bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations of human leucocyte antigen class II‐DQB1 alleles with hepatitis C virus infection in Egyptian population: a multicentre family‐based study
Authors: El‐Bendary M. , Neamatallah M. , Esmat G. , Kamel E. , Elalfy H. , Besheer T. , Eldeib D. , Eladl A.‐H. , El‐Setouhy M. , El‐Gilany A.‐H. , El‐Waseef A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryHepatitis C infection is a global pandemic. HLA‐DQB1 alleles are believed to have an effective role in immune response against HCV including susceptibility to or protection from this infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of HLA‐DQB1 alleles in the outcome of HCV genotype‐4 infection through a family‐based association study. Egyptian families with HCV (324) were recruited for this study (324 index positive for RNA‐HCV, 225 positive relatives representing chronic hepatitis C cases and 582 family members negative for HCV‐RNA [control], 63 of whom spontaneously cleared the virus. All subjects were genotyped for HLA‐DQB1 alleles by sequence‐specific primers (SSP‐PCR) and sequence‐based typing (SBT) methods. The frequency of DQB1*02:01:01 carriage was significantly higher in infected patients when compared to controls and those who spontaneously cleared virus (OR=5.47, P<.0001 and OR= 6.5234, P<.0001, respectively), and the carriage of the DQB1*03:01:01:01 allele was significantly higher in those who cleared and controls when compared to the infected patients (OR=0.2889, P<.0001 and OR=0.3016, P<.0001, respectively). On the other hand, the frequency of DQB1*06:01:01 and QB1*05:01:01:01 alleles was not associated with infection (comparison of infected and cleared patients showed OR of 2.1598 [P<.01]), but it becomes nonsignificant after adjustments with the Bonferroni formula (PC>0.05) and OR= 1.3523, P>.05, respectively. This study shows that clearance of HCV is associated with DQB1*03:01:01:01 allele and chronicity of HCV infection associated with the risk allele: DQB1*02:01:01.
Magnetite in the unequilibrated CK chondrites: Implications for metamorphism and new insights into the relationship between the CV and CK chondrites
Authors: Dunn Tasha L. , Gross Juliane , Ivanova Marina A. , Runyon Simone E. , Bruck Andrea M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBulk isotopic and elemental compositions of CV and CK chondrites have led to the suggestion that both originate from the same asteroid. It has been argued that magnetite compositions also support this model; however, magnetite has been studied almost exclusively in the equilibrated (type 4‐6) CKs. Magnetite in seven unequilibrated CKs analyzed here is enriched in MgO, TiO2, and Al2O3 relative to the equilibrated CKs, suggesting that magnetite compositions are affected by metamorphism. Magnetite in CKs is compositionally distinct from CVs, particularly in abundances of Cr2O3, NiO, and TiO2. Although there are minor similarities between CV and equilibrated CK chondrite magnetite, this is contrary to what we would expect if the CVs and CKs represent a single metamorphic sequence. CV magnetite should resemble CK3 magnetite, as both were metamorphosed to type 3 conditions. Oxygen fugacities and temperatures of CVox and CK chondrites are also difficult to reconcile using existing CV‐CK parent body models. Mineral chemistries, which eliminate issues of bulk sample heterogeneity, provide a reliable alternative to techniques that involve a small amount of sample material. CV and CK chondrite magnetite has distinct compositional differences that cannot be explained by metamorphism.
Water undersaturated mantle plume volcanism on present‐day Mars
Authors: Kiefer Walter S. , Li Qingsong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBased on meteorite evidence, the present‐day Martian mantle has a combined abundance of up to a few hundred ppm of H2O, Cl, and F, which lowers the solidus and enhances the magma production rate. Adiabatic decompression melting in upwelling mantle plumes is the best explanation for young (last 200 Myr) volcanism on Mars. We explore water undersaturated mantle plume volcanism using a finite element mantle convection model coupled to a model of hydrous peridotite melting. Relative to a dry mantle, the reduction in solidus temperature due to water increases the magma production rate by a factor of 1.3–1.7 at 50 ppm water and by a factor of 1.9–3.2 at 200 ppm water. Mantle water also decreases the viscosity and increases the vigor of convection, which indirectly increases the magma production rate by thinning the thermal boundary layer and increasing the flow velocity. At conditions relevant to Mars, these indirect effects can cause an order of magnitude increase in the magma production rate. Using geologic and geophysical observations of the Late Amazonian magma production rate and geochemical observations of melt fractions in shergottite meteorites, present‐day Mars is constrained to have a core–mantle boundary temperature of ~1750 to 1800 °C and a volume‐averaged thermal Rayleigh number of 2 × 106 to 107, indicating that moderately vigorous mantle convection has persisted to the present day. Melting occurs at depths of 2.5–6 GPa and is controlled by the Rayleigh number at the low pressure end and by the mantle water concentration at high pressure.
Heterogeneous histories of Ni‐bearing pyrrhotite and pentlandite grains in the CI chondrites Orgueil and Alais
Authors: Berger Eve L. , Lauretta Dante S. , Zega Thomas J. , Keller Lindsay P. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCompositional and structural analyses of CI chondrite iron–nickel sulfide grains reveal heterogeneity both across and within the Orgueil and Alais meteorites. Orgueil grains with the 4C monoclinic pyrrhotite structure have variable metal‐to‐sulfur ratios and nickel contents. These range from the nominal ratio of 0.875 for Fe7S8 with <1 atom% nickel to a high metal‐to‐sulfur ratio of 0.97 with 15 atom% nickel. These data reveal a previously unrecognized low‐temperature solid solution between Fe7S8 and Fe5Ni3S8. We have also identified 6C monoclinic pyrrhotite among the Orgueil iron–nickel sulfides. The occurrence of pentlandite in Orgueil is confirmed for the first time crystallographically. In contrast, sulfide grains in Alais do not show the same spread in composition and structure; rather they represent the endmembers: low‐Ni 4C monoclinic pyrrhotite and pentlandite. We investigate possible formation/alteration scenarios: crystallization from a melt, solid‐state diffusion and/or exsolution, oxidation of pre‐existing sulfides, and precipitation from a fluid. Sulfide grains are sensitive to alteration conditions; these data suggest that the structures and compositions of the sulfide assemblages in Orgueil and Alais were established by late‐stage parent body aqueous alteration, followed in some cases by low‐temperature solid‐state processes. The samples record different alteration histories, with Orgueil experiencing lower equilibration temperatures (25 °C) than Alais (100–135 °C). We conclude that millimeter‐scale heterogeneity existed in alteration conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, oxygen fugacity, sulfur fugacity, duration of alteration) on the parent body. This variability is evidenced by the diversity among sulfide grains located within millimeters of one another.
Critical Diamond–Blackfan anemia due to ribosomal protein S19 missense mutation
Authors: Ozono Shuichi , Mitsuo Miho , Noguchi Maiko , Nakagawa Shin‐ichiro , Ueda Koichiro , Inada Hiroko , Ohga Shouichi , Ito Etsuro 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDiamond–Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by pure erythrocyte aplasia, and approximately 70% of patients carry mutations in the genes encoding ribosomal proteins (RP). Here, we report the case of a male infant with DBA who presented with anemic crisis (hemoglobin [Hb] concentration 1.5 g/dL) at 58 days after birth. On admission, the infant was pale and had tachypnea, but recovered with intensive care, including red blood cell transfusions, and prednisolone. Based on the clinical diagnosis of DBA, the father of the infant had cyclosporine‐A‐dependent anemia. On analysis of RP genes when the infant was 6 months old, both the infant and the father, but not the mother, were found to harbor a mutation of RPS19 (c.167G > C, p. R56P). Therefore, genetic background search and early neonatal health check‐ups are recommended for families with a history of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes.
Cardiac catheterization in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Matsuura Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCardiac catheterization of childhood pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is used to assess the severity of the disease as well as prognosis, selection of the most adequate pulmonary vasodilators, and evaluation of effectiveness. Sudden deterioration of cardiovascular hemodynamics, however, can be easily induced by pain, patient agitation, catheter manipulation, and by vasodilator provocation tests; these could trigger a pulmonary hypertension crisis, vagotony, respiratory distress, and hemoptysis resulting in critical complications, including death. Those patients with New York Heart Association functional class IV are at an especially high risk. It is noteworthy that pulmonary arteriography is a contraindication in patients with PAH. In a review of 7218 adult patients, 76 (1.1%) serious complications, including four deaths, were reported; with regard to the pediatric patients, 29 (10.7%) out of 270 patients with complications, including one with cardiogenic shock requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation in addition to minor complications, were reported. To prevent serious complications, basic and routine precautions, such as oxygen and concomitant transcutaneous oxygen saturation and electrocardiogram monitoring during transportation to and from the catheter laboratory, are mandatory. Furthermore, the cooperation of experienced physicians and well informed medical staff in addition to meticulous preparation, for example, calculation of prior doses of catecholamine and confirmation of the presence of emergency equipment, is required.
Vested Interests, Venue Shopping, and Policy Stability: The Long Road to Improving Air Quality in Oregon's Willamette Valley
Authors: Ley Aaron J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA lot of scholarly attention has focused on why groups choose to pursue their policy goals in one venue over another. This manuscript adds to the literature by testing a new theory of venue shopping, the Adaptive Venue Shopping Framework. This manuscript finds empirical support that groups choose venues by strategically assessing the institutional context which involves three primary elements: the group's mix of resources, their opponent's resource strengths, and the degree of venue accessibility, which is a combination of opponents' degree of control over a venue and a venue's image amiability or receptivity. In addition to confirming these findings, this case study links the literature on venue shopping with recent scholarship about “vested interests” by demonstrating how a powerful agricultural group came to dominate in a legislative venue, how it protected its policy victories from reversal, and how it kept policy making from shifting into alternative venues, thus leading to long‐term policy stability. Furthermore, it demonstrates how newly emerged groups can achieve policy success against stronger opponents by threatening to seek their policy goals in alternative institutions.
Supererogation, Sacrifice, and the Limits of Duty
Authors: Archer Alfred 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIt is often claimed that all acts of supererogation involve sacrifice. This claim is made because it is thought that it is the level of sacrifice involved that prevents these acts from being morally required. In this paper, I will argue against this claim. I will start by making a distinction between two ways of understanding the claim that all acts of supererogation involve sacrifice. I will then examine some purported counterexamples to the view that supererogation always involves sacrifice and examine their limitations. Next, I will examine how this view might be defended, building on comments by Dale Dorsey and Henry Sidgwick. I will then argue that the view and the argument in favor of it should be rejected. I will finish by showing how an alternative explanation for the limits of moral obligation avoids the problems facing The Sacrifice View.
Getting Expression‐Based Semantics Right: Its Proper Objects of Evaluation and Limits
Authors: Spewak Jr David C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOften those attempting to resolve the answering machine paradox appeal to Kaplan's claim that the objects of semantic evaluation are expression‐types evaluated with respect to indices, instead of utterances, as part of their solution. This article argues that Dylan Dodd and Paula Sweeney exemplify the kind of mistakes theorists make in applying such expression‐based semantic theories in that (1) they conflate what is asserted with semantic content, and (2) they take their approach to utterance interpretation as having semantic significance. In light of these mistakes, we learn two things. First, we learn how expression‐based semantic theorists can avoid making these kinds of mistakes. Second, we learn how the limits of expression‐based semantics can contribute to what we should expect a semantic theory to explain regarding how semantics fits into a more general theory of linguistic communication and linguistic understanding.
Meaning in Life: In Defense of the Hybrid View
Authors: Evers Daan , van Smeden Gerlinde Emma 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAccording to Susan Wolf's hybrid view about meaning in life, a life is meaningful in virtue of subjective attraction to objectively valuable pursuits. Recently, several philosophers have presented counterexamples to the subjective element in Wolf's view. We argue that these examples are not clearly successful and present a modified version which is even stronger in the face of them. Finally, we offer some positive reasons for accepting a subjective condition on a meaningful life.
Vulnerability in Intimate Relationships
Authors: Tsai George 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntimate relationships such as love and friendship involve familiar patterns of vulnerability. Loving someone renders one susceptible to distress and sorrow when the beloved is harmed and when the loving relationship is impaired. The distinctive kind of vulnerability bound up with intimate relationships also presents an opportunity for wrongful exploitation: for one participant to unfairly use, take advantage of, the other. In the case of commercial exploitation (e.g., exploitation of sweatshop workers), the remedy typically involves either preventing those in the relevant positions of power from taking advantage of the vulnerability of the powerless or removing the vulnerabilities of those in the relevant positions of powerlessness. I argue there are there limits to the application of these two strategies in the intimate relationship context, and I consider what (if anything) might guard against the possibility of exploitation in intimate relationships.
Unjust Exploitation
Authors: Wood Allen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIs exploitation always unjust? Is it by definition unjust? If we answer both these questions negatively, as I do, then we need to ask: when is exploitation unjust and when is it not? Exploitation is the use of a vulnerability for the exploiter's ends. This is sometimes morally wrong, even when it is not unjust. But it is unjust when it violates the exploited person's rightful freedom. When is labor for hire exploitative? Whenever the terms of the labor contract permit either the employer or the employee to make use of the vulnerability of the other. But when is such exploitation unjust? When it involves the ownership by either of the conditions of life of the other, because then one is in a position of control over the other and deprives the other of a free mode of life. In capitalist wage labor, this is often the case—the employer, or a class to which the employer belongs, owns the conditions of life for the employed. When this is so, the employed do not have the free life which is basic to human rights.
Exploitation and Consequentialism
Authors: Sample Ruth 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn Exploitation: What It Is and Why It's Wrong (2003), I argued that the major non‐Marxist “ethically thick” approaches to exploitation were not successful in capturing what we find morally objectionable in paradigmatic cases of exploitation. My argument there focused on the consequentialist account of exploitation defended by Robert Goodin. Here I revisit the question of whether the recent multi‐level act consequentialist account of exploitation defended by Richard Arneson is successful. I raise questions about the nature of the account, and conclude that it is a possibly coherent and ultimately inadequate account of the wrongness of exploitation.
Adverse effects of red blood cell transfusions in neonates: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Keir Amy , Pal Sanchita , Trivella Marialena , Lieberman Lani , Callum Jeannie , Shehata Nadine , Stanworth Simon J. 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUNDControversy exists regarding the contribution of blood transfusions to a range of adverse clinical outcomes in neonates. The aim of our systematic review was to identify the broader literature on harmful effects and associations potentially attributable to red blood cell (RBC) transfusions.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA comprehensive search of MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE was undertaken. Eligible studies included both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized studies examining the effects of small volume (10‐20 mL/kg) RBC transfusions on neonates. Primary outcomes of interest were mortality, chronic lung disease, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, and intraventricular hemorrhage. Two independent authors conducted a review of abstracts and then of full‐text article reviews as well as data extraction and quality assessments.RESULTSSixty‐one studies were eligible for inclusion, including 16 (26%) randomized studies. The majority of studies were nonrandomized (n = 45; 74%), which included 32 observational studies with and 13 studies without a comparator group. There was no evidence that rates of mortality differed between restrictive and liberal strategies for transfusion (eight RCTs: risk ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.89‐1.672, heterogeneity = 0%) or for necrotizing enterocolitis (five RCTs: risk ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.91‐2.33; heterogeneity = 0%). A liberal strategy also was not superior to restrictive transfusion practice in the pooled randomized studies for rates of retinopathy of prematurity, chronic lung disease, or intraventricular hemorrhage.CONCLUSIONSStatistically significant differences in a range of harmful outcomes between neonates exposed to restrictive and liberal RBC transfusion practice were not found. However, the risks of bias identified in many studies and the lack of consistent reporting and definitions of events limits our conclusions.
Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 2B6 Activity by Voriconazole Profiled Using Efavirenz Disposition in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Desta Zeruesenay , Metzger Ingrid F. , Thong Nancy , Lu Jessica B. L. , Callaghan John T. , Skaar Todd C. , Flockhart David A. , Galinsky Raymond E. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) metabolizes clinically important drugs and other compounds. Its expression and activity vary widely among individuals, but quantitative estimation is hampered by the lack of safe and selective
in vivo
probes of CYP2B6 activity. Efavirenz, a nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, is mainly cleared by CYP2B6, an enzyme strongly inhibited
in vitro
by voriconazole. To test efavirenz metabolism as an
in vivo
probe of CYP2B6 activity, we quantified the inhibition of CYP2B6 activity by voriconazole in 61 healthy volunteers administered a single 100-mg oral dose of efavirenz with and without voriconazole administration. The kinetics of efavirenz metabolites demonstrated formation rate-limited elimination. Compared to control, voriconazole prolonged the elimination half-life (
t
1/2
) and increased both the maximum concentration of drug in serum (
C
max
) and the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to
t
(AUC
0–

t

) of efavirenz (mean change of 51%, 36%, and 89%, respectively) (
P
< 0.0001) with marked intersubject variability (e.g., the percent change in efavirenz AUC
0–

t

ranged from 0.4% to ∼224%). Voriconazole decreased efavirenz 8-hydroxylation by greater than 60% (
P
< 0.0001), whereas its effect on 7-hydroxylation was marginal. The plasma concentration ratio of efavirenz to 8-hydroxyefavirenz, determined 1 to 6 h after dosing, was significantly increased by voriconazole and correlated with the efavirenz AUC
0–

t

(Pearson
r
= >0.8;
P
< 0.0001). This study demonstrates the mechanisms of voriconazole-efavirenz interaction, establishes the use of a low dose of efavirenz as a safe and selective
in vivo
probe for phenotyping CYP2B6 activity, and identifies several easy-to-use indices that should enhance understanding of the mechanisms of CYP2B6 interindividual variability. (This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT01104376.)
Complete Sequencing of Plasmids Containing
bla
OXA-163
and
bla
OXA-48
in Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131
Authors: Stoesser Nicole , Sheppard Anna E. , Peirano Gisele , Sebra Robert , Lynch Tarah , Anson Luke , Kasarskis Andrew , Motyl Mary R. , Crook Derrick W. , Pitout Johann D. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

OXA-48-like enzymes have emerged as important extended-spectrum β-lactamases/carbapenemases in
Escherichia coli
sequence type 131 (ST131). We report the structures of the first fully sequenced
bla
OXA-163
plasmid and of two other
bla
OXA-48
plasmids in this lineage.
bla
OXA-163
was located on a 71-kb IncN plasmid with other resistance genes.
bla
OXA-48
was present on IncL/M plasmids, genetically similar to other
bla
OXA-48
plasmid sequences, and consistent with interspecies/interlineage spread. The presence of
bla
OXA-48-like
genes on epidemic plasmids in ST131 is of concern.
Review of Experimental Compounds Demonstrating Anti-Toxoplasma Activity
Authors: McFarland Madalyn M. , Zach Sydney J. , Wang Xiaofang , Potluri Lakshmi-Prasad , Neville Andrew J. , Vennerstrom Jonathan L. , Davis Paul H. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Toxoplasma gondii
is a ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite capable of infecting humans and other animals. Current treatment options for
T. gondii
infection are limited and most have drawbacks, including high toxicity and low tolerability. Additionally, no FDA-approved treatments are available for pregnant women, a high-risk population due to transplacental infection. Therefore, the development of novel treatment options is needed. To aid this effort, this review highlights experimental compounds that, at a minimum, demonstrate inhibition of
in vitro
growth of
T. gondii
. When available, host cell toxicity and
in vivo
data are also discussed. The purpose of this review is to facilitate additional development of anti-
Toxoplasma
compounds and potentially to extend our knowledge of the parasite.