bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A tool for the evaluation of slaughter horse welfare during unloading
Authors: Messori S , Visser EK , Buonanno M , Ferrari P , Barnard S , Borciani M , Ferri N 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study aimed to develop a scientific and practical tool to be used to assess horse welfare after commercial transport over long journeys. A set of physical, behavioural and environmental measures was selected, covering welfare aspects of both transport and unloading procedures. The protocol was field-tested on 51 intra-EU commercial transports arriving at different sites in Italy. Univariate analysis was implemented to look for associations between the input variables (environmental hazards potentially affecting the animal well-being during long transports) and the outcome variables (direct evaluation of the animal condition). No severe welfare impairments were recorded (ie dead on arrival, severe injuries, non-ambulatory animals), while milder ones were more frequent at unloading (eg slipping; 36.7%, reluctance to move; 9.6%). Correlations emerged between ramp slope and falling; type of ramp floor and slipping; fast gait and the presence of gaps between the ramp and the floor. The horses’ behaviour was also related to the type of handling procedure used. The measures were repeatable and practical to apply and score during real-time unloading. This work provides a sound basis for a new and practical welfare assessment tool for horses travelling over long journeys. Careful and constant application of this protocol would provide stakeholders with the opportunity to track and monitor changes in the industry over time, as well as to identify high risk areas in transport routines.
A survey of animal welfare experts and practicing veterinarians to identify and explore key factors thought to influence canine and feline welfare in relation to veterinary care
Authors: Dawson LC , Dewey CE , Stone EA , Guerin MT , Niel L 
Published: January 2016

AbstractVeterinary care is important for maintaining companion animal health; however, it also has the potential to impact other aspects of patient welfare. To investigate factors related to veterinary care that are likely to influence canine and feline welfare, animal welfare researchers, veterinarians with an expertise in animal welfare, and Canadian and American companion and mixed animal veterinarians were invited to participate in a three-stage online survey. Participants were asked to do the following: i) identify factors related to the veterinary experience that impact patient welfare; ii) rate the relative impact of each factor; and iii) gauge the feasibility of measuring and improving each factor. Overall, 78 participants identified 85 factors that impact animal welfare in the clinic (eg restraint techniques) and home environment (eg advice regarding behaviour and training). Among factors, seven themes emerged: physical environment of the clinic; routine animal care provided by veterinary team members (‘staff); interactions between the patient, staff, and client; clinic management; medical and surgical procedures; staff attitudes and education; and communication between the veterinarian and client. Mean relative impact scores ranged from 1.0 to 3.8 on a five-point scale (0-4), with 70% of factors receiving a score greater than 3. Most participants (> 80%) agreed that 68% of the identified factors could be feasibly improved in an average veterinary clinic and that 43% of the factors could be feasibly measured during a welfare assessment. These results identify key areas where veterinary care may impact the welfare of canine and feline patients and highlight priority areas where assessment and improvement are possible.
Maximum permissible load for Yonaguni ponies (Japanese landrace horses) trotting over a short, straight course
Authors: Matsuura A , Mano H , Irimajiri M , Hodate K 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the load-bearing capacity of trotting Yonaguni ponies using gait analysis. The Yonaguni pony is one of the Japanese landrace horses, and has normal gait characteristics when trotting. As a breed they are small in stature and hence susceptible to the effect of the rider's weight. It is therefore important to determine their load-bearing capacity as regards to their welfare. Ten Yonaguni ponies with a (mean ± SD) height at withers of 122 (± 2.9) cm had a marker attached to their chests, and their unridden gait was recorded using two high-resolution hybrid cameras while they trotted along a short (40 m), straight course. In total, nine tests were performed for each horse: the first with a 0-kg load; seven with randomly loaded weights weighing 10-70 kg; and then a final test again with a 0-kg load. Three-dimensional movement of the marker was analysed using a motion capture system. The time series of vertical displacement of the marker underwent spectrum analysis, and the autocorrelation coefficient was calculated. The first two peaks of the autocorrelation were defined as symmetry and gait regularity, and their sum was defined as stability. Symmetry (no unit) in the 70-kg test (0.53) was lower than that in the first 0-kg test (0.68), and stability (no unit) in the 70-kg test (1.16) was lower than that in the first 0-kg test (1.41). We concluded that the maximum permissible load for a trotting Yonaguni pony is < 70 kg, which represents 33% of its bodyweight. To promote welfare, it is important to determine the load-bearing capacity for individual types of horse.
Culturas de resistência e média alternativos: os fanzines punk portugueses
Authors: Guerra Paula , Quintela Pedro 
Published: January 2016

Embora a produção de fanzines anteceda o surgimento do punk, a verdade é que foi com ele que os fanzines se tornaram relevantes enquanto espaços de liberdade de pensamento e criação, bem como enquanto alternativa aos meios de comunicação convencionais. Desde a década de 1970 o universo dos fanzines expandiu-se, não só temática e estilisticamente, como também se alargou a sua cobertura territorial e se ampliaram os suportes comunicacionais utilizados na sua produção e difusão. Neste artigo, propõe-se uma abordagem que vai para além da realidade anglo-saxónica e pretende olhar para fanzines como “comunidades” fundadas em torno de um objeto cultural, na produção de textos, fotos e outros materiais a respeito da cena punk em Portugal, desde 1978 até à atualidade. A partir de um grande conjunto de fanzines punk portugueses analisam-se as formas de produção, o design e tipografia, os principais temas focados, os canais de distribuição, as bandas, cenas e estilos de vida abrangidos. Os fanzines são aqui entendidos como média alternativos da modernidade tardia, capazes de revelar o movimento punk e o ethos DIY associado a ele. Procura-se entender qual foi e é ainda a sua relevância no contexto da cena punk portuguesa. Finalmente, procura-se identificar alguns padrões de evolução e mudança.
Effect of thermalization distance on stochastic phenomena in 7-nm-half-pitch line-and-space pattern fabrication using chemically amplified extreme ultraviolet resists
Authors: Kozawa Takahiro , Santillan Julius Joseph , Itani Toshiro 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The thermalization of secondary electrons is an important process in the radiation effects on a condensed matter. In the lithography using ionizing radiations, it is expected that the effects of thermalization distance will become prominent in the sub-10 nm resolution region. In this study, the effects of thermalization distance on the stochastic phenomena in the fabrication of line-and-space patterns with 7 nm half-pitch were investigated on the basis of the sensitization mechanisms of chemically amplified extreme ultraviolet resists. All three factors related to the stochastic phenomena [the stochastic generation of pinching and bridges and line edge roughness (LER)] were improved by decreasing the thermalization distance. It was found that the suppression of LER and bridge generation was a more serious problem than that of pinching.
Luminescence stability of porous Si terminated by hydrophilic organic molecules
Authors: Matsumoto Kimihisa , Kamiguchi Masao , Kamiya Kazuhide , Nomura Takashi , Suzuki Shinya 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The effects of the surface termination of a porous Si surface by propionic acid and by undecylenic acid on their hydrophilicity and luminescence stability were studied. In the measurements of the contact angle of water droplets on porous Si films, the hydrophilicity of porous Si is improved by the surface termination each types of organic molecule. The PL intensity of as-prepared porous Si decreased with increasing aging time in ambient air. As PL quenching involves PL blue shift and increasing Si–O bonds density, nonradiative recombination centers are formed in the surface oxide. After the hydrosilylation process of propionic acid and undecylenic acid, PL intensity decreased and became 30% that of as-prepared porous Si film. However, the PL intensity was stable and exceeded that of the as-prepared film after 1000 min of aging in the ambient air. The PL stabilities are contributed to the termination by organic molecules that inhibits surface oxidation.
From spatially variable streamflow to distributed hydrological models: Analysis of key modeling decisions
Authors: Fenicia Fabrizio , Kavetski Dmitri , Savenije Hubert H. G. , Pfister Laurent 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper explores the development and application of distributed hydrological models, focusing on the key decisions of how to discretize the landscape, which model structures to use in each landscape element, and how to link model parameters across multiple landscape elements. The case study considers the Attert catchment in Luxembourg—a 300 km2 mesoscale catchment with 10 nested subcatchments that exhibit clearly different streamflow dynamics. The research questions are investigated using conceptual models applied at hydrologic response unit (HRU) scales (1–4 HRUs) on 6 hourly time steps. Multiple model structures are hypothesized and implemented using the SUPERFLEX framework. Following calibration, space/time model transferability is tested using a split‐sample approach, with evaluation criteria including streamflow prediction error metrics and hydrological signatures. Our results suggest that: (1) models using geology‐based HRUs are more robust and capture the spatial variability of streamflow time series and signatures better than models using topography‐based HRUs; this finding supports the hypothesis that, in the Attert, geology exerts a stronger control than topography on streamflow generation, (2) streamflow dynamics of different HRUs can be represented using distinct and remarkably simple model structures, which can be interpreted in terms of the perceived dominant hydrologic processes in each geology type, and (3) the same maximum root zone storage can be used across the three dominant geological units with no loss in model transferability; this finding suggests that the partitioning of water between streamflow and evaporation in the study area is largely independent of geology and can be used to improve model parsimony. The modeling methodology introduced in this study is general and can be used to advance our broader understanding and prediction of hydrological behavior, including the landscape characteristics that control hydrologic response, the dominant processes associated with different landscape types, and the spatial relations of catchment processes.
Irrigation water sources and irrigation application methods used by U.S. plant nursery producers
Authors: Paudel Krishna P. , Pandit Mahesh , Hinson Roger 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe examine irrigation water sources and irrigation methods used by U.S. nursery plant producers using nested multinomial fractional regression models. We use data collected from the National Nursery Survey (2009) to identify effects of different firm and sales characteristics on the fraction of water sources and irrigation methods used. We find that regions, sales of plants types, farm income, and farm age have significant roles in what water source is used. Given the fraction of alternative water sources used, results indicated that use of computer, annual sales, region, and the number of IPM practices adopted play an important role in the choice of irrigation method. Based on the findings from this study, government can provide subsidies to nursery producers in water deficit regions to adopt drip irrigation method or use recycled water or combination of both. Additionally, encouraging farmers to adopt IPM may enhance the use of drip irrigation and recycled water in nursery plant production.
Uncertainties in vertical groundwater fluxes from 1‐D steady state heat transport analyses caused by heterogeneity, multidimensional flow, and climate change
Authors: Irvine Dylan J. , Cartwright Ian , Post Vincent E.A. , Simmons Craig T. , Banks Eddie W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSteady state 1‐D analytical solutions to estimate groundwater fluxes from temperature profiles are an attractive option because they are simple to apply, with no complex boundary or initial conditions. Steady state solutions have been applied to estimate both aquifer scale fluxes as well as to estimate groundwater discharge to streams. This study explores the sources of uncertainty in flux estimates from regional scale aquifers caused by sensor precision, aquifer heterogeneity, multidimensional flow and variations in surface temperature due to climate change. Synthetic temperature profiles were generated using 2‐D groundwater flow and heat transport models with homogeneous and heterogeneous hydraulic and thermal properties. Temperature profiles were analyzed assuming temperature can be determined with a precision between 0.1°C and 0.001°C. Analysis of synthetic temperature profiles show that the Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1965) method can provide good estimates of the mean vertical Darcy flux over the length of the temperature profile. Reliable flux estimates were obtained when the ratio of vertical to horizontal flux was as low as 0.1, and in heterogeneous media, providing that temperature at the upper boundary was constant in time. However, temporal increases in surface temperature led to over‐estimation of fluxes. Overestimates increased with time since the onset of, and with the rate of surface warming. Overall, the Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1965) method may be more robust for the conditions with constant temperature distributions than previously thought, but that transient methods that account for surface warming should be used to determine fluxes in shallow aquifers.
Space‐time conditional disaggregation of precipitation at high resolution via simulation
Authors: Bárdossy András , Pegram Geoffrey G. S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDaily rainfall data are more plentiful and reliable than pluviometer data and are the best data set to start data‐repair from, worldwide. Clusters of pluviometers (a term used herein for instruments recording at subdaily intervals) record wet and dry periods in close synchrony and larger and smaller catches tend to be recorded in similar groups, but they have many gaps that require infilling. We present a method of disaggregating daily rainfall to subdaily intervals, contemporaneously infilling gaps in the pluviometers. Then the observed data, together with the infilled and disaggregated values, are interpolated over the intervening space. To achieve this disaggregation, we used a Gaussian copula‐based model with time‐dependent marginal distributions and censored values representing the dry periods. In addition, we generated stochastically meaningful ensembles of missing or disaggregated values, while constraining each realization to the observed daily total where relevant. This applies to the gaps filled in the pluviometers as well as the disaggregation of the daily totals. Using the disaggregated and infilled subdaily ensembles, we then conditionally spatially simulated historical rainfall in the space between the gauges and pluviometers. The mean of these stochastic realizations was compared to interpolated fields using two other procedures: Rescaled Ordinary Kriging and Rescaled Nearest Neighbors, and found our method to be superior. Where there are daily data, the daily sum constrains the simulation. In the intervening space, in a chosen daily subinterval, there will be an ensemble of values simulated from the observations. We present the results of measurements and validation of the applications to an unusually large amount of data (not just a few convenient samples), and are confident that the methodology is sound and applicable in a variety of geographies.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Coupling of Alcohols/Aldehydes and Amines: An Important Role for Imine Hydration
Authors: Guo Ya‐Fei , Ren Tian‐Lu , Xu Bao‐Hua , Wang Yao‐Feng , Zhang Suo‐Jiang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA cobalt and iodide co‐catalyzed oxidative amidation reaction between alcohols or aldehydes and amines has been developed. The reactions proceeded smoothly under mild conditions using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide solution in water as the terminal oxidant, with broad functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies indicated that the tBuO⋅/tBuOO⋅ radical generated in situ is the active species responsible for hydrogen abstraction in this catalytic process, and not IO−/IO2−/IO3− ions. Investigation into the reaction mechanism also revealed the potential transiency of a hemiaminal and the important role of its regeneration by imine hydration.
Variation in Female Reproductive Tract Morphology of the Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Orbach Dara N. , Marshall Christopher D. , Würsig Bernd , Mesnick Sarah L. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTCetaceans exhibit vaginal folds, unusual protrusions of the vaginal wall into the vaginal lumen. Inconsistent terminology and a lack of anatomical landmarks in the literature have hindered comparative studies of the form and function of vaginal folds. Our objectives are to: (1) develop a standardized measurement protocol for the reproductive tracts of female cetaceans, (2) assess variation in morphometrics within the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), and (3) determine if vaginal muscle is skeletal, and therefore of somatic origin in this species. We selected 15 measurements to characterize female reproductive tracts and evaluated variability using fresh or frozen‐thawed specimens from southeastern USA representing a range of sexual maturity states and reproductive states (n = 18 specimens). Presence of skeletal muscle and variation in the density of muscle banding were assessed using 90 histological samples (n = 5 specimens). Analyses of the gross morphological data revealed that the dolphins generally had one large vaginal fold that bisected the vaginal lumen. Vaginal morphology was similar for sexually mature and immature specimens and across reproductive states. The histological data revealed that the vaginal musculature consisted of smooth muscle, consistent with other mammals, leading us to conclude that vaginal contractions are likely under autonomic rather than somatic control. No differences were found in the density of smooth muscle banding among vaginal regions or sexual maturity states. Our systematic protocol lays the foundation for evaluating the function (e.g., sexual selection, natural selection) and evolution of vaginal folds. Anat Rec, 299:520–537, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Localization of Proliferating Cells in the Inter‐Vertebral Region of the Developing and Adult Vertebrae of Lizards in Relation to Growth and Regeneration
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTNew cartilaginous tissues in lizards is formed during the regeneration of the tail or after vertebral damage. In order to understand the origin of new cartilaginous cells in the embryo and after injury of adult vertebrae we have studied the distribution of proliferating cartilaginous cells in the vertebral column of embryos and adults of the lizard Anolis lineatopus using autoradiography for H3‐thymidine and light and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry for 5BrdU. Proliferating sclerotomal cells initially surround the notochord in a segmental pattern and give rise to the chondrocytes of the vertebral centrum that replace the original chordal cells. Qualitative observations show that proliferating sclerotomal cells dilute the labeling up to 13 days post‐injection but a few maintain the labeling as long labeling retention cells and remain in the inter‐centra and perichondrium after birth. These cells supply new chondroblasts for post‐natal growth of vertebrae but can also proliferate in case of vertebral damage or tail amputation in lizards, a process that sustains tail regeneration. The lack of somitic organization in the regenerating tail impedes the re‐formation of a segmental vertebral column that is instead replaced by a continuous cartilaginous tube. It is hypothesized that long labeling retaining cells might represent stem/primordial cells, and that their permanence in the inter‐vertebral cartilages and the nearby perichondrium in adult lizards pre‐adapt these reptiles to elicit a broad cartilage regeneration in case of injury of the vertebrae. Anat Rec, 299:461–473, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effectively Improving Extinction Coefficient of Benzodithiophene and Benzodithiophenedione‐based Photovoltaic Polymer by Grafting Alkylthio Functional Groups
Authors: Wang Qi , Zhang Shaoqing , Xu Bowei , Ye Long , Yao Huifeng , Cui Yong , Zhang Hao , Yuan Wenxia , Hou Jianhui 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlkylthio groups have received much attention in the polymer community for their molecular design applications in polymer solar cells. In this work, alkylthio substitution on the conjugated thiophene side chains in benzodithiophene (BDT) and benzodithiophenedione (BDD)‐based photovoltaic polymer was used to improve the extinction coefficient. The introduction of alkylthio groups into the polymer increased its extinction coefficient while the HOMO levels, bandgaps, and absorption bands remained the same. Thus, the short circuit current density (Jsc) and the efficiency of the device were much better than those of the control device. Thus, introducing the alkylthio functional group in polymer is an effective method to tune the extinction coefficient of photovoltaic polymer. This provides a new path to improve photovoltaic performance without increasing active layer thickness, which will be very helpful to design advanced photovoltaic materials for high photovoltaic performance.
Uric acid quantification in fingernail of gout patients and healthy volunteers using HPLC‐UV
Authors: Li Xi‐Ling , Shi Qing , Jin Wenlong , Li Gao , Todoroki Kenichiro , Mizuno Hajime , Toyo'oka Toshimasa , Min Jun Zhe 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe presence of elevated uric acid (UA) levels is a sign of gout, that is, hyperuricemia. In this study the monitoring of the UA levels in less‐invasive biological samples, such as the human fingernail, is suggested for the diagnosis and therapy of gout. Twenty‐six healthy volunteers (HV) and 22 gout patients (GP) were studied. The UA was extracted from human fingernail samples, then separated on an Inertsil ODS‐3 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 4.0 μm, GL Sciences) by isocratic elution using methanol–74 mm phosphate buffer (pH 2.2) 2:98 (v/v). A UV detector was used to monitor the samples at 284 nm. Using the developed method, different UA concentrations were found in the GP and HV. When comparing the concentrations from GP with those from HV, a statistically significant correlation was observed between the UA (p < 0.01). In this study, the UA was confirmed as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and therapy of gout. We have developed a novel sensitive, and simple method for the determination of UA in the fingernails of GP and HV. The human fingernail may serve as a noninvasive biosample for the diagnosis of gout. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.