bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of the use of simulated work task situations in interactive information retrieval evaluations
Authors: Borlund Pia 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to report a study of how the test instrument of a simulated work task situation is used in empirical evaluations of interactive information retrieval (IIR) and reported in the research literature. In particular, the author is interested to learn whether the requirements of how to employ simulated work task situations are followed, and whether these requirements call for further highlighting and refinement.

Design/methodology/approach
– In order to study how simulated work task situations are used, the research literature in question is identified. This is done partly via citation analysis by use of Web of Science®, and partly by systematic search of online repositories. On this basis, 67 individual publications were identified and they constitute the sample of analysis.

Findings
– The analysis reveals a need for clarifications of how to use simulated work task situations in IIR evaluations. In particular, with respect to the design and creation of realistic simulated work task situations. There is a lack of tailoring of the simulated work task situations to the test participants. Likewise, the requirement to include the test participants’ personal information needs is neglected. Further, there is a need to add and emphasise a requirement to depict the used simulated work task situations when reporting the IIR studies.

Research limitations/implications
– Insight about the use of simulated work task situations has implications for test design of IIR studies and hence the knowledge base generated on the basis of such studies.

Originality/value
– Simulated work task situations are widely used in IIR studies, and the present study is the first comprehensive study of the intended and unintended use of this test instrument since its introduction in the late 1990’s. The paper addresses the need to carefully design and tailor simulated work task situations to suit the test participants in order to obtain the intended authentic and realistic IIR under study.
The effect of HRM attributions on emotional exhaustion and the mediating roles of job involvement and work overload
Authors: Shantz Amanda , Arevshatian Lilith , Alfes Kerstin , Bailey Catherine 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAlthough some research suggests that perceptions of HRM practices are associated with lower levels of employee well‐being, other research shows just the opposite. In the present study, we attempt to reconcile these discrepant findings by incorporating the role of HRM attributions. Our model posits that when employees perceive that their organisation's HRM practices are intended to improve their job performance, they experience higher levels of job involvement, which leads to lower levels of emotional exhaustion. Conversely, when employees believe that their organisation's HRM practices are intended to reduce organisational costs, they experience work overload, which translates into higher levels of emotional exhaustion. Parallel mediation analyses of survey data collected from employees of a construction and consultancy organisation at two time periods (n = 180) supported this theoretical model.
Modelling and Managing Learner Satisfaction: Use of Learner Feedback to Enhance Blended and Online Learning Experience
Authors: Li Nai , Marsh Vicky , Rienties Bart 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTA key concern for most institutions and instructors is whether students are satisfied with their learning experience. However, relatively few studies have unpacked what the key drivers for learner satisfaction are in blended and online courses. Using logistical regression modelling, learner satisfaction data of 62,986 learners in 401 undergraduate blended and online modules was analyzed. The data included over 200 potential explanatory variables based on learner and module learning design characteristics. Findings indicate that learning design has a strong and significant impact on overall satisfaction for both new and continuing learners. Learners who are more satisfied with the quality of teaching materials, assessment strategies, and workload are more satisfied with the overall learning experience. Furthermore, long‐term goals of learners (i.e., qualifications and relevance of modules with learners’ professional careers) are important predictors of learner satisfaction. Individual learner characteristics are mostly insignificant, indicating that despite a wide diversity of learners studying at the Open University, UK, the underlying learning experiences are similar. Future research should focus on how learning design changes can enhance the learning experiences of students.
Recent decline in cod stocks in the North Sea–Skagerrak–Kattegat shifts the sources of larval supply
Authors: Jonsson Per R. , Corell Hanna , André Carl , Svedäng Henrik , Moksnes Per‐Olav 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCod stocks in the North Sea, including the Kattegat and the Skagerrak, have declined dramatically since the 1970s. Occasionally there is a high recruitment of juveniles in Kattegat/Skagerrak, without leading to the rebuilding of adult cod stocks despite reduced fishing mortality. In a biophysical model of egg and larval drift, we examined the potential importance of extant and historical spawning grounds for recruitment of cod in the Kattegat/Skagerrak seas using data of spawning stock biomass from the 1970s and from today's reduced stocks. The results suggest that Kattegat in the 1970s relied on largely locally retained (83%) larvae with little annual variation in recruitment. Kattegat also provided a substantial proportion of larvae recruiting in Swedish Skagerrak (72%). This is in contrast to present conditions where the Kattegat spawning stock has been reduced by 94%, and Kattegat only provides 34% of locally retained larvae and 30% to Swedish Skagerrak. Instead, the protected area in the Öresund and the Belt Sea are expected today to provide most larvae recruiting in Kattegat. Also, the inflow of larvae from the North Sea to Skagerrak and Kattegat can be significant although highly variable between years, with a positive correlation to the North‐Atlantic Oscillation index (NAO). The rebuilding of healthy spawning areas in the Kattegat may be key for restoring local cod stocks in both Kattegat and along the Skagerrak coast. This poses a management challenge if cod with local ‘Kattegat’ adaptations, e.g., in terms of egg density and migration patterns, are lost or reduced to non‐resilient densities.
Unacceptable forms of work: A multidimensional model
Authors: McCANN Deirdre , FUDGE Judy 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUnacceptable forms of work (UFW) have been identified as an “area of critical importance” for the ILO as it approaches its centenary. Yet there is currently no comprehensive elaboration of the dimensions, causes or manifestations of UFW. This article reports on a research project that has proposed such a framework. The article first investigates and reconceptualizes key discourses on contemporary work to identify their contribution to an analytically rigorous conception of UFW. It then outlines a novel Multidimensional Model that has been designed for use by local policy actors in identifying and targeting UFW in countries across a range of income levels.
LMNA‐Mediated Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth Type 2B1: A Patient‐Discovered Unifying Diagnosis
Authors: LIANG JACKSON J. , GOODSELL KIM , GROGAN MARTHA , ACKERMAN MICHAEL J. 
Published: April 2016

LMNA‐Mediated ARVC and CMT‐Type 2B1Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an uncommon cardiomyopathy most classically associated with mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins. Recent literature has identified mutations in several non‐desmosomal proteins including lamins that may result in the ARVC phenotype. We describe a patient who discovered her own pathogenic LMNA mutation that offered a unifying diagnosis explaining her ARVC and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth phenotypes as well as musculoskeletal abnormalities. Suspicion for LMNA‐mediated cardiomyopathy should arise in patients with extracardiac manifestations of laminopathies and testing for specific gene mutations may be helpful in establishing an unifying diagnosis.
Acute severe asthma
Authors: Powell Colin VE 
Published: April 2016

AbstactAcute exacerbations of asthma are very common reasons for a presentation to emergency departments. This paper focuses on defining the high‐risk group, consideration of the concept of phenotypes of acute asthma, the assessment of severe and life‐threatening exacerbations and an emphasis on the management of the more severe end of the exacerbation severity. A number of evidence‐based guidelines exist throughout the world and are all slightly different. This reflects the poor evidence base for some of those recommendations. Thus, a large variation of treatment drugs, doses and regimen are used and clearly not standardised. This paper aims to present a summary of the best evidence and discuss some of these controversies. The most important aspect of treating an exacerbation of acute asthma is to review regularly and assess response to treatment. Severe and life‐threatening episodes should be treated with early use of intravenous treatment in a stepwise manner following the local guidelines. Non‐invasive ventilation and high flow nasal cannulae delivery of oxygen in the emergency department are evolving modalities, but evidence for their use is currently limited.
Respiratory support for children in the emergency department
Authors: Schibler Andreas , Franklin Donna 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRespiratory support in paediatric emergency settings ranges from oxygen delivery with subnasal oxygen to invasive mechanical ventilation. Recent data suggest that oxygen can cause reperfusion injuries and should be delivered with caution within well‐defined clinical target ranges. Most mild to moderate respiratory distress conditions with an oxygen requirement may benefit from early use of continuous positive airway pressure. High‐flow nasal cannula therapy (HFNC) is an emerging alternative way to support the inspiratory effort combined with oxygen delivery and positive expiratory pressures without the need of complicated equipment or good compliance from the child. Besides a positive pressure support effect, HFNC therapy reduces the physiological dead space with improved CO2 clearance. A decrease in heart and respiratory rate within the first few hours after initiation of HFNC therapy is likely to identify responders of the treatment. The use of non‐invasive ventilation such as continuous positive airway pressure or the use of bi‐level positive airway pressure ventilation in emergency departments has increased, and it has been recognised that continuous positive airway pressure support for older children with asthma is particularly efficient.
Managing adolescent behavioural and mental health problems in the Emergency Department
Authors: McCaskill Mary E. , Durheim Earle 
Published: April 2016

AbstractChildren and young people with behavioural issues frequently present to Emergency Departments. These are complex cases, often with a long preceding history. Caring for them requires a structured approach to ensure safety for the patient and all those involved. The HEADSS assessment is used as a framework. The Emergency Department focuses on treatment of the acute behavioural issues in the least restrictive manner possible. Ongoing behavioural issues are managed with referral to community and specialist resources.
Promotion and consumption of commercially produced foods among children: situation analysis in an urban setting in Senegal
Authors: Feeley Alison B. , Ndeye Coly Aminata , Sy Gueye Ndeye Yaga , Diop Elhadji Issakha , Pries Alissa M. , Champeny Mary , Zehner Elizabeth R. , Huffman Sandra L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis study assessed the promotion of commercially produced foods and consumption of these products by children less than 24 months of age in Dakar Department, Senegal. Interviews with 293 mothers of children attending child health clinics assessed maternal exposure to promotion and maternal recall of foods consumed by the child on the preceding day. Promotion of breastmilk substitutes and commercially produced complementary foods outside health facilities was common with 41.0% and 37.2% of mothers, respectively, reporting product promotions since the birth of their youngest child. Promotion of commercially produced snack food products was more prevalent, observed by 93.5% of mothers. While all mothers reported having breastfed their child, only 20.8% of mothers breastfed their newborn within the first hour after delivery, and 44.7% fed pre‐lacteal feeds in the first 3 days after delivery. Of children 6–23 months of age, 20.2% had consumed a breastmilk substitute; 49.1% ate a commercially produced complementary food, and 58.7% ate a commercially produced snack food product on the previous day. There is a need to stop the promotion of breastmilk substitutes, including infant formula, follow‐up formula, and growing‐up milks. More stringent regulations and enforcement could help to eliminate such promotion to the public through the media and in stores. Promotion of commercial snack foods is concerning, given the high rates of consumption of such foods by children under the age of 2 years. Efforts are needed to determine how best to reduce such promotion and encourage replacement of these products with more nutritious foods.
Hybridization and endangered species protection in the molecular era
Authors: Wayne Robert K. , Shaffer H. Bradley 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAfter decades of discussion, there is little consensus on the extent to which hybrids between endangered and nonendangered species should be protected by US law. As increasingly larger, genome‐scale data sets are developed, we can identify individuals and populations with even trace levels of genetic admixture, making the ‘hybrid problem’ all the more difficult. We developed a decision‐tree framework for evaluating hybrid protection, including both the processes that produced hybrids (human‐mediated or natural) and the ecological impact of hybrids on natural ecosystems. We then evaluated our decision tree for four case studies drawn from our own work and briefly discuss several other cases from the literature. Throughout, we highlight the management outcomes that our approach provides and the nuances of hybridization as a conservation problem.
Unidirectional diploid–tetraploid introgression among British birch trees with shifting ranges shown by restriction site‐associated markers
Authors: Zohren Jasmin , Wang Nian , Kardailsky Igor , Borrell James S. , Joecker Anika , Nichols Richard A. , Buggs Richard J. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHybridization may lead to introgression of genes among species. Introgression may be bidirectional or unidirectional, depending on factors such as the demography of the hybridizing species, or the nature of reproductive barriers between them. Previous microsatellite studies suggested bidirectional introgression between diploidBetula nana(dwarf birch) and tetraploidB. pubescens(downy birch) and also betweenB. pubescensand diploidB. pendula(silver birch) in Britain. Here, we analyse introgression among these species using 51 237 variants in restriction site‐associated (RAD) markers in 194 individuals, called with allele dosages in the tetraploids. In contrast to the microsatellite study, we found unidirectional introgression intoB. pubescensfrom both of the diploid species. This pattern fits better with the expected nature of the reproductive barrier between diploids and tetraploids. As in the microsatellite study, introgression intoB. pubescensshowed clear clines with increasing introgression fromB. nanain the north and fromB. pendulain the south. UnlikeB. pendulaalleles, introgression ofB. nanaalleles was found far from the current area of sympatry or allopatry betweenB. nanaandB. pubescens. This pattern fits a shifting zone of hybridization due to Holocene reduction in the range ofB. nanaand expansion in the range ofB. pubescens.
The Spore Coat
Authors: Driks Adam , Eichenberger Patrick 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Spores of
Clostridiales
and
Bacillales
are encased in a complex series of concentric shells that provide protection, facilitate germination, and mediate interactions with the environment. Analysis of diverse spore-forming species by thin-section transmission electron microscopy reveals that the number and morphology of these encasing shells vary greatly. In some species, they appear to be composed of a small number of discrete layers. In other species, they can comprise multiple, morphologically complex layers. In addition, spore surfaces can possess elaborate appendages. For all their variability, there is a consistent architecture to the layers encasing the spore. A hallmark of all
Clostridiales
and
Bacillales
spores is the cortex, a layer made of peptidoglycan. In close association with the cortex, all species examined possess, at a minimum, a series of proteinaceous layers, called the coat. In some species, including
Bacillus subtilis
, only the coat is present. In other species, including
Bacillus anthracis
, an additional layer, called the exosporium, surrounds the coat. Our goals here are to review the present understanding of the structure, composition, assembly, and functions of the coat, primarily in the model organism
B. subtilis
, but also in the small but growing number of other spore-forming species where new data are showing that there is much to be learned beyond the relatively well-developed basis of knowledge in
B. subtilis
. To help summarize this large field and define future directions for research, we will focus on key findings in recent years.
Epidemiology and Virulence of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Clegg Steven , Murphy Caitlin N. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Strains of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
are frequently opportunistic pathogens implicated in urinary tract and catheter-associated urinary-tract infections of hospitalized patients and compromised individuals. Infections are particularly difficult to treat since most clinical isolates exhibit resistance to several antibiotics leading to treatment failure and the possibility of systemic dissemination. Infections of medical devices such as urinary catheters is a major site of
K. pneumoniae
infections and has been suggested to involve the formation of biofilms on these surfaces. Over the last decade there has been an increase in research activity designed to investigate the pathogenesis of
K. pneumoniae
in the urinary tract. These investigations have begun to define the bacterial factors that contribute to growth and biofilm formation. Several virulence factors have been demonstrated to mediate
K. pneumoniae
infectivity and include, but are most likely not limited to, adherence factors, capsule production, lipopolysaccharide presence, and siderophore activity. The development of both
in vitro
and
in vivo
models of infection will lead to further elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis of
K. pneumoniae
. As for most opportunistic infections, the role of host factors as well as bacterial traits are crucial in determining the outcome of infections. In addition, multidrug-resistant strains of these bacteria have become a serious problem in the treatment of
Klebsiella
infections and novel strategies to prevent and inhibit bacterial growth need to be developed. Overall, the frequency, significance, and morbidity associated with
K. pneumoniae
urinary tract infections have increased over many years. The emergence of these bacteria as sources of antibiotic resistance and pathogens of the urinary tract present a challenging problem for the clinician in terms of management and treatment of individuals.
Pathoadaptive Mutations in Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
Authors: Sokurenko Evgeni 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC) are opportunistic human pathogens that primarily circulate as part of commensal intestinal microbiota. Though they have the ability to survive and proliferate in various urinary tract compartments, the urinary tract is a transient, occasional habitat for UPEC. Because of this, most of the UPEC traits have originally evolved to serve in intestinal colonization and transmission. Some of these bacterial traits serve as virulence factors – they are critical to or assist in survival of UPEC as pathogens, and the structure and/or function may be specialized for the infection. Other traits could serve as anti-virulence factors – they represent liability in the urinary tract and are under selection to be lost or inactivated during the infection. Inactivation, variation, or other changes of the bacterial genes that increase the pathogen’s fitness during the infection are called
pathoadaptive mutations
. This chapter describes examples of pathoadaptive mutations in UPEC and provides rationale for their further in-depth study.
Antigenic Variation in Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: Palmer Guy H. , Bankhead Troy , Seifert H. Steven 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Antigenic variation is a strategy used by a broad diversity of microbial pathogens to persist within the mammalian host. Whereas viruses make use of a minimal proofreading capacity combined with large amounts of progeny to use random mutation for variant generation, antigenically variant bacteria have evolved mechanisms which use a stable genome, which aids in protecting the fitness of the progeny. Here, three well-characterized and highly antigenically variant bacterial pathogens are discussed:
Anaplasma, Borrelia
, and
Neisseria
. These three pathogens display a variety of mechanisms used to create the structural and antigenic variation needed for immune escape and long-term persistence. Intrahost antigenic variation is the focus; however, the role of these immune escape mechanisms at the population level is also presented.
The use of fluoxetine by veterinarians in dogs and cats: a preliminary survey
Authors: Kaur Gagandeep , Voith Victoria L. , Schmidt Peggy L. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the prescribing habits of a sample of small animal veterinarians pertaining to use of fluoxetine in dogs and cats.DesignExploratory descriptive survey using a questionnaire, available on paper and through email, distributed to small animal veterinarians by convenience sampling.ParticipantsVeterinarians practicing small animal medicine in North America contacted by email and at local veterinary meetings.ResultsOf 127 initial respondents, 106 prescribed fluoxetine for dogs and/or cats. The majority (91 per cent) indicated the drug be given once every 24 hours. Respondents used one or more formulations of fluoxetine. Of those who prescribed fluoxetine for both dogs and cats (57 per cent), 80 per cent used a generic form. A third prescribed fluoxetine only for dogs (31 per cent) and 72 per cent of these prescribed the US Food and Drug Administration approved product that was available at that time. The primary use of fluoxetine was related to behaviour problems. Overall for dogs, uses of fluoxetine were organised into five major categories by the investigators: Anxieties, Aggression, Compulsive Disorders, Phobias/Fear and Other, Anxieties being the most common. Of those who prescribed fluoxetine, 12 per cent did so only for cats and the majority of these prescribed generic (58 per cent) and or compounded (42 per cent) forms. Overall for cats, uses of fluoxetine were organised into six major categories: Elimination behaviours, Anxieties, Aggression, Dermatologic/Grooming, Compulsive Disorders and Other, Elimination behaviours being most common.ConclusionsThis study indicates that practitioners prescribed fluoxetine in generic, proprietary and compounded formulations for a variety of behaviour problems of dogs and cats. The broad use by the respondents suggests how important psychotropic drugs are in veterinary medicine. Research, information and continuing education regarding such drugs and animal behaviour should be made available to the general practitioner.