bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Past and projected temporal trends in arthroscopic hip surgery in England between 2002 and 2013
Authors: Palmer A J R , Malak T T , Broomfield J , Holton J , Majkowski L , Thomas G E R , Taylor A , Andrade A J , Collins G , Watson K , Carr A J , Glyn-Jones S 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionHip arthroscopy is increasingly adopted for the treatment of intra-articular and extra-articular pathologies. Studies from USA demonstrate a 365% increase in the number of procedures performed between 2004 and 2009 and 250% increase between 2007 and 2011. There is limited evidence of long-term efficacy for this procedure and hip arthroscopy is not universally funded across England. The aim of this study is to describe temporal trends in the adoption of hip arthroscopy in England between 2002 and 2013 and to forecast trends for the next 10 years.MethodsA search of the Hospital Episodes Database was performed for all codes describing arthroscopic hip procedures with patient age, sex and area of residence.Results11 329 hip arthroscopies were performed in National Health Service hospitals in England between 2002 and 2013. The number of hip arthroscopies performed increased by 727% (p<0.0001) during this period and is forecast to increase by 1388% in 2023. Females represent 60% of all patients undergoing hip arthroscopy (p<0.001). Median age category is 40–44 for females and 35–39 for males and average age decreased during the study period (p<0.0001). There is significant regional variation in procedure incidence. In the final year of this study the highest incidence was in the Southwest (8.63/100 000 population) and lowest in East Midlands (1.29/100 000 population).ConclusionsThe increase in number of hip arthroscopies performed in England reflects trends in USA and continued increases are forecast. Evidence from robust clinical trials is required to justify the increasing number of procedures performed and regional variation suggests potential inequality in the provision of this intervention.
Association of retirement age with mortality: a population-based longitudinal study among older adults in the USA
Authors: Wu Chenkai , Odden Michelle C , Fisher Gwenith G , Stawski Robert S 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundRetirement is an important transitional process in later life. Despite a large body of research examining the impacts of health on retirement, questions still remain regarding the association of retirement age with survival. We aimed to examine the association between retirement age and mortality among healthy and unhealthy retirees and to investigate whether sociodemographic factors modified this association.MethodsOn the basis of the Health and Retirement Study, 2956 participants who were working at baseline (1992) and completely retired during the follow-up period from 1992 to 2010 were included. Healthy retirees (n=1934) were defined as individuals who self-reported health was not an important reason to retire. The association of retirement age with all-cause mortality was analysed using the Cox model. Sociodemographic effect modifiers of the relation were examined.ResultsOver the study period, 234 healthy and 262 unhealthy retirees died. Among healthy retirees, a 1-year older age at retirement was associated with an 11% lower risk of all-cause mortality (95% CI 8% to 15%), independent of a wide range of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health confounders. Similarly, unhealthy retirees (n=1022) had a lower all-cause mortality risk when retiring later (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.94). None of the sociodemographic factors were found to modify the association of retirement age with all-cause mortality.ConclusionsEarly retirement may be a risk factor for mortality and prolonged working life may provide survival benefits among US adults.
Novel Small-Molecule CX3CR1 Antagonist Impairs Metastatic Seeding and Colonization of Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Shen Fei , Zhang Yun , Jernigan Danielle L. , Feng Xin , Yan Jie , Garcia Fernando U. , Meucci Olimpia , Salvino Joseph M. , Fatatis Alessandro 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that cancer cells, even in the absence of a primary tumor, recirculate from established secondary lesions to further seed and colonize skeleton and soft tissues, thus expanding metastatic dissemination and precipitating the clinical progression to terminal disease. Recently, we reported that breast cancer cells utilize the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 to exit the blood circulation and lodge to the skeleton of experimental animals. Now, we show that CX3CR1 is overexpressed in human breast tumors and skeletal metastases. To assess the clinical potential of targeting CX3CR1 in breast cancer, a functional role of CX3CR1 in metastatic seeding and progression was first validated using a neutralizing antibody for this receptor and transcriptional suppression by CRISPR interference (CRISPRi). Successively, we synthesized and characterized JMS-17-2, a potent and selective small-molecule antagonist of CX3CR1, which was used in preclinical animal models of seeding and established metastasis. Importantly, counteracting CX3CR1 activation impairs the lodging of circulating tumor cells to the skeleton and soft-tissue organs and also negatively affects further growth of established metastases. Furthermore, nine genes were identified that were similarly altered by JMS-17-2 and CRISPRi and could sustain CX3CR1 prometastatic activity. In conclusion, these data support the drug development of CX3CR1 antagonists, and promoting their clinical use will provide novel and effective tools to prevent or contain the progression of metastatic disease in breast cancer patients.
Implications: This work conclusively validates the instrumental role of CX3CR1 in the seeding of circulating cancer cells and is expected to pave the way for pairing novel inhibitors of this receptor with current standards of care for the treatment of breast cancer patients. Mol Cancer Res; 14(6); 518–27. ©2016 AACR.
Espaços autoritários: a estrada de ferro Noroeste do Brasil e a burocracia do império
Authors: Amaral Claudio , Mancini Bruno , Alves Wilson Barbosa , Cabral Pedro Hungria 
Published: March 2016

Este ensaio trata dos espaços do poder autoritário nas administrações públicas do Brasil. Parte-se da estrutura administrativa assim como dos espaços de seus escritórios sob a influência da monografia Princípios de administração cientifica do engenheiro mecânico Frederick Taylor na Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil. No entanto, já se conhecia as gestões autoritárias desde a vinda da família Real Portuguesa ao país quando trouxeram o modelo administrativo no formato de uma Burocracia. O advento do organograma e do fluxograma para gerenciar espaços da produção social sempre se pautou pelo desenho da extrema divisão do trabalho associada a práticas de controles e vigilância. A separação entre os que mandam dos que obedecem foi a tônica desta divisão do trabalho. Mesmo quando o taylorismo foi substituído por outras teorias ditas democráticas, como a Teoria das Relações Humanas, o intuito sempre foi intensificar a exploração da força de trabalho através da destituição de seu poder. A prática das organizações administrativas desenhadas por organogramas de extrema divisão do trabalho tem servido para separar os que mandam dos que executam auxiliadas por fluxogramas direcionados ao curso das informações que mantém desinformados os que obedecem e informados os que decidem e dificultando o acesso dos primeiros aos segundos. É possível dizer que esta pratica autoritária de gestão persiste ainda hoje nas administrações públicas brasileiras.
Mecanismos de linguagem nas artes durante a contrarreforma
Authors: Saviani Benjamim 
Published: March 2016

O presente texto procura investigar padrões e princípios de composição no contexto da Contrarreforma católica, quando disposições de matriz fortemente retórica são compendiadas e usadas de maneira sistemática nos diferentes gêneros artísticos. Procura-se, assim, constatar uma forma mentis específica, de uma sociedade que operava muito pelo costume, ainda que se tenha o cuidado de não pretender que determinados conceitos vigorassem com a mesma intensidade e coerência ao longo de todo o período compreendido entre o advento do Concílio de Trento e a derrocada dos antigos regimes monárquicos europeus; mas sim, que conceitos semelhantes e “congênitos” circulassem de alguma forma, mais ou menos consciente de acordo com o caso e seus protagonistas, durante todo o período.
Facilitating Reading Comprehension for Students on the Autism Spectrum
Authors: Gately Susan E. 
Published: March 2016

Joshua is a 12-year-old student diagnosed with autism. He is very interested in the Civil War and knows many facts about the battles, uniforms, and weapons used, and he collects Civil War memorabilia. Although he is a voracious reader of this era, he has difficulty comprehending other topics during language arts class. Although he appears to understand story lines, he has difficulty understanding character motivation, perceiving foreshadowing, and appreciating event integration within a story. As a result, he avoids reading fiction and becomes easily frustrated with literature tasks. Jamie is a second-grade student with a diagnosis of pervasive developmental delay (PDD). He has been a precocious decoder since preschool and is a fluent reader. He reads smoothly, often with appropriate prosody in his voice. It would seem that he understands what he is reading, but his fluency masks his lack of reading comprehension. Jamie thinks that reading stops with decoding and becomes visibly distressed when he is required to slow down and discuss what he reads. Michelle is a fifth-grade student diagnosed on the autism spectrum. She attends school in a fifth-grade general education classroom and receives individualized and small group support with a special educator. She has difficulty understanding social situations but enjoys working with her small group. Her word recognition skills are almost at grade level and with assistance and individualized attention, she understands what she reads. However, when left on her own, she has trouble understanding even the lowest level material.
Procalcitonin level for prediction of postoperative infection in cardiac surgery
Authors: Sharma Pranav , Patel Kartik , Baria Kinnaresh , Lakhia Ketav , Malhotra Amber , Shah Komal , Patel Sanjay 
Published: March 2016

Background Diagnosing infection after cardiac surgery remains difficult due to the systemic inflammatory response induced by cardiopulmonary bypass. We compared procalcitonin levels with white blood cell counts as predictors of infection after cardiac surgery. Methods We prospectively enrolled 100 consecutive adult cardiac patients. Postoperative white blood cell counts, serum procalcitonin levels, and blood cultures were examined. Result The sensitivity and specificity of white blood cell count and procalcitonin > 2 ng mL−1 were 60% and 100%, 58.8% and 42.5%, respectively. Procalcitonin > 7 ng mL−1 had 95% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed a greater area under the curve for procalcitonin level ( p < 0.0001) compared to white blood cell count ( p = 0.31). Patients with positive blood cultures had significantly higher procalcitonin levels (51.97 ± 39.62 vs. 6.67 ± 10.73 ng mL−1), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II scores (16.95 ± 3.24 vs. 13.60 ± 2.98), and intensive care unit stay (6.35 ± 3.42 vs. 4.6 ± 2.2 days). Non-survivors had significantly higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II scores (19.09 ± 1.30 vs. 13.67 ± 2.97) and procalcitonin levels (43.83 ± 52.15 vs. 12.26 ± 19.89 ng mL−1) but on logistic regression analysis, only Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II score was an independent risk factor for mortality. Conclusion The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin for bacterial infection is fairly high. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II score is a better predictor of mortality and morbidity than absolute procalcitonin level. Procalcitonin > 7 ng mL−1 can prognosticate and identify the high-risk group.
Impaired diffusion tensor imaging findings in the corpus callosum and cingulum may underlie impaired learning and memory abilities in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Shapira-Lichter I , Weinstein M , Lustgarten N , Ash E , Litinsky I , Aloush V , Anouk M , Caspi D , Hendler T , Paran D 
Published: March 2016

Background Memory impairment is prevalent in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, its pathogenesis is unknown. In a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we demonstrated altered brain activity dynamics and less brain deactivation in patients with SLE as compared with healthy controls, when performing a learning and memory task. Our findings localized this impairment to the default mode network (DMN), and particularly to its anterior medial prefrontal cortex node. In addition, altered networking of the hippocampal subsystem of the DMN was seen in patients with SLE when performing this task, as well as atrophy of the left hippocampus. The present study aimed to search for a structural substrate for the altered recruitment pattern observed in fMRI studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Patients and methods Using DTI, we characterized brain diffusivity in 10 patients with SLE and nine healthy controls. Two tracts associated with the DMN were reconstructed: the corpus callosum (CC) and the cingulum bundle. The CC was segmented according to the Witelson segmentation scheme and the cingulum was segmented into superior and descending bundles. Results A significant increase in mean diffusivity (MD) was seen in patients with SLE without neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) as compared with healthy controls in all five segments of the CC (segment 1: p = 0.043; segment 2: p = 0.005; segment 3: p = 0.003; segment 4: p = 0.012; segment 5: p = 0.023) as well as in the descending portion of the left cingulum bundle ( p = 0.026). Conclusions Increased MD values in the CC and the left cingulum may indicate impaired organization/reduced integrity of these tracts, which may underlie the abnormal pattern of brain activity recruitment of the DMN observed during a verbal learning and memory task. Taking into account the central role of the left hippocampus in verbal memory, the abnormal integrity of the left cingulum may contribute to the reduced performance of patients with SLE on verbal memory tasks.
The rate of and risk factors for frequent hospitalization in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from the Korean lupus network registry
Authors: Lee J W , Park D J , Kang J H , Choi S E , Yim Y R , Kim J E , Lee K E , Wen L , Kim T J , Park Y W , Sung Y K , Lee S S 
Published: March 2016

Objectives The survival rate of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has improved in the last few decades, but the rate of hospitalization and health care costs for these patients remain higher than in the general population. Thus, we evaluated the rate of hospitalization and associated risk factors in an inception cohort of Korean patients with lupus. Methods Of the 507 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus enrolled in the KORean lupus NETwork, we investigated an inception cohort consisting of 196 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus presenting within 6 months of diagnosis based on the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria. We evaluated the causes of hospitalization, demographic characteristics, and laboratory and clinical data at the time of systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis of hospitalized patients and during a follow-up period. We calculated the hospitalization rate as the number of total hospitalizations divided by the disease duration, and defined “frequent hospitalization” as hospitalization more than once per year. Results Of the 196 patients, 117 (59.6%) were admitted to hospital a total of 257 times during the 8-year follow-up period. Moreover, 22 (11.2%) patients were hospitalized frequently. The most common reasons for hospitalization included disease flares, infection, and pregnancy-related morbidity. In the univariate regression analysis, malar rash, arthritis, pericarditis, renal involvement, fever, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index > 12, hemoglobin level < 10 mg/dl, albumin level < 3.5 mg/dl, and anti-Sjögren’s syndrome A positivity were associated with frequent hospitalization. Finally, multivariate analysis showed that arthritis, pericarditis, and anti-Sjögren’s syndrome A antibody positivity at the time of diagnosis were risk factors for frequent hospitalization. Conclusions Our results showed that frequent hospitalization occurred in 11.2% of hospitalized patients and arthritis, pericarditis, and anti-Sjögren’s syndrome A antibody positivity at the time of diagnosis were risk factors for frequent hospitalization.
Reasons behind providing futile medical treatments in Iran
Authors: Aghabarary Maryam , Nayeri Nahid Dehghan 
Published: March 2016

Background: Despite their negative consequences, evidence shows that futile medical treatments are still being provided, particularly to terminally ill patients. Uncovering the reasons behind providing such treatments in different religious and sociocultural contexts can create a better understanding of medical futility and help manage it effectively. Research objectives: This study was undertaken to explore Iranian nurses’ and physicians’ perceptions of the reasons behind providing futile medical treatments. Research design: This was a qualitative exploratory study. Study data were gathered through conducting in-depth semi-structured personal interviews and analyzed using the conventional content analysis method. Participants and research context: Twenty-one nurses and nine medical specialists were recruited purposively from four teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the Nursing and Midwifery Research Center and the Research Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All participants gave informed consent for the research and that their anonymity was preserved. Findings: The main theme of the study was “having an obligation to provide medical treatments despite knowing their futility.” This theme consisted of three main categories including patients’ and family members’ request for continuing life-sustaining treatments, healthcare professionals’ personal motives, and organizational atmosphere and structure. Discussion and conclusion: Different personal and organizational factors contribute to providing futile medical treatments. Promoting the structure and the function of hospital ethics committees, establishing and developing home care facilities, increasing the number of palliative care centers and hospices, and educating healthcare professionals, patients, and family members about the services and the benefits of such centers can facilitate making wise decisions about continuing or discontinuing treatments which have been labeled as futile.
Mixed outpatient–inpatient autologous stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma: A cost-saving initiative in a resource constrained environment
Authors: Clemmons Amber B , Anderegg Samm 
Published: March 2016

Background Although administration of chemotherapy prior to autologous stem cell transplantation in the outpatient setting has been reported as safe and cost-effective, many limitations exist with previously reported methods of transitioning out of the hospital ward. Specifically, lack of a caregiver and distance from treatment facility are key factors particularly in rural settings. Given these limitations, not all institutions have transitioned the transplant process, or even portions of it, to the outpatient setting despite the known benefits. Methods To achieve financial benefit without compromising safety, a novel mixed outpatient–inpatient model was adopted at our institution. Eligible patients receive melphalan in the clinic the day prior to being admitted for peripheral blood stem cell re-infusion where they remain until recovery of myelosuppression. Results In the year since implementation, nineteen total patients received high-dose melphalan prior to autologous stem cell transplantation. Eighteen of these patients successfully received melphalan in the outpatient clinic with admission to the hospital on day zero for infusion of stem cells. No patient experienced any adverse event on the day or evening of chemotherapy or required early admission. The average estimated total reduction in cost per patient to the institution was over US$2,000. When comparing the cost of the chemotherapy drug, melphalan, from the year before and the year after implementation of the mixed model the total annual cost saving was approximately US$90,00 or 53% of the previous year’s expenditure. Conclusions The implementation of this mixed outpatient–inpatient model was safe, feasible, and cost-effective.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of inflammation and degeneration as measures of fingolimod efficacy in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Novakova Lenka , Axelsson Markus , Khademi Mohsen , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Malmeström Clas , Piehl Fredrik , Olsson Tomas , Lycke Jan 
Published: March 2016

Background: The disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) vary in their mode of action and when therapies are changed, the consequences on inflammatory and degenerative processes are largely unknown. Objective: We investigated the effect of switching from other DMTs to fingolimod on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Methods: 43 RRMS patients were followed up after 4–12 months of fingolimod treatment. Concentrations of C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light protein (NFL), and neurogranin (NGRN) were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while chitotriosidase (CHIT1) was analyzed by spectrofluorometry. Results: The levels of NFL, CXCL13, and CHI3L1 decreased ( p < 0.05) after fingolimod treatment. Subgroup analysis revealed a reduction in NFL ( p < 0.001), CXCL13 ( p = 0.001), CHI3L1 ( p < 0.001), and CHIT1 ( p = 0.002) in patients previously treated with first-line therapies. In contrast, the levels of all analyzed biomarkers were essentially unchanged in patients switching from natalizumab. Conclusion: We found reduced inflammatory activity (CXCL13, CHI3L1, and CHIT1) and reduced axonal damage (NFL) in patients switching from first-line DMTs to fingolimod. Biomarker levels in patients switching from natalizumab indicate similar effects on inflammatory and degenerative processes. The CSF biomarkers provide an additional measure of treatment efficacy.
Th17 cells: A prognostic marker for MS rebound after natalizumab cessation?
Authors: Haas Jürgen , Schneider Katharina , Schwarz Alexander , Korporal-Kuhnke Mirjam , Faller Simon , von Glehn Felipe , Jarius Sven , Wildemann Brigitte 
Published: March 2016

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are at risk of renewed disease activity after discontinuing natalizumab (NAT) treatment. Objective: Assessing the implication of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in MS reactivation after NAT cessation. Methods: We monitored frequencies of Th17 cells and interleukin (IL)-17 cytokine levels in blood samples of 57 MS patients, without, during, and after NAT exposure. Results: Frequencies of both Th17 cells and, in part, also IL-17 levels, in peripheral blood increased under prolonged NAT therapy, returned to baseline after NAT withdrawal and became almost undetectable in blood samples of individuals who experienced relapses during the wash-out phase. Conclusion: Assessing the Th17-cell/IL-17 axis might help to predict rebound MS activity after NAT withdrawal.