Abstract A26: Inhibition of MDM2 and AKT signaling networks synergize to activate Forkhead box O-class transcription factors and promote cell death in mutant p53 GBM cells
Authors: Saadatzadeh Mohammad Reza , Wang Haiyan , Ding Jixin , Bailey Barbara J. , Tonsing-Carter Eva , Cai Shanbao , Dave Nimita , Shannon Harlan E. , Gadol Aaron Cohen- , Pollok Karen E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A multi-targeted approach will be necessary to eradicate glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells due to the immense genetic heterogeneity associated with GBM. Mouse double minute-2 (MDM2) regulates multiple signaling pathways and is a promising therapeutic target in GBM. In wild type (wt) p53 cells, MDM2 binds to wtp53, ubiquitinates it, and negatively regulates p53-mediated downstream events. In wtp53 and mutant (mt) p53 cells, MDM2 binds to and sequesters p73α thereby blocking p73α-mediated signaling. Our objective in the present studies was to determine if the p73α-MDM2 axis could be exploited to increase death of mtp53 GBM cells. We utilized MDM2 antagonists nutlin3a or RG7112 to block protein-protein interactions between MDM2-p53 and MDM2-p73α. In a panel of GBM cell lines, TMZ resistance was reduced in both wt53 and mt53 cells in the presence of MDM2 antagonists. In mtp53 cells, siRNA knockdown of p73α indicated that sensitivity to treatment was dependent on p73α levels. Isobologram analysis indicated that while dose-ratios of TMZ to MDM2 antagonists were additive to synergistic in inhibiting growth of wtp53 GBM cells, this was not the case in mtp53 GBM cells (SF118, GBM43, gain-of-function-mtp53 R273H U373 and MHBT32). Analysis of intracellular targets in mtp53 GBM cells exposed to TMZ and MDM2 antagonists indicated that p73α and MDM2 expression increased by 24 hours post-treatment. In addition, AKT activity was increased or sustained in mtp53 GBM cells following treatment with TMZ in the absence or presence of MDM2 antagonists. Since increased AKT activity may render cells resistant to therapy, the AKT inhibitor GDC0068 was evaluated in combination with TMZ and RG7112. As a measure of AKT-downstream target modulation, phosphorylation status of the Forkhead box O-class (FoxO) transcription factors (TFs) was determined. In the non-phosphorylated state, FoxO TFs upregulate expression of proteins involved in cell-death pathways. While phospho-FoxO1/FoxO3a TFs were increased in TMZ/RG7112-treated mtp53 GBM cells compared to controls, it was decreased in GDC0068-, TMZ/GDC0068- and TMZ/RG7112/GDC0068-treated mtp53 GBM cells which is consistent with inactivation of AKT and activation of FoxO TFs. Isobologram analysis of mtp53 GBM cell growth indicated that combination RG7112 and GDC0068 inhibited growth in a synergistic manner even in the absence of TMZ. For in vivo studies, an intermittent dosing regimen of TMZ/RG7112/GDC0068 was developed to avoid normal tissue toxicity. GBM43 flank tumor growth was significantly inhibited in mice with tumors treated with RG7112/GDC0068 and inhibited to a larger extent by the triple combination TMZ/RG7112/GDC0068 compared to vehicle and single-agent exposure (n=9-10 mice per group; single agent vs GDC0068/RG7112 or TMZ/RG7112/GDC0068, p&lt;0.05). The present data indicate that targeting the p73α-MDM2 and AKT-FoxO signaling networks inhibit mtp53 GBM cell growth and with an appropriate dosing schedule can be utilized in vivo with an acceptable toxicity profile.
Citation Format: Mohammad Reza Saadatzadeh, Haiyan Wang, Jixin Ding, Barbara J. Bailey, Eva Tonsing-Carter, Shanbao Cai, Nimita Dave, Harlan E. Shannon, Aaron Cohen- Gadol, Karen E. Pollok. Inhibition of MDM2 and AKT signaling networks synergize to activate Forkhead box O-class transcription factors and promote cell death in mutant p53 GBM cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Brain Cancer Research; May 27-30, 2015; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(23 Suppl):Abstract nr A26.