bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unusual social behavior in HPC‐1/syntaxin1A knockout mice is caused by disruption of the oxytocinergic neural system
Authors: Fujiwara Tomonori , Sanada Masumi , Kofuji Takefumi , Akagawa Kimio 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHPC‐1/syntaxin1A (STX1A), a neuronal soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor, contributes to neural function in the CNS by regulating transmitter release. Recent studies reported that STX1A is associated with human neuropsychological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Previously, we showed that STX1A null mutant mice (STX1A KO) exhibit neuropsychological abnormalities, such as fear memory deficits, attenuation of latent inhibition, and unusual social behavior. These observations suggested that STX1A may be involved in the neuropsychological basis of these abnormalities. Here, to study the neural basis of social behavior, we analyzed the profile of unusual social behavior in STX1A KO with a social novelty preference test, which is a useful method for quantification of social behavior. Interestingly, the unusual social behavior in STX1A KO was partially rescued by intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin (OXT). In vivo microdialysis studies revealed that the extracellular OXT concentration in the CNS of STX1A KO was significantly lower compared with wild‐type mice. Furthermore, dopamine‐induced OXT release was reduced in STX1A KO. These results suggested that STX1A plays an important role in social behavior through regulation of the OXTergic neural system.
imageDopamine (DA) release is reduced in CNS of syntaxin1A null mutant mice (STX1A KO). Unusual social behavior was observed in STX1A KO. We found that oxytocin (OXT) release, which was stimulated by DA, was reduced and was rescued the unusual social behavior in STX1A KO was rescued by OXT. These results indicated that STX1A plays an important role in promoting social behavior through regulation of DA‐induced OXT release in amygdala.
Potential pleiotropic beneficial effects of adjuvant melatonergic treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Agorastos Agorastos , Linthorst Astrid C. E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLoss of circadian rhythmicity fundamentally affects the neuroendocrine, immune, and autonomic system, similar to chronic stress and may play a central role in the development of stress‐related disorders. Recent articles have focused on the role of sleep and circadian disruption in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suggesting that chronodisruption plays a causal role in PTSD development. Direct and indirect human and animal PTSD research suggests circadian system‐linked neuroendocrine, immune, metabolic and autonomic dysregulation, linking circadian misalignment to PTSD pathophysiology. Recent experimental findings also support a specific role of the fundamental synchronizing pineal hormone melatonin in mechanisms of sleep, cognition and memory, metabolism, pain, neuroimmunomodulation, stress endocrinology and physiology, circadian gene expression, oxidative stress and epigenetics, all processes affected in PTSD. In the current paper, we review available literature underpinning a potentially beneficiary role of an add‐on melatonergic treatment in PTSD pathophysiology and PTSD‐related symptoms. The literature is presented as a narrative review, providing an overview on the most important and clinically relevant publications. We conclude that adjuvant melatonergic treatment could provide a potentially promising treatment strategy in the management of PTSD and especially PTSD‐related syndromes and comorbidities. Rigorous preclinical and clinical studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.
Appearance of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, During Seawater Adaptation
Authors: Kim Wi‐Sik , Kim, Jong‐Oh , Oh Myung‐Joo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAbout 7% mortality occurred in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, during seawater adaptation at a marine farm in the South Sea of Korea during the winter of 2014. Most diseased fish showed petechial hemorrhaging of gills and internal fat with enlarged spleen. Although no parasites or bacteria were isolated from the diseased fish, all tissue filtrates produced cytopathic effects (CPEs) in fathead minnow and Chinook salmon embryo‐214 cells. The cell culture supernatant showing CPE contained specific 1527‐bp fragment for the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) glycoprotein gene by polymerase chain reaction. Their nucleotide sequences shared 98.1–98.2% identities with IHNV RtUi02 isolated from rainbow trout in Korea. This isolate (RtGoH14) was closely related to Korean IHNV isolates of genogroup JRt rather than to those of North American and European genogroups. These results suggest that this IHNV isolate might have been introduced to rainbow trout farm (land‐based culture system) in Korea. This is the first report of IHNV infection in rainbow trout during seawater adaptation in Korea.
Effects of Dietary Protein Level on Nitrogen and Energy Budget of Juvenile Chinese Soft‐shelled Turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, Wiegmann
Authors: Wang Jun , Qi Zhanhui , Yang Zhencai 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe effects of dietary protein level on nutrient digestibility and utilization of protein and energy of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, were investigated. Seven isoenergetic diets containing graded levels of protein (25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, and 43%) were fed to turtles initially averaging 4.8 ± 0.7 g for 8 wk at 30 ± 0.5 C. The apparent digestibilities of dry matter, protein, and energy were generally increased with dietary protein level. Proportions of nitrogen intake (CN) allocated to excretory nitrogen (UN) were higher in 25 and 43% protein diets than the other diets. UN proportion was lowest in the 33% protein diet, whereas retained (growth) nitrogen (RN) followed an inverse pattern with UN. Percentages of gross energy intake (IE) used for excretory energy (UE) generally increased when dietary protein levels increased. Turtles fed 25–29% protein diets showed a markedly higher proportion of metabolizable energy (ME) than those fed 31–43% protein diets. Analysis by second‐order polynomial regression using RN as the indicator indicated that the estimated optimal dietary protein level was 34.6%. The lowest and highest percentages of retained (growth) energy (RE) were observed in the 25 and 33% protein groups. Nitrogen and energy budget equations of turtles fed 33% protein diet were 100 CN = 8.22 FN + 37.48 UN + 54.30 RN and 100 IE = 10.88 FE + 2.82 UE + 65.60 ME + 20.69 RE, respectively. Diets with excessive protein resulted in high proportions of protein and energy used for excretion.
Benthic studies in upper Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts: 2011/12 as compared to 1955
Authors: Hubbard William A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPrecise biodiversity mapping that can be compared over decades would greatly inform the discussion of climate change impacts on species richness and shifts in dominant benthic species. Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA, has a long history of field studies documenting benthic community structure. This bioassessment compares 1955 benthic infaunal sampling results with 2011/2012 samples to determine whether there has been a compositional change. I also compared structural components including grain size and near‐bottom temperatures. In addition, benthic temperature rise and fall was logged at 15‐min intervals from May to October of consecutive years. There was an observed difference in the benthic compositional structure, substrate and temperature between the 1955 and 2011/2012 station conditions. The 1955 identification of Buzzards Bay as being nutrient poor and having a reported 20.5 °C benthic temperature maximum has changed. Coastal development has brought increased nutrient inputs, and the 2012 bottom temperature maximum was at least 4 °C greater. These conditions contribute to shifts in benthic species dominance, and the substrate itself has been transformed to shell reefs at the stations where the gastropod Crepidula fornicata proliferated.
Genetic architecture of three Turbinella pyrum varieties (Linnaeus, 1758) from the southeast coast of India
Authors: Chandra Shekar Mootapally , Arularasan Sabapathy , Nathani Neelam M. , Zaman Galib Uz , Joshi Chaitanya G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe genetic diversity and variation of three pseudo‐species of the commercially important Indian conch Turbinella pyrum from the southeast coast of India were studied. A total of 88 individuals was genotyped at 12 loci and differences in the genetic diversity among genetic groups were correlated with known population histories. The study identified 535 alleles and all the studied loci were highly polymorphic. The number of alleles ranged between four and 29 with a global mean of 14.861. The global means of the observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.774 and 0.891, respectively. The estimated within‐population inbreeding value (FIS = 0.131) indicated a shortfall of heterozygosity in the populations. An analysis of molecular variance showed that 5% of the total variation was due to differences between genetic groups. The Bayesian approach revealed strong distinctiveness in the three genetic groups studied. Overall microsatellite analysis revealed less genetic diversity in all studied genetic groups and significant genetic variation among the three pseudo‐species. The study highlights the significant distinctiveness of the pseudo‐species of T. pyrum and the need for appropriate conservation efforts in order to prevent further losses of their genetic diversity.
Determining epistatic selection in admixed populations
Authors: Schumer Molly , Brandvain Yaniv 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWhen two diverging species begin hybridizing, selection against hybridization is likely driven not by single substitutions, but by interactions between incompatible mutations. To identify these incompatibilities in natural populations, researchers examine the extent of nonrandom associations between ancestry at physically unlinked loci in admixed populations. In this approach, which we call ‘ADscans’, locus pairs with significantly positive ‘ancestry disequilibrium’ (AD, i.e. locus pairs that positively covary by ancestry) represent incompatible alleles. Past research has uniformly revealed an excess of locus pairs with significantly positiveAD, suggesting that dozens to hundreds of incompatibilities separate species. With forward simulations, we show that many realistic demographic scenarios, including recent and/or ongoing hybridization, generate a bias towards positive ancestry disequilibrium. We suggest steps that researchers can take to avoid pitfalls in interpretingADscans, and present a novel measure ofAD, which minimizes but does not fully eliminate bias in theADdistribution. We also show, by simulation, that the tail of theADdistribution is enriched for true incompatibilities. To illustrate the potential power and appropriate caution in interpretation ofADscans, we reanalyse previously published data from two admixed populations ofXiphophorusfishes. Our results imply that the prevalence of positiveLDin admixed populations does not in itself support the idea that two‐locus incompatibilities are widespread, but the co‐enrichment of topADhits across the twoXiphophoruspopulations supports the idea thatADscans can identify candidate interspecific incompatibilities.
The fragmentation of the nation state? Regional development, distinctiveness, and the growth of nationalism in Cornish politics
Authors: Willett Joanie , Tredinnick‐Rowe John 
Published: April 2016

AbstractStateless nations across the European Union have become increasingly vocal and confident in asserting a desire for autonomy, devolved governance and independence. Meanwhile, identity politics has become a key factor of contemporary European regional development, with utility as a social, economic and governance tool. Culture has become a resource for regional branding to attract inward investment and differentiate in terms of competitiveness. The paper considers whether the utility of identity to regional development might provide an explanation for the growing confidence of European Union stateless nations. We use the case study of Cornwall to explore the correlation, arguing that economic regionalism has provided a space for the articulation of national identities.
Choosing a Group Representative: The Impact of Perceived Organizational Support on the Preferences for Deviant Representatives in Work Negotiations
Authors: Demoulin Stéphanie , Teixeira Cátia Pinto , Gillis Céline , Goldoni Edwine , Stinglhamber Florence 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGroup representative selection in negotiation is a topic that has only recently attracted researchers’ attention. This article focuses on workplace negotiations and examines how employees’ selection of representatives depends on their level of perceived organizational support (POS). We predict and show that employees who experience high levels of POS send to the negotiation table ingroup representatives who are perceived as close to (rather than distant from) the management team. The first study establishes the effect. The second study replicates the findings and investigates the underlying mechanisms. Results show that POS impacts endorsement of pro‐management representatives through an increased perception that these deviant members are typical of the employee's group. Change in perceived typicality is triggered by POS directly and via an increase in employees’ organizational identification. We discuss of the positive and negative consequences for groups who send to the negotiation representatives who are close to the opposing group.
Plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase‐Associated Lipocalin diagnosed acute kidney injury in patients with systemic inflammatory disease and sepsis
Authors: Md Ralib Azrina , Mat Nor Mohd Basri , Pickering John W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimSepsis is the leading cause of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated‐Lipocalin (NGAL) is a promising biomarker for acute kidney injury (AKI) detection; however, it is also increased with inflammation and few studies have been conducted in non‐Caucasian populations and/or in developing economies. Therefore, we evaluated plasma NGAL's diagnostic performance in the presence of sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in a Malaysian ICU cohort.MethodsThis is a prospective observational study on patients with SIRS. Plasma creatinine (pCr) and NGAL were measured on ICU admission. Patients were classified according to the occurrence of AKI and sepsis.ResultsOf 225 patients recruited, 129 (57%) had sepsis of whom 67 (52%) also had AKI. 96 patients (43%) had non‐infectious SIRS, of whom 20 (21%) also had AKI. NGAL concentrations were higher in AKI patients within both the sepsis and non‐infectious SIRS cohorts (both P < 0.0001). The diagnostic area under curve for AKI was 0.81 (95%CI: 0.74 to 0.87). The optimal cut‐off was higher in sepsis compared to non‐infectious SIRS patients (454 versus 176 ng/mL). Addition of NGAL to a clinical model comprising age, pCr, medical admission category and SAPS II score increased the mean risk of those with AKI by 4% and reduced the mean risk of those without AKI by 3%.ConclusionsAcute kidney injury is more common with sepsis than non‐infectious SIRS. Plasma NGAL was diagnostic of AKI in both subgroups. The optimal cut‐off for diagnosing AKI was higher in sepsis than in non‐infectious SIRS. Addition of plasma NGAL improved the clinical model used to diagnose AKI.
Exploring the effects of synchronous pharyngeal electrical stimulation with swallowing carbonated water on cortical excitability in the human pharyngeal motor system
Authors: Magara J. , Michou E. , Raginis‐Zborowska A. , Inoue M. , Hamdy S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundPrevious reports have revealed that excitation of human pharyngeal motor cortex can be induced by pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PES) and swallowing carbonated water (CW). This study investigated whether combining PES with swallowing (of still water, SW or CW) can potentiate this excitation in either cortical and/or brain stem areas assessed with transcranial and transcutaneous magnetic stimulation (TMS).MethodsFourteen healthy volunteers participated and were intubated with an intraluminal catheter to record pharyngeal electromyography and deliver PES. Each participant underwent baseline corticopharyngeal, hand and craniobulbar motor‐evoked potential (MEP) measurements. Subjects were then randomized to receive each of four 10‐min interventions (PES only, ShamPES+CW, PES+CW, and PES+SW). Corticobulbar, craniobulbar and hand MEPs were then remeasured for up to 60 min and data analyzed using anova and post hoc t‐tests.Key ResultsA two‐way rmanova for Interventions × Time‐point showed a significant corticopharyngeal interaction (p = 0.010). One‐way anova with post hoc t‐tests indicated significant cortical changes with PES only at 45 (p = 0.038) and 60 min (p = 0.023) and ShamPES+CW immediately (p = 0.008) but not with PES+CW or PES+SW. By contrast, there were immediate craniobulbar amplitude changes only with PES+CW (p = 0.020) which were not sustained.Conclusions & InferencesWe conclude that only PES produced long‐term changes in corticopharyngeal excitability whereas combination stimuli were less effective. Our data suggest that PES alone rather than in combination, may be better for the patients who have difficulty in performing voluntary swallows.
Light acclimation in the lycophyte Selaginella martensii depends on changes in the amount of photosystems and on the flexibility of the light‐harvesting complex II antenna association with both photosystems
Authors: Ferroni Lorenzo , Suorsa Marjaana , Aro Eva‐Mari , Baldisserotto Costanza , Pancaldi Simonetta 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Vascular plants have evolved a long‐term light acclimation strategy primarily relying on the regulation of the relative amounts of light‐harvesting complex II (LHCII) and of the two photosystems, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). We investigated whether such a model is also valid in Selaginella martensii, a species belonging to the early diverging group of lycophytes.

Selaginella martensii plants were acclimated to three natural light regimes (extremely low light (L), medium light (M) and full sunlight (H)) and thylakoid organization was characterized combining ultrastructural, biochemical and functional methods.

From L to H plants, thylakoid architecture was rearranged from (pseudo)lamellar to predominantly granal, the PSII : PSI ratio changed in favour of PSI, and the photochemical capacity increased. However, regulation of light harvesting did not occur through variations in the amount of free LHCII, but rather resulted from the flexibility of the association of free LHCII with PSII and PSI.

In lycophytes, the free interspersed LHCII serves a fixed proportion of reaction centres, either PSII or PSI, and the regulation of PSI–LHCII(–PSII) megacomplexes is an integral part of long‐term acclimation. Free LHCII ensures photoprotection of PSII, allows regulated use of PSI as an energy quencher, and can also quench endangered PSI.
The negative effects of pathogen‐infected prey on predators: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Flick Andrew J. , Acevedo Miguel A. , Elderd Bret D. 
Published: April 2016

Intra‐guild predation (IGP) – where a top predator (IGPred) consumes both a basal resource and a competitor for that resource (IGPrey) – has become a fundamental part of understanding species interactions and community dynamics. IGP communities composed of intraguild predators and prey have been well studied; however, we know less about IGP communities composed of predators, pathogens, and resources. Resource quality plays an important role in community dynamics and may influence IGP dynamics as well. We conducted a meta‐analysis on predator–pathogen–resource communities to determine whether resource quality mediated by the pathogen affected predator life‐history traits and if these effects met the theoretical constraints of IGP communities. To do this, we summarized results from studies that investigated the use of predators and pathogens to control insect pests. In these systems, the predators are the IGPred and pathogens are the IGPrey. We found that consumer longevity, fecundity, and survival decreased by 26%, 31% and 13% respectively, when predators consumed pathogen‐infected prey, making the infected prey a low quality resource. Predators also significantly preferred healthy prey over infected prey. When we divided consumers by enemy type, strict predators (e.g. wolf spiders) had no preference while parasitoids preferred healthy prey. Our results suggest that communities containing parasitoids and pathogens may rarely exhibit intraguild predation; whereas, communities composed of strict predators and pathogens are more likely dominated by IGP dynamics. In these latter communities, the consumption of low and high quality resources suggests that IGP communities composed of strict predators, pathogens and prey should naturally persist, supporting IGP theory.SynthesisWe investigated how consuming pathogen‐infected prey influence important life‐history parameters of insect predators. Pathogens are used in a variety of biocontrol programs, especially to control crop pests. We found that true predators (i.e. wolf spiders) have no preference for healthy or infected prey and have reduced fecundity, survival and longevity consuming infected prey. However, parasitoids avoided infected prey when possible. In biocontrol programs with multiple control agents, parasitoids and pathogens would do a better job controlling pests as predators would reduce the amount of pathogen available and have reduced fitness from consuming infected prey. However, theory suggests that true predators, prey and pathogens may coexist long term.
Arrhythmic Risk Following Recovery of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients with Primary Prevention ICD
Authors: BERTHELOT‐RICHER MAXIME , BONENFANT FRANCIS , CLAVEL MARIE‐ANNICK , FARAND PAUL , PHILIPPON FRANÇOIS , AYALA‐PAREDES FELIX , ESSADIQI BTISSAMA , BADRA‐VERDU Mariano Gonzalo , ROUX JEAN‐FRANÇOIS 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundLeft ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) recovers during follow‐up in a significant proportion of patients implanted with a cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention. Little is known about the midterm arrhythmic risk in this population, particularly in relation to the presence or absence of ischemic cardiomyopathy.Methods and ResultsWe retrospectively analyzed 286 patients with an ICD implanted for primary prevention between 2002 and 2010. Patients were divided into two groups based on their last LVEF assessment: (1) Recovery, defined as an LVEF > 35%; and (2) No‐Recovery, defined as an LVEF ≤ 35%. Kaplan‐Meir curves and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed separately for patients with ischemic (211 patients) and nonischemic (75 patients) cardiomyopathy. Forty‐nine patients (17.1%) had LVEF recovery to >35% at last follow‐up. Overall, 72 patients (25.2%) experienced ventricular arrhythmias requiring ICD therapy during a median follow‐up of 4.4 years. With multivariate Cox regression, LVEF recovery was associated with a lower arrhythmic risk in the whole cohort (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.38 [0.13–0.85]; P = 0.02) and in the nonischemic cardiomyopathy cohort (HR: 0.10 [0.005–0.55]; P = 0.005), but not in the ischemic cardiomyopathy cohort (HR: 0.84 [0.25–2.10]; P = 0.74).ConclusionIn conclusion, patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy who improved their LVEF to >35% after primary prevention ICD implantation were at very low absolute arrhythmic risk. Our study raises the possibility that the LVEF cutoff to safely withhold ICD replacement might be higher in patients with ischemic compared to nonischemic cardiomyopathy. This will need to be confirmed in prospective studies.