bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interregional differences in MODIS‐derived cloud regimes
Authors: Leinonen Jussi , Lebsock Matthew D. , Oreopoulos Lazaros , Cho Nayeong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCloud regimes based on histogram clustering offer a potentially useful tool for observational analysis of clouds. The utility of the regimes depends on their ability to identify cloud structures that are associated with distinct meteorological conditions. In this study, active remote sensing observations from CloudSat and CALIPSO are binned according to the cloud regimes derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument. The occurrence of CloudSat radar reflectivity by altitude, as well as CloudSat‐CALIPSO retrievals of cloud cover, precipitation occurrence, cloud radiative effect, and multilayered cloud structure are analyzed for each MODIS cloud regime and for different regions. While the picture of the regimes given by CloudSat and CALIPSO is generally consistent with that derived from MODIS, substantial region‐to‐region variability is found within the regimes. The regimes constrain the shortwave cloud radiative effect well, while the longwave effect and the precipitation occurrence exhibit more variability. The joint distributions of radar reflectivity and altitude also reveal differences in the structure of clouds within each regime. Thus, it appears that there is region‐dependent variability within each regime, resulting from the different meteorological environments. Among the major differences in the cloud structure are cloud top height in convective clouds and the number of distinct cloud layers in boundary layer clouds. Thus, passive optical sensors appear limited in their ability to characterize clouds and assign them to distinct regimes. The differences can be used to estimate the cloud regime inherent variability for studies that use them as a proxy for the climate effects of clouds.
Mars' atmosphere: The sister planet, our statistical twin
Authors: Chen Wilbur , Lovejoy Shaun , Muller Jan‐Peter 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSatellite‐based Martian reanalyses have allowed unprecedented comparisons between our atmosphere and that of our sister planet, underlining various similarities and differences in their respective dynamics. Yet by focusing on large scale structures and deterministic mechanisms they have improved our understanding of the dynamics only over fairly narrow ranges of (near) planetary scales. However, the Reynolds numbers of the flows on both planets are larger than 1011 and dissipation only occurs at centimetric (Mars) or millimetric scales (Earth) so that over most of their scale ranges, the dynamics are fully turbulent. In this paper, we therefore examine the high‐level, statistical, turbulent laws for the temperature, horizontal wind, and surface pressure, finding that Earth and Mars have virtually identical statistical exponents so that their statistics are very similar over wide ranges. Therefore, it would seem that with the exception of certain aspects of the largest scales (such as the role of dust in atmospheric heating on Mars, or of water in its various phases on Earth), that the nonlinear dynamics are very similar. We argue that this is a prediction of the classical laws of turbulence when extended to planetary scales and that it supports our use of turbulent laws on both planetary atmospheres.
Grafting of Butadiene–Acrylonitrile Copolymer onto High Vinyl Polybutadiene by Copolymerization
Authors: Geng Jieting , Wang Xin , Hua Jing 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHigh vinyl polybutadiene‐graft‐(hydroxyl‐terminated butadiene–acrylonitrile copolymer) (HVPBR‐g‐HTBN) was successfully synthesized through the copolymerization of butadiene and HTBN using a molybdenum (Mo)‐based catalyst. The results indicated that the grafting coefficient of the product was <1 and the nitrogen content of the product was higher than that of linear HVPBR, demonstrating the grafting during the copolymerization by the Mo‐based catalyst. Upon grafting, the intrinsic viscosity of the product's solution was lower, while the molecular weight was higher than that of linear HVPBR. Moreover, the apparent viscosities of concentrated solutions of grafted products were lower than the linear counterpart, despite their higher molecular weight.
Characterization of the Polycaprolactam‐ or Polycaprolactone‐Grafted Polyurethane and the Grafting Effect on Water Vapor Permeation and Tensile Strength
Authors: Chung Yong‐Chan , Park Ji‐Eun , Kim Ji Som , Chun Byoung Chul 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPolycaprolactam or polycaprolactone was graft‐polymerized onto polyurethane (PU) to control the water vapor permeation and improve the tensile strength of PU. The tensile strength of the PU sharply increased with the grafting of polycaprolactam or polycaprolactone, without a decrease in the tensile strain. The soft segment melting properties did not significantly change with the increase in the lactam or lactone content. The shape recovery and shape retention of the PU series remained high after the grafting. The water vapor permeability (WVP) was reduced by the grafting of the polycaprolactam, whereas the WVP was increased by the grafting of polycaprolactone.
Transcranial doppler re‐screening of subjects who participated in STOP and STOP II
Authors: Adams Robert J. , Lackland Dan T. , Brown Lynette , Brown David , Voeks Jenifer , Fullerton Heather J. , Kanter Julie , Kwiatkowski Janet L. 
Published: September 2016

In children with Sickle Cell Disease, the combination of risk stratification with Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (TCD) and selective chronic red cell transfusion (CRCT—the STOP Protocol) is one of the most effective stroke prevention strategies in medicine. How fully it is being implemented is unclear.Nineteen of 26 sites that conducted the two pivotal clinical trials (STOP and STOP II) participated in Post STOP, a comprehensive medical records review assessing protocol implementation in the 10–15 years since the trials ended. Professional abstractors identified medical records in the Post STOP era in 2851 (74%) of the 3,840 children who took part in STOP and/or STOP II, and documented TCD rescreening, maintenance of CRCT in those at risk, and stroke. Among 1,896 children eligible for TCD rescreening (target group), evidence of any rescreening was found in 1,090 (57%). There was wide site variation in TCD rescreening ranging from 18% to 91% of eligible children. Both younger age and having a conditional TCD during STOP/II were associated with a higher likelihood of having a TCD in Post STOP. Sixty eight new abnormal, high risk cases were identified. Despite clear evidence of benefit the STOP protocol is not fully implemented even at experienced sites. Site variation suggests that system improvements might remove barriers to implementation and result in even greater reduction of ischemic stroke in children with SCD. Am. J. Hematol. 91:1191–1194, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugar Analogues that Target Glycosyltransferases
Authors: Merino Pedro , Delso Ignacio , Tejero Tomás , Ghirardello Mattia , Juste‐Navarro Verónica 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGlycosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that transfer carbohydrates to a range of substrates and they play a fundamental role in the recognition processes associated with several diseases. The design of glycomimetics of nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) sugars—the natural substrates that act as inhibitors or modulators of GTs—is not only necessary for the development of glycan‐based therapeutic drugs, but is also a crucial tool for understanding their mechanisms of action. Whilst a large number of inhibitors that consist of modifications of the carbohydrate unit and the pyrophosphate linkage have been designed, less attention has been paid to modifications at the ribose moiety and the nucleobase. However, in recent years, promising results have been obtained through such variations, which were prompted by the initial interest in the photolabeling of enzymes to study their structure. In this Focus Review, we survey recent progress in the synthesis of NDP‐sugar analogues that are modified at the ribose moiety or at the heterocyclic base.
Nitrogen dioxide pollution exposure is associated with olfactory dysfunction in older U.S. adults
Authors: Adams Dara R. , Ajmani Gaurav S. , Pun Vivian C. , Wroblewski Kristen E. , Kern David W. , Schumm L. Philip , McClintock Martha K. , Suh Helen H. , Pinto Jayant M. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundOlfactory dysfunction has profound effects on quality of life, physical and social function, and mortality itself. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a pervasive air pollutant that is associated with respiratory diseases. Given the olfactory nerve's anatomic exposure to airborne pollutants, we investigated the relationship between NO2 exposure and olfactory dysfunction.MethodsThe ability to identify odors was evaluated using a validated test in respondents from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), a representative probability sample of home‐dwelling, older U.S. adults age 57 to 85 years. Exposure to NO2 pollution was assessed using measurements obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) ambient monitoring site closest to each respondent's home. We tested the association between NO2 exposure and olfactory dysfunction using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsAmong older adults in the United States, 22.6% had impaired olfactory function, defined as ≤3 correct (out of 5) on the odor identification test. Median NO2 exposure during the 365 days prior to the interview date was 14.7 ppb (interquartile range [IQR], 10.8 to 19.7 ppb). An IQR increase in NO2 exposure was associated with increased odds of olfactory dysfunction (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.72), adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, cognition, comorbidity, smoking, and season of the home interview (n = 1823).ConclusionWe show for the first time that NO2 exposure is associated with olfactory dysfunction in older U.S. adults. These results suggest an important role for NO2 exposure on olfactory dysfunction, and, potentially, nasal disease more broadly.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Modular Synthesis of Cyclic Tertiary Amines from Lactams
Authors: Westhues Stefan , Meuresch Markus , Klankermayer Jürgen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractReported is the development of a novel catalytic cascade reaction facilitating the modular synthesis of cyclic tertiary amines from simple lactam substrates and secondary alcohols. Using a single molecular ruthenium‐triphos catalyst in the presence of molecular hydrogen enabled the versatile formation of various amines in high yield with excellent selectivity. Extending the reaction system to using an alcohol as the hydrogen transfer reagent allowed the reduction of lactams without the need for molecular hydrogen.
Direkte Umwandlung eines terminalen Borylen‐ in einen terminalen Phosphinidenkomplex
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Jimenez‐Halla J. Oscar C. , Radacki Krzysztof , Shang Rong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDer erste Manganphosphinidenkomplex wurde quantitativ aus einem terminalen Alkylborylenkomplex erhalten. Dessen Struktur, Bindungssituation sowie der zugrundeliegende Reaktionsmechanismus wurden durch eine Kombination experimenteller und theoretischer Studien untersucht.
Ein Hochdurchsatz‐Fluoreszenz‐Assay zur Bestimmung der Aktivität von Tryptophan‐Halogenasen
Authors: Schnepel Christian , Minges Hannah , Frese Marcel , Sewald Norbert 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDie Anwendung von Tryptophan‐Halogenasen für die enzymatische Halogenierung hat noch gravierende Limitierungen. Diese könnten mittels gerichteter Evolution überwunden werden, jedoch bedarf die Durchmusterung großer Mutantenbibliotheken eines robusten Hochdurchsatz‐fähigen Testsystems. Im Hinblick darauf wurde eine Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Kreuzkupplung als quantitativer Halogenase‐Assay auf Basis der Bildung eines fluoreszierenden Aryltryptophans entwickelt. Die Methode wurde für die Anwendung im E.‐coli‐Lysat ohne intermediäre Aufarbeitung optimiert und ermöglicht es, halogenierte Tryptophanderivate mit hoher Spezifität in der Mikrotiterplatte quantitativ nachzuweisen. Unter Verwendung dieses Verfahrens wurde eine thermostabile Tryptophan‐6‐Halogenase gefunden, indem mittels fehlerbehafteter PCR eine Mutantenbibliothek erzeugt wurde, die mithilfe der fluorogenen Kreuzkupplung auf erhöhte Thermostabilität durchmustert wurde. Diese Methode lieferte eine verbesserte Enzymvariante mit deutlich gesteigerter Stabilität sowie 2.5‐fach verbesserter Aktivität.
Nanoskopische Bildgebung weicher Materie mittels fluoreszierender Diarylethen‐Photoschalter
Authors: Nevskyi Oleksii , Sysoiev Dmytro , Oppermann Alex , Huhn Thomas , Wöll Dominik 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDie In‐situ‐Bildgebung weicher Materie ist grundlegend für ein tieferes Verständnis von Funktionalität auf nanoskopischer Ebene. Während superhochauflösende Fluoreszenzmikroskopiemethoden mit ihren bis dahin unerreichten Möglichkeiten der Bildgebung die Lebenswissenschaften revolutionierten, wurde dieses Potenzial in den Materialwissenschaften bisher kaum ausgeschöpft. Dabei stellt die begrenzte Verfügbarkeit an geeigneten Farbstoffen zur Überwindung des Beugungslimits eines der wesentlichen Hindernisse für einen breiteren Einsatz superhochauflösender Mikroskopieverfahren dar. Hier berichten wir über einen neuartigen Diarylethen‐basierten Photoschalter mit einer stark fluoreszierenden geschlossenen und einer nicht‐fluoreszierenden offenen Form. Seine photophysikalischen Eigenschaften, sein Schaltverhalten und seine hohe Photostabilität machen den Farbstoff zum idealen Kandidaten für photoaktivierte Lokalisationsmikroskopie (PALM). Anhand von aus amphiphilen Blockkopolymeren aufgebauten zylindrischen Mizellen belegen wir, wie damit apolare Strukturen mit einer Auflösung jenseits des Beugungslimits optischen Lichts abgebildet werden können.
A Drying‐Free, Water‐Based Process for Fabricating Mixed‐Matrix Membranes with Outstanding Pervaporation Performance
Authors: Deng Yu‐Heng , Chen Jung‐Tsai , Chang Chia‐Hao , Liao Kuo‐Sung , Tung Kuo‐Lun , Price William E. , Yamauchi Yusuke , Wu Kevin C.‐W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDespite much progress in the development of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for many advanced applications, the synthesis of MMMs without particle agglomeration or phase separation at high nanofiller loadings is still challenging. In this work, we synthesized nanoporous zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF‐8) nanoparticles with a particle size of 60 nm and a pore size of 0.34 nm in water and directly added them into an aqueous solution of the organic polymer poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) without an intermediate drying process. This approach led to a high‐quality PVA/ZIF‐8 MMM with enhanced performance in ethanol dehydration by pervaporation. The permeability of this MMM is three times higher than that of pristine PVA, and the separation factor is nearly nine times larger than that of pristine PVA. The significantly improved separation performance was attributed to the increase in the fractional free volume in the membranes.
Insights into the Reaction Mechanism of Ethanol Conversion into Hydrocarbons on H‐ZSM‐5
Authors: Van der Borght Kristof , Batchu Rakesh , Galvita Vladimir V. , Alexopoulos Konstantinos , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Thybaut Joris W. , Marin Guy B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEthanol dehydration to ethene is mechanistically decoupled from the production of higher hydrocarbons due to complete surface coverage by adsorbed ethanol and diethyl ether (DEE). The production of C3+ hydrocarbons was found to be unaffected by water present in the reaction mixture. Three routes for the production of C3+ hydrocarbons are identified: the dimerization of ethene to butene and two routes involving two different types of surface species categorized as aliphatic and aromatic. Evidence for the different types of species involved in the production of higher hydrocarbons is obtained via isotopic labeling, continuous flow and transient experiments complemented by UV/Vis characterization of the catalyst and ab initio microkinetic modeling.
A High‐Throughput Fluorescence Assay to Determine the Activity of Tryptophan Halogenases
Authors: Schnepel Christian , Minges Hannah , Frese Marcel , Sewald Norbert 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBiocatalytic halogenation with tryptophan halogenases is hampered by severe limitations such as low activity and stability. These drawbacks can be overcome by directed evolution, but for screening large mutant libraries, a facile high‐throughput method is required. Therefore, we developed a quantitative halogenase assay based on a Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling towards the formation of a fluorescent aryltryptophan. The technique was optimized for application in crude E. coli lysate without intermediary purification steps, and was used for quantitatively monitoring the formation of halogenated tryptophans with high specificity by facile fluorescence screening in microtiter plates. This novel screening approach was exploited to engineer a thermostable tryptophan 6‐halogenase. Libraries were constructed by error‐prone PCR and selected for improved thermal resistance simply by fluorogenic cross‐coupling. Our method led to an enzyme variant with substantially increased thermal stability and 2.5‐fold improved activity.
Optimization of solvent extraction process of some Turkish coals using response surface methodology and production of ash‐free coal
Authors: Sönmez Özgür , Gözmen Belgin , Çevik Turan , Giray Elife Sultan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn order to produce ash‐free coal (AFC) from three Turkish coals, solvent extraction of coals using 1‐methylnaphthalene (1‐MN) at different temperatures were conducted. The extraction yield of coals was found dependent on coal, temperature, and solvent type. When there was usage of 1‐MN as solvent, the extraction yield was low. However, on addition of N‐methyl‐2‐pyryrolidone (NMP) or quinoline (QN) into 1‐MN, the extraction yield increased. Following the extractions, we obtained AFC with less than 0.65% ash content for the three coals used in this study. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the solvent extraction conditions. The factors investigated were extraction temperature and additional polar solvent ratio. The obtained results demonstrated that either excess amount of polar solvent into 1‐MN should be added at low temperatures or extraction should be done at high temperatures using less polar solvent to obtain an increase in extraction efficiency. The sensitivity and validity of results obtained by RSM were confirmed through validation experiments. The results of validation experiments showed a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values (relative error <1.2) and that indicated the robustness of the models. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Including heavy vehicles in a car‐following model: modelling, calibrating and validating
Authors: Aghabayk Kayvan , Sarvi Majid , Young William 
Published: September 2016

SummaryHeavy vehicles influence general traffic in many different ways compared with passenger vehicles, and this may result in different levels of traffic instability. Increases in the number and proportion of heavy vehicles in the traffic stream will therefore result in different traffic flow conditions. This research initially outlines the different car‐following behaviour of drivers in congested heterogeneous traffic conditions indicating the necessity for developing a car‐following model, which includes these differences. A psychophysical car‐following model, similar in form to Weideman's car‐following model, was developed. Due to the complexity of the developed model, the calibration of the model was undertaken using a particle swarm optimisation algorithm with the data recorded under congested traffic conditions. This was then incorporated into a traffic microsimulation model. The results showed that the car‐following perceptual thresholds and thus action points of drivers differ based on their vehicle and the lead vehicle types. The inclusion of the heavy vehicles in the model showed significant impacts on the traffic dynamic and interactions amongst different vehicles. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strong green fluorescent hydrogels with Ba2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ phosphor embedded in cellulose
Authors: Zhang Xinguo , Qin Xingzhen , Chen Hailan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNon‐cytotoxic and green‐emitting fluorescent hydrogels were constructed from a cellulose solution containing Ba2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ green phosphor in a NaOH/urea aqueous system. The structure, optical properties and cytotoxicity of these hydrogels were studied. The Ba2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ phosphor particles were dispersed evenly in the cellulose hydrogel matrix. Good luminescent properties of Ba2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ phosphor were maintained in the hydrogels, leading to strong green emission under ultraviolet excitation. Fluorescent hydrogels have no obvious cytotoxicity in a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) proliferation test, and have potential use in in vivo applications like optical imaging and drug delivery.
Defining small vessels and bioresorbable vascular scaffold outcomes
Authors: Velagapudi Poonam , Abbott J. Dawn 
Published: September 2016

Key Points

Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) are non‐inferior to second generation drug eluting stents (DES) but thrombosis rates for BVS in small vesseles is a concern.
The BVS‐SAVE registry of small vesseles (<2.75 mm) supports safety and efficacy of BVS in this high risk lesion subset.
Definitive recommendation for BVS in small vessels require further trials DES with evaluation of the lower threshold for minimal reference vesseles diameter.
To achieve, or not to achieve complete revascularization
Authors: Belardi Jorge A. , Albertal Mariano 
Published: September 2016

Key Points

Prior to minimally invasive valve surgery, a strategy of complete revascularization did not impact overall survival.
Angiographically guided revascularization may have resulted in unnecessary procedures.
A larger sample size and greater atherosclerotic burden may be needed to observe an impact with complete revascularization.
The 3 S's of the Sapien balloon expandable valve
Authors: Kornowski Ran 
Published: September 2016

Key Points

The Sapien 3 (S3) balloon expandable aortic valve equipped with an outer skirt to minimize paravalvular leakage (PVL) was built upon the predecessor Sapien XT (SXT) valve.
There is scant comparative data of transcatheter aortic valve replacement using S3 versus SXT valve.
The study shows that S3 valve is associated with reduced PVL rate compared with SXT, which is an important clinical advantage.
Promising, but still a matter of debate
Authors: Sotomi Yohei , Serruys Patrick W. 
Published: September 2016

Key Points

Several trials failed to demonstrate the efficacy of plaque modification device in patients with severely calcified coronary lesions.
Safety and efficacy of the Diamondback 360® Coronary OAS have been demonstrated by the ORBIT II trial. The 2‐year follow‐up of the ORBIT II trial extends the favorable results previously shown at 30‐day and 1‐year follow‐up.
The single arm, non‐randomized character of the trial with indirect historical comparison may restrict the results to hypothesis generating and entail further prospective randomized trials.