bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interferon Alpha Subtype-Specific Suppression of HIV-1 InfectionIn Vivo
Authors: Lavender Kerry J. , Gibbert Kathrin , Peterson Karin E. , Van Dis Erik , Francois Sandra , Woods Tyson , Messer Ronald J. , Gawanbacht Ali , Müller Janis A. , Münch Jan , Phillips Katie , Race Brent , Harper Michael S. , Guo Kejun , Lee Eric J. , Trilling Mirko , Hengel Hartmut , Piehler Jacob , Verheyen Jens , Wilson Cara C. , Santiago Mario L. , Hasenkrug Kim J. , Dittmer Ulf 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTAlthough all 12 subtypes of human interferon alpha (IFN-α) bind the same receptor, recent results have demonstrated that they elicit unique host responses and display distinct efficacies in the control of different viral infections. The IFN-α2 subtype is currently in HIV-1 clinical trials, but it has not consistently reduced viral loads in HIV-1 patients and is not the most effective subtype against HIV-1in vitro. We now demonstrate in humanized mice that, when delivered at the same high clinical dose, the human IFN-α14 subtype has very potent anti-HIV-1 activity whereas IFN-α2 does not. In both postexposure prophylaxis and treatment of acute infections, IFN-α14, but not IFN-α2, significantly suppressed HIV-1 replication and proviral loads. Furthermore, HIV-1-induced immune hyperactivation, which is a prognosticator of disease progression, was reduced by IFN-α14 but not IFN-α2. Whereas ineffective IFN-α2 therapy was associated with CD8+T cell activation, successful IFN-α14 therapy was associated with increased intrinsic and innate immunity, including significantly higher induction of tetherin and MX2, increased APOBEC3G signature mutations in HIV-1 proviral DNA, and higher frequencies of TRAIL+NK cells. These results identify IFN-α14 as a potent new therapeutic that operates via mechanisms distinct from those of antiretroviral drugs. The ability of IFN-α14 to reduce both viremia and proviral loadsin vivosuggests that it has strong potential as a component of a cure strategy for HIV-1 infections. The broad implication of these results is that the antiviral efficacy of each individual IFN-α subtype should be evaluated against the specific virus being treated.IMPORTANCEThe naturally occurring antiviral protein IFN-α2 is used to treat hepatitis viruses but has proven rather ineffective against HIV in comparison to triple therapy with the antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Although ARVs suppress the replication of HIV, they fail to completely clear infections. Since IFN-α acts by different mechanism than ARVs and has been shown to reduce HIV proviral loads, clinical trials are under way to test whether IFN-α2 combined with ARVs might eradicate HIV-1 infections. IFN-α is actually a family of 12 distinct proteins, and each IFN-α subtype has different efficacies toward different viruses. Here, we use mice that contain a human immune system, so they can be infected with HIV. With this model, we demonstrate that while IFN-α2 is only weakly effective against HIV, IFN-α14 is extremely potent. This discovery identifies IFN-α14 as a more powerful IFN-α subtype for use in combination therapy trials aimed toward an HIV cure.
Sports injury and illness epidemiology during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games: United States Olympic Team Surveillance
Authors: Nabhan Dustin , Walden Taylor , Street Jenna , Linden Heather , Moreau Bill 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundTo describe injury and illness incidence from the US Youth Olympic Team during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games (YOG).MethodsElectronic health records of Team USA athletes registered for the YOG were reviewed for patient encounters during the 2014 YOG. Medical encounters were defined as all medical services provided by a healthcare provider including evaluation, treatment and prophylactic services. All medical conditions were categorised by IOC Injury and Illness reporting criteria.ResultsTeam USA was comprised of 48 male and 46 female athletes, aged of 14–18 years, representing 20 sports. There were 346 total medical encounters among 54 of the 94 registered athletes for a rate of 3.7 medical encounters per athlete. A total of 40 injuries were recorded (14 time loss injuries, 26 non-time loss) and 20 illnesses. This equates to 43% of athletes sustaining an injury, and 21% sustaining an illness, with a frequency of 426 injuries and 213 illnesses per 1000 registered athletes. The most commonly involved body regions for time loss injuries were the knee (21%) and ankle (12%). Time loss injuries most frequently occurred in competition (71%) and the most common type of injury was a ligament sprain (43%). The most common illnesses were respiratory (35%) and dermatological conditions (30%).ConclusionsThe rates of injury, illness and medical encounters per athlete were greater than in previous reports of medical service provisions at youth Olympic-level sporting events.
Additional follow-up telephone counselling and initial smoking relapse: a longitudinal, controlled study
Authors: Wu Lei , He Yao , Jiang Bin , Zuo Fang , Liu Qinghui , Zhang Li , Zhou Changxi 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesSmoking cessation services can help smokers to quit; however, many smoking relapse cases occur over time. Initial relapse prevention should play an important role in achieving the goal of long-term smoking cessation. Several studies have focused on the effect of extended telephone support in relapse prevention, but the conclusions remain conflicting.Design and settingFrom October 2008 to August 2013, a longitudinal, controlled study was performed in a large general hospital of Beijing.ParticipantsThe smokers who sought treatment at our smoking cessation clinic were non-randomised and divided into 2 groups: face-to-face individual counselling group (FC group), and face-to-face individual counselling plus telephone follow-up counselling group (FCF group). No pharmacotherapy was offered.OutcomesThe timing of initial smoking relapse was compared between FC and FCF groups. Predictors of initial relapse were investigated during the first 180 days, using the Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsOf 547 eligible male smokers who volunteered to participate, 457 participants (117 in FC group and 340 in FCF group) achieved at least 24 h abstinence. The majority of the lapse episodes occurred during the first 2 weeks after the quit date. Smokers who did not receive the follow-up telephone counselling (FC group) tended to relapse to smoking earlier than those smokers who received the additional follow-up telephone counselling (FCF group), and the log-rank test was statistically significant (p=0.003). A Cox regression model showed that, in the FCF group, being married, and having a lower Fagerström test score, normal body mass index and doctor-diagnosed tobacco-related chronic diseases, were significantly independent protective predictors of smoking relapse.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that additional follow-up telephone counselling might be an effective strategy in preventing relapse. Further research is still needed to confirm our findings.
The patient who ‘must not be told’: demographic factors associated with collusion in a retrospective study in South India
Authors: Jeba Jenifer , Jacob Annie , Kandasamy Ramu , George Reena 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundPatients with cancer need adequate information about diagnosis, treatment options, and possible outcomes and prognosis to make therapeutic decisions. In cultures where the family plays the dominant role in healthcare decisions, doctors are often requested to collude in withholding distressing information from the patient. This challenging situation has not been well studied and there is limited knowledge on the different factors that may contribute to collusion.ObjectiveTo study the prevalence of collusion among adult cancer patients attending a palliative care outpatient clinic and the contributing factors.MethodsThe healthcare records of 306 adult cancer patients who had visited the palliative care outpatient clinic at least three times with follow-up until death were retrospectively reviewed. Details on information shared and why it was not shared were retrieved from the documentation in the communication sheet in the patient chart. The prevalence, sociodemographic and clinical factors that could contribute to collusion in doctor–patient communication were studied.ResultsCollusion was present in 40% of cases at the time of referral to the palliative care outpatient clinic (collusion regarding diagnosis in 18%; collusion regarding prognosis in 40%). Collusion was later addressed in 35%. Collusion was significantly higher among female patients (p=0.005), manual workers (p=0.035), those not accompanied by a spouse (p=0.000) and with no oncological treatment (p=0.001).ConclusionsCollusion regarding diagnosis or prognosis is common among cancer patients referred for palliative care. It was more prevalent among female patients, manual workers, patients who had not received oncological treatment, and patients not accompanied by a spouse.
Smoking status and subjective well-being
Authors: Weinhold Diana , Chaloupka Frank J 
Published: April 2016

Background/aimsA debate is currently underway about the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) methods for evaluating antitobacco regulation. In particular, the US government requires a cost-benefit analysis for significant new regulations, which has led the FDA to consider potential lost subjective well-being (SWB) of ex-smokers as a cost of any proposed antitobacco policy. This practice, which significantly limits regulatory capacity, is premised on the assumption that there is in fact a loss in SWB among ex-smokers.MethodsWe analyse the relationship between SWB and smoking status using a longitudinal internet survey of over 5000 Dutch adults across 5 years. We control for socioeconomic, demographic and health characteristics, and in a contribution to the literature, we additionally control for two potential confounding personality characteristics, habitual use of external substances and sensitivity to stress. In another contribution, we estimate panel fixed effects models that additionally control for unobservable time-invariant characteristics.ResultsWe find strong suggestive evidence that ex-smokers do not suffer a net loss in SWB. We also find no evidence that the change in SWB of those who quit smoking under stricter tobacco control policies is different from those who quit under a more relaxed regulatory environment. Furthermore, our cross-sectional estimates suggest that the increase in SWB from quitting smoking is statistically significant and also of a meaningful magnitude.ConclusionsIn sum, we find no empirical support for the proposition that ex-smokers suffer lower net SWB compared to when they were smoking.
First principle study of a new half-metallic ferrimagnetic full-Heusler alloy Ti2VPb
Authors: Hamri Bouabdallah , Hamri Abdelkrim , Hamri Aida , Hallouche Abbes , Abbar Boucif 
Published: April 2016

In this paper, we performed an ab initio calculation of the different properties of the full-Heusler alloy Ti2VPb which is reported for the first time using the WIEN2k implementation of the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FPLAPW) scheme. In order to study this compound for magneto-electronic applications we used the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) approximation for its mechanical properties but the MBJ-GGA to better investigate the electronic properties. Our results show that the Ti2VPb compound exhibits half-metallicity at its equilibrium lattice 6.548 Å but a metallic character would occur with an expansion of its lattice parameters to 6.85 Å.
The Ribonucleic Complex HuR-MALAT1 Represses CD133 Expression and Suppresses Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer
Authors: Latorre Elisa , Carelli Stephana , Raimondi Ivan , D'Agostino Vito , Castiglioni Ilaria , Zucal Chiara , Moro Giacomina , Luciani Andrea , Ghilardi Giorgio , Monti Eleonora , Inga Alberto , Di Giulio Anna Maria , Gorio Alfredo , Provenzani Alessandro 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a core process underlying cell movement during embryonic development and morphogenesis. Cancer cells hijack this developmental program to execute a multi-step cascade, leading to tumorigenesis and metastasis. CD133 (PROM1), a marker of cancer stem cells, has been shown to facilitate EMT in various cancers, but the regulatory networks controlling CD133 gene expression and function in cancer remain incompletely delineated. In this study, we show that a ribonucleoprotein complex including the long noncoding RNA MALAT1 and the RNA-binding protein HuR (ELAVL1) binds the CD133 promoter region to regulate its expression. In luminal nonmetastatic MCF-7 breast cancer cells, HuR silencing was sufficient to upregulate N-cadherin (CDH2) and CD133 along with a migratory and mesenchymal-like phenotype. Furthermore, we found that in the basal-like metastatic cell line MDA-MB-231 and primary triple-negative breast cancer tumor cells, the repressor complex was absent from the CD133-regulatory region, but was present in the MCF-7 and primary ER+ tumor cells. The absence of the complex from basal-like cells was attributed to diminished expression of MALAT1, which, when overexpressed, dampened CD133 levels. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the failure of a repressive complex to form or stabilize in breast cancer promotes CD133 upregulation and an EMT-like program, providing new mechanistic insights underlying the control of prometastatic processes. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2626–36. ©2016 AACR.
Cardiovascular events occur independently of high on-aspirin platelet reactivity and residual COX-1 activity in stable cardiovascular patients
Authors: Nagatsuka Kazuyuki , Miyata Shigeki , Kada Akiko , Kawamura Atsushi , Nakagawara Jyoji , Furui Eisuke , Takiuchi Shin , Taomoto Katsushi , Kario Kazuomi , Uchiyama Shinichiro , Saito Kozue , Nagao Takehiko , Kitagawa Kazuo , Hosomi Naohisa , Tanaka Keiji , Kaikita Koichi , Katayama Yasuo , Abumiya Takeo , Nakane Hiroshi , Wada Hideo , Hattori Akira , Kimura Kazumi , Isshiki Takaaki , Nishikawa Masakatsu , Yamawaki Takemori , Yonemoto Naohiro , Okada Hiromi , Ogawa Hisao , Minematsu Kazuo , Miyata Toshiyuki 
Published: April 2016

SummarySeveral studies have indicated that approximately 25% of patients treated with aspirin exhibit high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR), which is potentially associated with cardiovascular events (CVEs). However, this association is still controversial, since the mechanisms by which HTPR contributes to CVEs remain unclear and a no standardised definition of HTPR has been established. To determine whether HTPR is associated with CVE recurrence and what type of assay would best predict CVE recurrence, we conducted a multicentre prospective cohort study of 592 stable cardiovascular outpatients treated with aspirin monotherapy for secondary prevention. Their HTPR was determined by arachidonic acid- or collagen-induced aggregation assays using two different agonist concentrations. Residual cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 activity was assessed by measuring serum thromboxane (TX)B2 or urinary 11-dehydro TXB2. Shear-induced platelet thrombus formation was also examined. We followed all patients for two years to evaluate how these seven indexes were related to the recurrence of CVEs (cerebral infarction, transient ischaemic attack, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, revascularisation, other arterial thrombosis, or cardiovascular death). Of 583 patients eligible for the analysis, CVEs occurred in 69 (11.8%). A Cox regression model identified several classical risk factors associated with CVEs. However, neither HTPR nor high residual COX-1 activity was significantly associated with CVEs, even by applying cut-off values suggested in previous reports or a receiver-operating characteristic analysis. In conclusion, recurrence of CVEs occurred independently of HTPR and residual COX-1 activity. Thus, our findings do not support the use of platelet or COX-1 functional testing for predicting clinical outcomes in stable cardiovascular patients.Supplementary Material to this article is available at www.thrombosis-online.com.
Availability of Clinical Trial Data From Industry‐Sponsored Cardiovascular Trials
Authors: Murugiah Karthik , Ritchie Jessica D. , Desai Nihar R. , Ross Joseph S. , Krumholz Harlan M. 
Published: April 2016

Background
Industry‐sponsored clinical trials produce high‐quality data sets that can be used by researchers to generate new knowledge. We assessed the availability of individual participant‐level data (IPD) from large cardiovascular trials conducted by major pharmaceutical companies and compiled a list of available trials.

Methods and Results
We identified all randomized cardiovascular interventional trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with >5000 enrollment, sponsored by 1 of the top 20 pharmaceutical companies by 2014 global sales. Availability of IPD for each trial was ascertained by searching each company's website/data‐sharing portal. If availability could not be determined, each company was contacted electronically. Of 60 included trials, IPD are available for 15 trials (25%) consisting of 204 452 patients. IPD are unavailable for 15 trials (25%). Reasons for unavailability were: cosponsor did not agree to make IPD available (4 trials) and trials were not conducted within a specific time (5 trials); for the remaining 6 trials, no specific reason was provided. For 30 trials (50%), availability of IPD could not be definitively determined either because of no response or requirements for a full proposal (23 trials).

Conclusions
IPD from 1 in 4 large cardiovascular trials conducted by major pharmaceutical companies are confirmed available to researchers for secondary research, a valuable opportunity to enhance science. However, IPD from 1 in 4 trials are not available, and data availability could not be definitively determined for half of our sample. For several of these trials, companies require a full proposal to determine availability, making use of the IPD by researchers less certain.
Observations of Large Wind Shear above the Marine Boundary Layer near Point Buchon, California
Authors: Rahn David A. , Parish Thomas R. , Leon David 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Particularly strong winds along the coast of Southern California on 24 May 2012 were measured by the Wyoming King Air research aircraft during the Precision Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer Experiment (PreAMBLE). The fast flow is bounded laterally by the coastal topography and vertically by a pronounced temperature inversion separating the cool, moist air in the marine boundary layer (MBL) from the warm, dry air aloft. Many studies have investigated the response of this two-layer flow to changes in the coastline by invoking hydraulic theory, which explains the essential characteristics including changes in MBL depth and the attendant wind. Processes occurring just above the MBL are important to the low-level thermodynamic and kinematic structure. Observations on this day demonstrate how the large shear above the MBL can impact the lower atmosphere. A typical two-layer system was observed north of Point Buchon, which was supercritical. Around Point Buchon, the depth of the MBL decreased and wind increased, characteristic of an expansion fan. As a result, the Richardson number becomes reduced and favors shear instability that breaks down into turbulence. Observations indicate that a secondary well-mixed layer develops above the MBL that is bounded by narrow layers of high stability separating the secondary layer from the MBL below and the free troposphere above. It is hypothesized that the secondary layer develops as a result of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, although more targeted observations are needed to confirm or reject that hypothesis.
A Geometric Interpretation of Eddy Reynolds Stresses in Barotropic Ocean Jets
Authors: Tamarin Talia , Maddison James R. , Heifetz Eyal , Marshall David P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBarotropic eddy fluxes are analyzed through a geometric decomposition of the eddy stress tensor. Specifically, the geometry of the eddy variance ellipse, a two-dimensional visualization of the stress tensor describing the mean eddy shape and tilt, is used to elucidate eddy propagation and eddy feedback on the mean flow. Linear shear and jet profiles are analyzed and theoretical results are compared against fully nonlinear simulations. For flows with zero planetary vorticity gradient, analytic solutions for the eddy ellipse tilt and anisotropy are obtained that provide a direct relationship between the eddy tilt and the phase difference of a normal-mode solution. This allows a straightforward interpretation of the eddy–mean flow interaction in terms of classical stability theory: the initially unstable jet gives rise to eddies that are tilted “against the shear” and extract energy from the mean flow; once the jet stabilizes, eddies become tilted “with the shear” and return their energy to the mean flow. For a nonzero planetary vorticity gradient, ray-tracing theory is used to predict ellipse geometry and its impact on eddy propagation within a jet. An analytic solution for the eddy tilt is found for a Rossby wave on a constant background shear. The ray-tracing results broadly agree with the eddy tilt diagnosed from a fully nonlinear simulation.
Experimental Studies on the Role of Vitamin a in the Inner Ear
Authors: Chole Richard A. 
Published: April 2016

With the sole exception of the hair cells of the inner ear, where information is lacking, all special somatic afferent receptor cells have been shown to be dependent upon vitamin A for normal function. In view of the paucity of information on the role of vitamin A in the inner ear, three experiments were performed to examine this relationship.Temporal bone histopathology was studied in rats deprived of vitamin A. In a second experiment, vitamin A‐deficient rats were maintained with vitamin A acid and the histopathology was studied under the light microscope. In the third experiment, a microfluorometric estimate of the content of vitamin A in the guinea pig cochlea was performed. A fluorescent compound with the exact spectral characteristics of vitamin A was found in the guinea pig cochlea at a concentration of 21.2μg/gm, which is ten times the vitamin A concentration found in most other tissues.
Fibronectin‐laminin combination enhances peripheral nerve regeneration across long gaps
Authors: Woolley Audie L. , Hollowell James P. , Rich Keith M. 
Published: April 2016

An exogenous fibronectin‐laminin (FN‐LAM) solution was added into silicone chambers to determine the effects on peripheral nerve regeneration across 18‐mm long gaps. The sciatic nerves of adult rats were sutured into silicone chambers 20 mm in length, creating an 18‐mm gap between the proximal and distal nerve stumps. The chambers were filled with either a mixture of fibronectin and laminin (500 μg/ml each) or a solution of cytochrome C (1 mg/ml) as the control. After six weeks, the animals were killed and the chambers were examined for regeneration. Seventy percent of the animals from the FN‐LAM group demonstrated regeneration across the 18‐mm gaps, compared to only 30% in the control group. The combination of FN‐LAM significantly increased the number of axons that grew into the distal end of the chamber (FN‐LAM, 1325 ± 522; cytochrome C, 153 ± 104; p = 0.03). Examination of the distal tributaries of the sciatic nerve revealed axons only in the FN‐LAM group; none were found in the control group. Quantitative analysis of neurons, retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase via injection of the sciatic nerve distal to the regenerated segment, revealed a greater number of sensory and motor neurons in the FN‐LAM group compared to the control group. Morphometric studies revealed that the mean area of the regenerated segment in the FN‐LAM group was 37% larger than the controls, and ultrastructural analysis demonstrated a more mature regenerated nerve. This is the first in vivo demonstration that this combination of fibronectin and laminin significantly enhances the regeneration of myelinated axons across a long nerve gap in the rat sciatic nerve.