bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lighting at London Airport
Authors: Holmes J. G. 
Published: November 2015

London Airport uses lighting extensively for the benefit of passengers, for the guidance and control of aircraft and for the maintenance of services. These three aspects are examined in detail, in terms of the requirements and appraisal of the results achieved rather than as a catalogue of designs or illumination levels. Special lighting was required for the roads around and within the airport and particular requirements were stated for lighting the buildings of the central area in which the architect, the consulting engineer, the builder and the lighting engineer have collaborated closely. For aircraft guidance, the lights follow the international regulations, although in some respects those regulations have been written around the original installations at this airport. The hangar lighting is of a new order of magnitude, and permits comparison to be made between the standard blended type with localised sources and an installation of fluorescent tubing distributed over the whole ceiling.
Symposium on Screen Viewing
Authors: Nixon R. D. 
Published: November 2015

The paper discusses the available contrast ratio on television screens of the aluminised and non-aluminised types, and indicates the reduction in contrast due to direct illumination of the dark portions of the picture by the bright portions, halation in the glass envelope and external illumination. The results show that picture contrast ratio may be reduced by these effects from about 150: 1 under the best conditions to 25: 1 under typical domestic viewing conditions. Experiments in television picture viewing with illuminated surrounds are described and curves given relating picture luminance with the surround luminance giving greatest viewing comfort for three sizes of surround.
Artificial Lighting as an Effective Aid to Architecture
Authors: Bellchambers H. E. , Mills R. V. , Ruff H. R. 
Published: November 2015

From an analysis of that part of the architect's task, the lighting of buildings, a method is developed whereby the architect and lighting engineer can co-operate to solve the problems involved in the translation of an artistic conception into a satisfying installateon. The method of deducing the required brightness pattern, and of achieving This. is illustrated by following its practical applacation, using, as a simple example, the lighting of an entrance hall.
Character and Compromise in Hotel Lighting
Authors: Brown C. Dykes , Stevens W. R. 
Published: November 2015

The hotel industry is important not only for its size and the vast sums of money involved but also for the peculiar nature of its service, since a visitor's impression of a distrct or a country is greatly influenced by the hotels he visits. It is important that each hotel should establish a distinctive and attractive character and in this lighting takes a significant place. However, there are many limits to the lighting installation. Costs must be kept within a budget, which is often small, and careful thought must be given to maintenance, particularly in a large hotel. The main problem of compromise arises, however, from the wide variety of users of a hotel and the fact that the decor can only receive a major overhaul at long intervals. This is a severe restriction on the designer. The areas of a hotel used primarily by the staff are working places in which the lighting can follow well established practice. The areas used by guests present much more difficulty because the requirements are often nebulous and the possible methods of lighting are many and varied. The paper, therefore, gives some specific recommendations for staff areas, but for guest areas the broad requirements are stated, some lighting principles discussed and typical solutions illustrated both for interiors and exteriors. An appendix suggests a simple approach to design based on the apparent brightness technique.
The Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors
Authors: Hopkinson R. G. , Longmore J. 
Published: November 2015

Since the opening of the half-century, new ideas on building have been visible everywhere. These visible changes are the expression of a revolution in building construction methods and in the economic picture of building. Rising costs demand a more efficient use to be made of available space, which in turn means deeper rooms with lower ceilings. Daylight is not free, it must be paid for in terms of cubic feet of space, square feet of glass, and loss of heat. In fact the provision of adequate daylight to the back of a deep room in the quantity now considered adequate by modern standards would lead to such an amount of glazing that not only would the cost be prohibitive, but the discomfort from sky glare would be unacceptable. It is shown that permanent supplementary lighting can be used to overcome these difficulties. The cost of installing, running and maintaining such lighting is offset by the reduced costs of building and maintenance and by a more efficient use of the available site. Experimental studies have been made to determine the levels of supplementary lighting that are necessary for a good integration of daylight and artificial light. The results of these studies are applied to a new technical college and to an agricultural research laboratory.
An Experimental Study of the Glare from a Luminous Ceiling
Authors: Hopkinson R. G. , Collins Wendy M. 
Published: November 2015

A model-scale study of glare has been made in order to investigate the tolerable levels of luminance of a luminous ceiling. The model represented an unfurnished room with a diffusing luminous ceiling; the reflection factors of the walls and floor could be altered to give a series of room surfaces from all white to all black. The observers viewed the model from one end, and made their glare assessments by adjusting the ceiling luminance to specified glare levels while looking towards the opposite wall. The results indicate that, under the experimental conditions, the ceiling luminance for the level of glare equal to the mean of the criteria ‘just acceptable’ and ‘just uncomfortable’ is of the order of 150 ft-L with room surfaces of normal reflectances. The modifying effect of room surface reflectances is complex, because light surfaces receiving high illumination themselves act as secondary sources of glare.
The Spectral Power Distribution of Daylight
Authors: Tarrant A. W. S. 
Published: November 2015

The factors controlling the spectral distribution of power of daylight at ground level are described and their effects are discussed. A résumé is given of recent experimental studies of the subject. The author's recent work is described in outline: a large number of measurements have been made in higher resolution than previous studies, and measurements have also been made in London and the country to investigate the effect of atmospheric pollution. Attempts were made to correlate the results with the prevailing sky conditions. The results of all the recent studies are compared, and over the visible range they are in reasonable agreement: this is not the case in the near ultra-violet range. Conclusions are put forward which it is hoped will be of value to the lighting engineer and architect.
The Effect of Lantern Light Distribution on Subjective Assessments in a Street Lighting Installation
Authors: Mainwaring G. , Stainsby A. G. 
Published: November 2015

The paper describes subjective appraisals by 20 observers of lanterns with widely different light distributions, both in wet and dry conditions. The tests were made in a single street at fixed lantern positions for a single light source-the new 400 watt high-pressure sodium lamp. It is emphasised that the results obtained apply strictly to the conditions of test only. The following principal conclusions may be drawn: Similar appraisals were obtained on the wet and dry nights for the same installations, suggesting that observers accommodate themselves to the weather conditions; appraisals of brightness, glare and uniformity are strongly correlated; the appraisal of overall impression is associated with a weighted sum of the appraisals of brightness, glare and uniformity; for a given degree of non-axiality there is strong correlation between brightness, glare and uniformity and the elevation, above the peak of 1/2 the maximum intensity (or some similar criterion) in the plane containing the street axis; There is no evidence of correlation between brightness or uniformity and the intensity in the 0–30° zone. There was no significant difference between the assessments of trained and untrained observers. The present method of specifying the lantern photometric performance in terms of intensity ratio gives results no better than the old system of specifying the vertical beam shape by reference to the fraction of the maximum intensity. To return to the old system would greatly simplify the testing procedure for compliance with the specification, without losing any measure of control.
Auditory Evoked Responses to Similar Words with Phonemic Difference: Comparison between Children with Good and Poor Reading Scores
Authors: Valencia Ignacio , McAnulty Gloria B. , Waber Deborah P. , Duffy Frank H. 
Published: November 2015

Our previous study demonstrated a physiologic deficit in two-tone discrimination in poor readers. 1 This was specific to the left parietal area suggesting that poor readers handled rapid tones differently. The current paper extends this finding in the same population, demonstrating that poor readers also have difficulty with phonemic discrimination. Long latency auditory evoked potentials (AEP) were formed using a phonemic discrimination task in a group of children with reading disabilities and controls. Measuring peak-to-peak amplitude of the waveforms, we found reduced N1-P2 amplitude in the Poor Reader group. Using the t-statistic significance probability map (SPM) technique, we also found a group difference, maximal over the mid-parietal area, from 584 msec to 626 msec after the stimulus onset. This difference was due to a lower amplitude on the Poor Reader group. We hypothesized that this late difference constitutes a P3 response and that the Poor Reader group generated smaller P3 waves. These auditory evoked response (AER) data support a discrimination deficit for close phonemes in the Poor Reader group as they had smaller N1-P2 absolute amplitude and developed smaller P3 waves. Based on these data we should be able to differentiate between Good and Poor readers based on long latency potentials created from phonemic stimuli.
Commercial Vegetable and Polyculture Fish Production in Bangladesh: Their Impacts on Household Income and Dietary Quality
Authors: Bouis Howarth E. 
Published: November 2015

Given the low access that women in rural Bangladesh have to productive assets, their crucial role as caretakers, and their high vulnerability to micronutrient deficiencies, numerous non-governmental organizations target women for food-based income-generating activities. Three such programmes were examined, which promote adoption of polyculture fish production (two sites) and commercial vegetable production (one site). The programmes evaluated had income generation—and not better nutrition—as their primary objective. The fish and vegetable technologies were found to be more profitable than rice production, although rice production provided a higher share of total income. On the basis of the evidence collected, there is little reason to believe that adoption of the two technologies has improved the micronutrient status of members of adopting households through better dietary quality. There was no finding of disproportionately high own-consumption of fish and vegetables by adopting households. The impacts on overall household income, although positive, were not strong. The effects of adoption on women's status and time allocation do not change this conclusion. It is consumers in general who benefit from research, extension, and credit programmes to increase the market supply of vegetables and fish. All other things being equal, increased market supply will lower prices for these foods. Although inflation-adjusted cereal prices in Bangladesh have fallen by 40% over the last 25 years (a remarkable achievement), real prices of lentils, vegetables, and animal products have increased by 25% to 50%. Real fish prices have perhaps doubled. Dietary quality for the poor may be declining over time due to these price effects.
Improving the Nutritional Quality and Yield Potential of Grasspea (Lathyrus Sativus L.)
Authors: El-Moneim Ali M. Abd , van Dorrestein B. , Baum M. , Mulugeta W. 
Published: November 2015

Lathyrus sativus (grasspea or chickling pea) is a popular food and feed crop in certain Asian and African countries, such as Bangladesh, China, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, because of its resistance to drought, flood, and moderate salinity and because of its low input requirements. When other crops fail under adverse climatic conditions, L. sativus can become the only available food source for the poor and sometimes is a survival food during famine. Although seeds of L. sativus are tasty and protein rich, overconsumption can cause an upper-neurone disease known as neurolathyrism, an irreversible paralysis of the lower limbs. The level of this compound in the dry seeds varies widely, depending on genetic factors and environmental conditions. The ability of L. sativus to provide an economic yield under most adverse conditions has made it a popular crop in subsistence farming in many developing countries, and it offers a great potential for use in other parts of the world. In the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region, under low-rainfall conditions there is a tendency for increasing monoculture of cereals, such as barley. The incorporation of grasspea in the rotation can make the production system more sustainable by improving soil fertility and breaking disease and pest cycles. The objectives of the crop improvement programme of International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) for this species are to improve its yield potential and nutritional quality through the reduction of its content of the neurotoxin 3-(N -oxalyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP). Low-neurotoxin lines having 0.07% to 0.02% β-ODAP were developed by using conventional breeding methods and by developing somaclonal variants.
The Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition: An Overview
Authors: Barba Corazon 
Published: November 2015

The Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition (PPAN) is the blueprint for an integrated programme of nutrition interventions, formulated under the leadership of the National Nutrition Council (NNC), which serves as the coordinating body for the implementation of nutrition-related programmes and projects and has responsibility for monitoring and evaluation. The Governing Board of the NNC is chaired by the Secretary of Agriculture and nine cabinet Secretaries, and the heads of three private-sector institutions sit as members. The PPAN goals are consistent with the global call to eradicate malnutrition made during the 1992 International Conference on Nutrition. The PPAN also falls within the framework of the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan. The PPAN aims to reduce protein– energy malnutrition among children, chronic energy deficiency among adults, and micronutrient deficiencies among all population groups, with specific targets to be reached by the year 2004. Iron-deficiency anaemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine-deficiency disorders remain serious public health concerns. PPAN programmes are implemented in the following areas: home, school, and community food production; micronutrient supplementation; food fortification; food assistance; livelihood assistance; and nutrition education. To support the implementation of the above programmes, various enabling mechanisms have been or will be institutionalized: human resource development; advocacy; research and standards; overall planning, coordination, management, and surveillance; and resource generation and mobilization. The paper provides brief descriptions of all these programmes and enabling mechanisms.
Food Fortification in the Philippines: Policies, Programmes, Issues, and Prospects
Authors: Solon Florentino S. 
Published: November 2015

Fortification is an important component of the Philippine Plan for Action on Nutrition. Several programmes are described for the fortification of commonly consumed foods, such as rice, margarine, sugar, salt, oil, and wheat flour, with essential micronutrients, especially vitamin A, iron, and iodine, to satisfy dietary gaps for these nutrients. The overall programme is designed to be spearheaded and implemented by the food industry, while the government is to provide necessary support through policy, technology development and transfer, and incentives to encourage the participation of food manufacturers. The objective of the government's Sangkap Pinoy seal programme is to encourage food manufacturers to market high-quality fortified food products. The seal is awarded to manufacturers who are able to meet standards for fortifying products with vitamin A, iron, or iodine. The seal makes the general public aware of the availability of fortified foods with assurance of quality and, thus, encourages consumption of fortified products. The prerequisites for a successful food-fortification intervention include advocacy, technology development and testing, stability studies, market testing, and field trials. Most fortification efforts have fulfilled these requirements, with the exception of a field trial to determine the efficacy of a fortified food in improving the nutrient status of a target group. Simple, rapid, and low-cost assessment methods to determine fortification levels must be developed to assist food manufacturers in their quality assurance monitoring activities. Moreover, the skills and abilities of village nutrition workers must be harnessed for monitoring fortified foods at the village or household level.
Adequate Dosing of Micronutrients for Different Age Groups in the Life Cycle
Authors: Bienz Denise , Cori Hector , Hornig Dietrich 
Published: November 2015

Many studies of micronutrient supplementation in developing countries have used single-nutrient supplements with either vitamins or minerals. However, people in these countries often suffer from multiple, rather than single, micronutrient deficiencies. The objective of this paper is to discuss the factors that go into determining the adequate dosing of vitamins and/or minerals for people of different ages. To elaborate on the adequacy of micronutrient doses in supplements, a model described by the US FNB was used, which calculates the difference between the mean observed intake for an individual and the estimated average requirement for a life stage and gender group. This model allows estimating the degree of confidence that a certain nutrient intake (from supplements and diet) is adequate. The US/Canadian DRI values have been used as the basis for these calculations, from which it can be concluded that a daily supplement of one RDA of each micronutrient is adequate to cover the personal requirements of all individuals in each respective age and gender group of the population, provided that 20 to 40% of an RDA is supplied by the diet—likely a realistic value for developing countries. DRI values vary significantly between different age groups, reflecting changing needs over a life cycle. With the objective of a supplement to be adequate and safe, the design of a one-for-all supplement covering all age groups is not realistic. Such a supplement would either underscore or surpass the required intake of some of the age groups. Additionally the dosage of certain micronutrients might exceed the upper level of intake for lower age groups. Therefore, it is suggested that three different supplements following the one RDA concept for all micronutrients be developed for research use in developing countries for the following age groups: 1 to 3 years, 4 to 13 years, and females >14 years (excluding during pregnancy).
Women's Access to Food-Processing Technology at the Household Level is Associated with Improved Diets at the Pre-Harvest Lean Season in the Gambia
Authors: Silva-Barbeau Irma , Hull Stephen G. , Prehm Marilyn S. , Barbeau William E. 
Published: November 2015

Background Women's access to food processing technology at the household level may have positive dietary benefits during the pre-harvest lean season when households are most stressed from food shortages and higher energy expenditures from agricultural work. Objective This study in rural Gambia was conducted to determine if women's access to small manually operated oil presses (ram) for sesame oil extraction had any significant effects on seasonal fluctuations of household oil supply and on dietary intakes of women and children. Methods Participants were 40 women and children with access to community-based motorized oil press expellers (Expeller-control), 37 women and children with access to village-based ram presses (Press-experiment), and 43 women and children with access to both ram press and motorized expeller (Combination). Dietary data were collected at baseline, at peak oil-pressing, at pre-harvest lean, and at the post-harvest seasons. Results Households in the Press-experiment and Combination groups consumed 37 and 51 percent more oil, respectively, than those in the Expeller-control group during the pre-harvest lean season. Women from the Press-experiment and Combination groups consumed more energy at the lean season than those in the Expeller-control group. Similarly, children from the Press-experiment and Combination groups consumed more protein at peak oil-processing season than those from the Expeller-control group. At the pre-harvest season children from these two groups also consumed more protein, however, only the consumption of the Combination children was statistically significant compared with that of the Expeller-control group ( p < .05). Press-experiment children consumed more nutrient-dense weaning foods during the pre-harvest lean season than Expeller-control children. Conclusions Women's access to appropriate technology can provide the means to “add value” to their agriculture product, which may serve as an economic stabilizer with potential to increase dietary intakes and incomes, especially during the pre-harvest lean season.
Nutrient Content of Complementary Foods Based on Processed and Fermented Sorghum, Groundnut, Spinach, and Mango
Authors: Oumarou Habiba , Ejoh Richard , Ndjouenkeu Robert , Tanya Agatha 
Published: November 2015

Background Many African mothers use gruels made of maize and sorghum as complementary foods for their infants because they cannot afford the cost of nutritionally superior commercial weaning foods. Objective To improve the nutritional quality of traditional sorghum gruels used as complementary foods for children between six months and five years in the northern part of Cameroon. Methods Sorghum grains were processed by dehulling, sprouting, dehulling and cooking, and sprouting and cooking, then fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisae and tested for nutritional quality. The processed samples were analyzed for their nutrient composition and the digestibility of proteins and carbohydrates. Results The resulting products showed a significant reduction in antinutritional factors (e.g., phenolic compounds and phytates). In addition, germination improved the in vitro digestibility of proteins and carbohydrates. These effects were enhanced by fermentation of the resulting sorghum flour, regardless of how grains were pretreated, although the protein and mineral content remained low. Use of a composite flour made from pretreated sorghum, groundnut, spinach, and mango improved the protein, mineral, and vitamin A and C content of the gruels. Fermentation of composite flours resulted in an improvement in the protein content. Conclusions This study, conducted under local conditions and using local technology, describes an opportunity for improving the quality of complementary foods using local ingredients.