bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possible alendronate-induced polyarticular synovitis
Authors: Gökkus K , Yazicioglu G , Sagtas E , Uyan A , Aydin AT 
Published: January 2016

We present a case of polyarticular synovitis following alendronate treatment for osteoporosis.
The patient had no evidence of rheumatoid arthritis, pyrophosphate arthropathy, or seronegative/seropositive arthritis. Our main aim in this study is to highlight the potential adverse effects of alendronate and to warn orthopedic surgeons about the possibility of such a side effect that might lead orthopedic surgeons to administer wrong and unnecessary treatments like arthrocentesis. The withdrawal of alendronate is found to be the treatment of choice. Alendronate should be considered as a possible cause of synovitis or polyarthritis in patients treated with this agent in the absence of any other pathology. An association between alendronate and synovitis has rarely been described in the literature. We present a patient who developed polyarticular synovitis after treatment with alendronate and responded to its withdrawal.
Effect of Oscillation Structures on Inertial-Range Intermittence and Topology in Turbulent Field
Authors: Yang Kun , Xia Zhenhua , Shi Yipeng , Chen Shiyi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractUsing the incompressible isotropic turbulent fields obtained from direct numerical simulation and large-eddy simulation, we studied the statistics of oscillation structures based on local zero-crossings and their relation with inertial-range intermittency for transverse velocity and passive scalar. Our results show that for both the velocity and passive scalar, the local oscillation structures are statistically scale-invariant at high Reynolds number, and the inertial-range intermittency of the overall flow region is determined by the most intermittent structures characterized by one local zero-crossing. Local flow patterns conditioned on the oscillation structures are characterized by the joint probability density function of the invariants of the filtered velocity gradient tensor at inertial range. We demonstrate that the most intermittent regions for longitudinal velocity tend to lay at the saddle area, while those for the transverse velocity tend to locate at the vortex-dominated area. The connection between the ramp-cliff structures in passive scalar field and the corresponding saddle regions in the velocity field is also verified by the approach of oscillation structure classification.
Mindfulness- and Acceptance-based Interventions for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Cramer Holger , Lauche Romy , Haller Heidemarie , Langhorst Jost , Dobos Gustav 
Published: January 2016

Background Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions are increasingly studied as a potential treatment for a variety of mental conditions. Objective To assess the effects of mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions on psychotic symptoms and hospitalization in patients with psychosis Methods MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO were screened from inception through April 2015. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were analyzed when they assessed psychotic symptoms or hospitalization in patients with psychosis; affect, acceptance, mind-fulness, and safety were defined as secondary outcomes. Results Eight RCTs with a total of 434 patients comparing mindfulness-based (4 RCTs) or acceptance-based interventions (4 RCTs) to treatment as usual or attention control were included. Six RCTs had low risk of bias. Moderate evidence was found for short-term effects on total psychotic symptoms, positive symptoms, hospitalization rates, duration of hospitalization, and mindfulness and for long-term effects on total psychotic symptoms and duration of hospitalization. No evidence was found for effects on negative symptoms, affect, or acceptance. No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions can be recommended as an additional treatment for patients with psychosis.
Solar activity dependence of nightside aurora in winter conditions
Authors: Zhou Su , Luan Xiaoli , Dou Xiankang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe dependence of the nightside (21:00–03:00 MLT; magnetic local time) auroral energy flux on solar activity was quantitatively studied for winter/dark and geomagnetically quiet conditions. Using data combined from Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Global Ultraviolet Imager and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager observations, we separated the effects of geomagnetic activity from those of solar flux on the nightside auroral precipitation. The results showed that the nightside auroral power was reduced by ~42% in solar maximum (F10.7 = 200 sfu; solar flux unit 1 sfu = 10−22 W m−2 Hz−1) with respect to that under solar minimum (F10.7 = 70 sfu) for the Kp = 1 condition, and this change rate became less (~21%) for the Kp = 3 condition. In addition, the solar cycle dependence of nightside auroral power was similar with that from both the premidnight (21:00–23:00 MLT) and postmidnight (01:00–03:00 MLT) sectors. These results indicated that as the ionospheric ionization increases with the enhanced auroral and geomagnetic activities, the solar activity dependences of nightside auroral power become weaker, at least under geomagnetically quiet conditions.
Increased mass loss and asynchronous behavior of marine‐terminating outlet glaciers at Upernavik Isstrøm, NW Greenland
Authors: Larsen Signe Hillerup , Khan Shfaqat Abbas , Ahlstrøm Andreas Peter , Hvidberg Christine Schøtt , Willis Michael John , Andersen Signe Bech 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn order to model and predict future behavior of marine terminating glaciers, it is essential to understand the different factors that control a glaciers response to climate change. Here we present a detailed study of the asynchronous changes in dynamic behavior of four adjacent marine‐terminating glaciers at Upernavik Isstrøm (UI), northwest Greenland, between 1992 and 2013. Velocities were stable for all outlets at UI between 1992 and 2005. The northernmost glacier started to accelerate and thin in 2006 and continued to do so into 2011 after which time the velocities stabilized. The second most northerly glacier started to accelerate and thin in 2009 and continued to do so until the last observations in 2013, dramatically increasing the area affected by dynamically induced thinning. The southern glaciers show little change, with the most southerly glacier undergoing slight retreat and deceleration between 1992 and 2013. These observations point out the fact that the UI glaciers are reacting to climate change on different timescales. The asynchronous behavior of the four neighboring glaciers is explained in terms of the individual glaciers geometry and terminus position. The northernmost glacier is believed to have had a floating tongue between 1985 and 2007 which disintegrated in 2007–2008. This release of back stress destabilized the glacier causing it to accelerate and thin rapidly. We suggest that the ice tongue broke up due to ocean‐warming‐induced thinning in the late 1990s. Recent response on UI glaciers is found to be related to increased surface melt. Our investigations suggest that three out of the four main glaciers in the UI are likely to be in unstable positions and may have the potential to rapidly thin and accelerate and increase their contribution to sea level in the future.
Estimation of composite hydraulic resistance in ice‐covered alluvial streams
Authors: Ghareh Aghaji Zare Soheil , Moore Stephanie A. , Rennie Colin D. , Seidou Ousmane , Ahmari Habib , Malenchak Jarrod 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFormation, propagation, and recession of ice cover introduce a dynamic boundary layer to the top of rivers during northern winters. Ice cover affects water velocity magnitude and distribution, water level and consequently conveyance capacity of the river. In this research, total resistance, i.e., “composite resistance,” is studied for a 4 month period including stable ice cover, breakup, and open water stages in Lower Nelson River (LNR), northern Manitoba, Canada. Flow and ice characteristics such as water velocity and depth and ice thickness and condition were measured continuously using acoustic techniques. An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and Shallow Water Ice Profiling Sonar (SWIPS) were installed simultaneously on a bottom mount and deployed for this purpose. Total resistance to the flow and boundary roughness are estimated using measured bulk hydraulic parameters. A novel method is developed to calculate composite resistance directly from measured under ice velocity profiles. The results of this method are compared to the measured total resistance and to the calculated composite resistance using formulae available in literature. The new technique is demonstrated to compare favorably to measured total resistance and to outperform previously available methods.
Secondary Metabolites: Deterring Herbivores
Authors: Wink Michael 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAll plants produce and store secondary metabolites (SMs), which are not important for primary or energy metabolism of a plant. However, SMs are not waste products, but important for the ecological fitness and survival of the plants producing them. Apparently, plants have evolved the production and storage of SM as a means to defend themselves against herbivores, bacteria, fungi and viruses, as well as other competing plants. Most SMs can interfere with basic molecular targets of animals or microbes and thus provide plants with an adequate protection against a multitude of enemies. Plants usually produce complex mixtures of SMs, which can work in an additive or even synergistic way. Some defence chemicals address a single target, such as a neurotransmitter receptor or an ion channel; others have a broad‐activity spectrum and exhibit pleiotropic activities on several targets. SMs also serve as signal compounds attracting pollinating and fruit‐dispersing animals.Key ConceptsPlants cannot run away when attacked by herbivores; they use defence chemicals to ward off enemies.Plants do not have an elaborate immune system with specific antibodies to defend themselves against microbes, and instead use antimicrobial secondary metabolites (SMs) in their innate immune system.Plants produce and store complex mixtures of SMs with additive or even synergistic activities.SMs are important for chemical defence but are also used to attract pollinating and fruit‐dispersing animals.The process of biosynthesis, transport and storage of SMs is energetically costly.Some SMs specifically interact with a particular molecular target in herbivores or microbes, whereas other SMs are nonselective, thus being able to address a multitude of enemies.Synthesis, transport and storage of SMs are optimised in space and time to fulfil the ecological functions.Although some SMs are stored in a constitutive way, others are inducible and are only made in case of danger.Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid are important signal molecules in the regulation of SM biosynthesis.Herbivores have evolved effective biochemical adaptations towards the defence chemistry of plants, involving cytochrome p450 enzymes and ABC transporters.
CD1d
‐Restricted Natural Killer
T
Cells
Authors: Hill Timothy M , Bezbradica Jelena S , Van Kaer Luc , Joyce Sebastian 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Natural killer T (NKT) cells that express the semi‐invariant T‐cell receptor are innate‐like lymphocytes whose functions are controlled by self and foreign glycolipid ligands. Such ligands are presented by the antigen‐presenting, MHC class I‐like molecule CD1d, which belongs to a family of lipid antigen‐presenting molecules collectively called CD1. Activation of NKT cells
in vivo
results in rapid release of copious amounts of effector cytokines and chemokines with which they regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens, certain types of cancers and self‐antigens. The nature of CD1d‐restricted ligands, the manners in which they are recognised and the unique effector functions of NKT cells suggest an immunoregulatory role for this T‐cell subset. Their ability to respond fast and our ability to steer NKT cell cytokine responses to altered lipid ligands make them an important target for vaccine design and immunotherapies against autoimmune diseases. This article summarises our current understanding of CD1d‐restricted NKT cell biology and how these innate‐like lymphocytes control inflammation.

Key Concepts

CD1d molecules belong to a family of lipid antigen‐presenting molecules collectively called CD1.

CD1d molecules resemble peptide antigen‐presenting MHC class I molecules.

CD1d molecules restrict the specificity and functions of Natural killer T (NKT) cells.

NKT cells recognise self‐ and nonself‐lipid ligands.

Antigen recognition quickly activates NKT cells, which respond immediately by releasing proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines.

Activated NKT cells communicate with cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems by cell–cell interactions and/or via soluble mediators.

Such communications allow NKT cells to control immune responses to microbial pathogens and certain cancers.

NKT‐cell activation has beneficial and, sometimes, adverse effects on certain autoimmune and metabolic disorders.

NKT cells are targets for vaccine adjuvants and immunotherapies.
Streptomycetaceae: Phylogeny, Ecology and Pathogenicity
Authors: Glaeser Stefanie P , Kämpfer Peter 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe family Streptomycetaceae contains three genera,Streptomyces,KitasatosporaandStreptacidiphilus, withStreptomycesbeing the best known and most diverse of these three genera. Members of this family are adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions and habitats, and show a variety of colony – and cell morphological characteristics.Streptomycesare notable for their complex developmental cycle and production of bioactive secondary metabolites, producing more than two‐thirds of commercially available and clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin (e.g. neomycin, cypemycin, grisemycin, bottromycins and chloramphenicol). Antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and immunosuppressant compounds have all been identified as products ofStreptomycessecondary metabolism. Isolated predominantly from soil and decaying vegetation, most streptomycetes produce spores. Many of them produce a distinct ‘earthy’ odour that results from production of a volatile metabolite, geosmin. They are also capable of forming many and diverse hydrolytic exoenzymes, like cellulases and chitinases. The genetics and genomics of streptomycetes is a rapidly developing area. Only a fewStreptomycesspecies are known to be pathogens, although infections, in humans, such as mycetoma, can be caused byS. somaliensisandS. sudanensis, and in plants can be caused byS. caviscabies,S. acidiscabies,S. turgidiscabiesandS. scabies.Key ConceptsComparisons of whole genome sequences will become the future basis of classification ofStreptomycesspecies.Morphological and physiological features as well as chemotaxonomic markers remain distinctive and important for the taxonomy of the family Streptomycetaceae.Genetics and Genomics of streptomycetes reveal complex mechanisms of adaptation to various environments.Antimicrobial compounds and other secondary metabolites are produced in natural habitats inter‐kingdom communication, as signal molecules or defence molecules to defend a growth niche.
Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion and Disease
Authors: Higgins Gavin C , Coughlan Melinda T 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

The mitochondria are a multifaceted organelle, central to the function of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are critical to cell metabolism and critical for regulation of intrinsic cell death pathways. This balance between life and death is reliant on the process of mitochondrial fission and fusion, constantly joining and separating to maintain the mitochondrial network within the cell and to facilitate cellular events such as mitosis, biogenesis and maintenance of mitochondrial integrity via mitophagy. The dynamic fluctuations in the architecture of these organelles is garnering increased attention across a broad range of disciplines and diseases. Such diseases include genetic disorders such as Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease type
2A
and autosomal‐dominant optic atrophy, as well as pathologies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction such as chronic neurodegeneration such as Parkinson disease, type 2 diabetes and various forms of chronic and acute kidney injury.

Key Concepts

Mitochondria undergo constant fission and fusion to maintain function and biogenesis.

Impairment of mitochondrial dynamics can result in reduced oxidative phosphorylation and cell death.

Impairment of mitochondrial dynamics is associated with diseases involving cells abundant in mitochondria.

Mitochondrial fusion is associated with energy production.

Mitochondrial fragmentation is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and turnover by mitophagy.
Genetics of Essential Tremor
Authors: Jiménez‐Jiménez Félix Javier , Alonso‐Navarro Hortensia , García‐Martín Elena , Ortega‐Cubero Sara , Pastor Pau , Agúndez José AG 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe etiopathogenesis of essential tremor (ET) is not definitively resolved. The role of genetics in the development of ET is supported by epidemiological and family studies. A high frequency of positive family history of ET or tremor among subjects with ET has been reported. In addition, twin studies have shown higher concordance rates of ET in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins. However, a role of environmental factors, at least in nonfamilial forms, cannot be excluded. Linkage and whole exome sequencing studies have identified several susceptibility loci for familial ET, which only should explain a small percentage of ET heritability. Genome‐Wide Association Studies (GWAS) identified two genes related with ET risk, but the results of further meta‐analysis showed a modest increase in the risk for familial ET by twoLINGO1gene variants. Recently, missense mutations in TENM4 gene, a regulator of axon guidance and central myelination, possibly cause essential tremor. Several case–control association studies have shown association between the variants of certain genes in the risk for ET, but they deserve confirmation by further studies.Key ConceptsGenetic factors play an important role in the risk for ET, as is supported by the high frequency of positive family history of tremor, and data from twin studies.As not all cases of ET are explained by genetic factors, a possible role of unknown environmental factors has been suggested in sporadic ET.The usual inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance, although typical autosomal dominant, multifactorial, non‐Mendelian or other inheritance patterns have been described.Linkage studies identified three susceptibility loci (ETM1,ETM2andETM3) for ET in several families, but they have not been replicated in others.Whole exome sequencing studies have identified other three susceptibility loci (FUS/TLSorETM4,HTRA2andTENM4) in several families. These data await confirmation.Genome‐Wide Association Studies (GWAS) described increased risk related with variants ofLINGO1(a meta‐analysis of studies showed a modest increase of risk in familial essential tremor) andSLC1A2(not confirmed in a meta‐analysis) genes.A recent study, which deserve further replication, has shown association between two variants ofheme‐oxygenase 1and2(HMOX1andHMOX2), involved in iron metabolism, and the risk for ET.Interaction between genes could possibly influence the risk for ET, as suggested in recent experimental models.
Thalidomide and Birth Defects
Authors: Fraga Lucas Rosa , Diamond Alexandra J , Vargesson Neil 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Thalidomide is a teratogenic drug that caused horrific birth defects when prescribed as an antiemetic to pregnant women in the 1960s. The most stereotypical defect is symmetrical limb malformations such as phocomelia, although ear, eye and internal organ defects are also observed. Thalidomide was consequently withdrawn from the market. However, Thalidomide has since been shown to have many beneficial antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, and is therefore used in a regulated manner in the treatment against cancers and inflammatory disorders. Sadly, new cases of babies being born affected by thalidomide, likely due to medicine sharing, are reported in Brazil. The mechanisms of how thalidomide causes a wide range of embryonic malformations are becoming clearer; thalidomide is thought to act through molecules such as cereblon and tubulin and also affects blood vessel development and cell death, resulting in teratogenesis. Fully understanding the molecular events induced by thalidomide is essential if we are to develop a safe but clinically relevant form of the drug.

Key Concepts

Thalidomide was used between 1957 and 1961 as a ‘safe’ treatment for morning sickness, but was withdrawn after it was found to cause severe birth defects.

Thalidomide has since been shown to possess antiinflammatory, antiangiogenic and antiproliferative properties.

Thalidomide is now used, under strict regulations, to treat human inflammatory disorders and cancer.

Thalidomide causes embryonic damage in a short time‐sensitive window between day 20 and 36 postfertilisation in humans.

Thalidomide causes damage to the majority of the body tissues; among the most common and stereotypical damage is to the limbs.

Effects of thalidomide can vary depending on the species exposed, some species being more sensitive to the drug than others.

Evidence supports blood vessels as a primary target of thalidomide.

Possible other pathways involved in thalidomide‐induced embryopathy are oxidative stress induction, cell death and binding to Cereblon.

Cereblon acts as a target of thalidomide for treatment of multiple myeloma in adult humans.
Prions
Authors: Lawson Victoria A 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the aberrant folding of the normal cellular prion protein. The disease affects both humans and animals and in humans occurs in sporadic, familial and acquired forms. In the absence of a conventional infectious agent, the acquired forms of the disease occur through the transmission and propagation of the misfolded form of the prion protein, or prion. This article will review the key clinical and pathological features of prion diseases affecting animals and humans and the characteristics of the normal and disease‐associated forms of the prion protein. It will further demonstrate how scientific research has contributed to our understanding of how a misfolded protein can transmit disease between individuals of the same and different species.

Key Concepts

Prion protein misfolding and disease.

An overview of prion diseases that affect humans and animals.

Biology of the cellular prion protein.

Proving that a protein can transmit disease.

What is the species barrier and prion strains.

An introduction to ‘prion‐like’ protein aggregation.