bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of developmental experience vs. condition to life history, trait variation and individual differences
Authors: DiRienzo Nicholas , Montiglio Pierre‐Olivier 
Published: March 2016

Summary1. Developmental experience, for example food abundance during juvenile stages, is known to affect life history and behaviour. However, the life history and behavioural consequences of developmental experience have rarely been studied in concert. As a result, it is still unclear whether developmental experience affects behaviour through changes in life history, or independently of it.2. The effect of developmental experience on life history and behaviour may also be masked or affected by individual condition during adulthood. Thus, it is critical to tease apart the effects of developmental experience and current individual condition on life history and behaviour.3. In this study, we manipulated food abundance during development in the western black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus, by rearing spiders on either a restricted or ad lib diet. We separated developmental from condition‐dependent effects by assaying adult foraging behaviour (tendency to attack prey and to stay on out of the refuge following an attack) and web structure multiple times under different levels of satiation following different developmental treatments.4. Spiders reared under food restriction matured slower and at a smaller size than spiders reared in ad lib conditions. Spiders reared on a restricted diet were more aggressive towards prey and built webs structured for prey capture, while spiders reared on an ad lib diet were less aggressive and built safer webs. Developmental treatment affected which traits were plastic as adults: restricted spiders built safer webs when their adult condition increased, while ad lib spiders reduced their aggression when their adult condition increased. The amount of individual variation in behaviour and web structure varied with developmental treatment. Spiders reared on a restricted diet exhibited consistent variation in all aspects of foraging behaviour and web structure, while spiders reared on an ad lib diet exhibited consistent individual variation in aggression and web weight only.5. Developmental experience affected the average life history, behaviour and web structure of spiders, but also shaped the amount of phenotypic variation observed among individuals. Surprisingly, developmental experience also determined the particular way in which individuals plastically adjusted their behaviour and web structure to changes in adult condition.
‘Asset Price Urbanism’ and Financialization after the Crisis: Ireland's National Asset Management Agency
Authors: Byrne Michael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe impact of the global financial crisis on cities is the subject of an important body of research. One aspect which has received surprisingly little attention is the urban dimension of government interventions in the financial sector, particularly given the integration of finance and real estate is widely understood as a key driver of the crisis. This article examines one such intervention, the National Asset Management Agency (NAMA), a ‘bad bank' established by the Irish government to acquire and manage ‘toxic' real estate loans from the banking sector. Although envisaged as an intervention in the financial sector, the relationship between finance and real estate is such that the agency has a significant impact on urban development and, at the same time, that the management of urban space plays a key role in resolving the financial crisis and restoring the flow of credit in the economy. The article develops the concept of ‘asset price urbanism' to capture the way in which urban space and its relationship to finance is managed to bolster the relationship between real estate and credit, and theorizes this as a significant aspect of contemporary accumulation. The article thus makes an empirically grounded conceptual contribution to literature on the urban dimension of financialization.
Influence of fetal blood flow redistribution on fetal and childhood growth and fat distribution: the Generation R Study
Authors: Kooijman MN , Gaillard R , Reiss IKM , Hofman A , Steegers EAP , Jaddoe VWV 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveA suboptimal intrauterine environment leads to fetal blood flow redistribution and fetal growth restriction. Not much is known about childhood growth consequences. We examined the associations of fetal blood flow redistribution with birth outcomes, and repeatedly measured fetal and childhood growth and fat mass measures.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingPopulation‐based.PopulationOne thousand one hundred and ninety‐five pregnant women and their children.MethodsWe measured umbilical and cerebral artery blood flow at a gestational age of 30.3 weeks (95% range, 28.5–32.6 weeks). A higher umbilical/cerebral (U/C) pulsatility index ratio is an indicator of preferential blood flow to the brain cerebral circulation at the expense of the lower body parts.Main outcome measuresFetal and childhood growth were repeatedly measured from the third trimester until childhood. We measured the total body fat mass, lean fat mass and android/gynoid fat mass ratio by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and preperitoneal fat by ultrasound at 6 years.ResultsA higher fetal U/C ratio was associated with increased risks of preterm birth and small size for gestational age at birth [odds ratios, 1.41 (95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.85) and 1.63 (95% confidence interval, 1.21–2.19), respectively, per SDS increase in U/C ratio]. Longitudinal growth analyses showed that a higher fetal U/C ratio was associated with persistently lower head circumference, length and weight from third trimester fetal life until childhood (all P < 0.05). The fetal U/C ratio was not associated with total body and abdominal fat measures at 6 years.ConclusionOur results suggest that fetal blood flow redistribution affects fetal development and has persistent consequences for childhood growth.Tweetable AbstractFetal blood flow redistribution affects fetal development and has persistent consequences for childhood growth.
Population structure of Atlantic mackerel inferred from RAD‐seq‐derived SNP markers: effects of sequence clustering parameters and hierarchical SNP selection
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ezpeleta Naiara , Bradbury Ian R. , Mendibil Iñaki , Álvarez Paula , Cotano Unai , Irigoien Xabier 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRestriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐seq) and related methods are revolutionizing the field of population genomics in nonmodel organisms as they allow generating an unprecedented number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) even when no genomic information is available. Yet, RAD‐seq data analyses rely on assumptions on nature and number of nucleotide variants present in a single locus, the choice of which may lead to an under‐ or overestimated number of SNPs and/or to incorrectly called genotypes. Using the Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) and a close relative, the Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias), as case study, here we explore the sensitivity of population structure inferences to two crucial aspects in RAD‐seq data analysis: the maximum number of mismatches allowed to merge reads into a locus and the relatedness of the individuals used for genotype calling and SNP selection. Our study resolves the population structure of the Atlantic mackerel, but, most importantly, provides insights into the effects of alternative RAD‐seq data analysis strategies on population structure inferences that are directly applicable to other species.
Importance of DNA and histone methylation in in vitro plant propagation for crop improvement: a review
Authors: Karim R. , Nuruzzaman M. , Khalid N. , Harikrishna J.A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEpigenetic changes including DNA and histone methylation may reorganise the nuclear architecture during in vitro culture. The states of methylation resulting from in vitro cultures are often related to control the somatic embryogenesis and regeneration process via modulating gene expression. By changing the methylation profile, it is possible to alter gene expression which may be applicable to produce large number of high quality planting materials or to improve agronomic traits leading to crop improvement. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of methylation alterations and acquisition of developmental cell fate during in vitro cultures can help in the development of strategies to enhance the embryogenic capability and totipotency in recalcitrant plant species and genotypes. Moreover, the methylation profile may also be useful to adapt crops under adverse environment as the plants undergo through various stresses during in vitro cultures. In this article, we review the literature on the role of DNA and histone methylation in plant variation and discuss the potential of targeted epigenetic variation for crop improvement.
Attenuated frontal and sensory inputs to the basal ganglia in cannabis users
Authors: Blanco‐Hinojo Laura , Pujol Jesus , Harrison Ben J , Macià Dídac , Batalla Albert , Nogué Santiago , Torrens Marta , Farré Magí , Deus Joan , Martín‐Santos Rocío 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHeavy cannabis use is associated with reduced motivation. The basal ganglia, central in the motivation system, have the brain's highest cannabinoid receptor density. The frontal lobe is functionally coupled to the basal ganglia via segregated frontal–subcortical circuits conveying information from internal, self‐generated activity. The basal ganglia, however, receive additional influence from the sensory system to further modulate purposeful behaviors according to the context. We postulated that cannabis use would impact functional connectivity between the basal ganglia and both internal (frontal cortex) and external (sensory cortices) sources of influence. Resting‐state functional connectivity was measured in 28 chronic cannabis users and 29 controls. Selected behavioral tests included reaction time, verbal fluency and exposition to affective pictures. Assessments were repeated after one month of abstinence. Cannabis exposure was associated with (1) attenuation of the positive correlation between the striatum and areas pertaining to the ‘limbic’ frontal–basal ganglia circuit, and (2) attenuation of the negative correlation between the striatum and the fusiform gyrus, which is critical in recognizing significant visual features. Connectivity alterations were associated with lower arousal in response to affective pictures. Functional connectivity changes had a tendency to normalize after abstinence. The results overall indicate that frontal and sensory inputs to the basal ganglia are attenuated after chronic exposure to cannabis. This effect is consistent with the common behavioral consequences of chronic cannabis use concerning diminished responsiveness to both internal and external motivation signals. Such an impairment of the fine‐tuning in the motivation system notably reverts after abstinence.
Understanding type I and type II errors, statistical power and sample size
Authors: Akobeng Anthony K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe results of a clinical trial may be subject to random error because of the variability in the measured data, which arises purely by chance. There are two types of random error – type I error and type II error. In this study, type I and type II errors are explained, and the important concepts of statistical power and sample size estimation are discussed.ConclusionThe most important way of minimising random errors is to ensure adequate sample size; that is, a sufficient large number of patients should be recruited for the study.
Influence of extrusion of corn and broken rice on energy content and growth performance of weaning pigs
Authors: Liu Hua , Wan Haifeng , Xu Shengyu , Fang Zhengfeng , Lin Yan , Che Lianqiang , Li Jian , Li Yong , Su Xiang , Wu De 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to study the effects of extrusion on the energy content of corn and broken rice and on growth performance of weaning pigs. In experiment 1, 24 barrows (28 days old, 7.28 ± 0.90 kg body weight (BW)) were used to compare the effects of extrusion of corn and broken rice on the values of digestible energy (DE) in weaned pigs. The DE content in extruded corn (17.45 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) by 5.54% compared with that in corn (16.48 MJ/kg DM), while no significant difference in DE content was observed between extruded broken rice (17.66 MJ/kg DM) and broken rice (17.76 MJ/kg DM). In experiment 2, 120 weanling pigs (21 days old, 5.76 ± 0.07 kg BW) were used to evaluate the influence of substitution corn and extruded corn by different proportions of raw and extruded broken rice on growth performance of pigs. The inclusion of broken rice in the diets improved (P < 0.05) growth performance of pigs during the first week and the 2 weeks post‐weaning but not thereafter. However, there was no significant difference in growth performance between treatments in other periods. Overall, this study indicates that feeding weaning pigs with broken rice has beneficial results.
The placebo response of injectable GLP‐1 receptor agonists vs. oral DPP‐4 inhibitors and SGLT‐2 inhibitors: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: de Wit Helena M. , te Groen Maarten , Rovers Maroeska M. , Tack Cees J. 
Published: March 2016

AimsThe size of the placebo response in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) treatment and its relation to the route of drug administration have not been systematically reviewed. We aimed to determine weight loss, change in HbA1c and incidence of adverse events after treatment with injectable placebo GLP‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1ra), compared with oral placebo DPP‐4 inhibitor (DPP‐4i) and placebo SGLT‐2 inhibitor (SGLT‐2i).MethodsPubMed, EMBASE and Central were searched up to September 2014 for randomized placebo controlled trials investigating GLP‐1ra, DPP‐4i or SGLT2‐i. Data on placebo groups were extracted and pooled using a generic inverse variance random effects model.ResultsSixty‐seven trials were included, involving 2522, 5290 and 2028 patients randomized to placebo GLP‐1ra, placebo DPP‐4i and placebo SGLT‐2i, respectively. Body weight decreased by −0.67 kg (95% CI −1.03, −0.31) after treatment with placebo GLP‐1ra (−0.76 kg [95% CI −1.10, −0.43] with placebo short acting GLP‐1ra and −0.32 kg [95% CI −1.75, 1.10] with placebo long acting GLP‐1ra) and by −0.31 kg (95% CI −0.64, 0.01) with placebo DPP‐4i (P = 0.06 for difference with placebo short acting GLP‐1ra). Placebo SGLT‐2i resulted in an intermediate −0.48 kg (95% CI −0.81, −0.15) weight loss. Weight loss with placebo showed a strong correlation with the active comparator drug (r2 = 0.40–0.78). HbA1c changed little with placebo treatment (−0.23%, 0.10% and −0.13% for placebo GLP‐1ra, DPP‐4i and SGLT‐2i). Adverse events occurred frequently with placebo, were often similar to the active comparator drug and led to drop‐out in 2.0–2.7% of cases.ConclusionsThe response to placebo treatment was related to its active comparator, with injectable placebo GLP‐1ra showing a relevant response on weight, whereas oral placebo DPP4i showed no significant response. These findings may suggest that subjective expectations influence T2DM treatment efficacy, which can possibly be employed therapeutically.
Impact of tumour size on prognosis of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy: a multi‐institutional analysis of 795 cases
Authors: Shibing Yan , Liangren Liu , Qiang Wei , Hong Liao , Turun Song , Junhao Lei , Lu Yang , Zhengyong Yuan , Yonghao Jiang , Guangqing Fu , Yunxiang Li , Dehong Cao 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prognostic impact of tumour size on survival outcomes in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU).Patients and MethodsData on 795 patients treated with RNU for UTUC from seven centres were retrospectively analysed with focus on tumour size. Clinicopathological features and relevant prognostic factors were compared between patients with tumours ≤3.0 cm and those with tumours >3.0 cm in size. The primary endpoints were cancer‐specific survival (CSS), disease recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS).ResultsAt a median follow‐up of 32 months, 313 (39.4%) patients died from UTUC, 321 (40.4%) developed cancer recurrence, and 359 (45.1%) died from all causes. Tumour size >3.0 cm was associated with unfavourable clinicopathlogical features. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that tumour size was significantly correlated with worse CSS, RFS and OS (all P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that tumour size was an independent predictor of CSS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.296; P < 0.001), RFS (HR 2.193; P < 0.001) and OS (HR 2.417; P < 0.001).ConclusionsTumour size >3.0 cm was a significant predictor of CSS, RFS and OS after RNU for patients with UTUC. Further studies are warranted before tumour size is included in risk prediction tools.
IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHICS FOR HOUSING IN THE OECD ECONOMIES
Authors: Arestis Philip , Gonzalez‐Martinez Ana Rosa 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of this contribution is to study the role of demographics in the explanation of house prices in the last few decades. Special attention is paid to the role, which has been played by three groups of population that have different necessities in terms of the amount of housing services that they wish to consume: (a) population aged between 25 and 44 years old; (b) population aged between 45 and 64 years old; and (c) retirees. Following our discussion of recent trends in demographics and relevant stylized facts, the construction of a theoretical framework ensues; finally we provide empirical evidence in the case of 17 OECD economies over the period 1970–2013, discuss it in relation to our theoretical framework before we summarize and conclude.
Choosing foods for infants: a qualitative study of the factors that influence mothers
Authors: Boak R. , Virgo‐Milton M. , Hoare A. , de Silva A. , Gibbs L. , Gold L. , Gussy M. , Calache H. , Smith M. , Waters E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundExamining the experiences of parents making food choices for infants is important because ultimately this influences what infants eat. Infancy is a critical period when food preferences and eating behaviour begin to develop, shaping dietary patterns, growth and health outcomes. There is limited evidence regarding what or why foods are chosen for infants.ObjectiveTo describe the experiences of mothers making food choices for their infant children.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews with 32 Australian mothers of infants aged four to 15 months from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds. An inductive thematic analysis through a process of constant comparison was conducted on transcribed interviews.ResultsMothers described many ideas and circumstances which influenced food choices they made for infants. Themes were developed which encapsulate how the wider environment and individual circumstances combine to result in the food choices made for infants. Beliefs, values, norms and knowledge were a central influence on choices. Cost, quality and availabilities of various foods were also key factors. Related to this, and combined with inherent factors such as perishability and infant acceptability, fresh fruits and vegetables were often singled out as an easy or difficult choice. Influences of time, parents' capacities, social connections and different information sources were clearly apparent. Finally infants' own preferences and how parents helped infants with learning to eat were also key influences on food choices.ConclusionsChoosing foods for infants is a complex social practice. An ecological framework depicting the multiple influences on what people eat and sociological theory on food choice regarding the role of ‘social structure’ and ‘human agency’ are both applicable to the process of choosing foods for infants. Equity issues may be key regarding the degree to which mothers can choose particular foods for infants (e.g. choosing foods which promote health).
The Praise Paradox: When and Why Praise Backfires in Children With Low Self‐Esteem
Authors: Brummelman Eddie , Crocker Jennifer , Bushman Brad J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn contemporary Western society, many adults use praise to boost children's self‐esteem. Accordingly, they might praise those who seem to need it the most: children with low self‐esteem. In this article, we review research showing that certain types of praise can backfire, especially in children with low self‐esteem. Adults are inclined to give children with low self‐esteem person praise (e.g., “You're smart!”) and inflated praise (e.g., “That's incredibly beautiful!”). Paradoxically, such praise can lower these children's motivation and feelings of self‐worth in the face of setbacks (e.g., when they struggle or fail). Lowered feelings of self‐worth, in turn, might invite more person praise and inflated praise from adults, creating a self‐sustaining downward spiral. We propose a transactional model to shed light on this apparent praise paradox, and we describe the model's implications for theory and research.
Antihypertensive Medications and the Survival Rate of Osseointegrated Dental Implants: A Cohort Study
Authors: Wu Xixi , Al‐Abedalla Khadijeh , Eimar Hazem , Arekunnath Madathil Sreenath , Abi‐Nader Samer , Daniel Nach G. , Nicolau Belinda , Tamimi Faleh 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPurposeAntihypertensive drugs in general are beneficial for bone formation and remodeling, and are associated with lower risk of bone fractures. As osseointegration is influenced by bone metabolism, this study aimed to investigate the association between antihypertensive drugs and the survival rate of osseointegrated implants.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included a total of 1,499 dental implants in 728 patients (327 implants in 142 antihypertensive‐drugs‐users and 1,172 in 586 nonusers). Multilevel mixed effects parametric survival analyses were used to test the association between antihypertensive drugs use and implant failure adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsOnly 0.6% of the implants failed in patients using antihypertensive drugs while 4.1% failed in nonusers. A higher survival rate of dental implants was observed among users of antihypertensive drugs [HR (95% CI): 0.12 (0.03–0.49)] compared to nonusers.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that treatment with antihypertensive drugs may be associated with an increased survival rate of osseointegrated implants. To our knowledge, this could be the first study showing that the systemic use of a medication could be associated with higher survival rate of dental implants.
The Role of Moral Beliefs, Memories, and Preferences in Representations of Identity
Authors: Heiphetz Larisa , Strohminger Nina , Young Liane L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPeople perceive that if their memories and moral beliefs changed, they would change. We investigated why individuals respond this way. In Study 1, participants judged that identity would change more after changes to memories and widely shared moral beliefs (e.g., about murder) versus preferences and controversial moral beliefs (e.g., about abortion). The extent to which participants judged that changes would affect their relationships predicted identity change (Study 2) and mediated the relationship between type of moral belief and perceived identity change (Study 3). We discuss the role that social relationships play in judgments of identity and highlight implications for psychology and philosophy.