bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short communication. Stallion sperm quality after combined ejaculate fractionation and colloidal centrifugation
Authors: Crespo Francisco , Gosálvez Jaime , Johnston Stephen D. , De la Torre Joaquina 
Published: December 2015

This study investigated the possible additive benefit of ejaculate fractionation and colloidal centrifugation on stallion sperm quality. Using an open-end artificial vagina, the sperm-rich fraction (FRAC-1) was separated from the rest of the ejaculate (FRAC-2) and a third sperm sample representing the combined ejaculate was reconstituted post-ejaculation (RAW). Each semen sample was processed for colloidal centrifugation. The percentage of abnormal spermatozoa was 17.8 ± 7.0% in RAW and 14.6 ± 9.5% in FRAC-1 but decreased to 11.4 ± 4.7% and 9.6 ± 6.9% respectively, after colloidal centrifugation. A sperm DNA fragmentation index of 10.9 ± 5.1% was observed in RAW and 7.5 ± 2.4% in FRAC-1 semen collected with the AV but this decreased to 7.8 ± 2.8% and 5.2 ± 2.3% after colloidal centrifugation. The rate of increase in sperm DNA fragmentation during the first 6 h of incubation at 37 ºC was 1.8 ± 0.9% per hour in RAW semen and 2.0 ± 2.0% per hour in FRAC-1 but this significantly decreased to 1.3 ± 1.4% and 0.9 ± 0.8% respectively after colloidal centrifugation. While stallion seminal characteristics can be improved using colloidal centrifugation, further enhancement is possible if the ejaculate is initially fractionated.
“Feel That You Are Doing Something”: Participatory Culture Civics
Authors: Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Shresthova Sangita 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Young people’s civic engagement through online communities and peer networks has received increased attention in recent years. This paper examines groups rooted within participatory cultures, which mobilize their participants toward explicit civic goals. We draw on our research of Invisible Children and the Harry Potter Alliance—two media-centric, youth-oriented, participatory organizations—to identify their distinctive practices. Building on our analysis, we propose that both organizations engage in “Participatory Culture Civics” (PCC) as they support organized collective action towards civic goals, while building on the affordances of participatory culture. We describe three innovative PCC practices employed by these groups: Build Communities, Tell Stories, and Produce Media. The organizations’ ability to combine civic goals with the pleasures of participatory culture allows them to successfully engage young people. However, both organizations struggle to balance between the creative and community-based tenets of participatory culture, and the focused, product-driven goals of a civic engagement organization.
Participatory Citizenship in a War Zone – on Activist Strategies in a Documentary Film and on the Internet
Authors: Thomsen Bodil Marie Stavning 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article studies Nagieb Khaja’s documentary film My Afghanistan. Life in the Forbidden Zone (2012), produced from footage by locals. It is Khaja’s aim to create awareness of how daily life is maintained in a war zone in Afghanistan. In 2013 he launched a webpage to further the interest in the matter. News on the withdrawal of military forces and interviews with locals were posted on the site, which was used as an educational participatory platform. This article highlights the participatory engagement by including the Deleuzian concept of ‘the intercessor’ – i.e. the use of the film camera as a creative rather than a documenting device – and it contends that the intuitive use of the camera momentarily has a participatory impact on the users and an affective impact on spectators and users alike.
‘LEGO: Everything is NOT awesome!’
Authors: Reestorff Camilla Møhring 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article is a conversation between Birgitte Lesanner and Camilla Møhring Reestorff, who have a shared interest in mediatized activism, participation, and social change. The conversation focuses on the mediatized activist practices that Greenpeace engaged in in their Save the Arctic campaign and their efforts to end the collaboration between Lego and Shell through the campaign LEGO: Everything is NOT awesome (Greenpeace, 2014). Our discussion starts with the concept of mediatization and how Greenpeace accommodates media logics and fosters online spreadability. We focus on the importance of popular culture in creating recognizability as well as the utilization of humor and culture jamming. The conversation then explores the relation between these mediatized practices and mobilization and tackles questions of activist participation – from online clicktivism to offline campaign at oil drilling sites. Wrapping up, the conversation dives into the consequences of the campaign and asks what kind of sustainable future Greenpeace envisions.
Fundamental concerns of women living with HIV around the implementation of Option B+
Authors: Matheson Rebecca , Moses‐Burton Suzette , Hsieh Amy C , Dilmitis Sophie , Happy Margaret , Sinyemu Eunice , Brion Sophie O , Sharma Aditi 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionIn 2011, the Global Plan towards the Elimination of New HIV Infections among Children by 2015 and Keeping Their Mothers Alive was launched to scale up efforts to comprehensively end vertical HIV transmission and support mothers living with HIV in remaining healthy. Amidst excitement around using treatment as prevention, Malawi's Ministry of Health conceived Option B+, a strategy used to prevent vertical transmission by initiating all pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV on lifelong antiretroviral therapy, irrespective of CD4 count. In 2013, for programmatic and operational reasons, the WHO officially recommended Option B+ to countries with generalized epidemics, limited access to CD4 testing, limited partner testing, long breastfeeding duration or high fertility rates.DiscussionWhile acknowledging the opportunity to increase treatment access globally and its potential, this commentary reviews the concerns of women living with HIV about human rights, community‐based support and other barriers to service uptake and retention in the Option B+ context. Option B+ intensifies many of the pre‐existing challenges of HIV prevention and treatment programmes. As women seek comprehensive services to prevent vertical transmission, they can experience various human rights violations, including lack of informed consent, involuntary or coercive HIV testing, limited treatment options, termination of pregnancy or coerced sterilization and pressure to start treatment. Yet, peer and community support strategies can promote treatment readiness, uptake, adherence and lifelong retention in care; reduce stigma and discrimination; and mitigate potential violence stemming from HIV disclosure. Ensuring available and accessible quality care, offering food support and improving linkages to care could increase service uptake and retention. With the heightened focus on interventions to reach pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV, a parallel increase in vigilance to secure their health and rights is critical.ConclusionThe authors conclude that real progress towards reducing vertical transmission and achieving viral load suppression can only be made by upholding the human rights of women living with HIV, investing in community‐based responses, and ensuring universal access to quality healthcare. Only then will the opportunity of accessing lifelong treatment result in improving the health, dignity and lives of women living with HIV, their children and families.
Safer disclosure of HIV serostatus for women living with HIV who experience or fear violence: a systematic review
Authors: Kennedy Caitlin E , Haberlen Sabina , Amin Avni , Baggaley Rachel , Narasimhan Manjulaa 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionSupporting individuals as they disclose their HIV serostatus may lead to a variety of individual and public health benefits. However, many women living with HIV are hesitant to disclose their HIV status due to fear of negative outcomes such as violence, abandonment, relationship dissolution and stigma.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of studies evaluating interventions to facilitate safer disclosure of HIV status for women living with HIV who experience or fear violence. Articles, conference abstracts and programme reports were included if they reported post‐intervention evaluation results and were published before 1 April 2015. Searching was conducted through electronic databases for peer‐reviewed articles and conference abstracts, reviewing websites of relevant organizations for grey literature, hand searching reference lists of included studies and contacting experts. Systematic methods were used for screening and data abstraction, which was conducted in duplicate. Study quality (rigor) was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool.ResultsTwo interventions met the inclusion criteria: the Safe Homes and Respect for Everyone cluster‐randomized trial of combination HIV and intimate partner violence (IPV) services in Rakai, Uganda, and the South Africa HIV/AIDS Antenatal Post‐Test Support study individual randomized trial of an enhanced counselling intervention for pregnant women undergoing HIV testing and counselling. Both programmes integrated screening for IPV into HIV testing services and trained counsellors to facilitate discussions about disclosure based on a woman's risk of violence. However, both were implemented as part of multiple‐component interventions, making it impossible to isolate the impact of the safer disclosure components.ConclusionsThe existing evidence base for interventions to facilitate safe HIV serostatus disclosure for women who experience or fear violence is limited. Development and implementation of new approaches and rigorous evaluation of safe disclosure outcomes is needed to guide programme planners and policy makers.
Integration of HIV in child survival platforms: a novel programmatic pathway towards the 90–90–90 targets
Authors: Chamla Dick D , Essajee Shaffiq , Young Mark , Kellerman Scott , Lovich Ronnie , Sugandhi Nandita , Amzel Anouk , Luo Chewe 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionIntegration of HIV into child survival platforms is an evolving territory with multiple connotations. Most literature on integration of HIV into other health services focuses on adults; however promising practices for children are emerging. These include the Double Dividend (DD) framework, a new programming approach with dual goal of improving paediatric HIV care and child survival. In this commentary, the authors discuss why integrating HIV testing, treatment and care into child survival platforms is important, as well as its potential to advance progress towards global targets that call for, by 2020, 90% of children living with HIV to know their status, 90% of those diagnosed to be on treatment and 90% of those on treatment to be virally suppressed (90–90–90).DiscussionIntegration is critical in improving health outcomes and efficiency gains. In children, integration of HIV in programmes such as immunization and nutrition has been associated with an increased uptake of HIV infant testing. Integration is increasingly recognized as a case‐finding strategy for children missed from prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission programmes and as a platform for diffusing emerging technologies such as point‐of‐care diagnostics. These support progress towards the 90–90–90 targets by providing a pathway for early identification of HIV‐infected children with co‐morbidities, prompt initiation of treatment and improved survival. There are various promising practices that have demonstrated HIV outcomes; however, few have documented the benefits of integration on child survival interventions. The DD framework is well positioned to address the bidirectional impacts for both programmes.ConclusionsIntegration provides an important programmatic pathway for accelerated progress towards the 90–90–90 targets. Despite this encouraging information, there are still challenges to be addressed in order to maximize the benefits of integration.
Achieving 90–90–90 in paediatric HIV: adolescence as the touchstone for transition success
Authors: Lee Sonia , Hazra Rohan 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionThe number of children less than 15 years estimated to be living with HIV globally approximated 3.2 million in 2013. Young people aged 15 to 24 years living with HIV approximated 4 million. The survival of these children and adolescents into adulthood poses new and urgent challenges of transition from the paediatric to adolescent to adult healthcare settings due to emerging developmental, psychosocial and comorbid issues. In order to achieve treatment targets of 90–90–90 across the continuum of care for paediatric HIV by 2020, focused efforts on the implementation of appropriate healthcare transition plans across the lifespan, with a focus on adolescence, should be prioritized.DiscussionPublished data or empirical evidence examining implementation of transition models and association with clinical outcomes are limited. While some guidelines do exist that offer recommendations about how to promote seamless transitions, very few data are available to assess the adequacy of these guidelines and whether they are effectively adhered to in clinical care settings globally. Furthermore, paediatric and adolescent HIV infection, either acquired perinatally or behaviourally, is set apart from other chronic illnesses as a highly stigmatizing disease that disproportionately affects poor, minority and often marginalized populations. Focused efforts on adolescence as the touchstone for transition practices and policies need to be implemented.ConclusionsOptimal healthcare for these vulnerable populations, particularly in resource‐limited settings, will require HIV‐specific transitional care services and programmes that are coordinated, collaborative, integrated and, importantly, evidence‐based.
The physical and psychological effects of HIV infection and its treatment on perinatally HIV‐infected children
Authors: Vreeman Rachel C , Scanlon Michael L , McHenry Megan S , Nyandiko Winstone M 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionAs highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) transforms human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into a manageable chronic disease, new challenges are emerging in treating children born with HIV, including a number of risks to their physical and psychological health due to HIV infection and its lifelong treatment.MethodsWe conducted a literature review to evaluate the evidence on the physical and psychological effects of perinatal HIV (PHIV+) infection and its treatment in the era of HAART, including major chronic comorbidities.Results and discussionPerinatally infected children face concerning levels of treatment failure and drug resistance, which may hamper their long‐term treatment and result in more significant comorbidities. Physical complications from PHIV+ infection and treatment potentially affect all major organ systems. Although treatment with antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has reduced incidence of severe neurocognitive diseases like HIV encephalopathy, perinatally infected children may experience less severe neurocognitive complications related to HIV disease and ARV neurotoxicity. Major metabolic complications include dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, complications that are associated with both HIV infection and several ARV agents and may significantly affect cardiovascular disease risk with age. Bone abnormalities, particularly amongst children treated with tenofovir, are a concern for perinatally infected children who may be at higher risk for bone fractures and osteoporosis. In many studies, rates of anaemia are significantly higher for HIV‐infected children. Renal failure is a significant complication and cause of death amongst perinatally infected children, while new data on sexual and reproductive health suggest that sexually transmitted infections and birth complications may be additional concerns for perinatally infected children in adolescence. Finally, perinatally infected children may face psychological challenges, including higher rates of mental health and behavioural disorders. Existing studies have significant methodological limitations, including small sample sizes, inappropriate control groups and heterogeneous definitions, to name a few.ConclusionsSuccess in treating perinatally HIV‐infected children and better understanding of the physical and psychological implications of lifelong HIV infection require that we address a new set of challenges for children. A better understanding of these challenges will guide care providers, researchers and policymakers towards more effective HIV care management for perinatally infected children and their transition to adulthood.
Social protection: potential for improving HIV outcomes among adolescents
Authors: Cluver Lucie D , Hodes Rebecca J , Sherr Lorraine , Mark Orkin F , Meinck Franziska , Lim Ah Ken Patricia , Winder‐Rossi Natalia E , Wolfe Jason , Vicari Marissa 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionAdvances in biomedical technologies provide potential for adolescent HIV prevention and HIV‐positive survival. The UNAIDS 90–90–90 treatment targets provide a new roadmap for ending the HIV epidemic, principally through antiretroviral treatment, HIV testing and viral suppression among people with HIV. However, while imperative, HIV treatment and testing will not be sufficient to address the epidemic among adolescents in Southern and Eastern Africa. In particular, use of condoms and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) remain haphazard, with evidence that social and structural deprivation is negatively impacting adolescents’ capacity to protect themselves and others. This paper examines the evidence for and potential of interventions addressing these structural deprivations.DiscussionNew evidence is emerging around social protection interventions, including cash transfers, parenting support and educational support (“cash, care and classroom”). These interventions have the potential to reduce the social and economic drivers of HIV risk, improve utilization of prevention technologies and improve adherence to ART for adolescent populations in the hyper‐endemic settings of Southern and Eastern Africa. Studies show that the integration of social and economic interventions has high acceptability and reach and that it holds powerful potential for improved HIV, health and development outcomes.ConclusionsSocial protection is a largely untapped means of reducing HIV‐risk behaviours and increasing uptake of and adherence to biomedical prevention and treatment technologies. There is now sufficient evidence to include social protection programming as a key strategy not only to mitigate the negative impacts of the HIV epidemic among families, but also to contribute to HIV prevention among adolescents and potentially to remove social and economic barriers to accessing treatment. We urge a further research and programming agenda: to actively combine programmes that increase availability of biomedical solutions with social protection policies that can boost their utilization.
Optimizing drugs to reach treatment targets for children and adolescents living with HIV
Authors: Penazzato Martina , Lee Janice , Capparelli Edmund , Essajee Shaffiq , Ford Nathan , Ojoo Atieno , Pascual Fernando , Sugandhi Nandita , Lallemant Marc 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionAs the global community makes progress towards the 90‐90‐90 targets by 2020, a key challenge is ensuring that antiretroviral drugs for children and adolescents are suitable to the context of resource‐limited settings. Drug optimization aims to support the expanded use of more simplified, less toxic drug regimens with high barriers to drug resistance that require minimal clinical monitoring while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. This manuscript summarizes the progress made and outlines further critical steps required to ensure that the right drugs are available to start children and adolescents on treatment and to keep them virologically suppressed.DiscussionBuilding upon previous work in drug optimization, several important steps were taken in 2014 to ensure alignment between WHO dosing recommendations and the requirements of regulatory bodies, to accelerate drug development, to reduce intellectual property barriers to generic production of combined formulations and rationalize drug selection in countries. The priority for the future is to improve access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the two ends of the paediatric age spectrum – infants and adolescents – where the treatment gap is greatest, and optimize drug sequencing with better use of available medicines for second‐ and third‐line ART. Future efforts in this area will require continuous collaboration and coordination, and the promotion of innovative approaches to accelerate access to new drugs and formulations.ConclusionsWhile significant progress has been made, additional efforts are needed to ensure that treatment targets are reached by 2020.
Ideal efficiency of photon-enhanced thermionic emission energy converter driven by blackbody radiation
Authors: Takao Haruki , Kobayashi Kazunobu , Ito Tsuyohito 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This study calculated the ideal conversion efficiency of a photon-enhanced thermionic emission (PETE) energy converter driven by blackbody radiation. The results indicate that a PETE energy converter can provide high-efficiency conversion of 500–2000 K blackbody radiation using approximately 0.3–0.8 eV bandgap semiconductors as emitters. This optimal bandgap is much smaller than that for sunlight of approximately 1.4 eV. Because high-efficiency operation requires a high temperature in the emitter, the melting point of a material is the main factor limiting the maximum efficiency.
Intractable Disputes
Authors: Miller Courtney Waite 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Intractable disputes are long‐lasting, escalated conflicts that seem resistant to resolution attempts. Intractable disputes can occur between two or more individuals, within or between groups, and within or between nations. This entry describes the distinguishing characteristics and causes of intractable disputes and addresses intractable disputes within ongoing relationships. It also provides strategies aimed at resolving intractable disputes, including communication before negotiation and ways to transform conflicts using the dynamical perspective on malignant social relations.
Intractable disputes are escalated conflicts that persist over time and seem resistant to resolution attempts. They often degenerate into destructive, highly emotional conflicts that are detrimental to the parties involved and often to those around them as well. The majority of research on intractable disputes has focused on intractable conflicts between nations or political groups. Much of this literature is applicable to intractable interpersonal disputes. Intractable disputes occur between family members, neighbors, coworkers, spouses, and friends.
Communication and Mental Health
Authors: Segrin Chris 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Interpersonal communication processes are adversely affected by many mental health problems and in some cases may be risk factors for mental health problems. Four major interpersonal communication processes that play a role in mental health are highlighted: social skills deficits, communication deviance, expressed emotion, and lack of social support. The association between these interpersonal processes and schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse disorders, personality disorders, and loneliness are discussed.