bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer, PD-L1, and the Pathologist
Authors: Kerr Keith M. , Nicolson Marianne C. 
Published: February 2016

Context
Although most primary cancers of the lung carry a heavy mutational load and will potentially present many “nonself” antigens to the immune system, there are a wide range of possible mechanisms for tumors to avoid so-called immune surveillance. One such mechanism is the adoption of immune checkpoints to inhibit the host immune response. Immune checkpoint inhibitors show great promise in the treatment of advanced non–small cell lung cancer.

Objective
—To discuss the possibility of biomarker selection of patients for these therapies. This is becoming a much debated issue, and the immunohistochemical detection of Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1), the ligand for the inhibitory Programmed Death receptor 1 (PD-1) checkpoint, is one possible biomarker. Data so far available show some conflicting results, but PD-L1 immunohistochemistry looks likely to be introduced into clinical use for selecting patients for treatment with anti–PD-1 or anti–PD-L1 therapies. Given that there are 4 such drugs rapidly approaching regulatory approval, each with its own independent PD-L1 immunohistochemistry biomarker test, both oncologists and pathologists face some significant challenges.

Data Sources
Peer-reviewed literature and meeting proceedings, especially during the last 12 months, were used.

Conclusions
—The biology of PD-1/PD-L1 is complex, the clinical data for these drugs show considerable variation, the selection performance of the PD-L1 biomarker test is not perfect, and the existence of 4 drug/test combinations adds significantly to the problems faced. This article addresses some of the background to this therapeutic problem and discusses some of the issues ahead.
Body Composition and Chest Expansion of Type II and III Spinal Muscular Atrophy Patients
Authors: Mainenti Míriam Raquel Meira , Sousa Raíssa Christina Mendes de , Dias Cristina Márcia , Costa Susana Ortiz , Ferreira Arthur De Sá , Souza Carla Peixoto Vinha de , Araújo Alexandra Prufer de Queiroz Campos 
Published: February 2016

ResumoIntrodução: pacientes com atrofia muscular espinhal apresentam fraqueza muscular, problemas ortopédicos, complicações alimentares e declínio da função respiratória. Alterações na massa magra e na massa gorda também são esperadas. Objetivo: verificar a composição corporal e a expansão torácica de pacientes com atrofia muscular espinhal tipo II e III. Método: foram avaliados 14 indivíduos, sete no Grupo I (pacientes) com 9 (7 - 12) anos, 29,7 (23,5 - 60,0) kg; e sete no Grupo II (sem a doença) com 9 (9-12) anos, 31,0 (27,8 - 54,1) kg. A análise da composição corporal foiobtida pela bioimpedância elétrica monofrequencial. Os perímetros de tórax, quadril e abdômen foram medidos com uma fita métrica. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa SPSS (p < 0,05). Resultados: os pacientes apresentaram maior impedância: 1416,9 (850,5 - 1559,1) vs788,0 (68 3, 6 - 853,8), P < 0,05; e percentual de gordura: 31,2 (23,9 - 46,6) vs 19,1 (14,9 - 27,0)%, P<0,05. A diferença entre a perimetria de tórax em inspiração forçada e em expiração forçada foi menor para os pacientes em comparação com o Grupo II: 3,0 (0,8 - 4,4) vs. 5,0 (3,9 - 6,5) cm, P < 0,05. Conclusão: pacientes com amiotrofia muscular espinhal apresentaram maior adiposidade e menor expansão torácica.
Social representation of the hospital ludic: look of the child
Authors: Ferreira Naidhia Alves Soares , Esmeraldo Joana D’arc , Blake Marcia De Toledo , Antão Jennifer Yohanna Ferreira de Lima , Raimundo Rodrigo Daminello , Abreu Luiz Carlos 
Published: February 2016

Introdução: o brincar tem se tornado objeto de estudo nos diversos setores da sociedade, sendo considerado como uma atividade espontânea inata ao ser humano e necessário ao desenvolvimento infantil físico, social, emocional e cognitivo, facilita comunicação, ajuda na socialização e adaptação a ambientes e pessoas. Quando hospitalizadas, as criança se sentem vulneráveis, com pessoas desconhecidas, procedimentos invasivos e dolorosos, e a limitação das atividades exercidas por ela, tendem a tornar a situação pior. Objetivos: descrever a percepção da criança, acerca do lúdico no ambiente hospitalar e verificar a representação social da brinquedoteca para as crianças internadas a partir da técnica de Desenho-Estória com tema. Método: tratou-se de um estudo qualitativo e exploratório que utilizou como instrumento de coleta de dados a técnica do Desenho – Estória com tema, tendo como sujeitos 12 crianças com idade entre 06 e 11 anos. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir da discussão com subsídios teóricos estudados, além da observação dos pesquisadores, que possibilitou encontrar respostas ao problema pesquisado, estabelecendo as relações necessárias entre os dados obtidos e as hipótesesformuladas. Resultados: para as crianças o lúdico no contexto hospitalar estava ligado ao espaço da brinquedoteca, de forma que, a maior parte relatou que não brincavam no quarto, ou em qualquer outro local do hospital. Logo, sua representação social para as crianças foi identificada como um lugar onde acontece socialização, recuperação, onde se pode manipular imaginariamente o ambiente para aproximar-se da realidade cotidiana, ou transformar a situação vivenciada em algo familiar. Percebeu-se que a ludicidade mudam as idéias previamente formadas pela criança sobre o hospital, passando este, a ser percebido como um espaço que proporciona bem-estar e prazer, e onde se pode brincar. O desenho contextualiza e revela simbolicamente a situação de hospitalização, além de apresentar-se como elementoestruturante para a criança do ponto de vista emocional. Conclusões: a brinquedoteca é capaz de aumentar a adaptação da criança à nova situação que vivencia, e inclusive atuar sobre o restabelecimento de sua saúde. Por fim, constatamos que o lúdico é fator de proteção para crianças durante a hospitalização. Embora a obrigatoriedade da presença das brinquedotecas hospitalares em instituições de saúde com atendimento pediátrico seja um grande avanço para as políticas públicas, há ainda alguns desafios que necessitam ser superados, dentre eles a necessidade de engajamento dos profissionais de saúde e estabelecimento de uma rotina de funcionamento.
Silver oxide Schottky contacts and metal semiconductor field-effect transistors on SnO2 thin films
Authors: Dang Giang T. , Uchida Takayuki , Kawaharamura Toshiyuki , Furuta Mamoru , Hyndman Adam R. , Martinez Rodrigo , Fujita Shizuo , Reeves Roger J. , Allen Martin W. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Silver oxide Schottky contacts (SCs), reactively sputtered using a low-power Ar:O2 rf-plasma on SnO2 films grown by mist-CVD, showed significantly improved figures-of-merit compared with plain-metal SCs, with barrier heights of 0.91 eV and ideality factors close to unity. These SCs were used to fabricate thin-film metal-semiconductor FETs with on/off ratios >106 on the same solution-processed material. It is proposed that the high quality of these SCs is due to the oxidized fabrication methodology, whereby reactive oxygen species are likely to be present during the formation of the Schottky interface, leading to the removal of the native surface electron accumulation layer.
Low-distortion MOSFET with optimized donor concentration profile at channel–drain junction designed by harmonic balance device simulation
Authors: Sato-Iwanaga Junko , Yu Zhiping , Dutton Robert W. , Tsuchiya Hideaki 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The nonlinear characteristics arising from the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) of MOSFETs are investigated by harmonic-balance device simulation. First, to identify the spatial location in a MOSFET, where IMD3 is mostly generated, a conventional n-MOSFET structure is simulated, and it is found that IMD3 generation is located at the top surface over the channel–drain p–n junction where a high lateral electric-field exists. Second, to alleviate the impact of IMD3, we proposed and simulated three types of n-MOSFET structures with a low lateral electric-field around the channel–drain junction. We demonstrated that a low-distortion MOSFET can be realized by optimizing the doping concentration profile at the channel–drain junction. In particular, the introduction of a thin layer of a low-doped n-type surface-channel and a low-doped n-type drain at the top of p-type well and n-type drain regions resulted in a marked IMD3 reduction of as much as 8 dBm in IMD3 power characteristics, in comparison with a conventional structure.
Memory system architecture for the data centric computing
Authors: Takeuchi Ken 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This paper overviews the NAND flash memory and storage class memory such as resistive random access memory (ReRAM), spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM), and parameter random access memory (PRAM) hybrid memory system for the big-data applications. In the conventional processing-centric computing such as personal computers (PCs) and high performance computing (HPC) servers, the data amount was restricted and the key technological issue was to enhance the processing capabilities by increasing the clock frequency of central processing units (CPUs) and increasing the parallelism with multi/many cores. On the other hand, in the big data applications such as online transaction processing (OLTP) and online analytical processing (OLAP), 3V (volume, variety, and velocity) data must be handled. Thus, the key challenge is to reduce the cost of moving data through the deep memory hierarchy from the storage through the main memory to the CPU and eventually to resolve the Von Neumann bottleneck. To resolve the Von Neumann bottleneck and realize a high-speed, low cost, low power storage, this paper overviews the hybrid memory system especially emphasizing the storage class memory in such a data-centric computing architecture.
Current-induced domain wall motion in magnetic nanowires with various widths down to less than 20 nm
Authors: Fukami Shunsuke , Iwabuchi Toru , Sato Hideo , Ohno Hideo 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We experimentally and theoretically study the current-induced domain wall motion in magnetic nanowires with various widths, and discuss the issues concerning the domain wall motion in wires with reduced widths down to less than 20 nm. For Co/Ni nanowires, the threshold current density significantly increases as the width decreases below 30 nm and the domain wall motion is not observed within the studied current density range for a number of devices with the wire width of around 20 nm. The relationship between the threshold current density and wire width is reasonably reproduced by a theoretical calculation based on the adiabatic spin-transfer torque model. The micromagnetic simulation suggests that high-anisotropy materials are promising for domain-wall-motion devices with wire widths beyond 20 nm.
Development of a novel 1200-V-class 4H-SiC implantation-and-epitaxial trench MOSFET with low on-resistance
Authors: Shiomi Hiromu , Kitai Hidenori , Tamaso Hideto , Fukuda Kenji 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we present a newly developed 1200-V-class 4H-SiC implantation-and-epitaxial trench metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (IETMOSFET). It uses high-quality p- and n-epitaxial layers for a channel and a trench current spreading layer (TCSL), respectively. It can enhance both channel mobility and bulk mobility for current spreading by avoiding damage and impurity variations caused by ion implantation. The ion implantation and epitaxial techniques developed for existing ion-implantation-and-epitaxial MOSFETs (IEMOSFETs) are herein utilized to protect the trench bottom and a relatively low-doped epitaxial channel layer with high mobility. By optimizing the geometry of p-base regions under a gate trench structure, we obtain a low specific on-resistance (R
ON
A) of 1.8 mΩ cm2 with a breakdown voltage (BVDSS) above 1200 V.
Diffractive Optics
Authors: Sokolova Elena 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn overview of diffractive optics is presented. Various types of diffractive optical elements, principles of their functioning, properties, applications, and fabrication methods are briefly described, starting from the fundamental concepts and definitions. The major advantages and limits of different sorts of elements are mentioned. An important part of this article is devoted to diffractive lenses and recent improvements of their performances.
Designing Silica‐Based Hybrid Polymers and Their Application in the Loading and Release of Fluorescein as a Model Drug and Diagnostic Agent
Authors: Jamwal Hem Suman , Chauhan Ghanshyam S. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPolymeric hybrid materials are interesting functional materials with many diverse properties. Two new hybrid nanomaterials, poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐(2‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)/silica (P(MAA‐DMAEM)/SiO2) and poly(methacrylic acid)/silica (P(MAA)/SiO2) were prepared via the emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization in which 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane was used as a silane‐coupling agent, tetraethoxysilane and polyvinyl alcohol were used as a silica component precursor and polymeric colloid stabilizer, respectively. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized by various techniques and were used as drug delivery systems. Fluorescein, mainly used in angiography, was chosen as a candidate drug/diagnostic agent to investigate its loading and release behavior from the hybrid nanomaterials. The uptake studies were carried out at room temperature, whereas the release studies were carried out at 37ºC under phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4. The release kinetics was studied by subjecting the obtained data to different kinetic models. The nanohybrid materials exhibited a structure–property relationship in the uptake and release of fluorescein as higher adsorption capacity was observed with a P(MAA)/SiO2 hybrid nanomaterial, whereas more drug release was observed from a P(MAA‐DMAEM)/SiO2 nanomaterial than the former.
Cellular Polymer Ferroelectret: A Review on Their Development and Their Piezoelectric Properties
Authors: Mohebbi Abolfazl , Mighri Frej , Ajji Abdellah , Rodrigue Denis 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTBecause of their ability to show ferroelectret behavior when exposed to an external electric field, cellular polymers have been recently considered for ferroelectret applications. These cellular polymer films can be produced by stretching or foaming, but depending on the application and conditions, different polymers, such as polypropylene (PP), poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate), poly(tetrafluoro ethylene), cross‐linked PP, and some cyclo‐olefines, have been considered. Nevertheless, cellular PP was the most investigated material because of its outstanding properties such as high piezoelectric d33 coefficient, flexibility, good fatigue resistance, good charge trapping properties, and low cost. In this review, recent advances related to the materials used for ferroelectret applications and their processing are discussed. The effect of different parameters such as pressure, electrical breakdown strength of the gas phase, presence of fillers, and service temperature on the d33 coefficient is presented and discussed.
Ein radikaltrikationisches Tetraboran(4) mit rhombischer Struktur und Vier‐Zentren‐fünf‐Elektronen‐Bindung
Authors: Litters Sebastian , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDas rote Tetraboran(4) [B4(hpp)4]3+. (3; hpp=1,3,4,6,7,8‐Hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidinat) mit einem durch vier N‐Donoren stabilisierten rhombischen B4‐Gerüst entsteht bei der Umsetzung des starken Hydridakzeptors [(Acridin)BCl2][AlCl4] mit dem elektronenreichen Diboran(4) [HB(hpp)]2 (1). Das erhaltene Reaktionsprodukt 3[AlCl4]3 wurde strukturell vollständig charakterisiert, und die Anwesenheit ungepaarter Elektronen wurde mittels ESR‐Spektroskopie nachgewiesen. Das einzigartige Radikaltrikation 3 zeichnet sich durch eine hohe positive Ladung in Kombination mit Boratomen in niedriger Oxidationsstufe (kleiner als zwei) aus.
Structure and Function of a “Head‐to‐Middle” Prenyltransferase: Lavandulyl Diphosphate Synthase
Authors: Liu Meixia , Chen Chun‐Chi , Chen Lu , Xiao Xiansha , Zheng Yingying , Huang Jian‐Wen , Liu Weidong , Ko Tzu‐Ping , Cheng Ya‐Shan , Feng Xinxin , Oldfield Eric , Guo Rey‐Ting , Ma Yanhe 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe report the first X‐ray structure of the unique “head‐to‐middle” monoterpene synthase, lavandulyl diphosphate synthase (LPPS). LPPS catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to form lavandulyl diphosphate, a precursor to the fragrance lavandulol. The structure is similar to that of the bacterial cis‐prenyl synthase, undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS), and contains an allylic site (S1) in which DMAPP ionizes and a second site (S2) which houses the DMAPP nucleophile. Both S‐thiolo‐dimethylallyl diphosphate and S‐thiolo‐isopentenyl diphosphate bind intact to S2, but are cleaved to (thio)diphosphate, in S1. His78 (Asn in UPPS) is essential for catalysis and is proposed to facilitate diphosphate release in S1, while the P1 phosphate in S2 abstracts a proton from the lavandulyl carbocation to form the LPP product. The results are of interest since they provide the first structure and structure‐based mechanism of this unusual prenyl synthase.
The Borosulfates K4[BS4O15(OH)], Ba[B2S3O13], and Gd2[B2S6O24]
Authors: Gross Peter , Kirchhain Arno , Höppe Henning A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractK4[BS4O15(OH)], Ba[B2S3O13], and Gd2[B2S6O24] were obtained by a new synthetic approach. The strategy involves initially synthesizing the complex acid H[B(HSO4)4] which is subsequently reacted in an open system with anhydrous chlorides of K, Ba, and Gd to the respective borosulfates and a volatile molecule (HCl). Furthermore, protonated borosulfates should be accessible by appropriate stoichiometry of the starting materials, particularly in closed systems, which inhibit deprotonation of H[B(HSO4)4] via condensation and dehydration. This approach led to the successful synthesis of the first divalent and trivalent metal borosulfates (Ba[B2S3O13] with band‐silicate topology and Gd2[B2S6O24] with cyclosilicate topology) and the first hydrogen borosulfate K4[BS4O15(OH)].
A Radical Tricationic Rhomboid Tetraborane(4) with Four‐Center, Five‐Electron Bonding
Authors: Litters Sebastian , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe red‐colored tetraborane(4) [B4(hpp)4]3+. (3; hpp=1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidinate) with a rhomboid B4 skeleton stabilized by four N donors, was synthesized by the reaction of the strong hydride abstraction reagent [(acridine)BCl2][AlCl4] with the electron‐rich diborane(4) [HB(hpp)]2 (1). The salt 3[AlCl4]3 was structurally characterized and the presence of unpaired electrons proven by EPR measurements. The unprecedented radical tricationic 3 is distinguished by a high positive charge and boron atoms in a low oxidation state (less than two).
Physical models have gender‐specific effects on student understanding of protein structure–function relationships
Authors: Forbes‐Lorman Robin M. , Harris Michelle A. , Chang Wesley S. , Dent Erik W. , Nordheim Erik V. , Franzen Margaret A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUnderstanding how basic structural units influence function is identified as a foundational/core concept for undergraduate biological and biochemical literacy. It is essential for students to understand this concept at all size scales, but it is often more difficult for students to understand structure–function relationships at the molecular level, which they cannot as effectively visualize. Students need to develop accurate, 3‐dimensional mental models of biomolecules to understand how biomolecular structure affects cellular functions at the molecular level, yet most traditional curricular tools such as textbooks include only 2‐dimensional representations. We used a controlled, backward design approach to investigate how hand‐held physical molecular model use affected students' ability to logically predict structure–function relationships. Brief (one class period) physical model use increased quiz score for females, whereas there was no significant increase in score for males using physical models. Females also self‐reported higher learning gains in their understanding of context‐specific protein function. Gender differences in spatial visualization may explain the gender‐specific benefits of physical model use observed. © 2016 The Authors Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4):326–335, 2016.
Innovative experimental model and simulation method for structural dynamic concepts
Authors: Turker Hakan Tacettin , Coskun Hilmi , Mertayak Cem 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, different methods to teach and visualize the motion of a single degree of freedom system for engineering undergraduate and graduate students and professionals are described. The examined concepts include the P‐Δ effect in a single degree of freedom system. First, the theoretical background is given. Then, an experimental setup was used to verify the theory. The experimental setup consists of a steel saw with a height, h and stiffness k. An additional mass is put on top of steel saw. A new simple method to find period of a Single Degree of Freedom model is introduced. Using an acoustic method in a new way, period of the oscillating saw is determined. By digitally processing the captured acoustic waves, the period characteristics of the system are calculated. A simulation tool is also developed using Mathematica® software. The simulation provided the users a way to visualize the motion of the system in time along with simple animations. These simple experimental setup and simulation tool provided convenient and useful approaches to demonstrate the concepts including the P‐Δ effect in a single degree of freedom system. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:421–427, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21720