bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crude Preparations of Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Vesicles Induce Upregulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 via Activating Akt-Nrf2 and mTOR–IκB Kinase–NF-κB Pathways in Dendritic Cells
Authors: Ko Su Hyuk , Rho Da Jeong , Jeon Jong Ik , Kim Young-Jeon , Woo Hyun Ae , Kim Nayoung , Kim Jung Mogg 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTHelicobacter pylorisheds outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that contain many surface elements of bacteria. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in directing the nature of adaptive immune responses againstH. pylori, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been implicated in regulating function of DCs. In addition, HO-1 is important for adaptive immunity and the stress response. AlthoughH. pylori-derived OMVs may contribute to the pathogenesis ofH. pyloriinfection, responses of DCs to OMVs have not been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the role ofH. pylori-derived crude OMVs in modulating the expression of HO-1 in DCs. Exposure of DCs to crudeH. pyloriOMVs upregulated HO-1 expression. Crude OMVs obtained from acagA-negative isogenic mutant strain induced less HO-1 expression than OMVs obtained from a wild-type strain. CrudeH. pyloriOMVs activated signals of transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, and Nrf2. Suppression of NF-κB or Nrf2 resulted in significant attenuation of crude OMV-induced HO-1 expression. Crude OMVs increased the phosphorylation of Akt and downstream target molecules of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), such as S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). Suppression of Akt resulted in inhibition of crude OMV-induced Nrf2-dependent HO-1 expression. Furthermore, suppression of mTOR was associated with inhibition of IκB kinase (IKK), NF-κB, and HO-1 expression in crude OMV-exposed DCs. These results suggest thatH. pylori-derived OMVs regulate HO-1 expression through two different pathways in DCs, Akt-Nrf2 and mTOR–IKK–NF-κB signaling. Following this induction, increased HO-1 expression in DCs may modulate inflammatory responses inH. pyloriinfection.
Should player fatigue be the focus of injury prevention strategies for international rugby sevens tournaments?
Authors: Fuller Colin W , Taylor Aileen E , Raftery Martin 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the incidence, severity and nature of injuries, to determine risk factors for injury and to identify potential injury prevention strategies in men's international Rugby-7s tournaments.DesignA prospective cohort study.ParticipantsPlayers from core teams competing in matches at 6 Sevens World Series from 2008/2009 to 2014/2015.ResultsThe incidence of injury across all Series was 108.3 injuries/1000 player-match-hours (backs: 121.0; forwards: 91.5) with a mean severity of 44.2 days (backs: 46.1; forwards: 40.9) and a median severity of 28 days (backs: 29; forwards: 26). The proportion of injuries sustained in the second half was significantly higher (60%; p<0.001) than the first half of matches and the proportion increased from match to match and day to day in a tournament. The knee (17.4%), ankle (15.9%) and posterior thigh (13.2%) were the most common injury locations for backs and the knee (18.5%), head/face (17.3%) and shoulder/clavicle (13.0%) for forwards. The four most common injuries across all players were knee ligament (13.0%), ankle ligament (12.8%), concussion (10.4%) and posterior thigh muscle strains (9.8%).ConclusionsThe incidence of injury in Rugby-7s suggests that teams require squads of around 20 players for a Sevens World Series. The higher incidence of injury in the second half of matches is probably the result of player fatigue; therefore, injury prevention strategies for teams and the Governing Body should address this issue. The results presented support the World Rugby trial allowing ‘rolling substitutes’ during Sevens World Series matches, as this approach may help to mitigate the effects of player fatigue during the second half of matches.
Race and Sex Differences in the Incidence and Prognostic Significance of Silent Myocardial Infarction in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Authors: Zhang Zhu-Ming , Rautaharju Pentti M. , Prineas Ronald J. , Rodriguez Carlos J. , Loehr Laura , Rosamond Wayne D. , Kitzman Dalane , Couper David , Soliman Elsayed Z. 
Published: May 2016

Background—
Race and sex differences in silent myocardial infarction (SMI) are not well established.

Methods and Results—

The analysis included 9498 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline (visit 1, 1987–1989). Incident SMI was defined as ECG evidence of MI without clinically documented MI (CMI) after the baseline until ARIC visit 4 (1996–1998). Coronary heart disease and all-cause deaths were ascertained starting from ARIC visit 4 until 2010. During a median follow-up of 8.9 years, 317 participants (3.3%) developed SMI and 386 (4.1%) developed CMI. The incidence rates of both SMI and CMI were higher in men (5.08 and 7.96 per 1000-person years, respectively) than in women (2.93 and 2.25 per 1000-person years, respectively;
P
<0.0001 for both). Blacks had a nonsignificantly higher rate of SMI than whites (4.45 versus 3.69 per 1000-person years;
P
=0.217), but whites had higher rate of CMI than blacks (5.04 versus 3.24 per 1000-person years;
P
=0.002). SMI and CMI (compared with no MI) were associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease death (hazard ratio, 3.06 [95% confidence interval, 1.88–4.99] and 4.74 [95% confidence interval, 3.26–6.90], respectively) and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.34 [95% confidence interval, 1.09–1.65] and 1.55 [95% confidence interval, 1.30–1.85], respectively). However, SMI and CMI were associated with increased mortality among both men and women, with potentially greater increased risk among women (interaction
P
=0.089 and 0.051, respectively). No significant interactions by race were detected.

Conclusions—
SMI represents >45% of incident MIs and is associated with poor prognosis. Race and sex differences in the incidence and prognostic significance of SMI exist that may warrant considering SMI in personalized assessments of coronary heart disease risk.
Psychometric Validation of a Moroccan Version of the 22‐Item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test
Authors: Adnane Choaib , Adouly Taoufik , Oubahmane Tarek , Zouak Abdelhay , Rouadi Sami , Abada Reda Lah , Roubal Mohamed , Mahtar Mohamed 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveThe objective of this study paper was to culturally adapt and validate the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) questionnaire for Moroccan Arabic speaking patients.Study DesignProspective cohort study.SettingTertiary referral center; Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco.Subjects and MethodsThe SNOT‐22 was conducted in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) undergoing sinonasal surgery and in healthy volunteers, from January 2012 to December 2013. It was translated into Moroccan Arabic language. To evaluate this questionnaire, internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, responsiveness to treatment, and validity were analyzed.ResultsPreoperative SNOT‐22 scores were completed by 88 patients. Six‐month postoperative SNOT‐22 scores were available for 74 patients. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the SNOT‐22 was 0.968, indicating high internal consistency. The test‐retest reliability coefficient was 0.993, indicating high reliability when administering the instrument on repeated occasions. The Moroccan version of the SNOT‐22 was able to highly discriminate between patients with CRS and group of healthy volunteers (P <. 0001). There was a statistically significant reduction in patient reported SNOT‐22 scores at 6 months after surgery (P <. 0001).ConclusionThe present study has found the Moroccan version of SNOT‐22 to be valid and easy to use with good reliability, validity, and responsiveness. It can be used to measure the impact of CRS on the patient’s quality of life and may also be used to evaluate CRS treatment.
Shoulder orthoses for the prevention and reduction of hemiplegic shoulder pain and subluxation: systematic review
Authors: Nadler M , Pauls MMH 
Published: May 2016

Objectives: To determine whether shoulder orthoses prevent or reduce gleno-humeral subluxation and hemiplegic shoulder pain. Data sources: OVID SP, MEDLINE, AMED, CINAHL, PEDro and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Review methods: We included: randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials, controlled before and after studies and observational studies. Two reviewers independently screened, critically appraised papers using the PEDro tool, and extracted data. A descriptive synthesis was performed as there were insufficient data for meta-analysis. Results: Eight studies were included, totalling 186 participants: One randomised controlled trial with 41 participants, one quasi-randomised with 14 participants, one before and after controlled study with 40 participants and five observational studies with 91 participants met the inclusion criteria. Findings suggest that applying an orthosis to an already subluxed shoulder immediately reduced vertical subluxation on X-ray but improvements were not maintained when orthosis was removed. Orthoses with both proximal and distal attachments improved shoulder pain in the majority of stroke patients when worn for four weeks (starting several days or weeks post-stroke). There was no increase in adverse effects of contracture, spasticity or hand oedema when compared to no orthosis. Orthoses were generally well-tolerated and most patients rated the orthosis as comfortable to wear. Conclusion: Observational studies suggest that orthoses reduce vertical subluxation whilst in-situ. Available evidence from heterogeneous studies after stroke suggests that orthoses may reduce pain and are well-tolerated with prolonged use. No studies have tested whether subluxation and pain can be prevented by immediate post-stroke application of orthoses.
Harmful Effects of Leukocyte-Rich Platelet-Rich Plasma on Rabbit Tendon Stem Cells In Vitro
Authors: Zhang Lei , Chen Shuo , Chang Peng , Bao Nirong , Yang Chao , Ti Yufan , Zhou Liwu , Zhao Jianning 
Published: May 2016

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is now widely used as a promising treatment for patients with tendinopathy. However, the efficacy of PRP treatment for tendinopathy is controversial mainly because of inconsistent results from human clinical trials and particularly because the concentration and effect of leukocytes in PRP remain largely unknown. Hypothesis: Leukocyte-rich PRP (L-PRP) inhibits growth factor release, decreases proliferation, and induces nontenocyte differentiation of tendon stem cells (TSCs); increases catabolic cytokine concentrations; and causes inflammation and apoptosis. Thus, L-PRP has a detrimental effect on tendon stem/progenitor cells, which impairs injured tendon healing. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Pure PRP (P-PRP) and L-PRP were prepared from the same individual rabbit blood, and platelet numbers in each PRP product were adjusted to reach the same level. The leukocyte level in L-PRP was 4 and 8 times higher than those in whole blood and P-PRP, respectively. The growth factors in both P-PRP and L-PRP were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The morphology, stemness, proliferation, and differentiation of TSCs grown in L-PRP and P-PRP were examined by microscopy, immunocytochemistry, population doubling time, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and histological analysis. Results: L-PRP produced lower levels of growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)–β1, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), than did P-PRP. TSC proliferation was significantly decreased in L-PRP in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, TSCs cultured in P-PRP produced more collagen and formed tendon-like tissue; however, TSCs grown in L-PRP differentiated into nontenocytes and produced more inflammatory factors such as membrane-associated prostaglandin synthase (mPGES) and interleukin (IL)–1β. Moreover, L-PRP was associated with increased apoptosis. Conclusion: L-PRP has harmful effects on TSCs. Clinical Relevance: This study revealed the direct effects of different compositions of PRP on TSCs and provided basic scientific data to help understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the efficacy of PRP treatment in clinical use.
The Two Opposing Effects of Judicial Elections on Legitimacy Perceptions
Authors: Woodson Benjamin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractJudicial elections have two opposing effects on legitimacy perceptions for state supreme courts. Elections not only provide a boost to legitimacy through the chance to hold officials accountable but also involve campaign activity that decreases legitimacy perceptions. This article examines these two opposing effects using a nationally representative survey that includes items assessing diffuse support for state supreme courts. It uses multiple indicators to differentiate between states with highly active election systems involving large amounts of campaign activity and states with less active elections systems that involve little campaign activity. The results from the survey show that the legitimacy of elected courts is higher than appointed courts but only in states with little election activity. In states with high amounts of election activity, the legitimacy of elected courts is lower than appointed courts.
Process-based approach to modeling recurrent-event data explicated on the basis of occurrences of tooth losses in two different prosthetic treatment concepts
Authors: Diebner Hans H. , Marré Birgit , Roeder Ingo , Walter Michael H. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Background
In studies comparing different prosthetic treatment concepts the repeated loss of teeth was chosen as the primary outcome. The resulting data appear to represent a data structure of recurrent events. However, the application of an existing method for recurrent events is far from straightforward. Often only the first event or the final state is analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival statistics, thereby giving a great deal of information away.

Methods
The paper presents a strategy for the analysis of recurrent data using a previously published study on the influence of different prosthetic treatment concepts for the shortened dental arch on tooth loss. A method based on cumulative sample history functions of recurrent events was adjusted for tooth loss. The shapes of these cumulative functions suggest a time dependency of the recurrence rate. To keep the model as simple as possible, a tripartite Poisson process (which assumes piecewise time-independent rates) was fitted to the cumulative mean functions stratified by treatment.

Results
Within the middle interval of the three-phasic process, the treatment effects differ significantly, which is interpreted as a delay of tooth loss due to the use of one type of prosthesis (fixed) compared with the other (removable).

Conclusions
An analysis based on cumulative history functions is based on process, therefore, temporally changing characteristics are better captured than in methods for survival analyses. The presented approach offers useful new insight into the temporal behavior of ongoing tooth loss after prosthetic treatment.

Trial registration
The trial has been registered at controlled-trials.com under ISRCTN97265367 (registration date 4 April 2008).
Novel skin chamber for rat ischemic flap studies in regenerative wound repair
Authors: Hsueh Yuan-Yu , Wang Duo-Hsiang , Huang Tzu-Chieh , Chang Ya-Ju , Shao Wei-Chi , Tuan Tai-Lan , Hughes Michael W. , Wu Chia-Ching 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Background
In plastic surgery, skin flap is an important approach to reconstructive wound repairs. The rat dorsal skin flap is a clinically relevant and popular animal model to investigate and evaluate flap survival and necrosis. Nonetheless, flap survival is often unstable with unpredictable outcomes, regardless of previous attempts at design modification.

Methods & Results
In the present study, we report a novel flap chamber that provides stable and reproducible outcomes by separating the dorsal skin flap from its surrounding skin by in situ immobilization. The flap chamber blocks circulation that disturbs flap ischemia from both basal and lateral sides of the flap tissue. Demarcation of skin necrosis is macroscopically evident on the flap and supported by distinct changes in histological architecture under microscopic examination. The utility of the novel skin flap chamber is further proven by applying it to the examination of flap survival in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with an increase in skin necrosis. The flap chamber also affords size modifications where a narrower flap chamber increases ischemia and provides manipulable therapeutic windows for studying cell therapies. Accordingly, intradermal injection of endothelial cells 3 days before flap ischemia significantly increases the survival of skin flaps.

Conclusions
The novel flap chamber not only may stabilize the skin flap and provide reproducible outcomes that overcome the shortfalls of the traditional ischemic flap but also may afford size modifications that support research designs and test therapeutic approaches to regenerative repair.
Raman Spectroscopic Speciation Analyses and Liquid Structures by High-Energy X-ray Total Scattering and Molecular Dynamics Simulations for N-methylimidazolium-Based Protic Ionic Liquids
Authors: Watanabe Hikari , Doi Hiroyuki , Saito Soshi , Sadakane Koichiro , Fujii Kenta , Kanzaki Ryo , Kameda Yasuo , Umebayashi Yasuhiro 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Recently, we revealed N-methylimidazole C1Im equimolar mixtures with superacids and strong acids such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid HTfO (Tf: CF3SO2–), bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide acid HTf2N or trifluoroacetic acid CF3COOH are essentially protic ionic liquids by means of potentiometry of direct pH measurement in such liquids. Here, we demonstrated Raman spectroscopic speciation analysis of [C1hIm+][TfO−] and [C1hIm+][Tf2N−] (C1hIm+: N-methylimidazolium) to elucidate both liquids are spectroscopically protic ionic liquids; much excess ionic species exist in these liquids and the amount of electrically neutral molecular species are practically negligible. In addition, to further insight into the hydrogen bond in the imidazolium-based protic ionic liquids, liquid structure of [C1hIm+][TfO−] were studied by high-energy X-ray total scattering HEXTS experiments with the aid of molecular dynamics simulations. Comparing with the hydrogen bond in [C1hIm+][Tf2N−] previously reported, the hydrogen bond in [C1hIm+][TfO−] is stronger probably due to the narrower negative charge de-localization.
Corporate Finance Policies and Social Networks
Authors: Fracassi Cesare 
Published: May 2016

This paper shows that managers are influenced by their social peers when making corporate policy decisions. Using biographical information about executives and directors of U.S. public companies, we define social ties from current and past employment, education, and other activities. We find that more connections two companies share with each other, more similar their capital investments are. To address endogeneity concerns, we find that companies invest less similarly when an individual connecting them dies. The results extend to other corporate finance policies. Furthermore, central companies in the social network invest in a less idiosyncratic way and exhibit better economic performance.This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.
Grenzen der wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung des Wiener Kreises
Authors: Hegselmann Rainer 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Beckermann states correctly that one wing of the Vienna Circle advocated a program of rationality including theoretical as well as practical questions. However, contrary to Beckermann, it can be pointed out that there is no consistent relationship between the theoretical and practical parts of this program. These inconsistencies could be eliminated if one takes the historical background from which Logical Empiricism originated into consideration.
Comments on some Methodological Aspects of Rawls’ “Theory of Justice”
Authors: Tugendbat Ernst 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In the first part of the paper Rawls’ conception of a ,reflective equilibrium" with our „considered moral judgements“ is criticized. Moral judgements cannot form a court of appeal for the justification of moral principles, since they are themselves in need of justification. An analysis of the meaning of the sentences in which moral judgements are expressed is called for in order to establish their method of justification.
In the second part of the paper the consequence which Rawls' repudiation of semantic analysis has had for his conception of the „original position“ is discussed. In retrogressive extension of his four-stage-sequence a zero-stage is postulated which represents the moral point of view. At this stage the reasons would have to be given for adopting the original position and for conceiving it with just those characteristics that Rawls has assumed. Only thus can the advantages and disadvantages of these characteristics be analytically assessed.
Logischer Empirismus und normative Entscheidungstheorie
Authors: Köhler Wolfgang R. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Logical Empiricism, i.e. its noncognitivism, does not destroy practical rationality because it is compatible with a rational decision on normative questions by way of consequentialist reasoning according to decision theory. It is argued that the contention that Logical Empiricism destroys practical rationality is based on a confusion of a rational decision on normative questions with the interpretation of the meaning of the answers to these questions. It is further argued that a rational decision on normative questions is only possible as far as the normative status of actions is concerned. It is not possible as far as the evaluative premises about basic values are concerned. Finally it is said that a rational decision on normative questions is principally deductive. Good-reason’ s-approach and practical syllogism are therefore only enthymematic and transformable into logical deduction. Of course, proving basic values or moral principles by way of logical deduction is both as impossible as needless.
Soziologische Relativität
Authors: List Elisabeth 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Ethnomethodology criticises sociological objectivism in a double sense: a) concerning the idea of “objectively” given social facts; b) concerning the idea of objectivity as a realistic claim of common sense and scientific knowledge. The theoretical alternative presented by Garfinkel and his followers consists a) in an analysis of the interpretative procedures, by which common sense beliefs in the objectivity of reality are constituted; b) in the intention, to take practical reasoning not as a source, but as a topic of empirical study. The paper argues that while the proposed analysis of practical activities conveys a useful approach, its epistemological implications lead to inconsistencies and problematical consequences.