bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends toward an earlier peak of the growing season in Northern Hemisphere mid‐latitudes
Authors: Xu Chongyang , Liu Hongyan , Williams A. Park , Yin Yi , Wu Xiuchen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractChanges in peak photosynthesis timing (PPT) could substantially change the seasonality of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Spring PPT in dry regions has been documented for some individual plant species on a stand scale, but both the spatio‐temporal pattern of shifting PPT on a continental scale and its determinants remain unclear. Here, we use satellite measurements of vegetation greenness to find that the majority of Northern Hemisphere, mid‐latitude vegetated area experienced a trend toward earlier PPT during 1982–2012, with significant trends of an average of 0.61 day yr−1 across 19.4% of areas. These shifts correspond to increased annual accumulation of growing degree days (GDD) due to warming and are most highly concentrated in the eastern United States and Europe. Earlier mean PPT is generally a trait common among areas with summer temperatures higher than 27.6 ± 2.9 °C, summer precipitation lower than 84.2 ± 41.5 mm, and fraction of cold season precipitation greater than 89.2 ± 1.5%. The trends toward earlier PPT discovered here have co‐occurred with overall increases in vegetation greenness throughout the growing season, suggesting that summer drought is not a dominant driver of these trends. These results imply that continued warming may facilitate continued shifts toward earlier PPT and cause these trends to become more pervasive, with important implications for terrestrial carbon, water, nutrient, and energy budgets.
Impacts of willow and miscanthus bioenergy buffers on biogeochemical N removal processes along the soil–groundwater continuum
Authors: Ferrarini Andrea , Fornasier Flavio , Serra Paolo , Ferrari Federico , Trevisan Marco , Amaducci Stefano 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this article, the belowground and aboveground biomass production in bioenergy buffers and biogeochemical N removal processes along the soil–groundwater continuum was assessed. In a sandy loam soil with shallow groundwater, bioenergy buffers of miscanthus and willow (5 and 10 m wide) were planted along a ditch of an agricultural field (AF) located in the Po valley (Italy). Mineral N forms and dissolved organic C (DOC) were monitored monthly over an 18‐month period in groundwater before and after the bioenergy buffers. Soil samples were measured for inorganic N, DOC, microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), and potential nitrate reductase activity (NRA). The results indicated that bioenergy buffers are able to efficiently remove from groundwater the incoming NO3‐N (62% – 5 m and 80% – 10 m). NO3‐N removal rate was higher when nitrate input from AF increased due to N fertilization. Willow performed better than miscanthus in terms of biomass production (17 Mg DM ha−1 yr−1), fine root biomass (5.3 Mg ha−1) and N removal via harvesting (73 kg N ha−1). The negative nonlinear relationship found between NO3‐N and DOC along the soil–groundwater continuum from AF to bioenergy buffers indicates that DOC:NO3‐N ratio is an important controlling factor for promoting denitrification in bioenergy buffers. Bioenergy buffers promoted soil microbial functioning as they stimulated plant–microbial linkages by increasing the easily available C sources for microorganisms (as DOC). First, willow and miscanthus promoted high rates of biological removal of nitrate (NRA) along the soil profile. Second, rhizosphere processes activated the soil microbial community leading to significant increases in MBC and microbial N immobilization. Herbaceous and woody bioenergy crops have been confirmed as providing good environmental performances when cultivated as bioenergy buffers by mitigating the disservices of agricultural activities such as groundwater N pollution.
Nexus between preventive policy inadequacies, workplace bullying, and mental health: Qualitative findings from the experiences of Australian public sector employees
Authors: Hurley John , Hutchinson Marie , Bradbury Joanne , Browne Graeme 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPublic sector organizations have been shown to have high levels of workplace bullying, despite widespread adoption of zero‐tolerance policy. Given the level of harm that stems from bullying, it has been suggested that it might be one of the most serious problems facing modern organizations. The qualitative findings from a large cross sectional study of public servants in Australia are reported in the present study. The results highlight palpable mental distress and illness stemming from exposure to workplace bullying. This distress was exacerbated by failures in prohibitive workplace procedures. Reporting bullying through formal organization processes did not lead to resolution of the problem; it instead highlighted feelings of powerlessness and mistrust. In light of the findings, we suggest that an alternative discourse is required, one that gives attention to enhancing employee resilience and self‐healing behaviours to the emotional trauma of workplaces. Organizations might be better placed investing resources in fostering the resilience and emotional intelligence of their workforce, rather than continuing to invest resources in prohibitive policies that fail to address the problem. Employees should be supported to prioritize responsibility for their own mental health, rather than an overreliance on organizational responses.
Phylogeography, population structure and evolution of coral‐eating butterflyfishes (Family Chaetodontidae, genus Chaetodon, subgenus Corallochaetodon)
Authors: Waldrop Ellen , Hobbs Jean‐Paul A. , Randall John E. , DiBattista Joseph D. , Rocha Luiz A. , Kosaki Randall K. , Berumen Michael L. , Bowen Brian W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimThis study compares the phylogeography, population structure and evolution of four butterflyfish species in the Chaetodon subgenus Corallochaetodon, with two widespread species (Indian Ocean – C. trifasciatus and Pacific Ocean – C. lunulatus), and two species that are largely restricted to the Red Sea (C. austriacus) and north‐western (NW) Indian Ocean (C. melapterus). Through extensive geographical coverage of these taxa, we seek to resolve patterns of genetic diversity within and between closely related butterflyfish species in order to illuminate biogeographical and evolutionary processes.LocationRed Sea, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.MethodsA total of 632 individuals from 24 locations throughout the geographical ranges of all four members of the subgenus Corallochaetodon were sequenced using a 605 bp fragment (cytochrome b) of mtDNA. In addition, 10 microsatellite loci were used to assess population structure in the two widespread species.ResultsPhylogenetic reconstruction indicates that the Pacific Ocean C. lunulatus diverged from the Indian Ocean C. trifasciatus approximately 3 Ma, while C. melapterus and C. austriacus comprise a cluster of shared haplotypes derived from C. trifasciatus within the last 0.75 Myr. The Pacific C. lunulatus had significant population structure at peripheral locations on the eastern edge of its range (French Polynesia, Johnston Atoll, Hawai'i), and a strong break between two ecoregions of the Hawaiian Archipelago. The Indian Ocean C. trifasciatus showed significant structure only at the Chagos Archipelago in the central Indian Ocean, and the two range‐restricted species showed no population structure but evidence of recent population expansion.Main conclusionsPatterns of endemism and genetic diversity in Corallochaetodon butterflyfishes have been shaped by (1) Plio‐Pleistocene sea level changes that facilitated evolutionary divergences at biogeographical barriers between Indian and Pacific Oceans, and the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, and (2) semi‐permeable oceanographic and ecological barriers working on a shorter time‐scale. The evolution of range‐restricted species (Red Sea and NW Indian Ocean) and isolated populations (Hawai'i) at peripheral biogeographical provinces indicates that these areas are evolutionary incubators for reef fishes.
Testing dispersal limits in the sea: range‐wide phylogeography of the pronghorn spiny lobster Panulirus penicillatus
Authors: Iacchei Matthew , Gaither Michelle R. , Bowen Brian W. , Toonen Robert J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimTo resolve phylogeographical partitions in the pronghorn spiny lobster, Panulirus penicillatus, which has a nine‐month pelagic larval phase and the broadest distribution among spiny lobsters. With samples from the Red Sea to the East Pacific, we test genetic partitions across two‐thirds of the planet, in a species with one of the longest pelagic phases.LocationRed Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans.MethodsA fragment of the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) was resolved in 774 individuals from 28 locations, plus 55 sequences (10 locations) from public databases. Portions of COI, 12S and 16S mtDNA regions were resolved for phylogenetic analyses on a subset of individuals. Phylogenetic and population‐level analyses were used to detect evolutionary partitions and dispersal barriers.ResultsSignificant population structuring was detected (overall ΦST = 0.310, P < 0.001). Samples from the Red Sea and East Pacific Provinces (western and eastern range edges) comprise distinct phylogenetic lineages, divergent at d = 1.1% and 1.8%, respectively, from the Indo‐Pacific. Coalescent analyses indicate a Pleistocene isolation for the Red Sea (0.71 Ma) and East Pacific (1.52 Ma). Excluding the Red Sea and East Pacific, structure across the rest of the range was comparatively low, but significant (ΦST = 0.018, P < 0.001).Main conclusionsThe Red Sea and East Pacific populations are phylogenetically distinct from populations elsewhere in the range. The East Pacific population diverged earliest, and may represent a distinct subspecies. Phylogeographical divisions align with the major Indo‐Pacific biogeographical barriers, and with subsets of provincial designations from two frameworks: one based on levels of endemism and one on species composition. Tropical and temperate regions in the Pacific are significantly differentiated, potentially indicating an ecological partition. Isolation at eastern and western peripheral provinces may serve as a starting point for evolutionary diversification within this group.
From Summitry to EU Government: An Agenda Formation Perspective on the European Council
Authors: Carammia Marcello , Princen Sebastiaan , Timmermans Arco 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWhile some observers have claimed that the European Council has become the key institution in European Union politics, others have argued that the Council's role has remained relatively stable over time. In this article, we argue that an analysis of agenda formation dynamics in the European Council may help us understand better how the European Council works and how its role has evolved over time. Building on theories of agenda‐setting, we identify two ideal‐typical modes of agenda formation: selective targeting and routine monitoring. Based on a comprehensive dataset of coded European Council Conclusions in the period 1975–2011, we show that the substantive content of the European Council agenda shows little change over time. However, in terms of agenda formation dynamics, we find a marked shift toward routine monitoring of issues. This supports the claim that the European Council is developing into the EU's de facto government.
Climate change and frequency–intensity–duration (FID) curves for Florya station, Istanbul
Authors: Güçlü Y.S. , Şişman E. , Yeleğen M.Ö. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn recent decades, according to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports, the impact of climate change on hydro‐meteorological events has increased substantially. This point is obvious in many rainfall–runoff time series as a negative or positive trend. In this paper, first of all such trend possibilities are searched graphically according to Şen's 1:1 (45°) straight‐line method, which has been proposed instead of the classical methods including Mann–Kendall, Spearman's rho and linear regression approaches. Additionally, these trends are quantified by using frequency–intensity–duration (FID) curves, instead of intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves obtained from a set of single storm rainfall records. The FID curves provide practical, easy and clear representation of rainfall intensity variation through fitted exponential curves with coefficient of determination that is almost equal to 1 (R2 ≈ 1). FID curves are drawn on semilogarithmic paper with rainfall intensity estimations from the convenient Gamma probability distribution functions (PDFs) or cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). In this study 46‐year rainfall records are used from Florya station, which is located in Istanbul, Turkey. The comparisons generally indicated that a negative trend is valid at this station, and accordingly, representative FID curves are obtained on ordinary and semilogarithmic papers for this station.
Use of an agent‐based model and Monte Carlo analysis to estimate the effectiveness of emergency management interventions to reduce loss of life during extreme floods
Authors: Lumbroso D. , Davison M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper describes the use of an agent‐based model, known as the Life Safety Model (LSM) and a Monte Carlo analysis to assess the effectiveness of emergency management interventions in terms of loss of life, taking into account uncertainties in the physical characteristics of the population at risk, represented by people's height and mass. The work considered Canvey Island as a case study, which is located in the Thames Estuary. The average ground level of the island is 1 m below the mean high tide level. Canvey Island is protected against inundation by a series of flood defences. In 1953, the island was inundated by the Great North Sea Flood that breached the defences and led to the deaths of 58 people. A number of emergency management interventions (e.g. safe havens and flood warnings) were considered to ascertain if the loss of life in 1953 could have been reduced. The LSM was found to be an effective tool to compare different emergency management measures to ensure that loss of life is minimised when an extreme flood event occurs.
Triassic to Early Jurassic (c. 200 Ma) UHP metamorphism in the Central Rhodopes: evidence from U–Pb–Th dating of monazite in diamond‐bearing gneiss from Chepelare (Bulgaria)
Authors: Petrík I. , Janák M. , Froitzheim N. , Georgiev N. , Yoshida K. , Sasinková V. , Konečný P. , Milovská S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEvidence for ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism (UHPM) in the Rhodope metamorphic complex comes from occurrence of diamond in pelitic gneisses, variably overprinted by granulite facies metamorphism, known from several areas of the Rhodopes. However, tectonic setting and timing of UHPM are not interpreted unanimously. Linking age to a metamorphic stage is a prerequisite for reconstruction of these processes. Here, we use monazite in diamond‐bearing gneiss from Chepelare (Bulgaria) to date the diamond‐forming UHPM event in the Central Rhodopes. The diamond‐bearing gneiss comes from a strongly deformed, lithologically heterogeneous zone (Chepelare Mélange) sandwiched between two migmatized orthogneiss units, known as Arda‐I and Arda‐II. Diamond, identified by Raman micro‐spectroscopy, shows the characteristic band mostly centred between 1332 and 1330 cm−1. The microdiamond occurs as single grains or polyphase diamond + carbonate inclusions, rarely with CO2. Thermodynamic modelling shows that garnet was stable at UHP conditions of 3.5–4.6 GPa and 700–800 °C, in the stability field of diamond, and was re‐equilibrated at granulite facies/partial melting conditions of 0.8–1.2 GPa and 750–800 °C. The texture of monazite shows older central parts and extensive younger domains which formed due to metasomatic replacement in solid residue and/or overgrowth in melt domains. The monazite core compositions, with distinctly lower Y, Th and U contents, suggest its formation in equilibrium with garnet. The U–Th–Pb dating of monazite using electron microprobe analysis yielded a c. 200 Ma age for the older cores with low Th, Y, U and high La/Nd ratio, and a c. 160 Ma age for the dominant younger monazite enriched in Th, Y, U and HREE. The older age of c. 200 Ma is interpreted as the timing of UHPM, whereas the younger age of c. 160 Ma as granulite facies/partial melting overprint. Our results suggest that UHPM occurred in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic time, in the framework of collision and subduction of continental crust after the closure of Paleotethys.
Social variables exert selective pressures in the evolution and form of primate mimetic musculature
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Li Ly , Waller Bridget M. , Micheletta Jerome 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMammals use their faces in social interactions more so than any other vertebrates. Primates are an extreme among most mammals in their complex, direct, lifelong social interactions and their frequent use of facial displays is a means of proximate visual communication with conspecifics. The available repertoire of facial displays is primarily controlled by mimetic musculature, the muscles that move the face. The form of these muscles is, in turn, limited by and influenced by phylogenetic inertia but here we use examples, both morphological and physiological, to illustrate the influence that social variables may exert on the evolution and form of mimetic musculature among primates. Ecomorphology is concerned with the adaptive responses of morphology to various ecological variables such as diet, foliage density, predation pressures, and time of day activity. We present evidence that social variables also exert selective pressures on morphology, specifically using mimetic muscles among primates as an example. Social variables include group size, dominance ‘style’, and mating systems. We present two case studies to illustrate the potential influence of social behavior on adaptive morphology of mimetic musculature in primates: (1) gross morphology of the mimetic muscles around the external ear in closely related species of macaque (Macaca mulattaandMacaca nigra) characterized by varying dominance styles and (2) comparative physiology of the orbicularis oris muscle among select ape species. This muscle is used in both facial displays/expressions and in vocalizations/human speech. We present qualitative observations of myosin fiber‐type distribution in this muscle of siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), and human to demonstrate the potential influence of visual and auditory communication on muscle physiology. In sum, ecomorphologists should be aware of social selective pressures as well as ecological ones, and that observed morphology might reflect a compromise between the demands of the physical and the social environments.
The Taste of Plate: How the Spiciness of Food is Affected by the Color of the Plate Used to Serve It
Authors: Tu Yangjun , Yang Zhi , Ma Chaoqun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBy focusing on a solid spicy food product and the trigeminal perception of spiciness, the present work aimed to test the effect of plate color on spiciness. Three experiments investigated the influence of color (red, yellow, green or white) on spiciness expectations (Experiment 1), the influence of color (red or white) on actual perceived spiciness (Experiment 2) and the mediation effect of spiciness expectations on the influence of color (red or white) on actual perceived spiciness (Experiment 3). Results showed that plate color exerted a significant influence on people's spiciness expectations and sense of actual perceived spiciness. In particular, the spicy bean curd presented on a red plate was perceived as significantly spicier than when presented on a green or white plate, while the spicy bean curd presented on a white plate was perceived as significantly less spicy than when presented on a red or yellow plate. Spiciness expectations significantly mediated the influence of color on actual perceived spiciness; participants expected, and consequently actually perceived, the same food product's spiciness as more intense when served on a red plate rather than on a white plate.Practical ApplicationsThis research provides information on how the color characteristics of the plate on which a solid spicy food was served affected participants’ expected spiciness for that food as well as their sense of its actual perceived spiciness. This research also provides information on how participants’ sense of actual perceived spiciness was mediated by their spiciness expectations for particular color–spiciness associations. Spicy food producers as well as restaurants, bars and supermarkets could use this information to boost sales through enhancing consumers’ flavor experiences of spicy foods by more intentionally selecting and designing packaging and differentiating the color characteristics of the food products themselves to enhance their levels of expected and actual perceived spiciness.
Support vector regression to estimate the permeability enhancement of potential transdermal enhancers
Authors: Shah Alpa , Sun Yi , Adams Rod G , Davey Neil , Wilkinson Simon C , Moss Gary P 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Objectives
Searching for chemicals that will safely enhance transdermal drug delivery is a significant challenge. This study applies support vector regression (SVR) for the first time to estimating the optimal formulation design of transdermal hydrocortisone formulations.

Methods
The aim of this study was to apply SVR methods with two different kernels in order to estimate the enhancement ratio of chemical enhancers of permeability.

Key findings
A statistically significant regression SVR model was developed. It was found that SVR with a nonlinear kernel provided the best estimate of the enhancement ratio for a chemical enhancer.

Conclusions
Support vector regression is a viable method to develop predictive models of biological processes, demonstrating improvements over other methods. In addition, the results of this study suggest that a global approach to modelling a biological process may not necessarily be the best method and that a ‘mixed-methods’ approach may be best in optimising predictive models.
Co-extrusion as a processing technique to manufacture a dual sustained release fixed-dose combination product
Authors: Vynckier An-Katrien , Voorspoels Jody , Remon Jean Paul , Vervaet Chris 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to design a fixed-dose combination dosage form which provides a sustained release profile for both the freely water-soluble metformin HCl and the poorly soluble gliclazide, two antidiabetic compounds used to treat diabetes mellitus.

Methods
Hot-melt co-extrusion was used as an innovative manufacturing technique for a pharmaceutical fixed-dose combination product. In this way, a matrix formulation that sustained metformin release could be developed, despite the high drug load in the formulation and the freely soluble nature of the drug.

Key findings
It was clear that co-extrusion was perfectly suited to produce a fixed-dose combination product with adequate properties for each of the incorporated APIs. A coat layer, containing at least 30% CAPA® 6506 as a hydrophobic polymer, was necessary to adequately sustain the release of the highly dosed freely soluble drug from the 70% metformin HCl-loaded CAPA® 6506 core of the co-extrudate. To obtain a complete gliclazide release over 24-h solubilization in Kollidon® VA, added as a second polymer to the CAPA® 6506 in the coat, was needed.

Conclusions
Both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which have different physicochemical characteristics, were formulated in a single dosage form, using co-extrusion.