bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AB
5
Preassembly Is Not Required for Shiga Toxin Activity
Authors: Pellino Christine A. , Karve Sayali S. , Pradhan Suman , Weiss Alison A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) is a major cause of foodborne illness, including the life-threatening complication hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The German outbreak in 2011 resulted in nearly 4,000 cases of infection, with 54 deaths. Two forms of Stx, Stx1 and Stx2, differ in potency, and subtype Stx2a is most commonly associated with fatal human disease. Stx is considered to be an AB
5
toxin. The single A (enzymatically active) subunit inhibits protein synthesis by cleaving a catalytic adenine from the eukaryotic rRNA. The B (binding) subunit forms a homopentamer and mediates cellular association and toxin internalization by binding to the glycolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Both subunits are essential for toxicity. Here we report that unlike other AB
5
toxin family members, Stx is produced by STEC as unassembled A and B subunits. A preformed AB
5
complex is not required for cellular toxicity or
in vivo
toxicity to mice, and toxin assembly likely occurs at the cell membrane. We demonstrate that disruption of A- and B-subunit association by use of A-subunit peptides that lack enzymatic activity can protect mice from lethal doses of toxin. Currently, no treatments have been proven to be effective for hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Our studies demonstrate that agents that interfere with A- and B-subunit assembly may have therapeutic potential. Shiga toxin (Stx) produced by pathogenic
Escherichia coli
is considered to be an AB
5
heterohexamer; however, no known mechanisms ensure AB
5
assembly. Stx released by
E. coli
is not in the AB
5
conformation and assembles at the receptor interface. Thus, unassembled Stx can impart toxicity. This finding shows that preventing AB
5
assembly is a potential treatment for Stx-associated illnesses.

IMPORTANCE
Complications due to Shiga toxin are frequently fatal, and at present, supportive care is the only treatment option. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment is contraindicated due to the ability of antibiotics to amplify bacterial expression of Shiga toxin. We report, contrary to prevailing assumptions, that Shiga toxin produced by STEC circulates as unassembled A and B subunits at concentrations that are lethal to mice. Similar to the case for anthrax toxin, assembly occurs on receptors expressed on the surfaces of mammalian target cells. Disruption of Shiga toxin assembly by use of A-subunit peptides that lack enzymatic activity protects mice from lethal challenge with Shiga toxin, suggesting a new approach for development of therapeutics.
Current status of pregnancy-related maternal mortality in Japan: a report from the Maternal Death Exploratory Committee in Japan
Authors: Hasegawa Junichi , Sekizawa Akihiko , Tanaka Hiroaki , Katsuragi Shinji , Osato Kazuhiro , Murakoshi Takeshi , Nakata Masahiko , Nakamura Masamitsu , Yoshimatsu Jun , Sadahiro Tomohito , Kanayama Naohiro , Ishiwata Isamu , Kinoshita Katsuyuki , Ikeda Tomoaki 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo clarify the problems related to maternal deaths in Japan, including the diseases themselves, causes, treatments and the hospital or regional systems.DesignDescriptive study.SettingMaternal death registration system established by the Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (JAOG).ParticipantsWomen who died during pregnancy or within a year after delivery, from 2010 to 2014, throughout Japan (N=213).Main outcome measuresThe preventability and problems in each maternal death.ResultsMaternal deaths were frequently caused by obstetric haemorrhage (23%), brain disease (16%), amniotic fluid embolism (12%), cardiovascular disease (8%) and pulmonary disease (8%). The Committee considered that it was impossible to prevent death in 51% of the cases, whereas they considered prevention in 26%, 15% and 7% of the cases to be slightly, moderately and highly possible, respectively. It was difficult to prevent maternal deaths due to amniotic fluid embolism and brain disease. In contrast, half of the deaths due to obstetric haemorrhage were considered preventable, because the peak duration between the initial symptoms and initial cardiopulmonary arrest was 1–3 h.ConclusionsA range of measures, including individual education and the construction of good relationships among regional hospitals, should be established in the near future, to improve primary care for patients with maternal haemorrhage and to save the lives of mothers in Japan.
A hospitalidade urbana e a multidão. Uma discussão sobre soberania, estados de exceção e inclusão no espaço público urbano a partir de alguns processos de ocupação massiva do território na cidade
Authors: Guatelli Igor 
Published: March 2016

No rastro dos protestos de rua ocorridos em meados de 2013 na cidade de São Paulo, o artigo investiga certos processos de ocupação, massiva, coletiva e momentânea, dos espaços públicos abertos da região central da cidade, sejam eles sob a égide da Lei do Estado ou “além” dela. Digamos que a observação de intrigantes e instáveis modos de ocupação e apropriação do espaço público - e não a estabilidade da paisagem construída, edificada - e suas constantes, momentâneas e circunstanciais reconfigurações, foi o leitmotiv para construção de uma reflexão crítica sobre incertas tendências paradoxais associadas à vida pública coletiva contemporânea. Objetivou-se analisar o território como uma relação indissociável entre pré-figurações normativas e configurações momentâneas espontâneas do espaço urbano por intermédio de fluxos apropriativos, constantes e/ou ocasionais. Do cotidiano ao mais eventual e incidental, o que foi possível ser pensado a partir dessa relação? A partir de uma matéria desubstanciada, um outro panorama epistemológico sobre a atualidade emerge, eivado de paradoxalidades. Do previsível, normalizado e normatizado ao inesperado, o espaçamento urbano – as mudanças do espaço no tempo - fez advir uma dimensão relevante de ser pensada [e de como ser pensada] acerca do “ser” público do território em algumas situações e ocasiões.
O discurso profissional e o ensino na formação do arquiteto e urbanista moderno em São Paulo: 1948 - 1962
Authors: Vidotto Taiana Car , Monteiro Ana Maria Reis de Goes 
Published: March 2016

No Brasil, entre as décadas de 1940 e 1960, a profissão do arquiteto e o ensino de arquitetura passaram, em sintonia, por profundas alterações. Essas modificações, resultado das influências presentes nos ideais do contexto internacional se concretizaram, no contexto nacional, a partir da sua difusão em periódicos e em eventos nacionais como os Congressos Brasileiros de Arquitetos e Encontros Nacionais de Estudantes de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Em São Paulo, as mudanças foram consequência da associação de diversos agentes que se consorciaram através do principal órgão da categoria dos arquitetos, o Instituto de Arquitetos do Brasil (IAB/SP). Nesse contexto, este artigo se propõe a analisar as circunstâncias e os agentes envolvidos nas discussões que culminaram no que se conhece como a Reforma de 1962 da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo (FAUUSP), que tinha como intuito formar o arquiteto moderno. Para tal, a pesquisa, de caráter documental, considerou os debates presentes nos boletins e atas das assembleias do IAB/SP e os documentos existentes nos arquivos da FAUUSP e da Escola Politécnica da USP, no período compreendido entre a fundação da FAUUSP (1948) e a Reforma de 1962. O que se viu, foi o surgimento de um novo perfil profissional, o do arquiteto e urbanista.
Memória urbana da avenida Dom Severino: análise das edificações
Authors: Aragão Juliana Lopes , Mendes Hercilia Raquel de Sousa 
Published: March 2016

Essa é uma pesquisa PIBIC/CNPq realizada pelo Departamento de Construção Civil e Arquitetura da Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI). Tal trabalho teve início no ano de 2010, após a observação das transformações ocorridas em uma importante via da zona leste da cidade. No momento, esse trabalho tem a participação de três bolsistas, que dividem suas ações em campos distintos para o levantamento de dados. O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar o impacto provocado pela construção da ponte estaiada no cenário urbano da Avenida Dom Severino. A Avenida teve seu uso e suas dimensões alteradas sem um planejamento prévio, provocando assim um problema urbano. A primeira etapa consistiu na delimitação da área a ser analisada, que foi o trecho da Avenida Dom Severino, localizado entre as Avenidas Nossa Senhora de Fátima e Homero Castelo Branco. Estabelecida essa área, partimos para a confecção de um perfil layout das fachadas. A segunda etapa tratou do levantamento nos órgãos da prefeitura e da SDU-Leste (Superintendência de Desenvolvimento Urbano), responsável pelas informações dos imóveis dessa via, dados sobre os tipos de uso das edificações. E a etapa final foi a confecção de um banco de dados para a inserção das informações sobre os imóveis, quanto à existência ou não de reformas, e a dimensão dessas reformas. Buscou-se informações sobre a posse dos imóveis, e as posteriores negociações que transformaram uso residencial em comercial. Paralelamente pesquisou-se as informações sobre a ponte estaiada e o processo de desocupação dos terrenos que eram de propriedade privada e que após a construção da ponte teve que ser negociada para se incorporar à mesma.
Notas sobre a ocupação das encostas no maciço da Tijuca, no Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Schlee Monica Bahia 
Published: March 2016

As montanhas estruturam a paisagem da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e servem de suporte para a floresta Atlântica e para a mancha urbana ao seu redor, que avança gradativamente sobre ela. O presente artigo analisa o processo de ocupação urbana nas encostas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a partir de uma leitura comparativa da morfologia da paisagem, com foco no Maciço da Tijuca, cujas encostas vivenciam uma constante pressão urbana decorrente da valorização imobiliária e das disputas territoriais nas bordas da floresta Atlântica. Este artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar os padrões de ocupação encontrados nas encostas da cidade, e do Maciço da Tijuca, em particular e apontar os efeitos da legislação urbanística local sobre a paisagem, relacionando-os aos processos de apropriação territorial. A zona de fronteira entre a floresta Atlântica e a malha urbana nas encostas do Rio de Janeiro caracteriza-se como uma zona de transição, heterogênea, instável e dinâmica, onde é possível discernir diferentes faixas de ocupação, cujas lógicas internas de estruturação afetam a configuração das demais. Essas faixas conformam um gradiente de ocupação, onde as faixas internas (faixas de mescla) são as que sofrem transformações mais dinâmicas, afetando e impactando as externas. Nestas faixas de mescla se localiza uma constelação de núcleos de ocupação habitados por diferentes extratos sociais, com características formais e informais, isto é, regulares e irregulares do ponto de vista urbanístico e fundiário, que estabelecem entre si uma relação imbricada de contiguidade e complementaridade. Este quadro demonstra que o planejamento urbano, a gestão e a lógica da ocupação urbana nas encostas cariocas necessitam passar por um processo de ajuste, em direção a um urbanismo regenerador, no qual os espaços livres exerçam um papel estruturador na conexão, articulação e na resiliência da paisagem frente aos riscos geológicos e na mitigação da antítese entre a floresta, os territórios formalmente ocupados e as favelas.
Decoding and Reconstructing the Focus of Spatial Attention from the Topography of Alpha-band Oscillations
Authors: Samaha Jason , Sprague Thomas C. , Postle Bradley R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMany aspects of perception and cognition are supported by activity in neural populations that are tuned to different stimulus features (e.g., orientation, spatial location, color). Goal-directed behavior, such as sustained attention, requires a mechanism for the selective prioritization of contextually appropriate representations. A candidate mechanism of sustained spatial attention is neural activity in the alpha band (8–13 Hz), whose power in the human EEG covaries with the focus of covert attention. Here, we applied an inverted encoding model to assess whether spatially selective neural responses could be recovered from the topography of alpha-band oscillations during spatial attention. Participants were cued to covertly attend to one of six spatial locations arranged concentrically around fixation while EEG was recorded. A linear classifier applied to EEG data during sustained attention demonstrated successful classification of the attended location from the topography of alpha power, although not from other frequency bands. We next sought to reconstruct the focus of spatial attention over time by applying inverted encoding models to the topography of alpha power and phase. Alpha power, but not phase, allowed for robust reconstructions of the specific attended location beginning around 450 msec postcue, an onset earlier than previous reports. These results demonstrate that posterior alpha-band oscillations can be used to track activity in feature-selective neural populations with high temporal precision during the deployment of covert spatial attention.
Review of the little-known western Nearctic fly genus Philetus Melander (Diptera: Empididae), with a discussion of its phylogenetic assignment
Authors: CUMMING JEFFREY M. , BROOKS SCOTT E. , SINCLAIR BRADLEY J. 
Published: March 2016

The western North American empidid genus Philetus Melander is reviewed, including redescription of the two included species, P. memorandus Melander and P. schizophorus Melander. A lectotype is designated for P. schizophorus. The distributions of both species are mapped and the male terminalia are illustrated. The female of P. schizophorus is discovered for the first time through comparison of COI mitochondrial DNA barcode sequences. The phylogenetic assignment of Philetus within the Empididae is discussed based on a reinterpretation of male terminalia homologies.
Kyle
Authors: Ryan Amy K. , Kay Pamela J. , Fitzgerald Martha , Paquette Sandra , Smith Sonya 
Published: March 2016

I enjoyed having Kyle in my first-grade classroom because he worked so hard, but his speech was unintelligible nearly all the time, even to his father. Although repeating himself frustrated him, he hated it when people pretended to understand him. Fortunately, Kyle's ability to understand others was normal for his age. In first grade he was already showing signs of emotional problems, namely a preference for being alone, refusing to talk, staring blankly, and showing low energy. Between his withdrawal and speech problems, he was behind most other children in reading, writing, and spelling, even though he tried hard. Kyle was on an individualized education program (IEP) for severe articulation disorder. His mother, Renee, was worried about how his early speech challenges might affect his academic growth and social life. She had reported warning signs of emotional disturbance (ED) on the initial Child Behavior Checklist, noting that he showed no guilt after misbehaving, hung around with others who got in trouble, lied and cheated, ran away, and stole at home. For these reasons, she was eager to participate in a project our rural elementary school was launching with the University of Vermont.
Using Collaborative Behavioral Contracting
Authors: Lassman Kelley A. , Jolivette Kristine , Wehby Joseph H. 
Published: March 2016

Alex, a 13-year-old African-American male, was enrolled in a seventh-grade self-contained program for students with emotional and/or behavioral disorders (EBD) and was at or above grade level in the content area classes of reading, math, and social studies. Alex was also making social progress in this classroom, but displayed poor social skills and occasional aggressive outbursts. He was making both academic and social progress in his special education class. Alex's individualized education program (IEP) team scheduled a review for Alex, at which time his special education teacher, Ms. Peck, planned to address the possibility of Alex's making a transition to a general education reading class. Ms. Peck invited Ms. Smithson, the general education reading teacher, to join Alex's IEP team. At the meeting, Alex's IEP team determined that, in accordance with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997) least restrictive environment criteria, Alex should begin the transition into the general class setting for reading content area class. Thus, Ms. Peck sought a way to best facilitate Alex's reintegration into the general classroom; and she chose to implement Collaborative Behavioral Contracting (CBC) as a way to meet Alex's reintegration goals. When Ms. Peck approached Ms. Smithson regarding the CBC, Ms. Smithson indicated a willingness to try the procedures with Alex in her classroom.
Genetic polymorphism in postoperative sepsis after open heart surgery in infants
Authors: Fakhri Dicky , Djauzi Samsuridjal , Murni Tri Wahyu , Rachmat Jusuf , Harahap Alida Roswita , Rahayuningsih Sri Endah , Mansyur Muchtaruddin , Santoso Anwar 
Published: March 2016

Background Sepsis is one of the complications following open heart surgery. Toll-like receptor 2 and toll-interacting protein polymorphism influence the immune response after open heart surgery. This study aimed to assess the genetic distribution of toll-like receptor 2 N199N and toll-interacting protein rs5743867 polymorphism in the development of postoperative sepsis. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in 108 children <1-year old who underwent open heart surgery with a Basic Aristotle score ≥6. Patients with an accompanying congenital anomaly, human immunodeficiency virus infection, or history of previous open heart surgery were excluded. The patients’ nutritional status and genetic polymorphism were assessed prior to surgery. The results of genetic polymorphism were obtained through genotyping. Patients’ ages on the day of surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass times were recorded. The diagnosis of sepsis was established according to Surviving Sepsis Campaign criteria. Results Postoperative sepsis was observed in 21% of patients. There were 92.6% patients with toll-like receptor 2 N199N polymorphism and 52.8% with toll-interacting protein rs5743867 polymorphism. Conclusions Toll-like receptor 2 N199N polymorphism tends to increase the risk of sepsis (odds ratio = 1.974; 95% confidence interval: 0.23–16.92; p = 0.504), while toll-interacting protein rs5743867 polymorphism tends to decrease the risk of sepsis (odds ratio = 0.496; 95% confidence interval: 0.19–1.27; p = 0.139) in infants <1-year old undergoing complex open heart surgery.
Type A aortic dissection model to improve endovascular research and technologies
Authors: Heinisch Paul Philipp , Winkler Bernhard , Weidenhagen Rolf , Klaws Rolf , Carrel Thierry , Khoynezhad Ali , Bombien Rene 
Published: March 2016

Objective Type A aortic dissection is a life-threatening disease requiring immediate surgical treatment. With emerging catheter-based technologies, endovascular stent-graft implantation to treat aneurysms and dissections has become a standardized procedure. However, endovascular treatment of the ascending aorta remains challenging. Thus we designed an ascending aortic dissection model to allow simulation of endovascular treatment. Methods Five formalin-fixed human aortas were prepared. The ascending aorta was opened semicircularly in the middle portion and the medial layer was separated from the intima. The intimal tube was readapted using running monofilament sutures. The preparations were assessed by 128-slice computed tomography. A bare-metal stent was implanted for thoracic endovascular aortic repair in 4 of the aortic dissection models. Results Separation of the intimal and medial layer of the aorta was considered to be sufficient because computed tomography showed a clear image of the dissection membrane in each aorta. The dissection was located 3.9 ± 1.4 cm proximally from the aortic annulus, with a length of 4.6 ± 0.9 cm. Before stent implantation, the mean distance from the intimal flap to the aortic wall was measured as 0.63 ± 0.163 cm in the ascending aorta. After stent implantation, this distance decreased to 0.26 ± 0.12 cm. Conclusion This model of aortic dissection of the ascending human aorta was reproducible with a comparable pathological and morphological appearance. The technique and model can be used to evaluate new stent-graft technologies to treat type A dissection and facilitate training for surgeons.
Hamstring and Quadriceps Isokinetic Strength Deficits Are Weak Risk Factors for Hamstring Strain Injuries
Authors: van Dyk Nicol , Bahr Roald , Whiteley Rodney , Tol Johannes L. , Kumar Bhavesh D. , Hamilton Bruce , Farooq Abdulaziz , Witvrouw Erik 
Published: March 2016

Background: A hamstring strain injury (HSI) has become the most common noncontact injury in soccer. Isokinetic muscle strength deficits are considered a risk factor for HSIs. However, underpowered studies with small sample sizes unable to determine small associations have led to inconclusive results regarding the role of isokinetic strength and strength testing in HSIs. Purpose: To examine whether differences in isokinetic strength measures of knee flexion and extension represent risk factors for hamstring injuries in a large cohort of professional soccer players in an adequately powered study design. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 614 professional soccer players from 14 teams underwent isokinetic strength testing during preseason screening. Testing consisted of concentric knee flexion and extension at 60 deg/s and 300 deg/s and eccentric knee extension at 60 deg/s. A clustered multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with the risk of HSIs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to determine sensitivity and specificity. Results: Of the 614 players, 190 suffered an HSI during the 4 seasons. Quadriceps concentric strength at 60 deg/s (odds ratio [OR], 1.41; 95% CI, 1.03-1.92; P = .03) and hamstring eccentric strength at 60 deg/s (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.01-1.85; P = .04) adjusted for bodyweight were independently associated with the risk of injuries. The absolute differences between the injured and uninjured players were 6.9 N·m and 9.1 N·m, with small effect sizes ( d < 0.2). The ROC analyses showed an area under the curve of 0.54 and 0.56 for quadriceps concentric strength and hamstring eccentric strength, respectively, indicating a failed combined sensitivity and specificity of the 2 strength variables identified in the logistic regression models. Conclusion: This study identified small absolute strength differences and a wide overlap of the absolute strength measurements at the group level. The small associations between lower hamstring eccentric strength and lower quadriceps concentric strength with HSIs can only be considered as weak risk factors. The identification of these risk factors still does not allow the identification of individual players at risk. The use of isokinetic testing to determine the association between strength differences and HSIs is not supported.