bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal effects of prenatal exposure to air pollutants on self‐regulatory capacities and social competence
Authors: Margolis Amy E. , Herbstman Julie B. , Davis Katie S. , Thomas Valerie K. , Tang Deliang , Wang Ya , Wang Shuang , Perera Frederica P. , Peterson Bradley S. , Rauh Virginia A. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundWe evaluated the influence of prenatal exposure to widespread urban air pollutants on the development of self‐regulation and social competence in a longitudinal prospective cohort of children born to nonsmoking minority women in New York City.MethodsAir pollutant exposure was estimated categorically by level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)‐DNA adducts in maternal blood collected at delivery, providing a biomarker of maternal exposure to PAH over a 2‐ to 3‐month period. Deficient emotional self‐regulation (DESR) was defined as moderate elevations on three specific scales of the child behavior checklist (anxious/depressed, aggressive behavior, and attention problems). We used generalized estimating equations to assess the influence of prenatal exposure to PAH on DESR in children at 3–5, 7, 9, and 11 years of age, adjusted for gender and race/ethnicity. Next, we assessed the association of prenatal exposure to PAH with social competence, as measured by the social responsiveness scale (SRS), the association of impaired self‐regulation with social competence, and whether impairment in self‐regulation mediated the association of prenatal exposure to PAH with social competence.ResultsWe detected a significant interaction (at p = .05) of exposure with time, in which the developmental trajectory of self‐regulatory capacity was delayed in the exposed children. Multiple linear regression revealed a positive association between presence of PAH‐DNA adducts and problems with social competence (p < .04), level of dysregulation and problems with social competence (p < .0001), and evidence that self‐regulation mediates the association of prenatal exposure to PAH with social competence (p < .0007).ConclusionsThese data suggest that prenatal exposure to PAH produces long‐lasting effects on self‐regulatory capacities across early and middle childhood, and that these deficits point to emerging social problems with real‐world consequences for high‐risk adolescent behaviors in this minority urban cohort.
Is GLP‐1 a hormone: Whether and When?
Authors: D'Alessio David 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is a product of proglucagon cleavage synthesized in L cells in the intestinal mucosa, α‐cells in the pancreatic islet, and neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract. GLP‐1 is essential for normal glucose tolerance and acts through a specific GLP‐1 receptor that is expressed by islet β‐cells as well as other cell types. Because plasma concentrations of GLP‐1 increase following meal ingestion it has been generally presumed that GLP‐1 acts as a hormone, communicating information from the intestine to the endocrine pancreas through the circulation. However, there are a number of problems with this model including low circulating concentrations of GLP‐1 in plasma, limited changes after meal ingestion and rapid metabolism in the plasma. Moreover, antagonism of systemic GLP‐1 action impairs insulin secretion in the fasting state, suggesting that the GLP‐1r is active even when plasma GLP‐1 levels are low and unchanging. Consistent with these observations, deletion of the GLP‐1r from islet β‐cells causes intolerance after IP or IV glucose, challenges that do not induce GLP‐1 secretion. Taken together, these data support a model whereby GLP‐1 acts through neural or paracrine mechanisms to regulate physiologic insulin secretion. In contrast, bariatric surgery seems to be a condition in which circulating GLP‐1 could have an endocrine effect. Both gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy are associated with substantial increases in postprandial GLP‐1 release and in these conditions interference with GLP‐1r signaling has a significant impact on glucose regulation after eating. Thus, with either bariatric surgery or treatment with long‐acting GLP‐1r agonists, circulating peptide mediates insulinotropic activity. Overall, a case can be made that physiologic actions of GLP‐1 are not hormonal, but that an endocrine mechanism of GLP‐1r activation can be co‐opted for therapeutics.
Discovery of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and its subsequent fate: Personal reflections
Authors: Pederson Raymond A , McIntosh Christopher HS 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe present review focuses initially on experimental studies that were designed to identify acid inhibitory factors, referred to as ‘enterogastrones,’ that ultimately led to the isolation of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), a 42‐amino acid polypeptide. GIP was shown to inhibit acid secretion in animal models, as well as stimulating gastric somatostatin secretion. However, its role in human gastric physiology is unclear. Further studies showed that GIP strongly stimulated the secretion of insulin, in the presence of elevated glucose, and this ‘incretin’ action is now considered to be its most important; an alternative for the GIP acronym, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, was therefore introduced. In the 1970s, GIP purified by conventional chromatography was shown by high‐performance liquid chromatography to consist largely of GIP1‐42 and GIP3‐42. It was later shown that dipeptidyl peptidase 4 was a physiologically relevant enzyme responsible for this conversion, as well as the similar metabolism of the second incretin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1. Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors are currently in use as type 2 diabetes therapeutics, and studies on islet transplantation in rodent models of type 1 diabetes have shown that dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor treatment reduces graft rejection. Additional studies on C‐terminally shortened forms of GIP have shown that GIP1‐30 and a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4‐resistant form (D‐Ala2GIP1‐30) are equipotent to the intact polypeptide in vitro, and administration of D‐Ala2GIP1‐30 to diabetic rodents greatly improved glucose tolerance and reduced apoptotic cell death in islet β‐cells. There are probably therefore further clinically useful effects of GIP that require investigation.
Hidden suppression of sex ratio distortion suggests Red queen dynamics between Wolbachia and its dwarf spider host
Authors: Vanthournout B. , Hendrickx F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGenetic conflict theory predicts strong selection for host nuclear factors suppressing endosymbiont effects on reproduction; however, evidence of these suppressors is currently scarce. This can either be caused by a low suppressor evolution rate, or if suppressors originate frequently, by rapid spread and concurrent masking of their activity by silencing the endosymbiont effect. To explore this, we use two populations of a dwarf spider with a similar female bias, caused by a Wolbachia infection. Using inter‐ and intrapopulation crosses, we determine that one of these populations demonstrates a higher suppressing capability towards Wolbachia despite having a similar population sex ratio. This suggests that spider and endosymbiont are locked in so‐called red queen dynamics where, despite continuous coevolution, average fitness remains the same, hence hiding the presence of the suppressor. Finding different suppressor activity in populations that even lack phenotypic differentiation (i.e. similar sex ratio) further supports the hypothesis that suppressors originate often, but are often hidden by their own mode of action by countering endosymbiont effects.
Using AGREE II to evaluate the quality of traditional medicine clinical practice guidelines in China
Authors: Deng Wei , Li Le , Wang Zixia , Chang Xiaonan , Li Rui , Fang Ziye , Wei Dang , Yao Liang , Wang Xiaoqin , Wang Qi , An Guanghui , Chen Yaolong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate/assess the quality of the clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) of traditional medicine in China.MethodsWe systematically searched the literature databases WanFang Data, VIP, CNKI, and CBM for studies published between 1978 and 2012 to identify and select CPGs of traditional medicine. We used the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument to evaluate these guidelines.ResultsA total of 75 guidelines were included, of which 46 guidelines (62%) were on Traditional Chinese Medicine, 19 (25%) on Chinese Integrated Medicine, and 10 (13%) on Uyghur Medicine. Most traditional medicine CPGs published in domestic journals scored <20% (range: 0% to 63%). Eleven (14%) CPGs were developed following the methodology of evidence‐based medicine. In each domain of AGREE II, traditional medicine CPGs performed clearly better than international CPGs. The same trend was seen in guidelines of modern medicine.ConclusionsAn increasing amount of CPGs are being published, but their quality is low. Referring to the key points of international guidelines development, supervision through AGREE II, cooperating with international groups and exploring the strategy of guideline development could improve the quality of CPGs on traditional medicine.
The use of GRADE approach in systematic reviews of animal studies
Authors: Wei Dang , Tang Kun , Wang Qi , Estill Janne , Yao Liang , Wang Xiaoqin , Chen Yaolong , Yang Kehu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe application of Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) in systematic review (SR) of animal studies can promote the translation from bench to bedside. We aim to explore the use of GRADE in SRs of animal studies.MethodsWe used a theoretical analysis method to explore the use of GRADE in SR of animal studies and applied in an SR of animal studies. Meanwhile, we presented and discussed our results in two international conferences.ResultsFive downgrade factors were considered as follows in SRs of animal studies: (1) Risk of bias: the SYRCLE tool can be used for assessing the risk of bias of animal studies. (2) Indirectness: we can assess indirectness in SRs of animal studies from the PICO. (3) Inconsistency: similarity of point estimates, extent of overlap of confidence intervals (CIs), and statistical heterogeneity are also suitable to evaluate inconsistency of evidence from animal studies. (4) Imprecision: optimal information size and 95% CIs are also suitable for SRs of animal studies, like those of clinical trials. (5) Publication bias: we need to consider publication bias comprehensively through the qualitative and quantitative methods.ConclusionsThe methods about the use of GRADE in SR of animal studies are explicit. However, the principle about GRADE in developing the policy based on the evidence from animal studies when there is an emergency of public health.
Development of Lemon Marmalade Formulated with New Sweeteners (Isomaltulose and Tagatose): Effect on Antioxidant, Rheological and Optical Properties
Authors: Rubio‐Arraez Susana , Ferrer Carlos , Capella Juan Vicente , Ortolá María Dolores , Castelló María Luisa 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to make lemon marmalades in which sucrose is replaced by sweeteners such as tagatose and isomaltulose. Analyses of ºBrix, pH, moisture, water activity, antioxidant capacity, optical and rheological properties were carried out on marmalades on their first day of storage, and after 60 days of storage. Microbiological analyses were also performed. Moreover, a sensory evaluation was performed to assess its consumer acceptance as compared to marmalade made with sucrose. The results showed that the antioxidant capacity of the new formulations was lower than in marmalade with sucrose. Moreover, marmalades made with healthy sweeteners showed lower consistency than those made with sucrose. Lemon marmalades formulated with a higher proportion of isomaltulose initially had high luminosity compared to the other samples, but browned over time. All marmalades were microbiologically stable, and the marmalades made with healthy sweeteners were scored better than those made with sucrose.Practical ApplicationsThe development of new healthier marmalades offer new alternatives to the conventional ones not only to prevent caries and obesity but also to provide functional features associated with the use of tagatose and isomaltulose as sweeteners. However, not always it is possible to replace traditional components by others and that is why is so important to assess their technological influence. In this study, the viability of the use of both sweeteners to prepare lemon marmalades has been checked.
Effect of Ultrasound on Alkali Extraction Protein from Rice Dreg Flour
Authors: Li Kexin , Ma Haile , Li Shujun , Zhang Cunsheng , Dai Chunhua 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this study, Counter‐current ultrasound‐assisted alkali was employed to extract rice dreg protein (RDP) from rice dreg flour (RDF). The results indicated that extraction yield of RDP reached a maximum value at 0.08 mol/L alkali concentrate. It was only 43.20% in absence of ultrasound, whereas it reached up to 88.44% under ultrasonic condition. Amino acid composition, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectra were used to determine amino acid composition, morphology, aggregates and microstructure of RDP. Ultrasound treatment could result in improving of hydrophobic amino acids content and changing of RDF and RDP microstructure, showing enhancement in the porosity of RDF particle, variation of RDP particle size. Thus, the acceleration of protein extraction was related to the changes of RDF and RDP microstructure caused by ultrasound. Counter‐current ultrasound‐assisted alkali extraction, as a modified method, was proved to be helpful in industrial manufacture of RDP from RDF.Practical ApplicationsLow‐frequency high‐intensity ultrasound has been used in many aspects in laboratory, such as extraction of components, pretreatment. Counter‐current ultrasound‐assisted extraction was proved to be helpful in industrial manufacture of protein because it can dramatically improve extraction rate of rice dreg protein, and Counter‐current ultrasound method can achieve continuous production of industrialization.
Mathematical Modeling of Low Temperature High Velocity (LTHV) Drying in Foods
Authors: Kilic Aydin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe main purpose of this study is the mathematical modeling of low temperature and high velocity (LTHV) drying method with different temperatures and its comprehensive evaluations in fish. For this purpose, 200 g of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was dried with a single layer dryer by using 7 m/s air velocity and ∼40–50% relative humidity at 4, 10, 15 and 20°C. Based on the experiments, weight loss (percentage), final moisture content and drying times were determined. Twenty‐three different mathematical models were applied to the observed data to perform a nonlinear regression analysis and the result was comprehensively evaluated by using 14 evaluation criteria. Moreover, the exponential forms of thin‐layer drying curves of fish samples were derived. Consequently, the most suitable mathematical models were selected for the LTHV drying conditions considering evaluation criteria. In this regard, the most suitable six models (Logarithmic, Midilli‐Kucuk, Demir et al., Hii et al., Balbay‐Şahin and Alibas) were selected for the LTHV drying at 4°C that is the most suitable drying temperature for food quality. After comprehensive evaluations, it was understood that some of the evaluation criteria give same results in similar drying conditions as the residual sum of squares (RSS), total sum of squares (SST) and sum of squares (SSE).Practical ApplicationsLTHV drying method is a cold drying process that performed at very low temperatures (≤20°C) and high velocities (≤7 m/s). LTHV drying refers an indoor thin‐layer drying of food products, which is entirely exposed to the cold drying air moving throughout the food product. In the open literature, this new drying method has some preservative effects on food quality especially at 4°C. In addition, it is well known that the drying equations can easily be applied to industrial drying applications. In this regard, thin‐layer LTHV drying equations can contribute to the drying characteristics of perishable and semidried food. This study allows researchers to select the suitable drying equations and provide which of them should be preferred. The study also provides a comprehensive evaluation of mathematical models for specific products.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure in India: The Indian National Association for Study of the Liver consortium experience
Authors:   Shalimar, Saraswat Vivek , Singh Shivaram P , Duseja Ajay , Shukla Akash , Eapen Chundamannil E , Kumar Dharmendra , Pandey Gaurav , Venkataraman Jayanti , Puri Pankaj , Narayanswami Krishnasamy , Dhiman Radha K , Thareja Sandeep , Nijhawan Sandeep , Bhatia Shobna , Zachariah Uday , Sonika Ujjwal , Varghese Thomas , Acharya Subrat K 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground and AimThe aim of this study was to analyze etiologies and frequency of hepatic and extrahepatic organ failures (OFs) and outcome of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) at 10 tertiary centers in India.MethodsIn this retrospective study (2011–2014), patients satisfying Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver definition of ACLF were included. Etiology of acute precipitating insult and chronic liver disease and outcomes were assessed. Occurrence and severity of OF were assessed by chronic liver failure‐sequential organ failure assessment score.ResultsThe mean (±SD) age of 1049 consecutive ACLF patients was 44.7 ± 12.2 years; Eighty‐two percent were men. Etiology of acute precipitants included alcohol 35.7%, hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis E) 21.4%, sepsis 16.6%, variceal bleeding 8.4%, drugs 5.7%, and cryptogenic 9.9%. Among causes of chronic liver disease, alcohol was commonest 56.7%, followed by cryptogenic and hepatitis viruses. Predictors of survival were analyzed for a subset of 381 ACLF patients; OF's liver, renal, coagulation, cerebral, respiratory, and failure were seen in 68%, 32%, 31.5%, 22.6%, 14.5%, and 15%, respectively. Fifty‐seven patients had no OF, whereas 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 OFs were recorded in 126, 86, 72, 28, and 12 patients, respectively. The mortality increased progressively with increasing number of OFs (12.3% with no OF, 83.3% with five OFs). During a median hospital stay of 8 days, 42.6% (447/1049) of patients died. On multivariate analysis by Cox proportional hazard model, elevated serum creatinine (hazard ratio [HR] 1.176), advanced hepatic encephalopathy (HR 2.698), and requirement of ventilator support (HR 2.484) were independent predictors of mortality.ConclusionsAlcohol was the commonest etiology of ACLF. Within a mean hospital stay of 8 days, 42% patients died. OFs independently predicted survival.
The intravesicular cocktail and its role in the regulation of exocytosis
Authors: Estévez‐Herrera Judith , González‐Santana Ayoze , Baz‐Dávila Rebeca , Machado José D. , Borges Ricardo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe accumulation of neurotransmitters within secretory vesicles (SVs) far exceeds the theoretical tonic concentrations in the cytosol, a phenomenon that has captivated the attention of scientists for decades. For instance, chromaffin granules can accumulate close to molar concentrations of catecholamines, along with many other products like ATP, calcium, peptides, chromogranins, ascorbate, and other nucleotides. In this short review, we will summarize the interactions that are currently believed to occur between the elements that make up the vesicular cocktail in the acidic environment of SVs, and how they permit the accumulation of such high concentrations of certain components. In addition, we will examine how the vesicular cocktail regulates the exocytosis of neurotransmitters.
imageIn this review, we have highlighted the mechanisms that permit the storage of neurotransmitters and hormones inside secretory vesicles. We also have proposed a novel model based in the intravesicular interactions of the main components of this inner cocktail – catecholamines, ATP, and chromogranins – to allow the accumulation of near molar concentrations of transmitters in secretory vesicles.This article is part of a mini review series on Chromaffin cells (ISCCB Meeting, 2015).
Loss of collapsin response mediator protein 4 suppresses dopaminergic neuron death in an 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Tonouchi Aine , Nagai Jun , Togashi Kentaro , Goshima Yoshio , Ohshima Toshio 
Published: March 2016

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Several lines of evidence suggest that neurodegeneration in PD is accelerated by a vicious cycle in which apoptosis in dopaminergic neurons triggers the activation of microglia and harmful inflammatory processes that further amplify neuronal death. Recently, we demonstrated that the deletion of collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) suppresses inflammatory responses and cell death in a mouse model of spinal cord injury, leading to improved functional recovery. We thus hypothesized that Crmp4−/− mice may have limited inflammatory responses and a decrease in the loss of SNc dopaminergic neurons in an 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced PD mouse model. We observed CRMP4 expression in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia/macrophages following the injection of 25 mg/kg MPTP. We compared the number of dopaminergic neurons and the inflammatory response in SNc between Crmp4+/+ and Crmp4−/− mice after MPTP injection. Limited loss of SNc dopaminergic neurons and decreased activations of microglia and astrocytes were observed in Crmp4−/− mice. These results suggest that CRMP4 is a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of PD patients.
imageWe demonstrated that genetic CRMP4 deletion delays a vicious cycle of inflammation and neurodegeneration in a Parkinson's disease mouse model. MPTP (1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine) injection to wild‐type mice induces collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) up‐regulation in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. CRMP4‐deficient mice show reduced inflammation and suppressed dopaminergic neuronal death after MPTP injection. These findings suggest that CRMP4 deletion may be a new therapeutic strategy against Parkinson's diseases.