bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activity assessment of root caries lesions with thermal and near‐IR imaging methods
Authors: Lee Robert C. , Darling Cynthia L. , Staninec Michal , Ragadio Antonio , Fried Daniel 
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal and near‐infrared (NIR) reflectance imaging methods for the assessment of the activity of root caries lesions. In addition, changes in the lesion structure were monitored with polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS‐OCT). Artificial bovine and natural root caries lesions were imaged with PS‐OCT, and their dehydration rate was measured with thermal and NIR cameras. The lesion activity of the natural root caries samples was also assessed by two clinicians by conventional means according to ICDAS II guidelines. The thickness of the highly mineralized transparent surface layer measured using PS‐OCT increased and the area enclosed by the time‐temperature curve, ΔQ, measured with thermal imaging decreased significantly with longer periods of remineralization in simulated dentin lesions, but the NIR reflectance intensity differences, ΔI, failed to show any significant relationship with the degree of remineralization. The PS‐OCT algorithm for the automated assessment of remineralization successfully detected the highly mineralized surface layer on both natural and simulated lesions. Thermal imaging provided the most accurate diagnosis of root caries lesion activity. These results demonstrate that thermal imaging and PS‐OCT may be ideally suited for the nondestructive root caries lesion activity during a clinical examination.
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Wear of composite ceramics in mixed‐material combinations in total hip replacement under adverse edge loading conditions
Authors: Al‐Hajjar Mazen , Carbone Silvia , Jennings Louise M. , Begand Sabine , Oberbach Thomas , Delfosse Daniel , Fisher John 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCeramic composites have performed very well under adverse edge loading conditions when used in like‐on‐like configurations, where the femoral head and acetabular cup are of the same material. The aim of this study was to determine the wear of pure alumina (Al2O3), alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ) and zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) when used in mixed bearing combinations, under edge loading conditions due to translational mal‐positioning. The head‐on‐cup configurations of three ceramic materials were ATZ‐on‐ZTA, ZTA‐on‐ATZ, Al2O3‐on‐ATZ, ATZ‐on‐Al2O3, Al2O3‐on‐ZTA, and ZTA‐on‐Al2O3. They were tested on the Leeds II hip simulator under microseparation conditions. The bedding in and steady state wear rates of ATZ‐on‐ZTA were 1.16mm3/million cycles and 0.18mm3/million, respectively, and for ATZ‐on‐Al2O3 were 0.66 mm3/million cycles and 0.20 mm3/million, respectively. The wear rates of the other bearing combinations under these adverse microseparation conditions, Al2O3‐on‐ATZ, Al2O3‐on‐ZTA, ZTA‐on‐ATZ and ZTA‐on‐Al2O3 were very low with no clear bedding in and steady state phases, and with steady state wear rates lower than 0.11 mm3/million. The mixed material combinations tested in this study have shown slightly higher wear rates when compared to ATZ in like‐on‐like configuration reported previously, but superior wear resistance when compared to alumina‐on‐alumina bearings tested previously under the same adverse microseparation conditions. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1361–1368, 2017.
Image intensive soft tissue sarcoma surveillance uncovers pathology earlier than patient complaints but with frequent initially indeterminate lesions
Authors: Richardson Kyle , Potter Michael , Damron Timothy A. 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionPost‐treatment surveillance follow‐up soft‐tissue sarcomas is controversial. Protocols are highly variable. This study retrospectively evaluates an image intense protocol to assess benefits of identifying true pathology compared to incidental findings.MethodsA retrospective chart review was conducted on a single orthopedic oncologist's soft tissue sarcoma patients under a consistent protocol (TAD). Study population included patients who underwent resection of non‐metastatic soft tissue sarcoma (AJCC stages I–III) and either died within surveillance period or completed 5 years of follow‐up.ResultsThirty‐nine patients met the strict study criteria. 24/39 (61.5%) patients were identified to have a local recurrence (6), chest metastasis (6), isolated distant recurrence (9), or new primary tumor (3). Of those 24 patients with true pathology, 13 (54%) or 33% (13/39) of all patients potentially benefited from discovery via imaging before patient complaint. Chest CT was the first to reveal all lung metastases. For balance, 32/39 (82%) patients had at least 1 initially “indeterminate” lesion on imaging. Of those, 91% (29/32)—74% of all patients (29/39)—proved to be inconsequential by final follow up.ConclusionOf the true pathology identified, over half were not evident on clinical presentation, emphasizing the importance of a routine surveillance. However, an image intense surveillance program has a high rate of initially indeterminate findings. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:818–822. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A simplified biomimetic temperature logger for recording intertidal barnacle body temperatures
Authors: Chan Benny K. K. , Lima Fernando P. , Williams Gray A. , Seabra Rui , Wang Hui‐Yu 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMonitoring the thermal environment and responses of indicator species is fundamental for understanding and predicting ecological consequences of ongoing and future environmental changes. With the recent development of miniaturized temperature sensors (e.g., iButtons), which can be incorporated into biomimetic loggers (e.g., robolimpets), it is possible to routinely obtain long‐term estimates of body temperatures of intertidal organisms. A crucial step in the assembly of these biomimetic devices involves removing the circuit board from an iButton, a process which is not simple and often results in damage to the electronics or loss of calibration. In this study, we describe a simplified process to assemble biomimetic loggers, and use it to build robobarnacles (mimicking tropical and subtropical barnacles of the genus Tetraclita). The process involves copper‐coating the stainless steel case of iButtons through an electroplating process, allowing solder joints to be made to the surface casing, thus avoiding opening the iButton to make a connection with its circuit board. This approach makes the manufacturing process simpler, faster, and prevents calibration loss, but is only suitable for species large enough to accommodate a complete iButton.
Backscattering in silicon microring resonators: a quantitative analysis
Authors: Li Ang , Van Vaerenbergh Thomas , De Heyn Peter , Bienstman Peter , Bogaerts Wim 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSilicon microring resonators very often exhibit resonance splitting due to backscattering. This effect is hard to quantitatively and predicatively model. This paper presents a behavioral circuit model for microrings that quantitatively explains the wide variations in resonance splitting observed in experiments. The model is based on an in‐depth analysis of the contributions to backscattering by both the waveguides and couplers. Backscattering transforms unidirectional microrings into bidirectional circuits by coupling the clockwise and counterclockwise circulating modes. In high‐Q microrings, visible resonance splitting will be induced, but, due to the stochastic nature of backscattering, this splitting is different for each resonance. Our model, based on temporal coupled mode theory, and the associated fitting method, are both accurate and robust, and can also explain asymmetrically split resonances. The cause of asymmetric resonance splitting is identified as the backcoupling in the couplers. This is experimentally confirmed and its dependency on gap and coupling length is further analyzed. Moreover, the wide variation in resonance splitting of one spectrum is analyzed and successfully explained by our circuit model that incorporates most linear parasitic effects in the microring. This analysis uncovers multi‐cavity interference within the microring as an important source of this variation.
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Austempered ductile iron heat treatment for machine hammer peening of milled tool surfaces
Authors: Scheil J. , Steitz M. , Müller C. 
Published: April 2016

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) has become a competitive material to conventional steels. In addition to its favorable price the main reasons are its mechanical properties can be adjusted over a wide range via heat treatment. Austempered ductile iron consists of ferrite, graphite and metastable austenite. Tailoring its microstructure (phase fractions, stability) with regard to the application is an important challenge.A cast iron used for forming dies is EN‐JS2070. In earlier studies it could be shown that EN‐JS2070 can be transformed into austempered ductile iron [1]. Machine hammer peening, causes martensitic transformation of the metastable austenite and leads to hard and smooth surfaces. Focus of this study is to optimize the microstructure with regard to machine hammer peening process. Before and after machine hammer peening the sample surfaces were characterized using optical and laser microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and hardness measurement. It could be shown that a combination of high amount of metastable austenite with a high carbon content leads to the best results in surface roughness and hardness.
Urinary neurotrophic peptides in postmenopausal women with and without overactive bladder
Authors: Pennycuff Jon F. , Schutte Stacey C. , Hudson Catherine O. , Karp Deborah R. , Malykhina Anna P. , Northington Gina M. 
Published: April 2016

AimsThe aim of this study was to compare the expression of urinary nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), substance P (SP), and calcitonin‐gene related peptide (CGRP) in women with and without overactive bladder (OAB). We sought to determine factors associated with higher expression of these neuropeptides.MethodsParticipants with OAB and age‐matched controls were enrolled. Symptom severity was assessed with validated questionnaires. Urinary neurotrophin levels, symptom scores, and clinical data were compared between the groups. Multivariate analysis determined independent factors associated with urinary neurotrophin levels.ResultsSixty‐seven women (38 OAB, 29 controls) were included. Women with OAB and controls were similar in age, race, body mass index, parity, and smoking status. Women with OAB were more likely to report a history of pelvic pain and pelvic surgery. Neurotrophic factor levels normalized to urinary creatinine did not differ between the groups. Increasing age was associated with greater urinary levels of BDNF and NGF (β = 0.23, 95%CI 0.11–0.34 and 0.75, 95%CI 0.17–1.33, respectively, P < 0.02). Higher urinary NGF was associated with increasing BMI (β = 0.81, 95%CI 0.05–1.57, P = 0.04) while pain was associated with elevated urinary SP (β = 0.21, 95%CI 0.09–0.33, P = 0.001).ConclusionsOur data does not support a relationship between urinary neurotrophin levels and OAB in age‐matched postmenopausal women. Further research is necessary to elucidate the role of urinary neurotrophins in the diagnosis and management of OAB. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:740–744, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photoprotection versus photodamage: updating an old but still unsolved controversy about melanin
Authors: Solano F 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMelanin is the main pigment in animal skin. It is a heterogeneous polyphenolic molecule with a generalized absorption in the UV−visible range synthesized in melanocytes, a kind of specialized epidermal cells. There are two types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin, more abundant in dark or fair skin respectively. Melanin plays several roles, but in mammalian skin the main one is related to photoprotection against sunlight. The absorption energy from UV light implies that elements of the melanin structure are photoexcited, and the subsequent transference of energy can provoke several effects on surrounding molecules. These processes raise the possibility that melanin becomes a photosensitizer instead of a photoprotector. Thus, melanins should be considered double‐faced molecules. This was first evident for pheomelanin, but very recent new data on eumelanin indicate that the balance is subtler than thought so far, and photodamage can overcome photoprotection for both types. In this updated review, the consequences of the eumelanin versus pheomelanin photochemical properties are discussed in relation to DNA lesions. Melanin is considered photoprotective, but it can also produce DNA photodamage and this would be related to the high incidence of skin cancer, mostly in Caucasian people. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of FeCl3 as oxidizing agent on the conduction mechanisms in polypyrrole (PPy)/pc–ZnO hybrid heterojunctions grown by oxidative chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Castro‐Carranza Alejandra , Nolasco Jairo C. , Bley Stephanie , Rückmann Max , Meierhofer Florian , Mädler Lutz , Voss Tobias , Gutowski Jürgen 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTP‐type polypyrrole (PPy) films are deposited on glass and on n‐type polycrystalline ZnO (pc–ZnO) substrates by oxidative chemical vapor deposition under three different amounts of FeCl3 used as oxidizing agents to form hybrid heterojunctions. Their microstructure, morphology, and electrical characteristics are studied. Particularly, current–voltage characteristics of the PPy/pc–ZnO heterojunctions are analyzed by defining an electrical equivalent circuit. The extracted parameters, together with the estimated heterojunction barrier height and the HOMO energy level of the PPy, indicate that a thermionic emission of holes at the heterojunction determines the saturation current of the diode at low voltage. For larger FeCl3 amounts, the diode ideality factor increases indicating an increment of recombination by tunneling of charge carriers occurring at the heterojunction. This is attributed to a narrowing of the space charge region due to an increment of the number of charge carriers with a growing amount of FeCl3. At high voltages, the PPy thickness influences the ohmic and space–charge limited current mechanisms at the bulk region. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1537–1544
Shape memory ionomers
Authors: Cavicchi Kevin A. , Pantoja Marcos , Cakmak Miko 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThis review is focused on the use of ionomers in shape memory polymers. Ionomers are polymers that contain less than ∼15% ionic groups. The incompatibility between the ion‐pairs and the polymer backbone drives microphase separation producing dispersed ionic aggregates, which can physically crosslink the polymer. Shape memory polymers are responsive materials that can be deformed to program a temporary shape and then recovered on application of an external stimulus. Through the review of the main types of ionomers used in shape memory polymers, polyurethanes and polyester ionomers, polyolefin and polyaromatic ionomers, and perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers (i.e., Nafion®) it will be shown that ionomers can produce robust thermoplastic shape memory polymers and in many cases impart unique properties which allow advanced shape memory materials to be obtained including antibacterial, high temperature, and multishape memory polymers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1389–1396
The interaction of moist convection and mid‐level dry air in the advance of the onset of the Indian monsoon
Authors: Parker Douglas J. , Willetts Peter , Birch Cathryn , Turner Andrew G. , Marsham John H. , Taylor Christopher M. , Kolusu Seshagirirao , Martin Gill M. 
Published: April 2016

The advance of the onset of the Indian monsoon is here explained in terms of a balance between the low‐level monsoon flow and an overrunning intrusion of mid‐tropospheric dry air. The monsoon advances, over a period of about 6 weeks, from the south of the country to the northwest. Given that the low‐level monsoon winds are westerly or southwesterly, and the mid‐level winds northwesterly, the monsoon onset propagates upwind relative to mid‐level flow, and perpendicular to the low‐level flow, and is not directly caused by moisture flux toward the northwest. Lacking a conceptual model for the advance means that it has been hard to understand and correct known biases in weather and climate prediction models.The mid‐level northwesterlies form a wedge of dry air that is deep in the far northwest of India and over‐runs the monsoon flow. The dry layer is moistened from below by shallow cumulus and congestus clouds, so that the profile becomes much closer to moist adiabatic, and the dry layer is much shallower in the vertical, toward the southeast of India. The profiles associated with this dry air show how the most favourable environment for deep convection occurs in the south, and onset occurs here first.As the onset advances across India, the advection of moisture from the Arabian Sea becomes stronger, and the mid‐level dry air is increasingly moistened from below. This increased moistening makes the wedge of dry air shallower throughout its horizontal extent, and forces the northern limit of moist convection to move toward the northwest. Wetting of the land surface by rainfall will further reinforce the north‐westward progression, by sustaining the supply of boundary‐layer moisture and shallow cumulus. The local advance of the monsoon onset is coincident with weakening of the mid‐level northwesterlies, and therefore weakened mid‐level dry advection.
Paracrine Engineering of Human Explant-Derived Cardiac Stem Cells to Over-Express Stromal-Cell Derived Factor 1α Enhances Myocardial Repair
Authors: Tilokee Everad L. , Latham Nicholas , Jackson Robyn , Mayfield Audrey E. , Ye Bin , Mount Seth , Lam Buu-Khanh , Suuronen Erik J. , Ruel Marc , Stewart Duncan J. , Davis Darryl R. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
First generation cardiac stem cell products provide indirect cardiac repair but variably produce key cardioprotective cytokines, such as stromal-cell derived factor 1α, which opens the prospect of maximizing up-front paracrine-mediated repair. The mesenchymal subpopulation within explant derived human cardiac stem cells underwent lentiviral mediated gene transfer of stromal-cell derived factor 1α. Unlike previous unsuccessful attempts to increase efficacy by boosting the paracrine signature of cardiac stem cells, cytokine profiling revealed that stromal-cell derived factor 1α over-expression prevented lv-mediated “loss of cytokines” through autocrine stimulation of CXCR4+ cardiac stem cells. Stromal-cell derived factor 1α enhanced angiogenesis and stem cell recruitment while priming cardiac stem cells to readily adopt a cardiac identity. As compared to injection with unmodified cardiac stem cells, transplant of stromal-cell derived factor 1α enhanced cells into immunodeficient mice improved myocardial function and angiogenesis while reducing scarring. Increases in myocardial stromal-cell derived factor 1α content paralleled reductions in myocyte apoptosis but did not influence long-term engraftment or the fate of transplanted cells. Transplantation of stromal-cell derived factor 1α transduced cardiac stem cells increased the generation of new myocytes, recruitment of bone marrow cells, new myocyte/vessel formation and the salvage of reversibly damaged myocardium to enhance cardiac repair after experimental infarction.
KLK6‐regulated miRNA networks activate oncogenic pathways in breast cancer subtypes
Authors: Sidiropoulos Konstantinos G. , Ding Qiang , Pampalakis Georgios , White Nicole M.A. , Boulos Peter , Sotiropoulou Georgia , Yousef George M. 
Published: April 2016

KLK6 is expressed in normal mammary tissues and is aberrantly regulated in breast cancer. At physiological levels of expression, i.e. those found in normal mammary tissues, KLK6 acts as a tumor suppressor in human breast cancer. However, aberrant overexpression of KLK6 (i.e. 50–100‐fold higher than normal), a characteristic of a subset of human breast cancers is associated with increased tumorigenicity (Pampalakis et al. Cancer Res 69:3779–3787, 2009). Here, we stably transfected KLK6‐non‐expressing MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells with the full‐length KLK6 cDNA to overexpress KLK6 at levels comparable to those observed in patients, and investigated potential oncogenic miRNA networks regulated by these abnormally high KLK6 expression levels and increased activity of this serine protease. A number of miRNAs that are upregulated (e.g. miR‐146a) or downregulated (e.g. miR‐34a) via KLK6‐induced alterations in the miRNA biogenesis machinery were identified. Integrated experimental and bioinformatics analyses identified convergent miRNA networks targeting the cell cycle, MYC, MAPK, and other signaling pathways. In large clinical datasets, significant correlations between KLK6 and downstream MAPK and MYC targets at both the RNA and protein levels was confirmed, as well as negative correlation with GATA3. It was also demonstrated that KLK6 overexpression and likely its proteolytic activity is associated with alterations in downstream miRNAs and their targets, and these differ with the molecular subtypes of breast cancer. The data partly explains the different characteristics of breast cancer subtypes. Importantly, we introduce a combined KLK6‐CDKN1B+MYC+CDKN1C score for prediction of long‐term patient survival outcomes, with higher scores indicating poor survival.
Multi-scale responses of scattering layers to environmental variability in Monterey Bay, California
Authors: Urmy Samuel S. , Horne John K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA 38 kHz upward-facing echosounder was deployed on the seafloor at a depth of 875 m in Monterey Bay, CA, USA (36° 42.748’ N, 122° 11.214’ W) from 27 February 2009 to 18 August 2010. This 18-month record of acoustic backscatter was compared to oceanographic time series from a nearby data buoy to investigate the responses of animals in sound-scattering layers to oceanic variability at seasonal and sub-seasonal time scales. Pelagic animals, as measured by acoustic backscatter, moved higher in the water column and decreased in abundance during spring upwelling, attributed to avoidance of a shoaling oxycline and advection offshore. Seasonal changes were most evi-dent in a non-migrating scattering layer near 500 m depth that disappeared in spring and reappeared in summer, building to a seasonal maximum in fall. At sub-seasonal time scales, similar responses were observed after individual upwelling events, though they were much weaker than the seasonal relationship. Correlations of acoustic backscatter with oceanographic variability also differed with depth. Backscatter in the upper water column decreased immediately following upwelling, then increased approximately 20 days later. Similar correlations existed deeper in the water column, but at increasing lags, suggesting that near-surface productivity propagated down the water column at 10-15 m d‒1, consistent with sinking speeds of marine snow measured in Monterey Bay. Sub-seasonal variability in backscatter was best correlated with sea-surface height, suggesting that passive physical transport was most important at these time scales.