bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
William Henry Jackson (1861-1952): Riel's Secretary
Authors: Greenland Cyril , Griffin John D. 
Published: April 2017

Although there have been many studies of the trial of Louis Riel, following the 1885 rebellion, much less attention has been paid to the fate of his secretary William Henry Jackson, who was charged with “treason-felony” and found not guilty, reason of insanity. In an effort to throw some new light on this neglected aspect of medico-legal history, this paper describes the intense political and religious relationship between Riel and his secretary which culminated in the onset of Jackson's mental illness. After a trial lasting less than half an hour, Jackson was committed to the “Selkirk Asylum” under a warrant of the then Lieutenant-Governor. Two weeks before Riel was executed, Jackson escaped from hospital and made his way into the U.S.A. No attempt was made to capture him. Jackson, having changed his name to Honoré Jaxon, became a labour organizer. He died in the psychopathic ward of Bellevue Hospital in New York on 10th January, 1952 at the age of ninety.
Notes on the Treatment of Anhedonia*
Authors: Shoichet Roy P. , Oakley Anne 
Published: April 2017

This paper discusses the concept of anhedonia defined as the inability to experience pleasure. Many authors have noted the presence of anhedonia as a personality feature in patients with schizophrenia and other disorders. Anhedonia apparently begins early in life in relation to pathological reactions within the core family. Many authors feel that anhedonia is closely associated with poor premorbid adjustment, interpersonal incompetence and chronicity, and mediates towards poor prognosis. The authors feel that interpretive forms of psychotherapy and psychoactive medication are not particularly effective in the treatment of anhedonic patients. They propose a selection of intellectual, physical and social activities as a more direct attack on this problem of anhedonia. Through these activities the patients are able to gain a tangible experience of pleasure while developing more effective interpersonal skills. The response of patients to activities also provides material for structured forms of psychotherapy and the combination and interaction of activity therapy and traditional psychotherapy is considered to be effective in many anhedonic patients.
The Influence of the Supervision of Psychotherapy upon being Therapeutic: I: Introduction and Background to the Supervisory Relationship
Authors: Greben Stanley E. 
Published: April 2017

In individual psychotherapy which derives from psychoanalysis, the most important teaching tool is individual supervision. This is in keeping with the fact that close person-to-person contact between student and teacher is the most effective mode of teaching in a university. The supervisor's first task is to transmit a body of knowledge, about psychotherapy, to the student. His second task is to give the student the benefit of his experience around clinical problems or questions. His third task is to assist the student in the development of certain attitudes which are valuable and even essential for a psychotherapist. This latter task is accomplished largely via “reality identification”.
Evidence of Brain Dopamine Deficiency in Schizophrenia
Authors: Chouinard Guy , Jones Barry D. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryIt is proposed that the increased dopamine function suggested by the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is a dopaminergic postsynaptic receptor supersensitivity resulting from a dopamine deficiency. In support of this, three double-blind controlled studies conducted on drugs which alter brain dopaminergic activity in a manner different from that of classic neuroleptics are reported. 1) α-methyldopa-neuroleptic interaction proved efficacious for schizophrenic positive symptoms but only on a short-term basis. 2) Rubidium improved negative symptoms rapidly, and in contrast has a late onset of action on positive symptoms of schizophrenia. 3) Tryptophan-benserazide was efficacious in controlling both negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia (although less so than chlorpromazine). It is concluded that currently accepted modes of pharmacological therapy (classical neuroleptics) are in the short-term controlling the dopamine supersensitivity secondary to a deficiency, but contributing in the long-term to increase the dopamine deficiency, and so exacerbate the supersensitivity. More effective forms of treatment may involve the use of agents which alter dopamine activity without inducing dopamine supersensitivity.
Re-Examination of the Clinical Mental Status Examination
Authors: Rapp Morton S. 
Published: April 2017

The traditional “mental status examination”, as taught in medical school, is critically reviewed. The disparity between what is practised and what is preached, is outlined. Specific tests alleged to give information about mental function are discussed, and their clinical utility is found to be debatable. It is concluded that the reliability and validity of the mental status examination would be well worth testing. Alternatively, more use should be made of standarized tests which are now in the hands of clinical psychologists.
Results of the First Canadian Psychiatric Knowledge Self-Assessment for Residents
Authors: Leichner Pierre , Kalin Rudolf 
Published: April 2017

Two 150 multiple choice question examinations in Psychiatry were taken on a voluntary basis by 150 Canadian residents. The goals of these examinations were to promote skills and interest in self-education, provide detailed feedback to the participants, and to study various parameters which might be related to performance. The residents’ self-assessments prior to the examinations, their year of residency training and age were significant predictors of performance. Being male and having enough time to study were also related to high scores. The methods of instruction as well as the studying variables were not related significantly to performance. These findings highlight the importance of self-assessments in the process of evaluation and of listening to residents’ self-evaluations and requests for time to study. Increasing the number of self-assessment exercises and clarifying the knowledge requirements for the certification examination are recommended.
Women and Depression
Authors: Penfold P. Susan 
Published: April 2017

For every male diagnosed as suffering from depression there are two to six females. The reasons for this incidence are examined by looking at diagnostic practices, theories of depression, their validity and applicability to women, and new work which both confirms the high incidence of depression and points to new understanding.Systems of classification show a striking lack of conceptual clarity. Types of depression are distinguished on the basis of such variables as mood, activity level, severity, presumed genetic or non-genetic origin, and contact with reality. Although ill-defined and misunderstood, nevertheless depression is no myth. Genetic, endocrine, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioural and social theories of depression all seek to explain the behaviour of the depressed person.Notwithstanding the relevance, or partial relevance, of some of these theories, there is a major pitfall. The difficulty is typically formulated as a dysfunction of the individual woman, and it is envisaged that treatment should effect some change on her part. The need to change her environment is rarely addressed, her husband seldom included except as a help and support to her, and she is almost never apprised of the role of social structures and her own socialization in creating and perpetuating her distress. New work underscores the difficulties of women's daily experience and its connection to depression. Non-psychiatric women writers, addressing a general audience, have given the best description of women's daily lives and the paths to resentment, misery, frustration, boredom, and fatigue.
Physical Disorders among Emergency Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Carlson Richard J. , Nayar Nath , Suh Matthew 
Published: April 2017

An examination of patients with physical disorders requiring immediate treatment or investigation was undertaken in the Psychiatric Emergency Service of the Royal Ottawa Hospital and found to comprise 7% of the patient population, or one visit per day. Those with physical problems differed from the rest of the emergency patients in that a greater number were over age 60 and were diagnosed as alcoholic or chronic organic brain syndrome. Socio-demographic characteristics were examined as well. The presenting problem was accurate regarding a physical basis in only two-thirds and the disorder could, in some way, be related to a psychiatric-diagnosis in 75% of the patients. Emphasis is placed on the fairly high frequency of immediate physical attention required by these patients who come to the psychiatrist. Consequently, psychiatric assessment and management is not the priority for this group and other skills of the psychiatrist are necessary in treating the patient.
Nosology and Statistical Classification
Authors: Hoenig J. 
Published: April 2017

There is a fundamental difference between nosology and a statistical classification, and the two should not be confused. The discipline of nosology uses scientific methods to arrive at a classification of psychiatric disorders and is concerned with the validity of its entities. A statistical classification aims to attain the widest compliance in spite of differences in the theoretical orientation of its users. It must therefore be atheoretical, and must represent a widely negotiated agreement between its future users. The most important statistical classification is the “International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death” (ICD-9) endorsed by the member states of the World Health Organization. The DSM III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual), a newly accepted classification of the American Psychiatric Association, departs in many ways from the ICD-9, and Canada will have to decide whether adherence to ICD-9 should continue, or be replaced by the adoption of DSM III. Advantages and disadvantages of the DSM III are briefly discussed.
Perception subliminale et niveaux d'activation
Authors: Borgeat François , Chabot Rénald , Et Louis Chaloult 
Published: April 2017

L'effet de messages subliminaux auditifs sur le niveau d'activation a été évalué par une étude à double-insu, Vingt sujets volontaires ont été alternativement soumis à des messages subliminaux activateurs et à des messages subliminaux désactivateurs. Les variations du niveau d'activation ont été mesurées par les changements au Mood Adjective Check List. Cinq des six facteurs de ce test visés par le contenu des messages subliminaux ont varié différemment selon la nature de ces messages, et quatre ont répondu d'une façon statistiquement significative. Ces résultats semblent indiquer que des perceptions subliminales auditives peuvent influencer le niveau d'activation. Les auteurs soulèvent plusieurs interrogations, soulignant que les paramètres contrôlant la réponse et la susceptibilité subliminales demeurent largement inconnus et requièrent une investigation systématique. The influence of the auditory subliminal messages on the level of activation has been evaluated through a double-blind study. Twenty consenting subjects were alternately submitted to activating and deactivating subliminal messages. Activation changes were estimated through the variations in the scores at the Mood Adjective Check List. Five out of this test's six factors concerned by the content of the subliminal messages responded differently according to the nature of these messages; four factors did so to a statistically significant degree. These results tend to indicate that auditory subliminal perceptions can influence the level of activation. The authors raise several questions, especially stressing that the parameters regulating subliminal response and susceptibility remain largely undefined and in need of systematic investigation.
Psychotherapy with Native Adolescents
Authors: Katz Philip 
Published: April 2017

Psychotherapy with native adolescents requires that the therapist learn about a different set of values, develop new communication skills, and re-examine many of his practices. Varying with the individual tribe, the attitudes to time, property and anger may be significantly different from the values of the white culture. Many of the Indian adolescents rely heavily on non-verbal communication, requiring an increased sensitivity by the therapist to this form of communication. The therapist may need to review his office setting, with an eye to making it less alien, and because of the different attitude to time, he may have to adjust the time structure of his practice, often using more than the fifty-minute hour. Treatment begins with an exploration of Indian- White difficulties, especially the stereotyping of all whites. It then focuses on helping the adolescents to establish their own individual identity, bucking the stereotypes that are projected on them. Examples are given from the author's own practice with Cree and Saulteaux-Ojibway adolescents.
Inter-Generational Transmission of Incest
Authors: Cooper Ingrid , Cormier Bruno M. 
Published: April 2017

The majority of reported incest cases involve sexual relations between one generation and another, the most common being father-daughter incest. The increased availability of clinical data on incest has revealed an aspect of the problem that has received little attention in clinical literature. Incest can involve three generations in a family rather than two. It is possible for incest to be “transmitted” from one generation to the next through several patterns. In some cases, the mother in a family of father-daughter incest has herself been a victim of incest with her own father. With a history of unresolved incest with their own fathers, these women are unable to prevent an incest relationship between their husbands and daughters. Another pattern involves situations where the father in the father-daughter incest relationship has been the victim of father-son incest in his youth. The psychodynamics of these patterns of inter-generational transmission of incest are described, with clinical examples from the authors’ work, as well as from the literature.
Acute Paranoid Reaction (Bouffée Délirante) in Canada
Authors: Allodi F. 
Published: April 2017

The syndrome of acute paranoid reaction is studied within the Canadian context. The main purpose of the study is to clarify its nosology and diagnostic criteria so that its diagnosis becomes more reliable and true epidemiological rates may be established. The historical development of the concept is briefly outlined in a review of the world literature, with particular attention being paid to its defining characteristics. The differential diagnosis with schizophrenia and paranoid states is of great importance given the different prognosis and treatment. Evidence from the literature is presented to show the role of sociocultural factors in the causation and diagnosis of this syndrome. Canadian data of first admissions to mental hospitals with diagnoses of reactive psychosis, including acute paranoid reaction type, for the years 1969–1973, in selected provinces, are presented. Rates of reactive psychoses as proportions of all admissions and all admission psychoses are compared with rates available for other European and Third World countries. Canadian national rates are lower and it is argued that the lower incidence is partly attributable to misdiagnosis which in turn is due to psychiatric training and to the neglect of the role attributed to sociocultural factors in the genesis of this condition.
Sous-groupes dans le domaine des états-limites
Authors: Stone Michael H. 
Published: April 2017

The currently most popular definitions of “borderline” are those of Kernberg, Gunderson and Spitzer (now incorporated into the DSM-III). The Kernberg criteria define a level of function (between “Neurotic” and “Psychotic”); the Gunderson criteria, a more narrowly circumscribed clinical syndrome, phenomenologically distinct from schizophrenia and from the psychoneuroses. The DSM-III criteria are derived from these and other sources and define a broad domain that includes the other usages of “borderline.” Even the narrower definitions of borderline describe a collection of conditions heterogeneous with respect to hereditary, constitutional and psychosocial factors. Genetic, biochemical and clinical research suggests the appropriateness of dividing the borderline domain into a variety of sub-types. The largest proportion of borderline cases are effective (with prominent depressive symptoms; occasionally, with cyclothymic or hypomanic symptoms). Of these, some show strong “endogenous” features, as well as family pedigrees of manic-depressive illness. This category includes many patients with anorexia nervosa or with agoraphobia. In others, the affective symptoms seem more related to severe psychosocial stresses in early life (including physical abuse, parental deprivation, or incest). Smaller proportions within the borderline domain are occupied by schizotypal cases (many with hereditary linkage to core schizophrenia), or by organic cases (including temporal lobe epilepsy, or minimal brain damage, giving rise to the “episodic dyscontrol” syndrome). Biochemical and nerophysiological markers that may be useful in distinguishing among the borderline subtypes include measure of platelet MA O-activity, of dexamethasone suppression, of R.E.M. latency, motion-sickness susceptibility and of average evoked response to photic stimulation. Attention to subtypes is important in considering optimal treatment for borderline patients. Not all respond to analytically-oriented psychotherapy alone. Those with severe affective symptoms often require antidepressant medication or lithium. Affectively ill borderlines usually have a better prognosis than schizotypals. In cases of episodic dyscontrol, anti-epileptic drugs may be useful.
Consultation Liaison Training in Canadian Psychiatric Residency Programs
Authors: Oluwafemi Agbayewa M. , Perez Edgardo 
Published: April 2017

Canadian Psychiatry Residency programs were surveyed through questionnaires to determine the status of Consultation Liaison Training (CLT) for the year 1979/80. Virtually all the programs offered CLT as lecture/seminars and clinical postings. The majority of residents who received CLT were in their first and second years, with the average trainee spending less than 6% of total clinical training time in Consultation Liaison work. About 9% of the total core teaching time was devoted to Consultation Liaison Psychiatry (CLP) and related topics. Canadian medical students are exposed to CLP in various forms during their training. There is little interdisciplinary collaboration or post-residency fellowships in CLP at this time. The authors suggest that CLT be offered in the last two years of training when the trainee can be an effective consultant with a consolidated identity as physician and psychiatrist. They also recommend an increase in interdepartmental collaboration and further development of post-residency fellowships in Consultation Liaison Psychiatry.
Course and Outcome in Affective Disorders
Authors: Bland Roger C. , Orn Helene 
Published: April 2017

One hundred and two of 108 patients who were successive first lifetime admissions for affective disorders between 1961 and 1965, and whose charts fulfilled Feighner criteria for primary affective disorders, were followed up in 1978–1980. Such studies from the onset of illness or first admission are rare. Seventy-five patients had depressions only, and of these 41 were non-recurrent; 27 had manic episodes, but only 9 of these had manic and depressive episodes, and 17 had unipolar mania, which in 6 was non-recurrent (one patient had a single mixed episode). Sex ratios varied, with a large female excess in the single episode depressions, to a male excess in those with both manic and depressive episodes. Outcome after 15 years was examined on scales for economic productivity, social adjustment and psychiatric condition; summed for a combined outcome measure. Results from a previous study of schizophrenic patients were used for comparison. Patient groups were schizophrenic, single episode depression, recurrent depression, and mania ± depression. On all measures, schizophrenic patients had the worst outcome, single episode depression the best, with the recurrent depressives and manias ± depressions in an intermediate position and differing little from each other. Thus, in terms of the course of the illness over a period as long as 15 years, patients do not clearly fall into recurrent depressions (recurrent uhipolars) and manic depressives (bipolars), a large number being nonrecurrent depressions, which form a distinct group on the outcome measures. Although the affective disorders have a better long-term outcome than schizophrenia, they do produce definite morbidity, more so in the recurrent than non-recurrent disorders.
On Evaluating Patient Satisfaction: Methodological Issues
Authors: El-Guebaly N. , Toews J. , Leckie A. , Harper D. 
Published: April 2017

The survey of patient satisfaction with the mental health services provided is recommended but involves a methodological dilemma. Concerns include a definition problem, the delineation of a representative sample, the selection of a survey technique and the type of questions to be used. A literature review and the authors’ own experience with the process are presented. The investigation of patient satisfaction while, as yet, limited in the critical information it can provide for the evaluation of services, will help pinpoint areas where the most patient dissatisfaction exists. The process can also be useful therapeutically, but patient satisfaction, although an important outcome measure, is not systematically related to other measures of treatment success. Methodological suggestions to improve the validity of the data gathered conclude the paper.
Italian Validation of the Symptom Rating Test (SRT) and Symptom Questionnaire (SQ)*
Authors: Fava Giovanni A. , Kellner Robert , Perini Giulia I. , Fava Maurizio , Michelacci Laura , Munari Franca , Evangelisti Liliana Pasquali , Grandi Silvana , Bernardi Manuela , Mastrogiacomo Ismaele 
Published: April 2017

Two self-rating scales of psychological distress, the Symptom Rating Test (SRT) and the Symptom Questionnaire (SQ), have been validated in translations in Italy. They were administered in several studies to psychiatric patients (neurotics and depressives), matched controls, and patients suffering from various organic illnesses (dermatologic disorders, hypertension, secondary amenorrhea and patients undergoing amniocentesis). The SRT and the SQ sensitively discriminated between psychiatric patients and normals, between different levels of psychological distress in several of the somatic illnesses, and detected significant changes in the psychological status of patients participating in medical procedures such as amniocentesis. The scales were found to be useful in research in psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. The findings suggest that the Italian translations are valid and sensitive scales of distress and can apparently be used as effectively in research as the original. They are likely to be of value in cross-cultural research in Canada. Both scales may be helpful in the psychological assessment of Italian immigrants in North America and Australia, especially in those whose English is poor.