bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipoprotein lipase activity does not predict very low‐density lipoprotein‐triglyceride fatty acid oxidation during exercise
Authors: Søndergaard E. , Andersen I. R. , Sørensen L. P. , Gormsen L. C. , Nielsen S. 
Published: February 2017

Exercise lowers plasma triglyceride levels, but the physiological mechanisms remain not fully elucidated. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in facilitating fatty acid uptake from lipoproteins. As exercise increases the efficiency of very low‐density lipoprotein‐triglyceride (VLDL‐TG) oxidation, we hypothesized that muscle LPL activity would be a rate‐limiting step and predict VLDL‐TG Fatty acids oxidation during exercise. Sixteen healthy, lean subjects (eight men and eight women) were examined before and during an acute exercise bout (90 minutes at 50% of VO2‐max). Heparin‐releasable LPL activity was measured in muscle and adipose tissue biopsies. Breath 14CO2 was measured after a primed‐constant infusion of ex vivo labeled [14C]‐triolein VLDL‐TG. Fractional VLDL‐TG storage was measured in adipose tissue biopsies. Exercise did not affect muscle LPL activity (P=.30). No association was observed between muscle LPL activity and VLDL‐TG oxidation, neither in the basal state (P=.17) nor during exercise (P=.83). Exercise did not affect upper body or lower body adipose tissue LPL activity (both P=.92). The basal adipose tissue fractional VLDL‐TG storage (abdominal.13%±9%; femoral 17%±10% (P=.18)) was not associated with upper body (P=.56) or lower body (P=.44) subcutaneous adipose tissue LPL activity. Muscle LPL activity does not predict VLDL‐TG oxidation during rest or exercise. In addition, adipose tissue LPL activity was not associated with VLDL‐TG storage during rest. This suggests that LPL activity is present in excess of what is required to facilitate lipid uptake for oxidation during both rest and exercise.
Using Foucault's theory of disciplinary power to critically examine the construction of gender in secondary schools
Authors: Graham Katie , Treharne Gareth J. , Nairn Karen 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSchools are typically thought of as important places for young people to learn specific academic skills. This review synthesises research from “western” English‐speaking countries to argue that young people learn more than just academic skills at school. Specifically, the review explores how aspects of classroom teaching and culture contribute to how young people understand gender. Drawing on Foucault's theory of disciplinary power, practices within schools are deconstructed to show how they create certain gendered ways of being. The discourses of gender within schools are critiqued by highlighting how they limit diverse expressions of gender. Section 3 of the review draws on literature to highlight how dominant discourses and the practices that create them can be resisted creating the opportunity for other discourses of gender.
Risk factors of human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis/myelitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Miyashita Naohiro , Endo Tomoyuki , Onozawa Masahiro , Hashimoto Daigo , Kondo Takeshi , Fujimoto Katsuya , Kahata Kaoru , Sugita Junichi , Goto Hideki , Matsukawa Toshihiro , Hashino Satoshi , Teshima Takanori 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundHuman herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) encephalitis/myelitis is now a well‐known complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT), particularly after cord blood transplantation (CBT). In this study, we evaluated the risk factors of HHV‐6 encephalitis/myelitis.MethodsWe evaluated 253 patients who received allo‐HSCT from 2007 to 2015 at our institute. HHV‐6 encephalitis/myelitis was defined as HHV‐6 DNA detection in the cerebrospinal fluid or peripheral blood by polymerase chain reaction in the presence of typical manifestations without other concurrent condition that led to the manifestations.ResultsHHV‐6 encephalitis/myelitis occurred in 11 patients (4.5%) (9 encephalitis, 3.7%; 2 myelitis, 0.8%). Multivariate analysis showed that CBT, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for graft‐versus‐host disease prophylaxis, history of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT), and engraftment syndrome (ES) were significantly associated with incidence of HHV‐6 encephalitis/myelitis (P=.025, P=.017, P=.017, and P=.014, respectively).ConclusionAlthough it has been shown that CBT, ES, and history of allo‐HSCT are risk factors for HHV‐6 encephalitis/myelitis, our study demonstrated MMF is also a risk factor for the disease.
Trends in US minority red blood cell unit donations
Authors: Yazer Mark H. , Delaney Meghan , Germain Marc , Karafin Matthew S. , Sayers Merlyn , Vassallo Ralph , Ziman Alyssa , Shaz Beth ,   on behalf of the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Collaborative
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDTo provide the appropriately diverse blood supply necessary to support alloimmunized and chronically transfused patients, minority donation recruitment programs have been implemented. This study investigated temporal changes in minority red blood cell (RBC) donation patterns in the United States.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSData on donor race and ethnicity from 2006 through 2015, including the number of unique donors, collections, RBCs successfully donated, and average annual number of RBC donations per donor (donor fraction), were collected from eight US blood collectors. Minority donors were stratified into the following groups: Asian, black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, Native Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, white, multiracial/other, and no answer/not sure.RESULTSOver the 10‐year period, white donors annually constituted the majority of unique donors (range, 70.7%‐73.9%), had the greatest proportion of collections (range, 76.1%‐79.8%), and donated the greatest proportion of RBC units (range, 76.3%‐80.2%). These donors also had the highest annual donor fraction (range, 1.82‐1.91 units per donor). Black or African American donors annually constituted between 4.9 and 5.2% of all donors during the study period and donated between 4.0 and 4.3% of all RBC units. Linear regression analysis revealed decreasing numbers of donors, collections, and donated RBC units from white donors over time.CONCLUSIONAlthough the US population has diversified, and minority recruitment programs have been implemented, white donors constitute the majority of RBC donors and donations. Focused and effective efforts are needed to increase the proportion of minority donors.
The influence of patellar tendon and muscle–tendon unit stiffness on quadriceps explosive strength in man
Authors: Massey Garry J. , Balshaw Thomas G. , Maden‐Wilkinson Thomas M. , Tillin Neale A. , Folland Jonathan P. 
Published: February 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Do tendon and/or muscle–tendon unit stiffness influence rate of torque development?

What is the main finding and its importance?
In our experimental conditions, some measures of relative (to maximal voluntary torque and tissue length) muscle–tendon unit stiffness had small correlations with voluntary/evoked rate of torque development over matching torque increments. However, absolute and relative tendon stiffness were unrelated to voluntary and evoked rate of torque development. Therefore, the muscle aponeurosis but not free tendon influences the relative rate of torque development. Factors other than tissue stiffness more strongly determine the absolute rate of torque development.

The influence of musculotendinous tissue stiffness on contractile rate of torque development (RTD) remains opaque. In this study, we examined the relationships between both patellar tendon (PT) and vastus lateralis muscle–tendon unit (MTU) stiffness and the voluntary and evoked knee‐extension RTD. Fifty‐two healthy untrained men completed duplicate laboratory sessions. Absolute and relative RTD were measured at 50 N m or 25% maximal voluntary torque (MVT) increments from onset and sequentially during explosive voluntary and evoked octet isometric contractions (supramaximal stimulation; eight pulses at 300 Hz). Isometric MVT was also assessed. Patellar tendon and MTU stiffness were derived from simultaneous force and ultrasound recordings of the PT and vastus lateralis aponeurosis during constant RTD ramp contractions. Absolute and relative (to MVT and resting tissue length) stiffness (k) was measured over identical torque increments as RTD. Pearson's correlations tested relationships between stiffness and RTD measurements over matching absolute/relative torque increments. Absolute and relative PT k were unrelated to equivalent voluntary/evoked (r = 0.020–0.255, P = 0.069–0.891). Absolute MTU k was unrelated to voluntary or evoked RTD (r ≤ 0.191, P ≥ 0.184), but some measures of relative MTU k were related to relative voluntary/evoked RTD (e.g. RTD for 25–50% MVT, r = 0.374/0.353, P = 0.007/0.014). In conclusion, relative MTU k explained a small proportion of the variance in relative voluntary and evoked RTD (both ≤19%), despite no association of absolute MTU k or absolute/relative PT k with equivalent RTD measures. Therefore, the muscle‐aponeurosis component but not free tendon was associated with relative RTD, although it seems that an overriding influence of MVT negated any relationship of absolute MTU k and absolute RTD.
Linking myofilaments to sudden cardiac death: recent advances
Authors: Huke Sabine 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe major goal of this focused review is to highlight some of the recent advances and remaining open questions about how a mutation in a myofilament protein leads to an increased risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD). The link between myofilaments and SCD has been known for over 25 years, but identifying mutation carriers at risk for SCD is still a challenge and currently the only effective prevention is implantation of a defibrillator (ICD). In addition to recognized risk factors, other contributing factors need to be considered and assessed, e.g. ‘microvascular dysfunction’, to calibrate individual risk more accurately. Similarly, improving our understanding about the underlying mechanisms of SCD in patients with sarcomeric mutations will also allow us to design new and less invasive treatment options that will minimize risk and hopefully make implantation of an ICD unnecessary.
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Molecular Epidemiology and Strain Comparison between Hepatitis E Viruses in Human Sera and Pig Livers during 2014 to 2016 in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Martin C. W. , Kwok Kirsty , Hung Tin-Nok , Chan Paul K. S. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in developing countries and is considered an emerging foodborne pathogen in developed countries in which it was previously not endemic. To investigate genetic association between human HEV infection and HEV-contaminated high-risk food in Hong Kong, we compared local virus strains obtained from hepatitis E patient sera with those surveyed from high-risk food items during 2014 to 2016. Twenty-four cases of laboratory-confirmed human HEV infections were identified from January 2014 to March 2016 in our hospitals. Five types of food items at risk of HEV contamination were purchased on a biweekly basis from April 2014 to March 2016 in two local market settings: supermarkets (lamb, oyster, and pig liver) and wet markets (oyster, pig blood curd, pig large intestine, and pig liver). HEV RNA detection was performed by a real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. HEV RNA was detected in pig liver, pig intestine, and oyster samples with prevalences of 1.5%, 0.4%, and 0.2%, respectively. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic inference showed that all human and swine HEV strains belonged to genotype 4. HEV subtype distributions in humans and swine were highly comparable: subtype 4b predominated, while subtype 4d was the minority. Local human and swine HEV genotype 4 strains shared over 95% nucleotide identity and were genetically very similar, implicating swine as an important foodborne source of autochthonous human HEV infections in Hong Kong. Action should be taken to raise the awareness among public and health care professionals of hepatitis E as an emerging foodborne disease.
Mutation of the Second Sialic Acid-Binding Site, Resulting in Reduced Neuraminidase Activity, Preceded the Emergence of H7N9 Influenza A Virus
Authors: Dai Meiling , McBride Ryan , Dortmans Jos C. F. M. , Peng Wenjie , Bakkers Mark J. G. , de Groot Raoul J. , van Kuppeveld Frank J. M. , Paulson James C. , de Vries Erik , de Haan Cornelis A. M. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
The emergence of the novel influenza A virus (IAV) H7N9 since 2013 has caused concerns about the ability of the virus to spread between humans. Analysis of the receptor-binding properties of the H7 protein of a human isolate revealed modestly increased binding to α2,6 sialosides and reduced, but still dominant, binding to α2,3-linked sialic acids (SIAs) compared to a closely related avian H7N9 virus from 2008. Here, we show that the corresponding N9 neuraminidases (NAs) display equal enzymatic activities on a soluble monovalent substrate and similar substrate specificities on a glycan array. In contrast, solid-phase activity and binding assays demonstrated reduced specific activity and decreased binding of the novel N9 protein. Mutational analysis showed that these differences resulted from substitution T401A in the 2nd SIA-binding site, indicating that substrate binding via this site enhances NA catalytic activity. Substitution T401A in the novel N9 protein appears to functionally mimic the substitutions that are found in the 2nd SIA-binding site of NA proteins of avian-derived IAVs that became human pandemic viruses. Our phylogenetic analyses show that substitution T401A occurred prior to substitutions in hemagglutinin (HA), causing the altered receptor-binding properties mentioned above. Hence, in contrast to the widespread assumption that such changes in NA are obtained only after acquisition of functional changes in HA, our data indicate that mutations in the 2nd SIA-binding site may have enabled and even driven the acquisition of altered HA receptor-binding properties and may have contributed to the spread of the novel H7N9 viruses.

IMPORTANCE
Novel H7N9 IAVs continue to cause human infections and pose an ongoing public health threat. Here, we show that their N9 proteins display reduced binding to and lower enzymatic activity against multivalent substrates, resulting from mutation of the 2nd sialic acid-binding site. This mutation preceded and may have driven the selection of substitutions in H7 that modify H7 receptor-binding properties. Of note, all animal IAVs that managed to cross the host species barrier and became human viruses carry mutated 2nd sialic acid-binding sites. Screening of animal IAVs to monitor their potential to cross the host species barrier should therefore focus not only on the HA protein, but also on the functional properties of NA.
Genotype-Specific Evolution of Hepatitis E Virus
Authors: Brayne Adam B. , Dearlove Bethany L. , Lester James S. , Kosakovsky Pond Sergei L. , Frost Simon D. W. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis globally. HEV comprises four genotypes with different geographic distributions and host ranges. We utilize this natural case-control study for investigating the evolution of zoonotic viruses compared to single-host viruses, using 244 near-full-length HEV genomes. Genome-wide estimates of the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous evolutionary changes (
dN
/
dS
ratio) located a region of overlapping reading frames, which is subject to positive selection in genotypes 3 and 4. The open reading frames (ORFs) involved have functions related to host-pathogen interaction, so genotype-specific evolution of these regions may reflect their fitness. Bayesian inference of evolutionary rates shows that genotypes 3 and 4 have significantly higher rates than genotype 1 across all ORFs. Reconstruction of the phylogenies of zoonotic genotypes demonstrates significant intermingling of isolates between hosts. We speculate that the genotype-specific differences may result from cyclical adaptation to different hosts in genotypes 3 and 4.

IMPORTANCE
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is increasingly recognized as a pathogen that affects both the developing and the developed world. While most often clinically mild, HEV can be severe or fatal in certain demographics, such as expectant mothers. Like many other viral pathogens, HEV has been classified into several distinct genotypes. We show that most of the HEV genome is evolutionarily constrained. One locus of positive selection is unusual in that it encodes two distinct protein products. We are the first to detect positive selection in this overlap region. Genotype 1, which infects humans only, appears to be evolving differently from genotypes 3 and 4, which infect multiple species, possibly because genotypes 3 and 4 are unable to achieve the same fitness due to repeated host jumps.
Maternal Binding and Neutralizing IgG Responses Targeting the C-Terminal Region of the V3 Loop Are Predictive of Reduced Peripartum HIV-1 Transmission Risk
Authors: Martinez David R. , Vandergrift Nathan , Douglas Ayooluwa O. , McGuire Erin , Bainbridge John , Nicely Nathan I. , Montefiori David C. , Tomaras Georgia D. , Fouda Genevieve G. , Permar Sallie R. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
The development of an effective maternal HIV-1 vaccine that could synergize with antiretroviral therapy (ART) to eliminate pediatric HIV-1 infection will require the characterization of maternal immune responses capable of blocking transmission of autologous HIV to the infant. We previously determined that maternal plasma antibody binding to linear epitopes within the variable loop 3 (V3) region of HIV envelope (Env) and neutralizing responses against easy-to-neutralize tier 1 viruses were associated with reduced risk of peripartum HIV infection in the historic U.S. Woman and Infant Transmission Study (WITS) cohort. Here, we defined the fine specificity and function of the potentially protective maternal V3-specific IgG antibodies associated with reduced peripartum HIV transmission risk in this cohort. The V3-specific IgG binding that predicted low risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) was dependent on the C-terminal flank of the V3 crown and particularly on amino acid position 317, a residue that has also been associated with breakthrough transmission in the RV144 vaccine trial. Remarkably, the fine specificity of potentially protective maternal plasma V3-specific tier 1 virus-neutralizing responses was dependent on the same region in the V3 loop. Our findings suggest that MTCT risk is associated with neutralizing maternal IgG that targets amino acid residues in the C-terminal region of the V3 loop crown, suggesting the importance of the region in immunogen design for maternal vaccines to prevent MTCT.

IMPORTANCE
Efforts to curb HIV-1 transmission in pediatric populations by antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been highly successful in both developed and developing countries. However, more than 150,000 infants continue to be infected each year, likely due to a combination of late maternal HIV diagnosis, lack of ART access or adherence, and drug-resistant viral strains. Defining the fine specificity of maternal humoral responses that partially protect against MTCT of HIV is required to inform the development of a maternal HIV vaccine that will enhance these responses during pregnancy. In this study, we identified amino acid residues targeted by potentially protective maternal V3-specific IgG binding and neutralizing responses, localizing the potentially protective response in the C-terminal region of the V3 loop crown. Our findings have important implications for the design of maternal vaccination strategies that could synergize with ART during pregnancy to achieve the elimination of pediatric HIV infections.
Expression of GRK2 and IGF1R in hepatocellular carcinoma: clinicopathological and prognostic significance
Authors: Lin Song-Bai , Zhou Li , Liang Zhi-Yong , Zhou Wei-Xun , Jin Ye 
Published: February 2017

AimIt has been shown that G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) negatively regulates the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) signalling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of GRK2 and IGF1R in HCC.MethodsExpression of GRK2 and IGF1R was first detected by tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry in 156 patients with HCC. Staining results, termed the H-score, were then correlated with clinicopathological variables and patient survival. Finally, the prognostic value of GRK2 and IGF1R was validated in the publically available TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) RNA-sequencing database.ResultsThe H-score of GRK2 staining (which was significantly lower in tumour than non-tumour tissue) was negatively associated with that of IGF1R with a reverse trend. No clinicopathological significance of the proteins was found except for a relationship between tumoral IGF1R expression and tumour–node–metastasis stage. In univariate analysis, high IGF1R expression predicted poor overall and disease-free survival, whereas GRK2 was not prognostic. In multivariate analysis, IGF1R was significant for overall survival. Furthermore, IGF1R was also of prognostic value in the TCGA database.ConclusionsOur data indicate that GRK2 and IGF1R show a negative correlation in HCC. IGF1R could be a potential marker of poor prognosis for this malignancy.
Evaluation of a complex healthcare intervention to increase smoking cessation in pregnant women: interrupted time series analysis with economic evaluation
Authors: Bell Ruth , Glinianaia Svetlana V , Waal Zelda van der , Close Andrew , Moloney Eoin , Jones Susan , Araújo-Soares Vera , Hamilton Sharon , Milne Eugene MG , Shucksmith Janet , Vale Luke , Willmore Martyn , White Martin , Rushton Steven 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention to improve referral and treatment of pregnant smokers in routine practice, and to assess the incremental costs to the National Health Service (NHS) per additional woman quitting smoking.DesignInterrupted time series analysis of routine data before and after introducing the intervention, within-study economic evaluation.SettingEight acute NHS hospital trusts and 12 local authority areas in North East England.Participants37 726 records of singleton delivery including 10 594 to mothers classified as smoking during pregnancy.InterventionsA package of measures implemented in trusts and smoking cessation services, aimed at increasing the proportion of pregnant smokers quitting during pregnancy, comprising skills training for healthcare and smoking cessation staff; universal carbon monoxide monitoring with routine opt-out referral for smoking cessation support; provision of carbon monoxide monitors and supporting materials; and an explicit referral pathway and follow-up protocol.Main outcome measuresReferrals to smoking cessation services; probability of quitting smoking during pregnancy; additional costs to health services; incremental cost per additional woman quitting.ResultsAfter introduction of the intervention, the referral rate increased more than twofold (incidence rate ratio=2.47, 95% CI 2.16 to 2.81) and the probability of quitting by delivery increased (adjusted OR=1.81, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.12). The additional cost per delivery was £31 and the incremental cost per additional quit was £952; 31 pregnant women needed to be treated for each additional quitter.ConclusionsThe implementation of a system-wide complex healthcare intervention was associated with significant increase in rates of quitting by delivery.