bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of a gamma threshold detector based on the bubble chamber for high-flux gamma beams
Authors: Yu Yong , Zhu Wenjun , Ouyang Xiaoping 
Published: October 2024

The detection of high-flux gamma beams from laser plasma interactions is always hampered by signal pileup. In this study, a gamma threshold detector based on the bubble chamber is designed to detect high-flux gamma beams. Through simulations, it has been demonstrated that this detector can detect gamma rays with energies above 5 MeV through photonuclear reactions, even at fluences as high as 1011 photons/cm2. In addition, by setting the detection threshold at 0.1 MeV/μm, a yield of up to 10−2 bubbles per gamma interaction can be achieved. Finally, the bubble chamber in the detection of a gamma ray from the inverse Compton scattering process is also discussed.
Soft x-ray tomography on the high field spherical tokamak ST40
Authors: Colgan C. , Bohlin H. , Buxton P. F. , Harryman D. M. , Jones O. , Lowe H. F. , Naylor G. , O’Gorman T. , Pyragius T. , Sertoli M. , Sladkomedova A. , Sridhar S. , Thwaites R. 
Published: October 2024

As part of its roadmap to developing commercial fusion plants, Tokamak Energy Ltd. operates the high field spherical tokamak ST40. Studies on this device will help to expand the high field spherical tokamak physics basis by characterizing confinement and the fusion triple product. In support of this, bolometers and broadband and x-ray sensitive diodes can provide information on key energy loss mechanisms of the plasma. These mechanisms include core magnetohydrodynamic activity that deteriorates confinement, such as sawtooth crashes that can be used to characterize relaxations in the q-profile. In addition, combinations of these diagnostics can be used to infer the total radiated power losses and plasma composition. Here, we present results from a new, midplane, tangential, Be-filtered diode with 16 channels spanning the radial extent of the plasma. The system is shown to resolve magnetohydrodynamic instabilities (up to 100 kHz) and be able to provide radiation profiles through tomography. The tomographic inversion routine is compared against other diagnostics on ST40 and provides emissivity measurements across a variety of operating scenarios. Finally, we look ahead to implementing multiple soft x-ray cameras on ST40 and the improvements this will have on the diagnostic capabilities.
More than tough luck
Authors: Alhmoud Zeina 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Applied Cognitive Linguistics (ACL, henceforth) offers a vision of language closely tied to our experiences and
views of the world, showing great promise for foreign language teaching and learning. Building upon this meaning-centered
perspective, this paper discusses an interventional, quasi-experimental study assessing the effectiveness of incorporating
animated images into materials for teaching comparative constructions in L2 Spanish. Conducted in three phases with varying
participation rates (69 students in the first, 18 in the second, and 27 in the third), the study faced numerous factors that
hindered data collection process and thereby influenced the results. Although the findings were not statistically significant,
they suggest a slight improvement in post-test performance in both the experimental and comparison groups. While the potential of
ACL in second language teaching and learning is undeniable, so are the challenges faced in L2 classrooms. This underscores the
need for further empirical research to bridge the gap between theoretical principles and their practical implementation in real
classroom settings.
Energy–dependent femtosecond LIPSS on germanium and application in explosives sensing
Authors: Rathod Jagannath , Moram Sree Satya Bharati , Soma Venugopal Rao 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this study, we fabricated laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on a germanium surface through laser ablation in air using axicon and femtosecond (fs) pulses. This novel approach permitted the nanoscale material processing outcome refinement via an fs Bessel beam. Our investigations aimed at systematically understanding the formation of periodic structures under various experimental conditions, such as (i) different pulse energies ranging from 50 µJ to 1000 µJ at a constant scan speed and (ii) constant energy with different scan speeds (0.1–3 mm s−1). By adjusting the fluences and scan speeds, we were able to identify the parametric space and alter the periodicity of the low-spatial frequency LIPSS and high-spatial frequency LIPSS on germanium, which were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. An optimal LIPSS formation over a large area of germanium was achieved at an input energy of 250 µJ and a scan speed of 0.75 mm s−1. Additionally, we measured the contact angles of the Ge nanostructures (GeNSs) to demonstrate their hydrophobic nature and non-wetting properties, providing insights into the behavior of LIPSS. Subsequently, the GeNSs were coated with a ∼15 nm thick gold (Au) film using a thermal deposition method. Utilizing these, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique detected diverse analytes, such as tetryl (an explosive) at a concentration of 50 µM and thiram (a pesticide) at 500 nM. The SERS enhancement factors for tetryl and thiram molecules on GeNSs coated with a 15 nm-thick Au layer were determined to be 2.5 × 104 and 4.2 × 105, respectively.
Revealing the flashover mechanism of EP/GF composite insulation under DC combined harmonic voltage
Authors: Liu Ji , Zhang Longfei , Wei Yaoxin , Wang Pengfei , Zhang Jian , Li Zhen 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In ultra–high voltage converter stations, the phenomenon of flashover along the outer insulation of dry hollow reactors made of epoxy (EP) /glass fiber (GF) composites poses a potential threat to the stability of the power system. To enhance its flashover performance under varying complex conditions, it is necessary to conduct in–depth research on the flashover mechanism of this material under different voltage forms. This study conducted tests on the flashover voltage, surface space charge distribution, and partial discharge (PD) parameters under varying AC–DC ratios and AC frequencies, and exploring their relationships. The results show that the DC content in the AC–DC ratio decreases, the flashover voltage decreases, the apparent total discharge of PDs increases, and the maximum surface space charge density decreases. The main influencing factor is the increase in the number of seed charges involved in gas ionization. Increasing the AC frequency, the flashover voltage decreases, the apparent total discharge increases significantly, and the surface charge density remains basically unchanged. The main reason is that the change in the number of alternating cycles further increases the number of seed charges. This study reveals the flashover mechanism of EP/GF composites under different voltage forms, which provides theoretical support for subsequent material modification.
Clustered ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles as potential T1/T2 dual–modal magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents and application to tumor model
Authors: Liu Ying , Ho Son Long , Tegafaw Tirusew , Zhao Dejun , Ahmad Mohammad Yaseen , Ali Al Saidi Abdullah Khamis , Cha Hyunsil , Lee Sangyeol , Lee Hansol , Kim Seungho , Han Mun , Chae Kwon Seok , Chang Yongmin , Lee Gang Ho 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Many studies have been conducted on the use of ultra–small iron oxide nanoparticles (USIONs) (d < 3 nm) as potential positive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–contrast agents (CAs); however, there is dearth of research on clustered USIONs. In this study, nearly monodispersed clustered USIONs were synthesized using a simple two–step one–pot polyol method. First, USIONs (d = 2.7 nm) were synthesized, and clustered USIONs (d = 27.9 nm) were subsequently synthesized through multiple cross–linking of USIONs with poly(acrylic acid–co–maleic acid) (PAAMA) polymers with many–COOH groups. The clustered PAAMA–USIONs exhibited very weak ferromagnetism owing to the magnetic interaction between superparamagnetic USIONs; this was evidenced by their appreciable r
1 = 3.9 s‒1 mM‒1 and high r
2/r
1 ratio of 14.6. Their ability to function as a dual–modal T
1/T
2 MRI–CA in T
1–weighted MRI was demonstrated when they simultaneously exhibited positive and negative contrasts in T
1–weighted MRI of tumor model mice after intravenous injection. They displayed positive contrasts at the kidneys, bladder, heart, and aorta and negative contrasts at the liver and tumor.
Effect of parity–time symmetry operation on entanglement distribution in two parallel Heisenberg spin chains
Authors: Wang Qiong , Cheng Li-Zheng , He Zhi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The effect of the parity–time (

PT

) symmetry operation on the entanglement transfer in two parallel Heisenberg spin chains is investigated. We give two schemes, i.e. pre- and post-

PT

symmetric operations, to demonstrate the performance of the

PT

symmetric operation on the entanglement dynamics of two qubits. In our investigation, we find that the effect of pre-

PT

symmetric operation schemes on the protection of entanglement of two qubits in the case of double spin chains is superior to that of the single spin chain case. Conversely, the effect of the post-

PT

symmetric operation scheme on the protection of entanglement of two qubits in the single spin chain case is better than that in the double spin chain case.
Tensile test and finite element simulation of coarse-grained thin aluminium sheets
Authors: Szlancsik A , Varga D 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the ability of finite element simulations applied to specimens containing only a few grains for tensile testing. For this purpose, two different finite element models were created: one with individual grains with individual flow curves generated by viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) calculations and one with uniform material properties throughout the cross-section of the sample. In comparison of the two models with experimental tensile tests, the following conclusions can be yielded. The measurement and the simulation with individual grains have the same deformation shape. Also, the mechanical properties (yield strength, tensile strength and elongation at break) were within 10% error. However, if the measurement results were compared to the simulation with homogeneous material, it showed an error up to 53%. Therefore, it can be stated that the tensile tests of these types of specimens can be simulated, but only if the grains are modelled individually.
Unidirectional fibre reinforcement of syntactic metal foams
Authors: Szovák B , Maróti J E , Kemény A , Orbulov I N 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Metal matrix syntactic foams are porous structures where the porosity is formed by introducing a porous filler material into the metal matrix. They have low density and absorb significant energy during compression but cannot withstand tensile stress. The main goal of this study was to apply unidirectional fibre reinforcement to syntactic metal foams. Therefore, a lightweight double-composite structure that can be utilised against tensile load and has advantageous properties during compression was created. Copper-nickel coated carbon fibre bundles were used as unidirectional long fibre reinforcement, lightweight expanded clay aggregate particles as filler material and Al99.5 aluminium as matrix material. The samples were created with vacuum infiltration and formed into cylindrical tensile specimens. Quasi-static tensile tests were carried out on the specimens and fibre trusses, and quasi-static compression was applied on specimens in the parallel and perpendicular direction to the unidirectional fibre truss.
Physical Simulations of the Tool Degradation in Friction Stir Welding
Authors: El Imane Djimaoui Nour , Adonyi Yoni , De Backer Jeroen , Kovács Árpád , Kuzsella László , Mertinger Valéria 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The present investigation is part of a comprehensive failure study of friction stir welding (FSW) tools, where experimental non-destructive and destructive evaluations are combined with analytical- and physical- simulations of tool wear mechanisms. This paper focuses on the research methodology and the primary results of Gleeble simulations of thermal- and mechanical-cycle effects on an H13 steel material widely used for FSW tools for welding aluminum and magnesium alloys.
Investigation of Co-Cr alloy layer prepared by laser metal deposition
Authors: Hareancz F , Juhász G , Buza G , Fábián R E , Vida Á 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Additive technologies are commonly used for component production and repair. Laser metal deposition is a type of additive technology that can create new bodies or add new components to existing parts. This technology enables continuous modification of the chemical and material properties of the deposited layer to suit the intended purpose. The alloying powder is dissolved and mixed in a small volume molten pool during laser deposition. The laser cladding process is known for its rapid heating and cooling rates. This can result in partial or non-existent dissolution of powder particles in the molten pool, or the formation of non-equilibrium microstructures that cannot be achieved through conventional metallurgical processes. As a result, this method can be used to create materials with unique combinations of properties. In this study, a Co-Cr coating layer was applied to a structural steel base plate. The parameters combination was generated using Taguchi’s experimental design. The relationship between the parameters and the properties of the prepared coating was evaluated using the Taguchi method.
Development of multifunctional H2S-releasing gold nanoparticles for chronic wound treatment
Authors: Nguyen Van Phong , Nguyen Huyen Thanh Anh , Trang Le Ngoc Thuy , Nguyen Ngoc Hoi , Nguyen Dai Hai , Tran Dieu Linh 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chronic wounds, characterized by prolonged inflammation, require new therapies to improve healing. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a key neurotransmitter, supports critical factors in wound healing but is often deficient in chronic wounds. Despite its potential, the toxicity of direct H2S delivery and the unsustainable release from current systems hinder its therapeutic use. This study introduces H2S-releasing gold nanoparticles synthesized by reducing chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with diallyl trisulfides (DATS), a naturally derived H2S donor. These nanoparticles are hypothesized to be biocompatible and multifunctional, combining H2S release with the beneficial properties of gold. Results show that DATS does not impair H2S release, and higher DATS concentrations enhance H2S output. The sustained H2S release promotes endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis while retaining the antimicrobial properties of gold nanoparticles, making this material promising for chronic wound treatment.
Advanced artificial intelligence framework for T classification of TNM lung cancer in 18FDG-PET/CT imaging
Authors: Trabelsi Mariem , Romdhane Hamida , Ben Salem Lotfi , Ben-Sellem Dorra 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into lung cancer management offers immense potential to revolutionize diagnostic and treatment strategies. The aim is to develop a resilient AI framework capable of two critical tasks: firstly, achieving accurate and automated segmentation of lung tumors and secondly, facilitating the T classification of lung cancer according to the ninth edition of TNM staging 2024 based on PET/CT imaging. This study presents a robust AI framework for the automated segmentation of lung tumors and T classification of lung cancer using PET/CT imaging. The database includes axial DICOM CT and 18FDG-PET/CT images. A modified ResNet-50 model was employed for segmentation, achieving high precision and specificity. Reconstructed 3D models of segmented slices enhance tumor boundary visualization, which is essential for treatment planning. The Pulmonary Toolkit facilitated lobe segmentation, providing critical diagnostic insights. Additionally, the segmented images were used as input for the T classification using a CNN ResNet-50 model. Our classification model demonstrated excellent performance, particularly for T1a, T2a, T2b, T3 and T4 tumors, with high precision, F1 scores, and specificity. The T stage is particularly relevant in lung cancer as it determines treatment approaches (surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy or supportive care) and prognosis assessment. In fact, for Tis-T2, each increase of one centimeter in tumor size results in a worse prognosis. For locally advanced tumors (T3-T4) and regardless of size, the prognosis is poorer. This AI framework marks a significant advancement in the automation of lung cancer diagnosis and staging, promising improved patient outcomes.
Bio-mechanical analysis of porous Ti-6Al-4V scaffold: a comprehensive review on unit cell structures in orthopaedic application
Authors: Deshmukh Sachin , Chand Aditya , Ghorpade Ratnakar 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A scaffold is a three-dimensional porous structure that is used as a template to provide structural support for cell adhesion and the formation of new cells. Metallic cellular scaffolds are a good choice as a replacement for human bones in orthopaedic implants, which enhances the quality and longevity of human life. In contrast to conventional methods that produce irregular pore distributions, 3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is characterized by high precision and controlled manufacturing processes. AM processes can precisely control the scaffold’s porosity, which makes it possible to produce patient specific implants and achieve regular pore distribution. This review paper explores the potential of Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds produced via the SLM method as a bone substitute. A state-of-the-art review on the effect of design parameters, material, and surface modification on biological and mechanical properties is presented. The desired features of the human tibia and femur bones are compared to bulk and porous Ti6Al4V scaffold. Furthermore, the properties of various porous scaffolds with varying unit cell structures and design parameters are compared to find out the designs that can mimic human bone properties. Porosity up to 65% and pore size of 600 μm was found to give optimum trade-off between mechanical and biological properties. Current manufacturing constraints, biocompatibility of Ti-6Al-4V material, influence of various factors on bio-mechanical properties, and complex interrelation between design parameters are discussed herein. Finally, the most appropriate combination of design parameters that offers a good trade-off between mechanical strength and cell ingrowth are summarized.
A formal geometric blow-up method for pattern forming systems
Authors: Jelbart S. , Kuehn C. 
Published: October 2024

We extend and apply a recently developed approach to the study of dynamic bifurcations in PDEs based on the geometric blow-up method. We show that this approach, which has so far only been applied to study a dynamic Turing bifurcation in a cubic Swift-Hohenberg equation, can be coupled with a fast-slow extension of the method of multiple scales. This leads to a formal but systematic method, which can be viewed as a fast-slow generalisation of the formal part of classical modulation theory. We demonstrate the utility and versatility of this method by using it to derive modulation equations, i.e. simpler closed form equations which govern the dynamics of the formal approximations near the underlying bifurcation point, in the context of model equations with dynamic bifurcations of (i) Turing, (ii) Hopf, (iii) Turing-Hopf, and (iv) stationary long-wave type. The modulation equations have a familiar form: They are of real Ginzburg-Landau (GL), complex GL, coupled complex GL and Cahn-Hilliard type respectively. In contrast to the modulation equations derived in classical modulation theory, however, they have time-dependent coefficients induced by the slow parameter drift, they depend on spatial and temporal scales which scale in a dependent and non-trivial way, and the geometry of the space in which they are posed is non-trivial due to the blow-up transformation. The formal derivation of the modulation equations provides the first steps toward the rigorous treatment of these challenging problems, which remains for future work.
Introduction: Perceptual Knowledge and Self-Awareness
Authors: Roessler Johannes , Giananti Andrea 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The chapter introduces the present volume by setting out three sets of issues addressed in the chapters to follow. First, how should we understand the epistemic authority of perception (as illustrated by J. L. Austin’s famous claim to be able to ‘just see’ that the animal is a pig)? Second, what is the relationship between the authority of perception and self-awareness? Is it in the nature of the former to be manifest from the first-person perspective? Third, is a perceiver’s awareness of seeing or hearing or feeling that p a case of first-person self-knowledge? In what sense is such awareness epistemically ‘immediate’? How does reflection on it affect our understanding of the first-person perspective?
Perceptual Beliefs and Beliefs About Perception
Authors: Snowdon Paul 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Snowdon’s chapter has two parts. In the first, negative remarks are proposed about belief. It is argued that belief ascriptions are purely theoretical, the nature of belief is unknown, beliefs are passive, the structure of belief is also unknown, in no clear sense do beliefs contain concepts, nor is it obvious that they have content. The same goes for knowledge. The second part engages with how we do know that our knowledge of the external world (which we can call a cognitive state) depends on our perception of the world (which we can call perceptual experience). A model of our perceptual concepts is sketched, and it is argued that the model helps to explain how our explanations of belief and knowledge in terms of perception work.
Perception as a Rational Capacity
Authors: Giananti Andrea 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, I articulate a notion of rational capacity by relying on a broadly Aristotelian tradition that counts among its contemporary representatives philosophers such as Andrea Kern, Matthew Boyle, John McDowell, and, less recently, Anthony Kenny and Gilbert Ryle. I illustrate rational capacities by taking as paradigmatic the case of practical skills, and then I put the notion to work in the context of the epistemology of perception. The main goal is to spell out what it might mean to say that perception as we possess it is a rational capacity.
Knowledge in Action and Knowledge of Perception
Authors: Özaltun Eylem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this chapter I focus on the reasons provided by epistemologists of action in favour of two-factor theories of an agent’s knowledge of her own intentional actions, first to uncover the basic motivation behind these theories, and second to show that these motivating insights can be better captured in a non-factorizing approach. I diagnose that the main difficulty of understanding how an agent knows her own intentional actions stems from the difficulty of giving a unified account of two important characteristics of this way of acquiring knowledge: immediacy and fallibility. Then, I argue that the basic obstacle in the way of such a unified account is a wrong conception of the immediacy of this knowledge. I propose that the immediacy of our perceptual states is the right model to capture the sort of immediacy an agent’s knowledge has. By drawing on the perception model, I sketch a one-factor theory of knowledge in action.