bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Oxidative DNA Damage With 8-Hydroxy-2’-Deoxyguanosine Levels in Patients With Laryngeal Cancer
Authors: Mazlumoglu Muhammet Recai , Ozkan Ozalkan , Alp Hamit Hakan , Ozyildirim Ercan , Bingol Fatih , Yoruk Ozgur , Kuduban Ozan 
Published: October 2016

Objectives: 8-Hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine is a biomolecule associated with DNA damage. We evaluated oxidative stress and DNA damage in patients with laryngeal cancer by measuring 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine levels. Methods: This study enrolled 117 subjects, including 64 controls and 53 patients who had benign vocal cord lesions or laryngeal cancer. The benign excised lesions, tumor tissue, noncancerous laryngeal tissue, blood, and urine were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography, and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine levels were compared between groups. Results: Blood and urine 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine levels in patients with laryngeal carcinoma were significantly higher than in the controls ( P = .00002, P = .00001). The 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine level was significantly higher in tumor tissues than in non-tumor tissue and benign vocal cord lesion tissues ( P = .00002, P = .000001). Conclusions: We determined that laryngeal cancer was associated with oxidative stress, which may be quantified by measuring 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine. For a patient with a suspicious laryngeal lesion, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine levels in blood and urine can provide advance information about the likely diagnosis.
Risk assessment heuristics: Cues and intention to use a condom in casual sex
Authors: Rinaldi-Miles Anna , Quick Brian L , McCloskey Laura 
Published: October 2016

Objective: This study examined the relationship between three heuristic cues (consistency, liking and social proof) and condom use in casual sex relationships utilising the theory of planned behaviour. Participants: Totally, 388 US college students were surveyed. Method: Three vignettes for each cue primed students to project their willingness to use a condom during casual sex encounters. Results: Repeated-measures multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed that the cues exerted significant main effects on attitude ( F(5, 1,935) = 6.16, p < .001), subjective norms ( F(5, 1,930) = 5.626, p < .001), perceived behavioural control ( F(5, 1,935) = 8.51, p < .001) and behavioural intentions ( F(5, 1,930) = 2.44, p = .033). Post hoc analysis revealed condom avoidance behavioural intentions were more likely for the vignette depicting social proof ( M = −1.26, standard deviation [ SD] = 1.08). Conclusion: Findings indicate that heuristic cues influence college students’ condom use intentions, and prevention programmes should incorporate cues to increase effectiveness.
Using Administrative Data to Explore the Effect of Survey Nonresponse in the UK Employment Retention and Advancement Demonstration
Authors: Dorsett Richard , Hendra Richard , Robins Philip K. 
Published: October 2016

Background: Even a well-designed randomized control trial (RCT) study can produce ambiguous results. This article highlights a case in which full sample results from a large-scale RCT in the United Kingdom differ from results for a subsample of survey respondents. Objectives: Our objective is to ascertain the source of the discrepancy in inferences across data sources and, in doing so, to highlight important threats to the reliability of the causal conclusions derived from even the strongest research designs. Research design: The study analyzes administrative data to shed light on the source of the differences between the estimates. We explore the extent to which heterogeneous treatment impacts and survey nonresponse might explain these differences. We suggest checks which assess the external validity of survey measured impacts, which in turn provides an opportunity to test the effectiveness of different weighting schemes to remove bias. The subjects included 6,787 individuals who participated in a large-scale social policy experiment. Results: Our results were not definitive but suggest nonresponse bias is the main source of the inconsistent findings. Conclusions: The results caution against overconfidence in drawing conclusions from RCTs and highlight the need for great care to be taken in data collection and analysis. Particularly, given the modest size of impacts expected in most RCTs, small discrepancies in data sources can alter the results. Survey data remain important as a source of information on outcomes not recorded in administrative data. However, linking survey and administrative data is strongly recommended whenever possible.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of Glossopharyngeal Nerve Taste in Children with Recurrent Acute Tonsillitis
Authors: Hill Courtney A. , Dang Suveera , Beach Michael , Chen Eunice Y. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo compare glossopharyngeal taste between healthy children and those with recurrent acute tonsillitis.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingPediatric clinics in a tertiary care medical center and satellite location.Subjects and MethodsSmell and taste testing was administered to 80 well children and 64 children with recurrent acute tonsillitis (age range, 6‐17 years). Smell testing was performed with the NIH Toolbox Odor Identification Test, with scores based on national averages for age and sex. Validated Taste Strips were placed on the midline of the tongue at the circumvallate papillae in random tastant order and in increasing concentrations to test sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. Ordinal logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis.ResultsThe healthy and tonsillitis groups were similar, with mean ages of 11.3 and 10.8 years (P =. 34), respectively. The tonsillitis group had fewer boys (n = 18 vs 43, P =. 002), higher mean body mass index (BMI) percentile (n = 72.2 vs 59.8, P =. 01), and more subjects with public or no insurance (n = 24 vs 13, P =. 004). Univariate analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in rate of normal overall taste (67.2% vs 60%, P =. 39) and in sweet (79.7% vs 82.5%, P =. 67), salty (85.9% vs 82.8%, P =. 82), sour (64.1% vs 70%, P =. 48), and bitter (90.6% vs 86.3%, P =. 45). In multivariate analysis, smell ability, sex, BMI percentile, parent BMI, and insurance type did not affect overall taste or sweet, salty, sour, or bitter alone.ConclusionDespite controlling for potential intrinsic (sex, smell, BMI) and extrinsic (parent BMI, insurance type) confounders, there was no statistically significant difference in taste among children with recurrent acute tonsillitis as compared with healthy children.
Development of a caregiver-reported measure to support systematic assessment of people with dementia in long-term care: The Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale for Dementia
Authors: Ellis-Smith Clare , Evans Catherine J , Murtagh Fliss EM , Henson Lesley A , Firth Alice M , Higginson Irene J , Daveson Barbara A ,   on behalf of BuildCARE
Published: October 2016

Background: Symptom burden is common for long-term care residents with dementia which if untreated compromises quality of life. Measurement tools can support assessment of symptoms and problems but are not widely used in long-term care settings. We developed the Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale for Dementia derived from the Palliative care Outcome Scale, Palliative care Outcome Scale–Symptom and Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale. Aim: To examine the content validity, acceptability and comprehension of Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale for Dementia for routine use in long-term care settings for people with dementia and to refine Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale for Dementia. Design: A multi-method qualitative study consisting of focus groups, semi-structured interviews and cognitive interviews. Setting/participants: Three residential long-term care settings in London, UK. Focus group and semi-structured interview participants included caregiver staff, family, general practitioners and district nurses. Caregiver staff were sampled purposively for cognitive interviews. Results: A total of 26 respondents participated in the focus groups ( n = 21) or semi-structured interviews ( n = 5) and 10 caregiver staff completed cognitive interviews. Additional symptoms and problems included agitation, wandering, sleep problems, communication problems and diarrhoea. Refinements or lay terms were required to improve comprehension and consistency of item response for nausea, drowsiness, delusions/hallucinations, agitation, loss of interest, communication problems and interaction. A video presentation was required to support comprehension of instructions and assessment of verbally compromised residents. Conclusion: Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale for Dementia is a comprehensive and acceptable caregiver-reported measure to detect symptoms and problems in dementia. It is suitable for caregiver staff without professional training as it has been refined and tailored to maximise caregiver expertise, ready for further psychometric testing.
Strength of evidence for labeled dosing recommendations in renal impairment
Authors: Gagne Joshua J , Khan Nazleen F , Raj Tara S , Patel Lajja R , Choudhry Niteesh K 
Published: October 2016

Background/Aims: Renally excreted medications often require dose adjustment in patients with kidney impairment. While drug development and approval in the United States are typically based on several Phase I and II studies and one or more larger Phase III randomized trials, the basis for labeled dosing recommendations for patients with renal impairment is less well known. In response, we aimed to quantify the level of evidence used to recommend labeled dosing adjustments for newly approved drugs in patients with renal impairment. Methods: We reviewed publicly available drug labels and approval packages for new molecular entities approved in the United States between 2012 and 2014. The sample was restricted to 29 renally excreted new molecular entities that were not granted orphan drug status. We extracted data regarding approved indications, normal dosing, dosing adjustments for patients with mild (estimated glomerular filtration rate >60 mL/min/1.73 m2), moderate (estimated glomerular filtration rate 30–<60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and severe (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2) renal impairment, characteristics of studies used to justify dosing adjustments, and numbers of subjects in each study. Results: In all, 14 of 29 (48%) new molecular entities had labels that recommended dosing adjustments for patients with mild, moderate, and/or severe renal impairment. Among these 14 new molecular entities, 4 (29%) used only pharmacokinetic studies to justify the recommendations, with no examination of clinical outcomes for patients with renal impairment. Where data were available, the median number of patients with renal impairment evaluated in studies used for dosing adjustment was 34 (range, 4–5976). Of the 15 new molecular entities with no recommended dosing adjustments for this population, 2 (13%) did not report assessing the effects of renal impairment. Conclusion: Nearly half of newly approved renally excreted drugs include dosing adjustments for kidney impairment on the label, but the recommendations are usually based on very small numbers of patients and often utilize pharmacokinetic studies alone. More research is needed to understand the benefits and risks of new drugs in patients with renal impairment.
Blocking mammalian target of rapamycin alleviates bladder hyperactivity and pain in rats with cystitis
Authors: Liang Simin , Li Jie , Gou Xin , Chen Daihui 
Published: October 2016

Background Bladder disorders associated with interstitial cystitis are frequently characterized by increased contractility and pain. The purposes of this study were to examine (1) the effects of blocking mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) on the exaggerated bladder activity and pain evoked by cystitis and (2) the underlying mechanisms responsible for the role of mTOR in regulating cystic sensory activity. Results The expression of p-mTOR, mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 (p-S6K1), 4 E–binding protein 4 (p-4 E-BP1), as well as phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K) pathway were amplified in cyclophosphamide rats as compared with control rats. Blocking mTOR by intrathecal infusion of rapamycin attenuated bladder hyperactivity and pain. In addition, blocking PI3K signal pathway attenuated activities of mTOR, which was accompanied with decreasing bladder hyperactivity and pain. Inhibition of either mTOR or PI3K blunted the enhanced spinal substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in cyclophosphamide rats. Conclusions The data for the first time revealed specific signaling pathways leading to cyclophosphamide-induced bladder hyperactivity and pain, including the activation of mTOR and PI3K. Inhibition of these pathways alleviates cystic pain. Targeting one or more of these signaling molecules may present new opportunities for treatment and management of overactive bladder and pain often observed in cystitis.
Variables Affecting Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in the National Football League
Authors: Eisenstein Emmanuel D. , Rawicki Nathaniel L. , Rensing Nicholas J. , Kusnezov Nicholas A. , Lanzi Joseph T. 
Published: October 2016

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in the National Football League (NFL). Limited literature exists regarding return to play (RTP) and the factors affecting RTP after ACL reconstruction in NFL players. Purpose/Hypothesis: To determine RTP rates after ACL reconstruction in NFL players and to ascertain which variables affect RTP in these players. We hypothesized that RTP in this population will be less than in the general population and similar to the limited studies published previously. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 92 NFL athletes who sustained ACL injuries requiring ACL reconstruction from 2013 to 2015 were retrospectively studied to determine rate of RTP and the variables affecting RTP. Results: Sixty-two percent (57/92) of NFL athletes returned to NFL game play prior to the end of the 2015-2016 postseason. ACL injuries were noted in 10 different player positions, with 81.5% of all injuries as isolated ACL injuries (75/92) and 18.5% with concomitant knee injuries. A significant difference in ability to RTP was found for players who sustained in-season injuries compared with those who sustained off-season/preseason injuries ( P = .02). No significant differences in RTP were found for players who played less than 4 years in the NFL compared with those who played longer. The mean draft round of players who returned was 3.96, with the odds ratio favoring RTP at 4.44 ( P = .003) for players drafted in the first 3 rounds of the NFL draft compared with those drafted in the fourth round or later. No significant differences were found with regard to playing surface, laterality, concomitant injury, previous ipsilateral or contralateral ACL reconstruction, final outcome of the game, or contact compared with noncontact injuries. Conclusion: The RTP rates we reported after ACL reconstruction in NFL players are similar to prior studies; however, running backs and wide receivers had lower rates of RTP than previously reported. As previously published, quarterbacks were found to have high RTP rates. Most ACL injuries take place during the preseason or early regular season. Early selection in the NFL draft was a strong predictor of ability to RTP.
Using the Affiliate Stigma Scale with caregivers of people with dementia: psychometric evaluation
Authors: Chang Chih-Cheng , Su Jian-An , Lin Chung-Ying 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Background
In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the Affiliate Stigma Scale to measure affiliate stigma for caregivers of family members with dementia, a topic scantily covered in the literature.

Methods
Two hundred seventy-one caregivers were recruited. Each completed the Affiliate Stigma Scale, Caregiver Burden Inventory, Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and 28-item World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire. The data were evaluated for internal consistency and concurrent validity, and they were analyzed using Rasch statistics and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

Results
CFA and Rasch analysis suggested that the Affiliate Stigma Scale contains three underlying unidimensional concepts (cognition, affect, and behavior). The three concepts had satisfactory internal consistency (α = 0.822–0.855) and concurrent validity (r = 0.290–0.628 with caregiver burden, 0.391–0.612 with depression, 0.367–0.467 with anxiety, and −0.590 to −0.365 with quality of life).

Conclusions
The Affiliate Stigma Scale is a promising instrument with sound psychometric properties for measuring affiliate stigma. Healthcare providers might want to use it to understand the caregivers’ perspectives and to design appropriate interventions to decrease their affiliate stigma.
Draft genome of the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius
Authors: Xiong Zijun , Li Fang , Li Qiye , Zhou Long , Gamble Tony , Zheng Jiao , Kui Ling , Li Cai , Li Shengbin , Yang Huanming , Zhang Guojie 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background
Geckos are among the most species-rich reptile groups and the sister clade to all other lizards and snakes. Geckos possess a suite of distinctive characteristics, including adhesive digits, nocturnal activity, hard, calcareous eggshells, and a lack of eyelids. However, one gecko clade, the Eublepharidae, appears to be the exception to most of these ‘rules' and lacks adhesive toe pads, has eyelids, and lays eggs with soft, leathery eggshells. These differences make eublepharids an important component of any investigation into the underlying genomic innovations contributing to the distinctive phenotypes in ‘typical' geckos.

Findings
We report high-depth genome sequencing, assembly, and annotation for a male leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius (Eublepharidae). Illumina sequence data were generated from seven insert libraries (ranging from 170 to 20 kb), representing a raw sequencing depth of 136X from 303 Gb of data, reduced to 84X and 187 Gb after filtering. The assembled genome of 2.02 Gb was close to the 2.23 Gb estimated by k-mer analysis. Scaffold and contig N50 sizes of 664 and 20 kb, respectively, were compble to the previously published Gekko japonicus genome. Repetitive elements accounted for 42 % of the genome. Gene annotation yielded 24,755 protein-coding genes, of which 93 % were functionally annotated. CEGMA and BUSCO assessment showed that our assembly captured 91 % (225 of 248) of the core eukaryotic genes, and 76 % of vertebrate universal single-copy orthologs.

Conclusions
Assembly of the leopard gecko genome provides a valuable resource for future comptive genomic studies of geckos and other squamate reptiles.
Διαφοροποίηση στρατηγικών διδασκαλίας ανάλογα με το περιεχόμενο στα μαθήματα των φυσικών επιστημών
Authors: Στεφανίδης Κωνσταντίνος , Στεφανίδης Νικόλαος 
Published: October 2016

<p>Υπάρχει πληθώρα εννοιών, σχετικά με τον σχεδιασμό και την οργάνωση της διδασκαλίας, στην Ελληνική και διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, όπως διδακτική μέθοδος, στρατηγική διδασκαλίας, μέθοδος διδασκαλίας κ.α. Αν και υπάρχουν κάποιες διαφορές μεταξύ τους, η πληθώρα των όρων καθιστά δύσχρηστη την επιλογή στρατηγικών, για το σχεδιασμό και υλοποίηση της διδασκαλίας. Στην παρούσα μελέτη προσπαθούμε να παρουσιάσουμε ένα <strong>σχήμα</strong> (μοντέλο), το οποίο θα βοηθήσει το σχολιασμό και το σχεδιασμό μιας διδασκαλίας στα μαθήματα των φυσικών επιστημών. Το σχήμα αυτό είναι ένας δισδιάστατος πίνακας. Η μία διάσταση αποτελείται από τους βασικούς πυλώνες περιεχομένου στα παραπάνω μαθήματα, που είναι: οι έννοιες (φαινόμενα, φυσικά μεγέθη, νόμοι, θεωρίες, ...). Η δεύτερη διάσταση περιλαμβάνει τα κριτήρια με τα οποία κατηγοριοποιούμε τις στρατηγικές διδασκαλίας, τα οποία είναι: η αλληλεπίδραση στην τάξη, η ροή της πληροφορίας και η εποπτεία που χρησιμοποιείται στη διδασκαλία. Το παραπάνω σχήμα θα διευκολύνει μια συζήτηση για τις στρατηγικές διδασκαλίας που πρέπει ή συνήθως χρησιμοποιούνται από τους εκπαιδευτικούς στη διδασκαλία των μαθημάτων των φυσικών επιστημών για μαθητές με ή χωρίς μαθησιακές δυσκολίες, αδιακρίτως στη Β/θμια εκπαίδευση.</p>
Η αξιολόγηση του παιδικού ιχνογραφήματος ως μέσο έκφρασης των παιδιών πρώτης σχολικής ηλικίας
Authors: Γκίκα Καλλιρρόη - Μαρία , Αθανασοπούλου Αναστασία , Δαμιανάκη Ελισάβετ 
Published: October 2016

<p>Στην παρούσα εργασία ερευνήσαμε το παιδικό ιχνογράφημα ως μέσο έκφρασης παιδιών πρώτης σχολικής ηλικίας.</p><p>Σε δείγμα 30 μαθητών Α΄ τάξης δημοτικού σχολείου ( ανάμεσά τους και 7 μαθητές που παρακολουθούν Τμήμα Ένταξης ) συγκρίναμε τα ιχνογραφήματα της οικογένειάς τους ως προς το φύλο τους, το μορφωτικό επίπεδο των γονέων τους , την ολοκλήρωση των μορφών της ζωγραφιάς τους, την εγγύτητα των μελών της οικογένειας, τις απαντήσεις τους στις 6 τυποποιημένες ερωτήσεις του πρωτοκόλλου και τέλος συγκρίναμε τις ζωγραφιές των παιδιών τυπικής και ειδικής εκπαίδευσης.</p><p>Η διάρθρωση της εργασίας έχει ως εξής: ορισμός του παιδικού ιχνογραφήματος, παρουσίαση δημοσιευμένων ερευνών στον Ελλαδικό χώρο με θέμα το ιχνογράφημα και τα αποτελέσματά τους και τέλος η δική μας έρευνα με τα ερωτήματα που θέσαμε, τα ευρήματα και τα συμπεράσματά μας.</p>
Διερεύνηση των αντιλήψεων εκπαιδευτικών Γυμνασίων σε σχέση με την επιμόρφωση στην Ειδική Αγωγή.
Authors: Λαϊνά Μαρία Μελίνα , Παπαδοπούλου Κρυστάλλω 
Published: October 2016

<p align="center"> </p><p align="center"><strong>Περίληψη</strong></p><p>Η παρούσα εργασία έχει ως θέμα της την ενίσχυση του προβληματισμού αναφορικά με την επιμόρφωση των εκπαιδευτικών Γυμνασίων σε θέματα Ειδικής Αγωγής και διαφοροποιημένης διδασκαλίας σε τάξεις μικτής δυναμικότητας. Με βάση εμπειρική έρευνα, μέσω ημιδομημένης συνέντευξης εκπαιδευτικών, που εκπονήθηκε στην Περιφέρεια Α΄ Αθήνας, θα παρουσιαστούν τα σχετικά πορίσματα, κατά πόσο η εκπαιδευτική κοινότητα έχει το ανάλογο θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο για την αντιμετώπιση και διαχείριση περιπτώσεων Ειδικής Αγωγής και τις εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες που πηγάζουν από αυτή την κατάσταση. Στην παρούσα εργασία ως επεξηγηματική μελέτη περίπτωσης επιλέγεται η ποιοτική έρευνα, γιατί τα εργαλεία της ερευνούν κοινωνικά φαινόμενα (ειδική αγωγή) μέσα στο ακριβές κοινωνικό πλαίσιο (σχολικό περιβάλλον). Τα ευρήματα δείχνουν ότι σε ένα αρκετά υψηλό ποσοστό οι εκπαιδευτικοί δεν έχουν επιμορφωθεί σε θέματα Ειδικής Αγωγής, παρόλα αυτά μέσω προσωπικής ενασχόλησης προσπαθούν να αντιμετωπίσουν τις μεμονωμένες περιπτώσεις στο πλαίσιο της γενικής εκπαίδευσης και αγωγής. Στη συνέχεια ακολουθεί μια κριτική θεώρηση της υπάρχουσας κατάστασης και των ευρημάτων, ενώ τέλος παρουσιάζονται προτάσεις με στόχο την επαγγελματική ανάπτυξη των εκπαιδευτικών μέσω επιμορφώσεων, εναλλακτικών προγραμμάτων, παροχής παιδαγωγικών τεχνικών, λογισμικού και εφαρμογής καλών πρακτικών στον τομέα της Ειδικής Αγωγής και εκπαίδευσης, καθώς ο σχεδιασμός και εφαρμογή προγραμμάτων επιμόρφωσης των εκπαιδευτικών αποτελούν σημαντική προϋπόθεση για την παροχή ποιοτικής εκπαίδευσης. </p>