bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Key Enabling Technologies v ČR – internacionalizace výzkumu a průmyslového vlastnictví / Key Enabling Technologies in the Czech Republic – the internationalization of research and of industrial property rights
Authors: Kučera Zdeněk , Vondrák Tomáš 
Published: February 2016

This article aims to examine the character of the international relationships of the Czech Republic in R&D in the Key Enabling Technologies (KETs), and in the protection of international industrial property rights. The analysis of the publication activities indicates an increase of the internationalization of the Czech R&D in nanotechnology and to a lesser extent in advanced manufacturing technologies both in an absolute volume and relatively to the overall internalization of the whole Czech R&D system. The R&D related to KETs uses the foreign expertise less than is the overall extent of the R&D international collaboration of the Czech Republic. The traditional Czech R&D partners USA, UK, and Germany dominate in the KETs oriented collaborations. The collaboration in photonics and micro- and nanoelectronic with Japan, in nanotechnology with Malaysia and in advanced materials with Singapore is significantly higher than the overall collaboration with these countries. On the other side it is rather disquieting, that countries with advanced R&D like Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Sweden are underrepresented in the KETs oriented Czech collaborative research.
The patent analysis indicates that almost a half of the inventions in which the Czech researchers participated, is co-owned by foreign subjects. This probably relates to a significant number of global corporations or subsidiaries with R&D operating in the Czech Republic. In micro- and nanolelectronics and to a significant extent in photonics more than half of patent applications are co-owned by foreign entities. Most of the patent applications originating from Czech inventors are owned by US subjects. On the other hand the fraction of patent applications which have foreign inventors and are co-owned by Czech subjects is significantly lower in comparison with developed countries.
Kierkegaard, Metaphysics, and Love
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNoting Heidegger’s critique of Kierkegaard’s way of relating time and eternity, the paper offers an alternative reading of Kierkegaard that suggests Heidegger has overlooked crucial elements in the Kierkegaardian account. Gabriel Marcel and Sharon Krishek are used to counter Heidegger’s minimizing of the deaths of others and to show how the deaths of others may become integral to our sense of self. This prepares the way for revisiting Kierkegaard’s discourse on the work of love in remembering the dead. Against the criticism that this reveals the absence of the other in Kierkegaardian love, the paper argues that, on the contrary, it shows how Kierkegaard conceives the self as inseparable from the core relationships of love that, despite of death, constitute it as the self that it is.
Kierkegaard and the Sheer Phenomenon of Love
Authors: Søltoft Pia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this article we will argue that Kierkegaard has a positive view of love as a sheer natural and universal phenomenon. This sheer phenomenon of love is rooted in God’s love and is implanted in human nature by its Creator. Therefore this natural urge to love, that manifests itself both as a lack and a surplus, should not be juxtaposed to Christian neighbor love. For Kierkegaard there is one love, but this one love, hidden in the ground in every person, puts on different shapes and lets itself be known through these different forms. In this article we are interested in the dreaming and searching desire as described in “The Immediate Erotic Stages or The Musical-Erotic” in the first part of Either/Or, as these first and unconscious forms of love are the presupposition for falling in love, another form of love that is investigated in the article. We will argue the original form of love is preferential love, but that neighbor love, as a non-preferential type of love, springs from the same love that is given by God and hidden in every person.
Kierkegaard on the Atonement: The Complementarity of Salvation as a Gift and Salvation as a Task
Authors: Barrett Lee C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractKierkegaard’s complex use of atonement language has generated interpretive disputes about his understanding of that doctrine. The perplexity is due to the fact that Kierkegaard employed four different atonement motifs, all rooted in the history of the Christian tradition and all circulating in his contemporary Denmark. Two of these emphasized the objectivity of the atonement, while two of them described it as a phenomenon in the subjectivity of the believer. The unique thing about Kierkegaard’s use of all of these themes was his insistence that they only acquired significance when they were situated in the appropriate forms of pathos, which his literature tried to evoke. Consequently, the integration of these seemingly divergent views of the atonement would occur not in a theological system, but in the harmonization of specific passions in the life of an individual.
Love’s Hidden Laugh: On Jest, Earnestness, and Socratic Indirection in Kierkegaard’s “Praising Love”
Authors: Stock Timothy 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSocrates is closer to Kierkegaard’s sense of Christian life than we might suspect, especially in the duty to love the ugly elaborated in Works of Love. Socratic jest gives indirection to passion for the sake of loving the neighbor. This passage buttresses the thesis that comedy forms a confinium between the ethical and religious spheres, and advances ugly, laughing, yet lovable Socrates as a comic paragon.
Die philosophische Verflüchtigung des Glaubensbegriffs. Kierkegaards Auseinandersetzung mit Immanuel Hermann Fichte
Authors: Schreiber Gerhard 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWho is Kierkegaard’s target when he criticizes the philosophical “volatilization” of Christian faith? In this paper I will argue that Kierkegaard’s early dispute with Immanuel Hermann Fichte in the spring of 1837 can be considered not only as the background of this critique, but also as the key to its proper understanding. After outlining the argument in Fichte’s book The Idea of Personality and Individual Continuity (1834) in Section I, I will provide an interpretation of Kierkegaard’s critical remarks on the younger Fichte in journal entry AA:22 in Section II. In Section III, I will then explore the relation between AA:22 and the journal entry CC:12, in which Kierkegaard for the first time expresses his critique of the philosophical “volatilization” of central Christian concepts. Here I hope to show that, according to Kierkegaard, the philosophical “volatilization” of Christian faith consists in the inappropriate usage of this concept within the philosophical realm, a misuse which results from conflating the realms and boundaries of philosophy and Christianity.
Why a Danish Golden Age? Structural Holes in 19th Century Copenhagen
Authors: Gilbert Thomas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSituating historical intellectuals within a wider Danish “Golden Age” is common in Kierkegaard research, but there are few explanations for why this period occurred and why it would develop as a single cultural entity. I review a prominent example in the secondary literature, Bruce Kirmmse’s Kierkegaard in Golden Age Denmark, and then present, through the use of structural hole theory, an alternate interpretation of the Golden Age’s origins and cultural makeup-one that portrays it as both intellectually heterogeneous yet structurally cohesive. Furthermore, I suggest that the evolution of Kierkegaard’s pseudonymous authorship, rather than being exogenous to this cultural system, was definitively shaped by the social processes that produced the Danish Golden Age.
The Aporia of Decision: Revisiting the Question of Decision in Kierkegaard
Authors: Hansen Bjarke Mørkøre Stigel 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In this essay I will examine the various ways in which the concept of decision emerges in the writings of Kierkegaard focusing mainly on the Philosophical Fragments and the Postscript. This prepares the way for revisiting Kierkegaard’s concept of decision. Doing so indicates the radical way in which Kierkegaard connects the concept of decision to an aporia. The crucial existential concept of decision not only concerns the difficulty, or even the impasse, pertaining to knowledge, but also relates to the question of how the singular finds his or her own way through existence
Søren Kierkegaard’s Historical Jesus as the Christ of Faith
Authors: Müller Mogens 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In The Concept of Irony (1841) Kierkegaard employs tendency criticism in his analysis, showing how the picture of Socrates is highly dependent upon the perception of the authors describing him: Xenophon, Plato and Aristophanes. Further, in Philosophical Fragments (1844) and the Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846), following up on Lessing’s problem, if anything historical is capable of offering a point of departure for an eternal consciousness, he develops his paradoxical Christology claiming the divine not to be directly recognizable. Accordingly, one could imagine that Kierkegaard could accept the result of historical critical scholarship claiming the dependence of the gospel stories, on their authors’ perception of Jesus. However, Kierkegaard reads the gospels as if biblical criticism did not exist. The earthly Jesus of the gospels not only is the Christ, but he also has become so without the confession to him as the resurrected Lord. Thus Kierkegaard totally eliminates the “fact” that we have access to the historical Jesus through the reception of his believers alone
Shaftesbury—An Important Forgotten Indirect Source of Kierkegaard’s Thought
Authors: Amir Lydia B. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The third Earl of Shaftesbury is not only a forgotten indirect source of Kierkegaard’s thought, but an important one as well. Kierkegaard adopts many ideas of the British philosopher of the Enlightenment, paraphrases him in his journals and writings and refers to him explicitly when introducing his interest in the legitimacy of the comic in Concluding Unscientific Postscript. To the best of my knowledge, however, there is no reference to Shaftesbury in the literature on Kierkegaard; thus, the relationship between the two thinkers has not been investigated. In this article, I propose to fill this gap as well as explain how Shaftesbury could have influenced Kierkegaard’s thought. I argue that Shaftesbury anticipates some of the problems that Kierkegaard is usually credited with formulating, as well as some of the solutions Kierkegaard found to the problems they share. In particular, I maintain that Kierkegaard’s reference to Shaftesbury reveals an important debt.With his views on the relation of the comic to truth, Kierkegaard not only joins the interminable debate that followed Shaftesbury’s alleged assertion that ridicule is the test of truth but also settles it by devising his ethics of the comic
Ways of Dying: The Double Death in Kierkegaard and Blanchot
Authors: Michaelsen Cathrine Bjørnholt 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Focusing mainly on Christian Discourses and the discourse “At a Graveside,” this paper seeks to unfold and discuss the various ways of dying depicted by Kierkegaard. By engaging Maurice Blanchot’s conception of a “double death,” I will argue that different relations to death are attributed to the pagan and to the believer. Special attention is drawn to the divergent temporalities that apparently define the possibilities and impossibilities of dying. This approach also involves an investigation of the “dispersion” and the “contemporaneity” pertaining to the dying pagan and the dying believer, respectively
Kierkegaard, Hannah Arendt and the Advent of the “Hollow Men” or towards a Kierkegaardian Reading of Eichmann in Jerusalem
Authors: Rossatti Gabriel Guedes 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Hannah Arendt realized through her confrontation with Eichmann in Jerusalem that totalitarian regimes and, in a more general sense, modernity promote “thoughtlessness,” understood as the inability to think from an ethical point of view. As such, I argue that Eichmann’s figure is entirely comprehensible from a Kierkegaardian perspective, inasmuch as Kierkegaard had already comprehended in the mid-nineteenth century that modernity was accountable for the fomenting of “nobodies” characterized precisely by “thoughtlessness.” In this sense, my article seeks to promote an approximation between Kierkegaard’s and Arendt’s works (with special reference to Eichmann in Jerusalem) with the intention of discussing the centrality of the Socratic-Augustinian notions of “conscience” and “individuality” in their conceptions of ethics and politics. In sum, I argue that what links both Kierkegaard’s and Arendt’s thought is a form of “Socratic citizenship.”
Crystal structure of poly[aqua-ethylenediamine-tetraacetatolead(II)zinc(II)]
Authors: Zhang Rong-Hua , Zhao Dan , Ma Fa-Xue 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
C10H14N2O9PbZn, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 7.4992(6) Å, b = 8.2890(7) Å, c = 11.8236(10) Å, α = 101.604(1)°, β = 106.540(1)°, γ = 98.931(1)°, V = 672.25(10) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.019, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.044, T = 296(2) K.
Reducing the Risks of Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching in Presence of Iron Ions in Paper
Authors: Niehus Lena , Henniges Ute , Horsky Monika , Prohaska Thomas , Potthast Antje , Brückle Irene 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSeveral reagents were tested as possible future pre-treatments to hydrogen peroxide bleaching of discoloured paper with the goal of minimizing the degrading effect of hydrogen peroxide on cellulose. Two historic rag papers were used as testing substrate, one with high, the other with low levels of iron ion content. The two papers underwent the following test protocol: all samples were rinsed in deionized water for ten minutes. Samples were then divided to undergo seven different bleaching pre-treatments: (1) deacidification with calcium hydroxide solution at pH 9; (2) deacidification with magnesium hydrogen carbonate solution at pH 7.5; (3) hydrochloric acid (HCl, 0.1 M, pH 1) followed by deacidification with calcium hydroxide; (4) calcium phytate (1.75 mmol/L, pH 5.3) followed by deacidification with calcium hydroxide; (5) magnesium phytate (pH 6.5) followed by deacidification with magnesium hydrogen carbonate solution; (6) and (7) the chelating agent diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA, 0.005 mol/L, pH 3) followed by deacidification either with calcium hydroxide or magnesium hydrogen carbonate. All samples were immersed in 3% hydrogen peroxide baths (pH 9, adjusted with calcium hydroxide). They were dynamically aged in a customized setup in a stack (20°C-80°C, three hour intervals, six weeks). The samples underwent analyses before treatment, after bleaching and after accelerated ageing. The molecular weight and carbonyl group content of the cellulose were determined with fluorescence labelling in combination with gel permeation chromatography (GPC-MALLS). Brightness reversion of the papers was determined by colourimetry. The iron content level was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) before and after treatment. The paper with low iron ion content did not benefit measurably from the pre-treatments, whereas the paper with high iron content benefited from some of the pre-treatments, as determined after accelerated aging. The least increase in carbonyl group content after accelerated ageing was achieved with calcium phytate (4); followed by magnesium phytate (5); and DTPA with magnesium hydrogen carbonate deacidification (7). The highest carbonyl group increase was caused by the calcium hydroxide pre-treatment (1). The Mw was best with the phytate-treated samples (4 and 5), followed by DTPA with magnesium hydrogen carbonate deacidification (7) and hydrochloric acid (3); the calcium-hydroxide deacidified sample showed the greatest Mw loss (1). All of tested iron removal and complexation treatments (3-7) diminished brightness reversion. DTPA (6 and 7) and hydrochloric acid (3) diminished the iron ion content of the high-iron-content paper by 30%. In sum, the tests 3-7 showed distinct benefits over deacidification alone (1 and 2) and may become viable as pre-treatment agents before hydrogen peroxide bleaching after further testing on object materials.
Compiled Hindsight? Publishers’ Archives in South Africa
Authors: Roux Elizabeth le 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPublishing is an important cultural industry, and its products form part of the record of our social and cultural history. Yet what of the records of the publishers themselves - the voluminous correspondence, financial information, manuscripts, policies, review reports, and so on - and what is preserved of such records? In this paper, I propose to discuss the ways in which South African publishers keep - and do not keep - archives. If we are to write a full publishing history in this country, then it is imperative that there should be archives, records, sources of information. Yet publishers, while concerned with record-keeping for corporate purposes, turn out to be not particularly good at keeping records for posterity, for examination, or for independent study. A key problem is access to source material for further study, as often it has not been retained, or certain corporate archives are closed to outsiders and considered confidential. This problem is the result of a tension between why such archives may have been compiled for ‘management information’, precedent, or compliance and what users such as historians or other researchers may seek in them. There is a core difference in what each party regards as valuable. In other words, we may view publishers and their products as part of a cultural industry, but they largely view themselves as business entities. Another problem with sources results from the repressive legislation of the past, which banned books, suppressed authors and constrained publishers. The effect was to create gaps, omissions and even excisions in the archives that survive. This paper aims to examine which kinds of traces survive, and under what circumstances, in the archives of South African publishers, using a case study approach. As part of a larger, ongoing project, this would be of use to researchers who are seeking to write publisher histories, as well as to publishing houses with haphazard policies for sorting and retaining records for archival purposes.
Preservation of Pastels: A Comparative Study on Museum Preservation Practice in France, Germany and Austria
Authors: Voßkamp Friederike 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPastel paintings and drawings are particularly fragile due to the friable nature of this medium. At risk of severe mechanical, chemical and biological deterioration, pastels present a particular challenge for museum conservators. Protecting these sensitive artworks from damage during display, storage, manipulation or transportation is therefore a priority for every museum and other institution owning pastels. This paper provides an overview of different approaches to the preservation of pastels as practiced by ten museums across France, Germany and Austria. The selected museums each house an important pastel collection and agreed to respond to a survey about the conservation methods used in caring for these collections. The paper addresses the three main categories of the survey: display, storage and transportation of pastels. The first section includes a particular focus on the mounting and framing techniques used in the different museums.
Damage Due to Ageing of Paper Brushed with Iron Ferrocyanide Pigment (Prussian Blue) / Schädigung von Papier durch Preußischblau durch künstliche Alterung / Dégradation du papier lors du vieillissement artificiel après application d’un pigment ferrocyanure ferrique (bleu de Prusse)
Authors: Inaba Masamitsu , Kida Keiko 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPaper samples impregnated with aqueous solutions of iron sulphate (FeSO
Stacked Storage System for Large Works on Paper
Authors: Velensek Nora , Meyer Fabienne , Hummert Eva , Brückle Irene 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAbout 1400 works on paper in the collection of the Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin were analysed for sheet dimensions and their aspect ratios and considered for storage- and handling-related damages. A new stacked enclosure system was developed for objects measuring up to 1350 × 950 mm to upgrade flat file storage, to reduce the risk of mechanical damage and improve the ease of handling in the museum study room and for exhibition preparation. Five defined standard dimensions for oversized artworks on paper and for enclosures and frames were introduced at the museum. They reflect the most common aspect ratios of 1:1.4 followed by 1:1.3. The new enclosure system consists of an outer shallow cardboard tray that holds up to five artworks enclosed in a folder. The folders are made either of cardboard, of a corrugated backboard and a cardboard cover, or of a corrugated backboard faced with museum board to which the object can be hinged; the latter serves as a mounting board for framing when the front cardboard cover is folded back. The trays are stackable. The corrugated cardboard walls of the tray retard the transfer of external relative humidity fluctuations into the stacked storage system.
Fungal Biodeterioration of Paper: How are Paper and Book Conservators Dealing with it? An International Survey
Authors: Sequeira Sílvia O. , Cabrita Eurico J. , Macedo Maria F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPaper biodeterioration by fungi has always been a concern in archives, libraries and museums. Several guidelines have been published regarding the prevention of fungal development in paper collections and recovery of affected objects, but what is actually being implemented from the literature by worldwide paper and book conservators? How common is this type of biodeterioration? What needs to be further studied? In order to access this information we conducted an online international questionnaire with participants from 20 different countries. The results show that fungal biodeterioration is highly common in paper collections. All of the respondents already had to deal with paper deteriorated by fungi, and although the vast majority uses active measures to prevent fungal development, most of them have already experienced active fungal infestations. The mainly used preventive measures are the ones concerned with the control of the environmental conditions in storage and display rooms. Drying the affected paper objects and applying 70% ethanol are the most preferred options to stop active fungal growth. The study of non-toxic and safer antifungals is considered here as the most relevant research topic in the area of paper biodeterioration by fungi, meaning that the options currently available are not totally satisfactory.
Methods of Creating, Testing and Identifying Traditional Black Persian Inks
Authors: Zekrgoo Sadra 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThere has been a great amount of historical research and scientific analysis done on the two main black inks, i.e. carbon ink and iron gall ink. However, Persian master calligraphers have passed down a great amount of information and recipes on making not only the mentioned inks, but other types as well. These recipes are found in the treatises and manuscripts of master calligraphers such as Abdullah Sayrafi (16th C), Sultan Ali Mashhadi (d. 1519), Baba Shah Isfahani (