bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methodology For Materials Selection Basis of Design, and Equipment Testing Criteria
Authors: Hausler Rudolf H. , Krishnamurthy Ravi , Gomez Joseph , Kusinski Greg 
Published: April 2017

This paper will share some of the collaborative efforts completed within DeepStar® Global Deepwater Technology Development Program as part of Phase XII projects in X500 Drilling, Completions & Intervention committee leading to gap identification, industry standards, and guideline deployment.
Selecting safe economical materials for production from the increasingly more important HPHT horizons is a serious challenge because of the required combination of ‘safe and economical’. This challenge is being discussed in the literature as well as the standard writing community at great length. The effort aims at economical materials remaining within safe limits without being overly conservative. It is well known that qualification for sour service has occurred experimentally within a matrix of pH and H2S partial pressure ever since NACE MR0175 was first established some 40 years ago. It has now been recognized within the past 5+ years that it is the H2S concentration in solution which is responsible for the corrosion damage. As the total pressure increases the solubility is no longer proportional to the partial pressure, rather a fugacity correction needs to be applied. As the total pressure still increases further into the realm of 15,000 to 20,000 psi a heretofore not fully appreciated effect occurs in that the high methane pressure reduces the solubility even more than would have been predicted by the fugacity correction alone. Its consequence regarding corrosion, however, is still not well established because testing at these high pressures is, and will be for some time, problematic.
This makes it clear that acquiring representative and relevant environmental data for the MSBOD is only part of the task at hand. The realistic translation of field environment to the test environment is the other part. Hence, appropriate physicochemical models for extreme conditions must become an integral part of the development of the BOD.
In this environment there are two aspects that need to be vigorously pursued. The qualification procedures for the proposed metallurgy need to be clearly delineated and their relevance demonstrated. Test protocols need to be strengthened and results need to be interpreted statistically for relevance. In this context methods for identifying (system) in situ conditions based on external analytical data will also be critically discussed.
A methodology will be proposed whereby the H2S partial pressure on x axis of the familiar pH-pH2S diagram can be displaced by the fugacity based H2S concentration. This will result in a reduction of excess conservatism while maintaining an adequate safety margin. This work was initiated and funded by DeepStar, Global Deepwater Technology Development Program as part of Phase XII projects in the (X500) Drilling, Completions & Intervention Committee.
Assessment, Management and Prevention of Methanol Contamination in Export Crude
Authors: Juarez Joshua , Regel Eric , Anand Tanmay , Bukkaraju Sampath 
Published: April 2017

After methanol has been injected into a subsea tree, it flows back with produced fluid, partitioning between the oil, gas and water phases. Under production circumstances where water cut is low, high concentrations of methanol may be left in the oil phase. This leaves export crude contaminated with methanol which may result in penalties incurred due to pipeline export agreements. Several methods have been developed to control or minimize methanol concentration in the oil phase.
The total volumes of methanol injected are compared against expected production flowrate values and a multiphase flow modeling exercise is carried out to track the arrival tendencies of the methanol injected at the tree. A model of the process system is created which considers GOR, water cut, fluid composition and production rates in order to track the partitioning behavior of the methanol. An assessment of the effect of several methanol control methods is conducted in order to select the most appropriate method while considering effect on CAPEX/OPEX, export agreements, and total system modification requirements.
This paper will include a discussion of methanol partitioning behavior and the effect of water cut on export crude contamination levels. This is to provide a basis to identify whether or not methanol contamination may be an issue for a particular production scenario.
This paper will discuss each control method in detail and outline the various benefits and drawbacks to each one. A discussion of the best option for methanol contamination control will investigate several considerations including topsides facilities, whether the owner of the field operates the platform, whether there are other water-producing wells on the platform, and what the methanol export limits are. Each method will have an assessment of the relative impact on CAPEX and OPEX required for implementation.
Methanol injection at the subsea trees is a common solution for hydrate control, valve equalization, and annulus pressure management. Controlling methanol content in export crude will help to alleviate the negative consequences associated with methanol injection during low water cut production scenarios. An effective methanol contamination control method will reduce or even eliminate penalties associated with contaminated crude production.
Well Abandonment and Decommissioning Challenges –Outline of the U.S. Federal Offshore Legal Framework
Authors: Boyd Pollett Buford 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This Panel will discuss well abandonment challenges, well integrity monitoring and also issues related to regulations, inconsistencies in procedures, costs, and responsibilities. The Panel will also discuss opportunities to provide venues for dialog, collaboration and coordination between industry, regulatory agencies in order to standardize process, increase efficiencies, enhance safety, mitigate against environmental risks, and otherwise provide potential solutions.
This paper outlines the U.S. Federal regulatory background and highlights the U.S. Federal Government's reasoning for the revised Financial Assurance Requirements required for Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) leases, pipeline rights-of-way (ROW), and rights-of-use and easement (RUE).
Bringing Upstream Projects to Final Investment Decision
Authors: Khurana Sandeep , D'Souza Richard , Yanosek Kassia , Christ Florian , Meeks Parker 
Published: April 2017

Since the 2014 oil price collapse, the Oil and Gas industry has sought to reduce project development costs to align with a "lower for longer" commodity price scenario. Operators have struggled with limited budgets and cash flow, yet understand that to preserve their portfolio value, they will need to progress developments to Final Investment Decision (FID). In a capital constrained and cost-focused environment, operators and service providers are taking new approaches to project designs, commercial models, partnership opportunities and capital sources in order to jump start project developments.
The panel will address the following:
Project delivery innovations
Novel risk-sharing partnership arrangements
New commercial models, including the role of midstream players providing operational expertise and capital for offshore infrastructure
Joint ventures, strategic partnerships and creative hybrid equity type investments – such as private equity buying into upstream company debt
This manuscript sets the stage for the panel discussion scheduled for 2.00pm to 4.30pm, Tuesday, May 2, 2017 at the conference. The panelists are oil company executives representing small to large independents and integrated oil companies along with service providers as follows:
Tim Duncan, President and CEO, Talos Energy LLC
Susan Cunningham, EVP, Noble Energy
Starlee Sykes, VP, BP
De La Rey Venter (TBC), EVP, Shell
Brian Cothran, North American President, GE Oil and Gas
Sandeep Khurana, Sr. Manager, Granherne- a KBR Company
Kassia Yanosek, Associate Partner, McKinsey and Company
Passing a Technical Skills Examination in the First Year of Surgical Residency Can Predict Future Performance
Authors: de Montbrun Sandra , Louridas Marisa , Grantcharov Teodor 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Background
The ability of an assessment to predict performance would be of major benefit to residency programs, allowing for early identification of residents at risk.

Objective
We sought to establish whether passing the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) examination in postgraduate year 1 (PGY-1) predicts future performance.

Methods
Between 2002 and 2012, 133 PGY-1 surgery residents at the University of Toronto (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) completed an 8-station, simulated OSATS examination as a component of training. With recently set passing scores, residents were assigned a pass/fail status using 3 standards setting methods (contrasting groups, borderline group, and borderline regression). Future in-training performance was compared between residents who had passed and those who failed the OSATS, using in-training evaluation reports from resident files. A Mann-Whitney U test compared performance among groups at PGY-2 and PGY-4 levels.

Results
Residents who passed the OSATS examination outperformed those who failed, when compared during PGY-2 across all 3 standard setting methodologies (P &lt; .05). During PGY-4, only the contrasting groups method showed a significant difference (P &lt; .05).

Conclusions
We found that PGY-1 surgical resident pass/fail status on a technical skills examination was associated with future performance on in-training evaluation reports in later years. This provides validity evidence for the current PGY-1 pass/fail score, and suggests that this technical skills examination may be used to predict performance and to identify residents who require remediation.
Resident Experiences With Implementation of the I-PASS Handoff Bundle
Authors: Coffey Maitreya , Thomson Kelly , Li Shelly-Anne , Bismilla Zia , Starmer Amy J. , O'Toole Jennifer K. , Blankenburg Rebecca L. , Rosenbluth Glenn , Cole F. Sessions , Yu Clifton E. , Hepps Jennifer H. , Sectish Theodore C. , Spector Nancy D. , Srivastava Rajendu , Allen April D. , Mahant Sanjay , Landrigan Christopher P. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Background
The I-PASS Handoff Study found that introduction of a handoff bundle (handoff and teamwork training for residents, a mnemonic, a handoff tool, a faculty development program, and a sustainability campaign) at 9 pediatrics residency programs was associated with improved communication and patient safety.

Objective
This parallel qualitative study aimed to understand resident experiences with I-PASS and to inform future implementation and sustainability strategies.

Methods
Resident experiences with I-PASS were explored in focus groups (N = 50 residents) at 8 hospitals throughout 2012–2013. A content analysis of transcripts was conducted following the principles of grounded theory.

Results
Residents generally accepted I-PASS as an ideal format for handoffs, and valued learning a structured approach. Across all sites, residents reported full adherence to I-PASS when observed, but selective adherence in usual practice. Residents adhered more closely when patients were complex, teams were unfamiliar, and during evening handoff. Residents reported using elements of the I-PASS mnemonic variably, with Illness Severity and Action Items most consistently used, but Synthesis by Receiver least used, except when observed. Most residents were receptive to the electronic handoff tool, but perceptions about usability varied across sites. Experiences with observation and feedback were mixed. Concern about efficiency commonly influenced attitudes about I-PASS.

Conclusions
Residents generally supported I-PASS implementation, but adherence was influenced by patient type, context, and individual and team factors. Our findings could inform future implementation, particularly around the areas of resident engagement in change, sensitivity to resident level, perceived efficiency, and faculty observation.
Quantification of cortical neurons: a neuroanatomical myth in neuroscience
Authors: Parra J. , Aguirre J. , Mejía F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe objective was to analyze whether there was a definite number of cerebral cortical neurons for humans. Methodology: data was examined for the total number of brain neurons in the literature related to the field of neuroscience. This suggested that the human cerebral cortex has a large number of neurons whose value changes with the life cycle due to several factors that lead to have an indefinite number. Discussion: an analysis based on the literature showed the main factors influencing the total number of cortical neurons such as neurogenesis, apoptosis during life cycle, gender and pathological conditions. The inconsistent assessment of the number of neurons in the human cortex has been discussed by several authors, emphasizing that the values that have been displayed in the literature are presumably uncertain and are based on the views of some authors or the conceptions of others without carrying out replicable scientific studies. The above described has exhibited variable and inconsistent values in different texts about this issue. It has been concluded that the total number of cortical neurons varies due to diverse factors that play a role in determining the number of neurons in the human cerebral cortex.
Anisocoric pupil generated by azygos anterior cerebral artery: a case report
Authors: Wichmann J. , Goulart G. , Xavier L. , Jotz G. , Malysz T. , Borba Junior A. , Campos D. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Introduction: In the embryonic period, several developmental anomalies of the cerebral arteries occur. The knowledge of these anatomic variations is important to avoid unnecessary surgery and to undergo surgery or interventional radiology with safety. Objective: In this report, we discuss the hypothesis of the presence of azygos anterior cerebral artery as a possible cause of anisocoric pupil found in a patient with 35 years old. To our knowledge, this variation has not been previously reported. Results: In this study we reported a case of this artery emphasizing some morphological, functional and clinical data about this rare vascular abnormality. Conclusion: The results could be important to offer useful information to anatomists, radiologists, ophthalmologists, neurologists and head and neck surgeons.
Diaphragmatic hernia in an adult cadaver: a case report
Authors: Punja R. , Tewari S. , Malsawmzuali J. , D'Souza A. , Kalthur S. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Introduction: The diaphragm is a musculofibrous structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Although it is a continuous sheet, developmental^ it is derived from four different sources: the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, lateral and dorsal body wall and the mesentery of oesophagus. Methodology: During routine dissection for undergraduate students in the department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal a rare variation was encountered in a 65 year old female cadaver. Results: We observed a large defect in the left anterolateral aspect of the diaphragm with associated left pulmonary hypoplasia. The muscular contribution to the diaphragm from the left lateral and dorsal body wall was absent leading to the herniation of abdominal contents into the left thoracic cavity which included the stomach, intestinal loops, left colic flexure and the spleen. Conclusion: Diaphragmatic hernias presenting in adult life are rare and most commonly associated with a history of trauma. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia may remain asymptomatic as in the present case which is extremely rare and could be a chance finding during a routine chest x-ray. Knowledge of this anatomic defect in the diaphragm presenting in adult life would help prevent further complications leading to gastrointestinal or pulmonary distress.
Classification and incidence of medial articular surface in Northeastern-Thai clavicles
Authors: Iamsaard S. , Ailadda K. , Apichakan S. , Panya T. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Introduction: The medial articular surface of dried clavicles have been studied to evaluate sex and age in many races. This morphological investigation in Thai population has never been reported. This study aimed to classify the clavicular medial surfaces and to provide their incidences. Materials and Methods: 454 dried clavicles (254 males and 200 females), averaged age (60.69±14.36 years), from KKU Osteological Collection Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, were systemically investigated for types and incidence of their medial articular surface. Results: The showed that medial articular surfaces of Northeastern-Thais were classified into 6 types: smooth (type 1 = 7.71%), slight granulation (type 2 = 16.74%), coarse granulation (type 3 = 41.63%), nodule formation (type 4 = 1.54%), undulating (type 5 = 24.89%), and degeneration (type 6 = 7.49%), respectively. Conclusion: These basic data can be used for teaching the medical and paramedical students and also might be applied in forensic sciences especially identifying of Northeastern - Thai clavicle remains.
Pre-hospital notification is associated with improved stroke thrombolysis timing
Authors: Khor MX , Bown A , Barrett A , Counsell CE , MacLeod M-J , Reid JM 
Published: April 2017

Intravenous thrombolysis increases disability-free survival after acute ischaemic stroke in a time-dependent fashion. We aimed to determine whether pre-hospital notification, introduction of a CT scanner near to assessment site and introduction of out-of-hours thrombolysis services affect thrombolysis timing. Methods Timings related to thrombolysis were collected between May 2012 and June 2014 at a single hospital site; these included time to stroke physician assessment, time to cranial CT imaging and door to needle time. All thrombolysed ischaemic stroke patients admitted via the emergency department were included. Ambulance services were asked to pre-notify the emergency department of any suspected stroke patient during this period. Results We studied 182 patients (48% female; mean age 74 years; 59% pre-notified). Pre-hospital notification was associated with a significantly higher rate of CT scanning within 25 minutes (60% vs 24%, odds ratio [OR] 4.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.4–9.0; p<0.001), earlier stroke physician assessment (median 6 vs 32 minutes; p<0.001) and receiving thrombolysis within 60 minutes (89% vs 49%, OR 8.0, 95% CI 3.8–16.9; p<0.001). Being treated outside normal working hours did not alter thrombolysis timing. Logistic regression identified the introduction of a near-site CT scanner (OR 4.6 [95% CI 1.7–12.5]) and pre-hospital notification (OR 4.7, [95% CI 2.3–9.6]) as independent predictors of door to CT time ≤25 minutes, and pre-hospital notification (OR 11.6, [95% CI 4.9-30.3]) and stroke severity (OR 1.15 per point of NIHSS scale, [95% CI 1.08-1.23]) as predictors of door to thrombolysis time ≤60 minutes. The most common perceived timing delays were radiology-related (33%), the need to acutely lower blood pressure (15%) and obtaining consent (12%). Conclusion Pre-hospital notification is associated with earlier stroke physician review, CT imaging and delivery of thrombolysis. Referral to an out of hours thrombolysis service was not associated with additional delay.
Qualitative research in healthcare: An introduction to grounded theory using thematic analysis
Authors: Chapman AL , Hadfield M , Chapman CJ 
Published: April 2017

In today's NHS, qualitative research is increasingly important as a method of assessing and improving quality of care. Grounded theory has developed as an analytical approach to qualitative data over the last 40 years. It is primarily an inductive process whereby theoretical insights are generated from data, in contrast to deductive research where theoretical hypotheses are tested via data collection. Grounded theory has been one of the main contributors to the acceptance of qualitative methods in a wide range of applied social sciences. The influence of grounded theory as an approach is, in part, based on its provision of an explicit framework for analysis and theory generation. Furthermore the stress upon grounding research in the reality of participants has also given it credence in healthcare research. As with all analytical approaches, grounded theory has drawbacks and limitations. It is important to have an understanding of these in order to assess the applicability of this approach to healthcare research. In this review we outline the principles of grounded theory, and focus on thematic analysis as the analytical approach used most frequently in grounded theory studies, with the aim of providing clinicians with the skills to critically review studies using this methodology.
Cranial ultrasound for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Croft AP , Thompson N , Duddy MJ , Barton C , Khattak F , Mollan SP , Jobanputra P 
Published: April 2017

Background Establishing a diagnosis of giant cell arteritis, or indeed ruling it out, may be difficult. We describe an evaluation of temporal artery colour duplex ultrasound as first line investigation in patients with suspected giant cell arteritis. Methods A retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing colour duplex ultrasound for suspected giant cell arteritis between January 2005 and January 2014 was undertaken at a teaching hospital. A minimum clinical follow-up of three months was required. Patients were classified on the basis of ultrasound reports, using described features such as a halo sign or arterial wall thickening and clinical diagnosis of giant cell arteritis after at least 3 months follow-up, determined by the treating physician. The relationship of colour duplex ultrasound to a final clinical diagnosis of giant cell arteritis was analysed. Results A total of 87 patients underwent colour duplex ultrasound: 36 (41%) had clinically confirmed giant cell arteritis at 3-month follow-up. The positive predictive value of colour duplex ultrasound for a clinical diagnosis at 3 months was 97% (95% confidence interval (CI) 93 to 99%) and negative predictive value 88% (95% CI 76 to 95%). Sensitivity was 81% (95% CI 64 to 92%) and specificity 98% (95% CI 90 to 100%). Conclusions A high positive and negative predictive value of arteritis on colour duplex ultrasound indicates that temporal artery biopsy may be unnecessary in suspected giant cell arteritis, particularly where clinical suspicion of giant cell arteritis is high or low.