bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UAV hyperspectral and lidar data and their fusion for arid and semi‐arid land vegetation monitoring
Authors: Sankey Temuulen T. , McVay Jason , Swetnam Tyson L. , McClaran Mitchel P. , Heilman Philip , Nichols Mary 
Published: April 2017

AbstractUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide a new research tool to obtain high spatial and temporal resolution imagery at a reduced cost. Rapid advances in miniature sensor technology are leading to greater potentials for ecological research. We demonstrate one of the first applications of UAV lidar and hyperspectral imagery and a fusion method for individual plant species identification and 3D characterization at submeter scales in south‐eastern Arizona, USA. The UAV lidar scanner characterized the individual vegetation canopy structure and bare ground elevation, whereas the hyperspectral sensor provided species‐specific spectral signatures for the dominant and target species at our study area in leaf‐on condition. We hypothesized that the fusion of the two different data sources would perform better than either data type alone in the arid and semi‐arid ecosystems with sparse vegetation. The fusion approach provides 84–89% overall accuracy (kappa values of 0.80–0.86) in target species classification at the canopy scale, leveraging a wide range of target spectral responses in the hyperspectral data and a high point density (50 points/m2) in the lidar data. In comparison, the hyperspectral image classification alone produced 72–76% overall accuracies (kappa values of 0.70 and 0.71). The UAV lidar‐derived digital elevation model (DEM) is also strongly correlated with manned airborne lidar‐derived DEM (R2 = 0.98 and 0.96), but was obtained at a lower cost. The lidar and hyperspectral data as well as the fusion method demonstrated here can be widely applied across a gradient of vegetation and topography to monitor and detect ecological changes at a local scale.
Crystallisation of aspirin via simulated pulmonary surfactant monolayers and lung‐specific additives
Authors: Davies Michael J. , Taylor Zoe , Leach Andrew G. , Ren James , Gibbons Paul 
Published: April 2017

Pain is a prevalent condition that can have a serious impact upon the socioeconomic function of a population. Numerous methods exist to administer analgesic medication (e.g. aspirin) to the body however inherent drawbacks limit patient acceptability. The inhaled route offers promise to facilitate the administration of medication to the body. Here, we consider the crystallisation behaviour of aspirin, our model therapeutic agent, when in contact with material of relevance to the lung. Thus, our approach aims to better understand the interaction between drug substances and the respiratory tract. Langmuir monolayers composed of a mixed surfactant system were supported on an aqueous subphase containing aspirin (7.5 mg/ml). The surfactant film was compressed to either 5mN/m (i.e. inhalation end point) or 50 mN/m (i.e. exhalation end point), whilst located within a humid environment for 16 h. Standard cooling crystallisation procedures were employed to produce control samples. Antisolvent crystallisation in the presence or absence of lung‐specific additives was conducted. All samples were analysed via scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Drug‐surfactant interactions were confirmed via condensed Langmuir isotherms. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed plate‐like morphology. The crystallisation route dictated both the crystal habit and particle size distribution. Dominant reflections were the (100) and (200) aspects. The main modes of interaction were hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic associations, and van der Waals forces. Here, we have demonstrated the potential of antisolvent crystallisation with lung‐specific additives to achieve control over drug crystal morphology. The approach taken can be applied in respirable formulation engineering. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PTSD and PTG among Israeli mothers: Opposite facets of exposure to terrorism
Authors: Shechory Bitton Mally , Laufer Avital 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe aim of the this study was to test the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic growth (PTG), and coping strategies among Israeli mothers with prolonged exposure to rocket missiles. One hundred fifty‐two mothers, from the Western Negev region of Israel, took part in the study.Respondents were affected by prolonged exposure to missile attacks even when they themselves had not been hit or injured. A positive correlation was found between PTSD and PTG. Problem‐focused coping was found to mediate the relationship between PTSD and PTG; the higher the PTSD, the greater the use of problem‐focused coping and the greater the posttraumatic growth. The results help understand the association between PTSD and PTG. The finding whereby problem‐focused coping mediates the PTSD–PTG relationship is important for comprehending the association between the variables and the significance of growth in human life and for constructing intervention programs that promote growth following trauma. In addition, the study contributes to raising awareness both of how mothers cope and that they are a separate risk group with distinct growth possibilities.
Home Alone: The Effects of Lone‐Insider Boards on CEO Pay, Financial Misconduct, and Firm Performance
Authors: Zorn Michelle L. , Shropshire Christine , Martin John A. , Combs James G. , Ketchen David J. 
Published: April 2017

Research summary: Corporate scandals of the previous decade have heightened attention on board independence. Indeed, boards at many large firms are now so independent that the CEO is “home alone” as the lone inside member. We build upon “pro‐insider” research within agency theory to explain how the growing trend toward lone‐insider boards affects key outcomes and how external governance forces constrain their impact. We find evidence among S&P 1500 firms that having a lone‐insider board is associated with (a) excess CEO pay and a larger CEO‐top management team pay gap, (b) increased likelihood of financial misconduct, and (c) decreased firm performance, but that stock analysts and institutional investors reduce these negative effects. The findings raise important questions about the efficacy of leaving the CEO “home alone.”Managerial summary: Following concerns that insider‐dominated boards failed to protect shareholders, there has been a push for greater board independence. This push has been so successful that the CEO is now the only insider on the boards of more than half of S&P 1500 firms. We examine whether lone‐insider boards do in fact offer strong governance or whether they enable CEOs to benefit personally. We find that lone‐insider boards pay CEOs excessively, pay CEOs a disproportionately large amount relative to other top managers, have more instances of financial misconduct, and have lower performance than boards with more than one insider. Thus, it appears that lone‐insider boards do not function as intended and firms should reconsider whether the push towards lone‐insider boards is actually in shareholders' best interests. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shell buckling transformed: Mechanics, design processes and their inter‐relation
Authors: Rotter John Michael 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHerrn Univ.‐Prof. em. Dr.‐Ing. Herbert Schmidt zur Vollendung seines 80. Lebensjahres gewidmetThis paper, in honour of Professor Herbert Schmidt, provides a brief description of two parallel but connected historical developments in the field of the buckling of thin metal shells, an area in which Professor Schmidt has made very significant contributions over the last four decades.The developments in shell buckling mechanics have been enormous over the last century, in addressing challenging practical problems and in changing from difficult mathematics to universal access for competent engineers. The second development has been in design calculations for practising engineers, moving from crude empiricism based on simple tests into a complete framework that can house all computational predictions in a structured manner, permitting very complex problems to be fully characterised. These two fields are quite separate, especially in the early part of the 20th century, and still lie somewhat apart, but the problems encountered in practical engineering continue to influence the development of shell buckling mechanics, whilst the conceptual framework for practical design is evolving to accommodate the most complex of findings in structural mechanics.
Regeln für die Berechnung von Behältern mit der FEM
Authors: Knödel Peter , Ummenhofer Thomas 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHerrn Univ.‐Prof. em. Dr.‐Ing. Herbert Schmidt zur Vollendung seines 80. Lebensjahres gewidmetKommerzielle FE‐Pakete sind zunehmend in den Ingenieurbüros verfügbar. Durch ihre Universalität verleiten sie dazu, auch dann zur Bemessung von Behältern verwendet zu werden, wenn der anwendende Ingenieur keine Erfahrung mit händischen Festigkeits‐ und Stabilitätsnachweisen bei Schalentragwerken hat.Die Autoren versuchen mit diesem Artikel anhand von wenigen, strukturierten Grundregeln aufzuzeigen, welche Anforderungen an ein Modell und dessen Dokumentation zu stellen sind, so dass fachliche Richtigkeit und die erforderliche Nachvollziehbarkeit der Ergebnisse gegeben sind. Dazu wird vorab die in der Tragwerksplanung erforderliche Abstraktion diskutiert. Ebenso wird dafür plädiert, sich im Zweifelsfall für eine Handrechnung zu entscheiden, da dies möglicherweise deutlich weniger Aufwand bedingt, als eine fachgerecht dokumentierte FE‐Berechnung.Im Einzelnen werden Hinweise zur Modellierung der globalen Struktur sowie von Imperfektionen, Werkstoffeigenschaften, Schweißnähten und Lasten gegeben. Unterschiedlich aufwändige Möglichkeiten des Stabilitätsnachweises werden gezeigt. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf eine behältergerechte Dokumentation gelegt, die ein Trennen der Spannungsausgabe in Membran‐ und Biegeanteile sowie in Meridian‐ und Breitenkreisrichtung erfordert. Schließlich werden exemplarisch drei Anwendungsbeispiele aus der industriellen Praxis gezeigt.
Steifigkeitskennwerte von Gewebemembranen
Authors: Uhlemann Jörg , Stranghöner Natalie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHerrn Univ.‐Prof. em. Dr.‐Ing. Herbert Schmidt zur Vollendung seines 80. Lebensjahres gewidmetNach wie vor herrscht bei der Angabe bzw. Annahme von geeigneten Steifigkeitskennwerten für Gewebemembranen für die textile Architektur und den Zeltbau Unsicherheit unter den Materialherstellern und Tragwerksplanern. Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert mögliche Methoden für eine standardisierte Bestimmung von Steifigkeitskennwerten und für eine bauwerksspezifische Bestimmung für die Konstruktion. Des Weiteren werden stichprobenhaft für PVC‐beschichtete Polyestergewebe dreier Festigkeitsklassen untersucht, inwieweit sich diese hinsichtlich ihrer Steifigkeitskennwerte klassifizieren lassen. Eine Klassifizierung würde eine Tabellierung ermöglichen, die dem Tragwerksplaner eine große Hilfe für die geeignete Annahme von Steifigkeitskennwerten bei der statischen Berechnung von Gewebemembrantragwerken wäre. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse legen die Klassifizierbarkeit für die untersuchten Materialien nahe.
Application of Fischer Indolization under Green Conditions using Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Chakkapalli Chandravathi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIndole and its derivatives captured the attention of organic chemists due to their applications in medicinal chemistry. The examples covered here are intricate polycyclic indole derivatives and these include: azapolyquinanes, cyclophanes, spirocycles and other heterocycles. We found that deep eutectic mixture such as L‐(+)‐tartaric acid (TA) and dimethyl urea (DMU) is useful to prepare complex unnatural indole derivatives. These conditions from time to time produced indole derivatives which are not possible by conventional methods. Various substrates containing multiple carbonyl groups were shown to undergo Fischer indolization (FI) in deep eutectic mixtures and thus expand its scope to a higher level.
Toward a durable prevalence of scientific conceptions: Tracking the effects of two interfering misconceptions about buoyancy from preschoolers to science teachers
Authors: Potvin Patrice , Cyr Guillaume 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWhile the majority of published research on conceptual change has focused on how misconceptions can be abandoned or modified, some recent research findings support the hypothesis that acquired scientific knowledge does not necessarily erase or alter initial non‐scientific knowledge but rather coexists with it. In keeping with this “coexistence claim,” this article presents an analysis of scientific understanding in four groups of individuals with varying degrees of expertise (preschoolers, elementary students, secondary students, and science teachers) using a cognitive task on buoyancy. This task allowed us to determine the prevalence of certain conceptions and the interference caused by two possible conceptual distractors with regard to producing accurate answers. Results describe the progression of the desired (scientific) conception with age/expertise as well as the evolution or regression of the statuses of two misconceptions. Results also show that misconceptions continue to interfere with performance even when there is a higher degree of scientific expertise, and that patterns of such interference can be studied. In keeping with these conclusions, we argue for the use of a model of conceptual learning called “conceptual prevalence.” © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Research in Science Teaching Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 54:1121–1142, 2017
How well are biodiversity drivers reflected in protected areas? A representativeness assessment of the geohistorical gradients that shaped endemic flora in Japan
Authors: Kusumoto Buntarou , Shiono Takayuki , Konoshima Masashi , Yoshimoto Atsushi , Tanaka Takayuki , Kubota Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2017

AbstractProtected areas function as a lifeboat that can preserve the origins and maintenance of biodiversity. We assessed the representativeness of biodiversity in existing protected areas in Japan using a distribution dataset and phylogenetic tree for 5565 Japanese vascular plant species. We first examined the overlap of species distribution with the existing protected areas and identified the minimum set representing all plant species. Second, we evaluated the relative importance of environmental variables in explaining the spatial arrangement of protected areas using a random forest model. Finally, we clarified how potential drivers of plant diversity were sufficiently captured within the protected areas network. Although the protected areas captured the majority of species, nearly half of the minimum set areas were selected from outside the existing protected areas. The locations of existing protected areas are mainly associated with geographical and socio‐economic factors rather than key biodiversity features (including evolutionary distinctiveness). Moreover, critical biodiversity drivers, which include current climate, paleoclimatic stability, and geographical isolation, were biasedly emulated within the existing protected areas. These findings demonstrate that current conservation planning fails to represent the ecological and evolutionary processes relevant to species sorting, dispersal limitation, and allopatric speciation. In particular, under‐representativeness of historically stable habitats that function as evolutionary hotspots or refugia in response to climate changes may pose a threat to the long‐term persistence of Japan's endemic biota. This study provides a fundamental basis for developing prioritization measures to retain species assembly processes and in situ diversification along current climatic and geohistorical gradients.
Use of a Perianal Swab Compared With a Stool Sample to Detect Symptomatic Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Montecalvo Marisa A. , Sisay Emnet , McKenna Donna , Wang Guiqing , Visintainer Paul , Wormser Gary P. 
Published: April 2017

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the use of a perianal swab to detect CDI.

METHODS
A perianal swab was collected from each inpatient with a positive stool sample for C. difficile (by polymerase chain reaction [PCR] test) and was tested for C. difficile by PCR and by culture. The variables evaluated included demographics, CDI severity, bathing before perianal swab collection, hours between stool sample and perianal swab, cycle threshold (Ct) to PCR positivity, and doses of CDI treatment before stool sample and before perianal swab.

RESULTS
Of 83 perianal swabs, 59 (71.1%) tested positive for C. difficile by PCR when perianal swabs were collected an average of 21 hours after the stool sample. Compared with the respective stool sample, the perianal sample was less likely to grow C. difficile (P=.005) and had a higher PCR Ct (P&lt;.001). A direct, significant but weak correlation was detected between the Ct for a positive perianal sample and the respective stool sample (r=0.36; P=.006). An inverse dose relationship was detected between PCR positivity and CDI treatment doses before perianal swab collection (P=.27).

CONCLUSION
Perianal swabs are a simple method to detect C. difficile tcdB gene by PCR, with a sensitivity of 71%. These data were limited because stool samples and perianal swabs were not collected simultaneously. Compared with stool samples, the perianal Ct values and culture results were consistent with a lower bacterial load on the perianal sample due to the receipt of more CDI treatment before collection or unknown factors affecting perianal skin colonization.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:658–662
Systematic evaluation of skeletal fractures caused by induction of electroconvulsive seizures in rat state a need for attention and refinement of the procedure
Authors: Ekemohn Maria , Kjær Nielsen Marie , Grahm Matilda , Tingström Anders , Kousholt Birgitte , Wegener Gregers , Bay-Richter Cecilie 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most efficient treatments for major depression. Electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), the animal model of ECT, is widely used to study both mechanisms of action and adverse effects of ECT. As the treatment itself serves as an instant anaesthetic and anaesthetic agents may affect memory functions and behaviour, ECS is traditionally administered without muscle relaxation and anaesthesia. A major problem of unmodified ECS, which has only been addressed peripherally in the literature, is that some animals sustain spinal fractures and subsequent hind leg paralysis (paraplegia). This phenomenon leads to a higher degree of suffering and these animals need to be excluded from the studies. To reach sufficient statistical power, the group sizes are therefore often increased and this may lead to a pre-selected study group in risk of skewing the results. Moreover, the study design of the experiments do not comply with the 3R principles, which advocate for both refinement and reduction of animal experiments. The objective of this study is to systematically evaluate injuries caused by ECS.MethodsWe summarise the incidence of spinal fractures from 24 studies conducted during 2009–2015 in six different rat strains and report preliminary findings on scapular fractures following auricular ECS.ResultsIn total, 12.8% of all tested animals suffered from spinal fractures and we find an increase in spinal fracture incidence over time. Furthermore, X-ray analyses revealed that some animals displayed scapular fractures.ConclusionWe discuss consequences of and possible explanations for ECS-induced fractures. Modifications of the method are highly warranted and we furthermore suggest that all animals are thoroughly examined for discrete fractures.
Perceptions and experiences of frailty interventions: quantitative and qualitative results from a survey of partners within the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP-AHA)
Authors: GWYTHER HOLLY , COOKE RICHARD , SHAW RACHEL , MARCUCCI MAURA , CANO ANTONIO , HOLLAND CAROL 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTThe European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP-AHA) was launched by the European Commission in 2011 to promote innovation in ageing research. This paper explores the experiences of partners delivering frailty interventions within Europe, registering their programmes with the EIP-AHA. Data were collected using an online survey from 21 partners in seven countries. A mixed-method approach was used with inductive thematic analysis of free-text responses to improve data richness. Responses indicated that there was a lack of consistency between EIP-AHA partners in methods of defining, screening and measuring for frailty and pre-frailty. Open responses to survey questions about intervention facilitators, moderators and barriers were coded into two themes: working with stakeholders and project management. We concluded that EIP-AHA partners are providing interventions addressing physical, cognitive and wellbeing elements of frailty. However, there needs to be an increase in the proportion of interventions that consistently apply valid methods of screening and/or measuring frailty and pre-frailty. Most, but not all projects are targeting pre-frail older adults, suggesting an appropriate balance of prevention in a useful ‘intervention window’ but also a growing understanding that frailty at later stages is amenable to intervention. Findings suggest design manipulations to improve outcomes and adherence to interventions, specifically inclusion of a perceived benefit/reward for older adults, e.g. a social aspect or health-care promotion.
The association between blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness in children: a systematic review
Authors: Day Thomas G. , Park MinHae , Kinra Sanjay 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHigh blood pressure is a risk factor for atherosclerosis in adults, but whether the same is true in children and young people is not known. This is important to guide management of high blood pressure in children and young people. We aimed to investigate the association in children and young people between blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness, a non-invasive marker of atherosclerosis, through a systematic review. Studies were retrieved from MEDLINE and EMBASE. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they included at least one measurement of blood pressure and at least one measurement of ultrasound-derived carotid intima-media thickness, both measured during childhood (0–19 years), and a measure of effect size or correlation between the two measurements. A total of 3748 studies were identified in the initial search, of which 28 studies were included in this review. The results were mixed, but the largest and highest-quality studies suggested an independent positive association between blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness in children and young people, even after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors. There was no indication of a clear threshold level for the effect of blood pressure on carotid intima-media thickness, hence there are insufficient data to support a pharmacological treatment threshold for the treatment of high blood pressure in children and young people to prevent future cardiovascular disease. The studies included varied widely in terms of quality and design, and it was not possible to combine the data in a meta-analysis. There is likely to be an independent association between blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness in childhood, but it is not clear at what point this should be treated.