bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning Algorithms Applied to Detection of Well Control Events
Authors: Unrau Sean , Torrione Pete , Hibbard Mark , Smith Russell , Olesen Lars , Watson Joe 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
When a drilling rig takes a kick or experiences lost circulation it is both dangerous and expensive. The earlier these events are detected the sooner the crew can take critical corrective action, minimizing both the danger and cost associated with the event. Detecting these events early allows the crew to take corrective action early thus minimizing both the danger and the cost associated with the event. Early detection of these events requires the crew to notice subtle changes in mud volumes and flow rates on the surface. As a kick enters the well bore and begins making its way to the surface it shows up as a gain in the volume of mud at surface and also an increase in mud flow rate out of the well. Conversely lost circulation occurs when some of the drilling mud is lost down hole. This shows up as a decrease in surface mud volume and a decrease in flow rate out of the well. These increases and decreases can be subtle when compared to the normal fluctuations in the mud system during drilling operations. The mud system undergoes significant changes in volume and flow rate as connections are made, as pipe is moved in and out of the hole, as pump rates change, and even as more depth is drilled. Traditional alarm systems that trigger on simple changes in mud volume and flow rate generate a large number of false alarms. Standard mud system alarms are not effective at detecting these dangerous events. The signature of the event can be lost in the normal variance of the data. Even if a traditional alarm sounds the crew is unlikely to take it seriously due to the large number of false alarms they have encountered leading up to the event.
This paper describes a system that utilizes machine learning algorithms to maintain an accurate estimate of what mud volumes and flow rates should be during all phases of the drilling process. Alarm thresholds are calculated and adapt in real time to the current rig activity. False alarms are dramatically reduced even while enforcing tight alarm bounds that enable early detection. Since the crew is left only with meaningful alarms, they are more likely to take corrective action in a timely manner.
Techniques to Improve the Use of Microwave to Produce Heavy Oil Reservoirs: Numerical Study
Authors: Othman Haitham A. , Soliman Mohamed Y. , Settari A. (Tony) 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The objective of this work is to improve the efficiency of using microwave to produce heavy oil formations. Thermal technologies are proven to be the most efficient for heavy oil recovery, with steam being the most widely used technique. However, steam injection has many limitations. The use of microwave as an alternative thermal source provides in-situ heating to overcome several challenges; but heat penetration depth is a challenging area that limits its applicability. This paper presents a numerical study to explore the factors that affect heat generation and penetration depth of this microwave-assisted technique. In addition, it presents and compares four different solutions to improve its performance.
A commercially available thermal reservoir simulator is used to model the use of microwave to produce heavy oil reservoirs. In this study, a heavy oil formation gets exposed to microwave irradiations at different frequencies and power levels. Production rate, cumulative production, temperature profile around the wellbore, and penetration depth of using microwave alone and in combination with four improvement techniques are monitored and analyzed. The improvement techniques include creating a network of producers and microwave wells, cyclic microwave/production operation, combining microwave with water injection, and the use of activated carbon as a microwave enabler.
The results of this study shows that microwave frequency is the main factor that controls heat penetration depth. On the other hand, power level affects significantly the amount of generated heat. This work also shows that combining microwave with any of the proposed solutions would increase the cumulative oil production by 14 to 150%. Their performance is affected by many factors related to the targeted reservoir, heavy oil properties, and microwave specifications; however, in this paper we focus on microwave power-level, frequency, and other factors related to each of the presented techniques.
Using microwave is one of the solutions to produce heavy oil reservoirs especially if other techniques are more difficult and costly to apply. The proposed solutions improve the performance of this microwave-assisted technique and overcomes some of its major challenges. This will unlock huge heavy oil resources especially in deep and offshore reservoirs.
Combining Microwave and Activated Carbon for Oilfield Applications: Thermal-Electromagnetic Analysis of Activated Carbon
Authors: Othman Haitham A. , Soliman Mohamed Y. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The objective of this study is to experimentally explore activated carbon as an enabler for microwave applications in the oilfield industry. Although using microwave overcomes major challenges associated with other widely applied techniques to produce heavy oil reservoirs, it has its own limitations. Activated carbon can be used as a microwave enabler to improve heat penetration depth of this microwave-assisted thermal EOR method. This paper presents an experimental investigation of activated carbon thermal-electromagnetic characteristics and proposes two heating mechanisms to improve its performance. In addition, heating synthetic rocks with and without activated carbon is investigated.
In this work, activated carbon samples in granular form are heated using a conventional 2.45-GHz microwave oven with a maximum power level of 1,200 watts. The temperature of heated activated carbon is monitored and compared to heating other naturally existing materials in oil reservoirs (oil, water, rock). Experimental results shows that oil and rock are almost transparent to microwave, and activated carbon heats up to very high temperatures in a very short period of time. A 20-ml sample of activated carbon heats up from 70°F to 800°F in 40 seconds which is much higher than water (~185°F) and oil (~90°F). Experimental results also show that heating activated carbon with two proposed mechanisms would decrease the required time to reach a specific temperature by up to 50%. Namely they are pre-heating and pre-mixing it with water. Both techniques and potential causes of the observed improvement are presented and investigated.
Further experimental investigation in this study involves making synthetic rocks filled with activated carbon in different ways. It is applied either in proppants form to fill an induced fracture or is injected into the rock sample in the form of nanoparticles. Temperature monitoring for both cases shows that using activated carbon would improve the generated heat and penetration depth.
Combining activated carbon and microwave resolves major challenges associated with other thermal EOR techniques. This work provides us with a better understanding of an important component of this microwave-assisted method. This will result in developing better programs for future laboratory investigations and field deployments of this technique.
A Comprehensive Experimental Study of Pore-Scale and Core-Scale Processes During Carbonated Water Injection Under Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Mahzari Pedram , Tsolis Pantelis , Farzaneh S. Amir , Sohrabi Mehran , Enezi Sultan , Yousef Ali A. , Eidan Ahmed A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Enriching the injection water with CO2 has demonstrated promising results as a method for improving oil recoveries and securely storing CO2 in oil reservoirs. However, the mutual interactions taking place between carbonated water and reservoir oil at elevated reservoir conditions are not fully understood. Here we present the results of a thorough investigation of the processes leading to additional oil recovery through integrating pore-scale visualisations and coreflood experiments. Four pore-scale visualization (micromodel) experiments were performed at reservoir conditions using the recombined live oil under different injection scenarios (tertiary and secondary). Having identified the underlying dynamic interactions at pore-scales, the performance of different injection scenarios for carbonated water injection (CWI) was investigated using carbonate reservoir rocks. Five coreflood experiments were carried out using both fully and half-saturated carbonated water to sensitise the impact of CO2 content of injection water on the performance of CWI.
In-situ liberation of gaseous phase was identified (from direct visualisations) as the predominant mechanism controlling the performance of carbonated water injection. The gas phase formation would bring about higher degrees of oil swelling, and it would also create a three phase flow regime which leads to further reduction of residual oil saturation. The observations confirm that the performance of CWI should be investigated under reservoir conditions using multi-components live oil and reservoir cores. Any simplification, e.g. one components make-up gas or reduced pressure/temperature, of the reservoir conditions would misleadingly change the pore-scale event and hence, the performance of CWI. From the core displacement tests, it was observed that secondary CWI could recover a significant amount of additional oil, which was 26% compared to plain seawater injection. The tertiary carbonated water would effectively mobilise 15.3% of the residual oil (after seawater injection). When CO2 content of injected CW (carbonated water) was halved, the oil recovery dropped by 13. The results revealed that the oil recovery would be lower if CO2 concentration is reduced but the extent of oil recovery reduction would be much less than the level of reduction in CO2 concentration.
The unique and integrated research approach employed here enables us to produce a more complete and reliable set of findings and understandings at realistic reservoir conditions. During CWI under reservoir conditions, an "in-situ WAG-type" three-phase flow would be generated with more effective sweep efficiency and pore-scale advantages.
LA REPRESENTACIÓN DEL PODER EN LAS COMUNIDADES PROTOHISTÓRICAS DEL NOROESTE PENINSULAR. EXCELENCIA MASCULINA Y COTIDIANIDAD FEMENINA
Authors: González Santana Mónica 
Published: June 2017

Resumen: Dentro de las estrategias de acceso al poder de las élites masculinas, la articulación y dominio de los espacios de representación servirían de garantía tanto a la legitimación como a la consolidación de las desigualdades sociales. Una garantía que se apoyaba en el control de las armas, los rituales y la autoridad. En ese sentido, el estudio, como parte del lenguaje simbólico del poder, de los espacios y materiales rescatados nos ayuda a entender cómo se construyeron las diferencias de género y con ellas las desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres.Palabras clave: protohistoria, arqueología, espacios, género, poder, patriarcado, excelencia y cotidianidad.English Title: The Representation of Power in the Northwest Peninsular Protohistoric Communities. Masculine Excellence and Feminine CotidianityAbstract: In the power strategies of masculine elites, the articulation and domination of representational spaces would serve to guarantee their legitimacy, but they would also consolidate social inequalities. Masculine power, shored up by development of defensive weaponry, was organised through control of weapons, rules and rituals. This study of spaces and materials will assist in understanding how such societies, through this symbolic language of power, constructed gender differences and thereby created inequalities between men and women.Key words: protohistory, archaeology, spaces, gender, poser, patriarchy, excellence andcotidianity.
RESEÑA: DISCURSO DE GÉNERO Y DIDÁCTICA. RELATO DE UNA INQUIETUD. FÉLIX SAN VICENTE Y Mª LUISA CALERO VAQUERA
Authors: Blanco Valdés Carmen F. 
Published: June 2017

Félix San Vicente y Mª Luisa Calero Vaquera (eds.), Discurso de género y didáctica. Relato de una inquietud. Bologna: Cooperativa Libraria Universitaria Editrice Bologna (CLUEB), 2012. ISBN: 978-88-491-3653-1;978-84-9927-113-2.
Leona entre las leonas, tradición escritural femenina: amor, libertad y palabras
Authors: Granilllo Vázquez Lilia , Fort Chávez Liliana 
Published: June 2017

Se destaca la contribución de Leona Vicario, heroína de la Independencia mexicana, creadora de opinión pública y gestora del discurso de las mujeres ante el pensamiento sistémico. Las acciones y manifestaciones expresas de Leona Vicario sugieren la tradición femenina de libertad, de salvaguarda del territorio con intuición ecologista, más allá de proyectos masculinos. Lecturas de otras leonas impulsan el estudio de esta pionera y su atrevida ocupación de la plaza pública con palabras fuertes y conocedoras.
A scuola di pari opportunità. Il sistema scolastico: un circuito decisivo -ma trascurato- per educare al rispetto dell’identità e della differenza di genere
Authors: Musi Elisabetta 
Published: June 2017

Riassunto: La scuola può promuovere un profondo rinnovamento culturale, rivolgendosi a intere generazioni di bambini e bambine, ragazzi e ragazze e alle loro famiglie. E tuttavia, a fronte di un diffuso bisogno di superamento di modelli dominanti nell’ordine simbolico e nell’organizzazione sociale, evidenziati dalle disarmonie in famiglia, dalle tensioni che sfociano in violenze, dalle vessazioni e dalle iniquità sul lavoro, le politiche di un’istruzione attenta ai generi e di promozione di una cultura non discriminante non ricevono l’attenzione che meritano. Nell’argomentare queste posizioni, l’intervento riepiloga per sommi capi l’orientamento delle politiche italiane e del nord Europa in relazione al binomio educazione scolastica e differenza di genere. Al contempo tenta di problematizzare alcune condizioni imprescindibili perché l’attenzione al genere possa promuovere un percorso di civiltà, di maturità e responsabilizzazione di un Paese. An Equal Opportunities School. The School System: A Decisive Circuit –But Neglected– to Educate to Respect the Difference and Gender Identity Abstract: School can foster a deep cultural renewal by addressing whole generations of children and teenagers, along with their families. However, despite a widespread need to overcome prevailing patterns in symbolic order and social organization, revealed by lack of harmony at home, tensions resulting in violence, harassment and iniquities in the workplace… education policies and objectives aimed at teaching about gender citizenship and fostering nondiscrimination culture do not get the deserved attention. By sustaining these positions, the present paper summarizes the stance of Italian and northern European policies with regard to the binomial school education and gender difference. Meanwhile, the article tries to problematize some unavoidable conditions for attention on gender to foster a path of civilization, maturity and assumption of responsibilities on the part of a country.
Complications associated with the use of flow-diverting devices for cerebral aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhou Geng , Su Ming , Yin Yan-Ling , Li Ming-Hua 
Published: June 2017

OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study was to review the literature on the use of flow-diverting devices (FDDs) to treat intracranial aneurysms (IAs) and to investigate the safety and complications related to FDD treatment for IAs by performing a meta-analysis of published studies.METHODSA systematic electronic database search was conducted using the Springer, EBSCO, PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane databases on all accessible articles published up to January 2016, with no restriction on the publication year. Abstracts, full-text manuscripts, and the reference lists of retrieved articles were analyzed. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the complication rates across studies.RESULTSSixty studies were included, which involved retrospectively collected data on 3125 patients. The use of FDDs was associated with an overall complication rate of 17.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.6%–20.5%) and a low mortality rate of 2.8% (95% CI 1.2%–4.4%). The neurological morbidity rate was 4.5% (95% CI 3.2%–5.8%). No significant difference in the complication or mortality rate was observed between 2 commonly used devices (the Pipeline embolization device and the Silk flow-diverter device). A significantly higher overall complication rate was found in the case of ruptured IAs than in unruptured IA (odds ratio 2.3, 95% CI 1.2–4.3).CONCLUSIONSThe use of FDDs in the treatment of IAs yielded satisfactory results with regard to complications and the mortality rate. The risk of complications should be considered when deciding on treatment with FDDs. Further studies on the mechanism underlying the occurrence of adverse events are required.
Vision outcomes in patients with paraclinoid aneurysms treated with clipping, coiling, or flow diversion: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Silva Michael A. , See Alfred P. , Dasenbrock Hormuzdiyar H. , Patel Nirav J. , Aziz-Sultan Mohammad A. 
Published: June 2017

OBJECTIVEPatients with paraclinoid aneurysms commonly present with visual impairment. They have traditionally been treated with clipping or coiling, but flow diversion (FD) has recently been introduced as an alternative treatment modality. Although there is still initial aneurysm thrombosis, FD is hypothesized to reduce mass effect, which may decompress the optic nerve when treating patients with visually symptomatic paraclinoid aneurysms. The authors performed a meta-analysis to compare vision outcomes following clipping, coiling, or FD of paraclinoid aneurysms in patients who presented with visual impairment.METHODSA systematic literature review was performed using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Studies published in English between 1980 and 2016 were included if they reported preoperative and postoperative visual function in at least 5 patients with visually symptomatic paraclinoid aneurysms (cavernous segment through ophthalmic segment) treated with clipping, coiling, or FD. Neuroophthalmological assessment was used when reported, but subjective patient reports or objective visual examination findings were also acceptable.RESULTSThirty-nine studies that included a total of 2458 patients (520 of whom presented with visual symptoms) met the inclusion criteria, including 307 visually symptomatic cases treated with clipping (mean follow-up 26 months), 149 treated with coiling (mean follow-up 17 months), and 64 treated with FD (mean follow-up 11 months). Postoperative vision in these patients was classified as improved, unchanged, or worsened compared with preoperative vision. A pooled analysis showed preoperative visual symptoms in 38% (95% CI 28%–50%) of patients with paraclinoid aneurysms. The authors found that vision improved in 58% (95% CI 48%–68%) of patients after clipping, 49% (95% CI 38%–59%) after coiling, and 71% (95% CI 55%–84%) after FD. Vision worsened in 11% (95% CI 7%–17%) of patients after clipping, 9% (95% CI 2%–18%) after coiling, and 5% (95% CI 0%–20%) after FD. New visual deficits were found in patients with intact baseline vision at a rate of 1% (95% CI 0%–3%) for clipping, 0% (95% CI 0%–2%) for coiling, and 0% (95% CI 0%–2%) for FD.CONCLUSIONSTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to assess vision outcomes after treatment for paraclinoid aneurysms. The authors found that 38% of patients with these aneurysms presented with visual impairment. These data also demonstrated a high rate of visual improvement after FD without a significant difference in the rate of worsened vision or iatrogenic visual impairment compared with clipping and coiling. These findings suggest that FD is an effective option for treatment of visually symptomatic paraclinoid aneurysms.
Pipeline embolization device versus coiling for the treatment of large and giant unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Wali Arvin R. , Park Charlie C. , Santiago-Dieppa David R. , Vaida Florin , Murphy James D. , Khalessi Alexander A. 
Published: June 2017

OBJECTIVERupture of large or giant intracranial aneurysms leads to significant morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Both coiling and the Pipeline embolization device (PED) have been shown to be safe and clinically effective for the treatment of unruptured large and giant intracranial aneurysms; however, the relative cost-to-outcome ratio is unknown. The authors present the first cost-effectiveness analysis to compare the economic impact of the PED compared with coiling or no treatment for the endovascular management of large or giant intracranial aneurysms.METHODSA Markov model was constructed to simulate a 60-year-old woman with a large or giant intracranial aneurysm considering a PED, endovascular coiling, or no treatment in terms of neurological outcome, angiographic outcome, retreatment rates, procedural and rehabilitation costs, and rupture rates. Transition probabilities were derived from prior literature reporting outcomes and costs of PED, coiling, and no treatment for the management of aneurysms. Cost-effectiveness was defined, with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) defined as difference in costs divided by the difference in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The ICERs < $50,000/QALY gained were considered cost-effective. To study parameter uncertainty, 1-way, 2-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.RESULTSThe base-case model demonstrated lifetime QALYs of 12.72 for patients in the PED cohort, 12.89 for the endovascular coiling cohort, and 9.7 for patients in the no-treatment cohort. Lifetime rehabilitation and treatment costs were $59,837.52 for PED; $79,025.42 for endovascular coiling; and $193,531.29 in the no-treatment cohort. Patients who did not undergo elective treatment were subject to increased rates of aneurysm rupture and high treatment and rehabilitation costs. One-way sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the model was most sensitive to assumptions about the costs and mortality risks for PED and coiling. Probabilistic sampling demonstrated that PED was the cost-effective strategy in 58.4% of iterations, coiling was the cost-effective strategy in 41.4% of iterations, and the no-treatment option was the cost-effective strategy in only 0.2% of iterations.CONCLUSIONSThe authors’ cost-effective model demonstrated that elective endovascular techniques such as PED and endovascular coiling are cost-effective strategies for improving health outcomes and lifetime quality of life measures in patients with large or giant unruptured intracranial aneurysm.