other hosts. Also, some of the recent work on self‐stabilization algorithms for P2P/overlay networks proceed via discovery of the complete network. In social networks, nodes (people) discover new nodes through exchanging contacts with their neighbors (friends). In both cases the discovery of new nodes changes the underlying network — new edges are added to the network — and the process continues in the changed network. Rigorously analyzing such dynamic (stochastic) processes in a continuously changing topology remains a challenging problem with obvious applications.This paper studies and analyzes two natural gossip‐based discovery processes. In the push discovery or triangulation process, each node repeatedly chooses two random neighbors and connects them (i.e., “pushes” their mutual information to each other). In the pull discovery process or the two‐hop walk, each node repeatedly requests or “pulls” a random contact from a random neighbor and connects itself to this two‐hop neighbor. Both processes are lightweight in the sense that the amortized work done per node is constant per round, local, and naturally robust due to the inherent randomized nature of gossip.Our main result is an almost‐tight analysis of the time taken for these two randomized processes to converge. We show that in any undirected n‐node graph both processes take rounds to connect every node to all other nodes with high probability, whereas is a lower bound. We also study the two‐hop walk in directed graphs, and show that it takes time with high probability, and that the worst‐case bound is tight for arbitrary directed graphs, whereas Ω(n2) is a lower bound for strongly connected directed graphs. A key technical challenge that we overcome in our work is the analysis of a randomized process that itself results in a constantly changing network leading to complicated dependencies in every round. We discuss implications of our results and their analysis to discovery problems in P2P networks as well as to evolution in social networks. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 48, 565–587, 2016
Immunity to malaria in an era of declining malaria transmission
Authors: FOWKES FREYA J. I. , BOEUF PHILIPPE , BEESON JAMES G. 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYWith increasing malaria control and goals of malaria elimination, many endemic areas are transitioning from high-to-low-to-no malaria transmission. Reductions in transmission will impact on the development of naturally acquired immunity to malaria, which develops after repeated exposure toPlasmodiumspp. However, it is currently unclear how declining transmission and malaria exposure will affect the development and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity. Here we review the key processes which underpin this knowledge; the amount ofPlasmodiumspp. exposure required to generate effective immune responses, the longevity of antibody responses and the ability to mount an effective response upon re-exposure through memory responses. Lastly we identify research priorities which will increase our understanding of how changing transmission will impact on malarial immunity.
Dependence of silicon ablation regimes on fluence during ultrafast laser irradiation
Authors: Polek M. , Hassanein A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractModels and experiments were developed to study femtosecond laser ablation of silicon using 800 nm, 40 fs pulses with fluences ranging from 0.5 to 35 J/cm2. At low fluences, ablation was found to occur due to bubble formation and splashing within the melt layer. At higher fluences, it was found that the ablation depth exceeded the melt layer depth due to shockwave ablation. The variation in ion flux and ion velocity was also studied both experimentally and theoretically. It was found that the variation in ion flux is mainly dependent on the variation in the average charge state, with only a small variation in the total number of ions above $\sim \!\!1.5\; \,{\rm J/c}{{\rm m}^2}$. Comparisons between the theoretical and experimental ion flux showed that higher charge state ions received greater portion of the laser energy compared with lower charge state ions.
Nine new cytochalasan alkaloids from Chaetomium globosum TW1-1 (Ascomycota, Sordariales)
Authors: Chen Chunmei , Tong Qingyi , Zhu Hucheng , Tan Dongdong , Zhang Jinwen , Xue Yongbo , Yao Guangmin , Luo Zengwei , Wang Jianping , Wang Yanyan , Zhang Yonghui 
Published: January 2016

AbstractChemical investigation on the methanol extract of Chaetomium globosum TW1-1, a fungus isolated from the common pillbug (Armadillidium vulgare), has resulted in the isolation of nine new highly oxygenated cytochalasan alkaloids, armochaetoglobins S–Z (1 and 3–9) and 7-O-acetylarmochaetoglobin S (2), together with eight structurally related known analogues (10–17). Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Among them, compound 2 presents to be the first member of chaetoglobosin family with an acetyl group and compounds 3 represents the first chaetoglobosin characterized by an 2′,3′-epoxy-indole moiety. The discovery of these new compounds revealed the largely untapped chemical diversity of cytochalasans and enriched their chemical research. Compounds 1–9 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines and compounds 8 and 9 exhibited significant cytotoxic activities with IC50 values ranging from 10.45 to 30.42 μM.
A Regional Climate Mode Discovered in the North Atlantic: Dakar Niño/Niña
Authors: Oettli Pascal , Morioka Yushi , Yamagata Toshio 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe interrannual variability of coastal sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies confined off Senegal is explored from a new viewpoint of the ocean-land-atmosphere interaction. The phenomenon may be classified into “coastal Niño/Niña” in the North Atlantic as discussed recently in the Northeastern Pacific and Southeastern Indian Oceans. The interannual variability of the regional mixed-layer temperature anomaly that evolves in boreal late fall and peaks in spring is associated with the alongshore wind anomaly, mixed-layer depth anomaly and cross-shore atmospheric pressure gradient anomaly, suggesting the existence of ocean-land-atmosphere coupled processes. The coupled warm (cold) event is named Dakar Niño (Niña). The oceanic aspect of the Dakar Niño (Niña) may be basically explained by anomalous warming (cooling) of the anomalously thin (thick) mixed-layer, which absorbs shortwave surface heat flux. In the case of Dakar Niña, however, enhancement of the entrainment at the bottom of the mixed-layer is not negligible.
Coralline algal physiology is more adversely affected by elevated temperature than reduced pH
Authors: Vásquez-Elizondo Román Manuel , Enríquez Susana 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this study we analyzed the physiological responses of coralline algae to ocean acidification (OA) and global warming, by exposing algal thalli of three species with contrasting photobiology and growth-form to reduced pH and elevated temperature. The analysis aimed to discern between direct and combined effects, while elucidating the role of light and photosynthesis inhibition in this response. We demonstrate the high sensitivity of coralline algae to photodamage under elevated temperature and its severe consequences on thallus photosynthesis and calcification rates. Moderate levels of light-stress, however, were maintained under reduced pH, resulting in no impact on algal photosynthesis, although moderate adverse effects on calcification rates were still observed. Accordingly, our results support the conclusion that global warming is a stronger threat to algal performance than OA, in particular in highly illuminated habitats such as coral reefs. We provide in this study a quantitative physiological model for the estimation of the impact of thermal-stress on coralline carbonate production, useful to foresee the impact of global warming on coralline contribution to reef carbon budgets, reef cementation, coral recruitment and the maintenance of reef biodiversity. This model, however, cannot yet account for the moderate physiological impact of low pH on coralline calcification.
Abundance, composition and activity of denitrifier communities in metal polluted paddy soils
Authors: Liu Yuan , Liu Yongzhuo , Zhou Huimin , Li Lianqing , Zheng Jinwei , Zhang Xuhui , Zheng Jufeng , Pan Genxing 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDenitrification is one of the most important soil microbial processes leading to the production of nitrous oxide (N2O). The potential changes with metal pollution in soil microbial community for N2O production and reduction are not well addressed. In this study, topsoil samples were collected both from polluted and non-polluted rice paddy fields and denitrifier communities were characterized with molecular fingerprinting procedures. All the retrieved nirK sequences could be grouped into neither α- nor β- proteobacteria, while most of the nosZ sequences were affiliated with α-proteobacteria. The abundances of the nirK and nosZ genes were reduced significantly in the two polluted soils. Thus, metal pollution markedly affected composition of both nirK and nosZ denitrifiers. While the total denitrifying activity and N2O production rate were both reduced under heavy metal pollution of the two sites, the N2O reduction rate showed no significant change. These findings suggest that N2O production activity could be sensitive to heavy metal pollution, which could potentially lead to a decrease in N2O emission in polluted paddies. Therefore, metal pollution could have potential impacts on soil N transformation and thus on N2O emission from paddy soils.
Observations as the Building Blocks of Science in 20th-Century Scientific Thought
Authors: Wisdom J. O. 
Published: January 2016

Although there continue to be many interpretations of the nature of science, not simply thought up from afar by philosophers, but in the highest ranks of scientific circles, there are only a few that are significantly different from one another and influential (Wisdom, 1971). I shall confine myself to instrumentalism, conventionalism, and induction. (I shall omit even operationalism as being easily subsumable under conventionalism.) The main thesis will be that they constitute different ways of regarding knowledge as rooted in pure observation, and that the philosophy of observationalism they presuppose is false. The falsifiability interpretation does not view knowledge in this way and is not discussed here.Whatever the shortcomings of these three positions may be, however, firmly held or rejected they may be according as one assesses existing criticisms, these criticisms mainly lead to a judicial appraisal without pointing to anything new.
The Objects of Acceptance: Competing Scientific Explanations
Authors: Hopson Ronald C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractImportant revisions and additions to the contemporary objectives of acceptance rules result from construing a theory of warranted inductive inference to presuppose an account of adequate scientific explanations. We conceive the objects of acceptance rules to be the best of competing scientific explanations. Our primary interest is to show how to construct an analysis of competing explanations. Hence our specific investigation concerns the interrelations between the criteria of adequacy for scientific explanations and the definitions of the modes of competition between explanations.
Fictionalism, Functionalism and Factor Analysis
Authors: Block N. J. 
Published: January 2016

Two doubtful philosophical doctrines have contributed strongly to the development of IQ tests, and now play a major role in defending IQ tests as measures of intelligence: they are operationism and fictionalism.The application of operationism in psychometrics is in such doctrines as the following: one can avoid answering the question whether IQ tests measure intelligence simply by defining the word ‘intelligence’ as what IQ tests measure. Obviously, such a definition does not avoid the issue. For we can now reasonably ask whether people who accept the operational definition use the word ‘intelligence’ to refer to the same quantity as that referred to by people who reject the operational definition or have never considered it. Many operational definitions of ‘intelligence’ would be clearly unsatisfactory. Consider, for example, an operational definition which stipulates that a person's intelligence is the number of pounds indicated when the person is placed on a scale.
The Problem of Micro-Explanation
Authors: Girill T.R. 
Published: January 2016

A scientific explanation is prima facie micro-reductive if the explanans refers to the behavior or properties of the micro-parts of something mentioned in the explanandum. Entity x is appropriately regarded as a micro-part of y whenever the following individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions are satisfied:(i)x is spatio-temporally contained in y(ii)for any other part of y, eithera)x is spatio-temporally discrete from it, orb)x and it are assigned to different “levels”, such that parts from only one level are used in any given micro-explanation,(iii)x and y. share at least one quantitative, additive property such thata)the amount of this property attributed to x is less than the amount attributed to y, andb)the former amount arithmetically contributes to the latter.
New Perspectives in Nonlinearity or What to do When the Whole is More than the Sum of its Parts
Authors: Holland John H. 
Published: January 2016

Before starting, I would like to beg the reader's indulgence. This paper is not a survey, or even a balanced account mentioning related work. It is simply an exposition of one approach to the problem. As such it contains only three references — all to my own work! Mea culpa.In each of the sciences there are pivotal problems which can be formalized as searches for the global optimum of a function f: A→R, where A is an appropriately chosen domain of elements and R is the set of positive real numbers. In genetics, for example, A becomes the genotypes (combinations of genes) of interest and f assigns to each genotype its fitness; in economics (von Neumann's model), A becomes mixes of economic activities and f assigns to each mix its utility; in game playing, A becomes the possible strategies and f assigns to each strategy its minimax value; and so on.
A Dilemma for Philosophers of Science and Technology
Authors: Giere Ronald N. 
Published: January 2016

There is not space to offer detailed comments on each of four papers ([1],[2],[3],[4]). Nor does it seem fruitful to create a potpourri by commenting individually on one or two points from each. Instead I will attempt to develop one issue of general significance, an issue which is raised by all of the papers, though not explicitly discussed in any. Comments on points raised by the contributors will be woven in where they are relevant.Anyone unacquainted with recent philosophy and philosophy of science might find it strange that the program of the Philosophy of Science Association for 1976 should include a symposium with the title: Are There Any Philosophically Interesting Questions in Technology?
Reasons, Causes, and Empathetic Understanding
Authors: Derden J.K. 
Published: January 2016

The dispute concerning whether reasons are causes and related controversies continue unabated. The conflict manifests itself in various ways. Reasons are not causes: because reasons are not logically independent of actions; because no inductive evidence is required for establishing a reason for why I do something; and because no generalizations are required to explain why someone does something on the basis of reasons. It is also maintained that historical explanation is not explanation by appeal to covering laws and that empathetic understanding is more than an heuristic device for generating hypotheses to explain why people do what they do. It is further maintained that the social sciences are on the wrong track if they see themselves as more akin to the natural sciences, as opposed to philosophy (conceptual analysis) and the humanities.The amazing fact is that the contradictory of each of the above stated positions has been seriously maintained.
On a Game-Theoretic Approach to a Scientific Language
Authors: Stachow E.-W. 
Published: January 2016

This contribution gives an outline of a game theoretic foundation of the logical structure inherent to the language of a science. Game theoretic approaches to a language were considered and developed by several authors. In this volume Saarinen examines the game theoretic semantics due to Hintikka and the dialog-game semantics due to Lorenzen. In the following I shall not re-examine the approaches by Hintikka and Lorenzen. However, some remarks about Lorenzen’s semantics are necessary since the game theoretic approach considered here is essentially based on the idea of Lorenzen to use dialog-games for a foundation of logic.A systematic game theoretic presentation of the rules of a dialog game was given at first by Lorenz. Starting with certain structural rules which constitute the general scheme of a dialog, a further dialog rule is necessary in order to guarantee a finite game.
Dialogue Semantics Versus Game-Theoretical Semantics
Authors: Saarinen Esa 
Published: January 2016

In this paper I shall attempt to compare the dialogue approach originally advocated by Lorenz and Lorenzen and the game-theoretical approach of Hintikka with each other. I shall not try to present any survey of either one of the approaches and will assume that the reader is familiar with the basic ideas of these theories.The original works of Lorenzen and Lorenz have been reprinted in their while Stegmüller contains a survey (in English) of the basic ideas and results. Works in this tradition which apply the approach to quantum logic include Denecke, Mittelstaedt Mittelstaedt and Stachow, Stachow. The reader will also find van Dunn, Krabbe, Lorenz and Stachow to be relevant.The literature on Hintikka’s game-theoretical semantics as applied both to different formal languages (including infinitary languages and intensional logic) and to natural language is rapidly growing. As for the latter, the reader is referred to papers by Hintikka, Carlson and myself reprinted in Saarinen, to Carlson and ter Meulen, and to Saarinen.
The ‘Reduction by Synthesis’ of Biology to Physical Chemistry
Authors: Levy Monique H. 
Published: January 2016

The problem of the reduction of biology to physical chemistry has raised numerous controversies for several years. The reader is referred to Ayala & Dobzhansky (1974), Hull (1972, 1973, 1974, 1976), Polanyi (1967, 1968), Roll-Hansen (1969, 1974), Ruse (1971, 1976), and Schaffner (1967, 1969, 1974, 1976). Supporters and opponents of reduction are continually exchanging arguments and it is almost impossible, even for an objective reader, to discern who is correct.The partisans of reduction insist that physical chemistry, contributes a very useful explanatory schema for the understanding of a certain number of biological processes. For instance, in genetics, great progress has been realized because of the contribution made by chemistry in the determination of the genetic code and in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the laws of heredity.
Levels of Reflexivity: Unnoted Differences within the “Strong Programme” in the Sociology of Knowledge
Authors: Manier Edward 
Published: January 2016

Although Barry Barnes (1974, 1977) and David Bloor (1976, 1978, 1981) are co-workers in the Science Studies Unit at the University of Edinburgh, there are hitherto unnoted but fundamental differences in their programs in the sociology of science.Bloor defines his “strong programme” in the sociology of science by three basic tenets (“causality,” “symmetry,” and “reflexivity”) and also claims to establish laws and to test a general theory of the causal links connecting cognitive and social factors in the history of science. (Bloor 1976, pp. 4-5). In other words, the “strong programme” aims to be: (1) Causal, i.e., concerned with the conditions which bring about beliefs or states of knowledge. (2) Symmetrical, i.e., appealing to the same sorts of causes and to the same patterns of causal explanation for all beliefs and cognitive claims, whether regarded as true or false, rational or irrational, successful or unsuccessful. (3) Reflexive, i.e., using the explanatory resources of the sociology of science in the critical evaluation and explanation of the sociology of science itself.
A Model Theoretic Semantics for Quantum Logic
Authors: Stachow E.-W. 
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this contribution is to consider a model theoretic semantics of quantum logic. The quantum logic to which we refer here comprises the system of sequential quantum logic (Stachow 1980b). This system establishes the implication relation with respect to logically connected propositions and also with respect to the more general class of sequentially connected propositions of the language of quantum physics.A dialogic semantics for logically connected sentences is developed in Stachow (1976, p. 203), where it is shown that a logical system, usually called the system of quantum logic, is complete and sound with respect to the dialogic semantics. The dialogic semantics is extended to sequentially connected sentences in Stachow (1980b) and to modal sentences in Mittelstaedt (1979, p. 479).In comparison with other approaches to a language for science, the dialogic approach is developed from a pragmatic and methodological point of view (Stachow 1980a).
Recent Changes in the Concept of Matter: How Does ‘Elementary Particle’ Mean?
Authors: Shrader-Frechette K. S. 
Published: January 2016

“How does a poem mean?” asked John Ciardi, noted poet and critic (1959, p. 663). Because he was convinced that “there will never be a complete system for understanding poetry,” Ciardi urged his Harvard and Rutgers students to discover “the total experience” of a poem and never to look merely for what it means (1959, p. 666).Like a good poem, the total meaning of the concept of matter always eludes us. As Heisenberg put it: what we know is not nature itself, but “nature exposed to our method of questioning.” (Cited in Capra 1975, p. 126). For this reason, and because high-energy physics is in a state of rapid development, it would be presumptuous to attempt to say what matter or elementary particles are (See Woodruff 1963, p. 578). Moreover this “what” question is more properly a scientific one, about the correct referents of a specific theory of matter. “How does ‘matter’ mean?” or “how does ‘elementary particle’ mean?” is more properly a philosophical question.