bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraining future terrestrial carbon cycle projections using observation‐based water and carbon flux estimates
Authors: Mystakidis Stefanos , Davin Edouard L. , Gruber Nicolas , Seneviratne Sonia I. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe terrestrial biosphere is currently acting as a sink for about a third of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, the future fate of this sink in the coming decades is very uncertain, as current earth system models (ESMs) simulate diverging responses of the terrestrial carbon cycle to upcoming climate change. Here, we use observation‐based constraints of water and carbon fluxes to reduce uncertainties in the projected terrestrial carbon cycle response derived from simulations of ESMs conducted as part of the 5th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). We find in the ESMs a clear linear relationship between present‐day evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary productivity (GPP), as well as between these present‐day fluxes and projected changes in GPP, thus providing an emergent constraint on projected GPP. Constraining the ESMs based on their ability to simulate present‐day ET and GPP leads to a substantial decrease in the projected GPP and to a ca. 50% reduction in the associated model spread in GPP by the end of the century. Given the strong correlation between projected changes in GPP and in NBP in the ESMs, applying the constraints on net biome productivity (NBP) reduces the model spread in the projected land sink by more than 30% by 2100. Moreover, the projected decline in the land sink is at least doubled in the constrained ensembles and the probability that the terrestrial biosphere is turned into a net carbon source by the end of the century is strongly increased. This indicates that the decline in the future land carbon uptake might be stronger than previously thought, which would have important implications for the rate of increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration and for future climate change.
Bioenergy production and sustainable development: science base for policymaking remains limited
Authors: Robledo‐Abad Carmenza , Althaus Hans‐Jörg , Berndes Göran , Bolwig Simon , Corbera Esteve , Creutzig Felix , Garcia‐Ulloa John , Geddes Anna , Gregg Jay S. , Haberl Helmut , Hanger Susanne , Harper Richard J. , Hunsberger Carol , Larsen Rasmus K. , Lauk Christian , Leitner Stefan , Lilliestam Johan , Lotze‐Campen Hermann , Muys Bart , Nordborg Maria , Ölund Maria , Orlowsky Boris , Popp Alexander , Portugal‐Pereira Joana , Reinhard Jürgen , Scheiffle Lena , Smith Pete 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe possibility of using bioenergy as a climate change mitigation measure has sparked a discussion of whether and how bioenergy production contributes to sustainable development. We undertook a systematic review of the scientific literature to illuminate this relationship and found a limited scientific basis for policymaking. Our results indicate that knowledge on the sustainable development impacts of bioenergy production is concentrated in a few well‐studied countries, focuses on environmental and economic impacts, and mostly relates to dedicated agricultural biomass plantations. The scope and methodological approaches in studies differ widely and only a small share of the studies sufficiently reports on context and/or baseline conditions, which makes it difficult to get a general understanding of the attribution of impacts. Nevertheless, we identified regional patterns of positive or negative impacts for all categories – environmental, economic, institutional, social and technological. In general, economic and technological impacts were more frequently reported as positive, while social and environmental impacts were more frequently reported as negative (with the exception of impacts on direct substitution of GHG emission from fossil fuel). More focused and transparent research is needed to validate these patterns and develop a strong science underpinning for establishing policies and governance agreements that prevent/mitigate negative and promote positive impacts from bioenergy production.
Histopathology of breast cancer after magnetic resonance‐guided high‐intensity focused ultrasound and radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Knuttel Floortje M , Waaijer Laurien , Merckel Laura G , van den Bosch Maurice A A J , Witkamp Arjen J , Deckers Roel , van Diest Paul J 
Published: January 2016

AimsMagnetic resonance‐guided high‐intensity focused ultrasound (MR‐HIFU) ablation and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are being researched as possible substitutes for surgery in breast cancer patients. The histopathological appearance of ablated tissue has not been studied in great detail. This study aimed to compare histopathological features of breast cancer after MR‐HIFU ablation and RFA.Methods and resultsMR‐HIFU ablation and RFA were performed in‐ and ex‐vivo. Tumours in six mastectomy specimens were partially ablated with RFA or MR‐HIFU. In‐vivo MR‐HIFU ablation was performed 3–6 days before excision; RFA was performed in the operation room. Tissue was fixed in formalin and processed to haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and cytokeratin‐8 (CK‐8)‐stained slides. Morphology and cell viability were assessed. Ex‐vivo ablation resulted in clear morphological changes after RFA versus subtle differences after MR‐HIFU. CK‐8 staining was decreased or absent. H&E tended to underestimate the size of thermal damage. In‐vivo MR‐HIFU resulted in necrotic‐like changes. Surprisingly, some ablated lesions were CK‐8‐positive. Histopathology after in‐vivo RFA resembled ex‐vivo RFA, with hyper‐eosinophilic stroma and elongated nuclei. Lesion borders were sharp after MR‐HIFU and indistinct after RFA.ConclusionHistopathological differences between MR‐HIFU‐ablated tissue and RF‐ablated tissue were demonstrated. CK‐8 was more reliable for cell viability assessment than H&E when used directly after ablation, while H&E was more reliable in ablated tissue left in situ for a few days. Our results contribute to improved understanding of histopathological features in breast cancer lesions treated with minimally invasive ablative techniques.
Mental health consumers' with medical co‐morbidity experience of the transition through tertiary medical services to primary care
Authors: Cranwell Kate , Polacsek Meg , McCann Terence V. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMedical comorbidity in people with long‐term mental illness is common and often undetected; however, these consumers frequently experience problems accessing and receiving appropriate treatment in public health‐care services. The aim of the present study was to understand the lived experience of mental health consumers with medical comorbidity and their carers transitioning through tertiary medical to primary care services. An interpretative, phenomenological analysis approach was used, and semistructured, video‐recorded, qualitative interviews were used with 12 consumers and four primary caregivers. Four main themes and related subthemes were abstracted from the data, highlighting consumer's and carers’ experience of transition through tertiary medical to primary care services: (i) accessing tertiary services is difficult and time consuming; (ii) contrasting experiences of clinician engagement and support; (iii) lack of continuity between tertiary medical and primary care services; and (iv) Mental Health Hospital Admission Reduction Programme (MH HARP) clinicians facilitating transition. Our findings have implications for organisational change, expanding the role of MH HARP clinicians (whose primary role is to provide consumers with intensive support and care coordination to prevent avoidable tertiary medical hospital use), and the employment of consumer and carer consultants in tertiary medical settings, especially emergency departments.
Exploring the role of content knowledge in teacher design conversations
Authors: Boschman F. , McKenney S. , Pieters J. , Voogt J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the role of content knowledge in conversations of kindergarten teachers during collaborative curriculum design of learning material for technology‐enhanced learning. Two teams of teachers received support from an early literacy expert during these design activities. Resulting conversations were analyzed on technological pedagogical content knowledge, explicated reasoning, and the contributions of expert support. This study found that in explicating content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge, teachers set goals and deliberated on strategies and activities that would be most appropriate for their students. Technological content knowledge and technological pedagogical content knowledge were explicated most during deliberations on practical concerns; these mainly revolved around optimizing the affordances of technology. This study contributes to understanding and supporting the pedagogical design capacity of teachers.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Relieves Intractable Angina Due to Exercise‐Induced Left Bundle Branch Block Without Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: A Detailed Case Study
Authors: CZURIGA DANIEL , LIM PITT O. 
Published: January 2016

Exercise‐Induced Left Bundle Branch Block Related AnginaExercise‐induced left bundle branch block is rare and can be demonstrated with exercise testing. When the heart rate reaches a certain threshold, the QRS widens into left bundle branch block. This paper describes a patient with exercise‐induced left bundle branch block related angina and dyspnea, who responded to cardiac resynchronization therapy. We documented the potential benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy with a left ventricular rapid pacing study prior to its implantation. Although exercise‐induced left bundle branch block is not a current indication for cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients such as ours, it could be considered when conventional drug therapy fails.
Spatial Relationship of Focal Impulses, Rotors and Low Voltage Zones in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: SCHADE ANJA , NENTWICH KARIN , COSTELLO‐BOERRIGTER LISA C. , HALBFASS PHILIPP , MUELLER PATRICK , ROOS MARKUS , BARTH SEBASTIAN , KRUG JOACHIM , SZOELLOESI GEZA‐ATILLA , LAPP HARALD , DENEKE THOMAS 
Published: January 2016

Relationship of Rotors and Low Voltage ZonesIntroductionFocal impulses (FI) and rotors are sources associated with the initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). Their ablation results in a lower recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to characterize for the first time the spatial relationship between such sources and atrial low voltage zones (LVZ) representing fibrosis.MethodsTwenty‐five consecutive patients undergoing their first ablation for persistent AF were included. Voltage mapping of both atria was done during AF. Endocardial mapping of FI and rotors (sources) was performed using a basket catheter and displayed using RhythmViewTM (Topera Inc.) before ablation. Spatial relationship of LVZ and sources was analyzed.ResultsLVZs covered 13 ± 12% of right atrial (RA) endocardial surface and 33 ± 25% of left atrial (LA) endocardial surface. The median number of sources was 1 [1–3] in RA and 3 [1–4] in LA. Of LA sources, 18 (30%) were definitely not associated with LVZs or pulmonary vein (PV) antra. Of RA sources, 32 (84%) were remote from LVZ. During ablation of such sources substantial cycle length (CL) prolongation or AF conversion occurred in 11/23 patients (48%). Altogether, 8/11 (73%) of these pertinent sources were located remotely from LVZ and PV antra.ConclusionsThere is a wide discrepancy in distribution of LVZ areas and sites of identified rotors. Site and incidence of FIRM sources appear to be unpredictable with atrial substrate mapping. Further prospective, randomized studies are necessary to elucidate the impact of additional ablation of such sources in patients with persistent or longstanding persistent AF.
Effect of Intensive Salt‐Restriction Education on Clinic, Home, and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Levels in Treated Hypertensive Patients During a 3‐Month Education Period
Authors: Nakano Masahiro , Eguchi Kazuo , Sato Toshiko , Onoguchi Atsuko , Hoshide Satoshi , Kario Kazuomi 
Published: January 2016

The authors tested the hypothesis that low‐salt diet education by nutritionists would lower blood pressure (BP) levels in treated hypertensive patients. The amount of urinary salt excretion and clinic, home, and ambulatory BP values at baseline and at 3 months were measured in 95 patients with hypertension. After randomization to a nutritional education group (E group, n=51) or a control group (C group, n=44), the C group received conventional salt‐restriction education and the E group received intensive nutritional education aimed at salt restriction to 6 g/d by nutritionists. From baseline to the end of the study, 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion was significantly lowered in the E group compared with the C group (6.8±2.9 g/24 h vs 8.6±3.4 g/24 h, P<.01). Morning home systolic BP tended to be lowered in the E group (P=.051), and ambulatory 24‐hour systolic BP was significantly lowered in the E group (−4.5±1.3 mm Hg) compared with the C group (2.8±1.3 mm Hg, P<.001). Intensive nutritional education by nutritionists was shown to be effective in lowering BP in treated hypertensive patients.
Impact of Career Paths on MEPs’ Activities
Authors: van Geffen Robert 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe increasing powers of the European Parliament in recent decades have made it a more attractive institution for ambitious politicians keen to build their political career in the EU's multi‐level system. A key contribution to the debate about the career paths of MEPs is made by Scarrow (). Her work, which identified three different career paths taken by MEPs, has been widely cited and used as a basis for other studies on this topic. Building on Scarrow's work, this paper describes two additional categories of MEPs – former national politicians and ‘one‐off’ MEPs – and links MEPs’ careers with their activities in Parliament. It finds that over and above the factors that have previously been identified as influential on an MEP's behaviour, his or her career path and ambitions are relevant in explaining certain legislative behaviour across Member States and party groups.
Annual Research Review: Neural contributions to risk‐taking in adolescence – developmental changes and individual differences
Authors: Crone Eveline A. , van Duijvenvoorde Anna C. K. , Peper Jiska S. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundRisk‐taking, which involves voluntary choices for behaviors where outcomes remain uncertain, undergoes considerable developmental changes during childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. In addition, risk‐taking is thought to be a key element of many externalizing disorders, such as ADHD, delinquency, conduct disorder, and substance abuse. In this review, we will discuss the potential adaptive and nonadaptive properties of risk‐taking in childhood and adolescence.FindingsWe propose that the changes in brain architecture and function are a crucial element underlying these developmental trajectories. We first identify how subcortical and cortical interactions are important for understanding risk‐taking behavior in adults. Next, we show how developmental changes in this network underlie changes in risk‐taking behavior. Finally, we explore how these differences can be important for understanding externalizing behavioral disorders in childhood and adolescence.ConclusionsWe conclude that longitudinal studies are of crucial importance for understanding these developmental trajectories, and many of these studies are currently underway.
Annual Research Review: Discovery science strategies in studies of the pathophysiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders ‐ promises and limitations
Authors: Zhao Yihong , Castellanos F. Xavier 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundPsychiatric science remains descriptive, with a categorical nosology intended to enhance interobserver reliability. Increased awareness of the mismatch between categorical classifications and the complexity of biological systems drives the search for novel frameworks including discovery science in Big Data. In this review, we provide an overview of incipient approaches, primarily focused on classically categorical diagnoses such as schizophrenia (SZ), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but also reference convincing, if focal, advances in cancer biology, to describe the challenges of Big Data and discovery science, and outline approaches being formulated to overcome existing obstacles.FindingsA paradigm shift from categorical diagnoses to a domain/structure‐based nosology and from linear causal chains to complex causal network models of brain–behavior relationship is ongoing. This (r)evolution involves appreciating the complexity, dimensionality, and heterogeneity of neuropsychiatric data collected from multiple sources (‘broad’ data) along with data obtained at multiple levels of analysis, ranging from genes to molecules, cells, circuits, and behaviors (‘deep’ data). Both of these types of Big Data landscapes require the use and development of robust and powerful informatics and statistical approaches. Thus, we describe Big Data analysis pipelines and the promise and potential limitations in using Big Data approaches to study psychiatric disorders.ConclusionsWe highlight key resources available for psychopathological studies and call for the application and development of Big Data approaches to dissect the causes and mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders and identify corresponding biomarkers for early diagnosis.
Associations among temporomandibular disorders, chronic neck pain and neck pain disability in computer office workers: a pilot study
Authors: Bragatto M. M. , Bevilaqua‐Grossi D. , Regalo S. C. H. , Sousa J. D. , Chaves T. C. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryNeck pain is the most common musculoskeletal complaint among computer office workers. There are several reports about the coexistence of neck pain and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, there are no studies investigating this association in the context of work involving computers. The purpose of this study was to verify the association between TMD and neck pain in computer office workers. Fifty‐two female computer workers who were divided into two groups: (i) those with self‐reported chronic neck pain and disability (WNP) (n = 26) and (ii) those without self‐reported neck pain (WONP) (n = 26), and a control group (CG) consisting of 26 women who did not work with computers participated in this study. Clinical assessments were performed to establish a diagnosis of TMD, and craniocervical mechanical pain was assessed using manual palpation and pressure pain threshold (PPT). The results of this study showed that the WNP group had a higher percentage of participants with TMD than the WONP group (42·30% vs. 23·07%, χ2 = 5·70, P = 0·02). PPTs in all cervical sites were significantly lower in the groups WNP and WONP compared to the CG. Regression analysis revealed TMD, neck pain and work‐related factors to be good predictors of disability (R2 = 0·93, P < 0·001). These results highlighted the importance of considering the work conditions of patients with TMD, as neck disability in computer workers is explained by the association among neck pain, TMD and unfavourable workplace conditions. Consequently, this study attempted to emphasise the importance of considering work activity for minimising neck pain‐related disability.
Adenosine triphosphate inhibits melatonin synthesis in the rat pineal gland
Authors: Souza‐Teodoro Luis Henrique , Dargenio‐Garcia Letícia , Petrilli‐Lapa Camila Lopes , Souza Ewerton da Silva , Fernandes Pedro A. C. M. , Markus Regina P. , Ferreira Zulma S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released onto the pinealocyte, along with noradrenaline, from sympathetic neurons and triggers P2Y1 receptors that enhance β‐adrenergic‐induced N‐acetylserotonin (NAS) synthesis. Nevertheless, the biotransformation of NAS into melatonin, which occurs due to the subsequent methylation by acetylserotonin O‐methyltransferase (ASMT; EC 2.1.1.4), has not yet been evaluated in the presence of purinergic stimulation. We therefore evaluated the effects of purinergic signaling on melatonin synthesis induced by β‐adrenergic stimulation. ATP increased NAS levels, but, surprisingly, inhibited melatonin synthesis in an inverse, concentration‐dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that enhanced NAS levels, which depend on phospholipase C (PLC) activity (but not the induction of gene transcription), are a post‐translational effect. By contrast, melatonin reduction is related to an ASMT inhibition of expression at both the gene transcription and protein levels. These results were independent of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB) translocation. Neither the P2Y1 receptor activation nor the PLC‐mediated pathway was involved in the decrease in melatonin, indicating that ATP regulates pineal metabolism through different mechanisms. Taken together, our data demonstrate that purinergic signaling differentially modulates NAS and melatonin synthesis and point to a regulatory role for ATP as a cotransmitter in the control of ASMT, the rate‐limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis. The endogenous production of melatonin regulates defense responses; therefore, understanding the mechanisms involving ASMT regulation might provide novel insights into the development and progression of neurological disorders since melatonin presents anti‐inflammatory, neuroprotective, and neurogenic effects.
Melatonin prevents abnormal mitochondrial dynamics resulting from the neurotoxicity of cadmium by blocking calcium‐dependent translocation of Drp1 to the mitochondria
Authors: Xu Shangcheng , Pi Huifeng , Zhang Lei , Zhang Nixian , Li YuMing , Zhang Huiliang , Tang Ju , Li Huijuan , Feng Min , Deng Ping , Guo Pan , Tian Li , Xie Jia , He Mindi , Lu Yonghui , Zhong Min , Zhang Yanwen , Wang Wang , Reiter Russel J. , Yu Zhengping , Zhou Zhou 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is a persistent environmental toxin and occupational pollutant that is considered to be a potential risk factor in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Abnormal mitochondrial dynamics are increasingly implicated in mitochondrial damage in various neurological pathologies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics contributed to Cd‐induced neurotoxicity and whether melatonin has any neuroprotective properties. After cortical neurons were exposed to 10 μM cadmium chloride (CdCl2) for various periods (0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr), the morphology of their mitochondria significantly changed from the normal tubular networks into punctuated structures within 3 hr. Following this pronounced mitochondrial fragmentation, Cd treatment led to signs of mitochondrial dysfunction, including excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, decreased ATP content, and mitochondrial membrane potential (▵Ψm) loss. However, 1 mM melatonin pretreatment efficiently attenuated the Cd‐induced mitochondrial fragmentation, which improved the turnover of mitochondrial function. In the brain tissues of rats that were intraperitoneally given 1 mg/kg CdCl2 for 7 days, melatonin also ameliorated excessive mitochondrial fragmentation and mitochondrial damage in vivo. Melatonin's protective effects were attributed to its roles in preventing cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) overload, which blocked the recruitment of Drp1 from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. Taken together, our results are the first to demonstrate that abnormal mitochondrial dynamics is involved in cadmium‐induced neurotoxicity. Melatonin has significant pharmacological potential in protecting against the neurotoxicity of Cd by blocking the disbalance of mitochondrial fusion and fission.