bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF THE FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) LARVAE
Authors: Khasani Ikhsan 
Published: October 2016

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of vitamin C on growth and survival rate of freshwater prawn larvae. The treatment dosages of vitamin C were 0.0, and 0.75 mg/L. Each treatment was in triplicates and arranged in a complete randomized design. Vitamin C was given to the larval rearing media every three days. Larvae were cultured in six conical fibreglass tanks of 50 L volume installed in a fibreglass tank (2 m x 0.8 m x 0.8 m) filled with water for temperature stabilizer. Each conical tank was stocked with 6,500 larvae (nauplii). Artemia nauplii were given on D3 and egg custard as artificial feed on D9. Larval rearing was done for 25 days in constant temperature (29oC–31oC) using automatic heater. Statistical analysis showed that metamorphosis speed of larvae was significantly affected by adding of vitamin C (P<0.05), but survival rate was similar (P>0.05). Addition of vitamin C also resulted in a better growth of freshwater prawn larvae.
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF IKAN PALMAS (Polipterus senegalus senegalus)
Authors: Subamia I Wayan , Nugraha Media Fitri Isma , Sugito Slamet 
Published: October 2016

The purpose of these observations was to identify the stages of the embryo development of ikan palmas (Polypterus senegalus senegalus) and determine the length of duration of each stage. Broodstocks were cultured in aquaria 6 cm x 72 cm x 50 cm in size. The broodstock were stocked at ratio of 1:1 and fed ad libitum with earthworm, small feed fish (ting sea fish) and golden snail. The Palmas broodstocks here naturally spawned in artificial nests made of split plastic raffia in resembling the aquatic plant found in the natural habitat of ikan palmas. After 21 days of culture period, the broodstock began to lay eggs in gradually for 20 days. The average diameter of the eggs was 25 μm. The embryo developed in 24 hours after fertilization and hatched out three days after the embryo had developed.
DOMESTICATION OF FRESHWATER PUFFER FISH OR BUNTAL (Tetraodon palembangensis)
Authors: Subamia I Wayan , Meilisza Nina , Sudarto Sudarto , Sugito Slamet 
Published: October 2016

The Research Institute for Freshwater Ornamental Fish Culture has been conducting domestication research since 2004 on adult freshwater puffer fish or buntal broodstock in which the fish were reared in aquaria and fed with small feed fish teri (anchovy) and earthworm (Lumbricus sp.). The domestication of freshwater puffer fish or buntal has resulted in successful environmental adaptation and reproductive ability of the fish and further rearing of its fry. The adaptive ability was indicated by its high survival rate, good growth and development, and the reproductive success in spawning, egg production, hatching as well as growing of the larvae to fry stages. The mature gonad stage of the fish was reached at an average body weight of 150 g with a reproductive period of 5 months. The spawning occurred naturally and the eggs were gradually released at interval periods of 14—18 days with egg production rates of 1,000—1,900 eggs per spawning. The highest egg fertilization rate was 96%, with the highest egg hatching rate of 78.6%. Hatching process took place on the 6th to 13th days after spawning process. The surviving larvae began feeding filtered natural foods Moina sp. on the 3rd day up to the 6th day, whereas unfiltered Moina sp. was given from the 7th to 14th days. The fish were fed the live feed Culex sp. from the 15th to 30th days. In the following period the fish was fed earthworm and small feed fish teri (anchovy).
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF GROUPER (Epinephelus suillus) FROM MAKASSAR STRAIT AND BONE BAY, SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA
Authors: Parenrengi Andi , Tenriulo Andi 
Published: October 2016

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was employed to determine the genetic variability and population structure of grouper (Epinephelus suillus) from Makassar Strait and Bone Bay, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Genomic DNA was isolated from preserved muscle tissue using Phenol-Chloroform technique. Among 24-screened arbitrary primers, ten primers (OPA-02, OPA-06, OPA-08, OPA-10, OPA-15, OPA-16, OPA-17, OPA-18, OPA-19 and CA-05) were selected to generate RAPD fingerprinting of grouper populations. The ten primers generated a total of 212 fragments (loci) and 120 polymorphic fragments in their size ranging from 250 to 2,500bp. The high polymorphism (60%) was obtained from Makassar population followed by Bone (59%) and Pare-Pare populations (50%). Similarity index of individuals was 0.86±0.07 for Pare-Pare, 0.80±0.11 for Makassar and 0.82±0.07 for Bone population. Fifteen fragments from ten primes were identified as species-specific markers of E. suillus. The UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the dendrogram seemed to be clustered according to their geographical location, where Pare-Pare population was genetically closer to Makassar population (D=0.20) than to Bone population (D=0.24).
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DIETARY PROTEIN AND LIPID ON THE GROWTH OF RED SNAPPER, Lutjanus sebae
Authors: Giri Nyoman Adiasmara , Suwirya Ketut , Marzuqi Muhammad , Astuti Ni Wayan Widya 
Published: October 2016

Red snapper, Lutjanus sebae is favored in mariculture activities because it has a relatively good market and price. Technology for big scale seed production of this species has been developed and is now adequate to supply seed for grow-out activities. However, the availability of artifical diets for L. sebae is still a major constraint for grow-out production. Data on optimum dietary protein and lipid requirements for this fish as a basic information in feed development is not available yet. The objective of the present study was to find out dietary protein and lipid requirements for juvenile of L. sebae. A 70-day feeding experiment was conducted in 24 fiberglass tanks, 200 L volume. Each tank was equipped with a flow-through water system. Twenty five hatchery-produced juveniles of L. sebae (43.1 g BW) were randomly selected and stocked in each tank. The fish were fed with the experimental diets twice everyday at a level of 3% of biomass for the first 4 weeks, and then 2% of biomass afterward. Twelve experimental diets were prepared in form of dry pellet containing casein and fish meal as the main protein sources. Experimental diet had 4 levels of crude protein (32%, 37%, 42%, and 47%) and each protein level consisted of 3 levels of lipid (7%, 12%, and 17%). The experiment employed factorial method with completely random design using 12 combination treatments and 2 replications for each treatment. Result of the experiment showed that there was no significant effect of dietary protein and lipid on growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of tested fish. Growth and feed efficiency of fish fed on diet containing 42% and 47% crude protein were significantly higher than that of fish fed on diet containing 32% and 37% crude protein. High lipid content in the diet (17%) resulted in poor growth and poor feed efficiency. This data indicates that Lutjanus sebae has limited ability to utilize dietary lipid as an energy source. Result of the present study recommends that dietary protein and lipid requirement for good growth of L. sebae should be 42% and 12%, respectively.
ARE COPEPODS VIABLE OPTIONS AS LIVE FOOD IN AQUACULTURE HATCHERIES?
Authors: Iba Wa , Albasri Hatim 
Published: October 2016

This present paper overviews the use of copepods in aquaculture. Some culture methods and nutritional values also described to decide whether copepods are viable and reliable to be used as live food in aquaculture hatcheries. Copepods have been known to have higher nutritional value than Artemia and rotifers. In aquaculture, they have been used to fed various species of marine finfish with better results in terms of growth, larval survival and pigmentation compared to some fish larvae fed on other live feeds. However, culturing copepods in intensive systems to harvest high number of copepods is not well established yet due to lack of funding and knowledge. Meanwhile extensive and semi intensive systems are possible to transfer parasites and diseases from wild environment. Furthermore, nutritional value can not be controlled in such systems.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CYPRINID AND NON-CYPRINID FISH CELL LINES TO KOI HERPESVIRUS (KHV)
Authors: Sumiati Tuti , Sunarto Agus 
Published: October 2016

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is an emerging virus that infects koi and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with mortality up to 95% within 7 days. The disease is rapidly spreading worldwide including to Indonesia. However, it has only been documented in koi and common carp. The aim of this research was to evaluate the susceptibility of fish cell cultures originated from cyprinid and non-cyprinid fish to KHV. Koi Fin (KF-1) and Koi Tail (KT-2) cell lines derived from koi carp and SSN-1 cells originated from fry of striped snakehead were used in this study. The cells were inoculated with tissue extract of KHV-infected koi carp (experiment 1) and virus stock of KHV (experiment 2). The cultures were incubated at 22oC and the onset and type of cytophatic effect (CPE) were observed for 21 days post inoculation. The results of experiment 1 showed that CPE was observed in KT-2 at day 6 post inoculation. In the experiment 2, however CPE was observed in KF-1 and KT-2 cells at day 4 post infection. CPE was not observed in SSN-1 of either experiment 1 or experiment 2. CPE was characterized by extensive vacuolization of the infected cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay of cell and tissue culture supernatants confirmed that KF-1 and KT-2 showing CPE were indeed infected with KHV. The results indicated that KF-1 and KT-2 cells were susceptible and SSN-1 was resistant to KHV. The implication of these findings was also discussed in the paper.
EFFECT OF MICROALGAE ON GROWTH AND FATTY ACID PROFILES OF HARPACTICOID COPEPOD, Tisbe holothuriae
Authors: Sumiarsa Gede Suwarthama , Imanto Philip Teguh 
Published: October 2016

Growth of marine copepods is influenced by feed. The purposes of this trial were to observe both growth and fatty acid compositions of harpacticoid copepod nauplii, Tisbe holothuriae by feeding with several microalgal species in laboratory: (A) Isochrysis tahiti; (B) Nannochloropsis oculata; (C) Rhodomonas sp., and (D) Tetraselmis chuii. The trial was carried out for 35 days with randomized complete design and triplicates in each treatment. The results showed that final copepod nauplii densities were not significantly different (P>0.05) in all treatments. However, lipid content of copepod nauplii fed with T. chuii was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to that of other treatments while fatty acid profiles of EPA, DHA and DHA/EPA ratios showed both insignificant and significant differences among treatments.
USE OF SPONGE, Callyspongia basilana EXTRACT AS ADDITIVE MATERIAL ON TIGER SHRIMP CULTURE
Authors: Rosmiati Rosmiati , Suryati Emma , Tompo Arifuddin 
Published: October 2016

Blue shrimp disease is one of the main problems in tiger shrimp culture. It reduces shrimp quality which eventually will decrease its market price. Blue shrimp is caused by deficiency of nutrition and additive materials such as carotene and other nutrient which function as vitamin source for important metabolic processes and formation of color profile in shrimp and fish. The aims of this study were to study the application effect of carotenoid extract of sponge Callyspongia basilana, as an additive material on the ability of shrimp to get back to normal state after suffering blue shrimp disease and survival rate of shrimp and to find out the optimal concentration of sponge carotenoid extract to cure the diseased shrimp. This study was consisted of two steps namely; (1). Extraction of sponge carotenoid by maseration and fractionation using acetone and petroleum ether solvents and (2), the application of carotenoid extract on the diseased shrimp. The research was arranged in a complete randomized design with four experiments consisted of (A). Control (without carotenoid extract); (B),(C), and (D) carotetoid extract addition of 3 mg/L, 6 mg/L, and 9 mg/L respectively with three replication each. The test animal used were blue diseased tiger shrimp with the density of 15 ind./container having 7.5–9.5 cm in size and the average weight of 5.5–10.0 g. The study showed that Callyspongia basilana carotenoid extract was able to change blue diseased shrimp to be normal within six days at the concentration of 9 mg/L. The highest survival rate was found in the experiment D (93.3%). Meanwhile, the lowest was obtained by the control population (13.3%) and the other two treatments were 80.0%(C) and 73.3% (B). The average of water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, nitrite, and ammonia were in the suitable range for the growth and survival rate of tiger shrimp.
DEVELOPMENTS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT IN LARVAE OF CLIMBING PERCH, Anabas testudineus (Bloch)
Authors: Yulintine Yulintine , Harris Enang , Jusadi Dedi , Affandi Ridwan , Alimuddin Alimuddin 
Published: October 2016

Climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch) is a potential species for aquaculture in Kalimantan, Indonesia and belongs to Anabantidae family. The development of its digestive tract was evaluated on larvae reared under culture conditions of 28oC-30oC, from hatching to 30 days after hatching using histological and morphological methods. The larvae were kept in six 100-L tanks. They were fed with rotifers and microalgae from day 2nd after hatching to day 10th; Artemia nauplii from day 7th to day 15th; Artemia meta-nauplii from day 15th to day 20th; and Tubifex worm from day 20th onwards. The development of digestive tract in climbing perch followed the general pattern described for other species. Shortly after hatching, its digestive system was found to be consisted of an undifferentiated straight tube laying dorsally to the yolk sac. At first feeding (day 2nd), both mouth and anus had opened and the yolk sac was partially absorbed. On day 3, the digestive tract was fully differentiated into buccopharynx, esophagus, intestine and rectum. The two pyloric caeca appeared on day 25th after hatching, indicating the transition from larval to juvenile stage and acquisition of an adult type of digestion.
MARICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA: Prospects and Constraints
Authors: A. Rimmer Michael 
Published: October 2016

Mariculture is an important component of Indonesian fisheries and aquaculture production, directly contributing an estimated US$ 320 million in 2008. Because most mariculture production is focussed on producing for export markets, mariculture production is an important source of foreign earnings for the Indonesian economy. This paper reviews the current status and prospects for continuing development of mariculture in Indonesia. Currently the major mariculture commodity in Indonesia is seaweed for carrageenan production. Seaweed production accounts for 98% of total Indonesian mariculture production and 84% of value. The other major commodity groups are marine finfish and pearl oysters. Commodities being developed for mariculture in Indonesia include abalone and spiny lobsters. Prospects for continued development of mariculture in Indonesia appear positive. Indonesia has several advantages for mariculture development, including many potential mariculture sites, a stable tropical climate, and does not suffer from cyclonic storms. The Government of Indonesia is planning to increase aquaculture production substantially over the next four years, including mariculture production. Globally, demand for seafood products is expanding due to increasing population and increased per capita consumption of fish products. Constraints to the continued development of mariculture in Indonesia include: limited seed supply, particularly of species which cannot be economically produced in hatcheries, such as spiny lobsters; need to develop more efficient production systems for some marine finfish; the need to improve environmental sustainability by improving feeds and reducing environmental impacts; and market issues relating to environmental sustainability.
QUANTITATIVE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENLARGED CELLS DERIVED FROM HUMPBACK GROUPER, Cromileptes altivelis INFECTED WITH GROUPER SLEEPY DISEASE IRIDOVIRUS (GSDIV)
Authors: Mastuti Indah , Asih Yasmina Nirmala , Mahardika Ketut 
Published: October 2016

Pathognomonic sign of grouper sleepy disease iridovirus (GSDIV) was proposed to be the formation of enlarged cells and necrotic cells, in which under electron microscope, it is revealed to be the inclusion body bearing cells (IBCs) and necrotic cells containing GSDIV viral particles. Spleen and kidney tissues are the major sites for formation of enlarged cells. This paper described the result of histopatological analysis of enlarged cells found in the spleen and kidney of moribund fish after GSDIV challenge. A pathogenicity test was conducted on fish stocked in two tanks for infected groups and the other two tanks for uninfected control groups (15 fish per tank). The infected groups were injected intramuscularly with 0.1 ml of the viral inoculum. The uninfected groups were injected with the same amount of EMEM-2. The GSDIV-infected humpback grouper began to die after 6 days post infection and all died after 7 dpi, excluding one fish which had survived until the end of experimental infection periods (93% to 100% mortality). All of the diseased fish showed massive formation of enlarged cells in their spleen, head kidney and trunk kidney. The largest number of enlarged cells was observed on head kidneys and subsequently followed by spleens, trunk kidney (2.0-200.3/field of view). This result suggested that the number of enlarged cells in the affected organs was not the direct factor that led to the mortality of fish.
DOES INTERFERON (IFN)S EXIST IN CRUSTACEA?
Authors: Syahidah Dewi , Owens Leigh 
Published: October 2016

The wide exploration of interferon (IFN)s in vertebrates for medical purposes has attracted researchers to investigate the existence of a similar role of interferon in other organisms such as invertebrates, including insects, and crustacea. A review of the literature indicates that there is no evidence of interferon existing either in insects such as D. melanogaster and A. gambiae which have had their genomes fully sequenced or in crustacea. However, a nonspecific antiviral state in crustacean, such as P. monodon can be efficiently triggered by both dsRNA and siRNA. The evidence suggests that anonymous cytokines, similar to interferon and not identical to any vertebrate IFNs, related to antiviral protection, do exist in crustacea. However, how widely spread of interferon immune response inducer or interferon-like molecules in this group is an important issue that remains to be explored.
IMPROVING WATER QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) USING CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
Authors: Setiadi Eri , Setijaningsih Lies 
Published: October 2016

Organic and inorganic pollutants such as N, P, and heavy metals are a serious problem in water bodies (lake, reservoir, river, and stream) and have deleterious effects to pond productivity and human health. These pollutants produced from anthropogenic activities (i.e. industrial, agricultural, and settlement) are released into the water bodies and causing poor water quality. Constructed wetland (CW) is one of the technologies that have the capability to solve such problems. The purpose of this experiment was to examine the efficiency of constructed wetland in terms of reducing pollutants from the stream as a water resource for aquaculture area and increasing fish production. Two kinds of treatments were set up: one fish pond culture with constructed wetland and the other one without constructed wetland (control). Each treatment consisted of three replications. The result showed that water quality in the fish pond with CW was better than the control. Constructed wetland were able to reduce ammonia (NH3-N), nitrite (NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N), TN, phosphate (PO4-P), TP, Cu, Pb, and As concentrations to 15.00%-88.27%, 9.52%-72.73%, 11.11%-57.14%, 20%-66.67%, 24.44%-80.77%, 12.04%-77.95%, 50.00%-100%, 56.25%-100%, and 46.83%-100%, respectively. Nile tilapia cultured in pond using CW was higher than the control in terms of total length, body weight, and survival rate. The t test revealed that nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in pond with CW and the control has significant difference (P<0.01) in terms of total length, body weight, and survival rate. This is the evidence that constructed wetland technology is very useful on improving water quality and increasing pond productivity of nile tilapia cultured in the freshwaterpond.
THE EFFECTIVITY TEST OF SHEEP RUMEN LIQUOR ENZYME ADDED TO PALM KERNEL MEAL ON ITS DECREASE OF CRUDE FIBER AND APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY COEFFICIENT FOR CATFISH Pangasius hypophthalmus DIET
Authors: Pamungkas Wahyu , Jusadi Dedi , Utomo Nur Bambang Priyo 
Published: October 2016

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the hydrolysis of fiber content in palm kernel meal (PKM) by sheep rumen liquor enzyme and to know the apparent digestibility coefficient of hydrolyzed PKM for catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus. The first trial examined effectivity of sheep rumen liquor enzyme to decrease crude fiber content of PKM. The added volume of sheep rumen liquor enzyme was 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mL/kg PKM and then it was incubated for 0, 12, and 24 hours. A factorial completely randomized experimental design consisted of 2 variables and triplicates were selected. The second trial was conducted to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients of hydrolized PKM for catfish. Apparent digestibility coefficients were determined using chromic oxide indicator added to both reference and test diets. The feed ingredients used in the trial were hydrolyzed PKM (PKMe) and unhydrolyzed PKM (PKM). Ten fishes with weighing around 20 g were used in the trial and held in 80 l tanks. Feces were collected from three replicate groups of fish using a fecal collection column attached to fish rearing tank. PKM hydrolyzed with 100 mL/kg and incubated for 24 hour showed the lowest crude fiber content (6.99%) among the treatments (P<0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficient of hydrolyzed PKM was 57.57% compared with unhydrolyzed PKM 15.31%. Based on the evaluation in those parameters it was concluded that sheep rumen liquor enzyme added to PKM was effective to decrease crude fiber content of PKM and improve apparent digestibility coefficient of PKM for catfish.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURE OF KOI HERPESVIRUS (KHV) INFECTED CULTURED KOI FIN (KF-1) CELLS
Authors: Mahardika Ketut , Yasuda Masahiro 
Published: October 2016

Koi herpesvirus (KHV), may cause significant morbidity and mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In the present study, an electron microscopic (EM) was performed on KHV-infected cultured koi fin (KF-1) to document the ultrastructure of the lesions. Viral particles were firstly evident in the nucleus. These viral particles observed as immature capsids and nucleocapsids. Many non-enveloped nucleocapsids have moved from the nucleus into the cell cytoplasm. The formation of subviral particles and virions, which comprised, in turn, an electron dense core, capsids with a hexagonal outline, the tegument was evident in the cytoplasm. And then, the virions with the enveloped tegument budded through the intracytoplasmic membrane. Based on EM results, the definitive pathological change was similar as those in the Family Herpesviridae.