bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burn Disasters—An Audit of the Literature
Authors: Broeze Carsten L. , Falder Sian , Rea Suzanne , Wood Fiona 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAll events that result in disasters are unique, and it is impossible to become fully prepared. However, through thorough planning and preparedness, it is possible to gain a better understanding of the typical injury patterns and problems that arise from a variety of hazards. Such events have the potential to claim many lives and overwhelm local medical resources. Burn disasters vary in scope of injury and procedures required, and are much more labor and resource intensive than non-burn disasters.This review of the literature should help determine whether, despite each event having its own unique features, there still are common problems disaster responders face in the prehospital and hospital phases, what recommendations were made from these disasters, and whether these recommendations have been implemented into practice and the current disaster planning processes.The objective of this review was to assess: (1) prehospital and hospital responses used during past burn disasters; (2) problems faced during those disaster responses; (3) recommendations made following those disasters; (4) whether these recommendations were integrated into practice; and (5) the key characteristics of burn disasters and how they differ from other disasters. This review is important to determine why, despite having disaster plans, things still go wrong.
Terrorism Involving Cyanide: The Prospect of Improving Preparedness in the Prehospital Setting
Authors: Keim Mark E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe potential for domestic or international terrorism involving cyanide has not diminished and in fact may have increased in recent years. This paper discusses cyanide as a terrorist weapon and the current state of readiness for a cyanide attack in the United States. Many of the factors that render cyanide appealing to terrorists are difficult to modify sufficiently to decrease the probability of a cyanide attack. For example, the relative ease with which cyanide can be used as a weapon without special training, its versatile means of delivery to intended victims, and to a large degree, its ready availability cannot be significantly modified through preparedness efforts. On the other hand, the impact of an attack can be mitigated through preparedness measures designed to minimize the physical, psychological, and social consequences of cyanide exposure. Although the nation remains ill-equipped to manage a cyanide disaster, significant progress is being realized in some aspects of preparedness. Hydroxocobalamin—a cyanide antidote that may be appropriate for use in the prehospital setting for presumptive cases of cyanide poisoning—currently is under development for potential introduction in the US. If it becomes available in the US, hydroxocobalamin could enhance the role of the prehospital emergency responder in providing care to victims of a cyanide disaster. Additional progress is required in the areas of ensuring local and regional availability of antidotal treatment and supportive interventions, educating emergency healthcare providers about cyanide poisoning and its management, and raising public awareness of the potential for a cyanide attack and how to respond.
Message from the Regional Director
Authors: Plianbangchang Samlee 
Published: August 2016

With great pleasure, I warmly welcome you all to this regional meeting.As we all are aware, approximately 200,000 lives were lost due to the Earthquake and Tsunami at the end oflast year. It was one of the worst catastrophes of our times.The tragic event affected nine countries and displaced an estimated 1.2 million people. This was in spite of prompt responses by the governments of affected countries and international organizations.
Emergency Preparedness for the Health Sector and Communities—Challenges and the Way Forward
Authors:   WHO Expert Consultation
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn accordance with the World Health Assembly Resolution 58.1, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened an Expert Consultation in Geneva, Switzerland from 15–17 February 2006 to discuss and provide recommendations for enhancing emergency preparedness and capacity building at the community, country, regional, and global levels. The consultation included experts and representatives of non-governmental and inter-governmental organizations. Recommendations included a set of operational objectives and strategies for achieving them. It was recognized that emergency preparedness is part of development and that crises occur at the community level. The recommendations, therefore, were focused at the community and country levels and outlined processes by which WHO could assist countries in augmenting their abilities to cope with health emergencies. This document provides a detailed discussion of the issues addressed, the conclusions reached, and recommendations based on the conclusions.
Targeted Agenda Program: An Innovative Approach to Facilitate Progress in Disaster Health
Authors: Bierens Joost J.L.M. , Nooij Brigitte , Sturmans Ferd 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Targeted Agenda Program (TAP) has been introduced for the first time during the 15th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine (15WCDEM) in Amsterdam in 2007 to stimulate interaction between the participants before, during and after the congress. A TAP process consists of 11 steps, starting with defining a relevant issue and ending with the publication of a TAP report based on expert opinions. Seven TAP groups participated during the 15WCDEM. The TAP issues referred to: (1) the need for health impact assessment of disasters; (2) the golden standard for preparedness for a chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear disasters; (3) the role of acute psychosocial first aid; (4) the 10 most important issues for policy makers to minimize health effects of floods; (5) the search for a golden standard in the treatment of wounded combatants; (6) the preparedness of health organizations for consequences of extreme weather conditions; and (7) the health problems of high-vulnerability groups during disasters. This article describes the motivation and operational aspects of the TAP and advocates that this concept can play an important facilitating role in focus, networking and enhancement of knowledge in the field of disaster health.
Human Resources in Humanitarian Health Working Group Report
Authors: Janneck Laura , Cooper Nicholas , Frehywot Seble , Mowafi Hani , Hein Karen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHumanitarian responses to conflict and disasters due to natural hazards usually operate in contexts of resource scarcity and unmet demands for healthcare workers. Task shifting is one avenue for delivering needed health care in resource poor settings, and on-the-ground reports indicate that task shifting may be applicable in humanitarian contexts. However, a variety of obstacles currently restrict the ability to employ task shifting in these situations, including issues of regulation, accreditation, funding, and a lack of commonly agreed-upon core competencies for different categories of humanitarian health workers. The Human Resources in Humanitarian Health (HRHH) Working Group during the 2009 Humanitarian Action Summit evaluated the potential strengths and weaknesses of task shifting in humanitarian relief efforts, and proposed a range of strategies to constructively integrate task shifting into humanitarian response.
Hydrogel microphones for stealthy underwater listening
Authors: Gao Yang , Song Jingfeng , Li Shumin , Elowsky Christian , Zhou You , Ducharme Stephen , Chen Yong Mei , Zhou Qin , Tan Li 
Published: August 2016

AbstractExploring the abundant resources in the ocean requires underwater acoustic detectors with a high-sensitivity reception of low-frequency sound from greater distances and zero reflections. Here we address both challenges by integrating an easily deformable network of metal nanoparticles in a hydrogel matrix for use as a cavity-free microphone. Since metal nanoparticles can be densely implanted as inclusions, and can even be arranged in coherent arrays, this microphone can detect static loads and air breezes from different angles, as well as underwater acoustic signals from 20 Hz to 3 kHz at amplitudes as low as 4 Pa. Unlike dielectric capacitors or cavity-based microphones that respond to stimuli by deforming the device in thickness directions, this hydrogel device responds with a transient modulation of electric double layers, resulting in an extraordinary sensitivity (217 nF kPa−1 or 24 μC N−1 at a bias of 1.0 V) without using any signal amplification tools.
Water ordering controls the dynamic equilibrium of micelle–fibre formation in self-assembly of peptide amphiphiles
Authors: Deshmukh Sanket A. , Solomon Lee A. , Kamath Ganesh , Fry H. Christopher , Sankaranarayanan Subramanian K. R. S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the role of water in governing the kinetics of the self-assembly processes of amphiphilic peptides remains elusive. Here, we use a multistage atomistic-coarse-grained approach, complemented by circular dichroism/infrared spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering experiments to highlight the dual nature of water in driving the self-assembly of peptide amphiphiles (PAs). We show computationally that water cage formation and breakage near the hydrophobic groups control the fusion dynamics and aggregation of PAs in the micellar stage. Simulations also suggest that enhanced structural ordering of vicinal water near the hydrophilic amino acids shifts the equilibrium towards the fibre phase and stimulates structure and order during the PA assembly into nanofibres. Experiments validate our simulation findings; the measured infrared O–H bond stretching frequency is reminiscent of an ice-like bond which suggests that the solvated water becomes increasingly ordered with time in the assembled peptide network, thus shedding light on the role of water in a self-assembly process.
Temporal regulation of Lsp1 O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation during apoptosis of activated B cells
Authors: Wu Jung-Lin , Wu Hsin-Yi , Tsai Dong-Yan , Chiang Ming-Feng , Chen Yi-Ju , Gao Shijay , Lin Chun-Cheng , Lin Chun-Hung , Khoo Kay-Hooi , Chen Yu-Ju , Lin Kuo-I. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCrosslinking of B-cell receptor (BCR) sets off an apoptosis programme, but the underlying pathways remain obscure. Here we decipher the molecular mechanisms bridging B-cell activation and apoptosis mediated by post-translational modification (PTM). We find that O-GlcNAcase inhibition enhances B-cell activation and apoptosis induced by BCR crosslinking. This proteome-scale analysis of the functional interplay between protein O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation in stimulated mouse primary B cells identifies 313 O-GlcNAcylation-dependent phosphosites on 224 phosphoproteins. Among these phosphoproteins, temporal regulation of the O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of lymphocyte-specific protein-1 (Lsp1) is a key switch that triggers apoptosis in activated B cells. O-GlcNAcylation at S209 of Lsp1 is a prerequisite for the recruitment of its kinase, PKC-β1, to induce S243 phosphorylation, leading to ERK activation and downregulation of BCL-2 and BCL-xL. Thus, we demonstrate the critical PTM interplay of Lsp1 that transmits signals for initiating apoptosis after BCR ligation.
Graft-infiltrating host dendritic cells play a key role in organ transplant rejection
Authors: Zhuang Quan , Liu Quan , Divito Sherrie J. , Zeng Qiang , Yatim Karim M. , Hughes Andrew D. , Rojas-Canales Darling M. , Nakao A. , Shufesky William J. , Williams Amanda L. , Humar Rishab , Hoffman Rosemary A. , Shlomchik Warren D. , Oberbarnscheidt Martin H. , Lakkis Fadi G. , Morelli Adrian E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSuccessful engraftment of organ transplants has traditionally relied on preventing the activation of recipient (host) T cells. Once T-cell activation has occurred, however, stalling the rejection process becomes increasingly difficult, leading to graft failure. Here we demonstrate that graft-infiltrating, recipient (host) dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in driving the rejection of transplanted organs by activated (effector) T cells. We show that donor DCs that accompany heart or kidney grafts are rapidly replaced by recipient DCs. The DCs originate from non-classical monocytes and form stable, cognate interactions with effector T cells in the graft. Eliminating recipient DCs reduces the proliferation and survival of graft-infiltrating T cells and abrogates ongoing rejection or rejection mediated by transferred effector T cells. Therefore, host DCs that infiltrate transplanted organs sustain the alloimmune response after T-cell activation has already occurred. Targeting these cells provides a means for preventing or treating rejection.
Crystal structure and functional characterization of a light-driven chloride pump having an NTQ motif
Authors: Kim Kuglae , Kwon Soon-Kyeong , Jun Sung-Hoon , Cha Jeong Seok , Kim Hoyoung , Lee Weontae , Kim Jihyun F. , Cho Hyun-Soo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA novel light-driven chloride-pumping rhodopsin (ClR) containing an ‘NTQ motif’ in its putative ion conduction pathway has been discovered and functionally characterized in a genomic analysis study of a marine bacterium. Here we report the crystal structure of ClR from the flavobacterium Nonlabens marinus S1-08T determined under two conditions at 2.0 and 1.56 Å resolutions. The structures reveal two chloride-binding sites, one around the protonated Schiff base and the other on a cytoplasmic loop. We identify a ‘3 omega motif’ formed by three non-consecutive aromatic amino acids that is correlated with the B–C loop orientation. Detailed ClR structural analyses with functional studies in E. coli reveal the chloride ion transduction pathway. Our results help understand the molecular mechanism and physiological role of ClR and provide a structural basis for optogenetic applications.
Nuclear Perilipin 5 integrates lipid droplet lipolysis with PGC-1α/SIRT1-dependent transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial function
Authors: Gallardo-Montejano Violeta I. , Saxena Geetu , Kusminski Christine M. , Yang Chaofeng , McAfee John L. , Hahner Lisa , Hoch Kathleen , Dubinsky William , Narkar Vihang A. , Bickel Perry E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDysfunctional cellular lipid metabolism contributes to common chronic human diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, fatty liver disease and diabetic cardiomyopathy. How cells balance lipid storage and mitochondrial oxidative capacity is poorly understood. Here we identify the lipid droplet protein Perilipin 5 as a catecholamine-triggered interaction partner of PGC-1α. We report that during catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis, Perilipin 5 is phosphorylated by protein kinase A and forms transcriptional complexes with PGC-1α and SIRT1 in the nucleus. Perilipin 5 promotes PGC-1α co-activator function by disinhibiting SIRT1 deacetylase activity. We show by gain-and-loss of function studies in cells that nuclear Perilipin 5 promotes transcription of genes that mediate mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative function. We propose that Perilipin 5 is an important molecular link that couples the coordinated catecholamine activation of the PKA pathway and of lipid droplet lipolysis with transcriptional regulation to promote efficient fatty acid catabolism and prevent mitochondrial dysfunction.
Satellite measurements reveal strong anisotropy in spatial coherence of climate variations over the Tibet Plateau
Authors: Chen Deliang , Tian Yudong , Yao Tandong , Ou Tinghai 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study uses high-resolution, long-term satellite observations to evaluate the spatial scales of the climate variations across the Tibet Plateau (TP). Both land surface temperature and precipitation observations of more than 10 years were analysed with a special attention to eight existing ice-core sites in the TP. The temporal correlation for the monthly or annual anomalies between any two points decreases exponentially with their spatial distance, and we used the e-folding decay constant to quantify the spatial scales. We found that the spatial scales are strongly direction-dependent, with distinctive patterns in the west-east and south-north orientations, for example. Meanwhile, in the same directions the scales are largely symmetric backward and forward. Focusing on the west-east and south-north directions, we found the spatial coherence in the first is generally stronger than in the second. The annual surface temperature had typical spatial scales of 302–480 km, while the annual precipitation showed smaller scales of 111–182 km. The majority of the eight ice-core sites exhibit scales much smaller than the typical scales over the TP as a whole. These results provide important observational basis for the selection of appropriate downscaling strategies, deployment of climate-data collection networks, and interpreting paleoclimate reconstructions.
Limits to sustained energy intake XXV: milk energy output and thermogenesis in Swiss mice lactating at thermoneutrality
Authors: Zhao Zhi-Jun , Li Li , Yang Deng-Bao , Chi Qing-Sheng , Hambly Catherine , Speakman John R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPrevious studies at 21 °C and 5 °C suggest that in Swiss mice sustained energy intake (SusEI) and reproductive performance are constrained by the mammary capacity to produce milk. We aimed to establish if this constraint also applied at higher ambient temperature (30 °C). Female Swiss mice lactating at 30 °C had lower asymptotic food intake and weaned lighter litters than those at 21 °C. Resting metabolic rate, daily energy expenditure, milk energy output and suckling time were all lower at 30 °C. In a second experiment we gave mice at 30 °C either 6 or 9 pups to raise. Female performance was independent of litter size, indicating that it is probably not controlled by pup demands. In a third experiment we exposed only the mother, or only the offspring to the elevated temperature. In this case the performance of the mother was only reduced when she was exposed and not when her pups were exposed, showing that the high temperature directly constrains female performance. These data suggest that at 30 °C SusEI and reproductive performance are likely constrained by the capacity of females to dissipate body heat and not indirectly via pup demands. Constraints seem to change with ambient temperature in this strain of mouse.
Designing Quantum Spin-Orbital Liquids in Artificial Mott Insulators
Authors: Dou Xu , Kotov Valeri N. , Uchoa Bruno 
Published: August 2016

AbstractQuantum spin-orbital liquids are elusive strongly correlated states of matter that emerge from quantum frustration between spin and orbital degrees of freedom. A promising route towards the observation of those states is the creation of artificial Mott insulators where antiferromagnetic correlations between spins and orbitals can be designed. We show that Coulomb impurity lattices on the surface of gapped honeycomb substrates, such as graphene on SiC, can be used to simulate SU(4) symmetric spin-orbital lattice models. We exploit the property that massive Dirac fermions form mid-gap bound states with spin and valley degeneracies in the vicinity of a Coulomb impurity. Due to electronic repulsion, the antiferromagnetic correlations of the impurity lattice are driven by a super-exchange interaction with SU(4) symmetry, which emerges from the bound states degeneracy at quarter filling. We propose that quantum spin-orbital liquids can be engineered in artificially designed solid-state systems at vastly higher temperatures than achievable in optical lattices with cold atoms. We discuss the experimental setup and possible scenarios for candidate quantum spin-liquids in Coulomb impurity lattices of various geometries.
Hybrid α-Fe2O3@Ni(OH)2 nanosheet composite for high-rate-performance supercapacitor electrode
Authors: Jiang Hong , Ma Haifeng , Jin Ying , Wang Lanfang , Gao Feng , Lu Qingyi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this study, we report a facile fabrication of ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanosheet hybrid composite, α-Fe2O3 nanosheet@Ni(OH)2 nanosheet, by a two-step hydrothermal method to achieve high specific capacitance and good stability performance at high charging/discharging rates when serving as electrode material of supercapacitors. The α-Fe2O3@Ni(OH)2 hybrid electrode not only has a smooth decrease of the specific capacitance with increasing current density, compared with the sharp decline of single component of Ni(OH)2 electrode, but also presents excellent rate capability with a specific capacitance of 356 F/g at a current density of 16 A/g and excellent cycling stability (a capacity retention of 93.3% after 500 cycles), which are superior to the performances of Ni(OH)2 with a lower specific capacitance of 132 F/g and a lower capacity retention of 81.8% at 16 A/g. The results indicate such hybrid structure would be promising as excellent electrode material for good performances at high current densities in the future.
A highly sensitive underwater video system for use in turbid aquaculture ponds
Authors: Hung Chin-Chang , Tsao Shih-Chieh , Huang Kuo-Hao , Jang Jia-Pu , Chang Hsu-Kuang , Dobbs Fred C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe turbid, low-light waters characteristic of aquaculture ponds have made it difficult or impossible for previous video cameras to provide clear imagery of the ponds’ benthic habitat. We developed a highly sensitive, underwater video system (UVS) for this particular application and tested it in shrimp ponds having turbidities typical of those in southern Taiwan. The system’s high-quality video stream and images, together with its camera capacity (up to nine cameras), permit in situ observations of shrimp feeding behavior, shrimp size and internal anatomy, and organic matter residues on pond sediments. The UVS can operate continuously and be focused remotely, a convenience to shrimp farmers. The observations possible with the UVS provide aquaculturists with information critical to provision of feed with minimal waste; determining whether the accumulation of organic-matter residues dictates exchange of pond water; and management decisions concerning shrimp health.
Staphylokinase has distinct modes of interaction with antimicrobial peptides, modulating its plasminogen-activation properties
Authors: Nguyen Leonard T. , Vogel Hans J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractStaphylokinase (Sak) is a plasminogen activator protein that is secreted by many Staphylococcus aureus strains. Sak also offers protection by binding and inhibiting specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Here, we evaluate Sak as a more general interaction partner for AMPs. Studies with melittin, mCRAMP, tritrpticin and bovine lactoferricin indicate that the truncation of the first ten residues of Sak (SakΔN10), which occurs in vivo and uncovers important residues in a bulge region, improves its affinity for AMPs. Melittin and mCRAMP have a lower affinity for SakΔN10 and in docking studies, they bind to the N-terminal segment and bulge region of SakΔN10. By comparison, lactoferricin and tritrpticin form moderately high affinity 1:1 complexes with SakΔN10 and their cationic residues form several electrostatic interactions with the protein’s α-helix. Overall, our work identifies two distinct AMP binding surfaces on SakΔN10 whose occupation would lead to either inhibition or promotion of its plasminogen activating properties.