bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multilocalization data assimilation for predicting heavy precipitation associated with a multiscale weather system
Authors: Yang Shu‐Chih , Chen Shu‐Hua , Kondo Keichii , Miyoshi Takemasa , Liou Yu‐Chieng , Teng Yung‐Lin , Chang Hui‐Ling 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHigh‐resolution numerical simulations are regularly used for severe weather forecasts. To improve model initial conditions, a single short localization is commonly applied in the ensemble Kalman filter when assimilating observations. This approach prevents large‐scale corrections from appearing in a high‐resolution analysis. To improve heavy rainfall forecasts associated with a multiscale weather system, analyses must be accurate across a range of spatial scales, a task that is difficult to accomplish using a single localization. This study is the first to apply a dual‐localization (DL) method to improve high‐resolution analyses used to forecast a real‐case heavy rainfall event associated with a Meiyu front on 16 June 2008 in Taiwan. A Meiyu front is a multiscale weather system characterized by storm‐scale convection, a mesoscale front, and large‐scale southwesterly monsoonal flow. The use of the DL method to produce the analyses was able to correct both the synoptic‐scale moisture flux transported by southwesterly monsoonal flow and the mesoscale low‐level convergence offshore of southwestern Taiwan. As a result, the forecasted amount, pattern, and temporal evolution of the heavy rainfall event were improved.
Implementation and calibration of a stochastic multicloud convective parameterization in the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFSv2)
Authors: Goswami B. B. , Khouider B. , Phani R. , Mukhopadhyay P. , Majda A. J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA comparative analysis of fourteen 5 year long climate simulations produced by the National Centers for Environmental Predictions (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2), in which a stochastic multicloud (SMCM) cumulus parameterization is implemented, is presented here. These 5 year runs are made with different sets of parameters in order to figure out the best model configuration based on a suite of state‐of‐the‐art metrics. This analysis is also a systematic attempt to understand the model sensitivity to the SMCM parameters. The model is found to be resilient to minor changes in the parameters used implying robustness of the SMCM formulation. The model is found to be most sensitive to the midtropospheric dryness parameter (MTD) and to the stratiform cloud decay timescale (τ30). MTD is more effective in controlling the global mean precipitation and its distribution while τ30 has more effect on the organization of convection as noticed in the simulation of the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO). This is consistent with the fact that in the SMCM formulation, midtropospheric humidity controls the deepening of convection and stratiform clouds control the backward tilt of tropospheric heating and the strength of unsaturated downdrafts which cool and dry the boundary layer and trigger the propagation of organized convection. Many other studies have also found midtropospheric humidity to be a key factor in the capacity of a global climate model to simulate organized convection on the synoptic and intraseasonal scales.
Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of Functionalyzed Cyclopropyl Alkynes: the Cases of Carboxamides and Alcohols
Authors: Fernández‐García Jesús M. , Garro Hugo A. , Fernández‐García Laura , García‐García Patricia , Fernández‐Rodríguez Manuel A. , Merino Isabel , Aguilar Enrique 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPush‐pull alkynylcyclopropane derivatives are claimed as suitable and active substrates for gold‐catalyzed transformations. Thus, 2(3H)‐azepinones can be readily prepared from alkynylcyclopropanecarboxamides through a nucleophilic addition/cyclopropane ring‐opening cascade process and, in this manuscript, the scope and the limitations of such reaction sequence are reported. The cascade reaction is general and occurs with complete regio‐ and quimioselection to form the seven‐membered heterocycles with the exception of primary alkyl‐substituted alkynylcyclopropanecarboxamides that render 4‐methoxy‐6‐oxo‐4‐enenitriles in moderate yields. Additionally, less activated alkynylcyclopropylmethanols undergo regioselective cycloisomerization at low temperature leading to oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes. Notably, the cyclopropane ring opening of these adducts takes place under thermal conditions to form dihydropyranones.magnified image
Audition‐specific temporal processing deficits associated with language function in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Foss‐Feig Jennifer H. , Schauder Kimberly B. , Key Alexandra P. , Wallace Mark T. , Stone Wendy L. 
Published: June 2017

Sensory processing alterations are highly prevalent in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Neurobiologically‐based theories of ASD propose that abnormalities in the processing of temporal aspects of sensory input could underlie core symptoms of ASD. For example, rapid auditory temporal processing is critical for speech perception, and language difficulties are central to the social communication deficits defining the disorder. This study assessed visual and auditory temporal processing abilities and tested their relation to core ASD symptoms. 53 children (26 ASD, 27 TD) completed visual and auditory psychophysical gap detection tasks to measure gap detection thresholds (i.e., the minimum interval between sequential stimuli needed for individuals to perceive an interruption between the stimuli) in each domain. Children were also administered standardized language assessments such that the relation between individual differences in auditory gap detection thresholds and degree of language and communication difficulties among children with ASD could be assessed. Children with ASD had substantially higher auditory gap detection thresholds compared to children with TD, and auditory gap detection thresholds were correlated significantly with several measures of language processing in this population. No group differences were observed in the visual temporal processing. Results indicate a domain‐specific impairment in rapid auditory temporal processing in ASD that is associated with greater difficulties in language processing. Findings provide qualified support for temporal processing theories of ASD and highlight the need for future research testing the nature, extent, and universality of auditory temporal processing deficits in this population. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1845–1856. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummarySensory symptoms are common in ASD. Temporal processing alterations are often implicated, but understudied. The ability to process rapid sensory information, particularly auditory input, is critical for language functioning. This study tested auditory and visual temporal processing in ASD and controls. Findings suggest that rapid auditory (but not visual) processing is impaired in ASD and related to language functioning. These results could provide mechanistic clues to understanding core symptoms and lead to novel intervention targets.
Die semiintegralen Spannbeton‐Viadukte im Zuge der neuen Autobahn A 11 bei Brügge
Authors: Schlaich Mike , Wenger Philipp , Behrmann Tilo , Burkhardt Uwe 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBei Brügge in Belgien wird mit der A 11 zurzeit ein neuer, 12 km langer Autobahnabschnitt als ÖPP‐Projekt realisiert. Da der Straßenzug einen Kanal in einer Höhe von 16 m quert, sind links und rechts des Kanals längere Viadukte erforderlich. Nach Fertigstellung im Sommer 2017 übernimmt das mit der Ausführung betraute Konsortium Via Brugge auch die Instandhaltung für eine Dauer von 20 Jahren. Dies ist einer der Gründe, warum die Viadukte größtenteils als integrale bzw. semiintegrale Bauwerke geplant wurden. Der monolithische Anschluss des als Massivplatte ausgeführten Spannbetonüberbaus an schlanke Pfeilerscheiben erlaubt es, die Anzahl der wartungsintensiven Brückenlager zu reduzieren. Im Bericht werden die besonderen Aspekte und Herausforderungen bei der Planung und Bauausführung am Beispiel des 770 m langen Viadukts K032 erläutert, der längsten von insgesamt acht Brücken, die in diesem Abschnitt von schlaich bergermann partner geplant wurden. Von großer Bedeutung in der Planung sind die genaue Kenntnis und Wahl der Betonparameter, welche die für die Bemessung maßgebenden Zwangsverformungen aus Kriechen, Schwinden und Temperatur beeinflussen.
Systematic review of carotid artery procedures and the volume–outcome relationship in Europe
Authors: Phillips P , Poku E , Essat M , Woods H B , Goka E A , Kaltenthaler E C , Shackley P , Walters S , Michaels J A 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Background
Hospitals that conduct more procedures on the carotid arteries may achieve better outcomes. In the context of ongoing reconfiguration of UK vascular services, this systematic review was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the volume of carotid procedures and outcomes, including mortality and stroke.

Methods
Searches of electronic databases identified studies that reported the effect of hospital or clinician volume on outcomes. Reference and citation searches were also performed. Inclusion was restricted to European populations on the basis that the model of healthcare delivery is similar across Europe, but differs from that in the USA and elsewhere. Analyses of hospital and clinician volume, and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) were conducted separately.

Results
Eleven eligible studies were identified (233 411 participants), five from the UK, two from Sweden, one each from Germany, Finland and Italy, and a combined German, Austrian and Swiss population. All studies were observational. Two large studies (179 736 patients) suggested an inverse relationship between hospital volume and mortality (number needed to treat (NNT) as low as 165), and combined mortality and stroke (NNT as low as 93), following CEA. The evidence was less clear for CAS; multiple analyses in three studies did not identify convincing evidence of an association. Limited data are available on the relationship between clinician volume and outcome in CAS; in CEA, an inverse relationship was identified by two of three small studies.

Conclusion
The evidence from the largest and highest-quality studies included in this review support the centralization of CEA.
Direct comparison of oligochaete erythrocruorins as potential blood substitutes
Authors: Zimmerman Devon , DiIusto Matthew , Dienes Jack , Abdulmalik Osheiza , Elmer Jacob J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWhile many blood substitutes are based on mammalian hemoglobins (e.g., human hemoglobin, HbA), the naturally extracellular hemoglobins of invertebrates (a.k.a. erythrocruorins, Ecs) are intriguing alternative oxygen carriers. Specifically, the erythrocruorin of Lumbricus terrestris has been shown to effectively deliver oxygen in mice and rats without the negative side effects observed with HbA. In this study, the properties of six oligochaete Ecs (Lumbricus terrestris, Eisenia hortensis, Eisenia fetida, Eisenia veneta, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Amynthas gracilis) were compared in vitro to identify the most promising blood substitute candidate(s). Several metrics were used to compare the Ecs, including their oxidation rates, dissociation at physiological pH, thermal stability, and oxygen transport characteristics. Overall, the Ecs of Lumbricus terrestris (LtEc) and Eisenia fetida (EfEc) were identified as promising candidates, since they demonstrated high thermal and oligomeric stability, while also exhibiting relatively low oxidation rates. Interestingly, the O2 affinity of LtEc (P50 = 26.25 mmHg at 37 °C) was also observed to be uniquely lower than EfEc and all of the other Ecs (P50 = 9.29–13.62 mmHg). Subsequent alignment of the primary sequences of LtEc and EfEc revealed several significant amino acid substitutions within the D subunit interfaces that may be responsible for this significant change in O2 affinity. Nonetheless, these results show that LtEc and EfEc are promising potential blood substitutes that are resistant to oxidation and denaturation, but additional experiments will need to be conducted to determine their safety, efficacy, and the effects of their disparate oxygen affinities in vivo.
Poly(2‐propylacrylic acid)/poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) blend microparticles as a targeted antigen delivery system to direct either CD4+ or CD8+ T cell activation
Authors: Yang Lirong , Bracho‐Sanchez Evelyn , Fernando Lawrence P. , Lewis Jamal S. , Carstens Matthew R. , Duvall Craig L. , Keselowsky Benjamin G. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPoly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) based microparticles (MPs) are widely investigated for their ability to load a range of molecules with high efficiency, including antigenic proteins, and release them in a controlled manner. Micron‐sized PLGA MPs are readily phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells, and localized to endosomes. Due to low pH and digestive enzymes, encapsulated protein cargo is largely degraded and processed in endosomes for MHC‐II loading and presentation to CD4+ T cells, with very little antigen delivered into the cytosol, limiting MHC‐I antigenic loading and presentation to CD8+ T cells. In this work, PLGA was blended with poly(2‐propylacrylic acid) (PPAA), a membrane destabilizing polymer, in order to incorporate an endosomal escape strategy into PLGA MPs as an easily fabricated platform with diverse loading capabilities, as a means to enable antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells. Ovalbumin (OVA)‐loaded MPs were fabricated using a water‐in‐oil double emulsion with a 0% (PLGA only), 3 and 10% PPAA composition. MPs were subsequently determined to have an average diameter of 1 µm, with high loading and a release profile characteristic of PLGA. Bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DCs) were then incubated with MPs in order to evaluate localization, processing, and presentation of ovalbumin. Endosomal escape of OVA was observed only in DC groups treated with PPAA/PLGA blends, which promoted high levels of activation of CD8+ OVA‐specific OT‐I T cells, compared to DCs treated with OVA‐loaded PLGA MPs which were unable activate CD8+ T cells. In contrast, DCs treated with OVA‐loaded PLGA MPs promoted OVA‐specific OT‐II CD4+ T cell activation, whereas PPAA incorporation into the MP blend did not permit CD4+ T cell activation. These studies demonstrate PLGA MP blends containing PPAA are able to provide an endosomal escape strategy for encapsulated protein antigen, enabling the targeted delivery of antigen for tunable presentation and activation of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells.
Chemobacterial Synthesis of a Sialyl‐Tn Cyclopeptide Vaccine Candidate
Authors: Richard Emeline , Pifferi Carlo , Fiore Michele , Samain Eric , Le Gouëllec Audrey , Fort Sébastien , Renaudet Olivier , Priem Bernard 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA conjugatable form of the tumour‐associated carbohydrate antigen sialyl‐Tn (Neu5Ac‐α‐2,6‐GalNAc) was efficiently produced in Escherichia coli. Metabolically engineered E. coli strains overexpressing the 6‐sialyltransferase gene of Photobacterium sp. and CMP‐Neu5Ac synthetase genes of Neisseria meningitidis were cultivated at high density in the presence of GalNAc‐α‐propargyl as the exogenous acceptor. The target disaccharides, which were produced on the scale of several hundreds of milligrams, were then conjugated by using copper(I)‐catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry to a fully synthetic and immunogenic scaffold with the aim to create a candidate anticancer vaccine. Four sialyl‐Tn epitopes were introduced on the upper face of an azido‐functionalised multivalent cyclopeptide scaffold, the lower face of which was previously modified by an immunogenic polypeptide, PADRE. The ability of the resulting glycoconjugate to interact with oncofoetal sialyl‐Tn monoclonal antibodies was confirmed in ELISA assays.
Iridium (III)‐Doped Core–Shell Silica Nanoparticles: Near‐IR Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence in Water
Authors: Kesarkar Sagar , Rampazzo Enrico , Valenti Giovanni , Marcaccio Massimo , Bossi Alberto , Prodi Luca , Paolucci Francesco 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by Dr. Francesco Paolucci and Dr. Luca Prodi, University of Bologna (Italy). The image illustrates the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of metal complexes encapsulated in core–shell PEGylated silica (Plus) nanoparticles emitting light in aqueous medium in the presence of a co‐reactant. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201700071.
NMR Study of the Reductive Decomposition of [BMIm][NTf2] at Gold Electrodes and Indirect Electrochemical Conversion of CO2
Authors: Michez Roman , Doneux Thomas , Buess‐Herman Claudine , Luhmer Michel 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPotential controlled electrolyses of [BMIm][NTf2] ionic liquid were performed at a gold cathode under nitrogen atmosphere. The structures of the major conversion products of the BMIm+ cation were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses and gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the volatile compounds. Recombination of the imidazol‐2‐yl radicals, generated at the electrode by single electron transfer, leads to neutral diastereomeric dimers in equal proportions, with a faradaic efficiency of 80 %, while disproportionation of these radicals and/or reaction with hydrogen atoms adsorbed at the electrode generates a neutral monomer with 20 % faradaic efficiency. Both pathways also yield the N‐heterocyclic carbene imidazolin‐2‐ylidene, which is involved in fast proton exchange with the parent BMIm+ cation. The reductive decomposition products of the BMIm+ cation are no longer detected if the pre‐electrolysed sample is reacted with CO2, which undergoes an indirect reduction and generates the carboxylate adduct.
Habitat patch size alters the importance of dispersal for species diversity in an experimental freshwater community
Authors: Schuler Matthew S. , Chase Jonathan M. , Knight Tiffany M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIncreased dispersal of individuals among discrete habitat patches should increase the average number of species present in each local habitat patch. However, experimental studies have found variable effects of dispersal on local species richness. Priority effects, predators, and habitat heterogeneity have been proposed as mechanisms that limit the effect of dispersal on species richness. However, the size of a habitat patch could affect how dispersal regulates the number of species able to persist. We investigated whether habitat size interacted with dispersal rate to affect the number of species present in local habitats. We hypothesized that increased dispersal rates would positively affect local species richness more in small habitats than in large habitats, because rare species would be protected from demographic extinction. To test the interaction between dispersal rate and habitat size, we factorially manipulated the size of experimental ponds and dispersal rates, using a model community of freshwater zooplankton. We found that high‐dispersal rates enhanced local species richness in small experimental ponds, but had no effect in large experimental ponds. Our results suggest that there is a trade‐off between patch connectivity (a mediator of dispersal rates) and patch size, providing context for understanding the variability observed in dispersal effects among natural communities, as well as for developing conservation and management plans in an increasingly fragmented world.
ParaHydrogen Hyperpolarized Substrates for Molecular Imaging Studies
Authors: Cavallari Eleonora , Carrera Carla , Reineri Francesca 
Published: June 2017

AbstractParahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) is a chemistry based, cheap and easy to handle hyperpolarization method that allows to increase the sensitivity of magnetic resonance signals of several orders of magnitude. This powerful tool has not coalesced in the field of biomedical studies due to the lack of suitable hyperpolarization substrates, of commercial parahydrogen polarizers and to the presence of metal complex in the solutions of products. Here is reported an overview of the recent advances in these fields, with particular attention to the issues that have been tackled in order to allow the translation of parahydrogen based hyperpolarization methods into a widely applicable molecular imaging tool for biomedical research.
Improving the quality of maternity services in Uganda through accelerated implementation of essential interventions by healthcare professional associations
Authors: Spira Cintia , Kwizera Amata , Jacob Sue , Amongin Dinah , Ngonzi Joseph , Namisi Charles P. , Byaruhanga Romano , Rushwan Hamid , Cooper Peter , Day‐Stirk Frances , Berrueta Mabel , García‐Elorrio Ezequiel , Belizán José M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether the implementation of a package of activities through the joint action of the three international healthcare professionals associations (HCPAs) increased the use of intrapartum and postnatal essential interventions (EIs) in two hospitals in Uganda.MethodsA non‐controlled before‐and‐after study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a package of activities designed to change practice relating to nine EIs among providers. Coverage of the EIs was measured in a 3‐month pre‐implementation period and a 3‐month post‐implementation period in 2014. Data were obtained for women older than 18 years who delivered vaginally or by cesarean.ResultsOverall, 4816 women were included. Level of use remained high for EIs used widely at baseline. Some EIs that had low use at baseline did not show improvement after the implementation. Promotion of breastfeeding showed a significant improvement in the Kampala hospital, from 8.5% (8/94) to 25.6% (30/117; P=0.001), whereas promotion of hygiene in cord care improved at the Mbarara hospital, from 0.1% (2/1592) to 46.0% (622/1351; P<0.001).ConclusionThese exploratory results show that a package delivered through the joint work of the three HCPAs was feasible to implement along with rigorous data collection. Although the data show disparities, trends suggest that improvement could be achieved.
Sediment Yield Potential in South Africa's Only Large River Network without a Dam: Implications for Water Resource Management
Authors: Le Roux J.J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSoil erosion not only involves the loss of fertile topsoil but is also coupled with sedimentation of dams, a double barrel problem in semi‐arid regions where water scarcity is frequent. Due to increasing water requirements in South Africa, the government is planning water resource development in the Mzimvubu River Catchment, which is the only large river network in the country without a dam. However, previous soil erosion studies indicate that large parts of the catchment are severely eroded. These studies, nonetheless, focussed only on rill and interill erosion processes and provided insufficient information about sediment yield. The present study maps and models the sediment yield potential by considering important connectivity factors (flow path length, slope steepness and surface roughness) over a 5‐year timeframe (from 2007 to 2012). Sediment yield contribution from rill–interrill erosion was modelled with ArcSWAT‐2012, whereas gully erosion contributions were estimated using sequential gully mapping with SPOT 5 imagery followed by gully‐derived sediment modelling in a GIS. Integration of the rill–interrill and gully results provided the total sediment yield potential, with an average of 5100 Mg km−2 y−1. The average sediment yield where the irrigation and hydropower dams are planned is around 20 000 Mg km−2 y−1. This study provides relative differences of the potential sediment yield and a framework to predict sediment yield to assist area‐specific rehabilitation in large, ungauged catchments. Without catchment rehabilitation, the life expectancies of the future irrigation and hydropower dams could be 55 and 43 years, respectively. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.