bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The two‐process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal
Authors: Borbély Alexander A. , Daan Serge , Wirz‐Justice Anna , Deboer Tom 
Published: January 2016

SummaryIn the last three decades the two‐process model of sleep regulation has served as a major conceptual framework in sleep research. It has been applied widely in studies on fatigue and performance and to dissect individual differences in sleep regulation. The model posits that a homeostatic process (Process S) interacts with a process controlled by the circadian pacemaker (Process C), with time‐courses derived from physiological and behavioural variables. The model simulates successfully the timing and intensity of sleep in diverse experimental protocols. Electrophysiological recordings from the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) suggest that S and C interact continuously. Oscillators outside the SCN that are linked to energy metabolism are evident in SCN‐lesioned arrhythmic animals subjected to restricted feeding or methamphetamine administration, as well as in human subjects during internal desynchronization. In intact animals these peripheral oscillators may dissociate from the central pacemaker rhythm. A sleep/fast and wake/feed phase segregate antagonistic anabolic and catabolic metabolic processes in peripheral tissues. A deficiency of Process S was proposed to account for both depressive sleep disturbances and the antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation. The model supported the development of novel non‐pharmacological treatment paradigms in psychiatry, based on manipulating circadian phase, sleep and light exposure. In conclusion, the model remains conceptually useful for promoting the integration of sleep and circadian rhythm research. Sleep appears to have not only a short‐term, use‐dependent function; it also serves to enforce rest and fasting, thereby supporting the optimization of metabolic processes at the appropriate phase of the 24‐h cycle.
EEG spectral power in phasic and tonic REM sleep: different patterns in young adults and children
Authors: Simor Péter , Gombos Ferenc , Szakadát Sára , Sándor Piroska , Bódizs Róbert 
Published: January 2016

SummaryRapid eye movement sleep is composed of phasic and tonic periods, two distinguishable microstates in terms of arousal thresholds and sensory processing. Background electroencephalogram oscillations are also different between periods with (phasic state) and periods without (tonic state) eye movements. In Study 1, previous findings analysing electroencephalogram spectral power in phasic and tonic rapid eye movement sleep were replicated, and analyses extended to the high gamma range (52–90 Hz). In Study 2, phasic and tonic spectral power differences within a group of 4–8‐year‐old children were examined. Based on the polysomnographic data of 20 young adults, the phasic state yielded increased delta and theta power in anterior sites, as well as generally decreased high alpha and beta power in comparison to the tonic state. Moreover, phasic periods exhibited greater spectral power in the lower and the higher gamma band. Interestingly, children (n = 18) exhibited a different pattern, showing increased activity in the low alpha range during phasic periods. Moreover, during phasic in contrast to tonic rapid eye movement sleep, increased low and high gamma and enhanced low gamma band power emerged in anterior and posterior regions, respectively. The current findings show that spectral activity within the high gamma range substantially contributes to the differences between phasic and tonic rapid eye movement sleep, especially in adults. Moreover, the current data underscore the heterogeneity of rapid eye movement sleep, and point to marked differences between young adults and children regarding phasic/tonic electroencephalogram spectral power. These results suggest that the differentiation between phasic and tonic rapid eye movement periods undergoes maturation.
Serum, milk, and tissue monensin concentrations in cattle with adequate and potentially toxic dietary levels of monensin: pharmacokinetics and diagnostic interpretation
Authors: Puschner B. , Bautista A. C. , McKemie D. S. , Gallego S. M. , Woods L. W. , Moore C. E. , Knych H. K. 
Published: January 2016

Used in both beef cattle and dairy cows, monensin can provide many health benefits but can, when unintended overexposures occur, result in adverse effects. Information on serum and tissue concentrations following overexposure and/or overt toxicosis which may aid in diagnostics and clinical outcome is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of monensin in biological specimens following oral exposure for 10 days to an approved dose (1 mg/kg) and a higher dose (5 mg/kg) of monensin given daily on a body weight basis to 10 dairy cows. No deaths were reported; cows receiving 5 mg/kg showed early signs of toxicosis including depression, decreased feed intake, and diarrhea after 4 days of exposure. Histopathological findings were minimal in most cows. Pharmacokinetic modeling of the detected serum concentrations for the 1 and 5 mg/kg dose groups determined the Cmax, Tmax, and t1/2λ to be 0.87 and 1.68 ng/mL, 2.0 and 1.0 h, and 1.76 and 2.32 days, respectively. Mixed regression models showed that the dose level and days since last dose were significantly associated with monensin concentrations in all four tissues, and with cardiac troponin levels. The high dose resulted in a significant elevation of monensin in tissues at approximately 4.7 times compared to the monensin concentrations in the tissues of animals from the low‐dose group. The cTnI concentrations in the high‐dose group were 2.1 times that of cTnI in the low‐dose group. Thus, the ability to diagnose monensin overexposure and/or toxicosis will improve from knowledge of biological monensin concentrations from this study.
The impact of medetomidine on the protein‐binding characteristics of MK‐467 in canine plasma
Authors: Bennett R. C. , Hokkanen J. , Raekallio M. R. , Vainio O. M. 
Published: January 2016

This study determined the unbound fraction of the peripheral α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist MK‐467 alone and combined with medetomidine. MK‐467 (0.1, 1 and 10 μm) was incubated in canine plasma with and without medetomidine (molar ratio 20:1), with human serum albumin (HSA) and with α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP). Rapid equilibrium dialysis was used for the measurement of protein binding. All samples were analysed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to obtain the unbound fraction (fu) of MK‐467. Unbound fractions (fu) of MK‐467 in canine plasma (mean ± standard deviation) were 27.6 ± 3.5%, 26.6 ± 0.9% and 42.4 ± 1.2% at 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μm concentrations, respectively. In the presence of medetomidine, fu were 27.5 ± 0.4%, 26.6 ± 0.9% and 41.0 ± 2.4%. The fu of MK‐467 in HSA were 50.1 ± 2.5% at 0.1 μm, 49.4 ± 1.2% at 1.0 μm and 56.7 ± 0.5% at 10 μm. fu of MK‐467 in AGP was 56.3 ± 3.7% at 0.1 μm, 54.6 ± 5.6% at 1.0 μm and 65.3 ± 0.4% at 10 μm. Protein binding of MK‐467 was approximately 70% between 0.1 and 1.0 μm. Medetomidine had no apparent effect on the protein binding of MK‐467.
A framework for partitioning plant rooting profiles from neighbours using multiple data types
Authors: Kropp Heather , Ogle Kiona , Wojciechowski Martin F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimVertical root distributions (‘profiles’) influence plant water use and productivity, and the differentiation of root profiles between neighbouring species can indicate the degree of plant interactions and niche partitioning. However, quantifying multiple species' root distributions in the field can be labour intensive and highly destructive to the soil and plants. We describe a method for partitioning multiple species roots using minimally destructive methods to determine if neighbour interactions alter the root profile of a common desert shrub, Larrea tridentata (creosote bush).LocationSonoran Desert, central Arizona, USA.MethodsWe obtained root and soil samples from soil cores collected around Larrea growing alone and next to three different neighbouring species. Bulk root mass was measured for each soil sample, and Larrea and neighbouring species root presence was determined with molecular identification methods. Water extracted from the soil and paired stem samples was analysed for its stable isotope composition (D and 18O). Species‐specific (i.e. Larrea and neighbouring species) root biomass and fractional active root area were estimated through a hierarchical statistical modelling approach that combined all three data sets and accounted for detection errors.ResultsThe combined data model successfully partitioned Larrea root biomass from neighbouring plants and provided biologically relevant estimates of rooting profiles with greater certainty than individual analyses of each data source. The data model results indicate that plant neighbours alter Larrea's root profile; Larrea growing under tree species had significantly higher root biomass in shallow soil layers than Larrea growing alone.ConclusionsOur framework requires minimally destructive sampling methods, and accounts for sampling errors associated with different methods. We demonstrate the utility of our approach with a common desert shrub species, which illustrated that plant neighbours can alter the Larrea vertical root profile. Our approach is useful in problematic study systems fraught with sample collection issues or supporting species with inhibitory compounds that prohibit the use of more sophisticated molecular methods to identify the presence of other species' roots.
Comparative jumping mechanics in plethodontid salamanders
Authors: Ryerson W. G. , Hessel A. L. , Whitenack L. B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPlethodontid salamanders have a myriad of defense mechanisms with which to escape predation. One of the most poorly understood mechanisms is jumping, which is driven by lateral body bending; rapid straightening of the body propels the salamander into the air. One previous examination of jumping in one plethodontid salamander found little evidence of ontogenetic changes in the mechanics of jumping. Here, we investigate jumping in six species of plethodontid salamanders, across a wide array of body sizes. Comparing morphological and kinematic variables, jump height scaled with body size and forelimb length. Species differed in morphology, and when comparing kinematic variables across species, only bending duration differed. The lack of scaling patterns leads to several hypotheses, and further investigation of the morphology of the axial musculature is required.
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor?
Authors: Domont Fanny , Cacoub Patrice 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAmong the large scope of extrahepatic manifestations related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, many studies recently evaluated the frequency and characteristics of cardiovascular involvement. To assess the current published data on HCV infection and cardiovascular diseases. Published studies on cardiovascular disease, i.e. cerebrovascular accident and ischaemic heart disease in subjects with HCV infection were analysed from literature databases. Subjects with HCV chronic infection have an increased prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis and increased intima‐media thickness compared to healthy controls or those with hepatitis B or non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis. Active chronic HCV infection appears as an independent risk factor for ischaemic cerebrovascular accidents. Active chronic HCV infection is associated with increased risk of ischaemic heart disease. In some studies, successful interferon‐based therapy showed a beneficial impact on the cardiovascular risk. The risk of major cardiovascular events is higher in patients with HCV infection compared to controls, independent of the severity of the liver disease or the common cardiovascular risk factors. The beneficial impact of interferon‐based therapy needs to be confirmed with new direct antiviral interferon‐free agents in prospective studies with extended follow‐up
Changes in interspecies association patterns of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, and Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis, after demographic changes related to environmental disturbance
Authors: Elliser Cindy R. , Herzing Denise L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAnimal populations can be affected by environmental disturbances in many ways including demographic and behavioral changes. This can affect interspecies associations for regularly interacting sympatric species, like bottlenose and spotted dolphins in the Bahamas (observed since 1985 and interspecies associations analyzed since 1993). After two hurricanes in 2004 each species lost roughly 30% of their respective communities resulting in differing social structure and behavioral changes. During mixed species encounters (MSE) group sizes for spotted dolphins ( = 14.1 ± 9.2) were significantly larger than bottlenose dolphins ( = 6.0 ± 7.3; F = 11.74, df = 1, P < 0.001), however, t‐tests revealed no differences between aggressive vs. affiliative encounters. Sexual/aggressive behavior regularly seen previously was not observed posthurricanes and aggressive encounters were greatly reduced. Generally results were similar to prehurricane data including high resightings of spotted dolphins with male alliances prevalent (including new juvenile alliances seen only posthurricane), and individualized bottlenose participation with few male alliances. However temporal associations varied compared to prehurricane. Interspecies association and behavior patterns were altered and likely affected by the changes in intraspecies association patterns following the hurricanes. However both species still participated in MSE, suggesting this is an important component of their ability to coexist as sympatric species.
Interaction between hormonal and mitochondrial signalling during growth, development and in plant defence responses
Authors: Berkowitz Oliver , De Clercq Inge , Van Breusegem Frank , Whelan James 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMitochondria play a central role in plant metabolism as they are a major source of ATP through synthesis by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and harbour key metabolic reactions such as the TCA cycle. The energy and building blocks produced by mitochondria are essential to drive plant growth and development as well as to provide fuel for responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome and have to be imported into the organelle. For the regulation of the corresponding genes intricate signalling pathways exist to adjust their expression. Signals directly regulate nuclear gene expression (anterograde signalling) to adjust the protein composition of the mitochondria to the needs of the cell. In parallel, mitochondria communicate back their functional status to the nucleus (retrograde signalling) to prompt transcriptional regulation of responsive genes via largely unknown signalling mechanisms. Plant hormones are the major signalling components regulating all layers of plant development and cellular functions. Increasing evidence is now becoming available that plant hormones are also part of signalling networks controlling mitochondrial function and their biogenesis. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the interaction of mitochondrial and hormonal signalling pathways.
Eruptive Penile Syringomas in an Adolescent: Novel Approach with Serial Microexcisions and Suture–Adhesive Repair
Authors: Todd Patricia S. , Gordon Samantha C. , Rovner Rebecca L. , Tung Rebecca 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPenile syringomas are benign adnexal tumors that are usually asymptomatic but can be cosmetically distressing. Because of the delicate nature of skin in this region, treatment is difficult, and there are few case reports of procedural destruction of these tumors. We report a case of successful surgical excision using Castroviejo ophthalmic scissors followed by primary closure with fast‐absorbing plain gut suture and a cyanoacrylate adhesive application. This procedure was well tolerated and had an impressive cosmetic outcome.
Periungual Bowen's Disease in a 12‐Year‐Old Boy Treated with Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Hyun Dong J. , Seo Seong R. , Kim Dong H. , Yoon Moon S. , Lee Hee J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBowen's disease (BD) usually occurs on sun‐exposed areas in elderly patients. BD rarely occurs in childhood and lesions of the nail unit and periungual area are likely associated with human papillomavirus infection. Herein, we report a case of BD presenting on the periungual area in a 12‐year‐old boy which was successfully treated with two sessions of photodynamic therapy.
Does Helicobacter pylori play a role in the pathogenesis of non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis?
Authors: Aydın Teke Turkan , Akyön Yakut , Yalcin Ebru , Ozen Hasan , Doğru Deniz , Kiper Nural , Ozcelik Ugur 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate whether Helicobacter pylori plays a role in the pathogenesis and severity of non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, and its relationship with gastroesophageal reflux (GER).MethodsForty‐one patients and 16 controls between 5 and 18 years of age were enrolled. H. pylori was investigated on polymerase chain reaction and culture in gastric juice (GJ) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Urea breath test (UBT) was also used for defining H. pylori infection. GER was detected on 24 h pH monitoring or scintigraphy. Computed tomography (CT) scoring was used to quantify the severity and extent of bronchiectasis.ResultsNine patients (22%) in the bronchiectasis group (BG) and three patients (18.8%) in the control group (CG) had H. pylori‐positive BALF. Sixteen BG patients (39%) and seven CG patients (43.8%) had H. pylori‐positive GJ. UBT was positive in 11 BG patients (26.8%) and in three CG patients (18.8%). H. pylori positivity in BALF, GJ and UBT was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Six patients with GER and five patients without GER in BG had H. pylori‐positive BALF and GJ (P = 0.827). No association was found between BALF H. pylori positivity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in BG. CT score was significantly higher in BG patients with H. pylori‐positive compared with H. pylori‐negative BALF (P < 0.05).ConclusionsHelicobacter pylori is not associated with the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis but it may be responsible for the severity of the disease.
Musculoskeletal abnormalities in congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors: Patterns and risk factors: Report of a Japanese multicenter follow‐up survey
Authors: Takayasu Hajime , Masumoto Kouji , Goishi Keiji , Hayakawa Masahiro , Tazuke Yuko , Yokoi Akiko , Terui Keita , Okuyama Hiroomi , Usui Noriaki , Nagata Kouji , Taguchi Tomoaki ,   Japanese Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the natural history and associated predictors of musculoskeletal deformities in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors.MethodsA multicenter retrospective survey was conducted among CDH patients between January 2006 and December 2010 in Japan, and a follow‐up survey was performed between September 2013 and October 2013. One hundred and eighty‐two (79.8%) of the 228 patients were alive. An orthopedic survey of 159 survivors without severe coexisting congenital anomalies was subsequently carried out, and the rates of pectus excavatum (PE), scoliosis and chest asymmetry were evaluated.ResultsScoliosis, PE and chest asymmetry were found in 20 (12.6%), 19 (11.9%) and 12 (7.5%) patients, respectively. In total, 44 patients (27.7%) developed orthopedic abnormalities. Reduction in the oxygenation index within 24 h after birth (P = 0.044), large diaphragmatic defects (P = 0.047) and patch repair (P = 0.014) were predictive for scoliosis. In addition, Apgar score at 5 min was significantly lower in the patients who developed PE (P = 0.034); and stomach herniation (P = 0.004) and liver herniation (P = 0.013) at prenatal diagnosis and large diaphragmatic defects (P = 0.036) were predictive of chest asymmetry.ConclusionsApproximately one‐quarter of the survivors developed musculoskeletal abnormalities in the present survey of CDH patients. These data suggest that each musculoskeletal abnormality has its own specific predictors.
Love styles, coping, and relationship satisfaction: A dyadic approach
Authors: VEDES ANA , HILPERT PETER , NUSSBECK FRIDTJOF W. , RANDALL ASHLEY K. , BODENMANN GUY , LIND WOLFGANG R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRomantic partners have different attitudes on what love is and what it means to be in a romantic relationship. These attitudes are conceptualized as love styles that relate to relationship‐maintenance behaviors and relationship satisfaction. Specifically, love styles could be associated with how partners cope with stress (dyadic coping), which in turn may be associated with relationship satisfaction. Using self‐report data from 92 heterosexual couples, findings showed that: (a) eros and agape love styles have positive direct effects on dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction, whereas ludus has a negative direct effect on dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction and (b) dyadic coping partially mediated the association between love styles and relationship satisfaction. Overall, associations were stronger for women than for men.
Discussion of care, contribution, and perceived (in)gratitude in the family caregiver and sibling relationship
Authors: AMARO L. M. , MILLER K. I. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis qualitative analysis focuses on the discussion of care, division of labor, and perceptions of gratitude and ingratitude between an adult primary caregiver of an elderly parent and his or her sibling(s). Interviews with 20 caregivers addressed the following questions: When do caregivers feel appreciated or unappreciated by siblings? How do siblings communicate that appreciation? How does gratitude influence the experience of caregiving and family relationships during caregiving? Findings revealed that gratitude was manifested through verbal and behavioral expressions, with antithetical communication that left the caregiver feeling unappreciated. Verbal expressions of gratitude included a simple “thank you,” thanks for what the caregiver does, and for who the caregiver is. The inverse of these expressions included neglecting to say “thank you,” failing to identify the extent of the caregiver's work, and communicating criticism. Behavioral expressions took the form of following through on promises, and failing to do so presented as ingratitude.
Factors associated with mouth breathing in children with ­developmental ­disabilities
Authors: de Castilho Lia Silva , Abreu Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães , de Oliveira Renata Batista , Souza e Silva Maria Elisa , Resende Vera Lúcia Silva 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and factors associated with mouth breathing among patients with developmental disabilities of a dental service.MethodsWe analyzed 408 dental records. Mouth breathing was reported by the patients’ parents and from direct observation. Other variables were as ­follows: history of asthma, bronchitis, palate shape, pacifier use, thumb ­sucking, nail biting, use of medications, gastroesophageal reflux, bruxism, gender, age, and diagnosis of the patient. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis with ratio calculation and multiple logistic regression. Variables with p < 0.25 were included in the model to estimate the adjusted OR (95% CI), calculated by the forward stepwise method. Variables with p ​​< 0.05 were kept in the model.ResultsBeing male (p = 0.016) and use of centrally acting drugs (p = 0.001) were the variables that remained in the model.ConclusionAmong patients with ­developmental disabilities, boys and psychotropic drug users had a greater chance of being mouth breathers.