bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water–energy balance, past ecological perturbations and evolutionary constraints shape the latitudinal diversity gradient of soil testate amoebae in south‐western South America
Authors: Fernández Leonardo D. , Fournier Bertrand , Rivera Reinaldo , Lara Enrique , Mitchell Edward A. D. , Hernández Cristián E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimTo assess the largely neglected patterns and causes of latitudinal diversity gradients in soil protists, using South American testate amoebae as model organisms.LocationSouth‐western South America (SSA).MethodsWe assessed the relationship among richness, latitude and predictions of eight ecological hypotheses in SSA, a region characterized by harsh abiotic conditions northward and southward from mid‐latitudes. We also examined the patterns of latitudinal variation in species range sizes, species composition and phylogenetic relatedness among species to assess whether the responses of species to current climate rely on evolutionary constraints.ResultsRichness followed a unimodal trend with abrupt declines northward and southward from mid‐latitudes. This trend was mostly explained by water–energy balance. To our knowledge, this mechanism has never been reported for soil microorganisms before. Species range sizes were larger northward and southward from mid‐latitudes, a pattern which we have called the ‘two‐way Rapoport effect’. Species composition was due to turnover at mid‐latitudes and to nestedness towards low and high latitudes. Species at mid‐latitudes tended to be less related to each other than those at low and high latitudes, supporting the existence of evolutionary constraints to water–energy availability.Main conclusionsThe unimodal response of species diversity to water and energy availability stems from a combination of the ancestral adaptation of testate amoebae to warm, humid climates and past climate changes that set up permanent harsh abiotic conditions northward and southward from mid‐latitudes. Given that other soil microorganisms also depend on water and energy to survive and reproduce, we predict that the unimodal response to water–energy balance observed will also be valid for a large number of microbial groups in SSA. While this diversity trend may not hold true for testate amoebae from other regions, we predict that their evolutionary constraints to water–energy availability will always produce strong relationships among richness, water and energy at large spatial‐scales.
Screening for postoperative delirium in patients with acute hip fracture: Assessment of predictive factors
Authors: Koskderelioglu Asli , Onder Ozlem , Gucuyener Melike , Altay Taskin , Kayali Cemil , Gedizlioglu Muhtesem 
Published: June 2016

AimThe aim of the present study was to estimate the incidence and risk factors of delirium during the early postoperative period after hip fracture surgery. Furthermore, we investigated the accuracy of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM‐ICU) for detection and assessment of delirium in orthopedic patients.MethodsWe consecutively recruited patients aged 65 years or older undergoing hip fracture surgery. The presence of delirium was determined daily by two of the authors according to the CAM‐ICU criteria. A further evaluation was made with the reference standard Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition criteria for delirium. Their cognitive function was evaluated with the Mini‐Mental State Examination, and possible depressive mood with the Beck Depression Inventory. Baseline characteristics, as well as the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification and clinical outcomes, were analyzed for a correlation with accompanying delirium.ResultsAmong 109 patients, 20 (18.3%) were diagnosed with delirium. The concurrent validity of CAM‐ICU was good (kappa = 0.84). Specificity was 98.9%, and sensitivity was 80%. Multivariate regression analysis showed that Mini‐Mental State Examination (P = 0.001; odds ratio 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.65–0.86) and Beck Depression Inventory scores (P = 0.001; odds ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.22) correlated with the occurrence of delirium.ConclusıonsThe present results show that CAM‐ICU is highly sensitive and specific to identify delirium in hip fracture patients in the postoperative period. Among all of the risk factors, cognitive impairment and depressive mood were strongly associated with postoperative delirium. We suggest that a preoperative assessment of cognition and depression might be useful for identifying patients with a higher risk of postoperative delirium. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 919–924.
Geriatric risk in the surgical management of infectious spondylitis
Authors: Ha Jae Hong , Kim Se Ho , Park Sang‐Min , Lee Choon‐Ki , Chang Bong‐Soon , Kim Hyoungmin 
Published: June 2016

AimThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate and compare clinical outcomes in patients aged >65 years and <65 years who have undergone surgery for infectious spondylitis, and to identify any prognostic factors.MethodsWe reviewed 60 consecutive patients treated surgically for infectious spondylitis. We reviewed patients’ medical records especially focusing on comorbidities, preoperative serum albumin levels, postoperative complications and control of infection on follow up. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine whether these various factors affected clinical outcomes.ResultsPostoperative complication rates (P = 0.764) and infection control rates (P = 0.275) were not significantly different between the two groups. Univariate analysis did not show a correlation between age and clinical outcome, whereas body mass index (BMI; P = 0.04), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI; P = 0.017), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade (P = 0.006) and serum albumin (P = 0.003) were associated with overall postoperative complications. BMI (P = 0.002) and CCI (P = 0.000) were also associated with postoperative fatalities. The χ2‐test for trend also showed that CCI (P = 0.018), ASA grade (P = 0.007) and low serum albumin (<3.5 mg/dL; P = 0.004) were associated with postoperative complications. Logistic regression analysis showed that ASA grade (P = 0.034) and BMI (P = 0.044) were related to overall postoperative complications. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis using ASA grade and BMI to predict major postoperative complications and fatality showed an area under the curve value of 0.793 (P = 0.001) and 0.942 (p=0.002), respectively.ConclusionsBMI, ASA grade, CCI scores and serum albumin levels, rather than age, might be useful in predicting clinical outcome in surgery for infectious spondylitis in elderly patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 984–990.
‘TÄTER LITE’ – UNSERE MÜTTER, UNSERE VÄTER AND THE MANUFACTURING OF EMPATHY WITH GERMAN WARTIME TRAUMA
Authors: Schmitz Helmut 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTUnsere Mütter, unsere Väter, produced by Nico Hofmann's company TeamWorx for ZDF in 2014, was the most expensive German TV production to date and was successfully sold to a global audience, including the US where it was awarded an Emmy, and China. The article examines the mini‐series in the context of its German reception and the previous debates around representations of German suffering. It argues that the film combines two previously separate modes of visual representation, the historicist mode, known from Der Untergang and Dresden, and the traumatised aesthetics of contemporary immersive film and TV productions, such as Saving Private Ryan or Band of Brothers. Particular attention is paid to the issue of the manufacturing of audience empathy and film's claim to historical veracity, ostensibly supported by the two documentaries from Guido Knopp's ‘Redaktion Zeitgeschichte’ that accompanied the screenings.Unsere Mütter, unsere Väter, produziert von Nico Hofmanns Firma TeamWorx, war die bislang teuerste deutsche Fernsehproduktion und wurde erfolgreich global verkauft, unter anderem nach USA, wo die Miniserie einen Emmy gewann, und nach China. Der Artikel untersucht die Miniserie im Kontext ihrer deutschen Rezeption und der vorhergehenden Debatten um ‘Deutsches Leiden’. Er zeigt auf, dass der Film zwei bislang getrennte visuelle Modi kombiniert, den u. a. aus Der Untergang und Dresden bekannten Historizismus und die traumatische Ästhetik zeitgenössischen ‘immersiven’ Filmemachens, bekannt aus z. B. Saving Private Ryan oder Band of Brothers. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf der Herstellung von Zuschauerempathie und auf der vom Film beanspruchten historischen Wahrheit, die von den beiden die Ausstrahlungen begleitenden Dokumentationen aus Guido Knopps ‘Redaktion Zeitgeschichte’ beglaubigt wird.
The internalization of Helicobacter pylori plays a role in the failure of H. pylori eradication
Authors: Wang You‐hua , Lv Zhi‐fa , Zhong Yao , Liu Dong‐sheng , Chen Shu‐ping , Xie Yong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) internalization involves invasion of cells by the bacterium. Several studies have shown that H. pylori can invade human gastric epithelial cells, immune cells, and Candida yeast in vivo and in vitro. Whether bacterial invasion plays a role in eradication failure is unclear.AimTo investigate the relationship between H. pylori invasion of GES‐1 cells and H. pylori eradication failure.Materials and MethodsForty‐two clinical strains isolated from H. pylori‐positive patients with different outcomes after treatment with furazolidone‐based therapy were examined (17 failures and 25 successes). The H. pylori strains were shown to be susceptible to amoxicillin and furazolidone, and the patients also exhibited good compliance. Genotyping was performed for cagA and vacA (s and m). The antibiotic susceptibility of the strains to amoxicillin, furazolidone, clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin was determined by E‐tests. The levels of H. pylori invasion of GES‐1 cells were detected by gentamicin colony‐forming unit assays.ResultsThe internalization level in the eradication success group was 5.40±5.78 × 10−3 cfu/cell, and the median was 6.194 × 10−3 cfu/cell; the internalization level in the eradication failure group was 8.98±5.40 × 10−3 cfu/cell, and the median was 10.28 × 10−3 cfu/cell. The eradication failure group showed a greater invasion level than the eradication success group (P<.05). No significant difference was observed between the susceptible strains and the resistant strains when the internalization levels were compared (P>.05).ConclusionsThe results showed that H. pylori invasion of the gastric epithelia might play a role in eradication failure.
Harming Civilians and the Associative Duties of Soldiers
Authors: Van Goozen Sara 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAccording to International Humanitarian Law and many writing on just war theory, combatants who foresee that their actions will harm or kill innocent non‐combatants are required to take some steps to reduce these merely foreseen harms. However, because often reducing merely foreseen harms place burdens on combatants – including risk to their lives – this requirement has been criticised for requiring too much of combatants. One reason why this might be the case is that combatants have duties to each other and to their compatriots, such as duties to keep them safe, which are weighty enough to override their duties to foreign non‐combatants. In this article, I argue that arguments against the requirement to limit merely foreseen harms which rely on combatants' associative duties fail to establish that it is permissible for combatants to prioritise their own safety over the reduction of merely foreseen harms. Although the argument based on associative duties might work in individual cases, factors peculiar to the situation of combatants mean that such justifications are not normally available to them.
Concordance in phylogeography and ecological niche modelling identify dispersal corridors for reptiles in arid Australia
Authors: Melville Jane , Haines Margaret L. , Hale Joshua , Chapple Stephanie , Ritchie Euan G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimUsing the rock‐specialist agamid Ctenophorus caudicinctus as a model, we test hypothesized biogeographical dispersal corridors for lizards in the Australian arid zone (across the western sand deserts), and assess how these dispersal routes have shaped phylogeographical structuring.LocationArid and semi‐arid Australia.MethodsWe sequenced a c. 1400 bp fragment of mtDNA (ND2) for 134 individuals of C. caudicinctus as well as a subset of each of the mtDNA clades for five nuclear loci (BDNF, BACH1, GAPD, NTF3, and PRLR). We used phylogenetic methods to assess biogeographical patterns within C. caudicinctus, including relaxed molecular clock analyses to estimate divergence times. Ecological niche modelling (Maxent) was employed to estimate the current distribution of suitable climatic envelopes for each lineage.ResultsPhylogenetic analyses identified two deeply divergent mtDNA clades within C. caudicinctus – an eastern and western clade – separated by the Western Australian sand deserts. However, divergences pre‐date the Pleistocene sand deserts. Phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear DNA data sets generally support major mtDNA clades, suggesting past connections between the western C. c. caudicinctus populations in far eastern Pilbara (EP) and the lineages to the east of the sand deserts. Ecological niche modelling supports the continued suitability of climatic conditions between the Central Ranges and the far EP for C. c. graafi.Main conclusionsEstimates of lineage ages provide evidence of divergence between eastern and western clades during the Miocene with subsequent secondary contact during the Pliocene. Our results suggest that this secondary contact occurred via dispersal between the Central Ranges and the far EP, rather than the more southerly Giles Corridor. These events precede the origins of the western sand deserts and divergence patterns instead appear associated with Miocene and Pliocene climate change.
Monistic dualism and the body electric: An ontology of disease, patient and clinician for person‐centred healthcare
Authors: Pârvan Alexandra 
Published: June 2016

AbstractOntology is involved in medical care, because what both doctors and patients think the disease, the patient and the doctor are affects the giving and receiving of care, and hence the definition of medical care as profession. Going back to ancient philosophical views of disease as ‘bounded entity’ or as ‘relation’ (still echoed in contemporary theories and mindsets), I propose a way to think ontologically about disease that places it in necessary connection with the patient as person. Drawing on Augustine's views on disease, bodily integrity, and the human person as mind‐body unit, I speak of ‘monistic dualism’ as the view where the unit and health of the person is continuously and personally generated by the mind's attention to and action on the body, whether the body is impaired or not. Monistic dualism is identified as the ontological position of both patients who are (or can become) healthy within illness and clinicians who are ‘healthy’ in their profession. It is what guides both to create what their body is in a personal state of integrity or health. This ‘metaphysical body’ is termed ‘the body electric’ in patients, and I argue that clinicians can attend properly to the diseased body by attending to patients' metaphysical body. As clinicians offer metaphysical care to themselves, employing monistic dualism to create their metaphysical body, they should not deny it to patients. Ontology cannot be part of medical care without making metaphysical care a requirement.
The effect of an automated point of care tool on diagnosis and management of childhood obesity in primary care
Authors: Gentile Natalie , Cristiani Valeria , Lynch Brian A , Wilson Patrick M , Weaver Amy L , Rutten Lila J , Jacobson Debra J , Chaudhry Rajeev , Sriram Swetha , Kumar Seema 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundChildhood obesity is underdiagnosed in primary care practices. Our study aimed to compare rates of documentation of diagnosis of obesity and counselling for nutrition and physical activity at an academic primary care practice prior to and following implementation of a body mass index (BMI)‐based electronic point of care clinical reminder tool.MethodsWe performed a retrospective record review of children aged 2–18 years undergoing well child visits during any of three calendar years (2009, 2011 and 2013). The electronic clinical reminder tool was implemented in September 2010. Records of children with BMI > 95th percentile were electronically searched for terms of documentation of diagnosis of obesity and nutrition and physical activity counselling. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to adjust for potential patient and provider confounders.ResultsAmong those with BMI ≥ 95th percentile, there was a statistically significant increase in documentation of diagnosis of obesity (45.5% in 2009 vs. 52.4% in 2011; P < 0.001; adjusted odds ratio 1.36; 95% CI 1.13–1.65) and in counselling for physical activity and nutrition (66.8% in 2009 vs. 75.2% in 2011; P < 0.001; adjusted odds ratio 1.33; 95% CI 1.06–1.66) following implementation of the tool. Compared with 2011, there was no statistically significant increase in documentation of obesity (50.4%) or nutrition and physical activity counselling (77.9%) in 2013.ConclusionsThe implementation of a point of care clinical reminder tool was associated with improvement in documentation of diagnosis of obesity and counselling for nutrition and physical activity. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of these automated tools on weight outcomes in children.
A philosophical argument against evidence‐based policy
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen D 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesEvidence‐based medicine has two components. The methodological or ontological component consists of randomized controlled trials and their systematic review. This makes use of a difference‐making conception of cause. But there is also a policy component that makes a recommendation for uniform intervention, based on the evidence from randomized controlled trials.MethodsThe policy side of evidence‐based medicine is basically a form of rule utilitarianism. But it is then subject to an objection from Smart that rule utilitarianism inevitably collapses. If one assumes (1) you should recommend the intervention that has brought most benefit (the core of evidence‐based policy making), (2) individual variation (acknowledged by use of randomization) and (3) no intervention benefits all (contingent but true), then the objection can be brought to bear.ConclusionsA utility maximizer should always ignore the rule in an individual case where greater benefit can be secured through doing so. In the medical case, this would mean that a clinician who knows that a patient would not benefit from the recommended intervention has good reason to ignore the recommendation. This is indeed the feeling of many clinicians who would like to offer other interventions but for an aversion to breaking clinical guidelines.
Effect of non‐surgical periodontal therapy on insulin resistance in patients with type II diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis, as assessed by C‐peptide and the Homeostasis Assessment Index
Authors: Mammen Jerry , Vadakkekuttical Rosamma Joseph , George Joseraj Manaloor , Kaziyarakath Jaishid Ahadal , Radhakrishnan Chandni 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimA bidirectional relationship exists between diabetes and periodontitis. In the present clinical trial, we evaluated the effects of non‐surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on insulin resistance in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic periodontitis.MethodsForty chronic periodontitis patients with type II DM were selected and equally allocated to case and control groups. All patients were assessed for periodontal parameters and systemic parameters. The case group received NSPT, and both groups were re‐evaluated after 3 months.ResultsAll periodontal parameters were found to be significantly improved in the case group compared to the control group 3 months after NSPT. The mean differences in systemic parameters, such as fasting serum C‐peptide, Homeostasis Assessment (HOMA) Index–insulin resistance, and HOMA–insulin sensitivity, from baseline to 3 months for the case group were 0.544 ± 0.73, 0.54 ± 0.63, and –25.44 ± 36.81, respectively; for the control group, they were significant at –1.66 ± 1.89, –1.48 ± 1.86, and 31.42 ± 38.82 respectively (P < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c from baseline to 3 months in the case group (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe present study showed that periodontal inflammation could affect glycemic control and insulin resistance. Effective periodontal therapy reduced insulin resistance and improved periodontal health status and insulin sensitivity in patients with type II DM and chronic periodontitis.
From the southern right whale hunting decline to the humpback whaling expansion: a review of whale catch records in the tropical western South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: de Morais Igor Oliveira Braga , Danilewicz Daniel , Zerbini Alexandre Novaes , Edmundson William , Hart Ian B. , Bortolotto Guilherme Augusto 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHistorical catch records from whaling activity are crucial for assessments of whale populations. However, several gaps in the exploitation history for many populations from before the twentieth century create limitations that may lead to overestimates of the recovery of these populations. The history of modern whaling along the Brazilian coast is relatively well known. However, several questions relating to the pre‐modern period, during and before the nineteenth century, remain unanswered. For example, the level of exploitation of humpback whalesMegaptera novaeangliaeand southern right whalesEubalaena australisin this period is unknown.Pre‐modern whaling in Brazil began in 1602 and lasted until the 1920s. Whales were captured using manual harpoons from either rowing boats or sailing boats, and processed at land stations called ‘armações’. A review of the history and oil production of these stations indicates that substantial catches occurred.Pre‐modern whaling records also indicate the collapse of the southern right whale population in the western South Atlantic Ocean. Increasingly rare reports of sightings for the nineteenth century and the closing of the last armação in the breeding grounds off southern Brazil indicate that this population collapsed by 1830.Armações operating in north‐eastern Brazil remained active through the 1800s, and targeted humpback whales until modern whaling techniques were introduced in the early 1900s. It is estimated that between approximately 11000 and 32000 individuals of this species were captured at these coastal whaling stations from 1830 to 1924.
Quality of life of nursing home residents in China: A mediation analysis
Authors: Xiao Huimin , Yoon Ju Young , Bowers Barbara 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe examined whether the relationship between activities of daily living and quality of life was mediated by depression, and identified differences of the mediating effects by age group. In this cross‐sectional survey, 231 older adults were recruited from eight nursing homes. The path analysis indicated that depression played an important mediating role in the relationship between activities of daily living and quality of life. Depression appeared to be more significant for the mental health component as an outcome compared to the physical health component of quality of life. The impact of depression as a mediator for the older old group was greater than the young–middle group. This finding increases our understanding of the impact of age on the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between activities of daily living and quality of life. Healthcare providers should consider older adults' age differences when integrating physical or depression programs into clinical practice to enhance quality of life.