bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation Clinique De La Trifluopérazine
Authors: Léger Yvan , Berthiaume M. , Ferron L. P. , Paul-Hus G. , Legault R. , Bisson F. 
Published: May 2017

In this clinical study trifluoperazine was given to a group of 30 apathetic or hallucinated patients. Most of these chronic schizophrenic patients had taken other tranquillizers without noticeable results. For a period of two months they received between five and thirty mg. of trifluoperazine “per os”. Their mental condition was evaluated by two independent observers at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. In the group of the 17 hallucinated patients results were as follows: No improvement 30%, slight improvement 47%, moderate improvement 23%, marked improvement 0%. In the other group of 13 apathetic patients the results were about identical; no improvement 30%, slight improvement 40%, moderate improvement 23%, marked improvement 7%. The medication was stopped in one case because there was no improvement and the patient needed another form of therapy. Side effects were minimal except for akathisia and signs of parkinsonism which occurred in about 30% of the group. These effects disappeared with artane or with a decrease in the dosage. There was no marked change in the blood pressure, pulse or temperature. Those who were improved gained about 4% in weight while the ones who did not show any improvement lost a few pounds averaging about 6%. There was no somnolence. The routine blood and urine tests did not reveal any signs of toxicity. In concluding the authors say trifluoperazine has shown itself to be of value in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.
Electroencephalographic and Behavioral Effects of Tofrānil
Authors: Fink Max 
Published: May 2017

Intravenous administration of Tofrānil in 28 voluntary, open-ward psychiatric patients elicited electrographic patterns of desynchronization and an increase of theta rhythms, associated with behavioral alerting, relaxation and lassitude. Chronic administration of oral Tofrānil in 16 depressed and retarded psychiatric subjects elicited behavioral adaptations of euphoric denial in eight, restlessness and somatization in three and no change in five. During the fifth week of administration, electrographic desynchronization was manifest. It is concluded that Tofrānil is an active central nervous system agent, with a spectrum of activity most like experimental anticholinergic hallucinogens. The theoretic significance for neurophysiologic-behavioral constructs is briefly discussed.
Mental Health and the Akerfeldt Test: The Relationship of Mental Health to the Oxidation of N, N-Dimethyl-p-Phenylenediamine Dihydrochloride
Authors: Stennett R. G. , Callowhill C. R. 
Published: May 2017

Comparison of DPP oxidation curves of carefully-matched groups of schizophrenics and controls failed to reveal statistically significant differences. DPP oxidation is unrelated to mental illness per se, sex, length of hospitalization or differential diagnosis; it is related significantly to age and serum density. These results suggest, in agreement with Horwitt, that the Akerfeldt reaction in its present form is so easily contaminated by nutritional and other artefacts as to render it useless as a practical aid in psychiatric diagnosis.
Considerations sur la Schizophrenie Des Ruraux
Authors: Paul-Hus Gilles 
Published: May 2017

This is a preliminary study about the schizophrenic reaction as produced and developed among French Canadian farmers. After a brief summary of human functioning in this subculture, we have examined at St-Jean de Dieu Mental Hospital the social history of young schizophrenic farmers, paying special attention to the following areas: mental development, physical illnesses, schooling, work, delusional material and ideas of reference, parental acceptance or rejection. After a psychosexual and physical development considered as normal by the family, the young schizophrenic quits school after the 5th grade. Described as shy but hard working, he is known to drink heavily during the week end: usually he does not mingle with girls. The importance of religion in his “milieu” is evident if you consider the unusual amount of religious material in the delusions and the ideas of reference and grandeur of the patient. Identification to God whether in His sufferings or His triumph is quite frequent. When recovered from the acute phase of psychosis, the young schizophrenic is well received by his family. In brief some preliminary conclusions are drawn. 1) Psychoanalytic treatment and deep psychotherapy are not usually indicated or successful in dealing with his disintegrating ego. 2) So far as the acute phase is cleared by biological treatment, the patient should be returned home rapidly. 3) His religious ideas should be more carefully scrutinized to get a better understanding of his emotional problems. 4) A hebephrenic reaction does not necessarily indicate a poorer prognosis than a paranoid one. 5) Heredity seems better known among them, not especially more productive of schizophrenia.
Observation D'un an Avec Imipramine en Clinique Psychiatrique a L'Hopital General
Authors: Côté F. , Guillem J. S. 
Published: May 2017

Among 583 patients hospitalized in the psychiatric clinic of our General Hospital over a period of one year, 88 cases received Tofranil—EST mixed therapy. Before reporting any results, the clinicians wanted to clarify the General term “Depression”. According to the usual symptomatology, they classify depressive reactions in two groups: the primary endogenous depression, named “melancholia” since Hippocrates, and the depressive reaction resulting from one or many internal or external stresses, taking account of an already neurotic or psychoneurotic personality. Results were excellent in the first category of depression: 80% of cure among 21 cases of melancholia—Tofranil alone was given in 4×0% of the cases—the other 40% received from 6 to 8 EST. With respect to the second category Tofranil helped the efficiency and acceptance of psychotherapy. Withdrawal of the reactional depressive state was noted in 24 among 67 cases; in 20 other patients, there was marked improvement. In almost every case, minor secondary effects were noted: perspiration, dryness of the mouth, oliguria, itching, disagreeable effects due to the atropinic effects of the drug; these effects are rather well tolerated if the patient is told about it and they do not interfere with continuing the treatment. On the other hand major complications might oblige to discontinue completely the treatment, namely the suicidal attempt more because of the disparition of inhibition which looks like an after-effect of Tofranil; other major complications are the maniac reaction and the epileptic fit. Those major complications are rare, we can state that Tofranil is a precious thymoleptic of great interest in hospitalized cases. With the necessary care it may often eliminate the EST or almost always reduce their number. We repeat that a very serious observation is necessary at the start of the cure to be prepared to deal with the consequences of the always possible secondary effects.
Observations on Illegitimacy
Authors: Hirsch Solomon 
Published: May 2017

Many different personality types were represented in this study as has been described by various observers. The major factor motivating the sexual behaviour of these women was the overwhelming importance to them of maintaining the dependent relationship upon a male with a total and blind acquiescence to his wishes. Of lesser importance were acting out against parents, a strong sexual drive, the need to prove oneself a woman and a desire, conscious or unconscious, to have a baby. Much guilt was aroused by the use of or insistence on birth control measures; these implied responsibility for sexual activity, the use of such measures was precluded. Contrary to other reports, nausea, vomiting and obstetrical complications occurred with the same frequency as in married women. The course of the pregnancy did not appear to be affected in any way. It was concluded that a weak ego structure was more basic to their behaviour than the unconscious drive to have a baby, or the acting out of unconscious fantasies which often have been assumed in the previous literature. The results suggest that the mild nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is of physiological rather than psychological origin, and that the course of pregnancy is not as readily affected by unhealthy motivation for having the baby as has often been assumed.
The Treatment of Depressive States with Imipramine Hydrochloride
Authors: Kenning I. S. , Richardson N. L. , Tucker F. G. 
Published: May 2017

(1) 62 Depressed patients were observed in a double blind study. (2) There was a 60% general improvement in the drug treated group. Comparison of the drug and control group by clinical evaluation was significant at the 1% level of confidence. (3) The differences between a small number (35) of drug and control patients were not significant in the psychological tests employed. (4) The drug may have some E.C.T. sparing effect. (5) No serious complications or side effects were encountered
Proposition D'Un Mecanisme De Tolerance Aux Drogues
Authors: Nadeau Guy , Sobolewski Georges 
Published: May 2017

The tolerance phenomenon to drugs has always been an intriguing problem. From a review of the literature, two hypotheses have been retained and discussed; none seems to bring a satisfactory explanation. The work of Beutner and of Van Leuween around 1925 has inspired the authors who devised an experiment with two groups of dogs, one receiving progressively greater quantities of morphine, the other one receiving no medication. They succeeded in measuring the amount of morphine linked to an hypothetic plasma protein and tried to establish how this correlates with the tolerance phenomenon. They feel this protein fixation of morphine in plasma plays an important role in the tolerance acquisition to drugs. The amount of medication reaching the blood-brain barrier is affected by this process as well as the following excretion time of the drug. The results have confirmed the authors' hypotheses; in a next step they will attempt to isolate and identify the specific plasma protein involved. Research on cerebro-spinal fluid has not yielded any information on the diffusion time of the drug in the two groups of dogs: morphine could not be detected probably because of its great affinity for the surrounding structures.
Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride and Chlorpromazine a Clinical Trial with a Group of “Tense” Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Burrell R. , Clancey I. , Rejskind M. , Weckowicz T. E. 
Published: May 2017

1. Atarax and Largactil were evaluated as “tension” reducing drugs. 2. “Tension” rating scale was developed to measure tension. 3. The results were negative. 4. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Imipramine a Clinical Evaluation in a Variety of Settings
Authors: Miller A. , Baker E.F.W. , Lewis D. , Jones A. 
Published: May 2017

Imipramine, a new mood-elevating drug, has been used in a variety of psychiatric settings. It has been found that a considerable proportion (30%) of chronically depressed patients and about 50% of acutely depressed patients are improved by the drug and that these improvements are as good as those obtained by electroconvulsive therapy. Few of the side-effects are severe. However, vascular deaths or complications in the older age group are being reported; there are two in this project. Material, to date, indicates that certain cases become grossly disturbed on the drug in a psychiatric sense, either aggressively, in a schizophrenic manner or by manic over-reaction. The indications for the administration of the drug are less cut and dried than previous authors have indicated. Patients of all ages, types of depression, degrees of severity and duration of illness have improved. It is a useful drug, and one which increases the spectrum of psychiatric treatment of depression, although not providing the final answer. We wish to express our appreciation to Geigy Pharmaceuticals; Doctor J. N. Hagan, Medical Superintendent; the Medical and Nursing Staff of the Ontario Hospital, Toronto, and particularly to Mrs. King and Mrs. Fuhr, Research Nurses, whose help and support made this study possible; Dr. A. M. Doyle and the Nursing Staff of the St. Michael's Hospital Psychiatric Unit; and the Nursing Staff of the Day Hospital.
High Dosage Chlorpromazine Treatment in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Solyom L. 
Published: May 2017

1. Chlorpromazine treatment was carried out with 53 female patients, 43 of whom were chronic schizophrenics. The dosage was high, up to 3,000 mgs. daily and the treatment lengthy, from six to eight months. 2. Among the chronic schizophrenic, remission occurred in 20% and Social Remission in 37% of the cases. Length of illness and grades of deterioration bear an inverse relationship to improvement. 3. Both paranoid and simplex schizophrenic patients benefitted from the treatment. 4. No permanent liver damage occurred. A large percentage of the previously positive CCF tests improved during the treatment and this was paralleled by psychological improvement.
Adrenal Cortical Stress Effects in Senility. II. The Response to Heat Stimulation Produced by the Hardy-Wolff-Goodell Dolorimeter
Authors: Grad B. , Kral V. A. 
Published: May 2017

Five groups of subjects (normal young persons, normal old persons, young persons with functional psychosis, persons with senile dementia and old schizophrenics), each comprising 5 men and 5 women were exposed to 12 stimuli, ranging from 230 to 425 mc./sec./cm.2 from a Hardy-Wolff-Goodell dolorimeter. Samples of blood and saliva were taken immediately before, immediately after and 3½ hours after the stimuli were applied. The sodium-potassium ratio was determined in the saliva and the number of eosinophils was counted in the blood. Prior to stimulation, elderly schizophrenic patients had significantly higher eosinophil counts than all the other subjects, while young persons with functional psychoses had significantly higher counts than that of all subjects except the elderly schizophrenic patients. In response to stimulation with the dolorimeter, there was a significant decline immediately after the stimuli were applied, the decline persisting 3 to 4 hours later. However, the pattern of response did not appear to vary significantly from one group to the other. In the case of the salivary Na/K, the elderly schizophrenic and the senile dementia patients had significantly higher values than the other groups prior to stimulation. This rise in the elderly mental patients was due mainly to increases in the salivary Na concentration, the salivary K concentration showing less marked increases. The salivary Na concentration of normal old subjects also increased when compared with that of the young subjects but there was a corresponding rise in the salivary K concentration leaving the Na/K ratio unchanged. Immediately following stimulation with the dolorimeter, the salivary Na/K declined significantly, and this decline was also observed 3 to 4 hours later. This pattern was observed when all groups were taken together, but was chiefly due to the responses of the 2 groups of old mental subjects, the remaining 3 groups showing no significant changes in this respect. In view of the inverse relationship between the change in the level of the salivary Na/K on the one hand and the change in the level of the salt-active hormones of the adrenal on the other, it is suggested that the elderly schizophrenic and senile dementia patient react to the stress of a pricking pain produced by the Hardy-Wolff-Goodell dolorimeter with an increased output of salt-active corticoids.
Observations on the Action of Sernyl — A New Psychotropic Drug
Authors: Ban T. A. , Lohrenz J. J. , Lehmann H. E. 
Published: May 2017

Sernyl was administered to 55 patients, chosen at random from the population of a mental hospital. Its disinhibiting potential appears to be related to the dose. Sernyl in doses of 0.07 mgms/kg administered in 7 minutes by the intravenous route activated the patients specific psychopathology to a greater degree than known psychotomimetics (LSD 25 and Mescaline Sulfate). Physiological and neurological observations, psychological tests and behavioural observations were made and correlated with the collection of subjective data. The unpleasant and extremely frightening nature of the experience, the preoccupation with death and body image disturbances were the most characteristic features observed. The history of the feeling of impending death as a symptom (“meditatio mortis”) has been reviewed and it is suggested that the lower brain stem may be considered as a possible site of action. Judging from our findings, Sernyl would not appear to be a psychotomimetic or schizophrenomimetic drug in the true sense, although certain aspects of the response picture obtained in psychiatric patients resemble the primary symptoms of schizophrenia. The drug seems to possess no particular therapeutic value, at least not at the present state of our knowledge. We are indebted to Drs. H. Ast, L. Douyon, F. Kristof, for their valuable assistance in these observations. We are indebted to Dr. C. Sterlin for assistance in these observations and particularly for preparing a resumé in the French language. We wish to acknowledge our appreciation to Parke, Davis and Company for supplying Sernyl and to Sandoz and Company for supplying LSD 25, for the purpose of this experiment.
Lilliputian Hallucinations in the Functional Psychoses
Authors: Lewis David J. 
Published: May 2017

A psychopathological investigation has been made of a group of patients seeing or hearing minuscule personalized hallucinations, usually referred to as Lilliputian. These have been assigned to three general groups. The first are those of very small people or objects, clearly defined in space and engaged in group activity, sometimes related to the patient and sometimes, quite unrelated. These appear to be identified with the classical Lilliputian hallucination described by R. Leroy (1), usually found in toxic or organic states but existing here as a functional feature. The second group has been described by Angyal (5). They are much more poorly formed, flatly coloured or greyish and usually internalized, though they may come outside and engage in activities outside the patient. They are often identified with body function, either of digestion, as in one of our cases, or the passively appreciated movement of limbs. They are found in quite severely regressed schizophrenic patients who are, however, capable of surprising remissions. The third group may share some of the passivity phenomena mentioned in the second group but are much more clearly defined, capable of considerable transformations outside and inside the body and sometimes identified with definite people in the environment. They appear to approximate many folklore phenomena, e.g. goblins, incubi, elves, etc., but have not been widely described in psychiatric literature. They were hinted at by Harriman (10), in 1937, who found a number of childhood companions persisting in his psychology students at Bucknell University. Reports of psychoanalytic authors have depicted the development of phantasy figures in the course of treatment. Psychoanalytic theories of the significance and genesis of minuscule hallucinations are presented. The functions of the phenomena appear to be displacement, multiplication and personalization of the desired phallus or the forces threatening it. In some of our patients, it appears often to be the obtaining of attention and satisfaction, otherwise forbidden to the patient. In others, the persons appeared to be a half conscious dramatization of their own psychic structure, as if the patient, in his efforts towards self-mastery, constructed a model of his own psychic function and difficulties by a process of concretization. The little men are treated as real figures through the mechanism of endo- and ectosomatic hallucinations in the absence of effective insight.
The Application of Electronic Automatic Computers to Psychiatric Research
Authors: Richman A. , Law A. G. 
Published: May 2017

(i) Data processing by computers is rapid, accurate, flexible, reliable, and economically advantageous. (ii) Computations which were previously impractical because of time/personnel requirements are now feasible. (iii) Computer programs for various types of integrated data processing in psychiatric research have been satisfactorily designed and operated. (iv) Once a computer program is available, delays or errors in data processing due to human limitations are minimum. There is less time required for training and supervision of personnel processing data. (v) In psychiatric research, the interval between data collection and hypothesis testing is markedly reduced by the use of appropriate computer programs. As a result, the researcher has more time available for hypothesis construction and the interpretation of relationships.
A Further Report on the Effects of Repetition of Verbal Signals upon Human Behaviour
Authors: Cameron D. Ewen , Levy Leonard , Ban Thomas , Rubenstein Leonard 
Published: May 2017

We are presenting a report of further advances in the use of repetition of verbal signals as a means of producing change in human behavior. In this presentation we have reported on the following: 1) We have already in earlier publications shown that where the patient is prepared by sleep and electroshock therapy, changes of a predetermined nature can be produced in the behavior of the individual. In this study we have shown that precisely the same changes can be produced: a) Where the patient is placed under conditions of sensory deprivation and then exposed to repetition of verbal signals; b) By the reduction of severe inhibitory anxiety by preliminary prolonged sleep followed by sensory deprivation and exposure to repetition. 2) We have demonstrated the value of reinforcement of the predetermined personality changes produced by exposure to verbal repetition. 3) We have developed new methods of assessment and validation by means of sound movie analysis. The work on this project was supported by a grant from the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, Incorporated.
La Famille Et La Jeunesse Dans La Chine Nouvelle
Authors: Lazure Denis 
Published: May 2017

The author reports on observations made on a recent five-week visit to new China. The general establishment of rural and urban communes since 1958, while affecting the structure of the home, does not appear to threaten the sense of family belonging. The commune has brought radical changes in social living; for instance, 80 p.c. of women who are physically fit work outside their homes. “Reformed through work”, adult criminals or juvenile delinquents are extremely rare. As early as three months, the child is placed in the communal “creche”. The pre-schooler is indulged by adults while the school-age child must work very hard on the academic level in addition to giving to the State several hours of manual work. The child and the teenager appear to be more concerned with socio-political themes than with conflicts which would exist in their relationships with their parents. Dating among adolescents is non-existent. According to the author, there would be few variations in psychotic conditions, but probably a marked decrease of psychoneuroses, character troubles and anti-social behaviour. Mental debility is denied by the official authorities. In conclusion, the author notes a fairly remarkable civic pride but at the same time a stereotyped attitude in thought and behaviour. The State does not place itself between the child and his parents, but rather above the latter. Understandably, such a society has assigned to each individual a definite role and this structure, at least at this phase, appears to be a favourable factor in the mental health of the Chinese.