bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical Role of Preferential Flow in Field‐Scale Pathogen Transport and Retention
Authors: Bradford Scott A. , Leij Feike J. , Schijven Jack , Torkzaban Saeed 
Published: April 2017

Core Ideas
A stochastic stream tube model was extended to simulate field‐scale pathogen transport and fate.
Single‐ or dual‐permeability versions of the model were developed that included filtration theory.
Pathogen transport and fate are highly dependent on the field‐scale velocity distribution.
Physical nonequilibrium effects are coupled with retention, the velocity PDF, and exchange.
A stream tube model was applied to simulate pathogen transport and fate in the subsurface at the field scale. Local‐scale transport within each stream tube was described deterministically using analytic solutions for pathogen transport and fate in a uniform or dual‐permeability porous medium. Important pathogen transport and fate processes that were accounted for in an individual stream tube included: advection, dispersion, reversible and irreversible retention, and decay in the liquid and solid phases. The velocity in a stream tube was related to a median grain size using the Kozeny–Carman equation, and filtration theory was used to predict the dependence of retention on physicochemical factors. The field‐scale velocity distribution was described using a unimodal or bimodal lognormal probability density function (PDF). The bimodal lognormal PDF was used in conjunction with the dual‐permeability model to account for exchange between slow and fast velocity domains. The mean and variance of the field‐scale concentrations were calculated from local‐scale stream tube information. The setback distance to achieve a selected risk of infection was determined from the modeled concentrations and a simplified risk assessment approach. Simulation results demonstrate that field‐scale pathogen transport and setback distance were very sensitive to velocity distribution characteristics. Early breakthrough, higher peak concentrations, and larger setback distances were associated with faster stream tubes that had little retention, whereas the opposite trends were associated with slower stream tubes. The relative importance of faster stream tubes increased under physicochemical conditions that enhanced retention.
PREVALÊNCIA E FATORES ASSOCIADOS À POLIFARMÁCIA ENTRE IDOSOS DE UM HOSPITAL PÚBLICO
Authors: Cuentro Vanessa Da Silva , Modesto Thayná , Andrade Marcieni Ataíde de , Silva Marcos Valerio Santos da 
Published: April 2017

<pre>A polifarmácia é um fator que tem grande impacto na segurança do paciente idoso, tendo em vista que é a grande responsável pelas interações medicamentosas. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico dos idosos, verificar as classes de medicamentos mais utilizadas e identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à polifarmácia. A metodologia utilizada foi instrumento semiestruturado para analise instrumental, analisando-se os dados no programa estatístico SPSS 20.0. Resultados: os resultados demonstraram que a média de idade foi de 71,9 anos, sendo 52,7% mulheres. O tempo de internação obteve uma média de 21,7 dias, a média de diagnósticos por paciente foi de 2,6. O principal diagnóstico de internamento hospitalar foi doenças do aparelho circulatório (20,3%). A média de medicamentos prescritos por internação foi de 6,8. Os medicamentos mais utilizados faziam parte do sistema digestório e metabólico (32,4%), a prevalência de prescrição de medicamentos potencialmente inadequados durante as internações avaliadas foi de 11,2%. Em relação às potenciais interações medicamentosas, foram identificadas em 65,5% das prescrições, os medicamentos mais envolvidos nas interações fazem parte do sistema cardiovascular (38,6%). Conclusão: diante de tais resultados, verifica-se a necessidade de adotar estratégias para a otimização da farmacoterapia prestada ao paciente idoso.<em></em></pre>
Desenvolvimento Regional Sustentável no Grande ABC: análise das contribuições de uma instituição financeira brasileira.
Authors: Oliveira Junior Nelson Correa , Pereira Raquel Da Silva , Bresciani Luiz Paulo 
Published: April 2017

<p>Este trabalho proporcionou uma reflexão acerca das contribuições dos planos de desenvolvimento regional sustentável (DRS) do Banco do Brasil (BB) à região do Grande ABC por meio da análise dos planos disponibilizados pela instituição em documentos e <em>website</em>, bem como pelas entrevistas realizadas junto aos <em>stakeholders </em>dos planos. Procedeu-se à pesquisa bibliográfica onde os conceitos de desenvolvimento, desenvolvimento regional, desenvolvimento sustentável e desenvolvimento regional sustentável são discutidos e detalhados. Em seguida, procedeu-se à pesquisa documental, a qual permitiu uma verificação acerca dos dados dos planos no país e na região do Grande ABC, bem como forneceu subsídios à definição dos <em>stakeholders </em>entrevistados na pesquisa. A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisa exploratória cujo objetivo concentra-se na melhor compreensão e familiarização do pesquisador com o assunto tratado. Verificou-se que os planos DRS na região do Grande ABC ainda carecem de novas parcerias e ações que possam alavancar seu desenvolvimento; a necessidade de um maior acompanhamento, controle e disseminação dos conceitos de DRS por parte do Banco do Brasil; percebeu-se a preocupação em se estabelecer parcerias estratégicas, porém ainda sem a participação da academia de forma mais constante; por fim, entende-se que o Desenvolvimento Regional Sustentável do Banco do Brasil na região do Grande ABC, quanto às suas contribuições sociais, ambientais culturais e econômicas ainda não pode ser considerada uma iniciativa que possua impactos expressivos, mas trata-se de uma forma de se buscar meios e parcerias para a formulação de iniciativas locais e regionais de desenvolvimento.</p>
As Lavouras de Tabaco no Brasil na Perspectiva do Desenvolvimento Sustentável
Authors: Abdala Paulo Ricardo Zilio , Gossenheimer Agnes Nogueira 
Published: April 2017

<p>Este artigo é fruto de uma pesquisa acadêmica realizada durante a coleta de dados para uma pesquisa institucional sobre as condições de trabalho dos produtores de tabaco do Brasil. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as crenças e atitudes dos produtores de fumo, tendo como pano de fundo analítico o desenvolvimento sustentável e as questões envolvendo a relação produtiva entre homem e natureza. Os resultados são construídos a partir da perspectiva da qualidade de vida dos seres humanos, incluindo não só aspectos econômicos e socioculturais, como também ambientais (DIAS, 2009). A coleta de dados do estudo foi realizada por método qualitativo a partir de entrevistas e questionários comentados. Os resultados apontam para uma discussão sobre o modelo de desenvolvimento rural na agricultura familiar do sul do Brasil. A maioria das famílias visitadas afirmou que plantava tabaco por falta de alternativas com a mesma viabilidade, tendo uma relação contraditória com esta atividade. Analisando pelo ponto de vista econômico o cultivo do tabaco é a melhor opção, entretanto, se considerarmos a ótica da sustentabilidade, existem problemas em termos sociais e ambientais, fato demonstrado pelas histórias de dificuldades de saúde dos agricultores por causa da aplicação de agrotóxicos.</p>
PACTA SUNT SERVANDA: A INFLUÊNCIA DA DECISÃO DA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS NA JURISDIÇÃO DOMÉSTICA BRASILEIRA NO CASO DE DAMIÃO XIMENES
Authors: Taquary Eneida Orbage de Britto 
Published: April 2017

<p>Analisa as consequências de ratificação de um tratado pelo Estado Brasileiro, em especial do tratado que criou a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, em face do princípio <em>Pacta Sunt Servanda,</em> analisando a decisão, que recebeu o nº 12.237, datado de 1º de outubro de 2004, proferida no Caso Damião Ximenes contra o Estado Brasileiro, e que determinou a sua condenação. Para tanto será adotado o método dialético e método histórico, além da análise da jurisprudência ao se analisar a doutrina existente sobre o pacto referenciado e as discussões em torno da sentença condenatória da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos.</p><p><em>pacta sund servanda.</em> Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. Caso Damião Ximenes.</p><p> </p>
Molecular Design and Medicinal Applications of Nano-Nitric Oxide Delivery Systems
Authors: Nguyen Kim Truc , Wu Zhuoran , Huang Tiantian , Tay Chor Yong 
Published: April 2017

Background:
Nitric oxide (NO) plays important regulatory roles in a plethora of biological
functions and thus holds tremendous potential to be exploited for clinical uses. However, the chemistries
in the molecular design of nano-nitric oxide delivery systems is currently lacking.

Objective:
The overarching aim of this review is to provide the readers with the fundamentals that relate
to the design of NO release molecules (NORMs), loading and releasing mechanism, as well as delivery
of NORMs for nanotherapeutics.

Methods:
We conducted a thorough literature search on the design and synthesis of NORMs, as well as
the current state-of-the-art NO compatible delivery platforms to address various clinical needs.

Results:
N-diazeniumdiolate and S-nitrosothiol based NO molecules are among the most widely used
NORMs for anti-cancer and anti-microbial applications. The innovative integration of these NORMs
with cytocompatible organic and inorganic nanocarriers enabled controlled spatiotemporal delivery and
release of NO at the targeted diseased sites.

Conclusion:
We have provided a comprehensive summary of the fundamental chemistries underpinning
the molecular design of the NORMs and critically assessed the recent advancements of nano-NO delivery
systems for advanced biomedical applications.
Noninvasive Fetal Electrocardiography Part II: Segmented-Beat Modulation Method for Signal Denoising
Authors: Agostinelli Angela , Sbrollini Agnese , Burattini Luca , Fioretti Sandro , Di Nardo Francesco , Burattini Laura 
Published: April 2017

Background:
Fetal well-being evaluation may be accomplished by monitoring cardiac activity through fetal electrocardiography. Direct fetal electrocardiography (acquired through scalp electrodes) is the gold standard but its invasiveness limits its clinical applicability. Instead, clinical use of indirect fetal electrocardiography (acquired through abdominal electrodes) is limited by its poor signal quality.

Objective:
Aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the Segmented-Beat Modulation Method to denoise indirect fetal electrocardiograms in order to achieve a signal-quality at least comparable to the direct ones.

Method:
Direct and indirect recordings, simultaneously acquired from 5 pregnant women during labor, were filtered with the Segmented-Beat Modulation Method and correlated in order to assess their morphological correspondence. Signal-to-noise ratio was used to quantify their quality.

Results:
Amplitude was higher in direct than indirect fetal electrocardiograms (median:104 µV vs. 22 µV; P=7.66·10-4), whereas noise was comparable (median:70 µV vs. 49 µV, P=0.45). Moreover, fetal electrocardiogram amplitude was significantly higher than affecting noise in direct recording (P=3.17·10-2) and significantly in indirect recording (P=1.90·10-3). Consequently, signal-to-noise ratio was initially higher for direct than indirect recordings (median:3.3 dB vs. -2.3 dB; P=3.90·10-3), but became lower after denoising of indirect ones (median:9.6 dB; P=9.84·10-4). Eventually, direct and indirect recordings were highly correlated (median: ρ=0.78; P<10-208), indicating that the two electrocardiograms were morphologically equivalent.

Conclusion:
Segmented-Beat Modulation Method is particularly useful for denoising of indirect fetal electrocardiogram and may contribute to the spread of this noninvasive technique in the clinical practice.
Reproducibility of a Digital Method to Evaluate Soft Tissue Modifications: A study of Inter and Intra-Operative Measurement Concordance
Authors: Rancitelli Davide , Cicciù Marco , Lini Francesco , Fumagalli Davide , Frigo Anna Chiara , Maiorana Carlo 
Published: April 2017

Background:
The soft tissue healing and quality around dental implant is a current debated topic in the recent literature. The free gingival margin and the quantity and quality of the mucosa around teeth and surrounding dental implants still determine the hard and soft tissue healing status.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to assess inter and intra-operative measurement concordance of a method aimed at evaluating the apico-coronal migration of free gingival margin, using intra-oral photography.

Methods:
The method was tested on peri-implant tissues that were treated with a connective tissue graft on the second stage surgery. Thirty-eight measurements on 13 implants in 8 patients were recorded. An intra-oral photograph was taken for the graft and the provisional crown, which enclosed a circular landmark with a previously determined diameter. The landmark was prepared with a red-resin by the same technician. Before crown cementation, the landmark was calibrated with a digital calibrator by the main investigator, to determine the precise diameter up to two decimal numbers.

Results:
On the intra-oral photograph, the distance was measured from the most apical point of the determined landmark to the zenith of the gingiva, using an image-processing program designed for scientific multidimensional images (Image J). Three independent examiners took these measurements.

Conclusion:
The main advantage of the present non-invasive technique is that the spatial plane of the prosthetic landmarks is the same of the tooth unlike the utilization of periodontal probe, which is generally positioned on different plans in the space (generally more vestibular).
A New Transalveolar Sinus Lift Procedure for Single Implant Placement: The Ebanist Technique. A Technical Description and Case Series
Authors: Rizzo Rosario , Checchi Vittorio , Marsili Federico , Zani Antonio , Incerti-Parenti Serena , Checchi Luigi 
Published: April 2017

Background:
Nowadays, there are many techniques to compensate bone atrophies of the posterior maxilla in order to obtain an implant-supported rehabilitation.

Objective:
This case series describes the Ebanist technique: a sinus lift procedure to be used in case of extremely resorbed bone crests (≤3 mm) allowing simultaneous implant placement.

Methods:
With a dedicated cylindrical trephine bur, it is possible to harvest a cylinder of bone from a fresh mineralized frozen homologous bone block graft and to simultaneously create a trapdoor on the recipient site. The trapdoor cortical bone is detached from the sinus membrane and removed. Dental implant is placed into the graft before the grafting procedure since the cylindrical block, once inserted in the recipient area, is not able to oppose sufficient resistance to the torque needed for implant placement.

Results:
Second-stage surgery and following prosthetic rehabilitation were performed after 5 months. In all cases, implant stability was manually checked and no pathological symptoms or signs were recovered at any follow-up visit.

Conclusion:
This technique can be considered a valid procedure for implant therapy on atrophic posterior upper maxillae, when the residual bone crest is extremely resorbed.
Anew Finding of Allocreadium Isoproum (Looss, 1902) (Digenea Allocreadinae) Parasite of the Stomach of Freshwater Fishes Tetraodon Fahaka from Jebel Aulia Dam Southern Khartoum, Sudan
Authors: Mahmoud Eshraga Dafa Alla , Youins Saadia Ahemed , Musa Ahmed Mohammed , Ahmed Abdlgader Mahammed 
Published: April 2017

<em>A species of Allocreadinae (Trematoda, Digenea) was found in the stomach of freshwater fish </em><em>“Tambar’’ Tetraodon fahaka (yousif), in Jebel Aulia Dam in the White Nile, southern Khartoum. The </em><em>species classified in the genus Allocreadium isoproum (Loss, 1902) as a first finding in the Sudanese </em><em>freshwater fishes the genus found from several freshwater fishes in Europe South America, Japan, and </em><em>India (Yamagutti, 1958). The present study it was the first report in the Sudan and Africa as all. The </em><em>objective of the study were to carryout the following characteristic to describe of parasites with </em><em>relevant classification, the measurement of determination of the prevalence rate density of infection </em><em>parasite.</em>
Okos városok: a dekonstrukciótól a hiperkonstrukcióig
Authors: Z. Karvalics László 
Published: April 2017

Az okos város (smart city) elképesztően expanzív fogalommá lett, a jelentések szigorú rendjére épülő tudománynak pedig határozott viszonyt kell kialakítani a saját módszertani fundamentumainak egy részét cseppfolyósítani kezdő közbeszédhez. Egy jól irányzott dekonstrukciós erőfeszítés megnyithatja az utat ahhoz, hogy újra egyesíteni lehessen a különböző fogalomhasználati regisztereket. Ehhez a tanulmány elsőként rendszerezi, milyen kritikai mozzanatokat azonosított eddig a szakirodalom. Jelesül: centralizáció-pártiság, technológiai determinizmus, univerzalizmus, nagyváros-központúság, üzlet-vezéreltség. Az okos várossal foglalkozó szakmai-tudományos háttérmunka egyoldalúsága, az okos város programok egyenlőtlenség-fokozó hatása, a polgárok ellenőrzésének magasabb szintje, a sebezhetőség növekedése, az automatikusan adaptált megoldások miatt csökkenő lakossági aktivitás. A hiperkonstrukció újrarendezi az okos város irodalomban használt tipikus attributumokat, ám ezeket a ’jó város’ elvárt jellegzetességeként (rekvizitumaként) normatívan kezeli, és rendezi tíz csoportba: Alkalmazkodó/öngyógyító/érző/válaszképes, Fenntartható/zöld/öko-/permakulturális, Egészséges, Biztonságos, Kreatív/innovatív, Együttműködő/részvételen alapuló, Inkluzív/egyenlő/igazságos, Nyílt/átlátható, Multikulturális/kevert, Összekötött/Hálózatba kapcsolt.

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Smart cities: from deconstruction to hyperconstruction

The paper provides a systematic overview of the critical literature of the smart city, identifying ten aspects, which require conceptual deconstruction: centralization, technological determinism, universalism, big city focus, business-driven reflexes, bias of the scientific-professional background work, growing inequality, higher level of surveillance and vulnerability, and the danger of weakening citizen activity, thanks to the automatically adapted solutions. As a part of the other side, i.e. hyperconstruction, we rearrange the usual attributes of smart city literature normatively, into a new framework, as “ten requisites of a good city”. They are: Resilient/Adaptive/Responsive/Sentient (1) Green/Eco/Sustainable (2) Creative/Innovative (3) Cooperative/Participative (4) Inclusive/Equal/Fair (5), Open/Transparent (6), Multicultural/Mongrel (7), Healthy (8), Safe (9), Connected/Interoperative/Networked
(10).
Predicting and Reducing Driving Mishaps Among Drivers With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Cox Daniel J. , Gonder-Frederick Linda A. , Singh Harsimran , Ingersoll Karen S. , Banton Tom , Grabman Jesse H. , Schmidt Karen , Clarke William 
Published: April 2017

OBJECTIVE
Two aims of this study were to develop and validate A) a metric to identify drivers with type 1 diabetes at high risk of future driving mishaps and B) an online intervention to reduce mishaps among high-risk drivers.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To achieve aim A, in study 1, 371 drivers with type 1 diabetes from three U.S. regions completed a series of established questionnaires about diabetes and driving. They recorded their driving mishaps over the next 12 months. Questionnaire items that uniquely discriminated drivers who did and did not have subsequent driving mishaps were assembled into the Risk Assessment of Diabetic Drivers (RADD) scale. In study 2, 1,737 drivers with type 1 diabetes from all 50 states completed the RADD online. Among these, 118 low-risk (LR) and 372 high-risk (HR) drivers qualified for and consented to participate in a 2-month treatment period followed by 12 monthly recordings of driving mishaps. To address aim B, HR participants were randomized to receive either routine care (RC) or the online intervention “DiabetesDriving.com” (DD.com). Half of the DD.com participants received a motivational interview (MI) at the beginning and end of the treatment period to boost participation and efficacy. All of the LR participants were assigned to RC. In both studies, the primary outcome variable was driving mishaps.

RESULTS
Related to aim A, in study 1, the RADD demonstrated 61% sensitivity and 75% specificity. Participants in the upper third of the RADD distribution (HR), compared with those in the lower third (LR), reported 3.03 vs. 0.87 mishaps/driver/year, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). In study 2, HR and LR participants receiving RC reported 4.3 and 1.6 mishaps/driver/year, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). Related to aim B, in study 2, MIs did not enhance participation or efficacy, so the DD.com and DD.com + MI groups were combined. DD.com participants reported fewer hypoglycemia-related driving mishaps than HR participants receiving RC (P = 0.01), but more than LR participants receiving RC, reducing the difference between the HR and LR participants receiving RC by 63%. HR drivers differed from LR drivers at baseline across a variety of hypoglycemia and driving parameters.

CONCLUSIONS
The RADD identified higher-risk drivers, and identification seemed relatively stable across time, samples, and procedures. This 11-item questionnaire could inform patients at higher risk, and their clinicians, that they should take preventive steps to reduce driving mishaps, which was accomplished in aim B using DD.com.
Dilemma of Natural Death While Scuba Diving
Authors: Sadler Charlotte A. , Nelson Craig , Grover Ian , Witucki Peter , Neuman Tom 
Published: April 2017

Sudden death from natural causes occurs frequently and the cause is often not discovered until the time of autopsy. Just as it occurs on land, so too do natural deaths occur in the water. However, the deaths may be inappropriately attributed to drowning simply due to their occurrence in the water, particularly in the case of scuba divers. We emphasize the importance of taking into consideration all factors when investigating these deaths, with particular emphasis on witness statements, equipment analysis, and autopsy findings in attempt to avoid the mischaracterization of sudden natural death in the water as drowning. We present two cases of sudden death in middle-aged males while scuba diving. Upon close examination of the autopsy findings, in conjunction with the eyewitness statements regarding the circumstances of their deaths, the cause of death was ultimately determined to be due to their significant cardiac disease, rather than drowning. In cases such as these, particular importance must be given to heart weight, evidence of coronary artery disease, lung weights, and evidence of aspiration on autopsy. If the evidence suggests death due to cardiac disease, these deaths should be categorized as natural deaths and not drownings.
Sharp Force Injury Toolmark Evidence Collection, Preservation, and Examination
Authors: Clow Charles M. , Lançon Douglas 
Published: April 2017

This article is intended to provide information to the forensic pathologist about proper collection and preservation of toolmark evidence from sharp force injury events. Other topics include case histories, research related to toolmarks in cartilage and bone and toolmark examiner procedures for preparing specimens for examination. In cases where there is probative value in comparing a knife or other bladed implement to a toolmark left in bone or cartilage, it is essential that there is communication between the forensic pathologist and a toolmark examiner. With proper collection, preservation and examination of toolmarked objects by the forensic pathologist, a toolmark examiner may be able to identify or eliminate a suspect blade as having produced the defect, providing valuable information to the law enforcement and judicial community.