bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
English in South Africa: parallels with African American vernacular English
Authors: Hibbert Liesel 
Published: July 2002

A comparison between Black English usage in South Africa and the United StatesThere has been a long tradition of resistance in South African politics, as there has been for African-Americans in the United States. The historical links between African Americans and their counterparts on the African continent prompt one to draw a comparison between the groups in terms of linguistic and social status. This comparison demonstrates that Black South African English (BSAfE) is a distinctive form with its own stable conventions, as representative in its own context as African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is in the United States.
Between Religion and Politics
Authors: Dummons Bruno 
Published: July 2002

Jean-Marie Mayeur, La question laïque (XIXe–XXe siècle) (Paris: Fayard, 1997), 239 pp., 95 FF. IBSN 2–213–60013–9.Etienne Fouilloux, Les chrétiens français entre crise et libération (1937–1947) (Paris: Seuil, 1997), 293 pp, 130 FF. ISBN 2–020–28131–7.Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1996), 300 pp., £15.95. ISBN 0–8014–8320–4.Emiel Lamberts, ed., Christian Democracy in the European Union (1945–1995) (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1997), 511 pp. ISBN 9–061–86808–4.‘Christians and political life’ (taking the latter term in its widest sense) is a theme which continues to attract a great deal of interest among contemporary historians, in terms of both detailed research and broader surveys. René Rémond and Aline Coutrot demonstrated the interconnectedness of the two domains of religion and politics when they abandoned the restricted subject of relations between states and the Roman Catholic church and initiated the study of religion as an integral part of history, and the social sciences, as a whole. Approaches since 1966 have been greatly modified, as shown by the treatment of the material in the four works now to be reviewed.
Hygiene,
Population Sciences and Population Policy: a Totalitarian Menace?
Authors: Fijalkow Yankel 
Published: July 2002

Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American
Thought 1860–1945. Nature as Model and Nature as Threat
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 348 pp., £19.95,
ISBN 0–521–57434 X.Carl Ipsen, Dictating
Demography. The Problem of Population in Fascist Italy (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996), 281 pp., £35, ISBN
0–521–15545–7.Simon Szreter, Fertility,
Class and Gender in Britain 1860–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1976, 704 pp., £50, ISBN
0–521–34343–7.Alain Desrosières, La
politique des grands nombres, histoire de la raison statistique
(Paris: La Découverte, 1993), 437 pp., FF 220; ISBN
2–707–12253–X; English translation by Camille Naish,
The Politics of Large Numbers. A History of Statistical
Reasoning (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 416 pp.,
$45, ISBN 0–674–68932–1.Paul Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and
Nazism 1870–1947 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1989), 641 pp., £22.95, ISBN 0–521–42397–X;
French translation by B. Frumer, L'Hygiène de la
race (Paris: La Découverte, 1998), 301 pp., FF 160, ISBN
2–707–12706–X.Over the last ten years a series
of social historians have published studies of the link between the
definition of scientific categories and the implementation of
demographic policies in Europe. This discussion of the classification of
populations in terms of social class, race or location (rural, urban,
underprivileged areas) has complicated the traditional theories of the
scientist and politician, Max Weber, and the student of
‘bio-power’, Michel Foucault. Now, historians of political
ideas are finding living examples to illustrate recent advances in the
sociology of science, establishing themselves at the interface between
the history of human health and that of population policies. The aim is
to throw light on the exchange between scientists and population
management: among the themes to be treated are natalism, populationism,
hygienism and eugenics.
INTRODUCTION: RE-MAPPING ANGLO-JEWISH LITERARY HISTORY
Authors: Scheinberg Cynthia 
Published: July 2002

[I]t is not enough to make the Jew respected, but to have JUDAISM rightly reverenced; and to do this, there must be a JEWISH LITERATURE, or the Jewish people will not advance one step. — Grace Aguilar, The Jewish Faith (1846)THE ESSAYS COLLECTED in this issue of Victorian Literature and Culture seek to introduce Victorianists to some of the many Anglo-Jewish writers of nineteenth-century England. What differentiates this moment in Anglo-Jewish scholarship from most previous considerations is that we do not purport to fill a falsely constructed “void” of Anglo-Jewish literary silence; on the contrary, this collection seeks to amplify the fullness of nineteenth century Anglo-Jewish literary life. In 1846, Grace Aguilar, the important Anglo-Jewish writer and theologian, called out for the production of a “Jewish literature” that would aid the “right reverence[e] of Judaism,” and “advance” the Jewish people in Victorian England. All too aware of the way exclusion from Hebrew literary and religious texts often precipitated assimilation, conversion, and more generalized alienation from Jewish religious life, Aguilar sought new tools to combat Jewish religious apathy. Detailing the subtle conversionary and theological assumptions that so-called secular — yet clearly Christian — literature often performed, Aguilar reasoned that a Jewish literature could provide Jewish readers — and especially Jewish women — with literary pleasure and a simultaneous sense of Jewish values and ethics; likewise, such a literature could recast the generally negative images of Jewish people and Judaism which pervade the long history of English literature.1 With her emphasis on a Jewish literature, then, Aguilar sought to claim the cultural and ideological power literature held in Victorian England for specifically Jewish uses. Significantly, Aguilar’s tone in the statement above suggests that she saw no such Jewish literature in past moments of Anglo-Jewish history; Aguilar’s intensive production of such a literature in a variety of genres was her own response to this desire for Jewish literature.
The Arabidopsis TCH4 Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase (Substrate Specificity, pH Optimum, and Cold Tolerance)
Authors: Purugganan M. M. , Braam J. , Fry S. C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs) modify a major component of the plant cell wall and therefore may play critical roles in generating tissue properties and influencing morphogenesis. An XET-related gene family exists in Arabidopsis thaliana, the members of which show differential regulation of expression. TCH4 expression is rapidly regulated by mechanical stimuli, temperature shifts, light, and hormones. As a first step in determining whether Arabidopsis XET-related proteins have distinct properties, we produced recombinant TCH4 protein in bacteria and determined its enzymatic characteristics. TCH4 specifically transglycosylates only xyloglucan. The enzyme prefers to transfer a portion of a donor polymer onto another xyloglucan polymer (acceptor); TCH4 will also utilize xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides as acceptors but discriminates between differentially fucosylated oligosaccharides. TCH4 is most active at pH 6.0 to 6.5 and is surprisingly cold-tolerant with an optimum of 12 to 18[deg]C. TCH4 activity is enhanced by urea and bovine serum albumin, but not cations, reducing agents, or carboxymethylcellulose. These studies indicate that TCH4 is specific for xyloglucan, but that the molecular mass and the fucosyl content of the substrates influence enzymatic reaction rates. TCH4 is unlikely to play a role in acid-induced wall loosening but may function in cold acclimation or cold-tolerant growth.
A Fiberless Seed Mutation in Cotton Is Associated with Lack of Fiber Cell Initiation in Ovule Epidermis and Alterations in Sucrose Synthase Expression and Carbon Partitioning in Developing Seeds
Authors: Ruan Yong-Ling , Chourey Prem S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Fiber cell initiation in the epidermal cells of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) ovules represents a unique example of trichome development in higher plants. Little is known about the molecular and metabolic mechanisms controlling this process. Here we report a comparative analysis of a fiberlessseed (fls) mutant (lacking fibers) and a normal (FLS) mutant to better understand the initial cytological events in fiber development and to analyze the metabolic changes that are associated with the loss of a major sink for sucrose during cellulose biosynthesis in the mutant seeds. On the day of anthesis (0 DAA), the mutant ovular epidermal cells lacked the typical bud-like projections that are seen in FLS ovules and are required for commitment to the fiber development pathway. Cell-specific gene expression analyses at 0 DAA showed that sucrose synthase (SuSy) RNA and protein were undetectable in fls ovules but were in abundant, steady-state levels in initiating fiber cells of theFLS ovules. Tissue-level analyses of developing seeds 15 to 35 DAA revealed an altered temporal pattern of SuSy expression in the mutant relative to the normal genotype. Whether the altered programming of SuSy expression is the cause or the result of the mutation is unknown. The developing seeds of the flsmutant have also shown several correlated changes that represent altered carbon partitioning in seed coats and cotyledons as compared with the FLS genotype.
Auxin and Cytokinin Have Opposite Effects on Amyloplast Development and the Expression of Starch Synthesis Genes in Cultured Bright Yellow-2 Tobacco Cells
Authors: Miyazawa Yutaka , Sakai Atsushi , Miyagishima Shin-ya , Takano Hiroyoshi , Kawano Shigeyuki , Kuroiwa Tsuneyoshi 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn cultured Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells, the depletion of auxin (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in the culture medium induces the accumulation of starch. This is accelerated by the addition of cytokinin (benzyladenine). Light and electron microscopic observations revealed that this amyloplast formation involves drastic changes in plastid morphology. The effects of auxin and cytokinin on amyloplast development were investigated by adding auxin or cytokinin to cells grown in a hormone-free culture. Auxin repressed amyloplast development, whereas cytokinin accelerated starch accumulation regardless of the timing of hormone addition. RNA gel-blot analysis revealed that the accumulation of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit gene (AgpS), granule-bound starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme transcripts were also affected by hormonal conditions. High levels of AgpS, granule-bound starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme transcripts accumulated in amyloplast-developing cells grown in auxin-depleted conditions. Furthermore, the addition of auxin to the cells cultured in hormone-free medium reduced the level of AgpS transcripts, whereas the addition of cytokinin increased it, irrespective of the timing of hormone addition. These results suggest that auxin and cytokinin exert opposite effects on amyloplast development by regulating the expression of the genes required for starch biosynthesis.
Transgene Expression Patterns Indicate That Spaceflight Affects Stress Signal Perception and Transduction in Arabidopsis
Authors: Paul Anna-Lisa , Daugherty Christine J. , Bihn Elizabeth A. , Chapman David K. , Norwood Kelly L.L. , Ferl Robert J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The use of plants as integral components of life support systems remains a cornerstone of strategies for long-term human habitation of space and extraterrestrial colonization. Spaceflight experiments over the past few decades have refined the hardware required to grow plants in low-earth orbit and have illuminated fundamental issues regarding spaceflight effects on plant growth and development. Potential incipient hypoxia, resulting from the lack of convection-driven gas movement, has emerged as a possible major impact of microgravity. We developed transgenic Arabidopsis containing the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene promoter linked to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene to address specifically the possibility that spaceflight induces the plant hypoxia response and to assess whether any spaceflight response was similar to control terrestrial hypoxia-induced gene expression patterns. The staining patterns resulting from a 5-d mission on the orbiterColumbia during mission STS-93 indicate that the Adh/GUS reporter gene was activated in roots during the flight. However, the patterns of expression were not identical to terrestrial control inductions. Moreover, although terrestrial hypoxia induces Adh/GUS expression in the shoot apex, no apex staining was observed in the spaceflight plants. This indicates that either the normal hypoxia response signaling is impaired in spaceflight or that spaceflight inappropriately induces Adh/GUS activity for reasons other than hypoxia.
Application of Model Order Reduction to Compressor Aeroelastic Models
Authors: Willcox K. , Peraire J. , Paduano J. D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A model order reduction technique that yields low-order models of blade row unsteady aerodynamics is introduced. The technique is applied to linearized unsteady Euler CFD solutions in such a way that the resulting blade row models can be linked to their surroundings through their boundary conditions. The technique is applied to a transonic compressor aeroelastic analysis, in which the high-fidelity CFD forced-response results are better captured than with models that use single-frequency influence coefficients. A low-speed compressor stage is also modeled to demonstrate the multistage capability of the method. These examples demonstrate how model order reduction can be used to systematically improve the versatility, fidelity, and range of applicability of the low-order aerodynamic models typically used for incorporation of CFD results into aeroelastic analyses.
Numerical Simulation of the Mechanically Coupled Cook-Off Experiment
Authors: Gerken Jobie M. , Bennett Joel G. , Smith F. W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
There has been a significant amount of recent interest concerning the behavior of High Explosives including work on an experiment known as the Mechanically Coupled Cook Off experiment in which a confined sample of polymer bonded explosive is heated and then ignited. This paper presents a finite element simulation of that experiment and provides comparisons with the experimental results. The numerical simulation includes elastic-plastic behavior of the confinement, thermal expansion effects, the mechanical and thermal response of the explosive, and a discrete crack propagation model. The results of the numerical simulation show that the general features of the experiment are reproduced.
Thermoeconomic Considerations in the Optimum Allocation of Heat
Transfer Inventory for Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems
Authors: Antar Mohamed A. , Zubair Syed M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Thermoeconomics is defined as attaching monetary values to heat exchanger conductances of a given plant. In this study, optimum allocation of heat transfer inventory for heat exchangers in a refrigeration system with specified power input or cooling capacity, and for a heat pump with specified heating capacity is investigated. The ratio of hot- to cold-end conductance unit cost ratio, G, was considered in the analysis as an additional parameter of considerable importance to the designer. A closed-form expression is given in terms of unit cost of conductances of both the heat exchangers. The results show a strong dependence of the total cost on the absolute temperature ratios as well as the hot- to the cold-end conductance cost ratio. It is demonstrated in the illustrative example that for G=0.1, the conductance of the hot-end heat exchanger is about three times the cold-end heat exchanger.
Estimation of Local Thermophysical Properties of a One-Dimensional
Periodic Heterogeneous Medium by Infrared Image Processing and Volume Averaging
Method
Authors: Varenne M. , Batsale J.-C. , Gobbé C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The estimation of local thermophysical properties can be of paramount importance in the study of heterogeneous media. The volume averaging method, here reduced to a one-dimensional line averaging, is used to implement an estimation method of local thermal resistivity field, for a stratified medium. The method is tested with experimental transient temperature fields obtained with a calibrated stratified sample by an infrared camera. A large number of images are processed at the transient state. The same intrinsic stationary field is estimated from each image. By repeated estimations, this method reduces the measurement noise influence. [S0022-1481(00)01701-1]
Key Issues Associated With Development of Reassessment and
Requalification Criteria for Platforms in the Bay of Campeche, Mexico
Authors: Bea R. G. , Valle O. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Petroleos Mexicano (PEMEX) and Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo (IMP) have developed and issued Transitory Criteria for reassessment and requalification of platforms and pipelines in the Bay of Campeche (1998). The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the key issues that were associated with development of the PEMEX-IMP guidelines and to identify some of the future efforts that are intended to extend the technology of platform reassessment and requalifications. It is hoped that the open exchange and discussion of this experience will help promote worldwide cooperation and development of this important technology. [S0892-7219(00)00801-3]
Developments of Subsea Pipeline Technology for Norwegian Waters
Authors: Lund Sverre 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Norwegian waters have been a main arena for development of subsea pipeline technology over the last 25 yr. The gas transportation systems from Norway to continental Europe comprise the largest and longest subsea pipelines in the world. The challenges of pipeline projects in and from Norwegian waters include large water depths, large diameters, long distances, uneven seabed, rocky landfalls, and hostile environmental conditions, all within strict requirements for safety, regularity, cost efficiency, and environmental impact. This paper provides an overview of the technology developments performed in this period, initially focusing on ability to cross the deep waters of the Norwegian trench by large-diameter pipelines, then on subsea design aspects such as stability, free span design, and mapping technology, and in recent years also on improvements in transportation efficiency, cost reductions, and operational issues. The paper is based on a Plenary Lecture presented at the 1998 OMAE Conference in Lisbon, Portugal. [S0892-7219(00)00601-4]
Suppression of Posttreatment Recurrence of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis in T-Cell-Deficient Mice by Oral Miltefosine
Authors: Murray Henry W. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

T-cell-deficient nude mice infected with
Leishmania donovani
were treated with miltefosine and then given either no treatment or intermittent miltefosine. Intracellular visceral infection recurred in untreated mice but was suppressed by once- or twice-weekly oral administration of miltefosine. Miltefosine may be useful as oral maintenance therapy for T-cell-deficient patients with visceral leishmaniasis.
Identification and Characterization of the Point Mutation Which Affects the Transcription Level of the Chromosomal 3-
N
-Acetyltransferase Gene of
Streptomyces griseus
SS-1198
Authors: Ishikawa Jun , Sunada Atsuko , Oyama Ritsuko , Hotta Kunimoto 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

We determined the molecular basis for the enhanced expression of the
aac(3)-Xa
gene encoding an aminoglycoside 3-
N
-acetyltransferase in
Streptomyces griseus
. A C→T substitution was identified at the putative promoter of the mutant gene. RNA analyses demonstrated that the substitution caused a marked increase in the production of the gene-specific transcripts. Therefore, it seemed very likely that the
aac(3)-Xa
gene was activated by the substitution resulting in the emergence of a stronger promoter.
Molecular Characterization of the β-Lactamases from Clinical Isolates of
Moraxella
(
Branhamella
)
catarrhalis
Obtained from 24 U.S. Medical Centers during 1994–1995 and 1997–1998
Authors: Richter Sandra S. , Winokur Patricia L. , Brueggemann Angela B. , Huynh Holly K. , Rhomberg Paul R. , Wingert Elizabeth M. , Doern Gary V. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The β-lactamases from 403
Moraxella
(
Branhamella
)
catarrhalis
clinical isolates obtained during 1994–1995 and 1997–1998 U.S. multicenter surveillance studies were characterized by isoelectric focusing. The overall prevalences of the BRO-1 and BRO-2 enzymes among β-lactamase-positive isolates were estimated to be 97.5 and 2.5%, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin for all BRO-2-producing isolates were ≤1 μg/ml; however, numerous β-lactamase-positive isolates for which the ampicillin MICs were ≤1 μg/ml produced the BRO-1 enzyme (88.1%).
Pronounced Postantibiotic Effect of Quinupristin-Dalfopristin in Static Cultures of
Staphylococcus aureus
: an Effect Not Seen with Other Antibiotics
Authors: Pfeil Esther , Wiedemann Bernd 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Quinupristin-dalfopristin produced postantibiotic effects (PAEs) on exponentially growing (log phase) and nongrowing (lag phase) cultures of 0.4 to 6.9 h. PAEs of the other antibiotics tested were 0.5 to 1.9 h, determined with exponentially growing cultures. None of these antibiotics show a PAE on lag-phase bacteria.
Bioavailability of Once- and Twice-Daily Regimens of Didanosine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children
Authors: Abreu Thalita , Plaisance Karen , Rexroad Vivian , Nogueira Susie , Oliveira Ricardo Hugo , Evangelista Lucia A. , Rangel Rosana , Silva Irene S. , Knupp Cathy , Lambert John S. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The bioavailability of didanosine at 180 mg/m
2
once daily was compared to that at 90 mg/m
2
twice daily in 24 children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Children were studied at steady state using optimal sampling and prior pharmacokinetic parameter estimates. Relative bioavailability was 0.95 ± 0.49, supporting the potential clinical adequacy of once-daily dosing.
Modulation of Erm Methyltransferase Activity by Peptides Derived from Phage Display
Authors: Giannattasio Robert B. , Weisblum Bernard 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Combinatorial peptide display on phage M13 protein pIII was used to discover peptide sequences that selectively bind to ErmC′ methyltransferase from
Bacillus subtilis
. One peptide, Ac-LSGVIAT-NH
2
, inhibited methylation in vitro with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 20 μM. Interestingly, the set of six peptides which inhibited ErmC′ stimulated ErmSF, a homologous methyltransferase from
Streptomyces fradiae
. Thus, Ac-LSGVIAT-NH
2
may not act directly at the catalytic center of ErmC′, but may modulate its activity by binding at a structurally unrelated, but functionally linked, site.