bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Makalu: fast recoverable allocation of non-volatile memory
Authors: Bhandari Kumud , Chakrabarti Dhruva R. , Boehm Hans-J. 
Published: December 2016

Byte addressable non-volatile memory (NVRAM) is likely to supplement, and perhaps eventually replace, DRAM. Applications can then persist data structures directly in memory instead of serializing them and storing them onto a durable block device. However, failures during execution can leave data structures in NVRAM unreachable or corrupt. In this paper, we present Makalu, a system that addresses non-volatile memory management. Makalu offers an integrated allocator and recovery-time garbage collector that maintains internal consistency, avoids NVRAM memory leaks, and is efficient, all in the face of failures.
We show that a careful allocator design can support a less restrictive and a much more familiar programming model than existing persistent memory allocators. Our allocator significantly reduces the per allocation persistence overhead by lazily persisting non-essential metadata and by employing a post-failure recovery-time garbage collector. Experimental results show that the resulting online speed and scalability of our allocator are comparable to well-known transient allocators, and significantly better than state-of-the-art persistent allocators.
Modeling and analysis of remote memory access programming
Authors: Dan Andrei Marian , Lam Patrick , Hoefler Torsten , Vechev Martin 
Published: December 2016

Recent advances in networking hardware have led to a new generation of Remote Memory Access (RMA) networks in which processors from different machines can communicate directly, bypassing the operating system and allowing higher performance. Researchers and practitioners have proposed libraries and programming models for RMA to enable the development of applications running on these networks,
However, the memory models implied by these RMA libraries and languages are often loosely specified, poorly understood, and differ depending on the underlying network architecture and other factors. Hence, it is difficult to precisely reason about the semantics of RMA programs or how changes in the network architecture affect them.

We address this problem with the following contributions: (i) a
coreRMA
language which serves as a common foundation, formalizing the essential characteristics of RMA programming; (ii) complete axiomatic semantics for that language; (iii) integration of our semantics with an existing constraint solver, enabling us to exhaustively generate
coreRMA
programs (litmus tests) up to a specified bound and check whether the tests satisfy their specification; and (iv) extensive validation of our semantics on real-world RMA systems. We generated and ran 7441 litmus tests using each of the low-level RMA network APIs: DMAPP, VPI Verbs, and Portals 4. Our results confirmed that our model successfully captures behaviors exhibited by these networks. Moreover, we found RMA programs that behave inconsistently with existing documentation, confirmed by network experts.

Our work provides an important step towards understanding existing RMA networks, thus influencing the design of future RMA interfaces and hardware.
Probabilistic model for code with decision trees
Authors: Raychev Veselin , Bielik Pavol , Vechev Martin 
Published: December 2016

In this paper we introduce a new approach for learning precise and general probabilistic models of code based on decision tree learning. Our approach directly benefits an emerging class of statistical programming tools which leverage probabilistic models of code learned over large codebases (e.g., GitHub) to make predictions about new programs (e.g., code completion, repair, etc).
The key idea is to phrase the problem of learning a probabilistic model of code as learning a decision tree in a domain specific language over abstract syntax trees (called TGen). This allows us to condition the prediction of a program element on a dynamically computed context. Further, our problem formulation enables us to easily instantiate known decision tree learning algorithms such as ID3, but also to obtain new variants we refer to as ID3+ and E13, not previously explored and ones that outperform ID3 in prediction accuracy.
Our approach is general and can be used to learn a probabilistic model of any programming language. We implemented our approach in a system called Deep3 and evaluated it for the challenging task of learning probabilistic models of JavaScript and Python. Our experimental results indicate that Deep3 predicts elements of JavaScript and Python code with precision above 82% and 69%, respectively. Further, Deep3 often significantly outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in overall prediction accuracy.
IL4 from T Follicular Helper Cells Downregulates Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Shirota Hidekazu , Klinman Dennis M. , Ito Shuku-ei , Ito Hiroyasu , Kubo Masato , Ishioka Chikashi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractImmune cells constitute a large fraction of the tumor microenvironment and modulate tumor progression. Clinical data indicate that chronic inflammation is present at tumor sites and that IL4 in particular is upregulated. Here, we demonstrate that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells arise in tumor-draining lymph nodes where they produce an abundance of IL4. Deletion of IL4-expressing Tfh cells improves antitumor immunity, delays tumor growth, and reduces the generation of immunosuppressive myeloid cells in the lymph nodes. These findings suggest that IL4 from Tfh cells affects antitumor immunity and constitutes an attractive therapeutic target to reduce immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, and thus enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(1); 61–71. ©2016 AACR.
Associations of Epicardial, Abdominal, and Overall Adiposity With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Wong Christopher X. , Sun Michelle T. , Odutayo Ayodele , Emdin Connor A. , Mahajan Rajiv , Lau Dennis H. , Pathak Rajeev K. , Wong Dennis T. , Selvanayagam Joseph B. , Sanders Prashanthan , Clarke Robert 
Published: December 2016

Background—
Although adiposity is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), the importance of epicardial fat compared with other adipose tissue depots remains uncertain. We sought to characterize and compare the associations of AF with epicardial fat and measures of abdominal and overall adiposity.

Methods and Results—
We conducted a meta-analysis of 63 observational studies including 352 275 individuals, comparing AF risk for 1-SD increases in epicardial fat, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, and body mass index. A 1-SD higher epicardial fat volume was associated with a 2.6-fold higher odds of AF (odds ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.89–3.60), 2.1-fold higher odds of paroxysmal AF (odds ratio, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.45–3.16) and, 5.4-fold higher odds of persistent AF (odds ratio, 5.43; 95% CI, 3.24–9.12) compared with sinus rhythm. Likewise, a 1-SD higher epicardial fat volume was associated with 2.2-fold higher odds of persistent compared with paroxysmal AF (odds ratio, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.66–2.88). Similar associations existed for postablation, postoperative, and postcardioversion AF. In contrast, associations of abdominal and overall adiposity with AF were less extreme, with relative risks per 1-SD higher values of 1.32 (95% CI, 1.25–1.41) for waist circumference, 1.11 (95% CI, 1.08–1.14) for waist/hip ratio, and 1.22 (95% CI, 1.17–1.27) for body mass index.

Conclusions—
Strong and graded associations were observed between increasing epicardial fat and AF. Moreover, the strength of associations of AF with epicardial fat is greater than for measures of abdominal or overall adiposity. Further studies are needed to assess the mechanisms and clinical relevance of epicardial fat.
Trends in the Incidence of Hypertensive Emergencies in US Emergency Departments From 2006 to 2013
Authors: Janke Alexander T. , McNaughton Candace D. , Brody Aaron M. , Welch Robert D. , Levy Phillip D. 
Published: December 2016

Background
The incidence of hypertensive emergency in US emergency departments (ED) is not well established.

Methods and Results

This study is a descriptive epidemiological analysis of nationally representative
ED
visit‐level data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample for 2006–2013. Nationwide Emergency Department Sample is a publicly available database maintained by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. An
ED
visit was considered to be a hypertensive emergency if it met all the following criteria: diagnosis of acute hypertension, at least 1 diagnosis indicating acute target organ damage, and qualifying disposition (admission to the hospital, death, or transfer to another facility). The incidence of adult
ED
visits for acute hypertension increased monotonically in the period from 2006 through 2013, from 170 340 (1820 per million adult
ED
visits overall) to 496 894 (4610 per million). Hypertensive emergency was rare overall, accounting for 63 406 visits (677 per million adult
ED
visits overall) in 2006 to 176 769 visits (1670 per million) in 2013. Among adult
ED
visits that had any diagnosis of hypertension, hypertensive emergency accounted for 3309 per million in 2006 and 6178 per million in 2013.

Conclusions

The estimated number of visits for hypertensive emergency and the rate per million adult
ED
visits has more than doubled from 2006 to 2013. However, hypertensive emergencies are rare overall, occurring in about 2 in 1000 adult
ED
visits overall, and 6 in 1000 adult
ED
visits carrying any diagnosis of hypertension in 2013. This figure is far lower than what has been sometimes cited in previous literature.
Jean-Michel Basquiat, Charles Darwin, T. H. Huxley, the Origin of Cotton and Gregor Mendel (Inventor of X-rays)
Authors: Econopouly Bethany F. , Jones Stephen S. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The drawing Untitled (Charles Darwin) (1983), by the late Jean-Michel Basquiat, incorporates portraits of biologists, geneticists and genetical terms. What follows is a personal reflection on how the text and symbolism of Untitled affected the authors as plant breeders, causing them to pause and reflect on their own work and that of their field. They learned how art speaks to the spectator differently from direct conversation, allowing for subtler, but perhaps more effective, criticism and a unique opportunity for public peer review. By employing emotion and invoking empathy, art places scientists in the depths of the ethical, sociopolitical and historical contexts in which their work unfolds, urging them to see more fully. In the end, the authors expose their own biases.
An Ambivalent Historian: Ouyang Xiu and His New Histories
Authors: Sung Chia-fu 
Published: December 2016

This article examines the historiographical practice of Ouyang Xiu (1007-72) in the context of his scholarly and official career and of the development of traditional Chinese historiography. By focusing on where, when, and how Ouyang’s two “new histories” of the Tang and Five Dynasties were produced, I suggest that Ouyang displayed an ambivalent relationship to the Northern Song official historiographical operation both in terms of modus operandi and of the format of the final text. Acting deliberately inside and outside the Historiography Office, he wrote not only new histories but actually new “old” histories, in the sense that Sima Qian’s classical model was creatively restored. Historiographical novelty calls for contextualization, and in this case, Ouyang’s newness is embodied in the creative tension between his contemporary predicament and the applicability of various classical paradigms. Cet article étudie la pratique historiographique de Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) dans le contexte de sa carrière d’érudit et de fonctionnaire et dans celui du développement de l’historiographie chinoise traditionnelle. Me demandant où, quand et comment les deux “nouvelles histoires” dues à Ouyang, celle des Tang et celle des Cinq Dynasties, ont été rédigées, j’en conclus que l’historien a entretenu une relation ambivalente avec le mode de production historiographique officiel, tant du point de vue du modus operandi que de celui de la forme finale du texte. Agissant délibérément à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur du Bureau d’historiographie, il composa non seulement des “nouvelles histoires”, mais également des nouvelles “anciennes histoires” au sens où le modèle classique de Sima Qian s’y trouvait rétabli de façon originale. L’innovation en histoire implique la contextualisation, et dans le cas présent la nouveauté de Ouyang réside dans la tension créatrice opposant ses difficultés du moment et l’applicabilité de divers paradigmes classiques.
Octreotide use in post-cardiac surgery chylothorax: a 12-year perspective
Authors: Aljazairi Abdulrazaq Sheikh , Bhuiyan Tauhid Ahmed , Alwadai Abdullah Hasan , Almehizia Rayd Abdulaziz 
Published: December 2016

Background Chylothorax following cardiothoracic surgery is a rare condition in pediatric patients with significant morbidity and mortality. Pharmacological management with octreotide suggests possible efficacy; however, current evidence is inadequate. The objective of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of octreotide as a therapeutic option in this clinical setting. Methods This was a 12-year single-center retrospective cohort study of all patients (birth to 18-years old) who received octreotide for management of post-cardiac surgery chylothorax between January 2003 to August 2015. The primary efficacy endpoint was resolution of chylothorax, categorized as complete (<2 mL·kg−1·day−1), partial (based on physician’s judgement), or failed. The primary safety endpoint was any significant adverse drug reaction leading to discontinuation of octreotide therapy. Of the 46 patients identified as receiving octreotide for post-cardiac surgery chylothorax, 29 were included in efficacy and safety analyses. Results Resolution of chylothorax was achieved in 62% (complete in 28%, partial in 34%) of the total sample. The 38% who did not respond to octreotide therapy required thoracic duct ligation. The mean initial dose and duration of octreotide was 4 ± 3 µg·kg−1·h−1 and 10 ± 5 days, respectively. Besides minor side-effects including transient hyperglycemia (45%), abdominal distension (3%), and tachycardia (>150 beats·min−1; 10%), no patient developed a significant side-effect that required discontinuation of therapy. Conclusions Pharmacological management of post-cardiac surgery induced chylothorax with octreotide shows promising benefits with an acceptable safety profile.
Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with sensory cueing on unilateral neglect in subacute patients with right hemispheric stroke: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Yang Nicole YH , Fong Kenneth NK , Li-Tsang Cecilia WP , Zhou D 
Published: December 2016

Objective:To compare the effects of rTMS combined with sensory cueing, rTMS alone, and conventional rehabilitation on unilateral neglect, hemiplegic arm functions and performance of activities of daily living.Design:A single-blinded randomized controlled trial.Setting:A convalescent hospital.Subjects:Sixty inpatients with left unilateral neglect after stroke.Interventions:Patients were randomly assigned to three groups: rTMS combined with sensory cueing, rTMS, and conventional rehabilitation alone. rTMS at 1 Hz was applied over P5 of the contralesional hemisphere while vibration cueing was emitted using a wristwatch device on the hemiplegic arm, five days per week for two weeks. The first two groups received the same dosage of conventional rehabilitation on top of their experimental interventions. Blinded assessments were administered at baseline, 2 weeks postintervention, and 6 weeks follow-up.Main measures:Neglect and arm motor performance.Results:Both rTMS combined with sensory cueing (99.6±33.0) and rTMS alone (88.2±28.7) significantly reduced unilateral neglect than conventional rehabilitation (72.7±33.1) when measured using the conventional subtests of the Behavioural Inattention Test, but the combination was better than rTMS alone. Hemiplegic arm functions and activities of daily living improved in all patients across the three groups but no significant differences were found between the groups.Conclusion:The combination of inhibitory P5-rTMS with sensory cueing was better than either rTMS or conventional rehabilitation alone in producing a stronger and long-lasting improvement in unilateral neglect, but the improvement was not associated with improved arm function or independence in activities of daily living.
Home exercise programmes supported by video and automated reminders compared with standard paper-based home exercise programmes in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Emmerson Kellie B , Harding Katherine E , Taylor Nicholas F 
Published: December 2016

Objective:To determine whether patients with stroke receiving rehabilitation for upper limb deficits using smart technology (video and reminder functions) demonstrate greater adherence to prescribed home exercise programmes and better functional outcomes when compared with traditional paper-based exercise prescription.Design:Randomized controlled trial comparing upper limb home exercise programmes supported by video and automated reminders on smart technology, with standard paper-based home exercise programmes.Setting:A community rehabilitation programme within a large metropolitan health service.Subjects:Patients with stroke with upper limb deficits, referred for outpatient rehabilitation.Interventions:Participants were randomly assigned to the control (paper-based home exercise programme) or intervention group (home exercise programme filmed on an electronic tablet, with an automated reminder). Both groups completed their prescribed home exercise programme for four weeks.Main measures:The primary outcome was adherence using a self-reported log book. Secondary outcomes were change in upper limb function and patient satisfaction.Results:A total of 62 participants were allocated to the intervention ( n = 30) and control groups ( n = 32). There were no differences between the groups for measures of adherence (mean difference 2%, 95% CI −12 to 17) or change in the Wolf Motor Function Test log transformed time (mean difference 0.02 seconds, 95% CI −0.1 to 0.1). There were no between-group differences in how participants found instructions ( p = 0.452), whether they remembered to do their exercises ( p = 0.485), or whether they enjoyed doing their exercises ( p = 0.864).Conclusions:The use of smart technology was not superior to standard paper-based home exercise programmes for patients recovering from stroke. This trial design was registered prospectively with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register, ID: ACTRN 12613000786796. http://www.anzctr.org.au/trialSearch.aspx
Comparison of Ankle Fusion Rates With and Without Anterior Plate Augmentation
Authors: Mitchell Phillip M. , Douleh Diana G. , Thomson A. Brian 
Published: December 2016

Background: The optimal fixation construct for tibiotalar arthrodesis continues to be debated. While biomechanical data and clinical series support anterior plate augmentation, comparative studies assessing its use are sparse. The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of successful tibiotalar arthrodesis with and without anterior plate augmentation of a compression screw construct. Methods: We studied 64 patients (65 ankles) undergoing tibiotalar arthrodesis done by a single surgeon over a 10-year period (2006-2016) with anterior plate augmentation beginning in 2010. Twenty-six ankles had a construct using compression screws only and 39 ankles had anterior plate augmentation of a compression screw construct. We reviewed clinical notes, operative reports, and postoperative radiographs to evaluate for union, incidence of revision, and postoperative complications. Results: The nonunion rate in the compression screw (CS) cohort was 15.4% and 7.7% in the anterior plate augmentation (AP) cohort ( P = .33). The revision rate was 7.7% in the CS group and 2.6% in the AP cohort ( P = .34). The use of autograft harvested through a separate incision was 19.2% and 17.9% in the CS and AP cohorts, respectively. There were 2 deep postoperative infections in the AP group and none in the patients with CS only ( P = .24). There were no superficial wound complications in either group. Conclusion: Anterior plate augmentation was a viable fixation strategy in tibiotalar arthrodesis. In a trend toward an improved rate of fusion and decreased revision rate in the anterior plate augmentation cohort. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative series.
3D Model Analysis of Ankle Flexion on Anatomic Reduction of a Syndesmotic Injury
Authors: Schon Jason M. , Mikula Jacob D. , Backus Jonathon D. , Venderley Melanie B. , Dornan Grant J. , LaPrade Robert F. , Clanton Thomas O. 
Published: December 2016

Background: The effect of ankle positioning during suture-button fixation for syndesmosis repair on range of motion (ROM) and anatomic reduction has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this cadaveric study was to compare the effects of 3 different ankle positions during suture-button repair on volumetric reduction of the syndesmosis, fibular displacement, and ROM of the ankle using 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) analysis. The null hypothesis was that ankle position during fixation would not affect syndesmotic volume restoration, fibular displacement, or ROM. Methods: Twelve matched pair (n = 24) human cadaveric specimens were used for this study. Prior to syndesmotic sectioning, ROM assessment and CT scans were performed. Following sectioning of the syndesmosis, specimens were repaired in plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, or neutral, and simulated postrepair ROM evaluations and CT scans were repeated. Least squares mean differences between repair groups and the preinjury state were compared by analysis of variance and Tukey’s method. Results: There were no significant differences between repair groups for volumetric reduction ( P = .917), fibular displacement (anterior-posterior, P = .805; medial-lateral, P = .949), or dorsiflexion capacity ( P = .249). Among all specimens, compared with the preinjury state, there was a significant mean ± SD volume reduction of 337 ± 400 mm3 and medial displacement of 1.9 ± 1.5 mm. Conclusion: This study failed to reject the null hypothesis and demonstrated that ankle flexion at the time of syndesmotic fixation with a suture-button construct had no significant in vitro effect on volume changes, fibular displacement, or dorsiflexion capacity. However, in comparison to the preinjured state, suture-button repair resulted in significant overcompression with respect to syndesmosis volume and medial displacement of the fibula. Clinical Relevance: Ankle position at the time of syndesmotic fixation did not affect overall ankle ROM when using a suture-button construct; however, overcompression was observed in all positions. The clinical impact of syndesmotic overcompression remains largely unknown.
Modified Lambrinudi Arthrodesis for the Acute Treatment of Neurogenic Clubfoot: A Case Report
Authors: So Eric , Hlad Lee M. 
Published: December 2016

Neurogenic contracture often results in spastic, nonreducible equinovarus deformity. Rigid contracture leads to pain, instability, and bracing difficulties. This case report details the utilization of the modified Lambrinudi triple arthrodesis intended to create a plantigrade, functional limb that is amenable to an extremity brace in a case of an acquired neurologic clubfoot. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case Report