bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary implications of Liebig's law of the minimum: Selection under low concentrations of two nonsubstitutable nutrients
Authors: Warsi Omar M. , Dykhuizen Daniel E. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractInteractions between different axes of an organism's niche determine the evolutionary trajectory of a population. An extreme case of these interactions is predicted from ecological theory in Liebig's law of the minimum. This law states that in environments where multiple nutrients are in relatively low concentrations, only one nutrient will affect the growth of the organism. This implies that the evolutionary response of the population would be dictated by the most growth‐limiting nutrient. Alternatively, it is possible that an initial adaptation to the most limiting nutrient results in other nutrients present in low concentration affecting the evolutionary dynamics of the population. To test these hypotheses, we conducted twelve evolution experiments in chemostats using Escherichia coli populations: four under nitrogen limitation, four under magnesium limitation, and four in which both nitrogen and magnesium are in low concentrations. In the last environment, only magnesium seems to limit growth (Low Nitrogen Magnesium Limited environment, LNML). We observe a decrease in nitrogen concentration in the LNML environment over the course of our evolution experiment indicating that nitrogen might become limiting in these environments. Genetic reconstruction results show that clones adapted to magnesium limitation have genes involved in nitrogen starvation, that is, glnG (nitrogen starvation transcriptional regulator) and amtB (transport protein) to be upregulated only in the LNML environment as compared to magnesium‐limiting environments. Together, our results highlights that in low‐nutrient environments, adaptation to the growth‐limiting nutrient results in other nutrients at low concentrations to play a role in the evolutionary dynamics of the population.
Sociality influences thermoregulation and roost switching in a forest bat using ephemeral roosts
Authors: Russo Danilo , Cistrone Luca , Budinski Ivana , Console Giulia , Della Corte Martina , Milighetti Claudia , Di Salvo Ivy , Nardone Valentina , Brigham R. Mark , Ancillotto Leonardo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn summer, many temperate bat species use daytime torpor, but breeding females do so less to avoid interferences with reproduction. In forest‐roosting bats, deep tree cavities buffer roost microclimate from abrupt temperature oscillations and facilitate thermoregulation. Forest bats also switch roosts frequently, so thermally suitable cavities may be limiting. We tested how barbastelle bats (Barbastella barbastellus), often roosting beneath flaking bark in snags, may thermoregulate successfully despite the unstable microclimate of their preferred cavities. We assessed thermoregulation patterns of bats roosting in trees in a beech forest of central Italy. Although all bats used torpor, females were more often normothermic. Cavities were poorly insulated, but social thermoregulation probably overcomes this problem. A model incorporating the presence of roost mates and group size explained thermoregulation patterns better than others based, respectively, on the location and structural characteristics of tree roosts and cavities, weather, or sex, reproductive or body condition. Homeothermy was recorded for all subjects, including nonreproductive females: This probably ensures availability of a warm roosting environment for nonvolant juveniles. Homeothermy may also represent a lifesaver for bats roosting beneath loose bark, very exposed to predators, because homeothermic bats may react quickly in case of emergency. We also found that barbastelle bats maintain group cohesion when switching roosts: This may accelerate roost occupation at the end of a night, quickly securing a stable microclimate in the newly occupied cavity. Overall, both thermoregulation and roost‐switching patterns were satisfactorily explained as adaptations to a structurally and thermally labile roosting environment.
Seasonally contrasting responses of evapotranspiration to warming and elevated CO2 in a semiarid grassland
Authors: Sorokin Y. , Zelikova T. J. , Blumenthal D. , Williams D. G. , Pendall E. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGlobal climate change is expected to alter seasonal patterns and rates of evapotranspiration in dry regions. Although climate change will involve elevated CO2 and increased temperatures, independently, these factors may have different impacts on actual evapotranspiration (AET) due to their opposing effects on transpiration. We used canopy gas exchange chambers to quantify AET in a semiarid grassland experimentally altered by elevated CO2 and warming over 3 years with contrasting ambient precipitation. Seasonal and interannual variations in AET due to background climate variability were larger than the effects of climate manipulation treatments. However, in a year with average precipitation, cumulative growing season AET was suppressed by warming by 23%. Across years, warming increased AET early in the growing season and suppressed it later in the growing season. By contrast, elevated CO2 suppressed AET early in the growing season and enhanced it later, but only in years with average or above‐average precipitation. Vegetation greenness (a proxy for photosynthetically active leaf area) was consistently the strongest predictor of AET, whereas soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit were secondary drivers. Our research demonstrates that effects of increased atmospheric CO2 and temperature on AET will be mediated by plant phenological development and seasonal climatic conditions.
Pesticides, environment, and food safety
Authors: Carvalho Fernando P. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAgrochemicals have enabled to more than duplicate food production during the last century, and the current need to increase food production to feed a rapid growing human population maintains pressure on the intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers. However, worldwide surveys have documented the contamination and impact of agrochemical residues in soils, and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems including coastal marine systems, and their toxic effects on humans and nonhuman biota. Although persistent organic chemicals have been phased out and replaced by more biodegradable chemicals, contamination by legacy residues and recent residues still impacts on the quality of human food, water, and environment. Current and future increase in food production must go along with production of food with better quality and with less toxic contaminants. Alternative paths to the intensive use of crop protection chemicals are open, such as genetically engineered organisms, organic farming, change of dietary habits, and development of food technologies. Agro industries need to further develop advanced practices to protect public health, which requires more cautious use of agrochemicals through prior testing, careful risk assessment, and licensing, but also through education of farmers and users in general, measures for better protection of ecosystems, and good practices for sustainable development of agriculture, fisheries, and aquaculture. Enhanced scientific research for new developments in food production and food safety, as well as for environmental protection, is a necessary part of this endeavor. Furthermore, worldwide agreement on good agriculture practices, including development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their release for international agriculture, may be urgent to ensure the success of safe food production.
Control‐Oriented Modeling of Non‐Adiabatic Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks
Authors: Marra D. , Sorrentino M. , Pianese C. , Jensen K. J. N. L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe paper presents a lumped zero dimensional (0D) model for the simulation of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack thermal dynamics. Particularly, a dedicated sub‐model is developed, via a mixed gray/black‐box modeling approach, to suitably treat the heat exchange mechanisms between the stack and its surrounding environment. Such a sub‐model was embedded into an existing 0D simulator and then tested via comparison with temperature sensor measurements. The hardware sensor is indeed particularly critical, due to its location and the typically high operating temperature characterizing SOFC. Therefore, suitable experimental transients were performed at Topsoe fuel cell test‐bench, thus allowing verifying the accuracy and generalization granted by the 0D model in reproducing stack outlet temperature trajectories, both in steady‐state and dynamic operations. As a result, the modeling approach here proposed is proven effective either to replace the hardware temperature sensor at stack outlet or for redundancy purposes to improve reliability. Moreover, the 0D model can be deployed for offline design of SOFC systems' control strategies, as well as for real‐time diagnostic and control applications.
SrCo0.85Fe0.15O2.62 – Oxygen Deficient “314‐type” Perovskite; a Highly Efficient Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Marik S. , Nicollet C. , Channabasappa M. , Fourcade S. , Wattiaux A. , Duttine M. , Decourt R. , Bassat J.‐M. , Toulemonde O. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractStructure, electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance for a new oxygen deficient perovskite material with composition SrCo0.85Fe0.15O2.62 is explored here. It crystallizes in a “314‐type” oxygen‐vacancy ordered structure (Space Group: I4/mmm) with 2ap × 2ap × 4ap unit cell, and contains alternate oxygen replete [Co2/Fe2‐O] and oxygen deficient [Co1/Fe1‐O] planes along c‐direction. Room temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy and room temperature neutron powder diffraction confirm the presence of mixed valence states (3+ and 4+) for both Fe and Co. Polaronic behavior in the electrical conductivity is observed below 400 °C, and attributed to the presence of Co4+ and Fe3+ cations in the structure. The electrical conductivity at 600 °C is high enough (∼200 S cm−1) to act as a cathode material. At the same time, the polarization resistance measurements show an excellent value of 0.1 Ω cm2 at 600 °C. These results suggest that at 600 °C, this material is a mixed oxide‐ion and electronic conductor exhibiting excellent activity for the oxygen reduction reaction, making it a promising cathode material for an intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell.
Bioelectrochemical Dechlorination of 1,2‐DCA with an AQDS‐Functionalized Cathode Serving as Electron Donor
Authors: Leitão P. , Nouws H. , Danko A. S. , Aulenta F. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn the present study we describe a simple method to immobilize the redox mediator anthraquinone‐2,6‐disulfonate (AQDS) at the surface of graphite electrodes, by means of a commercial anion exchange membrane. Cyclic voltammetry experiments confirmed the efficacy of the immobilization protocol and the long‐term (over 70 days) electrochemical stability of the AQDS‐functionalized electrode. Potentiostatic (–300 mV vs. SHE) batch experiments proved the capability of the electrode in accelerating the bioelectrochemical reductive dechlorination of the groundwater contaminant 1,2‐dichloroethane (1,2‐DCA) to harmless ethene by a mixed microbial culture, by serving as electron donor in the process. Considering the reported broad range of anodic and cathodic reactions catalyzed by AQDS, the herein described functionalized electrode has a remarkable potential for application in the environmental and industrial sector.
The challenge of complex drug use: Associated use of codeine‐containing medicines and new psychoactive substances in a European cross‐sectional online population
Authors: Kimergård Andreas , Foley Michelle , Davey Zoe , Wadsworth Elle , Drummond Colin , Deluca Paolo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveMisuse of codeine‐containing medicines in combination with new psychoactive substances (NPS) is inadequately described. This study characterises codeine consumption amongst NPS users and non‐NPS users to provide warning of health issues.MethodsOnline survey conducted between July 2015 and March 2016.ResultsOut of 340 respondents, residing in a country in Europe and using codeine recently, 63.8% were female. Mean age: 34.9 years (SD = 12.4). Substance use included NPS (18.5%) and illicit controlled drugs (55.9%). Factors relating to codeine use found to significantly predict NPS use were consuming codeine extracted from combination tablets (OR = 16.79, 95% CI [8.67, 32.51]), obtaining codeine from friends, family, and acquaintances (OR = 3.98, 95% CI [1.82, 8.7]), use of illicit controlled drugs (OR = 34.99, 95% CI [8.39, 145.94]) and use of codeine to experience euphoria (OR = 6.41, 95% CI [3.42, 12.04]).ConclusionsAmongst NPS users, codeine is less likely to be used daily but more likely to be used for recreational purposes. Smaller populations engaging in high‐risk use exist who take multiple drugs in high doses. Combinations of misused codeine and NPS highlight the need for policy to respond to a more complex drug situation.
Retrospective study of the prognostic significance of neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio for postsurgical outcomes of patients with endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Ding Ling , Ding Yi , Mao Xiao‐hua , Zhao Jian‐fei , Zhou Huai‐jun 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the significance of postoperative inflammatory system response markers in predicting the prognosis of patients with endometrial cancer undergoing surgery.MethodsThe present retrospective study included patients who underwent surgical treatment for pathology‐confirmed endometrial cancer between January 1, 2007, and June 30, 2013, at the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China. Potential prognostic factors were investigated by Cox proportional hazards analysis and survival rates were compared using Kaplan‐Meier analyses.ResultsThere were 185 patients with surgically treated endometrial cancer included. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that a preoperative neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) above 1.81 (P=0.010) and a postoperative NLR above 7.54 (P=0.008) were both independently associated with lower disease free survival. Elevated preoperative and postoperative NLRs were associated with higher tumor stage (P=0.021 and P=0.009, respectively), and only elevated preoperative NLR was associated with lymph node involvement (P=0.023).ConclusionPreoperative and postoperative NLRs were independently associated with inflammatory system response markers and could be combined to evaluate the prognosis of patients with endometrial cancer following surgery.
Loss functions for predicted click‐through rates in auctions for online advertising
Authors: Hummel Patrick , McAfee R. Preston 
Published: June 2017

SummaryWe characterize the optimal loss functions for predicted click‐through rates in auctions for online advertising. Whereas standard loss functions such as mean squared error or log likelihood severely penalize large mispredictions while imposing little penalty on smaller mistakes, a loss function reflecting the true economic loss from mispredictions imposes significant penalties for small mispredictions and only slightly larger penalties on large mispredictions. We illustrate that when the model is misspecified using such a loss function can improve economic efficiency, but the efficiency gain is likely to be small.
Pharmacokinetic Characterization and Dose Selection of a Novel Sumatriptan Nasal Spray Formulation, DFN‐02
Authors: Pal Arindam , Gautam Anirudh , Munjal Sagar 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis 3‐way, single‐dose, randomized crossover study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and dose proportionality of 5‐, 10‐, and 15‐mg doses of intranasal sumatriptan (DFN‐02) coformulated with a permeation enhancer (DDM) in 18 healthy adults. The objective was to determine which DFN‐02 dose approximates the PK of a 6‐mg dose of sumatriptan delivered via subcutaneous injection in the deltoid muscle of the arm. Sumatriptan plasma concentrations peaked with DFN‐02 between 10 and 15 minutes postdose, declining thereafter, with a t1/2 of about 2.5 hours; mean Cmax and AUC0–∞ values increased linearly across doses. After DFN‐02 doses of 5, 10, and 15 mg, mean Cmax was 40.7 ± 14.2, 71.2  ±  22.1, and 101.0  ±  49.5 ng/mL, and mean AUC0–∞ was 49.9  ±  20.6, 87.1  ± 31.2, and 120.5  ± 53.3 ng·h/mL, respectively. The increase in sumatriptan bioavailability was less than dose‐proportional among the DFN‐02 doses studied. Based on the established PK of a 6‐mg subcutaneous sumatriptan injection (mean Tmax,  12 minutes; mean Cmax,  74  ± 15 ng/mL in the deltoid area of the arm) and the peak and time to peak sumatriptan concentrations of the DFN‐02 doses tested, a 10‐mg dose of DFN‐02 was found to be the closest match. Overall, DFN‐02 was well tolerated at doses of 5 to 15 mg, and no new safety concerns were identified.
Morphological Variation in Anuran Limbs: Constraints and Novelties
Authors: Fabrezi Marissa , Goldberg Javier , Chuliver Pereyra Mariana 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTAnurans have three primary types of locomotion: walking, jumping, and swimming. Additionally, they may dig, climb, grasp, etc. All adult anurans have four limbs, with four fingers on the hands and five toes on the feet. We summarized and updated knowledge on the interspecific variation within anuran limbs, then discuss how developmental constraints (e.g., in size) and novelties may have influenced anuran diversification through the locomotion. We analyze morphological variation from limb bud stages up to the final limb form resulting from certain skeletal organization and growth. We find limited morphometric variations in the skeleton of different developmental modules (i.e., skull, trunk, urostyle, limbs) indicate that the anuran body shape is largely constrained. We identify specializations of the stylopodium, zeugopodium, and proximal carpals/tarsals that have evolved to facilitiate saltatorial locomotion. We show that the anuran prepollex and prehallux are not vestigial digits and that they have come to serve specialized function. Medial rotation of the manus in anurans appears to have evolved to help distribute the force of impact upon landing at the end of a jump. Additional skeletal elements in anuran limbs are intercalary elements and sesamoids. The intercalary elements appear within neobatrachians and are integrated with digital pads in lineages capable of locomotion on smooth vertical surfaces. They have allowed arboreal anurans to occupy a wide range of arboreal habitats.
“Very much in love”: The letters of Magda Arnold and Father John Gasson
Authors: Rodkey Elissa N. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMagda Arnold (1903–2002), best known for her pioneering appraisal theory of emotion, belonged to the second generation of women in psychology who frequently experienced institutional sexism and career barriers. Following her religious conversion, Arnold had to contend with the additional challenge of being an openly Catholic woman in psychology at a time when Catholic academics were stigmatized. This paper announces the discovery of and relies upon a number of previously unknown primary sources on Magda Arnold, including approximately 150 letters exchanged by Arnold and Father John Gasson. This correspondence illuminates both the development of Arnold's thought and her navigation of the career challenges posed by her conversion. I argue that Gasson's emotional and intellectual support be considered as resources that helped Arnold succeed despite the discrimination she experienced. Given the romantic content of the correspondence, I also consider Arnold and Gasson in the context of other academic couples in psychology in this period and argue that religious belief ought to be further explored as a potential contributor to the resilience of women in psychology's history.
Novel 4‐arylaminoquinoline‐3‐carbonitriles as Inhibitors of HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Melo Beatriz C. L. , Bernardino Alice M. R. , Polillo Gustavo , Pereira Helena S. , Paixão Izabel C. P. , Ribeiro Michele S. , Borges Julio C. 
Published: June 2017

This paper describes the synthesis of several new 4‐arylaminoquinoline‐3‐carbonitriles derivatives. These were evaluated on the activity reverse transcriptase (RT) of HIV‐1. Most of the synthesized compounds showed significant in vitro inhibition of RT enzyme, especially derivative 3h (IC50 = <8 μM). The derivatives showed low‐level cytotoxicity.
Development of overuse tendinopathy: A new descriptive model for the initiation of tendon damage during cyclic loading
Authors: Herod Tyler W. , Veres Samuel P. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTTendinopathic tissue has long been characterized by changes to collagen microstructure. However, initial tendon damage from excessive mechanical loading—a hallmark of tendinopathy development—could occur at the nanoscale level of collagen fibrils. Indeed, it is on this scale that tenocytes interact directly with tendon matrix, and excessive collagen fibril damage not visible at the microscale could trigger a degenerative cascade. In this study, we explored whether initiation of tendon damage during cyclic loading occurs via a longitudinal compression‐induced buckling mechanism of collagen fibrils leading to nanoscale kinkband development. Two groups of tendons were cyclically loaded to equivalent peak stresses. In each loading cycle, tendons in one group were unloaded to the zero displacement mark, while those in the other group were unloaded to a nominal level of tension, minimizing the potential for fibril buckling. Tendons that were unloaded to the zero displacement mark ruptured significantly sooner during cyclic loading (1,446 ± 737 vs. 4,069 ± 1,129 cycles), indicating that significant fatigue damage is accrued in the low stress, toe region of the load‐deformation response. Ultrastructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy of tendons stopped after 1,000 cycles showed that maintaining a nominal tension slowed the accumulation of kinkbands, supporting a longitudinal compression‐induced buckling mechanism as the basis for kinkband development. Based on our results, we present a new descriptive model for the initiation of tendon damage during cyclic loading. The so‐called Compression of Unrecovered Elongation or CUE Model may provide useful insight into the development of tendinopathy. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:467–476, 2018.
The Pleistocene–Holocene Transition in Cantabrian Spain: current reflections on culture change
Authors: Straus Lawrence Guy 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThis contribution reviews the evidence for technological continuity and change (both gradual and abrupt) among the classic Magdalenian, Azilian, Asturian and non‐coastal Mesolithic culture‐adaptive traditions against the backdrop of environmental change across the Pleistocene–Holocene (i.e. Bølling–Boreal) transition in Cantabrian Spain. It explores the interacting, non‐exclusive roles of environment, demography, subsistence and ‘tradition’ or historical contingency in explaining both inertia and change in the cultural records (including settlement, mobility, artistic activity and even world‐view or ideology) observed by archeologists in this long‐occupied, southerly wing of the classic Franco‐Cantabrian culture area.
C2C value co‐creation through social interactions in tourism
Authors: Reichenberger Ina 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper examines the social practice of customer‐to‐customer value co‐creation in tourism contexts by considering visitor–visitor interactions, their manifestations, influential factors, and types of resulting value using extended social situation analysis. On the basis of 76 qualitative in‐depth interviews, results show that value co‐creation is not necessarily dependent upon the underlying social interactions but predominantly influenced by personal factors and attitudes towards sociability. The stronger the focus on other social actors is and the longer and more personal the social interactions are, the more complex and multilayered is the co‐created perceived value.