bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longevity Disparities in Multiethnic Hawaii: An Analysis of 2000 Life Tables
Authors: Park Chai Bin , Braun Kathryn L. , Horiuchi Brian Y. , Tottori Caryn , Onaka Alvin T. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. We examined differences among seven major ethnic groups in Hawaii in life expectancy at birth ( e[0]) and mortality at broad age groups. Methods. We constructed life tables for 2000 for Caucasian, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Japanese, Korean, and Samoan ethnic groups in Hawaii. We partitioned overall mortality into broad age groups: <15 (representing premature mortality), 15–65 (representing working age), and 66–84 and ≥85 (representing senescent mortality). Results. The overall e(0) in Hawaii was 80.5 years, but the difference between the longest-living group (Chinese) and the shortest-living group (Samoan) was 13 years. Chinese had the lowest mortality rates in each age group except the ≥85 category. In this last age group, we observed anomalously low rates for some new immigrant groups (especially Samoan males) suggesting, as a cause, that elders in these immigrant groups may return to natal countries in their old age and die there. In the <15 age group, mortality rates for Samoans and Koreans were highest, especially for Korean girls, suggesting some continuance in the U.S. of a preference for boy children. Outside of these anomalies, ethnic differences in e(0) were likely explained by socioeconomic and behavioral variables known to affect mortality levels, which are closely associated with ethnicity in Hawaii. Conclusions. These findings confirm the need to disaggregate Asian and Pacific Islander data, to conduct ethnic-specific research, and to address socioeconomic disparities.
Occupational Lung Disease Risk and Exposure to Butter-Flavoring Chemicals after Implementation of Controls at a Microwave Popcorn Plant
Authors: Kanwal Richard , Kullman Greg , Fedan Kathleen B. , Kreiss Kathleen 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. After an outbreak of severe lung disease among workers exposed to butter-flavoring chemicals at a microwave popcorn plant, we determined whether or not lung disease risk declined after implementation of exposure controls. Methods. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health staff performed eight serial cross-sectional medical and industrial hygiene surveys at the plant from November 2000 through August 2003. Medical surveys included standardized questionnaires and spirometry testing. Industrial hygiene surveys measured levels of production-related air contaminants, including butter-flavoring chemicals such as diacetyl. All diacetyl concentrations above detectable limits were corrected for the effects of absolute humidity and days to sample extraction. Results. Ventilation and isolation of the production process resulted in one to three orders of magnitude reductions in diacetyl air concentrations in different areas of the plant. Workers with past high exposures had stable chest symptoms over time; nasal, eye, and skin irritation symptoms declined. New workers had lower symptom prevalences and higher lung function than workers with past high exposures, and they did not worsen over time. In workers who had at least three spirometry tests, those with past high exposures were more likely to experience rapid declines in lung function than new workers. Conclusions. Implemented controls lowered exposures to butter-flavoring chemicals and decreased lung disease risk for much of the plant workforce. Some workers with continuing potential for intermittent, short-term peak and measurable time-weighted exposures remain at risk and should use respiratory protection and have regularly scheduled spirometry to detect rapid lung function declines that may be work-related. Close follow-up of such workers is likely to yield additional information on risks due to peak and time-weighted exposure levels.
Disparities in Infectious Disease Hospitalizations for American Indian/Alaska Native People
Authors: Holman Robert C. , Folkema Arianne M. , Singleton Rosalyn J. , Redd John T. , Christensen Krista Y. , Steiner Claudia A. , Schonberger Lawrence B. , Hennessy Thomas W. , Cheek James E. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We described disparities in infectious disease (ID) hospitalizations for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) people. Methods. We analyzed hospitalizations with an ID listed as the first discharge diagnosis in 1998–2006 for AI/AN people from the Indian Health Service National Patient Information Reporting System and compared them with records for the general U.S. population from the Nationwide Inpatient Survey. Results. The ID hospitalization rate for AI/AN people declined during the study period. The 2004–2006 mean annual age-adjusted ID hospitalization rate for AI/AN people (1,708 per 100,000 populiation) was slightly higher than that for the U.S. population (1,610 per 100,000 population). The rate for AI/AN people was highest in the Southwest (2,314 per 100,000 population), Alaska (2,063 per 100,000 population), and Northern Plains West (1,957 per 100,000 population) regions, and among infants (9,315 per 100,000 population). ID hospitalizations accounted for approximately 22% of all AI/AN hospitalizations. Lower-respiratory-tract infections accounted for the largest proportion of ID hospitalizations among AI/AN people (35%) followed by skin and soft tissue infections (19%), and infections of the kidney, urinary tract, and bladder (11%). Conclusions. Although the ID hospitalization rate for AI/AN people has declined, it remains higher than that for the U.S. general population, and is highest in the Southwest, Northern Plains West, and Alaska regions. Lower-respiratory-tract infections; skin and soft tissue infections; and kidney, urinary tract, and bladder infections contributed most to these health disparities. Future prevention strategies should focus on high-risk regions and age groups, along with illnesses contributing to health disparities.
Administration Time between Seasonal Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine and Trivalent Influenza Vaccine during the “Stop Flu at School” Campaign—Hawaii, 2009
Authors: Sreenivasan Meera V. , He Hua H. , Park Sarah Y. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We determined whether the administration time differed between seasonal intranasal live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and seasonal injectable trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) during Hawaii's 2009 school-located influenza vaccination clinics. This information is useful for public health response and allows further investigation into possible differences between the two vaccines. Methods. We conducted a prospective cohort study in 15 public schools to determine mean times to administer LAIV and TIV to students. We performed group analyses to control for various clinic characteristics and conducted a stratified, weighted analysis. Results. A total of 4,701 students were enrolled in the study, and administration time was obtained for 3,869 (82%) students (1,492 [39%] LAIV and 2,377 [61%] TIV). The mean administration time for LAIV was 62 seconds and for TIV was 90 seconds, a difference of 28 seconds ( p<0.01). This finding remained significant in the stratified analysis. Conclusions. Although results indicated that both LAIV and TIV can be administered rapidly among school-aged populations, LAIV was faster to administer. This finding, in addition to the greater immunogenicity of LAIV compared with TIV among children, may be an important consideration for public health administrators in planning school-located mass vaccination clinics and encouraging patient acceptance of this vaccine.
Accuracy of Parental Reports of Children's HPV Vaccine Status: Implications for Estimates of Disparities, 2009–2010
Authors: Attanasio Laura , McAlpine Donna 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Since the introduction of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in 2006, there have been considerable efforts at the national and state levels to monitor uptake and better understand the individual and system-level factors that predict who gets vaccinated. A common method of measuring the vaccination status of adolescents is through parental recall. We examined how the accuracy of parents' reports of their daughters' HPV vaccination status varied by social characteristics. Methods. Data were taken from the 2009–2010 National Immunization Survey (NIS)-Teen, which includes a household interview and a provider-completed immunization history. We evaluated concordance between parents' and providers' reports of teens' HPV vaccine initiation (≥1 dose) and completion (≥3 doses). We assessed bivariate associations of sociodemographic characteristics with having a concordant, false-positive (overreporting) or false-negative (underreporting) report, and used multinomial logistic regression to estimate the independent impact of each characteristic. Results. In bivariate analyses, concordance of parent-reported HPV vaccine initiation was associated with each of the sociodemographic characteristics investigated. In regression models, self-reported nonwhite race, lower household income, and lower education level of the teen's mother were associated with a higher likelihood of having a false-negative parental report than a concordant report. Conclusion. Our results indicate that, while estimates of overall coverage based on parental report may be unbiased, the differences in the accuracy of parental report could result in misleading estimates of disparities in HPV vaccine coverage.
Persistent Racial/Ethnic Disparities in AIDS Diagnosis Rates among People Who Inject Drugs in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1993–2007
Authors: Pouget Enrique R. , West Brooke S. , Tempalski Barbara , Cooper Hannah L.F. , Hall H. Irene , Hu Xiaohong , Friedman Samuel R. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We estimated race/ethnicity-specific incident AIDS diagnosis rates (IARs) among people who inject drugs (PWID) in U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) over time to assess the change in disparities after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) dissemination. Methods. We compared IARs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for black/African American and Hispanic/Latino PWID with those of white PWID in 93 of the most populous MSAs. We selected two three-year periods from the years immediately preceding HAART (1993–1995) and the years with the most recent available data (2005–2007). To maximize stability, we aggregated data across three-year periods, and we aggregated data for black/African American and Hispanic/Latino PWID for most comparisons with data for white PWID. We assessed disparities by comparing IAR 95% CIs for overlap. Results. IARs were significantly higher for black/African American and Hispanic/Latino PWID than for white PWID in 81% of MSAs in 1993–1995 and 77% of MSAs in 2005–2007. MSAs where disparities became non-significant over time were concentrated in the West. Significant differences were more frequent in comparisons between black/African American and white PWID (85% of MSAs in 1993–1995, 79% of MSAs in 2005–2007) than in comparisons between Hispanic/Latino and white PWID (53% of MSAs in 1993–1995, 56% of MSAs in 2005–2007). IARs declined modestly across racial/ethnic groups in most MSAs. Conclusions. AIDS diagnosis rates continue to be substantially higher for black/African American and Hispanic/Latino PWID than for white PWID in most large MSAs. This finding suggests a need for increased targeting of prevention and treatment programs, as well as research on MSA-level conditions that may serve to maintain the disparities.
Effect of Coating and Interfacial Reaction Zone on the Residual Stresses in Fiber-Reinforced Metal-Matrix Composite
Authors: Kim Y. R. , Kang B. S.-J. , Lyons D. W. , Upadhyay P. C. 
Published: July 2017

During processing of some coated fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites, a reaction zone develops between the matrix and the coating. Since this reaction zone is usually very thin compared to coating thickness, its presence is not accounted for while evaluating the residual stresses generated due to mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients of the constituent phases, during cool down of the composites. Residual stress analyses of composites have been reported using at the most a four-phase model ignoring the effect of reaction zone layer. This paper presents a comparison of residual stresses predicted from a four-phase model (without considering reaction zone) and five-phase model (including reaction zone as a separate phase). As the magnitudes of the stresses obtained from the two models are observed to be significantly different, the results are quite suggestive of the need to use five-phase model for the residual stress analysis, incorporating the reaction zone as a distinct phase with its appropriate properties. A sensitivity study of the residual stresses with respect to coating thickness, coating modulus and reaction zone modulus is also included, based on the regression analysis using least square fit. Results of the sensitivity analysis are consistent with the observations made on the basis of residual stress plots, and convey the need of including the reaction zone as a separate phase. The relative influence of reaction zone modulus, compared to the coating thickness and coating modulus, is observed to be very significant on all the stress components in the coating as well as in the matrix.
Factors affecting the Use of Seats in Academic Libraries
Authors: University of Cambridge Library Management Research Unit (LM  
Published: July 2017

In 1971 the University Grants Committee wished to have information collected on the provision and use of reader places in university libraries, in order to be able to refine their 'building norms' for reader places in future university library buildings. Discussions were held with the Library Management Research Unit on the possibility of the information being eollected on a sponsored research basis, but the Steering Committee of the LMRU eventually decided to carry out the survey independently as part of its own programme. It was thought that a study of this type would certainly increase the knowledge of how libraries were being used and might provide a sound basis for examining the appropriateness of the UGC norms then in use. It was also decided to extend the survey into the field of polytechnic libraries. The large amount of data obtained by studying library use at 17 libraries and seating use at 21 libraries ( 11 academic institutions) shows that, although we have been able to collect detailed statistics of how libraries are being used, the factors underlying this use are very varied. The main aspects suggested for study were the present utilization of seating ( peaks of use— when, where, why, and how great), curriculum, teaching methods and the influence of place, type of residence and subject on library use. The tables containing the data obtained from all aspects of the study are available from the LMRU.
Factors involved in early in vitro endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in human endotoxemia
Authors: Nikola Kimmings A. , Pajkrt Dasja , Zaaijer Krista , Moojen Thybout M. , Meenan John K. , ten Cate Jan W. , van Deventer Sander J.H. 
Published: July 2017

Sepsis and endotoxemia induce a state of early tolerance to the biological effects of endotoxin. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms or mediators involved in this endotoxin hyporesponsiveness. In this study endotoxin-induced TNF production of whole blood obtained at different time points from endotoxin challenged volunteers, and endotoxin- and PHA-induced TNF production by healthy PBMNCs in the presence of serum from endotoxin challenged volunteers were compared. Endotoxin-induced TNF production by whole blood was found to be significantly reduced at 2 h after in vivo endotoxin administration, returning to baseline levels at t = 6 h. In addition, a reduction of TNF produced by healthy PBMNCs in the presence of post-endotoxin serum was observed. No correlation was found with the concentration of any of the well described anti-inflammatory mediators investigated nor with plasma levels of endotoxin-binding proteins.
Effect of succinylacetone administration on plasma nitrate levels of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice
Authors: Krijt Jan , Maruna Pavel , Stranska Pavla , Janousek Vaclav 
Published: July 2017

Groups of 6 male BALB/c mice were treated twice daily for 4 days with 1000 mg/kg succinylacetone (SA), a heme biosynthesis inhibitor. Liver cytochrome P450 levels were slightly decreased and coumarin hydroxylase activity was increased from 124 ± 35 to 276 ± 37 pmol/mg/min. Renal cytochrome P450 content was decreased by SA treatment. SA had no effect on brain nitric oxide synthase activity. Administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased plasma nitrite/nitrate levels, and pretreatment with SA for 72 h partially attenuated this effect. Plasma nitrate levels were 305 ± 67 μmol/l in LPS-injected mice and 116 ± 27 μmol/l in LPS-injected, succinylacetone pretreated mice. These results indicate that succinylacetone treatment interferes with the inducible nitric oxide synthase activity or with its activation pathway.
Yellow Nail Syndrome With Dramatic Improvement of Nail Manifestations After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Hosokawa Yu , Kuboki Akihito , Mori Aya , Kanaya Hiroaki , Nakayama Tsuguhisa , Haruna Shinichi 
Published: July 2017

Objectives: Yellow nail syndrome (YNS) is a rare disease of unknown cause characterized by the triad of yellow nails, respiratory manifestations, and lymphedema. Although several therapies for YNS have been reported, there is no common consensus in the treatment. In this case report, we present a case of 56-year-old woman with YNS, whose nail manifestation was dramatically improved after endoscopic sinus surgery for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods: Endoscopic sinus surgery involving middle meatal antrostomy was performed for the case of YNS with chronic rhinosinusitis and bronchiectasis resistant to antibacterial drugs. Results: A month after the surgery, the patient’s nails eventually showed dramatic improvement. Conclusions: Otorhinolaryngologists should recognize that chronic rhinosinusitis can be a symptom of YNS, and that the aggressive treatment including surgical approach for chronic rhinosinusitis may be a useful in the control of nail manifestation in YNS.
By Way of Introduction: Methods in Studies of Bilingual First Language Acquisition
Authors: De Houwer Annick 
Published: July 2017

This article considers methodological issues related to the study of children who are raised with two languages from birth. This area of study simultaneously belongs to the fields of child language and bilingualism research. Thus the methodological insights gained from these two fields should inform studies of bilingual first language acquisition (BFLA). In addition, there are a few methodological guidelines that apply specifically to the area of BFLA. Among these are the need to investigate unilingual utterances in the search for possible interlanguage effects in the acquisition process and the need to take into account very carefully the sociolinguistic setting in which data are collected. The need for terminological clarity puts into question the use of terms such as “language mixing,” “dominance” and “proficiency” in the field of BFLA. This methodologically oriented article also functions as the introduction to the other contributions to this volume, which all raise methodological issues as well.
Vacuum Deposition of Parylene Films: Influence of Process Factors and Baffling on Film-Thickness Distribution
Authors: Spellman Gordon P. , Carley James F. , Lopez Lawrence A. 
Published: July 2017

Deposition in vacuum of poly(paraxylylene)-PPX or "Parylene"-and derivative polymers from dimer that have been ionized and vaporized is a process used for over 35 years to form protective and insulating coatings on electronic and other devices and to generate extremely thin, pinhole-free films. Coating thickness has been asserted to be highly uniform, but with scant data in the literature. We investigated thickness distribution in a series of coating runs in each of which 60 or 80 small aluminum disks were positioned throughout the coating chamber. The processing factors tested were rate of coating, disk location (radius and altitude), flow-distribution devices, and whether the rack holding the disks was stationary or rotated. In the initial sequence of five runs, 320 film thicknesses were determined. Some findings include: (1) film thickness was heaviest at chamber midheight, diminishing symmetrically toward top and bottom by as much as 25%, and, less strongly, inward from wall to axis. (2) Disk orientation-whether vertical, hoizontal, or at 45°-did not affect film thickness. (3) Rotation of the rack eliminated an inlet-to-outlet downslope of thickness. (4) Dividing the chamber with a midplane separator, together with special inlet and takeoff distributors, reduced the total range of thickness from 40% to 25% of the average. A thickness variation of less than± 10% is possible by positioning objects in a limited vertical range and while preventing shadowing.
Laboratory predictors of bleeding and the effect of platelet and RBC transfusions on bleeding outcomes in the PLADO trial
Authors: Uhl Lynne , Assmann Susan F. , Hamza Taye H. , Harrison Ryan W. , Gernsheimer Terry , Slichter Sherrill J. 
Published: July 2017

Key Points
Laboratory parameters associated with increased bleeding were platelet counts ≤5 × 109/L, hematocrits ≤25%, INR >1.2, and aPTT >30 seconds. Platelet and RBC transfusions on days with bleeding are often not sufficient to change bleeding outcomes on the following day.
How I treat first relapse of myeloma
Authors: Harousseau Jean Luc , Attal Michel 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The standard treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma has been either lenalidomide-dexamethasone (RD) or bortezomib-dexamethasone (VD) but it is changing rapidly for 2 reasons. First, lenalidomide and bortezomib are currently used in frontline treatment and many patients become resistant to these agents early in the course of their disease. Second, 6 second-line new agents have been recently developed and offer new possibilities (pomalidomide, carfilzomib and ixazomib, panobinostat, elotuzumab, and daratumumab). Recent randomized studies have shown that triple combinations adding 1 of these new agents (except pomalidomide) to the RD or VD regimens were superior to the double combinations in terms of response rate and progression-free survival (PFS). Their place in the treatment of first relapse is discussed here. Among these agents, daratumumab is clearly a breakthrough and daratumumab-based combinations might become the preferred option in the near future. However, all of these drugs are expensive and are not available or affordable in all countries. We propose a decision algorithm for first relapse in fit patients with the objective of achieving the best PFS. The choice of salvage regimen is based on lenalidomide/bortezomib resistance, daratumumab availability, and cost. Autologous transplantation should be considered in younger patients if not used upfront.