bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bernstein Type Theorems for Minimal Lagrangian Graphs of Quaternion Euclidean Space
Authors: Dong Yuxin , Han Yingbo , Ji Qingchun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we prove some Bernstein type results for n-dimensional minimal Lagrangian graphs in quaternion Euclidean space Hn ≅ R4n. In particular, we also get a new Bernstein Theorem for special Lagrangian graphs in Cn.
Cyclotomic Nazarov-Wenzl Algebras
Authors: Ariki Susumu , Mathas Andrew , Rui Hebing 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNazarov [Naz96] introduced an infinite dimensional algebra, which he called the affine Wenzl algebra, in his study of the Brauer algebras. In this paper we study certain “cyclotomic quotients” of these algebras. We construct the irreducible representations of these algebras in the generic case and use this to show that these algebras are free of rank rn(2n−1)!! (when Ω is u-admissible). We next show that these algebras are cellular and give a labelling for the simple modules of the cyclotomic Nazarov-Wenzl algebras over an arbitrary field. In particular, this gives a construction of all of the finite dimensional irreducible modules of the affine Wenzl algebra.
Twisted Invariant Theory for Reflection Groups
Authors: Bonnafé C. , Lehrer G. I. , Michel J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLet G be a finite reflection group acting in a complex vector space V = ℂr, whose coordinate ring will be denoted by S. Any element γ ∈ GL(V) which normalises G acts on the ring SG of G-invariants. We attach invariants of the coset Gγ to this action, and show that if G′ is a parabolic subgroup of G, also normalised by γ, the invariants attaching to G′γ are essentially the same as those of Gγ. Four applications are given. First, we give a generalisation of a result of Springer-Stembridge which relates the module structures of the coinvariant algebras of G and G′ and secondly, we give a general criterion for an element of Gγ to be regular (in Springer’s sense) in invariant-theoretic terms, and use it to prove that up to a central element, all reflection cosets contain a regular element. Third, we prove the existence in any well-generated group, of analogues of Coxeter elements of the real reflection groups. Finally, we apply the analysis to quotients of G which are themselves reflection groups.
Julian of Norwich, the Bible, and creative, orthodox theology: always novel, never new
Authors: Bennett Thomas Andrew 
Published: July 2016

AbstractScholars have spent considerable time attempting to characterise Julian of Norwich's relationship to biblical texts. This article will first survey the state of scholarship with respect to Julian and the Bible, defending a minimalist thesis: that Julian thinks theologically in the rhythms of scripture, rendering suggestions that she haphazardly borrows from biblical language demonstrably false. Subsequently, literary-critical readings of biblical texts echoed in the parable of the lord and servant will be deployed to show how Julian echoes not only the language of the Bible, but also its themes, narratives and theology. By highlighting a particular kind of imaginative theology that is nevertheless deeply biblical, the article argues that Julian is at once creative and orthodox: always novel, but never new.
St Augustine as apologist for the resurrection of Christ
Authors: O'Collins Gerald 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn his sermons,Answer to Faustus a Manichean, and other works, Augustine insisted that belief in Christ's resurrection establishes the identity and defines the faith of Christians. In justifying resurrection belief, he appealed to evidence from (1) created nature and (2) human history, and to (3) the desires and experiences of those he addressed. From the perspective of creation, ‘the miracle’ of the world and all the wonders it contains (particularly the worldly pattern of ‘new life after death’) support Easter faith. Historically, Augustine argues from a visibleeffect(almost the whole of Roman society accepting the resurrection) to the only adequatecauseof this phenomenon (Christ's victory over death). Finally, the human hunger for happiness, Augustine argues, finds its fulfilment only through sharing in Christ's resurrection – though in this context he does not forget the light provided by the Holy Spirit, through whom ‘with the eyes of the heart we behold’ the risen Christ (Sermon263).
Cattle
Authors: Howie Ian B. 
Published: July 2016

Matching production to the markets for meat makes the assumption that individual producers can have an influence on market forces. This may well apply nowadays to some of the very large scale poultry production units but, individually, beef producers can have little if any influence on the marketing scene. Although there are farmers who produce several hundred fat cattle a year, the bulk of the beef produced comes from fairly small scale producers. Much of beef production is on a fairly haphazard basis with little or no recording or budgeting.Nevertheless, small scale producers and feeders who move in and out of the market can exploit local or short-term, favourable, market fluctuations and, with skilful buying and selling, make good profits on a quick turnover. Larger scale producers who have pre-planned fully integrated production systems cannot react as quickly to any great extent to short-term marketing opportunities. I regard marketing as only one of the many variable factors to be taken into account when planning a beef enterprise within a whole farming system, in which it is likely to be one of a number of enterprises which have to be kept in balance.
Sheep
Authors: Fell Henry R. 
Published: July 2016

You will, I hope, understand that this paper is set in the context of a commercial farm — and, moreover, a farm where fixed costs are high. Every enterprise must justify its existence financially and we have no room for a sentimental approach to things we merely like doing. This is as true of our flock of 1000 ewes as it is of our cereals, oilseed rape and sugar beet. The overriding emphasis has to be on profitability, both on that part of the flock devoted to the production of slaughter lambs as well as to the production of shearling rams for sale from our purebred Meatlinc flock.The theme of this paper is therefore dominated by cash.
Backfat thickness of young boars for meat production
Authors: Lightfoot A. L. 
Published: July 2016

Concern is being expressed about the marketing of over-lean carcasses, especially from young boars. Experiments at Terrington have tested the effects of various management practices, feeding regimes and slaughter weights on the performance and backfat thickness of young boars reared for meat production.Pigs were kept in groups of mixed castrates and gilts, mixed boars and gilts, gilts only and boars only. Start of test was about 35 kg live weight and three different slaughter weights were selected to represent the main carcass types: cutters — 81 kg, baconers — 93 kg and heavies — 110 kg live weight. Backfat thickness increased with age, weight at slaughter and total feed consumption. Feed consumed by boars was 140 kg for cutters, 181 kg for baconers and 250 kg for heavies. P1, + P3 (mm) of boars was 23.7, 25.9 and 32.6 for the three slaughter weights, respectively.
Producing hill lambs to carcass specification
Authors: Walters B. R. 
Published: July 2016

The system at Redesdale EHF: to produce finished hill lambs (mostly pure Scottish Blackface) from August to February by a variety of feeding methods.The aim: to produce carcasses to the specification as laid down by the buyeri.e. weight range 14–20 kg — outside this range the price penalty can be 5 to lOp/kg, fat class 2,3L and 3H — the buyers’ preference, including 3H for hill lambs.The results are shown in Table 5.8.1The effect of finishing method on carcass weight and fat classAt weaning (end of July to end of August) the range of lamb live weight is 25 to 36 kg. Animals are sorted at this laid time, basically on size, so that they can be allocated to a specific feeding method. The range of options over a long season allows all lambs to produce an acceptable (and profitable) carcass weight. This approach has resulted in average live weight at sale being 38 kg. The pattern of sales by finishing method is shown in Table 5.8.2.
Comparison of pricing schedules for beef and lamb based on carcass classification
Authors: Murchison E. F. , Sains A. G. , Kilkenny J. B. 
Published: July 2016

A computer program has been developed for a Commodore 8096, to enable comparison of beef and lamb purchasing specifications based on MLC carcass classification in relation to producer slaughter profiles.Each pricing schedule is modelled on a base price (which invariably typifies the average carcass purchased by the Company), together with premiums and/or penalties for factors such as type, sex, weight and MLC classification (conformation and fatness level). By using a base price together with premiums and/or penalties.
Planned production of beef and lamb
Authors: Evans J. B. 
Published: July 2016

Buchan Meat has developed systems which produce the quantity and quality of meat required by retailers and their customers — housewives — at realistic prices.As a farmer-owned co-operative, Buchan Meat is well placed to take advantage of the vast experience and expertise of its farmer members in producing the type of meat required by retailers. Cattle and sheep are reared to the Company's exacting standards. Animals are individually selected by fieldsmen at specified levels of finish and are then transported to the Company's abattoir and meat processing plant, which is able to process over 1600 cattle and 2000 sheep per week. The whole complex, which includes boning and packaging facilities, has been designed for maximum efficiency and incorporates all the features essential to the best standards of production and hygiene. Meat is delivered from the plant to retailers ranging in size from small independents to superstores. Meat is transported to large stores in refrigerated container-loads.
Recent changes in legislation affecting the animal production industry
Authors: Capstick C. W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe economics of production of the livestock sector is heavily influenced by changes to price and support systems but also by the standards set under both domestic and European Community (EC) legislation in the food safety, consumer protection and animal health and welfare areas. This paper addresses these latter issues.In the last 3 years or so the incidence of BSE has led the government to enact several measures to protect both animal and public health. The measures taken and regular publication of information on the disease and research undertaken, has helped restore public confidence in animal products. Increased record keeping and for example, bans on the feeding of ruminant derived protein to ruminants have been designed to eliminate the disease but costs have been borne by the industy. Increased incidence of Salmonella also resulted in much new legislation to which changes have been made as new evidence has emerged. The poultry industry has nevertheless faced new burdens as a result of measures to tackle the disease and restore consumer confidence in poultry products.In the context of the completion of the EC single market the coverage of harmonized trade rules, many of which have existed since 1964, is being widened and rules for domestic and intra-Community trade are being aligned. However, the EC will continue to face the challenge of preventing the spread of disease without frontier controls. This has led so far to new measures, including surveillance arrangements for certain diseases and also to the organization of a disease control infrastructure.The government has given high priority to the promotion of high animal welfare standards. There is also heightened public interest in this issue and legislation has been enacted to phase out certain types of farming systems and require prescribed standards in the handling of livestock. Other initiatives are now on the EC agenda including, for example, the proposed battery hens directive and further rules on the transport of animals.Other issues discussed in the paper are the implications of the Food Safety Act 1990, EC measures on fresh meat hygiene and their enforcement and general food hygiene rules. There has also been much public consultation on the labelling of food. All of these measures have, or could have, significant implications for the livestock sector and these the paper will address.
Welfare and product quality: the need to be humane
Authors: Gregory N. G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper it will be argued that the relationships between welfare and product quality are not commonplace because processes within the animal intervene between substrate and product which reduce farming practices to a common level that is subordinate to the animal's metabolism. Nevertheless there are four ways in which compromised welfare can be linked to product quality: (1) product quality which is influenced by acute stress; (2) ante-mortem trauma occurring in parts of the animal which are edible; (3) disease states which leave lesions or taints in the edible product; and (4) product quality which is dependent on the long-term cumulative effects of exercise, lack of exercise or poor husbandry conditions.From this classification and the examples to be given in the paper it will become clear that some practices which compromise welfare can lead to poor product quality but there is little evidence to suggest that improved welfare practices benefit product quality. Nevertheless welfare improved products could be of better quality simply because more effort and attention is put into their production. If the same care and expenditure were to be put into systems where welfare was not the main goal, would product quality be any different?The conclusions that will be drawn from this paper are that: (i) practices which compromise welfare can lead to poor product quality, but there is little evidence that improved welfare benefits product quality; and (ii) modern labelling is suggestive instead of being explicit and as such it does not lend itself to promoting welfare improvements in a cognizant manner.
Farm assurance: the Scottish dimension
Authors: Simpson B. M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFarm Assured Scotch Livestock (FASL) was established by a small planning group in 1990 with representatives of all sectors of the Scottish meat industry. The agreed objective is to accelerate the ability of the Scotch Beef and Lamb industry to meet consumer requirements in the 1990s.This is being achieved through a farm assurance scheme with standards designed to increase consumer confidence in beef and lamb. Participation is voluntary and already over 1000 farms have joined the scheme. High standards coupled with rigorous independent inspections provide credibility and formal links to the Scottish Consumer Council have been established.The principal criteria are: traceability of stock; staff competence; adherence to welfare codes; food composition and storage; housing and handling facilities; medicines and veterinary treatments; essential records.The farm assured product is now being actively promoted by independent and multiple retailers with considerable interest from the expanding export markets — particularly in Northern Europe. Current developments are aimed at linking farm assurance to meat quality through the Guild of Scotch Quality Meat Suppliers. Standards for auction markets and livestock transport are being established to complete the quality assurance message from farm to plate.
Environmental components of pig health
Authors: Svendsen J. , Svendsen L. S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOne of the limiting factors in pig production is the ill health of the animals. Besides the effect of overt disease, subclinical disease and more subtle disturbances in health may be a continual problem affecting all production parameters. These disturbances range from reproductive problems such as infertility, neonatal health problems, gastrointestinal and respiratory problems during the growing-finishing period, and injuries at all production stages.The causes of many of these disturbances and losses are multifactorial, resulting froman interaction between different environmental factors (stressors) and the animals. Many health problems are not initially due to infections but infections may appear as a secondary factor. Where bacteria, viruses and parasites are involved, the pig's immune status and ability for immune defence is often the determinant for disease. Unfavourable environmental factors do not result in a specific disease if the agent is missing.When animals are housed, their life form is altered. Housing creates limits in their choices, freedom of movement, activities, and feeding. While pigs generally have a talent for adapting to the environment, modern production methods have made it difficult for some animals to cope with their situation. They become stressed, and especially if this stress is prolonged, negative effects appear, generally reflected in their state of health.
Advances in climatic control
Authors: Owen J. E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractElectronic control systems offer a big potential for improved environmental control inpig buildings. Their use is however limited to those types of controllers that can replicate the features of older electromechanical controls. Current research and development work, which is not confined to pig building applications, is largely concerned with extending the use of microprocessor-based controllers to incorporate features such as: (a) control based on parameters other than simply air temperature; (b) control based on algorithmswhich predict the pigs’ needs; and (c) control which integrates alarm, fail safe and monitoring.To accommodate these features more advanced controllers are used, however their use in practice is likely to be limited by a number of technical, economic and ergonomie constraints.
Development in welfare guidelines
Authors: Moss R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe recent history of animal welfare is discussed with particular reference to the ethical and scientific factors which have influenced and will continue to influence the development of pig husbandry systems.The Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Committee report on the original codes of recommendations for the welfare of livestock, including the code for pigs, a review by the Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) and the re-issue of the code for pigs in 1983, the 1980/81 report of the House of Commons Agriculture Committee and the recent FAWC proposals for legislation are examined in some detail.Research work that has been undertaken in pig welfare is mentioned and finally, reference is made to the various protagonists in the debate, not forgetting the pig itself. There is no attempt to draw any definitive conclusions.
The EC sheep meat regime — the political dimension
Authors: Cahn A. T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe European Community (EC) sheep meat regime, introduced in 1980, was designed to resolve a conflict of interest between British and French sheep producers and originally sought to preserve the status quo, which included widely varying production systems, market prices and policy objectives. Although Britain's sole use of the variable premium focused discontent of other member states on its system of support, its production in the 1980s expanded continuously and its exports increased. However, the EC regime came under further pressure from the accession of Spain in 1986 and the inclusion of goats in the regime in 1985 added to budgetary problems. The cost of the regime has increased greatly and. this fact, together with the move towards a single market by 1992, meant that the fragmented market solution of 1980 could not last.The agreement of July 1989 on a reform of the regime marked a major change. The transitional phase will see the phasing out of the special national provisions, including variable premium. Lower rates of premium for larger flocks, private storage aid, an EC standard quality and a differentiation between milk and meat producers will come into force in 1990 and 1991. By the end of 1992, a single premium will be applicable throughout the community and a single market will be in force.This poses both challenges and opportunities for the British industry. Export markets will be more open. The variable premium, both a straight jacket and a safety net, will disappear and demands for price, quality and even supply will be more urgent. Traditional patterns of production will have to prove their efficiency. Options, such as more extensive/‘natural’ production, more intensive production, meat/wool dual production and organic production will need to be considered.
The UK sheep industry: current position, economics and emerging trends
Authors: Slade C. F. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThroughout the 1980s the United Kingdom (UK) flock has expanded from 14 million to just over 20 million ewes and ewe lambs. This expansion has gone side by side with increased exports, particularly to France, and reduced New Zealand supplies. The main factor encouraging flock expansion has been European Community (EC) support and the guarantee created by the variable premium system adopted in the UK. As a result of the 'variable premium' payment system, supplies of lamb have increased during the first 3 months of the year but there is still a shortage of home produced lamb in the period April to June. Exports take up about 24% of the lamb crop.There are 60 pure breeds of sheep in the UK and this number is actually increasing. The hill breeds are the most numerous. The national flock is dominated by halfbreds of which Mule types form 23% of the total. The Suffolk is the most numerous terminal sire but the number of Suffolk cross females has also increased substantially. Over 59% of the UK flock draws some form of hill subsidy.Gross margin figures during the 1980s have been reasonable but in 1988 EC support and hill subsidies accounted for 30% of income in hill environments and 24% of income in lowland situations. In addition the ‘variable premium’ system underpinned the prices paid for store lambs. Changes in the EC sheepmeat regime are currently creating some uncertainty but prospects into the next century seem quite hopeful. The producer of store lambs will be vulnerable to an extent but there seems scope for continued modest expansion of the national flock through the 1990s.
Practical breeding developments and future prospects
Authors: Curran M. K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper is a review of practical sheep breeding improvement schemes and techniques in the UK. Recent breed population changes in each of the broad categories of hill, longwool/crossing, longwool ewe, terminal sire and shortwool ewe breeds are outlined. Current or planned improvement programmes are reported for Welsh Mountain, Beulah, Scottish Blackface, Border Leicester, Cambridge, Friesland, Romney, Texel, Suffolk, Lleyn and Merino breeds. The techniques of genetic improvement currently available are discussed including some costs and likely genetic gains; techniques include group breeding schemes, artificial insemination, multiple ovulation and embryo transplant, best linear unbiased prediction and transgenic methods. The application of these techniques and contribution they could make to future sheep improvement are assessed.