bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S2k-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Patienten mit Asthma
Authors:   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Arbeitsmedizin und Umweltmedizin e. V., Buhl R. , Bals R. , Baur X. , Berdel D. , Criée C.-P. , Gappa M. , Gillissen A. , Greulich T. , Haidl P. , Hamelmann E. , Kardos P. , Kenn K. , Klimek L. , Korn S. , Lommatzsch M. , Magnussen H. , Nicolai T. , Nowak D. , Pfaar O. , Rabe K. , Riedler J. , Ritz T. , Schultz K. , Schuster A. , Spindler T. , Taube R. , Taube K. , Vogelmeier C. , von Leupold A. , Wantke F. , Weise S. , Wildhaber J. , Worth H. , Zacharasiewicz A. ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rehabilitationswissenschaften e.V.,   und Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe e.V.;
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungDie vorliegende Leitlinie ist eine Neufassung und Aktualisierung der Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Patienten mit Asthma, welche die bisher für den deutschen Sprachraum gültige Version aus dem Jahr 2006 ablöst. Die Fülle an neuen Erkenntnissen zur Pathophysiologie und zu den Phänotypen von Asthma und das erweiterte Spektrum an diagnostischen und therapeutischen Möglichkeiten bei dieser Erkrankung machte eine Neufassung und Aktualisierung notwendig. Es werden sowohl für Kinder und Jugendliche als auch für Erwachsene mit Asthma die aktuellen, Evidenz-basierten diagnostischen und therapeutischen Empfehlungen dargelegt.
Endoscopic pancreatic balloon sphincteroplasty for difficult to treat pancreatic stones and strictures: experience in 80 patients
Authors: Bansal Rinkesh , Patil Gaurav , Puri Rajesh , Choudhary Narendra , Patle Saurabh , Sharma Zubin , Sud Randhir 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Background and aim There is paucity of data about endoscopic pancreatic sphincteroplasty (EPS) after endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy (EPST) in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to establish the indications for EPS, complications related to it, and to examine its effectiveness in managing chronic pancreatitis after a year of follow-up.
Methods We evaluated the safety and efficacy of pancreatic balloon dilation coupled with sphincterotomy for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. The technical success rate of balloon dilation, stone clearance, frequency of pancreatic stenting, and procedure-related adverse events were recorded.
Results Out of 580 patients who underwent pancreatic endotherapy between July 2014 and February 2016, 80 patients underwent EPS. The mean age of these 80 patients was 34 ± 11 years, and 80 % (n = 64) were males. The common indications were removal of large radiolucent stones in 31 patients; unyielding radiopaque stones post extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in 20 patients, and pancreatic duct stricture combined with stones in 29 patients. EPS could be successfully completed in 98.75 % of patients. Complete ductal clearance in a single session was achieved in only 25 patients, while 26 patients required two sessions. There were two adverse events of pain requiring admission for more than 24 hours and one procedure related bleeding, all of which were managed conservatively. The patients had an average follow-up of 8 months (6 – 12 months) and all the patients were pain free.
Conclusions Endoscopic pancreatic sphincteroplasty is a relatively safe procedure with a low incidence of complications and a high rate of treatment success.
Entwicklungsräume
Authors: Vollmer Tanja C. , Koppen Gemma , Vraetz Thomas , Niemeyer Charlotte 
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung
Vom Heilungserfolg wissenschaftsbasierter Architektur für Kinder- und Jugendkliniken Kann man Heilungs- und Entwicklungschancen
hospitalisierter Kinder und Jugendlicher mittels Architektur verbessern? Noch nie wurde der Frage so konsequent nachgegangen wie in der
neuen Kinder- und Jugendklinik der Universität Freiburg. Seit 2013 arbeiten dort Pflegende, Pädagogen, Psychologen und Ärzte gemeinsam
daran, im zukünftigen Klinikbau die Krankenversorgung und Krankenhausumgebung besser als bisher aufeinander abzustimmen. Sie werden dabei
maßgeblich von einer Architekturpsychologie unterstützt, die sich auf die Entwicklung von sogenannten Qualitativen Raumkonzepten
spezialisiert hat.
Kardiologische Rehabilitation
Authors: Schwaab Bernhard 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Rehabilitation kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen stellt eine multimodale Intervention auf somatischer, psychologischer, edukativer und sozialer Ebene durch ein interdisziplinäres Team dar und beinhaltet neben der Optimierung der medizinischen Sekundärprävention zur Reduktion von Morbidität und Mortalität auch die Verbesserung der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit und der Lebensqualität sowie die Wiedereingliederung in das soziale und Erwerbsleben. In 5 kontrollierten Kohortenstudien an 12 556 Patienten aus Deutschland konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Anschlussrehabilitation nach akutem Myokardinfarkt und nach Bypass-Operation die Gesamtmortalität, die Reinfarktrate und die Hospitalisierung im Verlauf von 1–2 Jahren signifikant senkte. Diese Ereignisreduktion gelang zusätzlich zu einer interventionellen Akuttherapie und einer evidenzbasierten medikamentösen Sekundärprävention. 3 internationale Metaanalysen bestätigen diese nationalen Ergebnisse für Patienten mit Koronarer Herzkrankheit. Eine kardiologische Rehabilitation wird in nationalen und internationalen Leitlinien auch empfohlen für Patienten nach Herzklappenoperation und -intervention, nach dekompensierter Herzinsuffizienz, nach Herztransplantation sowie nach ICD-, CRT- und VAD-Implantation. Die Absicherung der Evidenz der kardiologischen Rehabilitation in Deutschland durch einen RCT wäre wünschenswert. Darüber hinaus sollten die multimodalen Interventionen noch individueller auf spezifische Patientengruppen (Hochbetagte, Gebrechliche), Indikationen (TAVI, VAD) sowie Komorbiditäten (pAVK, T2DM) ausgerichtet und besondere berufliche Problemlagen konsequent berücksichtigt werden. Die kardiologische Rehabilitation sollte integraler Bestandteil jeder Versorgung sein, die sich am dauerhaften Therapieerfolg orientiert.
Vorhofflimmern als Risikofaktor für eine Demenz
Authors: Dietzel Joanna , Endres Matthias , Häusler Karl 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungSowohl Vorhofflimmern als auch eine Demenz weisen eine hohe Prävalenz in der älteren Bevölkerung auf und werden in einem relevanten Ausmaß durch vergleichbare kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren bedingt. Vorhofflimmern ist bekanntermaßen ein unabhängiger Risikofaktor für den ischämischen Schlaganfall und zudem ein Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung einer Demenz, wie bevölkerungsbasierte Untersuchungen und systematische Übersichtsarbeiten belegen. Unabhängig von durch Vorhofflimmern bedingten zerebralen Ischämien scheint eine durch Vorhofflimmern induzierte chronische zerebrale Hypoperfusion und eine systemische Entzündungsreaktion der Entwicklung kognitiver Defizite Vorschub zu leisten. Obwohl bei bekanntem Vorhofflimmern bisher weder eine rhythmuserhaltende Therapie noch eine Gerinnungshemmung im Sinne einer medikamentösen Schlaganfallprävention nachweislich förderlich für die Prävention einer Demenz ist, stellt eine individualisierte und leitliniengerechte Therapie des Vorhofflimmerns sicher einen vielversprechenden Ansatz klinischer Studien dar. Die kognitive Funktion von Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern sollte zudem in der klinischen Praxis Beachtung finden.
Corrigendum to: Changes in smoking, drinking, overweight and physical inactivity in young Australian women 1996–2013
Authors: Powers Jennifer R. , Loxton Deborah , Anderson Amy E. , Dobson Annette J. , Mishra Gita D. , Hockey Richard , Brown Wendy J. 
Published: December 2017

Issue addressed: Smoking, risky drinking, overweight and obesity, and physical inactivity are health‐risk factors (HRFs) that contribute significantly to morbidity worldwide. Several initiatives have been introduced over the past two decades to reduce these HRFs. This paper examines changes in the prevalence of HRFs in young women (aged 18–23 years) between 1996 and 2013, overall and within demographic groups.Methods: Data from two cohorts of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, born in 1973–78 (n=14247) and 1989–95 (n=17012) were weighted to provide national estimates. Prevalence ratios were used to compare HRFs in 2013 relative to 1996.Results: In 1996, 32% were current smokers, 38% were risky drinkers, 22% were overweight or obese and 7% were physically inactive. In 2013, corresponding estimates were 19%, 35%, 33% and 6%. Between 1996 and 2013, overall smoking prevalence decreased, but remained over 43% among least educated women. Overweight and obesity increased in all demographic groups.Conclusions: The findings suggest that only smoking, which has been the subject of changes in taxation, legislation and regulation, declined significantly, in all except the least educated women. In contrast, the prevalence of overweight and obesity, which has largely been addressed through awareness campaigns and voluntary actions by the food industry, increased markedly in all demographic sub‐groups.So what?: The findings show that comprehensive health promotion interventions, such as those for tobacco control, are successful (but may still be ineffective among less educated women). In contrast the measures to control population weight gain among young women have been futile so far.
Magnetic Resonance Methodologies
Authors: Bandettini Peter A. , Lu Hanzhang 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive tool for assessing brain anatomy, perfusion, metabolism, and function with precision. In this chapter, the basics and the most cutting edge examples of MRI-based measures are described. The first is measurement of cerebral perfusion, including the latest techniques involving spin-labelling as well as the tracking of exogenous contrast agents. Functional MRI is then discussed, along with some of the cutting edge methodology that has yet to make it into routine clinical practice. Next, resting state fMRI is described, a powerful technique whereby the entire brain connectivity can be established. Diffusion-based MRI techniques are useful for diagnosing brain trauma as well as understanding the structural connections in healthy and pathological brains. Spectroscopy is able to make spatially specific and metabolite-specific assessment of brain metabolism. The chapter ends with an overview of structural imaging with MRI, highlighting the developing field of morphometry and its potential for differentially assessing individual brains.
Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Meyer Emma , Walsh-Messinger Julie , Malaspina Dolores 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective psychoses are jointly considered in this chapter in light of the ongoing controversy concerning the diagnostic boundary between these conditions. Emil Kraepelin first separated schizophrenia (which he named dementia praecox) from manic-depressive insanity based on the deteriorating course of illness in schizophrenia, and the convention is still upheld in the DSM-5. A wealth of evidence suggests that this dichotomy does not mirror clinical reality. This chapter reviews the history of the diagnostic concepts underlying the grouping and separation of “the psychoses,” focusing on schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder.
Synaptic Mechanisms of Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Grant Seth G. N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Synapses are the hallmark of the neuroanatomy of the brain. The million billion synapses of the human brain connect the nerve cells into the networks that underpin all behavior. The molecular anatomy of synapses is also remarkably complicated with ~2000 proteins in the synapse proteome. The proteins are physically organized into a hierarchy of molecular machines that control synapse biology. These proteins integrate and compute the information in patterns of nerve cell activity. Mutations in hundreds of genes that encode synaptic proteins contribute to over one hundred brain diseases, including common mental disorders. The synapse proteome is of fundamental importance to mental illness.
Cellular Mechanisms of Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Dienel Samuel J. , Lewis David A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, including disturbances in working memory, is a core feature of the illness and the best predictor of long-term functional outcome. Working memory relies on neural network oscillations in the prefrontal cortex. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the prefrontal cortex, which are crucial for this oscillatory activity, exhibit a number of alterations in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. These GABA neuron disturbances may be secondary to upstream alterations in excitatory pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex. Together, these findings suggest both a neural substrate for working memory impairments in schizophrenia and therapeutic targets for improving functional outcomes in this patient population.
Current Treatments for Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Sarpal Deepak K. , Malhotra Anil K. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Over the past several decades, considerable work has established our current repertoire of approaches to treatment of psychosis. This chapter provides an overview of current treatments for psychotic disorders with a focus on schizophrenia. Diagnostic considerations will be introduced, followed by discussions of first generation and second generation antipsychotic drugs, our current mainstay for treatment. Adverse effects of medications will be examined, as well as approaches to treatment refractory illness and nonpharmacologic treatment modalities. Finally, in light of recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of psychotic disorders, we will briefly discuss treatment-related biomarkers, and novel treatment targets under development.
Neurotrophic Mechanisms of Depression
Authors: Duman Ronald S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Early theories of depression and treatment response were centered on the monoamine neurotransmitters, but more recent work has focused on functional and structural synaptic plasticity and the role of neurotrophic factors, particularly brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Neurotrophic factors regulate all aspects of neuronal function, including adaptive plasticity, synapse formation, and neuronal survival. Chronic stress and depression cause reductions in levels of BDNF and other key factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), in cortical regions that contribute to atrophy and loss of neurons observed in depressed patients and rodent stress models. In contrast, these neurotrophic factors are upregulated by chronic administration of typical antidepressants and are required for antidepressant responses. Moreover, fast acting, highly efficacious antidepressant agents such as ketamine rapidly increase BDNF release and synapse formation, paving the way for a new generation of medications for the treatment of depression.
Current and Experimental Treatments for Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Guastella Adam J. , Norton Alice , Alvares Gail A. , Song Yun Ju Christine 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
There are currently a range of treatments available for anxiety disorders, including pharmacological and behavior-based therapies. The most widely used medications, for which there is considerable evidence of efficacy across a range of anxiety disorders, are the serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. Benzodiazepines are also widely prescribed and show efficacy for acute anxiety, but their use in the treatment of chronic anxiety syndromes is more problematic. Many patients are not adequately covered by the available range of medications, which is driving interest in potentially new pharmacological approaches. The best established non-pharmacological treatment of anxiety is cognitive behavioral therapy and several related behavioral approaches, which have been shown to be efficacious in a range of anxiety disorders. One of these related approaches is called cognitive bias modification, which aims to alter an individual’s responses to anxiety-provoking stimuli.
Epidemiology of Substance use Disorders
Authors: Kandel Denise B. , Hu Mei-Chen , Griesler Pamela C. , Kerridge Bradley T. , Grant Bridget F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The epidemiology of drug use in the general population includes two distinct streams of research. The more common stream measures consumption patterns by asking individuals whether (and how frequently) they have ever used specific classes of drugs. The second stream measures the extent of problematic drug use by asking individuals about behaviors and symptoms that would meet the criteria for a substance use disorder. This chapter presents data on the epidemiology and phenomenology of substance use disorders from comparative and developmental perspectives, focusing on DSM-5 definitions, prevalence for types of drugs and by age, gender, and race/ethnicity, comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, and developmental stages.
The Genetic Basis of Addictive Disorders
Authors: Goldman David , Zhou Zhifeng , Hodgkinson Colin 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Addictive disorders are moderately to highly heritable, indicating that alleles transmitted from parents are protective, or enhance risk by whatever mechanisms. However, the inheritance of addictive disorders is complex, involving hundreds of genes and variants that are both common and rare, and that vary in effect size and context of action. Genes altering risk for addictions have been identified by pathway and candidate gene studies in humans and model organisms, and genomic approaches including genome-wide association, meiotic linkage, and sequencing. Genes responsible for shared liability to different addictive disorders have been identified, as well as genes that are relatively specific in altering risk of addiction to one agent. An impediment to overarching conclusions is that most of the heritability of addictions is unexplained at the level of gene or functional locus. However, new analytic approaches and tools have created new potentials for resolution of the “missing heritability.”
Molecular Neuroimaging in Addictive Disorders
Authors: London Edythe D. , Robertson Chelsea L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Molecular neuroimaging, using nuclear medicine procedures to evaluate brain function and markers for specific neurochemical systems, has substantially advanced the understanding of brain dysfunction linked to addictive disorders. Neuroimaging studies of human subjects and animal models has provided fundamental information on the neurobiology of vulnerability to addiction as well as the acute effects of drugs of abuse and the sequelae of chronic use, including the persistent states that maintain addiction and lead to relapse in those who initiate drug abstinence. A common theme that has emerged from decades of brain imaging points to frontostriatal dysfunction, which is a therapeutic target.
Brain Development and the Risk for Substance Abuse
Authors: Heitzeg Mary M. , Casey B.J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Addiction affects millions of people each year in the United States, with adolescence being a particularly vulnerable period of risk. This chapter provides an overview of recent human imaging and animal studies of adolescent brain development to further elucidate who may be most at risk for developing a substance abuse problem and when they may be most vulnerable. Emphasis on how brain circuitry underlying impulse control and sensitivity to rewards changes across development and how individual variation in this development may contribute to risk for addiction are highlighted. Understanding risk factors and how they change with exposure across development may enhance early detection, management, treatment, and ultimately prevention of substance use disorders.
Novel Approaches for Treating Addiction
Authors: Acri Jane B. , Skolnick Phil 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in our understanding of the neurobiological bases of drug abuse, no novel pharmacotherapies have recently been approved to treat substance use disorders (SUDs). Thus, while reformulations of established treatments have either been approved or are currently in late stage development (e.g., sustained release formulations of naltrexone (Vivitrol®) and buprenorphine), the development of medications to treat SUDs has lagged well behind other areas of psychiatry. In this chapter, we review some of the factors that have contributed to this dearth of innovative pharmacotherapies. We also review evidence that supports clinical testing of late stage molecules (developed for other indications) acting at promising targets, as well as novel biological approaches to the treatment of SUDs.
Current Approved Pharmacotherapies for Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Hammond Alexis S. , Strain Eric C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
About 3%–6% of the US population (an estimated 17 million people) were diagnosed with a substance use disorder (SUD) in 2014. This significant problem requires continued development of appropriate and effective therapies. Current treatments often include a combination of both pharmacologic and psychosocial modalities, tailored to an individual’s needs. This chapter provides a general overview of the pharmacotherapies that are currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for particular SUD indications. Those SUDs for which there are approved treatments include opioids, nicotine, and alcohol use disorders. Promising non-approved or investigational drugs are also briefly reviewed.
Genetics of Dementia
Authors: Renton Alan E. , Goate Alison M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The genetic architecture of dementia is polygenic and complex, with risk alleles spanning frequency–effect size space. Despite significant progress, most genes influencing these disorders await discovery. Known risk loci implicate perturbed pathways that coalesce around recurring mechanistic themes, notably the autophagosome-lysosome system, the cytoskeleton, endocytosis, innate immunity, lipid metabolism, mitochondria, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Phenotypic and pathophysiological pleiotropy suggests some conditions form continuous clinicopathogenetic disease spectra blurring classical diagnoses. Future large-scale genome sequencing of global populations will significantly elucidate etiopathogenesis and is likely to reframe nosology. Furthermore integrative prospective cohort studies have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of dementia.
Neurobiology of Lewy Body Dementias
Authors: Galvin James E. , Bras Jose Tomas 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Lewy body dementia (LBD) is the second most common form of neurocognitive disorder after Alzheimer’s disease and covers two related diagnoses: Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia. Despite being a common disorder, diagnosis outside expert academic centers remains a significant challenge. The core pathological feature of LBD is the cortical Lewy body; however, many cases will have coexistent Alzheimer disease pathology. Genetic risk factors for LBD include mutations in genes for alpha-synuclein (SNCA) and galactocerbrosidase (GBA). Dopamine transporter imaging remains the most sensitive but platforms for measuring alpha-synuclein are being developed. Current therapies focus on symptomatic relief but experimental cell and animal models are providing new insights for the development of disease-modifying therapeutics.