bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethylene-Mediated Programmed Cell Death during Maize Endosperm Development of Wild-Type and shrunken2 Genotypes
Authors: Young T. E. , Gallie D. R. , DeMason D. A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We characterized the progression of programmed cell death during maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm development of starchy (Su; wild-type) and shrunken2 (sh2) genotypes and tested the involve ment of ethylene in mediating this process. Histological and viability staining demonstrated that endosperm cell death was initiated earlier and progressed more rapidly in sh2 endosperm compared with Su endosperm. Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation accompanied endosperm cell death and occurred more extensively in sh2 endosperm. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid levels peaked approximately 16 d after pollination (dap) in Su endosperm and gradually decreased during subsequent development, whereas two large 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid peaks were observed in sh2 endosperm, the first between 16 and 20 dap and the second at 36 dap. Ethylene levels were elevated in sh2 kernels compared with Su kernels, with an initial peak 20 dap approximately 3-fold higher than in Su kernels and a second peak 36 dap approximately 5-fold higher than that in Su kernels. Ethylene treatment of Su kernels resulted in earlier and more extensive endosperm cell death and DNA fragmentation. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatment of sh2 kernels reduced the extent of DNA fragmentation. We conclude that ethylene is involved in triggering programmed cell death in developing maize endosperm and is responsible for the aberrant phenotype of sh2 kernels.
Photoregulation of Chloroplast Gene Transcription in the Chromophytic Alga Heterosigma carterae
Authors: Doran E. , Cattolico R. A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Light acts as a complex regulator of cellular development and gene expression in photoautotrophs. Although light signals are highly effective in controlling cellular division and chloroplast biogenesis in the toxic marine alga Heterosigma carterae, their influence on gene expression has not been well characterized. To address this need cultures of H. carterae synchronized by an alternating light-dark regime were sampled through 12 h of light and 12 h of dark to characterize cell division, chloroplast complement, and chloroplast RNA abundance. These studies have identified a unimodal pattern of chloroplast transcriptional activity for a suite of cellular and photosynthetic genes. To determine the alga's response to a change in photoperiod, 12-h light/12-h dark-synchronized cultures were transferred to constant light and then periodically sampled. Although cellular and chloroplast division cycles remained synchronized in constant conditions for 24 h, the transcriptional apparatus responded by increasing ctRNA abundance within 45 min of the change in photoperiod. However, the ability of the alga to mount this rapid transcriptional response was limited to the first 2 h of the putative dark period. Thus, the chloroplast transcriptional apparatus of H. carterae may initiate a rapid, temporally gated response to a change in photoperiod that is independent of ongoing light-entrained cellular and chloroplast division cycles.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Stable Proteases in Chloroplasts
Authors: Sokolenko A. , Altschmied L. , Herrmann R. G. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Chloroplast subfractions were monitored for sodium dodecyl sulfate-stable proteases. Nine distinct activities in the molecular mass range from 14 to 66 kD have been detected. Five of the proteases associated with thylakoid membranes belong to the serine and cysteine types of proteases. These activities could be preserved and purified by a two-step electrophoresis procedure.
Rapid and Transient Activation of a Myelin Basic Protein Kinase in Tobacco Leaves Treated with Harpin from Erwinia amylovora
Authors: Adam A. L. , Pike S. , Hoyos M. E. , Stone J. M. , Walker J. C. , Novacky A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Harpins are bacterial protein elicitors that induce hypersensitive response-like necrosis when infiltrated into nonhost plants such as tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) (Z.-M. Wei, R.J. Laby, C.H. Zumoff, D.W. Bauer, S.Y. He, A. Collmer, S.V. Beer [1992] Science 257: 85–88). Activity of a 49-kD Mg2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent kinase in tobacco leaves increased 50-fold 15 min after infiltration of harpin from Erwinia amylovora (harpinEa). Much less pronounced and more transient activation was detected in water-infiltrated leaves. Biochemical characteristics of the harpinEa-activated protein kinase (HAPK) activity are consistent with those of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. HAPK is cytosolic and phosphorylates myelin basic protein on serine/threonine residues. Treatment with a protein tyrosine phosphatase completely eliminated HAPK activity, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation is required for posttranslational activation. Sustained HAPK activation after cycloheximide treatment implies that HAPK may be negatively regulated by a translation-dependent mechanism. The extracellular Ca2+ chelator EGTA or the protein kinase inhibitor K252a, infiltrated in planta together with harpinEa, partially blocked HAPK activation. The Ca2+-channel blocker La3+ had no effect on HAPK activation, suggesting that phosphorylation events precede and/or do not depend on the entry of extracellular Ca2+ into the cell. These results suggest that early signal transduction events during harpinEa- induced hypersensitive response elicitation depend in part on the activation of HAPK.
S-Methylmethionine Conversion to Dimethylsulfoniopropionate: Evidence for an Unusual Transamination Reaction
Authors: Rhodes D. , Gage D. A. , Cooper AJL. , Hanson A. D. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Leaves of Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC. synthesize the osmoprotectant 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) from methionine via S-methylmethionine (SMM) and 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionaldehyde (DMSP-ald); no other intermediates have been detected. To test whether the amino group of SMM is lost by transamination or deamination, [methyl-2H3,15N]SMM was supplied to leaf discs, and 15N-labeling of amino acids was monitored, along with synthesis of [2H3]DMSP. After short incubations more 15N was incorporated into glutamate than into other amino acids, and the 15N abundance in glutamate exceeded that in the amide group of glutamine (Gln). This is more consistent with transamination than deamination, because deamination would be predicted to give greater labeling of Gln amide N due to reassimilation, via Gln synthetase, of the 15NH4+ released. This prediction was borne out by control experiments with 15NH4Cl. The transamination product of SMM, 4-dimethylsulfonio-2-oxobutyrate (DMSOB), is expected to be extremely unstable. This was confirmed by attempting to synthesize it enzymatically from SMM using L-amino acid oxidase or Gln transaminase K and from 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyrate using methionine S-methyltransferase. In each case, the reaction product decomposed rapidly, releasing dimethylsulfide. The conversion of SMM to DMSP-ald is therefore unlikely to involve a simple transamination that generates free DMSOB. Plausible alternatives are that DMSOB is channeled within a specialized transaminase-decarboxylase complex or that it exists only as the bound intermediate of a single enzyme catalyzing an unusual transamination-decarboxylation reaction.
Regulation of Triacylglucose Fatty Acid Composition (Uridine Diphosphate Glucose:Fatty Acid Glucosyltransferases with Overlapping Chain-Length Specificity)
Authors: Kuai J. P. , Ghangas G. S. , Steffens J. C. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc):fatty acid glucosyltransferases catalyze the UDP-Glc-dependent activation of fatty acids as 1-O-acyl-β-glucoses. 1-O-Acyl-β-glucoses act as acyl donors in the biosynthesis of 2,3,4-tri-O-acylglucoses secreted by wild tomato (Lycopersicon pennellii) glandular trichomes. The acyl composition of L. pennellii 2,3,4-tri-O-acylglucoses is dominated by branched short-chain acids (4:0 and 5:0; approximately 65%) and straight and branched medium-chain-length fatty acids (10:0 and 12:0; approximately 35%). Two operationally soluble UDP-Glc:fatty acid glucosyltransferases (I and II) were separated and partially purified from L. pennellii (LA1376) leaves by polyethylene glycol precipitation followed by DEAE-Sepharose and Cibacron Blue 3GA-agarose chromatography. Whereas both transferases possessed similar affinity for UDP-Glc, glucosyltransferase I showed higher specificity toward short-chain fatty acids (4:0) and glucosyltransferase II showed higher specificity toward medium-chain fatty acids (8:0 and 12:0). The overlapping specificity of UDP-Glc:fatty acid glucosyltransferases for 4:0 to 12:0 fatty acid chain lengths suggests that the mechanism of 6:0 to 9:0 exclusion from acyl substituents of 2,3,4-tri-O-acylglucoses is unlikely to be controlled at the level of fatty acid activation. UDP-Glc:fatty acid glucosyltransferases are also present in cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), and activities toward 4:0, 8:0, and 12:0 fatty acids do not appear to be primarily epidermal when assayed in interspecific periclinal chimeras.
Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition on Remobilization of Protein Sulfur in the Leaves of Vegetative Soybean and Associated Changes in Soluble Sulfur Metabolites
Authors: Sunarpi  , Anderson J. W. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The hypothesis that protein S is remobilized from mature leaves in response to N stress but not S stress was examined by transferring vegetative soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) plants grown with adequate sulfate and nitrate to nutrient medium with low sulfate (5 [mu]M) and nitrate at either 15, 7.5, 2, or 0.25 mM. Soluble S decreased to very low levels in mature and maturing leaves, especially in low-N plants. At high [N], insoluble S (protein) in mature leaves remained constant, but at low [N], after the soluble S declined, up to 40% of the insoluble S was exported. The losses were complemented by gains, initially in soluble S, but subsequently in insoluble S, in the expanding leaves and the root. In low-N plants, but not in high-N plants, the decrease in insoluble S in mature leaves was complemented by increases in homoglutathione (hGSH), Cys, and Met. At low [N], but not at high [N], the developing leaf, leaf 5, contained high amounts of soluble S, mostly hGSH. The results suggest that, at low [N], protein S is metabolized to hGSH, which serves as the principal transport compound for the export of organic S.
Failure analysis of an aluminum extrusion aircraft wing component
Authors: Stamoulis Konstantinos , Panagiotopoulos Dimitrios , Pantazopoulos George , Papaefthymiou Spyros 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to deal with the failure analysis of a fractured spar stiffener, extruded from 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, which was found in the central wing, trailing edge structure of a military transport aircraft. The previous loading history and the dominant environmental factors (corrosive and humid atmosphere, water entrapment, etc.) suggest corrosion and fatigue as the principal failure modes, synergistically acting on the wing component.

Design/methodology/approach
This study presents the failure analysis concentrated on finding evidence of failure mechanisms and plausible root-cause(s) of the fractured spar stiffener. Chemical analysis, stereo and scanning electron microscopy, as well as finite element analysis employed as the main analytical tools for material characterization and failure investigation.

Findings
The overall evaluation of the findings suggest that the failure caused by a synergy of two mechanisms; a crack initiated in the longitudinal, extrusion direction by an environmentally assisted corrosion attack, then propagated by the superimposed transverse stress field, branched/deflected due to a low crack driving force and extended in a transverse path through a high cycle fatigue process. Finally, the complete fracture occurred as fast fracture, resulted by a ductile overload.

Originality/value
This paper deals with an industrial damage case study, providing analysis and modeling from structural engineering standpoint. The aforementioned findings concerning the fractured aircraft component allow gaining a deeper knowledge about the mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation which, in turn, can produce a valuable feedback to design, inspection and maintenance procedures. This includes a modified heat treatment from T6 to T73 temper for the redesigned component.
Taxonomy of Sterictiphora Billberg (Hymenoptera: Argidae: Sterictiphorinae) in South Korea with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Wei Meicai , Lee Su‐Bin , Choi Jin‐Kyung , Lee Jong‐Wook 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSterictiphora Billberg (Hymenoptera: Argidae: Sterictiphorinae) in South Korea is reviewed. Sterictiphora koreana Lee J‐W & Wei sp. nov. and S. rugosa Lee J‐W & Wei sp. nov. are described and illustrated. The redescriptions of S. notensis Togashi, and S. tanoi Togashi, are provided. The female of S. tanoi is first reported. A key to the species and descriptions of Sterictiphora from South Korea are provided.
Associations of lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical activity) with type 2 diabetes among American adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2014
Authors: Liu Ying , Wang Kesheng , Maisonet Mildred , Wang Liang , Zheng Shimin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundOver the long term, unhealthy lifestyles can lead to many health problems, especially type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the present study was to determine associations between lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet) and T2D in American adults (aged ≥20 years) in a nationally representative sample.MethodsData for 12 987 American adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2014 were evaluated. Weighted multiple logistic regression models were used to examine associations between the four lifestyle factors and T2D after adjusting for demographics and socioeconomic status (SES). Prevalence trends for T2D were examined using Cochran–Armitage tests.ResultsThere was a significant increasing prevalence trend for T2D among American adults. Smokers and individuals consuming >12 alcoholic drinks in the past year were less likely to report having T2D than non‐smokers (odds ratio [OR] 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.48) and those consuming <12 alcoholic drinks (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.39–0.55). Participants with light physical activity have a greater likelihood of having T2D than those engaging in vigorous physical activity (OR 5.72; 95% CI 4.30–7.60). Individuals consuming a poor diet were more likely to report having T2D than those eating an excellent diet (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.02–1.41). All these relationships remained significant after adjustment for demographics and SES.ConclusionAll four lifestyle factors were significantly associated with T2D among American adults. The findings of the present study provide useful information for healthcare providers that may help them promote specific lifestyle modifications.
Artefact on CT brain images caused by the presence of air bubbles in the cooling oil of the X‐ray tube
Authors: Trieu Nelson , Xia Ryan , Loneragan Robert , Ridley Lloyd , Trieu Joseph 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionWe report a series of patients who had computed tomography (CT) of their brains which showed an uncommon artefact caused by excess air bubbles in the cooling oil around the X‐ray tube.MethodsIn November and December 2015, it was recognised that artefacts appearing on CT brain images acquired at our department were caused by a scanner fault. The test images were reviewed and the service engineer for the CT scanner was questioned about the artefact cause. A retrospective audit was then performed of images acquired on the CT scanner from December 2015 back to the date that the CT scanner was last serviced in September 2015 to identify any other scans affected by the artefact.ResultsSeven patients were identified whose CT brain scans showed the artefact. The artefact manifested in the form of an ill‐defined low density area in varying locations. The artefact also appeared on CT phantom test images. It was discovered to be caused by the presence of excess air bubbles within the cooling oil of the X‐ray tube. The fault was then rectified.ConclusionsThe artefact described may not be easily recognised and could lead to misinterpretation and unnecessary investigation. We aim to promote awareness of this artefact and to reinforce the importance of frequent quality control testing of CT systems.
Occupational burnout among radiographers, sonographers and radiologists in Australia and New Zealand: Findings from a national survey
Authors: Singh Nabita , Knight Kellie , Wright Caroline , Baird Marilyn , Akroyd Duane , Adams Robert D , Schneider Michal E 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionEvidence demonstrates that health care professionals are more prone to burnout than other professionals due to the emotionally taxing interactions they have with their patients on a daily basis. The aims of this study were to measure occupational burnout levels among sonographers, radiographers and radiologists and to examine predictors of burnout according to demographic characteristics.MethodsA cross‐sectional online survey was administered in 2010 to radiographers, sonographers and radiologists who were members of the following professional bodies: Australian Institute of Radiography, Australian Sonographers Association and The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to measure burnout levels for each profession. Data were analysed using SPSS Ver 20 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) statistical software.ResultsA total of 613 radiographers, 121 sonographers and 35 radiologists participated in the survey. Radiographers, sonographers and radiologists had a high mean (±SD) burnout score for emotional exhaustion (39.9 ± 8.5, 42.2 ± 8.5 and 44.9 ± 7.1 respectively) and depersonalization (18.9 ± 5.5, 20.3 ± 5.8 and 20.6 ± 5.6) compared to MBI norms. Radiographers also had low personal achievement (30.8 ± 5.5) compared to MBI norms. Radiographers and sonographers who were male, worked >10 hours overtime and spent <10% of their time training students per week had significantly higher depersonalization scores (p < 0.05).ConclusionBurnout levels among radiographers, sonographers and radiologists are high and likely to vary according to some demographic and work‐related factors. Further research is needed to examine ways to alleviate burnout in these professions so that loss of experienced staff due to burnout can be minimized and quality of patient care can be maintained.
swinger: a user‐friendly computer program to establish captive breeding groups that minimize relatedness without pedigree information
Authors: Sandoval‐Castillo Jonathan , Attard Catherine R. M. , Marri Shashikanth , Brauer Chris J. , Möller Luciana M. , Beheregaray Luciano B. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCaptive breeding programmes are often a necessity for the continued persistence of a population or species. They typically have the goal of maintaining genetic diversity and minimizing inbreeding. However, most captive breeding programmes have been based on the assumption that the founding breeders are unrelated and outbred, even though in situ anthropogenic impacts often mean these founders may have high relatedness and substantial inbreeding. In addition, polygamous group‐breeding species in captivity often have uncertain pedigrees, making it difficult to select the group composition for subsequent breeding. Molecular‐based estimates of relatedness and inbreeding may instead be used to select breeding groups (≥two individuals) that minimize relatedness and filter out inbred individuals. swinger constructs breeding groups based on molecular estimates of relatedness and inbreeding. The number of possible combinations of breeding groups quickly becomes intractable by hand. swinger was designed to overcome this major issue in ex situ conservation biology. The user can specify parameters within swinger to reach breeding solutions that suit the mating system of the target species and available resources. We provide evidence of the efficiency of the software with an empirical example and using simulations. The only data required are a typical molecular marker data set, such as a microsatellite or SNP data set, from which estimates of inbreeding and pairwise relatedness may be obtained. Such molecular data sets are becoming easier to gather from non‐model organisms with next‐generation sequencing technology. swinger is an open‐source software with a user‐friendly interface and is available at http://www.molecularecology.flinders.edu.au/molecular-ecology-lab/software/swinger/swinger/ and https://github.com/Yuma248/Swinger.
Improving equity premium forecasts by incorporating structural break uncertainty
Authors: Tian Jing , Zhou Qing 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article compares five alternative methods for directly dealing with structural break uncertainty in forecasting the U.S. equity premium using 30 widely used bivariate and multivariate predictive regressions. We find that two recently developed methods – Robust Optimal Weights on Observations and Forecast Combination across Estimation Windows – outperform the conventional rolling window and postbreak estimation methods. This result indicates that very early historical information is beneficial for U.S. equity premium forecasting but should be discounted to incorporate structural break uncertainty.
Fashion or future: does creating shared value pay?
Authors: Jones Stewart , Wright Christopher 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPorter and Kramer's () concept of ‘creating shared value’ (CSV) has attracted considerable attention from business and academics. According to Porter and Kramer, CSV is about creating economic value in a way that also generates value for society by addressing its basic needs and challenges. One of the key assumptions of the CSV concept is that companies will benefit economically through engaging in CSV activity. We test this empirically by developing a proxy measure of CSV based on 26 sustainability performance indicators drawn from a customised database. Based on a sample of ASX 300 companies taken over a 5‐year period (2008–2012), we find a strong statistical association between the CSV proxies and a range of financial performance indicators. These companies also tend to be larger and have higher growth opportunities. However, statistical tests of causality indicate that superior financial performance leads to greater CSV activity, rather than CSV activity driving financial outcomes. This finding suggests that successful companies may well be adopting CSV‐type practices more as an outcome of management fashion than because of their tangible contribution to the financial performance of the firm.