bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rh chemistry through the eyes of theory
Authors: Gellrich Urs , Koslowski Thorsten 
Published: February 2016

We discuss the properties of Rh and its compounds from a theoretical chemistry perspective. Like its neighbors in the platinum metal group, this element exhibits a remarkable spectrum of catalytic activity both as an elemental metal and as the central ion of transition metal complexes. This property is reflected in a comparatively weak chemical bond dominated by d–p interactions, varying oxidation states and a highly flexible coordination shell. In turn, theoretical methods and their generalization as empirical concepts have to be able to deal with a multitude of binding situations and the strong electron–electron interaction within the Rh valence orbitals. Whereas density functional theory has greatly enhanced the computational accessibility of Rh compounds, quantitative models of catalytic cycles require a more explicit treatment of static electron correlation, such as integrated density functional‐coupled cluster schemes. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:311–320. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1250This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis
Tattoo pens as a low‐cost approach to in‐field permanent identification of medium‐sized mammals
Authors: McGregor Mel , Jones Darryl 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTReliable identification of individual animals is a primary requirement of population research where data consist of recaptures. Tattooing is a simple and cost‐effective method for permanently marking many mammal species with minimal negative effects, unlike other marking methods, which are often invasive or harmful. Here, we investigate whether a battery‐operated tattoo pen designed for rabbits (Leporidae) is an effective, minimally invasive and low‐cost alternative to other forms of marking and tattooing, which can be successfully applied in the field without altering capture rates. We used the “Rabbi‐tatt” rabbit tattoo pen (Bass Equipment Company, Monnett, MO, USA; http://www.bassequipment.com) to apply identification marks to the ears of northern brown bandicoots (Isoodon macrourus) and common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) captured between January 2013 and May 2015 in conservation reserves near Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Recapture rates did not differ between within‐week recapture rates where tattooing was not used, compared with periods where tattooing was used. During the tattooing period, 50% of possums and 67% of bandicoots were recaptured at least once and many displayed behavior indicative of trap‐happiness after tattooing. The use of the battery‐operated tattoo pen on mammals addresses a number of difficulties associated with tattoo pliers and other forms of permanent marking. We conclude that tattoo pens are a viable method for simply and cost‐effectively marking appropriate species in a minimally invasive way. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Austenite Formation from Martensite in a 13Cr6Ni2Mo Supermartensitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Bojack A. , Zhao L. , Morris P. F. , Sietsma J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The influence of austenitization treatment of a 13Cr6Ni2Mo supermartensitic stainless steel (X2CrNiMoV13-5-2) on austenite formation during reheating and on the fraction of austenite retained after tempering treatment is measured and analyzed. The results show the formation of austenite in two stages. This is probably due to inhomogeneous distribution of the austenite-stabilizing elements Ni and Mn, resulting from their slow diffusion from martensite into austenite and carbide and nitride dissolution during the second, higher temperature, stage. A better homogenization of the material causes an increase in the transformation temperatures for the martensite-to-austenite transformation and a lower retained austenite fraction with less variability after tempering. Furthermore, the martensite-to-austenite transformation was found to be incomplete at the target temperature of 1223 K (950 °C), which is influenced by the previous austenitization treatment and the heating rate. The activation energy for martensite-to-austenite transformation was determined by a modified Kissinger equation to be approximately 400 and 500 kJ/mol for the first and the second stages of transformation, respectively. Both values are much higher than the activation energy found during isothermal treatment in a previous study and are believed to be effective activation energies comprising the activation energies of both mechanisms involved, i.e., nucleation and growth.
From corpse to bones: funerary rituals of the Taforalt Iberomaurusian population
Authors: Mariotti V. , Belcastro M. G. , Condemi S. 
Published: February 2016

The funerary practices of the Taforalt population (Morocco, about 15-12500 Cal BP), already investigated by the authors in previous studies, were reconstructed through anthropological analyses of human remains (excavated by J. Roche in the 1950s) and examination of the available field documentation. The results indicated that the burial area included primary and secondary depositions, sometimes within the same grave, of approximately 40 adolescents and adults, as well as several children. There is evidence of treatment of the cadavers (disarticulation and defleshing) and manipulation of dry bones. The funerary practices at Taforalt involved a sequence of actions revealing a ritual character. These reflect the tripartite structure of Van Gennep's rites of passage, implying that death was conceived as a passage into another social dimension.The aim of this study is to analyse thepost morteminterventions on these human remains (corpses and bones) and to offer interpretative hypotheses as to their possible meaning, drawing on the findings of ethnographic research. We suggest that the collective dimension of the group was valued more highly than the members of the group as individuals, and that dry bones were imbued with symbolic meaning. We also suggest that the cultural and social management (through rites) of natural events (death), associated with a strengthening of the bonds with earth (inhumation) and territory (cemetery), may be interpreted as heralding the emergence of a Neolithic pattern of thought.
Clearing the Air About Surgical Smoke: An Education Program
Authors: Chavis Sherry , Wagner Vicki , Becker Melanie , Bowerman Mercelita I. , Jamias Mary Shirley 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEvidence of the harmful effects of surgical smoke has been recognized in the literature and by professional organizations for many years, yet surgical smoke continues to pose a safety hazard for patients and perioperative personnel. A team of perioperative nurses and educators sought to improve compliance with policies and procedures for surgical smoke management in the OR. The team quantified smoke‐evacuator use, assessed staff members’ knowledge using a pre‐education survey, and presented a three‐part multimodal education program. The team conducted a posteducation survey that showed significant improvement in staff members’ knowledge. Ninety‐day postimplementation quantitative data showed a 14.6% increase in surgical smoke‐evacuation use. This educational initiative increased staff members’ awareness about reducing the presence of surgical smoke in the OR and helped ensure a safer environment for patients, staff members, and the surgical team.
Guideline Implementation: Preventing Hypothermia
Authors: Bashaw Marie A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe updated AORN “Guideline for prevention of unplanned patient hypothermia” provides guidance for identifying factors associated with intraoperative hypothermia, preventing hypothermia, educating perioperative personnel on this topic, and developing relevant policies and procedures. This article focuses on key points of the guideline, which addresses performing a preoperative assessment for factors that may contribute to hypothermia, measuring and monitoring the patient's temperature in all phases of perioperative care, and implementing interventions to prevent hypothermia. Perioperative RNs should review the complete guideline for additional information and for guidance when writing and updating policies and procedures.
The Gold in Garbage: Implementing a Waste Segregation and Recycling Initiative
Authors: Wyssusek Kerstin H. , Foong Wai Mee , Steel Catherine , Gillespie Brigid M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGenerally, ORs produce approximately one‐fifth to one‐third of all waste in a hospital. Before our quality improvement project was performed in our tertiary care facility, all OR waste was disposed of as clinical waste. Disposal of clinical waste is more costly than disposal of general waste. Therefore, accurately segregating waste can have significant financial incentives. Our quality improvement project involved the implementation of processes that segregated general waste in the OR from clinical waste and translated to an almost 60% reduction of waste disposal costs for OR waste. Further, we implemented a recycling program that reclaimed a portion of the general waste. In total, our efforts reduced the amount of clinical waste produced by the OR by 82%, and the amount of total OR waste was reduced by more than 50%.
Promiscuity, Polygyny, and the Power of Revenge: The Past and Future of Burmese Buddhist Law in Myanmar
Authors: CROUCH Melissa 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMyanmar is the only Buddhism-majority country in the world that has developed and maintained a system of family law for Buddhists enforced by the courts. This article considers the construction of Burmese Buddhist law by lawyers, judges, and legislators, and the changes made through legislative intervention in 2015. It begins by addressing the creation and contestation of Burmese Buddhist law to demonstrate that it has largely been defined by men and by its perceived opposites, Hinduism and Islam. Three aspects of Burmese Buddhist law that affect women are then examined more closely. First, Burmese Buddhist law carries no penalties for men who commit adultery, although women may risk divorce and the loss of her property. Second, a man can take more than one wife under Burmese Buddhist law; a woman cannot. Third, restrictions on Buddhist women who marry non-Buddhist men operate to ensure the primacy of Burmese Buddhist law over the potential application of Islamic law. This article deconstructs the popular claim that women are better off under Burmese Buddhist law than under Hindu law or Islamic law by showing how Burmese Buddhist law has been preoccupied with regulating the position of women. The 2015 laws build on this history of Burmese Buddhist law, creating new problems, but also potentially operating as a new source of revenge.
Effects of mate tea consumption on muscle strength and oxidative stress markers after eccentric exercise
Authors: Panza Vilma Pereira , Diefenthaeler Fernando , Tamborindeguy Aline Cavalheiro , Camargo Carolina de Quadros , de Moura Bruno Monteiro , Brunetta Henver Simionato , Sakugawa Raphael Luiz , de Oliveira Marina Vieira , Puel Emiliana de Oliveira , Nunes Everson Araújo , da Silva Edson Luiz 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDietary phytochemical supplementation may improve muscle recovery from exercise. In this study, we investigated the effect of mate tea (MT) consumption – a phenol-rich beverage – on muscle strength and oxidative stress biomarkers after eccentric exercise. In a randomised, cross-over design, twelve men were assigned to drink either MT or water (control; CON) for 11 d. On the 8th day, subjects performed three sets of twenty maximal eccentric elbow flexion exercises. Maximal isometric elbow flexion force was measured before and at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after exercise. Blood samples were obtained before and at 24, 48 and 72 h after exercise and analysed for total phenolics, GSH, GSSG, GSH:GSSG ratio and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH). After eccentric exercise, muscle strength was significantly reduced over time, regardless of treatments. However, MT improved the rate of strength recovery by 8·6 % on the 1st day after exercise (P<0·05). Plasma concentration of total phenolic compounds was higher in MT than in CON at all time points (P<0·05) but decreased significantly at 72 h after exercise in both trials (P<0·05). Blood levels of GSH were significantly decreased at 48 and 72 h after exercise in CON (P<0·05) but did not change over time in MT. No significant changes were observed for GSSG, GSH:GSSG ratio and LOOH levels. MT intake did not influence muscle strength at all time points assessed but hastened the strength recovery over 24 h after exercise. MT also favoured the concentration of blood antioxidant compounds.
AT THE NATION-STATE’S EDGE: CENTRE–PERIPHERY RELATIONS IN POST-1947 SOUTH ASIA
Authors: LEAKE ELISABETH 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis article examines centre–periphery relations in post-colonial India and Pakistan, providing a specific comparative history of autonomy movements in Nagaland (1947–63) and Baluchistan (1973–7). It highlights the key role played by the central government – particularly by Jawaharlal Nehru and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto – in quelling both insurgencies and in taking further steps to integrate these regions. It argues that a shared colonial history of political autonomy shaped local actors’ resistance to integration into the independent nation-states of India and Pakistan. This article also reveals that Indian and Pakistani officials used their shared colonial past in very different ways to mould their borderlands policies. India's central government under Nehru agreed to a modified Naga State within the Indian Union that allowed the Nagas a large degree of autonomy, continuing a colonial method of semi-integration. In contrast, Bhutto's government actively sought to abandon long-standing Baluch political and social structures to reaffirm the sovereignty of the Pakistani state. The article explains this divergence in terms of the different governing exigencies facing each country at the time of the insurgencies. It ultimately calls for an expansion in local histories and subnational comparisons to extend understanding of post-1947 South Asia, and the decolonizing world more broadly.
Older age of onset in child L2 acquisition can be facilitative: evidence from the acquisition of English passives by Spanish natives
Authors: ROTHMAN JASON , LONG DREW , IVERSON MICHAEL , JUDY TIFFANY , LINGWALL ANNE , CHAKRAVARTY TUSHAR 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe report a longitudinal comprehension study of (long) passive constructions in two native-Spanish child groups differing by age of initial exposure to L2 English (young group: 3;0–4;0; older group: 6;0–7;0), where amount of input, L2 exposure environment, and socioeconomic status are controlled. Data from a forced-choice task show that both groups comprehend active sentences, not passives, initially (after 3·6 years of exposure). One year later, both groups improve, but only the older group reaches ceiling on both actives and passives. Two years from initial testing, the younger group catches up. Input alone cannot explain why the younger group takes five years to accomplish what the older group does in four. We claim that some properties take longer to acquire at certain ages because language development is partially constrained by general cognitive and linguistic development (e.g. de Villiers, 2007; Long & Rothman, 2014; Paradis, 2008, 2010, 2011; Tsimpli, 2014).
The sooner the better? An investigation into the role of age of onset and its relation with transfer and exposure in bilingual Frisian–Dutch children
Authors: BLOM ELMA , BOSMA EVELYN 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this study, age of onset (AoO) was investigated in five- and six-year-old bilingual Frisian–Dutch children. AoO to Dutch ranged between zero and four and had a positive effect on Dutch receptive vocabulary size, but hardly influenced the children's accurate use of Dutch inflection. The influence of AoO on vocabulary was more prominent than the influence of exposure. Regarding inflection, the reverse was found. Accuracy at using Frisian inflection emerged as a significant predictor; this transfer effect was modulated by lexical overlap between the two languages. This study shows that ‘the sooner the better’ does not necessarily hold for language development. In fact, for the correct use of inflection, it does not matter whether children start at age zero or four. For rapidly learning words in a new language it may be helpful to first build a substantial vocabulary in the first language before learning a new language.
EXISTENTIAL GRAPHS AS AN INSTRUMENT OF LOGICAL ANALYSIS: PART I. ALPHA
Authors: BELLUCCI FRANCESCO , PIETARINEN AHTI-VEIKKO 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPeirce considered the principal business of logic to be the analysis of reasoning. He argued that the diagrammatic system of Existential Graphs, which he had invented in 1896, carries the logical analysis of reasoning to the furthest point possible. The present paper investigates the analytic virtues of the Alpha part of the system, which corresponds to the sentential calculus. We examine Peirce’s proposal that the relation of illation is the primitive relation of logic and defend the view that this idea constitutes the fundamental motive of philosophy of notation both in algebraic and graphical logic. We explain how in his algebras and graphs Peirce arrived at a unifying notation for logical constants that represent both truth-function and scope. Finally, we show that Shin’s argument for multiple readings of Alpha graphs is circular.
God in the Barrio?: The Determinants of Religiosity and Civic Engagement among Latinos in the United States
Authors: Gershon Sarah Allen , Pantoja Adrian D. , Taylor J. Benjamin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIt is often assumed that Latinos in the United States are deeply religious, and that this religious identity plays an important role in shaping their political beliefs and behaviors. A more controversial though unexplored proposition is that Latinos may not be as religious as is commonly believed and that forces beyond their religiosity play more prominent roles in shaping their political engagement. Relying on data from the 2006 Latino National Survey, we examine secularism — measured by church attendance — and civic engagement among Latinos. Our efforts are to analyze the social forces that shape levels of religiosity and find that generational status plays a significant role. Additionally, we further find that while church attendance declines among later generations, second and third generation Latinos have higher levels of civic engagement than their first generation peers, indicating that a decline in church participation does not depress political participation among later generations of Latinos.
Conscious sedation: is this provision equitable? Analysis of sedation services provided within primary dental care in England, 2012–2014
Authors: L Wanyonyi Kristina , White Sandra , Gallagher Jennifer E 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Aim:
Patients receiving primary dental care may occasionally require conscious sedation as an adjunct to care. It is one of a range of options to support anxious patients or those undergoing difficult procedures. The aim of this study was to examine patterns of conscious sedation within primary dental care in relation to patient demography, deprivation status, geography (local authority, region) and type of care (Band) within England to examine equity in distribution of service provision.

Materials and Methods:
Descriptive analysis of cross-sectional primary dental care data, obtained from national claims held by the National Health Service (NHS) Business Services Authority, on patients who had received one or more courses of care involving sedation.

Results:
Just under 137,000 episodes of care involving sedation are provided for over 120,000 patients per year, the majority of which are for adults. Four out of ten (41%) patients were children, with 6–12-year-olds forming the largest group; 6% were aged under six years. Eleven per cent of patients had more than one course of care involving sedation, with adults aged 25–34 years having the highest rate: 1.17 (s.d.: 0.887) in 2012/2013 and 1.16 (s.d.: 0.724) in 2013/2014. There was a clear social gradient, whereby the most deprived quintile had the highest volume of patients that had received sedation at least once in primary dental care in both years (31.5%). Whilst there was a clear social gradient amongst children and young adults who received sedation, the gradient flattened among middle-aged and was flat amongst older adults. The majority of courses of care involving sedation were associated with Band 2 claims for care (88.6% in 2012/2013; 88.8 in 2013/2014). Whilst one or more patients in all higher tier local authorities received care involving sedation, there were marked geographic inequalities.

Discussion:
Patients receive sedation in support of NHS primary dental care across the life course and social spectrum. Whilst the pattern of uptake of care parallels the social gradient in younger age groups overall, there are clear geographical inequalities in provision. As sedation is only one of a series of adjuncts to care which may be provided across different sectors of the health system, a wider systems analysis should be undertaken as the findings raise important issues about equitable access to appropriate care. Furthermore, there should be a greater emphasis on prevention to reduce the need for care. The implications for child oral health, access and quality are discussed.
The efficacy of disinfectants in the decontamination of dental unit water lines: an in vitro laboratory study
Authors: Patel Mrudula , Desai Jainisha , Owen Peter C 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Objectives/Aims:
This in vitro laboratory study compared the efficacy of water, sodium percarbonate (SPC) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) solutions in the disinfection of dental unit water lines (DUWLs).

Materials and Methods:
New DUWL tubes were cut, split open, and mono-culture and mixed-culture biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans were grown. Harvested biofilms from the sectioned DUWL tubes were exposed to sterile distilled water, SPC or 5 and 10 p.p.m. ClO2 in both a stationary phase and through a constant flow. Bacterial counts were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric rank test.

Results:
In the mono-culture biofilms, SPC, 5 and 10 p.p.m. ClO2 significantly reduced all the test organisms (P<0.01). However, no significant difference was found between SPC and ClO2. In the mixed-culture biofilms exposed to disinfectant without flow, ClO2 significantly reduced the biofilm (P=0.02) compared with water and SPC. Similarly, in the constant flow study, ClO2 proved to be superior to water.

Conclusion:
At low concentrations, ClO2 with and without flow significantly reduced the mixed-culture biofilm grown in vitro on the sections of the DUWL tubes. Therefore, it has the potential to be used in the patient treatment water, as it is potable at these concentrations, and to decontaminate and limit the biofilm formation in the water lines.