bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential entrepreneurs’ assessment of opportunities through the rendering of a business plan
Authors: Botha Melodi , Robertson Claire Leanne 
Published: June 2017

In the field of entrepreneurship and especially during start up, much emphasis is placed on the business plan with regard to entrepreneurship education and training, funding from external investors, business plan competitions and government development agencies in the Small, Medium and Micro Enterprise (SMME) sector. In many earlier studies of well-known entrepreneurship educators, the formulation of a business plan was identified as being the most important feature of any entrepreneurship programme or course. However, the relevance of a business plan has been a topic of intense and unresolved debates in more recent literature. This paper contributes to the literature with regard to the value a business plan adds to potential entrepreneurs. Furthermore it increases the understanding of how a detailed business plan (such as the approved business plan template of the University of Pretoria approved business plan) can enable a potential entrepreneur to assess opportunities. The paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of business plans and the methods of assessing opportunities, in order to reveal similarities between the business plan and opportunity assessment. Based on descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, the findings support the hypotheses that potential entrepreneurs distinguish between ideas and opportunities and develop opportunities through the formulation of a detailed business plan. The pertinent academic and practical significance of this paper is that it highlights statistically significant differences proving that a detailed business plan is a tool that enables potential entrepreneurs to assess opportunities. From a practical point of view, this should help potential entrepreneurs to establish more viable business ventures; however, this would have to be statistically tested in further research. Finally, the study re-establishes the importance and purpose of a business plan in the field of entrepreneurship.
The exchange rate, the trade balance and the J-curve effect in South Africa
Authors: Schaling Eric , Kabundi Alain 
Published: June 2017

We find that for the period 1994-2011 there is robust statistical evidence that, in the long run, net exports are boosted by a weaker real effective exchange rate. However, this effect does not hold in the short run. We thus find empirical evidence supporting the J-curve effect for South Africa.
The awareness of HIV/AIDS in small enterprises in a sector of the fast moving consumer goods trade in South Africa
Authors: Anders C , Botha MM 
Published: June 2017

This research sought to determine the level and nature of awareness of owners/managers of small enterprises in the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) trade in the rural areas of the Limpopo Province, regarding the threat of HIV/AIDS to their businesses. The results indicated that information campaigns that target these businesses need to be intensified and that owners and managers of businesses should be trained to educate their employees and in developing and implementing business strategies to cope with the threat of HIV/AIDS. The government also needs to play a greater role in combating HIV/AIDS. The two major recommendations are that an appropriate information campaign specifically focused on the needs of this business sector be developed, as well as a model that could be used to manage HIV/AIDS.
Markets, trade and the role of institutions in African development
Authors: Roe T 
Published: June 2017

This paper focuses on the interdependence between international trade and institutional reform and suggests that the trade barriers erected by advanced countries on the agricultural exports of poor countries, in particular sub-Saharan agriculture serve as an impediment to economic growth and development. Drawing upon recent literature, the suggestion is that trade barriers inhibit institutional reform that is a major factor affecting economic growth. An empirical analysis of trade reform and economic growth shows that sub-Saharan economies can reciprocate potential gains from increased trade, which are larger when an integration with world markets induces institutional reform.
The revenue raising capabilities of a VAT system in developing countries
Authors: Azaria NT , Robinson Z 
Published: June 2017

The paper attempts to elaborate on the revenue-raising capabilities (economic efficiency and viability) of a value-added tax (VAT) system, particularly in developing countries. The analysis concentrates on the effect of a VAT on tax revenues raised, and the main objective is to determine whether a VAT system generates greater benefits than previously utilised sales taxes, i.e. pre-existing sales taxes (PEST). Using a panel data regression analysis, our results indicate that while all countries gain revenue from the presence of VAT, it is significantly more in developed countries, although the dummy VAT variable interacted with trace openness enters positively for the lower- and upper middle-income groups. This proves the importance of trade for VAT revenues, but also that VAT combined with interaction variables is conducive to higher tax revenues.
Mental health and HIV sexual risk behaviour among University of Limpopo students
Authors: Pengpid S , Peltzer Karl , Skaal L 
Published: June 2017

<div class="column"><p><strong>Background. </strong><span>Little attention has been paid to the role of poor mental health among young people with regard to HIV risk behaviour and HIV prevention in Africa.<br /> </span></p><p><strong>Objective. </strong><span>To determine the association between mental health, substance use and HIV sexual risk behaviour among a sample of university students in South Africa. </span></p><p><span><strong>Methods.</strong> </span><span>A cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate students who were recruited conveniently from public campus venues at the University of Limpopo Medical University of Southern Africa (Medunsa) campus. The sample included 722 university students (57.6% men and 42.4% women) with a mean age of 21.7 years (standard deviation ±8.8).<br /> </span></p><p><strong>Results. </strong><span>Of the 722 students, 39.5% reported depression, 23.4% screened positive for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 22% reported hazardous or harmful alcohol use, 33% reported ≥2 sexual partners in the past 12 months, 50% reported inconsistent condom use, 46% reported unknown HIV status of a sexual partner and 20% reported alcohol use in the context of sex in the past 3 months. In multivariate analysis, HIV risk behaviour was associated with, among men, hazardous or harmful alcohol use and having screened positive for PTSD, and among women, being in the 4th or more year of study and current cannabis use. </span></p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong><span>Poor mental health, including substance use, was found to be associated with HIV risk behaviour. Co-ordinated mental health and sexual and reproductive health services that meet the needs of university students would be desirable. </span></p></div>
Social and ethical implications of psychiatric classification for low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Burns Jonathan K 
Published: June 2017

<p>With the publication of the <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual</em>, 5th edition, and the ongoing revision of the <em>International Classification of Diseases</em>, currently 10th edition, it is timely to consider the wider societal implications of evolving psychiatric classification, especially within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). </p><p>The author reviewed developments in psychiatric classification, especially the move from categorical to dimensional approaches based on biobehavioural phenotypes. While research supports this move, there are several important associated ethical challenges. Dimensional classification runs the risk of ‘medicalising’ a range of normality; the broadening of some definitions and the introduction of new disorders means more people are likely to attract psychiatric diagnoses. Many LMICs do not have the political, social, legal and economic systems to protect individuals in society from the excesses of medicalisation, thus potentially rendering more citizens vulnerable to forms of stigma, exploitation and abuse, conducted in the name of medicine and psychiatry. Excessive medicalisation within such contexts is also likely to worsen existing disparities in healthcare and widen the treatment gap, as inappropriate diagnosis and treatment of mildly ill or essentially normal people has an impact on health budgets and resources, leading to relative neglect of those with genuine, severe psychiatric disorders.<strong> </strong></p><p>In an era of evolving psychiatric classification, those concerned for, and involved in, global mental health should be critically self-reflective of all aspects of the modern psychiatric paradigm, especially changes in classification systems, and should alert the global profession to the sociopolitical, economic and cultural implications of changing nosology for LMIC regions of the world.</p>
A decentralised model of psychiatric care: Profile, length of stay and outcome of mental healthcare users admitted to a district-level public hospital in the Western Cape
Authors: Thomas Eileen , Cloete Karen Jacqueline , Kidd Martin , Lategan Helena 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background. </strong>There is a lack of studies assessing the profile and outcome of psychiatric patients at entry-level public hospitals that are prescribed by the Mental Health Care Act to provide a decentralised model of psychiatric care.</p><p><strong>Objective.</strong><em> </em>To assess the demographic and clinical profile as well as length of stay and outcomes of mental healthcare users admitted to a district-level public hospital in the Western Cape. </p><p><strong>Method.</strong><em> </em>Demographic data, clinical diagnosis, length of stay, referral profile and outcomes of patients (<em>N</em>=487) admitted to Helderberg Hospital during the period 1 January 2011 - 31 December 2011 were collected. </p><p><strong>Results. </strong>Psychotic disorders were the most prevalent (<em>n</em>=287, 59%) diagnoses, while 228 (47%) of admission episodes had comorbid/secondary diagnoses. Substance use disorders were present in 184 (38%) of admission episodes, 37 (57%) of readmissions and 19 (61%) of abscondments. Most admission episodes (<em>n</em>=372, 76%) were discharged without referral to specialist/tertiary care. </p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>Methamphetamine use places a significant burden on the provision of mental healthcare services at entry-level care. Recommendations for improving service delivery at this district-level public hospital are provided.</p>
SSRI use in pregnancy: Evaluating the risks and benefits
Authors: Du Toit Elsa , Thomas Eileen , Koen Liezl , Vythilingum Bavi , Grobler Stoffel , Smith Nadine , Niehaus Dana 
Published: June 2017

<p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are considered the primary pharmacological treatment for moderate to severe depression during pregnancy.<span><em> </em></span>Data regarding the safety of their use during pregnancy remain controversial and conflicting. Decisions regarding the prescription of antidepressant treatment are often fraught with concern around potential harmful medication effects on the pregnancy, fetus and infant. Information on potential risks remains extremely varied and inconsistent across sources. This lack of clarity regarding drug safety brings significant uncertainty not only for treating physicians, but also for women seeking information about depression during pregnancy. This review aims to summarise and evaluate the current evidence base and to aid clinicians in performing a risk/benefit analysis for SSRI use during pregnancy and lactation.</p><div> </div>
Views of schizophrenia patients on the effects of cannabis on their mental health
Authors: Parshotam Rishie Kumar , Joubert Pierre M 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background</strong>. Cannabis use may trigger or perpetuate clinical features of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals, thereby contributing to the morbidity of schizophrenia and its burden of disease. These findings have mostly not considered the views of schizophrenia patients on cannabis use and its effect on their mental health. </p><p><strong>Methods</strong>. A semi-structured 16-point opinion-type questionnaire was formulated from the results of a previous qualitative study on schizophrenia patients’ opinions about cannabis use. The questionnaire was applied to 60 participants from an inpatient schizophrenia population at Weskoppies Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa, who had a <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</em>, 4th edition (text revision) (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of schizophrenia and a documented history of cannabis use. </p><p><strong>Results</strong>. According to participants’ responses, 61.7% admitted to suffering from a mental illness, 95.0% admitted to using cannabis in the past, and 20.0% of participants admitted to the current use of cannabis. Over half (51.7%) of the participants responded that cannabis had adverse effects on their mental health, 26.7% that their mental illness was caused by using an illicit drug other than cannabis, 26.7% that only impure cannabis had adverse effects on their mental health, and 48.3% that only using too much cannabis had bad effects on their mind. A high percentage (58.3%) of participants responded that cannabis use helped reduce tension, 56.7% that it helped reduce anxiety, 66.7% that it helped to lift their mood, 63.3% that it helped them to relax, 60.0% that it helped to relieve their boredom, 43.3% that it helped them feel more energetic, 58.3% that it helped them sleep better, 13.3% that it helped reduce auditory hallucinations, and 31.7% that the beneficial effects of cannabis outweighed its negative effects. </p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>. Most of the participants who responded that they were not using cannabis currently had positive views about its effects on their mental health, despite responding that cannabis may have adverse effects on their mental health. This is a worrisome outcome, since those participants who feel that cannabis has more beneficial than detrimental effects might not remain abstinent.</p>
Service transformation plans in the Eastern Cape informed by a needs-based gap analysis
Authors: Sukeri Kiran , Alonso-Betancourt Orlando , Emsley Robin 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Objectives.</strong> Part I of this research paper presented a needs and gap analysis for the management of schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder and major depression for the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. It identified deficits and inequitable distribution of human resources and beds in the province. In this article, Part II, the authors propose a plan for public sector mental health services to address the human resource needs in the poorer eastern regions of the province. The plan focuses on human resource training and development. </p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> Evidence-based data on staff development in mental health from low-middle income countries were utilised to develop strategies to increase staff capacity to address unmet need. A financing model with a poverty index was developed to sustain a needs-based plan. Databases searched included Pubmed, Medline, Google and Google Scholar. The key words used included: mental health, mental health training, mental health resources, mental health in low-middle-income countries, mental health policy and plans, mental health needs- based planning, primary healthcare, primary mental healthcare, mental health financing. In addition the websites of the World Health Organization and the World Psychiatric Association were searched for similar resources.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.</strong> It is feasible, with careful attention to planning and implementation of evidence-based tools, to improve public mental health service delivery in this province. Sustained political will and professional commitment will ensure successful delivery of mental health services in a resource-limited province.</p>
Muslim patients in Ramadan: A review for primary care physicians
Authors: Abolaban Heba , Moujahed Ahmad Al 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Fasting Ramadan, in which Muslims abstain from specific habits and behaviors from dawn to sunset, is one of the five Pillars of Islam. While there are several exemptions from fasting, many Muslim patients with acute or chronic medical conditions still choose to fast, which may adversely affect their health if not addressed properly. Some patients may not be well educated about the effects of some medical treatments and procedures on the validity of their fast, which can unnecessarily lead to suboptimal management of their conditions or treatment nonadherence. Since spirituality, religiosity, and personal beliefs affect patients' health behaviors and adherence to treatments, health-care providers need to learn how fasting Ramadan can affect the health of their Muslim patients, especially those with chronic medical conditions, and how to help them achieve safe fasting. This article aims to provide an overview of the main topics that primary care physicians may need to know in order to improve their cultural competence when caring for their fasting Muslim patients.
Refining multi-model projections of temperature extremes by evaluation against land–atmosphere coupling diagnostics
Authors: Sippel Sebastian , Zscheischler Jakob , Mahecha Miguel D. , Orth Rene , Reichstein Markus , Vogel Martha , Seneviratne Sonia I. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The Earth's land surface and the atmosphere are strongly interlinked through the exchange of energy and matter. This coupled behaviour causes various land–atmosphere feedbacks, and an insufficient understanding of these feedbacks contributes to uncertain global climate model projections. For example, a crucial role of the land surface in exacerbating summer heat waves in midlatitude regions has been identified empirically for high-impact heat waves, but individual climate models differ widely in their respective representation of land–atmosphere coupling. Here, we compile an ensemble of 54 combinations of observations-based temperature (T) and evapotranspiration (ET) benchmarking datasets and investigate coincidences of T anomalies with ET anomalies as a proxy for land–atmosphere interactions during periods of anomalously warm temperatures. First, we demonstrate that a large fraction of state-of-the-art climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) archive produces systematically too frequent coincidences of high T anomalies with negative ET anomalies in midlatitude regions during the warm season and in several tropical regions year-round. These coincidences (high T, low ET) are closely related to the representation of temperature variability and extremes across the multi-model ensemble. Second, we derive a land-coupling constraint based on the spread of the T–ET datasets and consequently retain only a subset of CMIP5 models that produce a land-coupling behaviour that is compatible with these benchmark estimates. The constrained multi-model simulations exhibit more realistic temperature extremes of reduced magnitude in present climate in regions where models show substantial spread in T–ET coupling, i.e. biases in the model ensemble are consistently reduced. Also the multi-model simulations for the coming decades display decreased absolute temperature extremes in the constrained ensemble. On the other hand, the differences between projected and present-day climate extremes are affected to a lesser extent by the applied constraint, i.e. projected changes are reduced locally by around 0.5 to 1 °C – but this remains a local effect in regions that are highly sensitive to land–atmosphere coupling. In summary, our approach offers a physically consistent, diagnostic-based avenue to evaluate multi-model ensembles and subsequently reduce model biases in simulated and projected extreme temperatures.
Patient-Centered and Visual Quality Outcomes of Premium Cataract Surgery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wang Sophia Y. , Stem Maxwell S. , Oren Gale , Shtein Roni , Lichter Paul R. 
Published: June 2017

Purpose Over 8 million cataract surgeries are performed in the United States and the European Union annually, with many patients choosing to pay out of pocket for premium options including premium intraocular lens implants (IOLs) or laser-assisted cataract surgery (LACS). This report provides a systematic review evaluating patient-centered and visual quality outcomes comparing standard monofocal IOLs to premium cataract surgery options. Methods PubMed and EMBASE were searched for publications published between January 1, 1980, and September 18, 2016, on multifocal, accommodative, and toric IOLs, monovision, and LACS, which reported on 1) dysphotopsias, 2) contrast sensitivity, 3) spectacle independence, 4) vision-related quality of life or patient satisfaction, and 5) IOL exchange. Results Multifocal lenses achieved higher rates of spectacle independence compared to monofocal lenses but also had higher reported frequency of dysphotopsia and worse contrast sensitivity, especially with low light or glare. Accommodative lenses were not associated with reduced contrast sensitivity or more dysphotopsia but had only modest improvements in spectacle independence compared to monofocal lenses. Studies of monovision did not target a sufficiently myopic outcome in the near-vision eye to achieve the full potential for spectacle independence. Patients reported high levels of overall satisfaction regardless of implanted IOL. No studies correlated patient-reported outcomes with patient expectations. Conclusions Studies are needed to thoroughly compare patient-reported outcomes with concomitant patient expectations. In light of the substantial patient costs for premium options, patients and their surgeons will benefit from a better understanding of which surgical options best meet patients’ expectations and how those expectations can be impacted by premium versus monofocal—including monovision—options.
Hybrid 20/23-G pars plana vitrectomy in endophthalmitis and trauma: a strategic approach
Authors: Shroff Daraius , Gupta Priyanka , Gupta Charu , Atri Neelam , Dutta Ranjan , Shroff Cyrus 
Published: June 2017

Purpose: To assess the safety and efficacy of hybrid vitreous surgery combining active 23-G ports with a sutured 20-G 6-mm infusion cannula for performing vitrectomy in endophthalmitis and trauma. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 10 eyes with endophthalmitis and 10 eyes with trauma requiring vitreous surgery, having corneal clarity suitable for vitrectomy and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) greater than or equal to light perception. All patients underwent hybrid 20/23-G vitrectomy. Intraoperative notes were analyzed for peroperative complications. The BCVA and retinal status at 3 months were analyzed. Results: In the endophthalmitis group, patients ranged from 5 to 85 years of age and showed varied etiologies. Retinal detachment was present in 5 eyes, which received silicone oil tamponade. Mean preoperative logMAR visual acuity (VA) was 2.29 ± 0.45, which improved to 1.10 ± 0.72 at 3 months postoperatively (p<0.001). Trauma cases ranged from 21 to 75 years of age. Retinal detachment was present in 9 out of 10 eyes, all of which received silicone oil tamponade. Preoperative logMAR VA was 2.26 ± 0.71, which improved to 1.33 ± 0.50 postoperatively (p<0.001). At 3 months postsurgery, the retina was attached in all eyes in both groups. Conclusions: The longer sutured 20-G cannula was easier to visualize through fibrin, exudates, and hemorrhage and did not slip out or enter the suprachoroidal space in any of our cases. The 23-G active ports and vitrectomy cutter enhanced safety and efficacy. Hybrid vitrectomy enabled safe surgery in these difficult cases.