bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of IUPAP in Shaping Metrological Practice
Authors: Doran Connemara 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the central role played by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) Commission on Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature (SUN, later known as Commission C2) in the development of international standards, in coordination with the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). The chapter examines the roles of physicists with leadership positions in Commission C2 who furthered international collaboration on the development precision metrology by using light as an instrument for measuring distance and time. In turn, these novel techniques of precision measurement led to redefinitions of fundamental units. Commission C2 shaped metrological practice through international negotiations to redefine units and standards, through international conferences organized or facilitated by IUPAP, and through bringing early career scholars from different countries into contact with leading metrological researchers. Metrological techniques and instruments discussed in the chapter include interferometry, the maser, and atomic clocks.
IUPAP, Cooperative Antagonism, and the GDR
Authors: Olšáková Doubravka 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The German Democratic Republic (GDR) case and the role of East German scientists in the international community shed new light on issues such as political and non-political discrimination or the free movement of scientists. The paper discusses the East and West German organization of the physical sciences in a divided Germany. Political tensions, the Hallstein Doctrine (1955), or the erection of the Berlin Wall (1961), complicated cooperation between German physicists and led to their separation. The initial efforts of the GDR to gain international recognition in the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) were unsuccessful. The paper shows how negotiations took place following the adoption of the ICSU Resolution on Political Non-Discrimination, which provided crucial support for the GDR’s quest for recognition. While the international relations and policies of UNESCO members shaped the formal processes leading to the recognition of the GDR in UNESCO, the acceptance of the GDR in the ICSU and IUPAP reveals the functioning of cooperative antagonism.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and (N)MRI
Authors: Satija Indubala I. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and how it leads to the invention of MRI. There is a discussion of spin echo and its role in measuring relaxation times that distinguish cancerous and normal cells. In addition to discussing various Nobel laureates, chapter also dwells on tales of missed Nobel Prizes such as those of Cornelis Gorter, Etwin Hahn, and Raymond Damadian. Hitler’s action led to a brain drain of some of the finest intellectual minds, who then enriched America with scientists who would contribute enormously to its postwar leadership in all branches of science. These include scientists who won Nobel Prizes and whose foundational contributions to quantum science led to MRI
A Prelude to Quantum Computing
Authors: Satija Indubala I. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This short snapshot to quantum computing provides a historical perspective on one of the most vibrant and active frontiers in quantum science that can potentially transform our civilization with second quantum revolution. To whet the appetite for the final chapter on quantum information, this chapter touches on Einstein’s skepticism about quantum physics, the Bells theorem and the wormhole and the knot theory applied to braid anyons as a pathway to topological quantum computing.
Spin and Quantum Information
Authors: Satija Indubala I. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this final chapter, quantum spin -1/2 acquires a new life as qubit, the fundamental building block of quantum computation and quantum information as qubits and quantum gates are introduced from the spin perspective. The systems of two and more spins are used to illustrate quantum entanglement, the non-classical correlation that are responsible for much of the quantum magic. We will recount the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, the discovery of Bell’s inequalities and theorems, and the road to the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics. Some examples from the rapidly evolving research frontier of quantum information are given to show how quantum circuits are composed to simulate quantum many-body Hamiltonians or carry out quantum algorithms of superior performance. The readers will encounter simple examples that exploit entanglement, safeguard communication, and achieve dense coding and teleportation. Chapter concludes with a brief introduction to topological quantum computing by braiding anyons.
The Accident Preference, ‘Unrigorous Thinking’ and Injury Compensation Schemes
Authors: Grant Genevieve , Luntz Harold 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Professor Stapleton’s striking early work focused on the distorting impact of tort law’s preferences on the compensation debate and the design of compensation schemes. This chapter explores the continued relevance of these ideas to contemporary Australian compensation schemes for personal injury. The current state of understanding of the underlying prevalence and distribution of injury and disease in the community and the profile of claiming activity is looked at. The chapter charts the proliferation of non-tort schemes in Australia, and their replication of tort’s accident preference. It also argues that in this landscape, a new variety of unrigorous thinking has emerged: the assumption that introducing a scheme signals ‘job done’ in facilitating appropriate support for claimants. The chapter calls for a new generation of injury law scholarship to enrich the policy debate around the design and operation of tort law and compensation systems.
Transformative Action as Structural and Publicly Constituted
Authors: Marin Mara 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 2, ‘Transformative Action as Structural and Publicly Constituted’, Mara Marin takes an optimistic view on the potential for structural change. She argues that we should understand actions as structural and publicly constituted in a plurality of publics. After a rejection of Ann Cudd’s interpretation of resistance, Marin draws on William Sewell’s understanding of social structures as dual (the combination of structure and agency), she argues that actions are made possible and acquire meaning within pre-existing structures, and the ways in which agents’ actions will be received depends on the plurality of publics involved in the processes of interpreting action. Understanding agency as an ability to introduce contingency and unpredictability, and also recognizing the ways in which this is interpreted by different publics, explains the role of less powerful agents in precipitating social change; those with power in particular social structures are unable to control how different publics will respond to particular actions. Thus, there is always the latent possibility to unsettle structural power dynamics.
Decolonizing Structural Justice and Political Responsibility
Authors: Gordon Lewis R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 10, ‘Decolonizing Structural Justice and Political Responsibility’, Lewis Gordon approaches the topics of responsibility, epistemology, and decolonization. He argues that most discussions around structural injustice initiated by Iris Marion Young are deficient in three ways. First, the secondary literature fails to recognize the influence of phenomenology on Young’s approach. From a phenomenological perspective, any separation of individual and structure is a misnomer, because both can be understood only in relation to the other. Second, this insight has implications for understanding responsibility for structural injustice. Since we can understand individuals only in relation to structure, individuals have a responsibility not only to challenge structural injustice, but to produce structural justice. However, this leads to a third issue—the emphasis on ‘justice’. Gordon argues that, in political philosophy in recent decades, the focus on justice is a form of disciplinary decadence. Rawls, and Young, never explained why justice is the primary political virtue. Gordon explains that, from an Africana decolonial perspective, drawing on Fanon, the primary virtue could be health rather than justice: sick institutions produce sick people. Gordon highlights the Eurocentrism of contemporary philosophy, noting that the structural analysis in the structural injustice debate was already present in anti-slavery and anti-colonial thought, and even back to antiquity in the story of Sekhti-nefer-medu (1850 bce). Finally, Gordon uses the metaphor of a house to think about structure, referencing Audre Lorde’s famous dictum that the master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house.
Populist social movements of the Great Recession
Authors: Aslanidis Paris 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 applies the theoretical framework of the previous chapter to Iceland’s Pots and Pans Revolution (2009–2010). It proposes first that the protest cycle of the Great Recession Movements was driven by an elaborated populist master frame. The Icelandic case study sheds light on the inner processes of populist mobilization and its limitations. It examines the organizational, political, and cultural dimensions in the activity of “artivist” Hordur Torfason, leader of the Voices of the People, highlighting the crowd-sourced nature of the populist diagnostic frame, the prognosis that Torfason mandated, and the frame disputes over diagnostic, prognostic, and repertorial strategies. The chapter concludes by discussing the rise of a militant faction among protesters, the challenge it posed for the leader, and the negotiation of violence within the movement as a means to achieve its core objectives.
The Rise of Helios
Authors: Badoud Nathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 is devoted to Helios, the god portrayed by the Colossus of Rhodes. From the time it was settled by the Argives, the island was divided into three different cities, Ialysos, Kamiros, and Lindos. It was placed under the protection of Zeus, who had his sanctuary on its peak, Mount Atabyron. Yet, in 408 bc, when Ialysos, Kamiros, and Lindos united to create the city of Rhodes, they chose Helios as their patron deity. This decision is due to the influence of the Eratids, an aristocratic and perhaps royal family from Ialysos, which had long promoted the unification. Already in 464 bc (or slightly later), it had tasked Pindar with rewriting the history of Rhodes, to make Helios the ancestor of its inhabitants, for both geographical and political reasons.
The Kolossós of Rhodes
Authors: Badoud Nathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 sheds new light on the chronology, the height, the technique of construction, the financing, and the appearance of the Colossus, as well as on its inclusion among the Seven Wonders of the World. It also addresses the legends that developed after the collapse of the statue in 227 bc. On the one hand, the Book of Daniel was the first to propose a mythical version of the Colossus, which returns, metamorphosed, in the Book of Revelation. On the other, John Malalas was mistaken in assuming that the statue had been reconstructed under the reign of Hadrian. Both narrative traditions unite in the Chronicle of Theophilus of Edessa, the author of a forgery staging the destruction of the statue by the caliph Muʿāwiya in ad 653 and the sale of its remains by a Jew of Emesa.
The Image of the Statue
Authors: Badoud Nathan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
As no physical trace or image survives of the Colossus built by Chares of Lindos, Chapter 7 considers the period from the ninth century ad to the present to demonstrate both the ways in which artists have fashioned the image of the statue and how this image has influenced the identification of supposed copies of the statue by archaeologists. It challenges the most widely accepted ideas about the appearance of the Colossus to conclude that the foundations of archaeological research are, in this matter, entirely fictional. It eventually addresses the projected reconstructions of the Colossus, which not only are anachronistic but also embody some of the most destructive tendencies of mankind.
Corruption and Related Offences Before 2011
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This section, comprising chapters 2 to 7, examines the legal framework governing criminal investigations and prosecutions of bribery and corruption offences in the United Kingdom. It explains the offences under which corrupt conduct may be prosecuted, addresses the guidance issued by the UK government, the Crown Prosecution Service and the Serious Fraud Office pursuant to the Bribery Act 2010, reviews the strategic mechanisms and tools used by law enforcement agencies in corruption investigations (including in relation to whistleblowing as well as mutual legal assistance and extradition), and considers relevant proposals for reform of UK laws. This chapter describes the offences under which conduct constituting bribery and corruption taking place wholly or partly before 1 July 2011 continues to be prosecuted. The chapter examines the common law offence of bribery and the statutory offences set out in the Prevention of Corruption Acts 1889–1916, as well as their extension to include foreign bribery in the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001. It examines the definition and scope of the offences, which distinguish between corruption in the public and private sectors, and considers the mental element and defences as well as their treatment of facilitation payments. It includes cases decided under the Prevention of Corruption Acts since 2011, illustrating their continuing use and application to foreign bribery and to corporates. Deferred prosecution agreements which involve offences spanning both the Prevention of Corruption Act 1906 and the Bribery Act 2010 are considered in Chapter 2.
Varieties of Populism in the US
Authors: Puhle Hans-Jürgen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Populist mobilizations have been part of the American liberal script(s). They have gone through various stages and established three lines of continuity: the strong populist heritage that has been integrated into the political mainstream (through the “progressive” groups in both parties); the dissenting groups of right-wing populisms; and more fragmented left-wing populists. Their contestations usually were internal contestations, and they have shared significant characteristics that make American populism unique in that the populist potential for contestations of the liberal script has been built into the American liberal script(s). The populist impact, however, has changed since a significant threshold around 1990 when the onset of the destruction of the Republican Party coincided with repercussions of the structural change of the public sphere and new constellations of political communication. More polarized external and deep contestations set in, and populist mobilizations have become more of a threat for the liberal script than before.
Independent Black Political Movements
Authors: Ali Omar H. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Since the late nineteenth century, African Americans have created independent political movements in the United States that have been vital to the development of democracy. These independent Black political movements constitute an ongoing feature of contestations of the liberal script as expressed in bipartisan political rule. Such challenges to the authority and policies of the Democratic and Republican parties, in particular, have centered on fighting for the expansion of Black civil and political rights and have taken a range of forms, including as electoral parties, labor unions, and associations, and often in combination. The largest of these independent movements were the Black Populist movement of the late nineteenth century, the Civil Rights movement of the mid-twentieth century, and Black Lives Matter in the twenty-first century.
Deep Contestations of the Liberal Script at the US–Mexican Border
Authors: Toro María Celia , Covarrubias Velasco Ana 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We discuss the liberal script for borders, in particular, the tension between two liberal principles that converge or collide at the border: individual and collective self-determination. This inherent tension between the individual’s right to engage in cross-border activities and the right of the community to be independent from outside interference accounts for the continuous contestations of the script. The authors focus on the US–Mexico border and on four key aspects of the border liberal script, namely, human rights, the rule of law, respect for international law, and free trade. They conclude that over the last two decades, security and identity concerns among large segments of American society have been the main drivers of a shift in US border policies, that includes deep contestations of the liberal script, in particular during the Trump administration.
From Weaponized Aesthetics to Aesthetic Injustice
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
According to the cosmopolitan theory, a large-scale social arrangement is aesthetically unjust when and only when it harms people in their capacities as aesthetic agents, thereby subverting interests in the value diversity and social autonomy of aesthetic cultures. The main components of the theory are discussed. Aesthetic injustice is contrasted with weaponized aesthetics, where expressive practices drawn from aesthetic culture stem from and compound social injustice. A standard account of social injustice and its mechanisms is summarized. Three cases are presented of scenarios where aesthetic injustice and weaponized aesthetics interact. Two arguments for the cosmopolitan theory are previewed.
Catholic Teaching on Contraception
Authors: Kalbian Aline H. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This essay reviews the history of Catholic teaching about contraception as a way to answer the question of why the Catholic opposition to artificial contraception remains unchanged. While acknowledging the role of social and cultural influences on Church teaching, I argue that the theology of human domination over nature is at the core of official Catholic views about contraception, and that this understanding reinforces a strong distinction between artificial and natural means. Framing the Catholic opposition as a theological one about creation, dominion, and nature is an important supplement to the cultural/social accounts because it can better explain the intransigence of the Catholic teaching. To be clear, Catholic teaching about contraception is not always explicitly framed purely in terms of a worry about dominion; nevertheless, theological concern about human dominion over nature, especially via technological means, is integral to the discourse about contraception, especially in the distinction between natural and artificial that the Church upholds.
Sources of Catholic Moral Theology
Authors: Christie Dolores L. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Catholic moral thinking on sexual issues derives from several sources: the Bible (particularly the values it proposes), previous church teaching (“Tradition”), natural law, and historical experience (Vatican II’s “the signs of the times”). Nevertheless, the Church maintains that the informed conscience of each person is the final and inviolate arbiter of individual acts. The vigorous and evolving Catholic debate on sexual issues, particularly that of reproductive technology, contributes both to reflection for individual decisions and to ongoing development of church doctrine and moral teaching.
Natural Law and Reproductive Ethics
Authors: Kieran Haile Bethany 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Natural law claims to advance a form of moral reasoning that is grounded in the order of reality, and is in this sense, objective and universal. Because of its foundation in an objective “nature” the hope is that natural law can provide a sort of “moral Esperanto” or “lingua franca” for the pluralistic public square. The vast majority of those embracing this argument, however, tend to advance very conservative positions in reproductive ethics that have failed precisely in forging the consensus they claim to offer. Even supporters of the natural law have been skeptical of its goal to provide a common moral framework for a universal ethic. Reproductive ethics provides a critical test of the natural law’s ability to establish such common ground. This essay argues that natural law can indeed be an effective way to address the morality of reproductive issues, but that our expectations must be realistic. At its best, natural law reasoning can help foster some level of agreement between some opposing groups but will not lead to widespread consensus on the most pressing, and indeed most controversial, issues. Most contemporary natural law ethicists do not expect the natural law to provide a universal and exhaustive ethic. This essay will focus on two fundamental questions. The first concerns the question of the status of the embryo at its earliest stages. The second concerns technologies that separate sexual intercourse and reproduction.
Finger Amputation in the Ethnographic and Archaeological Record
Authors: McCauley Brea , Collard Mark 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Several published studies indicate that amputating finger segments, and even multiple entire fingers, for nonmedical reasons has been a surprisingly common practice over the past few hundred years. This chapter reports the results of a study undertaken (a) to shed further light on the occurrence of finger amputation via a survey of ethnographic and historical documents and ethnographic and archaeological objects, and (b) to review the ethnohistoric literature to identify motivations for amputating healthy fingers. Based on information gathered from six online resources using keywords from seven different languages, the survey of ethnohistorical texts revealed that at least 181 remarkably diverse societies engaged in finger amputation as a cultural practice, and that it was not limited to a particular geographic region or type of society. The search for finger amputation-related ethnographic and archaeological objects produced evidence that the total number of societies that engaged in finger amputation in the past may be over 200 and suggests that the practice has a time depth of thousands, possibly even tens of thousands, of years. In addition, the chapter identifies seventeen different reasons for engaging in it other than trying to solve a medical problem with the targeted finger. Among the most common of the nonsurgical motivations were mourning a deceased loved one, appealing to a deity for assistance, and punishment. Taken together, the findings reported in this chapter demonstrate that finger amputation was a widespread cultural practice in the past, one that was invented multiple times, in multiple places, for multiple reasons.