bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a protected inclusion of organic acids and essential oils as antibiotic growth promoter alternative on growth performance, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broilers
Authors: Liu Yanli , Yang Xin , Xin Hongliang , Chen Si , Yang Chengbo , Duan Yulan , Yang Xiaojun 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of protected essential oils and organic acids mixture on poultry feeding. A total of 450 1‐day‐old Cobb 500 chicks were randomly allotted into three treatments with six replicates. Birds were offered a basal diet (C), basal diet with 0.15 g/kg enramycin premix (A) and basal diet with 0.30 g/kg protected essential oils and organic acids mixture product (P). The results showed that protected essential oils and organic acids mixture supplementation reduced average daily feed intake and ratio of feed to gain (F/G) at 22–42 days of age, and F/G during 1–42 days of age also declined (P < 0.05). Product supplementation improved spleen index, villus height and crypt depth of the jejunum at 42 days when compared with the control (P < 0.05). In addition, secretory immunoglobulin A level of ileal mucosa and trypsin and chymotrypsin activities of intestinal tract were higher in the P treatment. Bacterial sequence analysis of the intestinal tract revealed that protected essential oils and organic acids mixture supplementation changed gut microflora mainly in Lactobacillus. These data suggested that dietary mixture of organic acids and essential oils addition could be used in the poultry industry as an antibiotic growth promoter alternative.
Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in various inorganic phosphates fed to growing pigs
Authors: Kwon Woong Bi , Kim Beob Gyun 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to determine the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in five sources of inorganic phosphate fed to growing pigs, including dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and monosodium phosphate (MSP, reagent grade). Six barrows (42.4 ± 1.1 kg) individually housed in metabolism crates were allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six dietary treatments and six periods. Each experimental period consisted of a 4 day adaptation period and a 5 day collection period. The five experimental diets contained 0.24 to 0.34% of P from each inorganic phosphate as a sole source of P. A P‐free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal endogenous loss of P. The STTD of P in MSP (94.9%) was not different from the STTD of P in MCP (93.0%), but was greater (P < 0.05) than that in DCP, MDCP and TCP (87.0, 86.5 and 71.3%, respectively). In conclusion, digestibility of P in reagent‐grade MSP was greater than that in feed‐grade inorganic phosphates such as DCP, MDCP and TCP, and digestibility of P in DCP and MDCP was greater than that in the TCP.
Functional morphology of the male reproductive system in Callichirus major (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea): Evidence of oocytes in the gonad
Authors: Souza Tugstênio L. , Braga Adriane A. , López‐Greco Laura S. , Nunes Erika T. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCallichirus major inhabits the intertidal region of marine ecosystems and it is frequently used as live bait for fishing. This study aimed to describe the functional anatomy of the male reproductive system by microscopic techniques. The animals were collected along the Corujão beach, Piuma—ES, Brazil, and, in laboratory, the males were classified into two phases: immature (IM) and developed (DE) based on the macroscopic characteristics of the gonads. The gonad and vas deferens were dissected for histological routine and histochemical tests. Histologically, it was noted that in both phases, the more distal region of gonads has ovarian characteristics, showing developing oocytes. Also, different male germ cells were identified: spermatogonium (SPG), spermatocytes I and II (SPTCI, SPTCII), initial and final spermatid (IS, FS) and sperm (SPZ). Accessory cells with spherical or pyramidal nuclei were also present inside the testicular lobules. According to the vas deferens structure, three regions can be characterized: proximal (PVD), middle (MVD) and distal (DVD). In the lumen of the vas deferens, a spermatophoric matrix highly reactive for histochemical tests was observed. The presence of female germ cells in males suggests the occurrence of intersexuality or hermaphroditism in this species.
Two pathways to self‐forgiveness: A hedonic path via self‐compassion and a eudaimonic path via the reaffirmation of violated values
Authors: Woodyatt Lydia , Wenzel Michael , Ferber Matthew 
Published: March 2017

Self‐forgiveness is often measured as a hedonic end‐state, as the presence of positive affect and the absence of negative affect towards the self following a wrongdoing. However, self‐forgiveness is also referred to as a difficult process. Self‐forgiveness as a process of accepting responsibility and working through one's wrongdoing is a substantially un‐hedonic – it is likely to be uncomfortable and at times painful. In this study, we examine two pathways to self‐forgiveness: a hedonic focused pathway (via self‐compassion) and a eudaimonic pathway (via reaffirmation of transgressed values). Across two studies, the data suggest that following interpersonal transgressions, self‐compassion reduces self‐punitiveness and increases end‐state self‐forgiveness (Study 1) via a reduction in perceived stigma (Study 2). In contrast, value reaffirmation increases the process of genuine self‐forgiveness and reduces defensiveness (Study 1) via increased concern for shared group values (Study 2), in turn increasing desire to reconcile (Study 1), and amend‐making and end‐state self‐forgiveness 1 week following the intervention (Study 2). The results suggest that both pathways can lead to self‐forgiveness; however, following a transgression, self‐forgiveness via a eudaimonic pathway offers greater promise for meeting the needs of both offenders and victims.
Establishing the pathways and indications for performing isotope bone scans in newly diagnosed intermediate‐risk localised prostate cancer – results from a large contemporaneous cohort
Authors: KandaSwamy Gokul V. , Bennett Adam , Narahari Krishna , Hughes Owen , Rees John , Kynaston Howard 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveTo establish the pattern of isotope bone scan (BS) positivity in a large contemporaneous cohort of patients with newly diagnosed localised prostate cancer and compare with the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines, as imaging guidelines and clinical practice for using BS to stage newly diagnosed patients with intermediate‐risk localised prostate cancer are not uniform in the literature.Patients and MethodsAll patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer were discussed in a specialist multidisciplinary team meeting and were prospectively entered in a database. Patients were categorised based on D'Amico classification. All intermediate‐ and high‐risk patients had pelvic magnetic resonance imaging and BS unless contraindicated. The BS positivity in each group was analysed and the negative predictive value (NPV) calculated. A cohort of 2720 patients between 2002 and 2015 was retrospectively analysed.ResultsOf 976 patients in the D'Amico intermediate‐risk category, 99 had primary Gleason pattern 4. Only one of the 99 patients had a positive BS and there were no positive BS in patients with Gleason primary pattern 3 in the intermediate‐risk category. On subgroup analysis, based on prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level and Gleason grade alone, the BS‐positivity rate in patients with a PSA level of <20 ng/mL and Gleason primary pattern 4 vs 3 was 6% and 0%, respectively, resulting in 100% NPV for a positive BS with Gleason primary pattern 3 and a PSA level of <20 ng/mL. The importance of clinical T stage (cT) was also noted, as eight of 146 patients had positive BS, who were high risk on cT stage, with a PSA level of <20 ng/mL and Gleason score <8. All eight patients had Gleason primary pattern 4. By limiting BS to the population at risk (all high‐risk + intermediate‐risk with primary pattern 4), 68 BS per year could have been avoided in a single centre. A limitation was that there was no histological confirmation of bony metastases. Extending the BS recommendation considering the new Gleason Grade Grouping is discussed.ConclusionThis study confirms that a staging BS can be safely avoided in patients with intermediate‐risk prostate cancer with Gleason primary pattern 3 and to limit performing BS in all high‐risk prostate cancer and in the intermediate‐risk group when the primary Gleason pattern is 4, thereby reinforcing the current recommendations of the EAU guidelines.
Constitutive androstane receptor regulates the intestinal mucosal response to injury
Authors: Hudson Grace M , Flannigan Kyle L , Erickson Sarah L , Vicentini Fernando A , Zamponi Alexandra , Hirota Christina L , Alston Laurie , Altier Christophe , Ghosh Subrata , Rioux Kevin P , Mani Sridhar , Chang Thomas K , Hirota Simon A 
Published: March 2017

Background and PurposeThe pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), involves aberrant interactions between a genetically susceptible individual, their microbiota and environmental factors. Alterations in xenobiotic receptor expression and function are associated with increased risk for IBD. Here, we have assessed the role of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a xenobiotic receptor closely related to the pregnane X receptor, in the regulation of intestinal mucosal homeostasis.Experimental ApproachCAR expression was assessed in intestinal mucosal biopsies obtained from CD and UC patients, and in C57/Bl6 mice exposed to dextran sulphate sodium (DSS; 3.5% w/v in drinking water) to evoke intestinal inflammation and tissue damage. CAR‐deficient mice were exposed to DSS and mucosal healing assessed. Modulation of wound healing by CAR was assessed in vitro. The therapeutic potential of CAR activation was evaluated, using 3,3′,5,5′‐tetrachloro‐1,4‐bis(pyridyloxy)benzene (TCPOBOP), a selective rodent CAR agonist.Key ResultsCAR expression was reduced in CD and UC samples, compared with expression in healthy controls. This was reproduced in our DSS studies, where CAR expression was reduced in colitic mice. CAR‐deficient mice exhibited reduced healing following DSS exposure. In vitro, CAR activation accelerated intestinal epithelial wound healing by enhancing cell migration. Lastly, treating mice with TCPOBOP, following induction of colitis, enhanced mucosal healing.Conclusion and ImplicationsOur results support the notion that xenobiotic sensing is altered during intestinal inflammation, and suggest that CAR activation may prove effective in enhancing mucosal healing in patients with IBD.
D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate promotes functional recovery and relieves pain hypersensitivity in mice with spinal cord injury
Authors: Qian Jiao , Zhu Wenjun , Lu Ming , Ni Bin , Yang Jun 
Published: March 2017

Background and PurposeSpinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe motor and sensory dysfunction and significantly reduces the quality of life. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of administration of exogenous D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (DBHB) on functional recovery and neuropathic pain in spinal cord‐injured mice.Experimental ApproachMice were given a moderate‐severe thoracic spinal contusion injury at the T9–10 level and treated with exogenous DBHB.Key ResultsTreatment of SCI mice with DBHB markedly improved locomotor function and relieved SCI‐induced hypersensitivities to mechanical and thermal stimulation. DBHB treatment partly prevented the SCI‐induced loss of motor neurons and suppressed microglial and glial activation. DBHB treatment enhanced histone acetylation and up‐regulated expression of the transcription factor FOXO3a, catalase and SOD2 in injured region of SCI mice. DBHB treatment suppressed SCI‐induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduced protein expression of IL‐1β and IL‐18. In addition, DBHB treatment improved mitochondrial function and abated oxidative stress following SCI.Conclusions and ImplicationsDBHB promoted functional recovery and relieved pain hypersensitivity in mice with SCI, possibly through inhibition of histone deacetylation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and preservation of mitochondrial function. DBHB could thus be envisaged as a potential use of interventions for SCI but remains to be tested in humans.
Calcium channel modulation as a target in chronic pain control
Authors: Patel Ryan , Montagut‐Bordas Carlota , Dickenson Anthony H 
Published: March 2017

Neuropathic pain remains poorly treated for large numbers of patients, and little progress has been made in developing novel classes of analgesics. To redress this issue, ziconotide (Prialt™) was developed and approved as a first‐in‐class synthetic version of ω‐conotoxin MVIIA, a peptide blocker of Cav2.2 channels. Unfortunately, the impracticalities of intrathecal delivery, low therapeutic index and severe neurological side effects associated with ziconotide have restricted its use to exceptional circumstances. Ziconotide exhibits no state or use‐dependent block of Cav2.2 channels; activation state‐dependent blockers were hypothesized to circumvent the side effects of state‐independent blockers by selectively targeting high‐frequency firing of nociceptive neurones in chronic pain states, thus alleviating aberrant pain but not affecting normal sensory transduction. Unfortunately, numerous drugs, including state‐dependent calcium channel blockers, have displayed efficacy in preclinical models but have subsequently been disappointing in clinical trials. In recent years, it has become more widely acknowledged that trans‐aetiological sensory profiles exist amongst chronic pain patients and may indicate similar underlying mechanisms and drug sensitivities. Heterogeneity amongst patients, a reliance on stimulus‐evoked endpoints in preclinical studies and a failure to utilize translatable endpoints, all are likely to have contributed to negative clinical trial results. We provide an overview of how electrophysiological and operant‐based assays provide insight into sensory and affective aspects of pain in animal models and how these may relate to chronic pain patients in order to improve the bench‐to‐bedside translation of calcium channel modulators.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc
Ethnic, Familial, and Religious Identity of Roma Adolescents in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Kosovo, and Romania in Relation to Their Level of Well‐Being
Authors: Dimitrova Radosveta , van de Vijver Fons J. R. , Taušová Jitka , Chasiotis Athanasios , Bender Michael , Buzea Carmen , Uka Fitim , Tair Ergyul 
Published: March 2017

This study examines ethnic, national, familial, and religious identity and well‐being of 632 Roma minority and 589 majority adolescents (age: M = 15.98 years, SD = 1.34) in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Kosovo, and Romania. Results indicated that Roma showed lower endorsement of national identity but stronger religious identity than their majority counterparts. Path models showed positive associations of familial and religious identities with well‐being, whereas Roma identity was negatively associated with well‐being, particularly for Roma in Bulgaria and Kosovo (countries with a less active policy toward improving conditions of Roma). In the latter countries, Roma ethnic identity is less relevant and weakly associated with psychological well‐being of youth.
Implant‐supported mandibular removable partial dentures: Functional, clinical and radiographical parameters in relation to implant position
Authors: Jensen Charlotte , Speksnijder Caroline M. , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Kerdijk Wouter , Meijer Henny J. A. , Cune Marco S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundPatients with a Kennedy class I situation often encounter problems with their removable partial denture (RPD).PurposeTo assess the functional benefits of implant support to RPDs, the clinical performance of the implants and teeth and to determine the most favorable implant position: the premolar (PM) or molar (M) region.Materials and methodsThirty subjects received 2 PM and 2 M implants. A new RPD was made. Implant support was provided 3 months later. In a cross‐over model, randomly, 2 implants (PM or M) supported the RPD during 3 months. Masticatory performance was assessed using the mixing ability index (MAI). Clinical and radiographic parameters were assessed. Non‐parametric statistical analysis for related samples and post hoc comparisons were performed.ResultsMasticatory performance differed significantly between the stages of treatment (P < .001). MAI‐scores improved with implant support although the implant position had no significant effect. No complications to the implants or RPD were observed and clinical and radiographical parameters for both implants and teeth were favorable. Higher scores for bleeding on probing were seen for molar implants.ConclusionsImplant support to a Kennedy class I RPD significantly improves masticatory function, regardless of implant position. No major clinical problems were observed.
Roles of NG2‐glia in ischemic stroke
Authors: Song Fei‐Er , Huang Jia‐Lv , Lin Si‐Han , Wang Shuo , Ma Guo‐Fen , Tong Xiao‐Ping 
Published: March 2017

SummaryRecent studies have shown that a widely distributed class of glial cells, termed NG2‐glia, engages in rapid signaling with surrounding neurons through direct synaptic contacts in the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS). This unique glial cell group has a typical function of proliferating and differentiating into oligodendrocytes during early development of the brain, which is crucial to axon myelin formation. Therefore, NG2‐glia are also called oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). In vitro and in vivo studies reveal that NG2‐glia expressing receptors and ion channels demonstrate functional significance for rapid signaling with neuronal synapses and modulation of neuronal activities in both physiological and pathological conditions. Although it is well known that NG2‐glia play an important role in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, little is known about how NG2‐glia or OPCs impact neurons and brain function following ischemic injury. This review summarizes recent progress on the roles of NG2‐glia in ischemic stroke and illustrates new approaches for targeting NG2‐glia in the brain to treat this disease.
Psychiatric diagnoses and medication treatment among patients presenting for paediatric weight management: associations with adiposity, aerobic fitness and cardiometabolic health
Authors: Tucker J. M. , Cadieux A. , Culver K. , Smith L. , Stratbucker W. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryWe compared anthropometry, cardiometabolic risk and aerobic fitness among obese youth in weight management who were diagnosed with one or more psychiatric disorders (PD), with (PD+M) or without (PD−M) a prescribed psychotropic medication with those with no PD (NPD). Physical measures were evaluated at baseline, and psychiatric diagnoses and related medications were identified from medical records. Of 99 patients 64 (65%) had a diagnosed PD, and of those, 23 (36%) had a related medication (PD+M). Compared to NPD, PD−M had a higher body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.003), BMI z‐score (P = 0.015), percent body fat (P = 0.005) and waist circumference (P < 0.001), after adjusting for age, but PD+M did not. Cardiometabolic risk did not differ between groups, but aerobic fitness was lower among PD−M (P = 0.001) and PD+M (P = 0.008) compared to NPD. Obese youth in weight management exhibit high rates of psychiatric diagnoses that are associated with lower fitness and higher adiposity and may impact treatment efficacy.
A model linking video gaming, sleep quality, sweet drinks consumption and obesity among children and youth
Authors: Turel O. , Romashkin A. , Morrison K. M. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThere is a growing need to curb paediatric obesity. The aim of this study is to untangle associations between video‐game‐use attributes and obesity as a first step towards identifying and examining possible interventions. Cross‐sectional time‐lagged cohort study was employed using parent–child surveys (t1) and objective physical activity and physiological measures (t2) from 125 children/adolescents (mean age = 13.06, 9–17‐year‐olds) who play video games, recruited from two clinics at a Canadian academic children's hospital. Structural equation modelling and analysis of covariance were employed for inference. The results of the study are as follows: (i) self‐reported video‐game play duration in the 4‐h window before bedtime is related to greater abdominal adiposity (waist‐to‐height ratio) and this association may be mediated through reduced sleep quality (measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index); and (ii) self‐reported average video‐game session duration is associated with greater abdominal adiposity and this association may be mediated through higher self‐reported sweet drinks consumption while playing video games and reduced sleep quality. Video‐game play duration in the 4‐h window before bedtime, typical video‐game session duration, sweet drinks consumption while playing video games and poor sleep quality have aversive associations with abdominal adiposity. Paediatricians and researchers should further explore how these factors can be altered through behavioural or pharmacological interventions as a means to reduce paediatric obesity.
Altered defaecatory behaviour and faecal incontinence in a video‐tracked animal model of pudendal neuropathy
Authors: Devane L. A. , Lucking E. , Evers J. , Buffini M. , Scott S. M. , Knowles C. H. , O'Connell P. R. , Jones J. F. X. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimThe aim was to develop a behavioural animal model of faecal continence and assess the effect of retro‐uterine balloon inflation (RBI) injury. RBI in the rat causes pudendal neuropathy, a risk factor for obstetric related faecal incontinence in humans.MethodVideo‐tracking of healthy rats (n = 12) in a cage containing a latrine box was used to monitor their defaecatory behaviour index (DBI) over 2 weeks. The DBI (range 0–1) was devised by dividing the defaecation rate (pellets per hour) outside the latrine by that of the whole cage. A score of 0 indicates all pellets were deposited in the latrine. Subsequently, the effects of RBI (n = 19), sham surgery (n = 4) and colostomy (n = 2) were determined by monitoring the DBI for 2 weeks preoperatively and 3 weeks postoperatively.ResultsThe DBI for healthy rats was 0.1 ± 0.03 with no significant change over 2 weeks (P = 0.71). In the RBI group, 13 of 19 rats (68%) showed no significant change in DBI postoperatively (0.08 ± −0.05 vs 0.11 ± −0.07) while in six rats the DBI increased from 0.16 ± −0.09 to 0.46 ± 0.23. The negative control, sham surgery, did not significantly affect the DBI (0.09 ± 0.06 vs 0.08 ± 0.04, P = 0.14). The positive control, colostomy, increased the DBI from 0.26 ± 0.03 to 0.86 ± 0.08.ConclusionsThis is the first study showing a quantifiable change in defaecatory behaviour following injury in an animal model. This model of pudendal neuropathy affects continence in 32% of rats and provides a basis for research on interventions for incontinence.