bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo measurement of swallowing by monitoring thyroid cartilage movement in healthy subjects using thickened liquid samples and its comparison with sensory evaluation
Authors: Funami Takahiro , Matsuyama Shingo , Ikegami Akira , Nakauma Makoto , Hori Kazuhiro , Ono Takahiro 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis research aimed to investigate the relationship between in vivo measurement of swallowing and sensory evaluation using thickened liquids as model foods. Healthy subjects (8 male and average 29.6‐year old) participated in both tests, in which the subjects were asked to swallow the whole amount of sample (10 ml) at one time. In vivo measurement monitored thyroid cartilage movement during swallowing using a bendable pressure sensor synchronously with suprahyoid electromyography, whereas sensory evaluation measured perceived cohesiveness and adhesiveness on a visual analogue scale. Two variables from the pressure sensor analysis; activity of the thyroid cartilage and the maximum displacement of the thyroid cartilage were correlated negatively (p < .01) to perceived cohesiveness with high correlation coefficient (|r|> .9). Advantages of in vivo measurement over conventional shear rheology in assessing texture attributes perceived during swallowing were identified.Practical applicationsThis research provides food manufactures with knowledge on a novel objective method for texture measurement of fluid foods and beverages based on human physiology during swallowing. Variable from this method can work as a measure for texture design of food products to meet consumers’ preference, particularly foods for dysphagia patients whose demand is increasing in this aged society although subjects of study should be expanded to these people in the future.
Canonical and cellular pathways timing gamete release in Acropora digitifera, Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Rosenberg Y. , Doniger T. , Harii S. , Sinniger F. , Levy O. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNatural light cycles are important for synchronizing behavioural and physiological rhythms over varying time periods in both plants and animals. An endogenous clock, regulated by positive and negative elements, interacting in feedback loops controls these rhythms. Many corals exhibit diel cycles of polyp expansion and contraction entrained by solar light patterns and monthly cycles of spawning or planulation that correspond to nocturnal lunar light cycles. However, despite considerable interest in studies of coral reproduction, there is currently not enough molecular information about the cellular pathways involved with synchronizing spawning/planulation in broadcast spawners and brooders. To determine whether the endogenous clock is implicated in the regulation of reproductive behaviour in corals, we characterized the transcriptome of Acropora digitifera colonies at twelve time points over a 2‐month period of full and new moons, starting with the day of spawning in June 2014. We identified 608 transcripts with differential expression only on the spawning night during the coral setting phase and gamete release. Our data revealed an upregulation of light‐sensing molecules and rhodopsin‐like receptors that initiate signalling cascades, including the glutamate, SMAD signalling and WNT signalling pathways, neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions and calcium signalling. These are all involved in cell cycling, cell movement, tissue polarity, focal adhesion and cytoskeleton reorganization and together lead to gamete release. These findings can improve the understanding of many time‐based cycles and extend our knowledge of the interplay between exogenous signals and the endogenous clock in cnidarians.
Gene expression plasticity in response to salinity acclimation in threespine stickleback ecotypes from different salinity habitats
Authors: Gibbons Taylor C. , Metzger David C. H. , Healy Timothy M. , Schulte Patricia M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity is thought to facilitate the colonization of novel environments and shape the direction of evolution in colonizing populations. However, the relative prevalence of various predicted patterns of changes in phenotypic plasticity following colonization remains unclear. Here, we use a whole‐transcriptome approach to characterize patterns of gene expression plasticity in the gills of a freshwater‐adapted and a saltwater‐adapted ecotype of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) exposed to a range of salinities. The response of the gill transcriptome to environmental salinity had a large shared component common to both ecotypes (2159 genes) with significant enrichment of genes involved in transmembrane ion transport and the restructuring of the gill epithelium. This transcriptional response to freshwater acclimation is induced at salinities below two parts per thousand. There was also differentiation in gene expression patterns between ecotypes (2515 genes), particularly in processes important for changes in the gill structure and permeability. Only 508 genes that differed between ecotypes also responded to salinity and no specific processes were enriched among this gene set, and an even smaller number (87 genes) showed evidence of changes in the extent of the response to salinity acclimation between ecotypes. No pattern of relative expression dominated among these genes, suggesting that neither gains nor losses of plasticity dominated the changes in expression patterns between the ecotypes. These data demonstrate that multiple patterns of changes in gene expression plasticity can occur following colonization of novel habitats.
Molecular tiling on the surface of a bacterial spore – the exosporium of the Bacillus anthracis/cereus/thuringiensis group
Authors: Terry Cassandra , Jiang Shuo , Radford David S. , Wan Qiang , Tzokov Svetomir , Moir Anne , Bullough Per A. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium form highly resistant spores, which in the case of some pathogens act as the infectious agents. An exosporium forms the outermost layer of some spores; it plays roles in protection, adhesion, dissemination, host targeting in pathogens and germination control. The exosporium of the Bacillus cereus group, including the anthrax pathogen, contains a 2D‐crystalline basal layer, overlaid by a hairy nap. BclA and related proteins form the hairy nap, and require ExsFA (BxpB) for their localization on the basal layer. Until now, the identity of the main structural protein components of the basal layer was unknown. We demonstrate here that ExsY forms one of the essential components. Through heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, we also demonstrate that ExsY can self‐assemble into ordered 2D arrays that mimic the structure of the exosporium basal layer. Self‐assembly is likely to play an important role in the construction of the exosporium. The ExsY array is stable to heat and chemical denaturants, forming a robust layer that would contribute to overall spore resistance. Our structural analysis also provides novel insight into the location of other molecular components anchored onto the exosporium, such as BclA and ExsFA.
A ten gene‐containing genomic island determines flagellin glycosylation: implication for its regulatory role in motility and virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Yu Chao , Chen Huamin , Tian Fang , Yang Fenghuan , Yuan Xiaochen , Yang Ching‐Hong , He Chenyang 
Published: February 2017

SummaryFlagellin glycosylation plays a crucial role in flagellar assembly, motility and virulence in several pathogenic bacteria. However, little is known about the genetic determinants and biological functions of flagellin glycosylation in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal pathogen of bacterial blight of rice. Here, the structure, regulation and functions of a ten‐gene cluster gigX (glycosylation island genes of Xoo), which was embedded in a flagellar regulon, were characterized. gigX1 to gigX10 encoded putative enzymes or proteins involved in glycan biosynthesis and transfer, including a nucleotide sugar transaminase, an acyl‐carrier protein (ACP), a 3‐oxoacyl‐ACP synthase, a 3‐oxoacyl‐ACP reductase, a dehydrogenase, an acetyltransferase, a ring hydroxylating dioxygenase, a hypothetical protein, a methyltransferanse and a glycosyltransferase, respectively. The gigX genes were co‐transcribed in an operon and up‐regulated by the upstream σ54 factor RpoN2 and transcriptional activator FleQ. In‐frame deletion of each gigX gene affected flagellin glycosylation modification, meaning that the unglycosylated flagellin of the mutants was smaller than the glycosylated flagellin of the wild‐type. No significant changes in flagellar filament and motility were observed in the ΔgigX mutants, among which only ΔgigX6 displayed increased swimming ability. Importantly, all mutants, except ΔgigX9, showed significantly increased virulence and bacterial growth in the susceptible rice cultivar IR24, and ΔgigX1 and ΔgigX10 showed enhanced type III secretion system (T3SS)‐related gene expression. Moreover, the glycosylated flagellin of the wild‐type induced higher H2O2 levels in rice leaves than did the unglycosylated flagellins of ΔgigX1 or ΔgigX10. Taken together, this study reveals that the gigX cluster determines flagellin glycosylation, and implicates the regulatory role of post‐translational modification with the glycosylation, acetylation and methylation of flagellin in the regulation of motility and virulence of Xoo.
Closed‐reference metatranscriptomics enables in planta profiling of putative virulence activities in the grapevine trunk disease complex
Authors: Morales‐Cruz Abraham , Allenbeck Gabrielle , Figueroa‐Balderas Rosa , Ashworth Vanessa E. , Lawrence Daniel P. , Travadon Renaud , Smith Rhonda J. , Baumgartner Kendra , Rolshausen Philippe E. , Cantu Dario 
Published: February 2017

SummaryGrapevines, like other perennial crops, are affected by so‐called ‘trunk diseases’, which damage the trunk and other woody tissues. Mature grapevines typically contract more than one trunk disease and often multiple grapevine trunk pathogens (GTPs) are recovered from infected tissues. The co‐existence of different GTP species in complex and dynamic microbial communities complicates the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease development, especially under vineyard conditions. The objective of this study was to develop and optimize a community‐level transcriptomics (i.e. metatranscriptomics) approach that could monitor simultaneously the virulence activities of multiple GTPs in planta. The availability of annotated genomes for the most relevant co‐infecting GTPs in diseased grapevine wood provided the unprecedented opportunity to generate a multi‐species reference for the mapping and quantification of DNA and RNA sequencing reads. We first evaluated popular sequence read mappers using permutations of multiple simulated datasets. Alignment parameters of the selected mapper were optimized to increase the specificity and sensitivity for its application to metagenomics and metatranscriptomics analyses. Initial testing on grapevine wood experimentally inoculated with individual GTPs confirmed the validity of the method. Using naturally infected field samples expressing a variety of trunk disease symptoms, we show that our approach provides quantitative assessments of species composition, as well as genome‐wide transcriptional profiling of potential virulence factors, namely cell wall degradation, secondary metabolism and nutrient uptake for all co‐infecting GTPs.
The role of type III effectors from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in virulence and suppression of plant immunity
Authors: Medina Cesar Augusto , Reyes Paola Andrea , Trujillo Cesar Augusto , Gonzalez Juan Luis , Bejarano David Alejandro , Montenegro Nathaly Andrea , Jacobs Jonathan M. , Joe Anna , Restrepo Silvia , Alfano James R. , Bernal Adriana 
Published: February 2017

SummaryXanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) causes cassava bacterial blight, the most important bacterial disease of cassava. Xam, like other Xanthomonas species, requires type III effectors (T3Es) for maximal virulence. Xam strain CIO151 possesses 17 predicted T3Es belonging to the Xanthomonas outer protein (Xop) class. This work aimed to characterize nine Xop effectors present in Xam CIO151 for their role in virulence and modulation of plant immunity. Our findings demonstrate the importance of XopZ, XopX, XopAO1 and AvrBs2 for full virulence, as well as a redundant function in virulence between XopN and XopQ in susceptible cassava plants. We tested their role in pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP)‐triggered immunity (PTI) and effector‐triggered immunity (ETI) using heterologous systems. AvrBs2, XopR and XopAO1 are capable of suppressing PTI. ETI suppression activity was only detected for XopE4 and XopAO1. These results demonstrate the overall importance and diversity in functions of major virulence effectors AvrBs2 and XopAO1 in Xam during cassava infection.
Human herpes virus 6 infection in pediatric organ transplant patients
Authors: Ylinen Elisa , Lehtinen Silja , Jahnukainen Timo , Karlsson Teemu , Loginov Raisa , Mannonen Laura , Lautenschlager Irmeli , Jalanko Hannu 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTransplant patients need lifelong immunosuppressive medication, but this reduces their defense mechanisms, making them prone to viral infections and reactivations. We aimed to clarify the prevalence and clinical manifestations of the human herpes virus 6 (HHV‐6) infection in children after pediatric solid organ transplants. Clinical findings and viral loads were compared between primary HHV‐6 infections and reactivations. The study comprised 47 kidney, 25 liver, and 12 heart transplant patients who underwent surgery from 2009 to 2014. HHV‐6 antibodies were analyzed before surgery, and HHV‐6 DNAemia tests were regularly carried out after the transplant using a real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. We found the primary HHV‐6 infection in 19 of 22 (86%) seronegative patients, and it was more common in patients under 3 years of age (79%) than over 3 (38%, P=.0002). Post‐transplant HHV‐6 DNAemia affected 48 of 84 (57%) patients and was significantly higher in primary infections than reactivations (P=.001), and 17 of 48 (35%) patients had symptoms when it was detected at a median of 2 weeks post‐transplant. The HHV‐6 infection was common after solid organ transplants, especially under 3 years of age, and it typically started 2 weeks after surgery. Testing for HHV‐6 DNAemia is recommended shortly after transplantation, especially in patients with fever, diarrhea, rash, seizures, or abnormal liver enzyme tests.
Absolute Orientation Based on Line Coordinates
Authors: Sheng Qing H. , Zhang Bin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAbsolute orientation based on points is a common method of precise georeferencing in photogrammetry. In images of urban areas, straight‐line features such as buildings are prominent. A new absolute orientation approach dependent on line coordinates is proposed in this paper. An arbitrary spatial line can be described by its orientation vector and moment vector. Using the helical scaling displacement operator, the transformation of straight lines in model space and their corresponding control straight lines in object space can be achieved. Experimental results show that with eight control straight lines, the proposed approach is comparable to the precision of absolute orientation using four control points. Furthermore, the endpoints of corresponding line segments in the two spaces are not required to be conjugate points.
What Makes a Person Liable to Defensive Harm?
Authors: Gordon‐Solmon Kerah 
Published: February 2017

On Jeff McMahan's influential ‘responsibility account’ of moral liability to defensive killing, one can forfeit one's right not be killed by engaging in an ordinary, morally permissible risk‐imposing activity, such as driving a car. If, through no fault of hers, a driver's car veers out of control and toward a pedestrian, the account deems it no violation of the driver's right to save the pedestrian's life at the expense of the driver's life.Many critics reject the responsibility account on the grounds that, first, it has draconian implications for threateners like the driver, and second, it contravenes the plausible principle that wronging one's victim is necessary for forfeiting one's rights. But I argue, drawing on the account's luck‐egalitarian underpinnings, that (1) the account lacks the draconian implications widely attributed to it, and (2) contrary to what many assume, wrongdoing is unnecessary for rights‐forfeiture. Via these arguments, I seek both to deepen our understanding of the responsibility account, and to reissue it in a more plausible and attractive form.
Which Candidates Can Be Mavericks? The Effects of Issue Disagreement and Gender on Candidate Evaluations
Authors: Vraga Emily K. 
Published: February 2017

As approval ratings of the U.S. Congress remain depressed, many candidates present themselves as mavericks, willing to counter their party on issues. Yet disagreeing with one's party can be a risky decision and one that is not equally viable for all politicians. In particular, female candidates often face a hostile political climate that privileges “masculine” traits over feminine traits, which may tie female candidates to their party's platform. An experimental study manipulating issue disagreement for a female versus male candidate demonstrates that the female candidate consistently faces harsher penalties in terms of candidate evaluations and voting intentions for disagreeing with her party on multiple issues. Implications for candidate behavior, campaign strategies, and political decision making are discussed.Related Articles

Grossmann, Matt. 2014. “.” Politics & Policy 42 (): 881‐904. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12102

Joslyn, Mark R., and
Donald P. Haider‐Markel. 2014. “.” Politics & Policy 42 (): 919‐947. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12098/full

Kostadinova, Tatiana, and
Petia Kostadinova. 2016. “.” Politics & Policy 44 (): 5‐34. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12145/full
Related Media
2016. “Trump, As Outsider, Broke Every Rule on Road to Victory.” November 9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = rWnRYDRLF7U

Couric, Katie. 2014. “Why Aren't There More Women in Politics?” Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = XJBbdr6Z5O8

Manning, Jennifer. 2014. “Membership of the 113th Congress: A Profile.” Congressional Research Service. November 24. http://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid=%260BL%2BR%5CC%3F%0A
“Who Is at ‘Fault?’” The Media and the Stories of Induced Seismicity
Authors: Fisk Jonathan M. , Davis Charles , Cole Benjamin 
Published: February 2017

Media attention to earthquake risks linked to the underground injection of produced waters from oil and gas fracking operations has increased over the past few years. However, little scholarly attention has been devoted to newspaper coverage of events and state policy actions that are associated with “induced seismicity.” A key concern addressed in this article is whether newspaper coverage is largely unrestrained or is restricted by other factors. Is coverage by differing newspapers influenced by frames emphasizing the economic importance of oil and gas production within the state? We conclude that the answer is “yes” based on information gleaned from content analyses of newspapers in Ohio, Oklahoma, and Texas from 2009 through 2014.Related Articles

Delshad, Ashlie B. 2013. “.” Politics & Policy 41 (): 213‐240. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12009/abstract

Lavery, Lesley. 2013. “.” Politics & Policy 41 (): 877-910. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12051/full

Johnson, Tyler. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 1053‐1080. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00398.x/full
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USGS. n.d. “Induced Earthquakes.” https://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/induced/

Earthquakes in Oklahoma. 2016. “FAQs.” https://earthquakes.ok.gov/faqs/

Oklahoma's Rise in Quakes Linked to Man‐Made Causes. 2016. CBSNews.com. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-oklahoma-rise-in-quakes-linked-to-man-made-causes/
Factors Affecting Public Expenditure Efficiency in Developed Countries
Authors: Moreno‐Enguix María Del Rocío , Lorente Bayona Laura Vanesa 
Published: February 2017

Measuring public efficiency can help governments to benchmark progress, identify gaps, and learn from best practices around the world. Our study designs Public Expenditure Efficiency Indexes, both for general government and for its functions, by using single synthetic indicators, as well as a Free Disposal Hull and a Data Envelopment Analysis model. The study also tests the association between public sector performance and public expenditure efficiency and other key socioeconomic indicators. Empirical analysis was applied in 2012 for a single cross‐section of 35 economies. Results show significant evidence of an association between public efficiency and state of development, democracy, and corruption, as well as with population density, especially in Environmental Protection. The direction of the association between public sector size and public performance differs per function. It is positive for Health and Social Protection.Related Articles

Gatchair, Sonia D. 2015. “.” Politics & Policy 43 (): 887‐913. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12139/abstract

Ariely, Gal. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 997‐1019. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00329.x/abstract

Givel, Michael, and
Andrew L. Spivak. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 420‐447. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00115.x/abstract
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2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4mkHu72w1k
Defensive coping and essential amino acid markers as possible predictors for structural vascular disease in an African and Caucasian male cohort: The SABPA study
Authors: Möller Marisa , Malan Leoné , Magnusson Martin , Mels Carina M. C. , Malan Nico T. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDefensive coping (DefS), oxidative stress, inflammation, and related amino acids (phenylalanine [Phe] and tyrosine [Tyr]) have been implicated in cardiovascular disease. This study assessed whether inflammation, oxidative stress, changes in essential amino acids, and altered coping strategies are correlated with subclinical vascular changes in African (n = 82) and Caucasian (n = 100) men from the Sympathetic Activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans (SABPA) study. The Coping Strategy Indicator questionnaire identified DefS participants. Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) was monitored for 24 h, whereas carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and cross‐sectional wall area (CSWA) were determined ultrasonically. Essential amino acids were analyzed with a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Oxidative‐inflammatory markers were measured by spectrophotometry. African men had poorer health than Caucasian men, including higher alcohol abuse, elevated BP, abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, and elevated inflammation. Phe (p < .001) and Phe/Tyr ratio (p = .006) as well as CIMT (p = .032) were higher in African men. DefS African men had higher levels of Phe (p = .002) and Phe/Tyr (p = .009) compared to DefS Caucasian men; these differences were not observed in non‐DefS men. Systolic BP and inflammation (C‐reactive protein) were positively associated with left (L‐) CSWA, while Phe/Tyr was negatively associated with L‐CSWA in DefS African men. African males presented with elevated Phe and Phe/Tyr ratio, catecholamine precursors, worsening during DefS—possibly driven by inflammation and BP contributing to structural vascular abnormalities.