bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Widening the Price Gap: The Effect of The Netherlands’ 2020 Tax Increase on Tobacco Prices
Authors: Geboers Cloé , Candel Math J J M , van Walbeek Corné , Nagelhout Gera E , de Vries Hein , van den Putte Bas , Fong Geoffrey T , Willemsen Marc C 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The public health impact of a tobacco tax increase depends on the extent to which the industry passes the increase onto consumers, also known as tax-pass through. In 2020, the Netherlands announced tax increases aimed at increasing the retail price by €1 per 20 factory-made (FM) cigarettes and €2.50 per 50 g of roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco. This study examines the pass-through rate after the tax increase, and whether this differed by type of tobacco and brand segment.

Aims and Methods
Self-reported prices of 117 tobacco brand varieties (cigarettes = 72, RYO = 45) pre- and post-tax increases were extracted from the 2020 International Tobacco Control Netherlands Surveys (n = 2959 respondents). We calculated the tax pass-through rate per variant, examining differences between the type of tobacco and brand segments.

Results
On average, cigarette prices increased by €1.12 (SD = 0.49; 112% of €1) and RYO prices by €2.53 (SD = 0.60; 101% of €2.50). Evidence of differential shifting across segments was found, with evidence of overshifting in non-discount varieties. The average price of discount varieties increased by €0.20 less than non-discount varieties. Similarly, the net-of-tax price decreased in discount varieties (cigarettes = −€0.02; RYO = −€0.05), but increased in non-discount varieties (cigarettes = +€0.14; RYO = +€0.20).

Conclusions
Despite the large tax increase, the industry increased prices in line with or above the required level. Through differential shifting, the price gap between discount and non-discount varieties has widened, which may reduce the public health impact of the tax increase. Measures aimed at reducing price variability should be strengthened in taxation policy, such as the European Tobacco Tax Directive (TTD).

Implications
We found that the industry used differential shifting after a significant tobacco tax increase in the Netherlands. Prices increased more than required in higher-priced products, but not in lower-priced products. This pattern was found both for FM cigarettes and RYO tobacco. Through differential shifting, the industry undermines the potential public health impact of tobacco tax increases, by offering a relatively cheaper alternative, which discourages people to quit or reduce consumption. The revision of the European TTD provides an opportunity to address the widening price gap—both between and within product segments—across the European Union.
Cognitive impairment and exploitation: connecting fragments of a bigger picture through data
Authors: Abubakar Aisha M , Seymour Rowland G , Gardner Alison , Lambert Imogen , Fyson Rachel , Wright Nicola 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Exploitation poses a significant public health concern. This paper highlights ‘jigsaw pieces’ of statistical evidence, indicating cognitive impairment as a pre- or co-existing factor in exploitation.

Methods
We reviewed English Safeguarding Adults Collection (SAC) data and Safeguarding Adults Reviews (SARs) from 2017 to 22. Data relevant to exploitation and cognitive impairment were analysed using summary statistics and ‘analysis of variance’.

Results
Despite estimates suggesting cognitive impairments may be prevalent among people experiencing exploitation in England, national datasets miss opportunities to illuminate this issue. Although SAC data include statistics on support needs and various forms of abuse and exploitation, they lack intersectional data. Significant regional variations in recorded safeguarding investigations and potential conflation between abuse and exploitation also suggest data inconsistencies. Increased safeguarding investigations for people who were not previously in contact with services indicate that adults may be ‘slipping through the net’. SARs, although representing serious cases, provide stronger evidence linking cognitive impairment with risks of exploitation.

Conclusions
This study identifies opportunities to collect detailed information on cognitive impairment and exploitation. The extremely limited quantitative evidence-base could be enhanced using existing data channels to build a more robust picture, as well as improve prevention, identification and response efforts for ‘at-risk’ adults.
Seven insights from Albert Camus’s Plague about epidemics, public health and morality
Authors: Kraaijeveld Steven R 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
For Albert Camus, plague was both a fact of life and a powerful metaphor for the human condition. Camus engaged most explicitly and extensively with the subject of plague in his 1947 novel, The Plague (La peste), which chronicles an outbreak of what is presumably cholera in the French-Algerian city of Oran. I often thought of this novel—and what it might teach us—during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, I discuss seven important insights from The Plague about epidemics, public health and morality.
How Refugees Conceptualise Success: Grounding Definitions and Examining Heterogeneity
Authors: Bennouna Cyril , Moinester Margot , Stark Lindsay , Lateef Ali , Qushua Najat , Seff Ilana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The global refugee system prioritises self-sufficiency as a prime objective, but refugees may have different views of their success. To assess how refugees across varying contexts of exit and reception conceptualise success, this study draws on in-depth interviews with 36 adult refugees from Iraq and Democratic Republic of Congo resettled in Denver, Colorado, and St Louis, Missouri. This article makes four main contributions to the refugee resettlement literature. First, we find that refugees have multidimensional and contextually situated understandings of success that extend beyond self-sufficiency or economic performance. Secondly, when refugees did define success in terms of economic performance, their conceptualisations were more holistic than conventional views of financial independence or social mobility. Thirdly, most refugees defined success in terms of their ability to give back to their extended families and communities—a facet of social connectedness that receives little attention in existing scholarship. Lastly, using these definitions of success, most (89 per cent) participants considered the period of resettlement to be the most successful in their lives. Findings underscore the achievements of refugees but also the limits of resettlement policies and practices that prioritise expedient economic self-sufficiency over the development of strong social ties and sustainable community support systems.
Joint Liability: A Brief History of the Criminalization of Cannabis, Ganja, Marihuana and Marijuana in the Cayman Islands and Pathways towards Legalization or Decriminalization
Authors: Bromby Michael , Awai Ryan Vince 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper chronicles legislative developments in the Cayman Islands regarding the movement towards decriminalizing marijuana use and possession through various legislative measures. The exposition commences with an explanation on the nuanced contrast between decriminalization and full legalization. Subsequently, it delves into the historical evolution of legislation governing marijuana-related offences and offenders. Judicial interpretations arising from these statutory changes are also examined. Additionally, the article critically evaluates the legislative reforms pertaining to the expungement of offences associated with marijuana. Finally, it offers recommendations to address identified statutory anomalies and discrepancies, with a view to establishing a viable legislative framework conducive to achieving the objectives of decriminalization.
Responses in weanling pigs fed low protein diets supplemented with dietary nucleotides
Authors: Lawal Abiola S , Ogunribido Tobi Z , Fu Yuechi , Adeola Olayiwola , Ajuwon Kolapo M 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Evidence suggests that nucleotide supplementation in diets improves intestinal development, immune function, and cell growth. Stressful events such as weaning in pigs may increase nucleotide demand, making exogenous supplementation potentially beneficial. This study evaluated the effects of low-protein (LP) diets supplemented with dietary nucleotides on growth performance, postweaning diarrhea (PWD), nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites. A total of 210 piglets were weaned at 21 d of age, allowing a 3-d adaptation to a common nursery diet. At 24 d, pigs were reweighed (6.02 ± 0.05 kg) and allocated to 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design to give 7 replicates per treatment (n = 6 piglets per replicate). The 5 dietary treatments included (i) a high protein positive control diet (PC) with 24% crude protein (CP); (ii) a low protein negative control (NC) with 16% CP; (iii) an NC diet with nucleotide supplementation at 1 g/kg (NC01), 3 g/kg (NC03), or 9 g/kg (NC09). Diets were provided ad libitum for 35 d, and weekly feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were recorded. Blood samples were collected on day 32 and fecal samples were collected on days 33, 34, and 35 to determine serum metabolites and nutrient digestibility, respectively. Relative to PC, the NC diet had lower overall average daily gain (ADG) (343.5 vs. 305.5 g/d), incidence of PWD (2.5 vs. 1.2 diarrhea score), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (11.3 vs. 3.4 mg/dL); (P &lt; 0.05, &lt; 0.05, and &lt; 0.0001, respectively). The nucleotide-supplemented diets, NC01, NC03, and NC09, had comparable (P &gt; 0.05) overall ADG to the PC and decreased (P &lt; 0.0001) BUN. Additionally, NC09 had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) incidence of PWD compared to PC. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nitrogen increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) with nucleotide supplementation, although reducing CP decreased (P &lt; 0.05) serum glutathione and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations. However, IGF-1 concentration was linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with nucleotide supplementation. Results suggest that feeding LP diets supplemented with dietary nucleotides after weaning can increase ATTD of nitrogen and protein utilization, reduce the incidence of PWD, and increase serum IGF-1 concentration while partially ameliorating the negative effects of LP diets on growth performance.
Impacts of gentamycin toxicity: nephroprotective role of guarana through different signaling pathways
Authors: Alkhedaide Adel Qlayel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Gentamicin is a widely used aminoglycosidic antibiotic since its discovery. Like any other medication gentamicin causes unwanted side effects such as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. This study aims to examine the antioxidant effect of the guarana seed extract in protecting renal tissue. Forty male mice were divided into four groups (group one was control with free access to food and water, group two was treated orally with 300 mg/kg of guarana seed extract daily, group three was injected intraperitoneally with 100 mg/kg of gentamicin daily and the fourth group was co-treated with both 300 mg/kg of guarana seed extract orally and injected intraperitoneally with 100 mg/kg of gentamicin daily) for two weeks. Serum levels of urea, creatinine, AST, ALT, IL-1β and IL-6 have significantly elevated in the gentamicin treated group and those changes were not found in the guarana co-treated group. In gentamicin treated mice, a significant reduction was observed in two antioxidants SOD and GPX accompanied by downregulation of Ho-1 and Nrf2 while, that did not happen in the guarana seed extract co-treated group. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry slides show that the guarana seed extract prevents degenerative and necrotic events in tubular epithelial tissues caused by gentamicin toxicity. In conclusion, current data suggest that gentamicin can damage renal tissues when given at 100 mg/kg/day, however, the guarana seed extract may be capable of preventing that event when cotreated with the gentamicin as a supplement.
Influenza A virus within-host evolution and positive selection in a densely sampled household cohort over three seasons
Authors: Bendall Emily E , Zhu Yuwei , Fitzsimmons William J , Rolfes Melissa , Mellis Alexandra , Halasa Natasha , Martin Emily T , Grijalva Carlos G , Talbot H Keipp , Lauring Adam S 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
While influenza A virus (IAV) antigenic drift has been documented globally, in experimental animal infections, and in immunocompromised hosts, positive selection has generally not been detected in acute infections. This is likely due to challenges in distinguishing selected rare mutations from sequencing error, a reliance on cross-sectional sampling, and/or the lack of formal tests of selection for individual sites. Here, we sequenced IAV populations from 346 serial, daily nasal swabs from 143 individuals collected over three influenza seasons in a household cohort. Viruses were sequenced in duplicate, and intrahost single nucleotide variants (iSNVs) were identified at a 0.5% frequency threshold. Within-host populations exhibited low diversity, with &gt;75% mutations present at &lt;2% frequency. Children (0–5 years) had marginally higher within-host evolutionary rates than adolescents (6–18 years) and adults (&gt;18 years, 4.4 × 10−6 vs. 9.42 × 10−7 and 3.45 × 10−6, P &lt; .001). Forty-five iSNVs had evidence of parallel evolution but were not over-represented in HA and NA. Several increased from minority to consensus level, with strong linkage among iSNVs across segments. A Wright–Fisher approximate Bayesian computational model identified positive selection at 23/256 loci (9%) in A(H3N2) specimens and 19/176 loci (11%) in A(H1N1)pdm09 specimens, and these were infrequently found in circulation. Overall, we found that within-host IAV populations were subject to genetic drift and purifying selection, with only subtle differences across seasons, subtypes, and age strata. Positive selection was rare and inconsistently detected.
Mortality Patterns of Esophageal Cancer in the United States
Authors: Kamal Usama Hussain , Jamil Adeena , Fatima Eeshal , Khurram Abiha , Khan Zoha , Kamdi Zainab Anwar , Ahmed Sana , Farooq Muhammad Zain , Jaglal Michael 
Published: October 2024

Objectives:
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with a mere 20% survival rate in the first 5 years, making it a significant public health concern. Considering the lack of comprehensive evaluations of mortality trends, this study aims to provide an update on the mortality rates of esophageal cancer and its trends in the United States.

Methods:
The mortality trends among adults with EC were analyzed using data from the CDC WONDER database. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 people were extracted. Annual percent changes (APCs) in AAMRs with 95% CI were obtained using joinpoint regression analysis across different demographic (sex, race/ethnicity, and age) and geographic (state, urban-rural, and regional) subgroups.

Results:
Between 1999 and 2020, 309,725 documented deaths were attributed to esophageal cancer. The overall AAMR decreased from 1999 to 2020 (6.69 to 5.68). Males had higher consistently higher AAMRs than females (10.96 vs. 2.24). NH White had the highest overall AAMR (6.88), followed by NH Black (6.46), NH American Indian (4.95), Hispanic or Latino (3.31), and NH Asian or Pacific Islander (2.57). AAMR also varied by region (overall AAMR: Midwest: 7.18; Northeast: 6.75; South: 6.07; West: 5.76), and nonmetropolitan areas had higher AAMR (non-core areas: 7.09; micropolitan areas: 7.19) than metropolitan areas (large central metropolitan areas: 5.75; large fringe areas: 6.33). The states in the upper 90th percentile of esophageal cancer-related AAMR were Vermont, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Ohio, New Hampshire, and Maine, and exhibited an approximately two-fold increase in AAMRs, compared with states falling in the lower 10th percentile.

Conclusions:
Over the last 2 decades, there has been an overall decline in mortality related to EC in the United States. However, demographic and geographic discrepancies in EC-related mortality persist, necessitating additional exploration and development of specifically directed treatments.
Aftercare following second trimester abortion procedures
Authors: Spach Natalie C. , Henkel Andrea 
Published: October 2024

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to examine patient experiences following second-trimester abortion care to identify clinical interventions to improve aftercare.

Recent findings
Early validation of a five-question Reproductive Grief Screen suggests that this instrument may be useful for clinicians to identify patients with maladaptive grief responses following a second-trimester abortion. Patients want to talk with their healthcare providers about grief following abortion and desire frequent mental health check-ins. Most people will have breast symptoms following a second-trimester abortion; a one-time dose of cabergoline at time of abortion appears to be an effective intervention to prevent bothersome breast symptoms. As patient desires vary regarding disposition of fetal remains, clinicians should be prepared to discuss donation for research or cremation/ burial as alternatives to routine disposal. With significant variation in availability and cost of ceremonial disposition, clinicians and healthcare systems should identify local resources to facilitate this aspect of aftercare.

Summary
Clinical practices and healthcare systems should prioritize the aftercare experience including the management of breast symptoms, bereavement, disposition of fetal remains, and follow-up care.
Rh sensitization in abortion care: where we’ve been and where we’re going
Authors: Amaya Stephanie I. , Cahill Erica , Blumenthal Paul D. 
Published: October 2024

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to summarize the historical context and recent literature that contribute to the debate about preventive strategies for Rhesus (Rh)-alloimmunization in abortion are.

Recent findings
Recent studies repeatedly demonstrate that the risk of Rh-alloimmunization in first trimester abortion care is very low.

Summary
Recent high-quality studies have demonstrated the physiologic presence of fetal red blood cells in maternal circulation even prior to abortion. Thus, establishing the low utility of Rh immunoglobulin prior to abortion before 12 weeks of gestation. There is yet to exist a consensus guideline that balances the desire to prevent a rare devastating outcome and the need to create practical guidelines based on evidence-based risk assessments.
Biologic grafts for pelvic organ prolapse repairs: what have we learned in the last 20 years?
Authors: Lorente Karla , Chang Olivia 
Published: October 2024

Purpose of review
The ideal graft material for the augmentation of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has yet to be discovered. While synthetic mesh offers durable repairs this can be at the expense of mesh complications. Biologic grafts have been considered an alternative. This chapter reviews biologic graft materials as applied to POP surgery.

Recent findings
The heterogeneity of available graft materials and definitions of success in POP literature make comparisons difficult. There may be utility in the augmentation of apical prolapse with autologous grafts. There is also modest evidence to support anterior wall augmentation with biologic grafts. However, a 2024 Cochrane review concluded there is not enough evidence to support routine use of grafts for transvaginal repairs.

Summary
Biologic grafts can be considered in certain cases. There continues to be a need for finding the ideal “graft-patient” combination. The field particularly needs more robust research in the recurrent POP patient population.
A review of ethnic disparities in preeclampsia
Authors: Raphael Katie , Wiles Kate , Iliodromiti Stamatina , Greco Elena 
Published: October 2024

Purpose of review
Recent reports have reiterated the inequities in maternal morbidity and mortality for minority ethnic groups, with preeclampsia being a significant concern. Females of Black and South Asian ethnicity have an increased risk of preeclampsia with disproportionately higher adverse outcomes compared to white females.

Recent findings
This review will explore ethnic disparities in preeclampsia outcomes, prediction, diagnosis, prevention and management. Recent evidence has demonstrated that biochemical and biophysical markers that are used for preeclampsia prediction and diagnosis vary for females of different ethnic groups. This needs careful consideration given the current need for accurate prediction models. Furthermore, recent reports have highlighted the disparity in maternal morbidity for those of minority ethnic groups. The reasons for this are multifactorial but underlying biases and racism have been attributed as major contributors to poor care and adverse outcomes.

Summary
Exploring disparities in preeclampsia care is essential to address ethnic inequities that lead to increased adverse outcomes. We must alter current clinical practice to break down the barriers that result in substandard care for females from minority ethnic backgrounds.
Chimeric antigen receptor-T-cell therapies going viral: latent and incidental viral infections
Authors: Kampouri Eleftheria , Reynolds Gemma , Teh Benjamin W. , Hill Joshua A. 
Published: October 2024

Purpose of reviewInfections are the leading cause of non-relapse mortality following chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy, with viral infections being frequent both in the early and late phases post-infusion. We review the epidemiology of viral infections and discuss critical approaches to prevention and management strategies in this setting.Recent findingsHerpesviruses dominate the early period. herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus infections are rare due to widespread antiviral prophylaxis, but cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is increasingly observed, particularly in high-risk groups including B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-CAR-T-cell therapy recipients and patients receiving corticosteroids. While CMV end-organ disease is rare, CMV is associated with increased mortality, emphasizing the need to evaluate the broader impact of CMV on long-term hematological, infection, and survival outcomes. Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) has also emerged as a concern, with its diagnosis complicated by overlapping symptoms with neurotoxicity, underscoring the importance of considering viral encephalitis in differential diagnoses. Respiratory viruses are the most common late infections with a higher incidence after BCMA CAR-T-cell therapy. Vaccination remains a critical preventive measure against respiratory viruses but may be less immunogenic following CAR-T-cell therapy. The optimal timing, type of vaccine, and dosing schedule require further investigation.SummaryA better understanding of viral epidemiology and preventive trials are needed to improve infection prevention practices and outcomes following CAR-T-cell therapies.