bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process Control Using a Novel Machine Tool Equipped With Automatic Idling Reduction System
Authors: Ota Ryo , Sato Wataru , Aoyama Eiichi , Hirogaki Toshiki 
Published: December 2016

A novel concept named sustainable development has come to be considered important to prevent the intensification of climate change. Thus, there have been many reports about the environmental load of consumer goods such as home electronics, car electronics, and so on. However, there have been few reports about the environmental load of industrial goods. Specifically, there has been no report dealing with the environmental load of compact five-axis controlled machine tools and how to use linear-axes and rotational-axes in them.
Then, a suitable end-milling process to reduce the power consumption with a compact five-axis controlled machine tool equipped with an automatic idling reduction servo system by using the developed formula have been discussed. As a result, the combined method of downsizing the machine tool, using suitable control axes, and equipping the machine tool with an automatic idling reduction servo system is found to be effective in reducing the power consumption in a manufacturing process.
A Passive Brace to Improve Activities of Daily Living Utilizing Compliant Parallel Mechanisms
Authors: Ring J. B. , Kim Charles 
Published: December 2016

Idiopathic scoliosis is a deformity of the spine that affects 2–3% of adolescents. The treatment of scoliosis often requires the use of a rigid brace to align the spine and prevent progression of the deformation. The most common brace, referred to as the Boston brace, has a high success rate in preventing progression of the scoliotic curve. The common root failure is lack of patient compliance in wearing the brace for the prescribed time. This lack in compliance is due to patient discomfort, both physically and emotional, and the patients’ limited ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) when wearing the brace. The likelihood of needing surgery increases dramatically when bracing is unsuccessful.
We seek to improve patients’ comfort by designing a brace that improves range of motion, while remaining stiff in the corrective direction. Primary ranges of motion were acquired using a motion capture system. A kinematic analysis was performed using homogeneous transformations and screw theory to determine primary screw axes of the motions. The required lateral stiffness for the brace was found in literature.
Compliant mechanisms are used because they can apply the corrective force, but also allow the patients some range of motion. The mechanism implementation was characterized using finite element analysis and compared to a physical model test.
Initial findings confirm that compliant mechanisms are suitable for the application of a scoliosis brace. We have found that the proposed brace can apply the necessary forces at reasonable displacements. The proposed brace will not allow the patient a full range of motion, but we believe that it will achieve an improved range of motion that will increase a patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living.
Dimensional Synthesis of a Passive Eight-Bar Slider Exo-Limb for Grasping Tasks
Authors: Tan Guan Rong , Robson Nina , Soh Gim Song 
Published: December 2016

This paper describes a dimensional synthesis method used in the design of a passively actuated finger exoskeleton that takes into account the user limb anthropometric dimensions and contact requirements for grasping objects. The paper is the first step in our current efforts on design of wearable devices that use a common slider at the hand to passively actuate each exo-finger. The finger exoskeleton is comprised of a 3R serial limb and is constrained to an eight-bar slider mechanism.
To design the exo-limb, the pose of the index finger was captured using an optical motion capture and its dimensions were determined using a constrained least square optimization of its center of rotation. To facilitate the data capture, a 3D printed wearable Infra-red (IR) marker system was designed and placed on the finger’s phalanx. To illustrate the approach, an example of the design of an index exo-finger is described.
Mechanism Design for Automated Handling and Multiaxial Draping of Reinforcing Textiles
Authors: Brinker Jan , Müller Mario , Paris Jascha , Hüsing Mathias , Corves Burkhard 
Published: December 2016

In almost all industrial sectors handling processes are automated through the use of robotic systems. However, in the production of fiber-reinforced structures with complex geometries, the handling of dry, pre-impregnated semi-finished textiles is still performed mainly manually resulting in long processing times, low reproducibility and high manufacturing costs. The scope of the project AutoHD is to fully automate the draping and handling process of complex, three-dimensional fiber composite structures with high degrees of deformation and multiaxial curvature. Upcoming draping defects need to be detected early during the draping process in order to be able to take countermeasures and thus to meet strict requirements. Therefore, non-destructive inline inspection systems are integrated directly into the handling system. However, such integration does not allow the use of molding press tools but requires the use of mechanisms for draping the textile.
In this context, this contribution is concerned with the design of mechanisms as used with an end-effector for the automation task. Therefore, a demonstrator part was specified representing common challenges of draping including varying edges and curves of different radii. Analyses of the required draping movements provide information on the motion task and the resulting requirements. Based on that, the discoveries of systematic type syntheses of translational manipulators are employed to find feasible mechanisms. In order to reduce the solution field, selection criteria are developed and a detailed evaluation is carried out. A subsequent task-oriented dimensional synthesis is performed to analyze the remaining structures and to assess their suitability for their integration into the overall system design.
Design and Analysis of Soft Pneumatic Sleeve for Arm Orthosis
Authors: Singh Gaurav , Xiao Chenzhang , Krishnan Girish , Hsiao-Wecksler Elizabeth 
Published: December 2016

Patients that use crutches for ambulation experience forces as high as 50% of body weight and extreme extension angles at the wrist, which increases the risk of joint injury such as carpal tunnel syndrome. We have designed and fabricated a soft pneumatic sleeve to reduce the wrist loading by transferring part of the load to the forearm. The sleeve uses a Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Enclosure (FREE). FREEs are soft pneumatic actuators that can generate force and moment upon inflation. We have used a contracting FREE, which is wrapped in a helical shape around the forearm as part of the sleeve. Upon actuation, it contracts in length and reduces in diameter, thereby generating a constricting force around the forearm.
In this paper, we describe the modeling of the constricting force generated by the helical FREE. We can model the FREE as a string due to its negligible bending stiffness. The constriction force can be expressed in terms of the axial tensile force generated in the FREE upon actuation and the geometry of the helix. To obtain the axial force, we have used a model previously reported in literature that uses a constrained volume maximization formulation. We validate the string model by comparing with experimental results.
Improved User Experience in a VR Based Design Review
Authors: Steger Wolfgang , Kim Tae-Soo , Gebert Martin , Stelzer Ralph 
Published: December 2016

Observations of design review sequences by means of Virtual Reality (VR) and participant interviews have demonstrated that improvements may be made through providing selected user functions to participants who would otherwise just be observers. These functions are found from a survey of more or less experienced VR users in design reviews. The basic idea is that the participants are given access to special review data via App and smart device and are thus capable of immediately controlling the view of the product under review. Thus, for instance, the participants are able to download the structure tree including the components of the product to be tested onto their devices, navigate inside the structure tree, and get information about component parameters independently of the other participants.
Participants can also configure the representation of the VR model displayed for all participants via smart device (highlighting, visibility, colour, ...) and set up the view. This makes communication easier, since otherwise the respective settings have to be administered by a VR operator. Special user interaction functions may improve the control of design reviews by changing the participants’ role from passive to active.
A special requirement is the spatial selection of model components in the stereoscopic VR view. To meet this demand a Leap Motion controller transmits position data from the users hand to the pointer of the VR System via the protocol Virtual Reality Peripheral Network (VRPN).
Framework and Feasibility Study for Pairwise Comparison Tool
Authors: Ellman Asko , Wendrich Robert , Tiainen Tarja 
Published: December 2016

In design and engineering context, the use of tools, simulations and multi-realities is already an intrinsic part of design activities, methods and processes. To support participatory design during the ideation phase in a co-creative context, participative tools are needed. User-centered and co-creative design could benefit product creation and innovation process through data-collection (incl. product characteristics and user requirements) from individual data-mining activities.
The traditional approach for customer requirements prioritization is pair-wise comparison. It is used both in the QFD method and in the Pugh matrix method. In practice, this means that a user compares two product characteristics at a time and decides which one of the two is more important or if they are equally important. Determining a suitable user interface for the comparison has proven to be the most demanding phase in the implementation of this method.
This paper presents alternative ways to implement a customer property tool and discusses experiences with some of its implementations. In the first version, the interface is based on the use of numbers, whereas the last version is more visual, interactive and game-like. The feasibility of the tool was studied in user tests carried out in Finland and in the Netherlands.
Modeling the Variability of Glenoid Geometry in Intact Shoulders
Authors: de Vries Charlotte M. , Parkinson Matthew B. 
Published: December 2016

The objective of this research is to model the geometric variability of the glenoid (the “socket” component of the “ball and socket” connection of the shoulder joint) of the scapula. The model must capture the observed variability with sufficient resolution such that it informs operative and design decisions. This required the quantification of variability in landmark locations and relevant bone geometry. Landmarks were placed on the existing glenoid meshes, such that they provided enough information to represent the geometry, while being consistent across each glenoid. Additionally, the surface geometry of the glenoid vault was modeled. This required the application of existing mathematical and statistical modeling approaches, including geometric fitting, radial basis functions, and principal component analysis. The landmark identification process represented the glenoid in new manner. The work was validated against existing approaches and CT scans from 42 patients.
A range of information on shoulder geometries can assist with preoperative planning, as well as implant design, for Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (TSA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to quantify the variability of shape across the glenoid landmarks, and synthesize new glenoid models. The process of creation of these shoulder geometries may possibly be useful for the study of other joints. The models created will help surgeons and engineers to understand the effects of osteoarthritis on bone geometry, as well as the range of variability present in healthy shoulders.
Development, Design and Application of a Fatigue Test Bench for High Precision Flexure Hinges
Authors: Schoenen David , Lersch Sascha , Hüsing Mathias , Corves Burkhard , Klocke Fritz , Hensgen Lars , Klink Andreas 
Published: December 2016

Due to their advantages compliant mechanisms are very popular. However, they also have some disadvantages as well. Considering that for micromanipulators, which have macroscopic dimensions and a workspace typically in millimeter range, the disadvantages of compliant mechanisms are not as significant as the feasible benefits by reason of their advantages. For instance the range of notch hinges, which are typically used for micromanipulators, can be increased by the use of precision notch hinges with a narrow web thickness. Precision notch hinges are cut efficiently by wire electrical discharge machining. Therefore, flexure hinges are widely used in precision engineering applications.
Even though electrical discharge machining is a manufacturing process which is based on the thermo-physical material removal principle with less resulting mechanical stress, it still induces thermal stress on the component. It can be assumed that these influences have an impact on the component’s performance, in particular when the component has filigree structures like precision notch hinges. However, experimental studies on the fatigue of compliant joints are currently missing in research activities.
To analyze the manufacturing related influences on the performance of precision notch hinges a series of fatigue tests have to be performed. Thus, a suitable test bench for fatigue testing of precision notch hinges is designed and the used transmission mechanism is explained. Furthermore, the adjustment mechanism for the swivel angle as well as the adjustment mechanism for different loadings of the test specimens are discussed. Additionally, to avoid incorrect loading several design features are explained. To obtain reliable results, the filigree test specimens have to be positioned on the test bench reproducibly in order to ensure recurring test conditions. Thus, the positioning process is explained. In order to increase the number of tested notch hinges, several test specimens are tested simultaneously under the same conditions. Hence, a clear detection of the maximum number of load cycles of each test specimen is ensured by a detection mechanism. This contribution ends with the presentation of preliminary results of the life expectancy analyses of precision notch hinges and a brief discussion of the results.
Heat Assisted Single Point Incremental Forming of Polymer Sheets
Authors: Kulkarni Shubhamkar , Sreedhara Vijay Sarthy Mysore , Mocko Gregory 
Published: December 2016

The objective of this research is to study the improvement in the formability of thermoplastics using heat assisted single point incremental forming. Single point incremental forming is a production process for forming sheet materials without the use of dedicated tooling (dies/molds). The process is an alternative to thermoforming for low volume forming of sheets. It involves forming the final shape through a series of localized incremental deformations. It has been observed that heat assisted techniques have shown an improvement in the formability limits for sheet metals. In this research, this concept has been tested for improving the formability of polymer sheets. Hot air us used to increase the temperature within a localized region in front of the tool. A single point incremental forming device is modified through the development of a specialized tool holder and nozzle which heats the polymer sheet to temperatures higher than the room temperature but below the glass transition temperature of the polymer and applies the forming loads.
The results from the experiments are summarized as: i) the formability angle increases of polystyrene from 27 degrees to 46 degrees when comparing room temperature forming to forming at an elevated temperature (170°F–180 °F), ii) a reduction in the forces needed for forming is observed qualitatively, and iii) the surface finish on the formed parts do not show visible change. This demonstrates promise of manufacturing complex shapes from thermoplastic polymer sheets using heat assisted incremental forming. Future research includes 1) simulating the localized deformation of the material to enable process planning, 2) quantifying the forming forces and heat control of the system, and 3) exploring the manufacturing technique to other materials.
Force Balance of a Spatial Metamorphic 6R Closed-Chain Linkage With Specific Kinematic Conditions
Authors: van der Wijk Volkert , Zhang Ketao , Dai Jian S. 
Published: December 2016

For deployable, reconfigurable, and metamorphic linkages force balance is an important property to bear the static and dynamic forces caused by the mass of each element, either due to gravity or due to inertia when moving. Force balance refers to ‘shaking force balance’ meaning that for all motion of the linkage, no dynamic reaction forces are exerted to its base and to the surroundings preventing base vibrations. This typically is an important feature in high-speed and high-precision robotic manipulation tasks. Force balance also refers to ‘static balancing with solely mass’. Since the center of mass of a force balanced linkage is stationary for all motion, a force balanced linkage is also statically balanced which means that the linkage is not affected by gravity and remains stationary in any pose without the need of actuators or brakes. This property is important for the design of, among others, large moving structures such as mobile platforms and deployable structures used in architecture.
In this paper the force balance of a spatial metamorphic plano-spherical 6R closed linkage with plane symmetry is investigated. It is shown that because of its specific kinematic conditions — being pantograph relations in the projected plane — advantageous balance solutions can be found for each of the four reconfiguration modes. For specific geometric conditions on the link design also solutions are found where the links balance one another without the need of any countermass. It is also shown how an advantageous compromise force balance solution for multiple modes is found. For this purpose an approximate force balance solution was investigated. The results are compared with the general force balance solutions of a general spatial 6R closed linkage, which are also shown and explained. All balance solutions are illustrated to have realistic interpretations.
Active Kinematics Suspension Integrating Milliken Moment Method in the Control Logic
Authors: Ramirez Ruiz Isabel , Sabbioni Edoardo , Cheli Federico 
Published: December 2016

The idea behind the active kinematics suspension is to enhance its performance of vehicle dynamics. This includes improve steady and dynamic limit stability and faster transient reaction through optimized lateral and longitudinal dynamics. The driver’s benefits are: improved safety and higher driving pleasure.
To achieve more control over the position of the rear wheels and thus the tire contact patch on the ground, the active suspension introduces one independent linear actuator at each rear wheel that controls the wheels’ camber freely.
This paper will present the vehicle dynamics control logic methodology of a rear active vehicle suspension implementing the Milliken Moment Method (MMM) diagram to improve the vehicle stability and controllability, achieving gradually the front and rear axle limits.
A Multibody vehicle model has been used to achieve a high fidelity simulation to generate the Milliken Moment Diagram (MMD) also known as the CN-AY diagram, where the vehicle’s yaw moment coefficient (CN) about the CG versus its lateral acceleration (AY) is mapped for different vehicle sideslip angle and steering wheel angles. With the Moment Method computer program it is possible to create the limit of the diagram over the full range of steering wheel angle and side slip angle for numerous changes in vehicle configuration of rear camber wheels and operating conditions. The vehicle dynamics control logic uses the maps like a vehicle maneuvering area under different vehicle active configurations where vehicle’s control is most fundamentally expressed as a yawing moment to quantify the directional stability.
Analogy Seeded Mind-Maps: A Comparison of Verbal and Pictorial Representation of Analogies in the Concept Generation Process
Authors: Marshall K. Scott , Crawford Richard , Jensen Daniel 
Published: December 2016

Recent research has investigated methods based on design-by-analogy meant to enhance concept generation. While these analogies can be developed in different ways and can come from many different areas, one of the most common methods is to use key customer needs or key functions as the starting point. One approach uses these key terms to seed a search for grammatically similar words. While these methods are promising, they can be cumbersome and difficult to apply in engineering classrooms or industrial product development settings.
This paper presents further evaluation of the Analogy Seeded Mind-Maps method, a new method to prompt generation of analogous solution principles drawn from multiple analogical domains. We randomly select a set of 10–15 words from a graph of grammatically analogical synonyms of a functional design requirement “seed” and populate the first-level nodes of a mind-map with the selected textual analogies. This mind-map then serves as a visual tool that is utilized during the concept generation process. The effectiveness of the tool in generating concepts has been evaluated in previous studies.
In the current study, we evaluate the effect of substituting pictures for the verbal analogies in the Analogy Seeded Mind-Maps method. The study involved student volunteers who were recruited from a senior-level design methodology course. The students were asked to complete a simple concept generation task (in teams) using either a purely verbal version of the Analogy Seeded Mind-Maps method or the alternative version that relied on pictorial analogies. The results were evaluated for quantity, quality and novelty of the concepts generated using the two methods. Analysis of the results shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the novelty of ideas generated by the two methods, with the pictorial version producing a larger number of novel ideas than the purely verbal version. While the differences in quantity and quality are not statistically significant at the P-Value < 0.05 level, there are differences that approach this level of statistical significance. Further studies are needed to determine if there is any benefit to a method that combines both verbal and pictorial analogies.