bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Hard-Copy to Digital Law via “Illustrated Courtrooms”: Visualising the History of Legal English
Authors: Nicolini Matteo 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This essay addresses different patterns of the visualisation of the law. It examines how scholars attempt to depict, represent, and perform the law and its founding authority. It also focuses on the pragmatics of legal language: written and spoken standard legal English are pragmatically enriched within contexts where the law is interpreted, uttered, or performed. The linguistic notion of “context” discloses the interrelations between the agendas of law and power and reveals how the law conveys its content to the body politic as its ultimate addressee. It then proposes a renewed concept of legal linguistics. In order to determine the different ideologies underpinning the evolution of English legal language, as well as its prototypical forms of the visualisation of the law, three stages in the history of the English language will be examined: Late Middle English, Early Modern English, and Contemporary English. Each of these stages will be likened to the different parts of judicial proceedings. This will allow us to examine how English legal language has been used in a specific context, the trial, where the law is both uttered and performed.
“The Last Laugh?” A Multimodal Analysis of Captions in Photojournalism
Authors: Logaldo Mara 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
It is generally agreed that in photojournalism pictures come first. However, also the short verbal texts that accompany them play a crucial role, as they lead readers among the different signifieds of the image. A multimodal discourse analysis of captions will aptly consider both the linguistic elements that appear within the verbal discourse and the image-text relation. The interconnectedness of captions and pictures has lately been defined as a “loop,” a view which blurs the traditional distinction between anchoring and relaying processes theorized by Barthes. The association of the relaying function with comics, however, seems to establish an interesting point of contact between photojournalism and pop art. Captions actually show the tension between “high” and “low” culture, the former being traditionally identified with the word and the latter with the image. While in the heyday of photojournalism captions were made necessary by the poor quality of the photographs, they soon began to provide an abstractive summary of the story told by the picture. This selective process involves interpretation. For this reason, captions can be ethically misleading and even legally controversial forms of discourse, for instance when they are used instrumentally to convey a specific point of view. In photojournalism dealing with crime cases, in particular, captions may display a sensationalist and populist view of justice, thus articulating the thoughts of public opinion supported by the newspaper’s stand. My case study focuses on the caption that accompanied the photo portraying Perry Smith and Richard Hickock while leaving the courtroom on March 29, 1960. The two murderers – who have become famous after the publication of the documentary novel
Advances in chemical product design
Authors: Zhang Lei , Fung Ka Yip , Wibowo Christianto , Gani Rafiqul 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe nature of chemical product design problems is diverse and multidisciplinary. It involves many design issues such as project management, market study, product design, process design, and economic analysis for better organizing the product design project and achieving better products. This article provides an overview of chemical product design with a multidisciplinary hierarchical framework including all the design issues and tasks. Each of the design issues and tasks are introduced and discussed, methods and tools are summarized and compared, challenges and perspectives are presented to help the chemical product design researchers on finding more novel, innovative and sustainable products, by the combined effort from academia and industry to develop a systematic generic framework, and tools including product simulator, process simulator, database manager, modeling tool, and templates for design problems.
“You have to teach the judge what to do”: Semiotic gaps between unrepresented litigants and the common law
Authors: Yeung Matthew W. L , Leung Janny H. C 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe courtroom can be seen as a semiotic space where the practice of signs is institutionalized. There are specific ways to perform signs in court, be they verbal (e. g., turn-taking) or nonverbal (e. g., attire). Legal signs communicate and signify differently than their non-legal counterparts. Laypeople may not be aware of such differences, and may encounter a gap between their expectation and the actual practice of legal signs. This is precisely the case for unrepresented litigants, laypeople who go to court without legal counsel, whose understanding and practice of signs usually differ from legal ones given their limited exposure to legal knowledge and culture. This paper examines unrepresented litigants’ lay practice of signs in Hong Kong courtrooms, and analyses how it clashes with that used by legal professionals. Our data consist of courtroom observations of 54 Cantonese case managements and 13 Cantonese trials in district courts in Hong Kong, 10 interviews with unrepresented litigants and 6 relevant judgments. The paper shows that the differences in the use of semiotics often place laypeople as out-group members of the law and may limit their access to justice. Our analysis will contribute to an understanding of laypeople’s behavior in the courtroom, which in turn bridges the communication gap between laypeople and legal professionals in common law jurisdictions.
The semiotic interpretation of legal subjects in China’s new criminal procedure law
Authors: Lin Xu , Liang Li 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSemiotically, it is worth discussing some legal terminology that expresses the legal subjects in the criminal procedure law drawn up in 2012. In China’s new criminal procedure law, it can been seen that different legal concepts are adopted to refer to the same legal subject, while different legal subjects are referred to by the same legal concept. In Article 106 of the new criminal procedure law, “participants in the proceedings” means the parties, legal representatives, agents ad litem, defenders, witnesses, expert witnesses, and interpreters. However, all kinds of criminal lawsuit participants appearing in the new criminal procedure law are far beyond the scope of “participants in the proceedings” defined in Article 106. While Article 3, Article 4, and Article 290 of the new criminal procedure law are all about subjects in the criminal procedure law, nevertheless, why is Article 290 arranged as the last article? With the help of the Peircean semiotic methodology and Greimas’ semiotic theory fused with legal materiality, some semiotic interpretations of legal terms are very necessary. Background metalanguage, consensus metalanguage, and context-oriented metalanguage are the foundation for analyzing the problems mentioned previously. In addition, legal language autonomy and unipolarity, the relationship of legal text and real legal meaning, and the transition from law in the text to the law in action provides several strong perspectives to make them clear. Drawing upon semiotic methodology fused with legal materiality, this paper will explore legislative techniques and methodology, especially logical deduction by reasoning between lawmakers and judges, including legal interpretation, legal reasoning, and interest measure. It will be beneficial to establish the authority of China’s new criminal procedure law and have it smoothly implemented in China.
Dialectal variation in Spanish diminutives: A performance model
Authors: Eddington David 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
While the diminutive form of most Spanish words is invariant, a great deal of variation is found in bisyllabic words that either contain /je, we/ in the stem (e. g., viejo ‘old’> viejito/viejecito, pueblo ‘town’ > pueblecito/pueblito), or that end in /e/ (e. g., dulce ‘sweet’ > dulcecito/dulcito), or that end in /jo, ja/ (e. g., rubio ‘blonde’ > rubiecito/rubito). Data from the Corpus del Español indicate that in many cases both diminutive forms exist within a single country. This kind of variation has been accounted for in a number of competence-based studies. However, many of these studies, along with the entities and mechanisms they employ, are not designed to explain actual language processing. The purpose of the present study, on the other hand, is to present a performance model of diminutive formation that accounts for the observed variation. The model assumes that highly frequent diminutives have been lexicalized, and as a result, their production is a matter of lexical retrieval. In contrast, low frequency words are diminutivized based on analogy to the diminutive forms of words stored in the mental lexicon. A data set of existing diminutives in each country was extracted from the Corpus del Español. Using these data sets, a series of computational simulations was performed in order to predict the diminutive allomorphs. The model proved to be highly successful in correctly predicting the diminutives in each country.
Menor uso pese a mayor estatus: discursos sobre el valor de la lengua en Galicia
Authors: Pérez Castillejo Susana 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This paper contributes to the literature on the current discrepancy between the use of and attitudes towards Galician. Previous studies attribute this conflict to the higher prestige of Spanish as the language of social mobility, together with stereotypes of rurality still linked to the vernacular language. Instead of focusing on prestige as a value that explains the progressive shift to Spanish, this paper examines the discursive processes of prestige attribution to uncover the ideological underpinnings of speakers’ motivations. The critical analysis of the attitudes expressed in 72 semi-structured interviews reveals that, when discursively constructing their evaluations, speakers do not necessarily reproduce traditional linguistic prejudices. Instead, they resort to discourses of authenticity, anonymity, linguistic rights, or discourses about the value of bilingualism vs monolingualism to justify their opinions. Sometimes, the ideologies mobilized by these discourses naturalize attitudes and behaviors that undermine the normalization of Galician, even if the speakers overtly express positive attitudes towards the language.
A study of ceceo variation in Western Andalusia (Huelva)
Authors: Regan Brendan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Throughout Europe many traditional dialects are converging towards regional or national standards due to large-scale societal changes such as increased education, mobility and dialect contact. In parts of southern Spain, the long-standing mergers of ceceo and seseo are yielding to the national standard of distinción. A quantitative sociolinguistic analysis of the coronal fricative variation of thirty-eight speakers was conducted to assess the status of ceceo in the city of Huelva in comparison to other Andalusian cities. As compared to earlier dialectal accounts of Huelva as predominantly ceceante, the results indicate a change from above in which the local ceceo is demerging to the standard Castilian distinción led by women from all socioeconomic groups as well as men from middle class neighborhoods. Ceceo appears to be converting into a linguistic marker correlating with men from working class neighborhoods with less formal instruction. The implications are that Huelva, similar to other Andalusian cities, has undergone large-scale societal changes that have led to the demerger of the traditional dialectal feature ceceo in favor of the national Castilian prestige feature of distinción.
The role of social networks in the retention of /f/ aspiration among Mexican migrant workers in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Van Buren Jackelyn 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Fricative /f/ aspiration (i. e., /f/ -> [h] in words such as afuera ‘outside’ and fui ‘went.1sg’) is a nonstandard rural feature of Spanish that occurs in a Pacific Northwest speech community of migrant farmworkers of Mexican descent. While the historical change in Spanish from /f/ > [h] has an extensive literature (see Naro 1972; Penny 1990; Pensado 1993; Torreblanca 1984), the social and linguistic factors that condition the variable’s synchronic use are poorly understood (Renaud 2014). This study examines the current trajectory of /f/ aspiration in the context of migration in the U.S., utilizing sociolinguistic interviews conducted with 28 participants ranging in age from 17 to 71, born in either Mexico or the U.S. The study demonstrates that speakers who are more tightly integrated into local family and agriculture networks are more likely to produce [h]. A significant interaction between gender and age is also found: while women of all ages are sensitive to the standard variant and use less of the stigmatized variant [h] overall, young men are robust producers of [h]. It is suggested that this variant holds covert prestige among men of Mexican descent working in agriculture in the migrant setting of the Pacific Northwest.
Reading the Opening of the Philosophical Investigations
Authors: McDougall Derek 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn a recent paper (Lugg 2013: 21-36), Andrew Lugg argues that the beginning of the Philosophical Investigations (PI 1958: 1-7) can be read in a literal and straightforward way, a way that is not intended to involve any kind of irony, or to present the reader with any form of complex philosophical argument. Consequently, a number of commentators who have read into these passages an intention on Wittgenstein’s part to acquaint us with bizarre or unusual paradoxes, have seriously misunderstood his method. The present discussion will assess how far Lugg’s approach is reflected in the very extensive and multi-faceted secondary literature on these passages, whilst discovering how the description of Augustine’s child who is said to have already acquired his first language, bears upon the way in which philosophers have used the concept of a born-Crusoe to point towards an “Individualist” as distinct from a “Communitarian” interpretation of Wittgenstein’s thinking.
„Dem politischen Zeitgeschehen vollkommen interessenlos gegenüber“
Authors: Schuster Dirk 
Published: May 2017

Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel veranschaulicht, dass Buddhisten im „Dritten Reich“ weder einer anhaltenden Verfolgung unterworfen waren, noch aufgrund ihres Glaubens einen Schutz durch „Obere“ erfahren haben. Als Fallstudie rekonstruiert der Artikel die Einschätzung der Buddhistischen Gemeinde in Berlin durch Regierungs- und Parteistellen, wie sie in den noch existierenden Dokumenten der Nazi-Verwaltungs- und Polizeibehörden wiedergegeben ist. Hieraus wird ersichtlich, dass sich die Beurteilung des Buddhismus durch unterschiedliche Vertreter des NS-Regimes nicht aus der Ideologie des Nationalsozialismus ableiten lässt. Die Behandlung von Buddhisten kann hierdurch als exemplarisches Beispiel für die Religionspolitik im „Dritten Reich“ angesehen werden, die stark vom polykratischen Herrschaftssystem geprägt war.
„So herrscht der Lama über die Menschen Tibets!“
Authors: Zotz Birgit 
Published: May 2017

Zusammenfassung
Zwischen dem Dritten Reich und Vertretern des tibetischen Buddhismus wird in Veröffentlichungen oft ein Zusammenhang hergestellt. Diesem liegt eine vorgeblich positive Haltung der NS Vertreter gegenüber dem Tibetischen Buddhismus zugrunde. Die Tibet-Expedition von 1938/39 von Ernst Schäfer gilt als der zentrale Beleg einer vermeintlichen Berlin – Lhasa Achse. Durch Publikationen zu seinen Forschungsreisen prägte Ernst Schäfer in Deutschland das Bild des religiösen Lebens Tibets.Dieser Beitrag analysiert die Haltung der Nationalsozialisten gegenüber dem tibetischen Buddhismus basierend auf den Ansichten Alfred Rosenbergs und Ernst Schäfers. Diese Quellen zeigen, dass die Religion Tibets als destruktiv für die Gesellschaft gesehen wurde. Die Autoren verwendeten ihr Bild des Buddhismus stellvertretend für den Katholizismus, der auf diese Weise ohne direkte Konfrontation mit der Kirche kritisiert werden konnte.
Competition Load Described by Objective and Subjective Methods During a Surfing Championship
Authors: FernAndez-Gamboa Iosu , Yanci Javier , Granados Cristina , Freemyer Bret , Cámara Jesús 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Fernández-Gamboa, I, Yanci, J, Granados, C, Freemyer, B, and Cámara, J. Competition load described by objective and subjective methods during a surfing championship. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1329–1335, 2018—The aims of this study were to describe the competition load of surfers during a single heat through objective and subjective methods and to analyze the relationship between objective and subjective methods with the judges' score. Ten competitive surfers were fitted with a global positioning system (GPS) during a competitive heat. The GPS was synchronized with a chronometer and a stationary video camera to identify the surfer's specific actions. After the end of each heat, participants were assessed for the rating of perceived respiratory and muscular exertion (RPEres, RPEmus), and also, official scores from every participant were collected. A very large significant relationship between wave-riding distance and respiratory perceived exertion heat load (RPEres HL, r = 0.79; ±0.26 confidence limit [CL], p < 0.01, 99.5/0.4/0.1, very likely) was found. Active time was also very large and significantly related to both RPEres HL (r = 0.75; ±0.29 CL, p < 0.05, 99.0/0.8/0.2, very likely) and muscular perceived exertion heat load (RPEmus HL, r = 0.83; ±0.22 CL, p < 0.01, 99.8/0.2/0.0, most likely). Very large significant correlation was obtained between the RPEres and score (r = 0.83; ±0.22 CL, p < 0.01, 99.8/0.2/0.0, most likely). The subjective method seems to be a good instrument to assess the HL of a surf competition. Wave characteristics seem to be an important factor in perceived exertion during competitive surfing.
Genetic Factors and Orofacial Motor Learning Selectively Influence Variability in Central Sulcus Morphology in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Hopkins William D. , Coulon Oliver , Meguerditchian Adrien , Autrey Michelle , Davidek Kendall , Mahovetz Lindsay , Pope Sarah , Mareno Mary Catherine , Schapiro Steven J. 
Published: May 2017

Captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have been shown to learn the use of novel attention-getting (AG) sounds to capture the attention of humans as a means of requesting or drawing their attention to a desired object or food. There are significant individual differences in the use of AG sounds by chimpanzees and, here, we examined whether changes in cortical organization of the central sulcus (CS) were associated with AG sound production. MRI scans were collected from 240 chimpanzees, including 122 that reliably produced AG sounds and 118 that did not. For each subject, the depth of CS was quantified along the superior–inferior plane with specific interest in the inferior portion corresponding to the region of the motor cortex where the mouth and orofacial movements are controlled. Results indicated that CS depth in the inferior, but not superior, portion was significantly greater in chimpanzees that reliably produced AG sounds compared with those who did not. Quantitative genetic analyses indicated that overall CS surface area and depth were significantly heritable, particularly in the superior regions, but less so in the inferior and central portions. Further, heritability in CS depth was altered as a function of acquisition of AG sounds. The collective results suggest that learning to produce AG sounds resulted in region-specific cortical reorganization within the inferior portion of the CS, a finding previously undocumented in chimpanzees or any nonhuman primate.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecent studies in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have shown that some can learn to produce novel sounds by configuring different orofacial movement patterns and these sounds are used in communicatively relevant contexts. Here, we examined the neuromorphological correlates in the production of these sounds in chimpanzees. We show that chimpanzees that have learned to produce these sounds show significant differences in central sulcus (CS) morphology, particularly in the inferior region. We further show that overall CS morphology and regions within the superior portion are significantly heritable, whereas central and inferior portions of the CS are not. The collective findings suggest chimpanzees exhibit cortical plasticity in regions of the brain that were central to the emergence of speech functions in humans.
Dopamine Receptors Differentially Control Binge Alcohol Drinking-Mediated Synaptic Plasticity of the Core Nucleus Accumbens Direct and Indirect Pathways
Authors: Ji Xincai , Saha Sucharita , Kolpakova Jenya , Guildford Melissa , Tapper Andrew R. , Martin Gilles E. 
Published: May 2017

Binge alcohol drinking, a behavior characterized by rapid repeated alcohol intake, is most prevalent in young adults and is a risk factor for excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence. Although the alteration of synaptic plasticity is thought to contribute to this behavior, there is currently little evidence that this is the case. We used drinking in the dark (DID) as a model of binge alcohol drinking to assess its effects on spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the core nucleus accumbens (NAc) by combining patch-clamp recordings with calcium imaging and optogenetics. After 2 weeks of daily alcohol binges, synaptic plasticity was profoundly altered. STDP in MSNs expressing dopamine D1 receptors shifted from spike-timing-dependent long-term depression (tLTD), the predominant form of plasticity in naive male mice, to spike-timing-dependent long-term potentiation (tLTP) in DID mice, an effect that was totally reversed in the presence of 4 μmSCH23390, a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist. In MSNs presumably expressing dopamine D2 receptors, tLTP, the main form of plasticity in naive mice, was inhibited in DID mice. Interestingly, 1 μmsulpiride, a D2 receptor antagonist, restored tLTP. Although we observed no alterations of AMPA and NMDA receptor properties, we found that the AMPA/NMDA ratio increased at cortical and amygdaloid inputs but not at hippocampal inputs. Also, DID effects on STDP were accompanied by lower dendritic calcium transients. These data suggest that the role of dopamine in mediating the effects of binge alcohol drinking on synaptic plasticity of NAc MSNs differs markedly whether these neurons belong to the direct or indirect pathways.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe examined the relationship between binge alcohol drinking and spike timing-dependent plasticity in nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons. We found that repeated drinking bouts modulate differently synaptic plasticity in medium spiny neurons of the accumbens direct and indirect pathways. While timing-dependent long-term depression switches to long-term potentiation (LTP) in the former, timing-dependent LTP is inhibited in the latter. These effects are not accompanied by changes in AMPA and NMDA receptor properties at cortical, amygdaloid, and hippocampal synapses. Interestingly, dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists have opposite effects on plasticity. Our data show that whether core NAc medium spiny neurons belong to the direct or indirect pathways determines the form of spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), the manner by which STDP responds to binge alcohol drinking, and its sensitivity to dopamine receptor antagonists.