bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Menace sous les mers : les vulnérabilités du système câblier mondial
Authors: Morel Camille 
Published: March 2017

Les câbles sous-marins sont devenus les vecteurs principaux de l’économie mondiale. Au service des télécommunications, du Web mais également de la transmission d’énergie, le réseau du fond des mers constitue désormais une infrastructure vitale pour la société. Finance, commerce, administration, armée ou encore population civile en dépendent. Or les menaces qui pèsent sur le réseau se font de plus en plus nombreuses. Jusque-là confronté à un certain nombre de risques définis, le système sous-marin est aujourd’hui victime de faits nouveaux. Doit-on s’inquiéter davantage de l’intégrité physique du réseau sous-marin et de ses acteurs qu’auparavant ? Cet article cherchera à identifier les vulnérabilités actuelles et à venir des câbles sous-marins. De la coupure militaire en temps de guerre à la piraterie, en passant par l’espionnage, la cyberattaque, le sabotage ou encore l’action terroriste... le risque d’attaque sur le réseau semble se diversifier chaque jour un peu plus, ce qui interroge ainsi la protection des câbles sous-marins.
La nouvelle géopolitique indienne de la mer : de l’océan Indien à l’Indo-Pacifique
Authors: Racine Jean-Luc 
Published: March 2017

Longtemps focalisée sur la menace sino-pakistanaise le long de ses frontières himalayennes, l’Inde opère aujourd’hui une véritable redécouverte des enjeux maritimes, portée à la fois par l’essor de son économie et par l’évolution des paramètres stratégiques dans l’océan Indien et au-delà. Si l’expansion de sa marine marchande est à peine esquissée par le projet de rénovation de ses ports de commerce, l’effort porté sur sa marine de guerre est patent. Face aux avancées chinoises dans l’océan Indien, l’Inde développe une politique bilatérale et régionale avec les États maritimes de son voisinage proche ou étendu, et joue aussi, avec résolution mais prudence, la carte de l’Indo-Pacifique : garder autant que faire se peut sa marge d’autonomie stratégique, tout en intensifiant ses relations avec les grands acteurs (États-Unis, Japon, Australie) comme avec des pays tiers, du Vietnam aux îles Fidji.
Sexual Harassment Training and Reporting in Athletic Training Students
Authors: Mansell Jamie , Moffit Dani M. , Russ Anne C. , Thorpe Justin N. 
Published: March 2017

Context:
Sexual harassment is a growing concern in higher education. Athletic training students should feel safe in their programs, whether in the didactic or clinical setting. Though the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education creates standards to keep the students safe, there are none regarding sexual harassment training for athletic training students.

Objective:
To determine the rate of sexual harassment training in athletic training students, with a secondary purpose of determining, if indeed sexual harassment training occurs, whether it is associated with the college or university or is offered through an outside entity.

Design:
Survey.

Setting:
Online.

Patients or Other Participants:
Eight hundred eighty-five athletic training students (613 females, 272 males).

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Data were analyzed through SurveyMonkey, and the statistical software R. Frequency counts and percentages were determined. A Fisher exact test was run to determine if there was a relationship between the athletic training student's current knowledge and whether the athletic training student had received harassment training.

Results:
The study found that more than 50% of male and female athletic training students had not recieved sexual harassment training, whereas 75% of all respondents stated that they knew what resources were available to report issues of sexual harrassment. The odds of a person not knowing what resources were available to report harassment and not having training were 6 times the odds of those who had training and did not know what resources were available.

Conclusions:
Our study emphasizes the need for sexual harassment training in athletic training programs. Athletic training students need to know what sexual harassment is and who to report it to. Additionally, they should not feel threatened by reporting any instances of harassment.
Athletic Training Preceptors' Perceived Learning Needs Regarding Preceptor Development
Authors: Hankemeier Dorice A. , Kirby Jessica L. , Walker Stacy E. , Thrasher Ashley B. 
Published: March 2017

Context:
Athletic training programs can develop their own content and mechanisms for developing preceptors. Ideally, preceptor development sessions should meet the needs of both the educational program and the preceptor; however, there is a gap in the existing literature regarding athletic training preceptors' perceived learning needs.

Objective:
To examine preceptors' perceived learning needs regarding preceptor development and determine if differences occur based on preceptor characteristics.

Design:
Cross-sectional.

Setting:
Online survey platform Qualtrics.

Patients or Other Participants:
Seventy-nine preceptors (31.66 ± 8.63 years, male = 32, female = 47, years certified = 9.46 ± 8.27, years as preceptor = 6.08 ± 5.88) affiliated with professional programs in National Athletic Trainers' Association District 4.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The Preceptor Needs Assessment included 5 sections (Teaching and Learning in the Clinical Setting, Evaluating Students, Communication, Student Development, and Mentorship). Preceptors were asked to rate topics in each section on their perceived level of helpfulness (1 = not helpful, 2 = somewhat helpful, 3 = very helpful) if they were to be included in a preceptor development session. Descriptive statistics (ie, means) were used to examine the data, and differences in perceived needs based on demographic characteristics were assessed with χ2 analysis. Statistical significance was set a priori at P ≤ .05.

Results:
Topics in evaluating students (2.39 ± 0.47) and teaching and learning in the clinical setting (2.38 ± 0.41) were rated most helpful and concepts in mentorship (2.13 ± 0.59) least helpful. No significant differences in perceived helpfulness of any topics were noted in relation to participant characteristics, including years as a preceptor, clinical setting, and educational background (P &gt; 0.05).

Conclusions:
Learning needs of preceptors do not appear to be based on years of experience, clinical setting, or educational background. Athletic training programs should aim to offer preceptor development related to teaching and learning in the clinical setting while specifically providing guidance on developing students' critical thinking skills and teaching clinical decision making.
Revisiting the roles and responsibilities of speech-language therapists in South African schools
Authors: Wium Anna Maria , Louw Brenda 
Published: March 2017

The role of speech-language therapists (SLTs) in schools in South Africa needs to be revisited based on the changing educational needs in the country. Th is article builds on a paper by Kathard et al. (2011), which discussed the changing needs of the country with regard to the role of SLTs working in schools. South African policy changes indicated a shift from supporting the child to supporting the teacher, but also place more emphasis on the support of all learners in literacy in an eff ort to address past inequities. Th is paper addresses several of the questions that emerged from Kathard et al. and explores the collaborative roles played by SLTs on four levels in the education context. Collaboration at the learner level (level 1) focuses on prevention and support, whereas collaboration at the teacher level (level 2) is described in terms of training, mentoring, monitoring and consultation. Collaboration can also occur at the district level (level 3), where the focus is mainly on the development and implementation of support programmes for teachers in areas of literacy and numeracy. Collaboration at the level of national and provincial education (level 4) is key to all other roles, as it impacts on policy. Th is last level is the platform to advocate for the employment of SLTs in schools. Such new roles and responsibilities have important implications for the preparation of future SLTs. Suggestions for curricular review and professional development are discussed. It is proposed that SASLHA responds to the changes by developing a position statement on the roles and responsibilities of SLTs in schools.
Global distribution of CO2 in the upper troposphere and stratosphere
Authors: Diallo Mohamadou , Legras Bernard , Ray Eric , Engel Andreas , Añel Juan A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. In this study, we construct a new monthly zonal mean carbon dioxide (CO2) distribution from the upper troposphere to the stratosphere over the 2000–2010 time period. This reconstructed CO2 product is based on a Lagrangian backward trajectory model driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis meteorology and tropospheric CO2 measurements. Comparisons of our CO2 product to extratropical in situ measurements from aircraft transects and balloon profiles show remarkably good agreement. The main features of the CO2 distribution include (1) relatively large mixing ratios in the tropical stratosphere; (2) seasonal variability in the extratropics, with relatively high mixing ratios in the summer and autumn hemisphere in the 15–20 km altitude layer; and (3) decreasing mixing ratios with increasing altitude from the upper troposphere to the middle stratosphere ( ∼ 35 km). These features are consistent with expected variability due to the transport of long-lived trace gases by the stratospheric Brewer–Dobson circulation. The method used here to construct this CO2 product is unique from other modelling efforts and should be useful for model and satellite validation in the upper troposphere and stratosphere as a prior for inversion modelling and to analyse features of stratosphere–troposphere exchange as well as the stratospheric circulation and its variability.
Surge dynamics and lake outbursts of Kyagar Glacier, Karakoram
Authors: Round Vanessa , Leinss Silvan , Huss Matthias , Haemmig Christoph , Hajnsek Irena 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The recent surge cycle of Kyagar Glacier, in the Chinese Karakoram, caused formation of an ice-dammed lake and subsequent glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) exceeding 40 million m3 in 2015 and 2016. GLOFs from Kyagar Glacier reached double this size in 2002 and earlier, but the role of glacier surging in GLOF formation was previously unrecognised. We present an integrative analysis of the glacier surge dynamics from 2011 to 2016, assessing surge mechanisms and evaluating the surge cycle impact on GLOFs. Over 80 glacier surface velocity fields were created from TanDEM-X (TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement), Sentinel-1A, and Landsat satellite data. Changes in ice thickness distribution were revealed by a time series of TanDEM-X elevation models. The analysis shows that, during a quiescence phase lasting at least 14 years, ice mass built up in a reservoir area at the top of the glacier tongue, and the terminus thinned by up to 100 m, but in the 2 years preceding the surge onset this pattern reversed. The surge initiated with the onset of the 2014 melt season, and in the following 15 months velocity evolved in a manner consistent with a hydrologically controlled surge mechanism. Dramatic accelerations coincided with melt seasons, winter deceleration was accompanied by subglacial drainage, and rapid surge termination occurred following the 2015 GLOF. Rapid basal motion during the surge is seemingly controlled by high water pressure, caused by input of surface water into either an inefficient subglacial drainage system or unstable subglacial till. The potential lake volume increased to more than 70 million m3 by late 2016, as a result of over 60 m of thickening at the terminus. Lake formation and the evolution of the ice dam height should be carefully monitored through remote sensing to anticipate large GLOFs in the near future.
Vessel Remodeling after Intima-to-Intima Contact Anastomosis
Authors: Yeo Hyeonjung , Kim Hyodong , Son Daegu , Hong Changbae , Kwon Sun Young 
Published: March 2017

Background Intima-to-intima microanastomotic vascular remodeling was explored, utilizing a polylactide-caprolactone absorbable vein coupler model (PAVCM), which was designed to simulate a non-absorbable counterpart system with the sole exception of being absorbable.
Methods Six New Zealand white rabbits were used. After transection of the jugular vein, 2 PAVCMs were placed, 1 at each transected end. The stumps were slipped through the PAVCMs, and the venous wall was everted 90° to achieve intima-to-intima contact. Reanastomosis of the transected jugular vein was performed bilaterally in 3 rabbits. In the other 3 rabbits, the jugular vein (20 mm) harvested from one side was interpositionally grafted to the jugular vein on the opposite side to ease the anastomotic tension. Patency testing, ultrasonography, and histologic assessments were conducted postoperatively at weeks 2, 4, 12, 16, 22, and 26.
Results All anastomotic sites were patent, without stenosis, occlusion, or dilatation. In the histologic sections, immature endothelial regeneration was observed at week 2, which was completed by week 4. Regeneration of the tunica media was noted at week 12. Between week 22 and week 26, the tunica media fully regenerated and the coupler dissipated entirely.
Conclusions Despite the absence of a coupler to act as an anastomotic buttress, the structure and function of all the vessels appeared normal, even histologically. These outcomes are true milestones in the development of an absorbable vein coupler.
Isolation and characterization of human articular chondrocytes from surgical waste after total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
Authors: Naranda Jakob , Gradišnik Lidija , Gorenjak Mario , Vogrin Matjaž , Maver Uroš 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundCartilage tissue engineering is a fast-evolving field of biomedical engineering, in which the chondrocytes represent the most commonly used cell type. Since research in tissue engineering always consumes a lot of cells, simple and cheap isolation methods could form a powerful basis to boost such studies and enable their faster progress to the clinics. Isolated chondrocytes can be used for autologous chondrocyte implantation in cartilage repair, and are the base for valuable models to investigate cartilage phenotype preservation, as well as enable studies of molecular features, nature and scales of cellular responses to alterations in the cartilage tissue.MethodsIsolation and consequent cultivation of primary human adult articular chondrocytes from the surgical waste obtained during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was performed. To evaluate the chondrogenic potential of the isolated cells, gene expression of collagen type 2 (COL2), collagen 1 (COL1) and aggrecan (ACAN) was evaluated. Immunocytochemical staining of all mentioned proteins was performed to evaluate chondrocyte specific production.ResultsCartilage specific gene expression of COL2 and ACAN has been shown that the proposed protocol leads to isolation of cells with a high chondrogenic potential, possibly even specific phenotype preservation up to the second passage. COL1 expression has confirmed the tendency of the isolated cells dedifferentiation into a fibroblast-like phenotype already in the second passage, which confirms previous findings that higher passages should be used with care in cartilage tissue engineering. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, immunocytochemical staining of the evaluated chondrocyte specific products was performed as well.DiscussionIn this study, we developed a protocol for isolation and consequent cultivation of primary human adult articular chondrocytes with the desired phenotype from the surgical waste obtained during TKA. TKA is a common and very frequently performed orthopaedic surgery during which both femoral condyles are removed. The latter present the ideal source for a simple and relatively cheap isolation of chondrocytes as was confirmed in our study.
One Electron‐Initiated Two‐Electron Oxidation of Water by Aluminum Porphyrins with Earth's Most Abundant Metal
Authors: Kuttassery Fazalurahman , Mathew Siby , Sagawa Shogo , Remello Sebastian Nybin , Thomas Arun , Yamamoto Daisuke , Onuki Satomi , Nabetani Yu , Tachibana Hiroshi , Inoue Haruo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe report herein a new molecular catalyst for efficient water splitting, aluminum porphyrins (tetra‐methylpyridiniumylporphyrinatealuminum: AlTMPyP), containing earth's most abundant metal as the central ion. One‐electron oxidation of the aluminum porphyrin initiates the two‐electron oxidation of water to form hydrogen peroxide as the primary reaction product with the lowest known overpotential (97 mV). The aluminum‐peroxo complex was detected by a cold‐spray ionization mass‐spectrometry in high‐resolution MS (HRMS) mode and the structure of the intermediate species was further confirmed using laser Raman spectroscopy, indicating the hydroperoxy complex of AlTMPyP to be the key intermediate in the reaction. The two‐electron oxidation of water to form hydrogen peroxide was essentially quantitative, with a Faradaic efficiency of 99 %. The catalytic reaction was found to be highly efficient, with a turnover frequency up to ∼2×104 s−1. A reaction mechanism is proposed involving oxygen–oxygen bond formation by the attack of a hydroxide ion on the oxyl‐radical‐like axial ligand oxygen atom in the one‐electron‐oxidized form of AlTMPyP(O−)2, followed by a second electron transfer to the electrode.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of sorbitol octanoate in aqueous biphasic medium and its use in a green formulation process of oil‐in‐water food nanoemulsions
Authors: Wongthongdee Natcha , Durand Alain , Pongtharangkul Thunyarat , Sunintaboon Panya , Inprakhon Pranee 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDSugar‐based surfactants are highly relevant alternative ingredients for food grade formulations. Nevertheless, the design of sustainable manufacturing processes is still ongoing.RESULTSSorbitol ester surfactants were synthesized by lipase‐catalyzed esterification in solvent‐free conditions. Octanoic acid was dispersed in a 70 wt% sorbitol aqueous solution (containing the enzyme). The maximal conversion of 23.5 mole % of esterified fatty acid per mole of loaded fatty acid was obtained after 48 h in optimal conditions. The performance of the reactor was affected by both the nature and amount of the reactants and the dispersion state. Detailed structural analysis demonstrated that lipase from Candida rugosa specifically catalyzed the acylation of sorbitol on primary hydroxyl groups. Sorbitol esters accumulated exclusively in the oil phase, which led to easy and efficient product recovery. Oil phase containing the sorbitol esters could be used directly for preparing oil‐in‐water nanoemulsion without adding any other stabilizer. These nanoemulsions exhibited good stability after 7 days storage at 25°C or 60°C.CONCLUSIONA green manufacturing process for food grade oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions was designed involving a lipase‐catalyzed esterification step which produced in situ the required surfactant. Nanoemulsions were prepared without using any other stabilizer. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
On Path Convex Ramsey Numbers
Authors: Jayawardene Chula J. , Rousseau Cecil C. , Harborth Heiko 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn this article, we will first find the path convex Ramsey numbers for two‐colorings. Then using this, we will deduce some bounds for path convex Ramsey numbers for multicolorings. Next, we will find the convex Ramsey numbers for convex paths versus any graph containing a convex cycle, for convex paths versus stars, and for convex cycles versus stars.
Main‐Chain Polyimidazolium Polymers by One‐Pot Synthesis and Application as Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Precursors
Authors: Grygiel Konrad , Kirchhecker Sarah , Gong Jiang , Antonietti Markus , Esposito Davide , Yuan Jiayin 
Published: March 2017

This paper reports on the one‐pot synthesis of main‐chain imidazolium‐containing polymers, some of which show unusually high thermal stability. The imidazolium polymers are obtained by modified Debus–Radziszewski reactions for the chain build‐up from simple organic compounds, here pyruvaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetic acid, and a variety of diamines. The reactions are performed in aqueous media at ambient conditions, being synthetically elegant, convenient, and highly efficient. Finally, a simple anion‐metathesis reaction is conducted to replace the acetate anion with dicyanamide, and the thermal properties of the main‐chain polyimidazoliums before and after anion exchange are studied in detail, which demonstrate chain cross‐linking by the counterion and a coupled unusually high carbonization yield of up to 66 wt% at 900 °C.
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Self‐Assembling Brush Polymers Bearing Multisaccharides
Authors: Lee Jongchan , Kim Jin Chul , Lee Hoyeol , Song Sungjin , Kim Heesoo , Ree Moonhor 
Published: March 2017

Three different series of brush polymers bearing glucosyl, maltosyl, or maltotriosyl moiety at the bristle end are successfully prepared by using cationic ring‐opening polymerization and two sequential postmodification reactions. All brush polymers, except for the polymer containing 100 mol% maltotriosyl moiety, demonstrate the formation of multibilayer structure in films, always providing saccharide‐enriched surface. These self‐assembling features are remarkable, regarding the bulkiness of saccharide moieties and the kink in the bristle due to the triazole linker. The saccharide‐enriched film surfaces reveal exceptionally high specific binding affinity to concanavalin A but suppress nonspecific binding of plasma proteins severely. Overall, the brush polymers bearing saccharide moieties of various kinds in this study are highly suitable materials for biomedical applications including biosensors.
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Synthesis and characterization of novel borosiloxane‐containing aromatic copolyimides with excellent thermal stability and low coefficient of thermal expansion
Authors: Lei Yonglin , Shu Yuanjie , Huo Jichuan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe properties of borosiloxane‐containing copolyimides with borosiloxane in the main chain and in the side chain were studied. Two series of borosiloxane‐containing copolyimides were synthesized by the reaction of 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (s‐BPDA) and 2,3′,3,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (a‐BPDA) with p‐phenylenediamine (PDA), 4,4′‐oxydialinine (4,4′‐ODA) and different borosiloxane diamine monomers (BSiAs). The synthesized borosiloxane‐containing copolyimides exhibited better solubility than borosiloxane‐free copolyimides and showed high glass transition temperatures (320–360 °C), excellent thermal stability (570–620 °C for T10), great elongation at break (10% − 14%) and a low coefficient of thermal expansion (14–24 ppm °C−1). More specifically, the copolyimides containing BSiA‐2 formed nano‐scale protrusions and the copolyimides containing BSiA‐1 formed micro‐scale protrusions. The contact angles of the copolyimides increased from 72° for neat copolyimide to 96° for 5% of borosiloxane in the main chain of the copolymer up to 107° for 10% of borosiloxane in the side chain of the copolymer. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry