bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrity Assessment of Post-Peak-Moment Wrinkles
Authors: Liu Ming , Wang Yong-Yi , Sen Millan , Song Peter 
Published: November 2016

For a pipeline experiencing a ground movement event, high longitudinal strain can be developed in the pipe longitudinal direction. When prerequisite requirements are met, ASME B31.4 allows up to 2% (nominal) longitudinal strain in a pipe. However, such high strain may be beyond the compressive strain capacity (CSC) of the pipe which is defined as the compressive strain corresponding to the maximum bending moment. Furthermore, wrinkles are usually formed at such a high strain level. Excessive local strain can accumulate around the wrinkles when the nominal strain goes beyond the CSC which can lead to significant wrinkle growth or even tearing of the pipe wall. Therefore, integrity of the pipes containing post-peak-moment wrinkles need to be assessed in order to confirm that the 2% nominal strain permitted in the ASME codes can be safely tolerated.
A number of failure modes are possible. Firstly, a pipe must be capable of tolerating the nominal strain up to 2% under static loading without leak or rupture. Secondly, if a buckle or wrinkle is formed in the initial event of ground movement and no leak or rupture occurs, the buckle or wrinkle can be subjected to fatigue loading during the continued operation of the pipeline. The pipe should have sufficient remaining life till the anomalies are discovered (through inline inspection, for example) and mitigated. The fatigue loading can come from fluctuations in operation pressure, temperature, and/or other sources. In this paper, the immediate and long-term integrity of selected pipelines were assessed.
The work has demonstrated that for the selected pipelines: (1) all lines meet the prerequisite conditions outlined in ASME B31.4 for the nominal strain limit up to 2%; (2) all lines are capable of tolerating nominal longitudinal strain up to 2% without immediate negative consequences; (3) for the wrinkles corresponding to nominal strain up to 2%, the wrinkles are expected to have finite fatigue lives and intervention within 5 to 7 years should be sufficient to prevent fatigue failures; and (4) locating and mitigating wrinkles corresponding to nominal longitudinal strain greater than 2% after a ground movement event may be necessary to ensure the safety of the pipelines.
Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Pneumococcal Serotype 35B among Children in the United States
Authors: Olarte Liset , Kaplan Sheldon L. , Barson William J. , Romero José R. , Lin Philana Ling , Tan Tina Q. , Hoffman Jill A. , Bradley John S. , Givner Laurence B. , Mason Edward O. , Hultén Kristina G. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus pneumoniae
serotype 35B is a nonvaccine serotype associated with high rates of penicillin nonsusceptibility. An increase in the proportion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) 35B isolates has recently been reported. The genetic events contributing to the emergence of MDR serotype 35B are unknown. The sequence type (ST) composition of 78 serotype 35B isolates obtained from pediatric patients with invasive pneumococcal disease from 1994 to 2014 and 48 isolates from pediatric patients with otitis media (noninvasive) from 2011 to 2014 was characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The most common STs were ST558 (69.2%), ST156 (10.3%), and ST452 (3.8%). Two major clonal complexes (CC), CC558 and CC156, were identified by eBURST analysis. Overall, 91% (71/78) of isolates were penicillin nonsusceptible and 16.7% (13/78) were MDR. Among all invasive serotype 35B isolates, MDR isolates increased significantly, from 2.9% (1/35) to 27.9% (12/43) (
P
= 0.004), after the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced. All CC156 isolates were identified after the introduction of PCV13 (0/35 [0%] before versus 9/43 [20.9%] after;
P
= 0.003) and were MDR. All CC156 isolates had similar antimicrobial susceptibility patterns; in contrast, high variability in antimicrobial susceptibility was observed among CC558 isolates. The distributions of CC558 and CC156 among invasive and noninvasive isolates were not different. The increased prevalence of MDR serotype 35B after the introduction of PCV13 was directly associated with the emergence of ST156. Genotyping suggests that capsular switching has occurred between MDR vaccine serotypes belonging to ST156 (e.g., 9V, 14, and 19A) and serotype 35B.
Visualization of HIV T Cell Virological Synapses and Virus-Containing Compartments by Three-Dimensional Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Wang Lili , Eng Edward T. , Law Kenneth , Gordon Ronald E. , Rice William J. , Chen Benjamin K. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Virological synapses (VS) are adhesive structures that form between infected and uninfected cells to enhance the spread of HIV-1. During T cell VS formation, viral proteins are actively recruited to the site of cell-cell contact where the viral material is efficiently translocated to target cells into heterogeneous, protease-resistant, antibody-inaccessible compartments. Using correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), we define the membrane topography of the virus-containing compartments (VCC) where HIV is found following VS-mediated transfer. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and serial sectioning transmission electron microscopy (SS-TEM) were used to better resolve the fluorescent Gag-containing structures within the VCC. We found that small punctate fluorescent signals correlated with single viral particles in enclosed vesicular compartments or surface-localized virus particles and that large fluorescent signals correlated with membranous Gag-containing structures with unknown pathological function. CLEM imaging revealed distinct pools of newly deposited viral proteins within endocytic and nonendocytic compartments in VS target T cells.

IMPORTANCE
This study directly correlates individual virus-associated objects observed in light microscopy with ultrastructural features seen by electron microscopy in the HIV-1 virological synapse. This approach elucidates which infection-associated ultrastructural features represent bona fide HIV protein complexes. We define the morphology of some HIV cell-to-cell transfer intermediates as true endocytic compartments and resolve unique synapse-associated viral structures created by transfer across virological synapses.
Functional Characterization of Adaptive Mutations during the West African Ebola Virus Outbreak
Authors: Dietzel Erik , Schudt Gordian , Krähling Verena , Matrosovich Mikhail , Becker Stephan 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
The Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa started in December 2013, claimed more than 11,000 lives, threatened to destabilize a whole region, and showed how easily health crises can turn into humanitarian disasters. EBOV genomic sequences of the West African outbreak revealed nonsynonymous mutations, which induced considerable public attention, but their role in virus spread and disease remains obscure. In this study, we investigated the functional significance of three nonsynonymous mutations that emerged early during the West African EBOV outbreak. Almost 90% of more than 1,000 EBOV genomes sequenced during the outbreak carried the signature of three mutations: a D759G substitution in the active center of the L polymerase, an A82V substitution in the receptor binding domain of surface glycoprotein GP, and an R111C substitution in the self-assembly domain of RNA-encapsidating nucleoprotein NP. Using a newly developed virus-like particle system and reverse genetics, we found that the mutations have an impact on the functions of the respective viral proteins and on the growth of recombinant EBOVs. The mutation in L increased viral transcription and replication, whereas the mutation in NP decreased viral transcription and replication. The mutation in the receptor binding domain of the glycoprotein GP improved the efficiency of GP-mediated viral entry into target cells. Recombinant EBOVs with combinations of the three mutations showed a growth advantage over the prototype isolate Makona C7 lacking the mutations. This study showed that virus variants with improved fitness emerged early during the West African EBOV outbreak.

IMPORTANCE
The dimension of the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa was unprecedented. Amino acid substitutions in the viral L polymerase, surface glycoprotein GP, and nucleocapsid protein NP emerged, were fixed early in the outbreak, and were found in almost 90% of the sequences. Here we showed that these mutations affected the functional activity of viral proteins and improved viral growth in cell culture. Our results demonstrate emergence of adaptive changes in the Ebola virus genome during virus circulation in humans and prompt further studies on the potential role of these changes in virus transmissibility and pathogenicity.
Impact of screen time on mental health problems progression in youth: a 1-year follow-up study
Authors: Wu Xiaoyan , Tao Shuman , Zhang Shichen , Zhang Yukun , Chen Kaihua , Yang Yajuan , Hao Jiahu , Tao Fangbiao 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesWe examined the relationships between screen time (ST) and mental health problems and also increment of ST and progression of mental health problems in a college-based sample of Chinese youth.MethodsWe assessed 2521 Chinese college freshmen from October 2013 to December 2014. At baseline, the mean age of participants was 18.43 years (SD 0.96 years), and 1215 (48.2%) participants reported ST >2 h/day. We estimated multivariable-adjusted ORs by using logistic regression models for the risk of developing mental health problems (anxiety, depression and psychopathological symptoms) and/or progression of these problems, according to baseline ST exposure and changes in exposure at follow-up.ResultsAt baseline, when ST >2 h/day was compared with ST ≤2 h/day, the OR was 1.38 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.65) for anxiety, 1.55 (95% CI 1.25 to 1.93) for depression and 1.49 (95% CI 1.22 to 1.83) for psychopathological symptoms. The results remained unchanged for depressive and psychopathological symptoms but not for anxiety, after additional adjustment for sex, age, residential background, body mass index, perceived family economy, sleep quality, smoking, alcohol intake, exercise after school and physical activity. When participants who had increased their ST exposure to >2 h/day were compared with those with no change and ST ≤2 h/day, the OR was 1.78 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.83) for anxiety, 1.92 (95% CI 1.23 to 2.83) for depression and 1.93 (95% CI 1.16 to 3.21) for psychopathological symptoms. These associations also remained after additional adjustment.ConclusionsThe overall effects are consistent yet small for ST/ST increment on mental health problems and its progression. Given the small effect size of the current results, it remains unclear the degree to which ST is a practically significant risk factor for mental health outcomes. Future studies of high quality are necessary to further examine this association and the direction of causality.
Qualitative study of paramedics' experiences of managing seizures: a national perspective from England
Authors: Noble Adam J , Snape Darlene , Goodacre Steve , Jackson Mike , Sherratt Frances C , Pearson Mike , Marson Anthony 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesThe UK ambulance service is expected to now manage more patients in the community and avoid unnecessary transportations to hospital emergency departments (ED). Most people it attends who have experienced seizures have established epilepsy, have experienced uncomplicated seizures and so do not require the full facilities of an ED. Despite this, most are transported there. To understand why, we explored paramedics’ experiences of managing seizures.Design and settingSemistructured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of paramedics from the English ambulance service. Interviews were transcribed and thematically analysed.ParticipantsA diverse sample of 19 professionals was recruited from 5 different ambulance NHS trusts and the College of Paramedics.ResultsParticipants’ confirmed how most seizure patients attended to do not clinically require an ED. They explained, however, that a number of factors influence their care decisions and create a momentum for these patients to still be taken. Of particular importance was the lack of access paramedics have to background medical information on patients. This, and the limited seizure training paramedics receive, meant paramedics often cannot interpret with confidence the normality of a seizure presentation and so transport patients out of precaution. The restricted time paramedics are expected to spend ‘on scene’ due to the way the ambulance services’ performance is measured and that are few alternative care pathways which can be used for seizure patients also made conveyance likely.ConclusionsParamedics are working within a system that does not currently facilitate non-conveyance of seizure patients. Organisational, structural, professional and educational factors impact care decisions and means transportation to ED remains the default option. Improving paramedics access to medical histories, their seizure management training and developing performance measures for the service that incentivise care that is cost-effective for all of the health service might reduce unnecessary conveyances to ED.
Efficacy and safety of the target puncture technique for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with intravertebral clefts
Authors: Yu Weibo , Liang De , Jiang Xiaobing , Yao Zhensong , Qiu Ting , Ye Linqiang 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and safety of our target puncture technique with the traditional technique during percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) with intravertebral clefts (IVCs).Methods104 patients treated with PKP for single OVCFs with IVCs were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were divided into three groups: cleft filling by the traditional technique (Group A, n=18); interdigitated filling (Group B, n=50); and overfilling by the target technique (Group C, n=36). Oswestry disability index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores and radiological evidence of vertebral body height and kyphotic angle, cement leakage, and adjacent vertebral fractures were studied before and after surgery (immediate, 1 and 2 years).ResultsThe ODI and VAS scores decreased for all patients and no significant difference was found between the three groups after treatment. However, 1 and 2 years after surgery a greater increase in ODI and VAS scores was observed in Group A compared with the other two groups. The initial correction of vertebral body height and kyphotic angle was not significant among the three groups. However, loss of correction was greater in Group A. No significant difference was found in cement leakage. The incidence of adjacent vertebral fractures in Group C was higher than in the other two groups.ConclusionsDifferent puncture techniques were initially effective for all patients with IVCs. However, cement cleft filling by the traditional technique was found to have less stability causing higher VAS/ODI scores and greater loss of correction. Hence, our target puncture technique was recommended in this study.
Utility of perfusion imaging in acute stroke treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ryu Won Hyung A , Avery Michael B , Dharampal Navjit , Allen Isabel E , Hetts Steven W 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundVariability in imaging protocols and techniques has resulted in a lack of consensus regarding the incorporation of perfusion imaging into stroke triage and treatment. The objective of our study was to evaluate the available scientific evidence regarding the utility of perfusion imaging in determining treatment eligibility in patients with acute stroke and in predicting their clinical outcome.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of the literature using PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library focusing on themes of medical imaging, stroke, treatment, and outcome (CRD42016037817). We included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-controlled studies published from 2011 to 2016. Two independent reviewers conducted the study appraisal, data abstraction, and quality assessments of the studies.ResultsOur literature search yielded 13 studies that met our inclusion criteria. In total, 994 patients were treated with the aid of perfusion imaging compared with 1819 patients treated with standard care. In the intervention group 51.1% of patients had a favorable outcome at 3 months compared with 45.6% of patients in the control group (p=0.06). Subgroup analysis of studies that used multimodal therapy (IV tissue plasminogen activator, endovascular thrombectomy) showed a significant benefit of perfusion imaging (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.51, p<0.01).ConclusionsPerfusion imaging may represent a complementary tool to standard radiographic assessment in enhancing patient selection for reperfusion therapy, with a subset of patients having up to 1.9 times the odds of achieving independent functional status at 3 months. This is particularly important as patients selected based on perfusion status often included individuals who did not meet the current treatment eligibility criteria.
Selective ophthalmic artery chemosurgery (SOAC) for retinoblastoma: fluoroscopic time and radiation dose parameters. A baseline study
Authors: Boddu Srikanth R , Abramson David H , Marr Brian P , Francis Jasmine H , Gobin Y Pierre 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate fluoroscopic time and radiation dose parameters, and factors affecting these parameters, during selective ophthalmic artery chemosurgery (SOAC) for retinoblastoma.Materials and methodsRetrospective review from the prospective database of all patients with retinoblastoma treated with SOAC over a 5-year period (September 2009–January 2015) at a single institution after receiving institutional review board approval. Patient demographics, arterial approach, access device, side of treatment, number of SOAC cycles/patient, number of drugs/SOAC, and radiation parameters (outcome variables), including the fluoroscopic time, dose–area product (DAP), and total radiation dose, were obtained from the database. Generalized linear regression was used for univariate and multivariate analysis of the outcome variables.ResultsIn 218 patients (M:F=94:124), 272 eyes were treated by 833 SOAC infusions during 792 procedures. Mean age, weight, SOAC cycle/patient, and drugs/cycle were 19±19.5 months, 11.4±6.4 kg, 2.72±1.6, and 2.48±0.8, respectively. Mean fluoroscopic time, DAP, and doses were 10.2±8.4 min, 218.7±240.8 cGy.cm2, and 42.3±41.4 mGy, respectively. Radiation parameters (fluoroscopic time, DAP, and dose) were significantly lower (p<0.001) for the ophthalmic artery (OA) approach (7.5±5.4; 147.7±138.4; 28.5±29.4) than with middle meningeal artery (13.4±5.6; 242±138; 51.4±27) and balloon-assisted infusion in the internal carotid artery (ICA; 17.8±11.5; 449.8±361; 81.8±63.3). Radiation parameters for microcatheter access (8.6±7.1; 193.4±181.3; 42.3±37) were significantly lower (p<0.001) than with the ICA (17.8±11.5; 449.8±361; 81.8±63.3). Radiation parameters for bilateral IA chemotherapy (IAC; 16.8±11.6; 320.7±268.7; 60.8±45.6) were significantly higher (p<0.001) than for unilateral IAC (8.9±6.6; 212.7±247; 42±41).ConclusionsIn SOAC for retinoblastoma, the OA approach, microcatheter access, and unilateral treatment were associated with significantly lower radiation parameters. We established benchmark radiation parameters for retinoblastoma SOAC in our patient cohort.
Changing reflections on the history of geology
Authors: Cooper Barry J. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The justification for studying the history of geology is analysed from an Australian perspective. It is considered that history is an essential part of all geological research. With the rise in geological employment, a natural interest in professional history has also developed. A long history of mining in Australia with geological involvement has also led to a greater appreciation of history by local communities. Human understanding of the world is enhanced by studying the history of the earth sciences. Much can be learned by studying the history of geology from an Australian perspective; however, the impact of European ideas and long-standing resource exploration has had a profound impact on Australian geology. Changing specializations in the earth sciences are also noteworthy, while, arguably, the historical role of some individual geologists has been significant.
Murchison in Sweden: consolidating Lower Silurian stratigraphy in the summer of 1844
Authors: Diemer John 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Roderick Murchison traversed southern Sweden from Göteborg to Stockholm from 28 July to 8 August 1844. He was accompanied by Sven Lovén and they made extensive use of the geognostic map of Sweden published in 1834 by Wilhelm Hisinger. During that campaign, they visited numerous outcrops of Hisinger's ‘Transition’ rocks and Murchison recognized them as belonging to the Lower Silurian, which he had described previously in Britain, Norway and Russia. In addition, he inspected fossil collections at the natural history museum in Stockholm and recognized that Gotland was composed of Upper Silurian rocks. Thus the 1844 campaign established for the first time the occurrence of Silurian rocks in Sweden and it consolidated the usefulness of Palaeozoic system terminology in this part of Scandinavia. Murchison's efficient research methodology ensured his rapid progress in the field and the widespread dissemination of his findings.
International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences: the earliest events
Authors: Grigelis Algimantas , Czarniecki Stanisław 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The article highlights the role of the Commission on Geological Exploration of the USSR (KOGI), formed in 1955 at the Geological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The valuable experience gained during work on the large KOGI project was later used by Moscow geologists in 1964 in the proposal leading to the establishment of the International Committee on the History of Geology (INHIGEO). At its Constituent Assembly held in Yerevan in 1967, the decision resulted in the election of 15 founding members, 20 corresponding members and a working agenda and its by-laws in the adoption of the committee statutes. The first INHIGEO membership was approved at the 23rd IGC in Prague in 1968 (12 members and 29 corresponding members).