bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental Relations Among Behavioral Inhibition, Anxiety, and Attention Biases to Threat and Positive Information
Authors: White Lauren K. , Degnan Kathryn A. , Henderson Heather A. , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly , Walker Olga L. , Shechner Tomer , Leibenluft Ellen , Bar‐Haim Yair , Pine Daniel S. , Fox Nathan A. 
Published: January 2017

This study examined relations between behavioral inhibition (BI) assessed in toddlerhood (n = 268) and attention biases (AB) to threat and positive faces and maternal‐reported anxiety assessed when children were 5‐ and 7‐year‐old. Results revealed that BI predicted anxiety at age 7 in children with AB toward threat, away from positive, or with no bias, at age 7; BI did not predict anxiety for children displaying AB away from threat or toward positive. Five‐year AB did not moderate the link between BI and 7‐year anxiety. No direct association between AB and BI or anxiety was detected; moreover, children did not show stable AB across development. These findings extend our understanding of the developmental links among BI, AB, and anxiety.
Aims and Exclusivity
Authors: Sullivan‐Bissett Ema 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIf belief has anaimby being a (quasi) intentional activity, then it ought to be the case that the aim of belief can beweighedagainst other aims one might have. However, this is not so with the putative truth aim of belief: from the first‐person perspective, one can only be motivated by truth considerations in deliberation over what to believe (exclusivity). From this perspective then, the aim cannot be weighed. This problem is captured by David Owens's Exclusivity Objection to belief having an aim (2003). Conor McHugh (2012; 2013) has responded to this problem by denying the phenomenon of exclusivity and replacing it with something weaker: demandingness. If deliberation over what to believe is characterised bydemandingnessand notexclusivity, this allows for the requisite weighing of the truth aim. I argue against such a move by suggesting that where non‐evidential considerations play a role in affecting what we believe, these considerations merely change the standards required for believing in a particular context, they donotprovide non‐evidential reasons for forming or withholding belief, which are consideredas suchfrom the deliberative perspective. Exclusivity thus remains, and so too does Owens's objection.
Depression screening tools in persons with epilepsy: A systematic review of validated tools
Authors: Gill Stephanie J. , Lukmanji Sara , Fiest Kirsten M. , Patten Scott B. , Wiebe Samuel , Jetté Nathalie 
Published: January 2017

SummaryObjectiveDepression affects approximately 25% of epilepsy patients. However, the optimal tool to screen for depression in epilepsy has not been definitively established. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on the validity of depression‐screening tools in epilepsy.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched until April 4, 2016 with no restriction on dates. Abstract, full‐text review and data abstraction were conducted in duplicate. We included studies that evaluated the validity of depression‐screening tools and reported measures of diagnostic accuracy (e.g., sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values) in epilepsy. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies Version 2. Medians and ranges for estimates of diagnostic accuracy were calculated when appropriate.ResultsA total of 16,070 abstracts were screened, and 38 articles met eligibility criteria. Sixteen screening tools were validated in 13 languages. The most commonly validated screening tool was the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI‐E) (n = 26). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) (n = 19) was the most common reference standard used. At the most common cutpoint of >15 (n = 12 studies), the NDDI‐E had a median sensitivity of 80.5% (range 64.0–100.0) and specificity of 86.2 (range 81.0–95.6). Meta‐analyses were not possible due to variability in cutpoints assessed, reference standards used, and lack of confidence intervals reported.SignificanceA number of studies validated depression screening tools; however, estimates of diagnostic accuracy were inconsistently reported. The validity of scales in practice may have been overestimated, as cutpoints were often selected post hoc based on the study sample. The NDDI‐E, which performed well, was the most commonly validated screening tool, is free to the public, and is validated in multiple languages and is easy to administer, although selection of the best tool may vary depending on the setting and available resources.
How do Tertiary Dropouts Fare in the Labour Market? A Comparison between EU Countries
Authors: Schnepf Sylke V. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDropping out of university is regularly discussed as a negative indicator. However, research on actual career trajectories of dropouts is virtually non‐existent. This study estimates the association between tertiary dropouts and career chances in 15 European countries. Using data from the 2011 Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), estimates are derived from the application of propensity score matching taking a variety of individual background characteristics including cognitive skills into account. Results indicate that individuals are likely to fare better in the labour market if they enrol in university and drop out than if they do not enrol at all. Policy makers need to revise the notion that dropping out is purely negative.
Towards Typology of Stakeholders: a Case of Lithuanian Higher Education
Authors: Švaikauskienė Simona , Mikulskienė Birutė 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to explore internal management, advocacy and partnerships of interest groups with the aim of representing their interests in public policy formation with a view to developing a stakeholder typology. This qualitative study involves eight in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with representatives from stakeholder organisations acting in Lithuania's higher education sector. The developed typology, which includes the analysed factors of capacity (organisational capacity, learning capacity, partnership capacity and advocacy capacity), comprises a description of three levels (strong, medium and weak). The suggested typology is a tool that could be used by public institutions to assess the capacity of stakeholders.
Attending to power differentials: How NP‐led group medical visits can influence the management of chronic conditions
Authors: Housden Laura , Browne Annette J. , Wong Sabrina T. , Dawes Martin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveIn Canada, primary care reform has encouraged innovations, including nurse practitioners (NPs) and group medical visits (GMVs). NP‐led GMVs provide an opportunity to examine barriers and enablers to implementing this innovation in primary care.DesignAn instrumental case study design (n=3): two cases where NPs were using GMVs and one case where NPs were not using GMVs, was completed. In‐depth interviews with patients and providers (N=24) and 10 hours of direct observation were completed. Interpretive descriptive methods were used to analyse data.Results/FindingsTwo main themes were identified: (i) acquisition of knowledge and (ii) GMVs help shift relationships between patients and health‐care providers. Participants discussed how patients and providers learn from one another to facilitate self‐management of chronic conditions. They also discussed how the GMV shifts inherent power differentials between providers and between patients and providers.DiscussionNP‐led GMVs are a method of care delivery that harness NPs’ professional agency through increased leadership and interprofessional collaboration. GMVs also facilitate an environment that is patient‐centred and interprofessional, providing patients with increased confidence to manage their chronic conditions. The GMV provides the opportunity to meet both team‐based and patient‐centred health‐care objectives and may disrupt inherent power differentials that exist in primary care.
Mechanical and optical properties in precipitated regions of alumina‐rich magnesium aluminate spinel
Authors: Miller Jesse , Reimanis Ivar , Miao Weiguo , Salem Jonathan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe toughening and strengthening of transparent ceramics is challenging because microstructural alterations typically lead to light scattering. Here, controlled precipitation of α‐Al2O3 from nonstoichiometric spinel is explored to demonstrate unique control over the evolution of second phase Al2O3 and how the microstructure might be altered to enhance fracture toughness while minimizing light scatter. Alumina‐rich magnesium aluminate spinel, MgO·nAl2O3, where n=2, was hot pressed and HIPed to produce fully dense, single‐phase material. The material was then heat treated in air at 1573 K for up to 20 hours to create a two‐phase spinel‐Al2O3 composite. The fracture toughness varies from 0.88 to 2.47 MPa√m depending on the microstructure; enhanced toughness at the surface was due to increased crack tortuosity at phase boundaries, but residual tensile stresses were observed in the interior of the material. Precipitation causes local volume contraction and the formation of porosity, decreasing optical transmission, especially for heat treatment times longer than 5 hours.
Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and long‐term risk of renal disease mortality: Racial and socioeconomic differences
Authors: Moghani Lankarani Maryam , Assari Shervin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAims/IntroductionDiabetes, hypertension, and obesity increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and associated mortality. Race and socioeconomic status (SES) differences in the effects of these risk factors are, however, still unknown. The current study aimed to investigate whether or not race and SES alter the effects of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity on mortality due to renal disease.Materials and MethodsData came from the Americans' Changing Lives Study, 1986–2011, a nationally representative prospective cohort of adults with 25 years of follow up. The study included 3,361 adults aged 25 years and older who were followed for up to 25 years. The outcome was death from renal disease. Diabetes, hypertension, and obesity were the main predictors. Race and SES (education, income, and employment) were moderators. Health behaviors and health status at baseline were covariates. We used Cox proportional hazards models for data analysis.ResultsIn separate models, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity at baseline were associated with a higher risk of death from renal disease. From our SES indicators, education and income interacted with diabetes, hypertension, and obesity on death from renal disease. In a consistent pattern, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity showed stronger effects on the risk of death from renal disease among high‐SES groups compared with low‐SES individuals. Race and employment did not alter the effects of diabetes, hypertension and obesity on the risk of death from renal disease.ConclusionsSocial groups differ in how diabetes, hypertension, and obesity influence health outcomes over long‐term periods. Elimination of disparities in renal disease mortality in the USA requires understanding of the complex and non‐linear effects of socioeconomic and medical risk factors on health outcomes. Multidisciplinary programs and policies are required to reduce social inequality in renal disease burden caused by diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.
Clinical Relationship between Cholestatic Disease and Pituitary‐Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Kim K.‐h. , Han S.‐m. , Jeon K.‐o. , Kim H.‐t. , Li Q. , Ryu M.‐o. , Song W.‐j. , Park S.‐c. , Youn H.‐y. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundA high prevalence of cholestatic disease, including gallbladder mucocele (GBM), has been reported in dogs with naturally occurring pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH).Hypothesis/ObjectivesDifferences exist in the clinical features of dogs with PDH and concurrent cholestatic disease, and also is the management of these dogs with trilostane.AnimalsSixty‐five client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring PDH.MethodsThis was a retrospective, observational case series. Each dog was treated with trilostane for at least 3 months before the study, and had a good clinical response, as determined by owners. Statistical comparisons of clinical signs, results of routine blood tests, basal and post‐ACTH cortisol concentration, and optimal trilostane dosage were made after dogs were separated into the following 3 groups by ultrasonographic imaging: normal on ultrasound (NOU) group, cholestasis group, and GBM group.ResultsThe GBM group had more severe clinical signs and significantly different total serum cholesterol concentration and post‐ACTH stimulation cortisol concentration at the time of diagnosis. Dogs that weighed <6 kg had a significantly higher prevalence of cholestatic disease than did the other dogs (P = .003). The optimal trilostane dosages for the GBM and cholestasis groups were 2.5 and 1.5 times the dosage of the NOU group, respectively (P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceGallbladder disease associated with cholestatic disease is correlated with PDH in dogs, in both its clinical features and drug management. These findings may be associated with hypercholesterolemia, unidentified genetic factors, and the hydrophobic nature of trilostane.
Animal welfare with and without consciousness
Authors: Dawkins M. S. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDespite recent advances in understanding brain function, consciousness – specifically, how the brain gives rise to conscious experiences – remains ‘the hard problem.’ In humans, there are often multiple routes to the same actions, some of them involving conscious experience, others not. Furthermore, differences in brain circuitry make analogies between humans and other animals more difficult than is generally acknowledged. In this essay, I argue that both the study of consciousness itself and the science of animal welfare benefit from facing up to these difficulties rather than glossing over them. Animal welfare science, although often defining good welfare in term of what animals feel, does not have to be based on assumptions about which species have conscious experiences. Animal welfare (well‐being) can be defined objectively in terms of animal health and what animals want. Such a conscious‐free definition is readily understandable by people with very different views about animals and yet is practical enough to point to what factual scientific information is needed in any given case. While not precluding conscious awareness in other species, it allows animal welfare science to move forward without having solved the hardest biological problem of all.
Evolutionary ecomorphology of the Falkland Islands wolf Dusicyon australis
Authors: Meloro Carlo , Hunter Jonathan , Tomsett Louise , Portela Miguez Roberto , Prevosti Francisco J. , Brown Richard P. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe Falkland Islands wolf Dusicyon australis is an extinct canid that was once the only endemic terrestrial mammal to inhabit the Falkland Islands. There is still a puzzling picture of the morphological adaptations of this wolf that quickly evolved from its mainland fossil ancestor: Dusicyon avus. We employ a geometric morphometric approach to identify patterns of skull shape variation in extant canids and Dusicyon spp. The Falkland Islands wolf and its fossil ancestor show a more carnivorous feeding morphology than other South American foxes, and they cluster morphologically with jackals. This supports convergence in skull shape between Dusicyon and Old World canids, although the convergence is not as strong as that exhibited by their sister hyper‐ and hypocarnivorous taxa.
Eugenol specialty chemical production in transgenic poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba) field trials
Authors: Lu Da , Yuan Xianghe , Kim Sung‐Jin , Marques Joaquim V. , Chakravarthy P. Pawan , Moinuddin Syed G. A. , Luchterhand Randi , Herman Barri , Davin Laurence B. , Lewis Norman G. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryA foundational study assessed effects of biochemical pathway introduction into poplar to produce eugenol, chavicol, p‐anol, isoeugenol and their sequestered storage products, from potentially available substrates, coniferyl and p‐coumaryl alcohols. At the onset, it was unknown whether significant carbon flux to monolignols vs. other phenylpropanoid (acetate) pathway metabolites would be kinetically favoured. Various transgenic poplar lines generated eugenol and chavicol glucosides in ca. 0.45% (~0.35 and ~0.1%, respectively) of dry weight foliage tissue in field trials, as well as their corresponding aglycones in trace amounts. There were only traces of any of these metabolites in branch tissues, even after ~4‐year field trials. Levels of bioproduct accumulation in foliage plateaued, even at the lowest introduced gene expression levels, suggesting limited monolignol substrate availability. Nevertheless, this level still allows foliage collection for platform chemical production, with the remaining (stem) biomass available for wood, pulp/paper and bioenergy product purposes. Several transformed lines displayed unexpected precocious flowering after 4‐year field trial growth. This necessitated terminating (felling) these particular plants, as USDA APHIS prohibits the possibility of their interacting (cross‐pollination, etc.) with wild‐type (native plant) lines. In future, additional biotechnological approaches can be employed (e.g. gene editing) to produce sterile plant lines, to avoid such complications. While increased gene expression did not increase target bioproduct accumulation, the exciting possibility now exists of significantly increasing their amounts (e.g. 10‐ to 40‐fold plus) in foliage and stems via systematic deployment of numerous ‘omics’, systems biology, synthetic biology and metabolic flux modelling approaches.
Genome‐wide association study discovered genetic variation and candidate genes of fibre quality traits in Gossypium hirsutum L.
Authors: Sun Zhengwen , Wang Xingfen , Liu Zhengwen , Gu Qishen , Zhang Yan , Li Zhikun , Ke Huifeng , Yang Jun , Wu Jinhua , Wu Liqiang , Zhang Guiyin , Zhang Caiying , Ma Zhiying 
Published: January 2017

SummaryGenetic improvement of fibre quality is one of the main breeding goals for the upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, but there are difficulties with precise selection of traits. Therefore, it is important to improve the understanding of the genetic basis of phenotypic variation. In this study, we conducted phenotyping and genetic variation analyses of 719 diverse accessions of upland cotton based on multiple environment tests and a recently developed Cotton 63K Illumina Infinium SNP array and performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of fibre quality traits. A total of 10 511 polymorphic SNPs distributed in 26 chromosomes were screened across the cotton germplasms, and forty‐six significant SNPs associated with five fibre quality traits were detected. These significant SNPs were scattered over 15 chromosomes and were involved in 612 unique candidate genes, many related to polysaccharide biosynthesis, signal transduction and protein translocation. Two major haplotypes for fibre length and strength were identified on chromosomes Dt11 and At07. Furthermore, by combining GWAS and transcriptome analysis, we identified 163 and 120 fibre developmental genes related to length and strength, respectively, of which a number of novel genes and 19 promising genes were screened. These results provide new insight into the genetic basis of fibre quality in G. hirsutum and provide candidate SNPs and genes to accelerate the improvement of upland cotton.
A Dialysis Patient's Choice and a Nephrologist's Obligation: The Need to Understand and Value the Patient's Perspective
Authors: Hemmett Juliya , McIntyre Christopher W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPatient‐centered care is critical to the successful management of chronic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease. While a course of treatment may prolong life it may come with a reduced quality of life (QOL). For many patients, the decision to prolong life at the expense of lower QOL is not an obvious choice. Dialysis patients make treatment decisions daily, some of which can be life‐altering. Therefore, the need for optimal decision‐making may be more pressing in dialysis patients than in many other chronic disease states. Guiding patients through these life‐altering decisions requires a fuller understanding of how they view their disease, their treatments, and the consequence of accepting or rejecting the treatments offered to them. We propose a conceptual framework to help us understand decision‐making in chronic diseases such as end stage renal disease. We also highlight a need to critically examine how patients make decisions on survival versus QOL and the relationship of their decisions to their illness and treatment beliefs. Understanding the role of patients’ belief systems can guide education interventions for medical professionals involved in their care in order to help them develop patient‐centered, personalized treatment plans.
Hemodialysis Ultrafiltration Rate Targets Should Be Scaled to Body Surface Area Rather than to Body Weight
Authors: Daugirdas John T. , Schneditz Daniel 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe association between higher ultrafiltration rates and poor outcomes in hemodialysis patients has received increased attention, to the point that various regulatory entities are considering adding ultrafiltration rate as a quality measure to be monitored and controlled. Most of the discussion to date has focused on ultrafiltration rate scaled to body weight, or more correctly, body mass (ml/hour per kg). One outcome study suggests that ultrafiltration rate might best be not scaled at all to body size, as modestly higher ultrafiltration rate in very small‐size patients may be associated with some survival benefit, probably via increased dietary intake. Outcomes studies also suggest that the risk of exceeding a weight‐scaled ultrafiltration target may be magnified in very large patients, and that body weight‐scaled ultrafiltration targets in such patients should be set a lower level. Here, we present an analysis, based on physiological hemodynamic arguments, that it would be better to scale ultrafiltration rate to body surface area rather than to body mass. Whatever ultrafiltration rate is scaled to, attempts to restrict ultrafiltration rate by limiting interdialytic weight gain in small, possibly malnourished patients, should be done cautiously, to prevent an inadvertent lowering of intake of calories and dietary protein.