bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proton acceleration in plasma turbulence driven by high-energy lepton jets
Authors: Zhang 张 Gaowei 高维 , Sheng 盛 Zhengming 政明 , Weng 翁 Suming 苏明 , Chen 陈 Min 民 , Zhang 张 Jie 杰 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The interaction of high energy lepton jets composed of electrons and positrons with background electron–proton plasma is investigated numerically based upon particle-in-cell simulation, focusing on the acceleration processes of background protons due to the development of electromagnetic turbulence. Such interaction may be found in the universe when energetic lepton jets propagate in the interstellar media. When such a jet is injected into the background plasma, the Weibel instability is excited quickly, which leads to the development of plasma turbulence into the nonlinear stage. The turbulent electric and magnetic fields accelerate plasma particles via the Fermi II type acceleration, where the maximum energy of both electrons and protons can be accelerated to much higher than that of the incident jet particles. Because of background plasma acceleration, a collisionless electrostatic shock wave is formed, where some pre-accelerated protons are further accelerated when passing through the shock wave front. Dependence of proton acceleration on the beam-plasma density ratio and beam energy is investigated. For a given background plasma density, the maximum proton energy generally increases both with the density and kinetic energy of the injected jet. Moreover, for a homogeneous background plasma, the proton acceleration via both turbulent fields and collisionless shocks is found to be significant. In the case of an inhomogeneous plasma, the proton acceleration in the plasma turbulence is dominant. Our studies illustrate a scenario where protons from background plasma can be accelerated successively by the turbulent fields and collisionless shocks.
Recent advances in bio-functional Ta-based bone materials: materials design and bioactivity
Authors: Wu Manyuan , Zhao Mingchun , Cai Ying , Yao Jiangang , Wang Ping , Atrens Andrej 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Ta-based materials have gained significant interest for bioimplantable scaffolds because of their appropriate mechanical characteristics and biocompatibility. To overcome the serious limitation of bioinertness, there have been many efforts to enhance the bioactivity and osseointegration of Ta-based scaffolds through morphostructural and surface modifications. As scaffolds are implantable devices, sufficient bioactivity is needed to trigger the cellular functions required for tissue engineering. Consequently, a combination of materials and bioscience is needed to develop efficient Ta-based scaffolds, although reviews of this interdisciplinary field remain limited. This review aims to provide an overview of the main strategies to enhance the bioactivity of Ta-based scaffolds, describing the basic mechanisms and research methods of osseointegration, and the approaches to enhance bioactivity and osseointegration. These approaches are divided into three main sections: (i) alteration of the micromorphology, (ii) customization of the scaffold structure, and (iii) functionalization modifications (through alloying or the addition of surface coatings). Also provided are recent advances regarding biocompatibility assessment in vitro, osseointegration properties in vivo, and clinical trial results.
Recent advances in wave-driven triboelectric nanogenerators: from manufacturing to applications
Authors: Zhu Chuanqing , Xiang Cheng , Wu Mengwei , Yu Chengnuo , Dai Shu , Sun Qijun , Zhou Tongming , Wang Hao , Xu Minyi 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The ocean is the largest reservoir of renewable energy on earth, in which wave energy occupies an important position due to its high energy density and extensive distribution. As a cutting-edge technology, wave-driven triboelectric nanogenerators (W-TENGs) demonstrate substantial potential for ocean energy conversion and utilization. This paper provides a comprehensive review of W-TENGs, from materials manufacturing and structural fabrications to marine applications. It highlights the versatility in materials selection for W-TENGs and the potential for unique treatments to enhance output performance. With the development of materials science, researchers can manufacture materials with various properties as needed. The structural design and fabrication of W-TENGs is the pillar of converting wave energy to electrical energy. The flexible combination of TENG’s multiple working modes and advanced manufacturing methods make W-TENGs’ structures rich and diverse. Advanced technologies, such as three-dimensional printing, make manufacturing and upgrading W-TENGs more convenient and efficient. This paper summarizes their structures and elucidates their features and manufacturing processes. It should be noted that all efforts made in materials and structures are aimed at W-TENGs, having a bright application prospect. The latest studies on W-TENGs for effective application in the marine field are reviewed, and their feasibility and practical value are evaluated. Finally, based on a systematic review, the existing challenges at this stage are pointed out. More importantly, strategies to address these challenges and directions for future research efforts are also discussed. This review aims to clarify the recent advances in standardization and scale-up of W-TENGs to promote richer innovation and practice in the future.
History and Drafting of the Indian Contract Act 1872
Authors: Swain Warren 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the history and drafting of the Indian Contract Act 1872. It explains that India provides a good example of how the British were prepared to adapt the common law for colonial conditions while demonstrating the limits of that indulgence. Although the British Empire is a central component in the narrative, the Indian Contract Act of 1872 fits within two wider nineteenth-century debates about the merits of codification and the structure of contract law. The chapter details the law-making in the British Empire, showing how the common law was complicated since the country was run as a corporate state by the East India Company before 1858. Even though the final legislation of the Indian contract law was close to English contract law, it also differed in a few respects, not least in that it possessed an ordered and principled structure that was difficult to achieve in a common law system.
Migration of the Indian Contract Act 1872
Authors: Fong Cheong May 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the migration of the Indian Contract Act 1872 to Malaysia. It explains that the Malaysian Contracts Act 1950 is a product of a double legal transplant modelled on the Indian Contract Act. The double legal transplant of the Malaysian Act invites deliberation as to the extent of Malaysian contract law’s engagement with developments in the United Kingdom and India. The analysis of Malaysian case law indicates a tension in the relationship between statute and the common law while considering the creativity of the courts in adapting a statute enacted in 1872. Even though Indian case law was highly influential in the early development of Malaysian contract law, its influence gradually declined as Malaysian courts referred to English law, the source jurisdiction, and decisions from other Commonwealth jurisdictions.
Consideration
Authors: Nuggehalli Nigam , Surana Ragini 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the notion of consideration, which is an integral part of the contract law of India. Consideration is used to designate the price or value exchanged under the contract. The doctrine of consideration continues to form an essential component of the the idea of a bargain in the common law. Under section 10 of the Indian Contract Act, to be enforceable, an agreement must be made for lawful consideration. The chapter provides an overview of the historical background and scope of the doctrine of consideration.
Parties and Assignment
Authors: Naravane Shantanu 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the privity of contract, which is one of the pillars of English contract law. Indian law accepts the common law’s starting position and the strength of the edifice built through repeated judicial affirmation. The privity of contract deals with the effect of a contract on third parties, while the privity of consideration instead covers what role, if any, third parties may play in the formation of a contract. The chapter then considers the exceptions to the privity of contract, including collateral contracts, implied contracts, trusts, marriage settlements, and assignments. It explains that the assignment of contractual rights is subject to restrictions on the transfer of property under Indian law.
Incapacity and Its Consequences
Authors: Maitra Neel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the capacity of parties to contract under the Indian Contract Act 1872 (‘the Contract Act’) and the judicial treatment of agreements with the incapacitated. It outlines the categories of incapacity under the Contract Act before detailing the consequences and remedies of incapacity for the agreement. According to courts and commentators, the current state of the Indian law on incapacity under the Contract Act is unsatisfactory. The chapter enumerates the notions of minority, unsoundness of mind, and legal disqualification as each type of incapacity. It cites that the advent of online contracting, with its relative anonymity, raised new issues of incapacity and misrepresentation before Indian courts.
Fraud, Misrepresentation, and Mistake
Authors: Krishnaprasad KV 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the provisions of the Indian Contract Act 1872 that govern fraud, misrepresentation, and mistake. The chapter advances three key arguments. First, the provisions of the Contract Act that govern fraud and misrepresentation suffer from a drafting flaw. Once the drafting error is recognised, it becomes clear that the Contract Act regulates the contractual consequences of fraud and misrepresentation in two stages: a consent-based first stage and a more pluralistic second stage. Second, the second paragraph of section 19 of the Contract Act requires a misrepresentee to be “put in the position in which he would have been if the representations made had been true”. This provision treats all pre-contractual representations as though they were enforceable promises. This is indefensible. Third, when considering the contractual consequences of the parties’ mistakes, nineteenth century English Courts were faced with the task of reconciling Pothier’s ‘Will Theory’ with the common law doctrine of objectivity. This conflict is also reflected in the Contract Act. Understanding this tension yields important insights as to the way in which the Contract Act regulates mistakes.
Illegality
Authors: Sebastian Thomas , Ahluwalia Aman 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the rules relating to illegality under the Indian Contract Act of 1872. The rule against the enforceability of illegal agreements reflects the regulatory objective of ensuring that the private law of contract does not facilitate conduct that is prohibited by other laws or conduct that is disfavoured as a matter of public policy or morality. While the rules relating to illegality can serve to promote regulatory objectives, they can also lead to injustice in the form of enrichment of a party who is complicit in illegality and the imposition of financial losses that may be excessive. The chapter provides an overview of the relevant statutory framework, the degree of connection that the law requires between illegal conduct and a contract before it will intervene to make the contract unenforceable, the categories of illegality, and the legal consequences of illegality. The chapter concludes that the Indian law of illegality strikes a defensible balance between promoting regulatory objectives and minimising injustice to individual contracting parties.
Restraint of Trade in India
Authors: Zhong Xing Tan , Varottil Umakanth 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the restraint of trade in India. It discusses how the restraint-of-trade doctrine aims to mediate between the competing policies of freedom of contract and the protection of a person’s fundamental liberty to earn a living across the common law world. The rule governing agreements in restraint of trade is found under section 27 of the Indian Contract Act 1872. The chapter explains that the restraint doctrine is dynamic, referring to the degree of balancing between the legitimate commercial interests of parties and the autonomy interest of those subject to restraints. It then considers the future of the restraint of trade doctrine in India.
Indemnity and Guarantee
Authors: Courtney Wayne 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview on indemnity and guarantee. It notes that the Indian Contract Act 1872 (‘the Contract Act’) contains two provisions defining the nature of a contract of indemnity and the rights of the promisee under it, and that these are immediately followed by twenty-two provisions on guarantees. Sections 124 and 125 of the Contract Act address actions against the indemnified party, with the principal concern being with promises to indemnify against claims by, or liabilities to, third parties. Meanwhile, section 126 defines a guarantee as a contract to perform the promise, or discharge the liability, of a third person in case of his default. The chapter considers the several observations about the reforms proposed by the Law Commission of India in its Thirteenth Report.
Shareholder Agreements in India
Authors: Jha Nemika , Khanna Vikramaditya S 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the unsettled jurisprudence relating to shareholder agreements (SAs) in India. India has also witnessed a rise in SAs, particularly with foreign private equity players, which reflects a level of sophistication and formality in contract negotiations that was not always present when such agreements were between family or affinity groups. This has placed increasing pressure on Indian case law to evolve in response to these agreements.
The chapter explains that greater conceptualization of the concerns at play would facilitate the development of a less confusing jurisprudence that would inure to the benefit of all. It discusses the policy concerns, state of Indian law on SAs, and the proposal of the Securities and Exchange Board of India to require disclosure of certain agreements.
Introduction
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The aims of the book are to bring nihilism into debates over truth and paradox, and to show that a nihilist approach to truth is a serious contender. By nihilism is meant a theory that denies the existence of some sort of thing; in the context of debates about truth, nihilism is the view that nothing is true. Some have taken the theory to be easy to refute—but the easy refutations do not touch more sophisticated versions of the theory. The main grounds for taking the view seriously are the elegant solutions it provides to a wide range of paradoxes involving truth, and its epistemological superiority to theories that posit truths. Making that case is the main task of the book. The book is also a challenge to deflationism. By showing that we can well do without truths, it is argued that deflationism is actually too lavish a position.
Tree-based scan statistics to generate drug repurposing hypotheses: a test case using sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors
Authors: Tan George S Q , Maro Judith C , Wang Shirley V , Toh Sengwee , Morton Jedidiah I , Ilomäki Jenni , Wong Jenna , Li Xiaojuan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Most drug repurposing studies using real-world data focused on validating, instead of generating, hypotheses. We used tree-based scan statistics to generate repurposing hypotheses for sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). We used an active-comparator, new-user design to create a 1:1 propensity-score matched cohort of SGLT2i and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) initiators in the MerativeTM MarketScan® Research Databases. Tree-based scan statistics were estimated across an ICD-10-CM-based hierarchical outcome tree using incident outcomes identified from hospital and outpatient diagnoses. We used an adjusted P≤0.01 as the threshold for statistical alert to prioritize associations for evaluation as repurposing signals. We varied the analyses by tree size, scanning level, and clinical settings for outcomes. There were 80,510 matched SGLT2i-DPP4i initiator pairs with 215,333 outcomes among SGLT2i initiators and 223,428 outcomes among DPP4i initiators. There were 18 prioritized associations, which included chronic kidney disease (P=0.0001), an expected signal, and anemia (P=0.0001). Heart failure (P=0.0167), another expected signal, was identified slightly beyond the statistical alert threshold. Narrowing the outcome tree, scanning at different tree levels, and including outcomes from different clinical settings influenced the scan statistics. We identified signals aligning with recently approved indications of SGLT2i, plus potential repurposing signals supported by existing evidence but requiring future validation.
Pharmacy prevalence of second victim syndrome in a comprehensive cancer center
Authors: Johnson Tami N , Tucker Anne M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Purpose
The results of a survey to determine the pharmacy prevalence of second victim syndrome (SVS) at a comprehensive cancer center are presented.

Methods
The division of pharmacy was surveyed using a 47-item online Qualtrics-platform questionnaire to help determine the prevalence of SVS. The questionnaire included demographic questions, questions about self-perceived SVS, and the validated Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (SVEST). The questionnaire was distributed electronically through senior leadership.

Results
The response rate was 95%, with self-perceived SVS reported in 37% of all respondents. Overall, 53% of pharmacists and 15% of pharmacy technicians reported having experienced SVS in their lifetime. Self-perceived time needed to recover from the most pronounced event was either less than a week or less than a month for 60% of respondents, with 10% never fully recovering. The SVEST score, which helped assess SVS impact, was neutral with a mean (SD) of 2.79 (0.51). The psychological distress and professional self-efficiency dimensions of SVEST each had a mean score of 3.5 or higher, suggesting prevalence of SVS symptoms. The resources most desired to help individuals recover from SVS were a peer support program, a specified peaceful location, time away from the unit, and an employee assistance program.

Conclusion
The pharmacy division at a comprehensive cancer center is experiencing SVS. Programs targeting SVS should be considered for a pharmacy department or division at a comprehensive cancer center to help improve their employees’ well-being and job performance. Multiple avenues of support resources are needed to meet everyone’s needs.
Naltrexone augmented with prazosin for alcohol use disorder: results from a randomized controlled proof-of-concept trial
Authors: Simpson Tracy L , Achtmeyer Carol , Batten Lisa , Reoux Joseph , Shofer Jane , Peskind Elaine R , Saxon Andrew J , Raskind Murray A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Aims
We conducted a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial of the mu-opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone, augmented with the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, prazosin, for alcohol use disorder in veterans. We sought a signal that the naltrexone plus prazosin combination regimen would be superior to naltrexone alone.

Methods
Thirty-one actively drinking veterans with alcohol use disorder were randomized 1:1:1:1 to naltrexone plus prazosin (NAL-PRAZ [n = 8]), naltrexone plus placebo (NAL-PLAC [n = 7]), prazosin plus placebo (PRAZ-PLAC [n = 7]), or placebo plus placebo (PLAC-PLAC [n = 9]) for 6 weeks. Prazosin was titrated over 2 weeks to a target dose of 4 mg QAM, 4 mg QPM, and 8 mg QHS. Naltrexone was administered at 50 mg QD. Primary outcomes were the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), % drinking days (PDD), and % heavy drinking days (PHDD).

Results
In the NAL-PRAZ condition, % reductions from baseline for all three primary outcome measures exceeded 50% and were at least twice as large as % reductions in the NAL-PLAC condition (PACS: 57% vs. 26%; PDD: 51% vs. 22%; PHDD: 69% vs. 15%) and in the other two comparator conditions. Standardized effect sizes between NAL-PRAZ and NAL-PLAC for each primary outcome measure were &gt;0.8. All but one participant assigned to the two prazosin containing conditions achieved the target prazosin dose of 16 mg/day and maintained that dose for the duration of the trial.

Conclusion
These results suggest that prazosin augmentation of naltrexone enhances naltrexone benefit for alcohol use disorder. These results strengthen rationale for an adequately powered definitive randomized controlled trial.
Phylogenomic analysis of target enrichment and transcriptome data uncovers rapid radiation and extensive hybridization in the slipper orchid genus Cypripedium
Authors: Lagou Loudmila Jelinscaia , Kadereit Gudrun , Morales-Briones Diego F 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Cypripedium is the most widespread and morphologically diverse genus of slipper orchids. Despite several published phylogenies, the topology and monophyly of its infrageneric taxa remained uncertain. Here, we aimed to reconstruct a robust section-level phylogeny of Cypripedium and explore its evolutionary history using target capture data for the first time.

Methods
We used the orchid-specific bait set Orchidaceae963 in combination with transcriptomic data to reconstruct the phylogeny of Cypripedium based on 913 nuclear loci, covering all 13 sections. Subsequently, we investigated discordance among nuclear and chloroplast trees, estimated divergence times and ancestral ranges, searched for anomaly zones, polytomies and diversification rate shifts, and identified potential gene (genome) duplication and hybridization events.

Key Results
All sections were recovered as monophyletic, contrary to the two subsections within sect. Cypripedium. The two subclades within this section did not correspond to its subsections but matched the geographical distribution of their species. Additionally, we discovered high levels of discordance in the short backbone branches of the genus and within sect. Cypripedium, which can be attributed to hybridization events detected based on phylogenetic network analyses, and incomplete lineage sorting caused by rapid radiation. Our biogeographical analysis suggested a Neotropical origin of the genus during the Oligocene (~30 Ma), with a lineage of potentially hybrid origin spreading to the Old World in the Early Miocene (~22 Ma). The rapid radiation at the backbone probably occurred in Southeast Asia around the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition (~15–13 Ma), followed by several independent dispersals back to the New World. Moreover, the glacial cycles of the Pliocene–Quaternary may have contributed to further speciation and reticulate evolution within Cypripedium.

Conclusions
Our study provides novel insights into the evolutionary history of Cypripedium based on high-throughput molecular data, shedding light on the dynamics of its distribution and diversity patterns from its origin to the present.