bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graded aerobic treadmill testing in pediatric sports-related concussion: safety, clinical use, and patient outcomes
Authors: Cordingley Dean , Girardin Richard , Reimer Karen , Ritchie Lesley , Leiter Jeff , Russell Kelly , Ellis Michael J. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this study were 2-fold: 1) to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and clinical use of graded aerobic treadmill testing in pediatric patients with sports-related concussion (SRC), and 2) to evaluate the clinical outcomes of treatment with a submaximal aerobic exercise program in patients with physiological post-concussion disorder (PCD).

METHODS
The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients (age < 20 years) with SRC who were referred to a multidisciplinary pediatric concussion program and underwent graded aerobic treadmill testing between October 9, 2014, and February 11, 2016. Clinical assessments were carried out by a single neurosurgeon and included clinical history taking, physical examination, and recording specific patient-reported concussion-related symptoms using the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS). Graded aerobic treadmill testing using a modified Balke protocol for incremental increases in intensity was used as a diagnostic tool to assess physiological recovery, classify post-concussion syndrome (PCS) subtype, and reassess patients following treatment. Patients with a symptom-limited threshold on treadmill testing (physiological PCD) were treated with an individually tailored submaximal exercise prescription and multidisciplinary targeted therapies.

RESULTS
One hundred six patients (mean age 15.1 years, range 11–19 years) with SRC underwent a total of 141 treadmill tests. There were no serious complications related to treadmill testing in this study. Overall, 138 (97.9%) of 141 tests were well tolerated and contributed valuable clinical information. Treadmill testing confirmed physiological recovery in 63 (96.9%) of 65 patients tested, allowing successful return to play in 61 (93.8%). Treadmill testing was used to diagnose physiological PCD in 58 patients and cervicogenic PCD in 1 patient. Of the 41 patients with physiological PCD who had complete follow-up and were treated with tailored submaximal exercise prescription, 37 (90.2%) were classified as clinically improved and 33 (80.5%) successfully returned to sporting activities. Patients who did not respond or experienced an incomplete response to submaximal aerobic exercise treatment included 7 patients with migraine headaches and 1 patient with a postinjury psychiatric disorder.

CONCLUSIONS
Graded aerobic treadmill testing is a safe, tolerable, and clinically valuable tool that can assist in the evaluation and management of pediatric SRC. Future research is needed to confirm the clinical value of this tool in return-to-play decision making. Studies are also needed to understand the pathophysiology of physiological PCD and the effects of targeted treatment.
Stress‐induced memory alters growth of clonal offspring of white clover (Trifolium repens)
Authors: González Alejandra Pilar Rendina , Chrtek Jindřich , Dobrev Petre I. , Dumalasová Veronika , Fehrer Judith , Mráz Patrik , Latzel Vít 
Published: September 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The phenotype of an individual can be modified by the environment experienced by its predecessors, a phenomenon called transgenerational or maternal effects. These effects are studied mostly across sexual generations and are thought to be mediated also by epigenetic variation. However, we do not know how important transgenerational effects are across asexual generations of clonal plants.METHODS:We investigated the role of different drought intensities and durations experienced by parental plants ofTrifolium repenson the growth of offspring ramets after transplantation of clonal cuttings to control conditions. We also treated half of the plants with 5‐azacytidine, which is a demethylating agent, to test the potential role of DNA methylation on transgenerational effects.KEY RESULTS:Transgenerational effects were manifested as increased biomass of offspring ramets if parental plants experienced medium drought applied for a short period and decreased biomass of offspring ramets if parental plants experienced intense drought for a short period. These transgenerational effects were not observed for offspring of parents from the same treatments if these were treated with 5‐azacytidine, whose application significantly decreased the amount of 5‐methyl‐2′‐deoxycytidine in plants.CONCLUSIONS:Transgenerational effects might play an important role in the clonal plantTrifolium repensand are probably mediated by epigenetic variation. The growth and behavior of clonal plants might be affected not only by the ambient environment but also by environments that are no longer present at the time of clonal reproduction. This phenomenon can have yet unacknowledged ecological and evolutionary implications for clonal plants.
IMAGING THE PHOTOEVAPORATING DISK AND RADIO JET OF GM AUR
Authors: Macías Enrique , Anglada Guillem , Osorio Mayra , Calvet Nuria , Torrelles José M. , Gómez José F. , Espaillat Catherine , Lizano Susana , Rodríguez Luis F. , Carrasco-González Carlos , Zapata Luis 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Photoevaporation is probably the main agent for gas dispersal during the last stages of protoplanetary disk evolution. However, the overall mass-loss rate in the photoevaporative wind and its driving mechanism are still not well understood. Here we report multi-configuration Very Large Array observations at 0.7, 3, and 5 cm toward the transitional disk of GM Aur. Our radio continuum observations allow us to image and spatially resolve, for the first time, the three main components at work in this stage of the disk evolution: the disk of dust, the ionized radio jet perpendicular to it, and the photoevaporative wind arising from the disk. The mass-loss rate inferred from the flux density of the radio jet is consistent with the ratio between ejection and accretion rates found in younger objects, suggesting that transitional disks can power collimated ejections of material apparently following the same physical mechanisms as much younger protostars. Our results indicate that extreme-UV (EUV) radiation is the main ionizing mechanism of the photoevaporative wind traced by the free–free emission. The required low EUV photon luminosity of ∼6 × 1040 s−1 would produce a photoevaporation rate of only

yr−1. Therefore, other mechanisms are required to disperse the disk in the timescale imposed by observations.
SOLAR MODULATION OF THE LOCAL INTERSTELLAR SPECTRUM WITH VOYAGER 1, AMS-02, PAMELA, AND BESS
Authors: Corti C. , Bindi V. , Consolandi C. , Whitman K. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
In recent years, the increasing precision of direct cosmic rays measurements opened the door to high-sensitivity indirect searches of dark matter and to more accurate predictions for radiation doses received by astronauts and electronics in space. The key ingredients in the study of these phenomena are the knowledge of the local interstellar spectrum (LIS) of galactic cosmic rays and the understanding of how the solar modulation affects the LIS inside the heliosphere. Voyager 1, AMS-02, PAMELA, and BESS measurements of proton and helium fluxes provide valuable information, allowing us to shed light on the shape of the LIS and the details of the solar modulation during solar cycles 22-24. A new parametrization of the LIS is presented, based on the latest data from Voyager 1 and AMS-02. Using the framework of the force-field approximation, the solar modulation parameter is extracted from the time-dependent fluxes measured by PAMELA and BESS. A modified version of the force-field approximation with a rigidity-dependent modulation parameter is introduced, yielding better fits than the force-field approximation. The results are compared with the modulation parameter inferred by neutron monitors.
First record of the monotypic genus Acanopsilus Kieffer, 1908 (Hymenoptera: Diaprioidea: Diapriidae) from the Eastern Palaearctic region
Authors: Kim Chang-Jun , Lee Jong-Wook 
Published: September 2016

The monotypic genus Acanopsilus (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), is hitherto known only from Europe, where it is widely distributed.
The genus is here recorded for the first time from South Korea and China, which constitutes the first formal record of the species from the entire Eastern Palaearctic region. A detailed redescription and photographs of Acanopsilus heterocerus (Haliday, 1857) are provided. Also, Acanopsilus brevinervis Kieffer, 1909 is proposed as junior synonym of Anommatium ashmeadi Mayr, 1856 (syn. nov.).
IFN-β Facilitates Neuroantigen-Dependent Induction of CD25+ FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells That Suppress Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Wang Duncheng , Ghosh Debjani , Islam S. M. Touhidul , Moorman Cody D. , Thomason Ashton E. , Wilkinson Daniel S. , Mannie Mark D. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This study introduces a flexible format for tolerogenic vaccination that incorporates IFN-β and neuroantigen (NAg) in the Alum adjuvant. Tolerogenic vaccination required all three components, IFN-β, NAg, and Alum, for inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and induction of tolerance. Vaccination with IFN-β + NAg in Alum ameliorated NAg-specific sensitization and inhibited EAE in C57BL/6 mice in pretreatment and therapeutic regimens. Tolerance induction was specific for the tolerogenic vaccine Ag PLP178-191 or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55 in proteolipid protein– and MOG-induced models of EAE, respectively, and was abrogated by pretreatment with a depleting anti-CD25 mAb. IFN-β/Alum–based vaccination exhibited hallmarks of infectious tolerance, because IFN-β + OVA in Alum–specific vaccination inhibited EAE elicited by OVA + MOG in CFA but not EAE elicited by MOG in CFA. IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicited elevated numbers and percentages of FOXP3+ T cells in blood and secondary lymphoid organs in 2D2 MOG-specific transgenic mice, and repeated boosters facilitated generation of activated CD44high CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) populations. IFN-β and MOG35–55 elicited suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs in vitro in the absence of Alum via a mechanism that was neutralized by anti–TGF-β and that resulted in the induction of an effector CD69+ CTLA-4+ IFNAR+ FOXP3+ Treg subset. In vitro IFN-β + MOG–induced Tregs inhibited EAE when transferred into actively challenged recipients. Unlike IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccines, vaccination with TGF-β + MOG35-55 in Alum did not increase Treg percentages in vivo. Overall, this study indicates that IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicits NAg-specific, suppressive CD25+ Tregs that inhibit CNS autoimmune disease. Thus, IFN-β has the activity spectrum that drives selective responses of suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs.
IL-27 Directly Enhances Germinal Center B Cell Activity and Potentiates Lupus in Sanroque Mice
Authors: Vijayan Dipti , Mohd Redzwan Norhanani , Avery Danielle T. , Wirasinha Rushika C. , Brink Robert , Walters Giles , Adelstein Stephen , Kobayashi Masao , Gray Paul , Elliott Michael , Wong Melanie , King Cecile , Vinuesa Carola G. , Ghilardi Nico , Ma Cindy S. , Tangye Stuart G. , Batten Marcel 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) give rise to high-affinity and long-lived Abs and are critical in immunity and autoimmunity. IL-27 supports GCs by promoting survival and function of T follicular helper cells. We demonstrate that IL-27 also directly enhances GC B cell function. Exposure of naive human B cells to rIL-27 during in vitro activation enhanced their differentiation into CD20+CD38+CD27lowCD95+CD10+ cells, consistent with the surface marker phenotype of GC B cells. This effect was inhibited by loss-of-function mutations in STAT1 but not STAT3. To extend these findings, we studied the in vivo effects of IL-27 signals to B cells in the GC-driven Roquinsan/san lupus mouse model. Il27ra−/−Roquinsan/san mice exhibited significantly reduced GCs, IgG2a(c)+ autoantibodies, and nephritis. Mixed bone marrow chimeras confirmed that IL-27 acts through B cell– and CD4+ T cell–intrinsic mechanisms to support GCs and alter the production of pathogenic Ig isotypes. To our knowledge, our data provide the first evidence that IL-27 signals directly to B cells promote GCs and support the role of IL-27 in lupus.
Butyrophilin 3A/CD277–Dependent Activation of Human γδ T Cells: Accessory Cell Capacity of Distinct Leukocyte Populations
Authors: Nerdal Patrik Theodor , Peters Christian , Oberg Hans-Heinrich , Zlatev Hristo , Lettau Marcus , Quabius Elgar Susanne , Sousa Sofia , Gonnermann Daniel , Auriola Seppo , Olive Daniel , Määttä Jorma , Janssen Ottmar , Kabelitz Dieter 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells recognize in a butyrophilin 3A/CD277–dependent way microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) or endogenous pyrophosphates (isopentenyl pyrophosphate [IPP]). Nitrogen-bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid (ZOL) trigger selective γδ T cell activation because they stimulate IPP production in monocytes by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway downstream of IPP synthesis. We performed a comparative analysis of the capacity of purified monocytes, neutrophils, and CD4 T cells to serve as accessory cells for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation in response to three selective but mechanistically distinct stimuli (ZOL, HMBPP, agonistic anti-CD277 mAb). Only monocytes supported γδ T cell expansion in response to all three stimuli, whereas both neutrophils and CD4 T cells presented HMBPP but failed to induce γδ T cell expansion in the presence of ZOL or anti-CD277 mAb. Preincubation of accessory cells with the respective stimuli revealed potent γδ T cell–stimulating activity of ZOL- or anti-CD277 mAb-pretreated monocytes, but not neutrophils. In comparison with monocytes, ZOL-pretreated neutrophils produced little, if any, IPP and expressed much lower levels of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. Exogenous IL-18 enhanced the γδ T cell expansion with all three stimuli, remarkably also in response to CD4 T cells and neutrophils preincubated with anti-CD277 mAb or HMBPP. Our study uncovers unexpected differences between monocytes and neutrophils in their accessory function for human γδ T cells and underscores the important role of IL-18 in driving γδ T cell expansion. These results may have implications for the design of γδ T cell–based immunotherapeutic strategies.
Bridging the Gap between Advantaged and Disadvantaged Children:
Authors: Fitzpatrick Caroline 
Published: September 2016

Reducing the economic and social burden associated with poor academic achievement represents an urgent social concern. Increasingly research suggests that child characteristics in kindergarten play an important role in charting courses towards academic success. Although math and reading skill are important predictors of later achievement, executive function skills which underlie children’s ability to focus attention and become autonomous, self-directed learners are also likely to play a key role in later adjustment to school. Disadvantaged children perform more poorly on tests of achievement and executive functions. Furthermore, executive functions have been found to partially account for the relationship between socioeconomic status and later achievement. It is possible to target executive functions in at-risk children using specific interventions. Not only are these interventions effective, they are also cost effective. It is proposed that increasing efforts towards promoting executive functions in preschool-aged children represents a promising strategy for reducing economically-based disparities in the education and eventual life chances of individuals.
An overview of key datasets in education in South Africa
Authors: Van Wyk Chris 
Published: September 2016

<p>This paper provides an overview of the various datasets pertaining to education in South Africa that are informing or could inform policy making in education. The paper serves as an inventory for anyone interested in understanding what data is available, how it may be accessed, what the quality of the data is and in what formats it may be accessed. <br />The paper is divided into three parts. The first part provides a description of existing education datasets and the basic data elements contained in each of these datasets. When discussing each of the existing education datasets, the paper addresses the quality of the education data available in South Africa. The first part also refers to the policy implications and the important role that data plays in policy-formulation. No information system on its own is comprehensive enough to provide all the information needed in strategic decision-making. Hence, part two of this paper discusses the need for data integration as an important data management strategy. The third part examines the effectiveness of implementing a learner unit record system nationally in comparison with the EMIS system that is currently in place and that is based on aggregate or summary institution–level data.</p><p> </p>
Plasma Epstein–Barr virus and Hepatitis B virus in non-Hodgkin lymphomas: Two lymphotropic, potentially oncogenic, latently occurring DNA viruses
Authors: Sinha Mahua , Rao Clementina Rama , Premalata C S , Shafiulla Mohammed , Lakshmaiah K C , Jacob Linu Abraham , Babu Govind K , Viveka B K , Appaji L , Subramanyam Jayshree R 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Context: There is a need to study potential infective etiologies in lymphomas. Lymphocyte-transforming viruses can directly infect lymphocytes, disrupt normal cell functions, and promote cell division. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is known to be associated with several lymphomas, especially Hodgkin lymphomas (HLs). And recently, the lymphocyte-transforming role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been emphasized. Aims: The aim of this study was to elucidate the association of two potentially oncogenic, widely prevalent latent DNA viruses, EBV and HBV, in non-HL (NHL). Settings and Design: In this prospective study, we estimated plasma EBV and HBV DNA in NHL patients. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood was obtained from newly diagnosed, treatment na ïve, histologically confirmed NHL patients. Plasma EBV DNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting Epstein–Barr Nucleic acid 1 while the plasma HBV DNA was detected using nested PCR targeting HBX gene. In a small subset of patients, follow-up plasma samples post-anticancer chemotherapy were available and retested for viral DNA. Results: Of the 110 NHL patients, ~79% were B-cell NHL and ~21% were T-cell NHL. Plasma EBV-DNA was detected in 10% NHLs with a higher EBV association in Burkitt lymphoma (33.3%) than other subtypes. Pretherapy HBV DNA was detected in 21% NHLs; most of them being diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Moreover, 42% of DLBCL patients had HBV DNA in plasma. Since all patients were HBV surface antigen seronegative at diagnosis, baseline plasma HBV-DNAemia before chemotherapy was indicative of occult hepatitis B infection. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a significant association of HBV with newly diagnosed DLBCL.
Intrathecal trastuzumab for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive breast cancer
Authors: Gulia Seema , Gupta Sudeep , Singh Ashish 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThere has been recent increase in incidence of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, possibly due to widespread use of adjuvant trastuzumab and its known poor CNS penetration. Currently there are limited therapeutic options for these patients and outcome is poor. We report two cases of women with HER2 positive breast cancer who developed leptomeningeal carcinomatosis for which they were treated with intrathecal trastuzumab in combination with systemic therapy. Both patients had rapid symptomatic benefit and radiological response and remained progression free for at least seven months. Intrathecal trastuzumab can be considered a reasonable therapeutic option for these difficult to treat patients.
Impact of Infection Control Measures to Control an Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Ward, Peru
Authors: Ticona Eduardo , Huaroto Luz , Kirwan Daniela E. , Chumpitaz Milagros , Munayco César V. , Maguiña Mónica , Tovar Marco A. , Evans Carlton A. , Escombe Roderick , Gilman Robert H. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) rates in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care facility increased by the year 2000—56% of TB cases, eight times the national MDRTB rate. We reported the effect of tuberculosis infection control measures that were introduced in 2001 and that consisted of 1) building a respiratory isolation ward with mechanical ventilation, 2) triage segregation of patients, 3) relocation of waiting room to outdoors, 4) rapid sputum smear microscopy, and 5) culture/drug–susceptibility testing with the microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility assay. Records pertaining to patients attending the study site between 1997 and 2004 were reviewed. Six hundred and fifty five HIV/TB–coinfected patients (mean age 33 years, 79% male) who attended the service during the study period were included. After the intervention, MDRTB rates declined to 20% of TB cases by the year 2004 (P = 0.01). Extremely limited access to antiretroviral therapy and specific MDRTB therapy did not change during this period, and concurrently, national MDRTB prevalence increased, implying that the infection control measures caused the fall in MDRTB rates. The infection control measures were estimated to have cost US$91,031 while preventing 97 MDRTB cases, potentially saving US$1,430,026. Thus, this intervention significantly reduced MDRTB within an HIV care facility in this resource-constrained setting and should be cost-effective.
An evaluation of International Reference Ionosphere electron density in the polar cap and cusp using EISCAT Svalbard radar measurements
Authors: Bjoland Lindis Merete , Belyey Vasyl , Løvhaug Unni Pia , La Hoz Cesar 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Incoherent scatter radar measurements are an important source for studies of ionospheric plasma parameters. In this paper the EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR) long-term database is used to evaluate the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model. The ESR started operations in 1996, and the accumulated database up to 2012 thus covers 16 years, giving an overview of the ionosphere in the polar cap and cusp during more than one solar cycle. Data from ESR can be used to obtain information about primary plasma parameters: electron density, electron and ion temperature, and line-of-sight plasma velocity from an altitude of about 50 and up to 1600 km. Monthly averages of electron density and temperature and ion temperature and composition are also provided by the IRI model from an altitude of 50 to 2000 km. We have compared electron density data obtained from the ESR with the predicted electron density from the IRI-2016 model. Our results show that the IRI model in general fits the ESR data well around the F2 peak height. However, the model seems to underestimate the electron density at lower altitudes, particularly during winter months. During solar minimum the model is also less accurate at higher altitudes. The purpose of this study is to validate the IRI model at polar latitudes.