bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary results of a new tool to evaluate cavernous body fibrosis following radical prostatectomy: penile elastography
Authors: Hamidi N. , Altinbas N. K. , Gokce M. I. , Suer E. , Yagci C. , Baltaci S. , Turkolmez K. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryDevelopment of cavernous tissue fibrosis due to neurovascular bundle damage during radical prostatectomy has been shown in many trials with invasive methods. In this study, we evaluated the changes in cavernous tissue elasticity by elastography in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy with or without neurovascular bundle preservation. Data from 65 patients underwent open retropubic radical prostatectomy between April 2014 and December 2015 was collected prospectively. Patients were grouped with respect to nerve‐sparing status (non‐, unilateral, and bilateral nerve sparing). International Index of Erectile Function scores, penile lengths, and elasticity scores were recorded at preoperative and postoperative follow‐up visits (at 3rd and 6th months). The primary endpoint of the study was to evaluate the changes of the elasticity scores in all groups. Elasticity scores were measured with real‐time elastography by a single experienced radiologist. Mean age, baseline total testosterone level, IIEF‐5 score, elasticity scores of the cavernous body, and penile length were comparable in all groups. At postoperative 3rd and 6th months, statistically significant higher (in favor for fibrosis) mean cavernous body elasticity scores (p = 0.0001), lower mean IIEF‐5 scores (p = 0.0001), and shorter penile lengths (p < 0.05) were observed in non‐nerve‐sparing group compared to other groups while there were no statistically significant differences between unilateral and bilateral nerve‐sparing groups. Very strong negative correlation was detected between IIEF‐5 and elasticity scores (p = 0.0001). According to our results, preservation of the neurovascular bundle in at least one side mediates lower elasticity scores, better International Index of Erectile Function scores, and penile lengths. Preliminary results of the penile elastography studies are promising for prediction of erectile functions and cavernous tissue fibrosis.
Study of termination of postprandial gastric contractions in humans, dogs and Suncus murinus: role of motilin‐ and ghrelin‐induced strong contraction
Authors: Mikami T. , Ito K. , Diaz‐Tartera H. O. , Hellström P. M. , Mochiki E. , Takemi S. , Tanaka T. , Tsuda S. , Jogahara T. , Sakata I. , Sakai T. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimStomach contractions show two types of specific patterns in many species, that is migrating motor contraction (MMC) and postprandial contractions (PPCs), in the fasting and fed states respectively. We found gastric PPCs terminated with migrating strong contractions in humans, dogs and suncus. In this study, we reveal the detailed characteristics and physiological implications of these strong contractions of PPC.MethodsHuman, suncus and canine gastric contractions were recorded with a motility‐monitoring ingestible capsule and a strain‐gauge force transducer. The response of motilin and ghrelin and its receptor antagonist on the contractions were studied by using free‐moving suncus.ResultsStrong gastric contractions were observed at the end of a PPC in human, dog and suncus models, and we tentatively designated this contraction to be a postprandial giant contraction (PPGC). In the suncus, the PPGC showed the same property as those of a phase III contraction of MMC (PIII‐MMC) in the duration, motility index and response to motilin or ghrelin antagonist administration. Ghrelin antagonist administration in the latter half of the PPC (LH‐PPC) attenuated gastric contraction prolonged the duration of occurrence of PPGC, as found in PII‐MMC.ConclusionIt is thought that the first half of the PPC changed to PII‐MMC and then terminated with PIII‐MMC, suggesting that PPC consists of a digestive phase (the first half of the PPC) and a discharge phase (LH‐PPC) and that LH‐PPC is coincident with MMC. In this study, we propose a new approach for the understanding of postprandial contractions.
Comparison of the impact of laparoscopic endometriotic cystectomy and vaporization on postoperative serum anti‐Mullerian hormone levels
Authors: Saito Natsuho , Yamashita Yoshiki , Okuda Kiyoji , Kokunai Kana , Terai Yoshito , Ohmichi Masahide 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of laparoscopic endometriotic cystectomy and vaporization on ovarian reserve.MethodsWe prospectively analyzed the serum level of anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) in 62 patients at four different time points— preoperatively and at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Among the 62 cases, a bilateral cystectomy was performed in 10, bilateral vaporization in 16, a unilateral cystectomy in 24, and unilateral vaporization in 12.ResultsThe rate of AMH decline after unilateral cystectomy or bilateral cystectomy was higher than that after unilateral vaporization or bilateral vaporization. Age and bilaterality were associated with an AMH decline at 1 month, and age alone was associated with an AMH decline at 1 year. Moreover, being older than 38 years of age and having a revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine score >80 were independent risk factors for the non‐recovery of AMH.ConclusionThe rate of AMH decline after laparoscopic endometriotic vaporization is significantly lower than that after cystectomy. Both methods, however, have the potential to lower ovarian reserve, especially in cases of severe endometriosis or in patients older than 38 years of age.
First, do no harm: Generalized procreative non‐maleficence
Authors: Saunders Ben 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNew reproductive technologies allow parents some choice over their children. Various moral principles have been suggested to regulate such choices. This article starts from a discussion of Julian Savulescu's Principle of Procreative Beneficence (PPB), according to which parents ought to choose the child expected to have the best quality of life, before combining two previously separate lines of attack against this principle. First, it is suggested that the appropriate moral principles of guiding reproductive choices ought to focus on general wellbeing rather than prioritizing that of the child and, second, that they ought to be non‐maximizing (e.g. seeking the ‘good enough’ or to avoid harm). Though neither of these suggestions is entirely novel, combining them results in a new, and arguably more plausible, principle to regulate procreative choices, which I call the Principle of Generalized Procreative Non‐Maleficence (PGPNM). According to this principle, the primary obligation on parents is not to cause harm to other people through their reproductive choices.
Euthanasia and cryothanasia
Authors: Minerva Francesca , Sandberg Anders 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this article we discuss the moral and legal aspects of causing the death of a terminal patient in the hope of extending their life in the future. We call this theoretical procedure cryothanasia. We argue that administering cryothanasia is ethically different from administering euthanasia. Consequently, objections to euthanasia should not apply to cryothanasia, and cryothanasia could also be considered a legal option where euthanasia is illegal.
Discordance between imaging and immunohistochemistry in unilateral primary aldosteronism
Authors: Nanba Aya T. , Nanba Kazutaka , Byrd James B. , Shields James J. , Giordano Thomas J. , Miller Barbara S. , Rainey William E. , Auchus Richard J. , Turcu Adina F. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryObjectiveCorrect subtyping of primary aldosteronism (PA) is essential for good surgical outcomes. Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) and/or computed tomography (CT) are used for PA subclassification. Clinical and/or biochemical improvement after surgery, however, is not always achieved in patients with presumed unilateral PA. We aimed to identify the pitfalls in PA subclassification leading to surgical treatment failures.Patients and DesignWe retrospectively studied 208 patients who underwent adrenal vein sampling (AVS) for PA subclassification in a tertiary referral centre, between January 2009 and August 2016. Simultaneous bilateral AVS was performed before and after cosyntropin administration. We implemented immunohistochemistry for aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and 17α‐hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) in adrenal glands resected from patients without improvement of PA after surgical treatment and from those with limitations in AVS interpretation.ResultsOf 55 patients who underwent adrenalectomy, three (5.5%) had no improvement of PA. All three patients underwent partial adrenalectomy to remove a CT‐detected nodule present on the same side with AVS lateralization. Immunohistochemistry revealed a CYP11B2‐negative nodule in both cases available. All patients who underwent total adrenalectomy based on AVS lateralization benefitted from surgery, including three patients with unilateral unsuccessful AVS and aldosterone suppression in the catheterized side vs inferior vena cava.ConclusionsRadiographically identified adrenal nodules are not always a source of PA, even when ipsilateral with AVS lateralization. These data caution against reliance on imaging findings, either alone or in conjunction with AVS, to guide surgery for PA.
Hippocampal synaptic and neural network deficits in young mice carrying the human APOE4 gene
Authors: Sun Guo‐Zhu , He Yong‐Chang , Ma Xiao Kuang , Li Shuang‐Tao , Chen De‐Jie , Gao Ming , Qiu Shen‐Feng , Yin Jun‐Xiang , Shi Jiong , Wu Jie 
Published: August 2017

SummaryIntroductionApolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is a major genetic risk factor for late‐onset sporadic Alzheimer disease. Emerging evidence demonstrates a hippocampus‐associated learning and memory deficit in aged APOE4 human carriers and also in aged mice carrying human APOE4 gene. This suggests that either exogenous APOE4 or endogenous APOE4 alters the cognitive profile and hippocampal structure and function. However, little is known regarding how Apoe4 modulates hippocampal dendritic morphology, synaptic function, and neural network activity in young mice.AimIn this study, we compared hippocampal dendritic and spine morphology and synaptic function of young (4 months) mice with transgenic expression of the human APOE4 and APOE3 genes.MethodsHippocampal dendritic and spine morphology and synaptic function were assessed by neuronal imaging and electrophysiological approaches.ResultsMorphology results showed that shortened dendritic length and reduced spine density occurred at hippocampal CA1 neurons in Apoe4 mice compared to Apoe3 mice. Electrophysiological results demonstrated that in the hippocampal CA3‐CA1 synapses of young Apoe4 mice, basic synaptic transmission, and paired‐pulse facilitation were enhanced but long‐term potentiation and carbachol‐induced hippocampal theta oscillations were impaired compared to young Apoe3 mice. However, both Apoe genotypes responded similarly to persistent stimulations (4, 10, and 40 Hz for 4 seconds).ConclusionOur results suggest significant alterations in hippocampal dendritic structure and synaptic function in Apoe4 mice, even at an early age.
Identification and measurement of dystonia in cerebral palsy
Authors: Rice James , Skuza Pawel , Baker Felicity , Russo Remo , Fehlings Darcy 
Published: August 2017

AimTo establish the prevalence and severity of dystonia in a population of children with cerebral palsy (CP) with hypertonia assessment and measurement tools.MethodA cross‐sectional study of 151 children (84 males, 67 females) withCPwho were assessed with the Hypertonia Assessment Tool (HAT) and Barry‐Albright Dystonia scale (BAD) for identification and measurement of severity of dystonia.HATdystonia items were assessed for construct and convergent validity.ResultsDistribution by predominant motor type (PMT) was: 85% spastic, 14% dyskinetic, and 1% ataxic. Spastic and dyskinetic groups showed widespread evidence of dystonia according toHATprofiles andBADscores. The dyskineticPMTgroup had a higher meanBADscore than the spastic group (difference of 13 units, 95%CI9.1–16.4). Dystonia severity (BADscore) increased linearly across gross motor (p<0.001), manual ability (p<0.001) and communication functional levels (p<0.001). Divergence was noted in howHATitem six identified dystonia compared to items one and two.InterpretationTheHATprovided an estimate of the prevalence of both spasticity and dystonia in a largeCPpopulation, beyond predominant motor type. Dystonia is a common finding in the spasticPMTgroup, and its severity increases as motor function worsens.What this paper addsDystonia is readily identified in cerebral palsy (CP) using the Hypertonia Assessment Tool, regardless of the predominant motor type.Spasticity and dystonia frequently coexist in the CP population.Severity of dystonia is inversely related to motor function.
The bile acid‐sequestering resin sevelamer eliminates the acute GLP‐1 stimulatory effect of endogenously released bile acids in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Brønden Andreas , Albér Anders , Rohde Ulrich , Gasbjerg Lærke S. , Rehfeld Jens F. , Holst Jens J. , Vilsbøll Tina , Knop Filip K. 
Published: August 2017

AimsDiscovery of the specific bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein‐coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) in enteroendocrine L cells has prompted research focusing on the impact of bile acids on glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) secretion and glucose metabolism. The aim of the present study was to assess the GLP‐1 secretory and gluco‐metabolic effects of endogenously released bile, with and without concomitant administration of the bile acid‐sequestering resin, sevelamer, in patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsWe performed a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded cross‐over study including 15 metformin‐treated patients with type 2 diabetes. During 4 experimental study days, either sevelamer 3200 mg or placebo in combination with intravenous infusion of cholecystokinin (CCK) (0.4 pmol sulfated CCK‐8/kg/min) or saline was administered in randomized order. The primary endpoint was plasma GLP‐1 excursions as measured by incremental area under the curve. Secondary endpoints included plasma responses of glucose, triglycerides, insulin, CCK, fibroblast growth factor‐19 and 7α‐hydroxy‐4‐cholesten‐3‐one (C4). In addition, gallbladder dynamics, gastric emptying, resting energy expenditure, appetite and ad libitum food intake were assessed.ResultsCCK‐mediated gallbladder emptying was demonstrated to elicit a significant induction of GLP‐1 secretion compared to saline, whereas concomitant single‐dose administration of the bile acid sequestrant sevelamer was shown to eliminate the acute bile acid‐induced increase in plasma GLP‐1 excursions.ConclusionsSingle‐dose administration of sevelamer eliminated bile acid‐mediated GLP‐1 secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes, which could be explained by reduced bile acid stimulation of the basolaterally localized TGR5 on enteroendocrine L cells.
Suicidal ideation and burnout among psychiatric trainees in Japan
Authors: Tateno Masaru , Jovanović Nikolina , Beezhold Julian , Uehara‐Aoyama Kumi , Umene‐Nakano Wakako , Nakamae Takashi , Uchida Naoki , Hashimoto Naoki , Kikuchi Saya , Wake Yosuke , Fujisawa Daisuke , Ikari Keisuke , Otsuka Kotaro , Takahashi Katsuyoshi , Okugawa Gaku , Watanabe Norio , Shirasaka Tomohiro , Kato Takahiro A. 
Published: August 2017

AimBurnout is a psychological condition that may occur in all workers after being exposed to excessive work‐related stresses. We investigated suicidal ideation and burnout among Japanese psychiatric trainees as a part of the Burnout Syndrome Study (BoSS) International.MethodsIn the Japanese branch, 91 trainees fully completed suicide ideation and behaviour questionnaire (SIBQ) and Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey (MBI‐GS).ResultsPassive suicidal ideation was reported by 38.5% of Japanese trainees and 22.0% of them had experienced active suicidal ideation. The burnout rate among Japanese subjects was 40.0%. These results were worse compared to the all 1980 trainees who fully completed the main outcome measure in BoSS International, 25.9%, 20.4% and 36.7%, respectively.ConclusionsOur results suggest a higher risk of suicide among Japanese residents. Japan has a higher suicide rate than other countries. Early detection of, and appropriate intervention for, suicidal ideation is important in preventing suicide in psychiatry residents.
Self‐Knowledge and Knowledge of Mankind in Hobbes' Leviathan
Authors: Renz Ursula 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn the introduction to the Leviathan, Hobbes famously defends the anthropological point of departure of his theory of the state by invoking the Delphic injunction ‘Know thyself!’ of which he presents a peculiar reading thereafter. In this paper, I present a reading of the anthropology of the Leviathan that takes this move seriously. In appealing to Delphic injunction, Hobbes wanted to prompt a particular way of reading his anthropology for which it is crucial that the reader relate the presented anthropological views to his self‐conception. The anthropology of the Leviathan is thus a kind of manual for a certain kind of self‐reflection by which the reader's self‐knowledge is to be improved. Furthermore, I will argue that Hobbes' interpretation of the Delphic injunction illuminates several theoretical issues relevant to the epistemology of that kind of ‘self‐knowledge’ that was demanded by the Delphic injunction. While Hobbes does not solve all the epistemological problems related with the ideal appealed to by this inscription, he does provide some interesting insights into some general requirements that any epistemological account of Socratic self‐knowledge has to meet.
Elapid snake envenomation in horses: 52 cases (2006–2016)
Authors: Bamford N. J. , Sprinkle S. B. , Cudmore L. A. , Cullimore A. M. , van Eps A. W. , Verdegaal E. J. M. M. , Tennent‐Brown B. S. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryBackgroundSnake envenomation is a cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic animals worldwide. The clinical features of crotalid snake (pit viper) envenomation are widely reported and well described in horses but elapid snake envenomation is poorly characterised.ObjectivesTo describe the presentation, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of horses with a diagnosis of elapid snake envenomation in Australia.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsMedical records of horses with a diagnosis of elapid snake envenomation (2006–2016) at several university and private veterinary practices were reviewed. Inclusion criteria comprised one or more of the following: 1) observed snakebite, 2) positive snake venom detection kit (SVDK) result, 3) appropriate clinical response to treatment with antivenom or 4) supportive post‐mortem findings.ResultsFifty‐two cases met the inclusion criteria. Most cases (94%) demonstrated clinical signs of neurotoxicity, characterised by generalised neuromuscular weakness. Associated neurologic signs included staggering gait, muscle fasciculations, recumbency, mydriasis, ptosis and tongue paresis. Concurrent clinically important conditions included rhabdomyolysis (50%) and haemolysis (19%). Of 18 urine samples evaluated with aSVDK, only three (17%) were positive. Overall survival was favourable (86%) among 49 horses who received antivenom. Eighteen surviving horses (43%) required more than one vial of antivenom.Main limitationsPossible cases within the searchable database were not included if horses died acutely or responded to symptomatic treatment without receiving antivenom.ConclusionsElapid snake envenomation is primarily a syndrome of neuromuscular weakness. Supportive anamnesis or an obvious bite site is rarely encountered. In endemic areas, this diagnosis should be considered for horses with generalised neuromuscular weakness, altered mentation, rhabdomyolysis and/or haemolysis; especially during spring and summer months. Diagnostic suspicion is best confirmed by response to treatment with antivenom.
Mast cells are critical for the limitation of thrombin‐induced skin inflammation
Authors: Suender Cathleen A. , Leist Mandy , Åbrink Magnus , Valentin Patricia , Geldmacher Astrid , Steinhoff Martin , Metz Martin , Maurer Marcus 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThrombin, a key player in coagulation, is widely held to induce and promote inflammation. As of now, the features, kinetics and control of thrombin's proinflammatory effects on the skin remain to be characterized in detail. We, therefore, injected thrombin into the ear skin of mice and observed strong, dose‐dependent and transient ear swelling responses as well as mast cell (MC) degranulation. Unexpectedly, thrombin induced even stronger, not reduced, ear swelling in MC‐deficient KitW‐sh/W‐sh mice. Prior local reconstitution of KitW‐sh/W‐sh mice with MCs inhibited this effect, indicating that MCs may contribute to the control of thrombin‐induced skin inflammation. In line with previous studies, we found that MCs express the thrombin receptors PAR1, PAR3 and PAR4, thrombin induces direct and dose‐dependent MC degranulation, and that degranulated MCs inactivate thrombin. Further findings suggested that MC‐mediated protection from thrombin‐induced inflammation is likely to rely on the effects of MC proteases. We show for the first time that MC‐deficient mice and MC protease 4‐deficient mice with normal numbers of MCs show markedly increased ear swelling in response to thrombin as compared to wild‐type mice. Taken together, these results suggest that thrombin‐induced skin inflammation is controlled, in part, by MC protease 4 released from activated MCs. For MC‐driven diseases such as chronic spontaneous urticaria, which has been linked to increased thrombin generation, this might mean that MCs may contribute to the resolution of skin inflammatory responses.
Pelagic marine refugia and climatically sensitive areas in an eastern boundary current upwelling system
Authors: Barceló Caren , Ciannelli Lorenzo , Brodeur Richard D. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractRefugia are areas relatively buffered from contemporary climate change that enable the persistence of valued physical, ecological, or sociocultural resources. Spatially identifying refugia is important for conservation and applied management. Yet the concept of refugia has not been broadly extended to marine ecosystems. Here, we analyze data from a unique and long‐term (1999–2015) standardized survey of pelagic marine and anadromous species off Oregon and Washington in the northern California Current to identify such refugia. We use quantitative approaches to assess locations with high species richness and community persistence relative to local and basin‐scale environmental fluctuations. We have identified a potential climate change refugial zone along the continental shelf of Washington State in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean, characterized by a species‐rich community with low interannual temporal community change. This region contrasts with adjacent areas to the south and offshore that have lower species richness, and higher temporal species community change. Also, using spatially variant generalized additive mixed models, we identify areas with species compositions that are more influenced by basin‐scale climatic fluctuations than others. We propose that upwelling regions with retentive topographic features, such as wide continental shelves, can function as marine refugia for pelagic fauna, whereas offshore locations are potentially more climatically sensitive and experience high temporal change in species composition. Further identification of these marine refugia using in situ data for pelagic biodiversity and climatically sensitive areas can help guide management in the face of inevitable climatically driven change.