bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and characterization of carbon fiber reinforcement in Aluminium metal matrix composites
Authors: Menachery Nice , Thomas Lijo P. , Thomas Shijo , Deepanraj B. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Carbon fibers (CF) possess exceptional mechanical properties and the highest degree of chemical stability. However, carbon reinforcement in metal matrix composites is extremely scarce due to production difficulties, particularly in obtaining a uniform distribution. Carbon fiber reinforced composites are typically made using high temperature processing processes. However, the fibers must be coated with Ni or Cu in order to achieve effective particle dispersion; otherwise, there is a larger likelihood of intermetallic compound formation, which reduces the chances for enhanced properties. In this work, the metallurgical, mechanical, and tribological characteristics of the carbon fiber reinforcement in AA 7050 are examined. Uncoated carbon fibers are reinforced into the Aluminium matrix using a low temperature processing technique known as powder metallurgy. The AA 7050 matrix reinforced with carbon fibers at various weight percentages between 0 and 1.5. The samples undergone mechanical and metallurgical testing in accordance with ASTM guidelines. The findings indicate that the 0.25 weight percent carbon fiber reinforcement in the matrix increased the material’s hardness by 30% over the monolithic alloy, making it an excellent alternative for structural applications.
Nanofluids: Bridging nanotechnology and fluid dynamics for enhanced thermal performance
Authors: Reddy G. S. , Sumalatha V. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The manuscript explores the latest developments in nanofluids, investigating their synthesis, characterization, and diverse applications across various fields. Nanofluids, colloidal suspensions of nanometre-sized particles in a base fluid, exhibit enhanced thermal and physical properties. This article reviews multiple synthesis methods, such as mechanical milling and chemical reduction, emphasizing the importance of stability and dispersion. Characterization techniques, including dynamic light scattering and thermal conductivity measurement, provide insights into key properties. Applications span mechanical engineering, aerospace, nuclear energy, and healthcare, showcasing nanofluids’ versatility. The comprehensive understanding presented here lays the groundwork for leveraging nanofluids in optimizing heat transfer and efficiency in various industries.
Comparisons of reported and predicted tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced HDPE composites
Authors: Gupta Hariome Sharan , Palsule Sanjay 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Natural fiber offers eco-friendly nature, biodegradability, renewability, easy availability, and low cost; compared with synthetic fibers. Natural fibers reinforced polymer composites provide several applications because their good physical, mechanical and thermal properties and the composites also support agro-based economy. Natural fibers reinforced High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) composites provide good tensile properties and many applications. This study predicts tensile properties of a few natural fibers / HDPE composites by various equations and compares them with their reported tensile properties.
Analysis and Fabrication of Aluminium Composite with SiC and Graphite Using Stir Casting Method (MMC).
Authors: Sura Sreekanth , Nagaraj Goud B , Gowtham Reddy A. , Veeraprathap E. , Jaikanth T. , Yashwanth U. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Composites, as we all know, are used to reduce weight while boosting strength, stiffness, and other material properties as required by the application. Material science and engineering have sparked a lot of curiosity in the contemporary era. There has been a huge impact since the invention of composite materials. As a result of its high strength and durability. Low weight is the winning combination that propels composite materials towards the future. new frontiers Composites are commonly used to substitute natural materials like wood. Steel, iron, and other metals are distinguished by their surface properties. Metal Matrix was discovered in the literatures. Traditional materials are being phased out of the aerospace and automotive industries, while composites are being seriously studied. Because of their mechanical properties, Aluminum alloy MMCs are becoming increasingly used in a wide range of industrial applications. Using the stir casting method, the main theme of this project is to produce and fabricate composite materials based on aluminium alloy (A1-2024) reinforced with 15% volume fraction of silicon carbide Particulates (SiC) and 5% volume fraction of graphite particulates, taking into account the aforementioned factors and the following. As a result, the major purpose is to show that traditional metals may be used instead of composites in aircraft and vehicle applications. As a result, the project involves Metal Matrix Composite MMC testing and analysis, in which the produced composite is put to the test to assess its strength, hardness, and other physical attributes. Additionally, cracking and composite behaviour were investigated using Ansys Software. Finally, the final findings are compared to traditional material quality, demonstrating that composites are the best alternative.
Geometric synthesis in the profile of the involute tooth for improving the performance of bending in the material of the spur gear
Authors: Joshi Amol Vikas , Jaju Santosh 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Transferring power from one rotational axis to another in numbers of axes requires portable equipment such as gear. In operation, involuted teeth were reported as bending and pitting failures. Bending fatigue causes gear tooth cracks at the root, and pitting causes more wear. This bending failure was reduced with the help of material selection, geometric modifications like changes in profile shape, transmission error, module, tip relief, pressure angles, and the application of forces. A normal force acting on a gear tooth gets resolved into three components, like tangential, radial, and axial. When it comes to enhancing bending strength, the geometric forms of profiles have a significant impact. A variety of tools and techniques, including hobbing, shaping, grinding, etc., are available at the fingertips for altering gearing tooth. Changing the borders of gear tooth profiles with hobbing tools is becoming more popular among the authors as a means for altering gear tooth. There are four distinct geometric profiles that may be used to change gear geometries and enhance bending strength by reducing stress on the tooth. These profiles include trochoidal, circular, bezier, and cubic spines, and they are implemented using a hob cutter. It is noteworthy to note that these designs boost strength by integrating the shape of number of teeth on the spur gear. This study compares the number of teeth on the gear’s pinion with other geometric characteristics, including pressure angle, module, etc., in order to discover the optimal way for modifying the involute tooth of the gear in order to increase the bending resistance effectively of the spur gear. For the purpose of boosting the strength of gear material, a number of research endeavours have utilized circular profiles; nonetheless, this profile is older than the Bezier curve profile. Here, Bezier curves with a three-and five-point profile give better results than other profiles with significant reductions in bending stress for the same quantity of tooth on the gear.
A Comparative Analysis of Single and Multi-objective Process Parameter Optimization of Dissimilar Metal Friction Welds
Authors: Pratyusha M , Venkata Ramana P , Prasanthi G 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the present work welding of pure aluminium and pure copper is carried out employing friction welding process. The selected process parameters in the investigation are spindle speed, friction force, upset force and burn off. The evaluated responses are tensile strength and total shrinkage. Single and multi-objective optimization is carried out to understand the significance of process parameters. Design of experiments and ANOVA analysis is carried out in single objective optimization and Taguchi based Grey relational analysis is carried out for multi objective optimization. Regression equations are generated in either cases to interpret the relation between selected process parameters and responses. Comparison of optimized process parameters of tensile strength and total shrinkage for single objective optimization and multi objective optimization is carried out and presented to showcase the process parameter importance in obtaining the required response.
Design of Bio inspired wing using additive manufacturing
Authors: Sukumar D , Gupta Rahul , Thakur Vishali , Prasad G 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Humpback whales have a morphological feature on the front edge of their flippers that allows them to be extremely manoeuvrable. Tubercle design, which is inspired by nature, has been used in wing-like structures such as wind turbines and marine propellers. The research attempts to create a bio-inspired alteration to the existing wing that will lower the aeroplane’s drag. The experiment is carried out at different Angle of attack ranging from α = 0° to α = 20°. The goal of the research is to reduce friction drag, which results in a significant reduction in fuel expenditures and environmental effects. The initial technique involved designing a suitable context enclosure and 3D printing normal and bio wings, which depicted the experimental results of a standard wing. The experiment for a conventional NACA 23012 aeroplane wing was carried out using the subsonic wind tunnel with Velocity 70 m/s. Thus, comparing the computational results to the experimental data revealed bio-inspired wing forms that are more efficient than ordinary wings and can be used in the future aviation sector.
The creation and assessment of an electrical all-terrain vehicle and its effects on efficiency
Authors: Vasamsetti Subrahmanyam , Kunda Aruna , Roy Manoj Kumar , Raghavendrarao M.V. , Phani Babu Vemuri Venkata 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The suspension system consists of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers, and connections that facilitate the relative movement among the axles and the automobile. Although ride quality and road holding/handling are mutually exclusive, suspension components nevertheless need to provide both. Adjusting suspensions requires striking the ideal balance. Maintaining maximum contact between the road wheel and the road surface is crucial for the suspension. The vehicle’s suspension greatly affects its handling; since the vehicle must operate on all types of terrain and retain ideal steering geometry, an adaptable system of suspension should be employed. The EATV’s suspension elements will be designed in Solid works, and the resulting model will be examined utilizing Ansys software for optimizing design variables while taking into account how they may affect the efficiency of other automobile parts through simulator testing.
A high precision comparator design for 12-bit SAR ADC
Authors: Fu Yikun , Li Haisong , Jiang Yihu 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A comparator circuit applied to a 12-bit successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) is proposed in this paper. The circuit is designed based on 0.18 μm CMOS technology, consisting of an open-loop comparator, a regenerative comparator, and buffer circuits. The open-loop comparator adopts a differential input structure and incorporates cross-coupled pairs to enhance gain, introducing reset and clamping techniques to improve speed. The regenerative comparator employs a positive feedback structure to enhance response speed. Additionally, a novel biasing circuit using external components for fine-tuning is designed to address performance degradation caused by process variations in bias current, thereby improving the stability of the comparator circuit, which can serve as an analog IP core for SAR ADC design. Simulation verification is conducted by using a Cadence Spectre simulator with a working voltage of 3.3 V and a sampling frequency of 3.2 MHz. Simulation results indicate that the comparator achieves a resolution of 0.4 mV, with an accuracy of 12 bits and a dynamic power consumption of 1.8 mW. The proposed circuit has been successfully applied in 12-bit SAR ADC.
Optimization of AC contactor closing phase angle based on entropy weight method and efficacy coefficient method
Authors: Zhang Junhui , Liu Shuxin , Liu Yang , Xing Chaojian , Xu Jing 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Aiming at the problem that the optimal closing phase angle cannot be determined in the optimal closing control of AC contactor, this paper combines the finite element model of AC contactor with experimental data to determine the optimal range through the influence of different closing phase angles on the core closing speed, closing time and bounce time indexes, and then uses the entropy weight method to determine the weight of each index. The comprehensive evaluation function is constructed with the method of power function, and the optimal closing phase angle is obtained. Finally, the experiment shows that selecting the best closing phase angle can greatly reduce the closing impact energy and the number and time of contact bounce, and the closing performance can be greatly optimized.
Three-level control for open winding permanent magnet synchronous motors
Authors: Liu Yu , Li Wei , Jia Yunlong , Luo Mingyang , Zhang Shuai 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Based on the structure and characteristics of open winding motors, this article uses voltage space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technology to study the driving system of open winding motors from aspects of principle analysis, mathematical modeling, fault-tolerant control (FTC), and simulation.
Analysis and prediction of vibration characteristics of electromagnetic relays
Authors: Guo Guoqing , Zhao Xinghai , Li Qingshi , Ke Zhanghongda , Yao Wang 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
During the operation of rolling stock, wheel-rail vibrations, coupled with the excitation of the bogie’s nodding motion, will induce vertical vibrations in the vehicle body as well as its equipment. Electromagnetic relays are critical onboard signaling devices that require robust vibration resistance. In this regard, this research employs a specific model of relays to construct a dynamic model of the relay system, thus analyzing diverse primary factors influencing the vibration characteristics of the system based on the theory of vibration mechanics. Subsequently, this research conducts the modal simulation analysis of the relay system based on Hertz’s contact theory to validate the theoretical model. The results reveal that the vibration characteristics of the relay system are associated with local contact stiffness. Specifically, increasing the contact stiffness or pressure between the armature and the limit frame improves the vertical natural vibration frequency of the system. Hence, the vibration resistance of the relay system can be predicted through the control of the pressure between the armature and the limit frame, which is validated through simulation and experiments featuring random vibrations. In short, the proposed method is applicable for rapid prediction of vibration resistance during the production of vehicle relays, ensuring the consistency of product quality and fulfilling the requirements of various application scenarios of rolling stock.
An intermediate frequency variable gain amplifier with 1.5 dB gain flatness and optimized layout in the 45-nm SOI technique
Authors: Chuanyuan E , Li Xiaoran , Liu Zicheng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A high-performance intermediate frequency variable gain amplifier (IF-VGA) in a superheterodyne receiver is presented. This IF-AMP has a cascade structure of a two-stage cascode amplifier with inductance-capacitance (LC) load and a one-stage common-source amplifier. The circuit is implemented in GlobalFoundries 45-nm SOI technology. It has a maximum gain of 17.1 dB, a gain tuning range of 18.7 dB, a gain flatness of 1.5 dB across a 3-4 GHz frequency range, and a 7.1 dB stopband rejection for the out-of-band 700 MHz frequency component. An optimized layout of digitally controlled resistor and capacitor arrays is proposed to minimize parasitic capacitance.
Research on self-calibration model of weighing sensors based on fusing ELM and GWO
Authors: Yin Yuwei , He Chuchao , Zhao Xiangmo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Piezoresistive weighing sensors have shown great potential in industrial production. The accuracy and stability of weighing sensors may be affected by factors such as temperature changes, creep effects caused by long-term loading, nonlinearity, and hysteresis during use. Therefore, compensation calibration is necessary to ensure the accuracy and reliability of measurement results. This article combines the optimized GWO algorithm with the ELM algorithm to obtain the best calibration results. After compensation, the sensitivity coefficient of the weighing sensor decreased from around 1.2% F.S to around 0.06% F.S.
Study of permanent magnet synchronous motor control based on sliding mode observer
Authors: Jiang Mengxing , Li Linsheng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Permanent magnet synchronous motors have been widely used in modern life production. In order to realize the high precision control of permanent magnet synchronous motor, the traditional control method is to use an encoder and so on to obtain real-time speed and rotor position, but this method is difficult to maintain in the later stage. This article uses a sliding film observer instead of an encoder to obtain speed and rotor position. This paper adopts the saturation function instead of the traditional switching function, so as to reduce the vibration phenomenon of the traditional sliding mode observer, and at the same time, adopts the phase-locked loop instead of the traditional inverse tangent function and phase compensation. The simulation experimental results show that the improved sliding mode observer can suppress the vibration problem.
A Design of high-low voltage compatible fully differential operational amplifier
Authors: Zhou Fanchao , Zhou Cheng , Li Yanling 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a high-low voltage compatible wide-range fully differential operational amplifier designed using the DB HiTek 0.18 μm BCD process. The operational amplifier accurately tracks differential voltage changes within the input voltage range of 3~48 V. By employing common-mode voltage feedback, the amplifier achieves high-precision tracking of the differential voltage with a tracking voltage error accuracy of less than 1%. The designed fully differential operational amplifier finds applications in bidirectional Buck-boost converters, where it can be utilized for monitoring and controlling input/output current magnitude, preventing input power overload, and stabilizing dual-terminal voltages.
Design of an electronic device for detection of exhaled gas concentration
Authors: Fan Chuanxiu , Liu Xue , Yu Zhichao , Du Changsong , Jia Shengde , Liu Qing , Yan Pengbo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
To enable preliminary diagnosis of various diseases in the human body, detecting the concentrations of targeted components in exhaled gases is an effective way without invasive diagnosis. An exhaled gas concentration detection device is proposed in this paper. Firstly, this device employs a high-accuracy analog front end (AFE) for transmitting the concentrations of targeted components to an electronic voltage signal. The core circuit of AFE is a high-precision and low-current constant current source. Secondly, a heating circuit with controllable temperature is also designed to provide an appropriate operating temperature for different types of gas sensor materials. Thirdly, the system applies a microcontroller to directly read multiple-channel gas concentrations and independently control multiple heating circuits. The performance of the device has been validated through simulations.
Research on power regulation of virtual synchronous generators in microgrid
Authors: Hu Liang , Zhan Weiqiang , Yao Xiaoshan , Xiong Zhihao , Yang Mingbo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This article proposes a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control strategy with power regulation for island microgrids. A model is built in Matlab/Simulink, and the influence of key parameters on the inertia and damping of the VSG is analyzed through simulation experiments. It has been verified that virtual synchronous generators can adjust the power output in real time, thereby regulating the output of clean energy, reducing the fuel consumption of diesel generators, and achieving maximum economic benefits.
Limit calculation of LED luminous efficiency
Authors: Zhou Shuwei , Liu Baolin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
LED is widely used due to its many advantages. As the fourth generation lighting source, it has always been limited by its luminous efficiency. How to improve the luminous efficiency of LED is one of the current research hotspots. The paper aims to conduct a limited analysis of the luminous efficiency of LED and provide theoretical support for LED luminescence research. Firstly, theoretical analysis and derivation were conducted on the luminous efficiency of LED, and it was found that the main factor determining its luminous efficiency is the light extraction efficiency of LED. Then, the optical path of internal photons during LED emission was analyzed, and the calculation formula for the limit value of traditional rectangular LED luminous efficiency was derived. Based on the formula, it was found that GaN LED has the highest luminous efficiency limit among the most common LEDs, but it is only 27.3%. Finally, two methods to break through the limit of LED luminous efficiency were proposed in theory, and simulation verification was carried out using TracePro software. By selecting a semiconductor material with a refractive index of 2.2 to make the luminous layer of LED, the luminous efficiency limit of LED can be increased to 30%. The improvement of the LED luminous efficiency limit can also be achieved by changing the light path of photons in the LED. In this paper, two different LED shapes from traditional rectangular shapes were simulated, and their luminous efficiency limit values were greatly improved, reaching a maximum of 40.7%. The limit calculation theory in the paper can provide theoretical support for most current research on LED luminous efficiency.
A transformer winding mechanical fault diagnosis method based on ST-SVD and DBO-SVM models
Authors: Han Jing , Zhu Yichao , Zhang Ruizhi , Li Zichao , Cai Xiaopeng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
To explore the large amount of state information contained in transformer vibration signals, a transformer winding looseness fault diagnosis method based on S-transform singular value decomposition (ST-SVD) and dung beetle optimized support vector machine (DBO-SVM) model is proposed. Firstly, based on the transformer fault simulation experimental platform, vibration signals of transformer windings under different states are collected. Secondly, the vibration signal of the transformer is S-transformed to obtain its time-frequency matrix. Then, the amplitude matrix corresponding to the time-frequency matrix is calculated for SVD, and the eigenvectors are defined. Finally, the Dung Beetle Optimization Algorithm is used to optimize the SVM model parameters and input feature vectors to complete fault diagnosis. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a higher accuracy in fault identification than traditional method models and is suitable for diagnosing mechanical faults in transformer windings.