bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-Dimensional NMR Lineshape Analysis
Authors: Waudby Christopher Andrew , Ramos Andres , Cabrita Lisa D. , Christodoulou John 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNMR titration experiments are a rich source of structural, mechanistic, thermodynamic and kinetic information on biomolecular interactions, which can be extracted through the quantitative analysis of resonance lineshapes. However, applications of such analyses are frequently limited by peak overlap inherent to complex biomolecular systems. Moreover, systematic errors may arise due to the analysis of two-dimensional data using theoretical frameworks developed for one-dimensional experiments. Here we introduce a more accurate and convenient method for the analysis of such data, based on the direct quantum mechanical simulation and fitting of entire two-dimensional experiments, which we implement in a new software tool, TITAN (TITration ANalysis). We expect the approach, which we demonstrate for a variety of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions, to be particularly useful in providing information on multi-step or multi-component interactions.
Design engineers’ perception of health and safety and its impact in the design process
Authors: Morrow Susan , Hare Billy , Cameron Iain 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to consider design engineers’ perception of health and safety and its impact on their behaviour during design activity. The study presents three types of design engineers each, exhibiting particular tendencies when faced with health and safety considerations during design. The discovery of these tendencies pose important implications for education and professional institutions and practical measures are suggested to help design engineers manage their tendencies to be more conducive to ensuring improved health and safety performance.

Design/methodology/approach
– An exploratory design method was used – grounded theory, to include 13, in-depth, one-to-one interviews with design engineers, representing junior staff, middle and senior management.

Findings
– The paper provides empirical insights about how designers think and behave when asked to consider health and safety issues during the design process. It identifies three group types of designers: doers, receivers and givers, who will exhibit their particular tendencies based on how they view and understand the term health and safety.

Research limitations/implications
– The data obtained were from design engineers only, and therefore the research results may lack generalisability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions.

Practical implications
– The paper includes implications for those involved in the creation and development of designers e.g., educators and professional bodies. The data forms the basis for helping designers to manage their perceptions towards the term health and safety and thus, their tendencies exhibited in their behaviour.

Originality/value
– This paper contributes to new understanding of designers’ behaviour and considers the significance of how designers’ views of health and safety will influence their behaviour.
Embeddedness of codes of ethics in construction organizations
Authors: Oladinrin Olugbenga Timo , Ho Christabel Man-Fong 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The existence of codes of ethics in most organizations does not seem to have reduced unethical behaviour especially in the construction organizations due to lack of effective ethics management such as embeddedness of ethical codes. The purpose of this paper is to bridge the current knowledge gap by highlighting the principal factors determining the embeddedness of codes of ethics in construction organizations.

Design/methodology/approach
– Questionnaires detailing 30 factors determining ethical code embeddedness were sent to professionals in construction organizations in Hong Kong. In total, 160 valid responses were analysed by mean score and exploratory factor analysis.

Findings
– Based on the mean score, “protecting anyone who exposes alleged wrongdoing”, “managers acting as role models” and “giving code standards with explanation to new employees” are the three factors that ranked highest. From the results of factor analysis, six factors were extracted, including; process of code internalization, identification and remover of barriers, process of enacting value, process of accountability, process of coding and process of monitoring. These are processes that enable proper integration of codes of ethics within construction organization.

Research limitations/implications
– While this study has provided useful information regarding ethical codes, the limitation is inherent in the population of the study in that, percentage representation of construction organizations in Hong Kong could not be presented. This was due to the sensitivity of ethics as perceived by construction practitioners. The authors, at the initial stage, sent invitation letters to several organizations inviting them to participate in the research but they all declined. Therefore, the data collection approach discussed earlier was adopted and the questionnaire was made strictly anonymous which made it difficult to classify organizations that are represented. Nevertheless, it is hoped that this paper will engineer a change in research direction and open up new discussion channels.

Originality/value
– The results presented in this study provide sufficient evidence and useful pointers to clarify some misconceptions about factors determining code embeddedness. These findings help to clarify what the high-prioritized factors are, and could also be used as an assessment tool to evaluate performance of an organization regarding codes of ethics and thus help to identify areas requiring improvement.
Rapid lactate oxidase‐based assay for lactate content in milk to ascertain its hygienic quality
Authors: Kumar Brajesh , Sharma Rajan , Thakur Rahul , Barui Amit Kumar , Rajput Yudhishthir S , Mann Bimlesh 
Published: February 2016

A rapid method for qualitative and quantitative assaying of l‐lactate in milk is described. The method is based on oxidation of lactate by lactate oxidase with the simultaneous formation of H2O2 which subsequently oxidises 2, 4, 6‐tribromo 3‐hydroxy benzoic acid (TBHBA) in the presence of peroxidase. Oxidised TBHBA then reacts with 4‐amino antipyrine to obtain magenta colour (λmax = 523 nm). In the qualitative assay, colour change becomes visible in raw milk samples spiked with 300 mg lactate/L. The absorbance increases linearly up to 1000 mg/L. The method can be used for rapid assessment of the hygienic quality of milk.
Low serum albumin and advanced age predict early mortality in Asian patients with extreme elevations of serum aminotransferase
Authors: Chang Pik Eu , Goh George Boon‐Bee , Tan Chee Kiat 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveExtreme elevations of serum aminotransferases (EESAT), defined as alanine transaminase (ALT) or aspartate transaminase (AST) level of above 3000 U/L, reflect severe liver injury and poor outcomes of the patients. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, etiology and clinical outcomes of EESAT in Asian patients and to identify the predictors of early mortality.MethodsMedical records of patients with EESAT over a 1‐year period were retrospectively analyzed for disease prevalence, etiology and clinical outcome. The primary outcome was 28‐day mortality (defined as death occurring within 28 days of the onset of EESAT). A logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality.ResultsA total of 101 patients with a mean age of 57.4 ± 18.0 years met the criteria for EESAT, resulted in a prevalence of 1.4 per 1000 admissions. Altogether 63.4% of the patients were men. The etiologies of EESAT were hypoxic hepatitis (74.2%), viral hepatitis (20.8%), rhabdomyolysis (3.0%), drug‐induced hepatitis (1.0%) and choledocholithiasis (1%). The 28‐day mortality of EESAT was 53.5%. EESAT due to hypoxic hepatitis was associated with high mortality (70.7%) whereas the mortality risk was low in EESAT from viral hepatitis (9.5%). Serum albumin <28 g/L (HR 5.78, 95% CI 1.41–23.62) and age >55 years (HR 4.81, 95% CI 1.29–17.90) were independent predictors of mortality.ConclusionsThe main etiology of EESAT is hypoxic hepatitis, which carries a high mortality. EESAT due to viral hepatitis is common in Asians and has a good outcome. Low serum albumin and elder age are independent predictors of early mortality in EESAT patients.
Biocontrol agents promote growth of potato pathogens, depending on environmental conditions
Authors: Cray Jonathan A. , Connor Mairéad C. , Stevenson Andrew , Houghton Jonathan D. R. , Rangel Drauzio E. N. , Cooke Louise R. , Hallsworth John E. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThere is a pressing need to understand and optimize biological control so as to avoid over‐reliance on the synthetic chemical pesticides that can damage environmental and human health. This study focused on interactions between a novel biocontrol‐strain, Bacillus sp. JC12GB43, and potato‐pathogenic Phytophthora and Fusarium species. In assays carried out in vitro and on the potato tuber, the bacterium was capable of near‐complete inhibition of pathogens. This Bacillus was sufficiently xerotolerant (water activity limit for growth = 0.928) to out‐perform Phytophthora infestans (~0.960) and challenge Fusarium coeruleum (~0.847) and Fusarium sambucinum (~0.860) towards the lower limits of their growth windows. Under some conditions, however, strain JC12GB43 stimulated proliferation of the pathogens: for instance, Fusarium coeruleum growth‐rate was increased under chaotropic conditions in vitro (132 mM urea) by >100% and on tubers (2‐M glycerol) by up to 570%. Culture‐based assays involving macromolecule‐stabilizing (kosmotropic) compatible solutes provided proof‐of‐principle that the Bacillus may provide kosmotropic metabolites to the plant pathogen under conditions that destabilize macromolecular systems of the fungal cell. Whilst unprecedented, this finding is consistent with earlier reports that fungi can utilize metabolites derived from bacterial cells. Unless the antimicrobial activities of candidate biocontrol strains are assayed over a full range of field‐relevant parameters, biocontrol agents may promote plant pathogen infections and thereby reduce crop yields. These findings indicate that biocontrol activity, therefore, ought to be regarded as a mode‐of‐behaviour (dependent on prevailing conditions) rather than an inherent property of a bacterial strain.
Stimulating soil microorganisms for mineralizing the herbicide isoproturon by means of microbial electroremediating cells
Authors: Rodrigo Quejigo Jose , Dörfler Ulrike , Schroll Reiner , Esteve‐Núñez Abraham 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThe absence of suitable terminal electron acceptors (TEA) in soil might limit the oxidative metabolism of environmental microbial populations. Microbial electroremediating cells (MERCs) consist in a variety of bioelectrochemical devices that aim to overcome electron acceptor limitation and maximize metabolic oxidation with the purpose of enhancing the biodegradation of a pollutant in the environment. The objective of this work was to use MERCs principles for stimulating soil bacteria to achieve the complete biodegradation of the herbicide 14C‐isoproturon (IPU) to 14CO2 in soils. Our study concludes that using electrodes at a positive potential [+600 mV (versus Ag/AgCl)] enhanced the mineralization by 20‐fold respect the electrode‐free control. We also report an overall profile of the 14C‐IPU metabolites and a 14C mass balance in response to the different treatments. The remarkable impact of electrodes on the microbial activity of natural communities suggests a promising future for this emerging environmental technology that we propose to name bioelectroventing.
The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised
Authors: Rogeberg Ole , Elvik Rune 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimsTo determine whether and to what extent acute cannabis intoxication increases motor vehicle crash risk.DesignStudy 1 replicates two published meta‐analyses, correcting for methodological shortcomings. Study 2 is an updated meta‐analysis using 28 estimates from 21 observational studies. These included studies from three earlier reviews, supplemented by results from a structured search in Web of Science and Google Scholar, and by the personal libraries of the research team. Risk estimates were combined using random‐effects models and meta‐regression techniques.SettingStudy 1 replicates the analysis of Asbridge et al., based on nine studies from five countries, published 1982–2007; and Li et al., based on nine studies from six countries, published 2001–10. Study 2 involves studies from 13 countries published in the period 1982–2015.ParticipantsIn study 1, total counts extracted totalled 50 877 (27 967 cases, 22 910 controls) for Asbridge et al. and 93 229 (4236 cases and 88 993 controls) for Li et al. Study 2 used confounder‐adjusted estimates where available (combined sample size of 222 511) and crude counts from the remainder (17 228 total counts), giving a combined sample count of 239 739.MeasurementsOdds ratios (OR) were used from case–control studies and adjusted OR analogues from culpability studies. The impact of the substantial variation in confounder adjustment was explored in subsample analyses.FindingsStudy 1 substantially revises previous risk estimates downwards, with both the originally reported point estimates lying outside the revised confidence interval. Revised estimates were similar to those of study 2, which found cannabis‐impaired driving associated with a statistically significant risk increase of low‐to‐moderate magnitude [random‐effects model OR 1.36 (1.15–1.61), meta‐regression OR 1.22 (1.1–1.36)]. Subsample analyses found higher OR estimates for case–control studies, low study quality, limited control of confounders, medium‐quality use data and not controlling for alcohol intoxication.ConclusionsAcute cannabis intoxication is associated with a statistically significant increase in motor vehicle crash risk. The increase is of low to medium magnitude. Remaining selection effects in the studies used may limit causal interpretation of the pooled estimates.
From the Panama Canal to Post‐Fordism: Producing Temporary Labor Migrants Within and Beyond Agriculture in the United States (1904–2013)
Authors: Clark Gabrielle E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the historical study of modern American capitalism, labor unfreedom in agriculture has been conceptualized as an exception to liberal labor relations in the post‐slavery polity, from debt peonage to the threat of deportation from workplaces populated by non‐citizen migrants. At the same time, state‐enforced labor compulsions and restrictions are increasingly part and parcel of what scholars call neoliberal exceptionalism. This article argues that agricultural and neoliberal exceptionalisms are related, by tracing the historical genealogy and juridical production of a restrictive work status, the deportable temporary labor migrant, across political economies in the modern United States, from imperial construction in the Panama Canal Zone, to agriculture, to the knowledge economy. Contrary to existing notions of temporary work visas as a new form of unfreedom in neoliberalized advanced capitalist states, I show how the threat of deportation is older and rooted in the rise of the liberal regulatory state in a post‐slavery, yet persistently racial capitalist political economy. The import of understanding this history of government intervention increases as the liberal regulatory state's coercive logics and practices intensify and circulate in agriculture and under a post‐Fordist regime of accumulation, reproducing racial capitalism in the labor process.
Digoxin reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice
Authors: Shi Huairui , Mao Xiaobo , Zhong Yucheng , Liu Yuzhou , Zhao Xiaoqi , Yu Kunwu , Zhu Ruirui , Wei Yuzhen , Zhu Jianghao , Sun Haitao , Mao Yi , Zeng Qiutang 
Published: February 2016

Background and PurposeNumerous in vitro studies have suggested that digoxin suppresses inflammation and alters lipid metabolism. However, the effect of dioxin on atherosclerosis is poorly understood. The present study was conducted to determine whether digoxin affects the development of atherosclerosis in a murine model of atherosclerotic disease.Experimental ApproachApolipoprotein E‐deficient mice maintained on a Western‐type diet were administered PBS (control), low‐dose digoxin (1 mg·kg−1· day−1) or high‐dose digoxin (2 mg·kg−1 · day−1) via i.p. injection for 12 weeks.Key ResultsDigoxin dose‐dependently reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation and plasma lipid levels (reductions of 41% in total cholesterol, 54% in triglycerides and 20% in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in the high‐dose digoxin‐treated group). Moreover, treatment with digoxin markedly attenuated IL‐17A expression and IL‐17A‐related inflammatory responses and increased the abundance of regulatory T cells (Tregs).Conclusions and ImplicationsOur data demonstrate that digoxin acts as a specific antagonist of retinoid‐related orphan receptor‐γ to decrease atherosclerosis by suppressing lipid levels and IL‐17A‐related inflammatory responses.
Determining prevalence of maltreatment among children in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al‐Eissa M. A. , Saleheen H. N. , AlMadani S. , AlBuhairan F. S. , Weber A. , Fluke J. D. , Almuneef M. , Casillas K. L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study is to find out the overall prevalence rates for the major forms of abuse among adolescents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the differences in prevalence by age, gender and living arrangement.MethodsThe cross‐sectional study was conducted in secondary high schools in five of the 13 main regions of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during 2012. Through a multistage stratified sampling technique, a sample (n = 16 939) of adolescents (15‐19 years) were identified and invited to participate. The ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool ‐ Child was used for data collection. The previous year's occurrence of violence exposure, psychological, physical and sexual abuse, and neglect were assessed.ResultsNearly 90% of the adolescents were between 16 and 18 years of age, and over 80% were cared for by both of their biological parents. Annual prevalence of various forms of abuse in the year before the 2012 assessment ranged between 0.10 and 0.65, with the lowest rate for sexual abuse and the highest for psychological abuse. Significantly, greater rates of all forms of abuse/exposure were found when participants lived with their mother or father only (versus with both), and even greater rates for all when they lived with their biological parent and a step‐parent. Rates for violence exposure, psychological abuse and neglect were significantly greater for girls, and rate of sexual abuse was greater for boys.ConclusionsMore attention should be given to the effect of adolescent maltreatment particularly among girls. In addition, sexual abuse prevention programme should be targeted among boys.
Selecting stage ypT0–1N0 for locally advanced rectal cancer following preoperative chemoradiotherapy: implications for potential candidates of organ‐sparing management
Authors: Huang S. H. , Chi P. , Lin H. M. , Lu X. R. , Huang Y. , Xu Z. B. , Sun Y. W. , Ye D. X. , Wang X. J. , Wang X. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimLocal excision or a wait‐and‐see policy may offer the possibility of organ preservation for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Identifying associated factors of good responders (GR) with stage ypT0–1N0 would probably influence the selection of potential candidates who were theoretically eligible for organ‐sparing management. This study was to establish a scoring system to select stage ypT0–1N0 for LARC following preoperative CRT.MethodBetween 2009 and 2014, 262 patients with middle and low LARC were treated with CRT and radical surgery. Clinicopathological data which were found to be significantly associated with GR were incorporated into a scoring system.ResultsFifty‐seven (21.8%) patients were GR with stage ypT0–1N0 in the operative specimen. Multivariate analyses indicated that a low level of pretreatment carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and post‐treatment CEA <2.55 ng/ml (P = 0.008 and P = 0.009 respectively) and long‐axis diameter of residual tumours (P = 0.006) were independently associated with stage ypT0–1N0. The three factors were incorporated into a scoring system. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we determined a cutoff value of −0.3 for scores, at which the system's sensitivity was 71.9% and specificity 73.1%. When applied to testing samples, the sensitivity was 74.1% and specificity 76.2%.ConclusionWe demonstrated that low levels of pretreatment and post‐treatment CEA and the long‐axis diameter of residual tumours were associated with stage ypT0–1N0 for LARC after CRT. Therefore, the three‐factor scoring system may be used to select potential candidates for organ‐sparing management.
How accessible are coral reefs to people? A global assessment based on travel time
Authors: Maire Eva , Cinner Joshua , Velez Laure , Huchery Cindy , Mora Camilo , Dagata Stephanie , Vigliola Laurent , Wantiez Laurent , Kulbicki Michel , Mouillot David 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe depletion of natural resources has become a major issue in many parts of the world, with the most accessible resources being most at risk. In the terrestrial realm, resource depletion has classically been related to accessibility through road networks. In contrast, in the marine realm, the impact on living resources is often framed into the Malthusian theory of human density around ecosystems. Here, we develop a new framework to estimate the accessibility of global coral reefs using potential travel time from the nearest human settlement or market. We show that 58% of coral reefs are located < 30 min from the nearest human settlement. We use a case study from New Caledonia to demonstrate that travel time from the market is a strong predictor of fish biomass on coral reefs. We also highlight a relative deficit of protection on coral reef areas near people, with disproportional protection on reefs far from people. This suggests that conservation efforts are targeting low‐conflict reefs or places that may already be receiving de facto protection due to their isolation. Our global assessment of accessibility in the marine realm is a critical step to better understand the interplay between humans and resources.