bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
College Socialization and the Economic Views of Affluent Americans
Authors: Mendelberg Tali , McCabe Katherine T. , Thal Adam 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAffluent Americans support more conservative economic policies than the nonaffluent, and government responds disproportionately to these views. Yet little is known about the emergence of these consequential views. We develop, test, and find support for a theory of class cultural norms: These preferences are partly traceable to socialization that occurs on predominantly affluent college campuses, especially those with norms of financial gain, and especially among socially embedded students. The economic views of the student's cohort also matter, in part independently of affluence. We use a large panel data set with a high response rate and more rigorous causal inference strategies than previous socialization studies. The affluent campus effect holds with matching, among students with limited school choice, and in a natural experiment; and it passes placebo tests. College socialization partly explains why affluent Americans support economically conservative policies.
Primary olfactory cortex in autism and epilepsy: increased glial cells in autism
Authors: Menassa David A. , Sloan Carolyn , Chance Steven A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAutism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by sensory anomalies including impaired olfactory identification. Between 5 and 46 percent of individuals with autism have a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy. Primary olfactory cortex (piriform cortex) is central to olfactory identification and is an epileptogenic structure. Cytoarchitectural changes in olfactory cortex may underlie olfactory differences seen in autism. Primary olfactory cortex was sampled from 17 post‐mortem autism cases with and without epilepsy, 11 epilepsy cases without autism and 11 typically developed cases. Stereological and neuropathological methods were used to quantify glial, pyramidal and non‐pyramidal cell densities in layers of the piriform as well as identify pathological differences in this area and its neighbouring region, the olfactory tubercle. We found increased layer II glial cell densities in autism with and without epilepsy, which were negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with levels of corpora amylacea in layer I. These changes were also associated with greater symptom severity and did not extend to the olfactory tubercle. Glial cell organization may follow an altered trajectory of development with age in autism. The findings are consistent with other studies implicating increased glial cells in the autism brain. Altered cytoarchitecture may contribute to sensory deficits observed in affected individuals. This study provides evidence that autism is linked to alterations in the cytoarchitectural structure that underlies primary sensory processes and is not restricted to heteromodal (“higher”) cognitive centers.
Hibiscus sabdariffa increases hydroxocobalamin oral bioavailability and clinical efficacy in vitamin B12 deficiency with neurological symptoms
Authors: Souirti Zouhayr , Loukili Mouna , Soudy Imar D. , Rtibi Kaies , Özel Aslihan , Limas‐Nzouzi Nicolas , El Ouezzani Seloua , Eto Bruno 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the bioavailability and clinical benefits of oral new formulation (HB12) of hydroxocobalamin (Hdrx) with Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS). First, in an observational study, a cohort of 30 vitamin B12‐deficient patients (vit B12 < 200 pg/mL) with neurological symptoms received oral fixed dose of Hdrx containing 15 mg Hdrx daily for 10 days followed by 15 mg monthly. Clinical benefits were evaluated on haematological and biochemical parameters, and neurological improvement at days 10 and 90 compared to day 0. To understand the mechanism, intestinal mucosa from mice were mounted in vitro in Ussing chambers to measure Hdrx Fluxes. In the clinical study, serum vitamin B12 level increased from 55.1 ± 36.9 to 1330 ± 335.5 pg/mL at day 10 and 431.0 ± 24.27 pg/mL at day 90, without overt adverse effects. In mice ileum, (i) intestinal bioavailability of Hdrx increased in dose‐dependent manner with HB12. The apparent permeability of Hdrx was Papp = 34.9 ± 4.6 × 10−6 cm/s in the presence of 3 mg/mL (HB12B) compared to the control Papp = 6.2 ± 0.7 × 10−6 cm/s. (ii) Total transepithelial electrical conductance (Gt) increased in dose‐dependent manner with HB12, Gt = 161.5 ± 10.8 mS/cm² with HB12B (Hdrx 1 mg + HS 3 mg) compared to the control Hdrx, Gt = 28.7 ± 4.0 mS/cm². In conclusion, the clinical study suggests that injections are not required when Hdrx is given orally. Intestinal bioavailability of Hdrx increased in vitro when it was used concomitantly with HS.
Immunoglobulin a nephropathy: Pathological markers of renal survival in paediatric patients
Authors: Fabiano Rafaela Cabral Gonçalves , Pinheiro Sérgio Veloso Brant , de Almeida Araújo Stanley , Simões e Silva Ana Cristina 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIgA nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the leading causes of glomerulonephritis characterized by the findings of IgA and IgG immune deposits in the mesangium of kidney biopsies from patients with persistent microscopic haematuria. IgAN is frequently detected among adolescents and young adults. IgAN presents a highly variable course that includes a spectrum from a very mild disease to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). There are several clinical and histological factors that strongly determined the final outcome of patients with IgAN. Pathological variables associated with unfavorable outcomes are mesangial hypercellularity, segmental glomerulosclerosis, endocapillary hypercellularity and interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy, according to the Oxford classification. Moreover, some studies also suggest a role for complement activation in the pathogenesis of IgAN. In this regard, staining for C4d may be an independent risk factor for the development of ESRD in IgAN. Despite the growing number of studies assessing IgAN risk factors, this kind of investigation in paediatric patients is still very limited. The aim of this article is to revise pathological markers related to deterioration of renal function in paediatric patients with IgAN, particularly those that can independently affect renal survival.
Effect of estradiol cypionate and GnRH treatment on plasma estradiol‐17β concentrations, synchronization of ovulation and on pregnancy rates in suckled beef cows treated with FTAI‐based protocols
Authors: Uslenghi G , Vater A , Rodríguez Aguilar S , Cabodevila J , Callejas S 
Published: July 2016

ContentsTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different ovulation inducers on E‐17β plasma concentrations, synchronized ovulations and pregnancy rates. In Experiment 1, cows received a progesterone intravaginal device (PID) with 1 g of progesterone (P4) plus 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) (day 0). At PID removal (day 8), cows received 0.150 mg of D‐cloprostenol and were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 10/treatment): Group ECP: 1 mg of estradiol cypionate at PID removal, Group EB: 1 mg of EB 24 hr after PID removal, Group GnRH: 10 μg of GnRH 48 hr after PID removal, Group ECP‐GnRH: 1 mg of ECP at PID removal plus 10 μg of GnRH 48 hr later. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed to detect the dominant follicle and ovulation. GnRH‐treated cows ovulated later (p < .05) compared to ECP‐ and ECP+GnRH‐treated cows. There were effects of treatment, time and their interaction on E‐17β concentrations (p < .05). ECP treatment affected plasma E‐17β concentration, which increased earlier and decreased later compared to treatments without ECP. In Experiment 2, cows received (i) ECP: n = 126; (ii) EB: n = 126; (iii) GnRH: n = 136; (iv) ECP+GnRH: n = 139; FTAI was performed 48–50 hr after PID removal. Pregnancy rates did not differ among ovulation inducers (p > .05; ECP: 54.0%, 68/126; EB: 49.2%, 62/126; GnRH: 40.4%, 55/136; ECP+GnRH: 43.9%, 61/139). In conclusion, ECP administration (ECP and ECP+GnRH treatments) affected E‐17β concentrations, determining its earlier increase and later decrease compared to treatments without ECP (EB and GnRH treatments). ECP+GnRH‐treated cows achieved the best distribution of ovulations without affecting pregnancy rates.
Safety of Recombinant Fusion Protein ESAT6-CFP10 as a Skin Test Reagent for Tuberculosis Diagnosis: an Open-Label, Randomized, Single-Center Phase I Clinical Trial
Authors: Li Feng , Xu Miao , Zhou Lijun , Xiong Yanqing , Xia Lu , Fan Xiaoyong , Gu Jun , Pu Jiang , Lu Shuihua , Wang Guozhi 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

This trial was conducted to explore the safety of recombinant fusion protein ESAT6-CFP10 as a skin test reagent for the diagnosis of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection. Twenty-four healthy adult volunteers were recruited and randomized into four groups (groups A to D) to study four increasing doses of ESAT6-CFP10. All subjects in each dose group received an intradermal injection of reagent (0.1 ml) via the Mantoux technique. Then, the vital signs of all subjects were monitored, and skin reactions around injection sites and adverse events were recorded at different detection time points after the skin test. No serious adverse events were observed in this study. A total of 3 subjects had unexpected events. One subject in group A developed subcutaneous hemorrhage 24 h after the skin test, one subject in group B was found with red spots 15 min after the skin test, and another subject in group A showed abnormity during a chest X-ray after the skin test without affecting her health. One of three adverse events (red spots) was probably related to the recombinant ESAT6-CFP10 reagent. A single dose of 1, 5, 10, or 20 μg/ml of recombinant ESAT6-CFP10 as a skin test reagent for
M. tuberculosis
infection diagnosis is well tolerated and safe in China. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01999231.)
A request for euthanasia: handling the client
Authors: Knight Andrew 
Published: July 2016

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved.In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘A request for euthanasia: handling the client’, was submitted and is discussed by Andrew Knight. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Using the evidence’, which was published in the June issue of In Practice, appears on page 359.The series is being coordinated by Steven McCulloch, a practising vet with a PhD in the ethics of veterinary policy. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practitioners find solutions when facing similar dilemmas
Update on management of epilepsy in women for the non-neurologist
Authors: Gooneratne Inuka Kishara , Wimalaratna Sunil 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEpilepsy is a common neurological disorder, prevalent in about 1% of the population. Almost half of the patients with epilepsy are women. Epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs can affect each aspect of the female human life cycle which includes menstrual cycle, contraception, fertility, conception, pregnancy and menopause. The interplay of the female hormonal state and epilepsy is complex and has to be taken in to consideration when managing their epilepsy. This review focuses on the management of women with epilepsy related to their role in reproduction.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in cardiac surgery and critically ill patients
Authors: Selleng Sixten , Selleng Kathleen 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThrombocytopenia as well as anti-platelet factor 4/heparin (PF4/H) antibodies are common in cardiac surgery patients and those treated in the intensive care unit. In contrast, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is uncommon in these populations (∼1 % and ∼0.5 %, respectively). A stepwise approach where testing for anti-PF4/H antibodies is performed only in patients with typical clinical symptoms of HIT improves diagnostic specificity of the laboratory assays without losing sensitivity, thereby helping to avoid overdiagnosis and resulting HIT overtreatment. Short-term re-exposure to heparin, especially given intraoperatively for cardiovascular surgery, is a reasonable therapeutic option in patients with a history of HIT who subsequently test negative for HIT antibodies. Organ failure(s), enhanced bleeding risks, and other characteristics require special considerations regarding non-heparin anticoagulation: Argatroban is the alternative anticoagulant with pharmacokinetics independent of renal function, but it has a prolonged half-life in case of impaired liver function. For bivalirudin, protocols during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery are established, and it is suitable for patients with liver insufficiency. A major issue of direct thrombin inhibitors are false high activated partial thromboplastin time values in patients with comorbidities affecting prothrombin, which can result in systematic underdosing of the drugs. This is not the case for danaparoid and fondaparinux, which can be monitored by anti-factor Xa assays, but have long half-lives and no suitable antidote. This review includes also information on management of on- and off-pump cardiac surgery, ventricular assist devices, percutaneous interventions, continuous renal replacement therapy, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with HIT.
Redescription of Bursaphelenchus parapinasteri (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Pinus thunbergii in China with a key to the hofmanni-group
Authors: Maria Munawar , Fang Yiwu , Gu Jianfeng , Li Hongmei 
Published: July 2016

Bursaphelenchus parapinasteriis redescribed morphologically and with new molecular characterisation. It was isolated from a deadPinus thunbergiion Changgang Mountain, Zhoushan Islands, Zhejiang Province, China. Detailed morphology of the spicule, female gonad, hemizonid position, arrangement of male caudal papillae, and female tail terminus shape are documented. The ITS-RFLP patterns and the ITS1/2, partial 28S D2-D3 and partial 18S gene sequences were characterised. The phylogenetic analyses revealed thatB. parapinasteribelongs to thehofmanni-groupsensuBraasch and is close toB. anamurius,B. hofmanni,B. mazandaranense,B. paracorneolus,B. pinasteriandB. ulmophilus. A diagnostic key to species of thehofmanni-group is presented.
Effect of Surfactant on CO2 Adsorption of APS-Grafted Silica Gel by One-Pot Process
Authors: Lee Chang Hun , Jung Hyunchul , Jo Dong Hyun , Jeon Sunbin , Kim Sung Hyun 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
(3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APS)-silica gels were prepared by a one-pot process using sodium silicate as a low-cost source of silica. XRD and SEM analyses revealed that the APS-silica gels were particles with diameters of around 100–200 nm. Furthermore, the introduction of amine groups was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and CO2 uptake measurements. The adsorption properties of the gels were improved by addition of the surfactants hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Pluronic F127, and Pluronic P123, which acted as pore forming agents. Using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses, we confirmed that both the surface area and pore volume were improved on addition of these surfactants. The larger surface area resulted in a greater number of amine groups being exposed on the outer surface of the APS-silica gels; therefore, CO2 uptake increased as the amount of surfactant used was increased. The APS-silica gels with F127 and P123 had pores from the porous particles with 5–11 nm diameters and gaps between particles, while the APS-silica gel with CTAB only had smaller pores from gaps between silica particles. These pore distribution differences resulted from the differences in the lengths of the surfactant hydrophobic chains, and the differences in pore sizes affected the CO2 uptake rates of the APS-silica gels. By comparison of the pore and CO2 uptake properties, we confirmed that P123 was a suitable surfactant for the preparation of APS-silica gel by a one-pot process using sodium silicate as the silica source.
Restive Peace: Body Bags, Casket Flags, and the Pathologization of Dissent
Authors: Saas William O. , Hall Rachel 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The U.S. news media’s heavy circulation of images of dead soldiers returning home from Vietnam in “body bags” is frequently offered as an explanation for the state of popular political disaffection with war commonly called “Vietnam Syndrome.” We argue that the rhetoric of Vietnam Syndrome misdiagnoses dissent against war as a photo-pathogenic affective disorder, a visually transmitted disease of the popular political mind. In their respective attempts to stave off the syndrome, Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush enacted visual quarantines of deceased U.S. soldiers—first in 1991 and again in 2003. Our analysis suggests that President Obama’s lifting of the ban in 2009 represented not only a more precise grasp of U.S. war history but also a cynical recognition of the limited need for popular assent in executing the war on terror.
Simultaneous analysis of polar and non-polar components of cell membrane phospholipids by GC-MS
Authors: Bierhanzl Václav M. , Bursová Miroslava , Ston Martin , Čabala Radomír , Seydlová Gabriela 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA rapid and selective GC-MS method was optimised for the simultaneous analysis of fatty acids, phosphoethanolamine, phosphoglycerol and phosphoserine, which comprise the polar headgroups of phospholipids. Enzymatic hydrolysis was used for sample preparation to selectively release fatty acids and prevent cleavage of the phosphoester bonds of the polar headgroups. A two-step consecutive derivatisation of the fatty acids and polar headgroups was applied to enable the simultaneous analysis of the selected analytes. The method was tested on samples of cell membrane phospholipids of
Analytical method for space-fractional telegraph equation by homotopy perturbation transform method
Authors: Prakash Amit 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe object of the present article is to study spacefractional telegraph equation by fractional Homotopy perturbation transform method (FHPTM). The homotopy perturbation transform method is an innovative adjustment in Laplace transform algorithm. Three test examples are presented to show the efficiency of the proposed technique.
Anti-Graffiti Properties of Polyurethane Powder Coatings
Authors: Rossi S. , Fedel M. , Deflorian F. , Feriotti A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Graffiti in street furniture and architectural facades is an increasingly important issue. For metallic structures, anti-graffiti coatings have to guarantee excellent corrosion protection, as well as have an easy-to-remove capability. In addition, color and gloss should not be changed because of natural weathering. In this work, two anti-graffiti polyurethane powder coatings applied were studied. In particular, these layers were deposited on aluminum substrate used in architectural application. Two different surface finishes, smooth and wrinkled, were considered. The efficiency of four different removers was investigated. For this purpose graffiti were drawn on the coatings by means of blue felt-tip marker and a red acrylic spray paint. Gloss and color changes were collected. Methyl–ethyl–ketone and a remover, based on aliphatic and aromatic compounds, resulted in the most effective means, producing a limited change in the appearance. On the contrary, the wrinkled surface result was less resistant. To simulate the weathering effect, UV-B cyclic tests and the Taber abrasion test were carried out.
Effective Modulus for Crack Size Measurement With SE(T) Specimens using Unloading Compliance
Authors: Tyson W. R. , Ruggieri C. , Zhou W. , Wang E. , Wang X. , Ding P. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Low-constraint toughness tests have been increasingly used in pipeline flaw assessment. A number of protocols have been published using a test employing a clamped single-edge tension (SE(T)) specimen with the distance between the clamps H equal to ten times the specimen width W, and specimen width W equal to thickness B. For this geometry, the constraint over the bulk of the specimen varies between plane stress and plane strain. This affects the elastic compliance, commonly used to estimate crack size. It was the intent of the present work to assess the effects of constraint on the compliance and to identify the best combination of compliance equation and modulus to estimate crack size from CMOD compliance where CMOD is the crack mouth opening displacement. To do this, values of compliance from finite element analyses were provided by the authors of this paper from three separate laboratories. 2D plane strain, 3D plane-sided, and 3D side-grooved specimens were analyzed. The data were used to assess available compliance equations and to propose a new one for the specific geometry of interest in this work.
Comparative Estimates of Uncertainty in Measurements of Fracture Toughness
Authors: Paruchuru S. P. , Kumar V. U. , Jain A. , Dong X. N. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Measurement of a stress intensity factor using a compact sandwich specimen involves other material properties such as elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratios of interlayer and holder materials, and therefore it affects uncertainty. No attempt was made in the past to quantify the uncertainty due to the systematic effects involved in the measurement a of stress intensity factor (K) using a compact sandwich specimen and energy release rate (G) by the elastic compliance technique. Analysis of Type-B uncertainty gave comparative estimates of uncertainties in (1) Mode I stress intensity factor obtained from CT test, CS test, and CS test of negligible interlayer thickness (h→0), (2) Mode I energy release rate using elastic compliance (EC) technique, and (3) Indirect stress intensity factor obtained using the relation with energy release rate. Using a set of nominal values of cadaver bone tests of a specimen-size bovine femur and a set of instrument/sensor errors and specimen dimension tolerances, without the consideration of a series of experimental/statistical data, gave estimates of type B uncertainty. The analysis additionally gave percentage contributions of (1) relevant sources of uncertainty namely, caliper, tolerance of specimen dimensions, load cell and displacement sensor, and (2) individual parameters like load, specimen dimensions, and material constants included in the formulae, towards the uncertainty in fracture toughness measures. This study provided an understanding of the role of sensor, instrument, and specimen fabricating machine errors on the tests considered. Proportional variation in uncertainty of different measures of fracture toughness was verified for different sizes of specimens. This study showed that the selection of instruments/sensors of viable error levels would scale down the uncertainty of fracture toughness measures obtained by the CS test, and brought it very close to that of the CT test of the same specimen size, with a difference of less than 0.05 %.