bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Residents Say They Learn: A National, Multi-Specialty Survey of First- and Second-Year Residents
Authors: Baldwin DeWitt C. , Daugherty Steven R. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Relatively little is known about how, from whom, and under what conditions residents say they most effectively learn. We examined the relationships between residents' self-reported ratings of 11 different sources of learning and a number of empirical variables, using a national, random sample of postgraduate year (PGY) 1 and PGY-2 residents in the 1998–1999 training year. Residents were surveyed by mail. Completed surveys were received from 64.2% of 5616 residents contacted. The most often reported sources of learning were other residents and attending physicians. Ratings varied by specialty, level of training, and US medical graduates (USMGs) versus international medical graduates (IMGs). Factor analysis identified 3 primary modes of learning: faculty-organized, peer-oriented, and self-directed. Residents in different specialties varied in their use of these 3 sources of learning. IMG residents reported significantly less learning from peers and more self-directed learning. Increased resident duty hours were associated with a decrease in faculty-organized and self-directed learning, and an increase in peer-oriented learning.
Vulnerability curves vs. vulnerability indicators: application of an indicator-based methodology for debris-flow hazards
Authors: Papathoma-Köhle Maria 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The assessment of the physical vulnerability of elements at risk as part of the risk analysis is an essential aspect for the development of strategies and structural measures for risk reduction. Understanding, analysing and, if possible, quantifying physical vulnerability is a prerequisite for designing strategies and adopting tools for its reduction. The most common methods for assessing physical vulnerability are vulnerability matrices, vulnerability curves and vulnerability indicators; however, in most of the cases, these methods are used in a conflicting way rather than in combination. The article focuses on two of these methods: vulnerability curves and vulnerability indicators. Vulnerability curves express physical vulnerability as a function of the intensity of the process and the degree of loss, considering, in individual cases only, some structural characteristics of the affected buildings. However, a considerable amount of studies argue that vulnerability assessment should focus on the identification of these variables that influence the vulnerability of an element at risk (vulnerability indicators). In this study, an indicator-based methodology (IBM) for mountain hazards including debris flow (Kappes et al., 2012) is applied to a case study for debris flows in South Tyrol, where in the past a vulnerability curve has been developed. The relatively "new" indicator-based method is being scrutinised and recommendations for its improvement are outlined. The comparison of the two methodological approaches and their results is challenging since both methodological approaches deal with vulnerability in a different way. However, it is still possible to highlight their weaknesses and strengths, show clearly that both methodologies are necessary for the assessment of physical vulnerability and provide a preliminary "holistic methodological framework" for physical vulnerability assessment showing how the two approaches may be used in combination in the future.
Determining Factors Affecting Audit Opinion: Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Özcan Ahmet 
Published: August 2016

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to construct a model based on financial and non-financial variables to identify factors affecting audit opinions. To examine the usefulness of financial and non-financial variables in distinguishing between firms with an unqualified audit opinion and firms with an adverse audit opinion, the relationship that exists between independent variables and the type of audit opinion is investigated through logit model. The findings of empirical analysis shed light on the relationship between firm specific factors and the type of audit opinion. The results of logit analysis suggest that an unqualified audit opinion is issued for firms that have a higher liquidity, profitability, operational efficiency, growth rate, percentage of outside board members and low debt to total asset ratio. The results of empirical analysis demonstrate that financial and non-financial variables can be significantly useful in distinguishing between firms with an unqualified audit opinion and firms with an adverse audit opinion. Additionally, the inclusion of non-financial variables, age and the percentage of outside board members, significantly improves the performance of empirical model. Keywords: Audit opinion, Financial and non-financial variables, Going- concern assumptionJEL: M40, M41
Concise Review: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Origins: Lessons from Embryogenesis for Improving Regenerative Medicine
Authors: De La Garza Adriana , Sinha Arpan , Bowman Teresa V. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have extensive regenerative capacity to replace all blood cell types, an ability that is harnessed in the clinic for bone marrow transplantation. Finding appropriate donors remains a major limitation to more extensive usage of HSC-based therapies. Derivation of patient-specific HSCs from pluripotent stem cells offers great promise to remedy this problem if scientists could crack the code on how to make robust, transplantable HSCs in a dish. Studies delving into the native origins of HSC production during embryonic development should supply the necessary playbook. This review presents recent discoveries from animal models, with a focus on zebrafish, and discusses the implications of these new advances in the context of prior knowledge. The focus is on the latest research exploring the role of epigenetic regulation, signaling pathways, and niche components needed for proper HSC formation. These studies provide new directions that should be explored for de novo generation and expansion of HSCs for regenerative therapies.
Phase Engineering in a Twin‐Phase β/γ‐MoCx Lightweight Nanoflower with Matched Fermi Level for Enhancing Electron Transport Across the Polarized Interfaces in Electromagnetic Wave Attenuation
Authors: Liu Tong , Wang Chong , Zhang Xingxing , Huo Haoyang , Li Hao , Zhang Wentong , Ren Mingfei , Yan Chenzhengzhe , Huang Hai , Huang Wenhuan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe phase engineering of the polarization interface is of great significance in modifying dielectric loss in electromagnetic wave (EMW) attenuation process, but hard to conduct in a complex hybrid system. Herein, a twin‐phase of β/γ‐MoCx@CN with matched Fermi level and closed work function properties in lightweight MoCx nanoflower is constructed, facilitating electron transport withdraw enhanced conductivity and polarization. Moreover, the EMW multiple dissipations among the β/γ‐MoCx@CN polarization interface is promoted, displaying better matched impedance. It delivered a remarkable minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −74.2 dB at the thickness of 1.5 mm, which far beyond the single phased β‐MoCx@CN, γ‐MoCx@CN and reported MoCx‐based EMW absorbers. The radar cross‐section (RCS) map of β/γ‐MoCx@CN is simulated, showing a brilliant maximum reduction value of 13.6 dB m2 at the theta angle of 30°. This work presented an excellent sample of atomic‐level manipulation of interfacial polarization in dielectric MoCx EMW absorption materials.
Flexible Crossbar Molecular Devices with Patterned EGaIn Top Electrodes for Integrated All‐Molecule‐Circuit Implementation
Authors: Cao Zhou , Xie Yu , Lin Jin‐Liang , Zhong Shuai , Yan Chenshuai , Yang Zhenyu , Li Mingyao , Zhou Ziming , Peng Wuxian , Qiu Shengzhe , Liu Junyang , Li Yuan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractHere, a unique crossbar architecture is designed and fabricated, incorporating vertically integrated self‐assembled monolayers in electronic devices. This architecture is used to showcase 100 individual vertical molecular junctions on a single chip with a high yield of working junctions and high device uniformity. The study introduces a transfer approach for patterned liquid‐metal eutectic alloy of gallium and indium top electrodes, enabling the creation of fully flexible molecular devices with electrical functionalities. The devices exhibit excellent charge transport performance, sustain a high rectification ratio (>103), and stable endurance and retention properties, even when the devices are significantly bent. Furthermore, Boolean logic gates, including OR and AND gates, as well as half‐wave and full‐wave rectifying circuits, are successfully implemented. The unique design of the flexible molecular device represents a significant step in harnessing the potential of molecular devices for high‐density integration and possible molecule‐based computing.
The Liquid Metal Age: A Transition From Hg to Ga
Authors: Handschuh‐Wang Stephan , Wang Tao , Gancarz Tomasz , Liu Xiaorui , Wang Ben , He Bin , Dickey Michael D. , Wimmer Georg W. , Stadler Florian J. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis review offers an illuminating journey through the historical evolution and modern‐day applications of liquid metals, presenting a comprehensive view of their significance in diverse fields. Tracing the trajectory from mercury applications to contemporary innovations, the paper explores their pivotal role in industry and research. The analysis spans electrical switches, mechanical applications, electrodes, chemical synthesis, energy storage, thermal transport, electronics, and biomedicine. Each section examines the intricacies of liquid metal integration, elucidating their contributions to technological advancements and societal progress. Moreover, the review critically appraises the challenges and prospects inherent in liquid metal applications, addressing issues of recycling, corrosion management, device stability, economic feasibility, translational hurdles, and market dynamics. By delving into these complexities, the paper advances scholarly understanding and offers actionable insights for researchers, engineers, and policymakers. It aims to catalyze innovation, foster interdisciplinary collaboration, and promote liquid metal‐enabled solutions for societal needs. Through its comprehensive analysis and forward‐looking perspective, this review serves as a guide for navigating the landscape of liquid metal applications, bridging historical legacies with contemporary challenges, and highlighting the transformative potential of liquid metals in shaping future technologies.
Engineered Enucleated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulating Immune Microenvironment and Promoting Wound Healing
Authors: Chen Zhengtai , Zou Yang , Sun Hanxiao , He Yan , Ye Kai , Li Yi , Qiu Lihong , Mai Yuexue , Chen Xinghong , Mao Zhengwei , Yi Chenggang , Wang Wei 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPersistent excessive inflammation caused by neutrophil and macrophage dysfunction in the wound bed leads to refractory response during wound healing. However, previous studies using cytokines or drugs often suffer from short half‐lives and limited targeting, resulting in unsatisfactory therapeutic effects. Herein, the enucleated mesenchymal stem cell is engineered by aptamer bioorthogonal chemistry to modify the cell membrane and mRNA loading in the cell cytoplasm as a novel delivery vector (Cargocyte) with accurate targeting and sustained cytokine secretion. Cargocytes can successfully reduce NETosis by targeting the nuclear chromatin protein DEK protein with aptamers and sustaining interleukin (IL)‐4 expression to overcome the challenges associated with the high cost and short half‐life of IL‐4 protein and significantly prevent the transition of macrophages into the M1 phenotype. Therapeutic effects have been demonstrated in murine and porcine wound models and have powerful potential to improve wound immune microenvironments effectively. Overall, the use of engineered enucleated mesenchymal stem cells as a delivery system may be a promising approach for wound healing.
Golden Guardians: Advanced pH Sensors with Built‐in Antimicrobial Defense
Authors: Justo‐Tirado Miguel , Pérez‐Herráez Irene , Dea‐Ayuela María Auxiliadora , Galiana Carolina , González‐García Jorge , Zaballos‐García Elena , Pérez‐Prieto Julia 
Published: September 2024

AbstractGold nanoclusters (Au NCs) capped with a small biomolecule, namely (+)‐norephedrine, (Au@Nore) display exceptional performance as fluorescent pH sensors. They display high emission quantum yield (ΦPL of ≈33% in strongly basic media); absence of nanocluster (NC) aggregation and/or induced rigidification of the organic shell; a linear dependency of their emission on the pH in the 8.2–9.5 range; and reversible pH sensing. In addition, excitation at 310 nm, where both the NC and the ligand absorb, enables ratiometric sensing. Studies on the fungus Candida albicans and bacterium Bacillus subtilis demonstrate that while Au@Nore do not cause any impact on the growth of the fungus, it inhibited the growth of the Bacillus, showing the lowest cell viability of 18% at the highest pH values via a mechanism of action involving the disruption of the bacterial wall.
Effects of Sterilization on Cellobiose Dehydrogenase and Glucose Oxidase Based Glucose Biosensors
Authors: Bennett Richard , Rathore Arvind , Gounel Sébastien , Lielpetere Anna , Reichhart Thomas M.B. , Jayakumar Kavita , Ludwig Roland , Felice Alfons K.G. , Leech Dónal , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Mount Andrew , Mano Nicolas , Boiziau Claudine 
Published: September 2024

AbstractResearch on implantable glucose biosensors is driven by the need for innovative medical devices for continuous glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, biosensor sterilization is a step that is widely omitted during the process of innovation. To compare the effects of gamma irradiation and chemical treatment with ethylene oxide (carbon microarray electrodes are fabricated, functionalized with glucose oxidizing enzymes (cellobiose dehydrogenase CDH or glucose oxidase GOx), and coated with a specifically designed zwitterionic polymer prior to the sterilization step. Cyclic voltammetry in the presence of 100 mm glucose of the biosensors before and after sterilization shows that gamma irradiation with a low radiation rate (25 kGy, 260 Gy h−1) does not induce a sensor performance loss, unlike the EtO treatment. In addition, no cytotoxic by‐products are released after gamma sterilization. Based on these results obtained with both glucose oxidizing enzymes (CDH and GOx), gamma irradiation of the glucose biosensors with a low dose rate is preferable to exposure to EtO for biosensor terminal sterilization.
“Straw in the Clay Soil” Strategy: Anticarbon Corrosive Fluorine‐Decorated Graphene Nanoribbons@CNT Composite for Long‐Term PEMFC
Authors: Jin Song , Kwon JunHwa , Lee Jong Min , Kim Ye‐Rim , Albers Justin Georg , Choi Young‐Woo , Choi Sung Mook , Eom KwangSup , Seo Min Ho 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCarbon corrosion poses a significant challenge in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), leading to reduced cell performance due to catalyst layer degradation and catalyst detachment from electrodes. A promising approach to address this issue involves incorporating an anticorrosive carbon material into the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrode, even in small quantities (≈3 wt% in electrode). Herein, the successful synthesis of fluorine‐doped graphene nanoribbons (F‐GNR) incorporated with graphitic carbon nanotubes (F‐GNR@CNT), demonstrating robust resistance to carbon corrosion is reported. By controlling the synthesis conditions using an exfoliation method, the properties of the composite are tailored. Electronic structural studies, employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations, to elucidate the roles of fluorine dopants and graphitic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in mitigating carbon corrosion are conducted. Physicochemical and electrochemical characterization of F‐GNR@CNT reveal its effectiveness as a cathode additive at the single‐cell scale. The addition of F‐GNR@CNT to the Pt/C cathode improves durability by enhancing carbon corrosion resistance and water management, thus mitigating the flooding effect through tailored surface properties. Furthermore, advanced impedance analysis using a transmission line model is performed to gain insights into the internal resistance and capacitive properties of electrode structure.
Direct Precursor Route for the Fabrication of LLZO Composite Cathodes for Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Kiyek Vivien , Schwab Christian , Scheld Walter Sebastian , Roitzheim Christoph , Lindner Adrian , Menesklou Wolfgang , Finsterbusch Martin , Fattakhova‐Rohlfing Dina , Guillon Olivier 
Published: September 2024

AbstractSolid–state batteries based on Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet electrolyte are a robust and safe alternative to conventional lithium‐ion batteries. However, the large‐scale implementation of ceramic composite cathodes is still challenging due to a complex multistep manufacturing process. A new one‐step route for the direct synthesis of LLZO during the manufacturing of LLZO/LiCoO2 (LCO) composite cathodes based on cheap precursors and utilizing the industrially established tape casting process is presented. It is shown that Al, Ta:LLZO can be formed directly in the presence of LCO from metal oxide precursors (LiOH, La2O3, ZrO2, Al2O3, and Ta2O5) by heating to 1050 °C, eliminating the time‐ and energy‐consuming synthesis of preformed LLZO powders. In addition, performance‐optimized gradient microstructures can be produced by sequential casting of slurries with different compositions, resulting in dense and flat phase‐pure cathodes without unwanted ion interdiffusion or secondary phase formation. Freestanding cathodes with a thickness of 85 µm, a relative density of 95%, and an industrial relevant LCO loading of 15 mg show an initial capacity of 82 mAh g−1 (63% of the theoretical capacity of LCO) in a solid‐state cell with Li metal anodes, which is comparable to conventional LCO/LLZO cathodes and can be further improved in the future.
Data‐Driven Materials Research and Development for Functional Coatings
Authors: Xu Kai , Xiao Xuelian , Wang Linjing , Lou Ming , Wang Fangming , Li Changheng , Ren Hui , Wang Xue , Chang Keke 
Published: September 2024

AbstractFunctional coatings, including organic and inorganic coatings, play a vital role in various industries by providing a protective layer and introducing unique functionalities. However, its design often involves time‐consuming experimentation with multiple materials and processing parameters. To overcome these limitations, data‐driven approaches are gaining traction in materials science. In this paper, recent advances in data‐driven materials research and development (R&D) for functional coatings, highlighting the importance, data sources, working processes, and applications of this paradigm are summarized. It is begun by discussing the challenges of traditional methods, then introduce typical data‐driven processes. It is demonstrated how data‐driven approaches enable the identification of correlations between input parameters and coating performance, thus allowing for efficient prediction and design. Furthermore, carefully selected case studies are presented across diverse industries that exemplify the effectiveness of data‐driven methods in accelerating the discovery of new functional coatings with tailored properties. Finally, the emerging research directions, involving integrating advanced techniques and data from different sources, are addressed. Overall, this review provides an overview of data‐driven materials R&D for functional coatings, shedding light on its potential and future developments.
Periodic Domain Inversion in Single Crystal Barium Titanate‐on‐Insulator Thin Film
Authors: Aashna Pragati , Lin Hong‐Lin , Cao Yu , Yin Yuhui , Gao Yuan , Mohanraj Sakthi Sanjeev , Zhu Di , Danner Aaron 
Published: September 2024

AbstractExperimentally achieving the first‐ever electric field periodic poling of single crystal barium titanate oxide (BTO, or BaTiO3) thin film on‐insulator is reported. Owing to the outstanding optical nonlinearities of BTO, this result is a key step toward achieving quasi‐phase‐matching (QPM). First, the BTO thin film is grown on a dysprosium scandate substrate using pulsed laser deposition with a thin layer of strontium ruthenate later serving as the bottom electrode for poling. The characterization of the BTO thin film using x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and piezo‐response force microscopy to demonstrate single crystal, single domain growth of the film that enables the desired periodic poling, are presented. To investigate the poling quality, both non‐destructive piezo force response microscopy and destructive etching‐assisted scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are applied, and it is shown that high quality, uniform, and intransient poling with 50% duty cycle and periods ranging from 2 µm to 10 µm is achieved. The successful realization of periodic poling in BTO thin film unlocks the potential for highly efficient nonlinear processes under QPM that seemed far‐fetched with prior polycrystalline BTO thin films which predominantly relied on efficiency‐limited random or non‐phase matching conditions and is a key step toward integration of BTO photonic devices.
Interface Energy‐Level Reorganization for Efficient Perovskite γ‐Ray Detectors
Authors: Feng Yanxing , Chen Quanlin , Yan Xinlong , Fu Xinliang , Wang Di , Ding Zijin , Li Saisai , Geng Cong , Gao Linyue , Zhang Jia , Yang Fan , Qaid Saif M. H. , Gao Shuyan , Jiang Yuanzhi , Yuan Mingjian 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMetal halide perovskites are promising candidates for gamma‐ray (γ‐ray) spectrum detectors. However, achieving high‐resolution energy spectra in single‐photon pulse‐height analysis mode remains challenging, due to the inevitable leakage currents degrade the recognizable fingerprint energies which is critical for resolving γ‐ray spectroscopy. We demonstrate under high bias voltage, a deficient contact barrier can lead to excessive surface charge injection, thereby increasing leakage current from electrodes to perovskites. Hence, we conceive to employ surface ligand engineering on perovskite single crystals to manipulate energy levels to suppress leakage current. In particular, anchoring a strong dipole ligand onto the perovskite induced surface charge‐density displacement, leading to a downward band bending and heightened the corresponding contact barrier. Consequently, the strategy minimized the detectors’ leakage current by an order of magnitude, to as low as 44 nA cm−2 at −100 V. The resulting detectors show a significant improvement in energy resolution, 3.9 % for 22Na 511 keV γ‐rays has been achieved at room temperature. The resulting detector further resolves each fingerprint energy for 152Eu γ‐spectrum, representing one of the best γ‐rays perovskite detectors reported to date. Moreover, the detectors exhibited stabilized energy resolution without any degradation under a continuous electric field (1,000 V cm−1) for over 300 minutes, representing the longest longevity reported to date.