bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self- and Teacher-Rated School Adjustment in MZ and DZ Twins
Authors: Fischbein Siv 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn a Swedish longitudinal twin study, teacher ratings of school adjustment were collected in grades 3 and 6 for approximately 80 pairs of MZ twins, 100 pairs of DZ like-sex twins, and 70 pairs of opposite-sex twins. These same groups of twins then rated their own school adjustment in grades 4 and 6 as seen by the home, the school, their classmates, and themselves.A comparison of within-pair similarity for the different types of self-ratings tends to show more consistency and a higher concordance for MZ compared to DZ in grade 6 than in grade 4.The teacher ratings tend to show a larger and more consistent difference between MZ and DZ than the twins' own ratings.The results reported have certain implications for heritability estimates based on different types of ratings. Ratings by others thus seem to give the highest intraclass correlations, probably due to a certain halo effect. Self ratings, on the other hand, tend to fluctuate more over time at least for children before and at puberty. Also the construction of items seems to influence the magnitude of the correlations.
Similarities in Test Scores and Profiles of Kibbutz Twins and Singletons
Authors: Nathan Michael , Guttman Ruth 
Published: July 2016

AbstractResemblances on five cognitive tests were compared in fifty quartets of school children. Each quartet consisted of a twin pair (MZ or DZ) and a matched singleton pair from the same kibbutz peer group. Similarities of MZs and DZs on test scores essentially replicate those reported previously in other studies. The median correlation for singleton control pairs is 0.29, as compared with that of 0.26 reported in the Texas Adoption Study for unrelated children raised in the same home. In the two spatial tests, control pairs were as similar as the DZ pairs. This suggests a more powerful influence on shared environment in aspects of perceptual performance. A new structural analysis (POSAC) of individual profiles of test scores is presented. Comparison of space diagrams of MZ, DZ, and singleton pair profiles shows systematic differences in structure among the three groups, in accordance with the predicted levels of genetic influences. Such structural differences transcend mere differences in size of correlation, and may give more stringent evidence for the respective roles of genetics and environment.
Detecting Sex-Associated Variation With the Families of MZ and DZ Twins
Authors: Haley C.S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPhenotypic variation in human population may contain contributions from a number of different sex-associated genetic influences. These influences include maternal effects, the effects of sex-linked loci, and the effects of sex-limited autosomally linked loci. The families produced by MZ and DZ twins provide statistics which permit the detection and estimation of these effects. In particular, they provide statistics derived from various types of age-matched half-sibs and cousins in addition to those derived from the more usually studied full-sib or parent-offspring relationships. Specific models for genetic maternal effects, sex-linkage and sex-limitation are used to explore the use of extended twin design for the detection of and the discrimination between various sex-associated effects. The sample sizes required to detect maternal effects and sex-linkage were considered for some simple cases and it is concluded that comparison derived from the progeny of twins will often provide better tests for these effects than those derived from parent-offspring comparison.
The Importance of Plasma Volume Expansion and Nutrition in Twin Pregnancy
Authors: Campbell D.M. , MacGillivray I. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPhysiological adaptation including expansion in plasma volume is exaggerated in women with twin pregnancies. In singleton pregnancy and multiparous twin pregnancies there is an association between plasma volume expansion and birth weight, but this is not so in primigravid twin pregnancies. Women with twin pregnancies have a similar dietary intake to singleton pregnancies, but it is not known whether there are differences with parity or zygosity. Absorption and utilisation of nutrients may be increased to meet demands for extra fetal growth. Nutrient supply and plasma volume expansion will be further discussed and their association with birth weight presented.
Discordant Anencephaly in a Set of Triplets
Authors: D'Alton M.E. , Newton E.R. , Cetrulo C.L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA 38-year-old woman, gravida 5, para 3, with a triplet prgnancy discordant for anencephaly, is reported. The diagnosis was made prenatally by ultrasound. Autopsy of the anencephalic member revealed small adrenal glands with absent fetal cortex, and a coincidental tetralogy of Fallot. Studies of the histocompatible lymphocyte antigens of both parents were performed and they failed to demonstrate HLA B-27. The literature on anencephaly in triplets is summarized. The association of congenital heart disease and HLA B-27 with anencephaly is discussed.
On the Nature of Syndrome Delineation
Authors: Cohen M. Michael 
Published: July 2016

Perhaps half of all patients with multiple abnormalities have known, recognized syndromes. The other half represent unknown entities that need to be further delineated. The significance of syndrome delineation cannot be overestimated. As an unknown syndrome becomes delineated, its phenotypic spectrum, its natural history, and its risk of recurrence become known, allowing for better patient care and family counseling.The process of syndrome delineation is discussed in terms of unknown genesis syndromes of the provisionally-unique and recurrent-pattern types, and known-genesis syndromes of the pedigree, chromosomal biochemical-defect, and environmentally-induced types. Several special syndrome categories are defined, including the chance syndrome, variant additive syndrome, association syndrome, exceptional chromosomal syndrome, and exceptional monogenic syndrome. Finally, a population definition of a syndrome is developed.
Differential Acridine Orange Staining of Human Chromosomes
Authors: Castoldi G.L. , Grusovin G.D. , Scapoli G.L. , Spanedda R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe acridine orange staining of metaphases previously treated with hot salt solutions, exhibits a differential banding pattern of the chromosomes. According to the physicochemical interpretation of the stained structures, the green and red fluorescent segments of the chromosomes should be considered as constituted respectively by double-stranded DNA and single-stranded DNA. The banding pattern is relatively consistent in different metaphases, although some occasional variations of the bands may be referred to the interference of chromosomal acid proteins. In general, the sequence of the bands is compatible with the picture of the reverse banding.
Robin's Syndrome in Three Children of Consanguineous Parents —A Pedigree Suggesting Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
Authors: Russo Giuseppe , Mollica Florindo , Pavone Lorenzo , Musumeci Salvatore 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA family is described in which three siblings were affected by Robin's syndrome (micrognathia and glossoptosis with cleft palate) in its severe form. Two children died very early in life, the third is surviving after surgical management and appropriate nursing care. The children were born from a consanguineous marriage (their parents were first cousins). This pedigree is highly suggestive of an autosomal recessive kind of inheritance. Malformations of the extremities (hands and/or feet) were present in the probands as well as in two relatives of the paternal line.
Embryonic Determination of Brain Programming Asymmetry - A Neglected Element in Twin-Study Genetics of Human Mental Development
Authors: Boklage Charles E. 
Published: July 2016

Departures from the usual human brain asymmetry, manifested in unusual laterality of motor dominance and/or speech representation, seem to have some genetic basis, and have been found associated with: schizophrenia, epilepsy, alcoholism, dyslexia, dysphasia, autism, and mental retardation. This can also derive from embryonic disturbances, as evidenced by excessive association with: first births, late births, birth difficulties, and twinning. MZ twins develop from embryos which have often split after at least some commitments to the cellular development of bilateral symmetry have been made. The effects of such a split are visibly recorded in mirror-imaging, in tooth emergence patterns, in shapes of mouth, nostrils, eyes, and ears, in hairwhorl placement and pattern. Brainfunction laterality is also found to be subject to mirror-imaging.Data from the 1972 publication of the Gottesman and Shields genetic twin study of schizophrenia serve to illustrate the power of the neglected embryonic discriminator: Fully one-third of their MZ schizophrenic sample {nearly ten times the best population estimate) were characterized as lefthanded or ambidextrous. If the sample is divided between pairs with and without any sign of laterality disturbance, the results are very strikingly altered. The pairs with no sign of laterality disturbance are 88% concordant, whereas unusual laterality pairs are 24% concordant. Several severity indicators are in excess, by ratios of 2 to 10-fold, among the RH pairs. Nuclear subtypes are (2.5) times as frequent, and schizoid premorbid personalities are twice as frequent, among the RH pairs.
Etudes Gemellaires Dans La Genetique Clinique: Le “Clinical Cotwin Method”
Authors: Gedda L. 
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this review is to bring out the clinical value of a twin pair, when a disease strikes one or both partners. A “Clinical Cotwin Method” is thus described.In the case of concordant disease in MZ twins, the points of interest suggested by this method are the study of (1) the etiopathogenesis of the disease; (2) the genetic variability in the manifestation of such disease; (3) the variability of expression of the morbid genotype; and (4) the chronogenetic variability, that is, the possible difference between times of onset of disease, of its symptoms, and of its outcome. In the case of discordant disease in MZ twins, either one twin is ill and the other healthy, or else, twins have two different diseases. In the first case, the clinician finds an excellent basis of comparison in the healthy twin, which allows him to extend his knowledge of the morbid phenotype and to discover minimal symptoms which would otherwise go unobserved. In the case of two different diseases which strike MZ twins simultaneously, comparative analysis of the general symptoms is possible, which allows a deeper knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of the morbid processes. DZ twins also are of high scientific interest because their semiequivalent genotypes have simultaneous times of departure. This situation differs from that of full sibs and that of half sibs; it is also very useful to analyze the disease that DZ twins face in the same physical time. Both twin care and scientific research can be greatly helped by hospital department of twins, as well as outpatient departments or consultants for occasional and routine visits.
Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The thiamin requirement of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
Authors: Cowey C. B. , Adron J. W. , Knox D. , Ball G. T. 
Published: July 2016

1. Seven groups of young turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were given diets containing graded levels of thiamin (0.19–50 mg/kg) for 16 weeks and their growth rate was measured during this period.2. Good growth was obtained on all these treatments except in the group given the lowest dietary thiamin level (0.19 mg/kg). These fish grew normally until the 12th week but thereafter their weight did not increase.3. Measurements of erythrocyte transketolase (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycolaldehydetransferase;EC2.2.1.1) activity at the end of the experiment and of percentage stimulation of erythrocyte transketolase by thiamin pyrophosphate indicated that the apoenzyme was saturated with coenzyme at a dietary thiamin level of 2.6 mg/kg, but not at 1.1 mg/kg.4. An 8th group of turbot given the thiamin antagonist pyrithiamin (40 mg/kg diet) grew normally for 6 weeks. Thereafter mortalities began to occur and all fish died by the 10th week. No clear-cut signs of thiamin deficiency were observed.5. The dietary thiamin requirement of turbot is much lower than published requirements of freshwater fish other than carp (Cyprinus carpio) and appears to be between 0.6 and 2.6 mg/kg diet.
New inhibitors of methane production by rumen micro-organisms. Development and testing of inhibitors in vitro
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. , Breckenridge Grace 
Published: July 2016

1. A procedure is described for assaying in vitro the activity of various inhibitors of methane production by rumen micro-organisms.2. Methods of preparation of various inhibitors are described together with attempts to characterize these compounds by determining their physical properties (physical state, density, chromatographic behaviour), their hydrolysis by rumen contents and their relative potency as inhibitors.3. The results of preliminary studies with trichloroethanol and its ester with pivalic acid are given.4. The inhibitory activities of several groups of related compounds are reported. These include the polyhalogenated alcohols and their esters with pivalic acid, the esters of trihalogenated alcohols and monobasic fatty acids from C2to C16and the trihalogenated alcohol esters of dibasic acids. The results of experiments with esters of alcohols and polyhalogenated carboxylic and sulphonic acids are also given.5. It is concluded that the mechanism of action of the inhibitors might be similar to that of known polyhalogenated methane analogues (e.g. chloroform). The relative activity of various compounds might be partly governed by the ease of their absorption into the microbial cells and by the extent to which the esters can be hydrolysed by rumen contents.6. The results show that some substances are very poor inhibitors, unless they are esterified (e.g. trichloroacetic acid) but on the whole the esters in which the polyhalogen grouping is on the alcohol portion of the molecule are better inhibitors than those in which it is on the acid portion of the molecule.
Oxidative stress in dairy cows naturally infected with the lungwormDictyocaulus viviparus(Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea)
Authors: da Silva A.D. , da Silva A.S. , Baldissera M.D. , Schwertz C.I. , Bottari N.B. , Carmo G.M. , Machado G. , Lucca N.J. , Henker L.C. , Piva M.M. , Giacomin P. , Morsch V.M. , Schetinger M.R.C. , da Rosa R.A. , Mendes R.E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse the oxidative and anti-oxidant status in serum samples from dairy cows naturally infected byDictyocaulus viviparusand its relation with pathological analyses. The diagnosis of the disease was confirmed by necropsy of one dairy cow with heavy infection by the parasite in the lungs and bronchi. Later, blood and faeces were collected from another 22 cows from the same farm to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities on day 0 (pre-treatment) and day 10 (post-treatment with eprinomectin). Faecal examination confirmed the infection in all lactating cows. However, the number ofD. viviparuslarvae per gram of faeces varied between animals. Cows showed different degrees of severity according to respiratory clinical signs of the disease (cough and nasal secretion). Further, they were classified and divided into two groups: those with mild (n= 10) and severe disease (n= 12). Increased levels of TBARS (P< 0.001), ROS (P= 0.002) and SOD activity (P< 0.001), as well as reduced CAT activity (P< 0.001) were observed in cows with severe clinical signs of the disease compared to those with mild clinical signs. Eprinomectin treatment (day 10) caused a reduction of ROS levels (P= 0.006) and SOD activity (P< 0.001), and an increase of CAT activity (P= 0.05) compared to day 0 (pre-treatment). TBARS levels did not differ with treatment (P= 0.11). In summary, increased ROS production and lipid peroxidation altered CAT and SOD activities, as an adaptive response againstD. viviparusinfection, contributing to the occurrence of oxidative stress and severity of the disease. Treatment with eprinomectin eliminated the infection, and thus minimized oxidative stress in dairy cows.
Welsh–Indigenous Relationships in Nineteenth Century Patagonia: ‘Friendship’ and the Coloniality of Power
Authors: TAYLOR LUCY 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article discusses the colonial encounter of the Welsh and Tehuelche/Mapuche in the Welsh colony (Y Wladfa Gymreig), founded 1865. The Welsh sought to create a Welsh-speaking utopia in the ‘empty’ lands of Patagonia, paradoxically using this colonisation as a way to resist disparagement of the Welsh language and culture by an English-dominated state. The article deploys a ‘coloniality of power’ perspective and explores archive materials that reveal how both the Welsh and the indigenous communities whose land they colonised were caught up in coloniality and expanding capitalist modernity. I conclude that exploring the ambiguous relationship which results from this encounter complicates and deepens our understanding of how the coloniality of power works. Particularly, I argue that stripping away the ‘myth of friendship’ between the Welsh and indigenous is vital, not to diminish moments of genuine mutual affinity but rather to show how these are caught up in processes of colonialisation.
Most of the genetic covariation between major depressive and alcohol use disorders is explained by trait measures of negative emotionality and behavioral control
Authors: Ellingson J. M. , Richmond-Rakerd L. S. , Statham D. J. , Martin N. G. , Slutske W. S. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundMental health disorders commonly co-occur, even between conceptually distinct syndromes, such as internalizing and externalizing disorders. The current study investigated whether phenotypic, genetic, and environmental variance in negative emotionality and behavioral control account for the covariation between major depressive disorder (MDD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD).MethodA total of 3623 members of a national twin registry were administered structured diagnostic telephone interviews that included assessments of lifetime histories of MDD and AUD, and were mailed self-report personality questionnaires that assessed stress reactivity (SR) and behavioral control (CON). A series of biometric models were fitted to partition the proportion of covariance between MDD and AUD into SR and CON.ResultsA statistically significant proportion of the correlation between MDD and AUD was due to variance specific to SR (men = 0.31, women = 0.27) and CON (men = 0.20, women = 0.19). Further, genetic factors explained a large proportion of this correlation (0.63), with unique environmental factors explaining the rest. SR explained a significant proportion of the genetic (0.33) and environmental (0.23) overlap between MDD and AUD. In contrast, variance specific to CON accounted for genetic overlap (0.32), but not environmental overlap (0.004). In total, SR and CON accounted for approximately 70% of the genetic and 20% of the environmental covariation between MDD and AUD.ConclusionsThis is the first study to demonstrate that negative emotionality and behavioral control confer risk for the co-occurrence of MDD and AUD via genetic factors. These findings are consistent with the aims of NIMH's RDoC proposal to elucidate how transdiagnostic risk factors drive psychopathology.
Why the problem of evil undermines the problem of divine hiddenness
Authors: DUMSDAY TRAVIS 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe two most prominent arguments against theism are the problem of evil and the problem of divine hiddenness. Here I argue that if the evidential problem of evil is truly forceful, it could block the ability of God to reveal His existence in a rationally indubitable way, which would in turn undermine the evidential problem of divine hiddenness.
Anatolian marashanha and the many uses of fennel
Authors: Durnford S.P.B. , Akeroyd J.R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Hittites used the seeds of a particular plant, now known to have been called marashanha, in a ritual for cursing a conquered city to ensure its desolation. Other parts of the same plant provided food and medicine. We have combined textual, botanical, linguistic and herbalist evidence to propose that marashanha denoted at least one species of fennel. This plant readily colonises deserted habitation sites and possesses properties in common with marashanha. We further propose that the Anatolian word ‘marashanha’ has a common origin with the Greek word for fennel, ‘marath(r)o-’, and that the impact of folk etymology on the latter reflects the use of fennel as a female contraceptive. Fennel's ability to inhibit conception accords with the barrenness which the Hittite ritual sought to impose upon a conquered city.
Archaeological identification and significance ofÉSAG(agricultural storage pits) at Kaman-Kalehöyük, central Anatolia
Authors: Fairbairn Andrew , Omura Sachihiro 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEvidence for the presence of storage pits described in Hittite texts by the SumerogramÉSAGis presented from Kaman-Kalehöyük, a multi-period tell site in central Turkey occupied during the second and first millennia BC. Small earthen pits matching the description ofÉSAGwere part of the normal suite of domestic installations at the site throughout the period. Similar to pits seen across western Eurasia, they were probably used to store seed corn or seed for trade. Large earthen pits (>7m in diameter) were also present that matched the description of theÉSAGform, and in some cases contained archaeological cereal remains. Evidence from Kaman showsÉSAGwere part of Anatolian life for at least 4,000 years and suggests that the term was generic for lined, earthen storage pits. The presence of so many small pits at Kaman-Kalehöyük showed that it was an agricultural production site for much of its existence. The appearance of the large pits, confined to the Hittite period, reflects centralised control of grain supply, probably by the Hittite Kingdom, and fits a pattern seen at other sites in the region during the second millennium BC.
Pedestals as ‘altars’ in Roman Asia Minor
Authors: Coulton J.J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Greek wordbomosusually means ‘altar’, but in inscriptions of the Roman period it sometimes refers to statue bases and other forms of support, where the meaning ‘altar’ is not appropriate. Many scholars believe that in addition to its normal meaning of cult or votive altar and (by extension) funerary altar,bomoscould also mean a pedestal, socle or platform in general. This paper examines the use of the termbomosin Roman Asia Minor for statue bases, for pedestals for sarcophagi, ash chests and columns, and for other structures which are not altars, concentrating particularly on their shapes. It concludes that in all these cases the element calledbomoshad the shape of a normal type of altar, and that in many cases (but not all) it also carried some of the symbolic value of an altar.