The JWST-PRIMAL archival survey
Authors: Heintz K. E. , Brammer G. B. , Watson D. , Oesch P. A. , Keating L. C. , Hayes M. J. , Abdurro’uf  , Arellano-Córdova K. Z. , Carnall A. C. , Christiansen C. R. , Cullen F. , Davé R. , Dayal P. , Ferrara A. , Finlator K. , Fynbo J. P. U. , Flury S. R. , Gelli V. , Gillman S. , Gottumukkala R. , Gould K. , Greve T. R. , Hardin S. E. , Hsiao T. Y.-Y , Hutter A. , Jakobsson P. , Killi M. , Khosravaninezhad N. , Laursen P. , Lee M. M. , Magdis G. E. , Matthee J. , Naidu R. P. , Narayanan D. , Pollock C. , Prescott M. K. M. , Rusakov V. , Shuntov M. , Sneppen A. , Smit R. , Tanvir N. R. , Terp C. , Toft S. , Valentino F. , Vijayan A. P. , Weaver J. R. , Wise J. H. , Witstok J. 
Published: October 2024

Context. One of the surprising early findings with JWST has been the discovery of a strong “roll-over” or a softening of the absorption edge of Lyα in a large number of galaxies at z ≳ 6, in addition to systematic offsets from photometric redshift estimates and fundamental galaxy scaling relations. This has been interpreted as strong cumulative damped Lyα absorption (DLA) wings from high column densities of neutral atomic hydrogen (H I), signifying major gas accretion events in the formation of these galaxies.
Aims. To explore this new phenomenon systematically, we assembled the JWST/NIRSpec PRImordial gas Mass AssembLy (PRIMAL) legacy survey of 584 galaxies at z = 5.0 − 13.4, designed to study the physical properties and gas in and around galaxies during the reionization epoch.
Methods. We characterized this benchmark sample in full and spectroscopically derived the galaxy redshifts, metallicities, star formation rates, and ultraviolet (UV) slopes. We defined a new diagnostic, the Lyα damping parameter DLyα, to measure and quantify the net effect of Lyα emission strength, the H I fraction in the intergalactic medium, or the local H I column density for each source. The JWST-PRIMAL survey is based on the spectroscopic DAWN JWST Archive (DJA-Spec). We describe DJA-Spec in this paper, detailing the reduction methods, the post-processing steps, and basic analysis tools. All the software, reduced spectra, and spectroscopically derived quantities and catalogs are made publicly available in dedicated repositories.
Results. We find that the fraction of galaxies showing strong integrated DLAs with NHI > 1021 cm−2 only increases slightly from ≈60% at z ≈ 6 up to ≈65 − 90% at z > 8. Similarly, the prevalence and prominence of Lyα emission is found to increase with decreasing redshift, in qualitative agreement with previous observational results. Strong Lyα emitters (LAEs) are predominantly found to be associated with low-metallicity and UV faint galaxies. By contrast, strong DLAs are observed in galaxies with a variety of intrinsic physical properties, but predominantly at high redshifts and low metallicities.
Conclusions. Our results indicate that strong DLAs likely reflect a particular early assembly phase of reionization-era galaxies, at which point they are largely dominated by pristine H I gas accretion. At z = 8 − 10, this gas gradually cools and forms into stars that ionize their local surroundings, forming large ionized bubbles and producing strong observed Lyα emission at z < 8.