bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arguments for a moratorium on the construction of a community information utility
Authors: Press Laurence I. 
Published: July 2002

In this article the author urges a prudent and decentralized approach to the question of the design and desirability of computerized community information utilities. Before accepting the inevitability and desirability of this or any technology, we should: (1) be sure of the feasibility (internally and externally) of what is proposed; (2) project and perhaps wait for changes in complementary techniques; (3) evaluate current and projected supplementary techniques; (4) establish the existence of demand for what is proposed; (5) take steps to involve a representative group of ultimate users in systems design, and (6) carefully think through possible side effects on man and his world view.
Current proposals for community information utilities are examined in this framework, and the conclusion is drawn that society is not yet in a position to justify either the construction of an information utility in a prototype community or the acceptance of a policy in favor of its widespread implementation.
On the power of the frame buffer
Authors: Fournier Alain , Fussell Donald 
Published: July 2002

Raster graphics displays are almost always refreshed out of a frame buffer in which a digital representation of the currently visible image is kept. The availability of the frame buffer as a two-dimensional memory array representing the displayable area in a screen coordinate system has motivated the development of algorithms that take advantage of this memory for more than just picture storage. The classic example of such an algorithm is the depth buffer algorithm for determining visible surfaces of a three-dimensional scene. This paper constitutes a first attempt at a disciplined analysis of the power of a frame buffer seen as a computational engine for use in graphics algorithms. We show the inherent power of frame buffers to perform a number of graphics algorithms in terms of the number of data fields (registers) required per pixel, the types of operations allowed on these registers, and the input data. In addition to upper bounds given by these algorithms, we prove lower bounds for most of them and show most of these algorithms to be optimal.
One result of this study is the introduction of new frame buffer algorithms for computing realistic shadows and for determining the convex intersection of half spaces, an operation important in computational geometry and in rendering objects defined using planes rather than polygons. Another result is that it shows clearly the relationships between different and important areas of research in computer graphics, such as visible surface determination, compositing, and hardware for smart frame buffers.
HDTV and the computer industry
Authors: Frenkel Karen A. 
Published: July 2002

In the 1940s, television and radio combinations like the one on the left were the precursors of today's "entertainment centers ." About 25 years later, black and white television gave way to color. The next leap, high resolution television coupled with CD quality stereo may be coming soon. Last April, in the deep hours of the night, NBC, Channel 4 in New York City, announced a test: viewers would witness the first broadcast of the Sarnoff Research Center's Advanced Compatible Television system. The program of choice: the Saint Patrick's Day Parade. Researchers at the Sarnoff Center in Princeton, NJ, watched the signal, which emanated from WNBC at the World Trade Center in New York, on experimental high-definition monitors. The Sarnoff group, along with ABC and General Electric's consumer electronics division, has invested $60 million to develop a system that has twice the lines of regular TV screens (1050), scans at the same rate (29.97 frames per second), and enhances the current standard signal. A planned two-step approach to advanced television, the second phase would provide greater detail to those who bought wide-screen monitors, but it still would be compatible with today's TVs.
The Sarnoff system is one of 20 advanced television research projects under way in this country, including those of the Zenith Electronics Group in cooperation with AT&T Microelectronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Advanced Television Research Program, the New York Institute of Technology, the Del-Ray Group, and North American Philips. Many have applied for matching funds from DARPA, which has earmarked $30 million for the next three years—half slated for transmission research and half for display technology. As of August 1989, five companies had been granted money for display technology. Newco Inc. of San Jose, CA, Raychem Corporation of Menlo Park, CA, Texas Instruments Inc. of Dallas, TX, and Projectavision Inc. of New York will receive money for projection display systems. Photonics Technology Inc. of Northwood, OH, was selected for flat panel display technology. More money may be forthcoming, as pressure is exerted to create systems to compete with or to supplant high-definition television (HDTV) as offered by Japan's national broadcasting organization Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK) and Europe's Eureka systems.
PERSONAL REFLECTIONS ON A GALVANIZING TRAIL
Authors: O'Dell Boyd L. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  This article encompasses my perception of, and experience in, an exciting segment of the trace element era in nutrition research: the role of zinc in the nutrition of animals and humans. Zinc has been a major player on the stage of trace element research, and it has left a trail that has galvanized the attention of many researchers, including myself. It is ubiquitous in biological systems, and it plays a multitude of physiologic and biochemical functions. A brief historical overview is followed by a discussion of the contributions the work done in my laboratory has made toward understanding the physiological and biochemical functions of zinc. The effort of 40 years has led to the belief that one of zinc's major roles, and perhaps its first limiting role, is to preserve plasma-membrane function as regards ion channels and signal transduction. Although substantial knowledge has been gained relating to the importance of zinc in nutrition, much remains to be discovered.
Toxicology Comes of Age
Authors: Doull John 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  [Figure: see text] This paper contains recollections of some of the people and events that influenced the development of toxicology as an academic discipline. It also describes my experiences in pharmacology at the University of Chicago and the University of Kansas Medical Center and concludes with speculation concerning the future of toxicology. Moderation in all things/Ne quid nimis.      —Terence in Andria
True But Not False Memories Produce a Sensory Signature in Human Lateralized Brain Potentials
Authors: Fabiani Monica , Stadler Michael A. , Wessels Peter M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
False memories (e.g., recognition of events that did not occur) are considered behaviorally and subjectively indistinguishable from true memories. We report that brain activity differs when true and false memories are retrieved. Strongly associated lists of words were presented to one or the other cerebral hemisphere at study. This led to lateralized brain activity for these words during a centrally presented recognition test, reflecting their lateralized encoding. This activity was absent for nonstudied but strongly associated words falsely recognized as studied items. These results indicate that studied words leave sensory signatures of study experiences that are absent for false memories. In addition, hemifield effects emerged, including a slower reaction time (RT) for false recognition of nonstudied words whose associated lists were presented to the left hemifield (i.e., right hemisphere). These false recognition responses were accompanied by frontal slow wave activity, which may reflect a differential ability of the two hemispheres with respect to semantic processing.
fMRI Studies of Stroop Tasks Reveal Unique Roles of Anterior and Posterior Brain Systems in Attentional Selection
Authors: Banich Marie T. , Milham Michael P. , Atchley Ruthann , Cohen Neal J. , Webb Andrew , Wszalek Tracey , Kramer Arthur F. , Liang Zhei-Pei , Wright Alexander , Shenker Joel , Magin Richard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe brain's attentional system identifies and selects information that is task-relevant while ignoring information that is task-irrelevant. In two experiments using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the effects of varying task-relevant information compared to task-irrelevant information. In the first experiment, we compared patterns of activation as attentional demands were increased for two Stroop tasks that differed in the task-relevant information, but not the task-irrelevant information: a color-word task and a spatial-word task. Distinct subdivisions of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the precuneus became activated for each task, indicating differential sensitivity of these regions to task-relevant information (e.g., spatial information vs. color). In the second experiment, we compared patterns of activation with increased attentional demands for two Stroop tasks that differed in task-irrelevant information, but not task-relevant information: a color-word task and color-object task. Little differentiation in activation for dorsolateral prefrontal and precuneus regions was observed, indicating a relative insensitivity of these regions to task-irrelevant information. However, we observed a differentiation in the pattern of activity for posterior regions. There were unique areas of activation in parietal regions for the color-word task and in occipito-temporal regions for the color-object task. No increase in activation was observed in regions responsible for processing the perceptual attribute of color. The results of this second experiment indicate that attentional selection in tasks such as the Stroop task, which contain multiple potential sources of relevant information (e.g., the word vs. its ink color), acts more by modulating the processing of task-irrelevant information than by modulating processing of task-relevant information.
The Influence of Memory Load Upon Delay-Interval Activity in a Working-Memory Task: An Event-Related Functional MRI Study
Authors: Jha Amishi P. , McCarthy Gregory 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We conducted two fMRI studies to investigate the sensitivity of delay-period activity to changes in memory load during a delayed-recognition task for faces. In Experiment 1, each trial began with the presentation of a memory array consisting of one, two, or three faces that lasted for 3 sec. A 15-sec delay period followed during which no stimuli were present. The delay interval concluded with a one-face probe to which subjects made a button press response indicating whether this face was part of the memory array. Experiment 2 was similar in design except that the delay period was lengthened to 24 sec, and the memory array consisted of only one or three faces. We hypothesized that memory maintenance processes that spanned the delay interval would be revealed by their sensitivity to memory load. Long delay intervals were employed to temporally dissociate phasic activity engendered by the memory array from sustained activity reflecting maintenance. Regions of interest (ROIs) were defined anatomically for the superior frontal gyri (SFG), middle frontal gyri (MFG), and inferior frontal gyri (IFG), intraparietal sulci (IPS), and fusiform gyri (FFG) on a subject-by-subject basis. The mean time course of activity was determined for all voxels within these regions and for that subset of voxels within each ROI that correlated significantly with an empirically determined reference waveform. In both experiments, memory load significantly influenced activation 6-9 sec following the onset of the memory array with larger amplitude responses for higher load levels. Responses were greatest within MFG, IPS, and FFG. In both experiments, however, these load-sensitive differences declined over successive time intervals and were no longer significant at the end of the delay interval. Although insensitive to our load manipulation, sustained activation was present at the conclusion of the delay interval within MFG and other prefrontal regions. IPS delay activity returned to prestimulus baseline levels prior to the end of the delay period in Experiment 2, but not in Experiment 1. Within FFG, delay activity returned to prestimulus baseline levels prior to the conclusion of the delay interval in both experiments. Thus, while phasic processes engendered by the memory array were strongly affected by memory load, no evidence for load-sensitive delay-spanning maintenance processes was obtained.
Episodic Action Memory for Real Objects: An ERP Investigation With Perform, Watch, and Imagine Action Encoding Tasks Versus a Non-Action Encoding Task
Authors: Senkfor Ava J. , Petten Cyma Van , Kutas Marta 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Cognitive research shows that people typically remember actions they perform better than those that they only watch or imagine doing, but also at times misremember doing actions they merely imagined or planned to do (source memory errors). Neural research suggests some overlap between brain regions engaged during action production, motor imagery, and action observation. The present study evaluates the similar-ities/differences in brain activity during the retrieval of various types of action and nonaction memories. Participants study real objects in one of four encoding conditions: performing an action, watching the experimenter perform an action, or imagining an action with an object, or a nonmotoric task of estimating an object's cost. At test, participants view color photos of the objects, and make source memory judgments about the initial encoding episodes. Event-related potentials (ERPs) during test reveal (1) content-specific brain activity depending on the nature of the encoding task, and (2) a hand tag, i.e., sensitivity to the hand with which an object had been manipulated at study. At fronto-central sites, ERPs are similar for the three action-retrieval conditions, which are distinct from those to the cost-encoded objects. At occipital sites ERPs distinguished objects from encoding conditions with visual motion (Perform and Watch) from those without visual motion (Imagine and Cost). Results thus suggest some degree of recapitulation of encoding brain activity during retrieval of memories with qualitatively distinct attributes.
Neuropsychological Evidence of an Integrated Visuotactile Representation of Peripersonal Space in Humans
Authors: Làdavas Elisabetta , Pellegrino Giuseppe di , Farnè Alessandro , Zeloni Gabriele 
Published: July 2002

Current interpretations of extinction suggest that the disorder is due to an unbalanced competition between ipsilesional and contralesional representations of space. The question addressed in this study is whether the competition between left and right representations of space in one sensory modality (i.e., touch) can be reduced or exacerbated by the activation of an intact spatial representation in a different modality that is functionally linked to the damaged representation (i.e., vision). This hypothesis was tested in 10 right-hemisphere lesioned patients who suffered from reliable tactile extinction. We found that a visual stimulus presented near the patient's ipsilesional hand (i.e., visual peripersonal space) inhibited the processing of a tactile stimulus delivered on the contralesional hand (cross-modal visuotactile extinction) to the same extent as did an ipsilesional tactile stimulation (unimodal tactile extinction). It was also found that a visual stimulus presented near the contralesional hand improved the detection of a tactile stimulus applied to the same hand. In striking contrast, less modulatory effects of vision on touch perception were observed when a visual stimulus was presented far from the space immediately around the patient's hand (i.e., extrapersonal space). This study clearly demonstrates the existence of a visual peripersonal space centered on the hand in humans and its modulatory effects on tactile perception. These findings are explained by referring to the activity of bimodal neurons in premotor and parietal cortex of macaque, which have tactile receptive fields on the hand and corresponding visual receptive fields in the space immediately adjacent to the tactile fields.
Preferences for Visual Stimuli Following Amygdala Damage
Authors: Adolphs Ralph , Tranel Daniel 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Bilateral damage to the human amygdala impairs retrieval of emotional and social information from faces. An important unanswered question concerns the specificity of the impairment for faces. To address this question, we examined preferences for a broad class of visual stimuli in two subjects with complete bilateral amygdala damage, both of whom were impaired in judgments of faces. Relative to controls, the subjects showed a positive bias for simple nonsense figures, color patterns, three-dimensional-looking objects and landscapes. The impairment was most pronounced in regard to those stimuli that are normally liked the least. The human amygdala thus appears to play a general role in guiding preferences for visual stimuli that are normally judged to be aversive.
Fixed-Point Attractor Analysis for a Class of Neurodynamics
Authors: Feng Jianfeng , Brown David 
Published: July 2002

Nearly all models in neural networks start from the assumption that the input-output characteristic is a sigmoidal function. On parameter space, we present a systematic and feasible method for analyzing the whole spectrum of attractors—all-saturated, all-but-one-saturated, all-but-twosaturated, and so on—of a neurodynamical system with a saturated sigmoidal function as its input-output characteristic. We present an argument that claims, under a mild condition, that only all-saturated or all but-one-saturated attractors are observable for the neurodynamics. For any given all-saturated configuration [Formula: see text] (all-but-one-saturated configuration [Formula: see text]) the article shows how to construct an exact parameter region R([Formula: see text])([Formula: see text]([Formula: see text])) such that if and only if the parameters fall within R([Formula: see text])([Formula: see text]([Formula: see text])), then [Formula: see text]([Formula: see text]) is an attractor (a fixed point) of the dynamics. The parameter region for an all-saturated fixed-point attractor is independent of the specific choice of a saturated sigmoidal function, whereas for an all-but-one-saturated fixed point, it is sensitive to the input-output characteristic. Based on a similar idea, the role of weight normalization realized by a saturated sigmoidal function in competitive learning is discussed. A necessary and sufficient condition is provided to distinguish two kinds of competitive learning: stable competitive learning with the weight vectors representing extremes of input space and being fixed-point attractors, and unstable competitive learning. We apply our results to Linsker's model and (using extreme value theory in statistics) the Hopfield model and obtain some novel results on these two models.
Components for Distributed Virtual Environments
Authors: Oliveira Manuel , Crowcroft Jon , Slater Mel 
Published: July 2002

A virtual environment (VE) presents a complex problem with interesting nontrivial challenges for software development. The problems increase when considering VEs that are both distributed and shared among multiple participants. The majority of existing systems supporting large-scale VEs (LSVEs) are based on monolithic architectures, making maintenance and software reuse difficult at best. These problems have begun to be addressed by recent VE systems that employ software engineering principles in their design. Although modularity is addressed, many other issues remain unsolved, such as interoperability between different systems. The Java Adaptive Dynamic Environment (JADE) is presented as an alternative to the traditional approach for developing a core infrastructure for VE systems. JADE consists of a component framework along with a lightweight cross-platform kernel that permits system evolution at runtime and enables cross-system integration.
'ISRAEL IS LAID WASTE; HIS SEED IS NO MORE': WHAT IF MERNEPTAH'S SCRIBES WERE TELLING THE TRUTH?
Authors: Whitelam Keith 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe reference to Israel in the Merneptah stele plays a pivotal role in the debate on Israel's emergence in Late Bronze-Iron Age Palestine. Most scholars ignore 'the plain sense of the text' which suggests that Israel has been wiped out. Recent research on ethnicity undermines the essentialist notion that there is a direct connection between Merneptah's 'Israel' and later entities of the same name. The article explores the implications of accepting the claim of Merneptah's scribes that 'Israel' had been destroyed
MULĀZAMA OR HARASSMENT OF RECALCITRANT DEBTORS IN ISLAMIC LAW
Authors: Ziadeh Farhat 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe institution of mulāzama, or the harassment of the debtor through the constant pursuit of him, could obtain in three situations: (a) the pursuit of a penniless debtor who has been released from prison and declared bankrupt by a judge, (b) the pursuit of a debtor capable of paying his debt, and (c) the pursuit of a debtor before trial, lest he flee, pending the production of witnesses. Only Abū Hanīfa, and, following him, the dominant opinion of his school, supported the first. Some later Hanafīs as well as jurists of other schools supported the other two in varying degrees, until relatively modern times when the institution was declared inoperative or has been completely ignored. The harshness of the early Hanafī position suggests an origin in a preceding civilization: possibly the Roman, because of similarities in terminology; possibly the Indo-Iranian, because of the provenance of early Hanafīs in territories influenced by that civilization; or both.
Plant chemical discriminations by an herbivorous iguanid lizard, Sauromalus ater
Authors: Cooper William , Flowers Matthew 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe experimentally studied the ability of the iguanid lizard Sauromalus ater to discriminate between plant and animal foods and control stimuli using only chemical cues. When chemicals were presented on cotton swabs, the lizards exhibited stronger responses, as indicated by tongue-flicking and biting, to chemical stimuli from romaine lettuce than from crickets and control substances. Responses to plant and animal food did not differ significantly in S. ater, which eats animal prey only occasionally in natural populations. Although there were no significant differences between responses to cricket chemicals and other stimuli for the entire data set, those individuals that ate or attacked crickets tongue-flicked at high rates in response to cricket chemicals. Based on the presence of herbivory and plant chemical discrimination in three iguanid genera, it is likely that plant chemical discrimination is ubiquitous in iguanids. Given the uncertainty of iguanian phylogeny, the evolution of herbivory and response to plant chemicals cannot be traced with confidence. However, it appears very likely that lingually mediated plant chemical discriminations evolved in the common ancestor of Iguanidae or earlier in iguanian history in response to a shift to an herbivorous diet.