bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
locative

at seen through its Swedish and Norwegian equivalents
Authors: Egan Thomas , Rawoens Gudrun 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

At is commonly understood to be one of three basic topological prepositions in English, the other two being in and on. While there are close equivalents in Swedish and Norwegian to both in and on, this is not the case for at. This chapter investigates the choices made by both Swedish and Norwegian translators of physical location predications containing at. It investigates whether the Swedish and Norwegian translation correspondences of the English preposition can aid us in mapping its semantic network. The corpus data for the study comprise all tokens of at coding physical location in the English original fiction texts found in both the English–Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC) and the English–Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC). Roughly 25% of these tokens are translated into Swedish and Norwegian by the on preposition (på/på), 25% by the in preposition (i/i) and 25% by the by preposition (vid/ved). Some 12% are translated by other prepositions and the remainder by divergent constructions. The analysis of these translation correspondences leads to the proposal of a semantic network for at.
Premodification in translation
Authors: Levin Magnus , Ström Herold Jenny 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The present study concerns English hyphenated premodifiers translated into German and Swedish. The material was collected from the fiction part of the English–Swedish Parallel Corpus and the Oslo Multilingual Corpus, and includes almost 700 instances of translations into both German and Swedish, as well as 500 instances each of translations from German and Swedish into English. In the material, hyphenated premodifiers come in many different forms. However, they are mostly short, often containing nominal heads (head-office (man)), ed-participles (water-filled (ditches)) or adjectives (gray-green (tweed)), and only a few are longer, creative hapaxes ((her) “take-me-seriously-or-I’ll-sue-you” (demeanor)). The translations into English contain less variation than English originals, as predicted by translation theory. When the premodifiers are translated into German and Swedish they are often restructured, and only half are translated into German and Swedish premodifiers. German and Swedish premodifying compound adjectives/participles are the most frequent equivalents of English hyphenated premodifiers. More complex English premodifiers are often rendered as postmodifiers in German and Swedish. As could be expected from the preferred noun-phrase structures in German and Swedish, German translations have a (slightly) stronger preference for premodification (e.g., the all-embracing unit → die alles umschließende Einheit), while Swedish (slightly) more often uses postmodifying clauses and prepositional phrases (fifteen-year-old schoolgirls → skolflickor i femtonårsåldern). German and Swedish postmodifiers are very rarely translated into English hyphenated premodifiers.
Reportive evidentials in English and Lithuanian
Authors: Usonienė Aurelija , Šolienė Audronė 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The paper is concerned with lexical realizations of reportive evidentiality (Boye and Harder 2009; Celle 2009; Wiemer 2007; Aikhenvald 2008; Wiemer 2010b; Boye 2012) across different discourse types and languages. Our aim is to see how language specific the realizations and conceptualization of indirect reportive evidentiality are by contrasting the findings of the analysis of the data collected from various monolingual and parallel corpora. One of the purposes of this contrastive analysis is to find out what kind of correspondence one can expect when dealing with the reportive sub-domain of the linguistic category of evidentiality. The analysis is focused on the hearsay adverbs in English (reportedly, allegedly, supposedly) and Lithuanian adverbials neva ‘allegedly’, tariamai ‘supposedly’, esą ‘allegedly’ as well as their bi-directionally established translation correspondences (comment clauses, complement-taking predicates, as-parentheticals, etc.). The present study is corpus-based and makes use of quantitative and qualitative methods of research. The Lithuanian data have been drawn from the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian (CorALit) and from the spoken, news and fiction sub-corpora of the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (CCLL). The English data have been extracted from the British National Corpus (BYU-BNC). To establish translation correspondences between the items under study, a parallel bidirectional fiction corpus ParaCorpEN-LT-EN, and a collection of translations from English into Lithuanian of EU documents (Glosbe) have been used. Our findings indicate that both sets of adverbials are mainly used in written language (news and academic discourse in English and news discourse and fiction in Lithuanian); however, there is very weak equivalence in their translation correspondences. The question is raised whether the Lithuanian adverbials can be regarded as reportive evidentials.
Non-prepositional English correspondences of Czech prepositional phrases
Authors: Malá Markéta 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The study explores overt non-prepositional English translation correspondences of the four most common Czech prepositions, v/ve, na, s/se, and z/ze (‘in, on, with, from’). Some of the divergent counterparts are conditioned lexically or peculiar to one preposition. However, some of the most frequent types appear to be quite systematic and associated with the typological differences between the two languages – inflectional Czech and predominantly analytical English. They reveal the consequences of the word-order principles prevalent in the two languages both at phrasal and clausal level. These are particularly prominent where the Czech adverbial prepositional phrase is paralleled by the English subject noun phrase. The clause-initial position of the subject in English coincides with the unmarked position of the theme, i.e. an element which can convey information on the setting or circumstances of the content of the clause. In English the subject therefore tends to assume ‘adverbial’ semantic roles to a much larger extent than in Czech.
A corpus-based analysis of genre-specific multi-word combinations
Authors: Pizarro Sánchez Isabel 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
English and Spanish minutes both contain two vocabulary sets, one that codifies the ‘field’ and belongs in a given content area, and another that codifies the discursive practices of the genre ‘minutes’. This paper sets out to explore which multi-word combinations can be identified as genre- and step-specific, and what correspondences can be identified across languages. The study draws on an English–Spanish comparable corpus of meeting minutes, tagged on the rhetorical level. A comparable corpus browser with a basic statistic feature has been used to obtain step subcorpora and WordSmith Tools was used to obtain n-grams within rhetorical steps in each language. N-grams were classified as genre-specific, step-specific, field-related, function-word combination or noise. Empirical findings show that for each rhetorical move, irrespective of text ‘field’, a number of n-grams have become readily associated in each of the languages. Since word choice is determined by genre-bound expectations and by context, selections across languages are not obvious and correspondences show different grams and number of grams.
Frequency and lexical variation in connector use
Authors: Rørvik Sylvi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The present study investigates the frequency and lexical variation in connector use in argumentative texts in English and Norwegian. The concept of ‘connector’ includes adverbial conjuncts and co-ordinating conjunctions, and the material comprises texts by expert and novice (student) writers. The results indicate that conjunctions are more frequent in English expert texts than in the corresponding Norwegian material, but the opposite tendency is found between the novice writers. In terms of lexical variation, there are two main findings. The first is that much of the observed variation is the result of many items being used only once, and the second is that there are a number of cross-linguistic correspondences in the most frequently used lexical items.
IVIG-mediated effector functions in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
Authors: Galeotti Caroline , Kaveri Srini V , Bayry Jagadeesh 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a pooled preparation of normal IgG obtained from several thousand healthy donors. It is widely used in the immunotherapy of a large number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The mechanisms of action of IVIG are complex and, as discussed in this review, experimental and clinical data provide an indicator that the therapeutic benefit of IVIG therapy is due to several mutually non-exclusive mechanisms affecting soluble mediators as well as cellular components of the immune system. These mechanisms depend on Fc and/or F(ab′)2 fragments. A better understanding of the effector functions of IVIG should help in identification of biomarkers of responses to IVIG in autoimmune patients.
A comparison of observed and simulated absorption from H i, C iv, and Si ivaroundz ≈ 2 star-forming galaxies suggests redshift–space distortions are due to inflows
Authors: Turner Monica L. , Schaye Joop , Crain Robert A. , Rudie Gwen , Steidel Charles C. , Strom Allison , Theuns Tom 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe study H i and metal-line absorption around z ≈ 2 star-forming galaxies by comparing an analysis of data from the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey to mock spectra generated from the Evolution and Assembly of Galaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) cosmological, hydrodynamical simulations. We extract sightlines from the simulations and compare the properties of the absorption by H i, C iv, and Si iv around simulated and observed galaxies using pixel optical depths. We mimic the resolution, pixel size, and signal-to-noise ratio of the observations, as well as the distributions of impact parameters and galaxy redshift errors. We find that the EAGLE reference model is in excellent agreement with the observations. In particular, the simulation reproduces the high metal-line optical depths found at small galactocentric distances, the optical depth enhancements out to impact parameters of 2 proper Mpc, and the prominent redshift–space distortions which we find are due to peculiar velocities rather than redshift errors. The agreement is best for halo masses ∼1012.0 M⊙, for which the observed and simulated stellar masses also agree most closely. We examine the median ion mass-weighted radial gas velocities around the galaxies, and find that most of the gas is infalling, with the infall velocity depending on halo rather than stellar mass. From this, we conclude that the observed redshift–space distortions are predominantly caused by infall rather than outflows.
Use of Stereovision for Intraoperative Coregistration of a Spinal Surgical Field: A Human Feasibility Study
Authors: Lollis S Scott , Fan Xiaoyao , Evans Linton , Olson Jonathan D , Paulsen Keith D , Roberts David W , Mirza Sohail K , Ji Songbai 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The use of image guidance during spinal surgery has been limited by several anatomic factors such as intervertebral segment motion and ineffective spine immobilization. In its current form, the surgical field is coregistered with a preoperative computed tomography (CT), often obtained in a different spinal confirmation, or with intraoperative cross-sectional imaging. Stereovision offers an alternative method of registration.

OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the feasibility of stereovision-mediated coregistration of a human spinal surgical field using a proof-of-principle study, and to provide preliminary assessments of the technique's accuracy.

METHODS
A total of 9 subjects undergoing image-guided pedicle screw placement also underwent stereovision-mediated coregistration with preoperative CT imaging. Stereoscopic images were acquired using a tracked, calibrated stereoscopic camera system mounted on an operating microscope. Images were processed, reconstructed, and segmented in a semi-automated manner. A multistart registration of the reconstructed spinal surface with preoperative CT was performed. Registration accuracy, measured as surface-to-surface distance error, was compared between stereovision registration and a standard registration.

RESULTS
The mean surface reconstruction error of the stereovision-acquired surface was 2.20 ± 0.89 mm. Intraoperative coregistration with stereovision was performed with a mean error of 1.48 ± 0.35 mm compared to 2.03 ± 0.28 mm using a standard point-based registration method. The average computational time for registration with stereovision was 95 ± 46 s (range 33-184 s) vs 10to 20 min for standard point-based registration.

CONCLUSION
Semi-automated registration of a spinal surgical field using stereovision is possible with accuracy that is at least comparable to current landmark-based techniques.
Open Supracondylar–Intercondylar Fractures of the Femur Treatment With Taylor Spatial Frame
Authors: Sala Francesco , Thabet Ahmed M. , Capitani Paolo , Bove Federico , Abdelgawad Amr A. , Lovisetti Giovanni 
Published: June 2017

Objectives:
To evaluate the Taylor spatial frame (TSF) for primary and definitive fixation of open supracondylar–intracondylar femoral (SIF) fractures.

Design:
Retrospective.

Setting:
Level I trauma center.

Patients:
Subset of 20 SIF open fractures treated with TSF extracted from a consecutive series of 80 SIF fractures treated between 2007 and 2013.

Intervention:
Eighteen (90%) fractures underwent definitive fixation with the TSF; 2 were treated primarily within 24 hours of injury. Mean time interval between primary treatment and secondary TSF was 5 days.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Clinical and radiological.

Results:
Complete union was obtained in 17 (85%) fractures without additional surgery at an average of 33 weeks. Three nonunions and 1 malunion occurred. No deep infection occurred. Results based on Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov criteria: 37% excellent, and 63% good for bone outcomes; 5% excellent, 58% good, and 37% fair for functional outcomes. Neer knee scores were 21% excellent, 68% good, and 11% fair. The mechanical lateral distal femoral angle and anatomic posterior distal femoral angle values were within normal range in 80% and 90% of patients, respectively. Abnormal mechanical axis deviation was observed in 4 (20%) cases (2 had associated tibia fractures).

Conclusions:
Primary and definitive fixation with the TSF are effective. Advantages include continuity of device until union, reduced risk of infection, early mobilization, restoration of primary defect caused by bone loss, easy and accurate application, convertibility and versatility, and improved union rate and range of motion for SIF open fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Hip Fracture Treatment at Orthopaedic Teaching Hospitals: Better Care at a Lower Cost
Authors: Konda Sanjit R. , Lott Ariana , Manoli Arthur , Patel Karan , Egol Kenneth A. 
Published: June 2017

Objective:
To compare the cost and outcomes of patients treated at orthopaedic teaching hospitals (OTHs) with those treated at nonteaching hospitals (NTHs).

Design:
Retrospective study.

Setting:
The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative Systems (SPARCS) database, which includes all admissions to New York State hospitals from 2000-2011.

Patients/Participants:
A total of 165,679 patients with isolated closed hip fracture 65 years of age and older met inclusion criteria. Of them, 57,279 were treated at OTH and 108,400 were treated at NTH.

Intervention:
Admission for the management of a hip fracture.

Main Outcome Measure:
Cost, length of stay (LOS), and inpatient mortality.

Results:
Univariate analysis shows that mean total hospital costs were higher at OTH ($16,576 ± $17,514) versus NTH ($13,358 ± $11,366) (P < 0.001); LOS was equivalent at OTH (8.0 ± 9.0 days) versus NTH (8.0 ± 7.6 days) (P = 0.904); and mortality was lower in OTH (3.4%) versus NTH (4.0%) (P < 0.001). In the multivariate total cost analysis, in addition to demographic differences, we identified total hospital beds and total ICU beds as significant confounding variables. Interestingly, when controlling for these patient and hospital factors, OTH designation was not a significant predictor of cost. In addition, multivariate analysis found that OTH status decreased LOS by 0.743 days (95% confidence interval: 0.632–0.854, P < 0.001) and mortality by 21% (odds ratio 0.794, 95% confidence interval: 0.733–0.859, P < 0.001), confirming the univariate trends.

Conclusions:
While OTH may seem to have higher hospital costs for operative hip fractures on cursory analysis, controlling for patient and hospital factors including hospital bed number negates this effect such that OTH has no additional cost compared with NTH. In addition, OTH status is associated with shorter LOS and lower in-hospital mortality. With the results of this study, health care systems and patients should feel confident that the quality of care at teaching hospitals is no less and potentially better than that at NTH with no added cost.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Treatment Approach for Infection of Healed Fractures After Internal Fixation
Authors: Lawrenz Joshua M. , Frangiamore Salvatore J. , Rane Ajinkya A. , Cantrell William Alex , Vallier Heather A. 
Published: June 2017

Objective:
To review the efficacy of a treatment approach for patients with infection and colonized implants after open reduction and internal fixation of fractures.

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Setting:
Level one trauma center.

Patients:
Twenty patients were treated for wound infection with colonized implants after open reduction and internal fixation.

Intervention:
Surgical debridement, removal of implants, and a short postoperative oral antibiotic course.

Main Outcome Measurement:
The course of patients after surgical debridement and removal of implants, including culture results, antibiotic administration, and presence of recurrent clinical infection and radiographic union.

Results:
Twenty patients had clinical presentations, including skin breakdown, serous drainage, purulent drainage and/or exposed implants, most commonly of the tibia (15 of 20). Mean time from index procedure to debridement with implant removal was 19.7 months. At the time of debridement and implant removal, 18 of 20 (90%) patients had a positive intraoperative culture (16 routine cultures and 2 broth cultures). The most common bacteria were Enterobacter cloacae (5/17) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (4/17). All patients had soft tissue healing without signs of recurrent infection after mean follow up of 40 months after implant removal.

Conclusions:
Surgical debridement with implant removal plus a short oral antibiotic course is effective to resolve wound infection with a colonized implant in the setting of healed fracture after internal fixation.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Three-Dimensional Deformities of Nonoperative Midshaft Clavicle Fractures: A Surface Matching Analysis
Authors: Oki Satoshi , Matsumura Noboru , Kiriyama Yoshimori , Iwamoto Takuji , Sato Kazuki , Nagura Takeo 
Published: June 2017

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to describe the 3-dimensional deformities of midshaft clavicle fractures, which had been treated nonoperatively, using computed tomography (CT) surface matching.

Methods:
Twenty-one patients with unilateral midshaft clavicle fracture, who had been treated nonoperatively, were enrolled and evaluated retrospectively. The 3-dimensional deformity of the fractured clavicle was evaluated by CT surface matching. CT scans of 21 age- and sex-matched patients with initial traumatic shoulder dislocation or proximal humeral fracture were enrolled as a control group, and the differences in 3-dimensional deformities and lengths of the clavicles between the fracture group and the control group were evaluated. A correlation analysis was also performed between rotational deformities and clavicular length shortening.

Results:
The affected clavicle showed 1.3 ± 6.9 degrees of downward angular deformity, 2.1 ± 8.0 degrees of anterior angular deformity, and 5.0 ± 4.9 degrees of anterior rotational deformity. Compared with the control group, the fractured clavicle showed larger anterior rotational deformity (P = 0.021). Shortening of the clavicle demonstrated negative correlation with anterior axial rotation (R = −0.534, P = 0.013), but no correlation was found between clavicular shortening and the other 2 rotational deformities.

Conclusion:
In cases of midshaft clavicle fracture, the distal fragment usually rotates anteriorly because of its anatomical relationships. Shortening deformity after clavicle fracture was reported to change shoulder kinematics, and anterior rotational deformity might adversely affect scapular motion.
Faster Blood Flow Rate Does Not Improve Circuit Life in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Fealy Nigel , Aitken Leanne , du Toit Eugene , Lo Serigne , Baldwin Ian 
Published: June 2017

Objectives:
To determine whether blood flow rate influences circuit life in continuous renal replacement therapy.

Design:
Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Setting:
Single center tertiary level ICU.

Patients:
Critically ill adults requiring continuous renal replacement therapy.

Interventions:
Patients were randomized to receive one of two blood flow rates: 150 or 250 mL/min.

Measurements and Main Results:
The primary outcome was circuit life measured in hours. Circuit and patient data were collected until each circuit clotted or was ceased electively for nonclotting reasons. Data for clotted circuits are presented as median (interquartile range) and compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Survival probability for clotted circuits was compared using log-rank test. Circuit clotting data were analyzed for repeated events using hazards ratio. One hundred patients were randomized with 96 completing the study (150 mL/min, n = 49; 250 mL/min, n = 47) using 462 circuits (245 run at 150 mL/min and 217 run at 250 mL/min). Median circuit life for first circuit (clotted) was similar for both groups (150 mL/min: 9.1 hr [5.5–26 hr] vs 10 hr [4.2–17 hr]; p = 0.37). Continuous renal replacement therapy using blood flow rate set at 250 mL/min was not more likely to cause clotting compared with 150 mL/min (hazards ratio, 1.00 [0.60–1.69]; p = 0.68). Gender, body mass index, weight, vascular access type, length, site, and mode of continuous renal replacement therapy or international normalized ratio had no effect on clotting risk. Continuous renal replacement therapy without anticoagulation was more likely to cause clotting compared with use of heparin strategies (hazards ratio, 1.62; p = 0.003). Longer activated partial thromboplastin time (hazards ratio, 0.98; p = 0.002) and decreased platelet count (hazards ratio, 1.19; p = 0.03) were associated with a reduced likelihood of circuit clotting.

Conclusions:
There was no difference in circuit life whether using blood flow rates of 250 or 150 mL/min during continuous renal replacement therapy.