bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Composition-Dependent Activation of the Innate Immune Response
Authors: Zariri Afshin , Beskers Joep , van de Waterbeemd Bas , Hamstra Hendrik Jan , Bindels Tim H. E. , van Riet Elly , van Putten Jos P. M. , van der Ley Peter 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Meningococcal outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have been extensively investigated and successfully implemented as vaccines. They contain pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capable of triggering innate immunity. However,
Neisseria meningitidis
contains an extremely potent hexa-acylated LPS, leading to adverse effects when its OMVs are applied as vaccines. To create safe OMV vaccines, detergent treatment is generally used to reduce the LPS content. While effective, this method also leads to loss of protective antigens such as lipoproteins. Alternatively, genetic modification of LPS can reduce its toxicity. In the present study, we have compared the effects of standard OMV isolation methods using detergent or EDTA with those of genetic modifications of LPS to yield a penta-acylated lipid A (
lpxL1
and
pagL
) on the
in vitro
induction of innate immune responses. The use of detergent decreased both Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR2 activation by OMVs, while the LPS modifications reduced only TLR4 activation. Mutational removal of PorB or lipoprotein factor H binding protein (fHbp), two proteins known to trigger TLR2 signaling, had no effect, indicating that multiple TLR2 ligands are removed by detergent treatment. Detergent-treated OMVs and
lpxL1
OMVs showed similar reductions of cytokine profiles in the human monocytic cell line MM6 and human dendritic cells (DCs). OMVs with the alternative penta-acylated LPS structure obtained after PagL-mediated deacylation showed reduced induction of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β but not of IP-10, a typical TRIF-dependent chemokine. Taken together, these data show that lipid A modification can be used to obtain OMVs with reduced activation of innate immunity, similar to what is found after detergent treatment.
Reporting trends of randomised controlled trials in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review
Authors: Zheng Sean L , Chan Fiona T , Maclean Edd , Jayakumar Shruti , Nabeebaccus Adam A 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) causes significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Current consensus guidelines reflect the neutral results from randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Adequate trial reporting is a fundamental requirement before concluding on RCT intervention efficacy and is necessary for accurate meta-analysis and to provide insight into future trial design. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010 statement provides a framework for complete trial reporting. Reporting quality of HFpEF RCTs has not been previously assessed, and this represents an important validation of reporting qualities to date.ObjectivesThe aim was to systematically identify RCTs investigating the efficacy of pharmacological therapies in HFpEF and to assess the quality of reporting using the CONSORT 2010 statement.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases were searched from January 1996 to November 2015, with RCTs assessing pharmacological therapies on clinical outcomes in HFpEF patients included. The quality of reporting was assessed against the CONSORT 2010 checklist.ResultsA total of 33 RCTs were included. The mean CONSORT score was 55.4% (SD 17.2%). The CONSORT score was strongly correlated with journal impact factor (r=0.53, p=0.003) and publication year (r=0.50, p=0.003). Articles published after the introduction of CONSORT 2010 statement had a significantly higher mean score compared with those published before (64% vs 50%, p=0.02).ConclusionsAlthough the CONSORT score has increased with time, a significant proportion of HFpEF RCTs showed inadequate reporting standards. The level of adherence to CONSORT criteria could have an impact on the validity of trials and hence the interpretation of intervention efficacy. We recommend improving compliance with the CONSORT statement for future RCTs.
Art/Science & Big Data: Parts 1, 2 and 3
Authors: Knox Gordon 
Published: August 2016

The essay materials abstracted below present a look at Big Data and a review of the role the arts play in the evolution of the human species and the collective, cumulative project of assembling scientific and artistic knowledge: Part 1: how art and science are similar; Part 2: how their approach to “knowing” differs and how together they create knowledge; and Part 3: how these systems of knowing apply to the transformations activated by the digital revolution of the past 25 years. In concert, art and science might enable a collective human response sufficiently resilient to survive the natural and cultural challenges ahead. These essays start with the observation that art and science are the primary, interlocked and essential components in the production of human knowledge: Art and science are distinct and intertwined, two elements of a single compound. By the conclusion of the essays it starts to emerge that art contains the sciences by virtue of being the unmoored, radical vanguard in collective thought. In this sense, science is suspended in the arts; science is the crystalline forms that appear in the matrix of art’s critical, complex and enigmatic thinking. The arts work one step beyond the collective conversation we call culture, and from that place just over the perimeter, the arts compassionately and sometimes jarringly bring us along to see the view from this new spot. Within these cultural horizons, science is doing the hard work of making what we encounter “real.” These essays present the arts and sciences as parallel yet intertwined, like two components of a composite organism, feeding off each other to sustain a growing and adapting life form bigger than either.
Assessing Impacts of PBL and Surface Layer Schemes in Simulating the Surface–Atmosphere Interactions and Precipitation over the Tropical Ocean Using Observations from AMIE/DYNAMO
Authors: Qian Yun , Yan Huiping , Berg Larry K. , Hagos Samson , Feng Zhe , Yang Ben , Huang Maoyi 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Accuracy of turbulence parameterization in representing planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes and surface–atmosphere interactions in climate models is critical for predicting the initiation and development of clouds. This study 1) evaluates WRF Model–simulated spatial patterns and vertical profiles of atmospheric variables at various spatial resolutions and with different PBL, surface layer, and shallow convection schemes against measurements; 2) identifies model biases by examining the moisture tendency terms contributed by PBL and convection processes through nudging experiments; and 3) investigates the main causes of these biases by analyzing the dependence of modeled surface fluxes on PBL and surface layer schemes over the tropical ocean. The results show that PBL and surface parameterizations have surprisingly large impacts on precipitation and surface moisture fluxes over tropical oceans. All of the parameterizations tested tend to overpredict moisture in the PBL and free atmosphere and consequently result in larger moist static energy and precipitation. Moisture nudging tends to suppress the initiation of convection and reduces the excess precipitation. The reduction in precipitation bias in turn reduces the surface wind and latent heat (LH) flux biases, which suggests the positive feedback between precipitation and surface fluxes is responsible, at least in part, for the model drifts. The updated Kain–Fritsch cumulus potential (KF-CuP) shallow convection scheme tends to suppress the deep convection, consequently decreasing precipitation. The Eta Model surface layer scheme predicts more reasonable LH fluxes and LH–wind speed relationship than those for the MM5 scheme. The results help us identify sources of biases of current parameterization schemes in reproducing PBL processes, the initiation of convection, and intraseasonal variability of precipitation.
Is Rivaroxaban Associated With Shorter Hospital Stays and Reduced Costs Versus Parenteral Bridging to Warfarin Among Patients With Pulmonary Embolism?
Authors: Coleman Craig I. , Fermann Gregory J. , Weeda Erin R. , Wells Philip S. , Ashton Veronica , Crivera Concetta , Bunz Thomas J. , Wildgoose Peter , Schein Jeff R. , Peacock W. Frank 
Published: August 2016

Objective: We sought to compare the length of stay (LOS) and total costs for patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) treated with either rivaroxaban or parenterally bridged warfarin. Methods: This retrospective claims analysis was performed in the Premier Database from November 2012 to March 2015. Adult patients were included if they had a hospital encounter for PE (an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code = 415.1×) in the primary position, a claim for ≥1 diagnostic test for PE on day 0 to 2, and initiated rivaroxaban or parenteral anticoagulation/warfarin. Rivaroxaban users (allowing ≤2 days of prior parenteral therapy) were 1:1 propensity score matched to patients receiving parenterally bridged warfarin. Length of stay, total costs, and readmission for venous thromboembolism (VTE) or major bleeding during the same or subsequent 2 months following the index event were compared between cohorts. Analysis restricted to patients with low-risk PE was also performed. Results: Characteristics of the matched PE cohorts (n = 3466 per treatment) were well balanced. Rivaroxaban use was associated with a 1.36-day shorter LOS and $2304 reduction in total costs compared to parenterally bridged warfarin ( P < .001 for both). Rates of readmission for VTE were similar between cohorts (1.7% vs 1.6%; P = .64). No difference was observed between treatments for readmission for major bleeding (0.2% vs 0.2%; P > .99). In analyses restricted to low-risk patients (n = 1551 per treatment), rivaroxaban was associated with a 1.01-day and a $1855 reduction in LOS and costs, respectively ( P < .001 for both). Rates of readmission were again similar between treatments ( P > .56 for all). Conclusion: Rivaroxaban significantly reduced hospital LOS and costs compared to parenterally bridged warfarin, without increasing the risk of readmission.
Reduction, alignment and visualisation of large diverse sequence families
Authors: Taylor William R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Background
Current volumes of sequence data can lead to large numbers of hits identified on a search, typically in the range of 10s to 100s of thousands. It is often quite difficult to tell from these raw results whether the search has been a success or has picked-up sequences with little or no relationship to the query. The best approach to this problem is to cluster and align the resulting families, however, existing methods concentrate on fast clustering and either do not align the sequences or only perform a limited alignment.

Results
A method () is presented that combines fast peptide-based pre-sorting with a following cascade of mini-alignments, each of which are generated with a robust profile/profile method. From these mini-alignments, a representative sequence is selected, based on a variety of intrinsic and user-specified criteria that are combined to produce the sequence collection for the next cycle of alignment. For moderate sized sequence collections (10s of thousands) the method executes on a laptop computer within seconds or minutes.

Conclusions
bridges a gap between fast clustering methods and slower multiple sequence alignment methods and provides a seamless transition from one to the other. Furthermore, it presents the resulting reduced family in a graphical manner that makes it clear if family members have been misaligned or if there are sequences present that appear inconsistent.
Organization of Personnel Service Division Training in the Gastronomic Business Segment of Coffee Houses
Authors: Каштанова  , Kashtanova YEkatyerina 
Published: August 2016

The article discusses the issues underpinning the role and importance of the organization and evaluating the effectiveness of staff training in the hospitality industry
on the example of coffee shops. The author gives practical recommendations and presents step-by-step algorithm for identifying training needs, diagnosing the
level of knowledge and skills of staff, organization of the learning process and evaluating its results in order to increase the attractiveness of the coffee, increasing
the number of customers and create the highest level of service offered. Evaluation criteria for staff of service department using the method of «Mystery shopper» is
reviewed and systemized, specific diagnostic tools and experience of their application in specific circumstances are represented. The article presents recommendations
for organizing and conducting training activities in the form of training « Skills of hospitality,» and gives a detailed description of the basic elements of the program
of training of the service personnel coffee shops.
The Importance of Managing the Personnel Resistance to Organizational Changes in Company
Authors: Белоглазов  , Beloglazov E. , Беджанян  , Bedzhanyan A. 
Published: August 2016

The article is devoted to the role of personnel as a barrier for management changes. The main factors of personnel resistance to organizational changes are identified.
The correspondence between the personnel resistance to changes and adaptation steps was found. The goals of personnel adaptation in organizational change
conditions, methods and ways of personnel adaptation for the new organizational culture are identified. The example of adaptation system of the concrete firm is
considered. Based on experience of many firms, effects from resistance to organizational change were found.
The Use of Instruments of Internal Marketing for Improving the Personnel Management System of the Organization
Authors: Сорвина  , Sorvina T. , Чеснова  , Chesnova O. 
Published: August 2016

The article determines the theoretical and practical aspects of applying internal marketing for improving the system of personnel management of modern
organizations. The authors reveal the essence of personnel marketing, characterized by his instruments, discuss the practice of their application in organizations.
The marketing staff is based on the concepts of relationship marketing and internal marketing, which form the methodological basis of management
of a customer-oriented organization. The necessity of the use of internal marketing tools to improve the sustainability of modern organizations is substantiated,
a system of quality priorities which include profitability, production efficiency, high value-added products and services, environmental safety, social welfare
staff, sustainable development of regions of presence. Analysis of the current practices confirms that the tools of internal marketing contribute to the integration
of financial, economic, social and environmental performance, shape the values and behaviors of people focused on long-term development priorities, efficiency,
mutual responsibility. Features of the application of internal marketing in non-profit and commercial organizations are justified.
Research practices and assessment of research misconduct
Authors: Hartgerink Chris H.J. , Wicherts Jelte M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This article discusses the responsible conduct of research, questionable research practices, and research misconduct. Responsible conduct of research is often defined in terms of a set of abstract, normative principles, professional standards, and ethics in doing research. In order to accommodate the normative principles of scientific research, the professional standards, and a researcher’s moral principles, transparent research practices can serve as a framework for responsible conduct of research. We suggest a “prune-and-add” project structure to enhance transparency and, by extension, responsible conduct of research. Questionable research practices are defined as practices that are detrimental to the research process. The prevalence of questionable research practices remains largely unknown, and reproducibility of findings has been shown to be problematic. Questionable practices are discouraged by transparent practices because practices that arise from them will become more apparent to scientific peers. Most effective might be preregistrations of research design, hypotheses, and analyses, which reduce particularism of results by providing an a priori research scheme. Research misconduct has been defined as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism (FFP), which is clearly the worst type of research practice. Despite it being clearly wrong, it can be approached from a scientific and legal perspective. The legal perspective sees research misconduct as a form of white-collar crime. The scientific perspective seeks to answer the following question: “Were results invalidated because of the misconduct?” We review how misconduct is typically detected, how its detection can be improved, and how prevalent it might be. Institutions could facilitate detection of data fabrication and falsification by implementing data auditing. Nonetheless, the effect of misconduct is pervasive: many retracted articles are still cited after the retraction has been issued.

Main points

Researchers systematically evaluate their own conduct as more responsible than colleagues, but not as responsible as they would like.

Transparent practices, facilitated by the Open Science Framework, help embody scientific norms that promote responsible conduct.

Questionable research practices harm the research process and work counter to the generally accepted scientific norms, but are hard to detect.

Research misconduct requires active scrutiny of the research community because editors and peer-reviewers do not pay adequate attention to detecting this. Tips are given on how to improve your detection of potential problems.
Immobilization rapidly induces muscle insulin resistance together with the activation of MAPKs (JNK and p38) and impairment of AS160 phosphorylation
Authors: Kawamoto Emi , Koshinaka Keiichi , Yoshimura Tatsuhiko , Masuda Hiroyuki , Kawanaka Kentaro 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAcute short‐duration physical inactivity induces the development of insulin resistance for glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. We examined the possibility that inactivity rapidly induces muscle insulin resistance via the excessive activation of proinflammatory/stress pathways including those of IKK/IκB/NF‐κB, JNK, and p38 MAPK. We also examined the other possibility that inactivity‐induced rapid development of insulin resistance is associated with reduced phosphorylation of AS160, the most distal insulin‐signaling protein that have been linked to the regulation of glucose uptake. Male Wistar rats were subjected to unilateral hindlimb immobilization for 6 h. At the end of the immobilization, the soleus muscles from both immobilized and contralateral non‐immobilized hindlimbs were dissected out. Immobilization decreased insulin‐stimulated 2‐deoxyglucose uptake in rat soleus muscle within 6 h. This rapid development of insulin resistance was accompanied by elevated phosphorylation of both JNK and p38 (commonly used indicator of JNK and p38 pathway activity, respectively). In addition, the abundance of SPT2, a rate‐limiting enzyme regulating ceramide biosynthesis, was increased in immobilized muscle. Immobilization did not alter the abundance of IκBα (commonly used indicator of IKK/IκB/NF‐κB pathway activity). The basal phosphorylation of AS160 at Thr642 and Ser588 was decreased together with the development of insulin resistance. These results suggest the possibility that inactivity‐induced rapid development of insulin resistance in immobilized muscle is related to enhanced activation of JNK and/or p38. Elevated ceramide biosynthesis pathway may contribute to this activation. Our results also indicate that decreased basal phosphorylation of AS160 may be involved in inactivity‐induced insulin resistance.
Beneficial effects of combined resveratrol and metformin therapy in treating diet‐induced insulin resistance
Authors: Frendo‐Cumbo Scott , MacPherson Rebecca E. K. , Wright David C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe polyphenol compound resveratrol (RSV) has attracted attention due to its reputed beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity. Our lab has previously identified protective effects of RSV against the development of type 2 diabetes in rats. These effects occurred in a manner similar to thiazolidinedione's (TZDs), a class of insulin sensitizing drugs. TZDs are commonly prescribed in combination with metformin (MET) and thus we sought to examine the combined effects of RSV and MET in treating insulin resistance. Male C57BL6 mice were fed a low‐ (LFD; 10% Kcal from fat) or high‐fat diet (HFD; 60% Kcal from fat) for 9 weeks to induce glucose and insulin intolerance. HFD mice were then assigned to control (HFD), MET (231.28 ± 12.24 mg/kg/day), RSV (93.68 ± 3.51 mg/kg/day), or combined (COM; MET 232.01 ± 17.12 mg/kg/day and RSV 92.77 ± 6.92 mg/kg/day) treatment groups. Changes in glucose and insulin tolerance and tissue‐specific insulin signaling were measured 4 weeks post‐treatment. RSV or MET alone did not have beneficial effects on glucose tolerance, although MET significantly improved insulin tolerance compared to HFD. Glucose and insulin tolerance were significantly improved in COM compared to HFD and this was mirrored by enhanced insulin‐stimulated AKT phosphorylation in triceps muscle and inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue in COM compared to HFD mice. Improvements with COM treatment were not explained by differences in body weight, adiposity, or markers of adipose tissue inflammation. In summary, this study provides evidence of beneficial effects of combined RSV and MET therapy in treating impairments in glucose homeostasis.