bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new proposal for assessment of the fatigue strength of steel butt‐welded joints improved by peening (HFMI) under constant amplitude tensile loading
Authors: Nykänen T. , Björk T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractExperimental fatigue data for butt‐welded joints in as‐welded condition and under constant amplitude tensile loading were analysed using the effective notch stress system and a new master curve analysis that takes the local stress ratio, Rlocal, into account. The local stresses needed for computation of Rlocal are calculated with the notch strain approach in conjunction with the reference radius concept.The main focus was to predict with the derived master curve the fatigue strength of peened butt‐welded joints. The lowest surface residual stresses after peening were first estimated based on reported measurements and an analytical lower bound result. The predictions showed quite similar strength dependences and FAT values as reported for high‐frequency mechanical impact treated welds for applied stress ratio R = 0.1. The benefits of peening reduce faster for higher strength steels when R increases. When R = 0.5, the FATs are practically the same for all steel grades.
Seventy years of continuous encroachment substantially increases ‘blue carbon’ capacity as mangroves replace intertidal salt marshes
Authors: Kelleway Jeffrey J. , Saintilan Neil , Macreadie Peter I. , Skilbeck Charles G. , Zawadzki Atun , Ralph Peter J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractShifts in ecosystem structure have been observed over recent decades as woody plants encroach upon grasslands and wetlands globally. The migration of mangrove forests into salt marsh ecosystems is one such shift which could have important implications for global ‘blue carbon’ stocks. To date, attempts to quantify changes in ecosystem function are essentially constrained to climate‐mediated pulses (30 years or less) of encroachment occurring at the thermal limits of mangroves. In this study, we track the continuous, lateral encroachment of mangroves into two south‐eastern Australian salt marshes over a period of 70 years and quantify corresponding changes in biomass and belowground C stores. Substantial increases in biomass and belowground C stores have resulted as mangroves replaced salt marsh at both marine and estuarine sites. After 30 years, aboveground biomass was significantly higher than salt marsh, with biomass continuing to increase with mangrove age. Biomass increased at the mesohaline river site by 130 ± 18 Mg biomass km−2 yr−1 (mean ± SE), a 2.5 times higher rate than the marine embayment site (52 ± 10 Mg biomass km−2 yr−1), suggesting local constraints on biomass production. At both sites, and across all vegetation categories, belowground C considerably outweighed aboveground biomass stocks, with belowground C stocks increasing at up to 230 ± 62 Mg C km−2 yr−1 (± SE) as mangrove forests developed. Over the past 70 years, we estimate mangrove encroachment may have already enhanced intertidal biomass by up to 283 097 Mg and belowground C stocks by over 500 000 Mg in the state of New South Wales alone. Under changing climatic conditions and rising sea levels, global blue carbon storage may be enhanced as mangrove encroachment becomes more widespread, thereby countering global warming.
Habitat availability and gene flow influence diverging local population trajectories under scenarios of climate change: a place‐based approach
Authors: Schwalm Donelle , Epps Clinton W. , Rodhouse Thomas J. , Monahan William B. , Castillo Jessica A. , Ray Chris , Jeffress Mackenzie R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEcological niche theory holds that species distributions are shaped by a large and complex suite of interacting factors. Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly used to describe species’ niches and predict the effects of future environmental change, including climate change. Currently, SDMs often fail to capture the complexity of species’ niches, resulting in predictions that are generally limited to climate‐occupancy interactions. Here, we explore the potential impact of climate change on the American pika using a replicated place‐based approach that incorporates climate, gene flow, habitat configuration, and microhabitat complexity into SDMs. Using contemporary presence–absence data from occupancy surveys, genetic data to infer connectivity between habitat patches, and 21 environmental niche variables, we built separate SDMs for pika populations inhabiting eight US National Park Service units representing the habitat and climatic breadth of the species across the western United States. We then predicted occurrence probability under current (1981–2010) and three future time periods (out to 2100). Occurrence probabilities and the relative importance of predictor variables varied widely among study areas, revealing important local‐scale differences in the realized niche of the American pika. This variation resulted in diverse and – in some cases – highly divergent future potential occupancy patterns for pikas, ranging from complete extirpation in some study areas to stable occupancy patterns in others. Habitat composition and connectivity, which are rarely incorporated in SDM projections, were influential in predicting pika occupancy in all study areas and frequently outranked climate variables. Our findings illustrate the importance of a place‐based approach to species distribution modeling that includes fine‐scale factors when assessing current and future climate impacts on species’ distributions, especially when predictions are intended to manage and conserve species of concern within individual protected areas.
Assessing the influence of historic net and gross land changes on the carbon fluxes of Europe
Authors: Fuchs Richard , Schulp Catharina J. E. , Hengeveld Geerten M. , Verburg Peter H. , Clevers Jan G. P. W. , Schelhaas Mart‐Jan , Herold Martin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLegacy effects of land cover/use on carbon fluxes require considering both present and past land cover/use change dynamics. To assess past land use dynamics, model‐based reconstructions of historic land cover/use are needed. Most historic reconstructions consider only the net area difference between two time steps (net changes) instead of accounting for all area gains and losses (gross changes). Studies about the impact of gross and net land change accounting methods on the carbon balance are still lacking. In this study, we assessed historic changes in carbon in soils for five land cover/use types and of carbon in above‐ground biomass of forests. The assessment focused on Europe for the period 1950 to 2010 with decadal time steps at 1‐km spatial resolution using a bookkeeping approach. To assess the implications of gross land change data, we also used net land changes for comparison. Main contributors to carbon sequestration between 1950 and 2010 were afforestation and cropland abandonment leading to 14.6 PgC sequestered carbon (of which 7.6 PgC was in forest biomass). Sequestration was highest for old‐growth forest areas. A sequestration dip was reached during the 1970s due to changes in forest management practices. Main contributors to carbon emissions were deforestation (1.7 PgC) and stable cropland areas on peaty soils (0.8 PgC). In total, net fluxes summed up to 203 TgC yr−1 (98 TgC yr−1 in forest biomass and 105 TgC yr−1 in soils). For areas that were subject to land changes in both reconstructions (35% of total area), the differences in carbon fluxes were about 68%. Overall for Europe the difference between accounting for either gross or net land changes led to 7% difference (up to 11% per decade) in carbon fluxes with systematically higher fluxes for gross land change data.
Impacts of forestry planting on primary production in upland lakes from north‐west Ireland
Authors: Stevenson Mark A. , McGowan Suzanne , Anderson N. John , Foy Robert H. , Leavitt Peter R. , McElarney Yvonne R. , Engstrom Daniel R. , Pla‐Rabés Sergi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPlanted forests are increasing in many upland regions worldwide, but knowledge about their potential effects on algal communities of catchment lakes is relatively unknown. Here, the effects of afforestation were investigated using palaeolimnology at six upland lake sites in the north‐west of Ireland subject to different extents of forest plantation cover (4–64% of catchment area). 210Pb‐dated sediment cores were analysed for carotenoid pigments from algae, stable isotopes of bulk carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N), and C/N ratios. In lakes with >50% of their catchment area covered by plantations, there were two‐ to sixfold increases in pigments from cryptophytes (alloxanthin) and significant but lower increases (39–116%) in those from colonial cyanobacteria (canthaxanthin), but no response from biomarkers of total algal abundance (β‐carotene). In contrast, lakes in catchments with <20% afforestation exhibited no consistent response to forestry practices, although all lakes exhibited fluctuations in pigments and geochemical variables due to peat cutting and upland grazing prior to forest plantation. Taken together, patterns suggest that increases in cyanobacteria and cryptophyte abundance reflect a combination of mineral and nutrient enrichment associated with forest fertilization and organic matter influx which may have facilitated growth of mixotrophic taxa. This study demonstrates that planted forests can alter the abundance and community structure of algae in upland humic lakes of Ireland and Northern Ireland, despite long histories of prior catchment disturbance.
Ecological change predicts population dynamics and genetic diversity over 120 000 years
Authors: Horreo Jose Luis , Jiménez‐Valverde Alberto , Fitze Patrick S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWhile ecological effects on short‐term population dynamics are well understood, their effects over millennia are difficult to demonstrate and convincing evidence is scant. Using coalescent methods, we analysed past population dynamics of three lizard species (Psammodromus hispanicus, P. edwardsianus, P. occidentalis) and linked the results with climate change data covering the same temporal horizon (120 000 years). An increase in population size over time was observed in two species, and in P. occidentalis, no change was observed. Temporal changes in temperature seasonality and the maximum temperature of the warmest month were congruent with changes in population dynamics observed for the three species and both variables affected population density, either directly or indirectly (via a life‐history trait). These results constitute the first solid link between ecological change and long‐term population dynamics. The results moreover suggest that ecological change leaves genetic signatures that can be retrospectively traced, providing evidence that ecological change is a crucial driver of genetic diversity and speciation.
Quantitative Detection and Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori from Stool using Droplet Digital PCR Reveals Variation in Bacterial Loads that Correlates with cagA Virulence Gene Carriage
Authors: Talarico Sarah , Safaeian Mahboobeh , Gonzalez Paula , Hildesheim Allan , Herrero Rolando , Porras Carolina , Cortes Bernal , Larson Ann , Fang Ferric C. , Salama Nina R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundEpidemiologic studies of the carcinogenic stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori have been limited by the lack of noninvasive detection and genotyping methods. We developed a new stool‐based method for detection, quantification, and partial genotyping of H. pylori using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), which allows for increased sensitivity and absolute quantification by PCR partitioning.Materials and MethodsStool‐based ddPCR assays for H. pylori 16S gene detection and cagA virulence gene typing were tested using a collection of 50 matched stool and serum samples from Costa Rican volunteers and 29 H. pylori stool antigen‐tested stool samples collected at a US hospital.ResultsThe stool‐based H. pylori 16S ddPCR assay had a sensitivity of 84% and 100% and a specificity of 100% and 71% compared to serology and stool antigen tests, respectively. The stool‐based cagA genotyping assay detected cagA in 22 (88%) of 25 stools from CagA antibody‐positive individuals and four (16%) of 25 stools from CagA antibody‐negative individuals from Costa Rica. All 26 of these samples had a Western‐type cagA allele. Presence of serum CagA antibodies was correlated with a significantly higher load of H. pylori in the stool.ConclusionsThe stool‐based ddPCR assays are a sensitive, noninvasive method for detection, quantification, and partial genotyping of H. pylori. The quantitative nature of ddPCR‐based H. pylori detection revealed significant variation in bacterial load among individuals that correlates with presence of the cagA virulence gene. These stool‐based ddPCR assays will facilitate future population‐based epidemiologic studies of this important human pathogen.
Enhancement of the antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory activities of king coconut water (Cocos nucifera var. aurantiaca) by fermentation with kombucha ‘tea fungus’
Authors: Watawana Mindani I. , Jayawardena Nilakshi , Gunawardhana Chaminie B. , Waisundara Viduranga Y. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryEnhancement of antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory properties of king coconut water when subjected to fermentation with the ‘tea fungus’ was evaluated. pH, colour, viscosity, ethanol content, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, ferulic and p‐coumaric acid contents and starch hydrolase inhibitory activities were analysed for 7 days in fermented and unfermented king coconut water samples. The fermented sample had a statistically significant decrease (P < 0.05) in pH. Colour values indicated the fermented beverage to increase in ‘yellowness’ over time. A statistically significant increase in the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity (P < 0.05) was observed from day 1 onwards in the fermented sample. The starch hydrolase inhibitory activities in the fermented beverage had statistically significantly increased (P < 0.05) by day 7. Overall, the study highlights an enhancement of the antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory properties of king coconut water as a result of the kombucha‐based fermentation.
Cortisol response to an induction of negative affect among adolescents with and without loss of control eating
Authors: Radin R.M. , Shomaker L.B. , Kelly N.R. , Pickworth C.K. , Thompson K.A. , Brady S.M. , Demidowich A. , Galescu O. , Altschul A.M. , Shank L.M. , Yanovski S.Z. , Tanofsky‐Kraff M. , Yanovski J.A. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryBackgroundAdults with binge eating disorder may have an exaggerated or blunted cortisol response to stress. Yet, limited data exist among youth who report loss of control (LOC) eating, a developmental precursor to binge eating disorder.MethodsWe studied cortisol reactivity among 178 healthy adolescents with and without LOC eating. Following a buffet lunch meal adolescents were randomly assigned to watch a neutral or sad film clip. After, they were offered snacks from a multi‐item array to assess eating in the absence of hunger. Salivary cortisol was collected at −80, 0, 30 and 50 min relative to film administration, and state mood ratings were reported before and after the film.ResultsAdolescents with LOC had greater increases in negative affect during the experimental paradigm in both conditions (ps > 0.05). Depressive symptoms, but not LOC, related to a greater cortisol response in the sad film condition (ps > 0.05). Depressive symptoms and state LOC were related to different aspects of eating behaviour, independent of film condition or cortisol response (ps > 0.05).ConclusionsA film clip that induced depressed state affect increased salivary cortisol only in adolescents with more elevated depressive symptoms. Adolescents with and without LOC were differentiated by greater increases in state depressed affect during laboratory test meals but had no difference in cortisol reactivity. Future studies are required to determine if adolescents with LOC manifest alterations in stress reactivity to alternative stress‐inducing situations.
Acquired Thermo‐Tolerance and Trans‐Generational Heat Stress Response at Flowering in Rice
Authors: Shi W. , Lawas L. M. F. , Raju B. R. , Jagadish S. V. K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn rice, pre‐exposure to sublethal treatment followed by harsh lethal treatment is known to improve tolerance of different abiotic stresses at the vegetative stage within and across generations. Our major aim was to test the phenomenon of thermo‐tolerance at flowering across (trans)‐generations and within generation using rice cultivars contrasting for heat stress tolerance at flowering. To test trans‐generational response, plants were exposed to higher temperature at flowering stage and seeds obtained from previous generations were exposed to heat stress during flowering, which recorded significantly lower fertility when exposed to the same degree of stress in their subsequent generations. A pre‐acclimation to moderately high acclimating temperatures imposed over three different durations during the vegetative and initial reproductive stage showed positive response in the tolerant N22, particularly under severe heat stress (40 °C). This finding indicates the possibility of acquiring ameliorative thermo‐tolerant mechanisms at anthesis, restricted to tolerant genetic backgrounds to combat subsequent harsh conditions within the same generation. However, trans‐generational memory was ineffective in mitigating spikelet sterility losses in both tolerant and susceptible backgrounds. Rice is extremely sensitive to heat stress during flowering; hence, similar exercise across other crops of interest needs to be carried out before generalizing conclusions.
What's Wrong with Speciesism? (Society for Applied Philosophy Annual Lecture 2015)
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPeter Singer famously argued in Animal Liberation that almost all of us are speciesists, unjustifiably favoring the interests of humans over the similar interests of other animals. Although I long found that charge compelling, I now find myself having doubts. This article starts by trying to get clear about the nature of speciesism, and then argues that Singer's attempt to show that speciesism is a mere prejudice is unsuccessful. I also argue that most of us are not actually speciesists at all, but rather accept a view I call modal personism. Although I am not confident that modal personism can be adequately defended, it is, at the very least, a philosophical view worthy of further consideration.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ballestri Stefano , Zona Stefano , Targher Giovanni , Romagnoli Dante , Baldelli Enrica , Nascimbeni Fabio , Roverato Alberto , Guaraldi Giovanni , Lonardo Amedeo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground and Aim:The magnitude of the risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poorly known. We gauged the risk of developing T2D and MetS in patients with NAFLD diagnosed by either serum liver enzymes (aminotransferases or gamma‐glutamyltransferase [GGT]) or ultrasonography.Methods:Pertinent prospective studies were identified through extensive electronic database research, and studies fulfilling enrolment criteria were included in the meta‐analysis.ResultsOverall, in a pooled population of 117020 patients (from 20 studies), who were followed‐up for a median period of 5 years (range: 3–14.7 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident T2D with a pooled relative risk of 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80–2.15) for alanine aminotransferase, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.43–1.74) for aspartate aminotransferase, 1.86 (95% CI, 1.71–2.03) for GGT (last vs first quartile or quintile), and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.76–1.95) for ultrasonography, respectively. Overall, in a pooled population of 81411 patients (from eight studies) who were followed‐up for a median period of 4.5 years (range: 3–11 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident MetS with a pooled relative risk of 1.80 (95% CI, 1.72–1.89) for alanine aminotransferase (last vs first quartile or quintile), 1.98 (95% CI, 1.89–2.07) for GGT, and 3.22 (95% CI, 3.05–3.41) for ultrasonography, respectively.Conclusions:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as diagnosed by either liver enzymes or ultrasonography, significantly increases the risk of incident T2D and MetS over a median 5‐year follow‐up.
The addicted brain: cognitive biases in problematic drinkers with mild to borderline intellectual disability
Authors: Van Duijvenbode N. , Didden R. , Korzilius H. P. L. M. , Engels R. C. M. E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundSubstance use disorders (SUD) are associated with several neurobiological disruptions, including biases in attention and approach/avoidance behaviour. The aims of this study were to compare the strength of cognitive biases between light and problematic drinkers, to explore the role of IQ on the cognitive biases and to study the psychometric qualities of the measures.MethodParticipants (N = 130) were divided into four groups based on IQ and severity of alcohol use‐related problems: light (n = 28) and problematic drinkers (n = 25) with (sub)average IQ and light (n = 33) and problematic drinkers (n = 44) with mild to borderline intellectual disability (MBID). All participants performed the visual dot probe task and the approach avoidance task to measure the strength of cognitive biases.ResultsIn contrast with the hypothesis, no cognitive biases were found in problematic drinkers. Full scale IQ nor level of craving influenced the strength of the cognitive biases in light and problematic drinkers, although IQ did influence task performance (i.e. large intra‐individual, trial‐to‐trial variation in reaction time). The internal consistency of the visual dot probe task was good, whereas the internal consistency of the approach avoidance task was poor.ConclusionCognitive biases seem to vary within the group of problematic drinkers as a whole. The psychometric qualities of the measures are problematic, especially in relation to the intra‐individual variability in reaction time found in participants with MBID. Until the implications of this variability on the validity of implicit measures and establishing bias scores are more clear, the use of these measures in individuals with MBID calls for scrutiny.