bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catastrophic cliffs: a partial suggestion for selective vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Hardy John 
Published: April 2016

For each of the neurodegenerative syndromes, we now know many pathogenic and/or causative genetic risk loci. Here, I suggest that this wealth of knowledge now allows us to start to understand what are the specific vulnerabilities of different neuronal types and to suggest that each neuronal type is closer to different modes of catastrophic failure. I suggest that this is part of the basis for selective vulnerability in neurodegenerative disease.
Final report of APMP.T-S7: APMP regional comparison of Co-C eutectic melting point using Pt/Pd thermocouples
Authors: Kim Y -G , Wei Z , Ogura H , Jahan F , Singh Y P 
Published: April 2016

A regional supplementary comparison on the Co-C eutectic point (1324 °C in ITS-90) was carried out in APMP involving five NMIs: KRISS (Korea), NIM (China), NMIJ (Japan), NMIA (Australia) and NPLI (India). The comparison was done through a round robin style with two Pt/Pd thermocouples having greatly different thermoelectric inhomogeneity (± 0.0196 % and ± 0.132 % at 1324 °C), which were made by the pilot laboratory (KRISS). Both were calibrated twice, before and after the circulation by the pilot laboratory.
As a reference value, the weighted mean was adopted since the Birge ration criterion was safely satisfied. The participants were asked to supply the temperature profile of the furnace used to realize the Co-C point in order to estimate the uncertainty due to thermoelectric inhomogeneity. Results from all laboratories were consistent with the reference value within the calculated uncertainties. Birge number of 0.2 to 0.3 and En number less than 0.5 were obtained, meaning that the comparison successfully demonstrated the use of Pt/Pd thermocouple to compare the calibration capabilities of participating laboratories at the melting temperature of Co-C eutectic point regardless of the amount of thermoelectric inhomogeneity. It was verified that the calibration uncertainty level of {(0.2 °C ~ 0.3 °C) + ucell} (k = 2) can be obtained at the Co-C eutectic melting point by means of Pt/Pd thermocouple having a small inhomogeneity of about 0.02 %.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCT, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Montaigne, the New World, and Precolonialisms
Authors: Reiss Timothy J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The “utopia” of Montaigne’s “Of cannibals” has been much studied as wishful fantasy of a New World and condemnation of old Europe's decay, colonizing and conquest. Its Americans and those in “Of coaches” become Europe’s Others, giving Montaigne and his critic means to judge their own culture. But his utopia is as much about understanding himself. It references local history and rhetorical tradition, engaging “conflicts” of rational experience and speculative reason as sources of knowledge that he encapsulates in his topography/cosmography opposition and in the syntax, structure, and meaning of the Essay's preface that directly echo those in “Of cannibals.” Montaigne fuses his quest to know himself and his society, his writing, his ideals of reason and experience with his evaluation of the New World and its peoples, in likeness, not otherness. His “precolonial” eye imagines cultural, political, and trade negotiations among new and old nations and peoples in equality not violence.
Montaigne in the World
Authors: Smith Paul J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Montaigne’s informal and often provocative way of thinking and writing has had a longlasting influence in Europe. This article addresses the reception of Montaigne’s Essays from 1580 unto the present day, in France and beyond. The main topics are the French editions of the Essays, Montaigne’s French readers through the centuries – admirers as well as adversaries –, the numerous translations of the Essays in Europe and beyond, and their worldwide readership. Special attention is given to the country-specific imitations and interpretations, as exemplified by some famous Montaigne readers. Editors, translators, and other readers tend to create their own Montaigne according to their needs, norms, and values.
Montaigne on Animals
Authors: Gontier Thierry 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The “animal question” stands at the center of contemporary debates over modern subjectivity and its deconstruction. Taking as a point of departure the references made by Jacques Derrida to Montaigne’s defense of animals in the “Apology for Raymond Sebond”, this article seeks to demonstrate the fundamental differences separating the projects of these two thinkers. For Derrida, the animal presents itself to the human subject as a figure of radical alterity, precluding any attempts at establishing a homogeneous continuity. While challenging the dogmatic rationalist presumption to know the “internal impulses” of the animals, Montaigne for his part emphasizes the homogeneity of animal and human behaviors and the natural kinship uniting mankind with the animals. The animal represents for man a model of self-appropriation, appropriation to one’s “ordinary” condition and to one’s body. Thus, we find thus more continuities than a radical conflict between Montaigne and the “modern” rationalist tradition.
Montaigne on Alterity
Authors: Conley Tom 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Designating what is strange, or unknown, alterity stands at the core of the Essays. Inquiring of what escapes or exceeds representation, the essays embody a relation d’inconnu, a term to describe a basic condition of life, felt acutely when we realize that reason can inform us neither about why we are in the world nor about the nature of death. Montaigne gets at alterity through bodily alienation and alteration. Four areas are keynote: (1) alterity of the New World that acquires political inflection in “Of cannibals” and “Of coaches”; (2) his bodily alteration in the Travel Journal, when, plagued with urinary stones, he travels to Italy; (3) the enigma of biological life, when, following a brush with death and a fantasy of birth in “Of practice,” Montaigne fathoms the inner folds of his body; (4) resolutely, in the monstrous form and execution of the “Apology for Raymond Sebond.”
Montaigne, Translator of Raymond Sebond
Authors: Habert Mireille 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Published in 1569, eleven years before the Essays came out, Natural Theology is the first printed work signed by the hand of Montaigne. It is not his own creation but a translation into French of a lengthy volume written in Latin around 1430 at the University of Toulouse by theologian Raymond Sebond. This translation was, for a long time, considered to be a simple stylistic exercise. Montaigne himself never professed to have done more than gain the satisfaction of succeeding at “cutting out and setting forth with [his] hand a French costume for the Spanish theologian and philosopher.” However, Montaigne’s patient study of Sebond’s thick volume was more than just an opportunity for his formal enrichment. Through questions regarding the way faith and reason engage with each other, the translator takes the first steps of a personal reflection on the human mind’s capacity to access the truth.
La Boétie and Montaigne
Authors: Magnien Michel 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In this article, we reflect on the relationship between La Boétie and Montaigne from a historical perspective, using the little evidence we have related to their brief relationship (c. 1559–August 1563). This principally consists of the three Latin poems that La Boétie addressed to Montaigne, which reveal to us an unequal relationship. After La Boétie’s death at thirty-two, it is necessary to evaluate the portion of “literary” reconstruction that entered into the (re)presentation of this friendship, from the moment when the surviving friend, plunged, if he is to be believed, into dismay, has put, “into my head this daydream of meddling with writing.” From 1572 to 1592, the relationship evolves between the survivor and the much-admired “great man.” The difficult problem of the dissemination of La Boétie’s key text leads to a progressive expulsion of the texts of the author of the Discourse on Voluntary Servitude from the Book of Remembrance (Essays).
The Public Life of Montaigne
Authors: Desan Philippe 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Montaigne’s public life extends over more than thirty years—from 1556 to 1588. His first career was as a member of the parlement from 1554 to 1570, one that reflected the desire of his father, Pierre Eyquem. After leaving his post of councilor in the parlement of Bordeaux, he displayed his diplomatic ambitions, which were not rewarded. In 1581, Montaigne was appointed mayor of Bordeaux for two years; he was reelected to this position in 1583. After his term of office ended, for a time he played the role of negotiator between Henry III and the leader of the Protestant party, Henry of Navarre. Imprisoned in 1588, he abandoned all political ambitions and ended his public life before retiring to his château. The public life of Montaigne allows us to consider the Essays as an attempt at political reappropriation in the aftermath of the Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre.
Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History
Authors: Balot Ryan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the arguments and intentions of Leo Strauss’s most ambitious political text, Natural Right and History. Strauss’s stated purpose is to rehabilitate the ancient Greek and Roman conceptions of “natural right”—a term of art by which he referred to the justice inherent in the rational order of nature. His express motivation was to rebut the relativism and historicism that, in his view, characterized twentieth-century political thought. This chapter contends that the book’s core lies in its implicit presentation of philosophical inquiry as the highest human vocation. This idea is presented less through systematic argument than through Strauss’s own engagement with canonical political texts—an engagement designed to illustrate both the excitement and the fulfillment of philosophical dialogue. The political virtues, while defended on the surface of the text, remain as unsettled by the end as they were in the introduction.
The Role of Culture in Population Mental Health
Authors: Yang Lawrence , Benson Jessica M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In recent years, studies of population mental health have increased in number, and assumed growing importance, in psychiatric epidemiology and global mental health. These studies have enabled valuable estimates of psychopathology across different countries and cultural settings, thus providing assessment of the global burden of mental illness. They have also progressively grown in size and complexity, which has resulted in the use of more reliable methodologies to assess psychopathology. Fundamental challenges in what constitutes syndromes of “mental illness” (e.g., “major depression”) in terms of incorporating culture-specific features of psychopathology across cultural settings have also resulted from conducting these studies across differing cultural contexts. This has spurred further evolution in the conceptualization of and methodologies used to assess mental illness. This chapter highlights population studies in mental disorders among Asian and Asian American groups as a specific example to illustrate how culture affects the prevalence, assessment, and manifestation of psychopathology.
When Culture Informs Neuroscience
Authors: Stevenson Shaun , Bruce Lindsey , Dwosh Emily , Beattie B. Lynn , Illes Judy 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The meaningful consideration of cultural practices, values, and beliefs is recognized as a significant factor for the effective translation of innovation in neuroscience to clinical practice. Given increasing attention to the cultural diversity of society and the immense investment in the biomedical sciences, it is essential to study how potential discoveries in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, are perceived and utilized across cultures. Key questions about culture interact with issues surrounding the acceptance of disease-related cognitive decline and personality changes, possibilities for predicting disease, and methods of intervention. The unique circumstances described in this chapter highlight the complexities of cultural considerations in research and the significance of cultural neuroscience as an emerging field.
Identifying a Cultural Resource
Authors: Telzer Eva H. , Fuligni Andrew J. , Galvan Adriana 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Family obligation, which implies children’s role in the support and assistance of their family, is a fundamental aspect of family life. Family obligation has important implications for the adjustment of adolescents from Mexican backgrounds, relating to lower levels of risky behavior. Risk taking underlies many behavioral and health factors, such as substance use and externalizing behavior, that contribute to the public health burden during the adolescent period. Advances in developmental neuroscience have identified key neurobiological underpinnings of adolescent risk taking, but there is little understanding of how these neural processes interact with cultural and social processes to promote or prevent risk taking. We present a multimethod, longitudinal program of research that uses self-reports of risk taking and substance use, experimental tasks, and functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the mechanisms by which a culturally meaningful type of family relationship—family obligation—buffers Mexican youth from drug use and risk taking.
Epigenetics and Social Behavior
Authors: Morris James P. , Connelly Jessica J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Every cell within a given organism contains the same DNA blueprint; in the case of humans, this means that the same DNA code can give rise to hundreds of different cell types with very diverse functions. The genome accomplishes this feat by organizing the DNA into domains that are transcriptionally active or inactive given the particular cell type and function. This occurs by modification of the DNA and the proteins bound to it; methylation of cytosine residues, DNA methylation, is one such “epigenetic” modification and is the focus of this chapter. The role of epigenetic influences on cultural diversity is poorly understood. Given the natural links between environment and biological function, epigenetic processes are poised to play a critical role in new approaches to understanding the biological underpinnings of culture.
Sensory Enculturation and Neuroanthropology
Authors: Downey Greg 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNeuroanthropology seeks to bring the broadest possible account of cultural variation into our understanding of the human brain’s potential, expanding the methods we use to trace the envelope of human neurodiversity and the trajectories of neurological development to include robust qualitative and ethnographic methods in natural settings. My research has focused on athletes and other highly trained individuals who demonstrate both the range of activity-induced neuroplasticity and the characteristics of regimes under which this plasticity can be deployed in systematic ways. They also demonstrate how cultural expectations, daily activities, and aversions to activity can inculcate or exacerbate disability. Neuroimaging data may not always be available, especially given the whole-body nature of these activities in ecologically valid settings and the circumstances of anthropological field study. Nevertheless, neuroanthropology argues that neurologically plausible accounts of the abilities that our subjects demonstrate and the experiences that they report are both possible and theoretically productive.
Locating Culture in the Brain and in the World
Authors: Seligman Rebecca , Choudhury Suparna , Kirmayer Laurence J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Cultural neuroscience explores the interplay between the social transmission of knowledge and the functional organization of the nervous system. However, much current cultural neuroscience simplifies culture into categories and constructs. The operationalization of culture as categories and traits that can be measured using questionnaires or priming techniques often lacks cultural validity. Moreover, treatment of culture as a set of fixed and even hard-wired traits has the potential to reify and essentialize differences between groups that are better understood as culturally constructed, fluid, and context-dependent. We argue that culture is better conceived of in terms of interactional processes rather than categories and demonstrate how a more nuanced understanding of culture in cultural neuroscience can contribute to an understanding of mind, self, and emotion as embodied, socially embedded, and situated or enacted in specific contexts, opening up new directions for research with greater potential relevance to issues of health and social disparity.
Health, Development, and the Culture-Ready Brain
Authors: Whitehead Charles 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This chapter aims to contribute to an improved understanding of the social brain and the rising tide of psychological health in children. It challenges certain misperceptions affecting scientific research and child-oriented policies, and it presents a “play and display” hypothesis that holds that spontaneous communication, play, and performance (social displays), uniquely developed in humans, are a major reason for our enlarged brains and are essential to the development of self/other-awareness, brain maturation, human culture, and healthy child development. The hypothesis is linked to pivotal theories in the social sciences, notably social mirror theory, ritual/speech coevolution theory, and the theory of anti-structure. Implications for child health are discussed, and the argument is supported by evidence relating to epigenesis, brain development, developmental psychology, paleoanthropology, neuroimaging research, and the culture-ready brain. The chapter concludes with some pointers for future child development policy.
Jonson’s Miscellaneous Verse
Authors: Burlinson Christopher 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis chapter discusses Ben Jonson’s miscellaneous poems, numbering about fifty or so, and how they might fit very neatly into a conventional critical narrative about his career, a narrative that traditionally focuses on the print publication of his folio Workes (1616). It considers the possible reasons why these poems were omitted from print, whether they tell a story of their own, and whether reading them as a group tells us anything about Jonson’s poetic career, and his preoccupations and prejudices. It also examines poems that are concerned with the dynamics of friendship and dedication, including those written for Michael Drayton, Nicholas Breton, and William Shakespeare. It suggests that Jonson’s miscellaneous poetry is a miscellaneous group and should not be read as a singular collection.
Jonson’s Reception
Authors: Lockwood Tom 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This chapter surveys Jonson’s impact on the nineteenth century, tracing out his substantial influence on poets, novelists and theatre professionals on the page and on the stage. In 1990, D. H. Craig wrote: ‘Jonson’s work, for the nineteenth century, was bafflingly inconsistent.’ This chapter, looking in detail at the way in which writers such as Charles Dickens, Walter Scott, George Eliot, and Anthony Trollope interacted with and learned from Jonson, argues that his work did offer a consistent point of departure for important trends in nineteenth-century writing. By examining such specific encounters, and the work done by William Poel in reviving Jonson’s plays for the professional theatre at the end of the century, this chapter continues to reshape our sense both of the power and persistence of Jonson’s literary influence in the centuries after his death.
Ethnicity and Development
Authors: Cheeseman Nic 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article examines whether ethnicity, or more specifically ethnic diversity, undermines development. After explaining the nature of ethnicity, ethnic identity, and ethnic groups, it considers whether public goods are less likely to be provided in more ethnically politicized areas and whether ethnic politics leads governments to adopt economically unproductive policies. It also investigates the relationship between neo-patrimonialism, winner-takes-all politics, and development policy. More specifically, the article evaluates the possibility that the politicization of identities and poor economic performance are both manifestations of weak institutions and strong social structures. Finally, it analyzes how ethnicity can best be managed and suggests that communal identities can be disentangled from development by making political institutions inclusive and promoting social interaction between different communities.
Increasing Discretionary Prosecutor’s Powers
Authors: Caianiello Michele 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This essay considers the increasingly prominent role played by the prosecutor in the Italian criminal justice system, focusing on the investigation and pretrial phase. The assumption is that in the past two decades the trial phase has lost its relevance and that the crucial decisions for the outcome of criminal proceedings are made more and more often during the investigation and pretrial phase, where the prosecutor enjoys considerable discretion, although formally the legality principle still rigidly rules in the Italian system. Two steps need to be taken to improve the current situation and to fill the gap between reality and theory. The first is starting to interpret the principles of the constitution as allowing discretionary choices by the prosecutor. The second is to strengthen prosecutors’ accountability, but without affecting their independence from the government.
Punishment, Justice, and Emotions
Authors: Carvalho Henrique , Chamberlen Anastasia 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis essay discusses the relation among emotions, punishment, and justice. It reviews theoretical scholarship on the role of punishment in society and sociological research on emotions, including the “emotive turn” in criminal justice and scholarship on the painful experience of incarceration. It argues that although punishment has been justified as a rational response to the problem of crime, there are emotional dimensions to its practice and function that go beyond crime. The authors suggest that the phenomenon of punishment is inherently affective, and propose that scholars of criminal justice should pursue a more rigorous study of how emotions, subjectivity, and self-identities contribute to the existence and framework of punishment in late-modern societies, in order to properly examine its role and limitations.
Norbert Elias, the Civilizing Process, and Punishment
Authors: Pratt John 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe way a society punishes its offenders has become a yardstick by which it can be judged as civilized. In civilized societies, for example, punishment on the human body has become increasingly unacceptable. Prisons have been built in remote locations out of public view, with authorities responsible for undertaking what is seen as the unpleasant task of controlling the inmates. However, as the work of Norbert Elias shows, “being civilized” is a standard that did not simply fall out of the sky one day. Instead, it should be understood as the product of a long-term historical process, one that is contingent and fragile, capable of producing uncivilized consequences itself and capable of being interrupted at any time. Current changes in the penal framework of societies such as the United Kingdom suggest that we may be experiencing one of these “decivilizing” countertrends.