bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should botulinum toxin A injections be repeated in children with cerebral palsy? A systematic review
Authors: Kahraman Aysu , Seyhan Kübra , Değer Ünal , Kutlutürk Seval , Mutlu Akmer 
Published: April 2016

AimThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of repeat botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) injections in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) on the basis of a best evidence synthesis.MethodThis study included 13 original articles after searching the literature to retrieve information. We used the critical review form produced by McMaster University to determine the methodological quality of the studies, and then confirmed the levels of evidence from Sackett. The studies were also evaluated using the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health – Children and Youth Version (ICF‐CY).ResultsA total of 893 children with spastic CP who had been administered repeat BoNT‐A injections were evaluated. The evidence level was II in four of the thirteen studies, III in four studies, and IV in five studies. The McMaster review form score was 14 in two studies, 13 in four studies, and 12 in seven studies. The results showed that repeat BoNT‐A may be a safe and an effective approach. The first two injections/one repeat especially relieve spasticity and improve fine and gross motor activities.InterpretationFuture studies to investigate the effectiveness of repeat BoNT‐A in children with spastic CP may be planned within the framework of the ICF‐CY to include well‐designed randomized controlled trials and those conducted on larger homogenous groups.
Interest, not Preference: Dewey and Reframing the Conceptual Vocabulary of School Choice
Authors: Wilson Terri S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSchool choice positions parents as consumers who select schools that maximize their preferences. This account has been shaped by rational choice theory. In this essay, Terri Wilson contrasts a rational choice framework of preferences with John Dewey's understanding of interest. To illustrate this contrast, she draws on an example of one parent's school decision‐making process. Dewey's concept of interest offers an alternative conceptual vocabulary attentive to the complex, value‐laden, and evolving process of choosing a school. Her analysis considers how schools might not just appeal to the preexisting preferences of families, but might instead actively shape those interests to democratic ends.
Democratic Education versus Smithian Efficiency: Prospects for a Deweyan Ideal in the “Neoliberal Age”
Authors: Meens David E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this essay, David Meens examines the viability of John Dewey's democratic educational project, as presented in Democracy and Education, under present economic and political conditions. He begins by considering Democracy and Education's central themes in historical context, arguing that Dewey's proposal for democratic education grew out of his recognition of a conflict between how political institutions had traditionally been understood and organized on the one hand, and, on the other, emerging requirements for personal and social development in the increasingly interconnected world of the early twentieth century. Meens next considers Dewey's ideas in our contemporary context, which is dominated by a neoliberal ideology that extends the economic logic of Smithian efficiency to all domains of modern social and political life. He argues that the prevalence of neoliberalism poses two challenges to Deweyan democratic education: first, Dewey's emphasis on general education and a resistance to specialization is economically inefficient; and second, Dewey's strong, democratic conception of the “the public” is anathema to the neoliberal vision of the public as a conglomeration of individual agents. These challenges, he concludes, significantly stack the deck against Deweyan education by ensuring that the latter will be neither economically practicable nor widely understood.
“We're Not Going to Do That Because It's Not Right”: Using Pedagogical Responsibility to Reframe the Doublespeak of Fidelity
Authors: Santoro Doris A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this essay, Doris Santoro examines the discourse of “fidelity of instruction” to show how it is doublespeak for teacher compliance that is incompatible with democracy and education. Analyzing the distorted use of the term “fidelity” by market‐based reformers, Santoro illustrates how it can be used as a weapon against teacher intelligence and moral response. She argues that John Dewey's philosophy provides conceptual resources to reframe some teacher infidelity as intelligent response, the moral agency required for pedagogical responsibility.
Democratizing Children's Computation: Learning Computational Science as Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Farris Amy Voss , Sengupta Pratim 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this essay, Amy Voss Farris and Pratim Sengupta argue that a democratic approach to children's computing education in a science class must focus on the aesthetics of children's experience. In Democracy and Education, Dewey links “democracy” with a distinctive understanding of “experience.” For Dewey, the value of educational experiences lies in “the unity or integrity of experience.” In Art as Experience, Dewey presents aesthetic experience as the fundamental form of human experience that undergirds all other forms of experiences and that can bring together multiple forms of experiences, locating this form of experience in the work of artists. Particularly relevant to the focus of this essay, computational literacy, Dewey calls the process through which a person transforms a material into an expressive medium an aesthetic experience. Farris and Sengupta argue that the kind of experience that is appropriate for a democratic education in the context of children's computational science is essentially aesthetic in nature. Given that aesthetics has received relatively little attention in STEM education research, the authors' purpose here is to highlight the power of Deweyan aesthetic experience in making computational thinking available and attractive to all children, including those who are disinterested in computing, and especially those who are likely to be discounted by virtue of location, gender, or race.
Ultrasonic Reaction of Bank Vole Males to the Presence of Females Varying in Hormonal Activity
Authors: Kapusta Joanna , Kruczek Małgorzata 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRodents are known to emit ultrasounds during social interactions. Despite the evidence that ultrasonic vocalizations are emitted during sexual encounters and may play a certain role in sexual selection, only a few studies have investigated this phenomenon, mainly in laboratory rodents. We analysed the ultrasonic calls of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) males from an outbred colony in the presence of females differing in hormonal activity. Sexually experienced males were tested during interactions with naive, ovariectomized, pregnant and post‐partum oestrous females. We found that the males’ ultrasound vocalizations depend on the phase of the bank vole females’ reproductive cycle. During encounters with post‐partum oestrous females the males emitted significantly more ultrasounds, and the total duration of ultrasound vocalization was longer. The presence of post‐partum oestrous females also influenced the type of ultrasounds: the most typical constant‐frequency sounds were significantly shorter, and two additional types of ultrasounds were presented during interactions with females ready to mate: U‐shaped frequency‐modulated sounds and frequency‐modulated upsweep sounds. To our knowledge this is the first evidence that male voles of the subfamily Arvicolinae emit different types of ultrasounds in the presence of females depending on their reproductive stage. We suggest that these ultrasounds may be employed as an attractant during reproductive behaviour and that they are potentially an element of sexual selection.
Evaluation of the strain energy density control volume for a nanoscale singular stress field
Authors: Gallo P , Sumigawa T , Kitamura T , Berto F 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFracture mechanics at micro‐ and nano‐scale has become a very attractive topic in the last years. However, the results are still few, mostly because of the lack of effective analytical tools and of the difficult to conduct experimental tests at those scales.In this study, the authors report preliminary analysis on the application of the Strain Energy Density (SED) method at nano‐scale. In detail, starting from mechanical properties experimentally evaluated on small single crystal silicon cracked specimens, a first evaluation of the control volume due to a nano‐size singular stress field is carried out. If the extension of the SED approach at micro‐ nano‐scale is given in near future, an easy and fast tool to design against fatigue will be provided for micro‐ nano‐devices such as MEMS and NEMS, resulting in a significant technological impact and providing an easy and fast tool to conduct static and fatigue assessment at micro‐ and nano‐scale.
Osseo‐gingival pathology as sequelae of dental trauma to the primary upper incisor: a case series
Authors: Kimura Juliana S. , Aldrigui Janaina M. , de Carvalho Patrícia , Wanderley Marcia T. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundOsseo‐gingival pathology (OGP) may be observed in traumatized primary teeth, and its knowledge is essential for treatment decision.AimTo describe the occurrence and treatment of OGP in traumatized primary upper incisors.DesignOne examiner collected data from patients' charts of the Clinic of Trauma in Primary Teeth of the University of Sao Paulo. OGP was divided into apical fenestration (AF), total gingival recession (TGR), and partial gingival recession (PGR).ResultsFrom 2516 charts, 61 patients (2.4%) presented 73 teeth with OGP (9.6% AF, 19.2% TGR and 71.2% PGR). OGP was observed in 63% of male and 43.8% of children aged 4–5 years old. Mean time between trauma and diagnosis was 15 months AF, 23.5 months TGR, and 7.5 months PGR. Periodontal trauma occurred in 86.3% of teeth with OGP. Pulp necrosis was observed in all cases of AF and 92.9% of TGR; however, 76.9% of PGR were vital. All teeth with AF and 85.7% of TGR were extracted, and 44.2% of PGR were monitored.ConclusionsOsseo‐gingival pathology has low occurrence in traumatized primary upper incisors. The treatment for AF and TGR is tooth extraction, and for PGR is tooth monitoring or extraction depending on the case severity.
Risk behaviours of an interrelated syphilis‐infected sexual network of men who have sex with men
Authors: Diesterheft Richie , Brady John P , Shattell Mona 
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectivesWe examined the risk behaviours in an interrelated sexual network of 33 syphilis‐infected men who have sex with men on the use of condoms, substances and websites to meet sexual partners. Our study used a descriptive exploratory design to investigate co‐occurring high‐risk behaviours in this interrelated sexual network to inform future health interventions and research directions.BackgroundAlthough the risk behaviours for human immunodeficiency virus transmission in men who have sex with men have been studied, few have studied the high‐risk population of men who already have syphilis, and even fewer have studied the risk behaviours in sexual networks of syphilis‐infected men who have sex with men who were identified using contact tracing.Design/MethodsThe data were collected from semi‐structured, individual interviews at a not‐for‐profit lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender health centre in a large city in the Midwestern USA.ResultsInconsistent condom use was substantial during both insertive (92%) and receptive (88%) anal intercourse. Most participants (97%) reported using one or more substances prior to or during anal intercourse, and Internet websites were the most common place to meet sexual partners (88%).ConclusionsHigh‐risk behaviours were significant within this syphilis‐infected sexual network of men who have sex with men. The majority of our 33 participants were non‐Hispanic Whites (n = 27, 82%), possessed a baccalaureate degree or higher (n = 23, 70%), and actively sought out unprotected anal intercourse [21 participants (64%) used BareBackRT.com, a website to seek out unprotected anal intercourse].Relevance to clinical practiceNurses should be more informed about the risk factors of a high‐risk sexual network of syphilis‐infected men who have sex with men. Interrelated sexual networks have high levels of similarity among participants’ high‐risk behaviours; contact tracing may be used to identify individual participants for relevant risk‐reduction interventions.
Teaching menstrual care skills to intellectually disabled female students
Authors: Altundağ Sebahat , Çalbayram Nazan Çakırer 
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to teach pad replacement skills to intellectually disabled adolescent female students during their menstruation periods by demonstrating on a dummy.BackgroundIt may be difficult to make intellectually disabled adolescents achieve self‐care during menstruation. In addition, there are difficulties experienced in explaining menstruation, such as physical changes and the practice of cleaning during this period.DesignThe study used a ‘One group pretest and post‐test model’.MethodThe study was performed in a special educational institution. The population consisted of 77 female students in the high school section. Calculation of a sample size was not attempted, and 54 students with no attendance issues agreed to take part in the study and were included.ResultsIn this work, we found that pad replacement training significantly changed the scores of mentally disabled adolescents before and after training. Our training yielded positive results, and the population improved their skills at all stages of skill building.ConclusionTraining adolescents with mental disabilities helped them gain hygiene habits. Performance of these trainings occurs at the beginning of menstrual hygiene education.Relevance to clinical practiceTo achieve improved success in life, it is important that adolescents assume the responsibility of self‐care and manage sustained care activity on their own.
The Effect of Over‐Indebtedness on Health: Comparative Analyses for Europe
Authors: Angel Stefan 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe aim of this paper is twofold. First, it tests whether an effect of over‐indebtedness on self‐assessed health exists. Fixed‐effects panel regression models based on panel data for 25 European countries show that being in arrears increases the likelihood of reporting bad/very bad health. However, effects are weak in terms of economic significance. The second research question focuses on the effect heterogeneity of overindebtedness among different European countries. It asks whether country‐level factors moderate the effect of problematic debt on health. These macro‐variables are the accessibility of health services, debt management and debt discharge regulations, dispute resolution with banks/insurance companies, and the social stigma of being over‐indebted/in debt. Descriptive analyses showed that some aspects of the legal debt‐collection process (e.g., higher costs of debt collection) are associated with a stronger effect of over‐indebtedness on subjectively assessed poor health. There is also some evidence that easier dispute resolution with banks and insurance companies is correlated with smaller effects of over‐indebtedness on health.
China's Impact on Africa – The Role of Trade, FDI and Aid
Authors: Busse Matthias , Erdogan Ceren , Mühlen Henning 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis paper investigates the impact of Chinese activities in sub‐Saharan African countries with respect to the growth performance of economies in that region. Using a Solow‐type growth model and panel data for the period 1991 to 2010, we find that African economies that export natural resources have benefited from positive terms‐of‐trade effects. In addition, there is evidence for displacement effects of African firms due to competition from China. On the other hand, Chinese foreign investment and aid in Africa does not appear to have a significant impact on African growth.
Introduced Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) invades the genome of native populations in vulnerable heathland habitats
Authors: Rostgaard Nielsen Lene , Brandes Ursula , Dahl Kjær Erik , Fjellheim Siri 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCytisus scoparius is a global invasive species that affects local flora and fauna at the intercontinental level. Its natural distribution spans across Europe, but seeds have also been moved among countries, mixing plants of native and non‐native genetic origins. Hybridization between the introduced and native gene pool is likely to threaten both the native gene pool and the local flora. In this study, we address the potential threat of invasive C. scoparius to local gene pools in vulnerable heathlands. We used nuclear single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers together with plastid SSR and indel markers to investigate the level and direction of gene flow between invasive and native heathland C. scoparius. Analyses of population structures confirmed the presence of two gene pools: one native and the other invasive. The nuclear genome of the native types was highly introgressed with the invasive genome, and we observed advanced‐generation hybrids, suggesting that hybridization has been occurring for several generations. There is asymmetrical gene flow from the invasive to the native gene pool, which can be attributed to higher fecundity in the invasive individuals, measured by the number of flowers and seed pods. Strong spatial genetic structure in plastid markers and weaker structure in nuclear markers suggest that seeds spread over relatively short distances and that gene flow over longer distances is mainly facilitated by pollen dispersal. We further show that the growth habits of heathland plants become more vigorous with increased introgression from the invaders. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to future management of invading C. scoparius.
Rhizosphere priming effect on soil organic carbon decomposition under plant species differing in soil acidification and root exudation
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Tang Caixian , Severi Julia , Butterly Clayton R. , Baldock Jeff A. 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Effects of rhizosphere properties on the rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) are unknown. This study aimed to link species variation in RPE with plant traits and rhizosphere properties.

Four C3 species (chickpea, Cicer arietinum; field pea, Pisum sativum; wheat, Triticum aestivum; and white lupin, Lupinus albus) differing in soil acidification and root exudation, were grown in a C4 soil. The CO2 released from soil was trapped using a newly developed NaOH‐trapping system.

White lupin and wheat showed greater positive RPEs, in contrast to the negative RPE produced by chickpea. The greatest RPE of white lupin was in line with its capacity to release root exudates, whereas the negative RPE of chickpea was attributed to its great ability to acidify rhizosphere soil. The enhanced RPE of field pea at maturity might result from high nitrogen deposition and release of structural root carbon components following root senescence. Root biomass and length played a minor role in the species variation in RPE.

Rhizosphere acidification was shown to be an important factor affecting the magnitude and direction of RPE. Future studies on RPE modelling and mechanistic understanding of the processes that regulate RPE should consider the effect of rhizosphere pH.
Temporal dynamic of parasite‐mediated linkages between the forest canopy and soil processes and the microbial community
Authors: Mellado Ana , Morillas Lourdes , Gallardo Antonio , Zamora Regino 
Published: April 2016

SummaryParasitic plants are important drivers of community and ecosystem properties. In this study, we identify different mechanisms by which mistletoe (Viscum albumsubsp.austriacum) can affect soil chemical and biological properties at different temporal stages of parasitism.We quantified the effect of parasitism on host growth and the number of frugivorous mutualists visiting the host canopy. Then we collected, identified, and weighed the organic matter input underneath tree canopies and analyzed its nutrient content. Simultaneously, we analyzed soil samples under tree canopies and examined the chemical properties, microbial abundance, and functional evenness of heterotrophic microbial communities.Mistletoe increased the amount, quality, and diversity of organic matter input beneath the host canopy, directly through its nutrient‐rich litter and indirectly through a reduction in host litterfall and an increase in bird‐derived debris. All these effects gave rise to enriched hotspots able to support larger and more functionally even soil microbial communities beneath parasitized hosts, the effects of which were accentuated after host death.We conclude that mistletoe, together with the biotic interactions it mediates, plays a key role in intensifying soil resource availability, regulating the functional evenness, abundance, and spatial distribution of soil microbial communities.
Improved Phytophthora resistance in commercial chickpea (Cicer arietinum) varieties negatively impacts symbiotic gene signalling and symbiotic potential in some varieties
Authors: Plett Jonathan M. , Plett Krista L. , Bithell Sean L. , Mitchell Chris , Moore Kevin , Powell Jeff R. , Anderson Ian C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBreeding disease‐resistant varieties is one of the most effective and economical means to combat soilborne diseases in pulse crops. Commonalities between pathogenic and mutualistic microbe colonization strategies, however, raises the concern that reduced susceptibility to pathogens may simultaneously reduce colonization by beneficial microbes. We investigate here the degree of overlap in the transcriptional response of the Phytophthora medicaginis susceptible chickpea variety ‘Sonali’ to the early colonization stages of either Phytophthora, rhizobial bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. From a total of 6476 genes differentially expressed in Sonali roots during colonization by any of the microbes tested, 10.2% were regulated in a similar manner regardless of whether it was the pathogenic oomycete or a mutualistic microbe colonizing the roots. Of these genes, 49.7% were oppositely regulated under the same conditions in the moderately Phytophthora resistant chickpea variety ‘PBA HatTrick’. Chickpea varieties with improved resistance to Phytophthora also displayed lower colonization by rhizobial bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi leading to an increased reliance on N and P from soil. Together, our results suggest that marker‐based breeding in crops such as chickpea should be further investigated such that plant disease resistance can be tailored to a specific pathogen without affecting mutualistic plant:microbe interactions.