bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of bispectral index and entropy monitoring in patients undergoing internalisation of deep brain stimulators
Authors: Bharadwaj Suparna , Nagappa Mahesh , Tan Audrey , Mehta Jigesh , Manninen Pirjo , Venkatraghavan Lashmi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Depth of anaesthesia (DOA) monitors are shown to reduce the intra-operative dose of anaesthetic agents, provide haemodynamic stability and shorten emergence times. Electroencephalography (EEG) based DOA monitors such as bispectral index (BIS) and entropy have been calibrated and validated in healthy subjects. Hence the clinical effectiveness of these monitors may be affected when monitoring patients with neurological disorders (e.g., epilepsy, dystonia, dementia and Parkinson’s disease). The aim of this study was to determine whether BIS and entropy correlate with each other and with clinical indices of DOA in patients with movement disorders under general anaesthesia (GA). Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational study in patients with movement disorders undergoing internalization of deep brain stimulators. All patients received standard GA with age-adjusted mean alveolar concentration (aaMAC) of an inhalational agent between 0.7 and 1.1. BIS and entropy sensors were applied on the patient’s left forehead. Data collected included clinical parameters and EEG-based DOA indices. Correlation analysis was performed between entropy, BIS and the clinical indices of DOA. Bland Altman analysis was performed to determine the agreement between BIS and entropy. Results: Thirty patients were studied (mean age was 58.4 ± 11 years, male: female 18:12 and weight 79.2 ± 17 kg). Indications for deep brain stimulation were Parkinson’s disease (n = 25), essential tremors (n = 2) and dystonia (n = 3). There was a very strong positive correlation between BIS and response entropy (RE) (r = 0.932) and BIS and state entropy (SE) (r = 0.950) and a strong negative correlation among aaMAC and BIS, RE and SE with r values of −0.686, −0.788 and −0.732, respectively. However, there was no correlation between BIS, RE, SE and haemodynamic values. Conclusion: Our study showed that BIS and entropy perform well in patients with movement disorders. There was a good correlation between the BIS and entropy devices. Haemodynamic parameters were not reliable indicators of DOA in these patients.
Current Methods for the Analysis of Selected Novel Nutrients in Infant Formulas and Adult Nutritionals
Authors: Gill Brendon D , Indyk Harvey E , Woollard David C 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Infant formula is designed to provide the human infant with a sole source of nutrition and it is intended to imitate breast milk. In recent years, advances in the science of infant nutrition have led to an increasing number of novel ingredients that are supplemented into infant formula. As the list of these nutritionally important nutrients is lengthy, this review summarizes contemporary analytical methods that have been applied to a representative selection (lutein, carnitine, choline, nucleotides, inositol, taurine, sialic acid, gangliosides, triacylglycerides, oligosaccharides, α-lactalbumin, and lactoferrin).
Confidence Intervals in the Analysis of Mortality and Survivorship Curves in Zooarchaeology
Authors: Price Max , Wolfhagen Jesse , Otárola-Castillo Erik 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe analysis of age-at-death data, derived from epiphyseal fusion and dental eruption/wear patterns, is one of the most powerful tools at the disposal of zooarchaeologists studying past hunting and herd management practices. Zooarchaeologists typically analyze age-at-death data by constructing survivorship and mortality curves in order to allow insight into a variety of ecological and economic relationships between humans and animals. Since adopting such practices in the middle of the twentieth century, zooarchaeologists have proposed several methods for analyzing these curves, including visual examination and hypothesis testing. Creating confidence intervals is complementary to these two methods, allowing practitioners to graphically represent survivorship and mortality while testing hypotheses and accounting for sample sizes, which are often small in zooarchaeological assemblages. We discuss the basic concepts behind the nature of age-at-death data and the analysis of mortality and survivorship curves. We then describe how to calculate confidence intervals using bootstrapping techniques for both dental eruption/wear data and epiphyseal fusion data. To enable future users to replicate our methods, we introduce the freely available online R package “zooaRch” (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/zooaRch/ ), which includes a vignette to guide first-time users.
The Politics of Provisioning: Food and Gender at Fort San Juan De Joara, 1566–1568
Authors: Beck Robin A. , Fritz Gayle J. , Lapham Heather A. , Moore David G. , Rodning Christopher B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBeginning with Kathleen Deagan’s description of the St. Augustine Pattern, in which domestic relations between Spanish men and Native American women contributed to a pattern of mestizaje in Spanish colonies, gender has assumed a central role in archaeological perspectives on colonial encounters. This is especially true for those encounters that accompanied colonialism in the Americas during the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. Gender relations were essential to the creation of new cultural identities during this time, as indigenous communities encountered immigrant, European settler groups often comprised mostly or entirely of adult men. Yet as significant as gender is for understanding how an encounter unfolded in time and space, it can be a challenge to identify and evaluate the archaeological correlates of such relations through material culture patterns. In this article, we use the related domains of food and foodways, particularly in the social context of provisioning, to evaluate how gender relations changed during the occupation of Fort San Juan de Joara (1566–1568), located at the Berry site in western North Carolina. Our research contributes to reappraisals of the St. Augustine Pattern, which posits well-defined roles for Native American women and Spanish men, by likewise situating the agency of Native American men.
Numerical analysis of the Gibbs–Thomson effect on trench-filling epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC
Authors: Mochizuki Kazuhiro , Ji Shiyang , Kosugi Ryoji , Kojima Kazutoshi , Yonezawa Yoshiyuki , Okumura Hajime 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A steady-state two-dimensional diffusion equation was numerically analyzed to examine the rate of homoepitaxial growth on a trenched 4H-SiC substrate. The radii of curvature at the top and bottom of the trenches were used to take the Gibbs–Thomson effect into account in the analysis based on the conventional boundary-layer model. When the trench pitch was less than or equal to 6.0 µm, the measured dependence of the growth rate on the trench pitch was found to be explained by the Gibbs–Thomson effect on the vapor-phase diffusion of growing species.
Direct writing of Cu-based micro-temperature detectors using femtosecond laser reduction of CuO nanoparticles
Authors: Mizoshiri Mizue , Arakane Shun , Sakurai Junpei , Hata Seiichi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Cu-based micro-temperature detectors were fabricated using femtosecond laser reduction of CuO nanoparticles. Cu-based microstructures were directly created by laser scanning on a CuO nanoparticle solution film. Cu-rich and Cu2O-rich microstructures were selectively formed to electrically connect two Cu thin-film electrodes for use in temperature detectors. Cu-rich and Cu2O-rich micro-temperature detectors were fabricated at scanning speeds of 500 and 1000 µm/s, respectively, at a pulse energy of 1.2 nJ. The temperature coefficient of resistance values of the Cu-rich and Cu2O-rich microstructures were positive and negative, respectively; these temperature behaviors are typical of metal and semiconductor materials, respectively.
Observation of nanometer-sized crystalline grooves in as-grown β-Ga2O3 single crystals
Authors: Hanada Kenji , Moribayashi Tomoya , Uematsu Takumi , Masuya Satoshi , Koshi Kimiyoshi , Sasaki Kohei , Kuramata Akito , Ueda Osamu , Kasu Makoto 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
On the surface of as-grown β-Ga2O3 single crystals that are cut and polished, we found nanometer-sized grooves elongated in the [001] direction. We confirmed that these grooves terminate within the crystals in the [010] direction. This proves that the grooves are different from micropipes penetrating crystals. Their typical length and width are 50–1200 nm in the [001] direction and ∼40 nm in the [100] direction, respectively. The grooves tend to form an array in the [001] direction. The type of nanometer-sized grooves should be essentially different from etch pits.
Terahertz imaging system with resonant tunneling diodes
Authors: Miyamoto Tomoyuki , Yamaguchi Atsushi , Mukai Toshikazu 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We report a feasibility study of a terahertz imaging system with resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) that oscillate at 0.30 THz. A pair of RTDs acted as an emitter and a detector in the system. Terahertz reflection images of opaque samples were acquired with our RTD imaging system. A spatial resolution of 1 mm, which is equal to the wavelength of the RTD emitter, was achieved. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the reflection image was improved by 6 dB by using polarization optics that reduced interference effects. Additionally, the coherence of the RTD enabled a depth resolution of less than 3 µm to be achieved by an interferometric technique. Thus, RTDs are an attractive candidate for use in small THz imaging systems.
Inverted organic light-emitting diodes using different transparent conductive oxide films as a cathode
Authors: Takada Makoto , Kobayashi Takashi , Nagase Takashi , Naito Hiroyoshi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We report on poly(dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) based inverted organic light-emitting diodes (iOLEDs) using commercially available transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films as a cathode, indium tin oxide (ITO), Ga doped ZnO (GZO), and Al doped ZnO (AZO). The ITO, GZO, and AZO glasses work as an electron-injecting layer (EIL) and cathode. The device configuration that we prepared is ITO, GZO, or AZO/F8BT/MoO3/Au. The device characteristics of these iOLEDs are almost comparable to those of conventional iOLEDs with ZnO films prepared by spray pyrolysis as an EIL, indicating that the electron injection properties of ITO, GZO, or AZO as a cathode are similar to those of ZnO layer in conventional iOLEDs. These results demonstrate the low-cost fabrication of iOLEDs utilizing commercially available TCO glasses as a cathode without deposition of ZnO layers on ITO glass.
Seismological detection of low‐velocity anomalies surrounding the mantle transition zone in Japan subduction zone
Authors: Liu Zhen , Park Jeffrey , Karato Shun‐ichiro 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn the Japan subduction zone, a locally depressed 660 discontinuity has been observed beneath northeast Asia, suggesting downwelling of materials from the mantle transition zone (MTZ). Vertical transport of water‐rich MTZ materials across the major mineral phase changes could lead to water release and to partial melting in surrounding mantle regions, causing seismic low‐velocity anomalies. Melt layers implied by low‐velocity zones (LVZs) above the 410 discontinuity have been detected in many regions, but seismic evidence for partial melting below the 660 discontinuity has been limited. High‐frequency migrated Ps receiver functions indicate LVZs below the depressed 660 discontinuity and above the 410 discontinuity in the deep Japan subduction zone, suggesting dehydration melting induced by water transport out of the MTZ. Our results provide insights into water circulation associated with dynamic interactions between the subducted slab and surrounding mantle.
The photolysis of FeOH and its effect on the bottomside of the mesospheric Fe layer
Authors: Viehl T. P. , Plane J. M. C. , Feng W. , Höffner J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMetal layers in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere are created through meteoric ablation. They are important for understanding the temperature structure, dynamics, and chemistry of this atmospheric region. Recent lidar observations have shown a regular downward extension of the Fe layer bottomside which correlates with solar radiation. In this study we combine lidar observations, quantum chemical calculations, and model simulations to show that this bottomside extension is primarily caused by photolysis of FeOH. We determine the photolysis rate to be
s−1. We also show that the reaction
is slower at mesospheric temperatures than previous estimates. With these updated rate coefficients, we are able to significantly improve the modeling of the Fe layer bottomside. The calculations further show the nearly complete depletion of FeOH during sunlit periods. This may have implications for cloud nuclei in the middle atmosphere.
Identifying the magnetotail lobes with Cluster magnetometer data
Authors: Coxon J. C. , Jackman C. M. , Freeman M. P. , Forsyth C. , Rae I. J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe describe a novel method for identifying times when a spacecraft is in Earth's magnetotail lobes solely using magnetometer data. We propose that lobe intervals can be well identified as times when the magnetic field is strong and relatively invariant, defined using thresholds in the magnitude of BX and the standard deviation σ of the magnetic field magnitude. Using data from the Cluster spacecraft at downtail distances greater than 8 RE during 2001–2009, we find that thresholds of 30 nT and 3.5 nT, respectively, optimize agreement with a previous, independently derived lobe identification method that used both magnetic and plasma data over the same interval. Specifically, our method has a moderately high accuracy (66%) and a low probability of false detection (11%) in comparison to the other method. Furthermore, our method identifies the lobe on many other occasions when the previous method was unable to make any identification and yields longer continuous intervals in the lobe than the previous method, with intervals at the 90th percentile being triple the length. Our method also allows for analyses of the lobes outside the time span of the previous method.
Tracks to a Medical Diagnosis: Expertise Differences in Visual Problem Solving
Authors: Jaarsma Thomas , Boshuizen Henny P. A. , Jarodzka Halszka , Nap Marius , Verboon Peter , van Merriënboer Jeroen J. G. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThis study focuses on the visual problem‐solving process of clinical pathologists. Its aim is to find expertise‐related differences in the temporal arrangement of this process, with a special focus on the orientation phase. A theoretical model of the visual diagnostic process of medical specialists is extended with general problem‐solving theory. Participants were 13 experts, 12 intermediates, and 13 novices, who all diagnosed seven microscopic images. Their microscope movements and thinking aloud were recorded. To study temporal arrangement of the process, we applied a time‐grid to the data. The results reflected several aspects of general problem‐solving theory. Experts and intermediates showed a more extensive orientation phase and more refined schemata than novices. Intermediates also showed a control phase at the end of the diagnostic process. Novices showed a uniform process. These phases were reflected in microscope navigation and thinking aloud, which justifies the extension of the theoretical model.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual crosslinked carboxymethyl sago pulp/pectin hydrogel beads as potential carrier for colon‐targeted drug delivery
Authors: Tan Hui Li , Tan Li Shan , Wong Yeon Yin , Muniyandy Saravanan , Hashim Kamaruddin , Pushpamalar Janarthanan 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTCarboxymethyl sago pulp (CMSP)/pectin hydrogel beads were synthesized by calcium crosslinking and further crosslinked by electron beam irradiation to form drug carrier for colon‐targeted drug. Sphere‐shaped CMSP/pectin 15%/5% hydrogel beads is able to stay intact for 24 h in swelling medium at pH 7.4. It shows pH‐sensitive behavior as the swelling degree increases as pH increases. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the absence of chemical interaction between hydrogel beads and diclofenac sodium. Differential scanning calorimetric and X‐ray diffraction studies indicate the amorphous nature of entrapped diclofenac sodium. The drug encapsulation efficiency is up to about 50%. Less than 9% of drug has been released at pH 1.2 and the hydrogel beads sustain the drug release at pH 7.4 over 30 h. This shows the potential of CMSP/pectin hydrogel beads as carrier for colon‐targeted drug. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43416.
A Novel Sliding Mode Control for a Class of Second‐order Mechanical Systems
Authors: Sheng Yongzhi , Wang Liang , Liu Xiangdong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper considers the tracking control problem of a class of second‐order mechanical systems involving parametric uncertainty and external disturbance by a sliding mode control (SMC) without reaching phase. Specifically, an SMC strategy with modified variable‐gain proportional–integral–derivative (PID)‐type sliding function is proposed, by which the existence of a sliding mode throughout an entire response of the system starting from the initial time instance is ensured. Meanwhile, the introduction of a variable gain in the sliding function design effectively solves the dilemma between quicker response and smaller overshoot. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by both theoretical analysis and simulation results.
Biocompatible Azide–Alkyne “Click” Reactions for Surface Decoration of Glyco‐Engineered Cells
Authors: Gutmann Marcus , Memmel Elisabeth , Braun Alexandra C. , Seibel Jürgen , Meinel Lorenz , Lühmann Tessa 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBio‐orthogonal copper (I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has been widely used to modify azide‐ or alkyne‐bearing monosaccharides on metabolic glyco‐engineered mammalian cells. Here, we present a systematic study to elucidate the design space for the cytotoxic effects of the copper catalyst on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and on HEK 293‐F cells. Monitoring membrane integrity by flow cytometry and RT‐PCR analysis with apoptotic and anti‐apoptotic markers elucidated the general feasibility of CuAAC, with exposure time of the CuAAC reaction mixture having the major influence on biocompatibility. A high labeling efficiency of HEK 293‐F cells with a fluorescent alkyne dye was rapidly achieved by CuAAC in comparison to copper free strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). The study details effective and biocompatible conditions for CuAAC‐based modification of glyco‐engineered cells in comparison to its copper free alternative.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Strong Incommensurate Modulation in a Tungsten‐Bronze‐Type Relaxor PbBiNb5O15.
Authors: Xing Xianran , et al.  
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe new title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of PbO, Bi2O3, and Nb2O3 (1.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Binuclear [CrLn] (Ln: Gd or Dy) and Trinuclear [Cr2Ln] (Ln: Gd, Dy, or Tb) Heterometallic Clusters with 2,2′‐Bipyridine as Ligand.
Authors: Li Zhong‐Yi , Wang Xiao‐Qun , Zhang Jian‐Jun , Liu Shu‐Qin , Ni Jun , Sun Ying‐Ji 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe crystal structures of compounds (III) and (IV) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel Bicarbonate Revealed as a Basic Carbonate.
Authors: Rincke Christine , Bette Sebastian , Dinnebier Robert E. , Voigt Wolfgang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNi12(CO3)8(OH)8· (x‐1)H2O or Ni12(CO3)8 (OH)6O·xH2O (x = 6‐8) is prepared by two hydrothermal methods employing an aqueous solution of Ni(NO3)2 and urea (autoclave, 1120 °C, 5 h) or by mixing Ni(NO3)2 and NaHCO3 to form amorphous nickel carbonate which is dried and brought together with H2O and solid CO2 in an autoclave (220 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Cinchona Alkaloid‐Based Chiral Catalysts Act as Highly Efficient Multifunctional Organocatalysts for the Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Malonates to Nitroolefins.
Authors: Ashokkumar Veeramanoharan , Siva Ayyanar 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCatalyst (I) and its O‐allylated derivative (not shown) are tested in asymmetric Michael addition reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Iodine(III)‐Mediated Synthesis of α‐Tosyloxy Ketones: Breaking the Selectivity Barrier.
Authors: Basdevant Benoit , Legault Claude Y. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe oxidation of IPNP with MCPBA in the presence of Tos‐OH leads to a crude intermediate iodane, which reacts readily with enol acetates to afford chiral α‐tosyloxy ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions in Water Enabled by Micellar Catalysis.
Authors: Isley Nicholas A. , Linstadt Roscoe T. H. , Kelly Sean M. , Gallou Fabrice , Lipshutz Bruce H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractUse of a nonionic surfactant, TPGS‐750‐M, in water enables nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur nucleophiles to participate in SNAr reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: B(C6F5)3‐Catalyzed Transfer of Dihydrogen from One Unsaturated Hydrocarbon to Another.
Authors: Chatterjee Indranil , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Grimme Stefan , Oestreich Martin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAn uncommon alkene hydrogenation catalyzed by a main‐group element is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Direct Catalytic Ring Expansion Approach to O‐Fluoronaphthols and o/p‐Fluorophenols from Indanones and 2‐Cyclopentenones.
Authors: Chang Jian , Song Xiaoning , Huang Wanqiao , Zhu Dongsheng , Wang Mang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe reaction is compatible with 1‐ and 2‐indanones as well as 3‐cyclopentenones and tolerates multiple functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Coupling of Propargyl Ethers with Alcohols: Siloxy‐Crotylation via Hydride Shift Enabled Conversion of Alkynes to π‐Allyls.
Authors: Liang Tao , Zhang Wandi , Chen Te‐Yu , Nguyen Khoa D. , Krische Michael J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis is the first enantioselective carbonyl siloxy‐crotylation using TIPS‐protected propargyl ethers, which upon deprotection and reduction give 1,4‐diols (III), (VI), (VIII), and (X) with high regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino Reactions Containing Different Types of Heck Reactions for Selective 3,3‐ and 1,3‐Diarylations of Propenol with Aryl Halides by Triple Catalysis.
Authors: Zhu Zhi‐Qiang , He Jian‐Shi , Wang Hai‐Jun , Huang Zhi‐Zhen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA new domino Heck‐isomerization/Saegusa/Heck reaction of propenol with various aryl iodides is reported for the synthesis of 3,3‐diaryl propenals by transition‐metal catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Sustainable Fe—ppm Pd Nanoparticle Catalysis of Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Couplings in Water.
Authors: Handa Sachin , Wang Ye , Gallou Fabrice , Lipshutz Bruce H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCommercially available ferric chloride derived from iron which naturally contains ppm levels of palladium is in situ converted to nanoparticles in the presence of methylmagnesium chloride.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Continuous‐Flow Trapping Metalations of Functionalized Arenes and Heteroarenes Using TMPLi in the Presence of Mg, Zn, Cu, or La Halides.
Authors: Becker Matthias R. , Knochel Paul 
Published: January 2016

AbstractContinuous‐flow lithiation of arenes and hetarenes with lithium tetramethylpiperidide and direct in‐situ trapping with various metal salts is presented.