bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus in forest ecosystems: New insights from an ecosystem nutrition perspective
Authors: Lang Friederike , Bauhus Jürgen , Frossard Emmanuel , George Eckhard , Kaiser Klaus , Kaupenjohann Martin , Krüger Jaane , Matzner Egbert , Polle Andrea , Prietzel Jörg , Rennenberg Heinz , Wellbrock Nicole 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPhosphorus is one of the major limiting factors of primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems and, thus, the P demand of plants might be among the most important drivers of soil and ecosystem development. The P cycling in forest ecosystems seems an ideal example to illustrate the concept of ecosystem nutrition. Ecosystem nutrition combines and extents the traditional concepts of nutrient cycling and ecosystem ecology. The major extension is to consider also the loading and unloading of nutrient cycles and the impact of nutrient acquiring and recycling processes on overall ecosystem properties. Ecosystem nutrition aims to integrate nutrient related aspects at different scales and in different ecosystem compartments including all processes, interactions and feedbacks associated with the nutrition of an ecosystem. We review numerous previous studies dealing with P nutrition from this ecosystem nutrition perspective. The available information contributes to the description of basic ecosystem characteristics such as emergence, hierarchy, and robustness. In result, we were able to refine Odum's hypothesis on P nutrition strategies along ecosystem succession to substrate related ecosystem nutrition and development. We hypothesize that at sites rich in mineral‐bound P, plant and microbial communities tend to introduce P from primary minerals into the biogeochemical P cycle (acquiring systems), and hence the tightness of the P cycle is of minor relevance for ecosystem functioning. In contrast, tight P recycling is a crucial emergent property of forest ecosystems established at sites poor in mineral bound P (recycling systems). We conclude that the integration of knowledge on nutrient cycling, soil science, and ecosystem ecology into holistic ecosystem nutrition will provide an entirely new view on soil–plant–microbe interactions.
Optimisation of pre‐drying and deep‐fat‐frying conditions for production of low‐fat fried carrot slices
Authors: Karacabey Erkan , Turan Merve S , Özçelik Şehriban G , Baltacıoğlu Cem , Küçüköner Erdoğan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe main objective of the current study was to reduce the fat content of fried carrot slices with a hot air pre‐drying step before frying. In this regard the effects of hot air drying and deep‐fat‐frying conditions on moisture and oil contents, breaking force and colour parameters of pre‐dried and fried carrot slices were investigated.RESULTSStatistical analysis with response surface methodology showed that there was a significant correlation between investigated responses and process variables (P ≤ 0.05). Based on the optimal conditions (63.4 °C for drying temperature, 16% for weight loss, 152 °C for frying temperature, and 207 s for frying time) produced by the optimisation of process conditions, more than 50% reduction in fat content of fried carrot slices was achieved by hot air pre‐drying before frying.CONCLUSIONThe results presented indicated that the proposed cooking method is useful to control final oil content of fried carrot slices, so indirectly limiting the daily calorie intake by consumers without spectacular losses in quality attributes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Modified properties of a glycated and cross‐linked soy protein isolate by transglutaminase and an oligochitosan of 5 kDa
Authors: Fu Miao , Zhao Xin‐Huai 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDSoy protein is an important protein ingredient for the food industry; however, its properties can be improved by enzymatic and chemical modifications. This study applied a new enzymatic glycation and cross‐linking to modify soy protein isolate (SPI), using an oligochitosan of 5 kDa and transglutaminase. Properties of the obtained glycated and cross‐linked SPI (GC‐SPI) were unknown and thus assessed.RESULTSGC‐SPI contained glucosamine of 13.6 g kg−1 protein, but less reactable &bond;NH2 than SPI (0.42 vs. 0.50 mol kg−1 protein). Infrared spectra and circular dichroism results showed that GC‐SPI other than SPI and cross‐linked SPI had more &bond;OH in molecules, and was more disordered in secondary structure. In comparison with SPI, GC‐SPI showed enhanced water‐binding capacity, could form aggregates with enlarged hydrodynamic radius (180.2 vs. 82.9 nm) and negative zeta‐potential (−31.2 vs. −27.7 mV) in dispersion, but exhibited lower thermal stability (e.g. greater mass loss) upon heating at a temperature above 288 °C. GC‐SPI also had lower in vitro proteolytic digestibility than SPI due to the protein cross‐linking.CONCLUSIONOligochitosan of 5 kDa and transglutaminase can be used to glycate and cross‐link SPI. This approach is applicable to generate potential protein ingredient with good hydration and dispersive stabilisation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Grape and environmental mycoflora monitoring in old, traditionally cultivated vineyards on Mount Etna, southern Italy
Authors: Oliveri Cinzia , Bella Patrizia , Tessitori Matilde , Catara Vittoria , La Rosa Rosa 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDGrape contamination by several fungal species occurs during a vineyard's preharvest and harvest. Agronomic management and microclimatic conditions can affect fungi occurrence and epidemiology, thus explaining qualitative differences in mycoflora composition, including the presence of phytopathogenic or mycotoxigenic fungi. In this study a two‐year grape, air and soil mycoflora monitoring programme was undertaken in vineyards on Mount Etna (eastern Sicily, Italy). The mycoflora composition was investigated at pea berry and veraison phenological phases from air and soil and at ripening from sample grapes.RESULTSMycoflora in air and soil varied according to the phenological stage. In the air samples, penicillia were dominant over aspergilli at the pea berry phase, but their ratio was inverted at early veraison. Black aspergilli (BA) were isolated from the vine environment and grape samples, where BA were represented mainly by Aspergillus niger aggregate, which showed no or low ochratoxin A (OTA) production. Aspergillus carbonarius was either not identified or identified at low frequency, although most of the isolates produced OTA.CONCLUSIONMonitoring focused on the environmental mycoflora composition and highlighted the good health profile of various Sicilian autochthonous grape cultivars. In addition, data suggest that the lower relative humidity occurring at the highest altitudes reduces BA incidence. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Multi‐primary image projector using programmable spectral light source
Authors: Hirai Keita , Irie Daisuke , Horiuchi Takahiko 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a practical prototype of a multi‐primary image projector system in which light source spectra can be programmable for suiting any purpose. Our multi‐primary projection system is mainly configured with a light source component and an image projection component. The programmable light source can reproduce any spectral curve. Spatial images are then generated using a digital mirror device chip that quickly controls the intensity of the light source spectra in 2D image plane. The multi‐primary images in our projection system are reproduced by multiplexing the time‐sequential images with different primary colors. Our multi‐primary image projector realizes not only wide gamut projection but also spectral projection. To achieve this, we also show how light source spectra of four or six primary colors are designed.
Pathologic stage following preoperative chemoradiotherapy underestimates the risk of developing distant metastasis in rectal cancer: A comparison to staging without preoperative chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Kim Chang Hyun , Lee Soo Young , Kim Hyeong Rok , Kim Young Jin 
Published: February 2016

Background and ObjectivesThere is still little evidence of a relationship between pathologic stage with or without preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic implication of the preoperative‐CRT pathologic stage (ypStage) by comparing it to the pathologic stage without preoperative‐CRT (pStage).MethodsBetween July 2004 and December 2012, 774 consecutive patients who received radical surgery for histologically diagnosed rectal adenocarcinoma (clinical stage I–III) were included.ResultsA total of 674 surviving patients were followed‐up for a median of 43.4 months. Five‐year local recurrence (LR) ‐free survival rates were similar for each ypStage and the corresponding pStage. In contrast, 5‐year distant metastasis (DM) ‐free survival rates were poorer for each ypStage than for the corresponding pStage. The hazard ratio increased with a decrease in pathological stages (Stage I: 3.5, Stage II: 2.2, and Stage III: 1.4).ConclusionsypStage in rectal cancer is a good prognostic factor in predicting LR and DM. Although the ypStage can stratify patients according to the risk of developing DM, the risk as determined by the ypStage could be higher than that of corresponding pStage, especially in patients showing a higher degree of downstaging. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:692–699. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of nano‐ and pico‐size particulate organic matter (POM) in a coastal megatidal marine system
Authors: Moynihan Molly A. , Barbier Pierrick , Olivier Frédéric , Toupoint Nicolas , Meziane Tarik 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSurface water samples of size‐selected seston (0.7–20 μm) were collected from April 2013 to September 2013 at three similar coarse‐sand benthic habitats. Additionally, seston sampling was performed at a fixed location throughout a complete tidal cycle (2014). A combination of fatty acid (FA), isotope, and flow cytometry analyses were used to determine the quality and quantity of nano‐ and pico‐sized particulate organic matter (POM). High variability was found between fatty acid replicate samples. Similar temporal patterns were observed at two sheltered sites, while the exposed site displayed less pronounced seasonal changes. Lower concentrations of 16C and 18C polyunsaturated fatty acids were found during low tide sampling. Globally, POM was dominated by picoeukaryotes, with concentrations exceeding 50,000 cells mL−1, and (16:4ω3 + 18:3ω3)/Σω3 is proposed as novel biomarker of picoeukaryotes in this region.
Increased peripheral inflammation in asymptomatic leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 mutation carriers
Authors: Dzamko Nicolas , Rowe Dominic B. , Halliday Glenda M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to determine if peripheral or central inflammatory cytokines are altered in healthy subjects carrying a leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutation, and thus genetically at risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). We also aimed to identify differences in inflammatory cytokines between LRRK2 G2019S‐associated and idiopathic PD once the disease manifests.MethodsParticipants were genetically screened and phenotyped, and biological samples were collected and stored by the Michael J. Fox Foundation LRRK2 Cohort Consortium. Serum samples and matching clinical data were obtained from 71 asymptomatic LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers (CSF n = 25), 75 neurologically normal controls (CSF n = 22), 75 idiopathic PD patients (CSF n = 29), and 76 PD patients with a LRRK2 G2019S mutation (CSF n = 20). Inflammatory cytokines were measured using multiplex enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsSerum levels of interleukin 1 beta could discriminate asymptomatic LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers from controls, with a high inflammatory subgroup of carriers identified. This subgroup was significantly higher in a number of PD‐implicated pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Once PD had manifest, LRRK2 G2019S patients were discriminated from idiopathic PD by higher serum platelet‐derived growth factor, and higher CSF vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin 8.ConclusionsThe results suggest that peripheral inflammation is higher in a percentage of subjects carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. Replication and longitudinal follow‐up is required to determine whether the increased peripheral cytokines can predict clinical PD. Importantly, these biological changes were observed prior to the clinical manifestations thought to herald PD. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Stabilizer Depletion in Single Base Propellant from Unexploded Ordnance
Authors: Fuchs Rolf , Niehues Martin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDecomposition of nitrocellulose‐based propellant is a well‐known problem that results in insufficient shelf‐life of the ammunition if the propellant is not stabilized with appropriate materials. To investigate the influence of storage conditions on the shelf life of old propellant powder HPLC analytics according to AOP‐48 were carried out to determine the stabilizer consumption at different temperatures. The ingredients of the propellant were also analyzed. The results show that the examined propellant samples from WW II production are still containing stabilizer. Humidity in combination with elevated temperature seems to be the most influencing parameter for decomposition of this type. The analyzed propellants seem to be stable even after about 70 years under bad storage conditions. You might draw conclusions from these results for modern time propellant powders, which are stored under controlled conditions.
Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of PBX
Authors: Xiao You Cai , Sun Yi , Li X. , Zhang Q. H. , Liu S. W. , Yang H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe dynamic mechanical properties of PBX1314 and its binder are systematically investigated. Based on split‐Hopkinson pressure bar technique, the experimental results of PBX1314 and its binder are obtained under high strain rate. A constitutive theory is developed for modeling the mechanical response of dynamically loaded PBX1314 binder. To accomplish this aim, the PBX1314 binder is assayed by relaxation tests at different temperatures, in order to apply the time‐temperature superposition principle (TTSP) and raise the master curves, based on WLF equation. The rate dependence of mechanical response of the polymer binder is accounted for by a generalized Maxwell viscoelasticity model. The basis for this work is Mori and Tanaka's effective medium theory. The grains in this analysis are assumed to be spherical and uniformly distributed in the binder. The relaxation constitutive relations of particulate reinforced composites are investigated by Laplace transformation and the corresponding principle. The theoretical prediction coincides with experimental results.
Validation of the Gurney Model in Planar Geometry for a Conventional Explosive
Authors: Loiseau Jason , Georges William , Higgins Andrew J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe analytical model developed by Gurney is a seminal tool for analyzing the acceleration of metal flyers driven by detonating high explosives. Despite the continued relevance of this model, relatively few experimental validations over a wide range of flyer‐to‐charge mass ratios exist in the open literature. The current study presents experimental results for planar aluminum flyers propelled by a conventional explosive over a range of mass ratios varying from 4.65 to 0.03. Flyer velocity was measured via Heterodyne Laser Velocimetry (PDV), permitting a continuous measurement of the acceleration process. Measured flyer velocities are compared to terminal velocity estimations from the Gurney model. Experimental terminal velocities are compared to the open face and asymmetric sandwich Gurney models. Excellent agreement is observed for terminal velocity predictions considering the gasdynamic simplifications inherent in the model formulation.
Observations of stress accumulation and relaxation in solid‐state lithiation and delithiation of suspended Si microcantilevers
Authors: Brown Joseph J. , Lee Se‐Hee , Xiao Jianliang , Wu Zhuangchun 
Published: February 2016

Motion of microfabricated cantilevers is demonstrated as an in situ technique for mechanical characterization during the solid‐state electrochemical lithiation and delithiation of silicon. The composite cantilevers consist of suspended single‐crystal silicon cantilevers, onto which LiAlF4 electrolyte, Li2WO4 lithium reservoir, and Ag electrode layers are deposited. Using white light interferometry, the cantilevers are observed to deflect downward as the silicon is charged with lithium (lithiation), but the cantilevers experience little motion as the lithium is discharged (delithiation). An analytical cantilever‐bending model featuring a moving phase boundary is developed to describe motion of the beams and explore stress profiles within the lithiated layer. Cantilever deflection during lithiation allows comparison to several models for stress within the LiSix layer. Specifically, a purely elastic model overestimates cantilever motion, as does a plastic bending model. The observed cantilever deflection distances are appropriate for a model of gradual accumulation of stress during charging, best fit with an exponential function indicating compressive stress of more than 1 GPa at the Si‐LiSix phase boundary. After both charge and discharge cycles, the cantilevers relax upwards, indicating that this material system experiences time‐dependent stress relaxation and continues to restructure itself after both lithiation and delithiation.During lithiation (black lines), microcantilevers are observed to deflect downward with increasing charge, while similar behavior is not observed during delithiation (gray lines). This experimental technique was demonstrated using a model solid electrolyte system supported on Si microcantilevers, and resulted in observation of stress relaxation without current flow.
Temperature effects in excitonic condensation driven by the lattice distortion
Authors: Do Thi‐Hong‐Hai , Nguyen Huu‐Nha , Nguyen Thi‐Giang , Phan Van‐Nham 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe stability of the excitonic condensation at low temperature driven by a coupling of electrons to vibrational degrees of freedom in a semimetal two‐dimensional electronic system is discussed. In the framework of the unrestricted Hartree–Fock approximation, we derive a set of equations to determine both the excitonic condensate order parameter and lattice displacement self‐consistently. By lowering the temperature, we find a semimetal–insulator transition in the system if the coupling is large enough. The insulating state typifies an excitonic condensation accompanied by a finite lattice distortion. On increasing temperature, both excitonic condensate order parameter and the lattice distortion decrease and then disappear in the same manner. Microscopic analysis in momentum space strongly specifies that the excitonic condensate driven by the lattice distortion favors the BCS type.
Analysis of lags and current collapse in field‐plate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with deep acceptors in a buffer layer
Authors: Noda Naohiro , Tsurumaki Ryouhei , Horio Kazushige 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe make 2‐D transient simulations of field‐plate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with a semi‐insulating buffer layer, where a deep acceptor above the midgap is considered. It is studied how the deep acceptor and the field plate affect lag phenomena and current collapse. It is shown that the drain lag and current collapse could be reduced by introducing a field plate, as in a case with a deep acceptor compensated by a deep donor in the buffer layer. This reduction occurs because electron trapping by the deep acceptors is weakened by the field plate. The dependence on insulator thickness under the field plate is also studied, suggesting that there is an optimum thickness of insulator to minimize the current collapse of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Towards industrialisation of GaN‐on‐Si based high brightness blue LEDs
Authors: Zhang Liyang , Tan Wei Sin , Westwater Simon , Pujol Antoine , Pinos Andrea , Mezouari Samir , Stribley Kevin , Whiteman John , Shannon John , Strickland Keith 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe manufacturability of blue LED structures grown on 6‐inch Si (111) substrates is reported. The totally epi‐structure thickness is only 3.75 μm, which allows faster epitaxy process throughput and lower manufacturing costs. Well controlled strain engineering leads to a room temperature wafer bow of 0 ± 5 μm and a highly uniform photoluminescence wavelength standard deviation of 1.1 nm. XRD FWHM (002) and (102) are 380 and 390 arcsec, respectively. For a blue 1×1 mm2 vertical thin film die with silicone dome lens, the optical light output power of 563 mW at an operating voltage of 3.05 V is achieved at 350 mA. Excellent leakage current (IR) yield is achieved with over 95% of dies exhibiting IR < 0.1 μA at ‐5 V. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unintentional nitrogen incorporation in ZnO nanowires detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Stehr J. E. , Chen W. M. , Reddy N. K. , Tu C. W. , Buyanova I. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUnintentional incorporation of nitrogen in ZnO nanowires (NWs) grown by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition is unambiguously proven by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The nitrogen dopants are suggested to be provided from contaminations in the source gases. The majority of incorporated nitrogen atoms are concluded to reside at oxygen sites, i.e. in the atomic configuration of nitrogen substituting for oxygen (NO). The NO centers are suggested to be located in proximity to the NW surface, based on their reduced optical ionization energy as compared with that in a bulk material. This implies that the defect formation energy at the NW surface could be lower than its bulk value, consistent with previous theoretical predictions. The obtained results underline that nitrogen can be easily incorporated in ZnO nanostructures which may be of advantage for realizing p‐type conducting ZnO via N doping. On the other hand, the awareness of this process can help to prevent such unintentional doping in structures with desired n‐type conductivity. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)