bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revision of the Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes)
Authors: Tanaka K. , Hirayama K. , Yonezawa H. , Sato G. , Toriyabe A. , Kudo H. , Hashimoto A. , Matsumura M. , Harada Y. , Kurihara Y. , Shirouzu T. , Hosoya T. 
Published: November 2015

We here taxonomically revise the suborder Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota). Sequences of SSU and LSU nrDNA and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1) are newly obtained from 106 Massarineae taxa that are
phylogenetically analysed along with published sequences of 131 taxa in this suborder retrieved from GenBank. We recognise 12 families and five unknown lineages in the Massarineae. Among the nine families previously known, the monophyletic status of the Dictyosporiaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae,
Latoruaceae, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Massarinaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae was strongly supported with bootstrap support values above 96 %, while the clades of the Bambusicolaceae and the Lentitheciaceae are moderately
supported. Two new families, Parabambusicolaceae and Sulcatisporaceae, are proposed. The Parabambusicolaceae is erected to accommodate Aquastroma and Parabambusicola genera nova, as well as two unnamed Monodictys species. The Parabambusicolaceae
is characterised by depressed globose to hemispherical ascomata with or without surrounding stromatic tissue, and multi-septate, clavate to fusiform, hyaline ascospores. The Sulcatisporaceae is established for Magnicamarosporium and Sulcatispora genera nova and Neobambusicola.
The Sulcatisporaceae is characterised by subglobose ascomata with a short ostiolar neck, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, clavate asci, broadly fusiform ascospores, and ellipsoid to subglobose conidia with or without striate ornamentation. The genus Periconia and its relatives are
segregated from the Massarinaceae and placed in a resurrected family, the Periconiaceae. We have summarised the morphological and ecological features, and clarified the accepted members of each family. Ten new genera, 22 new species, and seven new combinations are described and
illustrated. The complete ITS sequences of nrDNA are also provided for all new taxa for use as barcode markers.
DRESSED IN PHOTOGRAPHS: BETWEEN UNIFORMIZATION, SELF-ENHANCEMENT AND THE PROMOTION OF STARS AND LEADERS IN BAMAKO
Authors: Röschenthaler Ute 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTMost literature on cloth focuses on its capacity as a medium of identity construction in relation to politics, economy, ethnicity, age and gender. As such, the equalizing properties of uniforms are often contrasted with the creation of individual styles of dress. This article discusses a further dimension in the complexity of the meanings of clothing: it explores the history, uses and local meanings of fabrics on which photographs of public personalities are printed in Bamako. In Bamako in the 2000s, entrepreneurs from different sectors of society, such as politics, religion, media, art, education and commerce, rediscovered this type of cloth as a business opportunity. They have produced decorated fancy textiles for events where large, heterogeneous groups of people participate most often, and where they multiply the image printed on their clothing. Some of these personalities distribute the cloth as promotional gifts, while others make their fans and followers purchase fabrics as evidence of their admiration. The uniforms decorated with photographs reflect a tendency towards asymmetrical relationships between the owners of the dresses and the personality depicted on them. Some of these relationships even encourage individual styles that transgress the uniform character of the dresses.
Can the neural–cortisol association be moderated by experience-induced changes in awareness?
Authors: Lau Way K. W. , Leung Mei-Kei , Chan Chetwyn C. H. , Wong Samuel S. Y. , Lee Tatia M. C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCortisol homeostasis is important for cognitive and affective functions that depend on cortisol-sensitive brain regions including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Recent studies have shown that training induces changes in the brain. We report the findings of a longitudinal study that verified the moderation effect of experience-induced changes in awareness on the neural–cortisol association in cortisol-sensitive brain regions. These findings provide the first piece of evidence that planned behavioral experience can moderate the neural–cortisol association. A range of changes in awareness was achieved in a sample of 21 Chinese participants, divided into two groups: Awareness-based compassion meditation (ABCM) (n = 10) and relaxation (n = 11). We observed that changes in awareness were significant moderators of hippocampal–cortisol changes. Furthermore, a significant negative association between changes in plasma cortisol level and the resting-state synchrony of the right hippocampal and insular-frontal-operculum regions was observed. These novel findings shed light on the inter-relationships between changes in hippocampal–cortisol levels and changes in awareness and preliminarily identify the neural underpinnings of interventions for cortisol-related abnormal functioning for further study.
Soft and broadband infrared metamaterial absorber based on gold nanorod/liquid crystal hybrid with tunable total absorption
Authors: Su Zhaoxian , Yin Jianbo , Zhao Xiaopeng 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe design a soft infrared metamaterial absorber based on gold nanorods dispersed in liquid crystal (LC) placed on a gold film and theoretically investigate its total absorption character. Because the nanorods align with the LC molecule, the gold nanorods/LC hybrid exhibits different permittivity as a function of tilt angle of LC. At a certain tilt angle, the absorber shows an omnidirectional total absorption effect. By changing the tilt angle of LC by an external electric field, the total absorption character can be adjusted. The total absorption character also depends on the concentration, geometric dimension of nanorods and defect of nanorod arrangement in LC. When the LC contains different size of gold nanorods, a broadband absorption can be easily realized. The characteristics including flexibility, omnidirectional, broadband and tunablility make the infrared metamaterial absorber possess potential use in smart metamaterial devices.
Lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus oralis Uo5: a novel biochemical structure comprising an unusual phosphorylcholine substitution pattern compared to Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Gisch Nicolas , Schwudke Dominik , Thomsen Simone , Heß Nathalie , Hakenbeck Regine , Denapaite Dalia 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMembers of the Mitis group of streptococci possess teichoic acids (TAs) as integral components of their cell wall that are unique among Gram-positive bacteria. Both, lipoteichoic (LTA) and wall teichoic acid, are formed by the same biosynthetic pathway, are of high complexity and contain phosphorylcholine (P-Cho) residues. These residues serve as anchors for choline-binding proteins (CBPs), some of which have been identified as virulence factors of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. We investigated the LTA structure of its close relative Streptococcus oralis. Our analysis revealed that S. oralis Uo5 LTA has an overall architecture similar to pneumococcal LTA (pnLTA) and can be considered as a subtype of type IV LTA. Its structural complexity is even higher than that of pnLTA and its composition differs in number and type of carbohydrate moieties, inter-residue connectivities and especially the P-Cho substitution pattern. Here, we report the occurrence of a saccharide moiety substituted with two P-Cho residues, which is unique as yet in bacterial derived surface carbohydrates. Finally, we could link the observed important structural variations between S. oralis and S. pneumoniae LTA to the divergent enzymatic repertoire for their TA biosynthesis.
Tuftsin-derived T-peptide prevents cellular immunosuppression and improves survival rate in septic mice
Authors: Gao Yu-Lei , Chai Yan-Fen , Dong Ning , Han Su , Zhu Xiao-Mei , Zhang Qing-Hong , Yao Yong-Ming 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe primary mechanisms of sepsis induced cellular immunesuppression involve immune dysfunction of T lymphocytes and negative immunoregulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). It has been found that tuftsin is an immune modulating peptide derived from IgG in spleen. T-peptide is one of tuftsin analogs. Herein, we examined the effect of T-peptide on cell-mediated immunity in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the survival rate in septic mice. T-peptide regulated the proliferative ability of CD4+CD25− T cells in dual responses. Meanwhile, 10 and 100 μg/ml T-peptides were able to enhance the apoptotic rate of CD4+CD25− T cells compared with 1 μg/ml T-peptide, but markedly lowered interleukin (IL)-2 levels. When CD4+CD25+ Tregs were treated with T-peptide for 24 hours and co-cultured with normal CD4+CD25− T cells, the suppressive ability of CD4+CD25+ Tregs on CD4+CD25− T cells was significantly lowered, along with decreased expression in forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p-3 (Foxp-3) as well as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA)-4 and secretion of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Moreover, T-peptide has the ability to improve outcome of septic mice in a dose- and time- dependent manner and associated with improvement in the microenvironment of cellular immunosuppression in septic mice.
Spatially uniform enhancement of single quantum dot emission using plasmonic grating decoupler
Authors: Kumar Arunandan , Weeber Jean-Claude , Bouhelier Alexandre , Eloi Fabien , Buil Stéphanie , Quélin Xavier , Nasilowski Michel , Dubertret Benoit , Hermier Jean-Pierre , Colas des Francs Gérard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe demonstrate a spatially uniform enhancement of individual quantum dot (QD) fluorescence emission using plasmonic grating decouplers on thin gold or silver films. Individual QDs are deposited within the grating in a controlled way to investigate the position dependency on both the radiation pattern and emission enhancement. We also describe the optimization of the grating decoupler. We achieve a fluorescence enhancement ~3 times higher than using flat plasmon film, for any QD position in the grating.
Bioinspired Breathable Architecture for Water Harvesting
Authors: von Spreckelsen Rowan M. , Harris Matthew T. , Wigzell James M. , Fraser Rebekah C. , Carletto Andrea , Mosquin Daniel P. K. , Justice Douglas , Badyal Jas Pal S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThuja plicata is a coniferous tree which displays remarkable water channelling properties. In this article, an easily fabricated mesh inspired by the hierarchical macro surface structure of Thuja plicata branchlets is described which emulates this efficient water collection behaviour. The key parameters are shown to be the pore size, pore angle, mesh rotation, tilt angle (branch droop) and layering (branch overlap). Envisaged societal applications include water harvesting and low cost breathable architecture for developing countries.
Antibacterial titanium nano-patterned arrays inspired by dragonfly wings
Authors: Bhadra Chris M. , Khanh Truong Vi , Pham Vy T. H. , Al Kobaisi Mohammad , Seniutinas Gediminas , Wang James Y. , Juodkazis Saulius , Crawford Russell J. , Ivanova Elena P. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTitanium and its alloys remain the most popular choice as a medical implant material because of its desirable properties. The successful osseointegration of titanium implants is, however, adversely affected by the presence of bacterial biofilms that can form on the surface and hence methods for preventing the formation of surface biofilms have been the subject of intensive research over the past few years. In this study, we report the response of bacteria and primary human fibroblasts to the antibacterial nanoarrays fabricated on titanium surfaces using a simple hydrothermal etching process. These fabricated titanium surfaces were shown to possess selective bactericidal activity, eliminating almost 50% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells and about 20% of the Staphylococcus aureus cells coming into contact with the surface. These nano-patterned surfaces were also shown to enhance the aligned attachment behavior and proliferation of primary human fibroblasts over 10 days of growth. These antibacterial surfaces, which are capable of exhibiting differential responses to bacterial and eukaryotic cells, represent surfaces that have excellent prospects for biomedical applications.
The transcriptional landscape of dorsal root ganglia after sciatic nerve transection
Authors: Li Shiying , Xue Chengbin , Yuan Ying , Zhang Ruirui , Wang Yaxian , Wang Yongjun , Yu Bin , Liu Jie , Ding Fei , Yang Yuming , Gu Xiaosong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFollowing peripheral nerve injury, transcriptional responses are orchestrated to regulate the expression of numerous genes in the lesioned nerve, thus activating the intrinsic regeneration program. To better understand the molecular regulation of peripheral nerve regeneration, we aimed at investigating the transcriptional landscape of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) after sciatic nerve transection in rats. The cDNA microarray analysis was used to identify thousands of genes that were differentially expressed at different time points post nerve injury (PNI). The results from Euclidean distance matrix, principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering indicated that 2 nodal transitions in temporal gene expressions could segregate 3 distinct transcriptional phases within the period of 14 d PNI. The 3 phases were designated as “a stress response phase”, “a pre-regeneration phase” and “a regeneration phase”, respectively, by referring to morphological observation of post-nerve-injury changes. The gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed the distinct features of biological process, cellular component and molecular function at each transcriptional phase. Moreover, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis suggested that differentially expressed genes, mainly transcription factors and genes associated with neurite/axon growth, might be integrated into regulatory networks to mediate the regulation of peripheral nerve regeneration in a highly cooperative manner.
Cardiovascular Risk in Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Authors: Warchoł-Celińska E. , Lenders J. W. M. , Januszewicz A. , Prejbisz A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAfter the first cases of primary aldosteronism were described and characterized by Conn, a substantial body of experimental and clinical evidence about the long-term effects of excess aldosterone on the cardiovascular system was gathered over the last 5 decades. The prevalence of primary aldosteronism varies considerably between different studies among hypertensive patients, depending on patient selection, the used diagnostic methods, and the severity of hypertension. Prevalence rates vary from 4.6 to 16.6% in those studies in which confirmatory tests to diagnose primary aldosteronism were used. There is also growing evidence indicating that prolonged exposure to elevated aldosterone concentrations is associated with target organ damage in the heart, kidney, and arterial wall, and high cardiovascular risk in patients with primary aldosteronism. Therefore, the aim of treatment should not be confined to BP normalization and hypokalemia correction, but rather should focus on restoring the deleterious effects of excess aldosterone on the cardiovascular system. Current evidence convincingly demonstrates that both surgical and medical treatment strategies beneficially affect cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in the long term. Further studies can be expected to provide better insight into the relationship between cardiovascular risk and complications and the genetic background of primary aldosteronism.
Proportionality in Investor-State Arbitration
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
While international investment law is one of the most dynamic and thriving fields of international law, it is increasingly criticized for failing to strike a fair balance between private property rights and the public interest. Proportionality is a tool to resolve conflicts between competing rights and interests. This book assesses its current role, its potential, and its limits in investor–State arbitration. Proportionality is often lauded for reconciling colliding interests. This book identifies three factors arbitrators should consider before engaging in a proportionality analysis: the rule of law, the risk of judicial law-making, and the availability of a value system that guides the proportionality analysis. Apart from making suggestions of when arbitrators should apply proportionality and when not, the book outlines what States can do to recalibrate the balance between private property rights and the public interest if they wish to do so without dismantling the current system of investor–State arbitration. The book considers whether and to what extent the notion of general principles of law within the meaning of Article 38(1)(c) of the ICJ Statute and the concept of systemic integration enshrined in Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provide a valid legal foundation for applying proportionality in investor–State arbitration.
Proportionality and Expropriation
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines whether and under what circumstances international investment agreement (IIA) provisions on expropriation involve a proportionality analysis. The chapter is organized as follows. Section I explains the differences between direct and indirect expropriations. It also provides a brief overview of the jurisprudence resulting from the Argentine crisis on direct expropriation. Section II introduces the different approaches of determining an indirect expropriation and their use by the tribunals in the Argentine cases. Section III discusses some policy rationales for determining the existence of an indirect expropriation by applying the principle of proportionality. Section IV examines the legal reasoning in Tecmed, which is often adduced as the ‘leading case’ when it comes to the relevance of proportionality in the context of indirect expropriation. It shows that the methodology adopted by the Tecmed tribunal is insufficient reason to resort to proportionality analysis in interpreting each and every IIA provision on expropriation. Still, the different means of treaty interpretation reflected in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) may justify the application of the principle of proportionality under certain circumstances, as Section V illustrates.
Proportionality and NPM Clauses
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter addresses one of the most effective means for States to ensure they are not liable to foreign investors when they adopt (proportionate) measures in furtherance of governmental goals in the public interest: non-precluded measures clauses (NPMs). An increasing number of international investment agreements (IIAs) contain such exception clauses for the protection of specific values such as international peace and security, labour standards, or the stability of financial systems. One of these clauses is Article XI of the USA–Argentina bilateral investment treaty (BIT), which played a key role in several of the Argentina cases. The chapter begins with an overview of the jurisprudence of arbitral tribunals and annulment committees that have analysed Article XI. It then examines the most important interpretative issues that arose in the context of Article XI, in particular whether the term ‘necessary’ in this provision triggers a proportionality analysis. It considers the consequences of a successful invocation of Article XI and analyses whether a State has to compensate foreign investors for measures that meet the requirements of Article XI and for how long a State can rely on Article XI.
Introduction to optical gain
Authors: Blood Peter 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to optical gain and to the requirements for a semiconductor structure that enables this gain to be translated into laser action. The basis of laser action is the coherent amplification of light by stimulated emission, made possible when the population of states is inverted. Although such a system is far from thermal equilibrium, the energy distributions of carriers in a semiconductor laser are in quasi-equilibrium at room temperature described by Fermi functions. The amplification process is quantified by the gain coefficient and the gain spectrum. The gain is positive when the separation of the quasi-Fermi energies for electrons and holes exceeds the photon energy; the material is transparent where the photon energy is equal to the quasi-Fermi level separation. The chapter ends with the key requirements for a laser diode structure.
Laser action
Authors: Blood Peter 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Laser action arises from round-trip, coherent amplification of light brought about by optical feedback due to reflection at the end mirrors, initiated by emission coupled into the mode specified by the spontaneous emission factor. The gain for laser action, and hence the threshold current, the emission wavelength, and the longitudinal mode spacing are given by the amplitude and phase of the laser mode in the presence of feedback. Laser action couples the photon and carrier densities through stimulated emission and this leads to a pinning of the quasi-Fermi levels and carrier density above threshold. The assumptions that underlie the definition of threshold and use of the relation between peak gain and recombination current to determine threshold are introduced. The injection efficiency, internal radiative quantum efficiency below threshold, and the internal and external differential quantum efficiencies above threshold, related by the light extraction factor, and power conversion efficiency are defined.
The classical atomic dipole oscillator
Authors: Blood Peter 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Optical gain can be regarded as the growth of an electromagnetic wave propagating through a dielectric as described by Maxwell’s equations, with electric polarisation due to dipoles induced by the field of the wave in classical atomic oscillators. The real and imaginary parts of the complex susceptibility give the amplitude gain and refractive index change respectively. Over time the phase relation between oscillation of individual dipoles is lost by collisions; this loss of coherence causes the optical response of the ensemble to be broadened in energy or wavelength. The response is also broadened by gradual energy loss (damping) causing a reduction in the amplitude of the oscillating field. These effects are characterised by time constants T22 and T1 respectively, which combine to produce homogeneous broadening with Lorentzian lineshape. Absorption by an atomic ensemble is expressed as an optical cross section of each atom.
Measurement of gain and emission
Authors: Blood Peter 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter provides a description of methods for measurement of gain and spontaneous emission spectra on laser devices in the presence of round-trip amplification by observation of emission from the end facet and observation of true spontaneous emission spectra through a transparent contact, or a contact window in the top or back of the device. Emission from the end of the laser can be analysed as a function of cavity length to give the peak gain–current relation or the gain spectrum can be obtained from Fabry–Perot fringes on the amplified spontaneous spectrum below threshold, the Hakki–Paoli method. The window emission spectrum can be transformed to a gain spectrum provided the system is in quasi-equilibrium, and in certain circumstances may be calibrated to give the radiative recombination rate.