bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Hemimetameric Segmental Shift in Congenital Scoliosis
Authors: Saito Toshiki , Kawakami Noriaki , Tsuji Taichi , Ohara Tetsuya , Suzuki Yoshitaka , Nohara Ayato , Tauchi Ryoji , Kawakami Kazuki 
Published: June 2016

Study Design:
This is a retrospective cohort study.

Background:
Hemimetameric segmental shift (HMMS) is defined as a hemivertebral deformation in which 2 or more hemivertebrae exist on both sides of the spine and are separated by at least 1 normal vertebra. Reports of HMMS are rare and based on simple anterior x-ray images. No reports have used 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) to analyze both the anterior and posterior elements. The objective of this study was to analyze the morphology and clinical features of HMMS 3 dimensionally.

Methods:
HMMS was confirmed in 32 (6.6%, 16 males and 16 females) of 483 patients diagnosed with congenital scoliosis at the study institution between 1998 and 2013. The average age at the first visit was 6 years and 3 months. 3D-CT imaging was performed for 30 patients older than 2 years (average age: 9 y and 8 mo) and used to classify cases according to posterior elements.

Results:
With regard to the number of hemivertebrae present, 21 patients had 2 hemivertebrae, 7 patients had 3 hemivertebrae, and 2 patients had 4 hemivertebrae. Patients with 2 hemivertebrae predominantly had hemivertebrae in the thoracolumbar spine. Patients were classified into 2 categories: malformation existing at an equal level in anterior and posterior sides (unison HMMS) and malformation existing at nonequal levels (discordant HMMS). Nine patients had unison HMMS and all of them had 2 hemivertebrae (average: 4.6 vertebrae). Twenty-one patients had discordant HMMS, with 12 having 2 hemivertebrae, 7 having 3 hemivertebrae, and 2 having 4 hemivertebrae.

Conclusions:
Through 3D-CT analysis, HMMS was categorized as unison or discordant. Discordant HMMS was observed in 21 of 30 (70%) patients and in all patients with >3 hemivertebrae. Diagnosing HMMS, whether unison or discordant, is clinically important and should be done with careful analysis of bone models and/or radiologic images to determine the correct spinal levels.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—diagnostic study.
Macrophage Inhibition Factor–Mediated CD74 Signal Modulate Inflammation and Matrix Metabolism in the Degenerated Cartilage Endplate Chondrocytes by Activating Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase 1/2
Authors: Xiong Chengjie , Huang Yong , Kang Hui , Zhang Tonghui , Xu Feng , Cai Xianhua 
Published: June 2016

Study Design.
The macrophage inhibition factor (MIF)-mediated CD74 dependent extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation were associated with inflammatory activity and matrix metabolism in human degenerated cartilage endplate (CEP). Anabolic/catabolic factors in pathogenesis of CEP degeneration were evaluated.

Objective.
To study the effect of MIF-mediated CD74 dependent ERK1/2 activation on the CEP degeneration.

Summary of Background Data.
MIF-CD74 signal is closely related to the CEP degeneration by inducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. ERK1/2-mediated inflammatory pathway also plays a crucial role in the intervertebral disc degeneration. The role of the ERK1/2 pathway in CEP chondrocytes response to MIF-CD74 signal has, however, not been fully elucidated.

Methods.
Chondrocytes were exposed to MIF, with or without ERK1/2 inhibition; CD74 interfered chondrocytes were also exposed to MIF, with or without ERK inhibition. mRNAs were isolated for real-time polymerase chain reaction measurement of gene expression. Western blotting was carried out to analyze the protein expression.

Results.
ERK1/2 expression was significantly increased by MIF. MIF modulates metabolism in CEP chondrocytes and decreased by its inhibitor PD98059. ERK1/2 expression was significantly decreased by CD74siRNA. Inflammatory cytokines expression was significantly increased by MIF-induced ERK1/2 activation and significantly suppressed by PD98059. On the contrary, matrix expression was significantly decreased by MIF-induced ERK1/2 activation and reversed by PD98059. CD74siRNA decreased the CD74 expression in chondrocytes. Inflammatory cytokines and matrix expression were not induced by MIF in CD74 interfered chondrocytes.

Conclusion.
These results show that MIF-CD74 signal elicits an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic metabolism in CEP chondrocytes via ERK signal pathway. ERK inhibition could exert therapeutic effect against the harmful effects of MIF-CD74 signal in CEP degeneration.

Level of Evidence: N/A
A CT-Based Simulation Study to Compare the Risk of Facet Joint Violation by the Cervical Pedicle Screw Between Degenerative and Nondegenerative Cervical Spines
Authors: Lee Dong-Ho , Noh Hyounmin , Hwang Chang Ju , Lee Choon Sung , Abumi Kuniyoshi , Cho Jae Hwan 
Published: June 2016

Study Design.
A retrospective case-control study.

Objective.
This study aimed (A) to compare entry points and trajectories of the cervical pedicle screw (CPS) between degenerative and nondegenerative spines, and (B) to evaluate the risk of facet joint violation by the CPS according to the degree of facet degeneration.

Summary of Background Data.
Entry point, trajectories, and risk of misplacement of the CPS have been widely researched; however, its application to degenerative cervical spine has to be elucidated.

Methods.
Sixty patients who underwent cervical surgeries at our institution were classified into two groups according to cervical facet joint degeneration. A simulation program with 0.7-mm thickness axial computed tomographic images was used to evaluate facet joint violation by the CPS from C3 to C6. Horizontal and vertical offsets of entry points were measured from two different anatomical landmarks on lateral mass, namely the lateral notch and the center of the superior ridge. The transverse and sagittal angles of the screws were also measured. Facet joint violation was evaluated and classified into either “minor” (<50% of screw diameter) or “major” (≥50% of screw diameter).

Results.
The mean transverse and sagittal angles showed no difference between the two groups. However, a more superior vertical offset from the superior ridge in terms of entry point was observed in the degenerative cervical spine group at all levels (P = 0.001–0.026). In addition, facet joint violation was more frequently found in severely degenerated facet joints than in mild to moderately degenerated facet joints (P = 0.011).

Conclusion.
The entry point of CPS was moved more superiorly in the degenerative cervical spine in this study, which increased the risk of facet joint violation in our patients. Thus, surgeons need to modify the insertion technique of the CPS or to insert lateral mass screw instead of the CPS when it is considered to insert screws at the uppermost vertebra in the degenerative cervical spine.

Level of Evidence: 4
The Role of Lymphadenectomy Versus Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Early-stage Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Tschernichovsky Roi , Diver Elisabeth J. , Schorge John O. , Goodman Annekathryn 
Published: June 2016

Objective:
The objective of this study is to review existing data regarding the feasibility, diagnostic performance, and oncologic outcomes of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) versus lymphadenectomy (LND) in endometrial cancer.

Materials and Methods:
A PubMed search identified studies on different staging strategies in endometrial cancer, including routine LND, predictive models of selective nodal dissection, and SLNB.

Results:
There is ongoing controversy over the risk-benefit ratio of LND in assessing nodal involvement in presumed early-stage endometrial cancer. Current experience with sentinel node biopsy suggests high detection rates and low false-negative rates across most series, as well as the increased detection of occult metastatic disease overlooked by conventional pathology. Although data on the long-term oncologic outcomes of sentinel node biopsy in this setting are limited, short-term follow-up shows no immediate impairment of disease-free survival or overall survival rates when compared with LND.

Conclusions:
SLNB holds promise as a less-morbid and more accurate alternative to LND for determining nodal spread in early-stage endometrial cancer. Further studies are necessary to understand how lymph node status will guide postoperative management and impact survival of women with nodal metastases.
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
Authors: Bishop Andrew J. , Zagars Gunar K. , Torres Keila E. , Bird Justin E. , Feig Barry W. , Guadagnolo B. Ashleigh 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to investigate local control (LC), survival outcomes, and associated prognostic factors for patients with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) treated with combined surgery and radiation therapy (RT).

Methods:
We reviewed the medical records of 71 consecutive patients treated with surgery and RT for localized MPNST between 1965 and 2012. Preoperative RT was used to treat 23 patients (32%) to a median dose of 50 Gy (range, 50 to 60 Gy), whereas 48 (68%) received postoperative RT to a median dose of 64 Gy (range, 45 to 70 Gy).

Results:
Median follow-up for living patients was 118 months (range, 21 to 512 mo). The 5-year LC, distant metastatic free survival, and disease-specific survival rates were 84%, 62%, and 66%, respectively. To identify predictors of outcome, several multivariate models were constructed: (1) positive/uncertain surgical margin status was the only factor adversely associated local relapse at 5 years (28% vs. 5% for negative margins; P=0.02; hazard ratios 5.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-27.4). (2) No factors were significantly associated with distant metastatic free survival. Of the 35 patients (49%) who sustained disease relapse, only 3 were ultimately salvaged. Only 2 patients had grade 2 late toxicities (necrosis, fibrosis) based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03 criteria, and 1 patient had grade 1 edema.

Conclusions:
Combination therapy with surgery and RT provides favorable LC. Distant recurrences, however, continue to be challenging with limited salvage success at the time of relapse.
Operative Method for Transverse Colon Carcinoma: Transverse Colectomy Versus Extended Colectomy
Authors: Chong Choon Seng , Huh Jung Wook , Oh Bo Young , Park Yoon Ah , Cho Yong Beom , Yun Seong Hyeon , Kim Hee Cheol , Lee Woo Yong 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND:The type of surgery performed for primary transverse colon cancer varies based on tumor characteristics and surgeon perspective. The optimal oncological outcome following different surgical options has not been clearly established, and transverse colectomy has shown oncological equivalence only in small cohort studies.OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to compare long-term oncological outcomes after transverse colectomy versus extended resection for transverse colon cancer.DESIGN:This study is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data.SETTING:This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital.METHOD:All patients treated for transverse colon cancer at the Samsung Medical Center between 1995 and 2013 were included.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Oncological outcomes were compared between 2 groups of patients: a transverse colectomy group and an extended colectomy group (which included extended right hemicolectomy and left hemicolectomy).RESULTS:A total of 1066 patients were included, of whom 750 (70.4%) underwent extended right hemicolectomy, 127 (11.9%) underwent transverse colectomy, and 189 (17.7%) underwent left hemicolectomy. According to univariate analysis, surgical approach, histological type, tumor morphology, cancer T and N stage, cancer size, and lymphovascular invasion were significant factors contributing to disease-free survival (DFS). However, as seen in multivariate analysis, only node-positive disease (HR = 2.035 (1.188–3.484)), tumors with ulcerative morphology (HR = 3.643 (1.132–11.725)), and the presence of vascular invasion (HR = 2.569 (1.455–4.538)) were significant factors for DFS. Further analysis with a propensity-matched cohort between the transverse and extended colectomy groups demonstrated no significant differences in DFS and overall survival.LIMITATIONS:This study was limited because it was performed at a single institution and it was retrospective in nature.CONCLUSION:In terms of perioperative and oncological outcomes, transverse colectomy and extended colectomy did not differ despite a shorter specimen length and fewer lymph nodes harvested in the transverse colectomy group. Independent prognostic factors for DFS were node-positive disease, the presence of vascular invasion, and ulcerative morphology.
Guidelines on Hair Restoration for East Asian Patients
Authors: Lee In-Joon , Jung Jae Heon , Lee Young-Ran , Kim Jung Chul , Hwang Sungjoo Tommy 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND
In East Asian countries, hair transplantation is a quite common procedure for treating pattern hair loss, cosmetically correcting the hairline, and correcting eyebrow and pubic hair defects. Although there are general guidelines concerning hair transplantation, certain factors need to be addressed to make the guidelines more specific and suitable to East Asian requirements.

OBJECTIVE
To provide guidelines for hairline design, donor harvesting, graft preparation and placement, and medical treatment that are appropriate for hair transplantation in East Asian patients.

METHODS
Recommendations are based on the experience of the authors, surgeons who perform hair transplantation, and a comprehensive review of the available literature on hair transplantation in East Asians.

RESULTS
Data on hair thickness and graft density, hairline design, and graft creation and placement techniques have been collaboratively evaluated and used to establish overall guidelines.

CONCLUSION
The use of the proposed guidelines by surgeons will hopefully enhance outcomes and bring greater consistency to hair transplantation procedures for East Asian patients.
N-Oleoylethanolamine Reduces Inflammatory Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in TNF-α-induced Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Activating CB2 and PPAR-α
Authors: Xu Xudong , Guo Han , Jing Zuo , Yang Lichao , Chen Caixia , Peng Lu , Wang Xiaoqing , Yan Lu , Ye Rongting , Jin Xin , Wang Yiqing 
Published: June 2016

Abstract:
Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) crucially impact the modulation of inflammation. N-Oleoylethanolamine (OEA), a natural agonist of PPAR-α, can also up-regulate the expression of CB2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and further shows an antiatherosclerotic effect. Our study was designed to determinate whether OEA could inhibit inflammation in HUVECs induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and to identify the mechanism of OEA function. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) levels were detected in HUVECs exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α in the presence of OEA. The results showed that OEA suppressed the expression of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, vascular adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in a dose-dependent manner. OEA also enhanced CB2 and PPAR-α receptor expression, which contributed to its anti-inflammatory effect. OEA inhibited the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, and the effect of OEA on nuclear factor-κB was partly abolished when HUVECs were pretreated with either CB2 or PPAR-α antagonist. OEA attenuated tumor necrosis factor-α-induced inflammation in HUVECs by up-regulating the expression of CB2 and PPAR-α receptors. Furthermore, OEA suppresses the nuclear factor-κB pathway. These results suggest that OEA exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-adhesive effects on HUVECs.
Cigarette smoking and hormones
Authors: Marom-Haham Lilach , Shulman Adrian 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
The purpose is to provide a summary of the effects of cigarette smoking on steroid hormone metabolism and how it affects female fertility.

Recent findings
Components of tobacco smoke such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons lead to transcriptional upregulation of a number of genes, including members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family, in particular CYP1B1 and CYP1A1. In humans, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 are the primary enzymes catalyzing the 2-hydroxylation of estradiol. This pathway shunts available estrogen away from the more estrogenically potent 16α-hydroxylation to the production of catechol estrogens, mainly 2 and 4 hydroxyestradiol.

Summary
Smoking has multiple effects on hormone secretion and metabolism. These effects are mainly mediated by the pharmacological action of tobacco alkaloids (nicotine and its metabolite cotinine). A strong body of evidence indicates that the negative effects of cigarette smoking on fertility compromises nearly every system involved in the reproductive process.
Educational Preparation, Roles, and Competencies to Guide Career Development for Cardiac Rehabilitation Nurses
Authors: Lin Stella H. M. , Neubeck Lis , Gallagher Robyn 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Cardiac rehabilitation is one of the most widely recommended strategies to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease. The multicomponent nature of cardiac rehabilitation programs requires a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals including nurses who are equipped with extensive knowledge and skills. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive, explicit career pathway that contains academic and clinical development to prepare nurses to become cardiac rehabilitation specialists.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to identify the 3 essential components for cardiac rehabilitation professionals: (1) educational preparation, (2) role/responsibility, and (3) competency to inform the framework of career development for cardiac rehabilitation nurses.

Methods:
Through scoping review, 4 stages from the methodological framework of scoping review by Arksey and O’Malley (Int J Soc Methodol. 2005;8:19–32) were used.

Results:
Some attempts have been made in developing frameworks of career development for cardiac rehabilitation professionals with these 3 components through guidelines/standards and core curriculum development worldwide, among which the United States is the only country with a well-established system including guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs, a position statement in terms of competencies, and certification examination for cardiac rehabilitation professionals. Nevertheless, further development and integration of these efforts, specifically for cardiac rehabilitation nurses, are required.

Conclusions:
It is vital to raise the awareness of the significant contribution that appropriately educated and trained nurses make in reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease through cardiac rehabilitation. Therefore, action on establishing a system of comprehensive, clearly defined career development pathway for cardiac rehabilitation nurses worldwide is of immediate priority.
Antidepressant Use and Subclinical Measures of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Camacho Álvaro , McClelland Robyn L. , Delaney Joseph A. , Allison Matthew A. , Psaty Bruce M. , Rifkin Dena E. , Rapp Stephen R. , Szklo Moyses , Stein Murray B. , Criqui Michael H. 
Published: June 2016

Background
Antidepressants are commonly prescribed medications used in primary care. The cardiovascular safety profile of antidepressant medications, in terms of subclinical atherosclerosis, is underexamined.

Methods
A total of 6814 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis were examined. At baseline, the mean age was 62 years with 4 race/ethnic groups represented: European Americans (38%), Hispanic Americans (23%), African Americans (28%), and Chinese Americans (11%). Antidepressants were subgrouped as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and “other” (bupropion, nefazodone, trazodone, mirtazapine). After adjusting for potential confounders, we estimated the association between antidepressant use and the following measures of subclinical atherosclerosis: coronary artery calcium (CAC), the ankle-brachial index, and carotid intima-media thickness, both cross-sectionally and prospectively.

Results
A total of 324 participants were exposed to SSRIs, 88 to TCAs, 41 to SNRIs, and 123 to other antidepressants. For CAC incidence, the fully adjusted longitudinal analyses revealed no consistent associations with SSRIs (relative risk [RR], 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71–1.37), SNRIs (RR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.13–1.86), TCAs (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.50–1.77), other antidepressant (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.73–1.03) exposure, and subclinical disease. Similar null results were obtained in the cross-sectional and longitudinal exposure to antidepressants with changes in baseline CAC greater than 0, ankle-brachial index, and carotid intima-media thickness.

Conclusions
The results of the current study do not support an association between antidepressants and subclinical atherosclerosis.
Immunogenetics of cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Authors: Hersh Aimee O. , Arkin Lisa M. , Prahalad Sampath 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypic autoimmune condition, often affecting multiple organ systems, including the skin. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is distinct from SLE and may be skin limited or associated with systemic disease. Histopathologically, the hallmark of lupus-specific manifestations of SLE and CLE is an interface dermatitis. The cause of SLE and CLE is likely multifactorial and may include shared genetic factors. In this review, we will discuss the genetic findings related to the cutaneous manifestations of SLE and isolated CLE, with a particular focus on the lupus-specific CLE subtypes.

Recent findings
Several major histocompatibility complex and nonmajor histocompatibility complex genetic polymorphisms have been identified which may contribute to the cutaneous manifestations of SLE and to CLE. Most of these genetic variants are associated with mechanisms attributed to the pathogenesis of SLE, including pathways involved in interferon and vitamin D regulation and ultraviolet light exposure. Although there is overlap between the genetic factors associated with SLE and CLE, there appear to be unique genetic factors specific for CLE.

Summary
Improved understanding of the genetics of CLE may lead to the creation of targeted therapies, improving outcomes for patients with this challenging dermatologic condition.