bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Incentives Don’t Pay: Introducing Bonus Pay in the Kyrgyz Republic and the Undoing of Reforms
Authors: Belyavina Raisa 
Published: July 2016

In 2011, the Kyrgyz Republic implemented a teacher salary reform aimed to attract new teachers to the profession and to motivate teachers to improve the quality of their work. A key component of the reform was the introduction of the Stimulus Fund, an incentive pay structure. Although the Stimulus Fund comprised only 10 percent of the budget allocated to schools for staff compensation, this paper shows that it nevertheless played a significant role in the reform implementation process. This article examines whether the Stimulus Fund was successful in motivating teachers and the extent to which it was employed as intended to incentivize and reward high-performing teachers. The theoretical framework for this research builds on the scholarship of Larry Cuban (1998), who posits that schools and not policy makers are the key influencers of whether reforms are adopted or rejected. What this study suggests is that contrary to policy goals, the introduction of incentive pay had a deleterious impact on teacher motivation and resulted in a number of unintended consequences, including intergenerational rifts among teachers, a rejection of other components of the 2011 teacher salary reform, and a failure to make progress in overcoming the persisting challenge of attracting and retaining qualified teachers. As early as six months after the reform was announced, it began to be dismantled by schools and teachers. I argue that the Stimulus Fund was a catalyst for undermining the entire new teacher salary reform.
Are Principals of Russian Schools Ready for Transformational Leadership
Authors: Lenskaya Elena , Brun Irina 
Published: July 2016

Based on results of TALIS‑2013, of which Russia was a participant for the first time, we analyze demographic characteristics, length of service and working load of school principals, their competencies and opportunities for professional development, as well as working conditions, duties and working priorities. We also discuss how principals participate in teacher performance assessment and delegate their school management responsibilities, which resources they need, and how they assess the ethos of their schools. Research was conducted in 14 regions of Russia and revealed different levels of leadership potential in educational institutions. The recent changes to the education system (new Federal Law “On Education”, new Federal State Educational Standards) require principals to work in a transformational leadership style, but only few of the respondents succeed. Principals prefer micromanagement” and interacting with individual teachers, not staff groups. Authoritarianism and unwillingness to delegate power are the major handicaps to transformational leadership of schools principals. There has been no established ystem for school principal training in Russia so far. Only some of the regions reported to have trained over 20 percent of candidates prior to employment; meanwhile, there were regions with no training available to principals before the start of their career. It is imperative that the school principal training system involve teaching teambuilding, power delegation and distributed leadership skills.
Role of high resolution computed tomography in the evaluation of temporal bone lesions: our experience
Authors: C. Jyothi A. , H. Shrikrishna B. 
Published: July 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is a modification of routine computed tomography. It provides visual information of the minute structural details of the temporal bone. The present study aimed at studying the pathological processes of the temporal bone and their extent using HRCT.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This prospective study was done by taking HRCT of the temporal bone in 50 patients who presented to us with clinical features of temporal bone diseases. Both contrast and no enhanced images were obtained by taking 2mm sections using ultra high algorithm in both coronal and axial planes. The results were then analysed statistically. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Amongst the 50 cases, infection was the most common pathology affecting the temporal bone. Neoplasms formed the second largest group of lesions with acoustic neuroma being the most common tumour.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> HRCT is a revolutionary imaging tool in evaluating the various pathologies affecting the temporal bone. It identifies the hidden areas of the temporal bone. It also lays down an anatomical roadmap for the surgeon preoperatively. </p>
Historical background of the population biology of the swimming crab Arenaeus cribrarius (Crustacea: Portunidae) in the Ubatuba coast, southeast Brazil
Authors: PINHEIRO Marcelo Antonio Amaro , PARDAL-SOUZA André Luiz 
Published: July 2016

This study presents results obtained 25 years ago on the population structure, sex ratio, and handedness of Arenaeus cribrarius in Ubatuba, North coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. Sampling studies were conducted during two different periods (from November 1988 to October 1989, and from May 1991 to April 1993), one of them performed for pooled data, and other exclusively for Fortaleza Bay (monthly samples from November 1988 to October 1989). Males were larger (CW, average Â± SD: 73.38 Â± 15.78 mm) than females (68.45 Â± 12.20 mm). The size between juvenile and adult stages has an overlap, for males (40-70mm CW) e fêmeas (45-75 mm CW). A prevalence of females was registered for pooled data (1:1.42; P < 0.01), but it was not recorded in Fortaleza Bay (1:1.25; P > 0.05). The sex ratio was close to 1:1 in the smaller size classes, with females dominating in the intermediate classes, and males in larger ones. In Fortaleza Bay, a female biased sex ratio was only noted in transect I (1:3.88; P < 0.05) and in the autumn (1:1.67; P < 0.05), with 73% of the specimens measured were right-handed.
Açúcar refinado como fonte de carbono no berçário de camarões cultivados em sistema de bioflocos
Authors: CHAMORRO-LEGARDA Esmeralda , MENDES Lucas Gomes , BEZERRA Gabriella Garcia de Oliveira , ESPIRÍTO SANTO Carlos Manoel do , SEIFFERT Walter Quadros , VIEIRA Felipe do Nascimento 
Published: July 2016

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de açúcar refinado como fonte de carbono no berçário de camarões marinhos em sistema de bioflocos. Foram utilizados oito tanques de 800 L povoados com 3.000 camarões m-3, sendo que metade dos tanques recebeu açúcar refinado como fonte de carbono e o restante, melaço de cana-de-açúcar (controle). Os valores dos parí­¢metros de qualidade de água mantiveram-se dentro dos limites aceitáveis para o camarão marinho. Contudo, o teor de amônia total foi superior no tratamento com açúcar refinado em relação ao registrado no controle. A alcalinidade e fosfato foram superiores no controle. Os í­­ndices produtivos avaliados (peso final, sobrevivência, conversão alimentar e produtividade) não foram diferentes entre os tratamentos. Entretanto, o custo do açúcar refinado para produção de um quilograma do camarão foi 62% inferior ao do melaço (tratamento controle). O estudo mostra que o açúcar refinado pode ser usado na fertilização do berçário de camarão e auxiliar na redução dos custos de produção.
Suplementação dietética com probiótico e butirato de sódio no pré-berçário de Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: SANTOS-JUNIOR Marcello Mendes dos , CANDIA Efrayn Wilker Souza , JESUS Gabriel Fernandes Alves de , SEIFFERT Walter Quadros , MOURIÑO José Luiz Pedreira , VIEIRA Felipe do Nascimento 
Published: July 2016

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o uso suplementar de probiótico (Lactobacillus plantarum) e butirato de sódio, e a interação deles na dieta de pósí larvas de camarão-branco-do-pací­­fico (Litopenaeus vannamei) em fase de pré-berçário. Durante o experimento foram aplicados nas dietas os tratamentos: (1) probiótico 1x108 UFC/g, (2) butirato de sódio 2%, (3) probiótico 1x108 UFC/g + butirato de sódio 2%, (4) controle (dieta base). Todos os tratamentos tiveram a adição de meio de cultura na mesma dosagem utilizada nos tratamentos com probiótico. Foram utilizadas 16 unidades experimentais de 60 L cada uma, com fundo em formato U, povoadas com 2.880 pós-larvas 5. Após quinze dias, independentemente da presença ou não do probiótico, os camarões dos tratamentos com butirato apresentaram maior sobrevivência (p = 0,0039) e menor peso seco individual (p = 0,0043). Não foram observadas alterações morfológicas no intestino das pós-larvas em nenhum dos tratamentos. Portanto, a suplementação com butirato de sódio na ração aumenta a sobrevivência das pós-larvas de camarões na fase de pré-berçário sem causar alteração morfológica em seu intestino.
High Compressive Strength, Ultra-Lightweight and Lightweight Cement – Formulated with Raw Material Locally Available in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Sarmah Pranjal , Al Tawat Najeeb , Yadav Prahlad , Agrawal Gaurav 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This paper presents our research on developing new lightweight and ultra-lightweight cement formulations which have resulted in higher cement strength, better adhesion and improved cement bond logs. The resulting formulation could be used for deeper placement in wells. Traditionally, these have been viewed as technology limiters for lightweight cements.
We screened local raw materials, cement available in Saudi Arabia. This in combination with carefully selected glass microspheres, have resulted in unique ultra-lightweight cement formulation. Careful selection of particle sizing and micro-additives has resulted in better adhesion. This paper describes the formulation, lab test results, and structural properties found through use of x-ray diffraction analytical testing. Additionally, it shows a comparison among the various density formulations with different microspheres and additives. Success in formulating with locally available ingredients improves supply chain flexibility – often a key in successful operations.
Our results show nearly double the mechanical strength expected from a lightweight formulation lower than water density. Systematic approach considered during fluid optimization. The Paper will highlight the improved crush resistance of the beads and summarize the robust laboratory tests performed to qualify it for applications in a wide variety of challenging down-hole conditions including lost circulations and weak formations. Due to more predictable downhole density, complete circulation can be achieved deploying this slurry. The set cement mechanical properties, including compressive strength, have significantly improved which is essential for ensuring long-term isolation. Conventional water-extended cement slurries are not considered adequate to isolate unconventional reservoirs such as shale and tight sandstone.
We believe this formulation discovery, when further optimized, could be the basis of high-performance lightweight cement systems that are capable of deeper placement in the wells with improved pumpability and on-location rheology and set time control. Our formulations leverage normally available particulate materials to the best of our knowledge.
How to Make Drilling Operation in Ultra-Deep Water from Better to Best
Authors: Liqiu Ping , Wangxi Wangxi , Yanfeng Wang , Guangfeng Wan , Zouke Zouke , Fujin Fujin 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
X. Block is the exploration ultra-deep water block in Brazil and the average water depth is about 2000m, and the reservoir target zone depth is about 5800m. The major challenges of drilling in X. Block are pipe stuck in shale and salt formation, losses in carbonate formation and low ROP in pre-salt formation that cause too much NPT (about 37% NPT) and sidetracking (1-2 sidetracking points). So the actual drilling duration is longer than the planed and drilling cost is higher than the budget.
This paper discusses the optimization processes of drilling operation in X. Block to cope with the drilling challenges including casing program optimization and drilling fluid system and properties optimization to deal with the stuck in shale and salt formation, MPD to solve losses in carbonate formation and to increase ROP in pre-salt reservoir formation. In addition, advanced drilling ship equipped with double derrick and advanced drilling operation management system to improve drilling efficiency and decrease NPT to make drilling operation from better to best have been mentioned in the paper.
Stuck NPT in shale and salt formation is decreased from 18% to 2% and sidetracking is avoided by optimizing casing program and drilling fluid system and properties. The average flow rate is enhanced 40% and the ROP is increased 37% by MPD in the carbonate losses formation. The average ROP in pre-salt formation is improved from 2.1 m/h to 3.5m/h and the drilling speed is increased by 66.7% by the optimizing bit type. Well drilling duration is sharply shortened by 45% and the total NPT is decreased from 37% to 5.6%-9.5%.
This paper will highlight the ultra-deep water well drilling challenges in X. Block of Brazil, matching drilling technologies respectively for stuck in shale and salt formation, losses in carbonate formation and low ROP in pre-salt formation as well as the application results of optimization. The experiences presented in this paper can give a light to ultra-deep water drilling operation optimization.
Enhance Drilling Performance Using an Optimized Mud Fluid System through Extensive Laboratory Testing
Authors: Al-Ansari Adel , Abuhamed Amr M , Abahusain Abdullah , Pino Rafael , Bialy Moustafa El , Zoghbi Bilal 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Drilling oil-producing lateral wells often requires the use of an efficient drill-in fluid (DIF). A properly designed reservoir DIF with precise control of its properties is essential to help prevent formation damage that can impede production. This paper discusses the custom use of a DIF to reduce damage while drilling a lateral well to help maximize productivity during later stages.
Oil-based mud (OBM) with density of approximately 67 lbf/ft3 was formulated based on reservoir data by optimizing the particle size distribution (PSD) of the bridging materials used to effectively bridge against the average pore throat sizes. It was tested in the laboratory at simulated reservoir conditions and applied in the field at the target well. The fluid was continuously monitored at the rig for PSD and fluid loss control using the particle plugging test (PPT). The hole cleaning and equivalent circulating density (ECD) were simulated with proprietary hydraulics software.
Using nondamaging specialty products that reduce fines and fluids invasion is an essential prerequisite for a reservoir DIF. This paper describes the case history of drilling a horizontal well in a sandstone formation in Saudi Arabia and also shows the successful use of a reservoir DIF on lateral wells. It presents an approach that helps minimize formation damage, mitigate differential sticking, and drill a hole without having any hole problems. Implementation of this optimized fluid in the field while using specially designed practices to maintain the quality of the DIF during drilling led to a higher level of production rates.
This paper concludes that close monitoring of mud properties, optimization of PSD design, and the use of nondamaging specialty products helps minimize fluid invasion and deliver maximized production.
A Business Intelligence Approach to Maximize Value of I-Field Data by Managing Data Quality
Authors: Al-Ghamdi Reema , Abdulal Haider 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
With the advent of I-filed (Intelligent Field) data and the increasing volume of various data sources, reservoir simulation engineers aim and work on capitalizing on all of those data in addition to the regular monthly averages. Due to the time scale variation and data frequency, a tool is needed to assist engineers to maximize the value from the data sets and at the same time ensure accuracy and representativeness of the simulation input. This paper discusses a workflow that utilizes Business Intelligence capabilities to compare both data sets, the I-field and monthly averages, and visually identify the anomalies.
Several issues can be recognized in and between the data sets that are of different sources and timescales, which will create a struggle for simulation engineers to synchronize both data sets and select the reliable data source to be incorporated into the simulation model, especially when they are working on I-fields where they will be represented with two sets of data. The developed workflow capitalizes on Business Intelligence functionalities that will use an equation to compare the data sets against each other and represent the results in charts to graphically identify the discrepancies. Since the average monthly measurements are stored in monthly format and daily measurements, I-field real-time data, are stored in daily format, the workflow will transform the daily measurements format to match the monthly measurements before the comparison.
The workflow will assist simulation engineers to QC (Quality Check) the large sets of data automatically and graphically by locating the areas to focus on in the data, which will reduce human errors, the time needed to examine the data sets and the time needed to alter the format of the daily measurements. Simulation engineers need to QC the data sets before they are integrated into the simulation model to enhance the quality of the model, produce accurate results and reduce the time for simulation engineers to manage the data quality.
There are many methods to manage data quality; however, Business Intelligence offers a wide range of data acquisition and mining techniques for QCing. This paper will present how these techniques are used to enhance and streamline the process of data QC for the monthly and daily measurements.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of a Centrifugal Downhole Oil Water Separator CDOWS for Potential Use in High Water Cut Wells
Authors: Hashem Mohamed Hossni , Belhaj Hadi , Abukhalifeh Hadil 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
With the decreasing price of oil nowadays, the need to develop techniques to reduce operational costs in a field is inevitable. Formation water is a by-product obtained during oil production which is produced is produced in higher quantities than hydrocarbon. This is a major concern for oil and gas industry as separating, treating and reinjecting of the produced water into the reservoir formation requires a large amount of energy, money and time.
This paper proposes a new technique for downhole separation of oil and water using a tubular centrifuge which can be integrated of the casing or the tubing string. This centrifugal downhole oil/water separator (CDOWS) will introduce the feed to a large centrifugal force which will separate both fluids based on density differences. The technology is designed for different well configurations satisfying several conditions in the industry.
This paper shows and tests the model using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study for different designs and configurations. To validate this process in a downhole configuration, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study is conducted on a CAD model which was designed using a 3D modeling software.
The study investigates the separation efficiency using various diameters, RPMs of the CDOWS as well as different flow rates and water cut. Furthermore, different possible designs are considered in this study. The results are then used to optimize the design of such tool in order to produce a physical model.
Real-Time Estimation of Flow Rate in Dry Gas Wells – A New Field
Authors: Al-Kadem Mohammad S. , Al Dabbous Mohammad S. , Al Mashhad Ali S. , Alsadah Hassan A. , Al Shehri Dhafer 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
There are well-known correlations and technologies which estimate the flow rate in dry gas wells. Measuring the surface rate is challenging, especially when there is no measuring equipment. Nevertheless, the choke equation and some well-known correlations can provide an estimate of the flow rate whether the gas at the surface is single-phase or multi-phase but with a certain accuracy and basic assumptions.
Another tool to estimate flow rate is the surface venturi meter, which is being used for dry gas wells. In this paper, a new method was established to calculate and verify measured gas flow rates. An empirical correlation was developed to calculate the real-time flow rate in dry gas wells at the surface utilizing the most appropriate parameters: upstream flowing wellhead pressure, downstream flowing wellhead pressure, upstream flowing wellhead temperature, and choke size. The proposed equation consists of a coefficient for each individual parameter which is fine-tuned in the equation using an advanced non-linear regression method.
Moreover, a comparison between calculated rate using the new method and measured gas rate shows accurate values with an average absolute error of 11%. A comparison between the measured rate, Beggs equation, and Gilbert's correlation showed highly deviated values, with an average absolute error of 60% for Beggs's and more for Gilbert's. It is worth highlighting that there is a major difference between the new correlation and Beggs' equation or any other that the new correlation is customized for the selected field. Another difference that the new correlation uses real and field data whereas the Beggs's equation and Gilbert's correlation used experimental data which might not be applicable to the selected field. Hence, this correlation provides a matching trend to the measured flow rate from venturi readings in dry gas wells.
The new correlation would enable production engineers to enhance their rate validity and furthermore it might replace the meter readings when the meter device become defective. Also, this correlation is aimed at calculating the gas flow rate in real-time measurements of wellhead parameters which enhances the monitoring of the well's performance on a real-time basis.