bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of energetic electron butterfly distributions by magnetosonic waves via Landau resonance
Authors: Li Jinxing , Ni Binbin , Ma Qianli , Xie Lun , Pu Zuyin , Fu Suiyan , Thorne Richard M. , Bortnik Jacob , Chen Lunjin , Li Wen , Baker Daniel N. , Kletzing Craig A. , Kurth William S. , Hospodarsky George B. , Fennell Joseph F. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Spence Harlan E. , Funsten Herbert O. , Summers Danny 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRadiation belt electrons can exhibit different types of pitch angle distributions in response to various magnetospheric processes. Butterfly distributions, characterized by flux minima at pitch angles around 90°, are broadly observed in both the outer and inner belts and the slot region. Butterfly distributions close to the outer magnetospheric boundary have been attributed to drift shell splitting and losses to the magnetopause. However, their occurrence in the inner belt and the slot region has hitherto not been resolved. By analyzing the particle and wave data collected by the Van Allen Probes during a geomagnetic storm, we combine test particle calculations and Fokker‐Planck simulations to reveal that scattering by equatorial magnetosonic waves is a significant cause for the formation of energetic electron butterfly distributions in the inner magnetosphere. Another event shows that a large‐amplitude magnetosonic wave in the outer belt can create electron butterfly distributions in just a few minutes.
Three‐dimensional displacement field of the 2015 Mw8.3 Illapel earthquake (Chile) from across‐ and along‐track Sentinel‐1 TOPS interferometry
Authors: Grandin R. , Klein E. , Métois M. , Vigny C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWide‐swath imaging has become a standard acquisition mode for radar missions aiming at applying synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) at global scale with enhanced revisit frequency. Increased swath width, compared to classical Stripmap imaging mode, is achieved at the expense of azimuthal resolution. This makes along‐track displacements, and subsequently north‐south displacements, difficult to measure using conventional split‐beam (multiple‐aperture) InSAR or cross‐correlation techniques. Alternatively, we show here that the along‐track component of ground motion can be deduced from the double difference between backward and forward looking interferograms within regions of burst overlap. “Burst overlap interferometry” takes advantage of the large squint angle diversity of Sentinel‐1 (∼1°) to achieve subdecimetric accuracy on the along‐track component of ground motion. We demonstrate the efficiency of this method using Sentinel‐1 data covering the 2015 Mw8.3 Illapel earthquake (Chile) for which we retrieve the full 3‐D displacement field and validate it against observations from a dense network of GPS sensors.
Interpreting sea surface slicks on the basis of the normalized radar cross‐section model using RADARSAT‐2 copolarization dual‐channel SAR images
Authors: Ivonin D. V. , Skrunes S. , Brekke C. , Ivanov A. Yu. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA simple automatic multipolarization technique for discrimination of main types of thin oil films (of thickness less than the radio wave skin depth) from natural ones is proposed. It is based on a new multipolarization parameter related to the ratio between the damping in the slick of specially normalized resonant and nonresonant signals calculated using the normalized radar cross‐section model proposed by Kudryavtsev et al. (2003a). The technique is tested on RADARSAT‐2 copolarization (VV/HH) synthetic aperture radar images of slicks of a priori known provenance (mineral oils, e.g., emulsion and crude oil, and plant oil served to model a natural slick) released during annual oil‐on‐water exercises in the North Sea in 2011 and 2012. It has been shown that the suggested multipolarization parameter gives new capabilities in interpreting slicks visible on synthetic aperture radar images while allowing discrimination between mineral oil and plant oil slicks.
First measurement of horizontal wind and temperature in the lower thermosphere (105–140 km) with a Na Lidar at Andes Lidar Observatory
Authors: Liu Alan Z. , Guo Yafang , Vargas Fabio , Swenson Gary R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe report the first measurement of nighttime atmospheric temperature and horizontal wind profiles in the lower thermosphere up to 140 km with the Na lidar at Andes Lidar Observatory in Cerro Pachón, Chile (30.25°S, 70.74°W), when enhanced thermospheric Na was observed. Temperature and horizontal wind were derived up to 140 km using various resolutions, with the lowest resolution of about 2.7 hr and 15 km above 130 km. Thus, the measurements span 60 km in vertical, more than double the traditional 25 km. On the night of 17 April 2015, the horizontal wind magnitude in the thermosphere exceeds 150 ms−1, consistent with past rocket measurements. The meridional wind shows a clear transition from the diurnal‐tide‐dominant mesopause to the semidiurnal‐tide‐dominant lower thermosphere. A lidar with a 100 times the power aperture product will be able to measure wind and temperature above 160 km and cover longer time span, providing key measurements for the study of atmosphere‐space interactions in this region.
Patellofemoral Bone Marrow Lesions: Natural History and Associations With Pain and Structure
Authors: Zhu Zhaohua , Ding Changhai , Jin Xingzhong , Antony Benny , Han Weiyu , Laslett Laura L. , Cicuttini Flavia , Jones Graeme 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the natural history of patellofemoral (PF) joint bone marrow lesions (BMLs) over 2.6 years and associations between changes in PF joint BMLs, knee pain, and knee cartilage morphology in older adults over 5 years.MethodsA prospective population‐based cohort study of men and women ages 50–80 years (mean age 63 years, n = 406) was performed. PF joint BMLs, knee cartilage volume, and cartilage defect scores (range 0–4) were measured using the Whole‐Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score system at baseline and at 2.6 years. Knee pain was assessed by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores at baseline and at 5 years.ResultsAt baseline, 27% (n = 109) had PF joint BMLs; 24% of these increased (WOMAC score change of ≥1) at followup, 44% persisted, 32% decreased, and 21% resolved completely. Of those without PF joint BMLs at baseline, 20% of participants developed PF joint BMLs over 2.6 years. In multivariable analyses, a change in PF joint BMLs was deleteriously associated with a change in total knee pain (β = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.03, 1.31) and knee pain when going up/down stairs (β = 0.24, 95% CI 0.04, 0.44) over 5 years. Baseline PF joint and tibiofemoral joint cartilage volume were protective for PF joint BMLs (relative risk [RR] 0.69, 95% CI 0.52, 0.90 for PF joint), while baseline PF joint cartilage defects were associated with an increase in PF joint BMLs (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.38, 2.17) over 2.6 years. TF joint cartilage defects were not associated with increases in PF joint BMLs.ConclusionPF joint BMLs are not static, and change is clinically relevant. PF joint cartilage morphology predicts increases in PF joint BMLs.
Epidemiology of Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, 1985–2014: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Ungprasert Patompong , Crowson Cynthia S. , Chowdhary Vaidehi R. , Ernste Floranne C. , Moder Kevin G. , Matteson Eric L. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo characterize the epidemiology of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) from 1983 to 2014.MethodsAn inception cohort of patients with incident MCTD in 1985–2014 in Olmsted County, Minnesota was identified based on comprehensive individual medical record review. Diagnosis of MCTD required fulfillment of at least 1 of the 4 widely accepted diagnostic criteria without fulfillment of classification criteria for other connective tissue diseases. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, and mortality.ResultsA total of 50 incident cases of MCTD were identified (mean age 48.1 years and 84% were female). The annual incidence of MCTD was 1.9 per 100,000 population. Raynaud's phenomenon was the most common initial symptoms (50%), followed by arthralgia (30%) and swollen hands (16%). The diagnosis was frequently delayed with the median time from first symptom to fulfillment of criteria of 3.6 years. At fulfillment of criteria, arthralgia was the most prevalent manifestation (86%), followed by Raynaud's phenomenon (80%), swollen hands (64%), leukopenia/lymphopenia (44%), and heartburn (38%). Evolution to other connective tissue occurred infrequently with a 10‐year rate of evolution of 8.5% and 6.3% for systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis, respectively. The overall mortality was not different from the general population with a standardized mortality ratio of 1.1 (95% confidence interval 0.4–2.6).ConclusionThis study was the first population‐based study of MCTD to provide a complete picture of epidemiology and clinical characteristics of MCTD. MCTD occurred in about 2 persons per 100,000 per year. Evolution to other connective diseases occurred infrequently and the mortality was not affected.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Working Memory and Executive Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Antibody–Positive Patients
Authors: Kozora E. , Uluğ A. M. , Erkan D. , Vo A. , Filley C. M. , Ramon G. , Burleson A. , Zimmerman R. , Lockshin M. D. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveStandardized cognitive tests and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients demonstrate deficits in working memory and executive function. These neurobehavioral abnormalities are not well studied in antiphospholipid syndrome, which may occur independently of or together with SLE. This study compares an fMRI paradigm involving motor skills, working memory, and executive function in SLE patients without antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) (the SLE group), aPL‐positive non‐SLE patients (the aPL‐positive group), and controls.MethodsBrain MRI, fMRI, and standardized cognitive assessment results were obtained from 20 SLE, 20 aPL‐positive, and 10 healthy female subjects with no history of neuropsychiatric abnormality.ResultsAnalysis of fMRI data showed no differences in performance across groups on bilateral motor tasks. When analysis of variance was used, significant group differences were found in 2 executive function tasks (word generation and word rhyming) and in a working memory task (N‐Back). Patients positive for aPL demonstrated higher activation in bilateral frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices compared to controls during working memory and executive function tasks. SLE patients also demonstrated bilateral frontal and temporal activation during working memory and executive function tasks.ConclusionCompared to controls, both aPL‐positive and SLE patients had elevated cortical activation, primarily in the frontal lobes, during tasks involving working memory and executive function. These findings are consistent with cortical overactivation as a compensatory mechanism for early white matter neuropathology in these disorders.
Lateral Epicondylitis and Physical Exposure at Work? A Review of Prospective Studies and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Descatha Alexis , Albo Francesco , Leclerc Annette , Carton Matthieu , Godeau Diane , Roquelaure Yves , Petit Audrey , Aublet‐Cuvelier Agnès 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveIn view of recent published studies, a meta‐analysis was undertaken on prospective studies in order to assess any association between lateral epicondylitis and physical exposure at work.MethodsUsing the key words “lateral epicondylitis” AND “occupational” AND (“cohort” OR “longitudinal,” OR “incidence”) without limitations on the language or year of publication, original prospective studies were selected from 4 databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Base de Données de Santé Publique) after 2 rounds (valid design, valid association reported, and valid work exposure). Relevant associations between physical exposure at work and incident lateral epicondylitis were extracted from the articles, and a meta‐risk was calculated using the generic variance approach (meta–odds ratios [meta‐ORs]).ResultsFrom 2001 to 2014, 5 prospective studies were included. Among 6,922 included subjects (and 3,449 who were followed), 256 cases of incident lateral epicondylitis were diagnosed 2.5–6 years after baseline. All the published studies found a significant estimation of relative risk for a positive association between combined biomechanic exposure involving the wrist and/or elbow and incidence of lateral epicondylitis. The overall meta‐OR was 2.6 (95% confidence interval 1.9–3.5), with a low heterogeneity (Q = 1.4, P > 0.05). Funnel plots and Egger's test did not suggest major publication bias.ConclusionThe results of this meta‐analysis strongly support the hypothesis of an association between biomechanic exposure involving the wrist and/or elbow at work and incidence of lateral epicondylitis.
Reduction in C‐reactive protein indicates successful targeting of the IL‐1/IL‐6 axis resulting in improved survival in early stage multiple myeloma
Authors: Lust John A. , Lacy Martha Q. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Witzig Thomas E. , Moon‐Tasson Laurie L. , Dinarello Charles A. , Donovan Kathleen A. 
Published: March 2016

We report the long‐term follow‐up results of a phase II trial of IL‐1 receptor antagonist and low‐dose dexamethasone for early stage multiple myeloma (MM). Patients were eligible if they had smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) or indolent multiple myeloma (IMM) without the need for immediate therapy. Forty seven patients were enrolled and subsequently treated with IL‐1Ra; in 25/47 low‐dose dexamethasone (20 mg weekly) was added. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS). In the clinical trial, three patients achieved a minor response (MR) to IL‐1Ra alone; five patients a partial response (PR) and four patients an MR after addition of dexamethasone. Seven patients showed a decrease in the plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) which paralleled a decrease in the high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP). The median PFS for the 47 patients was 1116 days (37.2 months). The median PFS for patients without (n = 22) and with (n = 25) a decrease in their baseline hs‐CRP was 326 days (11 months) vs. 3139 days (104 months) respectively (P <0.0001). The median overall survival (OS) for the 47 patients was 3482 days (9.5 years). The median OS for patients without and with a decrease in their baseline hs‐CRP was 2885 days (7.9 years) vs. median not reached, respectively (P = 0.001). In SMM/IMM patients at risk for progression to active myeloma, reduction in the hs‐CRP indicates successful targeting of the IL‐1/IL‐6 axis resulting in improved PFS and OS.(Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT00635154) Am. J. Hematol. 91:571–574, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eine einfache Methode zur Synthese von binären Wolframiodiden
Authors: Ströbele Markus , Castro Cristina , Fink Reinhold F. , Meyer H.‐Jürgen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWolframiodide sind bisher nicht durch einfache Synthesen oder in größeren Mengen zugänglich. Eine neue, äußerst effektive Syntheseroute für binäre Wolframiodide basiert auf der Umhalogenierung von WCl6 mit SiI4. Dabei wird WCl6 mit SiI4 unter leichtem Erhitzen in einem verschlossenen Glasgefäß in Wolframiodid umgewandelt. Bei 120 °C und 150 °C entstehen die luftstabilen Verbindungen W3I12 (W3I8⋅2 I2) und W3I9 (W3I8⋅
I2) mit dem neuartigen Cluster [W3I8]. Die Verbindung W3I12 erweist sich als ein ausgezeichnetes Ausgangsmaterial für die Synthese weiterer metallreicher Wolframiodide. Durch Selbstreduktion entstehen aus diesen dreikernigen Clustern mit steigender Temperatur zunehmend große Clusterkerne bis hin zur Verbindung W6I12, die einen oktaedrischen Wolframcluster enthält. Die Synthese sowie eine struktur‐ und bindungschemische Einordnung von Verbindungen mit dem neuen dreikernigen Cluster werden im Folgenden präsentiert.
In‐Bead Screening of Hydroxamic Acids for the Identification of HDAC Inhibitors
Authors: Qvortrup Katrine , Nielsen Thomas E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA one bead–one compound screening format is presented. Following solid‐phase synthesis on a photolabile linker, library compounds were readily released and screened inside polymer beads. The release of screening compounds was readily controlled by varying photolysis time and light intensity. Dose‐response experiments were carried out to effectively distinguish high‐ and low‐affinity ligands. A library containing 55 800 compounds was synthesized and screened in a fluorometric assay, thereby identifying potent HDAC inhibitors with IC50 values in the nanomolar range.
Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Deficiency Inhibits Autoimmune Arthritis in Mice but Fails to Block Immune Complex–Mediated Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Nyhoff Lindsay E. , Barron Bridgette L. , Johnson Elizabeth M. , Bonami Rachel H. , Maseda Damian , Fensterheim Benjamin A. , Han Wei , Blackwell Timothy S. , Crofford Leslie J. , Kendall Peggy L. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveBruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a B cell signaling protein that also contributes to innate immunity. BTK inhibitors prevent autoimmune arthritis but have off‐target effects, and the mechanisms of protection remain unknown. We undertook these studies using genetic deletion to investigate the role of BTK in adaptive and innate immune responses that drive inflammatory arthritis.MethodsBTK‐deficient K/BxN mice were generated to study the role of BTK in a spontaneous model that requires both adaptive and innate immunity. The K/BxN serum‐transfer model was used to bypass the adaptive system and elucidate the role of BTK in innate immune contributions to arthritis.ResultsBTK deficiency conferred disease protection to K/BxN mice, confirming outcomes of BTK inhibitors. B lymphocytes were profoundly reduced, more than in other models of BTK deficiency. Subset analysis revealed loss of B cells at all developmental stages. Germinal center B cells were also decreased, with downstream effects on numbers of follicular helper T cells and greatly reduced autoantibodies. In contrast, total IgG was only mildly decreased. Strikingly, and in contrast to small molecule inhibitors, BTK deficiency had no effect in the serum‐transfer model of arthritis.ConclusionBTK contributes to autoimmune arthritis primarily through its role in B cell signaling and not through innate immune components.
Role of Anti–Carbamylated Protein Antibodies Compared to Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in Indigenous North Americans With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Their First‐Degree Relatives, and Healthy Controls
Authors: Koppejan H. , Trouw L. A. , Sokolove J. , Lahey L. J. , Huizinga T. J. W. , Smolik I. A. , Robinson D. B. , El‐Gabalawy H. S. , Toes R. E. M. , Hitchon C. A. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, including seropositivity for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). In addition, antibodies to carbamylated proteins (anti‐CarP) are present in patients with RA and are associated with joint damage. This study was undertaken to assess the presence of anti‐CarP antibodies in indigenous North Americans (First Nations [FN] populations) with RA compared to their at‐risk first‐degree relatives (FDRs) and healthy controls.MethodsAnti‐CarP IgG and ACPAs (specifically, anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide [anti‐CCP] antibodies) were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in the sera of FN patients with RA (n = 95), their unaffected FDRs (n = 109), and healthy FN controls (n = 85). Antibodies to additional citrullinated peptides were measured using a multiplex ACPA array, and the number of peptides recognized was reported as an ACPA score. Groups were compared using the chi‐square test and Mann‐Whitney U test. Associations between RA and seropositivity for RF, ACPAs, and anti‐CarP antibodies were determined by logistic regression.ResultsAnti‐CarP antibodies were more frequent in FN patients with RA (44.3%) compared to FDRs (18.3%) and FN controls (4.7%) (both P < 0.0001 versus RA). Moreover, anti‐CarP antibodies were more frequent in FDRs than in FN controls (P = 0.008). The ACPA score was higher in anti‐CCP–positive FN patients with RA than in anti‐CCP–positive FN FDRs (median score 7 [interquartile range (IQR) 7] versus median score 1 [IQR 4]; P = 0.04). The association with RA was strongest when all 3 autoantibodies (RF, anti‐CCP, and anti‐CarP) were present in the patients’ serum (odds ratio 194, 95% confidence interval 23–1,609, P < 0.0001).ConclusionAnti‐CarP antibodies are prevalent in FN patients with RA and also more common in their at‐risk FDRs compared to healthy controls. The results indicate an association of RF, ACPAs, and anti‐CarP with RA that is strongest when all 3 autoantibodies are present. These findings may provide new insights into the evolution of autoimmunity in preclinical RA.
Calcium/Calmodulin‐Dependent Kinase IV Facilitates the Recruitment of Interleukin‐17–Producing Cells to Target Organs Through the CCR6/CCL20 Axis in Th17 Cell–Driven Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Koga Tomohiro , Otomo Kotaro , Mizui Masayuki , Yoshida Nobuya , Umeda Masataka , Ichinose Kunihiro , Kawakami Atsushi , Tsokos George C. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveThe recruitment of interleukin‐17 (IL‐17)–producing T helper (Th17) cells to inflammatory sites has been implicated in the development of organ damage in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To define the mechanism of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase IV (CaMKIV) activation of Th17 cell recruitment to target tissues, we performed anti–glomerular basement membrane antibody–induced glomerulonephritis (AIGN) experiments in mice and studied samples from patients with SLE.MethodsWe induced experimental AIGN in CaMKIV‐sufficient or CaMKIV‐deficient mice and compared histology, Th17 cell–related chemokine expression, and numbers of IL‐17–producing cells in kidneys. We also evaluated the efficacy of the CaMKIV inhibitor KN‐93 in AIGN‐induced kidney disease. The expression of CCR6 in memory CD4+ T cells before AIGN induction was analyzed by flow cytometry. We investigated the correlation between CCR6 expression in peripheral blood and the severity of glomerulonephritis in patients with SLE.ResultsCaMKIV‐deficient mice displayed less glomerular injury after induction of AIGN. Kidney infiltration by IL‐17–producing CD4+ T cells along with CCR6 and CCL20 expression were significantly decreased in CaMKIV‐deficient mice. Similarly, treatment of mice with KN‐93 improved clinical and pathologic outcomes. Expression and function of CCR6 in peripheral blood memory CD4+ T cells was decreased in CaMKIV‐deficient mice. Expression of CCR6 correlated positively with severity of organ damage in SLE patients.ConclusionCaMKIV inhibition represents a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of Th17 cell–mediated tissue damage in inflammatory diseases.