bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Benzene and Pyridine 2′‐C‐Methyl‐C‐ribonucleosides and ‐nucleotides
Authors: Tokarenko Anna , Poštová Slavětínská Lenka , Klepetářová Blanka , Hocek Michal 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA general and modular synthesis of substituted benzene and pyridine 2′‐C‐methyl‐C‐ribonucleosides was developed. Benzyl‐protected haloaryl‐C‐nucleoside intermediates were prepared by the addition of bromo(het)aryllithium reagents to a protected lactone, followed by acetylation and reduction. These halogenated intermediates were further transformed by Pd‐catalysed cross‐couplings, aminations, or hydroxylations. The final deprotection was rather troublesome, and different procedures involving catalytic hydrogenation on Pd/C, or treatment with BCl3, were optimized for each derivative. The final C‐nucleosides were also all converted into the corresponding NTPs. None of the C‐nucleosides showed any activity in the HCV replicon assay, and none of the NTPs showed any significant inhibition of the HCV polymerase.
Effect of connectivity misrepresentation on accuracy of upscaled models in oil recovery by CO2 injection
Authors: Ganjeh‐Ghazvini Mostafa , Masihi Mohsen , Baghalha Morteza 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAn upscaling method such as renormalization converts a detailed geological model to a coarse one. Although flow equations can be solved faster on a coarse model, its results have more errors. Numerical dispersion, heterogeneity loss, and connectivity misrepresentation are the factors responsible for errors. Connectivity has a great effect on the fluid distribution and leakage pathways in EOR processes or CO2 storage. This paper deals with the description and quantification of connectivity misrepresentation in the upscaling process. For detection of high‐flow regions, the flow equations are solved under simplified single‐phase conditions. These regions are recognized as the cells whose fluxes are greater than a cut‐off. The connectivity is investigated by checking whether the high‐flux region forms a spanning cluster across the model. An indicator called the flux connectivity distortion is defined to measure the connectivity misrepresentation of coarse grids. This indicator is shown to have a strong correlation with the oil saturation error. For renormalization method, this relation helps to propose an upper limit of coarsening beyond which the coarse model results are not reliable. Once the proper sizes of coarse blocks are determined, flow behavior can be simulated accurately in a project of CO2‐EOR or CO2 sequestration. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Assessment of Meaning in Adolescents Receiving Clinical Services in Mississippi Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: An Application of the Purpose in Life Test‐Short Form (PIL‐SF)
Authors: Schulenberg Stefan E. , Smith C. Veronica , Drescher Christopher F. , Buchanan Erin M. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThis study's purpose was to assess perceived meaning in adolescents. Specifically, our goals were to examine the psychometric properties of the Purpose in Life test‐Short Form (PIL‐SF) and its ability to predict psychological outcomes in an adolescent sample.MethodAspects of well‐being (self‐efficacy, life satisfaction, and resilience) and psychological distress (posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and general stress) were assessed in a sample of adolescents (N = 91; 58.2% female; mean age = 14.89) receiving clinical services following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill.ResultsMeaning was positively associated with life satisfaction, self‐efficacy, and resilience, and negatively associated with posttraumatic stress and depression. Meaning was not significantly related to anxiety or general stress. Females reported significantly more meaning than males, while no significant differences were noted by race/ethnicity.ConclusionsThe PIL‐SF is a useful measure with adolescents. Moreover, meaning is an important concept to consider with respect to disasters.
Variation of cloud amount over China and the relationship with ENSO from 1951 to 2014
Authors: Liu Yinge , Wang Ninglian , Wang Lingang , Guo Zhongming , Wu Xiaobo 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, the climatic trend of the total cloud amount (TCA) and the low cloud amount (LCA) was studied using climate diagnostic methods while the correlations and possible physical mechanism between TCA, LCA and El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were analysed and discussed. The results indicated that the annual average TCA and LCA reduced with increasing latitude while a significant decreasing trend has been derived for TCA and LCA; the trend rate is 0.9% per decade and 0.2% per decade, respectively. Moreover, the most obvious reduction area of TCA was focused in Northeast China and for LCA, it was located in the surrounding area of the Shaanxi province. The cloud amounts of the four seasons also showed a reducing tendency except the LCA of summer. Meanwhile, the spectrum analysis showed that TCA has 10, 5.7, 3.6 and 2.8 year periods and LCA has 10, 4, 2.7 and 2.1 year‐long time cycles. Further analysis also revealed that the annual average TCA has a significant negative correlation with ENSO, and the most remarkable negative correlation centre is focused on central China. However, the relationship of the annual average LCA with ENSO is relatively weak. Except in spring, the spatial correlation distribution of TCA and LCA with ENSO in the other seasons was consistent with that of the annual average TCA and LCA, and 4‐year periods of TCA and LCA coincide with the cycle of ENSO. This reveals that ENSO has an impact on inter‐annual variations of TCA and LCA over China. It is generally considered that ENSO, through the atmospheric circulation situation, causes variation of cloud amounts.
T1ρ MRI detects cartilage damage in asymptomatic individuals with a cam deformity
Authors: Anwander Helen , Melkus Gerd , Rakhra Kawan S. , Beaulé Paul E. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTHips with a cam deformity are at risk for early cartilage degeneration, mainly in the anterolateral region of the joint. T1ρ MRI is a described technique for assessment of proteoglycan content in hyaline cartilage and subsequently early cartilage damage. In this study, 1.5 Tesla T1ρ MRI was performed on 20 asymptomatic hips with a cam deformity and compared to 16 healthy control hips. Cam deformity was defined as an alpha angle at 1:30 o'clock position over 60° and/or at 3:00 o'clock position over 50.5°. Hip cartilage was segmented and divided into four regions of interest (ROIs): anterolateral, anteromedial, posterolateral, and posteromedial quadrants. Mean T1ρ value of the entire weight bearing cartilage in hips with a cam deformity (34.0 ± 4.6 ms) was significantly higher compared to control hips (31.3 ± 3.2 ms, p = 0.050). This difference reached significance in the anterolateral (p = 0.042) and posteromedial quadrants (p = 0.041). No significant correlation between the alpha angle and T1ρ values was detected. The results indicate cartilage damage occurs in hips with a cam deformity before symptoms occur. A significant difference in T1ρ values was found in the anterolateral quadrant, the area of direct engagement of the deformity, and in the posteromedial quadrant. To conclude, T1ρ MRI can detect early chondral damage in asymptomatic hips with a cam deformity. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1004–1009, 2016.
Response to diet‐induced obesity produces time‐dependent induction and progression of metabolic osteoarthritis in rat knees
Authors: Collins Kelsey H. , Hart David A. , Reimer Raylene A. , Seerattan Ruth A. , Herzog Walter 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTObesity, and corresponding chronic‐low grade inflammation, is associated with the onset and progression of knee OA. The origin of this inflammation is poorly understood. Here, the effect of high fat, high sucrose (HFS) diet induced obesity (DIO) on local (synovial fluid), and systemic (serum) inflammation is evaluated after a 12‐week obesity induction and a further 16‐week adaptation period. For 12‐weeks of obesity induction, n = 40 DIO male Sprague–Dawley rats consumed a HFS diet while the control group (n = 14) remained on chow. DIO rats were allocated to prone (DIO‐P, top 33% based on weight change) or resistant (DIO‐R, bottom 33%) groups at 12‐weeks. Animals were euthanized at 12‐ and after an additional 16‐weeks on diet (28‐weeks). At sacrifice, body composition and knee joints were collected and assessed. Synovial fluid and sera were profiled using cytokine array analysis. At 12‐weeks, DIO‐P animals demonstrated increased Modified Mankin scores compared to DIO‐R and chow (p = 0.026), and DIO‐R had higher Mankin scores compared to chow (p = 0.049). While numerous systemic and limited synovial fluid inflammatory markers were increased at 12‐weeks in DIO animals compared to chow, by 28‐weeks there were limited systemic differences but marked increases in local synovial fluid inflammatory marker concentrations. Metabolic OA may manifest from an initial systemic inflammatory disturbance. Twelve weeks of obesity induction leads to a unique inflammatory profile and induction of metabolic OA which is altered after a further 16‐weeks of obesity and HFS diet intake, suggesting that obesity is a dynamic, progressive process. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1010–1018, 2016.
Synthesis of Grafted Block Copolymers Based on ε‐Caprolactone: Influence of Branches on Their Thermal Behavior
Authors: Ninago Mario D. , De Freitas Augusto G. O. , Hanazumi Vivina , Muraro Paulo I. R. , Schmidt Vanessa , Giacomelli Cristiano , Ciolino Andrés E. , Villar Marcelo A. 
Published: November 2015

Branched copolymers are a special class of polymeric materials in which are reflected the combined effects of polymer segments and architectural constraints of the branched architecture. This study employed two methodologies to obtain copolymers with different branching density. In the first case, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐graft‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone), P(HEMA‐g‐PCL)‐b‐PCL, copolymers were synthesized by a “grafting through” method in a three‐step reaction pathway involving ring opening polymerization (ROP) and radical addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization. In the second case, a combination of simultaneous “grafting through” and “grafting from” methods in a one‐pot RAFT and ROP reaction afforded P(HEMA‐co‐HEMA‐g‐PCL)‐b‐PCL comb‐like copolymers with comparatively less dense branching. Samples with molar masses between 5500 and 46 000 g mol−1 and polydispersity indexes (Mw/Mn) lower than 1.3 were successfully obtained through both approaches. According to thermal analyses, the presence of branches reduces PCL melting temperature by as much as 20 °C, without affecting thermal stability. This fact was particularly evident for the most densely branched copolymers with higher molar masses. Nonisothermal crystallization process was successfully described using Ozawa's method, which showed a clear dependence of crystallization rate and cooling on grafting density.
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Recent Advances in Alkyne‐Based Multicomponent Polymerizations
Authors: Hu Rongrong , Li Weizhang , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: November 2015

Multicomponent polymerization (MCP) is an emerging field of polymer chemistry, which inherits a series of advantages from multicomponent reactions (MCRs), such as high efficiency, mild reaction condition, atom economy, and operational simplicity. Great efforts have been made to develop MCRs into MCPs, providing an easy access to a library of polymers with facilely tunable structures. However, MCPs of alkynes with large potential and wide prospects in the preparation of optoelectronic materials are still in its infancy, despite of the rich chemistry of alkynes. In this paper, the recent development of alkyne‐based MCPs is summarized. The multicomponent tandem polymerization with two or more steps combined in a one‐pot procedure is presented, providing an efficient and convenient new approach for the synthesis of conjugated polymers. The new trend of pursuing catalyst‐free “green” chemistry in MCPs is also introduced.
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Simplified conversion method for unified Parkinson's disease rating scale motor examinations
Authors: Hentz Joseph G. , Mehta Shyamal H. , Shill Holly A. , Driver‐Dunckley Erika , Beach Thomas G. , Adler Charles H. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundWe evaluated a simplified method for converting Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III Motor Examination total scores (UPDRS III) to the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society's (MDS) revised version of the scores.MethodsPD patients in the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders were assessed with both scales. The accuracy of the predicted scores was assessed using regression modeling, classical intraclass correlation coefficients, and the Bland‐Altman method.ResultsThere was strong correlation between the two scores. Adding 7 points to a UPDRS III total score performed approximately as well as previously published conversion formulas (intraclass correlation: 0.96). The adjusted score is expected to be within 3 points of the MDS‐UPDRS III score 50% of the time and within 9 points 95% of the time.ConclusionsSimply adding 7 points to a UPDRS III total score provides a good approximation of the MDS‐UPDRS III total score. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Functional assessment and quality of life in essential tremor with bilateral or unilateral DBS and focused ultrasound thalamotomy
Authors: Huss Diane S. , Dallapiazza Robert F. , Shah Binit B. , Harrison Madaline B. , Diamond Joshua , Elias W. Jeff 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) has largely replaced radiofrequency thalamotomy as the treatment of choice for disabling, medication‐refractory essential tremor. Recently, the development of transcranial, high‐intensity focused ultrasound has renewed interest in thalamic lesioning. The purpose of this study is to compare functional outcomes and quality of life in essential tremor patients treated with either bilateral Vim DBS or unilateral procedures (focused ultrasound or DBS). We hypothesized that all three would effectively treat the dominant hand and positively impact functional outcomes and quality of life as measured with the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor and the Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of medication‐refractory essential tremor patients treated at the University of Virginia with bilateral Vim DBS (n = 57), unilateral Vim DBS (n = 13), or unilateral focused ultrasound Vim thalamotomy (n = 15). Tremor was rated for all patients before and after treatment, using the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor and Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire.ResultsPatients undergoing bilateral DBS treatment had more baseline tremor and worse quality of life scores. Patients had significant improvements in tremor symptoms and quality of life with all three treatments. Both DBS procedures improved axial tremor. No difference was seen in the degree of improvement in upper extremity tremor score, disability, or overall quality of life between bilateral and either unilateral procedure.ConclusionsBilateral thalamic DBS improves overall tremor more than unilateral DBS or focused ultrasound treatment; however, unilateral treatments are equally effective in treating contralateral hand tremor. Despite the greater overall tremor reduction with bilateral DBS, there is no difference in disability or quality of life comparing bilateral versus unilateral treatments. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Citrus flavonoid, naringenin, increases locomotor activity and reduces diacylglycerol accumulation in skeletal muscle of obese ovariectomized mice
Authors: Ke Jia‐Yu , Cole Rachel M. , Hamad Essam M. , Hsiao Yung‐Hsuan , Cotten Bradley M. , Powell Kimerly A. , Belury Martha A. 
Published: November 2015

ScopeEstrogen deficiency has been associated with central obesity, muscle loss and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. This study assessed naringenin accumulation in tissues and investigated the hypothesis that naringenin reverses diet‐induced metabolic disturbances in obese ovariectomized mice.Methods and resultsIn study 1, we measured naringenin concentrations in plasma, liver, perigonadal and subcutaneous adipose tissues, and muscle of ovariectomized C57BL/6J female mice after 11 weeks of naringenin supplementation. Naringenin accumulated 5–12 times more in mice fed a 3% naringenin diet than in mice fed a 1% naringenin diet. In study 2, ovariectomized mice were fed a high‐fat diet (60 kcal% fat) for 11 weeks and half of the mice were then supplemented with 3% naringenin for another 11 weeks. Dietary naringenin suppressed weight gain, lowered hyperglycemia and decreased intra‐abdominal adiposity evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Naringenin‐fed mice exhibited elevated locomotor activity monitored by infrared beam breaks, maintained muscle mass and reduced muscle diacylglycerol content. Real‐time PCR analysis in muscle revealed decreased mRNA level for genes involved in de novo lipogenesis, lipolysis and triglyceride synthesis/storage.ConclusionLong‐term 3% naringenin supplementation resulted in significant naringenin accumulation in plasma and tissues, associated with attenuated metabolic dysregulation and muscle loss in obese ovariectomized mice.
Transvaginal mesh in the media following the 2011 US food and drug administration public health notification update
Authors: Koo Kevin , Gormley E. Ann 
Published: November 2015

AimsPrompted by patients’ changing perceptions of transvaginal mesh, this study examines how mesh has been reported in the news following the 2011 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) updated notification about the use of mesh in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse.MethodsTwo national newspaper databases were queried for articles discussing transvaginal mesh published within 3 years of the FDA announcement. Content analysis included headline subjects, mesh‐related complications, quoted sources, and the FDA recommendations. To determine whether more widely read sources publish higher quality reporting, a subgroup analysis was conducted based on newspaper circulation.ResultsNinety‐five articles met inclusion criteria. Mesh‐related litigation was the most common headline subject (36 articles, 38%), and 54% of all articles referenced legal action. Fifty‐seven articles (60%) cited at least one mesh‐related complication. Only 18 articles (19%) quoted surgeons who use transvaginal mesh. For the FDA update, 40% of articles that first reported the announcement accurately specified that it applies to mesh for prolapse, not incontinence. This ambiguity persisted: half of all articles cited the warning, but only 23% distinguished between prolapse and incontinence. Higher newspaper circulation did not significantly improve the quality of reporting about the content or context of the FDA's recommendations.ConclusionsDespite frequent media coverage of transvaginal mesh and its complications since 2011, very few news sources that cited the FDA warning distinguished between prolapse and incontinence. Given prevalent reporting of mesh‐related litigation, the findings raise concern about how patients perceive the safety and efficacy of transvaginal mesh, regardless of indication. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:329–332, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Massively parallel sequencing of phyllodes tumours of the breast reveals actionable mutations, and TERT promoter hotspot mutations and TERT gene amplification as likely drivers of progression
Authors: Piscuoglio Salvatore , Ng Charlotte KY , Murray Melissa , Burke Kathleen A , Edelweiss Marcia , Geyer Felipe C , Macedo Gabriel S , Inagaki Akiko , Papanastasiou Anastasios D , Martelotto Luciano G , Marchio Caterina , Lim Raymond S , Ioris Rafael A , Nahar Pooja K , Bruijn Ino De , Smyth Lillian , Akram Muzaffar , Ross Dara , Petrini John H , Norton Larry , Solit David B , Baselga Jose , Brogi Edi , Ladanyi Marc , Weigelt Britta , Reis‐Filho Jorge S 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPhyllodes tumours (PTs) are breast fibroepithelial lesions that are graded based on histological criteria as benign, borderline or malignant. PTs may recur locally. Borderline PTs and malignant PTs may metastasize to distant sites. Breast fibroepithelial lesions, including PTs and fibroadenomas, are characterized by recurrent MED12 exon 2 somatic mutations. We sought to define the repertoire of somatic genetic alterations in PTs and whether these may assist in the differential diagnosis of these lesions. We collected 100 fibroadenomas, 40 benign PTs, 14 borderline PTs and 22 malignant PTs; six, six and 13 benign, borderline and malignant PTs, respectively, and their matched normal tissue, were subjected to targeted massively parallel sequencing (MPS) using the MSK‐IMPACT sequencing assay. Recurrent MED12 mutations were found in 56% of PTs; in addition, mutations affecting cancer genes (eg TP53, RB1, SETD2 and EGFR) were exclusively detected in borderline and malignant PTs. We found a novel recurrent clonal hotspot mutation in the TERT promoter (−124 C>T) in 52% and TERT gene amplification in 4% of PTs. Laser capture microdissection revealed that these mutations were restricted to the mesenchymal component of PTs. Sequencing analysis of the entire cohort revealed that the frequency of TERT alterations increased from benign (18%) to borderline (57%) and to malignant PTs (68%; p < 0.01), and TERT alterations were associated with increased levels of TERT mRNA (p < 0.001). No TERT alterations were observed in fibroadenomas. An analysis of TERT promoter sequencing and gene amplification distinguished PTs from fibroadenomas with a sensitivity and a positive predictive value of 100% (CI 95.38–100%) and 100% (CI 85.86–100%), respectively, and a sensitivity and a negative predictive value of 39% (CI 28.65–51.36%) and 68% (CI 60.21–75.78%), respectively. Our results suggest that TERT alterations may drive the progression of PTs, and may assist in the differential diagnosis between PTs and fibroadenomas. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Routine screening for fetal limb abnormalities in the first trimester
Authors: Liao Yi‐Mei , Li Sheng‐li , Luo Guo‐yang , Wen Hua‐xuan , Ouyang Shu‐yuan , Chen Cong‐ying , Yao Yuan , Bi Jing‐ru , Tian Xiao‐xian 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectiveWe aim to determine the accuracy of first‐trimester ultrasonography in detecting fetal limb abnormalities.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of all women undergoing fetal nuchal translucency (NT) assessment and detailed fetal anatomic survey in the first trimester at a single tertiary‐care referral center in China. Fetal anatomy scans were repeated in the second trimester. Detection of fetal limb abnormalities was compared between first and second trimester anatomy scans and confirmed at delivery or at autopsy.ResultsAnalyzed were 9438 fetuses from 9197 women (241 twin pairs). The incidence of fetal limb abnormalities was 0.38% (36/9438). Of these, 28 (77.8%) were diagnosed prenatally: 23 (63.9%) on first trimester scan and 5 (13.9%) on second trimester scan. Limb reduction defects (usually transverse limb deficiencies) were the most common limb defects identified in the first trimester (n = 12), followed by clubfoot (n = 4), skeletal dysplasia (n = 3), sirenomelia (n = 1), limb dysplasia (n = 1), malposition (n = 1), and syndactyly (n = 1). Nine fetuses with isolated limb abnormalities had normal NT, while 74.1% (20/27) of limb abnormalities that were associated with other abnormalities had increased NT.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the majority of limb abnormalities detected prenatally [23/28 (82%)] can be identified in the first trimester, especially major limb defects; however, our numbers are small and still need larger cases for further investigation. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.