bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The studies on the measuring devices of the Han Dynasty and the relevant issues
Authors: Bai Yunxiang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGreat progress has been made in the study of the measurement of the Han Dynasty by the efforts of scholars of several generations. Increasing new discoveries have refreshed our understandings as well. The discoveries and analyses of rulers of the Han Dynasty indicate that the commonly used rulers at that time were made of bronze, bone and wood. Their materials and decorations varied in terms of date and region, and were often found as grave goods in the burials of women. The actual length of the unit “chi” was generally 23cm during the Western Han and Xin (Wang Mang Interregnum) Dynasties and was usually 23.4cm in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It could be seen as the standard measurement during that time. Archaeological research should calculate and understand the size of objects and architecture of the Han Dynasty based on this scale, but had better not be restricted by it. Therefore, an archaeological study with scientific perspective of measurement should adopt measurement concepts in historical context to investigate and analyze cultural remains and features, rather than deal with it stereotypically.
Gibt es eine universale philosophische Methode?
Authors: Hardy Jörg , Schamberger Christoph 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The traditional criteria for distinguishing philosophy from other disciplines have either proved too limited or too broad. Only in its method does philosophy differentiate itself from other disciplines. Philosophy’s point of departure is constituted by spontaneous convictions (intuitions), which, in a first step, need to be articulated through conceptual analysis and then, in a second step, need to be justified; the third step comprises critiquing other philosophers’ thoughts and defending against others’ critique. This article proposes several metaphilosophical theses: Intuitions are not a fundamental source of evidence for philosophical theses, but are instead themselves in need of justification. Consistency is more important than truth; the task of philosophy is to develop extensive and, at the same time, consistent theories about the conceptual background of experience.
Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Destruktion der Metaphysik: Heidegger und die Schwarzen Hefte
Authors: Gordon Peter E. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Following Kant’s idea of a “prolegomena” to any future metaphysics, the paper asks the methodological question as to how our current understanding of the Schwarze Hefte might change our habits of reading Heidegger’s philosophy in the future. The paper focuses on a certain interpretative dilemma. It has been a customary strategy for defenders of Heidegger’s philosophy to distinguish between its arguments and its history. But if one treats Heidegger’s work primarily as a set of arguments that can be abstracted from their own historical and cultural- political milieu, one commits precisely that gesture of “deworlding” the world (Entweltlichung der Welt) which Heidegger himself diagnosed as a species of rationalistic neutralization. Those who defend Heidegger in the customary fashion therefore appeal to the very ideal of a dehistoricised and atemporal truth that Heidegger saw as part of the tradition of metaphysical error. To defend Heidegger is therefore to betray him. The paper suggests that this gesture of betrayal cannot be avoided, and it concludes that Heidegger’s philosophy should now be understood not as an integrated or holistic “doctrine” but should rather be read in fragments from the ruins of the philosophical tradition.
Kampf der Besinnung
Authors: Kellerer Sidonie 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Heidegger’s Black Notebooks demonstrate that there have been serious misconceptions about the status and aim of his philosophy and language. They show this to be a result of intentional misdirection which finds a twofold expression in his language: For one, an exceptional ‘few’ are addressed rather than the reader or listener in general. Being is seen as struggle of intuitive insight against common rationality, and communication must, thus, be intentionally ambivalent. Secondly, for the selected few the understanding and guiding of our Being is a matter not of human emancipation but a process of völkisch ‘awakening’ and ‘perception.’
Fe-mediated ICAR ATRP of methyl methacrylate on photoinduced miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Zhan Xue-Hui 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe initiators for continuous activator regeneration (ICAR) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) were investigated in microemulsion under light irradiation with ethyl 2-bromoisbutyrate (EBiB) as an ATRP initiator, ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) as a catalyst, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (TMEDA) as a ligand, and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator and reducing agent. The linear dependence of ln([M]0/[M]) on polymerization time was observed, indicating that the polymerization was living polymerization. Furthermore, the number-average molecular weights (Mn), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and molecular weight distributions (MWD) of the PMMA obtained from GPC were controlled. The product was characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and GPC. The living features were verified by chain-extended with MMA with the obtained PMMA as macroinitiator.
Haselnüsse, Erotik und Epistemologie in der Literatur des Mittelalters
Authors: Classen Albrecht 
Published: November 2015

ZusammenfassungAnhand eines recht ungewohnlichen Mare, Der Ritter und die Nüsse, wird hier die universale und oft ratselhafte Funktion der Haselnus in der Literatur des Mittelalters analysiert. Beispiele dafur finden sich in den Lais der Marie de France, in der deutschen Marendichtung, in den mystischen Texten der Julian of Norwich und in der Volkslieddichtung des Spatmittelalters. Von dort ausgehend erlebte das Motiv der Haselnus eine durchgehende Rezeption bis weit ins 19., wahrscheinlich sogar noch bis ins 20. Jahrhundert.
Evaluation of standardized, computerized Dawes/Redman heart-rate analysis based on different recording methods and in relation to fetal beat-to-beat heart rate variability
Authors: Seliger Gregor , Stenzel Ariane , Kowalski Eva-Maria , Hoyer Dirk , Nowack Samuel , Seeger Sven , Schneider Uwe 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDawes and Redman (DR) based their definition of short-term variation (STV) on the successive differences of mean inter-beat intervals dividing 1 min of cardiotocography recordings in 16 epochs of 3.75 s each. In contrast, heart rate variability (HRV) is based on the inter-beat intervals of discrete R peaks, also referred to as normal-to-normal (NN) intervals. Despite the historical achievements of DR in providing a robust method with the equipment available at the time to encourage the widespread use and creation of large databases, one must ask whether the STV (DR) parameter is reproducible using a different method of recording, and how much temporal information is actually lost by applying the averaging algorithm sketched above. We simultaneously performed both standard Oxford cardiotocography and transabdominal fetal electrocardiography recordings in 26 patients with low-risk singletons. In addition, we revisited our database of 418 standard fetal magnetocardiographic recordings, applying the DR algorithm to the fetal NN data and compared them to standard HRV parameters. The correlation between STV (DR) from cardiotocography and fetal electrocardiography was stronger that of either with short term fHRV from NN intervals. The methodological trade-off to gain STV as a robust parameter from heart rate traces of limited temporal resolution is accompanied by a loss of temporal information that, at the moment, only fetal magnetocardiography and, to a lesser extent, fetal electrocardiography may provide.
Depolarization of Hippocampal Neurons Induces Formation of Nonsynaptic NMDA Receptor Islands Resembling Nascent Postsynaptic Densities
Authors: Tao-Cheng Jung-Hwa , Azzam Rita , Crocker Virginia , Winters Christine A. , Reese Tom 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDepolarization of neurons in 3-week-old rat hippocampal cultures promotes a rapid increase in the density of surface NMDA receptors (NRs), accompanied by transient formation of nonsynaptic NMDA receptor clusters or NR islands. Islands exhibit cytoplasmic dense material resembling that at postsynaptic densities (PSDs), and contain typical PSD components, including MAGUKS (membrane-associated guanylate kinases), GKAP, Shank, Homer, and CaMKII detected by pre-embedding immunogold electron microscopy. In contrast to mature PSDs, islands contain more NMDA than AMPA receptors, and more SAP102 than PSD-95, features that are shared with nascent PSDs in developing synapses. Islands do not appear to be exocytosed or endocytosed directly as preformed packages because neurons lacked intracellular vacuoles containing island-like structures. Islands form and disassemble upon depolarization of neurons on a time scale of 2-3 min, perhaps representing an initial stage in synaptogenesis.
There and Back Again: Hippocampus and Retrosplenial Cortex Track Homing Distance during Human Path Integration
Authors: Chrastil Elizabeth R. , Sherrill Katherine R. , Hasselmo Michael E. , Stern Chantal E. 
Published: November 2015

Path integration, the updating of position and orientation during movement, often involves tracking a home location. Here, we examine processes that could contribute to successful location tracking in humans. In particular, we investigate a homing vector model of path integration, whereby a navigator continuously tracks a trajectory back to the home location. To examine this model, we developed a loop task for fMRI, in which participants viewed movement that circled back to a home location in a sparse virtual environment. In support of a homing vector system, hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, and parahippocampal cortex were responsive to Euclidean distance from home. These results provide the first evidence of a constantly maintained homing signal in the human brain. In addition, hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, and parahippocampal cortex, as well as medial prefrontal cortex, were recruited during successful path integration. These findings suggest that dynamic processes recruit hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, and parahippocampal cortex in support of path integration, including a homing vector system that tracks movement relative to home.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPath integration is the continual updating of position and orientation during navigation. Animal studies have identified place cells and grid cells as important for path integration, but underlying models of path integration in humans have rarely been studied. The results of our novel loop closure task are the first to suggest that a homing vector tracks Euclidean distance from the home location, supported by the hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, and parahippocampal cortex. These findings suggest a potential homing vector mechanism supporting path integration, which recruits hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex to track movement relative to home. These results provide new avenues for computational and animal models by directing attention to homing vector models of path integration, which differ from current movement-tracking models.
Role of the Suprachiasmatic and Arcuate Nuclei in Diurnal Temperature Regulation in the Rat
Authors: Guzmán-Ruiz Mara Alaide , Ramirez-Corona Arlen , Guerrero-Vargas Natali Nadia , Sabath Elizabeth , Ramirez-Plascencia Oscar Daniel , Fuentes-Romero Rebecca , León-Mercado Luis Abel , Basualdo Sigales MariCarmen , Escobar Carolina , Buijs Ruud Marinus 
Published: November 2015

In mammals, daily changes in body temperature (Tb) depend on the integrity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Fasting influences the Tb in the resting period and the presence of the SCN is essential for this process. However, the origin of this circadian/metabolic influence is unknown. We hypothesized that, not only the SCN but also the arcuate nucleus (ARC), are involved in the Tb setting through afferents to the thermoregulatory median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). Therefore, we investigated by neuronal tracing and microdialysis experiments the possible targeting of the MnPO by the SCN and the ARC in male Wistar rats. We observed that vasopressin release from the SCN decreases the temperature just before light onset, whereas α-melanocyte stimulating hormone release, especially at the end of the dark period, maintains high temperature. Both peptides have opposite effects on the brown adipose tissue activity through thermoregulatory nuclei such as the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. The present study indicates that the coordination between circadian and metabolic signaling within the hypothalamus is essential for an adequate temperature control.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhen circadian and metabolic systems are not well synchronized, individuals may develop metabolic diseases. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the balance between the releases of neuropeptides derived from the biological clock and from a metabolic sensory organ as the arcuate nucleus, are essential for an adequate temperature control. These observations show that brain areas involved in circadian and metabolic functions of the body need to interact to produce a coherent arrangement of physiological processes associated with temperature control.
S6 Kinase Reflects and Regulates Ethanol-Induced Sedation
Authors: Acevedo Summer F. , Peru y Colón de Portugal Raniero L. , Gonzalez Dante A. , Rodan Aylin R. , Rothenfluh Adrian 
Published: November 2015

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) affect people at great individual and societal cost. Individuals at risk for AUDs are sensitive to alcohol's rewarding effects and/or resistant to its aversive and sedating effects. The molecular basis for these traits is poorly understood. Here, we show that p70 S6 kinase (S6k), acting downstream of the insulin receptor (InR) and the small GTPase Arf6, is a key mediator of ethanol-induced sedation inDrosophila. S6k signaling in the adult nervous system determines flies' sensitivity to sedation. Furthermore, S6k activity, measured via levels of phosphorylation (P-S6k), is a molecular marker for sedation and overall neuronal activity: P-S6k levels are decreased when neurons are silenced, as well as after acute ethanol sedation. Conversely, P-S6k levels rebound upon recovery from sedation and are increased when neuronal activity is enhanced. Reducing neural activity increases sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation, whereas neuronal activation decreases ethanol sensitivity. These data suggest that ethanol has acute silencing effects on adult neuronal activity, which suppresses InR/Arf6/S6k signaling and results in behavioral sedation. In addition, we show that activity of InR/Arf6/S6k signaling determines flies' behavioral sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation, highlighting this pathway in acute responses to ethanol.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGenetic factors play a major role in the development of addiction. Identifying these genes and understanding their molecular mechanisms is a necessary first step in the development of targeted therapeutic intervention. Here, we show that signaling from the insulin receptor inDrosophilaneurons determines flies' sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation. We show that this signaling cascade includes the small GTPase Arf6 and S6 kinase (S6k). In addition, activity of S6k is regulated by acute ethanol exposure and by neuronal activity. S6k activity is therefore both an acute target of ethanol exposure and a regulator of ethanol's effects on behavior.
Functional and Physical Interaction of Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ with Protein Kinase Cα Is Required for Cerebellar Long-Term Depression
Authors: Lee Dongwon , Yamamoto Yukio , Kim Eunjoon , Tanaka-Yamamoto Keiko 
Published: November 2015

The balance between positive and negative regulators required for synaptic plasticity must be well organized at synapses. Protein kinase Cα (PKCα) is a major mediator that triggers long-term depression (LTD) at synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. However, the precise mechanisms involved in PKCα regulation are not clearly understood. Here, we analyzed the role of diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ), a kinase that physically interacts with PKCα as well as postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) family proteins and functionally suppresses PKCα by metabolizing diacylglycerol (DAG), in the regulation of cerebellar LTD. In Purkinje cells of DGKζ-deficient mice, LTD was impaired and PKCα was less localized in dendrites and synapses. This impaired LTD was rescued by virus-driven expression of wild-type DGKζ, but not by a kinase-dead mutant DGKζ or a mutant lacking the ability to localize at synapses, indicating that both the kinase activity and synaptic anchoring functions of DGKζ are necessary for LTD. In addition, experiments using another DGKζ mutant and immunoprecipitation analysis revealed an inverse regulatory mechanism, in which PKCα phosphorylates, inactivates, and then is released from DGKζ, is required for LTD. These results indicate that DGKζ is localized to synapses, through its interaction with PSD-95 family proteins, to promote synaptic localization of PKCα, but maintains PKCα in a minimally activated state by suppressing local DAG until its activation and release from DGKζ during LTD. Such local and reciprocal regulation of positive and negative regulators may contribute to the fine-tuning of synaptic signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMany studies have identified signaling molecules that mediate long-term synaptic plasticity. In the basal state, the activities and concentrations of these signaling molecules must be maintained at low levels, yet be ready to be boosted, so that synapses can undergo synaptic plasticity only when they are stimulated. However, the mechanisms involved in creating such conditions are not well understood. Here, we show that diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ) creates optimal conditions for the induction of cerebellar long-term depression (LTD). DGKζ works by regulating localization and activity of protein kinase Cα (PKCα), an important mediator of LTD, so that PKCα effectively responds to the stimulation that triggers LTD.
Default Mode Dynamics for Global Functional Integration
Authors: Vatansever Deniz , Menon David K. , Manktelow Anne E. , Sahakian Barbara J. , Stamatakis Emmanuel A. 
Published: November 2015

The default mode network (DMN) has been traditionally assumed to hinder behavioral performance in externally focused, goal-directed paradigms and to provide no active contribution to human cognition. However, recent evidence suggests greater DMN activity in an array of tasks, especially those that involve self-referential and memory-based processing. Although data that robustly demonstrate a comprehensive functional role for DMN remains relatively scarce, the global workspace framework, which implicates the DMN in global information integration for conscious processing, can potentially provide an explanation for the broad range of higher-order paradigms that report DMN involvement. We used graph theoretical measures to assess the contribution of the DMN to global functional connectivity dynamics in 22 healthy volunteers during an fMRI-basedn-back working-memory paradigm with parametric increases in difficulty. Our predominant finding is that brain modularity decreases with greater task demands, thus adapting a more global workspace configuration, in direct relation to increases in reaction times to correct responses. Flexible default mode regions dynamically switch community memberships and display significant changes in their nodal participation coefficient and strength, which may reflect the observed whole-brain changes in functional connectivity architecture. These findings have important implications for our understanding of healthy brain function, as they suggest a central role for the DMN in higher cognitive processing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe default mode network (DMN) has been shown to increase its activity during the absence of external stimulation, and hence was historically assumed to disengage during goal-directed tasks. Recent evidence, however, implicates the DMN in self-referential and memory-based processing. We provide robust evidence for this network's active contribution to working memory by revealing dynamic reconfiguration in its interactions with other networks and offer an explanation within the global workspace theoretical framework. These promising findings may help redefine our understanding of the exact DMN role in human cognition.
Structural Organization of the Corpus Callosum Predicts Attentional Shifts after Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation
Authors: Chechlacz Magdalena , Humphreys Glyn W. , Sotiropoulos Stamatios N. , Kennard Christopher , Cazzoli Dario 
Published: November 2015

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied over the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in healthy participants has been shown to trigger a significant rightward shift in the spatial allocation of visual attention, temporarily mimicking spatial deficits observed in neglect. In contrast, rTMS applied over the left PPC triggers a weaker or null attentional shift. However, large interindividual differences in responses to rTMS have been reported. Studies measuring changes in brain activation suggest that the effects of rTMS may depend on both interhemispheric and intrahemispheric interactions between cortical loci controlling visual attention. Here, we investigated whether variability in the structural organization of human white matter pathways subserving visual attention, as assessed by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and tractography, could explain interindividual differences in the effects of rTMS. Most participants showed a rightward shift in the allocation of spatial attention after rTMS over the right intraparietal sulcus (IPS), but the size of this effect varied largely across participants. Conversely, rTMS over the left IPS resulted in strikingly opposed individual responses, with some participants responding with rightward and some with leftward attentional shifts. We demonstrate that microstructural and macrostructural variability within the corpus callosum, consistent with differential effects on cross-hemispheric interactions, predicts both the extent and the direction of the response to rTMS. Together, our findings suggest that the corpus callosum may have a dual inhibitory and excitatory function in maintaining the interhemispheric dynamics that underlie the allocation of spatial attention.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe posterior parietal cortex (PPC) controls allocation of attention across left versus right visual fields. Damage to this area results in neglect, characterized by a lack of spatial awareness of the side of space contralateral to the brain injury. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the PPC is used to study cognitive mechanisms of spatial attention and to examine the potential of this technique to treat neglect. However, large individual differences in behavioral responses to stimulation have been reported. We demonstrate that the variability in the structural organization of the corpus callosum accounts for these differences. Our findings suggest novel dual mechanism of the corpus callosum function in spatial attention and have broader implications for the use of stimulation in neglect rehabilitation.