bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longer and heavier road freight vehicles in Sweden
Authors: Pålsson Henrik , Winslott Hiselius Lena , Wandel Sten , Khan Jamil , Adell Emeli 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
The Swedish government is likely to implement longer and heavier road freight vehicles, so-called high-capacity vehicles (HCVs), in the near future. The purpose of this paper is to analysis the expected effects on the whole transport system regarding tonne-kilometres, vehicle-kilometres on road, CO2 and socio-economics with three possible implementation strategies (HCVs on all roads, a designated road network and a designated road network with a kilometre-based truck charge) and two vehicle types (74 t/25.25 m and 74 t/34 m).

Design/methodology/approach
Calculations are based on two well-established scenarios for transport development in Sweden. Changes per tonne-kilometre are modelled for ten product groups with considerations taken to their transport networks. Socio-economic effects are analysed using the net present value rating method over a 40-year period.

Findings
The study shows the increase in demand for transport and the modal shift, from rail and sea to road, in terms of tonne-kilometres, vehicle-kilometres and CO2 emissions for three implementation strategies of HCVs in two scenarios. All implementation strategies show a positive social net-benefit with the introduction of HCVs.

Research limitations/implications
The results reveal potential benefits to the implementation of HCVs. The results are limited by possible over/under-estimations of effects considered in the calculations, due to uncertainties and assumptions.

Practical implications
The results highlight expected levels of modal shift and induced transport for different HCV implementation strategies and how they depend on transport and climate policies and the expected growth of tonne-kilometres.

Originality/value
The calculations consider socio-economic effects, particularly from increased CO2 emissions due to modal shift and induced traffic, which is lacking in previous studies. To balance conflicting economic and environmental goals, the findings indicate that the implementation of HCVs could be accompanied by other policy measures. The findings are based on the Swedish context, but the model can be adapted to other countries or regions and to study other freight transport reforms.
Compensation of top brass, corporate governance and performance of the Indian family firms – an empirical study
Authors: Saravanan Palanisamy , Srikanth Maram , Avabruth Suhas M. 
Published: June 2017

PurposeThe objective of this study is to understand the linkages among executive compensation, corporate governance and performance of the Indian family and non-family firms. Further, the study also analyzes the level of shareholding pattern of the Indian family firms on their performance and the executive compensation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have collected panel data of the companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India Limited. The data set consists of 284 companies (both family and non-family) for the period 2005–2014. The authors have made use of a dynamic panel data model with generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation to formulate the hypotheses and used fixed-effects regression model to check the robustness of our findings.FindingsThe authors find support for the agency theory, stewardship theory and resource dependence theory in the paper. Specifically, variables related to executive compensation, corporate governance (board size, proportion of independent directors on board, chief executive officers duality and other directorships held by the executive directors outside the company), firm performance (Tobin’s Q), leverage and shareholding pattern of the family are significant in this study.Practical implicationsThe study has practical implications for all stakeholders of the family and non-family firms, especially in the emerging market economies. It can be used as a reference guide by various other stakeholders of the family firms,viz.,customers, educators, tax authorities, government and society.Originality/valueThe authors confirm that their research is original and provides valuable insights on the Indian family firms. The authors study cross-holding of directorships, inter alia, in the Indian family business groups. As most of the previous studies in the Indian context ignored this important aspect, this study is unique in nature.
CSR and turnover intentions: examining the underlying psychological mechanisms
Authors: Chaudhary Richa 
Published: June 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of employees’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) perceptions on their turnover intentions. It strives to understand the underlying psychological mechanisms by proposing and testing mediation and moderation hypotheses. Specifically, employee engagement was examined as mediator and gender, belief in the importance of CSR and CSR awareness were examined as moderators of the proposed relationship between CSR and turnover intentions.Design/methodology/approachThe target population for the study consisted of junior, middle and senior business professionals from both public and private sector manufacturing and service firms operating in India. The data were collected with the help of self-administered questionnaires via both personal visits to the organizations and internet-based questionnaire. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses.FindingsThe study results suggest a significant influence of employees’ CSR perceptions on their turnover intentions. Additionally, the study delineates the role of employee engagement in understanding the potential of a firm’s involvement in CSR activities in influencing employee attitudes and behaviour at work. Interestingly, significant gender variations were observed in the proposed set of relationships. Belief in the importance of CSR and CSR awareness were also found to significantly moderate the relationship between CSR and turnover intentions.Practical implicationsBy providing persuasive evidence on tangible business benefits of CSR initiatives, this study addresses the concerns of corporate managers to prove the business potential and value engendered by their CSR efforts.Originality/valueThe study makes a novel contribution by not only examining the direct association between the CSR and turnover intentions, but also by going a step ahead to unfurl the underlying psychological mechanisms for better understanding of the relationships.
Flexibility in the duration of parental care: Female leopards prioritise cub survival over reproductive output
Authors: Balme Guy A. , Robinson Hugh S. , Pitman Ross T. , Hunter Luke T. B. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Deciding when to terminate care of offspring is a key consideration for parents. Prolonging care may increase fitness of current offspring, but it can also reduce opportunities for future reproduction. Despite its evolutionary importance, few studies have explored the optimal duration of parental care, particularly among large carnivores.

We used a 40‐year dataset to assess the trade‐offs associated with the length of maternal care in leopards in the Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa. We compared the costs imposed by care on the survival and residual reproductive value of leopard mothers against the benefits derived from maternal care in terms of increased offspring survival, recruitment and reproduction. We also examined the demographic and ecological factors affecting the duration of care in the light of five explanatory hypotheses: litter size, sex allocation, resource limitation, timing of independence and terminal investment.

Duration of care exhibited by female leopards varied markedly, from 9 to 35 months. Mothers did not appear to suffer any short‐ or long‐term survival costs from caring for cubs, but extending care reduced the number of litters that mothers could produce during their lifetimes. Interestingly, the duration of care did not appear to affect the post‐independence survival or reproductive success of offspring (although it may have indirectly affected offspring survival by influencing dispersal distance). However, results from generalised linear mixed models showed that mothers prolonged care during periods of prey scarcity, supporting the resource limitation hypothesis. Female leopards also cared for sons longer than daughters, in line with the sex‐allocation hypothesis.

Cub survival is an important determinant of the lifetime reproductive success in leopards. By buffering offspring against environmental perturbation without jeopardising their own survivorship, female leopards apparently “hedge their bets” with current offspring rather than gamble on future offspring which have a small probability of surviving.

In many species, parents put their own needs before that of their offspring. Leopard mothers appear sensitive to their offspring's demands, and adjust levels of care accordingly.
Lianas reduce community‐level canopy tree reproduction in a Panamanian forest
Authors: García León María M. , Martínez Izquierdo Laura , Mello Felipe Nery Arantes , Powers Jennifer S. , Schnitzer Stefan A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLianas are a key component of tropical forests, where they compete intensely with trees, reducing tree recruitment, growth and survival. One of the most important potential outcomes of liana competition is the reduction of tree reproduction; however, no previous study has experimentally determined the effects of lianas on tree reproduction beyond a single tree species.We used a large‐scale liana removal experiment to quantify the effect of lianas on community‐level canopy and understorey tree and palm reproduction. In 2011, we removed lianas from eight 6,400‐m2plots (eight plots served as controls) and surveyed understorey tree reproduction in 2012, canopy tree and palm reproduction in 2013, and a second census of all plants in 2016.We found that lianas significantly reduced canopy tree community flowering and fruiting after liana removal. Two years after liana removal, the number of canopy trees with fruits was 173% higher, fruiting individuals had 50% more of their canopy covered by fruits and the number of tree species with fruits was 169% higher than in control plots where lianas were present. Five years after liana removal, the number of canopy trees with fruits was 150% higher, fruiting individuals had 31% more of their canopy covered by fruits and the number of tree species with fruits was 109% higher than in unmanipulated control plots.Liana removal had only a slight positive effect on palms and on understorey tree flower and fruit production, even though understorey light levels had increased 20% following liana cutting.Synthesis. Our findings provide the first experimental demonstration that competition from lianas significantly reduces community‐level canopy tree reproduction. Reduced reproduction increases canopy tree seed and dispersal limitations, and may interfere with deterministic mechanisms thought to maintain tropical canopy tree species diversity, as well as reduce food availability to many animal species. Because lianas are increasing in abundance in many neotropical forests, the effects of lianas on tree reproduction will likely increase, and if the effects of lianas on tree reproduction vary with tree species identity, lianas ultimately could have a destabilizing effect on both tree and animal population dynamics.
Accuracy of combinations of visual inspection using acetic acid or lugol iodine to detect cervical precancer: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Catarino R , Schäfer S , Vassilakos P , Petignat P , Arbyn M 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundVisual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) or with Lugol's iodine (VILI) have been evaluated for cervical cancer screening in developing countries.ObjectivesTo assess the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of visual methods to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+ (CIN2+) using: (1) VIA alone; (2) VILI alone; (3) co‐testing; and (4) VILI as a triage test of a positive VIA result.Search strategyPubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched up to May 2016.Selection criteriaAll reports on the accuracy of VIA and VILI, or combinations of VIA/VILI, to detect CIN2+ were identified. Histology and colposcopy when no biopsy was taken were used as the reference standard.Data collection and analysisSelected studies were scored on methodological quality, and sensitivity and specificity were computed. Clinical utility was assessed from the positive predictive value (PPV) and the complement of the negative predictive value (cNPV).Main resultsWe included 23 studies comprising 101 273 women. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of VILI was 88 and 86%, respectively. VILI was more sensitive, but not less specific, compared with VIA (relative sensitivity = 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 1.06–1.16; relative specificity = 0.98; 95% CI 0.95–1.01). Co‐testing was hardly more sensitive, but significantly less specific, than VILI alone. VILI to triage VIA‐POSITIVE women was not less sensitive, but more specific, compared with VIA alone (relative sensitivity = 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–1.01; relative specificity = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.05). The average PPVs were low (range 11–16%), whereas the cNPV varied between 0.3% (VILI, co‐testing) and 0.6% (triage).ConclusionsAlthough imperfect, VILI alone appeared to be the most useful visual screening strategy.Tweetable abstractVILI alone seems to be the most useful visual screening test for cervical cancer screening.
Smartphone and Tablet Applications for Crime Scene Investigation: State of the Art, Typology, and Assessment Criteria
Authors: Baechler Simon , Gélinas Anthony , Tremblay Rémy , Lu Karely , Crispino Frank 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe use of applications on mobile devices is gradually becoming a new norm in everyday life, and crime scene investigation is unlikely to escape this reality. The article assesses the current state of research and practices by means of literature reviews, semistructured interviews, and a survey conducted among crime scene investigators from Canada and Switzerland. Attempts at finding a particular strategy to guide the development, usage, and evaluation of applications that can assist crime scene investigation prove to be rather challenging. Therefore, the article proposes a typology for these applications, as well as criteria for evaluating their relevance, reliability, and answer to operational requirements. The study of five applications illustrates the evaluation process. Far away from the revolution announced by some stakeholders, it is required to pursue scientific and pragmatic research to set the theoretical foundations that will allow a significant contribution of applications to crime scene investigation.
Fingerprint Change: Not Visible, But Tangible
Authors: Negri Francesca V. , De Giorgi Annamaria , Bozzetti Cecilia , Squadrilli Anna , Petronini Pier Giorgio , Leonardi Francesco , Bisogno Luigi , Garofano Luciano 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHand–foot syndrome, a chemotherapy‐induced cutaneous toxicity, can cause an alteration in fingerprints causing a setback for cancer patients due to the occurrence of false rejections. A colon cancer patient was fingerprinted after not having been able to use fingerprint recognition devices after 6 months of adjuvant chemotherapy. The fingerprint images were digitally processed to improve fingerprint definition without altering the papillary design. No evidence of skin toxicity was present. Two months later, the situation returned to normal. The fingerprint evaluation conducted on 15 identification points highlighted the quantitative and qualitative fingerprint alteration details detected after the end of chemotherapy and 2 months later. Fingerprint alteration during chemotherapy has been reported, but to our knowledge, this particular case is the first ever reported without evident clinical signs. Alternative fingerprint identification methods as well as improved biometric identification systems are needed in case of unexpected situations.
Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy‐Dispersive X‐Ray (SEM/EDX): A Rapid Diagnostic Tool to Aid the Identification of Burnt Bone and Contested Cremains
Authors: Ellingham Sarah T. D. , Thompson Tim J. U. , Islam Meez 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study investigates the use of Scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray (SEM‐EDX) as a diagnostic tool for the determination of the osseous origin of samples subjected to different temperatures. Sheep (Ovis aries) ribs of two experimental groups (fleshed and defleshed) were burned at temperatures of between 100°C and 1100°C in 100°C increments and subsequently analyzed with theSEM‐EDXto determine the atomic percentage of present elements. Three‐factorANOVAanalysis showed that neither the exposure temperature, nor whether the burning occurred with or without soft tissue present had any significant influence on the bone's overall elemental makeup (p > 0.05). The Ca/P ratio remained in the osseous typical range of between 1.6 and 2.58 in all analyzed samples. This demonstrates that even faced with high temperatures, the overall gross elemental content and atomic percentage of elements in bone remain stable, creating a unique “fingerprint” for osseous material, even after exposure to extreme conditions.
Predischarge Injectable Versus Oral Naltrexone to Improve Postdischarge Treatment Engagement Among Hospitalized Veterans with Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Pilot Proof‐of‐Concept Study
Authors: Busch Angela Christina , Denduluri Meenakshi , Glass Joseph , Hetzel Scott , Gugnani Shalu P. , Gassman Michele , Krahn Dean , Deyo Brienna , Brown Randall 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundInjectable naltrexone for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) has been efficacious in several studies. It has not been (i) compared head‐to‐head with oral naltrexone or (ii) examined in the hospital setting as an intervention that might facilitate treatment attendance after hospital discharge.MethodsFifty‐four hospitalized veterans identified as having DSM‐IV‐TR alcohol dependence were randomized to receive (i) a 50 mg oral naltrexone plus a 30‐day prescription or (ii) a 380 mg intramuscular naltrexone injection prior to discharge. Of 113 veteran inpatients deemed eligible based on screening criteria, 54 met final eligibility criteria and were enrolled and randomized. Baseline data included demographics, alcohol consumption, and comorbidity. Measures of treatment initiation and engagement and alcohol consumption were reassessed at 14‐ and 45‐day follow‐ups.ResultsThirty‐five participants (64.8%) completed the entire study protocol (received a study medication and completed 14‐ and 45‐day follow‐ups). Among those who received a study medication (n = 45), 77.8% completed all follow‐up interviews. This pilot study was not designed to have sufficient statistical power for hypothesis testing, and thus, as expected, there were no significant differences between groups in medication adherence (self‐report of >80% of daily doses taken in oral group; receipt of second injection in the injection group), treatment engagement (at least treatment 3 visits in the 30 days postdischarge, and 2 or more visits per month in each of the 3 months following discharge) or alcohol consumption at 14 or at 45 days (p > 0.05). The median number of drinks among the entire cohort in the 2 weeks prior to hospitalization (128 drinks) was significantly higher than at day 14 (0 drinks, p < 0.001) or day 45 (0 drinks, p < 0.001). Rates of medication adherence were 62% in the oral group and 61% in the injection group.ConclusionsResults indicate feasibility for larger, more definitive study. Both groups had significant reductions in alcohol consumption over time and high‐treatment engagement rates. Both oral and injectable formulations are feasible to initiate prior to discharge for hospital inpatients identified as having an AUD.
Intergenerational Inequality? Labour, Capital, and Housing Through the Ages
Authors: Christophers Brett 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article examines the relevance of generational relations to emerging patterns of inequality in advanced capitalist societies, with a particular focus on inequalities related to housing wealth. At its heart is a critique of the increasingly prevalent argument that generational difference is a crucial axis of inequality today. It argues that while contemporary capitalist societies are certainly characterized by marked inequalities between generations and that the latter are manifested inter alia in housing ownership, understanding such inequalities principally in generational terms is problematic because they reflect deeper, more fundamental, structural inequalities and should therefore be conceptualized as such. The article suggests that the principal significance of generational relations to contemporary inequality dynamics actually concerns economic transfers rather than differences between generations. Within‐family transfers of wealth, especially housing‐related wealth, from older generations to younger ones tend to reproduce pronounced, structurally generated existing patterns of intra‐generational inequality.
Pretransplant 4β‐hydroxycholesterol does not predict tacrolimus exposure or dose requirements during the first days after kidney transplantation
Authors: Vanhove Thomas , Hasan Mahmoud , Annaert Pieter , Oswald Stefan , Kuypers Dirk R. J. 
Published: June 2017

AimsThe CYP3A metric 4β‐hydroxycholesterol (4βOHC) has been shown to correlate with tacrolimus steady‐state apparent oral clearance (CL/F). Recently, pretransplant 4βOHC was shown not to predict tacrolimus CL/F after transplantation in a cohort of renal recipients (n = 79). The goal of the current study was determine whether these findings could be validated in a substantially larger cohort.MethodsIn a retrospective analysis of 279 renal recipients, tacrolimus trough concentrations (C0), daily dose, haematocrit and other relevant covariates were registered every day for the first 14 days after transplantation. 4βOHC and cholesterol were quantified on plasma collected immediately pretransplant using liquid chromatography tandem‐mass spectrometry. Patients were genotyped for CYP3A5*1 and CYP3A4*22.ResultsA total of 3551 tacrolimus C0 concentrations were registered. In a linear mixed model for the 14‐day period, determinants of tacrolimus C0 were CYP3A5 genotype, haematocrit, age and weight (overall R2 = 0.179). Determinants of daily dose were CYP3A5 genotype, age, methylprednisolone dose, tacrolimus formulation, ALT and estimated glomerular filtration rate (overall R2 = 0.242). Considering each of the first 5 days separately, 4βOHC had a limited effect on tacrolimus C0 on day 3 only (−1.00 ng ml−1 per ln, P = 0.035) but not on any other day, and no effect on dose or C0/dose. During the first 5 days, haematocrit and age, which were previously established as determinants of tacrolimus disposition under steady‐state conditions, never explained more than 17.7% of between‐subject variability in tacrolimus C0/dose.ConclusionsThe CYP3A metric 4βOHC cannot be used to predict tacrolimus dose requirements in the first days after transplantation.