bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD73 on T Cells Orchestrates Cardiac Wound Healing After Myocardial Infarction by Purinergic Metabolic Reprogramming
Authors: Borg Nadine , Alter Christina , Görldt Nicole , Jacoby Christoph , Ding Zhaoping , Steckel Bodo , Quast Christine , Bönner Florian , Friebe Daniela , Temme Sebastian , Flögel Ulrich , Schrader Jürgen 
Published: April 2017

Background:
T cells are required for proper healing after myocardial infarction. The mechanism of their beneficial action, however, is unknown. The proinflammatory danger signal ATP, released from damaged cells, is degraded by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 to the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine. Here, we investigate the contribution of CD73-derived adenosine produced by T cells to cardiac remodeling after ischemia/reperfusion and define its mechanism of action.

Methods:

Myocardial ischemia (50 minutes followed by reperfusion) was induced in global CD73
−/−
and CD4-CD73
−
/−
mice. Tissue injury, T-cell purinergic signaling, cytokines, and cardiac function (magnetic resonance tomography at 9.4 T over 4 weeks) were analyzed.

Results:

Changes in functional parameters of CD4-CD73
−/−
mice were identical to those in global CD73 knockouts (KOs). T cells infiltrating the injured heart significantly upregulated at the gene (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and protein (enzymatic activity) levels critical transporters and enzymes (connexin43, connexin37, pannexin-1, equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1, CD39, CD73, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases 1 and 3, CD157, CD38) for the accelerated release and hydrolysis of ATP, cAMP, AMP, and NAD to adenosine. It is surprising that a lack of CD39 on T cells (from CD39
−/−
mice) did not alter ATP hydrolysis and very likely involves pyrophosphatases (ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases 1 and 3). Circulating T cells predominantly expressed A
2a
receptor (A
2a
R) transcripts. After myocardial infarction, A
2b
receptor (A
2b
R) transcription was induced in both T cells and myeloid cells in the heart. Thus, A
2a
R and A
2b
R signaling may contribute to myocardial responses after myocardial infarction. In the case of T cells, this was associated with an accelerated secretion of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines (interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and interleukin-17) when CD73 was lacking. Cytokine production by T cells from peripheral lymph nodes was inhibited by A
2a
R activation (CGS-21680). The A
2b
R agonist BAY 60-6583 showed off-target effects. The adenosine receptor agonist NECA inhibited interferon-γ and stimulated interleukin-6 production, each of which was antagonized by a specific A
2b
R antagonist (PSB-603).

Conclusions:

This work demonstrates that CD73 on T cells plays a crucial role in the cardiac wound healing process after myocardial infarction. The underlying mechanism involves a profound increase in the hydrolysis of ATP/NAD and AMP, resulting primarily from the upregulation of pyrophosphatases and CD73. We also define A
2b
R/A
2a
R–mediated autacoid feedback inhibition of proinflammatory/profibrotic cytokines by T cell–derived CD73.
In Situ Laser Fenestration Is a Feasible Method for Revascularization of Aortic Arch During Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair
Authors: Qin Jinbao , Zhao Zhen , Wang Ruihua , Ye Kaichuang , Li Weimin , Liu Xiaobing , Liu Guang , Cui Chaoyi , Shi Huihua , Peng Zhiyou , Yuan Fukang , Yang Xinrui , Lu Min , Huang Xintian , Jiang Mier , Wang Xin , Yin Minyi , Lu Xinwu 
Published: April 2017

Background
Reconstruction of the aortic major branches during thoracic endovascular aortic repair is complicated because of the complex anatomic configuration and variation of the aortic arch. In situ laser fenestration has shown great potential for the revascularization of aortic branches. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of in situ laser fenestration on the three branches of the aortic arch during thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

Methods and Results

Before clinical application, the polytetrafluoroethylene and Dacron grafts were fenestrated by an 810‐nm laser system ex vivo, which did not damage the bare metal portion of the endografts and created a clean fenestration while maintaining the integrity of the endografts. In vivo
,
6 anesthetized female swine survived after this operation, including stent‐graft implantation in the aortic arches, laser fenestration, and conduit implantation through the innominate arteries and the left carotid arteries. Based on the animal experiments, in situ laser fenestration during thoracic endovascular aortic repair was successively performed on 24 patients (aged 33–86 years) with aortic artery diseases (dissection type A: n=4, type B: n=7, aneurysm: n=2, mural thrombus: n=7). Fenestration of 3 aortic branches was performed in 2 (8.3%) patients. Both the left carotid artery and the left subclavian artery were fenestrated in 6 (25%) patients. Only left subclavian artery fenestration surgery was done in 16 (66.7%) patients. Among these patients, 1 fenestration was abandoned secondary to an acute takeoff of the innominate artery in a type
III
aortic arch. The average operative time was 137±15 minutes. The technical success rate was 95.8% (n=23). No fenestration‐related complications or neurological morbidity occurred after this operation. During a mean postoperative 10‐month follow‐up (range: 2–17 months), 1 patient died of severe pneumonia, and all the left subclavian artery and carotid artery stents were patent with no fenestration‐related endoleaks upon computed tomography angiography images.

Conclusions
In situ laser fenestration is a feasible, effective, rapid, repeatable, and safe option for the reconstruction of aortic arch during thoracic endovascular aortic repair, which might be available to revascularize the 3 branches. However, follow‐up periods should be extended to evaluate the robustness of this technique.
Panel II on the Therapies of the Depressive Illnesses Tendon Reflexes as a Guide to the Safe use of Succinylcholine in Medicine
Authors: David J. Impastato 
Published: April 2017

Familiarity with certain physiologic and biochemical reactions and factors of succinylcholine (SCh) in man is helpful in safely administering SCh in convulsive therapy and anesthesiology. These reactions and factors are: 1) the natural variations in the titer of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in the plasma, 2) the interactions between SCh with BChE, 3) the action of SCh in the congenital absence of BChE, 4) understanding of the mechanism of transmission of the nerve impulse, 5) the action of succinylcholine at the motor end plate. Discussion of the above reactions and factors are presented. Two physiologic tests are described. These are the 3 mg SCh test dose and the tendon reflex test. The proper application of these two tests make possible the safest use of succinylcholine in convulsive therapy, as well as in other fields of medicine.
Withdrawal Symptoms after Abrupt Termination of Imipramine
Authors: Shatan Chaim 
Published: April 2017

The reports and clinical experience cited illustrate the physiological withdrawal reaction which follows abrupt imipramine withdrawal. Many such reactions have probably gone unreported or have been misinterpreted as incipient exacerbations of the process under treatment. It is suggested that the patient reported here meets the W.H.O. criteria of a true addiction (31). These findings are discussed in terms of life situation and personality predisposition contributing to development of addiction in this patient at this time. He was in a heightened state of anxious oral dependency and wished to make drug therapy almost a way of life. The following conclusions are drawn: 1) A drug's specific psychopharmacologic effect cannot be considered without reference to the emotional significance of drugs to the psychiatric patient, i.e. to each patient's characteristic way of responding to the drug experience. 2) Withdrawal phenomena may interfere with the evaluation of change due to treatment, or may seem to produce a clinically worse patient. This possibility should be considered when a trial without drugs produces symptoms like those which led to treatment. 3) Imipramine and most psychotropic drugs should be withdrawn gradually, especially following prolonged treatment, and in addicted patients. If abstinence symptoms develop, the dosage should be increased and then gradually withdrawn again over a longer period. 4) The imipramine withdrawal syndrome appears to be non-specific and morphine-like. This suggests the speculation that imipramine belongs to the group of physiological C.N.S. ‘depressants’.
A Critical Review of Endogenous Psychotoxins as a Cause of Schizophrenia
Authors: Throne M.L. , Gowdey C.W. 
Published: April 2017

The concept of a chemical cause of schizophrenia is as old as the Hippocratic School. The idea gained favour after Thudicum postulated that insanity was caused by poisons fermented within the body and that chemical studies could isolate the poisons and discover antidotes. Research with chemical compounds capable of inducing ‘experimental psychoses’ led to a revival of interest in the toxic theory, and the development of new biochemical techniques intensified the search for a biochemical lesion in schizophrenia. Claims that a variety of abnormal metabolites or unusual amounts of normal metabolites are found in mental patients have been made, including: adrenal corticosteroids, imidazoles, adrenal medullary and other catecholamines, adrenochrome and other possible catecholamine metabolites, 5-hydroxy tryptamine, various indoles, copper-containing compounds (ceruloplasmin) and even histamine. It was also claimed that transfusions of normal blood caused transient improvement of schizophrenics and, conversely, that blood from schizophrenic patients contained a toxic substance which could produce abnormal behaviour in human volunteers, trained monkeys and rats. Toxic effects have been reported following administration of fractions from ‘schizophrenic’ blood or other body fluids in a variety of biochemical and physiological procedures and in a variety of organisms; mice, tadpoles, crabs, pigeons, spiders, larvae, seeds, molds and fungi. Most of these claims have been disputed: the abnormal substances are not present, or not present in higher concentrations in schizophrenics, or not capable of inducing measurable behavioural changes. Appealing as the chemical concept is, no unequivocal, substantiated evidence for it has yet been produced.
Syndrome De Lasthenie De Ferjol: Approche Psychopathologique
Authors: Gosselin J.-Y. , Delage J.-M. , Pomerleau G. 
Published: April 2017

The authors' intention is to illustrate the case of two patients treated for anaemia caused by a bleeding cunningly baited and repeated, the origin of which has only been found after several surgical explorations. Even if the splenectomy, the gastrotomy, and in one case, the ablation of the colon has been made, the symptoms have remained unchanged. In presuming that this syndrome, seldom discussed in the medical literature, is chiefly found amongst the para-medical personnel, they first try to describe the profile of a such typical personality, then they develop a phenomenological and a dynamic approach. They assume that for these patients the anaemia answers to a need to be explored in order to get rid of a bad introjected object. In the case they have studied the patient presents a pre-psychotic personality with a poor prognosis; this is due to the difficulty of establishing an adequate transference and to a certain ambivalent motivation toward the treatment. Evolution toward a paranoid syndrome or the event of a suicidal acting out are amongst the most likely complications.
Interpersonal Interaction and Personality Change in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Coons W. H. , Peacock E. P. 
Published: April 2017

The study was concerned with comparing the efficacy of three forms of social interaction in modifying the behaviour of mental hospital patients. Eight groups of seven patients each were assigned, in a simple randomized design, to combinations of Formal Group Psychotherapy (conducted by a professionally trained therapist), Organized Ward Interaction (conducted by untrained group leaders), or Random Ward Interaction (no planned therapy). Equal numbers of male and female groups were involved. The dependent variables were: 1) The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; 2) The Hospital Adjustment Scale; 3) The Rorschach Technique of Personality Diagnosis. Formal Group Psychotherapy emerged as the only treatment condition which had a significant impact, alone or in combination with other treatment, on all three criterion measures. It was concluded that judgement must be reserved on the contention of several authors that traditional professional training in psychotherapy is unnecessary for the promotion of therapeutic change.
Three Challenges
Authors: Smith Colin Mcpherson 
Published: April 2017

“Les hommes qui ont une foi excessive dans leurs théories ou dans leurs idées sont non seulement mal disposés pour faire des découvertes, mail ils font aussi de très mauvaises observations … L'esprit vraiment scientifique devrait donc nous rendre modestes et bienveillants. Nous savons tous bien peu de chose en réalité, et nous sommes tous fallibles en face des difficultés immenses que nous offre l'investigation dans les phénomènes naturels. Nous n'aurions donc rien de mieux à faire que de réunir nos efforts au lieu de les diviser et de les neutraliser par les disputes personnelles.” Claude Bernard (7) “Il n'y a point de doctrine plus propre à l'homme que celle là: qui l'instruit de sa double capacité de recevoir et de perdre la grâce, à cause du double péril où il est toujours exposé de désespoir ou d'orgueil.” B. Pascal (63)
Children of Immigrants: The Adjustment of Ugandan Asian Primary-School Children in Canada
Authors: Minde K. , Minde R. 
Published: April 2017

The study examines the psychological and academic adjustment to Canada of 51 Ugandan Asian primary school-aged children and their families. Twenty-six percent of all the children showed significant psychopathology and about 50 percent had difficulties in certain academic subjects. The psychopathology of the children was significantly correlated with the family's drop in income and professional prestige. The children's parents predominantly worked in unskilled jobs and all family members had made only very few personal contacts with white Canadians. Nevertheless a significant number of families were under great stress as female members rebelled against their traditional roles. These findings are discussed in relation to other studies dealing with recent immigrants.
Memories and Engrams a Clinical Viewpoint
Authors: Kral V.A. 
Published: April 2017

Memory research is based on the assumption that a more or less permanent trace of previous experience, an “engram”, is being laid down somewhere in the brain and memory research is still “the search of the engram”. However, the clinician engaged in memory research has to be aware of the fact that he is dealing with memories and behavioural change, but not with engrams. Nevertheless, clinicopathological studies as well as the introduction of animal experiments into memory research using stimulation ablation and chemical methods have led to some progress in the search of the engram. The parallelism of the clinical observations and the experimental studies seems to indicate that one has to differentiate two kinds of memory trace, a short term trace which under normal conditions becomes consolidated into a permanent trace, while pathologically, the consolidation process does not take place. There are reasons to believe that the short term trace may be initiated or even maintained for a short time electrophysiologically by reverberating circuits in certain cell assemblies. This may set into action changes at the synapses probably by means of cholinergic and/or adrenergic enzyme systems. The mode of action of the electrophysiological and biochemical changes underlying short term retention, however, is only poorly understood and this also applies to the biochemical changes which are assumed to take place during the consolidation process and which eventually form the basis of the permanent engram. The clinicopathological findings seem to indicate that the short term memory traces of human experiences, which are always multisensorial, are distributed over the various relevant neocortical areas. The specific partial short term memory traces are integrated at first by the factor of temporal contiguity and form the basis of short term personal memories which characterize the memory function in clouded states and in chronic amnestic syndromes. The cortex seems also to be responsible for the consolidation of the “partial memories” while a bilaterally intact limbic system is necessary for the integration of the short term memory traces into consolidated long term engrams of “personal memories”.
Prognosis of Mental Illness in Old Age: A Four Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Duckworth G.S. , Kedward H.B. , Bailey W.F. 
Published: April 2017

Summary This paper describes a four year follow-up study of psychogeriatric patients in Toronto, arising from collaboration with the U.S.-U.K. cross-national study of psychogeriatric disorders. The findings of the study are threefold: First, compared to Roth's study two decades ago, the present sample shows a decline in mortality of patients suffering from senile dementia with a corresponding increase in the need for treatment facilities for this group. Paraphrenic patients on the other hand were discharged earlier and in greater numbers, indicating an improvement in the treatment of this condition. There was no change in the discharge rate of patients with mood disorders despite the much touted use of antidepressant medications. The second finding was that patients with functional disorders were more rapidly discharged in Canada and the U.S. compared to the U.K., possibly indicating a greater pressure to discharge patients early in North America compared to Britain. Finally, the diagnostic categories had a very significant validity in predicting outcome, with organically demented patients being dead or in hospital at follow-up. The best prognosis was displayed by patients with affective disorders, two-thirds of whom were discharged to the community by 90 days. An intermediate prognosis was demonstrated by patients suffering from schizophrenia and miscellaneous functional disorders, nearly half of whom were discharged to the community in 90 days. The implications for management are discussed.
Massive Eosinophilic Reaction to Desipramine in Conjunction with Pneumonia*
Authors: Kraus R.P. , Clarke R.J. , Remick R.A. 
Published: April 2017

The authors report on a female patient with bipolar affective disorder who presented with marked eosinophilia in conjunction with pneumonia five days after a medication change from amitriptyline to desipramine (for intolerable dry mouth). She improved with discontinuance of medications and supportive management, and her eosinophilia normalized. Reinstitution of desipramine was followed by prompt appearance of asymptomatic eosinophilia, which resolved with discontinuation of desipramine. A subsequent depression managed with amitriptyline was followed by no abnormal white blood count findings. Eosinophilia is occasionally encountered in imipramine or desipramine therapy and, although usually asymptomatic, appears to be manageable by switching to amitriptyline or nortriptyline.
Delusional (Paranoid) Disorders
Authors: Munro Alistair 
Published: April 2017

The group of paranoid or delusional disorders, although not nearly as common as the mood and schizophrenic disorders, may be much more frequent than has usually been thought. DSM-III R has made a decisive step in recognizably defining at least one group of them. Interestingly, this change partly came about because the advent of an effective treatment helped to define that group more clearly. Nevertheless, DSM-III R's classification is too restrictive, and it was wrong to exclude the diagnosis of paraphrenia. Cases fitting this description will have to be consigned to the category of Psychotic Disorder NOS, which will inevitably be a grab-bag of mixed diagnoses. Also, DSM-III R does not emphasize the link between the delusional disorders and paranoid schizophrenia, and the somewhat less well defined overlap with affective disorders, both of which give rise to much diagnostic confusion and inappropriate treatment. Precise history taking and mental status examination and, above all, an up-to-date knowledge of their existence are essential to the recognition and appropriate treatment of the delusional disorders.
Effects of Trihexyphenidyl on Plasma Chlorpromazine in Young Schizophrenics*
Authors: Rockland Lawrence , Cooper Thomas , Schwartz Fred , Weber David , Sullivan Timothy 
Published: April 2017

This study investigated the effects of trihexyphenidyl on chlorpromazine (CPZ) plasma levels and clinical state in 20 relatively young schizophrenic patients diagnosed using the DSM-III. Spontaneous changes in CPZ plasma levels over time were also examined.Trihexyphenidyl significantly increased CPZ plasma levels (average 41 %) but did not produce clinical change. The trihexyphenidyl-induced increase in CPZ plasma levels was independent of CPZ oral dosage and of CPZ plasma levels. Chlorpromazine plasma levels decreased non significantly (about 13%) over the four weeks following steady state, but there was marked inter-subject variability, and CPZ levels rose in some subjects. Although identical CPZ doses produced widely variable plasma levels, CPZ plasma levels correlated significantly with oral dose.The views that antiparkinsonian drugs interfere with neuroleptic efficacy, and do so by lowering neuroleptic plasma levels, are questioned.
Behavioural Inhibition, Attachment and Anxiety in Children of Mothers with Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Manassis Katharina , Bradley Susan , Goldberg Susan , Hood Jane , Price Swinson Richard 
Published: April 2017

Objective This study examined the relationship between behavioural inhibition, insecure mother-child attachment and evidence of anxiety in the offspring of mothers with anxiety disorders. Method Twenty children aged 18 to 59 months who were born to 18 mothers with diagnosed anxiety disorders were examined for behavioural inhibition (Kagan's measures) and mother-child attachment (Strange Situation Procedure). Child anxiety was assessed using DSM-III-R criteria and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Results Sixty-five percent of the children were behaviourally inhibited. They showed more somatic problems and fewer destructive behaviours than those who were not inhibited. Eighty percent of the children were insecurely attached. They had higher CBCL internalizing scores than secure children and three of them met diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders. Conclusion Though preliminary, this work suggests a need to identify children of anxious mothers as being at risk for anxiety, especially in the presence of inhibited temperament or attachment difficulties.