bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Kekulé and Non-Kekulé Structures in the Radical Character of Alternant Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A TAO-DFT Study
Authors: Yeh Chia-Nan , Chai Jeng-Da 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe investigate the role of Kekulé and non-Kekulé structures in the radical character of alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using thermally-assisted-occupation density functional theory (TAO-DFT), an efficient electronic structure method for the study of large ground-state systems with strong static correlation effects. Our results reveal that the studies of Kekulé and non-Kekulé structures qualitatively describe the radical character of alternant PAHs, which could be useful when electronic structure calculations are infeasible due to the expensive computational cost. In addition, our results support previous findings on the increase in radical character with increasing system size. For alternant PAHs with the same number of aromatic rings, the geometrical arrangements of aromatic rings are responsible for their radical character.
Phenotypical heterogeneity linked to adipose tissue dysfunction in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Barchetta Ilaria , Angelico Francesco , Del Ben Maria , Di Martino Michele , Cimini Flavia Agata , Bertoccini Laura , Polimeni Licia , Catalano Carlo , Fraioli Antonio , Del Vescovo Riccardo , Morini Sergio , Baroni Marco Giorgio , Cavallo Maria Gisella 
Published: July 2016

Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation leads to increased free fatty acid (FFA) efflux and ectopic fat deposition, but whether AT dysfunction drives selective fat accumulation in specific sites remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between AT dysfunction, hepatic/pancreatic fat fraction (HFF, PFF) and the associated metabolic phenotype in patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Sixty-five consecutive T2D patients were recruited at the Diabetes Centre of Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. The study population underwent clinical examination and blood sampling for routine biochemistry and calculation of insulin secretion [homoeostasis model assessment of insulin secretion (HOMA-β%)] and insulin-resistance [homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and adipose tissue insulin resistance (ADIPO-IR)] indexes. Subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) AT area, HFF and PFF were determined by magnetic resonance. Some 55.4% of T2D patients had non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); they were significantly younger and more insulin-resistant than non-NAFLD subjects. ADIPO-IR was the main determinant of HFF independently of age, sex, HOMA-IR, VAT, SAT and predicted severe NAFLD with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC)=0.796 (95% confidence interval: 0.65–0.94, P=0.001). PFF was independently associated with increased total adiposity but did not correlate with AT dysfunction, insulin resistance and secretion or NAFLD. The ADIPO-IR index was capable of predicting NAFLD independently of all confounders, whereas it did not seem to be related to intrapancreatic fat deposition; unlike HFF, higher PFF was not associated with relevant alterations in the metabolic profile. In conclusion, the presence and severity of AT dysfunction may drive ectopic fat accumulation towards specific targets, such as VAT and liver, therefore evaluation of AT dysfunction may contribute to the identification of different risk profiles among T2D patients.
Sudden Sensorioneural Hearing Loss and Autoimmune Systemic Diseases
Authors: Rossini Bruno , Penido Norma , Munhoz Mario , Bogaz Eduardo , Curi Renata 
Published: July 2016

Introduction Several authors have demonstrated the relationship between sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD). Immune-mediated SNHL can rarely present as unilateral sudden SNHL and manifests itself in the contralateral ear only after years. It presents clinical relevance for being one of the few SNHL that may be reversible given that early and appropriate treatment is applied.
Objective The objective of this study is to describe the clinical presentations and audiological findings from patients with idiopathic sudden SNHL and SAD associated with a probable diagnosis of immune-mediated SNHL. Furthermore, we strive to estimate the prevalence of SAD in patients with sudden SNHL.
Methods This is an observational retrospective cohort. We have selected and studied patients with SAD. Revision of available literature on scientific repositories.
Results We evaluated 339 patients with sudden SNHL. Among them, 13 (3.83%) patients suffered from SAD. Three patients had bilateral involvement, a total of 16 ears. We evaluate and describe various clinical, epidemiological, and audiological aspects of this sample.
Conclusion In our sample of patients with sudden SNHL, the prevalence of SAD was found relevant. The majority had tinnitus and dizziness concomitant hearing loss, unilateral involvement and had experienced profound hearing loss at the time of the installation. In spite of instituted treatment, most cases showed no improvement in audiometric thresholds. Apparently, patients with sudden SNHL and SAD have a more severe initial impairment, higher percentage of bilateral, lower response to treatment, and worse prognosis than patients with sudden SNHL of unknown etiology.
Unraveling the drivers of MERS-CoV transmission
Authors: Cauchemez Simon , Nouvellet Pierre , Cori Anne , Jombart Thibaut , Garske Tini , Clapham Hannah , Moore Sean , Mills Harriet Linden , Salje Henrik , Collins Caitlin , Rodriquez-Barraquer Isabel , Riley Steven , Truelove Shaun , Algarni Homoud , Alhakeem Rafat , AlHarbi Khalid , Turkistani Abdulhafiz , Aguas Ricardo J. , Cummings Derek A. T. , Van Kerkhove Maria D. , Donnelly Christl A. , Lessler Justin , Fraser Christophe , Al-Barrak Ali , Ferguson Neil M. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Since it was discovered in 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected more than 1,700 persons, one-third of whom died, essentially in the Middle East. Persons can get infected by direct or indirect contact with dromedary camels, and although human-to-human transmission is not self-sustaining in the Middle East, it can nonetheless generate large outbreaks, particular in hospital settings. Overall, we still poorly understand how infections from the animal reservoir, the different levels of mixing, and heterogeneities in transmission have contributed to the buildup of MERS-CoV epidemics. Here, we quantify the contribution of each of these factors from detailed records of MERS-CoV cases from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which has been the most affected country.
Crystal structure of a nuclear actin ternary complex
Authors: Cao Tingting , Sun Lingfei , Jiang Yuxiang , Huang Shanjin , Wang Jiawei , Chen Zhucheng 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Actin is a prominent component of the cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Its presence in the nucleus was once considered controversial. However, it is now widely accepted that nuclear actin (N-actin) is a constitutive subunit of several chromatin-remodeling complexes. Yet, the specific structure of N-actin and how its polymerization is regulated remain unresolved. Our study presents the first crystal structure of the N-actin complex to our knowledge and illustrates the salient features that distinguish N-actin from its cytoplasmic counterpart. These features prevent the self-polymerization of N-actin and its regulation by many known actin-binding proteins. Our findings provide a rational basis for the functions of N-actin, laying the groundwork for future studies in this field.
Controlled fire use in early humans might have triggered the evolutionary emergence of tuberculosis
Authors: Chisholm Rebecca H. , Trauer James M. , Curnoe Darren , Tanaka Mark M. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Tuberculosis is an ancient human disease that continues to affect millions of people worldwide. A crucial component of the origins of the tuberculosis bacterium remains a mystery: What were the conditions that precipitated its emergence as an obligate transmissible human pathogen? Here, we identify a connection between the emergence of tuberculosis and another major event in human prehistory, namely the discovery of controlled fire use. Our results have serious and cautionary implications for the emergence of new infectious diseases—feedback between cultural innovation and alteration of living conditions can catalyze unexpected changes with potentially devastating consequences lasting thousands of years.
Pamidronate functionalized nanoconjugates for targeted therapy of focal skeletal malignant osteolysis
Authors: Yin Qian , Tang Li , Cai Kaimin , Tong Rong , Sternberg Rachel , Yang Xujuan , Dobrucki Lawrence W. , Borst Luke B. , Kamstock Debra , Song Ziyuan , Helferich William G. , Cheng Jianjun , Fan Timothy M. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Malignant osteolysis associated with inoperable primary bone tumors and multifocal skeletal metastases remains a challenging clinical problem in cancer patients. The outgrowth of residual cancer cells within the bone microenvironment despite aggressive multimodality therapies necessitates the discovery and validation of novel strategies for treating osteotropic solid tumors. We report on pamidronate functionalized polylactide nanoparticles for the targeted treatment of focal malignant osteolysis by delivering doxorubicin specifically to the bone tumor microenvironment. Improved efficacy was demonstrated in a preclinical orthotopic mouse model of osteosarcoma. Most importantly, through the inclusion of dogs with naturally developing osteosarcoma, biocompatibility, biodistribution, and anticancer activities at clinically relevant dosages were demonstrated in a large mammalian modeling system.
Relevance of Angiopoietin‐2 and Soluble P‐Selectin Levels in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Receiving Combination Therapy with Oral Treprostinil: A FREEDOM‐C2 Biomarker Substudy
Authors: Richter Manuel J. , Schermuly Ralph , Seeger Werner , Rao Youlan , Ghofrani Hossein A. , Gall Henning 
Published: July 2016

Studies have suggested roles for angiopoietin‐2 (Ang‐2) and soluble P‐selectin (sP‐selectin) as biomarkers of disease severity and treatment response in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but additional data are required for validation. We evaluated these biomarkers using data from FREEDOM‐C2, in which patients with PAH receiving stable monotherapy or combination therapy were randomized to receive additional treatment with oral treprostinil (up‐titrated from 0.25 mg twice daily) or placebo for 16 weeks. Biomarker analysis was optional in FREEDOM‐C2. We measured plasma Ang‐2 and sP‐selectin levels at baseline and at week 16, and we assessed their association with predefined outcomes (6‐minute walk distance [6MWD] change from baseline >40 m, 6MWD >380 m, functional class I/II, and/or N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide [NT‐proBNP] <1,800 pg/mL at week 16) using Spearman correlation, receiver operating characteristics, and logistic regression. Biomarker data were available for 83 of 157 and 95 of 153 patients in the oral treprostinil and placebo groups, respectively. In the oral treprostinil group, baseline Ang‐2 levels correlated with week 16 NT‐proBNP levels (P < 0.0001). Baseline Ang‐2 ≥12 ng/mL was associated with a reduced likelihood of having NT‐proBNP <1,800 pg/mL at week 16 (multivariate odds ratio: 0.08; 95% confidence interval: 0.02–0.32). However, Ang‐2 showed no significant association with the other assessed outcomes, and sP‐selectin was not associated or correlated with any of the outcomes. These data suggest that Ang‐2 and sP‐selectin are not associated with response to oral treprostinil in patients already receiving stable PAH therapy. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00887978.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips Christopher 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Between 1800 and 1915, in the “middle border,” tensions between competing nationalist ideologies were magnified as Americans became politicized over the issue of slavery, were realized as antagonisms through the war, and were at last transformed by postwar memories and understandings of that war and its outcomes. This new border was fashioned largely through a bitter and encompassing uncivil war, fought between people more than armies, ultimately overshadowed by broader, traditional narratives of the clash of arms and counternarratives as deliberate reversals of history. These narratives are resilient, relying on binary definitions, northern and southern, and obscuring a western narrative of the war and the nation. Historians have largely ignored Lincoln’s home region—the West—and its centrality to perhaps the war’s most lasting outcome. Beneath the edifice of postwar American nationalism lay an unreconciled regionalism that has proven more enduring than its sectionalized predecessor.
Netherworld of War
Authors: Phillips Christopher 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The prolonged presence of military forces, federal and Confederate, in all of the middle border states from 1861 to 1862 had profound societal effects. In the region’s slave states, armies and state militia implemented military occupations to control a divided and often hostile civilian population, subverting civil liberties at the local and state levels as part of a broader strategy to maintain order, determine loyalty and disloyalty, and obtain resources to prosecute the war. In the mesh of conflicting stances and allegiances, military presence hastened communities’ realignments by loyal and disloyal constituencies. In turn, these residents divided into “communities of allegiance” of discrete loyal and dissenting networks.
Basic concepts
Authors: Soto Rodrigo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis chapter introduces the basic concepts that will be worked out in detail in the book. The ideas are presented for classical gases for which the velocity distribution function is defined. The properties of the equilibrium Maxwell—Boltzmann distribution are discussed. Considering molecular collisions, the collision frequency and mean free path are given. Finally, the mean free path theory of transport is used to derive transport laws and compute the coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity. Finally, the concepts are extended for the transport of classical charges and the Drude conductivity is obtained.
Plasmas and self-gravitating systems
Authors: Soto Rodrigo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWhen particles interact with long-range forces as in the case of charges in a plasma or self-gravitating systems in a galaxy, it is not possible to consider individual collision events. Rather, particles interact simultaneously with many and a mean field approach is justified. In this approximation, the Vlasov kinetic equation is derived and analysed in detail, describing static and dynamic charge screening. Contrary to the previous cases, the Vlasov equation is reversible. Plasmas support waves of various kinds. These are damped, a phenomenon that is shown to be compatible with the reversibility described above. Self-gravitating systems, contrary to plasmas, do not show charge screening but rather any mass excess leads to density instabilities which ultimately explain the origin of large astronomical structures. Extension of the mean field description to include fluctuations is discussed at the end of the chapter. Finally, the formalism is applied to a vortex gas.
Skilling the Unskilled
Authors: Degiuli Francesca 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Chapter 6 describes the routines of both live-in and live-out workers throughout a typical day on the job. In the process the chapter reveals that home eldercare assistance while often being portrayed simply as an offshoot of domestic labor is in reality a different occupation with its own set of skills, goals, and priorities. In addition, it shows that while this job is often portrayed as unskilled in reality it requires the workers take on, during their long work day, different roles, each requiring a different set of skills: from maid to chaperone, from nurse to therapist, and from cook to spiritual counselor. Finally the chapter includes a discussion of the different dimensions of eldercare according to the women who provide it.
Interstate Arbitration and Foreign Judges
Authors: Magnetto Anna 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis chapter concentrates on interstate arbitration and foreign judges. Interstate arbitration is identified by the sources as a genuine Greek tradition, attested from the Archaic period, which was employed and fostered by other powers, such as the Hellenistic Kings and Republican Rome. It allowed two parties in conflict to solve disputes by resorting to the judgment of a third party agreed by both. Its use contributed to the establishing of forms of international law, encouraging the poleis to identify a set of shared principles and rules, at least for territorial disputes, the most common kind of controversy. The use of foreign judges is another, more recent, feature of judicial relations between poleis. In the Hellenistic period, small groups of people were elected by their city to conduct trials between citizens of another polis, according to the laws of that polis, where local tribunals no longer worked on a regular basis.
A History of Human Neuropsychology in the United Kingdom
Authors: Collins Alan F. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of human neuropsychology in the United Kingdom, particularly developments in the twentieth century. It considers five factors that contributed to the emergence of neuropsychology in twentieth-century Britain: a set of beliefs, concepts, and debates about the relations between brain structure and function; increasing specialization and professionalization of both science and medicine; sites where brain-behavior relations could be explored; the role of personal networks and elites; and introduction of technologies for analyzing the brain and psychological qualities. It discusses the stagnation of neuropsychology in Britain during the period 1900–1939 and how the discipline’s promise was sustained until its fuller development after World War II, in part due to the creation of the National Health Service (NHS). Finally, it explains how neuropsychology has become separated from areas such as neurology and became firmly established as an academic subdiscipline and an element of clinical practice in Britain.
The Gatekeeping of Political Messages
Authors: Shoemaker Pamela 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Simply put, gatekeeping involves deciding which messages to send to others and how to shape them. Billions of events occur each day, many with political ramifications, but there are more events than the news media can cover or even know about. Political information competes with all other topics to pass through source and media gates. Politicians create forces that constrain or facilitate this passage, but making it through one gate is usually not sufficient. Multiple gates in source, media, and audience channels winnow messages until we have those few that become television news stories or blog posts. To explain this process, gatekeeping theory was proposed in the late 1940s by Kurt Lewin; it is one of the older theories applied to the study of mass communication.
Contemporary Religions in Brazil
Authors: Schmidt Bettina E. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This essay gives an overview of the religious landscape of Brazil as well as studies about religions in Brazil. Starting with the situation of Christian denominations in Brazil the essay discusses vernacular religions such as Spiritism and Afro-Brazilian religions such as Candomblé and Umbanda, religions that have arrived in Brazil by immigrants such as Buddhism, Islam and Judaism, and indigenous religions such as the religion of the Guaraní. The text highlights how social and political changes have impacted on religions in Brazil. Each section refers to selected publications representing the range of studies about these religions undertaken by scholars in Brazil and abroad.
Jesuit Theater and Drama
Authors: Wetmore Kevin J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The historic Jesuit theater represents two centuries of didactic theater in which the Society of Jesus, following both the organizational instructions and Spiritual Exercises of founder Ignatius of Loyola, used theater to inculcate virtue in both performer and audience member while teaching Latin, dance, poise, rhetoric, oratory, and confidence to the students who performed. Jesuit spirituality is inherently theatrical, and conversely Jesuit theater was intended to also be highly spiritual. The dramaturgy and scenography was spectacular and designed to draw audiences who would delight in them and learn the moral lessons the Jesuits hoped to teach while simultaneously drawing them away from a corrupt public theater. This essay considers Jesuit drama and theater in four key aspects: (1) Jesuit spirituality and performative practice; (2) the historic Jesuit educational theater of early modern Europe; (3) Jesuit drama in the missions outside of Europe; and (4) contemporary Jesuits involved in theater.
Maxwell electromagnetism as an emergent phenomenon in condensed matter
Authors: Rehn J. , Moessner R. 
Published: July 2016

The formulation of a complete theory of classical electromagnetism by Maxwell is one of the milestones of science. The capacity of many-body systems to provide emergent mini-universes with vacua quite distinct from the one we inhabit was only recognized much later. Here, we provide an account of how simple systems of localized spins manage to emulate Maxwell electromagnetism in their low-energy behaviour. They are much less constrained by symmetry considerations than the relativistically invariant electromagnetic vacuum, as their substrate provides a non-relativistic background with even translational invariance broken. They can exhibit rich behaviour not encountered in conventional electromagnetism. This includes the existence of magnetic monopole excitations arising from fractionalization of magnetic dipoles; as well as the capacity of disorder, by generating defects on the lattice scale, to produce novel physics, as exemplified by topological spin glassiness or random Coulomb magnetism.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Unifying physics and technology in light of Maxwell's equations’.
Distal axotomy enhances retrograde presynaptic excitability onto injured pyramidal neurons via trans-synaptic signaling
Authors: Nagendran Tharkika , Larsen Rylan S. , Bigler Rebecca L. , Frost Shawn B. , Philpot Benjamin D. , Nudo Randolph J. , Taylor Anne Marion 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInjury of CNS nerve tracts remodels circuitry through dendritic spine loss and hyper-excitability, thus influencing recovery. Due to the complexity of the CNS, a mechanistic understanding of injury-induced synaptic remodeling remains unclear. Using microfluidic chambers to separate and injure distal axons, we show that axotomy causes retrograde dendritic spine loss at directly injured pyramidal neurons followed by retrograde presynaptic hyper-excitability. These remodeling events require activity at the site of injury, axon-to-soma signaling, and transcription. Similarly, directly injured corticospinal neuronsin vivoalso exhibit a specific increase in spiking following axon injury. Axotomy-induced hyper-excitability of cultured neurons coincides with elimination of inhibitory inputs onto injured neurons, including those formed onto dendritic spines.Netrin-1downregulation occurs following axon injury and exogenous netrin-1 applied after injury normalizes spine density, presynaptic excitability, and inhibitory inputs at injured neurons. Our findings show that intrinsic signaling within damaged neurons regulates synaptic remodeling and involves netrin-1 signaling.