bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One critic, two actors: Evidence for covert learning in the basal ganglia
Authors: Topalidou Meropi , Kase Daisuke , Boraud Thomas , Rougier Nicolas P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper introduces a new hypothesis concerning the dissociated role of the basal ganglia in the selection and the evaluation of action that has been formulated using a theoretical model and confirmed experimentally in monkeys. To do so, prior to learning, we inactivated the internal part of the Globus Pallidus (GPi, the main output structure of the BG) with injections of muscimol and we tested monkeys on a variant of a two-armed bandit task where two stimuli are associated with two distinct reward probabilities (0.25 and 0.75 respectively). Unsurprisingly, performance in such condition are at the chance level because the output of basal ganglia is suppressed and they cannot influence behaviour. However, the theoretical model predicts that in the meantime, values of the stimuli are nonetheless covertly evaluated and learned. This has been tested and confirmed on the next day, when muscimol has been replaced by a saline solution: monkeys instantly showed significantly improved performances (above chance level), hence demonstrating they have covertly learned the relative value of the two stimuli. This tends to suggest a competition takes place in the Cortex-BG loop between two actors, one of whom being sensitive to criticism and the other not. Ultimately, the actual choice is valuated, independently of the origin of the decision.
Hierarchical effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the post-influenza susceptibility to pneumococcal coinfection
Authors: Duvigneau Stefanie , Sharma-Chawla Niharika , Boianelli Alessandro , Stegemann-Koniszewski Sabine , Nguyen Van Kinh , Bruder Dunja , Hernandez-Vargas Esteban A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn the course of influenza A virus (IAV) infections, a secondary bacterial infection frequently leads to serious respiratory conditions provoking high hospitalization and death tolls. Although abundant pro-inflammatory responses have been reported as key contributing factors for these severe dual infections, the relative contribution of cytokines remain largely unclear.In the current study, mathematical modelling onin vivoexperimental data highlight IFN-γas a decisive candidate responsible for impaired bacterial clearance, thereby promoting bacterial growth and systemic dissemination during acute IAV infection. Moreover, we found a time-dependent detrimental role of IL-6 in curtailing bacterial outgrowth which was however not as distinct as for IFN-γ. Importantly, our results furthermore challenge current beliefs that the TNF-αresponse or the increased availability of nutrients modulated by IAV infection have a central role to the bacterial outgrowth. Ultimately, our findings contribute to a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying impaired bacterial clearance following influenza infection.
Genome-wide screen of cell-cycle regulators in normal and tumor cells identifies a differential response to nucleosome depletion
Authors: Sokolova Maria , Turunen Mikko , Mortusewicz Oliver , Kivioja Teemu , Herr Patrick , Vähärautio Anna , Björklund Mikael , Taipale Minna , Helleday Thomas , Taipale Jussi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTo identify cell cycle regulators that enable cancer cells to replicate DNA and divide in an unrestricted manner, we performed a parallel genome-wide RNAi screen in normal and cancer cell lines. In addition to many shared regulators, we found that tumor and normal cells are differentially sensitive to loss of the histone genes transcriptional regulator CASP8AP2. In cancer cells, loss of CASP8AP2 leads to a failure to synthesize sufficient amount of histones in the S-phase of the cell cycle, resulting in slowing of individual replication forks. Despite this, DNA replication fails to arrest, and tumor cells progress in an elongated S-phase that lasts several days, finally resulting in death of most of the affected cells. In contrast, depletion of CASP8AP2 in normal cells triggers a response that arrests viable cells in S-phase. The arrest is dependent on p53, and preceded by accumulation of markers of DNA damage, indicating that nucleosome depletion is sensed in normal cells via a DNA-damage-like response that is defective in tumor cells.
A discrete event simulation to evaluate the cost effectiveness of germlineBRCA1andBRCA2testing in UK women with ovarian cancer
Authors: Eccleston Anthony , Bentley Anthony , Dyer Matthew , Strydom Ann , Vereecken Wim , George Angela , Rahman Nazneen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of germlineBRCA1andBRCA2(collectively termed ‘BRCA’) testing in women with epithelial ovarian cancer, and testing for the relevant mutation in first and second degree relatives of BRCA mutation-positive individuals, compared with no testing. Female BRCA mutation-positive relatives of ovarian cancer patients could undergo risk-reducing mastectomy and/or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.MethodsA discrete event simulation model was developed that included the risks of breast and ovarian cancer, the costs, utilities and effects of risk-reducing surgery on cancer rates, and the costs, utilities and mortality rates associated with cancer.ResultsBRCA testing all women with epithelial ovarian cancer each year is cost-effective at a UK willingness-to-pay threshold of £20,000/QALY compared with no testing, with an ICER of £4,339/QALY. The result was primarily driven by fewer cases of breast (142) and ovarian (141) cancer and associated reductions in mortality (77 fewer deaths) in relatives over the subsequent 50 years. Sensitivity analyses showed that the results were robust to variations in the input parameters. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that the probability of germline BRCA mutation testing being cost-effective at a threshold of £20,000/QALY was 99.9%.ConclusionsImplementing germline BRCA testing in all ovarian cancer patients would be cost-effective in the UK. The consequent reduction of future cases of breast and ovarian cancer in relatives of mutation-positive individuals would ease the burden of cancer treatments in subsequent years and result in significantly better outcomes and reduced mortality rates for these individuals.
Spinoffs and their endowments: beyond knowledge inheritance theory
Authors: Furlan Andrea , Grandinetti Roberto 
Published: June 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to integrate knowledge inheritance theory with the social capital perspective to explain the initial endowments of spinoffs.Design/methodology/approach– The authors maintain that social capital plays a crucial part, both as a mechanism supporting the generation of intellectual capital prior to a spinoff’s foundation, and as an endowment that complements this capital once the spinoff is founded. Knowledge inheritance remains a fundamental mechanism for the formation of a spinoff’s intellectual capital. Its other endowment, social capital, derives from three types of relationship that future entrepreneurs develop within, through and outside their parent firm, all three of which are crucial to the formation of a spinoff’s intellectual capital.Findings– The first result of the theoretical research is an integrative framework of a spinoff’s endowments. Moreover, the authors apply this framework to address two key research questions in the spinoff literature, i.e. whether spinoffs can differ from their parents in terms of intellectual capital; and why spinoffs tend to co-locate near their parents, in geographical clusters. The integrative approach helps to tackle these questions.Originality/value– This conceptual paper offers a more comprehensive explanation of the emergence of spinoffs in terms of their initial endowments than the knowledge inheritance theory.
Intellectual capital disclosure by Chinese and Indian information technology companies
Authors: Wang Qianyu , Sharma Umesh , Davey Howard 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent and quality of voluntary intellectual disclosures by information technology (IT) companies of China and India.

Design/methodology/approach
– The research method adopted for this study is content analysis. The research is limited to the intellectual capital information disclosed in companies’ annual report. The sample for this research is based on 20 IT companies listed by market capitalization listed on Shenzhen or Shanghai stock exchange market, and the largest 20 companies listed on Indian stock market.

Findings
– Indian IT companies tends to perform better than Chinese IT companies in extent and quality of disclosures. The extent of disclosure of both countries is at a relatively high level. The most frequently reported disclosure category in India is external capital, while the least one is human capital. In China, external capital is the most frequently disclosed category, while the internal capital is the least one.

Research limitations/implications
– The sample size of the study is relatively small. Future research can expand on the sample size to get an overview of the intellectual capital disclosure, and conduct a longitudinal study to capture the trend of reporting practices.

Practical implications
– The findings of this study have implications for policy makers and standard setters for rethinking of inclusion of intellectual capital disclosure in annual reports as compulsory items. This will not only add tot he quality of information but various stakeholders will be able to make an assessment of the values of a firm.

Originality/value
– Previous studies of intellectual capital (IC) disclosure have covered little on the relationship between market capitalization and quality of disclosure and cross-country disclosure on IC. This research tends to extend the literature on IC disclosure.
Portfolio forming decisions: the role of intellectual capital
Authors: Zavertiaeva Marina 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a tool to categorize companies as potentially profitable on the basis of an intellectual capital (IC) analysis.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper distinguishes two crucial attributions for picking shares: IC and capitalization of IC-based growth potential. Using these two attributions, the author creates a portfolio from a sample of European companies and annually rebalances it. To test its attractiveness, the author then compares the portfolio with benchmarks and random portfolios during the period from 2006 to 2013 using a Sharpe coefficient.

Findings
– The comparison of the constructed portfolio with the benchmarks demonstrates the importance of IC for market investors and the validity of the proposed tool. The Sharpe ratio of the portfolio is significantly higher than the mean and median Sharpe ratios of random portfolios. In addition, the importance of IC for choosing proper investment goal increases in crisis.

Research limitations/implications
– This investigation can be improved by analysing other IC such as the qualification of CEOs, participation of the company in business alliances, and a company’s innovation activity. In addition, the paper considers only European companies.

Practical implications
– The proposed tool provides a method to construct investment-attractive portfolios on the basis of IC.

Originality/value
– The paper contributes to the literature by identifying the underestimated shares on the basis of a company’s IC and by developing an algorithm to create an IC-based investment portfolio.
The valuation of pharmaceutical intangibles
Authors: Russell Mark 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to value the patents of pharmaceutical companies using discounted cash flows, and compare the value-relevance of these assets against alternative intangible asset measures such as reported intangible assets and R
&
D capital.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study values pharmaceutical intangibles using three methods: an income method; the sum of unamortised R
&
D expenditures; the firm’s reported intangible assets. Value-relevance tests use ordinary least squares regression and Vuong and Clarke tests.

Findings
– First, the study finds that the discounted cash-flow valuation of pharmaceutical patents is value-relevant. Second, the value of pharmaceutical patents explains market value better than reported intangible assets but not R
&
D capital. However, the valuation of pharmaceutical patents is more consistent with the risks of R
&
D than the valuation of R
&
D capital which assumes recovery of R
&
D expenditure.

Originality/value
– This is the first known study that values patents using an income method and compares those valuations with reported intangible assets and R
&
D capital valuation models.
Factors influencing adoption of the international financial reporting standards (IFRS) in accounting education
Authors: Alzeban Abdulaziz 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the challenges faced by accounting educators in their attempts to incorporate IFRS materials in their teaching and explores the impact of various factors (instructor’s attitude, size of accounting department, teaching load, type of institution, teaching experience and teaching materials) on the time spent on teaching IFRS materials in undergraduate accounting programmes.

Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire survey was administered to faculty members working in Saudi Arabian universities, and interviews were held with a small number of such individuals in different universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Findings
The results indicate that the instructor’s attitude and availability of IFRS materials exert the most influence upon the time spent by teachers on the IFRS. They further find that departmental support, familiarity with IFRS, training and teaching experience in IFRS are positively associated with the time spent on teaching the IFRS.

Originality/value
The important implication is that accounting educators must adapt their teaching practice in light of the increasing adoption of the global financial reporting standards.
Measuring the success of reforestation for restoring biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
Authors: Derhé Mia A. , Murphy Helen , Monteith Geoff , Menéndez Rosa 
Published: June 2016

Summary

Effective assessment of the success of ecological restoration projects is critical in justifying the use of restoration in natural resource management as well as improving best practice. One of the main goals of ecological restoration is the recovery of ecosystem function, yet most researchers assume that increasing species and or functional diversity equates with restoration of ecosystem function, rather than empirically demonstrating these mechanistic relationships.

In this study, we assess how dung beetle species diversity, community composition, functional diversity and ecological functions vary along a restoration chronosequence and compare restored areas with reference (rain forest) and degraded (pasture) systems. We also directly investigate the dung beetle diversity – ecosystem functioning relationship in the context of ecological rain forest restoration by testing the predictive power of traditional taxonomic indices and functional diversity metrics for functionality.

Species richness, abundance, biomass and functional richness all increased with restoration age, with the oldest restoration sites being most similar to rain forest, whereas functional evenness and functional divergence decreased with restoration age. Community composition in the restored areas was clearly progressing towards the rain forest sites and deviating from the pasture sites with increasing restoration age.

Secondary seed dispersal rates increased with restoration age, but there was only a weak positive relationship between dung removal and soil excavation and restoration age. Biodiversity metrics explained 47–74% of the variation in functions mediated by dung beetles; however, functional trait‐based indices provided greater explanatory power of functionality than traditional species‐based metrics.

Synthesis and applications. Our results provide empirical evidence on the potential of tropical forest restoration to mitigate biodiversity losses, recovering not only faunal species diversity, but also functional diversity and ecosystem functions in a relatively short period of time. We also demonstrate that functional trait‐based metrics are better predictors of functionality than traditional species‐based metrics but that the relationship between restoration age, diversity and ecosystem functioning is not straightforward and depends on the functions, traits and metrics used.
The Future of Foreign Aid in a Globalizing World with Climate Change
Authors: Hübler Michael 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis essay discusses a forward‐looking integrated policy concept of foreign aid in a globalizing world with climate change. First, it opts for an integrated treatment of short‐term aid, striving for the urgent fulfillment of basic human needs, and long‐term aid, striving for socioeconomic development and self‐dependence. It opts for an integrated treatment of the human‐society‐economy dimension and the biodiversity‐nature‐earth dimension as well. Second, it proposes a “global insurance for survival” fulfilling basic needs. Besides, it advocates a strong role of (multinational) enterprises and foreign direct investment in socioeconomic development to promote investment and technology diffusion. Firms' activities should be backed up and regulated by a reliable global legal framework. Third, it suggests financing foreign aid via a globally unified tax to foster global justice. As a novel suggestion, the allocation of aid project funding occurs on a market base with the help of a certificate trading scheme to foster efficiency.
Toward a More Robust and Efficient Usability Testing Method of Clinical Decision Support for Nurses Derived From Nursing Electronic Health Record Data
Authors: Lopez Karen Dunn , Febretti Alessandro , Stifter Janet , Johnson Andrew , Wilkie Diana J. , Keenan Gail 
Published: June 2016

PURPOSETo develop methods for rapid and simultaneous design, testing, and management of multiple clinical decision support (CDS) features to aid nurse decision‐making.METHODSWe used quota sampling, think‐aloud and cognitive interviews, and deductive and inductive coding of synchronized audio video data and archival libraries.FINDINGSOur methods and organizational tools allowed us to rapidly improve the usability, understandability, and usefulness of CDS in a generalizable sample of practicing nurses.CONCLUSIONSThe method outlined allows the rapid integration of nursing terminology based electronic health record data into routine workflow and holds strong potential for improving patient outcomes.IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICEThe methods and organizational tools for development of multiple CDS system features can be used to translate knowledge into practice.
Assessment of Withdrawal and Hangover is Confounded in the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule: Withdrawal Prevalence is Likely Inflated
Authors: Boness Cassandra L. , Lane Sean P. , Sher Kenneth J. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundThe Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule‐IV (AUDADIS‐IV) and AUDADIS‐5 are diagnostic interviews used in major epidemiological and other studies of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Much of what we know regarding the prevalence of AUD in the United States is based upon this interview. However, past research and meta‐analytic evidence suggest that differential operationalization of the AUD criteria across instruments can lead to differential endorsement of symptoms and resulting AUD diagnosis rates. In particular, studies employing the AUDADIS are observed to have markedly higher endorsement rates of withdrawal than other large epidemiological studies. One explanation for this is that when assessing withdrawal, the AUDADIS combines effects from the morning after drinking with those from the days following, thereby conflating hangover and withdrawal.MethodsThis study addresses whether this operationalization confounds rates of endorsement when compared to simpler, less ambiguous hangover or withdrawal stems. To this aim, 497 college student drinkers were randomized into 1 of 3 stem conditions: (i) hangover (n = 164), (ii) withdrawal (n = 167), or (iii) combined AUDADIS‐IV (n = 166).ResultsAcross conditions, participants were more likely to report the occurrence of each withdrawal symptom in the combined stem condition than in the explicit withdrawal stem condition, but not in the explicit hangover stem condition. Within the combined stem condition, probed symptoms were more likely to be reported as a result of a hangover.ConclusionsThe AUDADIS potentially results in false positives for withdrawal, arguably a pathognomonic symptom of alcoholism and, in turn, likely affects rates of the diagnosis of AUD.
Estimating Risk of Alcohol Dependence Using Empirically Validated Ordinal Risk Zones Versus Recommended Binary Risk Zones of the RAPS4: A Validation Study Using Stratum‐Specific Likelihood Ratio Analysis
Authors: Cousins Gráinne , Mongan Deirdre , Barry Joe , Smyth Bobby , Rackard Marion , Long Jean 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundEffective treatment options for alcohol dependence exist; yet, only 10% of people with alcohol dependence receive treatment. The objective of the current study was to examine the performance of previously recommended Rapid Alcohol Problem Screen 4 (RAPS4) risk zones, based on single binary cut‐points (RAPS4 ≥ 1; RAPS4 ≥ 2), and empirically identified RAPS4 risk zones to identify people with alcohol dependence so that further diagnostic assessment or interventions can be offered.MethodStratum‐specific likelihood ratio (SSLR) and receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to compare the screening performance of empirically identified “risk zones” on the RAPS4 to previously recommended binary cut‐points in a general population sample of current drinkers in Ireland (N = 4,267). SSLRs were also used along with the pretest prevalence of alcohol dependence to estimate posttest probabilities of alcohol dependence for the recommended and empirically identified risk zones.ResultsThe weighted prevalence estimate of alcohol dependence among current drinkers was 6.9% (9.3% men; 4.5% women). The SSLR analysis identified multiple risk zones in the RAPS4, with each of the individual scores (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) retained as 5 separate ordinal risk zones for both men and women. A comparison of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the ordinal RAPS4 risk zones performed better than recommended binary thresholds for both men and women. Based on the pretest probability of 9.3% and the identified SSLRs for the ordinal risk zones, the posttest probability of alcohol dependence for men ranged from 1.6% for those in the lower risk zone (RAPS4 = 0) to 86.7% for those in the highest risk zone (RAPS4 = 4). The posttest probability of alcohol dependence for women ranged from 0.4% for those in the lower risk zone to 80% for those in the higher risk zone.ConclusionsThe detection of alcohol dependence may be improved using the empirically identified ordinal RAPS4 risk zones for both men and women. The application of the identified SSLRs, particularly if integrated into a clinical decision support system, may be helpful for clinicians in providing feedback to patients regarding their risk of alcohol dependence.