bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Severity of Acute Stress Is Represented by Increased Synchronous Activity and Recruitment of Hypothalamic CRH Neurons
Authors: vom Berg-Maurer Colette M. , Trivedi Chintan A. , Bollmann Johann H. , De Marco Rodrigo J. , Ryu Soojin 
Published: March 2016

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis regulates stress physiology and behavior. To achieve an optimally tuned adaptive response, it is critical that the magnitude of the stress response matches the severity of the threat. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is a major regulator of the HPA axis. However, how CRH-producing neurons in an intact animal respond to different stressor intensities is currently not known. Using two-photon calcium imaging on intact larval zebrafish, we recorded the activity of CRH cells, while the larvae were exposed to stressors of varying intensity. By combining behavioral and physiological measures, we first determined how sudden alterations in environmental conditions lead to different levels of stress axis activation. Then, we measured changes in the frequency and amplitude of Ca2+transients in individual CRH neurons in response to such stressors. The response magnitude of individual CRH cells covaried with stressor intensity. Furthermore, stressors caused the recruitment of previously inactive CRH neurons in an intensity-dependent manner, thus increasing the pool of responsive CRH cells. Strikingly, stressor-induced activity appeared highly synchronized among CRH neurons, and also across hemispheres. Thus, the stressor strength-dependent output of CRH neurons emerges by a dual mechanism that involves both the increased activity of individual cells and the recruitment of a larger pool of responsive cells. The synchronicity of CRH neurons within and across hemispheres ensures that the overall output of the HPA axis matches the severity of the threat.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStressors trigger adaptive responses in the body that are essential for survival. How the brain responds to acute stressors of varying intensity in an intact animal, however, is not well understood. We address this question using two-photon Ca2+imaging in larval zebrafish with transgenically labeled corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) cells, which represent a major regulator of the stress axis. We show that stressor strength-dependent responses of CRH neurons emerge via an intensity-dependent increase in the activity of individual CRH cells, and by an increase in the pool of responsive CRH cells at the population level. Furthermore, we report striking synchronicity among CRH neurons even across hemispheres, which suggests tight intrahypothalamic and interhypothalamic coordination. Thus, our work reveals how CRH neurons respond to different levels of acute stressin vivo.
Spontaneous Activity Defines Effective Convergence Ratios in an Inhibitory Circuit
Authors: Lu Hsin-Wei , Trussell Laurence O. 
Published: March 2016

Many neurons fire spontaneously, and the rate of this firing is subject to neuromodulation. How this firing affects functional connectivity within a neural network remains largely unexplored. Here we show that changes in spontaneous firing of cartwheel interneurons in the mouse dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) alter the effective convergence ratio of interneurons onto their postsynaptic targets through short-term synaptic plasticity. Spontaneous firing of cartwheel cells led to activity-dependent synaptic depression of individual cartwheel synapses. Depression was rapid and profound at stimulation frequencies between 10 and 200 Hz, suggesting the presence of high release probability (Pr) vesicles at these inhibitory synapses. Weak, transient synaptic facilitation could be induced after synapses were predepressed, indicating that low-Pr vesicles are also recruited, and may thus support steady-state transmission. A two-pool vesicle depletion model with 10-fold differences in Pr could account for the synaptic depression over a wide range of stimulus conditions. As a result of depression during high spontaneous activity, more cartwheel interneurons were required for effective inhibition. Convergence of four interneurons was sufficient to compensate for the effects of depression during physiologically expected rates of activity. By simulating synaptic release during spontaneous firing, we found that recruitment of low-Pr vesicles at the synapse plays a critical role in maintaining effective inhibition within a small population of interneurons. The interplay between spontaneous spiking, short-term synaptic plasticity, and vesicle recruitment thus determines the effective size of a convergent neural network.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe examined the relationship between the structure of a small neural circuit and the properties of its individual synapses. Successful synaptic inhibition of a target cell firing requires a critical inhibitory synaptic strength. Synapses often become depressed during spontaneous presynaptic activity, and this increases the number of presynaptic neurons needed to mediate inhibition. We show that depression is limited by the presence of a pool of vesicles that resist depletion. Thus, the size of this vesicle pool determines the size of the circuit needed to mediate inhibition during different patterns of activity.
Rivalry-Like Neural Activity in Primary Visual Cortex in Anesthetized Monkeys
Authors: Xu Haoran , Han Chao , Chen Ming , Li Peichao , Zhu Shude , Fang Yang , Hu Jiaming , Ma Heng , Lu Haidong D. 
Published: March 2016

Two incongruent images viewed by the two eyes cause binocular rivalry, during which observers perceive continuous alternations between these two visual images. Previous studies in both humans and monkeys have shown that the primary visual cortex (V1) plays a critical role in the rivalry perception. However, it is unclear whether the rivalry activity observed in V1 relies on conscious influences. Here, we examine the responses of V1 in monkeys under general anesthesia. With intrinsic signal optical imaging and single-trial analysis, alternating activation of ocular dominance columns in V1 was observed during binocularly incongruent stimulation. Left- and right-eye columns exhibited counterphase activation, which were modulated by stimulus features in ways similar to those found in conscious human observers. These observations indicated that binocular rivalry occurs in V1 without consciousness, suggesting that the low-level automatic mechanisms play a more important role than previously believed in handling visual ambiguities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhen visual input is ambiguous, for example, in viewing bistable images, human subjects normally perceive one of the interpretations at a particular moment. Previous studies have shown that both low-level visual processing and high-level attention contribute to the establishment of the final visual perception. However, it is not clear whether attention is indispensable in such a process. Here we show that rivalry-like neural activity persisted in monkey V1 when the monkeys were anesthetized and viewed binocularly incongruent stimuli. Such activity has many key features similar to those observed in conscious human subjects. These findings indicate that low-level visual processes play a critical role in solving visual ambiguity such as binocular rivalry.
Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Müller Glia Is Controlled by Synergistic Activation of TRPC and Orai Channels
Authors: Molnár Tünde , Yarishkin Oleg , Iuso Anthony , Barabas Peter , Jones Bryan , Marc Robert E. , Phuong Tam T.T. , Križaj David 
Published: March 2016

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is at the epicenter of astrocyte Ca2+signaling. We sought to identify the molecular mechanism underlying store-operated calcium entry that replenishes ER stores in mouse Müller cells. Store depletion, induced through blockade of sequestration transporters in Ca2+-free saline, induced synergistic activation of canonical transient receptor potential 1 (TRPC1) and Orai channels. Store-operated TRPC1 channels were identified by their electrophysiological properties, pharmacological blockers, and ablation of theTrpc1gene. Ca2+release-activated currents (ICRAC) were identified by ion permeability, voltage dependence, and sensitivity to selective Orai antagonists Synta66 and GSK7975A. Depletion-evoked calcium influx was initiated at the Müller end-foot and apical process, triggering centrifugal propagation of Ca2+waves into the cell body. EM analysis of the end-foot compartment showed high-density ER cisternae that shadow retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somata and axons, protoplasmic astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and ER–mitochondrial contacts at the vitreal surface of the end-foot. The mouse retina expresses transcripts encoding bothStimand all knownOraigenes; Müller glia predominantly express stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1), whereas STIM2 is mainly confined to the outer plexiform and RGC layers. Elimination of TRPC1 facilitated Müller gliosis induced by the elevation of intraocular pressure, suggesting that TRPC channels might play a neuroprotective role during mechanical stress. By characterizing the properties of store-operated signaling pathways in Müller cells, these studies expand the current knowledge about the functional roles these cells play in retinal physiology and pathology while also providing further evidence for the complexity of calcium signaling mechanisms in CNS astroglia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStore-operated Ca2+signaling represents a major signaling pathway and source of cytosolic Ca2+in astrocytes. Here, we show that the store-operated response in Müller cells, radial glia that perform key structural, signaling, osmoregulatory, and mechanosensory functions within the retina, is mediated through synergistic activation of transient receptor potential and Orai channels. The end-foot disproportionately expresses the depletion sensor stromal interacting molecule 1, which contains an extraordinarily high density of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae that shadow neuronal, astrocytic, vascular, and axonal structures; interface with mitochondria; but also originate store-operated Ca2+entry-induced transcellular Ca2+waves that propagate glial excitation into the proximal retina. These results identify a molecular mechanism that underlies complex interactions between the plasma membrane and calcium stores, and contributes to astroglial function, regulation, and response to mechanical stress.
Role of Ventral Subiculum in Context-Induced Relapse to Alcohol Seeking after Punishment-Imposed Abstinence
Authors: Marchant Nathan J. , Campbell Erin J. , Whitaker Leslie R. , Harvey Brandon K. , Kaganovsky Konstantin , Adhikary Sweta , Hope Bruce T. , Heins Robert C. , Prisinzano Thomas E. , Vardy Eyal , Bonci Antonello , Bossert Jennifer M. , Shaham Yavin 
Published: March 2016

In many human alcoholics, abstinence is self-imposed because of the negative consequences of excessive alcohol use, and relapse is often triggered by exposure to environmental contexts associated with prior alcohol drinking. We recently developed a rat model of this human condition in which we train alcohol-preferring P rats to self-administer alcohol in one context (A), punish the alcohol-reinforced responding in a different context (B), and then test for relapse to alcohol seeking in Contexts A and B without alcohol or shock. Here, we studied the role of projections to nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell from ventral subiculum (vSub), basolateral amygdala, paraventricular thalamus, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex in context-induced relapse after punishment-imposed abstinence. First, we measured double-labeling of the neuronal activity marker Fos with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B (injected in NAc shell) and demonstrated that context-induced relapse is associated with selective activation of the vSub→NAc shell projection. Next, we reversibly inactivated the vSub with GABA receptor agonists (muscimol+baclofen) before the context-induced relapse tests and provided evidence for a causal role of vSub in this relapse. Finally, we used a dual-virus approach to restrict expression of the inhibitory κ opioid-receptor based DREADD (KORD) in vSub→NAc shell projection neurons. We found that systemic injections of the KORD agonist salvinorin B, which selectively inhibits KORD-expressing neurons, decreased context-induced relapse to alcohol seeking. Our results demonstrate a critical role of vSub in context-induced relapse after punishment-imposed abstinence and further suggest a role of the vSub→NAc projection in this relapse.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn many human alcoholics, abstinence is self-imposed because of the negative consequences of excessive use, and relapse is often triggered by exposure to environmental contexts associated with prior alcohol use. Until recently, an animal model of this human condition did not exist. We developed a rat model of this human condition in which we train alcohol-preferring P rats to self-administer alcohol in one context (A), punish the alcohol-reinforced responding in a different context (B), and test for relapse to alcohol seeking in Contexts A and B. Here, we used neuroanatomical, neuropharmacological, and chemogenetic methods to demonstrate a role of ventral subiculum and potentially its projections to nucleus accumbens in context-induced relapse after punishment-imposed abstinence.
Laras in Gamelan Music's Plurality
Authors: - Widodo 
Published: March 2016

<p>Coercion, strife, contention, assault, and battle between individuals and groups today have never deserted from the news in mass media. The triggers are selfishness, feeling of self-righteous, overbearing, and a desire to be always comfortable and win, while neglecting differences had by one to another. It is pushed by unwillingness and inability to respect the differences as God's will and grace. Plurality as an inevitability cannot be ignored as well as rejected. Willy nilly, it has to be faced, accepted, and respected as it is. It also needs to be assembled in order to actualize harmony in togetherness as in diversity in the musical aspects of traditional Javanese <em>karawitan</em> in gending composition. This paper is a reflection result towards diversity in <em>gending</em> composition which raises beautiful musical alignment in order to reflect the plurality in life and to build harmony.</p>
Holistic Academic Supervision Model for Cultural Art Teachers of Vocational High Schools
Authors: Ambarwangi Sri , Rachman Maman 
Published: March 2016

<p>This study is aiming at (1) describing and analyzing the current implementation of academic supervision (factual model), (2) generating and analyzing academic supervision model as needed (hypothetical model), and (3) identifying and analyzing the effectiveness of a holistic model of academic supervision (the final model). The method employed in this research was the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method, which was divided into three phases: a preliminary study, stage of development and evaluation stages. The data sources were the school superintendents, teachers, as well as students. Further, the data were collected by conducting interviews, questionnaires, and observations. Results showed that the current implementation of academic supervision was considered less effective. The academic supervision which is considered as appropriate for cultural art teachers is a holistic academic supervision. It involves school superintendents and cultural art teachers who are supervised, starting from the planning stage up to the follow-up stage, so that, a good relationship between them will be established. It is concluded in this study that a holistic academic supervision model is effective to enhance the professional competence of cultural art teachers.</p>
Strengthening Vocal Register through Tembang Jawa Ornament Practice
Authors: Latifah Diah 
Published: March 2016

<p>This study analyzes Javanese’s song ornament <em>luk </em>to strengthen vocal register. The movement of <em>luk </em>is either upward or downward has similarity to western vocal technique <em>portamento. Portamento </em>ornament is usually used in strengthening the switching technique of vocal register<em>. </em>Register is a vocal technique that has an advantage in maintaining timbre, so that the timbre sounds homogenous when the changing of register occurs. The results of the study show that the Javanese’s song ornament <em>Luke </em>has successfully strengthened the vocal register on the practice of register intensification in western vocal disciplines.</p>
Sustentabilidad de la insustentabilidad. La historia y el desarrollo sustentable
Authors: Picado Wilson 
Published: March 2016

<p>En este artículo se analiza brevemente la historia semántica del concepto “desarrollo sustentable” mediante dos grandes aspectos. En primer lugar, se revisa la historia de la formación del concepto de “desarrollo”, como un antecedente fundamental para entender el surgimiento del interés público en torno a los problemas ecológicos subyacentes en el crecimiento económico. En segundo lugar, se realiza una revisión crítica del “desarrollo sustentable” desde el punto de vista de su naturaleza cíclica.</p>
Dinámica de paisaje en la Zona Norte de Costa Rica: implicaciones para la conservación del bosque tropical muy húmedo
Authors: Chassot Olivier , Chaves Henry , Finengan Bryan , Monge Guiselle 
Published: March 2016

<p>Las tierras bajas de la vertiente Caribe de la Zona Norte de Costa Rica constituyen uno de los sitios prioritarios para la conservación de la biodiversidad en Mesoamérica. Sin embargo, el paisaje ha sufrido un proceso de fragmentación fuerte que amenaza la conectividad entre las áreas silvestres protegidas de Costa Rica y del sureste de Nicaragua. Analizamos la dinámica del paisaje entre 1987 y 2005 por medio de la clasificación de imágenes de satélite de Landsat TM durante tres periodos (1987, 1998, 2005) e identificamos siete clases de cobertura y uso de la tierra (bosque natural, bosque secundario o charral, agua, agropecuario, banano, piña y suelo descubierto). Resaltamos áreas de vulnerabilidad como insumo para mantener la conectividad ecológica de los ecosistemas naturales dentro de los procesos de ordenamiento territorial en cuatro cantones rurales (8,138 km2). Los resultados muestran un paisaje fragmentado con importantes remanentes de ecosistemas naturales en la zona fronteriza con Nicaragua, en la costa atlántica y en elevación intermedia y alta de las faldas de la cordillera Volcánica Central. La tasa anual de deforestación es de 0,88% para el periodo 1987-1998, y de 0,73% para el periodo 1998-2005, aun cuando se consideran los procesos de recuperación de bosque secundario o charral. Las tasas de deforestación encontradas son más elevadas que los promedios nacionales para el mismo periodo. A pesar de políticas gubernamentales que favorecen la conservación de los ecosistemas naturales, nuestro estudio evidencia la necesidad de proponer acciones de conservación más eficientes para el bosque tropical muy húmedo.</p>
Condiciones para el tránsito peatonal en Costa Rica
Authors: Sánchez Adriana 
Published: March 2016

<p>Se procura comprender las causas que producen y reproducen situaciones de violencia y de riesgo mientras se transita porlas vías públicas del país. Se valora las condiciones del tránsito peatonal en Costa Rica con base en tres elementos que se ha determinado contribuyen a intensificar el riesgo para este tipo de usuarios: las políticas, lo infraestructural y lo sociogeográfico.</p>
Aislamiento de bacterias del suelo y su potencial utilización en sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales
Authors: Mau Silvia , Vega Karen , Araya Mónica 
Published: March 2016

<p>El estudio de microorganismos provenientes de ambientes naturales puede ser útil para la formulación de un compuesto microbiano aplicable para el bioaumento a un sistema de tratamiento de aguas. Se estudió microorganismos provenientes de muestras de suelo tomadas en Estación Biológica Tropical y Acuicultura “Río Macho”, Cartago, Costa Rica, y se seleccionaron cepas de los morfotipos más representativos. Se realizó cuatro tratamientos inoculando en el agua residual una suspensión de cada morfotipo seleccionado y posterior al tratamiento se cuantificó la DBO (demanda bioquímica de oxígeno). Los morfotipos de bacterias aisladas fueron bacilos Gram negativos (52,9%), bacilos Gram positivos esporulados (29,4%), bacterias filamentosas (11,8%) y bacilos Gram positivos no esporulados (5,9%). Tras los tratamientos se obtuvo una disminución entre un 94,7% hasta más de un 95,85% en la DBO inicial del agua residual, en contraste con el agua que no fue inoculada donde se obtuvo una disminución de un 91%. Este estudio preliminar evidencia un buen potencial de estas cepas para su utilización en sistemas de depuración de aguas residuales como inóculos para bioaumentación. </p>
Enfoque y propuestas de política para enfrentar el cambio climático
Authors: Jiménez Roberto 
Published: March 2016

<p>En el presente artículo se hace una evaluación de las políticas de mitigación del cambio climático desde una perspectiva crítica sustentada en algunos conceptos de la economía ecológica y en ciertos planteamientos de la economía ambiental. Las políticas actuales no han sido efectivas debido a que parten de premisas no necesariamente ciertas o realistas. El uso de instrumentos de mercado, sin contar con parámetros o estándares del mundo físico, además de no tener metas ni obligación de acatamiento por parte de los países, consumidores y empresas, provocan un divorcio entre la sustentabilidad física y los resultados a que los mercados en la esfera de los intercambios desde la perspectiva financiera pueden lograr. Existe la necesidad de adoptar políticas que integren obligaciones mediante estándares, combinadas con políticas de mercado y otras medidas. Es relevante la adaptación en los países subdesarrollados, dado que estos son los menos preparados, los que menos beneficios han tenido en el modelo económico vigente y los que recibirán los costos más altos de los efectos posibles del cambio climático. </p>
Manejo de la demanda eléctrica para aumentar la sostenibilidad del sector eléctrico en Costa Rica
Authors: Salazar Raquel 
Published: March 2016

<p>El artículo invita a reflexionar sobre la teoría de manejo de la demanda eléctrica como una alternativa para mejorar la sostenibilidad del sistema eléctrico nacional y avanzar en la discusión del modelo eléctrico. La sostenibilidad del futuro energético apunta a la integración de redes inteligentes, generación distribuida, alta penetración de energías renovables no convencionales y tecnologías eficientes. El artículo propone el manejo de la demanda eléctrica como la base de una política pública a largo plazo que apoye e integre las estrategias antes mencionadas. A lo largo del artículo se reconoce la vulnerabilidad del sistema eléctrico nacional, se explica el marco conceptual del manejo de la demanda eléctrica, las ventajas y obstáculos para su implementación, así como una serie de acciones claves para facilitar el desarrollo de una cultura alineada con el manejo de la demanda eléctrica. </p>