bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Measures of Shoulder Mobility in College Water-Polo Players
Authors: Witwer Aaron , Sauers Eric 
Published: August 2016

Context:Overhead stress from both swimming and throwing in water-polo players might lead to alterations in shoulder mobility and subsequent injury.Objective:To evaluate clinical measures of shoulder mobility in college water-polo players.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:University athletic training facility.Patients:31 Division I water-polo athletes.Main Outcome Measures:Measures were obtained for both the dominant and nondominant shoulders. Scapular upward rotation was measured using a digital inclinometer, posterior shoulder tightness was assessed by recording horizontal adduction with the scapula stabilized, and passive isolated glenohumeral-joint internal- and external-rotation range of motion were measured using goniometry.Results:No significant difference was observed between sides for scapular upward rotation (P= .68), posterior shoulder tightness (P= .25), or internal rotation (P= .41). A significant difference between sides was present for external rotation (P< .0001) and total arc of motion (P= .039).Conclusions:The dominant shoulders demonstrated significantly greater external rotation and a significantly greater total arc of motion than the nondominant shoulders did.
Effect of Stretching and Strengthening Shoulder Muscles on Forward Shoulder Posture in Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Kluemper Mark , Uhl Tim , Hazelrigg Heath 
Published: August 2016

Context:Imbalanced shoulder muscles might cause poor posture in swimmers, which has been implicated as potential cause of injury.Objective:To determine whether a training program can reduce forward shoulder posture.Design:Prospective pseudorandomized.Setting:College swimming pool.Participants:39 competitive swimmers (age 16 ± 2 years) divided into an exercise group (n = 24) and a control group (n = 15).Intervention:The experimental group performed a partner-stretching program on the anterior shoulder muscles and a strengthening regimen focusing on the posterior shoulder muscles for 6 weeks. The control group participated in normal swim-training activities.Main Outcome Measures:Shoulder posture was measured as the distance from the anterior acromion to a wall using a double-square method.Results:The experimental group significantly reduced the distance of the acromion from the wall in a resting posture (–9.6 ± 7.3 mm) as compared with the control group (–2.0 ± 6.9 mm).Conclusions:A training routine might reduce the forward shoulder posture present in most competitive swimmers.
Comparisons of Static and Dynamic Balance Following Training in Aquatic and Land Environments
Authors: Roth Aimee E. , Miller Michael G. , Ricard Marc , Ritenour Donna , Chapman Brenda L. 
Published: August 2016

Context:It has been theorized that aquatic balance training differs from land balance training.Objective:To compare the effects of balance training in aquatic and land environments.Design:Between-groups, repeated-measures design.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory and pool.Participants:24 healthy subjects randomly assigned to aquatic (n = 8), land (n = 10), or control (n = 6) groups.Intervention:Four weeks of balance training.Main Outcome Measures:Balance was measured (pre, mid, post, follow-up). COP variables: radial area, y range, x range in single leg (SL), tandem (T), single leg foam (SLF), and tandem form (TF) stance.Results:A significant condition × time interaction for x range was found, with improvements for SL, SLF, and TF. Radial area improved, with post-test 1.01 ± .23 cm2 and follow-up 1.06 ± .18 cm2 significantly lower than pretest 1.18 ± .23 cm2. Y range significantly improved, with posttest (4.69 ± 1.02 cm2) lower than pretest (5.89 ± 1.26 cm2). The foam conditions (SLF & TF) were significantly different from non-foam conditions (SL & T) for all variables.Conclusions:Results of this study show that balance training can effectively be performed in both land and aquatic environments.
Recovery of Joint Position Sense in the Shoulder after Muscle Fatigue
Authors: Chang Hsiao-Yun , Chen Chen-Sheng , Wei Shun-Hwa , Huang Chi-Huang 
Published: August 2016

Context:Fatigue of the shoulder rotator muscles may negatively affect joint position sense (JPS) and ultimately lead to injury.Objective:Recovery of shoulder JPS after muscle fatigue.Design:A repeated-measures study.Setting:Musculoskeletal research laboratory.Patients:Thirteen subjects participated in joint position error tests and isokinetic concentric strength assessment in shoulder rotation, before and after rotator muscle fatigue.Interventions:Local muscle fatigue was induced using isokinetic concentric contractions of the shoulder rotator muscles.Main Outcome Measurements:Shoulder rotator strength and JPS error signals were measured before fatigue, immediately after fatigue, and every ten minutes thereafter for one hour.Results:Before shoulder rotation muscle fatigue, the accuracy of shoulder JPS was 2.79 ± 1.67 degrees. After muscle fatigue, the accuracy decreased to 6.39 ± 2.90 degrees. Shoulder JPS was influenced up to 40 minutes after muscle fatigue, but shoulder strength was only affected for 10 minutes after muscle fatigue.Conclusions:Proprioceptive recovery was slower than strength following fatigue of the shoulder rotators.
Test-Retest Reliability of Three Dynamic Tests Obtained from Active Females Using the Neurocom Balance Master
Authors: Naylor Mary E. , Romani William A. 
Published: August 2016

Context:There is a growing need for objective measures of proprioception and balance in athletic females.Objective:To determine the intertester and intratester reliability of the Neurocom Balance Master (NBM) forward lunge (FL), step up and over (SUO), and step quick turn (SQT) tests on a young, healthy, female population.Design:Repeated measures design.Setting:University medical laboratory.Participants:15 young healthy female volunteers (height 155.1 cm ± 18.5 cm, mass 61.1 kg ± 7.3 kg, age 24.2 years ± 2.9 years).Measurements:The average of three trials on the FL, SUO, and SQT taken during each of three testing sessions on the NBM long force plate.Results:Inter and intratester reliability for the FL (ICC r = 0.71 to r = 0.93) and SQT (ICC r = 0.70 to r = 0.88) ranged from good to excellent while reliability for the SUO ranged from fair to excellent (ICC r = 0.59 to r = 0.92).Conclusions:The three NBM tests are reliable in healthy, young, physically active females.
Scapular Stabilizer Activity during Bodyblade®, Cuff Weights, and Thera-Band® Use
Authors: Lister Jennifer L. , Del Rossi Gianluca , Ma Fangchao , Stoutenberg Mark , Adams Jessica B. , Tobkin Sara , Signorile Joseph F. 
Published: August 2016

Context:There are numerous ways to overload the scapular stabilizers.Objectives:To assess scapular stabilizer activity using the Bodyblade® and other traditional training devices.Design:Repeated measures analysis of surface EMG data collected from the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA) during shoulder flexion and abduction using Bodyblade®, cuff weight, and Thera-Band® resistance.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:Thirty collegiate athletes (20.0 ± 1.7 years).Intervention:Participants performed 10 repetitions of shoulder flexion and abduction.Main Outcome Measures:For each movement, normalized root mean square values (NrmsEMG) were computed for each muscle during each repetition under each training condition. Data were analyzed using 3 (condition) × 10 (repetition) repeated measures ANOVAs.Results:During shoulder flexion and abduction, the NrmsEMG of the UT, LT, and SA were significantly greater when using the Bodyblade® than the Thera-Band® or cuff weight.Conclusion:The Bodyblade® produces greater scapular activity than traditional resistance techniques.
Effect of Fatigue on Neuromuscular Function at the Ankle
Authors: Gutierrez Gregory M. , Jackson Nicole D. , Dorr Kristin A. , Margiotta Sarah E. , Kaminski Thomas W. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Lateral ankle sprains occur more frequently than any other orthopedic injury. Athletes often report sustaining more injuries late in competition when fatigue is present.Objective:To evaluate neuromuscular function of the ankle musculature after fatigue. Design: Experimental, pretest-posttest.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:Ten female and 9 male college-aged subjects.Intervention:Fatigue was induced via continuous concentric and eccentric muscle actions of the ankle: inversion (INV), eversion (EV), plantar flexion (PF), and dorsiflexion (DF).Main Outcome Measures:Peak torque (PT), peak EMG, and median frequency (MF) were calculated prefatigue and postfatigue in the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PER), and lateral gastrocnemius (GAS) muscles.Results:Main effects were noted for test (P < 0.0125) in all statistical tests performed indicating changes in PT, peak EMG, and MF after fatigue.Conclusions:A significant decrease in MF of the PER muscle after PF fatigue and corresponding with a decreased firing rate, may be of importance, especially with regard to the role in countering the violent moment seen with inversion ankle sprains.
Analyses of Isokinetic and Closed Chain Movements for Hamstring Reciprocal Coactivation
Authors: Miller John P. , Croce Ronald V. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Researchers have postulated that coactivation of the hamstrings during active knee extension assists the anterior cruciate ligament in maintaining knee joint stability by exerting an opposing force to anterior tibial translation.Objective:To compare the reciprocal coactivation of the hamstrings while performing low and high velocity isokinetic movements and two closed chain movements.Design:Within subject’s comparison of isokinetic and closed chain exercises.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory utilizing a Cybex norm isokinetic dynamometer and Biopac Data Collection system.Participants:12 healthy women.Main Outcome Measures:The root mean square of the Electromyogram (rmsEMG) was used as a measure of overall muscle activity.Results:The rmsEMG for hamstring coactivation during knee extension showed significant differences between the isokinetic movements and the closed chain exercises with greater coactivation when performing the isokinetic movements. In addition, greater activity was seen at the higher isokinetic velocity and during the one legged squat.Conclusions:These results suggest isokinetic movements, particularly at high speed, can more effectively increase the coactivation activity of the hamstrings when compared to two closed chain activities.
The Effect of Textured Insoles on Postural Control in Double and Single Limb Stance
Authors: Corbin Dawn M. , Hart Joseph M. , McKeon Patrick O. , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Hertel Jay 
Published: August 2016

Context:Increased plantar cutaneous afferent information may improve postural control.Objective:To compare postural control measures between balance conditions with and without textured insoles.Design:crossover trial.Setting:Research Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:33 healthy subjects (27.4 ± 9.1yrs, 172.6 ± 10.3 cm, 75.4 ± 16.4 kg).Intervention(s):Subjects performed 24, 10-second bipedal and unilateral stance balance trials with eyes opened and eyes closed, with and without a textured insole in subjects’ shoes.Main Outcome Measures:Average velocity and area of center of pressure (COP) excursions.Results:We observed an interaction among balance conditions during bilateral stance, but not during unilateral stance. On average, subjects exhibited greater area and velocity of COP excursions with eyes closed compared to eyes opened. Significant differences in area and velocity of COP excursions were observed during bilateral stance only when subjects were not wearing textured insoles. There were no significant differences while subjects balanced in bilateral stance with textured insoles.Conclusions:Increased afferent information from textured insoles improves postural control in bilateral stance.
Hip Abductor Weakness and Lower Extremity Kinematics during Running
Authors: Heinert Becky L. , Kernozek Thomas W. , Greany John F. , Fater Dennis C. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To determine if females with hip abductor weakness are more likely to demonstrate greater knee abduction during the stance phase of running than a strong hip abductor group.Study Design:Observational prospective study design.Setting:University biomechanics laboratory.Participants:15 females with weak hip abductors and 15 females with strong hip abductors.Main Outcome Measures:Group differences in lower extremity kinematics were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with one between factor of group and one within factor of position with a significance value of P < .05.Results:The subjects with weak hip abductors demonstrated greater knee abduction during the stance phase of treadmill running than the strong group (P < .05). No other significant differences were found in the sagittal or frontal plane measurements of the hip, knee, or pelvis.Conclusions:Hip abductor weakness may influence knee abduction during the stance phase of running.
Compensatory Mechanisms in Basketball Players with Jumper’s Knee
Authors: Siegmund Julie A. , Huxel Kellie C. , Swanik C. Buz 
Published: August 2016

Context:Determining whether there are compensations in those with jumper’s knee (JK) might further our understanding of the condition.Objective:Comparing lower extremity kinematics and jump performance of basketball athletes with JK with those of healthy controls (C).Design:Repeated-measures control-match design.Setting:University laboratory.Participants:24 male basketball players (12 JK, 12 C) matched by height, weight, position, experience, and frequency of play.Interventions:Standing countermovement and running layup jumps.Main Outcome Measures:Maximum vertical-jump height, footfall landing, and lower extremity sagittal-plane kinematics.Results:There were no significant group differences (P > .05) in vertical-jump height (JK = 64.3 ± 8.6 cm, C = 63.0 ± 9.8 cm) or layup height (JK = 71.3 ± 11.6 cm, C = 73.3 ± 11.0 cm). JK subjects landed flat footed (50%) more than controls (8%). JK subjects showed significantly more hip flexion (JK = 105° ± 24.8°, C = 89.8° ± 14.1°; P = .039) with decreased hip acceleration during the countermovement (JK = −3039 ± 1392°/s2, C = −4229 ± 1765°/s2; P = .040). When landing from the countermovement jump, JK subjects had significantly less knee acceleration (JK = −4960 ± 1512°/s2, C = −6736 ± 2009°/s2; P = 023) and in the layup showed significantly less ankle dorsiflexion (JK = 106.5° ± 9.0°, C = 112.5° ± 7.7°; P = .048) and hip acceleration (JK = − 2841 ± 1094°/s2, C = −3912 ± 1575°/s2; P = .033).Conclusion:Compensatory strategies observed in JK subjects might help maintain performance, because their jump height was similar to that of healthy controls.
Acute-Exercise-Induced Alterations in Calpain and Calpastatin Expression in Rat Muscle
Authors: Wang Lijing , Duan Ligong , Li Xukun , Li Guoping 
Published: August 2016

Context:Calpains and calpastatin can degrade muscle proteins, but no research has investigated the expression pattern of calpains and calpastatin after exhaustive exercise.Objective:To investigate the alterations in expression of μ-, m-, and n-calpain and calpastatin after exhaustive exercise and its association with muscle injury.Method:64 rats divided into 2 groups, a nonexercise control group and an acute-exhaustive-exercise (AEE) group. Biopsies in the AEE group were taken at different times after exercise.Results:Calpastatin protein expression and m-calpain activity increased early after exercise, but both n-calpain protein expression and μ-calpain activity generally decreased with time. n-Calpain mRNA expression was down- regulated from late after exercise.Conclusions:The increased m-calpain activity might promote muscle-protein degradation and muscle injury. On the contrary, calpastatin might execute a protective function against muscle injury. The change in p-calpain activity was found earlier than muscle injury and therefore might serve as a useful predictor of muscle injury.
Changes in Active Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion after Acute Inversion Ankle Sprain
Authors: Youdas James W. , McLean Timothy J. , Krause David A. , Hollman John H. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Posterior calf stretching is believed to improve active ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (AADFROM) after acute ankle-inversion sprain.Objective:To describe AADFROM at baseline (postinjury) and at 2-wk time periods for 6 wk after acute inversion sprain.Design:Randomized trial.Setting:Sports clinic.Participants:11 men and 11 women (age range 11–54 y) with acute inversion sprain.Intervention:Standardized home exercise program for acute inversion sprain.Main Outcome Measure:AADFROM with the knee extended.Results:Time main effect on AADFROM was significant (F3,57 = 108, P < .001). At baseline, mean active sagittal-plane motion of the ankle was 6° of plantar flexion, whereas at 2, 4, and 6 wk AADFROM was 7°, 11°, and 11°, respectively.Conclusions:AADFROM increased significantly from baseline to week 2 and from week 2 to week 4. Normal AADFROM was restored within 4 wk after acute inversion sprain.
Acute Effects of Scapular Mobilization in Shoulder Dysfunction: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Surenkok Ozgur , Aytar Aydan , Baltaci Gul 
Published: August 2016

Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial effects of scapular mobilization (SM) on shoulder range of motion (ROM), scapular upward rotation, pain, and function.Design:Pretest–posttest for 3 groups (SM, sham, and control).Setting:A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the initial effect of the SM at a sports physiotherapy clinic.Participants:39 subjects (22 women, 17 men; mean age 54.30 ± 14.16 y, age range 20-77 y).Interventions:A visual analog scale, ROM, scapular upward rotation, and function were assessed before and just after SM. SM (n = 13) consisted of the application of superoinferior gliding, rotations, and distraction to the scapula. The sham (n = 13) condition replicated the treatment condition except for the hand positioning. The control group (n = 13) did not undergo any physiotherapy and rehabilitation program.Main Outcome Measures:Pain severity was assessed with a visual analog scale. Scapular upward rotation was measured with a baseline digital inclinometer. Constant Shoulder Score (CSS) was used to measure shoulder function.Results:After SM, we found significant improvements for shoulder ROM, scapular upward rotation, and CSS between pretreatment and posttreatment compared with the sham and control groups. In the sham group, shoulder-ROM values increased or decreased for the shoulder and scapular upward rotation was not changed. Pain, ROM, and physical function of the shoulder were not significantly different in the sham group than in controls (P > .05).Conclusions:SM may be a useful manual therapy technique to apply to participants with a painful limitation of the shoulder. SM increases ROM and decreases pain intensity.
Effect of Stretching on Ankle and Knee Angles and Gastrocnemius Activity during the Stance Phase of Gait
Authors: Johanson Marie A. , Cuda Brian J. , Koontz Jonathan E. , Stell Julia C. , Abelew Thomas A. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Stretching exercises are commonly prescribed for patients and healthy individuals with limited extensibility of the gastrocnemius muscle.Objective:To determine effects of gastrocnemius stretching on ankle dorsiflexion, knee extension, and gastrocnemius muscle activity during gait.Design:Randomized-control trial.Setting:Biomechanical laboratory.Participants:Sixteen volunteers (9 men and 7 women, mean age = 27 y) with less than 5° of passive ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion randomly assigned to an experimental or control group.Intervention:The experimental group performed gastrocnemius stretching for 3 wk.Main Outcome Measures:Maximum ankle dorsiflexion, maximum knee extension, and EMG amplitude of the gastrocnemius muscles were measured between heel strike and heel-off before and after intervention.Results:No significant effect of group or time was found on maximum ankle dorsiflexion, maximum knee extension, or EMG activity of the medial or lateral gastrocnemius muscles between heel strike and heel-off. The experimental group had significantly greater passive ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion bilaterally at posttest than the control group.Conclusions:Stretching did not alter joint angles or gastrocnemius muscle activity in the early to midstance phase of gait.
Isometric Hip-Rotator Torque Production at Varying Degrees of Hip Flexion
Authors: Johnson Sam , Hoffman Mark 
Published: August 2016

Context:Hip torque production is associated with certain knee injuries. The hip rotators change function depending on hip angle.Objective:To compare hip-rotator torque production between 3 angles of hip flexion, limbs, and sexes.Design:Descriptive.Setting:University sports medicine research laboratory.Participants:15 men and 15 women, 19-39 y.Intervention:Three 6-s maximal isometric contractions of the hip external and internal rotators at 10°, 40°, and 90° of hip flexion on both legs.Main Outcome Measure:Average torque normalized to body mass.Results:Internal-rotation torque was greatest at 90° of hip flexion, followed by 40° of hip flexion and finally 10° of hip flexion. External-rotation torque was not different based on hip flexion. The nondominant leg’s external rotators were stronger than the dominant leg’s, but the reverse was true for internal rotators. Finally, the men had more overall rotator torque.Conclusions:Hip-rotation torque production varies between flexion angle, leg, and sex. Clinicians treating lower extremity problems need to be aware of these differences.
Functional Isokinetic Strength Ratios in Baseball Players With Injured Elbows
Authors: Lin Yin-Chou , Thompson Angela , Kung Jung-Tang , Chieh Liang-Wei , Chou Shih-Wei , Lin Jung-Charng 
Published: August 2016

Context:Elbow injuries are widely reported among baseball players. The elbow is susceptible to injury when elbow-flexor and -extensor forces are imbalanced during pitching or throwing. Assessment of muscle-strength ratios may prove useful for diagnosing elbow injury.Objective:The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the elbow-flexor and -extensor functional isokinetic ratios and elbow injury in baseball players.Design:Retrospective study.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:College baseball players with (n = 9) and without (n = 12) self-reported elbow pain or loss of strength were recruited.Intervention and Main Outcome Measures:Trials were conducted using a dynamometer to assess dominant-arm flexor and extensor concentric and eccentric strength at angular velocities of 60° and 240°/s. Functional isokinetic ratios were calculated and compared between groups.Results:Regression analysis revealed that a ratio of biceps concentric to triceps concentric strength greater than 0.76 (the median value) significantly predicted elbow injury (P = .01, odds ratio of injury = 24). No other ratios or variables (including position played) were predictive of injury status.Conclusions:These findings suggest that the ratio of biceps concentric to triceps concentric functional strength strongly predicts elbow-injury status in baseball players. Assessment of this ratio may prove useful in a practical setting for training purposes and both injury diagnosis and rehabilitation.