bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approaching variation in PFC
Authors: Durand Jacques , Lyche Chantal 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter shows how the study of large corpora can help renew the description and interpretation of liaison. It starts with an overview of the main questions facing anyone wishing to understand French liaison, arguing that labels such as obligatory, optional, forbidden, are not the same as categorical, variable, and unattested. The chapter then examines the coding system adopted within the PFC program for examining liaison across an orthographically transcribed spoken corpus. It is argued that the coding system elaborated within PFC and applied to all our surveys has enabled us to renew the empirical base on which theoretical analyses may now be couched. The results have established a new taxonomy of liaison usage, with very few contexts responsible for a very large percentage of realized liaisons, a factor which must find its way to the classroom, if the language taught in schools is to be grounded in current usage.
Variation in Switzerland
Authors: Andreassen Helene N. , Racine Isabelle 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe chapter focuses on the presence and absence of the schwa vowel in the initial syllable of polysyllables (e.g. semaine, genou), a well-known phenomenon in the area of phonological variation. It presents a comparative study of schwa, based on conversational PFC data from 12 speakers originating from three investigation points in Switzerland (Martigny, Neuchâtel, and Nyon). The global results first confirm that schwa is more prone to deletion in the Swiss varieties as compared to Hexagonal French varieties. Second, the results show cross-regional variation in Switzerland: while speakers from Martigny and Nyon seem to employ extreme schwa reduction to a higher degree than speakers from Neuchâtel, speakers from Neuchâtel seem to employ complete schwa deletion to a higher degree than speakers from Martigny and Nyon.
Visual Temporal Acuity Is Related to Auditory Speech Perception Abilities in Cochlear Implant Users
Authors: Jahn Kelly N. , Stevenson Ryan A. , Wallace Mark T. 
Published: October 2016

Objectives:
Despite significant improvements in speech perception abilities following cochlear implantation, many prelingually deafened cochlear implant (CI) recipients continue to rely heavily on visual information to develop speech and language. Increased reliance on visual cues for understanding spoken language could lead to the development of unique audiovisual integration and visual-only processing abilities in these individuals. Brain imaging studies have demonstrated that good CI performers, as indexed by auditory-only speech perception abilities, have different patterns of visual cortex activation in response to visual and auditory stimuli as compared with poor CI performers. However, no studies have examined whether speech perception performance is related to any type of visual processing abilities following cochlear implantation. The purpose of the present study was to provide a preliminary examination of the relationship between clinical, auditory-only speech perception tests, and visual temporal acuity in prelingually deafened adult CI users. It was hypothesized that prelingually deafened CI users, who exhibit better (i.e., more acute) visual temporal processing abilities would demonstrate better auditory-only speech perception performance than those with poorer visual temporal acuity.

Design:
Ten prelingually deafened adult CI users were recruited for this study. Participants completed a visual temporal order judgment task to quantify visual temporal acuity. To assess auditory-only speech perception abilities, participants completed the consonant–nucleus–consonant word recognition test and the AzBio sentence recognition test. Results were analyzed using two-tailed partial Pearson correlations, Spearman’s rho correlations, and independent samples t tests.

Results:
Visual temporal acuity was significantly correlated with auditory-only word and sentence recognition abilities. In addition, proficient CI users, as assessed via auditory-only speech perception performance, demonstrated significantly better visual temporal acuity than nonproficient CI users.

Conclusions:
These findings provide the first behavioral evidence that visual temporal acuity is related to post implantation CI proficiency as indexed by auditory-only speech perception performance. These preliminary data bring to light the possible future role of visual temporal acuity in predicting CI outcomes before implantation, as well as the possible utility of visual training methods in improving CI outcomes.
Limited Blood Transfusions Are Safe in Orthopaedic Trauma Patients
Authors: Dolenc Andrea J. , Morris William Z. , Como John J. , Wagner Karl G. , Vallier Heather A. 
Published: October 2016

Objectives:
Controversy exists over association of blood transfusions with complications. The purpose was to assess effects of limited transfusions on complication rates and hospital course.

Setting:
Level 1 trauma center.

Patients and Methods:
Three hundred seventy-one consecutive patients with Injury Severity Score ≥16 underwent fixation of fractures of spine (n = 111), pelvis (n = 72), acetabulum (n = 57), and/or femur (n = 179). Those receiving >3 units of packed red blood cell were excluded.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Fracture type, associated injuries, treatment details, ventilation time, complications, and hospital stay were prospectively recorded.

Results:
Ninety-eight patients with 107 fractures received limited transfusion, and 119 patients with 123 fractures were not transfused. The groups did not differ in age, fracture types, time to fixation, or associated injuries. Lowest hematocrit was lower in the transfused group (22.8 vs. 30.0, P < 0.0001). Surgical duration (3:23 vs. 2:28) and estimated blood loss (462 vs. 211 mL) were higher in transfused patients (all P < 0.003). Pulmonary complications occurred in 12% of transfused and 4% of nontransfused, (P = 0.10). Mean days of mechanical ventilation (2.51 vs. 0.45), intensive care unit days (4.5 vs. 1.5) and total hospital stay (8.8 vs. 5.7) were higher in transfused patients (all P ≤ 0.006). After multivariate analysis, limited transfusion was associated with increased hospital and intensive care unit stays and mechanical ventilation time, but not with complications.

Conclusions:
Patients receiving ≤3 units of packed red blood cell had lower hematocrit and greater surgical burden, but no difference in complications versus the nontransfused group. Limited blood transfusions are likely safe, excepting a possible association with longer mechanical ventilation times and hospital stays.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Open Lung Approach Improves Pulmonary Vascular Mechanics in an Experimental Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Santos Arnoldo , Lucchetta Luca , Monge-Garcia M. Ignacio , Borges Joao Batista , Tusman Gerardo , Hedenstierna Goran , Larsson Anders , Suarez-Sipmann Fernando 
Published: October 2016

Objective:
To test whether positive end-expiratory pressure consistent with an open lung approach improves pulmonary vascular mechanics compared with higher or lower positive end-expiratory pressures in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Design:
Experimental study.

Setting:
Animal research laboratory.

Subjects:
Ten pigs, 35 ± 5.2 kg.

Interventions:
Acute respiratory distress syndrome was induced combining saline lung lavages with injurious mechanical ventilation. The positive end-expiratory pressure level resulting in highest compliance during a decremental positive end-expiratory pressure trial after lung recruitment was determined. Thereafter, three positive end-expiratory pressure levels were applied in a random order: hyperinflation, 6 cm H2O above; open lung approach, 2 cm H2O above; and collapse, 6 cm H2O below the highest compliance level. High fidelity pressure and flow sensors were placed at the main pulmonary artery for measuring pulmonary artery resistance (Z0), effective arterial elastance, compliance, and reflected pressure waves.

Measurements and Main Results:
After inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome, Z0 and effective arterial elastance increased (from 218 ± 94 to 444 ± 115 dyn.s.cm–5 and from 0.27 ± 0.14 to 0.62 ± 0.22 mm Hg/mL, respectively; p < 0.001), vascular compliance decreased (from 2.76 ± 0.86 to 1.48 ± 0.32 mL/mm Hg; p = 0.003), and reflected waves arrived earlier (0.23 ± 0.07 vs 0.14 ± 0.05, arbitrary unit; p = 0.002) compared with baseline. Comparing the three positive end-expiratory pressure levels, open lung approach resulted in the lowest: 1) Z0 (297 ± 83 vs 378 ± 79 dyn.s.cm–5, p = 0.033, and vs 450 ± 119 dyn.s.cm–5, p = 0.002); 2) effective arterial elastance (0.37 ± 0.08 vs 0.50 ± 0.15 mm Hg/mL, p = 0.04, and vs 0.61 ± 0.12 mm Hg/mL, p < 0.001), and 3) reflection coefficient (0.35 ± 0.17 vs 0.48 ± 0.10, p = 0.024, and vs 0.53 ± 0.19, p = 0.005), comparisons with hyperinflation and collapse, respectively.

Conclusions:
In this experimental setting, positive end-expiratory pressure consistent with the open lung approach resulted in the best pulmonary vascular mechanics compared with higher or lower positive end-expiratory pressure settings.
Myocardial T2 Mapping in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Amano Yasuo , Yanagisawa Fumi , Tachi Masaki , Hashimoto Hidenobu , Imai Shogo , Kumita Shinichiro 
Published: October 2016

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of T2 mapping for detecting myocardial injuries in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

Methods
Twenty-one HCM patients and 7 healthy volunteers were examined. The T2 values were measured at hyperintense areas (high-T2 areas) identified with T2 mapping, at late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) areas, and in nullified myocardium of the HCM patients. The associations between T2 values and laboratory data or LGE areas were assessed.

Results
High-T2 areas had significantly greater T2 values than LGE areas (P < 0.05) and nullified areas (P < 0.01) of HCM and normal myocardium (P < 0.01). The presence of high-T2 areas was associated with an increase in troponin T levels (P = 0.02), and T2 values correlated with the levels of brain natriuretic peptide (P = 0.036, r = 0.86).

Conclusions
T2 mapping identified myocardial injuries suggested by the laboratory data in HCM.
Diagnosing the Decades-Long Rise in the Deceased Donor Kidney Discard Rate in the United States
Authors: Stewart Darren E. , Garcia Victoria C. , Rosendale John D. , Klassen David K. , Carrico Bob J. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThe proportion of deceased donor kidneys recovered for transplant but discarded increased steadily in the United States over 2 decades, from 5.1% in 1988 to 19.2% by 2009. Over 100 000 patients are waiting for a kidney transplant, yet 3159 kidneys were discarded in 2015.MethodsWe evaluated trends in donor characteristics, discard reasons, and Organ Procurement Organization–specific discard rates. Multivariable regression and propensity analysis were used to estimate the proportion of the discard rate rise in the 2000s attributable to changes in donor factors and decisions to biopsy and pump kidneys.ResultsThis study found that at least 80% of the discard rate rise can be explained by the recovery of kidneys from an expanding donor pool and changes in biopsy and pumping practices. However, a residual discard rate increase could not be explained by changes in these factors. From 1987 to 2009, median donor age rose from 26 to 43 years; median Kidney Donor Risk Index increased from 1.1 in 1994 to 1.3 in 2009. Our findings suggest that the increase from 10% to 30% in the proportion of kidneys pumped during the 2000s served as a buffer, keeping the discard rate from rising even higher than it did.ConclusionsThe majority of the kidney discard rate rise can be explained by the broadening donor pool. However, the presence of an unexplained, residual increase suggests behavioral factors (eg, increased risk aversion) and/or allocation inefficiencies may have played a role. Reducing risk aversion, improving allocation, and more often pumping less-than-ideal, yet potentially transplantable kidneys, may help reverse the trend.
Linkage disequilibrium dependent architecture of human complex traits reveals action of negative selection
Authors: Gazal Steven , Finucane Hilary K. , Furlotte Nicholas A , Loh Po-Ru , Palamara Pier Francesco , Liu Xuanyao , Schoech Armin , Bulik-Sullivan Brendan , Neale Benjamin M , Gusev Alexander , Price Alkes L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRecent work has hinted at the linkage disequilibrium (LD) dependent architecture of human complex traits, where SNPs with low levels of LD (LLD) have larger per-SNP heritability after conditioning on their minor allele frequency (MAF). However, this has not been formally assessed, quantified or biologically interpreted. Here, we analyzed summary statistics from 56 complex diseases and traits (average N = 101,401) by extending stratified LD score regression to continuous annotations. We determined that SNPs with low LLD have significantly larger per-SNP heritability. Roughly half of the LLD signal can be explained by functional annotations that are negatively correlated with LLD, such as DNase I hypersensitivity sites (DHS). The remaining signal is largely driven by our finding that common variants that are more recent tend to have lower LLD and to explain more heritability (P= 2.38 × 10−104); the youngest 20% of common SNPs explain 3.9x more heritability than the oldest 20%, consistent with the action of negative selection. We also inferred jointly significant effects of other LD-related annotations and confirmed via forward simulations that these annotations jointly predict deleterious effects. Our results are consistent with the action of negative selection on deleterious variants that affect complex traits, complementing efforts to learn about negative selection by analyzing much smaller rare variant data sets.
Customer perceptions of quality – a study in the SPA industry
Authors: Lagrosen Yvonne , Lagrosen Stefan 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to explore dimensions of customer perceptions of factors important for a quality experience in the SPA industry and to assess service quality implications for these dimensions.

Design/methodology/approach
The empirical study involved seven Swedish SPA hotels. The first part was qualitative, consisting of seven focus-group interviews with hotel guests. In addition, service providers’ perceptions of customer quality were collected through seven quality cafés. The qualitative parts were analysed with the constant comparative technique from the grounded theory approach. Based on the findings from the interviews, a questionnaire was delivered to 400 randomly accessed women. The responses were analysed with exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis.

Findings
The focus-group interviews showed that the customers’ perception of quality could be expressed in the following dimensions: physical effects, mental effects, pleasure and flexibility. The dimensions for customer quality seen from the staff’s perspective were treatments, climate and the SPA facility itself. The exploratory factor analysis defined the following underlying factors: enjoyment, treatments, practicality, fitness, cost and calm. The cluster analysis resulted in four groups of customer profiles: the more of everything group, the enjoyers, the savers and the fitness freaks.

Research limitations/implications
A limitation is that the study has only been carried out in one country. The main implication for research is a better understanding of quality dimensions and perceptions of service quality in the SPA industry.

Practical implications
The study provides a comprehensive insight into the dimensions of quality for SPA visitors. Moreover, four distinct groups of customers have been identified. This knowledge should be useful for SPA managers.

Originality/value
Only limited amounts of research have previously been carried out in the SPA industry. The paper provides a framework depicting perceptions of quality dimensions in SPA hotels.
A strategic use of technology: case of Vodafone Egypt
Authors: Amin Azab Nahed , El Sheikh Yasmin , Moharram Arwa , Ibrahim Basma , Yehia Nouran 
Published: October 2016

Subject area
Information management, IS alignment.

Study level/applicability
Undergraduate.

Case overview
The case examines the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in one of Egypt’s top mobile service providers, through closely analyzing their systems, the way they work and how technology could be optimized to provide greater benefit and value to support an organization’s business goals. The main objective of the case was to identify business problems that information systems have managed to solve as well as grab a potential opportunity that the organization can or have captured. The main contribution of this case is to emphasize and provide real case application on information management concepts and theories related to Information Systems Alignment (IS Alignment), business value from IS adoption, IS implementation issues and information and process integration.

Expected learning outcomes
This case was written to present a practical example about the strategic use of ICT within a specific organizational context. It enables students to apply some theoretical concepts studied in information management courses (such as IS alignment – or strategic alignment –, IS assessment and IS implementation) on a real-case study. In particular, teaching this case aims to realize a number of learning objectives: understand telecom industry and acquire an overview about its environment and the challenges it faces in general and within a developing context in particular; identify the different technologies used by telecom companies; develop a business strategy based on a thorough analysis of an organization’s internal business operations as well as its external environment; and learn how to align IT use with organizational strategies and analyze critically both its tangible and intangible added values.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject codes
CSS 11: Strategy.
eLearning hands-on: blending interactive eLearning with practical engineering laboratory
Authors: Kiravu Cheddi , Yanev Kamen M. , Tunde Moses O. , Jeffrey Anna M. , Schoenian Dirk , Renner Ansel 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
Integrating laboratory work into interactive engineering eLearning contents augments theory with practice while simultaneously ameliorating the apparent theory-practice gap in traditional eLearning. The purpose of this paper is to assess and recommend media that currently fulfil this desirable dual pedagogical goal.

Design/methodology/approach
The qualitative approach compares the eLearner-content interactivity deriving from Mathematica’s Computable Document File (CDF) application, Pearson’s myLab and Lucas-Nuelle’s UniTrain-I. Illustrative interactive examples written in JavaScript and Java are thereby drawn from an engineering eLearning course developed at the University of Botswana (UB).

Findings
Based on its scientific rigour, wide application scope, engineering analytical depth, minimal programming requirements and cross-subject-cum-faculty application and deployment potential, the authors found the CDF to be a versatile environment for generating dynamically interactive eLearning contents. The UniTrain-I, blending a multimedia information and communication technology (ICT)-based interactive eLearner-content philosophy with practical laboratory experimentation, is recommended for meeting the paper’s dual eLearning goal as the most adept framework to-date, blending dynamic interactive eLearning content with laboratory hands-on engineering experimentation.

Research limitations/implications
The lack of other competing frameworks limited the considerations to only the three mentioned above. Consequently, the results are subject to review as the ongoing research advances new insights.

Originality/value
The conclusions help eLearning designers plan ICT-based resources for integration into practical electrical engineering eLearning pedagogy and both CDF and UniTrain-I help dispel the prevailing apparent disquiet regarding the effectiveness of the eLearning-mediated electrical engineering pedagogy. In addition, the cited examples document an original electrical engineering eLearning course developed at the UB.
A tutorial on the use of PLS path modeling in longitudinal studies
Authors: Roemer Ellen 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic overview with guidelines how to use partial least squares (PLS) path modeling in longitudinal studies. Practical examples from a study of the acceptance of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in corporate fleets are used for demonstration purposes.

Design/methodology/approach
In this study, data at three points in time were collected: before the initial use of a BEV, after three and after six months of extensive usage of BEVs.

Findings
Three different models are identified depending on the research objective and on the data basis. Multigroup analyses are suggested to test the difference between the path coefficients of latent variables at different points in time. Limitations for the use of repeated cross-sectional data have to be observed.

Originality/value
Academics and practitioners will benefit from this paper by receiving an overview of the different PLS path models in longitudinal studies. A decision-tree enables them to make a choice regarding the most appropriate model and suggests a sequence of complementary analyses. So far, there is a lack of a tutorial type paper delivering such guidance.
Attribution of success and failure in intercultural service encounters: the moderating role of personal cultural orientations
Authors: Tam Jackie L.M. , Sharma Piyush , Kim Namwoon 
Published: October 2016

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the role that personal cultural orientations play in customer attributions in intercultural service encounters.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual model was developed depicting the relationships between service delivery outcome, personal cultural orientations and customer attributions. Data were collected from 640 Chinese and Western customers using scenario-based experiments in a restaurant context to assess the hypothesized relationships in the model.FindingsThe findings show that compared to service delivery success, customers tend to hold service employee and firm responsible for service delivery failure rather than themselves and cultural differences. Moreover, personal cultural orientations partially moderated the influence of the service delivery outcome on customer attributions.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research could adopt different methodologies such as critical incident techniques and surveys to replicate the study.Practical implicationsService firms are recommended to design programs to influence customer attributions such as “customer education programs” and “customer appreciation programs” to achieve high customer satisfaction.Originality/valueThis study examines the differences in customer attributions between successful vs unsuccessful service delivery. It also sheds light on the potential moderating role of personal cultural orientations on the relationship between service delivery outcome and customer attributions.