bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular pharmacology of G protein‐coupled receptors
Authors: Summers R J 
Published: September 2016

This themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology stems from the eighth in the series of meetings on the Molecular Pharmacology of G protein coupled receptors (MPGPCR) held as part of a joint meeting with the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists (ASCEPT) in Melbourne Australia from 7 to 11 December 2014.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein‐Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc
An orally administered butyrate‐releasing derivative reduces neutrophil recruitment and inflammation in dextran sulphate sodium‐induced murine colitis
Authors: Simeoli Raffaele , Mattace Raso Giuseppina , Pirozzi Claudio , Lama Adriano , Santoro Anna , Russo Roberto , Montero‐Melendez Trinidad , Berni Canani Roberto , Calignano Antonio , Perretti Mauro , Meli Rosaria 
Published: September 2016

Background and PurposeButyrate has shown benefits in inflammatory bowel diseases. However, it is not often administered orally because of its rancid smell and unpleasant taste. The efficacy of a more palatable butyrate‐releasing derivative, N‐(1‐carbamoyl‐2‐phenylethyl) butyramide (FBA), was evaluated in a mouse model of colitis induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS).Experimental ApproachMale 10 week‐old BALB/c mice received DSS (2.5%) in drinking water (for 5 days) followed by DSS‐free water for 7 days (DSS group). Oral FBA administration (42.5 mg·kg−1) was started 7 days before DSS as preventive (P‐FBA), or 2 days after DSS as therapeutic (T‐FBA); both treatments lasted 19 days. One DSS‐untreated group received only tap water (CON).Key ResultsFBA treatments reduced colitis symptoms and colon damage. P‐FBA and T‐FBA significantly decreased polymorphonuclear cell infiltration score compared with the DSS group. FBA reversed the imbalance between pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines (reducing inducible NOS protein expression, CCL2 and IL‐6 transcripts in colon and increasing TGFβ and IL‐10). Morever, P‐FBA and T‐FBA limited neutrophil recruitment (by expression and localization of the neutrophil granule protease Ly‐6G), restored deficiency of the butyrate transporter and improved intestinal epithelial integrity, preventing tight‐junction impairment (zonulin‐1 and occludin). FBA, similar to its parental compound sodium butyrate, inhibited histone deacetylase‐9 and restored H3 histone acetylation, exerting an anti‐inflammatory effect through NF‐κB inhibition and the up‐regulation of PPARγ.Conclusions and ImplicationsFBA reduces inflammatory intestinal damage in mice indicating its potential as a postbiotic derivative without the problems associated with the oral administration of sodium butyrate.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc
Drug induced interstitial lung disease in oncology phase I trials
Authors: Yonemori Kan , Hirakawa Akihiro , Kawachi Asuka , Kinoshita Fumie , Okuma Hitomi , Nishikawa Tadaaki , Tamura Kenji , Fujiwara Yasuhiro , Takebe Naoko 
Published: September 2016

Interstitial lung disease is a serious drug‐related condition that can cause life threatening organ failure. The incidence and risk factors of drug‐induced interstitial lung disease (DILD) are unknown in oncology phase I trials. This study analyzed clinical information from 8906 patients with malignancies who were enrolled in 470 phase I trials sponsored by the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, from 1988 to 2014. Logistic and Cox statistical analyses were utilized to determine clinical differences between patients who developed DILD and patients who did not. In this study, the overall incidence rate of patients with pulmonary toxicity was 2.7%. The overall incidence rate for DILD was 0.77%, whereas for grade 3 or 4 DILD it was 0.31%. Median time to occurrence of DILD was 1.4 months. The Cox hazard analysis indicated smaller body surface area and a combination of thoracic radiation with investigational drug regimens were significant risk factors for time to occurrence of interstitial lung disease. Investigators should carefully monitor for DILD in oncology patients enrolled in phase I trials with identified risk factors. A 6‐month observation period would be sufficient to detect the onset of most DILD in such patients.
Neighborhood Characteristics and Expectations of Racially Discriminatory Experiences Among African American Adolescents
Authors: Witherspoon Dawn P. , Seaton Eleanor K. , Rivas‐Drake Deborah 
Published: September 2016

This study examined how youth's neighborhood characteristics informed their expectations of racial discrimination concurrently and longitudinally. Secondary analyses were conducted on data from Waves 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study, which permitted the examination of neighborhood influences among a socioeconomically diverse sample of African American parents and adolescents (n = 863; Mage = 12.29). Youth exposed to more neighborhood disadvantage in seventh grade reported more negative concurrent neighborhood perceptions, which, in turn, predicted greater expectations of racial discrimination in eighth grade; youth's expectations remained stable into adulthood. Thus, support was found for the mediating role of youth's subjective neighborhood perceptions in the longitudinal relation between neighborhood structure and expectations of racial discrimination.
How School Norms, Peer Norms, and Discrimination Predict Interethnic Experiences Among Ethnic Minority and Majority Youth
Authors: Tropp Linda R. , O'Brien Thomas C. , González Gutierrez Roberto , Valdenegro Daniel , Migacheva Katya , de Tezanos‐Pinto Pablo , Berger Christian , Cayul Oscar 
Published: September 2016

This research tests how perceived school and peer norms predict interethnic experiences among ethnic minority and majority youth. With studies in Chile (654 nonindigenous and 244 Mapuche students, M = 11.20 and 11.31 years) and the United States (468 non‐Hispanic White and 126 Latino students, M = 11.66 and 11.68 years), cross‐sectional results showed that peer norms predicted greater comfort in intergroup contact, interest in cross‐ethnic friendships, and higher contact quality, whereas longitudinal results showed that school norms predicted greater interest in cross‐ethnic friendships over time. Distinct effects of school and peer norms were also observed for ethnic minority and majority youth in relation to perceived discrimination, suggesting differences in how they experience cross‐ethnic relations within school environments.
Developments in the field of allergy mechanisms in 2015 through the eyes of Clinical & Experimental Allergy
Authors: Roberts G. , Boyle R. , Bryce P. J. , Crane J. , Hogan S. P. , Saglani S. , Wickman M. , Woodfolk J. A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryIn the first of two papers we described the development in the field of allergy mechanisms as described by Clinical and Experimental Allergy in 2015. Experimental models of allergic disease, basic mechanisms, clinical mechanisms and allergens are all covered. A second paper will cover clinical aspects.
EACS: Effective Avoidance Combination Strategy
Authors: Bruneau J. , Pettré J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWhen navigating in crowds, humans are able to move efficiently between people. They look ahead to know which path would reduce the complexity of their interactions with others. Current navigation systems for virtual agents consider long‐term planning to find a path in the static environment and short‐term reactions to avoid collisions with close obstacles. Recently some mid‐term considerations have been added to avoid high density areas. However, there is no mid‐term planning among static and dynamic obstacles that would enable the agent to look ahead and avoid difficult paths or find easy ones as humans do. In this paper, we present a system for such mid‐term planning. This system is added to the navigation process between pathfinding and local avoidance to improve the navigation of virtual agents. We show the capacities of such a system using several case studies. Finally we use an energy criterion to compare trajectories computed with and without the mid‐term planning.
Rapamycin suppresses hypoxia/reoxygenation‐induced islet injury by up‐regulation of miR‐21viaPI3K/Akt signalling pathway
Authors: Zhang Yi , He Sirong , Du Xiaojion , Jiang Yaowen , Tian Bole , Xu Shuyun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesIncreasing evidences indicate that microRNAs may play a critical role in the regulation of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury, and their expression is associated withmTORCactivity. We propose that rapamycin modulates H/R‐induced islets injury by regulating microRNAexpression.Materials and methodsWe investigated whether rapamycin treatment could alter the expression profile of miRNAs in islets. Furthermore, we assessed the islet apoptosis and function after H/R or syngeneic islet transplantation.ResultsWe found that rapamycin treatment significantly decreased H/R‐induced islet apoptosis, and improved islet functionin vivoandin vitro, and that miR‐21 gene transcription is controlled by rapamycin. When thePI3k/Akt signalling pathways was blocked by wortmannin, the up‐regulative effects of rapamycin on miR‐21 expression were inhibited in vitro. Furthermore, our study clearly demonstrates that miR‐21 is essential for the rapamycin‐mediated protection islets against H/R injury.DiscussionOur findings indicate that up‐regulation of miR‐21 function in islets by treatment with rapamycin or overexpression of the miR‐21 could represent a potential new therapy for the treatment of H/R injury.ConclusionThe results of this study clearly suggest that rapamycin exerts its inhibitory effects on islets H/R injury by inducing miR‐21 expression viaPI3K/Akt.
Where do animals come from during post‐fire population recovery? Implications for ecological and genetic patterns in post‐fire landscapes
Authors: Banks Sam C. , McBurney Lachlan , Blair David , Davies Ian D. , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: September 2016

Identifying where animals come from during population recovery can help to understand the impacts of disturbance events and regimes on species distributions and genetic diversity. Alternative recovery processes for animal populations affected by fire include external recolonization, nucleated recovery from refuges, or in situ survival and population growth. We used simulations to develop hypotheses about ecological and genetic patterns corresponding to these alternative models. We tested these hypotheses in a study of the recovery of two small mammals, the Australian bush rat and the agile antechinus, after a large (> 50 000 ha), severe wildfire.The abundance of both species was severely reduced by fire and recovered to near or above pre‐fire levels within two generations, yet we rejected a hypothesis of recovery by external recolonization. While the agile antechinus showed genetic evidence for far greater dispersal capacity than the bush rat, neither species showed gradients in abundance or genetic diversity with distance from unburnt forest during population recovery.Population recovery was driven by local‐scale processes. However, the mechanisms differed between species, resulting from the spatial impacts of fire on habitat suitability. Agile antechinus populations recovered through population growth from in situ survivors. The bush rat followed a model of nucleated recovery, involving local recolonization from micro‐refuges in topographic drainage lines.Nucleated recovery by the bush rat was associated with changes in dispersal, and fine‐scale patterns of genetic admixture. We identified increased dispersal by females during recovery, contrasting with male‐biased dispersal in unburnt forest. Such flexibility in dispersal can potentially increase recovery rates compared to expectations based on dispersal behavior within undisturbed populations.Our study shows how the initial distribution of survivors, determined by fire effects on resource distribution, determines the subsequent scaling of population recovery patterns, and the sensitivity of population distribution and genetic diversity to changing disturbance regimes.
Competitive exclusion over broad spatial extents is a slow process: evidence and implications for species distribution modeling
Authors: Yackulic Charles B. 
Published: September 2016

There is considerable debate about the role of competition in shaping species distributions over broad spatial extents. This debate has practical implications because predicting changes in species' geographic ranges in response to ongoing environmental change would be simpler if competition could be ignored. While this debate has been the subject of many reviews, recent literature has not addressed the rates of relevant processes. This omission is surprising in that ecologists hypothesized decades ago that regional competitive exclusion is a slow process. The goal of this review is to reassess the debate under the hypothesis that competitive exclusion over broad spatial extents is a slow process.Available evidence, including simulations presented for the first time here, suggests that competitive exclusion over broad spatial extents occurs slowly over temporal extents of many decades to millennia. Ecologists arguing against an important role for competition frequently study modern patterns and/or range dynamics over periods of decades, while much of the evidence for competition shaping geographic ranges at broad spatial extents comes from paleoecological studies over time scales of centuries or longer. If competition is slow, as evidence suggests, the geographic distributions of some, perhaps many species, would continue to change over time scales of decades to millennia, even if environmental conditions did not continue to change. If the distributions of competing species are at equilibrium it is possible to predict species distributions based on observed species–environment relationships. However, disequilibrium is widespread as a result of competition and many other processes. Studies whose goal is accurate predictions over intermediate time scales (decades to centuries) should focus on factors associated with range expansion (colonization) and loss (local extinction), as opposed to current patterns. In general, understanding of modern range dynamics would be enhanced by considering the rates of relevant processes.
High‐resolution tide projections reveal extinction threshold in response to sea‐level rise
Authors: Field Christopher R. , Bayard Trina S. , Gjerdrum Carina , Hill Jason M. , Meiman Susan , Elphick Chris S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSea‐level rise will affect coastal species worldwide, but models that aim to predict these effects are typically based on simple measures of sea level that do not capture its inherent complexity, especially variation over timescales shorter than 1 year. Coastal species might be most affected, however, by floods that exceed a critical threshold. The frequency and duration of such floods may be more important to population dynamics than mean measures of sea level. In particular, the potential for changes in the frequency and duration of flooding events to result in nonlinear population responses or biological thresholds merits further research, but may require that models incorporate greater resolution in sea level than is typically used. We created population simulations for a threatened songbird, the saltmarsh sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus), in a region where sea level is predictable with high accuracy and precision. We show that incorporating the timing of semidiurnal high tide events throughout the breeding season, including how this timing is affected by mean sea‐level rise, predicts a reproductive threshold that is likely to cause a rapid demographic shift. This shift is likely to threaten the persistence of saltmarsh sparrows beyond 2060 and could cause extinction as soon as 2035. Neither extinction date nor the population trajectory was sensitive to the emissions scenarios underlying sea‐level projections, as most of the population decline occurred before scenarios diverge. Our results suggest that the variation and complexity of climate‐driven variables could be important for understanding the potential responses of coastal species to sea‐level rise, especially for species that rely on coastal areas for reproduction.
Mobility, balance and frailty in community‐dwelling older adults: What is the best 1‐year predictor of falls?
Authors: Mulasso Anna , Roppolo Mattia , Gobbens Robbert J , Rabaglietti Emanuela 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimThe present study aimed, first, to compare the ability to predict falls over 12 months for three measures – mobility, balance and frailty. Second, among the three domains of frailty – physical, psychological and social – we investigated what is the strongest predictor of falls.MethodsA total of 192 community‐dwelling older adults (age 73.0 ± 6.2 years; 62% women) were involved in this longitudinal study. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, One Leg Standing (OLS) test and the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) were respectively used to measure mobility, balance and frailty. The TFI is a questionnaire based on a multidimensional conceptualization of frailty consisting of 15 items in three domains (physical, psychological and social). Falls were self‐reported during the 12‐month follow up. Logistic regression models, adjusted for interesting variables, were carried out to predict the risk of falls.ResultsHistory of falls and chronic conditions were the indicators more strongly related with falls over 12 months. The TFI resulted as a stronger predictor of falls when compared with the TUG and OLS tests. The explained variance of the three models was 31.2%, 22.4% and 22.2%, respectively. The TFI was significantly associated with falls (P < 0.001), whereas the TUG and the OLS were not (P > 0.05). Among the three frailty domains, physical (P < 0.001) and psychological (P = 0.041) domains were significant predictors of falls.ConclusionsThe findings showed that the TFI might be an effective tool for predicting falls at 12 months in aged populations, probably because it is able to capture the multifactorial facets that can lead to falls. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1463–1469.
Long sleep duration, independent of frailty and chronic Inflammation, was associated with higher mortality: A national population‐based study
Authors: Lee Wei‐Ju , Peng Li‐Ning , Liang Chih‐Kuang , Chiou Shu‐Ti , Chen Liang‐Kung 
Published: September 2016

AimThere is a complex interrelationship between long sleep duration, frailty, chronic inflammation and mortality among the community‐dwelling middle‐aged and elderly population, which remains unclear and deserves to be investigated. The current study intended to explore these associations by using a prospective population‐based cohort study.MethodsA total of 937 community‐dwelling middle‐aged and elderly people were enrolled. Sleep patterns of the study participants were categorized as short (<6 h), average or long (≥8 h). Sleep disturbance was defined by daytime dysfunction defined by the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Frailty was defined as three or more phenotypes of Fried's Frailty.ResultsDuring an average of 4.7 years follow up, 72 (7.7%) study participants died. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for death of long sleepers was 2.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38–4.27), HR of long sleepers plus frailty was 2.37 (95% CI 1.35–4.19) and HR of long sleepers plus log interleukin‐6 was 2.11 (95% CI 1.19–3.76). Adjusted HR of daytime dysfunction was 1.79 (95% CI 1.09–2.94). The association between daytime dysfunction and mortality became statistical insignificant after further adjustment for frailty.ConclusionsLong sleep duration, independent of frailty and interleukin‐6, was associated with 5‐year mortality in older adults. The relationship between daytime dysfunction and death diminished after adjusting for frailty. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1481–1487.
Geochemical characteristics of deposits from the 2011 Tohoku‐oki tsunami at Hasunuma, Kujukuri coastal plain, Japan
Authors: Shinozaki Tetsuya , Sawai Yuki , Hara Junko , Ikehara Minoru , Matsumoto Dan , Tanigawa Koichiro 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe examined the geochemical characteristics and temporal changes of deposits associated with the 2011 Tohoku‐oki tsunami. Stable carbon isotope ratios, biomarkers, and water‐leachable ions were measured in a sandy tsunami deposit and associated soils sampled at Hasunuma, Kujukuri coastal plain, Japan, in 2011 and 2014. At this site, the 2011 tsunami formed a 10–30 cm ‐thick layer of very fine to medium sand. The tsunami deposit was organic‐poor, and no samples contained any detectable biomarkers of either terrigenous or marine origin. In the underlying soil, we identified hydrocarbons and sterols derived from terrestrial plants, but detected no biomarkers of marine origin. In the samples collected in 2011, concentrations of tsunami‐derived water‐leachable ions were highest in the soil immediately beneath the tsunami deposit and then decreased gradually with depth. Because of its finer texture and higher organic content, the soil has a higher water‐holding capacity than the sandy tsunami deposit. This distribution suggests that ions derived from the tsunami quickly penetrated the sand layer and became concentrated in the underlying soil. In the samples collected in 2014, concentrations of water‐leachable ions were very low in both soil and sand. We attribute the decrease in ion concentrations to post‐tsunami rainfall, seepage, and seasonal changes in groundwater level. Although water‐leachable ions derived from seawater were concentrated in the soil beneath the tsunami deposit following the tsunami inundation, they were not retained for more than a few years. To elucidate the behavior of geochemical characteristics associated with tsunamis, further research on organic‐rich muddy deposits (muddy tsunami deposits and soils beneath sandy tsunami deposits) as well as sandy tsunami deposits is required.
Large‐scale erosion and overbank deposition caused by the July 2013 flood of the Abu River, Yamaguchi City, Japan
Authors: Yamada Masaki , Fujino Shigehiro , Goff James , Chagué‐Goff Catherine 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper reports on the erosion, transport, and deposition processes associated with an overbank deposit formed by the flooding of the Abu River on July 28, 2013, in Yamaguchi City, Japan. At the study site, river flows overtopped the levee revetment upstream of a meander bend cutting it off and flowing back into the main channel downstream. In this sequential process, it deposited large amounts of sediments, ranging from mud to cobbles, on the floodplain. The surface of paddy fields adjacent to a railway line, located at the center of the affected floodplain, was severely eroded by the flood flows. Overbank deposits composed of both upstream finer sediments and eroded coarser terrestrial sediments are laid down in the affected area. Large amounts of pebbles and cobbles originating from the eroded terrestrial area formed a gravelly pile on top of the sand and gravel sediments derived from the river. This finding indicates that sands and gravels were deposited prior to the formation of the gravelly pile, probably before and during peak flood flows. An inverse grading structure is evident in the lower to middle part of these comparatively thick deposits, most likely due to differences in transport pattern between entrained terrestrial gravels and upstream finer sediments.