bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How uncertainty in the neutral wind limits the accuracy of ionospheric modeling and forecasting
Authors: David Michael , Sojka J. J. , Schunk R. W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractOne of the most important input fields for an ionospheric model is the horizontal neutral wind. The primary mechanism by which the neutral wind affects ionospheric densities is the inducement of an upward or downward ion drift along the magnetic field lines; this affects the rate at which ions are lost through recombination. The magnitude of this effect depends upon the dip angle of the magnetic field; for this reason, the impact of the neutral wind is somewhat less in polar regions than at mid‐latitudes. It is unfortunate that observations of the neutral wind are relatively scarce, as compared for example with observations of the Earth's electric field or auroral precipitation, and that the existing climatological models of the neutral wind are thus sharply limited in theirresolution. The observational data base of thermospheric winds is not sufficient to adequately constrain a three‐dimensional model across a variety of conditions such as solar cycle, season, geomagnetic activity, and so on. Using the physics‐based Time Dependent Ionospheric Model (TDIM) of Utah State University, we look for a quantitative answer to this question: How severe is the limitation imposed on ionospheric models by an uncertain specification of the neutral wind? We find that ionospheric modeling depends upon a detailed specification of the neutral wind to the extent that, if a climatologically averaged wind model is being used as a driver, this will lead to unavoidable uncertainties of 20‐30% in the modeled F‐region densities or Total Electron Content (TEC).
An abandoned rift in the southwestern part of the South Scotia Ridge (Antarctica): Implications for the genesis of the Bransfield Strait
Authors: Lodolo Emanuele , Pérez Lara F. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe western segment of the South Scotia Ridge is a narrow submarine ridge composed of continental crustal blocks, which hosts the left‐lateral boundary between the Scotia and Antarctic plates. This plate boundary segment gradually merges westward with the Bransfield Strait, a young (<4 Ma) basin located between the South Shetland Islands and the northern segment of the Antarctic Peninsula. Here we present a series of multichannel seismic profiles that reveal the presence of a linear chain of submarine volcanic edifices running parallel to the present‐day Scotia‐Antarctic plate boundary. These edifices consist of alkali basalts (~4 Ma), as shown by published data from a dredge haul. The occurrence, distribution, and shape of these magmatic manifestations suggest that they were emplaced in a rift‐related environment, associated with the activity of the former western segment of the Scotia‐Antarctic plate boundary. When spreading centers of the Phoenix‐Antarctic ridge NW of the South Shetland Islands became inactive at about 3.3 Ma, the former western Scotia‐Antarctic plate boundary was abandoned, and it moved to the present‐day location of the Bransfield Strait, where the motion was accommodated, and where active extension is ongoing. The proposed mechanism for the development of the Bransfield Strait, consistent with the temporal sequence of tectonic events, reconciles discrepancies in tectonic evolutionary models presented till now and does not require the presence of slab‐pull and/or slab retreat forces. The Bransfield Strait is not a classic back‐arc basin, but rather an actively extending marginal basin at the transition from mature rifting to incipient, punctiform spreading.
Evolutionary Psychology and Its Critics
Authors: Hagen Edward H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEvolutionary psychology has been criticized by scholars and scientists in biology, philosophy, behavioral ecology, genetics, and many other disciplines. Critics typically focus on the claims that human cognition has a universal complex evolved design, which, to critics, flies in the face of human variation; that there was an environment of evolutionary adaptedness, which critics argue is unknowable and in any case never existed; and that the complex structure of the human mind has not evolved much in the past 10,000 years, which seems to conflict with the burgeoning evidence of recent genetic evolution. This chapter responds to these criticisms: It is the complex, genetically‐based design of the human brain that is invariant, whereas the individual is unique; the human ancestral environment is knowable, and usually not too different from the modern environment; and there is no evidence for the evolution of new complex cognitive adaptations in the past 10,000 years, and little reason to expect any to be found.
Fundamentals of Human Mating Strategies
Authors: Schmitt David P. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this chapter, evidence is reviewed regarding the reproductive strategies—and specialized mating psychologies—fundamental to humans. Cross‐species comparisons and ethnological patterns observed across foraging cultures help to clarify our most basic human mating adaptations. Overall, extant evidence suggests there is no single mating strategy in humans. Humans evolved a pluralistic mating repertoire that is facultatively responsive to sex, temporal contexts, personal characteristics such as mate value and ovulatory status, and evocative features of culture and local ecology.
Love and Commitment in Romantic Relationships
Authors: Campbell Lorne , Loving Timothy J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractRomantic love has received significant theoretical and empirical attention from the perspectives of evolutionary psychology and traditional social psychology. Although their respective advancements on love have often occurred in isolation, there exists great overlap between the ideas presented by each discipline. In this chapter, we discuss this overlap and the likely benefits derived by bridging these disciplines more concertedly. We first discuss social psychological approaches to the study of love. We then shift focus to evolutionary psychological approaches, which build on social psychological research by emphasizing possible functions for the existence and experience of love. We conclude by suggesting other topics of relationship functioning that have been much investigated by traditional psychological approaches but have not been explored systematically through the lens of evolutionary psychology. It is our belief that there is significant value in exposing mainstream evolutionary psychologists to relevant research in the relationship science domain more generally and vice versa. It is this type of cross‐talk that will be most advantageous for spurring mutually beneficial collaborations that will likely provide the greatest advances in our understanding of romantic love.
Leadership in War: Evolution, Cognition, and the Military Intelligence Hypothesis
Authors: Johnson Dominic D. P. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

War is the mother of all collective action problems: Only a groupcan effectively attack or defend against another, but in doing so each individual risks injury or death. If a group is to survive or defeat organized enemies at reasonable cost, effective leadership is vital to strategize, prepare, and coordinate the activity of multiple individuals. The first section explores the evolutionary
origins
of leadership behavior in intergroup conflict among: (a) nonhuman animals, (b) primates, and (c) preindustrial societies. While there are precedents for leadership and for war in other animals, explicit leadership
in
combat appears to be uniquely human. The second section explores the
legacy
of human evolution for contemporary war leadership, outlining: (a) differences between prehistoric, ancient, and modern warfare; (b) the impact of evolved judgment and decision‐making biases on modern war (e.g., in‐group/out‐group bias and overconfidence); and (c) whether humans might have evolved explicit traits for
war
leadership. The third section proposes the “Military Intelligence Hypothesis”: War is a deadly game of decisionmaking under uncertainty, and I suggest the significant cognitive demands of (and selection pressure on) effective strategic thinking may have contributed to the evolution of human intelligence. War may have made humans as much as humans made war.
Cultural Evolution
Authors: Chudek Maciej , Muthukrishna Michael , Henrich Joe 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHumans are a highly successful species who colonized most of the planet's major ecosystems long before agriculture, cities, and modern industrial technologies. Our success was certainly not due to our physical prowess, but perhaps surprisingly, also not due to our intelligence. In this chapter, we explain that what makes our species unique is not our raw brainpower per se, but what's in them. We are an evolved cultural species, completely reliant on a body of knowledge that has accumulated over generations. We explain how genetic evolution led us to become acultural speciesand outline the evolved psychology that underlies our second line of inheritance—culture. We then discuss how that body of knowledge itself evolves as these psychological mechanisms play out in our societies and social networks. Cultural evolution builds adaptations, shapes our preferences and thinking, and sometimes leads to maladaptive practices. Our technology, practices, and know‐how also shape our genes, which in turn shape culture; genes and culture coevolve. Finally, we discuss how intergroup competition shapes cultural evolution, and how the processes of cultural group selection can help resolve evolutionary puzzles, such as the emergence of modern religions.
Morality
Authors: Kurzban Robert , DeScioli Peter 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEvolutionary approaches to human morality have undergone something of a renaissance in recent years. Instead of emphasizing only altruism and cooperation, recent theories have broadened in scope. In addition to reviewing this expansion, this chapter also shifts the focus from moral behavior to moral judgment. We look at the psychological details about how moral judgment works and what these details suggest about the underlying evolved functions. In particular, human moral judgments exist across cultures, though they vary in what behaviors are condemned, and give rise to the intuition that those who violate moral rules ought to be punished. In addition, moral judgments tend to be at least somewhat impartial and, perhaps most tellingly, nonconsequentialist, taking into account not only the intended consequences of behavior but also the specific actions performed. One possible explanation for these features is that moral judgments serve to coordinate bystanders to conflicts, allowing them to side against the same individual when conflicts arise. While much work remains to be done, recent proposals suggest that moral judgment might be more strategic and Machiavellian than evolutionary researchers previously supposed.
Evolutionary Psychology and Endocrinology
Authors: Roney James R. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter addresses the role of endocrinology in human evolutionary psychology. It is argued that a modular organization of specialized biological adaptations requires means of coordinating the activation and inhibition of diverse mechanisms in ways that promote functional outcomes. Hormones are ideally suited to act as signals for such coordination, given that they are often released into the general circulation and can thereby simultaneously adjust parameter settings in systems distributed throughout the brain and the rest of the body. Endocrine signals are released upon detection of cues of specific adaptive problems, and then produce downstream calibration of mechanism settings that promote solutions to those problems. This chapter focuses on hormonal responses to potential mates as an example of this process, and reviews evidence in both human and nonhuman species for these reactive hormone increases acting as broadcasts of the current importance of mate pursuit as an adaptive problem. The chapter concludes with discussion of challenges for future research on the functional roles of endocrine signals in the regulation of human psychology and behavior.
Evolutionary Political Psychology
Authors: Petersen Michael Bang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPolitics is the process of negotiating conflicts of interest. Evolutionary political psychology is the field concerned with the application of evolutionary psychology to the study of politics. This application often entails a two‐step process: (1) dissecting the adaptive problems of conflicts of interests and building testable predictions on the structure of the corresponding adaptations for political behavior; and (2) analyzing how these adaptations operate under the evolutionarily novel conditions of mass politics. This chapter provides an introduction to this novel field.The chapter provides an adaptationist definition of politics and introduces the core principles of the evolutionary study of politics. Using these principles two overarching types of adaptations are analyzed: adaptations for evaluating the social rules that determine conflicts (adaptations for political judgment) and adaptations for changing those rules (adaptations for political behavior). These analyses introduce and utilize diverse adaptationist literatures related to, for example, dominance, hierarchies, coalitions, followership, and informational warfare.
Evolutionary Literary Study
Authors: Carroll Joseph 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn the 1990s and early 2000s, much of the work done in evolutionary literary study was polemical and programmatic. Scholars attacked the cultural constructivist ideas prevailing in the academic literary establishment, rehearsed the basic logic of the adaptationist program, and made exploratory efforts to formulate principles of interpretation that could be linked to specifically evolutionary ideas. Over the past decade, polemics and programmatic rehearsals have diminished while literary theory and interpretive literary criticism have matured. Many evolutionists in the humanities argue that basic human motives are channeled into specific cultural norms, that specific cultural norms are articulated in imaginative form through myths, legends, rituals, images, songs, and stories, and that humans universally regulate their behavior in accordance with beliefs and values that are made vividly present to them in the arts. Evolutionary literary scholars aim at analyzing the thematic, tonal, and formal features of literary works; locating the works in a cultural context; explaining the cultural context as a particular organization of the elements of human nature within a specific set of environmental conditions; registering the responses of readers; describing the sociocultural, political, and psychological functions the works fulfill; locating those functions in relation to the evolved needs of human nature; and linking workscomparatively with other artistic works, using a taxonomy of themes, formal elements, affective elements, and functions derived from a comprehensive model of human nature.
Evolutionary Psychology and Public Policy
Authors: Baumard Nicolas 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBehavioral economists routinely described the cognitive limitations of human psychology: People fail to save for their retirement, they keep eating in an unhealthy way despite medical campaigns, they do not trust each other and refuse to cooperate, and so on. However, this descriptive approach does not explain the origins of these biases, and why they are limited to a few domains of human life (people do not save for their retirement, but daily invest in their genetic descent). Evolutionary psychology offers a response: People are cognitively limited when their interests are not aligned their evolved psychology; that is, when there is a gap between the ancestral environment and their current environment. This evolutionary rationale is crucial to understand when people need help, and which kind of help is going to work. In particular, evolution explains why fairness is so important for law enforcement, why social feedback is such a powerful tool, or why inequalities are so bad for people's wellbeing.
High‐Nuclearity Silver Thiolate Clusters Constructed with Phosphonates
Authors: Xie Yun‐Peng , Jin Jun‐Ling , Lu Xing , Mak Thomas C. W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe n‐butylphosphonate ligand has been employed to construct three new silver(I) thiolate compounds. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis revealed that complexes 1 and 2 are Ag48 and Ag51 coordination chain polymers, while 3 contains a discrete Ag48 cluster, in which three different kinds of silver(I) thiolate cluster shells enclose three different phosphonate‐functionalized silver(I) cluster cores, respectively. The structures of clusters in 1–3 feature three three‐shell arrangements, S@Ag12@(nBuPO3)9@Ag36S23, S@Ag11@(nBuPO3)7(MoO4)2 @Ag40S27 and MoO4@Ag12@(nBuPO3)8S6 @Ag36S24, respectively.
Non‐monotonic course of protein solubility in aqueous polymer‐salt solutions can be modeled using the sol‐mxDLVO model
Authors: Herhut Marcel , Brandenbusch Christoph , Sadowski Gabriele 
Published: November 2015

AbstractProtein purification is often performed using cost‐intensive chromatographic steps. To discover economic alternatives (e.g., crystallization), knowledge on protein solubility as a function of temperature, pH, and additives in solution as well as their concentration is required. State‐of‐the‐art models for predicting protein solubility almost exclusively consider aqueous salt systems, whereas ”salting‐in“ and ”salting‐out“ effects induced by the presence of an additional polymer are not considered. Thus, we developed the sol‐mxDLVO model. Using this newly developed model, protein solubility in the presence of one salt and one polymer, especially the non‐monotonic course of protein solubility, could be predicted. Systems considered included salts (NaCl, Na‐p‐Ts, (NH4)2SO4) and the polymer polyethylene glycol (MW: 2000 g/mol, 12000 g/mol) and proteins lysozyme from chicken egg white (pH 4 to 5.5) and D‐xylose ketol‐isomerase (pH 7) at 298.15 K. The results show that by using the sol‐mxDLVO model, protein solubility in polymer‐salt solutions can be modeled in good agreement with the experimental data for both proteins considered. The sol‐mxDLVO model can describe the non‐monotonic course of protein solubility as a function of polymer concentration and salt concentration, previously not covered by state‐of‐the‐art models.
Metabolomics reveals hippocampal metabolic fluctuations of postoperative fatigue syndrome and anti‐fatigue effect of Carthamus tinctorius L. extract in rat model
Authors: Lu Ye , Ning Huijie , Jiang Xin , Yang Rui , Song Dianwen , Yuan H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPostoperative fatigue syndrome (POFS) is a common clinical complication following almost every major abdominal surgery. There is not a full explanation of the etiology of POFS, especially its central mechanism. Carthamus tinctorius L. is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which could exert ananti‐fatigue effect on POFS. However, its mechanism is still lacking. Here, ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐TOFMS) based metabonomic approach was used to characterize hippocampal metabolic fluctuations of POFS in a rat model induced by partial hepatectomy, and to evaluate the anti‐fatigue effect of C. tinctorius L. extract (CTLE). With partial least‐squares discriminant analysis for classification and selection of biomarkers, 15 hippocampal metabolites related to POFS were identified, primarily involving alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, purine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, phospholipid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. With these altered metabolic pathways as possible drug targets, we systematically analyzed the protective effect of CTLE, which showed that CTLE could provide an anti‐fatigue effect on POFS through partially regulating the perturbed metabolic pathways. This study indicated that UHPLC‐Q‐TOFMS‐based metabolomics provided a powerful tool to reveal hippocampal metabolic fluctuations of POFS and study the mechanism of TCM. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and efficient method for the quantification of lychnopholide in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for pharmacokinetic application
Authors: Lachi‐Silva Larissa , Sousa João Paulo Barreto , Montanha Maiara Camotti , Sy Sherwin K. B. , Lopes João Luis Callegari , Silva Denise Brentan , Lopes Norberto Peporine , Diniz Andréa , Kimura Elza 
Published: November 2015

Lychnopholide is a sesquiterpene lactone usually obtained from Lychnophora and Eremanthus species and has pharmacological activities that include anti‐inflammatory and anti‐tumor. Lychnopholide isolated from Eremanthus matogrossenssis was analyzed in this study. The aims of this study were to develop and validate an analytical methodology by LC‐MS/MS and to quantify lychnopholide in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using isocratic elution with the mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The detection was performed in multiple‐reaction monitoring mode using electrospray ionization in positive mode. The method validation was performed in accordance with regulatory guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. The linear range of detection was 10–200 ng/mL (r > 0.9961). The intra‐ and inter‐day assay variability were <6.2 and <11.7%, respectively. The extraction recovery was approximately 63% using liquid–liquid extraction with chloroform. Lychnopholide was detected in plasma up to 60 min after intravenous administration in rats. This rapid and sensitive method for the analysis of the sesquiterpene lactone lychnopholide in rat plasma can be applied to pharmacokinetic studies of this compound. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spontaneous hemoperitoneum, due to bleeding from retroperitoneal varices, in a cirrhotic patient: a case report
Authors: Abutaka Ahmad , Koshy Renol Mathew , Abu Sabeib Abdulrahman , Toro Adriana , Di Carlo Isidoro 
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical MessageHemoperitoneum from retroperitoneal varices in cirrhotic is very rare. This condition should be taken into account based on anamnesis, clinical features, and laboratory findings; but due to the unstable presentation, diagnosis remains a challenge. Emergency laparotomy could be effective treatment, but the prognosis remains poor related to the hepatic reserve.
Rapid and robust reversion to essential thrombocythemia on treatment with Decitabine in a case of hydroxyurea‐induced t‐MDS/AML
Authors: Horton Joshua D. , Arbini Arnaldo A. , Perle Mary Ann , Raphael Bruce G. 
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical MessageRapid remission of MDS/AML may be induced with Decitabine; however, significant megakaryocyte expansion and subsequent thrombocytosis may occur. Decitabine‐mediated reversion of the MDS to benign ET via hypomethylation of JAK/STAT pathway repressors is one potential mechanism to explain this observed phenomenon.