bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Danish Survey of Antihistamine Use and Poisoning Patterns
Authors: Jensen Louise Line , Rømsing Janne , Dalhoff Kim 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe first‐generation antihistamine, promethazine, became a prescription‐only drug in Denmark as of December 2014. First‐generation antihistamines are known to have a higher toxic potential than second‐generation antihistamines. The aim of this study was to provide a nationwide description of the antihistamine use and poisoning pattern from 2007 to 2013 in Denmark based on two independent databases. There were 1049 antihistamine exposures in the national, advisory telephone service specialized in poisonings, the Danish Poison and Information Centre (DPIC), and 456 exposures in the three registers used within the State Serum Institute of Denmark (SSI), a department under the Danish Ministry of Health dealing with research‐based health surveillance in Denmark. First‐generation antihistamines constitute 61% and 73% of antihistamine registrations in DPIC and SSI, respectively. Antihistamine exposures increased by 7 exposures/10,000 enquiries per year in DPIC and six admissions per year in SSI – this increase is not significant due to a sudden decrease in 2012. Intentional exposures constituted 65% in DPIC of which 82% was due to suicide attempts, and 78% of the involved antihistamines were first‐generation antihistamines. Accidental exposures constituted 33% of which 61% were due to play and 29% involved first‐generation antihistamines. Single antihistamine exposures constituted 65% of DPIC exposures of which 98% involved only one brand of antihistamine. Multidrug exposures constituted 35% of DPIC exposures with equally distributed coingestants. Hospitalization was recommended in 78% of DPIC exposures. Admissions required only 1‐day of treatment in 91% of the SSI exposures. One of the 14 identified deaths in the SSI study population was directly related to antihistamine poisoning. Results support the limited disclosure of promethazine in Denmark and illustrate a generation‐specific pattern indicating a suspected replacement of promethazine with other first‐generation antihistamines.
Timing of Gestures: Gestures Anticipating or Simultaneous With Speech as Indexes of Text Comprehension in Children and Adults
Authors: Ianì Francesco , Cutica Ilaria , Bucciarelli Monica 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe deep comprehension of a text is tantamount to the construction of an articulated mental model of that text. The number of correct recollections is an index of a learner's mental model of a text. We assume that another index of comprehension is the timing of the gestures produced during text recall; gestures are simultaneous with speech when the learner has built an articulated mental model of the text, whereas they anticipate the speech when the learner has built a less articulated mental model. The results of four experiments confirm the predictions deriving from our assumptions for both children and adults. Provided that the recollections are correct, the timing of gestures can differ and can be considered a further measure of the quality of the mental model, beyond the number of correct recollections.
Crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine‐related harms in Australia
Authors: Degenhardt Louisa , Sara Grant , McKetin Rebecca , Roxburgh Amanda , Dobbins Timothy , Farrell Michael , Burns Lucinda , Hall Wayne D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroduction and AimsConcerns about crystal methamphetamine use and harm have increased in multiple countries. This paper describes how changes in the availability and use of crystal methamphetamine have impacted on methamphetamine‐related harms in Australia.Design and MethodsData on methamphetamine use were obtained from population‐level surveys, health service data and surveys of drug use among sentinel groups of ecstasy users and people who inject drugs. Data were obtained on seizures, arrests, clandestine laboratory detections, hospital separations, mental health unit admissions, drug telephone helpline calls and drug treatment episodes. Segmented linear regression models were fitted to identify changes in these series using log‐transformed data where appropriate.ResultsThe availability of crystal methamphetamine has increased as evidenced by increased laboratory detections, domestic seizures and purity of the seized drug. Population surveys do not report an increase in the number of people who used at least once in the past year. However, more users report using crystal methamphetamine rather than lower‐purity powder methamphetamine and more regular use. Indicators of methamphetamine‐related harms have increased in parallel with this change. Amphetamine‐related helpline calls, drug treatment, arrests and hospital admissions for amphetamine disorders and psychosis all peaked in the mid‐2000s, declined for several years and have increased steeply since 2010.Discussion and ConclusionsThe increased availability and use of crystal methamphetamine have been associated with increased regular use and harms. Treatment is required for those experiencing problems and the capacity of health services to provide care needs to be enhanced.[Degenhardt L, Sara G, Connor JP, McKetin R, Roxburgh A, Dobbins T, Farrell M, Burns L, Hall WD. Crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine‐related harms in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:160–170]
Continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist dulaglutide in combination with prandial insulin lispro: an AWARD‐4 substudy
Authors: Jendle Johan , Testa Marcia A. , Martin Sherry , Jiang Honghua , Milicevic Zvonko 
Published: June 2016

AimTo conduct a substudy, using 24‐hour continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), of the AWARD‐4 trial, which was designed to compare insulin + glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist treatment with an insulin‐only regimen.MethodsThe AWARD‐4 trial randomized 884 conventional insulin regimen‐treated patients to dulaglutide 1.5 mg, dulaglutide 0.75 mg and glargine, all in combination with prandial insulin lispro. The CGM substudy included 144 patients inserted with a Medtronic CGMS iPro CGM device to enable 3‐day glucose monitoring. CGM sessions were completed at weeks 0, 13, 26 and 52. CGM measures included mean 24‐hour glucose, percentage time in target glucose ranges, hyper‐ and hypoglycaemia and glucose variability. The primary objective was treatment comparison for percentage time spent with CGM glucose values in the 3.9‐7.8 mmol/L range after 26 weeks.ResultsAt week 26, mean CGM values decreased in all treatment groups (change from baseline −2.8 ± 0.3, −2.4 ± 0.3 and −2.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L for dulaglutide 1.5 mg, dulaglutide 0.75 mg and glargine, respectively); between‐group differences were not statistically significant. Treatment groups were similar for percentage time in the 3.9‐7.8 mmol/L range. Percentage time in the 3.9‐10.0 mmol/L range was greater for dulaglutide 1.5 mg than for glargine (p < 0.05). Dulaglutide and glargine were associated with decreased glucose variability for all CGM variability indices. The overall within‐patient standard deviation (s.d.) was significantly reduced with dulaglutide 1.5 mg versus glargine (p < 0.05). At week 52, there were no significant differences among the groups with regard to measures of normoglycaemia or near‐normoglycaemia and for the overall within‐patient s.d. Treatment with glargine was associated with greater increases in percentage time spent with glucose values ≤3.9 mmol/L, with statistically significant differences between the groups at 52 weeks (p < 0.05).ConclusionsIn combination with prandial lispro, treatment with dulaglutide and glargine resulted in similar proportions of glucose values in the normoglycaemic range, but dulaglutide provided an improved balance between the proportion of values within the near‐normoglycaemia range and values within the hypoglycaemic range.
Complexity of leaf miner–parasitoid food webs declines with canopy height in Patagonian beech forests
Authors: CHAIJ JAQUELINA , DEVOTO MARIANO , OLEIRO MARINA , CHANETON ENRIQUE J. , MAZÍA NOEMÍ 
Published: June 2016

1. Consumer–resource species interactions form complex, dynamic networks, which may exhibit structural heterogeneity at various scales. This study set out to address whether host–parasitoid food web size and topology vary across forest canopy strata, and to what extent foliar resources and species abundances account for vertical patterns in network structure.2. The vertical stratification of leaf miner–parasitoid food webs was examined in two monotypic beech (Nothofagus pumilio) forests in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Quantitative food webs were constructed for separate canopy layers by sampling foliage from three tree‐height classes at 0.5–1, 2–3 and 5–6 m above ground.3. Leaf miner abundance per unit leaf mass and foliar damage (%) did not differ across strata, although foliage quality and quantity increased from the understorey to the upper canopy. Parasitism rates and food web complexity decreased with canopy height, as reflected by reduced linkage richness, linkage density, mean interaction strength, and host vulnerability.4. Null model analyses revealed that food web metrics, especially in the upper canopy, were often lower than expected when compared with randomly structured networks. Overall, these patterns held for two forests differing in vertical structure and in dominant miner morphotype and parasitoid species.5. These results suggest that vertical declines in network complexity may be driven by the parasitoids' limited functional response to host abundance and dispersal from pupation sites in the forest floor. A broader constraint on food web structure seemed to be imposed by host–parasitoid trait matching, a reflection of large‐scale assembly processes.
Seizure‐onset zone localization by statistical parametric mapping in visually normal 18F‐FDG PET studies
Authors: Mayoral Maria , Marti‐Fuster Berta , Carreño Mar , Carrasco Josep L. , Bargalló Núria , Donaire Antonio , Rumià Jordi , Perissinotti Andrés , Lomeña Francisco , Pintor Luis , Boget Teresa , Setoain Xavier 
Published: June 2016

SummaryObjectiveNeuroimaging is crucial in the presurgical evaluation of patients with medically refractory epilepsy. To improve the moderate sensitivity of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET), our aim was to evaluate the usefulness of statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to localize the seizure‐onset zone (SOZ) in PET studies deemed normal by visual assessment.MethodsFifty‐five patients with medically refractory epilepsy whose 18F‐FDG‐PET was visually evaluated as normal were retrospectively included. Twenty of these patients had undergone surgical intervention. PET images were analyzed by SPM8 using a corrected p‐value of p < 0.05 and three uncorrected p‐values of p < 0.0001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.005, matched with minimum cluster sizes of k > 0, k > 20, k > 100, and k > 200, respectively. The SPM‐identified potential seizure zone (SZ) was compared to the SOZ, which was determined by consensus during patient management meetings in the epilepsy unit, taking into account presurgical tests. Studies in which the SPM‐identified potential SZ was concordant with the SOZ were considered “correctly localizing.”ResultsThe SPM threshold combination with the least restrictive p‐value and greatest minimum cluster size achieved the highest rate of correctly localizing studies. When p < 0.005/k > 200 was used, 40% (22/55) of studies were correctly localizing, and the concordance obtained in the surgically intervened subgroup was substantial (к = 0.607, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.258–0.957), which was comparable to the concordance obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (к = 0.783, 95% CI 0.509–1.000).SignificanceSPM offers improved SOZ localization in 18F‐FDG‐PET studies that are negative on visual assessment. For this purpose, statistical parametric maps could be thresholded with liberal p‐values and restrictive cluster sizes.
Measurement of distal limb sub‐bandage pressure over 96 hours in horses
Authors: Canada N.C. , Beard W.L. , Guyan M.E. , White B.J. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryReasons for performing studyCurrently, there is no objective information quantifying pressures exerted by distal limb bandages.ObjectivesTo quantify the pressure exerted by each compression layer, a polo wrap (DLP), a compression bandage (DLC), and to measure the effect of time on sub‐bandage pressure.Study designLongitudinal observational experiment.MethodsA DLC construct included a cotton roll compressed with brown gauze and elastic layers and the DLP construct included a pillow pad compressed by a cloth wrap. Dorsal and lateral sensors were placed on the mid‐metacarpus. In healthy horses, sub‐bandage pressures were recorded during application (n = 8) and at scheduled time points over the 24 (n = 9) and 96 h periods (n = 8). A generalised linear model was used to evaluate associations between pressure and sensor location, bandage type and time (P<0.05).ResultsFor the DLC, dorsal and lateral sensor pressures were 187 mmHg (95% CI 185–189 mmHg) and 142 mmHg (95% CI 133–151 mmHg). Combined sensor pressure after application of the brown gauze was 80 mmHg (95% CI 75–85 mmHg) and rose to 165 mmHg (95% CI 160–170 mmHg) after the elastic layer. Combined pressure at the end of the 96 h period was 135 mmHg (95% CI 123–147 mmHg). For the DLP bandage, location but not time was significant. Combined pressures ranged between 75 mmHg (95% CI 53–97 mmHg) and 85 mmHg (95% CI 63–107 mmHg).ConclusionsPressure distribution was not uniform. The DLP pressures were maintained for a 24 h period. The DLC maintained high pressures for 96 h, but a significant decrease in pressure occurred between 6 and 12 h. Providing there are no other reasons to change a bandage, a 4 day interval between bandages may be appropriate if maintaining distal limb compression is the principal indication.
Urbanisation alters the flow of energy through stream food webs
Authors: Docile Tatiana , Rosa Daniela C. O. , Figueiró Ronaldo , Nessimian Jorge 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAnthropogenic changes in the aquatic environment can influence macroinvertebrate communities, interfering with species richness and diversity. Few studies have investigated the effect of urbanisation in streams using a food web approach. The aim of this study was to describe the food webs of aquatic macroinvertebrates in streams located in urban and preserved areas of the Atlantic Rainforest domain.Sampling was conducted in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, at 10 urban and 10 preserved streams during the dry season (August–September) of 2012. The streams were characterised with respect to their environmental conditions. Macroinvertebrates were sorted and identified in the laboratory and gut contents were examined. Trophic relationships were plotted in consumer–resource food webs and network properties were used to compare the two sets of streams.Food webs in urban streams had higher linkage density and connectance, but consumers had fewer items in their guts, which may indicate reduced flow of energy and more unstable food webs. The base of the food webs in each land‐use type were also quite different, with higher amounts of plant detritus in preserved streams and fine detritus in urban streams.This study shows that preserved areas offer better conditions for the development of macroinvertebrates, resulting in more stable trophic structures when compared with environments under higher anthropogenic influence.
Acute paraquat exposure determines dose‐dependent oxidative injury of multiple organs and metabolic dysfunction in rats: impact on exercise tolerance
Authors: Novaes Rômulo D. , Gonçalves Reggiani V. , Cupertino Marli C. , Santos Eliziária C. , Bigonha Solange M. , Fernandes Geraldo J. M. , Maldonado Izabel R. S. C. , Natali Antônio J. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThis study investigated the pathological morphofunctional adaptations related to the imbalance of exercise tolerance triggered by paraquat (PQ) exposure in rats. The rats were randomized into four groups with eight animals each: (a) SAL (control): 0.5 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution; (b) PQ10: PQ 10 mg/kg; (c) PQ20: PQ 20 mg/kg; and (d) PQ30: PQ 30 mg/kg. Each group received a single injection of PQ. After 72 hours, the animals were subjected to an incremental aerobic running test until fatigue in order to determine exercise tolerance, blood glucose and lactate levels. After the next 24 h, lung, liver and skeletal muscle were collected for biometric, biochemical and morphological analyses. The animals exposed to PQ exhibited a significant anticipation of anaerobic metabolism during the incremental aerobic running test, a reduction in exercise tolerance and blood glucose levels as well as increased blood lactate levels during exercise compared to control animals. PQ exposure increased serum transaminase levels and reduced the glycogen contents in liver tissue and skeletal muscles. In the lung, the liver and the skeletal muscle, PQ exposure also increased the contents of malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine, superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as a structural remodelling compared to the control group. All these changes were dose‐dependent. Reduced exercise tolerance after PQ exposure was potentially influenced by pathological remodelling of multiple organs, in which glycogen depletion in the liver and skeletal muscle and the imbalance of glucose metabolism coexist with the induction of lipid, protein and DNA oxidation, a destructive process not counteracted by the upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.
Protecting the Welfare of Children and its Causal Effect on Limiting Mother's Labour Migration
Authors: Weeraratne Bilesha 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn June 2013 Sri Lanka introduced a new policy, the Family Background Report (FBR), to restrict mothers migrating for domestic work. This article performs an impact evaluation of the FBR using monthly departure statistics of female migrant workers from January 2012 to December 2014 in a difference‐in‐difference methodology. The identification is based on the inter‐temporal variation between the treatment and control groups. As anticipated, the FBR has a negative causal effect on female departures for foreign employment in the range of 449–812 departures per month. The findings are robust to placebo and sensitivity tests. Although successful in restricting females migrating for domestic work, this policy promotes migration outside the institutional framework of Sri Lanka and thereby increases their vulnerability at destination. For the policy initiative to be effective, its myopic focus has to be transformed into a long‐term plan to support those deterred from migrating.
Turkey's Response to Sex Trafficking of Migrant Women: Is It Efficient Enough?
Authors: Zhidkova Tatiana , Demir Oguzhan Omer 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHuman trafficking for sexual exploitation is a serious problem affecting especially women and children. Turkey has been particularly affected by sex trafficking because of the large numbers of female migrants that it receives. This article aims to critically assess the effectiveness of Turkey's current policies against sex trafficking using a feminist theoretical perspective with a particular focus on migrant women. To this end, the scope of the problem in Turkey, the supply and demand sides of sex trafficking, and the existing policies are discussed. Sex trafficking is examined at the intersection of Turkey's migration and prostitution regimes. It is argued that Turkey's response to sex trafficking has been inefficient because it currently focuses only on the economic supply side of the problem, ignoring the patriarchal demand side of it. The article concludes with a discussion of policy recommendations for Turkey that could help reduce sex trafficking in this country.
Out of School and Into Distress: Families of Young Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in Transition
Authors: McKenzie Katherine , Ouellette‐Kuntz Hélène , Blinkhorn Ashleigh , Démoré Ashley 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundThe transition period out of the educational system can be a source of stress for parents of young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, as families lose the support and respite offered by schools.Materials and MethodsUsing a before and after design nested within a 24‐month follow‐up study of parents seeking adult developmental services for their children, parents' perception of distress was measured using the Brief Family Distress Scale (Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 2011, 521) and their perception of helpfulness of formal supports was assessed using the Family Support Scale (Journal of Individual, Family, and Community Wellness, 1, 1984, 45).ResultsParents reported significantly higher levels of distress after their child transitioned out of school. Employed parents and parents of a child with an autism spectrum disorder are at increased risk for distress.ConclusionsFamilies fare worse once their adult children are no longer in school, although this is not associated with a reduction in the perception of the helpfulness of formal supports.
An Introduction to the Psychopharmacology of Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Earle Jason F. 
Published: June 2016

TOPICAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that requires a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. Psychopharmacology can play an important role within an array of services to help children and adolescents with ASD.PURPOSEThis article reviews the current evidence supporting the use of various psychiatric medications to treat common symptoms that often compromise functioning: severe irritability, interfering repetitive behaviors, ADHD, anxiety, depression, and sleep dysregulation. Based on the accumulating research, the article also offers practice recommendations.SOURCESThe article primarily draws on the science generated by investigators from the Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. This body of work consists of randomized controlled trials, meta‐analyses, open trials, and review articles.CONCLUSIONSThere are currently no FDA‐approved medications to treat the core symptoms of ASD. Consequently, all medications, besides risperidone and aripiprazole for severe irritability, are considered off‐label. Additionally, due to reduced levels of effectiveness and higher rates of side effects, more typical medications such as antidepressants and stimulants should be used with caution. However, the evidence indicates that the thoughtful use of psychiatric medication in conjunction with other interventions may be beneficial in helping children and adolescents with ASD thrive at school and home.