bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral dust over west and central Sahel: Seasonal patterns of dry and wet deposition fluxes from a pluriannual sampling (2006–2012)
Authors: Marticorena B. , Chatenet B. , Rajot J. L. , Bergametti G. , Deroubaix A. , Vincent J. , Kouoi A. , Schmechtig C. , Coulibaly M. , Diallo A. , Koné I. , Maman A. , NDiaye T. , Zakou A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTotal and wet mineral dust deposition has been monitored since 2006 at three Sahelian stations in Senegal, Mali, and Niger, respectively at the weekly and the event time scale. Average annual deposited mass fluxes range from 75 to 183 g m−2 yr−1, from west to east. Deposition fluxes exhibit a clear seasonal cycle in Mali and Niger. High wet deposition fluxes result from an optimum phasing between dust concentration and precipitation: the maximum occurring at the beginning of the wet season, after the maximum of dust concentration and before the precipitation maximum. The contribution of wet to total deposition varies from 67% in Mali to 8% in Senegal. It is the main factor of variability of the deposition fluxes from year to year and at the seasonal scale in Niger and Mali. Wet deposition fluxes in Mali and Niger are mainly due to the wash out of dust emitted by convective systems. In Senegal, the deposition fluxes are lower and dominated by dry deposition (92% of the annual deposition flux). This is due to the low occurrence of convective systems producing local dust emissions and intense wet deposition. The dry deposition fluxes are primarily driven by the variability of the dust concentration. The dry deposition velocities derived from our measurements are consistent with those estimated by theoretical models. Scavenging ratios computed from the measured wet deposition fluxes, dust concentrations, and precipitation are anticorrelated with precipitation amounts. This suggests that most of the atmospheric dust is scavenged at the very beginning of the precipitation events.
A revised budget for Cenozoic sedimentary carbon subduction
Authors: Clift Peter D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCarbon plays a pivotal role in governing the climate and biosphere of Earth, yet quantification of carbon's long‐term cycling from the mantle to the surface remains contentious. Sedimentary carbon represents a significant part of the budget and can be recycled to the mantle if underthrust in subduction zones. I estimate that ~60 megaton per year (Mt/yr) is presently being subducted below the outer fore arc, 80% in the form of carbonate carbon, significantly more than previously estimated. Sedimentary carbon represents around two thirds of the total carbon input at the trenches. An additional 7 Mt/yr is averaged over the Cenozoic as a result of passive margin subduction during continental collision (~83% CaCO3). This revision brings the input and output budgets within the range of uncertainty. Degassing from arc volcanoes and fore arcs totals ~55 Mt/yr. When carbon in hydrothermal veins in the altered oceanic crust and serpentinized upper mantle is accounted for, a net flux to the mantle appears likely. The efficiency of carbon subduction is largely controlled by the carbonate contents of the sediment column and is partly linked to the latitude of the trench. Accretionary margins are the biggest suppliers of carbon to the mantle wedge, especially Java, Sumatra, Andaman‐Burma, and Makran, reflecting the inefficiency of offscraping, the thickness of the subducting sediment, and the trench length. The western Pacific trenches are negligible sinks of sedimentary carbon. Increases in deep‐sea carbonate in the Oligocene and middle Mesozoic had a large impact on the subduction budget, increasing it greatly compared to earlier times.
A long‐term perspective of the hydroclimatological impacts of atmospheric rivers over the central United States
Authors: Nayak Munir Ahmad , Villarini Gabriele 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe focus of this study is on the climatology of atmospheric rivers (ARs) over the central United States using six atmospheric reanalysis products. This climatology is used to understand the long‐term impacts of ARs on annual precipitation, precipitation extremes, and flooding over the central United States. The relationship between the frequency of ARs and three prominent large‐scale atmospheric modes [Pacific‐North American (PNA) teleconnection, Artic Oscillation (AO), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)] is investigated, and the results are used to statistically model the frequency of ARs at the seasonal scale. AR characteristics (e.g., frequency, duration) are generally robust across the different reanalysis products. ARs exhibit a marked seasonality, with the largest activity in winter (more than 10 ARs per season on average), and the lowest in summer (less than two ARs per season on average). Overall, the duration of most ARs is less than 3 days, but exceptionally persistent ARs (more than 6 days) are also observed. The year‐to‐year variations in the total annual precipitation over the central United States are largely explained by the variations in AR‐related precipitation. Moreover, 40% of the top 1% daily precipitation extremes are associated with ARs, and more than 70% of the annual instantaneous peak discharges and peaks‐overthreshold floods are associated with these storms, in particular during winter and spring. The seasonal frequency of ARs can be described in terms of large‐scale atmospheric modes, with PNA playing a major role in particular in winter and spring.
Improving physically based snow simulations by assimilating snow depths using the particle filter
Authors: Magnusson Jan , Winstral Adam , Stordal Andreas S. , Essery Richard , Jonas Tobias 
Published: December 2016

AbstractData assimilation can help to ensure that model results remain close to observations despite potential errors in the model, parameters, and inputs. In this study, we test whether assimilation of snow depth observations using the particle filter, a generic data assimilation method, improves the results of a multilayer energy‐balance snow model, and compare the results against a direct insertion method. At the field site Col de Porte in France, the particle filter reduces errors in SWE, snowpack runoff, and soil temperature when forcing the model with coarse resolution reanalysis data, which is a typical input scenario for operational simulations. For those variables, the model performance after assimilation of snow depths is similar to model performance when forcing with high‐quality, locally observed input data. Using the particle filter, we could also estimate a snowfall correction factor accurately at Col de Porte. The assimilation of snow depths also improves forecasts with lead‐times of, at least, 7 days. At further 40 sites in Switzerland, the assimilation of snow depths in a model forced with numerical weather prediction data reduces the root‐mean‐squared‐error for SWE by 64% compared to the model without assimilation. The direct insertion method shows similar performance as the particle filter, but is likely to produce inconsistencies between modeled variables. The particle filter, on the other hand, avoids such limitations without loss of performance. The methods proposed in this study efficiently reduces errors in snow simulations, seems applicable for different climatic and geographic regions, and are easy to deploy.
Impact of social preparedness on flood early warning systems
Authors: Girons Lopez M. , Di Baldassarre G. , Seibert J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFlood early warning systems play a major role in the disaster risk reduction paradigm as cost‐effective methods to mitigate flood disaster damage. The connections and feedbacks between the hydrological and social spheres of early warning systems are increasingly being considered as key aspects for successful flood mitigation. The behavior of the public and first responders during flood situations, determined by their preparedness, is heavily influenced by many behavioral traits such as perceived benefits, risk awareness, or even denial. In this study, we use the recency of flood experiences as a proxy for social preparedness to assess its impact on the efficiency of flood early warning systems through a simple stylized model and implemented this model using a simple mathematical description. The main findings, which are based on synthetic data, point to the importance of social preparedness for flood loss mitigation, especially in circumstances where the technical forecasting and warning capabilities are limited. Furthermore, we found that efforts to promote and preserve social preparedness may help to reduce disaster‐induced losses by almost one half. The findings provide important insights into the role of social preparedness that may help guide decision‐making in the field of flood early warning systems.
Tidal controls on riverbed denitrification along a tidal freshwater zone
Authors: Knights Deon , Sawyer Audrey H. , Barnes Rebecca T. , Musial Cole T. , Bray Samuel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn coastal rivers, tidal pumping enhances the exchange of oxygen‐rich river water across the sediment‐water interface, controlling nitrogen cycling in riverbed sediment. We developed a one‐dimensional, fluid flow and solute transport model that quantifies the influence of tidal pumping on nitrate removal and applied it to the tidal freshwater zone (TFZ) of White Clay Creek (Delaware, USA). In field observations and models, both oxygenated river water and anoxic groundwater deliver nitrate to carbon‐rich riverbed sediment. A zone of nitrate removal forms beneath the aerobic interval, which expands and contracts over daily timescales due to tidal pumping. At high tide when oxygen‐rich river water infiltrates into the bed, denitrification rates decrease by 25% relative to low tide. In the absence of tidal pumping, our model predicts that the aerobic zone would be thinner, and denitrification rates would increase by 10%. As tidal amplitude increases toward the coast, nitrate removal rates should decrease due to enhanced oxygen exchange across the sediment‐water interface, based on sensitivity analysis. Denitrification hot spots in TFZs are more likely to occur in less permeable sediment under lower tidal ranges and higher rates of ambient groundwater discharge. Our models suggest that tidal pumping is not efficient at removing surface water nitrate but can remove up to 81% of nitrate from discharging groundwater in the TFZ of White Clay Creek. Given the high population densities of coastal watersheds, the reactive riverbeds of TFZs play a critical role in mitigating new nitrogen loads to coasts.
Experiment on temporal variation of bed load transport in response to changes in sediment supply in streams
Authors: Elgueta‐Astaburuaga Maria A. , Hassan Marwan A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA flume experiment was conducted to study channel adjustment to episodic sediment supply in mountain streams. The bulk sediment used for the bed and feed included grain sizes 0.5–64 mm with geometric mean D
of 5.7 mm. Water discharge was held constant for 40 h, and 300 kg of sediment was supplied through a range of scenarios. Bed slope, sediment storage, sediment transport, and bed surface texture responded to sediment supply. During the first of seven runs, bed slope decreased from 0.022 m
m (flume slope) to 0.018 m
m due to sediment starvation. Bed slope increased beginning in the second run as the bed aggraded due to preferential storage of grains >8 mm. Transport rate and bed‐surface particle size were significantly affected by magnitude‐frequency of sediment feed. Under constant feed, transport rate increased gradually and D
ranged between 12 and 15 mm. Instead, sediment pulses caused a pronounced increase in sediment transport rate and surface fining, trends that were inverted as sediment evacuated. At the run scale, sediment transport and storage behaved as with constant feed if pulse relaxation time exceeded time between pulses. The increase in transport rate and surface fining were proportional to pulse size. After the 300 kg pulse, transport rate reached
and D
was <10 mm. After 75 kg pulses, transport rate reached
and D
was >12 mm. Textural differences on the initial bed surface influenced the patterns of sediment transport. Channel adjustment was controlled by magnitude‐frequency of sediment feed and not by total feed.
A narrative method for analyzing transitions in urban water management: The case of the Miami‐Dade Water and Sewer Department
Authors: Treuer Galen , Koebele Elizabeth , Deslatte Aaron , Ernst Kathleen , Garcia Margaret , Manago Kim 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAlthough the water management sector is often characterized as resistant to risk and change, urban areas across the United States are increasingly interested in creating opportunities to transition toward more sustainable water management practices. These transitions are complex and difficult to predict – the product of water managers acting in response to numerous biophysical, regulatory, political, and financial factors within institutional constraints. Gaining a better understanding of how these transitions occur is crucial for continuing to improve water management. This paper presents a replicable methodology for analyzing how urban water utilities transition toward sustainability. The method combines standardized quantitative measures of variables that influence transitions with contextual qualitative information about a utility's unique decision making context to produce structured, data‐driven narratives. Data‐narratives document the broader context, the utility's pretransition history, key events during an accelerated period of change, and the consequences of transition. Eventually, these narratives should be compared across cases to develop empirically‐testable hypotheses about the drivers of and barriers to utility‐level urban water management transition. The methodology is illustrated through the case of the Miami‐Dade Water and Sewer Department (WASD) in Miami‐Dade County, Florida, and its transition toward more sustainable water management in the 2000s, during which per capita water use declined, conservation measures were enacted, water rates increased, and climate adaptive planning became the new norm.
Cytokine therapy‐mediated neuroprotection in a Friedreich's ataxia mouse model
Authors: Kemp Kevin C. , Cerminara Nadia , Hares Kelly , Redondo Juliana , Cook Amelia J. , Haynes Harry R. , Burton Bronwen R. , Pook Mark , Apps Richard , Scolding Neil J. , Wilkins Alastair 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesFriedreich's ataxia is a devastating neurological disease currently lacking any proven treatment. We studied the neuroprotective effects of the cytokines, granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) in a humanized murine model of Friedreich's ataxia.MethodsMice received monthly subcutaneous infusions of cytokines while also being assessed at monthly time points using an extensive range of behavioral motor performance tests. After 6 months of treatment, neurophysiological evaluation of both sensory and motor nerve conduction was performed. Subsequently, mice were sacrificed for messenger RNA, protein, and histological analysis of the dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, and cerebellum.ResultsCytokine administration resulted in significant reversal of biochemical, neuropathological, neurophysiological, and behavioural deficits associated with Friedreich's ataxia. Both G‐CSF and SCF had pronounced effects on frataxin levels (the primary molecular defect in the pathogenesis of the disease) and a regulators of frataxin expression. Sustained improvements in motor coordination and locomotor activity were observed, even after onset of neurological symptoms. Treatment also restored the duration of sensory nerve compound potentials. Improvements in peripheral nerve conduction positively correlated with cytokine‐induced increases in frataxin expression, providing a link between increases in frataxin and neurophysiological function. Abrogation of disease‐related pathology was also evident, with reductions in inflammation/gliosis and increased neural stem cell numbers in areas of tissue injury.InterpretationThese experiments show that cytokines already clinically used in other conditions offer the prospect of a novel, rapidly translatable, disease‐modifying, and neuroprotective treatment for Friedreich's ataxia. Ann Neurol 2017;81:212–226
Tract‐specific atrophy in focal epilepsy: Disease, genetics, or seizures?
Authors: Vaughan David N. , Raffelt David , Curwood Evan , Tsai Meng‐Han , Tournier Jacques‐Donald , Connelly Alan , Jackson Graeme D. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate whether genetics, underlying pathology, or repeated seizures contribute to atrophy in specific white matter tracts.MethodsMedically refractory unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS‐TLE, n = 26) was studied as an archetype of focal epilepsy, using fixel‐based analysis of diffusion‐weighted imaging. A genetic effect was assessed in first‐degree relatives of HS‐TLE subjects who did not have epilepsy themselves (HS‐1°Rel; n = 26). The role of disease process was uncovered by comparing HS‐TLE to unilateral TLE with normal clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI‐neg TLE; n = 26, matched for seizure severity). The effect of focal seizures was inferred from lateralized atrophy common to both HS‐TLE and MRI‐neg TLE, in comparison to healthy controls (n = 76).ResultsHS‐1 °Rel had bilaterally small hippocampi, but no focal white matter atrophy was detected, indicating a limited effect of genetics. HS‐TLE subjects had lateralized atrophy of most temporal lobe tracts, and hippocampal volumes in HS‐TLE correlated with parahippocampal cingulum and anterior commissure atrophy, indicating an effect of the underlying pathology. Ipsilateral atrophy of the tapetum, uncinate, and inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus was found in both HS‐TLE and MRI‐neg TLE, suggesting a common lateralized effect of focal seizures. Both epilepsy groups had bilateral atrophy of the dorsal cingulum and corpus callosum fibers, which we interpret as a consequence of bilateral insults (potentially generalized seizures and/or medications).InterpretationUnderlying pathology, repeated focal seizures, and global insults each contribute to atrophy in specific tracts. Genetic factors make less of a contribution in this cohort. A multifactorial model of white matter atrophy in focal epilepsy is proposed. Ann Neurol 2017;81:240–250
Buying environmental problems: The invasive potential of imported freshwater turtles in Argentina
Authors: Nori Javier , Tessarolo Geiziane , Ficetola Gentile F. , Loyola Rafael , Di Cola Valeria , Leynaud Gerardo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn recent years, decision‐makers in Argentina have allowed the legal import of thousands of specimens of freshwater turtles. Given their invasive potential, many of the imported species have become established and have spread to other countries.The three most commonly imported species recently have beenGraptemys pseudogeographica,Trachemys scripta, andPseudemys nelsoni, all of them native to North America.This study assessed the invasive potential of these species in Argentina based on (i) bioclimatic envelope models, (ii) distribution of water bodies, (iii) location of the most populated cities, (iv) comparisons between their alien and native climatic niches, and (v) the main ecological traits of those species.The results showed that these species are able to establish viable populations in Argentina, especiallyT. scriptaandG. pseudogeographica. This is because the country offers a large amount of suitable climatic space for these species, in which there are large areas with rivers and other water bodies. The situation is especially problematic in freshwater ecosystems of the north east, as well as in the most populated portion of the country.A range of regulatory policies are suggested, which could help to reduce biodiversity loss and economic impacts in the future.
Leiopathes glaberrima millennial forest from SW Sardinia as nursery ground for the small spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula
Authors: Cau Alessandro , Follesa Maria Cristina , Moccia Davide , Bellodi Andrea , Mulas Antonello , Bo Marzia , Canese Simonepietro , Angiolillo Michela , Cannas Rita 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Association between habitat structuring organisms and other species has great relevance for ecosystem‐based conservation measures.
Those occurring in temperate areas, particularly in the upper portion of the continental margin, are mostly unknown or not properly understood because of the difficulty to discriminate co‐occurrence and real functional linkages among species.
Deep water coral assemblages over the Carloforte Shoal (south‐west Sardinia; 180–210 m depth) were investigated using ROV surveys.
During the surveys, more than 740 egg‐capsules of the spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, identified after hatching experiments in captivity, were found attached exclusively to colonies of the long‐living black coral Leiopathes glaberrima.
Although based on a spot finding, the results show that coral forests are not only hotspots of biodiversity, but can also serve as nursery grounds for S. canicula. The protection of these millennial coral forests is therefore to be considered a priority.
Rare copy number variants in a population‐based investigation of hypoplastic right heart syndrome
Authors: Dimopoulos Aggeliki , Sicko Robert J. , Kay Denise M. , Rigler Shannon L. , Druschel Charlotte M. , Caggana Michele , Browne Marilyn L. , Fan Ruzong , Romitti Paul A. , Brody Lawrence C. , Mills James L. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundHypoplastic right heart syndrome (HRHS) is a rare congenital defect characterized by underdevelopment of the right heart structures commonly accompanied by an atrial septal defect. Familial HRHS reports suggest genetic factor involvement. We examined the role of copy number variants (CNVs) in HRHS.MethodsWe genotyped 32 HRHS cases identified from all New York State live births (1998–2005) using Illumina HumanOmni2.5 microarrays. CNVs were called with PennCNV and prioritized if they were ≥20 Kb, contained ≥10 SNPs and had minimal overlap with CNVs from in‐house controls, the Database of Genomic Variants, HapMap3, and Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia database.ResultsWe identified 28 CNVs in 17 cases; several encompassed genes important for right heart development. One case had a 2p16‐2p23 duplication spanning LBH, a limb and heart development transcription factor. Lbh mis‐expression results in right ventricular hypoplasia and pulmonary valve defects. This duplication also encompassed SOS1, a factor associated with pulmonary valve stenosis in Noonan syndrome. Sos1−/− mice display thin and poorly trabeculated ventricles. In another case, we identified a 1.5 Mb deletion associated with Williams‐Beuren syndrome, a disorder that includes valvular malformations. A third case had a 24 Kb deletion upstream of the TGFβ ligand ITGB8. Embryos genetically null for Itgb8, and its intracellular interactant Band 4.1B, display lethal cardiac phenotypes.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first study of CNVs in HRHS. We identified several rare CNVs that overlap genes related to right ventricular wall and valve development, suggesting that genetics plays a role in HRHS and providing clues for further investigation. Birth Defects Research 109:16–26, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.