bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microwave‐Assisted Sample Preparation for Spectrochemical Analysis
Authors: Nóbrega Joaquim A. , Donati George L. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Microwave‐assisted sample preparation has represented a major developmental step in combining the overall quality and speed of spectrochemical analysis with the initial analytical step of converting solid samples into representative solutions. Instrumentation and applications involving samples with organic and inorganic matrices are discussed in detail after briefly addressing the fundamentals of the method. The feasibility of using diluted acid solutions and pressurized oxygen vessels for sample digestion is rationalized and clearly related to advances in reaction vessel materials and the interaction between matter and microwave radiation. Applications based on microwave‐induced combustion (MIC) and procedures developed for chemical speciation are also highlighted. A list of ideal attributes for microwave‐assisted sample preparation is proposed and evaluated considering the state of the art. Major needs, mainly related to the capacity of digesting large sample masses and improvements in sample throughput, are also highlighted.
Upcycling the Spent Graphite Anode Into the Prelithiation Catalyst: A Separator Strategy Toward Anode‐Free Cell Prototyping
Authors: Yao Ning , Liu Fu , Shao Ahu , Xue Rongrong , Jia Qiurong , Liu Yuyao , Wang Helin , Wang Xin , Zhang Yaxin , Zhang Min , Wang Zhiqiao , Li Yunsong , Tang Jiawen , Tang Xiaoyu , Ma Yue 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe substantial manufacturing of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) requires sustainable, circular, and decarbonized recycling strategies. While efforts are concentrated on extracting valuable metals from cathodes using intricate chemical process, the direct, efficient cathode regeneration remains a technological challenge. More urgently, the battery supply chain also requires the value‐added exploitation of retired anodes. Here, a “closed‐loop” approach is proposed to upcycle spent graphite into the prelithiation catalyst, namely the fewer‐layer graphene flakes (FGF), upon the exquisite tuning of interlayer spacing and defect concentration. Since the catalytic FGF mitigates the delithiation energy barrier from calcinated Li5FeO4 nanocrystalline, the composite layer of which cast on the polyolefin substrate thus enables a customized prelithiation capability (98% Li+ utilization) for the retired LiFePO4 recovery. Furthermore, the hydrophobic polymeric modification guarantees the moisture tolerance of Li5FeO4 agents, aligning with commercial battery manufacturing standards. The separator strategy well regulates the interfacial chemistry in the anode‐free pouch cell (LiFePO4||Cu), the prototype of which balances the robust cyclability, energy density up to 386.6 Wh kg−1 as well as the extreme power output of 1159.8 W kg−1. This study not only fulfills the sustainable supply chain with graphite upcycling, but also establishes a generic, viable protocol for the anode‐free cell prototyping.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Ortho‐Halogen‐Substituted Aryl(Alkynyl)Phosphinates Via Aryne‐Phosphite‐Haloalkyne Coupling
Authors: Choi Eun Gyeong , Ji Suhyun , Lee Duck‐Hyung , Han Seo‐Jung 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe one‐pot formation of two C−P bonds and one C−halogen bond was achieved through a mild three‐component coupling reaction utilizing arynes, phosphites, and haloalkynes. In this reaction, the aryl anion, generated from the nucleophilic addition of phosphite to aryne, directly attacked the halogen of the haloalkyne. The reaction proceeded smoothly with a wide substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. This operationally simple method enables direct access to ortho‐halogen‐substituted aryl(alkynyl)phosphinates. The synthetic utility of ortho‐halogen‐substituted aryl(alkynyl)phosphinates with prospective applications in natural product synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials chemistry has also been demonstrated.
Wireless Light‐Emitting Diode‐Driven Functional Microneedle Devices for Skin Cancer Therapy
Authors: Oungeun Miranda , Wanichwecharungruang Supason , Miyako Eijiro 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy, a noninvasive cancer treatment strategy, is a promising remedy for malignant skin cancers. However, treatment of skin cancer with this method requires sufficient photosensitizer molecules to permeate into cancer cells before illumination for effective activation to induce potent reactive oxygen species for eliminating cancer cells. However, transdermal drug delivery using conventional photosensitizers faces major challenges due to skin barriers, diminishing the effectiveness of drug penetration and therapeutic efficacies. To overcome these limitations, biocompatible, physiologically dissolvable, and optically activatable functional microneedle devices are applied for effective percutaneous penetration of drug molecules into solid tumors in a murine model. The proposed wireless light‐emitting diode light‐driven functional microneedle device that effectively induces apoptosis of cancer cells and disruption of the tumor area and can enhance in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo drug‐delivery effectiveness for treating skin cancer. The design and strategy of the present functional microneedle devices can help shed light on future advanced cancer therapy.
Regulation of Side‐Chain Symmetry for Delaying Triplet Formation and Suppressing Non‐Radiative Loss in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Gao Huanhuan , Li Qian , Fan Baobing , Bi Zhaozhao , Jiang Wenlin , Zhang Sen , Fan Qunping , Chen Tianqi , Lin Francis R. , Kan Bin , Lei Dangyuan , Ma Wei , Jen Alex K.‐Y. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe structural revolutions of non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have driven continuous efficiency breakthroughs in organic solar cells (OSCs). Rational regulation of NFA structures toward efficient exciton dissociation and mitigated non‐radiative recombination is pivotal for OSCs. The incorporation of asymmetric side chains on NFAs can often achieve these goals by inducing a desirable aggregate state. However, it lacks the studies to directly correlate the side‐chain symmetry of NFAs with the exciton delocalization and triplet dynamics in OSCs. Herein, The influence of structural symmetry on the aggregate properties is systematically investigated and exciton/charge dynamics based on two developed biaxial‐conjugated NFAs with varied side‐chain symmetry. The symmetric NFA having diverse molecular packing orientations can form multiple charge transfer channels in its blend with polymer donor, which cannot be found in that comprising the asymmetric ones. Moreover, a slower rate and lower ratio of the spin‐triplet state are formed in the blend of symmetric NFA, resulting in a much lower non‐radiative voltage loss in corresponding OSCs. This study reveals the distinct advantages of symmetric NFAs in both aggregate properties and exciton/charge dynamics over those of asymmetric ones, paving the way for developing high‐performance OSCs using easier‐to‐prepare, low‐cost symmetric materials.
Responses of Showy Leopard Frog Larvae (Lithobates spectabilis) to the Presence of Introduced Rainbow Trout in Mexico
Authors: Flores Carlos A. , Crossland Michael R. , Arreortúa Medardo , González‐Bernal Edna 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTThe introduction of invasive fish for aquaculture can significantly impact native aquatic fauna, especially in regions where native amphibians have a biphasic life cycle. We conducted three laboratory experiments to assess the effects of introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture on the native showy leopard frog (Lithobates spectabilis) in Mexico. We aimed to understand the effects of trout visual and chemical cues on tadpole behaviour, and the long‐term effects of chemical cues (in interaction with tadpole density) on tadpole growth, development and survival. In Experiment 1, we exposed groups of tadpoles to the visual cue of a trout, comparing their refuge use and position within the tank to a control group. In Experiment 2,we exposed groups of tadpoles to trout chemical cues contrasting their refuge use to a control group. In Experiment 3, we exposed tadpoles at different densities to trout chemical cues for a prolonged period, recording their growth, development and survival. Results showed that tadpoles did not alter refuge use in response to trout visual cues but positioned themselves farther from these cues compared to controls. Tadpoles increased refuge use in response to chemical cues. Long‐term exposure to chemical cues did not affect tadpole growth, development or survival, but higher densities led to lower survival rates. Our findings suggest that trout farming, through fish escapement or untreated farm water discharge containing trout chemical cues, could trigger behavioural responses in L. spectabilis larvae, increasing refuge use and local tadpole densities, ultimately compromising their survival and, potentially, species persistence.
Blockchain‐based transparent and certificateless data integrity auditing for cloud storage
Authors: Miao Yapeng , Miao Ying , Miao Xuexue 
Published: September 2024

SummaryCloud storage provides a convenient way of collaboration and sharing. An increasing number of users are becoming more open to sharing their data with others. Consequently, the integrity of shared data has started to draw significant attention due to the loss control of it. Remote data integrity techniques can solve this problem. To resist the collusion between the third party auditor and the cloud server, existing integrity auditing schemes utilize blockchain to replace the third party auditor to do some work. However, these schemes still involve collusion between the third party auditor and the miners and cannot guarantee the third party auditor to execute the auditing process honestly. Considering this, we propose a blockchain‐based transparent and certificateless data integrity auditing scheme. Specifically, we design the smart contract combining the commitment technology to generate the challenge information and record the auditing information. Besides, we combine certificateless cryptography and the blind technology to achieve the privacy‐preserving. The proposed scheme can resist collusion, improve the transparency of the auditing process, protect the data privacy and reduce the overhead of certificate management and key management. The security analysis and performance evaluation demonstrate the security and efficiency of the scheme.
Unveiling the Effect of Myo‐inositol on Primitive Cell Models Derived from Fatty Acid
Authors: Ghosh Meghna , Nandi Pratyush Kiran , Bera Nanigopal , Sarkar Nilmoni 
Published: September 2024

AbstractEarly forms of life on Earth were most likely not complex. Simple non‐living molecules may have formed aggregates, orunderwent spontaneous complex organic reactions resulting in build‐up of molecular complexity leading to origin of life. Protocell (hypothetical first live cell) models based on fatty acid self‐assemblies have been used in many experiments. Sugars, amino acids and nucleic acids are the backbone of any living creature. Myo‐inositol (InOH), is structurally similar to pyranose form of d‐glucose. InOH not only has higher stability than simple sugars, but also not easily degraded under extreme conditions. Therefore, InOH would have persisted in the hostile environment of early Earth. Here, our objective is to study the effect of varying concentrations of InOH, a prebiotic sugar‐like biomolecule, on the self‐assemblies derived from oleic acid using solvation dynamics as a major experimental tool. We have demonstrated that InOH does indeed perturb the membrane of oleic acid/oleate vesicles, which is characterized by more negative zeta potential of vesicles, and faster solvation dynamics of the solvation probe C153. Overall, our results provide significant insight towards understanding the role of carbohydrate osmolytes in relation to protocell models.
Using animal–vehicle collision data for wildlife population monitoring
Authors: Lind Hansen Jonathan , Sunde Peter , Skovbjerg Balsby Thorsten Johannes , Mayer Martin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractGlobally, collisions with vehicles result in millions of animal deaths every year, representing a major issue for wildlife conservation and management. Consequently, and importantly, much research has focused on understanding patterns of animal–vehicle collisions with the aim to reduce roadkill of wildlife. However, existing data on animal–vehicle collisions might also represent a novel opportunity to monitor wildlife populations. For this purpose, we compared data of >1.2 million hunter‐shot deer and >40,000 deer–vehicle collisions collected over 11 years in Denmark. We show that deer–vehicle collision data can be useful for population monitoring of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), and red deer (Cervus elaphus). Roe deer was the most numerous species, representing 90% of observations based both on deer–vehicle collisions and on hunting bag statistics. After accounting for factors related to road infrastructure (road length and density, traffic volume), local (municipality) deer–vehicle collisions were highly correlated with hunting bag data for roe and red deer (Pearson's r > 0.7) but not fallow deer, likely due to biases in hunting bags. Moreover, we used deer–vehicle collision data to map spatiotemporal changes in the distribution of fallow and red deer, and demographic changes in all species. Combined, our results suggest that animal–vehicle collision data can be a useful tool to supplement existing methods for monitoring wildlife populations, which will be relevant for the management of these populations. We point to important shortcomings in both animal–vehicle collision and hunting bag data and provide recommendations on how to improve their accuracy in the future, to be applicable for a broader range of species.
Ruthenium Catalyzed Formation of Fused Pyridine Derivatives or Substituted Indoles from Hydrazine‐Derived Enamines and Propargyl Alcohols
Authors: Skowaisa Steffen , Haak Edgar 
Published: September 2024

AbstractNew ruthenium‐catalyzed transformations of secondary propargyl alcohols with hydrazine‐derived enamines are presented, affording fused pyridines or substituted indoles depending on the hydrazine derivative used. The cascade reactions are catalyzed by an air‐ and moisture‐stable bifunctional ruthenium complex and proceed via redox‐isomerization of the propargyl alcohol, subsequent Michael addition and cyclocondensation. In case of phenylhydrazine a Fischer indole synthesis also takes place, prior to the final release of the products. The produced heterocyclic motifs are important scaffolds in medicinal and agricultural chemistry.
Teacher educational qualifications and the quality of teacher–student interactions in senior high school classrooms in Ghana: Could teacher self‐efficacy bridge the qualifications gap?
Authors: Ntarmah Albert Henry , Yaro Kwesi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractTeacher qualifications, self‐efficacy, and quality of teacher–student interactions (QTSIs) are critical factors in educational discourse. While research shows varied results for each variable, studies have yet to examine all three variables simultaneously. To what extent does teacher self‐efficacy contribute to bridging the qualifications gap toward QTSIs? This study investigates the relationship between teacher educational qualifications and QTSIs and the potential role of teacher self‐efficacy in addressing the qualifications gap. An empirical analysis of 419 valid responses from senior high school (SHS) teachers in Ghana utilizing the t‐test and ordinary least squares estimators uncovered noteworthy findings. The study revealed a positive influence of teacher educational qualifications on QTSIs, with higher qualifications (master's degree) significantly enhancing QTSIs compared to lower qualifications (bachelor's degree). Teacher self‐efficacy positively moderated the impact of teacher educational qualifications on QTSIs. The study also revealed that while higher teacher self‐efficacy was beneficial in bridging the educational qualifications gap between bachelor's and master's degrees on QTSIs, it only partially bridged the gap. This study's findings invite policymakers, teacher educators, and school authorities to employ a balanced approach to improving QTSIs in SHS classrooms in Ghana by encouraging teachers to advance their qualifications and creating an enabling environment to develop their self‐efficacy.
Online active learning in undergraduate dental education: A scoping review
Authors: Apel Zuzanna , Sharmin Nazlee , Stefani Cristine Miron , Lima Adriano de Almeida de , Hussain Ahmed , Tjosvold Lisa , Perez Arnaldo 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTPurposeResearch on online active learning (OAL) in dental education has increased in recent years; however, this literature has yet to be comprehensively summarized to document the available evidence and identify research gaps. This scoping review aimed to comprehensively map the extent and depth of the research activity on OAL in undergraduate dental education.MethodsThe review adhered to Arksey & O'Malley's multi‐step framework and followed the PRISMA Extension Scoping Reviews guidelines. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and ERIC databases for peer‐reviewed primary research articles in English published between December 2013 and 2023. Four trained researchers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full‐text articles for eligibility and extracted relevant data. All activities and information were cross‐checked by the same researchers. A tested, methodologically‐informed form was used for data extraction. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to summarize the extracted data.ResultsThirty‐five articles were included in the review. Most studies focused on dental students exclusively, with only two studies involving students and faculty. All studies performed outcome evaluations at reaction and/or learning levels. Problem‐based learning, case‐based learning, small group discussion, flipped learning, and blended learning were the most common active learning strategies employed. Dental students were satisfied with OAL and perceived it as beneficial for knowledge acquisition and skill development. Test results confirmed the improvement of knowledge through OAL.ConclusionOAL has shown to improve learning outcomes in dental education; however, robust research designs are needed to further demonstrate its effectiveness in this educational context.
Implementation of machine learning models as a quantitative evaluation tool for preclinical studies in dental education
Authors: Oguzhan Aybeniz , Peskersoy Cem , Devrimci Elif Ercan , Kemaloglu Hande , Onder Tolga Kagan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPurpose and objectiveObjective, valid, and reliable evaluations are needed in order to develop haptic skills in dental education. The aim of this study is to investigate the validity and reliability of the machine learning method in evaluating the haptic skills of dentistry students.Materials and methodsOne‐hundred fifty 6th semester dental students have performed Class II amalgam (C2A) and composite resin restorations (C2CR), in which all stages were evaluated with Direct Observation Practical Skills forms. The final phase was graded by three trainers and supervisors separately. Standard photographs of the restorations in the final stage were taken from different angles in a special setup and transferred to the Python program which utilized the Structural Similarity algorithm to calculate both the quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (visual) differences of each restoration. The validity and reliability analyses of inter‐examiner evaluation were tested by Cronbach's Alpha and Kappa statistics (p = 0.05).ResultsThe intra‐examiner reliability between Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and examiners was found highly reliable in both C2A (α = 0.961) and C2CR (α = 0.856). The compatibility of final grades given by SSIM (53.07) and examiners (56.85) was statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). A significant difference was found between the examiners and SSIM when grading the occlusal surfaces in C2A and on the palatal surfaces of C2CR (p < 0.05). The concordance of observer assessments was found almost perfect in C2A (κ = 0.806), and acceptable in C2CR (κ = 0.769).ConclusionAlthough deep machine learning is a promising tool in the evaluation of haptic skills, further improvement and alignments are required for fully objective and reliable validation in all cases of dental training in restorative dentistry.
Validation of a novel effort‐discounting assessment and evaluation of the effort‐delay confound on effort discounting
Authors: Peck Sara , Madden Gregory J. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractA vast literature highlights the prevalence of impulsive decision making in maladaptive outcomes. Most research has focused on one form—delay discounting. Less research has focused on effort discounting, possibly because of a lack of a standardized task for assessment. In published effort‐discounting tasks, effort is conceptualized in many ways, making it difficult to compare findings across studies. Additionally, most effort‐discounting tasks do not control for the time inherent in completing the effortful task, which makes it difficult to disentangle effort discounting from delay discounting. The current study evaluated the validity of a novel hypothetical effort‐discounting task. The novel task was used to evaluate the influence of the effort‐delay confound on rates of effort discounting in humans. Participants were randomly assigned to complete a confounded or a controlled version of the novel effort‐discounting task. The effort‐discounting data were well described by hyperbolic and exponential functions. When effort and delay were confounded, effort‐discounting rates were significantly higher than when effort alone influenced discounting. The results suggest that data that are produced by effort‐discounting tasks that do not control the effort‐delay confound should be interpreted cautiously because they are also influenced by delay discounting. Task limitations and future directions are discussed.