bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Soil Insecticides in Controlling Wireworms in Field Corn, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Gray M. E. , Steffey K. L. , Finger J. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Each treatment was applied to a single 30-ft-long row. A RCB design with four replications was used. Two untreated checks were included in each replication. Data collected from the untreated plots were averaged for the ANOVA. Granular insecticides applied at planting were metered through computer-controlled SmartBox (SBX) granular applicators or Noble units mounted on each of the four planter units (ALMACO 4-row Precision planter). The planting-time granules were applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter. Spring tines mounted behind each planter unit were used to incorporate the insecticide. All rates are specified as lb (AI)/acre based on 30-inch row spacing. On 12 Jun, plant damage ratings were obtained by removing a trench of soil 1 meter (length) X 10 cen-timeters (width) X 10 centimeters (depth). The number of wireworm larvae was recorded for each sample. In addition, seeds/seedlings in each 1 meter of row were examined for wireworm damage and rated according to the following scale: 1 = Seed/seedling undamaged; 2 = Seed/seedling damaged but plant established; 3 = Seed/seedling damaged with plant showing signs of stress; 4 = Seed/seedling damaged with no plant establishment.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil, 1997
Authors: Bernhardt J.L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experimental design was a RCB with 9 treatments and 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7-inch spacing) by 25 ft. Adjacent plots were separated by a 2-ft alley. Rice was drill seeded in Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 18 May and emerged on 27 May. Propanil (Stam 4 E) and thiobencarb (Bolero 8 E) at 3 and 2 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, were applied for weed control on 12 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 2-way split of 90 lb N/acre as urea on 2 Jul and 60 lb N/acre on 26 Jul. Preplant treatments were made with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 18 gpa and incorporated to a 2-inch depth with a tractor-mounted rotary tiller. Seed treated with fipronil was supplied by Rhone Poulenc Ag. Chemical Company. Plots were flush irrigated (temporary flood for 24 h, then drained) on 23 May and 14 Jun. Permanent flood was established on 2 Jul. Furadan 3 G was applied 14 d after permanent flood with a hand-shaker. On 25 and 31 Jul three 4X4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores with an average of 4 plants/core were removed from plots. Soil was washed from the plant roots into a 40-mesh screen. The screen was immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were removed. Plots were harvested with a Yanmar combine on 7 Oct. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Data were analyzed with an ANOVA and means separated with LSD.
Control of Sunflower Insects in West Central Nebraska, 1997
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sunflowers were planted on 16 May near North Platte, NE, with a ridge till planter. Insecticides were applied with a backpack sprayer on 24 Jul, when the plants were in the 5% bloom stage. The insecticide treatments were applied with water, in a total volume of 7 gpa, at 30 psi. The treatments were replicated four times in 10 X 35 ft plots arranged in a RCB design. Sunflower moth larval damage, head clipper weevil damage, and plant lodging were evaluated 2 Oct on 20 plants from the center of each plot. Moth larval damage on the heads was rated on a 1-5 scale; 1 = no damage, 2 = 25% of the head damaged, 3 = 50% of the head damaged, 4 = 75% of the head damaged, 5 = 100% of the head damaged. Plants with missing heads were scored as damaged by head clipper weevils. Treatment means for each variable were analyzed with ANOVA. The means were separated with Fisher’s protected test of least significant difference.
Aphid and Flea Beetle Control on Tobacco with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1997
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Various insecticides applied as transplant water treatments and transplant drench (TPD) were compared with foliar and soil treatments for TA and TFB control and for the impact of treatment on yield of flue-cured tobacco. Tests were conducted on a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil at the Southern Piedmont Agric. Res. and Ext. Cntr., Blackstone, VA. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were established in a RCB design with 4 replications Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. The Temik treatment was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor-mounted-Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 15 May (Ambient temperature 75-78 °F, soil temperature, 70 °F, soil pH, 5.6; weather, sunny; soil moisture, good). The Admire drench treatment was applied to tobacco seedlings in 288-cell float trays 24 hrs before transplanting. The treatment was applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered the desired rates of Admire 240 FS in 0.46 gal of water/1,000 plants through 8003LP tips at 20 psi. Treatments were watered in with about 1 gal of water immediately after application. ‘Coker 371 Gold’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted and the transplant water (TPW) treatments were applied in 204 gpa with a dipper at 4 fl oz/plant on 20 May. The weather was sunny, and soil and ambient temperatures were 70 °F and 78-81 °F, respectively. Foliar applications of Orthene were applied on 11 and 31 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 30 gpa at 50 psi through 3 TX-12 nozzles/row. Except for insect control, tobacco production followed recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Dipel 4 L (Bacillus thuringienis) was applied for tobacco hornworm control on 3 Jul. TA were counted on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 6 to 10 wks after transplanting. On 22 Aug, TA damage was rated for each plot on a scale of 0 to 10: 0 = no signs of TA feeding; 10 = all leaves showing severe damage resulting from TA infestations including hon-eydew, sooty mold, necrotic leaf tissue and exuviae. TFB feeding holes were counted on 10 plants/plot at 2 to 4 wk after transplanting. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yields and prices were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by Waller-Duncan K-ratio t-test (K = 100). TA count data were transformed to log10 (x + 1) before analysis.
Secondary Insecticide Testing on Apple, 1997
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham M. , Smith C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Dilute sprays were applied with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at tight cluster (2 May), pink (12 May), petal fall (3 Jun), and as cover sprays on 11 Jun, 25 Jun, 7 Jul, 22 Jul, 6 Aug, and 20 Aug. Oil was applied at tight cluster in the DuPont program, followed by Asana at pink; Guthion + Vydate at PF; Vendex, Lannate, and Guthion at IC; Lannate + Guthion at 2C, 5C, and 6C; and a mixture of Asana + Guthion at 3C and 4C. In the Knack treatment, Knack 0.86 EC (0.37 oz (AI)/100 gal) was applied at pink, Guthion 50 W (4.0 oz (AI)/100 gal) was applied at petal fall, IC, 2C, 4C-6C, and Knack 0.86 EC (0.27 oz (AI)/100 gal) + Guthion 50 W (4.0 oz (AI)/100 gal) was applied at 3C. All other treatments were applied at petal fall and in the first through sixth cover sprays. Treatments were replicated 3 times (two 6-tree plots and one 8-tree plot) and arranged in a RCB design. At harvest (8-14 Oct), 200 apples were picked from the ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Cortland’ trees in each replication and examined for insect damage. Also, 100 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples were picked from each replication in the Diazinon treatment, the standard Guthion treatment, and the check plot and examined for fruit russeting. Apples were divided into three categories according to the estimated amount of russeted surface: low (0-3%), medium (5%-50%) and high (&gt;50%). ERM and predaceous mites were sampled on 25 randomly selected ‘McIntosh’ leaves/replication on 24 Jun, 14 Jul, 24 Jul, and 8 Aug. On 17 Jun the first generation of WALH were counted on 50 spur leaves (‘Rhode Island Greening’, Rep I and II, and ‘Cort-land’ trees, Rep III) and the second generation was sampled on 28 Aug. STLM tissue mines from the first generation were counted on leaves from 25 ran-domly selected fruit clusters on 11 Jul. Second-generation STLM tissue mines were counted on 8-10 distal leaves on 20 randomly selected “hardened off” ‘Rhode Island Greening’ terminals/replication in Rep I and II and on ‘Cortland’ terminals in Rep III on 27 Aug.
Efficacy of Spinosad and Standards for Control of Large Black Cutworm Larvae, 1997
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Niemczck H. D. , Pinkston W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was located on bentgrass range 1 north at the Ohio State Turfgrass Research and Education Center, Columbus, OH. Treatments were applied on 4 Sep to plots 4 X 6 ft arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Liquid treatments were applied using a CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 2.0 gal/1000ft2. No immediate post-treatment irrigation was applied. The 100% creeping bentgrass range was mowed at 0.5 inch, had no thatch and was irrigated daily with 0.25 inch of water. On 5 Sep two 8-inch stainless steel cylinders were driven into the turf, about 2 hr after the last spraying to allow for complete drying of all treatments. Each cylinder was infested with six 5th- and 6th-instar BCW (1.0 to 1.25 inch) and covered with nylon screen. On 9 Sep (5 DAT), the covers were removed and each cylinder was flooded with a soapy water mix (15 ml Joy dishwashing detergent in 1.0 ga water) to flush out any live BCW. It was discovered that many of the larvae had pupated, so the turf cover was removed and the live pupae were added to the counts.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses, 1996B
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted on fairways 12 and 13 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Mole crickets were midinstar nymphs. Exper imental design was RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,00 ft2. Treatments were made on 26 Aug. Granular formulations were applied with ;: Scotts ProTurf, hand-pushed spreader. Rainfall from 25 to 24 Sep was a total of 8.0 inches during this study. All plots received 0.33 inch water within hour after applications. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a 1-m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placet1 on the ground in 10 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage ii any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Aug and post-treatment count were made on 3, 10, 17 and 24 Sep.
European Red Mite and Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Apple, 1997
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Gerhardt B. , Mullins C. A. , Straw R. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Six insecticide treatments were evaluated at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, TN. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replicates. Plots consisted of single trees separated by one buffer tree. Blocks were separated by a row of trees. All insecticide treatments were applied using a ‘Solo’ gasoline-powered back-pack sprayer providing 81.75 gal/A of finished spray on 25 July. Orthene, both formulations of Kelthane, and Omite were applied again on 5 Aug. Latron B-1956 was added to both Kelthane treatments at the rate of 4 oz/100 gallons spray. Forty leaves from each tree were sampled at random and put into a self-sealing plastic bag on 29 Jul, 4, 13 and 19 Aug. Ten leaves from each bag were sampled at random, and the number of mites/10 leaves was determined using a dissecting microscope. There were similar numbers of ERM and TSM on all treatments and collection dates. All data were subjected to ANOVA.
Suppression of Ant Mound Activity on a Golf Course Fairway, 1997
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was located on a non-irrigated fairway at Crockett’s Green Hills Golf Course, Clyde, Ohio. Insecticides were applied 5 May to plots 15 X 14 ft arranged in a RCB design replicated three times. The liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejet&#x99; XR8010VS nozzles at 30 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. There was no immediate post-treatment irrigation. Environmental conditions at time of the treatments were as follows: ants-mound building activity beginning in the fairway; turf-level, dry, 1½inch ht, 40% Kentucky bluegrass, 40% perennial ryegrass, and 20% annual bluegrass, no thatch; soil-moist, 51°F at 1 inch and 48°F at 3 inch; weather-sunny, 54°F, 0-10 mph. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated on 21 May, 5 Jun, 16 Jun, and 1 Jul (16, 31, 42, 63 DAT, respectively) by counting the number of active mounds in two square yard areas from the center 100 ft2 in each plot. ANOVA was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test (P = 0.5).
Comparisons of Talstar Formulations and Dursban Toward Ants on Turf; 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This trial was conducted at Whit Mountain Country Club, Ashland, NH. Four replications of 7 treatments were applied to 2 bluegrass fairways in a RCB design on 23 Jun. Each plot wa 2500 ft2 in area. All liquid formulations were applied using a 2-wheel bicycle-type boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads; each head was equippe with an 8005 flat fan-type nozzle and a 50-mesh strainer. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 1 gal/1000 ft2; CO2 was the source of pres sure at 40 psi. Granular formulations were applied with a Lesco broadcast lawn spreader. Weather conditions on the 23rd (10 am) were as follows: air temp, 77°F, sky, scattered clouds; wind, 15 mph. Soil conditions on the 5th fairway were as follows: texture, silt loam; sand, 34%; silt, 50%; clay, 16% soil moisture, 24%; 76%; organic matter, 7.4%; pH, 5.6. Soil conditions on the 13th fairway were as follows: texture, loamy sand; sand, 83%; silt, 10% clay, 7%; moisture, 11%; organic matter, 3.7%; pH, 5.2. Active anthills were counted pretreatment, and 7 and 14 DAT. Treatment in each plot were rate by counting the number of anthills in 28 1-yd2 subplots prior to spraying, and then 7 and 14 DAT.
Control of Glassywinged Sharpshooters on Oleander Under Greenhouse Conditions, Winter 1997
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. , Blua M. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Oleander cuttings were rooted in 10-cm pots and allowed 8 wk growth (20-30 cm tall) before use. The plants were fertilized once a week with Miracle Grow (150 mg N/liter) and irrigated every other d for 3 min by drip system. Treatments were placed directly in the soil as a granular or drench on 4 Apr (day 0). Granular treatments were weighted on a balance in the greenhouse, placed directly on the soil in the pot, and irrigated into the soil with 250 ml of water. Drench treatments were added to 250 ml of water prior to drenching the soil. Following treatment, plants were caged (40 cm diam X 70 cm high acetate cylinder with screened top). Each cage contained 2 plants from a single treatment and represented a single replicate. Eight wild (field collected) glassy-winged sharpshooters were placed into the cages 4 DAT and mortality was observed at 4, 24, and 48 h. All insects were removed after 48 h, and new insects were placed into the cages 7, 18, and 29 DAT. A RBC design was used with 3 replicates per treatment. Data were transformed arcsine x prior to ANOVA, and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate means.
Efficacy of Halofenozide (A Growth Regulator) and Merit Against European Chafer Larvae Relative to Dates of Application on a Home Lawn, 1996
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Halofenozide (RH-0345) and Merit were applied on one of three application dates and tested for efficacy against European chafer larvae on a home lawn at the Suburban Experiment Station, Waltham, MA. The lawn consisted of 30% crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), 30% perennial ryegrass, 20% Kentucky bluegrass, 20% dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.), and was mowed at ca. 1.5 inches. Treatment plots were 8 ft by 8 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a CRB. Applications were made on 28 Jun, 23 Jul, or 20 Aug. All applications were liquid formulations and were applied by hand with a watering can using 3-4 liters of water per plot. Soil conditions at the study site at time of application were as follows: soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.2. Plots were watered in with 3-4, 5, or 10-11 gal of irrigation through overhead irrigation immediately after application on 28 Jun, 23 Jul, and 20 Aug, respectively. Product efficacy was evaluated for all treatments on 26 Sep (90, 64, and 36 DAT respectively) by removing 5 cup-cutter plugs (4.25 inch diam) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Granular Ant Baits and The Attractiveness of Liquid Ant Bait, 1996
Authors: Summerlin Bill , Gold Roger , Howell Harry , Cook Jerry 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy tests were conducted on two sets of three colonies each of S. invicta and M. pharaonis. An additional colony of each species was held as an untreated control. Each test was replicated three times. Two g of either Ascend PT-370 (modified granular ant bait [.011% Abamectin]) or Maxforce granular ant bait (Hydramethylnon 1 %) were given to each of three colonies in each set, respectively, at the start of the test. Prior to starting the test, all colonies were deprived of food for 48h, to ensure the ants would be hungry. Control colonies were fed the regular laboratory diet . . . live yellow meal-worms for S. invicta and frozen field crickets for M. pharaonois. At the end of 48h bait exposure, bait dishes were removed and reweighed. The amount of bait removed determined the relative attractiveness of the baits. Mortality counts were made beginning 1 wk posttreatment, then weekly for 8 wk. Field tests to determine the attractancy of the experimental ant bait TC-93 to colonies of P. longicornis were conducted on three busy foraging trails. Three active S. invicta mounds were used to test the attractancy of TC-93 to red imported fire ants. These tests were conducted by placing lg of TC-93 liquid ant bait in the center of 4 X 5 inch note cards, and placing a baited card on each of 3 busy P. longicornis forging trails. At TC-93 baited card was also placed at the bases of 3 active S. invicta mounds. Counts of ants visiting these stations were made over a 2-min period at 10, 30, and 60 min. following bait placement. The number of ants responding determined the relative attractiveness to the ants. Tests were conducted at Moody Gardens, Galveston, TX to determine the relative attractiveness of the TC-93 ant bait to Ghost ants, and to compare the measured response to that stimulated by the granular ant baits Maxforce and Ascend PT-370 modified bait. These tests utilized 24 bait stations: 8 stations contained 1 g each TC-93; 8 contained 1 g each Maxforce; 8 contained 1 g each Ascend PT-370 (modified) ant bait. These stations were clear, covered plastic petri dishes (35mm X 10mm) with lids removed to accommodate ant entry. These stations were alternately placed about lm apart in areas where ants were seen. Ghost ants (and other species) were counted at the bait stations 30 min after placement. A final count was made 2h post-treatment. Bait stations were then picked up and returned to the lab and reweighed to determine the amount of bait removed to assess and compare the relative attractiveness of each bait.
Laboratory Evaluations of Methyl Bromide and Carbon Dioxide Mixture Against Twospotted Spider Mite, 1996
Authors: Zettler J. Larry , Gill Richard F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The potential of carbon dioxide to reduce the dose of methyl bromide required to kill mites during 3-h fumigations was evaluated. Fumigations were performed in modified 2.5-liter desiccator jars with methyl bromide alone or with 5% carbon dioxide at concentrations of 0, 8, and 24 mg/liter at 27° C and 60% RH. Three to five leaf discs (14 mm diam) infested with eggs, nymphs, and adults were placed in the fumitoria and allowed to acclimate for 4 h after which the appropriate treatment dose was added. Doses were confirmed by gas chromatography. Treatment doses were calculated by averaging the dose at the beginning of the exposure period with that at the end of the exposure period. Two to six replicates were run, each on a different day, during Feb and Mar. Following fumigation, leaf discs were removed from the fumitoria, held in petri dishes for 24 h, and mite mortality was assessed.
Efficacy of Yieldgard Transgenic Corn Against Southern Insect Pests, 1997
Authors: Benedict J. H. , Correa J. C. , Davis P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A transgenic Pioneer Brand corn, ‘3 IB 13’, expressing an insecticidal protein CrylA(b) (produced by the cryLA(b) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki, i.e., YieldGard®, Monsanto Company), and the nontransgenic near-isoline, Pioneer Brand 3223 (Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.), were planted 26 Mar at Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center, Corpus Christi, TX. Field plots were 4 row (38 inch centers) X 30 ft. The four treatments were the two corn hybrids, with and without an artificial infestation of CEW on ears at silking. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design and each plot was replicated 4 times. All plots also had natural infestations of CEW and FAW. The entire test was treated at planting with a band (6 inch) application of Counter 15G (1.04 lb (AI)/acre) over the seed drill for control of corn rootworms. Rainfall was 5.63 inches during the crop season. Supplemental drip irrigation was provided in Jun, 1.9 inches, and in Jul, 1.4 inches. Artificial infestations of silk with CEW eggs were made at the green silk stage on 5 Jun. Eggs were suspended in a 0.2% agar solution and applied with an Eppendorf® Repeater Pipette (Brinkmann Instruments, Westbury, NY) at the rate of 30^10 eggs/ear. The treatments were evaluated for whorl injury on 27 May by sampling 20 plant whorls/plot for CEW and FAW leaf feeding using the 0-9 rating scale method (least feeding to most feeding, respectively) developed by F. Davis (1992). CEW and FAW larvae were collected from the 2 outside rows in each plot to determine the proportion of CEW and FAW feeding in whorls (collected 30 May) and ears (collected 19 Jun). On 28 Jul 10 plants/plot were sampled from the center 2 rows to determine stalk tunneling, measured as inches per plant and ear shank tunneling, measured as 0 = absent or 1 = present. Ear kernel injury was determined at harvest, 25 Jul, by sampling 20 ears from the middle two rows. Kernel injury was rated with the Neil Widstrom (1967) method. Corn was hand harvested from the middle two rows on 25 Jul, thrashed, weighed, and adjusted to 15.5% moisture.