bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospects for an Inclusive Theory of Justice: The Case of Non‐Human Animals
Authors: Berkey Brian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this article, I argue that there are three widely accepted views within contemporary theorising about justice that present barriers to accepting that non‐human animals possess direct entitlements of justice. These views are (1) that the basis of entitlements of justice is either contribution to a cooperative scheme for mutual advantage or the capacity to so contribute; (2) political liberalism, that is, the view that requirements for coercive state action can be justified only by appeal to the ideal of citizens as free and equal and the principles of justice that are entailed by that ideal; and (3) that the principles of justice apply directly to the institutions of what John Rawls calls the ‘basic structure of society’, and not to the conduct of individuals. I then consider several attempts to ground direct entitlements of justice for animals via modest revisions to one or more of these widely accepted views, and argue that they fail, and that, more generally, any such attempt must fail. I claim that any theory that can include direct entitlements for animals must reject (1) and at least one of (2) and (3), and that there are reasons to think that those who are inclined to endorse direct entitlements for animals are unlikely to be satisfied with any view that does not reject all three of the widely accepted views. I conclude by briefly noting some of the important implications of rejecting all of these views.
Suppurative peritonitis by Klebsiella pneumoniae in captive gold‐handed tamarin (Saguinus midas midas)
Authors: Guerra Maria F.L. , Teixeira Rodrigo H.F. , Ribeiro Vanessa L. , Cunha Marcos P.V. , Oliveira Maria G.X. , Davies Yamê M. , Silva Ketrin C. , Silva Ana P.S. , Lincopan Nilton , Moreno Andrea M. , Knöbl Terezinha 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis report describes an outbreak of suppurative peritonitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in an adult female of captive golden‐handed tamarin (Saguinus midas midas). Two virulent and multidrug‐resistant strains were isolated and classified through MLST as ST60 and ST1263. The microbiological diagnosis works as a support tool for preventive measures.
Case studies of teachers' understandings of the pedagogy of classroom talk: some critical moments explored
Authors: Coultas Valerie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis case study research is informed by Vygotsky's view that talk is essential to organise our thoughts and extend our thinking and that, as Barnes suggested, the teacher needs to use the social situation effectively in the classroom to promote talk for learning. This article focuses on pedagogy and teachers' understandings of how talk works in the classroom, as I sought to illuminate teachers' intuitions and insights and their views of what they find challenging in organising classroom talk. Three case studies of ‘critical moments’ in a lesson suggest that teacher knowledge about talk is located in concrete practices. The three teachers viewed a recorded lesson and chose a moment they defined as ‘critical’ because the moment helped them to learn something about the way they use talk in the classroom. They then discussed this moment with me. These collaborative but critically evaluative processes are particularly useful for exploring and probing teachers' knowledge about talk for learning, an area of pedagogy that has proved so resistant to change over quite a long period. These three teachers suggest that such talk is becoming more marginal under the impact of performativity and the new cultural restorationist English curriculum.
VOICE‐LEADING ENERGETICS IN WAGNER'S ‘TRISTAN IDIOM’
Authors: MONAHAN SETH 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTRecent theories of musical energetics have typically given tonality – often a powerfully synthetic, prolongational monotonality – a decisive role in accounting for sensations of musical tension, force and attraction. Though well‐suited to music of the common practice, these models fare less well in certain repertoires of the later nineteenth century, where tonal centres are often fleeting and traditional syntax is weakened or even annulled—as is often the case in Wagner's late music, where dissonant tertian tetrachords are combined in new and sometimes confounding ways.This study offers a new perspective on tonal tension and relaxation in such passages – which I call Wagner's ‘Tristan idiom’ – by focusing on voice‐leading contour. Taking a broad cue from Ernst Kurth, it asks what might be gained by bracketing questions of chord identity and structure to focus instead on the voice leading that produces and interconnects them. Using a tool called kinetic displacement metrics (KDMs), it assigns emergent psychokinetic tension values to chord pairs based on the directions that their voices move, both in pitch‐ and pitch‐class space. Of special interest throughout is a phenomenon I call ‘directional variance’, where opposing contours in a single passage (between abstract and real voice leading, for example, or between the harmonic layer and the melodic one) seem to have psychodramatic relevance for the stage action.After a brief exposition of the theory and its uses (and limitations), with brief examples from all of Wagner's post‐Lohengrin operas, it then moves to a series of longer vignettes on excerpts from Tristan und Isolde: the opening of the Act I Prelude, the closing of the same, and the entirety of the Act III Prelude.
Biomineral electron backscatter diffraction for palaeontology
Authors: Cusack Maggie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractElectron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) originated in materials science and has transferred to biomineral research providing insight into fossil and modern biominerals. An electron microscopy technique,EBSDrequires a fine polished sample surface where the electron beam diffracts in the first few lattice layers, identifying mineral, polymorph and crystallographic orientation. The technique is particularly well suited for the analysis of modern and fossil calcium carbonate biominerals, where it provides key insight into biological control of mineral formation such as in molluscs and brachiopods.EBSDreadily identifies original and secondary mineralogy, which helps to inform our understanding of biomineral evolution such as the identification of original aragonite inSilurian trimerellid brachiopods. As a technique to identify and thus avoid the inclusion of secondary minerals in proxy organisms such as corals,EBSDcan be used to ensure accuracy of palaeoproxy data. Even when fossil systems have no modern equivalents,EBSDcan provide key data to determine functional mechanisms such as in the lenses of schizochroal eyes of phacopine trilobites. These few examples illustrate thatEBSDis proving to be a valuable component of the palaeontology toolkit.
The effects of 1% prednisolone acetate on pupil diameter and intraocular pressure in healthy dogs treated with 0.005% latanoprost
Authors: Kahane Nili , Bdolah‐Abram Tali , Raskansky Hilli , Ofri Ron 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposeProstaglandin analogs contribute to blood‐aqueous barrier breakdown and may exacerbate uveitis. As these analogs induce de novo synthesis of endogenous prostaglandins, their therapeutic, hypotensive effect could potentially be inhibited by anti‐inflammatory treatment. We therefore evaluated whether topical 1% prednisolone acetate alters the effects of 0.005% latanoprost on pupil diameter (PD) and intraocular pressure (IOP).Animals studiedTen healthy Labrador retriever dogs from the Israel Guide Dog Center for the Blind.MethodsPupil diameter and IOP were measured hourly, 8 AM–4 PM, with the right and left eyes serving as control (CE) and treated (TE) eyes, respectively. Measurements were conducted during four sessions: (1) without treatment (n = 10), (2) following latanoprost treatment (n = 10) at 8 AM, (3) following prednisolone treatment (n = 7) at 8 AM, and (4) bilateral latanoprost treatment at 8 AM, prednisolone treatment in TE at 11 AM (n = 8). The different number of dogs in sessions 3 and 4 is because some dogs were matched with their new owners earlier than expected.ResultsPupil diameters were not affected by the addition of prednisolone and, at 4 PM, were 3.82 ± 0.47 and 3.97 ± 0.36 mm in TE and CE, respectively (P = 0.175, Wilcoxon). IOPs were not affected by the addition of prednisolone and, at 4 PM, were 9.0 ± 0.8 and 9.3 ± 0.8 mm Hg in TE and CE, respectively (P = 0.339, Wilcoxon).ConclusionPrednisolone did not alter latanoprost's miotic and hypotensive effects in normal dogs during this study period.
Intermittent hypercapnia‐induced phrenic long‐term depression is revealed after serotonin receptor blockade with methysergide in anaesthetized rats
Authors: Valic Maja , Pecotic Renata , Pavlinac Dodig Ivana , Valic Zoran , Stipica Ivona , Dogas Zoran 
Published: December 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Intermittent hypercapnia is a concomitant feature of breathing disorders. Hypercapnic stimuli evoke a form of respiratory plasticity known as phrenic long‐term depression in experimental animals. This study was performed to investigate the putative role of serotonin receptors in the initiation of phrenic long‐term depression in anaesthetized rats.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Phrenic nerve long‐term depression was revealed in animals pretreated with the serotonin broad‐spectrum antagonist, methysergide. This study highlights that serotonin receptors modulate respiratory plasticity evoked by acute intermittent hypercapnia in anaesthetized rats.

This study was performed to test the hypothesis that intermittent hypercapnia can evoke a form of respiratory plasticity known as long‐term depression of the phrenic nerve (pLTD) and that 5‐HT receptors play a role in the initiation of pLTD. Adult male urethane‐anaesthetized, vagotomized, paralysed, mechanically ventilated Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to an acute intermittent hypercapnia protocol. One group received i.v. injection of the non‐selective 5‐HT receptor antagonist methysergide and another group received i.v. injection of the selective 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist WAY‐100635 20 min before exposure to intermittent hypercapnia. A control group received i.v. injection of saline. Peak phrenic nerve activity and respiratory rhythm parameters were analysed at baseline (T0), during each of five hypercapnic episodes, and 15, 30 and 60 min (T60) after the last hypercapnia. Intravenous injection of methysergide before exposure to acute intermittent hypercapnia induced development of amplitude pLTD at T60 (decreased by 46.1 ± 6.9%, P = 0.003). Conversely, in control and WAY‐100635‐pretreated animals, exposure to acute intermittent hypercapnia did not evoke amplitude pLTD. However, a long‐term decrease in phrenic nerve frequency was evoked both in control (42 ± 4 breaths min−1 at T0 versus 32 ± 5 breaths min−1 at T60; P = 0.036) and in methysergide‐pretreated animals (42 ± 2 breaths min−1 at T0 versus 32 ± 3 breaths min−1 at T60; P = 0.028). In WAY‐100635 pretreated animals, frequency pLTD was prevented. These results suggest that 5‐HT receptors modulate respiratory plasticity induced by acute intermittent hypercapnia in anaesthetized rats.
Therapy for ventricular arrhythmias in structural heart disease: a multifaceted challenge
Authors: Proietti Riccardo , Joza Jacqueline , Essebag Vidal 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe unpredictable nature and potentially catastrophic consequences of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) have obligated physicians to search for therapies to prevent sudden cardiac death (SCD). At present, a low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has been used as a risk factor to predict SCD in patients with structural heart disease and has been consistently adopted as the predominant, and sometimes sole, indication for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy. Although the ICD remains the mainstay life‐saving therapy for SCD, it does not modify the underlying arrhythmic substrate and may be associated with adverse effects from perioperative and long‐term complications. Preventative pharmacological therapy has been associated with limited benefits, but anti‐arrhythmic medications have significant side effects profiles. Catheter ablation of VAs has greatly evolved over the last few decades. Substrate mapping in sinus rhythm has allowed haemodynamically unstable VAs to be successfully treated. Both LVEF as an indication for ICD therapy and electro‐anatomical mapping for substrate modification identify static components of underlying myocardial arrhythmogenicity. They do not take into account dynamic factors, such as the mechanisms of arrhythmia initiation and development of new anatomical or functional lines of block, leading to the initiation and maintenance of VAs. Dynamic factors are difficult to evaluate and consequently are not routinely used in clinical practice to guide treatment. However, progress in the treatment of VAs should consider and integrate dynamic factors with static components to fully characterize the myocardial arrhythmic substrate.
image
Enhancing atlas based segmentation with multiclass linear classifiers
Authors: Sdika Michaël 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:To present a method to enrich atlases for atlas based segmentation. Such enriched atlases can then be used as a single atlas or within a multiatlas framework.Methods:In this paper, machine learning techniques have been used to enhance the atlas based segmentation approach. The enhanced atlas defined in this work is a pair composed of a gray level image alongside an image of multiclass classifiers with one classifier per voxel. Each classifier embeds local information from the whole training dataset that allows for the correction of some systematic errors in the segmentation and accounts for the possible local registration errors. The authors also propose to use these images of classifiers within a multiatlas framework: results produced by a set of such local classifier atlases can be combined using a label fusion method.Results:Experiments have been made on the in vivo images of the IBSR dataset and a comparison has been made with several state‐of‐the‐art methods such as FreeSurfer and the multiatlas nonlocal patch based method of Coupé or Rousseau. These experiments show that their method is competitive with state‐of‐the‐art methods while having a low computational cost. Further enhancement has also been obtained with a multiatlas version of their method. It is also shown that, in this case, nonlocal fusion is unnecessary. The multiatlas fusion can therefore be done efficiently.Conclusions:The single atlas version has similar quality as state‐of‐the‐arts multiatlas methods but with the computational cost of a naive single atlas segmentation. The multiatlas version offers a improvement in quality and can be done efficiently without a nonlocal strategy.
NonCartesian MR image reconstruction with integrated gradient nonlinearity correction
Authors: Tao Shengzhen , Trzasko Joshua D. , Shu Yunhong , Huston John , Johnson Kevin M. , Weavers Paul T. , Gray Erin M. , Bernstein Matt A. 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:To derive a noniterative gridding‐type reconstruction framework for nonCartesian magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that prospectively accounts for gradient nonlinearity (GNL)‐induced image geometrical distortion during MR image reconstruction, as opposed to the standard, image‐domain based GNL correction that is applied after reconstruction; to demonstrate that such framework is able to reduce the image blurring introduced by the conventional GNL correction, while still offering effective correction of GNL‐induced geometrical distortion and compatibility with off‐resonance correction.Methods:After introducing the nonCartesian MRI signal model that explicitly accounts for the effects of GNL and off‐resonance, a noniterative gridding‐type reconstruction framework with integrated GNL correction based on the type‐III nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) is derived. A novel type‐III NUFFT implementation is then proposed as a numerically efficient solution to the proposed framework. The incorporation of simultaneous B0 off‐resonance correction to the proposed framework is then discussed. Several phantom and in vivo data acquired via various 2D and 3D nonCartesian acquisitions, including 2D Archimedean spiral, 3D shells with integrated radial and spiral, and 3D radial sampling, are used to compare the results of the proposed and the standard GNL correction methods.Results:Various phantom and in vivo data demonstrate that both the proposed and the standard GNL correction methods are able to correct the coarse‐scale geometric distortion and blurring induced by GNL and off‐resonance. However, the standard GNL correction method also introduces blurring effects to corrected images, causing blurring of resolution inserts in the phantom images and loss of small vessel clarity in the angiography examples. On the other hand, the results after the proposed GNL correction show better depiction of resolution inserts and higher clarity of small vessel.Conclusions:The proposed GNL‐integrated nonCartesian reconstruction method can mitigate the resolution loss that occurs during standard image‐domain GNL correction, while still providing effective correction of coarse‐scale geometric distortion and blurring induced by GNL and off‐resonance.
Geneticin Stabilizes the Open Conformation of the 5′ Region of Hepatitis C Virus RNA and Inhibits Viral Replication
Authors: Ariza-Mateos Ascensión , Díaz-Toledano Rosa , Block Timothy M. , Prieto-Vega Samuel , Birk Alex , Gómez Jordi 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

The aminoglycoside Geneticin (G418) is known to inhibit cell culture proliferation, via virus-specific mechanisms, of two different virus genera from the family
Flaviviridae
. Here, we tried to determine whether Geneticin can selectively alter the switching of the nucleotide 1 to 570 RNA region of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and, if so, whether this inhibits viral growth. Two structure-dependent RNases known to specifically cleave HCV RNA were tested in the presence or absence of the drug. One was the
Synechocystis
sp. RNase P ribozyme, which cleaves the tRNA-like domain around the AUG start codon under high-salt buffer conditions; the second was
Escherichia coli
RNase III, which recognizes a double-helical RNA switch element that changes the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) from a closed (C) conformation to an open (O) one. While the drug did not affect RNase P activity, it did inhibit RNase III in the micromolar range. Kinetic studies indicated that the drug favors the switch from the C to the O conformation of the IRES by stabilizing the distal double-stranded element and inhibiting further processing of the O form. We demonstrate that, because the RNA in this region is highly conserved and essential for virus survival, Geneticin inhibits HCV Jc1 NS3 expression, the release of the viral genomic RNA, and the propagation of HCV in Huh 7.5 cells. Our study highlights the crucial role of riboswitches in HCV replication and suggests the therapeutic potential of viral-RNA-targeted antivirals.
Are inflammatory cells increased in painful human tendinopathy? A systematic review
Authors: Dean Benjamin John Floyd , Gettings Peter , Dakin Stephanie Georgina , Carr Andrew Jonathan 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundThe role of inflammation in tendinopathy has historically been a subject of significant controversy. Our primary aim was to determine whether inflammatory cell numbers were increased in painful human tendinopathy versus healthy control tendons. Our secondary aim was to assess whether the inflammatory cells had been linked with symptoms or disease stage.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature using the PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines of the Medline database using specific search criteria. Only studies measuring inflammatory cells using specific markers in tissue from human patients with the clinical diagnosis of tendinopathy were included. Inclusion was agreed on by 2 independent researchers on review of abstracts or full-text using specific predetermined criteria. The search yielded 5 articles in total.ResultsThere were increased numbers of macrophages (4 studies) and mast cells (3 studies) in tendinopathic versus healthy control tissues. One study demonstrated increased numbers of T cells in tendinopathic tissue versus healthy control tendons. There were reduced numbers of T cells (1 study), macrophages (2 studies) and mast cells (2 studies) in torn tendon versus intact tendinopathic tissue.ConclusionsThe existing evidence supports the hypothesis that increased numbers of inflammatory cells are present in pathological tendons. The lack of high-quality quantitative studies in this area demonstrates a clear need for future research to better understand the role of inflammation in tendinopathy.
Organisation and function of the primary motor cortex in chronic pain: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chang Wei-Ju , O'Connell Neil E , Burns Emma , Chipchase Lucy S , Liston Matthew B , Schabrun Siobhan M 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionPrimary motor cortical (M1) adaptation in the form of altered organisation and function is hypothesised to underpin motor dysfunction observed in chronic pain. The aim of this review is to assess the evidence for altered M1 organisation and function in chronic pain.Methods and analysisSystematic review and meta-analysis. We will search electronic databases with predetermined search terms to identify relevant studies and evaluate the studies for inclusion and risks of bias. Two independent reviewers will extract data. Any disagreement will be resolved through a third reviewer. Cross-sectional or prospective studies published in English before May 2015 that investigate M1 organisation and function in chronic pain will be included if they meet the eligibility criteria. Primary outcomes will include M1 cortical excitability, spatial cortical representation, the function of inhibitory and facilitatory intracortical networks, cortical reactivity and cortical glucose metabolism. Clinical measures such as pain and disability will be included where the correlation with the primary outcomes of M1 organisation and function were investigated in the included studies.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review does not require ethical approval. The results of this review will be submitted for peer-reviewed publication regardless of outcome and will be presented at relevant conferences.Trial registration numberOur systematic review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; registration number CRD42015014823).