bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1. Excursions in the Troad, with Observations on its Topography and Antiquities
Authors: Robertson William 
Published: June 2016

The author had resided for fifteen months, in 1855–56, within a few miles of the Plain of Troy, and had made excursions over it at all seasons.His paper commenced with a description of the western extremity of the Asiatic coast of the Hellespont, between Abydos and Koum Kaleh, including the River Rhodius and the sites of Dardanus, Ophrynium, Pteleos, Rhætium, and Novum Ilium, all of which he considered positively identified. A minute topographical account followed: first, of the valley of the Dumbrek (Simois); next, of the valley of the Mendere (Scamander); next, of the valley of the Kimair (Thymbrius of Strabo); and lastly, of the hilly country between these streams, and of the relics of antiquity which it included.
1. Note on the use of Subacetate of Lead as a means of separating some of the Vegetable Alkaloids
Authors: Anderson Thomas 
Published: June 2016

In a paper on the crystalline constituents of opium, read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, I described a process for separating thebaine from papaverine and narcotine, withwhich it occurs mixed in the opium liquor I examined. This process consisted in converting the mixed bases into acetates, and adding to the solution an excess of subacetate of lead, by which the feebler bases are precipitated, and the stronger thebaine left in solution.As it is familiarly known that in those plants in which alkaloids are found, they rarely occur singly, but are generally associated in groups of two or more, often very closely allied in their properties, and consequently require for their separation, processes of considerable complexity, I have been induced to make a few experiments, with the view of ascertaining whether the method I had applied with success to the opium bases could be used for other substances.
1. Biographical Memoir of the late Dr D. Skene of Aberdeen
Authors: Thomson Alex. 
Published: June 2016

This memoir commences by stating that it seemed desirable to arrange and preserve what memorials could still be found of one who had done very much to promote the study of natural science in Scotland, but whose memory had well-nigh perished.Dr Skene's father and grandfather were both eminent physicians in Aberdeen, where he was born, on 13th August 1731.His early education was conducted in Aberdeen. He spent the winter of 1751-2 in Edinburgh, attending various medical classes; and in the autumn of 1752 proceeded to London, where he studied under Hunter and Smellie, besides attending several of the hospitals.
1. Some Inquiries concerning Terrestrial Temperature
Authors: Forbes J. D. 
Published: June 2016

In this paper the writer starts by assuming Dove's Temperatures for the mean of every 10th parallel of latitude, from 75° N. to 40° S., to be correct. His object is to inquire how far the influence of the proportion of land and water in modifying the annual temperature of a given parallel is susceptible of being reduced to a formula.The amount of land and water in different latitudes is first tabulated.It is then shown, from an examination of the ordinary isothermal curves, and also from Dove's charts of the “Thermic Anomaly,” that the influence of land is to exalt the temperature of lower latitudes, and to depress that of higher latitudes.
2. Some Observations on the Coagulation of the Blood
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

Dr Richardson, in a recent and elaborate work on the blood, an extension of a Prize Essay on the cause of the coagulation of this fluid, has endeavoured to prove that this phenomenon is of a chemical kind, depending on the escape of the volatile alkali.The author of the paper of the above title describes three sets of experiments which he has instituted for the purpose of testing Dr Richardson's hypothesis. In all his trials on blood, he has used that of the common fowl, its properties being best adapted to the objects in view.
2. On the Climate of Edinburgh for Fifty-six Years, from 1795 to 1850, deduced principally from Mr Adie's Observations; with an Account of other and earlier Registers.—On the Climate of Dunfermline, from the Registers of the late Rev. Henry Fergus
Authors: Forbes J. D. 
Published: June 2016

The paper on the Climate of Edinburgh is divided into seven sections.The First Section includes an account of the earliest records of the thermometer at Edinburgh which are to be found in the Edinburgh Medical Essays. They date from 1731. They were made with a thermometer having an arbitrary scale, which is described in Martine's Essays, and they appear to have been recorded with much care; but they cease in 1736. The next series, printed in the Essays of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, commence in 1764, and are continued till 1770. A parallel Register was begun at Hawkhill, near Edinburgh, and continued till 1776, and probably later.
2. On the Composition of the Glassy Surface of some Vitrified Forts
Authors: Bloxam Thomas 
Published: June 2016

The present paper was undertaken at the suggestion of the late Professor George Wilson, as forming an interesting inquiry, both to the antiquarian and the chemist, and as a sequel to the paper upon old Scotch glass, communicated by me to this Society some time since.The investigation had for its object,—1st, To ascertain the exact composition of the glassy surfaces of the various specimens.2d, The composition of the rocks upon which the glass was formed.3d, To account for the formation of such glass by the information afforded by the first two inquiries.
2. Note respecting Ampère's Experiment for showing the Repulsion of a Rectilinear Electrical Current on itself
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

The experiment referred to was performed in 1823 by Ampère in the presence of Mr A. De la Rive. It is intended to show that if one portion of a rectilinear conductor is made moveable, it will be repelled from the portions which form its continuation. The arrangement employed was a copper wire-float in a double trough of mercury, which cannot easily be explained without a figure.This experiment, though quoted by most writers on electricity, is understood to be one not easily repeated. Indeed, the author has not found an indication of its ever having been repeated with success. The author conceiving that perhaps this repulsion described by Ampère might assist in explaining the vibrations of rocking bodies through which an electrical current passes (as described in a communication by him to this Society in January 1859), devised another, and, as he conceives, a more delicate method of testing the supposed repulsion of a rectilinear current on itself.
2. Some Observations on the Albino
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

The subjects of these observations were five individuals—four females, one male—all natives of Ceylon, of its south-east salubrious coast, and the children of coloured parents.They are described by the author as well made, as having good health, and, though all coming under the denomination of Albinos, on account of their unusual fairness, yet as varying in degree, the lightest having red eyes and almost white hair; the less light, blue eyes and light-brown hair, with a complexion that in this country would be considered merely that of a pure blonde.
4. Notice of an Expeditious Method (believed to be new) for Computing the Time of Descent in a Circular Arc
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

In determining the intensity of gravitation from the oscillations of a pendulum, and in estimating the directive power of the earth's magnetism from the frequency of vibration of a needle, we have to make allowance for the extent of the arc through which the motions take place.The formula usually given for this purpose contains a series converging rapidly enough for very small arcs, but which requires a great amount of labour when the angle of deflection exceeds twenty or thirty degrees.
2. Notices of Early Scotch Planting
Authors: Innes Cosmo 
Published: June 2016

The common opinion that Scotland was at one time closely wooded, is at least questionable, and some circumstances lead to an opposite belief: as,The careful stipulations found in the most ancient deeds, about giving or withholding a limited use of wood for building and fuel.The use of foreign timber for our greater buildings, when to be had; thus, Norway timber used for building the Abbey of Arbroath, in the 15th century.The importation of bow-staves and spear-shafts, such long straight timber not being procurable at home.
4. On the Constitution of Mannite
Authors: Wanklyn J. A. , Erlenmeyer  
Published: June 2016

Chemists are in the habit of assigning to mannite the formula,C6H14O6;but the reasons which have hitherto been given for that formula seem not very conclusive. By a process of fermentation, alcohol and a number of other compounds of well established composition may be obtained from mannite; but inasmuch as disintegration takes place in this process, the formulæ of the products afford no guide to the constitution of the original body.
2. Memoir of the Life and Writings of Robert Whytt, M.D., Professor of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh, from 1747 to 1766
Authors: Seller William 
Published: June 2016

Biography, the author said, had never done sufficient justice to Robert Whytt, while it began already to omit his name. Whytt had commonly been represented as a follower of Stahl; and this idea, which was without foundation, had probably been a principal cause why his merits had not always been duly recognised.It was mentioned in the Memoir, that Whytt was born at Edinburgh, September 6, 1714; he was the son of Robert Whytt of Bennochy, a member of the Scottish bar; he was a posthumous child, born six months after his father's death; he was not yet seven years old when he lost his mother; her name was Murray; she was the daughter of Antony Murray of Woodend, in Perthshire.
5. On the Deflection of the Plummet caused by the Sun's and Moon's Attraction
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

In this paper it was shown that the attraction of the sun causes a deflection of the plummet, having its maximum about the 240th part of a second, and proportional to the size of twice the sun's zenith distance; the deflection is at its maximum when the sun is 45° above or below the horizon, and occurs in the vertical plane passing through the attracting body.The deflection due to the moon has its maximum about the 60th part of a second, and follows the same law; it is toward or from the attracting body according as the zenith distance is less or more than 90°.
3. Experiments and Investigations as to the influence exerted over some Minerals by Animal and Vegetable matter, under certain conditions.
Authors: Marshall Margaret Henrietta 
Published: June 2016

It occurred to the author, while examining the fossils of various strata, that possibly the animal matter of the animals originally included in the rock might have played some part in its consolidation, and thus, after their destruction as living animals, they might have continued to serve a useful purpose.After many unsuccessful experiments, made with common lime, and raw animal or vegetable matter, she had recourse to sulphate of lime, and found that plaster of Paris, when mixed with water, and with not more thanpart of the weight of the whole mass of mixed animal and vegetable matter, it did not set instantly, but continued for some hours quite plastic, developed, in setting, more heat than usual, and finally acquired a remarkable degree of hardness, and the power of resisting both water and fire to a very great degree. A specimen, was exhibited, made in this way.
3. New Observations on the Glaciers of Savoy. Part I.
Authors: Forbes J. D. 
Published: June 2016

This paper describes the remarkable changes which the glacier of La Brenva, on the south side of Mont Blanc, has undergone between the years 1842 and 1846.It has increased to such an extent, that it has risen against the opposing wall of rock on the side of the valley nearly 200 feet vertically; it has covered a large additional surface of ground, and appears to be approaching the moraines of 1818. The author describes the measures which he took for comparing its size at any future period, and he cites some observations made by the Vicar of Courmayeur (M. Guicharda), which plainly establish its continued motion during winter.
Verbal Notice.
Authors: Fleming  
Published: June 2016

(2.)On the Fluor-Spar of Aden.Dr Fleming exhibited to the Society several beautiful examples of quartz and calcedony, in the form of cakes or circumscribed stalagmites, from the fort of Aden in the Red Sea, which had been sent to him by Dr Buist of Bombay. They were remarkable as having a few minute crystals of fluoride of calcium, the matter of which aggregated during the evaporation of the water, which had furnished, in greater quantity, the siliceous materials forming the support.
2. On the Products of the Destructive Distillation of Animal Substances, Part I.
Authors: Anderson Thomas 
Published: June 2016

In this communication the author details the general properties of bone-oil, the substance employed in his experiments, and those of certain of the volatile bases contained in it.The oil was first rectified, and the product collected in two separate portions, each of which was separately agitated with dilute sulphuric acid for the separation of the bases. The acid solution so obtained was then boiled down to a small bulk for the purpose of separating any non-basic oil which might have been dissolved, and distilled with potash, soda, or slaked lime. The bases passed over in solution in water, from which they were separated by means of solid caustic potass; similar processes were performed with both portions of the bone-oil, but in the present paper the author confines himself to the pure volatile portion only.
4. Notes to a Paper on the Motive Power of Heat.
Authors: Thomson William 
Published: June 2016

(1.)On the Values of μ derived from Observations on the Vapours of various Liquids.An important test of the truth of the axiom on which Carnot's Theory is founded, will be afforded by comparing the values ofμdeduced from observations on various liquids. I am informed by Mons. Regnault, that, by the end of this year, data as complete as those which we at present possess for water, will be supplied for five or six different liquids, from certain investigations with which he is now occupied. Carnot gives values ofμfor the temperatures of the boiling of sulphuric ether, alcohol, water, and essence of turpentine, derived from various observations upon those liquids.
2. On Probable Inference.
Authors: Terrot  
Published: June 2016

The paper commenced with a suggestion, that, as the inferences of ordinary logic admitted no premises but such as were absolutely certain, and as the premises with which we have to deal in the business of life were not certain, but only probable, therefore it was highly desirable that we should have a logic, or rules for drawing inferences on the case of probable premises.The attention of the Society was then drawn to the 15th section of the article Probabilities, in theEncyclopœdia Metropolitana, and especially to the following passage: “It is an even chance that A is B, and the same that B is C; and therefore, 1 to 3 from these grounds only that A is C. But other considerations of themselves give an even chance that A is C. What is the resulting degree of evidence that A is C?” To which query the answer in theEncyclopœdiais.
1. On the Colours of Natural Bodies
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: June 2016

The only Theory of the Colours of Natural Bodies that has met with reception in modern times, is that of Sir Isaac Newton, who considers them as identical with those of thin plates, and as varying with the size of the ultimate particles of the body.Although this theory, ingenious as it is, be liable to many great objections, and be not capable of explaining the phenomena, even if its postulates be admitted; yet the author of the present paper does not assail it with any arguments of this kind. He has, on the contrary, attacked it in its stronghold, and has endeavoured to bring it to the test of direct experiment.
3. Description and Analysis of a Mineral from Faroe, not before examined
Authors: Connell Arthur 
Published: June 2016

The mineral in question was put into the author's hands by Mr Rose, mineral-dealer of this city, as a substance supposed to be a variety of mesotype. Mr Rose obtained it from Count Vargas Bedemar of Copenhagen, who had brought it from Faroe.It has a pure white colour, with some opalescence and translucence, a glistening vitreous lustre, and somewhat greater hardness than fluor. Its texture is imperfectly fibrous; but the fibres in some places diverge with considerable regularity, shewing an approach to a crystalline structure. The specific gravity is 2.362; it is remarkably tough and difficultly frangible, so as to require much time and labour to separate a mass of it into smaller fragments.
2. Researches on Heat. Second Series
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

The author states, that in a former paper on this subject, having confined himself to the establishment of a number of new facts in the science of heat, embracing its polarization by reflection, refraction, and double refraction, and the depolarizing action of doubly refracting crystals, he proceeded, on resuming the subject, to ascertain more accurately the laws of these phenomena.The first section of the paper relates to the methods of observation employed, and the examination of the values of the degrees of the galvanometer, which, for the most part, do not indicate equal increments of force. Two tables are given. By the first, the statical deviations of the needle are reduced, so as to be measures of the force producing them; and, by the second, the dynamical effect, or arc moved over by the initial disturbing action, is reduced to the final or statical effect, and thence to the true measure of heat. Several peculiarities attendant on the use of the galvanometer are kewise discussed.
2. Notice of Experimental Researches into the Laws of certain Hydrodynamical Phenomena that have not hitherto been reduced into Conformity with known Laws
Authors: Russell John Scott 
Published: June 2016

This Paper contained the results of researches in hydrodynamics extending over a period of two years, and which the author is continuing to prosecute under the auspices of the British Association in conjunction with Mr Robison, the Secretary of this Society. The present paper contained the development of two new laws in hydrodynamics, which appeared of sufficient importance to form a paper by themselves.These two laws are,1. The Law of Emergence—as an Element of Resistance.2. The Law of the Wave—as an Element of Resistance.
2. An Account of a New Species of British Bream, and a Species of Skate new to Science; with a List of, and Observations on, the Fishes of the Frith of Forth and Neighbourhood
Authors: Parnell Richard 
Published: June 2016

The author stated that, in July last, he obtained from the Frith of Forth a species of Bream, which he believes to be the Pagellus acarne of Cuvier. Length 13 inches; depth 4 inches; head one-third the length of the body not including the tail-fin. General form resembling that of the Sea Bream, but not so deep in proportion to its length. Scales large; 70 forming the lateral line, 6½ in an oblique row between it and the first ray of the dorsal-fin. Anterior-teeth small and numerous, disposed in many rows; outer row composed of 30 teeth, longer and more bent than those within; molars large, disposed in three rows in each jaw.D 12–12, P 16, V8, A 3–11, C. 20. Body pale silvery red. Dorsal and caudal fins rose-red; ventral and anal fins paler. Between the eyes reddish-brown; in front of the eyes and on the lower half of the preoperculum, metallic grey; on the upper part of the base of each pectoral fin, a deep violet-coloured spot, very conspicuous even in the dried state.
1. On the Composition of a new Ink, which, by resisting chemical deletion, promises to diminish the chances of the successful falsification of bills, deeds, and other documents
Authors: Traill  
Published: June 2016

The author was led to the investigation of this subject by its connection with that branch of Medical Jurisprudence which treats of the prevention and detection of forgery.It is well known that common writing-ink maybe totally effaced from paper by certain chemical agents, and that several others so impair its colour, that the characters traced with it become illegible. To the first class of chemical agents belong chlorine, and substances containing it, as well as oxalic acid; to the second diluted solutions, or the vapours of the mineral acids, and of the caustic alkalis. These agents were applied to written specimens of a great number of different inks, and the degree of resistance to their effects was considered as the criterion of the durability of each.
3. Memorandum concerning different kinds of Heat being susceptible of polarization by transmission through a given bundle of Mica Plates
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

“A series of delicate and tedious experiments on heat have conducted me to the following results, which will be fully discussed in a paper shortly to be laid before the Society.“1. An entire confirmation of my previous statement, that different kinds of heat are differently susceptible of polarization by transmission through a given bundle of mica plates; heat from obscure sources being less polarizable than that from luminous sources. I considered my investigations incomplete until I had proved not only that my former experiments had led me to correct results, but also why the only other person who I believe has attempted to obtain them was led to the opposite conclusion, as stated by M. Melloni in the Annales de Chimie for May 1837, namely, that all kinds of heat are equally susceptible of polarization. I have at length discovered, in the description of M. Melloni's method, the cause of his failure to detect this fact.
1. On the Origin and Compound Functions of the Facial Nerve or Portio Dura of the Seventh Nerve
Authors: Bell C. 
Published: June 2016

In this paper the author treats of the Facialis nerve or portio dura of the seventh nerve.He commences with a view of the Respiratory System of Nerves. Vindicating the term, he proceeds to shew that the Facialis belongs to this system, and that it possesses a double function and double origin. That this composite condition of the nerve is not, however, like the double nerves of the spine (which have a toot for motion and a root for sensation), but that its origins shew it to be connected with the column of voluntary motion and of the column of respiration.
1. Researches on Heat. Third Series
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

This paper is divided into three sections, each containing a distinct investigation.The First Section is on the Variable Polarizability of different kinds of Heat. This fact, namely, that when polarization takes place by refraction through a bundle of parallel mica plates, some kinds of heat are less completely polarized than others at the same incidence, the author proposed to establish in the second series of his researches. His investigations, however, having been considered by some persons as open to objection, and directly contrary results having been obtained by M. Melloni in his repetition of these experiments, the author was induced to investigate the subject anew and with every precaution.