bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in the Climatological Characteristics of Precipitation between Active and Break Spells of the Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Rao T. Narayana , Saikranthi K. , Radhakrishna B. , Bhaskara Rao S. Vijaya 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Climatological characteristics of precipitation during the active and break spells of the monsoon are studied using 15 years of TRMM measurements. The spatial variation of rain fraction suggests that most of the seasonal rainfall occurs in spells of active monsoon over India, except for the zones along the east coast. The broader reflectivity distribution at higher altitudes and larger average storm height during active spells indicate the high prevalence of deep systems during this spell. The spatial distribution of the occurrence and fraction of different types of rain exhibits large variability from land to ocean and between the spells. The higher occurrence and fraction of stratiform rain during the active spell, particularly over the core monsoon zone, is due to the prevalence of organized mesoscale systems with large stratiform portions. The break spells are characterized by higher occurrence of shallow rain and larger fraction of convective rain. While an evening peak is observed over land during the break spell, the phase of the diurnal cycle exhibits large spatial variability during the active spell. The rainfall peaks from late night to midnight in southeastern India and in the morning near the foothills of the Himalayas during the active spell. The diurnal and semidiurnal components together explain more than 90% of total variance over many of the zones during both spells. The observed differences in precipitation between the spells are discussed in light of the differences in synoptic- and mesoscale mechanisms responsible for the production of precipitation.
Comparative analysis of pharmacological properties of xanomeline and N-desmethylclozapine in rat brain membranes
Authors: Odagaki Yuji , Kinoshita Masakazu , Ota Toshio 
Published: July 2016

Background: 3(3-Hexyloxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridine (xanomeline) and N-desmethylclozapine are of special interest as promising antipsychotics with better efficacy, especially for negative symptoms and/or cognitive/affective impairment. Methods: The guanosine-5′- O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding experiments were performed using (1) conventional filtration technique, (2) antibody-capture scintillation proximity assay, and (3) immunoprecipitation method, in brain membranes prepared from rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Results: Xanomeline had agonistic activity at the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) in all brain regions, as well as at the 5-HT1A receptor in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. On the other hand, N-desmethylclozapine exhibited slight agonistic effects on the M1 mAChR, and agonistic properties at the 5-HT1A receptor in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This compound also behaved as an agonist at the δ-opioid receptor in the cerebral cortex and striatum. In addition, the stimulatory effects of N-desmethylclozapine on [35S]GTPγS binding to Gαi/o were partially mediated through mAChRs (most likely M4 mAChR subtype), at least in striatum. Conclusions: The agonistic effects on the mAChRs (particularly M1 subtype, and also probably M4 subtype), the 5-HT1A receptor and the δ-opioid receptor expressed in native brain tissues, some of which are common to both compounds and others specific to either, likely shape the unique beneficial effectiveness of both compounds in the treatment for schizophrenic patients. These characteristics provide us with a clue to develop newer antipsychotics, beyond the framework of dopamine D2 receptor antagonism, that are effective not only on positive symptoms but also on negative symptoms and/or cognitive/affective impairment.
T1ρ Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Assess Cartilage Damage After Primary Shoulder Dislocation
Authors: Saxena Vishal , D’Aquilla Kevin , Marcoon Shannon , Krishnamoorthy Guruprasad , Gordon Joshua A. , Carey James L. , Borthakur Ari , Kneeland J. Bruce , Kelly John D. , Reddy Ravinder , Sennett Brian J. 
Published: July 2016

Background: Patients who suffer anterior shoulder dislocations are at higher risk of developing glenohumeral arthropathy, but little is known about the initial cartilage damage after a primary shoulder dislocation. T1ρ is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that allows quantification of cartilage proteoglycan content and can detect physiologic changes in articular cartilage. Purpose: This study aimed to establish baseline T1ρ MRI values for glenoid and humeral head cartilage, determine whether T1ρ MRI can detect glenohumeral cartilage damage after traumatic primary shoulder dislocation, and assess for patterns in cartilage damage in anterior shoulder dislocation. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Nine male patients (mean age, 32.0 years; range, 20-59 years) who sustained first-time anterior shoulder dislocations underwent 3T T1ρ MRI. Five healthy controls (mean age, 27.4 years; range, 24-30 years) without prior dislocation or glenohumeral arthritis also underwent 3T T1ρ MRI. The T1ρ relaxation constant was determined for the entire glenoid and humeral head for patients with a dislocation and for healthy controls. The glenoid and humeral head were divided into 9 zones, and T1ρ values were determined for each zone in dislocated and control shoulders to identify patterns in cartilage damage in dislocated shoulders. Results: Average overall T1ρ values for humeral head cartilage in dislocated shoulders were significantly greater than in controls (41.7 ± 3.9 ms vs 38.4 ± 0.6 ms, respectively; P = .03). However, average overall T1ρ values for glenoid cartilage were not significantly different in dislocated shoulders compared with controls (44.0 ± 3.3 ms vs 44.6 ± 2.4 ms, respectively; P = .40), suggesting worse damage to humeral head cartilage. T1ρ values in the posterior-middle humeral head were higher in patients with a dislocation compared with controls (41.5 ± 3.8 ms vs 38.2 ± 2.2 ms, respectively; P = .021) and trended toward significance in the posterior-superior and middle-superior zones (35.2 ± 4.9 ms vs 31.3 ± 1.0 ms and 33.7 ± 5.0 ms vs 30.5 ± 1.3 ms, respectively; P = .056). These 3 humeral head zones are where Hill-Sachs lesions predominate. T1ρ values in the anterior-inferior glenoid zone trended toward significance in patients with a dislocation compared with controls (47.4 ± 5.0 ms vs 43.5 ± 3.5 ms, respectively; P = .073). Conclusion: Humeral head cartilage sustained greater damage than glenoid cartilage in primary dislocation. T1ρ values were higher in glenohumeral zones associated with Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions. Widespread initial cartilage damage may predispose patients to glenohumeral arthropathy.
Hospice Family Caregiver Involvement in Care Plan Meetings: A Mixed-Methods Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Parker Oliver Debra , Demiris George , Washington Karla , Kruse Robin L. , Petroski Greg 
Published: July 2016

Background and Objective: Untrained family caregivers struggle with complicated medical management regimens for hospice patients. An intervention was tested to improve caregiver’s perception of pain management and patient’s pain. Design, Setting, and Participants: The intervention was tested with a 2-group (usual care vs intervention) randomized controlled trial using parallel mixed-methods analysis of 446 caregivers in 3 Midwestern hospice programs representing rural and urban settings. Intervention: Web conferencing or telephones were used to connect caregivers with the hospice care team during care plan meetings. Measurements: Caregiver’s perceptions of pain management were the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included caregiver quality of life, patient’s pain, and anxiety. Video recordings, field notes, and caregiver and staff interviews provided qualitative data. Results: The overall perception of pain management was not changed by the participation in hospice team meetings. Perceptions of fatalism improved for intervention participants, and the intervention participants perceived their patients’ pain was better controlled than those in the control group. The intervention was found to be feasible to deliver in rural areas. Caregiver’s anxiety and patient’s pain were correlated ( r = .18; P = .003), and subanalysis indicated that caregivers of patients with cancer may benefit more from the intervention than other hospice caregivers. Qualitative analyses provided understanding of caregiver’s perceptions of pain, cost, and facilitators and barriers to routine involvement of family in care plan meetings. Limitations and Conclusion: The hospice philosophy is supportive of caregiver involvement in care planning, and technology makes this feasible; the intervention needs modification to become translational as well as additional measurement to assess effectiveness. Caregiver education and emotional support should occur outside the meeting, and a strong leader should facilitate the meeting to control efficiency. Finally, the intervention may benefit caregivers of patients with cancer more than others.
Physician Burnout and the Calling to Care for the Dying: A National Survey
Authors: Yoon John D. , Hunt Natalie B. , Ravella Krishna C. , Jun Christine S. , Curlin Farr A. 
Published: July 2016

Background: Physician burnout raises concerns over what sustains physicians’ career motivations. We assess whether physicians in end-of-life specialties had higher rates of burnout and/or calling to care for the dying. We also examined whether the patient centeredness of the clinical environment was associated with burnout. Methods: In 2010 to 2011, we conducted a national survey of US physicians from multiple specialties. Primary outcomes were a validated single-item measure of burnout or sense of calling to end-of-life care. Primary predictors of burnout (or calling) included clinical specialty, frequency of encounters with dying patients, and patient centeredness of the clinical environments (“My clinical environment prioritizes the need of the patient over maximizing revenue”). Results: Adjusted response rate among eligible respondents was 62% (1156 of 1878). Nearly a quarter of physicians (23%) experienced burnout, and rates were similar across all specialties. Half of the responding physicians (52%) agreed that they felt called to take care of patients who are dying. Burned-out physicians were more likely to report working in profit-centered clinical environments (multivariate odds ratio [OR] of 1.9; confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-2.8) or experiencing emotional exhaustion when caring for the dying (multivariate OR of 2.1; CI: 1.4-3.0). Physicians who identified their work as a calling were more likely to work in end-of-life specialties, to feel emotionally energized when caring for the dying, and to be religious. Conclusion: Physicians from end-of-life specialties not only did not have increased rates of burnout but they were also more likely to report a sense of calling in caring for the dying.
Dual leucine zipper kinase regulates expression of axon guidance genes in mouse neuronal cells
Authors: Blondeau Andréanne , Lucier Jean-François , Matteau Dominick , Dumont Lauralyne , Rodrigue Sébastien , Jacques Pierre-Étienne , Blouin Richard 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background
Recent genetic studies in model organisms, such as Drosophila, C. elegans and mice, have highlighted a critical role for dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) in neural development and axonal responses to injury. However, exactly how DLK fulfills these functions remains to be determined. Using RNA-seq profiling, we evaluated the global changes in gene expression that are caused by shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous DLK in differentiated Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells.

Results
Our analysis led to the identification of numerous up- and down-regulated genes, among which several were found to be associated with system development and axon guidance according to gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, respectively. Because of their importance in axonal growth, pruning and regeneration during development and adult life, we then examined by quantitative RT-PCR the mRNA expression levels of the identified axon guidance genes in DLK-depleted cells. Consistent with the RNA-seq data, our results confirmed that loss of DLK altered expression of the genes encoding neuropilin 1 (Nrp1), plexin A4 (Plxna4), Eph receptor A7 (Epha7), Rho family GTPase 1 (Rnd1) and semaphorin 6B (Sema6b). Interestingly, this regulation of Nrp1 and Plxna4 mRNA expression by DLK in Neuro-2a cells was also reflected at the protein level, implicating DLK in the modulation of the function of these axon guidance molecules.

Conclusions
Collectively, these results provide the first evidence that axon guidance genes are downstream targets of the DLK signaling pathway, which through their regulation probably modulates neuronal cell development, structure and function.
Insulator speckles associated with long-distance chromatin contacts
Authors: Buxa Melanie K. , Slotman Johan A. , van Royen Martin E. , Paul Maarten W. , Houtsmuller Adriaan B. , Renkawitz Rainer 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTNuclear foci of chromatin binding factors are, in many cases, discussed as sites of long-range chromatin interaction in the three-dimensional nuclear space. Insulator binding proteins have been shown to aggregate into insulator bodies, which are large structures not involved in insulation; however, the more diffusely distributed insulator speckles have not been analysed in this respect. Furthermore, insulator binding proteins have been shown to drive binding sites for Polycomb group proteins into Polycomb bodies. Here we find that insulator speckles, marked by the insulator binding protein dCTCF, and Polycomb bodies show differential association with the insulator protein CP190. They differ in number and three-dimensional location with only 26% of the Polycomb bodies overlapping with CP190. By using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes to identify long-range interaction (kissing) of the Hox gene clusters Antennapedia complex (ANT-C) and Bithorax complex (BX-C), we found the frequency of interaction to be very low. However, these rare kissing events were associated with insulator speckles at a significantly shorter distance and an increased speckle number. This suggests that insulator speckles are associated with long-distance interaction.
A responsabilidade civil e ambiental em atividades nucleares
Authors: De Aragão Alexandre Santos 
Published: July 2016

O presente artigo pretende analisar a aplicação da responsabilidade civil e ambiental em atividades nucleares, apontando as peculiaridades e divergências doutrinárias acerca do tema. Nesse sentido, nos debruçamos sobre as imbricações entre os regimes especiais de responsabilização por danos nucleares e por danos ao meio ambiente, buscando aferir qual deles seria aplicável no caso de dano ambiental decorrente de acidente nuclear. Por fim, discutimos a possibilidade de limitação da responsabilidade civil do particular (fornecedor) em contrato celebrado com empresa estatal operadora de atividades nucleares, defendendo a legitimidade da medida com base nos princípios da eficiência e da economicidade, bem como na consolidação dessa prática no âmbito internacional e em outras modalidades de contratação com a administração. The present article analyzes the applicability of civil and environmental liability in nuclear activities, pointing out the peculiarities and doctrinal differences on the subject. Therefore, we examine the main aspects of the special systems of liability for environmental and nuclear damages, in order to ascertain which one should be applied in case of environmental damage caused by a nuclear accident. Finally, we discuss the possibility of restricting private parties (suppliers) civil liability on contracts with stateowned companies responsible for operating nuclear activities. In doing so, we defend the legitimacy of the measure, based on the principles of efficiency and economy, as well as on the consolidation of this practice, both internationally and in other procurements with Public Administration.
Quem tem medo da delegação legislativa?
Authors: Rocha Jean-Paul Veiga da 
Published: July 2016

A delegação legislativa do Congresso para órgãos do Executivo sempre foi central na modernização do capitalismo brasileiro. Entretanto, sempre houve uma grande divergência a respeito do aumento de poder desses entes não majoritários. Depois de anos de governo autoritário, a doutrina que sustenta ser vedada a delegação ganhou força com a nova Constituição democrática de 1988. O direito público brasileiro experimentou uma enorme transformação com a Reforma do Estado dos anos 1990, que realizou privatizações e criou agências reguladoras. Esse novo ciclo de modernização mais uma vez radicalizou a tensão entre uma concepção liberal de separação dos poderes e o agigantamento da burocracia que cuida da regulação econômica e social. Mas nada disso é novo. A chave para a compreensão desse importante debate brasileiro pode ser encontrada no debate análogo em torno da Constituição de 1946. Revisitar esse debate pode nos despertar a perplexidade de constatar que 1988, nesse aspecto, repetiu 1946. The delegation by the legislature of some of its law making authority to administrative agencies has always been central to the modernization of Brazilian capitalism. There has always been, nevertheless, broad disagreement over this empowerment of non-majoritarian institutions. After years of authoritarian rule, the non-delegation doctrine became stronger with the new democratic Constitution of 1988. Brazilian Public Law suffered a dramatic change in the 1990s, when a State Reform programme implemented privatization and created independent regulatory agencies. This new modernization cycle once more radicalized the tension between a liberal conception of separation of powers and the increasing regulatory law. But this is not a new issue. Some important findings about this contemporary legal dilemma may be best captured by means of an analogous debate on the Constitution of 1946. We may be surprised to learn that 1988 has reproduced 1946´s dilemmas.
Ação de improbidade, controle externo e economicidade — as diferentes consequências jurídicas entre a atuação administrativa ilegal e a antieconômica (ou irregular)
Authors: Salles Alexandre Aroeira 
Published: July 2016

O texto procura identificar as limitações jurídicas para utilização da ação de improbidade administrativa diante da atuação da atividade de controle externo quanto ao princípio da economicidade. Busca ainda identificar o conteúdo jurídico dos termos constitucionais irregularidade e ilegalidade constantes dos artigos 71 e 74 da Constituição da República, para demonstrar possuírem consequências jurídicas distintas caso presentes em determinada situação fática. Avalia as condições para agentes públicos e os particulares sofrerem condenações nos Tribunais de Contas e em ação de improbidade. This article aims to identify the legal limitations of the use of administrative improbity actions by external control bodies in relation to economically inefficient acts. It also analyses the irregularity and illegality provisions in Articles 71 and 74 of the Brazilian Constitution and their respective legal consequences. This article also looks at the conditions under which public officials and individuals are penalized by the auditing courts andin improbity actions.
O equívoco brasileiro: cotas raciais em concursos públicos
Authors: Lima Edilson Vitorelli Diniz 
Published: July 2016

O presente artigo analisa a constitucionalidade das políticas de ação afirmativa, consistentes na criação de cotas para negros em concursos públicos, implementadas por estados federados e, mais recentemente, pela União, por intermédio da Lei no 12.990/2014. A partir da revisão da experiência norte-americana com políticas de ação afirmativa, dos precedentes relacionados às cotas no ensino superior e da análise constitucional, conclui que as cotas, conquanto sejam constitucionais quando aplicadas ao ingresso de alunos no ensino superior, são formal e materialmente inconstitucionais quando inseridas em concursos públicos. This paper aims to analyze one of the many policies of affirmative actions in racial context, that have been introduce in Brazil in the last few years. A recently approved federal Statute, nº 12.990/14, created quotas to black people in public contests designed to hire employees to work for the federal government. Adopting a comparative and analytical perspective, the research concludes that this kind of quotas violates the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, although it is still possible to apply quotas in other fields of public policy that demand affirmative actions, specially in granting for black students access to public universities.
The influence of glutathion S-transferase P-1 polymorphism A313G rs1695 on the susceptibility to cyclophosphamide hematologic toxicity in Indonesian patients
Authors: Hasni Dita , Siregar Kamal B. , Lim Hadyanto 
Published: July 2016

Background: Chemotherapy often causes side effects such as hematologic toxicity. The degree of toxicity is often associated with genetic polymorphism. This study aims to determine the influence of GSTP1 A313G polymorphism, an enzyme responsible for detoxifying cyclophosphamid, on incidence and severity of cyclophosphamid hematologic toxicity.Methods: 91 Indonesian females diagnosed with breast cancer at Haji Adam Malik Central General Hospital, Medan, receiving cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin/epirubicin and 5-FU were included in this retrospective cohort study. DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes and GSTP1 A313G genotyping was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction length fragment polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Genotype deviation and allele frequencies were also determined by Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. The degrees of hematologic toxicity (leucopenia and neutropenia data after chemotherapy cycles 1 and 3) were collected from the patient medical records. The data were analyzed using chi-square test.Results: 60.4% of the patients had the wildtype (A/A), while 29.7% were heterozygous (A/G), and 9.9% were homozygous mutant (G/G). There was no significant deviation of allele and genotype frequency from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. The G allele (A/G & G/G) contributes to more severe degree of leukopenia compared to patients with wild type allele (A/A) (p<0.05) after the 3rd chemotherapy cycles.Conclusion: There was association between GSTP1 polymorphism with the degree of hematologic toxicity in breast cancer patients receiving cyclophosphamide chemotherapy regimen.
Endorsing children’s appetite for healthy foods: Celebrity versus non-celebrity spokes-characters
Authors: Smits Tim , Vandebosch Heidi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper tests the comparative effectiveness of spokes-characters, both ‘celebrity’ and ‘non-celebrity’, in promoting healthy versus non-healthy foods. An experimental study among 6- to 7-year-old children in Belgium demonstrates that adding a spokes-character (i.e., a gnome) to a food product increases the appetite, the wished-for frequency of consumption and the expected number of purchase requests for that product. This finding holds true for healthy foods (apples and grapes) as well as for unhealthy foods (cookies and chocolate). The effect of the celebrity spokes-character exceeds that of a similar (but unknown) gnome. Nevertheless, the latter is also capable of promoting the healthy and unhealthy products. These findings suggest that using ‘celebrity’ spokes-characters to promote healthy foods to children might indeed be an effective strategy to change children’s diets. Even the use of similar, non-celebrity (and thus cheaper) spokes-characters could be quite fruitful.