bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the pathogenicity of strains of Pseudomonas syringae towards cherry and plum
Authors: Hulin M. T. , Mansfield J. W. , Brain P. , Xu X. , Jackson R. W. , Harrison R. J. 
Published: January 2018

Bacterial canker is a major disease of Prunus avium (cherry), Prunus domestica (plum) and other stone fruits. It is caused by pathovars within the Pseudomonas syringae species complex including P. syringae pv. morsprunorum (Psm) race 1 (R1), Psm race 2 (R2) and P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss). Psm R1 and Psm R2 were originally designated as the same pathovar; however, phylogenetic analysis revealed them to be distantly related, falling into phylogroups 3 and 1, respectively. This study characterized the pathogenicity of 18 newly genome‐sequenced P. syringae strains on cherry and plum, in the field and laboratory. The field experiment confirmed that the cherry cultivar Merton Glory exhibited a broad resistance to all clades. Psm R1 contained strains with differential specificity on cherry and plum. The ability of tractable laboratory‐based assays to reproduce assessments on whole trees was examined. Good correlations were achieved with assays using cut shoots or leaves, although only the cut shoot assay was able to reliably discriminate cultivar differences seen in the field. Measuring bacterial multiplication in detached leaves differentiated pathogens from nonpathogens and was therefore suitable for routine testing. In cherry leaves, symptom appearance discriminated Psm races from nonpathogens, which triggered a hypersensitive reaction. Pathogenic strains of Pss rapidly induced disease lesions in all tissues and exhibited a more necrotrophic lifestyle than hemibiotrophic Psm. This in‐depth study of pathogenic interactions, identification of host resistance and optimization of laboratory assays provides a framework for future genetic dissection of host–pathogen interactions in the canker disease.
First evidence of freezing tolerance in a resurrection plant: insights into molecular mobility and zeaxanthin synthesis in the dark
Authors: Fernández‐Marín Beatriz , Neuner Gilbert , Kuprian Edith , Laza Jose M. , García‐Plazaola José I. , Verhoeven Amy 
Published: January 2018

The photoprotective mechanisms of desiccation tolerance and freezing tolerance and their relation to molecular mobility (cell vitrification) were assessed in a single model: the exceptional subalpine and resurrection plant Ramonda myconi. Dehydrated leaves showed a drop in maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) accompanied by synthesis of zeaxanthin (Z), even in the dark, which was limited by cell vitrification after complete desiccation. The recovery of Fv/Fm after a severe drying treatment (7 days at 50% relative humidity) confirmed the tolerance of R. myconi leaves to desiccation. In winter, R. myconi plants showed a highly dynamic component of photoinhibition. Interestingly, the potential activity of the enzyme violaxanthin de‐epoxidase (VDE) occurred at −7°C, below the freezing temperature range of the leaves (−2 ± 2°C) and even in the dark. This suggests that, in nature, the enzyme can still be active in frozen leaves, as long as they are above the glass transition temperature. The drop in Fv/Fm and increase in Z were reversible upon rehydration and thawing, respectively, but were not perfectly matched, suggesting that both Z‐independent and Z‐dependent forms of sustained dissipation are occurring. Overall, our data reinforce the light‐independent activity of the VDE enzyme under stress and suggest that Z‐accumulation could occur in darkness in a scenario when temperatures drop dramatically in the night under natural conditions.
Geometry and dynamics of braided channels and bars under experimental density currents
Authors: Limaye Ajay B. , Grimaud Jean‐Louis , Lai Steven Y. J. , Foreman Brady Z. , Komatsu Yuhei , Paola Chris 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSubmarine channels convey turbidity currents, the primary means for distributing sand and coarser sediments to the deep ocean. In some cases, submarine channels have been shown to braid, in a similar way to rivers. Yet the strength of the analogy between the subaerial and submarine braided channels is incompletely understood. Six experiments with subaqueous density currents and two experiments with subaerial rivers were conducted to quantify: (i) submarine channel kinematics; and (ii) the responses of channel and bar geometry to subaerial versus submarine basin conditions, inlet conditions and the ratio of ‘flow to sediment’ discharge (Qw/Qs). For a range of Qw/Qs values spanning a factor of 2·7, subaqueous braided channels consistently developed, were deeper upstream compared to downstream, and alternated with zones of sheet flow downstream. Topographic analyses included spatial statistics and mapping bars and channels using a reduced‐complexity flow model. The ratio of the estimated depth‐slope product for the submarine channels versus the subaerial channels was greater than unity, consistent with theoretical predictions, but with downstream variations ranging over a factor of 10. For the same inlet geometry and Qw/Qs, a subaqueous experiment produced deeper, steeper channels with fewer channel threads than its subaerial counterpart. For the subaqueous cases, neither slope, nor braiding index, nor bar aspect ratio varied consistently with Qw/Qs. For the subaqueous channels, the timescale for avulsion was double the time to migrate one channel width, and one‐third the time to aggrade one channel depth. The experiments inform a new stratigraphic model for submarine braided channels, wherein sand bodies are more laterally connected and less vertically persistent than those formed by submarine meandering channels.
Media experiences and associations with mental health among the bereaved of the MH17‐disaster: A latent profile analysis
Authors: van der Velden Peter G. , van der Meulen Erik , Lenferink Lonneke I. M. , Yzermans Joris C. 
Published: January 2018

Research has shown that the amount of media exposure is associated with post‐event mental health problems. Whether bereaved individuals have negative experiences with media reports and whether they are associated with post‐event mental health is unclear. This study evaluated these experiences and associations following the MH17‐disaster. How media reports were experienced (nine topics, modified MAS), depression symptoms (QIDS‐SR), functional problems (WSAS) and event‐related coping‐self‐efficacy (CSE) were assessed about one year post‐disaster (May‐August 2015) among Dutch bereaved (N = 152). A substantial minority reported negative experiences such as reports made me angry (30%) and made me sad (48%). Latent profile analysis with symptoms, problems and coping self‐efficacy as indicators, identified four classes of post‐disaster mental health: a Well‐functioning(class 1), 35.1%; a Mild‐problems(class 2), 30.4%; a Sub‐clinical(class 3), 27.0%; and a Clinical(class 4), 7.4%. Differences in symptoms, problems and coping self‐efficacy levels between classes were large according to Cohen's ds. Multivariate logistic regression (MLR) showed that the Clinical(class 4) compared to the Well‐functioning(class 1), more often that felt that reports strongly “embarrassed me,” “made me feel sad,” “filled me with fear” and “served as a magnifying glass.” Future research should assess opportunities and effects of limiting media consumption.
Regime‐dependent effects of uncertainty on inflation and output growth: evidence from the United Kingdom and the United States
Authors: Chowdhury Kushal Banik , Kundu Srikanta , Sarkar Nityananda 
Published: January 2018

AbstractEmploying a bivariate regime switching model, this paper attempts to examine the regime‐dependent effects of inflation uncertainty and output growth uncertainty on inflation and output growth. Using monthly data of the United Kingdom and the United States, we provide evidence that both nominal and real uncertainty exert regime‐dependent impacts on inflation. Furthermore, in case of both the countries, inflation uncertainty has adverse impact on output growth mainly during the period of economic contraction. Also, for these two countries, it can be argued that higher real uncertainty significantly reduces output growth only in their respective low output growth regimes.
Caffeine Improves Triathlon Performance: A Field Study in Males and Females
Authors: Potgieter Sunita , Wright Hattie H. , Smith Carine 
Published: January 2018

The ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance exercise is commonly accepted. We aimed to elucidate realistically the effect of caffeine on triathlon event performance using a field study design, while allowing investigation into potential mechanisms at play. A double-blind, randomized, crossover field trial was conducted. Twenty-six triathletes (14 males and 12 females; mean ± SD: age = 37.8 ± 10.6 years, habitual caffeine intake = 413 ± 505 mg/day, percentage body fat = 14.5 ± 7.2%, and training/week = 12.8 ± 4.5 hr) participated in this study. Microencapsulated caffeine (6 mg/kg body weight) was supplemented 60 min pretrial. Performance data included time to completion, rating of perceived exertion, and profile of mood states. Blood samples taken before, during, and postrace were analyzed for cortisol, testosterone, and full blood count. Capillary blood lactate concentrations were assessed prerace, during transitions, and 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 min after triathlons. Caffeine supplementation resulted in a 3.7% reduction in swim time (33.5 ± 7.0 vs. 34.8 ± 8.1 min, p < .05) and a 1.3% reduction in time to completion (149.6 ± 19.8 vs. 151.5 ± 18.6 min, p < .05) for the whole group. Gender differences and individual responses are also presented. Caffeine did not alter the rating of perceived exertion significantly, but better performance after caffeine supplementation suggests a central effect resulting in greater overall exercise intensity at the same rating of perceived exertion. Caffeine supplementation was associated with higher postexercise cortisol levels (665 ± 200 vs. 543 ± 169 nmol/L, p < .0001) and facilitated greater peak blood lactate accumulation (analysis of variance main effect, p < .05). We recommend that triathlon athletes with relatively low habitual caffeine intake may ingest 6 mg/kg body weight caffeine, 45–60 min before the start of Olympic-distance triathlon to improve their performance.
Ischemic Preconditioning: No Influence on Maximal Sprint Acceleration Performance
Authors: Thompson Kyle M.A. , Whinton Alanna K. , Ferth Shane , Spriet Lawrence L. , Burr Jamie F. 
Published: January 2018

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) was initially developed to protect the myocardium from ischemia through altered cardiocyte metabolism. Because of the observed effects on metabolism and oxygen kinetics, IPC gained interest as a potential ergogenic aid in sports. Limited research evaluating the effects of IPC on maximal short-duration activities has been performed, and of the existing literature, mixed outcomes resulting from intrasubject variation may have clouded the efficacy of this technique for enhancing sprint performance. Therefore, the current study employed a randomized repeated-measures crossover design with IPC, placebo (SHAM), and control conditions while using sprint-trained athletes (N = 18) to determine the effect of IPC (3 × 5-min occlusions, with 5-min reperfusion), concluding 15 min prior to maximal 10-s and 20-m sprinting. A visual analog scale was used in conjunction with the sprint trials to evaluate any possible placebo effect on performance. Despite a “significantly beneficial” perception of the IPC treatment compared with the SHAM trials (P < .001), no changes in sprint performance were observed after either the IPC or SHAM condition over 10 m (IPC Δ  < 0.01 [0.02] s, SHAM Δ  < 0.01 [0.02] s) or 20 m (IPC Δ = −0.01 [0.03] s, SHAM Δ < 0.01 [0.03] s) compared with control. Thus, an IPC protocol does not improve 10- or 20-m sprint performance in sprint-trained athletes.
Daily Bicycling in Older Adults May be Effective to Reduce Fall Risks—A Case-Control Study
Authors: Batcir Shani , Melzer Itshak 
Published: January 2018

Older adults gain many health benefits from riding bicycles regularly. We aimed to explore whether older persons who ride bicycles regularly have better balance than controls. Balance control and voluntary stepping were assessed in 20 older adults aged 65–85 years who live in an agricultural community village and who ride bicycles regularly, and 30 age- and gender-matched nonbicycle riders (NBR). Self-reported function and fear of fall were also assessed. Bicycle riders (BR) showed significantly better balance, faster voluntary stepping, and better self-reported advanced lower-extremity function compared with NBR. The results might suggest that bicycling regularly preserves balance control and speed of voluntary stepping in older adults because bicycling might maintain specific balance coordination patterns. The results should be treated with caution as bicycle riders were older adults who selected an active lifestyle (i.e., bicycling as well as living in an agricultural village) that may bias the results.
Ehrlichia chaffeensis TRP120 Effector Targets and Recruits Host Polycomb Group Proteins for Degradation To Promote Intracellular Infection
Authors: Mitra Shubhajit , Dunphy Paige S. , Das Seema , Zhu Bing , Luo Tian , McBride Jere W. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Ehrlichia chaffeensis
has a group of well-characterized type I secreted tandem repeat protein (TRP) effectors that have moonlighting capabilities. TRPs modulate various cellular processes, reprogram host gene transcription as nucleomodulins, function as ubiquitin ligases, and directly activate conserved host cell signaling pathways to promote
E. chaffeensis
infection. One TRP-interacting host target is polycomb group ring finger protein 5 (PCGF5), a member of the polycomb group (PcG) protein family and a component of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). The current study demonstrates that during early infection, PCGF5 strongly colocalizes with TRP120 in the nucleus and later dramatically redistributes to the ehrlichial vacuole along with other PCGF isoforms. Ectopic expression and immunoprecipitation of TRP120 confirmed the interaction of TRP120 with multiple different PCGF isoforms. At 48 h postinfection, a dramatic redistribution of PCGF isoforms from the nucleus to the ehrlichial vacuole was observed, which also temporally coincided with proteasomal degradation of PCGF isoforms and TRP120 expression on the vacuole. A decrease in PRC1-mediated repressive chromatin mark and an altered transcriptional activity in PRC1-associated Hox genes primarily from
HOXB
and
HOXC
clusters were observed along with the degradation of PCGF isoforms, suggesting disruption of the PRC1 in
E. chaffeensis-
infected cells. Notably, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of PCGF isoforms resulted in significantly increased
E. chaffeensis
infection. This study demonstrates a novel strategy in which
E. chaffeensis
manipulates PRC complexes through interactions between TRP120 and PCGF isoforms to promote infection.
Structural Study of the C-Terminal Domain of Nonstructural Protein 1 from Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Poonsiri Thanalai , Wright Gareth S. A. , Diamond Michael S. , Turtle Lance , Solomon Tom , Antonyuk Svetlana V. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that is closely related to other emerging viral pathogens, including dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). JEV infection can result in meningitis and encephalitis, which in severe cases cause permanent brain damage and death. JEV occurs predominantly in rural areas throughout Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Far East, causing around 68,000 cases of infection worldwide each year. In this report, we present a 2.1-Å-resolution crystal structure of the C-terminal β-ladder domain of JEV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1-C). The surface charge distribution of JEV NS1-C is similar to those of WNV and ZIKV but differs from that of DENV. Analysis of the JEV NS1-C structure, with
in silico
molecular dynamics simulation and experimental solution small-angle X-ray scattering, indicates extensive loop flexibility on the exterior of the protein. This, together with the surface charge distribution, indicates that flexibility influences the protein-protein interactions that govern pathogenicity. These factors also affect the interaction of NS1 with the 22NS1 monoclonal antibody, which is protective against West Nile virus infection. Liposome and heparin binding assays indicate that only the N-terminal region of NS1 mediates interaction with membranes and that sulfate binding sites common to NS1 structures are not glycosaminoglycan binding interfaces. This report highlights several differences between flavivirus NS1 proteins and contributes to our understanding of their structure-pathogenic function relationships.

IMPORTANCE
JEV is a major cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. Despite extensive vaccination, epidemics still occur. Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) plays a role in viral replication, and, because it is secreted, it can exhibit a wide range of interactions with host proteins. NS1 sequence and protein folds are conserved within the
Flavivirus
genus, but variations in NS1 protein-protein interactions among viruses likely contribute to differences in pathogenesis. Here, we compared characteristics of the C-terminal β-ladder domain of NS1 between flaviviruses, including surface charge, loop flexibility, epitope cross-reactivity, membrane adherence, and glycosaminoglycan binding. These structural features are central to NS1 functionality and may provide insight into the development of diagnostic tests and therapeutics.
CART Targeting of Solid Tumors: More Pieces to the Puzzle
Authors: Kalos Michael 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor–modified T (CART)-cell–based targeting of solid tumors remains a considerable and worthwhile challenge in the field of immunotherapy. The role of chemotherapy to target stroma and enhance chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell antitumor function, expansion, and persistence is still unresolved. Clin Cancer Res; 24(6); 1246–7. ©2018 AACR.
See related article by Guo et al., p. 1277
Reprogramming of Glucose Metabolism by Zerumbone Suppresses Hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Wani Nissar Ahmad , Zhang Bo , Teng Kun-yu , Barajas Juan M. , Motiwala Tasneem , Hu Peng , Yu Lianbo , Brüschweiler Rafael , Ghoshal Kalpana , Jacob Samson T. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent and highly aggressive liver malignancy with limited therapeutic options. Here, the therapeutic potential of zerumbone, a sesquiterpene derived from the ginger plant Zingiber zerumbet, against HCC was explored. Zerumbone inhibited proliferation and clonogenic survival of HCC cells in a dose-dependent manner by arresting cells at the G2–M phase and inducing apoptosis. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, a phosphokinase array was performed that showed significant inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and STAT3 signaling pathways in zerumbone-treated HCC cells. Gene expression profiling using microarray and analysis of microarray data by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed that zerumbone treatment resulted in significant deregulation of genes regulating apoptosis, cell cycle, and metabolism. Indeed, tracing glucose metabolic pathways by growing HCC cells with 13C6-glucose and measuring extracellular and intracellular metabolites by 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed a reduction in glucose consumption and reduced lactate production, suggesting glycolytic inhibition. In addition, zerumbone impeded shunting of glucose-6-phosphate through the pentose phosphate pathway, thereby forcing tumor cells to undergo cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Importantly, zerumbone treatment suppressed subcutaneous and orthotopic growth and lung metastasis of HCC xenografts in immunocompromised mice. In conclusion, these findings reveal a novel and potentially effective therapeutic strategy for HCC using a natural product that targets cancer cell metabolism.
Implications: Dietary compounds, like zerumbone, that impact cell cycle, apoptosis, and metabolic processes may have therapeutic benefits for HCC patients. Mol Cancer Res; 16(2); 256–68. ©2017 AACR.
Multivisceral Resection for Locally Invasive Colorectal Liver Metastases: Outcomes of a Matched Cohort Analysis
Authors: Hand Fiona , Sanabria Mateos Rebeca , Durand Michael , Fennelly David , McDermott Ray , Maguire Donal , Geoghegan Justin , Winter Des , Hoti Emir 
Published: January 2018

Local invasion of adjacent viscera by colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) is no longer considered an absolute contraindication to curative hepatic resection. A growing number of observational analyses have illustrated the feasibility of such resections; however, the evidence base is at best heterogeneous with a lack of evidence comparing similar patient groups. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of hepatectomy for CRLM when combined with other viscera and compare to a matched cohort of isolated hepatic resections. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> From 2005 to 2015, 523 patients underwent hepatic resection for CRLM at our institution, 19 of whom underwent hepatectomy with extrahepatic resection. A 3: 1 matched cohort analysis was performed between those who underwent isolated hepatectomy (control group) and those who underwent hepatectomy with extrahepatic resection (combined group). Clinicopathological data were reviewed along with 30-day postoperative morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, overall survival for the multivisceral cohort was compared to all other isolated hepatectomies over the same time period. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Nineteen patients underwent liver resection accompanied by either/or diaphragmatic resection (<i>n</i> = 13), major vein resection and reconstruction (<i>n</i> = 5), and visceral resection (<i>n</i> = 3). Maximum tumor size was significantly larger in the combined group (60.58 vs. 15.34 mm <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.0001). Postoperative morbidity was similar in both groups (<i>p</i> = 0.41). Following multivisceral resection, 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 75, 56.6, and 25.7% respectively. Overall survival showed no significant difference between combined and control groups (<i>p</i> = 0.78). Similarly, when compared to the total cohort of isolated liver resections (<i>n</i> = 504), no significant difference in overall mortality was noted. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In patients presenting with concomitant CRLM and extrahepatic extension where R0 margins can be achieved, this present study supports the rationale to proceed to ­surgery with comparable morbidity and mortality rates to ­isolated hepatectomy.