bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrous oxide emissions from a peatbog after 13 years of experimental nitrogen deposition
Authors: Leeson Sarah R. , Levy Peter E. , van Dijk Netty , Drewer Julia , Robinson Sophie , Jones Matthew R. , Kentisbeer John , Washbourne Ian , Sutton Mark A. , Sheppard Lucy J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Nitrogen deposition was experimentally increased on a Scottish peatbog over a period of 13 years (2002–2015). Nitrogen was applied in three forms, NH3 gas, NH4Cl solution, and NaNO3 solution, at rates ranging from 8 (ambient) to 64 kg N ha−1 yr−1, and higher near the NH3 fumigation source. An automated system was used to apply the nitrogen, such that the deposition was realistic in terms of rates and high frequency of deposition events. We measured the response of nitrous oxide (N2O) flux to the increased nitrogen input. Prior expectations, based on the IPCC default emission factor, were that 1 % of the added nitrogen would be emitted as N2O. In the plots treated with NH4+ and NO3− solution, no response was seen, and there was a tendency for N2O fluxes to be reduced by additional nitrogen, though this was not significant. Areas subjected to high NH3 emitted more N2O than expected, up to 8.5 % of the added nitrogen. Differences in the response are related to the impact of the nitrogen treatments on the vegetation. In the NH4+ and NO3− treatments, all the additional nitrogen is effectively immobilised in the vegetation and top 10 cm of peat. In the NH3 treatment, much of the vegetation was killed off by high doses of NH3, and the nitrogen was presumably more available to denitrifying bacteria. The design of the wet and dry experimental treatments meant that they differed in statistical power, and we are less likely to detect an effect of the NH4+ and NO3− treatments, though they avoid issues of pseudo-replication.
Reclaiming Geospatial Data and GIS Design for Indigenous-led Telecommunications Policy Advocacy: A Process Discussion of Mapping Broadband Availability in Remote and Northern Regions of Canada
Authors: McMahon Rob , Smith Trevor James , Whiteduck Tim 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGeographic Information Systems (GIS) and geospatial data are important advocacy tools adopted by a range of users, including telecommunications policy advocates. However, without the means to actively deconstruct and reshape such platforms, reclaim the geospatial data they utilize, and generate the visualizations they produce, the increasing adoption of these resources threatens to disempower some community-based user groups. In this article, we argue that the processes used to design such tools for policy advocacy must transparently reflect the socially constructed nature of the GIS systems and the geospatial data visualizations they generate, as well as the values and goals of the specific user groups they are designed to support. We ground this argument in a case study of a regulatory hearing on telecommunications infrastructure and services in Canada, and introduce a freely available online resource that documents our GIS design workflow in more detail.
Benchmark-Based Preferences Make Investors Loss Averse in Bull Markets and Gain Seeking in Bear Markets
Authors: Bordley Robert , Tibiletti Luisa 
Published: December 2017

Recent empirical studies have shown that investors are far more likely to be loss averse during bull markets than during bear ones. The aim of this short note is to give solid foundations to this empirical evidence. Using the benchmark-based preference method we establish a direct connection between the individual perception of the market trend and the individual risk preferences. Then we develop a novel definition of loss aversion and gain seeking which intuitively captures the human attitudes described by the quotes “losses loom larger than gains” and “gains loom larger than losses”, respectively. Our findings have also practical applications. In fact they may offer a solid explanation to the disposition effect. According to this cognitive bias in bull markets investors are driven by loss aversion and tend to sell winners too early; whereas in bear markets investors are driven by gain seeking and tend to hold losers too long.
Pengaruh Bacillus Thuringiensis terhadap penggerek batang jagung Ostrinia Furnacalis (Lep. Pyralidae)
Authors: Harnoto Harnoto 
Published: December 2017

The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis to the mortality of corn stemborer Ostrinia furnacalis (Lep. Pyralidae). The study was conducted at the laboratory of Bogor Research Institute for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources during 2005. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dosages of Bacillus. thuringiensis var. aizawai and var. Kurstaki on the mortalities of larvae of corn stemborer Ostrinia furnacalis. Completely randomize design was used with seven treatments. Each treatment was repeated four time with ten larvae per replication. The treatments were three formulation dosages of B. thuringiensis var. aizawai, i.e. 0,5; 1,0; and 2,0 g/l, thee formulation dosages of B. thuringiensis var. Kurstaki, i.e. 0,5; 1,0; and 2,0 g/l, and untreated control. Second instar larvae of O. furnacalis was used in this study. B. thuringiensis was contaminated to the surface of artificial diet with a small paint brush. The result showed that B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki at the dose rate of 1,0 g/l was toxic to the test insect while B. thuringiensis var. aizawai at the dose rate of 2,0 g/l was toxic to the test insect B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki was more toxic than B. thuringiensis var. aizawai to the corn stemborer.
Polar Compounds in Oils and Their Aquatic Toxicity
Authors: Fingas Merv 
Published: December 2017

Polar compounds as found in oils are hydrocarbon compounds containing nitrogen, sulphur or oxygen. Measurement of the presence of these compounds in oils can be carried out using sophisticated analysis techniques, however quantification and separation of compounds is very difficult and will remain a problem for many years to come. Characterization of polar compounds in oils is at a state of infancy and little polar analysis for many oils has been carried out to date.
In order to measure the toxicity of a specific compound or class of compounds, separation is needed. Separation is very difficult and in many cases, beyond the scope of today's technology. An alternative has been to synthesize the compound of concern and then test its toxicity. This approach ignores the matrix in which the compound is usually present and the compound of interest may be not bioavailable when present in the actual oil, due to its solubility in oil. Highly polar compounds are likely not present in produced oils due to the polar compound's high water solubility. Compounds with moderate or less polarity are typically more soluble in oil than water. Similarly, highly polar compounds produced by biodegradation or photo oxidation would be diluted in water during a spill.
The aquatic toxicity of polar compounds compared to aromatic compounds has been tested by using evaporative weathering. Aromatic compounds, particularly that of the 2 to 5 ring polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are fairly well-established as the primary toxic component of oils. Polar compounds are soluble in water and thus may pose another source of toxicity. Evaporative weathering tests where photo oxidation is not involved, in which some of the low molecular weight compounds and PAHs are lost from the oil, are thought to be one test of the comparison of polar compound toxicity compared to that of the PAHs. These tests show that polar compounds are generally less-aquatically-toxic than the 2 to 5-ring PAHs. Another test that has been performed is that of physical separation of oil components. In these type of tests, polar compounds have again been shown to have less aquatic toxicity that the PAHs in the same oil. Both tests have obvious limitations in that there are many compounds involved.
Limitations of the Swedish coordination capacity for large oil spills
Authors: Pålsson Jonas , Hildebrand Lawrence , Lindén Olof 
Published: December 2017

The inadequacy of the Swedish national emergency management system has been highlighted during several large-scale national emergencies, including forest fires (Västmanland 2014) and storms (Gudrun 2005, Dagmar 2011, and Ivar 2013). The Swedish oil spill preparedness is part of the national emergency response system and was tested under real conditions during the 2003 Fu Shan Hai and 2011 Golden Trader oil spills. Fu Shan Hai spilled 1,200 tonnes of oil on the shorelines of southern Sweden and Golden Trader spilled 500 tonnes on the island of Tjörn. Lessons learned from these incidents and national exercises highlight problems with understanding and cooperation between the organisations responsible during the emergency phase. Complications in the decision-making process lead to confusing, conflicting, or delayed orders, impeding the effectiveness of the response. These difficulties were evident at local, regional, and national levels during the oil spill response.
The Swedish oil spill preparedness system does not have a hierarchical structure. Network analysis and surveys of all coastal municipalities, County Administrative Boards and interviews with national oil spill experts were used to examine the characteristics of the oil spill network.
This study shows that 80% of the involved organisations have explicit mandates for oil spill preparedness. An established management network exists, covering 83% of the maximum theoretical connections for contingency planning and 88% for response. The Swedish Coast Guard, Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, and Oil Spill Advisory Service are central organisations. The roles of the Swedish Coast Guard are clear to the respondents, but the roles of the Swedish Transport Agency, Environmental Protection Agency, and Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management are less clear. For planning, the municipalities, County Administrative Boards, Swedish Coast Guard, Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, and Oil Spill Equipment Depots are considered the most valuable. For response, the municipalities, Swedish Coast Guard, Oil Spill Equipment Depots, County Administrative Boards, Oil Spill Advisory Service, and Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency are considered the most valuable.
The few connections between the counties and sometimes between neighbouring municipalities in the network, suggests a need to establish an Incident Management System for national cross-organisational emergencies, such as large oil spills. Most importantly, more cross-organisational exercises are needed to build capacity and the necessary inter-organisational relationships. The authors recommend the formation of an Incident Management System in Sweden in order to improve the management of large oil spills.
Distillate marine fuel oil and ULSFO spills in cold climate - oil spill characteristics and response options
Authors: Berger Silje , Dolva Hilde , Holt Hanne Solem , Hellstrøm Kaja , Daling Per 
Published: December 2017

In 2014 the Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA) conducted an environmental risk and oil spill response analysis related to possible oil spills from shipping in the areas of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. One of the key findings were that due to regulations to ban heavy fuel oil in protected areas, the most likely spill scenarios are spills of distillate marine fuel oils. Furthermore, the cold climate is expected to slow down oil weathering processes, and in calm weather situations this may call for active response, even to spills of light fuel oils. Also along the coast of mainland Norway, response options to spills of light fuel oils is an emerging topic. This includes not only MGO/MDO, but also several new products formulated to meet the 2015 Emission Control Areas (ECA) sulphur limit, also referred to as hybrid fuel oil / ultra low sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO).
Previous experiences from spills of light fuel oils in Norwegian waters have been summarized; however, some recommendations for response remain inconclusive. Hence, the need for increased knowledge of the characteristics of light fuel oils and relevant response options is recognized.
SINTEF analyzed a range of light fuel oils on behalf of NCA. This initial screening included chemical characterization (GC-MS/GC-FID) and identification of physical properties, i.e. viscosity, density, pour point, flash point, as well as emulsifying properties. Based on these results, five different fuel oils were selected for further examination, including:- Weathering predictions and improved trajectory modeling- Chemical and toxicological characterization of water accommodated fraction (WAF)- Laboratory tests of properties related to dispersant use and ignition, both in order to explore the applicability of dispersants and in-situ burning as response techniques, and to determine windows of opportunity for the different oil types.
Laboratory tests are performed at 2 °C and 13 °C, reflecting “arctic” / cold climate conditions and North Sea summer conditions.
Furthermore, mechanical recovery will be tested on the same oil types in the NCA test facility (abstract submitted by Holt & Frost).
The results from this ongoing project will be presented from an operational viewpoint. They are expected to give insights useful to response planning, decision making during spill incidents, and enhanced response options for future spills of distillate marine fuel oils and ULSFO, especially in cold climates and arctic environment.
Impact of Arctic Met ocean Conditions on Oil Spill Response: Results of the First Circumpolar Response Viability Analysis
Authors: Holst-Andersen Jens Peter , Lunde Synnøve , Moore David M. , Dahlslett Hans Petter , Brude Odd Willy , Rudberg Anders , Gravir Gjermund , Robertson Tim , Fletcher Sierra , Higman Bretwood 
Published: December 2017

There is widespread recognition that Arctic conditions can challenge marine oil spill response by limiting countermeasure effectiveness and, in extreme cases, even preventing their use. The Arctic Council's Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response (EPPR) Workgroup implemented a response viability analysis to estimate how often different types of response systems could be deployed in different areas of the Arctic based on historical met ocean conditions. This approach, implemented previously in several circumpolar sub-regions, quantifies the effects of met ocean conditions on response techniques by comparing the operating limits for different response systems to a hind cast of met ocean data.
Response systems include options for mechanical recovery, chemical dispersants, and in-situ burning. Met ocean conditions in the dataset used include wind, sea state, temperature, sea ice coverage, horizontal visibility, and daylight/darkness. Additional conditions are discussed qualitatively. For each response system studied, the results indicate how often use of that system may be favorable, marginal, or not recommended. Seasonal and geographic variations in the results can inform response contingency planning. Examining the met ocean condition that most frequently impacts a system can also inform needed technological improvements or modifications. EPPR convened experts to provide input to the analysis, including the initial project scoping and development of baseline systems and limits. This paper discusses the project process as well as the analytical methodology, key inputs, assumptions, and results.
Hand Held Technology; Its Place In a Environmental Compliance Monitoring System
Authors: Smith Donald P. 
Published: December 2017

This abstract will examine the elements of a field deployable inspection application designed to support the U S Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) field mission assignment, through the use of hand held technology. The system is designed to mimic a typical inspection through the use of software applications that replicate hard copy inspection forms. The primary elements of the program are in support of the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) regulations codified in Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 112. These regulations govern prevention related activities, Facility Response Plans (FRPs) reviews and Government Initiated Unannounced Exercises (GIUEs). Accordingly, digital inspection/evaluation forms were created utilizing File Maker Pro development software. The forms have been deployed on Apple's IPAD tablets which allow for the integration of locational attributes of Google maps and the tablet's built in digital camera. A typical inspection will consist of an Administrative Form, Notice of Inspection (NOI), SPCC Inspection checklist, FRP Review checklist, FRP Field checklist, FRP Approval Letters and when applicable a GIUE evaluation forms. These files combine to form a complete inspection folder where it is either closed out as compliant or submitted to enforcement for further deliberation. A typical inspection begins with general inspection data being entered into the Administrative Form. Data entered here auto populates each corresponding inspection form. As an added enhancement, each inspection form can be pre- populated with consistently recorded values. This is generally the case when conducting multiple inspection where the company remains the same and/or the consultant has prepared plans in a uniform/standardized manner. Consequently, both latitudinal/longitudinal attributes are automatically embedded within the application along with photographic data. Upon completion of the inspection, the data is then synchronized with a GoZync Application with File Maker Pro server via WIFI or cellular connection. After file completion and administrative review, the report can be emailed to the recipient in a PDF format.
To date, field trials have been completed on a local level with the expectation that Branch wide deployment will commence in late FY 16. The Agency recently made a nationwide buy of Apple tablets for On Scene Coordinators (OSCs) as well as inspection personnel within the response program. This helped pave the way for new application development and bringing to fruition the Agency's desired mission to perform its duties in a digital environment.
Update and Lessons Learned from RULET Assessments on Potentially Polluting Wrecks in the US
Authors: Symons Lisa C. , Delgado James P. 
Published: December 2017

In response to a 2010 mandate from Congress, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) produced a specifically-designed Risk Assessment for Potentially Polluting Wrecks in U.S. Waters that was then provided to the U. S. Coast Guard (USCG). A total of 87 risk assessments were presented to the USCG for inclusion into Area Contingency Plans required for all coastal, marine and Great Lakes waters in the U.S. under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (33 U.S. Code § 1321) in May 2013. USCG relies on NOAA for expertise in response and contingency planning and as a resource trustee for both natural resources and underwater cultural heritage. The USCG has used the RULET assessments to foster dialogue with both the potentially affected public and responders and to start thinking through general issues associated with shipwrecks that may have historical significance in additional to being potential pollution hazards.
Over the past three years, several surveys of opportunity have provided an opportunity for concurrent assessments of historical and cultural significance and site-specific assessment of pollution potential. Several wrecks have been downgraded in terms of their risk, one has been remediated, one patched (FERNSTREAM, USNS MISSION SAN MIGUEL.). Surveillance and monitoring efforts have provided additional insight to specific wrecks and even helped identify wrecks that were excluded from the assessment (COIMBRA, W.E. HUTTON, USS MURPHY). Surveys have moved two wrecks across international boundaries (or rather provided new locations for TB ARGO and MV COAST TRADER.) In-water assessments have lead to unexpected pollution response challenges, such as those associated with the TB ARGO. As salvage and response technologies develop and additional surveys of opportunity take place the new information provides for continued refinement of the contingency plans and protects our environmental and economic resources along the coast. This paper will provide an evaluation and an update as to the overall effectiveness of this assessment effort to date.
Activities since 2013 have significantly moved forward the understanding and engagement on the issue by responders, trustees and the public regarding potentially polluting wrecks in U.S. waters and have provided insight to other jurisdictions dealing with similar challenges.
Case Studies from a Canadian Response Organization: 20 Years in Review
Authors: Guénette Chantal 
Published: December 2017

ECRC~SIMEC is one of four government certified response organizations (RO) providing marine spill response services to the shipping industry and oil handling facilities operating in Canada. ECRC's client membership includes over 2300 members in total, comprised of approximately 2200 vessel members and close to 100 oil handling facilities.
With its vast geographic area of response, bordered by the Canadian Rockies to the west, the Great Lakes in the south, Hudson Bay in the north and Canada's exclusive economic zone in the east, ECRC~SIMEC has had the opportunity to respond to spills in a variety of environments. Response to oil spills in at sea, in rivers, lakes and estuaries have required the ability to adapt to challenging environments such as fast flowing waters, large tidal ranges, ice, and remote locations. In addition to ship source spills, ECRC~SIMEC has gained considerable experience responding to spills from pipelines and rail incidents, which have impacted waterways, most notably the spill following the Lac Mégantic derailment in 2013.
The company, which recently marked its 20th year anniversary, has taken the opportunity to look back at incidents attended and lessons learned over the years and to reflect on the resulting changes to its response capability and capacity. This paper will provide an overview of roles and responsibilities of a certified response organization within the context of the Canadian marine spill response regime and provide a retrospective look at incidents attended over the last 20 years. Cases of particular interest will be highlighted with a focus on responses in winter conditions and to non-conventional oils. This paper will briefly outline the regulatory framework that governs ROs preparedness and response to ship source spills in Canada and focus on the lessons learned from key incidents over the history of the company's existence.