bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fibular Strut Graft Augmentation for Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures
Authors: Saltzman Bryan M. , Erickson Brandon J. , Harris Joshua D. , Gupta Anil K. , Mighell Mark , Romeo Anthony A. 
Published: July 2016

Background: Proximal humerus fractures are common problems plaguing the elderly population. Purpose: The purposes of this study were to determine the outcomes of fibular strut allografts in treatment of proximal humerus fractures with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) and to present the authors’ preferred surgical technique. The hypothesis was that the use of fibular strut allografts in treating proximal humerus fractures with ORIF will provide low reoperation rates with acceptable outcomes. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review was registered with PROSPERO and performed with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using 3 publicly available free databases. Therapeutic clinical outcome investigations reporting arthroscopic elbow outcomes with levels of evidence 1 through 4 were eligible for inclusion. All study, subject, and surgical technique demographics were analyzed and compared between continents and countries. Statistics were calculated using Student t tests, 1-way analysis of variance, chi-square tests, and 2-proportion Z tests. Results: Four studies met the inclusion criteria. While there is great heterogeneity existing in the literature surrounding use of a fibular strut allograft as an adjunct to ORIF of proximal humerus fractures, current evidence shows a humeral head screw penetration rate of 3.7% with acceptable functional outcome scores, with a reoperation rate of 4.4% at a weighted mean 80.78 weeks (1.55 years) of postoperative follow-up. Conclusion: There is great heterogeneity that exists in the literature surrounding the use of a fibular strut allograft as an adjunct to ORIF of proximal humerus fractures. Current evidence shows a screw penetration rate of 3.7% with acceptable functional outcome scores, demonstrating fibular strut allograft is a viable option for treating proximal humerus fractures.
LFA-1 integrin antibodies inhibit leukocyte α4β1–mediated adhesion by intracellular signaling
Authors: Grönholm Mikaela , Jahan Farhana , Bryushkova Ekaterina A. , Madhavan Sudarrshan , Aglialoro Francesca , Soto Hinojosa Laura , Uotila Liisa M. , Gahmberg Carl G. 
Published: July 2016

Key PointsActivating and inhibitory antibodies to the LFA-1 integrin inhibit the α4β1 integrin. Inhibition occurs by intracellular signaling resulting from integrin phosphorylations.
The changing graduate labour market: analysis using a new indicator of graduate jobs
Authors: Green Francis , Henseke Golo 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This paper examines differentiation in the recent evolving graduate labour market in Britain. Using a novel statistically derived indicator of graduate jobs, based on job skill requirements in three-digit occupations obtained from the British Skills and Employment Survey series, we analyse trends in the labour market between 1997/2001 and 2006/2012. The indicator performs better than other indicators in validation tests, could be applied flexibly in other contexts, and is available in the Additional file 1. We find that the massive influx of graduates into the labour force has been absorbed with no increase in overeducation. However, the returns to graduation have become more dispersed, with those at the upper quartile of the residual distribution increasing, while those at the lowest quartile have fallen. The wage gap between matched and overeducated graduates increased by 11 log points. Using the British Household Panel Study, we find that the persistence of overeducation status did not change but for non-employed male graduates moving into employment, the chances of entering a graduate job decreased.

JEL Classification: J21, J24, J3
Irgm1 is required for the inflammatory function of M1 macrophage in early experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Xu Yanwen , He Zhongze , Li Zhaoying , Fang Shaohong , Zhang Yun , Wan Cong , Ma Yiming , Lin Peng , Liu Chuanliang , Wang Guangyou , Li Rui , Zhu Jiwei , Li Ying , Mu Lili , Zhang Yao , Wang Jinghua , Kong Qingfei , Li Hulun , Sun Bo 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The classically activated (M1) macrophage has been shown to play an indispensable role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, most studies focus on the effect of macrophage on CNS demyelination of EAE; whether the M1 macrophage participates in early EAE and the molecular mechanism underlying remains unclear. Here, we showed that the immunity-related GTPase family member 1 (Irgm1), also known as LRG-47, was expressed in M1 macrophages of draining lymph nodes (dLNs) from C57BL/6 mice with early EAE, and the IRGM1 heterozygote substantially reduced M1 macrophage accumulation in dLNs and spleen of the primary EAE stage. In vitro silence of IRGM1 in M1 macrophages impaired NOS2 expression and inflammatory cytokine release. We also found that IRGM1 knockout (Irgm1−/−) in M1 macrophages increased Akt activation but attenuated NF-κB p65 activation, which may reveal Irgm1-mediated mechanisms of action. Interestingly, macrophage depletion in vivo inhibited Th1/Th17 differentiation in the spleen and promoted regulatory T cell (Treg) polarization in dLNs at 7 d postimmunization (dpi). Moreover, we observed that M1 macrophages in vitro promoted Th1/Th17 differentiation, which was reversed by treatment with IRGM1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), anti-TNF-α, or anti-IL-1β mAb. These results suggest that the M1 macrophage may promote Th1/Th17 cell differentiation during the early EAE, and the proinflammatory function of M1 cells requires Irgm1.
Dexamethasone rapidly suppresses IL-33-stimulated mast cell function by blocking transcription factor activity
Authors: Paranjape Anuya , Chernushevich Oksana , Qayum Amina Abdul , Spence Andrew J , Taruselli Marcela T , Abebayehu Daniel , Barnstein Brian O , McLeod Jamie Josephine Avila , Baker Bianca , Bajaj Gurjas S , Chumanevich Alena P , Oskeritzian Carole A , Ryan John J 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Mast cells are critical effectors of allergic disease and can be activated by IL-33, a proinflammatory member of the IL-1 cytokine family. IL-33 worsens the pathology of mast cell–mediated diseases, but therapies to antagonize IL-33 are still forthcoming. Because steroids are the mainstay of allergic disease treatment and are well known to suppress mast cell activation by other stimuli, we examined the effects of the steroid dexamethasone on IL-33-mediated mast cell function. We found that dexamethasone potently and rapidly suppressed cytokine production elicited by IL-33 from murine bone marrow–derived and peritoneal mast cells. IL-33 enhances IgE-mediated mast cell cytokine production, an activity that was also antagonized by dexamethasone. These effects were consistent in human mast cells. We additionally observed that IL-33 augmented migration of IgE-sensitized mast cells toward antigen. This enhancing effect was similarly reversed by dexamethasone. Simultaneous addition of dexamethasone with IL-33 had no effect on the phosphorylation of MAP kinases or NFκB p65 subunit; however, dexamethasone antagonized AP-1- and NFκB-mediated transcriptional activity. Intraperitoneal administration of dexamethasone completely abrogated IL-33-mediated peritoneal neutrophil recruitment and prevented plasma IL-6 elevation. These data demonstrate that steroid therapy may be an effective means of antagonizing the effects of IL-33 on mast cells in vitro and in vivo, acting partly by suppressing IL-33-induced NFκB and AP-1 activity.
The evidence–practice gap in specialist mental healthcare: Systematic review and meta-analysis of guideline implementation studies
Authors: Girlanda Francesca , Fiedler Ines , Becker Thomas , Barbui Corrado , Koesters Markus 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundClinical practice guidelines are not easily implemented, leading to a gap between research synthesis and their use in routine care.AimsTo summarise the evidence relating to the impact of guideline implementation on provider performance and patient outcomes in mental healthcare settings, and to explore the performance of different strategies for guideline implementation.MethodA systematic review of randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials and before-and-after studies comparing guideline implementation strategiesv.usual care, and different guideline implementation strategies, in patients with severe mental illness.ResultsIn total, 19 studies met our inclusion criteria. The studies did not show a consistent positive effect of guideline implementation on provider performance, but a more consistent small to modest positive effect on patient outcomes.ConclusionsGuideline implementation does not seem to have an impact on provider performance, nonetheless it may influence patient outcomes positively.
Autophagy resolves early retinal inflammation in Igf1-deficient mice
Authors: Arroba Ana I. , Rodríguez-de la Rosa Lourdes , Murillo-Cuesta Silvia , Vaquero-Villanueva Laura , Hurlé Juan M. , Varela-Nieto Isabel , Valverde Ángela M. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a growth factor with differentiating, anti-apoptotic and metabolic functions in the periphery, and anti-inflammatory properties in the nervous system. Mice that have mutations in the Igf1 gene, rendering the gene product inactive (Igf1−/−), present with age-related visual loss accompanied by structural alterations in the first synapses of the retinal pathway. Recent advances have revealed a crucial role of autophagy in immunity and inflammation. Keeping in mind this close relationship, we aimed to decipher these processes in the context of the defects that occur during ageing in the retina of Igf1−/− mice. Tnfa and Il1b mRNAs, and phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK were elevated in the retinas of 6- and 12-month old Igf1−/− mice compared to those in age-matched Igf1+/+ controls. In 6-month-old Igf1−/− retinas, increased mRNA levels of the autophagy mediators Becn1, Atg9, Atg5 and Atg4, decreased p62 (also known as SQSTM1) protein expression together with an increased LC3-II:LC3-I ratio reflected active autophagic flux. However, in retinas from 12-month-old Igf1−/− mice, Nlrp3 mRNA, processing of the IL1β pro-form and immunostaining of active caspase-1 were elevated compared to those in age-matched Igf1+/+ controls, suggesting activation of the inflammasome. This effect concurred with accumulation of autophagosomes and decreased autophagic flux in the retina. Microglia localization and status of activation in the retinas of 12-month-old Igf1+/+ and Igf1−/− mice, analyzed by immunostaining of Cd11b and Iba-1, showed a specific distribution pattern in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and inner nuclear layer (INL), and revealed an increased number of activated microglia cells in the retina of 12-month-old blind Igf1−/− mice. Moreover, reactive gliosis was exclusively detected in the retinas from 12-month-old blind Igf1−/− mice. In conclusion, this study provides new evidence in a mouse model of IGF-1 deficiency that autophagy is an adaptive response that might confer protection against persistent inflammation in the retina during ageing.
Genome-wide association studies and gene expression profiles of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Xiao X. , Hao J. , Wen Y. , Wang W. , Guo X. , Zhang F. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives The molecular mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains elusive. We conducted a protein-protein interaction network-based integrative analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and gene expression profiles of RA. Methods We first performed a dense search of RA-associated gene modules by integrating a large GWAS meta-analysis dataset (containing 5539 RA patients and 20 169 healthy controls), protein interaction network and gene expression profiles of RA synovium and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was conducted by DAVID. The protein association networks of gene modules were generated by STRING. Results For RA synovium, the top-ranked gene module is HLA-A, containing TAP2, HLA-A, HLA-C, TAPBP and LILRB1 genes. For RA PBMCs, the top-ranked gene module is GRB7, consisting of HLA-DRB5, HLA-DRA, GRB7, CD63 and KIT genes. Functional enrichment analysis identified three significant GO terms for RA synovium, including antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via major histocompatibility complex class I (false discovery rate (FDR) = 4.86 × 10 – 4), antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen (FDR = 2.33 × 10 – 3) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex (FDR = 2.52 × 10 – 2). Conclusion This study reported several RA-associated gene modules and their functional association networks. Cite this article: X. Xiao, J. Hao, Y. Wen, W. Wang, X. Guo, F. Zhang. Genome-wide association studies and gene expression profiles of rheumatoid arthritis: an analysis. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:314–319. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.57.2000502.
Drawing in duos: The Journeys and Intersections Collaboration Project between Istanbul and Worcester
Authors: Veryeri Alaca Ilgim , Grobler Piet 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article focuses on a collaborative drawing project carried out between two undergraduate drawing courses, one in I·stanbul and the other in Worcester, during the autumn 2015 semester. Duos – teams of two working remotely – took turns to work on the same drawing in correspondence for three months, sharing the changing images online with one another. The project introduced a collaborative method of learning based on drawing, initiated cultural exchange and cooperation. The role of drawing in the project was critical due to the direct but gradual nature of transmitting meaning onto paper. Outcomes of this project consisted of a flexible and playful creation process for students making use of the element of chance. They sought alternative ways to finalize a drawing and experienced the benefits of artistic co-production. The project has the capacity to inspire artists, instructors and others interested in creative partnership in different disciplines and can be of value as an educational model.
Botanics Revisited IV
Authors: Febvre-Richards Emma 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Botanics Revisited IV takes its starting point from my personal attachment to the New Zealand bush – isolating the foliage qualities of texture, colour, light filtration, patterning and visual layering in software programs such as Photoshop®, Illustrator® and After Effects® to create parallels to thought processes. The first steps are undertaken by printing a simple mathematical triangular pattern on watercolour paper (reflective of how information and experience link to unconscious cultural knowledge and emotional stories, directing the way we interact with and perceive the world) and then I let my mind wander while brushing pigment into the above, each stage in turn being photographically documented, to see the texture growing like an organic mass, thoughts and reactions connecting, creating understanding and the personal within the boundaries of the pattern.
Secondly, a time-based data projection is created by transferring the above watercolour documentation into After Effects®; exploring editing, filtering, scale, speed, rotation and layering images as possible visual vehicles to mimic memory storage and recall in the brain. The multifaceted and constantly changing nature of the artworks reflects how the brain tries to make sense of the visual world, searching for similarities between the here and now and what we have done and seen before; our current mood and mind state overlaying our prior experience, filtering and combining the here and now with what has been.
In vitro observation of the stage conversion of transgenic Toxoplasma gondii RH strain expressing dual fluorescent proteins
Authors: Song Qijun , Sun Ximeng , Ji Yongsheng , Yan Xinlei , Zou Jun , Zhao Shiyun , Suo Xun , Zhu Xingquan , Liu Xianyong 
Published: July 2016

Abstractconverts from tachyzoites to bradyzoites after acute infection and thus survives the attack of the host immune responses. In this study, we observed the conversion of tachyzoites to bradyzoites in cell cultures using a transgenic
Prevalence and risk factors associated with endoparasitosis of dogs and cats in Espírito Santo, Brazil
Authors: Campos Diefrey Ribeiro , Oliveira Luanna Castro , de Siqueira Daniele Fassina , Perin Lívia Reisen , Campos Nayara Camatta , Aptekmann Karina Preising , Martins Isabella Vilhena Freire 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for the occurrence of endoparasitosis in dogs and cats in Espírito Santo, Brazil. For the study, 345 dogs and 160 cats were examined. Faecal samples from the animals were collected, and owners were interviewed about their handling of their animals. For the diagnosis of the infections, the Willis-Molley, simple centrifugal flotation and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques were performed. The data found in the tests were tabulated and analysed with a chi-square test (p <0.05), and calculation of odds ratios (OR) with confidence intervals of 95% were then performed to determine the association between the variables and the outcome of stool examinations. The prevalence of parasites was 59% for dogs and 54% for cats. The genus
Assessment of the establishment success of eelgrass Zostera marina (Alismatales: Zosteraceae) from seeds in a cost-effective seed protection method: implications for large-scale restoration
Authors: Zhao Jian-Sheng , Liu Yan-Shan , Zhang Pei-Dong , Li Wen-Tao , Fang Chao 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We describe a protective bag method for planting seeds of eelgrass Zostera marina and have evaluated the cost effectiveness of the method for potential use in large-scale restoration projects. A 90-day laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effect of protective bags on seed viability. Successful establishment of new patches from seeds in the protective bags was assessed through a seed-sowing field experiment over 11 months. The viability of Z. marina seeds was not significantly affected by the use of protective bags. Retention rate of Z. marina seeds in the protective bags ranged from 64 to 98%, with an average of 85% after 5 months following distribution. The seedling establishment rate of Z. marina ranged from 11 to 44%, with an average of 24% after 6 months following distribution. New patches from the planted seeds were fully developed 11 months after planting with a maximum shoot density of 350 shoots m-2. The cost of planting in 1 ha of sea bed with Z. marina seeds was $14,820, and the average cost per Z. marina seed was $0.03. The protective bag method is an efficient and cost-effective restoration technique, and is potentially useful in facilitating large-scale restoration projects.
Images of a finite set under iterations of two random dependent mappings
Authors: Serov Aleksandr A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Let

N

${\cal N}$

be a set of N elements and

F
1

,

G
1

,

F
2

,

G
2

,
…

$\left( {{F_1},{G_1}} \right),\left( {{F_2},{G_2}} \right), \ldots $

be a sequence of independent pairs of random dependent mappings

N

→

N

${\cal N} \to {\cal N}$

such that F

k
and G

k
are random equiprobable mappings and

P

{

F
k

(
x
)
=

G
k

(
x
)
}
=
α

${\bf{P}}\{ {F_k}(x) = {G_k}(x)\} = \alpha $

for all

x
∈

N

$x \in {\cal N}$

and k = 1, 2, … For a subset

S
0

⊂

N

,

|

S
0

|

=
n

${S_0} \subset {\cal N},{\mkern 1mu} |{S_0}| = n$

, we consider a sequences of its images

S
k

=

F
k

(
…

F
2

(

F
1

(

S
0

)
)
…
)

${S_k} = {F_k}( \ldots {F_2}({F_1}({S_0})) \ldots )$

,

T
k

=

G
k

(
…

G
2

(

G
1

(

S
0

)
)
…
)

${T_k} = {G_k}( \ldots {G_2}({G_1}({S_0})) \ldots )$

, k = 1, 2 …, and a sequences of their unions

S
k

∪

T
k

${S_k} \cup {T_k}$

and intersections

S
k

∩

T
k

${S_k} \cap {T_k}$

, k = 1, 2 … We obtain two-sided inequalities for

M

|

S
k

∪

T
k

|

${\bf{M}}|{S_k} \cup {T_k}|$

and

M

|

S
k

∩

T
k

|

${\bf{M}}|{S_k} \cap {T_k}|$

such that upper and lower bounds are asymptotically equivalent if

N
,
n
,
k
→
∞

$N, n, k \to \infty $

,

n
k
=
o
(
N
)

$nk = o(N)$

and

α
=
O

1
N

$\alpha = O\left( {{\textstyle{1 \over N}}} \right)$

.
Cods for sale Do we know what we are buying?
Authors: Lambarri Christian , Espinosa Héctor , Martínez Armando , Hernández Ariana 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua is fished in Northern Atlantic and Arctic waters. In Mexico cod is imported from Norway and the United States, and is traditionally eaten at Christmas and Easter. In Mexico City several stores sell dry-salted cod, but due to the high price of the imported Atlantic Cod, other fish species are sold. In this project we examined six samples of dried-salted fish from different stores and used DNA barcoding of the COI gene to corroborate the identity of the product sold as Atlantic Cod. Barcoding revealed that only two of the six samples (33%) were Atlantic cod, with two being Ling, one Alaska Pollock, and one Blue Shark. The high rate of mislabeling (67%) is a major concern. It is especially worrying that Blue Shark is being sold as Atlantic cod, since the Blue Shark is listed as a near-threatened species by the IUCN. We must be aware of the damages that overexploitation and uninformed consumption cause to cod and shark populations. There needs to be stricter policing of seafood product labeling in México.
DNA Barcoding, species delineation and taxonomy: a historical perspective
Authors: Hubert Nicolas , Hanner Robert 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDNA barcoding is a system designed to provide species identification by using standardized gene regions as internal species tag. Foreseen since its earlier development as a solution to speed up the pace of species discovery, DNA barcoding has established as a mature field of biodiversity sciences filing the conceptual gap between traditional taxonomy and different fields of molecular systematics. Initially proposed as a tool for species identification, DNA barcoding has also been applied in taxonomy routines for automated species delineation. Species identification and species delineation, however, should be considered as distinct activities relying on different theoretical and methodological backgrounds. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the use of DNA sequences in taxonomy, since the earliest development of molecular taxonomy until the development of DNA barcoding. We further present the differences between procedures of species identification and species delineation and highlight how DNA barcoding proposed a new paradigm that helps promote more sustainable practices in taxonomy.