bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review paper: Exploration geophysics for intrusion‐hosted rare metals
Authors: Thomas M.D. , Ford K.L. , Keating P. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIgneous intrusions, notably carbonatitic–alkalic intrusions, peralkaline intrusions, and pegmatites, represent significant sources of rare‐earth metals. Geophysical exploration for and of such intrusions has met with considerable success. Examples of the application of the gravity, magnetic, and radiometric methods in the search for rare metals are presented and described. Ground gravity surveys defining small positive gravity anomalies helped outline the shape and depth of the Nechalacho (formerly Lake) deposit within the Blatchford Lake alkaline complex, Northwest Territories, and of spodumene‐rich mineralization associated with the Tanco deposit, Manitoba, within the hosting Tanco pegmatite. Based on density considerations, the bastnaesite‐bearing main ore body within the Mountain Pass carbonatite, California, should produce a gravity high similar in amplitude to those associated with the Nechalacho and Tanco deposits. Gravity also has utility in modelling hosting carbonatite intrusions, such as the Mount Weld intrusion, Western Australia, and Elk Creek intrusion, Nebraska.The magnetic method is probably the most successful geophysical technique for locating carbonatitic–alkalic host intrusions, which are typically characterized by intense positive, circular to sub‐circular, crescentic, or annular anomalies. Intrusions found by this technique include the Mount Weld carbonatite and the Misery Lake alkali complex, Quebec. Two potential carbonatitic–alkalic intrusions are proposed in the Grenville Province of Eastern Quebec, where application of an automatic technique to locate circular magnetic anomalies identified several examples. Two in particular displayed strong similarities in magnetic pattern to anomalies accompanying known carbonatitic or alkalic intrusions hosting rare‐metal mineralization and are proposed to have a similar origin.Discovery of carbonatitic–alkalic hosts of rare metals has also been achieved by the radiometric method. The Thor Lake group of rare‐earth metal deposits, which includes the Nechalacho deposit, were found by follow‐up investigations of strong equivalent thorium and uranium peaks defined by an airborne survey. Prominent linear radiometric anomalies associated with glacial till in the Canadian Shield have provided vectors based on ice flow directions to source intrusions. The Allan Lake carbonatite in the Grenville Province of Ontario is one such intrusion found by this method. Although not discovered by its radiometric characteristics, the Strange Lake alkali intrusion on the Quebec–Labrador border is associated with prominent linear thorium and uranium anomalies extending at least 50 km down ice from the intrusion. Radiometric exploration of rare metals hosted by pegmatites is evaluated through examination of radiometric signatures of peraluminous pegmatitic granites in the area of the Tanco pegmatite.
Biological Flora of the British Isles:Fraxinus excelsior
Authors: Thomas Peter A. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThis account presents information on all aspects of the biology ofFraxinus excelsiorL. (Ash) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of theBiological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation.Fraxinus excelsioris a large forest tree, native throughout the main islands of Britain and much of mainland Europe. Seedlings are shade tolerant, but adults are not so it tends to be an intermediate successional species, invading gaps in mixed stands rather than forming extensive pure stands. Ash grows on a wide range of soils but is commonest on nutrient‐rich soils with a high base status andpH > 4.2, and is at its best on dry calcareous screes and fertile alluvial soils.Fraxinus excelsioris trioecious or subdioecious with male, hermaphrodite and female flowers and trees. Seed production is prolific with periodic higher producing mast years. Seeds are primarily wind‐dispersed, but they can float and be moved considerable distances along waterways. Germination is delayed by dormancy until usually the second spring after being shed.Ash is tolerant of drought, but intolerant of spring frosts and so is predicted to fare well under current climate change scenarios, and indeed has recently been expanding in range in Europe. However, ash health and survival is currently seriously compromised by ash dieback caused by the fungusHymenoscyphus fraxineus(Chalara fraxinea) that has the potential to kill all but a very few resistant trees. Moreover, the emerald ash borer beetleAgrilus planipennis, a serious pest of ash species in N. America, has reached Europe (though not yet the British Isles) and poses an equally if not more serious long‐term threat to ash.
The snow and the willows: earlier spring snowmelt reduces performance in the low‐lying alpine shrub Salix herbacea
Authors: Wheeler Julia A. , Cortés Andres J. , Sedlacek Janosch , Karrenberg Sophie , van Kleunen Mark , Wipf Sonja , Hoch Guenter , Bossdorf Oliver , Rixen Christian 
Published: March 2016

Summary

Current changes in shrub abundance in alpine and arctic tundra ecosystems are primarily driven by climate change. However, while taller shrub communities are expanding, dwarf shrub communities show reductions under climate warming, and the mechanisms driving the latter (such as warming temperatures or accelerated spring snowmelt) may be complex.

To determine and disentangle the response of a widespread arctic–alpine prostrate dwarf shrub to both climate warming and changes in snowmelt time, we investigated phenology, clonal and sexual reproduction, leaf size, wood tissue carbon balance and leaf damage in 480 patches of Salix herbacea, along its elevational and snowmelt microhabitat range over 3 years in a space‐for‐time substitution.

Earlier snowmelt was associated with longer phenological development periods, an increased likelihood of herbivory and fungal damage, lower stem density, smaller leaves and lower end‐of‐season wood reserve carbohydrates. Furthermore, while early snowmelt was associated with an increased proportion of flowering stems, the proportion of fruiting stems was not, as fruit set decreased significantly with earlier snowmelt. Warmer temperatures at lower elevations were associated with lower stem numbers and larger leaves.

Synthesis. Our study indicates that phenology, fitness proxies and fungal/insect damage of the dwarf shrub S. herbacea are strongly influenced by snowmelt timing, and that earlier spring snowmelt reduced performance in S. herbacea. The likely mechanisms for many of the observed patterns are related to adverse temperature conditions in the early growing season. Reductions in clonal (stem number) and sexual reproduction (reduced fruit set) under earlier snowmelt, in addition to increasing damage probability, will likely lead to lower fitness and poorer performance, particularly in shrubs growing in early‐exposure microhabitats. Further, we saw few concurrent benefits of higher temperatures for S. herbacea, particularly as warming was associated with lower clonal growth. As growing seasons become warmer and longer in arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems, early snowmelt is a critical mechanism reducing fitness and performance in a widespread dwarf shrub and may ultimately reduce dwarf shrub communities in tundra biomes.
Among a German Sample of Forensic Patients, Previous Animal Abuse Mediates Between Psychopathy and Sadistic Actions
Authors: Stupperich Alexandra , Strack Micha 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn an attempt to explain the relationship between psychopathy and severe violent behavior, this study associates previous animal abuse, psychopathy, and sadistic acting in forensic patients. Two topics are addressed: (i) whether previous animal abuse can be identified by a patient's Psychopathy Checklist profile and (ii) whether animal abuse statistically mediates between psychopathy and sadistic acting. In a German forensic hospital, 60 patients were investigated. Animal abuse was assessed using face‐to‐face interviews and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV), and sadistic acting was identified by file records.Discriminant analysis separated previous animal abuse (10/60) by high adolescent antisocial behavior, superficiality, lack of remorse, lack of empathy, and grandiosity. The mediation from psychopathy to sadistic acting (6/60) through animal abuse was found to be complete.The results, although sample size is limited and base rate of animal abuse and sadistic acting are low, fit with a model suggestive of animal abuse as a causal step toward sadistic crimes. Animal abuse correlates with callous, unemotional traits, and a development of sadistic crimes.
Cutaneous (tPA) and Skeletal (TnI) mRNA as Markers of Aging in Contused Wound
Authors: Ibrahim Samah F. , Issak Marwa , Bayoumy Amany A. , Abd El‐Fatah Dina S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWound age estimation is one of the most important forensic aspects. Troponin I (TnI) and many cytokines, for example, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), are involved in wound inflammation and healing. Skeletal (TnI) and cutaneous (tPA) mRNA was detected using real‐time PCR in 25 female albino rats. They were divided into 5 groups: control and 4 injured groups. Injured groups were sacrificed 1, 6, 24, and 30 h after inflicting contused wound. The expression levels of cutaneous (tPA) were decreased significantly at 1, 6, and 30 h after contusion (71.7%, 30.7 and 16.9%), while the expression levels of skeletal (TnI) were increased significantly at 1 and 6 h post‐traumatic, then they gradually decreased until reaching normal levels at 24 h and assumed significantly lower levels at 30 h postcontusion. These results suggested that the determination of cutaneous (tPA) and skeletal (TnI) mRNA levels was useful for wound age estimation.
Evaluation of Methods for Delineating Riparian Zones in a Semi‐Arid Montane Watershed
Authors: Salo Jessica A. , Theobald David M. , Brown Thomas C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRiparian zones in semi‐arid, mountainous regions provide a disproportionate amount of the available wildlife habitat and ecosystem services. Despite their importance, there is little guidance on the best way to map riparian zones for broad spatial extents (e.g., large watersheds) when detailed maps from field data or high‐resolution imagery and terrain data are not available. Using well‐established accuracy metrics (e.g., kappa, precision, computational complexity), we evaluated eight methods commonly used to map riparian zones. Focusing on a semi‐arid, mountainous watershed, we found that the most accurate and robust method for mapping riparian zones combines data on upstream drainage area and valley topography. That method performed best regardless of stream order, and was most effective when implemented with fine resolution topographic and stream line data. Other commonly used methods to model riparian zones, such as those based on fixed‐width buffers, yielded inaccurate results. We recommend that until very‐high resolution (<1 m) elevation data are available at broad extents, models of riparian zones for semi‐arid mountainous regions should incorporate drainage area, valley topography, and quantify uncertainty.
Efficacy and safety of D. pteronyssinus immunotherapy in local allergic rhinitis: a double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Rondón C. , Campo P. , Salas M. , Aranda A. , Molina A. , González M. , Galindo L. , Mayorga C. , Torres M. J. , Blanca M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe effects of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) on local allergic rhinitis (LAR) are largely unknown. We conducted the first randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled (DBPC), phase II trial of D. pteronyssinus (DP) subcutaneous AIT (DP‐AIT) on LAR (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02123316). Thirty‐six LAR patients received Pangramin PLUS DP or placebo for 24 months. The primary endpoints were symptoms, medication scores, and medication‐free days. The secondary included skin test, serum specific IgE and IgG4, nasal allergen provocation test (NAPT), and adverse events. AIT‐DP produced significant improvements in both primary and secondary endpoints vs placebo. After 12 months of AIT‐DP, we detected a significant and marked increase in allergen tolerance with negative NAPT in 50% of patients, and significant increases of serum sIgG4. Immunotherapy was well tolerated; no systemic reactions were reported. This study demonstrated that AIT‐DP is a safe and clinically effective treatment for LAR, confirming that LAR is a new indication for AIT.
Epidemiology and aetiology of childhood ocular trauma in the Republic of Suriname
Authors: Minderhoud Janna , van Nispen Ruth M. A. , Heijthuijsen Astrid A. A. M. , Beunders Victoria A. A. , Bueno de Mesquita‐Voigt Anne‐Marie T. , Moll Annette C. , Mans Dennis R. A. , Saeed Peerooz 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPurposeTo describe the epidemiology and aetiology of ocular trauma in school‐aged children who previously visited the Suriname Eye Centre (SEC) of the Academic Hospital Paramaribo.MethodsIn a hospital‐based retrospective study, all cases of children who were school aged (8–15 years) at the time of the survey and previously underwent evaluation and/or treatment at the SEC because of ocular trauma were analysed. Demographic and ophthalmologic data were taken out of patient records; eye injuries were classified using the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology classification system. Main outcome measures were type of injury, mechanism/cause of injury, final visual acuity (VA), hospitalization, patient delay and patient compliance.ResultsFive hundred and thirty‐eight records were analysed which included 35 open globe injuries (OGI) (7%), 458 closed globe injuries (85%), five orbital fractures (1%) and 40 eyelid injuries (7%). The most frequent causes of trauma represented body parts (18%) and sticks or branches (13%) and resulted from poking (20%) or punching (13%) the eye. Final VA < 6/60 was reported in 58% of registered OGI. Where living in rural areas (p = 0.007), OGI (p < 0.0001) and poor compliance to scheduled check‐ups (p < 0.0001) were statistically significantly related to an unfavourable outcome, patient delay was not. Patients having OGI were more often hospitalized than children with other injuries (p < 0.0001).ConclusionThis is the first study providing data on childhood ocular trauma in Suriname. As the majority of childhood injuries were avoidable, new policies should aim at developing effective, targeted preventive strategies to promote awareness, parental supervision, immediate action and compliance.
Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab for zone‐II retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Karkhaneh Reza , Khodabande Alireza , Riazi‐Eafahani Mohammad , Roohipoor Ramak , Ghassemi Fariba , Imani Marjan , Dastjani Farahani Afsar , Ebrahimi Adib Nazanin , Torabi Hamidreza 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPurposeTo assess the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab for Type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in zone II ROP.MethodsWe conducted a randomized clinical trial. Preterm infants with a gestational age less than 34 weeks or birthweight less than 2000 g were examined at 4 weeks chronological age or 31 weeks postmenstrual age (whichever was later). Preterm infants with Zone‐II/Stage 2 or 3 and plus disease were included. Eligible infants were randomized to receive either conventional indirect laser therapy or intravitreal bevacizumab injections (0.625 mg/0.025 ml). The primary outcome was defined as treatment failure: ROP persistence or recurrence by 90 weeks postmenstrual age.ResultsOur study population comprised 79 infants (158 eyes) with Zone‐II ROP. Randomly, 43 infants (86 eyes) were assigned to receive intravitreal bevacizumab and 36 infants (72 eyes) to receive conventional indirect laser therapy. All the infants were followed up at least until 90 weeks postmenstrual age. Stage‐3 ROP recurred in nine eyes (10.5%) in the bevacizumab group and one eye (1.4%) in the laser group (p value = 0.018). In recurrent cases after the second treatment, ROP in eight of the nine eyes (88.8%) in the bevacizumab group and the eye in the laser group regressed.ConclusionRecurrence of neovascularization with bevacizumab monotherapy seems to be higher than that with conventional laser therapy among infants with Type 1 ROP in zone II ROP but reinjection of bevacizumab causes regression in most recurrent cases.
MicroRNAs in metabolism
Authors: Vienberg S. , Geiger J. , Madsen S. , Dalgaard L. T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) have within the past decade emerged as key regulators of metabolic homoeostasis. Major tissues in intermediary metabolism important during development of the metabolic syndrome, such as β‐cells, liver, skeletal and heart muscle as well as adipose tissue, have all been shown to be affected by miRNAs. In the pancreatic β‐cell, a number of miRNAs are important in maintaining the balance between differentiation and proliferation (miR‐200 and miR‐29 families) and insulin exocytosis in the differentiated state is controlled by miR‐7, miR‐375 and miR‐335. MiR‐33a and MiR‐33b play crucial roles in cholesterol and lipid metabolism, whereas miR‐103 and miR‐107 regulates hepatic insulin sensitivity. In muscle tissue, a defined number of miRNAs (miR‐1, miR‐133, miR‐206) control myofibre type switch and induce myogenic differentiation programmes. Similarly, in adipose tissue, a defined number of miRNAs control white to brown adipocyte conversion or differentiation (miR‐365, miR‐133, miR‐455). The discovery of circulating miRNAs in exosomes emphasizes their importance as both endocrine signalling molecules and potentially disease markers. Their dysregulation in metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis stresses their potential as therapeutic targets. This review emphasizes current ideas and controversies within miRNA research in metabolism.
Obstetrician Attitudes, Experience, and Knowledge of Planned Home Birth: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Leone Jennifer , Mostow Jackie , Hackney David , Gokhale Priyanka , Janata Jeffrey , Greenfield Marjorie 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of planned home birth is increasing in the United States. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists acknowledges a woman's right to make an informed choice about place of delivery, including home birth. This exploratory study measures obstetricians' attitudes, experiences, and knowledge about planned home birth, identifies associations between these factors, and compares obstetricians' responses in Ohio to those in Arizona and New Mexico.MethodsA survey about attitudes, experiences, and knowledge of planned home birth was distributed to obstetricians in Ohio, Arizona, and New Mexico. Attitude and knowledge scores were calculated for each respondent and used to evaluate associations through linear regression. Attitude and knowledge scores in states that have regulation of direct entry midwives (Arizona and New Mexico) were compared to a state which does not (Ohio).ResultsObstetricians in all three states reported little experience and knowledge of planned home birth and overall negative attitudes. Obstetricians with stronger knowledge did not differ in their attitudes from those with less knowledge. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing attitude and knowledge scores in Ohio to Arizona and New Mexico, but Ohio obstetricians responded most negatively to the attitude questions.ConclusionsObstetricians have limited knowledge and experience and hold very negative attitudes about planned home birth. Research is necessary to determine: 1) whether negative obstetrician attitudes would be modified by exposure to home birth education and experience, and, 2) whether negative obstetrician beliefs deter safe and timely transfer from home or compromise hospital care for transferred parturients.
Differences in the digital home lives of young people in New Zealand
Authors: Hartnett Maggie 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDigital technology is changing every aspect of life from how we communicate to the way we learn. International trends would suggest that digital access is becoming increasingly widespread in developed countries. But general trends may hide the fact that some households still do not have access to the internet for a variety of reasons. Differences in digital access and use, particularly along socio‐economic lines, may be less visible but are still present. This paper reports on a two‐phase study that explores home digital access and use of young people (16–17–years‐old) from a range of socio‐economic backgrounds across New Zealand. Phase one sought to establish what home access is available, while the second phase explores what kinds of digital technologies are used and for what purpose among a subset of young people. Results indicate that differences in digital access do exist among young people from different socio‐economic backgrounds. These differences include the number of digital devices in the home, the types of devices available, and whether the device(s) are shared or individually owned. These findings are particularly important in light of the finding that these young people perceived that digital access and use at school is inadequate and lagging behind everyday use. This suggests that there is still a considerable way to go to ensure equal digital opportunities for all.
“I am trying to practice good teaching”: Reconceptualizing eportfolios for professional development in vocational higher education
Authors: Winberg Christine , Pallitt Nicola 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTeaching portfolios have become increasingly important to university teachers. Portfolio requirements for the appointment or promotion of academic staff recognize that the assessment of teaching practice requires more depth and detail than a candidate's academic CV generally affords. The focus of this study is the electronic teaching portfolios, developed for purposes of promotion, in a vocational higher education context. Data were obtained from candidates' eportfolios, from precourse and end‐of‐course surveys, as well as from eportfolio assessors' formative and summative feedback. The analysis of the data reveals tensions arising from portfolio building in the particular context of vocational higher education. The nature of the vocational field impacts not only on teaching and learning practice, but on how academic staff choose to present their practice in an eportfolio. The paper argues that the constraints and enablements of context, including the disciplinary context, as well as the possibilities and limitations of agency, will strongly influence the purposes of eportfolio development and the extent to which university teachers can exercise agency in the creation of an eportfolio in a “high stakes” context. The findings can help university appointments and promotions committees, as well as educational developers, to better understand these enablements and constraints in order to inform policy and implementation.