bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Structure and Vulnerability to Recession in Rural Areas
Authors: Patton Myles , Xia Wei , Feng Siyi , Hewitt Victor 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThe recent recession had a marked impact on the rural labour market in Northern Ireland, particularly within remote rural areas. The extent to which this reflected the underlying economic structure is explored using shift‐share analysis. Remote rural areas suffered from the double impact of the industrial concentration of employment within certain industries and the regional redistribution of employment. They were severely impacted by the contraction in the construction sector and during the early period of the recession the performance of the manufacturing sector. Nevertheless, the labour market within remote rural areas recovered more rapidly compared to urban and accessible rural areas. In particular, the manufacturing sector had a strong positive influence during the recovery period within remote rural areas. The concentration of employment within goods‐producing sectors within Northern Ireland means that rural areas tend to respond more quickly to business cycle fluctuations. In order to reduce the susceptibility of rural areas to recessionary falls in demand it is desirable to build on the strengths of specific sectors that build on the asset base of rural areas, e.g. the development of new products and processes within the food and drinks industry that are primarily rural based.
Diversity and Innovation in the FADN Data Collection Systems in the EU‐28
Authors: Bradley Dylan , Hill Berkeley 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThe EU's Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) is a key source of microeconomic information for monitoring and evaluating the performance of the CAP. The data, in the form of completed FADN Farm Returns, are drawn from independent national surveys of farm accounts in the EU‐28 Member States. A recent study found that these vary in their coverage and the ways in which data are collected. Three broad groupings of countries emerge: collection by the FADN Liaison Agency; by advisory services; and from accountancy firms who have prepared accounts for taxation purposes. Multiple ways of extracting the data and of recording them are encountered, not only reflecting differences between countries but also within Member States depending on the nature of the subject, the availability of existing sources, and the legal status of the farm operator. This variety is, on the one hand, a potential threat to data quality and international comparability of results because of inconsistency. On the other it provides the opportunity to identify best practices, leading to improvements by reducing costs, increasing benefits, enhancing the quality and timeliness of data, or decreasing the burden on participating farmers.
Uses and Benefits of FADN Information in the EU‐28
Authors: Hill Berkeley , Bradley Dylan , Vrolijk Hans 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThe benefit from information contained in FADN results and those of national farm accounts surveys comes from the improvements that are made possible in decisions by public policymakers and by farmers. Direct valuation of these benefits is difficult and attention has to focus on publication of results and uses by EU central institutions, national governments and the private sector, especially farmers. FADN is used by the European Commission for the analysis and evaluation of economic policy relating to the agricultural sector comprising ‘commercial farms’ and results are published as statistics for both the EU and Member States. Almost all national governments use their results for similar public purposes but most also make them available for the provision of advice to farmers and benchmarking of their own performance. Member States differ in their views on whether the national survey would continue in the absence of the legal obligation to supply data to FADN. The Netherlands provides an example of data collection that is broader than is required for FADN and which enables a wide range of policies to be serviced, with a judgement by its government that it therefore represents good value for money.
Aptamer‐Based SERS Detection of Lysozyme on a Food‐Handling Surface
Authors: Boushell Victoria , Pang Shintaro , He Lili 
Published: December 2016

AbstractUndeclared food allergens due to cross contamination of processing equipment is a leading cause for food product recalls. Therefore, there is a great need for developing rapid and sensitive methods to detect food allergens. In this paper, an aptamer highly specific to egg white lysozyme was coupled to dendritic silver nanoparticles in order to perform surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The procedure was successfully tested in water and on a stainless steel food‐handling surface. The lowest detectable concentration for lysozyme was 0.5 μg/mL in water and 5 μg/mL on a stainless steel food‐handling surface. Principal component analysis shows a significant change in SERS spectra when lysozyme was present, suggesting the successful capture of lysozyme by the aptamer. Quantification of lysozyme target was also shown from 0 to 6 μg/mL, that is, 0, 0.5, 2, 6 μg/mL. Overall method took less than 40 min. The developed method can be extended to detect other food allergens using specific aptamers.
Child Development: New Diagnoses for the NANDA International
Authors: Souza Juliana Martins de , Cruz Diná de Almeida Lopes Monteiro da , Veríssimo Maria De La Ó Ramallo 
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVEThe paper proposes new diagnoses on child development (CD) for NANDA International.METHODSThe study followed the recommended steps of Developmental Processes for NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses. It was a secondary analysis study on the findings of a concept analysis study on CD.RESULTSA proposal of labels and components of three diagnoses: “Delayed child development,” “Risk for delayed child development,” and “Readiness for enhanced child development.”CONCLUSIONSThe proposed diagnoses represent all the complexity of CD.IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICEThe proposed diagnoses can support nurses in the development of a comprehensive care plan on the health of children.Objetivopropor novos diagnósticos de enfermagem para a NANDA‐International que abordem o desenvolvimento infantil.MétodoEste estudo seguiu as etapas recomendadas para o desenvolvimento de diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA‐International. Foi realizado a partir dos resultados da análise de conceito do termo desenvolvimento infantil.ResultadosPropostos os títulos e os componentes de três diagnósticos: “Atraso no desenvolvimento infantil,” “Risco de atraso no desenvolvimento infantil,” e “Disposição para desenvolvimento infantil melhorado.”ConclusõesOs diagnósticos propostos contemplam toda a complexidade do desenvolvimento infantil.Implicações para a prática de enfermagemOs novos diagnósticos podem subsidiar o enfermeiro na elaboração de um plano de cuidados integrais à saúde da criança.
Foreign Aid and Undeserved Credit Claiming
Authors: Cruz Cesi , Schneider Christina J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPoliticians in developing countries misuse foreign aid to get reelected by fiscally manipulating foreign aid resources or domestic budgets. Our article suggests another mechanism that does not require politicians to have any control over foreign aid in order to make use of it for electoral purposes: undeserved credit claiming. We analyze the conditions under which local politicians can undeservedly take credit for the receipt of foreign aid and thereby boost their chances of reelection. We theorize that politicians can employ a variety of techniques to claim credit for development aid even when they have little or no influence on its actual allocation. Using a subnational World Bank development program in the Philippines, we demonstrate that credit claiming is an important strategy to exploit foreign aid inflows and that the political effects of aid can persist even when projects are designed to minimize the diversion or misuse of funds.
Physical activity in relation to development and progression of myopia – a systematic review
Authors: Suhr Thykjær Anne , Lundberg Kristian , Grauslund Jakob 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOn a global scale, myopia is one of the most common causes of visual impairment. Given the increasing prevalence of myopia, it is vital to understand the pathogenesis and to identify potential interventions. Some studies have described physical activity as a potential correlation for myopia. The objective of this study was to make a systematic review regarding the correlation between physical activity and myopia. A total of 263 papers were identified in a systematic database search of PubMed/Medline and Embase. Five steps of screening removed studies of a low evidence quality and animal studies. Studies included had refractive error and physical activity (as measured by questionnaires, accelerometers and cycle ergometers) as separate, well‐defined outcomes. Nine studies (six cross‐sectional, two cohorts and one case–control study) with a total of 17 634 subjects were included. Six studies demonstrated a reverse association between physical activity and myopia. Three studies supported this, but also attributed the results to time spent outdoors and not physical activity per se. One cross‐sectional study found no relation. We could not identify trends among the papers regarding the type of studies, population sizes, ethnicity or age of study subjects. A consistent relationship between more physical activity and less myopia was observed. No evidence of physical activity as an independent risk factor for myopia was seen. Evidence suggests that time outdoors remain the most important factor. Future studies should include objective measurements of physical activity to determine a potential independent effect. Distinction between physical activity and outdoor exposure remains important.
Outcomes of scleral buckling using chandelier endoillumination
Authors: Hu Yuntao , Si Shancheng , Xu Ke , Chen Huijin , Han Liang , Wang Xin , Ma Zhizhong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPurposeTo report the results and complications of scleral buckling for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) using 25‐gauge chandelier endoillumination.MethodsA total of 61 patients (61 eyes) with RRD were treated with scleral buckling. For the sclera buckling procedure, a 25‐gauge chandelier was inserted through the pars plana for intra‐ocular illumination, and retinal tears were identified and treated with episcleral cryotherapy under surgical microscope. On postoperative days 1, 3 and 7, the intra‐ocular pressure was measured by a non‐contact tonometer. On postoperative months 1 and 3, ultrasound biomicroscopy was used to examine the pars plana incision.ResultsIn the surgical procedure, there was no lenticular or retinal damage due to the chandelier insertion. There was no conjunctival bleb formation at pars plana incision and no incidence of endophthalmitis after surgery. The mean intra‐ocular pressure was 15.74 ± 2.98, 15.83 ± 2.76 and 16.14 ± 2.52 mmHg on postoperative days 1, 3 and 7, respectively. The one‐time retinal reattachment rate was 93.4%. No visible vitreous incarceration was found in the incision of the pars plana.ConclusionThere was no complication found due to the chandelier insertion in early postoperative period. Chandelier endoillumination is a feasible method for retinal visualization under surgical microscope during scleral buckling.
Paediatric eye injuries in Finland – Helsinki eye trauma study
Authors: Haavisto Anna‐Kaisa , Sahraravand Ahmad , Holopainen Juha M. , Leivo Tiina 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPurposeTo determine the current population‐based epidemiology, treatment, use of resources and outcomes of children's eye injuries in Finland.MethodsThe study included all new patients, 16 years of age or under, with ocular or orbital traumas taken into care to the Helsinki University Eye Hospital (population base 1.5 million people) in 1 year. The follow‐up period was 3 months.ResultsTwo hundred and two children's eye injuries were treated. The eye injury incidence was 5.2–8.3 per 10 000 per year, including all minor and major eye traumas. Eye injury most likely occurred at the junior high school age (13–16 years). Thirty‐three percentage of accidents took place at home and 24% at school or in day care. The most common causes were sports equipment (15%), contact with human body (12%) and superficial foreign bodies (11%). Excluding minor injuries, contusion was the most common diagnosis (n = 60, 30%). Eighty‐seven percentage of contusion patients were estimated to need lifelong follow‐up due to elevated glaucoma risk. Nine percentage of all patients had a permanent disability. Guns, fireworks, tools and pellet guns were relatively the most dangerous objects. Pellet guns caused 6% of eye injuries, 36% of them causing permanent impairment. The number of outpatient visits was altogether 443, inpatient days were 49, and 60 children had major surgeries.ConclusionsUse of protective eyewear would have prevented or diminished eye traumas caused by pellet gun, floorball, most of the firework and in many superficial foreign body. The use of pellet guns and protective eyewear should be more supervised. Fireworks and tools are not suitable toys for children.
Prevalence of posterior vitreous detachment in glaucoma patients and controls
Authors: Schwab Christoph , Glatz Wilfried , Schmidt Bernd , Lindner Ewald , Oettl Karl , Riedl Regina , Wedrich Andreas , Ivastinovic Domagoj , Velikay‐Parel Michaela , Mossboeck Georg 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the impact of oxidative stress – present in glaucoma – on the vitreous. We therefore compare the presence of early and late stages of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) between patients with glaucoma and controls.MethodsThe vitreous state was evaluated by the combination of optical coherence tomography and ultrasound. The main outcome was the vitreous state classified into ‘no PVD’, ‘initial PVD’ and ‘advanced PVD’.ResultsWe evaluated the vitreous state in 48 patients with glaucoma (age: mean 66.5 ± 11.9 years; visual field deviation: mean 10.4 ± 6.8 dB) and compared the results with 101 previously investigated controls (age: mean 73.6 ± 9.3 years). After one‐to‐one matching on age and sex, ordinal logistic regression revealed that patients with glaucoma were significantly more likely to exhibit advanced PVD stages compared to non‐glaucoma patients (OR 2.60, 95% confidence interval: 1.06–6.36, p = 0.037).ConclusionOur results suggest that the presence or absence of PVD might be a valuable hint for diagnosing glaucoma – however, further research is needed to determine whether PVD can be used to supplement current glaucoma screening guidelines.
Children's use of decomposition strategies mediates the visuospatial memory and arithmetic accuracy relation
Authors: Foley Alana E. , Vasilyeva Marina , Laski Elida V. 
Published: December 2016

This study examined the mediating role of children's use of decomposition strategies in the relation between visuospatial memory (VSM) and arithmetic accuracy. Children (N = 78; Age M = 9.36) completed assessments of VSM, arithmetic strategies, and arithmetic accuracy. Consistent with previous findings, VSM predicted arithmetic accuracy in children. Extending previous findings, the current study showed that the relation between VSM and arithmetic performance was mediated by the frequency of children's use of decomposition strategies. Identifying the role of arithmetic strategies in this relation has implications for increasing the math performance of children with lower VSM.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

The link between children's visuospatial working memory and arithmetic accuracy is well documented.

Frequency of decomposition strategy use is positively related to children's arithmetic accuracy.

Children's spatial skill positively predicts the frequency with which they use decomposition.

What does this study add?

Short‐term visuospatial memory (VSM) positively relates to the frequency of children's decomposition use.

Decomposition use mediates the relation between short‐term VSM and arithmetic accuracy.

Children with limited short‐term VSM may struggle to use decomposition, decreasing accuracy.
Pollen and macrofossil‐inferred palaeoclimate at the Ridge Site, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada: evidence for a dry climate and significant recession of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during Marine Isotope Stage 3
Authors: Dalton April S. , Väliranta Minna , Barnett Peter J. , Finkelstein Sarah A. 
Published: December 2016

We examine pollen, macrofossils and sedimentological proxies from the Ridge Site, an 18‐m sequence of glacial and non‐glacial sediments exposed along the bank of the Ridge River in the southern Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL), Canada. As the HBL is located in the previously glaciated region of North America, palaeorecords from this region have important implications for understanding ice‐sheet palaeogeography and climate for the late Pleistocene. Two diamicton units were interpreted as subglacial till deposited by a glacier flowing toward the south‐southwest (lower diamicton) and west‐southwest (upper diamicton), respectively. Confined between these tills is a 6‐m non‐glacial unit, constrained to Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3; c. 57 000 to c. 29 000 a BP) by three radiocarbon dates. Quantitative analyses of the pollen record (dominated by Sphagnum, Cyperaceae, Pinus, Picea, Salix, Alnus and Betula) suggest that average summer temperature (June, July, August) was 14.6±1.51 °C, which is similar to that of the present day at the site. Total annual precipitation was 527±170 mm as compared to 705 mm present‐day. The macrofossil record confirmed the local presence of Betula, Salix and conifers. Our results, in combination with other records from the periphery of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, suggest that vast boreal forest‐type vegetation, along with a drier interstadial climate, existed in the region during MIS 3. We also compare pollen‐derived palaeoclimate reconstructions from the Ridge Site with reconstructions from a previously published site along the Nottaway River, HBL, which was dated to MIS 5a–d (c. 109 000 to c. 82 000 a BP). This comparison suggests that, with additional data, it may be possible to differentiate MIS 3 and MIS 5 deposits in the HBL on the basis of relative continentality, with MIS 3 characterized by lower total annual precipitation, and MIS 5 by values similar or greater than present‐day.
Neonatal Maternal Deprivation Enhances Presynaptic P2X7 Receptor Transmission in Insular Cortex in an Adult Rat Model of Visceral Hypersensitivity
Authors: Zhang Ping‐An , Xu Qi‐Ya , Xue Lu , Zheng Hang , Yan Jun , Xiao Ying , Xu Guang‐Yin 
Published: December 2016

SummaryAimsInsular cortex (IC) is involved in processing the information of pain. The aim of this study was to investigate roles and mechanisms of P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) in IC in development of visceral hypersensitivity of adult rats with neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD).MethodsVisceral hypersensitivity was quantified by abdominal withdrawal reflex threshold to colorectal distension (CRD). Expression of P2X7Rs was determined by qPCR and Western blot. Synaptic transmission in IC was recorded by patch‐clamp recording.ResultsThe expression of P2X7Rs and glutamatergic neurotransmission in IC was significantly increased in NMD rats when compared with age‐matched controls. Application of BzATP (P2X7R agonist) enhanced the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSC) in IC slices of control rats. Application of BBG (P2X7R antagonist) suppressed the frequencies of sEPSC and mEPSC in IC slices of NMD rats. Microinjection of BzATP into right IC significantly decreased CRD threshold in control rats while microinjection of BBG or A438079 into right IC greatly increased CRD threshold in NMD rats.ConclusionData suggested that the enhanced activities of P2X7Rs in IC, likely through a presynaptic mechanism, contributed to visceral hypersensitivity of adult rats with NMD.
Banting Memorial Lecture 2016 Reducing lifetime risk of complications in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Dunger D. B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAdolescence is a challenging period of life for any young person, and for those with Type 1 diabetes, physiological and psychological factors can result in a deterioration in glycaemic control. In young people with Type 1 diabetes, puberty may be an additional risk factor impacting on the lifetime risk for renal and cardiovascular complications. Our longitudinal studies have identified that increases in urinary albumin excretion through childhood are associated with the development of microalbuminuria and a generalized endotheliopathy linked to cardiovascular risk. Screening of participants recruited to the Adolescent type 1 Diabetes cardio‐renal Intervention Trial (AdDIT) confirms that these early changes in albumin excretion are related to both diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular risk; in part, independent of glycaemic control. Thus, as well as current attempts to improve glycaemic control through enhanced targeted insulin delivery, pumps, sensors and closed loop, we have explored the role of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and statins in providing cardio‐renal protection during adolescence.
Transplantation of embryonic spinal cord neurons to the injured distal nerve promotes axonal regeneration after delayed nerve repair
Authors: Zhang Wenming , Fang Xinyu , Zhang Chaofan , Li Wen , Wong Wai Man , Xu Yejun , Wu Wutian , Lin Jianhua 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPeripheral nerve injury (PNI) usually results in poor functional recovery. Nerve repair is the common clinical treatment for PNI but is always obstructed by the chronic degeneration of the distal stump and muscle. Cell transplantation can alleviate the muscle atrophy after PNI, but the subsequent recovery of the locomotive function is seldom described. In this study, we combined cell transplantation and nerve repair to investigate whether the transplantation of embryonic spinal cord cells could benefit the delayed nerve repair. The experiment consisted of 3 stages: transection of the tibial nerve to induce ‘pre‐degeneration’, a second surgery performed 2 weeks later for transplantation of E14 embryonic spinal cord cells or vehicle (culture medium) at the distal end of the injured nerve, and, 3 months later, the removal of the grafted cells and the cross‐suturing of the residual distal end to the proximal end of a freshly cut ipsilateral common peroneal (CP) nerve. Cell survival and fate after the transplantation were investigated, and the functional recovery after the cross‐suturing was compared between the groups. The grafted cells could survive and generate motor neurons, extending axons that were subsequently myelinated and forming synapses with the muscle. After the cross‐suturing, the axonal regeneration from the proximal stump of the injured CP nerve and the functional recovery of the denervated gastrocnemius muscle were significantly promoted in the group receiving the cells. Our study presents a new perspective indicating that the transplantation of embryonic spinal cord neurons may be a valuable therapeutic strategy for PNI.