bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational justice and officer “buy in” in American policing
Authors: Rosenbaum Dennis P. , McCarty William P. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the dimensions of organizational justice in police organizations and evaluate how they contribute to organizational commitment, job satisfaction and compliance with agency rules.

Design/methodology/approach
A survey of 15,236 sworn officers from a national sample of 88 agencies was used, as well as other agency- and community-level variables. Multi-level models assessed how four dimensions of organizational justice affected these outcomes.

Findings
More favorable perceptions of organizational justice were strongly related to increased commitment to the organization, job satisfaction and compliance with agency rules. Perceptions of organization-wide justice, leadership justice and diversity justice were especially important in predicting those outcome measures.

Research limitations/implications
While the sample of agencies was broad and diverse, it should not be considered representative of smaller municipal police departments and sheriff’s offices in the USA.

Practical implications
The findings suggest that “buy in” to reforms and police compliance with rules is much more likely when supervisors and leaders are fair, respectful, give officers input, provide growth opportunities and show concern for officers’ welfare. As such, agencies would benefit from leadership and leadership training that values the core principals of organizational justice.

Originality/value
The study provides clarity about how organizational justice is perceived by police officers, including women and officers of color, and provides an unprecedented test of organizational justice theory in diverse police agencies.
Police supervision: perspectives of subordinates
Authors: Cronin Shea , McDevitt Jack , Cordner Gary 
Published: March 2017

PurposeGiven the central role of supervision in shaping police agency outcomes and the impact of the supervisor-subordinate relationship, the purpose of this paper is to understand subordinates’ ratings of supervisor performance overall and on several distinct dimensions.Design/methodology/approachDescriptive and explanatory analyses are conducted on subordinate views of supervision based on a survey of officers and detectives (n=7,085) in 89-agencies.FindingsReporting high ratings of supervisor performance overall, subordinates also view supervisors as fair, supportive and engaged in practices that set expectations. These dimensions are highly correlated with overall satisfaction; other variables, such as age, race and gender demonstrate weak relationships to overall satisfaction and perceptions of fairness, support and direction.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is based on subordinates’ perceptions of supervisors and does not address the supervisors’ own perceptions or actual behavior. Future studies should collect identical information from supervisors as well as examine agency-level variation in both subordinate and supervisor outlooks and styles.Practical implicationsThe results support modern approaches to police supervision that emphasize not just direction and control but also fair and supportive relationships with subordinates.Originality/valueThe study examines the views of thousands of line-level police across a large number of representative US agencies and explores relationships using a comprehensive set of variables.
The Police-Community Interaction Survey: measuring police performance in new ways
Authors: Rosenbaum Dennis P. , Maskaly Jon , Lawrence Daniel S. , Escamilla Justin H. , Enciso Georgina , Christoff Thomas E. , Posick Chad 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
There is widespread interest in moving beyond crime statistics to measure police performance in new ways, especially the quality of police-community interactions that influence police legitimacy and public trust. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Police-Community Interaction Survey (PCIS) developed by the National Police Research Platform.

Design/methodology/approach
The PCIS collected data from 53 police agencies around the USA in 2013-2014. The psychometric properties of the constructs measured are presented. This study also offers a preliminary test of the effects of an alternatively specified and expanded procedural justice model on willingness to cooperate with the police, mediated through perceptions of officer trustworthiness.

Findings
Scales were developed with good reliability and validity that measure various aspects of the police-community interactions. The authors find evidence that empathy is an important addition to the procedural justice model, and that the effects of procedural justice on willingness to cooperate with the police are partially mediated through perceptions of officer trustworthiness.

Originality/value
This is the first attempt to validate the measurement of police-community interactions on a large scale in the USA with policy implications at the local and national levels. The findings can help local police agencies incorporate new performance metrics at the individual, group, and agency levels. Nationally, the science of policing can be advanced by specifying the antecedents and consequences of respectful and empathic actions, including behavior that strengthens police-community relations.
Unlearning established organizational routines – Part II
Authors: Fiol C. Marlena , O’Connor Edward J. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of Part II of this two-part paper is to uncover important differences in the nature of the three unlearning subprocesses, which call for different leadership interventions to motivate people to move through them.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper draws on research in behavioral medicine and psychology to demonstrate that initial destabilizing of old patterns and the subsequent behavioral processes of discarding the old and experimenting with the new are qualitatively different.

Findings
Leadership interventions must fit the unique requirements of each unlearning subprocess. Discarding old routines requires continued focus on the costs of not doing so, as well as a progressive refocus on positive possibilities and engaging people in activities to explore them. When aspects of the old routine resurface, the costs of relapse must again become salient, leading to further discarding-from-use, followed by further positive experimentation. Finally, maintaining long-term release of an embedded routine requires recognition of the emerging new patterns and a shift from future-oriented visioning of possibilities to current satisfaction with the new.

Originality/value
All empirical studies of organizational unlearning imply some form of destabilization of old learning as an antecedent to unlearning, and many of them discuss subsequent behavioral and cognitive displacement. However, they have not clearly distinguished between these subprocesses to fine-tune how to motivate people to move through them. This paper addresses that gap.
Is the learning organisation still alive?
Authors: Pedler Mike , Burgoyne John G. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
It has recently been suggested that the learning organisation (LO) is dead (Pedler, 2013). The authors make the case here that it is still alive. This paper provides a brief history of LO and organisational learning, follows this with some survey findings, a discussion and an exploration of some related contemporary issues and concludes with an overview and summary of the conclusions.

Design/methodology/approach
Survey of practitioners.

Findings
From this small survey, whilst some of the 16 respondents are still excited by the idea, a larger group sees the learning organisation as more of a background concept, performed in ways that might not fit with the aspirations of 20 years ago.

Research limitations/implications
The authors started with the question: is the LO idea still alive in 2016? No clear answer emerges. Given the variety of the responses, it is difficult to sum them up in a simple way. The yea-sayer will find plenty of evidence for the LO’s continued existence and relevance, but the nay-sayers will also feel at least partly vindicated. What does emerge clearly arise from the mixed messages, are the opportunities for further research.

Practical implications
This paper calls for further research and suggests useful directions.

Social implications
LO is still seen as socially useful.

Originality/value
The paper is based on small empirical sample of practitioners who display multivocality on this concept.
Competition during thermoregulation altered the body temperatures and hormone levels of lizards
Authors: Rusch Travis W. , Angilletta Michael J. 
Published: March 2017

Summary

Every organism must thermoregulate to maximize its performance, but competing organisms limit access to preferred microclimates. Such competition often creates hierarchies in which dominant individuals have more access to limited resources than subordinate individuals.

To assess the costs of competition during thermoregulation, we measured thermoregulation, movement, and hormones of male lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi) when alone and when paired with a smaller or larger conspecific.

Large males were 31% closer to the heat source when paired than when alone, resulting in a higher mean body temperature (35·7 vs. 33·9 °C). Conversely, small males were 40% farther from the heat source when paired, resulting in lower mean body temperature (32·1 vs. 33·6 °C).

When paired, large and small males circulate 26 and 44% more corticosterone, respectively. Conversely, large males circulated 26% more testosterone when paired, whereas small males circulated 26% less testosterone.

Both dominant and subordinate males incurred costs when paired, including poorer thermoregulation, more movement and greater physiological stress. Thus, competition for thermal resources should feature more prominently in ecological and evolutionary models of thermoregulation.

A lay summary is available for this article.
The effects of spaces on word segmentation in Chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements
Authors: Liu Pingping , Lu Qin 
Published: March 2017

This paper studies the mechanisms behind the differential effects of inserting a space either before or after a two‐character unit on information processing through the examination of eye movements in Chinese, a language where there is no word delimiters. A two‐character unit in this study is either a word‐preserving stimulus or a word‐disrupting stimulus (i.e., nonword). The study aims for a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms for lexical processing that may underlie observed facilitory or inhibitory effects of the spacing conditions in sentence context. Results show that inserting a space after a word facilitates lexical processing, but inserting a space before a word does not. Inserting a space before and after a nonword, however, does not show these effects. These results indicate that the effects of spaces before and after words are mainly influenced by word segmentation mechanisms rather than landing position effects or other factors.What is already known about this topic

Prior studies have found that differential effects of inserting a space either before or after a two‐character unit on information processing. However, the explanation for this finding is still unclear.
What this paper adds

This paper indicates that the differential effects of spaces before and after words are mainly caused by word segmentation mechanisms rather than landing position effects or other factors.
Implications for theory, policy, or practice

The present results are consistent with the assumptions of word segmentation and recognition model (Li, Rayner, & Cave, Cognitive Psychology, 2009). Furthermore, the implications for saccade target selection theories are also discussed.
Evaluation of the Infection Risk in Dialysis and Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Using an ATP Monitoring Assay
Authors: Kusano Junichi , Kato Rei , Matsuda Hiroto , Hara Yoshikazu , Fujii Yoshiaki , Suzuki Shinya , Sekiyama Masao , Ando Eiki , Sugiyama Kentaro , Hirano Toshihiko 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe ATP monitoring assay is a useful biomarker for risk monitoring to detect infection and rejection episodes in transplant recipients. Hemodialysis patients have a higher rate of infectious mortality. Infections in hemodialysis patients are mainly caused by venous catheters, uremia, malnutrition and inflammation. However, the risk of infection episodes has not been evaluated using a lymphocyte ATP monitoring assay in hemodialysis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. We measured the ATP amounts in the peripheral CD4+ cells of CKD (N = 85) and dialysis patients (N = 17) using an “Immuknow” assay kit. These CKD patients were divided, according to kidney disease stage, into G3a, G3b, G4, and G5 groups. The ATP amounts in CD4+ cells of the dialysis patients and each of the CKD groups were compared with healthy subjects. In both the dialysis and CKD patients, the ATP amounts in CD4+ cells were lower than in healthy subjects. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the ATP amounts between healthy subjects and each of the CKD‐G3a, CKD‐G3b, and CKD‐G4 groups (P < 0.05). Patients with CKD‐G3a, CKD‐G3b and CKD‐G4 were evaluated as being at high risk for infection according to the lymphocyte ATP monitoring assay. However, the ATP amounts in the dialysis and CKD‐G5 patients did not differ from those in healthy subjects to a statistically significant extent. These results suggest that the ATP amount in the CD4+ cells of these patients with serve renal failure are influenced by dialysis treatment, uremia and/or oxidative stress.
Oxidative Stability in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions with Quercetin or Rutin Under Iron Catalysis or Riboflavin Photosensitization
Authors: Yi BoRa , Ka HaeJung , Kwon YongJun , Choi HyungSeok , Kim Sunghwa , Kim Jisu , Kim Mi‐Ja , Lee JaeHwan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe effects of quercetin and rutin on the oxidative stability of oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions were tested under riboflavin (RF) photosensitization in the presence or absence of FeCl2. The degree of oxidation in O/W emulsions was determined by headspace oxygen content, conjugated dienes, and lipid hydroperoxides. Quercetin chelated more metal than did rutin in iron catalyzed O/W emulsions. Generally, 0.1 mM quercetin and rutin was oxidative while 0.5 and 1.0 mM quercetin and rutin was antioxidative in O/W emulsions under RF photosensitization. Depending on the analysis method, the antioxidants had different strengths. The antioxidative or oxidative properties of quercetin and rutin vary in O/W emulsions and depend the quercetin and rutin concentrations and oxidative forces like transition metals, RF photosensitization, or a combination thereof.
Impact of UV‐C Light on the Fatty Acid Profile and Oxidative Stability of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fillets
Authors: Monteiro Maria Lúcia G. , Mársico Eliane T. , Canto Anna Carolina V. da C. S. , Costa‐Lima Bruno R. C. da , Costa Marion P. da , Viana Fernanda M. , Silva Teofilo J. P. da , Conte‐Junior Carlos A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe influence of different ultraviolet (UV‐C) doses (0.103 and 0.305 J/cm2) was investigated by instrumental color parameters, pH, lipid, and protein oxidations, fatty acids (FA) composition and biogenic amines (BAs) in Nile tilapia fillets during 11 d at 4 ± 1 °C. The UV‐C treatment increased (P < 0.05) a* values and protein oxidation in a dose‐dependent manner, and delayed (P < 0.05) the formation of BAs over the course of the storage period. L* values and lipid oxidation were not influenced (P > 0.05) by UV‐C light. Fillets treated with a low UV‐C dose exhibited greater (P < 0.05) total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) than their untreated counterparts. Therefore, a low UV‐C dose can be recommended in tilapia fillets as an alternative processing method to control pH and BAs, as well as improve the total PUFA amount and overall nutritional quality.
History of adaptation determines short‐term shifts in performance and community structure of hydrogen‐producing microbial communities degrading wheat straw
Authors: Valdez‐Vazquez Idania , Morales Ana L. , Escalante Ana E. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThis study addresses the question of ecological interest for the determination of structure and diversity of microbial communities that degrade lignocellulosic biomasses to produce biofuels. Two microbial consortia with different history, native of wheat straw (NWS) and from a methanogenic digester (MD) fed with cow manure, were contrasted in terms of hydrogen performance, substrate disintegration and microbial diversity. NWS outperformed the hydrogen production rate of MD. Microscopic images revealed that NWS acted on the cuticle and epidermis, generating cellulose strands with high crystallinity, while MD degraded deeper layers, equally affecting all polysaccharides. The bacterial composition markedly differed according to the inocula origin. NWS almost solely comprised hydrogen producers of the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, with 38% members of Enterococcus. After hydrogen fermentation, NWS comprised 8% Syntrophococcus, an acetogen that cleaves aryl ethers of constituent groups on the aromatic components of lignin. Conversely, MD comprised thirteen phyla, primarily including Firmicutes with H2‐producing members, and Bacteroidetes with non‐H2‐producing members, which reduced the hydrogen performance. Overall, the results of this study provide clear evidence that the history of adaptation of NWS enhanced the hydrogen performance from untreated wheat straw. Further, native wheat straw communities have the potential to refine cellulose fibers and produce biofuels simultaneously.
Taxonomy‐free molecular diatom index for high‐throughput eDNA biomonitoring
Authors: Apothéloz‐Perret‐Gentil Laure , Cordonier Arielle , Straub François , Iseli Jennifer , Esling Philippe , Pawlowski Jan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCurrent biodiversity assessment and biomonitoring are largely based on the morphological identification of selected bioindicator taxa. Recently, several attempts have been made to use eDNA metabarcoding as an alternative tool. However, until now, most applied metabarcoding studies have been based on the taxonomic assignment of sequences that provides reference to morphospecies ecology. Usually, only a small portion of metabarcoding data can be used due to a limited reference database and a lack of phylogenetic resolution. Here, we investigate the possibility to overcome these limitations using a taxonomy‐free approach that allows the computing of a molecular index directly from eDNA data without any reference to morphotaxonomy. As a case study, we use the benthic diatoms index, commonly used for monitoring the biological quality of rivers and streams. We analysed 87 epilithic samples from Swiss rivers, the ecological status of which was established based on the microscopic identification of diatom species. We compared the diatom index derived from eDNA data obtained with or without taxonomic assignment. Our taxonomy‐free approach yields promising results by providing a correct assessment for 77% of examined sites. The main advantage of this method is that almost 95% of OTUs could be used for index calculation, compared to 35% in the case of the taxonomic assignment approach. Its main limitations are under‐sampling and the need to calibrate the index based on the microscopic assessment of diatoms communities. However, once calibrated, the taxonomy‐free molecular index can be easily standardized and applied in routine biomonitoring, as a complementary tool allowing fast and cost‐effective assessment of the biological quality of watercourses.
Fibromyalgia remains a significant burden in rheumatoid arthritis patients in Australia
Authors: Gist Anthea C. , Guymer Emma K. , Eades Laura E. , Leech Michelle , Littlejohn Geoffrey O. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimHigh rates of fibromyalgia (FM) are reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Advances in RA management have occurred, but information regarding current significance of FM in RA is limited. This investigation estimated the prevalence and health effects of concomitant FM in Australian RA patients.MethodsParticipants were recruited from Australian rheumatology clinics. Subjects were assessed using the 1990 and 2011 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) FM criteria and the polysymptomatic distress score (PDS) was calculated. A medical history and a clinical examination were recorded. RA Disease Activity Score of 28 joints – erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS‐28 ESR), and the Short Form‐36 survey (SF‐36) were completed.ResultsOf 117 RA patients, 33.3% (n = 39) met 1990 ACR FM criteria and 41.9% (n = 49) met 2011 ACR FM criteria. RA patients with comorbid FM had worse outcomes across all domains of health as defined by the SF‐36 (P < 0.05). There was correlation between both physical and mental health outcomes and the PDS (P < 0.001). RA patients with FM on average took 1.18 extra ongoing prescribed medications (P < 0.05), despite comparable RA disease activity (DAS‐28: 3.09 vs. 3.27, P = NS). Comorbid central sensitivity conditions were more common in patients with FM (P < 0.001).ConclusionFM continues to demonstrate a high prevalence in a population of RA patients. RA patients with FM have more symptoms of other chronic sensitivity syndromes in addition to FM. They have a lower quality of life outcome and higher medication use. This has important clinical implications in terms of diagnosis, response to therapy, prescribing choices and clinical outcomes.
Female breast cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2013
Authors: Zuo Ting‐Ting , Zheng Rong‐Shou , Zeng Hong‐Mei , Zhang Si‐Wei , Chen Wan‐Qing 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Population‐based cancer registration data from the National Central Cancer Registry were used to analyze and evaluate the incidence and mortality rates in China in 2013, providing scientific information for cancer prevention and control.MethodsPooled data were stratified by area (urban/rural), gender, and age group. National new cases and deaths were estimated using age‐specific rates and the corresponding population in 2013. The Chinese population in 2000 and Segi's world population were used to calculate age‐standardized rates.ResultsThe estimated number of new breast cancer cases was about 278 800 in China in 2013. The crude incidence, age‐standardized rate of incidence by Chinese standard population, and age‐standardized rate of incidence by world standard population were 42.02/100 000, 30.41/100 000, and 28.42/100 000, respectively. The estimated number of breast cancer deaths was about 64 600 in China in 2013. The crude mortality, age‐standardized rate of mortality by Chinese standard population, and age‐standardized rate of mortality by world standard population were 9.74/100 000, 6.54/100 000, and 6.34/100 000, respectively. Both incidence and mortality were higher in urban than in rural areas. Age‐specific breast cancer incidence significantly increased with age, particularly after age 20, and peaked at 50–55 years, while age‐specific mortality increased rapidly after 25 years, peaking at 85+ years.ConclusionsBreast cancer is the most common cancer in Chinese women, especially women in urban areas. Comprehensive measures are needed to reduce the heavy burden of breast cancer.