bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the VPI and SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate TA and TFB control on flue-cured tobacco with various systemic insecticides applied as soil or transplant water treatments. Fourteen treatments and an untreated control were established in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots, 8 × 40 ft (2 rows × 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Pretransplant soil treatments of most liquid formulations were applied with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 34 gal/acre and 30 psi through 8003LP tips spaced 20 inches apart on 3 May. Soil treatments applied before bedding were immediately incorporated by double disking. The Di-Syston, Furadan, and Temik treatments were applied during bed formation on 11 May. Di-Syston was applied in a 20-inch band using the tractor-mounted CO2-pressurized sprayer that delivered 17 gal/acre immediately in front of the bedder. Furadan 4F was diluted 50:50 in water and applied in a narrow stream (&lt;1 inch wide) in the row using a peristaltic pump. Temik was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered 6 inches of soil at bed formation. The soil was in excellent condition for both the pretransplant soil and bedding treatments. A measuring cup was used to apply transplant water (TPW) treatments of Orthene and Admire in 4 fl oz/plant (204 gal/acre) at the base of newly transplanted plants. The flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 12 May. Virginia Cooperative Extension Recommendations were followed for production of the crop. The test was irrigated with 1 inch of water on 28 Jun, 14, 22 and 28 Jul. Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel) was applied on 25 Jun and 6 Aug for control of hornworms and budworms. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 4 to 12 wk after transplanting. TFB on one side of a plant and TFB feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/plot. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by DMRT. Aphid count data were transformed to Log10(x + 1) before analysis.
Management of the Tobacco Aphid and Tobacco Budworm on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1993
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson W. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the VPI and SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate TA and TBW control on flue-cured tobacco with various combinations of foliar and soil-applied systemic insecticides. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots, 8 X 40 ft (2 rows × 24 plants), 12 May. Ten treatments were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The Temik soil treatments were applied in 14-inch bands using a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered with 6 inches of soil during bed formation on 11 May. Foliar treatments were applied on 9 and 30 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 27 gpa at 60 psi through 3, TX-10 nozzles/row. Production practices followed Virginia Cooperative Extension Service recommendations except for insect control. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot before foliar treatments were applied and at 3, 7, 12, and 20 d after the first application and 4 and 11 d after the second application. TBW were reared in the laboratory on artificial media for 7 d and released at one BW/plant on 20 consecutive plants in the second row of each plot on 6 Jul. TBW on the infested plants were counted on the d before treatment and at 3, 6, and 12 DAT. Leaves were harvested, cured, weighed, and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector. This information was used to calculated tobacco yield and price. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by DMRT. TA count data were transformed to Log10 (x + 1) and TBW counts were transformed to SQRT (x + 0.5) before ANOVA.
Control of Black Cutworm and Sod Webworm Larvae on Golf Course Putting Green Turf, Franklin County, Oh, 1993
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Power K. T. , Richmond D. , Williamson R. C. , Niemczyk H. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was located on range 1 and 2 of the The Ohio State University Turfgrass Research Center, Columbus, OH. Insecticides were applied 12 Aug to plots 4 × 8 ft (1.2 × 2.4 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 3 times. Sprays were applied using a Solo backpack sprayer equipped with a Teejet RX8006VS nozzle calibrated to deliver a volume of approximately 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). Treatments were not irrigated but the entire plot received approximately Vt in (6 mm) of irrigation between 4:00 PM and 5:00 PM each day. Environmental conditions at time of treatmeni were as follows. Turf: level, 0.5 inch (13 mm) height, light dew present. Thatch: loose, moist, V* in (6.4 mm) or less. Soil: very moist, 78°F (25.6°C) al 1 in (2.5 cm), 71°F (21.7°C) at 3 inch (7.6 cm), sandy clay. Weather: sunny, 79°F (26.TC), 5-10 mph (8-16 km/h) wind. Efficacy data taken 16 Aug (4 DAT) and 26 Aug (14 DAT) were based on the number of BCW and SWW larvae flushed in a 1 yd2 (0.84 m2) area using a soap irritant of 15 ml Joy dishwashing detergent in 2 gal (7.6 liter) water.
Black Cutworm and Sod Webworm Larvae Control on Golf Course Putting Green Turf, Franklin County, Oh, 1993
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Power K. T. , Williamson R. C. , Richmond D. , Niemczyk H. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was located on range 1 and 2 of the The Ohio State University Turfgrass Research Center, Columbus, OH. Insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes were applied 12 Aug to plots 4 × 8 ft (1.2 × 2.4 m) arranged in a randomized complete block, replicated 3 times. Sprays were applied using a CO2 sprayer with Teejet RX8004VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.11 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). Insecticide treatments were not irrigated but the entire plot received approximately Vt inch (6 mm) of irrigation between 4:00 and 5:00 AM each day. Nematode applications were immediately irrigated by hose sprinkler applying approximately V* inch (6 mm) of water. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. Turf: level, 0.5 inch (13 mm) height, light dew present. Thatch: loose, moist, % inch (6.4 mm) or less. Soil: very moist, 78°F (25.6°C) at 1 inch (2.5 cm), 71°F (21.7°C) at 3 inch (7.6 cm), sandy clay. Weather: sunny, 79°F (26.1°C), 5-10 mph (8-16 km/h) wind. Efficacy data taken 16 Aug (4 DAT) and 26 Aug (14 DAT) were based on the number of BCW and SWW larvae flushed in a 1 yd2 area using a soap flush of 2 gal.
Control of Black Cutworm with Tempo, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two formulations and two rates of Tempo were treated against the black cutworm on a golf course green. Plot size was 3 ft2 with 3 ft buffers between plots. Plots were arranged in an RCB design with 4 replications. Black cutworms were 75% 3rd instar and 25% 4th instar at the time of treatment. Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at a volume of 1 gal/ 1000 ft2. Treatments were applied on 8 Sep and rated 11 Sep. The trial was rated by soaking each plot with soap solution (1 oz. Joy detergent/1 gal water) and counting the emerging larvae. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 65°F; soil temperature, 68°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch; soil texture, sandy loam; post treatment irrigation, 0.
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
One rate of Exhibit (Steinonema carpocapsae) was compared to the standard Dursban for control of annual bluegrass weevil on a golf course fairway in Rutland, VT. Treatments were applied 21 Jun and rated 30 Jun. Plot size was 10 × 10 ft in a RCB design with a 3 ft buffer between plots. Treatments were applied with a watering can at a volume of 3.5 gal/1000 ft2. Treatments were applied between 1000 and 1400 h. All plots were immediately watered in with 0.2 inches water after application. Plots were evaluated by removing 3 plugs (0.1 ft2) per plot and counting larvae and pupae in the laboratory. At the time of sampling, the population was predominantly 5th instar and pupae. At the time of application conditions were: soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70.5°F; thatch 0.25 inch; soil pH, 4.8; texture, loam, 47% sand, 43% silt, 10% clay; OM, 7.5%; moisture, 26.7%; sky, cloudy; air temp, 75.1°F; previous 24 hr precipitation, 0.7 inch. Data were converted to larvae/ft2.
Adult Control of Black Turf Ataenius with Chlorpyrifos, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two formulations of chlorpyrifos were applied at 2 rates on 2 dates for control of BTA adults on a golf course fairway in Dover, NH. Plots were 3700 ft2 arranged in an RCB design. Sprays were applied with an FMC sprayer mounted on a Cushman delivering 2.5 gal/1000 ft2. Plots were rated on 27 Jul by removing 10 (0.1 ft2 ea) samples per plot and counting live grubs in the laboratory. The peak flight of BTA occurred between 13-16 May. The first application was made 12 May and the second in 2 wks on 27 May. The timing of the sprays were to target the spring oviposition period. Conditions at the time of treatment on 12 May were: air temperature 55°F; soil temperature at 1 inch, 60°F. Conditions at the time of treatment on 27 May were air temperature, 65°F; soil temperature at 1 inch, 61.4°F. Thatch depth was 0.5 inch.
Influence of Hm-8902 Combined with Fn-5354 Or Naf-53 for Control of Annual White Grubs, 1993
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Gaussoin R. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass and perennial rye golf course fairway. The turf (50% Kentucky bluegrass and 50% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of % inches and thatch accumulation in the plot area was 0.75 inches (finger compressed, 0.5 inches). Field conditions at the time of application were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3—5%; soil pH, 6—7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 6 × 6 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 24 Aug using a CO2 sprayer with an LF-4 tip at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Immediately following applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inches of water. A total of 4.61 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 14 Sep (21 DAT) by removing from each plot three 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Spring Management of White Grubs in Chesterfield, In, 1993
Authors: Buhler W. G. , Gibb T. J. , Meyers H. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatment plots were 6 ft × 2 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 5 times. Treatments were applied 7 May. Triumph and Dursban were applied with a COypressurized backpack sprayer using 11003 nozzles, operating at 20 psi and delivering 20 gal/acre. Granular formulations were applied using a homemade salt shaker. All plots were irrigated with 0.25 inches of water immediately after treatment. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temp., 27°C; thatch depth (natural), 0.5-0.75 inches; soil texture, silt loam; soil pH 5.6; wind speed 2-8 mph. Efficacy was evaluated 21 May using a sod cutter that excised the turf to a depth of 0.75 inches. The sod (6 ft × 1.5 ft) cut by the sod cutter was turned over and the number of grubs clinging to the grass roots and exposed on the ground was recorded.
Pine Needle Scale Control on Mugho Pine, 1993
Authors: Miller Fredric 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A landscape planting of five mugho pines approximately three ft. inch diam and infested with pine needle scale were selected for study. The mugho pines were divided into equal sections with the treatments randomly assigned to a particular section. Prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 7 DAT and 14 DAT, five individual needle fascicles were randomly selected from each of the treatment sections and the total number of live crawlers and nymphs was recorded. Due to the heavy scale populations on the plants, each needle fasicle served as a single replication. Treatments of chlorpyrifos and M-Pede were applied until drip using a one qt capacity, hand-held Polysprayer. Scale crawlers and first instar nymphs that were shriveled, discolored, and that had not begun to form or expand their protective waxy covering were considered dead. Temperature at time of application was approximately 70°F with a RH of approximately 50%.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Petunias, Michigan, 1993
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Petunia plants were raised from seed in 6 inch clay pots for 10 wks reaching a height of 10-12 inches in a research greenhouse infested with whitefly at Michigan State University. Each treatment including a control was replicated 6 times. Each replicate was a single plant. Precounts of 5 leaves taken randomly from each plant were completed on 14 and 21 Jul. All immature whitefly (pupae and larvae) were counted. The treatments were blocked based on these precounts. Applications were applied on 22, 30 Jul and 6 Aug with a R&D CO2 sprayer with a single 8008 nozzle at 50 psi until first runoff. Postcounts were made in the same manner as precounts on 28 Jul, 4, 12 Aug.
Spider Mites in Rose Plant Fields, 1988
Authors: Karlik J. , Ali A. D. , Harwood C. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Acaricides were compared for efficacy in reducing numbers of mites and mite eggs on field roses. Plots were sampled on 1 Jun, 3 days prior to treatment; pretreatment counts did not significantly differ. Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 100 psi with hollow cone nozzles. The Avid treatment at 400 gpa was applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer at 32 psi. Treatment design was a RCB with 8 replications. Each plot was 20 ft of row of two adjacent rows (42 inch row spacing) with a 5 ft buffer between plots in the row. Plots were bordered by untreated rows of roses. Twenty leaves per plot were taken at weekly intervals, transported to the lab, brushed onto glass plates, and counted in concentric fashion using a template. Data are the mean of replicates, and represent the mites counted on one-sixth of the plate. Data were (x + 1) transformed to establish homogeneity of variance. Means shown were obtained by back-transforming the data. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Larvicidal Activity of Insecticide Formulations, 1990-1991
Authors: Reid Byron L. , Dryden Michael W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Acute action against cat flea larvae was examined for 3 insecticide concentrates (DursbanLO [41.5% chlorpyrifos], XRM-5304 [40% chlorpyrifos], and Safrotin [50% propetamphos]) and three ready-to-use veterinary products (Duratrol Household Flea Spray [0.5% chlorpyrifos], 3M-89226 [0.5% chlorpyrifos and 0.2% esbiothrin], and Siphotrol Plus II House Treatment [0.007% methoprene, 0.225% chlorpyrifos, 0.5% pyrethrins, 0.1% piperonyl butoxide, 0.165% MGK 264]). Insecticides were applied to white, 100% nylon carpet (medium pile) in a mechanized sprayer according to label directions, with an 800IE (flat-fan) nozzle at a constant 25 psi from a nozzle height of 45 cm. Treated carpets were stored in the dark for residual aging at 25°C and ambient RH. At each aging period, 25-mm (diam) plugs were cut from treated carpets and placed in the bottoms of 25- by 95-mm shell vials. Larval medium (1 g) was worked into the carpet, and the assembly was acclimated in environmental chambers (25°C and 80% RH) for 24 h. After acclimation, 10 larvae (2nd to 3rd instar) were released onto the carpet and exposure units were returned to environmental chambers. Mortality 1 DAT was assessed by searching the carpet plugs for larvae; any larva not moving was considered dead. Treatment data were corrected for control mortality and transformed (arcsine Vp) before analysis. Four replicates were conducted in a completely randomized design and ANOVA, followed by a LSD test, evaluated comparative efficacy among products.
Residual Activity of Type II Pyrethroids, 1992
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. , Bohnert T. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Laboratory tests determined the contact activity and residual persistence of formulations of 3 cyano-pyrethroids. Test 1 evaluated cyfluthrin formulations: Tempo 20WP (0.05%), Temp 2EW (0.05%), and FCR-4545 10WP (0.025%) applied to tempered masonite panels. Test 2 evaluated deltamethrin 5SC (0.06%) and 2 formulations of cypermethrin: Demon 25.3% EC (0.1%) and Demon 40% WP (0.1%), applied to tempered masonite and stainless steel panels. In both tests, sprays were applied to 225 cm2 panels at the rate of 3.8 ml/900 cm2 using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip (TeeJet 8001E), at a constant 25 psi. Treated panels were allowed to dry horizontally and then stored in vertical racks in a greenhouse (high temperatures and exposed to sunlight) for residual aging. At the appropriate aging period, insects were confined to the treated panel in a 12.7-cm diam Plexiglas ring lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral oil. Three exposure times were evaluated (range: 10 s to 60 min) at each aging period. Following exposure, insects were transferred to 1 pt holding jars and mortality was recorded 48 h after exposure. Six replicates of 10 adult male cockroaches (&lt;2 wk old) were conducted for each exposure time, at each aging period, for each insecticide treatment. Experiments were conducted as a completely randomized design; mortality data were subjected to ANOVA followed by Fisher’s Protected LSD multiple t-test (P = 0.05).
Campylomma Control, 1993
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was performed in a ‘Golden Delicious’ orchard containing trees 4 to 5 m tall. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 11 treatments and 4 single-tree replications per treatment. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer to point of drip at 300—400 psi. Per-acre application rates were based on 400 gpa. Nymphs were sampled from one limb of each replicate on each sampling date. A beating tray with black cloth (45 cm × 45 cm) was held beneath a limb that was struck sharply three times and the number of nymphs then counted. Fruit damage evaluations were conducted 14 Jun and 4 Sep, just before commercial harvest. Eighty fruit per replicate were examined visually on the tree for C. verbasci damage. Fruit with one or more stings were counted as damaged.
Flea Beetle Control, 1993
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Collins J. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Materials were applied on 26 May for early instar BFB larval control to 20- by 20-ft plots in a pruned blueberry field at Otisfield, Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a RCBD with a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a COrpropelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. At treatment, plants were ca. 1 to 2 inches tall. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the tests.
Chemical Evaluations for Control of Grape Berry Moth on Grapes, 1993
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated for efficacy against the grape berry moth in an experimental ‘Concord’ grape vineyard at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liter/ha) on 6 Jul, and 20 Jul, using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. On 9 Sep, 10 grape clusters from each replicate were randomly examined to determine the number of clusters infested by grape berry moth as well as the number of damaged berries per cluster.
Control of First Generation Codling Moth with Imidan, 1993
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The trial was conducted on Ashley’ walnuts in a commercial orchard near Woodland, Calif. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate was 6 trees long by 8 rows wide planted on a 25 × 25 ft spacing (0.69 acres). Treatments were applied with an air blast sprayer operating at 100 psi, with a speed of 1.75 miles/h and delivering 100 gal/acre of finished spray. Materials were applied on 4 May at 356 Day Degrees using a lower threshold of 50°F. and upper threshold of 88°F. with a biofix of 30 Mar. Nut size was approximately Vi-inch at the time of application. Control was evaluated by counting all CM-infested dropped nuts from the center 8 trees of each replicate weekly from 27 May through 17 Jun.
Biological Control of Imported Cabbageworm on Mid-Season Broccoli, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Broccoli was transplanted on 14 Jul at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of single rows, 30 ft long on 5 ft centers with 3 ft between plants. Buffers were 5 ft between rows and 12 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 24 and 31 Jul with a CO2-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 73.5 gal/acre at 45 psi directed at the upper surface of all leaves. Biofilm, a spreader-sticker, was added at the rate of 8 oz/100 gal to all treatments. Plots were evaluated on 30 Jul and 5 Aug by examining 5 plants from the middle of each replicate. All ICW larvae on the plants were identified and counted.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Late Season Broccoli, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Broccoli was transplanted on 9 Aug at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of single rows, 30 ft long on 5 ft centers with 3 ft between plants. Buffers were 5 ft between rows and 12 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 18 Sep and 1 Oct with a CO2-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 73.5 gal/acre at 45 psi directed at the upper surface of all leaves. Activator 90, a spreader-sticker, was added at the rate of 1 pt/100 gal to all treatments. Plots were evaluated on 27 Sep and 5 Oct by examining 5 plants from the middle of each replicate. All ICW larvae on the leaves were identified and counted.