bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enamine‐Based Hydrophilic Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks: Effects of pH, and Copolymer Composition and Concentration on the Aqueous Swelling Degrees and the Gel Formation Times
Authors: Apostolides Demetris E. , Hadjicosta Argyro , Patrickios Costas S. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryIn this work, we explore the formation in water of dynamic covalent polymer networks cross‐linked via enamine groups. The polymer networks resulted from the combination of pairs of chemically complementary hydrophilic statistical copolymers, synthesized via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, and bearing a primary amine group comonomer on the one hand, and acetoacetate groups on the other; the main comonomer in both statistical copolymers was poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate methyl ether. In this preliminary investigation, the gel formation time and the equilibrium swelling degrees in water were measured at different pH values, different copolymer concentrations, and for different copolymers. It was found that the gel formation time was reduced as the copolymer concentration was increased, and as the contents in amine and acetoacetate units in the copolymers was increased; furthermore, a minimum in the gel formation time was observed at pH 8.0. The effect of these three factors on the equilibrium aqueous swelling degrees was found to be much weaker than on gel formation time.
Improved desorption/ionization and ion transmission in surface scanning by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry
Authors: Häbe Tim T. , Morlock Gertrud E. 
Published: December 2015

RationaleModifications to the Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) interface, its source cap and transfer tube were necessary to obtain highest efficiency in desorption and ionization from the sampling surface and in ion transmission into the MS system. These issues are crucial for the trace analysis of any surface and the hyphenation of high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) with DART‐MS.MethodsThe ion source mounting was modified to enable short source caps to be utilized in combination with a short transfer tube. The grid voltage contact section was readjusted to increase the intensity of the metastable gas stream towards the substrate. Eighteen different cap and two transfer tube geometries (including gas‐stream focusing), along with the influence of their distance from the mass spectrometer glass capillary, were investigated for best signal intensity.ResultsUsing shortened source caps with staged inner bore, a transfer tube with gas‐stream focusing and an optimized mounting geometry for DART‐MS scanning along five identical deposited bands (600 ng each) of butyl 4‐hydroxybenzoate, an average signal precision of 3.6% was obtained and the signal intensity was increased by a factor of 34. The width of the gas impact area did not exceed 1.5 mm and the smallest FWHM was determined to be 0.9 mm.ConclusionsThe desorption strength, ionization efficacy and ion transmission were improved significantly giving increased detectability using this further modified DART‐MS interface with reduced cap length and optimum transfer tube geometry. The resolution was comparable with state‐of‐the‐art densitometry. With this setup, reliable HPTLC surface scanning is possible, even for substance amounts in the low‐nanogram range. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The external knowledge sourcing process in multinational corporations
Authors: Monteiro Felipe , Birkinshaw Julian 
Published: December 2015

Research summary: We study the processes through which multinational corporations (MNCs) identify and make use of external sources of knowledge. Based on a seven‐year longitudinal study of one MNC's overseas scouting unit, we show how a simple one‐directional “channelling” process gradually gave way to three higher value‐added processes, labelled “translating,” “matchmaking,” and “transforming.” Building on these insights, we develop an integrative framework, defining the conditions under which each of the four processes is likely to transpire, and showing how the stock of social capital held by the scouting unit allows it to perform increasingly high value‐added activities over time. Implications for the MNC, external knowledge sourcing, and boundary‐spanning literatures are discussed.Managerial summary: Over the years, many multinational corporations (MNCs) have created overseas “scouting” units to tap into new ideas and opportunities in leading‐edge markets, but with mixed outcomes. In this study, we describe the development of a European telecom firm's scouting unit in Silicon Valley during the 2000s, focusing on the specific approaches used by the scouting managers to build effective connections between Silicon Valley start‐ups and the firm's business units back in Europe. We identify four distinct approaches for different types of opportunities, and we observe a clear sequencing of effort over time as the scouting managers built the necessary capabilities and credibility. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pränataldiagnostik bei fetaler Mikrozephalie
Authors: Chaoui Rabih , Hehr Ute 
Published: December 2015

Zusammenfassung
Diese Übersichtsarbeit behandelt die Mikrozephalie (MZ) aus der Perspektive der pränatalen Diagnostik. Eine MZ wird bei einem Kopfumfang unter der dritten Standardabweichung für das Gestationsalter vermutet. Diese Verdachtsdiagnose kann aus einem falschen Gestationsalter oder einer falsche Messung resultieren oder infolge einer Reihe häufiger Ätiologien wie offene Spina bifida, Enzephalozele, Holoprosenzephalie, Infektion, Aneuploidie, seltener auch Ursachen wie einer primären oder syndromalen MZ entstehen. Typische Ultraschallzeichen einer fetalen MZ sind die flache Stirn, der kleine Frontallappen, das reduzierte Gyrierungsmuster mit einem kurzen Balken, eine Pseudo-Kraniosynostose, ein dilatierter Subarachnoidalraum und oft eine Diskrepanz zwischen Kopf- und Bauchumfang. Mitunter kann eine schwere MZ schon in der Mitte der Schwangerschaft entdeckt werden, aber die meisten Formen fallen erst im III. Trimenon bzw. nach der Geburt auf. Die diagnostische Abklärung sollte auch das Angebot genetischer Untersuchungen einschließen, um monogen vererbte Formen mit hohem Wiederholungsrisiko z. B. bei autosomal-rezessiver Vererbung zu identifizieren. Die Arbeit diskutiert pränatalmedizinische und genetisch-diagnostische Abklärungsschritte bei fetaler MZ, die in Kombination mit den neuen genetischen Untersuchungstechniken hoffentlich in Zukunft zu einer höheren Aufklärungsrate führen werden.
Brief report: Perceptions of social withdrawal during emerging adulthood in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Bowker Julie C. , Ojo Adesola Adebusola , Bowker Matthew H. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe study of social withdrawal subtypes is no longer limited to Western societies but has extended to non‐Western countries, such as China. This study considers, for the first time, social withdrawal subtypes in an African country (Nigeria) by examining emerging adults' (N = 151; 54% female; Mage = 19.92 years, SD = 2.54) perceptions, attitudes, and responses to shy, unsociable, and socially competent behaviors. Results revealed that Nigerian emerging adults perceived significant differences between shy, unsociable, and socially competent behavior in several ways incommensurate with participants of previous studies conducted in North America, Europe, and China. Findings highlight the diversity of social meanings attached to social withdrawal in non‐Western societies, and point to the need for additional research on social withdrawal and its perception in Africa.
Resource based theory in operations management research
Authors: Hitt Michael A. , Xu Kai , Carnes Christina Matz 
Published: December 2015

AbstractResource based theory (RBT) has become increasingly popular in operations management research. The development and current application of RBT to the study and understanding of operations management problems and phenomena are reviewed and articles in the recent six plus years across nine journals are evaluated. Based on this review and evaluation, we identify several issues in the overall research and highlight some exemplary research themes in the use of RBT in operations management. Our research suggests that further application of RBT can add richness in operations management research, and has the potential to produce multiple contributions for this field and adjacent fields.
THE USE OF ANNUAL MILEAGE AS A RATING VARIABLE
Authors: Lemaire Jean , Park Sojung Carol , Wang Kili C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAuto insurance companies must adapt to ever-evolving regulations and technological progress. Several variables commonly used to predict accidents rates, such as gender and territory, are being questioned by regulators. Insurers are pressured to find new variables that predict accidents more accurately and are socially acceptable. Annual mileage seems an ideal candidate. The recent development in new technologies should induce insurance carriers to explore ways to introduce mileage-based insurance premiums. We use the unique database of a major insurer in Taiwan to investigate whether annual mileage should be introduced as a rating variable in auto third-party liability insurance. We find that annual mileage is an extremely powerful predictor of the number of claims at-fault. The inclusion of mileage as a new variable should, however, not take place at the expense of bonus-malus systems; rather, the information contained in the bonus-malus premium level complements the value of annual mileage. An accurate rating system should therefore include annual mileage and bonus-malus as the two main building blocks, possibly supplemented by the use of other variables like age, territory and engine cubic capacity. While Taiwan has specific characteristics (high traffic density, a mild bonus-malus system and limited compulsory auto coverage), our results are so strong that we can confidently conjecture that they extend to all developed nations.
Irish consequences of the Great War
Authors: Fitzpatrick David 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIt is now widely admitted that the Great War was also Ireland’s war, with profound consequences for every element of Irish life after 1914. Its impact may be discerned in aberrant aspects of Ireland’s demographic, economic and social history, as well as in the more familiar political and military convulsions of the war years. This article surveys recent scholarship, assesses statistical evidence of the war’s social and economic impact (both positive and negative), and explores its far-reaching political repercussions. These include the postponement of expected civil conflict, the unexpected occurrence of an unpopular rebellion in 1916, and public response to the consequent coercion. The speculative final section outlines a number of plausible outcomes for Irish history in the absence of war, concluding that no single counterfactual history of a warless Ireland is defensible.
James Fitzpiers Fitzgerald, Captain Thomas Lee, and the problem of ‘secret traitors’: conflicted loyalties during the Nine Years’ War, 1594-1603
Authors: Canning Ruth A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractExisting evidence pertaining to Ireland’s Nine Years’ War (1594–1603) strongly lends itself to the impression that the majority of Old English Palesmen, at least those of higher social status, chose to support the English crown during this conflict rather than their co-religionist Gaelic Irish countrymen. Loyalties, however, were anything but straightforward and could depend on any number of cultural values, social concerns, and economic incentives. Nevertheless, James Fitzpiers Fitzgerald, a ‘Bastard Geraldine’ who served as sheriff of Kildare, seemed to have been driven by a genuine sense of duty to the English crown and establishment. With the outbreak of hostilities in the 1590s, Fitzpiers proved to be a devout crown servitor, risking life and limb to confront the English queen’s Irish enemies. But, in late 1598 he suddenly, and somewhat inexplicably, threw his lot in with the Irish confederacy, defying the government he had once championed. During the ensuing investigation, the Dublin administration accumulated much damning evidence against Fitzpiers, including a patriotic plea from rebel leader Hugh O’Neill which urged Fitzpiers to defend his Irish homeland from the oppressions of English Protestant rule. Yet, at the very same time, a counter case was made by Fitzpiers’s controversial English friend, Captain Thomas Lee, which argued that Fitzpiers’s actions were more loyal than anyone could have imagined. Through an examination of Fitzpiers’s perplexing case, this paper will explore the complicated nature of allegiances in 1590s Ireland and how loyalties were not always what they seemed.
Thermal plumes in viscoplastic fluids: flow onset and development
Authors: Karimfazli I. , Frigaard I. A. , Wachs A. 
Published: December 2015

The purely conductive state in configurations such as the Rayleigh–Bénard one is linearly stable for yield stress fluids at all Rayleigh numbers, $Ra$. However, on changing to localized heater configurations the static background state exists only if the yield stress is sufficiently large. Otherwise, thermal plumes may be induced in a stationary viscoplastic fluid layer, as illustrated in the recent experimental study of Davaille et al. (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., vol. 193, 2013, 144–153). Here, we study an analogous problem both analytically and computationally, from the perspective of an ideal yield stress fluid (Bingham fluid) that is initially stationary in a locally heated rectangular tank. We show that for a non-zero yield stress the onset of flow waits for a start time $t_{s}$ that increases with the dimensionless ratio of yield stress to buoyancy stress, denoted $B$. We provide a precise mathematical definition of $t_{s}$ and approximately evaluate this for different values of $B$, using both computational and semianalytical methods. For sufficiently large $B\geqslant B_{cr}$, the fluid is unable to yield. For the flow studied, $B_{cr}\approx 0.00307$. The critical value $B_{cr}$ and the start time $t_{s}$, for $B<B_{cr}$, are wholly independent of $Ra$ and $Pr$. For $B<B_{cr}$, yielding starts at $t=t_{s}$. The flow develops into either a weakly or a strongly convective flow. In the former case the passage to a steady state is relatively smooth and monotone, resulting eventually in a steady convective plume above the heater, rising and impinging on the upper wall, then recirculating steadily around the tank. With strongly convecting flows, for progressively larger $Ra$ we observe an increasing number of distinct plume heads and a tendency for plumes to develop as short-lived pulses. Over a certain range of $(Ra,B)$ the flow becomes temporarily frozen between two consecutive pulses. Such characteristics are distinctly reminiscent of the experimental work of Davaille et al. (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., vol. 193, 2013, 144–153). The yield stress plays a multifaceted role here as it affects plume temperature, size and velocity through different mechanisms. On the one hand, increasing $B$ tends to increase the maximum temperature of the plume heads. On the other hand, for larger $B\rightarrow B_{cr}$, the plume never starts.
A Search for High-Mass Stars Forming in Isolation using CORNISH and ATLASGAL
Authors: Tremblay Chenoa D. , Walsh Andrew J. , Longmore Steven N. , Urquhart James S. , König Carsten 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTheoretical models of high-mass star formation lie between two extreme scenarios. At one extreme, all the mass comes from an initially gravitationally bound core. At the other extreme, the majority of the mass comes from cluster scale gas, which lies far outside the initial core boundary. One way to unambiguously show high-mass stars can assemble their gas through the former route would be to find a high-mass star forming in isolation. Making use of recently available CORNISH and ATLASGAL Galactic plane survey data, we develop sample selection criteria to try and find such an object. From an initial list of approximately 200 sources, we identify the high-mass star-forming region G13.384 + 0.064 as the most promising candidate. The region contains a strong radio continuum source, that is powered by an early B-type star. The bolometric luminosity, derived from infrared measurements, is consistent with this. However, sub-millimetre continuum emission, measured in ATLASGAL, as well as dense gas tracers, such as HCO+(3–2) and N2H+(3–2) indicate that there is less than ~ 100 M⊙ of material surrounding this star. We conclude that this region is indeed a promising candidate for a high-mass star forming in isolation.
Reinventing Westminster Abbey, 1642–1660: A House of Kings from Revolution to Restoration
Authors: MERRITT J. F. 
Published: December 2015

While historians are familiar with the destruction wrought on the nation's cathedrals during the Civil War, the rather different fate experienced by Westminster Abbey – an important symbolic building that tied together royal and religious authority – has been strangely neglected. This article argues that the Abbey played an important and distinctive role in the religious and cultural politics of the nation during the 1640s and 1650s. It uncovers the Abbey's role in helping to legitimise successive non-monarchical regimes and ultimately explains how efforts to ‘reclaim’ the Abbey at the Restoration formed part of broader efforts to renegotiate and reinterpret the nation's past.
Microbial causes of complicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and implications for empirical antimicrobial therapy
Authors: Miah M S , Nix P , Koukkoullis A , Sandoe J 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectives:Very little up-to-date information is available on the microbiology of complicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Reliable microbiology testing is necessary to inform current empirical antimicrobial treatments. This study was conducted in response to recent US guidelines on antimicrobial treatments for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. It aimed to describe the pathological micro-organisms involved in complicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in the UK and their antimicrobial susceptibility.Methods:This study collected retrospective data on cases of complicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis with sinogenic orbital and/or intracranial infections from 2007 to 2012. Bacteria identified in paranasal sinus pus were compared with those identified in orbital and/or intracranial infections.Results:Streptococcus anginosus group bacteria were isolated from 61.3 per cent of paranasal sinus pus samples, 83.3 per cent of orbital infections and 77.8 per cent of intracranial infections. All S anginosus isolates were sensitive to penicillin; no penicillin-resistant organisms were isolated.Conclusion:S anginosus was the predominant organism isolated from complicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis samples at our UK centre. S anginosus is sensitive to penicillin, suggesting that penicillin can be used as an appropriate first-line empirical antibiotic for uncomplicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.
‘The World Rests on the Back of a Tortoise’: Science and mythology in Indian history
Authors: CHAKRABARTI PRATIK , SEN JOYDEEP 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article traces the consilience of science and mythology in the history of fossil research in India: this is a narrative in which Indian fossil research met the Orientalist discovery of the Indian past. It demonstrates that in exploring the geological evolution of Indian fossils, British researchers such as Hugh Falconer invoked animals from thePuranas, picking up on a tradition of mythological hermeneutics first developed in India by the likes of William Jones. In exploring the nuances of this intellectual approach, the article thus identifies a hitherto obscured historical trajectory regarding the making of geology in colonial India.
EARLY ASSESSMENT AND PREDICTION OF POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE IMPLANTATION OF POLYURETHANE SCAFFOLD IN PARTIAL MENISCAL LESIONS: A PILOT HORIZON SCANNING ACTIVITY IN SOUTH KOREA
Authors: Tark Ji Yun , Jeong Ji-young , Lee Min , Park Eunjung , Park Jooyeon , Park Ji Jeong , Lee Sungkyu , Shin Chaemin 
Published: December 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to predict the potential impact of the introduction of implantation of polyurethane scaffold for the treatment of partial meniscal lesions in the South Korean healthcare system.Methods: The horizon scanning process was used to select a target technology and assess its potential impacts on patients and the Korean healthcare system. We identified and filtered research-phase health technologies that are not listed yet in Korean, but appear promising. After a process of prioritization, we chose the implantation of polyurethane scaffolds as a target technology. Then, through the procedures of assessment and peer review, we analyzed current evidence and its predicted potential impacts.Results: There were eight studies included in the review: one prospective cohort and seven case-series studies. Six revealed significant improvements in function and pain relief. Of the six studies, which reported safety endpoints, four stated no major postoperative complications related to scaffold, and two reported adverse events and serious adverse events such as pain, joint swelling, et cetera. We also included the potential impact of this technology based on the experts’ consultation. They all agreed that it would satisfy the diverse needs of patients and fulfill clinical needs. However, the majority of related clinical studies were based on short-term follow-up observations without any validation process involving comparison with control groups.Conclusions: Through a horizon scanning activity, we found that the implantation of polyurethane scaffolds is a promising technology to resolve articular cartilage defects; however, long-term evidence with comparison groups for safety and effectiveness is required.
Water intake and beverage consumption of pre-schoolers from six European countries and associations with socio-economic status: the ToyBox-study
Authors: Pinket An-Sofie , De Craemer Marieke , Maes Lea , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Cardon Greet , Androutsos Odysseas , Koletzko Berthold , Moreno Luis , Socha Piotr , Iotova Violeta , Manios Yannis , Van Lippevelde Wendy 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo study the quantity and quality of water intake from beverages among pre-schoolers and investigate associations with gender and socio-economic status (SES).DesignKindergarten-based cross-sectional survey within the large-scale European ToyBox-study. A standardized protocol was used and parents/caregivers filled in sociodemographic data and a semi-quantitative FFQ.SettingKindergartens in six European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain).SubjectsEuropean pre-schoolers (aged 3·5–5·5 years) and their parents/caregivers (n 7051).ResultsMean water intake was 1051 ml/d; plain water, 547 ml/d; plain milk, 241 ml/d; other fruit juice, 104 ml/d; pure fruit juice, 59 ml/d; soft drinks, 55 ml/d; tea, 45 ml/d; sugared and chocolate milk, 37 ml/d; smoothies, 15 ml/d; and light soft drinks, 6 ml/d. Boys had a higher water intake than girls due to a higher consumption of plain water, but more importantly to the consumption of beverages of less quality. Lower-SES pre-schoolers scored better on quantity than high-SES pre-schoolers, but as a consequence of consumption of sugared beverages. Nevertheless, the associations differed by country.ConclusionsThe water intake from beverages did not meet the European Food Safety Authority standard of 1280 ml/d; especially in Western European countries water intake from beverages was low. The most important water sources were plain water, milk and fruit juices. Interventions aiming at a proper and sufficient water intake should focus on both quantity and quality. Messages about water and water sources should be clear for everyone and interventions should be sufficiently tailored.