bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Areas activated during naturalistic reading comprehension overlap topological visual, auditory, and somatotomotor maps
Authors: Sood Mariam R. , Sereno Martin I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCortical mapping techniques using fMRI have been instrumental in identifying the boundaries of topological (neighbor‐preserving) maps in early sensory areas. The presence of topological maps beyond early sensory areas raises the possibility that they might play a significant role in other cognitive systems, and that topological mapping might help to delineate areas involved in higher cognitive processes. In this study, we combine surface‐based visual, auditory, and somatomotor mapping methods with a naturalistic reading comprehension task in the same group of subjects to provide a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the cortical overlap between sensory‐motor maps in all major sensory modalities, and reading processing regions. Our results suggest that cortical activation during naturalistic reading comprehension overlaps more extensively with topological sensory‐motor maps than has been heretofore appreciated. Reading activation in regions adjacent to occipital lobe and inferior parietal lobe almost completely overlaps visual maps, whereas a significant portion of frontal activation for reading in dorsolateral and ventral prefrontal cortex overlaps both visual and auditory maps. Even classical language regions in superior temporal cortex are partially overlapped by topological visual and auditory maps. By contrast, the main overlap with somatomotor maps is restricted to a small region on the anterior bank of the central sulcus near the border between the face and hand representations of M‐I. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2784–2810, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) on subjective intoxication and alertness: results from a double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: van de Loo Aurora J. A. E. , van Andel Nienke , van Gelder Charlotte A. G. H. , Janssen Boris S. G. , Titulaer Joep , Jansen Jimmy , Verster Joris C. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveThe purpose of this double blind placebo controlled study was to examine if specific effects on subjective intoxication and alertness–sleepiness ratings could be demonstrated after consuming alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) when compared to consuming alcohol only (AO).Methods56 healthy volunteers rated their subjective intoxication on a scale ranging from 0 (sober) to 10 (highly intoxicated) at baseline, breath alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0%, and at BAC 0.08%, 0.05%, and 0.02%. Alertness–sleepiness was assessed with the Karolinska sleepiness scale. Scores of the AMED and AO condition, at each BAC level, were compared.ResultsSubjective intoxication for AMED and AO did not differ significantly from each other at any BAC level, except for BAC 0.02%. A significant increase in sleepiness scores was found in the AO condition, whereas scores remained stable in the AMED condition. Sleepiness scores at BAC0.08% and 0.05% were significantly lower after AMED when compared to AO. However, the observed differences between AMED and AO were small and have no clinical relevance.ConclusionMixing alcohol with energy drink had no overall masking effect on subjective intoxication caused by alcohol, nor had a relevant effect on subjective alertness‐sleepiness ratings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground truthed performance of single‐and dual‐polarized radar rain rates at large ranges
Authors: Simpson Micheal J. , Hubbart Jason A. , Fox Neil I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRadar accuracy in estimating qualitative precipitation estimation at distances larger than 120 km degrades rapidly because of increased volume coverage and beam height. The performance of the recently upgraded dual‐polarized technology to the NEXRAD network and its capabilities are in need of further examination, as improved rainfall estimates at large distances would allow for significant hydrological modelling improvements. Parameter based methods were applied to radars from St. Louis (KLSX) and Kansas City (KEAX), Missouri, USA, to test the precision and accuracy of both dual‐ and single‐polarized parameter estimations of precipitation at large distances. Hourly aggregated precipitation data from terrestrial‐based tipping buckets provided ground‐truthed reference data. For all KLSX data tested, an R(Z,ZDR) algorithm provided the smallest absolute error (3.7 mm h−1) and root‐mean‐square‐error (45%) values. For most KEAX data, R(ZDR,KDP) and R(KDP) algorithms performed best, with RMSE values of 37%. With approximately 100 h of precipitation data between April and October of 2014, nearly 800 and 400 mm of precipitation were estimated by radar precipitation algorithms but was not observed by terrestrial‐based precipitation gauges for KLSX and KEAX, respectively. Additionally, nearly 30 and 190 mm of measured precipitation observed by gauges were not detected by the radar rainfall estimates from KLSX and KEAX, respectively. Results improve understanding of radar based precipitation estimates from long ranges thereby advancing applications for hydrometeorological modelling and flood forecasting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactivity of Donor‐Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Saturated and Unsaturated Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Pandey Ashok Kumar , Ghosh Asit , Banerjee Prabal 
Published: April 2016

AbstractStrain in the ring engenders versatile reactivity that can be utilized for the synthesis of complex molecules by the assimilation of suitable substituents. In this context, vicinal donor‐acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) serve as three‐carbon synthetic equivalents in organic synthesis from the last few decades. Owing to their zwitterionic nature, they have been frequently utilized in [3+n]‐annulation reactions with different dipolarophiles like aldehydes, imines, oximes, epoxides, aziridines, etc. This review highlights developed synthetic tools for annulation reactions of vicinal donor‐acceptor cyclopropanes with saturated and unsaturated heterocyclic compounds.
Flipped Professional Development: An Innovation in Response to Teacher Insights
Authors: Hardin Brooke L. , Koppenhaver David A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article reports on a study of K–12 teachers' responses to an innovative flipped professional development series focused on literacy instruction. Thirty‐six participants voluntarily enrolled in one or more of three professional development courses. Findings address teacher evaluation of the efficacy of both the structure and the content of the courses. The flipped model appears worthy of further exploration as an effective means of offering professional development opportunities in literacy to teachers. A rationale is presented for selecting and applying the flipped model, and the design process is shared to facilitate replication.
Youth Workers as Literacy Mediators: Supporting Young People's Learning About Institutional Literacy Practices
Authors: Papen Uta , Thériault Virginie 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article examines the role of youth workers as literacy mediators: people who help others with written texts. Drawing on a secondary analysis of data from a qualitative study conducted in Quebec, Canada, the authors discuss situations in which staff from a community‐based organization helped young people with written texts, such as bureaucratic letters and forms. Such institutional literacy practices were found to be stressful and difficult but were crucial for the young people's ability to access resources and opportunities. Literacy mediation, contrary to what other studies have shown, offers important opportunities for literacy learning. The youth workers were able to counter the negative emotions that dominant literacy practices often provoked and, in so doing, helped young people develop greater confidence and ability to deal with such literacy practices in a more informed and empowered way.
Objectively Verified Parental Hip Fracture Is an Independent Risk Factor for Fracture: a Linkage Analysis of 478,792 Parents and 261,705 Offspring
Authors: Yang Shuman , Leslie William D , Yan Lin , Walld Randy , Roos Leslie L , Morin Suzanne N , Majumdar Sumit R , Lix Lisa M 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Parental hip fracture (HF) is considered a major risk factor for offspring major osteoporotic fracture (MOF), but all studies to date have relied on self-reported information of uncertain accuracy. We tested the association of objectively verified parental HF with offspring MOF and HF. We used a population-based historical cohort study of 261,705 offspring (age ≥40 years) with at least one linked parent (total 478,792 parents) for the province of Manitoba, Canada. Cox proportional hazards models were developed to test hazard ratio (HR) for offspring MOF and HF for 1997 to 2014 according to prior parental HF dating back to 1970. The median age of offspring at study entry was 40 years (range, 40 to 50 years), and 48.3% were women. During 2.9 million person-years of offspring follow-up (median per offspring, 12 years), we identified 7323 incident MOF (4.4% versus 2.7% for those with and without a parental HF, p &lt; 0.001), including 331 HF (0.3% versus 0.1%, p &lt; 0.001). Parental HF was independently associated with increased risk of offspring MOF (HR, 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20 to 1.41). The strength of the association decreased with older parental age at HF (ptrend &lt; 0.001), and was no longer significant if parental HF occurred after age 80 years (adjusted HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.19). The relationship between parental HF and offspring HF was even stronger than for MOF (adjusted HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.21 to 2.23). Associations with MOF or HF were not affected by either the gender of the parent with HF or the gender of the offspring. Parental HF increased the risk for offspring MOF and HF but not when parental HF occurred after age 80 years. This suggests a more nuanced approach for clinicians trying to stratify fracture risk, and illustrates the enormous potential of parent-offspring record linkage for other familial disorders. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Antimicrobial Treatment of Different Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Critical Review
Authors: Parham Shokoh , Wicaksono Dedy H. B. , Bagherbaigi Saeedeh , Lee Siew Ling , Nur Hadi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMany nanomaterials can be used as metal oxides (Ti, Ag, Zn, Cu, Mg, Ca, Ce, Yt, Al). Metal oxide nanoparticles have strong antimicrobial properties. The oxides that play a large role as antimicrobial agents can be divided into two major groups based on their mechanism of action i.e., those that involve oxidation and those that inhibit the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Previous studies have shown that, toxic metals like silver and titanium, and their metals oxides, employ the ROS‐mediated mechanism that leads to oxidative stress‐related cytotoxicity, cancer, and heart diseases. Oxidative stress further leads to increased ROS production and also delays the cellular processes involved in wound heal‐ ing. Other metal oxide nanoparticles, like Y2O3, CeO2 and Al2O3 act as free radical scavengers. Out of these, aluminium oxide nanoparticles are more effective antimicrobial agents, than the other metal oxide nanoparticles. A combination of Al2O3 and other antimicrobial agents such as TiO2 may act as ideal antimicrobial agents, along with possessing free radical scavenging activity. This critical review aims to study the antimicrobial properties of different metal oxide nanoparticles and the mechanism of action in‐ volved, besides comparing their efficacy to eliminate bacteria.
A Simple and Efficient One‐pot Synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridines Using Nano‐WO3‐ supported Sulfonic Acid as an Heterogeneous Catalyst under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Bitaraf Mehrnoosh , Amoozadeh Ali , Otokesh Somayeh 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNano‐tungsten trioxide‐supported sulfonic acid (n‐WSA) was found to be an effective heterogeneous cat‐ alyst for the one‐pot reaction of aromatic aldehydes, β‐dicarbonyl compounds and ammonium acetate to afford 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives in good to excellent yields. The other main advantages of the pres‐ ent method are short reaction times, simple workup, ease in purification and environmentally benign methodology. The reaction conditions were optimized employing Response Surface Method technique (Central Composite Design (CCD)) which is economically considerable because of the minimum number of experiments required to evaluate the effects of multiple parameters on the response.
Influence of Phosphatidylethanolamine Concentration and Composition on the Detection of Antiphosphatidylethanolamine Antibodies by ELISA
Authors: Ke Ke , Strango Zachariah I. , Harper Paul E. , Zhao Ming 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundAccumulating evidence supports a positive correlation between the presence of antiphosphatidylethanolamine (aPE) autoantibodies and clinical symptoms of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). However, there is a lack of standardized ELISA‐based method for detecting aPE. The current study was conducted to investigate the dependence of aPE ELISA on lipid concentration and composition of PE antigens.MethodsA range of ELISA conditions were examined by varying the concentrations of egg PE and by substituting egg PE with combinations of synthetic DOPE and DSPE. The physical properties of the synthetic PE species were also characterized.ResultsOur data indicated that there are different optimal PE concentrations for conducting ELISA assays for cofactor‐dependent and cofactor‐independent aPEs. In addition, using a two‐component synthetic lipid system, we demonstrated aPE ELISA readouts can be modulated to approach the performance level of egg PE, which is currently the most commonly used PE antigen.ConclusionThese data raised the possibility of ultimately replacing natural PE antigens with a blend of defined synthetic lipid species, thus overcoming a known variable factor in aPE detection. The outcome of this study will help pave the way to developing a standardized aPE test.
Consistency of Reporting for Stressful Life Events Among Nondeployed Soldiers
Authors: Pless Kaiser Anica , Proctor Susan P. , Vasterling Jennifer J. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesMeasurement of stress exposure is central to understanding military mental health outcomes. Although temporal stability of combat event reporting has been examined, less is known about the stability of reporting for noncombat events in military samples. Objectives are to examine consistency in reporting stressful life events in nondeployed U.S. Army soldiers and its association with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology.MethodExamined reporting consistency over approximately 8 months among 466 soldiers. Regression models examined factors associated with decreased, increased, and stable reporting.ResultsStability of the number of events endorsed over time was high. However, item‐level agreement was slight to moderate (kappas: .13–.54), with inconsistencies due primarily to decreased reporting. After adjusting for covariates and initial PTSD, second assessment PTSD was associated with increased and stable reporting.ConclusionsInconsistent reporting extends beyond combat events to other stressful life events in military personnel and is associated with PTSD.
Element‐free Galerkin method to the interface problems with application in electrostatic
Authors: Jannesari Zahra , Tatari Mehdi 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to develop the element‐free Galerkin method for a numerical simulation of the second‐order elliptic equation with discontinuous coefficients. Discontinuities in the solution and in its normal derivatives are prescribed on an interface inside the domain. The proposed method is one of the powerful meshless methods based on moving least squares approximation. The element‐free Galerkin method uses only a set of nodal points to discretize the governing equation. No mesh in the classical sense is needed, but a background mesh is used for integration purpose. A quadrilateral mesh unfitted with the interface is used for integration objective. The Lagrange multipliers are used to enforce both Dirichlet boundary condition and Dirichlet jump condition. The presented numerical experiments confirm the efficiency of the proposed method in comparison with some existing methods for interface problems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protection of sunflower seed and sunflower meal protein with malic acid and heat: effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production
Authors: Vanegas Jorge Leonardo , Carro Maria Dolores , Alvir Maria Remedios , González Javier 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDCombined malic acid–heat treatments of protein supplements have been shown to reduce ruminal protein degradation, but there is no information on their possible influence on ruminal fermentation and methane emissions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the treatment of sunflower meal (SM) and sunflower seed (SS) with malic acid and subsequent drying at 150°C for 1 (MAL1) or 3 h (MAL3) on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane emission using ruminal fluid from sheep as inoculum.RESULTSCompared with untreated samples, the MAL3 treatment reduced (P < 0.05) the dry matter effective degradability (DMED) by 78% and 46% for SS and SM, respectively, indicating heat damage. The MAL1 treatment reduced the DMED of SS by 22%, but did not affect (P > 0.05) total volatile fatty acid production for any feed. This treatment also increased (P < 0.05) the propionate proportion (by 17.7% and 15.6% for SS and SM, respectively) and decreased (P < 0.05) methane production (by 15.5% and 11.3%, respectively) and ammonia‐N concentrations (by 26.5% and 14.5%, respectively).CONCLUSIONThe MAL1 treatment was effective in reducing both ammonia‐N concentrations and methane emissions without depressing SS and SM fermentation, but more research is needed to formulate environmentally cleaner diets for ruminants. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on a low‐density solvent and derivatization followed by gas chromatography for the simultaneous determination of chloroanisoles and the precursor 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol in water samples
Authors: Bai Xiuzhi , Zhang Ting , Li Haipu , Yang Zhaoguang 
Published: April 2016

Chloroanisoles, particularly 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole, are commonly identified as major taste and odor compounds in water. In the present study, a simple and efficient method was established for the simultaneous determination of chloroanisoles and the precursor 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol in water by using low‐density‐solvent‐based simultaneous dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and derivatization followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. 2,4‐Dichloroanisole, 2,6‐dichloroanisole, 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole, 2,3,4‐trichloroanisole, and 2,3,6‐trichloroanisole were the chloroanisoles evaluated. Several important parameters of the extraction‐derivatization procedures, including the types and volumes of extraction solvent and disperser solvent, concentrations of derivatization agent and base, salt addition, extraction‐derivatization time, and temperature were optimized. Under the optimized conditions (80 μL of isooctane as extraction solvent, 500 μL of methanol as disperser solvent, 60 μL of acetic anhydride as derivatization agent, 0.75% of Na2CO3 addition w/v, extraction‐derivatization temperature of 25°C, without salt addition), a good linearity of the calibration curve was observed by the square of correlation coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.9936 to 0.9992. Repeatability and reproducibility of the method were < 4.5% and <7.3%, respectively. Recovery rates ranged from 85.2 to 101.4%, and limits of detection ranged from 3.0 to 8.7 ng/L. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of chloroanisoles and 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol in water samples.
Environmental Income of Livestock Grazing on Privately‐owned Silvopastoral Farms in Andalusia, Spain
Authors: Campos Pablo , Ovando Paola , Mesa Bruno , Oviedo José L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn Mediterranean silvopastoral ecosystems, grazing continues to be a key economic practice that shapes forest, woodland, shrubland and grassland and remains a primary feed source for livestock breeding. However, conventional national accounting statistics do not provide information on livestock grazing leases and environmental income. The main goals of this study were to apply the residual value method for measuring livestock grazing forage consumption and its private environmental price according to the predominant vegetation at the farm scale. We use data from a random survey of private landowners of indicated silvopastoral farms and a group of farm case studies with bookkeeping. Results indicate that livestock grazing average forage consumption per hectare in western and eastern Andalusia provinces are, respectively, 544 and 623 FU ha−1 for grasslands, 491 and 381 for Mediterranean hardwoods, 452 and 229 for shrublands and 268 and 548 for pine trees. The environmental price for livestock grazing forage unit in western and eastern provinces groups attains €0.05 FU−1 and €0.06 FU−1, respectively. This study is a novel contribution to the livestock grazing economics of private silvopastoral farms in Andalusia, Spain. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen interference with membrane inlet mass spectrometry may overestimate denitrification rates calculated with the isotope pairing technique
Authors: Lunstrum Abby , Aoki Lillian R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMembrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) is used to measure gas concentrations in aqueous samples, and is often employed to measure N2 in denitrification studies. While most denitrification studies using MIMS have employed the N2:Ar method, MIMS is increasingly used with the isotope pairing technique (IPT), an alternative method that calculates denitrification based on 29N2 and 30N2 concentrations, measured as mass to charge ratios (m/z) 29 and 30. Dissolved O2 is known to interfere with m/z 28 and 40 (28N2 and Ar, respectively) in the MIMS, and in this study, we show that the effect on m/z 29 and 30 is also significant. This O2 effect may result in artificially high denitrification rates with IPT if O2 varies between samples. In lab‐based experiments, m/z 29 and 30 were impacted immediately as O2 was depleted. The resulting effect on simulated denitrification rates was minor if final O2 concentrations remained above 50% initial O2, but increased by more than 100 μmol m−2 h−1 as O2 fell below 50%. Similarly, denitrification rates from sediment incubations were an order of magnitude higher when analyzed in the presence of O2, compared with analysis without O2 using an inline furnace with reduction column. We further show that this effect is variable over the life of the MIMS, and/or with different ion sources. Given these uncertainties, we recommend using an inline furnace to remove O2 for all IPT experiments. Alternatively, the magnitude of the O2 effect should be assessed often to determine the range of minimal O2 interference.