bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Dual-Grid Method for the Upscaling of Solid-Based Thermal Reactive Flow, With Application to the In-Situ Conversion Process
Authors: Li Hangyu , Vink Jeroen C. , Alpak Faruk O. 
Published: June 2016

Summary
Thermal-reactive compositional-flow simulation in porous media is essential to model thermal-oil-recovery processes for extraheavy-hydrocarbon resources, and an example is the in-situ conversion process (ICP) developed by Shell for oil-shale production. Computational costs can be very high for such a complex system, which makes direct fine-scale simulations prohibitively time-consuming for large field-scale applications. This motivates the use of coarse grids for thermal-reactive compositional-flow simulation. However, significant errors are introduced by use of coarse-scale models without carefully computing the appropriate coarse parameters. In this paper, we develop an innovative dual-grid method to effectively capture the fine-scale reaction rates in coarse-scale ICP-simulation models. In our dual-grid method, coupled thermal-reactive compositional-flow equations are solved only on the coarse scale, with the kinetic parameters (frequency factors) calculated on the basis of fine-scale computations, such as temperature downscaling and fine-scale reaction-rate calculation. A dual-grid treatment for the heater-well model is also developed with coarse-scale heater-well indices calculated on the basis of fine-scale well results. The dual-grid heater-well treatment is able to provide accurate heater temperatures. The newly developed dual-grid method is applied to realistic cross-sectional ICP-pattern models with a vertical production well and multiple horizontal heater wells operated subject to fixed and time-varying heater powers. It is shown that the dual-grid model delivers results that are in close agreement with the fine-scale reference results for all quantities of interest. Despite the fact that the dual-grid method is implemented at the simulation-deck level, by use of the flexible scripting and monitor functionalities of our proprietary simulation package, significant computational improvements are achieved for all cases considered.
How Much Polymer Should Be Injected During a Polymer Flood? Review of Previous and Current Practices
Authors: Seright R. S. 
Published: June 2016

Summary
This paper provides an extensive review of the polymer concentrations, viscosities, and bank sizes used during existing and previous polymer floods. On average, these values have been substantially greater during the past 25 years than during the first 30 years of polymer-flooding field activity. Reasons for the changes are discussed. Even with current floods, a broad range of polymer viscosities are injected, with substantial variations from a base-case design procedure. Extensive discussions with operators and designers of current polymer floods revealed substantial differences of opinion for the optimum design of polymer floods. This paper examines the validity of arguments that are commonly given to justify deviations from the base-case design. For applications involving viscous oils (e.g., 1,000 cp), the designed polymer viscosities have sometimes been underestimated because of insufficient water injection while determining relative permeabilities; reliance on mobility ratios at a calculated shock front; and overestimation of polymer resistance factors and residual resistance factors. In homogeneous reservoirs, the ratio of produced-oil value to injected-fluid cost is fairly insensitive to injected-polymer viscosity (up to the viscosity predicted by the base-case method), especially at low oil prices. However, reservoir heterogeneity and economics of scale associated with the polymer-dissolution equipment favor high polymer viscosities over low polymer viscosities, if injectivity is not limiting.
Injection above the formation-parting pressure and fracture extension are crucial to achieving acceptable injectivity for many polymer floods, especially those using vertical injectors. Under the proper circumstances, this process can increase fluid injectivity, oil productivity, and reservoir-sweep efficiency, and also reduce the risk of mechanical degradation for polyacrylamide solutions. The key is to understand the degree of fracture extension for a given set of injection conditions so that fractures do not extend out of the target zone or cause severe channeling. Many field cases exist with no evidence that fractures caused severe polymer channeling or breaching of the reservoir seals, in spite of injection above the formation-parting pressure.
Although at least one case exists (Daqing, China) where injection of very-viscous polymer solutions (i.e., more viscous than the base-case design) reduced Sor to less than that for waterflooding, our understanding of when and how this occurs is in its infancy. At this point, use of polymers to reduce Sor must be investigated experimentally on a case-by-case basis.
A “one-size-fits-all” formula cannot be expected for the optimum bank size. However, experience and technical considerations favor use of the largest practical polymer bank. Although graded banks are commonly used or planned in field applications, more work is needed to demonstrate their utility and to identify the most-appropriate design procedure.
Expansão da Educação Superior no MERCOSUL: análise do cenário brasileiro, as possibilidades trazidas pela educação a distância e a relevância de bases curriculares transnacionais
Authors: Sahb Warlley Ferreira , Almeida Fernando José de 
Published: June 2016

Este trabalho realiza uma análise da atual política de integração educacional da América do Sul a partir da conjuntura brasileira, por intermédio da verificação do alargamento da oferta de vagas no ensino superior no Brasil e da análise das ações do Setor Educacional do MERCOSUL (SEM). Aponta, ainda, a potencialidade que os recursos das tecnologias aplicadas à educação e da educação a distância podem ter nesse processo. Para isso, realizou se o cotejamento com o processo de expansão da educação superior na Europa, a partir do Processo de Bolonha e com ações mais recentes neste movimento, como a apresentação do conceito de Mobilidade Virtual (MV) como estratégia para o alcance do objetivo de realizar uma educação transfronteiriça com o apoio da educação a distância. Defende-se também, à guisa de conclusão, que a construção de experiências de bases curriculares transnacionais funcionaria como articuladora dos conhecimentos e das culturas produzidas na América Latina e promotoras de políticas de integração e desenvolvimento regionais.
Gestão democrática na Educação Infantil: uma análise da RBPAE no período de 2000 a 2012
Authors: Silveira Telma Aparecida Teles Martins , Araújo Caroline Silva 
Published: June 2016

Este trabalho analisa as concepções de gestão na Educação Infantil, especialmente a democrática, tendo por referência os artigos produzidos na Revista Brasileira de Política e Administração da Educação (RBPAE) no período de 2000 a 2012. É possível afirmar que os estudos sobre gestão educacional privilegiaram como temática o Ensino Fundamental, o Ensino Médio e o Ensino Superior, o que nos permite dizer que a Educação Infantil ainda ocupa lugar marginal nas discussões do campo da gestão. Além disso, a produção analisada não apresenta discussão aprofundada sobre a gestão democrática nas creches e pré-escolas.
A Genetic Algorithm with Zooming for the Determination of the Optimal Open Pit Mines Layout
Authors: Milani Gabriele 
Published: June 2016

A Genetic Algorithm (GA) with nested zooming strategy is proposed for the determination of the optimal open pit mine design.Different genetic procedures are applied to increase robustness, namely two typologies of admissible mutations for the elite sub-population subjected to zooming and mutation and reproduction for the remaining individuals. In order to further improve convergence rate, a user-defined population percentage, depending on individuals fitness, is replaced with new phenotypes, enforcing chromosomic renewal.Several comparisons with (traditionally used) dynamic programming approaches are provided both for 2D and 3D open pit mines. Both small and large scale mines are analyzed, to benchmark the code in presence of several variables.Results show that the procedure proposed requires a very limited computational effort, both for challenging problems with several variables and when a micro-GA (populations with few individuals) is adopted for small scale problems.
An Attempt to Reduce Materials Cost of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Production
Authors: Wang Zhijuan , Song Yuanming , Li Baoling 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash contains a not insignificant amount of metallic aluminum, while circulating
fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash is rich in active SiO2.

Objective:
To reduce the materials cost of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) production, these two types of solid waste
could theoretically be used as the aerating agent and silica source, respectively.

Method:
In the present work, the metallic aluminum concentration in an MSWI bottom ash sample was determined
from hydrogen generation and this ash was used to make AAC in conjunction with CFBC fly ash.
The extent of air entrainment in the resulting AAC specimens was varied by changing the bottom ash to fly ash ratio, and the
effects of this ratio on the properties of the AAC were investigated.

Results:
Results showed that the ratio has a negligible effect on both the type and the morphology of the hydrates in the AAC, but is inversely proportional to the compressive strength, density and volume stability.

Conclusion:
This study proves that AAC having satisfactory properties can be successfully prepared from a combination of MSWI bottom ash and CFBC fly ash.
Isolation of Glomerular Podocytes by Cationic Colloidal Silica-coated Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Blutke Andreas 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Podocyte homeostasis plays a crucial role for the maintenance of physiological glomerular function and podocyte injury is regarded as a major determinant of development and progression of renal
disease.

Objective:
Investigation of podocytes requires appropriate methods for their isolation. Previously reported methods use podocyte specific antibodies or transgenic mice with podocyte specific expression of fluorescent

markers for isolation of podocytes by magnetic or fluorescence activated cell sorting.

Method:
Here, a novel, antibody-free method for isolation of podocyte protein and RNA from mouse glomeruli

is described. Preparations of isolated glomeruli were added to a suspension of cationic silica-coated colloidal

ferromagnetic nanoparticles. The nanoparticles bound to the negatively charged cell surfaces of podocytes

residing on the outer surface of the isolated glomeruli. After enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of

glomerular cells, nanoparticle-coated podocytes were isolated in a magnetic field. The method was tested in

adult wild-type mice without renal lesions and in mice of two nephropathy models (Growth hormone

(GH)-transgenic mice and transgenic mice expressing a dominant negative receptor for the glucose dependent

insulinotropic polypeptide, GIPRdn) displaying albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy and evidence for a reduced

negative cell surface charge of podocytes.

Results:
The isolated cells displayed typical morphological and ultrastructural properties of podocytes. On

average, 182,000 ± 37,000 cells were counted in the podocyte isolates harvested from ~10,000-12,000 glomeruli

per mouse. On the average, the purity of podocyte isolates of these mice accounted for ~63 ± 18 % and

the podocyte isolates displayed high mRNA and protein expression abundances of podocyte markers (nephrin

and WT1), whereas the expression of endothelial (Cd31) and mesangial markers (Serpinb7) was significantly

decreased in podocyte isolates, as compared to samples of isolated glomeruli. The numbers of cells isolated from

GH- transgenic and GIPRdn-transgenic mice were not markedly different from that of wild-type mice.

Conclusion:
The described method represents an alternative for podocyte isolation, particularly in experiments where podocyte specific antibodies or transgenic animals with podocyte specific expression of fluorescent

markers are not applicable.
Modelling the Dynamics of Masonry Structures with Discrete Elements
Authors: Lemos José V. 
Published: June 2016

Block models have been shown to provide a realistic representation of the behavior of many types of masonry structures under static and dynamic loads. When the strength of the units is such that movements along the joints govern the behavior, it is acceptable to make the simplifying assumption that blocks act as rigid bodies. This assumption is particularly useful when dealing with seismic problems, for which the computational times for time domain analysis may be substantial.In this paper, the application of discrete element models for dynamic analysis of masonry structures is addressed. The emphasis is on the seismic behavior of block stone masonry, but the treatment is general to cover other types of masonry. First, the assumptions involved in the choice of a block representation are discussed, stressing in particular the case of rigid block models. Numerical issues are examined, including contact models, calculation of natural frequencies, time stepping algorithms, damping and boundary conditions.A review is presented of modeling examples published in the literature for various types of masonry structures. The choice of numerical representation and its main features are discussed for each case.
Nucleated Red Blood Cell in Cord Blood as a Marker of Perinatal Asphyxia
Authors: Kanodia Piush , Bhatta Nisha Keshary , Singh Rupa Rajbhandari , Shah Gauri Shankar , Yadav Shankar Prasad , Yadav Sunil Kumar 
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia is a common problem with the incidence varying from 0.5 –2% of live births. According to World Health Organization, approximately 4 million babies die each year before they reach the age of one month. The number of NRBC/100 WBC is variable but is rarely greater than 10 in normal neonates. This simple test can be helpful in the rapid assessment of perinatal asphyxia. Material and Methods: This prospective case-control study and there were 82 newborns in Case and 82 newborns in Controls comprising of asphyxiated and nonasphyxiated neonates, respectively, over a period of 12 months. Results: Out of the 82 neonates in case group, fifty nine (59) neonates were found to have NRBC level ≥10/100WBC, out of which 58 (70.7%) were cases and 1(1.2%) was a control. NRBCs count of ≥10/100WBC were seen more in the newborn who had low 5 min Apgar score and in the newborn with severe HIE, these association were statistically significant (P value <0.001). The cut-off NRBC value of ≥10/100WBC also found to have a sensitivity of 70.30% with a specificity of 98.78%. NRBC has a positive predictive value of 98.31% with a negative predictive value of 77.14%. Significance and sensitive area for ROC curve was 0.875. The ROC curve was calculated with cut-off NRBC value of ≥10/100WBC.Conclusions: NRBC counts can be very useful to differentiate HIE newborns from non-HIE newborns which will help in appropriate management and better outcome of these newborns.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2015;35(3):264-268
Unalternative Semantics
Authors: Büring Daniel 
Published: June 2016

The paper introduces a new method of calculating focus alternatives without the use of F-markers or comparable devices. Relative metrical weights are directly mapped onto restrictions on what can be a focal target, i.e. what a given structure can be used to correct, answer, or contrast with. The results are virtually identical to those achieved e.g. in the system of Rooth (1992), but differ in some crucial aspects, which allows broader empirical coverage without additional mechanisms. Among these are a non-transderivational ban on overfocusing, a treatment of second occurrence focus, a new way of incorporating contrast to non-salient targets and a natural account of discontinuous foci. The paper closes with some outlooks on applications in non-Indo-European languages. Keywords: Focus, Alternative Semantics, Second Occurrence Focus, F-Marking, Overfocussing
SANTA BARBARA CLUSTER COMPARISON TEST WITH DISPH
Authors: Saitoh Takayuki R. , Makino Junichiro 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
The Santa Barbara cluster comparison project revealed that there is a systematic difference between entropy profiles of clusters of galaxies obtained by Eulerian mesh and Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) codes: mesh codes gave a core with a constant entropy, whereas SPH codes did not. One possible reason for this difference is that mesh codes are not Galilean invariant. Another possible reason is the problem of the SPH method, which might give too much “protection” to cold clumps because of the unphysical surface tension induced at contact discontinuities. In this paper, we apply the density-independent formulation of SPH (DISPH), which can handle contact discontinuities accurately, to simulations of a cluster of galaxies and compare the results with those with the standard SPH. We obtained the entropy core when we adopt DISPH. The size of the core is, however, significantly smaller than those obtained with mesh simulations and is comparable to those obtained with quasi-Lagrangian schemes such as “moving mesh” and “mesh free” schemes. We conclude that both the standard SPH without artificial conductivity and Eulerian mesh codes have serious problems even with such an idealized simulation, while DISPH, SPH with artificial conductivity, and quasi-Lagrangian schemes have sufficient capability to deal with it.
NuSTAR DISCOVERY OF A CYCLOTRON LINE IN THE ACCRETING X-RAY PULSAR IGR J16393-4643
Authors: Bodaghee Arash , Tomsick John A. , Fornasini Francesca M. , Krivonos Roman , Stern Daniel , Mori Kaya , Rahoui Farid , Boggs Steven E. , Christensen Finn E. , Craig William W. , Hailey Charles J. , Harrison Fiona A. , Zhang William W. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
The high-mass X-ray binary and accreting X-ray pulsar IGR J16393-4643 was observed by the Nuclear Spectroscope Telescope Array in the 3–79 keV energy band for a net exposure time of 50 ks. We present the results of this observation which enabled the discovery of a cyclotron resonant scattering feature with a centroid energy of

keV. This allowed us to measure the magnetic field strength of the neutron star for the first time: B = (2.5 ± 0.1) × 1012 G. The known pulsation period is now observed at 904.0 ± 0.1 s. Since 2006, the neutron star has undergone a long-term spin-up trend at a rate of

s s−1 (−0.6 s per year, or a frequency derivative of

Hz s−1). In the power density spectrum, a break appears at the pulse frequency which separates the zero slope at low frequency from the steeper slope at high frequency. This addition of angular momentum to the neutron star could be due to the accretion of a quasi-spherical wind, or it could be caused by the transient appearance of a prograde accretion disk that is nearly in corotation with the neutron star whose magnetospheric radius is around 2 × 108 cm.
WHEN SHOCK WAVES COLLIDE
Authors: Hartigan P. , Foster J. , Frank A. , Hansen E. , Yirak K. , Liao A. S. , Graham P. , Wilde B. , Blue B. , Martinez D. , Rosen P. , Farley D. , Paguio R. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Supersonic outflows from objects as varied as stellar jets, massive stars, and novae often exhibit multiple shock waves that overlap one another. When the intersection angle between two shock waves exceeds a critical value, the system reconfigures its geometry to create a normal shock known as a Mach stem where the shocks meet. Mach stems are important for interpreting emission-line images of shocked gas because a normal shock produces higher postshock temperatures, and therefore a higher-excitation spectrum than does an oblique shock. In this paper, we summarize the results of a series of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments designed to quantify how Mach stems behave in supersonic plasmas that are the norm in astrophysical flows. The experiments test analytical predictions for critical angles where Mach stems should form, and quantify how Mach stems grow and decay as intersection angles between the incident shock and a surface change. While small Mach stems are destroyed by surface irregularities and subcritical angles, larger ones persist in these situations and can regrow if the intersection angle changes to become more favorable. The experimental and numerical results show that although Mach stems occur only over a limited range of intersection angles and size scales, within these ranges they are relatively robust, and hence are a viable explanation for variable bright knots observed in Hubble Space Telescope images at the intersections of some bow shocks in stellar jets.
LINE-OF-SIGHT VELOCITY AND METALLICITY MEASUREMENTS OF THE PALOMAR 5 TIDAL STREAM
Authors: Ishigaki M. N. , Hwang N. , Chiba M. , Aoki W. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We present Subaru/Faint Object Camera and Spectrograph and Keck/Deep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrometer medium-resolution spectroscopy of a tidally disrupting Milky Way (MW) globular cluster Palomar 5 (Pal 5) and its tidal stream. The observed fields are located to cover an angular extent of ∼17° along the stream, providing an opportunity to investigate a trend in line-of-sight velocities (V
los) along the stream, which is essential to constrain its orbit and underlying gravitational potential of the MW’s dark matter halo. A spectral fitting technique is applied to the observed spectra to obtain stellar parameters and metallicities ([Fe/H]) of the target stars. The 19 stars most likely belonging to the central Pal 5 cluster have a mean V
los of −58.1 ± 0.7 km s−1 and metallicity [Fe/H] = −1.35 ± 0.06 dex, both of which are in good agreement with those derived in previous high-resolution spectroscopic studies. Assuming that the stream stars have the same [Fe/H] as the progenitor cluster, the derived [Fe/H] and

values are used to estimate the possible V
los range of the member stars at each location along the stream. Because of the heavy contamination of the field MW stars, the estimated V
los range depends on prior assumptions about the stream’s

, which highlights the importance of more definitely identifying the member stars using proper motion and chemical abundances to obtain unbiased information of V
los in the outer part of the Pal 5 stream. The models for the gravitational potential of the MW’s dark matter halo that are compatible with the estimated V
los range are discussed.