bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholine: its significance in controlling ciliary activity of human respiratory epithelium in vitro
Authors: Corssen Gunter , Allen C. R. 
Published: December 2017

Explants of human respiratory ciliated epithelium cultured in a plasma clot tend to round up and to form rotating globes which can be employed in perfusion chambers for the study of the effect of various chemicals on ciliary activity. Perfusion of acetylcholine chloride solutions at 0.1–1.0% concentration invariably increased rotatory movement of the cell cluster. Bathing the epithelial explant in 0.05–0.1% eserine salicylate solutions, prior to the perfusion with acetylcholine chloride, markedly enhanced the acetylcholine effect on ciliary activity. Perfusion of atropine sulfate solutions at concentrations of 0.1% and stronger resulted in a short-lasting stimulatory effect, followed by progressive reduction of rotatory motion. The depressant action of atropine sulfate was counteracted by acetylcholine chloride at 0.5% concentration. The behavior of the various substances investigated appears to be consistent with the assumption that acetylcholine plays the key role in initiating and maintaining the contractile mechanism of ciliary motion. Submitted on April 6, 1959
Measurement of inferior vena caval blood flow in man
Authors: Grossman J. , Horowitz H. B. , Weston R. E. 
Published: December 2017

Employing a method dependent upon the difference in concentration of PAH in renal venous and peripheral blood, the blood flow through the lower inferior vena cava has been measured in 14 unanesthetized, resting human subjects. These included five noncardiac and nine cardiac patients of whom four were in relatively severe failure. The error of measurement may be as high as 10–15%. In normal subjects, this flow was 28–36% of the cardiac output. It was not significantly different in mild cardiac patients, but was both absolutely and relatively decreased in more severely ill patients, presumably as blood is diverted to supply the increased needs of the respiratory muscles of dyspneic patients. In two subjects who experienced pyrogen reactions, the temperature rise was accompanied by concurrent significant increases in renal and lower caval blood flow. Submitted on June 15, 1959
Change in intravascular temperature during heavy exercise
Authors: Sproule Brian J. , Archer Richard K. 
Published: December 2017

Intravascular temperatures were measured in the brachial arteries, brachial veins and femoral veins of five healthy volunteers during periods of heavy treadmill exercise. A mean temperature rise of 0.67°C was recorded from the femoral vein and of 0.49°C from the brachial artery and vein. These changes were insufficient to account for a previously demonstrated rightward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve during exercise. Submitted on May 19, 1959
Alveolar-capillary temperature
Authors: Rubenstein Edward , Pardee Robert C. , Eldridge Frederic 
Published: December 2017

Human experiments were done to test the thermal homeostasis of the alveolar-capillary structures. Under ordinary room conditions, the temperature of tidal air was raised to 36.7 ° C while the air was still in the small bronchi. The hyperventilation of such air did not measurably influence right atrial or ‘ wedged ’ pulmonary arterial temperature. The breathing of air chilled to 5°C had no discernible effect on the temperature of brachial or carotid artery blood. The experimental data and mathematical calculations based on physical constants indicate that human alveolar temperature is virtually constant even under the most extreme thermal conditions. Submitted on June 18, 1959
Influence of certain urinary solutes on acidic dissociation constant of ammonium at 37°C
Authors: Bank Norman , Schwartz William B. 
Published: December 2017

The acidic dissociation constant (pKa ' ) of ammonium was studied at 37 °C over a physiologic range of ionic strength. It was demonstrated that certain ions commonly found in high concentration in urine had no discernible effect on the pka' other than that resulting from their contribution to ionic strength. Urea in a concentration of 0.5 moles/l. had no significant effect on pka '. The data are taken to indicate that in urines of usual composition, ammonium pka ' should closely follow the predictions of Debye-Hückel theory. Submitted on June 19, 1959
Obesity, age and gastric hunger contractions
Authors: Koch C. R. , Stunkard A. J. 
Published: December 2017

Gastric motility of a group of obese and nonobese women was measured in an effort to determine whether any correlation existed between patterns of gastric motility, obesity and age. Nineteen obese and 18 nonobese women were studied during a standardized 4-hour test, by means of an intragastric balloon. No difference was observed in the patterns of gastric motility in obese and nonobese groups, and there was no correlation between the degree of obesity (% overweight) and the total amount of gastric activity. There was an apparent diminution in gastric motility with increasing age (correlation coefficient 0.347, P < .05). There was thus no evidence to indicate that altered gastric motility was responsible for or expressive of difficulties in the regulation of food intake of obese persons. Submitted on July 29, 1959
Physiological actions of diethylstilbestrol in lambs fed varying levels of protein and energy
Authors: Preston R. L. , Burroughs W. 
Published: December 2017

Stilbestrol administration to lambs being fed rations with different protein and energy levels resulted in increased gains, feed efficiency and a variable influence upon fat deposition, depending upon the energy-protein ratio of the ration. The anterior pituitary, secondary sex glands, liver, kidneys and serum glucose levels were increased, and serum amino nitrogen decreased by stilbestrol feeding. The relation of these observations to a possible mode-of-action of stilbestrol in ruminants is discussed. Submitted on January 19, 1959
Caloric expenditure of normal and obese subjects during standard work test
Authors: McKee Wallace P. , Bolinger Robert E. 
Published: December 2017

The energy expenditure of 25 normal and 19 obese persons was determined during the basal state and during a standard work test using weight pulling by the counterbalanced untrained right arm. The energy expenditure of obese persons of both sexes was greater during both the basal period and the work period than that of the normal subjects. Comparison of the regression curves showed that the increasing energy expenditure for obese persons was due entirely to increase in the basal expenditure and that the actual energy expended for work was the same as that of the normals. When energy expenditure was compared with surface area males of greater surface area expend less energy for work while females of greater surface area expend more. Males consistently showed less energy expended during work than did females. Submitted on June 15, 1959
Correlation of heat output and blood flow in the finger, especially in cold-induced vasodilation
Authors: Edwards Merrill , Burton Alan C. 
Published: December 2017

A combined finger-plethysmograph and gradient calorimeter has been devised, especially to study cold-induced vasodilation in the finger. By using an electrical heater and a flow-heater it was shown that the thermal lag depends on thermal capacities, conductivities and temperature distribution, so that heat loss and flow are correlated only in the steady state. The actual drop of blood temperature from inflow to outflow was calculated. Results were: a) skin temperature was a better estimate of outflow than bath temperature, b) with general vasodilation, the inflow temperature was close to deep body temperature, but c) with vasoconstriction, digital arterial temperature might be as low as 14°C, and the calculated minimum blood flow (Greenfield) 70% too low. Plethysmography was possible during the hunting reaction in spite of a 30% decrease in venous distensibility. When the subject was cold, blood flow and heat loss, both in constriction and dilation phases, were reduced two or three times, probably due to the increased viscosity of blood. Submitted on August 3, 1959
Ionic charges of glass surfaces and other materials, and their possible role in the coagulation of blood
Authors: Hubbard Donald , Lucas George L. 
Published: December 2017

Some observations on the physicochemical role played by glass surfaces in accelerating the ‘normal’ coagulation rate of blood have been made, in light of the nonmigratable negative ionic charge which appears on leached glass surfaces and the orientation of the positively charged calcium ions of the blood at the fluid-glass interface. Numerous other materials, including artificial arteries, heart valves, bandages and ‘live’ skin, have been in-investigated with respect to the ionic nature of their surfaces and their effect on blood coagulation. An effort was made to establish the ionic charge of the endothelial layer of the circulatory system; however, the procedure used in this investigation does not lend itself to in vivo or even convincingly to in vitro determinations. The ionic nature of the materials was determined from the uneven distribution of Ag(NH3)2+ and Br– ions in full-strength aqueous ammonia, caused by the nonmigratable ionic charge characteristic of the surfaces. Such data appear to be qualitatively acceptable provided the material does not form any compound with either Ag(NH3)2+ or Br– ions which is more insoluble than AgBr, or does not have an isoelectric point between pH 7 and pH 13.3. Submitted on August 20, 1959
Dead-space ventilation as a determinant in the ventilation-perfusion concept
Authors: Ross Benjamin B. , Farhi Leon E. 
Published: December 2017

Gas exchange in an alveolus is affected by the redistribution of dead-space gas during inspiration. Theoretical analysis of the total ventilation of an alveolus permits the description of several new concepts. a) The gas inspired by an alveolus may be identified on a PCO2-PO2 diagram as any point within an area formed by the alveolar ventilation-perfusion curve and a straight line drawn through the environmental and mixed venous points. b) The composition of gas in an alveolus may lie anywhere within this area and an additional area above the conventional curve. c) The actual ratio of exchange in an alveolus is identified by the blood R line passing through the alveolar point. The ratio of exchange between alveolus and environment is not necessarily the same as the blood R. d) The total ventilation-perfusion ratio compatible with a given alveolar gas composition is a variable quantity. e) The rebreathing of dead-space gas has a buffering action in limiting the range of gas compositions possible in alveoli. Submitted on November 30, 1959
Regional variations in uptake of radioactive CO in the normal lung
Authors: Dollery C. T. , Dyson N. A. , Sinclair J. D. 
Published: December 2017

Carbon monoxide labeling with O15 was produced by passing O15, made in the Medical Research Council's cyclotron, over charcoal at 1000° C. After a single breath of the radioactive gas the rate of fall of activity during apnea was measured by external counting in different regions of the lungs of normal subjects in the sitting position. The carbon monoxide ‘clearance rate’ calculated from these data is proportional to the diffusion per unit volume in the zone under study. There was a gradient of diffusion per unit volume, the highest value being found in the basal regions of the lung and much lower values toward the apex. On exercise the clearance rate in the upper zone increased to a value similar to that in the lower zone at rest; the clearance rate in the lower zone was unchanged. Measurements of the O15clearance rate showed a similar gradient but on exercise both upper and lower zone values increased so that the gradient was maintained. The results are interpreted as showing that in the resting state all the basal capillaries are open but that the proportion of patent capillaries diminishes toward the apex. On exercise there is an increase in flow at both apex and base and in consequence the remaining apical capillaries open. Submitted on December 21, 1959
Pulmonary mechanics and hemodynamics during changes in ventilation and blood volume
Authors: Attinger Ernst O. 
Published: December 2017

Pulmonary hemodynamics and ventilatory mechanics were investigated in anesthetized, closed-chest dogs. Inflation of the lung reversed the fall in compliance associated with spontaneous respiration, but decreased cardiac output. Deepening anesthesia reduced cardiac output, pulmonary artery pressure, minute ventilation and airflow resistance. Pulmonary hemodynamics were not changed by the elevated vascular pressures during diffusion respiration. Carbon dioxide increased pulmonary artery pressure in relation to the ventilatory response. An inspiratory airway resistance lowered functional residual capacity, pulmonary compliance and intrathoracic pressures. The effects of an expiratory resistance were essentially opposite. Both transfusion and hemorrhage produced a fall in compliance despite opposite effects upon the circulation. Submitted on January 14, 1960
Cardiac and skeletal muscle electrolytes in acute respiratory alkalemia and acidemia
Authors: Spurr G. B. , Lambert Hayden 
Published: December 2017

Left ventricular and skeletal muscle Na, K, Cl and H2O have been measured in dogs subjected to 2 hours of respiratory alkalemia or acidemia. No detectable differences were observed in skeletal muscle as a result of either alkalemia or acidemia, when experimental animals were compared with control dogs. Cardiac muscle, on the other hand, exhibited significant increases in both total content and intracellular concentration of K, without significant alteration in Na, following 2 hours of alkalemia. In acidemic dogs, the K content of left ventricular muscle also increased significantly without change in Na. However, average intracellular K was not altered because of an associated inward movement of H2xsO from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment. Submitted on December 28, 1959
Electromyographic study of local and generalized muscular impairment
Authors: Eason Robert G. 
Published: December 2017

A study was made of a) the effects of magnitude and duration of sustained isometric muscular contractions voluntarily maintained until ‘exhaustion’ on the surface electromyogram of active and inactive muscle and b) of the residual effects of an original contraction on the EMG obtained during a succeeding contraction. It was found that the EMG progressively increases with time in both active and passive muscle during sustained contraction, the rate being proportional to magnitude of contraction, and that the initial, average and final EMG levels relate positively to contraction magnitude, while the total EMG output and duration of contraction varies inversely and exponentially with contraction magnitude. The surface EMG appears to be related to impairment through an intermediary variable, voluntary effort. Submitted on June 8, 1959
Deglutitive responses in the gastroesophageal sphincter of healthy human beings
Authors: Kelley Maurice L. , Wilbur Dwight L. , Schlegel Jerry F. , Code Charles F. 
Published: December 2017

Resting pressure and deglutitive changes of pressure in the gastroesophageal sphincter of 12 healthy subjects were recorded as a tiny balloon-covered pressure transducer and open-tipped tubes connected to transducers were withdrawn through the sphincter by 0.5-cm stages. The pressures—both resting and deglutitive—detected by the balloon unit were of greater magnitude than those recorded by the open-tipped tubes. A reduction in pressure indicating relaxation was the outstanding deglutitive pressure change recorded in the subhiatal portion of the sphincter. In the segment of the sphincter at the hiatus, the subsequent contraction was as prominent as the relaxation. As the units traversed the suprahiatal portion of the sphincteric zone, the reduction of pressure (relaxation) became progressively less and the rise of pressure (contraction) with deglutition became greater. Contraction alone occurred at the points farthest orad. Measurements of time intervals from the start of swallowing in the pharynx indicated a caudad peristaltic progression of both relaxation and contraction through the gastroesophageal sphincteric zone. Submitted on December 21, 1959
Estradiol transport by human red cells
Authors: Bischoff Fritz , Bryson George 
Published: December 2017

Experiments were designed to establish whether the estrogens penetrate the membrane of the red cells or are transported by it. By hemolyzing red cells and reconditioning the ghosts, it was shown that the enzyme, estronase, follows the hemoglobin and therefore indicates that estrone and estradiol penetrate the membrane. Distribution of estradiol between intact red cells or reconditioned ghosts and ghost-free hemolysates of red cells or crystallized hemoglobin solution was proportional to the hemoglobin content when a correction for water solubility was made. Since the ghosts had frac13 the attraction of the intact cell, penetration is required to account for the distribution in the intact cell. Red cell ghost concentrates when prepared under certain conditions were found to have considerable affinity for estradiol, but on the basis of their low concentration per cell could account for only a fraction of the red cell affinity instrumental for estrogen orientation, even if their behavior did not reflect a change in properties during preparation. Ghosts prepared under the mildest conditions failed to demonstrate this affinity for estradiol. Submitted on September 14, 1959
Influence of increased alveolar CO2 tension on pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO in man
Authors: Rankin J. , McNeill R. S. , Forster R. E. 
Published: December 2017

Since the pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO theoretically varies with changes in the size of the pulmonary capillary bed, it should be a useful tool for the investigation of the effects of CO2 on the pulmonary capillaries. Dl was measured during hypercapnia in nine normal resting subjects by the CO-helium breath-holding technique. a) When 10% CO2 was simply added to the inspired mixture used in the measurement of Dl, CO disappeared more rapidly from the lung. Dl was increased on the average only 5% after 10 seconds of breath holding. Pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) calculated by the method of Roughton and Forster was measured in two subjects and was increased approximately 46.5%. b) After the subject breathed a gas mixture containing 7.5% CO2 for 10 minutes, Dl was increased an average of 24% in all subjects and Vc was increased 112% in one subject studied. In five subjects repeated measurements of Dl, together with measurements of ventilation, systemic blood pressure, pulse rate and pulmonary blood flow in three of them, were made before, during and after a period of hypercapnia. After starting to breath the CO2-enriched gas mixture, Dl rose abruptly, reaching near maximal values in 2–5 minutes, while the other measurements of respiratory and circulatory phenomena continued to rise for 6–10 minutes, suggesting that the presumed increase in the pulmonary capillary bed was not dependent on the systemic respiratory and circulatory changes. Submitted on September 2, 1959
Respiratory responses of underwater swimmers to oxygen
Authors: Greenbaum Leon J. 
Published: December 2017

The respiratory effects of oxygen at atmospheric pressure in laboratory personnel and trained underwater swimmers were studied with the subjects resting in the supine position. The breathing of oxygen for 10 minutes by both groups was associated with a significant depression of respiratory rate and inspiratory minute volume and no significant alteration in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension. The oxygen consumption of the swimmers was significantly greater than that of the laboratory personnel. The swimmers had lower oxygen ventilation equivalents suggesting that they respired more efficiently than the laboratory personnel. Submitted on January 26, 1960
Spatial vectorcardiogram in dogs with chronic localized myocardial lesions
Authors: Horan L. G. , Burch G. E. , Cronvich J. A. 
Published: December 2017

Small discrete ventricular myocardial lesions were produced in 20 of 21 dogs by injecting 0.4 cc of formaldehyde into selected sites of the left ventricle. Serial electrocardiograms and spatial vectorcardiograms were obtained up to 14 weeks after placement of the lesions. Generally, changes in the spatial vectorcardiograms and electrocardiograms were transient; characteristic changes of loss of myocardium persisted in only seven dogs. Six of these had sVCG or EKG changes characteristic of loss of muscle of the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Isolated destruction of the basal two-thirds of the anterior papillary muscle ultimately produced electrocardiographic and spatial vectorcardiographic patterns of loss of muscle in the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Although there were minor changes in magnitude and configuration of the QRS sĚ-loop in all dogs following injury to the myocardium, the major changes usually developed more slowly (several hours to days). The slight QRS changes were more evident in the vectorcardiogram than in the electrocardiogram because the process is recorded in greater detail in the former. Submitted on January 25, 1960
Hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide mediated by argentaffine cells
Authors: Godlowski Z. Z. , Calandra J. C. 
Published: December 2017

The hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide (Orinase) was completely eliminated in dogs in which both the submaxillary glands and the complete gastrointestinal tract were removed. It is postulated that argentaffine cells are mediating the hypoglycemic action of tolbutamide Submitted on December 24, 1959
Perfusion of canine liver in vivo
Authors: Shoemaker William C. , Panico Frederick G. , Walker William F. , Elwyn David H. 
Published: December 2017

A method is described for perfusing the canine liver in vivo and in situ with heparinized whole blood, together with preliminary data on concentration changes of several selected constituents of the perfusing blood or plasma. The porta hepatis is denervated in order to minimize neural influences on the hepatic vascular resistance. Prior to perfusion catheters are placed in the vessels without obstructing the blood flow and ligatures or nooses are loosely placed around the catheterized vessels. During this time the blood pressure and systemic condition of the animal is carefully maintained with transfusions and other fluids. When the ligatures are simultaneously drawn up and tied, the catheters become, in effect, cannulas, and the hepatic circulation is instantaneously and completely divorced from the remaining systemic circulation; at no time is there interruption of normal pressure and flow of oxygenated blood to the liver. Thus, hepatic swelling or congestion, which is thought to limit the perfusion, is minimized by denervation, minimal manipulation of the liver itself, maintenance of the animal's condition prior to the onset of perfusion, instantaneous changeover to the perfusing system and the use of heparinized, whole blood. After completion of the perfusion the normal vascular relationships may be re-established and, on occasion, long-term survival may be expected. Submitted on October 1, 1959