bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Faculty and Standardized Patient Assessment Scores of Podiatric Medical Students During a Standardized Performance Assessment Laboratory
Authors: Mahoney James M. , Vardaxis Vassilios , Anwar Noreen , Hagenbucher Jacob 
Published: March 2016

Background: Direct assessment of health professional student performance of clinical skills can be accurately performed in the standardized performance assessment laboratory (SPAL), typically by health professional faculty. However, owing to time and economic considerations, nonmedical individuals have been specially trained to perform the same function (standardized patients [SPs]). This study compared the assessment scores of the history and physical examination components of a SPAL designed for second-year podiatric medical students at Des Moines University (DMU) by a podiatry medical faculty member and SPs.
Methods: A total of 101 students from the classes of 2015 and 2016 were evaluated in 2013 and 2014 by 11 to 13 SPs from the DMU SPAL program. The video recordings of these 101 students were then evaluated by one faculty member from the College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery at DMU.
Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient for each class showed a strong linear relationship between SP and faculty assessment scores. The associations between SP and faculty assessment scores in the history, physical examination, and combined history and physical examination components for the 2016 class (0.706, 0.925, and 0.911, respectively) were found to be stronger than those for the 2015 class (0.697, 0.791, and 0.791, respectively).
Conclusions: This study indicated that there are strong associations between the assessment scores of trained SPs and faculty for the history, physical examination, and combined history and physical examination components of second-year SPAL activity for podiatric medical students.
High-quality chalcogenide glass waveguide fabrication by hot melt smoothing and micro-trench filling
Authors: Zhai Yanfen , Qi Renduo , Yuan Chenzhi , Zhang Wei , Huang Yidong 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We propose a fabrication method for chalcogenide glass (ChG) waveguides based on hot melt smoothing and micro-trench filling. ChGs has low melting points and good flowability. Experiments show that this method can realize high quality As2S7 glass waveguides with reverse ridge structures. The attenuations of the fundamental quasi-TE mode and quasi-TM mode are 0.1 and 0.9 dB/cm, respectively. This method avoids fabrication processes, such as photolithography, lift-off, and dry or wet etching that are directly applied to the ChG films. It provides a simple way to fabricate high quality ChG waveguides, which have great potential for applications in integrated nonlinear optical devices.
Test–re-test reliability and inter-rater reliability of a digital pelvic inclinometer in young, healthy males and females
Authors: Beardsley Chris , Egerton Tim , Skinner Brendon 
Published: March 2016

Objective.The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of a digital pelvic inclinometer (DPI) for measuring sagittal plane pelvic tilt in 18 young, healthy males and females.Method.The inter-rater reliability and test–re-test reliabilities of the DPI for measuring pelvic tilt in standing on both the right and left sides of the pelvis were measured by two raters carrying out two rating sessions of the same subjects, three weeks apart.Results.For measuring pelvic tilt, inter-rater reliability was designated as good on both sides (ICC = 0.81–0.88), test–re-test reliability within a single rating session was designated as good on both sides (ICC = 0.88–0.95), and test–re-test reliability between two rating sessions was designated as moderate on the left side (ICC = 0.65) and good on the right side (ICC = 0.85).Conclusion.Inter-rater reliability and test–re-test reliability within a single rating session of the DPI in measuring pelvic tilt were both good, while test–re-test reliability between rating sessions was moderate-to-good. Caution is required regarding the interpretation of the test–re-test reliability within a single rating session, as the raters were not blinded. Further research is required to establish validity.
Impacts of spontaneous hot flow anomalies on the magnetosheath and magnetopause
Authors: Omidi N. , Berchem J. , Sibeck D. , Zhang H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSpacecraft observations and global hybrid (kinetic ions and fluid electrons) simulations have demonstrated that ion dissipation processes at the quasi‐parallel bow shock are associated with the formation of structures called spontaneous hot flow anomalies (SHFAs). Previous simulations and recent spacecraft observations have also established that SHFAs result in the formation of magnetosheath filamentary structures (MFS). In this paper we demonstrate that in addition to MFS, SHFAs also result in the formation of magnetosheath cavities that are associated with decreases in density, velocity, and magnetic field and enhancements in temperature. We use the results of a global MHD run to determine the change in the magnetosheath properties associated with cavities due to ion kinetic effects. The results also show the formation of regions of high flow speed called magnetosheath jets whose properties as a function of solar wind Mach number are described in this study. Comparing the properties of the simulated magnetosheath cavities and jets to past spacecraft observations provides good agreement in both cases. We also demonstrate that pressure variations associated with cavities and SHFAs in the sheath result in a continuous sunward and antisunward magnetopause motion. This result is consistent with previous suggestions that SHFAs may be responsible for the generation of ion cyclotron waves and precipitation of ring current protons in the outer magnetosphere.
Frictional properties of phyllosilicate‐rich mylonite and conditions for the brittle‐ductile transition
Authors: Zhang Lei , He Changrong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTo understand frictional properties of natural phyllosilicate‐rich mylonite along fault depth, friction experiments on simulated mylonite gouge were conducted at temperatures of 100–600°C, effective normal stresses of 100–300 MPa, and loading rates of 0.04–1.0 µm/s. Experimental results show that at temperatures above 200°C, frictional strength of the mylonite gouge exhibits systematic increase with temperature, in the range of 0.52–0.73. Under 200–300 MPa normal stress conditions, velocity dependence of mylonite gouge shows a transition from initial velocity‐strengthening (Regime 1) to velocity‐weakening behavior (Regime 2) at a temperature between 200 and 300°C and transitions back to velocity‐strengthening behavior (Regime 3) as temperature increases. The latter transition is also found to be promoted by slower loading rates. Friction stability of the mylonite gouge also exhibits a strong pressure sensitivity. While velocity‐strengthening behavior in Regime 3 is absent under 100 MPa normal stress condition, stable frictional behavior is significantly enhanced at higher effective normal stresses, with the transition temperature to velocity strengthening decreasing with effective normal stress. Microstructural analysis shows that the transition of velocity dependence from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening corresponds to transition from cataclastic flow to semibrittle process featured by mylonitic structures (S‐C fabrics). The formation of mylonitic fabrics is due to plastic deformation of phyllosilicates combined with thermally activated grain size reduction of hard clasts (quartz and plagioclase). Our results may help constrain depth range of seismogenesis within phyllosilicate‐rich fault zone and imply that variation of effective normal stress may affect faulting behavior.
Unusual seismic activity in 2011 and 2013 at the submarine volcano Rocard, Society hot spot (French Polynesia)
Authors: Talandier Jacques , Hyvernaud Olivier , Maury René C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe analyze two seismic events that occurred on 27 May 2011 and 29 April 2013 at the Rocard submarine volcano which overlies the Society hot spot. The Polynesian Seismic Network recorded for the first time unusual associated short‐ and long‐period signals, with perfectly monochromatic (0.0589 Hz) Rayleigh wave trains of long period and duration. None of the numerous observations of long‐period (10–30 s) signals previously associated with volcanic activity in Japan, Italy, Mexico, Indonesia, Antarctica, and the Hawaiian Islands have the characteristics we observed at Rocard. We propose a tentative model for these unusual and rather enigmatic signals, in which the movement of lava excited the resonance of a shallow open conduit under a high hydrostatic pressure of ~400 bars.
Characteristics of acoustic gravity waves obtained from Dynasonde data
Authors: Negrea Cătălin , Zabotin Nikolay , Bullett Terrence , Fuller‐Rowell Tim , Fang Tzu‐Wei , Codrescu Mihail 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTraveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are ubiquitous in the thermosphere‐ionosphere and are often assumed to be caused by acoustic gravity waves (AGWs). This study performs an analysis of the TID and AGW activity above Wallops Island, VA, during October 2013. The variations in electron density and ionospheric tilts obtained with the Dynasonde technique are used as primary indicators of wave activity. The temporal and spectral characteristics of the data are discussed in detail, using also results of the Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) and the Global Ionosphere Plasmasphere Model (GIP). The full set of propagation parameters (frequency, and the vertical, zonal and meridional wave vector components) of the TIDs is determined over the 160–220 km height range. A test of the self‐consistency of these results within the confines of the theoretical AGW dispersion relation is devised. This is applied to a sample data set of 24 October 2013. A remarkable agreement has been achieved for wave periods between 52 and 21 min, for which we can rigorously claim the TIDs are caused by underlying acoustic gravity waves. The Wallops Island Dynasonde can operate for extended periods at a 2 min cadence, allowing determination of the statistical distributions of propagation parameters. A dominant population of TIDs is identified in the frequency band below 1 mHz, and for it, the distributions of the horizontal wavelengths, vertical wavelengths, and horizontal phase speeds are obtained.
Sampling biases in CMIP5 decadal forecasts
Authors: Choudhury Dipayan , Sharma Ashish , Sen Gupta Alexander , Mehrotra Rajeshwar , Sivakumar Bellie 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecent studies examining the fidelity of decadal hindcast experiments from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project have highlighted the need for larger ensembles of forecasts, compared to the initial five yearly spaced initializations, to help correct for model biases (drift). This study quantifies differences in the two drift estimates in sea surface temperature (SST) and SST anomaly (SSTA) predictions, between experiments initialized every 5 years and those initialized every year. The effect of the recommended mean drift correction, on the two sets of predictions, is also analyzed. Our results indicate that differences between the SST drift estimates are largest over the tropical Pacific. Moreover, this difference is large for Niño 3.4 and almost negligible for the global average SSTA. Drift correction as per the mean drift from the 5 year case leads to spurious peaks in the drift‐corrected Niño 3.4 (and the tropical Pacific) and sporadic improvements in skill. This problem with Niño 3.4 stems from an aliasing that occurs during the drift calculation that results from a combination of the timing of major El Niño events in relation to the initialization dates. The study recommends accounting for such sampling effects while considering any subset of the full data set.
Differences in the paranasal sinuses between germ‐free and pathogen‐free mice
Authors: Jain Ravi , Waldvogel‐Thurlow Sharon , Darveau Richard , Douglas Richard 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundThe role of bacteria in the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is not fully understood. Commensal bacteria may have a significant impact on the development of normal paranasal sinus anatomy and mucosal immunity, as they do in the gut. Studying the paranasal sinuses of germ‐free (GF) mice may provide some insight into the effect of commensal bacteria on sinus structure and mucosal function.MethodsThe paranasal sinuses of 5 GF mice were compared to 5 pathogen‐free normal mice. Mice heads underwent computed tomography and images were compared for pneumatization and geometry of the sinuses. Histologically, slides were examined by light microscopy and compared for mucosal thickness, epithelial thickness, cilia, collagen, goblet cells, and nasal‐associated lymphatic tissue (NALT).ResultsNo radiological differences were seen between groups. Overall, GF mice were found to have thinner mucosa (Δ 15.2 ± 5.2 μm, p = 0.004), thinner epithelium (Δ 5.5 ± 2.6 μm, p = 0.037), more collagen (Δ 5.8% ± 1.6%, p < 0.001), fewer goblet cells (Δ 29.3 ± 5.4, p < 0.001), and less NALT (Δ 14,900 ± 6700 μm2, p = 0.04). Subanalysis by region revealed significant differences for GF mice in the middle (thinner mucosa, thinner epithelium, fewer cilia, and more collagen) and posterior (fewer goblet cells) sinus sections.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate that commensal microbiota significantly contribute to the structure and function of murine paranasal sinuses. Therefore, changes in commensal microbiota associated with CRS may alter the normal microbe host dialogue in humans and be implicated in the pathogenesis of CRS.
Enantioselective Trifluoromethylthiolating Lactonization Catalyzed by an Indane‐Based Chiral Sulfide
Authors: Liu Xiang , An Rui , Zhang Xuelin , Luo Jie , Zhao Xiaodan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEnantioselective trifluoromethylthiolation, especially of alkenes, is a challenging task. In this work, we have developed an efficient approach for enantioselective trifluoromethylthiolating lactonization by designing an indane‐based bifunctional chiral sulfide catalyst and a shelf‐stable electrophilic SCF3 reagent. The desired products were formed with diastereoselectivities of >99:1 and good to excellent enantioselectivities. The transformation represents the first enantioselective trifluoromethylthiolation of alkenes and the first enantioselective trifluoromethylthiolation that is enabled by a catalyst with a Lewis basic sulfur center.
Challenges in the development of reversible solid oxide cell technologies: a mini review
Authors: Jiang San Ping 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHigh‐temperature solid oxide cells (SOCs) are attractive for storage and conversion of renewable energy sources by operating reversibly in solid oxide fuel cell and solid oxide electrolysis cell modes. Solid oxide fuel cell is the most efficient energy conversion device for the electricity generation by electrochemically direct conversion of chemical energy of fuels such as hydrogen, methanol and methane, while under solid oxide electrolysis cell operation mode, hydrogen or syngas can be produced as fuels or feedstock for liquid fuels such as methanol, gasoline and diesel using electricity from renewable energy sources. This mini review will introduce briefly the principle, status and progress in the electrochemical energy conversion and storage process by reversible operation of high temperature SOCs. The challenges in key material and performance degradation issues associated with high‐temperature fuel cell and electrolysis operation of SOCs will be concisely reviewed and discussed. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on self‐assembly interactions of proteins and octenyl succinic anhydrate (OSA)‐modified depolymerized waxy rice starch using rheological principles
Authors: Puerta‐Gomez Alex Frank , Castell‐Perez M. Elena 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTDynamic tests (23 °C, pH ∼ 7.0) yielding relaxation times, λ, as a function of frequency and polymer concentration were performed to assess self‐assembly characteristics of biopolymers in aqueous solution. Reduction of λ‐values (slope) up to a critical frequency value (CFV) helps characterize structure formation. Proteins and octenyl succinic anhydrate (OSA)‐modified depolymerized waxy rice starch (DWxRc) show a well‐defined λ‐slope at all concentrations. Except for whey protein isolate (WPI, 0.184 g/L) and 7% OSA‐modified DWxRc (1.84 g/L), the λ‐values of the solutions are comparable (P > 0.05), indicating similar structures. Self‐assembly interaction of α‐lactalbumin (3.68 g/L) with OSA‐modified polysaccharides is observed with 18.4 g/L of 7% OSA‐modified DWxRc (CFV of 0.08 Hz), while WPI (3.68 g/L) exhibits self‐assembly with all polysaccharides and concentrations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of electrostatically precipitated proteins alone or in combination with OSA‐modified polysaccharides confirms that λ−slope and CFV values relate to shape, size, and shear stability of the assembled structures. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43603.
Effects of mixing protocol on morphology and properties of PA6/ABS blends compatibilized with MMA‐MA
Authors: Castro L.D.C. , Oliveira A.D. , Kersch M. , Altstädt V. , Pessan L.A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe effect of different mixing protocols in the preparation of PA6/ABS/MMA‐MA (57.5/37.5/5 wt %) blends on their morphological, rheological, thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical behavior were studied. Despite the second‐phase size reduction due to copolymer incorporation, mixing sequence seems to play an important role in the properties of the blends. When PA6 is blended with the pre‐blended ABS/MMA‐MA system, compatibilizer is preferentially located in ABS phase and a co‐continuous structure is formed. The co‐continuity is believed to be responsible for the enhancements in toughness, but excessive presence of MMA‐MA in ABS phase seems to hamper thermomechanical properties. On the other hand, when ABS is blended with the PA6/MMA‐MA system previously prepared, compatibilizer is preferentially located in PA6 phase and a particle‐in‐matrix morphology is observed. The absence of excessive amount of MMA‐MA in ABS phase avoids the negative effect on thermomechanical resistance, however enhancements in toughness are not so pronounced. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43612.
Effect of adhesive thickness on the wettability and deformability of polyacrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives during probe tack test
Authors: Karyu Nozomi , Noda Masayo , Fujii Syuji , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Urahama Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTEffect of adhesive thickness on the wetting and deformation behaviors during probe tack test of pressure‐sensitive adhesive (PSA) was investigated. For this purpose, cross‐linked poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐acrylic acid) [P(BA‐AA)] and poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate‐acrylic acid) [P(2EHA‐AA)] random copolymers with an acrylic acid content of 5 wt % and thicknesses in the range of ∼15–60 μm were used. Tack was measured using the probe tack test and the fracture energy was calculated from the areas under force–displacement curve recorded during debonding process. From contact time dependence of fracture energy, the rising rate of fracture energy with contact time increased with increasing of adhesive thickness and was P(2EHA‐AA) > P(BA‐AA). The fracture energy was P(BA‐AA) > P(2EHA‐AA) at shorter contact time, whereas it reversed at longer contact time. This was caused by two different interfacial adhesions: the physical wetting of PSA molecules to the adherend surface with contact time and the chemical interaction between the acrylic acid units and the adherend surface. From the force–displacement curve measured under the condition of sufficient interfacial adhesion, both maximum force and displacement—namely, the deformability of PSA during debonding process—increased with adhesive thickness. The degree of increase of deformability was P(2EHA‐AA) > P(BA‐AA). The fracture energy was found to depend on the development of interfacial adhesion during contacting process and the deformability of PSA during debonding process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43639.
Preparation and characterization of electrospun poly(ε‐caprolactone)–pluronic–poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐based polyurethane nanofibers
Authors: Xu Shan , Xia Jiyi , Ye Sujuan , Zhao Ming , Wang Biqiong , Yang Linglin , Wu Jingbo , Fu Shaozhi 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, amphiphilic poly(ε‐caprolactone)–pluronic–poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL–pluronic–PCL, PCFC) copolymers were synthesized by ring‐opening copolymerization and then reacted with isophorone diisocyanate to form polyurethane (PU) copolymers. The molecular weight of the PU copolymers was measured by gel permeation chromatography, and the chemical structure was analyzed by1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectra. Then, the PU copolymers were processed into fibrous scaffolds by the electrospinning technology. The morphology, surface wettability, mechanical strength, and cytotoxicity of the obtained PU fibrous mats were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle analysis, tensile test, and MTT analysis. The results show that the molecular weights of PCFC and PU copolymers significantly affected the physicochemical properties of electrospun PU nanofibers. Moreover, their goodin vitrobiocompatibility showed that the as‐prepared PU nanofibers have great potential for applications in tissue engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43643.
The Effects of Expertise on the Hindsight Bias
Authors: Knoll Melissa A. Z. , Arkes Hal R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe present data from three experiments examining the effects of objective and subjective expertise on the hindsight bias. In Experiment 1, participants read an essay about baseball or dogs and then answered questions about the baseball essay to the best of their ability, as if they had not read the essay, or to the best of their ability, although they read about dogs. Participants also completed a quiz about baseball rules and terminology, which was an objective measure of expertise. Results demonstrated that as participants' baseball expertise increased, their inability to act as if they never read the essay also increased; expertise exacerbated the hindsight bias. To test the effects of subjective expertise on hindsight bias and investigate factors underlying the relationship, participants in Experiment 2 ranked five topics in order of expertise and gave feeling‐of‐knowing (FOK) ratings for questions from these topics. Foresight participants then saw each question again and answered the questions; hindsight participants saw the questions and answers and gave the probability they would have known the answers had they not been provided. Hindsight bias increased with subjective expertise as did average FOK ratings. In Experiment 3, we experimentally manipulated perceived expertise but found that neither average FOK ratings nor hindsight bias was affected by experimentally induced expertise. Taken together, the results demonstrate that expertise exacerbates both objective and subjective hindsight bias but that an FOK, which likely exists only when expertise is naturally acquired, is necessary to engender the detrimental effect of expertise on the hindsight bias. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.