bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Assessment of Photovoltaic Technologies
Authors: Tillman Anne-Marie 
Published: January 2017

Production of electricity in solar cells enables a flowing energy resource, sunlight, to be brought into the technological system. Although only small adverse environmental effects result from the operation of solar cells, production and sometimes disposal have more environmental impact. The impact is described for a number of types of solar cells, in various applications, and the technology is evaluated from an environmental point of view, as compared with power production fom fossil fuels and nuclear power. A life-cycle perspective is adopted, although the study is not a quantitative life-cycle assessment. Crystalline silicon (c-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) cells, copper-indium-diselenide (CIS) and cadmium-telluride (CdTe) cells, are considered. c-Si cells require considerable amounts of energy during production. Both CIS and CdTe cells contain cadmium, but CIS to a smaller extent. Indium is a very scarce resource. All the technologies except CdTe involve use of toxic and/or explosive gases during production. Solar cells are used in consumer products such as pocket calculators. The energy production in this application is marginal. They may consitute an environmental problem if they contain cadmium or are used in connection with cadmium containing batteries. Stand-alone systems often require batteries, which contain heavy metals. They may contribute to electricity generation to some extent. They may have a positive influence on aesthetic natural values through reducing the need for power transfer to single, remote power consumers. Large scale electricity production in grid-connected systems are possible in a longer time perspective, and thus the assessment has a larger degree of uncertainty. The systems could make a large contribution to electricity production. However, over a certain production capacity, this requires energy storage, e.g. in water reservoirs or as hydrogen. Large scale electricity production in solar cells is assessed, from an environmental point of view, to be a better alternative than nuclear or fossil fuel based power generation.
The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Scientific “Consensus” on Global Warming
Authors: Michaels Patrick J. , Knappenberger Paul C. 
Published: January 2017

Climate data support the “moderate” prediction of climate change (l-1.5°C) rather than the more extreme scenario (4°C or more). The moderate point of view was originally marginalized in the IPCC “consensus” process in both the 1990 First Assessment on Climate Change and in the 1992 Update prepared specifically for the Earth Summit and to provide backing for the Rio Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is now accepted, based on ground-based data, that the errors in those models are currently between 160% and 360%. If one compares them to the satellite data combined with the land record, the error rises to a maximum of 720%. In some recognition of this massive error, the 1995 IPCC “consensus” is that warming has been mitigated by sulfate aerosols. However, when that hypothesis is specifically tested, it fails. Further, data required to test the validity of the sulfate enhanced greenhouse models was withheld by the IPCC. despite repeated requests.
Biovolatilization of antimony and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Authors: Jenkins R O , Craig P J , Goessler W , Irgolic K J 
Published: January 2017

1 The aerobic filamentous fungus S. brevicaulis IMI 17297 methylated antimony from Sb2O3 substrate, with the formation of gaseous trimethylantimony (TMA). No evidence was found for the generation of other gaseous antimony compounds by this organism. 2 Biovolatilization of inorganic antimony was greatest during cultivation of the fungus on solid media at 258C, and occurred more readily from antimony (III) substrates than from antimony (V) substrates. 3 Under simulated cot environment conditions (CO2 enriched atmosphere, 338C) the fungus exhibited an altered morphology and a reduced capability to volatilize inorganic antimony from the pure compound. 4 No evidence of antimony biovolatilization from cot mattress PVC was found, unless antimony was released from PVC by heat treatment (at 80 or 1008C). 5 These data suggest that normal cot environment conditions are non-optimal for volatilization of antimony by S. brevicaulis, and that Sb2O3 in cot mattress PVC is not bioavailable. 6 Cot mattress isolates of S. brevicaulis also volatilized antimony (not encapsulated by PVC), whereas those of other filamentous fungi (Penicillium spp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria sp.) and of bacteria (Bacillus spp.) did not. 7 The oxidation products of TMA may be the true determinants of toxicity for biogenic antimony gases produced in an aerobic environment.
Assessment of aggression, sexual behavior and fertility in adult male rat following long-term ingestion of four industrial metals salts
Authors: Bataineh H , Al-Hamood M H , Elbetieha A M 
Published: January 2017

1 The effect of long-term ingestion of the industrial metals salts, manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride was investigated on aggression, sexual behavior and fertility in male rat. Adult male rats ingested solutions of these salts along with drinking water at a concentration of 1000 p.p.m. for 12 weeks. 2 Male rat sexual behavior was suppressed after the ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. The ingestion of solutions of these salts markedly prolonged the intromission and ejaculation latencies. Aluminum chloride and copper chloride reduced the copulatory efficiency. 3 Male rat aggression was also abolished after the ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. The ingestion of solutions of these salts markedly suppressed lateralizations, boxing bouts, fight with stud male and ventral presenting postures. 4 Fertility was reduced in male rats ingested with lead acetate. The total number of resorptions was increased in female rats impregnated by males ingested with manganese sulfate and lead acetate. 5 Body, absolute or relative testes, seminal vesicles weights were dropped in adult male rats ingested with manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. However, the absolute or relative preputial gland weights were not affected. Collectively, these results suggest that the long-term ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride would have adverse effects on sexual behavior, territorial aggression, fertility and the reproductive system of the adult male rat.
The use of radiopharmaceuticals as an effective toxicologic technique for studying nephrotoxicity of drugs: cyclosporine-A
Authors: Owunwanne A , Shihab-Eldeen A , Yacoub T , Ziada G 
Published: January 2017

The concept of altered biologic behavior of administered radiopharmaceuticals is used routinely in clinical nuclear medicine to increase the sensitivity of diagnosis, monitor the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation treatment, and determine injury caused by a drug whose effect has exceeded its therapeutic value. In this study, cyclosporine-A (CsA) an immunosuppressant drug known to cause nephrotoxicity due to tubular impairment and Tc- 99m MAG-3, a renal imaging radiopharmaceutical secreted by the tubules have been used in animal models to establish a method for investigating the nephrotoxicity of drugs. New Zealand rabbits and Wistar rats were used. The rabbits and rats were treated with 30 mg/kg of CsA for 4 and 28 consecutive days respectively. Plasma creatinine and urea were measured and renogram studies were performed in the rabbits prior to and on 1, 4, 8, 11 and 15 days after treatment with CsA. For the renogram, the rabbits were given an intravenous bolus injection of 44.4 MBq (1.5 mCi) of Tc-99m MAG-3. The Tmax, T1/2, TTHM and uptake slope of the Tc-99m MAG-3 were calculated. Each rat was injected intravenously with 185 MBq (5 mCi) of Tc-99m MAG-3, killed 3 min later, the kidneys removed and 20 mm frozen sections made. Autoradio-grams were generated from the frozen sections. Creatinine and urea levels were also measured in the rats. There was no consistent difference in creatinine and urea levels between control and CsA treated rabbits and rats. However, for the rabbit, on day 1 or 4 after treatment, there was significant increase in the values of Tmax, T1/2, TTHM and uptake slope between the control and CsA treated animals, indicating intrarenal vasoconstriction and delayed transit of Tc-99m MAG-3 from the parenchyma to the collecting system. This delay is dramatically shown in the tissue autoradiograms of the rats. The results are consistent with reported nephrotoxicity of CsA using other techniques. The results of this study, therefore, indicate that the concept of altered biologic behavior of Tc-99m MAG-3 can be used effectively as a toxicologic method for studying nephrotoxicity of drugs as exempli-fied by CsA.
Gadolinium chloride toxicity in the mouse
Authors: Spencer Andrew , Wilson Susan , Harpur Ernest 
Published: January 2017

1 Groups of five male and five female CD-1 mice received a single intravenous injection of gadolinium chloride at dosages of 0 (saline control), 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/ kg. All mice were necropsied 48 h post dose. 2 Plasma analysis showed increases in concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (both sexes), aspartate amino-transferase and alanine aminotransferase (females only) in the 0.2 mmol/kg group. Cholesterol was elevated at all dosages in both sexes whilst globulin was raised in both sexes at 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/kg. 3 Histological lesions were present at all dosages and increased in severity in a dose-related fashion. The most common lesions were: mineral emboli in capillaries, accumulation of mineral in the mono-nuclear phagocytic system, hepatocellular necrosis, and lymphoid depletion, necrosis and mineralisation in the spleen. 4 Such observations are similar to those in rats given gadolinium chloride and should be assessed when evaluating the toxicological profile of gadolinium containing compounds being developed for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.
Analysis of clustered data in receiver operating characteristic studies
Authors: Beam Craig A 
Published: January 2017

Clustered data is not simply correlated data, but has its own unique aspects. In this paper, various methods for correlated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve data that have been extended specifically to clustered data are reviewed. For those methods that have not yet been extended, suggestions for their application to clustered ROC studies are provided. Various methods with respect to their ability to meet either of two objectives of the analysis of clustered ROC data are compared to consider a variety of ROC indices and their accessibility to researchers. The available statistical methods for clustered data vary in the range of indices that can be considered and in their accessibility to researchers. Parametric models permit all indices to be considered but, owing to computational complexity, are the least accessible of available methods. Nonparametric methods are much more accessible, but only permit estimation and inference about ROC curve area. The jackknife method is the most accessible and permits any index to be considered. Future development of methods for clustered ROC studies should consider the continuation ratio model, which will permit the application of widely available software for the analysis of mixed generalized linear models. Another area of development should be in the adoption of bootstrapping methods to clustered ROC data.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MDS and CMML: recommendations from an international expert panel
Authors: de Witte Theo , Bowen David , Robin Marie , Malcovati Luca , Niederwieser Dietger , Yakoub-Agha Ibrahim , Mufti Ghulam J. , Fenaux Pierre , Sanz Guillermo , Martino Rodrigo , Alessandrino Emilio Paolo , Onida Francesco , Symeonidis Argiris , Passweg Jakob , Kobbe Guido , Ganser Arnold , Platzbecker Uwe , Finke Jürgen , van Gelder Michel , van de Loosdrecht Arjan A. , Ljungman Per , Stauder Reinhard , Volin Liisa , Deeg H. Joachim , Cutler Corey , Saber Wael , Champlin Richard , Giralt Sergio , Anasetti Claudio , Kröger Nicolaus 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
An international expert panel, active within the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, European LeukemiaNet, Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trial Group, and the International Myelodysplastic Syndromes Foundation developed recommendations for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Disease risks scored according to the revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) and presence of comorbidity graded according to the HCT Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) were recognized as relevant clinical variables for HSCT eligibility. Fit patients with higher-risk IPSS-R and those with lower-risk IPSS-R with poor-risk genetic features, profound cytopenias, and high transfusion burden are candidates for HSCT. Patients with a very high MDS transplantation risk score, based on combination of advanced age, high HCT-CI, very poor-risk cytogenetic and molecular features, and high IPSS-R score have a low chance of cure with standard HSCT and consideration should be given to treating these patients in investigational studies. Cytoreductive therapy prior to HSCT is advised for patients with ≥10% bone marrow myeloblasts. Evidence from prospective randomized clinical trials does not provide support for specific recommendations on the optimal high intensity conditioning regimen. For patients with contraindications to high-intensity preparative regimens, reduced intensity conditioning should be considered. Optimal timing of HSCT requires careful evaluation of the available effective nontransplant strategies. Prophylactic donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) strategies are recommended in patients at high risk of relapse after HSCT. Immune modulation by DLI strategies or second HSCT is advised if relapse occurs beyond 6 months after HSCT.
Investigation of solutions of state-dependent multi-impulsive boundary value problems
Authors: Rontó András , Rachůnková Irena , Rontó Miklós , Rachůnek Lukáš 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We describe a reduction technique allowing one to combine an
analysis of the existence of solutions with an efficient
construction of approximate solutions for a state-dependent
multi-impulsive boundary value problem which consists of
non-linear system of differential equations

u
′

⁢

(
t
)

=

f
⁢

(
t
,

u
⁢

(
t
)

)

for a.e.
⁢
t

∈

[
a
,
b
]

,

u^{\prime}(t)=f(t,u(t))\quad\text{for a.e. }t\in[a,b],

subject to the state-dependent impulse condition

u
⁢

(

t
+

)

-

u
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(

t
-

)

=

γ
t

⁢

(

u
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(

t
-

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)

for
⁢
t

∈

(
a
,
b
)

⁢
such that
⁢
g
⁢

(
t
,

u
⁢

(

t
-

)

)

=
0

,

u(t+)-u(t-)=\gamma_{t}(u(t-))\quad\text{for }t\in(a,b)\text{ such that }g(t,u(%
t-))=0,

and the non-linear two-point boundary condition

V
⁢

(

u
⁢

(
a
)

,

u
⁢

(
b
)

)

=
0

.

V(u(a),u(b))=0.
Low Loss and High-Quality Factor Optical Filter Using Photonic Crystal-Based Resonant Cavity
Authors: Vaisi Ahmadreza , Soroosh Mohammad , Mahmoudi Alimorad 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Transmission efficiency and quality factor are two of the most crucial characteristics in designing optical band pass filters. In this paper, we proposed a novel structure for realizing an optical filter. For the wavelength selecting part of the filter, we employed a V-shaped resonant cavity. The obtained filter has a resonant mode at 1313 nm with transmission efficiency and quality factor as much as 97 % and 3548, respectively.
Besatzungskinder in Polen
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2017

Vorspann
Die Problematik der Kindheiten im Zweiten Weltkrieg hat in den letzten Jahren in Öffentlichkeit und Forschung wachsendes Interesse gefunden. Dabei herrscht allerdings eine Fokussierung auf deutsche Erfahrungen vor. Maren Röger erweitert hier die Perspektive. Sie nimmt die Situation der sogenannten Besatzungskinder in Polen in den Blick, die es aufgrund der rassistischen Umgangsverbote eigentlich gar nicht hätte geben dürfen. Die widersinnige Rassenlogik des NS-Regimes führte dabei zu teilweise paradoxen Umständen. Für die Kinder blieb ihre Herkunft auch im Nachkriegspolen oft eine Belastung.
Differential Presynaptic ATP Supply for Basal and High-Demand Transmission
Authors: Sobieski Courtney , Fitzpatrick Michael J. , Mennerick Steven J. 
Published: January 2017

The relative contributions of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to neuronal presynaptic energy demands are unclear. In rat hippocampal neurons, ATP production by either glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation alone sustained basal evoked synaptic transmission for up to 20 min. However, combined inhibition of both ATP sources abolished evoked transmission. Neither action potential propagation failure nor depressed Ca2+influx explained loss of evoked synaptic transmission. Rather, inhibition of ATP synthesis caused massive spontaneous vesicle exocytosis, followed by arrested endocytosis, accounting for the disappearance of evoked postsynaptic currents. In contrast to its weak effects on basal transmission, inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation alone depressed recovery from vesicle depletion. Local astrocytic lactate shuttling was not required. Instead, either ambient monocarboxylates or neuronal glycolysis was sufficient to supply requisite substrate. In summary, basal transmission can be sustained by glycolysis, but strong presynaptic demands are met preferentially by oxidative phosphorylation, which can be maintained by bulk but not local monocarboxylates or by neuronal glycolysis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuronal energy levels are critical for proper CNS function, but the relative roles for the two main sources of ATP production, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, in fueling presynaptic function in unclear. Either glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation can fuel low-frequency synaptic function and inhibiting both underlies loss of synaptic transmission via massive vesicle release and subsequent failure to endocytose lost vesicles. Oxidative phosphorylation, fueled by either glycolysis or endogenously released monocarboxylates, can fuel more metabolically demanding tasks such as vesicle recovery after depletion. Our work demonstrates the flexible nature of fueling presynaptic function to maintain synaptic function.
Long Noncoding RNA Malat1 Regulates Cerebrovascular Pathologies in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Zhang Xuejing , Tang Xuelian , Liu Kai , Hamblin Milton H. , Yin Ke-Jie 
Published: January 2017

The study was designed to determine the role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1), in ischemic stroke outcome. Primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were cultured and treated with Malat1 GapmeR before 16 h oxygen and glucose depravation (OGD). Cell death was assayed by LDH and MTT methods. Malat1 knock-out and wild-type mice were subjected to 1 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 24–72 h of reperfusion. To explore the underlying mechanism, apoptotic and inflammatory factors were measured by qPCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. The physical interaction between Malat1 and apoptotic or inflammatory factors was measured by RNA immunoprecipitation. Increased Malat1 levels were found in cultured mouse BMECs after OGD as well as in isolated cerebral microvessels in mice after MCAO. Silencing of Malat1 by Malat1 GapmeR significantly increased OGD-induced cell death and Caspase 3 activity in BMECs. Silencing of Malat1 also significantly aggravated OGD-induced expression of the proapoptotic factor Bim and proinflammatory cytokines MCP-1, IL-6, and E-selectin. Moreover, Malat1 KO mice presented larger brain infarct size, worsened neurological scores, and reduced sensorimotor functions. Consistent within vitrofindings, significantly increased expression of proapoptotic and proinflammatory factors was also found in the cerebral cortex of Malat1 KO mice after ischemic stroke compared with WT controls. Finally, we demonstrated that Malat1 binds to Bim and E-selectin bothin vitroandin vivo. Our study suggests that Malat1 plays critical protective roles in ischemic stroke.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAccumulative studies have demonstrated the important regulatory roles of microRNAs in vascular and neural damage after ischemic stroke. However, the functional significance and mechanisms of other classes of noncoding RNAs in cerebrovascular pathophysiology after stroke are less studied. Here we demonstrate a novel role of Malat1, a long noncoding RNA that has been originally identified as a prognostic marker for non-small cell lung cancer, in cerebrovascular pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Our experiments have provided the first evidence that Malat1 plays anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory roles in brain microvasculature to reduce ischemic cerebral vascular and parenchymal damages. Our studies also suggest that lncRNAs can be therapeutically targeted to minimize poststroke brain damage.
Factores asociados a la contaminación con <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. termotolerante en pollos de engorde, en tres niveles de la cadena avícola, para consumo humano en Costa Rica.
Authors: Zumbado Gutiérrez Leana , Romero Zúñiga Juan José 
Published: January 2017

Campylobacter spp. es una bacteria destacada por ser causa frecuente de infecciones transmitidas por alimentos, tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. Se realizó un estudio transversal, entre marzo y julio del 2015, con el fin de obtener la prevalencia nacional de Campylobacter spp. en pollo de engorde para consumo humano. Se utilizó un diseño de muestreo simultáneo en tres niveles de la cadena productiva avícola costarricense: 152 muestras en granja (CC), 104 en planta (CA) y 96 en puntos de venta (PV). Se elaboró formularios de variables asociadas al manejo en las plantas (CC y CA) y los PV. Los formularios, en las plantas, incluyeron variables relacionadas con datos generales como: ubicación y volumen de producción, buenas prácticas higiénicas y de manufactura (BPHM), procesos, y HACCP. En PV se evaluó aspectos relacionados con BPHM, temperatura del producto, y precio por kg de pollo limpio, entre otros. Se determinó como factores de riesgo los siguientes: tiempo de espera de animales vivos en andén > 60 minutos (RP = 2.28, IC 95% 1.23-4.21); velocidad de proceso <120 aves/min (RP=1.51, IC95% 1.09-2.10); temperatura del agua del chiller ≤0.5ºC (RP 1.60, IC95% 1.18-2.17); sin separación física entre matrices de diferente origen animal en PV (RP=1.78, IC95% 1.43-2.20) y precio en PV ≤2000 colones/kg de pollo limpio (RP=1.73, IC95% 1.21-2.46). La prevalencia encontrada de Campylobacter spp. es alta. Representa un peligro para la salud pública en Costa Rica. Por tal motivo, se debe implementar intervenciones bactericidas más eficientes contra este agente y mejorar las BPHM en cada eslabón de la cadena de producción.