bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The acute angiogenic signalling response to low‐load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction
Authors: Ferguson Richard A. , Hunt Julie E. A. , Lewis Mark P. , Martin Neil R. W. , Player Darren J. , Stangier Carolin , Taylor Conor W. , Turner Mark C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis study investigated protein kinase activation and gene expression of angiogenic factors in response to low‐load resistance exercise with or without blood flow restriction (BFR). In a repeated measures cross‐over design, six males performed four sets of bilateral knee extension exercise at 20% 1RM (reps per set = 30:15:15:continued to fatigue) with BFR (110 mmHg) and without (CON). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before, 2 and 4 h post‐exercise. mRNA expression was determined using real‐time RT–PCR. Protein phosphorylation/expression was determined using Western blot. p38MAPK phosphorylation was greater (p = 0.05) at 2 h following BFR (1.3 ± 0.8) compared to CON (0.4 ± 0.3). AMPK phosphorylation remained unchanged. PGC‐1α mRNA expression increased at 2 h (5.9 ± 1.3 vs. 2.1 ± 0.8; p = 0.03) and 4 h (3.2 ± 0.8 vs. 1.5 ± 0.4; p = 0.03) following BFR exercise with no change in CON. PGC‐1α protein expression did not change following either exercise. BFR exercise enhanced mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at 2 h (5.2 ± 2.8 vs 1.7 ± 1.1; p = .02) and 4 h (6.8 ± 4.9 vs. 2.5 ± 2.7; p = .01) compared to CON. mRNA expression of VEGF‐R2 and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α increased following BFR exercise but only eNOS were enhanced relative to CON. Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 mRNA expression was not altered in response to either exercise. Acute low‐load resistance exercise with BFR provides a targeted angiogenic response potentially mediated through enhanced ischaemic and shear stress stimuli.
Joint estimation of activity and attenuation for PET using pragmatic MR-based prior: application to clinical TOF PET/MR whole-body data for FDG and non-FDG tracers
Authors: Ahn Sangtae , Cheng Lishui , Shanbhag Dattesh D , Qian Hua , Kaushik Sandeep S , Jansen Floris P , Wiesinger Florian 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Accurate and robust attenuation correction remains challenging in hybrid PET/MR particularly for torsos because it is difficult to segment bones, lungs and internal air in MR images. Additionally, MR suffers from susceptibility artifacts when a metallic implant is present. Recently, joint estimation (JE) of activity and attenuation based on PET data, also known as maximum likelihood reconstruction of activity and attenuation, has gained considerable interest because of (1) its promise to address the challenges in MR-based attenuation correction (MRAC), and (2) recent advances in time-of-flight (TOF) technology, which is known to be the key to the success of JE. In this paper, we implement a JE algorithm using an MR-based prior and evaluate the algorithm using whole-body PET/MR patient data, for both FDG and non-FDG tracers, acquired from GE SIGNA PET/MR scanners with TOF capability. The weight of the MR-based prior is spatially modulated, based on MR signal strength, to control the balance between MRAC and JE. Large prior weights are used in strong MR signal regions such as soft tissue and fat (i.e. MR tissue classification with a high degree of certainty) and small weights are used in low MR signal regions (i.e. MR tissue classification with a low degree of certainty). The MR-based prior is pragmatic in the sense that it is convex and does not require training or population statistics while exploiting synergies between MRAC and JE. We demonstrate the JE algorithm has the potential to improve the robustness and accuracy of MRAC by recovering the attenuation of metallic implants, internal air and some bones and by better delineating lung boundaries, not only for FDG but also for more specific non-FDG tracers such as 68Ga-DOTATOC and 18F-Fluoride.
The Landscape to the South: Eugène Fromentin and the Postcolonial Nineteenth Century
Authors: Graebner Seth 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Postcolonial critics and novelists have brought a new readership to the travel writer and exotic-landscape painter Eugène Fromentin. In turn, the Algerian narratives of this particularly articulate and artistic traveller help us to uncover a postcolonial nineteenth century. A postcolonial study of how history and travel description are linked in Fromentin’s treatment of landscape shows us that histories still matter, and that postcolonial theory needs the scholarly construct of a francophone nineteenth century in order to think about them. While Fromentin’s paintings present a timeless, immobile Orient, his prose writing ostensibly rejects a historical approach but, through mute traces marking the landscape, reinstates Algeria in the context of the recent, and bloody, colonial past. This article argues that, rather than simply perpetuating Orientalism, Fromentin’s travel writing is a form of postcolonial history.
Limit Sets of Weil–Petersson Geodesics
Authors: Brock Jeffrey , Leininger Christopher , Modami Babak , Rafi Kasra 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this paper we prove that the limit set of any Weil–Petersson geodesic ray with uniquely ergodic ending lamination is a single point in the Thurston compactification of Teichmüller space. On the other hand, we construct examples of Weil–Petersson geodesics with minimal non-uniquely ergodic ending laminations and limit set a circle in the Thurston compactification.
What did we learn from the ape language studies?
Authors: Tomasello Michael 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe ‘ape language’ studies have come and gone, with wildly divergent claims about what they have shown. Without question, the most sophisticated skills have been displayed by Kanzi, a male bonobo exposed from youth to a human-like communicative system. This chapter attempts to assess, in an objective a manner as possible, the nature of the communicative skills that Kanzi and other great apes acquired during the various ape language projects. The overall conclusion is that bonobos and other apes possess most of the requisite cognitive skills for something like a human language, including such things as basic symbol learning, categorization, sequential (statistical) learning, etc. What they lack are the skills and motivations of shared intentionality—such things as joint attention, perspective-taking and cooperative motives—for adjusting their communicative acts for others pragmatically, or for learning symbols whose main function is pragmatic. Il y a eu beaucoup d’études sur la langue des singes avec des résultats très divergents. Sans question, on a vu les compétences les plus avancées chez Kanzi, un bonobo mâle qui a été exposé dès la jeunesse à un système de communication humain. Ici j’essaye d’évaluer le plus objectivement possible l’origine des compétences de communication que Kanzi et d’autres Grands singes ont appris pendant les différents projets linguistiques. Je conclue que les bonobos et les autres grands singes possèdent la plupart des compétences cognitives nécessaires à un langage humain, inclut les bases d’apprentissage de symboles, catégorisation, apprentissage séquentiel statistique, etc. Ils manquent les compétences et motivations d’intentionnalité commune—comme attention commune, prendre une perspective différente, motifs coopératifs—pour qu’ils améliorent leurs actes communicatives pragmatiquement.
Prosociality among non-kin in bonobos and chimpanzees compared
Authors: Tan Jingzhi , Hare Brian 
Published: January 2018

AbstractModels of the origin of human prosociality towards non-kin have been primarily developed from chimpanzee studies. Substantially less effort has been made to consider the prosociality of bonobos. Like chimpanzees, bonobos cooperate with non-kin extensively but, unlike chimpanzees, immigrating members are central to bonobo cooperation. In experiments bonobos are tolerant during encounters with strangers and during co-feeding. They help strangers without immediate tangible reward, and forfeit monopolizable food to facilitate a physical interaction with them. Such prosociality seems proactive as it is not elicited by solicitation. Bonobos also seem to prefer sharing food over non-food objects, while chimpanzees reliably transfer non-food objects rather than food. These findings highlight the possibility that human sharing with strangers might have also evolved as a mutualistic endeavour to initiate a long-term partnership. Future models of human prosociality will need to incorporate findings from both Pan species. Les modèles de l’origine de la prosocialité humaine entre non-parents ont été développées en majorité à partir d’études de chimpanzé. Beaucoup moins d’efforts ont été faits pour considérer la prosocialité des bonobos. Comme les chimpanzés, les bonobos coopèrent extensivement avec non-parents mais, contrairement au chimpanzés, les membres immigrants sont au centre de la coopération bonobo. Les bonobos sont tolérants, en expérimentation, durant les rencontres avec des étrangers et durant la co-alimentation. Ils aident les étrangers sans récompense immédiate, et abandonnent la nourriture monopolisable pour faciliter une interaction physique avec eux. Une prosocialité pareille paraît proactive vu qu’elle n’est pas sollicitée. Les bonobos, il paraît, préfèrent partager la nourriture que d’autres objets, alors que les chimpanzés préfèrent partager les objets non-aliments que la nourriture. Ces résultats soulignent la possibilité que le partage humain avec les étrangers a pu évoluer comme une enquête mutuelle pour initier un partenariat à longue durée. Les modèles futurs de la prosocialité humaine doivent inclure les résultats des deux espèces Pan.
The Energy Response of Calorimeters
Authors: Wigmans Richard 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis chapter deals with the signals produced by particles that are being absorbed in a calorimeter. The calorimeter response is defined as the average signal produced per unit energy deposited in this absorption process, for example in terms of picoCoulombs per GeV. Defined in this way, a linear calorimeter has a constant response. Typically, the response of the calorimeter depends on the type of particle absorbed in it. Also, most calorimeters are non-linear for hadronic shower detection. This is the essence of the so-called non-compensation problem, which has in practice major consequences for the performance of calorimeters. The origins of this problem, and its possible solutions are described. The roles of the sampling fraction, the sampling frequency, the signal integration time and the choice of the absorber and active materials are examined in detail. Important parameters, such as the e/mip and e/h values, are defined and methods to determine their value are described.
Calibrating a Calorimeter System
Authors: Wigmans Richard 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOne of the most important aspects of operating a calorimeter is the calibration, i.e. determining the relationship between the deposited energy and the resulting signal. Segmenting the calorimeter into two or more longitudinal segments creates extremely complicated problems in this context. This is because the sampling fraction and the calorimeter response tend to change as the shower develops, in an energy dependent way. In this chapter, a large variety of methods that have been proposed and/or tried to deal with these problems are described. Almost all these methods have undesirable side effects, the consequences of which are discussed and illustrated with practical examples. The correct way to calibrate a calorimeter system is also described.
Performance of Calorimeter Systems
Authors: Wigmans Richard 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe most important practical aspects of the performance of calorimeter systems are reviewed. Each aspect is illustrated with examples published in the scientific literature. One of the most important performance characteristics is the energy resolution, which is shown separately for electrons, hadrons and jets. The same distinction is also made for the position and angular resolutions that are achieved in practice. The time characteristics of the calorimeter signals, which are important for a variety of purposes (e.g. pile-up), depend on the signal generation mechanism (Cherenkov, scintillation). The e/h values of different types of calorimeters, as well as the effects of non-compensation in these devices (non-linearity, line shape, resolution), are reviewed. It is shown how calorimeter data can be used for particle identification purposes, and how the granularity affects the capability to recognize close doublets as such. The chapter ends with a brief review of the different tasks typically carried out by calorimeters in modern experiments.
Calorimeters for Measuring Natural Phenomena
Authors: Wigmans Richard 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSince the first edition of this book appeared (2000), there has been a spectacular development in the use of calorimeters for measuring natural phenomena, such as the detection of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, or neutrinos from sources such as the Sun, the Earth’s atmosphere, or the Universe at large. This development is documentsed in this chapter. It starts with a section on SuperKamiokande, which has already collected two Nobel prizes, and its envisaged successor HyperKamiokande, which is designed to be sensitive to neutrinos from supernova explosions in the Andromeda galaxy. On an even larger scale, several sections of the Mediterranean sea as well a cubic kilometre of ice under the South Pole are looking for neutrinos from outer space, and are detecting other interesting phenomena as well. The Earth’s atmosphere is used as a huge calorimeter by experiments such as Auger and KASKADE-Grande. Combined with dedicated Cherenkov telescopes, such as HESS, these experiments have provided important new insights in mysterious aspects of the high-energy component of the cosmic rays that bombard our planet, such as the knees in the PeV-EeV region and the GZK cutoff.
The Biology of Coral Reefs
Authors: Sheppard Charles , Davy Simon , Pilling Graham , Graham Nicholas 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCoral reefs represent the most spectacular and diverse marine ecosystem on the planet as well as a critical source of protein and income for many millions of people. Ecologically they are as complex as they are diverse and colourful. However, the combined effects of human activities have led to a rapid decline worldwide in the health of reefs. This timely book provides an integrated overview of the function, physiology, ecology and behaviour of coral reef organisms. Each chapter is enriched with a selection of ‘boxes’ on specific aspects written by internationally recognized experts. As with other books in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis in this book is on the organisms that dominate this marine environment, although pollution, conservation, climate change and experimental aspects are also included. Indeed, particular emphasis is placed on conservation and management due to the habitat’s critically endangered status. A global range of examples is employed which gives the book international relevance. This accessible text is intended for students, naturalists and professionals and assumes no previous knowledge of coral reef biology. It is particularly suitable for both senior undergraduate and graduate students (in departments of biology, geography, and environmental science) taking courses in coral reef ecology, marine biology, oceanography and conservation biology, as well as the many professional ecologists and conservation biologists requiring a concise overview of the topic. It will also be of relevance and use to reef managers, recreational divers and amateur naturalists.
The abiotic environment
Authors: Sheppard Charles R. C. , Davy Simon K. , Pilling Graham M. , Graham Nicholas A. J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCoral reefs are largely restricted to shallow tropical seas, where water is warm, nutrient poor and well illuminated for photosynthesis and where sufficient calcium carbonate (aragonite) exists in seawater for the precipitation of coral skeletons (i.e. calcification). Extreme temperatures and salinities cause thermal and osmotic stress, while large amounts of sediment smother corals and block light. High concentrations of nutrients encourage algal growth at the expense of corals, while low seawater aragonite concentrations prevent net accretion of the reef framework. At local scales, the hydrodynamic regime influences reef growth, as corals are damaged by storms and wave surge. The typical abiotic environment in which reefs are found, and which determines reef distribution, is defined. The chapter also discusses marginal reefs, where corals live at the margins of their survival, for example in the warm, salty seas of the Persian Gulf and the relatively cold waters of Australia’s Lord Howe Island.
Consequences to reefs of changing environmental stress
Authors: Sheppard Charles R. C. , Davy Simon K. , Pilling Graham M. , Graham Nicholas A. J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA stable state in a healthy reef is a dynamic equilibrium which is maintained by interactions between different trophic groups and by a balance between growth and erosion, which is caused by weather and eroding species. If the stable, coral-dominated state is perturbed beyond a critical point, the system undergoes a phase shift and switches to an alternative state, perhaps one dominated by macroalgae; this alternative state itself is then relatively stable. A hysteresis effect means that removal of the stresses that caused the switch in the first place may not be sufficient to reverse the condition back to that of a healthy reef. Changes to structural species, particularly the main architectural species, are particularly difficult to reverse, as are changes which encourage bioeroding species. Trophic balances are lost and results include loss of productivity and a loss of wave-breaking effects, which in turn causes shoreline erosion and further loss of productivity.
Integrable probability: stochastic vertex models and symmetric functions
Authors: Borodin Alexei , Petrov Leonid 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents the study of a homogeneous stochastic higher spin six-vertex model in a quadrant. For this model concise integral representations for multipoint q-moments of the height function and for the q-correlation functions are derived. At least in the case of the step initial condition, these formulas degenerate in appropriate limits to many known formulas of such type for integrable probabilistic systems in the (1+1)d KPZ universality class, including the stochastic six-vertex model, ASEP, various q-TASEPs, and associated zero-range processes. The arguments are largely based on properties of a family of symmetric rational functions that can be defined as partition functions of the higher spin six-vertex model for suitable domains; they generalize classical Hall–Littlewood and Schur polynomials. A key role is played by Cauchy-like summation identities for these functions, which are obtained as a direct corollary of the Yang–Baxter equation for the higher spin six-vertex model.
The Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation: a statistical physics perspective
Authors: Spohn Herbert 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis chapter covers the one-dimensional Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation, weak drive limit, universality, directed polymers in a random medium, replica solutions, statistical mechanics of line ensembles, and its generalization to several components which is used to study equilibrium time correlations of anharmonic chains and of the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
Function, Shoulder Motion, Pain, and Lymphedema in Breast Cancer With and Without Axillary Web Syndrome: An 18-Month Follow-Up
Authors: Koehler Linda A , Hunter David W , Blaes Anne H , Haddad Tufia C 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background
Axillary web syndrome (AWS) can develop following breast cancer surgery and presents as a tight band of tissue in the axilla with shoulder abduction.

Objective
The objectives were to determine the prevalence and natural history of AWS and the association between AWS and function, range of motion, pain, lymphedema, and body mass index (BMI).

Design
This study was a longitudinal prospective cohort study utilizing a repeated measures design.

Methods
Axillary web syndrome, function, shoulder range of motion, pain, and lymphedema (using circumference, bioimpedance spectroscopy, tissue dielectric constant) were assessed in women at 2, 4, and 12 weeks and 18 months following breast cancer surgery. Prevalence of AWS and the association with the measured outcomes were analyzed.

Results
Thirty-six women agreed to participate in the study. The cumulative prevalence of AWS was 50% (18/36) at 18 months following breast cancer surgery. AWS was identified as a risk factor for reduced function. Women with AWS had statistically reduced range of motion, lower BMI, and higher number of lymph nodes removed compared to the non-AWS group. Forty-one percent (13/32) of women had AWS at 18 months. AWS reoccurred in 6 women following resolution, and a new case developed beyond the early postoperative period. The overall prevalence of physical impairments ranged from 66% to 97% within the first 18 months following surgery regardless of AWS.

Limitations
Limitations include a small sample size and potential treatment effect.

Conclusion
AWS occurs in approximately 50% of women following breast cancer surgery. It can persist for 18 months and potentially longer, develop beyond the early postoperative time period, and reoccur after resolution. Clinicians need to be aware of the chronicity of AWS and its association with reduced range of motion and function.
Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Clinical Reasoning in the Management of a Patient Referred to Physical Therapy for Costochondritis
Authors: Hensley Craig P , Emerson Alicia J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background and Purpose
Chest pain, a frequent complaint for seeking medical care, is often attributed to musculoskeletal pathology. Costochondritis is a common disorder presenting as chest pain. Initial physical therapist examination emphasizes red flag screening. Reexamination throughout the episode of care is critical, particularly when patients are not progressing and/or in the presence of complex pain presentations. The purpose of this case report is to describe the clinical reasoning process in the management of a patient referred to physical therapy with a medical diagnosis of costochondritis.

Case Description
A 59-year-old woman presented with a 5-month history of left–sided chest pain that had progressed to include the cervical and shoulder regions. She reported multiple psychosocial stressors; a depression screen was positive. She reported a history of asthma and smoking and improvement in recent fatigue, coughing, dyspnea, and sweating. At the initial visit, shoulder, cervical, and thoracic active and passive range of motion and joint mobility testing reproduced her pain. Allodynia was present throughout the painful areas in the left upper quarter.

Outcomes
The patient demonstrated improvement over 30 days (4 visits). On her fifth visit (day 35), she reported an exacerbation of her chest and upper extremity pain and noted increased fatigue, sweating, dyspnea, and loss of appetite. Even though her pain was again reproduced with musculoskeletal testing, the physical therapist contacted the patient's physician regarding the change in presentation. A subsequent chest computed tomography scan revealed a non–small cell lung adenocarcinoma.

Discussion
Cancer can masquerade as a musculoskeletal condition. This case highlights the importance of screening, clinical reasoning, and communication throughout the episode of care, particularly in the presence of chronic pain and psychosocial stressors.