bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultramorphological and molecular characteristics of the larval stages of the horse nasal‐myiasis fly,Rhinoestrussp. (Diptera: Oestridae) from Mongolian horse in China
Authors: Dong Junbin , Bao Haiquan , Mang Lai 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRhinoestrussp. (Diptera: Oestridae) is an economically important parasite that can cause severe nasal myiasis in equids and can also affect humans. The ultrastructure of allRhinoestrussp. larval instars from Mongolian horse was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy to characterize the features ofRhinoestrus. The structure of the anterior region, posterior region, and the spines of the third segment was analyzed for 10 specimens in each larval stage. Additionally, 34 third‐instar (L3) larvae ofRhinoestrussp. from Mongolian horse were subjected to molecular characterization by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Partial sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COXI) was performed. Phylogenetic relationships forRhinoestrussp. from Mongolian horse were reconstructed based on COXI sequences and COXI homologs from 12 oestrid species available in GenBank, and inter‐ and intraspecies variations in nucleotide sequences were analyzed. The cephalopharyngeal skeleton ofRhinoestrussp. from Mongolian horse at immature stages was composed of “H”‐shaped hypopharyngeal sclerites and “Y”‐shaped pharyngeal sclerites. Pairs of papillary sensillae in the cephalic region maintained the same number and location in all three instars, but the third instar additionally included two pairs of verruciform sensillae. COXI sequences ofRhinoestrussp. larvae collected from Mongolian horses were separated from those ofCephenemyiasp. and other species ofRhinoestrus(R.phacochoeriandR.usbekistanicus). Our sequence analyses demonstrate that all samples greatly resembledRhinoestrus purpureusbut were notR. purpureus. Further studies will be needed to confirm the existence of a new species. The pairs of papillary sensilla in the cephalic region retained the same number and location in all three instars, but included two pairs of verruciform sensilla in the third‐instar larvae collected from Mongolian horses were more closely related to those ofOestrus ovisandPharyngomyia picta.
Validated thin‐layer chromatographic method for the identification and monitoring of the effect of the extraction method on the yield and phytochemical constituents of Egyptian Withania somnifera leaves
Authors: Mahrous Rahma S. R. , Fathy Hoda M. , Abu EL‐Khair Rasha M. , Omar Abdallah A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA sensitive, reliable, simple and rapid thin‐layer chromatographic method has been developed for routine analysis of withanolide S content for the purpose of quality control assessment of chemotype III of Withania somnifera. The new method was used first to compare the accumulation of withanolide S in different parts of the plant, which was found to be the highest in the leaves extract (0.21% w/w). Second, to investigate different extraction parameters that improve the extraction efficiency of withanolides from the leaves using conventional and ultrasound‐assisted extraction methods. The extraction efficiency was expressed via total withanolide content and withanolide S content.
Linear Precision Glycomacromolecules with Varying Interligand Spacing and Linker Functionalities Binding to Concanavalin A and the Bacterial Lectin FimH
Authors: Igde Sinaida , Röblitz Susanna , Müller Anne , Kolbe Katharina , Boden Sophia , Fessele Claudia , Lindhorst Thisbe K. , Weber Marcus , Hartmann Laura 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA series of precision glycomacromolecules is prepared following previously established solid phase synthesis allowing for controlled variations of interligand spacing and the overall number of carbohydrate ligands. In addition, now also different linkers are installed between the carbohydrate ligand and the macromolecular scaffold. The lectin binding behavior of these glycomacromolecules is then evaluated in isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and kinITC experiments using the lectin Concanavalin A (Con A) in its dimeric and tetrameric form. The results indicate that both sterical and statistical effects impact lectin binding of precision glycomacromolecules. Moreover, ITC results show that highest affinity toward Con A can be achieved with an ethyl phenyl linker, which parallels earlier findings with the bacterial lectin FimH. In this way, a first set of glycomacromolecule structures is selected for testing in a bacterial adhesion–inhibition study. Here, the findings point to a one‐sugar binding mode mainly affected by sterical restraints of the nonbinding parts of the respective glycomacromolecule.
Protocols for the Design of Kinase‐focused Compound Libraries
Authors: Jacoby Edgar , Wroblowski Berthold , Buyck Christophe , Neefs Jean‐Marc , Meyer Christophe , Cummings Maxwell D. , van Vlijmen Herman 
Published: November 2017

AbstractProtocols for the design of kinase‐focused compound libraries are presented. Kinase‐focused compound libraries can be differentiated based on the design goal. Depending on whether the library should be a discovery library specific for one particular kinase, a general discovery library for multiple distinct kinase projects, or even phenotypic screening, there exists today a variety of in silico methods to design candidate compound libraries. We address the following scenarios: 1) Datamining of SAR databases and kinase focused vendor catalogues; 2) Predictions and virtual screening; 3) Structure‐based design of combinatorial kinase inhibitors; 4) Design of covalent kinase inhibitors; 5) Design of macrocyclic kinase inhibitors; and 6) Design of allosteric kinase inhibitors and activators.
NMR, MP2, and DFT study of thiophenoxyketenimines (o‐thio‐Schiff bases): Determination of the preferred form
Authors: Saeed Bahjat A. , Elias Rita S. , Kamounah Fadhil S. , Hansen Poul Erik 
Published: November 2017

Five new thiophenoxyketinimines have been synthesized. 1H and 13C NMR spectra as well as deuterium isotope effects on 13C chemical shifts are determined, and spectra are assigned. DFT and MP2 calculations of both structures, chemical shifts, and isotope effects on chemical shifts are done. The combined analysis reveals that the compounds are primarily on a zwitterionic form with an NH+ and a S− group and with a little of the neutral form mixed in. Very strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding is found and very high NH chemical shifts are observed.The theoretical calculations show that calculations at the MP2 level are best to obtain correct “C═S” chemical shifts.
The effects of intravoxel contrast agent diffusion on the analysis of DCE‐MRI data in realistic tissue domains
Authors: Woodall Ryan T. , Barnes Stephanie L. , Hormuth David A. , Sorace Anna G. , Quarles C. Chad , Yankeelov Thomas E. 
Published: November 2017

PurposeQuantitative evaluation of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) allows for estimating perfusion, vessel permeability, and tissue volume fractions by fitting signal intensity curves to pharmacokinetic models. These compart mental models assume rapid equilibration of contrast agent within each voxel. However, there is increasing evidence that this assumption is violated for small molecular weight gadolinium chelates. To evaluate the error introduced by this invalid assumption, we simulated DCE‐MRI experiments with volume fractions computed from entire histological tumor cross‐sections obtained from murine studies.MethodsA 2D finite element model of a diffusion‐compensated Tofts‐Kety model was developed to simulate dynamic T1 signal intensity data. Digitized histology slices were segmented into vascular (vp), cellular and extravascular extracellular (ve) volume fractions. Within this domain, Ktrans (the volume transfer constant) was assigned values from 0 to 0.5 min−1. A representative signal enhancement curve was then calculated for each imaging voxel and the resulting simulated DCE‐MRI data analyzed by the extended Tofts‐Kety model.ResultsResults indicated parameterization errors of −19.1% ± 10.6% in Ktrans, −4.92% ± 3.86% in ve, and 79.5% ± 16.8% in vp for use of Gd‐DTPA over 4 tumor domains.ConclusionThese results indicate a need for revising the standard model of DCE‐MRI to incorporate a correction for slow diffusion of contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 80:330–340, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Multifunctional triphenylamine polymers synthesized via direct (hetero) arylation polymerization
Authors: Schmatz Brian , Ponder James F. , Reynolds John R. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe design rules for creating multifunctional organic electronic materials are currently limited. By copolymerizing twisted triphenylamine (TPA) and electron rich dioxythiophene (XDOT) monomers via Direct (Hetero) Arylation Polymerization (DHAP), a set of polymers are obtained that perform as yellow to transmissive electrochromic (EC) films with up to 45% contrast, as well as in electroluminescent (EL) applications, achieving a luminance of ∼450 cd/m2 in yellow‐green polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs). In addition, polymerizing TPA with a donor‐acceptor‐donor monomer results in a low‐bandgap polymer that achieves power conversion efficiencies up to 2.5% when blended with PC71BM in conventional organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. Incorporation of TPA units into the polymer backbone largely breaks any aggregation and ordering in the solid‐state, leading to highly soluble materials that form smooth, reproducible thin films. The TPA unit also serves to break conjugation throughout the polymer backbone, providing precise control over optical and electronic properties through choice of comonomer. These results suggest that TPA copolymers can be useful for achieving multi‐functionality without sacrificing facile solution processability, making them promising candidates for multifunctional devices like dual EC/EL displays. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 147–153
Synthesis and Investigation of the New Derivatives of Poly(Epichlorohydrin) Containing Energetic Groups
Authors: Atabaki Fariborz , Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Bastam Naser Noorollahy 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this research, poly(epichlorohydrin)(PECH) is modified by phenylhydrazine as well as 4‐nitrophenylhydrazine and 2,4‐dinitro phenylhydrazine. The chemical structures of the new derivatives of PECH are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultraviolet‐visible (UV) techniques as well as carbon‐hydrogen‐nitrogen (CHN) ultimate analysis. Thermal characteristics of reaction products are studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, glass transition temperature (Tg) of these new polymers are determined. The results indicate that modifications of the poly(epichlorohydrin) are carried out successfully. The new energetic derivatives of PECH are good candidates for chemical industries, which may be considered as a novel class of energetic binders.
A comparison study of control charts for Weibull distributed time between events
Authors: Wang Fu‐Kwun , Bizuneh Berihun , Abebe Temesgen Hailegiorgis 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMonitoring decreases in the mean of Weibull time between events data to address process quality deteriorations is an important task in reliability analysis. Two new control charts such as Weibull exponentially weighted moving average and mixed cumulative sum‐exponentially weighted moving average by transforming the Weibull data to the exponential data are proposed and compared with 2 existing control charts such as Weibull cumulative sum and mixed exponentially weighted moving average‐cumulative sum. The performance comparison provides a way to select a specific control chart in a given situation. The average run length and the standard deviation of the run length are used as performance measures. The relative mean index is also utilized to measure the overall performance. The smaller the value of the relative mean index, the better the performance of the control chart and vice versa. Two illustrative examples are provided to show the applications of the proposed control charts.
Facile Synthesis of Highly Water‐Soluble Lanthanide‐Doped t‐LaVO4 NPs for Antifake Ink and Latent Fingermark Detection
Authors: Chen Cailing , Yu Ying , Li Chunguang , Liu Dan , Huang He , Liang Chen , Lou Yue , Han Yu , Shi Zhan , Feng Shouhua 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn the information age, it is important to protect the security and integrity of the information. As a result, the fluorescent ink as an antifake technology and the fingermark as an information carrier have aroused great interest. In this work, highly water‐soluble lanthanide (Ln3+)‐doped tetragonal phase (t‐) LaVO4 nanoparticles (NPs) are successfully obtained via a simple, fast, and green microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method. The average size of t‐LaVO4 NPs is about 43 nm. The aqueous solutions of Ln3+‐doped t‐LaVO4 exhibit excellent fluorescence properties under ultraviolet light (UV) excitation (t‐LaVO4:10%Eu is bright red and t‐LaVO4:0.5%Dy is close to white). Some superb antifake fluorescent patterns are printed using Ln3+‐doped t‐LaVO4 aqueous solution as ink, which indicates the as‐prepared Ln3+‐doped t‐LaVO4 NPs as fluorescent ink can meet the various antifake requirements. Notably, the designed convenient antifake fluorescent codes with improved security could be directly scanned and decoded by a smart phone. What's more, the as‐prepared NPs can be used for the development of latent fingermark on various substrates and the second‐level detail information can be clearly obtained from the magnification of a fingermark. These results indicate that the as‐prepared Ln3+‐doped t‐LaVO4 fluorescent NPs have great potential in security application.
Toward Over 15% Power Conversion Efficiency for Organic Solar Cells: Current Status and Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Jianqi , Zhu Lingyun , Wei Zhixiang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSignificant improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) is achieved by developing novel donor and acceptor materials, optimizing the phase‐separation morphology via diversified strategies, and using interfacial materials for better charge‐carrier collection. For state‐of‐the‐art devices, a PCE of over 13% is reported. However, simulations indicate that an efficiency of ≈19% could be realized, assuming a total energy loss of 0.5 eV with an external quantum efficiency of 90% and a fill factor of 70%. This large difference between the theoretical calculations and the actual performance of the state‐of‐the‐art devices shows that OSCs have significant potential for the future. Here, the energy loss is discussed, which determines the PCE limit, and then different systems are reviewed, such as small‐molecule (SM)/fullerene blends, polymer/fullerene blends, SM/nonfullerene blends, polymer/nonfullerene blends, and multicomponent systems. After highlighting the factors that have limited the device efficiency to date, an outlook on the most important challenges to guide OSCs toward the 15% PCE regime is provided.
Should we use the float test to quantify acorn viability?
Authors: Morina Daniel L. , Lashley Marcus A. , Chitwood M. Colter , Moorman Christopher E. , DePerno Christopher S. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe float test is the most widely used method to discriminate between viable and nonviable acorns. It provides an objective, simple, rapid, and inexpensive test to inform experiments and management strategies dependent on quantification of viable acorns. However, the accuracy of the float‐test method is understudied. To test the accuracy of the float‐test method, during autumn of 2013 we collected 300 acorns from white oak (Quercus alba), native to our study area within the city limits of Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, and sawtooth oak (Q. acutissima), not native to the study area. An untrained observer visually inspected acorns (visual test) to assign viability subjectively and then float‐tested the respective acorn. After conducting visual and float tests, we planted the acorns in a test plot protected from predation. In the test plots, 56% of white oak acorns and 60% of sawtooth acorns germinated. Both the float test and visual methods accurately predicted viability in both oak species. However, the visual test (white R2 = 0.83, sawtooth R2 = 0.85) explained more variation in observed germination than the float test explained (white R2 = 0.65, sawtooth R2 = 0.70). Our data indicate the float test, though objective, is less accurate than an untrained observer at predicting the viability of acorns. We tested the potential for the methods to be paired to further improve prediction accuracy and determined the float test provided no additional information to visual inspections. When dissecting or germinating acorns is not possible, our data indicate that visually inspecting acorns is better than float‐testing to determine viability. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Cap‐seq reveals complicated miRNA transcriptional mechanisms in C. elegans and mouse
Authors: Chen Jiao , Zhu Dongxiao , Sun Yanni 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundMicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate target gene expression at post‐transcriptional level. Intense research has been conducted for miRNA identification and the target finding. However, much less is known about the transcriptional regulation of miRNA genes themselves. Recently, a special group of pre‐miRNAs that are produced directly by transcription without Drosha processing were validated in mouse, indicating the complexity of miRNA biogenesis.MethodsIn this work, we detect clusters of aligned Cap‐seq reads to find the transcription start sites (TSSs) for intergenic miRNAs and study their transcriptional regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse.ResultsIn both species, we have identified a class of special pre‐miRNAs whose 5′ ends are capped, and are most probably generated directly by transcription. Furthermore, we distinguished another class of special pre‐miRNAs that are 5′‐capped but are also part of longer primary miRNAs, suggesting they may have more than one transcription mechanism. We detected multiple cap reads peaks within miRNA clusters in C. elegans. We surmised that the miRNAs in a cluster may either be transcribed independently or be re‐capped during the microprocessor cleavage process. We also observed that H3K4me3 and Pol II are enriched at those identified miRNA TSSs.ConclusionsThe Cap‐seq datasets enabled us to annotate the primary TSSs for miRNA genes with high resolution. Special class of 5′‐capped pre‐miRNAs have been identified in both C. elegans and mouse. The capping patter of miRNAs in a cluster indicate t
hat clustered miRNA transcripts probably undergo a re‐capping procedure during the microprocessor cleavage process.
Speed of processing training results in lower risk of dementia
Authors: Edwards Jerri D. , Xu Huiping , Clark Daniel O. , Guey Lin T. , Ross Lesley A. , Unverzagt Frederick W. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntroductionCognitive training improves cognitive performance and delays functional impairment, but its effects on dementia are not known. We examined whether three different types of cognitive training lowered the risk of dementia across 10 years of follow‐up relative to control and if greater number of training sessions attended was associated with lower dementia risk.MethodsThe Advanced Cognitive Training in Vital Elderly (NCT00298558) study was a randomized controlled trial (N = 2802) among initially healthy older adults, which examined the efficacy of three cognitive training programs (memory, reasoning, or speed of processing) relative to a no‐contact control condition. Up to 10 training sessions were delivered over 6 weeks with up to four sessions of booster training delivered at 11 months and a second set of up to four booster sessions at 35 months. Outcome assessments were taken immediately after intervention and at intervals over 10 years. Dementia was defined using a combination of interview‐ and performance‐based methods.ResultsA total of 260 cases of dementia were identified during the follow‐up. Speed training resulted in reduced risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50–0.998, P = .049) compared to control, but memory and reasoning training did not (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57–1.11, P = .177 and HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.56–1.10, P = .163, respectively). Each additional speed training session was associated with a 10% lower hazard for dementia (unadjusted HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85–0.95, P < .001).DiscussionInitially, healthy older adults randomized to speed of processing cognitive training had a 29% reduction in their risk of dementia after 10 years of follow‐up compared to the untreated control group.
Mobilising for land, nation and class interests: agrarian agitation in Finland and Ireland, 1879–1918
Authors: Suodenjoki Sami 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article explores the comparative history of land agitation and how it evolved and intersected with nationalism and socialism in Finland and Ireland between the Irish Land War and the Finnish Civil War of 1918. Drawing on current scholarship as well as contemporary newspapers and official records, the article shows that an organised land movement developed later and was markedly less violent in Finland than in Ireland. Moreover, while in Ireland the association of landlordism with British rule helped to fuse the land movement with nationalist mobilisation during the Land War, in Finland the tie between the land movement and nationalism remained weak. This was a consequence of Finnish nationalists’ strong affiliation with landowning farmers, which hindered their success in mobilising tenant farmers and agricultural workers. Consequently, the Finnish countryside witnessed a remarkable rise in the socialist movement in the early 1900s. The socialist leanings of the Finnish land movement were greatly influenced by the Russian revolutions, whereas in Ireland militant Fenianism, often emanating from Irish America, affected land agitation more than socialism. As to transnational exchanges, the article also indicates the influence of Irish rural unrest and the related land acts on Finnish public debates and legislation.
Property Rights, Deregulation, and Entrepreneurial Development in a Transition Economy
Authors: Zhou Wubiao 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the relative roles of formal property rights institutions versus deregulated markets in entrepreneurial development, based on China's market transition. Empirically, it is not yet known which set of institutions matters more for entrepreneurship, particularly in the long run, despite the existence of well-established theoretical arguments for each. Using provincial-level panel data from China's transition economy, this study has the following findings: On average, both formal protection of property rights and deregulated markets have positive effects on entrepreneurial development; yet, as market transition progresses, the effect of formal protection of property rights increases, while that of deregulated markets decreases. These results are robust to both multiple model specifications and an endogeneity test using an instrumental variable approach. Overall, therefore, while both sets of institutions indeed play positive roles in entrepreneurial development, property rights institutions may be more fundamental in the long run.