bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renal Function Follow-Up and Renal Recovery After Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children*
Authors: Hessey Erin , Ali Rami , Dorais Marc , Morissette Geneviève , Pizzi Michael , Rink Nikki , Jouvet Philippe , Lacroix Jacques , Phan Véronique , Zappitelli Michael 
Published: May 2017

Objectives:
To evaluate factors associated with renal recovery from acute kidney injury in critically ill children and the extent to which serum creatinine is measured before discharge.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Two PICUs at tertiary centers in Montreal, QC, Canada.

Patients:
Children (< 18 yr old) admitted to the PICU between 2003 and 2005. Patients with end-stage renal disease, no healthcare number, died during admission, or admitted postcardiac surgery were excluded.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Acute kidney injury was defined using internationally accepted criteria (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes). Two renal recovery outcomes commonly used in the literature were evaluated: hospital discharge serum creatinine less than 1.5 and less than 1.15 times baseline. Proportions of patients with 1) serum creatinine measurements between PICU and hospital discharge and 2) renal recovery were calculated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine factors associated with serum creatinine monitoring and nonrecovery after acute kidney injury. Of 2,033 patients included, 829 (40.8%) had serum creatinine measurements between PICU and hospital discharge. The odds of having a discharge serum creatinine measurement increased with acute kidney injury severity (stages 1, 2, 3 adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 1.49 [1.03–2.15], 2.52 [1.40–4.54], 7.87 [3.16–19.60], respectively). Acute kidney injury recovery was 92.5% when defined as serum creatinine less than 1.5 times baseline versus 75.9% when defined as less than 1.15 times baseline (p < 0.001). Stage 3 acute kidney injury was associated with having a discharge serum creatinine greater than or equal to 1.5 times baseline (adjusted odds ratio = 3.51 [1.33–9.19]).

Conclusions:
Less than half the PICU population had serum creatinine measured before hospital discharge. More severe acute kidney injury was associated with higher likelihood of serum creatinine monitoring and lower probability of acute kidney injury recovery. Future research should address knowledge translation on post-PICU acute kidney injury follow-up before hospital discharge.
Transient thresholding: a mechanism enabling non-cooperative transcriptional circuitry to form a switch
Authors: Aull K. H. , Tanner E. , Thomson M. , Weinberger L. S. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThreshold generation in fate-selection circuits is often achieved through deterministic bistability, which requires cooperativity (i.e., nonlinear activation) and associated hysteresis. However, the Tat positive-feedback loop that controls HIV’s fate decision between replication and proviral latency lacks self-cooperativity and deterministic bistability. Absent cooperativity, it is unclear how HIV can temporarily remain in an off state long enough for the kinetically slower epigenetic silencing mechanisms to act— expression fluctuations should rapidly trigger active positive feedback and replication, precluding establishment of latency. Here, using flow cytometry and single-cell imaging, we find that the Tat circuit exhibits a transient activation threshold. This threshold largely disappears after ∼40 hours—accounting for the lack of deterministic bistability—and promoter activation shortens the lifetime of this transient threshold. Continuous differential equation models do not recapitulate this phenomenon. However, chemical reaction (master equation) models where the transcriptional transactivator and promoter toggle between ‘inactive’ and ‘active’ states can recapitulate the phenomenon since they intrinsically create a single-molecule threshold transiently requiring excess molecules in the ‘inactive’ state to achieve at least one molecule (rather than a continuous fractional value) in the ‘active’ state. Given the widespread nature of promoter toggling and transcription factor modifications, transient thresholds may be a general feature of inducible promoters.
African nonhuman primates are infected with the yaws bacteriumTreponema pallidumsubsp.pertenue
Authors: Knauf Sascha , Gogarten Jan F. , Schuenemann Verena J. , De Nys Hélène M. , Düx Ariane , Strouhal Michal , Mikalová Lenka , Bos Kirsten I. , Armstrong Roy , Batamuzi Emmanuel K. , Chuma Idrissa S. , Davoust Bernard , Diatta Georges , Fyumagwa Robert D. , Kazwala Reuben R. , Keyyu Julius D. , Lejora Inyasi A. V. , Levasseur Anthony , Liu Hsi , Mayhew Michael A. , Mediannikov Oleg , Raoult Didier , Wittig Roman M. , Roos Christian , Leendertz Fabian H. , Šmajs David , Nieselt Kay , Krause Johannes , Calvignac-Spencer Sébastien 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTreponema pallidumsubsp.pertenue(TPE) is the causative agent of yaws. The disease was subject to global eradication efforts in the mid 20thcentury but reemerged in West Africa, Southern Asia, and the Pacific region. Despite its importance for eradication, detailed data on possible nonhuman disease reservoirs are missing. A number of African nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been reported to show skin ulcerations suggestive of treponemal infection in humans. Furthermore antibodies againstTreponema pallidum(TP) have been repeatedly detected in wild NHP populations. While genetic studies confirmed that NHPs are infected withTPstrains, subspecies identification was only possible once for a strain isolated in 1966, pinpointing the involvement ofTPE. We therefore collected a number of recently isolated simianTPstrains and determined eight whole genome sequences using hybridization capture or long-range PCR combined with next-generation sequencing. These new genomes were compared with those of known humanTPisolates. Our results show that naturally occurring simianTPstrains circulating in three African NHP species all cluster with humanTPEstrains and show the same genomic structure as humanTPEstrains. These data indicate that humans are not the exclusive host for the yaws bacterium and that a One Health approach is required to achieve sustainable eradication of human yaws.
PBxplore: a tool to analyze local protein structure and deformability with protein Blocks
Authors: Barnoud Jonathan , Santuz Hubert , Craveur Pierrick , Joseph Agnel Praveen , Jallu Vincent , de Brevern Alexandre G. , Poulain Pierre 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTProteins are highly dynamic macromolecules. A classical way to analyze their inner flexibility is to perform molecular dynamics simulations. In this context, we present the advantage to use small structural prototypes, namely the Protein Blocks (PBs). PBs give a good approximation of the local structure of the protein backbone. More importantly, by reducing the conformational complexity of protein structures, they allow analyzes of local protein deformability which cannot be done with other methods and had been used efficiently in different applications. PBxplore is a suite of tools to analyze the dynamics and deformability of protein structures using PBs. It is able to process large amount of data such as those produced by molecular dynamics simulations. It produces various outputs with text and graphics, such as frequencies, entropy and information logo. PBxplore is available athttps://github.com/pierrepo/PBxploreand is released under the open-source MIT license.
Recreational Sporting Activity Vehicle‐Related Deaths
Authors: Prahlow Samuel P. , Renner Andrew , Grande Abigail J. , deJong Joyce , Prahlow Joseph A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDeaths occurring in the setting of nonprofessional, vehicle‐related, recreational sporting activities occurring on land or in water during warm or winter months represent a diverse group of cases. These deaths tend to involve scenarios where the participants are purposefully attempting to enjoy themselves prior to experiencing sudden, catastrophic accidents resulting in lethal outcomes. Ultimately, many of the deaths are related to the high speed at which these vehicle‐related activities normally occur. Three broad categories of factors may play contributory roles in death: human factors, vehicle factors, and environmental factors. A series of selected cases are presented, representing examples of varying activity types, involving motorized and nonmotorized vehicles, land and water activities, and warm weather and cold weather environments. For each case, the various human, vehicle and environmental factors believed to be contributory to the accident are considered, and strategies for prevention of these and similar deaths involving recreational sporting vehicles are presented.
Why Do People Choose Emergency and Urgent Care Services? A Rapid Review Utilizing a Systematic Literature Search and Narrative Synthesis
Authors: Coster Joanne E. , Turner Janette K. , Bradbury Daniel , Cantrell Anna 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesRising demand for emergency and urgent care services is well documented, as are the consequences, for example, emergency department (ED) crowding, increased costs, pressure on services, and waiting times. Multiple factors have been suggested to explain why demand is increasing, including an aging population, rising number of people with multiple chronic conditions, and behavioral changes relating to how people choose to access health services. The aim of this systematic mapping review was to bring together published research from urgent and emergency care settings to identify drivers that underpin patient decisions to access urgent and emergency care.MethodsSystematic searches were conducted across Medline (via Ovid SP), EMBASE (via Ovid), The Cochrane Library (via Wiley Online Library), Web of Science (via the Web of Knowledge), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; via EBSCOhost). Peer‐reviewed studies written in English that reported reasons for accessing or choosing emergency or urgent care services and were published between 1995 and 2016 were included. Data were extracted and reasons for choosing emergency and urgent care were identified and mapped. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes and findings were reported qualitatively using framework‐based narrative synthesis.ResultsThirty‐eight studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were set in the United Kingdom (39.4%) or the United States (34.2%) and reported results relating to ED (68.4%). Thirty‐nine percent of studies utilized qualitative or mixed research designs. Our thematic analysis identified six broad themes that summarized reasons why patients chose to access ED or urgent care. These were access to and confidence in primary care; perceived urgency, anxiety, and the value of reassurance from emergency‐based services; views of family, friends, or healthcare professionals; convenience (location, not having to make appointment, and opening hours); individual patient factors (e.g., cost); and perceived need for emergency medical services or hospital care, treatment, or investigations.ConclusionsWe identified six distinct reasons explaining why patients choose to access emergency and urgent care services: limited access to or confidence in primary care; patient perceived urgency; convenience; views of family, friends, or other health professionals; and a belief that their condition required the resources and facilities offered by a particular healthcare provider. There is a need to examine demand from a whole system perspective to gain better understanding of demand for different parts of the emergency and urgent care system and the characteristics of patients within each sector.
Association of Anticipated and Laboratory‐Derived Alcohol Stimulation, Sedation, and Reward
Authors: Fridberg Daniel J. , Rueger Sandra Y. , Smith Patrick , King Andrea C. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundLaboratory alcohol challenges are the “gold standard” for obtaining accurate measurements of subjective alcohol stimulation, sedation, and reward. However, these approaches are time and resource intensive. This study examined the extent to which self‐reported anticipated alcohol stimulation, sedation, and reward corresponded with those same responses measured with the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES), Brief‐BAES (B‐BAES), and Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) during a controlled laboratory alcohol challenge.MethodsParticipants were 106 light‐to‐heavy social drinkers (58.5% male; mean ± SD age = 35.8 ± 3.2 years) who completed the Anticipated BAES and DEQ, as well as laboratory‐derived versions of these scales 30 and 60 minutes after consuming placebo and 0.8 g/kg alcohol on separate days as part of laboratory sessions in the Chicago Social Drinking Project.ResultsAnticipated BAES/B‐BAES and Anticipated DEQ alcohol effects were strong predictors of their corresponding laboratory‐derived responses during both the rising limb and at peak breath alcohol concentrations. Effects were significant even when accounting for age, sex, past‐month heavy drinking frequency, and laboratory session order (placebo or alcohol first).ConclusionsThis study provides strong preliminary support for measuring anticipated alcohol effects with the Anticipated BAES/B‐BAES and Anticipated DEQ as a proxy of subjective responses experienced during a controlled laboratory alcohol challenge. The findings lend support for these measures as viable alternatives to other anticipatory scales when laboratory‐derived alcohol response measurement is not feasible.
Aripiprazole Suppression of Drinking in a Clinical Laboratory Paradigm: Influence of Impulsivity and Self‐Control
Authors: Anton Raymond F. , Schacht Joseph P. , Voronin Konstantin E. , Randall Patrick K. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundAspects of impulsivity have been implicated in the development, or maintenance, of alcohol use disorder (AUD). The brain dopamine system is implicated in both reward processing/memory (typically subcortical) and in brain inhibitory control mechanisms (typically cortical). Using a validated clinical laboratory paradigm, the dopamine/serotonin “stabilizing” drug, aripiprazole was evaluated in non‐treatment‐seeking AUD individuals based on their level of impulsivity/self‐control.MethodsNinety‐nine individuals (77% male; mean age 27; 7.5 drinks per day; 83% heavy drinking days) meeting DSM‐IV criteria for alcohol dependence were randomized to aripiprazole (N = 47 evaluable) or placebo (N = 48 evaluable) based on their Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS‐11) score (above or below 68). Aripiprazole, or similar placebo, was titrated to 15 mg over 8 days. Drinking was recorded over 6 days under natural conditions. On Day 8, after 1 day of required abstinence, individuals participated in a bar laboratory paradigm that included a priming drink (breath alcohol concentration [BAC] target 0.02 to 0.03 g/dl) and free‐choice consumption of up to 8 drinks (max BAC 0.1 g/dl) in exchange for a “bar credit” of $2 per drink (max $16). End points were drinks per day under natural conditions and drinks consumed in the bar laboratory after the priming drink.ResultsThere was no significant main effect of aripiprazole or interaction with BIS‐11 score during the natural drinking period. However, there was a main effect of aripiprazole on bar laboratory drinking (p = 0.04) and aripiprazole reduced the total number of drinks consumed more among individuals with low self‐control (p = 0.034) and increased latency to consume those drinks (p = 0.045) more among those with high impulsivity. Relative to placebo, aripiprazole caused more side effects and increased alcohol‐induced sedation, but neither significantly influenced its interaction with impulsivity/self‐control scores on drinking.ConclusionsThis paradigm forced a choice between immediate drinking reward and delayed monetary reward. In those with high impulsivity and/or low self‐control, aripiprazole shifts the balance away from immediate drinking toward a later reward. Medications targeting cortical dopamine/serotonin balance might show clinical benefit of reduced drinking, among individuals with impulsivity/low self‐control.
Clinicopathological analysis of primary splenic diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Shimono Joji , Miyoshi Hiroaki , Kiyasu Junichi , Sato Kensaku , Kamimura Tomohiko , Eto Tetsuya , Miyagishima Takuto , Nagafuji Koji , Teshima Takanori , Ohshima Koichi 
Published: May 2017

SummarySplenic infiltration is often seen in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, primary splenic DLBCL is rare and studies on its clinicopathological features are limited. We assessed 66 cases of primary splenic DLBCL and 309 control DLBCL, not otherwise specified. Hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence, B symptoms, poor performance status and CD5 positivity differed significantly between the primary splenic DLBCL and control DLBCL groups. Primary splenic DLBCL cases were classified histopathologically into two groups [white pulp pattern (n = 46), red pulp pattern (n = 20)]. Survival analysis showed no difference in overall survival between the primary splenic DLBCL and the control group, but the former had a more favourable progression‐free survival. In the examination of primary splenic DLBCL, the white pulp pattern was statistically associated with a lower performance status (2–4), and a lower CD5 positivity than the red pulp pattern. In the survival analysis, the red pulp pattern demonstrated poorer overall survival. Multivariate analysis of overall survival in primary splenic DLBCL cases identified CD5 positivity as an indicator of poor prognosis. Classifying primary splenic DLBCL into white and red pulp patterns was useful in terms of clinicopathological features and overall survival.
A sizeable effect? Municipal council size and the cost of local government in Canada
Authors: Meloche Jean‐Philippe , Kilfoil Patrick 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between council size and municipal expenditures in Quebec's largest municipalities. Two claims commonly found in the literature are tested: the professionalization and the law of 1/n hypotheses. Using cross‐sectional data, the professionalization hypothesis is confirmed: each elected official costs more in a smaller council. As for the law of 1/n, the effect of council size on total government expenditures is not significant. These results refute the cost saving argument for smaller councils and suggest that other aspects, such as quality of democratic life and efficiency in decision‐making, may be more relevant to the debate.
Exploration of peripapillary vessel density in highly myopic eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation and its relationship with ocular parameters using optical coherence tomography angiography
Authors: Chen Qiuying , He Jiangnan , Hua Yihong , Fan Ying 
Published: May 2017

AbstractImportanceIdentifying changes of peripapillary vessel density in highly myopic eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation by optical coherence tomography angiography.BackgroundTo investigate peripapillary vessel density and its relationship with other ocular parameters in highly myopic eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation.DesignHospital‐based, cross‐sectional study.ParticipantsThirty‐five highly myopic eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation, 46 highly myopic eyes without peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation and 36 normal eyes were included in this study.MethodsAll participants underwent optical coherence tomography angiography to image the retinal vasculature in the peripapillary areas, including the radial peripapillary capillaries and optic nerve head layer. Correlations between vessel density and ocular metrics were analysed.Main Outcome MeasuresPeripapillary vessel density.ResultsIn highly myopic eyes, vessel density was significantly lower in eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation than in those without in peripapillary (P = 0.014, P = 0.037), inferotemporal (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) and superotemporal (P = 0.014, P = 0.009) areas. In the radial peripapillary capillaries layer, vessel density was negatively correlated with peripapillary atrophy area (P = 0.012) and myopic maculopathy (P = 0.002), and in the optic nerve head layer, it was negatively associated with a diagnosis of peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation (P = 0.012) and myopic maculopathy (P < 0.001). In addition, it was positively correlated with retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in both layers (P < 0.001).Conclusions and RelevanceHighly myopic eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation had lower peripapillary vessel densities, especially in the temporal area, than those without.
The ethnic distribution of sessile serrated polyps in the United States is inversely associated with Helicobacter pylori prevalence
Authors: Sonnenberg A. , Turner K. O. , Genta R. M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimLittle is known about the epidemiology of sessile serrated polyps (SSP). Our study aimed to investigate the influence of Helicobacter pylori gastritis and patient demographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity) on the prevalence of SSP using a large national database of patients undergoing bi‐directional endoscopy.MethodDe‐identified patient data were extracted from the Miraca Life Sciences electronic database of histopathological reports. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, the influence of H. pylori gastritis and demographic characteristics on the occurrence of SSP were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsThe total study population comprised 228 506 subjects, of whom 28 890 carried a diagnosis of H. pylori gastritis and 11 285 SSP. Age (OR 4.35, 95% CI: 3.82–4.96), female gender (0.92, 0.88–0.95) and H. pylori gastritis (0.94, 0.88–0.99) exerted the strongest influence on the occurrence of SSP. In comparison with the population comprising Caucasians and African Americans, SSP were less common among subjects of Hispanic (0.67, 0.62–0.73), East Asian (0.59, 0.50–0.69), Indian (0.43, 0.27–0.64) or Middle Eastern descent (0.61, 0.41–0.87). All these ethnic subgroups were also characterized by a higher prevalence of H. pylori than the comparison group. A low prevalence of H. pylori was significantly associated with a high prevalence of SSP (R2 = 0.82, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe prevalence of SSP within the United States is characterized by a marked ethnic variation. The inverse correlation between the prevalence of H. pylori and SSP suggests that gastric infection with H. pylori may be partly responsible for the observed ethnic distribution of SSP.