bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV Risk Behaviors and Testing History in Historically Black College and University Settings
Authors: Thomas Peter E. , Voetsch Andrew C. , Song Binwei , Calloway Denyce , Goode Carolyn , Mundey Lynette , Nobles Joanne , Sly Kaye , Smith Michelle R. , Williams Brenda , Shiloh Mattie , Patterson Kevin , Ward Sybil , Sullivan Patrick S. , Heffelfinger James D. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. From 2001 through 2005, African Americans accounted for the largest percentage of new cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in all age categories, especially among people aged 13 to 24 years. Although students attending historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) report many of the behaviors that promote HIV transmission, their risk behaviors and HIV testing practices have not been well-characterized. We compared the demographic and behavioral characteristics of people who have been previously tested for HIV with those of people tested for the first time in this demonstration project to increase HIV testing at HBCUs. Methods. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and collaborating partners conducted rapid HIV testing and behavioral surveys at HBCUs in Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, and Washington, D.C., from January 2005 to April 2007. We recruited a convenience sample of students and community members at different campus venues including student health centers, dormitories, and student activity centers. Results. Our analysis included 5,291 people, 42% of whom reported they had never been tested for HIV. People who had been tested in the past were more likely to be older, believe they were at high risk for infection, have visited a health-care facility, and report behaviors that increased their risk of HIV infection. Conclusion. Respondents who believed they were at increased risk for HIV infection or reported behaviors that increased their risk for infection were more likely to have been tested for HIV. Future research should compare actual vs. perceived risk for HIV infection and contrast how each impacts HIV testing.
Incorporating Rapid HIV Testing into Partner Counseling and Referral Services
Authors: Begley Elin B. , Oster Alexandra M. , Song Binwei , Lesondak Linda , Voorhees Kelly , Esquivel Magdalena , Merrick Ronald L. , Carrel Jack , Sebesta Douglas , Vergeront James , Shrestha Dhana , Heffelfinger James D. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. Partner counseling and referral services (PCRS) provide a unique opportunity to decrease transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by notifying sex and drug-injection partners of HIV-infected individuals of their exposure to HIV. We incorporated rapid HIV testing into PCRS to reduce barriers associated with conventional HIV testing and identify undiagnosed HIV infection within this high-risk population. Methods. From April 2004 through June 2006, HIV-infected people (index clients) were interviewed, and their partners were notified of their potential exposure to HIV and offered rapid HIV testing at six sites in the United States. The numbers of index clients participating and the numbers of partners interviewed and tested were compared by site. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. Results. A total of 2,678 index clients were identified, of whom 779 (29%) provided partner locating information. A total of 1,048 partners were elicited, of whom 463 (44%) were both interviewed and tested for HIV. Thirty-seven partners (8%) were newly diagnosed with HIV. The number of index clients interviewed to identify one partner with newly diagnosed HIV infection ranged from 10 to 137 at the participating sites. Conclusions. PCRS provides testing and prevention services to people at high risk for HIV infection. Incorporating rapid HIV testing into PCRS and identifying previously undiagnosed infections likely confer individual and public health benefits. Further evaluation is needed to determine the best methods of identifying partners with previously unrecognized HIV infection.
National Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Surveillance Framework and Recent Estimates
Authors: Iqbal Shahed , Clower Jacquelyn H. , King Michael , Bell Jeneita , Yip Fuyuen Y. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. Unintentional, non-fire-related (UNFR) carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a leading cause of poisoning in the United States. A comprehensive national CO poisoning surveillance framework is needed to obtain accurate estimates of CO poisoning burden and guide prevention efforts. This article describes the current national CO poisoning surveillance framework and reports the most recent national estimates. Methods. We analyzed mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System multiple cause-of-death file, emergency department (ED) and hospitalization data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Projects Nationwide Emergency Department Sample and Nationwide Inpatient Sample, hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) data from HBOT facilities, exposure data from the National Poison Data System, and CO alarm prevalence data from the American Housing Survey and the National Health Interview Survey. Results. In the United States, 2,631 UNFR CO deaths occurred from 1999 to 2004, an average of 439 deaths annually. In 2007, there were 21,304 (71 per one million population) ED visits and 2,302 (eight per one million population) hospitalizations for confirmed cases of CO poisoning. In 2009, 552 patients received HBOT, and from 2000 to 2009, 68,316 UNFR CO exposures were reported to poison centers. Most nonfatal poisonings were among children (<18 years of age) and females; hospitalizations and deaths occurred more frequently among males and elderly people (>65 years of age). More poisonings occurred during winter months and in the Midwest and Northeast. Conclusions. UNFR CO poisoning poses a significant public health burden. Systematic evaluation of data sources coupled with modification and expansion of the surveillance framework might assist in developing effective prevention strategies.
Physical Chemistry of Crosslinking
Authors: Madan G. L. , Patel S. B. , Baddi N. T. , Mehta P. C. 
Published: January 2017

Crosslinked cotton fabrics suffer significant losses in strength and abrasion resistance. In order to understand why these losses occur and also to reduce them, the physical chemistry of the process of crosslinking and the role of adsorption in the crosslinking reaction were studied. An attempt is made to relate adsorption and reactivity of different cyclic urea derivatives (DMEU, DMPU, DHEU, and DMDHEU) to the molecular structure, solution properties, pH, nature and concentration of catalyst, temperature, and time of reaction. Solution properties of crosslinking compounds were determined from measurements of electrical conductivity and the depression of the freezing points of aqueous solutions of the crosslinking compounds. A study on chemisorption with different cyclic urea derivatives showed that the maximum chemisorption takes place at pH 2.5 with DMEU and DMPU, and at 0.8 and zero pH with DHEU and DMDHEU, respectively. The kinetics of chemisorption in these crosslinking compounds revealed that the amount of DMEU and DMPU chemisorbed increases initially with time and then decreases and finally reaches an equilibrium value. The chemisorption of DHEU and DMDHEU increase with time and finally reach an equilibrium value. The data show that the chemisorption of these crosslinking compounds are pseudo first-order reactions with respect to the concentration of the crosslinking agent. Equilibrium physical and chemisorption for all the four crosslinking compounds were studied and found to be of the Langmuir type. The thermodynamic parameters such as affinity, enthalpy, and entropy of chemisorption were calculated. The saturation value for different crosslinking compounds are found to be in the order DMEU > DMPU > DHEU > DMDHEU.
A Convenient Method for Preparing the Cell-Membrane Network of the Wool Fiber, and a Note on the Effect of Ethanol on the Membranes in the Intact Fiber
Authors: Makinson K. Rachel 
Published: January 2017

A method is described for the rapid preparation of the cell-membrane network of a wool fiber in an expanded form suitable for microscopy. The form of the network is considerably modified by prior soaking of the fiber in ethanol at ambient temperature; this is ascribed to extraction of lipids from the membranes, so destroying their mutual adhesion by releasing them from the intercellular cement. A modification of the preparative technique is described that produces cortical cell membranes inside a tube of mutually adhering, relatively unaltered cuticle cells. This modification reveals particularly clearly the bilaterality of the cortex and any differences in reactions of the cuticle around the circumference of the fiber. Some earlier work on the existence of a “sub-cutis,” “sub-cuticular membrane,” or “zwischenmembran” is discussed and reinterpreted in the light of certain features observed in the course of this work. Deposition of polymers on the fiber makes the cuticle less extensible, so that it may split during preparation of the membranes.
Disparity and development in Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Trivedi Prashant Kumar 
Published: January 2017

Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh are coming closer as India's largest state has to vote before May 2007. Before elections different political parties have to come out with their election manifestoes and it is high time for researchers to present the true picture of development in the state so that development issues find a place on the agenda of the coming assembly elections. Voting on development issues may influence priorities of the coming government. There have been numerous studies regarding development issues in India and many of them cover UP as well. These studies focus on one or the other aspects of the development and fail to cover different dimensions of development. In this situation this paper attempts to present an overall picture of development in the state on the basis of secondary data provided by Census of India, National Sample Survey Organisation, National Family Health Survey and different reports, papers and books published on the subject. To present the true state of development this paper covers different aspects of development including poverty, land possession, employment, per capita consumer expenditure, education, health, structure of dwelling, access to drinking water and electricity. It also tries to capture differentiation that exists at regional, rural-urban, caste, class and gender levels. After the Introduction, the main body of the paper discusses various development indicators and ends with a few observations of different scholars. This paper notes that despite some development in a few dimensions, UP lags far behind other Indian states. It still houses a large poor population and disparities among different groups are substantially high. This situation is related to the dominant caste-class structure.
The Effectiveness of Weekly Iron Supplementation in Pregnant Women of Rural Northern Malawi
Authors: Young M W , Lupafya E , Kapenda E , Bobrow E A 
Published: January 2017

A weekly iron/folate supplement was compared with a standard daily iron/folate supplement in pregnant women living in rural Malawi. Women were enrolled as they attended the local antenatal clinic, stratified by grade of anaemia and then randomized to receive either 60 mg iron/0.25 mg folate per day ( n=211) or 120 mg iron/0.50 mg folate once a week ( n=202). Supplementation was continued for a minimum of 8 weeks (10 weeks on average) and was self administered by the women at home. Initial haemoglobin values for the daily (μ=105.7g/l) and weekly (μ=104.4g/l) groups as well as final haemoglobin values (107.5 g/l and 105.6 g/l, respectively) did not differ significantly between the two groups. Haemoglobin values increased by similar levels in both groups with the subset of anaemic women increasing by an average of 6.3 g/l in the daily group ( n=70) and 5.9 g/l in the weekly group ( n=66) for all women. For compliant, anaemic women, the increases were 7.4 g/l and 6.6 g/l for the daily and weekly groups, respectively. Compliance, as indicated by self reporting and by regular counts of remaining tablets, was significantly higher in the weekly group (76% compared with 60%, P < 0.05), however compliance was identical in both groups when assessed by a stool test for elemental iron. Reported side effects were significantly reduced in the weekly group (6% compared with 17%, P < 0.05). We conclude that a weekly iron supplement given to pregnant women in rural Malawi has similar haematologic effects, and an improved side effect profile, in comparison with a standard daily supplement when administered through an existing primary healthcare programme, although both regimens are relatively unsuccessful in the reduction of anaemia prevalence during pregnancy.
Coal Resources and Development of the Coal Industry in China
Authors: Guocai Xia , Bingchi Wang , Yinghua Han 
Published: January 2017

There are large coal resources of various types in China where it plays a dominant role in energy consumption. Since the foundation of the new China, the coal industry has developed rapidly. The annual output of coal produced increased from 32.43 Mt in 1949 to 1 billion tonnes in 1989. Now China is able to design, construct and equip large-scale coal mines as well as coal-washing plants. The coal industry has reached a level as advanced as that in other countries. Since coal is the main energy source in China rapid development of the industry will ensure that of the national economy. Hence, substantial funds should be invested in the coal industry. Attention should also be paid to coal transportation. Some railway lines should be renovated and some new ones built in order to increase the capacity for coal transport. In addition, research work should be conducted in mining and technology to raise productivity of the industry.
Analysis of Petroleum Demand in China
Authors: Wucheng Song , Yinghua Han 
Published: January 2017

China is one of the earliest countries to discover and use oil and natural gas. Even so, the growth of the oil industry was quite slow before the foundation of the People's Republic of China. Since 1949, China's oil industry has developed fast, especially during the period from 1970 to 1980. The geological reserves of oil are relatively abundant in China. The refinery industry takes most of the crude oil. With price as a lever the refinery industry has developed rapidly. The transportation sector is the big user of oil products. As energy demand will be bigger than energy supply in the coming years and coal will play a dominant role in total energy consumption the share for oil will be less than 20% in future.
A Retrospective Cross-sectional Analysis of Health Education Disparities in Patients With Diabetes Using Data From the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Authors: Branoff Janelle D. , Jiroutek Michael R. , Kelly Chloe R. , Huma Sadia , Sutton Beth S. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if there was an association between receipt of diet/nutrition, exercise, and weight loss education in adult patients with a primary diagnosis of diabetes with various demographic and socioeconomic variables using data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) for the years 2008 to 2011. Methods This retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study design included patients ≥ 18 years of age with diabetes in the NAMCS between 2008 and 2011, inclusive. A series of weighted multivariable logistic regression models was constructed to evaluate predictors of diet/nutrition, exercise, and weight loss education. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were reported. Results Among patients included in this study (n = 3027), 35.6% received diet/nutrition education, 21.8% received exercise education, and 13.6% received weight loss education. From the multivariable analyses, visits using “other” payment type, visits with Medicaid, and visits occurring in non-Metropolitan Statistical Areas were significantly less likely to receive diet/nutrition education; visits using other payment type, visits in non-Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and visits by those ≥ 65 and 45-64 years of age were significantly less likely to receive exercise education. No significant disparities in the receipt of weight loss education were found. Conclusion These findings indicate that although only approximately one third or fewer patients diagnosed with diabetes were receiving diet/nutrition, exercise, or weight loss education, there appeared to be limited disparities among the groups studied. Education rates appear to be trending upward over time, to be slightly improved as compared with previous studies, and to include fewer disparities.
Patient Reflections on Decision Making for Laryngeal Cancer Treatment
Authors: Shuman Andrew G. , Larkin Knoll , Thomas Dorothy , Palmer Frank L. , Fins Joseph J. , Baxi Shrujal S. , Lee Nancy , Shah Jatin P. , Fagerlin Angela , Patel Snehal G. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo describe the reflections of patients treated for laryngeal cancer with regard to treatment‐related decision making.Study DesignCross‐sectional survey‐based pilot study.SettingSingle‐institution tertiary care cancer center.Subjects/MethodsAdults with laryngeal carcinoma were eligible to participate (N = 57; 46% treated surgically, 54% nonsurgically). Validated surveys measuring decisional conflict and regret explored patients’ reflections on their preferences and priorities regarding treatment‐related decision making for laryngeal cancer and how patient‐reported functional outcomes, professional referral patterns, and desired provider input influenced these reflections.ResultsWhen considering the level of involvement of surgeons, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists in their care, patients were more likely to believe that the specialist whom they saw first was the most important factor in deciding how to treat their cancer (Fisher’s exact, ~χ2 = 16.2, df = 6, P =. 02). Patients who were treated for laryngeal cancer who reported worse voice‐related quality of life recalled more decisional conflict (P =. 01) and experienced more decisional regret (P <. 001). Of the patients for whom speech was a top priority prior to treatment, better voice‐related quality of life overall scores were correlated with less decision regret about treatment decisions (P <. 02). Of the patients for whom eating and drinking were top priorities prior to treatment, better MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory global scores were correlated with less decision regret about treatment decisions (P <. 002).ConclusionPatient priorities and attitudes, coupled with functional outcomes and professional referral patterns, influence how patients reflect on their choices regarding management of laryngeal cancer. Better understanding of these variables may assist in ensuring that patients’ voices are integrated into individualized laryngeal cancer treatment planning.
Thyroid Ultrasound‐Guided Fine‐Needle Aspiration Cytology Results: Observed Increase in Indeterminate Rate over the Past Decade
Authors: Manning Amy M. , Yang Huaitao , Falciglia Mercedes , Mark Jonathan R. , Steward David L. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate changes in distribution of reported thyroid nodule fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytopathology results since implementation of the Bethesda classification and revised 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines for selecting nodules for biopsy.Study DesignRetrospective review.SettingTertiary academic medical center.Subjects and MethodsEvaluation of ultrasound (US)–guided thyroid FNA by a single surgeon using 2015 ATA nodule selection criteria and Bethesda reporting on 211 thyroid nodules in a 1‐year period (2015). Comparison is made to an earlier sample wherein any nodule >1 cm underwent US FNA with cytology reported prior to Bethesda consensus (2006).ResultsThe current cohort involved mostly women (79%); nodules ranged from 1 to 7 cm (mean ± SEM, 2.4 ± 0.07 cm). Mean ± SEM age was 53.5 ± 1.1 years. Bethesda reporting yielded 6% nondiagnostic, 57% benign, 3% malignant, and 34% indeterminate (27% atypia of undetermined significance [AUS]/follicular lesion of undetermined significance [FLUS], 4% follicular neoplasm [FN]/Hürthle neoplasm [HN], and 2% suspicious for malignancy [SFM]). The malignancy rate in indeterminate nodules was 26% (18% AUS/FLUS, 33% FN/HN, and 80% SFM). Age, sex, or nodule size did not correlate with indeterminate cytology. The comparator sample of 447 nodules had significantly different distribution, with 7% nondiagnostic, 80% benign, 5% malignant, and 8% indeterminate (P <. 00001).ConclusionWe observed a significantly increased proportion of indeterminate cytology and corresponding decrease in benign nodules compared with an earlier sample, predominately from an increase in AUS/FLUS. Multiple factors are likely involved, including selection of sonographically suspicious nodules for biopsy based upon 2015 ATA guidelines coupled with cytopathological interpretation by a new generation of cytopathologists trained in the era of Bethesda reporting; further study is required to make a definitive conclusion.
Human Adipose‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osseous Rehabilitation of Induced Osteoradionecrosis: A Rodent Model
Authors: Janus Jeffrey R. , Jackson Ryan S. , Lees Katherine A. , Voss Stephen G. , Wilson Zachary C. , Remmes Nicholas B. , Keeney Michael G. , Garcia Joaquin J. , San Marina Serban 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveHuman adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) were used to rehabilitate bone damaged by osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in an established animal model.Study DesignProspective animal study.SettingAcademic department laboratory.Subjects and MethodsAfter institutional review board and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, 24 athymic nude rats were divided into 5 groups: 4 groups irradiated (20 Gy) by brachytherapy catheter placed at the left hemimandible and 1 mock irradiation control (n = 4). For all groups, ORN was initiated by extraction of the central molar 1 week later. After 28 days, animals (n = 5/group) received injection at the extraction site with saline (SAL), ADSCs, platelet‐rich plasma and collagen (PRP/COL), or ADSCs + PRP/COL. Rats were sacrificed 28 days later and their mandibles harvested for histopathology analysis (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and fibrosis) and bone volume measurement using 3‐dimensional micro–computed tomography.ResultsAll but 1 rat survived the experiment period (23/24). Radiographic and histological analysis revealed 60% bone loss in the SAL group compared with the nonirradiated control. Injection of ADSCs increased jaw region bone volume by up to 36% (P <. 01). All experimental groups (ADSC, PRP/COL, and ADSC + PRP/COL) showed dramatically decreased osteoclast counts (P <. 001) while injection of PRP/COL with or without ADSCs increased osteoblasts. Increased fibrosis was observed after ADSC injection (P <. 05).ConclusionThe application of human ADSCs to an induced mandibular osteoradionecrosis model in athymic rats results in increased deposition or preservation of bone, demonstrated both histologically and radiographically. This offers an encouraging possible treatment option for translational research in this difficult disease.