bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is uplift of volcano clusters in the Tohoku Volcanic Arc, Japan, driven by magma accumulation in hot zones? A geodynamic modeling study
Authors: George Ophelia A. , Malservisi Rocco , Govers Rob , Connor Charles B. , Connor Laura J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn many volcanic arcs, the rate of tectonic uplift cannot be explained by lithospheric plate motion alone but may be associated with dynamic uplift. Buoyant forces associated with underplated magma bodies lift the upper crust and leads to relatively high rates of topographic change. One such region is northern Honshu, Japan, where Quaternary volcano clusters are spatially associated with uplifted crust and isostatic gravity anomalies. Axisymmetric inversion of Bouguer gravity data for the Sengan volcano cluster shows that these gravity anomalies can be modeled by 30 km radius bodies emplaced at ∼15 km depth. Axisymmetric, finite element models, generated using GTECTON, of a layered Earth representative of the Tohoku crust indicate that the deformation of these midcrustal intrusions produces elevated topography on the surface directly above the intrusion that is bounded by a shallow peripheral trough. The wavelengths of vertical deformation produced by these bodies are sensitive to the thickness of the models' elastic layer and relatively insensitive to the models' rheology. This suggests that the amplitude of the vertical deformation represents a trade‐off between the size of the intrusion and the thickness of the elastic layer and is less strongly influenced by the rheology of the lithosphere into which the bodies are emplaced. Our results are consistent with hot zone and hot finger models for the arc and indicate that Tohoku Volcanic Arc features such as gravity anomalies and uplifted basement are related to crustal magma intrusions and hot zones rather than directly related to mantle processes.
A meridional dipole in premonsoon Bay of Bengal tropical cyclone activity induced by ENSO
Authors: Balaguru Karthik , Leung L. Ruby , Lu Jian , Foltz Gregory R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAnalysis of Bay of Bengal tropical cyclone (TC) track data for the months of May–June during 1979–2014 reveals a meridional dipole in TC intensification: TC intensification rates increased significantly in the northern region and decreased in the southern region. The dipole is consistent with changes in the large‐scale TC environment estimated using the Genesis Potential Index (GPI) for the same period. While an increase in lower troposphere cyclonic vorticity and midtroposphere humidity in the northern Bay of Bengal made the environment more favorable for TC intensification, enhanced vertical wind shear in the southern Bay of Bengal tended to reduce TC development. These environmental changes were associated with a strengthening of the monsoon circulation for the months of May–June, driven by a La Niña‐like shift in tropical Pacific SSTs and associated tropical wave dynamics. Finally, analysis of a suite of climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 archive shows that most models correctly reproduce the link between ENSO and premonsoon Bay of Bengal TC activity at interannual timescales, demonstrating the robustness of our main conclusions.
Simultaneous measurement of the molecular weight distribution and 5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbornene content across the molecular weight distribution of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer via a new size exclusion chromatography–ultraviolet–refractive index method
Authors: Zhou Z. , Janco M. , Cong R. , Lee D. , Shan C. Li Pi , Boopalachandran P. , Shi Z. , Miller M. D. , Winniford B. , Huang T. , Herceg E. , Salazar I. , Pangburn T. , Sandlin A. , Fan L. , Wu J. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTA size exclusion chromatography (SEC)–UV–refractive index (RI) method was developed to measure the 5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbornene (ENB) content across the molecular weight distribution (MWD) in ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) at room temperature. The ratio of the UV and RI signals at the same effective elution volume was converted to ENB content. The feasibility of using this method to measure the ENB content across the MWD in EPDM at high temperature was also demonstrated. Prior understanding was that ENB had insufficient UV absorbance relative to high‐temperature SEC solvents to allow for useful measurements. We demonstrated this by using high‐boiling‐point solvents, such as decalin, with a low UV absorbance in the UV wavelength range of interest for ENB. These solvents also gave rise to a high enough specific RI increment (dn/dc) for EPDM that a suitable RI detector response was obtained. Additionally, this methodology could be readily applied to other polymers soluble at high temperature as long as the polymers contained a UV chromophore. These include polymers containing vinyl, conjugated vinyl, aromatic ring, carbonyl, or halocarbon groups. This UV‐absorption‐based detection concept might also be extended to high‐temperature thermal‐gradient interactive chromatography‐UV, high‐temperature solvent‐gradient interactive chromatography‐UV (high‐temperature liquid chromatography‐UV), temperature‐rising elution fractionation‐UV, crystallization analysis fractionation‐UV, and crystallization elution fractionation‐UV. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43911.
Polymerization kinetics of styrene in isotactic polypropylene pellets and evolution of phase morphology during polymerization
Authors: Chen Fang , Guo Zhao‐Xia , Yu Jian 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTPolymerization kinetics of styrene (St) in commercially available isotactic polypropylene (iPP) pellets and the phase morphology evolution during polymerization are investigated. The polymerization rate of St in iPP pellets is slightly faster than in the corresponding bulk and suspension polymerizations carried out under similar reaction conditions due to the existence of two reaction sites: amorphous PP and polystyrene (PS), which are formed by polymerization‐induced phase separation. Two mechanisms are proposed for the phase morphology evolution: nucleation and growth, and St‐assisted coarsening of phase structure. During polymerization, the size of the dispersed PS particles increases with polymerization time no matter at which position of the pellet, but the increasing amplitude is much bigger at 200 μm distance to the edge than at the center due to much more significant occurrence of St‐assisted coarsening of phase structure which is attributed to both high values of PS/PP and St/PP resulted from polymerization‐induced diffusion of St. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43934.
Biobased polymer films from avocado oil extraction residue: Production and characterization
Authors: Dalle Mulle Santos Cassandra , Pagno Carlos Henrique , Haas Costa Tania Maria , Jung Luvizetto Faccin Débora , Hickmann Flôres Simone , Medeiros Cardozo Nilo Sérgio 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn view of the increasing interest in the use of residues from the food industry as source for packing applications, the by‐product of the mechanical extraction of avocado oil is an attractive product as it consists basically a hydrated and defatted pulp, rich in proteins, fibers. and oil. This work aims to produce biobased polymer films from avocado oil extraction residue. Seven film‐forming solutions were elaborated from puree and the additives tested were glycerol, cassava starch, and microcrystalline cellulose. The films obtained from the pure residue presented brittle behavior. All films presented low values of water vapor permeability (0.064 to 0.446 g mm m−2·kPa−1 h−1) and medium water soluble fraction (43.79 to 56.92%). The films with cassava starch and glycerol presented the best results, with mechanical (tensile: 2.70 MPa; elongation: 13.7%) and thermal properties in the range typically found in the literature for biobased films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43957.
Location‐Controlled Growth of Vertically Aligned Si Nanowires using Au Nanodisks Patterned by KrF Stepper Lithography
Authors: Park Yi‐Seul , Lee Jin Seok 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe location‐controlled epitaxial growth of vertically aligned Si nanowire (v‐SiNW) arrays over large surface area was investigated with Au nanodisks (AuNDs) patterned by KrF stepper lithography. There are two steps for synthesizing v‐SiNWs from an AuND pattern: annealing and growth. The annealing process induces the formation of a single Au nanoparticle (AuNP) from an AuND pattern, which consists of several cracked AuNPs. Here, the oxide layer between the AuNDs and Si substrate is necessary for impeding the diffusion of Si atoms into the AuNPs. However, the oxide layer must be removed for properly aligned epitaxial SiNW growth. These SiNW arrays in large area can contribute highly to improve a nanowire‐based engineering by controlling the location of SiNWs with consistent pitch.
Integrated expression method for technical mapping of traffic parameters using RGB color model
Authors: Lee Jun , Lee Dongmin , Hatoyama Kiichiro 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIn the field of traffic flow, speed, density, time, and distance are fundamental variables analyzed to predict traffic conditions. Reliable sources of information are gauged using tested mathematical approaches that have been developed. However, a fundamental diagram that could serve as a basis for expression techniques has not been devised. Red–green–blue (RGB) color modeling was used to overcome this limitation in traffic flow. The purpose of this study is to provide a way to understand traffic flow conditions based on features of three traffic flow elements simultaneously. The limitation of three‐dimensional expressions in two‐dimensional paper was extended to multi‐dimensional information. Information on speed, density, and flow were combined into a single RGB color and given the name RGB flow‐density space time‐distance space. This cancels out the effect of each individual's vehicular trajectories and contains five major components of a specific road section. The new gizmo aims to provide information on traffic flow conditions in transition and to stimulate further approaches related to the predictions and understanding of traffic flow. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virus‐Induced Gene Silencing and Transient Gene Expression in Soybean (Glycine max) Using Bean Pod Mottle Virus Infectious Clones
Authors: Whitham Steven A. , Lincoln Lori M. , Chowda‐Reddy R. V. , Dittman Jaime D. , O'Rourke Jamie A. , Graham Michelle A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractVirus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful and rapid approach for determining the functions of plant genes. The basis of VIGS is that a viral genome is engineered so that it can carry fragments of plant genes, typically in the 200 to 300 base pair size range. The recombinant viruses are used to infect experimental plants, and wherever the virus invades, the target gene or genes will be silenced. VIGS is thus transient, and in the span of a few weeks, it is possible to design VIGS constructs and then generate loss‐of‐function phenotypes through RNA silencing of the target genes. In soybean (Glycine max), the Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) has been engineered to be valuable tool for silencing genes with diverse functions and also for over‐expression of foreign genes. This protocol describes a method for designing BPMV constructs and using them to silence or transiently express genes in soybean. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessing the sustainability of African lion trophy hunting, with recommendations for policy
Authors: Creel Scott , M'soka Jassiel , Dröge Egil , Rosenblatt Eli , Becker Matthew S. , Matandiko Wigganson , Simpamba Twakundine 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWhile trophy hunting provides revenue for conservation, it must be carefully managed to avoid negative population impacts, particularly for long‐lived species with low natural mortality rates. Trophy hunting has had negative effects on lion populations throughout Africa, and the species serves as an important case study to consider the balance of costs and benefits, and to consider the effectiveness of alternative strategies to conserve exploited species. Age‐restricted harvesting is widely recommended to mitigate negative effects of lion hunting, but this recommendation was based on a population model parameterized with data from a well‐protected and growing lion population. Here, we used demographic data from lions subject to more typical conditions, including source–sink dynamics between a protected National Park and adjacent hunting areas in Zambia's Luangwa Valley, to develop a stochastic population projection model and evaluate alternative harvest scenarios. Hunting resulted in population declines over a 25‐yr period for all continuous harvest strategies, with large declines for quotas >1 lion/concession (~0.5 lion/1,000 km2) and hunting of males younger than seven years. A strategy that combined periods of recovery, an age limit of ≥7 yr, and a maximum quota of ~0.5 lions shot/1,000 km2 yielded a risk of extirpation <10%. Our analysis incorporated the effects of human encroachment, poaching, and prey depletion on survival, but assumed that these problems will not increase, which is unlikely. These results suggest conservative management of lion trophy hunting with a combination of regulations. To implement sustainable trophy hunting while maintaining revenue for conservation of hunting areas, our results suggest that hunting fees must increase as a consequence of diminished supply. These findings are broadly applicable to hunted lion populations throughout Africa and to inform global efforts to conserve exploited carnivore populations.
Preservation of the 3D Phenotype Upon Dispersal of Cultured Cell Spheroids Into Monolayer Cultures
Authors: Koshkin Vasilij , Ailles Laurie E. , Liu Geoffrey , Krylov Sergey N. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn functional cytometric studies, cultured cells are exposed to effectors (e.g., drugs), and the heterogeneity of cell responses are studied using cytometry techniques (e.g., image cytometry). Such studies are difficult to perform on 3D cell cultures. A solution is to disperse 3D clusters and transfer the cells to the 2D state before applying effectors and using cytometry. This approach requires that the lifetime of the 3D phenotype be longer than the duration of the experiment. Here we studied the dynamics of phenotype transformation from 3D to 2D and searched for means of slowing this transformation down in dispersed spheroids of MCF7 cells. We found three functional biomarkers of the 3D phenotype in MCF7 cell spheroids that are absent in the 2D cell culture: (i) the presence of a subpopulation with an elevated drug‐expelling capacity; (ii) the presence of a subpopulation with an elevated cytoprotective capacity; and (iii) the accumulation of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Monitoring these biomarkers in cells transferred from the 3D state to the 2D state revealed their gradual extinction. We found that the combined application of an elevated cell density and thiol‐containing medium supplements increased the lifetime of the 3D phenotype by several fold to as long as 96 h. Our results suggest that extending the lifetime of the 3D phenotype in the cells transferred from the 3D state to the 2D state can facilitate detailed functional cytometric studies, such as measurements of population heterogeneity of cytotoxicity, chemosensitivity, and radiosensitivity. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 154–162, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eleven years of ground–air temperature tracking over different land cover types
Authors: Cermak Vladimir , Bodri Louise , Kresl Milan , Dedecek Petr , Safanda Jan 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTWe have analyzed series of air, near‐surface and shallow ground temperatures under four land cover types, namely bare clayey soil, sand, short‐cut grass and asphalt; the samples were collected between 2002 and 2013 and monitored at the Geothermal Climate Change Observatory Sporilov, Prague (50°02.43′N, 14°28.54′E, 226 m a.s.l.). A comparison of all of the obtained temperature series revealed a strong dependence of the subsurface thermal regime on the respective surface cover material. The ground ‘skin’ temperature was generally warmer than the surface air temperature over all monitored surfaces; however, the temperatures over different land cover types differed significantly. Asphalt exhibited the highest temperatures, and temperatures below the grassy surface were the lowest. Special attention was paid to assessing the value of the ‘temperature offset’, the instant value of which sometimes varied dramatically, on both daily and annual scales, by up to 30+ K; however, on a long‐time scale, the temperature offset was generally constant and reflected the surface material. The characteristic 2003–2013 mean values for the individual covers are as follows: asphalt 4.1 K, sand 1.6 K, clay 1.4 K and grass 0.2 K. All four surface covers revealed typical daily and inter‐annual cycles, which were monitored and are discussed in detail. Incident solar radiation was the primary variable for determining the amount and temporal changes of the temperature offset values. A linear relationship between air–ground temperature differences and incident solar radiation was detected. The mean slope of the linear regression between both variables is clearly surface cover dependent. The greatest value, 3.3 K per 100 W m−2, was found for asphalt cover; rates of 1.0–1.2 apply to bare soil and sand cover, and a negative slope of −0.44 K per 100 W m−2 represents grass cover.
Effect of Mechanical Constraint on Tearing Energy of Polymer Membranes
Authors: Yuen Pak Yan , Dauskardt Reinhold H. 
Published: June 2016

The role of mechanical constraint on the tearing behavior of perfluorosulfonic acid and polyethylene membranes is examined. A constrained tearing test is employed to measure the tearing energy when the formation of a plastic zone ahead of the tear tip is constrained. It is shown that the tearing energy decreases with increasing constraint associated with a smaller plastic zone and is much lower than the tearing energy with no constraint. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the tearing rate has a strong effect on the tearing energy when the membrane is unconstrained, but a much smaller effect when the membrane is constrained as the viscoelastic relaxation processes related to the plastic zone are suppressed. The results highlight the significant role of mechanical constraint on the tearing behavior of membranes during both testing and in application.
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Whole lung morphometry with 3D multiple b‐value hyperpolarized gas MRI and compressed sensing
Authors: Chan Ho‐Fung , Stewart Neil J. , Parra‐Robles Juan , Collier Guilhem J. , Wild Jim M. 
Published: June 2016

PurposeTo demonstrate three‐dimensional (3D) multiple b‐value diffusion‐weighted (DW) MRI of hyperpolarized 3He gas for whole lung morphometry with compressed sensing (CS).MethodsA fully‐sampled, two b‐value, 3D hyperpolarized 3He DW‐MRI dataset was acquired from the lungs of a healthy volunteer and retrospectively undersampled in the ky and kz phase‐encoding directions for CS simulations. Optimal k‐space undersampling patterns were determined by minimizing the mean absolute error between reconstructed and fully‐sampled 3He apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Prospective three‐fold, undersampled, 3D multiple b‐value 3He DW‐MRI datasets were acquired from five healthy volunteers and one chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient, and the mean values of maps of ADC and mean alveolar dimension (LmD) were validated against two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D fully‐sampled 3He DW‐MRI experiments.ResultsReconstructed undersampled datasets showed no visual artifacts and good preservation of the main image features and quantitative information. A good agreement between fully‐sampled and prospective undersampled datasets was found, with a mean difference of +3.4% and +5.1% observed in mean global ADC and LmD values, respectively. These differences were within the standard deviation range and consistent with values reported from healthy and COPD lungs.ConclusionsAccelerated CS acquisition has facilitated 3D multiple b‐value 3He DW‐MRI scans in a single breath‐hold, enabling whole lung morphometry mapping. Magn Reson Med 77:1916–1925, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Full‐scale lateral impact testing of prestressed concrete girder
Authors: Jing Yuan , Ma Zhongguo John , Clarke David B. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLateral impact damage from over‐height vehicle collisions with bridge superstructures is of increasing concern in the United States. However this issue is not fully addressed in current bridge specifications. Previous researchers have conducted a number of small‐scale tests to study the impact process. Also, the finite element method has largely been used to analyze the complicated collision mechanism. This paper provides an opportunity for full‐scale lateral impact testing of a prestressed concrete girder, which leads to a realistic level of damage and mechanism analysis. A full‐scale lateral impact testing facility was designed and built on a construction site in Knoxville, Tennessee. The over‐height vehicle impact was simulated by impacting the bottom of an AASHTO Type I prestressed concrete girder with an impact cart. This paper describes the details of the impact testing facility as well as the response of the prestressed concrete girder during lateral impact. The collected test data were calibrated by using finite element software ABAQUS.
Population models at stochastic times
Authors: Orsingher Enzo , Ricciuti Costantino , Toaldo Bruno 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this paper we consider time-changed models of population evolutionXf(t) =X(Hf(t)), whereXis a counting process andHfis a subordinator with Laplace exponentf. In the case whereXis a pure birth process, we study the form of the distribution, the intertimes between successive jumps, and the condition of explosion (also in the case of killed subordinators). We also investigate the case whereXrepresents a death process (linear or sublinear) and study the extinction probabilities as a function of the initial population sizen0. Finally, the subordinated linear birth–death process is considered. Special attention is devoted to the case where birth and death rates coincide; the sojourn times are also analysed.
Shape theorems for Poisson hail on a bivariate ground
Authors: Baccelli François , Chang-Lara Héctor A. , Foss Sergey 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We consider an extension of the Poisson hail model where the service speed is either 0 or ∞ at each point of the Euclidean space. We use and develop tools pertaining to sub-additive ergodic theory in order to establish shape theorems for the growth of the ice-heap under light tail assumptions on the hailstone characteristics. The asymptotic shape depends on the statistics of the hailstones, the intensity of the underlying Poisson point process, and on the geometrical properties of the zero speed set.
THE SMOOTH STRUCTURE OF THE SPACE OF PIECEWISE-SMOOTH LOOPS
Authors: STACEY ANDREW 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe consider the problem of defining the structure of a smooth manifold on the various spaces of piecewise-smooth loops in a smooth finite-dimensional manifold. We succeed for a particular type of piecewise-smooth loops. We also examine the action of the diffeomorphism group of the circle. It is not a useful action on the manifold that we define. We consider how one might fix this problem and conclude that it can only be done by completing to the space of loops of bounded variation.