bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
509 Growth and health of Holstein and Holstein x Angus calves from birth to the end of the grower phase
Authors: Chapelain Titouan , McCarthy Hannah , Kovacs Melinda , Innes David , Wood Katharine M , Duarte Marcio S , Renaud David , Steele Michael A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Feedlot growth performance and carcass traits often differ between Holstein and dairy-beef crossbred calves. However, little is known about their performance and health during the growing phase when reared under similar conditions. This study aimed to compare purebred Holstein (n = 20) and Holstein x Angus crossbred (n = 20) steers from birth until the end of the grower phase. Male calves sourced from one commercial farm arrived at a calf rearing facility at 4.7 ± 1.94 d of age. Calves were fed milk replacer (24 % CP, 20% fat) twice daily at 12 % of birth body weight (BW) for the first 2 wk after arrival and 15 % BW thereafter until wk 6. Calves were gradually weaned from wk 7 to 9. Calves were offered starter (21 % CP, 28% starch) ad libitum until wk 12, and were fed a grower diet (15 % CP, 56 % starch) until wk 32. Milk intake was recorded daily and starter intake on a weekly basis. Once on the growing diet, feed intake was recorded daily using automated feed bins (Roughage Intake Control system, Hokofarm Group). Until wk 12, fecal and respiratory scores were recorded twice daily to estimate the incidence of disease, BW was measured weekly and frame measurements (hip and wither heights, and heart and chest girth) were recorded on wk 4, 7 and 12. From wk 12 to 32, BW and frame measurements were recorded monthly. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4), with breed as fixed, and calf and time as random effects. There were no differences between breeds in initial BW (P = 0.69), proportion of days with diarrhea (P = 0.21) or respiratory disease (P = 0.11), intake of milk (P = 0.45), starter (P = 0.83) or grower diet (P = 0.28). Crossbred calves tended to have greater average daily gain during the rearing phase (P = 0.07) and were growing 250 g/d faster than Holstein calves throughout the growing phase (P &lt; 0.01). Thus, at the end of the growing phase, crossbred calves were 33.5 kg heavier than Holstein calves and had a better feed conversion rate (P &lt; 0.01). During the growing phase, crossbred calves had larger heart and chest girths (P &lt; 0.01) than Holstein calves, whereas hip and wither heights were higher (P &lt; 0.01) for Holstein calves throughout the study. Overall, crossbred calves had greater average daily gain and improved feed conversion rate than Holstein calves during the growing phase, but it remains unknown if these differences will affect their feedlot performance.
497 Amylase supplementation influences nutrient digestibility regardless of corn type in broiler chicken diets
Authors: Vieira Vivian , de Dias Isabella C , dos Santos Marley C , Senger Geovani C , Moreno Filipe A , Maiorka Alex , de Oliveira Simone G 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Corn is the primary energy supply in the broiler chicken diet. Physical and nutritional characteristics related to corn endosperm can affect nutrient utilization, as well as the inclusion of exogenous enzymes. This study aimed to evaluate two different corn types classified according to endosperm traits in diets for broiler chickens supplemented or not with amylase. Male broiler chickens (n = 360; 1-d old Cobb 500) were allocated in metabolic battery cages and randomly assigned in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (2 corn types; 2 amylase doses: 0 and 90 g/t of diet). A hardness test was performed to categorize and classify each corn type according to breakage force. Corn endosperms were assessed through scanning electron microscopy to investigate structure variations of starch granules. From 19 to 21 d, excreta samples were collected to estimate apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of nutrients and apparent metabolizable energy (AME). On d 26, ileal digesta content was collected to determine apparent ileal nutrients digestibility (AID) and ileal digestible energy (IDE). Data were analyzed using the Student t-test for hardness test (P &lt; 0.05). The Tukey test was performed with a significance declared of 5% to compare the averages obtained for ATTR and AID using the GLM procedure on R Software. Differences were observed in the hardness test (P &lt; 0.05), which classified each corn type either as hard (217 N) or soft (166 N; Table 1). The SEM highlighted structural variations between the floury and vitreous endosperm of each corn. In soft corn, starch granules were more dispersed in the floury endosperm, with a less dense distribution observed in the vitreous endosperm compared with hard corn (Figure 1). However, hard corn exhibited a more compact starch granules distribution in both floury and vitreous endosperm. No differences were observed (P &gt; 0.05) in ATTR of dry matter, crude protein, or AME attributed to corn type, but amylase supplementation improved ATTR of dry matter (P = 0.015) and crude protein (P = 0.020; Table 2). On AID, corn type affected (P = 0.041) dry matter coefficient, and amylase supplementation significantly improved dry matter (P = 0.019), crude protein ileal digestibility (P = 0.012), and IDE (P = 0.018). No interactions between corn type and amylase supplementation were observed (P &gt; 0.05). These findings demonstrated that amylase supplemented in broiler diets impacts nutrient utilization regardless of the corn type used.
495 Comparison of two internal markers and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for predicting nutrient digestibility in beef cattle offered diets varying in forage quantity and quality
Authors: Peters Jenilee F , Swift Mary Lou , Penner Gregory , Lardner H (Bart) A , McAllister Tim A , Ribeiro Gabriel O 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate acid detergent lignin (ADL), and amylase-treated ash-corrected undigestible neutral detergent fiber after 240 h of ruminal in vitro incubation (uNDF), and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) scanning of feces as methods to estimate the digestibility of diets varying in forage quantity and quality when fed to beef cattle. Five total collection (TC) digestibility studies examined 17 different diets and provided individual fecal samples and the corresponding apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients (n = 229). Feed, orts, and fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), amylase-treated ash-corrected neutral detergent fiber (aNDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ADL, and uNDF. Previously developed fecal NIRS digestibility calibrations were expanded with dried and ground samples using a FOSS D3F scanning monochromator (FOSS, Eden Prairie, MN). Marker estimated and NIRS predicted nutrient digestibility coefficients were regressed against those determined by TC and goodness-of-fit statistics were applied. Mean concentrations of ADL and uNDF in diets ranged from 23.4 to 96.4 g/kg DM and 67.7 to 200 g/kg DM, respectively, with mean fecal recoveries of 94.2% (SD ± 15.7%) for ADL and 87.5% (SD ± 11.1%) for uNDF. Regression fit statistics between NIRS and TC were not different from one (P &gt; 0.05), with R2 &gt; 0.83 except for ADF digestibility (R2 = 0.63). In comparison, regression statistics between internal markers and TC were poorer with R2 ranging from 0.21 to 0.78. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) between NIRS and TC were greater than 0.90 for DM, OM, N, and aNDFom digestibility, and 0.77 for ADF digestibility. The CCC between ADL and TC ranged between 0.63 and 0.82, and between uNDF and TC from 0.26 to 0.78. Correction bias (Cb) was high for all parameters (Cb &gt; 0.76) except for ADF digestibility (Cb = 0.58) as estimated by uNDF. The mean square error of prediction (MSEP) for NIRS predicted digestibility were lower (&lt; 10.7%) than those estimated by internal markers, and most of the error was attributed to random bias (&gt; 97.9%). Random bias for ADL was also greater (&gt;76.1%); however, for uNDF the error was more evenly partitioned into mean bias (46.4% to 49.4%) and random bias (30.4 to 41.9%). Digestibility predictions from NIRS scanning of feces were more accurate and precise than when estimated using the internal markers ADL and uNDF. In the absence of NIRS, ADL estimations appear to be more precise and accurate than uNDF for forage-based diets, with uNDF possibly of greater value for estimating the digestibility of high concentrate diets.
494 Long-term effects of canola meal inclusion in gestation and lactation diets on sow and piglet performance over two reproductive cycles
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxiao , Nyachoti C Martin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted to determine the long-term effects of dietary canola meal (CM) inclusion as the main protein source in gestation and lactation diets on sow and litter performance. Sows (n = 68) from two baches were randomly allotted 1 of 2 diets on d 80 of pregnancy. The two diets were a corn-barley and soybean meal control diet (CTRL) and a corn-barley and CM treatment diet (CCM). All diets were formulated to be similar in standardized ileal digestible amino acid and net energy contents. Sow body weight (BW) and backfat (BF) thickness were determined on d 1, 35, 80, and 111 of pregnancy, on d 1 and 21 post-farrowing. Piglets were weighed on d 0 and at weaning (d 21). Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 for a randomized complete block design with repeated measures. Over the two reproductive cycles, dietary treatments did not influence sow BW and BF thickness on d 80 and 111 of pregnancy, as well as d 1 and 21 post-farrowing (P &gt; 0.10). However, sows fed the CCM diet had less (P &lt; 0.05) BW and BF thickness on d 1 and 35 of pregnancy in the second reproductive cycle than sows fed the CTRL diet. The CCM diet decreased gestation gain from d 80 to d 111 of pregnancy compared with the CTRL diet over the two reproductive cycles (P &lt; 0.05). No dietary effect on litter size or litter performance was found during the experimental period (P &gt; 0.10). However, reproductive cycle had significant effects (P &lt; 0.05) on BW gain and BF thickness from d 80 to 111 of pregnancy as well as BW and BF thickness on d 1 of lactation. In addition, litter weight at birth and after cross-fostering were significantly improved during the second reproductive cycle compared with the first cycle (P &lt; 0.05). An interaction between dietary treatment and reproductive cycle on BW gain and BW on d 1 of lactation was observed (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, feeding gestation and lactation diets containing CM as the main protein source to sows over two reproductive cycles supported similar sow reproductive and litter performance as the control.
488 Evaluation of the newly developed value-added blended fat stimulated feed product (BFSFP): Comparison with commercial protein and energy feeds on invitro fermentation characteristics
Authors: Ihsan Umair , Prates Luciana , Lardner H (Bart) A , Newkirk Rex N , Rodriguez E. Maria E , Yu Peiqiang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to compare the nutritional fractions of a newly developed blended fat stimulated feed product (BFSFP) with traditional feed sources as barley grain and canola meal in terms of DM digestibility, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) using the in vitro batch culture method. Data were analyzed using “Mixed Procedure” of SAS software (SAS Institute, Inc., 2004) using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The CRD model assumption test was carried out using Proc Univariate with Normal and Plot option. Multi treatment comparison was carried out using Tukey’s method. Significance was declared at P &lt; 0.05 and tendency at 0.05 &lt; P &lt; 0.10. In terms of NDF digestibility, the newly developed BFSFP was not significantly different from the commercial protein feed [i.e., canola meal and energy feeds (barley)]. At 6 h of incubation the NDF digestibility was 4.98% while the NDF digestibility of barley was 15.32% and canola meal was 9.70%. Similarly at 48 h of incubation NDF digestibility of BPSFP was 45.95% which was not significantly different from barley feed having digestibility 47.22% and canola meal 45.68%. Moreover, in terms of dry matter digestibility (DMD) the BFSFP was significantly different from commercial barley and canola meal. At 6 h of incubation the dry matter digestibility of BFSFP was 46.31% which was greater than canola meal (42.13%) but less than barley (55.19%) at P &gt; 0.05. However, at 48 h of incubation the BFSFP (73.98%) was significantly less from both canola meal (80.04) and barely (90%) at P &gt; 0.05. In terms of VFA, BFSF had an intermediate acetate proportion (48.89 mol/100 mol) compared with canola meal and barley feed (50.35 and 45.90 mol/100 mol), respectively P &gt; 0.05. Propionate was greater for barley feed (29.39 mol/100 mol) than BFSF and canola meal (25.43 and 23.19), respectively P &gt; 0.05. Butyrate was similar for BFSFP and barley feed (13.00 mol/100 mol) and greater than canola meal (10.97 mol/100 mol) at P &gt; 0.05. BFSFP showed an intermediate total VFA concentration (60.12 mMol/L) compared with barley feed (65.69 mMol/L) and canola meal (56.15 mMol/L) at P &gt; 0.05.
480 The effect of parity on the quality of colostrum, internal parasite load, and postnatal development of Holstein calves
Authors: Mendoza Andrea García , Hernández Milagros González , Vega Manríquez Delia Xochil , Félix Santiago Erika J , Rosales Nieto Cesar A , Perez Barba Maria del Refugio 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This research aimed to associate the effect of the parity number of the mother on the transfer of immunity, internal parasite load, and weaning weight of the female progeny. Calves that receive sufficient and good quality colostrum shortly after birth present improved passive immunity, vital for optimum calf health and future production. Management practices and the parity of the dam can influence colostrum composition, leading to an unsuccessful transfer of passive immunity and an increased incidence of infectious agents, which increases diarrhea and, thus, morbidity or mortality in newborn calves. The study included 90 animals, Holstein cows and their female progeny that were distributed into three groups according to the dam parity: first (n = 15 + 15), second (n = 15 + 15), and third (n = 15 + 15) parity. Immediately after birth, birth weight was recorded, and colostrum immunoglobulins (IgG) were determined by colostrometer and refractometry. The chemical composition (fat, protein, and non-fat solids) of the colostrum was determined using a milk analyzer (Ekomilk, Milkana KAM 98-2A, Satara Maharashtra) according to the manufacturer for cow milk. The calves consumed 10% of their birth weight of colostrum from their respective mother. Fecal samples were collected at 0 and 30 d of age and assessed for internal parasites (coccidia). Our preliminary results indicate that calves from dams from third parity were heavier at birth (P &lt; 0.001; Table 1). The specific gravity of the bovine colostrum was similar among groups (P &gt; 0.05). IgG concentration in colostrum tended to differ among groups by the refractometry (P = 0.08; Table 1), but not by colostrometer (P &gt; 0.05; Table 1). The density and protein content in colostrum differed among groups, favoring dams from third parity (P &lt; 0.05; Table 1). Fat content in colostrum was greater in dams from first parity (P &lt; 0.01; Table 1); but not non-fat solids (P &gt; 0.05; Table 1). The internal parasite load and incidence of coccidia at 30 d of age did not differ among groups (P &gt; 0.05). Our preliminary conclusions indicate that the fat content in colostrum was greater in first-parity dams than in third-parity dams, perhaps due to a dilution effect. The difference in birth weight is possibly due to maternal body weight. The greater weight at birth, IgG content in colostrum and the better colostrum quality from third-parity dams led to healthier calves at 30 d of age. More research is needed to elucidate if these conditions remain up to weaning and in their first insemination.
481 Impacts of breeding method on metabolic profile, progesterone concentration, and pregnancy rates in dairy goats
Authors: Kolikapongu Ramya Sri , Namani Sharath Chandra , Schauston Miller , Singh Mahipal , Kouakou Brou , Moawad Adel R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Understanding the distinctions between natural breeding and artificial insemination (AI) in goats empowers farmers and reproductive specialists to make informed decisions regarding breeding management. The precise synchronization of estrous in goats is crucial to achieve proper timing for AI. AI in goats requires technical expertise and can be difficult because goats are not always amenable to synchronization protocols. We previously reported that prostaglandin (PG)F2α alone could be used effectively for estrous synchronization in goats compared with PGF2α plus gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Our aim was to compare the breeding method (natural breeding vs. AI) on the metabolic profile, progesterone concentrations, and pregnancy outcomes of dairy goats. Mixed breed (Alpine and Saanen) mature does (n = 29; 3.9 ± 0.28 yr of age) were subjected to estrous synchronization by receiving two injections of 10 mg PGF2α on d 0 and d 11 per goat. Thirty-six hours after the second PGF2α injection, goats were either naturally bred (n = 14) with the same breed mature buck or artificially inseminated (n = 15) with frozen/thawed semen using cervical AI. Blood samples were collected on d 12 and 21 post-breeding (PB) for measuring cholesterol, glucose, and triglyceride concentrations. Furthermore, progesterone concentrations were estimated on plasma samples collected on d 3, 9, 15, and 21 PB. Pregnancy specific protein B (PSB) concentrations were also detected on d 28, 35 and 42 PB. Data were presented as means ± S.E. and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, followed by post hoc Tukey’s test. Results showed that, cholesterol concentrations on d 12 PB was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in natural breeding than AI groups. However, no significant differences were observed in glucose and triglyceride concentrations between the 2 breeding methods. Progesterone concentration was greater (P ≤ 0.05) on d 15 PB in natural breeding than AI groups. PSB was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in natural breeding than AI groups at all time points. Pregnancy rates as detected by ultrasonography on d 50 PB were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in natural breeding than AI groups (71.4% vs. 13.3%, respectively). Furthermore, the kidding rates were greater in natural breeding than AI groups (128.6% vs. 20.0%, respectively). The percentage of female kids was greater than male (66.6% vs. 33.3%, respectively) in both breeding methods. In conclusion, our findings suggest that PGF2α alone as an estrous synchronization protocol combined with natural breeding was more effective than the use of AI after estrous synchronization. Nevertheless, further approaches are required to improve the success rates of AI in dairy goats.
485 Impact of annual and perennial forage systems on forage biomass and quality, steer performance, and enteric methane emissions
Authors: Sammons Jourdyn , Damiran Daalkhaijav , Rinas Crystal , Helgason Bobbi , Kelln Breeanna , Lardner H (Bart) A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Beef producers require forage options that provide adequate yield and high nutritive value, optimizing the production and sustainability of grazing operations. Few multiple year studies within Canada compare novel perennial and annual grass legume blends under grazing. This study evaluated the effects of perennial and annual forage systems on forage biomass and quality, grazing animal performance, and enteric emissions. Forage treatments included 1) AC Success hybrid bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm. × Bromus inermis Leyss.) + PS3006 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; HBG-ALF), 2) AC Armada meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm.) + AAC Mountainview sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.; MBG-SF), 3) AC Hazlet fall rye (Secale cereale L.) + Frosty berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.; FR-CLOV), and 4) Winfred forage brassica (Brassica oleracea L.× Brassica rapa L.) + Gorilla forage brassica (Brassica napus L.) + 4010 pea (Pisum sativum L.) + CDC Austenson barley (Hordeum vulgare L.; BR-PE-BRAS). Yearling beef steers [n = 120, body weight (BW) = 397 ± 10 kg] were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 replicated (n = 3) forage systems for an average of 65 d grazing period amongst the 12 paddocks. Dry matter yield (DMY) was similar (P = 0.33) between BR-PE-BRAS (2,170 kg/ha) and HBG-ALF (1938 kg/ha), which were greater (P &lt; 0.0001) than both MBG-SF (1030 kg/ha) and FR-CLOV (700 kg/ha) systems. Total digestible nutrient content (TDN) of FR-CLOV (63.6%) and BR-PEA-BRASS (62.0%) was greater (P &lt; 0.0001) than both MBG-SF (51.7%) and HBG-ALF (49.3%) forages. Crude protein (CP) was greatest in FR-CLOV (15.2% P = 0.0012) intermediate in BR-PEA-BRASS (10.0%) and HBG-ALF (8.5%), and least in MBG-SF (6.6%). Steer performance was greatest when grazing HBG-ALF (87 kg/ha) paddocks, which was similar (P = 0.31) to FR-CLOV (62 kg/ha) and similar (P = 0.10) MBG-SF (51 kg/ha), but greater (P = 0.01) than BAR-PEA-BRASS (26 kg/ha). Enteric methane concentration from steers was the least when grazing BR-PE-BRAS (19.7g/kg DMI), followed by FR-CLOV (22.4g/kg DMI), MBG-SF (23.4g/kg DMI) and finally HBG-ALF (28.1g/kg DMI). In summary, BR-PE-BRAS and HBG-ALF forage systems provided the greatest DMY, while steer average daily gain (ADG) grazing HBG-ALF forage outperformed steers on BR-PE-BRAS paddocks. Forage energy and protein was greater in annual forage systems FR-CLOV and BR-PE-BRAS, compared with perennial forage systems. Enteric methane levels were the lowest in the steers grazing BR-PE-BRAS forage.
318 A 99-year journey on the development of Canadian forages for livestock production
Authors: McGeough Emma J , Acharya Surya 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Perennial and annual forages are important feed ingredients in production of livestock in Canada. Cattle, bison, sheep and other ruminants play a key role in converting human inedible fiber from forages and other crops into high quality protein and energy for human consumption. Focusing on the cattle sector, this presentation will examine the development of forages in the Canadian landscape for the production of beef cattle for both grazing and feeding under confinement. This will include evaluating the implications on animal productivity and health, economic viability and environmental sustainability including greenhouse gas emissions, as well as land and water use. We will explore mechanisms by which grassland management has improved, how the breeding and development of perennial and annual forage varieties has improved nutritive value, increased yield, and lowered anti-nutritional factors to reduce the occurrence of metabolic disorders, all of which have been critical to the constant goal of improving the success and competitiveness of beef production. The paradigm of forage production has been further pushed in recent decades to extend the grazing season to maintain cattle on pasture during the fall and winter seasons during which both standing and conserved forages may be used. The use of novel forages and new ways in which to use existing forages in a bid to decrease overwintering costs has been critical to enhance the success of the cow-calf sector. Forage production has faced significant challenges with the increased pressure from production of high value annual crops and frequency of extreme weather events which presents ever growing tribulations for beef producers. Perennial forages, however, offer advantages for environmental resiliency such as carbon sequestration, water conservation, and prevention of soil erosion that may offer important opportunities to address these challenges.