bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of Left Atrial Voltage Distribution Between Sinus Rhythm and Atrial Fibrillation: Identifying Structural Remodeling by 3‐D Electroanatomic Mapping Irrespective of the Rhythm
Authors: YAGISHITA ATSUHIKO , DE OLIVEIRA SAMER , CAKULEV IVAN , GIMBEL J. ROD , SPARANO DINA , MANYAM HARISH , MANRIQUE‐GARCIA ALVARO , ARREDONDO MICHAEL , MACKALL JUDITH , ARRUDA MAURICIO 
Published: May 2016

LA Voltage Correlation Between AF and SRIntroductionLeft atrial (LA) electroanatomical voltage mapping (EAVM) correlates with scar on LGE‐MRI and has been used to guide ablation of low voltage area (LVA) in sinus rhythm (SR). We compared EAVM in SR and AF in a cohort of AF patients, and in SR between patients with AF and without AF or structural heart disease (control).Methods and ResultsTwenty‐seven AF patients, 9 with paroxysmal AF (PAF), underwent point‐by‐point EAVM during SR and AF using same Carto3 geometry. Only adjacent SR–AF points (≤ 5 mm apart) were compared. In addition, 6 control patients were evaluated. There was a linear bipolar voltage correlation between SR and AF (r = 0.707, P < 0.001, Y = 1.515X + 0.786). LA bipolar voltage in patients with PAF was higher than those with Non‐PAF in SR (2.24 ± 1.51 vs. 1.56 ± 1.53 mV) and AF (0.81 ± 0.60 vs. 0.58 ± 0.62 mV, both for P < 0.001). The pulmonary vein antra voltage was significantly lower than other LA regions in PAF (1.28 ± 0.79 vs. 2.54 ± 1.50 mV, P < 0.001) and Non‐PAF patients (1.13 ± 1.04 vs. 1.86 ± 1.72 mV, P < 0.001), while no voltage differences was found in the control group (P = 0.998).ConclusionThere was a linear voltage correlation between SR and AF, suggesting a similar extent of LA fibrotic substrate can be identified on EAVM by adjusting the voltage cutoff. Structural remodeling starts in the PV antra and may progress to other LA regions.
A reappraisal of Kendell and Jablensky's account of validity
Authors: Fellowes Sam 
Published: May 2016

AbstractKendell and Jablensky argue that validity in psychiatry requires either unique biological characteristics or a zone of rarity, where few symptoms of one syndrome are present in another syndrome. Meeting either of these criteria allows the inference that the syndrome is caused by a specific biological mechanism not present in other syndromes. Failing to meet either of these criteria means the syndrome has been arbitrarily grouped and is invalid. Kendell and Jablensky's account of validity is too restrictive. Scientific phenomena are generally produced by a multiplicity of unstable overlapping causes, the causes for one phenomenon typically also present in other phenomena. Despite this, scientific phenomena are not automatically arbitrary. Science employs idealistic models that can successfully describe phenomena produced by overlapping causes and can gain approximately true knowledge of that phenomenon. The specific biological mechanisms that Kendell and Jablensky see as delivering validity are only specific in an idealized sense. Also, approximate truth means Kendell and Jablensky are mistaken to see validity as invariant and independent of context. An alternative approach to inferring causes is the common cause and unifications. Scientists often see otherwise unrelated phenomena regularly co‐occur, and this legitimizes inferring common causes responsible for the phenomena. Applied to psychiatry, I show how syndromes that cover many different unrelated phenomena allow an inference to common causes, and this delivers validity. Zones of rarity can actually decrease validity. Idealized models often produce more information about causes by covering more phenomena, whereas zones of rarity often reduce the number of symptoms covered by a syndrome. Ignoring zones of rarity in favour of syndromes that cover many symptoms can sometimes increase validity. This can also occur when validating syndromes through corroborations with other factors. Increasing corroborations may require reducing the number of symptoms, potentially reducing validity.
Cephalotheca sulfurea (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes), a new fungal pathogen of the farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Řehulka J , Kubátová A , Hubka V 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe first case of visceral mycotic infection due to Cephalotheca sulfurea (Cephalothecaceae, Ascomycota) is documented in farmed rainbow trout from a raceway culture system. The disease clinically manifested as a hyperaemic area in the liver of the fish, and histological examination using silver and PAS staining showed the presence of numerous foci of hyphae and spores. The causative agent was first isolated in pure culture from the liver and identified using morphological characteristics. Sequence data from ITS and LSU rDNA also clearly confirmed C. sulfurea as the causal agent. The pathogenicity of related species belonging to the family Cephalothecaceae has been well‐documented in humans and dogs (superficial as well as systemic infections). However, C. sulfurea has never been reported as a pathogen of humans or animals, including marine and freshwater fishes. The morphological identification of C. sulfurea is difficult due to its similarity to several different fungal genera, and molecular methods are strongly recommended for reliable identification.
Interactions between candidate probiotics and the immune and antioxidative responses of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae
Authors: Lamari F , Mahdhi A , Chakroun I , Esteban M A , Mazurais D , Amina B , Gatesoupe F‐J 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotics in aquaculture may improve the quality of seed production and limit the use of antibiotics in fish hatcheries. This study attempted to further characterize the candidate probiotic Lactobacillus casei X2, and the immune and physiological responses of the sea bass larvae. L. casei X2 was confirmed as a good candidate, due to its wide antibacterial spectrum against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, and its free radical scavenging activity. In addition, if the strain did not seem able to form biofilm on abiotic surfaces, it adhered strongly to Hep‐2 cells. However, these characteristics did not seem efficient in vivo. At 20 days post‐hatch (dph), the expression level of CAT gene was significantly different between group fed without probiotic and the two groups treated with either Pediococcus acidilactici or L. casei. This gene was upregulated in the group treated with strain X2 and downregulated in the group with a commercial probiotic strain P. acidilactici, suggesting a better antioxidant activity with the later strain. At the same sampling date, the IL‐1β gene was upregulated in the group treated with P. acidilactici, and the HSP70 gene was overexpressed at 41 dph. As the stimulation of these two last genes, such transcriptomic indicators must be cautiously interpreted.
Kinetic analysis of internalization of white spot syndrome virus by haemocyte subpopulations of penaeid shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), and the outcome for virus and cell
Authors: Tuan V V , De Gryse G M A , Thuong K V , Bossier P , Nauwynck H J 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLittle is known about the innate antiviral defence of shrimp haemocytes. In this context, the haemocytes of penaeid shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) were separated by iodixanol density gradient centrifugation into five subpopulations (sub): sub 1 (hyalinocytes), sub 2 and 3 (prohyalinocytes), sub 4 (semigranulocytes) and sub 5 (granulocytes) and exposed to beads, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and ultraviolet (UV)‐killed WSSV. In a first experiment, the uptake of beads, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and UV‐killed WSSV by these different haemocyte subpopulations was investigated using confocal microscopy. Only haemocytes of sub 1, 4 and 5 were internalizing beads, WSSV and UV‐killed WSSV. Beads were engulfed by a much larger percentage of cells (91.2 in sub 1; 84.1 in sub 4 and 58.1 in sub 5) compared to WSSV (9.6 in sub 1; 10.5 in sub 4 and 7.9 in sub 5) and UV‐killed WSSV (12.9 in sub 1; 13.3 in sub 4; and 11.8 in sub 5). In a second experiment, it was shown that upon internalization, WSS virions lost their envelope most probably by fusion with the cellular membrane of the endosome (starting between 30 and 60 min post‐inoculation) and that afterwards the capsid started to become disintegrated (from 360 min post‐inoculation). Expression of new viral proteins was not observed. Incubation of haemocyte subpopulations with WSSV but not with UV‐killed WSSV and polystyrene beads resulted in a significant drop in haemocyte viability. To find the underlying mechanism, a third experiment was performed in which haemocyte subpopulations were exposed to a short WSSV DNA fragment (VP19) and CpG ODNs. These small DNA fragments induced cell death. In conclusion, WSSV is efficiently internalized by hyalinocytes, semigranulocytes and granulocytes, after which the virus loses its envelope; as soon as the capsids start to disintegrate, cell death is activated, which in part may be explained by the exposure of viral DNA to cellular‐sensing molecules.
Tenacibaculosis induction in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) and studies of Tenacibaculum maritimum survival against host mucus and plasma
Authors: Mabrok M , Machado M , Serra C R , Afonso A , Valente L M P , Costas B 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTenacibaculum maritimum, the aetiological agent for marine tenacibaculosis, is one of the most significant pathogens that threaten Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup), aquaculture. Because no immersion challenge with T. maritimum has been reported previously for this flatfish species, this study aimed to optimize bacterial yields as well as to establish a challenge model for tenacibaculosis induction. Several approaches were performed to optimize bacterial culture conditions, including treatment with non‐ionic surfactants, detergents, cellulase hydrolysis and strong shaking. A prolonged bath challenge was performed for 24 h under two different temperatures, 16 and 23 °C. Moreover, mucus and plasma bactericidal activities against T. maritimum were also assessed. Culturing bacteria with strong shaking and continuous shaking provided suitable culture conditions to obtain higher bacterial yields without aggregation and fluctuation, contrary to most other treatments that showed a huge amount of bacterial aggregates. A prolonged bath method for 24 h, without skin or gill scarification, was considered suitable for disease induction with high mortality rates. Moreover, data regarding mucus and plasma bactericidal activities suggested that there is a lack of host innate immune response against T. maritimum or that this particular pathogen presents evading strategies against Senegalese sole.
Nurses’ experiences of using a smart mobile device application to assist home care for patients with chronic disease: a qualitative study
Authors: Chiang Kuei‐Feng , Wang Hsiu‐Hung 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesTo examine nurses’ experiences regarding the benefits and obstacles of using a smart mobile device application in home care.BackgroundThe popularity of mobile phones and Internet technology has established an opportunity for interaction between patients and health care professionals. Line is an application allowing instant communication that is available for free globally. However, the literature relating to use of Line in this area is limited.DesignA qualitative study involving individual in‐depth interviews.MethodsParticipants included community nurses (N = 17) from six home care facilities in southern Taiwan who had used Line for home care of chronically ill patients for at least six months. The study was conducted using semi‐structured in‐depth interviews, which were recorded and converted into transcripts for content analysis.ResultsSeven themes emerged from data analysis: reduction in medical care consumption and costs, reduction in workload and stress, facilitating improvement in the quality of care, promotion of the nurse–patient relationship, perceived risk, lack of organisational incentives and operating procedures and disturbance to personal life.ConclusionsNurses considered Line valuable for use in home care. While this application has diverse functions, its video transfer function could in particular help nursing staff make prompt decisions about patients’ problems and promote nurse–patient relationships. However, there might be hidden risks including legal consequences, safety risks to patients, possible violations of professionalism and increased risk of nurse burnout. Increasing nursing staff awareness of using mobile messaging software applications is necessary.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study provides relevant information about the benefits, disadvantages, risks and limitations of nurses’ use of Line. The study also provides suggestions for software programmers and future organisational strategy and development.
Scale up of nutrition and health programs in Ethiopia and their overlap with reductions in child stunting
Authors: Wirth James P. , Matji Joan , Woodruff Bradley A. , Chamois Sylvie , Getahun Zewditu , White Jessica M. , Rohner Fabian 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe prevalence of stunting in Sub‐Saharan Africa has changed little since 2000, and the number of stunted children has increased. In contrast, Ethiopia is an example where the national stunting prevalence and number of stunted children have decreased consistently. We compare regional differences and temporal patterns in stunting with large‐scale program coverage to identify where and when programs may have led to reductions in stunting. Data from three national demographic and health surveys and population statistics illustrate, at the regional level, where and when the prevalence and number of stunted children changed since 2000. Reports from large‐scale nutrition and health programs were used to identify ecologic associations between geographic program coverage and reductions in stunting. From 2000 to 2005, the decline in the national stunting prevalence was mainly a result of reductions in Oromiya, SNNP and Tigray. Few nutrition programs had high coverage during this time, and economic growth may have contributed to stunting reduction by increasing household wealth and investments in sanitation. From 2005 to 2011, declines in stunting prevalence in Amhara, SNNP, Somali and Oromiya were largely responsible for national reductions. Numerous programs were implemented at scale and could have plausibly improved stunting. While ecologic relationships suggest that economic growth and large‐scale programs may have contributed to the reduction in stunting in Ethiopia, stunting did not decrease in all regions despite increased program coverage expansion of the health system. Additional impact evaluations are needed identify the most effective programs to accelerate the reduction in the prevalence and number of stunted children. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Initial genetic diversity enhances population establishment and alters genetic structuring of a newly established Daphnia metapopulation
Authors: Holmes Christopher J. , Pantel Jelena H. , Schulz Kimberly L. , Cáceres Carla E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWhen newly created habitats are initially colonized by genotypes with rapid population growth rates, later arriving colonists may be prevented from establishing. Although these priority effects have been documented in multiple systems, their duration may be influenced by the diversity of the founding population. We conducted a large‐scale field manipulation to investigate how initial clonal diversity influences temporal and landscape patterns of genetic structure in a developing metapopulation. Six genotypes of obligately asexual Daphnia pulex were stocked alone (no clonal diversity) or in combination (‘high’ clonal diversity) into newly created experimental woodland ponds. We also measured the population growth rate of all clones in the laboratory when raised on higher‐quality and lower‐quality resources. Our predictions were that in the 3 years following stocking, clonally diverse populations would be more likely to persist than nonclonally diverse populations and exhibit evidence for persistent founder effects. We expected that faster growing clones would be found in more pools and comprise a greater proportion of individuals genotyped from the landscape. Genetic composition, both locally and regionally, changed significantly following stocking. Six of 27 populations exhibited evidence for persistent founder effects, and populations stocked with ‘high’ clonal diversity were more likely to exhibit these effects than nonclonally diverse populations. Performance in the laboratory was not predictive of clonal persistence or overall dominance in the field. Hence, we conclude that although laboratory estimates of fitness did not fully explain metapopulation genetic structure, initial clonal diversity did enhance D. pulex population establishment and persistence in this system.
Inbreeding depression in a critically endangered carnivore
Authors: Norén Karin , Godoy Erika , Dalén Love , Meijer Tomas , Angerbjörn Anders 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHarmful effects arising from matings between relatives (inbreeding) is a long‐standing observation that is well founded in theory. Empirical evidence for inbreeding depression in natural populations is however rare because of the challenges of assembling pedigrees supplemented with fitness traits. We examined the occurrence of inbreeding and subsequent inbreeding depression using a unique data set containing a genetically verified pedigree with individual fitness traits for a critically endangered arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) population. The study covered nine years and was comprised of 33 litters with a total of 205 individuals. We recorded that the present population was founded by only five individuals. Over the study period, the population exhibited a tenfold increase in average inbreeding coefficient with a final level corresponding to half‐sib matings. Inbreeding mainly occurred between cousins, but we also observed two cases of full‐sib matings. The pedigree data demonstrated clear evidence of inbreeding depression on traditional fitness traits where inbred individuals displayed reduced survival and reproduction. Fitness traits were however differently affected by the fluctuating resource abundande. Inbred individuals born at low‐quality years displayed reduced first‐year survival, while inbred individuals born at high‐quality years were less likely to reproduce. The documentation of inbreeding depression in fundamental fitness traits suggests that inbreeding depression can limit population recovery. Introducing new genetic material to promote a genetic rescue effect may thus be necessary for population long‐term persistence.
Molecular mechanisms of postmating prezygotic reproductive isolation uncovered by transcriptome analysis
Authors: Pease James B. , Guerrero Rafael F. , Sherman Natasha A. , Hahn Matthew W. , Moyle Leonie C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLittle is known about the physiological responses and genetic mutations associated with reproductive isolation between species, especially for postmating prezygotic isolating barriers. Here, we examine changes in gene expression that accompany the expression of ‘unilateral incompatibility’ (UI)—a postmating prezygotic barrier in which fertilization is prevented by gamete rejection in the reproductive tract [in this case of pollen tubes (male gametophytes)] in one direction of a species cross, but is successful in the reciprocal crossing direction. We use whole‐transcriptome sequencing of multiple developmental stages of male and female tissues in two Solanum species that exhibit UI to: (i) identify transcript differences between UI‐competent and UI noncompetent tissues; (ii) characterize transcriptional changes specifically associated with the phenotypic expression of UI; and (iii) using these comparisons, evaluate the behaviour of a priori candidate loci for UI and identify new candidates for future manipulative work. In addition to describing transcriptome‐wide changes in gene expression that accompany this isolating barrier, we identify at least five strong candidates for involvement in postmating prezygotic incompatibility between species. These include three novel candidates and two candidates that are strongly supported by prior developmental, functional, and quantitative trait locus mapping studies. These latter genes are known molecular players in the intraspecific expression of mate choice via genetic self‐incompatibility, and our study supports prior evidence that these inter‐ and intraspecific postmating prezygotic reproductive behaviours share specific genetic and molecular mechanisms.
Genomic analysis reveals depression due to both individual and maternal inbreeding in a free‐living mammal population
Authors: Bérénos Camillo , Ellis Philip A. , Pilkington Jill G. , Pemberton Josephine M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThere is ample evidence for inbreeding depression manifested as a reduction in fitness or fitness‐related traits in the focal individual. In many organisms, fitness is not only affected by genes carried by the individual, but also by genes carried by their parents, for example if receiving parental care. While maternal effects have been described in many systems, the extent to which inbreeding affects fitness directly through the focal individual, or indirectly through the inbreeding coefficients of its parents, has rarely been examined jointly. The Soay sheep study population is an excellent system in which to test for both effects, as lambs receive extended maternal care. Here, we tested for both maternal and individual inbreeding depression in three fitness‐related traits (birthweight and weight and hindleg length at 4 months of age) and three fitness components (first‐year survival, adult annual survival and annual breeding success), using either pedigree‐derived inbreeding or genomic estimators calculated using ~37 000 SNP markers. We found evidence for inbreeding depression in 4‐month hindleg and weight, first‐year survival in males, and annual survival and breeding success in adults. Maternal inbreeding was found to depress both birthweight and 4‐month weight. We detected more instances of significant inbreeding depression using genomic estimators than the pedigree, which is partly explained through the increased sample sizes available. In conclusion, our results highlight that cross‐generational inbreeding effects warrant further exploration in species with parental care and that modern genomic tools can be used successfully instead of, or alongside, pedigrees in natural populations.