bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Works and What's Safe in Pediatric Emergency Procedural Sedation: An Overview of Reviews
Authors: Hartling Lisa , Milne Andrea , Foisy Michelle , Lang Eddy S. , Sinclair Douglas , Klassen Terry P. , Evered Lisa 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundSedation is increasingly used to facilitate procedures on children in emergency departments (EDs). This overview of systematic reviews (SRs) examines the safety and efficacy of sedative agents commonly used for procedural sedation in children in the ED or similar settings.MethodsWe followed standard SR methods: comprehensive search; dual study selection, quality assessment, data extraction. We included SRs of children (1 month to 18 years) where the indication for sedation was procedure‐related and performed in the ED.ResultsFourteen SRs were included (210 primary studies). The most data were available for propofol (six reviews/50,472 sedations) followed by ketamine (7/8,238), nitrous oxide (5/8,220), and midazolam (4/4,978). Inconsistent conclusions for propofol were reported across six reviews. Half concluded that propofol was sufficiently safe; three reviews noted a higher occurrence of adverse events, particularly respiratory depression (upper estimate 1.1%; 5.4% for hypotension requiring intervention). Efficacy of propofol was considered in four reviews and found adequate in three. Five reviews found ketamine to be efficacious and seven reviews showed it to be safe. All five reviews of nitrous oxide concluded it is safe (0.1% incidence of respiratory events); most found it effective in cooperative children. Four reviews of midazolam made varying recommendations. To be effective, midazolam should be combined with another agent that increases the risk of adverse events (upper estimate 9.1% for desaturation, 0.1% for hypotension requiring intervention).ConclusionsThis comprehensive examination of an extensive body of literature shows consistent safety and efficacy for nitrous oxide and ketamine, with very rare significant adverse events for propofol. There was considerable heterogeneity in outcomes and reporting across studies and previous reviews. Standardized outcome sets and reporting should be encouraged to facilitate evidence‐based recommendations for care.
Oleoylethanolamide prevents neuroimmune HMGB1/TLR4/NF‐kB danger signaling in rat frontal cortex and depressive‐like behavior induced by ethanol binge administration
Authors: Antón María , Alén Francisco , Gómez de Heras Raquel , Serrano Antonia , Pavón Francisco Javier , Leza Juan Carlos , García‐Bueno Borja , Rodríguez de Fonseca Fernando , Orio Laura 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAlcohol abuse is frequently characterized by a specific pattern of intake in binge drinking episodes, inducing neuroinflammation and brain damage. Here, we characterized the temporal profile of neuroinflammation in rats exposed to intragastric binge ethanol administrations (3 times/day × 4 days) and tested the anti‐inflammatory/neuroprotective properties of the satiety factor oleoylethanolamide (OEA). Pre‐treatment with OEA (5 mg/kg, i.p.) previous each alcohol gavage blocked the expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) danger signal and the innate immunity Toll‐like receptors 4 (TLR4) in frontal cortex, and inhibited the nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB) proinflammatory cascade induced by alcohol binge administration. OEA reduced the levels of interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β), the monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), and the enzymes cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in ethanol binged animals. Elevations in plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and IL‐1β after ethanol were also inhibited by OEA. OEA also prevented ethanol‐induced lipid peroxidation, caspase‐8 and pro‐apoptotic caspase‐3 activation in frontal cortex. Additionally, OEA blocked the rise in blood corticosterone levels after ethanol with no alteration in blood ethanol levels and may affect ethanol‐induced gut permeability for endotoxin. Finally, OEA, administered as a pre‐treatment during the ethanol binge, exerted antidepressant‐like effects during acute withdrawal. Altogether, results highlight a beneficial profile of OEA as a potent anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective and antidepressant‐like compound to treat alcohol abuse.
Differences in polysubstance use patterns and drug‐related outcomes between people who inject drugs receiving and not receiving opioid substitution therapies
Authors: Betts Kim S. , Chan Gary , McIlwraith Fairlie , Dietze Paul , Whittaker Elizabeth , Burns Lucy , Alati Rosa 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimsTo test if polysubstance use profiles and drug‐related outcomes differ between those receiving and not receiving opioid substitution therapies (OST) among people who inject drugs (PWID).DesignAn annual cross‐sectional, sentinel sample of PWID across Australia.SettingData came from 3 years (2011–13) of the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS).ParticipantsA total of 2673 participants who injected drugs from the combined national IDRS samples of 2011 (n = 868), 2012 (n = 922) and 2013 (n = 883).MeasurementsLatent class analysis (LCA) was used to summarize participants' self‐reported use of 18 types of substances, with the resulting polysubstance use profiles then associated with participant experience of a number of drug‐related outcomes.FindingsPolysubstance use profiles exhibiting a broad range of substance use were generally at increased risk of negative drug‐related outcomes, whether or not participants were receiving OST, including thrombosis among OST receivers [odds ratio (OR) = 2.13, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.09–4.17], injecting with used needles among OST receivers and non‐receivers, respectively (OR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.50–5.13; OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.34–3.45) and violent criminal offences among OST receivers and non‐receivers, respectively (OR =2.30, 95% CI = 1.16–4.58; OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.14–3.07). An important exception was non‐fatal overdose which was related specifically to a class of PWID who were not receiving OST and used morphine frequently (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.06–3.17)ConclusionRegardless of opioid substitution therapies usage, people who inject drugs who use a broad‐range of substances experience greater levels of injecting‐related injuries and poorer health outcomes and are more likely to engage in criminal activity than other groups of people who inject drugs.
Transcriptomic investigation of meat tenderness in two Italian cattle breeds
Authors: Bongiorni S. , Gruber C. E. M. , Bueno S. , Chillemi G. , Ferrè F. , Failla S. , Moioli B. , Valentini A. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryOur objectives for this study were to understand the biological basis of meat tenderness and to provide an overview of the gene expression profiles related to meat quality as a tool for selection. Through deepmRNAsequencing, we analyzed gene expression in muscle tissues of two Italian cattle breeds: Maremmana and Chianina. We uncovered several differentially expressed genes that encode for proteins belonging to a family of tripartite motif proteins, which are involved in growth, cell differentiation and apoptosis, such asTRIM45, or play an essential role in regulating skeletal muscle differentiation and the regeneration of adult skeletal muscle, such asTRIM32. Other differentially expressed genes (SCN2B,SLC9A7andKCNK3) emphasize the involvement of potassium–sodium pumps in tender meat. By mapping splice junctions inRNA‐Seq reads, we found significant differences in gene isoform expression levels. ThePRKAG3gene, which is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, showed four isoforms that were differentially expressed. This distinct pattern ofPRKAG3gene expression could indicate impaired glycogen storage in skeletal muscle, and consequently, this gene very likely has a role in the tenderization process. Furthermore, with this deepRNA‐sequencing, we captured a high number of expressedSNPs, for example, we found 1462 homozygousSNPs showing the alternative allele with a 100% frequency when comparing tender and tough meat.SNPs were then classified into categories by their position and also by their effect on gene coding (174 non‐synonymous polymorphisms) based on the availableUMD_3.1 annotations.
The microRNA expression profile in porcine skeletal muscle is changed by constant heat stress
Authors: Hao Y. , Liu J. R. , Zhang Y. , Yang P. G. , Feng Y. J. , Cui Y. J. , Yang C. H. , Gu X. H. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryHeat stress has profound effects on animal performance and muscle function, and microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in muscle development and stress responses. To characterize the changes in miRNAs in skeletal muscle responding to heat stress, the miRNA expression profiles of longissimus dorsi muscles of pigs raised under constant heat stress (30 °C; n = 8) or control temperature (22 °C; n = 8) for 21 days were analyzed by Illumina deep sequencing. A total of 58 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified with 30 down‐regulated and 28 up‐regulated, and 63 differentially expressed target genes were predicted by miRNA–mRNA joint analysis. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the genes regulated by differentially expressed miRNAs were enriched in glucose metabolism, cytoskeletal structure and function and stress response. Real‐time PCR showed that the mRNA levels of PDK4, HSP90 and DES were significantly increased, whereas those of SCD and LDHA significantly decreased by heat exposure. The protein levels of CALM1, DES and HIF1α were also significantly increased by constant heat. These results demonstrated that the change in miRNA expression in porcine longissimus dorsi muscle underlies the changes in muscle structure and metabolism in porcine skeletal muscle affected by constant heat stress.
The features of mucosa‐associated microbiota in primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Torres J. , Bao X. , Goel A. , Colombel J.‐F. , Pekow J. , Jabri B. , Williams K.M. , Castillo A. , Odin J.A. , Meckel K. , Fasihuddin F. , Peter I. , Itzkowitz S. , Hu J. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryBackgroundLittle is known about the role of the microbiome in primary sclerosing cholangitis.AimTo explore the mucosa‐associated microbiota in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) patients across different locations in the gut, and to compare it with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)‐only patients and healthy controls.MethodsBiopsies from the terminal ileum, right colon, and left colon were collected from patients and healthy controls undergoing colonoscopy. Microbiota profiling using bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on all biopsies.ResultsForty‐four patients were recruited: 20 with PSC (19 with PSC‐IBD and one with PSC‐only), 15 with IBD‐only and nine healthy controls. The overall microbiome profile was similar throughout different locations in the gut. No differences in the global microbiome profile were found. However, we observed significant PSC‐associated enrichment in Barnesiellaceae at the family level, and in Blautia and an unidentified Barnesiellaceae at the genus level. At the operational taxa unit level, most shifts in PSC were observed in Clostridiales and Bacteroidales orders, with approximately 86% of shifts occurring within the former order.ConclusionsThe overall microbiota profile was similar across multiple locations in the gut from the same individual regardless of disease status. In this study, the mucosa associated‐microbiota of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis was characterised by enrichment of Blautia and Barnesiellaceae and by major shifts in operational taxa units within Clostridiales order.
Antidepressant‐like Effect of Insulin in Streptozotocin‐induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats
Authors: Sestile Caio C. , Maraschin Jhonatan C. , Rangel Marcel P. , Cuman Roberto K. N. , Audi Elisabeth A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study evaluated the antidepressant‐like effect of insulin compared to sertraline and a combination of insulin and sertraline in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats submitted to the forced swim test (FST). Male Wistar rats were daily treated for 21 days with insulin (1 or 2 IU/kg, i.p.), with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), sertraline (10 mg/kg, i.p.), or with a combination of insulin (1 or 2 IU/kg, i.p.) and sertraline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and submitted to the FST. We also evaluated the water and food intake, urine volume and weight gain of the rats. Rats treated with STZ showed impaired glucose tolerance. Chronic treatment with sertraline showed an antidepressant‐like effect in non‐diabetic and diabetic rats. Furthermore, sertraline promoted lower weight gain in diabetic rats. Insulin reduced the immobility behaviour in T2DM rats with impaired glucose tolerance. In conclusion, our results showed that insulin has an antidepressant‐like effect comparable to that of sertraline. Sertraline is effective as an antidepressant and reduces weight gain, which reinforces its superiority over other SSRIs in the treatment of major depression disorder in patients with T2DM.
The Asturian Basin within the North Iberian margin (Bay of Biscay): seismic characterisation of its geometry and its Mesozoic and Cenozoic cover
Authors: Cadenas Patricia , Fernández‐Viejo Gabriela 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe distribution and structure of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic cover within the central part of the North Iberian Margin (Bay of Biscay) is analysed based on a dense set of 2D seismic reflection lines and logs. The integration of well data allows the recognition of seven seismostratigraphic units and the construction of a surface that illustrates the 3D morphology of this area at the time of the Jurassic rifting. The study zone comprises what is known as Le Danois Bank, a basement high, and the Asturian Basin, one of the sedimentary basins originated during the Iberian rifting at the end of the Paleozoic. Its development continued with the oceanisation of the Bay of Biscay as a failed arm of the Atlantic rift; later, during the Cenozoic, a drastic change in tectonic regime induced the partial closure of Biscay and building up the Cantabrian−Pyrenean chain along the northern border of Iberia. This compressional period left its imprint in the Asturian Basin sediments in the form of a mild inversion and general uplift. The geometry of the basin bottom appears as an asymmetric bowl thinning out towards the edges, with a main E‐W depocenter, separated by E‐W striking faults from a secondary one. Those bounding faults show twisted trends in the north, interpreted as a consequence of the compressional period, when a transfer zone in a N‐S direction formed between the two E‐W striking deformation fronts in Biscay. This study shows that the transfer zone extends further to the west, reaching the longitude of Le Danois Bank. The maximum thickness of the filling within the Asturian Basin is estimated in more than 10 km, deeper than assessed in previous studies. The recognition of frequent halokynetic structures at this longitude is another observation worth to remark. Based on this study, it is suggested that the basin formed on top of a distal basement block of stretched crust limiting with the hyperextended rifted domain of Biscay. This location largely conditioned its deformation during the late compression.
High prevalence of hypogonadism and associated impaired metabolic and bone mineral status in subfertile men
Authors: Bobjer Johannes , Bogefors Karolina , Isaksson Sigrid , Leijonhufvud Irene , Åkesson Kristina , Giwercman Yvonne Lundberg , Giwercman Aleksander 
Published: February 2016

SummaryObjectiveIt is yet unknown to which degree young subfertile men present with signs of hypogonadism and whether low testosterone concentration, like in older men, is associated with risk of osteoporosis and metabolic derangements in those subjects. The objective was therefore to investigate the prevalence of hypogonadism and its association with metabolic and bone parameters in young subfertile men.DesignCross‐sectional case–control study.PatientsMen from infertile couples (n = 192); 18–50 years; sperm concentration <20 × 106/ml and population‐based age‐matched controls (n = 199).MeasurementsBlood sampling, anthropometrics, blood pressure, ankle–brachial index and assessment by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry were undertaken. Odds ratios of biochemical hypogonadism (total testosterone <8·0 nmol/l and/or luteinizing hormone ≥8·6 IU/l and/or ongoing androgen replacement therapy) were calculated. Serum concentrations of sex hormones, lipids, glucose, insulin and HbA1c were assessed and bone mineral density (BMD) evaluated.ResultsCompared to controls, the risk of hypogonadism was increased among subfertile men (OR 10; 95% CI, 5·1, 22), being highest in those with nonobstructive azoospermia. Hypogonadal men had higher HbA1c concentration (mean diff. 2·8 mmol/mol; 95% CI, 0·64, 4·9; P = 0·011) and lower lumbar spine BMD (mean diff. 0·05 g/cm2; 95% CI, 0·01, 0·10; P = 0·032) compared to eugonadal subfertile men, even more pronounced in subfertile men with subnormal testosterone levels.ConclusionYoung subfertile men have 10 times increased OR of hypogonadism, which is linked to increased HbA1c and decreased bone mineralization. Endocrine assessment and, if needed, measures to prevent metabolic sequelae and osteoporosis should be included in the routine management of men from infertile couples.
Effects of commonly used intravitreal anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor drugs on mesenchymal stem cells derived from the limbus and ciliary body
Authors: Acar Ugur , Erginturk Acar Damla , Alpaslan Pinarli Ferda , Demir Muhammed N , Beyazyildiz Emrullah , Ozdemir Ozdemir , Gulmez Sevim Duygu , Tiryaki Meral , Sobaci Gungor 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate the effects of commonly used intravitreal anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) antibodies on proliferation index and viability of mesenchymal stem cells derived from ciliary body and limbus (CB‐MSC and LMSC).MethodsCB‐MSCs and LMSCs were isolated from newborn rats' eyes, and they were expanded in medium by the explant method. Intravitreally used anti‐VEGF drugs, aflibercept, bevacizumab and ranibizumab were tested into the 16‐well plates, respectively, at four different concentrations. After keeping them for 48 h, the proliferation indexes and viabilities of CB‐MSCs and LMSCs were compared separately by Real‐Time Cell Analyzer and Methylthiazoltetrazoli (MTT) test.ResultsAnti‐VEGFs used at 5‐times and 10‐times of the standard clinical dosage caused statistically significant negative effects on proliferation indexes of CB‐MSCs and LMSCs at the 24th hour compared to control group. Only the anti‐VEGF group that had 10‐times dosage of those used clinically had a statistically significant negative effect on the viabilties of CB‐MSCs and LMSCs.ConclusionAdministrations of high doses or repeated standard doses of intravitreal anti‐VEGF agents may affect the proliferation indexes and viabilities of CB‐MSCs and LMSCs adversely. These novel findings deserve further in vivo investigations.
The Risk of Prion Infection through Bovine Grafting Materials
Authors: Kim Yeoungsug , Rodriguez Angel Emmanuel , Nowzari Hessam 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundBovine‐derived grafting materials are frequently used in a variety of bone augmentation techniques. The aim of this paper is to assess the unique safety issue of bovine‐derived grafting materials that is rarely addressed in dental literature: risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).MethodsThe validity of the current BSE diagnostic methods, surveillance and epidemiological trends in affected countries, and BSE infectivity in bovine bone before and after manufacturing processing were reviewed and analyzed.ResultsPrion screening has significant limits. Humans are not safe from the infection of prion disease of other species. Prions can and do break the species barrier. There is evidence there may be tens of thousands of infectious carriers in the western countries alone. This raises concern about the potential for perpetuation of infection via medical procedures.ConclusionThe limited ability to screen prions within the animal genome, along with a long latency period to manifestation of the disease (1 to over 50 years) in infected patients, provides a framework for discussing posible long‐term risks of the xenografts that are used so extensively in dentistry. We suggest abolishing the use of bovine bone.
Contact sensitizers in commercial hair dye products sold in Thailand
Authors: Boonchai Waranya , Bunyavaree Monthathip , Winayanuwattikun Waranaree , Kasemsarn Pranee 
Published: February 2016

SummaryBackgroundHair dyes are known to contain potent contact allergens for which sensitization rates have increased over the last decade.ObjectiveTo examine the type and frequency of potent contact sensitizers labelled on hair dyes sold in metropolitan Bangkok, Thailand.MethodsDuring the 2013–2014 study period, labelled ingredient information from home use and professional hair dye products was collected.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty‐two hair dye products were evaluated. One hundred and forty‐nine products from 48 brands were domestically produced in Thailand, and 103 products were from 23 multinational brands produced in countries other than Thailand. Two hundred and fourteen of 252 (84.9%) hair dye products were found to contain strong skin sensitizers, with 118 (46.8%) being found in domestically produced products, and 96 (38.1%) being found in multinational brand products. Thirty‐eight hair dye products (15.1%) were free of potent skin sensitizers. The number of domestically produced products (31, 20.8%) that were free of potent skin sensitizers was significantly higher (p = 0.002) than the number of multinational brand products (7, 6.8%).Conclusionsp‐Phenylenediamine was the most prevalent potent sensitizer found among domestically produced hair dyes available on the market. Our findings indicate regional differences in hair dye allergen exposure.
A comparison of tumour and host prognostic factors in screen‐detected vs nonscreen‐detected colorectal cancer: a contemporaneous study
Authors: Mansouri D. , McMillan D. C. , McIlveen E. , Crighton E. M. , Morrison D. S. , Horgan P. G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimIn addition to TNM stage there are adverse tumour and host factors, such as venous invasion and the presence of an elevated systemic inflammatory response (SIR), that influence the outcome in colorectal cancer. The present study aimed to examine how these factors varied in screen‐detected (SD) and nonscreen‐detected (NSD) tumours.MethodProspectively maintained databases of the prevalence round of a biennial population faecal occult blood test screening programme and a regional cancer audit database were analysed. Interval cancers (INT) were defined as cancers identified within 2 years of a negative screening test.ResultsOf the 395 097 people invited, 204 535 (52%) responded, 6159 (3%) tested positive and 421 (9%) had cancer detected. A further 708 NSD patients were identified [468 (65%) nonresponders, 182 (25%) INT cancers and 58 (10%) who did not attend or did not have cancer diagnosed at colonoscopy]. Comparing SD and NSD patients, SD patients were more likely to be male, and have a tumour with a lower TNM stage (both P < 0.05). On stage‐by‐stage analysis, SD patients had less evidence of an elevated SIR (P < 0.05). Both the presence of venous invasion (P = 0.761) and an elevated SIR (P = 0.059) were similar in those with INT cancers and in those that arose in nonresponders.ConclusionIndependent of TNM stage, SD tumours have more favourable host prognostic factors than NSD tumours. There is no evidence that INT cancers are biologically more aggressive than those that develop in the rest of the population and are hence likely to be due to limitations of screening in its current format.