bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Differences in Postprandial Oxidative Stress with and Without Acute Exercise
Authors: Bloomer Richard J. , Cole Bradford , Fisher-Wellman Kelsey H. 
Published: August 2016

High-kilocalorie feedings induce oxidative stress. Acute exercise has the potential to attenuate postprandial oxidative stress. No study has determined whether there are racial differences in postprandial oxidative stress with and without a preceding bout of acute exercise.Purpose:To investigate the impact of acute exercise on blood oxidative- stress biomarkers, triglycerides (TAG), and glucose in African American (AA) and White (W) women.Methods:10 AA (age 29 ± 3 yr, body-mass index [BMI] 31 ± 3 kg/m2) and 10 W (age 30 ± 2 yr, BMI 30 ± 3 kg/m2) women consumed a meal of 1.2 g of fat and carbohydrate and 0.25 g of protein per kilogram body mass, on 2 occasions—with and without a session of aerobic exercise 15 min preceding the meal (45 min cycling at 65% heart-rate reserve)—in a random-order crossover design. Blood samples were collected premeal (fasted), and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hr postmeal and assayed for TAG, glucose, xanthine oxidase activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each variable.Results:AUC was lower for AA compared with W for both the exercise and the no exercise conditions for H2O2, MDA, and TAG (p < .01). However, acute exercise had no effect on decreasing the AUC for any variable in either AA or W women (p > .05).Conclusions:Postprandial lipemia and oxidative stress are lower in AA than in W overweight/obese women. However, acute exercise, performed at the intensity and duration in the current study, does not influence postprandial lipemia or oxidative stress in AA or W women.
Heterogeneity of Dietary Profiles in Highly Sedentary Young Guadeloupean Women
Authors: Antoine-Jonville Sophie , Sinnapah Stéphane , Laviolle Bruno , Paillard François , Hue Olivier 
Published: August 2016

Objective:The aim was to examine the relationship between physical activity pattern and dietary profile. Although some clustering of the variables related to these major determinants of cardiovascular risk has been demonstrated, they have not been extensively studied together.Participants, Design, and Setting:Two hundred two female university students from the main Guadeloupe (French West Indies) campus participated. They self-administered a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire and the 1-yr recall Modifiable Activity Questionnaire. Principal-component analysis was performed on the scores and the variables related to the physical activity pattern and dietary profile.Results:A model including 10 variables explained 84.9% of the total variance. The physical activity pattern was not associated with the dietary profile, apart from fruit intake. The physical activity level was homogeneously low (median 1.58, first and last quartile cutoffs 1.54 and 1.66, respectively). There was no correlation between the physical activity level and the Food Frequency Questionnaire score (r = –.005).Conclusions:The absence of a strong relationship between the food and physical activity profiles is interpreted as a possible reflection of a dysregulation of the quality of food intake in this population with a sedentary lifestyle.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid’s Lack of Attenuation of Hyperpnea-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Asthmatic Individuals in the Short Term
Authors: Stickford Jonathon L. , Mickleborough Timothy D. , Fly Alyce D. , Stager Joel M. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to modify the inflammatory response associated with allergic airway disease, primarily in animal models. To extend these observations to humans, the effect of short-term CLA supplementation on the severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) was investigated in asthmatics.Methods:Six subjects with physician-diagnosed asthma and EIB began the study on their usual diet, to which was added 4.8 g CLA/d for 8 wk. Pulmonary-function tests were administered before and after eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) challenge at the commencement (Week 0) and conclusion of the treatment period (Week 8). Pre- and 90 min post-EVH challenge, urine was assayed for the presence of cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT) C4−E4 and 9α,11β-prostaglandin (PG) F2.Results:Pre- to post- EVH forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) did not significantly differ (p > .05) from Week 8 to Week 0. The pre- to post-EVH decline in FEV1 at Week 8 (–29.6% ± 6.6%) was not significantly different (p > .05) from that at Week 0 (–32.0% ± 5.5%). Area under the curve of FEV1 plotted against time from zero to 60 min (AUC0–60) was unaltered at Week 8 (–931% ± 350% change per minute) compared with Week 0 (−1,090% ± 270% change per minute). CLA supplementation did not alter forced midexpiratory flow, forced vital capacity (FVC), or FEV1/FVC. In addition, post-EVH urinary LTC4–E4 and 9α,11β-PGF2 were unchanged after CLA supplementation.Conclusion:Daily supplementation of 4.8 g CLA for 8 wk does not attenuate airway inflammation or hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic individuals.
Marginal Effects of a Large Caffeine Dose on Heat Balance During Exercise-Heat Stress
Authors: Ely Brett R. , Ely Matthew R. , Cheuvront Samuel N. 
Published: August 2016

The use of caffeine supplements in athletic and military populations has increased in recent years. Excessive caffeine consumption in conjunction with exercise in a hot environment may predispose individuals to heat illness.Purpose:To examine heat balance induced by a large dose of caffeine during exercise in a hot environment.Methods:Ten men, not heat acclimated and not habitual caffeine users, consumed either caffeine (CAF; 9 mg/kg) or placebo (PLA) before performing cycle-ergometer exercise for 30 min at 50% VO2peak in a 40 °C, 25% relative humidity environment while body temperature (core and skin) and ratings of thermal comfort (TC) were monitored. Heat-exchange variables were calculated using partitional calorimetry and thermometry.Results:Mean body temperature (Tb) was higher (p < .05) with CAF (37.18 ± 0.15 °C) than with PLA (36.93 ± 0.15 °C) at the start of exercise. Heat production was slightly higher (~8 W, p < .05) with CAF. There were no differences in heat storage, dry heat gains, TC, or Tb during exercise.Conclusions:A caffeine dose of 9 mg/kg does not appreciably alter heat balance during work in a hot environment. The small increase in Tb observed with CAF was undetected by the participants and is unlikely to increase physiological strain sufficiently to affect endurance performance or risk of heat illness.
Body-Density Measurement in Children: The BOD POD Versus Hydrodensitometry
Authors: Holmes Jason C. , Gibson Ann L. , Cremades J. Gualberto , Mier Constance M. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To compare estimates of body density (Db) from air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) with measured and predicted thoracic-gas-volume (TGV) measurements and those from hydrodensitometry (HD) in children.Methods:Seventeen participants (13 male and 4 female; 10.1 ± 2.20 yr, 42.0 ± 15.03 kg, 145.6 ± 17.41 cm, 30.0 ± 8.66 kg/m2) were tested using ADP and HD, with ADP always preceding HD. Db estimates were compared between ADP with measured TGV, ADP with predicted TGV, and the reference measure, HD. Regression analyses were used to assess the accuracy of the ADP methods, and potential bias between the ADP procedures and HD were evaluated using Bland–Altman analyses. The cross-validation criteria described by Lohman for estimating Db relative to HD were used to interpret the results of the study.Results:A significant difference was found between Db estimates from ADP with measured TGV (1.0453 ± 0.01934 g/cm3) and ADP with predicted TGV (1.0415 ± 0.01858 g/cm3); however, neither was significantly different from Db obtained by the reference HD procedure (1.0417 ± 0.02391 g/cm3). For both ADP procedures, regression analyses produced an r = .737–.738, r2 = .543−.544, and SEE = 0.02 g/cm3, and the regression lines deviated significantly from the line of identity; however, no significant biases were indicated.Conclusions:Despite no significant mean differences between Db estimates from the ADP procedures and HD, more cross-validation research is needed before recommending the BOD POD for routine use with children in clinical and research settings.
Nutrition Knowledge in Athletes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Heaney Susan , O’Connor Helen , Michael Scott , Gifford Janelle , Naughton Geraldine 
Published: August 2016

Context:Nutrition education aims to enhance knowledge and improve dietary intake in athletes. Understanding athletes’ nutrition knowledge and its influence on dietary intake will inform nutrition-education programs in this population.Purpose:To systematically review the level of nutrition knowledge in athletes, benchmark this against nonathlete comparison groups, and determine the impact of nutrition knowledge on dietary intake.Methods:An extensive literature search from the earliest record to March 2010 using the terms nutrition knowledge or diet knowledge and athlete or sport was conducted. Included studies recruited able or physically disabled, male or female, competitive (recreational or elite) athletes over the age of 13 yr. Quantitative assessment of knowledge and, if available, diet intake was required. Because of variability in the assessment of nutrition knowledge and dietary intake, meta-analysis was not conducted.Results:Twenty-nine studies (17 published before 2000) measuring nutrition knowledge (7 including a nonathlete comparison group) met inclusion criteria. Athletes’ knowledge was equal to or better than that of nonathletes but lower than comparison groups including nutrition students. When found statistically significant, knowledge was greater in females than males. A weak (r < .44), positive association between knowledge and dietary intake was reported in 5 of 9 studies assessing this. Common flaws in articles included inadequate statistical reporting, instrument validation, and benchmarking.Conclusion:The nutrition knowledge of athletes and its impact on their dietary intake is equivocal. There is a need for high-quality, contemporary research using validated tools to measure nutrition knowledge and its impact on dietary intake.
Hydration Status of Arabic Adolescents and Young Men: Measurement, Evaluation, and a School-Based Initiative to Improve Drinking Behavior
Authors: Carter James M. , Loney Tom , Blacker Sam D. , Nicholson Graham F. , Wilkinson David M. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Despite the importance of hydration, limited research on the topic has been undertaken in Arabic populations.Methods:Study 1. Five sequential daily midmorning urine samples were provided by 88 adult military cadets and 32 school-based adolescents. Hydration thresholds were produced using percentiles of estimated urine osmolality (Uosm) and urine color (Ucol). Study 2. The authors assessed 1,077 midmorning urine samples from 120 military cadets and 52 adolescents for the Uosm:Ucol relationship using regression. Study 3. The authors conducted a 4-wk hydration campaign in which 21 adolescents participated, providing urine samples before (PreC), at the end of (EndC), and 2 wk after the campaign (PostC).Results:Study 1. Euhydration (41–60th percentile) was 881–970 mOsmol/kg in adults and 821–900 mOsmol/kg in adolescents. Study 2. In both cohorts, Uosm and Ucol were associated (p < .01): adults R2 = .33, adolescents R2 = .59. Study 3. Urine osmolality was significantly higher PreC than at EndC and PostC.Conclusions:Urinary output of Arabic adolescents and military cadets was more concentrated than frequently recommended for euhydration. Further work in similar populations is required to determine if these values represent hypohydration or merely reflect dietary and cultural differences. In male Arabic adolescents and adults, Ucol was an adequate indicator of hydration status. Favorable hydration changes were made after a school-based health campaign.
Effect of a Single Dose of Green Tea Polyphenols on the Blood Markers of Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Soccer Players
Authors: Jówko Ewa , Sacharuk Jaroslaw , Balasinska Bozena , Wilczak Jacek , Charmas Malgorzata , Ostaszewski Piotr , Charmas Robert 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To evaluate the effect of acute ingestion of green tea polyphenols (GTP) on blood markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage in soccer players exposed to intense exercise.Methods:This randomized, double-blinded study was conducted on 16 players during a general preparation period, when all athletes participated in a strength-training program focused on the development of strength endurance. After ingestion of a single dose of GTP (640 mg) or placebo, all athletes performed an intense muscle-endurance test consisting of 3 sets of 2 strength exercises (bench press, back squat) performed to exhaustion, with a load at 60% 1-repetition maximum and 1-min rests between sets. Blood samples were collected preexercise, 5 min after the muscle-endurance test, and after 24 hr of recovery. Blood plasma was analyzed for the concentrations of thiobarbituric acid–reacting substances (TBARS), uric acid (UA), total catechins, total antioxidant status (TAS), and activity of creatine kinase (CK); at the same time, erythrocytes were assayed for the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).Results:In both groups, plasma TBARS, UA, and TAS increased significantly postexercise and remained elevated after a 24-hr recovery period. SOD activity in erythrocytes did not change significantly in response to the muscle-endurance test, whereas in both groups plasma CK activity increased significantly after 24 hr of recovery. Acute intake of GTP cased a slight but significant increase in total plasma catechins. However, GTP was found not to exert a significant effect on measured parameters.Conclusions:Acute ingestion of GTP (640 mg) does not attenuate exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage.
Effects of DHA-Rich Fish Oil Supplementation on Lymphocyte Function Before and After a Marathon Race
Authors: Santos Vinicius Coneglian , Levada-Pires Adriana Cristina , Alves Sâmia Rocha , Pithon-Curi Tânia Cristina , Curi Rui , Cury-Boaventura Maria Fernanda 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To investigate the effects of docosahexaenoic-(DHA)-rich fish oil (FO) supplementation on lymphocyte function before and after a marathon race.Methods:Twenty-one athletes participated in this study. Eight marathon runners were supplemented with 3 g of FO daily for 60 d (FO group), and 13 athletes were not supplemented (C group). The following measures of lymphocytes were taken before and after the marathon: cell proliferation, cytokine production (IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-4), and signs of cell death.Results:In the C group, the marathon had no effect on lymphocyte proliferation, DNA fragmentation, or mitochondrial membrane polarization; however, the marathon increased phosphatidylserine externalization (by 2.5-fold), induced a loss of plasma membrane integrity (by 20%), and decreased IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-10 production (by 55%, 95%, and 50%, respectively). FO supplementation did not prevent lymphocyte death induced by the marathon, as indicated by cell viability, DNA fragmentation, and phosphatidylserine externalization. However, FO supplementation increased lymphocyte proliferation before and after the marathon, and before the race, FO supplementation decreased IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-10 production in concanavalin-A-stimulated lymphocytes (by 55%, 95%, and 58%, respectively) compared with cells from the C group. The production of cytokines was not altered before or after the race in the FO group.Conclusions:DHA-rich FO supplementation increased lymphocyte proliferation and prevented a decrease in cytokine production, but it did not prevent lymphocyte death induced by participation in the marathon. Overall, DHA rich-FO supplementation has beneficial effects in preventing some of the changes in lymphocyte function induced by marathon participation.
Predictors of the Relationships Between Nutritional Supplement Use and Weight-Modification Goals of U.S. Army Soldiers
Authors: Austin Krista G. , Carvey Christina E. , Farina Emily K. , Lieberman Harris R. 
Published: August 2016

Background:U.S. Army Soldiers must meet body weight and composition standards and consequently may use nutritional supplements (NS) purported to assist in weight modification (WM). Nutritional supplements are dietary supplements (DS) and foods intended to supplement the diet.Purpose:This study assessed relationships between NS use, demographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and WM goals among U.S. Army personnel.Methods:Participants (N = 990) self-reported NS use, categorized as energy drinks, sport nutrition products, or DS, and WM goal (lose, gain, or maintain) was ascertained by survey. DS were subcategorized as health, weight-loss, weight-gain, or other DS. Chi-square and logistic regression were used to assess relationships between predictors, NS use, and WM goal. Most respondents (70.3% ± 1.7%) consumed some NS; however, overall NS use was not related to WM goal. Significant relationships were observed between predictors (tobacco use, age, body-mass index, fitness score, general health, and eating habits) and both WM goal and NS use. Respondents attempting to lose or maintain weight were less likely to consume energy drinks and weight-gain DS.Conclusion:WM goal is related to multiple health behaviors including tobacco use, physical fitness score, and self-perception of health and eating behavior. NS are consumed in this population regardless of WM goal.
The Effect of Heat Acclimation on Sweat Microminerals: Artifact of Surface Contamination
Authors: Ely Matthew R. , Kenefick Robert W. , Cheuvront Samuel N. , Chinevere Troy , Lacher Craig P. , Lukaski Henry C. , Montain Scott J. 
Published: August 2016

Heat acclimation (HA) reportedly conveys conservation in sweat micromineral concentrations when sampled from arm sweat, but time course is unknown. The observation that comprehensive cleaning of the skin surface negates sweat micromineral reductions during prolonged sweating raises the question of whether the reported HA effect is real or artifact of surface contamination.Purpose:To measure sweat mineral concentrations serially during HA and determine if surface contamination plays a role in the reported mineral reductions.Methods:Calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) were measured in sweat obtained from 17 male volunteers using an arm bag on Day 1, 5, and 10 of a HA protocol. To study the role of contamination, sweat was simultaneously (n = 10 subjects) sampled twice daily from a cleaned site (WASH) and unclean site (NO WASH) on the scapular surface.Results:Sweat Ca, Cu, and Mg from Arm Bag trended progressively downward from Day 1 to Day 10 of HA (p = .10–0.25). Micromineral concentrations from the WASH site did not change between Day 1, 5, or 10 (Ca = 0.30 ± 0.12 mmol/L, Cu 0.41 ± 0.53 μmol/L; Zn 1.11 ± 0.80 μmol/L). Surface contamination can confound sweat mineral estimates, as sweat Ca and Cu from NO WASH site were initially higher than WASH (p < .05) but became similar to WASH when sampled serially.Conclusion:Heat acclimation does not confer reductions in sweat Ca, Cu, Mg, or Zn. When the skin surface is not cleaned, mineral residue inflates initial sweat mineral concentrations. Earlier reports of micromineral reductions during HA may have been confounded by interday cleaning variability.
Young Men With Poor Cardiorespiratory Fitness Combined With lower Testosterone Have High Levels of Oxidized LDL Lipids—Being Fit Alters This Relationship
Authors: Kosola Jussi , Ahotupa Markku , Kyröläinen Heikki , Santtila Matti , Vasankari Tommi 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:We hypothesized that lower androgen status together with poor physical fitness associates with atherogenic lipid profile and oxidative stress.Methods:Volunteered young men (N = 846, mean age 25.1 ± 4.6 years) were categorized into unfit, average fit, and fit groups according to tertiles of maximal oxygen uptake, series of muscle endurance tests, and maximal upper and lower body strength. Furthermore, concentrations of serum testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) were determined to divide participants into lower and higher testosterone (loTT, hiTT) and free testosterone (loFT, hiFT) subgroups, using medians as cut-off points. The participants were divided into subgroups according to Fitness × Testosterone (Unfit/Average Fit/Fit × Low/High TT/FT), and the concentrations of serum lipids and ox-LDL were measured. Results: The loTT/unfit cardiorespiratory subgroup had 29% higher concentration of ox-LDL compared with the loTT/fit cardiorespiratory subgroup (p = .044). The loTT / unfit cardiorespiratory subgroup had a significantly higher ratio of ox-LDL/HDL-cholesterol compared with the other five TT subgroups (p < .05, in all). While ox-LDL showed a gradual form of decrease from unfit to fit in loTT cardiorespiratory subgroups, no differences were seen in muscular fitness or maximal strength (upper and lower body) subgroups.Conclusions:Young men with poor cardiorespiratory fitness together with lower levels of TT have higher concentrations of ox-LDL. Good cardiorespiratory fitness combined with lower androgen levels is not related to atherogenic lipid profile. The combination of poor muscular fitness, or maximal muscle strength, and lower TT levels does not cause atherogenic lipid profile.
The Water-Polo Intermittent Shuttle Test: A Match-Fitness Test for Water-Polo Players
Authors: Mujika Iñigo , McFadden Greg , Hubbard Mark , Royal Kylie , Hahn Allan 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To develop and validate an intermittent match-fitness test for water-polo players.Methods:Eight male junior players performed the Water Polo Intermittent Shuttle Test (WIST) twice to assess test reliability. To assess test sensitivity and validity, 104 male and female players from different competition standards and playing positions were tested. Eighteen players performed the WIST 5 times throughout a season to track fitness changes. Twelve players performed the WIST 48 hours before 4 consecutive National League games, and coaches awarded individual match-fitness scores based on game performances to assess the relationship between match fitness and test results. Heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (Lablood) were measured during and after each test, respectively.Results:Test–retest performance values were 216 ± 90 vs 229 ± 96 m (r = .98, P = .0001, coefficient of variation [CV] = 5.4%), peak HR 190 ± 8 vs 192 ± 10 bpm (r = .96, P = .0002, CV = 1.2%), and Lablood 7.0 ± 1.8 vs 6.4 ± 1.6 mmol/L (r = .84, P = .0092, CV = 8.8%). Significant differences were observed among different standards of play (range junior regional females 102 ± 10 m, senior international males 401 ± 30 m) and playing positions (field players 305 ± 154 m, center forwards 255 ± 118, goal keepers 203 ± 135 m). Test performance was lower in the early season (344 ± 118 m) than the remainder of the season (range 459 ± 138 to 550 ± 176 m). WIST performance and match-fitness scores correlated for all field players (r = .57, P = .054) but more highly for field players other than center forwards (r = .83, P = .0027).Conclusions:The WIST is a reliable, sensitive, and valid match-fitness test for water-polo players. It could become a useful tool to assess the effects of different interventions on match fitness.