bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pharmacokinetics of Potassium in Humans Is Unusual
Authors: Hinderling Peter H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPotassium is critical for maintaining cellular tonicity, propagation of nerve impulses, contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles, and normal renal function. The focus of this review is on the pharmacokinetics of potassium, K+, after administration of liquid and solid formulations of potassium chloride, KCl, to healthy subjects. Potassium can be considered an endogenous and exogenous compound. The amounts of endogenous K+ are kept constant by balancing intake and loss of exogenous K+. Food and ingestion of KCl‐containing medicines are sources for exogenous K+. In the pharmacokinetic context exogenous K+ from KCl‐containing medicines, K+exo,dose, is of primary interest. The distinction between the different K+ entities is critical for obtaining unbiased estimates of the kinetic parameters for K+exo,dose. A literature search using prespecified acceptance criteria was performed. Publications were selected that reported plasma and urine data of K+exo,dose directly or provided information allowing their determination. Additional criteria applied included that the studies used a randomized design and controlled for the important covariates. Most of the selected publications reported urinary excretion data. Only 2 publications also reported plasma concentrations. The excursions of the plasma concentrations of K+exo,dose were considered too small to be of use by most investigators. The aggregate results indicate that urinary recovery data have the potential for providing reliable estimates for bioavailability and bioequivalence of K+exo,dose with KCl‐containing formulations. Absorption efficiency, peak rates, and corresponding times of K+exo,dose with liquid formulations are fairly consistent among studies. The mean absorption efficiency of K+exo,dose with solid and liquid formulations of KCl ranges between 70% and 90%. The absorption rate of liquid formulations is rapid, whereas the solid formulations show extended release characteristics. The time‐averaged renal clearance of K+exo,dose is about 200 mL/min during daytime and significantly smaller around midnight. Circadian rhythm and delayed homeostatic control of potassium make the pharmacokinetics of K+exo,dose time dependent. The impact of these endogenous controls makes the pharmacokinetics of K+exo,dose unusual.
Comparative effects of two different doses of low‐level laser therapy on wound healing third‐degree burns in rats
Authors: Brassolatti Patricia , Bossini Paulo Sérgio , Oliveira Maria Carolina Derêncio , Kido Hueliton Wilian , Tim Carla Roberta , Almeida‐Lopes Luciana , Retto Da Silva De Avó Lucimar , Araújo‐Moreira Fernando M. , Parizotto Nivaldo Antonio 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTBurns are injuries caused by direct or indirect contact to chemical, physical, or biological agents. Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) is a promising treatment since it is low‐cost, non‐invasive, and induces cell proliferation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of LLLT (660 nm) at two different fluences (12.5 J/cm2 and 25 J/cm2) per point of application on third‐degree burns in rats. Thirty rats (Wistar) divided into GC, GL12.5, and GL25 were used in the study, and submitted to burn injury through a soldering iron at 150°C, pressed on their back for 10 s. LLLT was applied immediately, and 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after wound induction. Histological analysis revealed a decreased inflammatory infiltrate in the group treated with 25 J/cm2, and intense inflammatory infiltrate in the control group and in the group treated with 12.5 J/cm2. The immunostaining of COX‐2 was more intense in the control groups and in the group treated with 12.5 J/cm2 than in the group treated with 25 J/cm2. Conversely, VEGF immunomarking was more expressive in the group treated with 25 J/cm2 than it was in the other two groups. Therefore, our findings suggest that the use of 25 J/cm2 and 1 J of energy was more effective in stimulating the cellular processes involved in tissue repair on third‐degree burns in rats by reducing the inflammatory phase, and stimulating angiogenesis, thus restoring the local microcirculation which is essential for cell migration. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:313–320, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of renal function using intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion‐weighted imaging and dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI
Authors: Bane Octavia , Wagner Mathilde , Zhang Jeff L. , Dyvorne Hadrien A. , Orton Matthew , Rusinek Henry , Taouli Bachir 
Published: February 2016

PurposeTo assess the correlation between each of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion‐weighted imaging (IVIM‐DWI) and dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) metrics in renal parenchyma with renal function, in a cohort of patients with chronic liver disease.Materials and MethodsThirty patients with liver disease underwent abdominal MRI at 1.5T, including a coronal respiratory‐triggered IVIM‐DWI sequence and a coronal 3D FLASH DCE‐MRI acquisition. Diffusion signals in the renal cortex and medulla were fitted to the IVIM model to estimate the diffusion coefficient (D), pseudodiffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (PF). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was calculated using all b‐values. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), cortical and medullary renal plasma flow (RPF), mean transit times (MTT) of vascular and tubular compartments and the whole kidney, were calculated from DCE‐MRI data by fitting to a three‐compartment model. The estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated from serum creatinine measured 30 ± 27 days of MRI.ResultsADC, PF, and RPF were significantly higher in renal cortex vs. medulla (P < 10−5). DCE‐MRI GFR significantly correlated with, but underestimated, eGFR (Spearman's r/P = 0.49/0.01). IVIM‐DWI parameters were not significantly correlated with eGFR. DCE‐MRI GFR correlated weakly with D (cortex, r/P = 0.3/0.03; medulla r/P = 0.27/0.05) and ADC (cortex r/P = 0.28/0.04; medulla r/P = 0.34/0.01). Weak correlations were observed for pooled cortical and medullar RPF with PF (r/P = 0.32/10−3) and with ADC (r/P = 0.29/0.0025). Significant negative correlations were observed for vascular MTT with cortical D* (r/P = −0.38/0.004) and D*×PF (r/P = −0.34/0.01).ConclusionThe weak correlations between renal IVIM and DCE‐MRI perfusion parameters imply that these functional measures could be complementary. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:317–326.
Does altered aortic flow in marfan syndrome relate to aortic root dilatation?
Authors: Wang Hung‐Hsuan , Chiu Hsin‐Hui , Tseng Wen‐Yih Isaac , Peng Hsu‐Hsia 
Published: February 2016

PurposeTo examine possible hemodynamic alterations in adolescent to adult Marfan syndrome (MFS) patients with aortic root dilatation.Materials and MethodsFour‐dimensional flow MRI was performed in 20 MFS patients and 12 age‐matched normal subjects with a 3T system. The cross‐sectional areas of 10 planes along the aorta were segmented for calculating the axial and circumferential wall shear stress (WSSaxial, WSScirc), oscillatory shear index (OSIaxial, OSIcirc), and the nonroundness (NR), presenting the asymmetry of segmental WSS. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to present the correlations between the quantified indices and the body surface area (BSA), aortic root diameter (ARD), and Z score of the ARD. P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.ResultsPatients exhibited lower WSSaxial in the aortic root and the WSScirc in the arch (P < 0.05–0.001). MFS patients exhibited higher OSIaxial and OSIcirc in the sinotubular junction and arch, but lower OSIcirc in the descending aorta (all P < 0.05). The NR values were lower in patients (P < 0.05). The WSSaxial or WSScirc exhibited moderate to strong correlations with BSA, ARD, or Z score (R2 = 0.50–0.72) in MFS patients.ConclusionThe significant differences in the quantified indices, which were associated with BSA, ARD, or Z score, in MFS were opposite to previous reports for younger MFS patients, indicating that altered flows in MFS patients may depend on the disease progress. The possible time dependency of hemodynamic alterations in MFS patients strongly suggests that longitudinal follow‐up of 4D Flow is needed to comprehend disease progress. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:500–508.
Rapid T2 mapping of mouse heart using the carr–purcell–meiboom–gill sequence and compressed sensing reconstruction
Authors: Chen Yong , Li Wen , Jiang Kai , Wang Charlie Y. , Yu Xin 
Published: February 2016

PurposeTo develop and prove preliminary validation of a fast in vivo T2 mapping technique for mouse heart.Materials and MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments were performed on a 7T animal scanner. The standard Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) sequence was modified to minimize the effect of stimulated echoes for accurate T2 quantification. The acquisition was further accelerated with the compressed sensing approach. The accuracy of the proposed method was first validated with both phantom experiments and numerical simulations. In vivo T2 measurement was performed on seven mice in a manganese‐enhanced MRI study.ResultsIn phantom studies, T2 values obtained with the modified CPMG sequence are in good agreement with the standard spin‐echo method (P > 0.05). Numerical simulations further demonstrated that with the application of the compressed sensing approach, fast T2 quantification with a spatial resolution of 2.3 mm can be achieved at a high temporal resolution of 1 minute per slice. With the proposed technique, an average T2 value of 25 msec was observed for mouse heart at 7T and this number decreased significantly after manganese infusion (P < 0.001).ConclusionA rapid T2 mapping technique was developed and assessed, which allows accurate T2 quantification of mouse heart at a temporal resolution of 1 minute per slice. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:375–382.
New Azores archipelago daily precipitation dataset and its links with large‐scale modes of climate variability
Authors: Hernández Armand , Kutiel Haim , Trigo Ricardo M. , Valente Maria A. , Sigró Javier , Cropper Thomas , Santo Fátima Espírito 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTWithin the scope of the two major international projects of long‐term reanalysis for the 20th century coordinated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts, the Instituto Dom Luiz from the University of Lisbon has digitized a large number of long‐term daily and monthly climate records from stations in Portugal and former Portuguese colonies. We have recently finished the digitization of precipitation values from Ponta Delgada (capital of the Azores Archipelago), obtaining an almost complete daily precipitation series, with the exception of some years (1864–1872; 1878–1879; 1888–1905; 1931; 1936; and 1938) for which only monthly values are available. At daily resolution, we have used a comprehensive assessment on different characteristics of rain spells (consecutive days with rainfall accumulation). The distribution of precipitation presents an evident seasonal pattern and reveals large inter‐annual and intra‐annual variability, increasing considerably in the last 3 decades. The frequency of dry years decreases almost by half between the first and the second part of the record, whereas wet years increase up to three times. This is mainly due to more intense events that are reflected by higher rain‐spell yields (amount of precipitation) and rain‐spell intensity (amount of precipitation per day) values. Most of the extreme precipitation events occurred during the last 2 decades, and they generally correspond to dates with cyclonic conditions over the North Atlantic. We have also looked into the influence of large‐scale modes of climate variability on the precipitation regime of the Azores Archipelago. As expected, theNorth Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has a major impact on the precipitation regime of Ponta Delgada both in winter and summer. However, our results show a non‐stationary NAO influence and the impact of other large‐scale modes (including the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation) increases when this influence becomes weaker.
The impact of observational sampling on time series of global 0–700 m ocean average temperature: a case study
Authors: Good Simon A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe limited historical observational sampling of the ocean gives rise to uncertainty in time series of global ocean temperature anomalies calculated from those observations. Without knowledge of the true global state of the oceans, it is difficult to characterize the errors caused by these sampling issues. One way to quantify them is to use climate model data. Pseudo observational time series can be constructed from the model data using knowledge of where observations occurred. Comparison of these with time series constructed from the full model fields yields information about how observational sampling impacts time series of the temperature change in the modelled world. This can then be related back to the time series generated from the real observations. In this study, climate model data were used to investigate sampling errors in 0–700 m global average ocean temperature anomaly time series calculated using a straightforward gridding approach. The sampling had two impacts. First, sampling causes issues with constructing a climatology that is representative of the long‐term average state of the ocean. Climatology errors were shown to have the potential to cause systematically changing errors in anomaly time series. Second, some regions of the ocean were poorly observed prior to improvements brought about by the Argo project. This was found to cause spurious variability, both year to year and over multi‐year time scales. The latter had similar magnitude to the actual multi‐year variability seen in the model data but was smaller than the model's long‐term temperature change. The features of these errors depend on the ocean state and therefore varied between climate model runs. More sophisticated methods used to calculate ocean temperature time series are expected to be less impacted by sampling. Nevertheless, sampling errors will still occur and therefore this type of study is recommended even for those techniques.
Two‐sided impacts of warm pool SSTs on Australian precipitation changes
Authors: Fan Lei , Shin Sang‐Ik , Liu Zhengyu , Liu Qinyu 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTOptimal tropical ocean regions for forcing precipitation changes over Australia are identified from maps of sensitivity of Australian precipitation to tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. These sensitivity maps are derived by a series of atmospheric general circulation model simulations with prescription of an array of SST anomaly patches over the tropics. The results show that the Australian precipitation changes are most sensitive to SST anomalies over the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool. There are competing opposing sensitivities such that warming over the Indian side of the Warm Pool increases precipitation, whereas that over the Pacific side decreases it. These sensitivity maps are validated by use in reconstruction of historical series of Australian precipitation with realistic interannual variability. The present results imply that monitoring and predicting the signs and magnitudes of SST anomalies over the critical Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool may improve the prediction skills of Australian precipitation changes.
Interannual variability of heat waves in South Korea and their connection with large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns
Authors: Lee Woo‐Seop , Lee Myong‐In 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the interannual variation of heat wave frequency (HWF) in South Korea during the past 42 years (1973–2014) and examines its connection with large‐scale atmospheric circulation changes. Korean heat waves tend to develop most frequently in late summer during July and August. The leading Empirical Orthogonal Function accounting for 50% of the total variance shows a mono‐signed pattern over South Korea, suggesting that the dominant mechanisms responsible for the heat wave are linked in a spatial scale much larger than the nation. It also exhibits a regional variation with more occurrences in the southeastern inland area. The regression of the leading principal component (PC) time series of HWF with large‐scale atmospheric circulation identifies a north–south dipole pattern between the South China Sea and Northeast Asia. When this large‐scale circulation mode facilitates deep convection in South China Sea, it tends to weaken moisture transport from the South China Sea to Northeast Asia. Enhanced deep convection in the South China Sea triggers a source of Rossby wave train along southerly wind that generates positive geopotential height anomalies around Korea. The anomalous high pressure pattern is accompanied by large‐scale subsidence in Korea, thereby providing a favourable condition for extreme hot and dry days in Korea. This study highlights that there is a decadal change of the relationship between Korean heat waves and large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns. The tropical forcing tends to be weakened in the recent decade, with more influences from the Arctic variability from the mid‐1990s.
A Meta‐Analysis of Hypnotherapeutic Techniques in the Treatment of PTSD Symptoms
Authors: O'Toole Siobhan K. , Solomon Shelby L. , Bergdahl Stephen A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe efficacy of hypnotherapeutic techniques as treatment for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was explored through meta‐analytic methods. Studies were selected through a search of 29 databases. Altogether, 81 studies discussing hypnotherapy and PTSD were reviewed for inclusion criteria. The outcomes of 6 studies representing 391participants were analyzed using meta‐analysis. Evaluation of effect sizes related to avoidance and intrusion, in addition to overall PTSD symptoms after hypnotherapy treatment, revealed that all studies showed that hypnotherapy had a positive effect on PTSD symptoms. The overall Cohen's d was large (−1.18) and statistically significant (p < .001). Effect sizes varied based on study quality; however, they were large and statistically significant. Using the classic fail‐safe N to assess for publication bias, it was determined it would take 290 nonsignificant studies to nullify these findings.
Polydopamine Inter‐Fiber Networks: New Strategy for Producing Rigid, Sticky, 3D Fluffy Electrospun Fibrous Polycaprolactone Sponges
Authors: Choi Wuyong , Lee Slgirim , Kim Seung‐Hyun , Jang Jae‐Hyung 
Published: February 2016

Designing versatile 3D interfaces that can precisely represent a biological environment is a prerequisite for the creation of artificial tissue structures. To this end, electrospun fibrous sponges, precisely mimicking an extracellular matrix and providing highly porous interfaces, have capabilities that can function as versatile physical cues to regenerate various tissues. However, their intrinsic features, such as sheet‐like, thin, and weak structures, limit the design of a number of uses in tissue engineering applications. Herein, a highly facile methodology capable of fabricating rigid, sticky, spatially expanded fluffy electrospun fibrous sponges is proposed. A bio‐inspired adhesive material, poly(dopamine) (pDA), is employed as a key mediator to provide rigidity and stickiness to the 3D poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) fibrous sponges, which are fabricated using a coaxial electrospinning with polystyrene followed by a selective leaching process. The iron ion induced oxidation of dopamine into pDA networks interwoven with PCL fibers results in significant increases in the rigidity of 3D fibrous sponges. Furthermore, the exposure of catecholamine groups on the fiber surfaces promotes the stable attachment of the sponges on wet organ surfaces and triggers the robust immobilization of biomolecules (e.g., proteins and gene vectors), demonstrating their potential for 3D scaffolds as well as drug delivery vehicles. Because fibrous structures are ubiquitous in the human body, these rigid, sticky, 3D fibrous sponges are good candidates for powerful biomaterial systems that functionally mimic a variety of tissue structures.
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Chain Transfer in Degenerative RAFT Polymerization Revisited: A Comparative Study of Literature Methods
Authors: Derboven Pieter , Van Steenberge Paul H. M. , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , D'hooge Dagmar R. , Marin Guy B. 
Published: February 2016

Under the validity of the degenerative transfer mechanism, the activation/deactivation process in reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization can be formally quantified by transfer coefficients, depending on the chemical structure of the participating radicals and dormant species. In the present work, the different literature methods to experimentally determine these RAFT transfer coefficients are reviewed and theoretically re‐evaluated. The accuracy of each method is mapped for a broad range of reaction conditions and RAFT transfer reactivities. General guidelines on when which method should be applied are formulated.
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The Small GTP‐Binding Protein Rhes Influences Nigrostriatal‐Dependent Motor Behavior During Aging
Authors: Pinna Annalisa , Napolitano Francesco , Pelosi Barbara , Di Maio Anna , Wardas Jadwiga , Casu Maria Antonietta , Costa Giulia , Migliarini Sara , Calabresi Paolo , Pasqualetti Massimo , Morelli Micaela , Usiello Alessandro 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundHere we aimed to evaluate: (1) Rhes mRNA expression in mouse midbrain, (2) the effect of Rhes deletion on the number of dopamine neurons, (3) nigrostriatal‐sensitive behavior during aging in knockout mice.MethodsRadioactive in situ hybridization was assessed in adult mice. The beam‐walking test was executed in 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month‐old mice. Immunohistochemistry of midbrain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)–positive neurons was performed in 6‐ and 12‐month‐old mice.ResultsRhes mRNA is expressed in TH‐positive neurons of SNpc and the ventral tegmental area. Moreover, lack of Rhes leads to roughly a 20% loss of nigral TH‐positive neurons in both 6‐ and 12‐month‐old mutants, when compared with their age‐matched controls. Finally, lack of Rhes triggers subtle alterations in motor performance and coordination during aging.ConclusionsOur findings indicate a fine‐tuning role of Rhes in regulating the number of TH‐positive neurons of the substantia nigra and nigrostriatal‐sensitive motor behavior during aging. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A cumulative genetic risk score predicts progression in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Pihlstrøm Lasse , Morset Kristina Rebekka , Grimstad Espen , Vitelli Valeria , Toft Mathias 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe contribution of genetic variability to clinical heterogeneity in Parkinson's disease is insufficiently understood. We aimed to investigate the effect of cumulative genetic risk on clinical outcomes.MethodsIn a single‐center study of 336 patients we genotyped 19 independent susceptibility variants identified in genome‐wide association studies of Parkinson's disease. We tested for association between a cumulative genetic risk score and 3 outcome measures: survival, time until progression to Hoehn and Yahr stage 3, and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score severity.ResultsGenetic risk score was significantly associated with time from diagnosis to Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 in a Cox regression model (P = 0.010). We observed no clear association for the other outcomes.ConclusionsWe present results linking cumulative genetic risk to a motor outcome in Parkinson's disease. Our findings provide a valuable starting point for future large‐scale efforts to map the genetic determinants of phenotypic variability. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society