bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iron‐Catalyzed Reaction of Urea with Alcohols and Amines: A Safe Alternative for the Synthesis of Primary Carbamates
Authors: Peña‐López Miguel , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA general study of the iron‐catalyzed reaction of urea with nucleophiles is here presented. The carbamoylation of alcohols allows for the synthesis of N‐unsubstituted (primary) carbamates, including present drugs (Felbamate and Meprobamate), without the necessity to apply phosgene and related derivatives. Using amines as nucleophiles gave rise to the respective mono‐ and disubstituted ureas via selective transamidation reaction. These atom‐economical transformations provide a direct and selective access to valuable compounds from cheap and readily available urea using a simple Lewis‐acidic iron(II) catalyst.
Gyrokinetic Simulations of the Tokamak Plasma Edge in Circular Limiter Configuration
Authors: Korpilo T. , Kiviniemi T. P. , Leerink S. , Niskala P. , Rochford R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe full‐f gyrokinetic code ELMFIRE is used to simulate the impact of turbulent tokamak plasma transport on the edge plasma flow and scrape‐off‐layer width. The simulation is performed in the circular limiter configuration and extends from the magnetic axis to the material surface. The results show that the sheath potential and parallel Mach number are in agreement with theoretical predictions, while the E × B dynamics are strongly affected by the sheath boundary. The radial fall‐off of density and temperature profiles show non‐exponential behaviour in the scrape‐off‐layer. Numerical issues appearing in the ELMFIRE simulation of edge plasma transport are discussed. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Developmental trajectories of EEG sleep slow wave activity as a marker for motor skill development during adolescence: a pilot study
Authors: Lustenberger Caroline , Mouthon Anne‐Laure , Tesler Noemi , Kurth Salome , Ringli Maya , Buchmann Andreas , Jenni Oskar G. , Huber Reto 
Published: July 2016

AbstractReliable markers for brain maturation are important to identify neural deviations that eventually predict the development of mental illnesses. Recent studies have proposed topographical EEG‐derived slow wave activity (SWA) during NREM sleep as a mirror of cortical development. However, studies about the longitudinal stability as well as the relationship with behavioral skills are needed before SWA topography may be considered such a reliable marker. We examined six subjects longitudinally (over 5.1 years) using high‐density EEG and a visuomotor learning task. All subjects showed a steady increase of SWA at a frontal electrode and a decrease in central electrodes. Despite these large changes in EEG power, SWA topography was relatively stable within each subject during development indicating individual trait‐like characteristics. Moreover, the SWA changes in the central cluster were related to the development of specific visuomotor skills. Taken together with the previous work in this domain, our results suggest that EEG sleep SWA represents a marker for motor skill development and further supports the idea that SWA mirrors cortical development during childhood and adolescence.
Reintroduction of rare arable plants by seed transfer. What are the optimal sowing rates?
Authors: Lang Marion , Prestele Julia , Fischer Christina , Kollmann Johannes , Albrecht Harald 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

During the past decades, agro‐biodiversity has markedly declined and some species are close to extinction in large parts of Europe. Reintroduction of rare arable plant species in suitable habitats could counteract this negative trend. The study investigates optimal sowing rates of three endangered species (Legousia speculum‐veneris (L.) Chaix, Consolida regalis Gray, and Lithospermum arvense L.), in terms of establishment success, seed production, and crop yield losses.

A field experiment with partial additive design was performed in an organically managed winter rye stand with study species added in ten sowing rates of 5–10,000 seeds m−2. They were sown as a single species or as a three‐species mixture (pure vs. mixed sowing) and with vs. without removal of spontaneous weeds. Winter rye was sown at a fixed rate of 350 grains m−2. Performance of the study species was assessed as plant establishment and seed production. Crop response was determined as grain yield.

Plant numbers and seed production were significantly affected by the sowing rate, but not by sowing type (pure vs. mixed sowing of the three study species), and weed removal. All rare arable plant species established and reproduced at sowing rates >25 seeds m−2, with best performance of L. speculum‐veneris. Negative density effects occurred to some extent for plant establishment and more markedly for seed production.

The impact of the three study species on crop yield followed sigmoidal functions. Depending on the species, a yield loss of 10% occurred at >100 seeds m−2.

Synthesis and applications: The study shows that reintroduction of rare arable plants by seed transfer is a suitable method to establish them on extensively managed fields, for example, in organic farms with low nutrient level and without mechanical weed control. Sowing rates of 100 seeds m−2 for C. regalis and L. arvense, and 50 seeds m−2 for L. speculum‐veneris are recommended, to achieve successful establishment with negligible crop yield losses.
Harnessing fishery‐independent indicators to aid management of data‐poor fisheries: weighing habitat and fishing effects
Authors: Nash Kirsty L. , Bijoux Jude , Robinson Jan , Wilson Shaun K. , Graham Nicholas A. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractState indicators, e.g., mean size and trophic level of the fish assemblage, can provide important insights into the effects of fishing on ecosystems and the resource potential of the fishery. On coral reefs, few studies have examined the relative effects of fishing and other drivers, such as habitat, on these indicators. In light of habitat heterogeneity and increasing habitat degradation, this lack of understanding limits the usefulness of indicators for monitoring the effect of fishery management actions. Identifying thresholds or nonlinearities in relationships between fishing pressure and state indicators has been suggested as a basis for biomass‐based targets to support management efforts in low research capacity contexts. Using data collected in Seychelles, we examined the relative influences of fishable biomass (proxy for fishing pressure) and the benthic habitat on fisheries‐independent indicators characterizing attributes of the fish community important for fisheries production. We characterized the driver–indicator relationships, and compared local‐scale relationships for Seychelles with large‐scale relationships published for the Indian Ocean. We found that both habitat and fishing pressure influenced indicators, but habitat effects were particularly strong. This knowledge provides managers with the capacity to implement a diverse array of complementary management actions targeting these drivers. A number of the Seychelles scale driver–indicator relationships were linear, suggesting gradual changes in indicators in response to changes to drivers. This contrasted with relationships published for the Indian Ocean, which were characterized by thresholds below which exploitation is likely to have significant detrimental effects on the functioning of important ecosystem processes. These scale‐specific differences are likely driven by the narrower range of fishing pressures found in Seychelles. Importantly, it indicates that, although biomass‐based targets derived from large‐scale relationships may provide a useful starting point for setting management targets, the local context must be considered.
CD28 days later: Resurrecting costimulation for CD8+ memory T cells
Authors: van der Heide Verena , Homann Dirk 
Published: July 2016

Rapid activation and proliferative expansion of specific CD8+ memory T (CD8+TM) cells upon antigen re‐encounter is a critical component of the adaptive immune response that confers enhanced immune protection. In this context, however, the requirements for costimulation in general, and CD28 signaling in particular, remain incompletely defined. In the current issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Fröhlich et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2016. 46: 1644‐1655] provide definitive evidence that optimal elaboration of CD8+TM‐cell recall responses is indeed contingent on CD28 expressed by these cells. Here, we discuss the “CD28 costimulation paradigm” in its historical context and highlight some of the unresolved complexities pertaining to CD28‐dependent interactions that shape CD8+ T‐cell phenotypes, functionalities, and recall reactivity.
Catalytic Conversion of Furan to Hydrocarbons using HZSM‐5: Coking Behavior and Kinetic Modeling including Coke Deposition
Authors: Shao Shanshan , Zhang Huiyan , Xiao Rui , Shen Dekui 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCoke deposition is the biggest barrier that hinders the hydrocarbon yields during the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. The proposed pathway studied here yields benzofuran as a primary product, all the olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons as secondary products, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as tertiary products. The product selectivity only changed with catalytic temperature and coke deposition, whereas no effect was observed if the weight hourly space velocity and partial pressure were varied. The curve of conversion versus coke content in the catalytic conversion of furan follows an exponential trend [i.e., Φ=exp(‐αC)] which indicates that the catalytic conversion of furan exhibits fast deactivation. A kinetic model considering coke deposition has been built based on the above reaction pathway to correlate the product distribution with the coke content, and the final correlation coefficients (>0.96) indicate good agreement.
Thermocatalytic Reforming of Biomass Waste Streams
Authors: Conti Roberto , Jäger Nils , Neumann Johannes , Apfelbacher Andreas , Daschner Robert , Hornung Andreas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA thermocatalytic reforming (TCR®) unit patented by Fraunhofer UMSICHT was tested to convert lignocellulosic biomass and three organic wastes, digestate, paper sludge, and sewage sludge, into enhanced pyrolysis products. The TCR® reactor is an intermediate pyrolysis screw reactor connected to a reformer. hawse have explored the TCR® of four feedstocks in a 2 kg h−1 laboratory‐scale plant. The aim of the work was to compare the product yields and qualities (biochar, bio‐oil, and syngas) obtained by using TCR® under the same pyrolysis conditions (pyrolysis at 400 °C and postcatalytic reforming at 700 °C). Finally, paper sludge bio‐oil was distilled at several temperatures to obtain the oil fractions. High‐quality bio‐oil and syngas from four different kinds of biomass were obtained and compared to that from traditional intermediate pyrolysis and fast pyrolysis. The bio‐oil showed a high higher heating value (HHV) (35–38 MJ kg−1) independent of the kind of biomass used, and the total acid number was 1.8–5.4 mgKOH g−1. Fractional distillation led to a gasoline‐like light fraction and an overall distillation rate of 74 %.
Preserved white matter microstructure in young patients with anorexia nervosa?
Authors: Pfuhl Gerit , King Joseph A. , Geisler Daniel , Roschinski Benjamin , Ritschel Franziska , Seidel Maria , Bernardoni Fabio , Müller Dirk K. , White Tonya , Roessner Veit , Ehrlich Stefan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA massive but reversible reduction of cortical thickness and subcortical gray matter (GM) volumes in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) has been recently reported. However, the literature on alterations in white matter (WM) volume and microstructure changes in both acutely underweight AN (acAN) and after recovery (recAN) is sparse and results are inconclusive. Here, T1‐weighted and diffusion‐weighted MRI data in a sizable sample of young and medication‐free acAN (n = 35), recAN (n = 32), and age‐matched female healthy controls (HC, n = 62) were obtained. For analysis, a well‐validated global probabilistic tractography reconstruction algorithm including rigorous motion correction implemented in FreeSurfer: TRACULA (TRActs Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy) were used. Additionally, a clustering algorithm and a multivariate pattern classification technique to WM metrics to predict group membership were applied. No group differences in either WM volume or WM microstructure were detected with standard analysis procedures either in acAN or recAN relative to HC after controlling for the number of performed statistical tests. These findings were not affected by age, IQ, or psychiatric symptoms. While cluster analysis was unsuccessful at discriminating between groups, multivariate pattern classification showed some ability to separate acAN from HC (but not recAN from HC). However, these results were not compatible with a straightforward hypothesis of impaired WM microstructure. The current findings suggest that WM integrity is largely preserved in non‐chronic AN. This finding stands in contrast to findings in GM, but may help to explain the relatively intact cognitive performance of young patients with AN and provide the basis for the fast recovery of GM structures. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4069–4083, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal changes in functional connectivity of cortico‐basal ganglia networks in manifests and premanifest huntington's disease
Authors: Gargouri Fatma , Messé Arnaud , Perlbarg Vincent , Valabregue Romain , McColgan Peter , Yahia‐Cherif Lydia , Fernandez‐Vidal Sara , Ben Hamida Ahmed , Benali Habib , Tabrizi Sarah , Durr Alexandra , Lehéricy Stéphane 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurological disorder resulting in cognitive and motor impairments. We evaluated the longitudinal changes of functional connectivity in sensorimotor, associative and limbic cortico‐basal ganglia networks. We acquired structural MRI and resting‐state fMRI in three visits one year apart, in 18 adult HD patients, 24 asymptomatic mutation carriers (preHD) and 18 gender‐ and age‐matched healthy volunteers from the TRACK‐HD study. We inferred topological changes in functional connectivity between 182 regions within cortico‐basal ganglia networks using graph theory measures. We found significant differences for global graph theory measures in HD but not in preHD. The average shortest path length (L) decreased, which indicated a change toward the random network topology. HD patients also demonstrated increases in degree k, reduced betweeness centrality bc and reduced clustering C. Changes predominated in the sensorimotor network for bc and C and were observed in all circuits for k. Hubs were reduced in preHD and no longer detectable in HD in the sensorimotor and associative networks. Changes in graph theory metrics (L, k, C and bc) correlated with four clinical and cognitive measures (symbol digit modalities test, Stroop, Burden and UHDRS). There were no changes in graph theory metrics across sessions, which suggests that these measures are not reliable biomarkers of longitudinal changes in HD. preHD is characterized by progressive decreasing hub organization, and these changes aggravate in HD patients with changes in local metrics. HD is characterized by progressive changes in global network interconnectivity, whose network topology becomes more random over time. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4112–4128, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of parkinson's disease on the cortical mechanisms that support auditory–motor integration for voice control
Authors: Huang Xiyan , Chen Xi , Yan Nan , Jones Jeffery A. , Wang Emily Q. , Chen Ling , Guo Zhiqiang , Li Weifeng , Liu Peng , Liu Hanjun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSeveral studies have shown sensorimotor deficits in speech processing in individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). The underlying neural mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. In the present event‐related potential (ERP) study, 18 individuals with PD and 18 healthy controls were exposed to frequency‐altered feedback (FAF) while producing a sustained vowel and listening to the playback of their own voice. Behavioral results revealed that individuals with PD produced significantly larger vocal compensation for pitch feedback errors than healthy controls, and exhibited a significant positive correlation between the magnitude of their vocal responses and the variability of their unaltered vocal pitch. At the cortical level, larger P2 responses were observed for individuals with PD compared with healthy controls during active vocalization due to left‐lateralized enhanced activity in the superior and inferior frontal gyrus, premotor cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and superior temporal gyrus. These two groups did not differ, however, when they passively listened to the playback of their own voice. Individuals with PD also exhibited larger P2 responses during active vocalization when compared with passive listening due to enhanced activity in the inferior frontal gyrus, precental gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus. This enhancement effect, however, was not observed for healthy controls. These findings provide neural evidence for the abnormal auditory–vocal integration for voice control in individuals with PD, which may be caused by their deficits in the detection and correction of errors in voice auditory feedback. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4248–4261, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Independent prognostic impact of CD15 on complete remission achievement in patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Chisini Marta , Stefanizzi Caterina , Ceglie Teresa , Raponi Sara , Vozella Federico , Colafigli Gioia , Salaroli Adriano , D'Angiò Mariella , Mancini Marco , Diverio Daniela , Breccia Massimo , Mancini Francesca , Minotti Clara , Trisolini Silvia , Capria Saveria , Testi Anna Maria , Guarini Anna , Latagliata Roberto , De Propris Maria Stefania , Foà Robin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe prognostic role of CD15 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been tested in different studies with conflicting results. To address this issue, we retrospectively evaluated a cohort of 460 AML patients of all ages with the exclusion of acute promyelocytic leukemia (M/F 243/217, median age 50.6 years [range 0.9‐81.2]) intensively treated at our institute between January 1999 and December 2010. CD15 positivity was found in 171 of 406 evaluable patients (42.1%). Complete remission (CR) was achieved by 334 patients (72.6%), while 82 (17.8%) were resistant and 44 (9.6%) died during induction: the median CR duration was 15.5 months (range 0.6‐176.0), with 2‐year disease‐free survival rate of 45.1% (95% confidence interval 39.6‐50.6). The median overall survival was 14.4 months (range 0.3‐177.0), with 2‐year overall survival rate of 42.2% (95% confidence interval 37.5‐46.9). At univariate analysis for CR achievement, age < 60 years (P < .001), World Health Organization classification (P = .045), low‐risk karyotype (P < .001), no high‐risk karyotype (P = .006), positivity for AML‐ETO (P = .004)/CBFβ‐MYH11 (P = .003)/CD15 (P = .006)/CD11b (P = .013), negativity for FLT3‐ITD (P = .001), Hb > 8 g/dL (P = .020), and white blood cell < 50 × 109/L (P = .034) had a favorable impact. At a multivariate logistic regression model, CD15 positivity (P = .002), age < 60 years (P = .008), white blood cell < 50 × 109/L (P = .017), and low‐risk/no high‐risk karyotype (P = .026/P = .025) retained an independent prognostic role on CR achievement. The baseline assessment of CD15 positivity appears to have a role in the risk evaluation for CR achievement in AML patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy and should be assessed in prospective studies together with other clinical and biologic features already reported.
Role of thrombospondin‐1 expression in colorectal liver metastasis and its molecular mechanism
Authors: Teraoku Hiroki , Morine Yuji , Ikemoto Tetsuya , Saito Yu , Yamada Shinichiro , Yoshikawa Masato , Takasu Chie , Higashijima Jun , Imura Satoru , Shimada Mitsuo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThrombospondin‐1 (THBS‐1), a glycoprotein, is an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. In this study, we investigated the clinical role and mechanism of THBS‐1 expression in colorectal liver metastases, focusing on the relationships between its expression and tumor growth, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), and expression of other relevant molecules.MethodsNinety‐four patients who initially underwent curative hepatic resection were enrolled in this study and correlations between expression of THBS‐1 (THBS‐1 high [n = 35] and THBS‐1 low [n = 59]) and tumor growth, Ki‐67 labeling index (Ki‐67 LI), expression of other relevant molecules, and microvessel density (MVD) investigated.ResultsTHBS‐1 low expression correlated with more advanced grade of liver and lymph node metastases and significantly worse overall survival than strong THBS‐1 expression (3‐year survival: 96.7% vs. 65.4%, P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis identified THBS‐1 low expression as an independent prognostic factor (HR 2.82, 95% CI 1.21–7.71, P = 0.01). THBS‐1 low expression correlated positively with high Ki‐67 LI (P < 0.05) and inversely with E‐cadherin (P < 0.05) and hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) expression (P < 0.05); THBS‐1 expression and MVD were not significantly correlated.ConclusionsLow THBS‐1 expression may be an independent poor prognostic factor that affects tumor growth and EMT acquisition. Additionally, THBS‐1 may be regulated by the HIF‐1 pathway.
Measurement of Hypothalamic Glucose Under Euglycemia and Hyperglycemia by MRI at 3T
Authors: Joers James M. , Deelchand Dinesh K. , Kumar Anjali , Moheet Amir , Seaquist Elizabeth , Henry Pierre‐Gilles , Öz Gülin 
Published: July 2016

PurposeTo evaluate the feasibility of using a clinical magnetic resonance (MR) system and MR spectroscopy (MRS) to measure glucose concentration changes in the human hypothalamus, a structure central to whole‐body glucose regulation.Subjects and MethodsA time series of MR spectra (semi‐LASER, TE = 28 msec), localized to the bilateral hypothalamus (∼1.6 ml) were obtained at 3T in six healthy subjects at baseline (euglycemia) and during a ∼65–70‐minute‐long hyperglycemic clamp in 11‐minute blocks with interleaved T1 FLASH images to retrospectively assess head motion, and track changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) partial volume. The LCModel was used to quantify the sum of glucose and taurine concentrations, [Glc+Tau], along with their associated Cramér‐Rao lower bounds (CRLB).ResultsSpectral quality allowed quantification of [Glc+Tau] (sum reported due to high negative correlation between these metabolites) with CRLB <25% in 35/36 timepoints during hyperglycemia. Increased [Glc+Tau] was observed with hyperglycemia in all subjects, but most reliably in those with plasma glucose targets ≥300 mg/dl. For these subjects, [Glc+Tau]baseline (n = 4) was 1.5 (±0.3, SD) mM, and increased to 4.5 (±1.1) mM (n = 16) for timepoints acquired ≥25 minutes after onset of the clamp, with 15/16 timepoints having no overlap of 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between baseline and hyperglycemia. Preliminary analysis revealed a linear (1:5) relationship between hypothalamus–blood glucose concentrations.ConclusionIt is feasible to measure glucose concentration changes in the human hypothalamus using a standard 3T scanner and a short‐echo semi‐LASER sequence by utilizing retrospective motion tracking, CSF correction, predetermined quality acceptance criteria, and hyperglycemic blood glucose levels ≥300 mg/dl.Level of Evidence: 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:681–691.