bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformational Leadership and Organizational Processes: Influencing Public Performance
Authors: Sun Rusi , Henderson Alexander C. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Leaders are essential actors in public performance improvement and organizational change. However, a key question has not been adequately addressed in prior literature on the topic: how do leadership processes make a difference? Using data on New York City public schools, this article explores the organizational mechanisms by which a specific form of principal's leadership—transformational leadership—influences objective organizational outcomes as measured by standardized test scores. The empirical results indicate that a principal's transformational leadership style affects student test scores through the mediating effects of purposeful performance information use and stakeholder engagement.
Influence of substrate and burial on the development of Posidonia oceanica: implications for restoration
Authors: Guerrero‐Meseguer Laura , Sanz‐Lázaro Carlos , Suk‐ueng Krittawit , Marín Arnaldo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPosidonia oceanica is one of the few seagrasses that can colonize hard and soft substrates. To test whether substrate could affect root development of the seedlings, with a legacy effect upon transplantation to sand, we germinated seeds on hard (glass slide) versus soft (sand) substrates in microcosms. We found that sand favored root system development, with a compensatory slowing of leaf development, while glass had the opposite effect. After 4 months, we transplanted all seedlings to sand and tested for a legacy effect of initial substrate type. Leaves of seedlings germinated on sand and glass slides reached approximately the same length, but roots from seedlings germinated on glass did not develop fully. Seed burial (0–1.5 cm) did not affect seedling development. These results suggest that the culture of P. oceanica on sand prior to transplantation could enhance seedlings survival in restoration programs.
Estimation of the False Discovery Proportion with Unknown Dependence
Authors: Fan Jianqing , Han Xu 
Published: September 2016

SummaryLarge-scale multiple testing with correlated test statistics arises frequently in much scientific research. Incorporating correlation information in approximating the false discovery proportion (FDP) has attracted increasing attention in recent years. When the covariance matrix of test statistics is known, Fan and his colleagues provided an accurate approximation of the FDP under arbitrary dependence structure and some sparsity assumption. However, the covariance matrix is often unknown in many applications and such dependence information must be estimated before approximating the FDP. The estimation accuracy can greatly affect the FDP approximation. In the current paper, we study theoretically the effect of unknown dependence on the testing procedure and establish a general framework such that the FDP can be well approximated. The effects of unknown dependence on approximating the FDP are in the following two major aspects: through estimating eigenvalues or eigenvectors and through estimating marginal variances. To address the challenges in these two aspects, we firstly develop general requirements on estimates of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for a good approximation of the FDP. We then give conditions on the structures of covariance matrices that satisfy such requirements. Such dependence structures include banded or sparse covariance matrices and (conditional) sparse precision matrices. Within this framework, we also consider a special example to illustrate our method where data are sampled from an approximate factor model, which encompasses most practical situations. We provide a good approximation of the FDP via exploiting this specific dependence structure. The results are further generalized to the situation where the multivariate normality assumption is relaxed. Our results are demonstrated by simulation studies and some real data applications.
Efficacy of imidazolquinoline on treatment of condyloma acuminatum of the buccal mucosa
Authors: Curi Davi Silva Carvalho , Leite‐Ribeiro Patrícia Miranda , Torregrossa Vinicius Rabelo , Vieira Vinicius Costa , Sarmento Viviane Almeida 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe condylomata acuminata is a benign epithelial neoplasm induced by papillomavirus, and it is characterized by the proliferation of stratified squamous epithelial tissue that affects the anogenital and oral mucosa. It is considered to be a sexually transmitted disease and has a higher prevalence in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Various therapies have been used for the removal of lesions, such as cryotherapy, surgical laser and surgical excision, which are painful and scarring. These techniques, however, do not eliminate the virus and relapses are common shortly after treatment. The use of immunomodulators has been proposed to be an alternative treatment, as imidazolquinoline has been shown to be effective in the treatment of lesions in the anogenital region. However, its use in the oral cavity has been the subject of few reports in the literature. Thus, the objective of this study is to describe a case of warts in the labial mucosa of an HIV positive patient using imidazolquinoline 5%.
Analysis of the Phenotype and Function of the Subpopulations of Mucosal‐Associated Invariant T Cells
Authors: Brozova J. , Karlova I. , Novak J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells contain two main subpopulations, CD8+ and double‐negative (DN) cells. The first reports suggested that subpopulations of MAIT cells have similar phenotype and function. Recent works, however, demonstrate that the subpopulations have different ontogenesis and are differentially affected by xenobiotic treatment. In this work, we re‐examined the possible differences between subpopulations of MAIT cells. We demonstrate that the main subpopulations of MAIT cells (CD8 and DN) are relatively uniform in terms of both phenotype and function. Both populations are memory/activated, tissue‐homing and pro‐inflammatory. CD8+ MAIT cells are better equipped for pro‐inflammatory functions as they express higher levels of CD16 and NKG2D, produce more pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and IFN‐γ) and have higher cytotoxic potential (contain more granzyme B and express higher levels of CD107A upon stimulation). Our study contributes to the understanding of the heterogeneity of MAIT cell population.
Liveable Villages: The Relationship between Volunteering and Liveability in the Perceptions of Rural Residents
Authors: Gieling Joost , Haartsen Tialda 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn the Dutch policy discourse it is increasingly thought that active citizenship will positively affect satisfaction with the living environment. This article challenges this assumption by examining whether and how volunteering in village life and individual perceptions of liveability are interrelated. Through a series of hierarchical regressions, we found that having the opportunity to volunteer in village life is not a significant predictor of perceived liveability. Moreover, by classifying rural inhabitants as non‐participants, nominal participants and active participants in volunteering in village life, we determined that active residents evaluate liveability less positively than the other two groups. Accordingly, determinants other than volunteering and active citizenship are better able to predict perceived liveability, although the specific variables differ for each group of rural inhabitants. This suggests that governments overestimate both the willingness of rural residents to volunteer and the benefits of becoming active in village life.
LGBT Novel Drug Use as Contextualized Through Control, Strain, and Learning Theories*
Authors: Rukus Joseph , Stogner John , Miller Bryan 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveWe examine novel drug use in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community in the context of social learning, self‐control, and strain theories.MethodsBased on a sample of 2,349 college students, we examine novel drug use rates of LGBT participants. We then perform a series of logistic regression models to examine factors correlated with LGBT novel drug use.ResultsWe find LGBT individuals have higher rates of use for novel drugs. We find that social learning constructs partially mediate the relationship between sexual orientation and novel drug use. The data did not support the hypotheses that strain or self‐control mediated or acted as a moderator in this relationship.ConclusionWe hypothesize higher LGBT novel drug use may be related to unique cultural definitions surrounding LGBT drug use and LGBT individuals being less likely to stigmatize substance use. This finding may have implications for LGBT substance use messaging and education programs.
Racial Discrimination and Statistical Discrimination: MLB Rookie Card Values and Performance Uncertainty
Authors: Burge Gregory S. , Zillante Arthur 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveWhile previous studies document racial discrimination in Major League Baseball, few have considered statistical discrimination, and how racial bias may spill over into related markets. Investigating rookie card (RC) values at their initial release, we exploit the role of information uncertainty to separately identify the influence of racial discrimination and statistical discrimination.MethodsUsing ordinary least squares (OLS) and Tobit models, we examine 6,026 cards released from 1986 to 1993. After documenting race‐based differentials in MLB achievement, we explore the determinants of prices in certain and uncertain environments.ResultsRCs of black players carry a 14–20 percent premium at their initial release. Race does not influence card values once careers are finished. Finally, given comparable career performance, prices for black players decline significantly more over time. Collectively, this suggests statistical discrimination influences consumers in this market.ConclusionRacial discrimination in an upstream market can lead to spillover effects on related downstream markets.
Local Externalities and Firm Internationalisation
Authors: Burlina Chiara 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe aim of the work is to understand how the role of local externalities (agglomeration economies and related variety), as well as firm heterogeneity, have influenced the internationalisation strategies chosen by Italian manufacturing firms from 1998 to 2006. Based on the 10th survey of the corporate bank Unicredit‐Capitalia, I construct an unbalanced panel data of 19,635 firms. As in Cainelli, Ganau and Iacobucci, I compute related variety as a measure of the input‐output relationships between firms of different sectors: this procedure allows taking into account the vertical related variety as a proxy for diversification. The results of the econometric analysis, conducted with multinomial logistic regressions, show that vertically related variety and productivity positively influence both export and FDI strategies. The extant literature on firm heterogeneity has been confirmed, while important findings on local externalities enrich the already existing theories.
Successful renal retransplantation after graft loss from BK polyomavirus infection in a human immunodeficiency virus‐positive patient
Authors: Barthélemy Aurore , Bouvier Nicolas , Verdon Renaud , Chatelet Valérie , Hurault de Ligny Bruno 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe report the case of a human immunodeficiency virus‐seropositive patient whose initial kidney transplant failed because of BK polyomavirus‐induced nephropathy, and who underwent a second transplantation 3 years later. BK viruria was detected 1 day after transplantation. After 1 month, BK viremia developed along with a donor‐specific antibody. After decreasing tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid and 2 courses of intravenous immunoglobulins, BK viremia and donor‐specific antibody permanently disappeared, with stable renal function.
A population‐based longitudinal study on the implications of demographics on future blood supply
Authors: Greinacher Andreas , Weitmann Kerstin , Lebsa Anne , Alpen Ulf , Gloger Doris , Stangenberg Wolfgang , Kiefel Volker , Hoffmann Wolfgang 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUNDChanges in demographics with increases in older age groups and decreases in younger age groups imply an increased demand for blood transfusions paralleled by a decrease in the population eligible for blood donation. However, more restrictive transfusion triggers and the patient blood management initiative also reduce the demand for red blood cells (RBCs). Eastern Germany is a model region for the impact of demographic changes, which manifest in this region approximately 10 years earlier than in other regions due to the 50% birth rate decline after 1989.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe report the 2010 longitudinal 5‐year follow‐up of the study assessing all whole blood donations and RBC transfusions in Mecklenburg‐West Pomerania. We compared the projections that were made 5 years ago with: 1) the current age structure of the blood donor and transfusion recipient populations and 2) its impact on blood demand and blood donation numbers in specific age groups.RESULTSTransfusion rates were lower and blood donation rates were higher than predicted in 2005. Although transfusion rates/1000 decreased in nearly all age groups, the overall annual transfusion rate increased to 66.4 RBC units/1000 (in 2005, 62.2/1000) due to the absolute increase in the elderly population. Despite a 7.4% decline in the population 18 to 65 years of age, whole blood donations increased by 11.7% between 2005 and 2010, but thereafter decreased by 21% (first‐time donors by 39.4%), reflecting the effect of the post‐1990 birth rate decline on the donor population.CONCLUSIONChanges in demography and medical practice impact the delicate balance between available blood supply and potential future transfusion needs. In times of pronounced demographic changes, regular monitoring of the blood demand and age structure of blood recipients and donors is required to allow strategic planning to prevent blood shortages or overproduction.
Retrospective evaluation of the effect of red blood cell product age on occurrence of acute transfusion‐related complications in dogs: 210 cases (2010–2012)
Authors: Maglaras Christina H. , Koenig Amie , Bedard Deanna L. , Brainard Benjamin M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether red blood cell (RBC) product age influences the occurrence of acute transfusion‐related complications and mortality in dogs. The hypothesis was that acute transfusion‐related complications and mortality would increase with age of product.DesignRetrospective study (2010–2012).SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsTwo hundred and ten clinical canine patients.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsMedical records were reviewed for dogs receiving RBC‐containing products. Patient signalment; reason for transfusion; product type, dose, age, and source; pretransfusion compatibility; rate, route, and method of administration; administration of multiple transfusions; underlying disease; occurrence of transfusion‐related complications (eg, fever, hemolysis, gastrointestinal distress, cardiovascular, neurologic, and respiratory complications); various hematologic parameters; and survival were recorded. Data were analyzed for association between potential risk factors and occurrence of transfusion‐related complications as well as between transfusion‐related complications and survival. Of 333 transfusion events in 210 patients, 84 transfusion‐related complications occurred. Fever was most common (41/333), followed by hemolysis (21/333). For every additional day of product age, the odds of hemolysis increased significantly (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.16; P < 0.0001). Transfusion‐related complications when considered as a whole were associated with higher dose of product, longer duration of administration per transfusion event, and immune‐mediated disease, but not with source of product or general category of anemia. Administration rate was significantly slower in patients with febrile transfusion‐related complications (P < 0.0001). Product age was not associated with increased mortality.ConclusionsAge of stored RBC products is associated with increased risk of transfusion‐related hemolysis, but not with fever. Prospective clinical studies evaluating the influence of storage duration on development of in vitro versus in vivo hemolysis are warranted.
The Success Criteria of Public Housing Project in Nigeria
Authors: Mukhtar Musa Mohammed , Amirudin Roslan 
Published: September 2016

There is no consensus among researchers of what constitutes projects success; every project type may have different success criteria. Identifying project success criteria at the initial stage of a project can contribute to effective utilization of resources. The aim of this study is to establish the criteria for measuring public housing project success in Nigeria. The data collection was carried out in Nigeria by means of structured interviews with ten experts in housing, a pilot survey and questionnaire survey. A questionnaire survey was carried out in which 550 questionnaires were administered to construction professionals who involve in public housing projects, in order to elicit their perceptions on success criteria for public housing projects. The sample was drawn using purposive sampling method since there is no sample frame of people with experience in public housing. Two hundred and seventy six questionnaires (276) were returned completed representing 50.2% response rate. The data collected were analysed using structural equation modelling technique. The results reveal six criteria for measuring public housing project management success, these are client’s satisfaction, project completed on time, project completed to specified quality standard, absence of disputes, safety, and completion within budget. The results also reveal four criteria for measuring public housing product success which include meeting the project purpose, end users’ satisfaction, environmental impact and aesthetic appearance of the . Understanding the findings of this study by policy makers and project managers can improve effectiveness and efficiency of public housing projects in Nigeria.
Changes in Running Mechanics During a 6-Hour Running Race
Authors: Giovanelli Nicola , Taboga Paolo , Lazzer Stefano 
Published: September 2016

Purpose:To investigate changes in running mechanics during a 6-h running race.Methods:Twelve ultraendurance runners (age 41.9 ± 5.8 y, body mass 68.3 ± 12.6 kg, height 1.72 ± 0.09 m) were asked to run as many 874-m flat loops as possible in 6 h. Running speed, contact time (tc), and aerial time (ta) were measured in the first lap and every 30 ± 2 min during the race. Peak vertical ground-reaction force (Fmax), stride length (SL), vertical downward displacement of the center of mass (Δz), leg-length change (ΔL), vertical stiffness (kvert), and leg stiffness (kleg) were then estimated.Results:Mean distance covered by the athletes during the race was 62.9 ± 7.9 km. Compared with the 1st lap, running speed decreased significantly from 4 h 30 min onward (mean –5.6% ± 0.3%, P < .05), while tc increased after 4 h 30 min of running, reaching the maximum difference after 5 h 30 min (+6.1%, P = .015). Conversely, kvert decreased after 4 h, reaching the lowest value after 5 h 30 min (–6.5%, P = .008); ta and Fmax decreased after 4 h 30 min through to the end of the race (mean –29.2% and –5.1%, respectively, P < .05). Finally, SL decreased significantly (–5.1%, P = .010) during the last hour of the race.Conclusions:Most changes occurred after 4 h continuous self-paced running, suggesting a possible time threshold that could affect performance regardless of absolute running speed.
Electromyography Activation of the Lower-Limb Muscles Adopting a Physioball and Elastic Band to Stabilize the Knee Joint During Multiple Sets With Submaximal Loads
Authors: Paz Gabriel Andrade , DeFreitas Jason , de Freitas Maia Marianna , Silva Jurandir , Lima Vicente , Miranda Humberto 
Published: September 2016

Study Design:Crossover design.Context:Excessive valgus and varus force which affected the knee joint during dynamic tasks has been often associated to lower extremity injuries. Strategies to increase the resistance against these asymmetries (eg, the use of a physioball between the knees or elastic bands around the knees) are often applied in rehabilitation and conditioning programs.Objective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of performing leg press (LP) 45° using a physioball and elastic band over multiple sets with submaximal loads on electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and fatigue indices.Methods:18 trained females volunteered (age: 24.4 ± 2.1 y; height: 168.1 ± 4 cm; body mass: 65.1 ± 4.4 kg) participated in this study. The 10 repetition maximum (RM) loads were determined for the LP. Then, 3 experimental protocols were followed in a randomized crossover design over 3 nonconsecutive days: control protocol—the participants performed 4 LP sets; physioball between knees—4 LP sets were performed with the physioball between the knees; elastic band—4 LP sets were performed with the elastic band involving the knees. Ten repetitions were performed during each set with 70% of 10-RM loads; EMG spectral indices (CRMS and Cf5) was collected from the biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles.Results:Higher levels of CRMS and Cf5 were noted for RF, VL, and VM muscles using the physioball and elastic band when compared with control protocol, respectively. CRMS index of BF muscle was significantly higher using physioball and elastic band protocol versus control condition, respectively.Conclusion:Therefore, both physioball and elastic band can be adopted during LP with the goal to reduce excessive varus and valgus forces, respectively, even performing consecutive sets with submaximal loads. Furthermore, this may be an interesting alternative to increasing quadriceps activation and improving the knee joint stabilization.
Eddies Observed by Argo Floats. Part I: Eddy Transport in the Upper 1000 dbar
Authors: Katsumata Katsuro 
Published: September 2016

AbstractArgo floats measure horizontal current velocities at the parking depth and vertical profiles of temperature and salinity. The data are sufficient for simultaneous estimates of velocities and vertical displacements of isopycnal surfaces. More than 980 000 pairs of observations of current velocity and water column stratification were used to calculate eddy transport above 1000 dbar and its uncertainty based on the temporal-residual-mean framework. Eddy transports larger than 1.0 m2s−1were found in the North Atlantic, western North Pacific, and Southern Oceans. The eddy transportThad components perpendicularand parallelto the density contours at 1000 dbar. In the midlatitude oceans, eddy transport was weaker (<0.5 m2s−1), mostly perpendicular to the density contours, and equatorward. A large area of northwardwas found in the south Indian Ocean; analysis of velocity and thickness perturbations suggested that this transport was a northward intrusion of Antarctic Intermediate Water. In the midlatitude oceans and in most of the southern part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC),was generally upgradient in density on 1000 dbar. Downgradientwas found along the North Atlantic Current and Kuroshio Extension as well as in the northern part of the ACC. Zonally integrated meridional transport was poleward at latitudes higher than approximately 40° and equatorward at lower latitudes. The quasi-Stokes or Gent–McWilliams diffusivity coefficient was on the order of 1000 m2s−1but was associated with such large uncertainty that it was statistically indistinguishable from zero, except at midlatitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.