bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bias dependence of spin injection/transport properties of a perpendicularly magnetized FePt/MgO/GaAs structure
Authors: Ohsugi Rento , Kunihashi Yoji , Sanada Haruki , Kohda Makoto , Gotoh Hideki , Sogawa Tetsuomi , Nitta Junsaku 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We demonstrate injection and transport of perpendicularly spin-polarized electrons in an FePt/MgO/n-GaAs structure. Spin-polarized electrons were injected from a perpendicularly magnetized FePt layer into an n-GaAs layer through a MgO barrier and detected by spatially resolved Kerr rotation microscopy. By measuring the Hanle effect, we reveal that the injected/extracted spin polarizations drastically vary with bias voltages. A spin lifetime of 3.5 ns is obtained that is consistent with the result from pump–probe measurements. This direct observation of perpendicularly polarized spin injection and lateral transport is one step toward realizing future spintronic devices.
Boron diffusion layer formation using Ge cryogenic implantation with low-temperature microwave annealing
Authors: Murakoshi Atsushi , Harada Tsubasa , Miyano Kiyotaka , Harakawa Hideaki , Aoyama Tomonori , Yamashita Hirofumi , Kohyama Yusuke 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
It is shown that a low-sheet-resistance p-type diffusion layer with a small diffusion depth can be fabricated efficiently by cryogenic boron and germanium implantation combined with low-temperature (400 °C) microwave annealing. Compared with the conventional annealing at 1000 °C, a much smaller diffusion depth is obtained at the same sheet resistance. The low sheet resistance at 400 °C is due to microwave absorption in the surface amorphous layer, which is formed by cryogenic germanium implantation. However, the pn junction leakage was worse than that in conventional annealing, because crystal defects remain near the amorphous/crystal interface after microwave annealing. It is found that the pn junction leakage is improved greatly by cryogenic germanium implantation. These results show that a suitable combination of cryogenic implantation and microwave annealing is very promising for p-type diffusion layer technology.
Effects of trap-assisted tunneling on gate-induced drain leakage in silicon–germanium channel p-type FET for scaled supply voltages
Authors: Tiwari Vishal A. , Divakaruni Rama , Hook Terence B. , Nair Deleep R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Silicon–germanium is considered as an alternative channel material to silicon p-type FET (pFET) for the development of energy efficient high performance transistors for 28 nm and beyond in a high-k metal gate technology because of its lower threshold voltage and higher mobility. However, gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) is a concern for high threshold voltage device design because of tunneling at reduced bandgap. In this work, the trap-assisted tunneling and band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) effects on GIDL is analyzed and modeled for SiGe pFETs. Experimental results and Monte Carlo simulation results reveal that the pre-halo germanium pre-amorphization implant used to contain the short channel effects contribute to GIDL at the drain sidewall in addition to GIDL due to BTBT in SiGe devices. The results are validated by comparing the experimental observations with the numerical simulation and a set of calibrated models are used to describe the GIDL mechanisms for various drain and gate bias.
Tensile strain engineering of germanium micro-disks on free-standing SiO2 beams
Authors: Al-Attili Abdelrahman Z. , Kako Satoshi , Husain Muhammad K. , Gardes Frederic Y. , Iwamoto Satoshi , Arakawa Yasuhiko , Saito Shinichi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Tensile strain is required to enhance light-emitting direct-gap recombinations in germanium (Ge), which is a promising group IV material for realizing a monolithic light source on Si. Ge micro-disks on free-standing SiO2 beams were fabricated using Ge-on-Insulator wafers for applying tensile strain to Ge in a structure compatible with an optical confinement. We have studied the nature of the strain by Raman spectroscopy in comparison with finite-element computer simulations. We show the impacts of the beam design on the corresponding strain value, orientation, and uniformity, which can be exploited for Ge light emission applications. It was found that the tensile strain values are larger if the length of the beam is smaller. We confirmed that both uniaxial and biaxial strain can be applied to Ge disks, and maximum strain values of 1.1 and 0.6% have been achieved, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. From the photoluminescence spectra of Ge micro-disks, we have also found a larger energy-splitting between the light-hole and the heavy-hole bands in shorter beams, indicating the impact of tensile strain.
Improving crystalline quality of sputtering-deposited MoS2 thin film by postdeposition sulfurization annealing using (t-C4H9)2S2
Authors: Ishihara Seiya , Hibino Yusuke , Sawamoto Naomi , Suda Kohei , Ohashi Takumi , Matsuura Kentarou , Machida Hideaki , Ishikawa Masato , Sudoh Hiroshi , Wakabayashi Hitoshi , Ogura Atsushi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A sputtered MoS2 thin film is a candidate for realizing enhancement-mode MoS2 metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). However, there are some sulfur vacancies in the film, which degrade the device performance. In this study, we performed postdeposition sulfurization annealing (PSA) on a sputtered MoS2 thin film in order to complement sulfur vacancies, and we investigated the fundamental properties of the MoS2 film. As a result, a high-quality crystalline 10-layer MoS2 film with an ideal stoichiometric composition was obtained at a relatively low process temperature (500 °C). The MoS2 film had an indirect bandgap of 1.36 eV and a high Hall mobility compared with the as-deposited sputtered MoS2 film.
High holding voltage segmentation stacking silicon-controlled-rectifier structure with field implant as body ties blocking layer
Authors: Yen Shiang-Shiou , Cheng Chun-Hu , Lan Yu-Pin , Chiu Yu-Chien , Fan Chia-Chi , Hsu Hsiao-Hsuan , Chang Shao-Chin , Jiang Zhe-Wei , Hung Li-Yue , Tsai Chi-Chung , Chang Chun-Yen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
High electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection robustness and good transient-induced latchup immunity are two important issues for high voltage integrate circuit application. In this study, we report a high-voltage-n-type-field (HVNF) implantation to act as the body ties blocking layer in segmented topology silicon-controlled-rectifier (SCR) structure in 0.11 µm 32 V high voltage process. This body ties blocking layer eliminate the elevated triggered voltage in segmented technique. Using a large resistance as shunt resistor in resistor assisted triggered SCRs stacking structure, the double snapback phenomenon is eliminate. The series SCR could be decoupled a sufficient voltage drop to turned-on when a very low current flow through the shunt resistor. The holding voltage and the failure current of 22 V and 3.4 A are achieved in the best condition of segmented topology SCR stacking structure, respectively. It improves the latchup immunity at high voltage ICs application. On the other hand, the triggered voltage almost keep the same value which is identical to SCR single cell without using segmented topology.
<b>Mevlana'nın Ölümsüzlüğünün Sırrı</b> / The Mystery of Eternality of Mowlana(His Relations With Shams)
Authors: Uğurlu Tuğberk 
Published: March 2016

<p><strong>The Mystery of Eternality of Mowlana</strong> <strong>(His Relations With Shams)</strong></p><p>Although, religion is a guide for humanity which is sent to promote humans mundane life and keep balance of society prosperity and social relationships besides helps persons to accomplish their spritual progress and the journey to their creator, unfortunately it also went on one of the main reasons of wars that had occured during the human history and its still going on. During this long human history, humanity extremely witnessed to a lot of falsifier scholars and mystics who abused their goodwills. And thousands of intellectuals and men of religion has forgotten. However after over seven centuries Mowlana is still alive as one of the most famous Sufis and as a great leaders for eternal peace, friendship and happiness. What is the secret that in spite of all changes and progress in the ways of life and thinking, in science and technology and in the world of today his many centuries old ideas and thoughts are still valid and shining like the polar star? This article tries to answer this question.</p><p><strong>Mevlana’nın Ölümsüzlüğünün Sırrı (Şems ile ilişkisi)</strong></p><p>Din, şahısların manevi gelişimini ve kendi yaratıcılarına olan yolculuklarını tamamlayabilmelerinin yanı sıra insanların dünya hayatlarını düzenlemek, toplum refahını ve sosyal ilişkileri dengede tutmak için insanlığa gönderilmiş bir rehber olmasına rağmen maalesef uzun insanlık tarihi boyunca çıkmış savaşların temel sebeplerinden biri de olagelmiştir ve hala da devam etmektedir. Bu uzun insanlık tarihi boyunca insanlık, sahte sufilerin ve âlimlerin kendilerinin iyi niyetlerini suiistimal etmelerine fazlasıyla şahitlik etmiş ve binlerce düşünürün ve din adamlarının isimleri hafızlardan silinmişken, yedi asrı aşkın bir sürenin ardından Mevlana, en meşhur sufilerden ve ebedi huzur, dostluk ve mutluluğun ulu önderlerinden biri olarak hala hayattadır. Peki; yaşam ve düşünce tarzlarındaki, bilim ve teknolojideki bunca gelişmeye rağmen onun çok eski asırlardan gelen fikir ve düşüncelerinin hala geçerli olmasının ve bir kutup yıldızı gibi parlamasının sırrı nedir? Makalede bu sorunun cevabı aranmaktadır.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<b>Sosyo-Kültürel Açıdan Kelâm ve Hadis İlimlerinde Epistemoloji</b> / </br><i>The Epistemology in the Sciences of Hadith and Kalam from the Perspective of Socio-Cultural Context</i>
Authors: CAGLAYAN Harun 
Published: March 2016

<p align="center"><strong>The Epistemology in the Sciences of Hadith and Kalam From the Perspective of Socio-Cultural Context</strong></p><p>The reason is an important source of information in the science of Kalam while the report (khabar) is an important source in the science of Hadith. The nature of these sciences is the main reason of this dichotomy. While Kalam defends and promotes Islamic doctrine, Hadith interests locating the deeds of the prophet (sunnah). Therefore, the sciences of Kalam and Hadith had been perceived as alternative or opponent disciplines to each other through the Muslim history. This study examines determining factors of epistemological approach of Kalam and Hadith by considering socio-cultural dynamics and educational policies of Muslim societies. The article consists of three chapters. The first chapter deals with the Islamic education and institutes. The second chapter handles educational issues related with the sciences of hadith and kalam. The last chapter examines the topic of “khabar (report)” in the sciences of Hadith and Kalam with an epistemological point of view.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Öz </strong></p><p>Kelâm ilminde bilgi kaynağı olarak akla önem verilirken, Hadis ilminde habere önem verilir. Bu yaklaşımın temel nedeni, Kelâm ilminin İslâmî öğretinin savunuculuğunu ve propagandasını yapan aklî bir ilim olmasıdır. Nakli bir ilim olarak Hadis ilmi ise Müslüman toplum yaşamında önemli bir konuma sahip Sünnet’in tespitiyle ilgilenmektedir. Bu farklılıktan dolayı, tarihsel süreç içerisinde Kelâm ve Hadis ilimleri birbirine alternatif veya rakip disiplin gibi algılanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Müslüman toplumların içinde bulunduğu sosyo-kültürel dinamikler ve eğitim politikaları göz önünde bulundurularak, Kelâm ve Hadis’in epistemolojik yaklaşım tarzını belirleyen faktörlerin neler olduğuna temas edilecektir. Çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde İslam’da eğitim ve eğitim kurumları konularına temas edilmiştir. İkinci bölümde eğitsel açıdan hadis ve kelam ilimleri ile ilgili meseleler ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise epistemolojik açıdan hadis ve kelam ilimlerinde haber konusu incelenmiştir.</p><strong> </strong>
A framework to quantify uncertainty in simulations of oil transport in the ocean
Authors: Gonçalves Rafael C. , Iskandarani Mohamed , Srinivasan Ashwanth , Thacker W. Carlisle , Chassignet Eric , Knio Omar M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn uncertainty quantification framework is developed for the DeepC Oil Model based on a nonintrusive polynomial chaos method. This allows the model's output to be presented in a probabilistic framework so that the model's predictions reflect the uncertainty in the model's input data. The new capability is illustrated by simulating the far‐field dispersal of oil in a Deepwater Horizon blowout scenario. The uncertain input consisted of ocean current and oil droplet size data and the main model output analyzed is the ensuing oil concentration in the Gulf of Mexico. A 1331 member ensemble was used to construct a surrogate for the model which was then mined for statistical information. The mean and standard deviations in the oil concentration were calculated for up to 30 days, and the total contribution of each input parameter to the model's uncertainty was quantified at different depths. Also, probability density functions of oil concentration were constructed by sampling the surrogate and used to elaborate probabilistic hazard maps of oil impact. The performance of the surrogate was constantly monitored in order to demarcate the space‐time zones where its estimates are reliable.
Sensitivity of the surface responses of an idealized AGCM to the timing of imposed ozone depletion‐like polar stratospheric cooling
Authors: Sheshadri Aditi , Plumb R. Alan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn idealized atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is used to investigate the sensitivity of model responses to the timing of imposed polar stratospheric cooling, intended to mimic the radiative effects of ozone depletion. The model exhibits circulation responses to springtime cooling that qualitatively match both observations and the responses of comprehensive chemistry climate models. The model's surface response is sensitive to the timing of the cooling, with the onset becoming delayed with later cooling, but with the termination occurring at similar times, suggesting that the meteorology plays an important role. The model's responses do not match the latitudinal structure of the leading annular mode; rather, the response described by the second empirical orthogonal function plays a substantial role, in addition to the first. It is suggested that the imposed cooling, when it delays the final warming, results in an extended period of lower stratospheric variability, which could be an important factor in producing realistic surface responses.
Population Genetics of Plant Pathogens
Authors: Zhan Jiasui 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Population genetics consider the origin, maintenance and spatiotemporal distribution of genetic variation of species under the influences of mutation, gene flow, recombination, drift and selection. Mutation is the primary source of genetic variation and its rates vary significantly among genomes within or among pathogen species. Recombination increases genetic variation and plays a key role in the dissipation of linkage disequilibrium. Gene flow increases the genetic variation of local populations but decreases population differentiation. The principle determinant of gene flow is the dispersal mechanism of plant pathogens. Genetic drift is determined by effective population size. Pathogen populations with large effective sizes tend to have less genetic drift, therefore greater genetic variation and be more stable over time. Natural selection can increase or decrease genetic variation and population differentiation, depending on the type of selection. Directional selection can cause a rapid loss of major resistance agrochemical effectiveness.

Key Concepts

Genetic variation of plant pathogens results from their coevolutionary interaction with hosts and other ecological factors.

Mutation by which new nucleotide sequences are generated is the primary source of genetic variation and pathogen evolution.

Stochastic change in the frequencies of neutral alleles by genetic drift in the pathogen populations leads to nonadaptive genetic differentiation while selection for ecological traits results in adaptive genetic differentiation.

Pathogen evolution is escalated in modern agroecosystems attributable to monoculture, agricultural intensification and globalisation.

Plant diseases cause more damage to the hosts in the newly invaded territories than in their centre of origin as a result of the lack of host–pathogen coevolution.

Selection is the primary force responsible for the loss of resistance gene and agrochemical effectiveness.

Natural selection on plant pathogens can be manipulated by spatiotemporal deployment of host resistance and application of agrochemicals.

Resistance gene rotation can delay pathogen evolution and maximise the life span of resistance genes.

Effective field hygiene can reduce both the epidemic severity of plant diseases and the evolutionary rate of plant pathogens.
TIRF
(Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence)
Authors: Oheim Martin 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) stands out as a technique allowing wide‐field near‐membrane imaging by selectively exciting molecules located close to the substrate/water boundary onto which cells are grown. TIRF probes a ∼200‐nm thin layer close to the basal plasma membrane of the cell. This optical sectioning of TIRF is key for individual‐organelle and single‐molecule detection and it is the basis for a growing number of superresolution microscopies, including PALM, STORM and variants of STED and SIM. TIRF microscopy has matured from an expert technique to a routine method in cell‐biological imaging. Implemented with an external prism more than 50 years ago, TIRF has been popularised through the advent of ‘through‐the‐objective’ TIRF, in which a laser beam is focused in the extreme periphery of a high‐numerical aperture objective to direct a highly inclined collimated beam to the reflecting interface. Inexpensive and conceptually simple, the technique is not without flaws particularly when it comes to image quantification. After a short introduction, this tutorial recalls the principles and main geometries for setting up TIRF, gives an overview of experiments relying on evanescent‐wave excitation and also discusses some problems and remedies when TIRF images shall be used as measurements.

Key Concepts

Spatially confined fluorescence can be excited in close proximity of a dielectric interface by the evanescent wave set up by total internal reflection.

100% pure evanescent fields are impractical; there is always a bit of contaminating epifluorescence.

The selective detection of supercritical angle fluorescence (SAF) is the optical equivalent to TIRF on the emission site, with similar optical sectioning.

Combining TIRF and SAF improves optical sectioning and facilitates image quantification.

Apart from the z‐localisation of excitation light, evanescent fields have other properties interesting for biological imaging, including an unusual polarisation behaviour.
Stereoselective thia‐Michael 1,4‐Addition to Acyclic 2,4‐Dienones and 2‐En‐4‐ynones
Authors: Kowalczyk Rafał , Boratyński Przemysław J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOrganocatalyzed highly stereoselective 1,4‐thia‐Michael addition of mercaptans to linear 2,4‐dienones and 2‐en‐4‐ynones was developed using Cinchona alkaloid‐based squaramides. Application of only 0.5–1 mol % loading afforded products in up to 98:2 e.r. and above 99:1 after a single recrystallization. The adducts of allyl mercaptan can be conveniently further transformed to new chiral 2‐substituted 2,5‐dihydrothiophenes by ring‐closing metathesis.magnified image
Fabrication of pH‐Responsive Hydrogel and Its In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation
Authors: Tulain Ume Ruqia , Ahmad Mahmood , Rashid Ayesha , Malik Muhammad Zubair , Iqbal Furqan Muhammad 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe present research work deals with the development of pH‐responsive hydrogel by free radical polymerization in aqueous media to protect the rabeprazole sodium from acidic environment of stomach. Swelling behavior of hydrogels that was observed in buffer of various pH indicated highly pH‐dependent swelling of hydrogels. Characterization of pH‐responsive hydrogels by FTIR, SEM, and thermal analysis revealed that hydrogel has porous structure, favors swelling, drug loading, and drug release at a specific site in gastrointestinal tract and thermally more stable than parent polymer. In comparison with simple drug solution and hydrogel formulations, pharmacokinetic parameters of hydrogels formulations showed a significant difference in Cmax values of (CMC‐g‐AA) CA and the same oral dose of rabeprazole sodium was 87.28 ± 12.671 and 61.263 ± 5.37 ng/mL, respectively, Tmax of graft copolymer matrices CA (4.43 h) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than drug solution (1 h) and area under curves (AUCs) for CA (952.25 ± 191 ng⋅h/mL) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the drug solution (83.67 ± 8.28 ng⋅h/mL) indicated the effect of dosage form would last for longer duration. Thus, in vitro and in vivo drug release studies of hydrogels proved their controlled release behavior with preferential delivery into alkaline pH environment and for a prolonged period of time.
Measuring Changes in Farmers’ Attitudes to Agricultural Cooperatives: Evidence from Swedish Agriculture 1993–2013
Authors: Hakelius Karin , Hansson Helena 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThis study assessed changes in farmers’ attitudes to agricultural cooperatives by developing a behavioral framework based in psychological and psychometric theory for measuring attitude change. The assessment focused on a unique dataset that allowed attitude coverage and strength of evaluation derived from data collected in 1993 and in 2013 to be evaluated. Explorative factor analytical methods revealed the attitude construct to be two‐dimensional in both datasets, covering the domains named “Commitment” and “Trust” in both cases. Thus, the coverage of the attitude construct seemed unchanged. However, the strength of evaluation of both attitude dimensions was significantly increased. These findings have clear policy implications for agricultural cooperatives, since understanding the nature of changes in attitudes to these organizations is important for their successful development. [EconLit citations: P13; Q13].
Analysis of Umbrella Branding with Crowdsourced Data
Authors: Richards Timothy J. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTWe test for umbrella effects among private label products using a new type of data: crowdsourced data, or data contributed by users of an in‐store shopping app for their own, and other users' benefit. We model umbrella effects in our crowdsourced data using a random‐parameter logit model with private‐label preference parameters correlated among product categories. Our results support the existence of umbrella effects in our limited sample data, where umbrella effects are defined as correlated preferences for private labels across categories. [JEL Classifications: D12; D43; L13; L83; M31].