bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kant's Criticism of Common Moral Rational Cognition
Authors: Sticker Martin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThere is a consensus that Kant's aim in the Groundwork is to clarify, systematize and vindicate the common conception of morality. Philosophical theory hence serves a restorative function. It can strengthen agents' motivation, protect against self‐deception and correct misunderstandings produced by uncritical moral theory. In this paper, I argue that Kant also corrects the common perspective and that Kant's Groundwork shows in which senses the common perspective, even considered apart from its propensity to self‐deception and without being influenced by misleading theory, is deficient. Critical practical philosophy needs to set right agents about the stringency of some of their duties, and agents need to be made aware that they have certain other duties. I discuss how Kant corrects the common agent's notion of the stringency of the duty to not make false promises and how Kant corrects the common agent's notion of duties to self. I finally discuss how his critical practical philosophy can become popular and achieve the correction of the common perspective. I stress the role of education informed by philosophical theory for this and contrast it with so called ‘popular philosophy’.
Scope of improvement in water usage efficiency in manual dishwashing: A multicountry study by questionnaire survey
Authors: Maitra Writi , Belke Lara , Stamminger Rainer , Nijhuis Bert , Presti Clara 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOver recent decades, water conservation have become increasingly an utmost important issue for debate, and this includes the domestic sector. Reducing demand water by improving the efficiency of water use in domestic sector requires an understanding of how water is used and in what ways water savings can be realized. The focus of this global, web‐based, consumer questionnaire survey was to analyze individual consumer attitudes towards using water in manual dishwashing and understand the likelihood of a prospect of changing the daily manual dishwashing method resulting to a more efficient domestic usage of water. This study was designed to investigate the manual dishwashing technique used in the 5249 households of nine different countries ‐ China, Germany, Italy, Russia, Indonesia, Brazil, India, South Africa and Argentina.Besides socio‐demographics, technical questions like cleaning steps, hygiene questions motivational question, environmental awareness questions, questions on payment for water and electricity, questions on information sources about household work were included in the study. It was found that the awareness to conserve water was common among the Asian participants but it necessarily was not practiced in the households as individual washing of dishes was found to be quite high. Among the many outcomes, important one was that ‘running tap method’ was found to be most prevalent (86%) among Russian participants, complimenting their detached approach towards conserving domestic water usage. In South American countries like Brazil (66%) and Argentina (51%), high occurrence of ‘running tap rinse’ was found to be a common practice, confirming the lack of conscious use of water in manual dishwashing in the subcontinent. Based on the overall responses, awareness of a new and efficient technique of manual dishwashing could be propagated through the most voted mediums of Internet (81%) and TV (69%).
Using photo interviews to explore children's food preferences
Authors: Alm Siril , Olsen Svein Ottar 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis methodological paper elaborates on the pitfalls and potentials for using participatory photo interviews that explore children's experiences with food. It aims to show how participatory photo interviews can give a deeper understanding of children's food preferences. Such knowledge will be useful to other researchers who wish to apply the method in social studies involving children and food. We studied 12 families comprising seven‐ and eight‐year‐old children and their parents to illustrate how this method can be used to identify and understand children's food preferences. The children took photographs over a one‐week period while eating family dinners at home and grocery shopping with their parents. The photos were then used to elicit information during separate in‐depth interviews. Qualitative data analysis software (NVivo 10) was used to content analyse the data. We found that participant photo interviews were a useful method for helping children to remember and describe the sensory, cognitive and affective situational associations of their meals. This approach helped to explore interesting aspects of children's preferences such as their response to raw vegetables, the importance of controlling and choosing meal ingredients and ambivalent food preferences. We discuss parental involvement during data collection as it represents one of the methodological pitfalls. Another limitation is the risk of sensitive information to be breached. We conclude that participatory photo interviews have potential for future food research involving children and may provide information difficult to elicit using other methods.
Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of procyanidins extracted from laurel wood against a selection of foodborne microorganisms
Authors: Alejo‐Armijo Alfonso , Glibota Nicolás , Frías María P. , Altarejos Joaquín , Gálvez Antonio , Ortega‐Morente Elena , Salido Sofía 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThis study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of two procyanidins isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of laurel wood against a selection of foodborne pathogens. The analysis of the extract by HPLC–DAD/ESI–MS allowed us to detect the presence of two procyanidins, which were selectively isolated and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic means as cinnamtannin B‐1 (1) and procyanidin B‐2 (2). Procyanidins 1 and 2 exhibited two biological activities: inhibition of bacterial growth at high concentrations and prevention of biofilm formation at lower concentrations. Synergistic effect was also detected when both compounds were tested in combination against Listeria monocytogenes. Significant effects were also detected on disruption of preformed biofilm. The ability of procyanidins to inhibit microbial growth and biofilm formation and to synergistically work with each other may stimulate a market as natural food preservatives, and/or natural sanitisers for processing equipment where foodborne pathogens reside.
Characterisation of curcumin‐loaded proliposomes produced by coating of micronised sucrose and hydration of phospholipid powders to obtain multilamellar liposomes
Authors: Silva Guilherme S. , Jange Camila G. , Rocha Juliana S.S. , Chaves Matheus A. , Pinho Samantha C. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThe objective of this study was to obtain and characterise curcumin‐loaded proliposomes by the method of coating of micronised sucrose. Proliposomes incorporating curcumin were characterised in terms of coating, morphology, crystallinity, solubility and water sorption. The powders showed a good capacity to preserve curcumin, as after 60 days of storage about 80% of the initial amount of curcumin was preserved. The water adsorption on the proliposomes was very low, as was the hygroscopicity (3.4%). The evaluation of the capacity of the multilamellar liposomes produced by the hydration of phospholipid powders to preserve encapsulated curcumin was assessed. Liposome dispersions were produced with different thickeners, and the best results of average size (around 800 nm) and curcumin preservation (72% after 30 days of storage) were obtained with xanthan gum and guar gum. These results evidenced the coating of micronised sucrose is a promising technique to produce liposomes to be incorporated into food.
Structure and phase behaviour of microcrystalline cellulose in mixture with condensed systems of potato starch
Authors: Chuang Lillian , Panyoyai Naksit , Shanks Robert , Kasapis Stefan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIt has been suggested that microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) can be used in biodegradable films to improve techno‐functionality by providing bulk and enhancing mechanical strength. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MCC addition on the structural properties of potato starch films. Samples were prepared by hot pressing at 120 °C for 7 min to produce systems that covered a broad range of moisture content and relative humidity. Complimentary experimental techniques, including thermomechanical analysis, FTIR, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and SEM, were employed to examine the micro‐ and macromolecular characteristics in these mixtures. Both moisture content and the presence of MCC have a plasticising effect on the composites yielding a reduction in its glass transition temperature. It appears that there is no specific and nontrivial interaction between potato starch and MCC, an outcome which indicates that the cellulose fibres act as inert filler in the polymeric composite.
20‐hydroxyecdysone enhances the expression of the chitinase 5 via Broad‐Complex Zinc‐Finger 4 during metamorphosis in silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Zhang X. , Zheng S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractInsect chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes required for the degradation of chitin. They are essential for insect moulting and metamorphosis. In this study, the regulation mechanism of a chitinase gene, Bombyx mori chitinase 5 (BmCHT5), was studied. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR) analysis showed that BmCHT5 was up‐regulated during the larval–larval and larval–pupa transitions and notably induced by 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E). Analysis of the BmCHT5 promoter revealed the presence of one Bombyx mori Broad‐Complex Zinc‐Finger Isoform 4 (BR‐C Z4), two BR‐C Z2 and two ecdysone‐induced protein 74A (E74A) cis‐regulatory elements (CREs) that are related to 20E. qRT‐PCR showed that the expression of both BmBR‐C Z4 and BmBR‐C Z2 during metamorphosis, and when induced by 20E, was anastomotic with the variations in BmCHT5 mRNA level. In contrast, BmE74A did not follow this trend. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay did not retrieve a binding partner for the two BR‐C Z2 CREs in the BmN cell line nuclear extract, whereas BR‐C Z4 CRE specifically bound to BmBR‐C Z4. Besides, luciferase activity analysis confirmed that BmBR‐C Z4 could enhance the activity of the BmCHT5 promoter with BR‐C Z4 CRE and could not enhance the promoter activity by mutating BR‐C Z4 CRE. Taken together, these data suggest that the transcription factor BmBR‐C Z4 enhances the expression of BmCHT5 during metamorphosis.
NLRP3 inflammasome mediates interleukin‐1β production in immune cells in response to Acinetobacter baumannii and contributes to pulmonary inflammation in mice
Authors: Kang Min‐Jung , Jo Sung‐Gang , Kim Dong‐Jae , Park Jong‐Hwan 
Published: December 2016

SummaryAcinetobacter baumannii is a multi‐drug resistant, Gram‐negative bacteria and infection with this organism is one of the major causes of mortality in intensive care units. Inflammasomes are multiprotein oligomers that include caspase‐1, and their activation is required for maturation of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). Inflammasome signalling is involved in host defences against various microbial infections, but the precise mechanism by which A. baumannii activates inflammasomes and the roles of relevant signals in host defence against pulmonary A. baumannii infection are unknown. Our results showed that NLRP3, ASC and caspase‐1, but not NLRC4, are required for A. baumannii‐induced production of IL‐1β in macrophages. An inhibitor assay revealed that various pathways, including P2X7R, K+ efflux, reactive oxygen species production and release of cathepsins, are involved in IL‐1β production in macrophages in response to A. baumannii. Interleukin‐1β production in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was impaired in NLRP3‐deficient and caspase‐1/11‐deficient mice infected with A. baumannii, compared with that in wild‐type (WT) mice. However, the bacterial loads in BAL fluid and lungs were comparable between WT and NLRP3‐deficient or caspase‐1/11‐deficient mice. The severity of lung pathology was reduced in NLRP3‐ deficient, caspase‐1/11‐ deficient and IL‐1‐receptor‐deficient mice, although the recruitment of immune cells and production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were not altered in these mice. These findings indicate that A. baumannii leads to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, which mediates IL‐1β production and lung pathology.
Aboriginal impacts on fire and vegetation on a Tasmanian island
Authors: McWethy D. B. , Haberle S. G. , Hopf F. , Bowman D. M. J. S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimTo evaluate the influence of climate and Aboriginal landscape management on Holocene vegetation and fire activity.LocationFlinders Island, Bass Strait, Tasmania where archaeological data document extended periods of human presence and absence over the past 12,000 years.MethodsWe evaluated climate–human–fire interactions through high‐resolution pollen, charcoal and geochemical analyses of sediment cores from two wetland sites. Proxies for environmental change are qualitatively compared with archaeological data documenting Aboriginal occupation and later abandonment during the mid‐Holocene.ResultsWarm and dry conditions of the early Holocene combined with anthropogenic ignitions promoted frequent fires that sustained highly fire‐tolerant Eucalyptus savanna. During the mid‐Holocene, when both temperatures and precipitation reached Holocene maxima, archaeological data suggest Aboriginal populations abandoned Flinders Island. At this time, Eucalyptus savanna was replaced by Casuarinaceae and broadleaf forests and fire activity decreased. The late Holocene was marked by a transition to increased incidence of intense fires that was associated with a shift from Casuarinaceae forests to xerophytic scrub dominated by Callitris rhomboidea, a conifer that is sensitive to frequent fires but regenerates well following infrequent fires.Main conclusionsPalaeoenvironmental analyses from Flinders Island document significant shifts in fire regimes and vegetation types through the Holocene. In the early Holocene, Aboriginal landscape management played a key role in maintaining open Eucalyptus savanna, a prime habitat for marsupial prey species. Increasing aridity and strengthening of the El Niño Southern Oscillation climate mode during the mid to late Holocene contributed to the cessation of permanent human occupation and concomitant reduction of ignitions. Infrequent fire activity led to the dominance of xerophytes, especially Callitris, a genus adapted to drought and infrequent high‐severity fires. This study highlights how climate change affects the persistence of human populations on islands and the capacity of human‐set fires to create savanna habitats.
Serum lipids modify periodontal infection – interleukin‐6 association
Authors: Haro Anniina , Saxlin Tuomas , Suominen Anna Liisa , Jula Antti , Knuuttila Matti , Ylöstalo Pekka 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to investigate whether the systemic response against a local inflammatory process in periodontium is dependent on the individual's serum lipid composition.Material and methodsThis study was based on a subpopulation of the Health 2000 Survey that included 878 subjects who were aged between 45 and 64 years, dentate, non‐diabetic and non‐rheumatic. The inflammatory condition of periodontium was measured by means of the number of teeth with deepened (4 mm or deeper) periodontal pockets. Systemic inflammation was assessed by means of the serum levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). The association between an inflammatory condition in the periodontium and the systemic inflammatory response was analysed using linear regression models.ResultsThe number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets was associated with elevated serum IL‐6 levels among subjects with an unfavourable lipid composition (low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥3.7 mmol/l or high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.3 mmol/l). There was no association between serum TNF‐α levels and the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets in these data.ConclusionThe systemic response against the inflammatory condition of periodontium varied between individuals. The variation appeared to be dependent on the serum lipid composition or related factors.
Adjunctive efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of experimental peri‐implant mucositis with mechanical and photodynamic therapy: a randomized, cross‐over clinical trial
Authors: Mongardini Claudio , Pilloni Andrea , Farina Roberto , Di Tanna Gianluca , Zeza Blerina 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimTo evaluate the adjunctive clinical efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis (p‐iM) with professionally administered plaque removal (PAPR) and photodynamic therapy (PDT).Materials and methodsFollowing p‐iM induction, patients underwent PAPR + PDT and were randomly assigned to receive the professional and home‐based administration of probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis) (test treatment) or placebo preparation (control treatment) according to a cross‐over design. Clinical parameters were assessed at six sites for each implant before as well as at 2 and 6 weeks after professional treatment administration.ResultsTwenty patients contributing one dental implant each were included. Immediately before treatment and at 6 weeks, the median number of sites with bleeding on probing (BoP+) sites per implant unit was 4 (3–6) and 2 (0–2) (p < 0.001), respectively, for test treatment, and 3.5 (2–4) and 2 (0–3) (p = 0.03), respectively, for control treatment. No significant difference in clinical outcomes was observed between treatment groups.ConclusionThe combination of PAPR and PDT either alone or associated with probiotics determined a significant reduction in the number of BoP+ sites at 2 and 6 weeks around implants with p‐iM. The adjunctive use of probiotics did not significantly enhance the clinical outcomes of PAPR + PDT.
Estimating Corporate Carbon Footprints with Externally Available Data
Authors: Goldhammer Bernhard , Busse Christian , Busch Timo 
Published: December 2016

SummaryCorporate carbon footprints (CCFs) are a core tool in greenhouse gas emissions reporting. Established approaches for CCF calculation are based on an internal perspective that requires detailed corporate information. However, many firms do not publish information about their emissions. We seek to close this data gap by estimating scope 1 and 2 CCFs from an external perspective. The study uses a regression analysis approach, using actual firm‐internally computed CCFs to assess their degree of predictability from the outside. Data were collected from 93 European companies belonging to the chemicals, construction and engineering, and industrial machinery sectors. As predictors, we use five measures that are computed with publicly available corporate data: firm size; level of vertical integration; capital intensity; centrality of production; and carbon intensity of the national energy mix. The analysis shows that significant explanatory power for the CCF can be observed for size, capital intensity, and centrality of production. The best estimation results are achieved when data from different sectors are integrated into a comprehensive all‐sector model, while accounting for sector‐specific emission intensities by means of dummy variables. With an adjusted R² value of 0.817, the proposed procedure estimates CCFs in an accurate, yet also efficient, manner. Moreover, the study enhances trust in the current CCF calculation practices by showing that their results are plausible from a third‐party perspective.
Action learning: an effective way to improve cancer‐related pain management
Authors: Kasasbeh Mohammed Ali Mohammed , McCabe Catherine , Payne Sheila 
Published: December 2016

Aims and ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of action learning for improving cancer related pain management in the acute healthcare settings.BackgroundDespite the prevalent use of action learning in private, public, clinical and non‐clinical settings, no studies were found in the literature that either examined cancer pain management or used action learning as an approach to improve patient care in acute healthcare settings.MethodsAn intervention pre – posttest design was adopted using an action learning programme (ALPs) as the intervention. Healthcare professionals' knowledge, attitudes and practice were assessed and evaluated before and after the implementation of the six‐month ALPs. A pre and post audit and survey were conducted for data collection. The data were collected from the entire population of 170 healthcare professionals in one healthcare organisation.ResultsThe management of cancer related pain improved significantly following the intervention. Significant improvement were also seen in healthcare professionals' knowledge, attitudes with improved cancer related pain management as a consequence of this.ConclusionDespite many organisational challenges to practice development and collaborative working in healthcare settings there is evidence that action learning can achieve positive outcomes for improving CRP and supporting collaborative working.Relevance to clinical practiceAction learning needs to be considered as a strategy for achieving high quality standards.
Sensitivity to Fludioxonil of Botrytis cinerea Isolates from Tomato in Henan Province of China and Characterizations of Fludioxonil‐resistant Mutants
Authors: Liu Shengming , Hai Fei , Jiang Jia 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGrey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr., is one of the most common diseases of tomato worldwide. Fludioxonil belongs to the phenylpyrrole fungicides, which have high activity against B. cinerea. The sensitivity of fludioxonil was evaluated on the basis of the level of inhibition of mycelium growth in 274 B. cinerea isolates collected from different locations (untreated with this fungicide) in Henan Province, China. The EC50 values for fludioxonil ranged from 0.0033 to 0.0415 mg/l, and the average EC50 values were 0.0156 ± 0.0078 mg/l. Three fludioxonil‐resistant mutants were obtained by subculturing fludioxonil‐sensitive wild‐type isolates on continuously increasing fludioxonil concentrations. For the cross‐resistance assay, fludioxonil revealed positive cross‐resistance with procymidone but did not reveal cross‐resistance with pyrimethanil, boscalid and trifloxystrobin. Mycelial growth, conidial production, hyphal dry weight and pathogenicity were diminished significantly between the fludioxonil‐resistant mutants and their sensitive wild‐type parental isolates. This study shows for the first time that fludioxonil‐resistant isolates of B. cinerea are still not present in Henan Province because this fungicide is an attractive and effective fungicide for chemical control. Recommendations can be made to growers to use fludioxonil to control grey mould and to consider the potential moderate resistance risk of using this fungicide.