bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical formulation of mixed modes of stellar oscillations
Authors: Takata Masao 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The frequency condition for eigenmodes of nonradial stellar oscillations with a mixed character, which have been extensively detected in red giants and subgiants, is generally examined by a simple physical model based on a progressive-wave picture. The coupling coefficient between the gravity-wave oscillation in the core and the acoustic-wave oscillation in the envelope is expressed in terms of the reflection coefficient at the intermediate evanescent region. This relation is fully consistent with the recent asymptotic analysis for dipolar modes, but disagrees with the conventional asymptotic analysis, which assumes that the coupling is weak. The expression for the amplitude ratio between the core and envelope oscillations is also derived. The upper and lower bounds of the ratio are found to be determined by the reflection coefficient at the intermediate region. It is also argued that the eigenmode condition should appropriately be modified if the wave generated near the surface and transmitted to the core is (partially) lost either by damping or scattering in the core. The developed formulation opens a possibility to characterize the core damping (or scattering) of the red giant stars in terms of the formal reflection coefficient at the inner boundary of the inner cavity, which would provide a valuable insight into those physical processes.
What is the Expected Return on the Market?*
Authors: Martin Ian 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
I derive a lower bound on the equity premium in terms of a volatility index, SVIX, that can be calculated from index option prices. The bound implies that the equity premium is extremely volatile and that it rose above 20% at the height of the crisis in 2008. The time-series average of the lower bound is about 5%, suggesting that the bound may be approximately tight. I run predictive regressions and find that this hypothesis is not rejected by the data, so I use the SVIX index as a proxy for the equity premium and argue that the high equity premia available at times of stress largely reflect high expected returns over the very short run. I also provide a measure of the probability of a market crash, and introduce simple variance swaps, tradable contracts based on SVIX that are robust alternatives to variance swaps.
Public Protests and Policy Making*
Authors: Battaglini Marco 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTechnological advances and the development of social media have made petitions, public protests, and other form of spontaneous activism increasingly common tools for individuals to influence decision makers. To study these phenomena, in this article I present a theory of petitions and public protests that explores their limits as mechanisms to aggregate information. The key assumption is that valuable information is dispersed among citizens. Through petitions and protests, citizens can signal their private information to the policy maker, who can then choose to use it or not. I first show that if citizens’ individual signals are not sufficiently precise, information aggregation is impossible, no matter how large is the population of informed citizens, even if the conflict with the policy maker is small. I then characterize the conditions on conflict and the signal structure that guarantee information aggregation. When these conditions are satisfied, I show that full information aggregation is possible as the population grows to infinity. When they are not satisfied, I show that information aggregation may still be possible if social media are available.
Chronic pain patients' perceptions of their future: a verbal fluency task
Authors: Rusu Adina C. , Pincus Tamar 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Depression is a common feature of chronic pain, but the content of depressed cognitions in groups with chronic pain may be qualitatively different from other depressed groups. Future thinking has been extensively studied in depressed population; however, to our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate future thinking, using a verbal fluency task, in chronic pain. This study investigated the content of cognitions about the future, which are postulated to be a key mechanism in the development of clinical depression, but have not been studied in groups with chronic pain. This study used the future thinking task to investigate general future thinking and health-related future thinking in 4 groups of participants: those with pain and concurrent depression, those with pain without depression, those with depression without pain, and healthy control participants. One hundred seventy-two participants generated positive and negative future events, and rated the valence and likelihood of these events. Responses were coded for health-related content by 2 independent raters. Participants with depression (with and without pain) produced more negative and less positive future events than control participants. Participants with pain (depressed and nondepressed) produced more positive health-related future events than control participants. Participants with depression and pain produced more negative health-related future events than the nondepressed pain group. The findings suggest that participants with pain and depression exhibit a cognitive bias specific to negative aspects of health-related future thinking. This focus facilitates understanding of the relationship between depression and pain processing. The implications for therapeutic interventions are discussed.
A Comparison of Nonpharmacologic Interventions on the Emotional State of Children in the Emergency Department
Authors: Antonelli Elena , Vagnoli Laura , Ciucci Enrica , Vernucci Chiara , Lachi Federica , Messeri Andrea 
Published: October 2016

Objectives
The majority of children and adolescents presenting to the emergency department are in pain and require painful procedures. This randomized study was to investigate the efficacy of 3 different nonpharmacologic interventions (clowns, dogs, and musicians) to reduce pain and analyze the perception of positive and negative affects after the presence of these activities in a short-stay observation unit (SSOU).

Methods
Participants were composed of 105 children (54 boys and 51 girls; aged 3–16 years) assigned randomly to an experimental group (N = 57) that was composed of patients who were present in the SSOU. They received one of the following nonpharmacologic interventions: clowns (n = 18), dogs (n = 24), or musicians (n = 15) or they were assigned to a control group (CG) (N = 48) that consists of the patients who were present in the SSOU without the presence of nonpharmacologic interventions.

Results
Differences among the groups did not emerge; in fact, the 3 interventions have a similar influence in a different way on a child's well-being. No significant main effect about pain emerged for both groups across age and sex.

Conclusions
The presence of different nonpharmacologic interventions (clowns, dogs, and musicians) seemed to empower positive affect in children but did not influence the self-reported pain.
Immediate and Late Response to Intimate Partner Violence Intervention in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Randell Kimberly A. , Harris Danica , Stallbaumer-Rouyer Jennifer 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Childhood exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) results in numerous, lifelong, negative health outcomes, underscoring the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendation for IPV screening and intervention in the pediatric health care setting. We report a case in which a mother denied IPV during routine IPV screening in a pediatric emergency department (ED). However, subsequent discussion with health care providers during the ED visit revealed IPV. The mother declined to meet with an IPV advocate because the abuser was texting repeatedly to ask about the duration of the ED visit. However, the onsite social worker met with the mother to provide supportive counseling and complete safety assessment and planning. The mother returned to the abusive home after ED discharge because 3 of her 4 children were with the abuser at that time. Four months later, the mother returned to the ED with her children to see the IPV advocate. After speaking with the advocate, the mother and children went to safe shelter directly from the ED. This case underscores the importance of providing caregivers with multiple opportunities to disclose IPV, the need for health care providers to remain alert to indications that IPV may be occurring, and the role of the entire health care team in addressing IPV. This case also demonstrates that although IPV interventions may not immediately result in leaving an abusive relationship, the unseen benefits of such education and support can ultimately improve safety.
Shiga (vero) toxin producing Escherichia coli in various types of food stuffs; virulence factors, O‐serogroups and antimicrobial resistance properties
Authors: Ranjbar Reza , Sheikhshahrokh Amirhossein , Jonaidi Jafari Nematollah 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to determine the incidence of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli, its virulence factors, O‐serogroups and antimicrobial resistance properties in various types of food stuffs in Iran. All samples were cultured and those that were E. coli positive were subjected to PCR. Of 801 samples studied, 123 (15.35%) were positive for STEC strains. Samples collected in summer season had the higher prevalence of bacteria (49.59%). Beef meat was the most commonly contaminated sample (24.28%). The stx1 was the most commonly detected, while ehly was the least. The most commonly detected serogroups in the STEC strains recovered from the food samples were O157 (27.64%) and O26 (21.95%). The serogroup of 17.07% of STEC strains cannot be detected by means of the O‐serogroup primers. The most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes were blaSHV (47.15%) and aadA1 (44.71%). STEC strains of our investigation harbored the highest levels of resistance against ampicillin (100%), gentamycin (70.73%) and tetracycline (62.60%). Observation of proper monitoring, principles of food hygiene and accurate antibiotic prescription reduce the risk of diseases caused by STEC strains in human.Practical applicationsWe found E. coli bacteria with defined pathotypes which originates mainly from human and animal sources in various types of food samples of Iranian markets. We also identified a large numbers of virulent and resistant strains of E. coli with higher prevalence of stx1 and eaeA gene, O157 and O26 serogroups, CITM and aac(3)‐IV antibiotic resistance genes and resistance to ampicillin, penicillin and gentamycin antibiotics. Beef meat had the highest prevalence. Simultaneous presence of stx1 and eaeA and stx2 and eaeA virulence factors in some strains of E. coli bacterium in food stuffs indicated the important public health problem. Using from microbiological tests can contribute to reducing the microbial load in food stuffs. Controlling sources of human and animal fecal pollution, such as managing the quality of primary ingredients, staffs and devices are other approaches to reduce the prevalence of STEC in food stuffs. Using from the disk diffusion method and avoiding from the irregular and excessive prescription of antibiotics are two important approaches to reduce the levels of antibiotic resistance.
Interleukin-17 Is Required for Control of Chronic Lung Infection Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Bayes Hannah K. , Ritchie Neil D. , Evans Thomas J. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Chronic pulmonary infection with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) and other chronic lung diseases. Cytokines of the interleukin-17 (IL-17) family have been proposed as important in the host response to
P. aeruginosa
infection through their role in augmenting antibacterial immune responses, although their proinflammatory effect may contribute to lung damage that occurs as a result of chronic infection. We set out to explore the role of IL-17 in the host response to chronic
P. aeruginosa
infection. We used a murine model of chronic pulmonary infection with CF-related strains of
P. aeruginosa
. We demonstrate that IL-17 cytokine signaling is essential for mouse survival and prevention of chronic infection at 2 weeks postinoculation using two different
P. aeruginosa
strains. Following infection, there was a marked expansion of cells within mediastinal lymph nodes, comprised mainly of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs); ∼90% of IL-17-producing (IL-17
+
) cells had markers consistent with group 3 ILCs. A smaller percentage of IL-17
+
cells had markers consistent with a B1 phenotype. In lung homogenates harvested 14 days following infection, there was a significant expansion of IL-17
+
cells; about 50% of these were CD3
+
, split equally between CD4
+
Th17 cells and γδ T cells, while the CD3
−
IL-17
+
cells were almost exclusively group 3 ILCs. Further experiments with B cell-deficient mice showed that B cell production of IL-17 or natural antibodies did not provide any defense against chronic
P. aeruginosa
infection. Thus, IL-17 rather than antibody is a key element in host defense against chronic pulmonary infection with
P. aeruginosa
.
Genetic Determinants of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Proliferation in the Cytosol of Epithelial Cells
Authors: Wrande Marie , Andrews-Polymenis Helene , Twedt Donna J. , Steele-Mortimer Olivia , Porwollik Steffen , McClelland Michael , Knodler Leigh A. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Intestinal epithelial cells provide an important colonization niche for
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium during gastrointestinal infections. In infected epithelial cells, a subpopulation of
S
. Typhimurium bacteria damage their internalization vacuole, leading to escape from the
Salmonella
-containing vacuole (SCV) and extensive proliferation in the cytosol. Little is known about the bacterial determinants of nascent SCV lysis and subsequent survival and replication of
Salmonella
in the cytosol. To pinpoint
S
. Typhimurium virulence factors responsible for these steps in the intracellular infectious cycle, we screened a
S
. Typhimurium multigene deletion library in Caco-2 C2Bbe1 and HeLa epithelial cells for mutants that had an altered proportion of cytosolic bacteria compared to the wild type. We used a gentamicin protection assay in combination with a chloroquine resistance assay to quantify total and cytosolic bacteria, respectively, for each strain. Mutants of three
S
. Typhimurium genes,
STM1461
(
ydgT
),
STM2829
(
recA
), and
STM3952
(
corA
), had reduced cytosolic proliferation compared to wild-type bacteria, and one gene,
STM2120
(
asmA
), displayed increased cytosolic replication. None of the mutants were affected for lysis of the nascent SCV or vacuolar replication in epithelial cells, indicating that these genes are specifically required for survival and proliferation of
S
. Typhimurium in the epithelial cell cytosol. These are the first genes identified to contribute to this step of the
S
. Typhimurium infectious cycle.
Autonomous Replication of the Conjugative Transposon Tn916
Authors: Wright Laurel D. , Grossman Alan D. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTIntegrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), also known as conjugative transposons, are self-transferable elements that are widely distributed among bacterial phyla and are important drivers of horizontal gene transfer. Many ICEs carry genes that confer antibiotic resistances to their host cells and are involved in the dissemination of these resistance genes. ICEs reside in host chromosomes but under certain conditions can excise to form a plasmid that is typically the substrate for transfer. A few ICEs are known to undergo autonomous replication following activation. However, it is not clear if autonomous replication is a general property of many ICEs. We found that Tn916, the first conjugative transposon identified, replicates autonomously via a rolling-circle mechanism. Replication of Tn916was dependent on the relaxase encoded byorf20of Tn916. The origin of transfer of Tn916,oriT(916), also functioned as an origin of replication. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we found that the relaxase (Orf20) and the two putative helicase processivity factors (Orf22 and Orf23) encoded by Tn916likely interact in a complex and that the Tn916relaxase contains a previously unidentified conserved helix-turn-helix domain in its N-terminal region that is required for relaxase function and replication. Lastly, we identified a functional single-strand origin of replication (sso) in Tn916that we predict primes second-strand synthesis during rolling-circle replication. Together these results add to the emerging data that show that several ICEs replicate via a conserved, rolling-circle mechanism.IMPORTANCEIntegrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) drive horizontal gene transfer and the spread of antibiotic resistances in bacteria. ICEs reside integrated in a host genome but can excise to create a plasmid that is the substrate for transfer to other cells. Here we show that Tn916, an ICE with broad host range, undergoes autonomous rolling-circle replication when in the plasmid form. We found that the origin of transfer functions as a double-stranded origin of replication and identified a single-stranded origin of replication. It was long thought that ICEs do not undergo autonomous replication. Our work adds to the evidence that ICEs replicate autonomously as part of their normal life cycle and indicates that diverse ICEs use the same replicative mechanism.
The Catabolite Repressor Protein-Cyclic AMP Complex Regulates
csgD
and Biofilm Formation in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Hufnagel David A. , Evans Margery L. , Greene Sarah E. , Pinkner Jerome S. , Hultgren Scott J. , Chapman Matthew R. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

The extracellular matrix protects
Escherichia coli
from immune cells, oxidative stress, predation, and other environmental stresses. Production of the
E. coli
extracellular matrix is regulated by transcription factors that are tuned to environmental conditions. The biofilm master regulator protein CsgD upregulates curli and cellulose, the two major polymers in the extracellular matrix of uropathogenic
E. coli
(UPEC) biofilms. We found that cyclic AMP (cAMP) regulates curli, cellulose, and UPEC biofilms through
csgD
. The alarmone cAMP is produced by adenylate cyclase (CyaA), and deletion of
cyaA
resulted in reduced extracellular matrix production and biofilm formation. The
c
atabolite
r
epressor
p
rotein (CRP) positively regulated
csgD
transcription, leading to curli and cellulose production in the UPEC isolate, UTI89. Glucose, a known inhibitor of CyaA activity, blocked extracellular matrix formation when added to the growth medium. The mutant strains Δ
cyaA
and Δ
crp
did not produce rugose biofilms, pellicles, curli, cellulose, or CsgD. Three putative CRP binding sites were identified within the
csgD-csgB
intergenic region, and purified CRP could gel shift the
csgD-csgB
intergenic region. Additionally, we found that CRP binded upstream of
kpsMT
, which encodes machinery for K1 capsule production. Together our work shows that cAMP and CRP influence
E. coli
biofilms through transcriptional regulation of
csgD
.

IMPORTANCE
The
c
atabolite
r
epressor
p
rotein (CRP)-cyclic AMP (cAMP) complex influences the transcription of ∼7% of genes on the
Escherichia coli
chromosome (D. Zheng, C. Constantinidou, J. L. Hobman, and S. D. Minchin, Nucleic Acids Res 32:5874–5893, 2004,
https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh908
). Glucose inhibits
E. coli
biofilm formation, and Δ
cyaA
and Δ
crp
mutants show impaired biofilm formation (D. W. Jackson, J.W. Simecka, and T. Romeo, J Bacteriol 184:3406–3410, 2002,
https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.184.12.3406-3410.2002
). We determined that the cAMP-CRP complex regulates curli and cellulose production and the formation of rugose and pellicle biofilms through
csgD
. Additionally, we propose that cAMP may work as a signaling compound for uropathogenic
E. coli
(UPEC) to transition from the bladder lumen to inside epithelial cells for intracellular bacterial community formation through K1 capsule regulation.
Study protocol for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-Sitting and ExacerbAtions Trial (COPD-SEAT): a randomised controlled feasibility trial of a home-based self-monitoring sedentary behaviour intervention
Authors: Orme Mark , Weedon Amie , Esliger Dale , Saukko Paula , Morgan Mike , Steiner Michael , Downey John , Singh Sally , Sherar Lauren 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionAn acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) marks a critical life event, which can lower patient quality of life and ability to perform daily activities. Patients with COPD tend to lead inactive and highly sedentary lifestyles, which may contribute to reductions in functional capacity. Targeting sedentary behaviour (SB) may be more attainable than exercise (at a moderate-to-vigorous intensity) for behaviour change in patients following an exacerbation. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a 2-week at-home intervention providing education and self-monitoring to reduce prolonged periods of SB in patients with COPD discharged following an acute exacerbation.Methods and analysisPatients will be randomised into 1 of 3 conditions: usual care (control), education or education+feedback. The education group will receive information and suggestions about reducing long periods of sitting. The education+feedback group will receive real-time feedback on their sitting time, stand-ups and step count at home through an inclinometer linked to a smart device app. The inclinometer will also provide vibration prompts to encourage movement when the wearer has been sedentary for too long. Data will be collected during hospital admission and 2 weeks after discharge. Qualitative interviews will be conducted with patients in the intervention groups to explore patient experiences. Interviews with healthcare staff will also be conducted. All data will be collected January to August 2016. The primary outcomes are feasibility and acceptability, which will be assessed by qualitative interviews, uptake and drop-out rates, reasons for refusing the intervention, compliance, app usage and response to vibration prompts.Ethics and disseminationThe research ethics committee East Midlands Leicester-Central has provided ethical approval for the conduct of this study. The results of the study will be disseminated through appropriate conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberISRCTN13790881; Pre-results.