bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of organic moieties on the scintillation properties of organic–inorganic layered perovskite-type compounds
Authors: Kawano Naoki , Koshimizu Masanori , Horiai Akiyoshi , Nishikido Fumihiko , Haruki Rie , Kishimoto Shunji , Shibuya Kengo , Fujimoto Yutaka , Yanagida Takayuki , Asai Keisuke 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The effects of organic moieties on the scintillation properties of organic–inorganic layered perovskite-type compounds have been investigated. Three kinds of single crystals were fabricated, namely, (C4H9NH3)2PbBr4 (C4), (C6H5CH2NH3)2PbBr4 (Ben), and (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbBr4 (Phe). Among the single crystals, the light output of Phe was found to have the greatest value when exposed to X-ray radiation (67.4 keV). The light output of Phe was 0.62 times that of YAP:Ce. The relative values of the light outputs among the fabricated single crystals under X-ray radiation correlated well with those of the quantum efficiencies and the luminescence intensity under ultraviolet radiation.
Divergent relationship of circulating CTRP3 levels between obesity and gender: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wagner Roy Marshal , Sivagnanam Kamesh , Clark William Andrew , Peterson Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2016

C1q TNF Related Protein 3 (CTRP3) is a novel adipose tissue derived secreted factor, or adipokine, which has been linked to a number of beneficial biological effects on metabolism, inflammation, and survival signaling in a variety of tissues. However, very little is known about CTRP3 in regards to human health. The purpose of this project was to examine circulating CTRP3 levels in a clinical population, patients with symptoms requiring heart catheterization in order to identify the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). It was hypothesized that serum CTRP3 levels would be decreased in the presence of CAD.

Methods
Body mass index (BMI), diabetes status, and plasma samples were collected from 100 patients who were >30 years of age and presented at the East Tennessee State University Heart Clinic with symptoms requiring heart catheterization in order to identify the presence of cardiovascular blockages (n = 52 male, n = 48 female). Circulating CTRP3 levels were quantified using commercially available ELISA.

Results
Circulating CTRP3 levels had no relationship to the presence of CAD regardless of gender. However, circulating concentrations of CTRP3 were significantly higher in normal weight (BMI < 30) females (0.88 ± 0.12 µg/ml) compared with males (0.54 ± 0.06 µg/ml). Further, obesity (BMI > 30) resulted in an increase in circulating CTRP3 levels in male subjects (0.74 ± 0.08 µg/ml) but showed a significant decrease in female subjects (0.58 ± 0.07 µg/ml). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in circulating CTRP3 levels in female subjects who were diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes compared with patients without (0.79 ± 0.08 vs. 0.42 ± 0.10 µg/ml). There was no relationship between diabetes status and circulating CTRP3 levels in male subjects.

Conclusion
Circulating CTRP3 levels had a different relationship with diabetes and obesity status between male and female patients. It is possible that circulating CTRP3 levels are controlled by hormonal status, however more research is needed to explore this relationship. Nevertheless, future studies examining the relationship between CTRP3 levels and disease status should treat gender as an independent variable.
North American paleoclimate reconstructions for the Last Glacial Maximum using an inverse modeling through iterative forward modeling approach applied to pollen data
Authors: Izumi Kenji , Bartlein Patrick J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe inverse modeling through iterative forward modeling (IMIFM) approach was used to reconstruct Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) climates from North American fossil pollen data. The approach was validated using modern pollen data and observed climate data. While the large‐scale LGM temperature IMIFM reconstructions are similar to those calculated using conventional statistical approaches, the reconstructions of moisture variables differ between the two approaches. We used two vegetation models, BIOME4 and BIOME5‐beta, with the IMIFM approach to evaluate the effects on the LGM climate reconstruction of differences in water use efficiency, carbon use efficiency, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Although lower atmospheric CO2 concentrations influence pollen‐based LGM moisture reconstructions, they do not significantly affect temperature reconstructions over most of North America. This study implies that the LGM climate was very cold but not very much drier than present over North America, which is inconsistent with previous studies.
Origin of low proton‐to‐electron temperature ratio in the Earth's plasma sheet
Authors: Grigorenko E. E. , Kronberg E. A. , Daly P. W. , Ganushkina N. Yu. , Lavraud B. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Zelenyi L. M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe study the proton‐to‐electron temperature ratio (Tp/Te) in the plasma sheet (PS) of the Earth's magnetotail using 5 years of Cluster observations (2001–2005). The PS intervals are searched within a region defined with −19 < X ≤ −7 RE and |Y| < 15 RE (GSM) under the condition |BX| ≤ 10 nT. One hundred sixty PS crossings are identified. We find an average value of <Tp/Te> ~ 6.0. However, in many PS intervals Tp/Te varies over a wide range from a few units to several tens of units. In 86 PS intervals the Tp/Te decreases below 3.5. Generally, the decreases of Tp/Te are due to some increase of Te while Tp either decreases or remains unchanged. In the majority of these intervals the Tp/Te drops are observed during magnetotail dipolarizations. A superposed epoch analysis applied to these events shows that the minimum value of Tp/Te is observed after the dipolarization onset during the “turbulent phase” of dipolarization, when a number of transient BZ pulses are reduced, but the value of BZ is still large and an intensification of wave activity is observed. The Tp/Te drops, and associated increases of Te often coincide either with bursts of broadband electrostatic emissions, which may include electron cyclotron harmonics, or with broadband electromagnetic emission in a frequency range from proton plasma frequency (fpp) up to the electron gyrofrequency (fce). These findings show that the wave activity developing in the current sheet after dipolarization onset may play a role in the additional electron heating and the associated Tp/Te decrease.
Inverting OII 83.4 nm dayglow profiles using Markov chain radiative transfer
Authors: Geddes George , Douglas Ewan , Finn Susanna C. , Cook Timothy , Chakrabarti Supriya 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEmission profiles of the resonantly scattered OII 83.4 nm triplet can in principle be used to estimate O+ density profiles in the F2 region of the ionosphere. Given the emission source profile, solution of this inverse problem is possible but requires significant computation. The traditional Feautrier solution to the radiative transfer problem requires many iterations to converge, making it time consuming to compute. A Markov chain approach to the problem produces similar results by directly constructing a matrix that maps the source emission rate to an effective emission rate which includes scattering to all orders. The Markov chain approach presented here yields faster results and therefore can be used to perform the O+ density retrieval with higher resolution than would otherwise be possible.
Scale interactions in sustaining persistent torrential rainfall events during the Mei‐yu season
Authors: Fu Shen‐Ming , Sun Jian‐Hua , Ling Jian , Wang Hui‐Jie , Zhang Yuan‐Chun 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEnergy budgets based on the temporal scale separation were used to investigate two persistent torrential rainfall events over the Yangtze River Basin during the 2010 Mei‐yu season. Interactions between the precipitation‐related eddy flows and their background circulations were analyzed quantitatively to show the corresponding physical scenario. During the persistent precipitation, the precipitation‐related eddy flows and their background circulations sustained their respective energy through different mechanisms. For background circulations, the baroclinic energy conversion and the energy transport dominated their maintenance. In contrast, for precipitation‐related eddy flows, the upper, middle, and lower troposphere showed significantly different energy paths: in the upper troposphere, a remarkable downscaled energy cascade process (ECP) of available potential energy occurred, which favored the maintenance of upper level wind perturbations through the baroclinic energy conversion; in the middle troposphere, the energy transport controlled the evolution of eddy flows; in the lower troposphere, a significant downscaled ECP of kinetic energy maintained its intensity, which directly favored the sustainment of the Mei‐yu front and the lower level jet. These downscaled ECPs, which reflected the direct effects of background circulations on the eddy flows, dominated the evolution of precipitation‐related eddy flows. In contrast, although upscaled ECPs that indicated the feedback effects of eddy flows on their background circulations were also obvious, they were negligible in the variation of background circulations. The further analysis indicates that whether the background circulations could transfer their energy to the precipitation‐related eddy flows was determined by their configurations relative to the eddy flows.
Orogen‐parallel deformation of the Himalayan midcrust: Insights from structural and magnetic fabric analyses of the Greater Himalayan Sequence, Annapurna‐Dhaulagiri Himalaya, central Nepal
Authors: Parsons A. J. , Ferré E. C. , Law R. D. , Lloyd G. E. , Phillips R. J. , Searle M. P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe metamorphic core of the Himalaya (Greater Himalayan Sequence, GHS), in the Annapurna‐Dhaulagiri region, central Nepal, recorded orogen‐parallel stretching during midcrustal evolution. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and field‐based structural analyses suggest that midcrustal deformation of the amphibolite facies core of the GHS occurred under an oblate/suboblate strain regime with associated formation of low‐angle northward dipping foliation. Magnetic and mineral stretching lineations lying within this foliation from the top of the GHS record right‐lateral orogen‐parallel stretching. We propose that oblate strain within a midcrustal flow accommodated oblique convergence between India and the arcuate orogenic front without the need for strain partitioning in the upper crust. Oblate flattening may have also promoted orogen‐parallel melt migration and development of melt‐depleted regions between km3 scale leucogranite culminations at ~50–100 km intervals along orogen strike. Following the cessation of flow, continued oblique convergence led to upper crustal strain partitioning between orogen‐perpendicular convergence on thrust faults and orogen‐parallel extension on normal and strike‐slip faults. In the Annapurna‐Dhaulagiri Himalaya, orogen‐parallel stretching lineations are interpreted as a record of transition from midcrustal orogen‐perpendicular extrusion to upper crustal orogen‐parallel stretching. Our findings suggest that midcrustal flow and upper crustal extension could not be maintained simultaneously and support other studies from across the Himalaya, which propose an orogen‐wide transition from midcrustal orogen‐perpendicular extrusion to upper crustal orogen‐parallel extension during the mid‐Miocene. The 3‐D nature of oblate strain and orogen‐parallel stretching cannot be replicated by 2‐D numerical simulations of the Himalayan orogen.
Magnitude of rift‐related burial and orogenic contraction in the Marrakech High Atlas revealed by zircon (U‐Th)/He thermochronology and thermal modeling
Authors: Domènech Mireia , Teixell Antonio , Stockli Daniel F. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Atlas of Morocco is a continental rift developed during the Triassic‐Jurassic and moderately inverted during the Cenozoic. The High Atlas south of Marrakech, with exposures of basement and Triassic early synrift deposits, has been viewed as a high during the Mesozoic rifting. First zircon (U‐Th)/He ages and thermal models obtained from 42 samples in the Marrakech High Atlas following two NNW‐SSE transects across the mountain belt reveal that in contrast to previous models, the Triassic‐Jurassic rift was well developed in the Marrakech High Atlas (with more than 4.5–6 km of rift‐related deposits). Middle Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous zHe cooling ages obtained indicate that rift‐related subsidence in the Marrakech High Atlas finished in the Middle Jurassic and was followed by a period of exhumation where 2–3 km of rock were eroded. Thermal models from zHe data provide the first thermochronologic clue for a Late Cretaceous initiation of the Atlas compression‐driven exhumation in the inner parts of the Marrakech High Atlas. The Triassic‐Jurassic basin reconstruction assisted by thermochronology highlights a key role of inherited basement anisotropy in rift orientation and evolution, and on its subsequent inversion. Comparison of present‐day and restored sections to the rifting stage aided by thermochronology suggests minimum values of total orogenic shortening in the Marrakech High Atlas of 13 to 14 km (21 to 17%), with exhumation of 1 to more than 5 km of rocks. Similar zHe ages on both sides of the Tizi n'Test fault evince minor vertical movements along the fault during the Atlas orogeny.
The View from Inside the System: How Police Explain Their Response to Sexual Assault
Authors: Shaw Jessica , Campbell Rebecca , Cain Debi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPrior research has documented the problematic community response to sexual assault: the majority of sexual assaults reported to police are never prosecuted. Social dominance theory suggests that this response is a form of institutional discrimination, intended to maintain existing social structures, and that police personnel likely draw upon shared ideologies to justify their decision‐making in sexual assault case investigations. This study drew upon social dominance theory to examine how police justified their investigatory decisions to identify potential leverage points for change. The study revealed that the likelihood of a case referral to the prosecutor increased with each additional investigative step completed; of the different types of justifications provided by police for a less‐than‐thorough investigative response and stalled case, blaming the victim for the poor police investigation proved to be the most damaging to case progression; and the type of explanation provided by police was impacted by specific case variables. As suggested by social dominance theory, the study demonstrates that police rely on several different mechanisms to justify their response to sexual assault; implementing criminal justice system policies that target and interrupt these mechanisms has the potential to improve this response, regardless of specific case factors.
The vanishing Black Indian: Revisiting craniometry and historic collections
Authors: Geller Pamela L. , Stojanowksi Christopher M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectivesThis article uses craniometric allocation as a platform for discussing the legacy of Samuel G. Morton's collection of crania, the process of racialization, and the value of contextualized biohistoric research perspectives in biological anthropology.Materials and MethodsStandard craniometric measurements were recorded for seven Seminoles in the Samuel G. Morton Crania Collection and 10 European soldiers from the Fort St. Marks Military Cemetery; all individuals were men and died in Florida during the 19th century. Fordisc 3.1 was used to assess craniometric affinity with respect to three samples: the Forensic Data Bank, Howells data set, and an archival sample that best fits the target populations collected from 19th century Florida. Discriminant function analyses were used to evaluate how allocations change across the three comparative databases, which roughly reflect a temporal sequence.ResultsMost Seminoles allocated as Native American, while most soldiers allocated as Euro‐American. Allocation of Seminole crania, however, was unstable across analysis runs with more individuals identifying as African Americans when compared to the Howells and Forensic Data Bank. To the contrary, most of the soldiers produced consistent allocations across analyses. Repeatability for the St. Marks sample was lower when using the archival sample database, contrary to expectations. For the Seminole crania, Cohen's κ indicates significantly lower repeatability. A possible Black Seminole individual was identified in the Morton Collection.DiscussionRecent articles discussing the merits and weaknesses of comparative craniometry focus on methodological issues. In our biohistoric approach, we use the patterning of craniometric allocations across databases as a platform for discussing social race and its development during the 19th century, a process known as racialization. Here we propose that differences in repeatability for the Seminoles and Euro‐American soldiers reflect this process and transformation of racialized identities during 19th century U.S. nation‐building. In particular, notions of whiteness were and remain tightly controlled, while other racial categorizations were affected by legal, social, and political contexts that resulted in hybridity in lieu of boundedness.
Educational utility of advanced three‐dimensional virtual imaging in evaluating the anatomical configuration of the frontal recess
Authors: Agbetoba Abib , Luong Amber , Siow Jin Keat , Senior Brent , Callejas Claudio , Szczygielski Kornel , Citardi Martin J. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundEndoscopic sinus surgery represents a cornerstone in the professional development of otorhinolaryngology trainees. Mastery of these surgical skills requires an understanding of paranasal sinus and skull‐base anatomy. The frontal sinus is associated with a wide range of variation and complex anatomical configuration, and thus represents an important challenge for all trainees performing endoscopic sinus surgery.MethodsForty‐five otorhinolaryngology trainees and 20 medical school students from 5 academic institutions were enrolled and randomized into 1 of 2 groups. Each subject underwent learning of frontal recess anatomy with both traditional 2‐dimensional (2D) learning methods using a standard Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) viewing software (RadiAnt Dicom Viewer Version 1.9.16) and 3‐dimensional (3D) learning utilizing a novel preoperative virtual planning software (Scopis Building Blocks), with one half learning with the 2D method first and the other half learning with the 3D method first. Four questionnaires that included a total of 20 items were scored for subjects’ self‐assessment on knowledge of frontal recess and frontal sinus drainage pathway anatomy following each learned modality. A 2‐sample Wilcoxon rank‐sum test was used in the statistical analysis comparing the 2 groups.ResultsMost trainees (89%) believed that the virtual 3D planning software significantly improved their understanding of the spatial orientation of the frontal sinus drainage pathway.ConclusionIncorporation of virtual 3D planning surgical software may help augment trainees’ understanding and spatial orientation of the frontal recess and sinus anatomy. The potential increase in trainee proficiency and comprehension theoretically may translate to improved surgical skill and patient outcomes and in reduced surgical time.
Tailoring Transition‐Metal Hydroxides and Oxides by Photon‐Induced Reactions
Authors: Niu Kai‐Yang , Fang Liang , Ye Rong , Nordlund Dennis , Doeff Marca M. , Lin Feng , Zheng Haimei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractControlled synthesis of transition‐metal hydroxides and oxides with earth‐abundant elements have attracted significant interest because of their wide applications, for example as battery electrode materials or electrocatalysts for fuel generation. Here, we report the tuning of the structure of transition‐metal hydroxides and oxides by controlling chemical reactions using an unfocused laser to irradiate the precursor solution. A Nd:YAG laser with wavelengths of 532 nm or 1064 nm was used. The Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ ion‐containing aqueous solution undergoes photo‐induced reactions and produces hollow metal‐oxide nanospheres (Ni0.18Mn0.45Co0.37Ox) or core–shell metal hydroxide nanoflowers ([Ni0.15Mn0.15Co0.7(OH)2](NO3)0.2⋅H2O), depending on the laser wavelengths. We propose two reaction pathways, either by photo‐induced redox reaction or hydrolysis reaction, which are responsible for the formation of distinct nanostructures. The study of photon‐induced materials growth shines light on the rational design of complex nanostructures with advanced functionalities.
Ein‐Topf‐Reaktionskaskaden durch Kombination einer eingekapselten Decarboxylase mit Metathese zur Synthese biobasierter Antioxidantien
Authors: Gómez Baraibar Álvaro , Reichert Dennis , Mügge Carolin , Seger Svenja , Gröger Harald , Kourist Robert 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDie Kombination von Enzymen mit herkömmlichen Katalysatoren ermöglicht die Verbindung hoher Selektivität ersterer mit der Vielseitigkeit letzterer. Eine große Herausforderung dieses Ansatzes besteht in den sehr unterschiedlichen optimalen Reaktionsbedingungen beider Katalysatortypen. Hier kombinieren wir eine Cofaktor‐freie Decarboxylase mit einem [Ru]‐Metathesekatalysator zur Herstellung hochwertiger Antioxidantien aus biobasierten Vorstufen. Da geeignete [Ru]‐Komplexe keine zufriedenstellende Aktivität unter wässrigen Bedingungen zeigten, erforderte die Reaktion ein organisches Lösungsmittel, das seinerseits die enzymatische Aktivität erheblich senkte. Durch das Einkapseln des Enzyms in einer Gelmatrix konnte die Decarboxylierung in reinem organischem Lösungsmittel durchgeführt werden, und nach einem intermediären Trocknungsschritt war die Metathese leicht möglich. Eine sequenzielle Ein‐Topf‐Reaktionskaskade nach diesem Muster lieferte das Antioxidans 4,4′‐Dihydroxystilben in 90 % Gesamtausbeute.
Demineralization of asphaltite using free jet flotation
Authors: Güney Ali , Burat Fırat , Kayaduman Mehmet , Kangal Olgaç 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe mineral matter and sulfur, which are present in varying amounts in asphaltites, are a major problem in the utilization of asphaltites as a fuel. Demineralization studies were carried out on an asphaltite sample containing 43.69% ash, 35.9% volatile matter, 19.7% fixed carbon, and 4.64% total sulfur. Laboratory scale free jet flotation cell with a volume of 30 L and a capacity of 2 m3/h was used, and all flotation tests were performed as collectorless. About 100 g/t isooctanol was used as a frother. The effects of particle size, the height of the nozzle pipe, turbulence zone, and laminar zone thickness were investigated during the tests. The flotation results indicated that a clean asphaltite having 19.66% ash content was produced with 66.4% combustible recovery. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.