bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Formation of Superdense Nonmagnetic Cobalt
Authors: Banu Nasrin , Singh Surendra , Satpati B. , Roy A. , Basu S. , Chakraborty P. , Movva Hema C. P. , Lauter V. , Dev B. N. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBecause of the presence of 3d transition metals in the Earth’s core, magnetism of these materials in their dense phases has been a topic of great interest. Theory predicts a dense face-centred-cubic phase of cobalt, which would be nonmagnetic. However, this dense nonmagnetic cobalt has not yet been observed. Recent investigations in thin film polycrystalline materials have shown the formation of compressive stress, which can increase the density of materials. We have discovered the existence of ultrathin superdense nonmagnetic cobalt layers in a polycrystalline cobalt thin film. The densities of these layers are about 1.2–1.4 times the normal density of Co. This has been revealed by X-ray reflectometry experiments, and corroborated by polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) experiments. Transmission electron microscopy provides further evidence. The magnetic depth profile, obtained by PNR, shows that the superdense Co layers near the top of the film and at the film-substrate interface are nonmagnetic. The major part of the Co film has the usual density and magnetic moment. These results indicate the possibility of existence of nonmagnetic Co in the earth’s core under high pressure.
Self-assemble nanoparticles based on polypeptides containing C-terminal luminescent Pt-cysteine complex
Authors: Vlakh E. G. , Grachova E. V. , Zhukovsky D. D. , Hubina A. V. , Mikhailova A. S. , Shakirova J. R. , Sharoyko V. V. , Tunik S. P. , Tennikova T. B. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe growing attention to the luminescent nanocarriers is strongly stimulated by their potential application as drug delivery systems and by the necessity to monitor their distribution in cells and tissues. In this communication we report on the synthesis of amphiphilic polypeptides bearing C-terminal phosphorescent label together with preparation of nanoparticles using the polypeptides obtained. The approach suggested is based on a unique and highly technological process where the new phosphorescent Pt-cysteine complex serves as initiator of the ring-opening polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides to obtain the polypeptides bearing intact the platinum chromophore covalently bound to the polymer chain. It was established that the luminescent label retains unchanged its emission characteristics not only in the polypeptides but also in more complicated nanoaggregates such as the polymer derived amphiphilic block-copolymers and self-assembled nanoparticles. The phosphorescent nanoparticles display no cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity in the tested range of concentrations and easily internalize into living cells that makes possible in vivo cell visualization, including prospective application in time resolved imaging and drug delivery monitoring.
Fingolimod alters the transcriptome profile of circulating CD4+ cells in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Friess Jörg , Hecker Michael , Roch Luisa , Koczan Dirk , Fitzner Brit , Angerer Ines Charlotte , Schröder Ina , Flechtner Kristin , Thiesen Hans-Jürgen , Winkelmann Alexander , Zettl Uwe Klaus 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMultiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system. T cells are known to contribute to this immune-mediated condition. Fingolimod modulates sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, thereby preventing the egress of lymphocytes, especially CCR7-expressing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, from lymphoid tissues. Using Affymetrix Human Transcriptome Arrays (HTA 2.0), we performed a transcriptome profiling analysis of CD4+ cells obtained from the peripheral blood of patients with highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The samples were drawn before the first administration of fingolimod as well as 24 hours and 3 months after the start of therapy. Three months after treatment initiation, 890 genes were found to be differentially expressed with fold-change >2.0 and t-test p-value < 0.001, among them several microRNA precursors. A subset of 272 genes were expressed at lower levels, including CCR7 as expected, while 618 genes showed an increase in expression, e.g., CCR2, CX3CR1, CD39, CD58 as well as LYN, PAK1 and TLR2. To conclude, we studied the gene expression of CD4+ cells to evaluate the effects of fingolimod treatment, and we identified 890 genes to be altered in expression after continuous drug administration. T helper cells circulating in the blood during fingolimod therapy present a distinct gene expression signature.
The consumer perspective in functional foods research - a categorization scheme regarding consumer and market determinants of functional food acceptance.
Authors: Bornkessel S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Functional foods are still of increasing interest among the scientific community. Based on the extensive literature about functional foods, four main research areas can be identified: functional food innovation (1); the scientific background of the health benefits of functional foods (2); the regulation of functional foods (3); and consumer acceptance of functional foods (4). These research areas are not detached from each other, and each presents a consumer perspective. Although multifaceted studies focus on consumer acceptance of functional foods, literature regarding a structured framework of the determinants of functional food acceptance is limited. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with an overview of the recent literature on consumer attitudes towards functional foods and with an extensive structured framework of the determinants of functional food acceptance and their intertwined relationships. The scientific literature discusses a plethora of determinants of consumer acceptance of functional foods. These determinants can be categorized into consumer and market attributes, which show interwoven relationships with each other. On the one hand, consumer attributes are widely discussed in the literature, while on the other hand structured analyses of the market perspective are inadequately represented. Additionally, the ongoing development of new scientific findings regarding health benefits of different functional ingredients leads to a large amount of new functional food products in the market. Consequently, the research area of functional foods and in particular consumer acceptance of functional food innovation will remain an important research field in the coming years.
The origin of dispersion in DLA metallicities
Authors: Dvorkin Irina , Silk Joseph , Vangioni Elisabeth , Petitjean Patrick , Olive Keith A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Recent chemical abundance measurements of damped Ly α absorbers (DLAs) revealed an intrinsic scatter in their metallicity of ∼0.5 dex out to z ∼ 5. In order to explore the origin of this scatter, we build a semi-analytic model which traces the chemical evolution of the interstellar matter in small regions of the Universe with different mean density, from over- to underdense regions. We show that the different histories of structure formation in these regions, namely halo abundance, mass and stellar content, are reflected in the chemical properties of the protogalaxies, and in particular of DLAs. We calculate mean metallicity–redshift relations and show that the metallicity dispersion arising from this environmental effect amounts to ∼0.25 dex and is an important contributor to the observed overall intrinsic scatter.
EFFECT OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS ON DOGS EXPOSED TWO ANDONE-HALF YEARS PREVIOUSLY TO BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS
Authors: SMITH COY D. , FURCOLOW MICHAEL L. , HULKER PAUL 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Observation of 33 dogs exposed to Blastomyces dermatitidis over a 2 ½ year period is reported. During the first 1 ½ years six dogs died and 23 (77%)developed skin lesions. Clinical evidence of disease in all the animals then subsided and remained so through another year of observation. Nine animals were sacrificed after 120 weeks and several tissues were cultured from each one. The remaining 18 were given immunosuppressants—azathioprine, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide—for eight weeks prior to autopsy. About one-half of the dogs were found to be infected with Histoplasma capsulatum and all were negative for B. dermatitidis by culture. The dogs were thought to have been inadvertently exposed to H. capsulatum during the first eight weeks ofobservation from a nearby soil plot before being moved to a more remote shelter. Skin testing with histoplasmin and blastomycin and complement-fixation(CF) tests, performed at various intervals after exposure to B. dermatitidis, appeared to reflect the course of disease with the number of reactors to the H. capsulatum antigens remaining relatively high while the number of reactors to B. dermatitidis antigens fell with the passage of time. The blastomycin skin test results in these dogs, however, persisted far longer than positive Blastomyces CF results. These data suggest that most dogs exposed to B. dermatitidis exhibit clinical symptoms of disease after about 12 weeks, persisting for about one year. The majority of animals recover spontaneously and completely. With H. capsulatum, however, the infection can be subclinical for at least a two-year period.
MATCHING EVIDENCE ABOUT CLUSTERED HEALTH EVENTS WITH TORT LAW REQUIREMENTS
Authors: BLACK BERT 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper addresses the use of epidemiologlc evidence when a cluster becomes the focus of dispute in court it is often difficult to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that an exposure for which a defendant is responsible caused the disease or diseases at issue. Thus, in a number of cases plaintiffs have resorted to nontradttional science, such as clinical ecology, or to questionable extrapolations from animal test data. Other plaintiffs have sought to avoid the traditional causation requirement by making claims based on risk or fear of future disease. Courts have begun to exclude evidence of dubious scientific validity, and they are beginning to grapple with fear and risk claims. These are heartening developments because justice requires that legal decisions be in accord with scientific reality.
222Rn Emission Flux and Soil-Atmosphere Interface: Comparative Analysis of Different Measurement Techniques
Authors: Labed V. , Witschger O. , Robe M.C. , Sanchez B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Radon emission flux at the ground-atmosphere interface is one of the measurements commonly made for environmental purposes and on prospective mining sites. There are a number of ways of making such measurements. Generally an 'accumulation' technique is used. This method consists in determining the radon activity at a given time, inside a container placed on the ground with one side open, facing downward. The radon activity is determined by sampling the air inside the confinement system with a scintillation flask. The purpose of this work was to simplify this method by using other radon activity measurement techniques. The flux measurements made by the usual method, used as reference (spot sampling), were compared with those made using a silicon detector (continuous measurement) and with a solid trace detector (integrated measurement). For the latter two methods, a correction factor is applied to obtain the real value of the 222Rn emission flux yielded by the reference method.
Data-Driven Extraction of a Nested Structure of Human Cognition
Authors: Bolt Taylor , Nomi Jason S. , Thomas Yeo B. T. , Uddin Lucina Q. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract:Decades of cognitive neuroscience research have revealed two basic facts regarding task-driven brain activation patterns. First,distinctpatterns of activation occur in response to different task demands. Second, a superordinate, dichotomous pattern of activation/de-activation, is commonly observed across a variety of task demands. We explore the possibility that a hierarchical model incorporates these two observed brain activation phenomena into a unifying framework. We apply a latent variable approach, exploratory bi-factor analysis, to a large set of brain activation patterns to determine the potential existence of a nested structure of factors that underlies a variety of commonly observed activation patterns. We find that a general factor, associated with a superordinate brain activation/de-activation pattern, explained the majority of the variance (52.37%). The bi-factor analysis also revealed several sub-factors that explained an additional 31.02% of variance in brain activation patterns, associated with different manifestations of the superordinate brain activation/de-activation pattern, each emphasizing different contexts in which the task demands occurred. Importantly, this nested factor structure provided better overall fit to the data compared with a non-nested factor structure model. These results point to domain-general psychological process, representing a ‘focused awareness’ process or ‘attentional episode’ that is variously manifested according to the sensory modality of the stimulus and degree of cognitive processing. This novel model provides the basis for constructing a biologically-informed, data-driven taxonomy of psychological processes.
Corporations and development
Authors: Nwoke Uchechukwu 
Published: February 2017

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the nature and role of contemporary CSR in the current neoliberal age. It offers an insight into the tension that exists between the ideologies of “neoliberal” shareholder value and that of “effective” CSR, and argues that both ideologies are fundamentally antithetical. It aims to identify and analyse the inter-connected but distinguishable barriers (ideological, practical and political) that militate against the realization of effective CSR.Design/methodology/approachThe method applied is a critical evaluation of concepts and a thorough review of existing literature on neoliberalism, shareholder value and contemporary CSR. It uses existing literature to highlight the inability of contemporary CSR to transform into an effective mechanism for development.FindingsThe paper emphasizes the failure of contemporary CSR to equate to a successful mechanism for development. It concludes that the existence and operations of these barriers militate against the realization of an effective CSR regime capable of leading to development.Practical implicationsGiven the current dominance of the “maximizing shareholder value” model of corporate governance internationally, it appears unreasonable to pin too much hope on contemporary CSR as a mechanism for development, especially in emerging economies. Neither the culture of corporations nor the pressures to which they are currently subjected encourage socially responsible behaviour.Originality/valueThe paper extends the body of knowledge in the area of contemporary CSR, by identifying and analysing the inter-connected but distinguishable barriers that render the CSR practices of corporations ineffective.
Transatlantic trade and investment partnership (TTIP) and the spill overs effects on the Gulf – cooperation council
Authors: Naim Nadia 
Published: February 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the transatlantic trade and investment partnership (TTIP). The EU and the USA are negotiating the TTIP, a trade agreement that aims to remove trade barriers across different economic sectors to increase trade between the EU and the USA. The TTIP will have spill over effects on the MENA region, the GCC, Australia and the Asian sub-continent, as it raises key questions for intellectual property and international trade agreements. For instance, will the USA and EU be on an equal footing or will one triumph over the other, will third party countries like the GCC states be expected to adopt new standards.

Design/methodology/approach
The research design is a paper and online data collection method to find literature to date on intellectual property law development in the GCC states in relation to the three research objectives as set out above. The literature is the population, and this could prove problematic. Different databases have been used to cover all sources where data can be found.

Findings
As the EU-USA TTIP is aiming to conclude by the end of 2015, the GCC has an opportunity to reassess its relationship with both the EU and GCC. Up until now, the GCC was able to enter into negotiations with the EU and USA relatively independently. However, where the EU and USA can agree, there will be a harmonisation of regulations. This therefore has repercussions for the GCC. The TTIP has three main aims: to increase trade and investment through market access, increase employment and competitiveness and create a harmonised approach to global trade. To harmonise global trade, the EU and USA aim to harmonise their intellectual property rights through an intellectual property rights chapter that deals specifically with enhancing protection and recognition for geographical indications, build on TRIPS and patentability.

Research limitations/implications
This study is non-empirical.

Originality/value
The TTIP will have spill over effects for the GCC, as it has yet to finalise the EU-GCC free trade agreement and USA-GCC framework agreement. The power dynamics between the USA and EU will be a deciding factor on the intellectual property chapter in the TTIP in terms of what the provisions for intellectual property will look like and what powers will be available to investors to bring investor-state-dispute settlement claims against foreign countries.
The direct and indirect effect of NFC on marketers’ work norms, vocational socialization, individual ethical position, and ethical perceptions
Authors: McClaren Nicholas , Vocino Andrea 
Published: February 2017

PurposeThe research sought to expand the conceptual understanding of the antecedents of decision-making under ethical conditions. This study aims to better understand the relationships among need for cognition (NFC), the individual ethical positions of ethical idealism and ethical relativism, organizational and professional socialization, work-related norms and ethical perceptions.Design/methodology/approachThe study compared the impact of environmental influences (i.e. socialization and work-related norm) and individual temporally stable characteristics (i.e. NFC and ethical position) on ethical perceptions. The research surveyed marketers and tested a hypothesized model using structural equation modeling.FindingsNFC influences marketers’ individual ethical position, their professional socialization and their work norms. The work norms of marketers are influenced by individual ethical position and organizational socialization, but not by professional socialization. Professional socialization is influenced by ethical idealism and not ethical relativism.Research limitations/implicationsA judgmental sampling technique was used and the findings cannot be generalized to other populations.Practical implicationsThis research provides managers with alternative tools to encourage compliance with professional and corporate guidelines. If managers are seeking an enduring positive influence on work norms, they should be as concerned about the thinking of their employees and their employees’ ethical positions as they are with the vocational rules their subordinates adopt.Social implicationsSociety will benefit from better understanding the different ways in which the ethical perceptions of individual employees are influenced and the various ways in which managers can contribute to ethically responsible corporations.Originality/valueAlthough NFC has been examined in other vocational and decision-making contexts, its influence on individual ethical position, vocational socialization and work-related norms has not been empirically examined in ethical contexts for business decision-making.
Understanding and assessing crowd logistics business models – using everyday people for last mile delivery
Authors: Frehe Volker , Mehmann Jens , Teuteberg Frank 
Published: February 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the nature and characteristics of crowd logistics business models. Using this evaluation, a new concept for a sustainable implementation of crowd logistics services is proposed.Design/methodology/approachThe Design Science process was followed to develop the proposed crowd logistics business model concept. The data are derived from expert interviews and a document-based data analysis of 13 companies.FindingsFour relevant steps that companies should follow to implement sustainable crowd logistics services are identified. Open research questions are also identified and guide five research tasks, which may lead to a greater understanding of this emerging field.Research limitations/implicationsThe present research is based on data from companies operating in Germany. The holistic approach gives a broad overview but lacks detailed descriptions.Practical implicationsManagers can use the four steps and the crowd logistics business model concept to plan future activities (e.g. new service provision). These steps increase the understanding, awareness and knowledge of opportunities and risks of specific crowd logistics services.Social implicationsThis paper provides initial insights into social changes in terms of drivers for the use of crowd logistics services. However, further research is needed to capture the social implications in detail.Originality/valueCrowd logistics is an emerging concept, and this paper is one of the first dealing with this topic generally and the first providing an analysis of crowd logistics business models. The developed concept includes implications for practice in the forms of common, and best practices, and science in the form of open research questions and tasks. Overall, the present research provides new insights into this emerging topic.
Performance evaluation of auditors: a constructive or a destructive tool of audit output
Authors: Nehme Rabih 
Published: February 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate factors leading to dysfunctional behavior. The role of auditors has been under scrutiny during recent accounting scandals. Auditors, among other parties, are sometimes to be blamed as a result of economic crisis periods. The paper highlights certain auditors’ behavior leading to dysfunctional acts.Design/methodology/approachThe survey of this paper is made up of statements extracted from the performance appraisal templates used at the Big Four firms in the UK. Big Four auditors are expected to be under pressure more than non-Big Four auditors. The sample is stratified into non-experienced/experienced auditors to highlight any changes in the perception of dysfunctional behavior when the experience factor exists.FindingsThe paper finds that certain performance appraisal procedures are leading to dysfunctional acts. Accordingly, audit firms should develop other evaluation techniques that should serve their goals without pushing auditors for dysfunctional behavior.Originality/valueThis study links procedures embedded in the performance appraisals at the Big Four audit firms to dysfunctional behavior. Also, the study covers all lines of auditors to understand how the perception toward dysfunctional behavior differs when auditors gain experience.