bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Evaluation at the UN and in the new Sustainable Development Goals: Towards the Future We Want
Authors: Rugg Deborah 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAfter outlining recent developments in the United Nations system with regard to the growing role of evaluation, this article provides an overview on how evaluation was considered in the international policy debates that took place in 2015 to shape the new agenda, and the role evaluation should play during the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Furthermore, it outlines how efforts at the global, national and local level to strengthen evaluation can be made more effective.
Who is taking part? Political subjectivity and Glasgow's Commonwealth Games
Authors: Fitzpatrick Susan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the problems of locating political subjectivity in the midst of the Glasgow Commonwealth Games of 2014 and takes as its starting point Rancière's contention that politics cannot be defined on the basis of any pre‐existing subject. The Commonwealth Games, as both policy vehicle and a form of knowing the world, constructs subjects through the invocation of “legacy”. This involves assuming a consensual populism within which social problems are identified and rectified through the eventfulness of the event. However, leading on from Rancière's contention above, this paper suggests a critical perspective where the event itself is de‐centred in order to move beyond the citational response to mega‐events: that policy constructs subjugated subjects. The paper proceeds by examining how the logics of local residents of East Glasgow elude subjugation in their encounters with the official discourses of the mega‐event. It outlines the ways that political subjectivity is brought forth in two discursive spaces: first, within Games Legacy Evaluation Reports. Second, a public meeting organised by Glasgow City Council as part of their Get Ready Glasgow series. These spaces are considered alongside recent academic criticism that focuses on the corrective elements of social policy relating to sporting mega events.
How Much Will China Save? Projecting China's National Savings Through 2040*
Authors: Li Shiyu , Kotlikoff Laurence J. , Lin Shuanglin , Woo Wing Thye , Jiang Yunyun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper projects China's national savings through 2040 based on China's national account data, demographic data, and data on rural and urban life‐cycle income and consumption. Our baseline projections show that China's national saving in 2040 will be 16 times the current national saving. The annual growth rate of wealth will decline from 16.3 percent in 2012 to 9.5 percent in 2040. Lowering the growth rate of wealth accumulation to the current rate of return to wealth increases consumption through 2040; lowering the growth rate of wealth further may increase consumption more in the short run, but less in the long run.
Effects of β‐carotene‐enriched dry carrots on β‐carotene status and colostral immunoglobulin in β‐carotene‐deficient Japanese Black cows
Authors: Nishijima Yoshitaka , Taniguchi Saya , Ikeda Shuntaro , Yoshitani Kenichi , Hamano Takashi , Tani Hiroshi , Fujita Masahiko , Murakami Kenji , Kogusa Keisuke , Sato Kenji , Sugimoto Miki , Kume Shinichi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractData from 18 β‐carotene‐deficient Japanese Black cows were collected to clarify the effects of feeding β‐carotene‐enriched dry carrots on β‐carotene status and colostral immunoglobulin (Ig) in cows. Cows were assigned to control or carrot groups from 3 weeks before the expected calving date to parturition, and supplemental β‐carotene from dry carrots was 138 mg/day in the carrot group. Plasma β‐carotene concentrations in the control and carrot groups at parturition were 95 and 120 μg/dL, and feeding dry carrots slightly improved plasma β‐carotene at parturition. Feeding dry carrots increased colostral IgA concentrations in cows and tended to increase colostral IgG1, but colostral IgM, IgG2, β‐carotene and vitamin A were not affected by the treatment. Feeding dry carrots had no effects on plasma IgG1, IgA and IgM concentrations in cows, but plasma IgG1 concentrations decreased rapidly from 3 weeks before the expected calving date to parturition. These results indicate that feeding β‐carotene‐enriched dry carrots is effective to enhance colostral IgA and IgG1 concentrations in β‐carotene‐deficient cows.
Management intensity and temporary conversion to other land‐use types affect plant diversity and species composition of subtropical grasslands in southern Brazil
Authors: Koch Christiane , Conradi Timo , Gossner Martin M. , Hermann Julia‐Maria , Leidinger Jan , Meyer Sebastian T. , Overbeck Gerhard E. , Weisser Wolfgang W. , Kollmann Johannes 
Published: September 2016

AbstractQuestionsWe investigated the effects of grassland management intensity and temporary conversion to other land uses on abiotic and biotic properties of subtropical grasslands. We used species‐rich permanent grasslands of medium management intensity (PG‐M) as a reference, and asked the following questions: (1) do permanent grasslands with low and high management intensities (PG‐L and PG‐H, respectively) have different plant diversity and species composition than reference grasslands; and (2) do secondary grasslands recovering from conversion to arable fields (SG‐A) or pine plantations (SG‐P) differ from permanent grasslands in their plant species composition and abiotic conditions?LocationHighland grasslands, Campos de Cima da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.MethodsWe analysed variation in plant species composition and diversity among 80 grassland sites, including three types of permanent grassland and two types of secondary grassland. An indicator species analysis was used to identify characteristic species for the different land‐use types. We used a linear discriminant analysis to investigate differences in soil conditions among land‐use types.ResultsBoth PG‐L and PG‐H differed from PG‐M regarding plant species composition. Although PG‐L shared many typical grassland species with PG‐M, their communities were generally less diverse. PG‐H, on the other hand, not only had fewer species but also deviated from PG‐M in species composition. Secondary grasslands on former arable fields and plantations differed from PG‐M in species composition and showed lower diversity. Soil conditions of SG‐P were similar to those of PG‐L and PG‐M, but they were distinct from those of PG‐H and SG‐A.ConclusionsAll land‐use types showed deviations from reference grasslands (PG‐M). The decrease in the number of species in PG‐L may be reversed if traditional management intensity is re‐introduced, whereas strong compositional changes in SG‐P may require the re‐introduction of grassland species. This is also true for PG‐H and SG‐A: both showed marked deviations from reference grasslands in biotic and abiotic components. Overall, restoration of altered land‐use types to near‐natural subtropical grassland seems feasible, but suitable techniques have to be developed.
Landscape structure and climate affect plant invasion in subtropical grasslands
Authors: Guido Anaclara , Vélez‐Martin Eduardo , Overbeck Gerhard E. , Pillar Valério D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractQuestionHow do climate and landscape structure affect plant invasion process in south Brazilian natural grasslands?LocationNatural grasslands across Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil.MethodsWe selected 20 plots (2 km × 2 km each), situated in ten different grassland types in southern Brazil. In each grassland type, one plot was located in a region with remnant grassland cover <30% (not conserved landscapes) and another in a region with remnant grassland cover >60% (conserved landscapes), in a paired design. In each plot, we surveyed the presence and cover of the four most important invasive species of grasslands in Rio Grande do Sul (Cynodon dactylon, Eragrostis plana, Senecio madagascariensis and Ulex europaeus). We used 12 variables related to climate and landscape structure (i.e. composition and configuration) for testing causal models of plant invasion using Akaike's information criterion for path analyses.ResultsEmpirical evidence on how climatic conditions and landscape structure can cause plant invasion in subtropical grasslands was provided through six causal models validated with path analysis. The models indicated that increased water deficit, higher density of roads and losses in natural grassland cover caused an increment of invasive plant cover. Further, invasion differed between plots located in conserved vs not conserved landscapes, resulting in not conserved grasslands having a higher level of invasion. E. plana, a perennial grass from South Africa, was the most important invasive species in the grasslands, in terms of frequency and cover.ConclusionsOur results identified the general conditions that promote successful population growth of invasive plants in subtropical grasslands: water deficit, road density and land use, highlighting the effects of climate, landscape structure and human activity in the level of invasion across grassland types.
The uropygial gland of the Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus; Falconidae: Falconinae): histological and histochemical aspects
Authors: Chiale Maria Cecilia , Montalti Diego , Flamini M. Alicia , Barbeito Claudio G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe uropygial gland of Southern Caracara is composed of two lobes with a conical papilla and 21 tuft feathers. The RGM recorded for this species was 0.057%. The capsule surrounding the gland and the medial septum is composed of dense connective tissue and has elastic and reticular fibres. The epithelium of the adenomers can be divided into different strata: germinative, intermediate, secretory and degenerative stratum. The adenomers can be divided into three zones; from zone III, adenomers lead to secondary chambers that converge into a primary storage chamber. Histochemical techniques showed that the uropygial gland synthesizes different types of mucins and it was also positive to some lectins demonstrating the presence of a variety of glycoconjugates. The RGM in this species is smaller than that found for other Falconidae. These differences may be attributed to a negative allometric relationship. The general histological description is similar to other birds. The histochemistry and lectin histochemistry analysis showed a variety of glycoconjugates as part of the uropygial gland. Uropygial secretions have been proposed to have protective functions against bacteria and fungi. The presence of carbohydrate residues is linked to glycoconjugates with antimicrobial functions in many vertebrates associating our results with this species′ habits.
The activity of dung beetles increases foliar nutrient concentration in tropical seedlings
Authors: Santos‐Heredia Carolina , Andresen Ellen , del‐Val Ek , Zárate Diego A. , Nava Mendoza Maribel , Jaramillo Víctor J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDung beetles are extensively used as a focal taxon in tropical forests. Yet, information for most of their ecological functions comes from other systems. We present results from a field experiment in a tropical rain forest showing that dung beetle activity increases foliar phosphorus concentration in seedlings of the tree Brosimum lactescens. Our results open new lines of research to assess the multiple effects that dung beetles may have on rain forest plants.
Reservoir‐host amplification of disease impact in an endangered amphibian
Authors: Scheele Ben C. , Hunter David A. , Brannelly Laura A. , Skerratt Lee F. , Driscoll Don A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEmerging wildlife pathogens are an increasing threat to biodiversity. One of the most serious wildlife diseases is chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which has been documented in over 500 amphibian species. Amphibians vary greatly in their susceptibility to Bd; some species tolerate infection, whereas others experience rapid mortality. Reservoir hosts—species that carry infection while maintaining high abundance but are rarely killed by disease—can increase extinction risk in highly susceptible, sympatric species. However, whether reservoir hosts amplify Bd in declining amphibian species has not been examined. We investigated the role of reservoir hosts in the decline of the threatened northern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne pengilleyi) in an amphibian community in southeastern Australia. In the laboratory, we characterized the response of a potential reservoir host, the (nondeclining) common eastern froglet (Crinia signifera), to Bd infection. In the field, we conducted frog abundance surveys and Bd sampling for both P. pengilleyi and C. signifera. We built multinomial logistic regression models to test whether Crinia signifera and environmental factors were associated with P. pengilleyi decline. C. signifera was a reservoir host for Bd. In the laboratory, many individuals maintained intense infections (>1000 zoospore equivalents) over 12 weeks without mortality, and 79% of individuals sampled in the wild also carried infections. The presence of C. signifera at a site was strongly associated with increased Bd prevalence in sympatric P. pengilleyi. Consistent with disease amplification by a reservoir host, P. pengilleyi declined at sites with high C. signifera abundance. Our results suggest that when reservoir hosts are present, population declines of susceptible species may continue long after the initial emergence of Bd, highlighting an urgent need to assess extinction risk in remnant populations of other declined amphibian species.
The reactivity of the back revisited. Are there differences in reactivity in different parts of the back?
Authors: Björk Ann‐Kristin , Bruze Magnus , Engfeldt Malin , Nielsen Christel , Svedman Cecilia 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBackgroundIn the contact dermatitis literature, it is regularly stated that the patch test reactivity on various areas of the back differs, which might have a large impact on the reproducibility of patch testing.ObjectivesTo investigate the reproducibility of patch testing on the upper back with regard to the left as opposed to the right side, and the medial as opposed to the lateral part of the upper back. The reproducibility over time and with regard to the reactivity pattern was also investigated.MethodsThirty‐one subjects with contact allergy to the metals gold (n = 19) or nickel (n = 12) were patch tested with serial dilutions, in triplicate applications, on different locations on the upper back. The Friedman test was used for statistical calculations.ResultsNo significant differences in the reactivity of the back were found. In all gold‐allergic patients and 11 of 12 nickel‐allergic patients, the allergy could be reproduced with regard to previous patch testing, but the degree of reactivity differed.ConclusionsWhen a high level of standardization of the patch test technique with the same test system was used, there were no differences in patch test reactions and sites of application on the upper back.
Reappraisal of histopathology of cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa
Authors: Morimoto Ari , Chen Ko‐Ron 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundThere is controversy on whether lymphocytic thrombophilic arteritis (LTA) and macular arteritis (MA) are a different entity from cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (C‐PAN).ObjectiveTo evaluate the controversy on LTA/MA by examining the morphologic changes during the dynamic inflammatory process.Materials and methodsA clinical and histopathological investigation of 46 biopsy specimens from 21 histopathologically proven C‐PAN patients at our hospital was performed.ResultsMost of the biopsy findings revealed arteritis in the subacute and reparative stages. Coexistence of different stages was found in over half of the specimens. Two biopsy specimens consistent with LTA/MA showed coexisting histologically proven (subacute stage) C‐PAN in other lesions. Analyses of the longitudinal sections showed focal and segmental arteritis. Patients overall improved well with compression stockings, anti‐inflammatory agents, a prostaglandin analog and antiplatelet agents. Currently, three patients are medication free and only require compression stockings.ConclusionLTA/MA seems to be part of the spectrum of C‐PAN. The vasculitic lesions of C‐PAN are segmental and focal, and coexist in different stages. As the chronic stage of C‐PAN can be mistaken as LTA/MA, it is necessary to perform multiple biopsies, serial sections and analyses of longitudinal sections to confirm the main finding of vasculitis.
The Misty Grail: The Search for a Comprehensive Measure of Development and the Reasons for GDP Primacy
Authors: Felice Emanuele 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTRecent decades have seen a flurry of new indicators to measure economic progress, but none of them has succeeded in replacing GDP. This article seeks to explain this outcome and to contribute to the debate about composite indicators versus a dashboard approach. To this end, it reviews some of the most popular alternatives to GDP (the Human Development Index, the Genuine Progress Indicator, the Happy Planet Index, and an environmentally corrected GDP), focusing on their conceptual foundations rather than on their statistical consistency as most of the literature does. It is shown that most of these measures are theoretically inconsistent; the exception is the environmentally corrected GDP, but since this too has failed to replace GDP, inconsistency must be only one reason behind the limited use of alternative measures. The author argues that the main reason for GDP's primacy is that GDP is better suited to reflect the goals of capitalist market economies. This implies that constructing composite indicators as alternatives to GDP will be pointless as long as the current preference system has not changed to include environmental or social goals. The author also suggests that for this purpose a dashboard approach, which provides different social groups with intelligible quantitative instruments, may be preferable to the use of composite indicators.
Overcoming the Resource Curse: Reform and the Rentier State in Chile and Argentina, 1973–2000
Authors: Haslam Paul Alexander 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThis article examines the possibility of overcoming the resource curse through case studies of the appropriation and use of mining rents derived from public–private joint ventures in Argentina and Chile in the period 1973–2000. In particular, it examines how two similar cases of sectoral liberalization resulted in divergent outcomes: the deployment of rent‐appropriation strategies around multinational corporations in Argentina and an innovative and productivist approach based on joint ventures with foreign capital in Chile. The article argues that while the liberalization of the sector created similar opportunities for appropriating rents in both countries, the existence of strong civil society pressures in Chile constrained rent‐appropriation and waste by the state, in comparison to the absence of such pressures in Argentina.
Dyslipidaemia and its treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: A joint analysis of the German DIVE and DPV registries
Authors: Bramlage Peter , Lanzinger Stefanie , Rathmann Wolfgang , Gillessen Anton , Scheper Nikolaus , Schmid Sebastian M. , Kaltheuner Matthias , Seufert Jochen , Danne Thomas , Holl Reinhard W. 
Published: September 2016

AimsTo compare lipid abnormalities in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to assess the effect of treatment.Materials and methodsWe combined data from the German DIVE (DIabetes Versorgungs‐Evaluation) and DPV (Diabetes‐Patienten‐Verlaufsdokumentation) databases to produce a large cohort of people with T2DM. The characteristics of people receiving and not receiving lipid‐modifying therapy (LMT) were compared, including demographics, cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and comorbidities. Lipid profiles were evaluated, and the achievement of recommended LDL cholesterol and non‐HDL cholesterol targets was assessed. The effect on lipid levels in subgroups of patients aged ≥60 years, being obese or with CV disease was also investigated.ResultsA total of 363 949 people were included in the analysis. Of these, only 97 160 (26.7%) were receiving LMT. These individuals were older than those not receiving LMT, and comorbidities were more prevalent. Statins were the most commonly used agents (84.2%), with ezetimibe, fibrates and nicotinic acid taken by a small proportion of people. The median LDL cholesterol level was lower for the LMT group (100.5 vs 114.0 mg/dL;
P
< .001), as was the non‐HDL cholesterol level (131.0 vs 143.1 mg/dL;
P
< .001), while the triglyceride level was higher (160.3 vs 152.0 mg/dL;
P
< .001). HDL cholesterol was lower in the LMT group for both men (41.0 vs 42.0 mg/dL;
P
< .001) and women (47.5 vs 48.0 mg/dL;
P
< .001). Elderly people were more likely to have achieved the target lipid levels, while obese people were less likely. For people with CV disease, there was a greater likelihood of achieving LDL, total and non‐HDL cholesterol targets, but less chance of attaining a desired HDL cholesterol level.ConclusionsDyslipidaemia was highly prevalent in this large population and management of lipid abnormalities was suboptimal. The distinct lipid profile of people with T2DM warrants further investigation into the use of non‐statins in addition to statin LMT.
Employment adjustment in the global crisis
Authors: Telegdy Álmos 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper analyzes the employment adjustment of domestic, foreign and state‐owned companies before and during the global crisis. Using Hungarian firm‐level data for the period between 2006 and 2012 and matching foreign and state‐owned firms to domestic enterprises by industry and employment, it finds that the net job creation rate is similar in domestic and state‐owned firms while it is larger by 3.5 percent in foreign‐owned enterprises before the crisis. Domestic and foreign‐owned firms react to the crisis in very similar fashion by dropping net job creation by about 4 percentage points. Contrary to this behaviour, state‐owned enterprises do not decrease net job creation in some, and increase it by 3.5‐6 percent in other regressions.
Temperature‐ and light‐dependent ratio of energy gain to metabolic costs explains spatial and temporal habitat use of zooplanktivorous fish
Authors: Beier Ulrika 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the forces that drive habitat selection of species in communities is important in both ecology and evolution. In nature, species face variation in competition, predation and physical characters among habitats. Vendace (Coregonus albula(L.)) is a specialised zooplanktivorous fish predominantly using deeper water in lakes during summer, while roach (Rutilus rutilus(L.)) uses mainly the shallow littoral zone as well as the upper layer of the pelagic zone. To understand mechanisms behind habitat use of these species, I first conducted a predation experiment to investigate their sensitivity to predation by perch (Perca fluviatilisL.). Second, I performed a foraging experiment using different temperature and light treatments. I then used metabolic calculations to estimate energetic costs when foraging. I found no difference between species regarding sensitivity to predation. Vendace was the most efficient forager on zooplankton but also swam faster spending more energy compared to roach. Roach had a comparatively high metabolic rate in the lowest temperature, where their foraging efficiency was lowest. The energy gain ratio at 6°C was highest for vendace, while it was lowest for roach. In the highest temperature (18°C) and the lowest light level (1 lux), both species were similar in their energy gain ratio. The relative energy gain ratio provides a mechanism to explain habitat distribution for the two species. An increased understanding of the role of metabolism in combination with biotic interactions and habitat use may help to foresee effects of environmental change for different species.