bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pollination and sterility in horseradish
Authors: Walters S. Alan , Bernhardt Peter , Joseph Michael , Miller Allison J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHorseradish (Armoracia rusticana, Brassicaceae) is a crop that seldom produces viable seed and is propagated exclusively via vegetative (or clonal) procedures for commercial production. Male sterility and self‐incompatibility (SI) have been suspected as possible mechanisms underlying sterility in horseradish. Therefore, greenhouse and laboratory analyses were conducted to assess pollen viability, pollen recognition in pistils, and to quantify success in self‐ and cross‐pollination events using various horseradish clones. Pollen viability was high (98–100%); consequently, male sterility was an unlikely explanation for low seed set. Self‐pollination in some horseradish clones produced seed, although most clones showed some level of SI. Significant numbers of pollen tubes were found in ovaries of self‐compatible (SC) individuals soon after stigmas were saturated with pollen; furthermore, between three and six ovules with pollen tubes were found in the micropyle which correlates with the number of seed typically found in mature fruits from outcrossed or SC individuals. The results of this study suggest variation in the breeding system of horseradish, as some clones exhibit complete SC, while other clones are SI that recognize and reject self‐pollen.
Identification of novel alleles from wild barley for the improvement of alpha‐amylase and related malt quality traits
Authors: Cu Suong T. , March Timothy J. , Degner Sophia , Eglinton Jason K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGermplasms consisting of 64 wild barley accessions (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) were examined for polymorphisms in α‐amylase using both isoelectric focusing (IEF) and thermostability assays. Wide variation was found for the high pI α‐amylase with 20 IEF band patterns identified. Enzyme activity and thermostability assays showed large differences among α‐amylase isoenzymes. Two wild accessions Tel‐Shoket CPI 77146‐32 and Afiq CPI 77128‐41 showed superior enzyme activity and thermostability compared with commercial varieties such as ‘Baudin’, ‘Flagship’ or ‘Navigator’. The functionality of the Tel‐Shoket allele was validated in backcross lines with ‘Flagship’ as the recurrent parent. The Tel‐Shoket allele at the amy1 locus increased α‐amylase thermostability at 75°C by 8.4% and α‐amylase activity in kilned malt by 18.7%. The introgression of the wild allele also led to significant improvements in fermentability, hot water extract and viscosity. Gene sequencing showed that there are three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Tel‐Shoket amy1 sequence, which can be used as diagnostic markers for the selection of this allele in breeding programmes.
The Photostabilizing Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Three Common Sunscreen Absorbers
Authors: Martincigh Bice S. , Ollengo Moses A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe photostabilizing ability of grape seed extract on three common sunscreen absorbers, 2‐ethylhexyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate (EHMC), benzophenone‐3 (BP3) and tert‐butylmethoxy dibenzoylmethane (BMDBM), was investigated. Samples were exposed to simulated solar radiation and monitored by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. The chemical composition of the grape seed extract was determined by GC‐MS and HPLC‐MS, and the major secondary metabolites were found to be epicatechin and catechin. Exposure of the extract to UV radiation increased the UV absorption capacity of the extract. All sunscreens showed an improved photostability in the extract. The inherent photo‐instability of BMDBM when exposed to UV radiation was almost eliminated in the presence of grape seed extract. A mixture of all three sunscreens in the extract showed very high photostability and a red shift covering the entire UVB and UVA regions, thereby improving the broad‐spectrum protection. The incorporation of grape seed extract in sunscreen and other cosmetic formulations for topical application boosts photoprotection by stabilizing the UV filters and enhancing broad‐spectrum coverage. This in turn helps in reducing the amounts of absorbers and other additives incorporated in a sunscreen product and consequently lowers the risk of an unprecedented buildup of photoproducts whose toxicities are currently unknown.
Evaluation of follicular growth and tissue viability in vitrified/warmed domestic dog ovaries after in vitro culture
Authors: Ackermann CL , Asa CS , Krisher R , Bauman K , Casey S , Lopes MD 
Published: October 2016

ContentsCryopreservation of gametes is an important tool to preserve fertility, but for most species, including domestic dogs, data regarding ovarian tissue cryopreservation are limited. We aimed to evaluate the follicular and tissue viability and follicular growth after in vitro culture of domestic dog ovarian cortical slices cryopreserved by vitrification. Ovarian cortex was obtained from ten pairs of ovaries from domestic dogs using two methods (A and B), one for each ovary from the same bitch. At least four slices for each method were obtained from each ovary, one was processed for histology and the other three were vitrified. When the vitrified slices were warmed, one slice from each method was processed for histology and the remaining two slices were cultured in vitro for 7 days, after which they were processed for histological evaluation. Density of follicles in fresh samples was similar for both methods. For Method A, density of secondary follicles decreased, while the density of primordial follicles was maintained throughout the process. For Method B, density of primary follicles decreased after 7 days of incubation, but density of secondary follicles increased, confirming follicular growth in Method B. Overall, there were no differences between Methods A and B in follicular integrity after incubation. Fresh samples showed better arterial, venous and follicle preservation, followed by vitrified–warmed samples, but no differences were observed between methods. In conclusion, the methodology used to isolate the ovarian cortex may affect tissue and follicle viability as well as follicular development during in vitro culture.
The Transient Temperature Prediction in the Deepwater Riserless Well
Authors: Feng Ming , Teodoriu Catalin , Schubert Jerome 
Published: October 2016

The offshore wells are subject to hostile environments of such areas as the North Sea, GOM and the high arctic. The strong loop ocean currents and induced eddies can pose significant problems for deep-water well.
Broadly divided ocean currents, surface currents, bottom currents and vertical currents, interact with the deep water well structures as one of environmental forces.
One of the engineering challenges in deep water drilling is temperature gradient. In the past the temperature in the wellbore was ignored and an isothermal system was assumed because no practical means existed to determine the well bore temperature profile. But the fact is that the negative thermal gradient exists between surface to seafloor and it becomes positive below the seafloor. The extreme values could be as low as 40°F and as high as 150∼200°F.
In addition to low temperature condition, the significant heat exchange also occurs for high temperature and geothermal reservoirs. The universal matrix form of implicit finite differential equations is introduced to predict the temperature profile of the fluid in the well and near-wellbore formation. This paper is to combine various factors together to derive a solver for the transient temperature modeling during the dirculation of riserless drilling, which can be the basis to describe the near-wellbore well stability under geo-thermal stress and predict the annular pressure during HPHT injection or production, which can also be used to including but not limited to the dynamic temperature profile and bottom-hole temperature, improving cementing program design, casing thermal stresses to be determined.
Investigation of Well Production Mechanism in Heavy Oil Reservoirs Underlain by Strong Bottom Water
Authors: Qin Wenting , Wojtanowicz Andrew K. , Luo Pingya 
Published: October 2016

Low recovery factor is identified as the main problem encountered in the heavy oil production from a strong bottom-water-drive reservoir. Unlike for conventional oils, where the expected recovery from such reservoirs could be very high — in excess of 50 percent, the expected recovery factor in heavy oil water-driven reservoirs is less than 20 percent. In this study, a qualitative analysis of the well productivity mechanisms specific for heavy oil reservoirs with bottom water is provided. The objective is to understand what make the production of heavy oil different to that of lighter oils, identify the mechanism that mostly hamper the well’s productivity and recovery efficiency.
Many believe the by-passed oil due to water coning is the major cause of low ultimate oil recovery in heavy oils underlain by strong bottom water. However, in this paper, we identify another important parameter affecting recovery efficiency in such reservoirs, which hasn’t been recognized by others and its effect on recovery process is significant. The mathematic modeling and numerical study lead to a new finding: due to the aquifer’s influence on pressure response in reservoir, a no-flow boundary at xi is established, where xi is often much smaller than that of the actual reservoir size xe. The oil out to the distance xi is immobile and become bypassed oil, which accounts for large amount of the OOIP. Even the water coning can be effective controlled; the ultimate oil recovery factor will not be improved significantly if the small mobilized oil zone can’t be enlarged. An analytical solution is derived in this paper to calculate the actual drainage radius. The validity of this analytical solution is confirmed by numerical simulation runs.
Direction Drilling Measurement Errors Caused by Drilling Fluid Constituents
Authors: Pattarini Giorgio , Rawlins Sheldon , Saasen Arild , Amundsen Per Amund , Poedjono Benny 
Published: October 2016

Materials in drilling muds are known to sometimes distort the geomagnetic field at the location of the Measurement While Drilling (MWD) tool magnetometers that are used to measure the azimuth of well path. This distortion or shielding effect can contribute to substantial errors in determination of azimuth while drilling deviated wells and with significant well displacements, these errors may result in missing the target of a long deviated section in the range of 1–200m; and thus impact on the overall productivity expectation of the well.
The article describes significant shielding effects observed while drilling long wells. The criteria for acceptance of the surveys were not met and resultantly, an alternative survey source had to be obtained with resulted in increased cost and time to the client. A number of measures were implemented to eliminate this shielding effect.
The effects of drilling fluid contamination by magnetic materials are calculated, and a method to evaluate the magnetic properties of the drilling fluid is proposed. The effect of taking measurements with the pumps on versus off is quantified.
Assessment Procedures for Mechanical Securing Components of LNG Cargo Containment System With Potential Damages
Authors: Cho Sung-In , Hwang Jung-Oh , Bang Chang-Seon , Bae Jun-Hong 
Published: October 2016

This research has been performed to evaluate the structural integrity of the LNG cargo containment system. The structural integrity under vibrational loading and hull deflection was evaluated for damaged and undamaged systems. The test Mock-ups had been constructed for vibrational loading tests and hull deflection tests to compare the system behaviors under the damaged and the undamaged conditions. The damaged Mock-up was constructed with particular damages at the mechanical joints of the top and the bottom boards. The damages of the joints were applied at the designated points, which were selected based on the FEM analysis that compares the stress levels for the various damaged systems.
The static tests were performed when the bottom board and the top board was installed, respectively. The visual inspection had been performed to compare the structural integrity of the damaged and the undamaged system during and after the tests. The vibrational loading tests had also been performed to compare the fatigue performance of both the damaged and the undamaged system. Endurance tests were performed for both vertical and lateral directions based on the results of resonance search tests. The specimens were vibrated at the resonant frequencies determined to most seriously affect the structural integrity. Abnormality of the acceleration time history had been monitored during the endurance tests and the acceleration level at the beginning of the test was compared with the level at the end of the test. After the endurance tests, the structural integrity of both systems had been thoroughly investigated by visual inspection.
Subsea Wellhead Fatigue Analysis With Focus on Thermal Conditions
Authors: Cantinelli Sevillano Lucas , De Andrade Jesus , Stanko Milan , Sangesland Sigbjørn 
Published: October 2016

The structural integrity of subsea wellhead systems has to be maintained during the life cycle of a well and is of concern when frequent intervention and workover operations are performed to extend its service lifetime. Recent efforts have been made to improve and standardize methods for modeling wellhead fatigue-related loads and expected service life. Nevertheless, no comprehensive study of thermal loads and their implications on wellhead fatigue calculation has been published so far. This paper addresses the significance of thermal-related loads on wellhead fatigue damage assessment during the drilling phase of a subsea satellite well.
Subsea wells are exposed to dynamic loads during drilling operations that are transmitted to the wellhead through the marine riser, which may reduce their functionality over time. The wellhead housing is located on top of a shoulder in the conductor housing. As a result, forces on the wellhead datum are transferred between the wellhead housing, casing strings, the template and soil. The way in which forces are exerted on the different wellhead structural components is strongly dependent on factors such as wellhead design, soil support, cement level and bonding between conductor and surface casing.
To investigate the effects of thermal loading, numerical analyses have been performed based on the finite element method. First, the temperature profiles along the wellbore were estimated during the drilling operation, given the circulation of drilling fluids. Temperature data at selected moments were input to a 3-D structural local analysis of the wellhead. Then, its response to imposed mechanical and thermal loads was investigated. A beam proxy model of the wellhead was established and coupled to the global riser analysis, including the marine riser subject to environmental loading and the corresponding top-end vessel motion, which gave the load history on the wellhead according to the environmental loading. Local and global analysis results combined yielded the fatigue damage incurred in the wellhead during the drilling operation.
Four different top of cement configurations for the surface casing were considered in the study. It was found that the induced thermal variation on the wellhead may lead to significant variation in the numerical estimation of fatigue damage rates during a drilling operation. The results indicate that the impact of thermal loading is strongly dependent on the cement level.
Study on Distribution Law and Stationarity of Global Ice Loads Registered in Experiments in Ice Tank
Authors: Dobrodeev Aleksei , Zvyagin Petr , Sazonov Kirill 
Published: October 2016

Being confident in ice loads time series distribution law is extremely important for analysis, as well as for performing simulations. Strong autocorrelation, which usually exist in registered data, obstructs making outcomes on process distribution. Furthermore, at the moment there are only cautious suggestions exist about connection of ice loads distribution law with size and shape of structure or its fragment.
In the paper new results about distribution law of ice loads time series, which were registered in experiments with indenters and models of offshore structures in Krylov State Research Center ice tank (St. Petersburg), are presented. Experiments with four thin indenters were taken in consideration. Also results of tests on process’ variance and means constancy for mentioned time series are presented. Such analysis was performed using methods and software, developed in St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University and Krylov State Research Center.
As a result, hypotheses on ice loads stationarity are tested. Results are discussed.
Wave Response of Closed Flexible Bags
Authors: Lader Pål , Fredriksson David W. , Volent Zsolt , DeCew Jud , Rosten Trond , Strand Ida M. 
Published: October 2016

Recent environmental considerations, as salmon lice, escape of farmed fish and release of nutrients, have prompted the aquaculture industry to consider the use of closed fish production systems. The use of such systems is considered as one potential way of expanding the salmon production in Norway.
To better understand the response in waves of such bags, experiments were conducted with a series of 1:30 scaled models of closed flexible bags. The bags and floater were moored in a wave tank and subjected to series of regular waves (wave period between 0.5 and 1.5s and wave steepness 1/15, 1/30 and 1/60). Three different geometries were investigated; cylindrical, spherical and elliptical, and the models was both tested deflated (70% filling level) and inflated (100% filling level). Incident waves were measured together with the horizontal and vertical motion of the floater in two points (front and aft). Visual observations of the response were also done using cameras.
The main finding from the experiments were that a deflated bag was more wave compliant than an inflated bag, and that the integrity (whether water entered or left the bag over the floater) was challenged for the inflated bags even for smaller waves (identified as wave condition B (1.0m<H<1.9m) in Norwegian Standard NS 9415). A deflated bag is significantly more seaworthy than an inflated bag when it comes to integrity and motion of the floater.
Multicriteria Optimization for System Configuration Using Monte Carlo Simulation and RAM Analysis
Authors: Schleder Adriana Miralles , Araujo Paula Cyrineu , Martins Marcelo Ramos 
Published: October 2016

Currently, engineers should to deal with conflicting objectives, especially concerning safety and economics constraints. It is necessary to take into account performance indicators like reliability and availability coupled with economic criteria such as the costs of acquisition, maintenance and plant downtime. This paper aims at bringing up a rational process of selecting the optimal configuration of the system in the preliminary design phase considering these conflicting indicators.
Here, it is proposed a coupled approach using Monte Carlo Simulation and Genetic Algorithms to define the system configuration and the time interval between preventive maintenances in order to maximize the availability and the expected profit with the system operation considering possible constraints about the number of maintenance teams.
The approach proposed in this paper has shown to be promising for solving complex system design related to realistic scenarios in which conflicting performance and economic objectives must be taken into account.
Drilling Riser Model Tests for Software Verification
Authors: Yin Decao , Lie Halvor , Russo Massimiliano , Grytøyr Guttorm 
Published: October 2016

Marine drilling riser is subject to complicated environmental loads which include top motions due to Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU), wave loads and current loads. Cyclic dynamic loads will cause severe fatigue accumulation along the drilling riser system, especially at the subsea well head (WH).
Statoil and BP have carried out a comprehensive model test program on drilling riser in MARINTEK’s Towing Tank in February 2015. The objective is to validate and verify software predictions of drilling riser behaviour under various environmental conditions by use of model test data.
Six drilling riser configurations were tested, including different components such as Upper Flex Joint (UFJ), tensioner, marine riser, Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP), Blow-Out Preventer (BOP), Lower Flex Joint (LFJ), buoyancy elements and seabed boundary model.
The drilling riser models were tested in different load conditions:
1. Forced top motion tests
2. Regular wave test
3. Combined regular wave and towing test
4. Irregular wave test
5. Combined irregular wave and towing test
6. Towing test (VIV)
Measurements were made of micro bending strains and accelerations along the riser in both In-Line (IL) and Cross-Flow (CF) directions. Video recordings were made both above and under water.
In this paper, the test set-up and test program are presented. Comparisons of results between model test and RIFLEX simulation are presented on selected cases. Preliminary results show that the drilling riser model tests are able to capture the typical dynamic responses observed from field measurement, and the comparison between model test and RIFLEX simulation is promising.