bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook 2024
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This book provides a complete practical guide by incorporating full references to the Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines. It covers all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice and focuses on the areas most likely to arise at short notice that require an instant response from the advocate. It looks at offences most frequently experienced at court, such as assault, public order, dishonesty, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offences. The book includes tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons that aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2024 provides an easy access to in-depth commentary.
Case Management
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter cites Crim PR 3.16(5), which provides that at the first hearing the court will require the defendant to give their name and date of birth. Crim PR 24.15(2) provides that where the court imposes a custodial sentence the court will require the defendant to provide their nationality. It explains that Crim PR have no application in relation to civil proceedings in the magistrates’ court and the Civil Procedure Rules do not apply either. The chapter reviews rule 3A of the Magistrates’ Courts Rules 1981, which provides the court with case management powers identical to those enjoyed in relation to criminal cases. Crim PR 1 and 3 deal with the overriding objective and case management powers.
Commencing Proceedings: Time Limits
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses summary-only proceedings that must be started within six months of the criminality complained of under section 127 Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980. If there is a dispute as to whether the proceedings have been commenced within the time limit, their validity must be proved by the Crown to the criminal standard. The six-month time limit does not apply to allegations of criminal damage of whatever value as they are either-way offences that may only be tried summarily. The chapter recounts the case of Candlish v DPP [2022], which indicates that an egregious delay in charging may amount to an abuse of process. It reviews offences that can be tried summarily and are exempt from the six-month time bar.
Identification Evidence
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter references Flynn and St John [2008] EWCA Crim 970 on the protections necessary when there is evidence of voice recognition. If the quality of the recording is good and the length sufficient, such evidence may be admitted with appropriate warnings. In Facebook identification cases, reference should be made to R v Alexander and McGill [2012] EWCA Crim 2768. The chapter reviews the guidance laid down in R v Turnbull (1976) 63 Cr App R 132, noting how recognition may be more reliable than identification of a stranger. It cites a few examples taken over the whole spectrum of criminal activity, which illustrate what the effects upon the maintenance of law and order would be if any law were enacted that no person could be convicted on evidence of visual identification alone.
Misbehaviour at Court
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the jurisdiction of the magistrates’ court that deals with any person who insults the justice or justices and any witness before or officer of the court or any solicitor or counsel having business in the court or who interrupts the proceedings of the court. The court may order any officer of the court to take the offender into custody and detain him until the rising of the court. A magistrates’ court may at any time revoke an order of committal and order a discharge. The chapter notes that there is no power to adjourn and the matter must be dealt with before the end of the court day. It reviews a few cases that cannot be handled adequately by a suitable apology.
Witnesses, Issue of Summons, or Warrant
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of witnesses, issues of summons, or warrants. The court may commit any person refusing without excuse to be sworn, give evidence, or produce a document to custody until the expiration of a period not exceeding a month or a fine. Additionally, the power to compel the production of documents relates only to material evidence, which should not be used to compel the production of documents just for cross-examination purposes. The chapter also discusses the alternative approach concerned with the Crown Court's responsibilities in line with paragraph 3.5 of the Code of Practice issued under the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996.
Sentencing
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the sentencing options available in relation to young offenders appearing in adult court. Any case that needs a greater sentence must be remitted to the youth court. The chapter details the relevant victim surcharge in line with the time of the offence. It then discusses the adult court's obligation to make a referral order in circumstances where the order must be made in the youth court. The court also has ancillary powers that correlate to orders binding over a parent or guardian to take proper care of the youth and ancillary orders such as disqualification from driving, endorsement of a driving licence, and to pay compensation and costs.
Animal Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the offences correlated with animal cruelty. The Animal Welfare Act 2006 provide for offences in relation to unnecessary suffering, mutilation, docking of dogs’ tails, administration of poisons, and fighting. A person commits an offence if he does not take such steps as are reasonable in all the circumstances to ensure that the needs of an animal for which he is responsible are met. The chapter details sentencing in relation to animal cruelty, which includes a six-month limitation period for summary offences that can be disapplied in some circumstances. It also considers several other provisions and sentencing under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991.
Breach Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the provisions that address breach offences. Several provisions under the Sentencing Act 2020 provide the conditions and extent of breaching offences. The chapter then elaborates on the offence and offence of breaching a criminal behaviour order, restraining order, protective order, sexual harm prevention order (SHPO), domestic violence protection orders, and notification requirements. It also overviews several other breaches such as a Modern Slavery Act protection order and a female genital mutilation protection order. The court should refer to the sentencing approach in the Sentencing Council’s guideline for breach of a criminal behaviour order to determine culpability and harm while simultaneously determining an appropriate sentence bearing in mind the maximum penalty for the offence.
Communication Network Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the offences concerned with communication networks and has been reworked to include the Online Safety Act 2023. A person is guilty of improper use of a public electronic communications network if they sent a message that is grossly offensive or obscene or caused any such messages to be sent. The question of whether something is offensive is determined by reference to whether or not reasonable persons would find the message grossly offensive under the standards of an open and just multiracial society. The chapter explains the prohibition of sending certain articles by post under the Postal Services Act 2000. It also details the provisions under Malicious Communications Act 1988 and section 33 of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015.
Offences against the Person
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the offences against the person. It includes common assault under section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, assaulting an emergency worker under the Sentencing Act 2020, ABH and GBH under the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, along with offences such as controlling or coercive behaviour and strangulation under the Serious Crime Act 2015 and child neglect under the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. Defences to assault are included at the start of the chapter.
Confiscation
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the provision on confiscation orders under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. A magistrates’ court has no power to make a confiscation order, but can retain jurisdiction initially and then commit for sentence post-conviction. A magistrates’ court may commit an offender to the Crown Court for the purposes of activating the confiscation regime under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, even where a discharge is considered the proper sentence.
Custodial Sentences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the provision on custodial sentences under the Sentencing Act 2020. The court must not pass a custodial sentence unless it is of the opinion that the offence, or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it, was so serious that neither a fine alone nor a community sentence can be justified for the offence. The Sentencing Council’s definitive guideline on the imposition of community and custodial sentences sets out four questions for consideration. Has the custody threshold been passed? Is it unavoidable that a sentence of imprisonment be imposed? What is the shortest term commensurate with the seriousness of the offence? Can the sentence be suspended? The custodial sentence must be for the shortest term (not exceeding the permitted maximum) that in the opinion of the court is commensurate with the seriousness of the offence, or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it. The chapter then looks at the minima and maxima sentences.
Detention in Young Offender Institution
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the provision on detention in Young Offender Institution (YOI). The general requirements for the imposition of a custodial sentence must be met; a minimum sentence of 21 days must be imposed. A suspended sentence order may also be imposed. In case of breach of YOI licence, a new application for legal aid may be made under section 14(b) of the Legal Aid Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. Section 256C of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 provides that ‘if it is proved to the satisfaction of the court that the offender has failed to comply with requirements under section 256B(6) (the supervision requirements), the court may order the offender to be detained, in prison or such youth detention accommodation as the Secretary of State may determine, for such period, not exceeding 30 days, as the court may specify’. The court may also ‘order the offender to pay a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale’. If returned to custody, the offender serves the whole of the period involved and the supervision period is reduced by the time served.
Newton Hearings
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the provision on Newton hearings. The rule in R v Newton (1982) 77 Cr App R 13 indicates that an offender will be sentenced on the prosecution’s version of the facts unless the defence make clear that they are pleading on an alternative basis. In that situation, the Crown must prove its version of the facts by admissible evidence to the criminal standard of proof. The purpose of a Newton hearing is to establish the factual basis for sentence in a case where there is a factual dispute and that dispute is material to sentence. A material difference in relation to sentence is not restricted to whether or not a different category within the sentencing guidelines is going to be selected. In the magistrates’ and youth court, it was not proper for the trial of one defendant and a Newton in relation to the other to take place at the same time.
Sentencing Guidelines
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the sentencing guidelines under section 59 of the Sentencing Act 2020. Every court must, in sentencing an offender, follow any sentencing guidelines which are relevant to the offender’s case, and must, in exercising any other function relating to the sentencing of offenders, follow any sentencing guidelines which are relevant to the exercise of the function, unless the court is satisfied that it would be contrary to the interests of justice to do so. The guidelines are structured in a series of steps. These include determining the offence category; starting point and category range; considering any factors which indicate a reduction, such as assistance to the prosecution; reduction for guilty pleas; the totality principle; and compensation and other ancillary orders. The Sentencing Council has published general sentencing guidelines for offences with no individual guidelines and expanded definitions of aggravating and mitigating factors. The chapter then looks at specific considerations, such as failure to appear, mental disorders, and the issue of prevalence.
Victim Surcharge Order
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the provision on victim surcharge orders. In any case relating to an offence committed on or after 1 October 2012, the court must impose a surcharge order in accordance with the tables provided in the chapter. The amounts increase depending on the date of the offence. The higher figures do not apply where a court deals with a person for a single offence committed before the date shown or more than one offence, at least one of which was committed before the date shown. If any one offence was committed as a youth then the youth court figures apply. The charge may be ignored or reduced if the offender would not be able to pay both the surcharge and compensation. If the offender would not be able to pay both a surcharge and a fine, the surcharge takes precedence and the fine should be reduced.
Recent Advances in Ubiquitin Signals Regulating Plant Membrane Trafficking
Authors: Hasegawa Yoko , Luo Yongming , Sato Takeo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Ubiquitination is a reversible post-translational modification involving the attachment of ubiquitin, a 76-amino acid protein conserved among eukaryotes. The protein ‘ubiquitin’ was named after it was found to be ubiquitously expressed in cells. Ubiquitination was first identified as a post-translational modification that mediates energy-consuming protein degradation by the proteasome. After half a century, the manifold functions of ubiquitin are widely recognized to play key roles in diverse molecular pathways and physiological processes. Compared to humans, the number of enzymes related to ubiquitination is almost twice as high in plant species, such as Arabidopsis and rice, suggesting that this modification plays a critical role in many aspects of plant physiology including development and environmental stress responses. Here, we summarize and discuss recent knowledge of ubiquitination focusing on the regulation of membrane trafficking in plants. Ubiquitination of plasma membrane-localized proteins often leads to endocytosis and vacuolar targeting. In addition to cargo proteins, ubiquitination of membrane trafficking regulators regulates the morphodynamics of the endomembrane system. Thus, throughout this review, we focus on the physiological responses regulated by ubiquitination and their underlying mechanisms to clarify what is already known and what would be interesting to investigate in the future.
Plasma membrane and cytoplasmic compartmentalization: A dynamic structural framework required for pollen tube tip growth
Authors: Fritz Carolin , Reimann Theresa Maria , Adler Jeremy , Knab Johanna , Schulmeister Sylwia , Kriechbaum Choy , Müller Sabine , Parmryd Ingela , Kost Benedikt 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Rapid, unidirectional pollen tube tip growth is essential for fertilization and widely employed as a model of polar cell expansion, a process crucial for plant morphogenesis. Different proteins and lipids with key functions in the control of polar cell expansion are associated with distinct domains of the plasma membrane (PM) at the pollen tube tip. These domains need to be dynamically maintained during tip growth, which depends on massive secretory and endocytic membrane trafficking. Very little is currently known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the compartmentalization of the pollen tube PM. To provide a reliable structural framework for the further characterization of these mechanisms, an integrated quantitative map was compiled of the relative positions in normally growing Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) pollen tubes of PM domains (i) enriched in key signaling proteins or lipids, (ii) displaying high membrane order, or (iii) in contact with cytoplasmic structures playing important roles in apical membrane trafficking. Previously identified secretory and endocytic PM domains were also included in this map. Internalization of regulatory proteins or lipids associated with PM regions overlapping with the lateral endocytic domain was assessed based on brefeldin A treatment. These analyses revealed remarkable aspects of the structural organization of tobacco pollen tube tips, which (i) enhance our understanding of cellular and regulatory processes underlying tip growth and (ii) highlight important areas of future research.
Na + -driven pH regulation by Na+/H+ antiporters promotes photosynthetic efficiency in cyanobacteria
Authors: Tsujii Masaru , Kobayashi Ayumu , Kano Ayaka , Kera Kota , Takagi Tomoko , Nagata Noriko , Kojima Seiji , Hikosaka Kouki , Oguchi Riichi , Sonoike Kintake , Azai Chihiro , Inagaki Tomomi , Ishimaru Yasuhiro , Uozumi Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms have developed mechanisms to regulate light reactions in response to varying light conditions. Photosynthetic electron transport leads to the formation of a ΔpH across the thylakoid membrane (TM), which is crucial for regulating electron transport. However, other pH modulators remain to be identified, particularly in cyanobacteria. In this study, we evaluated the potential involvement of six Na+/H+ antiporters (NhaS1 to NhaS6) in control of pH in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Synechocystis showed a strong requirement for Na+ at high light intensities, with ΔnhaS1 and ΔnhaS2 strains unable to grow under high-light conditions. We analyzed Na+ efflux-driven H + -uptake activities of NhaS1 to NhaS6 in inverted membranes of Escherichia coli. Biological fractionation and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that NhaS1 localizes to both the plasma and TMs, while NhaS2 localizes to the plasma membrane (PM). Measurement of photosynthesis activity indicated that NhaS2 promotes ATP production and electron transport from PQ to P700. Measurements of pH outside of the cells and in the cytoplasm suggested that both NhaS1 and NhaS2 are involved in PM-mediated light-dependent H+ uptake and cytoplasmic acidification. NhaS1 and NhaS2 were also found to prevent photoinhibition under high-light treatment. These results indicate that H+ transport mediated by NhaS1 and NhaS2 plays a role in regulating intracellular pH and maintaining photosynthetic electron transport.
Metabolic strategies in hypoxic plants
Authors: van Veen Hans , Triozzi Paolo Maria , Loreti Elena 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Complex multicellular organisms have evolved in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. Oxygen is therefore essential for all aerobic organisms, including plants, for energy production through cellular respiration. However, plants can experience hypoxia following extreme flooding events and also under aerated conditions in proliferative organs or tissues characterized by high oxygen consumption. When oxygen availability is compromised, plants adopt different strategies to cope with hypoxia and limited aeration. A common feature among different plant species is the activation of an anaerobic fermentative metabolism to provide ATP to maintain cellular homeostasis under hypoxia. Fermentation also requires many sugar substrates, which is not always feasible, and alternative metabolic strategies are thus needed. Recent findings have also shown that the hypoxic metabolism is also active in specific organs or tissues of the plant under aerated conditions. Here, we describe the regulatory mechanisms that control the metabolic strategies of plants and how they enable them to thrive despite challenging conditions. A comprehensive mechanistic understanding of the genetic and physiological components underlying hypoxic metabolism should help to provide opportunities to improve plant resilience under the current climate change scenario.
The transcription factor TaFDL2-1A functions in auxin metabolism mediated by abscisic acid to regulate shoot growth in wheat
Authors: Wang Bingxin , Zhou Ling , Li Liqun , Pang Daqin , Lei Yanhong , Qi Haodong , Chen Birong , Guo Meirui , Zeng Qinghong , Xie Yanzhou , Li Xuejun 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Genetic strategies can be effective in improving wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) drought stress tolerance, but accumulating evidence suggests that overexpressing drought-resistance genes, especially genes related to the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway, can retard plant growth. We previously characterized the positive roles of the wheat bZIP transcription factor TaFD-Like2-1A (TaFDL2-1A) in drought stress tolerance and ABA biosynthesis and response, whereas a dwarfing shoot exhibited under normal conditions. This study determined the underlying mechanisms that allow TaFDL2-1A to affect shoot growth. Overexpressing TaFDL2-1A decreased cell length, cell width, leaf size, shoot length, and biomass in wheat. The results of RNA-seq showed that multiple differently expressed transcripts are enriched in the auxin signaling pathway. Further analysis indicated higher expression levels of Gretchen Hagen3 (GH3) genes and lower indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations in the TaFDL2-1A overexpression lines. Exogenous IAA treatment restored the phenotypes of the TaFDL2-1A overexpression lines to wild-type levels. Transcriptional regulation analysis suggested that TaFDL2-1A enhances the expression of auxin metabolism genes, such as TaGH3.2-3A, TaGH3.2-3B, TaGH3.8-2A, and TaGH3.8-2D, by directly binding to ACGT core cis-elements. Furthermore, tafdl2 knockout plants had lower expression levels of these GH3 genes and higher IAA levels than Fielder wheat. These GH3 gene expression and IAA levels were induced and reduced in Fielder wheat and tafdl2 knockout plants treated with exogenous ABA. Our findings elucidate mechanisms underlying the functional redundancy of TaFDL2-1A in the crosstalk between ABA and IAA to affect shoot growth and provide insights into the balance between drought resistance and yield in wheat.