bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palatal Harmony
Authors: Kisseberth Charles W. , Kenstowicz Michael J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the typology of palatal harmony: phonotactic restrictions and phonological alternations for the feature [back]. The first half reviews the parameters for target, trigger, and directionality, as well as neutral, opaque, and transparent vowels in the better-documented Finnish, Turkish, Hungarian, Tuvan, and Uyghur. The second half summarizes the more restricted palatal harmonies in various dialects of Mari (Cheremis). Local harmony primarily affects reduced non-high central vowels. Non-local harmony arises from strengthening a word-final reduced vowel to a full vowel whose palatality (and roundness) is assimilated from a preceding vowel depending on factors of stress, distance, and the full versus reduced status of the trigger. The chapter concludes with a palatal harmony found in the first two syllables of the word in Lezgian; here pre-verbs harmonize with a following stem vowel, demonstrating that palatal harmony can function bidirectionally like the better-known cases of advanced tongue root harmony.
Articulatory and Perceptual Factors in Vowel Harmony
Authors: Gafos Adamantios 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews articulatory and perceptual factors claimed to contribute to the forms and functions of vowel harmony across languages. It begins with a review of basic coarticulation facts. This is followed by an examination of proposals addressing why harmony exists, including the proposal tracing the emergence of harmony to misperception of coarticulation, speaker-oriented pressures related to planning and production, and listener-oriented pressures related to enhancement of weak contrasts, the latter with accompanying typological studies wherein asymmetries in harmony patterns are related to notions of perceptual difficulty or weak contrasts. Experimental evidence supporting the idea that vowel sequences in languages with harmony may admit distinct phonological representations when compared to phonemically identical sequences in languages without harmony is also examined.
Vowel Harmony in Nilo-Saharan Languages
Authors: Kutsch Lojenga Constance 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Almost 70 Nilo-Saharan languages are cited in this chapter, several of which are mentioned because of a particular behavior in their vowel harmony (VH) system, whereas others are treated more elaborately with sets of examples. The great majority of the Nilo-Saharan languages have vowel systems with VH based on the feature [ATR]. Several subtypes are found: (1) languages with nine or 10 contrastive vowels; and (2) languages with seven contrastive vowels and two or three allophones, which results in the same nine or 10 surface vowels. There are languages which synchronically have a seven-vowel system, but the literature on these languages points to a historical nine-vowel system for all of them. The [+ATR] value is normally dominant. The behavior of the [–ATR] vowel /a/ in a [+ATR] environment may differ from language to language. Other features found in relation to [+ATR] vowels and VH are breathiness and expanded pharynx.
Vowel Harmony in Mesoamerican Languages
Authors: Rogers Chris 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the typological classifications of the vowel harmony (VH) systems of Central American languages. The present discussion is restricted to the languages of the Mesoamerican Linguistic and Cultural Areas and shows that harmonic behaviors fall into three types: assimilatory, vowel copy, and static sequential dependencies. Each of these three types of harmonic behavior targets one or more of the phonetic features of vowels within particular morphophonological domains and is unique for each Mesoamerican language. Each type is presented through representative examples from a variety of languages. The classification presented suggests a heuristic for comparing and describing the VH systems in this part of the world.
Vowel Harmony in South American Languages
Authors: Nikulin Andrey 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The chapter provides a brief overview of the vowel harmony patterns found in the indigenous languages of South America, with special attention to the palatal and labial harmony of Wayuunaiki (Arawakan), the labial harmony of Añú (Arawakan), and the tongue-root harmony of Karajá (Macro-Jê), as well as to the nasal harmony processes, famously widespread in the languages of the continent (including Tupian, Tukanoan, Warao, and other languages). In addition, the chapter discusses less robust palatal, labial, and aperture harmony patterns as well as harmony-related phenomena, such as umlaut and translaryngeal and transguttural assimilation, which are found in multiple unrelated languages of South America. It is noted that some of the most robust patterns have in common the trait of operating leftward rather that rightward.
Vowel Harmony in Languages of India
Authors: Mahanta Shakuntala , Arsenault Paul 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a survey of vowel harmony (VH) in languages of India, focusing on examples from the Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman, and Dravidian families, along with the isolate Burushaski. It sketches the typological properties of harmony, while also drawing generalizations about language families. The survey covers well-known case studies like Assamese, Bengali, and Telugu, but also lesser-known examples. It reveals that VH systems are primarily regressive in India. Common types of VH in the region include height, tongue-root, laxing, and palatal harmony. In tongue-root harmony systems, [+ATR] vowels are dominant, [−ATR] vowels are recessive, and [ɑ] is an opaque blocker. Other blocking effects are attributed to intervening coda consonants, nasals, and stress. The domain of harmony is most often the inflected word. In sum, the survey presents an overview of VH in India based on research to date while also highlighting outstanding issues that might guide future investigations.
Vowel Harmony in Sino-Tibetan Languages
Authors: Chirkova Katia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of vowel harmony (VH) systems, as reported in some Sino-Tibetan languages—particularly, Qiangic, Na, and Tibetic—and reviews reported systems which are particularly diverse in Qiangic languages (e.g., palatal, height, rounding, advanced tongue root (ATR)/retracted tongue root (RTR), retroflex harmony). Based on a comparison of different systems across common harmonic domains, it argues that patterns traditionally described as ‘vowel harmony’ in Qiangic and possibly Na languages likely represent vestiges of an earlier register-type contrast, which involves sets of correlated phonetic properties associated with vowel, phonatory, and tonal quality (register harmony). By contrast, VH in Tibetic languages represents a more canonical VH system (ATR/RTR). The proposed analysis is tentative given the understudied nature of the groups discussed. The conclusion discusses the place of VH patterns in Qiangic, Na, and Tibetic languages in their genetic and areal context, and highlights areas where future research is needed.
Vowel Harmony in Korean
Authors: Ko Seongyeon 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Korean is an East Asian language spoken mainly in the Korean peninsula, which is generally classified as a language isolate. Korean vowel harmony (VH) has been a topic of interest and debate that still has many unresolved issues from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. This concise chapter focuses on the empirical side and aims to provide a descriptive overview of Korean VH in its historical context. The description falls into two parts: In the first half, it explores the more rigorous and productive patterns of retracted tongue root harmony in Middle Korean. In the second half, it presents the less productive, decayed VH patterns in Contemporary Korean, which is further divided into ideophone harmony and suffixal harmony. At the end, the chapter also briefly touches upon the ongoing changes and variations.
Vowel Harmony in Ainu
Authors: Shiraishi Hidetoshi , Botma Bert 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the distribution of vowels in Ainu, a linguistic isolate of Northeast Asia. Some vocalic suffixes tend to harmonize with a preceding root vowel, although the patterns are complicated by the existence of disharmonic forms. The data show that the distribution of vowels in base-suffix contexts differs from that in underived contexts, with two interesting exceptions; in both environments there is a marked preference for /o … o/, while /o … u/ and /u … o/ are in general avoided. This appears to be an areal feature of Northeast Asia, since other languages in the region display similar restrictions on the distribution of /o/.
Vowel Harmony in Yukaghir
Authors: Nikolaeva Irina 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Yukaghir is a small language family comprising two closely related languages, Kolyma Yukaghir and Tundra Yukaghir, previously analyzed as dialects of one language. Both are spoken in the northeastern part of Siberia. Mainstream linguistics maintains that the Yukaghir family is genetically isolate, but there have been various attempts to demonstrate that it is distantly related to other families, most commonly Uralic. This chapter primarily describes vowel harmony (VH) in Kolyma Yukaghir, but also provides a brief comparison with Tundra Yukaghir. It demonstrates that Kolyma Yukaghir has a residual palatal and rounding harmony that operates in native lexical roots. Outside of primary roots, high vowels are harmony-neutral, and there is only one non-high short vowel (ǝ). This vowel is subject to optional assimilation initiated by the vowels in the root. The velar and uvular consonants interact with VH within the prosodic stem.
Vowel Harmony in Romance Languages
Authors: Canalis Stefano , Jiménez Jesús , Lloret Maria-Rosa , Renwick Margaret E. L. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the main features of vowel harmony (VH) patterns in Romance. Virtually all Romance harmonies are unidirectional—that is, they are right-to-left or left-to-right processes. Furthermore, in most Romance vowel harmonies the stress-bearing vowel is either the target (most usually assimilating to the final vowel, a process known as ‘metaphony’ in Romance linguistics) or the trigger; even when this is not the case, the boundaries of the process are prosodically defined. In some VH processes, there can be intervening transparent vowels between the target and the trigger. Most harmonies displayed by Romance varieties involve vowel height, though there are some instances of rounding or backness assimilation in Swiss Lombard, Valencian Catalan, and Romanian, as well as cases of centralization (or laxing) in Canadian French, Cantabrian, and central Sicilian, and complete vowel copy in Italo-Romance.
Vowel Harmony in Austronesian Languages
Authors: Gasser Emily 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes patterns of vowel harmony (VH) in the Austronesian languages. While not as pervasive or archetypal as that found in families such as Turkic, VH is nonetheless far more widespread in Austronesian than is generally recognized. Documented patterns spread [ATR] or laxness, height, backness, rounding, and/or nasality. While the domain of harmony is frequently limited to a two-syllable window, it can be as large as the prosodic word or even the Intonational Phrase, and its application can be influenced by stress, syllable shape, and the surrounding consonants. VH is most common in the western part of the Austronesian world, but is attested in central and eastern languages as well. Comprising roughly one sixth of the world’s languages, Austronesian is a large and diverse family, and it would not be surprising if further language documentation were to uncover more VH patterns of varying kinds across the group.
Kant’s Criticism of Metaphysics
Authors: Watkins Eric 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a novel interpretation of one line of Kant’s critique of the claims of traditional metaphysics. In its first section, it presents a series of conditions on cognition, according to which cognition requires not only that the object to be cognized must be given in intuition and thought through concepts (the givenness and thought conditions), but also that it be possible to show that the positive properties thought through the relevant concepts are exhibited by the object given in intuition so that an object we are aware of is thereby rendered intelligible (the real possibility, positive content, and subjective sources conditions). In the second section, it shows how Kant argues that even if the most important objects of traditional metaphysics—the soul, God, and freedom—might be thought to satisfy the givenness and thought conditions, they cannot satisfy the other conditions. For it turns out that of the objects of which we can be aware (e.g. by them being given in intuition), we cannot be aware of them as exhibiting the positive properties represented by the concepts of the objects of traditional metaphysics, for there is a fundamental mismatch between how we represent objects that are given to us and the content represented in the concepts of the objects of traditional metaphysics.
Kant on Virtue
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Kant’s moral theory has often been portrayed as a paradigm of a rule-based moral theory, consisting of strict obligations with no role for a conception of virtue. But Kant does have an interest in the reasons for action as well as the action itself, in the evaluation of a person (as a good will), and in an underlying moral disposition (the Gesinnung or ‘metamaxim’), all of which are similar to ideas of virtue. Moreover, Kant does have a conception of virtue, developed in the Metaphysics of Morals, according to which virtue is the strength to carry out our moral obligations, in the face of temptations from ‘the beloved self’ to do otherwise.
Kant on Cognition and Knowledge
Authors: Kohl Markus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the difference and the connections between Kant’s notions of cognition (Erkenntnis) and knowledge (Wissen). Unlike knowledge, cognition is a representational state which need not have the propositional structure of a judgment. Even cognitions that have such a structure need not coincide with knowledge, because they might rather have the doxastic status of opinion or faith, or they might be false (whereas knowledge is a certain recognition of truth). The chapter argues that while Kant distinguishes between many different species of cognition, he uses the term ‘knowledge’ univocally across his theoretical and practical philosophy. All knowledge is based upon some kind of cognition that provides the sufficient objective, certain ground for a knowing assent to a proposition. However, not all knowledge must be based upon the demanding type of cognition that is central to Kant’s overall argument in the first Critique, which requires a synthesis of concepts and sensible intuition. We have a lot of determinate knowledge, including knowledge that we possess transcendental freedom of will, that is based upon purely conceptual practical cognition. We can also have some indeterminate philosophical knowledge (e.g. knowledge that there are non-sensible, noumenal beings) that is based upon purely conceptual theoretical cognition.
Kant on Logic
Authors: Bader Ralf M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Immanuel Kant developed a highly systematic and nuanced conception of logic that differs significantly from, and is in important respects superior to, the logics developed by his predecessors and contemporaries, as well as those in use nowadays. Whilst his logic plays a crucial role in both his theoretical and practical philosophy, it is unfortunately widely misunderstood, leading to deep-rooted misinterpretations of the Critical philosophy. This chapter provides an account of the logical forms of judgment in general and transcendental logic, spelling out the different ways in which concepts can be synthesized to form categorical judgments and the ways in which categorical judgments can be synthesized to form hypothetical and disjunctive judgments.
Alternative metrics and social impact of research about Social Sciences in Cuba
Authors: Ortiz Núñez Roelvis , Jaillier Castrillón Érika 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The evaluation of the social impact of research is a critical concern for both the scientific and social communities. This study aims to describe the social impact of scientific research outcomes in the field of Social Sciences in Cuba. Five dimensions of analysis and 16 alternative indicators were utilized, employing altmetric tools and data sources. The data for the study were collected from the Scopus database and the altmetric data provider PlumX Metrics. Statistical techniques for trend and correlation analysis between indicators, along with data visualization, were used for the analysis. The results indicate that the most prominent indicators were citations in Scopus and CrossRef, Views Count, Full Text Views, Abstract Views, Readers in Mendeley Captures, and social network metrics from Facebook and Twitter. The research findings with the greatest social impact pertained to climate change and environmental policy, scientific production related to COVID-19, higher education, sustainable development, gender studies, legislation, and tourism.
KCNB1‐Leptin receptor complexes couple electric and endocrine function in the melanocortin neurons of the hypothalamus
Authors: Forzisi‐Kathera‐Ibarra Elena , Jo Chanmee , Castillo Leonard , Gaur Anika , Lad Prachi , Bortolami Alessandro , Roser Christian , Venkateswaran Srinidi , Dutto Stefania , Selby Matthew , Sampath Harini , Pan Ping‐Yue , Sesti Federico 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe neurons of the melanocortin system regulate feeding and energy homeostasis through a combination of electrical and endocrine mechanisms. However, the molecular basis for this functional heterogeneity is poorly understood. Here, a voltage‐gated potassium (Kv+) channel named KCNB1 (alias Kv2.1) forms stable complexes with the leptin receptor (LepR) in a subset of hypothalamic neurons including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expressing neurons of the Arcuate nucleus (ARHPOMC). Mice lacking functional KCNB1 channels (NULL mice) have less adipose tissue and circulating leptin than WT animals and are insensitive to anorexic stimuli induced by leptin administration. NULL mice produce aberrant amounts of POMC at any developmental stage. Canonical LepR‐STAT3 signaling—which underlies POMC production—is impaired, whereas non‐canonical insulin receptor substrate PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 and ERK signaling are constitutively upregulated in NULL hypothalami. The levels of proto‐oncogene c‐Fos—that provides an indirect measure of neuronal activity—are higher in arcuate NULL neurons compared to WT and most importantly do not increase in the former upon leptin stimulation. Hence, a Kv channel provides a molecular link between neuronal excitability and endocrine function in hypothalamic neurons.
Effectiveness of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone treatment in patients with oligo-asthenospermia at different levels of DNA fragmentation index: A phase II clinical trial
Authors: Soltani Salman , Tafazoli Nooshin , Emadzadeh Maryam , Aghaee Atena , Ebrahiminia Milani Soheila , Seyedi Vostakolaee Seyed Mohsen , Akhavan Rezayat Alireza 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to perform an evaluation of changes in spermogram parameters after follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) therapy in infertile males having oligo-asthenospermia at different levels of DNA fragmentation index (DFI).

Materials and methods
Infertile men with oligo-asthenospermia, no underlying urogenital disease (such as varicocele), and medically fertile partners were enrolled over 1 year. Semen parameters, FSH, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone levels were determined; also, a Sperm DNA Fragmentation Assay Kit (Hamun Teb Pishro, Tehran, Iran) was used for determining sperm DFI at baseline .Participants were categorized into three groups based on DFI: DFI <15% (group 1), DFI of 15%–30% (group 2), and DFI >30% (group 3). All participants received subcutaneous recombinant FSH (150 mg every other day) for 6 months. Sperm specimens were tested 6 months after intervention (a single sperm control test).

Results
Sixty males whose average age was 28.4 years were enrolled. Only group 3 (poor fertility) exhibited a significant rise in sperm concentration (p = 0.001) and motility (p < 0.05) after FSH treatment. Group 1 (DFI <30 fertility) and group 2 (DFI of 15%–30%) showed increased mean sperm concentration and motility postintervention, although these alterations were not significantly different. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels increased significantly in all three groups after FSH administration. Serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels were not significantly increased in any of the groups.

Conclusions
FSH treatment improves sperm concentration and motility in men with oligo-asthenospermia, with significant improvements observed in men with DFI >30%. DNA fragmentation index can be a predictive indicator of response to FSH treatment in such patients.
SCREENING AND MONITORING OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN COMMUNITY CARE
Authors: He Xin , Deng Xinchen , Lin Zhong , Wen Liang , Zhou Weihe , Xu Xiang , Hu Shiqi , Liang Yuanbo , Wang Yu , Qu Jia , Ye Cong 
Published: October 2024

Purpose:
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of single-field fundus photography for diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening and monitoring versus six-field imaging in community settings.

Methods:
Adults aged ≥30 years with Type 2 diabetes from 15 communities in Northeast China were recruited for this prospective cohort study (n = 2,006 at baseline and n = 1,456 at follow-up). Participants underwent both single-field and six-field digital fundus photography at baseline and follow-up visits (mean duration of 21.2 ± 3.2 months). Photographs were graded using international standards. Agreement in DR severity grading, referral recommendations, and detection of DR progression were compared between single-field and six-field fundus photography.

Results:
Single-field grading showed substantial agreement with multifield grading in classifying DR severity (81.9% identical at baseline, 80.6% at follow-up, Gwet AC1 0.79 and 0.77). For referring eyes with moderate nonproliferative DR or worse, single-field grading had ∼70% sensitivity and 100% specificity compared with six-field grading. Single-field grading identified 74.9% or 79.7% of eyes progressing or regressing by six-field grading, respectively.

Conclusion:
Single-field fundus photography demonstrated reasonable effectiveness for DR screening and monitoring in a community setting, supporting its use for improving access to DR detection. However, reduced sensitivity compared with multifield imaging should be acknowledged.