bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of A School‐Based Nutrition Intervention on Children's Fruit, Vegetables, and Dairy Product Intake
Authors: Drapeau Vicky , Savard Mathieu , Gallant Annette , Nadeau Luc , Gagnon Jocelyn 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDMost Canadian children do not meet daily recommendations for consumption of vegetables and fruits (V/F) and dairy products (DP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of Team Nutriathlon on V/F and DP consumption of children.METHODSParticipants were 404 children from grades 5 and 6 (intervention group [IG] N = 242, control group [CG] N = 162). Teams of children were guided to increase their consumption and variety of V/F and DP over an 8‐week period. Daily servings of V/F and DP were compared between groups at 4 time points: baseline (week 0), during (week 6), immediately after (week 9 or 10), and a follow‐up 10 weeks after (week 20) the intervention.RESULTSDuring and after the program and at follow‐up, children in the IG consumed more servings of V/F and DP compared to the CG (group × time, p < .0001). Sex, baseline consumption levels, and school socioeconomic status did not influence the results (p > .05).CONCLUSIONSTeam Nutriathlon is an innovative school‐based nutrition program that can help to increase the V/F and DP consumption of children.
Keep Kids in School: A Collaborative Community Effort to Increase Compliance With State‐Mandated Health Requirements
Authors: Rogers Valerie , Salzeider Christine , Holzum Laura , Milbrandt Tracy , Zahnd Whitney , Puczynski Mark 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIt is important that collaborative relationships exist in a community to improve access to needed services for children. Such partnerships foster preventive services, such as immunizations, and other services that protect the health and well‐being of all children.METHODSA collaborative relationship in Illinois involving an academic health center, a school district, and county health department to address noncompliance with health examination and immunization requirements was formed. Parents were additional partners.RESULTSExaminations, screenings, and immunizations increased from previous year baselines. Greater fulfillment of health exam mandates resulted in fewer students (39% fewer) excluded from admission to school.CONCLUSIONSThe type of partnerships described is feasible and can result in improved health care for school‐aged children who otherwise might be excluded both from health services and from school.
Effect of increasing levels of wasted date palm on digestion, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep
Authors: Khezri A. , Dayani O. , Tahmasbi R. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis study was conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of wasted date (WD) in sheep (initial body weight 50 ± 2.3 kg) diets on apparent diet digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. The experimental diets contained 0 (0 WD), 9% (9 WD), 18% (18 WD) or 27% (27 WD) of wasted dates. These diets were evaluated through a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four 28‐day periods. Sheep were individually housed in metabolic cages and were fed diets ad libitum. To keep the diets isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, increasing partial replacement of WD for barley grain was used with increasing levels of soya bean meal. Increasing the amount of WD in diets of sheep did not influence (p > 0.05) diet intake and digestibility of nutrients. Inclusion of WD in diets of sheep did not affect (p > 0.05) ruminal pH but decreased (p < 0.05) NH3‐N concentration and blood urea nitrogen. Also there was no effect (p > 0.05) of the WD provision on N intake and faecal N loss of experimental animals, but urinary nitrogen excretion and retained nitrogen were affected (p < 0.05) by dietary treatments. Purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis increased (p < 0.05) linearly with the level of WD in the diet. In conclusion, the increase in microbial protein synthesis and concomitant reduction in ruminal NH3‐N concentration and blood urea nitrogen in response to wasted date supply suggest improved efficiency of ruminal nitrogen metabolism without adverse effects on fermentation characteristics and animal performance.
Fasting heat production of Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats measured using open‐circuit facemask respirometry
Authors: Fernandes M. H. M. da R. , Lima A. R. C. , Almeida A. K. , Borghi T. H. , Teixeira I. A. M. de A. , de Resende K. T. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis study aimed to establish the heat production (HP) of Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats at absorptive (feeding) and at post‐absorptive (fasting) statuses to determine the adequate period of fasting required for the measurement of basal metabolism. Gas exchange was recorded via open‐circuit facemask respirometry. Six non‐lactating and non‐pregnant goats of each breed, Saanen (49.2 ± 3.2 kg of body weight, BW) and Anglo Nubian (64.0 ± 3.0 kg BW), were placed in individual pens with ad libitum access to the same total mixed ration. After a 3‐day feeding period, the animals were subjected to fasting (no feed), and the gas exchange measurement was performed for 30 min at 0, 12, 20, 36, 44, 60 and 68 h after fasting. The daily HP of the Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats averaged 557.4 ± 38.7 and 357.1 ± 35.3 kJ/kg0.75 BW day respectively. During fasting, the methane production decreased exponentially in both breeds, and the critical time when methane production was statistically equal to zero was at 31 h of fasting for the Saanen goats and at 40 h for the Anglo Nubian goats. The daily HP and respiratory exchange rate during fasting decreased up to 60 h. Taken together, our results suggest that the ideal period to measure fasting heat production (FHP) for goats fed at maintenance levels should be between 40 h and 60 h of fasting. Consequently, the daily FHP, after 60 h of fasting, of Saanen and Anglo Nubian goats was 183.3 ± 16.3 and 211.1 ± 11.5 kJ/kg0.75 BW day respectively. The results presented herein are relevant for future studies of energy metabolism in goats.
Different Languages – Different Sentence Types? On Exclamative Sentences
Authors: d'Avis Franz 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIt is not equally easy for all languages to establish an exclamative sentence type. It seems the easiest for those languages that feature a morphological marking for an exclamative sentence type like Turkish or Vietnamese. English on the other hand is a language that does not mark exclamative clauses with an easily identifiable marker but uses certain preferred constructions, which allow us to separate a class of ‘exclamative sentences’ from other sentence types. However, there is another class of languages for which it is even harder to determine if ‘exclamative sentences’ exist as a sentence type. In those languages, these sentences share a striking amount of formal properties with sentences used for different speech acts. German is a case in point, and we will look at the properties of exclamative sentences in this language in detail.
Food habits of the world's grey wolves
Authors: Newsome Thomas M. , Boitani Luigi , Chapron Guillaume , Ciucci Paolo , Dickman Christopher R. , Dellinger Justin A. , López‐Bao José V. , Peterson Rolf O. , Shores Carolyn R. , Wirsing Aaron J. , Ripple William J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Grey wolves Canis lupus have been studied extensively, but there has been no detailed review of the species’ feeding ecology, despite growing debate about how to conserve wolf populations while limiting their impacts on wild or domestic ungulates. Here, we assess the extent to which the grey wolf diet varies among and within North America, Europe, and Asia.

We derived dietary data from searches of published literature. We grouped studies based on their bioregional location. We compared grey wolf diet among locations using non‐metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity. We assessed whether increased human impacts are associated with decreased grey wolf dietary diversity. Finally, using studies from southern Europe, we assessed whether the importance of wild ungulates in grey wolf diet has increased over time, coincident with a decline in domestic species in grey wolf diet over time.

We compiled dietary data from 177 studies incorporating 94607 scat and stomach samples. Grey wolf diet was dominated by large (240–650 kg) and medium‐sized (23–130 kg) wild ungulates, but variation in the percentages of wild ungulates consumed, along with variation in the percentages of domestic and smaller prey species consumed, contributed to the dietary differences found among and within continents.

We found no evidence that grey wolf dietary diversity varies globally, although the results from southern Europe suggest that grey wolves may switch their diets away from domestic species if more wild ungulates are available.

The diversity of prey consumed by grey wolves shows that the species is capable of surviving dramatic anthropogenic upheaval. However, there is an urgent need to increase our understanding of grey wolf foraging ecology in human‐dominated landscapes, in order to determine whether restoration of depleted prey populations, coupled with effective damage‐prevention measures, will reduce human‐wolf conflicts.
Changes in milk composition associated with pethidine‐PCEA usage after Caesarean section
Authors: Tie Wan Jun , Gardner Hazel , Lai Ching Tat , Hepworth Anna Rachel , Al‐Tamimi Yasir , Paech Michael James , Hartmann Peter Edwin , Geddes Donna Tracy 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe effect of pethidine as patient‐controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) on specific biochemical components in breast milk in relation to the timing of secretory activation is not well investigated. The aim of this study was to compare biochemical timing of secretory activation between women who had a vaginal (V) or Caesarean birth with pethidine‐PCEA (CBP). Several milk samples were collected daily from 36 mothers (17 V, 19 CBP) for the first 265 h post‐partum. Protein and lactose concentrations and Na+ and K+ ion levels were measured. Samples were assigned to three time periods: 0–72, >72–165 and >165–265 h post‐partum for statistical analyses. Data were analyzed using linear mixed effect models. In the first 72 h post‐partum, the mean difference in lactose concentration was 5 gL−1 higher in group V (P < 0.05). From >72–165 h post‐partum, protein and Na+ concentrations were lower in group V (P = 0.05, P = 0.02), and K+ levels were higher in group V (P < 0.001). From >165–265 h post‐partum, there were no significant differences between the groups. Biochemically, secretory activation had occurred by 72 h post‐partum in both groups. There were greater variations in measured biochemical components observed within group CBP initially. However, by 165 h post‐partum, there were no differences in the biochemical components between the groups. This suggests that effects of pethidine‐PCEA are diminished by 72 h post‐partum and undetected by 165 h.
Method and Evidence: Gesture and Iconicity in the Evolution of Language
Authors: Irvine Elizabeth 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe aim of this article is to mount a challenge to gesture‐first hypotheses about the evolution of language by identifying constraints on the emergence of symbol use. Current debates focus on a range of pre‐conditions for the emergence of language, including co‐operation and related mentalising capacities, imitation and tool use, episodic memory, and vocal physiology, but little specifically on the ability to learn and understand symbols. It is argued here that such a focus raises new questions about the plausibility of gesture‐first hypotheses, and so about the evolution of language in general. After a brief review of the methodology used in the article, it is argued that existing uses of gesture in hominid communities may have prohibited the emergence of symbol use, rather than ‘bootstrapped’ symbolic capacities as is usually assumed, and that the vocal channel offers other advantages in both learning and using language. In this case, the vocal channel offers a more promising platform for the evolution of language than is often assumed.
Defending Simulation Theory Against the Argument from Error
Authors: Short Timothy L. , Riggs Kevin J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe defend the Simulation Theory of Mind against a challenge from the Theory Theory of Mind. The challenge is that while Simulation Theory can account for Theory of Mind errors, it cannot account for their systematic nature. There are Theory of Mind errors seen in social psychological research with adults where persons are either overly generous or overly cynical in how rational they expect others to be. There are also Theory of Mind errors observable in developmental data drawn from Maxi‐type false belief tests. We provide novel responses to several examples showing that Simulation Theory can answer these challenges.
Cell cycle arrest induced by inhibitors of epigenetic modifications in maize (Zea mays) seedling leaves: characterization of the process and possible mechanisms involved
Authors: Wang Pu , Zhang Hao , Hou Haoli , Wang Qing , Li Yingnan , Huang Yan , Xie Liangfu , Gao Fei , He Shibin , Li Lijia 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Epigenetic modifications play crucial roles in the regulation of chromatin architecture and are involved in cell cycle progression, including mitosis and meiosis.

To explore the relationship between epigenetic modifications and the cell cycle, we treated maize (Zea mays) seedlings with six different epigenetic modification‐related inhibitors and identified the postsynthetic phase (G2) arrest via flow cytometry analysis.

Total H4K5ac levels were significantly increased and the distribution of H3S10ph signalling was obviously changed in mitosis under various treatments. Further statistics of the cells in different periods of mitosis confirmed that the cell cycle was arrested at preprophase. Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were relatively higher in the treated plants and the antioxidant thiourea could negate the influence of the inhibitors. Moreover, all of the treated plants displayed negative results in the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling (TUNEL) and γ‐H2AX immunostaining assays after exposure for 3 d. Additionally, the expression level of topoisomerase genes in the treated plants was relatively lower than that in the untreated plants.

These results suggest that these inhibitors of epigenetic modifications could cause preprophase arrest via reactive oxygen species formation inhibiting the expression of DNA topoisomerase genes, accompanied by changes in the H4K5ac and H3S10ph histone modifications.
Macroecology of biodiversity: disentangling local and regional effects
Authors: Pärtel Meelis , Bennett Jonathan A. , Zobel Martin 
Published: April 2016

SummaryMacroecology of biodiversity disentangles local and regional drivers of biodiversity by exploring large‐scale biodiversity relationships with environmental or biotic gradients, generalizing local biodiversity relationships across regions, or comparing biodiversity patterns among species groups. A macroecological perspective is also important at local scales: a full understanding of local biodiversity drivers, including human impact, demands that regional processes be taken into account. This requires knowledge of which species could inhabit a site (the species pool), including those that are currently absent (dark diversity). Macroecology of biodiversity is currently advancing quickly owing to an unprecedented accumulation of biodiversity data, new sampling techniques and analytical methods, all of which better equip us to face current and future challenges in ecology and biodiversity conservation.

Contents

Summary
404

I.
Introduction
404

II.
Large‐scale biodiversity relationships
404

III.
Local biodiversity relationships across regions
405

IV.
Local biodiversity relationships across species groups
406

V.
Separating regional and local effects: the species pool concept
407

VI.
Conclusions
408

Acknowledgements
409

References
409
SnTox1, a Parastagonospora nodorum necrotrophic effector, is a dual‐function protein that facilitates infection while protecting from wheat‐produced chitinases
Authors: Liu Zhaohui , Gao Yuanyuan , Kim Yong Min , Faris Justin D. , Shelver Weilin L. , de Wit Pierre J. G. M. , Xu Steven S. , Friesen Timothy L. 
Published: April 2016

Summary

SnTox1 induces programmed cell death and the up‐regulation of pathogenesis‐related genes including chitinases. Additionally, SnTox1 has structural homology to several plant chitin‐binding proteins.

Therefore, we evaluated SnTox1 for chitin binding and localization. We transformed an avirulent strain of Parastagonospora nodorum as well as three nonpathogens of wheat (Triticum aestivum), including a necrotrophic pathogen of barley, a hemibiotrophic pathogen of sugar beet and a saprotroph, to evaluate the role of SnTox1 in infection and in protection from wheat chitinases.

SnTox1 bound chitin and an SnTox1‐green fluorescent fusion protein localized to the mycelial cell wall. Purified SnTox1 induced necrosis in the absence of the pathogen when sprayed on the leaf surface and appeared to remain on the leaf surface while inducing both epidermal and mesophyll cell death. SnTox1 protected the different fungi from chitinase degradation. SnTox1 was sufficient to change the host range of a necrotrophic pathogen but not a hemibiotroph or saprotroph.

Collectively, this work shows that SnTox1 probably interacts with a receptor on the outside of the cell to induce cell death to acquire nutrients, but SnTox1 accomplishes a second role in that it protects against one aspect of the defense response, namely the effects of wheat chitinases.
CRISPR: express delivery to any DNA address
Authors: Peterson A 
Published: April 2016

The sudden emergence and worldwide adoption of CRISPR gene‐editing technology confronts humanity with unprecedented opportunities and choices. CRISPR's transformative impact on our future understanding of biology, along with its potential to unleash control over the most fundamental of biological processes, is predictable by already achieved applications. Although its origin, composition, and function were revealed only recently, close to 3000 CRISPR‐based publications have appeared including insightful and diversely focused reviews referenced here. Adding further to scientific and public awareness, a recent symposium addressed the ethical implications of interfacing CRISPR technology and human biology. However, the magnitude of CRISPR's rapidly emerging power mandates its broadest assessment. Only with the participation of a diverse and informed community can the most effective and humanity‐positive CRISPR applications be defined. This brief review is aimed at those with little previous exposure to the CRISPR revolution. The molecules that constitute CRISPR's core components and their functional organization are described along with how the mechanism has been harnessed to edit genome structure and modulate gene function. Additionally, a glimpse into CRISPR's potential to unleash genetic changes with far‐reaching consequences is presented.
Epistemic and non‐Epistemic Theories of Remembering
Authors: James Steven 
Published: April 2016

AbstractContemporary memory sciences describe processes that are dynamic and constructive. This has led some philosophers to weaken the relationship between memory and epistemology; though rememberingcangive rise to epistemic success, it is not itself an epistemic success state. I argue that non‐epistemic (causal) theories will not do; they provide neither necessary nor sufficient conditions for remembering thatp. I also argue that the shortcomings of the causal theory are epistemic in nature. Consequently, a theory of remembering must account for both its fundamentally epistemic nature and for its constructive and dynamic processes.
Tropical Skin Diseases in Children: A Review—Part II
Authors: García‐Romero Maria Teresa , Lara‐Corrales Irene , Kovarik Carrie L. , Pope Elena , Arenas Roberto 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTropical skin diseases are infectious conditions influenced by factors such as nutrition, housing, and the environment. Migration patterns have caused these conditions to be seen all around the world, not only in developing countries. Many of these diseases have a different presentation in childhood, which changes the diagnostic approach and management options. In this article, we review some of the most common tropical mycobacterial, protozoan, parasitic, and viral dermatologic conditions in children, including their epidemiologic, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects.
Topical Imiquimod for the Treatment of Childhood Cutaneous Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Authors: Dodd Erin , Hook Kristen 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAlthough topical steroids are considered first‐line treatment for cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), the appropriate therapy for refractory cases remains controversial. We report a 16‐month‐old girl with isolated cutaneous LCH refractory to treatment with topical corticosteroids and topical tacrolimus. Treatment was initiated with 5% topical imiquimod cream and the rash completely resolved after 5 months of therapy. There was no disease recurrence after more than 2 years of follow‐up. We present this case to highlight imiquimod as a novel therapeutic agent for the management of isolated cutaneous LCH in children.
Tropical Skin Diseases in Children: A Review— Part I
Authors: García‐Romero Maria Teresa , Lara‐Corrales Irene , Kovarik Carrie L. , Pope Elena , Arenas Roberto 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBecause of travel and migration patterns, tropical skin diseases are now seen all around the world, not just in tropical or developing countries. Nutrition, housing, and environmental factors play an important role in these infectious diseases, so when they appear out of their normal environments, their classic presentation may vary. Tropical diseases can also present differently in childhood, making their recognition, diagnosis, and management a clinical challenge. Health care providers in developed countries need to be familiar with tropical skin diseases and be able to diagnose them in returning travelers or immigrants in order to optimize care. This article aims to review the epidemiologic, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of some of the most common tropical dermatologic conditions in children.
Multiple Scrotal Ulcers in an Infant Due to a Traditional Child Care Practice: Salting
Authors: Engür Defne 
Published: April 2016

AbstractApplication of salt to the newborn's skin is a common traditional child care custom in Turkey. We present an infant with multiple ulcerating scrotal lesions due to prolonged salt exposure in the diaper area. Scrotal ulcers associated with salting have not been described previously.
A Case of Eczematoid Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease
Authors: Chong Jin Ho , Tawng Khawn , Liew Hui Min , Soh Shui Yen , Tan Ah Moy , Koh Mark Jean Aan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA 13‐year‐old boy underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for underlying acute lymphoblastic leukemia and achieved neutrophil engraftment 28 days after HSCT. He developed ichthyosis 6 weeks after HSCT and then keratotic follicular papules, palmoplantar keratoderma, and a seborrheic dermatitis–like eruption 18 weeks after HSCT. From skin biopsies he was diagnosed with eczematoid graft‐versus host disease (GVHD), which showed spongiosis with scattered necrotic keratinocytes. He responded to oral and topical steroids and an increase in cyclosporine dose. Although uncommon, eczematoid GVHD must be considered in children who have undergone HSCT and then develop an atypical eczematous eruption, especially in the absence of a history of atopy.