bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating historical drought characteristics simulated in CORDEX East Asia against observations
Authors: Um Myoung‐Jin , Kim Yeonjoo , Kim Jeongbin 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThis study aims to understand how well regional climate models (RCMs) reproduce the observed characteristics of droughts based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) over East Asia. While RCMs from CORDEX East Asia have been evaluated in terms of the mean and extreme values of precipitation and air temperature in the literature, their performance based on drought characteristics has not been revealed. Therefore, we investigate the temporal characteristics, such as the trend and stationarity, and other drought measures, such as the drought frequency, duration, severity and spatial extent, to determine how well these factors are captured and how they vary among the different models, including four RCMs, their ensemble mean and a driving general circulation model (GCM). The results are compared to a 26‐year observational dataset (1980 to 2005) from APHRODITE. Based on our analyses of the results, the specific findings are as follows. First, based on Mann–Kendall (MK) trend tests, the SPEI shows decreasing trends over the northern part of the domain and no trends in other regions, and these tendencies are captured by a limited number of RCMs. Notably, these trends were not captured by the ensemble mean of RCMs. Second, based on the Phillips–Perron stationarity test, stationarity is dominant in most regions based on both the observations and the RCMs. Third, the frequency decreases with increasing duration in all regions. This tendency is generally captured in the models to varying extents. Fourth, the drought severity decreases with increasing duration in all cases, as expected. However, the drought severity diverges markedly among the RCMs. Finally, estimates of the spatial extent using the RCMs are generally accurate in wet regions but inaccurate in dry regions. Furthermore, the spatial extents of the droughts diverge among the RCMs, and the models fail to accurately capture drought events with large spatial scales.
Visual effects on the subjective visual vertical and subjective postural head vertical during static roll‐tilt
Authors: Tamura Atsushi , Wada Yoshiro , Kurita Akihiro , Matsunobu Takeshi , Inui Takuo , Shiotani Akihiro 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesTilt perception is part of the perception of spatial orientation. It is determined not only by the allocentric gravity axis, but also by a second allocentric axis induced by visual information as well as by the egocentric body (head) axis induced by somatosensory information. The aim of this study was to quantify roll‐tilt perception using the subjective visual vertical (SVV) and the newly developed subjective postural head vertical (SPHV) and to investigate the visual effects on both during static roll‐tilt.Study DesignBasic scienceMethodsNine male volunteers participated in this study. A flight simulator was used to create several roll‐tilt environments that were then combined with visual information. SVV and SPHV were evaluated in healthy participants during static roll‐tilt.ResultsThe SVV evaluation revealed significant differences between the dark condition (control) and other visual conditions with respect to some of the body roll‐tilt environments, and between a body roll‐tilt of 0° and ≥ 20°. The SPHV evaluation revealed a significant difference between the dark condition and the visual condition that was always roll‐tilted 20° to the right of the body axis. However, there were no significant differences in SPHV error between a body roll‐tilt of 0° and other tilt angles for every visual condition, unlike SVV error.ConclusionsOur data indicate that human susceptibility to spatial disorientation is dependent on roll‐tilt angle and visual information. They also suggest that the SPHV is not affected by roll‐tilt angle, and thus differs from SVV.Level of EvidenceNA
Water‐Soluble Polymers with Strong Photoluminescence through an Eco‐Friendly and Low‐Cost Route
Authors: Guo Zhaoyan , Ru Yue , Song Wenbo , Liu Zhenjie , Zhang Xiaohong , Qiao Jinliang 
Published: May 2017

Photoluminescence (PL) of nonconjugated polymers brings a favorable opportunity for low‐cost and nontoxic luminescent materials, while most of them still exhibit relatively weak emission. Strong PL from poly[(maleic anhydride)‐alt‐(vinyl acetate)] (PMV) from low‐cost monomer has been found in organic solvents, yet the necessity of noxious solvents would hinder its practical applications. Herein, through a novel, eco‐friendly, and one‐step route, PMV‐derived PL polymers can be fabricated with the highest quantum yield of 87% among water‐soluble nonconjugated PL polymers ever reported. These PMV‐derived polymers emit strong blue emission in both solutions and solids, and can be transformed into red‐emission agents easily. These PL polymers exhibit application potentials in light‐conversion agricultural films. It is assumed that this work not only puts forward a convenient preparation routine for nonconjugated polymers with high PL, but also provides an industrial application possibility for them.
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TERMITE: An R script for fast reduction of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry data and its application to trace element measurements
Authors: Mischel Simon A. , Mertz‐Kraus Regina , Jochum Klaus Peter , Scholz Denis 
Published: May 2017

RationaleHigh spatial resolution Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS) determination of trace element concentrations is of great interest for geological and environmental studies. Data reduction is a very important aspect of LA‐ICP‐MS, and several commercial programs for handling LA‐ICPMS trace element data are available. Each of these software packages has its specific advantages and disadvantages.MethodsHere we present TERMITE, an R script for the reduction of LA‐ICPMS data, which can reduce both spot and line scan measurements. Several parameters can be adjusted by the user, who does not necessarily need prior knowledge in R. Currently, ten reference materials with different matrices for calibration of LA‐ICPMS data are implemented, and additional reference materials can be added by the user. TERMITE also provides an optional outlier test, and the results are provided graphically (as a pdf file) as well as numerically (as a csv file).ResultsAs an example, we apply TERMITE to a speleothem sample and compare the results with those obtained using the commercial software GLITTER. The two programs give similar results. TERMITE is particularly useful for samples that are homogeneous with respect to their major element composition (in particular for the element used as an internal standard) and when many measurements are performed using the same analytical parameters. In this case, data evaluation using TERMITE is much faster than with all other available software, and the concentrations of more than 100 single spot measurements can be calculated in less than a minute.ConclusionsTERMITE is an open‐source software for the reduction of LA‐ICPMS data, which is particularly useful for the fast, reproducible evaluation of large datasets of samples that are homogeneous with respect to their major element composition. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A DFT Study of the Structures and Photoelectric Properties of Benzodithiophene‐Based Molecules by Replacing Sulfur with a Variety of Heteroatoms (O, N, P, Si, Se)
Authors: Li Shan , Li Yuanzuo , Song Peng , Ma Fengcai , Yang Yanhui 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe sulfur atoms on TIB were replaced by oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon and selenium atoms to design a serial of new molecules. The bond lengths, dihedral angles, energy levels and energy gaps, ionization potentials, electron affinities, frontier molecular orbitals, absorption and fluorescence spectrums, reorganization energies and charge transfer rates of all molecules were calculated with density functional theory and the time‐dependent density functional theory methods. The results indicated that the structure and photoelectric properties of TIB have obvious changes after atoms substitution. Both sides of the structures of the designed molecules are distorted obviously. The energy levels, energy gaps, ionization potentials and electron affinities, adsorption and fluorescence spectrums, charge transfer and recombination rates of TIB−P and TIB−Si are better than that of other molecules. It is found that proper atoms substitution can effectively improve the photoelectric properties.
Silver‐Catalyzed Biomimetic Transfer Hydrogenation of N‐Heteroaromatics with Hantzsch Esters as NADH Analogues
Authors: Pi Danwei , Zhou Haifeng , Cui Peng , He Renke , Sui Yuebo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA silver‐catalyzed biomimetic transfer hydrogenation of N‐heteroaromatics with Hantzsch esters as NADH analogues has been developed. The reaction proceeded smoothly under mild conditions to give the corresponding reductive products in up to 99% yield. The asymmetric version of this reaction was also conducted preliminarily with up to 66% ee.
Solvent‐Free 4 V‐Class All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Polymer Secondary Batteries
Authors: Seki Shiro 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTo realize high‐safety, large‐scaled energy storage devices, solvent‐free lithium‐ion secondary batteries using polyether‐based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) were fabricated. We fabricated 4 V‐class [LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 positive electrode | SPE | graphite negative electrode] cells after designing suitable SPE / electrode interfaces, for example, by modification of the LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 positive electrode surface and control of the electrochemical reaction area at the graphite negative electrode. The prepared cell showed a reversible capacity of over 120 mAhg−1 (based on the LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 capacity) with favorable cycle properties. The possibility of achieving high‐safety, high‐performance (high voltage operation), low‐cost new battery systems was demonstrated.
Prevalence and Predictors of Low Sexual Desire, Sexually Related Personal Distress, and Hypoactive Sexual Desire Dysfunction in a Community-Based Sample of Midlife Women
Authors: Worsley Roisin , Bell Robin J. , Gartoulla Pragya , Davis Susan R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Background
Low desire is the most common sexual problem in women at midlife. Prevalence data are limited by lack of validated instruments or exclusion of un-partnered or sexually inactive women.

Aim
To document the prevalence of and factors associated with low desire, sexually related personal distress, and hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction (HSDD) using validated instruments.

Methods
Cross-sectional, nationally representative, community-based sample of 2,020 Australian women 40 to 65 years old.

Outcomes
Low desire was defined as a score no higher than 5.0 on the desire domain of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI); sexually related personal distress was defined as a score of at least 11.0 on the Female Sexual Distress Scale–Revised; and HSDD was defined as a combination of these scores. The Menopause Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to document menopausal vasomotor symptoms. The Beck Depression Inventory–II was used to identify moderate to severe depressive symptoms (score ≥ 20).

Results
The prevalence of low desire was 69.3% (95% CI = 67.3–71.3), that of sexually related personal distress was 40.5% (95% CI = 38.4–42.6), and that of HSDD was 32.2% (95% CI = 30.1–34.2). Of women who were not partnered or sexually active, 32.4% (95% CI = 24.4–40.2) reported sexually related personal distress. Factors associated with HSDD in an adjusted logistic regression model included being partnered (odds ratio [OR] = 3.30, 95% CI = 2.46–4.41), consuming alcohol (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.16–1.89), vaginal dryness (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.66–2.61), pain during or after intercourse (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.27–2.09), moderate to severe depressive symptoms (OR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.99–3.64), and use of psychotropic medication (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.10–1.83). Vasomotor symptoms were not associated with low desire, sexually related personal distress, or HSDD.

Clinical Implications
Given the high prevalence, clinicians should screen midlife women for HSDD.

Strengths and Limitations
Strengths include the large size and representative nature of the sample and the use of validated tools. Limitations include the requirement to complete a written questionnaire in English. Questions within the FSFI limit the applicability of FSFI total scores, but not desire domain scores, in recently sexually inactive women, women without a partner, and women who do not engage in penetrative intercourse.

Conclusions
Low desire, sexually related personal distress, and HSDD are common in women at midlife, including women who are un-partnered or sexually inactive. Some factors associated with HSDD, such as psychotropic medication use and vaginal dryness, are modifiable or can be treated with safe and effective therapies.
Clinicians' views on conversations and shared decision making in diagnostic testing for Alzheimer's disease: The ABIDE project
Authors: Kunneman Marleen , Smets Ellen M.A. , Bouwman Femke H. , Schoonenboom Niki S.M. , Zwan Marissa D. , Pel‐Littel Ruth , van der Flier Wiesje M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionThis study explores clinicians' views on and experiences with when, how, and by whom decisions about diagnostic testing for Alzheimer's disease are made and how test results are discussed with patients.MethodsFollowing a preparatory focus group with 13 neurologists and geriatricians, we disseminated an online questionnaire among 200 memory clinic clinicians.ResultsRespondents were 95 neurologists and geriatricians (response rate 47.5%). Clinicians (74%) indicated that decisions about testing are made before the first encounter, yet they favored a shared decision‐making approach. Patient involvement seems limited to receiving information. Clinicians with less tolerance for uncertainty preferred a bigger say in decisions (P < .05). Clinicians indicated to always communicate the diagnosis (94%), results of different tests (88%–96%), and risk of developing dementia (66%).DiscussionClinicians favor patient involvement in deciding about diagnostic testing, but conversations about decisions and test results can be improved and supported.
The Missing Argument: The Article that Changed the Course of
History?
Authors: Benvenisti Eyal 
Published: May 2017

In July 1967, one month after Israel's occupation of the West Bank, Gaza
Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights, Israel's Military Advocate
General (MAG), Colonel Meir Shamgar, appeared before a Knesset committee to
discuss the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)’s duties in the areas under its
control. Col. Shamgar had led the MAG Corps in the preparations in the event
that a future war would find the army occupying beyond Israel's borders.
Col. Shamgar began his presentation by stating: In terms of the legal background, our point of departure is that we have
to respect both the fundamental pursuits of the State of Israel as its
military forces begin to control an area that has been liberated by the
IDF, and the rules of public international law that apply to the actions
of any military in control of an area that was, until its entry, subject
to the sovereignty of a foreign political entity.The guiding rules in this realm are the rules of public international
law, which are reflected in The Hague Regulations of 1907 … and
in the … Fourth Geneva Convention on the Protection of Civilians
in Times of War.
Paleocene echinoid faunas of the eastern United States
Authors: Zachos Louis G. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTwenty-one species of echinoid are reported from Paleocene rocks of the eastern United States along the outcrop belt from Texas to New Jersey. Six of these are strictly early Paleocene age (Danian), nine strictly late Paleocene age (Thanetian), five range throughout the Paleocene, and one previously reported Paleocene species (Diplodetus moscovensis) is most likely a Cretaceous species. Two new species are described,Salenia palmyran. sp., from the Danian Clayton Formation in Alabama and Georgia, andOva rancocan. sp., from the Thanetian Vincentown Formation in New Jersey. One new species from the Clayton Formation in Mississippi,Arbaciella? sp., is left in open nomenclature.
Redefining Wartime Chongqing: International capital of a global power in the making, 1938–46
Authors: CHANG VINCENT K. L. , ZHOU YONG 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis article examines the historical role and legacy of the foreign establishment in China's temporary capital Chongqing during the Chinese War of Resistance against Japan and the Second World War. This extraordinary episode, lasting from 1938 to 1946, ushered in a new era for China's foreign diplomacy and laid the foundation for its rise to world-power status. Placing Chongqing at the very heart of this epochal chapter in modern Chinese history, this article describes the major events, trends, and actors that directly or indirectly were instrumental to China's wartime transformation from a partitioned, de facto colony to a first-rate global power with a permanent seat among the ‘Big Five’. Seventy years after the end of the Second World War, this article presents fresh perspectives on a near-forgotten episode of China's war experience. Moving beyond the traditional typecasting of ‘Chungking’ as a primitive backwater in China's remote hinterland, this article reappraises wartime Chongqing as a major international centre at the spearhead of global change and as an important cradle of the modern power that China is today.
Production and comprehension of Frenchwh-questions by children with autism spectrum disorder: A comparative study with specific language impairment
Authors: PRÉVOST PHILIPPE , TULLER LAURICE , BARTHEZ MARIE ANNE , MALVY JOËLLE , BONNET-BRILHAULT FRÉDÉRIQUE 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe nature of structural language difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was explored in a comparative study with specific language impairment (SLI) through investigation of the frequently reported ASD weakness in receptive skills relative to expressive skills. Twenty French-speaking children with ASD aged 6 to 12 were compared to age-matched children with SLI on production and comprehension ofwh-questions. The two groups displayed similar effects of the complexity of the differentwh-strategies. In the ASD group (as in the SLI group), these effects were not greater in comprehension compared to production; moreover, nonverbal ability (which varied from normal to impaired) was not related to language performance. Observed ASD-SLI differences are argued to largely be due to ASD pragmatic deficits, rather than to a qualitative difference in structural language skills.
Longitudinal Trajectories of Informant-Reported Daily Functioning in Empirically Defined Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Thomas Kelsey R. , Edmonds Emily C. , Delano-Wood Lisa , Bondi Mark W. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectives: Within the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)’s mild cognitive impairment (MCI) cohort, we previously identified MCI subtypes as well as participants initially diagnosed with MCI but found to have normal neuropsychological, biomarker, and neuroimaging profiles. We investigated the functional change over time in these empirically derived MCI subgroups. Methods: ADNI MCI participants (n=654) were classified using cluster analysis as Amnestic MCI (single-domain memory impairment), Dysnomic MCI (memory+language impairments), Dysexecutive/Mixed MCI (memory+language+attention/executive impairments), or Cluster-Derived Normal (CDN). Robust normal control participants (NCs; n=284) were also examined. The Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) was administered at baseline through 48-month follow-up. Multilevel modeling examined FAQ trajectories by cognitive subgroup. Results: The Dysexecutive/Mixed group demonstrated the fastest rate of decline across all groups. Amnestic and Dysnomic groups showed steeper rates of decline than CDNs. While CDNs had more functional difficulty than NCs across visits, both groups’ mean FAQ scores remained below its suggested cutoff at all visits. Conclusions: Results (a) show the importance of executive dysfunction in the context of other impaired cognitive domains when predicting functional decline in at-risk elders, and (b) support our previous work demonstrating that ADNI’s MCI criteria may have resulted in false-positive MCI diagnoses, given the CDN’s better FAQ trajectory than those of the cognitively impaired MCI groups. (JINS, 2017, 23, 521–527)
Dosimetric comparison of photon beam profile characteristics for different treatment parameters
Authors: Shamsi Qurat-ul-ain , Atiq Maria , Atiq Atia , Ahmad Buzdar Saeed , Iqbal Khalid , Iqbal Muhammad Mazhar 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPurposeTo deliver radiation doses with higher accuracy, radiation treatment through megavoltage photon beams from linear accelerators, is accepted widely for treating malignancies. Before calibrating the linear accelerators, it is essential to make a complete analysis of all photon beam profile parameters. The main objective of this exploration was to investigate the 6 and 15 MV photon beam profile characteristics to improve the accuracy of radiation treatment plans.MethodsIn this exploration, treatment parameters like depth, field size and beam energy were varied to observe their effect on dosimetric characteristics of beam profiles in a water phantom, generated by linear accelerator Varian Clinac.ResultsThe results revealed thatDmaxandDmindecreased with increasing depth but increased with increasing field sizes. Both left and right penumbras increased with increasing depth, field size and energy. Homogeneity increased with field size but decreased with depth. Symmetry had no dependence on depth, energy and field size.ConclusionAll the characteristics of photon beam dosimetry were analysed and the characteristics like homogeneity and symmetry measured by an ion chamber in a water phantom came within clinically acceptable level of 3 and 103%, respectively, thus fulfilled the requirements of standard linear accelerator specifications. This exploration can be extended to the determination of beam profile characteristics of electron and photon beams of other energies at various depths and field sizes for designing optimum treatment plans.
Property institutions and the limits of Coase
Authors: LUECK DEAN 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCoase's (1960) contractual single-exchange framework is challenged by Arruñada (2017) as a framework that cannot be used to understand the complex nature of property law and related institutions. Arruñada proposes the sequential exchange model as an alternative framework. Differences between the two approaches are considered and some applications in land and natural resources are used to evaluate his critique. These cases support Arruñada's critique of the simple contracting approach to property, showing that for many natural resources private contracting has not been the solution and that a mix of property institutions govern. Contrary to Arruñada, however, I argue that the limits of the single-exchange framework arise not because of sequential exchange, but because assets (parcels of land) are complex and physically connected.