bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Cuts in Action”: A High‐Density EEG Study Investigating the Neural Correlates of Different Editing Techniques in Film
Authors: Heimann Katrin S. , Uithol Sebo , Calbi Marta , Umiltà Maria A. , Guerra Michele , Gallese Vittorio 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn spite of their striking differences with real‐life perception, films are perceived and understood without effort. Cognitive film theory attributes this to the system of continuity editing, a system of editing guidelines outlining the effect of different cuts and edits on spectators. A major principle in this framework is the 180° rule, a rule recommendation that, to avoid spectators’ attention to the editing, two edited shots of the same event or action should not be filmed from angles differing in a way that expectations of spatial continuity are strongly violated. In the present study, we used high‐density EEG to explore the neural underpinnings of this rule. In particular, our analysis shows that cuts and edits in general elicit early ERP component indicating the registration of syntactic violations as known from language, music, and action processing. However, continuity edits and cuts‐across the line differ from each other regarding later components likely to be indicating the differences in spatial remapping as well as in the degree of conscious awareness of one's own perception. Interestingly, a time–frequency analysis of the occipital alpha rhythm did not support the hypothesis that such differences in processing routes are mainly linked to visual attention. On the contrary, our study found specific modulations of the central mu rhythm ERD as an indicator of sensorimotor activity, suggesting that sensorimotor networks might play an important role. We think that these findings shed new light on current discussions about the role of attention and embodied perception in film perception and should be considered when explaining spectators’ different experience of different kinds of cuts.
Longitudinal assessment of cardiac morphology and function following kidney transplantation
Authors: Kensinger Clark , Hernandez Antonio , Bian Aihua , Fairchild Meagan , Chen Guanhua , Lipworth Loren , Ikizler T. Alp , Birdwell Kelly A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundAbnormal cardiac morphology is a risk factor for cardiovascular complications in kidney transplant patients. A supraphysiologic level of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF‐23) has been associated with myocardial hypertrophy in this patient population. Our aim was to evaluate the change in cardiac morphology and function following kidney transplantation and to evaluate the association between the change in FGF‐23 concentrations and cardiac morphology.MethodsWe performed a longitudinal, prospective cohort study of 143 kidney transplant recipients (73% male, 75% white) measuring left ventricular (LV) mass index, left atrial (LA) volume index, and ejection fraction (EF) by echocardiography at months 1, 12, and 24 post‐transplant. FGF‐23 levels were measured at months 1 and 24 post‐transplant.ResultsUnadjusted and adjusted linear mixed‐effects models were used to examine changes in outcomes over time. In the adjusted model, LV mass index (P<.001) and LA volume index (P<.001) decreased and EF (P=.009) increased significantly over time. There was a significant association between decreasing FGF‐23 levels and improving LV mass index following transplant (P=.036) in the unadjusted model; however, there was no significant relationship in the adjusted model (0.195).ConclusionUnderstanding the progression of unique cardiovascular risk factors associated with kidney transplantation may provide potential opportunities to improve survival.
Use of incretin agents and risk of acute and chronic pancreatitis: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Knapen Lotte M. , de Jong Roy G. P. J. , Driessen Johanna H. M. , Keulemans Yolande C. , van Erp Nielka P. , De Bruin Marie L. , Leufkens Hubert G. M. , Croes Sander , de Vries Frank 
Published: November 2016

AimTo determine the association between the use of incretin agents (dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the risk of any, acute and chronic pancreatitis.Research design and methodsA population‐based cohort study was conducted using data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD 2007–2012). A total of 182 428 adult patients with ≥1 non‐insulin antidiabetic drug (NIAD) prescription were matched to control subjects without diabetes. Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pancreatitis in incretin‐users (N = 28 370) compared with controls and with other NIAD users. Adjustments were made for lifestyle, disease and drug history. In a sensitivity analysis, a new‐user design was used.ResultsCurrent incretin users had a 1.5‐fold increased risk of any pancreatitis compared with NIAD users (adjusted HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.06–2.04). In incident current incretin users the risk of any and acute pancreatitis was increased 2.1‐ and 2.0‐fold compared with NIAD users (adjusted HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.31–3.43 and adjusted HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.13–3.41), whereas there was no increased risk found for chronic pancreatitis.ConclusionsIncretin use was associated with an increased risk of any pancreatitis. Moreover, risk of any and acute pancreatitis was higher when applying a new‐user design. We were not able to detect an association with chronic pancreatitis, but the number in this subgroup was small.
Discriminatory Capacities, Russell's Principle, and the Importance of Losing Sight of Objects
Authors: Gersel Johan Peter 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWhat capacities for discrimination must a subject possess in order to entertain singular thoughts? Evans has suggested that a subject must be able to discriminate his referent from all other entities in order to be able to do so; what he calls Russell's Principle. Evans' view has few followers, and he has been repeatedly accused of presenting no argument in its favour. In this paper I present what I take to be Evans' argument. I suggest that he has been misinterpreted as introducing Russell's Principle for the purpose of fixing reference. Rather, he introduces it in order to ensure that our conceptual capacities have the functional complexity to allow for objective thought. I suggest that the logical types of our thought are constituted by their inferential potential and argue that, even though singular thought may be possible without the satisfaction of Russell's Principle, singular thought that forms part of an objective world view is not.
New methodology for soil aggregate fractionation to investigate phosphorus transformations in iron oxide‐rich tropical agricultural soil
Authors: Garland G. , Bünemann E. K. , Six J. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryUnderstanding phosphorus (P) dynamics at the soil aggregate level is necessary to increase P‐use efficiency and for reducing reliance on external P inputs. Traditional methods of soil fractionation are often unsuitable for the study of P dynamics within soil aggregates of tropical soil because of the large amounts of strongly P‐sorbing iron oxide concretions. Here, we present an alternative method of soil fractionation to assess carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and P cycling in a very weathered tropical soil (total P, 883 ± 19 mg P kg−1) rich in iron concretions (total P, 1136 ± 28 mg P kg−1). This wet‐sieving method removes large iron concretions (> 2000 µm) without any marked effect on smaller soil aggregates, which reduces the error associated with overestimation of aggregation. It reduces variation in nutrient content within larger soil aggregates, and also enables nutrient cycling within water‐stable soil aggregates to be studied. In addition, because it uses field‐moist soil it is possible to measure microbial biomass, community structure, or both, within aggregate fractions. Although this method is important for measuring and understanding C, N and P dynamics within soil aggregate fractions, both the nutrient content and biochemical characteristics of the iron concretions need to be considered to obtain a deeper understanding of nutrient dynamics within the whole soil.HighlightsAn aggregate fractionation method for tropical soil rich in iron concretions.
This method can separate large iron concretions from soil aggregates.
Error and variation in aggregation measurements and associated nutrient concentrations are reduced.
Measurement of P in concretions and aggregates separately provides a better understanding of P dynamics.
Effect of arsenate contamination on free, immobilized and soil alkaline phosphatases: activity, kinetics and thermodynamics
Authors: Wang Z. Q. , Li Y. B. , Tan X. P. , He W. X. , Xie W. , Megharaj M. , Wei G. H. 
Published: November 2016

SummarySoil alkaline phosphatase plays a vital role in phosphorus cycling in the soil ecosystem. Arsenic, an ecotoxic element, affects the normal function of phosphatase in the soil environment. To understand the effects of arsenic on phosphatase, the activity, kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics were investigated systematically following the addition of arsenate to free soluble, clay‐immobilized alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and soil ALP. The results showed that the ALP activity was strongly inhibited by arsenate. The Michaelis constant Km increased linearly with increasing arsenate concentration, indicating a decrease in affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. The inhibition constant Ki increased after the ALP was immobilized on montmorillonite and goethite. Thermodynamic properties such as activation energy, activation enthalpy, Gibbs activation free energy and activation entropy increased when arsenate was added, which suggests that more energy is required to form the activated molecule and the enzyme–substrate complex. The reaction was less spontaneous and the enzyme–substrate complex was less ordered. Immobilization of the ALP on minerals reduced the variation in kinetic and thermodynamic properties in the presence of arsenate, indicating that immobilization provided protection from arsenate stress. Arsenate toxicity to soil ALP was affected markedly by soil texture. The results suggest that the type of arsenate inhibition on free soluble ALP was competitive inhibition, whereas for immobilized and soil ALPs, the inhibition was competitive or mixed inhibition depending on the mineral or soil property.HighlightsAlkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was inhibited by arsenate.
The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of ALP were changed in the presence of arsenate.
Arsenate inhibition on free, mineral‐immobilized ALP and soil ALP was different.
ALP immobilization on minerals reduced arsenate toxicity to ALP.
WONOEP appraisal: Imaging biomarkers in epilepsy
Authors: van Vliet Erwin A. , Dedeurwaerdere Stefanie , Cole Andrew J. , Friedman Alon , Koepp Matthias J. , Potschka Heidrun , Immonen Riikka , Pitkänen Asla , Federico Paolo 
Published: November 2016

SummaryNeuroimaging offers a wide range of opportunities to obtain information about neuronal activity, brain inflammation, blood–brain barrier alterations, and various molecular alterations during epileptogenesis or for the prediction of pharmacoresponsiveness as well as postoperative outcome. Imaging biomarkers were examined during the XIII Workshop on Neurobiology of Epilepsy (XIII WONOEP) organized in 2015 by the Neurobiology Commission of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). Here we present an extended summary of the discussed issues and provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the biomarker potential of different neuroimaging approaches for epilepsy.
Species traits and channel architecture mediate flow disturbance impacts on invertebrate drift
Authors: Naman Sean M. , Rosenfeld Jordan S. , Richardson John S. , Way Jesse L. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Pulsed flow disturbances strongly influence invertebrate drift in lotic ecosystems. However, drift‐flow relationships are often context dependent and non‐intuitive, suggesting that local abiotic and biotic conditions mediate the impacts of flow on the physical and behavioural drivers of drift entry. Two factors may be particularly important: physical channel architecture, which modulates how flow influences velocity and habitat area; and species traits, which determine behavioural responses to flow and susceptibility to passive entrainment.

We examined how channel architecture and species traits (e.g. mobility, body size, and dislodgement susceptibility) mediated the effects of flow on bulk drift abundance and taxa‐specific per capita drift rates (the rate of emigration from the benthos). In complementary experiments, we reduced and increased flows in stream mesocosms with contrasting cross‐sectional channel profiles: concave channels, where habitat area contracted and expanded with altered flow but velocity remained relatively constant; and flat channels, which maintained constant habitat area but experienced greater changes in velocity.

Total drift concentration increased following flow reductions and decreased following flow increases whereas drift flux (the total number drifting) showed the opposite pattern. Channel architecture did not influence drift during flow reductions, but during flow increases drift flux and concentration were amplified in flat channels that experienced larger increases in velocity and shear stress.

Contrasting responses among individual taxa to flow manipulation were explained by variation in mobility (swimming and crawling ability) and body shape (susceptibility to drag). Per capita drift rates for the most mobile taxa increased c. 10% under flow reduction, indicating a behavioural response, whereas drift of other taxa declined. Per capita drift increased for all taxa following elevated flow but by the largest magnitude in taxa with body shapes that experience more drag, suggesting passive dislodgement.

Our results imply that: (i) stream channel architecture can modify the impacts of flow increases on stream invertebrates; and (ii) invertebrate taxa vary in their vulnerability and behavioural responses to flow disturbance. Together these inferences clarify some of the previously unexplained context‐dependent responses of drift to flow disturbances.
Pelagic phytoplankton community change‐points across nutrient gradients and in response to invasive mussels
Authors: Kovalenko Katya E. , Reavie Euan D. , Allan J. David , Cai Meijun , Smith Sigrid D. P. , Johnson Lucinda B. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Phytoplankton communities can experience nonlinear responses to changing nutrient concentrations, but the nature of species shifts within phytoplankton is not well understood and few studies have explored responses of pelagic assemblages in large lakes.

Using pelagic phytoplankton data from the Great Lakes, we assessed phytoplankton assemblage change‐point responses to nutrients and invasive Dreissena, characterising community responses in a multi‐stressor environment and determine whether species responses to in situ nutrients can be approximated from nutrient loading.

We demonstrate assemblage shifts in phytoplankton communities along major stressor gradients, particularly prominent in spring assemblages, providing insight into community thresholds at the lower end of the phosphorus gradient and species‐stressor responses in a multi‐stressor environment. We show that responses to water nutrient concentrations could not be estimated from large‐scale nutrient loading data likely due to lake‐specific retention time and long‐term accumulation of nutrients.

These findings highlight the potential for significant accumulation of nitrates in ultra‐oligotrophic systems, nonlinear responses of phytoplankton at nutrient concentrations relevant to current water quality standards and system‐specific (e.g. lake or ecozone) differences in phytoplankton responses likely due to differences in nutrient co‐limitation and effects of dreissenids.
Preparation, characterisation, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of the novel polysaccharides from the pileus of Dictyophora rubrovolvata
Authors: Sun Liping , Bao Changjun , Chang Weidan , Zhuang Yongliang 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe polysaccharides from the pileus of Dictyophora rubrovolvata (DPP) were extracted by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) and the operating parameters were optimised by orthogonal experiment. The polysaccharides were separated and purified by DEAE‐52 and Sephadex G‐100 column chromatography to obtain two fractions of DPP‐1s and DPP‐2s. The average of molecular weights, monosaccharide compositions, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of DPP‐1s and DPP‐2s were investigated. The results showed DPP‐1s and DPP‐2s had high inhibitory effects on oxidation and glycation, and DPP‐2s showed stronger bioactivity than DPP‐1s, which might be due to their differences in the molecular weight and uronic acid content. Furthermore, the UV and FTIR spectra were used to evaluate the characterisations of DPP‐2s, which demonstrated that DPP‐2s had no protein and nuclear acid with the pyranose ring structure. This study indicated that DPP‐2s could be used as a source of natural antioxidant and antiglycation components.
Wheat starch production, structure, functionality and applications—a review
Authors: Shevkani Khetan , Singh Narpinder , Bajaj Ritika , Kaur Amritpal 
Published: November 2016

SummaryStarch is the main component of wheat having a number of food and industrial applications. Thousands of cultivars/varieties of different wheat types and species differing in starch functionality (thermal, retrogradation, pasting and nutritional properties) are grown throughout the world. These properties are related to starch composition, morphology and structure, which vary with genetics, agronomic and environmental conditions. Starches from soft wheat contain high amounts of surface lipids and proteins and exhibit lower paste viscosity, whereas that from hard cultivars contain high proportion of small granules and amylose content but lower gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. Waxy starches exhibit higher‐percentage crystallinity, gelatinization temperatures, swelling power, paste viscosities and digestibility, but lower‐setback viscosity, rate of retrogradation and levels of starch lipids and proteins than normal and high‐amylose starches. Starches with high levels of lipids are less susceptible towards gelatinization, swelling and retrogradation and are good source of resistant starch, while that with high proportion of long amylopectin chains are more crystalline, gelatinize at high temperatures, increase paste viscosity, retrograde to a greater extent and decrease starch digestibility (high resistant and slowly digestible starch and low rapidly digestible starch).
Effect of different treatments on the microstructure and functional and pasting properties of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.) and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) flours from the north‐east Argentina
Authors: Acevedo Belén A. , Thompson Cinthia M. B. , González Foutel Nicolás S. , Chaves María G. , Avanza María V. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe effect of germination (G; 5 days), soaking‐cooking (SC; 6 h–20 min, 6 h–40 min, 6 h–60 min) and microwave (M; 50%, 70%, 100%) treatments on pigeon pea (PP), dolichos bean (DB) and jack bean (JB) seeds was studied. Microstructure of seeds and functional (protein solubility, water‐holding capacity, oil‐holding capacity, emulsion stability) and pasting properties of flours were determined. Germination and microwave treatments modified the protein matrix of cotyledon cells preserving the shape of the starch granule, whereas the SC treatment (6 h–60 min) affected both. The soaking‐cooking is the most influential treatment on the functional properties of PP, DB and JB flours, as increased water absorption capacity (73–96%), decreased protein solubility (>80%) and the tendency to retrogradation of amylose (69–85%) also improved emulsion stability.
Radiation sensitivity of planktonic and biofilm‐associated Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp. on food and food‐contact surfaces
Authors: Nagar Vandan , Pansare Godambe Lipika , Shashidhar Ravindranath 
Published: November 2016

SummaryAlthough ionising radiation has been shown to kill human pathogens Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp. on various food products, there is lack of information regarding the relative efficacy of gamma radiation against their free‐living planktonic and biofilm‐associated cells. The radiation sensitivity (D10 values) of planktonic, glass‐ and carrot‐associated biofilm cells of Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp. was determined by forming biofilms on sterile glass and carrot surfaces, incubated at 37 °C (Shigella spp.) and 30 °C (Aeromonas spp.) for 48 h. No significant difference in the D10 values of planktonic and glass‐associated biofilm cells of Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp. was observed. However, significant increase in the D10 values of carrot‐associated biofilm cells as compared to planktonic and glass‐associated biofilm cells of Shigella spp. and A. hydrophila A331 was observed, whereas A. salmonicida Y567 showed insignificant difference. SEM analysis further validated the formation of biofilm on the carrot and glass surfaces. The antimicrobial effectiveness of ionising radiation against both Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp. is affected by growth form, strain and nature of attachment surface.
Iranian nursing students' perspectives on transition to professional identity: a qualitative study
Authors: Neishabouri M. , Ahmadi F. , Kazemnejad A. 
Published: November 2016

AimTo explore Iranian nursing students' transition to professional identity.BackgroundProfessional identity is an important outcome of nursing education that has not been fully explored in the Iranian nursing education system.IntroductionProfessional identity is a significant factor influencing the development of nursing education and practice. The transition of nursing students to professional identity is the main concern of nursing education and fundamental prerequisite for policymaking and planning in the field of nursing education.MethodsThis was a qualitative content analysis study. In‐depth unstructured interviews were held with 35 Iranian bachelor's degree nursing students recruited through purposive sampling. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis.FindingsThe data analysis led to the development of four themes and 15 categories: ‘satisfaction with professional practice (attending clinical settings and communicating with patients, the feeling of being beneficial)’; ‘personal development (growing interest in nursing, feeling competent in helping others, changing character and attitude shift towards patients)’; ‘professional development (realizing the importance of nursing knowledge, appreciating professional roles, a changing their understanding of nursing and the meaning it)’; and ‘attaining professional commitment (a tendency to present oneself as a nurse, attempting to change oneself, other students and the public image of nursing)’.DiscussionDevelopment of professional identity is a continual process of transition. The greatest transition occurred in the last year of the programme.ConclusionNursing students experienced transition to PI through gaining satisfaction with professional practice, undergoing personal and professional development and developing a professional commitment.Implications for nursing and health policyEducational policymakers can use our findings for developing strategies that facilitate and support nursing students’ transition to professional identity.