bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport Supply and Demand Changes in Relation to Unemployment: Empirical Evidence from the Czech Republic in a Time of Crisis
Authors: Marada Miroslav , Květoň Viktor 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe continuing European recession underlines the urgency of the unemployment and labour force mobility issue. Therefore, the objective of this study is to scrutinise the relationship between changes in unemployment rate and transport indicators in the intercensal period 2001–2011. Both primary and secondary data are used in the analysis. Rate of car ownership and commuting data were taken from national censuses in 2001 and 2011 which surrounded the 2008 crisis. Primary data came from 1,023 interviews. The relationships among indicators are identified with the help of several statistical techniques whose results are analysed. Further, analyses have confirmed the dominant importance of passenger car ownership and car use in relation to decreased unemployment. It is particularly important in economically weaker areas with a poor access, that are endangered by social exclusions. Furthermore, it is necessary to emphasise the importance of public transport as a means of preventing social exclusion.
Hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization is more robust in healthy African American compared to Caucasian donors and is not affected by the presence of sickle cell trait
Authors: Panch Sandhya R. , Yau Yu Ying , Fitzhugh Courtney D. , Hsieh Matthew M. , Tisdale John F. , Leitman Susan F. 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUNDGranulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF)‐stimulated hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) collected by apheresis have become the predominant graft source for HPC transplantation in adults. Among healthy allogeneic donors, demographic characteristics (age, sex, body mass index [BMI]) and baseline hematologic counts affect HPC mobilization, leading to variability in CD34+ apheresis yields. Racial differences in HPC mobilization are less well characterized.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed data from 1096 consecutive G‐CSF–stimulated leukapheresis procedures in healthy allogeneic African American (AA) or Caucasian donors.RESULTSIn a multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, baseline platelet and mononuclear cell counts, and daily G‐CSF dose, peak CD34+ cell mobilization was significantly higher among AAs (n = 215) than Caucasians (n = 881; 123 ± 87 × 106 cells/L vs. 75 ± 47 × 106 cells/L; p < 0.0001). A ceiling effect was observed with increasing G‐CSF dose (10 µg/kg/day vs. 16 µg/kg/day) in AAs (123 ± 88 × 106 cells/L vs. 123 ± 87 × 106 cells/L) but not in Caucasians (74 ± 46 × 106 cells/L vs. 93 ± 53 × 106 cells/L; p < 0.001). In AA donors, the presence of sickle cell trait (SCT; n = 41) did not affect CD34+ mobilization (peak CD34+ 123 ± 91 × 106 cells/L vs. 107 ± 72 × 106 cells/L, HbAS vs. HbAA; p = 0.34). Adverse events were minimal and similar across race.CONCLUSIONSAAs demonstrated significantly better CD34 mobilization responses to G‐CSF than Caucasians. This was independent of other demographic and hematologic variables. Studying race‐associated pharmacogenomics in relation to G‐CSF may improve dosing strategies. Adverse event profile and CD34 mobilization were similar in AA donors with and without SCT. Our findings suggest that it would be safe to include healthy AA donors with SCT in unrelated donor registries.
Effect of increased agitation speed on pathogen inactivation efficacy and in vitro quality in UVC‐treated platelet concentrates
Authors: van der Meer P. F. , Gravemann U. , de Korte D. , Sumian C. , Tolksdorf F. , Müller T. H. , Seltsam A. 
Published: May 2016

Background and ObjectivesPathogen inactivation technologies require continuous development for adjustment to different blood components and products. With Theraflex UV‐Platelets, a system using shortwave ultraviolet C (UVC) light (254 nm), efficient mixing of platelet concentrates (PCs) during UVC treatment is essential to ensure homogeneous illumination of the blood components. In this study, we investigated the impact of increasing the agitation speed during UVC treatment on pathogen inactivation capacity and platelet quality.Material and MethodsThe pathogen inactivation efficacy of UVC treatment was evaluated at two agitation speeds (110 vs. 180 rpm) using four different transfusion‐relevant bacteria strains and three model viruses. Using a pool‐and‐split design, the in vitro quality of buffy coat‐derived PCs stored in SSP+ additive solution for up to 7 days was assessed in UVC‐treated PCs agitated at either 110 rpm (standard speed) or 180 rpm (increased speed) and in untreated controls.ResultsThe higher agitation speed improved bacterial inactivation but did not influence viral inactivation. Metabolic activity (glucose consumption and lactate accumulation) in UVC‐treated platelets was slightly higher than in untreated controls. Increases in parameters such as CD62P expression and annexin A5 binding indicated moderate activation of UVC‐treated platelets. Quality variables for UVC‐treated platelets agitated at standard vs. increased agitation speed were comparable.ConclusionThe mixing rate during illumination may be a process parameter for further development of UVC‐based pathogen inactivation procedures for PLT concentrates.
Effects of Aerobic Exercise Applied Early After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting on Pulmonary Function, Respiratory Muscle Strength, and Functional Capacity: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Borges Daniel L. , Silva Mayara Gabrielle , Silva Luan Nascimento , Fortes João Vyctor , Costa Erika Thalita , Assunção Rebeca Pessoa , Lima Carlos Magno , da Silva Nina Vinícius José , Bernardo-Filho Mário , Caputo Danúbia Sá 
Published: May 2016

Background:Physical activity is beneficial in several clinical situations and recommended for patients with ischemic heart disease, as well as for those undergoing cardiac surgery.Methods:In a randomized controlled trial, 34 patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. A randomized control group (n = 15) submitted to conventional physiotherapy. The intervention group (n = 19) received the same protocol plus additional aerobic exercise with cycle ergometer. Pulmonary function by spirometry, respiratory muscle strength by manovacuometry, and functional capacity through 6-minute walking test was assessed before surgery and at hospital discharge.Results:There was significant reduction in pulmonary function in both groups. In both groups, inspiratory muscle strength was maintained while expiratory muscle strength significantly decreased. Functional capacity was maintained in the intervention group (364.5 [324.5 to 428] vs. 348 [300.7 to 413.7] meters, P = .06), but it decreased significantly in control group patients (320 [288.5 to 393.0] vs. 292 [237.0 to 336.0] meters, P = .01). A significant difference in functional capacity was also found in intergroup analyses at hospital discharge (P = .03).Conclusion:Aerobic exercise applied early on coronary artery bypass grafting patients may promote maintenance of functional capacity, with no impact on pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength when compared with conventional physiotherapy.
Dual Transcriptome Profiling ofLeishmania-Infected Human Macrophages Reveals Distinct Reprogramming Signatures
Authors: Fernandes Maria Cecilia , Dillon Laura A. L. , Belew Ashton Trey , Bravo Hector Corrada , Mosser David M. , El-Sayed Najib M. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTMacrophages are mononuclear phagocytes that constitute a first line of defense against pathogens. While lethal to many microbes, they are the primary host cells ofLeishmaniaspp. parasites, the obligate intracellular pathogens that cause leishmaniasis. We conducted transcriptomic profiling of twoLeishmaniaspecies and the human macrophage over the course of intracellular infection by using high-throughput RNA sequencing to characterize the global gene expression changes and reprogramming events that underlie the interactions between the pathogen and its host. A systematic exclusion of the generic effects of large-particle phagocytosis revealed a vigorous, parasite-specific response of the human macrophage early in the infection that was greatly tempered at later time points. An analogous temporal expression pattern was observed with the parasite, suggesting that much of the reprogramming that occurs as parasites transform into intracellular forms generally stabilizes shortly after entry. Following that, the parasite establishes an intracellular niche within macrophages, with minimal communication between the parasite and the host cell later during the infection. No significant difference was observed between parasite species transcriptomes or in the transcriptional response of macrophages infected with each species. Our comparative analysis of gene expression changes that occur as mouse and human macrophages are infected byLeishmaniaspp. points toward a general signature of theLeishmania-macrophage infectome.IMPORTANCELittle is known about the transcriptional changes that occur within mammalian cells harboring intracellular pathogens. This study characterizes the gene expression signatures ofLeishmaniaspp. parasites and the coordinated response of infected human macrophages as the pathogen enters and persists within them. After accounting for the generic effects of large-particle phagocytosis, we observed a parasite-specific response of the human macrophages early in infection that was reduced at later time points. A similar expression pattern was observed in the parasites. Our analyses provide specific insights into the interplay between human macrophages andLeishmaniaparasites and constitute an important general resource for the study of how pathogens evade host defenses and modulate the functions of the cell to survive intracellularly.
Lipid Flippase Subunit Cdc50 Mediates Drug Resistance and Virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Huang Wei , Liao Guojian , Baker Gregory M. , Wang Yina , Lau Richard , Paderu Padmaja , Perlin David S. , Xue Chaoyang 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus neoformans
is a human fungal pathogen and a major cause of fungal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. Treatment options for cryptococcosis are limited. Of the two major antifungal drug classes, azoles are active against
C. neoformans
but exert a fungistatic effect, necessitating long treatment regimens and leaving open an avenue for emergence of azole resistance. Drugs of the echinocandin class, which target the glucan synthase and are fungicidal against a number of other fungal pathogens, such as
Candida
species, are ineffective against
C. neoformans
. Despite the sensitivity of the target enzyme to the drug, the reasons for the innate resistance of
C. neoformans
to echinocandins remain unknown. To understand the mechanism of echinocandin resistance in
C. neoformans
, we screened gene disruption and gene deletion libraries for mutants sensitive to the echinocandin-class drug caspofungin and identified a mutation of
CDC50
, which encodes the β-subunit of membrane lipid flippase. We found that the Cdc50 protein localized to membranes and that its absence led to plasma membrane defects and enhanced caspofungin penetration into the cell, potentially explaining the increased caspofungin sensitivity. Loss of
CDC50
also led to hypersensitivity to the azole-class drug fluconazole. Interestingly, in addition to functioning in drug resistance,
CDC50
was also essential for fungal resistance to macrophage killing and for virulence in a murine model of cryptococcosis. Furthermore, the surface of
cdc50Δ
cells contained increased levels of phosphatidylserine, which has been proposed to act as a macrophage recognition signal. Together, these results reveal a previously unappreciated role of membrane lipid flippase in
C. neoformans
drug resistance and virulence.

IMPORTANCE
Cryptococcus neoformans
is a fungal pathogen that is the most common cause of fungal meningitis, causing over 620,000 deaths annually. The treatment options for cryptococcosis are very limited. The most commonly used drugs are either fungistatic (azoles) or highly toxic (amphotericin B). Echinocandins are the newest fungicidal drug class that works well in treating candidiasis and aspergillosis, yet they are ineffective in treating cryptococcosis. In this study, we showed that the regulatory subunit of the lipid translocase (flippase), a protein that regulates the asymmetrical orientation of membrane lipids, is required for
C. neoformans
resistance to caspofungin, as well as for virulence during infection. This discovery identifies lipid flippase as a potential
C. neoformans
drug target, which plays an important role in the innate resistance of
C. neoformans
to echinocandins and in fungal virulence.
Induction of Protective Immunity to Cryptococcal Infection in Mice by a Heat-Killed, Chitosan-Deficient Strain of Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Upadhya Rajendra , Lam Woei C. , Maybruck Brian , Specht Charles A. , Levitz Stuart M. , Lodge Jennifer K. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformansis a major opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes fatal meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals and is responsible for a large proportion of AIDS-related deaths. The fungal cell wall is an essential organelle which undergoes constant modification during various stages of growth and is critical for fungal pathogenesis. One critical component of the fungal cell wall is chitin, which inC. neoformansis predominantly deacetylated to chitosan. We previously reported that three chitin deacetylase (CDA) genes have to be deleted to generate a chitosan-deficientC. neoformansstrain. Thiscda1Δ2Δ3Δstrain was avirulent in mice, as it was rapidly cleared from the lungs of infected mice. Here, we report that clearance of thecda1Δ2Δ3Δstrain was associated with sharply spiked concentrations of proinflammatory molecules that are known to be critical mediators of the orchestration of a protective Th1-type adaptive immune response. This was followed by the selective enrichment of the Th1-type T cell population in thecda1Δ2Δ3Δstrain-infected mouse lung. Importantly, this response resulted in the development of robust protective immunity to a subsequent lethal challenge with a virulent wild-typeC. neoformansstrain. Moreover, protective immunity was also induced in mice vaccinated with heat-killedcda1Δ2Δ3Δcells and was effective in multiple mouse strains. The results presented here provide a strong framework to develop thecda1Δ2Δ3Δstrain as a potential vaccine candidate forC. neoformansinfection.IMPORTANCEThe most commonly used anticryptococcal therapies include amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, and fluconazole alone or in combination. Major drawbacks of these treatment options are their limited efficacy, poor availability in limited resource areas, and potential toxicity. The development of antifungal vaccines and immune-based therapeutic interventions is promising and an attractive alternative to chemotherapeutics. Currently, there are no fungal vaccines in clinical use. This is the first report of aC. neoformansdeletion strain with an avirulent phenotype in mice exhibiting protective immunity when used as a vaccine after heat inactivation, although other strains that overexpress fungal or murine proteins have recently been shown to induce a protective response. The data presented here demonstrate the potential for developing the avirulentcda1Δ2Δ3Δstrain into a vaccine-based therapy to treatC. neoformansinfection.
Geologic and anthropogenic history of the Palouse Falls area
Authors: Pritchard Chad J. , Cebula Larry 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This one-day field trip of geologic and historical significance goes from Washtucna, Washington, through Palouse Falls State Park, Lyons Ferry State Park, and Starbuck, and ends in the Tucannon River valley. At Palouse Falls, it is readily apparent why Native Americans crafted stories about the origins of this spectacular area and why geologic debates regarding the role of Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula floods during the formation of this natural wonderland have been centered here. This field trip focuses on structural geology and the Palouse Falls fracture zone, Columbia River Basalt Group stratigraphy at the falls, and subsequent erosion by glacial outburst floods. Discussion of the falls will include human history and the formation of Palouse Falls State Park. The main stop at Palouse Falls will explore the stratigraphy of the Columbia River Basalt Group, Vantage Member, loess islands, fracture zones, and human history dating back at least 12,000 yr. Driving south through Lyons Ferry State Park and the Tucannon Valley, we will discuss topics ranging from the Palouse Indians to sheep herding and from clastic dikes to terracettes.
From land to lake
Authors: Bonnichsen Bill , Boroughs Scott , Godchaux Martha M. , Wolff John 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The western Snake River Plain (SRP) is a southeast-northwest–trending complex graben bounded on the SW by the Owyhee Front. This graben, which merges with the central SRP at its southeast end near Bruneau Canyon, is a subsidiary tectonic feature that resulted from southwest-northeast extension as the main SRP–Yellowstone hotspot trend evolved. Silicic volcanism during the late Miocene along the Owyhee Front and in the central SRP resulted in large welded-tuff and rhyolite lava flows being erupted; these are well exposed southwest of the western Snake River Plain (WSRP) and in the western Mount Bennett Hills, northeast of where the western and central SRP merge. As the WSRP graben developed, it held a large lake, into which some of the rhyolite units flowed. At various stops described in this field guide, the characteristics of rhyolite lavas versus rheomorphically deformed welded tuffs, and of subaerially deposited versus subaqueously deposited rhyolite units, are displayed. During Pliocene and Pleistocene time, basaltic volcanism partially filled the WSRP graben and developed a basalt plateau across much of the central SRP. At various stops described in this field guide, the characteristics of subaerial versus subaqueous basalt flows, and of phreatomagmatic vent complexes, are displayed. Altogether, the stops described provide a guide to the wide variety of rhyolitic and basaltic volcanism phenomena in the western SRP, Owhyee Front, western Mount Bennett Hills, and Bruneau Canyon areas.
Pre-Belt basement tour
Authors: Buddington Andrew M. , Wang Da , Doughty P. Ted 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The Cougar Gulch area near Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, is a newly recognized Paleoproterozoic to Archean basement occurrence located in the southern Priest River complex. Here, a structural culmination exposes deeper levels of the core complex infrastructure, similar to where Archean basement is exposed in the northern portion of the complex near Priest River, Idaho. At Cougar Gulch, the basement rocks are composed of a variety of granitic orthogneisses and amphibolite, which are unconformably overlain by a graphite-bearing orthoquartzite. The orthoquartzite is in turn overlain by the Hauser Lake Gneiss. The similarity of structure, metamorphic fabrics, and kinematics here and in the northern portions of the complex is consistent with the Cougar Gulch area being the southern continuation of the Spokane dome mylonite zone.
Neoarchean amphibolites (2.65 Ga) have been identified as part of the basement sequence. These amphibolites had a basaltic protolith and can be distinguished geochemically from amphibolites found within the overlying Hauser Lake Gneiss (Mesoproterozoic, Lower Belt Group equivalent), which are metamorphosed Moyie sills. The Archean amphibolites have steeper REE (rare earth element) slopes and consistently higher REE values. Protoliths of the Paleoproterozoic orthogneisses (1.87–1.86 Ga) are calc-alkaline, “I-type” monzogranites and granodiorites, which exhibit subduction-related geochemical characteristics such as high LILE:HFSE (large ion lithophile element: high field strength element) concentrations, along with characteristic depletions in Nb, Ta, P, Ti, and Eu. A second distinctive geochemical unit of orthogneiss, the Kidd Creek tonalite, exhibits TTG (tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) geochemical characteristics. The Kidd Creek tonalite has Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, along with Y and HREE (heavy rare earth element) concentrations (no Eu anomalies) similar to Precambrian TTG compositions formed in subduction settings. Detrital zircon data from the orthoquartzite unit, along with characteristic graphite and its consistent stratigraphic level support correlation to the pre-Belt Gold Cup Quartzite in the northern part of the complex.
Syphilis among middle-aged female sex workers in China: a three-site cross-sectional study
Authors: Liu Hongjie , Dumenci Levent , Morisky Donald E , Xu Yongfang , Li Xiaojing , Jiang Baofa 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesThis study addresses the lack of empirical studies about the epidemic of syphilis among middle-aged female sex workers (FSWs). The objectives of this study were to investigate prevalence of syphilis, and its potential risk factors among middle-aged FSWs in China.DesignA cross-sectional study with respondent-driven sampling (RDS).SettingA multisite study conducted at three Chinese cites (Nanning, Hefei, and Qingdao) with different levels of sexually transmitted diseases in 2014.Participants1245 middle-aged female sex workers who were over 35 years old (about 400 per study site).Main outcome measuresUnprotected commercial sex, and syphilis and HIV infection were biologically tested and measured.ResultsThe RDS-adjusted prevalence of active syphilis was 17.3% in Hefei, 9.9% in Qingdao, and 5.4% in Nanning. The RDS-adjusted prevalence of prevalent syphilis was between 6.8% and 33.6% in the three cities. The proportion of unprotected sex in the past 48 h verified by the prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) was between 27.8% and 42.4%. Multiple log-binomial regression analyses indicate that middle-aged FSWs who had 5 or more clients in the past week prior to interviews and engaged in unprotected sex were more likely to be active syphilitic cases. Middle-aged FSWs who had rural residency were less likely to be active syphilitic cases.ConclusionsIn contrast with previous studies that reported low prevalence of syphilis and high prevalence of protected sex among FSWs in China, both the prevalence of syphilis and unprotected sex were high among middle-aged FSWs. Evidence-based intervention programmes should be developed and evaluated among this vulnerable population in China and other countries with similar settings.