bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SÍGAME Simulations of the
,
, and
Line Emission from Star-forming Galaxies at
Authors: Olsen Karen , Greve Thomas R. , Narayanan Desika , Thompson Robert , Davé Romeel , Rios Luis Niebla , Stawinski Stephanie 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Of the almost 40 star-forming galaxies at

(not counting quasi-stellar objects) observed in

to date, nearly half are either very faint in

or not detected at all, and fall well below expectations based on locally derived relations between star formation rate and

luminosity. This has raised questions as to how reliable

is as a tracer of star formation activity at these epochs and how factors such as metallicity might affect the

emission. Combining cosmological zoom simulations of galaxies with SÍGAME (SImulator of GAlaxy Millimeter/submillimeter Emission), we modeled the multiphased interstellar medium (ISM) and its emission in

, as well as in [O i] and [O iii], from 30 main-sequence galaxies at

with star formation rates ∼3–23

, stellar masses

, and metallicities

. The simulations are able to reproduce the aforementioned

faintness of some normal star-forming galaxy sources at

. In terms of [O i] and [O iii], very few observations are available at

, but our simulations match two of the three existing

detections of [O iii] and are furthermore roughly consistent with the [O i] and [O iii] luminosity relations with star formation rate observed for local starburst galaxies. We find that the

emission is dominated by the diffuse ionized gas phase and molecular clouds, which on average contribute ∼66% and ∼27%, respectively. The molecular gas, which constitutes only

of the total gas mass, is thus a more efficient emitter of

than the ionized gas, which makes up ∼85% of the total gas mass. A principal component analysis shows that the

luminosity correlates with the star formation activity of a galaxy as well as its average metallicity. The low metallicities of our simulations together with their low molecular gas mass fractions can account for their

faintness, and we suggest that these factors may also be responsible for the

-faint normal galaxies observed at these early epochs.
Die waarde van voorafopleiding deur die ouer vir pedo-oudiometrie by drie- en vierjarige kleuters
Authors: Lodewyckx Merisa 
Published: September 2017

Die verkryging van akkurate, betroubare inligting aangaande die gehoorvermoë van jong kinders is van besondere belang vir die oudioloog, maar word dikwels bemoeilik aangesien die kleuter nie goeie samewerking bied in die vreemde pedo-oudiometriese situasie nie. Die oplossing hiervoor is grootliks geleë in die opleiding van die kind voor formele gehoortoetsing en meer spesifiek opleiding tuis deur die ouer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n voorbereidende program op te stel wat die ouer tuis met die kind kan uitvoer, voordat formele toetsing plaasvind. Die waarde en effek van hierdie program in die pedo-oudiometriese situasie is geevalueer by 'n groep drie- en vierjarige kleuters. Resultate dui daarop dat laer en meer akkurate drempels, 'n korter toetstydperk, verminderde angs en beter samewerking verkry is by die kleuters wat vooraf opleiding ontvang het. Die opleidingsprogram kan dus in die kliniese praktyk benut word as voorafopleiding vir pedo-oudiometrie.
A Practical Indoor Mobility Course to Assess the Functional Effect of Tunnel Vision
Authors: Alshaghthrah Ali M. , Dickinson Chris M. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose To design and validate an indoor mobility course that is sensitive and easy to assemble in a variety of settings. Method Seventy participants were asked to walk twice along a 14 metre indoor corridor containing 16 obstacles, once in each direction. Twenty participants suffered from varying degrees of tunnel vision (TV) due to retinitis pigmentosa (TVPs) and the TV was simulated in the remaining fifty normally-sighted participants (SIPs).The VA, CS and VF were measured. The binocular field of view (FoV) of the TVPs varied from 4° to 21o. The FoV of the SIPs was constricted using goggles and ranged from 4° to 22°. The SIPs repeated the test at a second visit. In each case the time taken to complete the test was expressed as the percentage preferred walking speed (PPWS) and the number of collisions was recorded. Results For the SIPs, the PPWS and the collision scores both showed a significant relationship to FoV on both visits; for PPWS: r = 0.58; r = 0.56; p <0.0001, respectively; for collisions: r = -0.50, r = -0.55, p < 0.0001, respectively. Generally, no significant difference was found between the mobility scores between visits. The FoV of the TVPs was significantly related to their PPWS scores, r = 0.40, p = 0.04. No relationship was found between the TVPs FoV and collision scores. A significant relationship was found between the TVPs’ VA and collisions (r = 0.40, p = 0.03). There was also a moderate but not significant relationship between the TVPs’ CS and collisions. Conclusion This mobility course is relatively short and does not require dedicated space, so could be easily replicated in other studies. The results indicate that this design is valid and that the course is a useful tool for assessing functional performance in tunnel vision patients.
Heat stress increase under climate change twice as large in cities as in rural areas: A study for a densely populated midlatitude maritime region
Authors: Wouters Hendrik , De Ridder Koen , Poelmans Lien , Willems Patrick , Brouwers Johan , Hosseinzadehtalaei Parisa , Tabari Hossein , Vanden Broucke Sam , van Lipzig Nicole P. M. , Demuzere Matthias 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUrban areas are usually warmer than their surrounding natural areas, an effect known as the urban heat island effect. As such, they are particularly vulnerable to global warming and associated increases in extreme temperatures. Yet ensemble climate‐model projections are generally performed on a scale that is too coarse to represent the evolution of temperatures in cities. Here, for the first time, we combine unprecedented long‐term (35 years) urban climate model integrations at the convection‐permitting scale (2.8 km resolution) with information from an ensemble of general circulation models to assess temperature‐based heat stress for Belgium, a densely populated midlatitude maritime region. We discover that the heat stress increase toward the mid‐21st century is twice as large in cities compared to their surrounding rural areas. The exacerbation is driven by the urban heat island itself, its concurrence with heat waves, and urban expansion. Cities experience a heat stress multiplication by a factor 1.4 and 15 depending on the scenario. Remarkably, the future heat stress surpasses everywhere the urban hot spots of today. Our results demonstrate the need to combine information from climate models, acting on different scales, for climate change risk assessment in heterogeneous regions. Moreover, these results highlight the necessity for adaptation to increasing heat stress, especially in urban areas.
Why Flash Type Matters: A Statistical Analysis
Authors: Mecikalski Retha M. , Bitzer Phillip M. , Carey Lawrence D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWhile the majority of research only differentiates between intracloud (IC) and cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes, there exists a third flash type, known as hybrid flashes. These flashes have extensive IC components as well as return strokes to ground but are misclassified as CG flashes in current flash type analyses due to the presence of a return stroke. In an effort to show that IC, CG, and hybrid flashes should be separately classified, the two‐sample Kolmogorov‐Smirnov (KS) test was applied to the flash sizes, flash initiation, and flash propagation altitudes for each of the three flash types. The KS test statistically showed that IC, CG, and hybrid flashes do not have the same parent distributions and thus should be separately classified. Separate classification of hybrid flashes will lead to improved lightning‐related research, because unambiguously classified hybrid flashes occur on the same order of magnitude as CG flashes for multicellular storms.
Progress Towards Achieving the Challenge of Indian Summer Monsoon Climate Simulation in a Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Model
Authors: Hazra Anupam , Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Saha Subodh Kumar , Pokhrel Samir , Goswami B. N. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSimulation of the spatial and temporal structure of the monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs), which have effects on the seasonal mean and annual cycle of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall, remains a grand challenge for the state‐of‐the‐art global coupled models. Biases in simulation of the amplitude and northward propagation of MISOs and related dry rainfall bias over ISM region in climate models are limiting the current skill of monsoon prediction. Recent observations indicate that the convective microphysics of clouds may be critical in simulating the observed MISOs. The hypothesis is strongly supported by high fidelity in simulation of the amplitude and space‐time spectra of MISO by a coupled climate model, when our physically based modified cloud microphysics scheme is implemented in conjunction with a modified new Simple Arakawa Schubert (nSAS) convective parameterization scheme. Improved simulation of MISOs appears to have been aided by much improved simulation of the observed high cloud fraction and convective to stratiform rain fractions and resulted into a much improved simulation of the ISM rainfall, monsoon onset, and the annual cycle.
Vertical Velocity in the Gray Zone
Authors: Jeevanjee Nadir 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe describe how convective vertical velocities
vary in the “gray zone” of horizontal resolution, using both hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic versions of GFDL's FV3 dynamical core, as well as analytical solutions to the equations of motion. We derive a simple criterion (based on parcel geometries) for a model to resolve convection, and find that
resolution can be required for convergence of
. We also find, both numerically and analytically, that hydrostatic systems overestimate
, by a factor of 2–3 in the convection‐resolving regime. This overestimation is simply understood in terms of the “effective buoyancy pressure” of Jeevanjee and Romps (2015, 2016).
Optimization of reactive extraction of C1–C4 aliphatic monocarboxylic acids from aqueous solutions: modeling solvation effect with extended‐LSER, A‐UNIFAC and SPR
Authors: Senol Aynur , Çehreli Süheyla , Özparlak Nur , Andreatta Alfonsina E. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis paper studies reactive extraction of formic (FA), acetic (AA), propionic (PA) and butyric (BA) acids from aqueous solutions by tri‐n‐butyl amine/diluent, with particular focus on proper optimization and modeling of extraction equilibria. The uptake capacities of amine/diluent and diluent alone approximate the following order: oleyl alcohol > octyl acetate > diisobutyl ketone and BA > PA > AA ≈ FA. An intrinsic optimization structure has been applied to the description of optimum extraction field of relevant systems, based on analyzing the variation profiles of separation ratio R and synergistic enhancement SE factors through the derivative variation method. We present new solvation molecular models extended‐linear solvation energy relation (e‐LSER), SPR1 and SPR2 (solvation probability relation), and an extension to group‐contribution approach A‐UNIFAC (Association‐UNIFAC). A‐UNIFAC predicts phase equilibria using new group interaction parameters regressed from vapor‐liquid equilibrium data. The e‐LSER model involves eight descriptors used for expressing solvent effects. By performing SPR1 and SPR2, we are able to scale up the probability range and activation energy of solvation effect. The strength of acid‐amine association is calculated with chemodel. e‐LSER, A‐UNIFAC, SPR and chemodel simulate accurately the observed performance with average deviations inferior to 4.8%, 24.1%, 0.8% and 16.2%, respectively. © 2017 Curtin University and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface of polyimide–silica grafted with different silane coupling agents: Molecular dynamic simulation
Authors: Zhao Yuanliang , Qi Xiaowen , Ma Jian , Song Laizhou , Yang Yulin , Yang Qingxiang 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTIn this article, the effects of different silane coupling agents: 3‐glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOTMS), 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS), on the interface between polyimide (PI) and silica (SiO2), were investigated using molecular dynamic simulation. The results indicate that binding energy between PI molecules and SiO2 surface mainly comes from van der Waals interaction. Proper silane coupling agents generate a thin membrane on the surface of SiO2, which improves the thickness of the transition layer between PI molecules and SiO2 surface. And density of the transition layer was enhanced by APTES significantly. In addition, amino group (NH2) improves the electrostatic interaction between PI molecules and SiO2 surface rather than epoxy group (CHCH2O) and methacrylic oxide group (OCOC(CH3)CH2). As a result, APTES enhances the binding energy effectively. However, excessive silane coupling agent increases the distance between PI matrices and SiO2, which deteriorates performance of the interface. In addition, GOTMS and MPTS generate a thick and dense membrane on SiO2 surface, which induces the loose transition layer and poor binding energy. Overlap parameter between PI molecules and SiO2 surface grafted with silane coupling agent can be employed to evaluate the transition layer successfully. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45725.
An introduction to ‘other effective area‐based conservation measures’ under Aichi Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Origin, interpretation and emerging ocean issues
Authors: Laffoley Dan , Dudley Nigel , Jonas Harry , MacKinnon David , MacKinnon Kathy , Hockings Marc , Woodley Stephen 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

The new term ‘other effective area‐based conservation measures’, or OECMs, was introduced into Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD) Strategic Plan by signatory Parties in 2010.
In the intervening period much action has been taken on creating protected areas as the key route to delivering area‐based conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Rather less attention has been paid to OECMs due in part to a lack of guidance on what areas should or should not be included under this label.
An IUCN World Conservation Congress Resolution in 2012 called on IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) to assist the CBD by providing technical guidance on interpretation of the wording in Aichi Biodiversity Target 11. IUCN WCPA established a Task Force in 2015 to provide guidance on OECMs, in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. This Task Force has already met several times and has a global membership of more than 100 experts. The official call made by the CBD in 2016 for guidance explicitly recognizes the role of the IUCN Task Force in fulfilling this guidance need.
This paper provides the background to OECMs and an initial analysis on the type and nature of measures that may qualify as OECMs under Aichi Target 11. Successful implementation will be dependent on clear principles and guidance, but also on a far better awareness among conservationists and other sectors on the purpose and scope of all 20 Aichi Targets. The paper will also be of value to discussions and implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14 on the ocean.
Some generic examples of areas likely to qualify as OECMs in the ocean are identified, along with an analysis of how OECMs complement and supplement fisheries and other management measures to promote more sustainable use. Greater recognition and reporting is needed on fisheries measures under Aichi Target 6. All fishery management and exclusion zones will not qualify as OECMs, but they can form essential measures towards achieving delivery of greater sustainability within such extractive industries.
Innovative financing for the High Seas
Authors: Thiele Torsten , Gerber Leah R. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Innovative financing, that is the development of new funding sources and mechanisms including from the private sector, can be used to deliver promising ocean conservation opportunities. Capital markets are increasingly accessible for sustainable development and climate finance, and are gaining traction for biodiversity conservation. Such financing concepts could also be applied in the High Seas. Drawing on natural capital economics as a way to ascribe economic value, specific marine investment opportunities can be identified and made accessible to new financiers and funding processes.
International waters cover nearly half of the planet's surface, yet governance deficiencies have meant that marine habitats and ecosystems are rapidly deteriorating. Improved governance through the proposed Marine Biodiversity Implementing Agreement discussed under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals, in particular ocean goal 14, will require additional financial support for High Seas solutions, including for the effective management of marine reserves.
For projects to be attractive to funders they need to be clearly structured and deliver quantifiable benefits. A comprehensive ocean data infrastructure could be put in place to support large‐scale marine conservation monitoring cost‐effectively. This infrastructure could serve also other ocean users, thereby defraying the cost and could be delivered through public–private partnerships. Development finance and climate finance provide examples for relevant pathways for such integrated approaches.
Existing efforts to find additional funding for ocean solutions can be enhanced through the range of specific innovative ocean finance mechanisms that are identified. These offer the prospect of long‐term support.
This review draws on progress made at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Honolulu, Hawai'i in September 2016 and builds on the momentum created by the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals.
Identifying a network of priority areas for conservation in the Arctic seas: Practical lessons from Russia
Authors: Solovyev Boris , Spiridonov Vassily , Onufrenya Irina , Belikov Stanislav , Chernova Natalia , Dobrynin Dmitry , Gavrilo Maria , Glazov Dmitry , Krasnov Yuri , Mukharamova Svetlana , Pantyulin Anatoly , Platonov Nikita , Saveliev Anatoly , Stishov Mikhail , Tertitski Grigory 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe natural environment of the Arctic is changing rapidly owing to climate change. At the same time in many countries including Russia the region is attracting growing attention of decision‐makers and business communities. In light of the above it is necessary to protect the biodiversity of the regional marine ecosystems in the most effective way possible, namely by establishing a network of marine protected areas.Identifying conservation priority areas is a key step towards this goal. To achieve it, a study based on a systematic conservation planning approach was conducted. An expanded group of experts used the MARXAN algorithm to produce initial results, then discussed and refined them to select 47 conservation priority areas in the Russian Arctic seas.The resulting network covers nearly 25% of the Russian Arctic seas, which guarantees proportional representation of their biodiversity as well as achieving connectivity, sustainability and naturalness. This was largely made possible by the selected methodology, based on the MARXAN decision support tool supplemented by extensive post‐analysis that helped fill any gaps inevitable in the formal approach.Although available data were sparse, and of varying quality and a single regionalization scheme could not be used (as is often the case for such areas), the selected approach has proven successful for such a large area that covers both the coastal zone and parts of the High Seas. Such an approach could be used further to identify marine protected areas throughout the Arctic Ocean.
A world of difference ‐ opportunities for applying the 1972 World Heritage Convention to the High Seas
Authors: Laffoley Dan , Freestone David 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

The 1972 World Heritage Convention has not to date been applied to marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), i.e. to high seas and deep sea bed sites.
Examples are given of high seas and deep seabed sites that appear to meet the criteria of Outstanding Universal Value for inscription.
The ongoing negotiations at the United Nations for a new International Legally Binding Instrument (ILBI) on the conservation and sustainable exploitation of biodiversity in ABNJ are highlighted as a significant complementary initiative.
Three feasible modalities are suggested by which the Parties to the 1972 Convention might be able to allow inscription of sites in ABNJ and establish appropriate management regimes: incremental and pragmatic agreement to minor changes in the way that they apply the treaty or formally announcing a change in the way that they intend to apply a treaty among themselves in the future; agreeing to an Amendment outside the terms of the 1972 Agreement; or developing an optional protocol to the 1972 Convention could be developed through an international negotiation among States Parties, binding only on those States that choose to ratify any resulting protocol.
The merits of these different options are explored. Under any scenario, a system will also need to be elaborated for the protection of World Heritage sites in areas beyond national jurisdiction. This will be an important undertaking which will require collaboration between UNESCO and the relevant competent international organizations and their States Parties.
Redox luminescence switch based on Mn2+‐doped NaYF4:Yb,Er upconversion nanorods
Authors: Zhang Liping , Zhang Jianguo , Chen Hongqi , Wang Lun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAn redox luminescence switch was developed for the sensing of glutathione (GSH), l‐cysteine (Cys) or l‐ascorbic acid (AA) based on redox reaction. The Mn2+‐doped NaYF4:Yb,Er upconversion nanorods (UCNRs) with an emission peak located in the red region were synthesized. The luminescence intensity of the UCNRs could be quenched due to the Mn2+ could be oxidized to MnO2 by KMnO4. Subsequently, when the AA, GSH or Cys was added into the MnO2 modified upconversion nanosystem, which could reduced MnO2 to Mn2+ and the luminescence intensity was recovered. The concentration ranges of the nanosystem are 0.500–3.375 mM (R2 = 0.99) for AA, 0.6250–11.88 mM (R2 = 0.99) for GSH and 0.6250–9.375 mM (R2 = 0.99) for Cys, respectively.