bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2D or not 2D‐Layered Functional (C, N) Materials “Beyond Silicon and Graphene”
Authors: Bojdys Michael J. 
Published: December 2015

Thin layers of the semiconductor silicon are omnipresent in all electronic devices. Ongoing, exponential improvement in size, performance, and cost of a single transistor is predicted to face serious challenges in the near feature. With the era of “postsilicon electronics” on the horizon, researchers are racing to address issues of material security, less energy‐intensive manufacturing, and design of device properties. The chemistry of carbon and nitrogen (C, N) provides an attractive avenue toward the modular design of new 2D materials “beyond silicon and graphene.”
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Note on the biochemical preparation of inosose
Authors: Kluyver A. J. , Boezaardt A. G. J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIt is shown that inosose, a cyclose prepared fairly recently by Posternak by oxidation of meso‐inositol with concentrated nitric acid, can be obtained in a much higher yield by the biochemical oxidation of the said cyclic polyalcohol with the aid of the acetic acid bacterium Acetobacter suboxydans.
Das Ramanspektrum des flüssigen Dimethyl‐disulfids
Authors: Gerding H. , Westrik R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDas Ramanspektrum des flüssigen Dimethyldisulfids wurde erneut aufgenommen und der Polarisationszustand von den wichtigsten Ramanlinien bestimmt. Das Molekül besitzt die Struktur CH3 ‐ S ‐ S ‐ CH3. Es befindet sich bei Zimmertemperatur hauptsächlich in der cis‐Formmagnified imageDie Rotation um die S‐S Bindung ist bedeutend gehemmt.
The chemistry of small‐ring compounds. Part 50. Anomalous ozonolysis of methylenecyclobutanes
Authors: van Velzen J. C. , van Tunen W. C. J. , de Boer Th. J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMethylenecyclobutane and higher alkylidenecyclobutanes containing no substituents in the ring undergo Criegee ozonolysis with formation of cyclobutanone as a major product. When the ring contains α‐substituents, a primary ozonide is formed in which the (substituted) cyclobutyl ring is ruptured simultaneously with O‐O fission. The overall result is a rearrangement to a seven‐membered cyclic 3,4‐dioxa ketone (cf. Scheme 3). This rearrangement is mechanistically related to previously studied cyclopropyl systems in which the small ring is ruptured without the assistance of a ring substituent.At room temperature, the 3,4‐dioxacycloheptanone derivative slowly loses formaldehyde, leaving a γ;‐butyrolactone. Structurally related 3,4‐dioxacyclohexanones are relatively stable, i.e. they do not decompose into corresponding β‐lactones.
Crystal structure determination of 1‐[N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐1‐amino‐(S‐4‐methoxybenzyl)‐2‐thio‐ethyl] ‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐1,2,3,4 ‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline, C32H35N3O6S
Authors: Behm Helmut , Beurskens Paul T. , Plate Ralf , Ottenheijm Harry C. J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe structure of the title compound, C32H35N3O6S, was determined by X‐ray analysis. Mr=589.71; triclinic; Space group: P‐1; Z=2; a=11.1173(7), b=12.0068(13), c=13.1270(8)Å, α=104.612(8), β=103.833(5), γ=109.706(6)°, γ;=1491.80Å3, DC =1.31 Mg/m3. CuKα radiation, graphite crystal monochromator, λ=1.5418, μ(CuKα) = 13.27 cm−1, F(000)=620.00, T=290°K. Final conventional R‐factor=0.0428, RW=0.0463 for 3099 unique reflections and 519 variables. The structure was solved using MULTAN and DIRDIF.
Can circulating miRNAs live up to the promise of being minimal invasive biomarkers in clinical settings?
Authors: Keller Andreas , Meese Eckart 
Published: December 2015

MicroRNAs have been discussed as non‐ or minimal invasive biomarkers with a remarkable extracellular stability. Despite a multitude of studies in basic research, there are only few independent validation studies on blood‐born miRNAs as disease markers. Toward clinical applications numerous obstacles still need to be overcome. They are of technical origin but also fundamentally associated with the source and the nature of miRNAs. Here, we emphasize on potential confounding factors, the nature and the source of miRNAs. We recently showed that age and gender could influence the pattern of circulating miRNAs. On the cellular level, the miRNA pattern differs between plasma and serum preparations. On the molecular level, one has to differentiate between extracellular miRNAs that are encapsulated in microvesicles or bound to proteins or high‐density lipoproteins. Using whole blood as source for miRNAs helps to minimize miRNA expression changes due to environmental influences and allows attributing miRNA changes to their cells of origin like B‐cells and T‐cells. Moreover, unambiguous annotation and differentiation from other noncoding RNAs can be challenging. Even not all miRNAs deposited in miRBase do necessarily represent true miRNAs, just a fraction of miRNAs in the reference database have been experimentally validated by Northern blotting. Functional evidence for a true miRNA should be obtained by cloning the precursor miRNA and by subsequent detection of the processed mature form in host cells. Surprisingly, attempts to finally confirm a true miRNA are frequently postponed until evidence has been established for a likely value as biomarker. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:148–156. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1320This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Studien über die Überspannung. IV. Die Messung der Minimumüberspannung aus der Stromspannungskurve
Authors: Onoda Tadashi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract1. Die Wasserstoffüberspannung an Elektroden aus Gold, Platin, Kupfer, Nickel und Quecksilber wurde aus der Stromspannungskurve ermittelt.
Zur Frage des Merkurooxydes
Authors: Fricke R. , Ackermann P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHg‐I‐Oxyd ist als solches bis heute noch nie einwandfrei identifiziert worden. Auch Röntgen‐ bzw. Elektronenstrahlaufnahmen an besonders vorsichtig hergestellten Präparaten erwiesen nur die Gegenwart von (gestört kristallisiertem) HgO neben Hg.
Rationality and belief in learning mathematics
Authors: Brown Tony 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This paper argues that rationality and belief are mutually formative dimensions of school mathematics, where each term is more politically embedded than often depicted in the field of mathematics education research. School mathematics then presents not so much rational mathematical thought distorted by irrational beliefs but rather a particular mode of activity referenced to the performance of certain substitute skills and procedures that have come to represent mathematics in the school context as a result of social management. The paper considers alternative modes of apprehending mathematical objects. Firstly, two accounts of how a young child might learn to point at mathematical entities are presented, where alternative interpretations of this act of pointing are linked to conceptions of enculturation. This comparison then underpins a discussion of how mathematics is produced as entities to be acquired according to certain ideological schema. The resulting cartographic definition of mathematics steers the production then selection of learners according to arbitrary curriculum or assessment criteria. Secondly, some trainee teachers report on shared experience in a spatial awareness exercise concerned with exploring alternative apprehensions of geometric objects. This provides an account of my own teaching and explains why I find teaching mathematics so exciting if it can be linked to the generation of multiple perspectives. The paper’s central argument is that rational mathematical thought necessarily rests on beliefs set within a play of ideological framings that within school often partition people in terms of their proxy interface with mathematics. The challenge is to loosen this administrative grip to allow both students and teachers to release their own powers to generate diversity in their mathematical insights rather than conformity.
Resident Accuracy of Electromyography Needle Electrode Placement Using Ultrasound Verification
Authors: Karvelas Kristopher , Ziegler Craig , Rho Monica E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundElectromyography (EMG) and musculoskeletal (MSK) ultrasound (US) are core learning objectives during physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) training. However, there have been no prior studies using MSK US to assess the acquisition of EMG procedural skills during residency training. This study aims to demonstrate the differences in skillful needle placement between junior and senior physiatry residents. The integration of both EMG and MSK US may have tremendous potential for additional learning opportunities related to electrodiagnostic education.ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of anatomic landmark–guided EMG needle electrode placement in commonly used muscles by PM&R resident physicians.DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingAn academic PM&R residency program.ParticipantsTwelve (5 postgraduate year [PGY] –3 and 7 PGY‐4) PM&R resident physicians participating in a MSK US training course.MethodsTwelve PM&R residents in the eighth month of their third and fourth years of postgraduate training performed anatomic landmark–guided needle placement to the extensor indicis proprius (EIP), pronator teres (PT), peroneus longus (PL), and soleus muscles of live subjects. Once the needle electrode was satisfactorily placed, needle localization was verified with US.Main Outcome MeasuresAccuracy of EMG needle electrode placement.ResultsThe overall accuracy of needle electrode placement for all resident participants was 68.8%. The mean accuracy of the 4 selected muscles was 50% by PGY‐3 residents and 82.1% for PGY‐4 residents (P = .01). EIP was the most commonly missed muscle, with correct placement performed by 20% of PGY‐3 and 42.9% of PGY‐4 residents. PGY‐3 residents demonstrated 60% accuracy with localizing the PT, PL, and soleus muscles. PGY‐4 residents demonstrated 85.7% accuracy for PT, and 100% accuracy for both PL and soleus muscles.ConclusionsSenior residents demonstrated greater accuracy of landmark‐guided needle placement than junior residents. EMG procedural skills are important milestones in PM&R training, and MSK US may be a useful tool to enhance resident learning.
Vitamin D-rich marine Inuit diet and markers of inflammation – a population-based survey in Greenland
Authors: Schæbel L. K. , Bonefeld-Jørgensen E. C. , Laurberg P. , Vestergaard H. , Andersen S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe traditional Inuit diet in Greenland consists mainly of fish and marine mammals, rich in vitamin D. Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory capacity but markers of inflammation have been found to be high in Inuit living on a marine diet. Yet, the effect of vitamin D on inflammation in Inuit remains unsettled. This led us to investigate the association between vitamin D and markers of inflammation in a population with a high intake of a marine diet. We studied 535 Inuit and non-Inuit living in West and East Greenland. Information concerning dietary habits was obtained by interview-based FFQ. Blood samples were drawn for analysis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and chitinase-3-like protein 1(YKL-40). Participants were divided into three groups based on degree of intake of the traditional Inuit diet. The diet groups (Inuit diet/mixed diet/imported foods) were associated with vitamin D levels in serum (74·2, 69·8 and 52·9 nm; P < 0·001), hsCRP (1·6, 1·4 and 1·3 mg/l; P = 0·002) and YKL-40 (130, 95 and 61 ng/ml; P < 0·001), respectively. YKL-40 level decreased with rising vitamin D level in Inuit (Inuit diet P = 0·002; mixed diet P = 0·011). YKL-40 was lower in groups with higher vitamin D levels after adjusting for other factors known to influence inflammation (P < 0·001). This was not seen for hsCRP. In conclusion, vitamin D and markers of inflammation vary in parallel with the intake of the marine Inuit diet. Vitamin D levels were inversely associated with YKL-40 levels, but no association with hsCRP was found. The hypothesised anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D was not supported. Other factors in the marine diet may be speculated to influence inflammation.
Rainbow Coalitions or Inter-minority Conflict? Racial Affinity and Diverse Minority Voters
Authors: Besco Randy 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThere is a considerable amount of research about racial affinity effects, that voters are likely to support a candidate of the same race. However, it is unclear it this applies only to candidates of the voters' specific ethnocultural group or to racialized candidates in general. Previous research suggests that the prospects for “rainbow coalitions” on the basis of group identities are poor; indeed, findings of inter-minority conflict are common. This study uses new data from a web-based survey experiment with a large panel of racialized respondents. Respondents evaluated fictional candidates with the ethnicity of the candidates experimentally manipulated. While respondents show strong affinity for their own ethnocultural group, they also show some affinity for other minority candidates and certainly no inter-minority conflict. Effects are strongly conditional on the degree of ethnic self-identity. “Rainbow coalitions” may be more likely than previous research suggests.
Les réseaux militaires et la convergence de la sécurité internationale par les pratiques
Authors: Forget Amélie 
Published: December 2015

RésuméLes puissances occidentales ont créé une vaste gamme de réseaux militaires dont nous ignorons largement les dynamiques de fonctionnement. Alors que la discipline des relations internationales débat sur les capacités de convergence des réseaux, cet article présente une première étude longitudinale d'un réseau militaire le Multinational Interoperability Council (MIC). Notre analyse révèle que, malgré une influence et des ressources limitées, les militaires du MIC produisent une identité, des normes ainsi que des capacités d'action collectives qui leur sont propres, et qu'ils ont mobilisées stratégiquement pour produire de la convergence douce, par le bas, en matière de création de coalition.
Primary tumour characteristics predict the invasiveness of lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients
Authors: Lee H S , Park C , Kim S W , Song J W , Chun B K , Park T J , Hong J C , Lee K D 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjective:This study evaluated whether primary tumour characteristics are associated with specific features of metastatic lymph nodes in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients.Method:A retrospective review of 411 patients with pathologically diagnosed cervical lymph node metastasis was conducted.Results:A metastatic lymph node focus size of at least 2 mm was independently associated with a primary tumour size of at least 1 cm (hazard ratio 1.962) and with male sex (hazard ratio 1.947). A number of at least five lymph node metastases was independently associated with a primary tumour size of at least 1 cm (hazard ratio 2.863), extrathyroidal extension (hazard ratio 1.737) and male sex (hazard ratio 1.689). Extranodal extension was independently associated with a primary tumour size of at least 1 cm (hazard ratio 2.288), extrathyroidal extension (2.201) and male sex (hazard ratio 1.733).Conclusion:Primary papillary thyroid carcinoma characteristics are related to the pathological features of lymph node metastases.
Knowledge gaps in the epidemiology ofToxocara: the enigma remains
Authors: HOLLAND C. V. 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYToxocaraspecies infect a wide range of companion, domestic and wild animals as definitive and paratenic hosts, via multiple routes of transmission, producing long-lived tissue-inhabiting larvae and resistant eggs that can survive in the external environment. ThereforeToxocaraand the disease it causes in humans, toxocariasis, represents an ideal aetiological agent for the development of the one health approach. However, despite increasing awareness of the public health significance of toxocariasis, gaps in our understanding of certain key aspects of the parasite's biology and epidemiology remain. These gaps hinder our ability to integrate research effort within the veterinary, medical and environmental disciplines. This review will highlight key deficits in our understanding of nine dimensions ofToxocaraepidemiology and discuss a potential scenario to develop a more integrated, one health approach to improve our understanding of the prevention and control of this complex and cryptic zoonosis.
A prospective longitudinal model predicting early adult alcohol problems: evidence for a robust externalizing pathway
Authors: Edwards A. C. , Gardner C. O. , Hickman M. , Kendler K. S. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundRisk factors for alcohol problems (AP) include biological and environmental factors that are relevant across development. The pathways through which these factors are related, and how they lead to AP, are optimally considered in the context of a comprehensive developmental model.MethodUsing data from a prospectively assessed, population-based UK cohort, we constructed a structural equation model that integrated risk factors reflecting individual, family and peer/community-level constructs across childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. These variables were used to predict AP at the age of 20 years.ResultsThe final model explained over 30% of the variance in liability to age 20 years AP. Most prominent in the model was an externalizing pathway to AP, with conduct problems, sensation seeking, AP at age 17.5 years and illicit substance use acting as robust predictors. In conjunction with these individual-level risk factors, familial AP, peer relationships and low parental monitoring also predicted AP. Internalizing problems were less consistently associated with AP. Some risk factors previously identified were not associated with AP in the context of this comprehensive model.ConclusionsThe etiology of young adult AP is complex, influenced by risk factors that manifest across development. The most prominent pathway to AP is via externalizing and related behaviors. These findings underscore the importance of jointly assessing both biologically influenced and environmental risk factors for AP in a developmental context.
Adolescents and adults at clinical high-risk for psychosis: age-related differences in attenuated positive symptoms syndrome prevalence and entanglement with basic symptoms
Authors: Gerstenberg M. , Theodoridou A. , Traber-Walker N. , Franscini M. , Wotruba D. , Metzler S. , Müller M. , Dvorsky D. , Correll C. U. , Walitza S. , Rössler W. , Heekeren K. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundThe attenuated positive symptoms syndrome (APSS) is considered an at-risk indicator for psychosis. However, the characteristics and developmental aspects of the combined or enriched risk criteria of APSS and basic symptom (BS) criteria, including self-experienced cognitive disturbances (COGDIS) remain under-researched.MethodBased on the Structured Interview of Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS), the prevalence of APSS in 13- to 35-year-old individuals seeking help in an early recognition program for schizophrenia and bipolar-spectrum disorders was examined. BS criteria and COGDIS were rated using the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument for Adults/Children and Youth. Participants meeting APSS criteria were compared with participants meeting only BS criteria across multiple characteristics. Co-occurrence (APSS+/BS+, APSS+/COGDIS+) was compared across 13–17, 18–22 and 23–35 years age groups.ResultsOf 175 individuals (age = 20.6 ± 5.8, female = 38.3%), 94 (53.7%) met APSS criteria. Compared to BS, APSS status was associated with suicidality, higher illness severity, lower functioning, higher SIPS positive, negative, disorganized and general symptoms scores, depression scores and younger age (18.3 ± 5.0 v. 23.2 ± 5.6 years, p < 0.0001) with age-related differences in the prevalence of APSS (ranging from 80.3% in 13- to 17-year-olds to 33.3% in 23- to 35-year-olds (odds ratio 0.21, 95% confidence interval 0.11–0.37). Within APSS+ individuals, fewer adolescents fulfilled combined risk criteria of APSS+/BS+ or APSS+/COGDIS+ compared to the older age groups.ConclusionsAPSS status was associated with greater suicidality and illness/psychophathology severity in this help-seeking cohort, emphasizing the need for clinical care. The age-related differences in the prevalence of APSS and the increasing proportion of APSS+/COGDIS+ may point to a higher proportion of non-specific/transient, rather than risk-specific attenuated positive symptoms in adolescents.
Managing a cluster outbreak of psittacosis in Belgium linked to a pet shop visit in The Netherlands
Authors: DE BOECK C. , DEHOLLOGNE C. , DUMONT A. , SPIERENBURG M. , HEIJNE M. , GYSSENS I. , VAN DER HILST J. , VANROMPAY D. 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYIn July 2013, a Belgian couple were admitted to hospital because of pneumonia. Medical history revealed contact with birds. Eleven days earlier, they had purchased a lovebird in a pet shop in The Netherlands. The bird became ill, with respiratory symptoms. The couple's daughter who accompanied them to the pet shop, reported similar symptoms, but was travelling abroad. On the suspicion of psittacosis, pharyngeal swabs from the couple were taken and sent to the Belgian reference laboratory for psittacosis. Culture and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were positive for the presence ofChlamydia psittaci, andompAgenotyping indicated genotype A in both patients. The patients were treated with doxycycline and the daughter started quinolone therapy; all three recovered promptly. Psittacosis is a notifiable disease in Belgium and therefore local healthcare authorities were informed. They contacted their Dutch colleagues, who visited the pet shop. Seven pooled faecal samples were taken and analysed using PCR by the Dutch national reference laboratory for notifiable animal diseases for the presence ofChlamydia psittaci.Four (57%) samples tested positive, genotyping revealed genotype A. Enquiring about exposure to pet birds is essential when patients present with pneumonia. Reporting to health authorities, even across borders, is warranted to prevent further spread.
Echocardiographic evaluation of coronary arteries in congenital heart disease
Authors: Freire Grace , Miller Michelle S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAmong populations of patients with the congenital heart disease, there is considerable diversity in the anatomy of the coronary arteries. Understanding these anatomical differences is vitally important in directing interventions and surgical repair. In this report, the authors describe the echocardiographic evaluation of the variants of coronary artery anatomy in the following lesions: transposition of the great arteries, congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, double-inlet left ventricle, common arterial trunk, tetralogy of Fallot, and double-outlet right ventricle.
Near-fatal neonatal coronary ischaemia associated with intermittent aortic regurgitation: successful surgical treatment
Authors: Likes Maggie L. , Silverman Norman H. , Albers Erin L. , Choy Raylene , Bhat Aarti , McMullan David M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn infant presented with features suggestive of an anomalous left coronary artery was found to have normal origins of both coronary arteries. Echocardiography during episodes of ischaemia showed marked aortic regurgitation with retrograde coronary flow. The left coronary leaflet was mildly hypoplastic. Surgical re-suspension of this leaflet prevented aortic regurgitation and the patient had no further symptoms and recovered cardiac function.