bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A nationwide survey of healthcare personnel’s attitude, knowledge, and interest toward renal supportive care in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Hung-Bin , Chao Chia-Ter , Huang Jenq-Wen , Chang Ray-E , Hung Kuan-Yu ,   COhort of GEriatric Nephrology in NTUH (COGENT) study group
Published: July 2017

Background
Renal supportive care (RSC) is an important option for elderly individuals reaching end-stage renal disease; however, the frequency of RSC practice is very low among Asian countries. We evaluated the attitude, the knowledge, and the preference for specific topics concerning RSC among participants who worked in different medical professions in Taiwan.

Methods
A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was employed. Healthcare personnel (N = 598) who were involved in caring for end-stage renal disease patients at more than 40 facilities in Taiwan participated in this study. Participants were asked about their motivation for learning about RSC, the topics of RSC they were most and least interested in, their willingness to provide RSC, and to rate their knowledge and perceived importance of different topics.

Results
The vast majority of respondents (81.9%) were self-motivated about RSC, among whom nephrologists (96.8%) and care facilitators (administrators/volunteers) (45%) exhibited the highest and the least motivation, respectively (p < 0.01). Overall, respondents indicated that they had adequate knowledge about the five pre-specified RSC topics between medical professions (p = 0.04). Medical professions and institutional size exerted significant influence on the willingness to provide RSC.

Conclusions
Our results facilitate the understanding of the knowledge and attitude toward different RSC topics among varied medical professions, and can guide the design of RSC education content for healthcare personnel.
The earth is flat (p > 0.05): significance thresholds and the crisis of unreplicable research
Authors: Amrhein Valentin , Korner-Nievergelt Fränzi , Roth Tobias 
Published: July 2017

The widespread use of ‘statistical significance’ as a license for making a claim of a scientific finding leads to considerable distortion of the scientific process (according to the American Statistical Association). We review why degradingp-values into ‘significant’ and ‘nonsignificant’ contributes to making studies irreproducible, or to making them seem irreproducible. A major problem is that we tend to take smallp-values at face value, but mistrust results with largerp-values. In either case,p-values tell little about reliability of research, because they are hardly replicable even if an alternative hypothesis is true. Also significance (p ≤ 0.05) is hardly replicable: at a good statistical power of 80%, two studies will be ‘conflicting’, meaning that one is significant and the other is not, in one third of the cases if there is a true effect. A replication can therefore not be interpreted as having failed only because it is nonsignificant. Many apparent replication failures may thus reflect faulty judgment based on significance thresholds rather than a crisis of unreplicable research. Reliable conclusions on replicability and practical importance of a finding can only be drawn using cumulative evidence from multiple independent studies. However, applying significance thresholds makes cumulative knowledge unreliable. One reason is that with anything but ideal statistical power, significant effect sizes will be biased upwards. Interpreting inflated significant results while ignoring nonsignificant results will thus lead to wrong conclusions. But current incentives to hunt for significance lead to selective reporting and to publication bias against nonsignificant findings. Data dredging,p-hacking, and publication bias should be addressed by removing fixed significance thresholds. Consistent with the recommendations of the late Ronald Fisher,p-values should be interpreted as graded measures of the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis. Also largerp-values offer some evidence against the null hypothesis, and they cannot be interpreted as supporting the null hypothesis, falsely concluding that ‘there is no effect’. Information on possible true effect sizes that are compatible with the data must be obtained from the point estimate, e.g., from a sample average, and from the interval estimate, such as a confidence interval. We review how confusion about interpretation of largerp-values can be traced back to historical disputes among the founders of modern statistics. We further discuss potential arguments against removing significance thresholds, for example that decision rules should rather be more stringent, that sample sizes could decrease, or thatp-values should better be completely abandoned. We conclude that whatever method of statistical inference we use, dichotomous threshold thinking must give way to non-automated informed judgment.
Subtropical westerly jet waveguide and winter persistent heavy rainfall in south China
Authors: Ding Feng , Li Chun 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUsing observed daily precipitation and National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data, what induced winter large spatial persistent heavy rainfall (PHR) events in south China was examined, based on composite analyses of 30 large spatial PHR events during 1951–2015. The results showed that wave trains within North Africa‐Asia (NAA) westerly jet existed in upper troposphere during these PHR processes. The wave trains shared the characteristic of a Rossby wave. The Rossby wave originated from northwest Europe, entered into the NAA jet through strong cold air advection to form convergence over the Mediterranean, and then propagated eastward along subtropical NAA jet. The Rossby wave propagated toward Southeast Asia and caused strong divergence in the upper troposphere. The strong divergence in the upper troposphere induced vertical convection and favored large spatial PHR events in south China. In addition, the enhanced India‐Burma trough and subtropical high in the northwestern Pacific supplied enough water vapor transportation. This mechanism would be useful to the medium‐range forecast of such winter rainfall processes over south China.
Banishment
Authors: Frederick Hawley Francis 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Banishment is the punishment of forced exile for a fixed term or life. It was used both in ancient societies and in colonial Britain as a punishment for rebels and common criminals. The institution of “transportation” was used extensively to populate and supply cheap labor to British North American colonies and Australia. Internal exile was also used to isolate criminals and political opponents of the tsarist regime in Russia and more recently in the Soviet Union. Some writers contend that extreme residential restrictions on sex offenders in the United States constitute de facto banishment.
D
enmark, Corrections in
Authors: Moeller Kim 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Scandinavian countries have low imprisonment rates and very good prison conditions. When compared to other countries and regions they constitute a penal policy cluster. Historically, the welfare state ideal of egalitarianism has helped keep criminal justice policies relatively lenient and the vast majority of criminal convictions that result in a prison sentence are served in open institutions, essentially prisons without walls. All prisons in Denmark are run by the state and prisoners work during the day and are encouraged to participate in education. Recent trends in corrections show a bifurcation. A series of new sanction alternatives, such as electronic monitoring and mediation, have been introduced to help keep costs down and maintain the ambition of reintegrating inmates into society. Concurrently, sentence severity is increasing for crimes related to drugs and violence.
Gulags
Authors: Frederick Hawley Francis 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In the 1920s, the new Soviet state instituted a system of forced labor, imprisonment, and internal banishment known as “gulag.” This system gained momentum under Joseph Stalin and remained in place until the Khrushchev “thaw” of the mid‐1950s and was gradually dismantled in the 1960s. It was an integral part of imposing Soviet order and economic plans throughout that era, as the threat of being sent to the gulags was extremely coercive. Moreover, the gulag facilities themselves, such as mines, forestry camps, and canal building camps, were used as institutions for direct economic development. Both common criminals and those who ran afoul of the communist regime by word or deed (i.e., “dissidents”) were confined to a variety of camps, prisons, and settlements. The gulag facilities, in whatever form, existed as a formal part of the Soviet correctional and economic system from the 1920s into the 1960s.
G
offman,
E
rving
Authors: Dellwing Michael 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Erving Goffman (1922–1982) was not a criminologist by training or by field of research. A Canadian sociologist, anthropologist, and sometimes linguist, he examined the ways actors construct shared realities in the course of “presenting” and negotiating meaning through small and seemingly instinctual motions of face‐to‐face interaction. Due to his emphasis on presentation of self, this has been dubbed the
dramaturgical approach
. To grasp this process, Goffman gathered data on face‐to‐face interaction wherever he came across it and used a fourfold metaphor, mixing theater, ritual, language, and game terminology, showing shared reality as the result of a game with a ritualized idiom of the presentation of meaning.
Felon Disenfranchisement
Authors: Larson Ryan P. , Uggen Christopher 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Felon disenfranchisement is the practice of restricting the voting rights of people convicted of felony‐level crimes. This entry first explains the scope, origins, and political impact of voting bans on felons. Next, it discusses public opinion regarding the practice, the relation between voting and recidivism, and international variation in disenfranchisement law. Finally, there is a brief discussion of reform efforts.
Drug Testing of Probationers and Parolees
Authors: Reyes Cassandra L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPresently, there are approximately 4.8 million adults under community supervision in the United States. Research has revealed that between 60 and 80% of the people who are under the control of the criminal justice system have substance use‐related issues. As a result, mandatory drug testing is frequently included in probation and parole conditions. The drug testing of probationers and parolees can be conducted using such methods as buccal swabs and urine testing. This entry will examine the most common and successful techniques of drug monitoring in today's system of community corrections.
Catholicism in Prisons
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe prison as we know it today is in significant respects an innovation begun by the Catholic Church. This entry discusses the roots of the contemporary prison in the practice of penance during the first centuries of the Christian era, in the development of monasticism, and in the formation of the world's first modern legal system, canon law, early in the second millennium. It also discusses efforts in current Catholic teaching to reform the practice of confinement in terms of its formative influences.
B
rockway,
Z
ebulon
Authors: Marciniak Liz Marie 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
During the late 1800s, Zebulon Brockway ushered in significant changes to the way in which prisoners served their sentences and how they were released. He is most known for his work as warden of Elmira Reformatory in New York State. Brockway initiated a move from the fixed sentence to indeterminate sentencing, developed a mark system within the institution, provided prisoners with educational and vocational training, and introduced a system of parole. His efforts changed the function of the prison from a penitentiary to a reformatory. Brockway's innovations spread to other prisons throughout the nation.
A
ustralia, Corrections in
Authors: Rynne John , Thomsen Lisa 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Australia's criminal justice system comprises nine separate approaches – a federal system, six state government systems, and two territory systems. The following describes the characteristics of custodial and community corrections in each Australian jurisdiction. The entry details federal and state approaches to custodial corrections followed by a brief review of community corrections. Also included are the numbers in prison and on community corrections in each jurisdiction. The entry concludes by identifying trends in Australian corrections.
D
ix,
D
orothea
Authors: Mason Karen A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Dorothea Lynde Dix was a humanitarian and social reformer well known for her advocacy on behalf of the mentally ill. However, what is less recognized is that her work as an advocate for the mentally ill actually began as a result of her efforts to bring reform to jail and prison conditions. Dix inspected jails, prisons, workhouses, and institutions housing mentally ill and indigent criminal populations between 1841 and 1856 in both the United States and abroad. She was also a forerunner in the application of empiricism and the moral treatment philosophy to reform efforts in the United States.
D
eath
P
enalty
P
roject
Authors: Wright Valerie L. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Death Penalty Project was founded in 1992 by Saul Lehrfreund and its main objective is to abolish capital punishment. The Project seeks to achieve this goal by providing free legal representation to individuals facing death sentences, promoting human rights and providing increased awareness about capital punishment to the public and key stakeholders.
Faith‐Based Programs
Authors: Denney Andrew S. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Faith‐based programs are one of the oldest forms of correctional treatment in prisons around the world. In the United States, faith‐based programming was the original and primary form of treatment. The use of faith‐based programming in the United States was reduced greatly with the rise of the medical model of inmate rehabilitation in the mid‐twentieth century. It has experienced revitalization with the Charitable Choice provision of the 1996 Welfare Reform and the development of the White House Office of Faith‐Based and Community Initiatives in 2002 (since renamed the White House Office of Faith‐Based and Neighborhood Partnerships). Consequently, faith‐based organizations are now allowed to compete for federal grants once reserved exclusively for non‐religious organizations. As such, the increased presence and use of faith‐based programming in correctional contexts has simultaneously continued a strong tradition and has renewed a long‐standing debate in corrections.
Furlough
Authors: Maziarka Kristen 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
While confined to correctional institutions, inmates sometimes have the ability, though not the right, to request unsupervised leave. The purpose for this temporary release may vary, but it includes work, education, family emergencies, social visits, medical procedures, court appearances, and more. Some furloughs are extended in nature and act as a form of community supervision prior to parole. Furlough is granted infrequently, and when granted it is heavily regulated and requires strict documentation. While research has indicated certain benefits of furlough programs, especially work release, there have been incidents such as the Willie Horton case that have made their use politically unpopular.
C
ullen,
F
rancis
T.
Authors: Lero Jonson Cheryl 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Francis T. Cullen is a modern‐day criminological renaissance man. With over 300 publications and more than 35,000 citations to his work, he has left an undeniable mark on the fields of criminology and criminal justice. Although best known for his work on criminological theory and rehabilitation, Cullen has published abundantly in the areas of corporate crime, public opinion on crime and punishment, perceptions of criminal justice workers, correctional policy, and victimization of collegiate women. Earning numerous honors and accolades, Cullen has established himself as one of the foremost criminological scholars of our time.
An analysis of the ArcCHECK‐MRdiode array's performance for ViewRay quality assurance
Authors: Ellefson Steven T. , Culberson Wesley S. , Bednarz Bryan P. , DeWerd Larry A. , Bayouth John E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe ArcCHECK‐MRdiode array utilizes a correction system with a virtual inclinometer to correct the angular response dependencies of the diodes. However, this correction system cannot be applied to measurements on the ViewRayMR‐IGRTsystem due to the virtual inclinometer's incompatibility with the ViewRay's multiple simultaneous beams. Additionally, the ArcCHECK's current correction factors were determined without magnetic field effects taken into account. In the course of performing ViewRayIMRTquality assurance with the ArcCHECK, measurements were observed to be consistently higher than the ViewRayTPSpredictions. The goals of this study were to quantify the observed discrepancies and test whether applying the current factors improves the ArcCHECK's accuracy for measurements on the ViewRay. Gamma and frequency analysis were performed on 19 ViewRay patient plans. Ion chamber measurements were performed at a subset of diode locations using aPMMAphantom with the same dimensions as the ArcCHECK. A new method for applying directionally dependent factors utilizing beam information from the ViewRayTPSwas developed in order to analyze the current ArcCHECKcorrection factors. To test the current factors, nine ViewRay plans were altered to be delivered with only a single simultaneous beam and were measured with the ArcCHECK. The current correction factors were applied using both the new and current methods. The new method was also used to apply corrections to the original 19 ViewRay plans. It was found the ArcCHECKsystematically reports doses higher than those actually delivered by the ViewRay. Application of the current correction factors by either method did not consistently improve measurement accuracy. As dose deposition and diode response have both been shown to change under the influence of a magnetic field, it can be concluded the current ArcCHECKcorrection factors are invalid and/or inadequate to correct measurements on the ViewRay system.
Efficient Approach to Amide Bond Formation with Nitriles and Peroxides: One‐Pot Access to Boronated β‐Ketoamides
Authors: Gore Babasaheb Sopan , Senadi Gopal Chandru , Garkhedkar Amol Milind , Wang Jeh‐Jeng 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAn efficient, mild and practical approach for the synthesis of amides from nitriles and peroxides is reported in the presence of boron trifluoride ethereate. In this protocol, we utilized peroxides as C1 synthons for the amidation reaction. Also, we successfully prepared boron‐containing β‐ketoamides in a one‐pot assembly from β‐ketonitriles. A variety of functional groups were tolerated in moderate to good yields. Radical inhibition studies showed that the reaction proceeded via a non‐radical pathway.magnified image
Formation of Single‐Holed Cobalt/N‐Doped Carbon Hollow Particles with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity toward Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Media
Authors: Guan Bu Yuan , Yu Le , Lou Xiong Wen (David) 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDesign and construction of metal‐organic framework (MOF) composite precursors have recently been considered as a promising strategy for the preparation of different structured metal/carbon‐based functional materials. Here, an MOF composite‐assisted strategy to synthesize single‐holed cobalt/N‐doped carbon hollow particles is reported. The yolk–shell polystyrene@zeolitic imidazolate framework‐67 (PS@ZIF‐67) composite precursors are first synthesized, followed by a controlled pyrolysis to obtain cobalt/N‐doped carbon hollow particles with a large single hole on each shell. Moreover, the MOF‐coating approach reported in this work can be extended to prepare various core‐shell ZIF‐67 composites with different structures and compositions. Benefiting from the structural and compositional advantages, the as‐derived single‐holed cobalt/N‐doped carbon hollow particles manifest superior electrocatalytic oxygen reduction performance with high activity and excellent durability.
Validierung von molekularen Simulationen: eine Übersicht verschiedener Aspekte
Authors: van Gunsteren Wilfred F. , Daura Xavier , Hansen Niels , Mark Alan E. , Oostenbrink Chris , Riniker Sereina , Smith Lorna J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractComputersimulationen molekularer Systeme ermöglichen die Beschreibung von Struktur‐Energie‐Funktions‐Beziehungen molekularer Prozesse auf subatomarer, atomarer, supraatomarer oder supramolekularer Ebene. Um die Ergebnisse von solchen Simulationen sachgerecht zu interpretieren, muss zunächst die Qualität der berechneten Eigenschaften evaluiert werden. Diese ist abhängig von der Art und Weise, wie die Simulationen durchgeführt wurden und wie diese validiert wurden durch Vergleich mit Werten Qexp experimentell messbarer Grössen Q. Die folgenden Punkte müssen berücksichtigt werden: 1) die Genauigkeit von Qexp, 2) die Genauigkeit der Funktion Q(rN), die genutzt wird, um Q als Funktion der Konfiguration rN von N Partikeln zu berechnen, 3) die Empfindlichkeit der Funktion Q(rN) hinsichtlich der Konfiguration rN, 4) die relativen Zeitskalen der Simulation und des Experiments, 5) der Grad der Äquivalenz von berechneten und experimentellen Eigenschaften und 6) der Grad, bis zu dem das simulierte System den experimentellen Gegebenheiten entspricht. Experimentelle Daten sind in ihrem Geltungsbereich eingeschränkt und entsprechen im Allgemeinen zeitlichen sowie räumlichen Mittelwerten. Eine kritische Analyse verschiedener Faktoren, die den scheinbaren Grad der (Nicht‐)Übereinstimmung zwischen Simulationen und Experiment beeinflussen, werden in diesem Aufsatz präsentiert und anhand von Beispielen aus der Literatur illustriert. Maßnahmen, um die Validierung molekularer Simulationen zu verbessern, werden ebenfalls besprochen.
Extension of High‐Resolution Optical Absorption Spectroscopy to Divalent Neodymium: Absorption Spectra of Nd2+ Ions in a SrCl2 Host
Authors: Karbowiak Mirosław , Rudowicz Czesław , Cichos Jakub 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThere is a lack of information on electronic spectra of divalent neodymium, and thus the synthesis and characterization of Nd2+ systems is now reported. Stabilization of neodymium is observed in a chloride host, which importantly has been accomplished with Nd ions introduced in a divalent state during synthesis, unlike by γ‐irradiation of Nd3+ system employed previously. This method yields good‐quality SrCl2:Nd2+ single crystals. For the first time the electronic absorption spectra of Nd2+ doped in SrCl2 have been recorded with high resolution at liquid helium temperature (4.2 K). Identification of the absorption bands occurring in the spectral range of 5000–40 000 cm−1 (2000–250 nm) has been achieved and their tentative assignment proposed. This uniquely detailed Nd2+ absorption spectrum provides basis for fingerprinting method enabling identification of the presence of Nd2+ ions in future spectra as well as in existing but as‐yet not fully resolved spectra.