bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research Aircraft Determination of D-Value Cross Sections
Authors: Parish Thomas R. , Rahn David A. , Leon Dave 
Published: January 2016

AbstractUse of an airborne platform to determine the dynamics of atmospheric motion has been ongoing for over three decades. Much of the effort has been centered on the determination of the horizontal pressure gradient force along an isobaric surface, and with wind measurements the nongeostrophic components of motion can be obtained. Recent advances using differential GPS-based altitude measurements allow accurate assessment of the geostrophic wind. Porpoise or sawtooth maneuvers are used to determine the vertical cross section of the horizontal pressure gradient force. D-values, the difference of the height of a given pressure level from that in a reference atmosphere, are used to isolate the vertical structure of the horizontal component of the pressure gradient force from the vastly larger hydrostatic pressure gradient. Comparison of measured D-value cross sections with airborne measurements of the horizontal pressure gradient is shown. Comparison of D-values with output from the WRF Model demonstrates that the airborne measurements are consistent with finescale numerical simulations. This technique provides a means of inferring the thermal wind, thereby enabling a detailed examination of the vertical structure of the forcing of mesoscale and synoptic-scale wind regimes.
Evaluation of PBL Parameterizations in WRF at Subkilometer Grid Spacings: Turbulence Statistics in the Dry Convective Boundary Layer
Authors: Shin Hyeyum Hailey , Dudhia Jimy 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterizations in mesoscale models have been developed for horizontal resolutions that cannot resolve any turbulence in the PBL, and evaluation of these parameterizations has been focused on profiles of mean and parameterized flux. Meanwhile, the recent increase in computing power has been allowing numerical weather prediction (NWP) at horizontal grid spacings finer than 1 km, at which kilometer-scale large eddies in the convective PBL are partly resolvable. This study evaluates the performance of convective PBL parameterizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model at subkilometer grid spacings. The evaluation focuses on resolved turbulence statistics, considering expectations for improvement in the resolved fields by using the fine meshes. The parameterizations include four nonlocal schemes—Yonsei University (YSU), asymmetric convective model 2 (ACM2), eddy diffusivity mass flux (EDMF), and total energy mass flux (TEMF)—and one local scheme, the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) level-2.5 model.
Key findings are as follows: 1) None of the PBL schemes is scale-aware. Instead, each has its own best performing resolution in parameterizing subgrid-scale (SGS) vertical transport and resolving eddies, and the resolution appears to be different between heat and momentum. 2) All the selected schemes reproduce total vertical heat transport well, as resolved transport compensates differences of the parameterized SGS transport from the reference SGS transport. This interaction between the resolved and SGS parts is not found in momentum. 3) Those schemes that more accurately reproduce one feature (e.g., thermodynamic transport, momentum transport, energy spectrum, or probability density function of resolved vertical velocity) do not necessarily perform well for other aspects.
Changes in metabolic parameters in patients with severe mental illness over a 10-year period: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Heald Adrian H , Martin Julie L , Payton Tony , Khalid Luma , Anderson Simon G , Narayanan R Prakash , De Hert Marc , Yung Alison , Livingston Mark 
Published: January 2016

Background: Diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome are highly prevalent in patients with severe mental illness and can impose a major physical health burden. Objective: To determine how anthropometric and metabolic features changed over time in a retrospective cohort of people with Severe Mental Illness living in Cheshire, UK. Methods: In all, 1307 individuals on the severe mental illness Register were followed up between 2002 and 2012 in UK general practice. Subjects were identified through a pseudanonymised search of general practice registers. Results: Baseline body mass index was 28.6 kg/m2 increasing to 31.0 at 10-year follow-up ( r2 = 0.84; p = 0.0002). There was a significant increase in fasting blood glucose from 5.72 to 6.79 mmol/L ( r2 = 0.48; p = 0.026). Correspondingly, there was a strong positive univariate relation between increase in body mass index and fasting blood glucose ( r2 = 0.54; p < 0.0001) taking into account all measurements. Fasting blood glucose also increased slightly with age ( p = 0.028). With increasing use of statins, total cholesterol fell from 4.5 to 3.9 mmol/L ( r2 = 0.88; p = 0.0001), as did low-density lipoprotein cholesterol from 3.43 to 2.35 mmol/L ( r2 = 0.94; p = 0.0001). In multivariate models, adjusting for age, gender, smoking and blood pressure, each unit increase in body mass index (odds ratio = 1.07 [1.01, 1.13]; p = 0.031) and triglycerides (odds ratio = 1.28 (1.06, 1.55); p = 0.009) was independently associated with an increased risk of having type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Increasing body mass index relates to increasing rates of dysglycaemia over time. Measures to encourage weight reduction should be key strategies to reduce dysglycaemia rates in severe mental illness. Prescribing statins may have been effective in improving the lipid profile in this group.
The effect of a subsequent pregnancy after transjugular coil embolisation for pelvic vein reflux
Authors: Dos Santos Scott J , Holdstock Judy M , Harrison Charmaine C , Whiteley Mark S 
Published: January 2016

Background Pelvic venous reflux has been proven to contribute to the development of primary and recurrent varicose veins, vulval/labial varicose veins and pelvic congestion syndrome. It is associated with lower limb varicose veins in 20% of patients who have a history of at least one prior vaginal delivery. Pelvic vein embolisation is known to be a safe and effective treatment for the abolition of pelvic venous reflux. However, the effect of a subsequent pregnancy on a previously embolised patient remains largely unknown. This study aims to report the effect of pregnancy on patients that have undergone pelvic vein embolisation. Methods Patients that had previously undergone pelvic vein embolisation for pelvic venous reflux at our unit were sent a questionnaire asking if they had had a pregnancy and subsequently delivered post-embolisation. Patients responding positively were invited to attend our unit for transvaginal duplex ultrasonography of their pelvic veins. Post-pregnancy transvaginal duplex ultrasonography results were compared to pre-embolisation and 6-week post-embolisation scans. Results Eight women, aged 32–48 years (mean 38.8), were retrospectively analysed. Parity prior to embolisation ranged from 1 to 5 (mean 2.8). Initial outcomes at 6 weeks Pelvic venous reflux was completely eliminated in five patients, two patients achieved complete elimination of truncal reflux with very minor vulval reflux and one patient had persistent, mild reflux in the right internal iliac vein. Post-pregnancy outcomes Pelvic venous reflux was completely eliminated in three patients and five patients displayed pelvic venous reflux in at least one truncal vein, with or without concurrent vulval reflux. No patient showed any coil displacement or embolisation as a result of the pregnancy. Conclusions Pregnancy is associated with recurrent reflux in the pelvic veins in women who had previously been treated with coil embolisation. Following recovery from pregnancy, repeat embolisation can eliminate recurrent reflux. Pregnancy appears to be safe following coil embolisation of pelvic veins.
Practice patterns of adjunctive therapy for venous leg ulcers
Authors: Aziz Faisal , Raffetto Joseph D , Diaz Jose A , Myers Daniel D , Ozsvath Kathleen J , Carman Teresa L , Lal Brajesh K ,   on behalf of the American Venous Forum (AVF) Research Committee
Published: January 2016

Objectives Venous leg ulcers (VLU) are the most severe clinical sequelae of venous reflux and post thrombotic syndrome. There is a consensus that ablation of refluxing vein segments and treatment of significant venous obstruction can heal VLUs. However, there is wide disparity in the use and choice of adjunctive therapies for VLUs. The purpose of this study was to assess these practice patterns among members of the American Venous Forum. Methods The AVF Research Committee conducted an online survey of its own members, which consisted of 16 questions designed to determine the specialty of physicians, location of treatment, treatment practices and reimbursement for treatment of VLUs Results The survey was distributed to 667 practitioners and a response rate of 18.6% was achieved. A majority of respondents (49.5%) were vascular specialists and the remaining were podiatrists, dermatologists, primary care doctors and others. It was found that 85.5% were from within the USA, while physicians from 14 other countries also responded. Most of the physicians (45%) provided adjunctive therapy at a private office setting and 58% treated less than 5 VLU patients per week. All respondents used some form of compression therapy as the primary mode of treatment for VLU. Multilayer compression therapy was the most common form of adjunctive therapy used (58.8%) and over 90% of physicians started additional modalities (biologics, negative pressure, hyperbaric oxygen and others) when VLUs failed compression therapy, with a majority (65%) waiting less than three months to start them. Medicare was the most common source of reimbursement (52.4%). Conclusions Physicians from multiple specialties treat VLU. While most physicians use compression therapy, there is wide variation in the selection and point of initiation for additional therapies once compression fails. There is a need for high-quality data to help establish guidelines for adjunctive treatment of VLUs and to disseminate them to physicians across multiple specialties to ensure standardized high-quality treatment of patients with VLUs.
Outcomes of return-to-work after stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review
Authors: Wei Xi-Jun , Liu Xue-feng , Fong Kenneth NK 
Published: January 2016

Introduction The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the outcomes of return-to-work for stroke survivors of working age after conventional stroke rehabilitation or vocational rehabilitation. Method Searches were performed using three electronic databases for literature published in English in the 10-year period 2004–2014 which included a population of working age stroke survivors who had previously participated in conventional or vocational rehabilitation, and which presented the outcomes of return-to-work. Findings The literature search yielded 10 studies that satisfied our selection criteria. Three studies involved vocational rehabilitation. Studies illustrated and compared the vocational status at or among different stages of ‘pre-stroke’, ‘post-stroke and before rehabilitation discharge’, ‘rehabilitation discharge’ and ‘follow-up’. The employment rate at follow-up ranged from 7% to 81.1%. Conclusion Methodological variations accounted for the wide range of return-to-work rates. There was limited evidence to support the conclusion that rehabilitation increases return-to-work rates for stroke survivors of working age, but recent studies showed that improvements in fatigue and cognitive function after stroke rehabilitation were related to good return-to-work outcomes. Either specialised vocational rehabilitation, conventional stroke rehabilitation or their combination is needed to increase return-to-work rates and improve the quality of life for stroke survivors of working age.
Differences in Body Build in Children of Different Ethnic Groups and their Impact on the Prevalence of Stunting, Thinness, Overweight, and Obesity
Authors: Poh Bee Koon , Wong Jyh Eiin , Norimah A. Karim , Deurenberg Paul 
Published: January 2016

Background: The prevalence of stunting, thinness, overweight, and obesity among children differs by ethnicity. It is not known whether differences in body build across the ethnic groups influence the interpretation of nutritional parameters. Objective: To explore the differences in body build across the 5 main ethnic groups in Malaysia and to determine whether differences in body build have an impact on the interpretation of nutrition indicators. Methods: A total of 3227 children aged 2.0 to 12.9 years who participated in the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS) in Malaysia were included in this analysis. Body weight, height, sitting height, wrist and knee breadths, and biceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured, and relative leg length, slenderness index, and sum of skinfolds were calculated. Z scores for height-for-age (HAZ) and body mass index-for-age (BAZ) were calculated using the World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 growth standards. Results: Differences in relative leg length and slenderness across the ethnic groups were correlated with HAZ and BAZ. Correction for differences in body build did, in some ethnic groups, have significant impact on the prevalence of stunting, thinness, overweight, and obesity, and the pattern of prevalence across ethnic groups changed. Conclusion: At the population level, corrections for body build had only minor and mostly nonsignificant effects on prevalence, but at an individual level, corrections for body build placed a substantial number of children in different height or weight categories. Whether these misclassifications warrant additional assessment of body build in clinical practice will need further investigation.
Hidden Obligatory Fluid Intake in Critical Care Patients
Authors: Bashir Muhammad Umair , Tawil Anan , Mani Vishnu R. , Farooq Umer , A. DeVita Michael 
Published: January 2016

Introduction: In addition to the fluid intake in the form of intravenous maintenance or boluses in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, there are sources of fluids that may remain unrecognized but contribute significantly to the overall fluid balance. We hypothesized that fluids not ordered as boluses or maintenance infusions—“hidden obligatory fluids”—may contribute more than a liter to the fluid intake of a patient during any random 24 hours of critical care admission. Methods: Patients admitted to the Harlem Hospital ICU for at least 24 hours were included in this study (N = 98). Medical records and nursing charts were reviewed to determine the sources and volumes of various fluids for the study patients. Results: The mean hidden obligatory volume for an ICU patient was calculated to be 978 mL (standard deviation [SD]: 904, median: 645) and 1571 mL (SD: 1023, median: 1505), with enteral feeds compared to the discretionary volume of 2821 mL (SD: 2367, median: 2595); this obligatory fluid volume was affected by a patient’s need for pressor support and renal replacement therapy. Conclusion: Hidden obligatory fluids constitute a major source of the fluid intake among patients in a critical care unit. Up to 1.5 L should be taken into account during daily decision making to effectively regulate their volumes.
Towards functional 3D-stacked electrospun composite scaffolds of PHBV, silk fibroin and nanohydroxyapatite: Mechanical properties and surface osteogenic differentiation
Authors: Paşcu Elena I , Cahill Paul A , Stokes Joseph , McGuinness Garrett B 
Published: January 2016

Bone tissue engineering scaffolds have two challenging functional tasks to fulfil: to encourage cell proliferation, differentiation and matrix synthesis and to provide suitable mechanical stability upon implantation. Composites of biopolymers and bioceramics combine the advantages of both types of materials, resulting in better processability and enhanced mechanical and biological properties through matrix reinforcement. In the present study, novel thick bone composite scaffolds were successfully fabricated using electrospun flat sheets of polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate/nanohydroxyapatite/silk fibroin essence (2% nanohydroxyapatite – 2% silk fibroin essence and 5% nanohydroxyapatite – 5% silk fibroin essence, respectively). Their potential as in vitro bone regeneration scaffolds was evaluated using mouse calvarian osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1), in terms of morphology (scanning electron microscope), cell attachment, cell proliferation, Col type I, osteopontin and bone alkaline phosphatase activity (Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction [qRT-PCR], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunocytochemistry). Electrospun polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate scaffolds were used as reference constructs. The results showed that the compressive and tensile mechanical properties of the scaffolds are dependent on the change in their composition, and the treatment these underwent. Furthermore, methanol-treated and autoclaved (MA) P2 (2% nanohydroxyapatite, 2% silk fibroin essence) samples appeared to exhibit more promising tensile properties. Additionally, the compressive tests results confirmed that the methanol pre-treatment and the autoclaving step lead to an increase in the P2 secant modulus when compared to the non-methanol-treated ones, P2 and P5 (5% nanohydroxyapatite, 5% silk fibroin essence), respectively. Both formulations of polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate/nanohydroxyapatite/silk fibroin essence composite promoted greater cell adhesion and proliferation than the corresponding polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate control ones. Cells seeded on the composite fibrous scaffolds were extensively expanded and elongated on the fibre surface after one day in culture, whereas those seeded on the polyhydroxybutyrate–polyhydroxyvalerate scaffolds were not completely elongated. In addition, cells grown on P2 and P5 scaffolds had higher alkaline phosphatase activity when compared to those containing no nanohydroxyapatite/silk fibroin essence.
Telehealth language assessments using consumer grade equipment in rural and urban settings: Feasible, reliable and well tolerated
Authors: Sutherland Rebecca , Trembath David , Hodge Antoinette , Drevensek Suzi , Lee Sabrena , Silove Natalie , Roberts Jacqueline 
Published: January 2016

Introduction Telehealth can be an effective way to provide speech pathology intervention to children with speech and language impairments. However, the provision of reliable and feasible standardised language assessments via telehealth to establish children’s needs for intervention and to monitor progress has not yet been well established. Further, there is limited information about children’s reactions to telehealth. This study aimed to examine the reliability and feasibility of conducting standardised language assessment with school-aged children with known or suspected language impairment via a telehealth application using consumer grade computer equipment within a public school setting. Method Twenty-three children (aged 8–12 years) participated. Each child was assessed using a standardised language assessment comprising six subtests. Two subtests were administered by a speech pathologist face-to-face (local clinician) and four subtests were administered via telehealth. All subtests were completed within a single visit to the clinic service, with a break between the face to face and telehealth sessions. The face-to-face clinician completed behaviour observation checklists in the telehealth and face to face conditions and provided feedback on the audio and video quality of the application from the child’s point of view. Parent feedback about their child’s experience was elicited via survey. Results There was strong inter-rater reliability in the telehealth and face-to-face conditions (correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.96–1.0 across the subtests) and good agreement on all measures. Similar levels of attention, distractibility and anxiety were observed in the two conditions. Clinicians rated only one session of 23 as having poor audio quality and no sessions were rated as having poor visual quality. Parent and child reactions to the use of telehealth were largely positive and supportive of using telehealth to assess rural children. Discussion The findings support the use of telehealth in the language assessment of school-aged children using a web application and commercially available computer equipment. This reliable and innovative service delivery model has the potential to be used by speech pathologists to provide assessments to children in remote communities.
Long-term results of simplified frozen elephant trunk technique in complicated acute type A aortic dissection: A case–control study
Authors: Kobayashi Misato , Chaykovska Lyubov , van der Loo Bernd , Nguyen Thi Dan Linh , Puippe Gilbert , Salzberg Sacha , Ueda Hideki , Maisano Francesco , Pecoraro Felice , Lachat Mario 
Published: January 2016

Aim To describe the long-term experience of a simplified frozen elephant trunk technique (sFETT) used in complicated acute type A aortic dissection (AAAD) treatment. Methods and results Between January 2001 and December 2012, 34 patients (mean age 59.9 ± 11.0 years) with complicated AAAD (DeBakey I) underwent an emergency surgery including sFETT. sFETT consisted in gluing the dissected aortic arch wall layers with gelatine-resorcinol adhesive and video-assisted antegrade open arch aortic stent-graft deployment in the arch or proximal descending aorta. In addition to sFETT, the aortic root was addressed with standard techniques. A 30-day mortality was 14.7% (five patients) due to bleeding (1), multiple organ failure (2), and colon ischemia (2). Postoperative morbidity included neurological (2), renal (1) and cardio-pulmonary complications (4), as well as wound infection (1). Mean follow-up was 74.4 ± 45.0 months. Actual survival rates were 73.5% at 1 year, 70.2% at 5 years, and 58.5% at 13 years of follow-up. Six patients died during long-term follow-up from heart failure (1) and unknown reasons (5). Five patients required reoperation for aortic arch (3) or aorto-iliac (2) progression of aneurysm during the mid- and long-term follow-up. The remaining patients showed favorable evolution of the dissected aorta with false lumen occlusion in most cases and stable aortic diameters. Conclusions In AAAD patients, sFETT as used in our series is an easy and safe technique to repair the aortic arch. Long-term results after sFETT showed false lumen occlusion and stable aortic diameter in up to 13 years of follow-up.