bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREDICTING LOWER EXTREMITY INJURY RISK IN SPORT THROUGH MOVEMENT QUALITY SCREENING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Whittaker Jackie , Motte Sarah de la , Dennett Liz , Booysen Nadine , Lewis Cara , Wilson David , McKay Carly , Warner Martin , Padua Darin , Emery Carolyn , Stokes Maria 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe identification of risk factors for lower extremity musculoskeletal (MSK) injury in sport is required to inform primary and secondary injury prevention strategies.ObjectiveTo determine whether measures of poor movement quality are associated with lower extremity MSK injury in sport.DesignSystematic Review.MethodsFive electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sport Discus, SCOPUS) were systematically searched using keywords and Medical Sub-heading terms. Studies selected included: English language; original data; prospective analytic design; a rating of movement compensation, asymmetry, impairment or efficiency through composite batteries and/or individual tests; and participants with lower extremity MSK injury sustained with sport participation. PRISMA guidelines were followed and two independent raters assessed study quality [Downs and Black (DB) criteria] and level of evidence (Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine model).ResultsOf 4361 potential relevant studies, 13 were included. The majority (11/13) of the studies were low quality cohort studies (level 4 evidence). Median DB score was 11/33 (range 3–14). Heterogeneity in methodology and injury definition precluded meta-analyses. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) was the most common movement quality outcome investigated (11/13 studies). Two studies considered interrelationships between risk factors, five reported diagnostic accuracy and none evaluated an intervention program targeting individuals identified as high-risk. There is inconsistent evidence that poor movement quality is associated with increased risk of lower extremity injury in sport.ConclusionsThere is insufficient evidence for widespread adoption of movement quality screening programs for predicting lower-extremity injury in sport. Future research should aim to identify the most relevant movement quality outcomes for predicting injury risk through high quality cohort studies. This should be followed by development and evaluation of pre-participation screening and lower extremity injury prevention programs through high quality randomized controlled trials targeting individuals at the greatest risk based on screening tests with validated test properties.
HOW MUCH RUGBY IS TOO MUCH? A SEVEN-SEASON PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY OF MATCH EXPOSURE IN PROFESSIONAL RUGBY UNION PLAYERS
Authors: Williams Sean , Trewartha Grant , Kemp Simon , Brooks John , Fuller Colin , Taylor Aileen , Cross Matt , Shaddick Gavin , Stokes Keith 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundPlayer welfare concerns have been raised by a number of professional Rugby Union stakeholders regarding the match exposure demands faced by players.ObjectiveTo investigate the influence that acute and chronic match exposures have upon injury risk.DesignA seven-season (2006/7–2012/13) prospective cohort design was used to record time-loss injuries (>24 h) and match exposure.SettingEnglish Premiership Professional Rugby Union.Participants1253 professional players.Assessment of Risk FactorsA player's 12-month match exposure (number of matches a player was involved in for ≥20 mins in the preceding 12 months) and month match exposure (number of full-game equivalent matches in preceding 30 days) were assessed as ‘chronic’ and ‘acute’ risk factors, respectively.Main Outcome MeasurementsA nested-frailty model was applied to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for the assessed risk factors. Thresholds for beneficial and harmful effects were 0.90 and 1.11, respectively.Results12-month match exposure was associated with injury in a non-linear fashion, with players who had been involved in less than ≈15 or greater than ≈35 matches (for ≥20 mins) over the preceding 12-month period being more susceptible to injury. Monthly match exposure was linearly associated with injury (HR: 1.14 per 2-SD increase, 90% CI: 1.08–1.20; likely harmful), although this effect was substantially attenuated for players in the upper quartile for 12-month match exposure (>28 matches).ConclusionsA player's accumulated and recent match exposure substantially influences their current injury risk. Careful attention should be paid to planning the workload and monitoring the responses of players involved in: 1) a high number of matches in the previous year; 2) a low number of matches in the previous year; 3) a low-moderate number of matches in the previous year but have played intensively in the recent past. These findings could inform match workload planning in professional Rugby Union.
SERUM ANDROGEN PROFILE, BODY COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN FEMALE OLYMPIC ATHLETES
Authors: Lindgren Emma Berglund , Berglund Bo , Hirschberg Angelica Lindén 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundAndrogens have anabolic effects that may contribute to enhanced physical performance and a decreased risk of injury in athletes. The role of endogenous androgens for athletic performance in female athletes is not yet fully elucidated.ObjectiveTo examine the profile of serum androgens in relation to body composition and physical performance in female Olympic athletes and compared to sedentary controls.DesignCross-sectional study, recruitment 2011–2015.SettingThe Women's Health Research Unit, Karolinska University Hospital.Participants106 female Swedish Olympic athletes (summer and winter sports) and 117 controls (maximum 2 hours training per week, no prior participation in elite-level sports).AssessmentParticipants were examined at one occasion at rest and in a fasting state for blood sampling. Serum androgen levels were established by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Body composition was evaluated by DXA. Physical performance tests (Squat jump (SJ), Counter Movement Jump (CMJ)) were made at the Sports Institute, Bosön, as part of the “Physical Profile” offered by the Swedish Olympic Committee.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe profile of serum androgens, body composition, physical performance.ResultsFemale Olympic athletes demonstrated significantly higher androgen levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstandiol (5-ADIOL), lower levels of estrone, and a more anabolic body composition compared to controls. Athletes in power sports had significantly higher bone mineral density compared to endurance and technical athletes, whereas endurance athletes had the highest values of lean mass. Serum levels of DHEA and 5-ADIOL correlated positively to lean mass in female athletes (R=0.25–0.33). Furthermore, DHEA, 5-ADIOL and dihydrotestosterone correlated positively to CMJ and SJ in the athletes (R=0.27–0.39).ConclusionsWe suggest that endogenous androgens contribute to a more anabolic body composition and increased physical performance in female athletes. Furthermore, the anabolic effect on body composition could play a role for the risk of injury.
FOOT POSTURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH KNEE KINEMATICS IN BAREFOOT RUNNING OF THE HEALTHY ADULT
Authors: Wong Trina , Paton Bruce 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundAbnormal dynamic knee moments and variations of static foot posture are risk factors for chronic lower limb injury development. However, relationships between the two have yet to be established in the running gait.ObjectiveThe primary aim was to investigate the correlation between variations in static foot posture and maximum knee adduction. Secondary aims investigated the correlation of static foot posture with variables that affected dynamic knee motion.DesignA single-group prospective exploratory study design was implemented.SettingLaboratory-based study setting.Participants23 volunteers from University College London social media network(n=3119) recruited in June 2016 met entry criteria of healthy adult 18–59 years) with no lower limb musculoskeletal injury in the last 6 months, history of biomechanical abnormality(including use of prosthesis) or lower limb surgery. All participated and completed study but only 14 sets of data were included due to data-corruption. Ana priorisample size calculation determined that 9–14 participants were required to demonstrate significantly different correlations(α=0.05, β=0.20).Assessment of Risk FactorsFoot Posture Index scores of each participant's dominant foot was an independent variable during a 13 minute barefoot treadmill gait analysis.Main Outcome MeasurementsMaximum knee adductor moments, knee tri-planar kinematics, hip tri-planar kinematics, maximum loading force and foot-strike pattern were measured at 3 instances(1.39 m/s; 3.6 m/s; self-selected running speed) as determined prior to data-collection.ResultsNo significant correlation (p<0.05) was found between static foot posture measurements and all outcome variables once confounders were accounted for. When comparing maximum knee adductor moments between the 3 speeds, significant correlations were observed (r=0.66–0.71, p<0.01).ConclusionsIn the healthy population, static foot posture and dynamic knee motion demonstrate a poor and insignificant relationship. Dynamic motion should be assessed independently in predicting future injury where more evidence is needed to account for variations in knee adductor moments.
INJURY INCIDENCE IN CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS
Authors: Worth Sonya , Reid Duncan , Henry Sharon 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundProspective, cross-country ski injury incidence data is scarce.ObjectiveTo describe injury type and incidence sustained by elite cross-country skiers in north-eastern America. We hypothesized that lower extremity injury incidence would be higher than other body regions. A secondary aim was to determine any factors that correlate with new injury.DesignA prospective, longitudinal study that included: demographics (ski and injury history); Movement Competency Screening (MCS); hamstring length measurement; core muscle endurance testing (trunk flexor to extensor ratio). Athletes then completed 12 consecutive, monthly electronic surveys about training, racing, and injury status.SettingCollegiate and professional ski team practices.Patients (or Participants)A convenience sample of 71 cross-country skiers (age 18–27 years, 35 men); 41 participants (18 men) completed the study.Independent variablesMCS score; hamstring length; ratio of trunk flexor to extensor endurance; injury history; training activities and hours; training lost to injury.Main Outcome MeasurementsNew injury reports.ResultsMean injury incidence was 3.81 new injuries per participant, per 1,000 hours of training. Injury incidences for lower extremity (2.13), and overuse/non-traumatic (2.76) injuries were significantly greater than trunk (0.22), upper extremity (0.46), or acute/traumatic (1.05) injuries (p<0.05). Off-season injury incidence (5.25) was higher than during ski season (2.27), but not significantly (p=0.07). New injury positively correlated with past injury (p=0.04) and also increased as monthly running time increased but not significantly (p=0.08). New injury did not correlate with: MCS score; hamstring length, or; core ratio (p>0.05). Past injuries were a significant predictor of new injuries, when accounting for training time, running time and MCS score (p<0.05).ConclusionsThis year long, prospective report of injury type and incidence in competitive cross-country skiers demonstrated that lower extremity and overuse/non-traumatic injuries had the highest incidence rates. Previously injured skiers are at greater risk of further injury.
SPINE DISEASE PREVENTION IN TECHNICAL SPORTS
Authors: Zelenkova Irina , Zotkin Sergey , Almiashev Dmithry , Savin Dmithry 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundRally raid is a form of long distance off-road racing that takes place over several days. Injuries and spine disease related to the high speed and off-road profile of the track are common in these athletes.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of a program of functional training implemented in the yearly preparation cycle on the risk of spine injury.DesignProspective intervention study, without control group.SettingProfessional rally raid.Patients (or Participants)16 male professional truck drivers (177 (176–182) cm, 82.4 (75.4–85.6) kg, body mass index 25.4 (24.6–26.8) kg/m2, 32.5 (29.0–39.5) yrs), all high achievers with regular participation in rally raids.InterventionAn exercise program was prescribed from Oct 2014 to Dec 2015 which included six separate 3-week blocks of training (six days of training with 1 day off in each block).Main Outcome MeasurementsAnalysis of radiological parameters: the formation of new hernia or impairment of current state of disc protrusion, radicular symptoms, Modic changes, hernia types, subchondral sclerosis according to Grogan classification, Pfirrmann grade. Muscle endurance was also tested in the plank position.ResultsAn increase in muscle endurance was observed in all athletes (p>0.05). Compared to the 2013–2014 season, in 2015 no new hernias or radicular symptoms were registered. Disk protrusions also did not increase in 2015, compared to 2013/14.ConclusionThere was no deterioration in radiological changes and an improved trunk muscle endurance after the introduction of a functional training program, documenting the importance of functional training in motor sports.
THE IMPACT OF RUNNING INJURIES IN RELATION TO OTHER REASONS FOR DISCONTINUED RUNNING IN NOVICE RUNNERS
Authors: Bertelsen Michael Lejbach , Rasmussen Sten , Nielsen Rasmus Østergaard 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe risk of running injuries in novice runners is 17.8 (16.7–19.1) per 1000 h of running (Videbæk 2015). This might lead to the conclusion that running injuries are one of the main reasons for discontinued running. However the impact of running injuries in relation to other reasons for discontinued running remains to be investigated.ObjectiveTo investigate the proportion of novice runners that sustained an injury before discontinuing running.DesignObservational prospective cohort study with a 1-year follow-up.SettingNovice runners.Participants930 healthy novice runners, age 18–65, with less than 10 km of total running volume during the past year and no injury in the lower extremities or back 3 months preceding baseline.InterventionsThe participants were equipped with a GPS watch and running shoes and instructed to upload their running to a web-based diary during the 1-year follow-up. They could keep the shoes and watch if they completed a total of 52 training sessions or more.Main Outcome MeasurementsDiscontinued running dichotomized (i) yes still running (ii) no training uploads for the remainder of the 1 year follow up (defined after data collection began), whereas the latter, was further dichotomized into (i) injured (a priori defined as 1 week time loss definition) (ii) injury free.ResultsA total of 9% (7%–11%) had discontinued running after 90 days. Of these, 20% (11%–29%) had sustained a running injury. After 180 days the proportion discontinuing rose to 16% (14%–18%). Amongst these 16%, injured accounted for 24% (17%–31%). Finally, after 270 days the proportion who discontinued was 27% (24%–30%), with an injury proportion of 23% (18%–28%).ConclusionsRunning injuries are common in novice runners who discontinue running. The developments of injury prevention strategies are important if more inactive persons should be successfully included in running.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INCIDENCE OF INJURY IN ELITE NETBALL PLAYERS – AN INJURY AUDIT OF THE 2016 NETBALL SUPERLEAGUE SEASON
Authors: Best Gemma 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundWith England netball announcing that for the first time in its history it will be offering full time, professional contracts there is an increased need to be able to understand why players are getting injured in top level competition.ObjectiveTo undertake a prospective epidemiological study of injuries sustained in elite netball.DesignA cohort design was used to collect descriptive injury data using superleague netball players.Setting2016 British Netball Superleague season.Patients (or Participants)103 players across 8 superleague netball teams were used in the study.Main Outcome MeasurementsDate of injury, age of player, playing position, activity at time of injury, mechanism of injury, classification of injury at two levels (body location and injury type), predicted time loss and identification of injury being acute, gradual on set or recurrent was recorded. Injuries were recorded by physiotherapists at each netball franchise using a specific injury audit questionnaire designed to suit the characteristics of netball.Results59 injuries we recorded during one season with an injury incidence rate of 9.08 injuries per 1000 hours exposure. Injuries were more common in competitive match play (71.2%) than in training (28.8%). The ankle was injured most frequently (35.6%). Data revealed a significant association between match quarter and occurrence of injuries χ2(3)=9.91, p=0.019. A tendency for injuries to increase throughout the time in match and a peak reached at the third quarter was observed. No significant association was observed between playing position and injury incidence χ2(2)=0.917, p=0.632. Overall injury frequency was highest in the first half of the regular 14 week season with 57.6% of all injuries occurring in this time frame.ConclusionsPre-season preparation, half time match strategies and overall physiological conditioning should be considered when addressing injury prevention within elite netball.
THE RELIABILITY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2D) BIOMECHANICAL VARIABLES DURING MULTIDIRECTIOANAL SINGLE LEG LANDING
Authors: Alahmari Ahmed , Herrington Lee , Jones Richard , Liu Anmin , Neamatallah Ziyad 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe knee joint is one of the most frequently injured joint in sports. Sport injury is mostly non-contact in nature and often occur during single leg landings (SLL). SLL are also a common task performed in many sports. The reliability of different landing tests has been examined in the literature, but mostly limited to one test and most studies did not report the standard error of measurement (SEM) of their measurement. Although three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis is the gold standard for examining lower limb biomechanics, its extension to a clinical setting or to a larger sample size is limited. Therefore, researchers have examined 2D motion analysis and found it a good alternative.ObjectiveTo establish the reliability and SEM of a 2D movement analysis system to measure the kinematics of lower extremity during multidirectional SLL.DesignTest-retest reliability study.SettingUniversity laboratory.Patients (or Participants)12 moderately active university students.Assessment of Risk Factors2D knee and hip frontal plane kinematics were collected for both legs while the subjects performed multidirectional SLL. A retest session was repeated one week later.Main Outcome MeasurementsFrontal plane projection angle (FPPA) and hip adduction angle.ResultsThe ICC for the different variables ranged between 0.67 and 0.96, indicating good to excellent reliability for all 2D variables in all tasks. SEM ranging between 0.69° and 2.7° which can be an evidence for small measurement error.ConclusionsThe 2D biomechanical variables were reliable when examining multidirectional SLL tasks in a moderately active healthy population. Furthermore, multidirectional SLL is a reliable test to examine the lower extremity biomechanics.
INJURIES IN GERMAN MEŃS PROFESSIONAL ICE HOCKEY
Authors: Bloch Hendrik , Klein Christian , Luig Patrick 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundInjury incidences during international major ice hockey events are high, but information about ice hockey injuries in Germany, particularly in regular league play, is lacking.ObjectiveAnalysis of injury characteristics in German professional ice hockey.DesignProspective observational cohort study.SettingTwo highest German professional leagues in men's ice hockey.ParticipantsAll first and second division ice hockey players who played at least in one competitive club match during the season 2014/15 season (n=812).Assessment of Risk FactorsAnalysis of all injuries of these players that were registered by clubs or physicians with the VBG as a part of the occupational accident reporting and that either led to the player's short-term disability (time-loss) and/or to medical treatment costs (medical-attention).Main Outcome MeasurementsInjury prevalence and incidence, injured body parts, type of injury, medical treatment costs, days of absence.ResultsA total of 2.045 injuries were recorded. 76.7% of all players were injured at least once. In mean each player had 2.52 injuries per season. Incidence rate in the first division (2.7 injuries/season) was significantly higher than in second division (2.3 injuries/season). The majority of injuries (69.1%) occurred during matches with a match incidence of 136.8 injuries per 1000 h. Nearly one third (30.7%) of all training injuries occurred during the pre-season. The head (17.9%), the shoulder (10.7%) and the thigh (10.1%) were the body parts most frequently affected. Shoulder injuries lead to the highest share of overall time-loss (20.5%) and medical treatment costs (22.0%). Goalkeeper had significant lower overall risk of injury (1.5 injuries/season), but higher risk of knee and thigh injuries.ConclusionsInjury Risk in German professional ice hockey is high, especially during match play. Preventive measures should aim at sport- and position-specific risk factors. Special focus should be laid on player preparedness after off-season break.
IMPACT OF THE NORDIC HAMSTRING AND HIP EXTENSION EXERCISES ON HAMSTRING ARCHITECTURE AND MORPHOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS FOR INJURY PREVENTION
Authors: Bourne Matthew , Duhig Steven , Timmins Ryan , Opar David , Williams Morgan , Kerr Graham , Shield Anthony 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThere has been significant interest in exploring the patterns of muscle activity in hamstring exercises, however, there is no research examining the architectural and morphological adaptations of these muscles to different exercise interventions.ObjectiveTo evaluate changes in biceps femoris long head (BFLH) fascicle length and hamstring muscle size following Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) or hip extension (HE) training.DesignIn this longitudinal study, participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups: 1) HE training (n=10), NHE training (n=10), or no training (CON) (n=10). BFLHfascicle length was assessed before, during (Week 5) and after the intervention with 2D-ultrasound. Hamstring muscle size was determined before and after training via magnetic resonance imaging.SettingLaboratory based.Patients (or Participants)Thirty recreationally active males (age, 22.0±3.6 years, height, 180.4±7 cm, weight, 80.8±11.1 kg).InterventionA 10-week progressive intensity strength program consisting exclusively of NHE, HE training, or a period of no training.Main Outcome MeasurementsBFLHfascicle length and hamstring muscle volumes.ResultsCompared tobaseline, BFLHfascicles were lengthened in the HE and NHE groups atmid-(d=1.12–1.39, p<0.001) andpost-training(d=1.77–2.17, p<0.001) with no difference observed between training groups (d=0.49–0.80, p=0.279–0.976). BFLHvolume increased more for the HE than the NHE (d=1.03, p=0.037) and CON (d=2.24, p<0.001) groups. Compared to the CON group, both exercises induced significant increases in semitendinosus volume (d=2.16–2.50, ≤0.002) which were not significantly different (d=0.69, p=0.239).ConclusionsNHE and HE training both stimulate significant increases in BFLHfascicle length, however, HE training may be more effective for promoting hypertrophy in the BFLH.