bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Declared and Undeclared Wars
Authors: Värk René 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOccasionally, people characterise foreign military interventions as “undeclared wars”. It is not entirely clear what is the meaning and value of such a qualification, but it seems that they want to add an extra weight to their condemnation. Still, does it have legal significance? At times, international law demanded that States issued a declaration of war before the commencement of hostilities but the obligation was mostly ignored for varied reasons. Notably, between two world wars, States avoided certain legal obligations (e.g. the prohibition to use war, the rules of warfare) by not declaring or otherwise recognising a state of war. After the Second World War, considering the earlier abuses, States redesigned the international legal regulations in a way that the declaration of war became practically irrelevant when it comes to the legality or illegality of the use of armed force, or to the application of law.
‘We don’t talk Gypsy here’: Minority language policies in Europe
Authors: New William S. , Kyuchukov Hristo , Villiers Jill de 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Roma constitute an ideal case of educational injustice meeting linguistic difference, racism, social marginalization, and poverty. This paper asks whether human-rights or capabilities approaches are best suited to address issues related to the language education of Roma students in Europe. These children are disadvantaged by not growing up with the standard dialect of whatever language is preferred by the mainstream population, and by the low status of the Romani language, and non-standard dialect of the standard language they usually speak. We examine language education for Roma students in Croatia, the Czech Republic, and Bulgaria, describing similarities and differences across contexts. We explain weak and strong version of language rights arguments, and the ways these principles are expressed, and not expressed in education policies. Sen’s capabilities approach can be employed to generate contextualized visions of education reform that speak directly to disadvantages suffered by Roma children.
Fluids, cages, and boisterous femininity: The grotesque transgression of patriarchal norms in Angela Carter’s Nights at the Circus
Authors: Abdullah Md Abu Shahid 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The article will show that in Nights at the Circus, Carter’s use of the themes of food consumption and excrement operate as both a grotesque means of emancipation from a feminine point-of-view, and a carnivalesque challenge to subversive patriarchal norms and deconstruction of arbitrary patriarchal hierarchies. By turning the simple act of eating into boisterous spectacle, and by handling a bottle of champagne and water hose in a disturbingly masculine manner, Fevvers transgresses the boundary between masculinity and femininity, sheds the patriarchal constraints imposed upon femininity, and thus achieves agency and emancipation. Since she is not able to acquire biological signifier of masculinity, she achieves the transgression of the binary entirely through the performative carnivalesque. The article will also discuss that the overflowing nature of grotesque femininity (both physical and behavioral) enables the female characters to speak and act at their own will, and thus performs as a means of critiquing Victorian patriarchal cultural norms.
Human trafficking: Commercial sexual exploitation and forced domestic labour in African literature
Authors: Urama Evelyn Nwachukwu , Nwachukwu Chukwuka Ogbu 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Just like social occurrences such as human sacrifice and slavery enhanced retardation of progress in Africa in the past, trafficking is another social occurrence addressed in contemporary African literature that impedes progress and tarnishes the image of the victims. Human trafficking is rampant in Africans and some part of the world in this 21st century. This paper examines how Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo’s Trafficked (2008) and Chika Unigwe’s On Black Sisters′ Street (2009) highlight social occurrences and how they contribute to the spread of girl trafficking in Africa. It also explores how both men and women are partners in trafficking, forming trafficking networks that lure girls from Nigeria to Europe and make huge profits from their misery. These pimps use ‘juju magic’ and rituals as a threat to exert complete control over the girls and also to ensure their compliance. The trafficked girls share their life experiences by telling their tales of woes exposing the shame that accompanies the sex trade and the stigmatization they suffer in the society. Their experiences are presented by the authors to highlight the trafficked girls′ pains, misery and struggle for freedom in order to appeal to everybody in the society to fight against human trafficking. The paper also examines how these exploited and depressed trafficked girls that have lost their self-esteem can still live fulfilled lives if government agencies and nongovernmental organizations come to their rescue.
Outer measure on effect algebras
Authors: Singh Akhilesh Kumar 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In the present paper, the notion of an outer measure m
* on lattice ordered effect algebras L is introduced and investigated. Carathéodory’s criterion for the outer measure m
* is given and established on L. Properties of an induced outer measure m
* defined on a lattice ordered effect algebra L are studied and finally, Choquet theorem is proved for the induced outer measure m
* on a σ-complete lattice ordered effect algebra L.
Comparison of ψ-porous topologies
Authors: Łazarow Ewa , Rychert Krystian , Turowska Małgorzata 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study the notion of a ψ-porosity point and ψ-porosity topology, generated by it analogously to the porosity topology on the real line. The paper includes a necessary and sufficient conditions under which two ψ-porous topologies generated by two functions ψ
1 and ψ
2 are equal. The condition is formulated in terms of the behavior of two sequences of sets

A
k

=
{
x
∈
(
0
,
∞
)
:

ψ
1

(
x
)
<

1
k

ψ
2

(
x
)
}
and

B
k

=
{
x
∈
(
0
,
∞
)
:

ψ
2

(
x
)
<

1
k

ψ
1

(
x
)
}
.

$\begin{array}{}
A_k=\{x\in(0,\infty)\colon\psi_1(x) \lt \frac{1}{k}\psi_2(x)\} \text{ and } B_k=\{x\in(0,\infty)\colon\psi_2(x) \lt \frac{1}{k}\psi_1(x)\}.
\end{array}$
Some applications of first-order differential subordinations
Authors: Nunokawa Mamoru , Sokół Janusz 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In this work we present a new geometric approach to some problems in differential subordination theory. In the paper some sufficient conditions for function to be starlike or univalent or to be in the class of Carathéodory functions are obtained. We also discuss the new results closely related to the generalized Briot-Bouquet differential subordination.
Nonoscillation and exponential stability of the second order delay differential equation with damping
Authors: Berezansky Leonid , Domoshnitsky Alexander , Gitman Mikhail , Stolbov Valery 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFor a delay differential equationx¨(t)+a(t)x˙(t)+∑k=1mbk(t)x(gk(t))=0,gk(t)≤t,$$\ddot{x}(t) + a(t)\dot{x}(t)+ \displaystyle\sum\limits_{k=1}^m b_k(t)x(g_k(t))=0, g_k(t)\leq t, $$a generalized Riccati inequality is constructed for nonoscillation and exponential stability of the differential equation.
On a subclass of Bazilevic functions
Authors: Raza Mohsan , Ul Haq Wasim 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a subclass of analytic functions in the open unit disc. This class generalizes the class of Bazilevic functions of order α. We find arc length, coefficient bounds, coefficient difference, growth result, qth Hankel determinant of this class of functions.
First-Hands’ Contribution in Business Inquiry Based on Qualitative Inquiry of Assessing Environmentalism Initiatives
Authors: Behjati Saeed 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis is a report paper, provides the key philosophies of underpinning qualitative methodology, which is utilized in business inquiry of assessing corporate environmentalism initiatives. It begins with an overview of research philosophy and ontology/epistemological platforms and the choice of inductive method that shapes the ways to conduct social inquiry. It follows by description of case study design, including the purists and pragmatists’ debate on case study research and justification of the required data and collection methods. The end up is details analysing techniques of collected data and validity/reliability leverage.
Challenges and Optimism for Sustainable Research Capacity in Sierra Leone
Authors: Jackson Emerson Abraham 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This article has provided a non-empirical approach in addressing the potential for sustainable research at all levels in Sierra Leone. It is an indisputable fact that remnants of the civil crisis and more lately, the Ebola crisis have contributed to the country’s under-developed research potential, more so at higher education level where the pace seemed to be slow in comparison to other countries in the West African sub-region. The country is making some strides in forging ahead with efforts being placed by individuals / institutions to improve opportunities for high level research in the country, but such a venture is faced with serious challenges. Highlights of some of the challenges include development of institutional capacity, strong strategic management capacity, and development in human capacity. Recommendations have also suggested attention focused on the building of strong institutional capacity and investment as the way forward in the sustained pathway of the country’s development.
Eliminating the secondary earner bias. Policy lessons from the introduction of partial individual taxation in Sweden in 1971
Authors: Gunnarsson Åsa , Eriksson Martin 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This paper examines the different elements included in the Swedish partial individual taxation reform in 1971. The purpose is to identify what policy lessons this reform holds for contemporary tax policy in the European Union member states that currently apply joint tax and benefit provisions. Even though contemporary circumstances have changed in relation to the historical context for Swedish reform, the common strand is that the provisions create both inactivity incentives on the labor market and low income traps for secondary earners. We suggest that a shift to individual taxation should be a part of family and social policies that promote gender equality, and that in turn should be consolidated within a sustainable idea about tax fairness.
The Information Practices of the Fishermen in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh
Authors: Shuva Nafiz Zaman 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUtilizing de Certeau’s concepts of “tactics” and “strategies,” and Chatman’s “information poverty,” this study examines the information practices of the fishermen in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Using faceto- face surveys, this study gathers data from 102 fishermen in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. The findings of the study reveal that the majority of fishermen (“fisher folks”) studied regularly need information on weather, fish buying and selling prices, daily consumable products, entertainment, and religion. Fisher folks in this study heavily rely on their informal information networks (e.g., family and friends) to meet their diverse information needs. The study also reports various information challenges faced by the participants. It is evident in this study that fisher folks, due to unwelcoming information environment of strategic institutions (e.g., various government agencies), tactically avoid services and information provided by them. A call for radical change in “information service culture” (i.e., offering information to only educated, the dominant group of the society) has been emphasized by the author of the paper. The study also highlights the importance of offering appropriate, need-based, welcoming information services to rural communities by various government information agencies including public libraries. It is expected that this study will help researchers design studies aimed at exploring the “tactical information practices” of various unprivileged groups such as victims of domestic violence, ready-made garments worker, sex workers, etc., who have diverse socioeconomic and political backgrounds.
The Support of Underwater Works with the Use of Remotely Operated Vehicles On the Example of Works Conducted On the Wreck of the Fishing Boat WŁA-127
Authors: Dawidziuk Marek , Olejnik Adam 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The article demonstrates use of underwater remotely operated vehicles during an underwater visual inspection of a sunken vessel. The presented tasks were carried out in the course of underwater works performed from a Polish navy rescue vessel on the fishing boat WŁA-127. The discussed examples include a visual inspection of the sunken vessel and the support offered to Polish Navy rescue divers as they carried out underwater works.
The Evaluation of Sanitary-Epidemiological Service Conditions On a Submarine
Authors: Żychliński Michał , Siermontowski Piotr , Olszański Romuald 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Service on a submarine is the most stressful and psychologically challenging form of military service. It is characterised by specific living and sanitaryepidemiological conditions which are far from typical. This work is based on the analyses of reports formulated from research conducted by a working environment laboratory, and on the control protocols of the sanitary supervision and control team (WOMP) Gdynia, from the Kobben submersible vessels in the years 2014 and 2015. Military Centres of Preventive Medicine hold supervision over Military Units pursuant to generally applicable regulations in the civil environment and standardised NATO norms. Measurements concern the level of noise, mechanical vibrations, chemical agents, electromagnetic radiation, physiochemical and biological water and kitchenware tests. The objective of the research is to evaluate the service conditions on a submersible vessel with regard to sanitary-epidemiological aspects such as exposure to infectious and occupational diseases. In selected stations, the conducted measurements indicate an increased level of noise, electromagnetic radiation and excess quantities of bacteria colonies on kitchenware.
The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy On the Level of Lipid Peroxides in Rat Brains
Authors: Doboszyński Tadeusz , Łokucijewski Bogdan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe problem of oxygen toxicity, and its effect on the nervous system, is an important topic with regard to the application of oxygen and breathing mixes in the pursuit of diving, as well as in the light of the striking synergy between the effects of oxygen and ionising radiation. Studies on the level of lipid peroxides were performed on rat brains. The animals were subjected to exhaustive physical strain in a pressure chamber and oxygen at the pressure between 0-3 atm for the period of 25-60 minutes. Parallel research was conducted on rested animals. Following the dissection, the brain was homogenised and the levels of lipid peroxides were determined using the Wollman method with TBA. In animals subjected to physical effort over the specified time, no deviations in the levels of lipid peroxides were observed in comparison to the control group. An increase in lipid peroxide level was noted in rats manifesting oxygen toxicity symptoms. On the basis of the above findings, the authors presume that the growth of lipid peroxides in the brain in cases subjected to hyperbaric oxygenation should be recognised as a far-reaching harmful effect of oxygen, occurring after enzymatic damage and the violation of cellular antioxidant protection. At low oxygen overpressures, no deviations in the levels of lipid peroxides were noted as compared to the control group.
Possibilities of Spatial Data to Determine the Extent of the Occupancy of the Right-of-Way by Large-Format Advertisements
Authors: Bieda Agnieszka , Kwartnik-Pruc Anita , Puniach Edyta 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Large-format advertisements are becoming a more and more common element of building facades, especially in city centers. Placing an object of this type is not without significance to the real property management. A large-format advertising billboard on the facade, on the one hand, is associated with the possibility of renting advertising space, on the other - it can lead to the occupancy of a right-of-way, which results in a necessity to pay appropriate fees, in the amount regulated by the Act on Public Roads. Placing an object such as a large-format advertising billboard in a right-of-way requires a permit of the manager of this road. However, if a billboard is located on the facade of a building, occupancy of the right-of-way is not always the case. If the boundary of the road parcel runs along the contour of the building, a billboard placed on the elevation will always occupy the right-of-way. However, property boundaries often run at a distance from the building. Such situations - desired by managers - result in a noticeable increase in demand for surveying opinions to determine what part of the right-of-way is occupied by a large-format advertisement. This article analyzes the cases of the right-of-way being occupied by large-format advertising placed on the facades of buildings in the city center. For selected objects, information was obtained from public records, National Cartographic Documentation Center database, and direct surveying was performed with various techniques. This allowed for an objective assessment of the possible use of available surveying methods and the acquired spatial data to determine the right-of-way occupied by large-format advertisements for purposes of real estate management.
Analysis of the Legal Methods of Agricultural Land Protection in Central Europe On the Example of Poland and Bulgaria
Authors: Pawlikowska Elżbieta , Popek Paulina , Bieda Agnieszka , Moteva  , Stoeva Ana 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
For the management of agricultural real properties to be effective, it is required that information about the natural conditions and the existing infrastructure supporting agricultural production, as well as knowledge of the regional traditions, be provided. The management itself should also be based on sound legislation. Due to the fact that agricultural real properties are subject to special legal protection, this article aimed to analyze and assess the methods of managing agricultural real property in the new EU member states on the example of Poland and Bulgaria. This objective was implemented by presenting the structure of agricultural land and the state of agriculture, describing the agrarian reforms, determining the current role of spatial planning and the binding regulations in the management of agricultural land resources, as well as a description of the current surveying procedures. Basing on the outlined comparative characteristics, SWOT/TOWS analysis was performed. The result of this comparative study is the highlighting of the problems and recommendations for the management of agricultural properties in Poland and Bulgaria.
Housing Resources and Needs in Light of Modern Urban Transformations: the Case of Poznan
Authors: Palicki Sławomir 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPolish cities have been at the stage of a dynamic suburban development for over a decade (which has led to the phenomenon of urban sprawl beyond any control). The population of big urban areas, together with their agglomerations is continuously increasing; however, migration tendencies towards suburban areas are strong as well. In such a situation, the question arises regarding the possibilities and the methods of suppressing the outflow of people to the neighboring communities, and once again, making the city an attractive place to live. The attempt to explain such an issue requires research into both the housing infrastructure and its inhabitants. Poznan has been severely affected by suburbanization. The diagnosis and assessment of Poznan housing resources and the preferences of its inhabitants are the starting point for taking further steps in making the housing conditions more attractive. The article shows the initial results of widespread research regarding housing in the capital city of the Wielkopolska Province (comprising over 2,500 households). A similar study for the entire agglomeration (Poznan County) is due to be completed soon. It will allow for a comparative analysis and formulating recommendations regarding the conditions and the direction of changes on the real estate market which would increase the attractiveness of central cities suffering from suburbanization. In a wider context, the publication might be seen as an analysis of one of the elements of modern urban changes, such as either market driven, or free and spontaneous processes of urban sprawl, and conscious actions taken by local governments (together with developers) regarding the integrated urban revitalization policy.
Discharge and Nitrogen Transfer Modelling in the Berze River: A HYPE Setup and Calibration
Authors: Veinbergs Arturs , Lagzdins Ainis , Jansons Viesturs , Abramenko Kaspars , Sudars Ritvars 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This study is focused on water quality and quantity modelling in the Berze River basin located in the Zemgale region of Latvia. The contributing basin area of 872 km2 is furthermore divided into 15 sub-basins designated according to the characteristics of hydrological network and water sampling programme. The river basin of interest is a spatially complex system with agricultural land and forests as two predominant land use types. Complexity of the system reflects in the discharge intensity and diffuse pollution of nitrogen compounds into the water bodies of the river basin. The presence of urban area has an impact as the load from the existing wastewater treatment plants consist up to 76 % of the total nitrogen load in the Berze River basin. Representative data sets of land cover, agricultural field data base for crop distribution analysis, estimation of crop management, soil type map, digital elevation model, drainage conditions, network of water bodies and point sources were used for the modelling procedures. The semi-distributed hydro chemical model HYPE has a setup to simulate discharge and nitrogen transfer. In order to make the model more robust and appropriate for the current study the data sets previously stated were classified by unifying similar spatially located polygons. The data layers were overlaid and 53 hydrological response units (SLCs) were created. Agricultural land consists of 48 SLCs with the details of soils, drainage conditions, crop types, and land management practices. Manual calibration procedure was applied to improve the performance of discharge simulation. Simulated discharge values showed good agreement with the observed values with the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.82 and bias of −6.6 %. Manual calibration of parameters related to nitrogen leakage simulation was applied to test the most sensitive parameters.