bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the risk of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Keane E. , Funk A. L. , Shimakawa Y. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBackgroundThe risk of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been quoted as 70–90% among women positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and e antigen (HBeAg), and 5–30% among HBsAg‐positive HBeAg‐negative women. These risks are derived from Asia; little is known about sub‐Saharan Africa.AimTo determine the risk of mother‐to‐child transmission in sub‐Saharan Africa, according to maternal HBeAg and type of prophylaxis.MethodsWe searched Medline, Global Health, Embase, African Journals Online and African Index Medicus. We included observational or interventional studies that enrolled infants of HBV‐infected women, and that tested for HBsAg or HBV DNA between 3 and 12 months of age.ResultsFifteen articles from 11 African countries were included. Among HBeAg‐positive women, the pooled risk was 38.3% (95% CI: 7.0–74.4%) without prophylaxis, which was significantly lower than the lower bound of 70–90% risk in the literature (P = 0.007). Among HBeAg‐negative women, the pooled risk was 4.8% (95% CI: 0.1–13.3%) without prophylaxis, which lays within the lower range of the 5–30% risk in Asia. By extrapolating the pooled transmission risks to the number of births to infectious mothers, an estimated 1% of newborns (n = 367 250) are annually infected with HBV at birth in sub‐Saharan Africa.ConclusionsCompared to Asia, the risk of mother‐to‐child transmission is low in sub‐Saharan Africa. However, the annual number of infants perinatally infected with HBV is twice the number of incident paediatric HIV infections in sub‐Saharan Africa (n = 190 000). This highlights the importance of preventing mother‐to‐child transmission of HBV in sub‐Saharan Africa, which has been long neglected.
Population pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in adult patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy
Authors: Xu Xiaoying , Khadzhynov Dmytro , Peters Harm , Chaves Ricardo L. , Hamed Kamal , Levi Micha , Corti Natascia 
Published: September 2016

AimThe objective of this population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was to provide guidance for the dosing interval of daptomycin in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).MethodsA previously published population PK model for daptomycin was updated with data from patients undergoing continuous veno‐venous haemodialysis (CVVHD; n = 9) and continuous veno‐venous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF; n = 8). Model‐based simulations were performed to compare the 24 h AUC, Cmax and Cmin of daptomycin following various dosing regimens (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 mg kg−1 every [Q] 24 h and Q48 h), with the safety and efficacy exposure references for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia/right‐sided infective endocarditis.ResultsThe previously developed daptomycin structural population PK model could reasonably describe data from the patients on CRRT. The clearance in patients undergoing CVVHDF and CVVHD was estimated at 0.53 and 0.94 l h−1, respectively, as compared with 0.75 l h−1 in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≥ 30 ml min−1. Daptomycin Q24 h dosing in patients undergoing CRRT resulted in optimal exposure for efficacy, with AUC comparable to that in patients with CrCl ≥ 30 ml min−1. In contrast, Q48 h dosing was associated with considerably lower AUC24–48h in all patients for doses up to 12 mg kg−1 and is therefore inappropriate.ConclusionsQ24 h dosing of daptomycin up to 12 mg kg−1 provides comparable drug exposure in patients on CVVHD and in those with CrCl ≥ 30 ml min−1. Daily daptomycin use up to 8 mg kg−1 doses are appropriate for patients on CVVHDF, but higher doses may increase the risk of toxicity.
Pharmacokinetics of neratinib during coadministration with lansoprazole in healthy subjects
Authors: Keyvanjah Kiana , DiPrimeo Daniel , Li Ai , Obaidi Mohammad , Swearingen Dennis , Wong Alvin 
Published: September 2016

AimsTo evaluate the effect of lansoprazole, a proton‐pump inhibitor, on the absorption, pharmacokinetics, and safety of neratinib, a pan‐HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in healthy subjects.MethodsThis was an open‐label, two‐period, fixed‐sequence study. Fifteen healthy adult subjects received a single oral dose of neratinib 240 mg (Period 1), followed by a washout period, then oral lansoprazole 30 mg once daily for 7 days and a single dose of neratinib 240 mg on Day 5 (Period 2). Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed for 72 h following each neratinib dose. Plasma neratinib concentration–time data were analysed using noncompartmental methods. Geometric mean ratios for AUC0–t, AUC0–inf, and peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) for neratinib plus lansoprazole vs. neratinib were used to assess the magnitude of the drug–drug interaction if the 90% confidence intervals were outside 80.00–125.00%.ResultsNeratinib geometric least‐squares mean (LSM) Cmax was reduced from 84.5 ng ml−1 with neratinib alone to 24.5 ng ml−1 with neratinib plus lansoprazole. The extent of exposure to neratinib was also decreased: geometric LSM AUC0–t was 1478 ng ml−1 h with neratinib vs. 426 ng ml−1 h with neratinib plus lansoprazole, and geometric LSM AUC0–inf was 1557 ng ml−1 h vs. 542 ng ml−1 h, respectively. Mean t½ was similar with both treatments (approximately 14 h). Geometric mean ratios 90% confidence intervals for AUC0–t, AUC0–inf and Cmax fell outside the prespecified equivalence range (80.0–125.0%). Treatment‐emergent adverse events, all mild, were reported by five (33%) subjects.ConclusionsCoadministration of lansoprazole with neratinib reduced the rate and extent of neratinib exposure in healthy subjects.
Unravelling the adiponectin paradox: novel roles of adiponectin in the regulation of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Woodward Lavinia , Akoumianakis Ioannis , Antoniades Charalambos 
Published: September 2016

Adipose tissue (AT) has recently been identified as a dynamic endocrine organ secreting a wide range of adipokines. Adiponectin is one such hormone, exerting endocrine and paracrine effects on the cardiovascular system. At a cellular and molecular level, adiponectin has anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant and anti‐apoptotic roles, thereby mitigating key mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathogenesis. However, adiponectin expression in human AT as well as its circulating levels are increased in advanced CVD states, and it is actually considered by many as a ‘rescue hormone’. Due to the complex mechanisms regulating adiponectin's biosynthesis in the human AT, measurement of its levels as a biomarker in CVD is highly controversial, given that adiponectin exerts protective effects on the cardiovascular system but at the same time its increased levels flag advanced CVD. In this review article, we present the involvement of adiponectin in CVD pathogenesis and we discuss its role as a clinical biomarker.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc
Reversal learning strategy in adolescence is associated with prefrontal cortex activation
Authors: Boehme Rebecca , Lorenz Robert C. , Gleich Tobias , Romund Lydia , Pelz Patricia , Golde Sabrina , Flemming Eva , Wold Andrew , Deserno Lorenz , Behr Joachim , Raufelder Diana , Heinz Andreas , Beck Anne 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAdolescence is a critical maturation period for human cognitive control and executive function. In this study, a large sample of adolescents (n = 85) performed a reversal learning task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We analyzed behavioral data using a reinforcement learning model to provide individually fitted parameters and imaging data with regard to reward prediction errors (PE). Following a model‐based approach, we formed two groups depending on whether individuals tended to update expectations predominantly for the chosen stimulus or also for the unchosen one. These groups significantly differed in their problem behavior score obtained using the child behavior checklist (CBCL) and in a measure of their developmental stage. Imaging results showed that dorsolateral striatal areas covaried with PE. Participants who relied less on learning based on task structure showed less prefrontal activation compared with participants who relied more on task structure. An exploratory analysis revealed that PE‐related activity was associated with pubertal development in prefrontal areas, insula and anterior cingulate. These findings support the hypothesis that the prefrontal cortex is implicated in mediating flexible goal‐directed behavioral control.
Decreased photosynthesis and growth with reduced respiration in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown under elevated CO2 over 1800 generations
Authors: Li Futian , Beardall John , Collins Sinéad , Gao Kunshan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractStudies on the long‐term responses of marine phytoplankton to ongoing ocean acidification (OA) are appearing rapidly in the literature. However, only a few of these have investigated diatoms, which is disproportionate to their contribution to global primary production. Here we show that a population of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, after growing under elevated CO2 (1000 μatm, HCL, pHT: 7.70) for 1860 generations, showed significant differences in photosynthesis and growth from a population maintained in ambient CO2 and then transferred to elevated CO2 for 20 generations (HC). The HCL population had lower mitochondrial respiration, than did the control population maintained in ambient CO2 (400 μatm, LCL, pHT: 8.02) for 1860 generations. Although the cells had higher respiratory carbon loss within 20 generations under the elevated CO2, being consistent to previous findings, they downregulated their respiration to sustain their growth in longer duration under the OA condition. Responses of phytoplankton to OA may depend on the timescale for which they are exposed due to fluctuations in physiological traits over time. This study provides the first evidence that populations of the model species, P. tricornutum, differ phenotypically from each other after having been grown for differing spans of time under OA conditions, suggesting that long‐term changes should be measured to understand responses of primary producers to OA, especially in waters with diatom‐dominated phytoplankton assemblages.
Association between polypharmacy and cognitive impairment in an elderly Japanese population residing in an urban community
Authors: Niikawa Hirotoshi , Okamura Tsuyoshi , Ito Kae , Ura Chiaki , Miyamae Fumiko , Sakuma Naoko , Ijuin Mutsuo , Inagaki Hiroki , Sugiyama Mika , Awata Shuichi 
Published: September 2016

AimPolypharmacy is a serious medical problem among older adults. Polypharmacy can cause adverse drug reactions and is associated with frailty. Several drugs, particularly psychotropic medications, can cause cognitive impairment. Recent research also suggests that polypharmacy can cause cognitive impairment. We investigated the prevalence of polypharmacy, and examined the association between polypharmacy and cognitive impairment in a large sample of community‐dwelling older adults in Japan.MethodsA questionnaire covering sociodemographic variables was sent to all residents aged ≥65 years in an urban residential district of Tokyo, Japan (n = 7682). Next, 3000 individuals were randomly selected as study participants. A trained nurse and researcher interviewed participants in their own homes to obtain information about cognitive status, prescribed medications, and current medical history. Cognitive status was assessed using the Mini‐Mental State Examination. Polypharmacy was defined as treatment with six or more prescribed medications.ResultsOf the 1270 respondents who completed an interview, 1152 were included in the analysis of medications. The prevalence of polypharmacy was 28.0% (n = 323). When the older adults in the medications analysis were stratified by Mini‐Mental State Examination scores, polypharmacy was present in 48.3% of those scoring <24, and 25.7% of those scoring ≥24 (χ2 = 26.76, P < 0.001). After controlling for potential confounding factors (including psychotropic medications), a multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an association between polypharmacy and cognitive impairment (odds ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.10–3.02; P = 0.019).ConclusionsPolypharmacy was associated with cognitive impairment among urban community‐dwelling older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1286–1293.
Creativity in the Bronze Age: Bringing Archaeological Research into Contemporary Craft Teaching and Learning through a Live Project
Authors: Persad Rachel , Sofaer Joanna 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe CinBA Live Project sought to engage students of contemporary craft courses in the UK with Bronze Age creativity. We aimed to explore the ways in which the creativity inherent in prehistoric craft may be used as inspiration in contemporary making. It simultaneously offered institutions a unique opportunity to offer a practice‐led, research‐based live project which was distinct to those generally known to be available to art and design institutions. It offered a different experience within this established pedagogical model in art and design education by using the Bronze Age as a source of inspiration for creative practice through practice‐based research in contemporary craft within the framework of an international academic research project, and suggesting new roles for the interpretation of the prehistoric past through creative work. This article reports on the CinBA Live Project. It outlines the context of the opportunity, details our methods of facilitation, describes the activities undertaken by the students and considers the outputs and post‐project impact of the activity.
Simvastatin promotes NPC1‐mediated free cholesterol efflux from lysosomes through CYP7A1/LXRα signalling pathway in oxLDL‐loaded macrophages
Authors: Xu Xiaoyang , Zhang Aolin , Halquist Matthew S. , Yuan Xinxu , Henderson Scott C. , Dewey William L. , Li Pin‐Lan , Li Ningjun , Zhang Fan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractStatins, 3‐hydroxyl‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, are the first‐line medications prescribed for the prevention and treatment of coronary artery diseases. The efficacy of statins has been attributed not only to their systemic cholesterol‐lowering actions but also to their pleiotropic effects that are unrelated to cholesterol reduction. These pleiotropic effects have been increasingly recognized as essential in statins therapy. This study was designed to investigate the pleiotropic actions of simvastatin, one of the most commonly prescribed statins, on macrophage cholesterol homeostasis with a focus on lysosomal free cholesterol egression. With simultaneous nile red and filipin staining, analysis of confocal/multi‐photon imaging demonstrated that simvastatin markedly attenuated unesterified (free) cholesterol buildup in macrophages loaded with oxidized low‐density lipoprotein but had little effect in reducing the sizes of cholesteryl ester‐containing lipid droplets; the reduction in free cholesterol was mainly attributed to decreases in lysosome‐compartmentalized cholesterol. Functionally, the egression of free cholesterol from lysosomes attenuated pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion. It was determined that the reduction of lysosomal free cholesterol buildup by simvastatin was due to the up‐regulation of Niemann‐Pick C1 (NPC1), a lysosomal residing cholesterol transporter. Moreover, the enhanced enzymatic production of 7‐hydroxycholesterol by cytochrome P450 7A1 and the subsequent activation of liver X receptor α underscored the up‐regulation of NPC1. These findings reveal a novel pleiotropic effect of simvastatin in affecting lysosomal cholesterol efflux in macrophages and the associated significance in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Outcomes of emotional support in dating relationships: Relational turbulence or sentiment override?
Authors: SOLOMON DENISE HAUNANI , PRIEM JENNIFER S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study tests the relational turbulence model by considering how qualities of dating relationships may polarize positive evaluations of partner supportiveness and emotional improvement following an interaction about a stressful experience. Sentiment override, which is the tendency for negative relationship qualities to attenuate positive evaluations of a partner, was evaluated as a competing hypothesis. Using a laboratory‐based observation method, participants completed stressful activities and talked with a dating partner. Results supported the relational turbulence model, such that the positive association between observer ratings of enacted support and emotional improvement increased when turbulence was high. All results for perceived supportiveness were nonsignificant. Relationship satisfaction did not predict either outcome; therefore, the sentiment override hypothesis was not supported.
The N400 elicited by homonyms in puns: Two primes are not better than one
Authors: Dholakia Ayesha , Meade Gabriela , Coch Donna 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTo comprehend a pun involving a homonym (e.g., The prince with a bad tooth got a crown), both meanings of the homonym must be accessed and selected. Previous ERP studies have shown that the N400 reflects lexicosemantic processing, but none have directly investigated the N400 elicited by homonyms in the unique context of puns. Here, N400 priming effects showed that the dual context of puns (e.g., the primes prince and tooth) did not facilitate homonym processing in comparison to single dominant biasing (e.g., The prince with a bad leg got a crown) or subordinate biasing (e.g., The adult with a bad tooth got a crown) conditions. However, homonyms did elicit a less negative N400 (i.e., priming) in the pun condition in comparison to the neutral context condition (e.g., The adult with a bad leg got a crown). These findings are interpreted in terms of the dominant advantage and subordinate bias effect posited by the reordered access model of homonym processing, and in terms of N400 amplitude as an index of how consistently various sources of semantic featural information converge on one lexical item, even when two lexical items must be activated for comprehension.
Providing Context for Ambient Particulate Matter and Estimates of Attributable Mortality
Authors: McClellan Roger O. 
Published: September 2016

Four papers on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by Anenberg et al., Fann et al., Shin et al., and Smith contribute to a growing body of literature on estimated epidemiological associations between ambient PM2.5 concentrations and increases in health responses relative to baseline notes. This article provides context for the four articles, including a historical review of provisions of the U.S. Clean Air Act as amended in 1970, requiring the setting of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for criteria pollutants such as particulate matter (PM). The substantial improvements in both air quality for PM and population health as measured by decreased mortality rates are illustrated. The most recent revision of the NAAQS for PM2.5 in 2013 by the Environmental Protection Agency distinguished between (1) uncertainties in characterizing PM2.5 as having a causal association with various health endpoints, and as all‐cause mortality, and (2) uncertainties in concentration––excess health response relationships at low ambient PM2.5 concentrations below the majority of annual concentrations studied in the United States in the past. In future reviews, and potential revisions, of the NAAQS for PM2.5, it will be even more important to distinguish between uncertainties in (1) characterizing the causal associations between ambient PM2.5 concentrations and specific health outcomes, such as all‐source mortality, irrespective of the concentrations, (2) characterizing the potency of major constituents of PM2.5, and (3) uncertainties in the association between ambient PM2.5 concentrations and specific health outcomes at various ambient PM2.5 concentrations. The latter uncertainties are of special concern as ambient PM2.5 concentrations and health morbidity and mortality rates approach background or baseline rates.
Multilocus species delimitation in Mesoamerican Scaptotrigona stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) supports the existence of cryptic species
Authors: HURTADO–BURILLO MIGUEL , MAY–ITZÁ WILLIAM DE JESÚS , QUEZADA–EÚAN JOSÉ JAVIER G. , DE LA RÚA PILAR , RUIZ CARLOS 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAccelerating taxonomic knowledge and making accurate species identifications are critically important given the current biodiversity crisis, particularly in biodiversity hotspots such as Mesoamerica. Objective species delimitation that reduces investigator‐driven bias is fundamental to the establishment of appropriate conservation strategies, above all in managed species. Previous morphological and molecular studies on three managed stingless bee species of the genus Scaptotrigona distributed in Mexico (S. mexicana, S. pectoralis and S. hellwegeri) suggested that both S. mexicana and S. hellwegeri are cryptic species complexes. Herein we tested species delimitation by analysing sequence information of five markers (two mitochondrial: cox1 and 16S, and three nuclear: ITS1, EF1‐α, ArgK) within a Bayesian coalescent framework to test the putative species. We obtained two different hypotheses using a Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) model: four (cox1) and six (16S) species. After the species validation step with the Bayesian species‐delimitation analysis (BPP), we suggest that only S. mexicana is a complex of two species with different distribution (along the Pacific and the Atlantic coasts, respectively). We highly recommend avoiding colony exchange between geographical regions in order to conserve the genetic integrity of both taxa.
Cross‐Border Regional Innovation System Integration: An Analytical Framework
Authors: Makkonen Teemu , Weidenfeld Adi , Williams Allan M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe importance of inter‐regional co‐operation and innovation are widely accepted in the development rhetoric of the European Union. The highlighted importance of both themes in the context of borderlands has recently led to the coining of a new concept, cross‐border regional innovation system. However, little attention has been given to the empirical analysis of the concept. This paper suggests a framework for empirically validating the concept by examining the levels of integration between cross‐border regions. The outcome is a proposed framework that can be operationalised by measurable indicators of cross‐border co‐operation in a regional innovation system setting. The framework was further tested with illustrative empirical cases that demonstrate its feasibility.