bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fulfilling Observing System Implementation Requirements with the Global Drifter Array
Authors: Lumpkin Rick , Centurioni Luca , Perez Renellys C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) requirements for in situ surface temperature and velocity measurements call for observations at 5° × 5° resolution. A key component of the GOOS that measures these essential climate variables is the global array of surface drifters. In this study, statistical observing system sampling experiments are performed to evaluate how many drifters are required to achieve the GOOS requirements, both with and without the presence of a completed global tropical moored buoy array at 5°S–5°N. The statistics for these simulations are derived from the evolution of the actual global drifter array. It is concluded that drifters should be deployed within the near-equatorial band even though that band is also in principle covered by the tropical moored array, as the benefits of not doing so are marginal. It is also concluded that an optimal design half-life for the drifters is ~450 days, neglecting external sources of death, such as running aground or being picked up. Finally, it is concluded that comparing the drifter array size to the number of static 5° × 5° open-ocean bins is not an ideal performance indicator for system evaluation; a better performance indicator is the fraction of 5° × 5° open-ocean bins sampled, neglecting bins with high drifter death rates.
When saying sorry may not help: Transgressor power moderates the effect of an apology on forgiveness in the workplace
Authors: Zheng Xue , van Dijke Marius , Leunissen Joost M , Giurge Laura M , De Cremer David 
Published: February 2016

An apology, as an expression of remorse, can be an effective response from a transgressor to obtain forgiveness from a victim. Yet, to be effective, the victim should not construe the transgressor’s actions in a cynical way. Because low-power people tend to interpret the actions of high-power people in a cynical way, we argue that an apology (versus no apology) from high-power transgressors should be relatively ineffective in increasing forgiveness from low-power victims. We find support for this moderated mediation model in a critical incidents study (Study 1), a forced recall study (Study 2) among employees from various organizations and a controlled laboratory experiment among business students (Study 3). These studies reveal the limited value of expressions of remorse by high-power people in promoting forgiveness.
Narratives of Childhood Adversity and Adolescent Misconduct as Precursors to Violent Extremism
Authors: Simi Pete , Sporer Karyn , Bubolz Bryan F. 
Published: February 2016

Objective: We examined how nonideological factors such as childhood risk factors and adolescent conduct problems precede participation in violent extremism (VE). Methods: We conducted in-depth life-history interviews with former members of violent White supremacist groups ( N = 44) to examine their childhood and adolescent experiences, and how they explain the factors that led to the onset of VE. Results: Based on self-reports, we found substantial presence of childhood risk factors and adolescent conduct problems as precursors to participation in violent extremist groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that pathways to VE are more complex than previously identified in the literature and that violent extremists are a heterogeneous population of offenders whose life histories resemble members of conventional street gangs and generic criminal offenders. We conclude our article with implications related to criminological theory, directions for future research, and limitations.
Mists of the Riachuelo
Authors: Merlinsky María Gabriela 
Published: February 2016

The long-standing lack of river basin management policies in Buenos Aires has impacted the development of strategies for facing climate change. This is a highly complex matter in a metropolis that has developed in a context of significant social and environmental inequality. An environmental justice perspective on the institutional changes in the wake of the Supreme Court’s rulings in favor of citizens invoking the constitutional right to a healthy environment in the Matanza-Riachuelo Basin illustrates the challenges of environmental management in greater Buenos Aires and the obstacles and opportunities in the development of climate change adaptation policies in the medium term. El déficit histórico en materia de políticas de gestión hídrica en Buenos Aires ha condicionado las estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático. Se trata de un asunto de alta complejidad en una metrópolis que se ha desarrollado en presencia de fuertes desigualdades sociales y ambientales. Un enfoque de justicia ambiental centrado en los cambios institucionales a partir de la intervención de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en favor de ciudadanos exigiendo su derecho constitucional a la recuperación ambiental de la cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo identifica los desafíos que enfrenta la gestión ambiental metropolitana y las oportunidades y barreras en materia de políticas de adaptación al cambio climático en el mediano plazo.
Improving practice with integration of patient directed activity during inpatient rehabilitation
Authors: Trammell Molly , Kapoor Priyanka , Swank Chad , Driver Simon 
Published: February 2016

Background: Early initiation of rehabilitation following stroke promotes better long-term outcomes than delayed onset, emphasizing the importance of inpatient therapy. However, literature indicates that following stroke individuals in inpatient rehabilitation spend the majority of their day in their bedroom and inactive. Consequently, since amount of functional activity is posited to relate to outcomes, the current rehabilitation model needs to be challenged with innovative solutions to maximize recovery. Rationale: In an attempt to promote greater activity and higher doses of therapy during inpatient rehabilitation, we implemented the “Patient Directed Activity Program” to facilitate specific movement and improve outcomes for patients post stroke. Our interdisciplinary activity program was conceptualized on a theoretical model for stroke recovery and principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity. Main features: The “Patient Directed Activity Program” includes distinct activity stations designed to increase repetition, stimulation, attention, and activity of the affected upper extremities, lower extremities, and trunk. Each task-specific activity was easily graded to achieve moderate- to high-intensity. The activity program prescribed individuals up to three additional 30-minute bouts of activities daily that were to be completed independently, and in addition to standard of care. Clinical application: After implementing this program in our facility for one year as a quality improvement project, the intervention has been delivered as an Institutional Review Board approved randomized controlled trial (Clinical Trial #NCT02446197). Challenges with people and facilities have been overcome, resulting in a feasible program that can be delivered in an inpatient setting. High satisfaction has been reported by patients and clinicians.
Early home-supported discharge for patients with stroke in Portugal: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Santana Silvina , Rente José , Neves Conceição , Redondo Patrícia , Szczygiel Nina , Larsen Torben , Jepsen Birgitte , Langhorne Peter 
Published: February 2016

Objective: To evaluate an early home-supported discharge service for stroke patients. Design: We carried out a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial (allocation ratio of 1:1) with patients assigned to either an early home-supported discharge service or usual care. Setting: The study was undertaken in Aveiro, Portugal, between April 2009 and April 2013. Subjects: We included stroke patients aged 25–85 years admitted to the stroke unit with an initial Functional Independence Measure of up to 100, who gave informed consent. Interventions: Patients in the early home-supported discharge group began their rehabilitation intervention in the stroke unit and the early home-supported discharge team worked with them at home for a maximum of one month. Patients in the control group received usual services. Main measures: The primary outcome measure was the Functional Independence Measure at six months after stroke. Results: We randomised 190 patients of whom 34 were lost to follow-up. There were no significant differences (p > 0.5) in the average scores of Functional Independence Measure between the early home-supported discharge (69 ±22; mean ±SD) and the control groups (71 ±17) measured at baseline; and between the early home-supported discharge (107 ±20) and the control groups (107 ±25) measured at six months. The number of individuals with a low Functional Independence Measure score (<60) in the early home-supported discharge group compared with the control group was higher at admission (34/95 vs. 26/95) and lower at follow-up (2/74 vs. 5/78). Conclusions: It was feasible to implement early home-supported discharge procedures in a Southern European setting, but we have not shown convincing differences in disability at six months.
Acetabular Labral Reconstruction With Autologous Tendon Tissue in a Porcine Model
Authors: Shi Yuan-Yuan , Chen Lin-Xin , Xu Yan , Hu Xiao-Qing , Ao Ying-Fang , Wang Jian-Quan 
Published: February 2016

Background: Acetabular labral reconstruction with autologous tendons is the preferred method for treating a severely damaged labrum. However, the healing process of implants remains unknown. Similar to the human acetabular labrum, the porcine acetabular labrum is a fibrocartilage-like tissue. Purpose: This study aimed to characterize the histological healing process and gene expression profile of implants in a porcine model of acetabular labral reconstruction. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Eighteen pigs were included in this study. The pigs underwent unilateral acetabular labral reconstruction. A 1.0 cm–long defect was made at the site of the anterior (cranial) dorsal labrum, which was repaired using an autologous mesogluteus tendon. The pigs were sacrificed at 12 and 24 weeks postoperatively. The implants were subjected to histological assessment and gene expression analysis. The cell phenotype of the implants was visualized using paraffin-embedded sections. Results: Macroscopic observations revealed that at 12 weeks, 8 of 9 implants partially filled the labral defect; by contrast, at 24 weeks, 6 of 9 implants fully filled and 3 implants partially filled the labral defects. Oval- or round-shaped fibrochondrocytes were found in the implants at 12 and 24 weeks. The matrix staining results showed that proteoglycan and collagen types 1 and 2 were more evident in the implants at 24 weeks than at 12 weeks. Gene expression analysis results revealed that COL2A1 and COL3A1 were expressed by the implants to a higher extent at 24 weeks than at 12 weeks; COL2A1 and COL3A1 were also expressed to a higher extent in the implants than in the native tendon. Conclusion: On the basis of the results of histological assessment and gene expression analysis, autologous tendon tissue for acetabular labral reconstruction can fully or partially fill labral defects and converts to fibrocartilage, which is rich in proteoglycan and collagen types 1 and 2, at 24 weeks in a porcine model. Clinical Relevance: Autologous tendon tissue can be considered as a viable option for acetabular labral reconstruction.
Prospective Randomized Study of Objective and Subjective Clinical Results Between Double-Bundle and Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Sasaki Shizuka , Tsuda Eiichi , Hiraga Yasuharu , Yamamoto Yuji , Maeda Shugo , Sasaki Eiji , Ishibashi Yasuyuki 
Published: February 2016

Background: There is controversy as to whether double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring tendon graft (DB-HT) or single-bundle ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon graft (SB-PT) obtains the best clinical outcomes. Purpose: To compare the short-term clinical outcomes of DB-HT with those of rectangular-tunnel SB-PT (RTSB-PT) at 2-year follow-up and to identify the factors that affect subjective knee functional score. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Sixty-three male patients (mean age, 26.1 years) and 87 female patients (mean age, 25.8 years) were included in this study and were randomly distributed to either the DB-HT (n = 76) or RTSB-PT (n = 74) group. Clinical outcomes (knee flexion range of motion [ROM], heel-height difference, side-to-side difference in anterior laxity, rotational laxity, and Tegner activity score) were compared between the DB-HT and RTSB-PT groups, and examination of factors affecting subjective outcomes (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis and Outcome Score [KOOS] results) was performed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Fourteen patients (9 DB-HT, 5 RTSB-PT) had secondary ACL injury within 2 years after primary ACL reconstruction and were excluded from analysis. In the examination of 136 patients at the 24-month follow-up, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in clinical or subjective outcomes. The normalized knee extensor strength of the RTSB-PT group showed negative surgical technique effect in the early postoperative phase ( P = .005), but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups at the 24-month follow-up ( P = .114). There was no significant difference in change of normalized knee flexor strength between the 2 groups ( P = .493). Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and presence of meniscus injury were the factors that affected KOOS subscale scores. Conclusion: In this prospective randomized controlled study, there was no significant difference in the incidence of secondary ACL injury and no difference in objective or subjective outcomes between the DB-HT and RTSB-PT reconstruction at 24-month follow-up. Age, sex, presence of meniscus injury, and BMI affected subjective KOOS subscale scores, while surgical technique did not.
Physical Activity Level and Symptom Duration Are Not Associated After Concussion
Authors: Howell David R. , Mannix Rebekah C. , Quinn Bridget , Taylor J. Andrew , Tan Can Ozan , Meehan William P. 
Published: February 2016

Background: Physical rest after a concussion has been described as a key component in the management of the injury. Evidence supporting this recommendation, however, is limited. Purpose: To examine the association between physical activity and symptom duration in a cohort of patients after a concussion. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: This study included 364 patients who were diagnosed with a concussion, were seen by a physician within 3 weeks of injury, and completed a questionnaire at the initial clinic visit. The questionnaire assessed the postconcussion symptom scale (PCSS) score, previous number of concussions, presence of the loss of consciousness or amnesia at the time of injury, and prior treatment for headaches. During each follow-up clinic visit, physical activity level was self-reported. A Cox proportional hazard model was constructed to determine the association between symptom duration, initial clinic visit responses, and self-reported physical activity level after the injury. Results: Study participants ranged in age from 8 to 27 years (mean age, 15.0 years) and had sustained a mean of 0.8 prior concussions; 222 patients (61%) were male. On initial examination, the mean PCSS score was 34.7. The mean symptom duration was 48.9 days after the injury. Among the variables included in the model, initial PCSS score and female sex were independently associated with symptom duration, while physical activity level after the injury was not. For participants aged between 13 and 18 years, however, higher levels of physical activity after the injury were associated with a shorter symptom duration. Conclusion: Results from this study indicate that physical activity after the injury may not be universally detrimental to the recovery of concussion symptoms.
Flow-diverter devices in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Lv Xianli , Yang Hongchao , Liu Peng , Li Youxiang 
Published: February 2016

Objective The purpose of this report was to discuss the overall limitations, safety and efficacy of flow-diverter stenting for intracranial aneurysms. Methods The authors performed a meta-analysis from January 2009 to September 2014 using the terms “flow diverter” and “intracranial aneurysms.” Additional studies were identified through references in each reviewed article. Data extraction, performed independently by the authors, included demographic data, technical and clinical complications, morbidity and mortality, aneurismal occlusion rates related to flow-diverter devices. The analysis was performed using a fixed effect. Results Twenty-nine studies with 1524 patients and three to 62 months of follow-up were identified for analysis. The overall technical failure and complication rate was 9.3% (95% CI 6%–12.6%). The rate of procedure-related complication was 14% (95% CI 10.2%–17.9%) and 6.6% (95% CI 4%–9.1%) for morbidity and mortality. Fusiform, dissecting and circumferential aneurysm (OR 3.10, 95% CI 0.93–10.37) were significant risk factors for technical failure and complication. Posterior circulation location (OR 4.03, 95% CI 2.45–6.61), peripheral location (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.52–4.94) and fusiform, dissecting and circumferential aneurysm (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.15–3.30) were statistically significant risk factors for procedure-related complications. Posterior circulation location (OR 4.39, 95% CI 2.44–7.90) and peripheral location (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.74–7.62) were statistically significant risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Conclusions Fusiform, dissecting and circumferential aneurysm, posterior circulation and peripheral locations have greater procedure-related complications.
Applying for research funding. Part 1 – sources of funding.
Authors: Nelson Adam W , Gnanapragasam Vincent J 
Published: February 2016

Objective: In this article we summarise sources of research funding, principally for individuals seeking to undertake research for a higher degree at the beginning of their research careers. Features of individual funding schemes are highlighted, along with an overview of the process of applying for research funding. It is intended that this article should be a useful resource for those entering research careers. Conclusion: Funding available from the Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research, Royal College of Surgeons of England, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and The Urology Foundation is summarised.
An experimental study of the intrinsic stability of random forest variable importance measures
Authors: Wang Huazhen , Yang Fan , Luo Zhiyuan 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background
The stability of Variable Importance Measures (VIMs) based on random forest has recently received increased attention. Despite the extensive attention on traditional stability of data perturbations or parameter variations, few studies include influences coming from the intrinsic randomness in generating VIMs, i.e. bagging, randomization and permutation. To address these influences, in this paper we introduce a new concept of intrinsic stability of VIMs, which is defined as the self-consistence among feature rankings in repeated runs of VIMs without data perturbations and parameter variations. Two widely used VIMs, i.e., Mean Decrease Accuracy (MDA) and Mean Decrease Gini (MDG) are comprehensively investigated. The motivation of this study is two-fold. First, we empirically verify the prevalence of intrinsic stability of VIMs over many real-world datasets to highlight that the instability of VIMs does not originate exclusively from data perturbations or parameter variations, but also stems from the intrinsic randomness of VIMs. Second, through Spearman and Pearson tests we comprehensively investigate how different factors influence the intrinsic stability.

Results
The experiments are carried out on 19 benchmark datasets with diverse characteristics, including 10 high-dimensional and small-sample gene expression datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the prevalence of intrinsic stability of VIMs. Spearman and Pearson tests on the correlations between intrinsic stability and different factors show that #feature (number of features) and #sample (size of sample) have a coupling effect on the intrinsic stability. The synthetic indictor, #feature/#sample, shows both negative monotonic correlation and negative linear correlation with the intrinsic stability, while OOB accuracy has monotonic correlations with intrinsic stability. This indicates that high-dimensional, small-sample and high complexity datasets may suffer more from intrinsic instability of VIMs. Furthermore, with respect to parameter settings of random forest, a large number of trees is preferred. No significant correlations can be seen between intrinsic stability and other factors. Finally, the magnitude of intrinsic stability is always smaller than that of traditional stability.

Conclusion
First, the prevalence of intrinsic stability of VIMs demonstrates that the instability of VIMs not only comes from data perturbations or parameter variations, but also stems from the intrinsic randomness of VIMs. This finding gives a better understanding of VIM stability, and may help reduce the instability of VIMs. Second, by investigating the potential factors of intrinsic stability, users would be more aware of the risks and hence more careful when using VIMs, especially on high-dimensional, small-sample and high complexity datasets.