bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Realism, horror and the Gothic in Dracula and Thomas Hardy’s “The fiddler of the reels”
Authors: Senf Carol 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThomas Hardy (1840–1928) and Bram Stoker (1847–1912) were contemporaries as well as members of the same literary circles (Hardy often attended performances at the Lyceum Theater, which Stoker managed). The two are rarely compared, however, because Hardy is generally regarded as a writer of realistic fiction and as a poet while Stoker is remembered as the writer of Dracula as well as other Gothic works even though he actually wrote more romances. Realism, Horror and the Gothic in Dracula and “The Fiddler of the Reels” points to the fact that these two works are representative of the kinds of fiction created at the end of the nineteenth century and that both writers comment on the times in which they live. Specifically, both adapt a trope from traditional balladry, The Daemon Lover, to reveal that the forces of the primitive past continue to lurk beneath their progressive and confident present and emerge to influence the present. Their emphasis on the continued power of the past serves to criticize the overconfidence that was common at the turn of the twentieth century when England dominated the world in science, economics and industry. What the two writers created, however, is quite different, and exploring Hardy’s “The Fiddler of the Reels” and Dracula moves beyond these two works to reveal the extent to which the realistic fiction of the nineteenth century came to incorporate Gothic tropes and materials without becoming fully Gothic, as well as the fact that the Gothic often explores real social problems. Moreover, examining these two works also reveals how knowledge of science led to the emphasis on horror rather than terror in the Gothic of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Of particular relevance to students of the Gothic is the way this article explores a critical period in the evolution of the Gothic and points to the fact that the Gothic became increasingly domesticated at this time, a trend that continues to the present day. Students of Hardy’s fiction will be especially interested to read this exploration of a story that is rarely discussed even by Hardy experts, and students of Dracula will gain an additional appreciation of the fact that Stoker was influenced by what was happening around him when he wrote his best-known novel.
The role of indigenous peoples in combating climate change
Authors: Etchart Linda 
Published: August 2017

AbstractUntil the twenty-first century, indigenous peoples were viewed as victims of the effects of climate change, rather than as agents of environmental conservation. Representatives of indigenous peoples have in fact since 2008 been actively seeking a role in contributing to combating climate change through their participation in international environmental conferences, as well as by means of activism and political engagement at local and national levels. Using examples from the Amazonian region in the east of Ecuador, home to indigenous communities such as the Huaorani, Sápara and Sarayaku Kichwa originary peoples, this article argues that indigenous peoples, particularly forest dwellers, have a dual role in combating climate change. First, colonized forest peoples have continued to resist the occupation and deforestation of lands they have lived in for centuries; second, a number of indigenous forest communities have since the 1990s become aware of their responsibility to protect the forests in the interests of combating climate change. They have recognized the potential for their having decision-making power at a local and global level that may contribute to saving the planet. In the last 10 years indigenous peoples’ representatives have been collectively engaged in lobbying for inclusion in intergovernmental climate change negotiations and to have decision-making power at the United Nations. This comment calls for international support from governments and civil society from both North and South, at the United Nations and at other international fora, to uphold the rights of indigenous peoples—enshrined in international law—who wish to prevent incursions into their territory for the extraction of fossil fuels. Moreover, it calls on governments, (I)NGOs, and private companies engaged in the extractive industries, and in other processes of modernization and development, to respect the right of indigenous peoples not to develop and to choose for themselves the level of their integration into the global economy and polity. The choice not to develop, not to have access to the modern world through roads, for example, is itself a contribution to protecting the rainforest and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This article draws on existing scholarly literature on the Ecuadorian Amazonian indigenous peoples, primary research among Huaorani and Sarayaku Kichwa communities of Eastern Ecuador 2016–2017, and documents from the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) 26 April—6 May 2017. The aim is to provide policymakers, and those to whom they are accountable, with knowledge and understanding to improve decision-making in the interests of citizens and the environment.
Host-derived viral transporter protein for nitrogen uptake in infected marine phytoplankton
Authors: Monier Adam , Chambouvet Aurélie , Milner David S. , Attah Victoria , Terrado Ramón , Lovejoy Connie , Moreau Hervé , Santoro Alyson E. , Derelle Évelyne , Richards Thomas A. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Viruses often carry genes acquired from their host. In the present work, we show that a virus of a marine alga carries a gene encoding a transporter protein that mediates nutrient uptake. We confirm that the viral transporter protein is expressed during infection and show that the protein functions to take up sources of nitrogen. This is important because acquisition of nutrients often determines the ecological success of phytoplankton populations. This work demonstrates how a virus can amend host–viral dynamics by modulating acquisition of nutrients from the environment.
Clinical utility of texture analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with Stage I lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy
Authors: Takeda Kazuya , Takanami Kentaro , Shirata Yuko , Yamamoto Takaya , Takahashi Noriyoshi , Ito Kengo , Takase Kei , Jingu Keiichi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
We evaluated the reproducibility and predictive value of texture parameters and existing parameters of 18F-FDG PET/CT images in Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Twenty-six patients with Stage I NSCLC (T1-2N0M0) were retrospectively analyzed. All of the patients underwent an 18F-FDG PET/CT scan before treatment and were treated with SBRT. Each tumor was delineated using PET Edge (MIM Software Inc., Cleveland, OH), and texture parameters were calculated using open-source code CGITA. From 18F-FDG PET/CT images, three conventional parameters, including maximum standardized uptake value (SUV), metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and four texture parameters, including entropy and dissimilarity (derived from a co-occurrence matrix) and high-intensity large-area emphasis (HILAE) and zone percentage (derived from a size-zone matrix) were analyzed. Reproducibility was evaluated using two independent delineations conducted by two observers. The ability to predict local control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was tested for each parameter. All of the seven parameters except zone percentage showed good reproducibility, with intraclass correlation coefficient values &gt;0.8. In univariate analysis, only HILAE was a significant predictor for LC. Histology, dose fractionation, and maximum SUV were associated with PFS, and histology and dose fractionation were associated with OS. We showed that texture parameters derived from 18F-FDG PET/CT were reproducible and potentially beneficial for predicting LC in Stage I lung cancer patients treated with SBRT.
Nanoscale Device Physics
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Nanoscale devices are distinguishable from the larger microscale devices in their specific dependence on physical phenomena and effects that are central to their operation. The size change manifests itself through changes in importance of the phenomena and effects that become dominant and the changes in scale of underlying energetics and response. Examples of these include classical effects such as single electron effects, quantum effects such as the states accessible as well as their properties; ensemble effects ranging from consequences of the laws of numbers to changes in properties arising from different magnitudes of the inter-actions, and others. These interactions, with the limits placed on size, make not just electronic, but also magnetic, optical and mechanical behavior interesting, important and useful. Connecting these properties to the behavior of devices is the focus of this textbook. Description of the book series: This collection of four textbooks in the Electroscience series span the undergraduate-to-graduate education in electrosciences for engineering and science students. It culminates in a comprehensive under-standing of nanoscale devices—electronic, magnetic, mechanical and optical in the 4th volume, and builds to it through volumes devoted to underlying semiconductor and solid-state physics with an emphasis on phenomena at surfaces and interfaces, energy interaction, and fluctuations; a volume devoted to the understanding of the variety of devices through classical microelectronic approach, and an engineering-focused understanding of principles of quantum, statistical and information mechanics. The goal is provide, with rigor and comprehensiveness, an exposure to the breadth of knowledge and interconnections therein in this subject area that derives equally from sciences and engineering. By completing this through four integrated texts, it circumvents what is taught ad hoc and incompletely in a larger number of courses, or not taught at all. A four course set makes it possible for the teaching curriculum to be more comprehensive in this and related advancing areas of technology. It ends at a very modern point, where researchers in the subject area would also find the discussion and details an important reference source.
Quantum optics and cavity QED with quantum dots in photonic crystals
Authors: Vučković Jelena 
Published: August 2017

AbstractQuantum dots in optical nanocavities are interesting as a test-bed for fundamental studies of light–matter interaction (cavity quantum electrodynamics, QED), as well as an integrated platform for information processing. As a result of the strong field localization inside sub-cubic-wavelength volumes, these dots enable very large emitter–field interaction strengths. In addition to their use in the study of new regimes of cavity QED, they can also be employed to build devices for quantum information processing, such as ultrafast quantum gates, non-classical light sources, and spin–photon interfaces. Beside quantum information systems, many classical information processing devices, such as lasers and modulators, benefit greatly from the enhanced light–matter interaction in such structures. This chapter gives an introduction to quantum dots, photonic crystal resonators, cavity QED, and quantum optics on this platform, as well as possible device applications.
S. T. Coleridge’s Contemplative Imagination
Authors: Hedley Douglas 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 13 takes as its theme the deep roots in the Platonic tradition of Coleridge’s view of contemplation as the experience of nóēsis, for Plato the highest form of epistēmē, being the knowledge of ‘Ideas’ beyond diánoia (discursive and conceptual understanding). Coleridge’s theory of the symbol only makes sense within this metaphysical-theological context. Plotinus’s decisive contribution within Coleridge’s metaphysics is often overlooked. Contemplation, for Plotinus, is connected to Gift. Contemplation is always a return to the ‘Giving’ of the One (rooted in Plato’s ‘unbegrudging’ Goodness of the demiurge, Timaeus 29), and this process of gift and return is mirrored throughout different levels of reality. Like the Cambridge Platonists before him, Coleridge furnished this contemplative return with a Trinitarian articulation. Coleridge’s own contemplative theology is especially inspired by the revival of neo-Platonism in German idealism.
Cooperation in the Finitely Repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma*
Authors: Embrey Matthew , Fréchette Guillaume R , Yuksel Sevgi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
More than half a century after the first experiment on the finitely repeated prisoner’s dilemma, evidence on whether cooperation decreases with experience—as suggested by backward induction—remains inconclusive. This article provides a meta-analysis of prior experimental research and reports the results of a new experiment to elucidate how cooperation varies with the environment in this canonical game. We describe forces that affect initial play (formation of cooperation) and unraveling (breakdown of cooperation). First, contrary to the backward induction prediction, the parameters of the repeated game have a significant effect on initial cooperation. We identify how these parameters impact the value of cooperation—as captured by the size of the basin of attraction of always defect—to account for an important part of this effect. Second, despite these initial differences, the evolution of behavior is consistent with the unraveling logic of backward induction for all parameter combinations. Importantly, despite the seemingly contradictory results across studies, this article establishes a systematic pattern of behavior: subjects converge to use threshold strategies that conditionally cooperate until a threshold round; conditional on establishing cooperation, the first defection round moves earlier with experience. Simulation results generated from a learning model estimated at the subject level provide insights into the long-term dynamics and the forces that slow down the unraveling of cooperation.
Macrophage Activation and the Tumor Necrosis Factor Cascade in Hepatitis C Disease Progression Among HIV-Infected Women Participating in the Women's Interagency HIV Study
Authors: French Audrey L. , Martin Jonathan W. , Evans Charlesnika T. , Peters Marion , Kessaye Seble G. , Nowicki Marek , Kuniholm Mark , Golub Elizabeth , Augenbraun Michael , Desai Seema N. ,   for the WIHS
Published: August 2017

Background:
HIV/hepatitis C–coinfected persons experience more rapid liver disease progression than hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfected persons, even in the setting of potent antiretroviral therapy.

Methods:
We sought to articulate the role of macrophage activation and inflammation in liver disease progression by measuring serial soluble markers in HIV/HCV-coinfected women. We compared markers measured during retrospectively defined periods of rapid liver disease progression to periods where little or no liver disease progression occurred. Liver disease progression was defined by liver biopsy, liver-related death or the serum markers AST-to-platelet ratio index and FIB-4. Soluble CD14, sCD163, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor II, interleukin-6, and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL 2) were measured at 3 time points over 5 years.

Results:
One hundred six time intervals were included in the analysis: including 31 from liver disease progressors and 75 from nonprogressors. LPS, sCD14, interleukin-6, and CCL2 levels did not differ in slope or quantity over time between rapid liver disease progressors and nonprogressors. TNFRII and sCD163 were significantly higher in liver disease progressors at (P = 0.002 and <0.0001 respectively) and preceding (P = 0.01 and 0.003 respectively) the liver fibrosis outcome in unadjusted models, with similar values when adjusted for HIV RNA and CD4 count.

Conclusions:
In women with HIV/HCV coinfection, higher sCD163 levels, a marker of macrophage activation, and TNFRII levels, implying activation of the TNF-α system, were associated with liver disease progression. Our results provide an addition to the growing body of evidence regarding the relationship between macrophage activation, inflammation, and liver disease progression in HIV/HCV coinfection.
Setting Targets for HIV: An Evaluation of Indicator Quality and Target Achievement in National Strategic Plans
Authors: Sharp Alana , O'Hagan Richael , Honermann Brian , Millett Gregorio 
Published: August 2017

Background:
National Strategic Plans (NSPs) for HIV have become foundational documents that frame responses to HIV. Both Global Fund and PEPFAR require coordination with NSPs as a component of their operations. Despite the role of NSPs in country planning, no rigorous assessment of NSP targets and performance outcomes exists. We performed a quantitative analysis of the quality of NSP indicators and targets and assessed whether historical NSP targets had been achieved.

Methods:
All targets and indicators from publicly available NSPs from 35 countries are coded as structural, input, output, or impact indicators. Targets were evaluated for specificity, measurability, achievability, relevance, and being time-bound. In addition, progress toward achieving targets was evaluated using historical NSPs from 4 countries.

Results:
NSPs emphasized output indicators, but inclusion of structural, input, or impact indicators was highly variable. Most targets lack specificity in target population, numeric baselines or targets, and a data source for monitoring. Targets were, on average, 205% increases or decreases relative to baselines. Alignment with international indicators was variable. Metrics of indicator quality were not associated with NSP funding needs. Monitoring of historical NSP targets was limited by a lack of defined targets and available data.

Conclusions:
Country NSPs are limited by a lack of specific, measurable, and achievable targets. The low achievement of targets in historical NSPs corroborates that targets are often poorly defined and aspirational, and not linked to available data sources. NSP quality may be improved through better use of programmatic data and greater inclusion of targets for process measures.
Predicting Adverse Neonatal Outcome Especially When Gestational Age Is Uncertain
Authors: Wu Lei , Richardson Michael L. , Dubinsky Theodore 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Early and accurate prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction is important. Commonly used biometric parameters have limited specificity and require accurate dating. Fetal abdominal wall thickness (AWT) could be a useful supplemental parameter. We performed a retrospective study of 100 third trimester ultrasound exams and compared the sensitivity and specificity of AWT to those of weight percentile (WP) in predicting adverse perinatal outcome.
There is a statistically significant difference between the AWT of patients with normal perinatal outcome and that of patients with adverse outcome (P < 0.01). When compared with WP across the entire range of the receiver operating characteristics curve, AWT [area under the curve (AUC), 0.76] has an efficacy similar to that of WP (AUC, 0.72; P = 0.30). However, AWT has superior performance over WP (AUC, 0.72 vs AUC, 0.61, respectively, P = 0.04) in the high specificity range (70%–100%) of the receiver operating characteristics curve, where the consequences of a false negative greatly outweigh those of a false positive. In our study population, with a cutoff value of 4 mm, AWT was a useful and more specific predictor of adverse perinatal outcome than WP. Abdominal wall thickness may be more useful in situations when dating is uncertain.
Line Laser as an Assistance for Facial and Dental Midlines Evaluation in Single-Splint Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Yu Chung-Chih , Chen Yu-Ray , Lin James Cheng-Yi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Coincidence of facial and dental midlines is one of the important goals in orthognathic-orthodontic treatment to achieve optimum facial aesthetics and good occlusal functions. Tools assisting diagnosis of facial midline are usually ruler or dental floss. These tools are usually hand held and hinder the global sight required in facial evaluation. Line laser device projects a steady narrow laser line and is commonly used in construction and carpentry to replace traditional chalk line tool. The authors take the advantages of line laser and incorporate it into facial evaluation in the authors’ practice of single-splint orthognathic surgery.
During June 2013 to May 2015, the authors used line laser device to evaluate facial and dental midlines in 28 patients of facial asymmetry requiring orthognathic surgery during consultation in office and intraoperative evaluation. The details of integrating this device to practice are described. All the patients showed improved facial symmetry and coincidence of facial and dental midlines after operation. Postoperative orthodontics were finished smoothly.
Line laser is available from general utility stores and is safe to use according to laser safety regulation. From the authors’ experiences, it is burden free to apply in facial and dental midlines evaluation and improves the practice.
The New Anatomical Classification System for Orbital Exenteration Defect
Authors: Cinar Can , Arslan Hakan , Bingol Ugur Anil , Aydin Yagmur , Cetinkale Oguz 
Published: August 2017

Background:
The unique anatomy of the orbita and the different behavior of each malignant tumor cause us to perform the various types of orbital exenteration that yields to varying defect each of which has own specific demands in terms of the reconstruction. Current classification of orbital exenteration defects seems not to be adequate to provide detailed description. This study reviews 50 exenteration defects to offer a more effective anatomical classification system.

Methods:
Over a 15 years period, 50 orbital exenteration defects in 47 patients were reconstructed. Defects were categorized according to the resected orbital wall, dura, and ethmoid resection. If the maxillectomy was performed, A or B was added to define the type of maxillectomy as partial (intact palate) or total maxillectomy, respectively. According to these criteria, 4 types of defect patterns were determined including Type 0 (n = 5) with intact orbital wall, Type I (n = 9) with sino-orbital fistula, Type II (n = 4) with crania-orbital fistula with intact dura, Type III (n = 6) with crania-orbital fistula associated with dura defect, and Type IV (n = 8) with cranio-nasal-orbital fistula. There were 12 partial (A) and 6 total maxillectomy (B) defects along with the orbital exenteration.

Results:
There was no major complication except one. The minor wound-healing problems occurred in 7 patients. Nine patients (19%) used prosthesis. Twenty-two (46.8%) patients chose a patch to cover the area. The remaining 16 patients were not able to use any type of prosthesis because of the reconstruction methods.

Conclusion:
The authors believe that the authors’ anatomical classification system provides more precise description of the defect which eventually enhances the success rate of both reconstruction and resection.
An Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Duzer Sertac , Akyigit Abdulvahap , Arslan Solmaz Ozgen , Sakallioglu Oner , Kilicarslan Ahmet , Polat Cahit 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
An epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare vascular tumor of the head and neck region, which carries a risk of recurrence and metastasis. Its etiology is still unclear. It frequently involves the lungs, liver, and bones. Rarely, it may manifest in other parts of the body. Pathologic immunohistochemical investigations are essential to make the definite diagnosis. As it is uncommon, there is no standardized protocol for the treatment of EHE. Herein, the authors report a rare patient with of an EHE localized in the head and neck region.