bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Card9 mediates susceptibility to intestinal pathogens through microbiota modulation and control of bacterial virulence
Authors: Lamas Bruno , Michel Marie-Laure , Waldschmitt Nadine , Pham Hang-Phuong , Zacharioudaki Vassiliki , Dupraz Louise , Delacre Myriam , Natividad Jane M , Costa Gregory Da , Planchais Julien , Sovran Bruno , Bridonneau Chantal , Six Adrien , Langella Philippe , Richard Mathias L , Chamaillard Mathias , Sokol Harry 
Published: August 2017

Objective

In association with innate and adaptive immunity, the microbiota controls the colonisation resistance against intestinal pathogens. Caspase recruitment domain 9 (
CARD9
), a key innate immunity gene, is required to shape a normal gut microbiota.
Card9
–/–
mice are more susceptible to the enteric mouse pathogen
Citrobacter rodentium
that mimics human infections with enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
. Here, we examined how
CARD9
controls
C. rodentium
infection susceptibility through microbiota-dependent and microbiota-independent mechanisms.

Design

C. rodentium
infection was assessed in conventional and germ-free (GF) wild-type (WT) and
Card9
–/–
mice. To explore the impact of
Card9
–/–
microbiota in infection susceptibility, GF WT mice were colonised with WT (WT→GF) or
Card9
–/–
(

Card9
–/–

→GF) microbiota before
C. rodentium
infection. Microbiota composition was determined by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Inflammation severity was determined by histology score and lipocalin level. Microbiota–host immune system interactions were assessed by quantitative PCR analysis.

Results

CARD9
controls pathogen virulence in a microbiota-independent manner by supporting a specific humoral response. Higher susceptibility to
C. rodentium
-induced colitis was observed in

Card9
–/–

→GF mice. The microbiota of
Card9
–/–
mice failed to outcompete the monosaccharide-consuming
C. rodentium
, worsening the infection severity. A polysaccharide-enriched diet counteracted the ecological advantage of
C. rodentium
and the defective pathogen-specific antibody response in
Card9
–/–
mice.

Conclusions
CARD9 modulates the susceptibility to intestinal infection by controlling the pathogen virulence in a microbiota-dependent and microbiota-independent manner. Genetic susceptibility to intestinal pathogens can be overridden by diet intervention that restores humoural immunity and a competing microbiota.
Pseudomonas aeruginosaLasB protease impairs innate immunity in mice and humans by targeting a lung epithelial cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator–IL-6–antimicrobial–repair pathway
Authors: Saint-Criq Vinciane , Villeret Bérengère , Bastaert Fabien , Kheir Saadé , Hatton Aurélie , Cazes Aurélie , Xing Zhou , Sermet-Gaudelus Isabelle , Garcia-Verdugo Ignacio , Edelman Aleksander , Sallenave Jean-Michel 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundPseudomonas aeruginosalung infections are a huge problem in ventilator-associated pneumonia, cystic fibrosis (CF) and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. This bacterium secretes virulence factors that may subvert host innate immunity.ObjectiveWe evaluated the effect ofP. aeruginosaelastase LasB, an important virulence factor secreted by the type II secretion system, on ion transport, innate immune responses and epithelial repair, both in vitro and in vivo.MethodsWild-type (WT) or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-mutated epithelial cells (cell lines and primary cells from patients) were treated with WT or ΔLasB pseudomonas aeruginosa O1 (PAO1) secretomes. The effect of LasB and PAO1 infection was also assessed in vivo in murine models.ResultsWe showed that LasB was the most abundant protein in WT PAO1 secretomes and that it decreased epithelial CFTR expression and activity. In airway epithelial cell lines and primary bronchial epithelial cells, LasB degraded the immune mediators interleukin (IL)-6 and trappin-2, an important epithelial-derived antimicrobial molecule. We further showed that an IL-6/STAT3 signalling pathway was downregulated by LasB, resulting in inhibition of epithelial cell repair. In mice, intranasally instillated LasB induced significant weight loss, inflammation, injury and death. By contrast, we showed that overexpression of IL-6 and trappin-2 protected mice against WT-PAO1-induced death, by upregulating IL-17/IL-22 antimicrobial and repair pathways.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that PAO1 LasB is a majorP. aeruginosasecreted factor that modulates ion transport, immune response and tissue repair. Targeting this virulence factor or upregulating protective factors such as IL-6 or antimicrobial molecules such as trappin-2 could be beneficial inP. aeruginosa-infected individuals.
Developing Internet Jurisdiction in B2B and B2C Contracts: Focusing on Iranian Legal System with Comparative Study of American, English and eu Laws
Authors: Habibzadeh Taher 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
In the modern world, electronic communications play a significant role in areas of national and international law such as Internet jurisdiction. Private international law provides that the competent court is the court within which jurisdiction the contract is performed, so it is important to know the place of performance of the contract in the case of contracts for digital goods such as e-books or computer software delivered online. It is equally important in the case of electronic services such as e-teaching. Furthermore, as consumer protection in B2C contracts is important in developing global e-commerce, it is important to consider whether the consumer party is able to bring an action against the business party in his own place of domicile or habitual residence. The article analyses these questions and proposes ways in which the Iranian legal system might be developed to address issues of Internet jurisdiction in B2B and B2C contracts.
Fish Oil–Containing Lipid Emulsions in Adult Parenteral Nutrition: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Abbasoglu Osman , Hardy Gil , Manzanares William , Pontes‐Arruda Alessandro 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackground. There is evidence from laboratory and animal studies that fish oil–containing intravenous lipid emulsions (FOC‐IVLEs) have a beneficial effect on inflammation and the immune response, suggesting a possible clinical benefit. Clinical studies of FOC‐IVLEs have reported mixed results. The aim of this review is to present findings from recent randomized controlled clinical trials and other quality clinical studies investigating the effects of administering intravenous fish oil alone or as part of a multilipid emulsion and to examine the quality of these studies in an objective, evidence‐based manner. Methods. Studies comparing FOC‐IVLEs with other IVLEs in adults were included. Thirty‐four clinical studies were evaluated: 19 investigated levels of inflammatory and immune markers as an endpoint; 13 investigated rates of infection or sepsis; 3 investigated clinical outcomes in septic patients; and 29 investigated general clinical outcomes. Results. There was conflicting evidence for a beneficial effect of fish oil on levels of inflammatory and immune markers and some evidence that fish oil decreased the rate of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Studies generally reported few statistical differences in clinical outcomes and rates of infection and sepsis with FOC‐IVLEs as compared with other IVLEs. The quality of reporting was generally poor, and the presented evidence for comparisons between FOC‐IVLEs and other IVLEs was inconclusive or weak. Conclusions. There is very little high‐quality evidence that FOC‐IVLEs have a more beneficial effect than other IVLEs on clinical outcomes in adult patients.
Addition of Insulin to Parenteral Nutrition for Control of Hyperglycemia
Authors: McCulloch Adam , Bansiya Vishakha , Woodward Jeremy M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAdministration of parenteral nutrition (PN) may result in hyperglycemia in patients with preexisting diabetes or disease‐related insulin resistance, and it can be associated with increased rates of complications. Treatment requires insulin therapy. Insulin can be administered subcutaneously, intravenously via a variable rate sliding scale, or by adding it directly to the PN. The last method is a potentially attractive technique for a number of reasons—it could deliver the insulin intravenously at a steady rate alongside carbohydrates, and in malnourished patients with little subcutaneous tissue, it may prevent the need for frequent insulin injections. Despite such potential advantages, the addition of insulin to PN remains controversial, largely with respect to the bioavailability of insulin in PN and resultant concerns of the risk of hypoglycemia. There is a paucity of long‐term quality controlled studies to address this question. The available literature suggests that, at least in the short term, insulin addition to PN can achieve reasonable glycemic control with low rates of hypoglycemia, and the technique compares favorably with the use of long‐acting insulin preparations. This literature review finds a wide range of values reported for insulin availability via PN, ranging from 44% to 95% depending on the type of PN container material used and the presence of added vitamins and trace elements. Few studies looking at glycemic control among patients receiving home PN were found, and larger prospective trials are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of this technique in this patient group.
Treatment Changes in Patients With Moderate to Severe Psoriasis: A Retrospective Chart Review
Authors: Smith Jaclyn A. , Wehausen Brooke , Richardson Irma , Zhao Yang , Li Yunfeng , Herrera Vivian , Feldman Steven R. 
Published: August 2017

Background: Psoriasis treatment involves topical medications, oral medications, phototherapy, and/or biologics. The treatments used depend on a myriad of factors that change over time. Objective: To characterise the frequency of and reasons for treatment changes in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Methods: A chart review examined treatment changes at 902 visits by 116 patients seen between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2015, for moderate to severe psoriasis and the physicians’ justifications for those changes. ‘Treatment change’ was defined as switching between, adding, or removing medication classes or switching within the oral or biologic class. Results: There were 221 visits with treatment changes identified, and a change occurred every 4.1 visits. On average, there were 1.2 treatment changes per year. Patients treated for at least 1 year averaged 1 treatment change every 16 months. The most common type of change was from one biologic to another biologic (24.9%), followed by adding a nonbiologic to a biologic (18.6%). The most common reason for switching was poor control or flare of psoriasis. Affordability was a more common problem for biologics than for nonbiologic treatments. Conclusions: Biologic treatment options provide a major improvement over older systemic treatments, but patients still undergo frequent treatment changes to help control their disease.
Liposome percutaneous penetration in vivo
Authors: Lymberopoulos A , Demopoulou C , Kyriazi M , Katsarou MS , Demertzis N , Hatziandoniou S , Maswadeh H , Papaioanou G , Demetzos C , Maibach H , Rallis M 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: Liposomes are reported as penetration enhancers for dermal and transdermal delivery. However, little is known about their percutaneous penetration and as to at which level they deliver encapsulated drugs. The penetration of multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) and small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), in comparison to one of their lipid components, was investigated. Methods: Using the fluorescent lipid, Lissamine Rhodamine B-PE (R), as a constituent, MLV and SUV liposomes were prepared, tested, and R, MLV, or SUV were applied in vivo on the back of hairless mice. Absorption of each was evaluated at the levels of stratum corneum, living skin, and blood by fluorometry. Results: Penetration of the lipid R in stratum corneum in the nonliposomal form exceeded that in the liposomal form and only R penetrates the living skin in a statistically significant manner. No statistical significant absorption into blood was observed with either form. Conclusions: Liposomes size did not play an important role in penetration to stratum corneum. The lipid constituent in the nonliposomal form penetrated at higher rates into stratum corneum and living skin. Even though these liposomes entered stratum corneum, they were not significantly absorbed into viable skin or blood.
Algorithm for the N-2 Security-Constrained Unit Commitment Problem with Transmission Switching
Authors: Schumacher Kathryn M. , Cohn Amy E. M. , Chen Richard Li-Yang 
Published: August 2017

Most power grid systems are operated to be N-1 secure, meaning that the system can withstand the failure of any one component. There is increasing interest in more stringent security standards, where the power grid must be able to survive the (nearly) simultaneous failure of k components (i.e., N-k). However, this improved reliability criterion significantly increases the number of contingency scenarios that must be considered when solving the unit commitment problem. Additional computational complexity is introduced when taking into account transmission switching. This relatively inexpensive method of redirecting power flows in the grid has been proposed as a way of introducing flexibility to better survive failure events. We present an algorithm for solving the unit commitment problem that simultaneously addresses both the challenges of the N-k security requirement and the use of transmission switching during operation. We analyze the algorithmic performance and present computational results for the IEEE24 and RTS-96 test systems for k = 1 and 2. We also include a discussion of how this approach might be extended to solve problems with k ≥ 3. The online supplement, and data, are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2017.0751 .
Understanding the nursing process
Authors: Stonehouse David 
Published: August 2017

Support staff work closely with their patients and members of the multidisciplinary team to deliver high-quality care. Often this care will have been planned by a nurse using ‘the nursing process’. It is therefore important for the support worker to understand how the patient has been assessed and that the care they are providing has been planned. Within this article, the author will be discussing the nursing process, explaining the different stages and how these are used to deliver quality care. Relevant sections of The Code of Conduct for Healthcare Support Workers and Adult Social Care Workers in England ( Skills for Care and Skills for Health, 2013 ) will be highlighted. Support workers have a clear and important role in making sure the nursing process is successful and patients receive the best quality care.
Split equality monotone variational inclusions and fixed point problem of set-valued operator
Authors: Eslamian Mohammad , Fakhri Ashkan 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we are concerned with the split equality problem of finding an element in the zero point set of the sum of two monotone operators and in the common fixed point set of a finite family of quasi-nonexpansive set-valued mappings. Strong convergence theorems are established under suitable condition in an infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Some applications of the main results are also provided.
Polyphase matrix characterization of framelets on local fields of positive characteristic
Authors: Shah F. A. , Bhat M. Y. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
An important tool for the construction of framelets on local fields of positive characteristic using unitary extension principle was presented by Shah and Debnath [Tight wavelet frames on local fields, Analysis, 33 (2013), 293-307]. In this article, we continue the study of framelets on local fields and present a polyphase matrix characterization of framelets generated by the extension principle.
Standard body mass index reference data of prepubescent diabetic Egyptian children
Authors: Hassan Nayera E. , El-Masry Sahar A. , Khalil Aya 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackground:Data on the growth of diabetic children is conflicting. The aim of this study was to create and validate acceptable body mass index (BMI)-standardized percentiles and curves applied to Egyptian prepubescent diabetic children.Methods:The cross-sectional study comprised 822 prepubescent children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), whose ages ranged from 3 years to 10 years±6 months. An anthropometric assessment for each child was performed: body weight, height and BMI were calculated (weight [kg]/height [mResults:For controlled diabetic males and females, the 50th percentile BMI was higher than those of the Egyptian and WHO growth curves, while differences in BMI were recorded for uncontrolled diabetic males and females. For uncontrolled diabetic males, the BMI was lower than the standard Egyptian and WHO growth curves up to 5 years of age, after which it became higher than the standard WHO and lower than the standard Egyptian growth curves from 5 years up to 10 years of age. Contrary to that, the BMI of uncontrolled diabetic females was higher than the standard Egyptian and WHO growth curves up to 6.5 years, between the curves from 6.5 years up to 7.5 years and then became lower than both curves up to 10 years of age.Conclusions:Children with T1DM should use their own BMI percentiles and never be compared with normal healthy children.
Mathematics Education Problems and Attempts to Solve Them in Nowadays Lithuanian School
Authors: Malaukytė Ieva 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The decreasing number of the Lithuanian residents has strong impact on the educational system: the number of pupils is decreasing, the schools are getting closed. School is considered to be the provider of educational services, so it is necessary to search, how to preserve and attract clients – pupils. The growing competition induces search for distinctiveness among the schools. According to the theory of generations of William Strauss and Neil Howe, now we have to educate representatives of generation Z, who do not like violence, restrictions, want to be distinctive and are open to the world of technologies. The teacher faces the challenge when s/he wants to convey mathematical skills to these pupils. The profile teaching followed by training based on individual curricula provided more choices for the pupils. This freedom led to the dead-end of mathematical literacy and forced to return to a compulsory national final exam of Mathematics and to change the indexes for the persons entering studies of the first cycle and integrated studies. In the article, mathematics achievements and situation in schools in Lithuania as well as the measures taken to improve mathematical literacy in the country are described.
Euzebiusz Słowacki – Writer and Literary Critic
Authors: Markowska Helena 
Published: August 2017

Summary
This article examines the relationship between literary practice and literary criticism in Polish late Neoclassicism in the work of Euzebiusz Słowacki, who combined the roles of writer and critic in a way not untypical at that time. Born in 1773, he made his reputation as a playwright, literary critic, poet and translator, and in 1811 became Professor of Poetry and Elocution at the University of Wilno. First, the article sets out to prove that both his literary work and his criticism are greatly indebted to the late eighteenth-century doctrine of taste, of which he wrote at length himself. The second part is concerned with a comparison of his theoretical reflections about tragedy and his own tragedies. The analysis of their form shows that Euzebiusz Słowacki not only strove to scale the ultimate tragic heights but also to create a Polish version of the neoclassic tragedy. His tragedy follows the best French and ancient models - especially Racine (whom he probably translated into Polish) - but also questions them in a way which shows that Słowacki was no mere imitator.
Selection Approaches in High-Elevation Coastal Douglas-fir in The Presence of GxE Interactions
Authors: Stoehr M. , Woods J. , Yanchuk A. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Regeneration obligations in British Columbia for high-elevation coastal sites requires a secure seed supply of quality seed in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Consequently, a seed orchard is under development to supply seed after genetic testing and selection. For this purpose, 55 coastal Douglas-fir families were field-tested for 11 years on two contrasting high-elevation sites to examine differential growth performance and tolerance to cold conditions. Although heritabilities for growth on both sites were moderate at age 11, the higher elevation colder site had substantially slower growth and over 90% of the trees exhibited some form of cold damage to foliage, branches and stems; however, variation in this damage was not significant at the family level. Combined site analysis revealed a highly significant genotype by environment (GxE) component in height that could not be removed or reduced by using site-specific error variances or spatial analysis (i.e., GxE was primarily due to rank changes of families across the two sites). This was also reflected by a drop in heritability estimates obtained from the combined site analyses. In the presence of this type of GxE, independent culling, considering height a separate trait on each site, was employed to identify parents that were at a threshold breeding value of 5% or greater in growth superiority on both sites. Average breeding values for the selected parents, based on a combined site analysis, were around 5% above the trial mean for height at age 11. The use of independent culling, for situations where accurate genetic parameters are difficult to obtain, should be considered a practical alternative to more complex and error prone methods of selection.
Variations in biomass, nutrient contents and nutrient use efficiency among Chinese fir provenances
Authors: Wu Pengfei , Tigabu Mulualem , Ma Xiangqing , Odén Per Christer , He Youlan , Yu Xintuo , He Zhiying 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
A provenance trial involving 16 Chinese fir provenances was established in southern China in 1979, and biomass, nutrient content and nutrient use efficiency were assessed at the age of 23. One-way analysis of variance revealed significant inter-provenance variation (p<0.0001) in measured variables. The mean total biomass ranged from 98.8±5.3 to 163.3±4.2 t ha−1, and the stemwood accounted for 47–65% of the total biomass, followed by roots (11–24%), stembark (7.4–13.7%), and needles and branches (< 10 %). Much of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were stored in the needles, although the concentration varies among provenances. Whole-tree nutrient use efficiency varied from 115.4±2.1 to 180.2±1.02 g g−1, while efficiency in stemwood production ranged from 53.9±3.1 to 106.3±1.1 g g−1. Provenances did not display consistent variation in all measured variables, suggesting the need for multiple criteria for selection in future tree improvement program. In conclusion, the study reveals the existence of considerable variation in biomass production and nutrient use efficiency among Chinese fir provenances that can be exploited for selecting desirable genotypes for enhancing productivity of Chinese fir plantations.