bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The problem with percentages
Authors: Jacobs Danan Jennifer A. , Gelman Rochel 
Published: January 2018

A great many students at a major research university make basic conceptual mistakes in responding to simple questions about two successive percentage changes. The mistakes they make follow a pattern already familiar from research on the difficulties that elementary school students have in coming to terms with fractions and decimals. The intuitive core knowledge of arithmetic with the natural numbers makes learning to count and do simple arithmetic relatively easy. Those same principles become obstacles to understanding how to operate with rational numbers.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The origins of numerical abilities’.
Cognitive access to numbers: the philosophical significance of empirical findings about basic number abilities
Authors: Giaquinto Marcus 
Published: January 2018

How can we acquire a grasp of cardinal numbers, even the first very small positive cardinal numbers, given that they are abstract mathematical entities? That problem of cognitive access is the main focus of this paper. All the major rival views about the nature and existence of cardinal numbers face difficulties; and the view most consonant with our normal thought and talk about numbers, the view that cardinal numbers are sizes of sets, runs into the cognitive access problem. The source of the problem is the plausible assumption that cognitive access to something requires causal contact with it. It is argued that this assumption is in fact wrong, and that in this and similar cases, we should accept that a certain recognize-and-distinguish capacity is sufficient for cognitive access. We can then go on to solve the cognitive access problem, and thereby support the set-size view of cardinal numbers, by paying attention to empirical findings about basic number abilities. To this end, some selected studies of infants, pre-school children and a trained chimpanzee are briefly discussed.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The origins of numerical abilities'.
An emergentist perspective on the origin of number sense
Authors: Zorzi Marco , Testolin Alberto 
Published: January 2018

The finding that human infants and many other animal species are sensitive to numerical quantity has been widely interpreted as evidence for evolved, biologically determined numerical capacities across unrelated species, thereby supporting a ‘nativist’ stance on the origin of number sense. Here, we tackle this issue within the ‘emergentist’ perspective provided by artificial neural network models, and we build on computer simulations to discuss two different approaches to think about the innateness of number sense. The first, illustrated by artificial life simulations, shows that numerical abilities can be supported by domain-specific representations emerging from evolutionary pressure. The second assumes that numerical representations need not be genetically pre-determined but can emerge from the interplay between innate architectural constraints and domain-general learning mechanisms, instantiated in deep learning simulations. We show that deep neural networks endowed with basic visuospatial processing exhibit a remarkable performance in numerosity discrimination before any experience-dependent learning, whereas unsupervised sensory experience with visual sets leads to subsequent improvement of number acuity and reduces the influence of continuous visual cues. The emergent neuronal code for numbers in the model includes both numerosity-sensitive (summation coding) and numerosity-selective response profiles, closely mirroring those found in monkey intraparietal neurons. We conclude that a form of innatism based on architectural and learning biases is a fruitful approach to understanding the origin and development of number sense.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The origins of numerical abilities'.
Reassessing lateralization in calculation
Authors: Semenza Carlo , Benavides-Varela Silvia 
Published: January 2018

The role of the left hemisphere in calculation has been unequivocally demonstrated in numerous studies in the last decades. The right hemisphere, on the other hand, had been traditionally considered subsidiary to the left hemisphere functions, although its role was less clearly defined. Recent clinical studies as well as investigations conducted with other methodologies (e.g. neuroimaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation and direct cortical electro-stimulation) leave several unanswered questions about the contribution of the right hemisphere in calculation. In particular, novel clinical studies show that right hemisphere acalculia encompasses a wide variety of symptoms, affecting even simple calculation, which cannot be easily attributed to spatial disorders or to a generic difficulty effect as previously believed. The studies reported here also show how the right hemisphere has its own specific role and that only a bilateral orchestration between the respective functions of each hemisphere guarantees, in fact, precise calculation. Vis-à-vis these data, the traditional wisdom that attributes to the right hemisphere a role mostly confined to spatial aspects of calculation needs to be significantly reshaped. The question for the future is whether it is possible to precisely define the specific contribution of the right hemisphere in several aspects of calculation while highlighting the nature of the cross-talk between the two hemispheres.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The origins of numerical abilities’.
Finding numbers in the brain
Authors: Gallistel C. R. 
Published: January 2018

After listing functional constraints on what numbers in the brain must do, I sketch the two's complement fixed-point representation of numbers because it has stood the test of time and because it illustrates the non-obvious ways in which an effective coding scheme may operate. I briefly consider its neurobiological implementation. It is easier to imagine its implementation at the cell-intrinsic molecular level, with thermodynamically stable, volumetrically minimal polynucleotides encoding the remembered numbers, than at the circuit level, with plastic synapses encoding them.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The origins of numerical abilities’.
Mechanism of Membrane Recovery in Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Authors: Li Ricky , Chang Hao , Luo Brian 
Published: December 2017

AbstractICSI (Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection) is a broadly utilized technique for artificial fertilization. This approach has been successfully performed in human oocytes as well as others such as mouse and bovine. The piercing through the zona layer and the membrane needs to be achieved with a minimal biological damage to facilitate a rapid healing. Since the injection methodology serves as a crucial factor to success rate of ICSI, a significant amount of research efforts has been devoted to the development of injections. In this paper, we conduct comparative study among the major milestones for injection techniques in ICSI. Technical details are provided for each milestone and each technique is evaluated from engineering perspective. Later, we present a mechanism for healing process of membrane after drilling, which could potentially provide guidance for improvement of injection method. More importantly, we perform coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation to reveal the mechanism of membrane recovery in intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection.
Green-gradient based canopy segmentation: A multipurpose image mining model with potential use in crop phenotyping and canopy studies
Authors: Haghshenas Abbas , Emam Yahya 
Published: January 2018

AbstractEfficient quantification of the sophisticated shading patterns inside the 3D vegetation canopies may improve our understanding of canopy functions and status, which is possible now more than ever, thanks to the high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) platforms. In order to evaluate the option of quantitative characterization of shading patterns, a simple image mining technique named “green-gradient based canopy segmentation model (GSM)” was developed based on the relative variations in the level of RGB triplets under different illuminations. For this purpose, an archive of ground-based nadir images of heterogeneous wheat canopies (cultivar mixtures) was analyzed. The images were taken from experimental plots of a two-year field experiment conducted during 2014-15 and 2015-16 growing seasons in the semi-arid region of southern Iran. In GSM, the vegetation pixels were categorized into the maximum possible number of 255 groups based on their green levels. Subsequently, mean red and mean blue levels of each group were calculated and plotted against the green levels. It is evidenced that the yielded graph could be readily used for (i) identifying and characterizing canopies even as simple as one or two equation(s); (ii) classification of canopy pixels in accordance with the degree of exposure to sunlight; and (iii) accurately prediction of various quantitative properties of canopy including canopy coverage (CC), Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy temperature, and also precise classification of experimental plots based on the qualitative characteristics such as subjecting to water and cold stresses, date of imaging, and time of irrigation. It seems that the introduced model may provide a multipurpose HTP platform and open new windows to canopy studies.
Machine learning based classification of deep brain stimulation outcomes in a rat model of binge eating using ventral striatal oscillations
Authors: Doucette Wilder T. , Dwiel Lucas , Boyce Jared E. , Simon Amanda A. , Khokhar Jibran Y. , Green Alan I. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNeuromodulation-based interventions continue to be evaluated across an array of appetitive disorders but broader implementation of these approaches remains limited due to variable treatment outcomes. We hypothesize that individual variation in treatment outcomes may be linked to differences in the networks underlying these disorders. Here, Sprague-Dawley rats received deep brain stimulation separately within each nucleus accumbens (NAc) sub-region (core and shell) using a within-animal crossover design in a rat model of binge eating. Significant reductions in binge size were observed with stimulation of either target but with significant variation in effectiveness across individuals. When features of local field potentials (LFPs) recorded from the NAc were used as predictors of the pre-defined stimulation outcomes (response or non-response) from each rat using a machine-learning approach (lasso), stimulation outcomes could be predicted with greater accuracy than expected by chance (effect sizes: core = 1.13, shell = 1.05). Further, these LFP features could be used to identify the best stimulation target for each animal (core vs. shell) with an effect size = 0.96. These data suggest that individual differences in underlying network activity may contribute to the variable outcomes of circuit based interventions and that measures of network activity have the potential to individually guide the selection of an optimal stimulation target and improve overall treatment response rates.
The development of food retail formats – evidence from Poland
Authors: Rudawska Edyta Dorota , Bilinska-Reformat Katarzyna 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is twofold: to identify and assess the direction of development of food retail formats in Poland under the influence of a changing business environment; and to identify the key challenges that food retail companies in Poland face nowadays.

Design/methodology/approach
The approach in this paper is a systematic literature review of publications in the Web of Science, Ebsco and Pro-Quest electronic databases from 1990 (from the emergence of large-scale foreign chains in the Polish market) to 2016, as well as the results of research carried out by Polish and international research centers, food retailer groups and institutes. The paper is based on the analysis of secondary data that present the results of research carried out on the Polish food retailing market. These analyses included the development of food retailing formats operating in Poland.

Findings
According to the research results analyzed, the evolution of retail formats is an embodiment of innovations introduced by retail companies and is based on the mutual permeation of elements previously associated with a specific retail format. Currently, the blurring of differences between individual retail formats can be observed in respect of two formats in particular, i.e. discount and delicatessen. The discount format occupies a special position on the Polish market, though it differs significantly from a “classical” discount. In discount stores so-called premium group products can be purchased, with stores more and more frequently being located in expensive places, e.g. in shopping centers or in their vicinity. At the same time, the popularity of convenience stores is increasing with a simultaneous decrease in the significance of large-format stores.

Originality/value
This paper provides interesting insights into the development of food retailing formats in Poland and the influence of changes in the business environment in that process. In addition, the paper describes the specifics of the Polish market, detailing literature-based theories pertaining to the development of retailing forms. It also focuses on the perspectives and directions in the future development of retail formats.
Perspectives of retailers and local food suppliers on the evolution of modern retail in Africa
Authors: Nandonde Felix Adamu , Kuada John 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of an exploratory qualitative study of the evolution of modern food retailing in Tanzania (from both retailers and suppliers’ perspectives).

Design/methodology/approach
The qualitative case approach was used in this study. Participants were drawn from three sets of actors: retailers, local food suppliers, and government institutions. Data were collected using semi-structured interview format. Thematic qualitative analytical technique was used for the data analysis.

Findings
According to the results of the study, seven major factors that account for the evolution of modern food retail in the country were identified. These are availability of suppliers, acceptance of trade credit, innovation, lifestyle change, institutional support, convenience, and availability of consumers.

Originality/value
The study has expanded the knowledge of the evolution of modern food retail in developing economies by using the relationship marketing theory. Furthermore, the study employed some major actors in the food value chain to understand determinant factors that accelerated the evolution of supermarkets in Tanzania.
Does partial quantity rationing of credit affect the technical efficiency of dairy farmers in Punjab, Pakistan?
Authors: Mehmood Yasir , Rong Kong , Bashir Muhammad Khalid , Arshad Muhammad 
Published: January 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the effect of partial quantity rationing of credit on the technical efficiency of dairy farmers in the Punjab province of Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachPrior to the field survey, the authors constructed a theoretical model for clear identification of partial quantity rationed dairy farmers. Data from 154 dairy farmers were collected that represented three districts of the province. The collected data were analyzed in two stages: first, the efficiency level of dairy farmers was estimated using a stochastic frontier approach; second, the authors employed an inefficiency-effects model to estimate the effect of partial quantity rationing of credit on technical efficiency.FindingsThe results revealed that education level of the household head, cross-breed and imported cattle, and electric chaff cutter, all had significant positive impacts on technical efficiency, followed by diversified sources of income. Conversely, the analysis of our key variables, interest rate on principal amount and partial quantity rationing of credit had significant negative effects on the technical efficiency of dairy farmers in selected districts of the Punjab province in Pakistan.Originality/valueThe study will be an important contribution to the existing credit constraints and technical efficiency literature and will particularly help the rural financial institutions in terms of approving the loan amount according to the actual requirements of the borrowers. The study’s findings and subsequent recommendations will be useful for policy makers in achieving the actual production level, bringing down the poverty levels and ensuring food security in the country.
Characterization of the consumer market and motivations for the consumption of craft beer
Authors: Carvalho Naiara Barbosa , Minim Luis Antonio , Nascimento Moysés , Ferreira Gustavo Henrique de Castro , Minim Valéria Paula Rodrigues 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to determine the demographic characteristics and habits of craft beer consumers, as well as to identify the motivational factors for consumption.

Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected through questionnaires applied to 316 Brazilian craft beer consumers, and results were evaluated descriptively and by multivariate statistics.

Findings
The results of the survey revealed that there is a growing market segment with different buying habits and behaviors compared to traditional beer consumers. Demographically, it was found that these consumers are an attractive part of the beer market in terms of age, schooling and, more importantly, in terms of income, factors that indicate the probability of continued growth in the sector.

Research limitations/implications
The research was limited to craft beer consumers in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil.

Practical implications
The results obtained are important, as they can help new craft breweries, as well as help established industry managers to create strategies related to marketing four Ps in order to increase the consumption of its products, with competitive advantages to the market.

Originality/value
This research presents the characteristics of the consumers of craft beer, a market segment in evident rise in Brazil, about which there are few studies. In addition, it provides valuable information to both the new beverage manufacturers as well as to the already established entrepreneurs in the market so that they can increase the consumption of their products in a strategic way.
The secrets of the longevity of informal retail markets in Croatia
Authors: Renko Sanda , Petljak Kristina 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
Despite modern retail formats, for many cultures, informal markets (street markets, farmers’ markets, or wet markets in Asia), fleas, and bazaars still remain an important part of life. The purpose of this paper is to provide further insight into the characteristics of informal retailers, and to explain their growth and longevity in markets.

Design/methodology/approach
In order to explore what attracts customers to informal retail markets, a survey conducted on the sample of Croatian consumers was carried out.

Findings
The results show that consumers point out fresh, affordable, and healthy products and relationships with vendors as the main advantages, while weather conditions, unattractive food, and crowds are the disadvantages and barriers of purchasing at informal markets.

Practical implications
The results presented give directions for various subjects on how to increase the popularity of informal markets.

Originality/value
This paper addresses consumers’ perception of informal markets in the context of an emerging country. With the literature review, and the results of the explorative survey, it contributes to the knowledge on this type of retailing.
Quality of Rayeb milk fortified with Tamr and honey
Authors: Ismail Magdy , Hamad Mohamed , Elraghy Esraa Mohamed 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
Stirred yoghurt made using probiotic bacteria which are usually called Rayeb milk in the Arab countries is one of the most important functional fermented milk products. Tamr (dried dates) is commonly consumed in various parts of the world and is believed to represent a vital component of the diet in the Arab world. Tamr and honey characterize with high nutritional and healthful benefits. The purpose of this paper is to manufacture functional fermented dairy food (Rayeb milk) which has the nutritional and health effects of goat’s milk, Tamr, honey and probiotic.

Design/methodology/approach
Rayeb milk was made from goat’s milk fortified with Tamr (10 and 15 percent) with or without honey (1, 2, and 3 percent) using ABT culture (S. thermophiles, L. acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium). Samples of Rayeb milk were studied for their chemical composition, starter bacteria populations, and sensory attributes during 14 days of storage period.

Findings
Supplementation of goat’s milk with Tamr and honey decreased saturated fatty acids concentrations in Rayeb milk. The levels of carbohydrate, total solids, dietary fiber, ash, total protein (TP), unsaturated fatty acids, omega-3, omega-6, omega-9 fatty acids and antioxidants activity were higher in Rayeb milk contained Tamr and honey than those of control. Also, numbers of probiotic bacteria (L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium) greatly increased in Rayeb milk supplemented with Tamr and honey. The recommended level of 107 cfu.g-1 of bifidobacteria as a probiotic was exceeded for these treatments. Adding Tamr and honey highly improved the sensory attributes of Rayeb milk.

Originality/value
Adding 10 percent Tamr with 3 percent honey or 15 percent Tamr with 1 or 2 percent honey to goat’s milk highly improved the nutritional, healthy and sensory properties of Rayeb milk.
Sensory evaluation of commercial ready-to-eat rice between trained panelist and consumer
Authors: Kwon Yong-Suk , Ju Se-young 
Published: January 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine descriptive sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of eight commercial ready-to-eat cooked rice samples by 8 trained panelists and 50 consumers.Design/methodology/approachA total of 24 descriptive attributes for appearance, odor/aroma, taste/flavor, and texture were developed. Also Consumer Acceptability (CA) was performed for overall liking, appearance, flavor, and texture liking. All statistical analyses were using analysis of variance, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and partial least square regression (PLSR).FindingsThe overall liking score for the cooked white rice from C brand was the highest (6.43) among the eight samples. Three groups of eight commercial ready-to-eat cooked rice samples were obtained from PCA and HCA. The samples of cooked white rice from C, N, and O brand characterized by intactness, starch odor, translucency, whiteness, and glossiness were located on to the positive PLS 1, whereas the samples of cooked white rice from D and E brand characterized by scorched odor, cohesiveness, stickiness, and moistness were located on the negative side of PLS 2 in the PLSR analysis.Originality/valueFurther studies on the improvement of sensory quality for brown rice are necessary to increase CA in terms of health functionality of brown rice.