bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The political economy of global reserve assets
Authors: James Harold , Lombardi Domenico 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article focuses on the political economy that shaped the Special Drawing Right (SDR) by examining the three drivers of reform that influenced the creation of the SDR and resulted in changes in the international monetary system (IMS) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The three factors examined are, first, informal intergovernmental forums working outside the framework of the IMF; second, the eclipse of the IMF as the central institution of the IMS; and finally, the lack of reference to the private sector in the discussions, even though capital movements were the central cause of strains in the IMS. The article concludes that the resulting limitations of the SDR solution—an institutional change brought about by the compromise between parties to the discussions—meant that major imperfections in the IMS remained unresolved.
Violence in mental health settings: A systematic review
Authors: Spaducci Gilda , Stubbs Brendon , McNeill Ann , Stewart Duncan , Robson Debbie 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe introduction of smoke‐free policies is increasingly common in mental health settings, to improve health. However, a barrier to implementing smoke‐free polices is staff concern that violence will increase. We conducted a systematic review comparing the rates of violence before and after the introduction of smoke‐free policies in mental health settings. Two authors searched major electronic databases. We included studies reporting the prevalence of violence (verbal and/or physical or combined) before and after the introduction of a smoke‐free policy in a mental health, forensic, or addiction setting. We included 11 studies in the review. A narrative synthesis was used to describe the key results of each study. Six studies measured physical violence specifically; four reported a decrease or no change and two reported a short‐term increase. Five of these six studies also measured verbal violence; two found an increase, with one of the studies reporting that this increase was temporary. Three reported a decrease in verbal violence. A further five studies evaluated the rate of combined verbal and physical violence; four reported a decrease or no change and the other an increase. We conclude that the introduction of smoke‐free policies generally does not lead to an increase in violence. There is a need for more robust studies to support this finding. However, the conclusions from this review may be a step in reducing staff concerns.
Ensuring inclusion and combatting discrimination in social protection programmes: The role of human rights standards
Authors: Sepúlveda Carmona Magdalena 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRecent years have witnessed the significant expansion of social protection programmes around the world. Yet, a vast number of poor and vulnerable people, including children, women, ethnic minorities, and persons with disabilities, remain uncovered, especially in lower‐income countries. This article argues that a better understanding of the principle of equality and non‐discrimination, as defined under international human rights law, can guide practitioners and policy‐makers to design and implement more inclusive social protection systems. Compliance with this principle is also necessary under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the International Labour Organization's social security standards. The article first analyses the scope and content of the legal principle of equality and non‐discrimination, giving attention to the standards commonly used to assess compliance with it. It then applies these standards as analytical tools to assess how and when discrimination may occur in the implementation of non‐contributory social protection programmes. Finally, it explores the challenges that social protection practitioners face when applying the principle of equality and non‐discrimination in social protection programmes.
Parameters for determination of Candida albicans virulence in murine peritonitis
Authors: Kretschmar M. , Bertsch T. , Göller M. , Schaller M. , Hof H. , Nichterlein T. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryUsing intraperitoneal (i. p.) infection of mice with Candida albicans we determined which parameters might be useful for characterization of virulence in this model. Upon i. p. infection of mice with two reference strains striking differences in lethality were detected. These differences in virulence corresponded with invasion of the liver and pancreas by the virulent strain and with a lack of invasion by the avirulent strain. The virulent strain was able to release high amounts of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and α‐amylase (AM) from liver and pancreas into the blood plasma. Most likely, these enzymes were released by penetration of hyphae into the cytoplasm which was shown with electron microscopy. When invasion slowed down, there was also a drop in the activities of ALT and AM measured in the blood of infected mice. As both strains disseminated to the heart, kidneys, and lungs, dissemination into these organs was no reliable parameter for virulence in this model. However, only the virulent strain was able to reach the brain and to germinate in the kidneys and brain. In contrast to invasion and enzyme activities, the fungal load in the peritoneal cavity and in the neighbouring organs appeared not to be related with virulence. This may be concluded from the fact that there were no differences in the absolute colony forming units (cfu) and the length of persistence of both strains when similar inocula were used. We conclude that the ability of a given strain of C. albicans to invade neighbouring organs, to reach the brain upon dissemination and germination in the brain and kidneys may be used for measurement of virulence in this model when virulence is defined as lethality.
Antifungal activity of the new azole UK‐109, 496 (voriconazole)
Authors: Kappe R. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe in vitro activity of voriconazole fully includes Aspergillus, and also emerging moulds like Fusarium, Pseudallescheria boydii, and Penicillium marneffei. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of voriconazole for Candida krusei and Candida glabrata, which are resistant or less susceptible to fluconazole, promise clinical efficacy, although they are ten times higher (0.30–0.39 μg/ml) than those for Candida albicans and other Candida spp. (0.001–0.05 μg/ml). The endemic fungal pathogens Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, as well as Cryptococcus neoformans, and the dermatophytes are also fully susceptible to voriconazole. The zygomycetes and Sporothrix schenckii remain a problem.Voriconazole has been shown to be effective against invasive aspergillosis (IA) and fluconazole‐resistant candidosis in animal models, when administered in doses between 2.5 and 45 mg/kg/day. The pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in man produced sustained high blood and tissue levels following oral and intravenous applications of 50 to 200 mg/day. Side effects included fully reversible mild to moderate visual disturbances (8 to 44 %) and raised liver function enzymes (6 to 8 %).In conclusion, voriconazole is highly active against Aspergillus and most other medically relevant fungi, it is applicable intravenously, and it appears to have an acceptable safety profile.
Early empiric antifungal therapy of infections in neutropenic patients comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B/flucytosine
Authors: Silling G. , Fegeler W. , Roos N. , Essink M. , Büchner T. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryWe compared the efficacy and tolerability of fluconazole (FCA) with amphotericin B/flucytosine (ABF) in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies. Antifungal therapy started on day 4 when fever was unresponsive to antibiotics or on day 1 together with the antibiotics, if there was evidence of mycosis. If patients did not respond to FCA after 7 days they switched to ABF. 98 patients, 51 FCA and 47 ABF were included in the study. Response to fever was achieved in 28/51 FCA patients and in another 16 after switching to ABF. So in overall 44/51 (86.2%) of the FCA and 37/47 (78.8%) of the ABF group defervescence was observed. 46 patients (21 FCA, 25 ABF) developed radiological signs of pneumonia. Resolution of infiltrates was achieved in 5/21 FCA and 20/25 ABF patients, and another 10 of 15 initially not responding patients showed regression when switched to ABF, 5 of these had highly suspected aspergillosis. Adverse events occured in 19.6% of FCA and 97.9% of ABF patients. In conclusion fluconazole and amphotericin B/flucytosine seem to be equally effective. In view of its lower toxicity fluconazole may be preferred as first line empiric antifungal agent, but in case of nonresponse, pneumonia or aspergillosis it may be replaced by amphotericin B combined with flucytosine.
Antifungal susceptibilities and genetic relatedness of serial Trichophyton rubrum isolates from patients with onychomycosis of the toenail
Authors: Bradley M. C. , Leidich S. , Isham N. , Elewski B. E. , Ghannoum M. A. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryOnychomycosis is a common fungal disease infecting up to 20% of the population over age 40. The major causative agent of onychomycosis is Trichophyton rubrum. Uncontrolled infection may eventually lead to penetration of the newly forming nail plate. In spite of the encouraging cure rate with recent antifungal agents such as the allylamines (terbinafine) and azoles (itraconazole and fluconazole) some patients inevitably fail therapy. In this investigation, a group of patients from a multi‐center study designed to assess the efficacy of terbinafine with known cases of onychomycosis were selected for evaluation. Nail samples from this patient group were colonized with T. rubrum throughout the terbinafine therapy. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed on these T. rubrum isolates to detect change in MIC values. Strain relatedness was examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Our results revealed failure of patients to clear T. rubrum is not related to the development of resistance to the drug. While species determination was possible, we were not able to identify differences that would indicate reinfection with a new strain. Analysis of patient demographic data revealed that 70% of patients were over 45 years old, 56.6% were previously treated with antifungals, 60% came from family history with onychomycosis and 13 % were diabetic. In conclusion, our data indicate that patients' failure to clear onychomycosis was not associated with resistant development. Failure of terbinafine therapy may be dependent on host‐related factors.
Antifungal prophylaxis with itraconazole oral solution in neutropenic patients
Authors: Kibbler C. C. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe role of itraconazole in anti‐fungal prophylaxis has been limited by the low bioavailability of the capsule formulation but the bioavailability of the oral solution is much improved. Three multi‐centre studies using itraconazole solution (5 mg/kg/day) have recently been completed. The UK trial compared itraconazole solution with fluconazole suspension (100 mg/day). No invasive aspergillosis occurred in the itraconazole arm and there were more fungal deaths due to proven/suspected infection in the fluconazole group than in the itraconazole group (0 versus 7, p = 0.024). An Italian study compared itraconazole solution with placebo. Proven, suspected and superficial fungal infections were fewer in the itraconazole arm compared with placebo, with significant differences in proven and suspected systemic fungal infections (itraconazole 24% versus placebo 33 %, p = 0.035). The third study compared itraconazole with amphotericin B capsules (2 g/day). There were more invasive fungal infections, Aspergillus infections and fungal deaths in the amphotericin B arm than with itraconazole but none of these differences were statistically significant.Azole prophylaxis in neutropenic patients may reduce the incidence of Candida infections, empirical amphotericin B usage, and the incidence of proven fungal infections. Itraconazole may be more effective than fluconazole in preventing invasive aspergillosis. All of these effects are more pronounced in high risk patients.
Angiopoietin‐like protein 8/betatrophin correlates with hepatocellular lipid content independent of insulin resistance in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease patients
Authors: Hong Beverly S , Liu Juan , Zheng Jing , Ke Weijian , Huang Zhimin , Wan Xuesi , He Xiaoying , Xiao Haipeng , Li Yanbing 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo explore angiopoietin‐like protein 8 (ANGPTL‐8) levels, and its association with hepatocellular lipid content (HCL) and insulin resistance in patients with different extents of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Materials and MethodsIn 48 adults were recruited, of which 12 had no NAFLD (HCL < 5.5%; group 1), 18 had mild NAFLD (5.5% ≤ HCL < 10.0%; group 2) and 18 had moderate‐to‐severe NAFLD (HCL ≥ 10.0%; group 3). The peripheral insulin sensitivity of all participants was monitored by a hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp (M value), as well as the magnetic resonance image of HCL. Serum ANGPTL‐8, blood glucose levels and lipid profiles were also recorded in the study.ResultsGroup 3 had a worse metabolic profile, and had the highest ANGPTL‐8 level (1,129 ± 351 pg/mL vs 742 ± 252 pg/mL, 765 ± 301 pg/mL, P = 0.001) compared with those in group 1 and group 2. In all metabolic profiles, HCL positively correlated the strongest with ANGPTL‐8 (r = 0.436, P = 0.042). Multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis showed ANGPTL‐8 and alanine aminotransferase were independent determinants of HCL (P = 0.002, P < 0.001, respectively), and these two indexes explained 67.4% of the variation of HCL (P < 0.001).ConclusionsANGPTL‐8 was positively correlated with hepatocellular lipid content independent of obesity and insulin resistance, indicating that ANGPTL‐8 might be a new and important important predictor of the severity of NAFLD.
Kinetic control of staurolite–Al2SiO5 mineral assemblages: Implications for Barrovian and Buchan metamorphism
Authors: Pattison David R. M. , Spear Frank S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe distribution and textural features of staurolite–Al2SiO5 mineral assemblages do not agree with predictions of current equilibrium phase diagrams. In contrast to abundant examples of Barrovian staurolite–kyanite–sillimanite sequences and Buchan‐type staurolite–andalusite–sillimanite sequences, there are few examples of staurolite–sillimanite sequences with neither kyanite nor andalusite anywhere in the sequence, despite the wide (~2.5 kbar) pressure interval in which they are predicted. Textural features of staurolite–kyanite or staurolite–andalusite mineral assemblages commonly imply no reaction relationship between the two minerals, at odds with the predicted first development (in a prograde sense) of kyanite or andalusite at the expense of staurolite in current phase diagrams. In a number of prograde sequences, the incoming of staurolite and either kyanite, in Barrovian sequences, or andalusite, in Buchan‐type sequences, is coincident or nearly so, rather than kyanite or andalusite developing upgrade of a significant staurolite zone as predicted. The width of zones of coexisting staurolite and either kyanite, in Barrovian sequences, or andalusite, in Buchan‐type sequences, is much wider than predicted in equilibrium phase diagrams, and staurolite commonly persists upgrade until its demise in the sillimanite zone. We argue that disequilibrium processes provide the best explanation for these mismatches. We suggest that kyanite (or andalusite) may develop independently and approximately contemporaneously with staurolite by metastable chlorite‐consuming reactions that occur at lower P–T conditions than the thermodynamically predicted staurolite‐to‐kyanite/andalusite reaction, a process that involves only modest overstepping (<15°C) of the stable chlorite‐to‐staurolite reaction and which is favoured, in the case of kyanite, by advantageous nucleation kinetics. If so, the pressure difference between Barrovian kyanite‐bearing sequences and Buchan andalusite‐bearing sequences could be ~1 kbar or less, in better agreement with the natural record. The unusual width of coexistence of staurolite and Al2SiO5 minerals, in particular kyanite and andalusite, can be accounted for by a combination of lack of thermodynamic driving force for conversion of staurolite to kyanite or andalusite, sluggish dissolution of staurolite, and possibly the absence of a fluid phase to catalyse reaction. This study represents an example of how kinetic controls on metamorphic mineral assemblage development have to be considered in regional as well as contact metamorphism.
Sources and Types of Social Support for Physical Activity Perceived by Fifth to Eighth Grade Girls
Authors: Robbins Lorraine B. , Ling Jiying , Dalimonte‐Merckling Danielle M. , Sharma Dhruv B. , Bakhoya Marion , Pfeiffer Karin A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundInformation is lacking on forms and sources of social support for physical activity (PA) received by adolescent girls during various pubertal stages. Two study purposes were to (a) identify the sources and forms of social support for PA perceived by adolescent girls, and (b) examine associations of pubertal stage and social support with PA.MethodsA secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial was conducted. Fifth through eighth grade girls (N = 1,519) completed surveys on social support for PA and pubertal stage and wore an accelerometer.ResultsGirls in early‐middle and late‐post puberty most frequently received social support from their mothers. A higher proportion of girls in late‐post puberty, compared to early‐middle puberty, received social support from nonfamily adults (4.2% vs. 3.0%, p = .019). Girls identifying three sources participated in more moderate‐to‐vigorous PA than those having fewer sources (t1,512 = −3.57, p < .001). Various forms of social support, except for encouragement, were positively related to moderate‐to‐vigorous PA. Girls in early‐middle puberty reported greater social support than those in late‐post puberty (t1,512 = 3.99, p < .001). Social support was positively associated with moderate‐to‐vigorous PA, while girls in late‐post puberty had lower moderate‐to‐vigorous PA than those in early‐middle puberty.ConclusionsMothers are important sources of social support for PA. Having more than two sources may result in greater PA. Encouraging girls to increase their PA may not be sufficient.Clinical RelevanceEfforts are needed from health professionals to prevent any decline in social support for PA as girls advance across adolescence.
Usefulness of hemostatic sealants for minimizing ovarian damage during laparoscopic cystectomy for endometriosis
Authors: Choi Chahien , Kim Woo Young , Lee Dong Hee , Lee San Hui 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAimWe aimed to evaluate the impact of topical hemostatic sealants and bipolar coagulation during laparoscopic ovarian endometriotic cyst resection on ovarian reserve by comparing the rates of decrease in anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH).MethodsA randomized prospective data collection was made on women aged 19–45 years who planned to have laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy at one of two institutions (n = 80), Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea or National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea, from January 2014 to April 2016. Patients were randomly divided into two groups treated with either a topical hemostatic sealant or bipolar coagulation for hemostasis. The hemostatic group was randomized to the FloSeal or TachoSil subgroups. Preoperative and 3‐month postoperative AMH levels were checked and the rates of decrease of AMH were compared. All patients enrolled were treated with dienogest (Visanne) for 6–12 months. None were lost to follow‐up at postoperative 3 months, but about one‐third of the patients had been lost to follow‐up by 6–12 months.ResultsAMH was significantly decreased in both groups 3 months postoperatively; however, the rate of decrease in the bipolar coagulation group was greater than that in the hemostatic sealant group, 41.9% (interquartile range [IQR], 22.29–65.24) versus 18.1% (IQR, 10.94–29.90), P = 0.007. Between the two hemostatic subgroups, there was no significant difference in AMH decrease rate, 14.95% (IQR, 11.34–21.21) versus 18.1% (IQR 9.76–40.70), P = 0.204.ConclusionHemostatic sealants may be an alternative to bipolar coagulation for preservation of ovarian reserve after laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy for endometriosis.
The Risk of Re‐Institutionalization: Examining Rates of Admission to Long‐Term Care Among Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Over Time
Authors: Ouellette‐Kuntz Hélène , Martin Lynn , McKenzie Katherine 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDespite efforts toward community living for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities, there is a risk of re‐institutionalization through placement in long‐term care facilities. To examine patterns of admission to long‐term care facilities in Ontario, Canada among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities across key demographic and clinical variables, a cohort of 50 670 adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities was identified using administrative and clinical health data. Proportions admitted to long‐term care facilities between 2009 and 2013 were compared to proportions in a random sample of the general population. A greater proportion of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities were admitted to long term care over the 4‐year period (4.5 vs. 0.9%). Mental health and addiction problems as well as frailty were more strongly associated with admission among adults without intellectual and developmental disabilities. The proportion of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities admitted annually dropped from 1.6% (2009/10) to 1% (2012/13) while it remained stable among those without disabilities (∼0.3%); no change was observed in the proportion of younger adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. A small proportion of younger adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities continue to be admitted to long‐term care. Research is needed to understand factors which predict admission in this group as well as age‐appropriate alternatives to long‐term care.
Description and analyses of nominal concord (Pt I)
Authors: Norris Mark 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis paper discusses the current understanding of what has been called nominal concord, whereby modifiers of a noun match certain features of the noun (e.g., gender, number, or case features). Part I discusses the existing understanding of concord, remaining as descriptive as possible. Concord has been argued to involve gender, number, case, and definiteness, and nearly every word class that can be present inside nominal phrases is capable of showing concord. I consider some questions concerning the typology of concord, which is largely uncharted territory. Part II focuses on existing formal analyses of concord. Analyses of ϕ‐feature concord are rather varied, but analyses of case concord more or less converge on the same mechanism. Finally, I consider the insight offered by analyses of cases of mixed concord, where modifiers do not all match each other or the head noun in features or feature values.