bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-situ-Untersuchung von Randschichten während des Gasnitrierens mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie und photothermischer Radiometrie*
Authors: Dong J. , Prekel H. , Dethlefs M. , Epp J. , Fischer A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The aim of most applications of nitriding treatments at steel components is to obtain a compact compound layer and/or a deep diffusion layer. The possibility of a survey of the nitriding treatment by analyzing directly the component´s surface state during the nitriding process is particularly interesting, since it allows a process monitoring and control based on the actual nitriding result. In the present study, two measurement methods were developed and combined with the aim of direct surface state analysis during a nitriding treatment: the in-situ X-ray diffraction method and the photothermal radiometry. An experimental setup including a miniature nitriding furnace was developed in order to allow the combined application of both methods during a nitriding process under controlled atmosphere. In the present work, results of combined in-situ measurements on the steel AISI 4140 regarding the nitride layer formation during nitriding process as well as the nitride layer change during the following denitriding of the layer in nitrogen gas are presented and discussed. The investigations show that the photothermal radiometry is sensitive to the changing surface properties due to growing compound layers and when porous layers are generated. This method has a high potential for implementation in industrial nitriding furnaces, but for this, further development for quantitative evaluations of the measurements will be required.
Polymer Flow Behavior Analysis Based on Physical Visualization Technology for Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Injection Molding
Authors: Jiang K.-Y. , Ji Z. , Li H. , Wang M.-J. , Yu T.-M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
To understand the flow behavior of a melted polymer during injection molding with ultrasonic vibration, a new visualization device was developed and a method was proposed to analyze the filling velocity field during the injection molding process. Using the device and method, both the influence of ultrasonic vibration on the velocity of the filling front and the velocity distribution of a polypropylene melt within a cavity are discussed. The results showed that the filling front velocity of the melt was improved by ultrasonic vibration (the filling front velocity was improved by up to 27% when 200 W of ultrasonic power was applied). In addition, it was shown that the velocity gradient of the melt within the cavity decreased, and that the velocity distribution became more uniform during ultrasonic vibration.
Influence of Carbon Fillers on Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polymeric Nanocomposites
Authors: Rybiński P. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Undesirable features of polymeric materials include insufficient thermal stability under specified exploitation conditions and too high flammability. These features depend on the chemical structure of polymer macromolecules, and composition of polymeric composites. Polymeric materials with increased thermal stability and improved resistance to the action of fire are produced with the use of various types of fillers with nanometric dimensions. Among numerous nanofillers, carbon-based nanofillers such as graphite nanoplatelets, carbon nanotubes and graphenes (graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and modified graphene) play an essential role. The aim of this report is to highlight the latest findings concerning the effect of carbon fillers, mainly graphene and carbon nanotubes on the thermal properties and flammability of polymer nanocomposites.
Method of Calculating the Fluid Permeability of Machined Skin-Covered Porous Sheets from Experimental Flow Data
Authors: Nicolae A. , Guo H.-M. , Kumar V. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Porous polymer sheets created by the “solid state microcellular foaming process” possess an impermeable solid skin on the boundary. In order to experimentally determine the internal structure's fluid permeability, the skin is removed by machining a pattern of holes or channels so that fluid flow can be established when applying a pressure difference across the faces. In this work, a fluid flow model for this particular geometry assuming a Newtonian fluid and isotropic internal porous structure is established. This yields formulae used to compute the structure's Darcy permeability from experimental flow data. Experimental verification of the model is provided for a sample of Polyetherimide (PEI) nanoporous polymer sheet whose skin was drilled in various hole patterns, thus establishing the mathematical foundation for future work in investigating this class of porous materials.
A Combined Experimental and Modelling Approach towards an Optimized Heating Strategy in Thermoforming of Thermoplastics Sheets
Authors: Buffel B. , van Mieghem B. , van Bael A. , Desplentere F. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Determining the operational settings for the heating equipment in thermoforming is still mainly done by trial and error as well as personal experience. Depending on the type of IR heating equipment, these settings can be the consumed electrical power or the desired temperature of the heating elements. In this study, a workflow is developed, applied and validated to characterize the IR heating equipment and to determine the optimal heating strategy. The workflow starts with an on-site equipment/machine characterization, which takes all machine and environment parameters into account. This approach results in the optimal heater setting and heating duration in order to obtain a through thickness temperature distribution which lies within a predefined forming range. The proposed methodology is universally applicable as it can deal with different types of sheet material and thicknesses. Moreover it can be applied to any type of IR heating element (halogen, metal foil, ceramic or quartz). Moreover, the methodology can easily be implemented in an industrial environment. Additionally, an estimate for the thermal efficiency of halogen heater equipment can be determined.
Research on Optimizing Parameters of Thermal Bonding Technique for PMMA Microfluidic Chip
Authors: Chen X. Y. , Li T. Y. , Zhang S. , Yao Z. , Chen X. D. , Zheng Y. , Liu Y. L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The thermal bonding method is an advanced processing technology, which can bond a variety of polymer sheets on request. This work aims to analyze the effect of applied loading, heating temperature and duration on the depth loss of the PMMA microfluidic chip after bonding. Several experiments were designed by us and the results were analyzed by orthogonal experimental method. Finally optimal applied loading, heating temperature and duration were obtained and in the optimal case, the bonded microfluidic chip has small depth loss and enough strength.
Analyzing the Influence of Surface Renewal on Diffusive Mass Transport in Vented Single-Screw Extruders
Authors: Marschik C. , Löw-Baselli B. , Miethlinger Jürgen 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
We present a semi-numerical modeling approach to analyzing the role of surface renewal during bubble-free devolatilization in vented single-screw extruders. To demonstrate the significance of surface renewal in the mass transport of volatiles, we derived approximate analytical solutions for the two-dimensional circulatory flow in a partially filled screw channel, placing special emphasis on the melt pool that forms in front of the active flight. By applying the resulting velocity field to the governing conservation equation for the volatile concentration in the polymeric phase, the convective influence of the polymer flow on mass transport is taken into account. The resulting convection-diffusion equation, which is solved numerically using the finite-volume method, provides both qualitative and quantitative insights into how volatile depletion in the melt pool is related to the flow field developed. Thus, we clearly demonstrate that surface renewal improves mass transport efficiency considerably, even at very low screw speeds.
‘Intern life’: a longitudinal study of burnout, empathy, and coping strategies used by French GPs in training
Authors: Galam Eric , Vauloup Soupault Camille , Bunge Lucie , Buffel du Vaure Céline , Boujut Emilie , Jaury Philippe 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundMore than half of French medical GP trainees (GPTs) suffer from burnout.AimTo define and follow the evolution of risk factors, such as empathy and coping strategies, associated with burnout in this population.Design & settingProspective longitudinal study involving volunteers of 577 Parisian university GPTs in 2012.MethodSelf-reported anonymous online questionnaires were sent three times every 6 months to all participants. Stress was measured using the Intern-Life scale and burnout using the Maslach Inventory, and anxiety and depression measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Sociodemographic, professional, and personal data, including coping strategies and measures of empathy were also collected.ResultsIn total 343 questionnaires were fully completed at baseline (T0): 304 were usable at baseline, 169 were usable at 6 months (T1) and 174 at 1 year (T2). Stress rates decreased sharply between T1 (scores 42.96) and T2 (17.08), while scores for burnout remained relatively stable: more than 13% of GPTs had high scores in all three dimensions of burnout. Depersonalisation increased from 61% (T1) to 66% (T2). One hundred and four paired samples were analysed between T0 and T1, and between T1 and T2. Emotion-centred coping was associated with emotional exhaustion (P<0.05), while professional support reduced it. Experiences of aggression increased depersonalisation (P<0.05). Social support, problem-centred coping, perspective-taking empathy, and professional support improved the sense of personal accomplishment (P<0.05).ConclusionTools to help GPTs are available but are underused. More training in doctor–patient relationships and understanding of medical hidden curricula are necessary to decrease burnout among GPTs and improve their wellbeing and patient care.
Cérémonies d'hommage à Sarasvatī et aides à l'éducation chez les Lohāṇā de Pune
Authors: Lachaier Pierre 
Published: June 2017

Pierre Lachaier
“Ceremonies of worship of Sarasvatī and educational aids among the Lohāņās of Pune”
Since the 1970s, the two Pune associations of the endogamous Hālāi and Kacchī sections of the Lohāņā caste have encouraged their young members to continue their studies by granting them an increasing amount of aid. The annual prize-giving ceremony organized on the occasion of the worship of Sarasvatī—goddess of art and knowledge—, is first shortly described. Secondly, the educational aid programs of the Pune associations over some thirty years are compared. Finally, the school and academic results are analysed quantitatively, using the data supplied by the three censuses that each section has compiled during this period.
Réhabiliter le Funan. Óc Eo ou la première Angkor
Authors: Bourdonneau Éric 
Published: June 2017

Éric Bourdonneau
“Rehabilitating Funan. Óc Eo, or, the first Angkor”
Funanese history is one of the main transitional periods in the history of Southeast Asia. This makes it very susceptible to the changing historiographical positions on the two great issues of Indianization and state-formation. For more than three decades, in reaction to previous studies, the new priority has been to demonstrate how these two processes had no real effect on the cultural and socio-political continuity of the history of the region. Because Funanese history had earlier been taken to illustrate the close connection between Indianization and state-formation, it seemed imperative to review this history, given the perceived importance of the separation of these two processes.
The outcome of this new approach is a curious view of Funanese history deprived of its main documentary sources in order to fit the concept of an only superficially Indianized “proto-state”. In that respect, the surprising omission of the “urbanism” of Óc Eo speaks for itself. The purpose of the present paper is to undertake afresh the description of this urbanism and to demonstrate again, thanks in part to newly available data, both its antiquity and the reference to an Indian model. That leads us to rethink the place of Óc Eo in the urban history of the region, and to consider it as a kind of “first Angkor” whose geometric “urbanism” is a major feature of ancient Cambodia.
The Qianlong Emperor's Western Vistas: Linear Perspective and Trompe l'Oeil Illusion in the European Palaces of the Yuanming yuan
Authors: R. Finlay John 
Published: June 2017

John R. Finlay
« Les perspectives occidentales de l'empereur Qianlong : perspective linéaire et trompe-l'œil dans les palais européens du Yuanming yuan »
L'empereur Qianlong (r. 1736-1795) appréciait les jeux de trompe-l'œil rendus possibles par la technique artistique européenne de la perspective linéaire. Les artistes missionnaires jésuites exerçant à la cour des Qing, parmi lesquels l'Italien Giuseppe Castiglione, alimentèrent le goût impérial pour les images occidentales exotiques avec de nombreuses peintures et décorations murales. Cependant, les illusions visuelles les plus spectaculaires créées pour l'empereur faisaient partie d'un groupe de bâtiments construits au Yuanming yuan, le palais-jardin impérial des Qing situé dans le nord- ouest de Pékin dans un style hybride européen et chinois. C'est dans ce complexe, au sein des palais dits « européens », que l'on recréa pour la contemplation de l'empereur quelques caractéristiques particulières des jardins européens dans des constructions qui décrivaient les illusions merveilleuses des perspectives occidentales. Les sources sur lesquelles Castiglione et ses collègues se sont appuyés et la créativité avec laquelle ils les ont transformées pour leur mécène impérial révèlent une interaction complexe entre les cultures visuelles chinoise et européenne, matérialisée par ces productions exotiques, et d'autres contemporaines, qui font appel aux techniques de trompe-l'œil et ont toutes pour point de mire la personne de l'empereur.
Celebrations of Life. The Gendhing Seblang of Banyuwangi, East Java
Authors: Wessing Robert 
Published: June 2017

La dance dite seblang est un rituel agraire des Osing, un groupe ethnique de la région de Banyuwangi, à Java-Est (Indonésie). Lors de ce rituel, les esprits des ancêtres et les esprits tutélaires du village sont invoqués pour participer à une transe dansée, dont le but est d'assurer une prospérité durable et des récoltes réussies. Dans ce rituel, une jeune fille ou une femme d'âge mûr sont possédées par l'esprit tutélaire de la communauté, qui peut donc ainsi participer à cet événement. Au cours du rituel, des textes poétiques sont chantés, qui illustrent tant le cycle agraire que la vie des peuples osing, intimement liée à ce dernier.
Au fil des ans, sous l'influence de l'islam et de la vie moderne, les référents d'origine de ce rituel se sont trouvés obscurcis et les versets, qui relèvent de la tradition orale, s'en trouvent progressivement altérés, entraînant des interprétations de moins en moins rigoureuses de leur contenu.
En partant de l'hypothèse que ces textes doivent avoir un rapport avec le rituel pendant lequel ils sont chantés, on en a comparé les diverses versions connues, pour tenter d'en reconstituer une version originale plausible. Lorsque les éléments lexicaux ne sont pas attestés dans la langue osing, on a recherché des mots phonétiquement proches (des «siminymes ») qui ont un rapport avec le but du rituel.
Après cette reconstitution, les textes peuvent être classés en cinq catégories : 1) versets d'ouverture, invitant la population et les esprits à participer ; 2) versets en rapport avec la riziculture ; 3) versets en rapport avec la vie familiale et les relations sexuelles ; 4) versets décrivant les cours et la mythologie ; 5) versets de clôture, demandant à la population et aux esprits de rentrer chez eux.
Après cette élucidation, les versets sont réexaminés dans le contexte du rituel seblang, dont le but est d'assurer le succès des récoltes et la prospérité. La danse et les versets sont interprétés comme des offrandes aux ancêtres et aux esprits tutélaires donnant une image vocalisée de la vie du village, narration qui doit amener la situation désirée. La danseuse possédée, truchement de l'esprit tutélaire qui permet à ce dernier de participer, constitue le sacrifice rituel offert en échange de la prospérité espérée.
Decoupled leaf and root carbon economics is a key component in the ecological diversity and evolutionary divergence of deciduous and evergreen lineages of genusRhododendron
Authors: Medeiros Juliana S. , Burns Jean H. , Nicholson Jaynell , Rogers Louisa , Valverde‐Barrantes Oscar 
Published: June 2017

PREMISE:We explored trait–trait and trait–climate relationships for 27Rhododendronspecies while accounting for phylogenetic relationships and within‐species variation to investigate whether leaf and root traits are coordinated across environments and over evolutionary time, as part of a whole‐plant economics spectrum.METHODS:We examined specific leaf area (SLA) and four root traits: specific root length (SRL), specific root tip abundance (SRTA), first order diameter, and link average length, for plants growing in a cold, seasonal climate (Kirtland, Ohio) and a warmer, less seasonal climate (Federal Way, Washington) in the United States. We estimated a phylogeny and species’ climate of origin, determined phylogenetic signal on mean traits and within‐species variation, and used phylogenetically informed analysis to compare trait–trait and trait–climate relationships for deciduous and evergreen lineages.RESULTS:Mean SLA and within‐species variation in SRL were more similar between close relatives than expected by chance. SLA and root traits differed according to climate of origin and across growth environments, though SLA differed within‐ and among‐species less than roots. A negative SRL–SRTA correlation indicates investment in foraging scale vs. precision as a fundamental trade‐off defining the root economic spectrum. Also, the deciduous clade exhibited a strong negative relationship between SLA and SRL, while evergreen clades showed a weaker positive or no relationship.CONCLUSIONS:Our work suggests that natural selection has shaped relationships between above‐ and belowground traits in genusRhododendronand that leaf and root traits may evolve independently. Morphological decoupling may help explain habitat diversity amongRhododendronspecies, as well as the changes accompanying the divergence of deciduous and evergreen lineages.
Variable Stars in Local Group Galaxies. III. And VII, NGC 147, and NGC 185: Insight into the Building Blocks of the M31 Halo∗
Authors: Monelli M. , Fiorentino G. , Bernard E. J , Martínez-Vázquez C. E. , Bono G. , Gallart C. , Dall’Ora M. , Stetson P. B. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
We present the discovery of 1568 RR Lyrae stars in three of the most luminous M31 satellites: And VII (573), NGC 147 (177), and NGC 185 (818). We use their properties to study the formation history of Local Group spiral haloes, and in particular, to infer about the nature of their possible building blocks by comparison with available data for RR Lyrae stars in the halo and in a sample of satellites of M31 and the Milky Way. We find that the brightest satellites and the halos of both galaxies host a number of High Amplitude Short Period (HASP) RR Lyrae variable stars, which are missing in the faintest satellites. HASP variable stars have been shown by Fiorentino et al. to be tracers of a population of stars as metal-rich as [Fe/H] ≃ −1.5 and older than

≃
10

Gyr

. This suggests that the metal-rich M31 and MW halo component, which manifests through the HASP phenomenon, comes from massive dwarf galaxy building blocks, as the low-mass dwarfs did not chemically enrich fast enough to produce them. All detected variable stars are new discoveries; in particular, this work presents the first detections of RR Lyrae stars in And VII. Moreover, a number of candidate Anomalous Cepheids, and binary and long-period variable stars have been detected. We provide pulsation properties (period, amplitude, mean magnitude), light curves, and time series photometry for all of the variable stars in the three galaxies.
Pulsed Accretion in the T Tauri Binary TWA 3A
Authors: Tofflemire Benjamin M. , Mathieu Robert D. , Herczeg Gregory J. , Akeson Rachel L. , Ciardi David R. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
TWA 3A is the most recent addition to a small group of young binary systems that both actively accrete from a circumbinary disk and have spectroscopic orbital solutions. As such, it provides a unique opportunity to test binary accretion theory in a well-constrained setting. To examine TWA 3A’s time-variable accretion behavior, we have conducted a two-year, optical photometric monitoring campaign, obtaining dense orbital phase coverage (∼20 observations per orbit) for ∼15 orbital periods. From U-band measurements we derive the time-dependent binary mass accretion rate, finding bursts of accretion near each periastron passage. On average, these enhanced accretion events evolve over orbital phases 0.85 to 1.05, reaching their peak at periastron. The specific accretion rate increases above the quiescent value by a factor of ∼4 on average but the peak can be as high as an order of magnitude in a given orbit. The phase dependence and amplitude of TWA 3A accretion is in good agreement with numerical simulations of binary accretion with similar orbital parameters. In these simulations, periastron accretion bursts are fueled by periodic streams of material from the circumbinary disk that are driven by the binary orbit. We find that TWA 3A’s average accretion behavior is remarkably similar to DQ Tau, another T Tauri binary with similar orbital parameters, but with significantly less variability from orbit to orbit. This is only the second clear case of orbital-phase-dependent accretion in a T Tauri binary.
Electron Scattering by High-frequency Whistler Waves at Earth’s Bow Shock
Authors: Oka M. , III L. B. Wilson , Phan T. D. , Hull A. J. , Amano T. , Hoshino M. , Argall M. R. , Contel O. Le , Agapitov O. , Gershman D. J. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Burch J. L. , Torbert R. B. , Pollock C. , Dorelli J. C. , Giles B. L. , Moore T. E. , Saito Y. , Avanov L. A. , Paterson W. , Ergun R. E. , Strangeway R. J. , Russell C. T. , Lindqvist P. A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Electrons are accelerated to non-thermal energies at shocks in space and astrophysical environments. While different mechanisms of electron acceleration have been proposed, it remains unclear how non-thermal electrons are produced out of the thermal plasma pool. Here, we report in situ evidence of pitch-angle scattering of non-thermal electrons by whistler waves at Earth’s bow shock. On 2015 November 4, the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission crossed the bow shock with an Alfvén Mach number ∼11 and a shock angle ∼84°. In the ramp and overshoot regions, MMS revealed bursty enhancements of non-thermal (0.5–2 keV) electron flux, correlated with high-frequency (0.2–0.4

, where

is the cyclotron frequency) parallel-propagating whistler waves. The electron velocity distribution (measured at 30 ms cadence) showed an enhanced gradient of phase-space density at and around the region where the electron velocity component parallel to the magnetic field matched the resonant energy inferred from the wave frequency range. The flux of 0.5 keV electrons (measured at 1 ms cadence) showed fluctuations with the same frequency. These features indicate that non-thermal electrons were pitch-angle scattered by cyclotron resonance with the high-frequency whistler waves. However, the precise role of the pitch-angle scattering by the higher-frequency whistler waves and possible nonlinear effects in the electron acceleration process remains unclear.