bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Online regeneration of PP/PEW oil‐sorbing fabrics at bypass sorption column in oily circulating cooling water system
Authors: Guo Mulin , Luo Zhengwei , Fan Chenhao , Chen Qiguo , Zhao Yan , Wei Wuji 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe bypass purification technology for separating the leaked oil in circulating cooling water is in the early stage of development. To achieve a continuous removal of oil, the online regeneration characteristics of oil‐sorbing fillers should be studied. Therefore, the effect of oil‐sorbing fillers, polypropylene/polyethylene wax fabrics, on the sorption of corrosion and scale inhibitors was evaluated primarily in this study. The regeneration efficiency of three regeneration methods and the effect of the rotating speed of centrifugal sorption column on the oil desorption performance were studied. Furthermore, the effects of regeneration interval for online centrifugal and replacement regenerations on the purification time were investigated. The results indicate that almost no corrosion and scale inhibitors were sorbed on polypropylene/polyethylene wax fabrics. The average efficiency of the centrifugal regeneration method was up to 95%. The oil desorption performance increased with the increase in the rotating speed of the centrifugal sorption column up to 18 rev/s, above which the performance did not change significantly. In the online centrifugal regeneration, the best regeneration interval wastn+1 = 1.2n, thus decreasing the regeneration time and effectively shortening the purification time. Compared with the online replacement regeneration, the online centrifugal regeneration saved approximately 700% fabrics. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of 2p‐3d‐4f Hetero‐Tri‐Spin Chains Comprising [{Cu(hfac)2‐Radical}2] Dimers and Ln(hfac)3 (hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate)
Authors: Zhu Mei , Yang Meng , Wang Juanjuan , Li Hongdao , Li Licun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA new family of 2p‐3d‐4f hetero‐tri‐spin complexes [Ln(hfac)3{Cu(hfac)2(NIT‐3 PyPh)}2] (Ln=Gd (1), Tb (2), Dy (3), Ho (4); NIT‐3 PyPh=2‐[4‐(3‐pyridinylmethoxy)phenyl]‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide; hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate) have been synthesized. Four complexes possess a 1D chain structure in which two radical ligands join two Cu(hfac)2 molecules to form a [{Cu(hfac)2‐rad)}2] dimer cycle and the dimer rings are linked by Ln(hfac)3 units. Magnetic studies show that ferromagnetic exchange couplings exist between the coordinated NO groups of radical ligands and metal ions. Field‐induced slow relaxation of the magnetization was observed in the Tb and Dy compounds.
Increasing the CO2/N2 Selectivity with a Higher Surface Density of Pyridinic Lewis Basic Sites in Porous Carbon Derived from a Pyridyl‐Ligand‐Based Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Li Liangjun , Wang Ying , Gu Xin , Yang Qipeng , Zhao Xuebo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe development of functional porous carbon with high CO2/N2 selectivity is of great importance for CO2 capture. In this paper, a type of porous carbon with doped pyridinic sites (termed MOFC) was prepared from the carbonization of a pyridyl‐ligand based MOF. Four MOFCs derived from different carbonizing temperatures were prepared. Structural studies revealed high contents of pyridinic‐N groups and nearly the same pore‐size distributions for these MOFCs. Gas‐sorption studies revealed outstanding CO2 uptake at low pressures and room temperature. Owing to the high content of pyridinic‐N groups, the CO2/N2 selectivity on these MOFCs exhibits values of about 40–50, which are among the top values in carbon materials. Further correlation studies demonstrated that the CO2/N2 selectivities show a positive linear relationship with the surface density of pyridinic‐N groups, thus validating the synergistic effect of the doped pyridinic‐N groups on CO2 adsorption selectivity.
Copper‐Mediated Aromatic 1,1‐Difluoroethylation with (1,1‐Difluoroethyl)trimethylsilane (TMSCF2CH3)
Authors: Li Xinjin , Zhao Jingwei , Wang Yunze , Rong Jian , Hu Mingyou , Chen Dingben , Xiao Pan , Ni Chuanfa , Wang Limin , Hu Jinbo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA new method for the formation of 1,1‐difluoroethyl copper species (“CuCF2CH3”) with 1,1‐difluoroethylsilane (TMSCF2CH3) has been developed. The “CuCF2CH3” species can be applied to the efficient 1,1‐difluoroethylation of diaryliodonium salts under mild conditions, affording (1,1‐difluoroethyl)arenes in good to excellent yields. This convenient procedure tolerates a wide range of functional groups and thus serves as a practical synthetic tool for the introduction of CF2CH3 group(s) into complex molecules.
Solid biofuels production from energy crops in Colombia: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Martínez Londoño Edgar A. , Cañón Barriga Julio E. , Palm Matilda 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBuilding on an extensive literature review that included peer‐reviewed publications, grey literature, national statistics, official reports, and regulations enacted by the Colombian government, this paper identifies opportunities, challenges, and constraints faced by solid biofuels production from energy crops in Colombia. Our findings suggest that the solid biofuels industry currently lacks policy regulations and an adequate research framework. The paper notes the industry's market potential and addresses its dependency on a legal framework, political willingness, and technological developments. The legal framework includes land ownership formalization, job regulations, and the definition of environmental and administrative permits. Political willingness relates to governmental policies and financial incentives based on environmental and sustainability criteria, which can make the sector competitive compared to other energy sources at the local and international market scales. The technological aspects include public and private support for research and development programs and a strategic analysis of industry‐specific requirements for infrastructure, conversion, and transportation within a life cycle assessment framework. The preliminary land‐use analysis suggests the potential availability of land for solid biofuels production in the Caribbean, Andean, Inter‐Andean Valley, and Orinoco regions. Furthermore, the results show that solid biofuels production can potentially supply internal demand and play a role in international markets with strategic development and government support. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Resonance Rayleigh scattering technique as a detection method for the RP‐HPLC determination of local anaesthetics in human urine
Authors: Liu Dan , Peng Jingdong , Liu Shaopu , Zhou Mingqiong , Zhang Jing , Li Aiping 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA highly selective and sensitive method of reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) coupled with resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) was developed for the determination of procaine, bupivacaine and tetracaine. Separation of three local anaesthetics was achieved at 35 °C on a C18 column. The mobile phase was 30: 70 (v/v) acetonitrile/triethylamine–phosphoric acid buffer (pH 2.9) at flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The RRS detection was conducted by taking advantage of the strong RRS enhancement of the local anaesthetics with erythrosine reaction in an acidic medium. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection (S/N = 3) values were in the range of 2.4–11.2 ng/mL. Recoveries from spiked human urine samples were 95.8%–104.5%. The proposed method applied to the determination of local anaesthetics in human urine achieved satisfactory results. In addition, the mechanism of the reaction is fully discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eu2+‐induced enhancement of defect luminescence of ZnS
Authors: Xiao‐Bo Zhang , Fu‐Xiang Wei 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Eu2+‐induced enhancement of defect luminescence of ZnS was studied in this work. While photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibited 460 nm and 520 nm emissions in both ZnS and ZnS:Eu nanophosphors, different excitation characteristics were shown in their photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra. In ZnS nanophosphors, there was no excitation signal in the PLE spectra at the excitation wavelength λex > 337 nm (the bandgap energy 3.68 eV of ZnS); while in ZnS:Eu nanophosphors, two excitation bands appeared that were centered at 365 nm and 410 nm. Compared with ZnS nanophosphors, the 520 nm emission in the PL spectra was relatively enhanced in ZnS:Eu nanophosphors and, furthermore, in ZnS:Eu nanophosphors the 460 nm and 520 nm emissions increased more than 10 times in intensity. The reasons for these differences were analyzed. It is believed that the absorption of Eu2+ intra‐ion transition and subsequent energy transfer to sulfur vacancy, led to the relative enhancement of the 520 nm emission in ZnS:Eu nanophosphors. In addition, more importantly, Eu2+ acceptor‐bound excitons are formed in ZnS:Eu nanophosphors and their excited levels serve as the intermediate state of electronic relaxation, which decreases non‐radiative electronic relaxation and thus increases the intensity of the 460 nm and 520 nm emission dramatically. In summary, the results in this work indicate a new mechanism for the enhancement of defect luminescence of ZnS in Eu2+‐doped ZnS nanophosphors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of electron–vibrational interaction in interconfigurational 5d➔4f transition of Eu2+ ions in Na5Ca4(PO4)4F
Authors: Bhoyar Priyanka D. , Dhoble S.J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this paper, the photoluminescence properties of Eu2+‐activated greenish‐blue‐emitting halophosphate phosphor Na5Ca4(PO4)4F were studied to estimate electron–vibrational interaction (EVI) parameters such as the Huang–Rhys factor, effective phonon energy, Stokes shift and zero phonon line (ZPL) position for various concentrations of dopant. The validity of the results was established by modeling the emission spectra, which was found to be in good agreement with the experimental photoluminescence spectra. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and photoluminescence characteristics of Sm3+‐doped Bi4Si3O12 red‐emitting phosphor
Authors: Lu Gonggong , Qiu Kehui , Li Junfeng , Zhang Wentao , Yuan Xiqiang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA series of novel red‐emitting Sm3+‐doped bismuth silicate phosphors, Bi4Si3O12:xSm3+ (0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.06), were prepared via the sol–gel route. The phase of the synthesized samples calcinated at 800 °C is isostructural with Bi4Si3O12 according to X‐ray diffraction results. Under excitation with 405 nm light, some typical peaks of Sm3+ ions centered at 566, 609, 655 and 715 nm are found in the emission spectra of the Sm3+‐doped Bi4Si3O12 phosphors. The strongest peak located at 609 nm is due to 4G5/2–6H7/2 transition of Sm3+. The luminescence intensity reaches its maximum value when the Sm3+ ion content is 4 mol%. The results suggest that Bi4Si3O12:Sm3+ may be a potential red phosphor for white light‐emitting diodes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicentre study of short-course radiotherapy and transanal endoscopic microsurgery for early rectal cancer
Authors: Smart C J , Korsgen S , Hill J , Speake D , Levy B , Steward M , Geh J I , Robinson J , Sebag-Montefiore D , Bach S P 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background
Organ-preserving treatment for early-stage rectal cancer may avoid the substantial perioperative morbidity and functional sequelae associated with total mesorectal excision (TME). The initial results of an organ-preserving approach using preoperative short-course radiotherapy (SCRT) and transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEMS) are presented.

Methods
Patients with cT1–2N0 rectal cancers staged using high-quality MRI and endorectal ultrasonography received SCRT, with TEMS 8–10 weeks later, at four regional referral centres between 2007 and 2013. Patients were generally considered high risk for TME surgery (a small number refused TME).

Results
Following SCRT and TEMS, 60 (97 per cent) of 62 patients had an R0 resection. Histopathological staging identified 20 ypT0 tumours, 23 ypT1, 18 ypT2 and one ypT3. Preoperative uT category was significantly associated with a complete pathological response, which was achieved in 13 of 27 patients with uT0/uT1 disease and in five of 29 with uT2 (P = 0·010). Acute complications affected 19 patients, the majority following TEMS. No fistulas occurred and no stomas were formed. Surveillance detected four intraluminal local recurrences at a median follow-up of 13 months, all in patients with tumours staged as ypT2. Salvage TME achieved R0 resection in three patients and a stent was placed in one patient owing to co-morbidities.

Conclusion
SCRT with TEMS was effective in the majority of patients considered high risk for (or who refused) TME surgery.
Randomized clinical trial of postoperative chewing gum versus standard care after colorectal resection
Authors: Atkinson C , Penfold C M , Ness A R , Longman R J , Thomas S J , Hollingworth W , Kandiyali R , Leary S D , Lewis S J 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background
Chewing gum may stimulate gastrointestinal motility, with beneficial effects on postoperative ileus suggested in small studies. The primary aim of this trial was to determine whether chewing gum reduces length of hospital stay (LOS) after colorectal resection. Secondary aims included examining bowel habit symptoms, complications and healthcare costs.

Methods
This clinical trial allocated patients randomly to standard postoperative care with or without chewing gum (sugar-free gum for at least 10 min, four times per day on days 1–5) in five UK hospitals. The primary outcome was LOS. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios for LOS.

Results
Data from 402 of 412 patients, of whom 199 (49·5 per cent) were allocated to chewing gum, were available for analysis. Some 40 per cent of patients in both groups had laparoscopic surgery, and all study sites used enhanced recovery programmes. Median (i.q.r.) LOS was 7 (5–11) days in both groups (P = 0·962); the hazard ratio for use of gum was 0·94 (95 per cent c.i. 0·77 to 1·15; P = 0·557). Participants allocated to gum had worse quality of life, measured using the EuroQoL 5D-3L, than controls at 6 and 12 weeks after operation (but not on day 4). They also had more complications graded III or above according to the Dindo–Demartines–Clavien classification (16 versus 6 in the group that received standard care) and deaths (11 versus 0), but none was classed as related to gum. No other differences were observed.

Conclusion
Chewing gum did not alter the return of bowel function or LOS after colorectal resection. Registration number: ISRCTN55784442 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
Methylene blue and normobaric hyperoxia combination therapy in experimental ischemic stroke
Authors: Rodriguez Pavel , Zhao Jiang , Milman Brian , Tiwari Yash Vardhan , Duong Timothy Q. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionIschemic stroke is a global burden that contributes to the disability and mortality of millions of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combined MB (methylene blue) and NBO (normobaric hyperoxia) therapy in experimental ischemic stroke.MethodsRats with transient (60 min) MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) were treated with: (1) air + vehicle (N = 8), (2) air + MB (N = 8), (3) NBO + vehicle (N = 7), and (4) NBO + MB (N = 9). MB (1 mg/kg) was administered at 30 min, again on days 2, 7, and 14 after stroke. NBO was given during MRI (30–150 min) on day 0, and again 1 h each during MRI on subsequent days. Serial diffusion, perfusion and T2 MRI were performed to evaluate lesion volumes. Foot‐fault and cylinder tests were performed to evaluate sensorimotor function.ResultsThe major findings were: (1) NBO + MB therapy showed a greater decrease in infarct volume compared to NBO alone, but similar infarct volume compared to MB alone, (2) NBO + MB therapy accelerated sensorimotor functional recovery compared to NBO or MB alone, (3) Infarct volumes on day 2 did not change significantly from those on day 28 for all four groups, but behavioral function continued to show improved recovery in the NBO + MB group.ConclusionsThese findings support the hypothesis that combined NBO + MB further improves functional outcome and reduces infarct volume compared to either treatment alone and these improvements extended up to 28 days.
White and gray matter fiber pathways in autism spectrum disorder revealed by ex vivo diffusion MR tractography
Authors: Wilkinson Molly , Wang Rongpin , van der Kouwe Andre , Takahashi Emi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe goal of this project was to study the white and gray matter brain pathways of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and investigate how ASD brains differ from those of typically developing children of the same age.MethodsHigh angular resolution resolution diffusion imaging tractography and diffusion tensor imaging tractography were used to analyze the brains of two 3‐year‐old children with ASD and two age‐matched controls.ResultsIn the ASD brains, the callosal and corticopontine pathways were thinner overall and terminal areas in the cortical gray matter were significantly smaller. The ASD brains had more short‐range u‐fibers in the frontal lobe compared to the control brains. Gray matter pathways were found disorganized with less coherency in the ASD brain, specifically the lateral aspects of the middle part of the brain including motor areas, and both medial and lateral surfaces of the anterior frontal brain regions.ConclusionThese findings show our tractography technique is useful for identifying differences in brain pathways between the ASD and control groups. Given that scanning the brain of 3‐year‐old children with or even without ASD is challenging, postmortem scanning may offer valuable insights into the connectivity in the brain of young children with ASD.
Cytotoxic, Antiangiogenic and Antitelomerase Activity of Glucosyl‐ and Acyl‐ Resveratrol Prodrugs and Resveratrol Sulfate Metabolites
Authors: Falomir Eva , Lucas Ricardo , Peñalver Pablo , Martí‐Centelles Rosa , Dupont Alexia , Zafra‐Gómez Alberto , Carda Miguel , Morales Juan C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractResveratrol (RES) is a natural polyphenol with relevant and varied biological activity. However, its low bioavailability and rapid metabolism to its glucuronate and sulfate conjugates has opened a debate on the mechanisms underlying its bioactivity. RES prodrugs are being developed to overcome these problems. We have synthesized a series of RES prodrugs and RES sulfate metabolites (RES‐S) and evaluated their biological activities. RES glucosylated prodrugs (RES‐Glc) were more cytotoxic in HT‐29 and MCF‐7 cells than RES itself whereas RES‐S showed similar or higher cytotoxicity than RES. VEGF production was decreased by RES‐Glc, and RES‐disulfate (RES‐diS) diminished it even more than RES. Finally, RES‐Glc and RES‐diS inhibited hTERT gene expression to a higher extent than RES. In conclusion, resveratrol prodrugs are promising candidates as anticancer drugs. In addition, RES‐S showed distinct biological activity, thus indicating they are not simply RES reservoirs.
A severe case of hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: Cubas Vanessa , McArthur David 
Published: May 2016

Key Clinical MessageHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic disfiguring skin disease affecting apocrine sweat glands, characterized by abscesses, cysts, or infections. There is currently no cure or a consistently effective treatment. HS is a challenging condition to diagnose and treat. We present a severe case to raise awareness of this disabling condition.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON PYRIMIDINE ANALOGS: REACTION OF ISOXAZOLO(3,4‐D)PYRIMIDINE WITH ACTIVE METHYLENE COMPOUNDS
Authors: PRASAD A. S. , SANDHU J. S. , BARUAH J. N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAus den Isoxazolo‐pyrimidinen (I) entstehen mit den methylenaktiven Verbindungen (II) die Pyridopyrimidine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: RING TRANSFORMATION OF 2‐SUBSTITUTED ISOTHIAZOL‐3(2H)‐ONES TO 3,4‐DIHYDRO‐1,3‐THIAZIN‐4(2H)‐ONES BY A NOVEL CARBENE ADDITION‐RING EXPANSION SEQUENCE
Authors: CROW W. D. , GOSNEY I. , ORMISTON R. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn Gegenwart eines RhodiunuIH‐Katulysators führen die Isothiazolone (I) mit den Diazoverbindungen (II) unter Ringerweiterung zu den Dihydrothiazinonen (H1).
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF 1,2‐BIS(TRIMETHYLSILOXY)ALKENES FROM α‐DIKETONES
Authors: RASMUSSEN J. K. , KREPSKI L. R. , HEILMANN S. M. , SMITH H. K. II , TUMEY M. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung von α‐Diketonen mit Zink und Chlortrimethylsilan führt zu Bis‐ (trimethylsilyloxy)‐alkenen (ll).
ChemInform Abstract: A GENERAL SYNTHETIC METHOD FOR 2,6‐CYCLODECADIENONE SYSTEM BY INTRAMOLECULAR ALKYLATION OF PROTECTED CYANOHYDRINS
Authors: TAKAHASHI T. , NEMOTO H. , TSUJI J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSchwierigkeiten der Synthese des (E,E)‐ l,Sfyclodecadien‐Systems der Germacrane werden erörtert.
ChemInform Abstract: MATRIX‐ISOLATION STUDIES BY ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY OF GROUP IIIA METAL‐WATER PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Authors: DOUGLAS M. A. , HAUGE R. H. , MARGRAVE J. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Elektronenstrukturen der Zwischenprodukte der Hydratationsreaktion von Metallatomen der Gruppe IIIA (M...OH2‐Addukte) sowie ihrer photolytischen Folgeprodukte HMOH, MOH und M0 mit M: Al, Ga, In werden mitgeteilt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE EFFECT OF SILICON, ALUMINUM AND GERMANIUM ON THE STABILIZATION OF THE C14 POLYMORPH OF HAFNIUM‐MOLYBDENUM (HFMO2)
Authors: TROJKO R. , BLAZINA Z. , BAN Z. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHfMo2 kristallisiert je nach Wärmebehandlung im MgNi2‐ (P63/mmc), MgZn2‐ (P63/mmc) oder im MgCu2‐Typ (Fd3m).
ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ANHYDROUS DISODIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
Authors: WIENCH D. M. , JANSEN M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractErhitzen von mikrokristallinem Na2HPO4 mit trockenem Cyclohexan und POCl3 am Rückfluß liefert für die Röntgen‐ Strukturanalyse geeignete Einkristalle.
ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE MIXED‐VALENCE IRON FLUORIDE HYDRATE FE3F8.2H2O
Authors: HERDTWECK E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie aus FeF3 unter hydrothermalen Hochdruckbedingungen in einer modifizierten Belt‐Apparatur (40proz. HF·aq/Pt/FeF3, ca. 30 kbar.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMODYNAMIC INVESTIGATIONS OF LIQUID (LITHIUM, CADMIUM) ALLOYS
Authors: LANGEN G. , SCHWITZGEBEL G. , RUPPERSBERG H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWie EMK‐Messungen an der Kette A im Temp‐Bereich 774‐905ger 4 zeigt die S‐förmige Kurve der partiellen Mischungsentropie des Li einen Wendepunkt, Während die integrale Mischungsentropie ein negatives Minimum erreicht.
ChemInform Abstract: THE THORIUM‐LEAD SYSTEM AND THE ALLOYING BEHAVIOR OF THORIUM WITH THE GROUP IVB ELEMENTS
Authors: PALENZONA A. , CIRAFICI S. , MANFRINETTI P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIm Titelsystem werden, wie auch im System Th‐Sn, 4 intermediäre Phasen (I)‐(IV) nachgewiesen, von denen die beiden letzten bislang unbekannt waren.
ChemInform Abstract: PHASE EQUILIBRIUMS IN THE NEODYMIUM‐COPPER SYSTEM
Authors: CARNASCIALI M. M. , COSTA G. A. , FRANCESCHI E. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIm System Nd‐Cu werden die Verbindungen NdCu (670°C), NdCu, (840°C (′), Nd3Cu7 (825°C (′), NdCu‐z4 (745°C).
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE MECHANISM OF THE CHROMIUM(III)‐PERIODATE REACTION
Authors: SULFAB Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDurch Untersuchung des Ein‐ flusses des lOg‐Zusatzes auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit läßt sich zeigen, daß die Titelreaktion in saurer wäßriger Lösung (ungewöhnliche second‐order‐Abhängigkeit von der [Cr(III)aql) nicht nach einem von R. M. Noyes vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus abläuft.