bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connecting the Language Classroom and the Wild: Re-enactments of Language Use Experiences
Authors: Lilja Niina , Piirainen-Marsh Arja 
Published: November 2017

AbstractUsing multimodal conversation analysis, this article analyses language learning as an in situ process during a teacher-assigned, experientially based pedagogical activity. The activity involved a three-part pedagogical structure, where learners first prepared for and then participated in real-life service encounters, and later reflected on their experiences back in the classroom. The analysis details how the co-constructed telling sequences through which novice second language users re-enact their experiences create an occasion for language-focused activity. We argue that the actions through which the participants display and sustain an orientation to an interactional practice as an object of learning make visible a learning project. The findings illuminate the practices through which language-focused activity is initiated, sustained, and managed to enable in situ learning. They also show how re-enactments function in storytelling and display a novice learner’s interactional competence. Finally, the findings illustrate how experiences gained in everyday social activities can be ‘harvested and reflected upon’ (Wagner 2015: 77) in the classroom and contribute to recent initiatives to develop teaching practices that support learning in-the-wild.
Cohort Difference in Age-Related Trajectories in Network Size in Old Age: Are Networks Expanding?
Authors: Suanet Bianca , Huxhold Oliver 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesContemporary societal views on old age as well as a rise in retirement age raise the question whether patterns of stability and/or decline in network size as found in earlier studies similarly apply to later birth cohorts of older adults.MethodsChange score models are estimated to determine cohort differences in age-related trajectories in network size. Two birth cohorts (1928–37 and 1938–47, 55–64 at baseline in 1992 and 2002) of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam are followed across 4 observations over a time span of 9 years.ResultsAge-related trajectories in network size differ between the early and late birth cohort. The late birth cohort makes large gains in network size around retirement age, but this increase does not hold over time. Increased educational level and larger diversity in social roles relate to the cohort difference. Nonetheless, cohort difference prevails even after adjusting for these factors.DiscussionThe peak level in the network size in the late birth cohort hints at stronger preference and more opportunities to gain and maintain social relationships around retirement age in the current societal structure and culture. The subsequent drop-off in network size suggests that these ties are mostly used to adapt to the retirement transition.
How Long Did I Wait? The Effect of Construal Levels on Consumers’ Wait Duration Judgments
Authors: Wang Jing , Hong Jiewen , Zhou Rongrong 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We examine how construal levels affect wait duration judgments through two different routes: one based on consumers’ subjective feelings (an affective route) and the other based on mental markers (a cognitive route). We further identify the conditions under which the affective versus the cognitive route operates. We theorize that low-level construal people generate more wait-unrelated thoughts during the wait than high-level construal people. This difference in turn affects duration judgments in opposite directions depending on the judgment strategy that people use. People spontaneously rely on their subjective feelings—how long they feel they have waited. In this case, low- (vs. high-) level construal consumers, who are more distracted by their wait-unrelated thoughts, find the wait to be less boring and hence judge it to be shorter. However, when subjective feelings become less accessible (after a delay) or diagnostic (perceived as less trustworthy), or when mental markers become more accessible, people resort to the number of thoughts they had during the wait to infer the duration—the more thoughts they had, the longer it must have been. In this case, low- (vs. high-) level construal people perceive the wait to be longer. Results from five studies support the proposed framework.
The Value of the Middle Meningeal Artery in Cerebrovascular Bypass Surgery: An Anatomic Feasibility Study
Authors: Niknejad Hamid Reza , van der Zwan Albert , Heye Sam , Van Calenbergh Frank , Van Loon Johannes 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Over the past decade, there has been a revival and a renewed interest for cerebrovascular bypass procedures. The superficial temporal artery (STA) has its value as a reliable donor vessel; however, a possible role for the middle meningeal artery (MMA) as a donor artery is still unclear.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the feasibility of using the MMA as a donor vessel in cerebrovascular surgery.

METHODS
We performed cadaveric dissections on 12 fresh specimens (23 sides) after bilateral silicone injection into the internal and external carotid arteries. We compared the size, diameter, and possibility to perform a bypass to the middle cerebral artery for both the MMA and the STA. Measurements were done using an electrical caliper. Additional measurements of the MMA and STA were performed on 20 random angiograms.

RESULTS
There was no statistically significant difference in diameter of the MMA at its ostium being 2.4 mm, compared to 2.7 mm for the STA ostium (t-test; P = .21). The MMA could be mobilized over 4.1 cm, whereas the STA over 8.3 cm. Finally, the mean diameter of the donor vessel at the site of the anastomosis was 1.6 mm versus 1.9 mm for MMA and STA, respectively (P = .0026). We were able to perform an MMA and middle cerebral artery anastomosis on 17 sides.

CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the MMA is a potentially valuable donor vessel to be used in selected cases. The availability of a suitable MMA branch should be assessed preoperatively on the angiogram.
Indefinite Pronouns
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. This book presents an encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. It shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. Topics include formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, and negative indefinite pronouns.
A Typological Perspective on Indefinite Pronouns
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the goals and methods of a typological perspective on indefinite pronouns. It begins with an overview of language typology and the reasons why typological research is very important to our understanding of human language. It then considers the four steps involved in a typological study. First, the domain of phenomena to be compared across languages is delimited by formulating a definition that is cross-linguistically applicable. Second, the space of typological variation is mapped out by providing a complete taxonomy of the various means by which the phenomenon under discussion is expressed in different languages. Third, correlations between individual structural options and other parts of the grammar are identified and formulated as implicational universals. Fourth, explanations for these universals are sought. General problems of typological sampling are highlighted and the two samples used in the typological study are described: the 40-language sample and the 100-language sample.
Further Sources of Indefinite Pronouns
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter focuses on diachronic sources of indefinite pronouns that cannot be easily subsumed under grammaticalization. It first considers indefinite pronouns marked by scalar focus particles such as ‘even’ and ‘at least’ before discussing the possibility that the disjunctive conjunction ‘or’ may be used as an indefiniteness marker. It then examines bare interrogative pronouns that are used as indefinites, taking into account strategies of disambiguation and bare interrogatives in Indo-European. It also explains why indefinites tend to be identical to interrogatives and goes on to analyse reduplicated indefinite pronouns. After formulating a number of generalizations, the chapter describes some further diachronic issues, including the change from generic nouns and the numeral ‘one’ into indefinite pronouns, along with the borrowing of indefinite pronouns.
Negative Indefinite Pronouns
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the typology of negative indefinite pronouns, with particular emphasis on their relation with other indefinites. It first considers the received taxonomy of negated indefinites, showing that it is inadequate and that the implicational map for representing the functions of indefinite pronouns offers a better classification. Four main syntactic ways of expressing negative indefinites, or the direct-negation function of indefinite pronouns, are described: verbal negation plus (ordinary) indefinite, verbal negation plus ‘special indefinite’, verbal negation plus ‘negative indefinite’, and ‘negative indefinite’ without verbal negation. The chapter proceeds by analysing one important aspect of the syntax of negative indefinites: the co-occurrence with a negative element associated with the verb. It also formulates a number of cross-linguistic generalizations and proposes functional explanations for them before concluding with an assessment of various diachronic sources of negative indefinites, including negative scalar focus particles and minimal-unit expressions.
A Brief History of the International Monetary System since Bretton Woods
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, which created the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, was a major landmark in international cooperation. However, the Bretton Woods system came under increasing pressure in the 1960s due to the lack of a reliable adjustment mechanism to manage payment imbalances as well as the persistent asymmetries in the balance-of-payments pressures faced by surplus and deficit countries. In 1971 the system effectively collapsed when the US government suspended convertibility of dollars into gold for other central banks—a decision that would prove to be permanent. The system that evolved to replace it can be viewed as a ‘non-system’ with diverse ad hoc arrangements. Viewed overall this non-system has proved to be fairly resilient, but some of its major gaps continue to have negative effects on the global economy.
Global Monetary Cooperation and the Exchange Rate System
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter looks at historical and current frameworks to manage macroeconomic linkages among economies. The basic objective of cooperation in this area is to guarantee the consistency of the macroeconomic policies of major economies, to avoid both unsustainable global booms and crises. This requires an adequate supply of liquidity at the international level, the topic analysed in Chapter 2, as well sustainable payments balances and an adequate exchange rate system, two areas of cooperation analysed here. The chapter looks first at the evolving nature of global imbalances. It then analyses the mechanisms that have been put in place at different times to manage macroeconomic linkages among major economies, before finally considering the current exchange rate ‘non-system’. The chapter claims that exchange rate policy is perhaps the most critical area for which macroeconomic policy cooperation should be strengthened, particularly by moving to a system of reference rates among major currencies.
Capital Account Liberalization and Management
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter looks at the transition from the acceptance at Bretton Woods of capital account management as a normal policy instrument to the liberalization of the capital account, first in developed countries and later in developing countries. It then analyses the risks of capital account liberalization, particularly the relation between capital account liberalization and the boom–bust cycles in global finance which have severely affected emerging and developing countries since the 1970s. It finally reviews the controversies around the effects of capital account liberalization and the evidence of success or failure with capital account management. Overall, there is significant evidence that capital account regulations improve the composition of capital flows towards less reversible flows and increase monetary independence without sacrifising exchange rate objectives. They also may have a desirable effect on the magnitude of flows and on exchange rates, but these effects are contested by some authors.
The Law of Pillage, Conflict Resources, and Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Radics Olivia , Bruch Carl 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of the law of pillage in the emerging body of jus post bellum with respect to temporal considerations as to its application; its relationship to the law of occupation; the scope of actors to whom pillage applies; and the legal and practical implications of approaching pillage as an economic crime. The chapter discusses questions such as to what extent does the law of pillage continue to apply during the post-conflict period and to whom does it apply? Would it include unelected transitional government officials who might be found liable for making decisions on natural resource concessions? Does the law of pillage apply to occupying forces having de facto or de jure control over a country? How would it relate to immovable state property in occupation? The chapter discusses the viability of war crimes prosecutions for pillage as well as of alternative avenues of accountability.
Conflict, Cash, and Controversy
Authors: Easterday Jennifer , Ivanhoe Hana 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Addressing environmental concerns in a post-conflict setting is a difficult undertaking; yet addressing these concerns, particularly their cyclical nature, is vital to ensuring that post-conflict countries develop sustainably. Fundamental human rights may also be implicated where there is systematic environmental degradation and those rights infringements in turn can threaten efforts at peace and stability. Given the inadequacy of existing post-conflict country domestic and international hard law governing environmental rights and protections, voluntary and soft law norms and the corporate social responsibility movement are critical to ensuring that multinational investment in post-conflict countries is in line with sustainable development principles and the long-term economic and environmental prosperity of those countries, and therefore should be included in a holistic jus post bellum framework. These norms provide a critical opportunity to harness the power of private corporations and investments to ensure sustainable development, resulting in a more durable transition to peace in post-conflict states.
‘After the War is Before the War’
Authors: Dienelt Anne 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter draws the bow between preventive measures under IHL and their relevance in a post-conflict situation regarding environmental protection. The author analyses the training of forces, the marking of protected zones and the weapons review according to Article 36 of Additional Protocol I. Since IHL provisions and principles protecting the natural environment are of relevance for the training of forces and the weapons review, they are briefly summarized as well. But do these preventive measures also impact post-conflict situations? The author studies post-conflict assessments of the environment. These can result in an updating of military manuals and military curricular relating to the training of forces. A monitoring of the conduct of hostilities can also influence the weapons reviews (including weapons instructions), leading to updating them by using the lessons learned extracted from the war theatre. Protected zones can also be assessed post-conflict, resulting in the conclusion of peace agreements including demilitarized zones detached from Article 60 AP I. To restore justice after war, post-conflict assessments of the environment can thus be a useful tool. The legal bases for this assertion are assessed in this chapter.
Defects on cylinders: superfluid helium films and bacterial cell walls
Authors: Nelson David R. , Amir Ariel 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThere is a deep analogy between the physics of crystalline solids and the behaviour of superfluids, dating back to the pioneering work of Phillip Anderson, Paul Martin, and others. The stiffness to shear deformations in a periodic crystal resembles the super-fluid density that controls the behaviour of supercurrents in neutral superfluids such as He4. Dislocations in solids have a close analogy with quantized vortices in superfluids. Remarkable recent experiments on the way rod-shaped bacteria elongate their cell walls have focused attention on the dynamics and interactions of point-like dislocation defects in partially-ordered cylindrical crystalline monolayers. In these lectures, we review the physics of superfluid helium films on cylinders and discuss how confinement in one direction affects vortex interactions with supercurrents. Although there are similarities with the way dislocations respond to strains on cylinders, important differences emerge due to the vector nature of the topological charges characterizing the dislocations.
The Distributive/Collective Ambiguity in Singular Group Action Sentences
Authors: Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChapter 4 shows that many singular group action sentences admit of a distributive/collective ambiguity and that singular group referring terms are often the antecedents of plural pronouns. This provides support for a straightforward extension of the account of the logical form of plural action sentences to singular group action sentences. It shows further that the ambiguity is not plausibly attributed to lexical ambiguity in either the noun phrase or verb phrase in singular group action sentences. Next, it shows that the reason that some singular group action sentences appear to have only a collective reading has to do with the verbs expressing essentially collective action types and not with the fact that their subject positions are occupied by singular group referring terms.
Declarations and Status Functions
Authors: Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChapter 12 evaluates, in the light of the analysis of status functions in previous chapters, a recent claim by Searle that all institutional facts, and so all status functions, are created by declarative speech acts. An example of a declaration is an employer saying “You’re fired” to an employee and thereby making it the case that he is fired. The chapter argues that while declarations are often used, given background conventions in a community, to impose status functions on objects, they are not necessary, and that more generally the idea that status functions are imposed by representing that object as having them is mistaken, in the light of the earlier analysis of collective acceptance as a matter of members of a community having appropriate we-intentions or conditional we-intentions directed at the relevant things.
Corporations
Authors: Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChapter 14 applies the account developed through Chapter 13 to corporate agency. First, it develops an account of the corporation as its shareholders acting through the corporate form. Second, it explains the significance of legal personality and its relation to the forms of speech we use to attribute corporate agency, which shows the surface forms of speech to be misleading. Third, it develops an account of the structure of corporate agency when ownership and control are separated in a two-tier management system consisting of an elected board of directors overseeing upper management. The conclusion is the board, management, and employees are proxy agents of the shareholders. Fourth, it considers the some forms of legal speech about corporations that raise specific puzzles. Fifth, it develops a deflationary account of the import of ordinary forms of speech about corporations and businesses that employ propositional attitude verbs.
Nation States
Authors: Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChapter 15 takes up some difficulties that arise in connection with nation states. The first is whether the account can accommodate ordinary talk about nation states. The chapter argues that many difficulties arise from ambiguities in how names for nation states are used. The second is the question whether all citizens are agents of what the nation state does when citizenship is typically conferred by a birthright. The chapter argues that only self-conscious citizens are properly thought of as contributing to what the state does. The fourth is whether non-representative governments can be accommodated in the picture. The chapter argues that they can if the citizens accept the form of government. The fifth is whether oppressive governments, which may even have a representative form, are counterexamples. The chapter argues that these are like a Potemkin village, and its citizens akin to POWs.
Computer Simulation of Liquids
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This book provides a practical guide to molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation techniques used in the modelling of simple and complex liquids. Computer simulation is an essential tool in studying the chemistry and physics of condensed matter, complementing and reinforcing both experiment and theory. Simulations provide detailed information about structure and dynamics, essential to understand the many fluid systems that play a key role in our daily lives: polymers, gels, colloidal suspensions, liquid crystals, biological membranes, and glasses. The second edition of this pioneering book aims to explain how simulation programs work, how to use them, and how to interpret the results, with examples of the latest research in this rapidly evolving field. Accompanying programs in Fortran and Python provide practical, hands-on, illustrations of the ideas in the text.
Rare event simulation
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The development of techniques to simulate infrequent events has been an area of rapid progress in recent years. In this chapter, we shall discuss some of the simulation techniques developed to study the dynamics of rare events. A basic summary of the statistical mechanics of barrier crossing is followed by a discussion of approaches based on the identification of reaction coordinates, and those which seek to avoid prior assumptions about the transition path. The demanding technique of transition path sampling is introduced and forward flux sampling and transition interface sampling are considered as rigorous but computationally efficient approaches.