bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safe-Play Knowledge, Aggression, and Head-Impact Biomechanics in Adolescent Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Schmidt Julianne D. , Pierce Alice F. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Register-Mihalik Johna K. , Pamukoff Derek N. , Mihalik Jason P. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Addressing safe-play knowledge and player aggression could potentially improve ice hockey sport safety.
Objectives: To compare (1) safe-play knowledge and aggression between male and female adolescent ice hockey players and (2) head-impact frequency and severity between players with high and low levels of safe-play knowledge and aggression during practices and games.
Design: Cohort study.
Setting: On field.
Patients or Other Participants: Forty-one male (n = 29) and female (n = 12) adolescent ice hockey players.
Intervention(s): Players completed the Safe Play Questionnaire (0 = less knowledge, 7 = most knowledge) and Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale (12 = less aggressive, 60 = most aggressive) at midseason. Aggressive penalty minutes were recorded throughout the season. The Head Impact Telemetry System was used to capture head-impact frequency and severity (linear acceleration [g], rotational acceleration [rad/s2], Head Impact Technology severity profile) at practices and games.
Main Outcome Measure(s): One-way analyses of variance were used to compare safe play knowledge and aggression between sexes. Players were categorized as having high or low safe-play knowledge and aggression using a median split. A 2 × 2 mixed-model analysis of variance was used to compare head-impact frequency, and random-intercept general linear models were used to compare head-impact severity between groups (high, low) and event types (practice, game).
Results: Boys (5.8 of 7 total; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.3, 6.3) had a trend toward better safe-play knowledge compared with girls (4.9 of 7 total; 95% CI = 3.9, 5.9; F1,36 = 3.40, P = .073). Less aggressive male players sustained significantly lower head rotational accelerations during practices (1512.8 rad/s2, 95% CI = 1397.3, 1637.6 rad/s2) versus games (1754.8 rad/s2, 95% CI = 1623.9, 1896.2 rad/s2) and versus high-aggression players during practices (1773.5 rad/s2, 95% CI = 1607.9, 1956.3 rad/s2; F1,26 = 6.04, P = .021).
Conclusions: Coaches and sports medicine professionals should ensure that athletes of all levels, ages, and sexes have full knowledge of safe play and should consider aggression interventions for reducing head-impact severity among aggressive players during practice.
Variability in Institutional Screening Practices Related to Collegiate Student-Athlete Mental Health
Authors: Kroshus Emily 
Published: September 2016

Context: Universal screening for mental health concerns, as part of the preparticipation examination in collegiate sports medicine settings, can be an important and feasible strategy for facilitating early detection of mental health disorders.
Objective: To assess whether sports medicine departments at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) member colleges have policies related to identifying student-athlete mental health problems, the nature of preparticipation examination screening related to mental health, and whether other departmental or institutional screening initiatives are in place. I also aimed to characterize the variability in screening by institutional characteristics.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Setting: College sports medicine departments.
Patients or Other Participants: Team physicians and head athletic trainers at NCAA member colleges (n = 365, 30.3% response rate).
Main Outcome Measure(s): Electronic survey of departmental mental health screening activities.
Results: A total of 39% of respondents indicated that their institution had a written plan related to identifying student-athletes with mental health concerns. Fewer than half reported that their sports medicine department administers a written or verbal screening instrument for symptoms of disordered eating (44.5%), depression (32.3%), or anxiety (30.7%). The strongest predictors of mental health screening were the presence of a written plan related to identifying student-athlete mental health concerns and the employment of a clinical psychologist. Additionally, Division I institutions and institutions with a greater ratio of athletic trainers to student-athletes tended to engage in more screening.
Conclusions: The substantial among-institutions variability in mental health screening suggests that opportunities exist to make these practices more widespread. To address this variability, recent NCAA mental health best-practice guidelines suggested that institutions should screen for a range of mental health disorders and risk behaviors. However, at some institutions, staffing deficits may need to be addressed to allow for implementation of screening-related activities.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Athletes: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Authors: Houston Megan N. , Hoch Matthew C. , Hoch Johanna M. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after injury is important. Differences in HRQOL between nonathletes and athletes and between injured and uninjured athletes have been demonstrated; however, the evidence has not been synthesized.Objective: To answer the following questions: (1) Does HRQOL differ among adolescent and collegiate athletes and nonathletes? (2) Does HRQOL differ between injured adolescent and collegiate athletes or between athletes with a history of injury and uninjured athletes or those without a history of injury?Data Sources: We systematically searched CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and PubMed. A hand search of references was also conducted.Study Selection: Studies were included if they used generic instruments to compare HRQOL outcomes between athletes and nonathletes and between uninjured and injured athletes. Studies were excluded if they did not use a generic instrument, pertained to instrument development, or included retired athletes or athletes with a chronic disease.Data Extraction: We assessed study quality using the modified Downs and Black Index Tool. Bias-corrected Hedges g effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) was used to determine the overall strength of the recommendation. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed for all studies using the composite or total score.Data Synthesis: Eight studies with modified Downs and Black scores ranging from 70.6% to 88.4% were included. For question 1, the overall random-effects meta-analysis was weak (effect size = 0.27, 95% confidence interval = 0.14, 0.40; P &lt; .001). For question 2, the overall random-effects meta-analysis was moderate (effect size = 0.68, 95% confidence interval = 0.42, 0.95; P &lt; .001).Conclusions: Grade A evidence indicates that athletes reported better HRQOL than nonathletes and that uninjured athletes reported better HRQOL than injured athletes. However, the overall effect for question 1 was weak, suggesting that the differences between athletes and nonathletes may not be clinically meaningful. Clinicians should monitor HRQOL after injury to ensure that all dimensions of health are appropriately treated.
Personality Traits and Burnout Among Athletic Trainers Employed in the Collegiate Setting
Authors: Barrett Jessica , Eason Christianne M. , Lazar Rhyan , Mazerolle Stephanie M. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Burnout, a psychological state of mental weariness that occurs when work stresses become overwhelming, has frequently been documented in athletic trainers and has been hypothesized to affect professional retention. Experiences of burnout may be influenced by individual-level factors such as gender or personality, though few researchers have investigated such interactions in athletic trainers.Objective: To investigate the relationship between personalities, as measured by the Big Five Personality Inventory, and burnout.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: Online Web-based survey.Patients or Other Participants: A total of 189 athletic trainers working in the collegiate setting, 65 men (34.4%) and 124 women (65.6%), with an average of 5 ± 3 years certified and 2.5 ± 2 years working in their current position.Main Outcome Measure(s): Data were collected using a Web-based survey instrument consisting of 3 sections: (1) demographics, (2) burnout survey, and (3) Big Five Personality Inventory. Likert responses for the burnout score were summed. Independent t tests, Pearson correlations, and multiple regressions were calculated to evaluate the relationships between demographics and burnout and between burnout and personality.Results: This group of athletic trainers experienced moderate burnout, regardless of gender. A weak negative correlation was present between burnout score and both agreeableness and extraversion. A weak positive correlation existed between burnout and neuroticism. These variables did not predict burnout scores; only neuroticism added significantly to the weak predictive value. Personality explained only 17.3% of the variability in burnout scores.Conclusions: Our study confirms the findings of previous researchers highlighting moderate burnout in athletic trainers employed in the collegiate setting. We did not find that personality significantly predicted burnout, though it did account for a small amount of the variance in burnout scores. Thus, organizational-level factors may play a greater role in determining burnout in athletic trainers than individual-level factors such as personality.
Athletic Training Services During Daily Patient Encounters: A Report From the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network
Authors: Lam Kenneth C. , Valier Alison R. Snyder , Anderson Barton E. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich 
Published: September 2016

Context: Athletic training services such as taping, wrapping, and stretching are common during routine care but rarely captured in traditional patient documentation. These clinical data are vital when determining appropriate medical coverage and demonstrating the value and worth of athletic trainers (ATs).
Objective: To analyze clinical data from daily encounter forms within the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network (AT-PBRN).
Design: Descriptive study.
Setting: Secondary school athletic training clinics.
Patients or Other Participants: Adolescent patients (n = 4888; age = 16.3 ± 1.4 years) seeking care from ATs.
Main Outcome Measure(s): We used Web-based electronic medical records from December 1, 2009, to July 1, 2015, to obtain patient characteristics via deidentified data. Descriptive data regarding practice characteristics from patient encounter forms were analyzed and reported as percentages and frequencies.
Results: A total of 36 245 patient encounters (mean = 7.5 ± 11.6 encounters per patient) were recorded. Football, basketball, soccer, track, and volleyball accounted for 85.1% of all encounters. Most encounters were for preventive services (48.8%, n = 22 329), followed by care for a current injury (37.2%, n = 17 027) and care for a new injury (13.9%, n = 6368). Of the preventive encounters, taping (52.7%) was the most common service provided, followed by ice- or hot-pack application (25.4%) and treatment (9.6%). Taping (28.7%) was also the most common service for current injuries, followed by treatment (26.7%) and ice- or hot-pack application (26.2%).
Conclusions: Our findings highlight the unique role of ATs as health care providers who provide substantial preventive services to their patients. Further, these results represent one of the first attempts to describe athletic training services related to nontime-loss injuries, emphasizing the significant role that ATs play in the health care of secondary school athletes. These findings should help clinicians and administrators make more informed decisions regarding appropriate medical coverage.
Hip-Extensor Strength, Trunk Posture, and Use of the Knee-Extensor Muscles During Running
Authors: Teng Hsiang-Ling , Powers Christopher M. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Diminished hip-muscle performance has been proposed to contribute to various knee injuries.
Objective: To determine the association between hip-extensor muscle strength and sagittal-plane trunk posture and the relationships among hip-extensor muscle strength and hip- and knee-extensor work during running.
Design: Descriptive laboratory study.
Setting: Musculoskeletal biomechanical laboratory.
Patients or Other Participants: A total of 40 asymptomatic recreational runners, 20 men (age = 27.1 ± 7.0 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.69 m, mass = 71.1 ± 8.2 kg) and 20 women (age = 26.2 ± 5.8 years, height = 1.65 ± 0.74 m, mass = 60.6 ± 6.6 kg), participated.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Maximum isometric strength of the hip extensors was assessed using a dynamometer. Sagittal-plane trunk posture (calculated relative to the global vertical axis) and hip- and knee-extensor work (sum of energy absorption and generation) during the stance phase of running were quantified while participants ran over ground at a controlled speed of 3.4 m/s. We used Pearson product moment correlations to examine the relationships among hip-extensor strength, mean sagittal-plane trunk-flexion angle, hip-extensor work, and knee-extensor work.
Results: Hip-extensor strength was correlated positively with trunk-flexion angle (r = 0.55, P &lt; .001) and hip-extensor work (r = 0.46, P = .003). It was correlated inversely with knee-extensor work (r = −0.39, P = .01). All the correlations remained after adjusting for sex.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that runners with hip-extensor weakness used a more upright trunk posture. This strategy led to an overreliance on the knee extensors and may contribute to overuse running injuries at the knee.
Exertional Heat Illness in American Football Players: When Is the Risk Greatest?
Authors: Cooper Earl R. , Ferrara Michael S. , Casa Douglas J. , Powell John W. , Broglio Steven P. , Resch Jacob E. , Courson Ronald W. 
Published: September 2016

Context:
Knowledge about the specific environmental and practice risks to participants in American intercollegiate football during preseason practices is limited. Identifying risks may mitigate occurrences of exertional heat illness (EHI).

Objective:
To evaluate the associations among preseason practice day, session number, and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and the incidence of EHI.

Design:
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting:
Sixty colleges and universities representing 5 geographic regions of the United States.

Patients or Other Participants:
National Collegiate Athletic Association football players.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Data related to preseason practice day, session number, and WBGT. We measured WBGT every 15 minutes during the practice sessions and used the mean WBGT from each session in the analysis. We recorded the incidence of EHIs and calculated the athlete-exposures (AEs).

Results:
A total of 553 EHI cases and 365 810 AEs were reported for an overall EHI rate of 1.52/1000 AEs (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42, 1.68). Approximately 74% (n = 407) of the reported EHI cases were exertional heat cramps (incidence rate = 1.14/1000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.25), and about 26% (n = 146) were a combination of exertional heat syncope and heat exhaustion (incidence rate = 0.40/1000 AEs; 95% CI = 0.35, 0.48). The highest rate of EHI occurred during the first 14 days of the preseason period, and the greatest risk was during the first 7 days. The risk of EHI increased substantially when the WBGT was 82.0°F (27.8°C) or greater.

Conclusions:
We found an increased rate of EHI during the first 14 days of practice, especially during the first 7 days. When the WBGT was greater than 82.0°F (27.8°C), the rate of EHI increased. Sports medicine personnel should take all necessary preventive measures to reduce the EHI risk during the first 14 days of practice and when the environmental conditions are greater than 82.0°F (27.8°C) WBGT.
Phasic Electrodermal Activity During the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC)
Authors: Raikes Adam C. , Schaefer Sydney Y. 
Published: September 2016

Context: The long-term effects of concussion on brain function during cognitive tasks are not fully understood and neuroimaging findings are equivocal. Some images show hyperactivation of prefrontal brain regions in previously concussed individuals relative to controls, suggesting increased cognitive resource allocation. Others show prefrontal hypoactivation and hyperactivation in other regions as a presumed compensatory mechanism. Given the relationship between sympathetic arousal and neural activation, physiologic measures of arousal, such as electrodermal activity, may provide additional insight into the brain's functional changes in those with a history of concussion.
Objective: To quantify differences in electrodermal activity during a commonly used standardized neurocognitive assessment between individuals with or without a history of concussion.
Design: Descriptive laboratory study.
Setting: Research laboratory.
Patients or Other Participants: Seven asymptomatic individuals with a self-reported history of physician-diagnosed, sport-related concussion (number of previous concussions = 1.43 ± 0.53; time since most recent concussion = 0.75 to 6 years, median = 3 years) and 10 individuals without a history of concussion participated in this study.
Main Outcome Measure(s): All participants wore bilateral wrist electrodermal activity sensors during the Standardized Assessment of Concussion. We measured normalized phasic (reactive) electrodermal activity during each test element (orientation, immediate recall, concentration, delayed recall).
Results: A significant group-by-test element interaction was present (P = .003). Individuals with a history of concussion had greater phasic activity during delayed recall (P &lt; .001). Delayed-recall phasic activity was greater in both groups relative to the other elements.
Conclusions: Delayed recall resulted in greater physiologic arousal in previously concussed individuals relative to healthy control participants, supporting previous neuroimaging findings of increased prefrontal cortex activity during memory tasks after concussion. Given similar task performance and arousal patterns across the test, our results suggest that previously concussed individuals incur additional cognitive demands in a short-delay recall task.
Program Directors' Perceptions of Professional Bachelor's Athletic Training Student Decisions to Persist and Depart
Authors: Bowman Thomas G. , Hertel Jay , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Dodge Thomas M. , Wathington Heather D. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Recent literature has focused on reasons for athletic training student persistence and departure. However, accredited professional bachelor's athletic training program (ATP) directors' opinions regarding student retention have yet to be studied, to our knowledge.Objective: To determine reasons for athletic training student persistence and departure from professional bachelor's ATPs across the United States from the program directors' (PDs') perspective.Design: Two-part qualitative study.Setting: Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education professional bachelor's ATPs.Patients or Other Participants: For Part 1 of this study, we asked PDs of all 343 ATPs to complete an online survey, gathering responses from 177 (51.6%). Using data saturation as a guide, Part 2 included performing follow-up telephone interviews to gain further understanding, clarity, and triangulation with 16 randomly selected PDs.Main Outcome Measure(s): During Part 1, participants chronicled responses to open-ended questions as part of the online survey. For the second part of the study, the telephone interviews followed a semistructured format and were recorded to facilitate transcription. We analyzed data using grounded theory and secured trustworthiness by using multiple-analyst triangulation, member checks, and a peer review.Results: Program directors reported athletic training students persist due to their career goals, the personal relationships they create, and because they enjoy and are dedicated to athletic training. The respondents stated that athletic training students leave ATPs because of the academic rigor, the program not meeting expectations, a loss of interest, career considerations, and financial reasons.Conclusions: Program directors should educate prospective athletic training students about athletic training by providing a realistic explanation of the roles and responsibilities of the profession. Selecting clinical education sites with preceptors who enjoy their career choice and good working conditions may help solidify athletic training student commitment to the ATP and the athletic training profession.
Canadian Athletic Therapists' Association Education Task Force Consensus Statements
Authors: Lafave Mark R. , Bergeron Glen , Klassen Connie , Parr Kelly , Valdez Dennis , Elliott Jacqueline , Peeler Jason , Orecchio Elsa , McKenzie Kirsty , Streed Kristin , DeMont Richard 
Published: September 2016

Context: A published commentary from 2 of the current authors acted as a catalyst for raising some key issues that have arisen in athletic therapy education in Canada over the years.
Objective: The purpose of this article is to report on the process followed to establish a number of consensus statements related to postsecondary athletic therapy education in Canada. The consensus statements should act as a future plan for entry-level athletic therapy education.
Design: Content validation for consensus statements.
Setting: Video-conference meetings at 7 Canadian postsecondary colleges/universities.
Patients or Other Participants: Canadian Athletic Therapists' Association (CATA) program directors and CATA leaders from education, certification, and program accreditation committees.
Main Outcome Measure(s): A Delphi method and modified Ebel procedure were used to gather opinions from participants about athletic therapy education.
Results: We created 10 consensus statements, with a series of caveats that are presented in this article. All components received at least 80% consensus from the expert validation group.
Conclusions: The final Education Task Force Report was created and content was validated by a group of experts in the topics associated with every consensus statement. The final report was presented to the CATA Board of Directors for adoption and implementation.
The notion of the Holy Spirit as Paraclete from a Pentecostal perspective
Authors: Nel Marius 
Published: September 2016

Pentecostals share an interest in the work and person of the Holy Spirit although not at the cost of a well-developed Christology. The term Paraclete (παράκλητος) appears four times in the Gospel according to John in reference to the Holy Spirit (Jn 14:16, 26; 15:26; 16:7), and once in 1 John 2:1 in reference to Jesus. The question the article asks is: What is meant by the notion of the Spirit as Paraclete from a primarily Pentecostal perspective? To answer the question it is necessary to ask where John’s Paraclete fits into the pneumatology of the early Christian Church before investigating the different contexts in the Johannine literature and what they suggest about the Spirit (and Jesus) as Paraclete. Lastly the meaning of the term in the Graeco-Roman world of the 1st century CE is observed before some suggestions are made for interpreting Paraclete, specifically in forensic terms.