bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental evidence for within‐ and cross‐seasonal effects of fear on survival and reproduction
Authors: Elliott Kyle H. , Betini Gustavo S. , Dworkin Ian , Norris D. Ryan 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Fear of predation can have non‐lethal effects on individuals within a season but whether, and to what extent, these effects carry over into subsequent seasons is not known.

Using a replicated seasonal population of the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, we examined both within‐ and cross‐seasonal effects of fear on survival and reproductive output.

Compared to controls, flies exposed to the scent of mantid (Tenodera sinensis) predators in the non‐breeding season had 64% higher mortality, and lost 60% more mass by the end of the non‐breeding season and, in the subsequent breeding season, produced 20% fewer offspring that weighed 9% less at maturity. Flies exposed to the scent of mantids in the breeding season did not produce fewer offspring, but their offspring developed faster and weighed less as adults compared to the controls.

Our results demonstrate how effects of fear can be manifested both within and across seasons and emphasize the importance of understanding how events throughout the annual cycle influence individual success of animals living in seasonal environments.
Obesity‐related endometrial cancer: an update on survivorship approaches to reducing cardiovascular death
Authors: Laskey RA , McCarroll ML , von Gruenigen VE 
Published: December 2015

As the rate of obesity increases worldwide, so will the number of women diagnosed with obesity‐related malignancy. The strongest correlation between obesity and cancer is endometrial cancer (EC). Obesity is the most significant modifiable risk factor for development of EC and also contributes to the most common cause of death in EC survivors—cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most cancer survivors after diagnosis do not implement lifestyle changes aimed at weight‐loss and CVD risk reduction. This selective review highlights recent novel and unique approaches for managing CVD co‐morbidities in EC survivorship.Tweetable abstractThis selective review highlights recent novel and unique approaches to CVD co‐morbidities in EC survivorship.
Maternal abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness as a predictor for adverse pregnancy outcome: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Kennedy NJ , Peek MJ , Quinton AE , Lanzarone V , Martin A , Benzie R , Nanan R 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo assess maternal abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) measured by ultrasound as an independent predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes.DesignA prospective longitudinal cohort study performed on pregnancies delivered between 2012 and 2014.SettingSydney, Australia.PopulationAbout 1510 pregnant women attending routine obstetric ultrasounds.MethodsMaternal SFT was measured on routine ultrasounds at 11–14 weeks’ gestation (SFT1) and 18–22 weeks’ gestation (SFT2). SFT measurements were assessed for estimating risks for obesity‐related pregnancy outcomes using logistic regression modelling adjusted for maternal age, parity, smoking status and body mass index (BMI).Main outcome measuresHypertensive disease, gestational diabetes, caesarean section, low birthweight, preterm delivery, neonatal respiratory distress, Apgar scores, and admission to a neonatal intensive care unit.ResultsSFT1 and SFT2 were measured on 1461 and 1363 women, respectively. Mean thickness (range) were 21.2 mm (6.9–73.9) for SFT1 and 20.3 mm (7.5–68.0) for SFT2. Complete outcome data were available for 1385 pregnancies. In all, 54% of the women were overweight/obese. The SFT measures decreased from early to mid‐pregnancy in overweight/obese women. There was moderate correlation between BMI and SFT1 (R2 = 0.56) and BMI and SFT2 (R2 = 0.55). In a multivariate model, SFT1 and SFT2 were better predictors for adverse pregnancy outcomes than BMI.ConclusionMaternal SFT is a significant independent predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Incorporation of SFT into future models for adverse pregnancy outcome may prove valuable.Tweetable abstractMaternal abdominal ultrasound fat thickness measurement predicts adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Antenatal dietary and lifestyle advice for women who are overweight or obese and the effect on fetal growth and adiposity: the LIMIT randomised trial
Authors: Grivell RM , Yelland LN , Deussen A , Crowther CA , Dodd JM 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo report the influence of maternal overweight and obesity on fetal growth and adiposity and effects of an antenatal dietary and lifestyle intervention among these women on measures of fetal growth and adiposity as secondary outcomes of the LIMIT Trial.DesignRandomised controlled trial.SettingPublic maternity hospitals in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia.PopulationPregnant women with a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2, and singleton gestation between 10+0 and 20+0 weeks.MethodsWomen were randomised to Lifestyle Advice or continued Standard Care and offered two research ultrasound scans at 28 and 36 weeks of gestation.Main outcome measuresUltrasound measures of fetal growth and adiposity.ResultsFor each fetal body composition parameter, mean Z‐scores were substantially higher when compared with population standards. Fetuses of women receiving Lifestyle Advice demonstrated significantly greater mean mid‐thigh fat mass, when compared with fetuses of women receiving Standard Care (adjusted difference in means 0.17; 95% CI 0.02–0.32; P = 0.0245). While subscapular fat mass increased between 28 and 36 weeks of gestation in fetuses in both treatment groups, the rate of adipose tissue deposition slowed among fetuses of women receiving Lifestyle Advice, when compared with fetuses of women receiving Standard Care (P = 0.0160). No other significant differences were observed.ConclusionsThese findings provide the first evidence of changes to fetal growth following an antenatal dietary and lifestyle intervention among women who are overweight or obese.Tweetable abstractLifestyle advice for overweight and obese pregnant women modifies fetal body composition.
How reliable is the Ki‐67 cytological index in grading pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Jun , Lin Jin Ping , Shi Liu Hong , Wang Wei Jia , Li Ai Qing , Si Jian Min , Chen Shu Jie 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the accuracy of the cytological Ki‐67 index in distinguishing intermediate and high‐grade (G2 + G3) from low‐grade (G1) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs).MethodsTwo investigators independently searched databases to identify eligible studies using the following term: (‘Ki‐67’) AND (‘pancreatic endocrine tumor’ OR ‘pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor’ OR ‘pancreatic endocrine tumour’ OR ‘pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour’ OR ‘pancreatic endocrine tumors’ OR ‘pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors’ OR ‘pancreatic endocrine tumours’ OR ‘pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours’), and meta‐analysis was performed to calculate the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR).ResultsA total of 263 lesions from 13 studies were included in the study. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of Ki‐67 (cut‐off value: 2%) in the differential diagnosis of G2 + G3 from G1 PNETs were 64% and 87%, respectively. The pooled PLR, NLR and DOR were 3.96, 0.42 and 11.21, respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was 0.8397. While the cut‐off value of Ki‐67 index was set as 5%, the sensitivity and specificity were increased up to 69% and 93%, respectively, and the AUROC was increased to 0.955.ConclusionThe cytological Ki‐67 index is very useful in distinguishing intermediate and high‐grade from low‐grade PNETs, and a cut‐off value of 5% had a better predictive value compared with that of 2%.
Intraclonal genome diversity of the major Pseudomonas aeruginosa clones C and PA14
Authors: Fischer Sebastian , Klockgether Jens , Morán Losada Patricia , Chouvarine Philippe , Cramer Nina , Davenport Colin F. , Dethlefsen Sarah , Dorda Marie , Goesmann Alexander , Hilker Rolf , Mielke Samira , Schönfelder Torben , Suerbaum Sebastian , Türk Oliver , Woltemate Sabrina , Wiehlmann Lutz , Tümmler Burkhard 
Published: December 2015

SummaryBacterial populations differentiate at the subspecies level into clonal complexes. Intraclonal genome diversity was studied in 100 isolates of the two dominant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clones C and PA14 collected from the inanimate environment, acute and chronic infections. The core genome was highly conserved among clone members with a median pairwise within‐clone single nucleotide sequence diversity of 8 × 10−6 for clone C and 2 × 10−5 for clone PA14. The composition of the accessory genome was, on the other hand, as variable within the clone as between unrelated clones. Each strain carried a large cargo of unique genes. The two dominant worldwide distributed P. aeruginosa clones combine an almost invariant core with the flexible gain and loss of genetic elements that spread by horizontal transfer.
A model‐derived short‐term estimation method of effective size for small populations with overlapping generations
Authors: Grimm Annegret , Gruber Bernd , Hoehn Marion , Enders Katrin , Henle Klaus 
Published: December 2015

Summary

If not actively managed, small and isolated populations lose their genetic variability and the inbreeding rate increases. Combined, these factors limit the ability of populations to adapt to environmental changes, increasing their risk of extinction. The effective population size (Ne) is proportional to the loss of genetic diversity and therefore of considerable conservation relevance. However, estimators of Ne that account for demographic parameters in species with overlapping generations require sampling of populations across generations, which is often not feasible in long‐lived species.

We created an individual‐based model that allows calculation of Ne based on demographic parameters that can be obtained in a time period much shorter than a generation. It can be adapted to every life‐history parameter combination. The model is freely available as an r‐package NEff.

The model was first used in a simulation experiment observing changes in Ne in response to different degrees of generational overlap. Results showed that increased generational overlap slowed annual rates of heterozygosity loss, resulting in higher annual effective sizes (Ny) but decreased Ne per generation. Adding the effect of different recruitment rates only affected Ne for populations with low generational overlap.

The model was further tested using real population data of the Australian arboreal gecko Gehyra variegata. Simulation results were compared to genetic analyses and matched estimates of the real population very well.

Unlike other estimation methods of Ne, NEff neither requires long time series of population monitoring nor genetic analyses of changes in gene frequencies. Thus, it seems to be the first method for calculating Ne within short time periods and comparably low costs facilitating the use of Ne in applied conservation and management.
Intracavernous delivery of clonal mesenchymal stem cells rescues erectile function in the streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mouse
Authors: Ryu J.‐K. , Kim D.‐H. , Song K.‐M. , Ryu D.‐S. , Kim S.‐N. , Shin D.‐H. , Yi T. , Suh J.‐K. , Song S. U. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe major hurdle for the clinical application of stem cell therapy is the heterogeneous nature of the isolated cells, which may cause different treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mouse clonal bone marrow‐derived stem cells (BMSCs) obtained from a single colony by using subfractionation culturing method for erectile function in diabetic animals. Twelve‐week‐old C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: controls, diabetic mice, and diabetic mice treated with a single intracavernous injection of PBS (20 μL) or clonal BMSCs (3 × 105 cells/20 μL). Clonal BMSCs were isolated from 5‐week‐old C3H mice. Two weeks after treatment, erectile function was measured by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. The penis was stained with antibodies to PECAM‐1, smooth muscle α‐actin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), neurofilament, and phosphorylated endothelial NOS (phospho‐eNOS). We also performed Western blot for phospho‐eNOS, and eNOS in the corpus cavernosum tissue. Local delivery of clonal BMSCs significantly restored cavernous endothelial and smooth muscle cell contents, and penile nNOS and neurofilament contents, and induced eNOS phosphorylation (Ser1177) in diabetic mice. Intracavernous injection of clonal BMSCs induced significant recovery of erectile function, which reached 80–90% of the control values. Clonal BMSCs successfully restored erectile function through dual angiogenic and neurotrophic effects in diabetic mice. The homogenous nature of clonal mesenchymal stem cells may allow their clinical applications and open a new avenue through which to treat diabetic erectile dysfunction.
No increased risk of coronary heart disease for patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer in Chinese/Taiwanese men
Authors: Wang L. H. , Liu C. K. , Chen C. H. , Kao L. T. , Lin H. C. , Huang C. Y. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe relationship between androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and coronary heart disease (CHD) remains controversial. Furthermore, the majority of such studies focused on Caucasian populations, and there is still a paucity of studies among Asian populations. This population‐based study aimed to investigate the relationship between ADT and CHD in an ethnic Chinese (i.e., Taiwanese) population. We used data sourced from the Taiwan ‘Longitudinal Health Insurance Database'. This study included 1278 patients with prostate cancer in the study group and 1278 subjects without prostate cancer in the comparison group. Each patient was individually tracked for a 3‐year period to identify those who had subsequently received a diagnosis of CHD. The results showed that the incidence rate of CHD during the 3‐year follow‐up period was 4.69 (95% CI: 2.99–5.48) per 100 person‐years and 2.67 (95% CI: 2.15–3.27) per 100 person‐years for the study and comparison cohort, respectively. The Cox proportional hazard regression showed that the hazard ratio for CHD during the 3‐year follow‐up period for prostate cancer patients was 1.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.25–2.16) compared with comparison subjects after adjusting for patients' geographic location, monthly income, urbanization level, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and stroke. However, we failed to find a significant difference in the adjusted hazard of CHD during the 3‐year follow‐up period between prostate cancer patients who did and those who did not receive ADT (hazard ratio = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.79–1.59). We concluded that prostate cancer but not ADT was significantly associated with CHD. In addition, a common cause of prostate cancer and coronary heart disease could exist.
Influence of tumour burden on trastuzumab pharmacokinetics in HER2 positive non‐metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Bernadou Guillemette , Campone Mario , Merlin Jean‐Louis , Gouilleux‐Gruart Valérie , Bachelot Thomas , Lokiec François , Rezai Keyvan , Arnedos Monica , Diéras Véronique , Jimenez Marta , Paintaud Gilles , Ternant David 
Published: December 2015

AimsTrastuzumab, an antibody binding to epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 (HER2), has been approved to treat HER2‐positive breast cancer in different settings. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of tumour size on trastuzumab pharmacokinetics (PK) in non‐metastatic breast cancer patients treated with short term pre‐operative trastuzumab.MethodsTrastuzumab PK data were obtained from a multicentre, randomized and comparative study. This antibody was administered pre‐operatively to patients with localized HER2‐positive breast cancer as a single 4 mg kg−1 loading dose followed by 5 weekly 2 mg kg−1 doses. Trastuzumab concentrations were measured repeatedly using an ELISA technique. Tumour size was evaluated at baseline using breast echography. Trastuzumab pharmacokinetics were studied using a population approach and a two compartment model. The influence of tumour burden on trastuzumab pharmacokinetics was quantified as a covariate.ResultsA total of 784 trastuzumab concentrations were available from the 79 eligible patients. Estimated parameters (interindiviual standard deviation) were central volume of distribution =2.1 l (23%), peripheral volume of distribution =1.3 l (38%), intercompartment clearance =0.36 l day−1, with an elimination half‐life of 11.8 days. Typical clearance was 0.22 l day−1 (19%) and its value was increased with tumour size. In patients with the highest tumour size, trastuzumab clearance was 50% [18%–92%] higher than in patients with the lowest tumour size.ConclusionsIn non‐metastatic breast cancer patients, trastuzumab clearance increases with tumour size. The elimination half‐life of trastuzumab was shorter in the present population of patients than in metastatic breast cancer patients previously studied.
Emerging pedagogies for the use of iPads in schools
Authors: Geer Ruth , White Bruce , Zeegers Yvonne , Au Wing , Barnes Alan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractiPads are becoming popular as 1:1 devices in many classrooms, enabling teachers to implement pedagogies that will enhance student learning. Such mobile tools offer many affordances which can increase student motivation and autonomy. Nevertheless, without a change in pedagogy, they are unlikely to bring about any significant impact on student learning. Using the SAMR model, this initial study of four schools explores the impact of iPads on pedagogy and the changes that were evident. Using multiple data collection techniques, the study has shown that there have been some changes in teachers’ pedagogy that lead to increased collaboration, communication, student self‐reliance and the development of authentic experiences. However, more time and professional learning are needed to bring about a transformation in pedagogy across the school.
Using empirical models of species colonization under multiple threatening processes to identify complementary threat‐mitigation strategies
Authors: Tulloch Ayesha I.T. , Mortelliti Alessio , Kay Geoffrey M. , Florance Daniel , Lindenmayer David 
Published: December 2015

AbstractApproaches to prioritize conservation actions are gaining popularity. However, limited empirical evidence exists on which species might benefit most from threat mitigation and on what combination of threats, if mitigated simultaneously, would result in the best outcomes for biodiversity. We devised a way to prioritize threat mitigation at a regional scale with empirical evidence based on predicted changes to population dynamics—information that is lacking in most threat‐management prioritization frameworks that rely on expert elicitation. We used dynamic occupancy models to investigate the effects of multiple threats (tree cover, grazing, and presence of an hyperaggressive competitor, the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala) on bird‐population dynamics in an endangered woodland community in southeastern Australia. The 3 threatening processes had different effects on different species. We used predicted patch‐colonization probabilities to estimate the benefit to each species of removing one or more threats. We then determined the complementary set of threat‐mitigation strategies that maximized colonization of all species while ensuring that redundant actions with little benefit were avoided. The single action that resulted in the highest colonization was increasing tree cover, which increased patch colonization by 5% and 11% on average across all species and for declining species, respectively. Combining Noisy Miner control with increasing tree cover increased species colonization by 10% and 19% on average for all species and for declining species respectively, and was a higher priority than changing grazing regimes. Guidance for prioritizing threat mitigation is critical in the face of cumulative threatening processes. By incorporating population dynamics in prioritization of threat management, our approach helps ensure funding is not wasted on ineffective management programs that target the wrong threats or species.
Novel psychoactive substance use by US adolescents: Characteristics associated with use of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones
Authors: Patrick Megan E. , O'Malley Patrick M. , Kloska Deborah D. , Schulenberg John E. , Johnston Lloyd D. , Miech Richard A. , Bachman Jerald G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe current study documents the characteristics associated with the use of two novel psychoactive substances: synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones.Design and MethodsNationally representative samples of students in 8th (n = 9665), 10th (n = 10 655) and 12th (n = 10 057) grades across the US were included in the Monitoring the Future study from 2012 to 2014.ResultsThere were relatively few differences in prevalence based on sociodemographic characteristics, although boys were at greater risk for use of synthetic cannabinoids in 12th grade (used by 10.3% of boys and 6.4% of girls) and for use of synthetic cathinones in 10th grade (used by 1.0% of boys and 0.4% of girls). Synthetic drug use was also associated with truancy and use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana.Discussion and ConclusionsPrevention and intervention efforts for novel psychoactive substance use should focus primarily on polysubstance users and youth who are disengaged from school.[Patrick M, O'Malley P, Kloska D, Schulenberg J, Johnston L, Miech R, Bachman J. Novel psychoactive substance use by US adolescents: Characteristics associated with use of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:586–590]
Immuntherapie des Melanoms: Wirksamkeit und Wirkungsmechanismen
Authors: Wieder Thomas , Brenner Ellen , Braumüller Heidi , Röcken Martin 
Published: December 2015

ZusammenfassungDie Erkenntnisse aus 40 Jahren Forschung erlauben es, durch Antikörper‐vermittelte Aktivierung des Immunsystems eine therapeutisch wirksame Antitumorantwort zu induzieren. Die „Immun‐Checkpoint‐Inhibitoren“ sind gegen immuninhibitorische Moleküle wie cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed‐death‐1 (PD‐1) oder programmed‐death‐ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) gerichtet. Die Unterbrechung der PD‐1/PD‐L1‐Interaktion verbessert mittelfristig auch die Prognose bei Patienten mit Melanomen im Stadium IV. So sind unter Therapie mit Anti‐PD‐1‐Antikörpern 30–60 % dieser Patienten nach eineinhalb Jahren am Leben. Antitumorale Immuntherapien verursachen nur selten eine vollständige Zerstörung der Metastasen, sondern eine Regression um 20–80 %. Fest etabliert ist, dass das Immunsystem Tumorzellen abtöten kann; dies wurde auch für Immuntherapien belegt. Präklinische Daten zeigten jedoch, dass Immunantworten Tumoren nicht nur töten können. So kann das Immunsystem über die Zytokine Interferon‐γ und Tumornekrosefaktor in Tumoren einen stabilen Wachstumsarrest hervorrufen, der Seneszenz genannt wird. Ein Ziel antitumoraler Immuntherapien wird also darin liegen, das Überleben der Patienten durch eine langfristige Stabilisierung der Metastasen zu sichern. Dies gilt für das Melanom und das nichtkleinzellige Lungenkarzinom. Sobald Immuntherapien auch bei häufigen Tumoren indiziert sein werden, müssen die Medikamentenpreise deutlich fallen, um sie weiterhin jenen zur Verfügung stellen zu können, die die Therapien benötigen.