bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TASER® Exposure and Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Kane Robert J. , White Michael D. 
Published: December 2015

Research SummaryThis study reports findings from a randomized controlled trial that examined the effects of the TASER® (a conducted energy weapon sold by TASER International, Scottsdale, Arizona) on several dimensions of cognitive functioning. The research demonstrated that in a sample of healthy human volunteer participants, TASER exposure led to significant and substantial reductions in (a) short‐term auditory recall and (b) abilities to assimilate new information through auditory processes. The effects lasted up to 1 hour for most subjects, almost all of whom returned to baseline 60 minutes postexposure.Policy ImplicationsThe study applies the findings of reduced cognitive functioning among healthy participants in a laboratory setting to criminal suspects in field settings and questions the abilities of “average” suspects to waive their Miranda rights knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily within 60 minutes of a TASER exposure. The study poses the question: What would it cost police to wait 60 minutes after a TASER deployment before engaging suspects in custodial interrogations?
Bruce Grindal's Hidden Theology, Kabbalah, and the Need for a Humanistic Theodicy
Authors: Pittle Kevin 
Published: December 2015

SummaryWhile Bruce Grindal never explicitly disclosed his own religious outlook in print, in the epilogue of the draft prospectus for his unpublished book on religious life in North Florida, he professed a “spiritual” impulsion to “admit to being one of the many” and implied that he fit a category he dubbed “quasi‐religious.” I would not be the first to observe that even the most secular, allegedly impartial anthropology has a spiritual dimension. I believe that Dr. Grindal's anthropology—perhaps owing to decades of quiet reflection upon his experience of mysterious happenings during his sojourn among the Sisala—was particularly spiritual in this manner, even if not expressly so. Grindal himself likened humanistic inquiry to “a spiritual quest” and the classroom give and take to “listening to a myth and participating in a ritual.” While his published works are elusive on the matter, in graduate seminars and undergraduate lectures, office hours conversations and impromptu bull sessions, there were occasional flashes of disclosure and candid exposition of his personal convictions about the sacral mysteries of the universe. In this essay, I endeavor to demonstrate how a bricolage of such noncanonical remarks permits us to descry the underlying influence of a somewhat patchwork secret theology in Bruce Grindal's writings on synergetic consciousness and his lectures on normative anthropology and ethics. Further, I enter into dialogue with Bruce's reconstituted theology and humbly attempt to offer emendations to one area he left underdeveloped by bringing it into conversation with the Jewish mystical tradition of Kabbalah: the problem of suffering and evil.
Bruce Grindal as Ijapa, the Yoruba Secular Trickster
Authors: Salamone Frank A. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe Yoruba have two key Trickster figures. One is sacred the other secular. Each represent aspects of Yoruba life. The sacred Trickster is Eshu, a defender of proper behavior and values, while Ijapa, the tortoise, is an innovator. He is a kind of Lord of Misrule. Eshu tales are told in formal settings. However, Ijapa tales are generally told around a camp fire or within the home. The storyteller may be a family member or a friend of the family, and the settings are informal. Often the lessons challenge the accepted norms and value wit and improvisation. A repeated theme is that nothing is as it seems to be and that everything at all times is changing. In numerous ways the lessons and the behavior of Ijaba parallel the beliefs and behavior of Bruce Grindal. Bruce consistently taught that everything must be challenged. He believed that rules were artificial and hindered creativity. He played pranks in public, upsetting the status quo, in order to get people thinking. Working with Bruce was sometimes a trial but was always fruitful. Bruce was a firm believer in the power of the oppressed and of finding ways and means to empower the oppressed. In this work I look into some of the truths that Bruce shares with the Trickster Ijapa. With Bruce I also explore the ways in which the weak can teach the powerful about the meaning of life and the value of questioning rules.
Raising the Dead: Altered States, Anthropology, and the Heart of Sisala Experience
Authors: Hellweg Joseph R. , Englehardt Joshua D. , Miller Jesse C. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryIn this article, we examine Bruce Grindal's 1983 essay, “Into the Heart of Sisala Experience: Witnessing Death Divination.” We do so from the perspectives of two Africanist ethnographers and a Mesoamericanist archaeologist for the purpose of exploring current epistemological presuppositions about anthropological research. We argue that Grindal's holistic approach to ethnography stands as a model for anthropological methods across the subdisciplines. We take archaeology as a particular example. Although the humanistic empiricism Grindal espoused has fallen out of fashion among positivist archaeologists and certain cultural anthropologists, the enduring quality of Grindal's writing offers a path beyond the tensions between so‐called “scientific” and “unscientific” approaches in anthropology. He considered the evidence he gathered inseparable from his negotiation of the lived contexts in which he worked. Grindal thus overcame the daunting challenge of describing the temporary return of a dead man to life in northern Ghana in the 1960s. Rather than try to prove or disprove what he saw, Grindal documented his host's remarks about the event, aiming to testify intersubjectively to their shared experience, beyond dichotomies of objectivity and subjectivity. Grindal's contribution to anthropology therefore lies in his unified view of anthropological methods at a time when anthropologists have drawn battle lines over choices between supposedly explanatory and interpretive viewpoints. His genius lay in recognizing the continuities between both perspectives, rooted in interpersonal communication. As a result, Grindal's work stands as a way forward for those eager to combine humanistic flexibility and empirical rigor in anthropological work.
Doing Well by Reporting Good: Reporting Corporate Responsibility and Corporate Performance
Authors: Lee Jegoo , Maxfield Sylvia 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article aimed to examine the impacts of reporting‐type corporate responsibility activities (CRA‐R) on corporate social and financial performance. Academic research has explored how varying attributes of markets, industry sectors and firms might shape corporate social and financial performance, but includes little effort to examine the impacts of different kinds of CRA on corporate performance. We build on debate about the value of firms' reporting activities related to corporate responsibility. Recent literature suggests that CRA‐R is superficial marketing or “greenwashing.” Despite this viewpoint, corporate reporting activities related to responsibility are rising. In order to solve this puzzle, this article explores the impact of CRA‐R on corporate performance. First, drawing from the institutional perspective, we propose that CRA‐R will positively impact corporate social performance (CSP) oriented toward secondary stakeholders. Second, combining the stakeholder–agency perspective and corporate responsibility literature, we motivate the hypotheses that CRA‐R positively influences corporate financial performance (CFP). Empirical testing with a unique dataset of large US corporations selected in the Fortune 500 support the proposed hypotheses. In particular, both corporate social responsibility and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) activities positively influence corporate environmental performance, and financial performance. In particular, GRI reporting is a strong indicator to impact both social and financial performance. Our findings indicate that CRA‐R should not simply reflect shallow motivations, but deliver value to noninvestor stakeholders as well as investors.
Variation in Causal Models of Diabetes: A Comparison of Nurses and Lay Community Members in the United States and Guatemala
Authors: Maupin Jonathan N. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCausal models are a key element for examining cross‐cultural as well as expertise variation in explanatory models of illness. Yet, anthropological studies comparing causal models often focus on the content of these models and fail to examine variation in the structure and role of individual causal features in causal models of disease. In this article, I analyze variation in causal models of diabetes among a sample of registered nurses and lay community members in the United States and Guatemala. Utilizing a cause‐by‐cause questionnaire, I measure patterns of variation and agreement in direct causal interactions between features. Constructing causal networks, I examine similarities and differences in the structure as well as the role of specific causal features within these networks. These results demonstrate that biomedical expertise and sociocultural context are associated with different aspects of the structure and content of explanatory models of diabetes.
Apprehending Volition in Early Socialization: Raising “Little Persons” among Rural Mapuche Families
Authors: Murray Marjorie , Bowen Sofia , Segura Nicole , Verdugo Marisol 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOn the basis of ethnographic fieldwork with rural Mapuche families in the Araucanía region of Chile, this article analyzes ways in which Mapuche parenting practices and the process of socialization during early childhood involve and transmit a sense of volition that is intrinsic to Mapuche notions of personhood and autonomy. Recounting concrete daily events, we describe how children make use of their own initiative and intentionality when exploring, acting, learning, and creating social relationships. At the same time, Mapuche parents avoid constant visual supervision and direct intervention, rarely oppressing children's volition while respecting and valuing children's personal and direct experiences of the world. By considering volition as an important cultural feature of parenting and socialization, and by reflecting upon how different ideologies of childhood and parenting relate to children's volition, we aim to contribute to current developments on early socialization and parenting cultures. [Early socialization, volition, Mapuche, parenting]
Hōkō onchi: Wayfinding and the Emergence of “Directional Tone‐Deafness” in Japan
Authors: Roth Joshua Hotaka 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTake a wrong turn and show up late to an appointment in Japan and it is quite likely that someone will label you “hōkō onchi” (directionally tone‐deaf). The term was coined in the late 1960s, and now hundreds of thousands of Japanese identify themselves as “hōkō onchi.” The term is much more widely used than any equivalent in English, and there is reason to believe that some people who have embraced the label do not necessarily have more difficulty in wayfinding than those who reject it. What, then, does the label mean? What explains its initial emergence and its current transformations? While directional orientation concerns cognitive ability, the way it has been used as a label and later adopted as an identity suggests it may also be a symptom of shifts in the wider social context.日本で道を間違え約束に遅れて現れたなら、誰かに「方向音痴」というレッテルを貼られるだろう。この言葉は1960年代後半に新造され、今日では何万もの日本人が自らを「方向音痴」と自認している。この言葉は、同様の意味を持つ英語と比べ格段に広く用いられ、また、方向音痴だと自認する人が、そうでない人よりも道を見つけるのに苦労するとも必ずしも言い切れない。それでは、この言葉はいったい何を意味するのだろうか。その当初の出現と、現在の変化はどうすれば説明がつくだろうか。方向を見極める力というのは認知能力に関係するにもかかわらず、方向音痴というカテゴリーの出現と変化はより大きな社会変化の症状であるかもしれない事を示唆している。
Wesleyan Sanctification and the Ethic of Self‐Realization
Authors: Stromberg Peter G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAmong the related but distinct ideas that comprise contemporary American individualism is the ethic of self‐realization, the belief that each person has the moral duty to develop their own characteristic talents and potentialities. Here I argue that although the intellectual sources of this belief are well‐understood, we have little knowledge of how this idea became an ethic, how it acquired the emotional force of a moral directive. I suggest that this development can be explained in part by exploring the history of the Wesleyan doctrine of Sanctification, the conviction that the Christian believer can achieve a state of perfection. In the 19th century, debates erupted over whether Sanctification—originally an ecstatic experience occurring in revivals—could also take place as a gradual process, the development of Christian character. By the early 20th century, broader cultural forces conditioned a theological shift whereby Sanctification was increasingly understood in liberal thought as realization of the divinity that dwells within each individual soul. Along this path, Sanctification progressively permeated certain routines of daily life. This history provides an example of gradual transformation within Christianity, an example that can help to refine understandings of the processes of continuity and discontinuity that have been central to discussion in the Anthropology of Christianity.
Total antioxidant status and oxidative stress in recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Tugrul Selahattin , Koçyiğit Abdurrahim , Doğan Remzi , Eren Sabri Baki , Senturk Erol , Ozturan Orhan , Ozar Omer Faruk 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundRecurrent aphthous stomatitis is an idiopathic, chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa. It is thought that oxidative stress caused by systemic inflammation plays a basic role in the etiopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The aim of this study is to review oxidative status and DNA damage in recurrent aphthous stomatitis.MethodThe study included 42 patients with an active recurrent aphthous stomatitis lesion and 39 healthy volunteers with similar demographic characteristics. DNA damage was analyzed using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Plasma levels of total antioxidant status and total oxidative status were determined by using an automated measurement method. Oxidative stress index was calculated as total oxidative status/total antioxidant status and × 100.ResultsThe total oxidative status and oxidative stress index values were significantly higher in the recurrent aphthous stomatitis group compared to the control group, while total antioxidant status values were significantly lower. In the recurrent aphthous stomatitis group, DNA damage was observed to be significantly higher than the control group. In correlation analysis, significant correlation was found between DNA damage and the oxidative stress index and total oxidative status values in the recurrent aphthous stomatitis group.ConclusionThis is the first report in the literature that demonstrates association of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with increased oxidative status.
Prophylaxis for mucositis induced by ambulatory chemotherapy: systematic review
Authors: Manzi Natália de Melo , Silveira Renata Cristina de Campos Pereira , Reis Paula Elaine Diniz dos 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of clinical trials covering interventions used as prophylaxis for oral mucositis induced by ambulatory antineoplastic chemotherapy.BackgroundOral mucositis in patients undergoing chemotherapy is a side effect that can impact the quality of treatment and can interfere with eating and therapeutic adherence.DesignQuantitative systematic review.Data sourcesRelevant databases were searched, from January 2002–July 2013, by using the combination of the keywords mucositis, stomatitis, neoplasms, antineoplastic agents, drug therapy, prevention and control and chemotherapy.Review methodsTwo researchers independently read the titles and abstracts from every cross‐reference. The quality of the included studies was analysed by the Jadad Scale and the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. Data were extracted from the selected studies with a data collection form developed specifically for this purpose.ResultsOf the 23 controlled clinical trials that were identified in this study, five articles evaluated the use of oral cryotherapy to prevent oral mucositis and three studies analysed the prophylactic use of glutamine. Interventions of protocols for oral care, palifermin, allopurinol and chlorhexidine were evaluated by two articles each. Interventions of zinc sulphate, amifostine, chewing gum, sucralfate, recombination human intestinal trefoil factor, kefir and vitamin E were evaluated by one article each.ConclusionThere is strong evidence that cryotherapy can prevent oral mucositis arising from ambulatory treatment with 5‐flurouracil chemotherapy. Other interventions, although showing positive results in preventing oral mucositis, require further study to confirm their conclusions.
Effectiveness of Functional Family Therapy for Mandated Versus Non‐Mandated Youth
Authors: Celinska Katarzyna 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study compares the outcomes for youth mandated to participate in Functional Family Therapy (FFT) to those whose participation was referred but voluntary. FFT is a short‐term intervention for delinquents and status offenders, along with their parents. The study sample consists of 120 cases: 70 youth and parents who were mandated by the Family Court to participate in FFT and 50 youth and their parents who were referred to FFT by other agencies. The sample is diverse in terms of gender, race and ethnicity. The outcome variables consist of a set of scales obtained from the Strengths and Needs Assessment (SNA). Changes in life domain functioning, child strengths, acculturation, caregivers' strengths, caregivers' needs, child behavioral emotional needs, and child risk behaviors are assessed. The analysis indicates that both groups improved across all domains. Overall, being mandated to participate in FFT does not predict greater improvements in outcomes. The findings suggest that status offenders and minor delinquents who participated in FFT could be processed less formally without foregoing the therapy outcomes.
Alport syndrome and pregnancy: Good obstetric and nephrological outcomes in a pregnant woman with homozygous autosomal recessive Alport syndrome
Authors: Nishizawa Yoko , Takei Takashi , Miyaoka Tokiko , Kamei Daigo , Mochizuki Toshio , Nitta Kosaku 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe describe the course of pregnancy in a 27‐year‐old woman with homozygous autosomal recessive Alport syndrome. Genetic analysis revealed a homozygous COL4A4 mutation in exon 36 (c.3307G > A) with p.G1102R inherited from her parents (who were parallel cousins) 1 year before conception. Before pregnancy, the patient’s renal function and blood pressure were normal, and her urinary protein excretion was below 2 g/day. The pregnancy course was uneventful in the first and second trimesters. She was detected to have nephrotic‐range proteinuria during the third trimester, but was observed closely on an outpatient basis without any medications, as her general condition was good, her renal function and blood pressure remained stable, and the fetal well‐being was maintained. At 39+0 weeks of pregnancy, she vaginally gave birth to an appropriate‐birthweight infant and her urinary protein excretion returned to pre‐pregnancy level. This is the first report of pregnancy in a patient with autosomal recessive Alport syndrome with good obstetric and nephrological outcomes in the absence of any treatment or hospitalization.
Pilot testing a predoctoral dental public health curriculum: reporting process and outcomes
Authors: Bhoopathi Vinodh , Atchison Kathryn Ann 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to pilot test the predoctoral dental public health (DPH) curriculum developed by the American Association of Public Health Dentistry (AAPHD) in various US dental schools and dental hygiene programs.MethodsFollowing the Lewy's theoretical framework, we used all three curriculum tryout methods (laboratory tryout, pilot tryout, and field tryout) for the pilot testing process. Open‐ended questions on the structure, presentation, and content of the curriculum were sent to faculty pilot testing the DPH curriculum to obtain critical feedback and comments.ResultsBetween Summer 2013 and Spring 2015, the curriculum was pilot tested in nine dental schools and seven dental hygiene programs with over 1,300 students. The majority of the comments from the faculty were favorable. Positive comments about the structure of the curriculum focused on the well‐organized nature of the curriculum, the value of the instructor guide and speaker notes, rubrics, and the flow of the presentations. In terms of the content, faculty commented on the wide range of public health issues covered and the clarity of course and lecture objectives. Negative comments dealt with the level of detail, some confusing assignments, and outdated data. Problems identified in pilot testing were corrected in the final DPH curriculum.ConclusionsThe curriculum was successfully utilized in varied formats and well received. Through AAPHD, this standardized DPH core curriculum is now available for widespread use at dental schools and dental hygiene programs.
Direct comparison of galactomannan performance in concurrent serum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples in immunocompromised patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Boch Tobias , Buchheidt Dieter , Spiess Birgit , Miethke Thomas , Hofmann Wolf‐Karsten , Reinwald Mark 
Published: December 2015

SummaryInvasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life‐threatening infection mainly affecting immunocompromised patients. Early diagnosis is critical, but the diagnostic gold standard (histopathology and culture) is time consuming and cannot offer early confirmation of IPA. Fungal biomarkers like galactomannan (GM) are a promising extension to the diagnostic repertoire. However, it still remains under discussion if biomarker analysis from the site of the infection is superior to testing blood samples. We retrospectively evaluated the diagnostic performance of concurrent serum GM and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) GM (obtained within 24 h) of immunocompromised patients at high risk of IPA. Twenty‐six proven/probable patients and eight patients with no IPA according to the EORTC/MSG 2008 criteria were included in this study. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic odds ratio were for BAL GM: 85%, 88%, 96%, 64% and 38.5, and for serum GM: 23%, 88%, 88%, 26% and 2.1 respectively. BAL GM proved to be significantly more sensitive for the detection of IPA compared to same‐day serum GM in patients at high risk of IPA (P < 0.0001). Our data show that BAL GM testing is significantly superior to serum GM implying that diagnostic efforts should focus on specimens from the site of infection.