bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Issues and Challenges of Student Financing Systems in Africa: The Case of Tanzania
Authors: Kossey Masumbuko Mathew , Ishengoma Johnson Muchunguzi 
Published: December 2017

This article investigates the challenges confronting student fnancing systems in Africa, with specifc reference to Tanzania’s Higher Education Students’ Loans Board (HESLB). It shows that the major challenges include limited resources, unemployment among loan benefciaries, increased loans applications, the lack of a national identifcation system, emigration of loan benefciaries, poor policy and legal frameworks, and corruption among HESLB staﬀ and loan benefciaries. The article recommends that the HESLB should diversify its sources of funding to reduce dependence on government; enforce loan repayment through legislation that enables direct reimbursement from benefciaries’ salaries; charge interest higher than the inﬂation rate; and embark on aggressive public education campaigns on the importance and benefts of the loan scheme and loan repayments. Cet article examine les défs auxquels sont confrontés les systèmes de fnancement de l’enseignement supérieur en Afrique, en prenant pour exemple le Comité de Prêts pour Etudiants de l’Enseignement Supérieur de Tanzanie (HESLB). Il montre que les défs principaux sont liés au manque de ressources et au chômage des bénéfciaires de prêts, à une augmentation des demandes de prêts, à l’absence d’un système d’identifcation national, à l’émigration des bénéfciaires de prêts, à l’inadaptation des politiques et des cadres légaux, et à la corruption du personnel de l’HESLB et des bénéfciaires de prêts. Cet article recommande que l’HESLB diversife ses sources de fnancement pour limiter sa dépendance vis-à-vis du gouvernement ; qu’il renforce le taux de remboursement des prêts au moyen d’une législation permettant un prélèvement direct sur le salaire des bénéfciaires ; qu’il charge des intérêts plus haut que l’inﬂation ; et qu’il mène une campagne agressive d’éducation du public sur l’importance et les bénéfces du système de prêts et de remboursements pour les étudiants.
I CINAPSE – I International Conference of Physical Activity and Health Promotion at School
Authors: Pontes Júnior Jose Airton , Catunda Ricardo , Garrido Nuno Domingos , Marques Adilson , Loureiro Adriano C. , Rombaldi Airton J. , Netto Americo Valdanha , Oliveira Amauri B. , Catrib Ana F. , Machado André A. , Pereira Beatriz O. , Carneiro Cleide , Guedes Dartagnan Pinto , Ferreira Heraldo S. , Pelarigo Jailton G. , Martins João F. , Fernández José R. , Melo José P. , Pereira Laércio , Gurgel Luilma , Maggi Luis , Neto Luiz Silva , Carvalho Mark , Soares Paula M. , Silva Romeu , Moreira Thereza M. , Borges Thiago T. , Barbosa Filho Valter 
Published: December 2017

The papers published in the present supplement were submitted to the Scientific Commission of I CINAPSE - "I International Conference of Physical Activity and Health Promotion at School" held on November 17 to 19th, 2016, at the State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará-Brazil.
Book review of: Metaheuristics for Business Analytics. A Decision Modeling Approach by Abraham Duarte, Manuel Laguna,and Rafael Martí
Authors: Makajić-Nikolić Dragana 
Published: December 2017

Book review of: Metaheuristics for Business Analytics. A Decision Modeling Approach by Abraham Duarte, Manuel Laguna,and Rafael Martí. Springer International Publishing, Series: EURO Advanced Tutorials on Operational Research, 2018, 136 pp. Hardcover ISBN: 978-3-319-68117-7, eBook ISBN: 978-3-319-68119-1
An Approach to Criteria Weights Determination by Integrating the DELPHI and the Adapted SWARA Methods
Authors: Karabasevic Darjan , Stanujkic Dragisa , Urosevic Snezana , Popovic Gabrijela , Maksimovic Mladjan 
Published: December 2017

The process of evaluation and selection of personnel is characterized by defining a specific set of criteria. The process of defining and determining the weights of the criteria is a significant, because the evaluation and the final selection of personnel are carried out on the basis of the defined set of criteria. Therefore, this manuscript is aimed at creating a set of the sales managers’ evaluation criteria as well as defining the weights of such criteria. The survey sample was 79 domain experts in the field of the recruitment and selection of personnel. The proposed approach based on the integration of the Delphi technique and the adapted SWARA methods was successfully applied for the purpose of defining the weights of the criteria and completely responded to the requirements in terms of defining the criteria and determining the weights of the criteria.
Nighttime Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances From Airglow Imager and Global Navigation Satellite Systems Observations
Authors: Huang Fuqing , Lei Jiuhou , Dou Xiankang , Luan Xiaoli , Zhong Jiahao 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this study, coordinated airglow imager, GPS total electron content (TEC), and Beidou geostationary orbit (GEO) TEC observations for the first time are used to investigate the characteristics of nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) over central China. The results indicated that the features of nighttime MSTIDs from three types of observations are generally consistent, whereas the nighttime MSTID features from the Beidou GEO TEC are in better agreement with those from airglow images as compared with the GPS TEC, given that the nighttime MSTID characteristics from GPS TEC are significantly affected by Doppler effect due to satellite movement. It is also found that there are three peaks in the seasonal variations of the occurrence rate of nighttime MSTIDs in 2016. Our study revealed that the Beidou GEO satellites provided fidelity TEC observations to study the ionospheric variability.
The Influence of Air‐Sea Fluxes on Atmospheric Aerosols During the Summer Monsoon Over the Tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Zavarsky Alex , Booge Dennis , Fiehn Alina , Krüger Kirstin , Atlas Elliot , Marandino Christa 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDuring the summer monsoon, the western tropical Indian Ocean is predicted to be a hot spot for dimethylsulfide emissions, the major marine sulfur source to the atmosphere, and an important aerosol precursor. Other aerosol relevant fluxes, such as isoprene and sea spray, should also be enhanced, due to the steady strong winds during the monsoon. Marine air masses dominate the area during the summer monsoon, excluding the influence of continentally derived pollutants. During the SO234‐2/235 cruise in the western tropical Indian Ocean from July to August 2014, directly measured eddy covariance DMS fluxes confirm that the area is a large source of sulfur to the atmosphere (cruise average 9.1 μmol m−2 d−1). The directly measured fluxes, as well as computed isoprene and sea spray fluxes, were combined with FLEXPART backward and forward trajectories to track the emissions in space and time. The fluxes show a significant positive correlation with aerosol data from the Terra and Suomi‐NPP satellites, indicating a local influence of marine emissions on atmospheric aerosol numbers.
Frictional Properties of Opalinus Clay: Implications for Nuclear Waste Storage
Authors: Orellana L. F. , Scuderi M. M. , Collettini C. , Violay M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe kaolinite‐bearing Opalinus Clay (OPA) is the host rock proposed in Switzerland for disposal of radioactive waste. However, the presence of tectonic faults intersecting the OPA formation put the long‐term safety performance of the underground repository into question due to the possibility of earthquakes triggered by fault instability. In this paper, we study the frictional properties of the OPA shale. To do that, we have carried out biaxial direct shear experiments under conditions typical of nuclear waste storage. We have performed velocity steps (1–300 μm/s) and slide‐hold‐slide tests (1–3,000 s) on simulated fault gouge at different normal stresses (4–30 MPa). To establish the deformation mechanisms, we have analyzed the microstructures of the sheared samples through scanning electron microscopy. Our results show that peak (μpeak) and steady state friction (μss) range from 0.21 to 0.52 and 0.14 to 0.39, respectively, thus suggesting that OPA fault gouges are weak. The velocity dependence of friction indicates a velocity strengthening regime, with the friction rate parameter (a − b) that decreases with normal stress. Finally, the zero healing values imply a lack of restrengthening during interseismic periods. Taken together, if OPA fault reactivates, our experimental evidence favors an aseismic slip behavior, making the nucleation of earthquakes difficult, and long‐term weakness, resulting in stable fault creeping over geological times. Based on the results, our study confirms the seismic safety of the OPA formation for a nuclear waste repository.
Nonparametric Integrated Agrometeorological Drought Monitoring: Model Development and Application
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Li Qin , Singh Vijay P. , Shi Peijun , Huang Qingzhong , Sun Peng 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDrought is a major natural hazard that has massive impacts on the society. How to monitor drought is critical for its mitigation and early warning. This study proposed a modified version of the multivariate standardized drought index (MSDI) based on precipitation, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture, i.e., modified multivariate standardized drought index (MMSDI). This study also used nonparametric joint probability distribution analysis. Comparisons were done between standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), standardized soil moisture index (SSMI), MSDI, and MMSDI, and real‐world observed drought regimes. Results indicated that MMSDI detected droughts that SPEI and/or SSMI failed to do. Also, MMSDI detected almost all droughts that were identified by SPEI and SSMI. Further, droughts detected by MMSDI were similar to real‐world observed droughts in terms of drought intensity and drought‐affected area. When compared to MMSDI, MSDI has the potential to overestimate drought intensity and drought‐affected area across China, which should be attributed to exclusion of the evapotranspiration components from estimation of drought intensity. Therefore, MMSDI is proposed for drought monitoring that can detect agrometeorological droughts. Results of this study provide a framework for integrated drought monitoring in other regions of the world and can help to develop drought mitigation.
Impact of Biomass Burning Aerosols on the Diurnal Cycle of Convective Clouds and Precipitation Over a Tropical Island
Authors: Hodzic Alma , Duvel Jean Philippe 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA coupled weather‐aerosol model is used to study the effect of biomass burning aerosols on deep convection over the Borneo Island and surrounding oceans. Simulations are performed at the convection‐permitting scale (4 km) for 40 days during the boreal summer and include interactive fire emissions and the aerosol effect on radiative and microphysical processes. Intense burning occurs daily in the southern part of the island, and smoke propagates northward to regions of deep convection. The model captures well the observed diurnal cycle of precipitation and high cloud cover. Cloud microphysics and radiative aerosol impacts are considered separately. Modifications of the cloud microphysics by smoke aerosols reinforce deep convection near the central Borneo mountainous region. This reinforced convection is due to reduced shallow precipitation in the afternoon that leads to a warm planetary boundary layer anomaly at sunset enhancing deep convection at night. Aerosol absorptive properties strongly affect local and synoptic atmospheric responses. The radiative processes of moderately absorbing aerosols tend to reduce deep convection over most regions due to local surface cooling and atmosphere warming that increase the static stability. For more absorbing aerosols, however, the impact is reversed with increased nighttime convection over most regions. This is partly related to changes in the vertical water vapor divergence profiles that decrease the convergence toward Borneo for moderately absorbing aerosols and increase it for more absorbing ones. These changes in the synoptic circulation due to large‐scale aerosol perturbations are as important as local processes to explain the observed rainfall perturbation patterns.
Seasonal Progression of the Deposition of Black Carbon by Snowfall at Ny‐Ålesund, Spitsbergen
Authors: Sinha P. R. , Kondo Y. , Goto‐Azuma K. , Tsukagawa Y. , Fukuda K. , Koike M. , Ohata S. , Moteki N. , Mori T. , Oshima N. , Førland E. J. , Irwin M. , Gallet J.‐C. , Pedersen C. A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDeposition of black carbon (BC) aerosol in the Arctic lowers snow albedo, thus contributing to warming in the region. However, the processes and impacts associated with BC deposition are poorly understood because of the scarcity and uncertainties of measurements of BC in snow with adequate spatiotemporal resolution. We sampled snowpack at two sites (11 m and 300 m above sea level) at Ny‐Ålesund, Spitsbergen, in April 2013. We also collected falling snow near the surface with a windsock from September 2012 to April 2013. The size distribution of BC in snowpack and falling snow was measured using a single‐particle soot photometer combined with a characterized nebulizer. The BC size distributions did not show significant variations with depth in the snowpack, suggesting stable size distributions in falling snow. The BC number and mass concentrations (CNBC and CMBC) at the two sites agreed to within 19% and 10%, respectively, despite the sites' different snow water equivalent (SWE) loadings. This indicates the small influence of the amount of SWE (or precipitation) on these quantities. Average CNBC and CMBC in snowpack and falling snow at nearly the same locations agreed to within 5% and 16%, after small corrections for artifacts associated with the sampling of the falling snow. This comparison shows that the dry deposition was a small contributor to the total BC deposition. CMBC were highest (2.4 ± 3.0 μg L−1) in December–February and lowest (1.2 ± 1.2 μg L−1) in September–November.
Sensitivity of Coupled Tropical Pacific Model Biases to Convective Parameterization in CESM1
Authors: Woelfle M. D. , Yu S. , Bretherton C. S. , Pritchard M. S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSix month coupled hindcasts show the central equatorial Pacific cold tongue bias development in a GCM to be sensitive to the atmospheric convective parameterization employed. Simulations using the standard configuration of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) develop a cold bias in equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) within the first two months of integration due to anomalous ocean advection driven by overly strong easterly surface wind stress along the equator. Disabling the deep convection parameterization enhances the zonal pressure gradient leading to stronger zonal wind stress and a stronger equatorial SST bias, highlighting the role of pressure gradients in determining the strength of the cold bias. Superparameterized hindcasts show reduced SST bias in the cold tongue region due to a reduction in surface easterlies despite simulating an excessively strong low‐level jet at 1‐1.5 km elevation. This reflects inadequate vertical mixing of zonal momentum from the absence of convective momentum transport in the superparameterized model. Standard CESM1simulations modified to omit shallow convective momentum transport reproduce the superparameterized low‐level wind bias and associated equatorial SST pattern. Further superparameterized simulations using a three‐dimensional cloud resolving model capable of producing realistic momentum transport simulate a cold tongue similar to the default CESM1. These findings imply convective momentum fluxes may be an underappreciated mechanism for controlling the strength of the equatorial cold tongue. Despite the sensitivity of equatorial SST to these changes in convective parameterization, the east Pacific double‐Intertropical Convergence Zone rainfall bias persists in all simulations presented in this study.
Variability of Bed Load Transport During Six Summers of Continuous Measurements in Two Austrian Mountain Streams (Fischbach and Ruetz)
Authors: Rickenmann Dieter 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPrevious measurements of bed load transport in gravel bed streams revealed a large temporal and spatial variability of bed load transport rates. Using an impact plate geophone system, continuous bed load transport measurements were made during 6 years in two mountain streams in Austria. The two streams have a snow‐melt and glacier‐melt dominated hydrologic regime resulting in frequent transport activity during the summer half year. Periods of days to weeks were identified which are associated with approximately constant Shields values that indicate quasi‐stable bed conditions. Between these stable periods, the position of the bed load transport function varied while its steepness remained approximately constant. For integration time scales of several hours to 1 day, the fluctuations in bed load transport decreased and the correlation between bed load transport and water discharge increased. For integration times of about 70–100 days, bed load transport is determined by discharge or shear stress to within a factor of about 2, relative to the 6 year mean level. Bed load texture increased with increasing mean flow strength and mean transport intensity. Weak and predominantly clockwise daily hysteresis of bed load transport was found for the first half of the summer period.
Interactions Between Stratigraphy and Interfacial Properties on Flow and Trapping in Geologic Carbon Storage
Authors: Liang Bo , Clarens Andres F. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGas leakage from geologic carbon storage sites could undermine the long‐term goal of reducing emissions to the atmosphere and negatively impact groundwater resources. Despite this, there remain uncertainties associated with the transport processes that would govern this leakage. These stem from the complex interaction between governing forces (e.g., gravitational, viscous, and capillary), the heterogeneous nature of the porous media, and the characteristic length scales of these leakage events, all of which impact the CO2 fluid flow processes. Here we assessed how sub‐basin‐scale horizons in porous media could impact the migration and trapping of a CO2 plume. A high‐pressure column packed with two layers of sand with different properties (e.g., grain size and wettability) was used to create a low‐contrast stratigraphic horizon. CO2 in supercritical or liquid phase was injected into the bottom of the column under various conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, and capillary number) and the transport of the resulting plume was recorded using electrical resistivity. The results show that CO2 trapping was most strongly impacted by shifting the wettability balance to mixed‐wet conditions, particularly for residual saturation. A 16% increase in the cosine of the contact angle for a mixed‐wet sand resulted in nearly twice as much residual trapping. Permeability contrast, pressure, and temperature also impacted the residual saturation but to a lesser extent. Flow rate affected the dynamics of saturation profile development, but the effect is transient, suggesting that the other effects observed here could apply to a broad range of leakage conditions.
Adaptive Computational Methods for Parabolic Problems
Authors: Eriksson Kenneth , Johnson Claes , Logg A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe present a unified methodology for the computational solution of parabolic systems of differential equations with adaptive selection of discretization in space and time, based ona posteriorierror estimates involving residuals of computed solutions and stability factors/weights, obtained by solving an associated linearized dual problem. We define parabolicity as boundedness in time (up to logarithmic factors) of a certain strong stability factor measuring theL1(L2)‐norm in time–space of the time derivative of the dual solution withL2‐normalized initial data.
Time‐Dependent Problems with the Boundary Integral Equation Method
Authors: Costabel Martin , Sayas Francisco‐Javier 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTime‐dependent problems that are modeled by initial‐boundary value problems for parabolic or hyperbolic partial differential equations can be treated with the boundary integral equation (BIE) method. The ideal situation is when the right‐hand side in the partial differential equation and the initial conditions vanish, the data are given only on the boundary of the domain, the equation is linear with constant coefficients, and the domain does not depend on time. In this situation, the transformation of the problem to a BIE follows the same well‐known lines as for the case of stationary or time‐harmonic problems modeled by elliptic boundary value problems. The same main advantages of the reduction to the boundary prevail: reduction of the dimension by one, and reduction of an unbounded exterior domain to a bounded boundary.There are, however, specific difficulties due to the additional time dimension. Apart from the practical problems of increased complexity related to the higher dimension, there can appear new stability problems. In the stationary case, one often has unconditional stability for reasonable approximation methods, and this stability is closely related to variational formulations based on the ellipticity of the underlying boundary value problem. In the time‐dependent case, instabilities have been observed in practice, but due to the absence of ellipticity, the stability analysis is more difficult and fewer theoretical results are available.In this chapter, the mathematical principles governing the construction of BIE methods for time‐dependent problems are presented. We describe some of the main numerical algorithms that are used in practice and have been analyzed in the mathematical literature.
Solids and Structures: Introduction and Survey
Authors: de Borst René 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Volume 2 “Solids and Structures” is concerned with the numerical analysis of solids and structures in the widest possible sense. Utilizing the basic methods outlined in Volume 1 “Fundamentals”, a comprehensive picture is first given of numerical methods for solids and structures in the linear regime. Next, a wide variety of nonlinear theories are discussed, encompassing structural stability problems as well as instabilities that stem from the properties of the constituent materials. The volume also contains chapters that address computational problems that are specific to particular materials such as concrete, soils, composites, and biomaterials, and to forming processes.
Problems in which interaction between fluids and solids plays a role are covered next, for example, multiphase media, fluid–structure interaction, and structural acoustics. Other important topics that are treated include stochastic finite elements, parameter identification, model reduction, optimization problems, contact, explicit finite element methods for large deformation problems, the analysis of structural problems using boundary element methods, and large rotations.