bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological Length and Prosodically Defective Morphemes
Authors: Zimmermann Eva 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis book investigates the phenomenon of Morphological Length-Manipulation: processes of segment lengthening, shortening, deletion, and insertion that cannot be explained by phonological means but crucially rely on morpho-syntactic information. A unified theoretical account of these phenomena is presented and it is argued that Morphological Length-Manipulation is best analysed inside the framework termed ‘Prosodically Defective Morphemes’: if all possible Prosodically Defective Morpheme representations and their potential effects for the resulting surface structure are taken into account, instances of length-manipulating non-concatenative morphology and length-manipulating morpheme-specific phonology are predicted. The argumentation in this book is hence in line with the general claim that all morphology results from combination and that non-concatenative exponents are epiphenomenal and arise from affixation of autosegmental elements. Although this position has been defended various times for specific phenomena, it has rarely been discussed against the background of a broad typological survey. In contrast to most existing claims, the argumentation in this book is based on a representative data set for attested morphological length-manipulating patterns in the languages of the world that serves as basis for the theoretical arguments. It is argued that alternative accounts suffer from severe under- and overgeneration problems if they are tested against the full range of attested phenomena.
Introduction
Authors: Zimmermann Eva 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe phenomenon of Morphological Length-Manipulation is introduced and defined and it is discussed why an investigation of this phenomenon is challenging and interesting for both morphological and phonological theory. For example, the existence of subtractive MLM—instances where the shortening or deletion of segments marks a morpheme—is the most obvious challenge that MLM poses for any theory of morphology that wants to maintain the theorem that morphology is additive. The chapter defines the empirical scope of this book and discusses why, for example, reduplication is disregarded for most parts and only morphological changes that add or subtract segmental length or segments are taken into account. The variety of attested MLM patterns is then illustrated with a range of examples.
General Relativity: A Field Theory of Gravitation
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
General relativity. The equivalence principle and the derivation of the Einstein–Hilbert equations. The geometrical notions of curvature and affine connection are introduced. Geodesics and the bending of light by a gravitational field. General relativity as a gauge invariant classical field theory.
Relativistic Quantum Fields
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The general formulation of quantum field theory. The Wightman axioms. The PCT and spin-statistics theorems. The assumption for the existence of asymptotic states. The reduction formulae and scattering theory. The Feynman rules for the S-matrix. Discussion for spin-12 and spin-1 particles. Applications to quantum electrodynamics. A formal expression for the S-matrix.
Geometry and Quantum Dynamics
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
A geometrical derivation of Abelian and non- Abelian gauge theories. The Faddeev–Popov quantisation. BRST invariance and ghost fields. General discussion of BRST symmetry. Application to Yang–Mills theories and general relativity. A brief history of gauge theories.
Broken Symmetries
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Exlicitly and spontaneously broken symmetries in classical and quantum physics. The linear and non-linear σ-model. The Goldstone theorem and the appearance of massless particles. The extension to Abelian and non-Abelian gauge symmetries and the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism.
Quantum Field Theory at Higher Orders
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Perturbation theory calculations at higher orders. Power counting. General regularisation schemes. Dimensional regularisation. Explicit 1-loop renormalisation for ϕ4 and QED. Discussion of higher orders. Renormalisation of Green functions with composite operators. The renormalisation group.
Coherent States and Classical Limit of Quantum Electrodynamics
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The coherent state formalism is used in order to study the classical limit of quantum theories and, in particular, quantum electrodynamics. It is shown that we can construct states for which the quantum fluctuations are negligible. Interesting cases include the electromagnetic field in a cavity, or ‘squeezed’ states used in quantum optics.
Beyond the Standard Model
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The motivation for supersymmetry. The algebra, the superspace, and the representations. Field theory models and the non-renormalisation theorems. Spontaneous and explicit breaking of super-symmetry. The generalisation of the Montonen–Olive duality conjecture in supersymmetric theories. The remarkable properties of extended supersymmetric theories. A brief discussion of twisted supersymmetry in connection with topological field theories. Attempts to build a supersymmetric extention of the standard model and its experimental consequences. The property of gauge supersymmetry to include general relativity and the supergravity models.
Supersymmetry, or the Defence of Scalars
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The only fields of the Standard Model whose masses are not protected by a symmetry are the scalar fields. Supersymmetry is a symmetry between fermions and bosons which provides precisely such a protection mechanism. This chapter presents a comprehensive study of supersymmetric field theories. In particular, it is shown that they do not suffer from the phenomenon of gauge hierarchy. They have remarkable renormalisation properties and offer the most attractive framework to build a unified theory. The breaking of supersymmetry, both explicit and spontaneous, is studied in detail. The generalisation of electric-magnetic duality in supersymmetric theories yields non-perturbative results and the concept of twist makes possible the study of topological field theories. The supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model is shown to predict the existence of new elementary particles, whose phenomenological properties are analysed.
Is Feed-In-Tariff Policy Effective for Increasing Deployment of Renewable Energy in Indonesia?
Authors: Yuliani Dewi 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
To achieve the targeted portion of renewable energy and to attract more investment in renewable electricity Indonesia’s government has issued several feed-in-tariff regulation, which is policy instrument successfully applied in many countries. This study is an exploratory research to evaluate how the policy works in Indonesia, especially in the field. The study shows that while the policy triggers investment interests, many obstacles are encountered due to imperfections in the feed-in-tariff policy package, and other non-cost factors. Several unanticipated side effects were also identified as consequences of the upturn in investment interest, indicating that transition to cleaner energy is much more challenging for developing countries such as Indonesia.
Do Political Economy Factors Matter in Explaining the Increase in the Production of Bioenergy?
Authors: Kere Éric Nazindigouba 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter analyses the impact of political economy factors on the production of bioenergy. The authors theoretically and empirically show that the quality of governance and environmental policy stringency instruments promote the development of bioenergy production. The authors also find that the factors that favour oil production and renewable energy negatively influence the development of bioenergy, whereas the conditions of production (cereal yield) and demand factors (gross domestic product, population density, and urbanization) tend to favour the production of bioenergy. Bioenergies are not a magic solution but can contribute to the fight against global warming and poverty in developing countries. Therefore national efforts should be made to attract more investors in this area, including: (i) energy policies, research and innovation to reduce production costs, (iv) promoting the development of the application, and (v) providing a basis for learning more about the development of viable and sustainable bioenergy models.
Governing Clean Energy Transitions in China and India
Authors: Isoaho Karoliina , Goritz Alexandra , Schulz Nicolai 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
China and India will have to radically transform their electric power systems in order to decouple economic growth from unsustainable resource consumption. The development and deployment of renewable energies offers a solution to this challenge. A clean energy transition, however, requires radical changes in the energy system that can only occur if a governing coalition is both willing and able to implement successful RET (renewable energy technology) policies. The authors analyse how this willingness and ability is shaped by the coalition’s power and cohesiveness, societal pressures, and the institutional configuration across levels of governance. In doing so, central drivers are identified and barriers to a clean energy transition in China and India.
The Social Shaping of Nuclear Energy Technology in South Africa
Authors: Rennkamp Britta , Bhuyan Radhika 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter analyses the question why the South African government intends to procure nuclear energy technology, despite affordable and accessible fossil and renewable energy alternatives. The authors analyse the social shaping of nuclear energy technology based on the statements of political actors in the public media. The authors combine a discourse network analysis with qualitative analysis to establish the coalitions in support and opposition of the programme. The central arguments in the debate are cost, safety, job creation, the appropriateness of nuclear energy, emissions reductions, transparency, risks for corruption, and geopolitical influences. The analysis concludes that the nuclear programme is not primarily about generating electricity, as it creates tangible benefits for the coalition of supporters.
Global Trends in the Political Economy of Smart Grids
Authors: Eid Cherrelle , Hakvoort Rudi , Jong Martin de 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The global transition towards sustainable, secure, and affordable electricity supply is driving changes in the consumption, production, and transportation of electricity. This chapter provides an overview of three main causes of political–economic tensions with smart grids in the United States, Europe, and China, namely industry structure, regulatory models, and the impact of energy policy. In all cases, the developments are motivated by the possible improvements in reliability and affordability yielded by smart grids, while sustainability of the electricity sector is not a central motivation. A holistic smart grid vision would open up possibilities for better integration of distributed energy resources. The authors recommend that smart grid investments should remain outside of the regulatory framework for utilities and distribution service operators in order to allow for such developments.
Post-Apartheid Electricity Policy and the Emergence of South Africa’s Renewable Energy Sector
Authors: Baker Lucy 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter situates South Africa’s new renewable energy sector within the context of the country’s electricity system and in turn its unique political economy. The author charts major developments in the country’s energy policy and governance since the end of apartheid and shows how electricity policy is determined by economic, political, and technological factors. Focusing on shifts that have taken place in the country’s electricity governance and policy-making, from a period of generation surplus in 1980s to the supply-side constraints of the present, the chapter asks how, why, and when South Africa’s renewable electricity sector has emerged. The author examines the contested negotiation of key policies, which have been fundamental to the introduction of a renewable energy sector, considers how the new renewable energy sector has evolved thus far, and raises key challenges and concerns for its future development.
Climate Change Policy and Power Sector Reform in Mexico under the Golden Age of Gas
Authors: María Valenzuela José , Studer Isabel 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Mexico’s low-carbon technology perspectives show lack of coherence with the rising ambition in climate change commitments, for which Mexico is internationally praised. The comparison of two recent energy reforms, corresponding to two administrations, explains this lack of coherence by, on the one hand, the permanence of a strong climate institutional framework devised as a means to increase energy security and, on the other hand, the political commitment to reduce electricity tariffs through the access to low-priced gas in North America. The chapter underscores the political economy trade-offs between the need for a strong climate commitment that provides a stable long-term energy transition pathway and the political and economic short-term benefits derived from low electricity tariffs.
Implementing EU Renewable Energy Policy at the Subnational Level
Authors: Lepesant Gilles 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The European Union (EU) has set targets for gradually reducing greenhouse gas emissions through 2050. One of the instruments involved is the 2009 Renewable Energy Directive, which specifies a 20 per cent renewable energy target for the EU by 2020. The chapter reviews tensions and institutional innovations that can arise at local and regional levels within the context of the implementation of this policy. Drawing on empirical evidence collected in two regions, one in a federal country (Brandenburg in Germany), one in a unitary state (Aquitaine in France), the chapter describes the factors that determine community and market acceptance of renewable energies, suggesting that appropriate multi-level governance schemes are instrumental in the successful adoption and implementation of EU priorities at the local level.
Basic Solar and Planetary Properties
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Basic properties of the Sun, the Earth and its atmosphere, other solar system atmospheres, and extrasolar planetary atmospheres are introduced here to provide background and context for the detailed study of the spectroscopy and radiative transfer of planetary atmospheres. Solar structure is described, including the solar cycle and variability, and a reference solar irradiance is presented. The Earth’s orbit, the seasons, and the ecliptic plane are introduced. The properties of hydrostatic equilibrium, albedo, and spectral reflectance are described. Earth’s atmospheric composition, including aerosols and gases, is summarized. Other atmospheres in the solar system are described and the growing field of extrasolar planets detection and characterization introduced.
Elements of Math and Physics
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Concepts and formulas that are generally useful in atmospheric radiative transfer are gathered here for later use. These include units for light wavelengths and frequencies. Optical elements for instrument description and characterization (solid angle descriptions, étendue, and the diffraction limit) are presented. Lambertian reflectance and emission properties are described, and the bi-directional reflectance distribution function, BRDF, introduced.
Blackbody Radiation, Boltzmann Statistics, Temperature, and Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Blackbody radiation, temperature, and thermodynamic equilibrium give a tightly coupled description of systems (atmospheres, volumes, surfaces) that obey Boltzmann statistics. They provide descriptions of systems when Boltzmann statistics apply, either approximately or nearly exactly. These apply most of the time in the Earth’s stratosphere and troposphere, and in other planetary atmospheres as long as the density is sufficient that collisions among atmospheric molecules, rather than photochemical and photophysical properties, determine the energy populations of the ensemble of molecules. Thermodynamic equilibrium and the approximation of local thermodynamic equilibrium are introduced. Boltzmann statistics, blackbody radiation, and Planck’s law are described. The chapter introduces the Rayleigh-Jeans limit, description of noise sources as temperatures, Kirchoff’s law, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and Wien’s law.
Atmospheric Scattering
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes elastic scattering events, where the wavelength of the scattered light is unchanged from that of the incident light and conservative scattering, scattering without absorption, sometimes closely approximated in clouds. The scattering regime, scattering versus wavelengths and scatterer size are introduced. Polarization in scattering is described by the Stokes vector and the polarization ellipse. Molecular (Rayleigh) scattering is presented and its atmospherically-important inelastic component, Raman scattering (the Ring effect) quantified. Mie scattering for spherical particles is described as is the commonly-used Henyey-Greenstein Mie phase function approximation. Non-spherical scatterers are introduced. The Ångstrom exponent and the expansion of phase functions in Legendre polynomials are described.
Principles of Atmospheric Remote Sensing Measurements
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of atmospheric remote sensing measurement types, with examples. Measurements are made from a variety of locations, platforms, and geometries, including ground-based measurements, aircraft measurements, balloon measurements, and satellite measurements. The chapter discusses spectral sampling, vertical sensitivity including air mass factors, and noise, which all affect measurements in fundamental ways. An overview of the state of trace gas and aerosol measurements from nadir-viewing satellites is given, and the upcoming geostationary constellation of air pollution/air quality satellites is introduced.
Birds’ Eye Views
Authors: Martin Graham R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
From views taken at high altitudes, to the videos recorded by cameras mounted on a flying eagle, so-called birds’ eye views are commonplace. But are they really what a bird sees? What really is a bird’s world? The Greek philosopher Epicurus argued that each animal experiences a different world, leading him to question the basis of human reality; in turn this led to Scepticism and the scientific method. Modern techniques of sensory ecology applied to birds show how correct Epicurus was. Sensory information in birds is uniquely and finely tuned to the ecology and behaviours of each species. Different sensory information is tradedoff, and specific knowledge of places and situations are necessary to cope with natural conditions when environmental information is sparse or lacking. The worlds in which birds live are as diverse as their species and are essential to their description and to our understanding of their behaviours.
Vision
Authors: Martin Graham R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Vision is the primary source of information about the environments in which birds live. But vision is not ‘all-seeing’; it is subject to many constraints, trade-offs, and compromises. Furthermore, the basic components of eyes (optics, image analysing systems, and eye positions) have been subject to intense and persistent natural selection which has resulted in eyes whose capacities are tuned in many and subtle ways to the perceptual challenges posed by life in different environments. Colour vision, spatial resolution, contrast sensitivity, absolute sensitivity, and visual fields all differ markedly between species. Even two birds with eyes that appear very similar may have quite different bird’s eye views, and all birds have a different world view from our own. Knowledge of these differences is vital for understanding the behaviours of birds. While vision provides key information only rarely is it sufficient to guide behaviour, information from other senses must come into play.
Hearing and Olfaction
Authors: Martin Graham R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Hearing and the sense of smell (olfaction) complement vision in gaining information about objects remote from the body. Hearing sensitivity in birds shows relatively little variation between species and sits well within the hearing capacities of young humans. Most birds have relatively poor ability to locate sounds in direction and distance. Only in owls does the accuracy of sound location match that of humans. A few highly specialized birds employ echolocation to orient themselves in the total darkness of caves. There is increasing evidence that olfaction is a key sense in birds guiding diverse behaviours across many species. Olfaction plays a key role in the location of profitable foraging locations at sea and on land, and in some species smell may be used to locate individual food items and nests. Olfaction may also play a role through semiochemicals in the recognition of species and individuals, and in mate choice.
Touch, Taste, and Magnetoreception
Authors: Martin Graham R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Touch and taste provide information about objects in contact with, and inside, the body for use in detection and manipulation of food items. Four main types of touch receptors are found distributed in most parts of the body but some birds have ‘bill tip organs’ with very high concentrations of touch receptors. Three main types of bill tip organs are found in waterfowl, parrots, shorebirds, ibises, and kiwi. They allow birds to locate hidden objects with the bill alone and parrots to use their bills as third limbs. Seven types of taste receptors exist in birds, mainly in the mouth cavity but also within the gut. Information from these receptors play key roles in food intake and aids shorebirds in detecting profitable feeding locations. Detection of the geomagnetic field, by means of two known mechanisms, is probably widespread among birds. It plays a key role in direction and position finding.
From Senses to Sensory Ecology
Authors: Martin Graham R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The sensory information available to birds differs markedly between species and it is important to make sense of this diversity in the context of the species’ ecology and behaviour. It is clear that sensory information varies in relation to the environmental challenges that birds face in conducting their lives in different environments, especially with respect to the tasks associated with foraging. Applying knowledge of sensory systems and sensory capacities to questions about how birds are able to carry out particular tasks, especially in environments where information is restricted, provides valuable insights into how bird behaviour is governed by information. By delving into the details of these different sensory worlds, and by exploring their links with specific environments and tasks, we can gain valuable insights into how our human world is also a product of specialised sensory information, which has also evolved for the control of particular tasks in specific types of environmental situations.