bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ROS in gastrointestinal inflammation: Rescue Or Sabotage?
Authors: Aviello G , Knaus UG 
Published: January 2016

The intestine is composed of many distinct cell types that respond to commensal microbiota or pathogens with immune tolerance and proinflammatory signals respectively. ROS produced by mucosa‐resident cells or by newly recruited innate immune cells are essential for antimicrobial responses and regulation of signalling pathways including processes involved in wound healing. Impaired ROS production due to inactivating patient variants in genes encoding NADPH oxidases as ROS source has been associated with Crohn's disease and pancolitis, whereas overproduction of ROS due to up‐regulation of oxidases or altered mitochondrial function was linked to ileitis and ulcerative colitis. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how maintaining a redox balance is crucial to preserve gut homeostasis.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc
Perceptions of parents and children, participating in a school‐based feeding programme in disadvantaged areas in Greece: a qualitative study
Authors: Dalma A. , Kastorini C. M. , Zota D. , Veloudaki A. , Petralias A. , Yannakoulia M. , Linos A. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryAimThe aim of this work was to explore parents' and children's attitudes towards healthy eating and the free provision of a daily school meal in underprivileged areas of Greece.MethodsTwenty focus groups were conducted in 14 schools. Eligible participants were children/adolescents and their parents, who were recipients of a food aid, healthy nutrition school‐based programme. Their perceptions towards healthy eating and related barriers, experience of a school feeding programme, other nutrition intervention initiatives were qualitatively evaluated.ResultsMost of the parents referred to the Mediterranean diet as a healthy dietary pattern. Nearly all parents were aware of their effect as role models and commented on the benefits of eating together as a family, as well as on the importance of improving their own dietary habits. Parents reported using various methods to promote a healthy diet, as part of their parenting role. They perceived their role as difficult, as they have to deal with children's resistance, financial constraints arising from the current economic crisis in Greece and busy work schedules. All students perceived the school feeding programme as health‐promoting, reflecting their parents' perceptions.ConclusionThe present findings indicate that although the traditional Mediterranean diet was perceived by the majority of the adults as a health and traditional dietary pattern, parents reported several barriers related to its adoption. In particular, the most common barriers included financial difficulties, limited time for food preparation and children's resistance to consume healthy foods.
The ecological and evolutionary stability of interspecific territoriality
Authors: Losin Neil , Drury Jonathan P. , Peiman Kathryn S. , Storch Chaya , Grether Gregory F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractInterspecific territoriality may play an important role in structuring ecological communities, but the causes of this widespread form of interference competition remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the phenotypic, ecological and phylogenetic correlates of interspecific territoriality in wood warblers (Parulidae). Interspecifically territorial species have more recent common ancestors and are more similar phenotypically, and are more likely to hybridise, than sympatric, non‐interspecifically territorial species. After phylogenetic corrections, however, similarity in plumage and territorial song are the only significant predictors of interspecific territoriality besides syntopy (fine‐scale geographic overlap). Our results do not support the long‐standing hypothesis that interspecific territoriality occurs only under circumstances in which niche divergence is restricted, which combined with the high incidence of interspecific territoriality in wood warblers (39% of species), suggests that this interspecific interaction is more stable, ecologically and evolutionarily, than commonly assumed.
Invasive plants have different effects on trophic structure of green and brown food webs in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta‐analysis
Authors: McCary Matthew A. , Mores Robin , Farfan Monica A. , Wise David H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlthough invasive plants are a major source of terrestrial ecosystem degradation worldwide, it remains unclear which trophic levels above the base of the food web are most vulnerable to plant invasions. We performed a meta‐analysis of 38 independent studies from 32 papers to examine how invasive plants alter major groupings of primary and secondary consumers in three globally distributed ecosystems: wetlands, woodlands and grasslands. Within each ecosystem we examined if green (grazing) food webs are more sensitive to plant invasions compared to brown (detrital) food webs. Invasive plants have strong negative effects on primary consumers (detritivores, bacterivores, fungivores, and/or herbivores) in woodlands and wetlands, which become less abundant in both green and brown food webs in woodlands and green webs in wetlands. Plant invasions increased abundances of secondary consumers (predators and/or parasitoids) only in woodland brown food webs and green webs in wetlands. Effects of invasive plants on grazing and detrital food webs clearly differed between ecosystems. Overall, invasive plants had the most pronounced effects on the trophic structure of wetlands and woodlands, but caused no detectable changes to grassland trophic structure.
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy genetics: Molecular diagnostics and prevention
Authors: Goldman Alica M. , Behr Elijah R. , Semsarian Christopher , Bagnall Richard D. , Sisodiya Sanjay , Cooper Paul N. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryEpidemiologic studies clearly document the public health burden of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Clinical and experimental studies have uncovered dynamic cardiorespiratory dysfunction, both interictally and at the time of sudden death due to epilepsy. Genetic analyses in humans and in model systems have facilitated our current molecular understanding of SUDEP. Many discoveries have been informed by progress in the field of sudden cardiac death and sudden infant death syndrome. It is becoming apparent that SUDEP genomic complexity parallels that of sudden cardiac death, and that there is a pauci1ty of analytically useful postmortem material. Because many challenges remain, future progress in SUDEP research, molecular diagnostics, and prevention rests in international, collaborative, and transdisciplinary dialogue in human and experimental translational research of sudden death.
After sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Lessons learned and the road forward
Authors: Donner Elizabeth J. , Waddell Briony , Osland Karen , Leach John P. , Duncan Susan , Nashef Lina , Picot Marie Christine 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe devastating effects of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) can be difficult to navigate, even for experienced clinicians. Mounting evidence supports full disclosure of the risks of epilepsy to those affected and their caregivers, and recommendations from regulatory and professional groups encourage the same. Following a death, families are faced with tragedy, guilt, and sometimes anger. Clinicians are often called upon to provide information and support. The development of a comprehensive approach to SUDEP education requires careful consideration of the people living with epilepsy, facts about SUDEP and known risk factors, as well as experiences of families and care providers. In this article, we share the experiences of those working in SUDEP education and epilepsy care, including the voluntary sector. We explore the experience of bereaved families and clinicians, derive lessons from published research, highlight areas where more research is needed, and report on preliminary data from a nationwide study from France.
From unwitnessed fatality to witnessed rescue: Pharmacologic intervention in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Authors: Richerson George B. , Boison Detlev , Faingold Carl L. , Ryvlin Philippe 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe mechanisms of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) have been difficult to define, as most cases occur unwitnessed, and physiologic recordings have been obtained in only a handful of cases. However, recent data obtained from human cases and experimental studies in animal models have brought us closer to identifying potential mechanisms. Theories of SUDEP should be able to explain how a seizure starting in the forebrain can sometimes lead to changes in brainstem cardiorespiratory control mechanisms. Herein we focus on three major themes of work on the causes of SUDEP. First, evidence is reviewed identifying postictal hypoventilation as a major contributor to the cause of death. Second, data are discussed that brainstem serotonin and adenosine pathways may be involved, as well as how they may contribute. Finally, parallels are drawn between SIDS and SUDEP, and we highlight similarities pointing to the possibility of shared pathophysiology involving combined failure of respiratory and cardiovascular control mechanisms. Knowledge about the causes of SUDEP may lead to potential pharmacologic approaches for prevention. We end by describing how translation of this work may result in future applications to clinical care.
Asymmetric Volatility, Skewness, and Downside Risk in Different Asset Classes: Evidence from Futures Markets
Authors: Tse Yiuman 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study examines the cross‐sectional variation of futures returns from different asset classes. The monthly returns are positively correlated with downside risk and negatively correlated with coskewness. The asymmetric volatility effect generates negatively skewed returns. Assets with high coskewness and low downside betas provide hedges against market downside risk and offer low returns. The high returns offered by assets with low coskewness and high downside betas are a risk premium for bearing downside risk. The asset pricing model that incorporates downside risk partially explains the futures returns. The results indicate a unified risk perspective to jointly price different asset classes.
The Debt Trap: Wealth Transfers and Debt‐Equity Choices of Junk‐Grade Firms
Authors: Kadapakkam Palani‐Rajan , Meisami Alex , Wald John K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIf outstanding debt is risky, issuing equity transfers wealth from equity holders to debt holders. If existing leverage is high and bankruptcy costs are small, this wealth transfer effect outweighs the gains to stockholders from optimizing firm value. Empirically, we find that for investment‐grade firms, higher leverage implies a greater likelihood of issuing equity, as expected in a standard tradeoff model. However, consistent with the impact of wealth transfer effects, for junk‐grade firms, higher leverage implies a greater likelihood of issuing debt. The analysis implies an additional route through which historical shocks determine firms’ financing choices.
The Epstein–Zin Model with Liquidity Extension
Authors: Liu Weimin , Luo Di , Zhao Huainan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we extend the Epstein–Zin model with liquidity risk and assess the extended model's performance against the traditional consumption pricing models. We show that liquidity is a significant risk factor, and it adds considerable explanatory power to the model. The liquidity‐extended model produces both a higher cross‐sectional R2 and a smaller Hansen and Jagannathan distance than the traditional consumption‐based capital‐asset pricing model and the original Epstein–Zin model. Overall, we show that liquidity is both a priced factor and a key contributor to the extended Epstein–Zin model's goodness‐of‐fit.
A Semi‐Structured MODFLOW‐USG Model to Evaluate Local Water Sources to Wells for Decision Support
Authors: Feinstein Daniel T. , Fienen Michael N. , Reeves Howard W. , Langevin Christian D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn order to better represent the configuration of the stream network and simulate local groundwater‐surface water interactions, a version of MODFLOW with refined spacing in the topmost layer was applied to a Lake Michigan Basin (LMB) regional groundwater‐flow model developed by the U.S. Geological. Regional MODFLOW models commonly use coarse grids over large areas; this coarse spacing precludes model application to local management issues (e.g., surface‐water depletion by wells) without recourse to labor‐intensive inset models. Implementation of an unstructured formulation within the MODFLOW framework (MODFLOW‐USG) allows application of regional models to address local problems. A “semi‐structured” approach (uniform lateral spacing within layers, different lateral spacing among layers) was tested using the LMB regional model. The parent 20‐layer model with uniform 5000‐foot (1524‐m) lateral spacing was converted to 4 layers with 500‐foot (152‐m) spacing in the top glacial (Quaternary) layer, where surface water features are located, overlying coarser resolution layers representing deeper deposits. This semi‐structured version of the LMB model reproduces regional flow conditions, whereas the finer resolution in the top layer improves the accuracy of the simulated response of surface water to shallow wells. One application of the semi‐structured LMB model is to provide statistical measures of the correlation between modeled inputs and the simulated amount of water that wells derive from local surface water. The relations identified in this paper serve as the basis for metamodels to predict (with uncertainty) surface‐water depletion in response to shallow pumping within and potentially beyond the modeled area, see Fienen et al. (2015a).
Unusual primary syphilis: Presentation of a likely case with a review of the stages of acquired syphilis, its differential diagnoses, management, and current recommendations
Authors: Watts Paula J. , Greenberg Harry L. , Khachemoune Amor 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSyphilis is an ancient disease that has re‐emerged in the last decade. It is prevalent among men who have sex with men and has increased in incidence with certain ethnic groups. It usually presents as primary or secondary syphilis and can progress to tertiary syphilis if not treated. Primary syphilis will classically manifest as a single, painless ulcer with smooth, clean, and raised borders on the genitals or less often on the oral mucosa. Unusual primary syphilis cases have been reported and can be easily misdiagnosed with a resulting delay of treatment. Secondary syphilis is a systemic disease, wherein the treponemes have disseminated to various organ systems, typically presenting with characteristic mucocutaneous lesions. Tertiary syphilis has a higher rate of morbidity and mortality; as such, the aim of this article is to provide the readers with tools to recognize early syphilis and prevent its progression to late stages. In this review, we present a likely case of unusual primary syphilis mimicking herpes progenitalis as well as a compilation of all atypical cases of primary syphilis from 1973 to 2015. We will also review the differential diagnosis, management, and recommendations for each stage of syphilis.
A matheuristic approach to solve the multiobjective beam angle optimization problem in intensity‐modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Cabrera G. Guillermo , Ehrgott Matthias , Mason Andrew J. , Raith Andrea 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSelecting a suitable set of beam angles is an important but difficult task in intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for cancer treatment. From a single objective point of view, this problem, known as the beam angle optimization (BAO) problem, is solved by finding a beam angle configuration (BAC) that leads to the best dose distribution, according to some objective function. As there exists a trade‐off between the main goals in IMRT (to irradiate the tumor according to some prescription and to avoid surrounding healthy tissue), it makes sense to solve this problem from a multiobjective (MO) point of view. When doing so, a solution of the BAO problem is no longer a single BAC, but instead a set of BACs that lead to a set of dose distributions that, depending on both dose prescription and physician preferences, can be selected as the preferred treatment. We solve this MO problem using a two‐phase strategy. During the first phase, a deterministic local search algorithm is used for selecting a set of locally optimal BACs, according to a single‐objective function. During this search, an optimal dose distribution for each BAC, with respect to the single‐objective function, is calculated using an exact nonlinear programming algorithm. During the second phase, a set of nondominated points is generated for each promising locally optimal BAC and a dominance analysis among them is performed. The output of the procedure is a set of (approximately) efficient BACs that lead to good dose distributions. To demonstrate the viability of the method, the two‐phase strategy is applied to a prostate case.
Optimal partial discretization orders for discretizable distance geometry
Authors: Gonçalves Douglas S. , Mucherino Antonio 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe distance geometry problem (DGP) studies whether a simple weighted undirected graph can be embedded in a given space so that the weights of the edges of G, when available, are the same as the distances between pairs of embedded vertices. The DGP can be discretized when some particular assumptions are satisfied, which are strongly dependent on the vertex ordering assigned to G. In this paper, we focus on the problem of identifying optimal partial discretization orders for the DGP. The solutions to this problem are in fact vertex orders that allow the discretization of the DGP. Moreover, these partial orders are optimal in the sense that they optimize, at each rank, a given set of objectives aimed to improve the structure of the search space after the discretization. This ordering problem is tackled from a theoretical point of view, and some practical experiences on sets of artificially generated instances, as well as on real‐life instances, are provided.
How can a retailer identify the dominant strategy in a newsvendor situation with a supplier take‐it‐or‐leave‐it offer?
Authors: Won Youkyung 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate how a retailer facing the newsvendor situation with a supplier take‐it‐or‐leave‐it offer can identify the dominant strategy. In our newsvendor setting, (a) the supplier, as the dominant player, imposes a take‐it‐or‐leave‐it offer with quantity discounts; (b) the retailer, as the dominated player who also has her own discount scheme for customers to promote sales, should then determine whether she accepts the supplier's offer; and (c) neither player has complete information about the probability distribution of demand. By examining only the price schedules of both players, we establish the conditions under which the retailer can safely accept the take‐it‐or‐leave‐it offer such that the strategy to abandon her own discount policy in favor of the quantity discounts offered by the supplier dominates the strategy to continue her own discount policy without the quantity discounts offered by the supplier.
Dying Care Interventions in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Kisvetrová Helena , Školoudík David , Joanovič Eva , Konečná Jana , Mikšová Zdeňka 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPurposeProviding high‐quality end‐of‐life care is a challenging area in intensive care practice. The aim of the current study was to assess the practice of registered nurses (RNs) with respect to dying care and spiritual support interventions in intensive care units (ICUs) in the Czech Republic (CR) and find correlations between particular factors or conditions and the frequency of NIC interventions usage.Design and MethodsA cross‐sectional, descriptive study was designed. A questionnaire with Likert scales included the particular activities of dying care and spiritual support interventions and an evaluation of the factors influencing the implementation of the interventions in the ICU. The group of respondents consisted of 277 RNs working in 29 ICUs in four CR regions. The Mann–Whitney U test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for statistical evaluation.FindingsThe most and least frequently reported RN activities were “treat individuals with dignity and respect” and “facilitate discussion of funeral arrangements,” respectively. The frequencies of the activities in the biological, social, psychological, and spiritual dimensions were negatively correlated with the frequency of providing care to dying patients. A larger number of activities were related to longer lengths of stay in the ICU, higher staffing, more positive opinions of the RNs regarding the importance of education in a palliative care setting, and attending a palliative care education course.ConclusionsThe psychosocial and spiritual activities in the care of dying patients are used infrequently by RNs in CR ICUs. The factors limiting the implementation of palliative care interventions and strategies improving implementation warrant further study.Clinical RelevanceAssessment of nursing activities implemented in the care of dying patients in the ICU may help identify issues specific to nursing practice.
LEADERS, FOLLOWERS, AND ASYMMETRIC LOCAL TAX POLICY DIFFUSION
Authors: Burge Gregory S. , Rogers Cynthia L. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTComplementing recent theoretical models of tax competition with endogenous leadership, we empirically model local policy diffusion as a dynamic asymmetric process. Using a setting where local option sales taxes rapidly transitioned from nonexistence to ubiquity, we construct a policy leadership index to classify jurisdictions as leaders or followers. Using models that control for vertical tax competition effects, we show how asymmetric leader–follower dynamics characterize horizontal tax competition over the three decades that follow. A placebo test further supports our main conclusions. This methodological approach could be adapted to other settings where policies exhibit both extensive and intensive margins.
First finding of impact melt in the IIE Netschaëvo meteorite
Authors: van Roosbroek N. , Pittarello L. , Greshake A. , Debaille V. , Claeys P. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAbout half of the IIE nonmagmatic iron meteorites contain silicate inclusions with a primitive to differentiated nature. The presence of preserved chondrules has been reported for two IIE meteorites so far, Netschaëvo and Mont Dieu, which represent the most primitive silicate material within this group. In this study, silicate inclusions from two samples of Netschaëvo were examined. Both silicate inclusions are characterized by a porphyritic texture dominated by clusters of coarse‐grained olivine and pyroxene, set in a fine‐grained groundmass that consists of new crystals of olivine and a glassy appearing matrix. This texture does not correspond to the description of the previously examined pieces of Netschaëvo, which consist of primitive chondrule‐bearing angular clasts. Detailed petrographic observations and geochemical analyses suggest that the investigated samples of Netschaëvo consist of quenched impact melt. This implies that Netschaëvo is a breccia containing metamorphosed and impact‐melt rock (IMR) clasts and that collisions played a major role in the formation of the IIE group.