bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Stability Analysis of Hybrid Schemes to Cure Shock Instability
Authors: Shen Zhijun , Yan Wei , Yuan Guangwei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe carbuncle phenomenon has been regarded as a spurious solution produced by most of contact-preserving methods. The hybrid method of combining high resolution flux with more dissipative solver is an attractive attempt to cure this kind of non-physical phenomenon. In this paper, a matrix-based stability analysis for 2-D Euler equations is performed to explore the cause of instability of numerical schemes. By combining theRoewithHLLflux in different directions and different flux components, we give an interesting explanation to the linear numerical instability. Based on such analysis, some hybrid schemes are compared to illustrate different mechanisms in controlling shock instability. Numerical experiments are presented to verify our analysis results. The conclusion is that the scheme of restricting directly instability source is more stable than other hybrid schemes.
An Iterative Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Solving the Nonlinear Poisson Boltzmann Equation
Authors: Yin Peimeng , Huang Yunqing , Liu Hailiang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn iterative discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is proposed to solve the nonlinear Poisson Boltzmann (PB) equation. We first identify a function space in which the solution of the nonlinear PB equation is iteratively approximated through a series of linear PB equations, while an appropriate initial guess and a suitable iterative parameter are selected so that the solutions of linear PB equations are monotone within the identified solution space. For the spatial discretization we apply the direct discontinuous Galerkin method to those linear PB equations. More precisely, we use one initial guess when the Debye parameterλ=(1), and a special initial guess forλ≫1 to ensure convergence. The iterative parameter is carefully chosen to guarantee the existence, uniqueness, and convergence of the iteration. In particular, iteration steps can be reduced for a variable iterative parameter. Both one and two-dimensional numerical results are carried out to demonstrate both accuracy and capacity of the iterative DG method for both cases ofλ=(1) andλ≪ 1. The (m+ 1)th order of accuracy forL2andmth order of accuracy forH1forPmelements are numerically obtained.
Second-Order Two-Scale Analysis Method for the Heat Conductive Problem with Radiation Boundary Condition in Periodical Porous Domain
Authors: Ma Qiang , Cui Junzhi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper a second-order two-scale (SOTS) analysis method is developed for a static heat conductive problem in a periodical porous domain with radiation boundary condition on the surfaces of cavities. By using asymptotic expansion for the temperature field and a proper regularity assumption on the macroscopic scale, the cell problem, effective material coefficients, homogenization problem, first-order correctors and second-order correctors are obtained successively. The characteristics of the asymptotic model is the coupling of the cell problems with the homogenization temperature field due to the nonlinearity and nonlocality of the radiation boundary condition. The error estimation is also obtained for the original solution and the SOTS’s approximation solution. Finally the corresponding finite element algorithms are developed and a simple numerical example is presented.
DelPhi Web Server: A Comprehensive Online Suite for Electrostatic Calculations of Biological Macromolecules and Their Complexes
Authors: Sarkar Subhra , Witham Shawn , Zhang Jie , Zhenirovskyy Maxim , Rocchia Walter , Alexov Emil 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHere we report a web server, the DelPhi web server, which utilizes DelPhi program to calculate electrostatic energies and the corresponding electrostatic potential and ionic distributions, and dielectric map. The server provides extra services to fix structural defects, as missing atoms in the structural file and allows for generation of missing hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen placement and the corresponding DelPhi calculations can be done with user selected force field parameters being either Charmm22, Amber98 or OPLS. Upon completion of the calculations, the user is given option to download fixed and protonated structural file, together with the parameter and Delphi output files for further analysis. Utilizing Jmol viewer, the user can see the corresponding structural file, to manipulate it and to change the presentation. In addition, if the potential map is requested to be calculated, the potential can be mapped onto the molecule surface. The DelPhi web server is available fromhttp://compbio.clemson.edu/delphi_webserver.
Design of a scanning laser meter for monitoring the spatio-temporal
evolution of snow depth and its application in the Alps and in Antarctica
Authors: Picard Ghislain , Arnaud Laurent , Panel Jean-Michel , Morin Samuel 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Although both the temporal and spatial variations of the snow depth are usually of interest for numerous applications, available measurement techniques are either space-oriented (e.g. terrestrial laser scans) or time-oriented (e.g. ultrasonic ranging probe). Because of snow heterogeneity, measuring depth in a single point is insufficient to provide accurate and representative estimates. We present a cost-effective automatic instrument to acquire spatio-temporal variations of snow depth. The device comprises a laser meter mounted on a 2-axis stage and can scan  ≈  200 000 points over an area of 100–200 m2 in 4 h. Two instruments, installed in Antarctica (Dome C) and the French Alps (Col de Porte), have been operating continuously and unattended over 2015 with a success rate of 65 and 90 % respectively. The precision of single point measurements and long-term stability were evaluated to be about 1 cm and the accuracy to be 5 cm or better. The spatial variability in the scanned area reached 7–10 cm (root mean square) at both sites, which means that the number of measurements is sufficient to average out the spatial variability and yield precise mean snow depth. With such high precision, it was possible for the first time at Dome C to (1) observe a 3-month period of regular and slow increase of snow depth without apparent link to snowfalls and (2) highlight that most of the annual accumulation stems from a single event although several snowfall and strong wind events were predicted by the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Finally the paper discusses the benefit of laser scanning compared to multiplying single-point sensors in the context of monitoring snow depth.
News Coverage about Direct-Democratic Campaigns in a Period of Structural Crisis
Authors: Udris Linards , Eisenegger Mark , Schneider Jörg 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article examines whether money talks in political campaign coverage. Analyzing news coverage about twenty-nine recent direct-democratic campaigns in Switzerland, it shows that votes involving expensive campaigns and populist proposals—and ideally both—correlate with high media attention. This favors especially Switzerland's largest party with the most resources, the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party (SVP). A case study of one vote on media policy confirms these patterns and shows that news coverage is also shaped by the vested (self-)interests of media organizations. The results imply that news media, affected by the crisis in journalism, fail to cover a truly wide diversity of actors and topics.
Inequities in access to HIV prevention services for transgender men: results of a global survey of men who have sex with men
Authors: Scheim Ayden I , Santos Glenn‐Milo , Arreola Sonya , Makofane Keletso , Do Tri D , Hebert Patrick , Thomann Matthew , Ayala George 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionFree or low‐cost HIV testing, condoms, and lubricants are foundational HIV prevention strategies, yet are often inaccessible for men who have sex with men (MSM). In the global context of stigma and poor healthcare access, transgender (trans) MSM may face additional barriers to HIV prevention services. Drawing on data from a global survey of MSM, we aimed to describe perceived access to prevention services among trans MSM, examine associations between stigma and access, and compare access between trans MSM and cisgender (non‐transgender) MSM.MethodsThe 2014 Global Men's Health and Rights online survey was open to MSM (inclusive of trans MSM) from any country and available in seven languages. Baseline data (n=3857) were collected from July to October 2014. Among trans MSM, correlations were calculated between perceived service accessibility and anti‐transgender violence, healthcare provider stigma, and discrimination. Using a nested matched‐pair study design, trans MSM were matched 4:1 to cisgender MSM on age group, region, and HIV status, and conditional logistic regression models compared perceived access to prevention services by transgender status.ResultsAbout 3.4% of respondents were trans men, of whom 69 were included in the present analysis. The average trans MSM participant was 26 to 35 years old (56.5%); lived in western Europe, North America, or Oceania (75.4%); and reported being HIV‐negative (98.6%). HIV testing, condoms, and lubricants were accessible for 43.5, 53.6, and 26.1% of trans MSM, respectively. Ever having been arrested or convicted due to being trans and higher exposure to healthcare provider stigma in the past six months were associated with less access to some prevention services. Compared to matched cisgender controls, trans MSM reported significantly lower odds of perceived access to HIV testing (OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.33, 0.98) and condom‐compatible lubricants (OR=0.54, 95% CI=0.30, 0.98).ConclusionsThis first look at access to HIV prevention services for trans MSM globally found that most reported inadequate access to basic prevention services and that they were less likely than cisgender MSM to have access to HIV testing and lubricants. Results indicate the need to enhance access to basic HIV prevention services for trans MSM, including MSM‐specific services.
HIV prevalence and demographic determinants of condomless receptive anal intercourse among trans feminine individuals in Beirut, Lebanon
Authors: Kaplan Rachel L , McGowan Justine , Wagner Glenn J 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionGrowing evidence suggests increased HIV incidence in the Middle East and North Africa among “key populations.” To date, epidemiological data have not accurately included and measured HIV prevalence and risk among trans feminine individuals in the region. Through the lens of the Gender Affirmation Framework, we assessed demographic correlates of risk behaviour and the prevalence of HIV among trans feminine individuals in Lebanon.MethodsLong‐chain referral sampling was used to recruit 53 participants for completion of a behavioural survey and optional free rapid HIV tests. Data were collected using interviewer‐administered questionnaires. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify demographic determinants of HIV risk behaviour.ResultsFifty‐seven percent of participants reported condomless receptive anal intercourse (CRAI) with male partner(s) in the last three months, 40% of whom reported not knowing the HIV status of the partner(s). Of the participants tested for HIV as part of the study or via self‐report, four (10%) were HIV positive; 13 declined HIV testing. Forty percent of the sample had no prior history of HIV testing. A history of trauma such as sexual abuse/assault was reported by almost half of the participants (49%). Sixty‐eight percent reported experiencing physical violence and 32% police arrest, because of gender identity or presentation. A staggering 98% reported having experienced gender identity or gender presentation‐related discrimination. Sixty‐six percent of the sample reported current sex work; sex work was correlated with CRAI but was not significant in multivariate analysis. In regression analysis, “openness”/“outness” about transgender identity at work or school was significantly associated with CRAI. Surprisingly, a history of sexual abuse/assault was negatively correlated with CRAI, suggesting the need for further inquiry.ConclusionsThe results of this study provide implications for how to address sexual health among trans feminine individuals in Lebanon and the greater Middle East and North Africa region.
Empowering communities and strengthening systems to improve transgender health: outcomes from the Pehchan programme in India
Authors: Shaikh Simran , Mburu Gitau , Arumugam Viswanathan , Mattipalli Naveen , Aher Abhina , Mehta Sonal , Robertson James 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionTransgender populations face inequalities in access to HIV, health and social services. In addition, there is limited documentation of models for providing appropriately tailored services and social support for transgender populations in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This paper presents outcomes of the Global Fund‐supported Pehchan programme, which aimed to strengthen community systems and provide HIV, health, legal and social services to transgender communities across 18 Indian states through a rights‐based empowerment approach.MethodsWe used a pre‐ and post‐intervention cross‐sectional survey design with retrospective analysis of programmatic data. Using stratified sampling, we identified 268 transgender participants in six Indian states from a total of 48,280 transgender people served by Pehchan through 186 community‐based organizations. We quantified the impact of interventions by comparing baseline and end line indicators of accessed health social and legal services. We also assessed end line self‐efficacy and collective action with regard to social support networks.ResultsThere were significant increases in community‐based demand and use of tailored health, legal, social and psychological services over the time of the Pehchan programme. We report significant increases in access to condoms (12.5%, p<0.001) and condom use at last anal sex with both regular (18.1%, p<0.001) and casual (8.1%, p<0.001) male partners. Access to HIV outreach education and testing and counselling services significantly increased (20.10%, p<0.001; 33.7%, p<0.001). In addition, significant increases in access to emergency crisis response (19.7%, p<0.001), legal support (26.8%, p<0.001) and mental health services (33.0%, p<0.001) were identified. Finally, we note that the Pehchan programme successfully provided a platform for the formation, collectivization and visibility of peer support groups.ConclusionsThe Pehchan programme's community involvement, rights‐based collectivization and gender‐affirming approaches significantly improved both demand and access to tailored HIV, health and social services for transgender individuals across India. Furthermore, the Pehchan programme successfully fostered both self‐efficacy and collective identity and served as a model for addressing the unique health needs of transgender communities. Continued strengthening of health, social and community systems to better respond to the unique needs of transgender communities is needed in order to sustain these gains.
Declining trends in exposures to harmful policing among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Landsberg Adina , Kerr Thomas , Milloy Michael‐John , Dong Huiru , Nguyen Paul , Wood Evan , Hayashi Kanna 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionIn 2006, the Vancouver Police Department (VPD) developed an organization‐wide drug policy approach, which included endorsing harm reduction strategies for people who inject drugs (PWID). We sought to examine rates of potentially harmful policing exposures and associated HIV risk behaviour among PWID in Vancouver, Canada before and after the VPD policy change.MethodsData were derived from two prospective cohort studies of PWID. Multivariable generalized estimating equation models were used to examine changes in the risk of confiscation of drug use paraphernalia and physical violence by the police, as well as changes in the relationship between exposures to the two policing practices and sharing of drug use paraphernalia, before and after the policy change.ResultsAmong 2193 participants, including 757 (34.5%) women, the rates of experiencing police confiscation of drug use paraphernalia declined from 22.3% in 2002 to 2.8% in 2014, and the rates of reporting experiencing physical violence by the police also declined from 14.1% in 2004 to 2.9% in 2014. In multivariable analyses, the post‐policy change period remained independently and negatively associated with reports of confiscation of drug use paraphernalia (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.21 to 0.31) and reported physical violence by the police (AOR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63 to 0.91). However, experiencing both confiscation of drug use paraphernalia and physical violence by the police (AOR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.10 to 3.33) and experiencing only confiscation of drug use paraphernalia (AOR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.34 to 2.19) remained independently and positively associated with sharing of drug use paraphernalia during the post‐policy change period.ConclusionsIn our study, two policing practices known to increase HIV risk among PWID have declined significantly since the local police launched an evidence‐based drug policy approach. However, these practices remained independently associated with elevated HIV risk after the post‐policy change. Although there remains a continued need to ensure that policing activities do not undermine public health efforts, these findings demonstrate that a major shift towards a public health approach to policing is possible for a municipal police force.
Determining barriers to creating an enabling environment in Cambodia: results from a baseline study with key populations and police
Authors: Schneiders Mira L , Weissman Amy 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionCambodian law enforcement's limited acceptance of harm reduction has hindered HIV program effectiveness. With funding from the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, FHI 360 supported the Ministry of Interior to implement the Police Community Partnership Initiative (PCPI) in Cambodia's capital Phnom Penh. To guide this, FHI 360 conducted a baseline study examining police and key populations’ attitudes and practices towards one another, including fear and occurrence of arrest.MethodsBetween December 2012 and January 2013, a cross‐sectional survey of 199 police post officers, 199 people who use drugs (PWUD) including people who inject drugs (PWID), 199 men who have sex with men (MSM), 200 transgender women (TGW) and 200 female entertainment workers (FEW) was conducted in five Phnom Penh districts. Eligible participants were ≥18 years, members of a key population from selected hotspots or police officers, deputy chiefs or chiefs.ResultsKey populations’ median age was 25 years (IQR: 22–30); 40% had completed only primary school. Police were male (99.5%), with median age 43 years (IQR: 30 to 47), and 45 and 25% high school and university completion rates, respectively. Key populations feared arrest for carrying needles and syringes (67%), condoms (23%) and 19% felt afraid to access health services. Close to 75% of police reported body searching and 58% arresting key populations in the past six months for using drugs (64%), selling or distributing drugs (36%) or being violent (13%). Self‐reported arrests (23% PWUD, 6% MSM, 6% TGW, 12% FEW; p<0.05), being verbally threatened (45% PWUD, 21% MSM, 25% TGW, 27% FEW; p<0.001) and body searched (44% PWUD, 28% MSM, 23% TGW, 8% FEW; p<0.001) was significantly higher among PWUD than other key populations. The majority (94%) of police believed arrest was an appropriate solution to reduce HIV and drug use and reported selling sex (88%) and carrying needles and syringes (55%) as valid reasons for arrest.ConclusionsKey populations’ fear of accessing harm reduction and health services and police's negative attitudes and practices towards key populations present major barriers to HIV prevention efforts in Cambodia. To create an enabling environment and ensure police are allies in the Cambodian HIV response, interventions should tackle underlying negative attitudes among police towards key populations and vice versa.
A comparison study: Direct wafer bonding of SiC–SiC by standard surface-activated bonding and modified surface-activated bonding with Si-containing Ar ion beam
Authors: Mu Fengwen , Iguchi Kenichi , Nakazawa Haruo , Takahashi Yoshikazu , Fujino Masahisa , He Ran , Suga Tadatomo 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In this study, the results of direct wafer bonding of SiC–SiC at room temperature by standard surface-activated bonding (SAB) and modified SAB with a Si-containing Ar ion beam were compared, in terms of bonding energy, interface structure and composition, and the effects of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 1273 K in Ar gas. Compared with that obtained by the standard SAB, the bonding interface obtained by the modified SAB with a Si-containing Ar ion beam is ∼30% stronger and almost completely recrystallized without oxidation during RTA, which should be due to the in situ Si compensation during surface activation by the Si-containing Ar ion beam.
Measurement of the Casimir force between a spherical gold tip and Si(111)-(7 × 7) surfaces
Authors: Yoshida Naoki , Higashino Kazuhiko , Sueoka Kazuhisa 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We have performed the measurement of Casimir force between a spherical Au tip and an atomically flat Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface at tip–sample distances ranging from 15 to 50 nm in an ultrahigh vacuum of 1.5 × 10−8 Pa by frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. Atomically flat Si(111) surfaces provided by the ultrahigh-vacuum condition and a degassed Au tip reduce the contact potential difference that must be compensated. These experimental conditions led to the elucidation of the distance dependence of the Casimir force down to the distance of 15 nm. The observed distance dependence still follows a theory provided by Chen et al. [Phys. Rev. A 74, 022103 (2006)] within these distances.
Design of quasi-one-dimensional phononic crystal cavity for efficient photoelastic modulation
Authors: Kim Ingi , Iwamoto Satoshi , Arakawa Yasuhiko 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We propose and design a phononic crystal (PnC) cavity for efficient photoelastic modulation. A strongly confined acoustic field in the cavity enhances light-sound interaction, which results in efficient phase modulation of light. As one of the possible configurations, an acoustic cavity formed in a quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) PnC was investigated. By carefully tuning geometrical parameters, we successfully designed a high-Q cavity mode for a longitudinal wave within a complete phononic band gap. The acoustic Q was calculated to be as high as 9.5 × 104. This enables efficient optical modulation by a factor of 2.5 compared with a bar-type structure without PnCs.