bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Priority Setting in Iran: Evaluating Against the Social Values Framework
Authors: Mostafavi Hakimeh , Rashidian Arash , Arab Mohammad , Mahdavi Mohammad R. V. , Ashtarian Kioomars 
Published: February 2016

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Health systems, as part of the social system, consider public values. This study was conducted to examine the role of social values in the health priority setting in the Iranian health system.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> In this qualitative case study, three main data sources were used: literature, national documents, and key informants who were purposefully selected from health care organizations and other related institutions. Data was analyzed and interpreted using the Clark-Weale Framework.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> According to our results, the public indirectly participates in decision-making. The public representatives participate in the meetings of the health priority setting as parliament members, representatives of some unions, members of the city council, and donors. The transparency of the decisions and the accountability of the decision makers are low. Decision makers only respond to complaints of the Audit Court and the Inspection Organization. Individual choice, although respected in hospitals and clinics, is limited in health care networks because of the referral system. Clinical effectiveness is considered in insurance companies and some hospitals. There are no technical abilities to determine the cost-effectiveness of health technologies; however, some international experiences are employed. Equity and solidarity are considered in different levels of the health system.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Social values are considered in the health priority decisions in limited ways. It seems that the lack of an appropriate value-based framework for priority setting and also the lack of public participation are the major defects of the health system. It is recommended that health policymakers invite different groups of people and stakeholders for active involvement in health priority decisions. </p>
Low-temperature solution processable n–i–p perovskite solar cell
Authors: Chu Cheng-Ya , Chang Chun-Yu , Su Wei-Fang 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Recently, the perovskite solar cells draw lots of attentions because of low cost, solution-processable and promising high efficiency. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) is rapidly reached to a certified value of 20.1%. However, the conventional electron transport layer (ETL) of the device needs to be sintered over 500 °C which is high energy-consumption process and cannot use on flexible substrate. Therefore, many research groups endeavor to develop low-temperature solution processable electron transport material in perovskite solar cells. In this review, we present systematic and critical discussions on the evolution of perovskite solar cells from meso-superstructure solar cells (MSSCs) to low-temperature solution processed planar heterojunction (PHJ) perovskite solar cells. This review will provide a guideline for the fabrication of high PCE perovskite solar cell using solution process at temperature of 150 °C or under, which has potential to achieve large scale fabrication by roll-to-roll technique for commercial products in near future.
Characterization of process-induced defects in SiC MOSFETs by cross-sectional cathodoluminescence
Authors: Sugie Ryuichi , Uchida Tomoyuki , Kosaka Kenichi , Matsumura Koji 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Cross-sectional cathodoluminescence (CL) and scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) measurements were carried out for silicon carbide (SiC) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) to investigate process-induced defects. The DI defect-related line at 426 nm and a broad luminescence at approximately around 430–470 nm, which were produced by ion implantation, were observed in addition to the near-band-edge emission. CL images showed that the densities of nonradiative recombination and DI centers were high near the source region. Moreover, DI centers existed even in the n-drift region located 10 µm from the surface. These results indicate that many types of defects diffuse and interact with each other during annealing even in the area where dopant atoms are not implanted. The annealing process not only activates dopant atoms but also induces the diffusion of unstable native defects and transforms their structure into more thermally stable defects such as DI centers.
Optical pumped lasing in solution processed perovskite semiconducting materials: Self-assembled microdisk lasing
Authors: Sasaki Fumio , Mochizuki Hiroyuki , Zhou Ying , Sonoda Yoriko , Azumi Reiko 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Optical pumped lasing has been observed in solution-processed perovskite semiconducting materials, such as CH3NH3PbBr3. Square or disk-shaped self-assembled microcavities have been easily obtained and their sizes distribute from 4–30 µm. The square and disk microcavities show clear multimode lasing under pulsed optical pumping. The mode intervals are spread in the case of disk cavities. The observed multimode patterns are compared with the spectra obtained by finite differential time domain calculations. The results can be explained by the whispering gallery mode (WGM) or quasi-WGM in microdisk cavities.
Theoretical approach to surface reconstruction of InN(0001) during raised-pressure metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy
Authors: Kusaba Akira , Kangawa Yoshihiro , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi , Kakimoto Koichi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We investigated the surface reconstruction of InN(0001) during raised-pressure metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy using an ab initio-based approach. We observed that the reconstructed structure changes from In-rich surfaces such as In bilayer and monolayer surfaces to an ideal surface with increasing growth temperature. In addition, we investigated the effects of surface reconstruction on the growth process using a newly improved thermodynamic analysis method. Although no barrier is present in the growth reaction when the In-rich surfaces appear, the results suggest that the surface phase acts as a barrier in the growth reaction when the ideal surface appears. Furthermore, we discuss the growth conditions that enable high-temperature growth with a smooth reaction path.
Evaluation of Fetal First and Second Cervical Vertebrae
Authors: Henderson Patrick , Desai Ishita P. , Pettit Kate , Benke Sarah , Brouha Sharon S. , Romine Lorene E. , Beeker Krissa , Chuang Nathaniel A. , Yaszay Burt , Van Houten Laurie , Pretorius Dolores H. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesTo use 3‐dimensional sonographic volumes to evaluate the variable appearance of the normal fetal cervical spine and craniocervical junction, which if unrecognized may lead to misdiagnosis of malalignment at the first and second cervical vertebrae (C1 and C2).MethodsThree‐dimensional sonographic volumes of the fetal cervical spine were obtained from 24 fetuses at gestational ages between 12 weeks 6 days and 35 weeks 1 day. The volumes were reviewed on 4‐dimensional software, and the vertebral level was determined by labeling the first rib‐bearing vertebra as the first thoracic vertebra. The ossification centers of the cervical spine and occipital condyles were then labeled accordingly and evaluated for alignment and structure by rotating the volumes in oblique planes. The appearance on multiplanar images was assessed for possible perceived anomalies, including malalignment, particularly at the C1 and C2 levels. Evidence of head rotation was correlated with the presence of possible malalignment at C1–C2. Head rotation was identified in the axial plane by measuring the angle of the anteroposterior axis of C1 to the anteroposterior axis of C2.ResultsOf the 24 fetuses, 16 had adequate quality to assess the entire cervical spine and craniocervical junction. All 16 cases showed an osseous component of C1 that did not align directly with C2 on some of the multiplanar images when the volumes were rotated, which could lead to suspected diagnosis of spinal malalignment or a segmental abnormality, as occurred in 2 clinical cases in our practice. All 16 cases showed at least some degree of head rotation, ranging from 2° to 36°, which may possibly explain the apparent malalignment. The lateral offset from C1 to C2 ranged from 0.0 to 3.3 mm.ConclusionsThe normal C1 and C2 ossification centers may appear to be malaligned due to normal offsetting (lateral displacement) of C1 on C2. An understanding of the normal development of the cervical spine is important in assessing spinal anatomy.
Off‐Label Use of Ultrasound Contrast Agents for Intravenous Applications in Children
Authors: Rosado Elsa , Riccabona Michael 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to collect and analyze the published data related to intravenous (IV) use of ultrasound (US) contrast agents in children.MethodsWe searched the literature to collect all of the published studies reporting the IV administration of a second‐generation US contrast agent in children.ResultsWe analyzed 9 case series and 5 case reports, as well as 5 individual cases, of pediatric contrast‐enhanced US use reported in a study group that also included adults. We found that 502 children underwent contrast‐enhanced US examinations (mean age, 9.7 years; range, 1 day–18 years). Most patients (89%) were injected with the sulfur hexafluoride contrast agent SonoVue (Bracco SpA, Milan, Italy). The mean dose used was 1.5 mL (range, 0.1–9.6 mL). Only 10 patients (2%) had adverse reactions related to the contrast agent administration: 1 life‐threatening anaphylactic shock and 9 mild transitory adverse effects. We additionally found 38 papers in which the study groups included at least 1 child; thus, we obtained a total of 540 reported cases of off‐label use of IV US contrast agents in children. The most frequent target organ was the liver, and most indications were related to space‐occupying lesion characterization and abdominal evaluations after blunt trauma. Some studies also evaluated the diagnostic performance of contrast‐enhanced US in different clinical scenarios and found very good accuracy. Concordance between contrast‐enhanced US imaging and the respective reference‐standard imaging methods ranged between 83% and 100% in different studies.ConclusionsOur results support the idea that the IV use of US contrast agents in children is safe, feasible, diagnostically robust, and effective.
A Comparative Study of Surgical Splenectomy, Partial Splenic Embolization, and High‐Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Hypersplenism
Authors: Zhu Jing , Chen Xijun , Hu Xiaotong , Zhu Hui , He Chao 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThis study compared splenectomy, partial splenic embolization, and high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy, which represent the traditional, mature, and newest methods for improving thrombocytopenia in hypersplenism, respectively.MethodsA total of 69 patients with hypersplenism were treated with surgical splenectomy (n = 31), HIFU (n = 26), or partial splenic embolization (n = 12). They were followed closely for at least 6 months, and the effectiveness of the treatments was compared.ResultsAmong the 3 groups, splenectomy was the most effective treatment for increasing peripheral blood cells. Embolization reduced the operating time and hospital stay, but HIFU was relatively safer and less invasive than the other treatments.ConclusionsHigh‐intensity focused ultrasound has wide clinical indications for hypersplenism and may be safer than other treatment methods. Therefore, it is a good alternative procedure for patients with a high surgical risk.
Matching ecohydrological processes and scales of banded vegetation patterns in semiarid catchments
Authors: Paschalis Athanasios , Katul Gabriel G. , Fatichi Simone , Manoli Gabriele , Molnar Peter 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWhile the claim that water‐carbon interactions result in spatially coherent vegetation patterning is rarely disputed in many arid and semiarid regions, the significance of the detailed water pathways and other high frequency variability remain an open question. How the short temporal scale meteorological fluctuations form the long‐term spatial variability of available soil water in complex terrains due to the various hydrological, land surface, and vegetation dynamic feedbacks frames the scope of the work here. Knowledge of the detailed mechanistic feedbacks among soil, plants, and the atmosphere will lead to advances in our understanding of plant water availability in arid and semiarid ecosystems and will provide insights for future model development concerning vegetation pattern formation. In this study, quantitative estimates of water fluxes and vegetation productivity are provided for a semiarid ecosystem with established vegetation bands on hillslopes using numerical simulations. A state‐of‐the‐science process based ecohydrological model is used, which resolves hydrological and plant physiological processes at the relevant space and time scales, for relatively small periods (e.g., decades) of mature ecosystems (i.e., spatially static vegetation distribution). To unfold the mechanisms that shape the spatial distribution of soil moisture, plant productivity and the relevant surface/subsurface and atmospheric water fluxes, idealized hillslope numerical experiments are constructed, where the effects of soil type, slope steepness, and overland flow accumulation area are quantified. Those mechanisms are also simulated in the presence of complex topography features on landscapes. The main results are (a) short temporal scale meteorological variability and accurate representation of the scales at which each ecohydrological process operates are crucial for the estimation of the spatial variability of soil water availability to the plant root zone; (b) water fluxes such as evapotranspiration, infiltration, runoff‐run‐on, and subsurface soil water movement have a dynamic short temporal scale behavior that determines the long‐term spatial organization of plant soil water availability in ecosystems with established vegetation patterns; and (c) hypotheses concerning the hydrological responses that can lead to vegetation pattern formation have to accommodate realistic and physically based representations of the fast dynamics of key ecohydrological fluxes.
Miyaura Borylation and One‐Pot Two‐Step Homocoupling of Aryl Chlorides and Bromides under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Dzhevakov Pavel B. , Topchiy Maxim A. , Zharkova Daria A. , Morozov Oleg S. , Asachenko Andrey F. , Nechaev Mikhail S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSolvent‐free protocols for Miyaura borylation and the one‐pot, two‐step homocoupling of aryl halides are reported for the first time. Bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0) [Pd(dba)2] is an optimal source of palladium for Miyaura borylation, while for one‐pot two‐step homocoupling palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2] gives highest yields. Aryl bromides are coupled most efficiently using the DPEphos ligand. Chlorides are coupled using XPhos. The developed protocols are robust, versatile and easily reproducible on a large scale.magnified image
Chiral Lewis Base‐Catalyzed, Enantioselective Reduction of Unprotected β‐Enamino Esters with Trichlorosilane
Authors: Ye Jianheng , Wang Chao , Chen Lin , Wu Xinjun , Zhou Li , Sun Jian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCatalytic asymmetric reduction of N‐unsubstituted β‐enamino esters represents a major challenge for asymmetric catalysis. In this paper, the first organocatalytic system that could be used for the asymmetric hydrosilylation of N‐unsubstituted β‐enamino esters has been developed. Using N‐tert‐butylsulfinyl‐L‐proline‐derived amides and L‐pipecolinic acid‐derived formamides as catalyst, a broad range of β‐aryl‐ and β‐alkyl‐substituted free β‐amino esters could be prepared with high yields and enantioselectivities. The practicality was illustrated by the gram‐scale asymmetric synthesis of ethyl (R)‐3‐amino‐3‐phenylpropanoate and isopropyl (S)‐3‐amino‐4‐(2,3,5‐trifluorophenyl)butanoate. The resulting product can be smoothly transformed to the FDA approved medicines dapoxetine and sitagliptin in a short synthetic route.magnified image
Der Chlorophyllabbau in höheren Pflanzen – Phyllobiline als weitverbreitete, aber kaum sichtbare Zeichen von Reifung, Seneszenz und Zelltod
Authors: Kräutler Bernhard 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie herbstlichen Farben sind von je her faszinierend und immer noch ein höchst rätselhaftes Phänomen. Vor einigen Jahren wurde entdeckt, dass beim Abbau von Chlorophyll (Chl) in Blättern und Früchten Bilin‐ähnliche Chl‐Kataboliten gebildet werden, die als Phyllobiline bezeichnet werden. Dank intensiver chemisch‐biologischer Zusammenarbeiten ist es inzwischen gelungen, die Schlüsselprozesse des Chl‐Abbaus in seneszenten Blättern und reifenden Früchten aufzuklären. Das Chl wird rasch zu farblosen und größtenteils photoinaktiven Phyllobilinen abgebaut, was offenbar primär ein Teil eines Entgiftungsprozesses ist. In manchen seneszenten Blättern und in den Schalen reifer Bananen reichern sich hingegen fluoreszierende Chl‐Kataboliten an und bewirken dort ein eindrucksvolles, blaues Leuchten. Die strukturellen Besonderheiten, die chemischen Eigenschaften und die Häufigkeit der Phyllobiline in der Biosphäre lassen damit biologische Funktionen vermuten, die immer noch darauf warten, entdeckt zu werden.
Breakdown of Chlorophyll in Higher Plants—Phyllobilins as Abundant, Yet Hardly Visible Signs of Ripening, Senescence, and Cell Death
Authors: Kräutler Bernhard 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFall colors have always been fascinating and are still a remarkably puzzling phenomenon associated with the breakdown of chlorophyll (Chl) in leaves. As discovered in recent years, nongreen bilin‐type Chl catabolites are generated, which are known as the phyllobilins. Collaborative chemical‐biological efforts have led to the elucidation of the key Chl‐breakdown processes in senescent leaves and in ripening fruit. Colorless and largely photoinactive phyllobilins are rapidly produced from Chl, apparently primarily as part of a detoxification program. However, fluorescent Chl catabolites accumulate in some senescent leaves and in peels of ripe bananas and induce a striking blue glow. The structural features, chemical properties, and abundance of the phyllobilins in the biosphere suggest biological roles, which still remain to be elucidated.
A magnetic mesoporous chitosan based core‐shells biopolymer for anionic dye adsorption: Kinetic and isothermal study and application of ANN
Authors: Tanhaei Bahareh , Ayati Ali , Lahtinen Manu , Mahmoodzadeh Vaziri Behrooz , Sillanpää Mika 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, Chitosan/Al2O3/Fe3O4 core‐shell composite microsphere (CAMF) was used as an effective sorbent with high adsorption capacity for the removal of anionic azo dye model from aqueous solution. The obtained composite was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, and BET analysis. The results showed the high methyl orange (MO) adsorption in a wide pH range of 4–10 and the optimum adsorbent dosage was obtained 0.6 g L−1. It is indicated that the equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm model and the adsorption kinetic was well fitted with pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Also, the adsorption kinetic was controlled by the film diffusion and intra‐particle diffusion, simultaneously. It is revealed that by increasing the particle size from <0.1 μm to ∼0.4 μm, the adsorption capacity did not change, significantly. The adsorption capacity of MO on CAMF was predicted by multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network at different initial MO concentration, in which the predictions of MLP model had very good agreement with experimental data. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43466.
Synthesis and characterization of PPY/K[Fe(CN)3(OH)(en)] nanocomposite: Study of photocatalytic, sorption, electrical, and thermal properties
Authors: Kazim Moosvi Syed , Majid Kowsar , Ara Tabassum 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis work involves the synthesis of nanocomposite of Polypyrrole (PPY) with photoadduct {K[Fe(CN)3(OH)(en)]} via in‐situ oxidative chemical polymerisation. Photoadduct is synthesized by irradiating equimolar mixture of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) and ethylenediamine (en) and is then reduced to nanosize by high energy ball mill. Successful synthesis of nanophotoadduct is confirmed by elemental analyser, UV–Vis, and FTIR. The nanocomposite of PPY and photoadduct has been characterised by SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, UV–Vis spectroscopy, I–V characteristics, and dielectric analysis for structural, thermal, optical, electrical, and dielectric properties. The average particle size of nanophotoadduct and nanocomposite has been found to be 80 and 84 nm, respectively. The thermal stability of nanocomposite is enhanced. The nanocomposite shows high value of dielectric constant (5 × 103 at103 Hz) and ac conductivity (7.0 × 108 Sm−1 at 106 Hz) as compared with pure PPY. The high value of dielectric constant can make the material suited for energy storage applications. The nanocomposite shows higher photocatalytic activity as compared with pure PPY and a high value of distribution coefficient (Kd) has been obtained for Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ions, hence, can act as an efficient material for removal of dyes and heavy metal ions in waste water. Thus, photoadduct of K3[Fe(CN)6] and ethylenediamine(en), a new kind of filler, has succeeded in improving the properties of PPY with respect to thermal stability, high dielectric constant, high ac conductivity, efficient photocatalytic activity, and high Kd value for toxic metal ions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43487.
Effects of antimicrobial agents on the thermal and mechanical properties of acrylate hydrogel matrices
Authors: Paillot Pierrick , Jegat Corinne , Becquart Frédéric , Taha Mohamed 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPolymer materials with antimicrobial activity are prepared by UV polymerization of acrylate and methacrylate mixture at room temperature. The antimicrobials are silver acetate and copper (II) acetate, used without pretreatment. Their chemical stability in the acrylate matrix and their effect on the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer matrix are investigated as a function of their concentration up to 15 wt %. Physico‐chemical, thermal, rheological, and morphological analyses as well as the surveillance of metal salts release in aqueous medium are conducted. A significant decrease in the thermal stability of the salts introduced into the acrylate matrix is observed after UV treatment. The metal salts also have significant effects on the properties of the matrix. A plasticization and densification of the material associated with an aggregation of salts up to the percolation at the highest concentration are highlighted. At equal concentrations, the effects are more pronounced in the presence of copper salts. The latter was released more slowly than silver salts from acrylate material. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43501.