bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standing in Some True Relation: Mark Twain Visits “The Custom House”
Authors: Ryan Ann M. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The pairing of Mark Twain and Nathaniel Hawthorne may seem unlikely: the former, a Western humorist, onetime bohemian and perennial extrovert with a taste for cigars and a “call to literature of a low order”; the latter, a Romantic by disposition and by choice, who preferred the shadows to the spotlight. Yet in many respects, these oppositions point toward a deeper connection between the two. Both Hawthorne and Twain are inextricably linked to their childhood homes, Salem and Hannibal, places that formed their imaginative lives, while also inspiring their occasional contempt. This ambivalent response to the myth of American origins is the theme of “The Custom House.” As the redheaded stepchild of Hawthorne's imagination, Mark Twain takes up the satire of “The Custom House.” Like a post-Romantic Surveyor Pue, Twain inherits Hawthorne's memoir and in The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson adapts its critique to the failures of Reconstruction.
“Fiction of Law and Custom”: Personhood Under Jurisdictional Law and Social Codes in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson
Authors: McCoy Sharon D. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Twain's legal satire in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson centers on specific conflicts of legal definition and jurisdiction between the states of Missouri, Ohio, Illinois, New York, and Virginia—as well as their conflict with national ideals and religious or social codes. Understanding these specific conflicts illuminates the stakes for various characters in both novels. Specific laws on racial definition, suffrage requirements, emancipation, creditors' rights, and legal control over minors, married women, and chattel property (including the enslaved) restrict Roxy, her son, Jim, Huck, Huck's pap, and the Ohio professor, but conflicts of jurisdiction can offer entrapment or increased opportunity. Perhaps even more important, so long as the legal application of democratic ideals is based firmly in conflicting territorial boundaries, economic self-interest, and the denial of the personhood of significant portions of the population, the national struggle about what it means “to do right” will continue.
A Knight on the Mississippi: Teaching Twain Within Arthuriana
Authors: Mullally Erin 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is often taught in courses dedicated to the Arthurian tradition. How does Twain both reproduce and create anew the character of King Arthur? What about Hank's impressions of Arthur are unique to Twain's novel and what harks back to the medieval origins of this legendary character? This article explores both the character of Arthur and the novel's conclusion, in light of the larger field of Arthuriana.
Urban Logistics: Establishing Key Concepts and Building a Conceptual Framework for Future Research
Authors: Rose William J. , Bell John E. , Autry Chad W. , Cherry Christopher R. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTThe world is rapidly urbanizing, causing businesses to rethink venerable principles related to logistics and distribution. As populations urbanize and customer service expectations escalate, firms seek new ways to serve urban customers but are often frustrated by numerous complexities inherent to the urban context. Through a systematic literature review, this research combines concepts and theories from multiple nonbusiness disciplines in order to provide a foundation for understanding the urban environments within which logistics activities increasingly occur. In doing so, our review serves as a genesis for urban logistics theory development. The research identifies three distinct urban logistics stakeholder groups, each of which influences, directly or indirectly, urban logistics operations, and then uncovers four urban environmental characteristics that impede the implementation of traditional logistical systems and processes. Our analysis thereby enables managers to develop new logistical strategies that are suited to specific urban environments.
Estimating the potential biodiversity impact of redeveloping small urban spaces: the Natural History Museum’s grounds
Authors: Phillips Helen R.P. , Knapp Sandra , Purvis Andy 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundWith the increase in human population, and the growing realisation of the importance of urban biodiversity for human wellbeing, the ability to predict biodiversity loss or gain as a result of land use change within urban settings is important. Most models that link biodiversity and land use are at too coarse a scale for informing decisions, especially those related to planning applications. Using the grounds of the Natural History Museum, London, we show how methods used in global models can be applied to smaller spatial scales to inform urban planning.MethodsData were extracted from relevant primary literature where species richness had been recorded in more than one habitat type within an urban setting. As within-sample species richness will increase with habitat area, species richness estimates were also converted to species density using theory based on the species–area relationship. Mixed-effects models were used to model the impact on species richness and species density of different habitat types, and to estimate these metrics in the current grounds and under proposed plans for redevelopment. We compared effects of three assumptions on how within-sample diversity scales with habitat area as a sensitivity analysis. A pre-existing database recording plants within the grounds was also used to estimate changes in species composition across different habitats.ResultsAnalysis estimated that the proposed plans would result in an increase of average biodiversity of between 11.2% (when species density was modelled) and 14.1% (when within-sample species richness was modelled). Plant community composition was relatively similar between the habitats currently within the grounds.DiscussionThe proposed plans for change in the NHM grounds are estimated to result in a net gain in average biodiversity, through increased number and extent of high-diversity habitats. In future, our method could be improved by incorporating purposefully collected ecological survey data (if resources permit) and by expanding the data sufficiently to allow modelling of the temporal dynamics of biodiversity change after habitat disturbance and creation. Even in its current form, the method produces transparent quantitative estimates, grounded in ecological data and theory, which can be used to inform relatively small scale planning decisions.
A Case of Corrosive Esophagitis in Lao People's Democratic Republic
Authors: Endo Shunji , Hirayama Ryoko , Van Nang Tran , Umeno Yasuyo , Otani Aiko , Komori Hiroe , Kawaguchi Yoshiko , Iwasaki Ayako , Akkharath Kittiphanh , Akita Mamoru , Ishida Kentaro , Yoshioka Hideto 
Published: October 2017

Introduction:
Corrosive esophagitis is often caused by the intake of alkaline or acidic substances. Esophageal stenosis is the most important late complication of corrosive esophagitis. In Laos, where Western medical care is available in few locations, treatment for esophageal stenosis is challenging. We report on a patient who was treated in Laos.

Case Presentation:
In Laos, an 18-year-old woman attempted to commit suicide by drinking an acidic detergent. Sixteen months later, she consulted a district hospital in Laos, which is supported by a Japanese nonprofit organization, with a chief complaint of dysphagia. An upper gastrointestinal series demonstrated severe stenosis of her thoracic esophagus. She underwent open laparotomy for gastrostomy with a urinary catheter to improve her nutritionally poor condition; the operation was performed by a Japanese surgeon with Lao medical staff. Through the gastrostomy, she injected liquid food by herself. Gradually she became unable even to drink water. Because we could not obtain any devices for esophageal dilatation in Laos, balloon dilatation catheters were donated from Japan. Twenty-three months after the injury, the endoscopic balloon dilatation for esophageal stenosis was performed by a Japanese physician, who also taught local physicians how to use the device. The patient's esophagus was as narrow as a pinhole at 20 cm from the incisors. Repeated balloon dilatation by local physicians enabled her to consume solid food orally.

Conclusion:
Corrosive esophagitis combined with stenosis is often difficult to treat. The Lao patient was successfully treated by a combination of local and foreign medical staff.
Kinetoplastid membrane protein‐11 adopts a four‐helix bundle fold in DPC micelle
Authors: Lim Liang Zhong , Ee Shermaine , Fu Jing , Tan Yanming , He Cynthia Y. , Song Jianxing 
Published: October 2017

Kinetoplastid membrane protein‐11 (KMP11) is a membrane‐associated surface protein of kinetoplastids, which has a strong antigenicity but no mammalian homolog, thus representing a promising vaccine candidate. Here, by CD and NMR, we revealed that in buffer, KMP11 assumes a highly helical conformation without stable tertiary packing. Remarkably, upon interacting with dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelle, despite minor changes in secondary structures, KMP11 undergoes rearrangements to form a defined structure. We found that its three‐dimensional structure unexpectedly adopts the classic four‐helix bundle fold. The surface constituted by the N‐/C‐termini and conserved loop was characterized to dynamically interact with the polar phase of DPC micelle. Our results provide a structural basis for understanding KMP11 functions and further offer a promising avenue for engineering better vaccines.DatabaseThe structure coordinate of KMP11 in DPC micelle has been deposited in PDB with ID of 5Y70 and the associated NMR data were deposited in BMRB with ID of 36112
Transport of Riverine Material From Multiple Rivers in the Chesapeake Bay: Important Control of Estuarine Circulation on the Material Distribution
Authors: Du Jiabi , Shen Jian 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDriven by estuarine circulation, material released from lower Chesapeake Bay tributaries has the potential to be transported to the upper Bay. How far and what fraction of the material from tributaries can be carried to the upper estuary have not been quantitatively investigated. For an estuary system with multiple tributaries, the relative contribution from each tributary can provide valuable information for source assessment and fate prediction for riverine materials and passive moving organisms. We conducted long‐term numerical simulations using multiple passive tracers that are independently released in the headwater of five main rivers (i.e., Susquehanna, Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James Rivers) and calculated the relative contribution of each river to the total material in the mainstem. The results show that discharge from Susquehanna River exerts the dominant control on the riverine material throughout the entire mainstem. Despite the smaller contribution from the lower‐middle Bay tributaries to the total materials in the mainstem, materials released from these rivers have a high potential to be transported to the middle‐upper Bay through the bottom inflow by the persistent estuarine circulation. The fraction of the tributary material transported to the upper Bay depends on the location of the tributary. Materials released near the mouth are subject to a rapid flushing process, small retention time, and strong shelf current. Our results reveal three distinct spatial patterns for materials released from the main river, tributary, and coastal oceans. This study highlights the important control of estuarine circulation over horizontal and vertical distributions of materials in the mainstem.
Structure and Dissipation Characteristics of an Electron Diffusion Region Observed by MMS During a Rapid, Normal‐Incidence Magnetopause Crossing
Authors: Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. , Argall M. R. , Alm L. , Farrugia C. J. , Forbes T. G. , Giles B. L. , Rager A. , Dorelli J. , Strangeway R. J. , Ergun R. E. , Wilder F. D. , Ahmadi N. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Khotyaintsev Y. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOn 22 October 2016, the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft encountered the electron diffusion region (EDR) when the magnetosheath field was southward, and there were signatures of fast reconnection, including flow jets, Hall fields, and large power dissipation. One rapid, normal‐incidence crossing, during which the EDR structure was almost stationary in the boundary frame, provided an opportunity to observe the spatial structure for the zero guide field case of magnetic reconnection. The reconnection electric field was determined unambiguously to be 2–3 mV/m. There were clear signals of fluctuating parallel electric fields, up to 6 mV/m on the magnetosphere side of the diffusion region, associated with a Hall‐like parallel current feature on the electron scale. The width of the main EDR structure was determined to be ~2 km (1.8 de). Although the MMS spacecraft were in their closest tetrahedral separation of ~8 km, the divergences and curls for these thin current structures could therefore not be computed in the usual manner. A method is developed to determine these quantities on a much smaller scale and applied to compute the normal component of terms in the generalized Ohm's law for the positions of each individual spacecraft (not a barocentric average). Although the gradient pressure term has a qualitative dependence that follows the observed variation of E + Ve × B, the quantitative magnitude of these terms differs by more than a factor of 2, which is shown to be greater than the respective errors. Thus, future research is required to find the manner in which Ohm's law is balanced.
The Storm Time Evolution of the Ionospheric Disturbance Plasma Drifts
Authors: Zhang Ruilong , Liu Libo , Le Huijun , Chen Yiding , Kuai Jiawei 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we use the C/NOFS and ROCSAT‐1 satellites observations to analyze the storm time evolution of the disturbance plasma drifts in a 24 h local time scale during three magnetic storms driven by long‐lasting southward IMF Bz. The disturbance plasma drifts during the three storms present some common features in the periods dominated by the disturbance dynamo. The newly formed disturbance plasma drifts are upward and westward at night, and downward and eastward during daytime. Further, the disturbance plasma drifts are gradually evolved to present significant local time shifts. The westward disturbance plasma drifts gradually migrate from nightside to dayside. Meanwhile, the dayside downward disturbance plasma drifts become enhanced and shift to later local time. The local time shifts in disturbance plasma drifts are suggested to be mainly attributed to the evolution of the disturbance winds. The strong disturbance winds arisen around midnight can constantly corotate to later local time. At dayside the westward and equatorward disturbance winds can drive the F region dynamo to produce the poleward and westward polarization electric fields (or the westward and downward disturbance drifts). The present results indicate that the disturbance winds corotated to later local time can affect the local time features of the disturbance dynamo electric field.
An Experimental Investigation of Kinetic Fractionation of Open‐Water Evaporation Over a Large Lake
Authors: Xiao Wei , Lee Xuhui , Hu Yongbo , Liu Shoudong , Wang Wei , Wen Xuefa , Werner Martin , Xie Chengyu 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe oxygen isotopes of water (H218O and H216O) are tracers widely used for the investigation of Earth science problems. The tracer applications are based on the premise that the 18O/16O ratio of open‐water evaporation (δ18OE) can be calculated from environmental conditions. A long‐standing issue concerns the role of kinetic fractionation, or diffusion transport, in the evaporation process. Here we deployed an optical instrument at a large lake (area 2,400 km2) to make in situ measurement of δ18O and δD of atmospheric vapor, then determined δ18O and δD of open‐water evaporation using the gradient‐diffusion method. Our results show a much weaker kinetic effect than suggested by the kinetic factor εk adopted in some previous studies of lake hydrology (14.2‰). By incorporating into the H218O isotopic mass balance of the lake a lower εk value (about 6.2‰) used for ocean evaporation in global climate models, we obtain an annual lake evaporation rate that agrees with an independent eddy‐covariance observation, but the rate is 72% higher than if the commonly used lake εk value of 14.2‰ is applied. The applicability of this results to small lakes is uncertain and in need of field‐based assessment.
Decreased Soil Cation Exchange Capacity Across Northern China's Grasslands Over the Last Three Decades
Authors: Fang Kai , Kou Dan , Wang Guanqin , Chen Leiyi , Ding Jinzhi , Li Fei , Yang Guibiao , Qin Shuqi , Liu Li , Zhang Qiwen , Yang Yuanhe 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCation exchange capacity (CEC) helps soils hold nutrients and buffer pH, making it vital for maintaining basic function of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about the temporal dynamics of CEC over broad geographical scales. In this study, we used random forest method to compare historical CEC data from the 1980s with new data from the 2010s across northern China's grasslands. We found that topsoil CEC in the 2010s was significantly lower than in the 1980s, with an overall decline of about 14%. Topsoil CEC decreased significantly in alpine meadow, alpine steppe, meadow steppe, and typical steppe by 11%, 20%, 27%, and 9%, respectively. Desert steppe was the only ecosystem type that experienced no significant change. CEC was positively related to soil carbon content, silt content, and mean annual precipitation, suggesting that the decline was potentially associated with soil organic carbon loss, soil degradation, soil acidification, and extreme precipitation across northern China's grasslands since the 1980s. Overall, our results demonstrate topsoil CEC loss due to environmental changes, which may alter the vegetation community composition and its productivity and thus trigger grassland dynamics under a changing environment.
Temporal Dynamics in the Concentration, Flux, and Optical Properties of Tree‐Derived Dissolved Organic Matter in an Epiphyte‐Laden Oak‐Cedar Forest
Authors: Van Stan John T. , Wagner Sasha , Guillemette François , Whitetree Ansley , Lewis Julius , Silva Leticia , Stubbins Aron 
Published: October 2017

AbstractStudies on the fate and transport of dissolved organic matter (DOM) along the rainfall‐to‐discharge flow pathway typically begin in streams or soils, neglecting the initial enrichment of rainfall with DOM during contact with plant canopies. However, rain water can gather significant amounts of tree‐derived DOM (tree‐DOM) when it drains from the canopy, as throughfall, and down the stem, as stemflow. We examined the temporal variability of event‐scale tree‐DOM concentrations, yield, and optical (light absorbance and fluorescence) characteristics from an epiphyte‐laden Quercus virginiana‐Juniperus virginiana forest on Skidaway Island, Savannah, Georgia (USA). All tree‐DOM fluxes were highly enriched in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compared to rainfall, and epiphytes further increased concentrations. Stemflow DOC concentrations were greater than throughfall across study species, yet larger throughfall water yields produced greater DOC yields versus stemflow. Tree‐DOM optical characteristics indicate it is aromatic‐rich with fluorescent DOM dominated by humic‐like fluorescence, containing 10–20% protein‐like (tryptophan‐like) fluorescence. Storm size was the only storm condition that strongly correlated with tree‐DOM concentration and flux; however, throughfall and stemflow optical characteristics varied little across a wide range of storm conditions (from low magnitude events to intense tropical storms). Annual tree‐DOM yields from the study forest (0.8–46 g C m−2 yr−1) were similar to other yields from discrete down‐gradient fluxes (litter leachates, soil leachates, and stream discharge) along the rainfall‐to‐discharge flow path.
A Comparison of Peak Electric Fields and GICs in the Pacific Northwest Using 1‐D and 3‐D Conductivity
Authors: Gannon J. L. , Birchfield A. B. , Shetye K. S. , Overbye T. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractGeomagnetically induced currents (GICs) are a result of the changing magnetic fields during a geomagnetic disturbance interacting with the deep conductivity structures of the Earth. When assessing GIC hazard, it is a common practice to use layer‐cake or one‐dimensional conductivity models to approximate deep Earth conductivity. In this paper, we calculate the electric field and estimate GICs induced in the long lines of a realistic system model of the Pacific Northwest, using the traditional 1‐D models, as well as 3‐D models represented by Earthscope's Electromagnetic transfer functions. The results show that the peak electric field during a given event has considerable variation across the analysis region in the Pacific Northwest, but the 1‐D physiographic approximations may accurately represent the average response of an area, although corrections are needed. Rotations caused by real deep Earth conductivity structures greatly affect the direction of the induced electric field. This effect may be just as, or more, important than peak intensity when estimating GICs induced in long bulk power system lines.
Scaling Dissolved Nutrient Removal in River Networks: A Comparative Modeling Investigation
Authors: Ye Sheng , Reisinger Alexander J. , Tank Jennifer L. , Baker Michelle A. , Hall Robert O. , Rosi Emma J. , Sivapalan Murugesu 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAlong the river network, water, sediment, and nutrients are transported, cycled, and altered by coupled hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Our current understanding of the rates and processes controlling the cycling and removal of dissolved inorganic nutrients in river networks is limited due to a lack of empirical measurements in large, (nonwadeable), rivers. The goal of this paper was to develop a coupled hydrological and biogeochemical process model to simulate nutrient uptake at the network scale during summer base flow conditions. The model was parameterized with literature values from headwater streams, and empirical measurements made in 15 rivers with varying hydrological, biological, and topographic characteristics, to simulate nutrient uptake at the network scale. We applied the coupled model to 15 catchments describing patterns in uptake for three different solutes to determine the role of rivers in network‐scale nutrient cycling. Model simulation results, constrained by empirical data, suggested that rivers contributed proportionally more to nutrient removal than headwater streams given the fraction of their length represented in a network. In addition, variability of nutrient removal patterns among catchments was varied among solutes, and as expected, was influenced by nutrient concentration and discharge. Net ammonium uptake was not significantly correlated with any environmental descriptor. In contrast, net daily nitrate removal was linked to suspended chlorophyll a (an indicator of primary producers) and land use characteristics. Finally, suspended sediment characteristics and agricultural land use were correlated with net daily removal of soluble reactive phosphorus, likely reflecting abiotic sorption dynamics. Rivers are understudied relative to streams, and our model suggests that rivers can contribute more to network‐scale nutrient removal than would be expected based upon their representative fraction of network channel length.