bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Limits of World Literature
Authors: Holmes Christopher 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis essay examines recent work on world literature theory, with a particular focus on those theorists who treat individual texts as in dialogue with the circulations of linguistic and cultural translation. I treat world literature as the theory without an object and make the counterintuitive claim that its objectlessness makes it well suited for leaving behind antiquated modes of categorizing and canonizing so‐called world texts, in order to make room for new kinds of structured thinking about the world. The essay begins with an introduction to the manifold interconnections of the new world literature, including its broad overlap with fields of globalization, translation studies, comparative literature, and postcolonialism. I position four key theorists of 21st century world literature –Emily Apter,Rebecca Walkowitz,Berthold Schoene, andDavid Palumbo‐Liu– in oppositional pairs in order to show the underlying commonality in their thinking about the value of a literature of and for the world. My entry point into the “thinking machine” of the world literature text is the concept of the limit. Far from the commonplace understanding of limit as a limitation or boundary, I argue that understanding world literature at the limit allows literary texts and theory to be read as an event of thinking that is in‐process, in‐common, and incomplete, an analogue to the necessary impossibility of knowing the world.
Holocaust Trauma and Jewish Identity across Generations in Alison Pick's Far to Go
Authors: Smith Philip 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe central purpose of this paper is to outline the key concerns with regard to literature by the children and grandchildren of those Jewish individuals who lived through the Nazi killing project. This paper begins with a cross‐disciplinary survey of the issues which surround the recurring questions of Jewish identity and the right to speak on the Shoah for the second and third generation. The argument presented is that, due to the moral and logistical immensity of their subject, as well as the dominant discourse on the Holocaust, many members of the second and third generations do not feel that they are able to take ownership of, or see themselves as a part of, their family history. These themes are then explored in relation to third‐generation writer Alison Pick's novel Far to Go, looking specifically at the ways in which the novel reflects question of Jewish identity for the second and third generation.
Characterization of secreted sphingosine‐1‐phosphate lyases required for virulence and intracellular survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei
Authors: Custódio Rafael , McLean Christopher J. , Scott Andrew E. , Lowther Jonathan , Kennedy Amanda , Clarke David J. , Campopiano Dominic J. , Sarkar‐Tyson Mitali , Brown Alan R. 
Published: September 2016

SummarySphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite, plays a critical role in the orchestration of immune responses. S1P levels within the mammalian host are tightly regulated, in part through the activity of S1P lyase (S1PL) which catalyses its irreversible degradation. Herein, we describe the identification and characterization of secreted S1PL orthologues encoded by the facultative intracellular bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis. These bacterial orthologues exhibited S1PL enzymatic activity, functionally complemented an S1PL‐deficient yeast strain and conferred resistance to the antimicrobial sphingolipid D‐erythro‐sphingosine. We report that secretion of these bacterial S1PLs is pH‐dependent, and is observed during intracellular infection. S1PL‐deficient mutants displayed impaired intracellular replication in murine macrophages (associated with an inability to evade the maturing phagosome) and were significantly attenuated in murine and larval infection models. Furthermore, treatment of Burkholderia‐infected macrophages with either S1P or a selective agonist of S1P receptor 1 enhanced bacterial colocalisation with LAMP‐1 and reduced their intracellular survival. In summary, our studies confirm bacterial‐encoded S1PL as a critical virulence determinant of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis, further highlighting the pivotal role of S1P in host‐pathogen interactions. In addition, our data suggest that S1P pathway modulators have potential for the treatment of intracellular infection.
Indulgences: A New Appreciation for the Present Moment?
Authors: Robson Jo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWith the celebration of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy indulgences have once again moved to the fore of Catholic imagination, with many pilgrims availing themselves of the opportunity to pass through a Door of Mercy or ‘Holy Door’ and thereby receive the jubilee indulgence. While the practice of indulgences has experienced something of a revival in popularity during recent papacies, the precise doctrine remains largely unrehearsed and unfamiliar, simultaneously evoking strong reactions of distaste and disquiet among many as memories of medieval abuse linger on. This article sets out the precepts of the most recent authoritative teaching on indulgences, itself almost fifty years old, before exploring the theological interpretation offered by Karl Rahner and tracing its gradual and largely anonymous appropriation in papal teaching through the post‐conciliar period. With Pope Francis promoting mercy as a central theme for his papacy and ecclesial vision, the paper closes by considering how he may be proposing a further re‐appropriation of indulgences which shifts attention from their post‐mortem efficacy to their capacity to establish a Franciscan reflexivity of mercy in the contemporary church.
A SIMPLE LINEARIZATION PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING R0 FROM INVASIVE EPIDEMIC MODELS
Authors: ROSSI MARCELO MARGON , TERNES SONIA 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPlant diseases often cause yield losses in agriculture worldwide. In mathematical ecology, the concept of the basic (or basal) reproduction number, R0, has received little attention in the scientific literature related to phytopathogen transmission in plants. The spread and magnitude of outbreaks, the rate of invasion and infectivity of the etiologic agent, the contact complexities occurring among parasite and host, and its susceptibility and period of infectiousness are very important factors for epidemiological models. These mathematical models, when applied in ecology, can help to understand the spread of infections from phytopathogens (or pests) to plant hosts as well as detect potential risks of contamination or outbreaks by using the basic reproduction number in effective control strategies. In this study, the Maclaurin series concepts on the Force of Infection were applied to derive R0 expressions from generic epidemiological SIR (Susceptible‐Infected‐Removed) models. Consequently, we were able to obtain these relations from three transmission‐infection model examples. Then, once the expression of Force of Infection is known from the “infectious” problem studied, it is possible to apply this technique to formulate the R0 relation and guide practicable strategies for dispersing invasive phytopathogen controls.
Petunia hybrida PDR2 is involved in herbivore defense by controlling steroidal contents in trichomes
Authors: Sasse Joëlle , Schlegel Markus , Borghi Lorenzo , Ullrich Friederike , Lee Miyoung , Liu Guo‐Wei , Giner José‐Luis , Kayser Oliver , Bigler Laurent , Martinoia Enrico , Kretzschmar Tobias 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAs a first line of defense against insect herbivores many plants store high concentrations of toxic and deterrent secondary metabolites in glandular trichomes. Plant Pleiotropic Drug Resistance (PDR)‐type ABC transporters are known secondary metabolite transporters, and several have been implicated in pathogen or herbivore defense. Here, we report on Petunia hybrida PhPDR2 as a major contributor to trichome‐related chemical defense. PhPDR2 was found to localize to the plasma membrane and be predominantly expressed in multicellular glandular trichomes of leaves and stems. Down‐regulation of PhPDR2 via RNA interference (pdr2) resulted in a markedly higher susceptibility of the transgenic plants to the generalist foliage feeder Spodoptera littoralis. Untargeted screening of pdr2 trichome metabolite contents showed a significant decrease in petuniasterone and petuniolide content, compounds, which had previously been shown to act as potent toxins against various insects. Our findings suggest that PhPDR2 plays a leading role in controlling petuniasterone levels in leaves and trichomes of petunia, thus contributing to herbivory resistance.
Repigmentation patterns induced by NB‐UVB and their relationship with melanocytic migration and proliferation in vitiligo
Authors: Castanedo‐Cázares Juan Pablo , Cortés‐García Juan Diego , Fuentes‐Ahumada Cornelia , Martinez‐Rosales Karla , Torres‐Álvarez Bertha 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBackground/PurposeVitiligo is the most commonly acquired depigmentation disorder of the skin and is characterized by the destruction of melanocytes. Ultraviolet phototherapy with narrow band (UVB‐NB) induces proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and migration of melanocytes. The clinical repigmentation is featured by follicular, marginal, and diffuse patterns. The aim of this study was to observe the process involved in the melanocyte migration and proliferation among these patterns and the unresponsive lesions following UVB‐NB phototherapy. The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and c‐KIT were used as markers of melanocyte migration and differentiation, respectively.MethodsA total of 17 vitiligo patients under UVB‐NB therapy were selected. The patients expressed the three repigmentation patterns as well as unresponsive lesions at the conclusion of a 30‐session cycle. Skin biopsies were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and qRT‐PCR.ResultsWe found an increased expression of c‐KIT in the follicular pattern compared to the diffuse pattern that was expressed predominantly of FAK. Marginal pattern expressed both proteins. The unresponsive achromic lesions showed poor expressions of both markers.ConclusionProliferation was prominent in the follicular pattern, but migration was prominent in the diffuse pattern. For the marginal pattern, both dynamics were present. The absence of these markers in vitiligo lesions suggests a lack of response to UVB‐NB.
Spatio‐temporal Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Processes: Theory, Simulation and Statistical Inference
Authors: Nguyen Michele , Veraart Almut E. D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSpatio‐temporal modelling is an increasingly popular topic in Statistics. Our paper contributes to this line of research by developing the theory, simulation and inference for a spatio‐temporal Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. We conduct detailed simulation studies and demonstrate the practical relevance of these processes in an empirical study of radiation anomaly data. Finally, we describe how predictions can be carried out in the Gaussian setting.
Absorptive Capacity as a Mediator: Innovation of Handicraft Exporters in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Fransen Jan , Helmsing A.H.J. (Bert) 
Published: September 2016

AbstractInnovation processes in emerging economies tend to differ from those in developed countries in that a larger share of firms absorb existing knowledge. The paper assesses how firms’ absorptive capacity mediates the impact of global value chains on the innovation of handicraft exports in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The study draws three conclusions. First, the incremental innovation of craft exporters demands specific but rather mundane absorptive capacities of firms, such as language abilities and capable departments. Second, and contrary to what might be expected, the study finds that the governance modes of global value chains do not significantly affect the level of innovation. Third, a group of traders have the highest level of innovation, the highest level of absorptive capacity, and they positively affect the innovation of suppliers. Overall, the findings show that knowledge diffusion is furthered within an emerging local innovation system.
An emerging opportunistic infection: fatal astrovirus (VA1/HMO‐C) encephalitis in a pediatric stem cell transplant recipient
Authors: Lum Su Han , Turner Andrew , Guiver Malcolm , Bonney Denise , Martland Timorthy , Davies Emma , Newbould Melanie , Brown Julianne , Morfopoulou Sofia , Breuer Judith , Wynn Robert 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNeuroinvasive astrovirus (VA1‐HMO‐C) is an emerging life‐threatening infection in immunocompromised hosts. We describe an 8‐month‐old child who died of VA1/HMO‐C encephalitis following bone marrow transplantation. The diagnosis was only made post‐mortem using RNA deep sequencing of the brain. Repeat analysis of the post‐mortem brain tissue using polymerase chain reaction specific primers for VA1/HMO‐C was positive. Astrovirus VA1/HMO‐C should be included in the evaluation of patients with similar encephalitis.
Reconsidering Carbon Permits Auction Mechanism: An Efficient Dynamic Model
Authors: Wang Mingrong , Wang Mingxi , Lang Lihua 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOne of major concerns for China and developing countries is the new international trade rule concerning carbon emissions, which one needs to know its suitable mechanism and the possible implication on China's carbon trading market. Precisely, in an emission‐and‐trade scheme, an important question is whether the auction outcome is efficient, since this is closely related with the economic costs of emissions reduction. Due to the unique features of carbon permits, existing auction mechanisms do not seem to be suitable for their distribution. Inspired by the tâtonnement process, this paper proposes a new auction mechanism for them. For both practical application and theoretical extension, the discrete and continuous situations are examined, respectively. The result shows that the proposed auction converges to Pareto optimal equilibria, and that without ties, the equilibrium is unique. For bidders, the straightforward bidding strategy is the most preferred one, in the sense that the strategy makes them avoid the risk of loss. Intuitively, the auctioneer's utility is increasing in the number of bidders, while bidders’ pay‐off is increasing in permits. To a certain extent, the proposed auction mechanism resolves the confliction between efficiency and revenue in the multi‐item auction theory, while it increases people's understanding for carbon emission auction mechanism design.
Induction of Robust Immune Responses in Swine by Using a Cocktail of Adenovirus-Vectored African Swine Fever Virus Antigens
Authors: Lokhandwala Shehnaz , Waghela Suryakant D. , Bray Jocelyn , Martin Cameron L. , Sangewar Neha , Charendoff Chloe , Shetti Rashmi , Ashley Clay , Chen Chang-Hsin , Berghman Luc R. , Mwangi Duncan , Dominowski Paul J. , Foss Dennis L. , Rai Sharath , Vora Shaunak , Gabbert Lindsay , Burrage Thomas G. , Brake David , Neilan John , Mwangi Waithaka 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in domestic swine, and at present no treatment or vaccine is available. Natural and gene-deleted, live attenuated strains protect against closely related virulent strains; however, they are yet to be deployed and evaluated in the field to rule out chronic persistence and a potential for reversion to virulence. Previous studies suggest that antibodies play a role in protection, but induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) could be the key to complete protection. Hence, generation of an efficacious subunit vaccine depends on identification of CTL targets along with a suitable delivery method that will elicit effector CTLs capable of eliminating ASFV-infected host cells and confer long-term protection. To this end, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of an adenovirus-vectored ASFV (Ad-ASFV) multiantigen cocktail formulated in two different adjuvants and at two immunizing doses in swine. Immunization with the cocktail rapidly induced unprecedented ASFV antigen-specific antibody and cellular immune responses against all of the antigens. The robust antibody responses underwent rapid isotype switching within 1 week postpriming, steadily increased over a 2-month period, and underwent rapid recall upon boost. Importantly, the primed antibodies strongly recognized the parental ASFV (Georgia 2007/1) by indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) assay and Western blotting. Significant antigen-specific gamma interferon-positive (IFN-γ+) responses were detected postpriming and postboosting. Furthermore, this study is the first to demonstrate induction of ASFV antigen-specific CTL responses in commercial swine using Ad-ASFV multiantigens. The relevance of the induced immune responses in regard to protection needs to be evaluated in a challenge study.
Evaluation of a Semiquantitative Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Method for Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Positive Blood Cultures
Authors: Jung Jette S. , Hamacher Christina , Gross Birgit , Sparbier Katrin , Lange Christoph , Kostrzewa Markus , Schubert Sören 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
With the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, rapid identification of the pathogen and its individual antibiotic resistance is crucial to ensure adequate antiinfective treatment at the earliest time point. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for the identification of bacteria directly from the blood culture bottle has been widely established; however, there is still an urgent need for new methods that permit rapid resistance testing. Recently, a semiquantitative MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry-based method for the prediction of antibiotic resistance was described. We evaluated this method for detecting nonsusceptibility against two β-lactam and two non-β-lactam antibiotics. A collection of 30 spiked blood cultures was tested for nonsusceptibility against gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, 99 patient-derived blood cultures were tested for nonsusceptibility against cefotaxime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ciprofloxacin in parallel with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification from the blood culture fluid. The assay correctly classified all isolates tested for nonsusceptibility against gentamicin and cefotaxime. One misclassification for ciprofloxacin nonsusceptibility and five misclassifications for piperacillin-tazobactam nonsusceptibility occurred. Identification of the bacterium and prediction of nonsusceptibility was possible within approximately 4 h.
Disk Diffusion Testing for Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci: Does Moxalactam Improve upon Cefoxitin?
Authors: Bonjean Marie , Hodille Elisabeth , Dumitrescu Oana , Dupieux Céline , Nkoud Mongo Christina , Allam Camille , Beghin Mathilde , Paris Mickael , Borrel Ophelie , Chardon Hubert , Laurent Fréderic , Rasigade Jean-Philippe , Lina Gerard 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Disk diffusion testing is widely used to detect methicillin resistance in staphylococci, and cefoxitin is currently considered the best marker for
mecA
-mediated methicillin resistance. In low-inoculum diffusion testing (colony suspension at 10
6
CFU/ml), the addition of moxalactam in combination with cefoxitin has been reported to improve on cefoxitin alone for the detection of methicillin-heteroresistant staphylococci. However, moxalactam is absent from EUCAST and CLSI guidelines, which use high-inoculum diffusion testing (colony suspension at 10
8
CFU/ml), calling into question the potential interest of including moxalactam in their recommendations. The inhibition zone diameters of cefoxitin and moxalactam, alone and in combination, were evaluated for concordance with
mecA
and
mecC
positivity in a large collection of clinical
Staphylococcus
isolates (611
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Staphylococcus
lugdunensis
, and
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
isolates and 307 coagulase-negative staphylococci other than
S. lugdunensis
and
S. saprophyticus
isolates, of which 22% and 53% were
mecA
-positive, respectively) and in 25
mecC
-positive
S. aureus
isolates using high-inoculum diffusion testing. Receiver operating characteristic, sensitivity, and specificity analyses indicated that the detection of
mecA
- and
mecC
-positive and negative isolates did not improve with moxalactam, either alone or in combination with cefoxitin, compared to cefoxitin alone. These findings were similar in both the
S. aureus
/
S. lugdunensis
/
S. saprophyticus
group and in the coagulase-negative staphylococci group. Our results do not support the use of moxalactam as an additional marker of methicillin resistance when testing with high-inoculum disk diffusion.
Comparison of PCR-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry with 16S rRNA PCR and Amplicon Sequencing for Detection of Bacteria in Excised Heart Valves
Authors: Peeters Bart , Herijgers Paul , Beuselinck Kurt , Peetermans Willy E. , Herregods Marie-Christin , Desmet Stefanie , Lagrou Katrien 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Identification of the causative pathogen of infective endocarditis (IE) is crucial for adequate management and therapy. A broad-range PCR-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR-ESI-MS) technique was compared with broad-spectrum 16S rRNA PCR and amplicon sequencing (16S rRNA PCR) for the detection of bacterial pathogens in 40 heart valves obtained from 34 definite infective endocarditis patients according to the modified Duke criteria and six nonendocarditis patients. Concordance between the two molecular techniques was 98% for being positive or negative, 97% for concordant identification up to the genus level, and 77% for concordant identification up to the species level. Sensitivity for detecting the causative pathogen (up to the genus level) in excised heart valves was 88% for 16S rRNA PCR and 85% for PCR-ESI-MS; the specificity was 83% for both methods. The two molecular techniques were significantly more sensitive than valve culture (18%) and accurately identified bacteria in excised heart valves. In eight patients with culture-negative IE, the following results were obtained: concordant detection of
Coxiella burnetii
(
n
= 2),
Streptococcus gallolyticus
(
n
= 1),
Propionibacterium acnes
(
n
= 1), and viridans group streptococci (
n
= 1) by both molecular tests, detection of
P. acnes
by PCR-ESI-MS whereas the 16S rRNA PCR was negative (
n
= 1), and a false-negative result by both molecular techniques (
n
= 2). In one case of IE caused by viridans streptococci, PCR-ESI-MS was positive for
Enterococcus
spp. The advantages of PCR-ESI-MS compared to 16S rRNA PCR are its automated workflow and shorter turnaround times.
Expansion of Comprehensive Screening of Male Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic Attendees with Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis Molecular Assessment: a Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Munson Erik , Wenten David , Jhansale Sheila , Schuknecht Mary Kay , Pantuso Nicki , Gerritts Joshua , Steward Aaron , Munson Kimber L. , Napierala Maureen , Hamer Deb 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Of 1,493 encounters of males at a sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic in a community with a high prevalence of STI,
Chlamydia trachomatis
was detected in 8.7% and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
was detected in 6.6%. Additional
Trichomonas vaginalis
and
Mycoplasma genitalium
screening found 17.4% and 23.9% of the encounters, respectively, to be positive for STI. STI agents were detected in 13.7% of urine specimens; addition of pharyngeal and rectal collections to the analysis resulted in detection of STI agents in 19.0% and 23.9% of encounters, respectively. A total of 101 (23.8%) encounters of identified STI involved sole detection of
M. genitalium
. Expansion of the STI analyte panel (including
M. genitalium
) and additional specimen source sampling within a comprehensive STI screening program increase identification of male STI carriers.