bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Budworm and Aphid Control in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1993
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Lambert Amy L. , Taylor J. Delano , Padgett Marion L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco, CV K-326’, was transplanted on 6 Apr at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Production practices were carried out according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service recommendations. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied: Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots 3 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) × 20 ft long were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Seven insecticide treatments, plus an untreated control, were applied on 4 weekly intervals in Test 1 beginning on 14 May and continuing until 4 Jun to control tobacco budworms that averaged around 3 worms per 8 plants. The foliar sprays were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 30.3 gpa at 40 psi. Each plot was separated by an untreated border row and an alley 4 ft wide on each end. The number of live small, medium, and large tobacco budworms per 8 plants on row 2 of each plot was recorded prior to treatment and 4 and 7 DAT. The number of live aphids on the 4 uppermost leaves was recorded on plants 2, 4 and 6 on row 2 of each plot on each sampling date. The number of live thrips was recorded on plant 6 on row 2 of each plot on each sampling date in May, then these counts were discontinued due to low population densities. Budworm damage ratings (% defoliation) also were taken on 14 Jun. Beginning on 1 Jul the lower leaves on 8 plants on row 2 were harvested. A total of 4 harvests (primings) was gathered from each plot and yield estimates and quality ratings were obtained. All data were subjected to ANOVA. In this same field of tobacco additional plots were cut back to 1 ft stalks and all leaves removed on 1 Jul. This tobacco was allowed to regrow (2-3 main suckers per plant). On 14 Jul, 11 insecticide treatments plus an untreated control were applied to plots 3 rows wide × 20 ft long arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications, using application techniques previously described. All treatments were reapplied on 22 Jul. The number of live budworms and hornworms per 8 plants on row 2 of each plot was recorded prior to treatment and 5 and 8 DAT following the 1st applications and 5, 8, and 14 DAT following the second applications. Budworm and hornworm defoliation ratings were obtained on 5 Aug. All data were subjected to ANOVA.
Tobacco Flea Beetle Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the VPI and SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate tobacco flea beetle control on flue-cured tobacco with various foliar insecticides. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots on 12 May. The text tobacco was cut back on 26 Jul and a single sucker was turned out on each plant. Six treatments and an untreated control were established in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 20 ft (1 row × 11 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 27 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-10 nozzles/row on 30 Aug. Tobacco flea beetle populations were estimated on 1 side of 5 plants per plot before treatment and at 2, 8, and 13 DAT. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated using DMRT. Flea beetle counts were transformed to Log10(x + 1) before ANOVA. Actual means are presented in the table.
New Aphicides for use in Spring Wheat, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plot size was 5 ft × 20 ft with treatments arranged in a RCBD replicated 4 times. All seed received planter treatments using DB green (Maneb 50% + lindane 18.8%) in an attempt to reduce variability caused by disease fungi in soil. Gaucho 480 F was applied to the seed by Gustafson, Inc. prior to planting. Plots were planted on 2 Jun. Foliar treatments were applied on 21 Jul with a CO2-powered sprayer at 40 psi in approximately 10 gpa total material at the flat leaf (Feekes 8) stage. The planting date was purposely delayed in this trial and wheat quality was poor as a result.
Prophylactic vs Monitored Decision Making for Aphid Control, Crookston, Mn, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This trial was estabished in a late planted (15 Jun) bulk wheat field. Plot size was 25 ft × 50 ft with a 5 ft alley around each plot. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Materials were applied in 20 gpa total at 40 psi pressure. Tilt and Penncap M were mixed and applied separately by making 2 passes for the appropriate plots. The purpose of this experiment was to compare prophylactic treatments with monitoring-based treatment decisions. Aphid populations did not reach the 35%, 70%, and 90% of stems infested that were to be used for comparisons. Thus, those treatments were additional checks ie untreated). Yields were taken from a 5 ft × 50 ft strip combined from the best portion of each plot. Final yields have been adjusted for moisture ind bushel weight.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Imported Fire Ant in Bibb County, Ga, 1993
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two broadcast baits, Amdro® and Logic®, were broadcast over respective 2.2 acre plots on 27 May. A Herd Seeder mounted on a Honda ATC was used to apply the baits at 1.5 lb/acre. A third plot (2 acres) was left untreated as a control plot. Applications were made at 5:00 pm. Each plot contained five 0.1 acre circular subplots. These plots were marked with orange surveyor stakes. Pretreatment counts were made on 27 May inside the fifteen subplots. Posttreatment counts were made inside the same fifteen subplots on 27 Jun, 30 Jul, 31 Aug, 29 Sep, 13 Oct, and 17 Nov.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional and Experimental Formulations on Turfgrass in Wayne Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (23 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 66°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 69°F; RH, 85%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 37.0% sand, 45.0% silt, 18.0% clay; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.6; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.1; and overcast skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 49 DAT (11 Oct). Japanese beetle grub control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of grubs were recorded and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4 inch diam cup cutter.
Pear, Evaluation of Ac303,630, 1993
Authors: VanBuskirk Philip , Hilton Richard 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The evaluation was conducted in a 1.7 acres pear block consisting of 5 varieties; including Bartlett, D’Anjou, and Bosc, planted in a randomized block. The orchard block was divided into 5 treatments, replicated three times in a randomized block design. Applications of AC 303,630 plus 0.5% Orchex 796 Spray Oil were made 27 May, 24 Jun, and 28 Jul using an air-carrier sprayer set to deliver 200 gpa. AC 303,630 performance was compared to a standard spray program consisting of: 27 May Agri-Mek .15 EC (20 oz/acre), plus .25% Orchex 796 Spray Oil and Guthion 35 WP (3.5 lb/acre); 24 Jun, Guthion (3.5 lb/acre); and 28 Jul, Mitac 50 W (3 lb/acre) and Guthion (3.5 lb/acre). Densities of PP immatures and TSM were estimated bi-weekly from leaf samples consisting of 8 mature and 8 new leaves from each of two varieties (D’Anjou and Bosc) (16 leaves/replicate/variety). Leaves were brushed and the stages and numbers of each species were determined with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Adult PP and predators (Anthocoridae, Cantharidae, Dermaptera and Neuroptera) were counted from a 4-beating tray sample per replicate. CM damage was evaluated at the end of the first generaiton and at harvest by collecting 50-100 fruit per replicate and determining percent larval entry.
Spider Mites in Rose Plant Fields, Wasco, Ca, 1993
Authors: Karlik J. , Wollesen P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
An evaluation was conducted with AC 303,630 on field-grown roses to be harvested as plants. Avid was included for comparison. Experimental design was a RCB with 6 replications. Blocks were single rows of roses planted 42 inches apart and plants were 6 inches apart within the row. Each plot was a 25 ft length of roses, with a 5 ft buffer between plots in the row. A single guard row separated each of the treated rows, and the entire plot was buffered by at least three untreated rows. Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30 psi with a TJ 8002 flat fan nozzle. Water was used at the rate equivalent to 100 gpa. Samples were 20 5-leafiet leaves pei plot taken at weekly intervals, transported to the lab, brushed onto glass plates, and counted in concentric fashion using a template. Data are the meat of replicates, and represent the spider mites counted on one-sixth of the plate. Pre-treatment samples were taken 26 May. Acaricides were applied 2" May under partly cloudy skies with temperature 25°C and wind velocity less than 5 mph.
Chinch Bug Control, Ingham Co., Mi, 1993
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A grid of 4 ft by 4 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was established on a home lawn with an infestation of chinch bugs in Okemos, MI. On 23 Jul precounts were made by observing each 4 ft by 4 ft plot for a 2 min period, all larvae and adults were counted. The chinch bugs were determined to be in the 2nd to 5th instar at the time of the pre-spray sample and application. The treatments were grouped into blocks based on these counts. Six replications of each treatment were treated between 10:00 am and 12:00 pm on 23 Jul. Each 16 ft2 plot was considered a replicate. Granular products were evenly applied over the plot with hand-held shakers. Liquid products were applied with a single nozzle, hand-held CO2 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. Applications were made at 50 psi through an 8003 flat fan nozzle for 12 sec (175 gal/acre). The postcounts were made on 30 Jul in all plots. Each plot was observed for 6 min.
Control of the Gall Forming Wasp on Wax Flower Under Grower Conditions, Winter 1992
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Gerdalton Wax (White Wax) was potted in 1 gal pots (15 cm diam.) by a cooperating grower and held for 8 wk outside their greenhouse before use. The plants were small cuttings (4-6 cm high) when first planted. Few if any galls were observed on the plants before use and were removed before trial initiation. A small area free of plants in the midst of commercial range of White Wax was used for the trial. The commercial white wax plants were approx. 100 cm in height and diam. and placed 1 m apart. Treatments were applied on day 0. Azatin treatments were applied as sprays using a hand held pump sprayer and applied at 40 psi. The NTN 33893 treatments were applied directly to the soil and watered in at the time of treatment. Eight plants per treatment were placed 2 feet apart in a RCB design. We minimized water evaporation by burying the plants in the soil 2 inches to cover drainage holes and constructed a drip system to water the plants in place. A high population of gall wasp was present at the site. A single posttreatment count was taken 2 months later following gall formation.
Western Flower Thrips Control, Michigan, 1993
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Forty-eight geranium plants grown from plugs were used for this test at the Pesticide Research Center greenhouses at Michigan State University. Pretreatment counts were taken on 8 Jun by counting all adult thrips and immatures on the undersides of 5 leaves randomly taken from each plant. The plants were blocked according to these and treatments were applied on 9 Jun. All plants were 8-10 inches tall at the time of the application. Insecticides were sprayed to runoff with a R&D CO2 sprayer with a single 8008 nozzle at 50 psi except for the Marshal/Suscon treatments which were applied to the surface of the soil. The same amount of Al/plant was applied for the Advantage and Marshal/Suscon treatments. The Marshal/Suscon treatments were applied as 1 liter of finished spray per 15 pots. All treatments were replicated 6 times with 1 plant being a replicate. Posttreatment counts were taken 1 and 2 wk after treatment on 15 Jun and 22 Jun in the same fashion as the pretreatment counts. The control plants and plants treated with Marshal/Suscon were counted again on 7 Jul to see if the insecticides required time to translocate in the plants.
Rutgers Cooperative Extension 1623 Whitesville Road Toms River, Nj 08755 Control of Maskell Scale, a New Pest of Japanese Black Pine, Ocean County, Nj, 1991
Authors: Smith-Fiola Deborah C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Individual trees ir stands of Japanese Black Pine 6 to 12 ft tall were selected to evaluate control treatments against Maskell scale. Trees were ranked according to uniforrr injury level by a visual subjective infestation of scale. Pre-treatment sampling was conducted by counting live scales on random needle pairs/fascicle.1 (10-15/tree) on new growth. Five treatments were randomly applied on uniform blocks of 5 trees, with one tree per treatment. Trees were sprayed with a Solo backpack sprayer until runoff; temperatures were 28-32°C and sunny. A plastic tarp was held between trees to avoid drift. Trees were sprayec to coincide with peak crawler emergence on 27 Jun. Post-treatment counts were taken on 8 Jul (11 DAT), 16 Jul (19 DAT), and 24 Jul (27 DAT) b&gt; counting the number of scale crawlers per 10 fascicle samples/tree. Hurricane conditions occurred the week of 16 Jul (hurricane 13 Jul).
Efficacy of NTN 33893 in the Control of Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid, 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experimental site was a Christmas tree plantation in Plymouth, NH. Trees were 5-6 ft tall. Dosage per tree was based on DBH. Trees ranged from 1-2 inch DBH. Applications were made by pouring equal amounts of NTN 33893 granules into 4 holes, 4 inches deep at drip-line. Holes were made with a long digging iron at each cardinal direction. Application was made 1 May, and rated 10 Sep. The trees were rated by counting the number of galls/50 buds per tree. Each treatment consisted of 20 single tree replicates. At the time of treatment, bud break had not yet occurred, air temperature was 59.3°F.
Differential Mortality of Twospotted Spider Mite on Apple and Pear Cultivars After Treatment with Agri-Mek, 1993
Authors: Andersen A. , Beers E. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was performed to determine if any differences existed between apple and pear cultivars in the longevity of Agri-Mek residues. Sprays were applied and residues were aged in the field, and then bioassayed in the laboratory. A tree of each cultivar was sprayed to the point of drip with Agri-Mek (0.025 lb Al/acre) plus 0.25% (v/v) Volck Supreme Oil with a handgun sprayer operated at 350 psi. Treatments were applied on 26 Jul. A tree of the same cultivar and comparable vigor was left unsprayed and used as a check. Leaves were collected for bioassay at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 49 d after treatment. A 2-cm disk was cut from each of ten leaves and floated (abaxial side up) in a jelly cup filled with cotton and water. Ten adult female TSM were transferred to each leaf disk from a colony reared on lima bean. Mites were held at 24°C for 72 h, then evaluated for mortality. Dead and moribund mites were classed as dead. Mites not found on the leaf disk (i.e., in the water) were excluded from analyses. Replicates with less than five mites on the leaf disk at the time of evaluation were also excluded from analyses. Treatment mortality data were corrected for natural mortality using Abbott’s formula.
Dose Response of Omnivorous Leafroller to Commercial Formulations of Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Kurstaki in the Laboratory, 1992
Authors: Steven Tebbets J. , Vail Patrick V. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
We compared three formulations of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) for their insecticidal activity against first-instar OLR. Products tested included: (1) NOVO Laboratories Biobit, a flowable concentrate containing live bacteria with spores and parasporal crystal protein bodies; (2) Abbott Laboratories Dipel 2X, a wettable powder also containing active bacteria with spores and parasporal crystal protein bodies; and (3) Mycogen Corporations MVP Bioinsecticide, a flowable concentrate containing dead bacterial cells which bioencapsulate the Btk proteins. The AI in each of these products is the insecticidal protein, or delta-endotoxin, of Btk. Dose-response was determined by feeding trials exposing first-instar OLR to each product. Serial dilutions of each formulation were made and 10 μ1 of each dilution was applied to the surface of an agar-based diet (Bioserv No. 9370) and then allowed to air dry. One larva was placed in each vial containing ca. 1 ml of surface-contaminated diet (surface area = 1 cm2). Thirty to 60 larvae were observed for each dilution and formulation tested. Doses were expressed in mg AI per sq. cm. Mortality evaluations were made after 3, 5, and 7 days. Response data were analyzed by the POLO-PC PROBIT procedure (LeOra Software, 1987).
Peach, Season-Long Insect Control, 1993
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to mature peach trees on the Trevor Nichols Res. Complex (Peach 2) at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees, each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 17 May (PF), 26 May (SS), 7 Jun (1C), 21 Jun (2C), 1 Jul (3C), 12 Jul (4C), 28 Jul (5C) and 9 Aug (6C). Rovral, Ziram and Wettable Sulfur were applied separately to all treatments. An OFM flagging evaluation was done on 28 Jun by inspecting 50 terminals randomly from each tree for a total of 200 terminals per treatment. A mid-season fruit evaluation was done on 6 Jul, by picking 50 fruit per replicate for a total of 200 apples per treatment. A harvest fruit evaluation was done on 11 Aug by picking 50 fruit randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 200 fruit per treatment.
Prevention of Grape Bud Damage, 1993
Authors: Johnson D. T. , Lewis B. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Concord’ vineyards 1 and 2 were located in Lowell, Arkansas. It was a randomized complete block design. Each vineyard was divided into 9 blocks (adjacent rows) bordered by untreated rows. Each block had 3 treatments randomly assigned to 9 to 12-vine plots (4 panels of vines) as follows: untreated; 5 cm wide Envirosafe teflon tape (Envirosafe Solutions Corp., Schuylkill Haven, PA) was carefully wrapped around all vine trunks, 5 trellis posts and the 2 horizontal support wires on either end in each plot from 1 to 2 Apr; and a hand pump sprayer at 40 psi was used to apply a carbaryl solution to runoff on each vine and post on 1 and 12 Apr and 9 Apr in vineyards 1 and 2, respectively. The carbaryl solution was 10.6 ml (1.27 g AI) Sevin XLR per liter of a 0.01% solution of water and the surfactant Triton AG98. Counts were made of the damaged and undamaged buds per treatment plot from 21 to 22 Apr.
Cabbage Looper and Diamondback Moth Control on Cabbage, Spring, 1993
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Six week old plants were transplanted into a Bernow series fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC in Lane, OK. Plots measuring one row wide by 4.6 m long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. One unplanted bed between beds and 3 m within rows served as spray buffers. Beds were spaced 0.9 m apart and plants were spaced 30 cm apart and arranged with two rows on each bed. Conventional cultural practices were used throughout the trial. All treatments were applied on 14, 19 and 25 May and 2, 10, and 16 Jun using a COrpowered backpack sprayer calibrated on 3 May at 205 liters per acre at 30 psi. The spray boom was configured with two TX-26 hollow cone nozzles spaced 46 cm apart and directed inward towards the base of the plants. On each sample date, five randomly selected plants per plot were sampled for CL, DBM and other lepidopterous larvae. Larvae were categorized as small (CL—instar 1 or 2; DBM—instar 1, 2 or 3) or large (CL—instar 3 or 4; DBM—instar 4, 5 or 6). All heads from each plot were harvested on 21 Jun and rated for lepidopterous feeding damage according to the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage (&lt;3 feeding holes), 4 = moderate/severe head damage (&gt;3 feeding holes). Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable in accordance with USDA market standards.
Onion Maggot Control with Seed Treatments, 1994
Authors: Webb D. R. , Taylor A. G. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Seeds were planted 27 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, New York, on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Germination and damage counts were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were planted using a hand-pushed cone seeder at the rate of 9 seeds/ft. All seeds were treated with Progro at the rate of 25 g of formulation/kg of raw seed to minimize incidence of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae). The standard in-furrow treatment of Lorsban and one check, were treated with Dithane F-45, rather than Progro, applied in-furrow at 2.4 qts formulation in 75 gal water/acre based on a 15-inch row width.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with In-Furrow Treatments, 1994
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Nottingham John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 25 Apr, ‘94. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk "A" loamy sand. Initial furrow treatments were applied to the seed at the rate of 20 gal per acre with a small watering can. Admire foliar treatments were applied at a rate of 50 gal per acre on 8, 23 and 29 Jun with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer with each row being covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 20 Jul from 20-ft of row.