bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving from elite international schools to the world’s elite universities
Authors: Lee Moosung , Wright Ewan 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore how elite International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) schools in China function as a channel for international student mobility to leading universities around the world.Design/methodology/approach– To achieve this, the authors conducted a mixed-methods study combining quantitative analysis of 1,622 students’ university destinations and qualitative analysis of interview data from five high performing and high tuition fee IBDP schools in China.Findings– Results indicate that the IBDP in China can be conducive to a form of “elite international student mobility” for some students with 30 percent of participants attending one of the top 50 ranked universities globally. As an explanation, interview data points to the strong reputation of the program, the provision of structured opportunities for students to demonstrate “additional skills,” and the abundant resources of elite schools.Originality/value– The authors provide a critical discussion about the implications of the IBDP’s function for “elite international student mobility” in connection with social contexts surrounding these international International Baccalaureate schools in China. In so doing, the discussion tackles two issues from a critical perspective: the role elite international schools in accelerating educational inequalities and challenges to authentic learning experience when elite schools play the “university admissions game.”
Self-employment
Authors: Schölin Tobias , Broomé Per , Ohlsson Henrik 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence that family factors have on an individual’s intention to be self-employed.Design/methodology/approach– The authors selected, from Swedish national registers, all full siblings born between 1945 and 1960 and their biological children, who were born before 1985. The authors created one family database consisting of male individuals (n=1,204,436) and one family database consisting of female individuals (n=1,349,904). The authors defined the outcome variable during the years 2003-2010. Separate analyses were conducted for each of the four outcome variables: all self-employed individuals, owners of limited liability companies, sole traders and hybrids. The authors used multi-level logistic analysis for this study.Findings– The study demonstrates that the influence that family factors have on an individual’s choice of company type is strong; however, it varies depending on intentions transferred within the family.Originality/value– The authors divide self-employment into three distinct parts based on the company type, which enables a sophisticated analysis of self-employed individuals and of the transference of intentions to be self-employed within families. The authors contribute to the understanding of why individuals become self-employed by examining the impact of family factors on the intention of an individual to choose different types of company.
The impact of transitions into wage-employment for satisfied and unsatisfied entrepreneurs
Authors: Mattes Jochen 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– Should unsatisfied/satisfied entrepreneurs transition into wage-employment? The purpose of this paper is to investigate the financial, physical, social and emotional consequences of the decision.Design/methodology/approach– The paper uses an Australian, nationally representative panel for two Bayesian multivariate regressions.Findings– Unsatisfied entrepreneurs that transition from self- to wage-employment improve their income, life and job satisfaction. For satisfied entrepreneurs, continuing or transitioning makes little difference: job and life satisfaction develop similarly. The health of continuing entrepreneurs suffers regardless of whether they are satisfied or unsatisfied.Research limitations/implications– Unobserved heterogeneity is only addressed within cohorts, not across cohorts. It is possible, that transitioning entrepreneurs are inherently different from continuing entrepreneurs. Further research could include a more fine-grained study of entrepreneurship’s negative health implications or include work-family balance as return to self-employment.Practical implications– The findings offer clear advice to entrepreneurs that are unsatisfied with their venture: they will likely benefit from transitioning to wage-employment. In addition, it offers a warning to individuals with existing health issues who are considering self-employment.Originality/value– Academic interest in entrepreneurship exit is growing. This paper is the first to study the financial, physical, social and emotional life consequences of both satisfied and unsatisfied entrepreneurs. It contributes to the discussion of what motivates entrepreneurs to become and remain self-employed.
Practical Considerations in Trace Element Analysis of Bone by Portable X‐ray Fluorescence
Authors: Byrnes Jennifer F. , Bush Peter J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractForensic anthropologists are more often turning to nondestructive methods to assist with skeletal analyses, specifically for trace elemental analyses. Portable XRF (pXRF) instruments are versatile and are able to be used in diverse settings or for specimens of a shape and size that cannot be accommodated by laboratory‐based instruments. Use of XRF requires knowledge of analysis parameters such as X‐ray penetration and exit depth. Analysis depth was determined by examining pure elements through known thicknesses of equine bone slices. Correlation between the element's X‐ray emission energy and the depth of reading was observed. Bone surfaces from a small unknown historic cemetery were analyzed before and after sanding of the periosteal surface to observe possible changes in XRF readings based on potential diagenesis. Results validate the pXRF device as a powerful and convenient instrument for nondestructive analysis, while highlighting limitations and considerations for the analysis of osseous materials.
Decrease of memory retention in a parasitic wasp: an effect of host manipulation by Wolbachia?
Authors: Kishani Farahani Hossein , Ashouri Ahmad , Goldansaz Seyed Hossein , Shapiro Martin S. , Pierre Jean‐Sebastien , van Baaren Joan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSeveral factors, such as cold exposure, aging, the number of experiences and viral infection, have been shown to affect learning ability in different organisms. Wolbachia has been found worldwide as an arthropod parasite/mutualist symbiont in a wide range of species, including insects. Differing effects have been identified on physiology and behavior by Wolbachia. However, the effect of Wolbachia infection on the learning ability of their host had never previously been studied. The current study carried out to compare learning ability and memory duration in 2 strains of the parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae: 1 uninfected and 1 infected by Wolbachia. Both strains were able to associate the novel odors with the reward of an oviposition into a host egg. However, the percentage of females that responded to the experimental design and displayed an ability to learn in these conditions was higher in the uninfected strain. Memory duration was longer in uninfected wasps (23.8 and 21.4 h after conditioning with peppermint and lemon, respectively) than in infected wasps (18.9 and 16.2 h after conditioning with peppermint and lemon, respectively). Memory retention increased in response to the number of conditioning sessions in both strains, but memory retention was always shorter in the infected wasps than in the uninfected ones. Wolbachia infection may select for reduced memory retention because shorter memory induces infected wasps to disperse in new environments and avoid competition with uninfected wasps by forgetting cues related to previously visited environments, thus increasing transmission of Wolbachia in new environments.
Clinical inertia causing new or progression of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Osataphan Soravis , Chalermchai Thep , Ngaosuwan Kanchana 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundClinical inertia is a failure to intensify treatment according to evidence‐based guidelines, and can have both short‐ and long‐term adverse effects for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the effects of clinical inertia on glycemic control and diabetes‐related complications.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted at a university‐based hospital in Thailand. Medical records were evaluated retrospectively from January 2010 to December 2014. Patients were classified into two groups: clinical inertia and non‐inertia. Clinical inertia was defined as failure to initiate insulin within 3 months in patients with HbA1c ≥9 % who were already taking two oral antidiabetic agents.ResultsFrom 1206 records, 98 patients with mean HbA1c of 10.3 % were identified and enrolled in the study. The median follow‐up time of these patients was 29.5 months and 68.4 % were classified into the clinical inertia group. The mean (± SD) HbA1c decrement in the clinical inertia and non‐inertia groups was 0.82 ± 1.50 % and 3.02 ± 1.80 %, respectively, at 6 months (P < 0.001) and 1.46 ± 1.85 % and 3.04 ± 1.76 %, respectively, at the end of study (P < 0.001). Clinical inertia was associated with a significantly shorter median time to progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR); log rank test, P = 0.02 and a higher incidence of DR progression (10 vs 2.2 cases per 1000 person‐months; P = 0.003). The adjusted incidence rate ratio for DR progression in the clinical inertia group was 4.92 (95 % confidence interval 1.11–21.77; P = 0.036). Being treated by general practitioners was the strongest risk factor associated with clinical inertia.ConclusionsClinical inertia can cause persistently poor glycemic control and speed up the progression of DR in T2D.
Genetic diversity of aboriginal and invasive populations of four‐eyed fir bark beetle Polygraphus proximusBlandford (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)
Authors: Kononov Alexandr , Ustyantsev Kirill , Blinov Alexandr , Fet Victor , Baranchikov Yuri N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe four‐eyed fir bark beetle Polygraphus proximus Blandf., native in Far Eastern Eurasia and nearby islands, is an invasive pest of fir trees in Siberian and European parts of Russia. Its invasion has been overlooked and was only finally appreciated in 2008.
Subsequently, the scale and area of damage to the forests has increased catastrophically. Thus, extensive monitoring and population control are required to localize and stop any further spread of the invasion.
We used mitochondrial DNA markers to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of invasive and aboriginal populations of P. proximus, aiming to establish the main sources and corridors of its spread and to infer the history of colonization.
Eighteen haplotypes clustered in five groups were identified. The aboriginal populations had the highest degree of haplotype variability, including almost all haplotypes found in the areas of invasion. The Siberian introduced populations had a sufficient reduction of genetic variation, and a strong geographical partitioning. The European populations mostly had the same haplotypes as the invasive Siberian populations.
The results of the present study support the scenario of P. proximus spreading from the Far East of Russia westward via timber transport along the major Russian railway network.
Low prevalence of human papillomavirus in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Emmett Sarah , Jenkins Glenn , Boros Samuel , Whiteman David C. , Panizza Benedict , Antonsson Annika 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundWhile human papillomavirus (HPV) is an accepted risk factor for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), its aetiological role in oral cavity SCC remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the HPV prevalence in an Australian population.Methods
DNA was extracted from 63 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tumour specimens histologically confirmed as SCC of the oral cavity, diagnosed during 2006–2012. Clinical data were extracted from medical records. HPV presence was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Positive samples were typed by sequencing. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess p16INK4A
, p53, pRB, Ki67, Cyclin D1 and p21WAF1
expression.ResultsFive of the 63 tumours (8%) were positive for HPV DNA (three HPV‐16 positive and two HPV‐18 positive). Two tumours overexpressed p16INK4A
(3%) and one of these was also HPV positive. Overexpression of Cyclin D1 correlated significantly with tumour recurrence (P = 0.029) and death (P = 0.002).ConclusionsThis study has identified a low prevalence of high‐risk HPV in Queensland, Australia.
Metastatic bone disease of the pelvis and extremities: rationalizing orthopaedic treatment
Authors: Kirkinis Maria N. , Spelman Tim , May Deborah , Choong Peter F. M. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundChoosing the appropriate treatment for patients presenting with impending or pathological fractures is difficult and understanding the prognosis based on certain characteristics can help inform the decision to treat and construct to use in a palliative setting. We retrospectively analysed patients presenting with metastatic bone disease in the extremities and pelvis.MethodsPatients presenting with metastatic bone disease to the extremities or pelvis who underwent orthopaedic treatment from 1996 to 2012 were identified. Survival rates were calculated using life table analysis. Univariate and multivariate analysis was achieved with Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsThere were a total of 462 patients. An overall 1‐, 2‐ and 5‐year survival rate of 45%, 29% and 13% was identified, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, preoperative haemoglobin was found to be an independent predictor of better survival while lung histotype, age, pathological fracture and previous combined therapy were negative predictors of survival. Patients undergoing prosthetic replacement had a significantly longer period of hospitalization in comparison to those undergoing internal fixation.ConclusionThis study has contributed to our understanding of the survival rate and survival prognostication for patients presenting for orthopaedic treatment of metastatic bone disease.
Induction infliximab levels among patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis compared with patients with moderately severe ulcerative colitis
Authors: Ungar B. , Mazor Y. , Weisshof R. , Yanai H. , Ron Y. , Goren I. , Waizbard A. , Yavzori M. , Fudim E. , Picard O. , Loebstein R. , Kopylov U. , Dotan I. , Chowers Y. , Eliakim R. , Ben‐Horin S. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackgroundInfliximab is effective as salvage therapy for patients with steroid refractory acute severe ulcerative colitis (UC). Although current data suggest that the pharmacokinetics of infliximab are influenced by inflammatory burden in patients with acute severe UC, data comparing infliximab trough levels in patients with acute severe UC vs. moderately severe UC are scarce.AimTo compare infliximab trough and anti‐infliximab antibody levels at a standard fixed time‐point during induction between patients with acute severe and moderately severe UC.MethodsA multi‐centre retrospective study comparing infliximab drug and antibody levels 14 days after the first infusion in hospitalised acute severe UC versus out‐patients with moderately severe UC was performed.ResultsSixteen acute severe UC patients, hospitalised between 2010–2015 and refractory to intravenous corticosteroids, were treated with infliximab 5 mg/kg salvage therapy. They were compared to 16 moderately severe UC out‐patient controls. Mean infliximab trough levels at day 14 were significantly lower in patients with acute severe UC compared to moderately severe UC (7.15 ± 5.3 vs. 14.4 ± 11.2 μg/mL, P = 0.007). Seven patients (three acute severe and four moderate severe UC) were primary nonresponders to infliximab induction therapy. Infliximab level at day 14 did not differ between responders and nonresponders (9.8 ± 9 vs. 12.1 ± 10.6 μg/mL, respectively, P = N.S.). However, week 2 median antibody‐to‐infliximab levels were numerically higher among primary nonresponders (3.4 ± 5.7 vs. 1.2 ± 4 μg/mL‐eq, respectively, P = 0.06).ConclusionsInfliximab trough levels at day 14 were lower in patients with acute severe UC compared to moderately severe UC, possibly due to a higher inflammatory burden and/or increased drug clearance. However, drug levels at day 14 were not lower among nonresponders compared with responders. Controlled trials are warranted to examine whether an a‐priori‐intensified infliximab induction protocol will lead to an improved outcome in acute severe UC.
Evaluation of the risk of cardiovascular events with clarithromycin using both propensity score and self‐controlled study designs
Authors: Root Adrian A. , Wong Angel Y. S. , Ghebremichael‐Weldeselassie Yonas , Smeeth Liam , Bhaskaran Krishnan , Evans Stephen J. W. , Brauer Ruth , Wong Ian Chi Kei , Navaratnam Vidya , Douglas Ian 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimSome previous studies suggest a long term association between clarithromycin use and cardiovascular events. This study investigates this association for clarithromycin given as part of Helicobacter pylori treatment (HPT).MethodsOur source population was the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), a UK primary care database. We conducted a self‐controlled case series (SCCS), a case–time–control study (CTC) and a propensity score adjusted cohort study comparing the rate of cardiovascular events in the 3 years after exposure to HPT containing clarithromycin with exposure to clarithromycin free HPT.Outcomes were first incident diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI), arrhythmia and stroke. For the cohort analysis we included secondary outcomes all cause and cardiovascular mortality.ResultsTwenty‐eight thousand five hundred and fifty‐two patients were included in the cohort. The incidence rate ratio of first MI within 1 year of exposure to HPT containing clarithromycin was 1.07 (95% CI 0.85, 1.34, P = 0.58) and within 90 days was 1.43 (95% CI 0.99, 2.09 P = 0.057) in the SCCS analysis. CTC and cohort results were consistent with these findings.ConclusionsThere was some evidence for a short term association for first MI but none for a long term association for any outcome.
The complexities of cultural support planning for Indigenous children in and leaving out‐of‐home care: the views of service providers in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Baidawi Susan , Mendes Philip , Saunders Bernadette J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIndigenous children and young people are over‐represented at all stages of the Australian child protection system. Policy and legislative initiatives exist in the state of Victoria, Australia aiming to support the connection between Indigenous children and young people in state care and their culture and community. This exploratory research involved focus group consultations with seven child and family welfare agencies to investigate the impacts, barriers, benefits and limitations of cultural support planning for Indigenous young people in, and leaving care in, Victoria. Findings indicated that cultural planning was of value when it could be completed. However, various shortcomings of current systems were identified including limited resourcing of Aboriginal Community Controlled Organisations to generate plans and provide direct and secondary consultation services to implement plans, difficulty gathering information for plans and some Indigenous young people expressing disinterest in connecting to their culture and community. Complexities in the relationships between the Indigenous and non‐Indigenous agencies that aimed to support Indigenous young people in care were also acknowledged. Participants identified a number of strategies to improve outcomes, such as facilitating better relationships between agencies, promoting opportunities for ongoing cultural training for staff in mainstream agencies and improving the resourcing of Aboriginal Community Controlled Organisations to deliver planning and to support cultural connections.
High Le Fort I osteotomy for correction of mid‐face deformity in Crouzon syndrome
Authors: Nakajima Yasumichi , Nakano Hiroyuki , Sumida Tomoki , Yamada Tomohiro , Inoue Kazuya , Sugiyama Goro , Mishima Katsuaki , Mori Yoshihide 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn 18‐year‐old woman with mild Crouzon syndrome was referred with malocclusion and mandibular protrusion. Examination revealed Class III canine and molar relationships, hypoplastic maxilla, 1‐mm overbite, and −2‐mm overjet. Analysis showed 69° sella‐nasion‐A, 73.6° sella‐nasion‐B, and −4.6° A point‐nasion‐B point angles. Polysomnography revealed respiratory disturbance and 6.3% oxygen desaturation indices of 5.4/h and 9.0/h. We performed double‐jaw surgery using high Le Fort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy for midfacial deformity correction. Twelve months post‐surgery, her measures were 70.8°, 72°, −1.2°, 3.0/h, and 6.1/h, respectively. Esthetics were satisfactory. High Le Fort I osteotomy is effective for midfacial deformity correction in patients with Crouzon syndrome.
Single‐staged vs. two‐staged implant placement in vertically deficient alveolar ridges using bone ring technique ‐ Part 2: implant osseointegration
Authors: Nakahara Ken , Haga‐Tsujimura Maiko , Sawada Kosaku , Kobayashi Eizaburo , Schaller Benoit , Saulacic Nikola 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the osseointegration of implants placed in a single‐staged compared to two‐staged procedure using bone ring technique.Material and MethodsIn this study were used standardized, vertical alveolar bone defects in dogs. In the test group, dental implants (Straumann BL®, Basel, Switzerland) were inserted simultaneously with bone ring technique. As control group served implants inserted 6 months following grafting. Implants of both groups were left for an osseointegration period of 3 and 6 months. The peri‐implant bone loss and bone‐to‐implant contact within the bone ring and native bone were analyzed morphometrically. An explorative statistical analysis was performed.ResultsThe peri‐implant bone level remained relatively stable within groups and between groups per given time period. Most of bone apposite on the implant surface in two groups was composed of newly formed bone. A nonparametric analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant advantage for two‐staged implant placement for new and total bone, except for residual bone (P = .0084). Furthermore, two groups of implants performed similarly in bone ring and in native bone throughout the observation period.ConclusionsIn terms of osseointegration, both techniques are likely equally efficient in the present defect model. The single‐staged implant placement with cortical bone grafts warrants further documentation in clinical studies.