bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactivity Studies on a Diazadiphosphapentalene
Authors: Cui Jingjing , Li Yongxin , Ganguly Rakesh , Kinjo Rei 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe reactivity of diazadiphosphapentalene 1 towards various substrates was investigated. Reaction of 1 with ammonia–borane resulted in transfer hydrogenolysis concomitantly with the cleavage of a P−N bond. By treatment of 1 with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO), oxidation took place at one of the phosphorus atoms of 1, and a PV/PIII mixed‐valence derivative was isolated. At the same time, it was demonstrated that only one of the phosphorus atoms in 1 behaves as an electron donor for electrophiles and Lewis acids. The former afforded an intramolecularly coordinated phosphine‐phosphenium species, whereas the latter demonstrates the ligand property of 1. UV irradiation induced rearrangement of 1 into another example of another diazadiphosphapentalene.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Li Haoquan , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA benign and efficient palladium‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation reaction of allylic alcohols is presented. The generality of this novel process is demonstrated by the synthesis of β,γ‐unsaturated amides including aliphatic, cinnamyl, and terpene derivatives. The choice of ligand is crucial for optimal carbonylation processes: Whereas in most cases the combination of PdCl2 with Xantphos (L6) gave best results, sterically hindered substrates performed better in the presence of simple triphenylphosphine (L10), and primary anilines gave the best results using cataCXium® PCy (L8). The reactivity of the respective catalyst system is significantly enhanced by addition of small amounts of water. Mechanistic studies and control experiments revealed a tandem allylic alcohol amination/C−N bond carbonylation reaction sequence.
Synthesis, Structure, Optical, and Electrochemical Properties of Triple‐ and Quadruple‐Decker Co‐facial Tetrathiafulvalene Arrays
Authors: Hasegawa Masashi , Nakamura Ken‐ichi , Tokunaga Saki , Baba Yumi , Shiba Ryota , Shirahata Takashi , Mazaki Yasuhiro , Misaki Yohji 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the details of the electronic structure in face‐to‐face arranged tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs) is very important for the design of supramolecular functional materials and superior conductive organic materials. This article is a comprehensive study of the interactions among columnar stacked TTFs using trimeric (trimer) and tetrameric (tetramer) TTFs linked by alkylenedithio groups (‐S(CH2)nS‐, n=1–4) as models of triple‐ and quadruple‐decker TTF arrays. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses of neutral trimeric TTFs revealed that the three TTF moieties are oriented in a zigzag arrangement. Cyclic voltammetry measurements (CV) reveal that the trimer and tetramer exhibited diverse reversible redox processes with multi‐electron transfers, depending on the length of the ‐S(CH2)nS‐ units and substituents. The electronic spectra of the radical cations, prepared by electrochemical oxidation, showed charge resonance (CR) bands in the NIR/IR region (1630–1850 nm), attributed to a mixed valence (MV) state of the triple‐ and quadruple‐decker TTF arrays. In the trimeric systems, the dicationic state (+2; 0.66 cation per TTF unit) was found to be a stable state, whereas the monocationic state (+1) was not observed in the electronic spectra. In the tetrameric system, substituent‐dependent redox processes were observed. Moreover, π‐trimers and π‐tetramers, which show a significant Davydov blueshift in the spectra, are formed in the tricationic (trimer) and tetracationic (tetramer) state. In addition, these attractive interactions are strongly dependent on the length of the linkage unit.
Development of Simplified Heterocyclic Acetogenin Analogues as Potent and Selective Trypanosoma brucei Inhibitors
Authors: Florence Gordon J. , Fraser Andrew L. , Gould Eoin R. , King Elizabeth F. , Menzies Stefanie K. , Morris Joanne C. , Thomson Marie I. , Tulloch Lindsay B. , Zacharova Marija K. , Smith Terry K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractNeglected tropical diseases caused by parasitic infections are an ongoing and increasing concern. They are a burden to human and animal health, having the most devastating effect on the world′s poorest countries. Building upon our previously reported triazole analogues, in this study we describe the synthesis and biological testing of other novel heterocyclic acetogenin‐inspired derivatives, namely 3,5‐isoxazoles, furoxans, and furazans. Several of these compounds maintain low‐micromolar levels of inhibition against Trypanosoma brucei, whilst having no observable inhibitory effect on mammalian cells, leading to the possibility of novel lead compounds for selective treatment.
Measurement of Enzyme Activities and Optimization of Continuous and Discontinuous Assays
Authors: Bénard Camille , Gibon Yves 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe measurement of enzyme activities represents an important step towards the understanding of biological networks. Continuous or discontinuous assays can be used, as well as highly sensitive assays, depending on the abundance of the enzymes under study. To exemplify such methods, two protocols for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity (EC 4.1.1.31) in plant extracts are given. For this, an extraction protocol is also described. Then, an optimization protocol for enzyme assays using enzymatic, chemical, or biological standards is proposed. This protocol evaluates in one run the optimal extract dilution, the recovery of a standard, and the technical error in a given matrix. The interest of using biological standard in routine measurements is highlighted. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Soybean (Glycine max) Mutant and Germplasm Resources: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Campbell Benjamin W. , Stupar Robert M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGenetic bottlenecks during domestication and modern breeding limited the genetic diversity of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Therefore, expanding and diversifying soybean genetic resources is a major priority for the research community. These resources, consisting of natural and induced genetic variants, are valuable tools for improving soybean and furthering soybean biological knowledge. During the twentieth century, researchers gathered a wealth of genetic variation in the forms of landraces, Glycine soja accessions, Glycine tertiary germplasm, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Type and Isoline Collections. During the twenty‐first century, soybean researchers have added several new genetic and genomic resources. These include the reference genome sequence, genotype data for the USDA soybean germplasm collection, next‐generation mapping populations, new irradiation and transposon‐based mutagenesis populations, and designer nuclease platforms for genome engineering. This paper briefly surveys the publicly accessible soybean genetic resources currently available or in development and provides recommendations for developing such genetic resources in the future. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Creation and Genomic Analysis of Irradiation Hybrids in Populus
Authors: Zinkgraf Matthew , Haiby Kathy , Lieberman Meric C. , Comai Luca , Henry Isabelle M. , Groover Andrew 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEstablishing efficient functional genomic systems for creating and characterizing genetic variation in forest trees is challenging. Here we describe protocols for creating novel gene‐dosage variation in Populus through gamma‐irradiation of pollen, followed by genomic analysis to identify chromosomal regions that have been deleted or inserted in each F1 individual. Irradiated pollen is used in a controlled, interspecific cross to create F1 progeny that carry deletions and insertions of chromosomal regions. These insertions and deletions result in novel changes in gene dosage that in turn affect both qualitative and quantitative phenotypic traits. The protocols described here outline the processes involved in optimizing irradiation levels and performing controlled crosses, sowing seed and propagating seedlings, and genome‐wide sequence‐based analysis of deletions and insertions in the F1 progeny. The same approach could be applied to other vegetatively propagated species. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Visible‐Light‐Active Heterojunction with Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Adhikari Shiba P. , Hood Zachary D. , More Karren L. , Chen Vincent W. , Lachgar Abdou 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA visible‐light‐active carbon nitride (CN)/strontium pyroniobate (SNO) heterojunction photocatalyst was fabricated by deposition of CN over hydrothermally synthesized SNO nanoplates by a simple thermal decomposition process. The microscopic study revealed that nanosheets of CN were anchored to the surface of SNO resulting in an intimate contact between the two semiconductors. Diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectra show that the resulting CN/SNO heterojunction possesses intense absorption in the visible region. The structural and spectral properties endowed the CN/SNO heterojunction with remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity. Specifically, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate per mole of CN was found to be 11 times higher for the CN/SNO composite compared to pristine CN. The results clearly show that the composite photocatalyst not only extends the light absorption range of SNO but also restricts photogenerated charge‐carrier recombination, resulting in significant enhancement in photocatalytic activity compared to pristine CN. The relative band positions of the composite allow the photogenerated electrons in the conduction band of CN to migrate to that of SNO. This kind of charge migration and separation leads to the reduction in the overall recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers, which is regarded as one of the key factors for the enhanced activity. A plausible mechanism for the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the heterostructured composite is proposed based on observed activity, photoluminescence, time‐resolved fluorescence emission decay, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and band position calculations.
Effects of acute exercise on monocyte subpopulations in metabolic syndrome patients
Authors: Wonner Ralph , Wallner Stefan , Orsó Evelyn , Schmitz Gerd 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveAcute exercise induces numerous changes in peripheral blood, e.g. counts of leukocytes. CD16pos monocytes, which play a role in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome (MetS), are among the blood cells with the highest fold increase through exercise. So far no studies have investigated the effect of exercise on the blood cell composition of patients with MetS.Approach and ResultsBlood cell counts, a wide panel of laboratory tests, as well as lipid and protein content of monocytes and granulocytes were determined in healthy subjects, persons with metabolic risk and MetS patients before and after one minute of exercise at 400 W. Leukocyte counts increased significantly in all groups with CD14posCD16pos monocytes showing the highest fold‐change. In MetS patients the fold increase was smaller. They had a higher resting level of CD14posCD16pos monocytes and a lower basal ratio of CD16neg/CD16pos monocytes. A similar ratio of these cells was induced in control and risk subjects after exercise. However, absolute counts of mobilized pro‐inflammatory monocytes did not differ significantly. Furthermore, we detected a decrease in protein content of monocytes in controls, but not in MetS patients.ConclusionsAs strenuous exercise is able to mobilize the same amount of pro‐inflammatory monocytes in MetS patients as in healthy persons, the elevated basal level of these cells in MetS patients is likely to be caused by enhanced maturation rather than chronic mobilization. The removal of these monocytes from the endothelium might be part of the beneficial effect of exercise on vascular disease. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Bud phenology and growth are subject to divergent selection across a latitudinal gradient in Populus angustifolia and impact adaptation across the distributional range and associated arthropods
Authors: Evans Luke M. , Kaluthota Sobadini , Pearce David W. , Allan Gerard J. , Floate Kevin , Rood Stewart B. , Whitham Thomas G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTemperate forest tree species that span large geographical areas and climatic gradients often have high levels of genetic variation. Such species are ideal for testing how neutral demographic factors and climate‐driven selection structure genetic variation within species, and how this genetic variation can affect ecological communities. Here, we quantified genetic variation in vegetative phenology and growth traits in narrowleaf cottonwood, Populus angustifolia, using three common gardens planted with genotypes originating from source populations spanning the species' range along the Rocky Mountains of North America (ca. 1700 km). We present three main findings. First, we found strong evidence of divergent selection (QST > FST) on fall phenology (bud set) with adaptive consequences for frost avoidance. We also found evidence for selection on bud flush duration, tree height, and basal diameter, resulting in population differentiation. Second, we found strong associations with climate variables that were strongly correlated with latitude of origin. More strongly differentiated traits also showed stronger climate correlations, which emphasizes the role that climate has played in divergent selection throughout the range. We found population × garden interaction effects; for some traits, this accounted for more of the variance than either factor alone. Tree height was influenced by the difference in climate of the source and garden locations and declined with increasing transfer distance. Third, growth traits were correlated with dependent arthropod community diversity metrics. Synthesis. Overall, we conclude that climate has influenced genetic variation and structure in phenology and growth traits and leads to local adaptation in P. angustifolia, which can then impact dependent arthropod species. Importantly, relocation of genotypes far northward or southward often resulted in poor growth, likely due to a phenological mismatch with photoperiod, the proximate cue for fall growth cessation. Genotypes moved too far southward suffer from early growth cessation, whereas those moved too far northward are prone to fall frost and winter dieback. In the face of current and forecasted climate change, habitat restoration, forestry, and tree breeding efforts should utilize these findings to better match latitudinal and climatic source environments with management locations for optimal future outcomes.
An efficient goal‐based reduced order model approach for targeted adaptive observations
Authors: Fang F. , Pain C. C. , Navon Ionel M. , Xiao D. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryAn efficient adjoint sensitivity technique for optimally collecting targeted observations is presented. The targeting technique incorporates dynamical information from the numerical model predictions to identify when, where and what types of observations would provide the greatest improvement to specific model forecasts at a future time. A functional (goal) is defined to measure what is considered important in modelling problems. The adjoint sensitivity technique is used to identify the impact of observations on the predictive accuracy of the functional, then placing the sensors at the locations with high impacts. The adaptive (goal) observation technique developed here has the following features: (i) over existing targeted observation techniques, its novelty lies in that the interpolation error of numerical results is introduced to the functional (goal), which ensures the measurements are a distance apart; (ii) the use of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and reduced order modelling for both the forward and backward simulations, thus reducing the computational cost; and (iii) the use of unstructured meshes.The targeted adaptive observation technique is developed here within an unstructured mesh finite element model (Fluidity). In this work, a POD reduced order modelling is used to form the reduced order forward model by projecting the original complex model from a high dimensional space onto a reduced order space. The reduced order adjoint model is then constructed directly from the reduced order forward model. This efficient adaptive observation technique has been validated with two test cases: a model of an ocean gyre and a model of 2D urban street canyon flows. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy improves tendon‐to‐bone healing in a rat rotator cuff repair model
Authors: Tucker Jennica J. , Cirone James M. , Morris Tyler R. , Nuss Courtney A. , Huegel Julianne , Waldorff Erik I. , Zhang Nianli , Ryaby James T. , Soslowsky Louis J. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTRotator cuff tears are common musculoskeletal injuries often requiring surgical intervention with high failure rates. Currently, pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) are used for treatment of long‐bone fracture and lumbar and cervical spine fusion surgery. Clinical studies examining the effects of PEMF on soft tissue healing show promising results. Therefore, we investigated the role of PEMF on rotator cuff healing using a rat rotator cuff repair model. We hypothesized that PEMF exposure following rotator cuff repair would improve tendon mechanical properties, tissue morphology, and alter in vivo joint function. Seventy adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to three groups: bilateral repair with PEMF (n = 30), bilateral repair followed by cage activity (n = 30), and uninjured control with cage activity (n = 10). Rats in the surgical groups were sacrificed at 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Control group was sacrificed at 8 weeks. Passive joint mechanics and gait analysis were assessed over time. Biomechanical analysis and μCT was performed on left shoulders; histological analysis on right shoulders. Results indicate no differences in passive joint mechanics and ambulation. At 4 weeks the PEMF group had decreased cross‐sectional area and increased modulus and maximum stress. At 8 weeks the PEMF group had increased modulus and more rounded cells in the midsubstance. At 16 weeks the PEMF group had improved bone quality. Therefore, results indicate that PEMF improves early tendon healing and does not alter joint function in a rat rotator cuff repair model. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:902–909, 2017.
Studies on optimum harvest time for hybrid rice seed
Authors: Fu Hong , Cao Dong‐Dong , Hu Wei‐Min , Guan Ya‐Jing , Fu Yu‐Ying , Fang Yong‐Feng , Hu Jin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDTimely harvest is critical for hybrid rice to achieve maximum seed viability, vigor and yield. However, how to predict the optimum harvest time has been rarely reported so far.RESULTSThe seed vigor of Zhuliangyou 06 (ZLY06) increased and reached the highest level at 20 days after pollination (DAP), when seed moisture content had a lower value, which was maintained until final seed maturation. For Chunyou 84 (CY84), seed vigor, fresh and dry weight had relatively high values at 25 DAP, when seed moisture content reached the lowest value and changed slightly from 25 to 55 DAP. In both hybrid rice varieties, seed glume chlorophyll content declined rapidly from 10 to 30 DAP and remained at a very low level after 35 DAP. Starch content exhibited an increasing trend during seed maturation, while both soluble sugar content and amylase activity decreased significantly at the early stages of seed development. Moreover, correlation analyses showed that seed dry weight, starch content and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly positively correlated with seed vigor. In contrast, chlorophyll content, moisture content, soluble sugar, soluble protein, abscisic acid, gibberellin content, electrical conductivity, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities were significantly negatively correlated with seed vigor. Physiological and biochemical parameters were obviously more closely related with seed vigor than with seed germinability during seed development.CONCLUSIONSeed vigor could be better used as a comprehensive factor to predict the optimum seed harvest time. It is suggested that for ZLY06 seeds could be harvested as early as 20 DAP, whereas for CY84 the earliest optimum harvest time was 25 DAP. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of water stress on the composition and immunoreactive properties of gliadins from two wheat cultivars: Nawra and Tonacja
Authors: Brzozowski Bartosz , Stasiewicz Katarzyna 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDWater shortage during wheat vegetation causes changes in the composition of gliadins in grains, which can lead to changes in their immunoreactive properties.RESULTSThe investigated wheat cultivars exposed to water stress accumulated significantly lower amounts (P < 0.05) of gliadins and glutenins in grains. The composition of proteins accumulated in grains was also modified. Water shortage results in a decreased share of αβ and γ fractions in total gliadins. Grains of wheat cultivated under water stress contain significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of ω‐gliadins by 4.5% and 43.3% for Nawra and Tonacja cultivars, respectively. Water stress promotes an increase in the share of P and Q/E residues in gliadins. In protein samples R5 antibodies recognized increased amounts of gliadins matching the QQPFP sequence. Wheat proteins also reacted with IgE antibodies isolated from subjects allergic to gluten.CONCLUSIONCultivation of wheat under conditions of water stress results in the qualitative and quantitative changes of gliadins by increasing their immunoreactivity. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Innate immunity and chronic rhinosinusitis: What we have learned from animal models
Authors: London Nyall R. , Lane Andrew P. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease characterized by dysregulated inflammation. Abnormalities in innate immune function, including sinonasal epithelial cell barrier function, mucociliary clearance, response to pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors, and the contribution of innate immune cells, will be highlighted in this review.Data SourcesPubMed literature review.MethodsA review of the literature was conducted to determine what we have learned from animal models in relation to innate immunity and chronic rhinosinusitis.ResultsDysregulation of innate immune mechanisms, including sinonasal barrier function; mucociliary clearance; PAMPs; and innate immune cells such as eosinophils, mast cells, and innate lymphoid cells, may contribute to CRS pathogenesis. Sinonasal inflammation has been studied using mouse, rat, rabbit, pig, and sheep explant or in vivo models. Study using these models has allowed for analysis of experimental therapeutics and furthered our understanding of the aforementioned aspects of the innate immune mechanism as it relates to sinonasal inflammation. These include augmenting mucociliary clearance through activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and study of drug toxicity on ciliary beat frequency. Knockout models of Toll‐like receptors (TLR) have demonstrated the critical role that these pattern recognition receptors play in allergic inflammation because loss of TLR2 and TLR4 leads to decreased lower airway inflammation. Mast cell deficient mice are less susceptible to ovalbumin‐induced sinonasal inflammation.ConclusionAnimal models have shed light as to the potential contribution of dysregulated innate immunity in chronic sinonasal inflammation.