bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What about winter? Integrating the missing season into climate change experiments in seasonally snow covered ecosystems
Authors: Sanders‐DeMott Rebecca , Templer Pamela H. 
Published: April 2017

Summary

Ecosystem‐scale climate warming experiments have provided insight into the future dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems. In seasonally snow covered regions, changes in winter soil temperatures are largely mediated through shifts in depth and duration of snowpack that have implications for ecosystem processes. Despite known effects of changes in snowpack dynamics on ecosystem processes in seasonally snow covered environments, the extent to which warming experiments address winter climate change is unclear. Identifying how previous warming studies have addressed changes in winter climate is important for understanding what is known about interacting effects of climate change across seasons and to highlight gaps in our understanding of ecosystem responses to climate change throughout the year.

We reviewed 64 published ecosystem‐scale climate change manipulation experiments spanning three decades that were conducted in seasonally snow covered regions and simulated warmer growing season temperatures.

We found that only 20% of experiments in snow covered ecosystems explicitly manipulated the winter climate to reflect projected changes in winter soil temperatures mediated through changes in snowpack over the next several decades. Experiments that manipulated both winter and the growing season climate employed a variety of passive and active warming methods. Above‐ground active methods most realistically simulated projected changes in soil temperature that will be mediated through changes in snow cover. Experiments with distinct winter treatments were distributed among tundra, forest, grassland and wetland ecosystems and together show that shifts in winter climate have a strong influence on, and in some cases offset, observed responses to experimental warming in the growing season alone or across the year.

By designing climate change experiments that examine the effects of winter and growing season climate change together, there is an opportunity to develop a better mechanistic understanding and more accurate projections of ecosystem responses to climate change that would not be evident from examining changes in either season alone.
Visual impairment certification due to diabetic retinopathy in North and Eastern Devon
Authors: Lin Siying , Gupta Bhaskar , James Natalee , Ling Roland H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPurposeTo determine certifications of visual impairment (CVIs) due to diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a region that has operated diabetic screening since 1992.MethodsA retrospective review of all CVIs due to DR was conducted, with mid‐year population estimates and a diabetes prevalence model used to determine the annual incidence of certification from 2010 to 2013. For 2013, CVIs due to DR were also compared to all CVIs in the region.ResultsThe total number of certifications due to DR was 75; 52 were sight impaired (SI) and 23 severely sight impaired (SSI) certifications; 25% of patients had type 1, and 75% had type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mean age at time of CVI was 65.5 years. The mean duration of known diabetes was 22.0 years. The incidence of CVI due to DR ranged from 30.8 to 77.4 per million population per year between 2010 and 2013. The incidence of CVI in the diabetic population was estimated at 0.47 to 1.21 per 1000 patients per year with diabetes for 2010–2013. In 2013, DR was a main or contributing cause in 4.3% of all CVIs, but did not contribute to any SSI certifications in the working age population.ConclusionThe incidence of CVI due to DR was comparable to that reported in other regions. Nationwide, DR was the second most common cause of blindness in working age adults, but did not contribute to any SSI certifications in our population. Our results are consistent with the success of a long‐standing retinal screening programme.
Statins and polyneuropathy revisited: case‐control study in Denmark, 1999–2013
Authors: Svendsen Toke de Koning , Nørregaard Hansen Peter , García Rodríguez Luis Alberto , Andersen Lene , Hallas Jesper , Sindrup Søren Hein , Gaist David 
Published: April 2017

AimIn a previous study, we found a positive association between statin use and polyneuropathy risk. Other studies reported equivocal results. The present study aimed to confirm our findings with a design similar to that used in our previous study but with a larger data set.MethodsWe searched medical registry data to identify patients diagnosed with incident polyneuropathy of no known cause (idiopathic polyneuropathy) between 1999 and 2013; we verified diagnoses through medical records. For each case, we recruited 20 general population controls with no previous history of polyneuropathy. Controls were matched to their respective case for age and gender. We ascertained the prior statin use of cases and controls through a prescription registry. Based on this information, exposure to statins was categorized into ‘ever use’ or ‘never use’. Ever use of statins was classified by how recently they had been used (‘current use’ or ‘past use’); current use was further classified into long‐term use (5+ years) and high‐ or low‐intensity use. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to examine associations between polyneuropathy and statin use.ResultsWe included 370 validated cases and 7400 controls. Ever use of statins was not associated with an elevated risk of polyneuropathy (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.84, 1.54). Similarly, we found no associations between polyneuropathy risk and current use (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.79, 1.53), long‐term use (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.66, 1.92) or high‐intensity statin use (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.59, 1.84).ConclusionStatin use was not associated with an increased risk of idiopathic polyneuropathy.
Cenozoic evolution of the Altyn Tagh and East Kunlun fault zones inferred from detrital garnet, tourmaline and rutile in southwestern Qaidam Basin (Northern Tibetan Plateau)
Authors: Li Linlin , Wu Chaodong , Yu Xiangjiang 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis study focuses on the Cenozoic provenance and tectonic evolution of the southwestern Qaidam Basin through geochemical analysis of detrital garnet, tourmaline and rutile. The variation of detrital mineral compositions indicates that the Cenozoic evolution can be divided into three stages: (i) before the deposition of the upper Xiaganchaigou Formation (before 37.8 Ma); (ii) between the deposition of the upper Xiaganchaigou Formation and the Shangganchaigou Formation (from 37.8 to 22 Ma); (iii) since the deposition of the Xiayoushashan Formation (since 22 Ma). In the first stage, abundant garnets from high‐grade meta‐basic and ultramafic rocks in the sediments from the Ganchaigou area support a provenance from the South Altyn Tagh HP/UHP metamorphic zone. The low percentage of tourmalines from granitoid rocks in the sediments in the Kunbei‐Lücaotan area suggests a provenance from the East Kunlun fault zone, indicating that the Qimen Tagh Shan was not high enough to prevent the transport of sediments from the southern Qaidam Basin. The sediments in the Qigequan area were derived from both the Altyn Tagh fault zone and the East Kunlun fault zone. In the second stage, the tectonic activity consisted in the rapid uplift of the Altyn Shan. Changes in garnet composition indicate a lower detrital contribution from high‐grade metamorphic rocks. In the third stage, the disappearance of garnets from high‐grade metamorphic rocks and scattered temperatures of rutiles in the Ganchaigou area suggest that the source area shifted from the South Altyn Tagh HP/UHP metamorphic rocks to weakly metamorphosed Meso‐Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks. The increase in granitoid‐derived tourmalines in the Kunbei‐Lücaotan area is indicative of the rapid uplift of the Qimen Tagh Shan. The provenance evolution in the southwestern Qaidam Basin indicates that the tectonic activity along the Altyn Tagh fault zone can be divided into an early stage of Altyn Shan uplift and a later stage of left‐lateral slip. At the same time, tectonic movement along the East Kunlun fault zone initiated.
Intratumoral bidirectional transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells in triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Yamamoto Mizuki , Sakane Kota , Tominaga Kana , Gotoh Noriko , Niwa Takayoshi , Kikuchi Yasuko , Tada Keiichiro , Goshima Naoki , Semba Kentaro , Inoue Jun‐ichiro 
Published: April 2017

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse process, mesenchymal–epithelial transition MET, are crucial in several stages of cancer metastasis. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition allows cancer cells to move to proximal blood vessels for intravasation. However, because EMT and MET processes are dynamic, mesenchymal cancer cells are likely to undergo MET transiently and subsequently re‐undergo EMT to restart the metastatic process. Therefore, spatiotemporally coordinated mutual regulation between EMT and MET could occur during metastasis. To elucidate such regulation, we chose HCC38, a human triple‐negative breast cancer cell line, because HCC38 is composed of epithelial and mesenchymal populations at a fixed ratio even though mesenchymal cells proliferate significantly more slowly than epithelial cells. We purified epithelial and mesenchymal cells from Venus‐labeled and unlabeled HCC38 cells and mixed them at various ratios to follow EMT and MET. Using this system, we found that the efficiency of EMT is approximately an order of magnitude higher than that of MET and that the two populations significantly enhance the transition of cells from the other population to their own. In addition, knockdown of Zinc finger E‐box‐binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) or Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (SLUG) significantly suppressed EMT but promoted partial MET, indicating that ZEB1 and SLUG are crucial to EMT and MET. We also show that primary breast cancer cells underwent EMT that correlated with changes in expression profiles of genes determining EMT status and breast cancer subtype. These changes were very similar to those observed in EMT in HCC38 cells. Consequently, we propose HCC38 as a suitable model to analyze EMT–MET dynamics that could affect the development of triple‐negative breast cancer.
Chimerism-based tolerance in organ transplantation: preclinical and clinical studies
Authors: Oura T , Cosimi A B , Kawai T 
Published: April 2017

SummaryInduction of allograft tolerance has been considered the ultimate goal in organ transplantation. Although numerous protocols to induce allograft tolerance have been reported in mice, a chimerism-based approach through donor haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been the only approach to date that induced allograft tolerance reproducibly following kidney transplantation in man. Renal allograft tolerance has been achieved by induction of either transient mixed chimerism or persistent full donor chimerism. Although the risk of rejection may be low in tolerance achieved via durable full donor chimerism, the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has limited the wider clinical application of this approach. In contrast, tolerance induced by transient mixed chimerism has not been associated with GVHD, but the risk of allograft rejection is more difficult to predict after the disappearance of haematopoietic chimerism. Current efforts are directed towards the development of more clinically feasible and reliable approaches to induce more durable mixed chimerism in order to widen the clinical applicability of these treatment regimens.
Janus kinase inhibitors prevent migration of rheumatoid arthritis neutrophils towards interleukin-8, but do not inhibit priming of the respiratory burst or reactive oxygen species production
Authors: Mitchell T S , Moots R J , Wright H L 
Published: April 2017

Summary
Neutrophils play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), proteases and cytokines. Orally active Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (JAKi), e.g. baricitinib and tofacitinib, have high clinical efficacy in RA but are linked with neutropenia and increased infections. Our aim was to determine the effect of JAK inhibition with baricitinib and tofacitinib on healthy control and RA neutrophil lifespan and function. RA (n = 7) and healthy control (n = 7) neutrophils were treated with baricitinib or tofacitinib for 30 min, prior to incubation in the absence or presence of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interferon (IFN)-γ. JAKi prevented GM-CSF- and IFN-γ-induced apoptosis delay in RA and healthy control neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. Baricitinib decreased the rate of chemotaxis towards interleukin (IL)-8, but not f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) in RA neutrophils. While healthy control neutrophils incubated with GM-CSF became primed to produce ROS in response to stimulation with fMLP and phorbol-12-myristate-12-acetate (PMA), RA neutrophils produced increased levels of ROS without the need for priming. JAKi prevented ROS release from primed healthy control neutrophils in response to fMLP, but had no effect on ROS production by RA neutrophils. Baricitinib reversed GM-CSF priming of ROS production in response to fMLP in healthy control, but not RA, neutrophils. We conclude that incubation with JAKi prevents chemotaxis of RA neutrophils towards IL-8, but does not prevent the production of ROS or increase the level of apoptosis. This may be due to the in-vivo exposure of RA neutrophils to priming agents other than those that activate JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling.
Increased interleukin (IL)-20 and IL-24 target osteoblasts and synovial monocytes in spondyloarthritis
Authors: Kragstrup T W , Andersen M N , Schiøttz-Christensen B , Jurik A G , Hvid M , Deleuran B 
Published: April 2017

Summary
The pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis (SpA) involves activation of the innate immune system, inflammation and new bone formation. The two cytokines interleukin (IL)-20 and IL-24 have been shown to link innate immune activation and tissue homeostasis. We hypothesized that these two cytokines are secreted as part of activation of the innate immune system and affect bone homeostasis in SpA. IL-20 and IL-24 were measured in plasma from axial SpA patients (n = 83). Peripheral SpA patients (n = 16) were included for in-vitro cell culture studies. The plasma IL-20 and IL-24 levels were increased in SpA patients compared with healthy controls (HCs) by 57 and 83%, respectively (both P &lt; 0·0001). The Toll-like receptor 4-induced secretion of the two cytokines was greater in SpA peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) compared with HC PBMCs. IL-20 and IL-24 increased the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by activated SpA synovial fluid monocytes, decreased the production of Dickkopf-1 by SpA fibroblast-like synovial cells and induced mineralization in human osteoblasts. Taken together, our findings indicate disease-aggravating functions of IL-20 and IL-24 in SpA.
Heat shock transcription factor 1 promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Zhou Zhenhua , Li Yan , Jia Qi , Wang Zhiwei , Wang Xudong , Hu Jingjing , Xiao Jianru 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivesOsteosarcoma is the most commonly diagnosed primary malignancy of bone and its overall survival rate is still very low. The molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of osteosarcoma have not been clearly illuminated. Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is a key regulator of the heat shock response and also plays important roles in many cancers, but its function in osteosarcoma remains unexplored.Materials and methodsIn this study, the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells was determined by Cell Counting Kit‐8 assays and colony formation assays. Transwell assays were used to demonstrate the migration and invasion abilities of osteosarcoma cells. A tumour formation assay in a nude mouse model was performed to assess the effect of HSF1 on osteosarcoma cell growth in vivo. The protein levels of HSF1 were analysed with immunohistochemical staining in samples from osteosarcoma patients.ResultsWe demonstrated that knockdown of HSF1 reduced the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells, while overexpression of HSF1 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, HSF1 promoted the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells in vivo. In addition, high levels of HSF1 were associated with a poor prognosis in osteosarcoma.ConclusionsThese data highlight an important role of HSF1 in proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, the expression of HSF1 was associated with prognosis in osteosarcoma.
Changing epidemiology of elderly small cell lung cancer patients over the last 40 years; a SEER database analysis
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Omar 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundSmall cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a distinct clinical and pathological entity within the spectrum of lung cancer. It was observed that the relative age distribution of the disease changed over years.MethodsSurveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database (1973‐2013) was utilized to determine the incidence, presentation and treatment outcomes of elderly patients (>70 years) with SCLC. Join point regression analysis was then conducted to analyze age‐adjusted trends in incidence for the elderly as well as the whole SCLC population. Survival analysis was conducted through Kaplan–Meier analysis. Clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes were compared between patients diagnosed at 70‐79 years old and those older than 80 years old (octogenarian group).ResultsThe proportion of elderly patients among all cases of SCLC increased from 23% in 1975 to 44% in 2010. Moreover, the proportion of elderly female patients among all cases of elderly SCLC increased from 25% in 1975 to 49% in 2010. When categorizing patients into four subgroups “70‐74,” “75‐79,” “80‐84,” and “85+”, there was a trend toward a lower cancer‐specific survival with increasing age (P < .0001). A limited improvement in 5 year survival was observed during the study period and it is less apparent as the age increases.ConclusionThe proportion of elderly patients among all cases of SCLC has increased over the past 40 years. Further studies are needed to better select appropriate treatments for this subset of patients.
Parallel evolution of behaviour during independent host‐shifts following maize introduction into Asia and Europe
Authors: Calcagno Vincent , Mitoyen Clémentine , Audiot Philippe , Ponsard Sergine , Gao Gui‐Zhen , Lu Zhao‐Zhi , Wang Zhen‐Ying , He Kang‐Lai , Bourguet Denis 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMaize was introduced into opposite sides of Eurasia 500 years ago, in Western Europe and in Asia. This caused two host‐shifts in the phytophagous genus Ostrinia; O. nubilalis (the European corn borer; ECB) and O. furnacalis (the Asian corn borer; ACB) are now major pests of maize worldwide. They originated independently from Dicot‐feeding ancestors, similar to O. scapulalis (the Adzuki bean borer; ABB). Unlike other host‐plants, maize is yearly harvested, and harvesting practices impose severe mortality on larvae found above the cut‐off line. Positive geotaxis in the ECB has been proposed as a behavioural adaptation to harvesting practices, allowing larvae to move below the cut‐off line and thus escape harvest mortality. Here, we test whether the same behavioural adaptation evolved independently in Europe and in Asia. We sampled eight genetically differentiated ECB, ACB and ABB populations in France and China and monitored geotaxis through the entire larval development in artificial stacks mimicking maize stems. We find that all ECB and ACB populations show a similar tendency to move down during the latest larval stages, a behaviour not observed in any European or Asian ABB population. The behaviour is robustly expressed regardless of larval density, development mode or environmental conditions. Our results indicate that maize introduction triggered parallel behavioural adaptations in Europe and Asia, harvest selection presumably being the main driver.
Biomass responses in a temperate European grassland through 17 years of elevated CO2
Authors: Andresen Louise C. , Yuan Naiming , Seibert Ruben , Moser Gerald , Kammann Claudia I. , Luterbacher Jürg , Erbs Martin , Müller Christoph 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFuture increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations will potentially enhance grassland biomass production and shift the functional group composition with consequences for ecosystem functioning. In the “GiFACE” experiment (Giessen Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment), fertilized grassland plots were fumigated with elevated CO2 (eCO2) year‐round during daylight hours since 1998, at a level of +20% relative to ambient concentrations (in 1998, aCO2 was 364 ppm and eCO2 399 ppm; in 2014, aCO2 was 397 ppm and eCO2 518 ppm). Harvests were conducted twice annually through 23 years including 17 years with eCO2 (1998 to 2014). Biomass consisted of C3 grasses and forbs, with a small proportion of legumes. The total aboveground biomass (TAB) was significantly increased under eCO2 (p = .045 and .025, at first and second harvest). The dominant plant functional group grasses responded positively at the start, but for forbs, the effect of eCO2 started out as a negative response. The increase in TAB in response to eCO2 was approximately 15% during the period from 2006 to 2014, suggesting that there was no attenuation of eCO2 effects over time, tentatively a consequence of the fertilization management. Biomass and soil moisture responses were closely linked. The soil moisture surplus (c. 3%) in eCO2 manifested in the latter years was associated with a positive biomass response of both functional groups. The direction of the biomass response of the functional group forbs changed over the experimental duration, intensified by extreme weather conditions, pointing to the need of long‐term field studies for obtaining reliable responses of perennial ecosystems to eCO2 and as a basis for model development.
Evaluation of splenic perfusion and spleen size using dynamic computed tomography: Usefulness in assessing degree of liver fibrosis
Authors: Suzuki Takeshi , Yamada Akira , Komatsu Daisuke , Kurozumi Masahiro , Fujinaga Yasunari , Ueda Kazuhiko , Miyagawa Shinichi , Kadoya Masumi 
Published: April 2017

AimTo enhance the usefulness of splenic perfusion evaluated by means of dynamic computed tomography (CT) and spleen size in assessing the degree of liver fibrosis.MethodsWe retrospectively studied 133 patients who had undergone dynamic CT before hepatectomy. Fibrosis was histologically established in all. First we calculated splenic perfusion parameters K1 (inflow rate constant), 1/k2 (mean transit time; MTT), and K1/k2 (distribution volume; Vd), using compartment model analysis. Then we compared the stage of fibrosis with splenic perfusion and spleen size (long axis, R), using the Kruskal–Wallis test and multiple comparisons. After that, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the combination of splenic perfusion, spleen size, age, gender, and the presence or absence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral infection in detecting liver fibrosis, using stepwise regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis.ResultsSignificant differences (P < 0.05) in MTT were observed in comparisons between fibrosis stages F0 and F4, between F1 and F4, and between F2 and F4. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in R were observed in comparisons between F0 and F4, and between F1 and F4. Considering the presence or absence of hepatitis B and C viral infection along with MTT and R, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.89 for ≥F1, 0.83 for ≥F2, 0.82 for ≥F3, and 0.82 for F4.ConclusionSplenic MTT and spleen size are helpful in assessing liver fibrosis.