bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reimagining Coolie Trajectories: The Triumphant Return as Political Statement in Late Qing “Coolie Fiction”
Authors: Weber Elizabeth E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe trade in indentured Chinese labor (the “coolie trade”) to the Americas was an exploitative labor‐recruitment regime that resulted in the transportation of over 300,000 Chinese men to various work sites in the mid‐to‐late 19th century. As Chinese impacted either directly or indirectly by the trade attempted to process and comprehend the multiple violences they were witnessing and experiencing, there emerged what I have previously called “conceptual vocabularies” related to the trade – new terminologies, worldviews, and sense of geopolitical/racial position – as evidenced in contemporary media and official reportage. The following discussion will identify how the traumatic translocation of coolie laborers, having already given rise to these vocabularies, could go on in later years to inspire a small burst of “coolie fiction.” With origins in Shanghai's Anti‐American Boycott of 1905, two such pieces of fiction —Bitter Society (1905) and Golden World (1907) (Ku shehui/Huangjin shijie 1985)— make use not just of the powerful latent vocabularies of the historic coolie trade but use the vari‐directional travels of the coolie protagonists as spatial metaphors for the characters' awakening activist subjectivity. The outward journey under the oppressive management of foreign recruiters symbolized China's loss of autonomy and humiliating descent into semicoloniality; while the triumphant depiction of erstwhile laborers returning from abroad to lead activist efforts as depicted in each novel can be read as a plea to readers to stand together and reclaim whatever power they could – whether from Euro‐American colonizers or from the “corrupt” Manchu ruling apparatus – in order to effect China's own “return” from its perilous state of semicoloniality. In making use of the coolie trade vocabularies and the coolie trajectories specifically, the novels simultaneously nod to a shared sense of past victimization and to the potential that such powerful public memory has to inspire social or political change.
Bangkok, Creole City: War Slaves, Refugees, and the Transformation of Culture in Urban Southeast Asia
Authors: Beemer Bryce 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSlave‐gathering warfare was an endemic feature of Southeast Asian statecraft in the pre‐colonial era. In this lightly populated region, capturing people was more important than seizing new lands. Armies laid siege to rival urban centers and carried thousands of people into captivity, among them artisans, performers, and musicians. This is a well‐understood feature of Southeast Asian statecraft, but the histories of captive people have gone largely unstudied. My project is to examine slave‐gathering warfare as a vector for cultural exchange. The forced relocation of skilled people laid the groundwork for processes of transculturation and cultural reinvention, but the evidence of these exchanges lays mostly outside the archive in the artistic, musical, and theatrical practices of the captive communities themselves. In this article, I examine a cluster of neighborhoods in Thonburi, one of the oldest areas in metropolitan Bangkok. Descendants of non‐Thai war captives and refugees populate this area, most brought to Bangkok in the late‐18th and 19th centuries from Laos, coastal Burma, and the Malay border region. I examine the cultural practices that originated in these communities through the lens of creolization theory, which allows us to better examine and comprehend the cultural contribution of foreign captives to Bangkok's urban culture.
Option generation in the treatment of unstable patients: An experienced‐novice comparison study
Authors: Whyte James , Pickett‐Hauber Roxanne , Whyte Maria D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThere are a dearth of studies that quantitatively measure nurses' appreciation of stimuli and the subsequent generation of options in practice environments. The purpose of this paper was to provide an examination of nurses' ability to solve problems while quantifying the stimuli upon which they focus during patient care activities. The study used a quantitative descriptive method that gathered performance data from a simulated task environment using multi‐angle video and audio. These videos were coded and transcripts of all of the actions that occurred in the scenario and the verbal reports of the participants were compiled. The results revealed a pattern of superiority of the experienced exemplar group. Novice actions were characterized by difficulty in following common protocols, inconsistencies in their evaluative approaches, and a pattern of omissions of key actions. The study provides support for the deliberate practice‐based programs designed to facilitate higher‐level performance in novices.
Pre‐ and post‐pollination interaction between six co‐floweringPedicularisspecies via heterospecific pollen transfer
Authors: Tong Ze‐Yu , Huang Shuang‐Quan 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIt remains unclear how related co‐flowering species with shared pollinators minimize reproductive interference, given that the degree of interspecific pollen flow and its consequences are little known in natural communities.Differences in pollen size in sixPedicularisspecies with different style lengths permit us to measure heterospecific pollen transfer (HPT) between species pairs in sympatry. The role of pollen–pistil interactions in mitigating the effects ofHPTwas examined.Field observations over 2 yr showed that bumblebee pollinators visiting one species rarely moved to another. Heterospecific pollen (HP) comprised < 10% of total stigmatic pollen loads for each species over 2 yr, and was not related to conspecific pollen deposition. Species with longer styles generally received moreHPper stigma. The pollen tube study showed that pollen from short‐styled species could not grow the full length of the style of long‐styled species. Pollen from long‐styled species could grow through the short style ofP. densispica, butP. densispicararely receivedHPin nature.Flower constancy is a key pre‐pollination barrier toHPTbetween co‐floweringPedicularisspecies. Post‐pollination pollen–pistil interactions may further mitigate the effects ofHPTbecauseHPtransferred to long styles could generally be effectively filtered.
IL‐33 polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of hay fever and reduced regulatory T cells in a birth cohort
Authors: Schröder Paul C. , Casaca Vera I. , Illi Sabina , Schieck Maximilian , Michel Sven , Böck Andreas , Roduit Caroline , Frei Remo , Lluis Anna , Genuneit Jon , Pfefferle Petra , Roponen Marjut , Weber Juliane , Braun‐Fahrländer Charlotte , Riedler Josef , Lauener Roger , Vuitton Dominique Angèle , Dalphin Jean‐Charles , Pekkanen Juha , von Mutius Erika , Kabesch Michael , Schaub Bianca ,   PASTURE Study group
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundIL‐33 polymorphisms influence the susceptibility to asthma. IL‐33 indirectly induces Th2‐immune responses via dendritic cell activation, being important for development of atopic diseases. Furthermore, IL‐33 upregulates regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are critical for healthy immune homeostasis. This study investigates associations between IL‐33 polymorphisms during the development of childhood atopic diseases and underlying mechanisms including immune regulation of Tregs.MethodsGenotyping of IL‐33‐polymorphisms (rs928413, rs1342326) was performed by MALDI‐TOF‐MS in 880 of 1133 PASTURE/EFRAIM children. In 4.5‐year‐old German PASTURE/EFRAIM children (n = 99), CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ Tregs were assessed by flow cytometry following 24‐h incubation of PBMCs with PMA/ionomycin, LPS or without stimuli (U). SOCS3, IL1RL1, TLR4 mRNA expression and sST2 protein levels ex vivo were measured in PASTURE/EFRAIM children by real‐time PCR or ELISA, respectively. Health outcomes (hay fever, asthma) were assessed by questionnaires at the age of 6 years.Resultsrs928413 and rs1342326 were positively associated with hay fever (OR = 1.77, 95%CI = 1.02–3.08; OR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.04–3.11) and CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ Tregs (%) decreased in minor allele homozygotes/heterozygotes compared to major allele homozygotes (p(U) = 0.004; p(LPS) = 0.005; p(U) = 0.001; p(LPS) = 0.012). SOCS3 mRNA expression increased in minor allele homozygotes and heterozygotes compared with major allele homozygotes for both IL‐33‐polymorphisms (p(rs928413) = 0.032, p(rs1342326) = 0.019) and negatively correlated to Tregs.ConclusionsIL‐33‐polymorphisms rs928413 and rs1342326 may account for an increased risk of hay fever with the age of 6 years. Lower Tregs and increased SOCS3 in combined heterozygotes and minor allele homozygotes may be relevant for hay fever development, pointing towards dysbalanced immune regulation and insufficient control of allergic inflammation.
Human eosinophils modulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell response to Schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigen in vitro
Authors: Tweyongyere R. , Namanya H. , Naniima P. , Cose S. , Tukahebwa E. M. , Elliott A. M. , Dunne D. W. , Wilson S. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryHigh numbers of eosinophils are observed in parasitic infections and allergic diseases, where they are proposed to be terminally differentiated effector cells that play beneficial role in host defence, or cause harmful inflammatory response. Eosinophils have been associated with killing of schistosomulae in vitro, but there is growing evidence that eosinophils can play additional immuno‐regulatory role. Here, we report results of a study that examines peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytokine responses to Schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigen (SWA) when stimulated alone or enriched with autologous eosinophils. Production of the Th‐2 type cytokines interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13 was lower (P = 0·017, 0·018 and <0·001, respectively) in PBMC + eosinophil cultures than in PBMC‐only cultures stimulated with SWA. Substantial levels of IL‐13, IL‐10, interferon gamma and tumour necrosis factor alpha were recorded in cultures of eosinophils, but none of these cytokines showed significant association with the observed eosinophil‐induced drop in cytokine responses of PBMC. Transwell experiments suggested that the observed effect is due to soluble mediators that downmodulate production of Th‐2 type cytokines. This study shows that eosinophils may down‐modulate schistosome‐specific Th‐2 type cytokine responses in S. mansoni‐infected individuals. The mechanism of this immune modulation remains to be elucidated.
A Tale of Two Crises: Migration and Terrorism after the Paris Attacks
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper argues that the figure of the migrant has come to be seen as a potential terrorist in the West, under the condition of a double, but completely opposed, set of crises internal to the nation‐state. The refugee crisis in Europe can no longer be understood as separate from the crisis of terrorism after the Paris attacks on 13 November 2015. In fact, the two crises were never really separate in the nationalist imaginary to begin with. The difference is that, with such a quick shift of attention between crises, we now see what was only implicit in the European response to the Syrian refugees has now become explicit in the response to the tragic attacks in Paris: that migration is understood to be a form of barbarian warfare that threatens the European Union.
Minimalist Citizenship and National Identity in the Australian Republican Movement
Authors: Veri Francesco 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article explores the way in which the Australian Republican Movement (ARM) in the 1990s considered the meaning of citizenship and national identity. We seek to demonstrate that ARM's citizenship ideal was minimalist because it largely ignored legal and normative notions of citizenship for pragmatic, political, and theoretical reasons. First, we will explore the meaning of citizenship in the Australian institutional context in order to explain the differences between the legal exclusive notion and the normative inclusive understanding of citizenship. Later, we will focus our analysis specifically on ARM's political debate during the 1990s. From this point of view, ARM only portrayed an unattractive normative vision of Australian citizenship which relied on universal civic values based on civic‐territorial and egalitarian ideas of citizenship adaptable to any political system. ARM's minimalist constitutional proposal hardly had an impact on national identity because it was not designed to harbour an inclusive normative vision of citizenship. ARM had an opportunity to advance a new conception of citizenship which would have advanced a more attractive definition of national identity. ARM's minimalist approach also negatively influenced the 1999 republican referendum outcome.
Characterizing spatiotemporal information loss in sparse‐sampling‐based dynamic MRI for monitoring respiration‐induced tumor motion in radiotherapy
Authors: Arai Tatsuya J. , Nofiele Joris , Madhuranthakam Ananth J. , Yuan Qing , Pedrosa Ivan , Chopra Rajiv , Sawant Amit 
Published: May 2016

Purpose:Sparse‐sampling and reconstruction techniques represent an attractive strategy to achieve faster image acquisition speeds, while maintaining adequate spatial resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratio in rapid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The authors investigate the use of one such sequence, broad‐use linear acquisition speed‐up technique (k‐t BLAST) in monitoring tumor motion for thoracic and abdominal radiotherapy and examine the potential trade‐off between increased sparsification (to increase imaging speed) and the potential loss of “true” information due to greater reliance on a priori information.Methods:Lung tumor motion trajectories in the superior–inferior direction, previously recorded from ten lung cancer patients, were replayed using a motion phantom module driven by an MRI‐compatible motion platform. Eppendorf test tubes filled with water which serve as fiducial markers were placed in the phantom. The modeled rigid and deformable motions were collected in a coronal image slice using balanced fast field echo in conjunction with k‐t BLAST. Root mean square (RMS) error was used as a metric of spatial accuracy as measured trajectories were compared to input data. The loss of spatial information was characterized for progressively increasing acceleration factor from 1 to 16; the resultant sampling frequency was increased approximately from 2.5 to 19 Hz when the principal direction of the motion was set along frequency encoding direction. In addition to the phantom study, respiration‐induced tumor motions were captured from two patients (kidney tumor and lung tumor) at 13 Hz over 49 s to demonstrate the impact of high speed motion monitoring over multiple breathing cycles. For each subject, the authors compared the tumor centroid trajectory as well as the deformable motion during free breathing.Results:In the rigid and deformable phantom studies, the RMS error of target tracking at the acquisition speed of 19 Hz was approximately 0.3–0.4 mm, which was smaller than the reconstructed pixel resolution of 0.67 mm. In the patient study, the dynamic 2D MRI enabled the monitoring of cycle‐to‐cycle respiratory variability present in the tumor position. It was seen that the range of centroid motion as well as the area covered due to target motion during each individual respiratory cycle was underestimated compared to the entire motion range observed over multiple breathing cycles.Conclusions:The authors’ initial results demonstrate that sparse‐sampling‐ and reconstruction‐based dynamic MRI can be used to achieve adequate image acquisition speeds without significant information loss for the task of radiotherapy guidance. Such monitoring can yield spatial and temporal information superior to conventional offline and online motion capture methods used in thoracic and abdominal radiotherapy.
Evidence of a Substrate-Discriminating Entrance Channel in the Lower Porter Domain of the Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pump AcrB
Authors: Schuster Sabine , Vavra Martina , Kern Winfried V. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Efflux pumps of the resistance nodulation cell division (RND) transporter family, such as AcrB of
Escherichia coli
, play an important role in the development of multidrug resistance, but the molecular basis for their substrate promiscuity is not yet completely understood. From a collection of highly clarithromycin-resistant AcrB periplasmic domain mutants derived from
in vitro
random mutagenesis, we identified variants with an unusually altered drug resistance pattern characterized by increased susceptibility to many drugs of lower molecular weight, including fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and oxazolidinones, but unchanged or increased resistance to drugs of higher molecular weight, including macrolides. Sequencing of 14 such “divergent resistance” phenotype mutants and 15 control mutants showed that this unusual phenotype was associated with mutations at residues I38 and I671 predominantly to phenylalanine and threonine, respectively, both conferring a similar susceptibility pattern. Reconstructed I38F and I671T single mutants as well as an engineered I38F I671T double mutant with proved efflux competence revealed an equivalent phenotype with enhanced or unchanged resistance to many large AcrB substrates but increased susceptibility to several lower-molecular-weight drugs known to bind within the distal binding pocket. The two isoleucines located in close vicinity to each other in the lower porter domain of AcrB beneath the bottom of the proximal binding pocket may be part of a preferential small-drug entrance pathway that is compromised by the mutations. This finding supports recent indications of distinct entrance channels used by compounds with different physicochemical properties, of which molecular size appears to play a prominent role.
Commentary: Towards Universal Screening for Toxoplasmosis: Rapid, Cost-Effective, and Simultaneous Detection of Anti-Toxoplasma IgG, IgM, and IgA Antibodies by Use of Very Small Serum Volumes
Authors: Augustine Swinburne A. J. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Rapid, cost-effective, and early determination of the serological status of potentially infected individuals, particularly pregnant women, can be critical in preventing life-threatening infections and subsequent fetal congenital abnormalities. An article in this issue of the
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
(X. Li, C. Pomares, G. Gonfrier, B. Koh, S. Zhu, M. Gong, J. G. Montoya, and H. Dai, J Clin Microbiol 54:1726–1733, 2016,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03371-15
) describes an innovative multiplexed immunoassay that offers a path toward universal screening.
Association between Hemagglutinin Stem-Reactive Antibodies and Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Infection during the 2009 Pandemic
Authors: Hoa Le Nguyen Minh , Mai Le Quynh , Bryant Juliet E. , Thai Pham Quang , Hang Nguyen Le Khanh , Yen Nguyen Thi Thu , Duong Tran Nhu , Thoang Dang Dinh , Horby Peter , Werheim Heiman F. L. , Fox Annette 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

The discovery of influenza virus broadly neutralizing (BrN) antibodies prompted efforts to develop universal vaccines. Influenza virus stem-reactive (SR) broadly neutralizing antibodies have been detected by screening antibody phage display libraries. However, studies of SR BrN antibodies in human serum, and their association with natural infection, are limited. To address this, pre- and postpandemic sera from a prospective community cohort study in Vietnam were assessed for antibodies that inhibit SR BrN monoclonal antibody (MAb) (C179) binding to H1N1 pandemic 2009 virus (H1N1pdm09). Of 270 households, 33 with at least one confirmed H1N1pdm09 illness or at least two seroconverters were included. The included households comprised 71 infected and 41 noninfected participants. Sera were tested as 2-fold dilutions between 1:5 and 1:40. Fifty percent C179 inhibition (IC
50
) titers did not exceed 10, although both IC
50
titers and percent C179 inhibition by sera diluted 1:5 or 1:10 correlated with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) titers (all
P
< 0.001). Thirteen (12%) participants had detectable prepandemic IC
50
titers, but only one reached a titer of 10. This proportion increased to 44% after the pandemic, when 39 participants had a titer of 10, and 67% of infected compared to 44% of noninfected had detectable IC
50
titers (
P
< 0.001). The low levels of SR antibodies in prepandemic sera were not associated with subsequent H1N1pdm09 infection (
P
= 0.241), and the higher levels induced by H1N1pdm09 infection returned to prepandemic levels within 2 years. The findings indicate that natural infection induces only low titers of SR antibodies that are not sustained.

IMPORTANCE
Universal influenza vaccines could have substantial health and economic benefits. The focus of universal vaccine research has been to induce antibodies that prevent infection by diverse influenza virus strains. These so-called broadly neutralizing antibodies are readily detected in mice and ferrets after infection with a series of distinct influenza virus strains. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic provided an opportunity to investigate whether infection with a novel strain induced broadly neutralizing antibodies in humans. We found that broadly neutralizing antibodies were induced, but levels were low and poorly maintained. This could represent an obstacle for universal vaccine development and warrants further investigation.
ID: 109: PARKIN MEDIATES ENDOTHELIAL PRO-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN ACUTE LUNG INJURY
Authors: Letsiou E , Wang H , Belvitch P , Dudek S , Sammani S 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionAcute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), are serious conditions resulting from direct or indirect lung injury that occur in critically ill patients and are associated with an unacceptable mortality of up to 40%. A key biological event in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS is the dysfunction of the lung endothelium (EC), which is triggered by a variety of inflammatory insults leading to damaged EC, vascular leak, and excessive inflammation. Recently, we demonstrated that an Abl family tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, protects against LPS-induced endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting c-Abl kinase through mechanisms that remain largely unknown. In the present study, we identified parkin, a novel c-Abl substrate, as a critical mediator of endothelial dysfunction in ALI.MethodsIn vitro Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (EC) were transfected with siRNA for parkin and then challenged with LPS (1 µg/ml, 3 hrs). Inflammatory mediators were determined in cell lysates and supernatants by Western blotting and ELISA respectively. In vivo C57BL/6 (WT) and parkin deficient (PARK2 KO) male mice (8–12 wks, n=5–8) were subjected to LPS (intratracheally, 1 mg/kg) or PBS (controls), and allowed to recover prior to harvest 18 hrs later. Leakage of proteins into the alveolar space was assessed by measuring the protein levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). To assess lung inflammation, neutrophil cell counts, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and IL-6 levels were determined in BAL.ResultsIn human lung EC, down-regulation of parkin by siRNA reduces LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression (adhesion molecule involved in neutrophil adhesion to EC) (by 35%, p<0.05), IL-8 (neutrophil chemoattractant) (by 59%, p<0.01), and IL-6 (inflammatory cytokine) release (by 79%, p<0.01). PARK2 KO mice exhibit less ALI after LPS compared to WT. In PARK2 KO, BAL protein levels were reduced by 27% (p=0.0024) compared to WT mice. LPS-induced neutrophil recruitment into the alveoli of PARK2 KO was attenuated by 47% compared to WT (p=0.0019). BAL MPO activity (marker of neutrophil activation) and BAL IL-6 levels were also significantly lower in PARK2 KO by 52% (p=0.03) and 28% (p=0.0061) respectively.ConclusionThese results suggest that endothelial parkin mediates EC activation and neutrophil adhesion/migration after LPS, and therefore it may represent a new potential therapeutic target in ALI/ARDS.