bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of race and ethnicity on vildagliptin efficacy: A pooled analysis of phase II and III studies
Authors: Kozlovski Plamen , Fonseca Marilia , Mohan Viswanathan , Lukashevich Valentina , Odawara Masato , Paldánius Päivi M. , Kothny Wolfgang 
Published: December 2016

AimsTo determine the impact of race and ethnicity on the efficacy, body weight and hypoglycaemia incidence with vildagliptin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using patient‐level data from the vildagliptin clinical trial programme.MethodsData from 22 randomized, placebo‐controlled global and local (Japan, China) registration studies of vildagliptin (50 mg once‐daily or twice‐daily) of ≥12‐week duration were analysed by race (Caucasian [n = 2764] and Asian [n = 2232]) and by ethnicity (Japanese, Chinese, and Indian). The placebo‐subtracted differences in the change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and body weight from baseline to week 12 or week 24 were evaluated by race or ethnicity using repeated measure analysis of unstructured covariance. Hypoglycaemia incidences were summarized using descriptive statistics.ResultsThe HbA1c reduction from baseline with vildagliptin was similar across the racial/ethnic subgroups (−0.83% ± 0.02% to −1.01% ± 0.05%). Placebo‐corrected HbA1c reduction was similar between Caucasian (−0.68% ± 0.03%) and Asian (−0.80% ± 0.03%) patients (
P
value for interaction = .56); analysis by race and ethnicity showed better efficacy (
P
< .02) in Japanese patients. Japanese patients were drug‐naïve and treated with a single oral anti‐diabetes drug only; they showed no response to placebo. Weight neutrality of vildagliptin was demonstrated in all groups (0.47 ± 0.11 kg to −0.29 ± 0.08 kg). Hypoglycaemic events (≥1) were infrequent in all ethnic subgroups.ConclusionsThe glycaemic efficacy of vildagliptin was similar in Caucasian and Asian patients. The slightly better efficacy observed in Japanese patients was driven by the absence of placebo effect and might be explained by their earlier stage of diabetes compared to other subgroups.
Density dependence and temporal plasticity of competitive interactions during utilisation of resources by a community of lepidopteran stemborer species
Authors: Ntiri Eric Siaw , Calatayud Paul‐Andre , Van den Berg Johnnie , Le Ru Bruno Pierre 
Published: December 2016

AbstractInteractions within and between species sharing the same resources are characterised by competition or facilitation, and can be influenced by factors such as larval numbers and phenotypic plasticity of the interactions. The effect of larval density on the survival and relative growth rate of the stemborers Busseola fusca (Fuller) and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (both Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) were studied, as well as the temporal plasticity of their competitive interactions. These stemborers attack maize crops (Zea mays L.) (Poaceae) in sub‐Saharan Africa. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions at the optimum development temperature (25 °C) for the three species. Surrogate stems filled with artificial diet were intra‐ and interspecifically infested with larvae of each species. The effect of larval density on competition was studied at low (six larvae) and high (12 larvae) levels of infestation, whereas the temporal plasticity of competition was evaluated at 7, 14, 21, or 28 days after infestation. The two experiments involved single‐ and multi‐species infestation treatments. Larval numbers and wet mass in each artificial stem were recorded in each experiment. Survival and relative growth rate of the three species were significantly higher at low‐infestation levels when facing either intra‐ or interspecific competition. The intensity of competition was also temporally plastic among the species and increased as the duration of competition increased. These results are discussed in terms of general infestations of cereal crops by borers.
Influence of no‐tillage practices and later planting date on the pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus, in pea, Pisum sativum
Authors: Hanavan Ryan P. , Bosque‐Pérez Nilsa A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a periodic pest of pea, Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae), in the Palouse region of northern Idaho and eastern Washington, USA. Previous work on‐station and in commercial pea fields showed initial adult weevil colonization was greater in conventional‐tillage than in no‐tillage fields. Increased surface residue of no‐tillage systems results in cooler soils with greater available moisture typically resulting in later planting dates for conventional‐tillage fields. Cereal residue, a characteristic of the region's no‐tillage systems, and planting date were investigated as potential inhibitors of adult pea leaf weevil colonization and feeding on peas via field experiments in 2005 and 2006. Plots without cereal residue and early‐planted plots had greater weevil abundance. Early‐planted peas had greater weevil feeding injury compared to late‐planted peas. The presence of cereal residue did not significantly impact injury levels. A laboratory choice‐test with peas grown in conventional‐tillage and no‐tillage fields indicated greater adult weevil feeding damage on conventional‐tillage‐grown peas. A separate laboratory choice‐test using peas planted 10 days apart demonstrated greater adult weevil feeding injury on early‐planted peas. However, adjusting for available leaf edge resulted in no differences between treatments in either choice test, indicating crop availability and plant apparency during peak weevil colonization rather than plant factors resulting from growing conditions likely explain greater injury on peas planted early and under conventional‐tillage in the field.
Mapping of QTLs conferring resistance in rice to brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Shabanimofrad M. , Rafii M.Y. , Ashkani S. , Hanafi M.M. , Adam N.A. , Harun A.R. , Latif M.A. , Miah G. , Sahebi M. , Azizi P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBrown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacide), is a destructive insect pest of rice, Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae), in rice‐producing areas worldwide. Host plant resistance is a major aspect of managing this pest. In this study, a mapping population consisting of 150 F3 lines, derived from a cross of MR276 and Rathu Heenati, was used to detect and analyse quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the resistance to BPH. Composite Interval Mapping (CIM) was used for QTL detection. In total 10 QTLs controlling BPH resistance were mapped on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 12. Four QTLs – qBph‐1‐1, qBph‐3‐1, qBph‐6‐1, and qBph‐7‐1 – were mapped on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 7 in the standard seedbox screening test, explaining 41% of the phenotypic variance. Two QTLs, qBph‐6‐1 and qBph‐9‐1, were detected on chromosomes 6 and 9 in the honeydew test, accounting for 32% of the total phenotypic variance. Moreover, four QTLs – qBph‐3‐1, qBph‐6‐1, qBph‐10‐1, and qBph‐12‐1 – were identified on chromosomes 3, 6, 10, and 12 expressing antixenosis to BPH and explaining 41% of the phenotypic variance. QTL qBph‐3‐1 was located in the chromosomal region between markers RM231 and RM3872 on chromosome 3, and QTL qBph‐6‐1 was located in the region between RM588 and RM204 on chromosome 6, indicating that these regions have a major effect in controlling the resistance to BPH in the population studied. The molecular markers linked to QTLs that are identified will be useful in the development of varieties resistant to BPH. Our study contributes to the development of genetic material for breeding programmes and marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in rice to improve BPH resistance.
Associative learning of color and firmness of oviposition substrates in Drosophila suzukii
Authors: Takahara Baku , Takahashi Kazuo H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDrosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), also known as the spotted‐wing drosophila, is a global pest fly. The degree of infestation of D. suzukii varies greatly among host plants, possibly depending on the physical properties of the fruits. Because some of the physical properties of fruits can only be judged by touching them, D. suzukii may choose to oviposit based on the physical properties of fruits and remote sensory information such as visual cues. Here, we conducted associative learning experiments with artificial substrates consisting of water, cornmeal, fructose, and agarose with different colors and firmness. We assessed associative learning by conditioning flies with combinations of two colors (purple or green) and degrees of firmness (firm or soft), and comparing their choice between the conditioned color and the other color afterward. We demonstrated that D. suzukii had an associative learning ability but it was limited to the association between green and soft. Drosophila suzukii conditioned with green and soft substrate preferred green as the first choice in the test phase. The proximate cause of this asymmetrical associative learning ability is completely unknown, but the pattern of learning coincides with D. suzukii's preference for immature fruits on the tree in nature, possibly to avoid competition with other fruit flies. The associative learning ability of D. suzukii was found to be limited to a certain combination of color and firmness. It suggests that the asymmetrical association of the natural fruit color and physical properties played a role in the evolution of color‐specific associative learning ability of D. suzukii.
Community‐wide impacts of early season herbivory on flower visitors on tall goldenrod
Authors: IKEMOTO MITO , IDA TAKASHI Y. , UTSUMI SHUNSUKE , OHGUSHI TAKAYUKI 
Published: December 2016

1. The flower visitor community consists not only of pollinators but also of non‐pollinators, such as florivores, thieves and predators that attack flower visitors. Although there is increasing evidence that early‐season foliar herbivory influences pollinator visitation through changes in floral traits, few studies have explored indirect effects of foliar herbivory on community structure of the flower visitors. We examined how early‐season foliar herbivory influences the flower visitor community established in late season.2. We conducted an inoculation experiment using a lacebug (Corythucha marmorata), which is a predominantly herbivorous insect attacking leaves of tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima) in Japan.3. Flower abundance significantly decreased when damaged by the lacebug. The numbers of pollinators, florivores and thieves were positively correlated with flower abundance, whereas predators were not. In response to flower abundance, florivores decreased on damaged plants. On the other hand, thieves increased on damaged plants, and pollinators and predators did not differ between damaged and undamaged plants.4. When effects of flower abundance were excluded, foliar herbivory still influenced florivores negatively and thieves positively. This implies that factors besides flower abundance may have affected the numbers of florivores and thieves.5. Community composition of flower visitors on damaged plants significantly differed from undamaged plants, although overall abundance, taxonomic richness and taxonomic evenness were unaffected by foliar herbivory in the early season. It is important to recognise that only evaluating species diversity and overall abundance may fail to detect the significant consequence of early‐season herbivory on the flower visitor community.
Limnology and trophic status of glacial lakes in the tropical Andes (Cajas National Park, Ecuador)
Authors: Van Colen Willem R. , Mosquera Pablo , Vanderstukken Maarten , Goiris Koen , Carrasco Maria‐Cecilia , Decaestecker Ellen , Alonso Miguel , León‐Tamariz Fabián , Muylaert Koenraad 
Published: December 2016

Summary

The tropical Andes has a high density of glacial lakes that are situated in the high‐altitude páramo (3500–4500 m). Ecological information about such lakes is scant despite the fact that these lakes are an important source of water for drinking, irrigation and electricity generation and feed several major tributaries of the Amazon. In this study, we provide data on a survey of 31 lakes in Cajas National Park (Ecuador). Two of the lakes were monitored monthly during one year. In situ nutrient addition experiments were carried out in three of the lakes.

Seasonal monitoring in two lakes revealed a thermal stratification of the water column between October and June, with a small temperature difference between epi‐ and hypolimnion (2–3 °C). Oxygen depletion of the hypolimnion towards the end of the stratification period indicated that no complete mixing of the water column occurred during stratification. There was no evidence of depletion of nutrients in the epilimnion or accumulation in the hypolimnion during stratification. There were also no clear seasonal changes in chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration nor in phytoplankton community composition in the two lakes.

Inputs of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the vegetated catchment resulted in high DOC concentrations (median 2.9 mg L−1) compared to temperate mountain lakes. Water transparency was relatively low, with a median extinction coefficient for photosynthetic active radiation of 0.50 m−1 and for UV‐B radiation of 10.13 m−1. Although the thermocline was deep and water transparency was low, estimates of the critical depth for photosynthesis were deeper than the mean water depth in all lakes, suggesting that phytoplankton was not light limited.

The phytoplankton community was dominated by chlorophytes (e.g. Oocystis), diatoms (small Cyclotella spp.) or small colonial cyanobacteria (Aphanocapsa, Merismopedia). The zooplankton community was either dominated by large cladocerans and cyclopoid copepods, or by the calanoid copepod Boeckella occidentalis.

Total concentrations of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) were comparable to those in temperate mountain lakes (4–35 μg P L−1 and 162–758 μg N L−1) while Chl‐a concentrations were in the lower range (<1 μg L−1). A large part of the total nutrient pool consists of dissolved organic N and P that appeared to have a low bioavailability to phytoplankton. The median seston N:P ratio of 44, a positive correlation between Chl‐a and total P concentration, as well as nutrient addition assays carried out in three lakes all pointed to P limitation of phytoplankton.
Patterns of metal distribution in hypersaline microbialites during early diagenesis: Implications for the fossil record
Authors: Sforna M. C. , Daye M. , Philippot P. , Somogyi A. , van Zuilen M. A. , Medjoubi K. , Gérard E. , Jamme F. , Dupraz C. , Braissant O. , Glunk C. , Visscher P. T. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe use of metals as biosignatures in the fossil stromatolite record requires understanding of the processes controlling the initial metal(loid) incorporation and diagenetic preservation in living microbialites. Here, we report the distribution of metals and the organic fraction within the lithifying microbialite of the hypersaline Big Pond Lake (Bahamas). Using synchrotron‐based X‐ray microfluorescence, confocal, and biphoton microscopies at different scales (cm–μm) in combination with traditional geochemical analyses, we show that the initial cation sorption at the surface of an active microbialite is governed by passive binding to the organic matrix, resulting in a homogeneous metal distribution. During early diagenesis, the metabolic activity in deeper microbialite layers slows down and the distribution of the metals becomes progressively heterogeneous, resulting from remobilization and concentration as metal(loid)‐enriched sulfides, which are aligned with the lamination of the microbialite. In addition, we were able to identify globules containing significant Mn, Cu, Zn, and As enrichments potentially produced through microbial activity. The similarity of the metal(loid) distributions observed in the Big Pond microbialite to those observed in the Archean stromatolites of Tumbiana provides the foundation for a conceptual model of the evolution of the metal distribution through initial growth, early diagenesis, and fossilization of a microbialite, with a potential application to the fossil record.
Vulnerability of eastern US tree species to climate change
Authors: Rogers Brendan M. , Jantz Patrick , Goetz Scott J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractClimate change is expected to alter the distribution of tree species because of critical environmental tolerances related to growth, mortality, reproduction, disturbances, and biotic interactions. How this is realized in 21st century remains uncertain, in large part due to limitations on plant migration and the impacts of landscape fragmentation. Understanding these changes is of particular concern for forest management, which requires information at an appropriately fine spatial resolution. Here we provide a framework and application for tree species vulnerability to climate change in the eastern United States that accounts for influential drivers of future distributions. We used species distribution models to project changes in habitat suitability at 800 m for 40 tree species that vary in physiology, range, and environmental niche. We then developed layers of adaptive capacity based on migration potential, forest fragmentation, and propagule pressure. These were combined into metrics of vulnerability, including an overall index and spatially explicit categories designed to inform management. Despite overall favorable changes in suitability, the majority of species and the landscape were considered vulnerable to climate change. Vulnerability was significantly exacerbated by projections of pests and pathogens for some species. Northern and high‐elevation species tended to be the most vulnerable. There were, however, some notable areas of particular resilience, including most of West Virginia. Our approach combines some of the most important considerations for species vulnerability in a straightforward framework, and can be used as a tool for managers to prioritize species, areas, and actions.
Going with the flow: the role of ocean circulation in global marine ecosystems under a changing climate
Authors: van Gennip Simon J. , Popova Ekaterina E. , Yool Andrew , Pecl Gretta T. , Hobday Alistair J. , Sorte Cascade J. B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOcean warming, acidification, deoxygenation and reduced productivity are widely considered to be the major stressors to ocean ecosystems induced by emissions of CO2. However, an overlooked stressor is the change in ocean circulation in response to climate change. Strong changes in the intensity and position of the western boundary currents have already been observed, and the consequences of such changes for ecosystems are beginning to emerge. In this study, we address climatically induced changes in ocean circulation on a global scale but relevant to propagule dispersal for species inhabiting global shelf ecosystems, using a high‐resolution global ocean model run under the IPCC RCP 8.5 scenario. The ¼ degree model resolution allows improved regional realism of the ocean circulation beyond that of available CMIP5‐class models. We use a Lagrangian approach forced by modelled ocean circulation to simulate the circulation pathways that disperse planktonic life stages. Based on trajectory backtracking, we identify present‐day coastal retention, dominant flow and dispersal range for coastal regions at the global scale. Projecting into the future, we identify areas of the strongest projected circulation change and present regional examples with the most significant modifications in their dominant pathways. Climatically induced changes in ocean circulation should be considered as an additional stressor of marine ecosystems in a similar way to ocean warming or acidification.
Predicting future biomass yield in Miscanthus using the carbohydrate metabolic profile as a biomarker
Authors: Maddison Anne L. , Camargo‐Rodriguez Anyela , Scott Ian M. , Jones Charlotte M. , Elias Dafydd M. O. , Hawkins Sarah , Massey Alice , Clifton‐Brown John , McNamara Niall P. , Donnison Iain S. , Purdy Sarah J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn perennial energy crop breeding programmes, it can take several years before a mature yield is reached when potential new varieties can be scored. Modern plant breeding technologies have focussed on molecular markers, but for many crop species, this technology is unavailable. Therefore, prematurity predictors of harvestable yield would accelerate the release of new varieties. Metabolic biomarkers are routinely used in medicine, but they have been largely overlooked as predictive tools in plant science. We aimed to identify biomarkers of productivity in the bioenergy crop, Miscanthus, that could be used prognostically to predict future yields. This study identified a metabolic profile reflecting productivity in Miscanthus by correlating the summer carbohydrate composition of multiple genotypes with final yield 6 months later. Consistent and strong, significant correlations were observed between carbohydrate metrics and biomass traits at two separate field sites over 2 years. Machine‐learning feature selection was used to optimize carbohydrate metrics for support vector regression models, which were able to predict interyear biomass traits with a correlation (R) of >0.67 between predicted and actual values. To identify a causal basis for the relationships between the glycome profile and biomass, a 13C‐labelling experiment compared carbohydrate partitioning between high‐ and low‐yielding genotypes. A lower yielding and slower growing genotype partitioned a greater percentage of the 13C pulse into starch compared to a faster growing genotype where a greater percentage was located in the structural biomass. These results supported a link between plant performance and carbon flow through two rival pathways (starch vs. sucrose), with higher yielding plants exhibiting greater partitioning into structural biomass, via sucrose metabolism, rather than starch. Our results demonstrate that the plant metabolome can be used prognostically to anticipate future yields and this is a method that could be used to accelerate selection in perennial energy crop breeding programmes.