bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stimulation Through ESP: An Innovative Solution to Improve Production
Authors: Spagnolo Salvatore , Pilone Salvatore , Mauri Luca , Diciaula Giancarlo 
Published: May 2016

1. Abstract
Eni is involved in a big project in the Middle East developed with an extensive use of Electrical Submersible Pumps.
The installation of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) is a common solution in case of depleted reservoirs or where there is demand of high pressure from the surface facilities.
The downside of ESP completions is that they restrict the access to the wellbore for stimulation and cleanup jobs.
The use of a mechanical by-pass (Y-tool) is possible if the production casing/liner is at least 7", and anyway imposes a reduction in the pump size. Moreover, ESPs are also affected by several factors that could lead to definitive failure, like solid plugging or scale depositions.
During the field operations, both ESP stuck by plugging and reduction of productivity index were recorded.
The possibility to perform stimulation jobs through the pump, to avoid the cost of retrieving the completion, was therefore studied as a possible solution even if no past experiences were found in literature and the feedback from the ESP contractors to consider the stimulation trough ESPs only as last chance before a workover.
A dedicated production optimization was created putting together artificial lift and production optimization engineers.
The jobs had to be carefully planned and evaluated case by case, considering that the reliability of all elastomeric and electrical elements downhole (protector, cable, and pothead) could be reduced in case of contact with the stimulation fluid.
Several different interventions were performed: the first ones were aimed at dissolving possible plugs in the pump, starting from simple water or diesel wash and further evolving to more aggressive acid washes.
Extensive lab analyses on the emulsion tendency of the oil lead to attempt also non emulsifier treatments.
This paper will present and detail the successful results experienced in the field, especially in terms of production recovery from stuck pumps and PI improvement.
Real-Time Blending Optimization in Upstream - Operating on the Edge
Authors: Zuluaga Claudia , Law Hiu Ying , Jamil Noor Azman , Bashorun Oladimeji , Phua Pei Huey , Teoh Boon Giap , Briers Jan 
Published: May 2016

0. Abstract
Historically, oil and gas producing fields had sufficient capacity to fulfill contractual requirements. Today, most operating companies are finding it ever more challenging to meet contractual requirements on LNG cargos and/or oil tanker loadings. For gas producing assets, the gas produced will feed LNG trains or a power plant directly. And as the feed gas needs to meet specifications on H2S, CO2, Gross Heating Value, etc… there is little room to play. Generally, this blending problem is well understood at the medium to long-term planning level. But, in day-to-day operations, there will be events that force operations to divert from the long-term plan. And this is where Real-Time Asset-Wide Optimization (RT-AWO) comes into play.
This paper details how RT-AWO was deployed and is used in a major Shell operating unit in Asia-Pacific. This asset has a complex gas-producing infrastructure where a combination of different production sharing contracts, third party producers with an ever-changing demand from the LNG plant and strict quality requirements. Having RT-AWO it is now possible to run the field in the most optimal way, all day and every day, while taking into account all possible constraints (wells, topside and pipeline).
The RT-AWO has proven to be very successful. Despite the complexity of the network, the tool is very user-friendly and easy to maintain. Not only does it allow the central control room operators to push the field to the limit, it provides them with accurate CO2 forecasts for up to 18 hours. And it takes less than a minute to compute.
The RT-AWO is a novel approach to a complex problem, sustainable, easy to maintain and use. It provides an integrated view with real-time information, forecasting and optimization functionality. And if is flexible enough to be deployed in other locations with even more complex networks.
The Impact of Broadband Seismic Acquisition and Implications for Interpretation and Reservoir Model Building
Authors: Gehman Carter , Spedding Andrew 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This paper addresses the impact of acquiring a new 3D Broadband seismic survey over an amplitude-supported, discovered gas field containing legacy 3D conventional towed streamer seismic data. The new seismic data were acquired in shallow water depths using Western Geco's dual level streamer technique and processed through PreSDM. Five gas discovery/appraisal wells with reservoirs ranging from approximately 1.2 to 2.5 s TWT (3,500 ft TVDss to 9,500 ft TVDss) existed prior to broadband acquisition and two additional wells were drilled after acquisition was completed. These seven wells serve as control points that provide a valuable link between the seismic and reservoir properties.
Acquisition of new seismic data was primarily motivated by imaging challenges, particularly in the deeper (&gt;1.6 s TWT) section, to which legacy surveys and (re)processing attempts have failed to completely find a solution. These imaging problems stem from: 1) Abundant shallow gas pockets, which contribute to both amplitude and frequency decay in the underlying image; 2) Fault shadow noise resulting from velocity variations which are difficult to capture in the velocity model; and 3) The presence of sub-regional coal layers having high-impedance contrasts that further attenuate the signal and contribute to generation of multiples. A complimentary paper discusses the novel processing techniques applied to overcome these problems. Here, we discuss the comparative benefit of the broadband acquisition versus the legacy conventional acquisition, namely higher signal to noise ratio throughout the entire record. In this context, we demonstrate through interpretation of broadband data that overall, complex geologic layers are better resolved versus conventionally acquired seismic data. We also compare conventional and broadband wavelets and discuss the implications for layer detection and resolution. This is particularly important for imaging and interpreting thin (&lt;20 ft) reservoirs. We compare horizon-based attribute maps with legacy interpretation and address the implications for reservoir model building. We also apply various degrees of de-multiple algorithms and assess the resultant AVO effects. The broadband data has provided significant uplift in terms of reservoir detection and has thus bolstered confidence in our interpretation of thin, gas charged reservoirs.
Improved Methods for Assessing In Situ Stress in Unconventional Shale Reservoirs in Tectonically Stressed Settings
Authors: Glover Kenneth , Hawkes Robert Vincent , Cui Albert 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Shale reservoirs are being actively exploited in several tectonically stressed regions around the world. These tectonic settings often mean that the development of these fields requires an adequate quantification of the in situ principle stress magnitudes and their orientation. Achieving this goal can be complicated by the heterogeneous, inelastic, and/or anisotropic mechanical properties of these shales and the associated vertical and lateral variation in pore pressure and stress through the target zones and bounding intervals. For these reasons, the commonly used techniques of determining stress state from mini-frac type data and using this data to calibrate log derived stress profiles may be misleading unless certain additional factors are measured and considered. We present some case study workflow examples from productive shales in tectonically stressed settings where a more rigorous analysis of the injection test data and of the shale petrophysical properties has allowed an improved, more accurate assessment of stress state. In particular, utilizing well testing theory in the analysis of mini-frac data has given us additional understanding of hydraulic fracture behavior in some tectonically stressed shales. Horizontal fracture growth through shear activation of bedding-parallel fabric can be a preferred fracture propagation mechanism in these shales and this behavior can be diagnosed by this improved workflow. Anisotropic mechanical fabric of these shales can be measured in core more regularly and more efficiently due to recent instrumentation advances. These improvements allow for a more accurate distinction between the impact of rock fabric anisotropy and of stress induced acoustic anisotropy on modern sonic logging tool response.
Quantitative Effect of Microporosity on Permeability in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Yu Yibing , Visser Foppe , Amro Mohammed M. 
Published: May 2016

Though a rich potential source of tomorrow's oil resources, recovery from carbonate reservoirs is still below the world average recovery factor 35% using existing techniques. The complexity of carbonate pore systems is one of the reasons why conventional recovery techniques generally lead to disappointingly low recovery, which has a negative impact on the economic attractiveness of carbonate development projects.
This paper describes the experimental procedures and workflow to evaluate and analyse the distribution of micro-and macro-porosity in carbonate rock, further more discusses the proposals to extract oil from micropores by CO2 injection. The purpose of the work is to quantify the contribution of each porosity class to the effective rock properties, such as permeability and wettability. High resolution imaging is used to establish the pore size distribution for representative core plugs. MICP and core flood experiments are used to characterize the effective porosity and permeability of the bimodal system.
Detailed understanding of the reservoir properties and fluid flow behavior in microporous carbonates will be a key step in providing improved input data for numerical flow simulations and optimization of the recovery from carbonate oil reservoirs. Moreover, the same understanding is a prerequisite for the planning and execution of EOR projects. This experimental program is the first step in gaining insight in the role played by both porosity classes in controlling multi-phase flow properties in carbonates. In particular, the effectiveness of CO2 in mobilizing fluids from the micro pores will be the subject of further investigation.
Step Change Enhancement of Legacy 2D Seismic Data, an Enabler for Understanding Basin Architecture and Identifying Overlooked Exploration Potential
Authors: Sia Chee Chuan , Bolton Richard , Tion Moniezsa , Lee Audrey Fui Yee , Griffiths Mark 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Remaining frontier exploration opportunities in otherwise mature areas are almost exclusively covered by legacy seismic data, typically acquired 20 to 30 years ago. Legacy seismic processing often affords a sub-optimal image which compromises the Explorationist's ability to understand basin architecture and subtle, overlooked opportunities.
Algorithm development in seismic processing is continual and usually gradual so reprocessing of data is often perceived as having marginal value. Occasionally step change technologies are developed and it is here that we have the potential to see a significant shift in the understanding of the subsurface. In this paper we examine the impact of two such step change technologies. Recently developed deghosting algorithms allow geophysicists to access signal in notch regions of the frequency spectrum that has previously been discarded. In addition, development in multiple prediction has allowed processors to remove multiple energy where the conditions do not allow for any apparent discrimination between the multiple and primary energy. However, neither the removal of multiple energy nor the improvement in low frequency signal recovery solely accounts for the better images produced. Ancillary processes, notably the accuracy with which seismic velocity can be determined with the wider frequency spectra available also improve to give the more complete picture of the earth.
One such area benefiting from reprocessing of legacy seismic data is West Luconia, offshore Sarawak. West Luconia is a largely underexplored region with sparse well and legacy seismic coverage. The area is structurally and stratigraphically complex and interpretation based on legacy 2D processing does little to move forward understanding of new and overlooked plays. When these new technologies are applied to the legacy seismic, more accurate structure and detailed geometries can be seen throughout the stratigraphy. Enhancement of legacy seismic therefore provides an effective and cost efficient method for understanding remaining exploration potential.

Introduction
West Luconia (Figure 1) is a largely under explored region with limited Well penetrations and sparse legacy seismic coverage. Following initial exploration campaigns in 1970 and 1988, the area has seen limited exploration activity against an industry perception of the region containing limited volume, high risk opportunities with a significant chance of encountering contaminant gasses.
Legacy well penetrations, drilled on limited 2D data have targeted obvious closures but with limited understanding of complex structure and stratigraphy. Continued interpretation based on legacy 2D processing alone does little to move forward this understanding.
Chemical EOR Strategy and Evaluation Approach for a Mid-Life Offshore Field in Peninsula Malaysia
Authors: Sabzabadi A. , Quan D. , Azhan A. , Manap B A , Arsanti D. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
It is becoming more evident from a number of projects around the world undergoing Chemical EOR (CEOR) that the application is gaining momentum and support from all level of management in both onshore and offshore environments, whilst the latter is still considered to be of "high cost" and "logistical and operational" complex and challenging. As part of decision making process for a mid-life field in an offshore environment, one may require to ascertain whether strategy of framing, assess and selection with risks and uncertainties have clearly been mapped and will lead to a final decision of execution, or the decision is a "given" and in-line with risk appetite of decision makers. Angsi field is an example of process for a mid-life field that is going through a chemical EOR evaluation based on industrial and conventional "staged approach" defined as a technical road map from lab to single well Pilot to full field 3D modeling. Strategy and approach to demonstrate "CEOR process" for Angsi, with lab experiments and pilot project conducted to gather necessary information on key parameters (Sor reduction, Adsorption and operation complexity) to identify and narrow down uncertainties will be discussed in this paper. Furthermore, comparison between waterflood optimisation and infill programs with CEOR will also be briefly discussed. Each stage of the evaluation process is defined and key questions have been asked. The work has been carried out to address uncertainties, identify project risks and minimise or mitigate the impact of risk to the project economics. Sensitivities have mainly been run on remaining oil reduction (Sor), chemical slug size, adsorption and injection start date. Results have shown that chemical EOR is a technically feasible and economically viable option for Angsi from subsurface analysis, incremental recovery and facilities stand point. Therefore, Angsi CEOR application will be the first offshore Alkaline-Surfactant (AS) full field injection in the world.
Development of microsatellite markers for Sargentodoxa cuneata (Lardizabalaceae) using next‐generation sequencing technology
Authors: Sun Zhi‐Xia , Ye Lin‐Jiang , Zhang Fei , Hu Wan , Fan Deng‐Mei , Zhang Zhi‐Yong 
Published: May 2016

Premise of the study:Microsatellite loci were developed for a woody deciduous liana, Sargentodoxa cuneata (Lardizabalaceae), to help infer the evolutionary histories of ancient monotypic genera in subtropical China.Methods and Results:Using next‐generation sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) technology, 21 polymorphic primer sets were identified in three wild populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to seven. The expected and observed heterozygosities varied from 0 to 0.788 and 0 to 0.917, respectively. Transferability analyses were performed in Stauntonia chinensis, Akebia trifoliata, and A. quinata. Eighteen (85.7%), 18 (85.7%), and 17 (81.0%) markers were successfully amplified, respectively.Conclusions:The newly developed markers will facilitate further studies on genetic diversity and phylogeographic patterns throughout the distributional range of S. cuneata. This set of microsatellite primers represents the second report on molecular markers in Lardizabalaceae.
Estimation of standard splenic volume in Saudi Arabian adult population: using 3D reconstruction of abdominal CT scan images
Authors: Siddiqui M. , Ali A. , Serhan O. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Spleen is enlarged in a variety of clinical conditions including infectious, infiltrative, immunologic and malignant states. Evaluation of splenic size is important in every physical examination of the abdomen by a physician. Determination of its size by palpation can be extremely inaccurate because spleen is never palpable till it is enlarged 2 to 3 times its own size. The accurate diagnosis of splenic enlargement is a matter of considerable importance as it is a useful guide for arriving at a diagnosis of the disease. It is therefore of utmost importance to resort to a mechanism that will give us an accurate estimation of the size of spleen. Aim of this work was to determine the normal range of spleen dimensions in average adult Saudi Arabian population and compare it from the published data. Methods: CT scans of 34 adult patients (male and female) aged between 20-70 years, having no splenic disorders, were collected from department of radio-diagnosis King Khalid Hospital Al-Kharj, KSA. Splenic volume was measured by two methods— by volumetric software and the prolate ellipsoid formula. Results: The average splenic volume of all subjects was 161.42 ±54.91 cm3 with a range of 106-319 cm3. The average splenic volume of males was 196.95 ±48.70 cm3 and that of female was 196.95 ±26.97 cm3. Conclusion: These results provide normative data for evaluating patients with splenic enlargement.
The role of mitochondria in physical activity and its adaptation on aging
Authors: Ferro M. , Rodrigues G. , De Souza R. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Introduction: The mitochondria are essential in numerous physiological processes, including energy production, redox potential, modulation of calcium and several metabolic pathways. When the number or mitochondrial activity is insufficient, the human body quickly goes into fatigue due to ATP deficiency. Methods: The principal data base were used: PubMed, Medline, Scielo and Lilacs. Keywords used were: mitochondrial biogenesis, aging, organic acids, enzyme changes and respiratory chain. Groups considered: young and aged. Types of training: aerobic and anaerobic. Papers dealing with pathogies were not considered. The oxidative capacity of muscle tissue and the preservation of mitochondria depends on the mitochondrial biogenesis that occurs through the transcription factor proliferator-activator receptor-γ coactivatorlα (PGC-1α). The oxidative process and the progressive change in the biogenesis of mitochondria have direct influence on the aging of muscle tissue. The regulation of the biogenesis occurs through the PGC-1α combined with nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1). Abnormalities in mitochondria and mutagenesis in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are tied to multi-system degeneration, as well as intolerance to stress, and decreased energy in aging in humans, rats and monkeys. The mitochondrial functions are dramatically altered in heart disease, demonstrating a decrease in expression of PGC-1α, which plays a key role in the coordination of energy metabolism. This process can be reversed by the PGC-1α itself. The identification of compounds capable of activating the transcription of PGC-1α could be part of future therapies to reverse pathologies associated with the decline of this organelle. Morpho-physiological and biochemical changes of these organelles directly reflect the physiological performance of all body tissues. Conclusion: evidence demonstrated that physical activity, both in young and aged is a major ally in mitochondrial biogenesis by activating the transcription of PGC - 1α and that future nutritional interventions may be of great aid in the health and performance of mitochondria. However, further studies are needed in order to understand and clarify this operation, since currently these mechanisms are only partially known.
Conversando con... Carme Pinós
Authors: Palomares Figueres María Teresa , Giménez Ribera Manuel 
Published: May 2016

<p>En 2015 se publicó Carme Pinós Arquitecturas donde se recogía una selección de las obras y proyectos desarrollados durante los últimos veinte años. En esa misma fecha, la arquitecta también fue galardonada con la Cruz de Sant Jordi. Ambos acontecimientos evidencian una trayectoria jalonada de publicaciones en prestigiosas editoriales y de premios nacionales e internacionales.</p><p>Durante este fértil periodo la arquitecta ha construido una sólida trayectoria cuyas claves afloran conforme nos adentramos en las páginas de la citada publicación. En ella, los trabajos se presentan de una manera acorde a su esquema proyectual. Cada obra se introduce, al alimón, entre el plano del lugar (el contexto), las maquetas de trabajo (el espacio arquitectónico) y un texto de intenciones que delata la estrategia empleada y su relación con el programa. La información gráfica se va mostrando paulatinamente en un proceso que se inicia con las planimetrías generales hasta llegar al detalle. Se acompañan siempre de sus correspondientes fotografías que ofrecen una imagen real de la obra, enfatizando aquellos parámetros que marcan el discurso.</p><p>La sucesión de proyectos va desvelando el constante deseo de experimentación que teje su discurso arquitectónico. Obra tras obra o más bien historia tras historia, se muestra la especial relación que se establece entre sus proyectos y el suelo y que se detecta, principalmente, en el grafiado de las plantas de situación. En ellas se aprecia cómo las trazas del lugar, las curvas de nivel o las marcas del territorio, se van incorporando a sus dibujos en “una arquitectura que aspira a convertirse en geografía” como la describe Rafael Moneo.</p>
El aprendizaje del profesor
Authors: Burgaleta Mezo Pedro 
Published: May 2016

<p>El aprendizaje de las actividades creativas constituye un difícil encuentro que requiere el desplazamiento de alumnos y profesores para habilitar un lugar común de entendimiento. En el caso de la enseñanza del dibujo de concepción para proyectar arquitectura, los alumnos noveles deben abandonar sus prejuicios y tópicos sobre el dibujo, especialmente los que se refieren a que dibujar consiste en representar fielmente, y los profesores deben re-aprender a dibujar. Efectivamente, para ser profesor de dibujo no es suficiente con saber dibujar, resulta necesario, además, aprender a dibujar para enseñar. La convicción de esta necesidad obliga al profesor a convertir su carrera docente en un largo proceso de auto-aprendizaje en el que debe integrar su práctica del dibujo y sus reflexiones sobre el mismo, elaborando construcciones teórico-prácticas que le permitan organizar y comunicar fehacientemente sus estrategias docentes.</p>