The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. I. Discovery of the Optical Counterpart Using the Dark Energy Camera
Authors: Soares-Santos M. , Holz D. E. , Annis J. , Chornock R. , Herner K. , Berger E. , Brout D. , Chen H.-Y. , Kessler R. , Sako M. , Allam S. , Tucker D. L. , Butler R. E. , Palmese A. , Doctor Z. , Diehl H. T. , Frieman J. , Yanny B. , Lin H. , Scolnic D. , Cowperthwaite P. , Neilsen E. , Marriner J. , Kuropatkin N. , Hartley W. G. , Paz-Chinchón F. , Alexander K. D. , Balbinot E. , Blanchard P. , Brown D. A. , Carlin J. L. , Conselice C. , Cook E. R. , Drlica-Wagner A. , Drout M. R. , Durret F. , Eftekhari T. , Farr B. , Finley D. A. , Foley R. J. , Fong W. , Fryer C. L. , García-Bellido J. , Gill M. S . S. , Gruendl R. A. , Hanna C. , Kasen D. , Li T. S. , Lopes P. A. A. , Lourenço A. C. C. , Margutti R. , Marshall J. L. , Matheson T. , Medina G. E. , Metzger B. D. , Muñoz R. R. , Muir J. , Nicholl M. , Quataert E. , Rest A. , Sauseda M. , Schlegel D. J. , Secco L. F. , Sobreira F. , Stebbins A. , Villar V. A. , Vivas K. , Walker A. R. , Wester W. , Williams P. K. G. , Zenteno A. , Zhang Y. , Abbott T. M. C. , Abdalla F. B. , Banerji M. , Bechtol K. , Benoit-Lévy A. , Bertin E. , Brooks D. , Buckley-Geer E. , Burke D. L. , Rosell A. Carnero , Kind M. Carrasco , Carretero J. , Castander F. J. , Crocce M. , Cunha C. E. , D’Andrea C. B. , Costa L. N. da , Davis C. , Desai S. , Dietrich J. P. , Doel P. , Eifler T. F. , Fernandez E. , Flaugher B. , Fosalba P. , Gaztanaga E. , Gerdes D. W. , Giannantonio T. , Goldstein D. A. , Gruen D. , Gschwend J. , Gutierrez G. , Honscheid K. , Jain B. , James D. J. , Jeltema T. , Johnson M. W. G. , Johnson M. D. , Kent S. , Krause E. , Kron R. , Kuehn K. , Kuhlmann S. , Lahav O. , Lima M. , Maia M. A. G. , March M. , McMahon R. G. , Menanteau F. , Miquel R. , Mohr J. J. , Nichol R. C. , Nord B. , Ogando R. L. C. , Petravick D. , Plazas A. A. , Romer A. K. , Roodman A. , Rykoff E. S. , Sanchez E. , Scarpine V. , Schubnell M. , Sevilla-Noarbe I. , Smith M. , Smith R. C. , Suchyta E. , Swanson M. E. C. , Tarle G. , Thomas D. , Thomas R. C. , Troxel M. A. , Vikram V. , Wechsler R. H. , Weller J. ,   (The Dark Energy Survey and The Dark Energy Camera GW-EM Collaboration)
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We present the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) discovery of the optical counterpart of the first binary neutron star merger detected through gravitational-wave emission, GW170817. Our observations commenced 10.5 hr post-merger, as soon as the localization region became accessible from Chile. We imaged 70 deg2 in the i and z bands, covering 93% of the initial integrated localization probability, to a depth necessary to identify likely optical counterparts (e.g., a kilonova). At 11.4 hr post-merger we detected a bright optical transient located

from the nucleus of NGC 4993 at redshift z = 0.0098, consistent (for

km s−1 Mpc−1) with the distance of 40 ± 8 Mpc reported by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration (LVC). At detection the transient had magnitudes of

and

, and thus an absolute magnitude of

, in the luminosity range expected for a kilonova. We identified 1500 potential transient candidates. Applying simple selection criteria aimed at rejecting background events such as supernovae, we find the transient associated with NGC 4993 as the only remaining plausible counterpart, and reject chance coincidence at the 99.5% confidence level. We therefore conclude that the optical counterpart we have identified near NGC 4993 is associated with GW170817. This discovery ushers in the era of multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves and demonstrates the power of DECam to identify the optical counterparts of gravitational-wave sources.