bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Clinical Exposure to Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine on Confidence Levels of Medical Students
Authors: Shapiro Lisa N. , Defoe Danielle , Jung Min-Kyung , Li To Shan , Yao Sheldon C. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Context
Training in osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) is a unique component of the osteopathic medical school curriculum. Indicators of successful OMM programming include student comfort in explaining and performing OMM as well as confidence in using OMM on future patients. Research on the amount of clinical exposure sufficient to achieve this goal is limited.

Objectives
To gauge the impact of clinical OMM exposure on medical students’ self-assessed understanding of OMM, their ability to discuss, explain, and perform OMM, and their plan to use OMM in their future practice.

Methods
Fourth-year osteopathic medical students were e-mailed surveys before (baseline), during, and after 4 weeks (postrotation) of an elective OMM rotation. Answers were scaled from 0 to 10, with 0 being not at all comfortable/confident and 10 being the most comfortable/confident.

Results
Thirty-five students participated in the survey. A significant mean (SD) increase was found between the baseline and postrotation scores for students’ understanding of OMM principles (1.43 [0.51]; P<.001), comfort discussing OMM principles with patients (1.27 [0.88]; P<.001), comfort with explaining OMM to someone unfamiliar with it (1.32 [0.82]; P<.001), comfort with performing an osteopathic structural examination (2.23 [1.44]; P<.001), and confidence incorporating OMM into future practice (1.86 [0.47]; P<.001).

Conclusion
Increased clinical exposure to OMM increased the confidence of osteopathic medical students in all dimensions surveyed. This observation can help guide the development of undergraduate osteopathic clinical programming as well as standards for entry of allopathic residents into ACGME programs with osteopathic designation.
Effects of spatial heterogeneity and material anisotropy on the fracture pattern and macroscopic effective toughness of Mancos Shale in Brazilian tests
Authors: Na SeonHong , Sun WaiChing , Ingraham Mathew D. , Yoon Hongkyu 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFor assessing energy‐related activities in the subsurface, it is important to investigate the impact of the spatial variability and anisotropy on the geomechanical behavior of shale. The Brazilian test, an indirect tensile‐splitting method, is performed in this work, and the evolution of strain field is obtained using digital image correlation. Experimental results show the significant impact of local heterogeneity and lamination on the crack pattern characteristics. For numerical simulations, a phase field method is used to simulate the brittle fracture behavior under various Brazilian test conditions. In this study, shale is assumed to consist of two constituents including the stiff and soft layers to which the same toughness but different elastic moduli are assigned. Microstructural heterogeneity is simplified to represent mesoscale (e.g., millimeter scale) features such as layer orientation, thickness, volume fraction, and defects. The effect of these structural attributes on the onset, propagation, and coalescence of cracks is explored. The simulation results show that spatial heterogeneity and material anisotropy highly affect crack patterns and effective fracture toughness, and the elastic contrast of two constituents significantly alters the effective toughness. However, the complex crack patterns observed in the experiments cannot completely be accounted for by either an isotropic or transversely isotropic effective medium approach. This implies that cracks developed in the layered system may coalesce in complicated ways depending on the local heterogeneity, and the interaction mechanisms between the cracks using two‐constituent systems may explain the wide range of effective toughness of shale reported in the literature.
Characteristics of mesospheric gravity waves over Antarctica observed by Antarctic Gravity Wave Instrument Network imagers using 3‐D spectral analyses
Authors: Matsuda Takashi S. , Nakamura Takuji , Ejiri Mitsumu K. , Tsutsumi Masaki , Tomikawa Yoshihiro , Taylor Michael J. , Zhao Yucheng , Pautet P.‐Dominique , Murphy Damian J. , Moffat‐Griffin Tracy 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe have obtained horizontal phase velocity distributions of the gravity waves around 90 km from four Antarctic airglow imagers, which belong to an international airglow imager/instrument network known as ANGWIN (Antarctic Gravity Wave Instrument Network). Results from the airglow imagers at Syowa (69°S, 40°E), Halley (76°S, 27°W), Davis (69°S, 78°E), and McMurdo (78°S, 167°E) were compared, using a new statistical analysis method based on 3‐D Fourier transform (Matsuda et al., 2014) for the observation period between 7 April and 21 May 2013. Significant day‐to‐day and site‐to‐site differences were found. The averaged phase velocity spectrum during the observation period showed preferential westward direction at Syowa, McMurdo, and Halley, but no preferential direction at Davis. Gravity wave energy estimated by I′/I was ~5 times larger at Davis and Syowa than at McMurdo and Halley. We also compared the phase velocity spectrum at Syowa and Davis with the background wind field and found that the directionality only over Syowa could be explained by critical level filtering of the waves. This suggests that the eastward propagating gravity waves over Davis could have been generated above the polar night jet. Comparison of nighttime variations of the phase velocity spectra with background wind measurements suggested that the effect of critical level filtering could not explain the temporal variation of gravity wave directionality well, and other reasons such as variation of wave sources should be taken into account. Directionality was determined to be dependent on the gravity wave periods.
Biological and land use controls on the isotopic composition of aquatic carbon in the Upper Mississippi River Basin
Authors: Voss Britta M. , Wickland Kimberly P. , Aiken George R. , Striegl Robert G. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRiverine ecosystems receive organic matter (OM) from terrestrial sources, internally produce new OM, and biogeochemically cycle and modify organic and inorganic carbon. Major gaps remain in the understanding of the relationships between carbon sources and processing in river systems. Here we synthesize isotopic, elemental, and molecular properties of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) system above Wabasha, MN, including the main stem Mississippi River and its four major tributaries (Minnesota, upper Mississippi, St. Croix, and Chippewa Rivers). Our goal was to elucidate how biological processing modifies the chemical and isotopic composition of aquatic carbon pools during transport downstream in a large river system with natural and man‐made impoundments. Relationships between land cover and DOC carbon‐isotope composition, absorbance, and hydrophobic acid content indicate that DOC retains terrestrial carbon source information, while the terrestrial POC signal is largely replaced by autochthonous organic matter, and DIC integrates the influence of in‐stream photosynthesis and respiration of organic matter. The UMR is slightly heterotrophic throughout the year, but pools formed by low‐head navigation dams and natural impoundments promote a shift toward autotrophic conditions, altering aquatic ecosystem dynamics and POC and DIC compositions. Such changes likely occur in all major river systems affected by low‐head dams and need to be incorporated into our understanding of inland water carbon dynamics and processes controlling CO2 emissions from rivers, as new navigation and flood control systems are planned for future river and water resources management.
The role of Iraqi dust in inducing lung injury in United States soldiers—An interdisciplinary study
Authors: Harrington Andrea D. , Schmidt Millicent P. , Szema Anthony M. , Galdanes Karen , Tsirka Stella E. , Gordon Terry , Schoonen Martin A. A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUnited States soldiers are returning from the Greater Middle East with respiratory illnesses ranging from new onset asthma to constrictive bronchiolitis. The etiologies of the diseases are unknown. A study was conducted to determine the possible role of local mineral dust in the development of abnormal respiratory illnesses in soldiers during and after deployment in Iraq. A dust sample obtained in proximity to a burn pit in Camp Victory, Iraq (Camp Victory dust) was characterized both chemically and mineralogically. For comparison, a dust sample from Fort Irwin, California (Fort Irwin dust) was also collected. The ability of the dust samples to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) was quantified, as well as their ability to generate an inflammatory stress response (ISR) in human lung epithelial cells. Both samples are composed of common silicate and carbonate minerals and contain heavy metals with concentration ranges expected for mineral dust. The ISR generated by each sample was within the range of inert material with the minimal stress generated associated with the carbonate phases. The findings based on this one sample suggest that the origin of the disease is not driven by the particles ability to generate ROS. However, it is likely that particle overload and associated complications, or endotoxin contributes extensively to pathogenesis.
What controls the partitioning between baseflow and mountain block recharge in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau?
Authors: Yao Yingying , Zheng Chunmiao , Andrews Charles , Zheng Yi , Zhang Aijing , Liu Jie 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMountainous areas are referred to as “water towers” since they are the source of water for many low‐lying communities. The hydrologic budgets of these areas, which are particularly susceptible to climate change, are typically poorly constrained. To address this, we analyzed the partitioning between baseflow and mountain block recharge (MBR) using a regional groundwater model of the northern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau run with multiple scenarios. We found that ~19% of precipitation is recharged, approximately 35% of which becomes MBR, while 65% discharges as baseflow. This partitioning is relatively independent of the recharge rate but is sensitive to exponential depth decrease of hydraulic conductivity (K). The MBR is more sensitive to this exponential decrease in K than baseflow. The proportion of MBR varies from twice to half of baseflow as the decay exponent increases by more than fivefold. Thus, the depth dependence of K is critical for quantifying hydrologic partitioning in these sensitive areas.
Bayesian rupture imaging in a complex medium: The 29 May 2012 Emilia, Northern Italy, earthquake
Authors: Causse Mathieu , Cultrera Giovanna , Moreau Ludovic , Herrero André , Schiappapietra Erika , Courboulex Françoise 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe develop a new approach to image earthquake rupture from strong motion data. We use a large data set of aftershock waveforms, interpolated over the seismic fault to obtain Green's function approximations. Next we deploy a Bayesian inversion method to characterize the slip distribution, the rupture velocity, the slip duration, and their uncertainties induced by errors in the Green's functions. The method is applied to the 29 May 2012 Mw 6 Emilia earthquake, which ruptured a fault buried below the Po Plain sediments (Northern Italy). Despite the particularly complex wave propagation, the near‐field strong motion observations are well reproduced with 15 rupture parameters. The rupture and slip velocities were notably slow (~0.5 Vs and <0.5 m/s, respectively), implying that the fault was difficult to break. This method opens some perspectives for earthquake rupture studies in areas where numerical simulations suffer from imprecise knowledge of the velocity structure.
Summer drought reconstruction in northeastern Spain inferred from a tree ring latewood network since 1734
Authors: Tejedor E. , Saz M. A. , Esper J. , Cuadrat J. M. , de Luis M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDrought recurrence in the Mediterranean is regarded as a fundamental factor for socioeconomic development and the resilience of natural systems in context of global change. However, knowledge of past droughts has been hampered by the absence of high‐resolution proxies. We present a drought reconstruction for the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula based on a new dendrochronology network considering the Standardized Evapotranspiration Precipitation Index (SPEI). A total of 774 latewood width series from 387 trees of P. sylvestris and P. uncinata was combined in an interregional chronology. The new chronology, calibrated against gridded climate data, reveals a robust relationship with the SPEI representing drought conditions of July and August. We developed a summer drought reconstruction for the period 1734–2013 representative for the northeastern and central Iberian Peninsula. We identified 16 extremely dry and 17 extremely wet summers and four decadal scale dry and wet periods, including 2003–2013 as the driest episode of the reconstruction.
Model‐observation comparison for the geographic variability of the plasma electric drift in the Earth's innermost magnetosphere
Authors: Lejosne Solène , Maus Stefan , Mozer F. S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPlasmaspheric rotation is known to lag behind Earth rotation. The causes for this corotation lag are not yet fully understood. We have used more than 2 years of Van Allen Probe observations to compare the electric drift measured below L ~ 2 with the predictions of a general model. In the first step, a rigid corotation of the ionosphere with the solid Earth was assumed in the model. The results of the model‐observation comparison are twofold: (1) radially, the model explains the average observed geographic variability of the electric drift; (2) azimuthally, the model fails to explain the full amplitude of the observed corotation lag. In the second step, ionospheric corotation was modulated in the model by thermospheric winds, as given by the latest version of the horizontal wind model. Accounting for the thermospheric corotation lag at ionospheric E region altitudes results in significantly better agreement between the model and the observations.
Numerical simulations of rotating bubble plumes in stratified environments
Authors: Fabregat Tomàs Alexandre , Poje Andrew C. , Özgökmen Tamay M. , Dewar William K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe effects of system rotation on the turbulent dynamics of bubble plumes evolving in stratified environments are numerically investigated by considering variations in both the system rotation rate and the gas‐phase slip velocity. The turbulent dispersion of a passive scalar injected at the source of a buoyant plume is strongly altered by the rotation of the system and the nature of the buoyancy at the source. When the plume is driven by the density defect associated with the presence of slipping gas bubbles, the location of the main lateral intrusion decreases with respect to the single‐phase case with identical inlet volume, momentum, and buoyancy fluxes. Enhanced downdrafts of carrier phase fluid result in increased turbulent mixing and short‐circuiting of detraining plume water that elevate near‐field effluent concentrations. Similarly, rotation fundamentally alters dynamic balances within the plume leading to the encroachment of the trapping height on the source and an increase in turbulent dispersion in the near field. System rotation, even at modest Rossby numbers, produces a sustained, robust, anticyclonic precession of the plume core. The effects of rotation and the presence of bubbles are cumulative. The vertical encroachment of the primary intrusion and the overall dispersion of effluent are greatest at smallest Rossby numbers and largest slip velocities. The main characteristic feature in rotating single‐phase plumes, namely the robust anticyclonic precession, persists in bubble plumes. Analysis of the momentum budgets reveal that the mechanism responsible for the organized precession, i.e., the establishment of an unstable vertical hydrostatic equilibrium related to radial cyclostrophic balance, does not differ from the single‐phase case.
Daily‐scale planetary wave patterns and the modulation of cold season weather in the northern extratropics
Authors: Xie Z. , Black R. X. , Deng Y. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTropospheric planetary waves, often linked to asymmetries in lower boundary forcing, significantly modulate atmospheric blocking and storm track structures that are, in turn, linked to extreme surface weather events. Day‐to‐day variability in the planetary scale circulation, taken as wave numbers 1 to 5 in the daily 500 hPa geopotential heights, and the associated impact on storm tracks and regional weather are studied for the period 1950–2005. Six boreal cold‐season distinct planetary wave patterns are identified via hierarchical cluster analysis. The first, second, and sixth patterns feature a prominent zonal wave number 1 structure, while the fourth and fifth patterns resemble the negative and positive phases of northern annular mode, respectively. The second pattern represents an amplification of the climatological mean wave structure, while the third pattern resembles the zonal wave number 3 pattern. A multitaper spectral analysis of the daily projection indices indicates that the planetary wave patterns are primarily intraseasonal in nature. The first (sixth) pattern combines the positive (negative) phase of the Pacific‐North American teleconnection pattern and negative (positive) phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, inducing poleward (equatorward) shifts in the Pacific storm track and a weakened (strengthened) Atlantic storm track. In contrast, the fourth (fifth) pattern results in a simultaneous equatorward (poleward) displacement of both storm tracks. Extreme cold waves over the continental United States (U.S.) are favored during occurrences of the fourth and sixth patterns. During episodes of the first pattern, increased rainfall prevails over much of the U.S., while precipitation anomalies induced by the other patterns are more regional in nature.
A cloudy planetary boundary layer oscillation arising from the coupling of turbulence with precipitation in climate simulations
Authors: Zheng X. , Klein S. A. , Ma H.‐Y. , Caldwell P. , Larson V. E. , Gettelman A. , Bogenschutz P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) adopts Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB) scheme and an updated microphysics (MG2) scheme for a more unified treatment of cloud processes. This makes interactions between parameterizations tighter and more explicit. In this study, a cloudy planetary boundary layer (PBL) oscillation related to interaction between CLUBB and MG2 is identified in CAM. This highlights the need for consistency between the coupled subgrid processes in climate model development. This oscillation occurs most often in the marine cumulus cloud regime. The oscillation occurs only if the modeled PBL is strongly decoupled and precipitation evaporates below the cloud. Two aspects of the parameterized coupling assumptions between CLUBB and MG2 schemes cause the oscillation: (1) a parameterized relationship between rain evaporation and CLUBB's subgrid spatial variance of moisture and heat that induces an extra cooling in the lower PBL and (2) rain evaporation which happens at a too low an altitude because of the precipitation fraction parameterization in MG2. Either one of these two conditions can overly stabilize the PBL and reduce the upward moisture transport to the cloud layer so that the PBL collapses. Global simulations prove that turning off the evaporation‐variance coupling and improving the precipitation fraction parameterization effectively reduces the cloudy PBL oscillation in marine cumulus clouds. By evaluating the causes of the oscillation in CAM, we have identified the PBL processes that should be examined in models having similar oscillations. This study may draw the attention of the modeling and observational communities to the issue of coupling between parameterized physical processes.
State‐space models and stored electromagnetic energy for antennas in dispersive and heterogeneous media
Authors: Gustafsson Mats , Ehrenborg Casimir 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAccurate and efficient evaluation of the stored energy is essential for Q factors, physical bounds, and antenna current optimization. Here it is shown that the stored energy can be estimated from quadratic forms based on a state‐space representation derived from the electric and magnetic field integral equations. The derived expressions are valid for small antennas embedded in temporally dispersive and inhomogeneous media. The quadratic forms also provide simple single frequency formulas for the corresponding Q factors. Numerical examples comparing the different Q factors are presented for dipole and meander line antennas in conductive, Debye, and Lorentz media for homogeneous and inhomogeneous media. The computed Q factors are also verified with the Q factor obtained from the stored energy in Brune synthesized circuit models.
Method for the determination of hydrazine in workplace air using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2017]
Authors: Krämer W. , Brock T.H. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2017

Abstract

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of hydrazine in workplace air for risk assessment at work. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through an adsorption tube filled with XAD‐2 impregnated with 2,4‐pentanedione using a flow‐regulated pump. The flow rate is set to 200 mL/min with a recommended air sample volume of approx. 48 litres at a sampling period of 4 hours. After sampling the formed 3,5‐dimethylpyrazole is extracted with methanol and analysed by means of gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The absolute limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.05 ng and the relative LOQ is 0.002 mg/m
3
based on an air sample volume of approx. 48 litres. The mean recovery was 82% and the expanded uncertainty for the overall measurement method 18%.

Joint Publication of the Analytical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Board of Experts of the Expert Committee Raw Materials and Chemical Industry of the German Social Accident Insurance and the Working Group “Air Analyses” of the Permanent Senate Commission of the DFG for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.
Quecksilber – Methode zur Bestimmung von Dämpfen des Quecksilbers und seinen anorganischen Verbindungen in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz mittels Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hebisch R. , Fröhlich N. , Houben T. , Schneider W. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2017

Abstract

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of vapour from mercury and its inorganic compounds in workplace air using atomic absorption spectrometry in a concentration range of one thousandth up to twice the currently valid Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) or MAK value of 0.02 mg/m
3
. Both personal and stationary sampling can be performed for risk assessment at work. Sampling is carried out by drawing a defined volume of air through an adsorption tube filled with hopcalite (mixture of MnO
2
and CuO) using a flow‐regulated pump. The flow rate is set to 250 mL/min with a recommended air sample volume of approx. 30 L at a sampling duration of 2 hours. After sampling the loaded hopcalite is transferred into a quartz boat and the collected mercury can be analysed directly via atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function obtained by means of a 10‐point calibration. The limit of quantification is 0.013 µg/m
3
based on an air sample volume of approx. 30 L with an expanded uncertainty between 18 and 21 %.