bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multipoint scanning dual‐detection confocal microscopy for fast 3D volumetric measurement
Authors: LEE D. , GWEON D.‐G. , YOO H. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryWe propose a multipoint scanning dual‐detection confocal microscopy (MS‐DDCM) system for fast 3D volumetric measurements. Unlike conventional confocal microscopy, MS‐DDCM can accomplish surface profiling without axial scanning. Also, to rapidly obtain 2D images, the MS‐DDCM employs a multipoint scanning technique, with a digital micromirror device used to produce arrays of effective pinholes, which are then scanned. The MS‐DDCM is composed of two CCDs: one collects the conjugate images and the other collects nonconjugate images. The ratio of the axial response curves, measured by the two detectors, provides a linear relationship between the height of the sample surface and the ratio of the intensity signals. Furthermore, the difference between the two images results in enhanced contrast. The normalising effect of the MS‐DDCM provides accurate sample heights, even when the reflectance distribution of the surface varies. Experimental results confirmed that the MS‐DDCM achieved high‐speed surface profiling with improved image contrast capability.
Homeowner Borrowing and Housing Collateral: New Evidence from Expiring Price Controls
Authors: DEFUSCO ANTHONY A. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTI empirically analyze how changes in access to housing collateral affect homeowner borrowing behavior. To isolate the role of collateral constraints from that of wealth effects, I exploit the fully anticipated expiration of resale price controls on owner‐occupied housing in Montgomery County, Maryland. I estimate a marginal propensity to borrow out of housing collateral that ranges between $0.04 and $0.13 and is correlated with homeowners' initial leverage. Additional analysis of residential investment and ex‐post loan performance indicates that some of the extracted funds generated new expenditures. These results suggest a potentially important role for collateral constraints in driving household expenditures.
Payment Evasion
Authors: Buehler Stefan , Halbheer Daniel , Lechner Michael 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis paper shows that a firm can use the purchase price and the fine imposed on detected payment evaders to discriminate between unobservable consumer types. Assuming that consumers self‐select into regular buyers and payment evaders, we show that the firm typically engages in second‐degree price discrimination in which the purchase price exceeds the expected fine. In addition, we find that higher fines do not necessarily reduce payment evasion. We illustrate with data from fare dodging on public transportation.
Survey for the presence of a vitronectin–like protein in micro‐ and macroalgae and cyanobacteria
Authors: Field Lacey M. , Fagerberg Wayne R. , Böttger S. Anne 
Published: December 2017

Vitronectin (Vn) is a glycoprotein that serves a wide variety of roles in multicellular organisms. It was first identified in multicellular animals but has also been isolated from land plants and some algae, where it appears to serve as an extracellular adhesive molecule. In order to further elucidate presence and localization of a Vn–like protein and its potential role in algae, we surveyed different morphological regions of 24 species of macro‐ and microalgae and three species of cyanobacteria for the presence of a Vn–like protein. Vn–like proteins were not detected in any of the species of cyanobacteria, microalgae or Rhodophyta investigated. They were detected in several species of the Phaeophyceae and Chlorophyta where their localization was limited to the holdfast and rhizoids of these organisms, respectively. Detection of a Vn–like protein (between 0.0125 and 0.097 μg · μL−1 protein extract) was therefore limited to locations associated with substrate attachment.
IMBES Pre‐Conference: Using Insight From Research to Improve Education
Authors: Commissar Lia , Brookman‐Byrne Annie 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTIn September 2016, the International Mind, Brain, and Education Society (IMBES) biennial conference took place in Toronto, Canada. The pre‐conference (organized by the Wellcome Trust) was designed to share new findings, lessons learned, and inspirational innovation within the field, and to encourage the community to not only identify current challenges, but to start planning potential ways to address them. This article provides a brief summary of the discussions from the day, and suggests steps that members of the community, conference organizers, and funders can take in helping to move the field forward. Finally, it outlines new work Wellcome has commissioned since the conference in response to some of the challenges defined on the day.
Revisiting ‘the Nature of Protestantism’: Justification by Faith Five Hundred Years On
Authors: Zahl Simeon 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article builds on contemporary debates about the doctrine of justification by faith alone to revisit the old question of the “nature of Protestantism”. Traditionally a core feature of Protestant theology, the doctrine of sola fide has been under assault for the past forty years, including within Protestant theology. This essay begins by showing that the major contemporary critique that sola fide bases salvation on a “legal fiction” misses the way that early Reformers like Luther and Melanchthon understood the doctrine very substantially in terms of its pastoral power to “console” consciences. Attending to the theme of “consolation” reveals a psychological and affective realism close to the heart of the doctrine of justification by faith alone as it was originally understood. This article then shows that traditional Protestant critiques of the reliability of external mechanisms and instruments in the mediation of grace were shaped by the same orientation to psychological and affective factors that are evident in the doctrine of justification. Together, these observations suggest that “the nature of Protestantism” may be usefully understood in terms of a foundational prioritization of psychological and affective considerations over metaphysical considerations in theology.
Precise editing of CLAVATA genes in Brassica napus L. regulates multilocular silique development
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhu Kaiyu , Li Huailin , Han Shaoqing , Meng Qingwei , Khan Shahid Ullah , Fan Chuchuan , Xie Kabin , Zhou Yongming 
Published: December 2017

SummaryMultilocular silique is a desirable agricultural trait with great potential for the development of high‐yield varieties of Brassica. To date, no spontaneous or induced multilocular mutants have been reported in Brassica napus, which likely reflects its allotetraploid nature and the extremely low probability of the simultaneous random mutagenesis of multiple gene copies with functional redundancy. Here, we present evidence for the efficient knockout of rapeseed homologues of CLAVATA3 (CLV3) for a secreted peptide and its related receptors CLV1 and CLV2 in the CLV signalling pathway using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and achieved stable transmission of the mutations across three generations. Each BnCLV gene has two copies located in two subgenomes. The multilocular phenotype can be recovered only in knockout mutations of both copies of each BnCLV gene, illustrating that the simultaneous alteration of multiple gene copies by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis has great potential in generating agronomically important mutations in rapeseed. The mutagenesis efficiency varied widely from 0% to 48.65% in T0 with different single‐guide RNAs (sgRNAs), indicating that the appropriate selection of the sgRNA is important for effectively generating indels in rapeseed. The double mutation of BnCLV3 produced more leaves and multilocular siliques with a significantly higher number of seeds per silique and a higher seed weight than the wild‐type and single mutant plants, potentially contributing to increased seed production. We also assessed the efficiency of the horizontal transfer of Cas9/gRNA cassettes by pollination. Our findings reveal the potential for plant breeding strategies to improve yield traits in currently cultivated rapeseed varieties.
Charges and resource utilization for pediatric heart transplantation across a positive virtual and/or cytotoxicity crossmatch
Authors: West Shawn C. , Webber Steven A. , Zeevi Adriana , Miller Susan A. , Morell Victor O. , Feingold Brian 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThere is growing acceptance of transplantation across a positive crossmatch for highly allosensitized pediatric HT candidates. While survival may be similar to patients transplanted across a negative crossmatch, costs are unknown. Among 60 HT recipients at our center from 5/07 to 6/12, we analyzed hospital charges and length of stay from the day of HT to discharge and through the first year after transplant. Median age at HT was 6.2 years (15 days‐20.5 years). Charges in the first year post‐HT were greater for crossmatch‐positive patients ($907 678 vs $549 754; P = .017), with a trend toward higher charges for the HT hospitalization ($537 640 vs $407 374; P = .07). Plasmapheresis was more common in crossmatch‐positive patients during the HT hospitalization (80% vs 4%, P < .001). In the first year after HT, crossmatch‐positive patients had a greater number of endomyocardial biopsies (10 vs 7.5, P = .03) and episodes of treated rejection (2 vs 0, P = .004). Pediatric HT across a positive crossmatch is associated with higher first‐year costs, including increased use of plasmapheresis and care around an increased number of rejections. These novel data will help inform decision and policymaking regarding care practices for the growing population of highly sensitized pediatric HT candidates.
Biogenic Hierarchical MIL‐125/TiO2@SiO2 Derived from Rice Husk and Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties for Dye Degradation
Authors: Zhaohui Huang , Hui Chen , Lei Zhao , Xuan He , Weixin Li , Wei Fang , Guanghui Wang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe hierarchical porous heterostructured MIL‐125/TiO2@SiO2 composites are successfully obtained by biogenic‐templated method using rice husk both as biomorphic. The products are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, N2‐adsorption‐desorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results reveal that MIL‐125/TiO2@SiO2 possesses a hierarchical porous structure in scale from micrometer to nanometer with high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area (385.7–902.7 m2 g−1). The photocatalytic mechanism was discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the activity of MIL‐125/TiO2@SiO2 for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous medium is significantly higher than that of P25. The current work provides some concept and methods in the development of MOF‐based photocatalysts.
Synthesis of AgCl/Ag3PO4 Composite Photocatalysts and Study on Photodegradation Activity Based on a Continuous Reactor
Authors: Zhao Xiaofei , Song Limin , Zhang Shujuan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractNovel AgCl/Ag3PO4 photocatalysts were synthesized by a simple precipitation method, in which AgCl was coated onto Ag3PO4 particles, as uncovered by X‐ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectrometry. Different from previous research on photocatalytic degradation, we studied the performance of methyl orange photodegradation on a small continuous flow reactor. The highest degradation activity of 97% was achieved by the 2 wt.% AgCl/Ag3PO4 after 8 min of visible light irradiation, while pure Ag3PO4 degraded only 71% methyl orange under same conditions. The degradation rate constant of the 2 wt.% AgCl/Ag3PO4 was 1.36 times higher than that of pure Ag3PO4. The AgCl/Ag3PO4 maintained high photocatalytic activity after five cycles, without any significant decrease.
Photobiomodulation in the Metabolism of Lipopolysaccharides‐exposed Epithelial Cells and Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Pansani Taisa Nogueira , Basso Fernanda Gonçalves , Soares Diana Gabriela , Turrioni Ana Paula da Silveira , Hebling Josimeri , de Souza Costa Carlos Alberto 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis study assessed the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) to cells previously exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and epithelial cells (HaCaT) were seeded in wells of 24‐well plates containing complete culture medium (DMEM). After 24 h, the DMEM was replaced by serum‐free DMEM, and cells were exposed to LPS of Escherichia coli (E. coli) (10 μg mL−1) for 24, 48, and 72 h. The cells were subjected to specific parameters of phototherapy (PT) (LASERTable—InGaAsP—780 ± 3 nm, 25 mW, 3 J cm−2). Cell proliferation (alamarBlue®), viability (Trypan Blue) and synthesis of CCL2 (ELISA) were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney test (α = 5%). Proliferation and viability of both cell lines decreased after LPS treatment at 48 and 72 h. Enhanced synthesis of CCL2 by gingival fibroblasts occurred at 24 h, while epithelial cells increased synthesis of this chemokine at 48 and 72 h. PBM enhanced cell proliferation and viability in a time‐dependent manner for both cell lines exposed or not to LPS, while synthesis of CCL2 by cells exposed to PT decreased over time. PBM caused biomodulatory effects on gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells previously treated with LPS. These effects may decrease tissue inflammatory response and accelerate wound healing of oral mucosal tissue.
Demodex canis targets TLRs to evade host immunity and induce canine demodicosis
Authors: Kumari P. , Nigam R. , Choudhury S. , Singh S. K. , Yadav B. , Kumar D. , Garg S. K. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryWidespread incidence of Demodex mites throughout the mammalian class and occasional serious and fatal outcomes in dogs warrant an insight into the host‐parasite interface especially. Therefore, this study was aimed to unravel the interplay between innate immune response and canine demodicosis. The dogs diagnosed to have natural clinical demodicosis were allocated into two groups; dogs with localized demodicosis (LD) and with generalized demodicosis (GD). The expression of toll‐like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4 and 6 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these dogs was quantified by real‐time PCR. Significantly increased TLR2 gene expression, while significantly diminished TLR4 and TLR6 gene expressions were observed in demodicosed dogs (LD and GD) as compared with the healthy ones. Even the expression of TLR2 gene was found to differ significantly between the dogs with LD and GD. Therefore, it can be inferred that clinical demodicosis in dogs is coupled with an up‐regulation of TLR2 and down‐regulation of TLR4 and TLR6 gene expressions. Overexpression of TLR2 gene might be responsible for Demodex‐induced clinical manifestations, while TLR4 and TLR6 gene down‐regulations could be the paramount strategy of Demodex mites to elude the host‐immune interface.
What Do We Know about Risk Factors for Fetal Growth Restriction in Africa at the Time of Sustainable Development Goals? A Scoping Review
Authors: Accrombessi Manfred , Zeitlin Jennifer , Massougbodji Achille , Cot Michel , Briand Valérie 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe reduction in the under‐5 year mortality rate to at least as low as 25 per 1000 livebirths by 2030 has been implemented as one of the new Sustainable Development Goals. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is one of the most important determinants of infant mortality in developing countries. In this review, we assess the extent of the literature and summarize its findings on the main preventable factors of FGR in Africa.MethodsA scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. Five bibliographic databases and grey literature were used to identify studies assessing at least one risk factor for FGR. Aggregate risk estimates for the main factors associated with FGR were calculated.ResultsForty‐five of a total of 671 articles were selected for the review. The prevalence of FGR varied between 2.6 and 59.2% according to both the African region and the definition of FGR. The main preventable factors reported were a low maternal nutritional status (aggrerate odds ratio [OR]: 2.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59, 3.25), HIV infection (aOR 1.86, 95% CI 1.38, 2.50), malaria (aOR 1.95, 95% CI 1.04, 3.66), and gestational hypertension (aOR 2.61, 95% CI 2.42, 2.82).ConclusionFGR is, to a large extent, preventable through existing efficacious interventions dedicated to malaria, HIV and nutrition. Further studies are still needed to assess the influence of risk factors most commonly documented in high‐income countries. Improving research on FGR in Africa requires a consensual and standardized definition of FGR—for a higher comparability—between studies and settings.
A Brief Argument For Consciousness Without Access
Authors: D'Aloisio‐Montilla Nicholas 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes a new argument in favour of the claim that phenomenal consciousness overflows – that is, has a far higher capacity than – cognitive access. It shows that opponents of overflow implicate a necessary role for visual imagery in the change detection paradigm. However, empirical evidence suggests that there is no correlation between visual imagery abilities and performance in this paradigm. Since the use of imagery is not implicated in the performance strategy of subjects, we find a new argument for consciousness without access.
Co‐morbidity and mortality among patients with interstitial lung diseases: A population‐based study
Authors: Hilberg Ole , Bendstrup Elisabeth , Løkke Anders , Ibsen Rikke , Fløe Andreas , Hyldgaard Charlotte 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveCo‐morbidities are frequent among patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILD). The objective of this study was to investigate their impact on mortality.MethodsWe used the Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR) to identify all patients with a first‐time diagnosis of ILD between 1998 and 2010. Patients with ILD were matched 1:4 with controls from the background population. The burden of co‐morbidity was assessed using the Deyo–Charlson co‐morbidity score (DCcs). Mortality risks were assessed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves, and hazard rate ratios (HRR) for death were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsWe identified 10 629 patients with ILD with a corresponding incidence estimate of ILD in Denmark of 17.6 per 100 000 inhabitants (95% CI: 16.5–18.7). Mean age was 72 years and 45.6% of the patients were females. Co‐morbidity (DCcs ≥ 1) was present in 30% of the ILD patients and 12% of the controls (P < 0.001). The 5‐year survival was 56.0% (95% CI: 54.6–56.6) among ILD patients and 84.0% (95% CI: 83.7–84.4) among controls. HRR for death among patients with ILD was 3.82 for males (95% CI: 3.63–4.02) and 3.85 for females (95% CI: 3.62–4.09) with matched controls as reference. Decreasing survival was seen with increasing DCcs for both groups. The 5‐year survival for DCcs = 0 was 61% for ILD and 87% for controls compared with 41% versus 58% for DCcs = 2.ConclusionSurvival was impaired for patients with ILD for all levels of the DCcs, although increasing burden of co‐morbidity tended to close the mortality gap.
Patterns of use of long‐acting bronchodilators in patients with COPD: A nationwide follow‐up study of new users in New Zealand
Authors: Parkin Lianne , Barson David , Zeng Jiaxu , Horsburgh Simon , Sharples Katrina , Dummer Jack 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveWhile several studies have found that prescribing practices do not conform to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment guidelines, none have examined longitudinal patterns of use of long‐acting beta2‐agonist (LABA) and long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) therapy across an entire country. We undertook a nationwide follow‐up study to describe treatment patterns in new users of long‐acting bronchodilators.MethodsNational health and pharmaceutical dispensing data were used to identify patients aged ≥45 years who initiated LABA and/or LAMA therapy for COPD between 1 February 2006 and 31 December 2013. Dispensings of LABAs, LAMAs and inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) were aggregated into episodes of use of therapeutic regimens. Kaplan–Meier curves, sunburst plots and sequence index plots were generated to summarize, respectively, the duration of the first regimen, the sequences in which unique regimens were used and the patterns of use and non‐use during follow‐up.ResultsThe study cohort included 83 435 patients with 290 400 person‐years of follow‐up. The most commonly initiated regimen was a LABA with an ICS. ICS use was inconsistent with international guidelines: over‐ and under‐treatment occurred in patients with infrequent and frequent exacerbations, respectively, and ICS monotherapy was common. The median duration of the first regimen was 46 days. Many patients used multiple regimens over time and periods of non‐use were common.ConclusionIn this nationwide study, patterns of use of LABAs, LAMAs and ICSs were complex and often did not comply with treatment guidelines. Further work is required to address the discrepancy between guidelines and prescribing practices.
A signaling perspective on bureaucratic encounters: How public officials interpret signals and cues
Authors: Raaphorst Nadine , Van de Walle Steven 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article provides scholars studying frontline judgements an analytical framework—the signaling perspective—that could be used to examine how street‐level bureaucrats evaluate unobservable citizen‐client properties. It proposes to look not only at the kind of signals and cues officials gather, but also at the interpretive frames used to make sense of them. This offers a valuable contribution to the street‐level bureaucracy literature, which largely focuses on explaining discretionary decision making by looking at the influence of officials' personal preferences or client characteristics, but less on officials' interpretive frameworks to make sense of client characteristics. The analytical framework is illustrated by applying it to existing literature on trustworthiness judgements of social workers and police officers. Different interpretive frames were found from which frontline officials interpret citizen characteristics as signals. The article concludes by offering several avenues for future research.
Building an ACT‐R Reader for Eye‐Tracking Corpus Data
Authors: Dotlačil Jakub 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCognitive architectures have often been applied to data from individual experiments. In this paper, I develop an ACT‐R reader that can model a much larger set of data, eye‐tracking corpus data. It is shown that the resulting model has a good fit to the data for the considered low‐level processes. Unlike previous related works (most prominently, Engelmann, Vasishth, Engbert & Kliegl, ), the model achieves the fit by estimating free parameters of ACT‐R using Bayesian estimation and Markov‐Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques, rather than by relying on the mix of manual selection + default values. The method used in the paper is generalizable beyond this particular model and data set and could be used on other ACT‐R models.