bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Instrumented Gait Analysis on Surgical Planning: Treatment of Spastic Equinovarus Deformity of the Foot and Ankle
Authors: Fuller David A. , Keenan Mary Ann E. , Esquenazi Alberto , Whyte John , Mayer Nathaniel H. , Fidler-Sheppard Rebecca 
Published: November 2015

Background: Despite the logic behind instrumented gait analysis, its specific contribution to clinical and surgical decision making is not well known. Our purpose in this study was to determine the influence of gait analysis with dynamic electromyography upon surgical planning in patients with upper motor neuron syndrome and gait dysfunction. Methods: Two surgeons prospectively evaluated 36 consecutive adult patients with a spastic equinovarus deformity of the foot and ankle. After an initial history and physical exam, each surgeon independently formulated a surgical plan. Surgical treatment options for each individual muscle/tendon unit crossing the ankle included lengthening, transfer, release or no surgery. After the initial clinical evaluation and surgical planning, all patients then underwent instrumented gait analysis collecting kinetic, kinematic and poly-EMG data using a standard protocol by a single experienced physiatrist. Each surgeon reviewed the gait studies and patients independently and again formulated a surgical plan. The surgical plans were compared for each surgeon before and after gait study. The agreement between the two surgeon's surgical plans was also compared before and after gait study. Each patient was evaluated for the clinical outcome of surgery. Results: Overall a change was made in 64% of the surgical plans after the gait study. The frequency of changing the surgical plan was not significantly different between the more and less experienced surgeons. The agreement between surgeons increased from 0.34 to 0.76 (p = 0.009) after the gait study. The number of surgical procedures planned by each surgeon converged after the gait studies. Correction of the varus deformity was seen in all patients that underwent surgical treatment. Conclusion: Instrumented gait analysis alters surgical planning for patients with equinovarus deformity of the foot and ankle and can produce higher agreement between surgeons in surgical planning. Clinical Relevance: The equinovarus deformity is due to a variety of deforming forces and a single, best operation does not exist to correct all equinovarus deformities. Rather, a muscle specific approach that identifies the deforming forces will produce the best outcomes when treating the spastic equinovarus deformity.
The Value of Subtalar Arthroscopy in the Management of Intra-articular Calcaneus Fractures
Authors: Rammelt Stefan , Gavlik Johann Marian , Barthel Sven , Zwipp Hans 
Published: November 2015

A wealth of clinical and experimental data suggests, that anatomical restoration of the posterior calcaneal facet is a major predictor of outcome after intra-articular calcaneus fractures. The value of subtalar arthroscopy was examined in three clinical study groups (I–III). Materials and Methods: (I) The subtalar joint was inspected arthroscopically in 28 patients during hardware removal one year after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). This procedure was accompanied by subtalar arthrolysis in all cases. (II) Open subtalar arthroscopy was performed to evaluate the quality of reduction after ORIF of intra-articular calcaneus fractures in 59 cases. Arthroscopy was performed after seemingly exact reconstruction of the posterior facet as judged visually and fluoroscopically. (III) Arthroscopically assisted percutaneous reduction and screw fixation (PRSF) was performed in 18 patients with Sanders II fractures. Reduction was achieved with a Schanz screw introduced percutaneously into the tuberosity fragment and controlled fluoroscopically, while fine corrections were made under arthroscopic guidance. Results: (I) Clinical results after ORIF of intra-articular calcaneus fractures were highly correlated to the degree of residual incongruities and chondromalacia of the posterior facet as seen arthroscopically during hardware removal (P<0.01). (II) In 13 of 59 cases (22.0%) during ORIF despite seemingly accurate reduction, steps between 1–2 mm were detected arthroscopically in the posterior calcaneal facet and reduction was repeated subsequently in these cases. (III) Fifteen patients who underwent arthroscopically guided PRSF were re-evaluated after a minimum of one year with excellent clinical results (94.1 pts. with the AOFAS scales). No wound complications were seen. Conclusions: Subtalar arthroscopy provides a most precise and thorough view of the posterior facet of the calcaneus both in assessing the quality of initial reduction as well as evaluation during hardware removal after intra-articular calcaneus fractures. It is more precise than intra-operative fluoroscopy and less time consuming than standard Brodén views during surgery. The use of arthroscopy allows anatomical percutaneous reduction and screw fixation of Sanders II fractures. It therefore provides a useful additional tool in treating intra-articular calcaneus fractures.
Functional Outcome of Patients Following Open Reduction Internal Fixation for Bilateral Calcaneus Fractures
Authors: Zmurko Matthew G. , Karges David E. 
Published: November 2015

Treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures has historically been controversial, but recent developments have led to resurgence in open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) for displaced calcaneus fractures. Recent functional outcome studies comparing operative to nonoperative treatment of unilateral calcaneus fractures has shown a trend towards improved function with ORIF. No studies have investigated the functional outcome of patients who have required operative treatment of bilateral displaced calcaneus fractures. The purpose of this study was to review our operative experience with bilateral displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. A retrospective review of medical charts indicated 13 patients had undergone ORIF for bilateral calcaneus fractures. Nine patients could be contacted and brought to the clinic for functional evaluation and radiographic CT studies. Functional outcome was assessed by the Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment Score (MFA) and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Hindfoot Score (AOFAS). The average follow-up was 56 months. Over half of the patients required additional surgeries. The average MFA and AOFAS scores were 31.1 and 71.8, respectively. Functional outcome decreased for patients with multiple traumatic fractures and surgical procedures of the calcaneus. Our results show a diminished functional outcome for patients sustaining bilateral calcaneus fractures treated with ORIF when compared to patients managed surgically for unilateral calcaneus fractures, but better functional outcomes than patients who do not undergo ORIF for unilateral calcaneus fractures. This diminished function limits work capacity and ability to perform daily activities that require standing.
Air-Cooled High Brightness Mercury Vapour Lamps and Their Application to Projection
Authors: Francis V. J. , Wilson G. H. 
Published: November 2015

The paper describes the functions of a projector with particular reference to the light sources associated with it. It is shown that high brightness is usually the most important property of the source. After a review of types of source at present used for projection, the possible advantages in the use of high brightness mercury vapour lamps are discussed and the characteristics of practical air-cooled lamps are described. Linear and compact source types are shown to be practicable, the latter having twenty or more times the brightness of the filament of a tungsten projector lamp. Details are given of typical optical systems such as searchlights, and slide and film projectors, and the performance of the new lamps in them.
Fundamental Principles of Meters Used to Measure Visibility
Authors: Dunbar C. 
Published: November 2015

Attention is drawn to the difficulty of assessing the visibility of an object when the difference in brightness between the object and its background exceeds the value necessary to produce the best performance under the particular experimental conditions. It is suggested that if the visibility scale is to be extended to brightness differences which exceed this value, then the visibility of the object must be considered in terms of the observer's performance under all conditions of sensitivity, distraction, attention, and unexpectedness which can occur in practice during the carrying out of the visual task. Meters which have been designed to measure the visibility of an object depend upon making the visual conditions more difficult by producing optically a condition in which the difference in brightness between the object and its background is equal to a threshold value. It is shown that in the case of objects which are presented against backgrounds of different brightness, these objects will be arranged in an order of visibility which depends on the exact manner by which the threshold condition is produced. Inconsistencies which may arise from the use of a meter both in the presence and absence of glare sources are also indicated. The need is stressed for careful consideration of the results given by a meter both in relation to the nature of the visual task and the differences in lighting conditions under which comparisons of visibility are made. Consideration is also given to visibility meters which have been designed to measure the efficiency of street lighting installations. As these meters take into account many of the factors affecting the visibility of objects in the street, they can usefully be employed to study the effect of these factors. On the other hand, since the meters do not take all the important factors into account, the results given by the meters in different installations should not be taken as measuring the efficiency of these installations in promoting object visibility.
Railway Lighting
Authors: Cunnington A. , Golds G. W. 
Published: November 2015

The paper opens with a discussion of the general requirements of railway lighting installations, and attention is drawn to the special importance for railway purposes of reliability, robust construction to withstand adverse conditions, “and good design to secure absence of glare. Special problems are referred to in some detail, and a description is given of special devices, such as under-pit fluorescent lighting for the inspection of locomotives, methods of illuminating the interiors of box wagons in goods sheds, and a suggested method for affording background illumination in shunting yards. Reference is made to the need for low illumination in signal boxes so as to ensure reasonable” dark adaptation “for the eyes of signalmen when observing train movements through the windows, and a section deals with some of the features which may make for greater safety of stairways. The later part of the paper covers some possible future developments in the use of fluorescent tube lighting, and in the illumination of direction signs and clocks, station name signs, both large and small, and of various train indicator devices and timetable boards. Finally, some reference is made to the effect of better lighting on the welfare and safety of the staff and the travelling public.
Decorative Lighting
Authors: Hubble L. H. 
Published: November 2015

Decorative lighting is not so much a practice in itself as an essential component of any lighting scheme. The word “decorative” is misleading in that it implies ornament, whereas, in point of fact, the decorative component of lighting may be only a matter of simplification; indeed, the modern tendency appears to be towards the avoidance of lighting “decoration” and the substitution of lighting harmony. The paper contends that, approached in this way, decorative lighting can be analysed in a manner impossible if it were considered to be purely an artistic function. With the aid of such analysis, this aspect of illuminating engineering can be brought within the scope of a great number of lighting engineers who might otherwise feel unqualified to tackle those lighting problems in which decoration is of great importance. The approach to the decorative component must take the form of a search for harmony, firstly in relation to the prevailing human emotion of those for whom the lighting is designed and secondly in relation to the architectural characteristics of the space under treatment. The paper terminates with a detailed description of a particular installation, showing how the above reasoning was applied.
Fluorescent Lamp Artificial Daylight Units for Colour Matching
Authors: Winch G. T. , Harrison W. , Ruff H. R. 
Published: November 2015

The colour and colour rendering characteristics of natural daylight are considered together with the requirements for artificial daylight sources for critical colour matching purposes. The development of artificial daylight units utilising tubular fluorescent electric discharge lamps is shown to follow two main lines, namely, (a) a combination of fluorescent powders in either cold or hot cathode fluorescent lamps, and (b) a combination of radiation from fluorescent lamps and groups of incandescent tungsten filament lamps. Practical tubular fluorescent daylight colour matching units using cold cathode tubes are in use in industry for critical colour matching purposes, whilst experimental hot cathode lamps have been used in some prolonged field tests. An alternative method being investigated is to combine blue fluorescent lamps with incandescent tungsten filament lamps. This provides a closer approximation to black body spectral distribution than at present possible with fluorescent lamps alone, provided care is taken to ensure adequate mixing of the light, and adjustment is made for the differential life behaviour of the component lamps. The outstanding advantage of artificial daylight units incorporating tubular fluorescent lamps is their high efficiency (of the order of 30 lm/w.) which enables a very much higher illumination to be obtained over large working areas than has previously been practicable with filtered tungsten light or light from daylight units incorporating CO2 tubes.
Brightness Engineering
Authors: Robinson W. 
Published: November 2015

Brightness engineering at its present stage of development can be defined as the extension of illuminating engineering by adopting and producing limiting brightness ratios in interiors where comfortable and easy seeing are primary considerations. Further development hinges on the acceptance of a generalised brightness code, and two possible methods of establishing this are considered in the light of recent work on the subject. Methods of brightness design using inter-reflection tables are described and the associated problem of brightness measurement is discussed. The field flux method of lighting design based on zonal flux distrubtion is compared with the brightness ratio method. In the wider sense, brightness engineering involves prescribing and producing a good visual environment and offers to lighting engineers both greater scope and heavier responsibilities.
Brightness Patterns and Visual Fields
Authors: Lay S. D. 
Published: November 2015

Brightness patterns in the field of view, and their effect on visual efficiency, are examined in the light of research and of present trends in practice. Two separate, but related, fields are analysed—one centred on the work, the other covering the environment. Brightness patterns in each field and the relationship between the two fields are discussed. It would both clarify research and simplify application of its results if it were possible to divide the visual field into simple practical zones of standard sizes rather than the varying arbitrarily selected zones found in different research work. The problem is examined and it is shown that there are four zones which could with advantage be standardised and used in future work. Some observations are made on the significance of these zones and of their treatment in practice.
The Economics of Four Industrial Lighting Installations
Authors: Clark S. T. 
Published: November 2015

The type of lighting adopted for any particular industrial building usually depends on a number of factors, including capital and operating costs, technical requirements and maintenance facilities. Some of the problems involved are discussed in the four papers of this symposium. The papers were selected to illustrate the advantages of different lamps for particular applications. Although the papers have a common theme the treatment is individual.
A Method of Evaluating Seeing Distances on a Straight Road for Vehicle Meeting Beams
Authors: Jehu V. J. 
Published: November 2015

The paper describes a method of calculating the distances at which objects may be seen in the light of a driver's own headlamps when one vehicle meets another on a straight road. It is based on experimentally determined seeing distances for beams of uniform intensity, obtained when the observer's vehicle was moving at 30 miles per hour and the glare lamp was stationary. The data, which were obtained for a given road width and position of the test object, are extended to other widths and object positions by means of the Stiles-Holladay law that the effect of a glaring light varies inversely as the square of the angular separation between the glare source and the line of sight. The method has been used to evaluate seeing distances for four object positions across the road for a meeting beam typical of current British and American practice in which the beams are deflected to the nearside. The results show that with this system of lighting the minimum seeing distance for an object in the nearside lane occurs when the object is somewhat nearer the driver than the opposing lamps, and that the value of the minimum direct seeing distance varies considerably with the position of the object across the road. Comparisons between calculation and measured seeing distances in trials in which both vehicles were moving are in good agreement for objects along the nearside of the road. At other object positions comparison is not possible at present because the experimental evidence available is insufficient.
Electroluminescence
Authors: Bowtell J. N. , Bate H. C. 
Published: November 2015

This paper deals with the main features of electroluminescence and emphasises aspects of particular interest to illuminating engineers. Following a brief account of earlier work, the design, construction and performance of practical electroluminescent light sources are described. Essential theoretical aspects are also mentioned. Certain specialised applications of electroluminescence for photographic and other purposes are discussed. Reference is also made to possible future uses for this light source.
Lighting Developments in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Havelka Jiri 
Published: November 2015

The paper gives an account of research work carried out in Czechoslovakia in the last 10 years. The problem of the economical rated voltage of incandescent lamps is analysed in general and the economical voltage derived for cases of varying mains voltage and cost of electrical energy. The attainable economy is critically evaluated. The second part of the paper deals with the economical interval for maintenance and re-lamping and the method of its computation. Special attention has been paid to the investigation of the most favourable arrangement of fluorescent tubes for factory lighting and an attempt made to express the quality of illumination by a single “quality index” to enable a clear comparison of the individual arrangements. A new type of fluorescent lantern for street lighting at low temperatures is described.
Measurement of Low Light Levels by the Photon Counting Method
Authors: Young B. M. , Cooper L. P. 
Published: November 2015

Experiments are described using electron counting techniques for measuring low light levels with photomultipliers. An accuracy of 1 per cent has been achieved in measuring cathode currents of the order of 10−15 amp. or less with the photomultiplier cooled to — 183°C. The luminous flux falling on the cathode of area 2.4 sq. in. was c.10−11 lumen. At higher levels, the limitations in resolution of the counting equipment available caused 20 per cent loss in counts at cathode currents of 10−13 to 10−14 amp. The limitations of the technique for photometric applications are discussed, together with the statistical considerations governing the resolution times necessary for the amplifier and counting circuits in order to increase the range over which the counts are proportional to the luminous flux incident on the cathode.
Colour Perception and Colour-Rendering
Authors: Wilson M. H. , Brocklebank R. W. 
Published: November 2015

Experiments with coloured shadows, contrasts effects, double and triple projections, and chromatic illuminants all show that colour perceptions, in terms of hue, saturation, and brightness, are not direct functions of the physical properties of the stimulus nor yet of the psycho-physical properties (chromaticity and luminance), but depend on the relation of each colour patch to the totality of the visual scene— a relationship expressed by polarity and compensation. The mental process of fitting concept to percept in making sense of the sensations is also important. It is suggested that in spite of the subjective nature of colour perceptions, the colour-rendering properties of an illuminant could well be determined by the perceived colours of objects, taking into account chromatic adaptation, and using the degree of colour constancy as a measure of success. Reciprocal chromaticity, specifying object colours as selective darkenings of the illuminant, might be found appropriate to this method.
Promoting Alcohol-Free Pregnancy in Minnesota: A Case Study in Social Marketing
Authors: Miner Kim , Kingsbury Lee , Gentling Gail , Bishop Don 
Published: November 2015

Alcohol use during pregnancy is a pressing public health problem in Minnesota as in the United States. Prenatal alcohol exposure can result in intellectual impairment, growth delay, facial malformations, and numerous emotional and social disabilities. Social marketing has emerged as an effective framework to plan and promote health-enhancing practices and polices. Several strategies characteristic of social marketing guided this campaign in Minnesota to promote alcohol-free pregnancy, including (1) an extensive, interdisciplinary planning process involving public health staff, a voluntary health organization, a statewide coalition, and a private agency specializing in advertising and market research, (2) research-based message development, (3) affirming messages designed to reinforce desired behavior, (4) coordinated radio and TV broadcast, and (5) linkages to community-based efforts. The following article presents this campaign as a case study in social marketing.
Predicting Outcome in Acute Stroke: A Comparison between QEEG and the Canadian Neurological Scale
Authors: Cuspineda E. , Machado C. , Aubert E. , Galán L. , Liopis F. , Avila Y. 
Published: November 2015

Objective: To determine and compare the predictive value of quantitative EEG (QEEG) and the Canadian Neurological Scale (CaNS), in patients with an acute cerebral stroke. Methodology: Twenty-eight patients were studied with the diagnosis of acute ischemic middle cerebral artery stroke, within the first 72 hours of clinical evolution. Thirty-seven EEGs and clinical evaluations were collected: 13 during the first 24 hours after stroke onset, 9 between 24–48 hours and 15 between 48–72 hours. The QEEG studied variables were: the Z values (maximum, minimum and the Z medians from the 5 nearest points to each one) of absolute energies (AE) from the 4 classic frequencies bands. The clinical scale showed a smaller percent of correct prognosis than QEEG variables. Conclusions: QEEG was demonstrated to be a powerful tool to predict the degree of residual functional disabilities after an acute ischemic stroke and showed a higher prognostic value than CaNS when they are performed within the first 72 hours of brain infarct.