bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De strafrechtadvocaat en het herstelrecht
Authors: Freeke Klaartje 
Published: August 2016

The restorative counsel for the defense
Suspects are often much better off when they take responsibility for the harm they caused. They will accept their punishment more easily when also their side of the story is told and listened to. Not only they themselves, also their victim can benefit from this. Even when there is under circumstances no place for mediation in the pre-trial stage, also in the trial-stage people could come closer to each other. The counsel for the defense can play a coaching role in this process, that is not so much guided by classical principles of criminal law but much more by the experiences of the ones involved.
Optical properties of quantum energies in GaAs quantum nanodisks produced using a bio-nanotemplate and a neutral beam etching technique
Authors: Ohori Daisuke , Fukuyama Atsuhiko , Thomas Cedric , Higo Akio , Samukawa Seiji , Ikari Tetsuo 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We demonstrated that the lattice-matched GaAs quantum nanodisks (QNDs) embedded in an AlGaAs matrix were fabricated by our original top-down nanoprocess. Lattice-matched GaAs QNDs are very attractive in quantum cryptography because the spin relaxation time of QNDs might be longer than that of strained quantum dots. Quantum levels of QNDs were investigated by the photoluminescence (PL) technique. The minimum diameter and thickness of QNDs were 7 and 8 nm, respectively. PL peaks of QNDs at 1.64 and 1.66 eV were observed to be higher than that of multiple quantum wells (MQWs) observed at 1.57 eV. It is suggested that these peaks are due to the diameter distribution of QNDs. The calculated quantum levels were in good agreement with the present experimental results. The observation of the PL peaks from QNDs demonstrates that the quantum level is strongly confined not only in the perpendicular direction but also in the lateral direction.
Effects of Na and secondary phases on physical properties of SnS thin film after sulfurization process
Authors: Kawano Yu , Kodani Yuto , Chantana Jakapan , Minemoto Takashi 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
2.48%-efficient SnS thin film solar cell is obtained under thermal evaporation method by optimizing growth temperature. The method to fabricate SnS films is limited by growth temperature, which should not be over 200 °C to prevent re-evaporation of SnS. To further enhance SnS grains, SnS films were annealed in H2S gas from 200 to 500 °C, namely sulfurization process. SnS grain size was increased with sulfurization temperature of above 400 °C; however, secondary phase grains on film’s surface were observed owing to the accumulated Na, diffused from soda-lime glass substrate into the film, thus deteriorating film’s quality, implied by Urbach energy.
Development of suspended normal-metal-type tunneling junction refrigerator
Authors: Kashiwaya Satoshi , Kashiwaya Hiromi , Koyanagi Masao , Tanaka Yukio 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We have developed a suspended normal-metal-type superconducting-normal metal-superconductor tunneling junction refrigerator for the cooling of highly sensitive sensors operating at ultralow temperatures. The performance of the refrigerator is evaluated by comparing the experimental conductance with the numerical results of a theoretical formulation. The lowest temperature of 0.093 K at a bath temperature of 0.334 K indicates the successful operation of the refrigerator. The maximum cooling power of the present refrigerator estimated on the basis of the nonequilibrium stationary state model is 213 pW for a junction area of 40 × 7 µm2.
El potencial de la maricultura de laminarias como fuente para la obtención de biocombustibles y otros bioproductos en la costa atlántica de España
Authors: Peteiro César , Prado óscar J. , García-Tasende Manuel 
Published: August 2016

Resumen
Las macroalgas marinas contienen polisacáridos, lípidos y proteínas, entre otros componentes orgánicos, que se pueden utilizar para producir diferentes biocarburantes. Sin embargo, la producción de bioetanol es el que ha despertado actualmente un mayor interés por el alto contenido de polisacáridos (40-75% de su peso seco) que presentan algunas grandes algas conocidas con el nombre de laminarias. Estas macroalgas marinas pueden utilizarse para la producción de bioetanol mediante un proceso de hidrólisis y fermentación de sus polisacáridos que ha sido mejorado recientemente para su aplicación industrial. Las laminarias ya se utilizan comercialmente para consumo humano, extracción de compuestos con múltiples aplicaciones industriales, pienso y forraje de animales y fertilizante. En este contexto, la acuicultura marina de laminarias en la costa atlántica de España puede constituir una fuente renovable, sostenible, limpia de biomasa para la obtención de bioetanol, además de otros productos con valor comercial. Su cultivo tendría importantes beneficios económicos pero también ambientales, al reciclar carbonos atmosféricos y nutrientes inorgánicos del medio marino. En la presente revisión se presenta una visión del proceso de producción de bietanol a partir de biomasa de laminarias y se discute el potencial de la maricultura de laminarias como fuente para producir bioetanol y otros bio-productos de valor en base a experiencias en la costa atlántica de España.
Baroclinic mixing of potential vorticity as the principal sharpening mechanism for the extratropical Tropopause Inversion Layer
Authors: Wang Shu Meir , Geller Marvin A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPrevious works have shown that a dry, idealized general circulation model could produce many features of the extratropical Tropopause Inversion Layer (TIL). In particular, the following have been shown, but no explanations were given for these results. (1) A sharper extratropical TIL resulted more from increased horizontal resolution than from increased vertical resolution. (2) If the Equator‐to‐Pole temperature gradient was varied, the annual variation of the extratropical TIL found in observations could be reproduced. (3) The extratropical TIL altitude showed excellent correlation with the upper tropospheric relative vorticity, as had been previously proposed. (4) Increased horizontal model resolutions led to extratropical TILs that were at lower altitudes. We show that these conclusions follow from baroclinic mixing of high stratospheric potential vorticity into the troposphere being the principal sharpening mechanism for the extratropical TIL and the increased baroclinic activity occurring in higher horizontal resolution models. We furthermore suggest that the distance from the jet exerts a greater influence on the height and sharpness of the extratropical TIL than does the upper tropospheric relative vorticity, and this accounts for the annual behavior of the extratropical TIL found in observations and reproduced with a dry, mechanistic, global model.
Simulated response of the mid‐Holocene Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in ECHAM6‐FESOM/MPIOM
Authors: Shi Xiaoxu , Lohmann Gerrit 
Published: August 2016

AbstractChanges of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in the mid‐Holocene compared to the preindustrial state are explored in different coupled climate models. Using time‐slice integrations by a newly developed global finite‐element model ECHAM6‐FESOM with unstructured mesh and high resolution, our simulations show an enhanced mid‐Holocene AMOC, accompanied by an increase in the ocean salinity over regions of deep water formation. We identify two different processes affecting the AMOC: (1) a more positive phase of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) increased water density over the Labrador Sea through anomalous net evaporation and surface heat loss; (2) a decreased import of sea ice from the Arctic causes a freshwater reduction in the northern North Atlantic Ocean. Using the coupled model ECHAM6‐MPIOM in T63GR15 and T31GR30 grids, we find that the simulated AMOC has significant discrepancy with different model resolutions. In detail, stronger‐than‐present mid‐Holocene AMOC is revealed by simulations with the T63GR15 grid, which resembles the result of ECHAM6‐FESOM, while a decline of the mid‐Holocene AMOC is simulated by the low resolution model with the T31GR30 grid. Such discrepancy can be attributed to different changes in Labrador Sea density which is mainly affected by (1) NAO‐induced net precipitation and deep water convection, (2) freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean, and (3) the strength of AMOC itself. Finally, we analyzed available coupled climate models showing a diversity of responses of AMOC to mid‐Holocene forcings, most of which reveal positive AMOC changes related to northern high latitudes salinification.
Diagnosing nonlinearities in the local and remote responses to partial Amazon deforestation
Authors: Badger Andrew M. , Dirmeyer Paul A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUsing a set of fully coupled climate model simulations, the response to partial deforestation over the Amazon due to agricultural expansion has been analyzed. Three variations of 50% deforestation (all of western half, all of eastern half, and half of each grid box) were compared with total deforestation to determine the degree and character of nonlinearity of the climate response to partial deforestation. A metric is developed to quantify the degree and distribution of nonlinearity in the response, applicable to any variable. The metric also quantifies whether the response is saturating or accelerating, meaning significantly either more or less than 50% of the simulated response to total deforestation is attained at 50% deforestation. The spatial structure of the atmospheric response to Amazon deforestation reveals large areas across the tropics that exhibit a significant nonlinear component, particularly for temperature and geopotential height. Over the domain between 45°S and 45°N across all longitudes, 50% deforestation generally provides less than half of the total response to deforestation over oceans, indicating the marine portion of climate system is somewhat resilient to progressive deforestation. However, over continents there are both accelerating and saturating responses to 50% Amazon deforestation, and the response is different depending on whether the eastern or western half of Amazonia is deforested or half of the forest is removed uniformly across the region.
Asymmetry and nonlinearity of the influence of ENSO on the northern winter stratosphere: 1. Observations
Authors: Rao Jian , Ren Rongcai 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has significant effects on the extratropical stratosphere. This study explores the nonlinearity and the asymmetry of these influences by distinguishing the different effects of four types of ENSO: “moderate El Niño,” “strong El Niño,” “moderate La Niña,” and “strong La Niña.” It is revealed that the moderate El Niño and the strong La Niña are much more efficient than the strong El Niño and the moderate La Niña, respectively, in modulating the northern winter stratospheric variability, resulting in significant nonlinearity and asymmetry. The tropical rainfall anomalies induced by a moderate El Niño or a strong La Niña are centered over the central equatorial Pacific region near the dateline, while the convection responses to a strong El Niño or a moderate La Niña are centered farther eastward. Accordingly, the anomalous Pacific‐North America wave train pattern is modulated by ENSO in a nonlinear and asymmetric way, which leads to the large nonlinear and asymmetric components of the vertical Eliassen‐Palm (E‐P) flux responses to ENSO. The increase of planetary wave activity in the extratropical stratosphere in moderate El Niño winters is thus greater than in strong El Niño winters, whereas a strong La Niña gives a larger decrease in propagation than a moderate La Niña. The relatively strong (weak) E‐P flux responses to moderate (strong), El Niño and strong (moderate) La Niña explains the remarkable nonlinearity and asymmetry in the response of the extratropical stratosphere to ENSO.
Commentary on accessing 3‐D currents in space: Experiences from Cluster
Authors: Dunlop M. W. , Haaland S. , Escoubet P. C. , Dong X.‐C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe curlometer was introduced to estimate the electric current density from four‐point measurements in space; anticipating the realization of the four spacecraft Cluster mission which began full science operations in February 2001. The method uses Ampère's law to estimate current from the magnetic field measurements, suitable for the high‐conductivity plasma of the magnetosphere and surrounding regions. The accuracy of the method is limited by the spatial separation knowledge, accuracy of the magnetic field measurement, and the relative scale size of the current structures sampled but nevertheless has proven to be robust and reliable in many regions of the magnetosphere. The method has been applied successfully and has been a key element, in studies of the magnetopause currents; the magnetotail current sheet; and the ring current, as well as allowing other current structures such as flux tubes and field aligned currents to be determined. The method is also applicable to situations where less than four spacecraft are closely grouped or where special assumptions (particularly stationarity) can be made. In view of the new four‐point observations of the MMS mission taking place now, which cover a dramatically different spatial regime, we comment on the performance, adaptability, and lessons learnt from the curlometer technique. We emphasize the adaptability of the method, in particular, to the new sampling regime offered by the MMS mission; thereby offering a tool to address open questions on small‐scale current structures.
Photoelectrons and solar ionizing radiation at Mars: Predictions versus MAVEN observations
Authors: Peterson W. K. , Thiemann E. M. B , Eparvier Francis G. , Andersson Laila , Fowler C. M. , Larson Davin , Mitchell Dave , Mazelle Christian , Fontenla Juan , Evans J. Scott , Xu Shaosui , Liemohn Mike , Bougher Stephen , Sakai Shotaro , Cravens T. E. , Elrod M. K. , Benna M. , Mahaffy P. , Jakosky Bruce 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the evolution of the Martian atmosphere requires knowledge of processes transforming solar irradiance into thermal energy well enough to model them accurately. Here we compare Martian photoelectron energy spectra measured at periapsis by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution MissioN (MAVEN) with calculations made using three photoelectron production codes and three solar irradiance models as well as modeled and measured CO2 densities. We restricted our comparisons to regions where the contribution from solar wind electrons and ions were negligible. The two intervals examined on 19 October 2014 have different observed incident solar irradiance spectra. In spite of the differences in photoionization cross sections and irradiance spectra used, we find the agreement between models to be within the combined uncertainties associated with the observations from the MAVEN neutral density, electron flux, and solar irradiance instruments.
Climatic impacts of the Middle Route of the South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project over the Haihe River basin in North China simulated by a regional climate model
Authors: Zou Jing , Zhan Chesheng , Xie Zhenghui , Qin Peihua , Jiang Shanshan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Middle Route of the South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project (MSWTP) was constructed to ease the water crisis over the North China Plain. In this study, we incorporated a water transfer scheme into the regional climate model RegCM4 and investigated the climatic impacts of the MSWTP over the Haihe River Basin in North China. Four 10 year simulation tests were conducted from 2001 to 2010 where different volumes of water were transferred. The results demonstrated that before the MSWTP was conducted the original groundwater exploitation and consumption over the Haihe River Basin led to wetting and cooling at the land surface with rapidly falling groundwater depth. The extra water input from the MSWTP slightly enhanced the wetting and cooling effects over the basin, as well as reduced the falling rate in the groundwater depth along the conveyance line. However, the weak climatic effects of the MSWTP were limited at a local scale and had no obvious interannual trends, because the transfer volume of the MSWTP was far lower than the total demand which has been conventionally satisfied through local water exploitation. In terms of seasonal variations, the greatest changes due to the MSWTP occurred in the summer for precipitation and soil moisture and in the spring for energy‐related variables (heat fluxes and 2 m air temperature).
Measuring cloud thermodynamic phase with shortwave infrared imaging spectroscopy
Authors: Thompson David R. , McCubbin Ian , Gao Bo Cai , Green Robert O. , Matthews Alyssa A. , Mei Fan , Meyer Kerry G. , Platnick Steven , Schmid Beat , Tomlinson Jason , Wilcox Eric 
Published: August 2016

AbstractShortwave Infrared imaging spectroscopy enables accurate remote mapping of cloud thermodynamic phase at high spatial resolution. We describe a measurement strategy to exploit signatures of liquid and ice absorption in cloud top apparent reflectance spectra from 1.4 to 1.8 μm. This signal is generally insensitive to confounding factors such as solar angles, view angles, and surface albedo. We first evaluate the approach in simulation and then apply it to airborne data acquired in the Calwater‐2/ACAPEX campaign of Winter 2015. Here NASA's “Classic” Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS‐C) remotely observed diverse cloud formations while the U.S. Department of Energy ARM Aerial Facility G‐1 aircraft measured cloud integral and microphysical properties in situ. The coincident measurements demonstrate good separation of the thermodynamic phases for relatively homogeneous clouds.
Carbokatalyse in Flüssigphasenreaktionen
Authors: Su Dang Sheng , Wen Guodong , Wu Shuchang , Peng Feng , Schlögl Robert 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDie metallfreie Katalyse ist in Bezug auf nachhaltige Chemie auf ein breites Interesse gestoßen. Kohlenstoffkatalyse ist eine “grüne” Alternative für katalytische Prozesse in der Gas‐ und Flüssigphase. Insbesondere für Dehydrierungen in der Gasphase wurde dies anhand von zahlreichen Beispielen dokumentiert, wobei Kohlenstoff ein vielversprechender Ersatz für Metalloxidsysteme sein kann. Die Kohlenstoffkatalyse in der Flüssigphase, speziell in der organischen Synthese, ist eine aufstrebende Forschungsrichtung, die sich in den letzten Jahren sehr schnell entwickelt hat. Hier wird der aktuelle Entwicklungsstand von Kohlenstoffkatalysatoren für Flüssigphasenreaktionen kritisch analysiert, wobei ein Fokus auf die Reaktionsmechanismen sowie auf Vorteile und Einschränkungen von metallfreien Kohlenstoffkatalysatoren gelegt ist.
Microstructure modulation of α‐Al2O3 hollow fiber membranes with four‐channel geometric configuration
Authors: Cai Chao , Zhang Yuting , Zhang Chun , Gu Xuehong 
Published: August 2016

Abstractα‐Al2O3 four‐channel hollow fiber (4CHF) membrane owns high permeability as well as great mechanical strength. In this work, three typical microstructures of 4CHF membranes with sponge‐like layer located in centric (S1), inner (S2) and outer (S3) regions were demonstrated by changing polyethersulfone content of spinning suspension, ethanol contents of internal and external coagulants, respectively. The 4CHF‐S1 membrane could be prepared by using water as both internal and external coagulants. The central sponge‐like region expanded towards both surface sides with the polyethersulfone content. The 4CHF‐S2 membrane was obtained by using ethanol as internal coagulant while water as external coagulant. And the 4CHF‐S3 membrane was achieved by using ethanol as internal coagulant while water as external coagulant. The typical 4CHF‐S1, 4CHF‐S2 and 4CHF‐S3 membranes exhibited pure water fluxes of 3.38, 3.34 and 3.74 m3 · m−2 · h−1 and fracture loads of 20.86, 20.08 and 18.12 N, respectively. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simplified modeling of the electrospinning process from the stable jet region to the unstable region for predicting the final nanofiber diameter
Authors: Ismail Nagham , Maksoud Fouad Junior , Ghaddar Nesreen , Ghali Kamel , Tehrani‐Bagha Ali 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTElectrospinning allows the production of ultrafine nanofibers through the stretching of a charged polymer jet with an external electrostatic field. In this study, we derived a simplified and accurate model relating the processing parameters, including the solution volumetric flow rate (Q), the applied electric field (E), and the polymer concentration, to the final fiber diameter. The model takes into consideration the jet behavior starting at the stable region and moving to the bending instability region. We validated the model experimentally by performing the electrospinning process with a polyacrylonitrile/N,N‐dimethylformamide solution with different ranges of concentrations (8–11 wt %), Qs (900–1320 μL/h), and Es (88,889–113,889 V/m). The final fiber diameter was measured with scanning electron microscopy. The model predicted the fiber diameter with a relative error of less than 10%. Moreover, a 30% increase in Q resulted in a 15% increase in the fiber diameter, whereas a 30% increase in E resulted in a 14% decrease in the fiber diameter. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44112.
Fast‐swelling superabsorbent polymers with polymerizable macromolecular surfactant as crosslinker
Authors: Chen Haiming , Huang He 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTFast‐swelling superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) have been prepared by micellar cross‐linking copolymerization of acrylic acid and acrylamide using polymerizable macromolecular surfactants (PMSs) as multifunctional crosslinkers, with a foaming technique. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)/acetone and Pluronic F127 were used as foam (or porosity) generators and stabilizer, respectively. It has been found that the PMSs with different polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain length have little effect on the swelling rate of the SAPs, while the foam generators are crucial. In addition, the monomer concentration and the concentration of the PMS are important to the fast swelling rate of the SAPs. For a balance of a relatively fast‐swelling rate, high water absorbency under load and low cost in drying, a monomer concentration of above 50%, 0.08% PMS, and 5% NaHCO3 are preferable. The water absorbency of SAP prepared under optimal conditions could reach half of equilibrium water absorbency in 30 seconds and the saline water absorbency under load could reach 18.4 g/g. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44173.