bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fracking the Neighborhood
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt 
Published: September 2016

What happens when natural gas drilling moves into an urban area: how communities in North Texas responded to the environmental and health threats of fracking.
When natural gas drilling moves into an urban or a suburban neighborhood, a two-hundred-foot-high drill appears on the other side of a back yard fence and diesel trucks clog a quiet two-lane residential street. Children seem to be having more than the usual number of nosebleeds. There are so many local cases of cancer that the elementary school starts a cancer support group. In this book, Jessica Smartt Gullion examines what happens when natural gas extraction by means of hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking,” takes place not on wide-open rural land but in a densely populated area with homes, schools, hospitals, parks, and businesses. Gullion focuses on fracking in the Barnett Shale, the natural-gas–rich geological formation under the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. She gives voice to the residents—for the most part educated, middle class, and politically conservative—who became reluctant anti-drilling activists in response to perceived environmental and health threats posed by fracking.
Gullion offers an overview of oil and gas development and describes the fossil-fuel culture of Texas, the process of fracking, related health concerns, and regulatory issues (including the notorious “Halliburton loophole”). She chronicles the experiences of community activists as they fight to be heard and to get the facts about the safety of fracking.
Touted as a greener alternative and a means to reduce dependence on foreign oil, natural gas development is an important part of American energy policy. Yet, as this book shows, it comes at a cost to the local communities who bear the health and environmental burdens.
Sonoelastography of Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue Masses
Authors: Pass Bill , Johnson Maria , Hensor Elizabeth M. A. , Gupta Harun , Robinson Philip 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate quantitative sonoelastography of benign and malignant musculoskeletal soft tissue masses.MethodsWe conducted a prospective study of 50 patients from a specialist sarcoma center who had extremity soft tissue masses referred for biopsy. After consent, the quantitative shear wave velocity (meters per second) was measured in longitudinal and transverse planes (3 readings in each plane and mean calculated). All masses subsequently underwent biopsy, excision, or both, with the histologic diagnosis taken as the reference standard. At a subsequent sitting, all anonymized B‐mode sonograms were scored independently by 2 radiologists as benign or malignant with agreement by consensus if necessary.ResultsOf the 50 masses, 15 were malignant and 35 benign. Nine masses had incomplete velocity readings. Intraclass correlation coefficients for intra‐reader reliability of velocity measurements were highly repeatable. There was preliminary evidence that the longitudinal shear wave velocity of malignant masses was on average 30% slower than that of benign masses (P< .10). Longitudinal and transverse shear wave measurements were moderately associated with each other (P = .003). There was no evidence that shear wave velocity varied with patient age, sex, or mass volume. For B‐mode assessment of malignancy, sensitivity (Wilson 90% confidence interval) was 73.3% (52.1%, 87.4%), and specificity was 77.1% (63.8%, 86.6%). Interobserver agreement was substantial (κ= 0.86). Four of 15 malignant masses (26.6%) were incorrectly classified as benign on B‐mode assessment (all grade 1 liposarcomas).ConclusionsThese data suggest that shear wave velocity measurement is reproducible and that malignant masses may have slower longitudinal shear wave velocities than benign masses. The sample size of this pilot study precludes adjusted analysis but should form the basis for larger study designs.
A preliminary statistical model for hydraulic fracture‐induced seismicity in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
Authors: Ghofrani Hadi , Atkinson Gail M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe characterize the statistical relationship between hydraulic fracturing and seismicity in western Canada by using the concept of cellular seismicity. We determine the regionally averaged probability that hydraulic fracture operations will be associated with M ≥ 3 seismicity within a 10 km grid cell. This rate is 0.01 to 0.026 at the 95th percentile confidence limit. Monte Carlo simulations confirm that the observed correlations are extremely unlikely (≪1%) to have been obtained by chance. Proximity to a disposal well and proximity to the Swan Hills Formation, which has been suggested as a proxy for basement controlled faults, appear to increase the likelihood that hydraulic fracturing will trigger seismicity.
Equatorial E region electric fields at the dip equator: 2. Seasonal variabilities and effects over Brazil due to the secular variation of the magnetic equator
Authors: Moro J. , Denardini C. M. , Resende L. C. A. , Chen S. S. , Schuch N. J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this work, the seasonal dependency of the E region electric field (EEF) at the dip equator is examined. The eastward zonal (Ey) and the daytime vertical (Ez) electric fields are responsible for the overall phenomenology of the equatorial and low‐latitude ionosphere, including the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and its plasma instability. The electric field components are studied based on long‐term backscatter radars soundings (348 days for both systems) collected during geomagnetic quiet days (Kp ≤ 3+), from 2001 to 2010, at the São Luís Space Observatory (SLZ), Brazil (2.33°S, 44.20°W), and at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO), Peru (11.95°S, 76.87°W). Among the results, we observe, for the first time, a seasonal difference between the EEF in these two sectors in South America based on coherent radar measurements. The EEF is more intense in summer at SLZ, in equinox at JRO, and has been highly variable with season in the Brazilian sector compared to the Peruvian sector. In addition, the secular variation on the geomagnetic field and its effect on the EEJ over Brazil resulted that as much farther away is the magnetic equator from SLZ, later more the EEJ is observed (10 h LT) and sooner it ends (16 h LT). Moreover, the time interval of type II occurrence decreased significantly after the year 2004, which is a clear indication that SLZ is no longer an equatorial station due to the secular variation of the geomagnetic field.
C−H Activation of Methane to Formaldehyde on Ce1−xZrxO2 Thin Films: A Step to Bridge the Material Gap
Authors: Dubey Anjani , Kolekar Sadhu K. , Gopinath Chinnakonda S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCe1−xZrxO2 (CZ) thin films were prepared by a combination of sol–gel and spin‐coating methods and were evaluated for the C−H activation of methane by using a molecular beam set‐up with the aim to bridge the material gap. The C−H activation of methane begins at 950 K, and a Ce‐rich CZ composition displays a high selectivity (4–12 %) to the partially oxidised product, formaldehyde. A 10–12 % selectivity towards HCHO with 1.6 % methane conversion was observed with methane‐rich CH4/O2 reactant compositions at 1050 K. Short contact times, prevalent under molecular beam conditions, could be a possible reason for HCHO formation. Although combustion products were observed instantly upon shining the mixture of reactants on CZ surfaces, up to 20 s delay was observed before formaldehyde generation, which indicates that the oxygen vacancy migration contributes to the rate‐determining step and the diffusion‐controlled nature of the reaction. A burst in HCHO generation at the point of molecular beam opening, after beam‐closed conditions, suggests that the diffusion of oxygen vacancies to the surface is the reason for HCHO formation. Kinetics results also indicate the necessity of reduction sites for HCHO generation.
Nonplanar Butterfly‐Shaped π‐Expanded Pyrrolopyrroles
Authors: Krzeszewski Maciej , Kodama Takuya , Espinoza Eli M. , Vullev Valentine I. , Kubo Takashi , Gryko Daniel T. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLarge aza‐analogues of curved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a double‐helicene structure present unique features for molecular photonics. We present the preparation and characterization of three such structures. The synthesis of these heterocyclic nanographenes involves only a few high‐yield steps that use readily available starting materials. X‐ray analysis revealed that each of these new dyes has three conformational isomers: one diastereoisomer in a meso form and two enantiomers in twisted forms [(P,P)] and [(M,M)]. The low energy barriers between the conformers, however, prevent their separation by using chiral HPLC, and the NMR spectra show only one set of signals for each of these curved compounds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations quantify the small energy difference and the small energy barriers between the chiral and meso forms, which fully supports the experimental results. Their optical absorption lacks any sensitivity to the solvent environment, whereas their fluorescence features exhibit pronounced solvatochromism. This rarely observed solvatofluorochromism of centrosymmetric molecules without either electron‐withdrawing groups or ‐donating substituents was probed by using time‐resolved spectroscopy. These studies suggest that, similar to 9,9′‐bianthryl, the nonpolar locally excited state shows negligible solvatochromism, whereas the charge‐transfer state is sensitive to solvent polarity.
Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence of Crystalline Metal‐Free Organoboron Complex
Authors: Sakai Atsushi , Ohta Eisuke , Matsui Yasunori , Tsuzuki Seiji , Ikeda Hiroshi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe photoluminescence (PL) properties of a metal‐free organoboron complex, bis(4‐iodobenzoyl)methanatoboron difluoride (1BF2), were elucidated. At room temperature, 1BF2 emits blue fluorescence (FL) in nBuCl upon photoexcitation. In contrast, crystals of 1BF2 emit green PL comprised of FL and phosphorescence (PH). The room‐temperature PH of crystalline 1BF2 is a consequence of 1) suppression of thermal deactivation of the S1 and T1 excited states and 2) enhancement of intersystem crossing (ISC) from the S1 to T2 or T1. The results of X‐ray crystallographic and theoretical studies supported the proposal that the former (1) is a result of intermolecular interactions caused by π‐stacking in the rigid crystal packing structure of 1BF2. The latter (2) is an effect of not only the heavy‐atom effect of iodine, but also the continuous π‐stacking alignment of 1BF2 molecules in crystals, which leads to a forbidden S1→S0 transition and a small energy gap between the S1 and T2 or T1.
Surface‐Functionalized Electrospun Titania Nanofibers for the Scavenging and Recycling of Precious Metal Ions
Authors: Dai Yunqian , Formo Eric , Li Haoxuan , Xue Jiajia , Xia Younan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPrecious metals are widely used as catalysts in industry. It is of critical importance to keep the precious metal ions leached from catalysts at a level below one part per million (ppm) in the final products and to recycle the expensive precious metals. Here we demonstrate a simple and effective method for scavenging precious metal ions from an aqueous solution and thereby reduce their concentrations down to the parts per billion (ppb) level. The key component is a filtration membrane comprised of titania (TiO2) nanofibers whose surface has been functionalized with a silane bearing amino or thiol group. When operated under continuous flow at a rate of 1 mL min−1 and at room temperature, up to 99.95 % of the Pd2+ ions could be removed from a stock solution with an initial concentration of 100 ppm. This work offers a viable strategy not only for the removal of precious metal ions but also for recovering and further recycling them for use as catalysts. For example, the captured Pd2+ ions could be converted to nanoparticles and used as catalysts for organic reactions such as Suzuki coupling in a continuous flow reactor. This system can be potentially applied to pharmaceutical industry and waste stream treatment.
Sky island bird populations isolated by ancient genetic barriers are characterized by different song traits than those isolated by recent deforestation
Authors: Purushotham Chetana B. , Robin V. V. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractVarious mechanisms of isolation can structure populations and result in cultural and genetic differentiation. Similar to genetic markers, for songbirds, culturally transmitted sexual signals such as breeding song can be used as a measure of differentiation as songs can also be impacted by geographic isolation resulting in population‐level differences in song structure. Several studies have found differences in song structure either across ancient geographic barriers or across contemporary habitat barriers owing to deforestation. However, very few studies have examined the effect of both ancient barriers and recent deforestation in the same system. In this study, we examined the geographic variation in song structure across six populations of the White‐bellied Shortwing, a threatened and endemic songbird species complex found on isolated mountaintops or “sky islands” of the Western Ghats. While some sky islands in the system are isolated by ancient valleys, others are separated by deforestation. We examined 14 frequency and temporal spectral traits and two syntax traits from 835 songs of 38 individuals across the six populations. We identified three major song clusters based on a discriminant model of spectral traits, degree of similarity of syntax features, as well as responses of birds to opportunistic playback. However, some traits like complex vocal mechanisms (CVM), relating to the use of syrinxes, clearly differentiated both ancient and recently fragmented populations. We suggest that CVMs may have a cultural basis and can be used to identify culturally isolated populations that cannot be differentiated using genetic markers or commonly used frequency‐based song traits. Our results demonstrate the use of bird songs to reconstruct phylogenetic groups and impacts of habitat fragmentation even in complex scenarios of historic and contemporary isolation.
Pathways of root uptake and membrane transport of Cd2+ in the zinc/cadmium hyperaccumulating plant Sedum plumbizincicola
Authors: Li Lian-Zhen , Tu Chen , Wu Long-Hua , Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. , Ebbs Stephen , Luo Yong-Ming 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Uptake and membrane transport of cadmium (Cd) in roots of the hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola X.H. Guo et S.B. Zhou ex L.H. Wu was characterized by assessing the impact of various inhibitors and ion channel blockers on Cd accumulation as well as the real-time net Cd2+ flux at the roots with application of the scanning ion-selective electrode technique. The uncouplers 2,4-dinitrophenol and P-type adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor Na3VO4 significantly limited Cd2+ uptake and transport kinetics in the root of S. plumbizincicola. These findings indicate that Cd is actively taken up into the roots. The Cd content in plant was significantly decreased with pretreatments of the Ca2+ channel blocker La3+ or Gd3+ and the K+ channel blocker tetraethylammonium, as well as in the presence of higher concentration of Ca2+ and K+. These findings indicated that uptake of Cd2+ into the root of S. plumbizincicola proceeds through ion channels that are permeable to both Ca2+ and K+ as confirmed by the direct evidence of real-time net Cd2+ fluxes at the root surface in the treatments with ion channel inhibitors, as well as in the presence of elevated concentrations of Ca2+ and K+. In addition, the results suggested a role for phytochelatin and protein synthesis in mediating Cd2+ uptake by S. plumbizincicola. These findings increase the understanding of Cd2+ uptake and membrane transport pathways in roots of the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator S. plumbizincicola. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1038–1046. © 2016 SETAC
The influence of river‐to‐lake backflow on the hydrodynamics of a large floodplain lake system (Poyang Lake, China)
Authors: Li Yunliang , Zhang Qi , Werner Adrian D. , Yao Jing , Ye Xuchun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackflow, the temporary reversal of discharge at the outlet of a lake, is an important mechanism controlling flow and transport in many connected river–lake systems. This study used statistical methods to examine long‐term variations and primary causal factors of backflow from the Yangtze River to a laterally connected, large floodplain lake (Poyang Lake, China). Additionally, the effects of backflow on the lake hydrology were explored using a physically based hydrodynamic model and a particle‐tracking model. Although backflow into Poyang Lake occurs frequently, with an average of 16 backflow events per year, and varies greatly in magnitude between years, statistical analysis indicates that both the frequency and magnitude of backflow reduced significantly during 2001–2010 relative to the previous period of 1960–2000. The ratio of Poyang Lake catchment inflows to Yangtze River discharge can be used as an indication of the daily occurrence of backflow, which is most likely to occur during periods when this ratio is lower than 5%. Statistical analysis also indicates that the Yangtze River discharge is the main controlling factor of backflow during July to October, rather than catchment inflows to the lake. Hydrodynamic modelling reveals that, in general, backflow disturbs the normal northward water flow direction in Poyang Lake and transports mass ~20 km southward into the lake. The effects of backflow on flow direction, water velocities and water levels propagate to virtually its upstream extremity. The current study represents a first attempt to explore backflow and causal factors for a highly dynamic floodplain lake system. An improved understanding of Poyang Lake backflow is critical for guiding future strategies to manage the lake, its water quality and ecosystem value, given proposals to modify the lake–river connectivity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The challenges in creating an institution‐specific antibiogram based on blood culture isolates
Authors: Lam Alice , Grounds Nigel L. , Lam Sin Hoon (Skip) , Kelley Peter G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEarly initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy reduces morbidity and mortality. Annual institution‐specific antimicrobial susceptibility tables or antibiograms can be used to guide empiric antimicrobial therapy and monitor resistance. This paper describes the development of an antibiogram for a metropolitan hospital based on the international standard CLSI M39 document. An antibiogram was created each year using positive blood cultures for the years 2009 to 2011, excluding coagulase‐negative staphylococcus isolates which were assumed to be contaminants. Duplicate isolates within a 30‐day interval were also excluded. Challenges included, for example, attaining all the relevant information from the laboratory information system in a usable format, and the need for significant manual manipulation of the data. The development of the antibiogram for our institution was driven by the pharmacy department as an initiative to improve appropriate and effective use of antimicrobials.
Accurate classification of brain gliomas by discriminate dictionary learning based on projective dictionary pair learning of proton magnetic resonance spectra
Authors: Adebileje Sikiru Afolabi , Ghasemi Keyvan , Aiyelabegan Hammed Tanimowo , Saligheh Rad Hamidreza 
Published: September 2016

AbstractProton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful noninvasive technique that complements the structural images of cMRI, which aids biomedical and clinical researches, by identifying and visualizing the compositions of various metabolites within the tissues of interest. However, accurate classification of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is still a challenging issue in clinics due to low signal‐to‐noise ratio, overlapping peaks of metabolites, and the presence of background macromolecules. This paper evaluates the performance of a discriminate dictionary learning classifiers based on projective dictionary pair learning method for brain gliomas proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy spectra classification task, and the result were compared with the sub‐dictionary learning methods. The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data contain a total of 150 spectra (74 healthy, 23 grade II, 23 grade III, and 30 grade IV) from two databases. The datasets from both databases were first coupled together, followed by column normalization. The Kennard–Stone algorithm was used to split the datasets into its training and test sets. Performance comparison based on the overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision was conducted. Based on the overall accuracy of our classification scheme, the dictionary pair learning method was found to outperform the sub‐dictionary learning methods 97.78% compared with 68.89%, respectively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative Schlieren Measurement of Explosively‐Driven Shock Wave Density, Temperature, and Pressure Profiles
Authors: Tobin Jesse D. , Hargather Michael J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractShock waves produced from the detonation of laboratory‐scale explosive charges are characterized using high‐speed, quantitative schlieren imaging. This imaging allows the refractive index gradient field to be measured and converted to a density field using an Abel deconvolution. The density field is used in conjunction with simultaneous piezoelectric pressure measurements to determine the shock wave temperature decay profile. Alternatively, the shock wave pressure decay profile can be estimated by assuming the shape of the temperature decay. Results are presented for two explosive sources. The results demonstrate the ability to measure both temperature and pressure decay profiles optically for spherical shock waves that have detached from the driving explosion product gases.
Anti‐disturbance control for nonlinear system via adaptive disturbance observer
Authors: Han Jian , Zhang Huaguang , Wang Yingchun , Liu Xiuhua 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis paper addresses the problems of disturbance estimation and anti‐disturbance control for nonlinear system with exogenous disturbance, which is generated from an unknown exogenous system. The state observer and the adaptive disturbance observer are designed, simultaneously. Compared with the existing methods, which assumed that the exogenous system parameter matrix was known, our disturbance observer is more applicable in practice. Utilizing the estimation information, an observer‐based dynamic output feedback controller is designed, which avoids the influence of output disturbance on the closed‐loop system, and contains a disturbance compensation term to compensate the input disturbance. Finally, simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global adaptive stabilization for high‐order uncertain time‐varying nonlinear systems with time‐delays
Authors: Sun Zong‐Yao , Yang Shao‐Hua , Li Ting 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis paper focuses on the adaptive stabilization problem for a class of high‐order nonlinear systems with time‐varying uncertainties and unknown time‐delays. Time‐varying uncertain parameters are compensated by combining a function gain with traditional adaptive technique, and unknown multiple time‐delays are manipulated by the delicate choice of an appropriate Lyapunov function. With the help of homogeneous domination idea and recursive design, a continuous adaptive state‐feedback controller is designed to guarantee that resulting closed‐loop systems are globally uniformly stable and original system states converge to zero. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is illustrated by the stabilization of delayed neural network systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.