bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myology of the forelimb of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda, Abelisauridae) and the morphological consequences of extreme limb reduction
Authors: Burch Sara H. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractForelimb reduction occurred independently in multiple lineages of theropod dinosaurs. Although tyrannosaurs are renowned for their tiny, two‐fingered forelimbs, the degree of their reduction in length is surpassed by abelisaurids, which possess an unusual morphology distinct from that of other theropods. The forelimbs of abelisaurids are short but robust and exhibit numerous crests, tubercles, and scars that allow for inferences of muscle attachment sites. Phylogenetically based reconstructions of the musculature were used in combination with close examination of the osteology in the Malagasy abelisaurid Majungasaurus to create detailed muscle maps of the forelimbs, and patterns of the muscular and bony morphology were compared with those of extant tetrapods with reduced or vestigial limbs. The lever arms of muscles crossing the glenohumeral joint are shortened relative to the basal condition, reducing the torque of these muscles but increasing the excursion of the humerus. Fusion of the antebrachial muscles into a set of flexors and extensors is common in other tetrapods and occurred to some extent in Majungasaurus. However, the presence of tubercles on the antebrachial and manual elements of abelisaurids indicates that many of the individual distal muscles acting on the wrist and digits were retained. Majungasaurus shows some signs of the advanced stages of forelimb reduction preceding limb loss, while also exhibiting features suggesting that the forelimb was not completely functionless. The conformation of abelisaurid forelimb musculature was unique among theropods and further emphasizes the unusual morphology of the forelimbs in this clade.
Congenital muscle dystrophy and diet consistency affect mouse skull shape differently
Authors: Spassov Alexander , Toro‐Ibacache Viviana , Krautwald Mirjam , Brinkmeier Heinrich , Kupczik Kornelius 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe bones of the mammalian skull respond plastically to changes in masticatory function. However, the extent to which muscle function affects the growth and development of the skull, whose regions have different maturity patterns, remains unclear. Using muscle dissection and 3D landmark‐based geometric morphometrics we investigated the effect of changes in muscle function established either before or after weaning, on skull shape and muscle mass in adult mice. We compared temporalis and masseter mass and skull shape in mice with a congenital muscle dystrophy (mdx) and wild type (wt) mice fed on either a hard or a soft diet. We found that dystrophy and diet have distinct effects on the morphology of the skull and the masticatory muscles. Mdx mice show a flattened neurocranium with a more dorsally displaced foramen magnum and an anteriorly placed mandibular condyle compared with wt mice. Compared with hard diet mice, soft diet mice had lower masseter mass and a face with more gracile features as well as labially inclined incisors, suggesting reduced bite strength. Thus, while the early‐maturing neurocranium and the posterior portion of the mandible are affected by the congenital dystrophy, the late‐maturing face including the anterior part of the mandible responds to dietary differences irrespective of the mdx mutation. Our study confirms a hierarchical, tripartite organisation of the skull (comprising neurocranium, face and mandible) with a modular division based on development and function. Moreover, we provide further experimental evidence that masticatory loading is one of the main environmental stimuli that generate craniofacial variation.
Computed tomographic findings in 12 cases of canine multi‐centric lymphoma with splenic and hepatic involvement
Authors: Jones I. D. , Daniels A. D. , Lara‐Garcia A. , Peters L. M. , Mantis P. 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesTo describe the CT findings in a population of dogs with multi‐centric lymphoma that involved the spleen and liver.Materials and MethodsClinical records between January 2008 and June 2015 were reviewed. Thoracic and abdominal CT examinations of patients diagnosed with multi‐centric lymphoma were evaluated by a board‐certified radiologist. A diagnosis of multi‐centric lymphoma with splenic and hepatic involvement was based upon cytological identification and immunophenotyping of neoplastic lymphocytes in cellular samples harvested from a peripheral lymph node, the spleen and the liver.ResultsTwelve dogs were included in this study, of which 11 had B‐cell lymphoma; immunophenotyping was inconclusive in one dog. The spleen appeared normal in seven dogs and nodules were identified in five dogs. Splenic nodules were hypoattenuating in four of five dogs and isoattenuating in one of five. After contrast administration, three of five appeared hypoattenuating and two of five isoattenuating. The liver appeared normal in 10 dogs and hepatic nodules were identified in two dogs. All hepatic nodules were isoattenuating before contrast and hypoattenuating following contrast administration.Clinical SignificanceThe CT appearance of the spleen and liver was normal in the majority of dogs with multi‐centric lymphoma. Fine needle aspiration of the spleen and liver is recommended when using CT to stage dogs with multi‐centric lymphoma.
Mortality due to trauma in cats attending veterinary practices in central and south‐east England
Authors: McDonald J. L. , Cleasby I. R. , Brodbelt D. C. , Church D. B. , O'Neill D. G. 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesTo identify important demographic and spatial factors associated with the risk of trauma and, more specifically, road traffic accident‐related mortality, relative to other diagnoses in cats.MethodsA sample of 2738 cats with mortality data derived from the VetCompass primary‐care veterinary database was selected for detailed study. Generalised linear models investigated risk factors for mortality due to trauma and due to road traffic accidents versus other causes.ResultsA greater proportion of younger cats died through traumatic and road traffic accident‐attributed causes relative to other causes of mortality. There was no apparent association of trauma‐ or road traffic accident‐related death with urban environments or areas where there is increased human population density.Clinical significanceThese findings highlight that veterinary advice which aims to reduce the likelihood of death through trauma, and specifically road traffic accidents, should focus on demographic attributes including age. All geographical locations should be considered as of equal risk.
Effects of different salinities on the osmoregulatory capacity of Mediterranean sticklebacks living in freshwater
Authors: Rind K. , Beyrend D. , Blondeau‐Bidet E. , Charmantier G. , Cucchi P. , Lignot J.‐H. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThree‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) of the Camargue region (Rhone delta, northern Mediterranean Sea) occupy coastal mesohaline lagoons and freshwater canals. In this study, the acclimation capacity to different salinities of a population living in freshwater canals was investigated. Freshwater (FW; 5 ‰) individuals were compared to fish acclimated for at least 2 weeks to brackish water (BW; 15 ‰) and seawater (SW; 30 ‰). Blood osmotic pressure and gill Na+/K+‐ATPase (NKA) gene expression of the α1 subunit and α1a and α1b isoforms were determined at these salinities. NKA protein expression in the gill ionocytes and the remodelling of these cells were also investigated through NKA immunolabelling and electron microscopy. Blood osmolalities of fish acclimated to FW, BW and SW were significantly different. Branchial NKA α1a and α1b expressions also differed, with a higher expression of NKA α1b in fish acclimated to SW. Gill ionocytes in fish acclimated to FW were located along the lamellae and at their base and appeared elongated, whereas these cells were restricted to gill filaments in fish acclimated to SW with a round shape. Finally, electron microscopy revealed three different types of apical structures for these ionocytes: a honeycomb‐like structure and a dome shape in FW, and deeply encrypted in SW. This study shows that ionocyte cell type and morphology, and gill NKA expression are salinity‐dependent. This branchial remodelling is directly linked to the physiological homeostatic status reached by the fish. It also highlights that sticklebacks of the Camargue region can rapidly acclimate to different salinities and can easily migrate between FW canals and mesohaline coastal lagoons.
Safety, efficacy, and persistence of long‐term mirabegron treatment for overactive bladder in the daily clinical setting: Interim (1‐year) report from a Japanese post‐marketing surveillance study
Authors: Kato Daisuke , Tabuchi Hiromi , Uno Satoshi 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesTo report interim 1‐year results from a 3‐year surveillance study evaluating safety, efficacy, and persistence of long‐term mirabegron for overactive bladder (OAB).MethodsPatients starting treatment with mirabegron for urinary urgency, daytime frequency, and urgency incontinence associated with OAB were registered and followed up for 3 years. Data were collected on adverse drug reactions (ADR), changes in OAB symptoms, changes in Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS), and treatment discontinuations. Treatment persistence rates were calculated by Kaplan–Meier analysis.ResultsEighty‐one ADR were observed in 72/1139 patients (6.3%) through 1 year of mirabegron treatment, with the incidence highest during the first month. No significant change in residual urine volume was observed at any observation point up to 1 year of mirabegron treatment. Mirabegron was deemed “effective” in 883/1091 patients (80.9%) at 1 year/discontinuation. Total OABSS was decreased with statistical significance at 3, 6 months, and 1 year, or at discontinuation (P < 0.001 at each time point). Kaplan–Meier treatment persistence rates were 84.8% at 3 months, 77.6% at 6 months, and 66.0% at 1 year. Treatment persistence rates were similar for male and female patients but significantly higher for patients aged ≥65 years (67.3%; n = 908) compared with those aged <65 years (59.8%; n = 231; log‐rank test: P = 0.032).ConclusionsLong‐term OAB treatment with mirabegron was well‐tolerated, with effectiveness maintained through 1 year. Mirabegron treatment persistence was higher than has been previously reported, and was greater in patients aged ≥65 years compared with those aged <65 years.
Influencing everyday activities in a nursing home setting: A call for ethical and responsive engagement
Authors: Mondaca Margarita , Josephsson Staffan , Katz Arlene , Rosenberg Lena 
Published: August 2017

This study focuses on influence that older adults, living in nursing homes, have over everyday activities. Everyday activities are key to sustain a sense of stability, predictability, and enjoyment in the local world of people's everyday and therefore a critical dimension of the person‐centeredness framework applied within gerontology. This narrative ethnographic study aimed to shed light on how influence can be situated contextually, and how it can emerge through activities as well as how it is negotiated in everyday by frail older adults living in a nursing home. Residents, staff members, and significant others from one nursing home in an urban area of Sweden participated in this study. Data were gathered through fieldwork, including participant observation and formal and informal conversations during a period of 6 months. Data were analyzed through a narrative interpretative approach. The findings are presented in narrative form as exemplars. The exemplars—Craquelures as justification, Seeking a place for other life worlds and An almost perfect trip—reveal a gap between the client‐centeredness framework and lived experiences regarding older adults’ influence in everyday activities. The role of everyday activities in the context of frailty is discussed in terms of ethical and responsive engagement, and implications for health‐care practices are considered.
Perinatal high fat diet increases inhibition of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus neurons regulating gastric functions
Authors: McMenamin C. A. , Travagli R. A. , Browning K. N. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies suggest an increased inhibition of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons following exposure to a perinatal high fat diet (PNHFD); the underlying neural mechanisms, however, remain unknown. This study assessed the effects of PNHFD on inhibitory synaptic inputs to DMV neurons and the vagally dependent control of gastric tone and motility.MethodsWhole‐cell patch clamp recordings were made from DMV neurons in thin brainstem slices from Sprague‐Dawley rats fed either a control diet or HFD (14 or 60% kcal from fat, respectively) from embryonic day 13 onwards; gastric tone and motility were recorded in in vivo anesthetized rats.Key ResultsThe non‐selective GABAA antagonist, BIC (10 μmol L–1), induced comparable inward currents in PNHFD and control DMV neurons, but a larger current in PNHFD neurons at higher concentrations (50 μmol L–1). Differences were not apparent in neuronal responses to the phasic GABAA antagonist, gabazine (GBZ), the extrasynaptic GABAA agonist, THIP, the GABA transport blocker, nipecotic acid, or the gliotoxin, fluoroacetate, suggesting that PNHFD altered inhibitory transmission but not GABAA receptor density or function, GABA uptake or glial modulation of synaptic strength. Similarly, the increase in gastric motility and tone following brainstem microinjection of low doses of BIC (1‐10 pmoles) and GBZ (0.01‐0.1 pmoles) were unchanged in PNHFD rats while higher doses of BIC (25 pmoles) induced a significantly larger increase in gastric tone compared to control.Conclusions and InferencesThese studies suggest that exposure to PNHFD increases the tonic inhibition of DMV neurons, possibly contributing to dysregulated vagal control of gastric functions.
Towards CRISPR/Cas crops – bringing together genomics and genome editing
Authors: Scheben Armin , Wolter Felix , Batley Jacqueline , Puchta Holger , Edwards David 
Published: August 2017

SummaryWith the rapid increase in the global population and the impact of climate change on agriculture, there is a need for crops with higher yields and greater tolerance to abiotic stress. However, traditional crop improvement via genetic recombination or random mutagenesis is a laborious process and cannot keep pace with increasing crop demand. Genome editing technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) allow targeted modification of almost any crop genome sequence to generate novel variation and accelerate breeding efforts. We expect a gradual shift in crop improvement away from traditional breeding towards cycles of targeted genome editing. Crop improvement using genome editing is not constrained by limited existing variation or the requirement to select alleles over multiple breeding generations. However, current applications of crop genome editing are limited by the lack of complete reference genomes, the sparse knowledge of potential modification targets, and the unclear legal status of edited crops. We argue that overcoming technical and social barriers to the application of genome editing will allow this technology to produce a new generation of high‐yielding, climate ready crops.

Contents

Summary
682

I.
Introduction
682

II.
Genomic‐based crop improvement before CRISPR/Cas
683

III.
Genome assembly as the starting point for genome editing
684

IV.
Identifying targets for genome editing using functional genomics
685

V.
Using CRISPR/Cas to improve crops
685

VI.
Improving the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas system
688

VII.
An emerging new breeding process
690

VIII.
Conclusion
694

Acknowledgements
694

References
694
Deciphering adipose tissue heterogeneity
Authors: Lynes Matthew D. , Tseng Yu‐Hua 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObesity is an excess accumulation of adipose tissue mass, and, together with its sequelae, in particular type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome, obesity presents a major health crisis. Although obesity is simply caused by increased adipose mass, the heterogeneity of adipose tissue in humans means that the response to increased energy balance is highly complex. Individual subjects with similar phenotypes may respond very differently to the same treatments; therefore, obesity may benefit from a personalized precision medicine approach. The variability in the development of obesity is indeed driven by differences in sex, genetics, and environment, but also by the various types of adipose tissue as well as the different cell types that compose it. By describing the distinct cell populations that reside in different fat depots, we can interpret the complex effect of these various players in the maintenance of whole‐body energy homeostasis. To further understand adipose tissue, adipogenic differentiation and the transcriptional program of lipid accumulation must be investigated. As the cell‐ and depot‐specific functions are described, they can be placed in the context of energy excess to understand how the heterogeneity of adipose tissue shapes individual metabolic status and condition.
Preparation‐related structural diversity and medical potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with ginseng pectins
Authors: Chen Qilei , Zhu Lin , Tang Yina , Zhao Zhongzhen , Yi Tao , Chen Hubiao 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPectins isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, a global health challenge. Soil‐to‐bench procedures of ginseng pectin preparation significantly affect the polysaccharide structures. Various forms of ginseng pectins rich in homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan‐I, rhamnogalacturonan‐II, and arabinogalactan have demonstrated independent or collaborative effects on hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, immunological dysfunction, and neoplasms. Monosaccharide compositions, peptide contents, degrees of esterification and methylation, and inter‐ and intramolecular linkages all influence pectin bioactivity. Understanding the preparation–structure and structure–function relationships of ginseng pectins can lead to safer and more pertinent treatment of diabetes with efficacy‐oriented modifications of the pectins. To reach this goal, standardization of preparation procedures, understanding of intricate structures, and exploration of complex interactions with receptors are crucial steps to take full advantage of the medical potential of ginseng pectins.
Apical cytoskeletons and junctional complexes as a combined system in epithelial cell sheets
Authors: Yano Tomoki , Kanoh Hatsuho , Tamura Atsushi , Tsukita Sachiko 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEpithelial cell sheet formation is central to many aspects of vertebrate development and function. For example, it is a major principle of differentiation in embryogenesis and regeneration, enables the compartmentalization of tissues, and is the basis for the maintenance of homeostasis throughout the body. A key characteristic of biologically functional epithelial cell sheets is a clear difference between the top and bottom sides owing to the apicobasal polarity of the cells in the sheet, as seen in the simple polar epithelia. Epithelial cell sheets are formed by cell–cell adhesion conferred by junctional complexes, in particular via tight junctions (TJs), which thus create a paracellular barrier. This review focuses on the apical side of the sheet, which serves as the front line. The apical membranes and TJs of the various tissues have specific characteristics that enable them to function and adapt to their biological context: each system must be robust, but also dynamic and flexible to maintain homeostasis. Here, we describe various apical cytoskeletal structures that are critical to the integrity of epithelial cell sheets. We also discuss the association of apical cytoskeletal networks with TJs, which thus forms a combined system, tentatively termed the TJ–apical complex.
The rice cultivar Baixiangzhan harbours a recessive gene xa42(t) determining resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Liang Li Q. , Wang Cong Y. , Zeng Lie X. , Wang Wen J. , Feng Jin Q. , Chen Bing , Su Jing , Chen Shen , Shang Fu D. , Zhu Xiao Y. , Lin Fei 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBacterial leaf blight (BB) is among the “top 3” diseases in rice production. Breeding resistant cultivars has been the most effective strategy for BB management. The inbred cultivar Baixiangzhan (BXZ) showed a broad spectrum of resistance to five Xoo pathotypes in China, including the prevalent and highly virulent Xoo pathotypes Chinese Race V (CV), which can overcome the resistance of Xa4 and Xa21. The resistance heredity of BXZ has been explored in this study. A single recessive major resistance gene, which designated as xa42(t), confers resistance against the tested Xoo pathotypes CV. Linkage analysis lands xa42(t) on chromosome 6, and genetic mapping confines it to 3.9 cM region flanked by RM20558/RM20547 and RM20580. A further seven markers were developed from this interval for high‐resolution mapping, and the xa42(t) locus was narrowed to 34.8 Kb segment bounded by RM20572 and DT46. The only functionally predicted gene included in the target region is LOC_Os06g45960 if based on the ‘Nipponbare’ reference sequence. This candidate gene is predicted to encode a cytochrome P450 protein.
Mini grasping basket forceps for endobronchial foreign body removal in pediatric patients
Authors: Hata Atsushi , Nakajima Takahiro , Ohashi Kota , Inage Terunaga , Tanaka Kazuhisa , Sakairi Yuichi , Wada Hironobu , Fujiwara Taiki , Suzuki Hidemi , Iwata Takekazu , Yoshino Ichiro 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundAppropriate device selection is crucial for endobronchial foreign body removal using a bronchoscope. In pediatric patients, bronchoscopy requires the use of a thin device due to the narrow access to the airway, limiting the range of useful endobronchial devices. We herein review our experience in endobronchial foreign body removal with a focus on the type of bronchoscope and the instruments used in comparison with the literature, and investigate the utility of mini grasping basket forceps (FG‐55D, Olympus®; and Zero Tip™, Airway Retrieval Basket, Boston Scientific).MethodsBetween April 2008 and April 2016, foreign bodies were removed from the airway of 12 pediatric patients by bronchoscopy. These cases are reviewed in this study. The clinical presentation, location and characteristics of the foreign bodies, and the type of bronchoscope and instruments used were analyzed.ResultsA consecutive series of 12 pediatric patients was retrospectively reviewed, and the therapeutic characteristics investigated. Nuts were the most frequently observed foreign body. Seven of the 12 pediatric patients required an ultrathin bronchoscope (diameter, 2.8 mm) for foreign body removal. Only one patient required a rigid scope in addition to flexible bronchoscopy. The most frequently used instrument was a mini grasping basket forceps (n = 7; 58%), which was used with a 1.2 mm instrument channel (n = 4; 33%).ConclusionsThe use of a mini grasping basket forceps in combination with an ultrathin flexible bronchoscope was useful for removing smooth, soft materials such as a nuts or beans in pediatric cases.