bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of previous vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine antibody responses
Authors: Schaballie H , Wuyts G , Dillaerts D , Frans G , Moens L , Proesmans M , Vermeulen F , De Boeck K , Meyts I , Bossuyt X 
Published: March 2016

Summary
During the past 10 years, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has become part of the standard childhood vaccination programme. This may impact upon the diagnosis of polysaccharide antibody deficiency by measurement of anti-polysaccharide immunoglobulin (Ig)G after immunization with unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV). Indeed, contrary to PPV, PCV induces a T-dependent, more pronounced memory response. The antibody response to PPV was studied retrospectively in patients referred for suspected humoral immunodeficiency. The study population was divided into four subgroups based on age (2–5 years versus ≥ 10 years) and time tested (1998–2005 versus 2010–12). Only 2–5-year-old children tested in 2010–12 had been vaccinated with PCV prior to PPV. The PCV primed group showed higher antibody responses for PCV–PPV shared serotypes 4 and 18C than the unprimed groups. To a lesser extent, this was also found for non-PCV serotype 9N, but not for non-PCV serotypes 19A and 8. Furthermore, PCV-priming elicited a higher IgG2 response. In conclusion, previous PCV vaccination affects antibody response to PPV for shared serotypes, but can also influence antibody response to some non-PCV serotypes (9N). With increasing number of serotypes included in PCV, the diagnostic assessment for polysaccharide antibody deficiency requires careful selection of serotypes that are not influenced by prior PCV (e.g. serotype 8). Further research is needed to identify more serotypes that are not influenced.
The experience of women living with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: impact of the condition and the care given
Authors: Engberg Hedvig , Möller Anders , Hagenfeldt Kerstin , Nordenskjöld Agneta , Frisén Louise 
Published: March 2016

SummaryContextCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is caused most often by mutations in theCYP21A2gene, resulting in cortisol and aldosterone deficiency and increased production of androgens.ObjectiveTo describe how women withCAHexperience their condition and the care given.Design, setting and participantsSemi‐structured interviews with 13 adult Swedish women withCAHwere transcribed. Data were analysed by qualitative content analysis to describe the variability in the experiences.Main outcome measuresQualitative evaluation of the participants’ life experiences.ResultsThe participants’ experiences of havingCAHare described in four different categories. 1. Information comprises the experiences of interaction with healthcare providers, knowledge acquisition and information disclosure. 2. Exposure encompasses the experiences of genital examinations, the medical focus on the genitalia and of being photographed repeatedly. 3. Health covers the self‐perceived experiences of having a medical condition that requires pharmacological treatment and sometimes surgery. 4. Research comprises the experiences of having a scientifically well‐studied condition. Different experiences of shame reoccur in all categories, thus forming the latent theme.ConclusionThe experience of living with congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be facilitated by increased information and by acknowledging that women withCAHare a heterogeneous group with individual needs. Shame may be counterbalanced by increased parental support and increased knowledge among healthcare personnel aimed at providing children with continuous support and coping strategies during their upbringing. Based on the identified themes in this study, there are several research avenues to pursue in the future.
‘For the Elections, We Want Women!’: Closing the Gender Gap in Zambian Politics
Authors: Evans Alice 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThis article examines the causes of women's rising political participation in Zambia. It argues that women's historical paucity in politics was largely the result of widely‐shared gender stereotypes. These are now weakening due to growing flexibility in gender divisions of labour, which has been catalysed by worsening economic security. By performing work previously presumed to be beyond their abilities and valorized because of its association with masculinity, such women are increasingly perceived as equally capable of leadership. This gradual erosion of gender beliefs has fostered women's political participation and leadership in Zambia.
Why Gross National Disposable Income Should Replace Gross National Income
Authors: Capelli Clara , Vaggi Gianni 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUnilateral transfers, and notably remittances, are a growing source of income for developing countries. However, Gross National Income (GNI), which is widely used as an indicator for living standards, does not record them. Gross National Disposable Income (GNDI), by contrast, includes both income and unilateral transfers, thus providing a more exhaustive account of people's available income in an open economy. Yet, GNDI is rarely available in major reports and is sometimes confused with the GNI. This article calculates the GNDI for 27 countries amongst the world's top remittance receivers and demonstrates the usefulness of this measure for analysis and policy making in developing countries. The article also provides some critical insights into the role of income and unilateral transfers in the balance of payments.
Glucose and lipid effects of the ileal apical sodium‐dependent bile acid transporter inhibitor GSK2330672: double‐blind randomized trials with type 2 diabetes subjects taking metformin
Authors: Nunez D. J. , Yao X. , Lin J. , Walker A. , Zuo P. , Webster L. , Krug‐Gourley S. , Zamek‐Gliszczynski M. J. , Gillmor D. S. , Johnson S. L. 
Published: March 2016

AimsTo investigate the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety/tolerability of blocking reuptake of bile acids using the inhibitor GSK2330672 (GSK672) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsSubjects with T2D taking metformin were enrolled in two studies in which they took metformin 850 mg twice daily for 2 weeks prior to and during the randomized treatment periods. In the first crossover study (n = 15), subjects received GSK672 45 mg, escalating to 90 mg, twice daily, or placebo for 7 days. The second parallel‐group study (n = 75) investigated GSK672 10–90 mg twice daily, placebo or sitagliptin for 14 days.ResultsIn both studies, GSK672 reduced circulating bile acids and increased serum 7‐α‐hydroxy‐4‐cholesten‐3‐one (C4), an intermediate in the hepatic synthesis of bile acids. Compared with placebo, in the parallel‐group study 90 mg GSK672 twice daily reduced fasting plasma glucose [FPG; −1.21 mmol/l; 95% confidence interval (CI) −2.14, −0.28] and weighted‐mean glucose area under the curve (AUC)0–24 h (−1.33 mmol/l; 95% CI −2.30, −0.36), as well as fasting and weighted‐mean insulin AUC0–24 h. GSK672 also reduced cholesterol (LDL, non‐HDL and total cholesterol) and apolipoprotein B concentrations; the maximum LDL cholesterol reduction was ∼40%. There was no change in HDL cholesterol but there was a trend towards increased fasting triglyceride levels in the GSK672 groups compared with placebo. In both studies, the most common adverse events associated with GSK672 were gastrointestinal, mostly diarrhoea (22–100%), which appeared to be independent of dose.ConclusionsIn subjects with T2D on metformin, GSK672 improved glucose and lipids, but there was a high incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events.
Myrmecophilous butterflies utilise ant–treehopper associations as visual cues for oviposition
Authors: MOTA LUÍSA L. , OLIVEIRA PAULO S. 
Published: March 2016

1. Selection of a safe oviposition site is important for herbivorous insects whose immature stages have limited mobility. Female herbivores rely on environmental cues for this choice, and presence of natural enemies or mutualistic partners may be important in this process.2. Some butterflies have mutualistic interactions with ants (myrmecophily), in which caterpillars offer a nutritional liquid and gain protection against natural enemies. Participants in butterfly–ant mutualisms may utilise signals to initiate interactions, but the use of visual cues by ovipositing myrmecophilous butterflies remains uncertain.3. Larvae of facultatively myrmecophilous Parrhasius polibetes (Lycaenidae) feed on Schefflera vinosa, and females prefer to oviposit near aggregations of the ant‐tended treehopper Guayaquila xiphias, where caterpillars survive better due to increased ant attendance. Given the conspicuousness of ant–treehopper associations, it was investigated whether butterflies use them as visual cues for oviposition and, if so, which participants of the association are used as cues: ants, treehoppers, or both.4. Experiments using dried insects on paired branches revealed that females visually recognise ants and ant–treehopper associations, using them for egg‐laying decisions. However, presence of a treehopper aggregation alone had no effect on oviposition choices.5. This is a first insight into the importance of visual discrimination for ovipositing myrmecophilous butterflies. The results show that facultative mutualisms can be important enough to promote a behavioural adaptation (visual detection of ants) reinforcing the interaction. Our research highlights the importance of the behavioural interface within complex multispecies systems.
Comparison of fatigue life assessment by analytical, experimental and damage accumulation modelling approach for steel SAE 1045
Authors: Imran M. , Siddique S. , Guchinsky R , Petinov S. , Walther F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFatigue life assessment for two‐phase steel SAE 1045 has been carried out by experimental and simulation techniques. Analytical approach, termed as fatigue lifetime calculation, was employed making use of a load increase testing procedure and constant amplitude tests equipped with measurement techniques – plastic strain amplitude, change in temperature and change in electrical potential difference. The predicted fatigue life has been validated by constant amplitude tests and compared with fatigue life estimation by microstructure‐based simulation. Simulation has been carried out over the complete cross section of the specimen. The simulation uses damage accumulation in the gage section of the specimen culminating in the macro‐crack propagation, taking into account the inhomogeneous fatigue resistance of the material element. The results show that at the initial intervals of high cycle fatigue range at relatively higher stress amplitudes, the experimental and simulation results are in agreement; whereas in the (high cycle fatigue) region at relatively low stress amplitudes, the simulation results were found more optimistic and the corresponding fatigue scatter is also increased. Each scatter is attributed to the relatively small number of analysed models of the material structure. Scanning electron microscope was used to determine volume fraction of the microstructure for simulation. Fatigue fracture surface analysis shows that crack initiated from internal defect of material and crack propagation is driven by silicon oxide inclusion.
An experimental investigation on the quasi‐brittle fracture of marble rocks
Authors: Spagnoli Andrea , Carpinteri Andrea , Ferretti Daniele , Vantadori Sabrina 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNatural stones like marbles are often employed as façade panels to externally cover buildings. These natural materials tend to exhibit a quasi‐brittle nonlinear fracture behaviour that, conversely to concrete counterpart, has much less been studied. In the present paper, an experimental campaign on the Mode I fracture of the so‐called red Verona marble is carried out, and the results are discussed together with some previously published results on the white Carrara marble. The analysis of the two marbles allows us to discuss size effect and to point out the need for additional parameters in order to describe their fracture behaviour. The study focuses on a two‐parameter model that accounts for a characteristic material length. An interpretation of the experimental results by means of both a work‐of‐fracture method and a size effect law is also presented. Full‐field displacement maps of the fracture process zone (experimentally obtained through a digital image correlation technique) are discussed in order to establish a quantitative correlation with material microstructure features, obtained from thin section technique, and some characteristic material length, based on the previously mentioned models.
Travel, Writing, and the Global Middle Ages
Authors: Phillips Kim M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTravel and mobility were vital aspects of medieval European experience. Historians have long recognised this through studies of migration, exile, everyday journeys and long‐distance voyages as recorded in travellers' reports and narratives. Yet it is only in recent decades that a distinct field of medieval travel writing studies has emerged. This article surveys recent significant contributions to the study of travel literature of the period c. 300 to c. 1500, concentrating on secondary scholarship in English and particularly on works published or reissued since the late 1990s. It considers issues of genre, offers a definition of ‘medieval travel writing’ and proposes the authorial category of the ‘writer‐traveller’. It examines selected recent trends in study of Christian pilgrimage, European travel writing on the wider world and medieval Islamic and Jewish voyage literature. It notes that there has been heightened attention to women and gender, to ‘virtual’ pilgrimage as Christian devotion, to attempts at cross‐cultural comprehension before the age of European imperialism and to the distinctive perspectives offered by Muslim and Jewish authors. Concluding with suggestions for future directions, including enhanced attention to gender theory and cross‐cultural comparison, it finally argues for the place of travel writing studies in histories of medieval globalism following the global turn.
Native–White Intermarriage and Family in 19th‐century North America
Authors: Graybill Andrew R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAlthough intimate relationships between Indian peoples and European newcomers to North America ensued from the earliest colonial encounters, they have long been overlooked, especially by comparison to the study of sex between Whites and African Americans. But recently, historians have begun to examine Native–White intermarriage and family, especially in the crucial years between the American Revolution and Reconstruction. Westward expansion produced not only dispossession and removal but also flourishing communities of mixed‐blood peoples, from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Northwest and from the northern Plains to the southern Rocky Mountains. This essay explores five key historiographical interventions made by contemporary scholars – focusing on geography, demography, violence, genealogy, and sovereignty – while suggesting new avenues for academic inquiry.
Relation between sensory analysis and rheology of body lotions
Authors: Moravkova T. , Filip P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveEvaluation of sensory attributes of cosmetic products is traditionally based on sensory panels. However, in some cases, a suitable candidate method that can reduce time and costs is the use of instrumental analysis that can detect relatively very small changes of entry ingredients. Such approach has been already applied for emollients, salt content, stabilizers, etc. The aim of this contribution is to apply the relations between sensory analysis and rheology to a series of body lotions differing in the contents of emulsifiers and viscosity regulators.MethodsSensory and rheological analyses are related. Rheological analysis can represent a good alternative to basic orientation in chosen customer's feelings. A rotational rheometer is the only instrumental device required for the measurements.ResultsAn empirical rheological model was proposed by means of which the selected sensory attributes were evaluated using the numerical values of adjustable model parameters. This approach exhibited a very good agreement with the results obtained by the sensory panel.ConclusionIt was shown that a description of chosen sensory attributes can be responsibly carried out by rheological measurements, that is through the attained numerical values of the parameters appearing in a proposed empirical model characterizing shear viscosity of body lotions.
Characteristics and functional properties of gelatin from seabass skin as influenced by defatting
Authors: Sae‐leaw Thanasak , Benjakul Soottawat , O'Brien Nora M. , Kishimura Hideki 
Published: March 2016

SummaryGelatins from nondefatted and defatted seabass skins were characterised and evaluated for their functional properties in comparison with commercial fish skin gelatin. All gelatins contained α1‐ and α2‐chains as the predominant components and showed a high imino acid content (199–201 residues/1000 residues). All gelatins had a relative solubility greater than 90% in the wide pH ranges (1–10). Foaming properties of all gelatins increased with increasing concentrations (1–3%, w/v). Gelatin from defatted skin had higher foam expansion and stability than that extracted from nondefatted skin. Emulsion containing gelatin from defatted skin had smaller oil droplet size (d32, d43), compared with that having gelatin from nondefatted skin (P < 0.05). After 10 days of storage at room temperature (28–30 °C), emulsion stabilised by gelatin from defatted skin showed the higher stability as indicated by the lower increases in d32 and d43, and lower flocculation factor and coalescence index. Coincidentally, emulsion stabilised by gelatin from defatted skin had higher zeta potential than that containing gelatin from nondefatted skin. Thus, defatting of seabass skin directly affected characteristics and functional properties of resulting gelatin.
Connecting Tenure Security with Durable Solutions to Internal Displacement: From Restitution of Property Rights to the Right to Adequate Housing
Authors: García Amado Patricia 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe end of displacement is a main goal of international peacebuilding strategies, with increasing financial and human resources committed to it. Nevertheless, protracted internal displacement remains unabated, necessitating a review of the responses provided thus far. Durable solutions to internal displacement require a safe, permanent and secure place to settle, which puts security of tenure at the centre of any sustainable option. This article emphasizes the limited understanding of the factors that contribute to secure tenure as one of the main flaws in a predominantly legal approach to the right to restitution and the right to adequate housing in responses to internal displacement. It calls for the design of contextualized and inclusive strategies to align the de jure, de facto and perception dimensions of tenure security to support the sustainable settlement of internally displaced persons as well as the construction of peace.
Biology of Doryctobracon brasiliensis at different temperatures: development of life table and determining thermal requirements
Authors: Poncio S. , Medeiros Nunes A. , Silva Gonçalves R. , Lisboa H. , Manica‐Berto R. , Silveira Garcia M. , Nava D. E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDoryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti) is a parasitoid larval–pupal of fruit flies and has great potential to be used in biological control programmes as it feeds on other Anastrepha species in addition to Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann). This study investigated the biology of D. brasiliensis at different temperatures to design a life fertility table and determine thermal requirements. The parasitoids were multiplied in larvae of A. fraterculus in air‐conditioned chambers at 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28 and 30°C, 70 ± 20% RH and photophase of 12 h. We determined the number of offspring, sex ratio, longevity of males and females and duration of egg–adult period. The temperature range 18–22°C ensures higher fecundity and at 20°C, and the average number of offspring per female was 152.77 parasitoids. The sex ratio of offspring produced was reduced with increasing temperatures. Longevity of males and females of D. brasiliensis was reduced by increasing temperatures. At 15, 28 and 30°C, there was no development of immature stages. For the temperature range 18–25°C, the duration of egg–adult period of D. brasiliensis was inversely proportional to temperature. At 20 and 22°C, we observed the highest values of net reproduction rate (Ro) and finite reason of increase (λ), meaning that at the estimated optimum temperature (21°C), the population of D. brasiliensis increased 47 times each generation. The lower temperature threshold for development was 10.01°C and the thermal constant (K) 303.21 degree/days. This information confirms that D. brasiliensis is better suited to temperate environments, which implies a significant potential for the use of D. brasiliensis in the control of A. fraterculus, because most areas occupied by this pest are in temperate regions. In addition, D. brasiliensis is useful in mass rearing systems in laboratory.
INVESTMENT FEES, NET RETURNS, AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST IN 401(K) PLANS
Authors: Doellman Thomas W. , Sardarli Sabuhi H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUsing a proprietary database of predominantly small to mid‐size 401(k) plans administered by nearly 400 unique third‐party plan administrators (TPAs), we examine the potential effects of a conflict of interest that arises from the TPA's incentive to recommend its funds for the investment menu. We find that investment fees are highest and net returns are lowest for plans administered by asset management advisory firms, commercial banks, and insurance companies. The higher fees and lower returns are related to the existence of TPA proprietary funds in these plans' menus and to proxies for agency conflicts capturing proprietary trading and revenue sharing.
Knowledge of staff members of residential care facilities for individuals with intellectual disability on medication administration via enteral feeding tube
Authors: Joos E. , Mehuys E. , Van Bocxlaer J. , Remon J. P. , Van Winckel M. , Boussery K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundGuidelines for the safe administration of drugs through enteral feeding tube (EFT) are an important tool to minimise the risk of errors. This study aimed to investigate knowledge of these guidelines among staff of residential care facilities (RCF) for people with ID.MethodKnowledge was assessed using a 13‐item self‐administered questionnaire. Questions reflected key aspects of guidelines on medication administration via EFT. All staff members that administer medication through EFT in Belgian RCFs were invited to participate (n = 553).ResultsNine out of 10 RCFs participated, and 356 questionnaires were collected. Almost all participants were women (96%), and most (82%) had a non‐nursing educational background. Mean self‐perceived knowledge of medication administration via EFT was 6.7 (on a 0–10 scale). On average, 5.7 (SD 1.9) out of 13 questions were answered correctly. A nursing degree and previous education on medication administration via EFT were associated with significantly higher scores. Guideline recommendations regarding rinsing of used medicine cups (90% correct answers) and preparation of hard gelatin capsules (89%) were known best. Those regarding the use of protective equipment when crushing toxic substances (4% correct answers), crushing of sustained release and enteric‐coated dosage forms (6%), elevation of the patient's backrest (14%) and flushing of the EFT (15%) were known the least.ConclusionThis study identified a substantial lack of knowledge of guidelines for drug administration through EFT among staff of RCFs for people with ID. Our findings call for tailored educational programmes in order to increase knowledge on this subject.