bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal static stress drop variations due to injection activity at The Geysers geothermal field, California
Authors: Staszek M. , Orlecka‐Sikora B. , Leptokaropoulos K. , Kwiatek G. , Martínez‐Garzón P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe use a high‐quality data set from the NW part of The Geysers geothermal field to determine statistical significance of temporal static stress drop variations and their relation to injection rate changes. We use a group of 322 seismic events which occurred in the proximity of Prati‐9 and Prati‐29 injection wells to examine the influence of parameters such as moment magnitude, focal mechanism, hypocentral depth, and normalized hypocentral distances from open‐hole sections of injection wells on static stress drop changes. Our results indicate that (1) static stress drop variations in time are statistically significant, (2) statistically significant static stress drop changes are inversely related to injection rate fluctuations. Therefore, it is highly expected that static stress drop of seismic events is influenced by pore pressure in underground fluid injection conditions and depends on the effective normal stress and strength of the medium.
Ozone depletion following future volcanic eruptions
Authors: Eric Klobas J. , Wilmouth David M. , Weisenstein Debra K. , Anderson James G. , Salawitch Ross J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhile explosive volcanic eruptions cause ozone loss in the current atmosphere due to an enhancement in the availability of reactive chlorine following the stratospheric injection of sulfur, future eruptions are expected to increase total column ozone as halogen loading approaches preindustrial levels. The timing of this shift in the impact of major volcanic eruptions on the thickness of the ozone layer is poorly known. Modeling four possible climate futures, we show that scenarios with the smallest increase in greenhouse gas concentrations lead to the greatest risk to ozone from heterogeneous chemical processing following future eruptions. We also show that the presence in the stratosphere of bromine from natural, very short‐lived biogenic compounds is critically important for determining whether future eruptions will lead to ozone depletion. If volcanic eruptions inject hydrogen halides into the stratosphere, an effect not considered in current ozone assessments, potentially profound reductions in column ozone would result.
Ice‐dammed lake drainage in west Greenland: Drainage pattern and implications on ice flow and bedrock motion
Authors: Kjeldsen Kristian K. , Khan Shfaqat A. , Bjørk Anders A. , Nielsen Karina , Mouginot Jeremie 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIce‐dammed lakes drain frequently in Greenland, but the impacts of these events differ between sites. Here we study the quasi‐cyclic behavior of the ~40 km2 Lake Tininnilik in west Greenland and its impact on ice flow and crustal deformation. Data reveal rapid drainage of 1.83 ± 0.17 km3 of water in less than 7 days in 2010, leading to a speedup of the damming glacier, and an instantaneous modeled elastic bedrock uplift of 18.6 ± 0.1 mm confirmed by an independent lakeside GPS record. Since ice‐dammed lakes are common on Greenland, our results highlight the importance of including other sources of surface loading in addition to ice mass change, when assessing glacial isostatic adjustment or elastic rebound using geodetic data. Moreover, the results illustrates a linkage between subglacial discharge and ice surface velocity, important for assessing ice flux, and thus mass balance, in a future warming climate.
How important are diapycnal mixing and geothermal heating for the deep circulation of the Western Mediterranean?
Authors: Ferron B. , Bouruet Aubertot P. , Cuypers Y. , Schroeder K. , Borghini M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ε and the associated diapycnal turbulent mixing is inferred from a set of microstructure observations collected over several cruises from year 2012 to 2014. The geographical distribution of ε highlights several regions of enhanced levels of turbulence ranging from 10−9 to 10−6 W kg−1: the Sicily Channel, the Corsica Channel, and the Ligurian Sea. Elsewhere, ε was small, often below 10−10 W kg−1. Below 1300 m, geothermal heating provides three‐fold more buoyancy than small‐scale turbulence. Geothermal heating and turbulent diffusion provide enough buoyancy to balance 15% to 50% of a mean yearly deep water formation rate of 0.9 to 0.3 sverdrup (106 m3/s), respectively. The remaining part has to eventually overflow through the Strait of Gibraltar.
Relative roles of surface temperature and climate forcing patterns in the inconstancy of radiative feedbacks
Authors: Haugstad A. D. , Armour K. C. , Battisti D. S. , Rose B. E. J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRadiative feedbacks robustly vary over time in transient warming simulations. Published studies offer two explanations: (i) evolving patterns of ocean heat uptake (OHU) or radiative forcing give rise to OHU or forcing “efficacies” and (ii) evolving patterns of surface temperature change. This study seeks to determine whether these explanations are indeed distinct. Using an idealized framework of an aquaplanet atmosphere‐only model, we show that radiative feedbacks depend on the pattern of climate forcing. Yet the same feedbacks arise when the temperature pattern induced by that climate forcing is prescribed in the absence of any forcing. These findings suggest the perspective that feedbacks are influenced by efficacies of forcing and OHU is equivalent to the perspective that feedbacks are dependent on the temperature patterns induced by those forcings. Prescribed surface temperature simulations are thus valuable for studying the temporal evolution of radiative feedbacks.
River networks dampen long‐term hydrological signals of climate change
Authors: Chezik K. A. , Anderson S. C. , Moore J. W. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRiver networks may dampen local hydrologic signals of climate change through the aggregation of upstream climate portfolio assets. Here we examine this hypothesis using flow and climate trend estimates (1970–2007) at 55 hydrometric gauge stations and across their contributing watersheds' within the Fraser River basin in British Columbia, Canada. Using a null hypothesis framework, we compared our observed attenuation of river flow trends as a function of increasing area and climate trend diversity, with null‐simulated estimates to gauge the likelihood and strength of our observations. We found the Fraser River reduced variability in downstream long‐term discharge by >91%, with >3.1 times the attenuation than would be expected under null simulation. Although the strength of dampening varied seasonally, our findings indicate that large free‐flowing rivers offer a powerful and largely unappreciated process of climate change mitigation. River networks that integrate a diverse climate portfolio can dampen local extremes and offer climate change relief to riverine biota.
Elasticity of ε‐FeOOH: Seismic implications for Earth's lower mantle
Authors: Thompson E. C. , Campbell A. J. , Tsuchiya J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe have calculated the structure and elasticity of low‐spin ferromagnetic ε‐FeOOH to 140 GPa using density functional theory calculations with a Coulombic self‐interaction term (U). Using these data, the elastic moduli and sound velocities of ε‐FeOOH were calculated across the pressure stability of the hydrogen bond symmetrized structure (30 to 140 GPa). The obtained values were compared with previously published values for phase H (MgSiH2O4) and δ‐AlOOH, which likely form a solid solution with ε‐FeOOH. In contrast to these Mg and Al end‐members, ε‐FeOOH has smaller diagonal and larger off‐diagonal elastic constants, leading to an eventual negative pressure dependence of its shear wave velocity. Because of this behavior, iron‐enriched solid solutions from this system have smaller shear wave velocities than surrounding mantle and therefore are a plausible contributor to large low‐shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) which exhibit similar seismic properties. Additionally, ε‐FeOOH has substantial shear wave polarization anisotropy. Consequently, if iron‐rich solid solutions from the FeOOH–AlOOH–MgSiH2O4 system at the core‐mantle boundary exhibit significant lattice‐preferred orientation due to the strong shear stresses which occur there, it may help explain the seismically observed SH > SV anisotropy in this region.
Constant electrical resistivity of Ni along the melting boundary up to 9 GPa
Authors: Silber Reynold E. , Secco Richard A. , Yong Wenjun 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCharacterization of transport properties of liquid Ni at high pressures has important geophysical implications for terrestrial planetary interiors, because Ni is a close electronic analogue of Fe and it is also integral to Earth's core. We report measurements of the electrical resistivity of solid and liquid Ni at pressures 3–9 GPa using a 3000 t multianvil large volume press. A four‐wire method, in conjunction with a rapid acquisition meter and polarity switch, was used to overcome experimental challenges such as melt containment and maintaining sample geometry and to mitigate the extreme reactivity/solubility of liquid Ni with most thermocouple and electrode materials. Thermal conductivity is calculated using the Wiedemann‐Franz law. Electrical resistivity of solid Ni exhibits the expected P dependence and is consistent with earlier experimental values. Within experimental uncertainties, our results indicate that resistivity of liquid Ni remains invariant along the P‐dependent melting boundary, which is in disagreement with earlier prediction for liquid transition metals. The potential reasons for such behavior are examined qualitatively through the impact of P‐independent local short‐range ordering on electron mean free path and the possibility of constant Fermi surface at the onset of Ni melting. Correlation among metals obeying the Kadowaki‐Woods ratio and the group of late transition metals with unfilled d‐electron band displaying anomalously shallow melting curves suggests that on the melting boundary, Fe may exhibit the same resistivity behavior as Ni. This could have important implications for the heat flow in the Earth's core.
Kinetic and potential sputtering of an anorthite‐like glassy thin film
Authors: Hijazi H. , Bannister M. E. , Meyer H. M. , Rouleau C. M. , Meyer F. W. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we present measurements of He+ and He+2 ion‐induced sputtering of an anorthite‐like thin film at a fixed solar wind‐relevant impact energy of ~0.5 keV/amu using a quartz crystal microbalance approach (QCM) for determination of total absolute sputtering yields. He+2 ions are the most abundant multicharged ions in the solar wind, and increased sputtering by these ions in comparison to equivelocity He+ ions is expected to have the biggest effect on the overall sputtering efficiency of solar wind impact on the Moon. Our measurements indicate an almost 70% increase of the sputtering yield for doubly charged incident He ions compared to that for same velocity He+ impact (14.6 amu/ion for He+2 vs. 8.7 amu/ion for He+). Using a selective sputtering model, the new QCM results presented here, together with previously published results for Ar+q ions and SRIM results for the relevant kinetic‐sputtering yields, the effect due to multicharged‐solar‐wind‐ion impact on local near‐surface modification of lunar anorthite‐like soil is explored. It is shown that the multicharged‐solar‐wind component leads to a more pronounced and significant differentiation of depleted and enriched surface elements as well as a shortening of the timescale over which such surface‐compositional modifications might occur in astrophysical settings. In addition, to validate previous and future determinations of multicharged‐ion‐induced sputtering enhancement for those cases where the QCM approach cannot be used, relative quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS)‐based measurements are presented for the same anorthite‐like thin film as were investigated by QCM, and their suitability and limitations for charge state‐enhanced yield measurements are discussed.
E
lmira
R
eformatory
Authors: Hawley Francis Frederick 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Elmira Reformatory in the United States is known to criminologists and penologists as the institutional birthplace of the “reformatory movement” where young and first offenders could work their way up and out of the prison through application and good institutional adjustment. Historians know its previous incarnation as a dreaded prisoner‐of‐war “death camp” where one in four confined prisoners died. Both iterations deserve discussion, though its second incarnation will be the primary focus.
Desistance and “Aging Out” After Punishment
Authors: Haas Henriette S. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The decline of criminal energy with growing age in the general offender population is replicated in a similar pattern for the active and serious criminals. Predictions of their dangerousness can be made more accurate by using longitudinal statistics on reoffending according to age, crime type, and previous convictions as base rates. For this purpose Blumstein and Larson conceived a model of the interactions between offenders and the criminal justice system. It can be used to calculate the average number of offenses committed by a given type of offender, such as street criminals or sex offenders, after release from long prison sentences. As a consequence of the aging‐out effect the number of offenses will be considerably reduced after several years behind bars, even for those ex‐convicts who were not able or not willing to benefit from rehabilitation programs.
Foreign National Prisoners
Authors: Ravagnani Luisa 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This entry explores the sensitive matter of the considerable presence of foreign national prisoners detained within penal institutions around the world. After a brief analysis of what appears to be a growing trend, the author lists the main difficulties faced by foreign persons from their arrest until the time of their release. The concluding part underlines how only ad hoc supranational legal mechanisms can provide a valid means of protecting foreign national prisoners' rights while creating real opportunities for effective post‐sentence social reintegration with the aim of consequently reducing the presence of foreign national prisoners in prison facilities. This, however, can only be achieved where these measures are correctly implemented and based on the drafting of operating protocols jointly agreed by all countries involved.
G
uantanamo
B
ay
Authors: Cantora Andrea , Restivo Lauren 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The United States gained Guantanamo Bay in 1902 from Cuba, and since its inception the use of it has transformed with time. It is one of the oldest US foreign military bases in the world and is centrally located in southeast Cuba in the Orient Province. It was originally used as a naval base and coaling mine and then in the 1990s it was used as a refugee camp. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States has used this site as a prison base for suspected terrorists as part of the “War on Terror.” Since its use as a prison system, it has been the subject of political and legal debate. This entry will discuss Guantanamo Bay's history, the usage of it as a prison, and the prison's legal and social ramifications.
A
lcatraz
Authors: Chi‐Fang Tsai Lily 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary is famously known as “The Rock.” It was a maximum security, minimum privilege penitentiary operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons under the US Department of Justice from 1934 to 1963. The island is located 1.25 miles off the coast in San Francisco Bay, California. Given its isolated location and impenetrable reputation, Alcatraz dealt with the most incorrigible prisoners in federal prisons and demonstrated that the federal government was taking a more punitive approach to rampant crime and the notorious criminals of the 1920s and 1930s. Nonetheless, because of high maintenance costs, Alcatraz finally closed after operating for 29 years.
Community Justice
Authors: Wong Kevin 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCommunity justice offers a nontraditional approach to delivering justice and broadly encapsulates any crime prevention and justice activity that involves local communities. It is based on the principles of inclusion and social justice, restoration, public safety, stewardship, and norm affirmation. Operationally, it is based at a neighborhood level and involves problem solving and a decentralization of authority and accountability, prioritizing the quality of community life and emphasizing community involvement. In practice, there are few examples of community justice that are integrated across the criminal justice system or operate wholly outside of it. The implementation of community justice schemes is limited by community capacity and the extent to which citizens want to be involved. There is continuing debate about the meaning of the term, the desirability of expanding the domain of community justice, its application to a widening range of activities as well as its use as a convenient label to denote an unequivocal public good that is beyond being challenged.
A
bu‐
J
amal,
M
umia
Authors: Bones Paul D. C. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Mumia Abu‐Jamal was arrested in 1981 for the death by shooting of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner, and subsequently sentenced to death. Mumia's trial was full of irregularities, such as contradictory witness testimony and controversial decisions by the judge. During his time on death row, Abu‐Jamal wrote several books and worked as a radio correspondent, which led to an international movement for his release from prison. In 2001, his death sentence was rescinded by a federal judge, but his request for a new trial was denied. After a decade of appeals by the Philadelphia district attorney's office to reinstate the death sentence, they dropped their pursuit in 2011. Mumia is currently serving a life sentence without parole.
Deprivation Model
Authors: Elling Peterson Bryce 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe deprivation model stems from a body of sociological work that was produced in the mid‐1900s. This model provides a framework for understanding how the custodial environment of prisons and jails can influence inmates' behavior and lead to violence and other forms of institutional misconduct. This entry provides a synopsis of the historical and theoretical development of the deprivation model, as well as a discussion of the model's implications for policy and practice. The entry also includes the state of current research and the direction of future research on the deprivation model.
Escapes from Prison
Authors: Peterson Bryce Elling , Mellow Jeff 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
One of the most important functions of prison is to keep potentially dangerous criminals out of society. However, on rare occasion some inmates do manage to escape from prion. This entry describes the definitions of several different types of escape incidents and discusses the potential explanations for who is likely to escape from prison, why these inmates escape, and which facilities are more susceptible to escape. The essay further examines some of the methods inmates use to facilitate their escape, theoretical explanations of escape incidents, policy implications for preventing escapes, and directions of future research.
A
uschwitz
Authors: Jenks David 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Auschwitz concentration camp was designed primarily to execute European Jews and various other groups that Hitler and Nazi Germany deemed unfit for life in German society. The camp was designed, built, and operated throughout World War II, eventually being shut down after Germany's defeat in 1945. It was estimated that more than 1.1 million people were executed at Auschwitz.
B
razil, Corrections in
Authors: Taborda Jos G. V. , de Castro Bins Helena Dias , de Borba Telles Lisieux E. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Brazil is a federation that possesses national laws, which are hierarchically superior, and state laws. Only legally sane people can be found guilty. The concept of criminal insanity requires the accused to present with some mental disorder at the time of the crime such that he or she would not be able to understand that the action was wrong or would be incapable of behaving according to his or her understanding. In Brazil, incarcerated people present high levels of psychopathology. The number of mentally ill prisoners has been growing due to the stressors and poor prison conditions and to changes in psychiatric service models resulting in a consequent reduction of psychiatric beds in the community. Attention given to the mental health of prisoners is very inconsistent and presents huge regional differences. The penitentiary conditions in Brazil are precarious and need to be improved.
Chaplains
Authors: Denney Andrew S. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Chaplains serve as one of the oldest continuous roles inside corrections facilities in the United States. Originally meant to function as a religious and moral figurehead inside penitentiaries and other correctional institutions, the role of chaplain has gone through substantial changes over the past 200 years or so. Though chaplains now function largely in an administrative capacity, they still have a crucial role for inmates and correctional institutions alike, enabling the latter to meet the constitutional and legislative requirements of various religious freedoms guaranteed to inmates.
Andrews,DonaldArthur
Authors: Stephen Wormith J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn a career that spanned four decades, Donald Arthur Andrews (1941–2010) had a profound influence in the field of correctional psychology. He was among a critical few psychologists and criminologists in the 1970s who rebuffed Martinson's popular, but now infamous, “nothing works” doctrine. He expanded the early and relatively simple, static risk assessment of offenders by introducing dynamic risk variables, also known as “criminogenic needs,” into the assessment process. He did this in large part through the development of the widely popular Level of Service scales. A review of his own research and that of others on treatment effectiveness led to his theoretical General Personality and Cognitive Social Learning perspective of criminal behavior and the principles of Risk–Needs–Responsivity, which is now commonly used around the world to guide the development, implementation, and delivery of offender treatment programs in a more efficacious manner.
Drug Courts
Authors: Koetzle Deborah 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Drug courts provide a community based alternative to incarceration for the treatment of drug offenders. Since their inception in 1989, drug courts have been implemented in the United States and in several nations around the world. The empirical evidence suggests that the combination of judicial supervision, substance abuse treatment, and close monitoring reduces recidivism by 8–15%. The variation in effectiveness is likely the result of how drug courts are implemented. In an effort to improve overall effectiveness, the National Association of Drug Court Professionals has developed empirically based standards intended to guide drug court practices.