bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese Saving Rates from 1953 to 2012: Trends, Compositions and Prospects
Authors: Zhou Shaojie , Zhang Junsen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study conducts a long‐run analysis on the trends and components of Chinese saving rates from 1953 to 2012. We identify two structural changes in aggregate saving rates around 1978 and 2001, and examine them through a decomposition analysis of the income distribution and sector‐specific saving rates. The following key findings are obtained. First, the major trends and compositions of Chinese saving rates changed markedly over the period considered, which explains the changes of aggregate saving rates with the dramatic economic transition from a planned economy to a market‐oriented economy. Second, we investigate the surge in aggregate saving rates from 2001 to 2012 based on a series of institutional factors, such as the evolving labour market, domestic economic policy adjustments and changes in external economic conditions caused by China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001 and the 2008 global financial crisis. Finally, we present the future prospects for the high aggregate saving rates in China based on several evolving economic, demographic and policy trends. We argue that Chinese saving rates have peaked in recent years and that a declining trend is expected, which will contribute to the economic rebalancing of the country.
The future of the Primary Examination
Authors: Gunn Barry , McCall Louise 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe objective of the Primary Examination is to ensure that trainees have the required level of knowledge and understanding of the four basic sciences of anatomy, pathology, physiology and pharmacology to underpin their further learning and development towards careers as emergency medicine physicians. The candidate is expected to show an understanding of the subject matter and demonstrate their ability to apply their knowledge to the practice of emergency medicine. As part of the curriculum review, ACEM undertook to implement changes to the Primary Examination in order to make it more clinically relevant.
5 Discourse and Human Securities in Tewa Origins
Authors: Ortman Scott G. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTFor the Archaeology of Human Experience to have an impact on public policy, archaeologists need to identify what contemporary society values, determine the extent to which ancient societies provided these values, and examine what it was that enabled certain societies to provide them better than others. I develop a case study of this approach focusing on the famous “collapse” of Mesa Verde society and subsequent formation of ancestral Tewa society in the 13th century C.E. I translate the archaeological record into measures that reflect the United Nations Development Programme's dimensions of human security to show that ancestral Tewa society eventually met basic human needs better than Mesa Verde society had done. I also present archaeological, linguistic, and cultural evidence that argues the ultimate driver of enhanced security was conceptual change during the migration period. This example suggests ideas play important roles in structuring behavioral habits and thus long‐term social outcomes.
7 An Archaeology of Food Security in Banda, Ghana
Authors: Logan Amanda L. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTFood security is an all‐inclusive concept, with a lack of access to sufficient food on one end of the spectrum and access to plentiful, desirable foods on the other. Archaeology's long‐term perspective allows us to trace contexts in which food insecurity emerged by investigating the pillars of food security outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO): food availability, access, use, and preference. Using these criteria, I evaluate food security in Banda, Ghana from 1000 to 2009 C.E. by combining ethnographic, archaeological, archaeobotanical, and environmental data. These multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that while changing environmental conditions may have impacted the availability of staple crops during two periods of droughts in the past, a decrease in access to preferred foods occurred only recently in the 1890s.
Phase II trial of ofatumumab plus ESHAP (O‐ESHAP) as salvage treatment for patients with relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma after first‐line chemotherapy
Authors: Martínez Carmen , Díaz‐López Antonio , Rodriguez‐Calvillo Mercedes , García‐Sanz Ramón , Terol María José , Pérez‐Ceballos Elena , Jiménez Maria J. , Cantalapiedra Alberto , Domingo‐Domenech Eva , Rodriguez María José , Sampol Antonia , Espeso Manuel , López Francisco‐Javier , Briones Javier , García Juan F. , Sureda Anna ,   Hodgkin Lymphoma Subcommittee of Spanish Group of Lymphoma Bone Marrow Transplantation(GELTAMO)
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe management of recurrent/refractory (R/R) Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) remains challenging. Previously published data have shown some efficacy of rituximab in this setting. The purpose of this phase II trial was to investigate the activity of ofatumumab in combination with etoposide, steroids, cytarabine and cisplatin (O‐ESHAP) in 62 patients with R/R classical HL. Treatment consisted of ESHAP plus ofatumumab 1000 mg on days 1 and 8 of the first cycle and day 1 of the second and third cycles. O‐ESHAP was well tolerated with only 3% of patients requiring treatment discontinuation because of adverse events. Overall response rate was 73% (44% complete metabolic response). In multivariate analysis, early relapse (P < 0·001), bulky disease (P < 0·001) and B symptoms (P < 0·001) were the most important prognostic factors for response. No failures of stem cell mobilization were observed. The high response rate, particularly the complete metabolic response rate, the low toxicity profile, and the high mobilizing potential of the O‐ESHAP regimen suggest that patients with R/R HL may benefit from this salvage regimen. However, with the encouraging results observed with other new therapeutic agents in HL, the O‐ESHAP regimen could be restricted to patients failing these agents or to those with R/R nodular lymphocyte‐predominant HL.
Targeting vascular (endothelial) dysfunction
Authors: Daiber Andreas , Steven Sebastian , Weber Alina , Shuvaev Vladimir V. , Muzykantov Vladimir R. , Laher Ismail , Li Huige , Lamas Santiago , Münzel Thomas 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCardiovascular diseases are major contributors to global deaths and disability‐adjusted life years, with hypertension a significant risk factor for all causes of death. The endothelium that lines the inner wall of the vasculature regulates essential haemostatic functions, such as vascular tone, circulation of blood cells, inflammation and platelet activity. Endothelial dysfunction is an early predictor of atherosclerosis and future cardiovascular events. We review the prognostic value of obtaining measurements of endothelial function, the clinical techniques for its determination, the mechanisms leading to endothelial dysfunction and the therapeutic treatment of endothelial dysfunction. Since vascular oxidative stress and inflammation are major determinants of endothelial function, we have also addressed current antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory therapies. In the light of recent data that dispute the prognostic value of endothelial function in healthy human cohorts, we also discuss alternative diagnostic parameters such as vascular stiffness index and intima/media thickness ratio. We also suggest that assessing vascular function, including that of smooth muscle and even perivascular adipose tissue, may be an appropriate parameter for clinical investigations.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc
From Porter to Bourdieu: The Evolving Specialty Structure of English Canadian Sociology, 1966 to 2014
Authors: Stokes Allyson , McLevey John 
Published: May 2016

How has English Canadian sociology changed from 1966 to 2014? Has it become more intellectually fragmented or cohesive over time? We answer these questions by analyzing cocitation networks extracted from 7,141 sociology articles published in 169 journals. We show how the most central early specialties developed largely in response to John Porter's The Vertical Mosaic. In later decades, the discipline diversified, fragmented, and then reorganized around a new set of specialties knit together by the work of Pierre Bourdieu. The discipline was most intellectually fragmented in periods where multiple specialties were emerging or declining concurrently (i.e., 1975 to 1984 and 1995 to 2004), and was more structurally cohesive from 2005 to 2014 than in any previous period.Comment est‐ce que la sociologie canadienne‐anglaise a‐t‐elle changé entre 1966 et 2014? Est‐elle devenue plus intellectuellement fragmentée ou cohérente avec le temps? Nous répondons à ces questions en analysant des réseaux de co‐citation qui ont été déduits de 7,141 articles publiés par 169 journaux. Nous démontrons les spécialités primordiales se sont développées en réponse de The Vertical Mosaic de John Porter. Durant les décennies suivantes, la discipline s'est diversifiée, fragmentée et puis s'est réorganisée autour d'une nouvelle série de spécialités liées ensemble par le travail de Pierre Bourdieu. La discipline était la plus intellectuellement fragmentée durant les périodes où plusieurs spécialités émergeaient ou déclinaient concurremment (par exemple de 1975 à 1985 et de 1995 à 2004). Par contre, elle était plus cohérente que tous les autres périodes entre 2005 et 2014.
Detection of vasostatin-1-specific CD8+ T cells in non-obese diabetic mice that contribute to diabetes pathogenesis
Authors: Nikoopour E , Krougly O , Lee-Chan E , Haeryfar S M , Singh B 
Published: May 2016

SummaryChromogranin A (ChgA) is an antigenic target of pathogenic CD4+ T cells in a non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Vasostatin-1 is a naturally processed fragment of ChgA. We have now identified a novel H2-Kd-restricted epitope of vasostatin-1, ChgA 36-44, which elicits CD8+ T cell responses in NOD mice. By using ChgA 36-44/Kd tetramers we have determined the frequency of vasostatin-1-specific CD8+ T cells in pancreatic islets and draining lymph nodes of NOD mice. We also demonstrate that vasostatin-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells constitute a significant fraction of islet-infiltrating T cells in diabetic NOD mice. Adoptive transfer of T cells from ChgA 36-44 peptide-primed NOD mice into NOD/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice led to T1D development. These findings indicate that vasostatin-1-specific CD8+ T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.
Outcomes of intensity‐modulated radiotherapy as primary treatment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma – a European singleinstitution analysis
Authors: Bird T. , De Felice F. , Michaelidou A. , Thavaraj S. , Jeannon J.–P. , Lyons A. , Oakley R. , Simo R. , Lei M. , Guerrero Urbano T. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesTo analyse survival and toxicity outcomes in patients treated with primary intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) in the era of routine human papilloma virus (HPV) testing.DesignSingle‐institution case series.SettingTertiary Head and Neck Cancer Unit.ParticipantsA total of 186 patients received IMRT (+/− chemotherapy) for radical primary treatment of OPSCC between March 2010 and December 2013. HPV status was available for 88% of cases. Median radiation dose was 65 Gy in 30 daily fractions. 90% of stage III/IV patients received concurrent chemotherapy or cetuximab.Main Outcome MeasuresOverall, disease‐free and disease‐specific survival; rates of late xerostomia and dysphagia.ResultsA total of 177 patients completed treatment (Stage I/II: 23; Stage III/IV: 154), with median follow‐up of 26 months. Estimated 3‐year overall survival (OS), disease‐free survival (DFS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) rates were 77.2% (70.5–83.9), 72.3% (65.4–79.2) and 80.2% (74.1–86.3). Estimated 3‐year OS, DFS and DSS for HPV‐positive patients were 90.9% (85.2–96.6), 87.9% (81.4–94.4) and 91.8% (86.3–97.3). A previously identified risk stratification method was validated, showing improved OS for low‐risk over high‐risk patients (HR 0.09, P < 0.001). The 2‐year feeding tube retention rate was 6%, and 2‐year grade ≥2 xerostomia rate was 38% (23% if mean contralateral parotid dose <24 Gy).ConclusionsOutcomes with IMRT are favourable, particularly in the HPV‐positive patient group. This data further supports the use of a previously described prognostication model that can be used to select patients for escalation/de‐escalation clinical trials.
Open compared with laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision with central lymphadenectomy for colon cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Athanasiou C. D. , Markides G. A. , Kotb A. , Jia X. , Gonsalves S. , Miskovic D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimSeveral studies report improved survival in colon cancer with use of extended lymphadenectomy techniques (ELTs), such as D3 lymphadenectomy or complete mesocolic excision. The noninferiority of laparoscopic versus open techniques has already been established in D2 resections. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of open and laparoscopic approaches for ELTs in colon cancer.MethodMajor databases, including PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane library, were searched using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and relevant data were extracted. The Cochrane and Newcastle–Ottawa tools were used for critical appraisal and quality assessment. Meta‐analysis with various subgroup analyses were undertaken, and clinical and statistical heterogeneity, along with publication bias, were also assessed.ResultsOne randomized and seven case–control trials were included. All studies were found to be of low methodological quality with some external validity issues. There was no difference in short‐term mortality [OR = 2.16 (95% CI: 0.73–6.41); P = 0.16], anastomotic leakage, ileus or deep‐sited infection/abscess. There was a trend for longer operative time [weighted mean difference (WMD) = −30.88 (95% CI: −62.38 to 0.61); P = 0.05] and shorter length of hospital stay [WMD = 2.29 (95% CI: −0.39 to 4.98); P = 0.09] with the laparoscopic approach. Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy had a lower wound‐infection rate [OR = 2.87 (95% CI: 1.38–5.98); P = 0.005] compared with the relevant open group. No statistically significant difference was found in overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.69–1.06); P = 0.15], disease‐free survival, local recurrence and distant metastases.ConclusionBased on the current evidence, the laparoscopic technique appears to be at least as safe as the open technique when used in performing ELTs for colonic cancer, with similar morbidity and oncological outcomes.
Does C‐reactive protein monitoring after colorectal resection with anastomosis give any practical benefit for patients with intra‐abdominal septic complications?
Authors: Mik M. , Berut M. , Dziki L. , Dziki A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimThis study aimed to assess the influence of the C‐reactive protein (CRP) level on the early outcome after elective colorectal resection.MethodPatients with colorectal cancer operated on between 2006 and 2013 were identified retrospectively. They were divided into a study group operated on between 2010 and 2013 when CRP was measured routinely on the fourth postoperative day and a control group operated on between 2006 and 2009 when the CRP level was not measured routinely. Mortality, intra‐abdominal septic complications (IASC), abscesses and anastomotic leakage (AL), the need for reoperation, the interval from index surgery to relaparotomy, length of hospital stay and imaging studies were compared by multivariate analysis.ResultsA total of 1189 patients were assessed, including 598 (50.3%) in the study group (mean age 61.3 ± 13 years; 282 female) and 591 (49.7%) in the control group (mean age 61.8 ± 11 years; 267 female). There were seven (1.2%) postoperative deaths in the study group and nine (1.5%) in the control group (P = 0.598). Abdominal ultrasound (US) was performed more often in the study group [97 (16.2%) vs 71 (12.0%); P = 0.037]. In the study group the interval to diagnosis of IASC was shorter than in the control group (5.7 ± 1.5 days vs 7.3 ± 1.3 days; P = 0.029). The decision to reoperate was also made earlier in the study group (6.2 ± 1.7 days vs 7.4 ± 2.8 days; P = 0.043).ConclusionRoutine measurement of CRP can help to make an earlier diagnosis of IASC and earlier decision for relaparotomy, without any influence on mortality or length of hospital stay.
Which abiotic filters shape earthworm distribution patterns at the catchment scale?
Authors: Schneider A.‐K. , van Schaik L. , Zangerlé A. , Eccard J. A. , Schröder B. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryEarthworms affect various soil ecosystem processes in their role as ecosystem engineers. The spatial distribution of earthworms determines the spatial distribution of their functional effects. In particular, earthworm‐induced macropore networks may act as preferential flow pathways. In this research we aimed to determine earthworm distributions at the catchment scale with species distribution models (SDMs). We used land‐use types, temporally invariant topography‐related variables and plot‐scale soil characteristics such as pH and organic matter content. We used data from spring 2013 to estimate probability distributions of the occurrence of ten earthworm species. To assess the robustness of these models, we tested temporal transferability by evaluating the accuracy of predictions from the models derived for the spring data with the predictions from data of two other field surveys in autumn 2012 and 2013. In addition, we compared the performance of SDMs based (i) on temporally varying plot‐scale predictor variables with (ii) those based on temporally invariant catchment‐scale predictors. Models based on catchment‐scale predictors, especially land use and slope, experience a small loss of predictive performance only compared with plot‐scale SDMs but have greater temporal transferability. Earthworm distribution maps derived from this kind of SDM are a prerequisite for understanding the spatial distribution patterns of functional effects related to earthworms.Highlights

Do plot‐scale variables explain earthworm distributions better than landscape‐scale variables?
We modelled ten earthworm species and give comprehensive model evaluations.
Landscape‐scale variables are almost as useful as proximate plot‐scale variables.
Landscape‐scale variables allow temporally robust mapping, but are limited to the study area.
Interaction with slow waves during sleep improves discrimination of physiologic and pathologic high‐frequency oscillations (80–500 Hz)
Authors: von Ellenrieder Nicolás , Frauscher Birgit , Dubeau François , Gotman Jean 
Published: May 2016

SummaryObjectiveTo characterize the interaction between physiologic and pathologic high‐frequency oscillations (HFOs) and slow waves during sleep, and to evaluate the practical significance of these interactions by automatically classifying channels as recording from normal or epileptic brain regions.MethodsWe automatically detected HFOs in intracerebral electroencephalography (EEG) recordings of 45 patients. We characterized the interaction between the HFOs and the amplitude and phase of automatically detected slow waves during sleep. We computed features associated with HFOs, and compared classic features such as rate, amplitude, duration, and frequency to novel features related to the interaction between HFOs and slow waves. To quantify the practical significance of the difference in these features we classified the channels as recording from normal/epileptic regions using logistic regression. We assessed the results in different brain regions to study differences in the HFO characteristics at the lobar level.ResultsWe found a clear difference in the coupling between the phase of slow waves during sleep and the occurrence of HFOs. In channels recording physiologic activity, the HFOs tend to occur after the peak of the deactivated state of the slow wave, and in channels with epileptic activity, the HFOs occur more often before this peak. This holds for HFOs in the ripple (80–250 Hz) and fast ripple (250–500 Hz) bands, and different regions of the brain. When using this interaction to automatically classify channels as recording from normal/epileptic brain regions, the performance is better than when using other HFO characteristics. We confirmed differences in the HFO characteristics in mesiotemporal structures and in the occipital lobe.SignificanceWe found the association between slow waves and HFOs to be different in normal and epileptic brain regions, emphasizing their different origin. This is also of practical significance, since it improves the separation between channels recording from normal and epileptic brain regions.
Assessment of specific contribution of residual stress generated near surface anomalies in the high temperature fatigue life of a René 65 superalloy
Authors: Gourdin S. , Cormier J. , Henaff G. , Nadot Y. , Hamon F. , Pierret S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study evaluates the influence of residual stresses induced by the fabrication of surface anomalies on the fatigue crack growth in a nickel based superalloy. To separate the notch effect of the geometry from the residual stress field induced by fabrication of the surface flaws, two V‐type anomalies are considered: scratches and dents with equivalent morphology and size. A specially designed heat treatment has been used to reduce the magnitude of residual stresses around these anomalies in order to highlight their effects on the different stages of the crack propagation, under low cycle fatigue conditions at 400 °C. The crack initiation life is short for both anomalies but in the presence of compressive residual stresses, a decrease of the fatigue crack growth rate has been observed during the first stages of the crack propagation. Furthermore, the results showed that without residual stresses, scratches and dents exhibit the same behaviour. Thus, the residual stress field below surface anomalies is the main parameter controlling the fatigue life from surface anomalies.
Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 °C target
Authors: Wollenberg Eva , Richards Meryl , Smith Pete , Havlík Petr , Obersteiner Michael , Tubiello Francesco N. , Herold Martin , Gerber Pierre , Carter Sarah , Reisinger Andrew , van Vuuren Detlef P. , Dickie Amy , Neufeldt Henry , Sander Björn O. , Wassmann Reiner , Sommer Rolf , Amonette James E. , Falcucci Alessandra , Herrero Mario , Opio Carolyn , Roman‐Cuesta Rosa Maria , Stehfest Elke , Westhoek Henk , Ortiz‐Monasterio Ivan , Sapkota Tek , Rufino Mariana C. , Thornton Philip K. , Verchot Louis , West Paul C. , Soussana Jean‐François , Baedeker Tobias , Sadler Marc , Vermeulen Sonja , Campbell Bruce M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMore than 100 countries pledged to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the 2015 Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Yet technical information about how much mitigation is needed in the sector vs. how much is feasible remains poor. We identify a preliminary global target for reducing emissions from agriculture of ~1 GtCO2e yr−1by 2030 to limit warming in 2100 to 2 °C above pre‐industrial levels. Yet plausible agricultural development pathways with mitigation cobenefits deliver only 21–40% of needed mitigation. The target indicates that more transformative technical and policy options will be needed, such as methane inhibitors and finance for new practices. A more comprehensive target for the 2 °C limit should be developed to include soil carbon and agriculture‐related mitigation options. Excluding agricultural emissions from mitigation targets and plans will increase the cost of mitigation in other sectors or reduce the feasibility of meeting the 2 °C limit.