bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance After Rotator Cuff Tear and Operative Treatment: A Case-Control Study of Major League Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Namdari Surena , Baldwin Keith , Ahn Albert , Huffman G. Russell , Sennett Brian J. 
Published: March 2017

Context: Little is known about pitching performance or lack of it among Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers who undergo operative treatment of rotator cuff tears.
Objective: To assess pitching performance outcomes in MLB players who needed operative treatment of rotator cuff tears and to compare performance in these athletes with that in a control group of MLB players.
Design: Case-control study.
Setting: Publicly available player profiles, press releases, and team injury reports.
Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-three MLB pitchers with documented surgery to treat rotator cuff tears and 117 control pitchers who did not have documented rotator cuff tears were identified.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Major League Baseball pitching attrition and performance variables.
Results: Players who underwent rotator cuff surgery were no more likely not to play than control players. Performance variables of players who underwent surgery improved after surgery but never returned to baseline preoperative status. Players who needed rotator cuff surgery typically were more experienced and had better earned run averages than control players.
Conclusions: Pitchers who had symptomatic rotator cuff tears that necessitated operative treatment tended to decline gradually in performance leading up to their operations and to improve gradually over the next 3 seasons. In contrast to what we expected, they did not have a greater attrition rate than their control counterparts; however, their performances did not return to preoperative levels over the course of the study.
Perceptions of Clinical Athletic Trainers on the Spiritual Care of Injured Athletes
Authors: McKnight Cynthia M. , Juillerat Stephanie 
Published: March 2017

Context: Treating both the body and the mind of an injured or ill patient is accepted as necessary for full healing to occur. However, treating the spiritual needs of the patient has less consensus.
Objective: To determine the perceptions and practices of certified athletic trainers (ATs) working in the college/university setting pertaining to spiritual care of the injured athlete.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Setting: A survey instrument was e-mailed to a stratified random sample of 2000 ATs at 4-year colleges and universities.
Patients or Other Participants: Five hundred sixty-four participants (296 men, 234 women; 34 did not specify sex).
Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured the ATs' perceptions and practices related to spiritual care for athletes.
Results: We found that 82.4% of respondents agreed that addressing spiritual concerns could result in more positive therapeutic outcomes for athletes; however, 64.3% disagreed that ATs are responsible for providing the spiritual care. Positive correlations were found between personal spirituality and items favoring implementing spiritual care.
Conclusions: Athletic trainers have a conceptual appreciation of the importance of spiritual care for athletes, but the practicalities of how to define, acquire skills in, and practice spiritual care are unresolved.
National Collegiate Athletic Association Division and Primary Job Title of Athletic Trainers and Their Job Satisfaction or Intention to Leave Athletic Training
Authors: Terranova Aaron B. , Henning Jolene M. 
Published: March 2017

Context: Membership in the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) has declined in recent years, generating much debate about professional commitment.
Objective: To compare the contributing factors of job satisfaction and intention to leave athletic training of certified athletic trainers (ATs) employed in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) institutions.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Setting: A link to a Web-based questionnaire containing the Spector Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) and an original Intention to Leave Survey (ITLS) was distributed by e-mail to 1003 certified members of the National Athletic Trainers' Association.
Patients or Other Participants: A total of 191 certified members of the NATA employed in a college or university setting in a primarily clinical capacity; representing all NCAA divisions; and having the job title of head athletic trainer, associate/assistant athletic trainer, or graduate assistant/intern athletic trainer.
Main Outcome Measure(s): We used separate 3 × 3 factorial analyses of variance to compare the mean scores of each JSS subscale and of the ITLS with NCAA division and job title. A stepwise multiple regression was used to determine the strength of the relationships between the JSS subscales and the ITLS.
Results: We found differences for job title in the subscales of Fringe Benefits (F2,182 = 7.82, P = .001) and Operating Conditions (F2,182 = 12.01, P &lt; .001). The JSS subscale Nature of Work was the greatest indicator of intention to leave (β = −0.45).
Conclusions: We found a strong negative correlation between various facets of job satisfaction and intention to leave athletic training. The NCAA division seemed to have no effect on an individual's job satisfaction or intention to leave the profession. In addition, only Fringe Benefits and Operating Conditions seemed to be affected by job title. The ATs had similar levels of job satisfaction regardless of NCAA division, and their job titles were not a major factor in job satisfaction.
Transient Global Amnesia in a Collegiate Baseball Player with Type I Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Report
Authors: Gravlee Jocelyn R. , Barrett John J. 
Published: March 2017

Objective: To present the case of a collegiate pitcher with type I diabetes mellitus who developed transient global amnesia and to characterize the acute onset of symptoms and clinical diagnosis of this rarely reported neurologic condition in the student-athlete population.Background: A 21-year-old collegiate pitcher with type I diabetes mellitus was found by his roommate to have acute-onset memory loss. The athletic trainer identified normal blood glucose levels and normal vital signs but profound amnesia. The patient was evaluated by his team physician and referred to the local emergency department for acute-onset memory disturbance.Differential Diagnosis: Hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, adverse drug reaction, infectious disease, transient epileptic amnesia, transient ischemic attack, acute confusional state, complex partial seizure, psychogenic amnesia, migraine, intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, tumor, and transient global amnesia.Treatment: Diagnostic studies included computed tomography of the head, urine and serum toxicology, urinalysis, blood glucose level, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen level, creatinine level, complete blood count, and electroencephalography. The patient was admitted overnight to the neurology service. The next morning, electroencephalography was repeated, and magnetic resonance imaging of the head with contrast was performed. The patient was discharged with the diagnosis of transient global amnesia.Uniqueness: Transient global amnesia is considered a benign condition characterized by an acute episode of memory disturbance involving the inability to form new memories and recall recent events. It is rare in young people, with only 3 case reports involving young athletes published in the literature.Conclusions: Transient global amnesia is a rarely diagnosed neurologic disturbance that may present acutely in student–athletes, although most reported cases affect older adults. Un-familiarity with the symptoms may cause anxiety for the athlete and bystanders. Transient global amnesia does not result in long-term neurologic deficit, and neurologic function will return to baseline.
Between-Seasons Test-Retest Reliability of Clinically Measured Reaction Time in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletes
Authors: Eckner James T. , Kutcher Jeffrey S. , Richardson James K. 
Published: March 2017

Context: Reaction time is typically impaired after concussion. A clinical test of reaction time (RTclin) that does not require a computer to administer may be a valuable tool to assist in concussion diagnosis and management.
Objective: To determine the test-retest reliability of RTclin measured over successive seasons in competitive collegiate athletes and to compare these results with a computerized measure of reaction time (RTcomp).
Design: Case series with repeated measures.
Setting: Preparticipation physical examinations for the football, women's soccer, and wrestling teams at a single university.
Patients or Other Participants: 102 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes.
Intervention(s): The RTclin was measured using a measuring stick embedded in a weighted rubber disk that was released and caught as quickly as possible. The RTcomp was measured using the simple reaction time component of CogState Sport.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Data were collected at 2 time points, 1 season apart, during preparticipation physical examinations. Outcomes were mean simple RTclin and RTcomp.
Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient estimates from season 1 to season 2 were 0.645 for RTclin (n = 102, entire sample) and 0.512 for RTcomp (n = 62 athletes who had 2 consecutive valid baseline CogState Sport test sessions).
Conclusions: The test-retest reliability of RTclin over consecutive seasons compared favorably with that of a concurrently tested computerized measure of reaction time and with literature-based estimates of computerized reaction time measures. This finding supports the potential use of RTclin as part of a multifaceted concussion assessment battery. Further prospective study is warranted.
Evidence-Based Medicine and the Recognition and Treatment of Exertional Heat Stroke, Part II: A Perspective From the Clinical Athletic Trainer
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Pinkus Danielle E. , Casa Douglas J. , McDermott Brendon P. , Pagnotta Kelly D. , Ruiz Roberto C. , Armstrong Lawrence E. , Maresh Carl M. 
Published: March 2017

Context: Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is one of the leading causes of death in athletes. Certified athletic trainers (ATs) demonstrate strong knowledge of recommended practices with EHS but are apprehensive in implementing 2 basic procedures: rectal temperature assessment and cold water immersion. This apprehension might lead to deaths from EHS that could have been prevented.
Objective: To investigate why collegiate and high school ATs do not implement best practices for the recognition and treatment of EHS.
Design: Qualitative study.
Setting: In-person focus groups consisting of 3 to 6 collegiate or high school ATs.
Patients or Other Participants: A total of 19 ATs (9 men, 10 women; age = 36 ± 10 years, length of certification = 12 ± 9 years) employed at either the collegiate (n = 10) or high school (n = 9) level participated in the study.
Data Collection and Analysis: Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and data were analyzed using deductive data analysis. Peer review and multiple-analyst data triangulation were conducted to establish trustworthiness of the data.
Results: Five emergent themes explained the lack of evidence-based practice (EBP) regarding recognition and treatment of EHS. Three themes (lack of knowledge, comfort level, lack of initiative) were common in both the collegiate and high school settings, and 2 separate themes (liability concerns, lack of resources) were present in the high school setting.
Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with those in the literature on EBP and EHS. Regardless of clinical setting, ATs have basic information on recognition and treatment of EHS, but 5 themes act as barriers to implementing proper management in the clinical setting. Workshops or hands-on training sessions need to be made available to improve students' comfort levels so ATs will implement EBP into everyday settings.
Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runners' Hydration Practices and Perceptions
Authors: O'Neal Eric K. , Wingo Jonathan E. , Richardson Mark T. , Leeper James D. , Neggers Yasmine H. , Bishop Phil A. 
Published: March 2017

Context: The behaviors and beliefs of recreational runners with regard to hydration maintenance are not well elucidated.
Objective: To examine which beverages runners choose to drink and why, negative performance and health experiences related to dehydration, and methods used to assess hydration status.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Setting: Marathon registration site.
Patients or Other Participants: Men (n = 146) and women (n = 130) (age = 38.3 ± 11.3 years) registered for the 2010 Little Rock Half-Marathon or Full Marathon.
Intervention(s): A 23-item questionnaire was administered to runners when they picked up their race timing chips.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Runners were separated into tertiles (Low, Mod, High) based on z scores derived from training volume, expected performance, and running experience. We used a 100-mm visual analog scale with anchors of 0 (never) and 100 (always). Total sample responses and comparisons between tertile groups for questionnaire items are presented.
Results: The High group (58±31) reported greater consumption of sport beverages in exercise environments than the Low (42 ± 35 mm) and Mod (39 ± 32 mm) groups (P &lt; .05) and perceived sport beverages to be superior to water in meeting hydration needs (P &lt; .05) and improving performance during runs greater than 1 hour (P &lt; .05). Seventy percent of runners experienced 1 or more incidents in which they believed dehydration resulted in a major performance decrement, and 45% perceived dehydration to have resulted in adverse health effects. Twenty percent of runners reported monitoring their hydration status. Urine color was the method most often reported (7%), whereas only 2% reported measuring changes in body weight.
Conclusions: Greater attention should be paid to informing runners of valid techniques to monitor hydration status and developing an appropriate individualized hydration strategy.
Evaluation of Persistent Antimicrobial Effects of an Antimicrobial Formulation
Authors: Ferrara Michael S. , Courson Ron , Paulson Daryl S. 
Published: March 2017

Context: Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is becoming more prevalent in healthy athletic populations. Various preventive measures have been proposed, but few researchers have evaluated the protective effects of a prophylactic application of a commercially available product.
Objective: To compare the persistent antimicrobial properties of a commercially available antimicrobial product containing 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibiclens) with those of a mild, nonmedicated soap (Dr. Bronner's Magic Soap).
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Setting: Microbiology laboratory, contract research organization.
Patients or Other Participants: Twenty healthy human volunteers.
Intervention(s): The test and control products were randomly assigned and applied to both forearms of each participant. Each forearm was washed for 2 minutes with the test or control product, rinsed, and dried. At, 1, 2, and 4 hours after application, each forearm was exposed to MRSA for approximately 30 minutes.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Differences in numbers of MRSA recovered from each forearm, test and control, at each postapplication time point were compared.
Results: Fewer MRSA (P &lt; .0001) were recovered from the forearms treated with the test product (4% chlorhexidine gluconate) than from the forearms treated with the control product (nonmedicated soap).
Conclusions: The 4% chlorhexidine gluconate product demonstrated persistent bactericidal activity versus MRSA for up to 4 hours after application.
Personal Food Systems of Male Collegiate Football Players: A Grounded Theory Investigation
Authors: Long Doug , Perry Christina , Unruh Scott A. , Lewis Nancy , Stanek-Krogstrand Kaye 
Published: March 2017

Context: Factors that affect food choices include the physical and social environments, quality, quantity, perceived healthfulness, and convenience. The personal food choice process was defined as the procedures used by athletes for making food choices, including the weighing and balancing of activities of daily life, physical well-being, convenience, monetary resources, and social relationships.
Objective: To develop a theoretical model explaining the personal food choice processes of collegiate football players.
Design: Qualitative study.
Setting: National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II football program.
Patients or Other Participants: Fifteen football players were purposefully sampled to represent various positions, years of athletic eligibility, and ethnic backgrounds.
Data Collection and Analysis: For text data collection, we used predetermined, open-ended questions. Data were analyzed using the constant comparison method. The athletes' words were used to label and describe their interactions and experiences with the food choice process. Member checks and an external audit were conducted by a qualitative methodologist and a nutrition specialist, and the findings were triangulated with the current literature to ensure trustworthiness of the text data.
Results: Time was the core category and yielded a cyclic graphic of a theoretical model for the food choice system. Planning hydration, macronutrient strategies, snacks, and healthful food choices emerged as themes.
Conclusions: The athletes planned meals and snacks around their academic and athletic schedules while attempting to consume foods identified as healthful. Healthful foods were generally lower in fat but high in preferred macronutrients. High-protein foods were the players' primary goal; carbohydrate consumption was secondary. The athletes had established plans to maintain hydration. Professionals may use these findings to implement educational programs on food choices for football players.
Lumbopelvic Joint Manipulation and Quadriceps Activation of People With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Authors: Grindstaff Terry L. , Hertel Jay , Beazell James R. , Magrum Eric M. , Kerrigan D. Casey , Fan Xitao , Ingersoll Christopher D. 
Published: March 2017

Context:
Quadriceps weakness and inhibition are impairments associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Lumbopelvic joint manipulation has been shown to improve quadriceps force output and inhibition, but the duration of the effect is unknown.

Objective:
To determine whether quadriceps strength and activation are increased and maintained for 1 hour after high-grade or low-grade joint mobilization or manipulation applied at the lumbopelvic region in people with PFPS.

Design:
Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting:
University laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Forty-eight people with PFPS (age = 24.6±8.9 years, height = 174.3 ± 11.2 cm, mass = 78.4 ± 16.8 kg) participated.

Intervention(s):
Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: lumbopelvic joint manipulation (grade V), side-lying lumbar midrange flexion and extension passive range of motion (grade II) for 1 minute, or prone extension on the elbows for 3 minutes.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Quadriceps force and activation were measured using the burst superimposition technique during a seated isometric knee extension task. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed to compare changes in quadriceps force and activation among groups over time (before intervention and at 0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after intervention).

Results:
We found no differences in quadriceps force output (F5,33,101,18 = 0.65, P = .67) or central activation ratio (F4.84,92.03 = 0.38, P= .86) values among groups after intervention. When groups were pooled, we found differences across time for quadriceps force (F2.66,101.18 = 5.03, P = .004) and activation (F2.42,92.03 = 3.85, P = .02). Quadriceps force was not different at 0 minutes after intervention (t40 = 1.68, P = .10), but it decreased at 20 (t40 = 2.16, P = .04), 40 (t40 = 2.87, P = .01) and 60 (t40 = 3.04, P = .004) minutes after intervention. All groups demonstrated decreased quadriceps activation at 0 minutes after intervention (t40 = 4.17, P &lt;.001), but subsequent measures were not different from preintervention levels (t40 range, 1.53–1.83, P &gt;.09).

Conclusions:
Interventions directed at the lumbopelvic region did not have immediate effects on quadriceps force output or activation. Muscle fatigue might have contributed to decreased force output and activation over 1 hour of testing.
Two Different Fatigue Protocols and Lower Extremity Motion Patterns During a Stop-Jump Task
Authors: Quammen David , Cortes Nelson , Van Lunen Bonnie L. , Lucci Shawn , Ringleb Stacie I. , Onate James 
Published: March 2017

Context:
Altered neuromuscular control strategies during fatigue probably contribute to the increased incidence of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes.

Objective:
To determine biomechanical differences between 2 fatigue protocols (slow linear oxidative fatigue protocol [SLO-FP] and functional agility short-term fatigue protocol [FAST-FP]) when performing a running-stop-jump task.

Design:
Controlled laboratory study.

Setting:
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
A convenience sample of 15 female soccer players (age = 19.2 ±0.8 years, height = 1.67±0.05m, mass = 61.7 + 8.1 kg) without injury participated.

Intervention(s):
Five successful trials of a running–stop-jump task were obtained prefatigue and postfatigue during the 2 protocols. For the SLO-FP, a peak oxygen consumption (V˙o2peak) test was conducted before the fatigue protocol. Five minutes after the conclusion of the V˙o2peak test, participants started the fatigue protocol by performing a 30-minute interval run. The FAST-FP consisted of 4 sets of a functional circuit. Repeated 2 (fatigue protocol) × 2 (time) analyses of variance were conducted to assess differences between the 2 protocols and time (prefatigue, postfatigue).

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Kinematic and kinetic measures of the hip and knee were obtained at different times while participants performed both protocols during prefatigue and postfatigue.

Results:
Internal adduction moment at initial contact (IC) was greater during FAST-FP (0.064 ±0.09 Nm/kgm) than SLO-FP (0.024±0.06 Nm/kgm) (F1,14 = 5.610, P=.03). At IC, participants had less hip flexion postfatigue (44.7°±8.1°) than prefatigue (50.1°±9.5°) (F1,14 = 16.229, P=.001). At peak vertical ground reaction force, participants had less hip flexion postfatigue (44.7°±8.4°) than prefatigue (50.4°±10.3°) (F1,14 = 17.026, P=.001). At peak vertical ground reaction force, participants had less knee flexion postfatigue (−35.9°±6.5°) than prefatigue (−38.8°±5.03°) (F1,14 = 11.537, P=.001).

Conclusions:
Our results demonstrated a more erect landing posture due to a decrease in hip and knee flexion angles in the postfatigue condition. The changes were similar between protocols; however, the FAST-FP was a clinically applicable 5-minute protocol, whereas the SLO-FP lasted approximately 45 minutes.