bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population structure and group size of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) at Chenek, Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia
Authors: Ejigu Dessalegn , Bekele Afework 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate population structure and group size of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) at Chenek, Simien Mountains National Park. The study was carried out from January 2010 to June 2011 using total count method by classifying the study site into five different blocks. Size of the group was determined by counting individuals of geladas within an hour interval. A total of 397 geladas were counted and the ratio of adult males to adult females was 1 : 1.25, and this difference showed statistical significant (t = 8.157, P < 0.05). There was also significant difference between adult females with juveniles and infants (t = 21.027, P < 0.05). Population structure of geladas in a band comprised a single reproductive male and a number of females, subadults, juveniles and infants. Fission and fusion of individual geladas among different bands were observed during the study period. Geladas at the study site showed population growth and were seen competing for available food. They also stole food from local people and tourists and were seen to be interactive with people. Thus, the interference of people and livestock within the geladas natural habitat should be minimized to avoid human disturbance on the species and its natural habitat.
Detection of interannual population trends in seven herbivores from a West African savannah: a comparison between dung counts and direct counts of individuals
Authors: Hema Emmanuel M. , Di Vittorio Massimiliano , Barnes Richard F.W. , Guenda Wendengoudi , Luiselli Luca 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn West Africa, whether in forests or savannahs, most of the large mammal species have a scattered spatial distribution. Monitoring their population size represents a logistic, financial, theoretical challenge because counting of transects is not appropriate, unlike elsewhere in Africa. In this study, we (i) analyse the patterns of interannual (2006–2008) changes in population density of seven sympatric species of savannah herbivores in a protected area of Burkina Faso with two alternative methods: dung counts versus direct counts and (ii) quantify the economic costs for these two methods. The seven species of mammals we considered are the following:Hippotragus equinus, Alcelaphus busephalus, Sylvicapra grimmia, Tragelaphus scriptus, Ourebia ourebi, Kobus ellipsiprymnusandPhacochoerus africanus. A distance methodology was used to generate estimates with both methods. There were significant correlations between estimates of mammal density obtained using dung counts and direct counts, and an analysis of covariance revealed that the interannual trends in population densities were consistently detected with both methods. In addition, the dung count method costs 55% less. Thus, our study documents that dung counts can be used as a proxy of population size fluctuations for the seven studied species, offering a methodological alternative that is much less expensive, less sophisticated in terms of equipment compared to other methods and that can be performed by field staff with moderate professional qualification. We suggest that standardized campaigns of dung count surveys may be applied to all protected areas and savannah in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in order to improve evidence‐based, large‐scale conservation and management planning in the region.
Computation of Ancestry Scores with Mixed Families and Unrelated Individuals
Authors: Zhou Yi-Hui , Marron James S. , Wright Fred A. 
Published: April 2017

Summary
The issue of robustness to family relationships in computing genotype ancestry scores such as eigenvector projections has received increased attention in genetic association, and is particularly challenging when sets of both unrelated individuals and closely related family members are included. The current standard is to compute loadings (left singular vectors) using unrelated individuals and to compute projected scores for remaining family members. However, projected ancestry scores from this approach suffer from shrinkage toward zero. We consider two main novel strategies: (i) matrix substitution based on decomposition of a target family-orthogonalized covariance matrix, and (ii) using family-averaged data to obtain loadings. We illustrate the performance via simulations, including resampling from 1000 Genomes Project data, and analysis of a cystic fibrosis dataset. The matrix substitution approach has similar performance to the current standard, but is simple and uses only a genotype covariance matrix, while the family-average method shows superior performance. Our approaches are accompanied by novel ancillary approaches that provide considerable insight, including individual-specific eigenvalue scree plots.
Trends in the surgical management of stage 1 renal cell carcinoma: findings from a population‐based study
Authors: White Victoria , Marco David J.T. , Bolton Damien , Davis Ian Douglas , Jefford Michael , Hill David , Prince Henry Miles , Millar Jeremy L. , Winship Ingrid M. , Coory Michael , Giles Graham G. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTo determine whether the use of nephron‐sparing surgery (NSS) for treatment of stage 1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) changed between 2009 and the end of 2013 in Australia.Patients and MethodsAll adult cases of RCC diagnosed in 2009, 2012 and 2013 were identified through the population‐based Victorian Cancer Registry. For each identified patient, trained data‐abstractors attended treating hospitals or clinician rooms to extract tumour and treatment data through medical record review. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to examine the significance of change in use of NSS over time, after adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsA total of 1 836 patients with RCC were identified. Of these, the proportion of cases with stage 1 tumours was 64% in 2009, 66% in 2012 and 69% in 2013. For T1a tumours, the proportion of patients residing in metropolitan areas receiving NSS increased from 43% in 2009 to 58% in 2012 (P < 0.05), and 69% in 2013 (P < 0.05). For patients residing in non‐metropolitan areas, the proportion receiving NSS increased from 27% in 2009 to 49% in 2012, and 61% in 2013 (P < 0.01). Univariable logistic regression showed patients with moderate (odds ratio [OR] 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.94) or severe comorbidities (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.33–0.99), residing in non‐metropolitan areas (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.47–0.90), were less likely to be treated by NSS, while those attending high‐volume hospitals (≥30 cases/year: OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.21–2.65) and those with higher socio‐economic status (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.02–2.07) were more likely to be treated by NSS. In multivariable analyses, patients with T1a tumours in 2012 (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.34–2.97) and 2013 (OR 3.15, 95% CI 2.13–4.68) were more likely to be treated by NSS than those in 2009. For T1b tumours, use of NSS increased from 8% in 2009 to 20% in 2013 (P < 0.05).ConclusionThis population‐based study of the management of T1 renal tumours in Australia found that the use of NSS increased over the period 2009 to 2013. Between 2009 and 2013 clinical practice for the treatment of small renal tumours in Australia has increasingly conformed to international guidelines.
STOCK‐BOND CO‐MOVEMENTS AND FLIGHT‐TO‐QUALITY IN G7 COUNTRIES: A TIME‐FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Authors: Bayraci Selcuk , Demiralay Sercan , Gencer Hatice Gaye 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTThis paper examines co‐movement between stock returns and changes in 10‐year government bond yields as well as flight‐to‐quality behaviour in G7 countries. We conduct the wavelet squared coherence analysis to explore the dynamics in both time and frequency domain. Our results provide evidence of positive co‐movements, which vary over time and across investment horizon. The higher co‐movement is found to be more concentrated in the lower frequency bands. We further analyse the dynamic nature of the scale‐dependent wavelet correlations and find that the correlations are highly volatile and significantly increase across different time scales during the episodes of equity market turbulence. The increase in correlations reflects flights from stocks to safer bond investments as a result of dramatic changes in investor sentiment and risk aversion at times of market stress.
Local injection of Lenti‐Olig2 at lesion site promotes functional recovery of spinal cord injury in rats
Authors: Tan Bo‐Tao , Jiang Long , Liu Li , Yin Ying , Luo Ze‐Ru‐Xin , Long Zai‐Yun , Li Sen , Yu Le‐Hua , Wu Ya‐Min , Liu Yuan 
Published: April 2017

SummaryAimsOlig2 is one of the most critical factors duringCNSdevelopment, which belongs to b‐HLHtranscription factor family. Previous reports have shown that Olig2 regulates the remyelination processes inCNSdemyelination diseases models. However, the role of Olig2 in contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) and the possible therapeutic effects remain obscure. This study aims to investigate the effects of overexpression Olig2 by lentivirus on adult spinal cord injury rats.MethodsLenti‐Olig2 expression and control Lenti‐eGFPvectors were prepared, and virus in a total of 5 μL (108TU/mL) was locally injected into the injured spinal cord 1.5 mm rostral and caudal near the epicenter. Immunostaining, Western blot, electron microscopy, and CatWalk analyzes were employed to investigate the effects of Olig2 on spinal cord tissue repair and functional recovery.ResultsInjection of Lenti‐Olig2 significantly increased the number of oligodendrocytes lineage cells and enhanced myelination afterSCI. More importantly, the introduction of Olig2 greatly improved hindlimb locomotor performances. Other oligodendrocyte‐related transcription factors, which were downregulated or upregulated after injury, were reversed by Olig2 induction.ConclusionsOur findings provided the evidence that overexpression Olig2 promotes myelination and locomotor recovery of contusionSCI, which gives us more understanding of Olig2 on spinal cord injury treatment.
An evaluation of the effectiveness of applying a gelatin–copper complex in the low‐temperature bleaching of cotton with hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Wang Xueyan , Tang Junling 
Published: April 2017

A gelatin–copper complex was prepared and then added as catalyst to a hydrogen peroxide bleaching bath. Cotton fabric was bleached with the new system at low temperature (70 °C). The effects of the gelatin–copper complex on the whiteness, capillary effect, damage, and bleaching rate of the bleached fabric and on the decomposition ratio of hydrogen peroxide were evaluated. These effects were compared with the effectiveness of traditional high‐temperature bleaching and low‐temperature bleaching without the gelatin–copper complex. The results showed that the gelatin–copper complex enhances the bleaching effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide. The whiteness of cotton fabric bleached with the catalytic complex is comparable with the whiteness achieved with a conventional peroxide system. The catalytic bleaching technology not only realises low‐temperature and low‐alkali bleaching of cotton with hydrogen peroxide but also reduces fabric strength loss, which meets the requirements of industry for continued development of the wet processing of textiles.
Remote diagnosis of traumatic dental injuries using digital photographs captured via a mobile phone
Authors: de Almeida Geraldino Rogério , Rezende Liliana Vicente Melo de Lucas , da‐Silva Cibele Queiroz , Almeida Júlio César Franco 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundIntra‐oral photographs have been aided diagnosis of several pathologies in teledentistry. Mobile phone cameras may produce high‐quality photographs, presenting itself as a viable tool for remote diagnosis of traumatic dental injuries.AimTo evaluate the levels of interexaminer agreement in cases of traumatic dental injuries when comparing diagnoses conducted in person and remotely.Material and MethodsThe sample included 40 patients with 73 traumatized teeth, and a total of 90 diagnoses, who had presented to two dental clinics, one private, and the other public, in Brazil's Federal District. The dental history and clinical examination data were registered in electronic forms, and digital photographs were captured with a mobile phone camera and uploaded to a cloud drive. Six remote examiners formulated their diagnoses based solely on photographic analysis. Thereafter, they were provided with additional clinical data and asked to provide a second round of diagnoses. These diagnoses were compared to those conducted in person, which were considered the gold standard. The data were analyzed with Gwet's AC1 interexaminers’ measure to evaluate the agreement between the in‐surgery and remote diagnoses.ResultsThe levels of interexaminer agreement between the in‐surgery and remote diagnoses formulated exclusively with images were 0.83 or higher (95% confidence interval: 0.73‐0.91), and 0.93 or higher (95% confidence interval: 0.88‐0.97), when clinical information was available.ConclusionThe precision of the remote diagnoses was comparable to the diagnoses conducted in person. The levels of interexaminer agreement were higher when clinical data were included with the images. Mobile phones may be an effective tool for capturing images that assist in the remote diagnosis of traumatic dental injuries.
Quarantine host range of Bikasha collaris, a potential biological control agent of Chinese tallowtree (Triadica sebifera) in North America
Authors: Wheeler Gregory S. , Steininger M. Sedonia , Wright Susan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractChinese tallowtree, Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae), is one of the worst invasive weeds of the southeastern USA impacting coastal wetlands, forests, and natural areas. Traditional mechanical and chemical controls have been unable to limit the spread, and this invasive species continues to expand its range. A proposed biological control candidate, the flea beetle Bikasha collaris (Baly) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), shows high specificity for the target weed Chinese tallowtree. Results from a series of no‐choice and choice feeding tests of B. collaris adults and larvae indicated that this flea beetle was highly specific to Chinese tallowtree. The larvae of B. collaris feed by tunneling in the roots, whereas the adults feed on the leaves of Chinese tallowtree. A total of 77 plant taxa, primarily from members of the tallow plant family Euphorbiaceae, were tested in numerous test designs. Larval no‐choice tests indicated that larvae completed development only on two of the non‐target taxa. Of 80 B. collaris larvae fed roots of Hippomane mancinella L. and 50 larvae fed roots of Ricinus communis L., two and three larvae completed development, respectively. The emerging adults of these five larvae died within 3 days without reproducing. Larval choice tests also indicated little use of these non‐target taxa. Adult no‐choice tests indicated little leaf damage by B. collaris on the non‐targets except for Ditrysinia fruticosa (Bartram) Govaerts & Frodin and Gymnanthes lucida Sw. When given a choice, however, B. collaris adults consumed much less of the non‐targets D. fruticosa (7.4%) and G. lucida (6.1%) compared with the control leaves. Finally, no‐choice oviposition tests indicated that no eggs were produced when adults were fed all non‐target taxa, except those fed G. lucida. These B. collaris adults fed G. lucida leaves produced an average of 4.6 eggs compared with 115.0 eggs per female when fed Chinese tallowtree. The eggs produced from adults fed G. lucida were either inviable or the emerging larvae died within 1 day. These results indicate that the flea beetle B. collaris was unable to complete its life cycle on any of the non‐target taxa tested. If approved for field release, B. collaris will be the first biological control agent deployed against Chinese tallowtree in the USA. This flea beetle may play an important role in suppressing Chinese tallowtree and contribute to the integrated control of this invasive weed.
Heightened brain response to pain anticipation in high‐functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Gu Xiaosi , Zhou Thomas J. , Anagnostou Evdokia , Soorya Latha , Kolevzon Alexander , Hof Patrick R. , Fan Jin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is marked by both socio‐communicative difficulties and abnormalities in sensory processing. Much of the work on sensory deficits in ASD has focused on tactile sensations and the perceptual aspects of somatosensation, such as encoding of stimulus intensity and location. Although aberrant pain processing has often been noted in clinical observations of patients with ASD, it remains largely uninvestigated. Importantly, the neural mechanism underlying higher order cognitive aspects of pain processing such as pain anticipation also remains unknown. Here we examined both pain perception and anticipation in high‐functioning adults with ASD and matched healthy controls (HC) using an anticipatory pain paradigm in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and concurrent skin conductance response (SCR) recording. Participants were asked to choose a level of electrical stimulation that would feel moderately painful to them. Compared to HC group, ASD group chose a lower level of stimulation prior to fMRI. However, ASD participants showed greater activation in both rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during the anticipation of stimulation, but not during stimulation delivery. There was no significant group difference in insular activation during either pain anticipation or perception. However, activity in the left anterior insula correlated with SCR during pain anticipation. Taken together, these results suggest that ASD is marked with aberrantly higher level of sensitivity to upcoming aversive stimuli, which may reflect abnormal attentional orientation to nociceptive signals and a failure in interoceptive inference.
Autism: a transdiagnostic, dimensional, construct of reasoning?
Authors: Aggernæs Bodil 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe concept of autism has changed across time, from the Bleulerian concept, which defined it as one of several symptoms of dementia praecox, to the present‐day concept representing a pervasive development disorder. The present theoretical contribution to this special issue of EJN on autism introduces new theoretical ideas and discusses them in light of selected prior theories, clinical examples, and recent empirical evidence. The overall aim is to identify some present challenges of diagnostic practice and autism research and to suggest new pathways that may help direct future research. Future research must agree on the definitions of core concepts such as autism and psychosis. A possible redefinition of the concept of autism may be a condition in which the rationale of an individual's behaviour differs qualitatively from that of the social environment due to characteristic cognitive impairments affecting reasoning. A broad concept of psychosis could focus on deviances in the experience of reality resulting from impairments of reasoning. In this light and consistent with recent empirical evidence, it may be appropriate to redefine dementia praecox as a developmental disorder of reasoning. A future challenge of autism research may be to develop theoretical models that can account for the impact of complex processes acting at the social level in addition to complex neurobiological and psychological processes. Such models could profit from a distinction among processes related to (i) basic susceptibility, (ii) adaptive processes and (iii) decompensating factors involved in the development of manifest illness.
Daily oscillation of odorant detection in rat olfactory epithelium
Authors: Francois Adrien , Bombail Vincent , Jarriault David , Acquistapace Adrien , Grebert Denise , Grosmaitre Xavier , Meunier Nicolas 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMost of biological variables follow a daily rhythm. It holds true as well for sensory capacities as two decades of research have demonstrated that the odorant induced activity in the olfactory bulbs oscillates during the day. Olfactory bulbs are the first central nervous system structures, which receive inputs from the olfactory neurons located in the nose olfactory epithelium in vertebrates. So far, data on variation in odorant detection in the olfactory epithelium throughout the day are missing. Using electroolfactogram recordings in rats housed under daily light and dark cycles, we found that the olfactory epithelium responsiveness varies during the day with a maximum in the beginning of the light phase. This fluctuation was consistent with cycling of transduction pathway gene expression in the olfactory epithelium examined by qPCR. It was also consistent with the levels of two transduction pathway proteins (olfactory‐type G protein and adenylyl cyclase III) examined by western blot. Daily variations were also observed at the level of olfactory sensory neurons responses recorded by patch‐clamp. To rule out a potential effect of the feeding status of the animal, we examined the variation in odorant response in starved animals during the day. We observed a similar pattern to ad libidum fed animals. Taken together, our results reveal that the olfactory epithelium sensitivity varies during the day in part due to modulation of the very first step of odorant detection.
Population genomics analyses of European ibex species show lower diversity and higher inbreeding in reintroduced populations
Authors: Grossen Christine , Biebach Iris , Angelone‐Alasaad Samer , Keller Lukas F. , Croll Daniel 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRestoration of lost species ranges to their native distribution is key for the survival of endangered species. However, reintroductions often fail and long‐term genetic consequences are poorly understood. Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) are wild goats that recovered from <100 individuals to ~50,000 within a century by population reintroductions. We analyzed the population genomic consequences of the Alpine ibex reintroduction strategy. We genotyped 101,822 genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism loci in 173 Alpine ibex, the closely related Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) and domestic goat (Capra hircus). The source population of all Alpine ibex maintained genetic diversity comparable to Iberian ibex, which experienced less severe bottlenecks. All reintroduced Alpine ibex populations had individually and combined lower levels of genetic diversity than the source population. The reintroduction strategy consisted of primary reintroductions from captive breeding and secondary reintroductions from established populations. This stepwise reintroduction strategy left a strong genomic footprint of population differentiation, which increased with subsequent rounds of reintroductions. Furthermore, analyses of genomewide runs of homozygosity showed recent inbreeding primarily in individuals of reintroduced populations. We showed that despite the rapid census recovery, Alpine ibex carry a persistent genomic signature of their reintroduction history. We discuss how genomic monitoring can serve as an early indicator of inbreeding.