bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical Integration for Risk Management: An Application to a Cattle Ranch
Authors: Whitson Robert E. , Barry Peter J. , Lacewell Ronald D. 
Published: July 2016

Substantial variations in equity and income of cattle producers and feeders in highly leveraged operations have occurred during the early 1970s as the result of wide variations in prices of cattle and purchased feed. Moreover, severe losses in many commercial feedlots have resulted in greater forage inputs in beef production, with feeder cattle placed in feedlots at heavier weights and for shorter periods of time. The large price uncertainty, together with possible changes in the livestock production system, make cattle producers' search for effective methods of risk management more urgent.The search is hampered, however, by a limited scope of choices in risk management. Forward price commitments in cattle production have received limited use at the producer level. Public programs of price support and supply management have never been available. Insurance choices are few, as are alternatives for diversifying use of grazing lands and other resources specialized to cattle production. Often, producers' primary methods of risk-bearing are reliance on financial reserves, including unused borrowing capacity, emergency loans provided by public programs and outside sources of income. However, effective opportunities for reduction of income variability may be offered by vertical integration expressed as retention of calf ownership through finishing stages either on pasture or by custom feeding in commercial feedlots.
Application of the Transhipment Model to Development of the Seed Industry in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Tyner Fred H. , Campos Roberto G. 
Published: July 2016

The importance of agriculture in developing economies is reflected in the share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) originating in that sector and in the percent of population working in that sector. Brazil received 19 percent of its GDP from agriculture in 1968, and 60 percent of its population was in agriculture. In contrast, only three percent of GDP came from agriculture in the United States, and only six percent of the population was employed in agriculture.Development of a country's agriculture is dependent on a multitude of factors—not the least of which is availability and use of good seed. Use of high quality seeds increases total yield; allows for more efficient use of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation because of greater uniformity, better stands and more vigorous plants; usually results in higher quality produce; requires lower planting rates; and usually reduces weed, disease and soil insect problems. Other inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, technical assistance and credit availability are necessary to achieving a sound agriculture.
Pricing Soybeans on the Basis of Oil and Protein Content
Authors: Updaw Nelson J. , Bullock J. Bruce , Nichols T. E. 
Published: July 2016

Demand for soybeans consists of the derived demand for its use as an input in the production of soybean oil and meal. The marginal value product of any bushel is determined by its oil and protein content and the price of oil and meal. Until recently, traders have been forced to estimate the value of soybeans through a grading scheme based on visual inspection and measured moisture content. Instruments that provide a quick and accurate measurement of the protein and oil content of soybeans and other grains are becoming available. Their use will allow purchasers to adjust the price paid for soybeans that do not possess average protein and oil contents.The purpose of this paper is to report the development of a system of discounts and premiums that would complement the use of these new instruments in the pricing of soybeans.
Price-Margin Movements in the Fluid Milk Industry
Authors: Beck Robert L. , Mather Loys L. 
Published: July 2016

Accelerating food prices during the past few years have focused renewed attention on the food marketing system. In particular, concern has been expressed regarding increased costs of food marketing. Producers and consumers alike tend to point an accusing finger at the marketing system for extracting an undue portion of the food dollar.As evidenced by activities of various consumer groups, the milk marketing system has not escaped this scrutiny. Recent research efforts have centered around attempts to evaluate the system's efficiency. In short, concerns are usually expressed in terms of trying to understand or evaluate pricing behavior and market performance.
Spatial and Temporal Water Allocation in the Kissimmee River Basin
Authors: Reynolds John E. , Conner J. Richard 
Published: July 2016

In many areas of the country, there is strong competition among agricultural, municipal, industrial and other users of water. Water managers are faced with the problem of allocating available water among alternative uses.The study [11] upon which this paper is based was a cooperative effort with the Central and Southern Florida Control District which is typical of many water management districts making decisions regarding allocation of a limited amount of water among uses and users. When the District was formed, it was developed with emphasis on facilities to provide relief from flooding. Water management responsibilities such as water supply, recreation and the preservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife have become important to the public and consequently have received recognition by those responsible for managing the water.
River Basin Simulation: An Interactive Engineering-Economic Approach to Operational Policy Evaluation
Authors: Kiker Clyde 
Published: July 2016

Traditionally man has used water for domestic needs, livestock, crop production and navigation; now he is also concerned with anesthetics, recreation, industrial production, waste disposal, power generation and aquatic ecological systems. He finds many of these uses incompatible and in conflict.Florida is encountering similar conflicts and in many ways is typical of other humid eastern states. The situation is especially dramatic because of extreme oscillations in rainfall — torrential tropical storms to droughts lasting many months. Water management in Florida has been primarily for flood protection. More recently, the need for multi-purpose water management to increase usage benefits while decreasing potential damage from quantity extremes, has been recognized. Legislation, the Florida Water Resources Act of 1972 being foremost, has been enacted to create a governmental framework in which water problems can be addressed.
Classification of Contributions to the Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics: 1969-1976
Authors: Oursbourn Cecil D. , Hardin Daniel C. , Lacewell Ronald D. 
Published: July 2016

Agricultural economists in the Southern region of the United States have met annually with the Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists (formerly known as Southern Agricultural Workers) for many years. In the 1960s, there was a growing awareness of the need for a reviewed professional outlet to reflect economic studies primarily applicable to the South. Through the Southern Agricultural Economics Association, the Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics (SJAE) was established.The SJAE was established principally as an outlet for results of applied economic studies. First issues were comprised of the papers presented at annual meetings that were judged to be of journal quality. Dr. Rod Martin, ERS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Texas A & M University, served as the first editor of the SJAE. Under the editorship of Dr. Martin, Dr. Gerald Doeksen, ERS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University, and Dr. John Nixon, University of Georgia, the Journal has emerged as an important professional agricultural economics publishing outlet.
Application of Price Elasticities to Farm Policy Analysis
Authors: Bateman W. Lanny , Stennis Earl A. 
Published: July 2016

Much dialogue has been devoted to the “farm problem” by both the public and private sectors in recent months. Expressions of concern about chronic low farm income because of low prices received have again become common. Numerous proposals have been offered as solutions to the problem.It is of concern to the authors that many of these proposals emphasize production control as means of maintaining adequate farm price levels. Economists routinely receive training in the concepts of demand and supply response which, although difficult to quantify, offer easily understood market principles. For example, elasticity of demand can be used to show U. S. farmers how actions taken to reduce domestic production could be less than beneficial to the producer. Perhaps economists have failed to apply some of these concepts in the evaluation of policy alternatives or have not clearly demonstrated the effects (particularly long-run) of unilateral actions taken by the United States.
A Look at Emerging Economic and Policy Issues Confronting Southern Agriculture in the 1980s
Authors: Exeimyer Harold F. 
Published: July 2016

The fundamental issue of the 1980s will be whether agriculture will preserve its identity. The 1980s will be the decade decision as to the structural organization of agriculture. It is not anticipated that the agricultural sector will be preserved intact, or, alternately, totally transformed by 1990, but by then the die will have been cast. In a different idiom, a point of no return will have been reached.Structural questions touch virtually every policy issue in agriculture. Income tax, estate tax, environmental protection, availability of farm credit, terms of price and income support — these and other issues are interwoven. Agricultural economists relate to structural issues in two ways. We are concerned for our clients. The kind of agriculture to prevail makes a difference to farmers and their families, to rural communities, and to the citizenry of the South. It makes a difference also to agricultural economists professionally. In 1969 many of our analytical skills were developed for a dispersed market-oriented agriculture. If a different kind of agriculture materializes, the need for economic guidance will not end, but many of us will find ourselves technologically obsolescent.
Impacts of Non-Point Source Pollution Regulations on Mississippi Agriculture
Authors: Hurt Verner G. , Reinschmiedt Lynn L. 
Published: July 2016

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, PL92-500, established the goals of making the nation's streams and lakes swimmable and fishable by 1983 and eliminating both point and non-point pollution discharge by 1985. Implementation of this act, even if carried out uniformly and on the basis of scientifically determined information, could have far-reaching impacts on the agricultural sector.The purpose of this article is to:
1.Review the requirements of the legislation.2.Review selected research.3.Estimate the potential economic impact of proposed regulations on agriculture in Mississippi.4.Identify research needed to minimize the adverse economic impact of attaining the objectives of the regulations.
The Impact of Selected Hedging Strategies on the Cash Flow Position of Cattle Feeders
Authors: Purcell Wayne D. , Riffe Don A. 
Published: July 2016

Price risk has been a major problem for cattle feeders during the 1970s. Since 1972, variability in cash cattle prices has increased dramatically as a result of volatility in the feed grain sector, the cyclical liquidation of cattle numbers which began in late 1973, and cyclical moves in hog prices. The increased levels of price risk have prompted increased interest in hedging.The literature on hedging strategies for cattle feeding operations continues to grow. Results of early studies show hedging has the capacity to reduce risk in cattle feeding as measured by the variance of per head profits (Heifner; Holland, Purcell and Hague). More recent studies have developed and tested strategies which have the potential both to reduce price risk and increase profits. Selective hedging is typically employed. A mathematical model to predict cash price, sell-buy signals based on some technical trading system, or some other approach is used to select when the cash position should be hedged.
A Control Theory Approach to Optimal Irrigation Scheduling in the Oklahoma Panhandle
Authors: Harris Thomas R. , Mapp Harry P. 
Published: July 2016

Climatic conditions in semiarid regions like the Oklahoma Panhandle result in wide fluctuations in rainfall, dryland crop yields, and returns to agricultural producers in the area. Irrigated crop production increases peracre yields and significantly reduces fluctuations in yields and net returns.Irrigated production of food and fiber in the Oklahoma Panhandle has developed rapidly during the past three decades, increasing from 11,500 to 385,900 acres since 1950 (Schwab). The primary source of irrigation water in the area is the Ogallala Formation, an aquifer underlying much of the Great Plains region. Until the past couple of years, the presence of relatively low cost natural gas led producers to expand irrigated production and apply high levels of water to crops irrigated in the area.
Energy Accounting: The Case of Farm Machinery in Maryland
Authors: Foster Phillips , Flemming John , Wichelns Dennis 
Published: July 2016

Farm machinery energy accounting has taken basically three approaches.The first approach is concerned with the energy embodied in farm machinery on a national basis. Two studies have attempted to show the aggregate amount of energy embodied in the manufacture of farm machinery. Using input-output analysis, Bullard et al. provide estimates of the energy costs of goods and services for 1967. Measured in BTUs per dollar of final product, the energy cost of farm machinery at 1967 price levels is given as: coal, 34,478 BTUs; natural gas, 24,794 BTUs; refined oil, 12,541 BTUs; and electricity, 5,396 BTUs.
A Management Information System for Local Governments
Authors: Sjo John , Biere Arlo 
Published: July 2016

We find two reasons to develop an improved management information system for local governments. One is the apparent inability of current local government management information systems to warn of imminent financial collapse or to indicate the degree of financial weakness of a local government. Another reason is the need for information that will promote the most efficient use of resources in providing public services.During the 1970s certain local governments were unable to meet their obligations. Their current obligations exceeded current revenues. The nation was made aware of the crisis when New York City defaulted on some of its loan obligations and sought federal assistance. Other local governments have faced similar crises. Cleveland, Ohio, was in default for a short period during 1978 until it sold some of its assets (urban land and an electric power generating plant) to obtain cash and reduced its programs to reduce current outlays. The crises in those large cities have brought national attention to the financial problems of many local governments—urban and rural, large and small.
Indiana Farm-Level Impacts of Possible Environmental Protection Agency Bans on Selected Soybean Insecticides
Authors: Cashman Christopher M. , Martin Marshall A. , McCarl Bruce A. 
Published: July 2016

In spite of the economic benefits of insecticides to farmers and consumers, growing concern about the potential health and environmental hazards of some insecticides has resulted in the investigation of many insecticides by the Environmental Protection Agency (Boraiko). The use of several insecticides has already been banned. Others are under review and their use may be banned or restricted in the future.The Environmental Protection Agency must evaluate, monitor, and regulate a wide range of chemical compounds. To do so requires the collection and analysis of information on the environmental, health, and economic impacts of the use of many diverse chemicals. Though regulatory action by the Environmental Protection Agency may reduce health and environmental risks, such action can also alter the profitability and performance of a farming operation.
Developing Regional Input-Output Models from the U.N. Format Adopted by the U.S. In the New 1972 Input-Output Model: Comment
Authors: Henry Mark 
Published: July 2016

In a recent article in this journal, DiPietre, Walker, and Martella presented the derivation of the Total Requirements Tables for the 1972 U.S. input-output study. As this same derivation is available from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, it is unfortunate that the article contains a minor algebraic error.The error is made in the derivation of equation 7 in the article and is carried through equations 8 and 9.
Cooperative Antitrust Monopolization and the Theory of Contestable Markets
Authors: Centner Terence J. , Wetzstein Michael E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe judiciary has relied on a firm's market share to evaluate the presence of monopoly power for a Sherman Act monopolization violation. However, an allegation that a firm's market share constitutes monopoly power may be refuted by evidence that there exists a contestable market. Contestable market theory shows that there is no monopoly power where there exists a threat of entry of other firms. This theory thereby offers agricultural cooperatives, which may have a large market share by reasons of the antitrust immunity provided by the Capper-Volstead Act, an argument to overcome allegations of a Sherman Act monopolization violation.
An Empirical Analysis of the Intertemporal Stability of Risk Preference
Authors: Love Ross O. , Robison Lindon J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe interval measurement approach was used to obtain risk preference measures for 23 Michigan farmers in 1979 and again in 1981. This paper analyzes how risk preferences of the individuals in this group of decisionmakers changed over a two year time period. Risk preferences were most stable near typically experienced personal income levels.
Temporal Allocation Alternatives for Southeastern Red Delicious Apples
Authors: Motsinger L. R. , Epperson J. E. , Mizelle W. O. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study examines the economic feasibility of storing southeastern U.S. Red Delicious apples under various circumstances. Circumstances encompassed type of storage, potential market share in the storage periods, perceived level of quality, and opportunity cost of storage. Reactive programming was used to allocate shipments throughout the harvest and storage periods. Except for apples harvested in August, storage was found to be economically feasible under all situations studied. The greatest economic benefit to producers was shown to come from the synergistic effect of storage and improvement in perceived quality.
Scheduling Inputs with Production Functions: Optimal Nitrogen Programs for Rice
Authors: Griffin Ronald C. , Rister M. Edward , Montgomery John M. , Turner Fred T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe problem of scheduling input applications can be examined by extending conventional production function analysis. Using appropriately designed agricultural experiments, it is possible to estimate production function parameters with alternative specifications for input timing (and amount). A study of nitrogen applications to rice is employed to illustrate scheduling via production functions. Alternative specifications and functional forms are simultaneously examined to determine the sensitivity of economic results to these factors. Sensitivity is found to be high, and this finding is hypothesized to be critical for other approaches to input scheduling as well.
Whole Farm Risk-Rating Microcomputer Model
Authors: Anderson Kim B. , Ikerd John E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Risk-Rating Model is designed to give extension specialists, teachers, and producers a method to analyze production, marketing, and financial risks. These risks may be analyzed either individually or simultaneously. The risk associated with each enterprise, for all combinations of enterprises, and for any combination of marketing strategies is estimated. Optimistic, expected, and pessimistic returns above variable cost and/or total cost are presented in the results. The probability that total return will be equal to or greater than variable cost and/or total cost is also estimated.
Producer Returns from Cotton Strength and Uniformity: An Hedonic Price Approach
Authors: Ethridge Don E. , Neeper Jarral T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractImplicit (hedonic) producer prices for fiber strength uniformity were estimated for the southwest U.S. cotton market using seemingly unrelated regression and market sales data from 1983/84 and 1984/85. Fiber strength and length uniformity had significant effects on the price of cotton, but price was less responsive to both attributes than anticipated. Producer prices were most responsive to fiber length and micronaire and least responsive to color and strength. The market at the producer level appears to be making effective price adjustments with respect to factors such as fiber color, trash content, micronaire, fiber length, and location, but strength and length uniformity premiums and discounts are smaller than those paid by end users.
Dynamic Price Adjustments Between Commercial and Purebred Cattle Markets
Authors: VanTassell Larry W. , Bessler David A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVector autoregression was utilized to investigate dynamic relationships existing between prices of purebred bulls and prices of slaughter steers, utility cows, feeder calves, and cow-calf pairs. Results suggest purebred bull prices respond most quickly to an increase in utility cow prices (proxy for slaughter bull prices). Feeder calf prices exhibited the most pronounced positive effect on the price of herd sires, with a lagged response which took over two years to build.
Risk Efficient Perennial Crop Selection: A Motad Approach to Citrus Production
Authors: Teague Paul W. , Lee John G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNumerous studies have analyzed annual crop mix decisions in light of producer risk preferences. Few studies have focused on perennial crop mix decisions. This study attempts to identify not only the optimal mix of grapefruit and oranges for various riskaversion levels, but also optimal planting densities within each species. Experimental plot data from a grapefruit and orange spacing trial over the 1970-82 period were used in a MOTAD formulation to address optimal perennial crop mix and planting density decisions under different capital constraints. An examination of results suggests crop mix and planting density diversification within and across species of citrus as a means of reducing income variability.
Farm Income Enhancement Potential for Small, Part-Time Farming Operations in East Central Oklahoma
Authors: Sanford Scott , Tweeten Luther 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLinear programming and stochastic farm growth simulation models are used to assess the impact of alternative enterprise selection, variation in farm income, inflation, and off-farm income on the growth of small, part-time farms in East Central Oklahoma. Results indicate that alternative rates of inflation or variation in farm income do not significantly impact the operation or expansion of part-time farming operations. Adoption of alternative enterprises on part-time farms can lead to full-time farming operations where expansion initially is aided through use of off-farm income. Small full-time operators could greatly enhance family income by obtaining off-farm employment and income.