bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intra-articular Physeal Fractures of the Distal Femur: A Frequently Missed Diagnosis in Adolescent Athletes
Authors: Pennock Andrew T. , Ellis Henry B. , Willimon Samuel C. , Wyatt Charles , Broida Samuel E. , Dennis M. Morgan , Bastrom Tracey 
Published: October 2017

Background: Intra-articular physeal fractures of the distal femur are an uncommon injury pattern, with only a few small case series reported in the literature. Purpose: To pool patients from 3 high-volume pediatric centers to better understand this injury pattern, to determine outcomes of surgical treatment, and to assess risk factors for complications. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A multicenter retrospective review of all patients presenting with an intra-articular physeal fracture between 2006 and 2016 was performed. Patient demographic and injury data, surgical data, and postoperative outcomes were documented. Radiographs were evaluated for fracture classification (Salter-Harris), location, and displacement. Differences between patients with and without complications were compared by use of analysis of variance or chi-square tests. Results: A total of 49 patients, with a mean age of 13.5 years (range, 7-17 years), met the inclusion criteria. The majority of fractures were Salter-Harris type III fractures (84%) involving the medial femoral condyle (88%). Football was responsible for 50% of the injuries. The initial diagnosis was missed in 39% of cases, and advanced imaging showed greater mean displacement (6 mm) compared with radiographs (3 mm). All patients underwent surgery and returned to sport with “good to excellent” results after 2 years. Complications were more common in patients with wide-open growth plates, patients with fractures involving the lateral femoral condyle, and patients who were casted ( P < .05). Conclusion: Clinicians evaluating skeletally immature athletes (particularly football players) with acute knee injuries should maintain a high index of suspicion for an intra-articular physeal fracture. These fractures are frequently missed, and advanced imaging may be required to establish the diagnosis. Leg-length discrepancies and angular deformities are not uncommon, and patients should be monitored closely. Surgical outcomes are good when fractures are identified, with high rates of return to sport.
Two distinct CXCR4 antagonists mobilize progenitor cells in mice by different mechanisms
Authors: Redpath Andia N. , François Moïra , Wong Suet-Ping , Bonnet Dominique , Rankin Sara M. 
Published: October 2017

Key Points
CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 but not KRH3955 reverses the CXCL12 chemokine gradient across the bone marrow endothelium. CXCR4 antagonists mobilize stem cells from the bone marrow by distinct mechanisms.
Polyion complex micelle formed from tetraphenylethene containing block copolymer
Authors: Lee Seong Min , Jang Woo-Dong 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Background
Polymeric micelles attract great attention in drug delivery and therapeutics. Various types of block copolymers have been designed for the application in biomedical fields. If we can introduce additional functional groups to the block copolymers, we can achieve advanced applications. In this regards, we tried to introduce aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIE) unit in the block copolymer.

Methods
The formation of polyion complex micelle was confirmed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. HeLa cells were incubated with polyion complex micelle and broad-band visible light using a halogen lamp (150 W) was irradiated to evaluate photocytotoxicity of polyion complex (PIC) micelle.

Results
For the design of functional polymeric micelle, aggregation induced emission enhancement unit was introduced in the middle of block copolymer. We newly synthesized a new type block copolymer (PEG-TPE-PEI) possessing tetraphenylethene (TPE) group, as an AIE unit, in the middle of polymeric segments of PEG and PEI, which successfully formed PIC micelle with DP. The formation of PIC micelle was confirmed by dynamic light scattering, ζ potential measurement and transmission electron microscopy.

Conclusions
PEG-TPE-PEI successfully formed PIC micelle by mixing with negatively charged dendrimer porphyrin. The PIC micelle exhibited photocytotoxicity upon illumination of broadband visible light.
Functionalization of Ti-40Nb implant material with strontium by reactive sputtering
Authors: Göttlicher Markus , Rohnke Marcus , Moryson Yannik , Thomas Jürgen , Sann Joachim , Lode Anja , Schumacher Matthias , Schmidt Romy , Pilz Stefan , Gebert Annett , Gemming Thomas , Janek Jürgen 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Background
Surface functionalization of orthopedic implants with pharmaceutically active agents is a modern approach to enhance osseointegration in systemically altered bone. A local release of strontium, a verified bone building therapeutic agent, at the fracture site would diminish side effects, which could occur otherwise by oral administration. Strontium surface functionalization of specially designed titanium-niobium (Ti-40Nb) implant alloy would provide an advanced implant system that is mechanically adapted to altered bone with the ability to stimulate bone formation.

Methods

Strontium-containing coatings were prepared by reactive sputtering of strontium chloride (SrCl
2
) in a self-constructed capacitively coupled radio frequency (RF) plasma reactor. Film morphology, structure and composition were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) was used for the investigation of thickness and growth direction of the product layer. TEM lamellae were prepared using the focused ion beam (FIB) technique. Bioactivity of the surface coatings was tested by cultivation of primary human osteoblasts and subsequent analysis of cell morphology, viability, proliferation and differentiation. The results are correlated with the amount of strontium that is released from the coating in biomedical buffer solution, quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Results

Dense coatings, consisting of SrO
x
Cl
y
, of more than 100 nm thickness and columnar structure, were prepared. TEM images of cross sections clearly show an incoherent but well-structured interface between coating and substrate without any cracks. Sr
2+
is released from the SrO
x
Cl
y
coating into physiological solution as proven by ICP-MS analysis. Cell culture studies showed excellent biocompatibility of the functionalized alloy.

Conclusions

Ti-40Nb alloy, a potential orthopedic implant material for osteoporosis patients, could be successfully plasma coated with a dense SrO
x
Cl
y
film. The material performed well in in vitro tests. Nevertheless, the Sr
2+
release must be optimized in future work to meet the requirements of an effective drug delivery system.
Trajectories of Injectable Cancer Drug Costs After Launch in the United States
Authors: Gordon Noa , Stemmer Salomon M. , Greenberg Dan , Goldstein Daniel A. 
Published: October 2017

Purpose Cancer drug prices at launch have increased in recent years. It is unclear how individual drug prices change over time after launch and what market determinants influence these changes. We measured the price trajectories of a cohort of cancer drugs after their launch into the US market and assessed the influence of market structure on price changes. Methods We studied the changes in mean monthly costs for a cohort of 24 patented, injectable anticancer drugs that were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration between 1996 and 2012. To account for discounts and rebates, we used the average sales prices published by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Costs were adjusted to US general and health-related inflation rates. For each drug, we calculated the cumulative and annual drug cost changes. We then used a multivariable regression model to evaluate the association between market and cost changes over time. Results With a mean follow-up period of 8 years, the mean percent change in cost for all drugs was +25% (range, −14% to +96%). After adjusting for inflation, the mean cost change was +18% (range, −16% to +59%). Rituximab and trastuzumab followed a similar pattern in cost increases over time, and the inflation-adjusted monthly costs rose since approval by 49% and 44%, respectively. New supplemental US Food and Drug Administration approvals, new off-label indications, and new competitors did not influence the annual cost change rates. Conclusion Anticancer drug costs may change substantially after launch. Regardless of competition or supplemental indications, there is a steady increase in costs of patented anticancer agents over time. New regulations may be needed to prevent additional increases in drug costs after launch.
ASCO Value Framework Highlights the Relative Value of Treatment Options in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Foote Jonathan , Secord Angeles Alvarez , Liang Margaret , Cohn David E. , Jewell Elizabeth , Havrilesky Laura J. 
Published: October 2017

Purpose: The ASCO value framework allows physicians and patients to compare the relative value of novel treatments. Our aim was to assess the value of three frontline ovarian cancer therapies by using this framework. Methods: From phase III, randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) data, the net health benefits (NHBs) for three frontline ovarian cancer treatment options—dose-dense paclitaxel (Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group study JGOG 3016), intraperitoneal (IP)/intravenous (IV) chemotherapy (Gynecologic Oncology Group [GOG] study GOG 172), and concurrent plus maintenance bevacizumab (GOG 218 and the Seventh International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm study [ICON7])—were calculated. The ASCO value framework calculates the NHB by using six criteria: clinical benefit, toxicity, tail of the curve, symptom palliation, treatment-free interval, and quality of life. Clinical benefit calculation uses ASCO-assigned importance weights for overall survival and progression-free survival. The maximum possible NHB points is 180. NHBs were presented alongside the drug-acquisition cost (DAC) of each therapy. A benefit-cost ratio of NHB points per additional cost was calculated. Results: The NHB of dose-dense paclitaxel was 38, at an additional cost of $16 per cycle. IP cisplatin/IV + IP paclitaxel received 29 NHB points, at an additional cost of $1,629 per cycle. Concurrent plus maintenance bevacizumab received 24 NHB points, at an additional cost of $7,581 per cycle (GOG 218) or six NHB points ($3,790 per cycle; ICON7). The ratios of NHB points–to-dollar were as follows: dose-dense paclitaxel, 2.4 (highest); IP chemotherapy, 0.018; and bevacizumab, 0.003 (lowest). Conclusion: Using the ASCO value framework, we constructed value snapshots of three major frontline therapeutic options in ovarian cancer. Dose-dense paclitaxel provided the highest additional value when analysis accounted for NHB and cost. However, additional research is needed to include individual patient preferences and provide personalized value assessments.
‘A strong curatorial vision for the neighbourhood’: Countering the diplomatic condition of the arts in urban neighbourhoods
Authors: Graham Janna 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
It is by now common knowledge that the arts are complicit in projects of urban redevelopment, dispossession and gentrification. Where accounts of this process in the United States and the United Kingdom have often focused on artists’ occupations of studios and gallery spaces in low-income areas, or on the public art commissioning process, more recent trends extend the artists’ role in gentrification more directly. Artists are now commissioned to engage in community visioning and engagement activities, efforts to naturalize the development narrative, and art projects that support the policing of bodies seen to be unruly or undesirable to the process of gentrification (itself re-branded as ‘regeneration’). This article looks at the multifaceted role that artists and arts organizations play in the development and dispossession process, describing them as having produced a ‘diplomatic condition’, in which artists and arts organizations are used to massage and assuage conflicts, while a systematic war is waged on poor and working-class communities. Far from innocent, artists and arts organizations have increasingly been called upon to leave the comfort of what Tariq Ali describes as the ‘extreme centre’ to more actively take sides. This article draws from a situated ethnography of my work at the Centre for Possible Studies, an arts and research space in London’s Edgware Road neighbourhood, and readings from a number of recent struggles aligning artists and residents differently, including Los Angeles’ Boyle Heights Community, and the Southwark Notes Campaign in London’s Elephant and Castle Community. It questions what role artists and arts organizations could play to counter such a diplomatic condition.
Memory of absence: Contemporary counter-monuments
Authors: DeTurk Sabrina 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
In 1992, James Young published an article examining the rise of the counter-monument in Germany. According to Young, the counter-monument provokes its viewers, demands interaction, has the possibility to change over time and insists that memory work be the burden of the viewer, not of the monument itself. While Young focused his attention on a particular set of Holocaust memorials built in Germany in the late 1980s, his formulation can be usefully applied to other contemporary memorials that increasingly incorporate particular design elements that mark them as counter-monuments. This article considers the design of several recent memorials in terms of their aesthetic and physical function as counter-monuments and identifies a new trend in memorial design, the creation of memorial museums, which further expands and complicates the role of these memorials.
Biomaterials for hip implants – important considerations relating to the choice of materials
Authors: Choroszyński Mieczysław , Choroszyński Mieczysław Rorbert , Skrzypek Stanisław Jan 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This article is a review of important material requirements for hip biomaterials including their response to the body environment (biocompatibility), mechanical properties, wear resistance, fretting corrosion and availability as well as the price. The application of proper biomaterials for hip implants is one of the major focal points in this article. Background information is also provided on metals used in other prosthetic devices and implant components. Titanium and its alloys, cobalt base alloys and stainless steels (bio-steels) are used for load-bearing hip implants. These three groups of metallic materials will be introduced and discussed in detail. Metals and their alloys are crystalline materials since their properties depend on the crystal lattice, chemical and phase compositions, grain size, lattice defects, crystalline texture and residual micro- and macro-stresses. All these features of biomaterials are formed during technological manufacturing, such as metallurgical process, solidification, plastic deformation (rolling and forging), machining, heat treatment and coating. All these technological processes work in optimal conditions in order to achieve the optimal microstructure and mechanical, chemical and biological properties. Amongst the above-mentioned particular properties of biomaterials, fretting is a major concern as regards hip implants at the femoral head and neck taper interface. Additional important mechanisms of interaction between the implant and the human body must be taken into account, i.e. diffusion stream of foreign particles and atoms from the implant to body fluids, to the tissue and to the bone. These foreign particles and atoms are released from the implant to the body fluid, to the tissue and to the bone as wear product during use. All together they contribute to the wear, i.e. loss of weight, strength or volume of hip components. Wear rates of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene mated against Ti-6Al-4V are significantly greater than the ones for Co-Cr-Mo alloys. Therefore, thermochemical surface treatments like diffusion ion nitriding should be applied to increase the resistance of titanium alloys to wear. Austenitic stainless steels are also used for temporary applications, but they have lower resistance to pitting corrosion than titanium and cobalt alloys. The purpose of the paper is to introduce a group of metallic materials, which is often chosen for surgical hip implants. Conclusions of the paper refer to information which support important medical and patient decisions on hip implants. Also, the development of biomaterials, their treatments, properties, surface layers and coatings are considered. All these features develop over time and need synergy and experience in the progress of the biomedical, mechanical and materials science.
Structural mechanisms of HECT-type ubiquitin ligases
Authors: Lorenz Sonja 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases (E3 enzymes) transfer ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzymes to target proteins. By determining the selection of target proteins, modification sites on those target proteins, and the types of ubiquitin modifications that are formed, E3 enzymes are key specificity factors in ubiquitin signaling. Here, I summarize our knowledge of the structural mechanisms in the HECT E3 subfamily, many members of which play important roles in human disease. I discuss interactions of the conserved HECT domain with E2 enzymes, ubiquitin and target proteins, as well as macromolecular interactions with regulatory functions. While we understand individual steps in the catalytic cycle of HECT E3 enzymes on a structural level, this review also highlights key aspects that have yet to be elucidated. For instance, it remains unclear how diverse target proteins are presented to the catalytic center and how certain HECT E3 enzymes achieve specificity in ubiquitin linkage formation. The structural and functional properties of the N-terminal regions of HECT E3 enzymes that likely act as signaling hubs are also largely unknown. Structural insights into these aspects may open up routes for a therapeutic intervention with specific HECT E3 functions in distinct pathophysiological settings.
Markers influencing the presence of partial clinical remission in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes
Authors: Pyziak Aleksandra , Zmyslowska Agnieszka , Bobeff Katarzyna , Malachowska Beata , Fendler Wojciech , Wyka Krystyna , Baranowska-Jazwiecka Anna , Szymanska Malgorzata , Szadkowska Agnieszka , Mlynarski Wojciech 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackground:The aim of the study was to compare the selected markers in children with and without partial clinical remission (CR) of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D).Methods:The study group consisted of 186 patients (F/M; 87/99) at onset of T1D and 24 months of follow-up. Partial CR was defined as insulin requirement <0.5 IU/kg and glycated hemoglobin (HbAResults:Partial CR was observed in 115/186 (61.83%) of patients. At diagnosis body mass index standard deviation (BMI SDS) was higher among remitters than in non-remitters (p=0.0051) and remitters were younger (p=0.0029). In the follow-up a higher triglyceride concentration in non-remitters compared to remitters (p=0.0455) and a lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level (p=0.0119) were noticed.Conclusions:Younger age and higher BMI at diagnosis of T1D can predispose to partial CR in children. In patients with CR of T1D after 2 years of follow-up a lipid profile improvement is observed.
Genetic analysis of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) deficiency in nine consanguineous Pakistani families
Authors: Ijaz Sadaqat , Zahoor Muhammad Yasir , Imran Muhammad , Ramzan Khushnooda , Bhinder Munir Ahmad , Shakeel Hussain , Iqbal Muhammad , Aslam Asim , Shehzad Wasim , Cheema Huma Arshad , Rehman Habib 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackground:Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) deficiency is a rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia, ketosis and lactic acidosis. FBPase is encoded byMethods:Nine families having one or two individuals affected with FBPase deficiency were enrolled over a period of 3 years. AllResults:Three differentConclusions:FBPase deficiency is often fatal in the infancy and early childhood. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is therefore crucial to preventing early mortality. We recommend the use of c.472C>T and c.841G>A mutations as first choice genetic markers for molecular diagnosis of FBPase deficiency in Pakistan.
Effect of pentoxifylline on histological activity and fibrosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients: A one year randomized control trial
Authors: Alam Shahinul , Nazmul Hasan SKM , Mustafa Golam , Alam Mahabubul , Kamal Mohammad , Ahmad Nooruddin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo observe the effect of Pentoxifylline for 1 year on hepatic histological activity and fibrosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).Materials and MethodsA single center, open label Randomized Control Trial. Patients were included if they had ultrasonographic evidence of fatty liver and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) ≥ 5 on liver histology. A total of 35 patients were selected; 25 of PL (Experimental) group and 10 of L (Control) group. PL group received 400 mg pentoxifylline thrice daily along with lifestyle modification and there was only lifestyle modification for the L group. After one year, NAS and fibrosis was compared in both groups.ResultsIn PL group, NAS improved 2.10 ± 1.07; whereas in L group, NAS was 0.90 ± 0.99 (P= 0.006). As per the protocol analysis, NAS ≥ 2 improved in 15/20 (75%) in PL group and in 3/10 (30%) in L group (P= 0.018). In PL group, the individual component of NAS, steatosis improved from 2.30 ± 0.66 to 0.95 ± 0.76 (P= 0.000), lobular inflammation from 1.65 ± 0.59 to 1.05 ± 0.51 (P= 0.002) and hepatocyte ballooning from 1.50 ± 0.51 to 1.30 ± 0.57 (P= 0.258). In L group, steatosis improved from 2.30 ± 0.68 to 1.40 ± 1.08 (P= 0.01), lobular inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning did not improve. The fibrosis score did not improve in any group. In PL group, NAS improved significantly (P= 0.027; OR=22.76, CI=1.43-362.40) independent of weight reduction.ConclusionPentoxifylline for 1 year improves the hepatic histological activity but not fibrosis of NASH patients.