bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apical negative pressure irrigation versus syringe irrigation: a systematic review of cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system
Authors: Konstantinidi E. , Psimma Z. , Chávez de Paz L. E. , Boutsioukis C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to systematically review and critically analyse the published data on the treatment outcome (primary outcome) and on the cleaning and disinfection of root canals (secondary outcomes) achieved by negative pressure irrigation as compared to syringe irrigation. An electronic search was conducted in EMBASE, LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Knowledge using both free‐text keywords and controlled vocabulary. Additional studies were sought through hand searching of endodontic journals and of the relevant chapters of endodontic textbooks. No language restriction was imposed. The retrieved studies were screened by two reviewers according to predefined criteria. Included studies were critically appraised and the extracted data were arranged in tables. The electronic search and hand search retrieved 489 titles. One clinical study and 14 in vitro studies were finally included in the review; none of these studies assessed treatment outcome, four studies assessed the antimicrobial effect, seven studies evaluated the removal of pulp tissue remnants, and four studies investigated the removal of hard tissue debris or both hard tissue debris and pulp tissue remnants. Poor standardization and description of the protocols was evident. Inconclusive results were reported about the cleaning and disinfection accomplished by the two irrigation methods. Negative pressure irrigation was more effective under certain conditions when compared to suboptimal syringe irrigation; however, the variability of the protocols hindered quantitative synthesis. There is insufficient evidence to claim general superiority of any one of these methods. The level of the available evidence is low, and the conclusions should be interpreted with caution.
Toddlers Involve Their Caregiver to Help Another Person in Need
Authors: Paulus Markus , Jung Natalie , O'Driscoll Kelly , Moore Chris 
Published: November 2016

Three experiments with 18‐ to 35‐month‐old children (n = 169) studied toddler–caregiver interactions when being confronted with another person in need. In particular, we explored whether toddlers would request their caregiver to help a needy other when they are not able to help themselves. Children observed another person who needed help to accomplish a task, but were either not able to provide help as the object was out of reach (Experiment 1) or because an obstacle prevented children from interacting with the other person (Experiments 2, 2b). The experiments revealed the same developmental trend with 2.5‐year‐olds selectively involving their caregiver to help the needy other. The results are interpreted in terms of toddlers’ motivation to see others helped and with respect to their developing ability to actively involve others to regulate their emotions.
The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Adults with Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hounsome J. , Whittington R. , Brown A. , Greenhill B. , McGuire J. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundWhile structured professional judgement approaches to assessing and managing the risk of violence have been extensively examined in mental health/forensic settings, the application of the findings to people with an intellectual disability is less extensively researched and reviewed. This review aimed to assess whether risk assessment tools have adequate predictive validity for violence in adults with an intellectual disability.MethodsStandard systematic review methodology was used to identify and synthesize appropriate studies.ResultsA total of 14 studies were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. These studies assessed the predictive validity of 18 different risk assessment tools, mainly in forensic settings. All studies concluded that the tools assessed were successful in predicting violence. Studies were generally of a high quality.ConclusionsThere is good quality evidence that risk assessment tools are valid for people with intellectual disability who offend but further research is required to validate tools for use with people with intellectual disability who offend.
Associations of polymorphisms in TXNIP and gene–environment interactions with the risk of coronary artery disease in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Wang Xue‐bin , Han Ya‐di , Zhang Shuai , Cui Ning‐hua , Liu Ze‐jin , Huang Zhu‐liang , Li Cong , Zheng Fang 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in thioredoxin‐interacting protein (TXNIP) gene may modulate TXNIP expression, then increase the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). In a two‐stage case–control study with a total of 1818 CAD patients and 1963 controls, we genotyped three SNPs in TXNIP and found that the variant genotypes of SNPs rs7212 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.26, P = 0.001] and rs7211 (OR = 1.23, P = 0.005) were significantly associated with increased CAD risk under a dominant model. In haplotype analyses, compared with the reference haplotype, haplotype ‘G‐T’ had a 1.22‐fold increased risk of CAD (P = 0.003). We also observed the cumulative effects of SNPs rs7212 and rs7211 on CAD risk and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Moreover, the gene–environment interactions among the variant genotypes of SNP rs7212, smoking habit, alcohol drinking habit and history of type 2 diabetes were associated with a 3.70‐fold increased risk of CAD (P < 0.001). Subsequent genotype‐phenotype correlation analyses further observed the significant effects of SNP rs7212 on TXNIP mRNA expression, plasma TXNIP and malondialdehyde levels. Taken together, our data suggest that TXNIP SNPs may individually and cumulatively affect CAD risk through a possible mechanism for regulating TXNIP expression and gene–environment interactions.
Hybrid crosses and the genetic basis of interspecific divergence in lifespan inPristionchusnematodes
Authors: Weadick C. J. , Sommer R. J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCharacterizing the genetic basis of among‐species variation in lifespan is a major goal of evolutionary gerontology research, but the very feature that defines separate species – the inability to interbreed – makes achieving this goal impractical, if not impossible, for most taxa.Pristionchusnematodes provide an intriguing system for tackling this problem, as female lifespan varies among species that can be crossed to form viable (although infertile) hybrids. By conducting reciprocal crosses among three species – two dioecious (long‐livedPristionchus exspectatusand short‐livedPristionchus arcanus) and one androdioecious (short‐livedPristionchus pacificus) – we found that female lifespan was long for all hybrids, consistent with the hypothesis that the relatively short lifespans seen forP. pacificushermaphrodites andP. arcanusfemales are caused by independent, recessive alleles that are masked in hybrid genomes. Cross‐direction had a small effect on survivorship for crosses involvingP. exspectatus, indicating that nuclear–mitochondrial interactions may also influencePristionchuslongevity. Our findings suggest that long lifespan inP. exspectatusreflects the realization of an ancestral potential for extended longevity in theP. pacificusspecies complex. This work demonstrates the utility of interspecific hybrids for ageing research and provides a foundation for future work on the genetic architecture of interspecific lifespan variation.
Effects of Acid and Alkali Treatment on the Properties of Proteins Recovered from Whole Gutted Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Using Isoelectric Solubilization/Precipitation
Authors: Chen Dunxi , Song Jingwen , Yang Hong , Xiong Shanbai , Liu Youming , Liu Ru 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the properties of proteins from whole gutted grass carp using isoelectric solubilization/precipitation. The solubility of grass carp muscle protein was the lowest at pH 5 and the highest either at pH 3 or 12. The acid and alkali treatments could significantly increase the protein yield and decrease the fat content, while the alkali treatment led to higher protein yield than the acid treatment. The gels from protein isolates from alkali treatment or surimi from conventional water washing had higher breaking force and deformation than those of acidic treatment. The storage modulus (G′) indicated that the grass carp muscle proteins underwent denaturation during acid and alkali treatments. Protein isolates from both alkali and acid treatments showed the similar rheological patterns. This study showed that the acid or alkali treatments may be used to produce surimi from grass carp using isoelectric solubilizaion/precipitation.Practical ApplicationsIsoelectric solubilization/precipitation may be used to recover more proteins from freshwater fish to increase yield for making surimi‐based seafood byproducts.
Melting of eclogite facies sedimentary rocks in the Belomorian Eclogite Province, Russia
Authors: Dokukina K. A. , Mints M. V. , Konilov A. N. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe eclogites exposed along northeastern boundary of the Belomorian orogen in the eastern Fennoscandian Shield were formed as a result of Mesoarchean–Neoarchean subduction and collision. As has been shown previously, the common protolith of the Salma‐type subduction‐related eclogite was oceanic layered gabbro. In this paper, we characterize eclogites formed from volcanic–sedimentary rocks of the upper oceanic crust, which comprised pillow lavas and associated aluminous sediments that filled the interpillow space intercalated with lava flows. As a result of eclogite facies metamorphism, the aluminous sediments have been transformed into coarse‐grained garnet–phengite–quartz rocks under pressure no lower than 21 kbar at a temperature of ~650 °C. Alternatively, we cannot rule out the possibility that the garnet–phengite–quartz veins represent solidified felsic melts that were produced by melting of boron‐bearing hydrothermally altered oceanic crust in the subduction zone. During transfer to the upper crust under high‐P granulite facies conditions, phengite underwent incongruent melting with formation of complex polymineralic pseudomorphs consisting of feldspar, biotite, muscovite and kyanite with corundum and dumortierite. The peak of high‐T metamorphism during exhumation of the eclogites is estimated at 850–900 °C, i.e. at least 50–100 °C higher than previous estimates.
Central Atrophy Early in Multiple Sclerosis: Third Ventricle Volumetry versus Planimetry
Authors: Lutz Theodor , Bellenberg Barbara , Schneider Ruth , Weiler Florian , Köster Odo , Lukas Carsten 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSECerebral atrophy has been suggested to be a reliable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) predictor of subsequent disability in all stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, no accepted methodology for routine clinical use exists to date. We sought an easy to apply and fast technique to evaluate cerebral ventricular volume in patients with MS with similar accuracy as a semiautomatic volumetric method.METHODSThe study included 104 patients, 61 diagnosed with MS and 43 with clinically isolated syndrome. In addition, 30 healthy controls were enrolled. Physical disability was assessed with the expanded disability status scale and cognitive disability with the Multiple Sclerosis Inventory Cognition (MUSIC) test. All subjects received standardized 3‐dimensional (3D) MR‐imaging on a 3 T scanner. Third ventricle volume (3VV) was obtained from 3D T1‐weighted images using a semiautomated technique, and compared against planimetric assessment of the width of the third ventricle aligned (a3VW) and unaligned (u3VW) to anatomical landmarks.RESULTSa3VW was obtained within seconds with excellent intra‐ and interrater agreement, and outperformed volumetric measurements regarding the differentiation of MS patients from healthy controls. a3VW had the strongest correlations with 3VV (r = .78, P < .001) and showed moderate inverse correlation with MUSIC cognition score (r = −.310, P < .005).CONCLUSIONSa3VW is a time‐effective and robust biomarker that has strong correlations with volumetric measurements and can be established as standard in the MRI quantification of central brain atrophy in patients with early MS.
ADVANTAGEOUS SELECTION, MORAL HAZARD, AND INSURER SORTINGON RISKINTHE U.S. AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE MARKET
Authors: Robinson Patricia A. , Sloan Frank A. , Eldred Lindsey M. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThis study quantifies the role of private information in automobile insurance policy choice using data on subjective beliefs, risk preference, reckless driving, the respondent's insurer, and insurance policy characteristics merged with insurer‐specific quality ratings distributed by independent organizations. We find a zero correlation between ex post accident risk and insurance coverage, reflecting advantageous selection in policy choice offset by moral hazard. Advantageous selection is partly attributable to insurer sorting on consumer attributes known and used by insurers. Our analysis of insurer sorting reveals that lower‐risk drivers on attributes observed by insurers obtain coverage from insurers with higher‐quality ratings.
Baseline hepatitis B core antibody predicts treatment response in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving long‐term entecavir
Authors: Xu J.‐H. , Song L.‐W. , Li N. , Wang S. , Zeng Z. , Si C.‐W. , Li J. , Mao Q. , Zhang D.‐Z. , Tang H. , Sheng J.‐F. , Chen X.‐Y. , Ning Q. , Shi G.‐F. , Xie Q. , Yuan Q. , Yu Y.‐Y. , Xia N.‐S. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryStudies regarding the clinical significance of quantitative hepatitis B core antibody (anti‐HBc) in patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving first‐line nucleos(t)ide analogues is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of anti‐HBc as a predictor for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion in HBeAg‐positive CHB patients treated with entecavir. This was a retrospective cohort study consisting of 139 Chinese patients enrolled in a multicenter clinical trial treated with entecavir or entecavir maleate for up to 240 weeks. Anti‐HBc evaluation was conducted for all the available samples using a newly developed double‐sandwich anti‐HBc immunoassay. At week 240, 35 (25.2%) patients achieved a serological response (HBeAg seroconversion) and these patients at week 240 had significantly higher levels of anti‐HBc (P<.01). We defined 4.65 log10 IU·mL−1, with a maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity, as the optimal cut‐off value of baseline anti‐HBc level to predict seroconversion. Patients with baseline anti‐HBc ≥4.65 log10 IU·mL−1 had 28.0% (26/93) and 35.5% (33/93) chance of seroconversion at weeks 144 and 240, respectively. The baseline anti‐HBc level was the strongest predictor for seroconversion at week 144 (OR: 5.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.05‐16.34, P=.001). The baseline anti‐HBc level was a strong predictor for seroconversion at week 240 (OR: 5.36, 95% CI: 2.17‐13.25, P<.001). Hence, baseline anti‐HBc titre is a useful predictor of long‐term entecavir therapy efficacy in HBeAg‐positive CHB patients, which could be used to optimize antiviral therapy.
Modulation of formalin‐induced pain‐related behaviour by clonidine and yohimbine in the Speke's hinged tortoise (Kiniskys spekii)
Authors: Makau C. M. , Towett P. K. , Abelson K. S. P. , Kanui T. I. 
Published: November 2016

The study was designed to investigate the involvement of noradrenergic and serotonergic receptor systems in the modulation of formalin‐induced pain‐related behaviour in the Speke's hinged tortoise. Intradermal injection of 100 μL of formalin at a dilution of 12.5% caused pain‐related behaviour (hindlimb withdrawal) that lasted for a mean time of 19.28 min (monophasic response). Intrathecal administration of clonidine (α2‐adrenergic receptor agonist) and yohimbine (α2‐adrenergic receptor antagonist) at a dose of 40 μg/kg and 37.5 μg/kg or 50 μg/kg, respectively, caused a highly significant reduction in the duration of the formalin‐induced pain‐related behaviour. The effect of clonidine was reversed by intrathecal administration of yohimbine at a dose of 26.7 μg/kg. The effect of yohimbine at a dose of 50 μg/kg was reversed by intrathecal injection of 20 μg/kg of the serotonergic receptor antagonist methysergide maleate. When performing antagonistic reactions, the administration of the antagonist was followed immediately by that of the agonist. The study indicates that for experimental purposes, intrathecal route of drug administration through the atlanto‐occipital joint is effective in tortoises. The data also suggest that testudines have noradrenergic and serotonergic systems that appear to play a role in the modulation of pain in this species.
Chemical layering in the upper mantle of Mars: Evidence from olivine‐hosted melt inclusions in Tissint
Authors: Basu Sarbadhikari A. , Babu E. V. S. S. K. , Vijaya Kumar T. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMelting of Martian mantle, formation, and evolution of primary magma from the depleted mantle were previously modeled from experimental petrology and geochemical studies of Martian meteorites. Based on in situ major and trace element study of a range of olivine‐hosted melt inclusions in various stages of crystallization of Tissint, a depleted olivine–phyric shergottite, we further constrain different stages of depletion and enrichment in the depleted mantle source of the shergottite suite. Two types of melt inclusions were petrographically recognized. Type I melt inclusions occur in the megacrystic olivine core (Fo76‐70), while type II melt inclusions are hosted by the outer mantle of the olivine (Fo66‐55). REE‐plot indicates type I melt inclusions, which are unique because they represent the most depleted trace element data from the parent magmas of all the depleted shergottites, are an order of magnitude depleted compared to the type II melt inclusions. The absolute REE content of type II displays parallel trend but somewhat lower value than the Tissint whole‐rock. Model calculations indicate two‐stage mantle melting events followed by enrichment through mixing with a hypothetical residual melt from solidifying magma ocean. This resulted in ~10 times enrichment of incompatible trace elements from parent magma stage to the remaining melt after 45% crystallization, simulating the whole‐rock of Tissint. We rule out any assimilation due to crustal recycling into the upper mantle, as proposed by a recent study. Rather, we propose the presence of Al, Ca, Na, P, and REE‐rich layer at the shallower upper mantle above the depleted mantle source region during the geologic evolution of Mars.
The diversity of arthropods in homes across the United States as determined by environmental DNA analyses
Authors: Madden Anne A. , Barberán Albert , Bertone Matthew A. , Menninger Holly L. , Dunn Robert R. , Fierer Noah 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe spend most of our lives inside homes, surrounded by arthropods that impact our property as pests and our health as disease vectors and producers of sensitizing allergens. Despite their relevance to human health and well‐being, we know relatively little about the arthropods that exist in our homes and the factors structuring their diversity. As previous work has been limited in scale by the costs and time associated with collecting arthropods and the subsequent morphological identification, we used a DNA‐based method for investigating the arthropod diversity in homes via high‐throughput marker gene sequencing of home dust. Settled dust samples were collected by citizen scientists from both inside and outside more than 700 homes across the United States, yielding the first continental‐scale estimates of arthropod diversity associated with our residences. We were able to document food webs and previously unknown geographic distributions of diverse arthropods – from allergen producers to invasive species and nuisance pests. Home characteristics, including the presence of basements, home occupants and surrounding land use, were more useful than climate parameters in predicting arthropod diversity in homes. These noninvasive, scalable tools and resultant findings not only provide the first continental‐scale maps of household arthropod diversity, but our analyses also provide valuable baseline information on arthropod allergen exposures and the distributions of invasive pests inside homes.
Patients with Barrett's esophagus are hypersensitive to acid but hyposensitive to other stimuli compared with healthy controls
Authors: Lottrup C. , Krarup A. L. , Gregersen H. , Ejstrud P. , Drewes A. M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundEsophageal hyposensitivity has been observed in Barrett's esophagus and may contribute to its pathophysiology. However, studies are few, in particular those assessing different sensory modalities. We aimed to compare esophageal sensitivity to multimodal stimulation in patients with Barrett's esophagus and in healthy controls.MethodsTwenty‐three patients with Barrett's esophagus and 12 healthy controls were examined. A multimodal probe was placed in the lower esophagus. Mechanical, thermal, and electrical stimulation was applied followed by an acid perfusion test with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid.Key ResultsCompared with controls, patients were hyposensitive to mechanical distension, heat, and electrical stimulation (all P<.05), but hypersensitive to acid (mean tolerated acid volume 57% lower, P=.001). A linear correlation between acid hypersensitivity and lower baseline impedance was found (P<.001). Patients had longer esophageal acid exposure time than controls (median acid exposure time 18 vs 5%, P=.03). Asymptomatic patients (no reflux symptoms at baseline) were hyposensitive to mechanical distension, electrical stimulation, and acid perfusion (all P<.05) compared with symptomatic patients.Conclusions & InferencesPatients with Barrett's esophagus exhibited acid hypersensitivity but hyposensitivity to other stimuli. Lower mucosal baseline impedance, a likely surrogate marker for impaired mucosal integrity, may explain the selective hypersensitivity to acid. On the other hand, the concurrent hyposensitivity may theoretically be explained by changes in central pain modulation. Patients with Barrett's esophagus seem to compose symptomatic and asymptomatic subgroups, showing different esophageal sensory profiles.
ERECTA‐family receptor kinase genes redundantly prevent premature progression of secondary growth in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl
Authors: Ikematsu Shuka , Tasaka Masao , Torii Keiko U. , Uchida Naoyuki 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Secondary growth is driven by continuous cell proliferation and differentiation of the cambium that acts as vascular stem cells, producing xylem and phloem to expand vascular tissues laterally. During secondary growth of hypocotyls in Arabidopsis thaliana, the xylem undergoes a drastic phase transition from a parenchyma‐producing phase to a fiber‐producing phase at the appropriate time. However, it remains to be fully elucidated how progression of secondary growth is properly controlled.

We focused on phenotypes of hypocotyl vasculatures caused by double mutation in ERECTA (ER) and ER‐LIKE1 (ERL1) receptor‐kinase genes to elucidate their roles in secondary growth.

ER and ERL1 redundantly suppressed excessive radial growth of the hypocotyl vasculature during secondary growth. ER and ERL1 also prevented premature initiation of the fiber differentiation process mediated by the NAC SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING FACTORs in the hypocotyl xylem. Upon floral transition, the hypocotyl xylem gained a competency to respond to GA in a BREVIPEDICELLUS‐dependent manner, which was a prerequisite for fiber differentiation. However, even after the floral transition, ER and ERL1 prevented precocious initiation of the GA‐mediated fiber formation.

Collectively, our findings reveal that ER and ERL1 redundantly prevent premature progression of sequential events in secondary growth.