bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near-infrared autofluorescence imaging to detect parathyroid glands in thyroid surgery
Authors: Ladurner R , Al Arabi N , Guendogar U , Hallfeldt KKJ , Stepp H , Gallwas JKS 
Published: September 2017

Objective To identify and save parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy by displaying their autofluorescence. Methods Autofluorescence imaging was carried out during thyroidectomy with and without central lymph node dissection. After visual recognition by the surgeon, the parathyroid glands and the surrounding tissue were exposed to near-infrared light with a wavelength of 690–770 nm using a modified Karl Storz near infrared/indocyanine green endoscopic system. Parathyroid tissue was expected to show near infrared autofluorescence at 820 nm, captured in the blue channel of the camera. Results We investigated 41 parathyroid glands from 20 patients; 37 glands were identified correctly based on near-infrared autofluorescence. Neither lymph nodes nor thyroid revealed substantial autofluorescence and nor did adipose tissue. Conclusions Parathyroid tissue is characterised by showing autofluorescence in the near-infrared spectrum. This effect can be used to identify and preserve parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy.
Developing a simplified clinical prediction score for mortality in patients with cerebral gunshot wounds: The Maritzburg Score
Authors: Kong VY , Odendaal J , Sartorius B , Clarke DL , Bruce JL , Laing GL , Esterhuizen T 
Published: September 2017

Introduction Cerebral gunshot wounds are highly lethal and literature on the clinical scores for mortality prediction is limited. Materials and methods A retrospective study was undertaken over a 5-year period at the Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service in South Africa. A simplified clinical prediction score was developed based on clinical and/or physiological variables readily available in the resuscitation room. Results A total of 102 patients were included; 92% (94/102) were male and the mean age was 29 years; 22% (22/102) died during the admission. The presence of visible brain matter (odds ratio 12.4, P = 0.003) and motor score less than 5 (odds ratio 89.6, P < 0.001) allows the prediction success of 92% (sensitivity 73% and specificity 98%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 94% (95% confidence interval 88–100%, P < 0.001). Conclusions The presence of visible brain matter, together with a motor score of less than 5, allows accurate identification of non-survivors of cerebral gunshot wounds. Further study is required to validate this score.
The impact of mechanism on the management and outcome of penetrating colonic trauma
Authors: Oosthuizen GV , Kong VY , Estherhuizen T , Bruce JL , Laing GL , Odendaal JJ , Clarke DL 
Published: September 2017

Introduction In light of continuing controversy surrounding the management of penetrating colonic injuries, we set out to compare the outcome of penetrating colonic trauma according to whether the mechanism of injury was a stab wound or a gunshot wound. Methods Our trauma registry was interrogated for the 5-year period from January 2012 to December 2016. All patients over the age of 18 years with penetrating trauma (stab or gunshot) and with intraoperatively proven colonic injury were reviewed. Details of the colonic and concurrent abdominal injuries were recorded, together with the operative management strategy. In-hospital morbidities were divided into colon-related and non-colon related morbidities. The length of hospital stay and mortality were recorded. Direct comparison was made between patients with stab wounds and gunshot wounds to the colon. Results During the 5-year study period, 257 patients sustained a colonic injury secondary to penetrating trauma; 95% (244/257) were male and the mean age was 30 years. A total of 113 (44%) sustained a gunshot wound and the remaining 56% (144/257) sustained a stab wound. Some 88% (226/257) of all patients sustained a single colonic injury, while 12% (31/257) sustained more than one colonic injury. A total of 294 colonic injuries were found at laparotomy. Multiple colonic injuries were less commonly encountered in stab wounds (6%, 9/144 vs. 19%, 22/113, P < 0.001). Primary repair was more commonly performed for stab wounds compared with gunshot wounds (118/144 vs. 59/113, P < 0.001). Patients with gunshot wounds were more likely to need admission to intensive care, more likely to experience anastomotic failure, and had higher mortality. Conclusions It would appear that colonic stab wounds and colonic gunshot wounds are different in terms of severity of the injury and in terms of outcome. While primary repair is almost always applicable to the management of colonic stab wounds, the same cannot be said for colonic gunshot wounds. The management of colonic gunshot wounds should be examined separately from that of stab wounds.
Liquidity constraints, international trade, and optimal monetary policy
Authors: Ho Wai-Ming 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The availability of liquidity matters for an economy’s production and trade as firms need working capital to finance their operations. This paper studies the interaction between trade and capital flows operating through the liquidity allocations in the financial markets using a small-open-economy, overlapping-generations model. Working capital requirements distort the intratemporal consumption allocations. International capital inflows help easing liquidity in the domestic credit market, facilitating trade and improving the intratemporal allocation, while distorting the intertemporal allocation of the economy. We show how the government can use the Friedman rule and differentiated consumption taxes to address the tradeoff between the intratemporal and intertemporal distortions and achieve the second best optimum. Imposing a higher tax rate on imports can reduce the international borrowing to imports ratio and enhance the efficiency in using capital inflows to facilitate trade flows.
Variations of ankle-foot orthosis-constrained movements increase ankle range of movement while maintaining power output of recumbent cycling
Authors: Hamdan Puteri N.F. , Hamzaid Nur Azah , Usman Juliana , Islam Md. Anamul , Kean Victor S.P. , Wahab Ahmad K. Abdul , Hasnan Nazirah , Davis Glen M. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Previous research investigated recumbent cycle power output (PO) from the perspective of knee and hip joint biomechanics. However, ankle-foot biomechanics and, in particular, the effect of ankle-foot orthosis (AFO)-constrained movements on cycle PO has not been widely explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether AFOs of a fixed position (FP) and in dorsi-plantarflexion (DPF)-, dorsiflexion (DF)- and plantarflexion (PF)-constrained movements might influence PO during voluntary recumbent cycling exercises. Twenty-five healthy individuals participated in this study. All underwent 1-min cycling at a fixed cadence for each of the AFOs. The peak and average PO of each condition were analyzed. The peak and average PO were 27.2±12.0 W (range 6–60) and 17.2±9.0 W (range 2–36), respectively, during voluntary cycling. There were no significant differences in the peak PO generated by the AFOs (p=0.083). There were also no significant differences in the average PO generated using different AFOs (p=0.063). There were no significant differences in the changes of the hip and knee joint angles with different AFOs (p=0.974 and p=1.00, respectively). However, there was a significant difference in the changes of the ankle joint angle (p<0.00). The present study observed that AFO-constrained movements did not have an influence in altering PO during voluntary recumbent cycling in healthy individuals. This finding might serve as a reference for future rehabilitative cycling protocols.
The Mind’s Eye: The Triad of Memory, Space and the Senses in Old Norse Literature
Authors: Hermann Pernille 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article examines the intimate connection between the senses and memory. The focus lies on vision, which was believed to be one of the main routes of access to memory in medieval culture. Because descriptions of and reflections on memory are evident across genres, examples will be drawn from various corners of the Old Norse textual landscape and reference will be made to sagas, eddic poetry and the
Heartwood durability of Dyera costulata, Neolamarckia cadamba and Khaya ivorensis trees from fast-growth plantations against subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus
Authors: Kadir Roszaini , Masseat Khairul 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
To preserve natural forests, forest plantations with fast-growing species are promoted. In the present work, the heartwood durabilities of Dyera costulata, Neolamarckia cadamba and Khaya ivorensis, from both plantations and natural forests, have been tested in comparison with rubberwood in laboratory and above-ground tests against the subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus. Both young trees from forest thinning and mature trees were tested. The results show that there is no significant difference in weight loss between planted trees and trees from a natural forest. The results were also compared with those of rubberwood.
Post-weld Heat Treatment and Groove Angles Affect the Mechanical Properties of T92/Super 304H Dissimilar Steel Weld Joints
Authors: Shuo Wang , Limin Wei , Yi Cheng , Shuping Tan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe microstructures and mechanical properties of dissimilar weld joints between T92 and Super 304H steels were investigated. Dissimilar weld joints with four groove angles were constructed using gas tungsten arc welding. The results showed that post-weld heat treatment improved the mechanical properties of the dissimilar weld joints. The optimal groove angle for T92/Super 304H dissimilar weld joints was found to be 20°, considering mechanical properties. Furthermore, the transformation from equiaxed dendrites to columnar dendrites was observed in the weld metal. Epitaxial growth and delta ferrites were found around the fusion line between the Super 304H and the weld metal.
Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior under Hot Isothermal Compressions for as-extruded 3Cr20Ni10W2 Heat-Resistant Alloy by Cellular Automaton Model
Authors: Li Le , Wang Li-yong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn order to study dynamic recrystallization behavior of the as-extruded 3Cr20Ni10W2 under isothermal compression conditions, a cellular automaton (CA) model was applied to simulate hot compression. Analysis on the strain–stress curves indicates that dynamic recrystallization is the main softening mechanism for the 3Cr20Ni10W2 when the deformation occurred in the temperature range of 1203–1303 K with an interval of 50 K and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1. The deformation temperature and strain rate have a significant influence on the dynamically recrystallized grain size. Subsequently, a CA model is established to simulate the dynamic recrystallization behaviors of the studied alloy. The simulated results show that the mean grain size increases with the increased deformation temperature and decreases with the increased strain rate, which is consistent with the experimental result. In addition, the average absolute relative error, which is 13.14%, indicates that the process of the dynamic recrystallization and the dynamically recrystallized grain size can be well predicted by the present CA model.
Causative factors for sexual and reproductive health status of pregnant adolescent girls in urban communities of Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Kuyinu Yetunde A. , Femi-Adebayo Toriola T. , Odugbemi Babatunde A. , Ukatu Elochukwu E. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe overall goal of this study was to determine the causative factors for pregnancy status in adolescent girls in two communities in the Lagos Island local government area.MethodsA mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) study reviewing routine health facility antenatal care (ANC) records and conducting focus group discussions among 46 pregnant adolescents, exploring their views about sex, contraception, pregnancy and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, was carried out. Key informant interviews were also carried out among healthcare workers and community members to assess their perceptions of adolescents’ SRH problems.ResultsFive percent of those accessing ANC services were adolescents. Pregnant adolescents were found to access health services at later stages of their pregnancies due to the shame and stigma associated with their condition. The presence of morbidity in the form of anaemia (33%) and HIV (2.4%) was also found in this population.Social factors such as peer pressure and the desire to develop or maintain a relationship were found to be the major reasons for initiation of sexual activity by the adolescents. There was generally poor knowledge and utilisation of contraceptives, leading to unprotected sex and, thus, unintended pregnancies.ConclusionSRH information and services should be made readily available to adolescents at all levels of care.
Association between sleep quality and quality of life among students: a cross sectional study
Authors: Rezaei Omid , Mokhayeri Yaser , Haroni Javad , Rastani Mahdi Jamshidi , Sayadnasiri Mohammad , Ghisvand Hessam , Noroozi Mehdi , Armoon Bahram 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundLack of sleep and on going sleep disorder can affect family health and interpersonal relationships.ObjectiveThe aim of study was to investigate the association between sleep quality and the probable determinants of quality of life among students of a public health faculty at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU) in the 2015 academic year.MethodsThe data from a cross-sectional study of 275 students that randomly stratified sampling between different classes of college students of a public health faculty of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were used in this study. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisted of modules on socio-demographic characteristics, the Petersburg Standardized Sleep Quality Questionnaire(PSQL) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). Data analysis was done with descriptive and logistic regression. All analyses were carried out using SPSS software V.19.ResultsA total of 275 students participated in this study. The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) was 22.1 ± 3.6 years. In the univariable model, students that were living in their own homes had the odds of 2.18 times more than the others to have a higher quality of life level [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07–4.45]. Moreover, sleep disorder was negatively associated with the quality of life [odds ratio (OR) = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.12–0.46].ConclusionThese results will help university administrators and policy makers to identify factors associated with poor sleep and provide approaches to enhance sleep hygiene and relevant knowledge in university students. Living in a dormitoy while also suffering from sleep problems could significantly reduce the quality of life.
Diversity of users, settings, and practices: how are features selected into ELF practice?
Authors: Thompson Alan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article describes naturally occurring interactions drawn from three disparate English as a lingua franca (ELF) settings, all in Japan but involving diverse multinational groups of users, each bringing with them repertoires of experiences, skills, strategies, and linguistic features. Adaptations were observed in the language practices, including well-attested strategies and non-selections, but also distinct and hybridised patterns (e.g. question–response exchanges, address-reference forms). Although these features can be explained in terms of the improvisational stances of the users, in light of the wide disparities in proficiency, strategies, degrees of success, and of the hybrid forms that came to be locally preferred, a more satisfactory explanatory framework was sought in the broader study of historical language contact and change, especially in Mufwene’s recent re-interpretation of creoles as situated cases of language restructuring. The observed ELF practices are explained as the result of cooperative restructuring, by means of fitness-based selections from the feature pool, or virtual capacity, fed by the diverse repertoires of the participants. Such an approach foregrounds functional interpretations of ELF, and creates an inclusive framework wherein the variables that define different contact situations can be discerned.
Current trends in changing the channel in MOSFETs by III–V semiconducting nanostructures
Authors: John Chelliah Cyril R.A. , Swaminathan Rajesh 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe quest for high device density in advanced technology nodes makes strain engineering increasingly difficult in the last few decades. The mechanical strain and performance gain has also started to diminish due to aggressive transistor pitch scaling. In order to continue Moore’s law of scaling, it is necessary to find an effective way to enhance carrier transport in scaled dimensions. In this regard, the use of alternative nanomaterials that have superior transport properties for metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) channel would be advantageous. Because of the extraordinary electron transport properties of certain III–V compound semiconductors, III–Vs are considered a promising candidate as a channel material for future channel metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. In this review, the importance of the III–V semiconductor nanostructured channel in MOSFET is highlighted with a proposed III–V GaN nanostructured channel (thickness of 10 nm); Al2O3dielectric gate oxide based MOSFET is reported with a very low threshold voltage of 0.1 V and faster switching of the device.
Causal Linkages between Terrorism and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Four Provinces of Pakistan
Authors: Saeed Luqman , Syed Shabib Haider 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis study analyses the dynamics of causal linkages between terrorism and economic growth across four provinces of Pakistan using Bivariate and Trivariate Hsaio Granger Causality test. The empirical evidence reveals within country idiosyncratic causal trends; hence demonstrating the importance of analysing sub-national variations while determining the extent to which terrorism is related with other variables. The estimates suggest that terrorist activity Granger causes economic growth in Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan provinces. The reverse causation from economic growth to terrorism is observed in case of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa only. The evidence presented in this paper stresses the importance of taking into account higher vulnerability of comparatively weaker sub-national economies while formulating relevant policies to ameliorate negative impact of terrorism.
Effects of electrochemotherapy with cisplatin and peritumoral IL-12 gene electrotransfer on canine mast cell tumors: a histopathologic and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Salvadori Claudia , Svara Tanja , Rocchigiani Guido , Millanta Francesca , Pavlin Darja , Cemazar Maja , Lampreht Tratar Ursa , Sersa Gregor , Tozon Natasa , Poli Alessandro 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background
The study was aimed to characterize tumor response after combined treatment employing electrochemotherapy with IL-12 gene electrotransfer in dogs with spontaneous mast cell tumors (MCT).

Materials and methods
Eleven dogs with eleven MCTs were included in the study. Histological changes were investigated in biopsy specimens collected before the treatment (T0), and 4 (T1) and 8 weeks (T2) later. Cellular infiltrates were characterized immunohistochemically by using anti CD3, CD20, Foxp3 (Treg), CD68 and anti MHC-class II antibodies. Proliferation and anti-apoptotic activity of neoplastic cells were assessed using anti Ki-67 and Bcl-2 antibodies. Angiogenetic processes were investigated immunohistochemically by using anti Factor VIII and anti CD31 antibodies and micro vessel density quantification.

Results
Histopathological examination of samples at T0 confirmed the diagnosis and the presence of scanty infiltrates consisted mainly of T-lymphocytes and macrophages. At T1 and T2 neoplastic cells were drastically reduced in 7/11 cases, small clusters of neoplastic cells were detected in 3/11 cases and 1/11 cases neoplastic cells were still evident. Proliferation activity of neoplastic cells was significantly reduced at T1 and T2 and expression of anti-apoptotic protein at T1. Microvessel density was drastically reduced in all samples after treatment. The number of T-lymphocytes increased at T1, although not significant, while Treg were significant higher at T1 and macrophages at T2.

Conclusions
The combined electrochemotherapy and IL-12 gene electrotransfer effectively induced a cellular response against neoplastic cells characterized mainly by the recruitment of T-lymphocytes and macrophages and a fibrotic proliferation with reduction of microvessels.
Impact factors for perioperative morbidity and mortality and repercussion of perioperative morbidity and long-term survival in pancreatic head resection
Authors: Potrc Stojan , Ivanecz Arpad , Pivec Vid , Marolt Urska , Rudolf Sasa , Iljevec Bojan , Jagric Tomaz 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe focus of the present study was to reveal any impact factors for perioperative morbidity and mortality as well as repercussion of perioperative morbidity on long-term survival in pancreatic head resection.Patients and methodsIn a retrospective study, clinic-pathological factors of 240 patients after pancreatic head (PD) or total resection were analyzed for correlations with morbidity, 30- and 90-day mortality, and long-term survival. According to Clavien–Dindo classification, all complications with grade II and more were defined as overall complications (OAC). OAC, all surgical (ASC), general (AGC) and some specific types of complications like leaks from the pancreatoenteric anastomosis (PEA) or pancreatic fistula (PF, type A, B and C), leaks from other anastomoses (OL), bleeding (BC) and abscesses (AA) were studied for correlation with clinic-pathological factors.ResultsIn the 9-year period, altogether 240 patients had pancreatic resection. The incidence of OAC was 37.1%, ASC 29.2% and AGC 15.8%. ASC presented themselves as PL, OL, BC and AA in 19% (of 208 PD), 5.8%, 5.8%, and 2.5% respectively. Age, ASA score, amylase on drains, and pancreatic fistulas B and C correlated significantly with different types of complications. Overall 30- and 90-day mortalities were 5 and 7.9% and decreased to 3.5 and 5% in P2.ConclusionsHigh amylase on drains and higher mean age were independent indicators of morbidity, whereas PL and BC revealed as independent predictor for 30-day mortality, and physical status, OAC and PF C for 90-day mortality.
Vergleich von unterschiedlichen Widerstandsthermometern bei niedrigen Eintauchtiefen bezüglich ihres Wärmeableitfehlers
Authors: Brethauer Andreas , Fröhlich Thomas , Engels Elmar 
Published: September 2017

Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen auf den Wärmeableitfehler eines Widerstandsthermometers beim
Variieren der Eintauchtiefe in ein zu messendes Medium und der Füllhöhe einer Wärmeleitpaste im Schutzrohr. Dabei werden
zudem unterschiedliche Bauformen von Widerstandsthermometern in Bezug auf ihren Wärmeableitfehler bei niedrigen
Eintauchtiefen verglichen und Messergebnisse mit theoretischen Modellen sowie FEM-Simulation verglichen. Es zeigt sich,
dass Füllhöhe und Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Wärmeleitpaste je nach Aufgabenstellung gewählt werden sollten. Gerade bei
niedrigen Eintauchtiefen ist eine Anpassung der Füllhöhe an Sensorhöhe und Eintauchtiefe notwendig. Es kristallisiert sich
zudem heraus, dass für eine genaue Vorhersage des Wärmeableitfehlers die FEM-Simulation der Modellrechnung überlegen
ist. Auch wird die Bedeutung einer guten thermischen Kopplung des Sensors an das Medium und einer thermischen Entkopplung
des Sensors von der anders temperierten Umgebung deutlich.