bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dichtheitsprüfung
Authors: Hart Hans‐Peter 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDie wachsenden Anforderungen, wie beispielsweise längere Haltbarkeit des verpackten Nahrungsmittels oder besserer Langzeitschutz vor Umwelteinflüssen, verändern auch die Ansprüche an Methoden zur zerstörungsfreien Dichtheitsprüfung für flexible Verpackungen. Flexible und damit fragile Verpackungen können meist ohnehin nur erschwert zerstörungsfrei dichtgeprüft werden.Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird bei flexiblen Verpackungen primär auf die Prüfung der Siegelnaht gelegt da diese meist die Schwachstelle hinsichtlich Dichtigkeit darstellt.Es gibt verschiedene Prüfverfahren zur Dichtheitsprüfung von flexiblen Verpackungen wie Wasserbad, Druckdifferenzverfahren und Dichtheitsprüfung mit Tracergasen. Jedes der aufgezeigten Verfahren hat für den jeweiligen Anwendungsbereich sowohl Vor‐ aber auch Nachteile. Die geforderte Leckrate bestimmt dabei maßgeblich welche Prüfmethode sich am besten eignet. Für die Erkennung sehr kleiner Leckagen (<10 μ oder 10‐5 mbar l/s) oder sehr kurzen Prüfzeiten eignen sich zur Zeit nur Prüfverfahren mit Tracergasen. Der zusätzliche Nutzen bei dieser Methode ist, dass das Leck in einem zweiten Prüfschritt eindeutig lokalisiert werden kann. Schwachstelle an der Verpackung können so schnell und unkompliziert erkannt und damit anschließend entsprechende Maßnahmen in der Produktion zur Qualitätsverbesserung eingeleitet werden. Jedoch stellt das zur Prüfung notwendige Vakuum, und die damit verbundene mechanische Belastung auf die Verpackung, gerade bei flexiblen Verpackungen ein nicht unerhebliches Problem dar.
Die Hauptstrommessung als Innovation in der industriellen Helium‐Dichtheitsprüfung
Authors: Kawczynski Armin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDas sogenannte Hauptstromverfahren mit seinen speziellen Vakuum‐Pumpstationen bietet bei der Helium‐Dichtheitsprüfung zahlreiche technologische Vorteile, durch die sich die Wirtschaftlichkeit und Effizienz von industriellen Inline‐Prüfanlagen signifikant steigern lassen. Die Ausblendung von Umgebungseinflüssen und die Erzielbarkeit kürzester Taktraten sind die bedeutendsten Kriterien für eine erfolgreiche Automatisierung der Prüfprozesse. Durch die Reduzierung des Heliumverbrauchs sowie erreichbare Energieeinsparungen verbessert sich die Kostenbilanz der Investition in eine Prüfanlage, die nach dem Hauptstromverfahren arbeitet, noch weiter. PINK‐Dichtheitsprüfanlagen sind mit umfangreichen Diagnosesystemen ausgestattet, die von der kontinuierlichen Eigenüberwachung über die vollautomatische Leckratenkontrolle, bis hin zur eigenständigen Berechnung von neuen Prüfparametern reichen.
Über die Vermeidung von Lecks in lösbaren Verbindungen
Authors: Voss Gerhard 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn diesem Artikel wird dargestellt, welche Größen einen negativen Einfluss auf die Dichtheit von lösbaren Verbindungen in der Vakuum‐Technik haben und welche Möglichkeiten der Betreiber einer Vakuum‐Anlage hat, diesen Einfluss in Grenzen zu halten.
Physik und Technik von Radiofrequenz‐Ionentriebwerken
Authors: Volkmar Chris , Holste Kristof , Simon Jens 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDie um Größenordnungen höhere Treibstoffeffizienz elektrischer Weltraumantriebe gegenüber chemischen motiviert deren Nutzung für die Lage‐ und Bahnstabilisierung, für Spiralflüge auf höhere Orbits (orbit raising) sowie für interplanetare Raumflüge. Ganz besonders hohe Effizienz bieten Radiofrequenz‐Ionentriebwerke (RIT), da sie den Schub über Ionen eines Plasmas erzeugen, die in einem elektrostatischen Feld sehr stark beschleunigt werden. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die grundlegenden physikalischen Zusammenhänge innerhalb dieser Triebwerke, die zu einer hocheffizienten, feinst dosierbaren Schubgenerierung beitragen. Weiterhin wird eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung des Antriebssystems geliefert, indem besonders auf den energieeinspeisenden Radiofrequenz‐Generator (RFG), der maßgeblich den Gesamtwirkungsgrad des Antriebssystems definiert, eingegangen wird. Als forschungsintensiver Ausblick werden alternative Treibstoffe zur Bereitstellung des notwendigen Plasmas diskutiert, welche die Kostenbilanz einer Mission erheblich begünstigen könnten.
Verkürzen der Messzeit eines Lecksuchers
Authors: Konwitschny Rudolf 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBei der Helium‐Lecksuche sind sowohl bei der Einzelprüfung als auch der industriellen Serienprüfung eine schnelle Reaktionszeit und Signalabklingzeit für eine eindeutige Lokalisierung und/oder für kurze Zykluszeiten von Interesse.Anhand eines realen Prüfaufbaus werden die Effekte zusätzlicher Pumpen beschrieben. Der Einsatz einer in Serie geschalteten Turbomolekularpumpe als Maßnahme zur Verkürzung der Prüfzeit wird vorgestellt.
Functional characterization of missense mutations in severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency using a human expression system
Authors: Burda Patricie , Suormala Terttu , Heuberger Dorothea , Schäfer Alexandra , Fowler Brian , Froese D. Sean , Baumgartner Matthias R. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract5,10‐Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) catalyzes the NADPH‐dependent reduction of 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate using FAD as the cofactor. Severe MTHFR deficiency is the most common inborn error of folate metabolism, resulting in hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. Approximately 70 missense mutations have been described that cause severe MTHFR deficiency, however, in most cases their mechanism of dysfunction remains unclear. Few studies have investigated mutational specific defects; most of these assessing only activity levels from a handful of mutations using heterologous expression. Here, we report the in vitro expression of 22 severe MTHFR missense mutations and two known single nucleotide polymorphisms (p.Ala222Val, p.Thr653Met) in human fibroblasts. Significant reduction of MTHFR activity (<20 % of wild‐type) was observed for five mutant proteins that also had highly reduced protein levels on Western blot analysis. The remaining mutations produced a spectrum of enzyme activity levels ranging from 22–122 % of wild‐type, while the SNPs retained wild‐type‐like activity levels. We found increased thermolability for p.Ala222Val and seven disease‐causing mutations all located in the catalytic domain, three of which also showed FAD responsiveness in vitro. By contrast, six regulatory domain mutations and two mutations clustering around the linker region showed increased thermostability compared to wild‐type protein. Finally, we confirmed decreased affinity for NADPH in individual mutant enzymes, a result previously described in primary patient fibroblasts. Our expression study allows determination of significance of missense mutations in causing deleterious loss of MTHFR protein and activity, and is valuable in detection of aberrant kinetic parameters, but should not replace investigations in native material.
Relation of NMR parameters with specific surface and resistivity of shaly sandstone and siltstone samples: experimental study
Authors: Shumskayte M.Y. , Glinskikh V.N. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Using an MST-05 NMR relaxometer, we determined the dependence of NMR parameters on the specific surface and resistivity of water-saturated shaly sandstone and siltstone core samples. The influence of the type and quantity of clay minerals was evaluated at residual water saturation, because the main contribution to the measured NMR signal in this case is made by clay content. Based on NMR relaxometry data, we obtained quantitative estimates of the specific surface with clay- and capillary-bound fluids. The surface relaxivity was estimated from thermal-desorption and NMR relaxometry data. The high degree of reliability of its values was confirmed by the agreement between the pore size distributions determined by NMR relaxometry and by capillarimetry and granulometry. We have established that the parameters of NMR spectra depend on the specific surface and resistivity, which are, in turn, a function of the surface properties of both clay and sandstone/siltstone particles.
The effects of tool eccentricity and formation anisotropy on resistivity logs: forward modeling
Authors: Karinskiy A.D. , Daev D.S. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The theory of resistivity logging (RL) originally stems from the Fock–Stefãnescu forward problem solution for the stationary electric field E in a piecewise homogeneous isotropic medium, with a single boundary corresponding to the surface of a cylinder unlimited by height. The cylinder simulates a borehole filled with drilling mud of resistivity ρ = ρb, which penetrates a formation with resistivity of rocks ρ = ρr. The primary field E is produced by the charge of a current electrode A placed on the cylinder axis. In this paper the forward problem for the field E is investigated for the electrode A at an arbitrary point off the axis of a borehole embedded in a transversely isotropic formation, with an anisotropy axis parallel to the borehole axis. The solution of forvard problem is used in algorithms and respective software for processing resistivity logs affected by electrode eccentricity and formation anisotropy. The changes caused to apparent resistivity by the two effects are estimated in percent for axial and lateral electrode dispositions.
Children in the Syrian Civil War: the Familial, Educational, and Public Health Impact of Ongoing Violence
Authors: Elsafti Abdallah Mohamed , van Berlaer Gerlant , Al Safadi Mohammad , Debacker Michel , Buyl Ronald , Redwan Atef , Hubloue Ives 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe Syrian civil war since 2011 has led to one of the most complex humanitarian emergencies in history. The objective of this study was to document the impact of the conflict on the familial, educational, and public health state of Syrian children.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted in May 2015. Health care workers visited families with a prospectively designed data sheet in 4 Northern Syrian governorates.ResultsThe 1001 children included in this study originated from Aleppo (41%), Idleb (36%), Hamah (15%), and Lattakia (8%). The children’s median age was 6 years (range, 0-15 years; interquartile range, 3-11 years), and 61% were boys. Almost 20% of the children were internally displaced, and 5% had deceased or missing parents. Children lacked access to safe drinking water (15%), appropriate sanitation (23%), healthy nutrition (16%), and pediatric health care providers (64%). Vaccination was inadequate in 72%. More than half of school-aged children had no access to education. Children in Idleb and Lattakia were at greater risk of having unmet public health needs. Younger children were at greater risk of having an incomplete vaccination state.ConclusionsAfter 4 years of civil war in Syria, children have lost parents, live in substandard life quality circumstances, and are at risk for outbreaks because of worsening vaccination states and insufficient availability of health care providers. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:874–882)
A School within a School of War: Workers Making, Learning and Teaching about History
Authors: Grossman Jonathan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn June 1988 hotel-workers in Cape Town were amongst many dismissed in the then biggest stay-away against planned anti-union attacks. For months they met daily, organising their struggle for reinstatement: the site of an ongoing collective process of radical worker education for liberation. Workers shared this through a process of documentation and solidarity celebrating their collective agency, reflecting on past, making current, and envisioning future history. A different capitalist market-driven education for competitiveness now dominates postapartheid South Africa. A reflection written in 1994 illuminates the denigration of working class collectivism, successfully resisted by the dismissed workers but even then developing.
Class Formation and Workers’ Attitudes toward Education:La Pensée Ouvrière(1948) by Georges Duveau
Authors: Hanagan Michael 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLa pensée ouvrièrere pendant la second république et le second empire,Georges Duveau's classic but largely-forgotten study of French artisanal workers, focuses on changing attitudes toward work and education between 1848 and 1870, years which Duveau himself lauded as exceptionally fertile and creative in French social thought. How to explain such extraordinary fecundity? Partly, it can be explained by intensified police repression after Napoleon III’s coup, when the educational institutions of workers were repressed and they had to design new ones under the eyes of a suspicious state. Perhaps a more important factor, one suggested by the recent work of Thomas Piketty, is the ever-growing need to produce workers capable catering to the ever more sophisticated needs of the fabulously wealthy. The highly skilled artisanal production in Paris combined with the growth of factories created the distinctive conditions of French economic growth.
Working Youth and Education in Postwar Greece: Night Schools as Arenas of Political Struggle and Cultural Practices
Authors: Lampropoulou Dimitra 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Working Pupils’ Association of High Schools was founded in 1960s’ Greece as an organization of working boys and girls who attended secondary evening schools after having finished their daily waged work. Acting simultaneously as a conventional union and as a collective that encouraged artistic activity, the association elaborated new meanings about the relation between work, education, and youth. The postwar period saw the rapid expansion of secondary schooling to the lower classes, which affected deeply both youth and the working class. However, significant attention has not yet been paid to pupils generally, let alone to those of the working class. Addressing this lacuna, this article suggests a new perspective on the relation between the histories of youth, class, political acculturation, and social change in the second half of the twentieth century.
Combination of spindle and first polar body chromosome images for the enhanced prediction of developmental potency of mouse metaphase II oocytes
Authors: Sugano Yukou , Yazawa Manami , Takino Sachio , Niimura Sueo , Yamashiro Hideaki 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe objective of this study was to classify spindle and first polar body (PB1) chromosome images in ovulated mouse oocytes over time to predict the developmental competence of metaphase II (MII) oocytes. Oocytes were collected at 12, 15, 20, and 25 h after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection, and stained for spindle tubulin, chromosomes, and PB1 chromosomes. MII spindle morphology was classified as tapered type or barrel type and PB1 chromosomes were categorized as aggregated, separated, dot, or collapsed. To determine whether differences in spindle and PB1 images in MII oocytes are associated with fertilization success, we performed in vitro fertilization (IVF) at various times after hCG injection. Barrel-type spindles and aggregate-type PB1 were dominant at 12 h after hCG injection. Oocyte spindles collected 1 h after injection were tapered, and PB1 chromosomes were separated. At 20 and 25 h after treatment, spindle and PB1 images were classified as collapsed. The rate of development to 2-cell embryos after IVF did not differ between the 12 h and 15 h treatments; however, it was significantly lower for the 25 h treatment than for other treatments. The rates of development to blastocysts at 12, 15, 20, and 25 h after hCG injection were 61, 46, 42, and 9%, respectively. MII oocytes with barrel-type spindles and aggregate-type PB1 had high rates of fertilization and blastocyst development, and spindle and PB1 characteristics were correlated with the outcomes of IVF and embryo culture. These results suggested that images of spindles combined with those of PB1 chromosomes enable the prediction of oocytic and/or embryonic quality.
I Will Register and Vote, If You Teach Me How: A Field Experiment Testing Voter Registration in College Classrooms
Authors: Bennion Elizabeth A. , Nickerson David W. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTCollege students are young, have little or no history of voting, and are residentially mobile, which makes them a population in great need of registering to vote. Universities have a civic, pedagogical, and legal obligation to register their students to vote. In 2006, we conducted a controlled experiment across 16 college campuses to test the efficacy of classroom presentations to increase voter registration. The 25,256 students across more than 1,026 classrooms were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) a control group receiving no presentation; (2) a presentation by a professor; and (3) a presentation by a student volunteer. Verifying registration and voter turnout from a national voter database, we found that both types of presentations increased overall registration by 6 percentage points and turnout rates by approximately 2.6 percentage points. These results demonstrated that universities can take simple steps to engage their students in politics.
A Calamitous Compact
Authors: DeWitt Darin , Schwartz Thomas 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (joined so far by ten states and DC) would replace the current presidential-election system, based on the electoral college and the winner-take-all rule, with nationwide plurality rule, and it would do so by changes in state law, not a Constitutional amendment. The mischief that would create (especially procedural instability, noncompliant electors, nation-wide recounts, vote manipulation, and narrowed support), the compact’s questionable Constitutionality, the weakness of its defense, and the availability of less calamitous alternatives are reasons enough to reject it.
Polling the Pollsters: A Survey of Academic Survey Organizations
Authors: Fernandez Kenneth E. , Husser Jason A. , Macdonald Mary G. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTOrganizations conducting survey research have remained of vital importance to the social sciences. However, these organizations increasingly face new challenges and opportunities. Survey operations housed in universities and colleges may face special challenges. We present a poll of pollsters, an original survey of leaders of academic survey organizations in the United States. Results explore the various methods used by academic survey organizations and perceptions of challenges in today’s academic and research environments. Responses provide an overview of the career path of academic survey leaders and how those leaders understand the primary missions of their organizations. We conclude with a discussion relevant to social scientists interested in the dynamics of operating these important academic research centers.
Campaign Simulation for American Government: An Active Learning Approach to Campaigns and Elections
Authors: Alberda Gayle 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTInstructors of American government are challenged with teaching students from a variety of disciplines. Utilizing active learning methods captures students in a manner traditional lectures cannot. For this study I employed an experimental design to assess a campaign simulation used in an Introduction to American Government course. Results show the simulation aided in students’ learning about campaigns and elections.
Yes, But Did They Learn Anything? An Experimental Investigation of Voter Decision Making on Foreign Policy Issues
Authors: Sievert Jacqueline M. , McDonald Michael K. , Fagan Charles J. , Michelsen Niall 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTDo non-graded, one-time, short presentations by a panel of professors on foreign policy issues affect voting behavior among students? Did the panel itself contribute to students’ understanding of the importance of foreign policy in evaluating candidates? Did presentations lead to changes in students’ candidate preferences? And, finally, did the event lead to sustained changes in students’ preferences? We find that even though issues of foreign policy tend not to be front and center in American elections, when young voters are presented with information about candidate’s foreign policy positions, as we did in this study, it does seem to have an impact on which candidate they plan on voting for.
Reflections: The Michigan Four and Their Study of American Voters: A Biography of a Collaboration
Authors: Weisberg Herbert F. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe publication ofThe American Voterin 1960 revolutionized the study of American voting behavior. Its University of Michigan authors, Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, were to share thousands of citations, but they were four different people, with different backgrounds, different personalities, and different career trajectories afterwards. This paper presents a chronological biography ofThe American Voter, from assembling the research team, through writing the book, to its aftermath, and ending with brief perspectives on each author.
Conditional Arbiters: The Limits of Political Party Influence in Presidential Nominations
Authors: Steger Wayne P. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe 2016 Republican presidential nomination challenges arguments about political party insiders’ influence on the outcome. This article argues, first, that party insider influence is conditional on the participation, coalescence, and timing of party stakeholders behind a front-runner during the invisible primary, and second, that party insider influence has probably declined since the 2000 presidential election. Data on endorsements by elite elected officials in open presidential nominations from 1984 to 2016 show that party insiders’ participation and convergence of support behind the front-runner is less extensive than what was found by Cohen, Karol, Noel, and Zaller (2008), though the data sets differ. Party insiders participate and unify more readily when the party coalition is stable and there is a candidate in the race who has demonstrable national support. Party elites remain on the sidelines when the party coalition is divided or when there is uncertainty about the appeal of candidates (Ryan 2011; Whitby 2014). The potency of insider endorsements likely has declined with the rise of social media, the changing campaign finance landscape, and the reemergence of populism in each party.