bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen‐Rich Amino‐triazolium Salts Based on Binary 4,5‐Dicyano‐1,2,3‐triazolate (C4N5–) Anion
Authors: Wu Jin‐Ting , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Qin Jian , Yin Xin , Wu Le 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA series of amino‐triazolium salts based on 4,5‐dicyano‐1,2,3‐triazolate (C4N5–) anion were synthesized for first time by means of facile deprotonation reactions. The ionic compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The thermal stability of the salts was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry, which showed good thermal stabilities up to above 180 °C. The heats of formation of these salts were computed using the methods of isodesmic reactions. In addition, the sensitivities of the studied salts toward impact and friction were determined, and all salts were found to be neither impact (> 40 J) nor friction sensitive (> 360 N).
Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognostic Factors of Patients with Siewert Type II Esophagogastric Junction Carcinoma: A Retrospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Matsuda Tatsuo , Kurokawa Yukinori , Yoshikawa Takaki , Kishi Kentaro , Misawa Kazunari , Ohi Masaki , Mine Shinji , Hiki Naoki , Takeuchi Hiroya 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) carcinoma is increasing, but its optimal surgical management remains controversial.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the database of 400 patients with Siewert type II EGJ carcinoma who were treated surgically at 7 institutions between March 1986 and October 2010. We examined the clinicopathological characteristics, prognostic factors, and risk factors associated with each recurrence pattern.ResultsThe 5‐year overall survival rate of all patients with Siewert type II EGJ carcinoma was 58.4 %. Multivariate analysis showed that T and N stages were independent prognostic factors. We also found that the incidence of lower mediastinal lymph node metastasis (17.7 %) and para‐aortic lymph node metastasis (16.1 %) was relatively high. In addition, the para‐aortic lymph nodes (N = 39, 9.8 %) were the most frequent node recurrence site, followed by the mediastinal lymph nodes (N = 23, 5.8 %). Lung recurrence was more common than was peritoneal recurrence. Considering each type of recurrence, multivariate analysis showed that the differentiated type was associated with a higher risk of lung recurrence than was the undifferentiated type, and N stage (pN2–3) and positive venous invasion were independent risk factors for liver recurrence.ConclusionsThis study is one of the largest retrospective studies to evaluate patients with Siewert type II EGJ carcinoma. Para‐aortic and mediastinal lymph node metastasis and recurrence rates were relatively high. During the postoperative follow‐up of patients with differentiated Siewert type II EGJ carcinoma, patients should be monitored for lung recurrence more closely than that for peritoneal recurrence.
Vitrification of embryos and oocytes for fertility preservation in cancer patients
Authors: Kato Keiichi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAs survival rates and the life expectancy of those with malignancy have increased, more women in their reproductive years are referred for fertility preservation. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can severely affect ovarian function, and the effect is irreversible. Therefore, it is optimal to attempt fertility preservation before chemotherapy and radiotherapy are initiated. Oocyte and embryo cryopreservation is the most common option for fertility preservation in women. Several reports have proven that embryo and oocyte cryopreservation can achieve a successful pregnancy. This review discusses the impact of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on ovarian function, and the importance of oocyte and embryo cryopreservation for fertility preservation. In addition, the current status of pregnancy outcomes and potential for cryopreserved oocytes to result in live births in cancer patients was reviewed. This may provide useful information for decision‐making in cancer patients regarding oocyte and embryo cryopreservation and fertility preservation.
MIGRATION AND THE EQUILIBRIUM PREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Authors: Mesnard Alice , Seabright Paul 
Published: February 2016

Abstract:This paper models how migration both influences and responds to differences in disease prevalence between cities and shows how the possibility of migration away from high-prevalence areas affects long-run steady state disease prevalence. We develop a dynamic framework where migration responds to the prevalence of disease, to the costs of migration and to the costs of living. The model explores how pressure for migration in response to differing equilibrium levels of disease prevalence generates differences in city characteristics such as land rents. Competition for scarce housing in low-prevalence areas can create segregation, with disease concentrated in high-prevalence “sinks”. We show that policies affecting migration costs affect the steady-state disease prevalences across cities. In particular, migration can reduce steady-state disease incidence in low-prevalence areas while having no impact on prevalence in high-prevalence areas. This suggests that, in some circumstances, public health measures may need to avoid discouraging migration away from high-disease areas.
BLACK AND WHITE FERTILITY, DIFFERENTIAL BABY BOOMS: THE VALUE OF EQUAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITY
Authors: Tamura Robert , Simon Curtis , Murphy Kevin M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract:This paper produces new estimates for white and black mortality and fertility at the state level from 1800(20)–2000. It produces new estimates of black and white schooling for this same period. Using a calibrated model of black and white parents, we fit the time series of black and white fertility and schooling. We then produce estimates of the benefits of equal education opportunity for blacks over the period 1820–2000. For the better part of US history, blacks have suffered from less access to schooling for their children than whites. This paper quantifies the magnitude of this discrimination. Our estimates of the welfare cost of this discrimination prior to the Civil War range between 0.5 and 20 times black wealth, and between 0.5 and 10 times black wealth prior to 1960. Further we find that the Civil Rights era was valued by blacks in the South by between 1% to 2% of wealth. Outside of the South, we find significant costs of discrimination prior to 1960, ranging from 6% to 150% of black wealth. For these divisions from 1960–2000, blacks have attained rough parity in schooling access. The welfare magnitudes are similar to the hypothetical gains to blacks if they had white mortality rates. We show that the model’s black and white human capital series are strongly, positively correlated with state output measures, black and white permanent incomes and black and white earnings.
Does poverty alleviation decrease depression symptoms in post-conflict settings? A cluster-randomized trial of microenterprise assistance in Northern Uganda
Authors: Green E. P. , Blattman C. , Jamison J. , Annan J. 
Published: February 2016

Background.By 2009, two decades of war and widespread displacement left the majority of the population of Northern Uganda impoverished.Methods.This study used a cluster-randomized design to test the hypothesis that a poverty alleviation program would improve economic security and reduce symptoms of depression in a sample of mostly young women. Roughly 120 villages in Northern Uganda were invited to participate. Community committees were asked to identify the most vulnerable women (and some men) to participate. The implementing agency screened all proposed participants, and a total of 1800 were enrolled. Following a baseline survey, villages were randomized to a treatment or wait-list control group. Participants in treatment villages received training, start-up capital, and follow-up support. Participants, implementers, and data collectors were not blinded to treatment status.Results.Villages were randomized to the treatment group (60 villages with 896 participants) or the wait-list control group (60 villages with 904 participants) with an allocation ration of 1:1. All clusters participated in the intervention and were included in the analysis. The intent-to-treat analysis included 860 treatment participants and 866 control participants (4.1% attrition). Sixteen months after the program, monthly cash earnings doubled from UGX 22 523 to 51 124, non-household and non-farm businesses doubled, and cash savings roughly quadrupled. There was no measurable effect on a locally derived measure of symptoms of depression.Conclusions.Despite finding large increases in business, income, and savings among the treatment group, we do not find support for an indirect effect of poverty alleviation on symptoms of depression.
OLIVE YIELDS FORECASTS AND OIL PRICE TRENDS IN MEDITERRANEAN AREAS: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LAST TWO DECADES
Authors: ORLANDI F. , AGUILERA F. , GALÁN C. , MSALLEM M. , FORNACIARI M. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYThe main objective of this research was to utilize pollen monitoring methodology to predict olive yields in three Mediterranean olive cultivation areas (Spain, Italy and Tunisia) and their relationships with the olive oil price dynamics. Moreover, olive yield and olive oil production compared with olive oil price trends in the last two decades was evaluated. The statistical analyses confirmed that biological parameters such as the pollen emission, the pollen season start (Pss), the full flowering (Ff) date or the pollen season length (Psl) showed positive correlation values with productive parameters, especially the Pollen Index (Pi). However, the difficulty to define clear relationships with oil price for optimizing the marketing strategies can be due to the olive sector European policy and to the complex international olive oil market situation. The occurrence of unharvested trees was increased and the reduction in agricultural operations as well as non-harvesting could become more widespread above all in traditional extensive systems.
Purification of a chymotrypsin-like enzyme present on adultSchistosoma mansoniworms from infected mice and its characterization as a host carboxylesterase
Authors: IGETEI JOSEPH E. , LIDDELL SUSAN , EL-FAHAM MARWA , DOENHOFF MICHAEL J. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYA serine protease-like enzyme found in detergent extracts ofSchistosoma mansoniadult worms perfused from infected mice has been purified from mouse blood and further characterized. The enzyme is approximately 85 kDa and hydrolyses N-acetyl-DL-phenylalanineβ-naphthyl–ester, a chromogenic substrate for chymotrypsin-like enzymes. The enzyme fromS. mansoniworms appears to be antigenically and enzymatically similar to a molecule that is present in normal mouse blood and so is seemingly host-derived. The enzyme was partially purified by depleting normal mouse serum of albumin using sodium chloride and cold ethanol, followed by repeated rounds of purification by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified material was subjected to tandem mass spectrometry and its derived peptides found to belong to mouse carboxylesterase 1C. Its ability to hydrolyseα- orβ-naphthyl acetates, which are general esterase substrates, has been confirmed. A similar carboxylesterase was purified and characterized from rat blood. Additional evidence to support identification of the enzyme as a carboxylesterase has been provided. Possible roles of the enzyme in the mouse host–parasite relationship could be to ease the passage of worms through the host's blood vessels and/or in immune evasion.
Research on new creative conceptual design system using adapted case-based reasoning technique
Authors: Hu Jie , Ma Jin , Feng Jin-Feng , Peng Ying-Hong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCreative conceptual design requires significant previous design knowledge. Case-based reasoning enables learning from previous design experience and has a great potential in supporting creative conceptual design by means of seeking to retrieve, reuse, and revise most appropriate cases to generate inspired solutions. However, traditional case-based reasoning based creative conceptual design models focus on design strategies research, pay little attention to defining a consistent knowledge representation model, and neglect the research to make various types of knowledge retrieval tractable. Faced with such drawbacks, the expected design knowledge cannot be retrieved properly, especially in cases where multidisciplinary knowledge is concerned or exact query terms are absent. In order to solve these issues, this paper presents a combined approach to support creative conceptual design process. First, function–behavior–structure knowledge cell is introduced as a unified consistent design knowledge representation model. Second, a hybrid similarity measure is proposed to increase the overall possibility of obtaining useful design knowledge by considering semantic understanding ability. Third, an intelligent creative conceptual design system has been developed with a case study of a novel insulin pump design to demonstrate its usage, and two experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms other case-based reasoning based creative conceptual design models.
The Delivery of Educational Technical Assistance Services for Children with Special Learning Needs: Development, Implementation and Evaluation
Authors: Maggs Alex 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTechnical assistance may be defined as help from an outside agency designed to improve the competence of educational service delivery personnel by increasing their planning, management and organisational or programmatic skills as applied to tasks of service delivery to pupils. Such assistance may function within and between the federal, state or regional levels of governments, tertiary institutions, schools and other agencies concerned with educational service delivery. The limitations of traditional ‘ad hoc’ consultation systems are discussed and a formal model for technical asssistance delivery is proposed. It is argued that a realistic service would combine both formal and informal elements and would include problem analyses, development of inservice training curricula, the conduct of surveys and service needs, assessment, development and review of publications, design and conduct of evaluations, assistance to apply new techniques of service and other means of translating knowledge into practice.
A Comparison of Social and Pre-vocational Competency Devices for use with Mildly Retarded Adolescents in Victorian Schools
Authors: Bliss Barbara , Halpin Stan A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis research examines current systems being used to evaluate mildly I.H. adolescents in their last years of schooling. The suitability of the S.P.I.B. and the P.A.C-2 as evaluation devices in social and pre-vocational competence for students attending Victorian Special Schools was examined. Eighteen Special School S’s were administered the S.P.I.B. and evaluated on P.A.C-2. The sample showed to have similar competencies with the standardization samples of both the S.P.I.B. and the P.A.C-2. A positive correlation was found between Victorian S’s particular P.A.C-2 and S.P.I.B. ability areas. The P.A.C-2 has also shown that it has a realistic relationship between evaluation and further training.
Inservice Education for Special Education Resource Teachers
Authors: Martens Mary-Helen 
Published: February 2016

The Professional Development for Special Educators program was first developed in 1986 as a response to a need within the Archdiocese of Canberra-Goulburn. At that time the Archdiocese employed approximately 40 full-time and/or parttime Special Education Resource Teachers to work in regular primary schools. In the preceding years the following had become apparent:
•the nature of the role of the special educator in the regular school was changing;•the expectations of the special educator, held by classroom teachers and principals, were diverse and at times unclear;•the special educator was often unsure of his/her role and of how best to respond to the needs within the school;•the level of expertise and experience of the special educators varied greatly.
Special Education In Nigeria
Authors: Adima Emmanuel E 
Published: February 2016

The desire of Nigeria as an independent country is to give to its citizens a free, just and democratic society where no one is oppressed. This humane philosophy guarantees maximum self realization to all citizens including children with special needs.Nigeria was not always one country as it is today. The territory according to Iloeje (1981) was formerly made up of various states, empires and small territories. The largest and most influential of these was the Fulani Empire which extended over most of northern Nigeria in the nineteenth century.As a result of British annexation of territory, Nigeria as a country came into being in 1914 when the then Northern and Southern Nigeria were amalgamated. Britain administered the country as one political unit for forty-six years. In 1960, Nigeria became independent as a federation of three regions - Eastern, Western and Northern, with Lagos as the federal capital. Nigeria now has twenty-one states, each with some degree of autonomy, and an estimated population of 120 million.
Learner and Teacher: Perhaps the most Important Partnership of All
Authors: Westwood Peter 
Published: February 2016

The Des English Memorial Lecture AASE National Conference, Adelaide, 1994There can be no simplistic model of a “good teacher” - the perception of good teaching, like beauty, lies in the eye of the beholder and depends on the nature of the interaction between teacher and student (Batten: 1993, 13).
Early Literacy: A Developmental and Comparative Analysis
Authors: Robinson G. , Rutten C. M. 
Published: February 2016

In two experiments, the acquisition of literacy skills by three to six year olds was examined to (1) assess a possible developmental sequence of knowledge about print and word reading, and (2) compare the skill levels of good and poor six year old readers using a developmental model.The first experiment involved 30 three, four and five year olds from a preschool and primary school who were assessed on a battery of tasks designed to measure five aspects of awareness of print and word reading concepts. The five aspects assessed were concepts about print, graphic awareness, phonemic awareness, grapheme-phoneme correspondence knowledge and word reading. Analysis of the data showed a developmental expansion of print related concepts and skills with age.In the second experiment, using similar methodology, 25 good six year old readers performed significantly better than 22 poor six year old readers across all component measures and a developmental lag reading disability model was thus implied.
Transition From Early Intervention to School: A Family Focussed View of the Issues Involved
Authors: Bentley-Williams Robyn , Butterfield Nancy 
Published: February 2016

This paper focuses on the concerns facing families of young children with disabilities as their child approaches transition to school. Three families were interviewed to gain insight into a) their feelings and concerns about their child’s transition to school, b) their understanding of the supports that currently exist and those that are needed to facilitate transition, and c) the influence of society on the development of the family’s values and attitudes which affect decisions about transition to school.The results of the three interviews confirm earlier research findings which indicate the necessity to involve parents fully in the transition to school planning process. The anxiety and stress expressed by these families highlights the need for systematic planning, regular communication with families about the processes available to support them and the provision of opportunities to share information about their child with staff in the school setting.By listening and reflecting on the feelings and concerns expressed by these three families, the complexity of the transition to school period is highlighted. Each family’s uniqueness needs to be respected. The perceptions they have developed about the situation, guide their beliefs and actions at this time. Such perceptions develop over time resulting from previous experiences, the influence of friends and family, and the attitudes and acceptance of members of the community.
Corrective Feedback in Whole Language Teaching: Implications for Children with Learning Problems
Authors: Fields Barry A. , Kempe Ann 
Published: February 2016

Corrective feedback has long been regarded as an essential element in the teaching-learning process. There is, however, little agreement among educators as to what constitutes appropriate feedback. In reading instruction, views on error correction differ in relation to the perspective on reading adopted.In this study, the corrective feedback of whole language teachers was examined. The responses of teachers to a set of oral reading miscues were compared to recommended practices for whole language practitioners and to ideal feedback behaviour based on a review of the literature on effective teaching. This information was then used as a basis for examining both the strengths and limitations of whole language instruction for children who experience difficulty in learning to read.
In Pursuit of Disciplined Schooling
Authors: Slee Roger 
Published: February 2016

In his play The Life of Galileo Bertolt Brecht (1963) identifies the need for lateral approaches to problem solving. This is achieved when Andrea attempts to infuse hope in the shrunken character of his teacher Galileo, who has recanted his astronomical discoveries to the church inquisitors. Andrea provides wise counsel for those confronting the problem of disruptive behaviour in schools. He reminds Galileo that:
… you said, “Misfortune comes from insufficient foresight”. And, “Taking obstacles into account, the shortest line between two points may be a crooked one”. (p.16)
Ecological variation and resistance levels to propoxur and chlorpyrifos in Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae), a malaria mosquito from India
Authors: Hariprasad TPN , Shetty Nadikere Jaya 
Published: February 2016

A total of 39 strains ofAnopheles stephensi, an important urban malaria vector, were collected from various parts of India and maintained in the insectary for this study. Based on the egg-float ridge number, 19 strains were classified into ecological variants and 32 strains were exposed to chlorpyrifos and propoxur to investigate their resistance status. Filter paper containing freshly laid eggs was taken, the ridge numbers on the floats were counted under the microscope, and strains were classified into ecological variants. Of the 19 strains, 18 were of ‘type form’, with ridge numbers ranging from 15 to 21. The Papareddipalya (PRP) strain belonged to the ‘intermediate form’, with 14 to 17 ridge numbers. Larval bioassays were carried out according to the procedure of the WHO. For chlorpyrifos, the lowest LC50value was 0.00107 mg/l (Padmanabhanagar strain) and the highest value was 0.0403 mg/l (GOA-A strain). Furthermore, the lowest LC90value was 0.00368 mg/l (Delhi strain) and the highest was 0.1746 mg/l (GOA-A strain). For propoxur, the lowest LC50value was 0.00029 mg/l (Goraguntepalya strain) and the highest value was 0.0037 mg/l (JP Nagar strain). Moreover, the lowest LC90value was 0.00094 mg/l (Goraguntepalya strain) and the highest value was 0.0115 mg/l (JP Nagar strain). The tolerance values ranged from 1.26 to 37.68 for chlorpyrifos and from 1.34 to 12.77 for propoxur. All the type forms were from urban and semi-urban locations, and the intermediate strain was from a semi-urban location. The bioassay results indicated that the strains ofAn. stephensiwere more susceptible to propoxur than to chlorpyrifos.