bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical Performance of a High Temperature 32-I/O HTCC Alumina Package
Authors: Chen Liang-Yu , Neudeck Philip G. , Spry David J. , Beheim Glenn M. , Hunter Gary W. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A high temperature co-fired ceramic (HTCC) alumina material was previously electrically tested at temperatures up to 550 °C, and demonstrated improved dielectric performance at high temperatures compared with the 96% alumina substrate that we used before, suggesting its potential use for high temperature packaging applications. This paper introduces a prototype 32-I/O (input/output) HTCC alumina package with platinum conductor for 500 °C low-power silicon carbide (SiC) integrated circuits. The design and electrical performance of this package including parasitic capacitance and parallel conductance of neighboring I/Os from 100 Hz to 1 MHz in a temperature range from room temperature to 550 °C are discussed in detail. The parasitic capacitance and parallel conductance of this package in the entire frequency and temperature ranges measured does not exceed 1.5 pF and 0.05 μS, respectively. SiC integrated circuits using this package and compatible printed circuit board have been successfully tested at 500 °C for over 3736 hours continuously, and at 700 °C for over 140 hours. Some test examples of SiC integrated circuits with this packaging system are presented. This package is the key to prolonged T ≥ 500 °C operational testing of the new generation of SiC high temperature integrated circuits and other devices currently under development at NASA Glenn Research Center.
Developments for Copper-Graphite Composite Thermal Cores for PCBs for High-Reliability and High-Temperature RF Systems
Authors: Saums David L. , Hay Robert A. 
Published: May 2016

Summary
System designs that have only conduction cooling available, that must operate in harsh or challenging environments, present significant challenges to the system thermal engineer. A second thermal design challenge is continued miniaturization of semiconductor devices and increased functionality per square centimeter of semiconductor die, resulting in continued increases in device heat flux.
Elimination of packaging materials allows more efficient heat transfer as thermal resistances from one material to another are reduced or designed out. When possible, concurrent elimination of package materials that have low bulk thermal conductivity and replacement with high thermal conductivity materials will improve heat transfer efficiency. Attachment of the resulting unpackaged semiconductor device can then be made directly to the circuit carrier; however, care must be taken regarding increases in potential for damage or failure due to mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Continuing reductions in die size that result in higher heat flux exacerbate this potential failure mechanism at the die-to-substrate level. This is further worsened in harsh environment (i.e., vibration, shock, high moisture, rapid power cycling) and/or high operating temperature conditions.
For aerospace, military, geothermal, and other applications where increasingly high heat flux radio frequency (RF), microwave, and processor semiconductors are attached directly (with solders, silver sintering pastes, or other joining materials) to an organic or ceramic printed circuit card, efficient and rapid heat transfer becomes critical. These are frequently also applications where forced convection (air or liquid) may be unavailable to the system design engineer.
One solution for thermal management design problems of this type has traditionally been the incorporation of one or more heavy copper layers within a complex multilayer printed circuit board (PCB). This solution, however, has come under increasing scrutiny in recent years due to concerns for weight (especially in airborne and space applications) and the potential for severe CTE mismatch between semiconductor die materials with relatively low thermal expansion values and the relatively very high value of copper.
Therefore, development of CTE-matched alternative materials to replace a heavy copper layer has been a focus for development activities. A suitable selection must, however, have a bulk thermal conductivity that is as close to that of copper as is practicable. Recent developments of a copper-graphite composite material in sheet form that can be employed in standardized PCB manufacturing processes are described in this presentation.
Metallic TIM Testing and Selection for Harsh Environment Applications for GaN RF Semiconductors
Authors: Jensen Tim , Saums David L. 
Published: May 2016

Summary
An important determinant of device reliability is operating temperature control. Maintaining a semiconductor device at or below the maximum rated junction temperature (Tj) is accomplished through careful thermal management design and selection of well-performing thermal interface materials (TIM) that minimize efficiency losses in packaging and between the semiconductor device package and a heat sink or liquid cold plate. Thermal management design is increasingly important in harsh operating environments, especially where higher operating temperatures are specified. Minimizing thermal resistances through each semiconductor package material stack and at the external case or package surface of the device are important aspects of maintaining operating temperatures within specified maximum values.
In addition, certain semiconductor devices require an electrical path from the semiconductor case to an external component. Maximizing electrical performance of gallium nitride (GaN) RF semiconductors is critical to system performance, as a primary example. The on-going transition within RF and microwave systems from silicon to GaN devices has increased the need for thermal interface materials which offer both improved thermal performance and electrical conductivity. Additionally, GaN semiconductor die are typically smaller in footprint and, even with equivalent power dissipation values, therefore may operate with higher heat flux values that require greater attention to proper thermal solution design.
To address such needs, recently-developed forms of metallic TIM preforms are available for integrated circuits, power semiconductors, and RF devices. Understanding how these materials may be tested and selected for specific application requirements is the subject of this discussion.
Decapsulation of Plastic Encapsulated Microelectronics with Copper Wire Bonds
Authors: Manoharan Subramani , Patel Chandradip , McCluskey Patrick 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A novel method for copper wire bond decapsulation was developed, which involves conducting a sequential process to ensure minimal corrosion or, in some cases, no corrosion/degradation of the copper wire. It requires a pre-treatment which involves mechanical milling or acid etching; the main decapsulation process, utilizing a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid under electrically biased conditions; and a post decapsulation procedure of encapsulant debris removal using a solvent. Previous studies use decapsulation methods that reveal either the ball bond or the wedge bond, separately, and thus cannot be used to perform wire pull tests. Exposing both the ball and wedge bond is not trivial, as the wire tends to break at the loop due to the long exposure time. The three-step process, when properly executed, ensures that the entire wire along with both ball and wedge bonds are exposed with minimal damage. Five parameters were found to affect the decapsulation process. These are as follows: acid ratio, biasing voltage, time of exposure, temperature and mold compound type. Careful control of these parameters can result in little to no copper wire degradation.
Transcranial Doppler-guided cerebral blood flow augmentation resulting in near complete resolution of cerebral infarct: A case report of intractable intracranial hypertension
Authors: Rao Shashi , Badyal Binesh , Sandhu Kavita , Walia Bipin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntractable intracranial hypertension is a nerve wrecking clinical challenge which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Barbiturate coma therapy (BCT) is one of the recommended options for such a challenge but is associated with its own set of complications. Multimodality monitoring is a new advent in neurocritical care and provides a new vision to judiciously cater to such challenges. We hereby report a case of successfully treating intractable intracranial hypertension after maximal possible surgical decompression and evidence of well-formed cerebral ischaemic zones with intracranial multimodality monitoring guided BCT. The positive outcome was to the extent of almost complete reversal of cerebral ischaemic zones and return to normal life schedule.
Trimodal electroencephalogram during isoflurane anaesthesia
Authors: Dimpel Lorenzo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe effects of common anaesthetic agents, such as isoflurane or propofol, on the electroencephalogram are well-known. The most characteristic feature is the marked increase in delta power and alpha power resulting in a bimodal power spectrum from light to moderately deep anaesthesia. Here, a case is presented where the power spectrum became trimodal when anaesthesia was lightened towards wake up. The implications of a third mode for depth-of-anaesthesia monitoring are discussed. Its neuro-physiology is unknown, as it has never been reported before.
Trends in projections of standardized precipitation indices in a future climate in Poland
Authors: Osuch Marzena , Romanowicz Renata J. , Lawrence Deborah , Wong Wai K. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Possible future climate change effects on dryness conditions in Poland are estimated for six climate projections using the standardized precipitation index (SPI). The time series of precipitation represent six different climate model runs under the selected emission scenario for the period 1971–2099. Monthly precipitation values were used to estimate the SPI for multiple timescales (1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months) for a spatial resolution of 25 km for the whole country. Trends in the SPI were analysed using the Mann–Kendall test with Sen's slope estimator for each grid cell for each climate model projection and aggregation scale, and results obtained for uncorrected precipitation and bias corrected precipitation were compared. Bias correction was achieved using a distribution-based quantile mapping (QM) method in which the climate model precipitation series were adjusted relative to gridded precipitation data for Poland. The results show that the spatial pattern of the trend depends on the climate model, the timescale considered and on the bias correction. The effect of change on the projected trend due to bias correction is small compared to the variability among climate models. We also summarize the mechanisms underlying the influence of bias correction on trends in precipitation and the SPI using a simple example of a linear bias correction procedure. In both cases, the bias correction by QM does not change the direction of changes but can change the slope of trend, and the influence of bias correction on SPI is much reduced. We also have noticed that the results for the same global climate model, driving different regional climate model, are characterized by a similar pattern of changes, although this behaviour is not seen at all timescales and seasons.
Social vulnerability of rural households to flood hazards in western mountainous regions of Henan province, China
Authors: Liu Delin , Li Yue 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Evaluating social vulnerability is a crucial issue in risk and disaster management. In this study, a household social vulnerability index (HSVI) to flood hazards was developed and used to assess the social vulnerability of rural households in western mountainous regions of Henan province, China. Eight key indicators were identified using existing literature and discussions with experts from multiple disciplines and local farmers, and their weights were determined using principle component analysis (PCA) and an expert scoring method. The results showed that (1) the ratio of perennial work in other places, hazard-related training and illiteracy ratio (15+) were the most dominant factors of social vulnerability. (2) The numbers of high, moderate and low vulnerability households were 14, 64 and 16, respectively, which accounted for 14.9, 68.1 and 17.0 % of the total interviewed rural households, respectively. (3) The correlation coefficient between household social vulnerability scores and casualties in a storm flood in July 2010 was significant at 0.05 significance level (r  =  0.748), which indicated that the selected indicators and their weights were valid. (4) Some mitigation strategies to reduce household social vulnerability to flood hazards were proposed, which included (1) improving the local residents' income and their disaster-related knowledge and evacuation skills, (2) developing emergency plans and carrying out emergency drills and training, (3) enhancing the accuracy of disaster monitoring and warning systems and (4) establishing a specific emergency management department and comprehensive rescue systems. These results can provide useful information for rural households and local governments to prepare, mitigate and respond to flood hazards, and the corresponding strategies can help local households to reduce their social vulnerability and improve their ability to resist flood hazard.
On the assimilation of optical reflectances and snow depth observations into a detailed snowpack model
Authors: Charrois Luc , Cosme Emmanuel , Dumont Marie , Lafaysse Matthieu , Morin Samuel , Libois Quentin , Picard Ghislain 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This paper examines the ability of optical reflectance data assimilation to improve snow depth and snow water equivalent simulations from a chain of models with the SAFRAN meteorological model driving the detailed multilayer snowpack model Crocus now including a two-stream radiative transfer model for snow, TARTES. The direct use of reflectance data, allowed by TARTES, instead of higher level snow products, mitigates uncertainties due to commonly used retrieval algorithms.Data assimilation is performed with an ensemble-based method, the Sequential Importance Resampling Particle filter, to represent simulation uncertainties. In snowpack modeling, uncertainties of simulations are primarily assigned to meteorological forcings. Here, a method of stochastic perturbation based on an autoregressive model is implemented to explicitly simulate the consequences of these uncertainties on the snowpack estimates.Through twin experiments, the assimilation of synthetic spectral reflectances matching the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spectral bands is examined over five seasons at the Col du Lautaret, located in the French Alps. Overall, the assimilation of MODIS-like data reduces by 45 % the root mean square errors (RMSE) on snow depth and snow water equivalent. At this study site, the lack of MODIS data on cloudy days does not affect the assimilation performance significantly. The combined assimilation of MODIS-like reflectances and a few snow depth measurements throughout the 2010/2011 season further reduces RMSEs by roughly 70 %. This work suggests that the assimilation of optical reflectances has the potential to become an essential component of spatialized snowpack simulation and forecast systems. The assimilation of real MODIS data will be investigated in future works.
Between 250 years of free information and 20 years of EU and Internet
Authors: Österdahl Inger 
Published: May 2016

The right of access to documents is constitutionally based in Sweden and has a long history. The right of access is considered crucial to Swedish democracy. On entering the EU in 1995, Sweden declared that public access to official records forms part of Sweden’s constitutional, political and cultural heritage. The members of the EU for their part declared that they took it for granted that Sweden would fully comply with Community, now Union, law with respect to openness and transparency. Sweden continues to push for transparency when EU legislation potentially containing secrecy clauses is negotiated in the EU. It turns out, however, that the EU membership does pose challenges to the strong Swedish right of access to documents. The protection of personal data is controversial in Sweden to the extent that the stricter EU legislation clashes with the traditionally weak protection of privacy in Swedish law; the right of access to information has largely overridden the right to privacy. Large amounts of publicly available personal data, amassed in data bases by private actors, for commercial reasons but under the protection of the Swedish constitution, is causing problems especially since the Swedish constitutional law is considered, by Sweden, to precede EU legislation in the field. Sweden will somehow have to solve the dilemmas caused by the differing traditions of transparency between itself and other members of the EU and of other international organizations. Many answers – perhaps converging - will be provided in 2016 by Swedish official inquiries and the EU Regulation.Article first published online: 22 MARCH 2016
Defining the public domain in economic terms: Approaches and consequences for policy
Authors: Erickson Kristofer 
Published: May 2016

Stimulating innovation and growth in the so-called ‘creative economy’ is a current policy objective for national regulators. One policy lever traditionally applied to the creative sector is intellectual property, in particular the scope and term of protection offered by copyright. Opposition to expansion and further enclosure of the copyright public domain was previously articulated in terms of access to a commons of information. Since the Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property in 2011, copyright reform in the UK context is increasingly framed in the language of economics. This paper reviews two prevailing economic theories shaping how policy makers discuss the public domain in debates about IP reform: a welfare economics approach which weighs increases in producer and consumer surplus under different policy configurations and an economics of innovation approach which considers the value of the public domain as a reservoir of ideas for individuals and firms. I argue that economic definitions should be augmented by a consideration of the democratic requirement of access to information. The consequences of this re-figuration of the public domain for the public interest and access to information are discussed.
Maculergithus, a new subgenus in Gergithus Schumacher, 1915 with two new species from northern Vietnam (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae)
Authors: Constant Jérôme , Pham Hong-Thai 
Published: May 2016

The new subgenus Maculergithus subgen. nov. is established to accommodate two new species of the genus Gergithus Stål, 1870 (Issinae, Hemisphaeriini): G. (Maculergithus) tamdao subgen. et sp. nov. and G. (Maculergithus) luteomaculatus subgen. et sp. nov. from Tam Dao National Park in North Vietnam. Two more species from Hainan, China, G. multipunctatus Che, Zhang & Wang, 2007 and G. nonomaculatus Meng & Wang, 2012 are also placed in Maculergithus subgen. nov. A fifth species from Hainan, yet undescribed and erroneously identified as G. multipunctatus in recent papers also belongs to this new subgenus. Illustrations of habitus, morphological details and male genitalia together with a distribution map and an identification key to the species of Maculergithus subgen. nov. are provided. Four species of the genus Gergithus are now recorded in Vietnam. A rectificative note on the misinterpretation of G. multipunctatus in recent publications on Issidae is also provided.
Sustaining the future of HIV counselling to reach 90‐90‐90: a regional country analysis
Authors: Bemelmans Marielle , Baert Saar , Negussie Eyerusalem , Bygrave Helen , Biot Marc , Jamet Christine , Ellman Tom , Banda Amanda , van den Akker Thomas , Ford Nathan 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionCounselling services are recommended by the World Health Organization and have been partially adopted by national HIV guidelines. In settings with a high HIV burden, patient education and counselling is often performed by lay workers, mainly supported with international funding. There are few examples where ministries of health have been able to absorb lay counsellors into their health systems or otherwise sustain their work. We document the role of lay cadres involved in HIV testing and counselling and adherence support and discuss approaches to sustainability.MethodsWe focused on a purposive sample of eight sub‐Saharan African countries where Médecins Sans Frontières supports HIV programmes: Guinea, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. We reviewed both published and grey literature, including national policies and donor proposals, and interviewed key informants, including relevant government staff, donors and non‐governmental organizations.Results and discussionLay counsellors play a critical role in scaling up HIV services and addressing gaps in the HIV testing and treatment cascade by providing HIV testing and counselling and adherence support at both the facility and community levels. Countries have taken various steps in recognizing lay counsellors, including harmonizing training, job descriptions and support structures. However, formal integration of this cadre into national health systems is limited, as lay counsellors are usually not included in national strategies or budgeting.ConclusionsThe current trend of reduced donor support for lay counsellors, combined with lack of national prioritization, threatens the sustainability of this cadre and thereby quality HIV service delivery.
Spin injection into multilayer graphene from highly spin-polarized Co2FeSi Heusler alloy
Authors: Yamaguchi Takehiro , Moriya Rai , Oki Soichiro , Yamada Shinya , Masubuchi Satoru , Hamaya Kohei , Machida Tomoki 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We demonstrate electrical spin injection into multilayer graphene (MLG) in a lateral spin valve device from a highly spin-polarized Co2FeSi (CFS) Huesler electrode. Exfoliated MLG was transferred onto prepatterned epitaxial CFS wires grown on an Si(111) substrate by a polymer-based transfer method. This method enabled us to fabricate multiple single-crystal CFS electrodes in contact with MLG. Electrical spin injection from CFS to MLG was detected through nonlocal magnetoresistance (MR) measurement. A nonlocal spin signal of 430 Ω was observed; this is the largest value among all reported nonlocal MR values in graphene-based devices.
Determination of particle size distribution and elastic properties of silica microcapsules by ultrasound spectroscopy
Authors: Tran Thao Nguyen , Shibata Daisuke , Norisuye Tomohisa , Nakanishi Hideyuki , Tran-Cong-Miyata Qui 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The acoustical properties of silica microcapsules synthesized by the interfacial polymerization of sodium silicate were studied by ultrasound spectroscopy. The experimental data were reproduced by the Waterman–Truell dispersion relation with the scattering function theory proposed by Goodman and Stern for hollow particles in liquid. The particle size distributions were successfully evaluated by the analysis and were found to be in good agreement with those obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The formation of such silicate microcapsules synthesized through water/oil/water emulsion as a template was also monitored.