bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baseline level of 30‐min plasma glucose is an independent predictor of incident diabetes among Asian Indians: analysis of two diabetes prevention programmes
Authors: Chamukuttan Snehalatha , Ram Jagannathan , Nanditha Arun , Shetty Ananth Samith , Sevick Mary Ann , Bergman Michael , Johnston Desmond G. , Ramachandran Ambady 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe objective was to study the ability of the 30‐min plasma glucose (30‐min PG) during an oral glucose tolerance test to predict the future risk of type 2 diabetes among Asian Indians with impaired glucose tolerance.MethodsFor the present analyses, we utilized data from 753 participants from two diabetes primary prevention studies, having complete data at the end of the study periods, including 236 from Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme‐1 and 517 from the 2013 study. Baseline 30‐min PG values were divided into tertiles: T1 < 9.1 mmol/L (<163.0 mg/dL); T2 9.2–10.4 mmol/L (164.0–187.0 mg/dL) and T3 ≥ 10.4 mmol/L (≥188 mg/dL). The predictive values of tertiles of 30‐min PG for incident diabetes were assessed using Cox regression analysesResultsAt the end of the studies, 230 (30.5%) participants developed diabetes. Participants with higher levels of 30‐min PG were more likely to have increased fasting, 2‐h PG and HbA1c levels, increased prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and decreased beta cell function. The progression rate of diabetes increased with increasing tertiles of 30‐min PG. Cox's regression analysis showed that 30‐min PG was an independent predictor of incident diabetes after adjustment for an array of covariates [Hazard Ratio (HR):1.44 (1.01–2.06)]ConclusionsThis prospective analysis demonstrates, for the first time, an independent association between an elevated 30‐min PG level and incident diabetes among Asian Indians with impaired glucose tolerance. Predictive utility of glycemic thresholds at various time points other than the traditional fasting and 2‐h PG values should therefore merit further consideration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gluten‐free diet increases beta‐cell volume and improves glucose tolerance in an animal model of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Haupt‐Jorgensen Martin , Buschard Karsten , Hansen Axel K. , Josefsen Knud , Antvorskov Julie Christine 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundGluten‐free (GF) diet alleviates type 1 diabetes in animal models and possibly in humans. We recently showed that fatty acid‐induced insulin secretion is enhanced by enzymatically digested gluten (gliadin) stimulation in INS‐1E insulinoma cells. We therefore hypothesized that GF diet would induce beta‐cell rest and ameliorate type 2 diabetes.MethodsC57BL/6JBomTac (B6) mice were fed a high‐fat (HF), gluten‐free high‐fat (GF–HF), standard (STD) or gluten‐free (GF) diet for 42 weeks.ResultsShort‐term (6–24 weeks) GF–HF versus HF feeding impaired glucose tolerance and increased fasting glucose. Long‐term (36–42 weeks) GF–HF versus HF feeding improved glucose tolerance and decreased fasting leptin. Mice fed a GF–HF versus HF diet for 42 weeks showed higher volumes of beta cells, islets and pancreas. The beta‐cell volume correlated with the islet‐ and pancreas volume as well as body weight. GF–HF versus HF diet did not influence toll‐like receptor 4 (Tlr4), interleukin 1 (IL‐1), interleukin 6 (IL‐6) or tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐alpha) mRNA expression in intestine. STD versus GF feeding did not affect any parameter studied.ConclusionsLong‐term feeding with GF–HF versus HF increases beta‐cell volume and improves glucose tolerance in B6 mice. The mechanism may include beta‐cell rest, but is unlikely to include TLR4 and proinflammatory cytokines in the intestine. Beta‐cell volume correlates with pancreas volume and body weight, indicating that insulin secretion capacity controls pancreas volume. Thus, long‐term GF diets may be beneficial for obese type 2 diabetes patients and trials should be performed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation and Characterization of a Tissue‐Specific Centrosome Indicator Mouse Line
Authors: Hirai Maretoshi , Chen Ju , Evans Sylvia M. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryCentrosomes are major microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) that play an important role in chromosome segregation during cell division. Centrosomes provide a stable anchor for microtubules, constituting the centers of the spindle poles in mitotic cells, and determining the orientation of cell division. However, visualization of centrosomes is challenging because of their small size. Especially in mouse tissues, it has been extremely challenging to observe centrosomes belonging to a specific cell type of interest among multiple comingled cell types. To overcome this obstacle, we generated a tissue‐specific centrosome indicator. In this mouse line, a construct containing a floxed neomyocin resistance gene with a triplicate polyA sequence followed by an EGFP‐Centrin1 fusion cassette was knocked into the Rosa locus. Upon Cre‐mediated excision, EGFP‐Centrin1 was expressed under the control of the Rosa locus. Experiments utilizing mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) demonstrated the feasibility of real‐time imaging, and showed that EGFP‐Centrin1 expression mirrored the endogenous centrosome cycle, undergoing precisely one round of duplication through the cell cycle. Moreover, experiments using embryo and adult mouse tissues demonstrated that EGFP‐Centrin1 specifically mirrors the localization of endogenous centrosomes. genesis 54:286–296, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Genesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A low‐cost, computer‐controlled robotic flower system for behavioral experiments
Authors: Kuusela Erno , Lämsä Juho 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHuman observations during behavioral studies are expensive, time‐consuming, and error prone. For this reason, automatization of experiments is highly desirable, as it reduces the risk of human errors and workload. The robotic system we developed is simple and cheap to build and handles feeding and data collection automatically. The system was built using mostly off‐the‐shelf components and has a novel feeding mechanism that uses servos to perform refill operations. We used the robotic system in two separate behavioral studies with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): The system was used both for training of the bees and for the experimental data collection. The robotic system was reliable, with no flight in our studies failing due to a technical malfunction. The data recorded were easy to apply for further analysis. The software and the hardware design are open source. The development of cheap open‐source prototyping platforms during the recent years has opened up many possibilities in designing of experiments. Automatization not only reduces workload, but also potentially allows experimental designs never done before, such as dynamic experiments, where the system responds to, for example, learning of the animal. We present a complete system with hardware and software, and it can be used as such in various experiments requiring feeders and collection of visitation data. Use of the system is not limited to any particular experimental setup or even species.
Toxicity and population structure of the Rough‐Skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa) outside the range of an arms race with resistant predators
Authors: Hague Michael T.J. , Avila Leleña A. , Hanifin Charles T. , Snedden W. Andrew , Stokes Amber N. , Brodie Edmund D. , Brodie Edmund D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSpecies interactions, and their fitness consequences, vary across the geographic range of a coevolutionary relationship. This spatial heterogeneity in reciprocal selection is predicted to generate a geographic mosaic of local adaptation, wherein coevolutionary traits are phenotypically variable from one location to the next. Under this framework, allopatric populations should lack variation in coevolutionary traits due to the absence of reciprocal selection. We examine phenotypic variation in tetrodotoxin (TTX) toxicity of the Rough‐Skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa) in regions of allopatry with its TTX‐resistant predator, the Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis). In sympatry, geographic patterns of phenotypic exaggeration in toxicity and toxin‐resistance are closely correlated in prey and predator, implying that reciprocal selection drives phenotypic variation in coevolutionary traits. Therefore, in allopatry with TTX‐resistant predators, we expect to find uniformly low levels of newt toxicity. We characterized TTX toxicity in northwestern North America, including the Alaskan panhandle where Ta. granulosa occur in allopatry with Th. sirtalis. First, we used microsatellite markers to estimate population genetic structure and determine if any phenotypic variation in toxicity might be explained by historical divergence. We found northern populations of Ta. granulosa generally lacked population structure in a pattern consistent with northern range expansion after the Pleistocene. Next, we chose a cluster of sites in Alaska, which uniformly lacked genetic divergence, to test for phenotypic divergence in toxicity. As predicted, overall levels of newt toxicity were low; however, we also detected unexpected among‐ and within‐population variation in toxicity. Most notably, a small number of individuals contained large doses of TTX that rival means of toxic populations in sympatry with Th. sirtalis. Phenotypic variation in toxicity, despite limited neutral genetic divergence, suggests that factors other than reciprocal selection with Th. sirtalis likely contribute to geographic patterns of toxicity in Ta. granulosa.
Temporal trends in genetic data and effective population size support efficacy of management practices in critically endangered dusky gopher frogs (Lithobates sevosus)
Authors: Hinkson Kristin M. , Richter Stephen C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMonitoring temporal changes in population genetic diversity and effective population size can provide vital information on future viability. The dusky gopher frog, Lithobates sevosus, is a critically endangered species found only in coastal Mississippi, with low genetic variability as a consequence of isolation and population size reduction. Conservation management practices have been implemented, but their efficacy has not been addressed. We genotyped individuals collected 1997–2014 to determine temporal trends in population genetic variation, structure, and effective size. Observed and expected heterozygosity and allelic richness revealed temporally stable, but low, levels of genetic variation. Positive levels of inbreeding were found in each year. There was weak genetic structure among years, which can be attributed to increased effects of genetic drift and inbreeding in small populations. L. sevosus exhibited an increase in effective population size, and currently has an estimated effective size of 33.0–58.6 individuals, which is approximately half the census size. This large ratio could possibly be explained by genetic compensation. We found that management practices have been effective at maintaining and improving effective size and genetic diversity, but that additional strategies need to be implemented to enhance viability of the species.
Environmental changes in a Mediterranean river: implications for the fish assemblage
Authors: Sánchez‐Hernández Javier , Nunn Andy D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study examined the impacts of climate change on hydrology and fish population dynamics in a river in central Spain. The objectives were to (i) contextualize long‐term trends in the hydrology (1943–2012) and climate (1985–2011) of the study area and (ii) identify the environmental factors driving fish population dynamics (1998–2012). Air and water temperatures progressively increased over the study period, whereas there were substantial reductions in mean spring river discharges but increases in peak‐flow discharges during the spawning and early larval period of endemic cyprinids in recent decades. In particular, the changes in spring river discharges could have fundamental implications for the future status of the endemic cyprinids because this study revealed a positive influence of stable and low‐flow conditions during the spawning and early larval period (in late spring) on recruitment success (young‐of‐the‐year densities). The density of young‐of‐the‐yearSalmo truttaappeared most influenced by flow conditions during fry emergence and the early larval period (in early spring), with the highest densities associated with low peak‐flow hydrological pulses. Overall, fish abundances were significantly influenced by the frequency and duration of high and low hydrological pulses, but there were interspecific and ontogenetic differences in their influence. We conclude that although it is widely accepted that global warming should favour cyprinid over salmonid species, future shifts in hydrology due to climate change could negatively affect some cyprinids, including endemic species. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renal denervation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (RDT‐PEF): a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Patel Hitesh C. , Rosen Stuart D. , Hayward Carl , Vassiliou Vassilios , Smith Gillian C. , Wage Ricardo R. , Bailey James , Rajani Ronak , Lindsay Alistair C. , Pennell Dudley J. , Underwood S. Richard , Prasad Sanjay K. , Mohiaddin Raad , Gibbs J. Simon R. , Lyon Alexander R. , Di Mario Carlo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is associated with increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) tone. Attenuating the SNS with renal denervation (RDT) might be helpful and there are no data currently in humans with HFpEF.Methods and resultsIn this single‐centre, randomized, open‐controlled study we included 25 patients with HFpEF [preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, left atrial (LA) dilatation or LV hypertrophy and raised B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or echocardiographic assessment of filling pressures]. Patients were randomized (2:1) to RDT with the Symplicity™ catheter or continuing medical therapy. The primary success criterion was not met in that there were no differences between groups at 12 months for Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire score, peak oxygen uptake (VO2) on exercise, BNP, E/e′, LA volume index or LV mass index. A greater proportion of patients improved at 3 months in the RDT group with respect to VO2 peak (56% vs. 13%, P = 0.025) and E/e′ (31% vs. 13%, P = 0.04). Change in estimated glomerular filtration rate was comparable between groups. Two patients required plain balloon angioplasty during the RDT procedure to treat renal artery wall oedema.ConclusionThis study was terminated early because of difficulties in recruitment and was underpowered to detect whether RD improved the endpoints of quality of life, exercise function, biomarkers, and left heart remodelling. The procedure was safe in patients with HFpEF, although two patients did require intraprocedure renal artery dilatation.
Antioxidant ability of potato (Solanum tuberosum) peel extracts to inhibit soybean oil oxidation
Authors: Franco Daniel , Pateiro Mirian , Rodríguez Amado Isabel , López Pedrouso María , Zapata Carlos , Vázquez José Antonio , Lorenzo José Manuel 
Published: March 2016

Potato peels are an agro industrial waste of one of the major crops worldwide. However, the potential of potato peels as source of antioxidants in the food industry is not yet sufficiently known. In this work, the antioxidant effect of potato peel extract (PPE) on oxidative stability of soybean oil was evaluated. We found that the addition of low PPE concentrations to soybean oil at four different levels, expressed as chlorogenic acid concentrations (14.01, 20.37, and 31.94 ppm), affected lipid oxidation indices (peroxide, anisidine, and conjugated dienes values), fatty acid composition, and volatile compounds. Antioxidant effect increased with increasing dose extract. Inhibition percentages of hexanal production increased with the PPE concentration. In addition, low concentrations of PPE showed higher oxidation stability than control untreated samples. Overall, our study shows that low concentrations of PPE exhibited promising antioxidant activity to be applied over a wider range of products in the food industry.Practical applications: The prevention of lipid oxidation during processing and storage of food products is of great concern in order to obtain products of high quality and health. Together with the fact that synthetic antioxidants may constitute a potential health hazard for consumers, interest in natural antioxidants and search on naturally occurring compounds with antioxidant activity has increased dramatically. The study of the antioxidant capacity of potato peel extracts to inhibit soybean oil oxidation provides information about an alternative antioxidant further are by‐products of agro‐industries and their use could represent a significant step toward maintaining an environmental balance.The prevention of lipid oxidation during processing and storage of food products is of great concern in order to obtain products of high quality and health. Together with the fact that synthetic antioxidants may constitute a potential health hazard for consumers, interest in natural antioxidants and search on naturally occurring compounds with antioxidant activity has increased dramatically. The study of the antioxidant capacity of potato peel extracts to inhibit soybean oil oxidation provides information about an alternative antioxidant further are by‐products of agro‐industries and their use could represent a significant step toward maintaining an environmental balance.
Novel method of propyl gallate determination in rapeseed oil using CdSe/ZnS quantum dots
Authors: Dwiecki Krzysztof , Tomczyk Łukasz , Nogala‐Kałucka Małgorzata , Polewski Krzysztof 
Published: March 2016

The objective of the study was to develop a CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QD) based fluorescence method for the determination of synthetic antioxidant propyl gallate in rapeseed oil. The method is based on the CdSe/ZnS fluorescence quenching as a result of effective formation of host‐guest inclusion complexes between analyte and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) coating quantum dots. The developed method was successfully applied to determine PG in rapeseed oil followed by SPE extraction of phenolic compounds. The average recovery was in the range 100.87–104.87%, what confirms the accuracy of the method. The technique developed was selective in the presence of sinapic acid, gallic acid, albumin, glucose, and methanol. The limit of detection of propyl gallate was 63 μM and quantification limit amounted to 184 μM, what allows detecting PG in rapeseed oil at the level 3.15 mg/kg in combination with proposed solid phase extraction.Practical applications: The developed method of propyl gallate in rapeseed oil determination thanks to simplicity of the measurement and relatively short time of analysis may be beneficial alternative for HPLC assay. The application of described technique includes the determination of PG in oils for the professional manufacture of heat‐treated foods, where Maximum Permitted Level is established on 200 mg/kg (according to EC regulation No 1333/2008) as well as screening detection in vegetable oils for household use, in which the use of this synthetic antioxidant is prohibited. The assay is easy to use both in industry labs as well as in research and development.The method of the determination of propyl gallate in rapeseed oil is based on the CdSe/ZnS fluorescence quenching as a result of effective formation of host‐guest inclusion complexes between analyte and β‐cyclodextrin coating quantum dots.
Solvent‐Free Buchwald–Hartwig (Hetero)arylation of Anilines, Diarylamines, and Dialkylamines Mediated by Expanded‐Ring N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Palladium Complexes
Authors: Topchiy Maxim A. , Dzhevakov Pavel B. , Rubina Margarita S. , Morozov Oleg S. , Asachenko Andrey F. , Nechaev Mikhail S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA highly efficient solvent‐free protocol for the Buchwald–Hartwig (hetero)arylation of anilines, diarylamines, and dialkylamines mediated by the expanded‐ring N‐heterocyclic carbene palladium complex (THP‐Dipp)Pd(cinn)Cl [THP‐Dipp = 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐3,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene; cinn = cinnamyl, 3‐phenylallyl] was developed. The catalytic protocol was efficient for the coupling of amines and (hetero)aryl chlorides and bromides bearing donor, acceptor, and bulky substituents.
A Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Carbonylation Approach to Isatins from 2‐Iodoanilines
Authors: Laursen Simon R. , Jensen Mikkel T. , Lindhardt Anders T. , Jacobsen Mikkel F. , Skrydstrup Troels 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA high‐yielding procedure for the synthesis of isatins has been developed. Sequential Pd‐catalyzed double carbonylation of 2‐iodoanilines with near stoichiometric amounts of CO followed by acid‐promoted cyclization readily affords an array of isatins. The conversion of 2‐iodoanilines to isatins in good to excellent yields was found to proceed with good functional group tolerance. This protocol proved adaptable to 13C‐isotope labeling of isatins, which was extended to the synthesis of the 13C‐isotope labeled antiviral drug metisazone and the experimental anti‐schizophrenia drug ML137.
Preoperative preemptive drug administration for acute postoperative pain: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nir R.‐R. , Nahman‐Averbuch H. , Moont R. , Sprecher E. , Yarnitsky D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPreoperative administration of pharmacological substances, such as non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or opioids, has been gaining acclaim as a preemptive measure to minimize postoperative pain. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of this approach in adults undergoing surgical procedures. MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register were searched from inception through January 2015. Data from randomized placebo‐controlled trials were screened, extracted and assessed for risk of bias according to The Cochrane Collaboration's Tool by two independent authors. The primary outcome measure was reduction in postoperative analgesic consumption during 24 h post surgery; effects were described as mean differences between the drug and placebo arms with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and were pooled using random‐effects models. Potential publication bias was tested using funnel plots and Egger's regression test for funnel plot asymmetry. Screened were 511 records, of which 39 were included in the final synthesis with data from 3172 patients. A significant reduction in postoperative analgesic consumption was observed using preoperative administration of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; 95% CI, −0.61 to −0.14; 31 comparisons), chiefly by the COX‐2 inhibitors class (95% CI, −0.95 to −0.33; 13 comparisons). Significant reduction was also observed for gabapentin (95% CI, −1.60 to −0.38; 6 comparisons). No significant effects were observed using opioids, propionic acids or oxicam derivatives.What does this review add?Current analyses endorse the effectiveness of COX‐2 inhibitors and gabapentin in reducing acute postoperative pain when administered preemptively presurgery.Such corroboration is not found for opioids and other NSAID classes.