bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mobility of the Human Face: More than Just the Musculature
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Rogers‐Vizena Carolyn R. , Li Ly , Mendelson Bryan 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe human face has the greatest mobility and facial display repertoire among all primates. However, the variables that account for this are not clear. Humans and other anthropoids have remarkably similar mimetic musculature. This suggests that differences among the mimetic muscles alone may not account for the increased mobility and facial display repertoire seen in humans. Furthermore, anthropoids themselves outpace prosimians in these categories: humans > other anthropoids > prosimians. This study was undertaken to clarify the morphological underpinnings of the increased mobility and display repertoire of the human face by investigating the SMAS (the superficial musculo‐aponeurotic system), a connective tissue layer enclosing the mimetic musculature located between the skin and deep fascia/periosteum. Full‐thickness samples from the face near the zygoma region from the anthropoidsHomo sapiens(humans, N = 3),Pan troglodytes(chimpanzees, N = 3),Hylobates muelleri(gibbons, N = 1), andMacaca mulatta(rhesus macaque, N = 3) and the prosimiansTarsius bancanus(tarsiers, N = 1), andOtolemur crassicaudatus(galagos, N = 2) were used. All samples were processed for paraffin‐based histology and stained sections were viewed under light microscopy to determine if a SMAS layer could be identified. Results indicate that a SMAS layer was present in all anthropoid species but neither of the prosimian species. This connective tissue layer may be a factor in the increased facial mobility and facial display repertoire present in these species. Anat Rec, 299:1779–1788, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Membranous Support for Eyes of Strepsirrhine Primates and Fruit Bats
Authors: Harvey Brianna M. , Bhatnagar Kunwar P. , Schenck Robert J. , Rosenberger Alfred L. , Rehorek Susan J. , Burrows Anne M. , DeLeon Valerie B. , Smith Timothy D. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTLiving primates have relatively large eyes and support orbital tissues with a postorbital bar (POB) and/or septum. Some mammals with large eyes lack a POB, and presumably rely on soft tissues. Here, we examined the orbits of four species of strepsirrhine primates (Galagidae, Cheirogaleidae) and three species of fruit bats (Pteropodidae). Microdissection and light microscopy were employed to identify support structures of the orbit. In bats and primates, there are two layers of fascial sheets that border the eye laterally. The outer membrane is the most superficial layer of deep fascia, and has connections to the POB in primates. In fruit bats, which lacked a POB or analogous ligament, the deep fascia is reinforced by transverse ligaments. Bats and primates have a deeper membrane supporting the eye, identified as the periorbita (PA) based on the presence of elastic fibers and smooth muscle. The PA merges with periostea deep within the orbit, but has no periosteal attachment to the POB of primates. These findings demonstrate that relatively big eyes can be supported primarily with fibrous connective tissues as well as the PA, in absence of a POB or ligament. The well‐developed smooth muscle component within the PA of fruit bats likely helps to protrude the eye, maintaining a more convergent eye orientation, with greater overlap of the visual fields. The possibility should be considered that early euprimates, and even stem primates that may have lacked a POB, also had more convergent eyes than indicated by osseous measurements of orbital orientation. Anat Rec, 299:1690–1703, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogeny of the Postorbital Region in Tarsiers and Other Primates
Authors: DeLeon Valerie B. , Smith Timothy D. , Rosenberger Alfred L. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTBony structure of the postorbital region is a key trait distinguishing major clades of primates. Strepsirrhines share a postorbital bar, and anthropoids share a complete postorbital septum. At issue is whether the partial postorbital septum of tarsiers unites living tarsiers more closely with anthropoids than with certain large‐eyed Eocene fossils. Previously we reported incomplete postorbital closure in tarsiers at birth. In this article, we document comparative analyses of the postorbital region in a broad range of perinatal primates. Virtual reconstructions of microCT data were used to study three‐dimensional structure of the perinatal cranium in these taxa. We also describe and illustrate formation of the tarsier partial postorbital septum through the perinatal period using a growth series of Tarsius syrichta. Our results support the hypothesis that partial postorbital septation in the tarsier is secondary to eye hypertrophy. Based on these observations, we propose a structural hypothesis for phylogenetic differences observed in the primate postorbital region. Specifically, we propose that key postorbital traits, including the frontal spur in strepsirrhines and the posterior lamina of the zygomatic in anthropoids, develop as a result of the spatial relationships of brain, eyes, and teeth. Haplorhines are united by expansion of the anterior cranial fossa and loss of the frontal spur. Anthropoids are further united to the exclusion of tarsiers by expansion of the temporal lobes and associated formation of the posterior lamina of the zygomatic. Mechanical forces related to these spatial relationships may be modulated by deep fascia of the orbit to induce formation of the postorbital septum. Anat Rec, 299:1631–1645, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vertebral Development and Ossification in the Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser Baerii), with New Insights on Bone Histology and Ultrastructure of Vertebral Elements and Scutes
Authors: Leprévost Amandine , AzaÏs Thierry , Trichet Michael , Sire Jean‐Yves 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIn order to improve our knowledge on the vertebral development, structure and mineralization in Acipenseriformes, we undertook a study in a growth series of reared Siberian sturgeons (Acipenser baerii) using in toto clear and stain specimens, histological and ultrastructural observations, X‐ray micro‐tomography, and solid state NMR analyses. Scutes were also studied to compare the tissue structure and mineralization of endoskeletal and dermal skeletal elements. This study completes and clarifies previous investigations on vertebral development and architecture in sturgeons, and brings original data on the structure of (i) the perichondral bone that is progressively deposited around the vertebral elements during ontogeny, (ii) the typical cartilage composing these elements, and (iii) the scutes. In addition we provide data on the mineralization process, on the nature of the bone mineral phase, and on the growth dynamics of the vertebral elements. Anat Rec, 300:437–449, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silver(I)‐Promoted Radical Sulfonylation of Allyl/Propargyl Alcohols: Efficient Synthesis of γ‐Keto Sulfones
Authors: Fang Guichun , Liu Jianquan , Shang Weidong , Liu Qun , Bi Xihe 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn efficient Ag2CO3‐promoted sulfonylation of allyl/propargyl alcohols with sodium sulfinates has been developed. The reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups to deliver γ‐keto sulfones in high yields (up to 93 %). Propargyl alcohols furnished trimerization product 1,3,5‐triaroylbenzenes in the presence of sodium methanesulfinate under the standard conditions. A mechanism involving a sulfonyl radical was suggested.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Facile [2+2+2] Cyclotrimerization of Unactivated Internal Alkynes to Polysubstituted Benzenes
Authors: Xue Fei , Loh Ying Kai , Song Xiaolu , Teo Wei Jie , Chua J. Y. Darrence , Zhao Jin , Hor T. S. Andy 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA catalytic [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of unactivated internal alkynes providing cyclotrimerization products in excellent yields with high regioselectivity is described. The transformation is accomplished by using a simple catalytic mixture comprising Ni(acac)2, an imidazolium salt and a Grignard reagent at room temperature or 60 °C for 20 min or 1 h.
Omega‐3 production by fermentation of Yarrowia lipolytica: From fed‐batch to continuous
Authors: Xie Dongming , Miller Edward , Sharpe Pamela , Jackson Ethel , Zhu Quinn 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe omega‐3 fatty acid, cis‐5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5; EPA) has wide‐ranging benefits in improving heart health, immune function, and mental health. A sustainable source of EPA production through fermentation of metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica has been developed. In this paper, key fed‐batch fermentation conditions were identified to achieve 25% EPA in the yeast biomass, which is so far the highest EPA titer reported in the literature. Dynamic models of the EPA fermentation process were established for analyzing, optimizing, and scaling up the fermentation process. In addition, model simulations were used to develop a two‐stage continuous process and compare to single‐stage continuous and fed‐ batch processes. The two stage continuous process, which is equipped with a smaller growth fermentor (Stage 1) and a larger production fermentor (Stage 2), was found to be a superior process to achieve high titer, rate, and yield of EPA. A two‐stage continuous fermentation experiment with Y. lipolytica strain Z7334 was designed using the model simulation and then tested in a 2 L and 5 L fermentation system for 1,008 h. Compared with the standard 2 L fed‐batch process, the two‐stage continuous fermentation process improved the overall EPA productivity by 80% and EPA concentration in the fermenter by 40% while achieving comparable EPA titer in biomass and similar conversion yield from glucose. During the long‐term experiment it was also found that the Y. lipolytica strain evolved to reduce byproduct and increase lipid production. This is one of the few continuous fermentation examples that demonstrated improved productivity and concentration of a final product with similar conversion yield compared with a fed‐batch process. This paper suggests the two‐stage continuous fermentation could be an effective process to achieve improved production of omega‐3 and other fermentation products where non‐growth or partially growth associated kinetics characterize the process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 798–812. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Specific targeting of the deubiquitinase and E3 ligase families with engineered ubiquitin variants
Authors: Gorelik Maryna , Sidhu Sachdev S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has garnered much attention due to its potential for the development of therapeutics. Following a successful clinical application of general proteasome inhibitors much effort has been devoted to targeting individual UPS components including E3 enzymes and deubiquitinases that control specificity of ubiquitination. Our group has developed a novel approach for targeting the UPS proteins using engineered ubiquitin variants (Ubvs). These drug‐like proteins can serve as valuable tools to study biological function of UPS components and assist in the development of small molecules for clinical use. In this review, we summarize studies of Ubvs targeting members of three major families, including deubiquitinases, HECT E3 ligases, and CRL E3 ligases. In particular, we focus on Ubv binding mechanisms, structural studies, and effects on enzyme function. Furthermore, new insights gained from the Ubvs are discussed in the context of small molecule studies.
A demonstration of athermal effects of continuous microwave irradiation on the growth and antibiotic sensitivity ofPseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1
Authors: Nakouti Ismini , Hobbs Glyn , Teethaisong Yothin , Phipps David 
Published: November 2016

Stress, caused by exposure to microwaves (2.45 GHz) at constant temperature (37 ± 0.5°C), alters the growth profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. In the absence of microwave treatment a simple, highly reproducible growth curve was observed over 24 h or more. Microwave treatment caused no reduction in growth during the first 6 h, but at a later stage (>12 h) the growth was markedly different to the controls. Secondary growth, typical of the presence of persisters clearly became apparent, as judged by both the dissolved oxygen and the cell density profiles. These treated cells showed distinct morphological changes, but on regrowth these cells reverted to normal. The microwave induced persisters were subject to antibiotic challenge (tobramycin) and showed increased sensitivity when compared to the unstressed planktonic cells. This is in marked contrast to antibiotic induced persisters which show increased resistance. This provides evidence for both a nonthermal effect of microwaves and a previously undescribed route to a novel form of antibiotic susceptible persister cells. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:37–44, 2017
Chemical Methanation of CO2: A Review
Authors: Ghaib Karim , Nitz Korbinian , Ben‐Fares Fatima‐Zahrae 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe chemical methanation of CO2 may become a ubiquitous process for the production of renewable substitute natural gas from any CO2 source coupled with renewable hydrogen. The produced gas can be fed into the natural gas pipeline or used as fuel. Over the past few years, great efforts have been made in developing the process of CO2 methanation. In this paper, the chemical methanation, which is the most common process, is reviewed. The purpose is to present a comprehensive updated review of the process. The CO2 methanation, covering the process mechanisms, thermodynamics, catalysts, kinetics, and reactors are discussed with the aim to outline the pathways for the future development of the methanation process.
Type III Polyketide Synthases: Functional Classification and Phylogenomics
Authors: Shimizu Yugo , Ogata Hiroyuki , Goto Susumu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPolyketide synthases (PKSs) catalyze the sequential condensation of simple acetate units to produce a large class of natural products, including pharmacologically valuable compounds. PKSs are classified into three types on the basis of their domain structures; type III PKSs have the simplest domain structure, although their products have various structures and functions. The sequence–function relationship is fundamental for predicting enzyme functions, but it has not been well investigated in type III PKSs to date. Consequently, the current methods for predicting type III PKS functions are still immature in comparison with those that target type I/II PKSs. In this review we summarize the current functional and phylogenomic knowledge about type III PKSs and propose a new classification of their enzymatic reactions. We also discuss possible directions for the development of better computational tools for functional prediction of type III PKS homologues.
Tetrazine‐Responsive Self‐immolative Linkers
Authors: Neumann Kevin , Jain Sarthak , Gambardella Alessia , Walker Sarah E. , Valero Elsa , Lilienkampf Annamaria , Bradley Mark 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMolecules that undergo activation or modulation following the addition of benign external small‐molecule chemical stimuli have numerous applications. Here, we report the highly efficient “decaging” of a variety of moieties by activation of a “self‐immolative” linker, by application of water‐soluble and stable tetrazine, including the controlled delivery of doxorubicin in a cellular context.
Median arcuate ligament syndrome: case presentation and video‐illustrated laparoscopic management
Authors: El Asmar Antoine , El Rassi Ziad 
Published: November 2016

Key Clinical MessageLaparoscopic release of the median arcuate ligament, to relieve symptomatic compression of the celiac trunk, is the ideal approach when performed in a specialized center, by a surgeon with the adequate experience in advanced laparoscopic surgery.
Approaches for Dispatchable Biomass Plants with Particular Focus on Steam Storage Devices
Authors: Stark Matthias , Sonnleitner Matthias , Zörner Wilfried , Greenough Rick 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn increasing share of fluctuating energy generation leads to new challenges in power grids. In addition, the demand for flexible power plants is growing. Solid biomass‐fueled combined heat and power (CHP) plants are able to get modified into dispatchable power plants. Boundaries for this operation mode are summarized and several measures to achieve a flexible power generation in biomass CHP plants are concluded. The integration of a high‐temperature storage system for buffering the plants' steam seems to be the most promising, however, the least investigated option. The tasks and necessary features of such storage systems were investigated and an overview of available technologies and systems for the storage of steam is given.
Nafion‐Free Carbon‐Supported Electrocatalysts with Superior Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Performance by Soft Templating
Authors: Bernsmeier Denis , Bernicke Michael , Ortel Erik , Bergmann Arno , Lippitz Andreas , Nissen Jörg , Schmack Roman , Strasser Peter , Polte Jörg , Kraehnert Ralph 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEfficient water electrolysis requires electrode coatings with high catalytic activity. Platinum efficiently catalyzes the hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic environments, but is a rare and expensive metal. The activity achieved per metal atom can be increased if small Pt particles are dispersed onto electrically conductive, highly accessible and stable support materials. However, the addition of Nafion, a typical binder material used in the manufacture of electrode coatings, can decrease catalytic activity by the blocking of pores and active surface sites. A new approach is reported for the direct synthesis of highly active Nafion‐free Pt/C catalyst films consisting of small Pt nanoparticles supported in size‐controlled mesopores of a conductive carbon film. The synthesis relies on the co‐deposition of suitable Pt and C precursors in the presence of polymer micelles, which act as pore templates. Subsequent carbonization in an inert atmosphere produces porous catalyst films with controlled film thickness, pore size and particle size. The catalysts clearly outperform all Nafion‐based Pt/C catalysts reported in the literature, particularly at high current densities.
CuCo2O4‐Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 as a Potential Cathode Material for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Shao Lin , Wang Pengxiang , Sun Chengzhi , Fan Lishuang , Zhang Naiqing , Sun Kening 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCuCo2O4‐Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 (GDC) composite was investigated as a potentially promising cathode material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT‐SOFCs). The CuCo2O4‐GDC composite cathodes were characterized via X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermal expansion. CuCo2O4‐GDC composites exhibited a good chemical compatibility and thermal compatibility for each composition. Introduction of the GDC nanoparticles increased the length of TPBs and enhanced the electrochemical activities of the CuCo2O4‐GDC composite cathode. The polarization resistance with addition of 60 wt.% of GDC showed the least value of 0.09 Ω cm2 at 800 °C. The results demonstrated that CuCo2O4‐GDC composite would be a promising cathode material for IT‐SOFCs.
Heteroacene Synthesis through C−S Cross‐Coupling/5‐endo‐digCyclization
Authors: Oechsle Peter , Flörke Ulrich , Egold Hans , Paradies Jan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHighly efficient, one‐step synthesis of sulfur‐containing heteroacenes was achieved through palladium‐catalyzed C−S cross‐coupling of bis‐alkynes with thioacetate as hydrogen sulfide surrogate. Heteroacenes consisting of three, five, and seven fused aromatic rings were obtained in a single catalytic step by four‐, six‐, and eightfold C−S bond formation.
Deeper Insight into the Factors Controlling H2 Activation by Geminal Aminoborane‐Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Yepes Diana , Jaque Pablo , Fernández Israel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractH2 activation mediated by geminal aminoborane‐based frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs; R2N‐CH2‐BR′2) has been computationally explored within the density functional theory framework. It is found that the activation barrier of this process as well as the geometry of the corresponding transition states strongly depend on the nature of the substituents directly attached either to the acidic or the basic centers of the FLPs. The physical factors controlling the whole activation path are quantitatively described in detail by means of the activation strain model of reactivity combined with the energy decomposition analysis method. This methodology suggests a highly orbital‐controlled mechanism where the degree of charge transfer cooperativity between the most important donor–acceptor orbital interactions, namely LP(N)→σ*(H2) and σ(H2)→pπ(B), along the reaction coordinate constitutes a suitable indicator of the reaction barrier.
Effects of Metal Blending in Random Bimetallic Single‐Chain Magnets: Synergetic, Antagonistic, or Innocent
Authors: Wang Yan‐Qin , Yue Qi , Gao En‐Qing 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA family of isomorphous three‐dimensional metal–organic frameworks based on bimetallic (FeCo, FeNi, and CoNi) chains with random metal sites have been prepared and magnetically characterized. The solid‐solution‐type bimetallic materials inherit intrachain ferromagnetic interactions and single‐chain‐magnet (SCM) behaviors from the homometallic parent materials. Interestingly, different composition dependence of magnetic behaviors has been found. The FeII1−xNiIIx series (0≤x≤1) show an innocent composition dependence, where the blocking temperature of slow relaxation decreases monotonically as FeII is replaced by less anisotropic NiII. The FeII1−xCoIIx series show an unexpected antagonistic blending effect on slow relaxation: blending FeII and CoII tends to depress the spin dynamics, and the bimetallic materials with intermediate composition show significantly lower blocking temperature than both FeII and CoII materials. This is quite the opposite of what happens in the Co1−xNix series, where CoII and NiII seem to have a synergetic effect so that slow relaxation in bimetallic systems can be promoted to higher temperature than both CoII and NiII materials.
Gold(I) NHC Complexes: Antiproliferative Activity, Cellular Uptake, Inhibition of Mammalian and Bacterial Thioredoxin Reductases, and Gram‐Positive Directed Antibacterial Effects
Authors: Schmidt Claudia , Karge Bianka , Misgeld Rainer , Prokop Aram , Franke Raimo , Brönstrup Mark , Ott Ingo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGold complexes with N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands represent a promising class of metallodrugs for the treatment of cancer or infectious diseases. In this report, the synthesis and the biological evaluation of halogen‐containing NHC‐AuI‐Cl complexes are described. The complexes 1 and 5 a–5 f displayed good cytotoxic activity against tumor cells, and cellular uptake studies suggested that an intact Au‐NHC fragment is essential for the accumulation of high amounts of both the metal and the NHC ligand. However, the bioavailability was negatively affected by serum components of the cell culture media and was influenced by likely transformations of the complex. One example (5 d) efficiently induced apoptosis in vincristine‐ and daunorubicin‐resistant P‐glycoprotein overexpressing Nalm‐6 leukemia cells. Cellular uptake studies with this compound showed that both the wild‐type and resistant Nalm‐6 cells accumulated comparable amounts of gold, indicating that the gold drug was not excreted by P‐glycoprotein or other efflux transporters. The effective inhibition of mammalian and bacterial thioredoxin reductases (TrxR) was confirmed for all of the gold complexes. Antibacterial screening of the gold complexes showed a particularly high activity against Gram‐positive strains, reflecting their high dependence on an intact Trx/TrxR system. This result is of particular interest as the inhibition of bacterial TrxR represents a relatively little explored mechanism of new anti‐infectives.