bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Nutrition and Weaning on Immune Responses in Calves: Implications for Welfare Assessment
Authors: Mackenzie A. M. , Rowan T. G. , Carter S. D. , Dixon J. B. , Tebble J. 
Published: January 2018

Calf rearing systems vary greatly in the quantity of milk substitute fed and in the age of the calf at weaning (Webster, 1986). Husbandry conditions can affect disease incidence and welfare of young, bucket-fed calves and Andrews (1979) has suggested a relationship between age at weaning and disease incidence. This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of level of milk substitute powder fed and the age at weaning on the immune responses of bucket-reared calves compared with naturally suckled calves.Two groups of 20 calves were kept at the Veterinary Field Station, University of Liverpool. All calves received pooled mixed-source colostrum at birth and were then randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups. After colostrum, bucket-reared calves were introduced to milk substitute (Volac Easi-Mix) which was reconstituted at 125g ADM per litre of water and fed twice daily. Calves were housed in individual pens arranged in four blocks with wood shavings as bedding. Suckled calves remained with their dams and were housed in the rear of the same building. These calves had access to a calf creep area. All calves were introduced to Keystart Quicklettes (BOCM Silcock) at 7 days of age and fedad libitum. Small quantities of water and silage were also provided from 7 days of age. Table 1 lists the treatment groups, level of milk substitute received (g ADM/day), age of the calf at weaning and at inoculation with antigen (KLH), and also the age of the calf when the skin sensitivity response was measured.
Intake and Digestibility of Silage by Pregnant Sows and Effects of Silage Treatment with Maxgrass Additive
Authors: Edwards S A , Weddell J , Fordyce C , Cadenhead A , Rooke J 
Published: January 2018

Grass silage provides an alternative feed for extensively kept sows, but previous experiments have indicated very variable intake and utilisation, dependant on silage quality. ‘Maxgrass’ silage additive (BP Nutrition) is a blend of compounds including ammonium hexamethanoate, ammonium hexapropanoate and octanoic acid. It is designed to modify fermentation, so that the resulting silage retains a higher proportion of water soluble carbohydrates. This should improve the nutritive value for pigs.The experiment comprised two parts: an intake/growth study and a separate digestibility study. The same two experimental silages, either treated with Maxgrass or an untreated control, were offered to groups of pregnant sows in a randomised block experimental design in each experiment. Second cut, mainly perennial ryegrass herbage was cut by mower conditioner and direct ensiled. Alternate loads were left untreated or treated with Maxgrass at a mean rate of 6.04 litres/tonne.
Effect of Different Lysine:Energy Ratios in the Diet on Performance and Rebreeding of Lactating Gilts
Authors: Peral P. , Edwards S.A. , Roden J.A. , Mora J. , Ortega A. , McPherson O , English P.R. , Davidson F.M. , Bamlett R. 
Published: January 2018

Litter size and milk yield have been significantly increased in modern genotypes and gilts are now lactating at a stage when they still have the potential for substantial maternal lean tissue growth. Voluntary intakes are seldom adequate to meet the nutrient requirements for lactation, and catabolism of body tissue occurs. It is possible that higher ratios of ideal protein to energy are desirable in the first lactation to balance the energy contributed by fat catabolism. This possibility was tested in a controlled experiment.The study was conducted in a large commercial herd with Large White (LW) and Landrace (LR) first cross sows which had been mated to LW, LR, LW x LR and Duroc boars. Three lactation diets were formulated, one being close to current recommendations for modern, high producing sows (Diet A) while diets B and C had, respectively a 9 and 33 percent higher ratio of lysine to digestible energy. The diets were based mainly on cereals (barley and wheat), both extracted and full-fat rape seed meal, soya bean meal and biscuit meal. The calculated nutrient content of the diets is presented in Table 1.
Effect of the Inclusion of an Extruded Mixture in the Diets of Weaned Piglets
Authors: Baucells M.D. , Serrano X. , Puchal F. 
Published: January 2018

For over 50 years extrusion has been used as a method for processing human food. However during the last 10-15 years significant advances have been made in the development and application of extrusion technology, particularly in the pet and fish food industries. Extrusion may become economically advantageous and thus an strategy to be considered by feed manufacturers which applies to several farm livestock (Partridge and Gill, 1993). Cereals and oilseeds extruded mixtures based diets for young pigs fall into this category even though currently they are not commonly used by swine producers.The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects on the performance and apparent faecal digestibility of weaned piglets of a diet with or without inclusion of an extruded mixture of 2 cereals (maize and wheat) and full-fat soyabeans.
Effect of Age at First Mating on Lifetime Performance of Sows Under two Weaning Regimes
Authors: Lynch P.B. , Hanrahan T.J. , Arkins S. 
Published: January 2018

The effect of age at first mating on lifetime reproductive performance of sows has been examined by Brooks and Smith (1980). They concluded that early mating had no adverse effects on later fertility and resulted in greater overall efficiency of feed utilisation. This may not be true in modern intensive production systems where early weaning results in depressed litter size (Clark and Leman, 1986).Gilts were reared in groups of eight under an ad libitum feeding system and isolated from male pigs from 30 kg live weight until boar exposure at 200, 220 or 240 days of age (= B200, B220 and B240). Groups were transferred intact to the breeding area at the appropriate age. A mature boar was penned in the house, allowed in the pen with the gilts for 1-2 hours daily for the first 3 days and later only under supervision to allow heat detection. Animals were mated at the first observed oestrus after boar exposure. Those not mated by 35 days after boar exposure were culled.
Effects of molassed sugar beet feed on pigmeat quality
Authors: Nute G.R. , Wood J.D. , Whittington F.M. , Kay R.M. , Perrott J.G. 
Published: January 2018

It is now accepted that variations in the concentration of skatole in fat tissue are important for the odour and flavour characteristics of pigmeat. Higher values lead to more complaints of ‘off odours’ and taints. Certain husbandry systems and diets have been implicated as producing high skatole concentrations whereas a previous study showed that increasing the concentration of a highly fermentable fibre source such as sugar beet feed reduced skatole levels (Wood, Longland, Enser and Nute, 1993). This was a surprising finding based on the literature (Lundstrom, Malmfors, Malmfors, Stern, Petersson, Mortensen and Sorensen, 1988) and this study was done to provide confirmatory information.Forty-eight pigs, equal numbers of males and females, were fed a concentrate diet (15.3 MJDE, 215g crude protein per kg) containing different proportions of molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF) between 25 and 85 kg live weight. The proportions were 0, 150, 200 and 250 g/kg MSDF and 12 pigs in each treatment were fed ad libitum.
Effects of pasture type and weaning on weight loss during cooking of roast lamb leg joints and grilled chops
Authors: Vipond J E , Marie S 
Published: January 2018

Weight loss on cooking contributes to the perceived value for money of lamb sold as chops or joints. Information on this attribute was monitored in the course of eating quality assessments made on cooked meat. Several factors are known to affect the weight loss of meat during cooking, greater loss occurring with increased time spent cooking and with increase in surface fat (Burfoot, 1987). Studies have shown differences between cuts in weight loss on cooking but effects due to dietary treatments are not known.Joints and chops from lambs reared on three pasture types and two weaning treatments were roasted or grilled and weight loss during cooking studied. Eight lambs were reared from birth to slaughter at 20 weeks (off mother) on either diploid perennial ryegrass (D), tetraploid perennial ryegrass (T) or tetraploid ryegrass/white clover (TC). Another group of 24 grazed for a further 8-9 weeks after weaning on the three pasture types and were then slaughtered (off pasture).
Effects of short-term high-level feeding of vitamin e on colour shelf life in beef
Authors: Vega L. , Taylor A.A. , Wood J.D. , Angold M. 
Published: January 2018

When fresh beef discolours, retailers either offer it at a discount to encourage sales or transform it into a processed product, in both cases incurring a loss in value. The bright red colour of meat is associated with the presence on the surface of oxygenated myoglobin (oxymyoglobin). The less desirable brown discoloration which develops in meat is due to oxidative changes transforming oxymyoglobin into metmyoglobin.Various attempts have been made to reduce pigment oxidation in beef including supplementation of the diet with vitamin E. This is absorbed and incorporated into the cellular membranes where performs its antioxidant function, slowing pigment oxidation. The results of these experiments demonstrate how vitamin E supplementation improves colour stability and extends colour shelf life.Packing meat in modified atmospheres, combining high concentrations of oxygen with carbon dioxide (i.e. 0.7 O2 + 0.3 CO2) has been shown to be very effective in extending colour life. Metmyoglobin formation is minimised by the high level of O2 and the high CO2 concentration inhibits bacterial growth.
Eating quality of beef from different breeds
Authors: Lowe D B , Cuthbertson A , Homer D L M , McMenamin P 
Published: January 2018

1.Major changes have taken place in the beef industry over recent years - in particular, the introduction of several continental breeds which have the potential for producing larger and leaner carcases. The Canadian Holstein has also been used extensively in the dairy industry, replacing British Friesians, with the result that beef cross carcasses from the dairy herd have tended to be larger and have poorer conformation.2.As a consequence of these changes there is concern in the industry that beef of poorer eating quality is now being produced. For this reason, and to aid in the development of MLC's Blueprint for beef eating quality, this trial was set up in collaboration with Genus to evaluate the eating quality of two traditional British beef breeds and four continental breeds slaughtered at different fatness levels. 3.All progeny included in the trial were from Holstein Friesian type dams. They were sired by the following breeds:- Limousin (LM), Charolais (CH), Belgian Blue (BB), Piemontese (PM), Aberdeen Angus (AA) or Hereford (HF) and were finished on an 18 month beef production system.
Characterisation of behavioural types in pigs: The relationship between behaviour in an open field situation and social rank
Authors: Spoolder H.A.M. , Burbidge J.A. , Lawrence A.B. , Simmins P.H. , Edwards S.A. 
Published: January 2018

Abnormal behaviour can be caused by the animal's inability appropriately to express its “needs” (Hughes and Duncan, 1988) in modern husbandry circumstances. In pigs, close confinement and food restriction results in the development of abnormal stereotypies in some animals, but not in all. Individual temperament may influence the development of such behaviour and cause animals to cope differently with environmental stress (Terlouw et al., 1990). By determining an animal's temperament using individual behavioural characteristics, it may be possible to predict the response of a temperament “type” to certain conditions.This study is part of a larger project concerned with the effects of housing and food level on the development of behaviours in group-housed sows. All the gilts entered a series of tests to measure individual characteristics prior to the main experiment. Two of the tests, one assessing an individual's response to a novel object and the other measuring social behaviour, are compared here.
The effects of shepherding and nutritional inputs in an extensive hill sheep system
Authors: Pattinson S. E. , Waterhouse A. , Wyllie J.T.B. 
Published: January 2018

There is increasing pressure on hill farmers to reduce stock numbers on the hills. With such a reduction in sheep numbers, farmers would have the option of either maintaining or reducing management and physical inputs. In general, current extensive hill sheep farming systems are characterised by low stocking densities, low inputs and high lamb mortality.The trial was conducted as part of a work programme studying extensive systems. Compared to a system with very low inputs this trial examined the effects of increasing inputs, in terms of supplementary feeding in late pregnancy and shepherding at lambing.Within an extensive hill fanning system (0.66 ewes/ha) two hundred ewes were allocated to one of two nutritional treatments in late pregnancy together with the provision or absence of shepherding at lambing in a 2x2 factorial design. All the ewes were of the Scottish Blackface breed and were mated on the open hill without access to improved grazing. Ewes remained on the hill until mid-pregnancy at which stage they were assigned to either Group H (supplementation with feedblocks, low forage availability) or Group L (minimal supplementation, high forage availability). Group L continued to graze on the open hill whilst Group H were confined to a hill park (approximately 45 ha).
Beans (vicia faba) as a finishing supplement for hill lambs under organic management
Authors: Murray W M , Keatinge R 
Published: January 2018

Silage finishing systems have been developed for store lambs, the type and level of supplement required depending on the quality of forage available (Butler, 1985). Under the requirements laid down by the United Kingdom Register of Organic Food Standards (UKROFS), restrictions are made on both the total quantity of concentrates and the protein source fed. While some work has been carried out on alternative sources of protein in the diets of finishing lambs (Yilala and Bryant, 1985), little informantion is available on the use of beans under UK conditions.The objective of this experiment was to assess the potential of beans as an alternative protein source for lambs fed to UKROFS standards on a basal ration of baled silage.One hundred and forty four approximately six month old Scottish Blackface wether lambs (mean liveweight 33.6 kg, se = 0.23) were housed off silage aftermaths. Following an acclimatisation period of twelve days, these were randomly allocated in pens of 12 to one of four treatment groups depending on the type of concentrate fed - beans (B), 50/50 barley/beans (BB), barley/soya (BS) and barley/fishmeal (BF). A mineralised supplement of 400 g of concentrate was fed daily in each case. Moderate quality baled silage (dry matter (DM) 307 g/kg, metabolisable energy 9.4 MJ/kg DM, crude protein 129 g/kg DM) was available to appetite, with fresh material offered twice daily. The barley component of the rations was rolled: beans were fed whole.
In vitroFibre production and protein deposition in secondary hair follicles of the cashmere and angora goat
Authors: Lee D R , Galbraith H , Scaife J R 
Published: January 2018

Hair fibre represents an important biological process to many feral and domesticated animals, both for environmental protection and as an aid to thermoregulation. Mohair which is the fine fibre produced by secondary hair follicles of the Angora goat grows essentially independent of season, with typical growth rates of 0.5-1 .0mm/day and annual yields typically 2-3kg. In contrast, down production from secondary hair follicles of double coated goats, classified as cashmere, is dependent on season. Fibre grows from around the summer to the winter solstice or later, with growth rates in this period of 0.3-0.7mm/day and annual yields maximally 600g but typically less than 100g. Questions arise as to how the seasonal stimuli affect fibre growth, and what determines the differences in fibre production between the two genotypes at the follicle level.In the work described here, based on thein vitroisolation and culture technique developed for the Angora and Cashmere goats by Ibraheemet al(1993, 1992 repectively) we have compared fibre volume producedin vivoandin vitro, examined the DNA concentration and protein depositional capacities of mohair and cashmere secondary follicles. In addition the effects of the hormones prolactin and melatonin as mediators of photoperiodin vivo, onin vitroprotein deposition in mohair and cashmere secondary hair follicles are also examined.
Effects of Body Condition and Level of Nutrition Before Mating on Fertility of Awassi Ewes
Authors: Filo S , Goodchild A V , Treacher T T 
Published: January 2018

Surveys of flocks in the Near East have shown that lambing percentages of Awassi ewes are rarely above 85% and often as low as 65%. This is a major cause of the low output of sheep systems in the region. The low fertility results from a combination of poor nutrition, poor management, disease and possibly the effects of high temperatures at mating, which generally occurs in mid-summer.Studies by Kassem et al (1989) and Thomson and Bahhady (1988) indicated that the reproductive performance of Awassi ewes is affected by body condition at mating. Neither of these studies was specifically designed to investigate the effects of weight or body condition and level of nutrition before mating on reproduction in Awassi ewes. The experiment reported here is the second in a series specifically designed to investigate the effects of body condition at mating, and level of nutrition before and after mating, on the fertility of Awassi ewes.
The Effect of Concentrate Supplementation and Prolificacy on Hay Intake and Performance of Pregnant Manchega Ewes
Authors: Gasa J. , Prio P. , Ferret A. , Caja G. 
Published: January 2018

Factors influencing voluntary forage intake in ewes during the last two months of gestation are not sufficiently documented. The effects of hay quality and level of concentrate were studied by Orr and Treacher (1984) but other factors such as prolificacy or level of body reserves are poorly understood (Theriez et al., 1987). Furthermore most of the results come from animals kept in individual pens abolishing the effect of behavioural interactions. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the effect of the number of gestated lambs and level of concentrate on voluntary intake of hay by ewes kept in a group.A flock of 120 multiparous Manchega dairy ewes were synchronised using intravaginal progestagen and injected with 400 IU of PMSG (Chronogest, Intervet). After ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis at 60 d after mating (Toshiba Sonolayer, Mod.Sad-32B, 5.0 MHz), two groups of 30 twin or single pregnant ewes were selected and distributed in a factorial design 2x2x3. Factors were number of foetus (S = l, T=2) and level of concentrate (H=600 g/d, L=300 g/d) with 3 replicates of 5 ewes each.
Current issues in Scandinavian acute psychiatric wards
Authors: Ruud Torleif , Lindefors Nils , Lindhardt Anne 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to provide an overview of some of the most important issues faced by acute inpatient facilities in three Scandinavian countries, including reflections and critical remarks for discussion in this field. Information was drawn from scientific articles and official reports published in recent years, as well as the authors' own knowledge of acute facilities in their home countries. Acute inpatient facilities, including General Hospital Psychiatric Units (GHPUs), in all Scandinavian countries have several issues and problems in common, which include the organisation and capacity of acute services, the assessment of dangerousness and suicidality, the use of coercion and efforts to reduce coercion, the need to define and improve the quality of acute services, and the necessity to improve collaboration and continuity between acute services and other services. Although the emphasis some of these issues receive can vary across the three countries, Scandinavian mental health professionals (and policy makers) have begun to systematically share their experiences in developing a growing spirit of collaboration. Despite the role of welfare state and the deployment of substantial resources in Scandinavian countries, mental health practitioners are struggling to implement best practices in acute wards, to develop differentiated forms of acute services, and to reach the right balance and coordination between acute services and other services.
Developing and implementing clinical guidelines: lessons from the NICE Schizophrenia Guideline
Authors: Pilling Stephen , Price Katy 
Published: January 2018

SUMMARYThis paper describes the development of the clinical practice guideline on schizophrenia from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) and outlines its main recommendations. It reviews the evidence on effective implementation of guidelines generally and examines issues specific to the schizophrenia guideline. It describes NICE'S approach to supporting implementation alongside that developed by the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (NCCMH) and looks at local implementation examples for schizophrenia.The paper highlights key considerations for the forthcoming revision of the NICE schizophrenia guideline. It makes recommendations concerning the scope of the guideline and the quality and type of data available to the guideline developers: the lack of data on outcomes such as quality of life and social functioning, the challenges presented by unpublished papers and areas where evidence is limited. Since publication of the schizophrenia guideline, the NICE development process has undergone significant methodological improvements. The grading of evidence has been refined and more recently NICE proposed that grading of recommendations be dropped. Consensus methods are increasingly and more effectively used to deal with areas where the evidence-base is limited. NICE and the NCCMH have developed a more implementation-ready range of guideline products.The initial NICE guideline on schizophrenia was positively received nationally and internationally. This paper highlights challenges that will be involved in updating the guideline and ways to refine the methodology of development. Ultimately the impact of the guideline will be measured not in its methodological rigor but in how its successful implementation improves patient care.Declaration of Interest: Stephen Pilling in receipt of funding from NICE for the production of clinical guidelines.