bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relations with Civil Society
Authors: Scholte Jan Aart 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the forms, consequences, and challenges of civil society involvement in contemporary global governance. It is organized as follows. The first section considers definitions of civil society. The second section maps the various involvements of civil society actors in global regulatory processes. The third section surveys different theoretical understandings of the relationship between civil society and global governance. The fourth section assesses the substantive impacts of civil society interventions in global governance, that is, how NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) and other civil society groups affect institutional developments, agendas, decisions, discourses, and deeper structures of global governance. The fifth section considers the relationship between civil society and legitimacy in global governance. The conclusion includes several suggestions for future enhancement of civil society engagement of global-scale regulation.
Executive Boards and Councils
Authors: Wessel Ramses A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the so-called ‘Boards’ or ‘Councils’ of international organizations (IOs). Alongside a central congress in the form of an ‘Assembly’ and a Secretariat, the Board completes the ‘elementary triad’ forming the basis of the institutional structure of most IOs. Boards differ in almost every aspect: their name, composition, meeting frequency, competences, decision-making procedures, etc. Critical analyses of the increasing role of IOs often relate to extensive regulatory and executive powers of Boards, or the sub-organs and agencies created by them. While technological developments and the increasing complexity of many issues (e.g. the environment, health or finances) calls for a certain distance between the actual rule-makers and politics, this development also caused an intensified debate on the (democratic) legitimacy and accountability of the normative bodies. In that sense, not so much the Boards themselves will be the subject of academic debates, but more the normative institutional machinery in the form of committees and agencies that acts under their mandate, both formally or informally.
Legal Capacity and Powers
Authors: Sarooshi Dan 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The law of international organizations (IOs) is undergoing profound changes, due in large part to the increasingly important role that these organizations have played in exercising powers conferred on them by national governments. This phenomenon has led to concerted attempts by states, international courts and tribunals, and domestic courts to ensure accountability for these exercises of power by imposing corresponding limits on IOs. This chapter focuses, first, on the development of international law relating to the legal personality of IOs, including in this context a brief consideration of the issue of immunity. It then discusses the relationship between states and IOs and the implications of this relationship for the responsibility of states, and in some cases the responsibility of IOs.
Mediators of Glucocorticoid-Regulated Adaptive Plasticity
Authors: McEwen Bruce S. , Liston Conor 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The hippocampus has provided a gateway for understanding of how stress, as well as sex hormones, affect cognitive process and has revealed adaptive plasticity in neuronal structure and function throughout the brain and also contributes to damage. This involves direct and indirect epigenomic transcriptional regulation, as well as rapid, non-genomic signaling pathways initiated by membrane-bound glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Downstream of glucocorticoids, multiple mediators—including secreted factors as well as intracellular processes—play critical roles in driving stress-induced remodeling of dendritic arborization and postsynaptic dendritic spines. To understand how these processes act to maintain synaptic homeostasis; prevent permanent, excitotoxic damage; and adaptively regulate learning and decision making, and how we might go about intervening to promote resilience in stress-related neuropsychiatric conditions, new technologies for visualizing and manipulating dendritic spine remodeling and neuronal activity in specific neural circuits are being used to establish causal mechanisms and define new therapeutic strategies.
Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man
Authors: Heins Volker M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In his widely read classic One-Dimensional Man (ODM), Herbert Marcuse offers a political anthropology of twentieth-century liberal democracy which is deeply pessimistic and yet has been read in the 1960s and 1970s as a call to transformative action in the fields of politics and everyday life. The chapter begins by addressing the concepts introduced by Marcuse to explain why transformative political action is unlikely to succeed: manipulation, false needs, repressive desublimation. It then considers Marcuse’s search for agents of change who are nevertheless able to undermine or circumvent the total power of contemporary society, as well as his normative vision of a libidinal democracy based on an implicit concept of positive freedom. Finally, the chapter assesses both the limitations of ODM and its continuing, if unacknowledged, influence among contemporary theorists who attempt to move beyond liberal theories of justice.
In Search of a Way
Authors: Murray Paul D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores ecumenical methodology. It is organized in six sections. The first reflects on ecumenism as a ‘method’, a ‘way’, variously understood, about which there is a second-order methodological discourse concerning how it is best pursued. The second reflects on the variant approaches of ‘Life and Work’ ecumenism and ‘Faith and Order’ ecumenism. The third assesses some of the strategies which have hitherto been important in bilateral dialogue and identifies the need now for an ecumenical gear-change. The fourth section pursues this idea by focusing on a strategy which has come to be referred to as ‘receptive ecumenism’. Following an exploration of the methodological implications of this strategy in relation to bilateral dialogues in the fifth section, the sixth section finally explores its implications at the level of the local church.
Polysynthesis and Head Marking
Authors: Nichols Johanna 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPolysynthetic languages are mostly head-marking. But the great majority of polysynthetic languages come from what I will call the Greater Pacific Rim (GPR) population, where the head-marking type is extremely common compared to the rest of the world. Is head marking a genuine distinctive property of polysynthetic languages, or a conspicuous accident of geography that is equally common in non-polysynthetic languages of the GPR? A typological survey shows that polysynthesis entails open head marking: either verbal slots and/or their fillers are not a closed set. Polysynthesis is conditioned by grammar (head marking), not geography. It is an inevitable development in a population of mostly head-marking languages, but the geographical distribution of head marking is the result of historical contingency.
Polysynthesis in New Guinea
Authors: Foley William 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe New Guinea region is linguistically the most complex on earth: as many languages as in the Americas are spoken there. The typological diversity of Papuan languages is also great, though underestimated because of a tendency to survey data from languages of the Trans New Guinea family, the largest and most widespread. Its languages have provided a misleading picture of a ‘typical’ Papuan language, including the typological category of polysynthesis. Due to the generally low to moderately agglutinating structure of Trans New Guinea languages, the degree and range of polysynthesis in New Guinea has been under-recognized. By taking four parameters, head marking, verbal pronominal agreement affixes (polypersonalism), incorporation, and clause linkage by parataxis as diagnostic of polysynthesis, this chapter explores its range and degree across several Papuan language families. It argues that polysynthesis is a cluster of features a language can have to a greater or lesser degree.
Language Obsolescence in Polysynthetic Languages
Authors: Vakhtin Nikolai , Gruzdeva Ekaterina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter describes what happens at the structural level to polysynthetic languages during language obsolescence, attrition, and loss. The changes that take place in decaying polysynthetic languages should be distinguished from (a) those occurring in all obsolescent languages regardless of their type, and (b) changes in “healthy” polysynthetic languages. It is shown that the consequences of polysynthetic language decay are primarily manifested in the collapse of morphological complexity, involving the loss of morphological ‘slots’, the reduction in the number of bound morphemes and their substitution by free ones, the ‘fossilization’ of markers and their reanalysis, the deprivation of word formation productivity, the destruction of noun incorporation, and reduction of allomorphy.
Central Alaskan Yupik (Eskimo-Aleut)
Authors: Woodbury Anthony 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis is a sketch of polysynthesis in Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) based on the Cup’ik dialect of Chevak, Alaska. CAY has well-defined words whose content is often holophrastic and whose parts are often word-like. Holophrasis is achieved by a combination of rich inflectional suffixation and by a derivational morphology in which several hundred productive suffixes bearing different lexical and grammatical meanings and functions may be added, recursively, to a lexical base. Each suffix selects the category of its base, over which it normally has scope, and determines the category of the resultant base. This simple but prolific suffixation-based system, termed ‘morphological orthodoxy’, yields long, polysynthetic words. Three cases are then discussed where suffixal elements govern constructions that in one way or another stretch CAY’s orthodox morphology, motivating them by showing parallel constructions governed by elements with similar grammatical and semantic content in languages with more heterodox morphology and syntax.
The Polysynthetic Nature of Salish
Authors: Watanabe Honoré 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe Salishan languages, spoken (or formally spoken) on the Northwest Coast of North America, are usually characterized as polysynthetic. Salish certainly shows many of the usual characteristics that cluster together in polysynthetic languages: it is head marking and agglutinating in word formation; and predicate morphology is rich and includes markers of aspect/tense, transitivity and valency alternating suffixes (including applicatives), pronominals, lexical affixes, and still others. However, the number of morphemes within a (morphological) word does not get as high as, for example, the Eskimoan languages. Nevertheless, it is argued that the following three traits observed justify characterizing Salish as polysynthetic: first, word forms are flexible; second, speakers can manipulate what goes into a predicate; and third, non-core arguments, that is, peripheral concepts, can be expressed in the predicate by means of lexical suffixes and applicatives.
Mapudungun
Authors: Zúñiga Fernando 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMapudungun, an unclassified language of southern Chile and south-central Argentina spoken by a somewhat uncertain but sizeable number of speakers, has word-formation phenomena that deserve to be called polysynthetic according to most of the (sometimes mutually exclusive) definitions of this term found in the descriptive and typological literature. Polypersonalism, productive nominal incorporation, a limited amount of lexical affixation, alongside significant grammatical affixation, and especially root-serializing/compounding processes lead to long and complex templatically structured verbal predicates that markedly contrast, not only with rather simple nouns in the same language, but also with predicates in many other languages of the region. This chapter describes the major word-formation processes of Mapudungun paying special attention to the typologies of polysynthesis that have been proposed in previous studies on the subject.
Polysynthesis in Ket
Authors: Vajda Edward J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe Ket language isolate of Central Siberia differs morphologically from the surrounding languages in having a strongly prefixing polysynthetic verb. Grammatical markers are interdigitated between lexical morphemes, creating a discontinuous stem based on a template of eight prefixal positions, a base position and a single suffix position expressing plural agreement with animate-class subjects. Finite verb forms distinguish past from non-past indicative, as well as an imperative form. Verbs are strictly transitive or intransitive and express person, number, and noun class agreement with the subject and direct object. Although the language has accusative alignment, with subjects marked differently than objects, much of the verb’s linear complexity derives from lexically conditioned agreement strategies. There are three productive transitive configurations of agreement markers, and five productive intransitive configurations. Noun incorporation is productive for only a small number of stems. Some Ket verbs incorporate their object, others their instrument, and others their unaccusative subject.
The ‘Word’ in Polysynthetic Languages
Authors: Bickel Balthasar , Zúñiga Fernando 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPolysynthesis presupposes the existence of ‘words’, a domain or unit of phonology and syntax that is extremely variable within and across languages: what behaves as a ‘word’ with respect to one phonological or syntactic rule or constraint may not behave as such with respect to other rules or constraints. Here we develop a system of variables that allows cataloguing all verb-based domains in a language in a bottom-up fashion and then determining any potential convergence of domains in an empirical way. We apply the system to case studies of Mapudungun and Chintang. These confirm earlier observations that polysynthetic languages do not operate with unified units of type ‘word’ in either phonology or syntax.
Phraseology and Polysynthesis
Authors: Rice Sally 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPolysynthetic languages are overwhelmingly oral. Oral languages are typically associated with small speaker groups describable as local and inward-oriented, a sociolinguistic context which is claimed to have structural effects on the language. The recent corpus revolution in linguistics has caused a renewed focus on spoken varieties of languages, even languages with thick and deep written records. Corpus analyses come with a concomitant realization that languages may be less productive and compositional than we thought, with speakers opting for a smallish set of lexically frozen and semantically opaque (though pragmatically rich) collocations. In this contribution, it is shown that collocations from spoken varieties of English can be characterized in terms similar to those classically used to describe polysynthetic languages: holophrastic, highly compressed, and idiomatic. At the same time, the compressed structures we associate with polysynthetic languages are considered as artefacts of their speakers’ socio-cultural contexts, contexts which revolve around subjective, face-to-face conversation.
The Subjectivity of the Notion of Polysynthesis
Authors: Sadock Jerrold 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIt is argued that no quantitative measures, nor any simple structural distinctions, can accurately separate languages that we would impressionistically count as polysynthetic from those that we would not. Rather, our intuitions are influenced by the type of morphology a language presents, by the phonological and lexical facts associated with its morphology, and by the degree to which its morphology does the work of syntax. Disregarding such features, it can be argued that biblical Hebrew is more synthetic than the Inuit language Kalaallisut, a conclusion that I, and perhaps most typologists would reject. I conclude that a thorough description of the morphology of language and its relation to the other components of grammar is superior to any method of placing that language on a scale of syntheticity.
The Lexicon in Polysynthetic Languages
Authors: Dorais Louis-Jacques 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter shows Eastern Canadian Arctic Inuktitut words are formed and used in the context of polysynthesis. It starts with a very basic classification of word-types along distributional lines: how various categories of morphemes combine or don’t combine with the same or other categories, in order to generate various types of words. On the basis of a number of examples, it will be shown that the lexicalization of morphemic groupings lies at the core of the Inuktitut lexicon. In contemporary language usage, this process of lexicalization may be either covert or overt. When covert, the combined meaning conveyed by the addition of each original morpheme in a word is mostly imperceptible to modern speakers, the only semantic function of the lexicalized word being to signify its new denotatum. When overt, however, it can serve as a powerful tool for creating new words apt at describing a world in constant change.
An Eco-Socio-Legal Perspective on Property Rights in Natural Resources
Authors: Lange Bettina 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This article sets out two key dimensions of an eco-socio-legal perspective for understanding property rights in natural resources: first, an analysis of how relationships between geographical place, law, and society shape the content and application of property rights in natural resources; second, an eco-socio-legal perspective foregrounds an analysis of how those who hold property rights to natural resources and third parties actually understand these rights, and thus how their meaning-making practices contribute to defining these rights. The first dimension of this eco-socio-legal perspective is fleshed out through a critical review of existing academic literature in the main Section 2 of this article. The second dimension is illustrated through a qualitative empirical case study of English farmers’ understanding of their economic rights to water in Section 3 of this article.
“You’re Not Trying to Save Somebody From Death”: Learning as “Becoming” in Palliative Care
Authors: Kilbertus Frances , Ajjawi Rola , Archibald Douglas B. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose
Learning can be conceptualized as a process of “becoming,” considering individuals, workplace participation, and professional identity formation. How postgraduate trainees learn palliative care, encompassing technical competence, compassion, and empathy, is not well understood or explained by common conceptualizations of learning as “acquisition” and “participation.” Learning palliative care, a practice that has been described as a cultural shift in medicine challenging the traditional role of curing and healing, provided the context to explore learning as “becoming.”

Method
The authors undertook a qualitative narrative study, interviewing 14 residents from the University of Ottawa Family Medicine Residency Program eliciting narratives of memorable learning (NMLs) for palliative care. Forty-five NMLs were analyzed thematically. To illuminate the interplay among themes, an in-depth analysis of the NMLs was done that considered themes and linguistic and paralinguistic features of the narratives.

Results
Forty-five NMLs were analyzed. The context of NMLs was predominantly a variety of clinical workplaces during postgraduate training. Themes clustered around the concept of palliative care and how it contrasted with other clinical experiences, the emotional impact on narrators, and how learning happened in the workplace. Participants had expectations about their identities as doctors that were challenged within their NMLs for palliative care.

Conclusions
NMLs for palliative care were a complex entanglement of individual experience and social and workplace cultures highlighting the limitations of the “acquisition” and “participation” metaphors of learning. By conceptualizing learning as “becoming,” what occurs during memorable learning can be made accessible to those supporting learners and their professional identity formation.
Treatment Outcome of Combined Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration and Hemoperfusion in Acute Paraquat Poisoning: A Prospective Controlled Trial
Authors: Li Changbin , Hu Dayong , Xue Wen , Li Xinhua , Wang Zhen , Ai Zisheng , Song Yaxiang , Liu Xinying , Cheng Jiafeng , Fan Shuling , Zhao Limin , Wang Liya , Mohan Chandra , Peng Ai 
Published: November 2017

Objectives:
To investigate whether combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion among paraquat-poisoned patients would improve survival.

Design:
Prospective, controlled interventional study over 4 years.

Setting:
Single, tertiary, academic medical center.

Patients:
We recruited patients admitted to Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital within 48 hours after paraquat ingestion. Exclusions were under 14 years old, ingestion of paraquat with other toxicants, pregnant, a history of chronic pulmonary disease, psychosis, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes with impaired liver or renal function.

Interventions:
All patients were assigned to receive continuous venovenous hemofiltration with hemoperfusion therapy (continuous venovenous hemofiltration group) and to receive conventional therapy (conventional group). The study outcomes were death from any cause within 90 days after paraquat ingestion and the frequencies of hypoxia, acute kidney injury, or adverse events.

Measurements and Main Results:
Of the 110 enrolled patients, 59 were assigned to continuous venovenous hemofiltration group and 51 to conventional group. The two groups had similar baseline demographics and clinical features. At 90 days after paraquat ingestion, 19 of 59 patients (32.2%) in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group and 29 of 51 patients (56.9%) in the conventional group had died (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24–0.76; p = 0.004). In multivariable Cox proportional hazard models controlling for baseline characteristics, combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion was independently associated with reduced risk of death compared with conventional therapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.19–0.64; p = 0.001). Patients in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group, as compared to the conventional group, had a reduced occurrence rate of hypoxia (40.7% vs 72.5%; p = 0.001) and of acute kidney injury (59.3% vs 78.4%; p = 0.03). Hypophosphatemia and thrombocytopenia were more common in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:
In patients with paraquat poisoning, treatment with combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion significantly improved 90-day survival rates.