bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resource subsidies from adfluvial fishes increase stream productivity
Authors: Jones Nicholas E. , Mackereth Robert W. 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Anadromous fishes are well known to shape the structure and function of recipient ecosystems by introducing nutrients and rich organic matter from the ocean. In contrast, the importance of potamodromous migrations, confined to freshwater, and the subsidies they provide to stream ecosystems has received much less attention.

Our objective was to determine the importance of excretion, eggs, milt, and carcasses as nutrient and energy sources from a large population (82 449 suckers) of migrating longnose (Catostomus catostomus) and common white (Catostomus commersonii) suckers into a small (wetted width c. 10 m) oligotrophic river system. We hypothesise that the adfluvial suckers provide a large material subsidy that increased the productivity of the Cypress River and that this resource subsidy rivals or exceeds those delivered by other native and non‐native fishes (e.g. Pacific salmonids).

In total there was an estimated 5635 kg of eggs, 2025 kg of milt, and 1 kg of carcasses from suckers that spawn in the Cypress River. Relative to other mainly non‐native fishes, suckers provided 92% of the annual egg biomass and 95% of the milt. Suckers, however, only provided <1% (1 kg) of the annual carcass biomass, whereas, pink salmon provided 50% (600 kg). Overall, suckers provided 84% and 78% of the annual subsidies of N and P, or 212 and 14 kg respectively. Ambient NH4 concentrations in the river were consistently below that predicted from excretion equations suggesting that microorganisms may have rapidly taken up much of the released ammonium.

Downstream of the falls, epilithon biomass was over nine times more abundant, benthic invertebrate densities were approximately two times higher, and fish biomass was eight times greater compared to upstream. There were no upstream–downstream differences in substrate organic matter biomass. Fishes downstream of the falls had higher δ13C and δ15N values than biota upstream of the falls consistent with the anticipated effect of lake derived subsidies. Using stable isotopes values and a mixing model, we estimated that sucker eggs comprised 25–58% of the diet of stream fishes during the growing season.

Suckers provided a large subsidy, greater than all other fishes, without mass mortality and significantly enhanced the productivity of the recipient river system. Stable isotopes revealed that subsidies were incorporated into the stream food web. Differences between salmon and sucker subsidies related to the type, magnitude, timing, and the life history of the donor highlight the potential importance of spawning migrations of adfluvial suckers, and other potamodromous fishes, in streams and rivers around the world.
Effects of self‐ligating brackets on oral hygiene and discomfort: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials
Authors: Yang X , Su N , Shi Z , Xiang Z , He Y , Han X , Bai D 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundSelf‐ligating brackets (SLBs) are widely adopted in clinic owing to their claimed superiorities. Here, we collected and analysed all randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) comparing SLBs with conventional brackets (CBs) and thereby investigated whether SLBs can relieve discomfort or promote oral hygiene.MethodsElectronic databases including MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Chinese BioMedical Literature Database and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched to find out RCTs comparing active or passive SLBs with CBs. Two reviewers extracted the data and assessed risks of bias independently. Any disagreement between them was resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. Meta‐analysis was conducted on Review Manager 5.3.ResultsA total of 12 RCTs with 575 participants were included, and eight of the trials were synthesized quantitatively. Two trials were assessed as low risk of bias, whereas others as unclear risk of bias. Passive SLBs and CBs are not significantly different in plaque control. SLBs and CBs are not significantly different in discomfort reduction at any of four time points (4 h, 24 h, 3 days and 7 days).ConclusionsClinical evidences from existing RCTs suggest that SLBs do not outperform CBs in reliving discomfort or promoting oral health in clinic.
The Digital Journey: Reflected Learnings and Emerging Challenges
Authors: Quinton Sarah , Simkin Lyndon 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper identifies and examines the four stages of marketing's digitalization journey to date and the points of interest along the way. The metaphor of a journey provides a narrative through which to understand the complex changes that are occurring within the digitalization of marketing. The digital journey has no final destination yet, but it is possible to identify an origin and chart its route thus far. In reflecting on this journey, insights emerge, which pose ongoing challenges for businesses and for the marketing discipline. The digitalization of marketing provides new options for routes to markets, communication, brand building, relationship development, trialling pricing, product development, sourcing insights, as well as a platform for innovation. But, only if businesses embark on this journey, and then keep up with the pace once en route. The implications for business stemming from marketing's digital journey are detailed along with avenues for future research, to develop further understanding of digitalization. The theoretical contributions made by this paper include both a novel mapping of the complex trajectory of marketing's digitalization through a visualization and an articulation of the main four gaps in current research and practice knowledge within marketing. The gaps include the need for a strategic view, the issue of technical silos, the changing conceptions of time, and the tension between empowered consumers and their reliance on pre‐filtered information. This paper provides a critical appraisal of the digital journey so far, resulting in a distilled conceptualization and route map, which should help guide future researchers.
A cross‐sectional study of ‘care left undone’ on nursing shifts in hospitals
Authors: Ball Jane E. , Griffiths Peter , Rafferty Anne Marie , Lindqvist Rikard , Murrells Trevor , Tishelman Carol 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimsTo determine factors associated with variation in ‘care left undone’ (also referred to as ‘missed care’) by Registered Nurses (RNs) in acute hospital wards in Sweden.Background‘Care left undone’ has been examined as a factor mediating the relationship between nurse staffing and patient outcomes. The context has not previously been explored to determine what other factors are associated with variation in ‘care left undone’ by RNs.DesignCross‐sectional survey to explore the association of RN staffing and contextual factors such as time of shift, nursing role and patient acuity/dependency on ‘care left undone’ was examined using multi‐level logistic regression.MethodsA survey of 10,174 RNs working on general medical and surgical wards in 79 acute care hospitals in Sweden (January–March 2010).ResultsSeventy‐four per cent of nurses reported some care was left undone on their last shift. The time of shift, patient mix, nurses’ role, practice environment and staffing have a significant relationship with care left undone. The odds of care being left undone is halved on shifts where RN care for six patients or fewer compared with shifts where they care for 10 or more.ConclusionThe previously observed relationship between RN staffing and care left undone is confirmed. Reports of care left undone are influenced by RN roles. Support worker staffing has little effect. Research is needed to identify how these factors relate to one another and whether care left undone is a predictor of adverse patient outcomes.
Understanding breast health awareness in an Arabic culture: qualitative study protocol
Authors: Madkhali Norah Abdullah , Santin Olinda , Noble Helen , Reid Joanne 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimTo explore breast health awareness and the early diagnosis and detection methods of breast cancer from the perspective of women and primary healthcare providers in the Jizan region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.BackgroundAlthough there is a high incidence of advanced breast cancer in young women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, there is no standardized information about breast self‐examination, or is there a national screening programme involving clinical breast examination and mammography available.DesignQualitative exploratory study.MethodsData collection will consist of 36 face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews: 12 with general practitioners; 12 with nurses at primary healthcare centres and with 12 women who attend the health centres. This study will be carried out in eight states across the Jizan region (four rural and four urban) to reflect the cultural diversity of Jizan. The data will be analysed using thematic content analysis. Research Ethics Committee approval was obtained in June 2015.DiscussionWhile we understand the enablers and barriers to breast health awareness outside of Saudi culture, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, particularly in rural populations such as Jizan, there is a lack of research. This study will add positively to the international knowledge base of this topic. The findings will give evidence and inform policy about women and healthcare providers’ experiences in Jizan, in a society where such topics are taboo.
Morphological traits are linked to the cold performance and distribution of bees along elevational gradients
Authors: Peters Marcell K. , Peisker Jasmin , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf , Hoiss Bernhard 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimIdentifying traits that enhance the success of animals in unhospitable climates helps to understand biogeographical patterns and to predict the consequences of climatic changes. On temperate mountains, traits that increase cold performance potentially allow species to colonize higher elevations. We first tested the importance of morphological traits for the cold performance of bees. Second, we assessed the relevance of these traits for species distributional patterns by analysing intraspecific and interspecific trait shifts along elevational gradients.LocationNational Park Berchtesgaden, Germany; Würzburg, Germany.MethodsWe determined thermal activity thresholds by measuring signs of immobility along temperature gradients under laboratory conditions and related them to morphometric traits. We sampled bee communities at 34 sites along an elevation gradient in the northern Alps, measured for all species morphometric traits and thermal activity limits in the field, and analysed how trait measures changed with elevation within and across species.ResultsLaboratory and field experiments revealed that bees with larger body size, longer hair and relatively short wings tolerated lower temperatures before reaching immobility and started being active in the field at lower temperatures than small, short‐haired and long‐winged species. In correspondence to these results, we found that morphometric traits increased (body size, hair length) or decreased (relative wing length) with increasing elevation in communities and, in case of body size, also within species.Main conclusionsResults of laboratory and field experiments and their reflectance in community‐ and species‐level trends of morphological traits along elevational gradients underscore the adaptive nature of large body size, long hair and short wings for bees’ thermal performance. Morphological traits expanding lower thermal limits probably contribute to the fitness of bees in cold environments and may simultaneously be under selection in a warming world.
Genetic discontinuities in a dominant mangrove Rhizophora apiculata (Rhizophoraceae) in the Indo‐Malesian region
Authors: Guo Zixiao , Huang Yelin , Chen Yongmei , Duke Norman C. , Zhong Cairong , Shi Suhua 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimPopulation genomics data were used to determine the genetic diversity, genetic divergence and genetic structure of the mangrove, Rhizophora apiculata, across its distributional range and to re‐assess the evolutionary processes that shaped its current distribution.LocationThe Indo‐Malesian region section of the Indo‐West Pacific region.MethodsNext‐generation sequencing technology was used to sequence 81 nuclear loci from a pooled DNA sample of 31–44 individuals of Rhizophora apiculata from 11 populations. Five nuclear loci from six to eight individuals from 18 populations were sequenced using conventional Sanger sequencing technology to validate the results.ResultsGenetic diversity at the population level was low (π and θ were < 1.0 × 10−3 in most of the populations), but relatively high at the species level (π = 2.419 × 10−3 and θ = 1.362 × 10−3). The populations of R. apiculata in the Indo‐Malesian region were genetically differentiated and grouped into three clusters: east Indian Ocean (EIO), South China Sea (SCS) and Australasia (AUA). Based on the genetic distance matrices, two genetic discontinuities were observed, and they correspond to the Malay Peninsula land barrier and the Wallacea zone. The admixture observed in populations from the Malacca Strait was attributed to asymmetric gene flow through the strait, which was simulated by the isolation‐with‐migration (IM) model.Main conclusionBoth the Sunda shelf barrier and ocean currents in Wallacea contributed to the observed genetic discontinuity, which separated R. apiculata into three clusters (SCS, EIO and AUA). The cycle between extinction and recolonization in the SCS in response to Pleistocene sea level fluctuations reduced the genetic diversity within populations. The repeated opening and closing of the gene flow corridors, such as the Malacca Strait, may have blurred the genetic discontinuities to an extent and introduced an admixture into populations in boundary areas.
Semi‐Bionic Extraction of Effective Ingredient from Fishbone by High Intensity Pulsed Electric Fields
Authors: He Guidan , Yin Yongguang , Yan Xiaoxia , Wang Ying 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSemi‐bionic extraction method and high intensity pulsed electric fields (PEF) were combined to rapidly extract effective ingredients (calcium, chondroitin sulfate and collagen) from fishbone. In order to simplify the analytical process, comprehensive index formula was determined by principal component analysis. Based on the principle of bionics, the optimal fluid pHs in human stomach, small intestine and large intestine are 2.0, 7.5 and 8.3. The simulated pHs were 2.0, 7.5 and 8.3, respectively, and variation of PEF parameters and the comprehensive evaluation index were determined by single factor experiments. Too low or too high liquid‐material ratio and electric field strength were not conducive to the comprehensive evaluation index Y. The value of Y increased with the increase of pulse number. The maximum contents of calcium, chondroitin sulfate and collagen in the extract were obtained simultaneously by response surface methodology (RSM), that is, 19.8, 39.268 and 3.875 mg/mL, respectively The optimum condition is as the following: liquid‐material ratio 11, electric field strength 22.79 kV/cm and pulse number 9.Practical ApplicationsSBE and PEF technique were combined to analyze the effective ingredients in fishbone. The prepared fishbone hydrolysate can be processed into multi‐active and high‐added‐value compound products suitable for absorption and utilization by the digestive tract. This paper provides a new technique for comprehensive utilization of fishbone and fishbone waste, serves as a new clue for processing and extraction of natural products and provides a basis for promotion of SBE and PEF.
Encapsulation of Lactobacillus Acidophilus in a Pilot‐Plant Spray‐Dryer. Effect of Process Parameters on Cell Viability
Authors: Slavutsky Aníbal M. , Chávez Mónica C. , Favaro‐trindade Carmen S. , Bertuzzi María A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEncapsulation is a practical technique for the preservation of probiotic cultures. This may be accomplished by spray‐drying, even at large scales. The effect of process parameters such as feed rate and pectin concentration in the feed suspension, on cell viability and stability of encapsulated bacteria was studied. Physical characteristics of the dry powder after the drying process were determined in order to evaluate its influence on product stability and viability during 90 days. The studied parameters showed significant influence on the response variables. Process conditions that generated the highest cell viability after spray‐drying are not the same as the conditions that caused the highest stability and viability after 90 days of storage. Water activity of the dry powder played a fundamental role in the stability of encapsulated bacteria. This indicates the most suitable operating conditions for the production of encapsulated lactic acid cultures in a pilot‐plant spray‐dryer.Practical ApplicationsThe retention of viability during processing and storage of probiotic cultures is one of the most challenging problems of biotechnology and food industry. Spray‐drying is a useful and economical technology to obtain encapsulated probiotic. The knowledge of the optimal encapsulating matrix and operating conditions of the pilot‐plant spray‐drying process allows to obtain probiotic cultures with high viability and stability. The combination of pectin and reconstituted skim milk improves bacteria protection due to the reinforcement of the structure resulting from the interaction between the components of both materials. It was found that the operational conditions that produce the highest cell viability after the drying process are not the same that conduct to the highest stability and viability after 90 days of storage. With this information, the most suitable operating conditions for a pilot‐plant spray‐drying can be defined.
Perception of Apple Juice: A Comparison of Physicochemical Measurements, Descriptive Analysis and Consumer Responses
Authors: Włodarska Katarzyna , Pawlak‐Lemańska Katarzyna , Górecki Tomasz , Sikorska Ewa 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe physicochemical (color, turbidity, total soluble solids, sucrose, d‐glucose and d‐fructose content, pH, acidity, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity) and sensory quality and consumer perception of differently processed clear and cloudy commercial apple juices were studied. Among eight studied juices, freshly squeezed juices were liked the most by consumers, whereas the cloudy juices not from concentrate and clear juices prepared from concentrate, were significantly less liked. Principal component analysis revealed groups of similar juices, in terms of their physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics assessed both by experts and consumers. The external preference mapping showed a nonhomogenous distribution of individual preferences in relation to juice attributes. Three groups of consumers differing in apple juice preferences were distinguished by means of the agglomerative hierarchical clustering. The sensory and physicochemical data were correlated with consumer acceptance by partial least square regression and cues of acceptance of apple juices were identified.Practical ApplicationsThis study has important practical implications for apple juice industry because it contributes to understanding of the relationship between intrinsic juices characteristics and consumer perception and may help processors determine the final quality of juice. The results obtained indicate that the use of the intensity scale in consumer study may constitute an alternative to sensory panel assessment. The study revealed the heterogeneity of the group of consumers. Application of multivariate analysis enabled the detection of homogeneous segments and the identification of the drivers of liking for the entire group of the consumers and for the separate segments.
Mealtimes in a neurological ward: a phenomenological‐hermeneutic study
Authors: Beck Malene , Martinsen Bente , Poulsen Ingrid , Birkelund Regner 
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectivesTo examine the environment surrounding hospital meals for patients with neurological diseases.BackgroundA determined effort has been made to optimise the nutrition of hospitalised patients. However, the organisation of mealtimes and their relational and aesthetic aspects have not received similar attention. The result is that all other tasks continue with undiminished intensity when patient meals are served and eaten.DesignBased on a qualitative design, 25 mealtime situations were systematically observed. The observations varied by time of day, date, staff and patients present. Field notes were taken on the spot, and quotes were written directly.MethodsAfter transcription, the text materials were analysed and interpreted using a phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach inspired by the philosopher Paul Ricouer. Three main themes were identified in the analysis: eating in a railway station, creating aesthetic mealtimes in an unaesthetic atmosphere and using familiar rituals in unfamiliar surroundings.ResultsThe inclusion of aesthetic elements and familiarity was found to play an important role in the desire of patients to eat. However, these elements were challenged by the design of the physical space and institutional structures.ConclusionThis study contributes to our understanding of the environment surrounding hospital meals for patients with neurological diseases. Based on this study, it can be concluded that meals were at a high risk of being served as a mindless task without the recognition that mealtimes are sensed with the whole body of the patient and not only by the mouth.Relevance to clinical practiceThe importance of the mealtime environment must be acknowledged because it serves as a communicative aspect for neurological patients by letting them know what to expect from the coming hospital meal.
Characterization of potentially avoidable cases in a 1‐year series of consecutive cesarean sections in the tertiary maternity unit of Guadeloupe (French West Indies)
Authors: Kadhel Philippe , Delrieu Delphine , Deloumeaux Jacqueline , Ryan Catherine , Janky Eustase 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimThe global increase in the rate of cesarean sections (CS) is currently an issue. We aimed to assess the rate of CS locally and to identify cases in which this procedure may have been avoidable.MethodsIn this prospective consecutive series, we analyzed the 478 CS carried out in our unit in 2009. We analyzed the characteristics of each case, and classified each as potentially avoidable or unavoidable.ResultsThe total rate of CS was 24.0%, including 1.7% that was scored as potentially avoidable. Parity, gestational age at birth, birthweight, cases requiring cervical ripening, cases of labor induction, and CS during labor were all significantly higher or more frequent among potentially avoidable CS. Multivariate analysis indicated that the risk of potentially avoidable CS was positively associated with gestational age and tended to be negatively associated with parity. The main indications for potentially avoidable CS were cervical dystocia and abnormal fetal heart rate, and for unavoidable CS they were abnormal fetal heart rate and history of previous CS.ConclusionLabor, especially when induced, seems to be the key period for the prevention of ‘avoidable’ CS. This is particularly important given that potentially avoidable CS are more frequently associated with uncomplicated pregnancies than are unavoidable CS. A woman's first CS increases the likelihood of CS for subsequent deliveries, so the prevention of the first CS is a key aim for reducing the overall rate of CS.