bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration routes and stopover sites of the Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) between the Carpathian Basin and wintering areas
Authors: Pigniczki Csaba , Kralj Jelena , Volponi Stefano , Žuljević Antun , Dakhli Mohamed-Ali , Mikuska Tibor , Azafzaf Hichem , Végvári Zsolt 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Understanding the migration routes of the Central European Spoonbill population is important for their conservation. Here we analysed movements of 3186 individuals of Eurasian Spoonbills marked with colour rings in the Carpathian Basin (Hungary, Croatia and Serbia) between 2003 and 2015, and a satellite tagged individual, which was equipped in Italy in 2013, and later moved to the Carpathian Basin. Migration routes of these Spoonbills predominantly followed the Adriatic Flyway, however, some birds were also found to both east and west from this flyway. We identified 59 stopover sites, 55 of which were located along the Adriatic Flyway. Colourringed juveniles (1cy), on average, spent 4.0±0.9 (SE) days on the stopover sites along the Adriatic Flyway during autumn migration, while non-juveniles (> 1cy) spent 2.6±1.0 (SE) days during autumn and 2.1±0.4 (SE) days during spring migration there. These durations were not significantly different. Duration of stops of the satellite tracked individual was between 7 and 15 days during autumn and between 1 and 12 days during spring migration. Our results indicate the existence of two alternative routes of the Adriatic Flyway between the Carpathian Basin and the wintering areas in southern Italy and the central part of coastal North-Africa. The North-Adriatic Flyway includes stopover sites in north-eastern Italy at the river mouth of River Isonzo, Lagunes of Venice and wetlands around River Po. The South Adriatic Flyway leads through the Balkan Peninsula, with stopover sites at the karst lakes of Bosnia and Herzegovina, mouth of the river Neretva (Croatia), Ulcinj Salinas (Montenegro) and wetlands in Gulf of Manfredonia (Italy). This hypothesis was also supported by the migration of the satellite tagged individual, the paths of which was described here in detail. The average coordinates of spring and autumn stopover sites were located at different parts of the flyway: it was in south-western Italy during autumn migration, while it was close to the western coast of the Balkan Peninsula during spring migration. We found examples for Spoonbills using the same migration paths along the same route year by year on both spring and autumn migration, but also noticed shifts between routes. Some observations indicate that individuals may show site fidelity to stopover sites between years, although the sample size was low for statistical significance.
Differences in the Clinical Course of Acute Appendicitis in the Elderly in Comparison to Younger Population
Authors: Zbierska Katarzyna , Kenig Jakub , Lasek Anna , Rubinkiewicz Mateusz , Wałęga Piotr 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAcute appendicitis (AA) still remains the most common acute surgical abdominal emergency. Although 90% of cases occur in children and young adults, the incidence in the elderly amounts up to 10% and is constantly rising.The aim of the study was to assess the differences between clinical presentation in the elderly patients with AA compared to the younger patients. Additional aim was to assess the correlation between in-hospital time delays and patients’ outcomes.Material and methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical data of 274 patients admitted to 3rd Department of General Surgery in Cracow between January 2011 and December 2013 due to AA. The elderly group comprised 23 patients aged 65 and above and the non-elderly group consisted of 251 patients.Results. The groups did not differ in symptoms and their duration, type of surgery and its duration. However, time from admission to ED to the beginning of the procedure was significantly lower in the elderly group (575.56 vs 858.9 min; p=0.03). The elderly had longer hospital stay (6.08 vs 4.69 days; p=0.004). In the elderly group the perforation rate was close to reaching statistical significance (26.1% vs 12.4%; p=0.06). No mortality was noted in both groups and morbidity was slightly higher in elderly group (17.4% vs 10%; p=0.26).Conclusions. There was no difference in the clinical presentation between elderly and non-elderly patients group. However, elderly patients presented with a more progressed inflammation of the appendix. The hospital stay was longer in the elderly group, without any mortality and with higher rate of morbidity in this group. The length of the preoperative phase was significantly shorter, confirming the awareness of importance of time in the elderly patients with acute abdomen.
SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems
Authors: Khattak Sheharbano , Elahi Tariq , Simon Laurent , Swanson Colleen M. , Murdoch Steven J. , Goldberg Ian 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
An increasing number of countries implement Internet censorship at different scales and for a variety of reasons. Several censorship resistance systems (CRSs) have emerged to help bypass such blocks. The diversity of the censor’s attack landscape has led to an arms race, leading to a dramatic speed of evolution of CRSs. The inherent complexity of CRSs and the breadth of work in this area makes it hard to contextualize the censor’s capabilities and censorship resistance strategies. To address these challenges, we conducted a comprehensive survey of CRSs-deployed tools as well as those discussed in academic literature-to systematize censorship resistance systems by their threat model and corresponding defenses. To this end, we first sketch a comprehensive attack model to set out the censor’s capabilities, coupled with discussion on the scope of censorship, and the dynamics that influence the censor’s decision. Next, we present an evaluation framework to systematize censorship resistance systems by their security, privacy, performance and deployability properties, and show how these systems map to the attack model. We do this for each of the functional phases that we identify for censorship resistance systems: communication establishment, which involves distribution and retrieval of information necessary for a client to join the censorship resistance system; and conversation, where actual exchange of information takes place. Our evaluation leads us to identify gaps in the literature, question the assumptions at play, and explore possible mitigations.
A Framework for the Game-theoretic Analysis of Censorship Resistance
Authors: Elahi Tariq , Doucette John A. , Hosseini Hadi , Murdoch Steven J. , Goldberg Ian 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We present a game-theoretic analysis of optimal solutions for interactions between censors and censorship resistance systems (CRSs) by focusing on the data channel used by the CRS to smuggle clients’ data past the censors. This analysis leverages the inherent errors (false positives and negatives) made by the censor when trying to classify traffic as either non-circumvention traffic or as CRS traffic, as well as the underlying rate of CRS traffic. We identify Nash equilibrium solutions for several simple censorship scenarios and then extend those findings to more complex scenarios where we find that the deployment of a censorship apparatus does not qualitatively change the equilibrium solutions, but rather only affects the amount of traffic a CRS can support before being blocked. By leveraging these findings, we describe a general framework for exploring and identifying optimal strategies for the censorship circumventor, in order to maximize the amount of CRS traffic not blocked by the censor. We use this framework to analyze several scenarios with multiple data-channel protocols used as cover for the CRS. We show that it is possible to gain insights through this framework even without perfect knowledge of the censor’s (secret) values for the parameters in their utility function.
Individual versus Organizational Computer Security and Privacy Concerns in Journalism
Authors: McGregor Susan E. , Roesner Franziska , Caine Kelly 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A free and open press is a critical piece of the civil-society infrastructure that supports both established and emerging democracies. However, as the professional activities of reporting and publishing are increasingly conducted by digital means, computer security and privacy risks threaten free and independent journalism around the globe. Through interviews with 15 practicing journalists and 14 organizational stakeholders (supervising editors and technologists), we reveal the distinct - and sometimes conflicting-computer security concerns and priorities of different stakeholder groups within journalistic institutions, as well as unique issues in journalism compared to other types of organizations. As these concerns have not been deeply studied by those designing computer security practices or technologies that may benefit journalism, this research offers insight into some of the practical and cultural constraints that can limit the computer security and privacy practices of the journalism community as a whole. Based on these findings, we suggest paths for future research and development that can bridge these gaps through new tools and practices.
Illustrative presentation of some basic concepts of network internal reliability with comments as regards engineering surveys
Authors: Prószyński Witold 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The paper integrates some earlier and the recent findings of the author in the area of network internal reliability and presents a consistent system of concepts in this respect. The concepts of outlier detection and outlier identification linked directly with the global model test and the outlier tests respectively, are shown as a basis for the concepts such as outlier detectability and outlier identifiability. Also, a four level classification of gross errors expressed in a form of a tree-diagram is presented including perceptible and imperceptible errors, detectable and undetectable errors and identifiable and unidentifiable errors. Their properties are given mainly in a descriptive way, deliberately limiting rigorous mathematical formulas to a necessary minimum. Understanding of different types of gross errors is useful in analyzing the results of the outlier detection and identification procedures as well as in designing the networks to make them duly robust to observation gross errors. It is of special importance for engineering surveys where quite often low-redundancy networks are used. Main objective of the paper is to demonstrate a clear and consistent system of basic concepts related to network internal reliability.
Influence of the interface conditions on flexible pavement structures life
Authors: Lazăr Ştefan Marian , Diaconu Elena 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This paper aims to establish the interface conditions influence on the flexible pavement structures life. The methodology consists in using the interface constitutive model available in the Alizé calculation program to calculate the stresses and strains in the flexible pavement structures.
The design criteria related to limiting fatigue cracking of asphalt layers and permanent deformations at the subgrade level from the road bed are used to estimate the flexible pavement structures lifetime.
When calculating the critical stresses and strains, most mechanical design methods of the flexible pavement structures considers that the road layers at interfaces are perfect bonded or total unbonded.
Proper modeling of the interface binding condition is an important aspect in understanding the real behaviour of in-service flexible pavement structures.
Inclinometer monitoring system for stability analysis: the western slope of the Bełchatów field case study
Authors: Cała Marek , Jakóbczyk Joanna , Cyran Katarzyna 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The geological structure of the Bełchatów area is very complicated as a result of tectonic and sedimentation processes. The long-term exploitation of the Bełchatów field influenced the development of horizontal displacements. The variety of factors that have impact on the Bełchatów western slope stability conditions, forced the necessity of complex geotechnical monitoring. The geotechnical monitoring of the western slope was carried out with the use of slope inclinometers. From 2005 to 2013 fourteen slope inclinometers were installed, however, currently seven of them are in operation. The present analysis depicts inclinometers situated in the north part of the western slope, for which the largest deformations were registered. The results revealed that the horizontal displacements and formation of slip surfaces are related to complicated geological structure and intensive tectonic deformations in the area. Therefore, the influence of exploitation marked by changes in slope geometry was also noticeable.
Shape optimization of road tunnel cross-section by simulated annealing
Authors: Sobótka Maciej , Pachnicz Michał 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The paper concerns shape optimization of a tunnel excavation cross-section. The study incorporates optimization procedure of the simulated annealing (SA). The form of a cost function derives from the energetic optimality condition, formulated in the authors’ previous papers. The utilized algorithm takes advantage of the optimization procedure already published by the authors. Unlike other approaches presented in literature, the one introduced in this paper takes into consideration a practical requirement of preserving fixed clearance gauge. Itasca Flac software is utilized in numerical examples. The optimal excavation shapes are determined for five different in situ stress ratios. This factor significantly affects the optimal topology of excavation. The resulting shapes are elongated in the direction of a principal stress greater value. Moreover, the obtained optimal shapes have smooth contours circumscribing the gauge.
Numerical model of heat transfer in three phases of the poroelastic medium
Authors: Uciechowska-Grakowicz Anna , Strzelecki Tomasz 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In this paper, the results of numerical analysis of the thermal consolidation of a two phase medium, under the assumption of independent heat transfer in fluid and the solid phase of the medium, are presented. Three cases of pore fluid were considered: liquid, represented by water, and gas, represented by air and carbon dioxide. The mathematical model was derived from irreversible thermodynamics, with the assumption of a constant heat transfer between the phases. In the case of the accepted geometry of the classical dimensions of the soil sample and boundary conditions, the process leads to equalization of temperatures of the skeleton on the pore fluid. Heat transfer is associated with the fluid flow in the pores of the medium. In the case of gas as the pore fluid, a non-linear mathematical model of gas filtration through the pores of the medium was accepted. For the computing process, relationships between viscosity or density and temperature proposed by other authors were taken into account. Despite accepting mechanical constants of the solid phase that do not depend on temperature, the obtained model is nonlinear and develops the classical Biot–Darcy model.
Polish electoral system to self local government – changes and effects
Authors: Słobodzian Beata 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Poland as a young democracy is supported by extensive experience of mature democratic systems. Poland is still seeking reasonable and effective solutions regarding its electoral system. The right for electing the representatives of authority bodies is one of the fundamentals of democracy. This right entitles citizens for active public participation through expressing their support (votes) for candidates, which will respectively represent their voters in certain institutions. Polish electoral law, which regulates the local self-government elections is very controversial. The existing legal rules have been changed many times since 2011. Among the subjects being discussed are electoral campaigns, and candidate registration rules and organization of elections. Frequent changes in the electoral law result in misunderstandings and an unwillingness to participate in elections. Their effect is low voter turnout and a large number of invalid votes. Regardless of the above, it is worth to consider, why the Electoral Code was prepared so chaotically and without any further discussion? Why before the forthcoming elections to the European Parliament and municipalities planned for 2014 it was not possible to be assured about the electoral regulations, which were the subject of numerous changes?
Semantic Relations between Legal Terms. A Case Study of the Intralingual Relation of Synonymy
Authors: Matulewska Aleksandra 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The author intends to present a possibility of parametrising legal terminology in order to reveal semantic and systemic relations at the intralingual and interlingual levels. The scope of the research comprises selected legal terminology from the following legal systems: Polish, British, American and European Union. The research methods used include: (i) the analysis of comparable texts, (ii) the method of parametrisation of the legal linguistic reality, (iii) the concept of adjusting translation to the communicative needs and requirements of the recipient community. The research hypothesis is that parametrisation of legal terminology in respect of semantic and systemic relations may be a useful tool in organising and comparing terminology for the purpose of legal translation. First the relation of synonymy binding terms at the intralingual and interlingual levels in the light of systemic and genre-related relations is discussed. The proposal is illustrated with examples of legal terms and the networks of relations binding them in English and Polish. The conclusions are that such an approach is systematic and provides a translator with information necessary to render communicatively efficient translations.
The Romanian Pension System Reforms: Evidences from Legislative Roll Call Analysis
Authors: Barbu Claudiu 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
There are important differences between all Eastern European countries regarding the implementation of pension system privatization. The differences regarding the political configuration between the countries from Eastern Europe might be a possible explanation for the amount of diversity in this area. The ideology of political parties that form or sustain the government that implements the reform can also be an explanation, but this influence must be studied beyond the cliché that stipulates that the right-wing parties will support the public pension system reform and the left-wing parties will oppose it. Armeanu (2010a) showed that there are countries where privatization was supported by the centre-left coalitions that needed to overpass a strong opposition made by the right-wing parties. Using the Ideal Point Estimation technique within the voting sessions related to pension reform during the last three Romanian legislatures, we will explain the formation of pro and against coalitions regarding the pension reform from Romania during the privatization process of public pension system. We also test the hypotheses of the model presented by Armeanu (2010a, 2010b), model that predicts the behaviour of political parties based on the position they have on a two-dimensional space related to the costs of pension reform.
Observed Effectiveness of Palivizumab for 29–36-Week Gestation Infants
Authors: Farber Harold J. , Buckwold Frederick J. , Lachman Barry , Simpson J. Scott , Buck Ernest , Arun Matha , Valadez Adolfo M. , Ruiz Teresa , Alonzo Joy , Henry Andrea , Cos-Okpalla Nneka , Nguyen Kelsey , Brendel William , Small James , Glomb William Brendle 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND:
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common reason for hospitalization of infants. In clinical trials, palivizumab reduced RSV hospitalization rates for premature infants. The 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guideline advised against use of palivizumab for otherwise healthy infants ≥29 weeks’ gestation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of palivizumab administration on hospitalization rates for RSV and bronchiolitis without RSV diagnosis among infants 29 to 36 weeks’ gestation who do not have chronic illness.

METHODS:
Claims data were extracted from databases of 9 Texas Medicaid managed care programs. Eligible infants were 29 to 36 weeks’ gestation, without claims suggesting chronic illness, and who were born between April 1 and December 31 of 2012, 2013, and 2014.

RESULTS:
A total of 2031 eligible infants of 29 to 32 weeks’ gestation and 12 066 infants of 33 to 36 weeks’ gestation were identified; 41.5% of the infants 29 to 32 weeks’ gestation and 3.7% of the infants 33 to 36 weeks’ gestation had paid claims for dispensing of ≥1 palivizumab doses. Among the infants of 29 to 32 weeks’ gestation, palivizumab dispensing was associated with reduced RSV hospitalization rates (3.1% vs 5.0%, P = .04) but increased hospitalizations for bronchiolitis without RSV diagnosis (3.3% vs 1.9%, P = .05). There were no significant differences by palivizumab administration status for the infants of 33 to 36 weeks’ gestation.

CONCLUSIONS:
Among infants 29 to 32 weeks’ gestation without chronic illness, palivizumab use was associated with reduced RSV hospitalizations but increased hospitalizations for bronchiolitis without RSV diagnosis.
Manejo de bordes de crecimiento urbano en Uruguay
Authors: Ligrone Fernández Pablo Alfredo 
Published: July 2016

Confrontado a los procesos universales de crecimiento urbano, la pregunta-desafío para el urbanista no debería ser si la expansión ocurrirá sino cómo conducirla, domesticarla, darle forma, calidad, estructura y timing.Con la transformación de la ciudad grande en área metropolitana, el concepto de borde urbano-rural y sus problemáticas se complejizó. Territorios de intersticios periurbanos necesitan de su propia reflexión y generación de prácticas urbanísticas, aplicando herramientas innovadoras para integrar, completar y diseñar con calidad los "parches", bordes, islas y vacíos del tejido urbano heredado, y organizar nuevas expansiones caracterizadas por modalidades insospechadas de hibridación de territorios escasamente regulados.Sobre la base de las singularidades del caso uruguayo, el artículo plantea alternativas al manejo de procesos de borde bien diferenciados: fajas de interfase urbano-rural altamente mixturadas y fragmentadas, territorios desregulados, bordes urbanizados como partes formalmente completas, periferias que necesitan fortalecer su gobernanza y periurbanos ramificados.En el sistema de ordenamiento territorial y desarrollo sostenible se encuentran las herramientas para lidiar con conflictos y paradojas: planes parciales, programas de actuación integrada, estrategias para la complejidad y la incertidumbre, la aplicación obstinada de los principios legales y doctrinales en procura de la calidad, el manejo combinado de instrumentos y de escalas...