bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polarization properties of aerosol particles over western Japan:
classification, seasonal variation, and implications for air quality
Authors: Pan Xiaole , Uno Itsushi , Hara Yukari , Osada Kazuo , Yamamoto Shigekazu , Wang Zhe , Sugimoto Nobuo , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Wang Zifa 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Ground-based observation of the polarization properties of aerosol particles using a polarization optical particle counter (POPC) was made from 27 October 2013, to 31 December 2015, at a suburban site in the Kyushu area of Japan. We found that the depolarization ratio (DR, the fraction of s-polarized signal in the total backward light scattering signal) of aerosol particles showed prominent seasonal variability, with peaks in spring (0.21–0.23) and winter (0.19–0.23), and a minimum value (0.09–0.14) in summer. The aerosol compositions in both fine mode (aerodynamic diameter of particle, Dp  <  2.5 µm) and coarse mode (2.5 µm  <  Dp  <  10 µm), and the size-dependent polarization characteristics were analyzed for long-range transport dust particles, sea salt, and anthropogenic pollution-dominant aerosols. The DR value increased with increasing particle size, and DR  =  0.1 was a reliable threshold value to identify the sphericity of supermicron (Dp  >  1 µm) particles. Occurrence of substandard air quality days in Kyushu was closely related with mixed type (coexistence of anthropogenic pollutants and dust particles in the atmosphere), especially in winter and spring, indicating that dust events in the Asian continent played a key role in the cross-boundary transport of continental pollution. Backward trajectory analysis demonstrated that air masses originating from the western Pacific contained large amounts of spherical particles due to the influence of sea salt, especially in summer; however, for air masses from the Asian continent, the dependence of number fraction of spherical particles on air relative humidity was insignificant, indicating the predominance of less-hygroscopic substances (e.g., mineral dust), although the mass concentrations of anthropogenic pollutants were elevated.
Long‐term effectiveness of initiating non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐ versus ritonavir‐boosted protease inhibitor‐based antiretroviral therapy: implications for first‐line therapy choice in resource‐limited settings
Authors: Lima Viviane D , Hull Mark , McVea David , Chau William , Harrigan P Richard , Montaner Julio SG 
Published: August 2016

IntroductionIn many resource‐limited settings, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) failure is diagnosed clinically or immunologically. As such, there is a high likelihood that patients may stay on a virologically failing regimen for a substantial period of time. Here, we compared the long‐term impact of initiating non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐ versus boosted protease inhibitor (bPI)‐based cART in British Columbia (BC), Canada.MethodsWe followed prospectively 3925 ART‐naïve patients who started NNRTIs (N=1963, 50%) or bPIs (N=1962; 50%) from 1 January 2000 until 30 June 2013 in BC. At six months, we assessed whether patients virologically failed therapy (a plasma viral load (pVL) >50 copies/mL), and we stratified them based on the pVL at the time of failure ≤500 versus >500 copies/mL. We then followed these patients for another six months and calculated their probability of achieving subsequent viral suppression (pVL <50 copies/mL twice consecutively) and of developing drug resistance. These probabilities were adjusted for fixed and time‐varying factors, including cART adherence.ResultsAt six months, virologic failure rates were 9.5 and 14.3 cases per 100 person‐months for NNRTI and bPI initiators, respectively. NNRTI initiators who failed with a pVL ≤500 copies/mL had a 16% higher probability of achieving subsequent suppression at 12 months than bPI initiators (0.81 (25th–75th percentile 0.75–0.83) vs. 0.72 (0.61–0.75)). However, if failing NNRTI initiators had a pVL >500 copies/mL, they had a 20% lower probability of suppressing at 12 months than pVL‐matched bPI initiators (0.37 (0.29–0.45) vs. 0.46 (0.38–0.54)). In terms of evolving HIV drug resistance, those who failed on NNRTI performed worse than bPI in all scenarios, especially if they failed with a viral load >500 copies/mL.ConclusionsOur results show that patients who virologically failed at six months on NNRTI and continued on the same regimen had a lower probability of subsequently achieving viral suppression and a higher chance of evolving HIV drug resistance. These results suggest that improving access to regular virologic monitoring is critically important, especially if NNRTI‐based cART is to remain a preferred choice for first‐line therapy in resource‐limited settings.
Geologic context of recurring slope lineae in Melas and Coprates Chasmata, Mars
Authors: Chojnacki Matthew , McEwen Alfred , Dundas Colin , Ojha Lujendra , Urso Anna , Sutton Sarah 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOne of the major Mars discoveries of recent years is the existence of recurring slope lineae (RSL), which suggests that liquid water occurs on or near the surface of Mars today. These dark and narrow features emerge from steep, rocky exposures and incrementally grow, fade, and reform on a seasonal basis and are detected in images from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera. RSL are known to occur at scattered midlatitude and equatorial sites with little spatial connection to one another. One major exception is the steep, low‐albedo slopes of Melas and Coprates Chasmata, in Valles Marineris where RSL are detected among diverse geologic surfaces (e.g., bedrock and talus) and landforms (e.g., inselbergs and landslides). New images show topographic changes including sediment deposition on active RSL slopes. Midwall locations in Coprates and Melas appear to have more areally extensively abundant RSL and related fans as compared with other RSL sites found on Mars. Water budget estimates for regional RSL are on the order of 105 to 106 m3 of fluid, for depths of 10 to 100 mm, and suggest that a significant amount of near‐surface water might be present. Many RSL are concentrated near local topographic highs, such as ridge crests or peaks, which is challenging to explain via groundwater or ice without a recharge mechanism. Collectively, results provide additional support for the notion that significant amounts of near‐surface water can be found on Mars today and suggest that a widespread mechanism, possibly related to the atmosphere, is recharging RSL sources.
LPMLE3: A novel 1‐D approach to study water flow in streambeds using heat as a tracer
Authors: Schneidewind U. , van Berkel M. , Anibas C. , Vandersteen G. , Schmidt C. , Joris I. , Seuntjens P. , Batelaan O. , Zwart H. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe introduce LPMLE3, a new 1‐D approach to quantify vertical water flow components at streambeds using temperature data collected in different depths. LPMLE3 solves the partial differential equation for coupled water flow and heat transport in the frequency domain. Unlike other 1‐D approaches it does not assume a semi‐infinite halfspace with the location of the lower boundary condition approaching infinity. Instead, it uses local upper and lower boundary conditions. As such, the streambed can be divided into finite subdomains bound at the top and bottom by a temperature‐time series. Information from a third temperature sensor within each subdomain is then used for parameter estimation. LPMLE3 applies a low order local polynomial to separate periodic and transient parts (including the noise contributions) of a temperature‐time series and calculates the frequency response of each subdomain to a known temperature input at the streambed top. A maximum‐likelihood estimator is used to estimate the vertical component of water flow, thermal diffusivity, and their uncertainties for each streambed subdomain and provides information regarding model quality. We tested the method on synthetic temperature data generated with the numerical model STRIVE and demonstrate how the vertical flow component can be quantified for field data collected in a Belgian stream. We show that by using the results in additional analyses, nonvertical flow components could be identified and by making certain assumptions they could be quantified for each subdomain. LPMLE3 performed well on both simulated and field data and can be considered a valuable addition to the existing 1‐D methods.
An upscaling procedure for fractured reservoirs with embedded grids
Authors: Fumagalli Alessio , Pasquale Luca , Zonca Stefano , Micheletti Stefano 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUpscaling of geological models for reservoir simulation is an active and important area of research. In particular, we are interested in reservoirs where the rock matrix exhibits an intricate network of fractures, which usually acts as a preferential path to the flow. Accounting for fractures' contribution in the simulation of a reservoir is of paramount importance. Here we have focused on obtaining effective parameters (e.g., transmissibility) on a 3‐D computational grid on the reservoir scale, which account for the presence, at a finer spatial scale, of fractures and a network of fractures. We have essentially followed the idea illustrated in Karimi‐Fard et al. (2006), yet this work has some notable aspects of innovation in the way the procedure has been implemented, and in its capability to consider rather general corner‐point grids, like the ones normally used in reservoir simulations in the industry, and complex and realistic fracture networks, possibly not fully connected inside the coarse cells. In particular, novel contribution is the employment of an Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) for computing fracture‐fracture and matrix‐fracture transmissibilities, with a remarkable gain in speedup. The output is in the form of transmissibility that, although obtained by considering single‐phase flow, can be used for coarse‐scale multiphase reservoir simulations, also via industrial software, such as Eclipse, Intersect, or GPRS. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and computational efficiency of the numerical procedure which is now ready for further testing and industrialization.
Land‐surface controls on near‐surface soil moisture dynamics: Traversing remote sensing footprints
Authors: Gaur Nandita , Mohanty Binayak P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this new era of remote‐sensing based hydrology, a major unanswered question is how to incorporate the impact of land‐surface based heterogeneity on soil moisture dynamics at remote sensing scales. The answer to this question is complicated since (1) soil moisture dynamics that vary with support, extent, and spacing scales are dependent on land‐surface based heterogeneity and (2) land‐surface based heterogeneity itself is scale‐specific and varies with hydroclimates. Land‐surface factors such as soil, vegetation, and topography affect soil moisture dynamics by redistributing the available soil moisture on the ground. In this study, we determined the contribution of these biophysical factors to redistribution of near‐surface soil moisture across a range of remote sensing scales varying from an (airborne) remote sensor footprint (1.6 km) to a (satellite) footprint scale (25.6 km). Two‐dimensional nondecimated wavelet transform was used to extract the support scale information from the spatial signals of the land‐surface and soil moisture variables. The study was conducted in three hydroclimates: humid (Iowa), subhumid (Oklahoma), and semiarid (Arizona). The dominance of soil on soil moisture dynamics typically decreased from airborne to satellite footprint scales whereas the influence of topography and vegetation increased with increasing support scale for all three hydroclimates. The distinct effect of hydroclimate was identifiable in the soil attributes dominating the soil moisture dynamics. The near‐surface soil moisture dynamics in Arizona (semiarid) can be attributed more to the clay content which is an effective limiting parameter for evaporation whereas in Oklahoma (humid), sand content (limiting parameter for drainage) was the dominant soil attribute. The findings from this study can provide a deeper understanding of the impact of heterogeneity on soil moisture dynamics and the potential improvement of hydrological models operating at footprints' scales.
The effect of the water tariff structures on the water consumption in Mallorcan hotels
Authors: Deyà‐Tortella Bartolomé , Garcia Celso , Nilsson William , Tirado Dolores 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTourism increases water demand, especially in coastal areas and on islands, and can also cause water shortages during the dry season and the degradation of the water supply. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of water price structures on hotel water consumption on the island of Mallorca (Spain). All tourist municipalities on the island use different pricing structures, such as flat or block rates, and different tariffs. This exogenous variation is used to evaluate the effect of prices on water consumption for a sample of 134 hotels. The discontinuity of the water tariff structure and the fixed rate, which depends on the number of hotel beds, generate endogeneity problems. We propose an econometric model, an instrumental variable quantile regression for within artificial blocks transformed data, to solve both problems. The coefficients corresponding to the price variables are not found to be significantly different from zero. The sign of the effect is negative, but the magnitude is negligible: a 1% increase in all prices would reduce consumption by an average of only 0.024%. This result is probably due to the small share of water costs with respect to the total hotel operational costs (around 4%). Our regression model concludes that the introduction of water‐saving initiatives constitutes an effective way to reduce consumption.
How does reach‐scale stream‐hyporheic transport vary with discharge? Insights from rSAS analysis of sequential tracer injections in a headwater mountain stream
Authors: Harman C. J. , Ward A. S. , Ball A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe models of stream reach hyporheic exchange that are typically used to interpret tracer data assume steady‐flow conditions and impose further assumptions about transport processes on the interpretation of the data. Here we show how rank Storage Selection (rSAS) functions can be used to extract “process‐agnostic” information from tracer breakthrough curves about the time‐varying turnover of reach storage. A sequence of seven slug injections was introduced to a small stream at base flow over the course of a diel fluctuation in stream discharge, providing breakthrough curves at discharges ranging from 0.7 to 1.2 L/s. Shifted gamma distributions, each with three parameters varying stepwise in time, were used to model the rSAS function and calibrated to reproduce each breakthrough curve with Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies in excess of 0.99. Variations in the fitted parameters over time suggested that storage within the reach does not uniformly increase its turnover rate when discharge increases. Rather, changes in transit time are driven by both changes in the average rate of turnover (external variability) and changes in the relative rate that younger and older water contribute to discharge (internal variability). Specifically, at higher discharge, the turnover rate increased for the youngest part of the storage (corresponding to approximately 5 times the volume of the channel), while discharge from the older part of the storage remained steady, or declined slightly. The method is shown to be extensible as a new approach to modeling reach‐scale solute transport that accounts for the time‐varying, discharge‐dependent turnover of reach storage.
Redundancy Analysis
Authors: DeSarbo Wayne S. , Hwang Heungsun , Jedidi Kamel 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

The interrelationships between two sets of measurements made on the same subjects can be studied by canonical correlation. The canonical correlation is the maximum correlation between linear functions or canonical factors of two sets of variables. An alternative pair of statistics to investigate the interrelationships between two sets of variables are the redundancy indices. A redundancy index is an indication of the average proportion of variance in the variables in one set that is reproducible from the variables in the other set. Unlike canonical correlation, redundancy indices are non‐symmetric in that a measure can be calculated for each set of variables (predictor and criterion) and need not be equal to each other. A method of extracting factors that maximize redundancy, as opposed to canonical correlation, has been developed as well as various extensions of this methodology. More recently, extended redundancy analysis has been developed to generalize redundancy analysis to investigate asymmetric or directional associations among more than two sets of variables, analogous to generalized canonical correlation analysis. A sports marketing application is provided examining the relationship between the different ways consumers/fans follow their college football team and their various attitudes, opinions, and lifestyles (i.e.,
psychographics
) regarding sports.
Wildlife Ecology
Authors: Bowyer R. Terry , Stewart Kelley M. , Monteith Kevin L. , Aho Ken A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Studies in wildlife ecology often use descriptive and inferential methods that reflect characteristics of data and the practical needs of wildlife managers. The discipline generally emphasizes population rather than individual features or broader ecosystem processes; this approach is reflected in quantitative methods developed and adopted by wildlife ecologists. Modern wildlife ecology considers both the management and conservation of animals and also includes theoretical studies and perspectives related to wildlife‐associated phenomena. The discipline has become increasingly quantitative over time and often employs capture–recapture methods to estimate population size, survival, and other life‐history characteristics. Quantitative methods used to study wildlife include, but are not limited to, estimates of abundance, population‐viability analysis, home‐range estimation, movements, migration, spatial distributions, and landscape metrics. Radiotelemetry is widely used to conduct research on wildlife. Habitat selection, stable isotope analysis, genetics, and behavioral sampling also play important roles in studies of wildlife.
Graphics for Large Data Sets
Authors: Theus Martin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Large data sets face many challenges. While classical statistical theory often fails for larger data sets, graphics seem to be more robust against growing data set sizes. Nonetheless, graphics face certain challenges for large data sets as well; some of them can be cured successfully and some call for completely new graphical representations. Generally, interactivity can help dramatically when working with graphs of large data.
Seasonal importance of flowers to Costa Rican capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator): Implications for plant and primate
Authors: Hogan Jeremy D. , Melin Amanda D. , Mosdossy Krisztina N. , Fedigan Linda M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesOur goal is to investigate flower foraging by capuchin monkeys, a behavior rarely studied in wild primates. We ask what drives seasonal variation in florivory rates: flower quality and abundance or fluctuations in fruit and invertebrate abundances. We explore how capuchins affect the reproductive success of flower food species by quantifying the potential pollination rate.Materials and MethodsWe followed capuchin groups from dawn to dusk and recorded all flower foraging bouts. Flower food nutritional composition was compared to fruit and invertebrate foods. We recorded overall flower, fruit, and invertebrate abundances and compared the rate of flower foraging to these. We estimated the likelihood of pollination from the proportion of flower patch visits to each plant species that satisfied minimum behavioral requirements.ResultsFlower eating was highly seasonal, and was significantly negatively related to overall fruit and invertebrate abundance but not flower abundance. Although smaller than most fruits, flowers were nutritionally comparable to fruit foods by dry mass and contained higher average concentrations of protein. Capuchins are likely pollinators for Luehea speciosa; most foraging visits to this species occurred in a manner that makes outcrossing or geitonogamous pollination likely.DiscussionFlowers are an important seasonal resource for capuchins. Flowers likely act as fallback foods during periods of reduced fruit and invertebrate abundance, and may exert evolutionary pressure disproportionate to their consumption. Capuchin florivory likely affects the reproductive success of some plants, potentially shaping forest structure. Our study illustrates the value of assessing the importance of rare foods in the primate diet.
Indirect effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on UV‐blocking efficiency of TiO2@PVP‐CTAB@SiO2 core‐shell nanohybrid particles
Authors: Mohammadi Aslzadeh Mohammad , Abdouss Majid , Mousavi Shoushtari Ahmad , Ghanbari Firouz 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, a novel and useful approach to fabricate
@PVP‐CTAB@
(TPS) nanohybrid as an effective light stabilizer agent has been reported. Also, the indirect role of the Polyvinylpyrrolidone and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on UV (ultraviolet) protection properties of nanohybrid particles was investigated. In addition, comparative studies were carried out to evaluate the photocatalytic and UV protection properties of
@
(TS), commercial
(US3490), synthesized
nanparticles, and TPS nanoparticles. Furthermore, the UV protection property of 2‐(2H‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)−4, 6‐bis (1‐methyl‐1‐phenylethyl) phenol, as an organic anti UV, was also compared with TPS nanoparticles. The as prepared nanohybrid was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. FESEM and TEM micrographs show monodispersity and nano‐metric size of TPS. Rhodamine B degradation study clearly shows that TPS present the lowest photocatalytic property. Also, UV‐Vis spectroscopy results show that the TPS nanoparticles illustrate higher UV blocking ability comparing to other presented anti UV materials. TPS with convenient and useful synthesis method, high UV blocking ability, and little effect on polymer matrix can be introduced as a novel UV‐blocking agent in polyurethane matrix. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44148.