bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo skin reactions from pulsed‐type, bipolar, alternating current radiofrequency treatment using invasive noninsulated electrodes
Authors: Cho S.B. , Na J. , Zheng Z. , Lim J.M. , Kang J.‐S. , Lee J.H. , Lee S.E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundBipolar, alternating current radiofrequency (RF) conduction using invasive noninsulated electrodes consecutively generates independent tissue coagulation around each electrode and then, the converged coagulation columns.MethodsTwo pulsed‐type RF models at the on‐time pulse width/pulse pack of 30 and 40 milliseconds were designed to amplify the early stage of RF‐induced tissue reaction using hairless mouse skin in vivo. Then, structural and ultrastructural changes were evaluated in hairless mouse skin samples at baseline and immediately 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days after treatment.ResultsImmediately after pulsed‐RF treatment, a few chrysanthemum‐like zones of electrothermal coagulation and hypereosinophilic collagen fibers were found in the dermis and dermo‐subcutaneous fat junction. Histochemical staining for periodic acid‐Schiff and immunohistochemical staining for type IV collagen revealed marked thickening of basement membranes. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that pulsed‐RF treatment resulted in higher electron‐dense and remarkably thicker lamina densa, as well as increases in anchoring fibrils, compared with untreated control specimens. Furthermore, CD31‐positive blood vessels were smaller in size with a slit‐like luminal appearance, without excessive damage to endothelial cells.ConclusionOur data indicated that pulse‐type, bipolar RF energy induces structural and ultrastructural changes in basement membranes and vascular components in hairless mouse skin.
The economic burden of epilepsy in Bhutan
Authors: Wibecan Leah , Fink Günther , Tshering Lhab , Bruno Veronica , Patenaude Bryan , Nirola Damber K. , Dorji Chencho , Dema Ugyen , Pokhrel Dillram , Mateen Farrah J. ,   the Bhutan Epilepsy Project
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the economic impact of epilepsy in Bhutan, a lower‐middle‐income country with a universal health care system, but with limited access to neurological care.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted of patients with epilepsy at the Jigme Dorji Wangchuk National Referral Hospital from January to August 2016. Data were collected on clinical features, cost of care, impact of epilepsy on school or work and household economic status of participants and matched comparisons (a sibling or neighbour from a household without epilepsy).ResultsA total of 172 individuals were included in the study (130 adults and 42 children). One‐third of adults and 20 (48%) children had seizures at least once per month. Mean direct out‐of‐pocket cost for epilepsy care was 6054 Bhutanese Ngultrum (BTN; 91 USD) per year, of which transportation formed the greatest portion (53%). Direct costs of epilepsy were an average of 3.2% of annual household income. Adults missed 6.8 (standard deviation [SD]: 9.0) days of work or school per year on average, and children missed 18.6 (SD: 34.7) days of school. Among adults, 23 (18%) abandoned employment or school because of epilepsy; seven children (18%) stopped school because of epilepsy. Households with a person with epilepsy had a lower monthly per‐person income (6434 BTN) than comparison households without epilepsy (8892 BTN; P = 0.027).ConclusionsIn Bhutan, despite universal health care services, households of people with epilepsy face a significant economic burden. With many adults and children unable to attend school or work, epilepsy causes a major disruption to individuals’ livelihoods.
Determination of Festuca filiformis seedbank characteristics, seedling emergence and herbicide susceptibility to aid management in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)
Authors: White S N 
Published: January 2018

SummaryFestuca filiformis is a common perennial grass in lowbush blueberry fields, but little is known about the general biology, seedbank characteristics, seedling recruitment or susceptibility of seedlings to currently registered herbicides. The objectives of this research were to determine (i) the presence of F. filiformis seedbanks in lowbush blueberry fields, (ii) whether F. filiformis seedbanks accumulate near the soil surface in lowbush blueberry fields, (iii) the dormancy status of fresh F. filiformis seeds, (iv) the temporal patterns of seedling recruitment in established F. filiformis populations, (v) whether F. filiformis has a vernalisation requirement for flowering in lowbush blueberry and (vi) susceptibility of F. filiformis seedlings to various herbicides currently registered in lowbush blueberry. Festuca filiformis formed a seedbank in lowbush blueberry fields, with an average of 1660 ± 272–5680 ± 1409 seedlings m−2 emerging from soil cores collected from two infested fields. Most seeds were located at the soil surface, providing opportunities for seedbank management through predation or burning. Fresh seeds lacked dormancy and readily germinated, although germination was reduced by dark conditions. New seedlings emerged in spring and autumn and required vernalisation to flower. Seedlings were susceptible to several currently registered herbicides in lowbush blueberry, although mortality rates were highest in plants treated with glufosinate, flumioxazin, glufosinate + flumioxazin and terbacil. Growers should avoid movement of seeds on machinery, and additional research should be conducted to determine the effects of registered herbicides on F. filiformis seedling recruitment under field conditions in lowbush blueberry.
Deep-Well Injection in the Peninsula of Florida
Authors: Garcia-Bengochea J. I. 
Published: January 2018

Well injection is defined as the “subsurface emplacement of fluids through a bored, drilled or driven well; or through a dug well where the depth is greater than the largest surface dimension and a principal function of the well is the subsurface emplacement of fluids” (EPA, 1979). Deep-well injection of wastewater effluents is an engineering tool that can be either most valuable for the freshwater resources of an area or very detrimental to the quality of the waters of that area. Which of these two alternatives takes place depends entirely on how we handle this tool in the particular area with which we are concerned.
Paper published with permission.
Fluidized Bed Combustion Packaged Boilers
Authors: Wallish John W. 
Published: January 2018

Approximately 20 years ago, the National Coal Board, the British Coal Utilization Research Association, and the Central Electricity Generating Board, of the United Kingdom, in a joint venture, established a Research and Development Program covering Fluidized Bed Combustion Coal-Fired Boiler equipment. The primary objective of the program was to develop technology for the firing of high sulphur coal in a fluidized bed combustion process to generate steam in an environmentally acceptable manner. During the 1960’s, the accomplishments were significant, with the technology developed clearly indicating consideration should be given to boilers utilizing a fluidized bed combustion process for firing coal as well as other fuels.
Paper published with permission.
Considerations in the Manufacture of Alcohol From Citrus
Authors: Hammond James S. 
Published: January 2018

The subject of this paper is alcohol production from citrus. First, what is alcohol? According to Morrison and Boyd, “Alcohol is a family of chemical compounds of the general formula, ROH, where R is any Alkyl group or substituted group and OH is the hydroxyl group contained by all alcohols that determines this family’s chemical properties and characteristics.”
Paper published with permission.
Problems and Opportunities in the Use of Reconditioned Steel Drums
Authors: Murphy J. M. 
Published: January 2018

The title of this paper is an attempt to be completely candid. No one will argue that the engineer in the citrus processing industry often associates the use of reconditioned steel drums with problems, and we should acknowledge that. Some of these problems, of course, derive from using steel drums for a purpose to which they are not well-suited, and for which they were not really designed. In-plant storage of massive amounts of FCOJ inventory is the best example. That application has been properly taken over, in large degree, by installation in most plants of bulk tank farm storage as is found in almost every other major food industry with a liquid product. The concentrate industry grew so fast during the Fifties and Sixties that it simply took a while before the technology and systems were developed for the logical addition of bulk tank storage. Tanks of course are wonderful things — that is, if the valves don’t leak, and if the product temperature doesn’t get too high, and of course if the manhole covers stay intact!
Paper published with permission.
Citrus Research in Florida: Issues, Policies, and Solutions
Authors: Kender Walter J. 
Published: January 2018

The Florida citrus industry will continue to face new and serious challenges throughout the rest of this century and into the 21st century. Issues such as increasing production and labor costs, competition from other regions of the world, environmental awareness, energy, water management, government regulations, among others will focus our efforts on more efficient production, handling, processing and marketing methods. The historical commitment by the U.S. to a strong and highly-organized system for agricultural research has helped to maintain a vital and competitive domestic and international trade stature. Similarly, research has helped to keep the Florida citrus industry viable and competitive through the many major scientific developments from Lake Alfred.
Paper published with permission.
Florida Citrus Freeze Losses and Recovery in the Field
Authors: Whitney Jodie D. 
Published: January 2018

Freezes have had and will continue to have a significant impact on the conduct of the Florida citrus industry. A viable industry and all its associated suppliers and services depend very heavily on the consistent and continued production of fruit in the field. The main reason that fruit production has been inconsistent is the fruit and tree losses associated with damaging freezes. This paper will discuss a brief history of the freezes, the economics of several options of rehabilitating freeze-damaged trees, and cultural practices, etc. in the field which can minimize freeze losses.
Paper published with permission.
Coal Rediscovered
Authors: Wilda Jon C. , Elizer Mark C. 
Published: January 2018

Despite recent experience in petroleum markets, future oil prices and availability are still major uncertainties that can have significant impact on energy users. Natural gas prices have also seen continual escalation. In COMCO’s coal-based alternative fuel development work, we have taken a long-term outlook, namely that the only sensible fuel strategy for utility and industrial users continues to be the increased utilization of coal. Coal slurry fuels, such as coal-oil mixtures and coal-water mixtures, represent a way for energy users with existing conventional fuel-fired equipment to increase coal utilization without replacing those facilities with costly new coal-fired systems.
Paper published with permission.
Cogeneration for the Simultaneous Supply of Power, Heat and Refrigeration
Authors: Holldorff G. , Malewski W. 
Published: January 2018

Cogeneration means the simultaneous generation of different forms of energy from fossile fuels: Energy as high grade mechanical/electrical energy and thermal energy for different modes of application. An interesting possibility to use thermal energy of low or medium quality is the conversion to refrigeration by means of absorption refrigeration systems.
Absorption refrigeration was invented even earlier than mechanical refrigeration; for many years it was considered inferior. Process improvements and the increased attention to energy conservation and waste heat utilization in the last years, however, made this system attractive again as promising alternative to mechanical vapor compression.
The advantages of this system become particularly evident for low temperature applications. More than 50% of the plants built in the last 20 years by the leading manufacturer in this field are designed for evaporation temperatures below −40° F, most of them in freeze-drying plants with temperatures down to −65° F, where they have been proven under severe working conditions with very sensitive products.
In the citrus industry the greatest amount of refrigeration is required for concentrate processing at a temperature level of approximatley −41° F. And this is the reason why ammonia absorption refrigeration systems — particularly integrated in cogeneration plants — should be of interest for the citrus industry. Therefore absorption refrigeration will be a focal point of this paper.
Paper published with permission.
Automated Inspection/Classification of Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Miller William M. 
Published: January 2018

Rapid advances in the electronic industry have generated high interest in automated grading technology tor fresh fruits and vegetables. During the last two decades, packaging and container handling have become significantly mechanized. However, sorting remains a labor intensive operation in many fresh produce industries. The amount of fruit removed can be quite significant. In Florida citrus packing, an average of 30% of the fruit is diverted to processing. Such high removal rates coupled with limited grading tables areas can diminish human grading performance and the production capacity of a packing plant. Furthermore, the cullage removal rates will probably increase with further mechanization of harvesting and field handling.
Paper published with permission.
Environmental Permitting and Development of Citrus Groves in Southwest Florida
Authors: Helfferich William M. 
Published: January 2018

Since the introduction of sweet oranges to Florida with the establishment of the settlement at St. Augustine in 1565, the citrus industry has been steadily moving south. Prior to the “big freeze”, of 1894–95, the main citrus growing region was the hammocks of north-central Florida. The major citrus producing counties in the 1890’s were Orange, Alachua, Volusia, Lake, Putnam, Hillsborough, Pasco, Brevard and Polk, in that order. In 1889–90, Alachua county accounted for about one-third of the total citrus production. The freezes of the 1890’s caused the citrus belt to move south a hundred miles or so. By 1955, the leading counties were Polk, Lake, Orange, Hillsborough, Indian River, Highlands, Brevard and Volusia. Due to the strong influx of new residents in the 1950’s, the best drained areas along the coasts and central portion of the state were being converted to residential sub-divisions. Citrus growers were forced into less desirable locations. An attempt was made to expand citrus plantings along the upper west coast, but the winters of 1957–58 and 1962–63, with their severe freezes, again forced the industry south. The latest freezes of 1977 and the mid-1980’s have had a profound effect on the industry. In 1986–87 the major citrus producing counties were Polk, St. Lucie, Indian River, Highlands and Hendry. Lake County produced 40 million boxes of fruit in 1975–76 and less than 2 million in 1986–87. The most recent freezes have renewed interest in the undeveloped pastureland of southwestern Florida. As of January, 1988, 300 square miles of citrus have been permitted in Hendry, Glades, Collier and Lee Counties. Applications for another 100 square miles are pending.
Paper published with permission.
Overview of Toxic Contaminants in Ground Water Origin, Transport, and Treatment
Authors: Wilder Brannon H. 
Published: January 2018

Introduction: Most of you are primarily interested in ground water, by that I mean well water. I don’t believe anyone here uses a surface water source for either product water or in plant drinking water or so you think. I have had some surprises from Florida ground water acting like surface water. When hunting for reasons it was explained that water perculating through your soil acts almost like a huge lake or river with varying levels of naturally occuring contaminants and man made pollutants present depending on location and magnitude of source. I have had trouble with this since during the depression when my family lived on a grove in Lake County. Our well was driven into the limestone aquifer and my father was firmly convinced this was the best water in the entire State of Florida. In retrospect, I can never recall tasting better water, however it was hard as a rock and during the “monsoons” that occasionally came our way the well water took on a brown color just like the lake and cat-tail swamp across the road. Wells driven into the limestone aquifer, even in the artisian region below impermiable cap rock may be subject to significant surface intrusion.
Paper published with permission.
The Volatile Flavors of Orange Juice
Authors: Redd James B. 
Published: January 2018

I want to thank the Florida Section of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for the opportunity of talking with you about my favorite subject: “Orange Juice”. I’m a bit like the fellow from Texas who was visiting in Oklahoma. The town’s “ner-do-well” had passed away and at the local church, the minister was trying to say something nice about the departed. He soon ran out of words so he asked if someone in the audience cared to say a few words about the deceased. After a few moments of silence, the Texan got up and said that if nobody wanted to talk about the deceased, then he would like to take a few minutes to talk about Texas. That is how I feel about orange juice.
Paper published with permission.
Citrus Irrigation With Reclaimed Wastewater
Authors: McMahon Brian R. , Koo Robert C. J. , Persons H. Williams 
Published: January 2018

In 1986 the City of Orlando, Florida; Orange County; and area citrus growers implemented an innovative program to reclaim municipal wastewater for irrigation of citrus trees. This program, known as Water Conserv II, is planned to ultimately provide up to 50 million gallons per day of reclaimed water to as much as 15,000 acres of citrus grove land. In this paper, the authors present the program concept; identify public health issues that were considered; describe the facilities that were constructed to treat, transmit and distribute the reclaimed water; discuss operational factors and summarize initial observations of the project’s performance after the first two years of operation.
Paper published with permission.
Homogenizing Concentrate in a Juice Evaporator
Authors: Grant Philip 
Published: January 2018

A process used to concentrate orange juice and other citrus juices by using an APV Gaulin homogenizer within the T.A.S.T.E. Evaporator. The purpose of this process is to reduce viscosity, eliminate defects, reduce bottom pulp, increase yields, and provide for a smoother operation of the evaporator, subsequent to homogenization. This process, equipment and benefits are the basis of U.S. Patent #4,886,574 issued September 5, 1989, and application #339,171, pending.
Paper published with permission.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Applied to Citrus Processing
Authors: Balaban Murat O. , Arreola Ana G. 
Published: January 2018

Uses of supercritical (SC) fluids in citrus processing in conventional applications such as citrus oil fractionation, lemon oil extraction, and orange juice debittering are reviewed. In a non-conventional application, single strength orange juice was treated with SC CO2. Effect of pressure (7–34 MPa), temperature (35–60°C), and time (15–180 min) on pectinesterase (PE) activity, cloud stability, microorganisms, and sensory attributes were investigated. SC CO2 inactivated PE below thermal inactivation temperatures. (Activation energy at 31 MPa = 97.4 KJ/mole; at atmospheric pressure = 166.6 KJ/mole.) SC treatment did not change pH and °Brix; but stabilized and enhanced cloud and color. Ascorbic acid was better preserved. Sensory evaluations of color and cloudiness of treated juice were better. Flavor, aroma and overall acceptability were not different. Aerobic total plate counts showed that D value of treated juice decreased as pressure increased. D values at 35, 45 and 60°C of SC treated juice at 33.1 MPa were 28, 22.6 and 12.7 min, respectively.
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Citrus Debittering With Ultrafiltration/Adsorption Combined Technology
Authors: Wethern Mike 
Published: January 2018

A citrus debittering process combining the technologies of ultrafiltration and adsorption resin has been successfully applied in twelve (12) commercial installations around the world. Figure 1 documents the commercial uses of the combined technology debittering process since 1985. The commercial applications of this process include:
— Debittering of Navel orange juice
— Reduced bitter grapefruit juice
— Quality upgrading of orange pulp wash
Paper published with permission.
A New Concept of Evaporation Plants: Thermal Vapor Recompression for Reducing Costs and Improving Product Quality
Authors: Wiegand Bernhard W. H. 
Published: January 2018

GEA Wiegand has introduced a new evaporating concept tor concentrating orange juices by applying thermal vapor recompression (TVR). This technology is not new and has been used very successfully tor many decades in other industries but was never applied so far for citrus juice concentration.
In this article a conventional 7-effect directly heated evaporating plant is set against a new 5-effect plant with thermal vapor recompression for comparison and to prove the many advantages of this concept with regard to low running and capital costs as well as product quality of the concentrate.
Paper published with permission.
Bar Code Production Inventory Systems: An Integral Solution
Authors: Stanberry Chris 
Published: January 2018

The barrel room is one of the most labor intensive areas ot any Citrus Plant. Often operating three shifts in the peak of season, the barrel room may require as many as twelve people for barrel production. In addition to the labor requirements, the essential data for each drum produced is extensive. As Citrus product, single strength and concentrate, is purchased, received, processed, barreled, stored and shipped, the product data is required at each point of transaction.
Paper published with permission.
Tank Reaction System for Citrus Peel
Authors: Odio Carlos E. 
Published: January 2018

The major nuisance of a citrus plant’s feed mill has to be the reaction system. Generally built as large screws with paddle, cut or ribbon flights these reactors require a lot of horsepower, often a lot of maintenance and because they are normally undersized, they are responsible for excessive waste heat evaporator scaling.
Paper published with permission.
Title I of the Americans With Disabilities Act and the Citrus Industry: The Mystery Unravelled
Authors: Breckenridge John M. 
Published: January 2018

The Americans with Disabilities Act was passed to help some of the 43 million people in the United States with a physical or mental disability obtain employment. It prohibits discriminatory hiring and personnel practices against a “qualified” disabled individual, and requires employers to make certain accommodations, provided they are reasonable under the circumstances, to a “qualified” person’s disability. This mandate is designed to give a “qualified”, but disabled, individual the same opportunity for employment or advancement that the able-bodied have.
Paper published with permission.