bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Articles on Mass Communications in American Magazines
Authors: Higbie Charles E. ,   Assisted, Price Granville , Brown Donald E. 
Published: July 2017

Controversy with governmental agencies, both at home and abroad, continued to occupy individuals and institutions in the field of journalism throughout the last quarter of 1951. Tentative efforts to bridge the gap between editors and the Truman administration over the classification of governmental news broke down when newspaper groups refused to be drawn into consultation to set up categories of information. To this controversy was added a flare-up over the declaration of a truce line in Korea and a subsequent “cease-fire” order which the Associated Press tentatively attributed directly to the White House. The exchanges between President Truman and the AP for a time dwarfed the Korean war on the news wires and at the end of the period there were no reports of cease-fire orders in either the Korean or the Truman-AP ”wars.” Press services and correspondents came under attack also from private individuals. These sorties included General Charles Willoughby's assertion that certain reporters and newspapers had been “defeatist” and misleading in their dispatches from Korea during the retreat from the Yalu River in late 1950 while he was intelligence chief for General MacArthur's Far Eastern command. Press services were criticized for alleged inadequate coverage of vast sections of the world by several former foreign correspondents. The accused denied everything. As the new year came in, further developments were awaited in the Oatis case in Czechoslovakia and the trial of five newsmen charged with defamation of county officials and gamblers in Lake Charles, La. In the latter case testimony had been completed and the decision was under deliberation by the single judge.
Spirometry in Asthma Care: A Review of the Trends and Challenges in Pediatric Practice
Authors: Ayuk Adaeze C , Uwaezuoke Samuel N , Ndukwu Chizalu I , Ndu Ikenna K , Iloh Kenechukwu K , Okoli Chinyere V 
Published: July 2017

Background: Given the rising incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) globally, especially bronchial asthma, there is the need to reduce the associated morbidity and mortality by adopting an objective means of diagnosis and monitoring. Aim: This article aims to review the trends and challenges in the use of spirometry for managing childhood bronchial asthma especially in developing countries. Methods: We conducted a literature search of published data on the use of spirometry for the diagnosis of childhood bronchial asthma with special emphasis resource-poor countries. Results: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of childhood asthma recommend the use of spirometry, but this is currently underused in both tertiary and primary care settings especially in developing countries. Lack of spirometers and proper training in their use and interpretation of findings as well as a dearth of asthma guidelines remains core to the underuse of spirometry in managing children with asthma. Targeting education of health care staff was, however, observed to improve its utility, and practical implementable strategies are highlighted. Conclusions: Spirometry is not frequently used for asthma diagnosis in pediatric practice especially in resource-poor countries where the NCD burden is higher. Strategies to overcome the obstacles are implementable and can make a difference in reducing the burden of NCD.
Is Postoperative Radiotherapy after Breast Conserving Surgery Always Mandatory? A Review of Randomised Controlled Trials
Authors: Liljegren G. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims: Breast-conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy, in order to prevent local recurrence, has been the treatment of choice ever since breast conserving surgery was introduced in clinical practice. Patient selection, type of surgery, dose and type of radiotherapy, however, may have an impact on the risk of local recurrence. The aim of this review is to synthesise the results from randomised trials and try and define a subgroup of patients in whom postoperative radiotherapy could be omitted. Method: A literature search of Pub Med and The Cochrane randomised trials registry identified six trials comparing patients randomised to surgery alone or surgery plus radiotherapy, two trials comparing different radiotherapy modalities and one trial comparing different types of surgery. Results: Addition of postoperative radiotherapy reduce the risk of local recurrence by 2/3. The dose-intensity of radiotherapy and surgery has a positive impact on local control. Patients at low risk of local recurrence are patients > 55 years of age, with stage I tumours and favourable histology treated with adequate resection margins. No trial showed any positive effect of radiotherapy on survival. Conclusion: In most patients postoperative radiotherapy is an integral part of breast-conservation. Radiotherapy can be omitted in selected low risk patients.
Palliative Treatment of Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Glimelius B. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Metastatic colorectal cancer has a poor prognosis, and the majority of patients are left with palliative measures. The development seen using palliative chemotherapy is reviewed. Material and Methods: A systematic approach to the literature-based evidence was aimed at. Results: The continuous improvements during the past 13–15 years have been documented in several large conclusive trials. At the end of the 1980s, the evidence that chemotherapy should be used at all was very limited, whereas presently most patients can be offered two lines of chemotherapy based upon good scientific evidence. Median survival has gradually improved from below 6 months to above 18 months in some recent trials. Several important issues remain to be solved, such as the best sequence of treatments, what regimens to use in various situations, when to start and when to stop if response is seen, and whether cure may be possible in a small subset of patients. Conclusions: Progress has been rapid in advanced colorectal cancer. This is likely result of well-designed trials in collaboration between academy and industry, showing a great interest in the disease. Future collaborations may hopefully introduce new treatment concepts, further improving outcome.
An Integrated Care Pathway Appraisal Tool: A ‘Badge of Quality’
Authors: de Luc Kathryn E , Whittle Claire 
Published: July 2017

Integrated care pathways (ICPs) are being introduced as a tool to improve the quality of health care. Their local development usually involves some consensus-based approach which engages clinical staff in discussions about how to improve services. Whilst this has definite advantages, it also means that ICPs which are developed for ostensibly the same group of patients with a specific disease or condition will vary in content and quality. Many articles have been written expounding the benefits of using ICPs, but recently there have been a number of evaluations of ICPs which report little or no significant improvement in the quality of health care as a result of their introduction. Why is there this divergence of views about the value of ICPs? Could it be connected with the variability in quality of the ICPs being introduced? What is missing from many of the evaluations of ICPs undertaken so far is a consideration of how good those ICPs really are. This article describes an appraisal instrument for ICPs — the integrated care pathway appraisal tool (ICPAT) — which has been developed within the West Midlands region of the UK and which can provide a framework for assessing the quality of ICPs.
The Mater Hospital Multiprofessional Care Pathway for Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: McManus Terence E , Marley Anne-Marie , Kidney Joseph C 
Published: July 2017

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common condition associated with an increasing mortality and morbidity. There are also significant economic implications with hospital admission accounting for the majority of the total COPD health care expenditure. Mild exacerbations of COPD can be treated at home; severe exacerbations require hospitalization. The purpose of this programme of care was to integrate and optimize treatment using current guidelines. Methods: This was a prospective study of management of severe exacerbations of COPD following implementation of a structured care pathway. The project was based at a district general hospital in inner city Belfast. Key measures of improvement were length of hospital stay, readmission rates within one month and hospital mortality. A multidisciplinary care pathway incorporated a score that was developed with one point for each of the following markers of a severe exacerbation: dyspnoea at rest, bed bound, tachypnoea (>25), tachycardia (>110), pyrexia (>38.5), use of accessory muscles of respiration and peripheral oedema. We have called this the ‘Mater COPD score’. The aim was for optimal management, education and identification of appropriate time for discharge. Patient treatment was standardized using oral steroid therapy, nebulized bronchodilators (air cylinders were used to provided nebulization where appropriate) and antibiotic therapy. Results: A total of 85 patients were studied, 40 men with a mean (SEM) age of 68.6 (1.7) years. The mean COPD score on admission was 2.3 (range 0–6). Mean score on discharge was 0.4 (range 0–3). Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were 0.97 and 1.83 L, respectively. Seven patients were readmitted within one month. The mean length of an episode was reduced from 9.4 to 5.5 days, with a national average of 9.7 days at that time. However, delayed discharge in 25 cases (due to co-morbidity, social problems or other factors) resulted in the overall length of stay being reduced to 6.5 days. Continued follow-up using this pathway reduced the length of stay of all admissions with COPD by four days to 5.4 days. Nebulizers were routinely changed from oxygen driven to air driven. There was a 1700% increase in air cylinders used over the two years following introduction. This was associated with a 57% reduction in mortality. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary care pathway in the management of acute exacerbations of COPD ensures optimal treatment for patients and results in a significant reduction in the length of stay and a reduced mortality rate without increasing readmission rates.
Transnational Institutional Ethnography: Tracing Text and Talk beyond State Boundaries
Authors: Grace Daniel 
Published: July 2017

Purpose: In this article I provide a rich account of how I utilized and critically applied the research strategy of institutional ethnography to investigate transnational processes of legislative standardization. The text at the center of this inquiry is a model law that was funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to create omnibus HIV/AIDS laws across West and Central Africa (2005-2010). Expanding upon the sociological approach of institutional ethnography, my research method is best understood as a transnational institutional ethnography (TIE). This article provides a case study of TIE for those interested in ethnographically exploring transnational processes across diverse institutional settings. Design/Methodology/Approach: The complex legislative process being investigated was made visible through the use of participant observation, archival research, textual analysis, and informant interviews with national and international stakeholders (n=32). This research strategy involved ethnographic data collection in Canada, the United States, Switzerland, Austria, South Africa, and Senegal (2010-2011). Findings: In this article a methodological discussion is offered focusing upon the everyday actualities of conducting transnational research in diverse environments, including cafes, conferences, courtrooms, and activist gatherings. I provide an account of (a) the complex institutional sites from which a research problematic may emerge; (b) challenges and opportunities when conducting interviews and identifying informants; (c) the importance of accounting for matters of geography and interview location in one's study design; and (d) the work of knowing where to look, what to read, and who to talk with during the iterative process of research and discovery. Originality/Value: Moving beyond state-based organizational relations, a focus which is predominant in most institutional ethnographies, in this article I explicate the research process undertaken to ethnographically interrogate complex processes of transnational social organization and translocal text-mediated relations. Methodological insights and lessons learned regarding the experience of conducting transnational ethnographic research are provided.
Positive Predictive Values of International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision Coding Algorithms to Identify Patients With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Kalatharan Vinusha , Pei York , Clemens Kristin K. , McTavish Rebecca K. , Dixon Stephanie N. , Rochon Matthew , Nash Danielle M. , Jain Arsh , Sarma Sisira , Zaleski Andrew , Lum Andrea , Garg Amit X. 
Published: July 2017

Background: International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes (ICD-10) for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is used within several administrative health care databases. It is unknown whether these codes identify patients who meet strict clinical criteria for ADPKD. Objective: The objective of this study is (1) to determine whether different ICD-10 coding algorithms identify adult patients who meet strict clinical criteria for ADPKD as assessed through medical chart review and (2) to assess the number of patients identified with different ADPKD coding algorithms in Ontario. Design: Validation study of health care database codes, and prevalence. Setting: Ontario, Canada. Patients: For the chart review, 201 adult patients with hospital encounters between April 1, 2002, and March 31, 2014, assigned either ICD-10 codes Q61.2 or Q61.3. Measurements: This study measured positive predictive value of the ICD-10 coding algorithms and the number of Ontarians identified with different coding algorithms. Methods: We manually reviewed a random sample of medical charts in London, Ontario, Canada, and determined whether or not ADPKD was present according to strict clinical criteria. Results: The presence of either ICD-10 code Q61.2 or Q61.3 in a hospital encounter had a positive predictive value of 85% (95% confidence interval [CI], 79%-89%) and identified 2981 Ontarians (0.02% of the Ontario adult population). The presence of ICD-10 code Q61.2 in a hospital encounter had a positive predictive value of 97% (95% CI, 86%-100%) and identified 394 adults in Ontario (0.003% of the Ontario adult population). Limitations: (1) We could not calculate other measures of validity; (2) the coding algorithms do not identify patients without hospital encounters; and (3) coding practices may differ between hospitals. Conclusions: Most patients with ICD-10 code Q61.2 or Q61.3 assigned during their hospital encounters have ADPKD according to the clinical criteria. These codes can be used to assemble cohorts of adult patients with ADPKD and hospital encounters.
Racial and ethnic disparities in hematologic malignancies
Authors: Kirtane Kedar , Lee Stephanie J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Racial and ethnic disparities in patients with solid malignancies have been well documented. Less is known about these disparities in patients with hematologic malignancies. With the advent of novel chemotherapeutics and targeted molecular, cellular, and immunologic therapies, it is important to identify differences in care that may lead to disparate outcomes. This review provides a critical appraisal of the empirical research on racial and ethnic disparities in incidence, survival, and outcomes in patients with hematologic malignancies. The review focuses on patients with acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and myelodysplastic syndrome. The review discusses possible causes of racial and ethnic disparities and also considers future directions for studies to help decrease disparities.
Integrative physiology of transcellular and paracellular intestinal absorption
Authors: Karasov William H. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTGlucose absorption by the small intestine has been studied for nearly a century. Despite extensive knowledge about the identity, functioning and regulation of the relevant transporters, there has been and there remains controversy about how these transporters work in concert to determine the overall epithelial absorption of key nutrients (e.g. sugars, amino acids) over a wide range of dietary and/or luminal concentrations. Our broader, integrative understanding of intestinal absorption requires more than the reductionist dissection of all the components and their elaboration at molecular and genetic levels. This Commentary emphasizes the integration of discrete molecular players and processes (including paracellular absorption) that, in combination, determine the overall epithelial absorption of key nutrients (e.g. sugars, amino acids) and putative anti-nutrients (water-soluble toxins), and the integration of that absorption with other downstream processes related to metabolic demands. It identifies historic key advances, controversies and future research ideas, as well as important perspectives that arise through comparative as well as biomedical physiological research.
Hormonal responsiveness to stress is negatively associated with vulnerability to angling capture in fish
Authors: Louison Michael J. , Adhikari Shivani , Stein Jeffrey A. , Suski Cory D. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
Differences in behavior and physiology amongst individuals often alter relative fitness levels in the environment. However, the ideal behavioral/physiological phenotype in a given environment may be altered by human activity, leading to an evolutionary response in the affected population. One example of this process can be found in fisheries (including recreational freshwater fisheries), where selective capture and harvest of individuals with certain phenotypes can drive evolutionary change. While some life history traits and behavioral tendencies influencing capture likelihood have been studied, the physiological mechanisms driving this vulnerability remain poorly understood. To address this, we assessed how two major physiological characteristics (hormonal responsiveness to stress and metabolic phenotype) and one behavioral characteristic (boldness) impact the likelihood of an individual being captured by anglers. Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, derived from a population artificially selected for differential angling vulnerability were assessed for boldness and for stress responsiveness (as indicated by plasma cortisol levels) following an air-exposure challenge. Largemouth bass were then stocked into a pond where experimental angling trials took place, and a subset of captured and uncaptured fish were afterwards assessed for metabolic phenotype. The results showed that stress responsiveness was the primary driver of angling vulnerability, with individuals that experienced lower rises in cortisol following the air-exposure challenge more likely to be captured. Neither boldness nor metabolic phenotype influenced capture probability. The results from this study indicate that fisheries-induced selective pressure may act on physiology, potentially altering stress responsiveness and its associated behaviors in populations exploited by recreational anglers.
Apparent changes in body insulation of juvenile king penguins suggest an energetic challenge during their early life at sea
Authors: Enstipp Manfred R. , Bost Charles-André , Le Bohec Céline , Bost Caroline , Le Maho Yvon , Weimerskirch Henri , Handrich Yves 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
Little is known about the early life at sea of marine top predators, like deep-diving king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), although this dispersal phase is probably a critical phase in their life. Apart from finding favourable foraging sites, they have to develop effective prey search patterns as well as physiological capacities that enable them to capture sufficient prey to meet their energetic needs. To investigate the ontogeny of their thermoregulatory responses at sea, we implanted 30 juvenile king penguins and 8 adult breeders with a small data logger that recorded pressure and subcutaneous temperature continuously for up to 2.5 years. We found important changes in the development of peripheral temperature patterns of foraging juvenile king penguins throughout their first year at sea. Peripheral temperature during foraging bouts fell to increasingly lower levels during the first 6 months at sea, after which it stabilized. Most importantly, these changes re-occurred during their second year at sea, after birds had fasted for ∼4 weeks on land during their second moult. Furthermore, similar peripheral temperature patterns were also present in adult birds during foraging trips throughout their breeding cycle. We suggest that rather than being a simple consequence of concurrent changes in dive effort or an indication of a physiological maturation process, these seasonal temperature changes mainly reflect differences in thermal insulation. Heat loss estimates for juveniles at sea were initially high but declined to approximately half after ∼6 months at sea, suggesting that juvenile king penguins face a strong energetic challenge during their early oceanic existence.
Lipid Raft Formation Driven by Push and Pull Forces
Authors: Mukai Masaru , Regen Steven L 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The lipid raft hypothesis is one of the most significant concepts that has emerged over the past two decades in cell membrane research. In essence, lipid rafts are thought to consist of tightly packed aggregates of cholesterol and sphingolipids that “float in a sea” of fluid phospholipid. Despite its popularity, many basic questions surrounding the lipid raft hypothesis remain to be answered. In particular, their size, their lifetimes and their biological functions have not yet been firmly established. At a more fundamental level, the forces that drive the formation of lipid rafts are not well understood. In this review, recent “nearest-neighbor recognition” (NNR) experiments are discussed that bear on these forces. In particular, these experiments have revealed a major and, heretofore, unrecognized role that polyunsaturated phospholipids are likely to play in the formation of lipid rafts.
Impact of Queue Configuration on Service Time: Evidence from a Supermarket
Authors: Wang Jingqi , Zhou Yong-Pin 
Published: July 2017

We study how queue configuration affects human servers’ service time by comparing dedicated queues with shared queues using field data from a natural experiment in a supermarket. We hypothesize that queue configuration may affect servers’ service rate through several mechanisms: pooling may affect service rate directly as a result of social loafing effect and competition effect and indirectly via its impact on queue length. To investigate these impacts, we take advantage of the supermarket’s checkout layout and use a data set containing both checkout transaction details and queue information collected from video recordings in the supermarket. After we control for the queue length, we find that servers in dedicated queues are about 10.7% faster than those in shared queues, mainly because of the social loafing effect. We also demonstrate that pooling has an indirect negative effect on service time through its impact on queue length. In addition, the queue configuration’s direct effect and its indirect queue length effect function independently of each other. In aggregation, the social loafing effect dominates, and servers slow down (a 6.86% increase in service time) in shared queues. This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.