bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Exoplanet Transits with Light Scattering
Authors: Robinson Tyler D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Exoplanet transit spectroscopy enables the characterization of distant worlds, and will yield key results for NASA's James Webb Space Telescope. However, transit spectra models are often simplified, omitting potentially important processes like refraction and multiple scattering. While the former process has seen recent development, the effects of light multiple scattering on exoplanet transit spectra have received little attention. Here, we develop a detailed theory of exoplanet transit spectroscopy that extends to the full refracting and multiple scattering case. We explore the importance of scattering for planet-wide cloud layers, where the relevant parameters are the slant scattering optical depth, the scattering asymmetry parameter, and the angular size of the host star. The latter determines the size of the “target” for a photon that is back-mapped from an observer. We provide results that straightforwardly indicate the potential importance of multiple scattering for transit spectra. When the orbital distance is smaller than 10–20 times the stellar radius, multiple scattering effects for aerosols with asymmetry parameters larger than 0.8–0.9 can become significant. We provide examples of the impacts of cloud/haze multiple scattering on transit spectra of a hot Jupiter-like exoplanet. For cases with a forward and conservatively scattering cloud/haze, differences due to multiple scattering effects can exceed 200 ppm, but shrink to zero at wavelength ranges corresponding to strong gas absorption or when the slant optical depth of the cloud exceeds several tens. We conclude with a discussion of types of aerosols for which multiple scattering in transit spectra may be important.
The Splitting of Double-component Active Asteroid P/2016 J1 (PANSTARRS)
Authors: Moreno F. , Pozuelos F. J. , Novaković B. , Licandro J. , Cabrera-Lavers A. , Bolin Bryce , Jedicke Robert , Gladman Brett J. , Bannister Michele T. , Gwyn Stephen D. J. , Vereš Peter , Chambers Kenneth , Chastel Serge , Denneau Larry , Flewelling Heather , Huber Mark , Schunová-Lilly Eva , Magnier Eugene , Wainscoat Richard , Waters Christopher , Weryk Robert , Farnocchia Davide , Micheli Marco 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We present deep imaging observations, orbital dynamics, and dust-tail model analyses of the double-component asteroid P/2016 J1 (J1-A and J1-B). The observations were acquired at the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) and the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) from mid-March to late July of 2016. A statistical analysis of backward-in-time integrations of the orbits of a large sample of clone objects of P/2016 J1-A and J1-B shows that the minimum separation between them occurred most likely ∼2300 days prior to the current perihelion passage, i.e., during the previous orbit near perihelion. This closest approach was probably linked to a fragmentation event of their parent body. Monte Carlo dust-tail models show that those two components became active simultaneously ∼250 days before the current perihelion, with comparable maximum loss rates of ∼0.7 and ∼0.5 kg s−1, and total ejected masses of 8 × 106 and 6 × 106 kg for fragments J1-A and J1-B, respectively. Consequently, the fragmentation event and the present dust activity are unrelated. The simultaneous activation times of the two components and the fact that the activity lasted 6–9 months or longer, strongly indicate ice sublimation as the most likely mechanism involved in the dust emission process.
La distinction à l’épreuve de la mémoire. Genèse et limites d’une perspective d’analyse
Authors: Cuartas Pablo 
Published: February 2017

Considérées sous le prisme de la mémoire, certaines perspectives d’analyse se révèlent moins pertinentes qu’elles ne le sont dans la compréhension d’autres phénomènes sociaux. C’est le cas, par exemple, de la notion de « distinction sociale », mise en circulation dans l’espace de la sociologie française dès 1925 par Edmond Goblot, réhabilitée dans les années 1980 par Pierre Bourdieu. Pour l’un comme pour l’autre, une volonté plus ou moins explicite de se distinguer expliquerait nombre de choix et de comportements individuels et collectifs, tendant à affirmer une identité sur le plan moral et esthétique. Cet effort de se démarquer des autres serait donc le fondement d’une cohérence tout à fait invisible entre des élections apparemment déconnectées entre elles, allant de l’éducation au vêtement, des goûts en matière de culture aux préférences dans le domaine de la décoration, cohérence que seul le sociologue « avisé » pourrait mettre en lumière. Or, lorsqu’il s’agit d’évaluer l’attachement aux objets de mémoire, l’hypothèse de la distinction sociale s’avère insuffisante. Cet article se propose de rappeler, à grands traits, les origines de la « distinction sociale » comme levier interprétatif dans la sociologie française, ses limites à l’égard de phénomènes impliquant la mémoire enracinée dans l’objet et les fondements d’un « fétichisme méthodologique », en l’occurrence bien plus approprié à la compréhension de nos rapports à l’« objet de mémoire ».
Systematic analysis of DNA damage induction and DNA repair pathway activation by continuous wave visible light laser micro-irradiation
Authors: Muster Britta , Rapp Alexander , Cardoso M. Cristina 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLaser micro-irradiation can be used to induce DNA damage with high spatial and temporal resolution, representing a powerful tool to analyze DNA repair in vivo in the context of chromatin. However, most lasers induce a mixture of DNA damage leading to the activation of multiple DNA repair pathways and making it impossible to study individual repair processes. Hence, we aimed to establish and validate micro-irradiation conditions together with inhibition of several key proteins to discriminate different types of DNA damage and repair pathways using lasers commonly available in confocal microscopes. Using time-lapse analysis of cells expressing fluorescently tagged repair proteins and also validation of the DNA damage generated by micro-irradiation using several key damage markers, we show that irradiation with a 405 nm continuous wave laser lead to the activation of all repair pathways even in the absence of exogenous sensitization. In contrast, we found that irradiation with 488 nm laser lead to the selective activation of non-processive short-patch base excision and single strand break repair, which were further validated by PARP inhibition and metoxyamine treatment. We conclude that these low energy conditions discriminated against processive long-patch base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair as well as double strand break repair pathways.
Activation and Functional Specialization of Regulatory T Cells Lead to the Generation of Foxp3 Instability
Authors: Zhang Zhongmei , Zhang Wei , Guo Jie , Gu Qianchong , Zhu Xueping , Zhou Xuyu 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Foxp3+ cells can downregulate the expression of Foxp3, but whether thymically derived regulatory T cells (tTregs; especially committed tTregs) are capable of downregulating Foxp3 expression and being reprogrammed into other T effector cells remains controversial. Using a novel tTreg lineage-tracing mouse line, we were able to label epigenetically stable Foxp3+ cells derived from the thymus and demonstrate that mature tTregs are stable under homeostatic conditions. However, TCR engagement and sequential functional specialization of tTregs led to the generation of Foxp3 instability and reprogramming into the Th lineage. We further demonstrated that the signal switch from IL-2 to ICOS during Treg activation induced Treg instability and reprogramming. By using a dual lineage tracing model, we demonstrated that effector Tregs can revert to central Tregs, and this reversion is associated with increasing Foxp3 stability in vivo.
Targeting Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin to Xcr1+ Dendritic Cells in the Absence of Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Enhances Protective Antibody Responses
Authors: Gudjonsson Arnar , Lysén Anna , Balan Sreekumar , Sundvold-Gjerstad Vibeke , Arnold-Schrauf Catharina , Richter Lisa , Bækkevold Espen S. , Dalod Marc , Bogen Bjarne , Fossum Even 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Targeting Ags to conventional dendritic cells can enhance Ag-specific immune responses. Although most studies have focused on the induction of T cell responses, the mechanisms by which targeting improves Ab responses are poorly understood. In this study we present data on the use of human XCL1 (hXCL1) and hXCL2 fusion vaccines in a murine model. We show that the human chemokines bound type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1), and that immunization with influenza virus hemagglutinin fused to hXCL1 or hXCL2 induced full protection against influenza challenge. Surprisingly, the hXCL1- and hXCL2-fusion vaccines induced better long-term protection associated with stronger induction of neutralizing Abs, and more Ab-secreting cells in bone marrow. In contrast, murine Xcl1 fusion vaccines induced stronger CD8+ T cell responses compared with hXCL1. Further analysis revealed that although murine Xcl1 fusion vaccines induced chemotaxis and were rapidly endocytosed by cDC1, hXCL1 and hXCL2 fusion vaccines did not induce chemotaxis, were less efficiently endocytosed, and consequently, remained on the surface. This difference may explain the enhanced induction of Abs when targeting Ag to cDC1 using hXCL1 and hXCL2, and suggests that immune responses can be manipulated in directing Abs or T cells based on how efficiently the targeted Ag is endocytosed by the DC.
Self-reported awareness and attitude of cancer patients towards clinical nurse coordinators
Authors: Deeb Ahmad , AlKaiyat Mohammad O. , Abu Hlal Emad , Attari Areej , Mahaireh Rania , Alqudimat Mohammad R. , Salam Mahmoud 
Published: February 2017

Background and objective: Lack of knowledge or poor perception towards the roles and responsibilities of clinical nurse coordinators among cancer patients might lead to a decrease in seeking their services. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, perception and attitude towards clinical nurse coordinators among cancer patients at a specialized cancer center in Jordan.Methods: This is a cross sectional study that was conducted by distributing a self-reported and anonymous survey to 240 cancer patients visiting the center. The survey questioned some patient characteristics such as sex, age, educational level, marital status, disease type and duration, type of therapy. The patients’ knowledge (12-statement), the perception (9-statement) regarding the actual roles/responsibilities of coordinators and the attitude (5-statement) towards seeking their services were measured. Responses on Likert scales were converted to percentage mean scores.Results: The overall percentage mean scores ± standard deviation of knowledge was 59 ± 17, perception towards clinical nurse coordinators (79 ± 14) and attitude towards seeking their services (69 ± 16). Linear regression showed that participants on chemotherapy had significantly better perception (higher scores) compared to participants on concurrent therapies (β = -3.91, p = .049). Participants with higher knowledge scores had better perception indicating a better comprehension about the clinical nurse coordinators’ roles, compared to those with lower knowledge percentage mean scores (β = 0.13, p = .019). Female patients had higher percentage mean score of attitude compared to male particpants (β = -3.77, p = .034). Better perception of Clinical nurse coordinators (CNCs) among cancer patients was significantly more associated with a more positive attitude towards seeking CNC services (β = 0.72, p < .001).Conclusions: Patients’ knowledge about the roles and responsibilities of nurse coordinators is associated with a better patients’ perception towards coordinators, which in return is associated with a more positive attitude towards seeking their services. Special consideration should be paid for patients on concurrent therapies who were more likely to have poorer perception towards clinical care coordinators compared to patients on chemotherapy. In addition, coordinators are expected to observe a more negative attitude towards seeking their services among male cancer patients.
Preventive Potential Of Borneol In Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Esmaeeli Hadi , Ataei Ramin 
Published: February 2017

Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound found in several species of Artemisia, Dipterocarpaceae and etc. It can easily permeate through the blood brain barrier and acts directly in neurons. Ischemic stroke, an imbalance of the blood supply to the brain because of blood clots, is a severe condition with high mortality and morbidity that represents 87% of all stroke cases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of borneol in the prevention of stroke.Borneol can be synthesized by reduction of camphor by the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction. Protection against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury in Cortical Neurons by anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation through nuclear transcription factor κappaB signaling pathway is one of suggested mechanisms for borneol. Combination of some compounds and borneol can have a synergistic effect on treating ischemic stroke in a rat model. Also borneol permeating can increased into brain in the pathological state of stroke. This review was made to help better understanding of the borneol evaluation in ischemic stroke prevention.
Pathogenesis Concept Of Extracranial Dissections In Iran
Authors: Ghandehari Kavian 
Published: February 2017

Background: Dissection of Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery (EICA) and Extracranial Vertebral Artery (EVA) is an amportant cause of brain infarction with miscellaneous etiologies around the world.Methods: A prospective observational clinical study was conducted in Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran between 2008-2016. Diagnosis of brain infarction and TIA was made by stroke neurologist. Detection of EICA and EVA dissections were made by performing CT angiography and MR angiography or DSA in the suspected patients. Demographic features, clinical manifestations, territorial involvement, pathophysiology and pathogenesis of dissections were assessed in all of the patients. Pathogenesis of dissections was classified as Idiopathic, Trumatic, Postural and Genetic categories.Results: Twenty eight patients (21 males, 7 females) were admitted with extracranial arterial dissection. Mean age of males and females with dissection was 39.81± 4.2 and 35.71±6.1 years respectively. Influence of gender on age of the patients was not significant, p>0.05. Among patients with extracranial dissection only 3.6% had atherosclerosis risk factors and 96.4% had no other cause for brain infarction. 100% of extracranial dissections in males occured in carotid territory, while 28.6% of females had dissection in the EVA. The influence of gender in territory of dissection was significant, p<0.05. Idiopathic dissections and genetic susceptibility was found in 10.7% and 3.6% of extracranial dissections respectively. 53.5% of the patienrs had trumatic pathogenesis for extracranial dissections and 32.1% developed dissection due to special neck postures. Important details in pathophysiology and pathogenesis of extracranial dissections will be presented in the lecture.Conclusion: Stroke patients with extracranial dissections have characteristic demographic and territorial involvement. Trumatic pathogenesis is the most frequent cause of dissection in Iran followed by neck postural injry. Dissection, Etiology, Pathogenesis
Retrospective observation of drug susceptibility ofCandidastrains in the years 1999, 2004, and 2015
Authors: Łukaszuk Cecylia , Krajewska-Kułak Elżbieta , Kułak Wojciech 
Published: February 2017

IntroductionThere is much literature devoted to the problem of drug resistance and decreased susceptibility of fungi to commonly used antifungals.AimTo analyze drug susceptibility ofCandida albicansandnon-Candida albicansstrains isolated from the hands of people without any symptoms of disease over a 16-year period.Materials and MethodsThe study included a total of 1,274Candida-type strainsisolated from the hands of people without any symptoms of disease,including: in 1999, 432 strains; in 2004, 368; and in 2015, 454 strains. Biological monitoring of hand surface contamination was performed using the Count-TactTMapplicator with Count-Tact plates (bioMerieux). Drug susceptibility was evaluated using FUNGITEST®.ResultsIn 1999, the most strains showed resistance to fluconazole (53.2%), in 2004 to itraconazole (52.9%), and in 2015 to fluconazole (85.8%). Resistance to more than one drug was 35.8% in 1999, 64.7% in 2004, and 92% in 2015. Mean resistance to azole antifungals significantly increased from 98 ± 39.7 strains in 1999 to 118.3 ± 29.6 in 2015 (p < 0.001). In 1999, the most strains showed resistance to fluconazole (50.6%), in 2004 to itraconazole (52.9%), and in 2015 to fluconazole (44.9%). Resistance to more than one drug was 52.9% in 1999, 64.3% in 2004, and 88.1% in 2015. Mean resistance to azole antifungals significantly increased from a mean of 76 ± 9.7 strains in 1999, to 95.3 ± 24.2 in 2004, and to 97.3 ± 16.6 in 2015 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsWe showed increasedC. albicansandnon-Candida albicansstrain resistance to commonly used antifungal chemotherapeutics, mainly imidazole. We found a clear rise in susceptibility ofC. albicansandnon-Candida albicansstrains to several studied antifungals.
Winter mean lower tropospheric moisture over the Maritime Continent as a climate model diagnostic metric for the propagation of the Madden‐Julian oscillation
Authors: Gonzalez Alex O. , Jiang Xianan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDespite its widespread influences on the atmosphere, the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) remains poorly represented in state‐of‐the‐art general circulation models (GCMs). Motivated by recent findings that the horizontal advection of the mean low‐tropospheric moist static energy or moisture by the MJO winds plays a crucial role in the eastward propagation of the MJO, we investigate the relationship between lower tropospheric moisture patterns over the Indo‐Pacific and MJO eastward propagation in a suite of 23 GCM simulations. Model capability of reproducing the observed November–April mean lower tropospheric moisture pattern over the Indo‐Pacific, especially near the Maritime Continent (MC), is highly correlated with model skill in simulating MJO eastward propagation. In GCMs with difficulty capturing realistic MJO propagation, the amplitude of the mean low‐level moisture over the MC is greatly underestimated, leading to weak horizontal moisture gradients and thus discrepancies in moisture advection, significantly affecting MJO propagation. This study suggests that the mean lower tropospheric moisture pattern over the MC can serve as an important diagnostic metric for MJO propagation in climate models.
Sedimentation from buoyant muddy plumes in the presence of interface mixing: An experimental study
Authors: Rouhnia Mohamad , Strom Kyle 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA series of flume experiments were conducted to study the sediment removal rates, characterized by an effective settling velocity, from buoyant muddy plumes overriding clear saltwater at steady state conditions under different Richardson numbers and initial suspended sediment concentrations. The experiments were all carried out in the subcritical regime, leading to cusps style instabilities at the interface of the two fluids. Flocculation in the experiments was not suppressed, yet flocs remained small while in the plume layer. Data from the experiments allowed for calculation of the individual floc settling velocity,
, and the overall effective settling velocity,
, i.e., that velocity needed to predict the downward flux with
. Results showed that
was greater than the floc settling velocity in all runs.
was found to increase with plume velocity and interface mixing but not with plume concentration. The difference between the effective and floc settling velocities was therefore attributed to turbulent diffusion brought on by mixing at the interface and not to convective sedimentation or leaking. The turbulence enhanced settling velocity,
, was found to be a strong function of the Richardson number, and conceptual and empirical equations are presented to predict
as a function of the plume surface velocity, Ups, and Richardson number, Ri; this analysis showed that
. In the runs with low Richardson number,
was approximately equal to the floc settling velocity, leading to an overall doubling of the effective settling velocity relative to that of the individual particles.
Rapid processing of 85Kr/Kr ratios using Atom Trap Trace Analysis
Authors: Zappala J. C. , Bailey K. , Mueller P. , O'Connor T. P. , Purtschert R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe report a methodology for measuring 85Kr/Kr isotopic abundances using Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA) that increases sample measurement throughput by over an order of magnitude to six samples per 24 h. The noble gas isotope 85Kr (half‐life = 10.7 years) is a useful tracer for young groundwater in the age range of 5–50 years. ATTA, an efficient and selective laser‐based atom counting method, has recently been applied to 85Kr/Kr isotopic abundance measurements, requiring 5–10 μL of krypton gas at STP extracted from 50 to 100 L of water. Previously, a single such measurement required 48 h. Our new method demonstrates that we can measure 85Kr/Kr ratios with 3–5% relative uncertainty every 4 h, on average, with the same sample requirements.
Growth rate measurement of ULF waves in the ion foreshock
Authors: Dorfman S. , Hietala H. , Astfalk P. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe report the first satellite measurement of the ultralow frequency (ULF) wave growth rate in the upstream region of the Earth's bow shock. We employ the two identical ARTEMIS spacecraft orbiting the Moon to characterize crescent‐shaped reflected ion beams and relatively monochromatic ULF waves. The event presented here features spacecraft separation of ∼2.5 Earth radii (0.9 ± 0.1 wavelengths) in the solar wind flow direction along a nearly radial interplanetary magnetic field. The ULF wave growth rate is estimated and found to fall within dispersion solver predictions during the initial growth time. Observed frequencies and wave numbers are also within the predicted range. Other ULF wave properties such as the phase speed, obliquity, and polarization are consistent with expectations from resonant beam instability theory and prior satellite measurements. These results will inform future missions near bow and interplanetary shocks as well as future nonlinear studies related to turbulence and dissipation in the heliosphere.
Neural correlates of adaptive working memory training in a glycogen storage disease type‐IV patient
Authors: Lee Kristin , Ernst Thomas , Løhaugen Gro , Zhang Xin , Chang Linda 
Published: February 2017

AbstractGlycogen storage disease type‐IV has varied clinical presentations and subtypes. We evaluated a 38‐year‐old man with memory complaints, common symptoms in adult polyglucosan body disease subtype, and investigated cognitive and functional MRI changes associated with two 25‐sessions of adaptive working memory training. He showed improved trained and nontrained working memory up to 6‐months after the training sessions. On functional MRI, he showed increased cortical activation 1–3 months after training, but both increased and decreased activation 6‐months later. Working memory training appears to be beneficial to patients with adult polyglucosan body disease, although continued training may be required to maintain improvements.