bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in metabolomic applications in plant genetics and breeding.
Authors: Yandeau-Nelson M. D. , Lauter N. , Zabotina O. A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Metabolomics is a systems biology discipline wherein abundances of endogenous metabolites from biological samples are identified and quantitatively measured across a large range of metabolites and/or a large number of samples. Since all developmental, physiological and 'response to the environment' phenotypes have at least one metabolic component phenotype, metabolomics offers the opportunity to mechanistically dissect how metabolic processes participate in determining these complex phenotypes. Plants produce an amazingly diverse array of primary and specialized metabolites (>200000 kingdom-wide), many of which are integral for our food, feed, fibre and fuel industries. Thus, applications of metabolomics in plant genetics and breeding efforts offer efficient and effective solutions to challenges in our agricultural systems. This review briefly describes new advances in the metabolomic platforms and analysis methods that have been developed for both targeted and non-targeted metabolite profiling in plants. Special sections describing the application of these technologies are then provided for several relevant topics, including advances in plant quantitative genetics research, improved prediction of hybrid crop performance, mitigation of losses due to environmental stress, development of metabolic biomarkers for economically important traits, establishment of substantial equivalence between transgenic and conventional germplasm and biofortification for nutritional enhancement of our food supply. Future applications of metabolomics, particularly as a component discipline of phenomics, are also discussed.
Wastes to worth: value added products from fruit and vegetable wastes.
Authors: Wadhwa M. , Bakshi M. P. S. , Makkar H. P. S. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

The concentrations of phenolics and other phytochemicals present in the peels, pulp/pomace and seeds of many fruits and vegetables namely citrus, apples, peaches, pears, banana, pomegranate, berries, mangoes, onions, potatoes, tomatoes and sugar beet are generally substantially higher than in their respective edible tissues, suggesting these wastes and residues to be the potential sources for isolating bio-active compounds. The antioxidants (polyphenolic and other phytochemicals) and other bio-active compounds from these sources exhibit anti-cancer, anti-microbial (pathogens), anti-oxidative and immune-modulatory effects. In addition they reduce incidence of cardiovascular diseases and capillary fragility, inhibit platelet aggregation and prevent thrombosis, oxidative stress, osteoporosis and diabetes in vertebrates. Specifically, the phenolics and flavonoids present in apple, date pit, rambutan (
Nephelium lappaceum
) peel, tomato peel extracts strongly inhibit tumour-cell proliferation. Penta-O-galloyl-glucoside (PGG) present in mango seed kernel extract and mango peel is used in pharmaceutical industries as it possesses anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-cardiovascular and hepato-protective effects. The terpenoid and flavonoids in banana foliage exhibit anthelmintic properties. Pomace of apple, pear, orange, peach, blackcurrant, cherry, artichoke, asparagus, onion, raspberry, tomato and carrot, durian seeds (gelling and thickening agents), mango peels, date pits, cauliflower trimmings, empty pea pods and okara are used as dietary fibre supplements and as a functional ingredient in processed food products due to the presence of pectins and carotenoids and bound antioxidants. Some of the fruit and vegetable wastes are excellent source of biopigments; examples being betalains in beet root pulp and carotenoid in carrot pulp. Tomato seeds, banana peel, rambutan and mango seed kernel, passion fruit seed, black currant, date pits are good sources of edible oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Many fruit and vegetable wastes are used as a substrate for the production of organic acids (citric, lactic and ferulic acids), single cell protein, essential oils, exogenous enzymes, bio-ethanol/methanol, bio-pesticides, bio-sorbants, bio-degradable plastic, bio-fertilizers, bio-preservatives and edible mushrooms. Some have potential to decrease the emission of enteric methane.
Viral diseases of banana.
Authors: Selvarajan R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Banana and plantain are important fruit crops grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Millions of resource-poor people depend on them for their livelihood and food security. These fruit crops are destroyed by several viral diseases causing serious economic losses wherever the crops are cultivated. Here, recent developments on the spread, distribution, biology, diversity, recombination, host range, cutting-edge techniques in diagnostics and comprehensive management of important banana viruses, i.e., banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), banana streak viruses, banana bract mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, as well as minor viruses such as banana mild mosaic virus, are exhaustively reviewed. Due to its high destructive potential, BBTV is regarded as a quarantine pest of very high importance in the banana exporting countries of South and Central America. Using tissue culture technology, it is now possible to control the viruses of banana by adopting virus-free certification programmes in conjunction with exclusion, eradication and adoption of quarantine measures.
Structural magnetic and Mossbauer study of 57Fe doped La2/3Ca1/3Mn1-xFexO3 (0≥x≥0.1) manganites
Authors: Sánchez L C , Durango D , Arnache O 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We have studied the effect of 57Fe substitution on structural and magnetic properties of La2/3Ca1/3Mn1-xFexO3 (LCMFO; x=0, 5 and 10%) manganites. The powders were prepared by the solid state reaction method, and the final products were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer Spectrometry and Magnetic Measurements. Only one single phase corresponding to the manganite phase was detected without the presence of impurities or iron phases. The hyperfine parameters of Mossbauer spectra (MS), taken at different temperatures for the doped samples, reveal the only presence of Fe3+ ions in octahedral coordination. At low temperatures, the MS spectra were fitted with a model of three components associated to three magnetic phases of iron (ferromagnetic and paramagnetic states). These ordered and not ordered magnetic phases are related to the effects of grain size distribution in LCMFO samples. Finally, significant changes were observed in the saturation magnetization, Curie temperature and coercivity field with increasing of iron doping level.
Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Teen Workbook
Authors: Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva , Foa Edna B. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This online treatment program adapts the principles of Dr. Foa's proven effective Prolonged Exposure Therapy for adolescents suffering from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and is based on the principles of prolonged exposure and emotional processing for use with those individuals who suffer from PTSD. The treatment is presented in modules that can be individually tailored to fit the needs of each patient. Because many adolescent PTSD sufferers do not initiate therapy on their own, but are referred to therapy by social workers, parents, or other authority figures, their willingness to participate in their treatment can vary widely. The first element of this treatment, serves to assess the client's attitude, and increase motivation to change. Other modules introduce psychoeducation, real-life exposure, emotional processing, and relapse prevention. This online workbook provides additional information, monitoring forms, and worksheets to help clients take control of their treatment.
Strong, but Age-Dependent, Protection Elicited by a Deoxyribonucleic Acid/Modified Vaccinia Ankara Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine
Authors: Chamcha Venkateswarlu , Kannanganat Sunil , Gangadhara Sailaja , Nabi Rafiq , Kozlowski Pamela A. , Montefiori David C. , LaBranche Celia C. , Wrammert Jens , Keele Brandon F. , Balachandran Harikrishnan , Sahu Sujata , Lifton Michelle , Santra Sampa , Basu Rahul , Moss Bernard , Robinson Harriet L. , Amara Rama Rao 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background.  In this study, we analyzed the protective efficacy of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque 239 (SIVmac239) analogue of the clinically tested GOVX-B11 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) human immunodeficiency virus vaccine.
Methods.  The tested vaccine used a DNA immunogen mutated to mimic the human vaccine and a regimen with DNA deliveries at weeks 0 and 8 and MVA deliveries at weeks 16 and 32. Twelve weekly rectal challenges with 0.3 animal infectious doses of SIV sootey mangabey E660 (SIVsmE660) were administered starting at 6 months after the last immunization.
Results.  Over the first 6 rectal exposures to SIVsmE660, &lt;10-year-old tripartite motif-containing protein 5 (TRIM5)α-permissive rhesus macaques showed an 80% reduction in per-exposure risk of infection as opposed to a 46% reduction in animals over 10 years old; and, over the 12 challenges, they showed a 72% as opposed to a 10% reduction. Analyses of elicited immune responses suggested that higher antibody responses in the younger animals had played a role in protection.
Conclusions.  The simian analogue of the GOVX-B11 HIV provided strong protection against repeated rectal challenges in young adult macaques.
Montaigne on Violence
Authors: Nazarian Cynthia 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This article explores the treatment of violence in Michel de Montaigne’s Essays. Although the essayist deplores it as a particularly human evil, violence is neither universally destructive nor lacking in value in his book, which proposes an agonistic view of violence that tracks an equally agonistic conception of virtue. An examination of cruelty, torture, valor, and vulnerability shows the ways in which violence’s destabilization works to provide an ethical testing grounds for the stability of the soul. Rather than turning to pacifist or compassionate alternatives, Montaigne praises valor as the quality that emerges out of the moral struggle that is violence—not the highest of virtues, but perhaps the most human in a fallen, brutal age.
Montaigne on Women
Authors: McKinley Mary 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Women appear in different lights in the Essays; Montaigne can alternately praise and disparage them. He often presents them in binary opposition to men, but at times he subtly aligns himself with them, thereby troubling that binary divide that had characterized men’s writings about women since antiquity. The Essays record his ongoing questioning about the nature of women and their relationship to men. Montaigne recognized the political influence of certain noble women. Although he rarely mentions the women in his family, they were a prominent presence in his home life, and his essays obliquely reflect his experiences with them. Finally, the dedication of a woman guaranteed the posterity of his Essays through a series of editions into the seventeenth century, and in the twentieth century a woman became the first scholar and editor of Montaigne in North America.
The Biological Standard of Living in Europe from the Late Iron Age to the Little Ice Age
Authors: Koepke Nikola 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter documents human development in the very long run on the basis of anthropometric indicators used as a proxy measure of the biological standard of living. The author explores the trend in height of European populations, controlling for aspects of natural, economic, and social change. Findings include that there was a small increase in overall mean height in Europe from the 8th century BCE to the 18th century CE (c. 0.5 cm per millennium on average for the total dataset), with regional and temporal variations, including particular low points during Roman ascendancy (1st century BCE in Mediterranean Europe, 8 cm below the predicted mean) and the Little Ice Age (17th century CE in North-Eastern Europe, 7 cm below the predicted mean). Significant explanatory variables for these trends are the availability of dairy products, the share of the population living in urban areas, and the impact of the Roman Empire.
The Impact of Socioeconomic Inequality on Children’s Health and Well-Being
Authors: Cabieses Baltica , Pickett Kate E. , Wilkinson Richard G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChild well-being is important for lifelong health and well-being. Although there is evidence linking social determinants of health (eg, relative poverty and income inequality) to child well-being, social and public health policy tends to focus on interventions to mitigate their effects, rather than remove the root causes. Children born into socioeconomically disadvantaged families suffer worse child well-being and its lifelong implications, in all societies, worldwide. However, some societies are able to mitigate these inequalities and create better average child well-being and smaller gaps between rich and poor children. This success has less to do with specific welfare policies or targeted interventions for poor children than to a societal commitment to greater equality.
Introduction
Authors: John Juliet 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This Introduction explores the vexed term ‘Victorian literary culture’ by revisiting the origins of today’s disciplinary map in the Victorian period. It explains current uneasiness with the idea of ‘the literary’ by retracing its associations with the humanist writings of Arnold and Leavis and the subsequent reaction against humanism which propelled cultural studies, critical theory, and contemporary interdisciplinarity. It argues for the reintegration and re-evaluation of the ideas of ‘the literary’ and ‘literary culture’ into prevailing interdisciplinary practice and defences of the arts and humanities. This should not signal a return to a naïve humanism, apoliticism, or ahistoricism but can emerge from the ‘hermeneutics of integrity’ that John sees as prevalent in today’s Victorian studies. As literary culture has provided Victorian studies with much of its base as well as its baggage, it is important to allow the prodigal idea of the literary to rebalance our academic and public conversations.
Alternative Semantics
Authors: Rooth Mats 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter presents the semantics and pragmatics of prosodic focus in alternative semantics. Half a dozen examples are given of empirical phenomena that are to be covered by the theory. Then a syntax marking the locus, scope, and antecedent for focus is introduced. The syntax is interpreted semantically and pragmatically by a presupposition involving alternatives. The alternative sets that are used in the definition are computed compositionally using a recursive definition. Alternatives are also employed in the semantics of questions, and this ties in with the phenomenon of question-answer congruence, where the position of focus in an answer matches questioned positions in the question. A different semantic interpretation for focus is entailment semantics, which uses a generalized entailment condition in place of a condition involving alternatives. The semantic and pragmatic interpretation for contrastive topic uses an additional layer of alternatives. Independent of focus, alternatives are deployed in the semantics of disjunction and of negative polarity items.
Dietary Transition in Late Holocene Eastern North America
Authors: Larsen Clark Spencer 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the record of reconstructing and interpreting diet from the study of craniofacial morphology and teeth, especially as the orofacial record pertains to masticatory function, nutritional quality, and health. This record is an essential element of the study of diet as it is represented in the archaeological past. Analysis of the orofacial skeleton from eastern North America reveals temporal trends relating to or arising from the introduction and intensification of farming based on plant cultigens, especially maize. These trends are characterized as including (1) reduction of facial robusticity and occlusal surface wear; (2) increase in growth disruption owing to poor-quality nutrition; and (3) increased prevalence of dental caries and related pathology caused by focus on plant carbohydrates.
Intensification, Diet, and Group Boundaries among Later Stone Age Coastal Hunter-gatherers along the Western and Southern Coasts of South Africa
Authors: Sealy Judith 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of bone collagen from a large sample of Holocene human skeletons from South Africa show regional and chronological variations in diet, especially in the importance of marine foods. Isotopic variability suggests that hunter-gatherers were more territorial than previously recognized, at least between 4000 and 2000 radiocarbon years ago. There is also evidence for population growth; some sites preserve very large volumes of archaeological deposit and dietary breadth increased—a pattern of ‘intensification’ that occurred elsewhere in the world. Here, it raises questions of similarity (e.g. in artefact types) and difference (e.g. in settlement pattern) between archaeological hunter-gatherers and anthropologically documented southern African foragers. Variation in the quantities of grave goods is intriguing, but there is insufficient evidence to detect patterning beyond broad geographical trends. This work contributes to our understanding of coastal hunter-gatherers, who are poorly documented in most parts of the world.
Diversification and Cultural Construction of a Crop
Authors: Fuller Dorian Q. , Castillo Cristina 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Rice (Oryza) is one of the world’s most important and productive staple foods, with highly diverse uses and varieties. We use archaeobotany, culture, history, and ethnobotany to trace the history of the development of sticky (or glutinous) forms. True sticky rice is the result of a genetic mutation that causes a loss of amylose starch but higher amylopectin content. These mutations are unknown in wild populations but have become important amongst cultivars in East and Southeast Asia (unlike other regions). In the same region, other cereals have also evolved parallel mutations that confer stickiness when cooked. This points to a strong role for cultural history and food preparation traditions in the genetic selection and breeding of Asian cereal varieties. The importance of sticky rice in ritual foods and alcoholic beverages in East and Southeast Asia also suggests the entanglement of crop varieties and culturally inherited food traditions and ritual symbolism.
European Criminal Records and Ex-Offender Employment
Authors: Jacobs James B. , Larrauri Elena 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This article examines European policies regarding criminal record–based employment discrimination, with particular emphasis on Spain. It first provides an overview of the definition of “criminal record” before discussing the confidentiality of information regarding criminal conviction. It then considers employment discrimination in Europe based on criminal record, including private employer discrimination in Spain, Sweden, and the Netherlands. It also highlights how the European Union’s data protection laws reinforce the confidentiality of criminal record information as well as the sex offense exception. Finally, it analyzes the influence of the European Union, Council of Europe, and the European Court of Human Rights on ex-offenders’ employment opportunities.
Revised calibration for near- and mid-infrared images from ∼4000 pointed observations with AKARI/IRC
Authors: Egusa Fumi , Usui Fumihiko , Murata Kazumi , Yamashita Takuji , Yamamura Issei , Onaka Takashi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The Japanese infrared astronomical satellite AKARI performed ∼4000 pointed observations for 16 months until the end of August 2007, when the telescope and instruments were cooled by liquid helium. Observation targets include solar system objects, Galactic objects, local galaxies, and galaxies at cosmological distances. We describe recent updates on calibration processes of near- and mid-infrared images taken by the Infrared Camera (IRC), which has nine photometric filters covering 2–27 μm continuously. Using the latest data reduction toolkit, we created calibrated and stacked images from each pointed observation. About 90% of the stacked images have a position accuracy better than 1${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$5. Uncertainties in aperture photometry estimated from a typical standard sky deviation of stacked images are a factor of ∼2–4 smaller than those of AllWISE at similar wavelengths. The processed images, together with documents such as process logs, as well as the latest toolkit are available online.
The Great Pretender: Pediatric Wandering Spleen
Authors: Radillo Lucia , Taddio Andrea , Ghirardo Sergio , Bramuzzo Matteo , Pederiva Federica , Maschio Massimo , Barbi Egidio 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Wandering spleen is a rare condition, typically not only due to embryological defects of the splenic ligaments, but also secondary to trauma and splenomegaly. The most common presentation is acute abdomen with a mobile abdominal mass or recurrent abdominal pain. However, the spleen may be temporary in its normal position, and patients could be asymptomatic. A familiarity, if present, strengthens the diagnostic suspect.
Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography are the examination of choice, and the management is surgical.
Torticollis as the Presenting Sign of Cervical Spondylodiscitis
Authors: Pizzol Antonio , Bramuzzo Matteo , Pillon Roberto , Taddio Andrea , Barbi Egidio 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Acquired torticollis is a common clinical finding in children evaluated in the pediatric emergency department. It may be the presentation symptom of different illnesses, such as trauma, muscle contraction, infections, or malignancies, and an accurate differential diagnosis is required to correctly identify the cause and choose the right treatment. Spondylodiscitis is a low-grade bacterial infection that involves intervertebral disks and the adjacent vertebral bodies. Spondylodiscitis of the cervical spine is unusual and may be a rare cause of torticollis. We report the case of a 4-year-old male patient admitted to the emergency department for a 5-day history of painful torticollis. Blood tests showed an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The radiograph of the cervical spine showed a thin fifth cervical soma. The magnetic resonance imaging of cervical spine showed the alteration of cervical vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks, suggesting the diagnosis of cervical spondylodiscitis. The patient recovered after endovenous antibiotic treatment. We suggest that cervical spondylodiscitis should be suspected and investigated by means of an magnetic resonance imaging in every case of unexplained torticollis with persisting symptoms.