bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corn Grain Yield and Soil Properties after 10 Years of Broiler Litter Amendment
Authors: Netthisinghe A. M. P. , Woosley P. B. , Gilfillen R. A. , Willian T. W. , Sistani K. R. , Rowland N. S. 
Published: July 2016

Use of broiler litter (BL) nutrients for crop production benefits crops, soils, and aids in disposing manure. Understanding corn (Zea mays L.) grain production and soil properties resulting from long‐term BL amendment helps establish a sustainable manure‐based corn production with low environmental risk potential. This study conducted at Bowling Green, KY, during 2005 to 2015 examined effects of supplying N requirement of corn grain crop monoculture by broiler litter (full broiler litter, FBL), 1:1 mixture of BL and inorganic N (half broiler litter rate, HBL), and chemical fertilizer (CF) on corn grain yield and post‐harvest soil properties under no‐till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). The FBL produced significantly higher grain yield (10.1 Mg ha−1) than the HBL (9.6 Mg ha−1), but similar to CF (9.8 Mg ha−1). The FBL soils had greater cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), and total nitrogen (TN) (15.5 cmol kg−1; 45 and 2.9 g kg−1) than the HBL (12.3 cmol kg−1; 42.3 and 2.4 g kg−1) and CF (10.1 cmol kg−1; 35.5 and 1.7 g kg−1). The FBL and HBL soils had 478 and 270 mg P kg−1; 15.7 and 9.6 mg Cu kg−1; 40.9 and 21.1 mg Zn kg−1 levels, respectively. Soil pH increased in the FBL, but decreased in CF. Soil nutrient aggregation rate was greater in the NT. Having lower soil nutrient accumulation than FBL and equivalent grain production potential as CF, HBL offers a better option for corn grain production with BL than by FBL.Core Ideas

This study examined effects of long‐term broiler litter amendment on corn grain yield and post‐harvest soil properties.
Broiler litter at full and half rates has similar corn grain production potential as chemical fertilizer.
Broiler litter induced high soil nutrient levels, but levels elevated by half litter rate was not environmentally significant.
No‐till and conventional tillage treatments have similar agronomic benefits and environmental risks.
Optimization of Within‐Row Plant Spacing Increases Nutritional Status and Corn Yield: A Comparative Study
Authors: Hörbe Tiago A. N. , Amado Telmo J. C. , Reimche Geovane B. , Schwalbert Raí A. , Santi Antônio L. , Nienow Cristian 
Published: July 2016

Uniform within‐row plant spacing is a key crop management strategy to achieve high corn (Zea mays L.) yield. A new precision planting concept is emerging based on the use of modern devices in planters. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of optimizing within‐row plant spacing to enhance plant nutritional status and corn yield. The treatments investigated were (a) traditional planter with mechanical horizontal plate metering system (TP), (b) precision planter with vSet (Precision Planting, Tremont, IL) vacuum meter system (PP) and (c) PP pulled by a tractor equipped with an real time kinematic (RTK)‐based auto‐steering system (APP). The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications, and the plant evaluations were determined based on a main plot and a plant‐to‐plant study. Two types of vegetation indexes (VI and normalized difference, NDVI) were used for assessing plant nutritional status. A high standard of uniform plant spacing (CV < 10%) was required to achieve the highest corn yield. Optimizing the within‐row plant spacing resulted in higher VI and NDVI. Based on the average of two experiments, PP improved the uniformity of plant spacing (CV = 22.5%) compared to TP (CV = 38.7%). This optimization of within‐row plant spacing increased the corn yield by 10.7%. Only in the year with higher corn yield potential did APP result in a yield increase of 6.9% in relation to PP. Although the precision planters investigated had decreased the error in plant distribution, no one reached the plant spacing uniformity required to achieve higher corn yields.Core Ideas

For every 10 percentage points increase in CV, yield decreased 1.22 Mg ha−1.
A higher plant spacing uniformity is necessary to achieve high yields.
Different planter types produced distinct within‐row plant spacing uniformity.
ЧАСТКОВЕ ОНОВЛЕННЯ – ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЮ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ УСТАТКУВАННЯ, ЩО ВІДРОБИЛО РЕСУРС
Authors: Воинова C. А. 
Published: July 2016

Обернена увага на загострення проблеми оновлення технологічного устаткування, що витратило ресурс працездатності. Відмічено, що основна частина виробничих фондів країни складається з подібного, зношеногоустаткування. Вказано на те, що подібне положення характерне для всіх галузей вітчизняного виробництва, включаючи харчову промисловість. Розглянуто основні задачі проблеми часткового оновлення зношеногоустаткування, що дозволяє підвищити рівень його технологічної ефективності. Вказано комплекс робіт, що забезпечують технологію, конструкцію оновлюваного технічного об'єкту його технічне обслуговування. Цей комплекс складається з низки характерних організаційно-технічних завдань: обстеження стану зношеного устаткування, аналіз параметрів наміченого режиму його використання впродовж заданого майбутньогоперіоду його функціонування, розробка заходів оновлення, практична реалізація заходів програми, включаючи пуск в роботу і наладку, випробування його у дії, аналіз і оцінка результатів оновлення. Розглянуто особливості вирішення завдань проблеми в різних умовах і при різній мірі зносу. Відмічено, що программа оновлення включає дві групи робіт: підвищення рівня технологічної ефективності функціонування устаткування, а також оновлення постановки процесу його експлуатації. Показано потенційні можливості часткового оновлення і доцільність його широкого застосування при нинішньому стані значної частини діючого вітчизняногоустаткування. Підкреслено, що на кожному підприємстві існує певний резерв ресурсних можливостей щодо проведення програми оновлення доцільного об’єму. Вказано на можливість здобуття крупного комплексногопозитивного ефекту при вирішенні завдань проблеми часткового оновлення зношеного технологічного устаткування.
Nauwkeurige methode voor de aanwasbepaling van het grondvlak met behulp van de Pressler-boor
Authors: Goossens R. 
Published: July 2016

A precise method for the determination of the increment of the basal area using the PressIer bore. Refering to previous research showing that the basal area of the corsica pine could be characterized by an ellips, we present in this paper a precise method for the determination of the increment of the basal area. In this method we determine the direction of the maximum diameter, we measure this diameter and we take a core in one of the points of tangency of the caliper with the measured tree. The determination of the diameter perpendicular to the maximum diameter finishes the work wich is to be done in the forest. From the classical measurements effectuated on the core and from the measured diameters we can then determine the form (V) and the excentricity (e). Substituting these two parameters in the formula 2 or 2', we can also calculate the error of a radius measured on the core with respect to the representative radius, This error with them allow us to correct the measured value of the minimum or the maximum radius and we will be able to do a precise determination of the increment.
A quantitative determination of the plastid pigments in higher plants
Authors: Thas J. 
Published: July 2016

The pigments or the plastids belong to two groups: the chlorophylls or green pigments and the carotenoids or yellow pigments. The chlorophyll group can be divided in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and protochlorophyll and the carotenoid group in carotenes (principally β-carotene) and different xanthophylls. In connection with other research work (light quality and quantity measurements, photosynthesis, ...) it is important to determine the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene and xanthophyll content. According to this method the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content is determined by a spectrophotometric method after extraction with acetone. The carotenes, after extraction with petroleumether and acetone and after separating from other pigments by column chromatography, are determined from preleminary quantitative spectrophotometric calibrations with synthetic β-carotene. The difference between the carotenoid content and the β-carotene content gives the amount of xanthophylls.
Étude du rapport entre l'éclairement relatif sous forêt et l'éclairement lumineux incident en phénophase feuillée
Authors: Vyncke G. 
Published: July 2016

The relation between the relative light intensity in a forest stand and the absolute light intensity above the canopy during the growing period - In the research center of Virelles (mixed oak forest) the relation between the relative light intensity and the absolute incident light intensity was studied. Only for the light intensity values measured on the real noon, a mathematical relation was found and this for the growing periods 1965 and 1966. With the decrease of the light intensity in the open, the relative light intensity increases. For an identical change of the incident light intensity, the variation of the relative transmission becomes smaller, as the crown contact becomes more intense. The relative light intensity under the canopy, during an ideal day of the clear weather type, is a function of the sun height and at the same time of the absolute light intensity in the open. A measure for the mean relative light intensity of some day can be given by instantaneous measurements of the relative light intensity, only during the real noon period. The found relation may be explained by the fact that direct incident light is more reflected by the canopy than diffuse light.
Die Bestandesbehandlung zur Wertsteigerung
Authors: Van Miegroet M. 
Published: July 2016

The increase of value production by stand treatment - In this paper three major items are under discusion : 1. The aims and possibilities of stand treatment 2. The measurable effects of treatment 3. A proposal for a modified approach to stand treatment Stand treatment and silviculture in general must go out from a broadened conception of « value production », taking into account the necessity to increase the social function of the forest in Europe. To increase value production and to reduce production costs, each stand element and each tree must be given a definite function in the stand as soon as possible. In order to build up stabilized stand structures, showing a maximal degree of vitality, positive selection on a phenotypical basis and especially the formation of environment must start shortly after regeneration or afforestation. The opinion is stated, that, contrary to the views of Schädelin, genotypical selection has only a reduced signification and is better done outside of the forest. A basis for early and positive stand treatment is to be found in the results of research on treatment effects by different authors. There is growing evidence that in untreated stands the most vital, but also the most valuable trees with the highest potential for growth and value production tend to concentrate the the upper layer of the forest stand. Treatment has to reckon with this phenomen by making the early dominant trees the main object of care and growth regulation. As a consequence it is proposed to consider only two stages in stand evolution : young stands and old stands, the differentiation between these stages taking place the moment the growing stand volume becomes measurable. Early treatment of the young stands aims at reducing all costs, the control of competition, the consequent selection of the most promising trees and the building up of a solid frame for the future stand structure. In the second stage the main objective of treatment should be the regulation of growth and the concentration of increment in the better dominant trees. At this stage positive selection can be only have a restricted importance.
Die Waldplegezielsetzung in den waldarmen Industriegebieten der E.W.G.
Authors: Van Miegroet M. , De Schuyter J. 
Published: July 2016

Le but du traitement des forets dans les pays industrialises de la C.E.E. - Des circonstances specifiques dominent la sylviculture et le traitement des forêts dans les pays industrialisés. Il s’agit avant tout d’une consummation variable et continuellement en hausse des produits de la forêt d’un côté et de la baisse des prix pour le bois sur pied et don’t l’augmentation des frais de production est la cause principale de l’autre. Dans cette conjuncture l’entreprise forestière doit se reorganiser sur la base de petites unites techniques autonomes, don’t l’intégration dans des unites administratives plus grandes reste possible. Le choix de la mode de regeneration des peuplements doit être faite en function des conditions locales ou regionals, surtout en ce qui concerne la disponibilité de main-d’oevre. Il n’existe pas d’opposition veritable entre la regeneration naturelle et la regeneration artificielle et leur emploi simultané n’est pas à rejeter d’advance. Dans les deux cas les problèmes restent les memes : nécessité de réduire le nombre de pies dès les premières années, orientation du traitement vers la selection phénotypique, individualisation du traitement dans tous les stades et concentration de l’activité dans les jeunes peuplements. La recherché a pour mission d’établir les bases du traitement et doit élaborer de methods d’appréciation, qui permettront à la pratique de tenir compte des aspects physiologiques et bio-chimiques de la croissance et du développement des peuplements.
Die heutige Position des Waldbaues und seine Aufgaben in W. Europa
Authors: Van Miegroet M. , De Schuyter J. 
Published: July 2016

La position de Ia forêt et de Ia sylviculture en Europe Occidentale - Quoique la pénurie du bois devient plus importante chaque année, les prix du bois sur pied ne cessent pas de s'abaisser depuis 1955. L'augmentation des salaires et des charges sociales, mais aussi le manque d'organisation dans l'entreprise forestiere sont les causes principales de cette situation paradoxale. L'equilibre entre consommation et production ne peut plus se réaliser sur le plan purement national mais doit être établi par une veritable collaboration internationale. Dans Ies pays industrialises le manque de main d'oeuvre en foret est la cause d'une profonde révision des idées et d'une reorganisation poussée de I'activité sylvicole. Celle-ci a pour objectif de faire la liaison entre la fonction sociale de Ia forêt et la production ligneuse, qui s'oriente d'ailleurs plutôt vers I'amélioration de la qualité du bois. Cette réorganisation doit s'accompagner d'une meilleure eommercialisation des produits, ainsi que d'une vue plus large sur les possibilités de la production.
La capacité de récupération de frênes suprimés
Authors: Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

The capacity of recuperation of suppressed ashes - In the department of Chimay, Belgium, we have found a natural regeneration of ash with a mean age of 15 years and, however, a mean height of only 30 cm. The capacity of recuperation of this regeneration group has been researched. The suppressed regeneration is reacting very strongly during the second year after the liberation : the annual shoot = 14 cm. Different other facts prove the high capacity of recuperation of these ashes as well. These ashes react very good, and even better than nursery plants, when they are cut back. The results permit to conclude that with trying the natural regeneration of ash it isn't necessary at all to reject the preregeneration. A qualitative valuable preregeneration jus, needs a liberation; on the other side, a qualitative valueless one can be improved by cut back techniques.
Reboisement naturel d'une terre brûlée
Authors: Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Natural reforestation of a burned area. - Ten years after a big fire in a practically homogeneous stand of Scots pine in Gersau (Switserland), a research has been made of the situation on the burned area. The stem number, the structure, the growth and the quality of the regeneration have been analysed. The burned area has been reafforestated naturally. Pioneer species, especially the willow, are dominating. The main tree species Scots pine, is representing 35 % of the stem number, namely 2.100 plants pro ha. The regeneration started practically immediately and the regeneration period was rather short (5 years). The future treatment must chiefly be directed on the willows and on the Scots pines. Nearly all willows bigger than 50 cm (main stand and middle crown layer) must be cut. While treating Scots pine the attention shouldn't only be put on the good plants of the main stand, but also on the moderate ones of the main stand and on the good and moderate elements of the middle crown layer.
La structure et la composition de groupes de régénération de hêtre dans la forêt de Soignes. Comm. N° 1 : Nombre de pieds, le diamètre et la hauteur.
Authors: Van Miegroet M. , Réh J. 
Published: July 2016

Structure and composition of beech regeneration groups. Comm. N° 1 : Number of stems, diameter and height. - For the analysis and subsequent comparison of natural (RN) and artificial (AR) regeneration of beech, 2 x 7 plots of 1 are each and 16 tot 25 years old, were established in the Forêt de Soignes near Brussels. With an average of 5.000/ha the actual number of stems was much lower in the AR as in the NR with an average of 19.900/ ha. However AR can be considered as growing more rapidly if mean diameter and mean height of all trees are judged acceptable as parameters. Eventual differences of this kind between AR and NR tend to disappear pretty soon as culmination of growth takes place in AR-groups before the age of 16 years and is not yet evident in the older NR-groups of 26 years old. The differences in rate of growth are rather unsignificant if comparison is limited to dominant and predominant elements, present in greater numbers in NR ( 40 - 70 dominant trees, 20-35 of which are predominant ) as in AR ( 109 - 30 dominant trees, B - 12 of which are predominant ). The NR have a bigger material reserve, their structuration is better, the variation in growth is greater and, as a consequence, social differentiation takes place very early. The relationship by number of stems between dominant, codominant and dominated trees can be represented by 1/1/2 for NR and by 3/2/1 for AR. The presence of a well-developed under-story, with a positive influence on the stabilisation of microclimatic conditions in the forest, permits more freedom of intervention in NR, where early concentration of elite-material in the upperstory takes place. In AR-groups the possibilities of selection and intervention are limited as each element has to be maintained as long as possible. Stand formation and social differentiation are the result of collective dynamics of development in NR. These phenomena are stimulated by greater stand density and early competition is the result of early restrictions of the individual growing space. As a direct consequence a evolutive, structural and functional link exists between predominant, codominant and dominated elements. In the AR, social differentiation follows a different pattern. It is an individualisation phenomenon directly produced by individual genetic differences and by accidental variations in growing conditions within a very restricted area.
A classification-ordination analysis of a Belgian mixed forest in the transition zone of two phytogeographical districts. II. Spring data
Authors: Van Hecke P. , Impens I. , Van Tilborgh T. 
Published: July 2016

From 115 quadrats, laid out in the same way and on the same coordinates as described in a first paper, cover-abundance and height data were collected in april 1976 on 58 taxa, belonging to the upper and lower herb layer, on the moss layer as a whole and on the litter. They were submitted to four classification methods, namely Unweighted pair-group centroid technique (UPGC), normal Association analysis (NAA) , agglomerative normal and inverse Information analysis (NIA and IIA), Minimum variance clustering (MVC), and to four ordination methods, namely Beals' Polar ordination (POS), Simple ordination (SO), Optimized polar ordination (OPO) and Position vectors ordination (PVO). The only divisive method (NAA) produces more than sufficient results: they are slightly better with the 1%-stopping rule especially when no species reduction is involved. NAA and NIA give quite similar results. From the three agglomerative techniques, the greatest number of vegetation- clusters (7), recognizable in the field, has been obtained with MVC, the poorest picture however by UPGC. With regard to the forest-structure, the better results are with NIA, followed by MVC. Moreover. NIA applied in a quantitative way, is less appropriate. The outcome of species classification is not interpretable. The ordination results obtained by OPO and PVO are better as compared to those from POB and SO, as well in discovering gradients as clusters, the gradients particularly reflect changes in cover-abundance and height. In the ordination of vegetation quadrats, the total of the efficiency ratios extracted for the first three axes in PVO and GPO are respectively four and three times higher than with SO. Concerning the structure quadrats, the percentage extraction values are very high and very alike. Comparing the spring with the summer forest, UPGC distinguishes more identifiable vegetation types in the summer data, NAA on the contrary in the spring data.
Influence of x-rays on the fresh weight and the chlorophyll synthesis of spruce seedlings
Authors: Thas J. 
Published: July 2016

Since a few years, many X-ray techniques have been used for the control of forest tree seeds. The influence of high quantities of X-rays and the enduring character of these irradiations have been examined. After an imbibition time of 24 h selected seeds of Picea abies KARST. (provenance Bodensee) were irradiated during different periods, corresponding with 0 r, 690 r, 1.380 r, 2.590 r, 3.880 r, 5.175 r and 10.350 r. Determinations of the fresh weight and the chlorophyll content in different levels of the primary shoot have been done on nine weeks old seedlings. 1. Influence of X-rays on the fresh weight a. An irradiation time of 30 min (2.590 r) has a positive influence on the fresh weight of each considered primary shoot level. b. The irradiation effect disappears as the seedlings grow up and the slightest influence has been observed in the lowest levels of the primary shoot. c. The influence of the irradiation is not so strongly marked in the cotyledons because these needles are already present in the seed at the moment of the applied irradiations. 2. Influence of X-rays on the chlorophyll synthesis a. An irradiation time of 30 min (2.950 r) has a negative influence on the chlorophyll synthesis. This quantity of X-rays probably brakes high energetic reactions, necessary for the formation of chlorophyll. Irradiation times of 8 min (690 r) and 120 min (10.350 r) have a positive influence. b. This X-ray effect is lost as the needles become older and is replaced by a 'formation' effect. This influence is nothing else than a chlorophyll synthesis taking place in proportion to the fresh weight. c. The cotyledons must be considered separately. They are only liable to the 'formation' effect because a great part of the precursors, necessary for the formation of chlorophyll, exists before the X-ray treatment. The influence of the used irradiations (0 r ~ 10.350 r) is in the beginning of the development of the seedling very high, but disappears when the plant grows up. It can be expected that on one year old seedlings the consequences of a X-ray treatment can hardly be discovered anymore. On the other hand it must be mentioned that an irradiation time of 120 min (10.350 r) brings on a reduction of the germination percentage. Probably 10.000 r is the lethal limit dose.