bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La crise de la franc-maçonnerie européenne et le Convent de Wilhelmsbad (1782)
Authors: Hammermayer Ludwig 
Published: June 2016

Ludwig Hammermayer : The Wilhelmsbad convent.
From 16th July to 29th August 1782 there met in Wilhelmsbad near Hanau in Hesse-Darmstadt a congress or convent of European — mainly French and German — Freemasons, which has since led to much speculation. It was claimed to have hatched the Masonic plot which fomented the French Revolution. In fact this congress tried to redefine the aims, means and rituals of the Order of Strict Observance, which was going though a serious crisis. There were three main opposing tendencies : hermetico-alchemistic ; Martinist mystico-spiritualism centred in Lyons ; and a rationalistic, Enlightened tendency. The second finally emerged victorious thanks to the firm but subtle guidance of the promotors of the meeting, Prince Charles of Hesse, Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick and the Lyons silk-merchant Jean-Baptiste Willermoz.
Le Musée de Bordeaux
Authors: Coutura Johel 
Published: June 2016

Johel Coutura : The Bordeaux Museum.
The Bordeaux Museum, based on the one created by Court de Gébelin in Paris, was the most striking example of the way the Masons came out into the open on the eve of the French Revolution. Its founder, abbé Dupont des Jumeaux, placed the new institution under the protection of Marie — Antoinette. Its activities were recorded in a Recueil dedicated to the Queen and in the first Bordeaux daily newspaper, the Journal de Guyenne. With its public meetings, free classes (in languages, geometry, literature, painting, etc.), exhibitions of engravings and paintings, the Bordeaux Museum contributed to a great extent to the intellectual development of this important provincial town in the late 18th Century.
Antonin Esmonin de Dampierre, magistrat et franc-maçon dijonnais (1744-1824)
Authors: Guyon Patrick 
Published: June 2016

Patrick Guyon : Antoine Esmonin de Dampierre, a Dijon magistrate and
Freemason (1744-1824).
The study of Dampierre, a Dijon «noble de robe », takes us into a very different 18th Century from that of the Encyclopaedists. He had no time for his contemporaries' perpetual doubt and vague deism. In the tradition of quietism, he sought a personal contact with God. After being introduced to Freemasonry by a friend, he took an active part in the establishment of the Rectified Scottish Rule in Burgundy, becoming a fervent follower of Willermoz, whom he later joined in Lyons as the Dijon Masons were lukewarm about the new rite. He later dabbled in magnetism and somnanbulism. After the Revolution had taken away his goods and titles, he became a pillar of the Ultra party during the Restoration. Finally the birth of Romanticism found him teaching Madame de Staël in the Coppet circle.
Fleuriot de Langle et l'expédition de Lapérouse
Authors: Henwood Philippe 
Published: June 2016

Fleuriot de Langle and Lapérouse's Expedition. Ten unpublished letters
presented by Philippe Henwood.
On 1st August 1785 the two frigates, the Boussole and the Astrolabe, under the command of J.-Fr. Galaup de Lapérouse and P. -A. Fleuriot de Langle left Brest for a long voyage of exploration, prepared and organised with exceptional care. Captain Fleuriot de Langle took an important part in the final preparations (equipment, recruiting the crew), as can be seen from the letters between Count Hector, commander of Brest and the Naval Ministry. There are in addition ten letters, reproduced in this article, from Fleuriot de Langle to his mother and sister, dating from 8th July 1785 (three weeks before sailing) to 27th September 1787 (less than three months before his death in Samoa). They are mostly unpublished and provide interesting details about the voyage, as well as throwing light on their author's attractive personality.
Angélique Diderot et les Caroillon sous la Révolution
Authors: Favier Hervé 
Published: June 2016

Hervé Favier : Angélique Diderot and the Caroillons during the French
Revolution.
The Langres Caroillon family, who were artisans, labourers and then merchants, acquired, thanks to Diderot, profitable leases on forges and forests and bought sinecures. Being pro-Enlightenment they welcomed 1789 even though it dashed their hopes of nobility. Destillères played at being a squire while his brother Caroillon de Vandeul became a director of the East India Company, and both indulged in speculation. During the Terror they were arrested after their homes were searched. Destillères and his family were arrested in his mansion, while Vandeul 's wife Angélique Diderot, «daughter of one of the founders of liberty », petitioned the Convention's Committees, claiming his presence at the forges was indispensable. Like all her contemporaries, Angélique Diderot disliked extremes and supported all successive regimes.
Grammaire et réflexion pédagogique (1750-1789)
Authors: Granderoute Robert 
Published: June 2016

Robert Granderoute : Grammar and educational theory (1750-1789).
In the second half of the 18 th Century, reflection on grammar in relation to the study of Latin led to solutions which followed, with slight alterations, Dumarsais's preference for usage. We find two positions, at opposite extremes. On the one hand there were those who, while considering grammar as a means of perfecting but not learning languages (for it implies the use of reason, which the child does not possess) , nevertheless judged indispensable the prior acquisition of a minimum knowledge of grammar ; some preferred French rather than Latin grammar. On the other hand, some thought that the principles of general grammar should first be learnt (as the child possesses the faculty of reasoning) ; applied to French, this preserves a previous practice of the language. But, beyond these divergencies, we can see that grammar had regained general favour.
La «crise mystique » du jeune Diderot
Authors: Souviron Marie 
Published: June 2016

Marie Souviron : The young Diderot's «mystical crisis ».
It is possible, by an analysis of different texts in conjunction with certain established facts, to get a closer approximation to the date of Diderot's «mystical crisis » ; we can situate it around 1731-2, as his daughter says, during his studies. A «mystical crisis » is not the same thing as a plan for an ecclesiastical career, or as an almost professional study of metaphysical and theological problems, obligatory for all future philosophers. Instead it probably coincided with his desire to become a Carthusian monk and with adolescent problems ; it thus constituted an incident in his emotional life rather than a stage in his intellectual development. Although apparently in line with his education, this crisis in fact marked a break with his childhood faith and with emotionally-experienced faith. Religion henceforth became an object of rational study.
Vision du devenir historique et formes de la révolution dans les Lettres persanes
Authors: Goulemot Jean-Marie 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Marie Goulemot : The Vision of historical development and revolutionary forms in the Lettres persanes.
This article attempts to analyze the forms of revolution and the vision of historical development in the Lettres persanes, taking into account the work's structure, political statements and narrative strategies. A rigid law dictates the travellers' accounts and analyses, namely that everything is modified, develops and terminates in nothingness. This is true of political and social forms as of individual destinies, and of the past as of the future. It is the principle behind statements, analyses, events, and in general it is the principle on which the writing of the Lettres persanes themselves is based. It determines the different meanings of the word «revolution » and the political and ideological significance of the work, which is conceived as a form-meaning.
1789 : Montesquieu aristocrate
Authors: Retat Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Rétat : 1789, Montesquieu as aristocrat.
From the newspapers for 1789 we can discover certain general — and hence significant — ideas held about Montesquieu in that period. The beginning of the Revolution was a crucial turning point as he was sometimes quoted among the «precursors » ; but in the crisis of the Estates General he was used by the supporters of the orders and was thus seen by the patriots as an «aristocrat ». His authority was invoked mainly in the moderate and counter-revolutionary press. Large parts of Montesquieu's political thought were demolished with the monarchy of orders and the defeat of the English constitutional model.
Montesquieu patriote ?
Authors: Barny Roger 
Published: June 2016

Roger Barny : Was Montesquieu a patriot ?
During the Revolution, the predominant image of Montesquieu was that of an aristocrat. He is on occasion referred to as a patriot but only on minor points or by deforming his thought. The young Saint-Just is an exception, but only during the Constituent (L'Esprit de la Révolution ) and from a relatively conservative point of view. In his 1793-4 works the ideology changes and Rousseau becomes more relevant. The true exception is Marat who refused to see Montesquieu as an aristocrat. He was the only patriot who referred to both Montesquieu and Rousseau as he was attracted by both author's insistence on liberty. Barère also wrote an important work while in hiding after the riots of Prairial, year II, in which there is an intelligent summing up. But Barère is obviously making amends for his activities on the Committee of Public Safety.
Les Éloges de Montesquieu par Barère
Authors: Yamazaki Koichi 
Published: June 2016

Koichi Yamazaki : Barère s Eloges de Montesquieu. (A brief analysis by
J. Ehrard of an article that was too long to publish in full).
One Eloge de Montesquieu by Barère was already known ; this article shows, using both the 1806 printed version and manuscripts in Tarbes and Bordeaux, that the future member of the Convention had, just before the Revolution, competed for three successive Bordeaux Academy prizes on this subject. He also shows that the three analyses of the Esprit des lois were to a large extent dictated by contemporary events. In the third Eloge, Barère used the work against feudalism while he had quoted it against despotism in the second one. He nevertheless considered it to some extent to have been overtaken by unprecedented events. The France of 1789 needed «another Montesquieu ».
La fortune bibliographique de Montesquieu. France et Italie, 1789-1815
Authors: Postigliola Alberto , Felice Domenico 
Published: June 2016

Alberto Postigliola and Domenico Felice : Montesquieu's bibliographical fortunes in France and Italy, 1789-1815.
This article gives the results of an investigation into Montesquieu's bibliography in Italy during the Revolution and the Napoleonic period, conducted in the main Italian and in some French and British libraries (about fifty in all) and taking account of editions in the original language. We have found hitherto unknown editions and translations and have identified «phantom » editions. The most surprising result is the absence of important Italian translations of Montesquieu during this period, in contrast to the numerous 18th-century translations and the explosion in the 1820s, and in contrast to what happened with, for example, Rousseau's works.
De Montesquieu à Benjamin Constant : la fin des Lumières ?
Authors: Benrekassa Georges 
Published: June 2016

Georges Benrekassa : From Montesquieu to Benjamin Constant : the end
of the Enlightenment ?
This study attempts to analyze the supposedly liberal tradition linking the Esprit des lois to the Principes de politique dating from 1802-6, after the revolutionary upheaval and at the birth of a new despotism. Constant works out, through a profound criticism of the notion of «social authority », a liberal position based both on contemporary experience and an unusual reading of Montesquieu and Rousseau taken together. But this position can be seen as a betrayal of the original form of Montesquieu's enlightened ideal and its underlying attempt at liberation. The pacificying and elitist desire to guide and manipulate public opinion in fact leads to a justification of a deep but hidden split in society which is probably in contradiction with the teachings and aims of the Esprit des lois.
La propagande girondine et le livre en 1792 : le Bureau de l'Esprit public
Authors: Dorigny Marcel 
Published: June 2016

Marcel Dorigny : Girondin progaganda in 1792 : the Bureau de lesprit
public.
The Roland-Brissot group, in particular Lanthenas, was behind an original doctrine in 1791-2 which aimed at creating wide popular support for the new regime's ideology. The printed word was crucial as it was by newspapers and books, and in particular by their public reading, that new ideas should spread, to counteract the negative influence of tradition, superstition and religion. When Roland became minister in March 1792 these plans were applied on a large scale. He founded the «Bureau de l'esprit public » which was to distribute in the country the «right sort of works » to enlighten the people ; «patriotic missionaries » were recruited and sent out to «support the public spirit » by useful readings ; and a paper was even created, Louvet's Sentinelle. Thus Roland inaugurated a form of «government of public spirit » which continued after his resignation in January 1793.
La lecture en milieu populaire dans le département de Paris
Authors: Monnier Raymonde 
Published: June 2016

Raymonde Monnier : Reading among the people in the Paris départements.
In an attempt to study how far the Revolution transformed the cultural habits of the ordinary people in Paris and its suburbs this paper studies the application of the Montagnard plan to regenerate the nation and create a new man. This meant a rational effort to educate and spread their principles. In the field of elementary education, the implementation of the Bouquier law improved still further an already privileged position as almost all the primary schools were created by the end of year II in this département. Catechisms and revolutionary almanachs spread republican morals and schoolteachers became the chief patriotic missionaries ; political events occupied an ever larger place in everyday life ; public readings took up a large part of popular societies' meetings. New revolutionary sociability led to an unprecedented explosion of reading habits.
Le commerce du libelle interdit à Paris (1790-1791)
Authors: de Baecque Antoine 
Published: June 2016

Antoine de Baecque : The sale of forbidden pamphlets in Paris (1790-1791).
At the beginning of the Revolution, the book trade depended mainly on printing and selling numerous brochures devoted to political comment. Thanks to pamphlets, politics invaded the Paris streets. Many writings, taking advantage of the complete freedom of the press, outdid each other in profit-seeking violent attacks, denunciations and even pornography. These were what were called at the time «libels ». The Paris authorities tried to take action against this proliferating sub-literature and appointed police officers, mainly in Palais-Royal, to arrest peddlars and seize the anonymous works they were selling. From a study of police archives, the author here tries to bring out the political issues involved in this sale of revolutionary pamphlets.
Les imprimeurs libraires parisiens et la liberté de la presse (1789-1795)
Authors: Andries Lise 
Published: June 2016

Lise Andries : Paris publisher-printers and the freedom of the press (1789-1795).
Until 1791 the freedom to sell printed works was controlled by the Paris council. From the end of 1791 until 10th August 1792, for about the only time during the Revolution, there was total freedom to print and sell. However it must be admitted that during the year II, it was mainly journalists rather than publisher-printers who were hit by repression. A study of police archives also gives us a better understanding of the conditions in which brochures were printed and sold, the peddlars' beats in Paris, sizes of editions, prices and titles sold. It gives us a more precise idea of how small printing presses worked, in particular those on the fringes of legality who survived by printing pamphlets.
La Révolution et le premier journal illustré paru en France (1785-1793)
Authors: Kleinert Annemarie 
Published: June 2016

Annemarie Kleinert : The revolution and the first French illustrated magazine.
The first illustrated magazine published in France was one of the periodicals that survived the fall of the monarchy in 1792 even though it was pro-monarchist. It changed its title twice between 1785 and 1793, being called Cabinet des Modes in its first year, Magasin des Modes nouvelles from its second to fourth years, and Journal de la Mode et du Goût in its last three years. It was illustrated with coloured engravings. Its articles and engravings allow us to study the importance of the Revolution for its authors. It moved from reticence towards acceptance, then enthousiasm and finally a refusal of the policies of the years 1789 to 1793.
Langue universelle et diversité des Lumières. Un concours de l'Académie de Berlin en 1784
Authors: Schlobach Jochen 
Published: June 2016

Jochen Schlobach : Universal language and the diversity of the enlightenment. The 1782 Berlin Academy prize.
The universality of French was generally accepted in 18h century Europe, less because of enlightened philosophy than because of the influence of French absolutism in courts and their culture (theatres, academies, princely education, etc.). Voltaire, who attempted a synthesis of classical aesthetics and «philosophy », represented the Enlightenment's temporary agreement with princes, symbolized by his stay in Potsdam. The Berlin Academy's 1782 prize on the universality of French sparked off a debate in Germany which encouraged the Aufklärer's unwillingness to accept the French language's superiority or suitability for philosophy. Some authors even doubted the usefulness for the French themselves of a universal language and considered that the multiplicity of European languages promoted the obvious national diversity in science, the arts and the Enlightenment.
Les idées de Mme Necker
Authors: Soumoy-Thibert Geneviève 
Published: June 2016

Geneviève Soumoy-Thibert : The ideas of Madame Necker.
Mme Necker was not only the wife of Jacques Necker, the hostess of a famous salon and the mother of Germaine de Staël, but she was also a writer. Her work is unified by her need to calm anxiety, which takes three forms. Firstly there is the desire to please, which leads her to elaborate rules for a true art of pleasing, based on sweetness and self-denial. The second anxiety concerns ethics ; in order to reconcile happiness and virtue, she defends order, good deeds and self-sacrifice. Finally there is metaphysical anxiety which means that existence must be founded on principles which are examined by reason, namely God, the soul and liberty. Despite certain contradictions and its extremely fragmented nature, her work is still interesting from the philosophical point of view.
Le Voyage en Sibérie de Chappe d'Auteroche
Authors: Claudon Adhémar Catherine , Claudon Francis 
Published: June 2016

Catherine Claudon-Adhémar and Francis Claudon : Chappe d'Auteroche's Voyage en Siberie.
The astronomer, abbé Chappe d'Auteroche was almost the first Frenchman to describe Siberia, where he went in order to observe a comet in 1761. His work was published in 1768 and republished several times ; the only contemporary work comparable to Chappe's is Biischung's Neue Erdbeschreibung (French translation 1768). Chappe's Voyage is interesting first of all for its choice of route (Paris-Tobolsk by road) and it provides information on the little-known geography of Siberia, including maps and all sorts of observations. Secondly, Chappe lists various geographical, climatic and above all sociological 'curiosities'. He is very impressed by the land of Russia, but he has less affection for its inhabitants, whom he finds wild with unexpected reactions — true barbarians in fact. He thus corrects Voltaire and Montesquieu, and his remarks on the relationship between nature and politics are still relevant today.
Le voyage en Italie de Fougeroux de Bondaroy
Authors: Perez Marie-Félicie , Pinault Madeleine 
Published: June 2016

Marie Félicie Pérez and Madeleine Pinault : Fougeroux de Bondaroy's
Italian journey.
In 1763, A.-D. Fougeroux de Bondaroy, nephew of Duhamel du Monceau and member of the Académie des Sciences, travelled to Italy. He wrote a Journal of his trip in 5 volumes, 4 of which are extant. The first concerns the journey from Paris to Genoa (Lyons, Municipal Library) ; one volume is about Rome, one other about Naples (Philadelphia, The American Philosophical Society Library) ; and the last recounts the return journey from Lyons to Orleans (Philadelphia, the University of Pennsylvania Library). The lost volume, covering the journey from Genoa to Rome, can be reconstituted from various documents. The Journal shows the author's skill at drawing and reveals his varied interests in sciences, antiquity and ethnography.
Dampier, ou la relation des îles aux tortues
Authors: Blanc Gérard 
Published: June 2016

Gérard Blanc : Dampier or the account of tortoise island.
When he visited the Galapagos Islands in April 1684, Dampier gave an impersonal account, typical of travellers of his time. The experience of reality was transformed by the way it was read. In his Grand dictionnaire géographique, La Martinière replaced the long description of the tortoises by frequently picturesque accounts taken from various other travellers. In his Histoire des voyages, Prévost also presents the text ; he manages to harmonize the geographical information and the account of personal experience, but he ignores the treatise on the tortoises. We try to throw light on this dark zone which the compilers have skirted around.
Politique et littérature : la correspondance de Dmitri A. Golitsyn (1760-1784)
Authors: Dulac Georges , Evdokimova Ludmilla 
Published: June 2016

Catherinne Cusset : Sade, Machiavelli and Nero — from political theory
to the libertine imagination.
This article studies, by means of a precise analysis of references to Machiavelli and Nero to be found in Sade's Histoire de Juliette, the relationship of Sadian libertinage to political theory and to history. Quotations from Machiavelli, and references to certain episodes in Nero's life, allow Sade to base his fiction in reality by giving it political and historical credentials. The way Sade deforms Machiavelli's writings and his sources for Nero's life (Suetonius and Tacitus) show the real use he is making of these figures, namely making fiction triumph over reality.
Un recueil inconnu de manuscrits clandestins
Authors: Lough John 
Published: June 2016

John Lough : An unknown collection of clandestine manuscripts.
This manuscript of over 600 pages in a museum in a small English town contains a curious collection of 31 items in French, long and short, published and unpublished. They range in date from a poem by Jean Dehénault (1670) to Voltaire's A Henri IV (1766). Besides his Epître à Uranie, La Religion naturelle and the Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne , there are several poems by Chaulieu. Among other published works there are Voltaire pamphlets and Diderot's Pen¬ sées philosophiques. The manuscript also included the complete text of some well-known clandestine treatises — La Religion chrétienne analysée, the Traité des trois imposteurs and the Extrait des pensées et sentimens de Mr Jean Meslier — and short extracts from the Examen de la Religion. A brief introduction precedes a list, with comments, of the 31 items.