bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maste und Türme aus hochfestem Beton
Authors: Harling Andreas , Noakowski Piotr , Maurer Reinhard 
Published: April 2016

AbstractVertikalrisse beeinflussen erheblich das Verhalten der turmartigen Bauwerke. Dies geschieht bei mäßigen Rissbreiten durch Regenwassereindrang und ggf. Stahlkorrosion und bei breiten Trennrissen durch gefährliche Aufspaltung des Ringquerschnitts. Aus diesem Grund kommt der sicheren und wirtschaftlichen Dimensionierung der Horizontalbewehrung für Maste und Türme aus Stahlbeton eine besondere Bedeutung zu, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Wettbewerbssituation mit der optionalen Stahlbauweise. Diesen Bedarf befriedigt nicht die derzeitige Normung, in der keine Angaben zu Temperatur‐ bzw. Feuchteeinwirkungen und keine Berechnungsverfahren für die daraus resultierende Zwangbeanspruchung zu finden sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet wirklichkeitsnahe Ansätze zur Erfassung der Einwirkungen und zur Ermittlung der Rissanzahl und Rissbreite an. Dabei wird ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Unterschiede im Verhalten kleiner Schleuderbetonmaste und großer Ortbetontürme gelegt. Abschließend wird die erforderliche Horizontalbewehrung für verschiedene Mast‐ und Turmquerschnitte ermittelt und mit den Normvorgaben verglichen.Masts and towers of high strength concreteVertical cracks in windshields affect the structural behavior of tower‐like structures in two ways: in the long term for small crack widths by water intrusion and reinforcement corrosion, and acutely for wide apertures by splitting the ring cross‐section. For this reason, the safe as well as economic dimensioning of the horizontal reinforcement for masts and towers of reinforced concrete is of particular importance – especially in competition with the steel grid construction. However, the current standardization does not meet these requirements: There are no specifications for the size of the exposure temperature and moisture difference, and no guidelines for the computational procedure of the resulting constraining forces. Therefore, the following article explains the impact on the cylindrical structures and their reaction with respect to the number of cracks and the crack width by comparing the horizontal load‐bearing behavior of small masts made of spun concrete and big towers made of in‐situ concrete. Finally, the necessary horizontal reinforcement is determined for various mast and tower sections and compared with the standard specifications.
Chemiefreie Haushaltsprodukte
Authors: Goldberg Alexander F. G. , Roth Klaus , Chemjobber C. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWir haben die Kennzeichnungen einer großen Anzahl von Haushaltsprodukten in Hinblick auf Ihre “Chemiefreiheit” überprüft, wobei neben Kosmetikprodukten und Haushaltsreinigern, auch Kräuterzusätze, verarbeitete Nahrungsmittel und Getränke eingeschlossen waren. Als Ergebnis konnten wir eine vollständige Liste aller tatsächlich “chemiefreien” Haushaltsprodukte erstellen.
A Statistical Study of the Plasma Sheet in the Near and Middle Earth Magnetotail
Authors: Shuai ZHANG , An‐Min TIAN , Quan‐Qi SHI , Wei‐Jie SUN , Zhong‐Hua YAO , Sui‐Yan FU , Qiu‐Gang ZONG , Zu‐Yin PU 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMagnetotail plasma sheet is the most active area in Earth's magnetosphere. It has been found that the features of plasma sheet are controlled by the conditions of solar wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). Some previous statistical studies have found that some parameters of the plasma sheet are dawn‐dusk asymmetric. But the thickness of the magnetotail plasma sheet in the near and mid‐tail region and how they are influenced by the IMF is still unclear. In this paper, the probability of the Cluster‐C1 satellite encountering the plasma sheet is examined statistically by utilizing the proton flux and ß data from the CODIF and FGM equipment on board the Cluster‐C1. Using data from July to November of year 2001–2004, the distributions of the probability of satellite in the plasma sheet are mapped on the Y‐Dz plane (Dz denotes the distance between the satellite and the neutral sheet) during the southward and northward IMF periods, respectively. By comparison, we found that the plasma sheet is thinner during southward IMF periods than that during northward IMF periods. It is more obvious in the flank regions of the plasma sheet. We also found that the plasma sheet in the dusk side is thinner than that in the dawn side.
Modeling and Analysis of Frequency‐Dependent AVO Responses in Anelastic Stratified Media
Authors: Zhi‐Qi GUO , Cai LIU , Xiang‐Yang LI , Hui‐Tian LAN 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe investigate frequency‐dependent AVO responses based on a layered model and the generalized propagator matrix method, considering both the effect of frequency and attenuation associated with lithology, and interbed related to stratified structure. We propose a seamless procedure linking the rock physics modeling and the calculation for reflection coefficients for accurate consideration of complex stiffnesses by incorporating the fact that the propagator matrix method is implemented in frequency domain with frequency variables. The method can also consider distinct mechanism of dispersion and attenuation, because anelasticity of rocks predicted by different models is usually described by frequency‐dependent complex stiffnesses. Results of numerical stimulations indicate that, for a dispersive and attenuative layer with finite thickness, reflection amplitudes increase and then decrease with frequency which does not present low‐frequency anomalies. Meanwhile, frequency‐dependent AVO responses present more complicated variations in the presence of interbedded structure together with the effect of dispersion and attenuation of the strata. Finally, the improved algorithm for the calculation of frequency‐dependent AVO responses may help for the modeling and analysis of seismic reflections in the presence of dispersion, attenuation and layered structure.
HVMTP: A time predictable and portable java virtual machine for hard real‐time embedded systems
Authors: Luckow Kasper Søe , Thomsen Bent , Korsholm Stephan Erbs 
Published: April 2016

SummaryWe present HVMTP, a time predictable and portable Java virtual machine (JVM) implementation with applications in resource‐constrained, hard real‐time embedded systems, which implements all levels of the safety critical Java (SCJ) specification. Time predictability is achieved by a combination of time‐predictable algorithms, exploiting the programming model of the SCJ profile and harnessing static knowledge of the hosted SCJ system. This paper presents HVMTP in terms of its design and capabilities and demonstrates how a complete timing model of the JVM represented as a network of timed automata can be obtained using the tool TETASARTSJVM. The timing model readily integrates with the rest of the TETASARTS tool set for temporal verification of SCJ systems. We will also show how a complete timing scheme in terms of safe worst‐case execution times and best‐case execution times of the Java bytecodes can be derived from the model. Furthermore, we take a first look at how to support the new Java 8 language feature of Lambda expressions in a SCJ context – we look in particular at how the invokedynamic bytecode can be implemented in a time‐predictable way and integrated in HVMTP. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phylogenetic assemblage structure of North American trees is more strongly shaped by glacial–interglacial climate variability in gymnosperms than in angiosperms
Authors: Ma Ziyu , Sandel Brody , Svenning Jens‐Christian 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHow fast does biodiversity respond to climate change? The relationship of past and current climate with phylogenetic assemblage structure helps us to understand this question. Studies of angiosperm tree diversity in North America have already suggested effects of current water–energy balance and tropical niche conservatism. However, the role of glacial–interglacial climate variability remains to be determined, and little is known about any of these relationships for gymnosperms. Moreover, phylogenetic endemism, the concentration of unique lineages in restricted ranges, may also be related to glacial–interglacial climate variability and needs more attention. We used a refined phylogeny of both angiosperms and gymnosperms to map phylogenetic diversity, clustering and endemism of North American trees in 100‐km grid cells, and climate change velocity since Last Glacial Maximum together with postglacial accessibility to recolonization to quantify glacial–interglacial climate variability. We found: (1) Current climate is the dominant factor explaining the overall patterns, with more clustered angiosperm assemblages toward lower temperature, consistent with tropical niche conservatism. (2) Long‐term climate stability is associated with higher angiosperm endemism, while higher postglacial accessibility is linked to to more phylogenetic clustering and endemism in gymnosperms. (3) Factors linked to glacial–interglacial climate change have stronger effects on gymnosperms than on angiosperms. These results suggest that paleoclimate legacies supplement current climate in shaping phylogenetic patterns in North American trees, and especially so for gymnosperms.
The effect of binary mixtures of zinc, copper, cadmium, and nickel on the growth of the freshwater diatom Navicula pelliculosa and comparison with mixture toxicity model predictions
Authors: Nagai Takashi , De Schamphelaere Karel A.C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

The authors investigated the effect of binary mixtures of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) on the growth of a freshwater diatom, Navicula pelliculosa. A 7 × 7 full factorial experimental design (49 combinations in total) was used to test each binary metal mixture. A 3-d fluorescence microplate toxicity assay was used to test each combination. Mixture effects were predicted by concentration addition and independent action models based on a single-metal concentration–response relationship between the relative growth rate and the calculated free metal ion activity. Although the concentration addition model predicted the observed mixture toxicity significantly better than the independent action model for the Zn–Cu mixture, the independent action model predicted the observed mixture toxicity significantly better than the concentration addition model for the Cd–Zn, Cd–Ni, and Cd–Cu mixtures. For the Zn–Ni and Cu–Ni mixtures, it was unclear which of the 2 models was better. Statistical analysis concerning antagonistic/synergistic interactions showed that the concentration addition model is generally conservative (with the Zn–Ni mixture being the sole exception), indicating that the concentration addition model would be useful as a method for a conservative first-tier screening-level risk analysis of metal mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2765–2773. © 2016 SETAC
Key Issues and Opportunities in the Initial Identification and Classification of English Learners
Authors: Lopez Alexis A. , Pooler Emilie , Linquanti Robert 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEnglish learners (ELs) require access to appropriate instructional services that match their strengths and needs to have an equal opportunity to achieve the same academic standards as other students. If ELs are not properly identified and classified, they may be excluded from services that would better help them meet high academic standards, and they may not receive optimal supports to advance both linguistically and academically. Thus, it is critical to accurately and properly identify newly enrolled students who are in need of supplemental instruction and support. The purpose of this report is to identify issues in current initial English‐language proficiency assessment practices used to determine initial EL classification and offer recommendations to strengthen the policies, process, and tools used in the identification and classification of ELs.
Structure and Proton Dynamics in Catalytic Layer of HT‐PEFC
Authors: Khaneft M. , Holderer O. , Ivanova O. , Lüke W. , Kentzinger E. , Appavou M. S. , Zorn R. , Lehnert W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe present study focuses on structural and dynamical properties of the catalytic layer for high‐temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (HT‐PEFC). The catalytic layer is a composite material containing nanoporous carbon, poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles. The structure of the catalyst is investigated using small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) following different preparation steps of the electrodes: pure carbon support, platinum/carbon (Pt/C) powder and finally, complete catalytic layer. The structural properties of the Pt/C powder containing different amounts of Pt are discussed along with the size distribution of Pt particles and their arrangement on the surface of the carbon support. Following the preparation sequence of the catalytic layer based on the Pt/C powders the electrodes with different final Pt loadings are analyzed in details. Investigation of the structure of the catalytic layer is accompanied by the study of nanosecond dynamics of the phosphoric acid (PA) in the catalytic layer containing different amount of Pt by means of neutron backscattering spectroscopy. The structure of the catalytic layer is mostly determined by the structure of the catalytic powder and does not vary significantly with Pt loading in the electrode. The behavior of the PA is sensitive to the Pt content in the electrode.
Simulation of Proton Transport in Proton Exchange Membranes with Reactive Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Arntsen C. , Savage J. , Tse Y.‐L. S. , Voth G. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractProton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are promising to become the next generation of energy conversion devices that are efficient, lightweight, and have clean emissions. In these cells, a hydrated polymer membrane acts as an electrolyte layer through which protons travel. Due to the complex nature of the membranes used, the optimization of fuel cell performance is a difficult task, and relies on a number of factors, such as hydration level, polymer side chain length and composition, equivalent weight, morphology, and chemical and mechanical stabilities. Molecular dynamics is a particularly powerful tool for studying PEMs, as it provides the computational efficiency to study length and time scales relevant to these systems. In this review, we present results from several computational papers that use reactive molecular dynamics, which explicitly describe bond breaking and formation, to study proton transport in several polymers commonly used in PEMs. The results presented demonstrate the importance of the interaction between hydronium and the charged side chains and the morphology on the performance of PEM fuel cells.
The mountain from the mountain – On dealing with excavated material / Der “Berg aus dem Berg” – Bewirtschaftung des Tunnelausbruchmaterials
Authors: Hitz Arthur , Kruse Matthias 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe article describes how the great challenge of managing the material excavated during the construction of the Gotthard Base Tunnel was overcome. The recycling of material from mechanized tunnelling as high‐grade aggregates and the development of high‐quality concrete mixes demanded new methods and set new standards. At the same time, the environmental impact could be considerably reduced and considerable cost savings were achieved.Der Artikel beschreibt wie die großen Herausforderungen gemeistert wurden, die sich beim Bau des Gotthard‐Basistunnels bezüglich der Bewirtschaftung des Tunnelausbruchmals stellten. Bezüglich der Herstellung von Ausbruchmaterial aus dem mechanischen Tunnelvortrieb zu hochwertigen Gesteinskörnungen und der Entwicklung von qualitativ hochstehenden Betonmischungen wurden neue Wege beschritten und neue Maßstäbe gesetzt. Gleichzeitig konnten die Umweltbelastungen deutlich reduziert und erhebliche Kosten eingespart werden.
Conventional tunnel drives at Sedrun / Konventionelle Vortriebe Sedrun
Authors: Gruber Luzi R. , Holstein Uwe 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Sedrun section in the middle of the Gotthard Base Tunnel was critical in terms of scheduling and without doubt the section with the most complicated logistics. The article gives an overview of the complex overall construction measures and describes in detail the geotechnical and logistical challenges that had to be overcome.Der Teilabschnitt Sedrun im Zentrum des Gotthard‐Basistunnels war zeitlich kritisch und zweifelsohne der logistisch komplizierteste Bauabschnitt, die bautechnischen Anforderungen lagen auf Weltrekordniveau. Der Beitrag gibt eine Übersicht über die komplexe Gesamtbaumaßnahme und beschreibt die zu bewältigenden geotechnischen und baubetrieblichen Herausforderungen im Detail.
Transoral laser microsurgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A paradigm shift in therapeutic approach
Authors: Wilkie Mark D. , Upile Navdeep S. , Lau Andrew S. , Williams Stephen P. , Sheard Jon , Helliwell Tim R. , Robinson Max , Rodrigues Jennifer , Beemireddy Krishna , Lewis–Jones Huw , Hanlon Rebecca , Husband David , Shenoy Aditya , Roland Nicholas J. , Jackson Shaun R. , Bekiroglu Fazilet , Tandon Sankalap , Lancaster Jeffrey , Jones Terence M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe contemporary treatment of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an area of debate. We report outcomes of a minimally invasive approach involving transoral laser microsurgery (TLM).MethodsA consecutive series of patients (n = 153) undergoing primary TLM for oropharyngeal SCC from 2006 to 2013 was studied. Human papillomavirus (HPV) status was determined by p16 immunohistochemistry and high‐risk HPV DNA in situ hybridization. Survival analyses were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier statistics.ResultsTumor subsites included tonsil (n = 94; 61.5%), tongue base (n = 38; 24.8%), and soft palate (n = 21; 13.7%), with the majority being American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage III/IVa (n = 124; 81.0%) and HPV‐positive (n = 101; 66.0%). Three‐year overall survival (OS), disease‐specific survival (DSS), and disease‐free survival (DFS) were 84.5%, 91.7%, and 78.2%, respectively. HPV‐positivity portended favorable oncologic outcomes. One‐year gastrostomy tube (G‐tube) dependency was 1.3%.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the largest single‐center TLM oropharyngeal SCC series to date. Our data suggest that TLM +/− postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) results in at least as good oncologic outcomes as chemoradiotherapy (CRT), while conferring swallowing function advantages. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck , 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38:1263–1270, 2016
Tobacco and alcohol consumption after total laryngectomy and survival: A German multicenter prospective cohort study
Authors: Eichler Martin , Keszte Judith , Meyer Alexandra , Danker Helge , Guntinas–Lichius Orlando , Oeken Jens , Pabst Friedemann , Singer Susanne 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundWe examined the relation of tobacco and alcohol consumption after total laryngectomy with overall survival (OS).MethodsTobacco and alcohol consumption was assessed at 5 time points after total laryngectomy. Patients were followed up for survival until December 31, 2014. A multivariate Cox regression was fitted to test for differences in OS.ResultsThree hundred fifty‐nine patients were included in this study. Compared to former smokers, never smokers had hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.88 (95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 0.50–1.59), and continuous smokers 1.31 (95% CI = 0.87–1.96). Constantly high alcohol consumption after total laryngectomy had an HR of 2.19 (95% CI = 1.30–3.67). Duration of smoking (HR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.99–1.01) and last known status of alcohol consumption (HR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.76–1.33) was not related to OS.ConclusionPatients who smoke after total laryngectomy have a 30% higher risk of dying than people who gave up smoking, and constant high alcohol consumption is also a strong risk factor for dying. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1324–1329, 2016
Impact of climate indicators on continental‐scale potential groundwater recharge in Africa
Authors: Nasta Paolo , Gates John B. , Wada Yoshihide 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn the last decades, human activity has been contributing to climate change that is closely associated with an increase in temperatures, increase in evaporation, intensification of extreme dry and wet rainfall events, and widespread melting of snow and ice. Understanding the intricate linkage between climate warming and the hydrological cycle is crucial for sustainable management of groundwater resources, especially in a vulnerable continent like Africa. This study investigates the relationship between climate‐change drivers and potential groundwater recharge (PGR) patterns across Africa for a long‐term record (1960–2010). Water‐balance components were simulated by using the PCR‐GLOBWB model and were reproduced in both gridded maps and latitudinal trends that vary in space with minima on the Tropics and maxima around the Equator. Statistical correlations between temperature, storm occurrences, drought, and PGR were examined in six climatic regions of Africa. Surprisingly, different effects of climate‐change controls on PGR were detected as a function of latitude in the last three decades (1980–2010). Temporal trends observed in the Northern Hemisphere of Africa reveal that the increase in temperature is significantly correlated to the decline of PGR, especially in the Northern Equatorial Africa. The climate indicators considered in this study were unable to explain the alarming negative trend of PGR observed in the Sahelian region, even though the Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) values report a 15% drought stress. On the other hand, increases in temperature have not been detected in the Southern Hemisphere of Africa, where increasing frequency of storm occurrences determine a rise of PGR, particularly in southern Africa. Time analysis highlights a strong seasonality effect, while PGR is in‐phase with rainfall patterns in the summer (Northern Hemisphere) and winter (Southern Hemisphere) and out‐of‐phase during the fall season. This study helps to elucidate the mechanism of the processes influencing groundwater resources in six climatic zones of Africa, even though modelling results need to be validated more extensively with direct measurements in future studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biotechnological production of biogrout from iron ore and cellulose
Authors: Stabnikov Viktor , Ivanov Volodymyr 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDGrouts are used in construction, agriculture, aquaculture, and environmental engineering to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of soil. Known chemical grouts could be replaced in some cases by new biogrouts, which are based on microbially‐induced precipitation of minerals. The aim of the present paper was to study the production and properties of iron‐based biogrout.RESULTSIron‐based biogrout was produced from hematite iron ore and cellulose by associations of iron‐reducing and cellulose‐fermenting bacteria selected from the bottom sediments of the Dead Sea and mangrove swamp. The concentration of dissolved ferrous ions produced was proportional to the quantity (surface) of the iron ore particles. Precipitation of ferric hydroxide in the pores of sand was supported by urease‐producing bacteria. The hydraulic conductivity of sand after treatment with the iron‐based biogrout decreased from 7 × 10−4 m s−1 to 1.4 × 10−6 m s−1 with 4.5% (w/w) content of iron in biocemented sand.CONCLUSIONSLow cost iron‐based biogrout can be produced using anaerobic fermentation of cellulose and bioreduction of hematite iron ore. Bio‐induced precipitation of ferric hydroxide could be used in practice for the sealing of agricultural channels, aquaculture and wastewater treatment ponds, landfill sites, dams and retaining walls, and the tunneling space before or after excavation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry