bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Control of Sex: Field Experiments with the Anemonefish Amphiprion bicinctus
Authors: Fricke Hans W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFrom the underwater station Neritica, situated in 11 m depth off the shore of the Heinz‐Steinitz‐Marine‐Laboratory in Eilat, Israel, experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of food restriction, social status, body size and relative frequency of aggressive interactions on protandric sex change in the anemonefish A. bicinctus. Some 47 fish were tagged and observed in different conditions. Caged conditions retard, sometimes even prevent sex change in dominant males; it is suggested that this is consequent upon the ensuing food restriction, also that this mechanism operates to prevent sex change in subdominants in freeliving conditions, through the aggressive restraint of dominant males. No solitary males, caged or free, complete a sex change. Complete functional sex change occurs only in well‐fed aggressively dominant males at least 100 mm in body length in the presence of a social partner. The study shows that social stimuli are vital for the initiation of sex change in these males.ZusammenfassungIm Roten Meer wurde vor dem Heinz‐Steinitz‐Laboratorium in Eilat in Freiwasserversuchen mit dem Anemonenfisch Amphiprion bicinctus der Einfluß von Nahrungsbegrenzung, sozialer Dominanz, relativer Frequenz aggressiver Interaktionen und Körpergröße auf die Auslösung des protandrischen Geschlechtswechsels untersucht. Durch Käfighaltung bedingte Futterbegrenzung verlangsamte den Geschlechtswechsel bei dominanten Männchen und verhinderte ihn sogar in zwei Fällen. Futterknappheit als Folge aggressiver Dominanz könnte auch freilebende subdominante Männchen am Geschlechtswechsel hindern. Gekäfigte oder freilebende Solitärmännchen zeigen keinen vollständigen Geschlechtswechsel. Vollständiger funktioneller Geschlechtswechsel wird in gesunden, gut gefütterten und aggressiv dominanten Männchen von wenigstens 100 mm Körperlänge ausgelöst, aber nur wenn ein subdominantes Männchen zugegen ist. Soziale Signale sind für die Auslösung eines Geschlechtswechsels in dominanten Männchen notwendig.
Cognition and Suicide: A Methodological Review
Authors: Arffa Sharon 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article reviews the literature related to studies measuring various cognitive properties in suicidal patients. It provides a structural framework with which to classify the studies, and employs the categories of suicidal logic, cognitive style, social cognition, and cognitive control. The methodological issues discussed include: sample characteristics, operational definitions of suicidal behaviors, use of appropriate control groups, and the temporal nature of assessment. Improvements in experimental design are suggested for use in future research.
The Underrecording of Suicides in State and National Records, Alaska, 1983–1984
Authors: Hlady W. Gary , Middaugh John P. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTInformation on Alaskan suicides has come primarily from studies based upon records obtained from the Alaska Bureau of Vital Statistics and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). To evaluate the accuracy of these statistics, state and national (NCHS) vital statistics records were searched for suicide deaths in Alaska in 1983–1984. Of 195 deaths meeting our case definition of suicide, only 141 (72%) appeared in state records and 112 (57%) appeared in NCHS records. Native suicides were more likely to be underrecorded than non‐Native suicides, even after differences in recording district personnel were adjusted for. Errors resulted primarily from delayed determinations of the cause of death and failure to update the records.
Does maggot therapy promote wound healing? The clinical and cellular evidence
Authors: Nigam Y. , Morgan C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe larvae of Lucillia sericata, or maggots of the green‐bottle fly, are used worldwide to help debride chronic, necrotic and infected wounds. Whilst there is abundant clinical and scientific evidence to support the role of maggots for debriding and disinfecting wounds, not so much emphasis has been placed on their role in stimulating wound healing. However, there is accumulating evidence to suggest that maggots and their externalized secretions may also promote wound healing in stubborn, recalcitrant chronic ulcers. There are a growing number of clinical reports which support the observation that wounds which have been exposed to a course of maggot debridement therapy also show earlier healing and closure end‐points. In addition, recent pre‐clinical laboratory studies also indicate that maggot secretions can promote important cellular processes which explain this increased healing activity. Such processes include activation of fibroblast migration, angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels from pre‐existing vessels) within the wound bed, and an enhanced production of growth factors within the wound environment. Thus, in this review, we summarize the clinical evidence which links maggots and improved wound healing, and we précis recent scientific studies which examine and identify the role of maggots, particularly individual components of maggot secretions, on specific cellular aspects of wound healing.
Immunoexpression of growth factors and receptors in polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma
Authors: Rosa Ana Cláudia Garcia , Soares Andresa Borges , Santos Fabrício Passador , Furuse Cristiane , de Araújo Vera Cavalcanti 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundPolymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) is a rare malignant tumor that usually arises in the minor salivary glands. Growth factors are cell‐secreted peptides that regulate biological processes such as growth, proliferation, and differentiation. In salivary gland tumors, immunoexpression of growth factors and their receptors is associated with cell proliferation, malignant transformation, and tumor invasion. This study analyzed the expression of growth factors and receptors in PLGA, in other to better understand the mechanisms involved in the process of neoplastic cell proliferation and tumor progression.MethodsThe expression of growth factors FGF‐2, PDGF‐A, PDGF‐B and receptors FGFR‐1, FGFR‐2, PDGFR‐α, and EGFR was analyzed in 24 PLGA samples in comparison with normal salivary glands, by immunohistochemistry. A semi‐quantitative analysis determined cell positivity in all stained sections. Scores were assigned according to percentage of reactive cells: score 0 < 10%; score 1–10 to 25%; score 2–25% to 50%; score 3–>50%. The level of significance was set at 5%.ResultsMost of the growth factors and receptors, apart from FGFR‐2, were significantly reactive in PLGA. Comparing to salivary acini, all of the reactive growth factors and receptors were significantly stronger in PLGA. Comparing to salivary ducts, the expression of FGF‐2, PDGF‐B, FGFR‐1, and EGFR was significantly stronger in the nuclei and/or cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells.ConclusionsThe increased expression of the growth factors and receptors in the PLGA, compared to normal salivary glands, may be related to cell proliferation, somehow participating in the oncogenic process.
Will reduced host connectivity curb the spread of a devastating epidemic?
Authors: Petit Eric J. , Puechmaille Sebastien J. 
Published: December 2015

The white‐nose syndrome (WNS), caused by the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, is threatening the cave‐dwelling bat fauna of North America by killing individuals by the thousands in hibernacula each winter since its appearance in New York State less than ten years ago. Epidemiological models predict that WNS will reach the western coast of the USA by 2035, potentially eliminating most populations of susceptible bat species in its path (Frick et al. 2015; O'Regan et al. 2015). These models were built and validated using distributional data from the early years of the epidemic, which spread throughout eastern North America following a route driven by cave density and winter severity (Maher et al. 2012). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Wilder et al. (2015) refine these findings by showing that connectivity among host populations, as assessed by population genetic markers, is crucial in determining the spread of the pathogen. Because host connectivity is much reduced in the hitherto disease free western half of North America, Wilder et al. make the reassuring prediction that the disease will spread more slowly west of the Great Plains.
Eggplant latent viroid: a friendly experimental system in the family Avsunviroidae
Authors: Daròs José‐Antonio 
Published: December 2015

SummaryTaxonomyEggplant latent viroid (ELVd) is the only species of the genus Elaviroid (family Avsunviroidae). All the viroids in the family Avsunviroidae contain hammerhead ribozymes in the strands of both polarities, and are considered to replicate in the chloroplasts of infected cells. This family includes two other genera: Avsunviroid and Pelamoviroid.Physical propertiesELVd consists of a single‐stranded, circular, non‐coding RNA of 332–335 nucleotides that folds in a branched quasi‐rod‐like minimum free‐energy conformation. RNAs of complementary polarity exist in infected cells and are considered to be replication intermediates. Plus (+) polarity is assigned arbitrarily to the strand that accumulates at a higher concentration in infected tissues.HostTo date, ELVd has only been shown to infect eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), the species in which it was discovered. A very narrow host range seems to be a common property in members of the family Avsunviroidae.SymptomsELVd infections of eggplants are apparently symptomless.TransmissionELVd is transmitted mechanically and by seed.Useful websitehttp://subviral.med.uottawa.ca.
Adjunct cyclosporine therapy for refractory Kawasaki disease in a very young infant
Authors: Okada Seigo , Azuma Yoshihiro , Suzuki Yasuo , Yamada Hiroko , Wakabayashi‐Takahara Midori , Korenaga Yuno , Akase Hideaki , Hasegawa Shunji , Ohga Shouichi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHerein we describe the case of a 6‐week‐old boy who developed complete Kawasaki disease (KD). The cytokine profile and activation of monocytes and subsequent T cells matched the typical feature of refractory KD. The patient received a total of three courses of i.v. immunoglobulin (IVIG), but did not achieve clinical relief. Adjunctive therapy with oral cyclosporine A (CsA) led to prompt defervescence. This was continued for 7 days without serious adverse events. Coronary artery dilatations regressed within 3 months of follow up. KD infants <3 months of age are at higher risk of coronary artery aneurysm than the older ones. To our knowledge, oral CsA treatment has not been reported in such young infants with KD. The diagnosis and treatment of very young infants with KD are challenging. Adjunctive use of CsA in IVIG treatment could be effective for refractory KD in infants <3 months of age.
Heart rate variability during daytime naps in healthy adults: Autonomic profile and short‐term reliability
Authors: Cellini Nicola , Whitehurst Lauren N. , McDevitt Elizabeth A. , Mednick Sara C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn healthy individuals, a reduction in cardiovascular output and a shift to parasympathetic/vagal dominant activity is observed across nocturnal sleep. This cardiac autonomic profile, often measured by heart rate variability (HRV), has been associated with significant benefits for the cardiovascular system. However, little is known about the autonomic profile during daytime sleep. Here, we investigated the autonomic profile and short‐term reliability of HRV during daytime naps in 66 healthy young adults. Participants took an 80–120 min polysomnographically recorded nap at 1:30 pm. Beat‐by‐beat RR interval values (RR), high (HF) and low frequency (LF) power, total power (TP), HF normalized units (HFnu), and the LF/HF ratio were obtained for 5 min during presleep wakefulness and during nap sleep stages (N2, N3, REM). A subsample of 37 participants took two additional naps with 2 weeks between recordings. We observed lengthening of the RR, higher HF and HFnu, and lower LF/HF during NREM, compared with REM and wake, and a marked reduction of LF and TP during N3. Intraclass correlation coefficients highlighted a short‐term stability of RR and HF ranging across sleep stages between 0.52–0.76 and 0.52–0.80, respectively. Our results suggest that daytime napping in healthy young adults is associated with dynamic changes in the autonomic profile, similar to those seen during nocturnal sleep. Moreover, a reliable intraindividual measure of autonomic cardiac activity can be obtained by just a single daytime nap depending on specific parameters and recording purposes. Nap methodology may be a new and promising tool to explore sleep‐dependent, autonomic fluctuations in healthy and at‐risk populations.
PHOSPHAGEN CHANGES IN THE IODOACETATE POISONED FROG'S VENTRICLE
Authors: Clark A. J. , Eggleton M. G. 
Published: December 2015

1. Frogs' ventricles poisoned with I.A.A. and asphyxiated in pure nitrogen showed, at the time of asphyxial arrest, a loss of about half their phosphagen and a loss of about one‐quarter of their adenosin triphosphate.2. Similar ventricles when arrested by exposure to low oxygen pressures (10–20 mm. Hg) showed no loss of phosphagen.3. These results indicate that the mechanical failure of the frog's ventricle, poisoned with I.A.A. and exposed to complete or partial oxygen lack, cannot be attributed to phosphagen depletion.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland to one of us (A. J. C.), for which we record our thanks.
HISTAMINE RELEASE AND ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK IN ISOLATED LUNGS OF GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Schild H. 
Published: December 2015

1. The release of histamine from the isolated Ringer perfused lungs of guinea‐pigs has been studied.2. Histamine was recovered in the perfusate: (a) during anaphylactic shock in the actively and the passively sensitised guinea‐pig; (b) on perfusing distilled water through the lungs of normal guinea‐pigs.3. No histamine was recovered in the perfusate: (a) during an intensive smooth muscle contraction (BaCl2); (b) after the injection of substances causing anaphylactoid phenomena (Agar, Kaolin, H, OH, K, Ca ions).4. The quantity of histamine released during anaphylactic shock in the passively sensitised animal depends on the time after sensitisation, and it is proportional to the bronchoconstriction.5. A quantity of histamine 100 times greater than that released during anaphylactic shock must be injected in the atropinised lungs, in order to produce an effect equal to anaphylactic shock.6. Adrenaline injected simultaneously with the antigen in doses which inhibit bronchoconstriction, diminishes the release of histamine in anaphylactic shock. It does not prevent desensitisation of the tissue.I wish to thank Professor I. de Burgh Daly for the hospitality of his laboratory and for help and advice freely given. I am indebted to the Moray Research Fund for defraying the expenses of this investigation.
THE SITE OF ACTION OF THYROXIN ON WATER‐METABOLISM
Authors: Brull Lucien 
Published: December 2015

1. Kidneys originating from thyroxinised dogs, when transplanted simultaneously with control kidneys to a donor anæsthetised with chloralosane, have been found to secrete more rapidly and to give larger responses to saline infusion and to hypophysectomy than the controls.2. The method adopted and the results obtained demonstrate that the diuretic effect of thyroxin is due, at least in part, to a direct action on the kidney.
The spectrum of unhealthy drug use and quality of care for hypertension and diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Kim Theresa W , Samet Jeffrey H , Cheng Debbie M , Bernstein Judith , Wang Na , German Jacqueline , Saitz Richard 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesAlthough it is well known that addiction is associated with adverse medical consequences, the effects of the spectrum of unhealthy drug use (illicit drug or prescription misuse) on chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes are understudied. This study evaluated the associations between measures of drug use (ie, frequency, severity and type) and standard quality metrics for inadequate blood pressure (BP) and blood glucose (BG) control.DesignLongitudinal cohort study.ParticipantsAdult primary care patients with unhealthy drug use and hypertension or diabetes.SettingUrban hospital-based primary care practice.MeasurementsOutcomes were (1) inadequate BP (systolic BP ≥140 or diastolic BP ≥90) and (2) inadequate BG (glycated haemoglobin ≥8%) control (Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set criteria). Drug use was characterised by a primary independent variable, drug use frequency, and two secondary variables, severity of use and drug type. We fit separate regression models for each drug use measure and outcome.ResultsOverall, 40% (65/164) of the sample with hypertension had inadequate BP control and 44% (24/54) of those with diabetes had inadequate BG control. More frequent drug use was not significantly associated with inadequate BP control (adjusted OR (AOR) 0.67; 95% CI 0.31 to 1.46, highest vs lowest tertile; AOR 0.72; 95% CI 0.36 to 1.41, middle vs lowest tertile) or BG control (AOR 0.27; 95% CI 0.07 to 1.10, highest vs lowest tertile; AOR 1.01; 95% CI 0.38 to 2.69, middle vs lowest tertile). Drug use severity was also not associated with BP or BG control. Cocaine use was associated with inadequate BG control compared to marijuana use (AOR 8.82; 95% CI1.86 to 41.90).ConclusionsAmong primary care patients with recent drug use and hypertension or diabetes, drug type was significantly associated with inadequate BG, but not BP control. Frequency and severity of use were not significant predictors of either outcome.
Dementia risk estimates associated with measures of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cherbuin Nicolas , Kim Sarang , Anstey Kaarin J 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesTo perform a systematic review of reported HRs of all cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) for late-life depression and depressive symptomatology on specific screening instruments at specific thresholds.DesignMeta-analysis with meta-regression.Setting and participantsPubMed, PsycInfo, and Cochrane databases were searched through 28 February 2014. Articles reporting HRs for incident all-cause dementia, AD and VaD based on published clinical criteria using validated measures of clinical depression or symptomatology from prospective studies of general population of adults were selected by consensus among multiple reviewers. Studies that did not use clinical dementia diagnoses or validated instruments for the assessment of depression were excluded. Data were extracted by two reviewers and reviewed by two other independent reviewers. The most specific analyses possible using continuous symptomatology ratings and categorical measures of clinical depression focusing on single instruments with defined reported cut-offs were conducted.Primary outcome measuresHRs for all-cause dementia, AD, and VaD were computed where possible for continuous depression scores, or for major depression assessed with single or comparable validated instruments.ResultsSearches yielded 121 301 articles, of which 36 (0.03%) were eligible. Included studies provided a combined sample size of 66 532 individuals including 6593 cases of dementia, 2797 cases of AD and 585 cases of VaD. The increased risk associated with depression did not significantly differ by type of dementia and ranged from 83% to 104% for diagnostic thresholds consistent with major depression. Risk associated with continuous depression symptomatology measures were consistent with those for clinical thresholds.ConclusionsLate-life depression is consistently and similarly associated with a twofold increased risk of dementia. The precise risk estimates produced in this study for specific instruments at specified thresholds will assist evidence-based medicine and inform policy on this important population health issue.
Collaborative care for comorbid depression and coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Tully Phillip J , Baumeister Harald 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesTo systematically review the efficacy of collaborative care (CC) for depression in adults with coronary heart disease (CHD) and depression.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesElectronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL) were searched until April 2014.Inclusion criteriaPopulation, depression comorbid with CHD; intervention, randomised controlled trial (RCT) of CC; comparison, either usual care, wait-list control group or no further treatment; and outcome, (primary) major adverse cardiac events (MACE), (secondary) standardised measure of depression, anxiety, quality of life (QOL) and cost-effectiveness.Data extraction and analysisRevMan V.5.3 was used to synthesise the data as risk ratios (RRs), ORs and standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% CIs in random effect models.ResultsSix RCTs met the inclusion criteria and comprised 655 participants randomised to CC and 629 participants randomised to the control group (total 1284). Collaborative depression care led to a significant reduction in MACE in the short term (three trials, RR 0.54; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.95, p=0.03) that was not sustained in the longer term. Small reductions in depressive symptoms were evident in the short term (6 trials, pooled SMD −0.31; 95% CI −0.43 to −0.19, p<0.00001) and depression remission was more likely to be achieved with CC (5 trials, OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.28 to 2.44, p=0.0005). Likewise, a significant effect was observed for anxiety symptoms (SMD −0.36) and mental QOL (SMD 0.24). The timing of the intervention was a source of between-group heterogeneity for depression symptoms (between groups p=0.04, I2=76.5%).ConclusionsCollaborative depression care did not lead to a sustained reduction in the primary MACE end point. Small effects were observed for depression, depression remission, anxiety and mental QOL.Trials registration numberPROSPERO CRD42014013653.
Republished: Marfan syndrome, inherited aortopathies and exercise: What is the right answer?
Authors: Cheng Andrew , Owens David 
Published: December 2015

AbstractExercise recommendations for those who have Marfan syndrome or other genetic predisposition for thoracic aortic disease remain controversial and at times ambiguous. There are no outcomes studies to help guide recommendations. In this review, we examine the guidelines regarding exercise and inherited aortic conditions, the theoretical reasoning and circumstantial evidence that support the guidelines, as well as the knowledge gaps that continue to exist.