bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diminished alternative reinforcement as a mechanism linking conduct problems and substance use in adolescence: a longitudinal examination
Authors: Khoddam Rubin , Cho Junhan , Jackson Nicholas J. , Leventhal Adam M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimsTo determine whether diminished alternative reinforcement (i.e. engagement and enjoyment from substance‐free activities) mediated the longitudinal association of conduct problems with substance use in early–mid‐adolescence.DesignStructural equation modeling tested whether the association between wave 1 (baseline) conduct problems and wave 3 (24‐month follow‐up) substance use outcomes was mediated by diminished alternative reinforcement at wave 2 (12‐month follow‐up). Additional analyses tested whether sex and socio‐economic status moderated this association.SettingTen high schools in Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2013–15.ParticipantsStudents (n = 3396, 53.5% female, mean [standard deviation (SD)] age at wave 1 baseline = 14.1 (0.42) years).MeasurementsSelf‐reported conduct problems (11‐item questionnaire), alternative reinforcement (44‐item questionnaire) and use of alcohol, marijuana and combustible cigarettes during the past 6 months (yes/no) and the past 30 days (nine‐level ordinal response based on days used in past 30 days).ResultsSignificant associations of wave 1 conduct problems with wave 3 marijuana use during the past 6 months (β = 0.25) and past 30 days (β = 0.26) were mediated by wave 2 diminished alternative reinforcement (βindirect effect: 6 months = 0.013, 30 days = 0.017, Ps < 0.001). Associations of conduct problems with alcohol or combustible cigarette use were not mediated by alternative reinforcement. All associations did not differ by sex and socio‐economic status.ConclusionsDiminished alternative reinforcement may be a modifiable mechanism linking early adolescent conduct problems and subsequent marijuana use that could be targeted in prevention programs to offset the adverse health and social sequelae associated with comorbid conduct problems and marijuana use in early‐mid adolescence.
Multidimensional endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis and their association with treatment outcomes
Authors: Liao B. , Liu J.‐X. , Li Z.‐Y. , Zhen Z. , Cao P.‐P. , Yao Y. , Long X.‐B. , Wang H. , Wang Y. , Schleimer R. , Liu Z. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe expression of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is multidimensional. Disease heterogeneity in patients with CRS remains poorly understood. This study aimed to identify endotypes of CRS using cluster analysis by integrating multidimensional characteristics and to explore their association with treatment outcomes.MethodsA total of 28 clinical variables and 39 mucosal cellular and molecular variables were analyzed using principal component analysis. Cluster analysis was performed on 246 prospectively recruited Chinese CRS patients with at least 1‐year postoperative follow‐up. Difficult‐to‐treat CRS was characterized in each generated cluster.ResultsSeven subject clusters were identified. Cluster 1 (13.01%) was comparable to the classic well‐defined eosinophilic CRS with polyps, having severe disease and the highest proportion of difficult‐to‐treat CRS. Patients in cluster 2 (16.26%) and cluster 4 (13.82%) had relatively lower proportions of presence of polyps and presented mild inflammation with moderate proportions of difficult‐to‐treat cases. Subjects in cluster 2 were highly atopic. Cluster 3 (7.31%) and cluster 6 (21.14%) were characterized by severe or moderate neutrophilic inflammation, respectively, and with elevated levels of IL‐8 and high proportions of difficult‐to‐treat CRS. Cluster 5 (4.07%) was a unique group characterized by the highest levels of IL‐10 and lacked difficult‐to‐treat cases. Cluster 7 (24.39%) demonstrated the lowest symptom severity, a low proportion of difficult‐to‐treat CRS, and low inflammation load. Finally, we found that difficult‐to‐treat CRS was associated with distinct clinical features and biomarkers in the different clusters.ConclusionsDistinct clinicopathobiologic clusters of CRS display differences in clinical response to treatments and characteristics of difficult‐to‐treat CRS.
The changing relationship between bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cognition in very preterm infants
Authors: Brumbaugh Jane E. , Colaizy Tarah T. , Patel Neel M. , Klein Jonathan M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimTo characterise the relationship between bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) severity and cognition in the post‐surfactant era.MethodsThis was a single‐centre retrospective analysis of a cohort of infants born 2009–2012. Inclusion criteria were as follows: admission within 48 hours of birth, gestational age 22‐0/7–31‐6/7 weeks, birthweight 400–1500 g and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development‐III testing at 18–26 months corrected age. Infants (n = 151) were classified by BPD severity with the NIH Workshop definition. Generalised linear modelling and multivariate logistic regression were performed.ResultsBayley cognitive score was not associated with BPD severity in univariate (p = 0.053) or multivariate (p = 0.503) analysis. About 27% of infants with no/mild BPD, 33% of infants with moderate BPD and 40% of infants with severe BPD had a cognitive score <85. There was no difference in the odds of cognitive score <85 based on BPD severity in univariate (p = 0.485) or multivariate analysis (p = 0.225). All infants with cognitive score <70 had severe BPD, although the association between cognitive score <70 and BPD severity was not significant.ConclusionWe found no independent effect of BPD severity level on cognition. The likelihood of a cognitive score <85 was not associated with BPD severity.
British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) consensus document for the management of male genital emergencies – penile amputation
Authors: Shukla Chitranjan J. , Brown Gareth , Dorkin Trevor , Lucky Marc , Pearcy Richard , Rees Rowland W. , Shabbir Majid , Summerton Duncan J. , Muneer Asif ,   BAUS Section of Andrology and Genitourethral Surgery (AGUS)
Published: January 2018

Male genital emergencies relating to the penis and scrotum are rare and require prompt investigation and surgical intervention. Clinicians are often unfamiliar with the management of these conditions and may not work in a specialist centre with on‐site expertise in genitourethral surgery. A series of consensus statements have been developed by an expert consensus committee comprising members of the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Section of Andrology and Genitourethral Surgery together with experts from urology units throughout the UK. Penile amputation is a rare genital emergency, which requires prompt intervention and microsurgical reconstruction. The consensus statements will outline the management of these cases for non‐specialist units, as well as recommendations for reconstruction for specialists.
Molecular epidemiology of Trichophyton quinckeanum – a zoophilic dermatophyte on the rise
Authors: Uhrlaß Silke , Schroedl Wieland , Mehlhorn Carolin , Krüger Constanze , Hubka Vit , Maier Thomas , Gräser Yvonne , Paasch Uwe , Nenoff Pietro 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBackgroundFormerly only referred to as a subspecies (T. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum), T. quinckeanum once again constitutes a distinct species according to the updated taxonomy of dermatophytes.Patients and methodsDuring routine diagnostic tests conducted at the Mycology Laboratory, Mölbis, Germany, between 11/2013 to 1/2017 (three years and three months), all specimens sent in were examined for T. quinckeanum. Molecular biology methods employed included: 1) DNA hybridization (PCR ELISA), 2) gene sequencing of the ITS region and TEF‐1α, and 3) in some cases, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry.ResultsOverall, 62 strains of T. quinckeanum were found. Sixty‐eight percent of patients were female; 43 % were children and adolescents (≤ 19 years of age). Cats were a frequent source of infection. Sequencing of all 62 strains revealed a concordance of 100 % with T. quinckeanum sequences contained in the NCBI database. Isolates analyzed by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry showed specific spectra.ConclusionsIn Germany, the zoophilic dermatophyte T. quinckeanum currently appears to be more prevalent than expected. T. quinckeanum strains were isolated from children and adults with dermatomycosis and tinea capitis. Sources of infection with T. quinckeanum include small rodents (mice), horses, and – remarkably commonly – cats. Given that unequivocal morphological identification of this dermatophyte is not always possible, molecular methods have to be employed in the diagnosis.
Dapson für die topische Therapie in magistralen Rezepturen
Authors: Wohlrab Johannes , Michael Julia 
Published: January 2018

ZusammenfassungHintergrund:Das Sulfon Dapson ist ein aus der Systemtherapie gut bekannter und pharmakologisch‐toxikologisch bewährter Wirkstoff. In der topischen Therapie wird Dapson in Form von Gel‐Zubereitungen für die Indikation Acne vulgaris eingesetzt. Es existieren zudem Einzelfallberichte zur Wirksamkeit topischer Dapsonzubereitungen bei verschiedenen neutrophilen Dermatosen. In Deutschland ist bisher kein Fertigarzneimittel als Topikum verfügbar.Material und Methodik:Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden magistrale Rezepturen enthaltend 5 % Dapson entwickelt, die den Qualitätsanforderungen des Europäischen Arzneibuchs und den Herstellungsanforderungen der Apothekenbetriebsordnung entsprechen. So wurde Dapson in hydrophober Basiscreme DAC sowie als Kombinationspräparat in Methylprednisolonaceponat 0,1 % Salbe (alternativ in die wirkstofffreie Grundlage) eingearbeitet.Ergebnisse:Untersuchungen zur physikalischen, chemischen und mikrobiologischen Stabilität konnten darstellen, dass die Rezepturen die genannten Qualitätsanforderungen erfüllen.Schlussfolgerung:Die entwickelten magistralen Rezepturen sollen die Optionen für die topische Therapie insbesondere bei chronisch entzündlichen Dermatosen mit neutrophiler Pathogenese erweitern.
Prognostic significance of arterial stiffness and osteoprotegerin in patients with stable coronary artery disease
Authors: Siasos Gerasimos , Oikonomou Evangelos , Maniatis Konstantinos , Georgiopoulos Georgios , Kokkou Eleni , Tsigkou Vasiliki , Zaromitidou Marina , Antonopoulos Alexis , Vavuranakis Manolis , Stefanadis Christodoulos , Papavassiliou Athanasios G. , Tousoulis Dimitris 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundArterial stiffness and vascular calcification significantly contribute to coronary atherosclerosis progression. The prognostic value of increased arterial stiffness and vascular calcification in subjects with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) is currently under question.Materials and MethodsWe randomly enrolled 262 patients with stable CAD 1 month after successful PCI. Carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured as a well‐established index of central aortic stiffness. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) plasma levels were measured as a biomarker of vascular calcification. Patients were followed up prospectively up to 52 months. The primary endpoint was the composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, stroke or hospitalization for cardiovascular causes.ResultsDuring the follow‐up period, 48 patients presented the primary composite endpoint. Subjects who presented the primary endpoint, compared to subjects free of cardiovascular events, had significantly increased PWV (9.45 ± 2.19 m/s vs 8.73 ± 2.07 m/s, P = .04) and OPG levels (4.21 ± 2.19 pmol/L vs 3.18 ± 1.74 pmol/L, P = .003). Survival analysis indicated that PWV predicted adverse cardiac events MACE (Hazard ratio = 1.29 95%CI: 1.07‐1.57, P = .008) independently from confounders such as age, sex, smoking habits, ejection fraction, extent of coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Interestingly, for every increase in pulse wave velocity by 1 m/s, there is an anticipated increase in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) by 29%.ConclusionsThese findings extend the current knowledge concerning the role of arterial stiffness as powerful biomarkers in cardiovascular disease. Measurement of PWV might have a role in ascertaining prognosis and managing treatment in patients with stable CAD after PCI.
Regulation of phosphate uptake reveals cyanobacterial bloom resilience to shifting N:P ratios
Authors: Aubriot  Luis , Bonilla Sylvia 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The resilience of cyanobacterial blooms challenges lake restoration programmes based on nutrient load reduction. The survival of organisms may depend on episodic short‐term fluctuations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Insight into physiological responses to shifts in nutrient limitation will improve our understanding of cyanobacterial bloom resilience.

This study investigated the resilience and collapse of a long‐term cyanobacterial bloom dominated by Planktothrix agardhii and Raphidiopsis mediterranea, subjected to different periods of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (SRP) inputs in Lago Rodó, a polymictic, hypereutrophic (6.0 ± 1.6 μmol total P/L) and turbid lake (attenuation coefficient: 4.7 ± 1.7 m−1). Phytoplankton composition, nutrient dynamics and physiological monitoring of [32P] phosphate uptake kinetics were studied over four summers.

The influence of environmental nutrient supply on phytoplankton net phosphate uptake kinetics was analysed with a flow–force model that gives the threshold value of phosphate uptake ([Pe]A), a limiting concentration below which incorporation is not energetically possible by organisms, and the membrane conductivity coefficient (LP). The [Pe]A reflects the affinity and LP the activity of the cellular uptake systems.

Nutrient supply into the lake sustained high DIN:SRP ratios and high cyanobacterial biomass that showed P‐deficiency features characterised by low [Pe]A (5.4 ± 0.5 nm [32P] phosphate) and high LP.

High cyanobacterial biomass persisted after external nutrient inflows were interrupted for 14 months, which resulted in low dissolved DIN:SRP ratios; however, N2‐fixers did not develop. The collapse of cyanobacterial populations occurred under the lowest N:P ratios, low affinity and activity of phosphate uptake systems and strong water outflows.

Our study suggests that the alleviation of N‐deficiency under high N:P ratios enhances the activation of phosphate uptake systems by cyanobacteria. The flexible physiological response results in more efficient exploitation of limiting nutrients favouring cyanobacterial resilience under suboptimal conditions.
Microbially mediated aluminosilicate formation in acidic anaerobic environments: A cell‐scale chemical perspective
Authors: Sánchez‐España J. , Wang K. , Falagán C. , Yusta I. , Burgos W. D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThrough the use of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with other complementary techniques (SEM, cryo‐TEM, HRTEM, and EELS), we have studied the interaction of microorganisms inhabiting deep anoxic waters of acidic pit lakes with dissolved aluminum, silica, sulfate, and ferrous iron. These elements were close to saturation (Al, SiO2) or present at very high concentrations (0.12 m Fe(II), 0.12–0.22 m SO42−) in the studied systems. The anaerobic conditions of these environments allowed investigation of geomicrobial interactions that are difficult to see in oxidized, Fe(III)‐rich environments. Detailed chemical maps and through‐cell line scans suggest both extra‐ and intracellular accumulation of Al, Si, S, and Fe(II) in rod‐like cells and other structures (e.g., spherical particles and bacteriomorphs) of probable microbial origin. The bacterial rods showed external nanometric coatings of adsorbed Fe(II) and Al on the cell surface and cell interiors with significant presence of Al, Si, and S. These microbial cells coexist with spherical particles showing similar configuration (Fe(II) external coatings and [Al, Si, S]‐rich cores). The Al:Si and Al:S ratios and the good Al–Si correlation in the cell interiors suggest the concurrent formation of two amorphous phases, namely a proto‐aluminosilicate with imogolite‐like composition and proto‐hydrobasaluminite. In both cases, the mineralization appears to comprise two stages: a first stage of aluminosilicate and Al‐hydroxysulfate precipitation within the cell or around cellular exudates, and a second stage of SO42− and Fe(II) adsorption on surface sites existing on the mineral phases in the case of (SO42−) or on presumed organic molecules [in the case of Fe(II)]. These microbially related solids could have been formed by permineralization and mineral replacement of senescent microbial cells. However, these features could also denote biomineralization by active bacterial cells as a detoxification mechanism, a possibility which should be further explored. We discuss the significance of the observed Al/microbe and Si/microbe interactions and the implications for clay mineral formation at low pH.
Is salinity an obstacle for biological invasions?
Authors: Paiva Filipa , Barco Andrea , Chen Yiyong , Mirzajani Alireza , Chan Farrah T. , Lauringson Velda , Baltazar‐Soares Miguel , Zhan Aibin , Bailey Sarah A. , Javidpour Jamileh , Briski Elizabeta 
Published: January 2018

AbstractInvasions of freshwater habitats by marine and brackish species have become more frequent in recent years with many of those species originating from the Ponto‐Caspian region. Populations of Ponto‐Caspian species have successfully established in the North and Baltic Seas and their adjoining rivers, as well as in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River region. To determine if Ponto‐Caspian taxa more readily acclimatize to and colonize diverse salinity habitats than taxa from other regions, we conducted laboratory experiments on 22 populations of eight gammarid species native to the Ponto‐Caspian, Northern European and Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River regions. In addition, we conducted a literature search to survey salinity ranges of these species worldwide. Finally, to explore evolutionary relationships among examined species and their populations, we sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from individuals used for our experiments. Our study revealed that all tested populations tolerate wide ranges of salinity, however, different patterns arose among species from different regions. Ponto‐Caspian taxa showed lower mortality in fresh water, while Northern European taxa showed lower mortality in fully marine conditions. Genetic analyses showed evolutionary divergence among species from different regions. Due to the geological history of the two regions, as well as high tolerance of Ponto‐Caspian species to fresh water, whereas Northern European species are more tolerant of fully marine conditions, we suggest that species originating from the Ponto‐Caspian and Northern European regions may be adapted to freshwater and marine environments, respectively. Consequently, the perception that Ponto‐Caspian species are more successful colonizers might be biased by the fact that areas with highest introduction frequency of NIS (i.e., shipping ports) are environmentally variable habitats which often include freshwater conditions that cannot be tolerated by euryhaline taxa of marine origin.
Diagnosis and management of hyponatraemia in the older patient
Authors: Woodward Michael , Gonski Peter , Grossmann Mathis , Obeid John , Scholes Ron , Topliss Duncan J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHyponatraemia (serum sodium concentration below 135 mmol/L) is the most common electrolyte disturbance and occurs commonly in older people. The causes can be complex to diagnose and treat and many published guidelines do not focus on the issues in an older patient group. Here, we are principally concerned with diagnosis and management of euvolaemic and hypervolaemic hyponatraemia in hospitalised patients over 70 years old. We also aim to increase awareness of hyponatraemia in residential aged care facilities and the community. Hyponatraemia can have many causes; in older people, chronic hyponatraemia can often be the result of medications used to treat chronic disease, particularly thiazide or thiazide‐like drugs (such as indapamide) or drugs acting on the central nervous system. Where a reversible trigger (such as drug‐induced hyponatraemia) can be identified, hyponatraemia may be treated relatively simply. Chronic hyponatraemia due to an irreversible cause will require ongoing treatment. Fluid restriction can be an effective therapy in dilutional hyponatraemia, although poor compliance and the burdensome nature of the restrictions are important considerations. Tolvaptan is an oral vasopressin receptor antagonist that can increase serum sodium concentrations by increasing electrolyte‐free water excretion. Tolvaptan use is supported by clinical trial evidence in patients with hypervolaemic or euvolaemic hyponatraemia below 125 mmol/L. Clinical trial evidence also supports its use after a trial of fluid restriction in patients with symptomatic hyponatraemia above 125 mmol/L. The use of tolvaptan is affected by regulatory restriction of chronic therapy due to safety concern and the non‐subsidised cost of treatment.
Intriguing role of TiO2 in glass‐ceramics: Bioactive and magneto‐structural properties
Authors: Danewalia Satwinder Singh , Singh Kulvir 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe report on the structural, magnetic, and bioactive properties of TiO2‐modified silicate glasses. Addition of TiO2 and heat treatment, shows remarkable and distinguishable effect on the properties of the glasses. Growth of titania‐modified magnetic nanocrystals played effective role in the evolution of magnetic properties of the glass‐ceramics. Some of the samples exhibit superparamagnetic nature, while others are found to be antiferromagnetic. Interestingly, after heat treatment the magnetization trend of the samples reversed. The in vitro bioactivity of these glass‐ceramics was accessed by the formation of bone‐ like apatite structures on their surfaces after immersion in simulated body fluid. The magnetic properties along with the bioactivity of present glass‐ceramics indicate their usefulness in the magnetically induced hyperthermia treatment of cancer.
Integrating chemical control with sterile insect releases in an integrated pest management programme for Thaumatotibia leucotreta
Authors: Nepgen E. S. , Moore S. D. , Hill M. P. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFalse codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an important indigenous pest of citrus in southern Africa. Successful control is dependent upon integration of area‐wide sterile insect releases and other suppression methods. The aim of this work was to test pyrethroid and organophosphate‐based insecticides (tau‐fluvalinate and chlorpyrifos) for their residual effect on mortality of released irradiated T. leucotreta male moths. Both of these insecticides were effective in killing irradiated T. leucotreta for 7 days after application on leaves, after which degradation of the active ingredient resulted in a marked reduction in efficacy after 14 days and rendering them harmless. Mortality was found to be similar for irradiated and non‐irradiated male T. leucotreta after treatment. Consequently, even though these insecticides might have an effect on moths in the field, ratios of sterile:wild moths should not be altered. Supporting field data from six sites in the Sundays River Valley over a season of sterile insect releases showed the conventional chemical crop protection programme to be as effective as an integrated pest management programme in facilitating effective control of T. leucotreta through sterile insect releases. The study also confirmed that the ratios of sterile:wild male moths in the commercial citrus orchards were not affected by the application of insecticides. These findings confirm the high potential of sterile insect releases for control of T. leucotreta in citrus.