bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An exploratory qualitative study of brand associations as a means for brand extensions: Part 2
Authors: Kasper H , Strepp Y , Terblanche NS 
Published: April 2017

One of the more familiar means to capitalise on the reputation of an established brand, is to use the brand name to introduce new products in a different product category. Various factors impact on the extent to which brand extensions can benefit from or even detract from the original brand. The focus of this study is on brand associations as means to extend the original brand. A qualitative study, in contrast with the quantitative nature of most earlier studies, was used to elicit an unbiased picture of consumers’ associations of a brand. The use of a qualitative study also made it possible to follow up on and probe the comments made by respondents. The study examined consumers’ reactions to a variety of fictitious extensions for four different popular brands (Coca-Cola, Benetton, Yamaha, and Kellogg’s). The key rationale for this study was to observe how consumers’ associations of a brand impact on their evaluation of extensions to that brand. Six propositions were investigated. Because of the considerable extent of the findings generated by the qualitative approach, the research is reported in two parts. The findings on three propositions were reported in Kasper, Strepp and Terblanche (2005). The findings on the remaining three propositions are described in this second part of the reported research.
The attitude and vulnerability of people as determinants of poverty: The case of Lesotho
Authors: Ueckermann EM , Blignaut JN 
Published: April 2017

Lesotho is one of the poorest countries in the world. After reviewing the growth and poverty debate, which suggests that policy reforms and economic growth have largely failed to contribute to the alleviation of poverty in Lesotho, the paper explores the core constraints to poverty reduction. It is argued that the attitudes of the people in Lesotho and the extent to which they are vulnerable to exogenous shocks are important variables towards removing structural and fundamental constraints that impede poverty alleviation. To quantify the values of attitude and vulnerability, an econometric model is constructed that uses an HSRC public perceptions survey in Lesotho. The economic significance of this alternative measure provides a new dynamic on how to approach the issue of poverty alleviation in Lesotho.
A perspective on the measurement of inflation credibility
Authors: Rossouw J , Joubert F 
Published: April 2017

Inflation targeting anchors inflation expectations, which are not within the sphere of control of the authorities, but can only be influenced over time by consistent policy. As public distrust of inflation figures will feed through to inflation expectations, this paper highlights a comparison of the credibility of two different measures of inflation in terms of an inflation credibility barometer. In a comparison of the barometer results to the analysis of inflation perceptions reported by other central banks, it is concluded that the barometer delivers superior results. The main recommendation is that respondents should be requested in a follow-up study to indicate whether they attach a higher degree of credibility to the overall inflation rate or the rate used for targeting purposes.
The impact of fiscal policy on economic growth in Namibia
Authors: Kaakunga E 
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this study was to shed light on the impact of fiscal policy on growth. Governments undertake expenditures to pursue a variety of goals, only one of which may be an increase in per capita income. Using the framework of endogenous growth models which seeks to explain sustained long term growth, we showed how a change in the mix of public spending in favour of productive activities could lead to a steady state growth rate. The explanatory variables, which affect growth positively, include capital expenditure, tax revenue and the terms of trade. The share of private consumption in GDP, fiscal deficit, the share of total public debt in GDP and current expenditure relates negatively to the growth rate of output.
Considering the Pasadena “Paradox”
Authors: Vivian RW 
Published: April 2017

Nover and Hájek (2004) suggested a variant of the St Petersburg game which they dubbed the Pasadena game. They hold that their game ‘is more paradoxical than the St Petersburg game in several aspects’. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate theoretically and to validate by simulation, that their game does not lead to a paradox at all, let alone in the St Petersburg game sense. Their game does not produce inconsistencies in decision theory.
An econometric analysis of the impact of democratisation on domestic savings and investment in Nigeria
Authors: Dinneya G 
Published: April 2017

This study employs four-dimensional and one composite indices of democratization constructed to capture the democratization processes in Nigeria’s transition polity, to investigate the empirical relationships between the levels of democratization in Nigeria and two economic growth variables – domestic savings and domestic investment. As would be expected, the findings do not settle the debate in any direction. However, they could shed some light on the differences between the dimensional and the overall effects of democratization on economic variables. The results of the analyses show that the short-run responses of growth variables to changes in democratization may differ from their long-run responses.
Smallholder farmers’ perceptions of factors that constrain the competitiveness of a formal organic crop supply chain in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Authors: Darroch MAG , Mushayanyama T 
Published: April 2017

The 48 organic-certified members of the Ezemvelo Farmers’ Organisation in KwaZulu-Natal were surveyed during October-November 2004 to assess what factors they perceive constrain the competitiveness of a formal supply chain that markets their amadumbe, potatoes and sweet potatoes. They identified uncertain climate, tractor not available when needed, delays in payments for crops sent to the pack-house, lack of cash and credit to finance inputs, and more work than the family can handle as the current top five constraints. Principal Component Analysis further identified three valid institutional dimensions of perceived constraints and two valid farm-level dimensions. Potential solutions to better manage these constraints are discussed, including the need for the farmers to renegotiate the terms of their incomplete business contract with the pack-house agent.
Risk management strategies on small-scale commercial farms in three zobatat of Eritrea
Authors: Mohammed MA , Ortmann GF , Ferrer SR 
Published: April 2017

In this study the perceptions of small-scale commercial farmers in Eritrea of the importance of various risk responses are ascertained and analysed to gain insight into their risk-management strategies. Data were elicited through a survey of 186 small-scale commercial farmers conducted in three zobatat (regions) of Eritrea. Factor Analysis is used to investigate heterogeneity in sample farmers’ responses. Results indicate that relatively more important risk responses include the use of internal and external sources of information, on-farm and off-farm diversification, choice of production system and product marketing arrangements. Farmers’ perceptions of risk responses vary according to farm type, geographical location, farm and farmer characteristics, as well as the existence of enterprise specific risk responses (e.g. livestock insurance) and differences in the marketing regulations of various agricultural products.
Accounting for the climate–carbon feedback in emission metrics
Authors: Gasser Thomas , Peters Glen P. , Fuglestvedt Jan S. , Collins William J. , Shindell Drew T. , Ciais Philippe 
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Most emission metrics have previously been inconsistently estimated by including the climate–carbon feedback for the reference gas (i.e. CO2) but not the other species (e.g. CH4). In the fifth assessment report of the IPCC, a first attempt was made to consistently account for the climate–carbon feedback in emission metrics. This attempt was based on only one study, and therefore the IPCC concluded that more research was needed. Here, we carry out this research. First, using the simple Earth system model OSCAR v2.2, we establish a new impulse response function for the climate–carbon feedback. Second, we use this impulse response function to provide new estimates for the two most common metrics: global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature-change potential (GTP). We find that, when the climate–carbon feedback is correctly accounted for, the emission metrics of non-CO2 species increase, but in most cases not as much as initially indicated by IPCC. We also find that, when the feedback is removed for both the reference and studied species, these relative metric values only have modest changes compared to when the feedback is included (absolute metrics change more markedly). Including or excluding the climate–carbon feedback ultimately depends on the user's goal, but consistency should be ensured in either case.
The Personal is Political: A Comparative Study of Contemporary Chinese and American Confessional Poetry
Authors: Zhang Xiaohong 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article looks into the making of a Chinese confessional poetics, especially of a discourse of women's poetry, in interaction with American confessional poetry, as a cross-cultural literary construct. I am arguing that both Chinese and American confessional poetry feature both as aesthetic categories in particular intracultural and intercultural contexts and as manifestations of personal politics. American and Chinese confessional poetry can indeed be read as a showcase of politicized self-expression at odds with established powers. The author is particularly interested in how the confessional discourse relates to the acts of self-positioning, self-defining, self-articulating, and self-interpreting and in how these Chinese and American confessional poets wrestle with politics to carve out a discursive space of their own, on the margins of the sociopolitical domain.
Maternal Depressive Symptoms, Perceived Stress, and Fetal Growth
Authors: Grobman William A. , Wing Deborah A. , Albert Paul , Kim Sungduk , Grewal Jagteshwar , Guille Constance , Newman Roger , Chien Edward K. , Owen John , D'Alton Mary E. , Wapner Ronald , Sciscione Anthony , Grantz Katherine L. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTo determine whether longitudinal fetal growth is altered among pregnant women reporting greater perceived stress or more symptoms of depression.MethodsThis analysis was based on a multicenter longitudinal study of fetal growth. Women were screened at gestational ages of 8 weeks to 13 weeks 6 days for low‐risk status and underwent serial sonographic examinations. At each study visit during pregnancy, women were asked to complete the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Survey (EPDS). Growth curves for estimated fetal weight and individual biometric parameters were created by using linear mixed models with cubic splines and compared on the basis of whether women scored 15 or higher on the PSS or 10 or higher on the EPDS either at the start of or at any time during pregnancy.ResultsOf the 2334 women enrolled in the study, 2088 (89%) and 2108 (90%) completed the PSS and EPDS, respectively, at least once in all trimesters. The longitudinal growth curves of estimated fetal weight as well as all individual biometric parameters were similar (P > .05) regardless of whether the participants reported PSS of 15 or higher or EPDS of 10 or higher in the first trimester or whether these scores persisted throughout the pregnancy. Similarly, effect modification by race/ethnicity was not statistically significant for the biometric parameters under study (P > .05 for all race/ethnicity interactions).ConclusionsMore depressive symptoms and greater perceived stress, as quantified by the EPDS and the PSS, respectively, are not associated with alterations in fetal growth throughout gestation.
The Great Cold Spot in Jupiter's upper atmosphere
Authors: Stallard Tom S. , Melin Henrik , Miller Steve , Moore Luke , O'Donoghue James , Connerney John E. P. , Satoh Takehiko , West Robert A. , Thayer Jeffrey P. , Hsu Vicki W. , Johnson Rosie E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPast observations and modeling of Jupiter's thermosphere have, due to their limited resolution, suggested that heat generated by the aurora near the poles results in a smooth thermal gradient away from these aurorae, indicating a quiescent and diffuse flow of energy within the subauroral thermosphere. Here we discuss Very Large Telescope‐Cryogenic High‐Resolution IR Echelle Spectrometer observations that reveal a small‐scale localized cooling of ~200 K within the nonauroral thermosphere. Using Infrared Telescope Facility NSFCam images, this feature is revealed to be quasi‐stable over at least a 15 year period, fixed in magnetic latitude and longitude. The size and shape of this “Great Cold Spot” vary significantly with time, strongly suggesting that it is produced by an aurorally generated weather system: the first direct evidence of a long‐term thermospheric vortex in the solar system. We discuss the implications of this spot, comparing it with short‐term temperature and density variations at Earth.
Noble gas signatures in the Island of Maui, Hawaii: Characterizing groundwater sources in fractured systems
Authors: Niu Yi , Castro M. Clara , Hall Chris M. , Gingerich Stephen B. , Scholl Martha A. , Warrier Rohit B. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractUneven distribution of rainfall and freshwater scarcity in populated areas in the Island of Maui, Hawaii, renders water resources management a challenge in this complex and ill‐defined hydrological system. A previous study in the Galapagos Islands suggests that noble gas temperatures (NGTs) record seasonality in that fractured, rapid infiltration groundwater system rather than the commonly observed mean annual air temperature (MAAT) in sedimentary systems where infiltration is slower thus, providing information on recharge sources and potential flow paths. Here we report noble gas results from the basal aquifer, springs, and rainwater in Maui to explore the potential for noble gases in characterizing this type of complex fractured hydrologic systems. Most samples display a mass‐dependent depletion pattern with respect to surface conditions consistent with previous observations both in the Galapagos Islands and Michigan rainwater. Basal aquifer and rainwater noble gas patterns are similar and suggest direct, fast recharge from precipitation to the basal aquifer. In contrast, multiple springs, representative of perched aquifers, display highly variable noble gas concentrations suggesting recharge from a variety of sources. The distinct noble gas patterns for the basal aquifer and springs suggest that basal and perched aquifers are separate entities. Maui rainwater displays high apparent NGTs, incompatible with surface conditions, pointing either to an origin at high altitudes with the presence of ice or an ice‐like source of undetermined origin. Overall, noble gas signatures in Maui reflect the source of recharge rather than the expected altitude/temperature relationship commonly observed in sedimentary systems.
Unique, non‐Earthlike, meteoritic ion behavior in upper atmosphere of Mars
Authors: Grebowsky J. M. , Benna M. , Plane J. M. C. , Collinson G. A. , Mahaffy P. R. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractInterplanetary dust particles have long been expected to produce permanent ionospheric metal ion layers at Mars, as on Earth, but the two environments are so different that uncertainty existed as to whether terrestrial‐established understanding would apply to Mars. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission made the first in situ detection of the continuous presence of Na+, Mg+, and Fe+ at Mars and indeed revealed non‐Earthlike features/processes. There is no separation of the light Mg+ and the heavy Fe+ with increasing altitude as expected for gravity control. The metal ions are well‐mixed with the neutral atmosphere at altitudes where no mixing process is expected. Isolated metal ion layers mimicking Earth's sporadic E layers occur despite the lack of a strong magnetic field as required at Earth. Further, the metal ion distributions are coherent enough to always show atmospheric gravity wave signatures. All features and processes are unique to Mars.
Copper‐Mediated Late‐Stage Functionalization of Heterocycle‐Containing Molecules
Authors: Shang Ming , Wang Ming‐Ming , Saint‐Denis Tyler G. , Li Ming‐Hong , Dai Hui‐Xiong , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOne long‐standing issue in directed C−H functionalization is that either nitrogen or sulfur atoms present in heterocyclic substrates may bind preferentially to a transition‐metal catalyst rather than to the desired directing group. This competitive binding has largely hindered the application of C−H functionalization in late‐stage heterocycle drug discovery. Reported here is the use of an oxazoline‐based directing group capable of overriding the poisoning effect of a wide range of heterocycle substrates. The potential use of this directing group in pharmaceutical drug discovery is illustrated by diversification of Telmisartan (an antagonist for the angiotensin II receptor) through copper‐mediated C−H amination, hydroxylation, thiolation, arylation, and trifluoromethylation.
Efficient Gene Transfection through Inhibition of β‐Sheet (Amyloid Fiber) Formation of a Short Amphiphilic Peptide by Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Jana Poulami , Samanta Krishnananda , Bäcker Sandra , Zellermann Elio , Knauer Shirley , Schmuck Carsten 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe effect of citrate‐stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the secondary structure of an artificial β‐sheet‐forming cationic peptide has been studied. The AuNPs inhibited β‐sheet formation and led to fragmented fibrils and spherical oligomers with assembled AuNPs on their surface. Besides this structural change, the functional properties of the peptide are also different. Whereas the peptide was unable to act as a vector for gene delivery, formation of a complex with AuNPs allowed successful gene delivery into cells.
Preparation of Selenoinsulin as a Long‐Lasting Insulin Analogue
Authors: Arai Kenta , Takei Toshiki , Okumura Masaki , Watanabe Satoshi , Amagai Yuta , Asahina Yuya , Moroder Luis , Hojo Hironobu , Inaba Kenji , Iwaoka Michio 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSynthetic insulin analogues with a long lifetime are current drug targets for the therapy of diabetic patients. The replacement of the interchain disulfide with a diselenide bridge, which is more resistant to reduction and internal bond rotation, can enhance the lifetime of insulin in the presence of the insulin‐degrading enzyme (IDE) without impairing the hormonal function. The [C7UA,C7UB] variant of bovine pancreatic insulin (BPIns) was successfully prepared by using two selenocysteine peptides (i.e., the C7U analogues of A‐ and B‐chains, respectively). In a buffer solution at pH 10 they spontaneously assembled under thermodynamic control to the correct insulin fold. The selenoinsulin (Se‐Ins) exhibited a bioactivity comparable to that of BPIns. Interestingly, degradation of Se‐Ins with IDE was significantly decelerated (τ1/2≈8 h vs. ≈1 h for BPIns). The lifetime enhancement could be due to both the intrinsic stability of the diselenide bond and local conformational changes induced by the substitution.
Distinguishing Individual DNA Bases in a Network by Non‐Resonant Tip‐Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Zhang Rui , Zhang Xianbiao , Wang Huifang , Zhang Yao , Jiang Song , Hu Chunrui , Zhang Yang , Luo Yi , Dong Zhenchao 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe importance of identifying DNA bases at the single‐molecule level is well recognized for many biological applications. Although such identification can be achieved by electrical measurements using special setups, it is still not possible to identify single bases in real space by optical means owing to the diffraction limit. Herein, we demonstrate the outstanding ability of scanning tunneling microscope (STM)‐controlled non‐resonant tip‐enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) to unambiguously distinguish two individual complementary DNA bases (adenine and thymine) with a spatial resolution down to 0.9 nm. The distinct Raman fingerprints identified for the two molecules allow to differentiate in real space individual DNA bases in coupled base pairs. The demonstrated ability of non‐resonant Raman scattering with super‐high spatial resolution will significantly extend the applicability of TERS, opening up new routes for single‐molecule DNA sequencing.
Copper‐Mediated Decarboxylative Coupling of Benzamides with ortho‐Nitrobenzoic Acids by Directed C−H Cleavage
Authors: Takamatsu Kazutaka , Hirano Koji , Miura Masahiro 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA copper‐mediated decarboxylative coupling of benzamides with ortho‐nitrobenzoic acids by 8‐aminoquinoline‐directed C−H cleavage has been developed. This reaction proceeds smoothly with only a copper salt to produce the corresponding biaryl compounds in good yields. The products can be easily transformed into various nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds. Moreover, the combination of copper and a suitable base promotes a decarboxylative C−H arylation and cyclization sequence to deliver phenanthridinone derivatives in one pot.
Systemized organic functional group controls in polydiacetylenes and their effects on color changes
Authors: Han Narae , Woo Hyeon Ji , Kim Se Eun , Jung Suyeon , Shin Min Jae , Kim Min , Shin Jae Sup 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTA variety of organic functional groups have been successfully installed into polydiacetylenes (PDAs) and applied to the color change‐controlled system of PDA sensors. Ten diacetylene compounds possessing different functionalities and lengths were systemically synthesized and fully characterized using spectroscopic methods. The polymerized vesicle solution with these compounds showed different temperatures required to induce a color change (from blue to red) depending on the functionalities installed on 10,12‐pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) molecules. In addition, the results reported here reveal that the intermolecular interactions of PCDA molecules and the intermolecular distance play a key role to the color of PDA system. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45011.
Catalytic Systems for the Cross‐Linking of Organosilicon Polymers
Authors: Wang Dengxu , Klein Johann , Mejía Esteban 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSilicones and silicone rubbers are omnipresent in household and industrial products such as lubricants, coatings, sealants, insulators, medical devices, etc. This plethora of applications arises from their unparalleled properties including hydrophobicity, low surface energy, chemical inertness, extreme temperature stability, elasticity, and biocompatibility. Even though silicones have been known for more than five decades, their chemistry is still far from fully understood. Industrially, the vast majority of processes for their synthesis, transformation, and use are based on rather well established, alas outdated technologies, which are frequently empirical and poorly investigated. This review attempts to summarize the different approaches for the synthesis of silicone rubbers by vulcanization or curing of silicone polymers, the catalysts used, and the corresponding reaction mechanisms. Apart from the well‐known methods (radical, hydrosilylation, and metal‐based condensation), novel approaches such as organo‐ and bio‐catalysis are also addressed.