bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucosyl epi‐cyclophellitol allows mechanism‐based inactivation and structural analysis of human pancreatic α‐amylase
Authors: Caner Sami , Zhang Xiaohua , Jiang Jianbing , Chen Hong‐Ming , Nguyen Nham T. , Overkleeft Hermen , Brayer Gary D. , Withers Stephen G. 
Published: March 2016

As part of a search for selective, mechanism‐based covalent inhibitors of human pancreatic α‐amylase we describe the chemoenzymatic synthesis of the disaccharide analog α‐glucosyl epi‐cyclophellitol, demonstrate its stoichiometric reaction with human pancreatic α‐amylase and evaluate the time dependence of its inhibition. X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the covalent derivative so formed confirms its reaction at the active site with formation of a covalent bond to the catalytic nucleophile D197. The structure illuminates the interactions with the active site and confirms OH4' on the nonreducing end sugar as a good site for attachment of fluorescent tags in generating probes for localization and quantitation of amylase in vivo.
Intraseasonal coastal upwelling signal along the southern coast of Java observed using Indonesian tidal station data
Authors: Horii Takanori , Ueki Iwao , Syamsudin Fadli , Sofian Ibnu , Ando Kentaro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSea level variations along the coasts of Sumatra and Java were investigated to determine the coastal upwelling signal that is linked to local sea surface temperature (SST) variability. We used Indonesian tidal station data together with satellite SST data and atmospheric reanalysis data. The sea level variations along the southern coast of Java have a significant coherence with remote wind, local wind, and local SST variations, with an intraseasonal time scale of 20–50 days. Assuming that a coastal upwelling signal would appear as a sea level drop (SLD), we focused on intraseasonal‐scale SLD events in the data. Significant upwelling signals are frequently observed during both the boreal summer and winter. To evaluate the impact of the coastal upwelling on local SST, we examined statistical relationships between sea level and SST variations. The results demonstrated that events that occurred during April–August were associated with local SST cooling. The horizontal distribution of the SST cooling was analogous with annual mean SST, suggesting the importance of intraseasonal‐scale coastal upwelling in forming the climatic conditions of the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean.
Climate and peat type in relation to spatial variation of the peatland carbon mass in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada
Authors: Packalen Maara S. , Finkelstein Sarah A. , McLaughlin James W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNorthern peatlands store ~500 Pg of carbon (C); however, controls on the spatial distribution of the stored C may differ regionally, owing to the complex interaction among climate, ecosystem processes, and geophysical controls. As a globally significant C sink, elucidation of controls on the distribution of C in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada (HBL), is of particular importance. Although peat age is related to timing of land emergence and peat depth in the HBL, considerable variation in the total C mass (kg m−2) among sites of similar peat age suggests that other factors may explain spatial patterns in C storage (Pg) and sequestration. Here we quantify the role of two key factors in explaining the spatial distribution of the C mass in the HBL (n = 364 sites), (i) climate variability and (ii) peat lithology, for two major peatland classes in the HBL (bogs and fens). We find that temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration each explained nearly half of the C mass variability. Regions characterized by warmer and wetter conditions stored the most C as peat. Our results show that bogs and fens store similar amounts of C within a given climate domain, although via distinct storage mechanisms. Namely, fen peats tend to be shallower and more C dense (kg m−3) compared to bogs. Following geophysical controls on the timing of peat initiation, our results reveal that both the widespread bog‐fen patterning and variability in regional climate contribute to explaining the spatial distribution of the peat C mass in the HBL.
Choosing optimal exposure times for XRF core‐scanning: Suggestions based on the analysis of geological reference materials
Authors: Huang Jyh‐Jaan , Löwemark Ludvig , Chang Queenie , Lin Tzu‐Yu , Chen Huei‐Fen , Song Sheng‐Rong , Wei Kuo‐Yen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractX‐ray fluorescence (XRF) core‐scanning is a fast and nondestructive technique to assess elemental variations of unprocessed sediments. However, although the exposure time of XRF‐scanning directly affects the scanning counts and total measurement time, only a few studies have considered the influence of exposure time during the scan. How to select an optimal exposure time to achieve reliable results and reduce the total measurement time is an important issue. To address this question, six geological reference materials from the Geological Survey of Japan (JLK‐1, JMS‐1, JMS‐2, JSD‐1, JSD‐2, and JSD‐3) were scanned by the Itrax‐XRF core scanner using the Mo‐ and the Cr‐tube with different exposure times to allow a comparison of scanning counts with absolute concentrations. The regression lines and correlation coefficients of elements that are generally used in paleoenvironmental studies were examined for the different exposure times and X‐ray tubes. The results show that for those elements with relatively high concentrations or high detectability, the correlation coefficients are higher than 0.90 for all exposure times. In contrast, for the low detectability or low concentration elements, the correlation coefficients are relatively low, and improve little with increased exposure time. Therefore, we suggest that the influence of different exposure times is insignificant for the accuracy of the measurements. Thus, caution must be taken when interpreting the results of elements with low detectability, even when the exposure times are long and scanning counts are reasonably high.
Solid‐state photochemistry as a formation mechanism for Titan's stratospheric C4N2 ice clouds
Authors: Anderson C. M. , Samuelson R. E. , Yung Y. L. , McLain J. L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe propose that C4N2 ice clouds observed in Titan's springtime polar stratosphere arise due to solid‐state photochemistry occurring within extant ice cloud particles of HCN‐HC3N mixtures. This formation process resembles the halogen‐induced ice particle surface chemistry that leads to condensed nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles and ozone depletion in Earth's polar stratosphere. As our analysis of the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer 478 cm−1 ice emission feature demonstrates, this solid‐state photochemistry mechanism eliminates the need for the relatively high C4N2 saturation vapor pressures required (even though they are not observed) when the ice is produced through the usual procedure of direct condensation from the vapor.
Deciphering satellite observations of compressional ULF waveguide modes
Authors: Elsden T. , Wright A. N. , Hartinger M. D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe present an analytical method for determining incident and reflection coefficients for flank ULF compressional waveguide modes in Earth's magnetosphere. In the flank magnetosphere, compressional waves propagate azimuthally but exhibit a mixed standing/propagating nature radially. Understanding this radial dependence will yield information on the energy absorption and transport of these waves. We provide a step by step method that can be applied to observations of flank ULF waves, which separates these fluctuations into incident and reflected parts. As a means of testing, we apply the method to data from a numerical waveguide simulation, which shows the effect on the reflection coefficient when energy is absorbed at a field line resonance.
Transport of magnetic flux and mass in Saturn's inner magnetosphere
Authors: Lai H. R. , Russell C. T. , Jia Y. D. , Wei H. Y. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIt is well accepted that cold plasma sourced by Enceladus is ultimately lost to the solar wind, while the magnetic flux convecting outward with the plasma must return to the inner magnetosphere. However, whether the interchange or reconnection, or a combination of the two processes is the dominant mechanism in returning the magnetic flux is still under debate. Initial Cassini observations have shown that the magnetic flux returns in the form of flux tubes in the inner magnetosphere. Here we investigate those events with 10 year Cassini magnetometer data and confirm that their magnetic signatures are determined by the background plasma environments: inside (outside) the plasma disk, the returning magnetic field is enhanced (depressed) in strength. The distribution, temporal variation, shape, and transportation rate of the flux tubes are also characterized. The flux tubes break into smaller ones as they convect in. The shape of their cross section is closer to circular than fingerlike as produced in the simulations based on the interchange mechanism. In addition, no sudden changes in any flux tube properties can be found at the “boundary” which has been claimed to separate the reconnection and interchange‐dominant regions. On the other hand, reasonable cold plasma loss rate and outflow velocity can be obtained if the transport rate of the magnetic flux matches the reconnection rate, which supports reconnection alone as the dominant mechanism in unloading the cold plasma from the inner magnetosphere and returning the magnetic flux from the tail.
Infant Mortality Rates
Authors: Kronenfeld Jennie Jacobs 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Infant mortality can be defined as the death of a baby before his/her first birthday. The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births. These rates can be calculated at a national level, by other civil divisions such as states or counties in the United States, or by racial/ethnic groupings. The rate is often used as an indicator of the health and well‐being of a nation because of the interrelationship between factors that impact the health of entire populations and those that impact the health of infants. Within the United States there are important differences in infant mortality depending on the mother's age, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity, and on geographic area (which is often linked to differences in race/ethnicity). Infant mortality rates in the United States declined significant throughout the twentieth century; the early 2000s saw improvement, but rates declined again from 2005 to 2011.
Nepal, Families in
Authors: Furr L. Allen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSince the country opened its borders in the 1950s, Nepali society has been rapidly moving toward modernization and westernization. Although the family remains the central unit of Nepali culture and social identity, social and economic changes have had a profound impact on family life. Family formation and women's roles are evolving toward greater choice and away from the country's feudal past. Fertility, for example, has declined dramatically since 1970, and women's education and participation in the new capital economy have increased. However, gender roles largely continue to follow patriarchal patterns, son preference is still a dominant value, and domestic violence lingers as a pernicious problem.
Millennials
Authors: McKelvy Josephine Ngo , Manzoni Anna 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Millennials are members of the generation born approximately between 1980 and 2000. According to the US Census, there were over 85 million Americans between the ages of 10 and 29 in 2010, which represents about 28 percent of the US population. Millennials are the most racially diverse, educated, socially liberal, and tech‐savvy generation to date. They also tend to delay and decouple marriage and childbearing compared to previous generations. Popular culture has painted this generation as the most narcissistic birth cohort, yet the media also describe millennials as the generation that will change the world.
Marriage Equality in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Walsh Clare F. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The US legal system has long debated the right to marriage and has given access to white, heterosexual, traditional families – husband, wife, and children – while restricting the fundamental right to marriage by same‐sex couples and others. In doing so, it perpetuates marriage inequality. Marriage equality is the idea that different‐sex and same‐sex couples should have equal protection and access to the benefits of civil marriage.
Permissive Parents
Authors: Rutledge Julie M. , Swindle Taren M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Permissive parenting is one of the original parenting styles introduced by Diana Baumrind in 1966. There are two types of permissive parenting: indulgent and neglectful. All permissive parents exhibit low levels of demandingness (i.e., control, maturity demands, and supervision). Indulgent parents exhibit high levels and neglectful parents exhibit low levels of responsiveness (i.e., affective warmth, acceptance, and involvement). Permissive parents rarely use any disciplinary techniques and often avoid confrontation. Children from permissive homes are likely to have high levels of self‐esteem, creativity, and self‐confidence. However, they are likely to have decreased awareness of the limits of acceptable behavior, diminished personal responsibility, and reduced levels of self‐involvement. Additionally, children of permissive parents have poorer social skills, higher rates of insecurity and impulsivity, lower levels of empathy, and fewer self‐regulation skills. They are also more likely to underachieve in academic settings and are at increased risk for future delinquent/deviant behaviors.
Parenting Styles
Authors: Estlein Roi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Research consistently points to the significant influence parents have on the developmental characteristics of their children. In an influential line of research, initially developed by Diana Baumrind in the 1960s, parenting style is conceptualized as the values parents hold with regard to the nature of their parenting, including their roles and responsibilities as parents, which are reflected in the practices and behaviors they employ when interacting with their child. More specifically, the ways parents balance parental responsiveness and parental demandingness give rise to four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglecting. Each parenting style reflects different, naturally occurring patterns of parental behaviors, values, and practices, and suggests different relationships between parents and their children. An extensive body of research has relied on this approach and shows that each parenting style predicts outcomes for children in all realms of their lives, including socially, psychologically, academically, and physically.
Marital Success
Authors: Porta Nick J. , Brown Kristina S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the absence of a collective definition in the literature, marital success has various meanings. Many scholars define marital success as a marriage that does not end in separation or divorce; however, others use elements of marital satisfaction in their definition. Many studies since the late 1930s have been aimed at determining the criteria that constitute marital success, but researchers continue to find mixed results. Marital success is a major focus of premarital and marriage enrichment literature and programs.
Generation
X
Authors: Alphonso Carla 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Generation X is the birth cohort sandwiched between the baby boomers and millennials. It is smaller than its younger and older counterparts and has a different collective memory and outlook on life. Members of Gen X grew up during an era of divorce, Reaganomics, and increased maternal employment. They faced greater economic uncertainty in younger adulthood. Pop culture initially portrayed this generation as apathetic slackers. In middle adulthood this group is very family‐centered and seeks life balance.
Only Children
Authors: Gerhardt Clara 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The single‐child family is a rapidly increasing family form in the United States, and the predominant family structure in China, which promotes a one‐child policy. Changing demographic patterns such as later family formation and societal pressures contribute to one‐child families. Only children benefit from being the sole recipients of their parents' emotional and economic resources. Without sibling support, they face greater demands when caring for their own aging parents. Historically, only children were viewed unfavorably in terms of social skills and the effects of overindulgent parenting styles. Some of the stereotypes and inconsistent findings stemmed from methodological variables in the studies. Current research emphasizes no major characteristics of only children apart from expected heterogeneity. The influence of multigenerational family dynamics on single children, the importance of effective parenting techniques, and the role of diverse social inputs which expose only children to a variety of constructive influences are relevant.
Mail Order Brides
Authors: Brackett Kimberly P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMail order brides are the core commodity of an international marriage broker industry that includes chat/pen pal services and foreign dating tours. Agencies, which generally pair brides from developing countries in eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, and Latin America with western husbands, are experiencing notable growth as a result of the rise of Internet dating sites and web technologies. The reasons for women's and men's participation in these relationships, and the regulation of the industry in an attempt to avoid human trafficking, are noted.
Motherhood Mystique
Authors: Skott Beth Pamela 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The motherhood mystique is an idealized view of motherhood that holds that women are uniquely suited to raise children. It supposes that all women want to be mothers and that motherhood is the ultimate fulfillment of a woman's life. Critiques point to mommy wars and the guilt many mothers feel as motherhood infiltrates and even replaces their own identity.
Emotional Labor
Authors: Grady Rebecca K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEmotional labor refers to workers' management of their emotions according to organizational feeling and emotion display rules. When managing their emotions in interactions, workers either display emotions they do not actually feel or try to make themselves feel an expected emotion. To manage feelings, individuals may use cognitive, bodily, and expressive techniques. Frontline service occupations involve high levels of emotional labor. Gender, race, and class shape the expected emotional displays of individuals in the workplace. In addition, emotional labor, particularly surface acting, may have negative consequences for individuals' psychological well‐being.
Wheel Theory of Love
Authors: Anderson Julius W. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Ira Reiss's Wheel Theory of Love was one of the first developmental stage models to conceptualize courtship, relationship development, and mate selection as an ongoing progression. The circular and sequential process consists of four interrelated phases understood as the spokes of a wheel: rapport, self‐revelation, mutual dependency, and intimacy need fulfillment. Each of the four integrated processes is influenced by cultural role conceptions which serve to define perceptions, expressions, and expectations within a loving relationship.
Menopause
Authors: Brown Kristina S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Menopause occurs at the cessation of menstruation either naturally between the ages of 45 and 59 or surgically through the removal (bilateral oophorectomy) of the estrogen‐producing ovaries. Experiences of symptoms vary and are managed with a range of interventions. Menopause signifies the end of a woman's ability to reproduce. Women's experiences of menopause can range from no symptoms or impact on their health and quality of life to serious implications for their physical, mental, and emotional well‐being. Researchers have found that women in the United States most commonly report a variety of symptoms including hot flashes (or hot flushes) to sexual dysfunction as well as health complications including osteoporosis and heart disease. These symptoms of menopause are treated through a variety of means ranging from alternative remedies to menopausal hormone therapy while the resulting health issues are treated as such.
Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (
PFLAG
)
Authors: Fehlbaum Amanda 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) is a national support, education, and advocacy nonprofit organization that advocates for equal rights for LGBT people. In emphasizing family values and family relationships as an organization, PFLAG challenges culturally accepted, traditional notions of what it means to be a good family. Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays acknowledges that it can be difficult for straight parents of LGBT children to come to terms with their child's sexual orientation, thus they encourage parents to go through a coming out process. An important part of the parents' coming out process is involvement in LGBT causes and advocacy, such as walking with PFLAG in a LGBT Pride Parade. Although PFLAG engages with the religious right on discourse over the family and values, it is ultimately unclear as to whether PFLAG is sustaining or subverting meanings of the traditional family.
Same‐Sex Marriage in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Sin Ray , Risman Barbara J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Same‐sex marriage refers to the legal recognition of the union between two person of the same sex whereby rights, responsibilities, and privileges accorded to married heterosexual couples are extended to their same‐sex counterparts. As of 2015 same‐sex marriage can be found in 35 states and DC, and is legalized in 17 countries across the world. This growing momentum toward marriage equality prompted questions regarding the impact same‐sex marriage has on families in particular, and on society in general. The uneven pace of legalizing same‐sex marriage has negative consequences on same‐sex families with young children, subjecting them to undue financial and emotional burden. Although some studies have attempted to show differences between children raised by opposite‐ and those raised by same‐sex parents, an overwhelming number of interdisciplinary social science research shows otherwise. Children of same‐sex parents fare just as well as their similarly situated opposite‐sex counterparts.
Second Shift
Authors: Oslawski‐Lopez Jamie 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The “second shift” is a term used to describe the housework and child care that women often perform after they have completed their “first shift” at work. The prominence of the dual‐earner family form and the pervasiveness of gender inequality in the division of household labor and child care has made the second shift a common experience in many households. Having to unequally bear the weight of the second shift has left many women with a free‐time deficit compared to their male partners. This inequality also has negative consequences for women's health and relationships with their spouses and children. Innovative studies have investigated how some couples set up more equal arrangements. Generally, these studies have found that gender norms, as well as norms from other institutions like the workplace, make it difficult to bring equality fully into family life.