bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination and localisation of turn‐to‐turn fault in transformer winding using frequency response analysis
Authors: Nosratian Ahour Jafar , Seyedtabaii Saeed , Gharehpetian Gevork B. 
Published: November 2017

An incipient short‐circuit fault does not cause a severe condition in the steady‐state operation of transformers, but in transient conditions – the lightning or switching – it can result in an extended turn‐to‐turn short‐circuit fault (TSCF) and eventually in transformer outage. This study aims to determine and localise small TSCFs using the frequency response analysis. For this purpose, an appropriate mathematical model is developed, which can accurately simulate the winding transient behaviour. Using this model, turn‐to‐turn short‐circuit patterns are extracted for different turn‐to‐turn faults in the winding; then, the fault location is determined by comparing the measured faulty signal with mathematical short‐circuit patterns. In this study, a heuristic index is proposed to identify small TSCF locations. The presented solutions are implemented on a real winding with a nominal rating of 1600 kVA and a nominal voltage of 20/0.4 kV.
Platelets as Modulators of Inflammation
Authors: Kim Seok-Joo , Davis Rachelle , Jenne Craig 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPlatelets have classically been considered crucial effector cells in hemostasis, but now are increasingly recognized as players during inflammatory responses in innate and adaptive immunity. Platelets can recognize and kill invading pathogens, and, upon stimulation, also release a wide array of mediators that modify immune and endothelial cell responses. Increased platelet activity can protect the host against infectious insults; however, the excessive activity can lead to inflammation-mediated tissue damage. These critical roles highlight the necessity of balancing the platelet response at the intersection of hemostasis and inflammation. In this review, the authors present the current understanding of the inflammatory role of platelets. They also highlight recent findings on a modulator that links inflammation and deleterious tissue damage in disease pathogenesis.
Liver Metastasis: Update on Thermal and Nonthermal Ablative Therapies
Authors: Lopez Diego , Arellano Ronald 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe liver is one of the most common sites of metastatic disease from several primary malignancies. While most treatment regimens incorporate a combination of chemotherapy and surgical treatments, ablative techniques are increasingly being used for the treatment of recurrent disease. This article will provide an update on the current status of thermal and nonthermal therapies to treat metastatic liver disease.
Protective Effect and Potential Mechanism of Simvastatin on Myocardial Injury Induced by Diabetes with Hypoglycemia
Authors: Li Haiqing , Zhao Qianqian , Liu Rong , Yang Lan , Chen Huanzhen , Cui Xiangli 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Background Simvastatin has been reported to reduce cardiovascular related morbidity and mortality in clinical trials which was independent of its cholesterol-lowering effect. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of simvastatin on myocardial injury caused by diabetic hypoglycemia and the possible underlying mechanism.
Methods We used streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 55 mg/kg to induce diabetes mellitus (DM) and over-dose insulin to induce hypoglycemia to establish diabetic hypoglycemia rat models. The cardiac protective effect of simvastatin treatment (at a dose of 40 mg/kg·d) upon diabetic hypoglycemia models was assessed. Ex vivo cardiac function, cardiomyocyte inotropic property and calcium transient were evaluated. The expression levels of microRNA (miRNA) and NF-κB in heart tissues were investigated.
Results Both systolic and diastolic functions in diabetic rats were weakened, and further worsened in diabetic hypoglycemia rats, partially restored after administration of simvastatin. The protective effect of simvastatin on cardiac function under diabetic hypoglycermia was associated with decreased intracellular calcium and increased calcium sensitivity. miRNA array showed a differential profile of miRNA expression existed in diabetic hypoglycemia rats compared with diabetic non-hypoglycemia group, and that simvastatin could reverse the altered miRNA expression in diabetic hypoglycemia group.
Conclusion Simvastatin has protective effect on myocardial injury caused by diabetes with hypoglycemia, which is associated with increased calcium sensitivity, decreased NF-κB expression and altered miRNA expression profile.
Die Birke und ihr Potenzial in der Tiermedizin
Authors: Thoonsen Yvonne 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Birke ist in der Volksheilkunde ein Baum mit langer und vielfältiger Anwendungstradition. Sie bietet z. B. Stoffe zur Unterstützung bei Harnwegserkrankungen, Erkrankungen des rheumatischen Formenkreises und der Haut. Dieser Artikel befasst sich im Schwerpunkt mit den wissenschaftlich belegten Einsatzmöglichkeiten eines triterpenreichen Trockenextraktes aus dem Birkenkork in Bezug auf die geschädigte Haut, hier z. B. den Themen Wundheilung, Aktinische Keratose und Atopie.
Die Bedeutung des Lumbosakralgelenks für das Pferd im Allgemeinen und das Reitpferd im Speziellen
Authors: Eser Katja , Diehl Maren 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungIm Rahmen der Pferdeausbildung geht es neben dem Erhalt und der weiteren Förderung der Geschmeidigkeit, der Stabilität und der Balance auch um die korrekte Entwicklung der Tragkraft. In der Ausbildung von Tragkraft bei einem Pferd, das seinen Reiter langfristig ohne Schaden zu nehmen tragen können soll, geht es auf der körperlichen Ebene vor allem um eine physiologisch sinnvolle Ausrichtung der Kräfte des Pferdes sowohl innerhalb seiner Kernstrukturen (muskuläre und fasziale Verspannung des Stammskeletts) als auch gegen seine eigene Körpermasse (→ Selbsthaltung) und gegen das Reitergewicht.
Nicht patientenbezogene Risikofaktoren für Entstehung und Behandlungsverlauf einer Anastomoseninsuffizienz nach Kolonresektion – Ergebnisse einer strukturierten M+M-Konferenz
Authors: Vogel Peter 
Published: November 2017

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Es liegen zahlreiche Studien zu patienteneigenen Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung einer Anastomoseninsuffizienz vor. Wir untersuchten die Häufigkeit nicht patienteneigener Risikofaktoren für Entstehung und Verlauf der Behandlung von Anastomoseninsuffizienzen nach kolorektalen Resektionen.
Patienten Zwischen 01.01.2015 und 31.12.2016 wurden n = 179 konsekutive Patienten nach kolorektalen Resektionen analysiert; n = 14 Patienten erlitten eine Anastomoseninsuffizienz. Der Behandlungsverlauf dieser Patienten wurde in einer Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätskonferenz (M+M-Konferenz) nach dem London-Protokoll analysiert.
Ergebnisse Am häufigsten wurden Auffälligkeiten bei der Prozessqualität analysiert (n = 8/14), gefolgt von Auffälligkeiten bei der Nachbehandlung (n = 6/14). OP-Technik (n = 2/14) und OP-Taktik (n = 3/14) zeigten seltener Auffälligkeiten. Bei der überwiegenden Anzahl der Patienten wurden Schlussfolgerungen für das zukünftige Vorgehen gezogen (n = 11/14). Durch die Analyse der Daten von 4/11 Patienten ergab sich ein Strategiewechsel für das zukünftige Vorgehen.
Schlussfolgerung Therapeuten- und umfeldbezogene Auffälligkeiten können in einer nach dem London-Protokoll strukturierten M+M-Konferenz regelhaft aufgedeckt werden. Diese Analyse ist Voraussetzung für eine Verbesserung und muss regelhaft die Analyse patienteneigener Risikofaktoren ergänzen.
Neurologische oder interdisziplinäre Schmerzambulanz: Vergleich des Behandlungserfolges und der
Zufriedenheit
Authors: Escolano-Lozano Fabiola , Breimhorst Markus , Soltani Gilda , Schwab Rainer , Dimova Violeta , Birklein Frank , Schlereth Tanja 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungZiel dieser Studie war der Vergleich der Zufriedenheit und des Behandlungserfolgs bei Schmerzpatienten, die interdisziplinär
(anästhesiologisch, psychosomatisch, neurologisch, orthopädisch) oder rein neurologisch betreut wurden.
Methoden Es wurden 183 Patienten ausgewählt, die in unserer neurologischen Ambulanz und in unserem interdisziplinären
Schmerztherapiezentrum (IST) behandelt wurden. Davon wurden 142 Patienten mit Polyneuropathie, Kopfschmerz oder muskuloskelettalen Schmerzen
in die endgültige Analyse eingeschlossen. 39 Patienten (27,5 %) wurden im IST und 103 Patienten ausschließlich neurologisch behandelt. Diese
Patienten wurden aufgefordert, einen Fragebogen auszufüllen, mit dem Zufriedenheits- und Schmerzparameter erfragt wurden.
Ergebnisse Die neurologische und die multidisziplinäre Schmerzbehandlung führten zu einer vergleichbaren Besserung der Schmerzen (je p
< 0,001). Dieser Effekt war unabhängig von der Grunderkrankung. Die interdisziplinäre ambulante Behandlung führte primär nicht zu
vermehrter Patientenzufriedenheit.
Schlussfolgerungen Die Schmerzreduktion und die Patientenzufriedenheit der neurologischen ambulanten Schmerzbehandlung waren
vergleichbar mit denen einer interdisziplinären ambulanten Therapie. Der einzig signifikante Vorteil der interdisziplinären Behandlung war
eine niedrigere stationäre Aufnahmerate nach der ambulanten Therapie. Dieses Ergebnis sagt nichts aus über die Effizienz stationärer oder
tagesklinischer Schmerztherapie, es legt aber nahe, dass bei vielen ambulanten Fällen eine neurologische Schmerztherapie zumindest als
primäre Maßnahme ausreichend ist. Neurologische Schmerzambulanzen sollten also gefördert werden.
Perioperatives Management in der Knieendoprothetik
Authors: Hube Robert , Mayr Hermann , von Roth Philipp , Najfeld Michael , Thiele Kathi 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungDer Artikel befasst sich mit 4 wesentlichen Aspekten des perioperativen Managements und deren Relevanz in der Knieendoprothetik. Aufgrund der Anzahl unzufriedener Patienten nach Knieendoprothetik scheint eine Optimierung der Prozesse notwendig. Neben der Patientenvorbereitung, der Mobilisierung, der operativen Technik und Implantatwahl kommt dem perioperativen Management eine bedeutende Rolle zu. Hierzu gehören die Anlage einer Blutsperre, die Verwendung von Drainagen, die Nutzung von Tranexamsäure und die Schmerztherapie. Diese werden im vorliegenden Beitrag ausführlich dargestellt.
Ohne Netz und doppelten Boden: Vergleich der Nabelherniotomie nach Spitzy im Kindes- und Erwachsenenalter
Authors: Kuck Laura , Seitz Florian , Wiegering Armin , Dietz Ulrich , Meyer Thomas 
Published: November 2017

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Nabelhernien kommen sowohl im Erwachsenen- als auch Kindesalter vor. Seit über 100 Jahren wird bei der Versorgung von kindlichen Nabelhernien die Methode nach Spitzy – quasi ohne Netz und doppelten Boden – angewendet. In der Erwachsenenchirurgie kommen jedoch zunehmend Netze zur Anwendung. Ziel unserer Studie war es, die Nabelherniotomie nach Spitzy im Hinblick auf die Rezidivrate im Kindes- und Erwachsenenalter zu analysieren.
Material und Methoden Über einen Zeitraum von 7 Jahren wurden 383 kindliche Patienten (Alter < 16 Jahre) mit Nabelhernien operiert, wobei 370 Patienten nach Ausschlusskriterien in der Studie evaluiert wurden. Im selben Zeitraum wurden 106 erwachsene Patienten (Alter > 16 Jahre) ebenfalls aufgrund einer Nabelhernie therapiert, hiervon wurden 31 Patienten mittels Direktnaht versorgt und als Vergleichsgruppe in unsere Studie eingeschlossen.
Ergebnisse Die jungen Patienten waren im Durchschnitt 33,81 Monate alt und zu 44% weiblich und zu 56% männlich. Durch die Direktnaht nach Spitzy konnte im Kindesalter eine niedrige Rezidivquote von 1,1% (n = 4) erzielt werden. Das Durchschnittsalter der erwachsenen Patienten betrug 54,55 Jahre; 32% waren weiblich, 68% männlich. Im Vergleich zur kindlichen Gruppe lag die Rezidivquote nach Direktnaht in der Erwachsenenchirurgie bei 12,9% (n = 4).
Schlussfolgerung Aufgrund der Studienergebnisse stellt die Nabelherniotomie im Kindesalter durch Direktnaht nach Spitzy seit nunmehr 100 Jahren das Mittel der Wahl und den Goldstandard dar. Netzimplantationen sind im Kindesalter auch weiterhin nicht erforderlich.
Whole-transcriptome analysis of oxidative stress response genes in carotenoid-producing Enterococcus gilvus
Authors: Hagi Tatsuro , Kobayashi Miho , Nomura Masaru 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Whole-transcriptome analysis of aerobic stress response gene in Enterococcus gilvus was performed using RNA-sequencing to identify carotenoid-based stress response genes in lactic acid bacteria. The expression of gene responsible for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex synthesis was highly upregulated after aerobic treatment. In addition, the expression of transcriptional regulator spx and genes encoding UvrABC system protein was also upregulated.
Theoretical Approaches to the Functions of Indefinite Pronouns
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter focuses on various theoretical approaches to the semantic and syntactic functions of indefinite pronouns. It begins with a discussion of structuralist semantics, which suggests that language is a system whose parts must be defined and described on the basis of their place in the system and their relation to each other, rather than on the basis of their own intrinsic properties. It then considers some of the problems associated with structuralist semantics, including the unclear status of the semantic features; significant overlap of the functions of grammatical items in many areas, including indefinite pronouns; and structuralist semantics makes wrong predictions about semantic change. The chapter proceeds by analysing logical semantics and the issues raised by this approach, along with syntactic approaches, the theory of mental spaces, pragmatic scales and scale reversal. Finally, it explains the relationship between focusing and sentence accent.
Reparation for Environmental Damage in Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Plakokefalos Ilias 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores the problems that environmental damage in armed conflict pose to the determination of shared responsibility, and especially the determination of reparations, in the context of the jus post bellum. When two actors are engaged in armed conflict, there arise no serious issues as to sharing responsibility for violations. But the fact that modern armed conflicts often involve more than two actors (e.g. Libya 2011) complicates the matters arising out of environmental harm, as there may be two or more actors contributing to the same harmful event. This is a typical situation of shared responsibility. Shared responsibility provides that the problem of reparations for environmental harm is to be examined in situations where there is a multiplicity of actors that contribute to a single harmful outcome. This definition covers the breach of obligations under jus ad bellum and jus in bello, as well as under international environmental law.
Private Security Companies and Other Private Security Service Providers (PSCs) and Environmental Protection in Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Das Onita , Kellayv Aneaka 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
A challenge to environmental protection and the jus post bellum framework is the rise in Private Security Companies and other Private Security Service Providers (PSCs). The marked increase in the outsourcing of vast amounts of operational and logistical work to PSCs have caused key issues around PSC oversight, regulation, and concern around civilian protection linked to environmental issues to arise. Using the Iraq (2003–11) and Afghanistan (2001–14) conflicts as examples, this chapter explores the growth of PSCs, their environmental performance, and reviews the adequacy of legal and policy frameworks that regulate PSCs to ensure the provision of adequate environmental protection as part of jus post bellum in order to contribute to sustainable peace. Areas of law explored include international humanitarian law, international human rights law, binding legislation and soft law specific to PSCs, contract litigation, corporate liability, state and non-state actor obligations in respect to PSCs, and shared responsibility.
Victims of Environmental Harm During Conflict
Authors: Lawry-White Merryl 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter considers the interaction of some of the applicable norms related to liability and reparation for environmental damage in a post-conflict setting, including human rights and humanitarian law norms (including precedents) and their interaction with each other, with a focus on the potential consequences for victims. Using displacement as a specific case study, the discussion regarding potential consequences is supported by the learning that may be drawn from precedent reparations schemes, including those implemented in a ‘transitional justice’ framework as part of an attempt to afford ‘justice’ for breaches of human rights and humanitarian law (whether related to the environment or otherwise). The chapter considers some of the potential challenges of this interaction, particularly for justice initiatives, and particularly reparations schemes, experienced in the aftermath of conflict, such as constructing a coherent post-conflict narrative, restitution (or ‘truth’), awarding reparation (including ‘restitution’), and reconciliation as part of ‘peacebuilding’.
An introduction to the hydrodynamics of locomotion on small scales
Authors: Lauga E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In these lecture notes I will briefly review the fundamental physical principles of locomotion in fluids, with a particular emphasis on the low-Reynolds number world. The notes cover the material discussed in the three hours of my two lectures at the Les Houches Summer School, and as such cannot unfortunately do justice to the richness and variety of the field. A number of outstanding and longer pieces should be consulted by the interested reader.
Capillarity with solids
Authors: Mora S. , Pomeau Y. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Capillary phenomena occurring on soft solid interfaces are discussed over this lecture. The main goal is to show how a variational approach provides a deep understanding of the static effects coming from the self-capillarity of elastic solids. After an introduction, the general framework is introduced and then various situations are discussed. In each case, the physical phenomena are first briefly introduced, a theoretical analysis is presented, and then the predictions are compared with experiments when available. This lecture is intended as an introduction rather than as a comprehensive review. Demonstrations are simplified as much as possible thanks to physically relevant assumptions (symmetric problems, two-dimensional problems, etc.). The aim is to highlight the main physical ingredients. References are included throughout the text for readers desiring a more in-depth treatment.
Instability of thin films
Authors: Damman P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We will first discuss the stability of liquid films deposited on solid surfaces with an emphasis on the nature of intermolecular forces and thermal fluctuations that conspire to generate complex morphologies. We will see how the global dewetting dynamics is driven by the solid–fluid interface and that dewetting can be a powerful tool to study the nanorheology of complex fluids, such as polymer melts in ultra thin films. In the second part, we will consider thin elastic sheets constrained by mechanical forces. The canonical example of such a system is given by a simple paper ball. We will see how the global geometry of these constraints drastically affects the final shape adopted by the sheet.
Phase separation in soft matter: the concept of dynamic asymmetry
Authors: Tanaka H. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In this article, we review the basic physics of viscoelastic phase separation including fracture phase separation. We show that with an increase in the ratio of the deformation rate of phase separation to the slowest mechanical relaxation rate the type of phase separation changes from fluid phase separation, to viscoelastic phase separation, to fracture phase separation. We point out that there is a physical analogy of this to the transition of the mechanical fracture behaviour of materials under shear from liquid-type, to ductile, to brittle fracture. This allows us to discuss phase separation and shear-induced instability of disordered materials including soft matter, on the same physical ground. Finally it should be noted that what we are going to describe in this article has not necessarily been firmly established and there still remain many open problems to be studied in the future.
Monte Carlo methods
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The estimation of integrals by Monte Carlo sampling is introduced through a simple example. The chapter then explains importance sampling, and the use of the Metropolis and Barker forms of the transition matrix defined in terms of the underlying matrix of the Markov chain. The creation of an appropriately weighted set of states in the canonical ensemble is described in detail and the method is extended to the isothermal–isobaric, grand canonical and semi-grand ensembles. The Monte Carlo simulation of molecular fluids and fluids containing flexible molecules using a reptation algorithm is discussed. The parallel tempering or replica exchange method for more efficient exploration of the phase space is introduced, and recent advances including solute tempering and convective replica exchange algorithms are described.
Some tricks of the trade
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on practical tips and tricks for improving the efficiency of computer simulation programs. This includes the effect of using truncated and shifted potentials, and the use of table look-up and neural networks for calculating potentials. Approaches for speeding up simulations, such as the Verlet neighbour list, linked-lists and multiple timestep methods are described. The chapter then proceeds to discuss the general structure of common simulation programs; in particular the choice of the starting configuration and the initial velocities of the particles. The chapter also contains details of the overall approach to organising runs, storing the data, and checking that the program is working correctly.
How to analyse the results
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, practical guidance is given on the calculation of thermodynamic, structural, and dynamical quantities from simulation trajectories. Program examples are provided to illustrate the calculation of the radial distribution function and a time correlation function using the direct and fast Fourier transform methods. There is a detailed discussion of the calculation of statistical errors through the statistical inefficiency. The estimation of the error in equilibrium averages, fluctuations and in time correlation functions is discussed. The correction of thermodynamic averages to neighbouring state points is described along with the extension and extrapolation of the radial distribution function. The calculation of transport coefficients by the integration of the time correlation function and through the Einstein relation is discussed.