bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the treatment of lung cancer
Authors: Matikas Alexios , Aggelaki Sofia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn recent years major advances in the field of molecular profiling of non-small cell lung cancer led to the identification of targetable driver mutations and revolutionized the treatment of specific patient subsets. However, the majority of NSCLC tumors do not harbor these genomic events. On the other hand, current studies have confirmed an expanding role for immunotherapy in lung cancer and new agents, such as inhibitors of the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis have been introduced in the treatment armamentarium. The monoclonal antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab targeting PD-1 resulted in superior survival when compared to standard second line chemotherapy within the context of randomized trials and received regulatory approval. Moreover, several other anti-PD-L1 antibodies have demonstrated encouraging preliminary efficacy and multiple clinical trials in various settings during the disease trajectory are currently underway. Early immunotherapy trials have also illustrated the potential of PD-1 blockade in small cell lung cancer treatment, a disease for which major advances in systemic therapy are lacking. The currently available clinical data on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition in lung cancer are summarized in this review.
Overview and management of toxicities of immune checkpoint-blocking drugs
Authors: Economopoulou Panagiota , Psyrri Amanda 
Published: September 2016

AbstractImmunotherapy is considered to be the most important breakthrough in cancer management in the past few years. This success was based on the scientific understanding of immune mechanisms due to improvement in preclinical science and the introduction of new methods of investigation. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are among the most promising drugs in the field of immune-oncology; they represent monoclonal antibodies that modulate the effects of immune checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Cell Death protein 1 (PD-1), which are co-inhibitory signals responsible for immune suppression. Despite clinical benefits, ICIs are immune activating agents that are associated with a number of important side effects (immune-related adverse events-irAEs), attributed to organ-specific inflammation. Herein, we review the toxicities of ICIs, highlighting the importance of early identification and management.
Reinstating endogenous antitumor immunity: The concept of therapeutic management of cancer
Authors: Pistamaltzian Nikolaos F. , Perez Sonia A. , Baxevanis Constantin N. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractStrong evidence points to the role of cancer immunoediting and tumor immune infiltrates in regulating cancer progression. By understanding the immune tumor microenvironment, we can now target key pathways that suppress endogenous antitumor responses, thereby re-instating such immune responses and identifying novel targets for immune therapies. Therapies targeting oncogenic pathways and checkpoint blockades turn on a new paradigm shift in immune-therapy for cancer with remarkable clinical efficacy seen in various malignancies. However, a lot of cancer patients will fail to respond and therefore, it becomes crucial to identify biomarkers to predict who of the patients will most likely benefit from these therapies.
Control strategy of maximum vertical jumps: The preferred countermovement depth may not be fully optimized for jump height
Authors: Mandic Radivoj , Knezevic Olivera M. , Mirkov Dragan M. , Jaric Slobodan 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the control strategy of maximum countermovement jumps regarding the preferred countermovement depth preceding the concentric jump phase. Elite basketball players and physically active non-athletes were tested on the jumps performed with and without an arm swing, while the countermovement depth was varied within the interval of almost 30 cm around its preferred value. The results consistently revealed 5.1-11.2 cm smaller countermovement depth than the optimum one, but the same difference was more prominent in non-athletes. In addition, although the same differences revealed a marked effect on the recorded force and power output, they reduced jump height for only 0.1-1.2 cm. Therefore, the studied control strategy may not be based solely on the countermovement depth that maximizes jump height. In addition, the comparison of the two groups does not support the concept of a dual-task strategy based on the trade-off between maximizing jump height and minimizing the jumping quickness that should be more prominent in the athletes that routinely need to jump quickly. Further research could explore whether the observed phenomenon is based on other optimization principles, such as the minimization of effort and energy expenditure. Nevertheless, future routine testing procedures should take into account that the control strategy of maximum countermovement jumps is not fully based on maximizing the jump height, while the countermovement depth markedly confound the relationship between the jump height and the assessed force and power output of leg muscles.
Recurrent Neural Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Oscillatory Systems Using a Complex-valued Levenberg-Marquardt Learning Algorithm
Authors: Baruch Ieroham , Reynaud Edmundo P. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this work, a Recursive Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm in the complex domain is developed and applied in the training of two adaptive control schemes composed by Complex-Valued Recurrent Neural Networks. Furthermore, we apply the identification and both control schemes for a particular case of nonlinear, oscillatory mechanical plant to validate the performance of the adaptive neural controller and the learning algorithm. The comparative simulation results show the better performance of the newly proposed Complex-Valued Recursive Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm over the gradient-based recursive Back-propagation one.
An Approach to Observability and Controllability Analysis of Nonlinear Plants on the Basis of TSK Models
Authors: Yordanova Snejana 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Most industrial plants are nonlinear, multivariable, inertial and with model uncertainty. They are difficult to model using classical approaches and thus their observability and controllability necessary for the design of the controller are hard to analyze. The aim of the present research is to derive conditions for the analysis of the observability and the controllability of nonlinear plants, represented by state space Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) models. The main results are a simple and general approach to observability and controllability study of nonlinear plants, which is based on equivalent linear systems and illustrated on a two-variable nonlinear plant - a laboratory two-tank system. The TSK plant model needed can be derived from an existing nonlinear plant model or applying a suggested procedure for development of modified transfer-functions-based TSK models from expert and experimentation data.
Discoloured seeds of amaranth plant infected by Alternaria alternata: physiological, histopathological alterations and fungal secondary metabolites associated or registered
Authors: Noelting María Cristina , Sisterna Marina , Lovisolo Marcelo , Molla-Kralj Andrés , Lori Gladys , Sandoval María Cristina , Sulyok Michael , Molina Maria C. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In the present study the aspects of discolouration that could influence both the production and consumption of amaranth were analyzed with the objectives to identify the presence of Alternaria alternata on seeds, to analyze possible changes in the anatomy of seed tissues and to detect the presence of fungal secondary metabolites. Component plating, histopathological and mycological analyses on discoloured seeds allowed i) location of propagules of A. alternata in all seminal components; ii) observation of hypertrophies in perisperm and embryo and iii) determination of several fungal secondary metabolites, mainly high concentrations of tenuazonic acid. To our knowledge, the information presented in this paper, related to physiological, histopathological changes and fungal secondary metabolites on discoloured seeds of (Amaranthus mantegazzianus syn. A. caudatus subsp. mantegazzianus (Pass) Hanelt affected by A. alternata, is the first worldwide record.
Sensitive and specific detection of Xanthomonas hortorum pv. pelargonii in geranium by real-time PCR
Authors: Farahani Ali Safaie , Taghavi Seyyed Mohsen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractXanthomonas hortorumpv.pelargoniiis the causal agent of bacterial blight of geranium. A specific and rapid real-time PCR assay for detecting the bacterium in plant was developed in this study. We compared sensitivity of conventional and real-time PCR for detection of the pathogen in inoculated plants. For application to disease management programs, PCR amplification must be able to detect latent infections of asymptomatic geraniums. Our results displayed that conventional PCR lacks sufficient sensitivity to be used as diagnostic tools for detection ofX. hortorumpv.pelargoniiin latent infections. On the other hand, real-time PCR is suitable method for detection of latent infection of the bacterium in planting materials and can be considered in management programs. The ability for accurate and reliable detection ofX. hortorumpv.pelargoniiin asymptomatic tissue is a significant step in setting up “pathogen free” certification programs for bacterial blight of geranium.
Crystal structure of bis(dicyanamido-κ1
N)-tetrakis[1-benzyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-κ1
N]cobalt(II), CoC40H36N18
Authors: Zhu Xia , Wang Yong-feng 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
CoC40H36N18, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.7410(15) Å, b = 15.511(2) Å, c = 14.162(2) Å, β = 110.00(3)°, V = 2010.7(5) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0395, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0869, T = 223(2) K.
The crystal structure of tris(μ2-1,3-bis(4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxido-1-(oxo)but-2-en-1-yl)phenyl-κ4
O,O′:O′′,O′′′)-bis(1,2-dimethoxyethane-κ2
O,O′)dicerium(III), C50H38F18O16Ce2
Authors: Liu Yang , Shi Jing , Hou YanJun , Chu WenYi , Sun ZhiZhong 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
C50H38F18O16Ce2, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 15.589(3)Å, b = 13.118(2) Å, c = 29.118(5) Å, β = 92.285(2)°, V = 5949.8(18) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0452, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1321, T = 273 K.
Differences between National Cultures Matter – Case of Slovenian-Korean Working Environment
Authors: Tušar Matej , Žnidaršič Anja , Miglič Gozdana 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Aims: Global business today usually requires organizations to be present locally in countries where their customers are. To do this successfully, good cooperation with local people is needed. Therefore, this paper focuses on the integration of cultures in the business world. The insights from this study are expected to benefit Slovenian expatriates to foreign companies in South Korea, as well as national culture researchers. The main goals of this research include a comparison of Hofstede’s IBM survey results with the researched working environment, and identifying the benefits of merging two national cultures for the working environment.
Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to purposive samples within the researched working environments and the collected data analysed used SPSS, where the hypotheses were tested using a chi-square test and t-test for independent samples.
Results: The results revealed significant differences between the two national cultures in the working environment, e.g.: fear of expressing disagreement towards superiors, commitment to work, preference of challenges, tendency to avoid conflicts and innovations - all differed according to nationality.
Conclusion: Working together with people from different cultures requires a certain amount of adaptation (learning about another culture, expecting situations that are not usual). If this adaptation is successful, then cooperation between the different cultures can also be successful, leading to a potential output that is even better than cooperation between people from the same culture.
Rate of radiocarbon retention onto calcite by isotope exchange
Authors: Lempinen Janne , Lehto Jukka 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Radiocarbon (14C) is a top priority class radionuclide associated with the long-term safety of spent nuclear fuel disposal. Dissolved inorganic radiocarbon can be retained in bedrock via isotope exchange with calcite (CaCO3) at solubility equilibrium with groundwater. In the present study, the rate of the isotope exchange process was investigated on synthetic calcite using batch experiments. Experiments were performed in solutions with a calcium concentration of 0.0002–0.1 M, including two synthetic reference groundwaters. The radiocarbon activity in the solutions decreased exponentially as a function of time, thus following first-order kinetics. The rate of isotope exchange was quantified from an exponential fit to the activity data over time. The rate of radiocarbon retention increased as a function of the calcium activity. The isotope exchange half-life was only 4.3 days at calcium ion activities over 0.01. This half-life is very much shorter than the half-life of 14C or the time scale of groundwater movements; consequently calcite can effectively retain radiocarbon from brackish and saline groundwaters.
The level of efficiency of adult women in premature based on analysis of power input and power regulation stress test
Authors: Magiera Andrzej , Jagodziński Artur , Kaczmarczyk Katarzyna , Wiszomirska Ida 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Despite of sustainable living and increasing the knowledge of the future mothers, the number of preterm births have been at the same level through last years. In Poland it is stands at around 7%, comparable with other countries from European Union. The aim was to investigate the influence of prematurity on input power and regulation power during stress test in adult women. Achieved power depends on the level of physical efficiency and it is converted for specific VO2max values.
Material and methods: 11 women born prematurely at age of 25-30 years (28,2± 2,3) did stress test according to W150 protocol. The control group consisted of 15 women born on time (27-32, 28,5±2,4). The statistical analysis included t-Student and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Index height/regulation power and BMI/ regulation power have been subjected to correlations.
Results: There is statistical significant difference between input and regulation power in women born prematurely and the control group. Women from control group had significantly higher input and regulation power than women born premature. Moreover, there is proportionality between input and regulation power in two groups.
Conclusions:
1. Prematurity influences the amount of power generated in women aged 25-30 negatively - women born prematurely are evidently less physically efficient than women born on time.
2. There is a connection between input and regulation power in both groups. Higher amounts of input power indicates higher amounts of regulation power.
3. There is no relationship between BMI and amounts of power in stress test.
High-temperature damping capacity of fly ash cenosphere/AZ91D Mg alloy composites
Authors: Ming Yuan , Sirong Yu , Enyang Liu , Fanguo Li , Yan Zhao , Shanbao Zhang , Jingda Li 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this study, fly ash cenospheres were added to semisolid AZ91D Mg alloy to prepare fly ash cenosphere/AZ91D (FAC/AZ91D) composites by means of compo-casting. The high-temperature damping capacity of FAC/AZ91D composites was investigated as compared with AZ91D Mg alloy. The results show that the damping capacities of FAC/AZ91D composites and AZ91D Mg alloy strongly depend on the measuring temperature. The FAC/AZ91D composites show better damping capacity than AZ91D Mg alloy. The 10 wt.% FAC/AZ91D composites exhibit the best damping capacity from room temperature to 125°C, whereas the 2 wt.% FAC/AZ91D composites show the highest damping capacity at 125°C–320°C. The damping mechanism was analyzed by microstructure observation at elevated temperatures. The damping-temperature curves exhibit a damping peak at approximately 150°C, and the activation energy of the damping peak was calculated according to the Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, the peak temperature increases with increasing frequencies. The damping peak is related to the thermal activation relaxation process, and its mechanism is the dislocation-induced damping.
Islam and Politics: the Case of the Islamic State
Authors: Shokri Mehdi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper assesses the fundamental relation between the Islamic-political movements and establishment of the Islamic law (Shari’a). I argue against the critiques of western foreign policy and show that the Islamic State (Caliphate) is both a result of the historical process of the people of a region and the extreme interpretation of the text and Sunna which emphasizes on the traditional Sharia law and the concept of Jihad by fortifying political Islam qua militant Islam. I argue that the Islamic revival aims to a certain political order which threatens the world security and peace. Moreover, I argue that the structural violation of Human Rights is rooted in the traditional concept of Islamic law or Sharia, which obtains its immunity by an illegitimate power. This traditional Islamic law is the inalienable character of authoritarian/totalitarian regimes. This paper is based on the assumption that the extreme ideological/theoretical interpretation implies the empirical objectives of Militant Islamic community with or without any external influential elements. In this sense, we can address the question: how different interpretations and traditions in executing the Islamic Sharia give the social and political grounds a seed for the emergence of violence and terrorism. At the end, this paper ends with a propose which emphasizes on the role of international cooperation to find a resolution and also on the education as a long-term plan to defeat extremism and terrorism.
Nature or Nurture – Will Epigenomics Solve the Dilemma?
Authors: Płonka Beata 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The concept of “nature and nurture” is used to distinguish between genetic and environmental influences on the formation of individual, mainly behavioral, traits. Different approaches that interpret nature and nurture as completely opposite or complementary aspects of human development have been discussed for decades. The paper addresses the most important points of nature vs nurture debate from the perspective of biological research, especially in the light of the recent findings in the field of epigenetics. The most important biological concepts, such as the trait, phenotype and genotype, as well as the evolution of other crucial notions are presented. Various attempts to find the main source of human variation are discussed - mainly the search for structural variants and the genome-wide association studies (GWAS). A new approach resulting from the discovery of “missing heritability”, as well as the current knowledge about the possible influence of epigenetic mechanisms on human traits are analyzed. Finally, the impact of epigenetic revolution on the society (public attitude, health policy, human rights etc.) is discussed.
Element allotropes and polyanion compounds of pnicogenes and chalcogenes: stability, mechanisms of formation, controlled synthesis and characterization
Authors: Schöneich Michael , Hohmann Andrea , Schmidt Peer , Pielnhofer Florian , Bachhuber Frederik , Weihrich Richard , Osters Oliver , Köpf Marianne , Nilges Tom 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The application of the EnPhaSyn (theoretical Energy diagrams, experimental Phase formation, Synthesis and characterisation) concept is reviewed with respect to prediction of structures and stability of element allotropes and compound polymorphs, their phase formation and transition processes, and their directed synthesis, respectively. Therein, the relative energetical stability (En) of target compounds and possible decomposition are determined from quantum chemical DFT calculations. Phase formation and transition (Pha) is probed by a gas balance method, developed as high temperature gas balance concept. It helped to study the synthesis and stability range of several compounds experimentally. Applications of the concept and synthesis principles (Syn) of non-equilibrium phases are presented for allotropes of P, As, P1-xAsx, as well as binary and ternary compounds including the Zintl and Laves like phases IrPTe, NiP2, CoSbS, NiBiSe, Li0.2CdP2, Cu3CdCuP10, and Cd4Cu7As.
A conformational polymorph of Ph3PAu[SC(OEt)=NPh] featuring an intramolecular Au···π interaction
Authors: Yeo Chien Ing , Tan Sang Loon , Otero-de-la-Roza Alberto , Tiekink Edward R.T. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
A conformational polymorph, form β, for Ph3PAu[SC(OEt)=NPh] has been characterised. Like the original structure (form α), the molecule features a linear P–Au–S geometry. The difference between molecular structures rests with the relative disposition of the thiolate ligand which places the N-bound aryl ring in close proximity to the gold centre (form β) rather than the oxygen atom (form α). Density functional theory calculations show the molecule with the Au···π interaction is more stable by 5.2 kcal/mol than the one with the Au···O contact. The molecular packing of both forms are stabilised by C–H···O and C–H···π interactions which make approximately the same contribution to the overall Hirshfeld surfaces. However, key indicators, e.g. crystal packing efficiency and density, and the computational results suggest form β is the thermodynamically favoured form.
Flow and Heat Transfer of Bingham Plastic Fluid over a Rotating Disk with Variable Thickness
Authors: Liu Chunyan , Pan Mingyang , Zheng Liancun , Ming Chunying , Zhang Xinxin 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This paper studies the steady flow and heat transfer of Bingham plastic fluid over a rotating disk of finite radius with variable thickness radially in boundary layer. The boundary layer flow is caused by the rotating disk when the extra stress is greater than the yield stress of the Bingham fluid. The analyses of the velocity and temperature field related to the variable thickness disk have not been investigated in current literatures. The governing equations are first simplified into ordinary differential equations owing to the generalized von Kármán transformation for seeking solutions easily. Then semi-similarity approximate analytical solutions are obtained by using the homotopy analysis method for different physical parameters. It is found that the Bingham number clearly influences the velocity field distribution, and the skin friction coefficient C

fr
is nonlinear growth with respect to the shape parameter m. Additionally, the effects of the involved parameters (i.e. shape parameter m, variable thickness parameter β, Reynolds number Re
v
, and Prandtl number Pr) on velocity and temperature distribution are investigated and analyzed in detail.