bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in Myoelectric and Body-Powered Upper-Limb Prostheses: Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Carey Stephanie L. , Lura Derek J. , Highsmith M. Jason 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
The choice of a myoelectric or body-powered upper-limb prosthesis can be determined using factors including control, function, feedback, cosmesis, and rejection. Although body-powered and myoelectric control strategies offer unique functions, many prosthesis users must choose one. A systematic review was conducted to determine differences between myoelectric and body-powered prostheses to inform evidence-based clinical practice regarding prescription of these devices and training of users. A search of 9 databases identified 462 unique publications. Ultimately, 31 of them were included and 11 empirical evidence statements were developed. Conflicting evidence has been found in terms of the relative functional performance of body-powered and myoelectric prostheses. Body-powered prostheses have been shown to have advantages in durability, training time, frequency of adjustment, maintenance, and feedback; however, they could still benefit from improvements of control. Myoelectric prostheses have been shown to improve cosmesis and phantom-limb pain and are more accepted for light-intensity work. Currently, evidence is insufficient to conclude that either system provides a significant general advantage. Prosthetic selection should be based on a patient’s individual needs and include personal preferences, prosthetic experience, and functional needs. This work demonstrates that there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding functional differences in upper-limb prostheses.
Pediatric Strokes: The Who, What, When, and Beyond...
Authors: Thompson Gina , Stafford Tonya 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The prevalence of pediatric strokes, incidence of delay in treatment, and misdiagnosis has become an epidemic in healthcare. The purpose of this poster presentation is to provide education to healthcare professionals related to the extensive care required for pediatric stroke patients, from diagnosis until adulthood. As healthcare professionals, we must be educated and aware that pediatric strokes (one of the top 10 causes of death in children aged 1–19 years) occur and their recovery includes a multidisciplinary approach. We have developed an educational booklet for patients and parents that includes diagnoses through all stages of childhood. Topics discussed are risk factors, types of strokes, signs and symptoms, treatment options, therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, local and national resources, and common terms. Information is presented in road maps for each age group.
Changes in Proteases, Antiproteases, and Bioactive Proteins From Mother's Breast Milk to the Premature Infant Stomach
Authors: Demers‐Mathieu Veronique , Nielsen Søren Drud , Underwood Mark A. , Borghese Robyn , Dallas David C. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTObjective:Our previous studies suggested that human milk proteases begin to hydrolyze proteins in the mammary gland and continue within the term infant’ stomach. No research has measured milk protease and pepsin activity in the gastric aspirates of preterm infants after human milk feeding. This study investigated how the concentrations of human milk proteases and protease inhibitors changed in the premature infant stomach.Methods:Human milk and infant gastric samples were collected from 18 preterm‐delivering mother–infant pairs (24–32 week gestational age). Paired human milk and gastric samples were collected across postnatal age (2–47 days). Protease concentrations were determined by spectrophotometric or fluorometric assays, and the concentrations of protease inhibitors and bioactive proteins were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Paired t tests were applied to compare enzymes, antiproteases, and bioactive proteins between human milk and gastric samples.Results:Our study reveals that although human milk proteases, including carboxypeptidase B2, kallikrein, plasmin, cathepsin D, elastase, thrombin, and cytosol aminopeptidase, are present in the preterm infant stomach, only plasmin and cathepsin D can actively hydrolyze proteins at gastric pH. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and peptidomic evidence suggest that all milk antiproteases as well as lactoferrin and immunoglobulin A are partially digested in the preterm stomach.Conclusions:Most human milk proteases are active in milk but not at preterm infant gastric pH. Only cathepsin D and plasmin have potential to continue degrading milk proteins within the preterm infant stomach.
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 With Electrolytes Versus Polyethylene Glycol 4000 for Constipation
Authors: Bekkali Noor L.H. , Hoekman Daniël R. , Liem Olivia , Bongers Marloes E.J. , van Wijk Michiel P. , Zegers Bas , Pelleboer Rolf A. , Verwijs Wim , Koot Bart G.P. , Voropaiev Maksym , Benninga Marc A. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTObjective:The long‐term efficacy and safety of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in constipated children are unknown, and a head‐to‐head comparison of the different PEG formulations is lacking. We aimed to investigate noninferiority of PEG3350 with electrolytes (PEG3350 + E) compared to PEG4000 without electrolytes (PEG4000).Methods:In this double‐blind trial, children aged 0.5 to 16 years with constipation, defined as a defecation frequency of <3 times per week, were randomized to receive either PEG3350 + E or PEG4000. Primary outcomes were change in total sum score (TSS) at week 52 compared to baseline, and dose range determination. TSS was the sum of the severity of 5 constipation symptoms rated on a 4‐point scale (0–3). Noninferiority margin was a difference in TSS of ⩽1.5 based on a 95%‐confidence interval [CI]. Treatment success was defined as a defecation frequency of ≥3 per week with <1 episode of fecal incontinence.Results:Ninety‐seven subjects were included, of whom 82 completed the study. Mean reduction in TSS was −3.81 (95% CI: −4.96 to −2.65) and −3.74 (95%CI: −5.08 to −2.40), for PEG3350 + E and PEG4000, respectively. Noninferiority criteria were not met (maximum difference between groups: −1.81 to 1.68). Daily sachet use was: 0 to 2 years: 0.4 to 2.3 and 0.9 to 2.1; 2 to 4 years: 0.1 to 3.5 and 1.2 to 3.2; 4 to 8 years: 1.1 to 2.8 and 0.7 to 3.8; 8 to 16 years 0.6 to 3.7 and 1.0 to 3.7, in PEG3350 + E and PEG4000, respectively. Treatment success after 52 weeks was achieved in 50% and 45% of children, respectively (P = 0.69). Rates of adverse events were similar between groups, and no drug‐related serious adverse events occurred.Conclusions:Noninferiority regarding long‐term constipation‐related symptoms of PEG3350 + E compared to PEG4000 was not demonstrated. However, analysis of secondary outcomes suggests similar efficacy and safety of these agents.
The Relationship Between Remoteness and Outcomes in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Sample Megan , Acharya Anand , O’Hearn Katharine , Livingstone Shane , Menon Kusum 
Published: September 2017

Objective:
A significant number of children live in remote geographic areas without direct access to tertiary care PICU. Our objective was to explore the relationship between remoteness and outcomes of critically ill children in Canada.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the PICU from February 1, 2015, to January 31, 2016.

Setting:
Pediatric tertiary care PICU in Canada.

Patients:
All children admitted to PICU during the study period.

Interventions:
None

Measurements and Main Results:
Four hundred fifty-five unique PICU admissions were included. One hundred sixty-nine patients were transported from another center of whom 28 lived in remote areas. For transported patients, remoteness (hazard ratio, 2.76, p < 0.001; hazard ratio, 2.22, p = 0.006), admission Pediatric Risk of Mortality (hazard ratio, 1.11; p = 0.001; hazard ratio, 1.05, p = 0.016), and transport by a noncritical care trained team (hazard ratio, 0.61, p = 0.021; hazard ratio, 0.66, p = 0.045) were associated with increased PICU and hospital lengths of stay, respectively. PICU mortality increased with duration of transport (odds ratio, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.09–1.97; p = 0.012). The odds of a remote-area patient being refused admission during the winter were significantly higher (odds ratio, 8.2; 95% CI, 3.0–22.3; p < 0.001) than a patient not requiring transport. Admission Pediatric Risk of Mortality score (4, interquartile range, 1–8 vs 2, interquartile range, 0–5; p = 0.001) and mortality rate (7.1%, 12/169 vs 0%, 0/286; p < 0.001) were significantly higher for transported than for nontransported patients.

Conclusions:
Remoteness was associated with increased PICU and hospital length of stay, and duration of transport was associated with higher admission Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) scores and mortality rates. Patients requiring transport had a significantly higher PICU mortality rate than those presenting directly to a tertiary care center. Further studies are needed to explore potential policy and healthcare resource implications of these findings.
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Markers in HIV-Infected Youth
Authors: Eckard Allison Ross , O'Riordan Mary Ann , Rosebush Julia C. , Ruff Joshua H. , Chahroudi Ann , Labbato Danielle , Daniels Julie E. , Uribe-Leitz Monika , Tangpricha Vin , McComsey Grace A. 
Published: September 2017

Background:
Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a significant comorbidity in HIV. However, studies evaluating vitamin D supplementation on bone health in this population are limited. This study investigates changes in bone health parameters after 12 months of supplementation in HIV-infected youth with vitamin D insufficiency.

Methods:
This is a randomized, active-control, double-blind trial investigating changes in bone parameters with 3 different vitamin D3 doses [18,000 (standard/control dose), 60,000 (moderate dose), and 120,000 IU/monthly (high dose)] in HIV-infected youth 8–25 years old with baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations <30 ng/mL. BMD and bone turnover markers were measured at baseline and 12 months.

Results:
One hundred two subjects enrolled. Over 12 months, serum 25(OH)D concentrations increased with all doses, but the high dose (ie, 120,000 IU/monthly) maintained serum 25(OH)D concentrations in an optimal range (≥30 or ≥20 ng/mL) throughout the study period for more subjects (85% and 93%, respectively) compared with either the moderate (54% and 88%, respectively) or standard dose (63% and 80%, respectively). All dosing groups showed some improvement in BMD; however, only the high-dose arm showed significant decreases in bone turnover markers for both procollagen type 1 aminoterminal propeptide (−3.7 ng/mL; P = 0.001) and Β-CrossLaps (−0.13 ng/mL; P = 0.0005).

Conclusions:
High-dose vitamin D supplementation (120,000 IU/mo) given over 12 months decreases bone turnover markers in HIV-infected youth with vitamin D insufficiency, which may represent an early, beneficial effect on bone health. High vitamin D doses are needed to maintain optimal serum 25(OH)D concentrations.
Incidental Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma on 68Ga-Labeled Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT
Authors: Patel D. , Loh H. , Le K. , Stevanovic A. , Mansberg R. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
A 66-year-old man with history of prostate carcinoma underwent 68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/CT for surveillance of rising prostate-specific antigen. Intense tracer uptake was noted in segments 2, 7, and 8 of the liver. The lesions were not FDG avid on 18F-FDG PET/CT. Further characterization with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with Gd-EOB (Primovist) contrast revealed ill-defined arterially enhancing lesions with central washout in the venous phase. CT-guided core biopsy was performed, and histopathology confirmed well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma.
The Liver Tunnel
Authors: Torzilli Guido , Procopio Fabio , Viganò Luca , Costa Guido , Fontana Andrea , Cimino Matteo , Donadon Matteo , Del Fabbro Daniele 
Published: September 2017

Objective:
This prospective intention-to-treat validation study evaluated the liver tunnel (LT) technique for patients having ≥1 deep centrally located liver tumor, with or without middle hepatic vein (MHV) invasion.

Background:
Conservative surgery has been proposed for patients with deep liver tumors having complex relationships. LT is one such novel technique.

Methods:
Eligible patients were prospectively enrolled for LT. LT relies on tumor-vessel detachment, and the presence of communicating veins if MHV resection is necessary.

Results:
Twenty consecutive patients met the inclusion criteria: 17 had colorectal liver metastases, 1 had hepatocellular carcinoma, 1 had mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma, and 1 had mixed hepatocellular carcinoma—mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma. Nineteen patients underwent LT. The MHV was resected in 6 patients, always sparing segments 4i and 5. Overall, 180 lesions were removed (median 7; range 1–37): 79 lesions were included in the LT specimen (median 3; range 1–13). There was no in-hospital 90-day mortality. Overall morbidity occurred in 10 (50%) patients: major in 2 (10%). All complications were managed conservatively. After a median 15-month follow-up (range 6–48), 2 instances of cut-edge local recurrences were observed.

Conclusions:
This study shows that LT is technically feasible and safe. Further studies are needed for standardizing its use.
ALPPS Improves Resectability Compared With Conventional Two-stage Hepatectomy in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Liver Metastasis
Authors: Sandström Per , Røsok Bård I. , Sparrelid Ernesto , Larsen Peter N. , Larsson Anna L. , Lindell Gert , Schultz Nicolai A. , Bjørnbeth Bjorn A. , Isaksson Bengt , Rizell Magnus , Björnsson Bergthor 
Published: September 2017

Objective:
The aim of the study was to evaluate if associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) could increase resection rates (RRs) compared with two-stage hepatectomy (TSH) in a randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Background:
Radical liver metastasis resection offers the only chance of a cure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) and an insufficient future liver remnant (FLR) volume are traditionally treated with chemotherapy with portal vein embolization or ligation followed by hepatectomy (TSH). This treatment sometimes fails due to insufficient liver growth or tumor progression.

Methods:
A prospective, multicenter RCT was conducted between June 2014 and August 2016. It included 97 patients with CRLM and a standardized FLR (sFLR) of less than 30%. Primary outcome—RRs were measured as the percentages of patients completing both stages of the treatment. Secondary outcomes were complications, radicality, and 90-day mortality measured from the final intervention.

Results:
Baseline characteristics, besides body mass index, did not differ between the groups. The RR was 92% [95% confidence interval (CI) 84%–100%] (44/48) in the ALPPS arm compared with 57% (95% CI 43%–72%) (28/49) in the TSH arm [rate ratio 8.25 (95% CI 2.6–26.6); P < 0.0001]. No differences in complications (Clavien–Dindo ≥3a) [43% (19/44) vs 43% (12/28)] [1.01 (95% CI 0.4–2.6); P = 0.99], 90-day mortality [8.3% (4/48) vs 6.1% (3/49)] [1.39 [95% CI 0.3–6.6]; P = 0.68] or R0 RRs [77% (34/44) vs 57% (16/28)] [2.55 [95% CI 0.9–7.1]; P = 0.11)] were observed. Of the patients in the TSH arm that failed to reach an sFLR of 30%, 12 were successfully treated with ALPPS.

Conclusion:
ALPPS is superior to TSH in terms of RR, with comparable surgical margins, complications, and short-term mortality.
New PET markers for the diagnosis of dementia
Authors: Payoux Pierre , Salabert Anne Sophie 
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review
To present the new PET markers that could become in the coming years, relevant to advanced clinical approaches to dementia diagnosis, drug trials, and treatment strategies and discuss their advantages and limitations.

Recent findings
The most advanced new PET tracers are the markers of the amyloid plaques, the τ compounds and the tracers of the translocator protein as markers of neuroinflammation. The main advantages but also the weaknesses of each of these markers are discussed. The main pitfall remains the heterogeneity of the available results that cast doubt to a rapid introduction of these new ligands in clinical practice.

Summary
With the advent of biomarkers in clinical management and findings of molecular neuroimaging studies in the evaluation of patients with suspected dementia, the impact of functional neuroimaging has increased considerably these last years and has been integrated into many clinical guidelines in the field of dementia. In addition to conventional single PET brain perfusion and dopaminergic neurotransmission, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET is used in advanced diagnosis procedures. Furthermore, new tracers are being developed to quantify key neuropathological features in the brain tissue as highly specific diagnosis is crucial to comply with the global medical and public health objectives in this domain. A strategic road map for further developments, adapted from the approach to cancer biomarkers, should be proposed so as to optimize the rationale of the PET-based molecular diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders.
Human oncogenic viruses: nature and discovery
Authors: Chang Yuan , Moore Patrick S. , Weiss Robin A. 
Published: September 2017

Seven kinds of virus collectively comprise an important cause of cancer, particularly in less developed countries and for people with damaged immune systems. Discovered over the past 54 years, most of these viruses are common infections of humankind for which malignancy is a rare consequence. Various cofactors affect the complex interaction between virus and host and the likelihood of cancer emerging. Although individual human tumour viruses exert their malignant effects in different ways, there are common features that illuminate mechanisms of oncogenesis more generally, whether or not there is a viral aetiology.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.
Temporary mate removal during incubation leads to variable compensation in a biparental shorebird
Authors: Bulla Martin , Valcu Mihai , Rutten Anne L. , Kempenaers Bart 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTBiparental care for offspring requires cooperation, but it is also a potential source of conflict, since one parent may care less at the expense of the other. How, then, do parents respond to the reduction of their partner’s care? Theoretical models predict that parents that feed offspring should partially compensate for the reduced care of their partner. However, for incubating birds partial compensation is unlikely the optimal strategy, because the entire brood can fail with reduced care. Although biparental incubation dominates in non-passerine birds, short-term manipulations of parental care and evaluations of individual differences in the response, both crucial to our understanding of parental cooperation, are scarce. Here, we describe the response of semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) parents to a 24-hour removal of their partner during the incubation period, explore factors that can explain individual variation in the response, and describe how incubation rhythms changed after the removed parent returned. On average, the parents compensated partially for the absence of their partner’s care (59%; 95%CI: 49-70%,N= 25 individuals). The level of compensation did not differ between the sexes. However, individual responses varied from no to full compensation (2-101%). In seven nests where the removed parent never returned, the widowed parent attended the nest for 0-10 days (median: 4 days). In contrast to patterns observed in undisturbed nests or in uniparental species, nest attendance during compensation tended to be higher during the warmer part of the day. Although the level of compensation was not related to the before-experimental share of incubation, more responsive parents (that left the nest earlier upon human approach) compensated more. The quality of incubation in the after-experimental period was lower than usual, but improved quickly over time. Our findings suggest that full compensation might be limited by energetic constraints or by variation in responsiveness to the absence of the partner. Nevertheless, semipalmated sandpiper parents are able to adjust their subsequent incubation behaviour to take full responsibility for the nest when widowed. Because (nearly) full compensation was the most common response, we speculate that all individuals attempt full compensation, but that some fail because their energy stores get depleted, or because they are less responsive to the absence of their partner.
Filtering Methods to Improve the Accuracy of Indoor Positioning Data for Dairy Cows
Authors: Pastell Matti , Frondelius Lilli , Järvinen Mikko , Backman Juha 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSeveral indoor positioning systems for livestock buildings have been developed to be used as a tool in automated animal welfare monitoring. In many environments the measurements from positioning systems still contain unwanted noise and the quality of the measurement data can be enhanced using filters.The aim of this study was to develop an efficient filter for positioning data measured from dairy cows with UWB-based indoor positioning system in a free stall barn. We developed and tested a heuristic jump filter combined with median filter and extended Kalman filter. The performance of the filters were compared against reference data collected from Insentec Roughage intake feeders and scan sampling of animal presence in a specific lying stall with over 1500 reference observations from both methods.We were able to improve the quality of the positioning data significantly using filtering. The 9thorder median filter provided best estimates for cow position when the cows were not moving with median 100% of measurements located in correct stall and 84% in correct feeding trough when compared to the reference observations and measurements. The extended Kalman filter also improved the positioning accuracy significantly when compared to raw data and provides better of estimates of the trajectory of moving cows.
Reliable sensory processing in mouse visual cortex through inhibitory interactions between Somatostatin and Parvalbumin interneurons
Authors: Rikhye Rajeev V. , Hu Ming , Yildirim Murat , Sur Mriganka 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTCortical neurons often respond to identical sensory stimuli with large variability. However, under certain conditions, the same neurons can also respond highly reliably. The circuit mechanisms that contribute to this modulation, and their influence on behavior remains unknown. Here we used novel double transgenic mice, dual-wavelength calcium imaging and temporally selective optical perturbation to identify an inhibitory neural circuit in visual cortex that can modulate the reliability of pyramidal neurons to naturalistic visual stimuli. Our results, supported by computational models, suggest that somatostatin interneurons (SST-INs) increase pyramidal neuron reliability by suppressing parvalbumin interneurons (PV-INs) via the inhibitory SST→PV circuit. Using a novel movie classification task, we further show that, by reducing variability, activating SST-INs can improve the ability of mice to discriminate between ambiguous stimuli. Together, these findings reveal a novel role of the SST→PV circuit in modulating the fidelity of neural coding critical for visual perception.