bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blegen, Carl (1887–1971)
Authors: Karadimas Nektarios 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Carl Blegen (1887–1971) was an American archaeologist and Professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Cincinnati (1927–57). He was undoubtedly one of the foremost figures in Aegean prehistory. Together with the archaeologist Alan Wace, he established a new tripartite chronological system that divided the Bronze Age of the Greek mainland into Early, Middle, and Late Helladic periods. Blegen is renowned for his excavations at Troy in Turkey (1932–8) and at the so‐called Palace of Nestor at Pylos in southwest Messenia, Greece (1939, 1952–69).
Demosion Sema
Authors: Monaco Maria Chiara 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

The Demosion Sema was a public cemetery in the north–west
proasteion
of Athens. Here those fallen in war were buried, at public expense, in collective graves. The establishment of the ceremony after the reforms of Kleisthenes has often been connected to Kimon's policies and the translation of the bones of Theseus from Skyros but may have been earlier. Owing to the paucity of archaeological data breadth and limits of the cemetery remain controversial.
Fabius Maximus, Q.
Authors: Fronda Michael P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator was one of the most celebrated and accomplished Roman politicians of the Middle Republic. He achieved his greatest fame during the Second Punic War as a successful general and statesman. He is credited for masterminding the strategy of waging a war of attrition to wear down Hannibal's forces, rather than fighting pitched battles, which favored Hannibal's superior generalship. Adherence to the Fabian Strategy is seen as a key factor in Rome's victory in the war. He earned a lasting legacy in the Roman tradition as the embodiment of traditional republican aristocratic excellence.
Galatas in Crete
Authors: Christakis Kostis S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Galatas in central Crete was inhabited from 3500 to 1190
bce
. An important settlement during the Protopalatial period, it was transformed into a palatial urban center early in the Neopalatial period. The palace was a monumental structure with a considerable visual impact on the surrounding communities. The local ruling group controlled the agricultural and pastoral recourses of the Pediada plain and the routes leading to the major polities of central Crete. There is evidence that close relations were established with the neighboring polity of Knossos. The abandonment of the palace during the Neopalatial period was seen as the result of the confrontation of the local elite and Knossos.
Labeo
Authors: Kehoe Dennis 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLabeo was a leading jurist of the Augustan age and his writings, on a variety of topics, influenced the subsequent juristic tradition. Under Augustus, Labeo maintained the strong republican sympathies of his father, who took his life after the battle of Philippi, and in the Roman historiographical tradition he represented a voice of fierce independence from the emperor. He was a prolific writer; his most important works included a commentary on the Praetor's Edict and theLibri posteriores, a work designed to be a commentary on the civil law, which remained incomplete at his death.
Thales of Miletos
Authors: Nebelin Katarina 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Thales of Miletos was a Presocratic philosopher and one of the so‐called Seven Sages. He was commonly regarded as the first mathematician, geometrician, and astronomer. The notion that Thales was the “founding father” of philosophy and most of the reports about his philosophical thinking go back to Aristotle. No writings of Thales existed, but, due to his intellectual prestige, he was often portrayed as the typical wise man and philosophical thinker.
Ulpian
Authors: Frier Bruce W. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus) was one of the foremost Roman jurists during the Severan period (193–235
ce
). This article traces what little is known his career, and then discusses his numerous writings, particularly his huge commentaries on the basic texts of Roman private law. Ulpian is known primarily as a compiler of varying opinions from earlier jurists, which he sets out systematically; but his other writings are dominated by his interest in imperial administration. His broad perspective made him an attractive source for the compilers of Justinian's
Digest
.
Shape variation in the human pelvis and limb skeleton: Implications for obstetric adaptation
Authors: Kurki Helen K. , Decrausaz Sarah‐Louise 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesUnder the obstetrical dilemma (OD) hypothesis, selection acts on the human female pelvis to ensure a sufficiently sized obstetric canal for birthing a large‐brained, broad shouldered neonate, while bipedal locomotion selects for a narrower and smaller pelvis. Despite this female‐specific stabilizing selection, variability of linear dimensions of the pelvic canal and overall size are not reduced in females, suggesting shape may instead be variable among females of a population. Female canal shape has been shown to vary among populations, while male canal shape does not. Within this context, we examine within‐population canal shape variation in comparison with that of noncanal aspects of the pelvis and the limbs.Materials and MethodsNine skeletal samples (total female n = 101, male n = 117) representing diverse body sizes and shapes were included. Principal components analysis was applied to size‐adjusted variables of each skeletal region. A multivariate variance was calculated using the weighted PC scores for all components in each model and F‐ratios used to assess differences in within‐population variances between sexes and skeletal regions.ResultsWithin both sexes, multivariate canal shape variance is significantly greater than noncanal pelvis and limb variances, while limb variance is greater than noncanal pelvis variance in some populations. Multivariate shape variation is not consistently different between the sexes in any of the skeletal regions.DiscussionDiverse selective pressures, including obstetrics, locomotion, load carrying, and others may act on canal shape, as well as genetic drift and plasticity, thus increasing variation in morphospace while protecting obstetric sufficiency. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:630–638, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exome‐based analysis of cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory control, and epilepsy genes in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Authors: Bagnall Richard D. , Crompton Douglas E. , Petrovski Slavé , Lam Lien , Cutmore Carina , Garry Sarah I. , Sadleir Lynette G. , Dibbens Leanne M. , Cairns Anita , Kivity Sara , Afawi Zaid , Regan Brigid M. , Duflou Johan , Berkovic Samuel F. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Semsarian Christopher 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveThe leading cause of epilepsy‐related premature mortality is sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The cause of SUDEP remains unknown. To search for genetic risk factors in SUDEP cases, we performed an exome‐based analysis of rare variants.MethodsDemographic and clinical information of 61 SUDEP cases were collected. Exome sequencing and rare variant collapsing analysis with 2,936 control exomes were performed to test for genes enriched with damaging variants. Additionally, cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory control, and epilepsy genes were screened for variants with frequency of <0.1% and predicted to be pathogenic with multiple in silico tools.ResultsThe 61 SUDEP cases were categorized as definite SUDEP (n = 54), probable SUDEP (n = 5), and definite SUDEP plus (n = 2). We identified de novo mutations, previously reported pathogenic mutations, or candidate pathogenic variants in 28 of 61 (46%) cases. Four SUDEP cases (7%) had mutations in common genes responsible for the cardiac arrhythmia disease, long QT syndrome (LQTS). Nine cases (15%) had candidate pathogenic variants in dominant cardiac arrhythmia genes. Fifteen cases (25%) had mutations or candidate pathogenic variants in dominant epilepsy genes. No gene reached genome‐wide significance with rare variant collapsing analysis; however, DEPDC5 (p = 0.00015) and KCNH2 (p = 0.0037) were among the top 30 genes, genome‐wide.InterpretationA sizeable proportion of SUDEP cases have clinically relevant mutations in cardiac arrhythmia and epilepsy genes. In cases with an LQTS gene mutation, SUDEP may occur as a result of a predictable and preventable cause. Understanding the genetic basis of SUDEP may inform cascade testing of at‐risk family members. Ann Neurol 2016;79:522–534
Efficient production of uniform nanometer‐sized polymer vesicles in stirred‐tank reactors
Authors: Poschenrieder Sarah Theresa , Wagner Sabine Gabriele , Castiglione Kathrin 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTPolymer vesicles, so‐called polymersomes, gain more and more attention as potential carriers for medical and biotechnological applications. To put the production of these nanocompartments into action at an industrial scale, an efficient and scalable process has to be established. Moreover, being able to control the resulting particle size distribution (PSD) is vital. In this work, the amphiphilic triblock copolymer poly(2‐methyloxazoline)15–poly(dimethylsiloxane)68–poly(2‐methyloxazoline)15 is formed into polymersomes in miniaturized stirred‐tank reactors. Varying flow conditions have a huge impact on the resulting PSD. Dynamic light scattering measurements show that driving a S‐shaped stirrer at 4000 rpm in unbaffled reactors leads to a monomodal PSD with a low polydispersity index (PDI<0.2). Vesicles with a mean diameter of 200 nm are achieved within less than 1 h in a single production step. The robustness of the established process is shown by producing uniform polymersomes at different temperatures and varying pH and buffer molarities. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43274.
Preparation and characterization of lovastatin polymeric microparticles by coacervation‐phase separation method for dissolution enhancement
Authors: Al‐Nimry Suhair S. , Khanfar Mai S. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTDissolution rate of lovastatin is slow, only 30% of the oral dose is absorbed, and it undergoes extensive first‐pass extraction resulting in low and variable bioavailability. The objective of this research was to enhance the dissolution rate through preparing polymeric microparticles. Coacervation‐phase separation method through the addition of a non‐solvent was used to prepare polymeric microparticles. The method was optimized through studying effects of the type of solvent, the type of polymer, drug : polymer ratio and concentration of surfactant on particle size, particle size distribution, and in‐vitro drug release. Optimized polymeric microparticles and unprocessed drug were characterized using different techniques (SEM, FTIR, DSC, and PXRD) and their flow properties were evaluated. The optimum microparticles were prepared using ethanol as a solvent, Eudragit® L 100 as a polymer in a drug:polymer ratio of 1:2 and SDS in a concentration of 0.25%. Characterization techniques indicated a change from the crystalline form to an amorphous form that was molecularly dispersed into the polymer. Flow properties of these microparticles were improved as compared to unprocessed drug. Drug release was enhanced 4‐ to 5‐folds probably due to precipitation of the drug in an amorphous form; wetting enhancement; size reduction and stabilization by polymers and surfactants. In conclusion the selection of proper process parameters enhanced drug release 5 folds. The use of DMSO as a solvent and the preparation of physical mixtures in this research provided a means for controlled or prolonged release. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43277.
Highly methanol resistant and selective ternary blend membrane composed of sulfonated PVdF‐co‐HFP, sulfonated polyaniline and nafion
Authors: Dutta Kingshuk , Das Suparna , Kundu Patit Paban 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTPartially sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoro propylene)/partially sulfonated polyaniline (SPVdF‐co‐HFP/SPAni) binary blend membranes have shown promising results in terms of low methanol permeability and high membrane selectivity compared to Nafion‐117 membrane. However, the proton conductivity and IEC of this binary blend membrane was much lower than Nafion‐117. It was found that incorporation of minimal quantity of Nafion within SPVdF‐co‐HFP/SPAni blend membrane at a constituent weight % ratio of SPVdF‐co‐HFP:SPAni:Nafion = 50:40:10 induced significant improvements in ion‐exchange capacity (IEC), proton conductivity and tensile strength over that of the binary blend membrane. In addition, the SPVdF‐co‐HFP/SPAni/Nafion ternary blend membrane exhibited much lower methanol permeability, higher membrane and relative selectivities and comparable IEC to Nafion‐117. In effect, presence of minimal quantity of Nafion induced significant positive attributes to the ternary blend membrane; and assisted in reaching a balance between material cost and properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43294.
Effective permittivity of nanocomposites from 3D charge transport simulations
Authors: Lean Meng H. , Chu Wei‐Ping L. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe effective permittivity and stored energy in nanocomposites incorporating dielectric and conducting nanofillers are computed by simulating bipolar charge injection, transport, attachment, and recombination through amorphous polymer using a self‐consistent 3D particle‐in‐cell model with nanofillers treated as extensions to the classical electrical double layer. Effective permittivities computed using an energy conserving scheme is shown to have excellent agreement with the Lichtenecker, Bruggeman, and Maxwell‐Garnett mixing rules especially at low volume fraction, low permittivity contrast, and small Clausius‐Mossotti factor, and lie well within the Wiener bounds. The energy conserving scheme with Maxwell‐Garnett E field interpolation combines the best of the Maxwell‐Garnett and fundamental Lichtenecker rules and results in broad validity over the entire volume fraction range. Computed stored energies show monotonic increase with dielectric fillers and a peak at 25 vol % for conducting fillers, attributed to the competing effects of higher energy with increasing E field modification and lower energy with decreasing binder volume. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43300.
Walnut shell supported nanoscale Fe0 for the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from water
Authors: Yang Facui , He Yuanyuan , Sun Shiqi , Chang Yue , Zha Fei , Lei Ziqiang 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe walnut shell supported nanoscale zero‐valent iron (walnut‐nZVI) was prepared from sodium borohydride, iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate, and walnut shell by liquid phase chemical reduction and characterized by FTIR, TEM, and XRD. The composites were tested as adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) or Ni(II) ions. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, which revealed that Langmuir isotherm was more suitable for describing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions adsorption than the other two isotherm models. The results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity was higher than some other modified biomass waste adsorbents under the proposed conditions, were 458.7, 327.9 mg g−1 for Cu(II) or Ni(II). The adsorption kinetics data indicated that the adsorption fitted well with the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43304.
Thermooxidative aging mechanism of crumb‐rubber‐modified asphalt
Authors: Wang Shifeng , Wang Qiang , Li Shuo 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTWe investigated the thermooxidative aging mechanism of crumb‐rubber‐modified asphalts (CRMAs) by tracing the evolution of the chemical structure and physical properties of CRMA during aging. The chemical structural evolution of crumb rubber (CR) in various aged CRMAs was characterized by measurement of the crosslink structure and composition of extracted CR. The residual asphalt of the aged CRMA was investigated by IR spectroscopy. The physical properties of CRMA were characterized by conventional testing before and after aging. We found that the change in the physical properties of CRMA correlated well with both the evolution of the rubber network and the oxidation of asphalt. The thermooxidative aging resistance of CRMA was improved with increasing CR dosage; this further illustrated that aging promoted the dissolution of CR into asphalt. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43323.
Determination of the Hansen solubility parameters with a novel optimization method
Authors: Weng Ming 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) are useful for predicting solvent–solute affinity. In this study, the HSPs and the sphere radii (Ro's) of poly(ether sulfone), bitumen, and lignin were determined by a novel optimization method. A hybrid algorithm, which could locate multiple optima, was developed and used to solve optimization problems for maximizing the fitness (F) and minimizing both Ro and the numbers of good solvent and total outliers. For most selected samples, improved results with higher F and reduced Ro and number of outliers were obtained. The results clarify the correlations among three criteria for an optimal solubility sphere, namely, the smallest Ro, highest F, and lowest number of outliers. They can be satisfied simultaneously only when outliers are avoided; otherwise, a reduction in Ro decreases F but can retain the same outliers. Thereby, defining the solubility sphere as the one having the smallest Ro and the lowest number of outliers is more reasonable according to the physical significance in both cases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43328.
Effect of All‐Trans Retinoic Acid on the Pancreas of Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Rat
Authors: Eltony Sohair A. , Elmottaleb Nashwa A. , Gomaa Asmaa M. , Anwar Mamdouh M. , El‐Metwally Tarek H. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTAll‐trans Retinoic acid (atRA) is instructive for the development of endocrine pancreas and is an integral component of β‐cell induction protocols. We showed that atRA induces glucose‐responsive endocrine transdifferentiation of pleomorphic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. This study aimed to detect the role of atRA in improving the histological changes of the pancreas in diabetic rats. Forty young male Wistar rats were used and divided into three groups. Group I: normal vehicle control (N = 5). Group II: streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats (N = 20) were followed up at 0.0, 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Group III: streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats (N = 15) treated with atRA (2.5 mg/kg/day), were followed up at 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Specimens from the pancreas were processed for light, electron microscopy and pancreatic insulin mRNA expression. Blood samples were assayed for the levels of glucose, insulin, and total peroxides. In the atRA‐treated group, the number of the islets and the islet area significantly increased. Strong insulin‐immunoreactive endocrine‐like cells were observed nearby the pancreatic acini and the interlobular ducts. Interestingly, insulin‐positive cells seemed to arise from pancreatic acinar and ductal epithelium. Ultrastructurally, ß‐cells, acinar, and ductal cells restored their normal appearance. Pancreatic insulin mRNA and blood indices were almost normalized. AtRA improved the histological changes of the pancreas and the blood indices in diabetic rats. Anat Rec, 299:334–351, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel computational framework for thermal‐hydrological‐mechanical‐chemical processes of CO2 geological sequestration into a layered saline aquifer and a naturally fractured enhanced geothermal system
Authors: Zhang Ronglei , Xiong Yi , Winterfeld Philip H. , Yin Xiaolong , Wu Yu‐Shu 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCO2 geo‐sequestration into saline aquifers and an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) are two of the most effective solutions to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The significance of thermal‐hydrological‐mechanical‐chemical (THMC) interactions is well identified in these two processes: fluid and heat flow, solute transport within a three‐phase mixture; stresses and displacements related to geomechanical effects; non‐isothermal effects on fluid properties and reaction processes; and equilibrium and kinetics of fluid‐rock and gas‐rock chemical interactions. In this paper, a novel numerical model is developed to describe the THMC processes mathematically. One mean stress formulation, which is simplified from the geomechanical equations with full stress tensor, is employed to solve mean stresses and displacements. Chemical equilibrium and kinetics are considered to quantitatively simulate geochemical reaction associated with solute transport. A sequentially coupled computational framework is proposed and used to solve reactive transport of water, gas components, and chemical species in subsurface formation with geomechanics. It is designed to keep a generalized computational structure for different THMC processes. A practical case with complex chemical compositions is presented to analyze the THMC processes quantitatively on the coupled effects of geochemistry and geomechanics during CO2 geo‐sequestration. In addition, a practical EGS case is presented to address the mutual effects of each THMC process quantitatively, especially the mutual effects of stress and chemical reaction. Heat transfer affects mean stress and geochemical reactions; mean stress impacts the solute transport and successive chemical reactions; and geochemical reactions are shown to have significant impact on the mean stress, pressure, or temperature.
Metabolic spatial connectivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as revealed by independent component analysis
Authors: Pagani Marco , Öberg Johanna , De Carli Fabrizio , Calvo Andrea , Moglia Cristina , Canosa Antonio , Nobili Flavio , Morbelli Silvia , Fania Piercarlo , Cistaro Angelina , Chiò Adriano 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectivesPositron emission tomography (PET) and volume of interest (VOI) analysis have recently shown in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) an accuracy of 93% in differentiating patients from controls. The aim of this study was to disclose by spatial independent component analysis (ICA) the brain networks involved in ALS pathological processes and evaluate their discriminative value in separating patients from controls. Experimental design: Two hundred fifty‐nine ALS patients and 40 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects underwent brain 18F‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose PET (FDG‐PET). Spatial ICA of the preprocessed FDG‐PET images was performed. Intensity values were converted to z‐scores and binary masks were used as data‐driven VOIs. The accuracy of this classifier was tested versus a validated system processing intensity signals in 27 brain meta‐VOIs. A support vector machine was independently applied to both datasets and the ‘leave‐one‐out’ technique verified the general validity of results. Principal observations: The 8 components selected as pathophysiologically meaningful discriminated patients from controls with 99.0% accuracy, the discriminating value of bilateral cerebellum/midbrain alone representing 96.3%. Among the meta‐VOIs, right temporal lobe alone reached an accuracy of 93.7%. Conclusions: Spatial ICA identified in a very large cohort of ALS patients distinct spatial networks showing a high discriminatory value, improving substantially on the previously obtained accuracy. The cerebellar/midbrain component accounted for the highest accuracy in separating ALS patients from controls. Spatial ICA and multivariate analysis perform better than univariate semi‐quantification methods in identifying the neurodegenerative features of ALS and pave the way for inclusion of PET in clinical trials and early diagnosis. Hum Brain Mapp 37:942–953, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.