bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case, Primarily in Japanese
Authors: Inoue Kazuko , Koizumi Masatoshi 
Published: October 2017

AbstractResearch on case has a long history covering a variety of surface phenomena involving morphology, syntax, and semantics. Researchers in the generative tradition have increasingly focused on the role of case in determining the distribution of noun phrases in various constructions found in typologically diverse languages. This chapter contains reviews of major generative works on case during the past 50 years with special reference to Japanese. We first review how research on the Japanese case system developed within the frameworks of Standard Theory and Extended Standard Theory with their basic tenet of structural determination of case. It is shown that during this period of transformational pursuits, most of the facts relevant to morphological case in Japanese were discovered, and these facts have been used as crucial data and recast over and over again in new frameworks as theoretical changes evolved. We then bring up a paradigm shift that occurred during the 1980s within the framework of Government and Binding Theory, later called the Principles and Parameters Approach. In this period a notion of “abstract Case” was introduced, playing an important role in motivating a certain type of movement, and in regulating alternations between overt and covert subjects in infinitive clauses. Crucially using this notion, typologically different languages were studied extensively from the point of view of Universal Grammar. Finally we turn to ongoing debates in the Minimalist Program such as (i) to what extent morphological case and abstract Case are (or are not) related to each other, (ii) whether case and agreement are both manifestations of the same Agree relation, (iii) whether not only Move but also Merge are derived for case theoretic reasons in some languages, and so on.
Adjective Order within Noun Phrases
Authors: Valois Daniel 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOne of the main difficulties concerning adjective placement is the establishment of clear semantic or syntactic criteria to account for their positioning within the noun phrase (DP) – both with respect to each other and relative to the noun they modify – in a variety of syntactically and morphologically different languages.Hetzron provided a first attempt at drawing general cross‐linguistic observations by looking at several languages of different types. His conclusion was that, based on a certain number of semantic criteria, there is some kind of universal ordering of adjectives, with a few exceptions that are either language‐specific or contextually motivated. As our knowledge of the syntactic representation of DPs improved over the years, analyses of adjective placement became more detailed and complex, and various authors proposed increasingly fine‐grained accounts (e.g. via N‐movement) of the relationship between their position in the DP and their meaning.Recent analyses develop a more detailed and principled account of the mapping between meaning and surface position, as well as a better understanding of the syntactic origin of adjectives. Bouchard addressed a number of problems with the original N‐movement analysis, while at the same time attempting to subsume the issue of adjective placement under more general considerations regarding cognition and language processing.The goal of this chapter is to present a brief overview of adjective ordering analyses in their historical context and present in detail the most current and influential views on the topic. For this reason, the focus will be mainly on Romance (Italian and French) and Germanic (English) languages, the two language types most studied in this respect.
Preposition Stranding
Authors: Law Paul 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis chapter surveys the phenomena of preposition stranding primarily in Romance and Germanic languages, reviewing the literature on the phenomenon spanning more than 40 years of research since the late 1960s. It discusses the insights and problems of three major theories of preposition stranding: (i) the reanalysis account, according to which preposition stranding results from the verb and the preposition being reanalyzed as one morphological unit; (ii) government‐theoretic accounts, according to which preposition stranding is permitted only if complements to verbs and prepositions are governed in the same way; and (iii) the D‐to‐P incorporation theory, in which prepositions may be stranded if D is not incorporated into P. Some languages in the Slavic, Turkic, Sinitic, Altaic, and Austronesian language families are briefly considered in the light of their not having D and not allowing preposition stranding.
Psychological Verbs and Psychological Adjectives
Authors: Rozwadowska Bożena 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPsychological verbs and psychological adjectives (often referred to aspsych predicates) describe emotions and mental states. They can also be defined as predicates that take Experiencer as one of their arguments. Cross‐linguistically, psych predicates systematically exhibit peculiar properties. Psychological verbs are subdivided into three major subclasses: Subject Experiencer (SE) verbs, Object Experiencer (OE) verbs, and Dative Experiencer (DE) verbs. Their argument structure is problematic for linking problems in view of UTAH (Uniformity of Theta Assignment Hypothesis) or similar mapping generalizations. Apart from that, in various languages psychological verbs exhibit clusters of characteristic syntactic properties that clearly set them apart from prototypical transitive agentive predicates. Importantly, psychological verbs are multiply ambiguous between stative, eventive (causative), and agentive readings. The peculiar psych properties obtain only on the stative and, arguably, eventive (causative) readings. On the agentive reading, they behave like transitive action verbs. To account for the “psych phenomenon,” various approaches appeared in the literature, especially with regard to OE verbs, since it is this subclass where the psych behavior is particularly conspicuous. The early classic syntactic approach attributes the properties of both psychological OE verbs and psychological adjectives to unaccusative syntax. In contrast, on the locative approach, their syntactic properties are attributed to Experiencers viewed as locations. Alternatively, a variety of lexical thematic accounts relate their properties to thematic role types (or clusters of thematic features), postulate thematic hierarchies to capture mapping generalizations, and formulate various thematic restrictions to account for the (in)compatibility of psych verbs and psych adjectives with various syntactic constructions. Recent event‐structure approaches, in turn, explain the polysemy and variable behavior of psych predicates to differences in event types and event participants rather than specific roles. Research on nominalizations provides important evidence for the nature of the psych phenomenon.
Existential Sentences and ExpletiveThere
Authors: Moro Andrea 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOne of the basic premises of the theory of syntax is that clause structures can be minimally identified as containing a verb phrase that plays the role of predicate and a noun phrase that plays the role of subject. Copular sentences – that is, sentences that contain the verbto beor its (verbal) equivalent across languages – depart from this pattern: they provide a special case study where the noun phrase that co‐occurs with the verb phrase plays the role of predicate. This anomaly reveals crucial and otherwise hidden properties of the clause structure. This chapter deals with the empirical identification of two symmetrical varieties of copular sentences – namely canonical versus inverse sentences – and along with it explores many peculiar properties, such as binding theoretical effects, backward reflexivisation, pseudo‐extraction, the predicative role ofpro, and the dramatic role of these sentences in triggering the pro‐drop parameter.
VP‐Ellipsis
Authors: van Craenenbroeck Jeroen 
Published: October 2017

AbstractVP‐ellipsis (VPE) refers to the phenomenon whereby the main predicate of the clause – typically in combination with its internal arguments – is missing. VPE has drawn the interest of generative syntacticians from the very early days onward and continues to be a thriving subfield of the theoretical literature on ellipsis to this day. This SynCom Case highlights the most important theoretical questions and accompanying data surrounding VPE. It approaches the phenomenon from four different angles: the presence or absence of unpronounced syntactic structure inside the ellipsis site, the si ze of the ellipsis site, the recoverability requirement on the ellipsis process, and the licensing environments of VPE. While the early decades focused mostly on “standard” cases of VPE in English finite clauses, recent years have seen an influx of new data from a wide range of languages and language varieties other than standard English. The introduction of these new facts has in many cases led to a reconsideration of earlier theoretical approaches to VPE and has raised several new puzzles and open questions.
A Systematic Analysis of the Substrate Scope of (S)‐ and (R)‐Selective Amine Transaminases
Authors: Calvelage Sten , Dörr Mark , Höhne Matthias , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAmine transaminases (ATAs) have emerged as an important group of biocatalysts for the synthesis of optically pure amines over the past few decades. In the same way, the amount of available data for ATA‐catalyzed reactions has increased significantly, forming the basis for a deeper understanding of this versatile group of enzymes. These data provide a high potential for relevant information if they can be structured and analyzed appropriately, especially for the identification of suitable ATAs for a certain reaction of interest. Following this intention, we started to collect reaction data from the literature for five (S)‐selective and seven (R)‐selective ATAs, focusing on conversion and enantiomeric excess values as important indicators for activity and selectivity. This resulted in a data collection of almost 500 ATA‐catalyzed reactions subdivided into four distinctive substrate classes. Our comparative analysis using a data processing system based on function point analysis created a ranking of the most suitable ATAs for each substrate class, which is illustrated by graphics enabling the quick identification of matching enzymes and substrate combinations. This is accompanied by detailed information from the collected literature to serve as further guidance to choose the most suitable ATA for a reaction of interest. In addition, the presented categorization algorithm is provided in form of a free accessible R script that allows a simple reproduction of analysis results as well as its application to further types of enantioselective biocatalysts.magnified image
Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Aldol and Henry Reactions Starting from Benzylic Alcohols
Authors: Alegre‐Requena Juan V. , Marqués‐López Eugenia , Herrera Raquel P. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPioneering aldol and Henry reactions starting from benzylic‐type alcohols are described. The aldol reaction has been successfully performed following a one‐pot strategy starting from alcohols, while the Henry reaction has been carried out following a sequential protocol for the first time. In both processes, enantiomerically enriched products were obtained with good yields and high enantioselectivities. We have also demonstrated that in reactions sensitive to small amounts of acid the use of alcohols instead of aldehydes could be a good solution for improving the results of these reactions.magnified image
Alkaline Fuel Cells with Novel Gortex‐Based Electrodes are Powered Remarkably Efficiently by Methane Containing 5% Hydrogen
Authors: Wagner Klaudia , Tiwari Prerna , Swiegers Gerhard F. , Wallace Gordon G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractNumerous electric and gas utilities are actively pursuing “power‐to‐gas” technology, which involves using unwanted, excess renewable energy to manufacture hydrogen gas (H2) that is then injected into the existing natural gas pipeline network in 5–10% by volume. This work reports an alkaline fuel cell that has the potential to harness such gas mixtures for downstream generation of electric power. The fuel cell, which employs novel Gortex‐based electrodes layered with Pd/Pt catalysts, generates electricity remarkably efficiently when fuelled with methane (CH4) containing 5% hydrogen. Methane constitutes the major component of natural gas. The fuel cell has been studied over a range of hydrogen to methane ratios using Tafel plots and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These show that, in terms of fundamental operation, there is, astonishingly, almost no difference between using pure hydrogen and 5% hydrogen in methane, as the fuel. The Gortex electrodes and alkaline electrolyte are clearly able to utilize the dilute hydrogen as a fuel with remarkable efficiency. The methane acts as an inert carrier gas and is not consumed.
Gut Microbiota Perturbations in Reactive Arthritis and Postinfectious Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Manasson Julia , Shen Nan , Garcia Ferrer Helga R. , Ubeda Carles , Iraheta Isa , Heguy Adriana , Von Feldt Joan M. , Espinoza Luis R. , Garcia Kutzbach Abraham , Segal Leopoldo N. , Ogdie Alexis , Clemente Jose C. , Scher Jose U. 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveReactive arthritis (ReA) is an inflammatory disorder occurring several weeks after gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract infections. HLA–B27 positivity is considered a risk factor, although it is not necessarily predictive of disease incidence. Among nongenetic factors, the intestinal microbiome may play a role in disease susceptibility. The objective of this study was to characterize the gut microbiota and host gene interactions in ReA and postinfectious spondyloarthritis.MethodsAdult subjects with peripheral spondyloarthritis and control subjects with preceding infections who did not develop arthritis were prospectively recruited from a geographic region with a high prevalence of ReA. Clinical variables, HLA status, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of intestinal microbiota were analyzed.ResultsSubjects with ReA showed no significant differences from controls in gut bacterial richness or diversity. However, there was a significantly higher abundance of Erwinia and Pseudomonas and an increased prevalence of typical enteropathogens associated with ReA. Subjects with ultrasound evidence of enthesitis were enriched in Campylobacter, while subjects with uveitis and radiographic sacroiliitis were enriched in Erwinia and unclassified Ruminococcaceae, respectively; both were enriched in Dialister. Host genetics, particularly HLA–A24, were associated with differences in gut microbiota diversity irrespective of disease status. We identified several co‐occurring taxa that were also predictive of HLA–A24 status.ConclusionThis is the first culture‐independent study characterizing the gut microbial community in postinfectious arthritis. Although bacterial factors correlated with disease presence and clinical features of ReA, host genetics also appeared to be a major independent driver of intestinal community composition. Understanding of these gut microbiota–host genetic relationships may further clarify the pathogenesis of postinfectious spondyloarthritides.
Severe thyrotoxicosis in an infant revealing familial nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism with a novel (C672W) stimulating thyrotropin receptor germline mutation
Authors: Oliver‐Petit Isabelle , Savagner Frédérique , Grunenwald Solange , Vialon Magaly , Edouard Thomas , Caron Philippe 
Published: October 2017

Key Clinical MessageWe describe severe thyrotoxicosis in young members of a family with nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by a C672W germline mutation in exon 10 of TSHR gene. In this family, lack of genotype‐phenotype correlation and anticipation across generations could be linked to an increased iodine intake as recently observed in France.
How often is patent foramen ovale an innocent bystander?
Authors: Versaci Francesco , Vizzari Giampiero , Sergi Domenico , Andò Giuseppe , Trivisonno Antonio , Romeo Francesco 
Published: October 2017

Key Clinical MessagePatent foramen ovale (PFO) is a risk factor for cryptogenetic stroke; its closure should be considered in selected patients. It is not always clear whether symptoms (presyncope, paresthesia) apparently due to paradoxical embolism are related with other cardiovascular disorders such as arrhythmias. Flecainide administration for post‐PFO‐closure supraventricular arrhythmias can unmask a latent undiagnosed Brugada syndrome.
Thermodynamic Analysis of α‐Pinene and Limonene Allylic Oxidation over a FePcCl16‐NH2‐SiO2 Catalyst
Authors: Becerra Jaime-Andrés , Villa Aída-Luz 
Published: October 2017

AbstractFrom oxidation over a FePcCl16‐NH2‐SiO2 catalyst and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant, verbenone, α‐pinene epoxide, and verbenol were obtained from α‐pinene while carvone, limonene 1,2‐epoxide and carveol were produced from limonene. TBHP decomposes into O2, tert‐butanol, and di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP). With the aim to perform a batch‐reactor conceptual design, α‐pinene and limonene oxidation was thermodynamically analyzed. Standard enthalpy and entropy of formation, liquid heat capacity, enthalpy of reaction and vaporization, and Gibbs free energy were determined by group contribution methods using Aspen Plus® simulation. Although the results depend on the method, it was found that α‐pinene and limonene oxidations were exothermic and spontaneous at the selected reaction temperature. However, TBHP decomposition into O2, tert‐butanol, and DTBP was an endothermic reaction.
Rational Design of Branched Au–Fe3O4 Janus Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Trimodal Imaging and Photothermal Therapy of Cancer Cells
Authors: Chen Xiangjun , Li Guilan , Han Qinghe , Li Xiliang , Li Lu , Wang Tingting , Wang Chungang 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe report a facile and simple hydrogen reduction method to fabricate PEGylated branched gold (Au)–iron oxide (Fe3O4) Janus nanoparticles (JNPs). Note that the hydrogen induces the formation of Fe3O4 during the synthesis process. Due to the strong absorption in the near‐infrared range, branched Au–Fe3O4 JNPs showed a significant photothermal effect with a 40 % calculated photothermal transduction efficiency under a laser irradiation of 808 nm in vitro. Owing to their excellent optical and magnetic properties, branched Au–Fe3O4 JNPs were demonstrated to be advantageous agents for triple‐modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/photoacoustic imaging (PAI)/computed tomography (CT) in vitro. Therefore, the synthetic approach could be extended to prepare Au–metallic oxide JNPs for specific applications.
Recent Developments of All‐Solid‐State Lithium Secondary Batteries with Sulfide Inorganic Electrolytes
Authors: Xu Ruochen , Zhang Shengzhao , Wang Xiuli , Xia Yan , Xia Xinhui , Wu Jianbo , Gu Changdong , Tu Jiangping 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDue to the increasing demand of security and energy density, all‐solid‐state lithium ion batteries have become the promising next‐generation energy storage devices to replace the traditional liquid batteries with flammable organic electrolytes. In this Minireview, we focus on the recent developments of sulfide inorganic electrolytes for all‐solid‐state batteries. The challenges of assembling bulk‐type all‐solid‐state batteries for industrialization are discussed, including low ionic conductivity of the present sulfide electrolytes, high interfacial resistance and poor compatibility between electrolytes and electrodes. Many efforts have been focused on the solutions for these issues. Although some progresses have been achieved, it is still far away from practical application. The perspectives for future research on all‐solid‐state lithium ion batteries are presented.
Internal Targeting and External Control: Phototriggered Targeting in Nanomedicine
Authors: Arrue Lily , Ratjen Lars 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe photochemical control of structure and reactivity bears great potential for chemistry, biology, and life sciences. A key feature of photochemistry is the spatiotemporal control over secondary events. Well‐established applications of photochemistry in medicine are photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photopharmacology (PP). However, although both are highly localizable through the application of light, they lack cell‐ and tissue‐specificity. The combination of nanomaterial‐based drug delivery and targeting has the potential to overcome limitations for many established therapy concepts. Even more privileged seems the merger of nanomedicine and cell‐specific targeting (internal targeting) controlled by light (external control), as it can potentially be applied to many different areas of medicine and pharmaceutical research, including the aforementioned PDT and PP. In this review a survey of the interface of photochemistry, medicine and targeted drug delivery is given, especially focusing on phototriggered targeting in nanomedicine.
A method permissive to fixation and permeabilization for the multiparametric analysis of apoptotic and necrotic cell phenotype by flow cytometry
Authors: Mariotti Sabrina , Pardini Manuela , Teloni Raffaela , Gagliardi Maria Cristina , Fraziano Maurizio , Nisini Roberto 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAnnexin‐V/propidium iodide method (A‐V/PI) is a common flow cytometric method for the multiparametric analysis of cells in apoptosis. However, A‐V/PI does not permit fixation and/or permeabilization of cells making impossible evaluation of intracellular markers, restricting the analysis in a narrow time frame after staining and excluding the possibility to study pathogen‐infected cells. We developed a method permitting fixation and permeabilization of stained cells: Fixed Apoptotic/Necrotic (FAN) cells test. FAN relies on the same principle of A‐V/PI, but uses reagents that maintain their binding and fluorescence characteristics after fixation/permeabilization: a fluorochrome‐labeled anti‐phosphatidylserine antibody and fluorescent amine‐binding dyes. FAN was tested to discriminate apoptotic and necrotic cells using different stimuli on several cell types and results were always comparable to those obtained using A‐V/PI. FAN, unlike A‐V/PI, permitted to correlate cell death with intracellular and surface markers expression and to perform cytometry even two weeks after sample preparation. As fixation of stained cells inactivates infective pathogens, we used FAN in an in vitro model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection of macrophages to monitor cellular infection and cell death induction. Using a red‐fluorescent Mtb, fluorochrome labeled anti‐TNF‐α and anti‐MHC class II monoclonal antibodies, FAN permitted to establish that the extent of macrophage death correlates with intracellular Mtb content and that dying cells accumulate TNF‐α and down‐modulate MHC class II molecules. Results suggest that FAN may represent an additional tool to study programmed cell death particularly useful when fixation procedures are required for a safe infected sample analysis or to comparatively analyze multiple samples. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry