bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can HI 21-cm lines trace the missing baryons in the filamentary structures?
Authors: Horii Toshihiro , Asaba Shinsuke , Hasegawa Kenji , Tashiro Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A large fraction of baryons predicted from the standard cosmology is still missing observationally. Although previous numerical simulations have indicated that most of the missing baryons reside in large-scale filaments in the form of the warm–hot intergalactic medium (WHIM), it is generally very difficult to detect signatures from such a diffuse gas. In this work, we focus on the hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen (HI), called the 21-cm line, as a tool to trace the WHIM. For the purpose, we first construct the map of the 21-cm signals by using the data provided by the state-of-the-art cosmological hydrodynamics simulation project, Illustris, in which detailed processes affecting the dynamical and thermal evolution of the WHIM are implemented. From a comparison of the constructed 21-cm signal map with the expected noise level of the Square Kilometre Array phase 1 mid-frequency instrument (SKA1-mid), we find that the 21-cm signals from the WHIM in the filamentary structures at redshifts z = 0.5–3 are too small to detect with the SKA1-mid. Our results suggest that a sensitivity about 10 times higher than the SKA1-mid is possibly enough to detect the WHIM at z = 0.5–3. However, we also show that the signals of the filamentary structures including the contribution from galaxies are detectable with the SKA1-mid if we assume the angular resolution of Δθ ≥ 10΄ and the observing time of tobs ≥ 100 hr.
DEXAMETHASONE INTRAVITREAL IMPLANT FOR THE TREATMENT OF RECALCITRANT MACULAR EDEMA AFTER RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR
Authors: Thanos Aristomenis , Todorich Bozho , Yonekawa Yoshihiro , Papakostas Thanos D. , Khundkar Tahsin , Eliott Dean , Dass Ashvani B. , Williams George A. , Capone Antonio , Faia Lisa J. , Wolfe Jeremy D. , Hassan Tarek S. , Ruby Alan J. 
Published: June 2017

Purpose:
To investigate the efficacy of the intravitreal dexamethasone implant as the treatment for recalcitrant macular edema after successful rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair.

Methods:
A retrospective review of the medical records was performed on 17 consecutive patients (17 eyes) with recalcitrant macular edema associated with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair who were treated with a single or multiple injections of an intravitreal dexamethasone 0.7-mg implant (Ozurdex; Allergan Inc) at two centers. Main outcomes of the study were change in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity, measurement of central foveal thickness, and macular cube volume as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography and frequency of complications.

Results:
The mean age was 67 years (range, 51–78 years). All 17 patients received previous topical therapy and 12 of them had previous administration of intravitreal triamcinolone with persistence of macular edema. Baseline mean best-corrected visual acuity was 20/100 (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution 0.75; range, 0.18–1.3 ±0.37) in the affected eyes. There was a statistically significant improvement in best-corrected visual acuity at 1 month (P < 0.001) and 3 months (P = 0.01). Mean baseline central foveal thickness was 505 μm, and mean macular cube volume was 10.62 mm3. There was a statistically significant decrease in central foveal thickness and macular cube volume at 1 month (505–290 μm, P = 0.013 and 10.62–9.13 mm3, P < 0.0001) and 3 months (P = 0.01). All patients developed recurrence of macular edema at 3 months, which required retreatment. The average number of implants was 4 (range, 1–14). No adverse effects such as retinal detachment or endophthalmitis occurred. Two patients experienced an increase in intraocular pressure that was controlled with topical therapy.

Conclusion:
Macular edema that occurs in eyes after successful repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment can be chronic and recalcitrant, and may be successfully and safely treated with the dexamethasone intravitreal implant.
Efficacy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Sexually Transmitted Infection Trial on Condom Use Among Heterosexual Men Patronizing Entertainment Establishments Who Engaged in Casual or Paid Sex in Singapore
Authors: Lim Raymond Boon Tar , Tham Dede Kam Tyng , Tai Bee Choo , Adaikan P Ganesan , Wong Mee Lian 
Published: June 2017

Background
We assessed the efficacy of a multi-component sexual health promotion program on condom use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing among heterosexual men (HSM) patronizing entertainment establishments who engaged in casual or paid sex in Singapore.

Methods
This was a quasi-experimental trial with a comparison group using cross-sectional surveys at baseline and 6 months postintervention. A locality patronized by local HSM was assigned the intervention, a comparable and distant area served as the comparison site. Using time location sampling, cross-sectional samples of these men were assessed on sexual behaviors using an anonymous questionnaire at baseline (n = 604) and 6 months postintervention (n = 360) in both groups. The coprimary outcomes were condom use at last vaginal and oral sex with casual partner respectively. Mixed effects Poisson regression model accounting for clustering by establishment was used to compute the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) of the outcomes postintervention.

Results
At postintervention, the intervention group was more likely than the comparison group to report condom use at last vaginal (aPR, 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–1.89) and oral (aPR, 1.70; 95% CI. 1.11–2.61) sex, respectively, with casual partner. Similar findings were found for consistent condom use in the last 6 months for vaginal (aPR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.13–2.48) and oral (aPR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.16–3.32) sex, respectively, with casual partner. The HIV/STI testing was not significantly higher in the intervention than the comparison group (aPR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.98–2.09).

Conclusions
This trial was effective in promoting condom use with casual partners but not HIV/STI testing among HSM in Singapore.
Using Reported Rates of Sexually Transmitted Diseases to Illustrate Potential Methodological Issues in the Measurement of Racial and Ethnic Disparities
Authors: Chesson Harrell W. , Patel Chirag G. , Gift Thomas L. , Bernstein Kyle T. , Aral Sevgi O. 
Published: June 2017

Background
Racial disparities in the burden of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been documented and described for decades. Similarly, methodological issues and limitations in the use of disparity measures to quantify disparities in health have also been well documented. The purpose of this study was to use historic STD surveillance data to illustrate four of the most well-known methodological issues associated with the use of disparity measures.

Methods
We manually searched STD surveillance reports to find examples of racial/ethnic distributions of reported STDs that illustrate key methodological issues in the use of disparity measures. The disparity measures we calculated included the black-white rate ratio, the Index of Disparity (weighted and unweighted by subgroup population), and the Gini coefficient.

Results
The 4 examples we developed included illustrations of potential differences in relative and absolute disparity measures, potential differences in weighted and nonweighted disparity measures, the importance of the reference point when calculating disparities, and differences in disparity measures in the assessment of trends in disparities over time. For example, the gonorrhea rate increased for all minority groups (relative to whites) from 1992 to 1993, yet the Index of Disparity suggested that racial/ethnic disparities had decreased.

Conclusions
Although imperfect, disparity measures can be useful to quantify racial/ethnic disparities in STDs, to assess trends in these disparities, and to inform interventions to reduce these disparities. Our study uses reported STD rates to illustrate potential methodological issues with these disparity measures and highlights key considerations when selecting disparity measures for quantifying disparities in STDs.
Wisdom of the Crowds: Crowd-Based Development of a Logo for a Conference Using a Crowdsourcing Contest
Authors: Ong Jason J. , Bilardi Jade E. , Tucker Joseph D. 
Published: June 2017

Background
Crowdsourcing methods have been widely used in business, but rarely in sexual health research. We evaluated a crowdsourced logo contest as part of an international human immunodeficiency virus conference.

Methods
A logo crowdsourcing contest was conducted for the 20th International Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Conference. Crowdsourcing has a group of individuals solve a task, often as part of an open contest. Semistructured interviews were conducted with key informants including contest organizers, contest contributors, and conference attendees. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a content analysis approach.

Results
In total, 22 interviews were conducted with 3 contest organizers, 7 contest contributors, and 12 conference attendees. All individuals reported that the crowdsourced logo provided benefits beyond branding the conference, including creating a shared sense of purpose among diverse conference participants and explicitly demonstrating the strong community orientation of the conference. Conference organizers and attendees all reported deeper engagement because of the story of the Tanzanian artist who won the contest. Most conference attendees (11/12) preferred the crowdsourced logo compared with the previous company-organized logo, and all (22/22) supported the logo contest continuing. Implementing a logo contest was simple and relatively inexpensive. Stakeholders identified several ways to enhance crowdsourcing logo contest methods including wider promotion of the contest to encourage broader participation, greater transparency in the selection process, and a different prize structure which acknowledges the contribution of more contestants.

Conclusions
We found that a crowdsourcing contest helped engage local and global communities in the lead-up before and during an international conference. Similar participatory events may be useful for sexual health conferences and research projects.
Quantitative Perfusion Analysis of the Rectum Using Golden-Angle Radial Sparse Parallel Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Attenberger Ulrike I. , Liu Jing , Riffel Philipp , Budjan Johannes , Grimm Robert , Block Kai T. , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Wang Xiaoying , Hausmann Daniel 
Published: June 2017

Objectives
Purpose of this study was to compare the quality of perfusion maps obtained from prototypical free-breathing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with continuous golden-angle radial sampling and iterative reconstruction (GRASP) to conventional acquisition using time-resolved angiography with interleaved stochastic trajectories (TWIST) in patients with rectal cancer.

Material and Methods
Forty cases were included for retrospective analysis. Twenty of the patients received routine multiparametric MRI at 3 T for rectal cancer staging, including perfusion measurement with GRASP or TWIST (10 patients for each technique, including 5 prechemoradiation and 5 postchemoradiation). Twenty patients without history of rectal disease served as control group (10 GRASP, 10 TWIST). GRASP images were reconstructed at temporal resolution of 3.45 seconds (21 spokes/frame). A voxel-by-voxel deconvolution approach was used to determine rectal plasma flow (mL/100 mL per minute). Regions of interest were placed at 3 levels within the tumor and normal rectum (lower, middle, and upper part). The quality of morphologic images, perfusion maps, and arterial input function were scored by 2 blinded radiologists. Independent t tests were applied.

Results
Three patients of the TWIST control group had to be excluded due to technical failure of the sequence. Significantly higher scores for the perfusion maps and arterial input functions (total cohort) were obtained using GRASP (P < 0.05). Artifacts in the perfusion maps were rated significantly lower than for TWIST (P < 0.05). In the healthy rectum cohort, the average plasma flow of normal rectal wall was 31.78 ± 7.39 mL/100 mL per minute with GRASP, compared with 77.62 ± 34.08 mL/100 mL per minute with TWIST, indicating much lower variance for GRASP. Plasma flow values obtained with both methods enabled distinguishing between normal rectal wall and rectal cancer, both before and after chemoradiation. Morphologic image quality was generally higher with GRASP (P < 0.01).

Conclusions
GRASP perfusion imaging can distinguish between normal rectum and rectal cancers with higher image quality and less variance than TWIST. Additional morphologic assessment with high spatial resolution from the GRASP acquisition may increase the accuracy and diagnostic confidence of the examination.
Duloxetine Plasma Concentrations and Its Effectiveness in the Treatment of Nonorganic Chronic Pain in the Orofacial Region
Authors: Kobayashi Yuka , Nagashima Wataru , Tokura Tatsuya , Yoshida Keizo , Umemura Eri , Miyauchi Tomoya , Arao Munetaka , Ito Mikiko , Kimura Hiroyuki , Kurita Kenichi , Ozaki Norio 
Published: June 2017

Objective
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the pain-relieving effects of duloxetine and its plasma concentrations in patients with burning mouth syndrome and atypical odontalgia characterized by chronic nonorganic pain in the orofacial region.

Methods
We administered duloxetine to 77 patients diagnosed as having burning mouth syndrome or atypical odontalgia for 12 weeks. The initial dose of duloxetine was established as 20 mg/d and was increased to 40 mg/d after week 2. We evaluated pain using the visual analog scale and depressive symptoms using the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 and measured plasma concentrations of duloxetine 12 weeks after the start of its administration.

Results
Visual analog scale scores were significantly lower 12 weeks after than at the start of the administration of duloxetine (paired t test, t = 6.65, P < 0.0001). We examined the relationship between the rate of decreases in visual analog scale scores and plasma concentrations of duloxetine. There was no significant linear regression or quadratic regression.

Conclusions
Duloxetine significantly relieved pain in patients with chronic nonorganic pain in the orofacial region. However, no relationship was observed between its pain-relieving effects and plasma concentrations.
The adaptive acquisition of single DNA segments drives metabolic evolution acrossE. colilineages
Authors: Pang Tin Yau , Lercher Martin J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEven closely related prokaryotes show an astounding diversity in their ability to grow in different nutritional environments1,2. Mechanistically, this diversity arises predominantly through horizontal gene transfer, the exchange of DNA between individuals from different strains3. It has been hypothesized that complex metabolic adaptations – those requiring the acquisition of multiple distinct DNA segments – can evolve via selectively neutral intermediate steps4,5; an alternative explanation rests on the existence of intermediate environments that make each individual DNA acquisition adaptive6However, it is unclear how important changing environments6are compared to neutral explorations of phenotype space5; more fundamentally, it is unknown what fraction of metabolic adaptations are indeed complex. Here, we use metabolic network simulations to show that all 3,363 phenotypic innovations observed in the evolutionary history of 53E. colistrains arose through the acquisition of a single DNA segment; while we found no evidence for the contribution of selectively neutral processes, 10.6% of adaptations to previously unviable environments relied on the support of DNA acquisitions on earlier phylogenetic branches. 97.0% of all metabolic phenotypes accessible for theE. colipan-genome could be bestowed on any ancestral strain by transferring a single DNA segment from one of the extant strains. These results demonstrate an amazing ability of theE. colilineage to quickly adapt to previously inaccessible environments through a single DNA acquisition, an ability likely to be mirrored in other clades of generalist bacteria.
Harmonization of cortical thickness measurements across scanners and sites
Authors: Fortin Jean-Philippe , Cullen Nicholas , Sheline Yvette I. , Taylor Warren D. , Aselcioglu Irem , Adams Phil , Cooper Crystal , Fava Maurizio , McGrath Patrick J. , McInnis Melvin , Parsey Ramin V. , Phillips Mary L. , Trivedi Madhukar H. , Weissman Myrna M. , Shinohara Russell T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWith the proliferation of multi-site neuroimaging studies, there is a greater need for handling non-biological variance introduced by differences in MRI scanners and acquisition protocols. Such unwanted sources of variation, which we refer to as “scanner effects”, can hinder the detection of imaging features associated with clinical covariates of interest and cause spurious findings. In this paper, we investigate scanner effects in two large multi-site studies on cortical thickness measurements, across a total of 11 scanners. We propose a set of general tools for visualizing and identifying scanner effects that are generalizable to other modalities. We then propose to use ComBat, a technique adopted from the genomics literature and recently applied to diffusion tensor imaging data, to combine and harmonize cortical thickness values across scanners. We show that ComBat removes unwanted sources of scan variability while simultaneously increasing the power and reproducibility of subsequent statistical analyses. We also show that ComBat is useful for combining imaging data with the goal of studying life-span trajectories in the brain.
Quartet Sampling distinguishes lack of support from conflicting support in the plant tree of life
Authors: Pease James B. , Brown Joseph W. , Walker Joseph F. , Hinchliff Cody E. , Smith Stephen A. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTPremise of the StudyPhylogenetic support has been difficult to evaluate within the plant tree of life partly due to the difficulty of distinguishing conflicted versus poorly informed branches. As datasets continue to expand in both breadth and depth, new support measures are needed that are more efficient and informative.MethodsWe describe the Quartet Sampling (QS) method, a quartet-based evaluation system that synthesizes several phylogenetic and genomic analytical approaches. QS characterizes discordance in large-sparse and genome-wide datasets, overcoming issues of alignment sparsity and distinguishing strong conflict from weak support. We test QS with simulations and recent plant phylogenies inferred from variously sized datasets.Key ResultsQS scores demonstrate convergence with increasing replicates and are not strongly affected by branch depth. Patterns of QS support from different phylogenies leads to a coherent understanding of ancestral branches defining key disagreements, including the relationships ofGinkgoto cycads, magnoliids to monocots and eudicots, and mosses to liverworts. The relationships of ANA grade angiosperms, major monocot groups, bryophytes, and fern families are likely highly discordant in their evolutionary histories, rather than poorly informed. QS can also detect discordance due to introgression in phylogenomic data.ConclusionsThe QS method represents an efficient and effective synthesis of phylogenetic tests that offer more comprehensive and specific information on branch support than conventional measures. The QS method corroborates growing evidence that phylogenomic investigations that incorporate discordance testing are warranted to reconstruct the complex evolutionary histories surrounding in particular ANA grade angiosperms, monocots, and non-vascular plants.
Selective maintenance of multiple CRISPR arrays across prokaryotes
Authors: Weissman Jake L. , Fagan William F. , Johnson Philip L.F. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractProkaryotes are under nearly constant attack by viral pathogens. To protect against this threat of infection, bacteria and archaea have evolved a wide array of defense mechanisms, singly and in combination. While immune diversity in a single organism likely reduces the chance of pathogen evolutionary escape, it remains puzzling why many prokaryotes also have multiple, seemingly redundant, copies of the same type of immune system. Here, we focus on the highly flexible CRISPR adaptive immune system, which is present in multiple copies in a surprising 28% of the prokaryotic genomes in RefSeq. We use a comparative genomics approach looking across all prokaryotes to demonstrate that, on average, organisms are under selection to maintain more than one CRISPR array. We hypothesize that a tradeoff between memory span and learning speed could select for both “long-term memory” and “short-term memory” CRISPR arrays, and we go on to develop a mathematical model to show that such a tradeoff could, in theory, lead to selection for multiple arrays.
Stability of Commonly Used Hematological Parameters in Samples Stored at 33°C, 22°C and 4°C
Authors: Jain Ashish , Jain Sanchit , Singh Neha , Aswal Priyanka , Pal Shweta , Meinia Sushant Kumar , Chowdhury Nilotpal 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimThis study aimed to investigate the analytical bias and imprecision in haematological parameters induced by storage at 4°C, 22°C and 33 °C.MethodsThree K2EDTA anticoagulated vials of blood were collected from each of twenty blood donors and stored at 4°C, 22°C and 33°C respectively. Readings from each vial were taken at 0, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after collection on the Sysmex XP-100 analyser. The mean and median shift of the parameters relative to the baseline and the coefficient of variation for each time-temperature combination were calculated. The shift was compared to the maximum acceptable bias.ResultsHaemoglobin, Red Blood Cell Count, White Blood Cell Count, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin were stable for at least twenty four hours at 33°C. Haematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume and Platelet Counts were stable for less than four hours at 33°C. All the above parameters were stable for longer at 22°C and 4°C. The three-part differential count showed instability within four hours at 33 °C.ConclusionsStrict pre-analytical control is needed at 33°C or above due to the marked instability of most parameters. However, Haemoglobin, Red Blood Cell Count, White Blood Cell Count and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin remain relatively stable even at 33°C.Key MessageHaematology samples exposed to temperatures of 33°C or above show rapid change in MCV, HCT,MCHC, RDW, Platelet Counts and three-part differential counts. Settings where prolonged exposure to these temperatures cannot be avoided should rely on the more stable parameters of Haemoglobin, RBC Counts, MCH and WBC Counts.