bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localization aligned weakly periodic boundary conditions
Authors: Svenning Erik , Fagerström Martin , Larsson Fredrik 
Published: November 2016

SummaryWhen computing the homogenized response of a representative volume element (RVE), a popular choice is to impose periodic boundary conditions on the RVE. Despite their popularity, it is well known that standard periodic boundary conditions lead to inaccurate results if cracks or localization bands in the RVE are not aligned with the periodicity directions. A previously proposed remedy is to use modified strong periodic boundary conditions that are aligned with the dominating localization direction in the RVE. In the present work, we show that alignment of periodic boundary conditions can also conveniently be performed on weak form. Starting from a previously proposed format for weak micro‐periodicity that does not require a periodic mesh, we show that aligned weakly periodic boundary conditions may be constructed by only modifying the mapping (mirror function) between the associated parts of the RVE boundary. In particular, we propose a modified mirror function that allows alignment with an identified localization direction. This modified mirror function corresponds to a shifted stacking of RVEs, and thereby ensures compatibility of the dominating discontinuity over the RVE boundaries. The proposed method leads to more accurate results compared to using unaligned periodic boundary conditions, as demonstrated by the numerical examples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of lorcaserin on pre‐existing valvulopathy: A pooled analysis of phase 3 trials
Authors: Weissman Neil J. , Smith Steven R. , Fain Randi , Hall Nancy , Shanahan William R. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of lorcaserin in patients with pre‐existing Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐defined valvulopathy.MethodsThis is a pooled, post hoc analysis of three Phase 3 studies. BLOOM and BLOSSOM patients were 18 to 65 years of age without diabetes and with a body mass index (BMI) of 27 to 29.9 kg/m2 and ≥1 weight‐related comorbidity or a BMI of 30 to 45 kg/m2. BLOOM‐DM patients had a BMI of 27 to 45 kg/m2 and type 2 diabetes. Patients were treated with placebo, lorcaserin 10 mg once daily, or lorcaserin 10 mg twice daily. Serial echocardiographs were obtained at baseline and every 6 months.ResultsIncluded patients (N = 169) had FDA‐defined valvulopathy at baseline and a week 52 echocardiogram. At week 52, 35.5% and 52.7% of patients experienced changes from baseline in aortic and mitral regurgitation, respectively. Numerically greater proportions of patients taking lorcaserin versus placebo had decreases in aortic (33.0% vs. 28.3%) or mitral (41.3% vs. 36.7%) regurgitation. Fewer patients taking lorcaserin versus placebo had increases in aortic (2.8% vs. 6.7%) or mitral (8.3% vs. 21.7%) regurgitation. No adverse event‐related discontinuation was due to a valve problem.ConclusionsThese data suggest that lorcaserin does not adversely affect valvular disease in patients with pre‐existing FDA‐defined valvulopathy.
Obtaining aliphatic branched polycarbonates via simple copolymerization of trimethylene carbonate with cyclic carbonate containing pendant ester groups
Authors: Pastusiak Malgorzata , Jaworska Joanna , Kawalec Michał , Kasperczyk Janusz , Dobrzynski Piotr 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTDifferent possibilities for obtaining branched, functional carbonate copolymers are presented in this study. Copolymers were synthesized according to the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of the cyclic carbonate monomers, containing pendant ester groups. As an example, we chose copolymerization of ethyl 5‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐1,3‐dioxane‐5‐carboxylate (MTC‐Et) with trimethylene carbonate (TMC), using zinc (II) and lanthanum (III) acetylacetonates as ROP initiators. The transesterification processes of ester groups in pendant, short chains, appearing during conducted copolymerization, led to the establishment of two different fractions: first‐branched and high molecular weight fraction and second‐linear and low molecular weight. The content of this high‐molecular‐weight fraction increased with both: the amount of MTC‐Et in started reaction mixture and the time of conducted copolymerization. Reactivity constants in studied reaction were determined. It was possible to obtain the copolymer fraction (ca. 30%) with molecular weight of up to a million g/mol, with a highly branched chain microstructure using lanthanum (III) acetylacetonate as initiator. Conclusions were based on detailed NMR analysis, determining microstructure of the copolymer chains and additionally on GPC and DSC measurement. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 808–819
Impact of transgene genome location on gene migration from herbicide‐resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host)
Authors: Rehman Maqsood , Hansen Jennifer L , Mallory‐Smith Carol A , Zemetra Robert S 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDWheat (Triticum aestivum) (ABD) and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) (CD) can cross and produce hybrids that can backcross to either parent. Such backcrosses can result in progeny with chromosomes and/or chromosome segments retained from wheat. Thus, a herbicide resistance gene could migrate from wheat to jointed goatgrass. In theory, the risk of gene migration from herbicide‐resistant wheat to jointed goatgrass is more likely if the gene is located on the D genome and less likely if the gene is located on the A or B genome of wheat.RESULTSBC1 populations (jointed goatgrass as a recurrent parent) were analyzed for chromosome numbers and transgene transmission rates under sprayed and non‐sprayed conditions. Transgene retention in the non‐sprayed BC1 generation for the A, B and D genomes was 84, 60 and 64% respectively. In the sprayed populations, the retention was 81, 59 and 74% respectively.CONCLUSIONThe gene transmission rates were higher than the expected 50% or less under sprayed and non‐sprayed conditions, possibly owing to meiotic chromosome restitution and/or chromosome non‐disjunction. Such high transmission rates in the BC1 generation negates the benefits of gene placement for reducing the potential of gene migration from wheat to jointed goatgrass. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Discovery of metabolic resistance to neonicotinoids in green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) in Australia
Authors: de Little Siobhan C , Edwards Owain , van Rooyen Anthony R , Weeks Andrew , Umina Paul A 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDMyzus persicae is a serious pest that attacks a broad range of agricultural crops. This species has developed chemical resistance to many insecticides globally, and within Australia resistance to multiple chemical groups has been identified. Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides has been discovered in several countries, but has not previously been confirmed in Australia. We use biomolecular assays and bioassays on field‐collected populations to investigate neonicotinoid resistance in M. persicae within Australia.RESULTSSeveral geographically and genetically distinct populations showed evidence for resistance in bioassays. Genetic markers identified that the mechanism of neonicotinoid resistance in Australia is metabolic resistance through the enhanced expression of a cytochrome P450 gene, CYP6CY3.CONCLUSIONM. persicae populations in parts of Australia are now resistant to four different insecticide chemical groups, raising concerns about the long‐term management of this pest. While higher copy numbers of CYP6CY3 were seen in all resistant populations, the number of gene copies was not strongly correlated with the level of resistance as determined by LD50 values generated through bioassays. This finding sheds further light on the complexity of the P450 genes in regulating neonicotinoid resistance. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Is Involved in Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Infarction Through Mobilization of Circulating Angiogenic Cells
Authors: Heo Soon Chul , Kwon Yang Woo , Jang Il Ho , Jeong Geun Ok , Lee Tae Wook , Yoon Jung Won , Shin Ho Jin , Jeong Hae Chang , Ahn Youngkeun , Ko Tae Hee , Lee Sang Chul , Han Jin , Kim Jae Ho 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) promote repair of ischemic tissues. Activation of formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2) has been reported to stimulate repair of ischemic heart. This study was conducted to investigate the role of Fpr2 on CAC mobilization and cardiac protection in myocardial infarction (MI). WKYMVm, a strong agonist for Fpr2, was administered in a murine model of acute MI, and mobilization of CACs including endothelial progenitor cells (CD34+ Flk1+ or Sca1+ Flk1+ cells) in peripheral blood was monitored. CAC mobilization by daily injection of WKYMVm for the first 4 days after MI was as efficient as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and provided myocardial protection from apoptosis with increased vascular density and preservation of cardiac function. Transplantation of bone marrow (BM) from green fluorescent protein mice showed that BM-derived cells homed to ischemic heart after WKYMVm treatment and contributed to tissue protection. Transplantation of BM from Fpr2 knockout mice showed that Fpr2 in BM cells is critical in mediation of WKYMVm-stimulated myocardial protection and neovascularization after MI. These results suggest that activation of Fpr2 in BM after WKYMVm treatment provides cardiac protection through mobilization of CACs after MI, which may lead to the development of a new clinical protocol for treating patients with ischemic heart conditions.
Spontaneous Single-Copy Loss of TP53 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Markedly Increases Cell Proliferation and Survival
Authors: Amir Hadar , Touboul Thomas , Sabatini Karen , Chhabra Divya , Garitaonandia Ibon , Loring Jeanne F. , Morey Robert , Laurent Louise C. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Genomic aberrations have been identified in many human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) cultures. Commonly observed duplications in portions of chromosomes 12p and 17q have been associated with increases in genetic instability and resistance to apoptosis, respectively. However, the phenotypic consequences related to sporadic mutations have not been evaluated to date. Here, we report on the effects of a single-copy deletion of the chr17p13.1 region, a sporadic mutation that spontaneously arose independently in several subclones of a human embryonic stem cell culture. Compared to cells with two normal copies of chr17p13.1 (“wild-type”), the cells with a single-copy deletion of this region (“mutant”) displayed a selective advantage when exposed to stressful conditions, and retained a higher percentage of cells expressing the pluripotency marker POU5F1/OCT4 after 2 weeks of in vitro differentiation. Knockdown of TP53, which is a gene encompassed by the deleted region, in wild-type cells mimicked the chr17p13.1 deletion phenotype. Thus, sporadic mutations in hPSCs can have phenotypic effects that may impact their utility for clinical applications.
Introduction: Understanding the Complexities of Eating, Drinking, and Surviving
Authors: Jackson Peter , Spiess Walter E. L. , Sultana Farhana 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis introduction to a series of essays on the global challenges of food and water security, commissioned as part of the International Year of Global Understanding, provides a definition of key terms and an historical context to these contemporary issues. It discusses the human right to adequate food and water, outlining some of the political struggles that have arisen over accessing these vital resources. Patterns of ‘under-’ and ‘over-consumption’ are discussed and analyzed, measured against the targets set in the Millennium Development and Sustainable Development Goals. The essays share a common approach, linking global challenges to the realities of everyday life and emphasizing the connections between biophysical and socio-cultural processes. The essays also address a number of cross-cutting themes including gender, ethnic and religious diversity, and the emotional and affective dimensions of life, going beyond questions of survival to incorporate the more qualitative dimensions of human well-being and quality of life.
Food Sovereignty and the Possibilities for an Equitable, Just and Sustainable Food System
Authors: Bartos Ann E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe concepts of food security and food sovereignty help explain some of the problems associated with the global economy and global agricultural production. However, these concepts are expressed differently due to the specific economic, social, political, and environmental geographies in which they exist. Any locale around the globe will face challenges in implementing and ensuring food security and food sovereignty due to a variety of issues including the changing nature of land usage, the ever-expanding commodity chains of agricultural products, the trends and whims of the global consumer, and accessibility of healthy and adequate resources for the entire population. This chapter addresses the specific challenges that one particular locale, Aotearoa New Zealand, needs to negotiate in order to achieve a more secure and sovereign food landscape. Challenges include socioeconomic disparity, cultural appropriateness, and domestic agricultural self-sufficiency, all of which are further troubled by discourses of a “pure” Aotearoa New Zealand.
Food Security and Food Waste
Authors: Cloke Jonathan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe chapter is aimed at providing a practical framework for a reconsideration of the themes behind the term “food security.” The analysis illustrates that since the term gained popular currency in the mid-1990s it has been restricted in focus to a few, narrow angles of research revolving around individual citizens, households, and the nation-state without consideration of global food production systems, the socio-environment that dominates food production globally. There is an urgent need for a relational understanding of food production and consumption in research on food security that understands how and why food is consumed; a biopolitical take based on understanding global mass consumption and the drivers of food capitalism, over- and -under-consumption.
Globalization and Malnutrition: Geographical Perspectives on Its Paradoxes
Authors: Young Elizabeth 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis chapter maintains that the food system is one of the most important globally embedded networks of production and consumption; its integral connections with the petroleum industry and global security confirm its significance. The chapter establishes the complex nature of mapping and measuring malnutrition. It reviews significant shifts in the incidence of malnutrition but argues that disaggregating statistics is vital to understanding trends. Changes in theorizations of the problem of malnutrition and associated solutions are then considered, including conceptual shifts from food security to food sovereignty. The global food chain is embedded in contentious political, economic, and scientific debates. Volatility in local food prices are influenced by global factors: oil prices; energy policies; dietary changes, foreign direct investments associated with “land grabs” or financial speculation. The chapter concludes with a call for a fundamental rethinking of global food provisioning to establish a more socially equitable and environmentally sustainable system.
Drinking Water
Authors: Birkenholtz Trevor 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis chapter examines the ongoing global struggle to supply potable drinking water to the world’s population. The chapter begins with a brief history of 20th century efforts to expand drinking water supply but argues that these efforts only resulted in partial successes. This was due to rapid demographic growth and to a dominant understanding of water scarcity as a technical problem to be solved through centralized engineering works. This paradigm is being challenged in the 21st century by an understanding of water as enmeshed in a hydrosocial cycle where social elements—including politics and economics—are intrinsic to the successful expansion of drinking water supply. Yet many issues remain, including (1) multiple kinds of water scarcity; (2) competition between different sectors; and (3) contestations surrounding cost recovery, commodification, and privatization. The chapter concludes with a discussion of water’s future governance. People are no longer waiting for drinking water supplies to expand but are contesting water’s meaning and engaging in participatory resistance to modes of water supply that undermine the human right to water.
The Politics and Consequences of Virtual Water Export
Authors: Vos Jeroen , Boelens Rutgerd 
Published: November 2016

AbstractVirtual water is the water used or contaminated to produce a good or a service. With the large increase of export of agricultural produce during the last decades the amount of virtual water export has grown as well. Increased water contamination and water extraction for export from relative dry areas affects local ecosystems and communities. Simultaneously, the increased virtual water trade has weakened the local control over water resources by local communities, to the expense of multinational agribusiness and retailer companies. This repatterning of water control is fomented by numerous national governments, and at the same time contested by local communities. Partly as reaction to the critics on water depletion, agribusiness and retailers have created a number of water stewardship standards. Notwithstanding the possibilities for local communities to articulate their demands with these standards, until now most water stewardship standards have had little – or even negative – effects.
Surviving as an Unequal Community: WASH for Those on the Margins
Authors: O’Reilly Kathleen 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Sustainable Development Goals intend to address populations “missed” by the Millennium Development Goals for safe water and sanitation access. To capture these populations, programs need to attend to community norms for usage and the groups most marginal in those communities. Policies should include a focus on ways to eradicate socioeconomic and political marginality.
Cattle slurry acidification and application method can improve initial phosphorus availability for maize
Authors: Pedersen Ingeborg F. , Rubæk Gitte H. , Sørensen Peter 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Background and aims
The utilization of phosphorus (P) in cattle slurry as a starter fertilizer in maize cropping is poor. To improve this and to obviate the use of additional mineral starter-P fertilization, we examined if slurry acidification, placement strategy and application time could increase maize yield and phosphorus uptake (PU) in the early growth stages.

Methods
In a climate-controlled pot experiment, untreated (pH 6.5) and acidified (pH 5.5 or pH 3.8) cattle slurry was injected in narrow or broad bands two or 30 days before sowing of maize on a coarse sandy and a sandy loam soil and compared with mineral P fertilizer.

Results
After broad band slurry injection, the P concentration in maize tissues at the five-leaf stage and the dry matter yield at the seven-leaf stage were equal to or higher than the mineral P fertilizer treatment. Treatments with strongly acidified slurry (pH 3.8) had 49% higher PU at the seven-leaf stage compared to untreated slurry, but only on the sandy soil, suggesting an indirect pH effect on PU. Application time had no effect.

Conclusion
Broad band slurry injection or strong acidification can improve early-stage growth of maize and potentially obviate the use of mineral P.
Discovery of Elephas cf. namadicus from the Late Pleistocene Strata of Marginal Ganga Plain
Authors: Ghosh Rupa , Sehgal R. K. , Srivastava Pradeep , Shukla U. K. , Nanda A. C. , Singh D. S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract:
We describe an elephant skull recovered from a cliff section of Dhasan river of Marginal Ganga Plain. The dental morphology and cranial features of the skull have been compared with the known species of Elephas from the Indian subcontinent. Although it shows very near resemblance to Elephas namadicus, but being an isolated specimen its specific identity cannot be proclaimed with certainty. As such, the specimen is provisionally referred as E. cf. namadicus. The Optically Stimulated Luminescence ages place this find at ~56 ka BP. This is the first chronologically well constrained report of E. cf. namadicus from the Ganga Plain.
Spatio-Temporal Land Cover Changes in a Semi-Arid Watershed: Central India
Authors: Khanday Mohd Yousuf , Javed Akram 
Published: November 2016

Abstract:
Land use/land cover change is a global phenomenon which reflects natural resources degradation and/or utilization. Remote sensing and GIS have been widely used to monitor such changes at watershed level. The present study evaluates the LU/LC change during 1989 - 2001 in a semi-arid watershed of central India. Geocoded satellite data of 1989 and 2001 on 1:50,000 scale, were visually interpreted to prepare thematic maps which were later digitized using ArcGIS softwares. The analysis shows that vast tracts of cultivated land have become uncultivated and at some places even converted to wasteland. However, the land under dense forest and open forest has decreased due to expansion of built-up land and other anthropogenic activities. Increase in area of uncultivated land, wasteland and decrease in cultivated land and open scrub is also supported by rainfall analysis, which shows a declining trend and a fall of 186.93 mm in average annual rainfall for 1986-2003 period. The change detection map prepared using land use/land cover of 1989 and 2001 as inputs shows that out of the total geographical area of the watershed, 25.78% of the watershed area has seen a change from one land use category to another, however rest 74.22% has remained unchanged.
GIS Applications in Morphometric Analysis of Koshalya-Jhajhara Watershed in Northwestern India
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Chaudhary B. S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract:
The present paper deals with morphometric analysis of Koshalya-Jhajhara (K-J) watershed, tributaries of Ghaggar in northwestern India. The area forms a rugged topography having elevation range from 399 m to 1810 m MSL. Aster DEM and SOI toposheets have been used to calculate various parameters using Geographic Information System (GIS). Linear, areal and relief aspects for morphometric analysis were calculated using GIS. Total number of streams in the watershed are 991 out of which 543 are of 1st order, 259 are of 2nd order, 124 are of 3rd order, 58 are of 4th order and only 7 are of 5th order. The order of stream determines the chances of flood in the stream. Higher the stream order more the probabilities of flood. The present paper indicates that K-J watershed is of 5th order and less elongated in shape having lower peak flows of longer duration with dendritic pattern and having fine drainage texture. Bifurcation ratio varies from 3 to 5 which indicate that geological structures don’t have dominant influence on drainage pattern. High slope is witnessed in NE part and low slope in SW part with very low gradient ratio. Variables like stream frequency and drainage density determines the volume of the water discharge and its speed of flow in the river channels. Higher the stream frequency and drainage density more will be the probability of floods. These variables also effects temporal variations in the speed at which the water flows in the stream when flood reaches its peak.