bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESR Accident Dosimetry Using Medicine Tablets Coated with Sugar
Authors: Kai A. , Ikeya amd T. Miki M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Properties of radiation-induced radicals in medicine tablets were investigated using electron spin resonance (ESR). A sharp ESR signal sensitive to gamma ray irradiation was observed in the sugar coating part of the tablets. The signal has anisotropic g values of g1=2.0009, g2=2.0007 and g3=2.0002. The signal grows linearly with dose at least up to about 20 Gy. No fading was observed at room temperature even when exposed to sunlight. The dose to artificially irradiated tablets was estimated using the signal intensity and a previously determined calibration curve. The signal in sugar coated tablets can be utilised for dose measurements. In particular, the wide distribution of sugar coated tablets allows the use of the tablets as accident dosemeters.
Simultaneous Thermal Bleaching and TL Measurements on LiF:Mg,Ti
Authors: Peto Á. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study the correlation of optical absorption bands and thermoluminescence peaks in LiF:Mg,Ti. Contrary to the numerous earlier publications related to this field, the present work uses a direct experimental approach. It reports on simultaneous thermal bleaching and thermoluminescence measurements on differently doped LiF:Mg,Ti single crystals in the 10-100 kGy dose range. The advantage of this technique is that the thermal bleaching curve of a given absorption band can be directly compared to the TL glow curve, since both were measured on the same sample, at the same time. This paper presents data on the 310, 350 and 380 nm absorption bands. The analysis reveals that all three bands strongly correlate with TL peaks 2 and 3, while they show no significant bleaching at the temperatures above peak 3. In addition the bleaching characteristics of the 350 nm band depend strongly on the Mg content of the sample.
Long-Term Fading of Peak 5 in TLD-100 Using Computerised Glow Curve Deconvolution (CGCD) and Thermal Peak Isolation Techniques
Authors: Shachar B.B. , Horowitz Y.S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The long-term fading of peak 5 has been studied using four different annealing regimes. Following 400 oC for one hour annealing and 'natural cooling', peaks 4 and 5 (separated via (CGCD) appear to have an exquisitely complex time-dependent response, possibly due to clustering of dipole trapping centres associated with peaks 2 and 3. Peak 4 grows over the first nine months of storage and only then begins to decay: peak 5, on the other hand, decays rapidly in the first six months and then stabilises or even begins to glow. Peaks (4+5) together, however, fade in a montonically decreasing manner at a rate of approximately 8% per annum. Using thermal cleaning procedures to isolate the behaviour of peak 5 from its low temperature satellites, it has been established that the 20 oC mean-life of peak 5 is 5.5±1 year (1 SD). This mean-life is many orders of magnitude smaller than predicted by any of the kinetic measurements of s and E and suggests that precipitation of Mg2+ may be the major contributor to the decay of peak 5 over long storage intervals.
The Phenomenon of Heat Transferred Thermoluminescence in Zirconia Pre-Irradiated by Ultraviolet Radiation
Authors: Chang S.-C. , Su C.-S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In previous work it was found that there were peaks around 70, 100 and 235 oC in the thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve of zirconia read out immediately after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, but the 70 oC peak faded within approximately 30 min. Thus only 100 and 235 oC TL peaks usually appeared in the TL glow curve if the readout was not taken immediately after the UV irradiation. The discovery of the 70 oC peak in the TL glow curve of zirconia read-out the second time right after the first TL readout is reported. The ZrO2 still emitted TL to some extent in the second readout if no annealing was done after the first readout, but the 70 oC peak in the TL glow curve became the main peak. The recovery of the 70 oC peak can be explained as heat transferred TL of zirconia stimulated by heat energy from the heating planchet of the TL detector during the first readout. Detailed experimental work and discussion are presented.
Comparison of Main Thermoluminescent Properties of Some TL Dosemeters
Authors: Prokic M. , Bøtter-Jensen L. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Different types of TL dosemeters that are attractive for dosimetry practice were investigated and compared. The aim of this study was to evaluate the TL characteristics of different TL dosemeters using two basically different types of commercially available TL readers. The findings demonstrate that it is important that the TL dosemeter and TL reader used be compatible.
Comprehensive Study on LiF:Cu,Mg,P (GR-200 A)
Authors: Bacci C. , D'Angelo L. , Furetta C. , Giancola S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The main properties of a new thermoluminescent (TL) material (LiF:Cu,Mg,P) produced in the People's Republic of China under the name of GR-200A have been already investigated by others. The purpose of this work is to establish a standardised procedure for use. Careful experiments were carried out with the aim of identifying the optimal annealing cycle and the dependence of TL sensitivity on the heating rate. Further more, reading procedure, fading, calibration and TL dependence on dose were studied along with other relevant physical features. The high sensitivity (20 to 30 times that of LiF TLD-100), the wide range of dose linearity (0-18 Gy), the short annealing procedure (10 min. at 513 k) together with a negligible fading at room temperature, quick readout cycle (35 s), good tissue-equivalence (Zeff=7-8) and TL signal reproducibility (SD &lt;2.5%) make GR-200A TLDs particularly valuable for several dosimetry purposes. Their high sensitivity makes them especially eligible for environmental and radiological dosimetry, while the wide dose linearity range allows various radiotherapeutic applications in patient and machinery output dosimetry.
New BeO Ceramics for TL ESR Dosimetry
Authors: Kortov V.S. , Milman I.I. , Slesarev A.I. , Kijko V.S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Several types of commercial BeO ceramics have been studied with a view to their possible application in TL and/or ESR dosimetry. The best results have been obtained with optically transparent high density ceramics with little tendency to sputtering, simultaneously doped with lithium and neodyminium ions and having no pyroelectrical effects during heating and cooling. TL and ESR signals associated with Li centres whose amplitude is proportional to the absorbed dose are observed. A complete anneal of the ESR signal takes place in the temperature range of the TL recordings.
A Gamma/Neutron Discriminating, Cooled, Optically Stimulated Luminescence (COSL) Dosemeter
Authors: Eschbach P.A. , Miller S.D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The cooled optically stimulated luminescence (COSL) of CaF2:Mn (grain sizes from 0.1 to 100 µm) powder embedded in a hydrogenous matrix is reported as a function of fast neutron dose. When all the CaF2:Mn grains are interrogated at once, the COSL plastic dosemeters have a minimum detectable limit of 10 mSv fast neutrons; the gamma component from the bare 252Cf exposure was determined with a separate dosemeter. A proton recoil based dosemeter is described that generates pulse height spectra, much like the scintillator of Hornyak, to provide information on both the neutron and gamma dose. The plastic dosemeters were first submitted to an optical bleaching procedure using a high intensity ultraviolet laser and then exposed to fast neutrons using an unmoderated 252Cf source. The previously used COSL process relied on thermal contact of the cooled dosemeter with a room temperature slab of metal to promote electrons from the shallow traps. In this case, however, the standard COSL cooling and light-stimulation process was used to phototransfer electrons from deep to shallow traps, but with the use of a CO2 laser to warm the individual CaF2:Mn grains selectively within the plastic matrix. Grains within the plastic dosemeter that received large localised energy deposition produced larger-than-average COSL response when warmed by the CO2 laser. The data presented here demonstrate the concept of a neutron discriminating dosemeter. Future work will concentrate on the refinement of the individual grain readout process until individual grains receiving a single neutron-induced recoil proton can be distinguished.
High Energy Photon Response of Different Environmental TLDs
Authors: Sáez-Vergara J.C. , Gómez-Ros J.M. , Delgado A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The presence of high energy photons (4-7 MeV) around nuclear power plants and high energy accelerators is important during operation. Environmental monitoring frequently uses passive TL measurements for the assessment of the radiological impact of these facilities. However, due to the presence of this energetic photon radiation component, the design of environmental TLDs must be reconsidered, in order to provide charged particle equilibrium. The energy dependence of phosphors (LiF:Mg,Ti, Li2B4O7:Cu, CaSO4:Tm) in different irradiation conditions has been measured in the range 0.6-6.5 MeV. Irradiations using 6 MeV photons were performed in the calibration facility recently established at PTB (Germany). These data also seem to indicate that it could be necessary to apply specific corrections to the TLD readouts to account for these high energies and the convenience of the use of a discriminant TL dosemeter with special dose calculation algorithms for this radiation. These algorithms are usually based on element ratios and can be impractical in field readouts. However, this is not a serious limitation since the maximum error should not exceed ±10%.
Measurement of Radial Dose Distributions Around Small Beta Particle Emitters Using High Resolution Radiochromic Foil Dosimetry
Authors: Soares C.G. , McLaughlin W.L. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A method is described for the direct measurement of the radial dose distributions around small (from several mm down to tens of µm in diameter) beta particle emitters. The method employs the high resolution readout of radiochromic dye foils. These foils form a blue image upon irradiation and require no processing to stabilise the image. The colour change (in units of absorbance) is nearly linear with absorbed dose over a range of 10Gy to 1000 Gy and the response to electrons is nearly identical to 60Co gamma radiation which makes the system easy to calibrate. Readout is performed with a laser scanning densitometer with a 100 µm spot size which can be stepped in increments of 40 µm in two dimensions. Examples of the results of measurements of 90Sr/90Y eye applicators as well as particle sources of 90Sr/90Y, 60Co, and 170Tm are given.
Personnel Neutron Dosimetry Improvements at Los Alamos National Laboratory
Authors: Harvey W.F. , Hoffman J.M. , Bliss J.L. , Brake R.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Methods are being investigated to improve neutron dosimety at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) using the etched track dosemeter CR-39. Specifically, use of CR-39 for dynamic environments, typically encountered at the LANL Plutonium Facility, is shown to be a superior method for personnel neutron dosimetry when compared to the currently used TLD system. The results of glovebox experiments simulating hydrogenous shielding used at LANL, temporal variations of neutron correction factors used at the Plutonium Facility, trial implementation at this facility and preliminary neutron spectroscopy measurements are presented and compared to reference dosimetry measurements. The results confirm that use of a TLD system in a facility implementing hydrogenous shielding requires frequent field recalibration. When such correction factors are not re-evaluated frequently, or are maintained at pre-shielding levels, significant (i.e. 2- to 3-fold) overestimation of the neutron dose equivalent can occur.
Diamond Detector Dosimetry for Medical Applications
Authors: Vatnitsky S.M. , Khrunov V.S. , Fominych V.I. , Schuele E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The use of the diamond detector and air filled ionisation chamber calibrated in terms of the absorbed dose to water to measure absorbed dose in high energy photon, electron and proton beams is discussed and the results of the measurements are presented. The suitability of the diamond detector for dose measurements in special radiotherapy applications was studied.
A Remote Fibre Optic Laser TLD System
Authors: Jones S.C. , Sweet J.A. , Braunlich P. , Hoffman J.M. , Hegland J.E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A fibre optic laser heated TLD system has been developed for use in remote in vivo, in situ dosimetry. A high power, near infrared CW semiconductor laser is used to heat TL elements at the distal end of standard optical fibres. Lengths of up to 200 m are feasible, with overall diameter as small as 1 mm. The system is multiplexed, with current capability of evaluating up to five dosemeter probes in under 30 s. with extension to larger numbers a trivial matter. The system is inherently immune to electromagnetic interference. The small mass of the TLD element ("100 µg) provides for highly localised dose measurement capability. A wide variety of TLD phosphors are used for various applications requiring high sensitivity, low fading, or a combination of both, providing a useful dose range of 1 mGy to greater than 100 Gy. Such applications include radiotherapy dosimetry (external and internal when constructed with a sterile catheter), hazardous and remote environments, such as monitoring ground water or soils for radioactive contamination.
Theory of Intertrack Pairwise Lesion Interaction
Authors: Harder D. , Virsik-Peuckert R.P. , Bartels E.R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Experimentally observed heavy ion inactivation cross sections of mammalian cells exhibit the superposition of three effects, namely the 'hooks' due to delta ray range, the 'plateau' due to the multiplicity of lethal products per incident particle, and the underlying restricted LET dependence of the yield µ of lethal products per particle traversal. After elimination of the first two effects, the latter has been observed to follow the fitting function µ = uL? + v2L2 ?, which means that yield µ does not show saturation characteristics as a function of L?. Based on this formula it is shown that the RBE maximum for mammalian cell inactivation is always obtained at that position of the LET scale where a particle traversal through the cell nucleus produces about one lethal product. The quadratic term is derived from first principles under consideration of the reaction kinetics holding for pairwise lesion interaction in molecular 'interaction r egions' and of the proper statistical averaging procedures.
Radiosensitivity Parameters for Lethal Mutagenesis in Caenorhabditis Elegans
Authors: Cucinotta F.A. , Wilson J.W. , Katz R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
For the first time track structure theory has been applied to radiobiological effects in a living organism. Data for lethal mutagenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans, obtained after irradiation with nine different types of ions of atomic number 1-57 and gamma rays have yielded radiosensitivity parameters (E0, s0, ? , m = 68 Gy, 2.5 x 10-9 cm2, 750, 2) comparable with those found for the transformation of C3HT10 1/2 cells (180 Gy, 1.15 x 10-10 cm2, 750, 2) but remote from those (E0 and s0 = (2 Gy, (5 x 10-7 cm2) for mammalian cell survival.
Performance of TEPCs at Low Pressures: Some Attempts to Improve their Dose Equivalent Response in the Neutron Energy Range from 10 keV to 1 MeV
Authors: Gerdung S. , Grillmaier R.E. , Lim T. , Pihet P. , Schuhmacher H. , Ségur P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A TEPC, from its operation principle, fulfils reasonably well the requirements of an area monitor with dose equivalent response nearly independent of neutron energy to be used for radiation protection dosimetry at various work places. However, between neutron energies from 10 keV to 1 MeV, which are of relevance for environments with strongly moderated neutron fields, the response of TEPCs with thin walls is too low. Attempts to increase the response in this energy region by modifying gas pressure, gas composition and wall thickness show that significant improvement first requires operation of the TEPC at lower simulated diameters compared with the 2 µm diameter commonly used. Preliminary investigations to improve the operational properties of TEPCs at low pressures are presented.
New Analytical Representation of W Values for Protons in Methane-Based Tissue-Equivalent Gas
Authors: Siebert B.R.L. , Grindborg J.E. , Grosswendt B. , Schuhmacher H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The interpretation of ion yields measured with ion chambers or proportional counters in terms of energy deposited depends on a precise knowledge of the W values, i.e. the mean energy expended to form an ion pair. Methane-base tissue-equivalent (TE) gas is widely used in neutron dosimetry. Neutrons ionise indirectly by induced charged particles. In tissue and TE material, recoil or reaction protons account for a major fraction of the energy deposited. This report presents a new analytical representation of proton-W values. New experimental results are included which strongly influence the analytical fit, as they have small measurement uncertainties and include W values for proton energies as low as 1 keV and as high as 3.46 MeV. The differences between the present and older evaluations as found in the literature are discussed. The new analytical fit includes a 'bump' in W values for proton energies at about 300 keV. The covariance matrix of the new model is studied and the influence of the new fit on Wn values and on microdosimetric spectra for neutrons is discussed.
Aloof Trajectory Interactions of Low Energy Electrons with Condensed Matter
Authors: Ritchie R.H. , Bolch W.E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
An exploratory study has been made of the energy loss of a low energy electron incident on a thin dielectric film while it is travelling outside of the dielectric. Quantal theory is used to represent the electron while the polarisation propagator of the dielectric is constructed from local theory for water. Numerical results using this theory have been compared with experimental data from thin, solid, amorphous H2O films. Although not strictly comparable, since the media considered are not identical, it is believed that under some circumstances such aloof losses could represent a significant part of the measured loss distributions, particularly at the lower energies employed.
On the Linear Extrapolation to Low Doses
Authors: Katz R. , Waligorski M.P.R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
While radiobiological data are conveniently fitted by a linear quadratic formula to data of limited dynamic range at doses typically exceeding 1 Gy, they are extrapolated linearly to doses below a milligray for the evaluation of low dose RBEs. However a single relativistic electron passing through a cell nucleus deposits a 'dose' there in the neighbourhood of a milligray. The validity of the linear extrapolation then rests on the demonstration that a single electron transit through a cell nucleus can cause inactivation or mutation or can lead to cancer induction. The extrapolation made is a huge one, of some three orders of magnitude, from thousands of electrons traversing a cell to a single cell traversal, and with only qualitative and rhetorical foundation (one track-two tracks), and ignoring the statistical fluctuations of track intersections with targets. Existing data obtained with beams of electrons, protons, X ray photons, incorporated tritium and 125I, demonstrate that hundreds of electrons may traverse a cell for inactivation and millions may be required for cancer induction. If linear extrapolation were valid these numbers would be reduced to one. These contradictions suggest serious reconsideration of accepted radiation protection standards.
Formation of Track Entities by Photons in Water
Authors: Grosswendt B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
To study the photon-induced formation of track entities in water, the photon attenuation in, and the penetration through, an infinitely extended water medium was simulated using the Monte Carlo method. Four interaction processes were involved: the photoelectric effect, coherent and incoherent scattering, both taking electron binding into account, and electron-positron pair creation followed by the annihilation process of positrons. Conventional sampling techniques were used to calculate the spectral distribution of secondary electrons produced by photons of energies between 10 keV and 10 MeV as a function of the number of photon interactions along the photons' paths. After this, to look into the photons' track structure, the electron distributions produced were classified according to the well known 'track entity' concept of Mozumder and Magee. In the course of this it turned out that the photon-induced formation of track entities is quite different from that of primary electrons. Whereas the number of track entities induced by primary electrons is nearly proportional to the primary particles' energy, the photon-induced number of track entities is practically independent of the photon energy.
Chemical Consequences of Non-Homogeneous Energy Deposition by Ionising Radiation
Authors: Jonah  (INVITED) C.D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The use of radiation chemical measurements to address the initial energy deposition events of water radiolysis is discussed. Experiments that probe both the number of ionisations in a spur and the average size of the spur in radiolysis are detailed. The experimental results are compared with present knowledge. The number of ions in a spur is consistent with the (large) range of calculated values. The spatial distribution of an electron relative to the point of the initial ionisation is determined by the loss of electron kinetic energy to vibrational modes of the solvent and not due to the energy loss to electronic states of the solvent. It is suggested that the use of a radiation chemical variable, such as spur number distribution and spatial distributions from track structure calculations might facilitate the understanding of radiation damage mechanisms in biological systems.
The Effectiveness of High Energy Neon Ions in Producing Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Edwards A.A. , Finnon P. , Moquet J.E. , Lloyd D.C. , Darroudi F. , Natarajan A.T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the results of the observation of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes following irradiation by 189 MeV 20Ne ions. Dicentrics were observed at the first metaphase and chromosomal breaks at early interphase using the premature chromosome condensation technique (PCC). Comparison of these measurements with previous work with low LET radiation, produced RBEm values of 0.3 and 0.6 for dicentrics at metaphase and for breaks in early interphase, respectively. Recently published work on the repair of double strand breaks using the PCC technique shows that following X irradiation, the dicentric yield does not alter with repair time but the breaks decrease with repair time with a time constant in the region of 1 or 2 h. More recently published data in which cultures of mixed irradiated and unirradiated cells were scored for both dicentrics at metaphase and breaks at early interphase show that interphase death affects the dicentric yield at metaphase but not the break yield at early interphase. These observations place restrictions on the acceptability of models of radiation action.