bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactivity of alkynylsilanes towards B-halogeno-1,3,2-diselenaborolanes with an annelated dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) unit
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Klimkina Elena V. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The C≡C bond of alkynylsilanes undergoes 1,2-haloboration with 2-halogeno-1,3,2-diselenaborolano-4,5-[1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12)], in competition with reversible insertion into one of the B–Se bonds (selenoboration) to afford a seven-membered ring and finally, by elimination of Me3Si–X (X = Cl, Br, I), the corresponding B-alkynyl derivatives. The reactions were monitored by NMR spectroscopy (11B, 13C, 29Si and 77Se NMR). The proposed solution-state structures are also supported by DFT calculations of single molecule geometries and NMR parameters [B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) level of theory].
Treatment with high doses of pegvisomant in 56 patients with acromegaly: experience from ACROSTUDY
Authors: van der Lely Aart Jan , Jönsson Peter , Wilton Patrick , Åkerblad Ann-Charlotte , Cara José , Ghigo Ezio 
Published: July 2016

Objective
To investigate the characteristics of patients who need more or less pegvisomant (PEGV) to normalize serum IGF-I.

Design
ACROSTUDY is a global noninterventional safety surveillance study of long-term treatment outcomes in patients treated with PEGV. As of June, 2014, ACROSTUDY included data on 2016 patients. All patients treated for at least 6weeks at a dose above 30mg/day and who had two consecutive normal serum IGF-I values were included in the ‘high’-dose group (H; n=56; mean daily dose 44±12.5; median dose 40, 35–60 (10–90%)). Patients with two consecutive normal IGF-I values and who never received a PEGV dose above 10mg/day were included in the ‘low’-dose group (L; n=368; mean daily dose 7.5±2.5; median dose 8.6, 4.3–10 (10–90%)).

Results
Patients in the H group were significantly younger (median 47 vs 52years) and had a significantly higher BMI (median 31.8 vs 26.5kg/m2). They had more diabetes (55% vs 21%), sleep apnea (25% vs 14 %) and more hypertension (61% vs 43%). The incidence of (serious) adverse events was low and was not different between the groups.

Conclusions
Patients who need more PEGV to normalize IGF-I have more aggressive disease, as they are younger, have higher baseline IGF-I levels, more hypertension, more sleep apnea and diabetes and are more overweight. A better understanding of this dose-efficacy relationship of PEGV might avoid inappropriate dosing and prevent serum IGF-I levels from remaining unnecessarily uncontrolled.
The relation between changes in thyroid function and anthropometric indices during long-term follow-up of euthyroid subjects: the Tehran Thyroid Study (TTS)
Authors: Motamed Behrang , Eftekharzadeh Anita , Hosseinpanah Farhad , Tohidi Maryam , Hasheminia Mitra , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveUncertainties exist regarding the causal relationship between thyroid function tests (TFT) within the euthyroid range and anthropometric measures. This longitudinal cohort is aimed to examine the relationship between the two conditions.Subjects and methodsEuthyroid participants of Tehran Thyroid Study (TTS) attending phase I (1999–2001) were included in this study and were followed up to phase IV (2008–2011). TSH and free T4(fT4) levels as well as weight (Wt), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were measured at both phases.Results971 women and 784 men were included in the analysis. During 9.7years of follow-up, increases in TSH levels, Wt and WHR as well as a decrease in fT4level were observed. Multivariable regression analysis showed a significant relationship between TSH changes and alterations in WC in women (β=0.69,P=0.021) and men (β=0.61,P=0.038). Moreover, a significant negative association of ΔfT4with changes in weight was documented (β=−0.49,P=0.001 in women and β=−0.56,P<0.001 in men). Additionally, we found a negative relationship between ΔfT4and ΔHC in men (β=−0.36,P=0.001).ConclusionIn both genders, there was a positive relationship between changes in TSH and waist circumference and conversely a negative association of changes of fT4levels with weight over time.
RecBCD Enzyme “Chi Recognition” Mutants Recognize Chi Recombination Hotspots in the Right DNA Context
Authors: Amundsen Susan K , Sharp Jake W , Smith Gerald R 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
RecBCD enzyme is a complex, three-subunit protein machine essential for the major pathway of DNA double-strand break repair and homologous recombination in Escherichia coli. Upon encountering a Chi recombination-hotspot during DNA unwinding, RecBCD nicks DNA to produce a single-stranded DNA end onto which it loads RecA protein. Conformational changes that regulate RecBCD’s helicase and nuclease activities are induced upon its interaction with Chi, defined historically as 5′ GCTGGTGG 3′. Chi is thought to be recognized as single-stranded DNA passing through a tunnel in RecC. To define the Chi recognition-domain in RecC and thus the mechanism of the RecBCD-Chi interaction, we altered by random mutagenesis eight RecC amino acids lining the tunnel. We screened for loss of Chi activity with Chi at one site in bacteriophage λ. The 25 recC mutants analyzed thoroughly had undetectable or strongly reduced Chi-hotspot activity with previously reported Chi sites. Remarkably, most of these mutants had readily detectable, and some nearly wild-type, activity with Chi at newly generated Chi sites. Like wild-type RecBCD, these mutants had Chi activity that responded dramatically (up to fivefold, equivalent to Chi’s hotspot activity) to nucleotide changes flanking 5′ GCTGGTGG 3′. Thus, these and previously published RecC mutants thought to be Chi-recognition mutants are actually Chi context-dependence mutants. Our results fundamentally alter the view that Chi is a simple 8-bp sequence recognized by the RecC tunnel. We propose that Chi hotspots have dual nucleotide sequence interactions, with both the RecC tunnel and the RecB nuclease domain.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Breastfeeding
Authors: McKinney Chelsea O. , Hahn-Holbrook Jennifer , Chase-Lansdale P. Lindsay , Ramey Sharon L. , Krohn Julie , Reed-Vance Maxine , Raju Tonse N.K. , Shalowitz Madeleine U. ,   on behalf of the Community Child Health Research Network
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVES:
Breastfeeding rates differ among racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Our aim was to test whether racial/ethnic disparities in demographic characteristics, hospital use of infant formula, and family history of breastfeeding mediated racial/ethnic gaps in breastfeeding outcomes.

METHODS:
We analyzed data from the Community and Child Health Network study (N = 1636). Breastfeeding initiation, postnatal intent to breastfeed, and breastfeeding duration were assessed postpartum. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to estimate relative odds of breastfeeding initiation, postnatal intent, and duration among racial/ethnic groups and to test the candidate mediators of maternal age, income, household composition, employment, marital status, postpartum depression, preterm birth, smoking, belief that “breast is best,” family history of breastfeeding, in-hospital formula introduction, and WIC participation.

RESULTS:
Spanish-speaking Hispanic mothers were most likely to initiate (91%), intend (92%), and maintain (mean duration, 17.1 weeks) breastfeeding, followed by English-speaking Hispanic mothers (initiation 90%, intent 88%; mean duration, 10.4 weeks) and white mothers (initiation 78%, intent 77%; mean duration, 16.5 weeks); black mothers were least likely to initiate (61%), intend (57%), and maintain breastfeeding (mean duration, 6.4 weeks). Demographic variables fully mediated disparities between black and white mothers in intent and initiation, whereas demographic characteristics and in-hospital formula feeding fully mediated breastfeeding duration. Family breastfeeding history and demographic characteristics helped explain the higher breastfeeding rates of Hispanic mothers relative to white and black mothers.

CONCLUSIONS:
Hospitals and policy makers should limit in-hospital formula feeding and consider family history of breastfeeding and demographic characteristics to reduce racial/ethnic breastfeeding disparities.
E-cigarettes, Cigarettes, and the Prevalence of Adolescent Tobacco Use
Authors: Barrington-Trimis Jessica L. , Urman Robert , Leventhal Adam M. , Gauderman W. James , Cruz Tess Boley , Gilreath Tamika D. , Howland Steve , Unger Jennifer B. , Berhane Kiros , Samet Jonathan M. , McConnell Rob 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND:
Adolescent e-cigarette use has increased rapidly in recent years, but it is unclear whether e-cigarettes are merely substituting for cigarettes or whether e-cigarettes are being used by those who would not otherwise have smoked. To understand the role of e-cigarettes in overall tobacco product use, we examine prevalence rates from Southern California adolescents over 2 decades.

METHODS:
The Children’s Health Study is a longitudinal study of cohorts reaching 12th grade in 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, and 2014. Cohorts were enrolled from entire classrooms in schools in selected communities and followed prospectively through completion of secondary school. Analyses used data from grades 11 and 12 of each cohort (N = 5490).

RESULTS:
Among 12th-grade students, the combined adjusted prevalence of current cigarette or e-cigarette use in 2014 was 13.7%. This was substantially greater than the 9.0% adjusted prevalence of current cigarette use in 2004, before e-cigarettes were available (P = .003) and only slightly less than the 14.7% adjusted prevalence of smoking in 2001 (P = .54). Similar patterns were observed for prevalence rates in 11th grade, for rates of ever use, and among both male and female adolescents and both Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White adolescents.

CONCLUSIONS:
Smoking prevalence among Southern California adolescents has declined over 2 decades, but the high prevalence of combined e-cigarette or cigarette use in 2014, compared with historical Southern California smoking prevalence, suggests that e-cigarettes are not merely substituting for cigarettes and indicates that e-cigarette use is occurring in adolescents who would not otherwise have used tobacco products.
MODELING OF DEVELOPMENT VERTICAL DEFORMATION OF RAILWAY TRACK
Authors: Kurhan D. M. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose. State of railway track must meet the conditions of safety, comfort and smooth ride. The presence of irregularities deteriorates the dynamics of interaction of track and rolling stock, causes speed limiting, creates the possibility of movement safety violation. This brings up the question concerning the study of the factors leading to the possibility of track irregularities and the process of their development. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the processes of emergence and development of irregularities in the area of unequal vertical elasticity of railway track using mathematical modelling. Methodology. Railroad under the trains works as the system of elastic bodies, so the emergence and development of irregularities can be represented as the transition from elastic to permanent strain. Irregularity development will affect the dynamics of interaction between track and rolling stock not only at the wheel location directly in the area of irregularity, but also at a certain distance beyond. Therefore, to study the development of irregularities, including those along the track, it is necessary to model the process of wheel load movement along the area. The adopted model consists of a wheel set moving on inertia-free beam and resting on individual supports. It is described by Lagrange differential equations. The work introduced the hypothesis that the level of permanent strain is distributed in proportion to the dynamic deflection derivative. Findings. Location of vertical longwise irregularity does not necessarily reproduce the location of the problem area. While in operation the vertical irregularity extends not only in depth but also along the track, herewith the increase in length is accompanied by the displacement of local maxima and the emergence of new ones. This leads to the development of so-called «pits» when approaching unequal-elastic areas. Originality. The work provides further development of tasks for track and rolling stock interaction modelling, in particular aimed to take into account the unequal elasticity areas and their influence on the formation of the track irregularities. The paper proposes new approaches to modelling the transition from elastic to permanent strain that allows predicting the development of track irregularity sizes depending on the area characteristics. Practical value. The results obtained by the author can be used to determine the schedule for track equal elasticity renovation works, as well as to analyse the measures aimed at the prevention of irregularities in areas with variable elasticity of railway track.
FDG-PET/CT and MRI for Evaluation of Pathologic Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies
Authors: Sheikhbahaei Sara , Trahan Tyler J. , Xiao Jennifer , Taghipour Mehdi , Mena Esther , Connolly Roisin M. , Subramaniam Rathan M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Introduction.
This study compared the diagnostic test accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with that of 18F-fluoro-2-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) imaging in assessment of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer.

Methods.
A systematic search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE (last updated in June 2015). Studies investigating the performance of MRI and FDG-PET or FDG-PET/CT imaging during or after completion of NAC in patients with histologically proven breast cancer were eligible for inclusion. We considered only studies reporting a direct comparison between these imaging modalities to establish precise summary estimates in the same setting of patients. Pathologic response was considered as the reference standard. Two authors independently screened and selected studies that met the inclusion criteria and extracted the data.

Results.
A total of 10 studies were included. The pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity across all included studies were 0.71 and 0.77 for FDG-PET/CT (n = 535) and 0.88 and 0.55 for MRI (n = 492), respectively. Studies were subgrouped according to the time of therapy assessment. In the intra-NAC setting, FDG-PET/CT imaging outperformed MRI with fairly similar pooled sensitivity (0.91 vs. 0.89) and higher specificity (0.69 vs. 0.42). However, MRI appeared to have higher diagnostic accuracy than FDG-PET/CT imaging when performed after the completion of NAC, with significantly higher sensitivity (0.88 vs. 0.57).

Conclusion.
Analysis of the available studies of patients with breast cancer indicates that the timing of imaging for NAC-response assessment exerts a major influence on the estimates of diagnostic accuracy. FDG-PET/CT imaging outperformed MRI in intra-NAC assessment, whereas the overall performance of MRI was higher after completion of NAC, before surgery.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Using Loss of Heterozygosity to Manage Premalignant Oral Dysplasia in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Cromwell Ian , Regier Dean A. , Peacock Stuart J. , Poh Catherine F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground.Management of low-grade oral dysplasias (LGDs) is complicated, as only a small percentage of lesions will progress to invasive disease. The current standard of care requires patients to undergo regular monitoring of their lesions, with intervention occurring as a response to meaningful clinical changes. Recent improvements in molecular technologies and understanding of the biology of LGDs may allow clinicians to manage lesions based on their genome-guided risk.Methods.We used a decision-analytic Markov model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of risk-stratified care using a genomic assay. In the experimental arm, patients with LGDs were managed according to their risk profile using the assay, with low- and intermediate-risk patients given longer screening intervals and high-risk patients immediately treated with surgery. Patients in the comparator arm had standard care (biannual follow-up appointments at an oral cancer clinic). Incremental costs and outcomes in life-years gained (LYG) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) were calculated based on the results in each arm.Results.The mean cost of assay-guided management was $8,123 (95% confidence interval [CI] $2,973 to $23,062 in 2013 Canadian dollars) less than the cost of standard care. This difference was driven largely by reductions in resource use among people who did not develop cancer. Mean incremental effectiveness was 0.18 LYG (95% CI 0.08 to 0.39) or 0.64 QALY (95% CI 0.46 to 0.89). Sensitivity analysis suggests that these findings are robust to both expected and extreme variation in all parameter values.Conclusion.Use of the assay-guided management strategy costs less and is more effective than standard management of LGDs.
Breast Camps for Awareness and Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Countries With Limited Resources: A Multidisciplinary Model From Kenya
Authors: Sayed Shahin , Moloo Zahir , Ngugi Anthony , Allidina Amyn , Ndumia Rose , Mutuiri Anderson , Wasike Ronald , Wahome Charles , Abdihakin Mohamed , Kasmani Riaz , Spears Carol D. , Oigara Raymond , Mwachiro Elizabeth B. , Busarla Satya V.P. , Kibor Kibet , Ahmed Abdulaziz , Wawire Jonathan , Sherman Omar , Saleh Mansoor , Zujewski Jo Anne , Dawsey Sanford M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground.Breast cancer is the most common cancer of women in Kenya. There are no national breast cancer early diagnosis programs in Kenya.Objective.The objective was to conduct a pilot breast cancer awareness and diagnosis program at three different types of facilities in Kenya.Methods.This program was conducted at a not-for-profit private hospital, a faith-based public hospital, and a government public referral hospital. Women aged 15 years and older were invited. Demographic, risk factor, knowledge, attitudes, and screening practice data were collected. Breast health information was delivered, and clinical breast examinations (CBEs) were performed. When appropriate, ultrasound imaging, fine-needle aspirate (FNA) diagnoses, core biopsies, and onward referrals were provided.Results.A total of 1,094 women were enrolled in the three breast camps. Of those, 56% knew the symptoms and signs of breast cancer, 44% knew how breast cancer was diagnosed, 37% performed regular breast self-exams, and 7% had a mammogram or breast ultrasound in the past year. Of the 1,094 women enrolled, 246 (23%) had previously noticed a lump in their breast. A total of 157 participants (14%) had abnormal CBEs, of whom 111 had ultrasound exams, 65 had FNAs, and 18 had core biopsies. A total of 14 invasive breast cancers and 1 malignant phyllodes tumor were diagnosedConclusion.Conducting a multidisciplinary breast camp awareness and early diagnosis program is feasible in different types of health facilities within a low- and middle-income country setting. This can be a model for breast cancer awareness and point-of-care diagnosis in countries with limited resources like Kenya.
Biology and Management of Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Sharma Priyanka 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15% of all breast cancers and is associated with poor long-term outcomes compared with other breast cancer subtypes. Because of the lack of approved targeted therapy, at present chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for early and advanced disease. TNBC is enriched for germline BRCA mutation, providing a foundation for the use of this as a biomarker to identify patients suitable for treatment with DNA-damaging agents. Inherited and acquired defects in homologous recombination DNA repair, a phenotype termed "BRCAness," may be present in a large proportion of TNBC cases, making it an attractive selection and response biomarker for DNA-damaging therapy. Triple-negative breast cancer is a diverse entity for which additional subclassifications are needed. Increasing understanding of biologic heterogeneity of TNBC has provided insight into identifying potentially effective systemic therapies, including cytotoxic and targeted agents. Numerous experimental approaches are under way, and several encouraging drug classes, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, platinum agents, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway inhibitors, and androgen receptor inhibitors, are being investigated in TNBC. Molecular biomarker-based patient selection in early-phase trials has the potential to accelerate development of effective therapies for this aggressive breast cancer subtype. TNBC is a complex disease, and it is likely that several different targeted approaches will be needed to make meaningful strides in improving the outcomes.
Algebraic geometry of Poisson regression
Authors: Kahle Thomas , Oelbermann Kai-Friederike , Schwabe Rainer 
Published: July 2016

Designing experiments for generalized linear models is difficultbecause optimal designs depend on unknown parameters. Here weinvestigate local optimality. We propose to study for a given designits region of optimality in parameter space. Often these regions aresemi-algebraic and feature interesting symmetries. We demonstratethis with the Rasch Poisson counts model. For any given interactionorder between the explanatory variables we give a characterization ofthe regions of optimality of a special saturated design. This extendsknown results from the case of no interaction. We also give analgebraic and geometric perspective on optimality of experimentaldesigns for the Rasch Poisson counts model using polyhedral andspectrahedral geometry.
La privatización de la guerra en Colombia
Authors: López López Natalia 
Published: July 2016

<p>Este documento estudia el fenómeno de la privatización de la guerra en Colombia. En el conflicto armado colombiano han participado actores privados que no han sido tenidos en cuenta en los ámbitos jurídicos ni políticos. Por eso, el escrito pretende exponer a los lectores este fenómeno que viene ocurriendo desde los años 80 en nuestro país. Asimismo, el objetivo es mostrar los daños que la privatización de la guerra genera al Estado colombiano. El desarrollo de este escrito consta de un breve resumen conceptual donde se explican los conceptos del fenómeno de la privatización de la guerra. Luego, el escrito hace un recuento histórico de la privatización de la guerra, para poner en contexto al lector sobre este fenómeno. Con esto, se exponen las bases para poder comprender la situación en el país. Colombia, como se demuestra, es un caso particular en el sentido que los actores del conflicto armado, el Estado y los grupos ilegales, han contratado a los llamados mercenarios para hacer parte de la guerra. Se encontró, de igual manera, que las empresas privadas han hecho uso de esta fórmula, contribuyendo en el menoscabo de la soberanía estatal colombiana. Como consecuencia, se demostrará como la guerra ha pasado de ser un tema de la soberanía estatal a un tema del mercado internacional. </p>
A promoção da educação histórica na escola: os desafios da avaliação diagnóstica em História
Authors: Rosa Ribeiro Renilson , Regina Bovo Cláudia 
Published: July 2016

A equipe do subprojeto do Pibid de História/UFMT/Cuiabá atua na Escola Estadual Raimundo Pinheiro, desenvolvendo projetos e oficinas que visam transformar positivamente o ensino de História nessa instituição. Ao considerarmos os desafios para a consolidação de um ensino de História problematizado e capaz de potencializar a “consciência histórica” dos jovens na educação básica, foi necessário investigar o contexto escolar através da construção de um instrumento de avaliação diagnóstica capaz de identificar as condições de aprendizagem da História na referida escola. Nosso objetivo nesse trabalho é apresentar os fundamentos teóricos que nortearam a confecção desse instrumento avaliativo, bem como divulgar os formulários aplicados na escola durante o ano letivo de 2011.