bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ABCD
Authors: Brookes Denise S.K. , Briody Julie N. , Davies Peter S.W. , Hill Rebecca J. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTBackground:Young individuals with Crohn disease (CD) are at risk of poor bone mineral density (BMD) and reduced lean tissue mass (LTM). The importance of LTM for maintaining skeletal health, in both incident and established CD, is evidenced. We used dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry assessment to identify areal BMD and LTM in individuals with CD.Methods:In 57 patients with CD (15F; 12.99–14.16 years) anthropometric, disease activity, bone age assessment, and total body dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry measurements were acquired. A 4‐step algorithm was used to assess simultaneous bone and body composition data: areal BMD and height z scores, and LTM for height and bone mineral content (BMC) for LTM z scores were calculated. Low z score cut‐off values were defined as ≤1 standard deviations below the population means.Results:The CD cohort showed: low areal BMD z scores (P = 0.00); and low LTM for height (P = 0.00) according to defined cut‐off values. BMC appeared to be adapting for the lower amount of LTM. Correcting for bone age eliminated the low areal BMD z scores. As expected, LTM for height and BMC for LTM z scores remained unchanged.Conclusions:We present a useful clinical algorithm to show significant LTM for height deficits, regardless of chronological or bone age, in this CD cohort. BMC seemed to adapt to the reduced LTM, indicating clinically “normal” areal BMD for age when considered for height. The ongoing deficits in LTM may, however, create chronic long‐term consequences for bone health. Improving LTM should be a focus of clinical treatment in individuals with CD.
Intestinal Microbiota in Pediatric Surgical Cases Administered Bifidobacterium Breve
Authors: Okazaki Tadaharu , Asahara Takashi , Yamataka Atsuyuki , Ogasawara Yuki , Lane Geoffrey J. , Nomoto Koji , Nagata Satoru , Yamashiro Yuichiro 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe efficacy of perioperative probiotic administration has been reported in adults. We examined the effects of orally administered Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult (BBG‐01) on outcomes in pediatric surgical cases by assessing intestinal and blood microbiota. BBG‐01 was well tolerated without adverse effects, and postoperative infectious complications were significantly decreased. Fecal analysis showed increased Bifidobacterium and decreased Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridium difficile, and Pseudomonas. Concentrations of fecal acetic acid were significantly increased, maintaining fecal pH at <7.0. The incidence of detecting bacteria in blood was significantly reduced. BBG‐01 improved the intestinal environment, and may be implicated in suppressing bacterial translocation.
Ustekinumab in Pediatric Crohn Disease Patients
Authors: Bishop Casey , Simon Hayley , Suskind David , Lee Dale , Wahbeh Ghassan 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:We describe the use of ustekinumab for 4 patients with pediatric Crohn disease treated at the Seattle Children's Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center.Methods:A retrospective chart review was done to identify patients’ clinical data, disease phenotype, treatment history, and laboratory and growth parameters before treatment with ustekinumab and at last follow‐up. Adverse events while on ustekinumab were also recorded.Results:Four adolescent patients with Crohn disease at our center received ustekinumab. All had previously received corticosteroids, methotrexate, azathioprine/6‐mercaptopurine, and both infliximab and adalimumab. Patients had varying disease phenotypes. Ages at ustekinumab initiation were 12, 13, 16, and 17 years. Weight ranged from 40.5 to 57.8 kg, mean 49.5 kg. Two patients showed clinical response and remain on ustekinumab. Two patients discontinued therapy because of continued symptoms and disease complications and required multiple hospitalizations.Conclusions:Ustekinumab was used in 4 children with pediatric Crohn disease with 2 of 4 patients showing clinical response (1 with persistently elevated C‐reactive protein). A prospective study is needed to define its efficacy, safety, and placement in managing pediatric Crohn disease in the future.
Development of Pediatric Neurologic Emergency Life Support Course
Authors: Haque Anwarul , Arif Fehmina , Abass Qalab , Ahmed Khalid 
Published: February 2016

Background
Acute neurological emergencies (ANEs) in children are common life-threatening illnesses and are associated with high mortality and severe neurological disability in survivors, if not recognized early and treated appropriately. We describe our experience of teaching a short, novel course “Pediatric Neurologic Emergency Life Support” to pediatricians and trainees in a resource-limited country.

Methods
This course was conducted at 5 academic hospitals from November 2013 to December 2014. It is a hybrid of pediatric advance life support and emergency neurologic life support. This course is designed to increase knowledge and impart practical training on early recognition and timely appropriate treatment in the first hour of children with ANEs. Neuroresuscitation and neuroprotective strategies are key components of this course to prevent and treat secondary injuries. Four cases of ANEs (status epilepticus, nontraumatic coma, raised intracranial pressure, and severe traumatic brain injury) were taught as a case simulation in a stepped-care, protocolized approach based on best clinical practices with emphasis on key points of managements in the first hour.

Results
Eleven courses were conducted during the study period. One hundred ninety-six physicians including 19 consultants and 171 residents participated in these courses. The mean (SD) score was 65.15 (13.87%). Seventy percent (132) of participants were passed (passing score > 60%). The overall satisfaction rate was 85%.

Conclusions
Pediatric Neurologic Emergency Life Support was the first-time delivered educational tool to improve outcome of children with ANEs with good achievement and high satisfaction rate of participants. Large number courses are required for future validation.
Spontaneous Subclavian Vein Thrombosis in a Healthy Adolescent Cheerleader
Authors: Chu Andrew S. , Harkness Julia , Witmer Char M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We present the case of a healthy 13-year-old female adolescent who developed acute progressive swelling and pain in her right upper extremity that was secondary to an acute deep venous thrombosis of her right subclavian vein. Dynamic imaging revealed subclavian vein compression at the junction of the first rib and proximal third of the clavicle consistent with Paget-Schroetter syndrome, also known as effort-related thrombosis. The compressive etiology of her thrombus was most likely related to her cheerleading activity, in which she served as the pyramid base. The patient received multimodal therapy including anticoagulation, mechanical and site-directed thrombolysis, and a first rib resection. This case illustrates that frontline providers should have a high index of suspicion for an upper extremity thrombosis in pediatric patients who present with unilateral arm swelling.
Jinx or Not?
Authors: Fabre Alexandre , Mancini Julien 
Published: February 2016

Objective
The aim of this study was to ascertain the validity of the widespread belief in the existence of jinxed physicians during night duty in emergency department (ED).

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study involving 13 pediatricians with more than 12 spells of night duty (8 pm to 8.30 am) in the ED at the “La Timone” Medical School Hospital in Marseilles, France, during the inclusion period (from November 1, 2010, to October 31, 2011) and 8 night nurses in the same ED. The 13 pediatricians rated themselves as jinxed and were rated as such by their peers and the night nurses. The number of ED visits (total, medical, and after midnight) and the number of hospitalizations were compared according to the jinx rating of the 13 pediatricians. The secondary outcome was a comparison of the self-assessed jinxed pediatrician group with the other group.

Results
Four pediatricians rated themselves as jinxes. Despite a nonperfect match, self-assessed jinxed pediatricians were also more often rated as being jinxed by their peers or the nurses. There was no difference (for the 13 pediatricians) regarding total ED visits (31.6 [14–57], P = 0.98), ED visits after midnight (10.37 [1–26], P = 0.876), and the number of hospitalizations (4.5 [0–12], P = 0.179). The number of ED visits (total, medical, after midnight) did not differ from the jinxed physicians (all P >0.20) to the other pediatricians, but the mean number of hospitalizations was higher when the pediatrician was rated as a jinx (4.9 vs 4.3, P = 0.034).

Conclusions
We found no evidence of a jinx effect on workload in a pediatric ED.
Urinary Tract Infection and Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Emergency Department
Authors: Watson Joshua R. , Sánchez Pablo J. , Spencer John David , Cohen Daniel M. , Hains David S. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives
The aims of this study were to assess empiric antibiotic use for presumed urinary tract infection (UTI) in the emergency department (ED) and to determine how often urine culture results subsequently do not confirm the diagnosis.

Methods
This study is a retrospective cohort study of patients aged 21 years or younger in the Nationwide Children's Hospital ED from May 1, 2012, to October 31, 2012, who had a urinalysis and urine culture performed and were discharged home with empiric antibiotic therapy for presumed UTI. Patients with known urinary tract anomaly or antibiotic use in the previous 7 days were excluded. Confirmed UTI was defined as pyuria (>5 white blood cells per high-power field or dipstick positive for leukocyte esterase) and a positive urine culture (≥50,000 colony-forming units/mL of a uropathogen).

Results
Of the 175 enrolled patients, urine was obtained by clean catch in 138 (79%), catheterization in 35 (20%), first-pass void in 1 (0.6%), and undocumented method in 1 (0.6%). Pyuria was demonstrated in 164 patients (94%), but only 97 (55%) had a positive urine culture. The combination of pyuria and a positive urine culture confirmed UTI in 90 patients (51%). The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were cefdinir in 103 patients (59%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in 40 (23%), and ciprofloxacin in 23 (13%). The median duration of prescribed therapy was 10 days (interquartile range, 7–10 days). Treatment duration was correlated negatively with age (r = −0.53, P < 0.01).

Conclusions
The current management of suspected UTI in ED patients results in unnecessary antibiotic exposure, highlighting an important opportunity for outpatient antimicrobial stewardship efforts.
Electronic Health Record Adoption and Rates of In-hospital Adverse Events
Authors: Furukawa Michael F. , Eldridge Noel , Wang Yun , Metersky Mark 
Published: February 2016

Objective
Nationwide initiatives have focused on improving patient safety through greater use of health information technology. We examined the association of hospitals’ electronic health record (EHR) adoption and occurrence rates of adverse events among exposed patients.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis of patient discharges using data from the 2012 and 2013 Medicare Patient Safety Monitoring System. The sample included patients age 18 and older that were hospitalized for one of 3 conditions: acute cardiovascular disease, pneumonia, or conditions requiring surgery. The main outcome measures were in-hospital adverse events, including hospital-acquired infections, adverse drug events (based on selected medications), general events, and postprocedural events. Adverse event rates and patient exposure to a fully electronic EHR were determined through chart abstraction.

Results
Among the 45,235 patients who were at risk for 347,281 adverse events in the study sample, the occurrence rate of adverse events was 2.3%, and 13.0% of patients were exposed to a fully electronic EHR. In multivariate modeling adjusted for patient and hospital characteristics, patient exposure to a fully electronic EHR was associated with 17% to 30% lower odds of any adverse event for cardiovascular (odds ratio [OR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72–0.90), pneumonia (OR, 0.70; CI, 0.62–0.80), and surgery (OR, 0.83; CI, 0.72–0.96) patients. The associations of EHR adoption and adverse events varied by event type and by medical condition.

Conclusions
Cardiovascular, pneumonia, and surgery patients exposed to a fully electronic EHR were less likely to experience in-hospital adverse events.
Market transaction characteristics and pricing effect of accounting valuation models
Authors: Hu Yiming , Tian Xinmin , Zhu Zhiyong 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– In capital market, share prices of listed companies generally respond to accounting information. In 1995, Ohlson proposed a share valuation model based on two accounting indicators: company residual income and book value of net asset. In 2000, Zhang introduced the thought of option pricing and developed a new accounting valuation model. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the valuation deviation and the influence of some market transaction characteristics on pricing models.Design/methodology/approach– The authors use listed companies from 1999 to 2013 as samples, and conduct comparative analysis with multiple regression.Findings– The main findings are: first, the accounting valuation model is applicable to the capital market as a whole, and its pricing effect increases as years go by; second, in the environment of out capital market, the maturity of investors is one of important factors that causes the information content of residual income less than that of profit per share and lower pricing effect of valuation models; third, when the price earning (PE) of listed companies reaches certain level, the overall explanation capacity of accounting valuation models will become lower as PE gets higher; fourth, as for companies with higher turnover rate and more active transaction, the pricing effect of accounting valuation model is obviously lower; fifth, the pricing effect of accounting valuation models in a bull market is lower than in a bear market.Originality/value– These findings establish connection between accounting valuation and market transaction characteristics providing an explorable orientation for the future development of accounting valuation theories and models.
Caspofungin‐induced in‐vitro post‐antifungal effect and its impact on adhesion related traits of oral Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans isolates
Authors: Ellepola Arjuna Nishantha Bandara , Chandy Rachel , Khan Zia Uddin , Samaranayake Lakshman Perera 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTAdhesion to buccal epithelial cells (BEC) and denture acrylic surfaces (DAS), germ tube (GT) formation and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) are all virulence traits involved in the pathogenicity of Candida. Post‐antifungal effect (PAFE) also have a bearing on pathogenicity and virulence of Candida. Candida dubliniensis is associated with oral and systemic candidosis, which can be managed with caspofungin. There is no published information on caspofungin‐induced PAFE and its impact on adhesion traits of C. dubliniensis isolates. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the in vitro duration of PAFE on 20 C. dubliniensis isolates following transient exposure to caspofungin. Furthermore the impacts of caspofungin‐induced PAFE on adhesion to BEC and DAS, GT formation and CSH of these isolates were also determined. After establishing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of caspofungin, C. dubliniensis isolates were exposed to sub‐lethal concentrations (×3 MIC) of caspofungin for 1 hr. Thereafter the duration of PAFE, adhesion to BEC and DAS, GT formation and CSH were determined by previously described in‐vitro assays. MIC (μg/mL) of C. dubliniensis isolates to caspofungin ranged from 0.004 to 0.19. Caspofungin‐induced mean PAFE on C. dubliniensis isolates was 2.17 hr. Exposure to caspofungin suppressed the ability of C. dubliniensis isolates to adhere to BEC and DAS, form GT and CSH by 69.97%, 71.95%, 90.06% and 32.29% (P < 0.001 for all), respectively. Thus, transient exposure of C. dubliniensis isolates to caspofungin produces an antifungal effect not only by suppressing its growth but also by altering its adhesion traits.
Density‐dependent population dynamics in Aedes aegypti slow the spread of wMel Wolbachia
Authors: Hancock Penelope A. , White Vanessa L. , Callahan Ashley G. , Godfray Charles H. J. , Hoffmann Ary A. , Ritchie Scott A. 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Field release of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria into wild Aedes aegypti mosquito populations is a promising strategy for biocontrol of dengue. This strategy requires successful Wolbachia invasion through the mosquito vector population. Natural variation in mosquito fitness due to density‐dependent competition for limited food resources may influence Wolbachia invasion. We know little about these effects, largely because our understanding of density‐dependent dynamics in mosquito populations is limited.

We developed an empirical model of A. aegypti–Wolbachia dynamics where food resources available to the developing larvae are limited. We assessed the extent of density‐dependent regulation in our A. aegypti population using a Bayesian statistical model that estimates the temporal variation in mosquito fitness components. We monitored the spread of Wolbachia and assessed the effect of the bacteria on larval fitness components.

We demonstrate that mosquito population growth is regulated by strong larval density‐dependent variation in mosquito fitness components. Wolbachia spread was slowed by this heterogeneity in mosquito fitness, which reduces the capacity of the bacteria to invade. However, we found no evidence that Wolbachia affects larval fitness components.

Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that the extent and form of density‐dependent dynamics in the host population can have a major influence on Wolbachia invasion. These findings help explain slow Wolbachia invasion rates and indicate that the success of field release strategies for dengue control can depend on attaining high Wolbachia frequencies in the mosquito population.
Walking as a social practice: dispersed walking and the organisation of everyday practices
Authors: Harries Tim , Rettie Ruth 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper uses social practice theory to study the interweaving of walking into everyday practices and considers how greater awareness of everyday walking can influence its position within the organisation and scheduling of everyday life. Walking is of policy interest because of its perceived benefits for health. This paper asserts that increased awareness of everyday walking allows users to become more active without having to reschedule existing activities. Using Schatzki's distinction between dispersed and integrative practices, it argues that increasing awareness of dispersed walking can enlist walking into the teleoaffective organisation of some social practices and prompt the performance of new ‘health practices’ within everyday domains of life such as shopping and employment. While this analysis offers useful insights for the design of behaviour change strategies, it also points to some unintended consequences of using digital feedback to increase walking awareness. In directing the gaze of participants at one particular element of their daily practices, the paper suggests, digital walking feedback provides a ‘partial’ view of practices: by highlighting the exercise value of walking at the expense of other values it can prompt feedback recipients to pass moral judgements on themselves based on this partial view.A Virtual Abstract of this paper can be found at: https://youtu.be/WV7DUnKD5Mw
Influence of Water Activity on Thermal Resistance of Microorganisms in Low‐Moisture Foods: A Review
Authors: Syamaladevi Roopesh M. , Tang Juming , Villa‐Rojas Rossana , Sablani Shyam , Carter Brady , Campbell Gaylon 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA number of recent outbreaks related to pathogens in low‐moisture foods have created urgency for studies to understand the possible causes and identify potential treatments to improve low‐moisture food safety. Thermal processing holds the potential to eliminate pathogens such as Salmonella in low‐moisture foods. Water activity (aw) has been recognized as one of the primary factors influencing the thermal resistance of pathogens in low‐moisture foods. But most of the reported studies relate thermal resistance of pathogens to aw of low‐moisture foods at room temperature. Water activity is a thermodynamic property that varies significantly with temperature and the direction of variation is dependent on the product component. Accurate methods to determine aw at elevated temperatures are needed in related research activities and industrial operations. Adequate design of commercial thermal treatments to control target pathogens in low‐moisture products requires knowledge on how aw values change in different foods at elevated temperatures. This paper presents an overview of the factors influencing the thermal resistance of pathogens in low‐moisture foods. This review focuses on understanding the influence of water activity and its variation at thermal processing temperature on thermal resistance of pathogens in different low‐moisture matrices. It also discusses the research needs to relate thermal resistance of foodborne pathogens to aw value in those foods at elevated temperatures.
Development of oligonucleotide microarrays for simultaneous multi‐species identification of Phellinus tree‐pathogenic fungi
Authors: Tzean Yuh , Shu Po‐Yao , Liou Ruey‐Fen , Tzean Shean‐Shong 
Published: February 2016

SummaryPolyporoid Phellinus fungi are ubiquitously present in the environment and play an important role in shaping forest ecology. Several species of Phellinus are notorious pathogens that can affect a broad variety of tree species in forest, plantation, orchard and urban habitats; however, current detection methods are overly complex and lack the sensitivity required to identify these pathogens at the species level in a timely fashion for effective infestation control. Here, we describe eight oligonucleotide microarray platforms for the simultaneous and specific detection of 17 important Phellinus species, using probes generated from the internal transcribed spacer regions unique to each species. The sensitivity, robustness and efficiency of this Phellinus microarray system was subsequently confirmed against template DNA from two key Phellinus species, as well as field samples collected from tree roots, trunks and surrounding soil. This system can provide early, specific and convenient detection of Phellinus species for forestry, arboriculture and quarantine inspection, and could potentially help to mitigate the environmental and economic impact of Phellinus‐related diseases.