bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sleep Disorders Associated with Parkinson's Disease:Role of Dopamine, Epidemiology, and Clinical Scales of Assessment
Authors: Mehta Shyamal H. , Morgan John C. , Sethi Kapil D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTSleep dysfunction is common among patients with Parkinson's disease and occurs in approximately two thirds of patients. The problems range from nocturnal issues such as difficulty with sleep initiation, sleep fragmentation, disturbance of circadian rhythm, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, to daytime problems such as excessive daytime sleepiness. Frequent nighttime awakening and sleep disruption are the most common sleep problems in Parkinson's disease. Dopamine plays an important role in maintaining wakefulness. To improve sleep in Parkinson's disease, it is important to achieve the critical balance of adequate dopaminergic therapy and control of symptoms. Increased dopaminergic agents can cause dyskinesias and painful dystonia, and undertreatment can cause nighttime akinesia, rigidity, and worse quality of sleep. Other nondopaminergic drugs commonly used in Parkinson's disease can also affect sleep. In patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus has a favorable impact on sleep quality and sleep architecture.
Sleep Disturbances and Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Friedman Joseph H. , Millman Richard P. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTAlthough Parkinson's disease is defined by its motor symptoms, the symptoms that are most devastating to patients and caregivers are dementia and psychosis. In addition, sleep has a tremendous impact on patient well being and quality of life. Eighty percent to 90% of Parkinson's disease patients have a sleep disorder affecting their ability to fall asleep, ability to stay asleep, dreams, motor activity during sleep, post-sleep behavior, or day-time somnolence. Treatment plans for patients with Parkinson's disease who experience sleep disorders aim to improve nighttime sleep or daytime wakefulness, and treatment options vary by sleep disorder.
Introduction: The Impact of Continuous Levodopa Infusion in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Wolters Erik 
Published: August 2016

Parkinson's disease was first described in 1817 by James Parkinson. Based on his observation of only six individuals, Parkinson accurately described the resting tremor and festinate gait, bradykinesia, and postural instability associated with the disease today. Parkinson's disease primarily affects people >50 years of age and causes progressive neurological degeneration, physical disability, and worsening quality of life.Consequently, most currently available drugs aim to restore striatal dopamine signaling. This can be best reached by increasing the supply of dopamine with oral levodopa (L-dopa), but also by stimulating dopamine receptors directly using dopamine agonists, or by inhibiting the reuptake of endogenous dopamine. Unfortunately, mainly due to the short half-life of L-dopa and the erratic absorption of oral L-dopa (causing pulsatile dopaminergic stimulation) these treatment strategies become increasingly ineffective in the course of this disease, and motor complications may further reduce the quality of life in these patients.
Psychological Status and Levels of Sleepiness-Alertness Among Patients With Insomnia
Authors: Rosenthal Leon D. , Meixner Renata M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAre symptoms of daytime sleepiness relevant among patients with insomnia? Patients with insomnia frequently report daytime consequences secondary to their difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of daytime sleepiness as defined by a self-reported measure of daytime sleepiness (the Epworth Sleepiness Scale). In addition, the study characterized the patients' psychological status using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. The study corroborated a relatively high frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness and psychiatric conditions among patients with insomnia. Furthermore, the results of the study suggest variation in psychological distress levels, according to the different levels of sleepiness/alertness.
Medication Treatment for Depression in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Ryan Neal D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTDepression in children and adolescents is relatively common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality—thus, it is strongly deserving of treatment. To date, there have been a number of randomized, controlled trials of both tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the acute treatment of depression in youths. Surprisingly, the available data do not demonstrate TCA superiority over placebo for this disorder in this age group. There is, however, evidence of SSRI superiority to placebo, and longer-term treatment with SSRIs may help prevent recurrence. There is almost no data on other pharmacologic approaches. Effective use of the efficacious treatments also depends on effective case-finding and providing treatment, which families and youths will take in adequate quantity and duration. The right approaches to these aspects of effective treatment are greatly understudied.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With Integrations From Interpersonal and Experiential Therapies
Authors: Borkovec Thomas D. , Newman Michelle G. , Castonguay Louis G. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTAfter providing background information on the definition and nature of generalized anxiety disorder, this article describes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) methods that have been empirically supported in the treatment of this disorder. Subsequent to this description, relevant outcome literature is briefly reviewed, along with evidence that the addition of other techniques beyond traditional CBT methods may be necessary to maximize clinical outcome. A description is then provided of an integrated interpersonal/emotional processing therapy that the authors have recently added to their CBT protocol. CBT with and without this integrated treatment is currently being evaluated in an experimental trial.
Beyond the Treatment of Epilepsy: New Applications of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Psychiatry
Authors: Kosel Markus , Schlaepfer Thomas E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTVagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in humans generally refers to stimulation of the left vagus nerve at the cervical level. VNS is an established treatment largely devoid of severe side effects for medically refractory partial-onset seizures and has been used in more than 16,000 patients. Over the past 5 years, applications in other neuropsychiatric disorders have been investigated, with a special emphasis on depression. Recent data from an open-label, multi-center pilot study involving 60 patients suggest a potential clinical usefulness in the acute and maintenance treatment of drug-resistant depressive disorder. The perspective of VNS as a long-term treatment with the advantage of assured compliance makes it an interesting technique to potentially treat drug-resistant depression. However, definite therapeutic effects of clinical significance remain to be confirmed in large placebo-controlled trials. Results of clinical pilot studies involving patients suffering from obesity and Alzheimer's disease indicate that VNS might induce weight loss and improve cognition. Besides its clinical usefulness, VNS can be used as a research tool, allowing neuro-physiologic investigations of the parasympathetic system and its interactions with other parts of the central nervous system.
Abuse and Neglect in Childhood: Relationship to Personality Disorder Diagnoses
Authors: Bierer Linda M. , Yehuda Rachel , Schmeidler James , Mitropoulou Vivian , New Antonia S. , Silverman Jeremy M. , Siever Larry J. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTBackground:Childhood history of abuse and neglect has been associated with personality disorders and has been observed in subjects with lifetime histories of suicidality and self-injury. Most of these findings have been generated from inpatient clinical samples.Methods:This study evaluated self-rated indices of sustained childhood abuse and neglect in an outpatient sample of well-characterized personality disorder subjects (n=182) to determine the relative associations of childhood trauma indices to specific personality disorder diagnoses or clusters and to lifetime history of suicide attempts or gestures. Subjects met criteria for ~2.5 Axis II diagnoses and 24% reported past suicide attempts. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was administered to assess five dimensions of childhood trauma exposure (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). Logistic regression was employed to evaluate salient predictors among the trauma measures for each cluster, personality disorder, and history of attempted suicide and self-harm. All analyses controlled for gender distribution.Results:Seventy-eight percent of subjects met dichotomous criteria for some form of childhood trauma; a majority reported emotional abuse and neglect. The dichotomized criterion for global trauma severity was predictive of cluster B, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder diagnoses. Trauma scores were positively associated with cluster A, negatively with cluster C, but were not significantly associated with cluster B diagnoses. Among the specific diagnoses comprising cluster A, paranoid disorder alone was predicted by sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Within cluster B, only antisocial personality disorder showed significant associations with trauma scores, with specific prediction by sexual and physical abuse. For borderline personality disorder, there were gender interactions for individual predictors, with emotional abuse being the only significant trauma predictor, and only in men. History of suicide gestures was associated with emotional abuse in the entire sample and in women only; self-mutilatory behavior was associated with emotional abuse in men.Conclusion:These results suggest that childhood emotional abuse and neglect are broadly represented among personality disorders, and associated with indices of clinical severity among patients with borderline personality disorder. Childhood sexual and physical abuse are highlighted as predictors of both paranoid and antisocial personality disorders. These results help qualify prior observations of the association of childhood sexual abuse with borderline personality disorder.
Psychosocial Approaches of Acute Stress Reactions
Authors: Bryant Richard A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTWhat are the conceptual and empirical bases for current interventions for acute stress reactions following trauma exposure? This review compares the two major alternatives to managing acute stress reactions, outlines their conceptual bases and critiques the evidence for their efficacy in preventing subsequent stress disorders. The review integrates current evidence for cognitive behavior therapy with recent neuroscience findings that fear reduction learning can be enhanced by modulating glutamaterigc systems. D-cycloserine provides exciting opportunities to enhance the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy, and points to closer understanding of the biological mechanisms that underpin clinical gains achieved by psychological therapies.
Is SAD Lost to SAD?
Authors: Kasper Siegfried 
Published: August 2016

Since 1984, 447 articles have been published using the acronym “SAD” for seasonal affective disorder in the heading of the publication, and since 1992, 59 articles have used “SAD” in the heading of the publication as an acronym for social anxiety disorder, according to MEDLINE. Using the acronym SAD for social anxiety disorder has been used with more frequency in recent scientific publications—interestingly, mostly in connection with newer antidepressants that have been found to be of therapeutic potential for this indication. To avoid possible confusions in research, the acronym “SOAD” was proposed for social anxiety disorder by Kasper and Winkler and “SAnD” by Nutt (D.J. Nutt, MD, PhD, unpublished data, 2004)—seemingly without success since these abbreviations are not seen in the literature. This month, CNS Spectrums focuses on the existing literature on the original acronym for SAD—seasonal affective disorder and its worldwide recognition.In the early 1980s, Rosenthal and colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) set out to describe a syndrome called SAD, not to be confused with the other, more recent SAD, social anxiety disorder. The original has been known to physicians since ancient times, dating back to Aretaeus the Cappadocian. However, the NIMH researchers for the first time systematically described the clinical symptomatology, compared it with healthy controls, and differentiated SAD from nonseasonal depression. Their work in tandem with emerging technology led to the discovery of the underlying pathophysiology of SAD and treatment approaches. The most important of these approaches were light therapy and pharmacotherapeutic options.
Treatment-Refractory Schizoaffective Disorder in a Patient with Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome
Authors: Amann Benedikt , de la Iglesia Celia García , McKenna Peter , Pomarol-Clotet Edith , Sanchez-Guerra Marisa , Orth Michael 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTDyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome, or cerebral hemiatrophy, is a pre- or perinatally acquired entity characterized by predominantly neurologic symptoms, such as seizures, facial asymmetry, contralateral hemiplegia, and mental retardation. Psychiatric symptoms are rarely reported. We report the first case of left cerebral hemiatrophy and a late onset of treatment-resistant schizoaffective disorder after a stressful life event. The patient finally responded well to clozapine. The clinical history and results from structural neuroimaging are highlighted to discuss the possible developmental bias for psychotic disorders.
Disordered Gambling Among Racial and Ethnic Groups in the US: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Authors: Alegría Analucía A. , Petry Nancy M. , Hasin Deborah S. , Liu Shang-Min , Grant Bridget F. , Blanco Carlos 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Prior research suggests that racial minority groups in the United States are more vulnerable to develop a gambling disorder than whites. However, no national survey on gambling disorders exists that has focused on ethnic differences.Methods: Analyses of this study were based on the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a large (N=43,093) nationally representative survey of the adult (≥18 years of age) population residing in house-holds during 2001–2002 period. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Text Revision diagnoses of pathological gambling, mood, anxiety, drug use, and personality disorders were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IVVersion.Results: Prevalence rates of disordered gambling among blacks (2.2%) and Native/Asian Americans (2.3%) were higher than that of whites (1.2%). Demographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity differed among Hispanic, black, and white disordered gamblers. However, all racial and ethnic groups evidenced similarities with respect to symptom patterns, time course, and treatment seeking for pathological gambling.Conclusion: The prevalence of disordered gambling, but not its onset or course of symptoms, varies by racial and ethnic group. These varying prevalence rates may reflect, at least in part, cultural differences in gambling and its acceptability and accessibility. These data may inform the need for targeted prevention strategies for high-risk racial and ethnic groups.
Suicidal Ideation in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Kummer Arthur , Cardoso Francisco , Teixeira Antonio Lucio 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjective: To assess the frequency of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in patients with Parkinson's disease.Methods: The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) were administered to 90 consecutive, non-demented Parkinson's disease patients. They were also submitted to a complete neurologic examination which included brief cognitive batteries, the Mini Mental Status Exam, and Frontal Assessment Battery. We analyzed the scores of the section of the MINI related to the risk of suicide as well as the specific questions of BDI and HAM-D concerning suicidal ideation.Results: No patient had ever attempted suicide. According to MINI, suicidal ideation was present in 13 patients (14.4%) with Parkinson's disease. All instruments assessed the risk of suicide in a similar way. Suicidal ideation was associated only with lower age (P=.022), lower age of Parkinson's disease onset (P=.021), panic disorder (P=.004), social anxiety disorder (P=.007), and major depression (P<.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that major depression was the main predictor of suicidal ideation.Conclusion: Suicide attempts seem to be uncommon in Parkinson's disease, despite the fact that the rates of suicidal ideation are possibly elevated. Depression seems to be the most important predictor of suicidal ideation in Parkinson's disease.
The Switching of Risperidone to Olanzapine in Elderly Nursing-Home Patients with Dementia: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Madhusoodanan Subramoniam , Bogunovic Olivera 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTBackground:The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia present a major challenge in the management of these patients. There is no Food and Drug Administration-indicated medication for the management of these symptoms. Even though atypical antipsychotics are considered safer than conventional antipsychotics, safety concerns have emerged.Introduction:The FDA has issued warnings regarding the cardiac and metabolic side effects, cerebrovascular events, and, most recently, mortality risk. This study was conducted in 2003 when physicians were notified of the cerebrovascular risks of risperidone. Since then, similar warnings have been issued for olanzapine and aripiprazole.Methods:The medical records of 58 elderly dementia patients who were taking risperidone and were abruptly switched to olanzapine were reviewed. Clinical Global Impressions scale at assigned retrospectively at switch, and weeks 4–6 assessed treatment.Results:Baseline and follow-up Clinical Global Impressions scale scores were essentially unchanged. Adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. Mean risperidone dose at switch was 1.54 mg/day (range: 0.25–6 mg/day). Mean olanzapine dose after the switch was 5.69 mg/day (range: 2.52–27.5 mg/day).Conclusion:Most of the 58 patients were switched from risperidone to olanzapine without any deterioration in their clinical status. Even though it is generally not recommended in elderly patients, abrupt switching did not have any negative consequences in this group of patients.
Mitochondrial Myopathy Complicated by Eating Disorder: A Case Report Highlighting the Potential Interaction of Genetic, Metabolic, and Psychodynamic Factors
Authors: Deutsch Stephen I. , Rosse Richard B. , Yaseen Mohammad , Schulman Howard M. , Abraham Samathanam 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTA case is presented of a 56-year-old woman with a history of an eating disorder that preceded recognition of a mitochondrial myopathy.The possibility exists that her eating disorder was causally related to a more fundamental defect in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. This case report highlights the phenotypic variability of mitochondrial myopathies. An increased risk of eating disorder may be associated with drugs that interfere with mitochondrial oxidative respiration.
The Relationship of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Eating Disorders to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Phillips Katharine A. , Kaye Walter H. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and eating disorders are body image disorders that have long been hypothesized to be related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Available data suggest that BDD and eating disorders are often comorbid with OCD. Data from a variety of domains suggest that both BDD and eating disorders have many similarities with OCD and seem related to OCD. However, these disorders also differ from OCD in some ways. Additional research is needed on the relationship of BDD and eating disorders to OCD, including studies that directly compare them to OCD in a variety of domains, including phenomenology, family history, neurobiology, and etiology.
Brain Hemispheric Organization, Anxiety, and Psychoses
Authors: Galderisi Silvana , Mucci Armida , Maj Mario 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAbnormalities of brain hemispheric organization have been found in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Despite the great amount of data collected and the number of theoretical models elaborated, the role of these abnormalities in the pathogenesis of these disorders remains controversial. This article briefly reviews current concepts of hemispheric functioning, discusses the role of abnormalities of brain hemispheric organization in schizophrenia and in two anxiety disorders (panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder), and outlines a developmental perspective that accounts for the observed abnormalities.
Brain-Immune Interactions in Neuropsychiatry: Highlights of the Basic Science and Relevance to Pathogenic Factors and Epiphenomena
Authors: Petitto John M. , Repetto Martin J. , Hartemink David A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUnraveling the significant complexity of brain-immune interactions could provide essential new insights and potential treatment considerations for the clinical neurosciences. Despite considerable research relating immunological changes to major neuropsychiatric disorders, it has been difficult to establish that immunological processes are involved in the development of central nervous system pathology associated with these disorders. This brief article highlights some of the landmark basic studies and seeks to convey essential principles guiding research in brain-immune interactions. Research in this area often incorporates several disciplines, ranging from psychology and neuroscience to immunology and molecular genetics. The clinical implications of this area of research are discussed, with emphasis on the challenge of disentangling pathogenic factors and valid markers of disease from epiphenomena.
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain for Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Nuttin Bart , Gabriëls Loes , Cosyns Paul , Gybels Jan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDespite advances in therapies, there remain psychiatric patients who are extremely ill and cannot be helped by classic psychiatric treatments, including psychotherapy and drug therapy. Certain of these patients may be helped by use of bilateral brain lesioning. The complication rate of standard stereotactic psychosurgery techniques is very low. The main rationale for the continued experimental use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in neurosurgery for mental disorders is its reversibility. This reversibility is not an advantage in terms of the benefits obtained, but rather if side effects emerge. In addition, electrical stimulation may provide patients with some autonomy for their treatment. The first, very preliminary results of electrical stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder and for a small heterogeneous group of patients with other psychiatric disorders have been published. Electrical stimulation of the brain for psychiatric disorders may become a new treatment option for certain intractable psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action of DBS in psychiatric disorders is unknown, and the experience with this modality is extremely limited. The first results look promising, but this treatment option may prove unusable for some time because of a lack of knowledge of appropriate brain stimulation targets and technical problems such as the availability of sufficient current supply.