bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intelligence and Culture
Authors: Richards B.W. 
Published: April 2017

The concept of mental retardation varies in time and place. Few children received education at senior school age until the end of the Nineteenth Century, so educational demands were not exacting. Today, these demands are more stringent and children who cannot meet them are, ipso facto, mentally retarded. Age determines whether society applies the criterion of educability or em-ployability, and the quality and stringency of these demands vary from community to community and from one historical era to another. Mental retardation must, therefore, be defined in terms, both of the capacity of the subject and the demands of society. The social environment may also influenae mental development directly. The intellectual and emotional climate of the home and the size of the family affect it. There are also combined hereditary and environmental effects that may influence the distribution of intelligence such as, for instance, the tendency of the more intelligent to migrate to areas or countries of greater promise. Our information about intelligence is restricted by the limitations of the instruments of measurement. The Intelligence Quotient is valuable in so far as it enables us to assess a subject's capacity to meet the demands of society during his lifetime, and in so far as it enables us to predict a child's future mental development. A limitation of tests for the very young is that the abilities tested are qualitatively different from those tested at a later age. We are dependent upon the assumption of a positive correlation between progress in such physical achievements as sitting up unaided and walking, and the more strictly intellectual functions tested at a later age. Mental retardation involves many disciplines. In this paper, we have confined ourselves to some sociological and psychological observations.
VI. Dream Studies in Enuresis Research
Authors: Pierce Chester M. 
Published: April 2017

Enuresis as a sleep disorder was studied in over two hundred enuretics and their matched controls. Enuresis as a sleep disorder is reflected by the fact that enuretics are more likely to have past and family histories of sleepwalking, past histories of nocturia, electroencephalographic abnormalities similar in pattern to a person going to sleep. The enuretic notes that posture variations and time of sleeping affected his likelihood of being enuretic. A new methodology permitted more elaborate investigation of enuresis in over 60 nights of study. It was found that dreaming and wetting do not occur together. At the moment of bedwetting the subject is usually deeply asleep both by electroencephalographic and clinical observation. The dreams of the enuretic child are aggressive and violent. The enuretic adult has such hostile dreams on nights when he does not wet. When he wets, his dreams are likely to be predominantly dependent in nature. A pattern emerges in which the bedwetting usually precedes dreaming on any night and that the difference in time between initial enuresis and initial dreaming, in both adults and children, is about 2¼ hours. Current research on sleep disorders is attempting to understand more of both physiological and psychological aspects. One methodology employed is to investigate possible biochemical associations during sleep, dreams and overt sleep disorders. This methodology involves withdrawing blood from a sleeping subject without wakening him up, plus the psychiatric scouting of his dream content.
Psychotherapy and the Basic Training of the Psychiatrist
Authors: Weil R. J. , Hirsch S. 
Published: April 2017

This paper indicates the theoretical and practical difficulties encountered by the teacher of, and the trainee in, psychotherapy. It discusses the training of psychotherapists in view of present day community needs. Five conditions are mentioned which are necessary for a training program in psychotherapy:1) A well planned curriculum as it relates to the teaching of the theory and practice of psychotherapy with opportunity for diversified psychotherapeutic activities.2) A teaching staff with diverse orientation.3) Bio-psycho-social orientation in psychiatric diagnosis and treatment.4) Close collaboration with non-psychiatric psychotherapists.5) Historical perspective.
M'Naghten vs Durham
Authors: Panaccio Lucien 
Published: April 2017

Comparison is made between the position of the expert in forensic psychiatry, whether his testimony is presented in accordance with the still legally enforced M'Naghten Rules or with the Durham Rules which are increasingly more popular, at least in the minds of the testifying psychiatrists. Psychiatrists are reluctant to enter the witness box because of the anachronistic and unscientific M'Naghten Rules, which are based on a simplistic and incomplete definition of mental illness. The social circumstances prevailing in England at the formulation of the M'Naghten Rules in 1843 were briefly reviewed. A few psychiatric diagnoses were quoted showing the great difficulty for Crown and defence experts to clearly and efficiently help the jury and the bench in reaching the most proper verdict which is humanly possible. Mention is made of the Durham Rules already followed in a few American States, insisting on the fact that these rules relieve the expert of presenting a moral judgement, allow a scientific and truly medical testimony, and allow also the psychiatrist to forward his opinion as to the presence or absence of relationship between the incriminating gesture and the mental condition of the accused at the time of his crime. The consequence of the confusing wording of the Criminal Code, Article CCC16, inspired by the M'Naghten Rules having led to an unfortunate and unpleasant depreciation of psychiatry, it is suggested that a commission of two or three experts be appointed by bodies such as the Bar, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, a Faculty of Medicine or a Psychiatric Association, with the provision that a joint report be presented to the Court. The opinion is expressed that the abolition of capital punishment, allied to the spirit of the Durham Rules, would improve and facilitate the administration of justice in the greatest interest of the accused and society.
The Death of a Parent
Authors: Nichol Hamish 
Published: April 2017

The literature on the effects of parental death upon the child's subsequent development was reviewed briefly. In the case of depressive illnesses the death of either parent prior to the child reaching the age of fifteen seemed to be correlated as a significant contributory factor. With this exception, statistical studies suggest that it is the death of a mother in the first seven years of a child's life, as opposed to that of a father, that is potentially an aetiological factor for the future development of psychoses, delinquency and psychoneuroses. The case histories of six boys who had lost their fathers were given. In each instance there was distinct evidence that the psychological symptoms and behavioural disturbances were to be attributed in large measure to the effect of the death upon the child, and that in some cases the symptom choice was to be correlated with specific circumstances surrounding the death of the father. In some cases it was the unresolved grief reaction in the mother which helped to perpetuate the disorder in the child. Resolution of this in the mother during therapy led to improvement in the child's functioning. In other instances improvement occurred especially when the child ceased to be preoccupied with a close identification with the dead father. The sample was too small to delineate all the factors which determine why only some of the children in the families were affected. However, it was recognized that those boys who were involved most closely in their mother's grief reactions were the ones who were most disturbed. It was pointed out that the brief treatment given these boys and their mothers appeared to be responsible for the considerable amelioration of symptoms that resulted. Despite the fact that statistical studies suggest that the death of a father does not seem to predispose to future psychiatric illness except in the case of depressions, it is felt that therapeutic intervention is worth while, especially in those instances where there is an unresolved grief reaction in the mother which is binding a particular child closely to her, thus preventing full and free psychological growth and development by fostering undue dependence upon her and too close an identification with the dead father.
Psychogenesis of Emesis
Authors: Cleghorn R. A. , Brown W. T. , Melville P. H. 
Published: April 2017

1. Emesis, or vomiting, considered historically, can be seen in three roles. First it was induced for convivial reasons, to permit continued gormandizing, secondly, on cultural grounds, as part of purification rites and thirdly for curative purposes in the treatment of illness, including mental disorders. Its importance in medicine stems from the fact that it is probably second only to pain in frequency as a symptom of emotional disturbances. Its importance in psychiatry lies in the fact that it is observed in a variety of situations in which its occurrence has different psychological meanings and since it occupies a controversial position in the conceptualizing about conversion phenomena. 2. The physiology of emesis is reviewed and the sequential participation of autonomic and somatic factors is detailed. Psychophysiological aspects of nausea are briefly considered. The roles of various neurophysiological functions, including the limbic system, are discussed in connection with the psychogenic aspects of emesis. 3. Reference is made to pertinent papers on ‘neurotic vomiting’ and to some offering psychodynamic explanations. The relevance of organ language to emesis or ‘neurotic vomiting’ is mentioned. 4. An endeavour is made to separate reflex from psychogenic emesis and a classification of the latter is presented. This shows an increasing complexity as one passes from states in which the mechanism is characterized as arousal to those designated symbolic, expressive and disintegrative. 5. Some semantic implications of the words symbolic, conversion, hysteria, and expressive, are discussed and the unsatisfactory state of ambiguity which surrounds the first three in the psychiatric literature is noted. 6. Certain psychodynamic characteristics of those patients in whom vomiting was a major psychiatric symptom are summarized from the psychiatric literature.
Étude Comparative de la Butapérazine et de la Prochlorpérazine Chez le Schizophrène Chronique
Authors: Rajotte Paul , Bordeleau J.-M. , Tétreault Léon 
Published: April 2017

A comparative double-blind trial of butaperazine and prochlorperazine was carried out in 40 chronic schizophrenic patients. Subjects were matched in 20 pairs according to sex, age, duration of hospitalization, staff, ward and score on the B.P.R.S. Drugs were randomly allocated within each pair of patients and their effects evaluated according to the B.P.R.S. Posology was progressively increased up to 200 mg. daily but remained always equal for all patients. Results were analysed by non-parametric statistics for the B.P.R.S. and by an χ2 test for the global evaluation. Butaperazine and prochlorperazine showed a significant therapeutic efficacy throughout the twelve-week period. At the fourth and tenth week, prochlorperazine was significantly superior to butaperazine. However, at the twelfth week there was no significant difference in the efficacy of both drugs, as measured by the B.P.R.S. and the global evaluation. Beyond 100 mg. daily of both drugs a plateau was reached which higher doses did not influence. Side effects made their appearance sooner with butaperazine but at the end of the trial the frequency of side effects was comparable with both drugs. A highly significant positive correlation between raters adds weight to our results*.
Alcoholism, Family Size and Ordinal Position
Authors: Gregory Ian 
Published: April 2017

Schachter (12) assumed that alcoholics do not handle their anxiety by-affiliation, and found some indirect support for this contention in his analysis of data provided earlier by Bakan (1). However, certain figures in the latter sample are incompatible, and the method of analysis was unrefined. Smart (15) supplied satisfactory data on family size and birth order among 242 alcoholics, and used appropriate techniques of analysis. He tested four hypotheses based on Schachter's work and assumption concerning alcoholics, and rejected three of them. If the corrected sizes of sibships in Smart's sample are compared with general population data on the sizes of completed families, this leads to rejection of the remaining hypothesis. The findings are compatible with the clinical observation that most male alcoholics are birds of a feather who tend to affiliate with other alcoholics. Smart (16) provided additional data on a large sample of female alcoholics, which showed a similar distribution of family sizes to his predominantly male sample, but also a marked excess of youngest-born members of large families. The latter finding has previously been reported in certain other large samples of psychiatric patients, but the evidence is conflicting and requires further elucidation.
Imipramine in the Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis of Childhood
Authors: Alderton Harvey R. 
Published: April 2017

A double-blind study of the use of imipramine in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis is reported. The subjects were twelve children aged six to 12 years in a children's psychiatric hospital. The drug (25 mg) or placebo was administered at 8.00 p.m. for two or four weeks at a time, the trial extending from 16 weeks to 32 weeks. For the group as a whole, the number of enuretic nights declined from 46.75% on placebo to 31.75% on drug, a reduction of 32.09%. The average enuresis per child declined from 47.25% to 30.75%, a reduction of 34.92%. Three children showed a significant response to placebo, one of these became virtually dry. Seven of the subjects showed a signficant response to the drug, with reduction of enuretic nights of 25% or more in all, of 50% or more in three and of 70% or more in two. Relapse occurred on discontinuing the drug. In addition to the fall in enuresis each time drug was given, an over-all decrease in enuresis occurred throughout the trial, not due to spontaneous improvement. It is suggested that this results from the full effects of the drug being somewhat delayed and taking some time to wear off. Observations on the time at which enuresis occurred showed that most commonly only incidents after 1 a.m. were reduced, suggesting that for this group earlier administration of the drug may be desirable. In only one subject was enuresis before 1 a.m. accompanied by an increase in incidents after 1 a.m. and for such cases an increased dosage may be effective. No side effects from the drug were observed. A consideration of the mode of action of the drug is presented and it is concluded that it may act by diminishing uninhibited bladder contractions by its autonomic diencephalic action. Previous reports on the treatment of enuresis by imipramine are reviewed together with a brief review of controlled studies of other drugs which have appeared in the past decade. It is concluded that imipramine is a useful drug in the treatment of enuresis in psychiatrically disturbed children.
The Urinary Excretion of Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, and 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids in Mental Illness
Authors: Lovegrove T. D. , Metcalfe E. V. , Hobbs G. E. , Stevenson J. A. F. 
Published: April 2017

The 24-hour excretions of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and 17-hydroxycortico-steroids were measured in normals and in a) acute and b) chronic schizophrenics, (c) non-schizophrenic psychotics, d) psychoneurotic disorders, and e) a miscellaneous group composed primarily of personality disorders. Some patients were studied over a period of time and the changes in hormone excretion and in clinical conditions compared.On comparison between groups, no difference was found in adrenaline and noradrenaline output. Similarly, when the patients were grouped by dominant emotional reaction at the time of test, no significant differences were observed. The acute schizophrenics, however, did show a greater output of free corticoids, but not of total corticoids compared to the normals.When the same patients were studied over a period of time, there appeared to be a relationship between catecholamine excretion and emotional tension and/or stages of illness. Depressed patients showed a decreased adrenaline and noradrenaline output on admission to hospital but only that of adrenaline was significant. Both adrenaline and noradrenaline showed a marked, but not significant decrease in acute schizophrenics after recovery. In the chronic schizophrenics, there was, after four months of withdrawal of tranquillizers, a significant rise in the output of both; the total and free corticoids showed a similar increase which, however, was not significant.Although no significant differences in hormone excretion were observed among the groups studied, other than increased excretion of free corticoids in the acute schizophrenics, the longitudinal studies in several groups suggest significant correlations may occur between changes in clinical condition and/or emotional state and the excretion of some of the hormones measured.
Étude Des Propriétés Hypnotiques de la Nitrométhaqualone Chez Le Malade Psychiatrique
Authors: Bordeleau J.-M. , Lafrenière B. , Rajotte P. , Tétreault L. 
Published: April 2017

A study was conducted with forty neurotic or psychotic patients hospitalized at the Institut Albert Prévost and suffering from sleep disturbances. The goal of this experiment consisted in analyzing the hypnotic properties of nitrométhaqualone at a dosage of 25 and 50 mg., compared to a dosage of méthaqualone 300 mg. and a placebo. The evaluation was controlled by the following means: double-blind technique, use of randomized blocks, each patient being his own control. The results obtained show that nitrométhaqualone 25 mg. is no more effective than placebo for induction and sleep duration; whereas nitrométhaqualone 50 mg. shows hypnotic properties resembling méthaqualone 300 mg. where sleep duration is concerned, but is ineffective where induction is involved. We also deduct that the active medications produce no more secondary effects than placebo does. On the whole we believe that méthaqualone 300 mg. remains a more satisfactory medication than nitrométhaqualone 50 mg.
Arriération Mentale: Coordination Des Services
Authors: Lazure Denis 
Published: April 2017

In a brief historical review the author draws a parallel between the evolution of services to the mentally ill and those to the mentally retarded; some interrelationships are underlined. The rapid development of facilities for the mentally retarded in Canada during the past decade was due to the vigorous action of Parents' Associations, and to the initiative of several departments within each Provincial Government. The lack of co-ordination of programs within the government departments themselves, as well as between private and governmental agencies, is emphasized and illustrated. Reference is made to several existing models of co-ordinating bodies functioning in other countries. Finally a proposed scheme of co-ordination, at the level of a Province, is described in detail.
Group Psychoanalytic work with Children
Authors: Gratton L. , Lafontaine C. , Guibeautt J. 
Published: April 2017

In a group context, the spontaneous play of young children expresses symbolically their free associations and their fantasies just as verbal productions of older children and adults treated in groups. The described technique allows us to treat latency and pre-school neurotic children, through the analysis of their collective play, according to the principles of Melanie Klein for the individual psychoanalysis of children. The trials we had with different groups in therapies lasting for more than a year, has convinced us that it is possible to interpret and work through the children's productions in group as in individual psychotherapy. The technique can be modified for young psychotic patients and constitutes an excellent method of observation and treatment. The method can be further modified to include parents in group observation of children and families for diagnostic purposes. This paper deals with methodology. We endeavoured to show that our method of group therapy was applicable to the different age groups and to the different psychiatric entities of adolescence and childhood. We purposely abstained from mentioning the evolution of these patients, since any percentage of improvement would be meaningless in such small series. However, we may add that some hopeless patients did not improve at all, but that many patients did show a remarkable improvement.
Psychopharmacological Aspects of Mental Depression
Authors: Stein Larry 
Published: April 2017

1) It is assumed that depression, whether in the normal or the mentally ill, results from insufficient positive reinforcement or reward. The depressed patient, however, despairs even if the environment supplies a normal amount of rewarding stimulation. This failure of rewarding stimulation to exert its usual energizing effect is attributed, at least in some types of depression, to a biochemical defect in the hypothalamic reward mechanism. 2) Self-stimulation studies made it possible to investigate the pharmacology of the reward mechanism in experimental animals. It was concluded that the reward mechanism is directly or indirectly activated by a catecholamine, probably norepinephrine, on the following evidence: a) Chemical analyses show that self-stimulation structures are unusually rich in norepinephrine. b) Self-stimulation is selectively inhibited by chlorpromazine, which antagonizes norepinephrine centrally, and by reserpine, which depletes the brain of norepinephrine. c) Self-stimulation is selectively facilitated by amphetamine, which resembles norepinephrine closely in chemical structure, and which appears to produce its stimulating effect by liberating norepinephrine from stores in the reward system. Other potent releasers of norepinephrine, like α-methyl-meta-tyrosine and tetrabenazine (in combination with a mono-amine oxidase inhibitor) selectively facilitate self-stimulation too. 3) It is therefore suggested, on this and other evidence, that at least some types of depression result from an insufficient synthesis or utilization of norepinephrine in the reward system, and that antidepressive drugs probably act by the following mechanisms: a) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors relieve depression by building up levels of norepinephrine in the reward system. b) Imipramine and related drugs relieve depression by elevating the level of free norepinephrine in the reward system, probably by blocking its uptake into storage sites. c) Amphetamine sometimes provides temporary relief from depression by releasing norepinephrine from stores in the reward system.