bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Situating the Debate on “Geometrical Algebra” within the Framework of Premodern Algebra
Authors: Sialaros Michalis , Christianidis Jean 
Published: May 2016

ArgumentThe aim of this paper is to employ the newly contextualized historiographical category of “premodern algebra” in order to revisit the arguably most controversial topic of the last decades in the field of Greek mathematics, namely the debate on “geometrical algebra.” Within this framework, we shift focus from the discrepancy among the views expressed in the debate to some of the historiographical assumptions and methodological approaches that the opposing sides shared. Moreover, by using a series of propositions related toElem.II.5 as a case study, we discuss Euclid's geometrical proofs, the so-called “semi-algebraic” alternative demonstrations attributed to Heron of Alexandria, as well as the solutions given by Diophantus, al-Sulamī, and al-Khwārizmī to the corresponding numerical problem. This comparative analysis offers a new reading of Heron's practice, highlights the significance of contextualizing “premodern algebra,” and indicates that the origins of algebraic reasoning should be sought in the problem-solving practice, rather than in the theorem-proving tradition.
Copernicus's Publication Strategy in the Contexts of Imperial and Papal Censorship and of Warmian Diplomatic Precedents
Authors: Blumenthal Geoffrey 
Published: May 2016

ArgumentThe main thesis of this paper is that Copernicus's avoidance of all admission that scripture was contravened inDe revolutionibusand his composition of its new Preface in 1542, as well as the non-publication of Rheticus'sTreatise on Holy Scripture and the Motion of the Earth, were influenced by the early information they received on the failure of the 1541 Regensburg Protestant-Catholic colloquy, among the major consequences of which were significant increases in the problems concerning publishing works which contravened scripture. This is supported by examining Rheticus's first letter to Paul Eber in conjunction with the documents on the Regensburg colloquy and on censorship in Nuremberg, as well as with the existing literature on Copernicus and his context. In view of the main thesis, Copernicus's apparent dedication of the work to the Pope merits additional explanation, and the second thesis is that components of explanations for several aspects of those parts of the Preface that relate to the Papacy and to theologians can be provided via comparisons with previous diplomacy between Warmia and the Papacy which occurred or was being referred to during Copernicus's time. This is supported by examining these parts of the Preface in the light of a selection of the relevant documents.
On spaces of commuting elements in Lie groups
Authors: COHEN FREDERICK R. , STAFA MENTOR 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to introduce a method to “stabilise” certain spaces of homomorphisms from finitely generated free abelian groups to a Lie groupG, namely Hom(ℤn,G). We show that this stabilised space of homomorphisms decomposes after suspending once with “summands” which can be reassembled, in a sense to be made precise below, into the individual spaces Hom(ℤn,G) after suspending once. To prove this decomposition, a stable decomposition of an equivariant function space is also developed. One main result is that the topological space of all commuting elements in a compact Lie group is homotopy equivalent to an equivariant function space after inverting the order of the Weyl group. In addition, the homology of the stabilised space admits a very simple description in terms of the tensor algebra generated by the reduced homology of a maximal torus in favorable cases. The stabilised space also allows the description of the additive reduced homology of the individual spaces Hom(ℤn,G), with the order of the Weyl group inverted.
The influence of practice culture on designed artefacts
Authors: Schmidt Robert , Dainty Andy 
Published: May 2016

Design can be viewed as a complex and on-going social accomplishment, a product of everyday trajectories between a milieu of human and material registers. Seen in this way the design practice serves as an arena for these quotidian activities. We seek to construct a more dynamic picture of architecture by connecting process and product, supplementing a project narrative with one of practice, highlighting the context in which the outcome was created. We address the research question: how does practice culture become intertwined within the designed product?A research model emerged from the review of the literature and evolved as a loose framework to discuss the practices and projects at hand. The research focused on the particular design consideration of adaptability in an effort to direct and ground the study. The research was conducted in two stages –at first a set of interviews were conducted to gain broader insights into the everyday accounts of the practices and secondly, project case studies were selected to further investigate the topic.The narratives reveal the culture of each practice to stress a particular meaning in each context: for Make it is about a beautiful object; for ABA a piece of social infrastructure and; for CGL a business asset. Adaptability finds itself subdued, promoted, compromised and sold as part of the design process and the resultant architecture. Our contribution extends the argument that design is entangled within its socio-cultural surroundings and grounds the culture of practice in the designed artefacts - the way in which a practice handles decision-making contingencies, both endogenous and exogenous forces, will together shape a practice disposition towards design (adaptability). Design that is driven by a strong culture that embeds exogenous influences in the approach tends to provide more adaptable solutions as part of a quest to satisfy long-term, societal concerns.
Going global: Indian adolescents’ eating patterns
Authors: Shaikh Nida I , Patil Shailaja S , Halli Shiva , Ramakrishnan Usha , Cunningham Solveig A 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe adolescents’ eating patterns of traditional, global/non-local and mixed foods, and the factors that may influence food consumption, access and preferences, in a globalizing city.DesignA representative sample of school-going adolescents completed a cross-sectional survey including an FFQ designed to identify traditional and global foods. Student’sttest and ordinal logistic regression were used to examine weekly food intake, including differences between boys and girls and between adolescents attending private and public schools.SettingVijayapura city, Karnataka State, India.SubjectsAdolescents (n399) aged 13–16 years.ResultsCompared with dietary guidelines, adolescents consumed fruit, green leafy vegetables, non-green leafy vegetables and dairy less frequently than recommended and consumed energy-dense foods more frequently than recommended. Traditional but expensive foods (fruits, dairy, homemade sweets and added fat) were more frequently consumed by private-school students, generally from wealthier, more connected families, than by public-school students; the latter more frequently consumed both traditional (tea, coffee, eggs) and mixed foods (snack and street foods;P≤0·05). Girls reported more frequent consumption of global/non-local packaged and ready-to-eat foods, non-green leafy vegetables and added fat than boys (P≤0·05). Boys reported more frequent consumption of eggs and street foods than girls (P≤0·05).ConclusionsAdolescents’ eating patterns in a globalizing city reflect a combination of global/non-local and traditional foods, access and preferences. As global foods continue to appear in low- and middle-income countries, understanding dietary patterns and preferences can inform efforts to promote diversity and healthfulness of foods.
„Allein oder mit anderen?“
Authors: Sparfeldt Jörn R. , Lotz Christin , Sapp Sarah , Rost Detlef H. 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Soziale Selbstkonzepte gelten als bedeutsam; ihre Erfassung stellt bei Leseanfängerinnen und Leseanfängern eine Herausforderung dar. Erfolgversprechend könnte eine bildbasierte Selbstkonzepterfassung sein. Daher wurde der Bildertest zum sozialen Selbstkonzept (BSSK) von Langfeldt und Prücher (2004) bei N = 320 Kindern der 2. Klassenstufe überprüft. Die psychometrischen Kennwerte waren mit denen des Manuals weitgehend vergleichbar, faktorenanalytisch wies ein Generalfaktormodell eine gute Modellanpassung auf. Der BSSK korrelierte gering mit der Peer Relation Scale des SDQ-I von Marsh (1992) . Die Präsentation im Originalformat (pro Item ein Bildpaar, wobei ein Bild auszuwählen war) und die Präsentation einzelner BSSK-Bilder mit fünfstufigem Antwortformat ergaben vergleichbare Zusammenhänge mit der Peer Relation Scale. Eine Instruktionsmanipulation (gewünschtes Verhalten statt tatsächliches Verhalten) ergab höhere Mittelwerte und vergleichbare Skalenzusammenhänge. Der Nutzen einer bildbasierten Erfassung des sozialen Selbstkonzepts bei Grundschulkindern wird diskutiert.
Die Facettenstruktur des Big Five Inventory (BFI)
Authors: Rammstedt Beatrice , Danner Daniel 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die für die angloamerikanische Version des Big Five Inventory (BFI) entwickelte und validierte Facettenstruktur ( Soto & John, 2009 ) wurde für die deutsche Adaptation des BFI übertragen und auf ihre Angemessenheit geprüft. Basierend auf drei umfangreichen Stichproben – einer studentischen, einer bildungsheterogenen Stichprobe und einer bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Zufallsstichprobe – konnte gezeigt werden, dass die 10 Facetten des deutschen BFI substantielle und mit der angloamerikanischen Version vergleichbare Reliabilitäten und Konvergenzen zwischen Selbst- und Bekanntenurteil und mit den entsprechenden Facetten und Globalskalen des NEO-PI-R (NEO-Personality Inventory) und NEO-FFI (NEO-Five Factor Inventory) aufweisen. Ferner konnte eine diskriminante Validität zu den jeweils anderen Facetten der gleichen sowie zu den Facetten der anderen Big Five Dimensionen gezeigt werden. Die Nützlichkeit der Verwendung dieser Facetten, zusätzlich zu den Globalskalen, wurde durch deren spezifische Zusammenhänge mit verschiedenen soziodemografischen und Einstellungsmerkmalen nachgewiesen. Insofern existiert auch für den deutschen Sprachraum ein ökonomisches Maß, um spezifischere Persönlichkeitsaspekte abzubilden.
Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung multipler Selbstkonzeptfacetten bei Förderschülern (Schwerpunkt Lernen) und Regelschülern der Sekundarstufe I
Authors: Weber Kira Elena , Freund Philipp Alexander 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Entwicklung und Validierung eines deutschsprachigen Messinstruments zur Erfassung des Selbstkonzepts bei Jugendlichen der Sekundarstufe I beschrieben. In Anlehnung an die deutsche Version des Self Description Questionnaire I (SDQ I) von Arens, Trautwein und Hasselhorn (2011) wurden 8 Skalen mit insgesamt 38 Items entwickelt. Diese sollten multiple Selbstkonzeptfacetten ökonomisch erfassen und sowohl in Gymnasien, Real-, Haupt-, Gesamt- als auch in Förderschulen (Schwerpunkt Lernen) einsetzbar sein. Es wurden Testanalysen auf der Datenbasis einer Gesamtstichprobe von N = 1 907 Schülerinnen und Schülern verschiedener Schulformen (n = 294 Förderschülerinnen und -schüler) durchgeführt. Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen bestätigten die postulierte achtfaktorielle Struktur. Die Messinvarianz über Geschlecht und Schulform konnte belegt werden. Wesentliche Befunde internationaler Studien zur Struktur des Selbstkonzepts konnten mit dem Fragebogen repliziert werden. Zusammenhänge mit Außenkriterien wiesen auf eine zufriedenstellende Validität der Selbstkonzeptskalen hin. Die Reliabilitätsschätzungen fielen allgemein gut aus (α = .84–.91).
Stalled replication forks within heterochromatin require ATRX for protection
Authors: Huh M S , Ivanochko D , Hashem L E , Curtin M , Delorme M , Goodall E , Yan K , Picketts D J 
Published: May 2016

AbstractExpansive growth of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is a prerequisite to the temporal waves of neuronal differentiation that generate the six-layered neocortex, while also placing a heavy burden on proteins that regulate chromatin packaging and genome integrity. This problem is further reflected by the growing number of developmental disorders caused by mutations in chromatin regulators. ATRX gene mutations cause a severe intellectual disability disorder (α-thalassemia mental retardation X-linked (ATRX) syndrome; OMIM no. 301040), characterized by microcephaly, urogenital abnormalities and α-thalassemia. Although the ATRX protein is required for the maintenance of repetitive DNA within heterochromatin, how this translates to disease pathogenesis remain poorly understood and was a focus of this study. We demonstrate that AtrxFoxG1Cre forebrain-specific conditional knockout mice display poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (Parp-1) hyperactivation during neurogenesis and generate fewer late-born Cux1- and Brn2-positive neurons that accounts for the reduced cortical size. Moreover, DNA damage, induced Parp-1 and Atm activation is elevated in progenitor cells and contributes to their increased level of cell death. ATRX-null HeLa cells are similarly sensitive to hydroxyurea-induced replication stress, accumulate DNA damage and proliferate poorly. Impaired BRCA1-RAD51 colocalization and PARP-1 hyperactivation indicated that stalled replication forks are not efficiently protected. DNA fiber assays confirmed that MRE11 degradation of stalled replication forks was rampant in the absence of ATRX or DAXX. Indeed, fork degradation in ATRX-null cells could be attenuated by treatment with the MRE11 inhibitor mirin, or exacerbated by inhibiting PARP-1 activity. Taken together, these results suggest that ATRX is required to limit replication stress during cellular proliferation, whereas upregulation of PARP-1 activity functions as a compensatory mechanism to protect stalled forks, limiting genomic damage, and facilitating late-born neuron production.
Deep-reaching thermocline mixing in the equatorial pacific cold tongue
Authors: Liu Chuanyu , Köhl Armin , Liu Zhiyu , Wang Fan , Stammer Detlef 
Published: May 2016

AbstractVertical mixing is an important factor in determining the temperature, sharpness and depth of the equatorial Pacific thermocline, which are critical to the development of El Ninõ and Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Yet, properties, dynamical causes and large-scale impacts of vertical mixing in the thermocline are much less understood than that nearer the surface. Here, based on Argo float and the Tropical Ocean and Atmosphere (TAO) mooring measurements, we identify a large number of thermocline mixing events occurring down to the lower half of the thermocline and the lower flank of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC), in particular in summer to winter. The deep-reaching mixing events occur more often and much deeper during periods with tropical instability waves (TIWs) than those without and under La Niña than under El Niño conditions. We demonstrate that the mixing events are caused by lower Richardson numbers resulting from shear of both TIWs and the EUC.
Rho-kinase/myosin light chain kinase pathway plays a key role in the impairment of bile canaliculi dynamics induced by cholestatic drugs
Authors: Sharanek Ahmad , Burban Audrey , Burbank Matthew , Le Guevel Rémy , Li Ruoya , Guillouzo André , Guguen-Guillouzo Christiane 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntrahepatic cholestasis represents a frequent manifestation of drug-induced liver injury; however, the mechanisms underlying such injuries are poorly understood. In this study of human HepaRG and primary hepatocytes, we found that bile canaliculi (BC) underwent spontaneous contractions, which are essential for bile acid (BA) efflux and require alternations in myosin light chain (MLC2) phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Short exposure to 6 cholestatic compounds revealed that BC constriction and dilation were associated with disruptions in the ROCK/MLCK/myosin pathway. At the studied concentrations, cyclosporine A and chlorpromazine induced early ROCK activity, resulting in permanent MLC2 phosphorylation and BC constriction. However, fasudil reduced ROCK activity and caused rapid, substantial and permanent MLC2 dephosphorylation, leading to BC dilation. The remaining compounds (1-naphthyl isothiocyanate, deoxycholic acid and bosentan) caused BC dilation without modulating ROCK activity, although they were associated with a steady decrease in MLC2 phosphorylation via MLCK. These changes were associated with a common loss of BC contractions and failure of BA clearance. These results provide the first demonstration that cholestatic drugs alter BC dynamics by targeting the ROCK/MLCK pathway; in addition, they highlight new insights into the mechanisms underlying bile flow failure and can be used to identify new predictive biomarkers of drug-induced cholestasis.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: thyroid hormone promotes tumorigenicity through inducing cancer stem-like cell self-renewal
Authors: Wang Tao , Xia Lei , Ma Sicong , Qi Xingxing , Li Qigen , Xia Yun , Tang Xiaoyin , Cui Dan , Wang Zhi , Chi Jiachang , Li Ping , Feng Yu-xiong , Xia Qiang , Zhai Bo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCancer stem-like cells (CSCs) play a key role in maintaining the aggressiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the cell-biological regulation of CSCs is unclear. In the study, we report that thyroid hormone (TH) promotes cell self-renewal in HCC cells. TH also increases the percentage of CD90 + HCC cells and promotes drug resistance of HCC cells. By analyzing primary human HCC samples, we found that TRα transcript level is significantly elevated in primary liver cancer and portal vein metastatic tumor, compared to that of adjacent normal liver tissue. Knocking down TRα not only inhibits HCC self-renewal in vitro but also suppresses HCC tumor growth in vivo. Interestingly, treatment of TH leads to activation of NF-κB, which is required for the function of TH on inducing HCC cell self-renewal. We also found TRα and p65 cooperatively drive the expression of BMI1 by co-binding to the promoter region of BMI1 gene. In summary, our study uncovers a novel function of TH signaling in regulating the CSCs of HCC and these findings might be useful for developing novel therapies by targeting TH function in HCC cells.
Dual activities of the anti-cancer drug candidate PBI-05204 provide neuroprotection in brain slice models for neurodegenerative diseases and stroke
Authors: Van Kanegan Michael J. , Dunn Denise E. , Kaltenbach Linda S. , Shah Bijal , He Dong Ning , McCoy Daniel D. , Yang Peiying , Peng Jiangnan , Shen Li , Du Lin , Cichewicz Robert H. , Newman Robert A. , Lo Donald C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe previously reported neuroprotective activity of the botanical anti-cancer drug candidate PBI-05204, a supercritical CO2 extract of Nerium oleander, in brain slice and in vivo models of ischemic stroke. We showed that one component of this neuroprotective activity is mediated through its principal cardiac glycoside constituent, oleandrin, via induction of the potent neurotrophic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, we also noted that the concentration-relation for PBI-05204 in the brain slice oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model is considerably broader than that for oleandrin as a single agent. We thus surmised that PBI-05204 contains an additional neuroprotective component(s), distinct from oleandrin. We report here that neuroprotective activity is also provided by the triterpenoid constituents of PBI-05204, notably oleanolic acid. We demonstrate that a sub-fraction of PBI-05204 (Fraction 0–4) containing oleanolic and other triterpenoids, but without cardiac glycosides, induces the expression of cellular antioxidant gene transcription programs regulated through antioxidant transcriptional response elements (AREs). Finally, we show that Fraction 0–4 provides broad neuroprotection in organotypic brain slice models for neurodegeneration driven by amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau implicated in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementias, respectively, in addition to ischemic injury modeled by OGD.
Differential expression profiles and pathways of genes in sugarcane leaf at elongation stage in response to drought stress
Authors: Li Changning , Nong Qian , Solanki Manoj Kumar , Liang Qiang , Xie Jinlan , Liu Xiaoyan , Li Yijie , Wang Weizan , Yang Litao , Li Yangrui 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWater stress causes considerable yield losses in sugarcane. To investigate differentially expressed genes under water stress, a pot experiment was performed with the sugarcane variety GT21 at three water-deficit levels (mild, moderate and severe) during the elongation stage and gene expression was analyzed using microarray technology. Physiological parameters of sugarcane showed significant alterations in response to drought stress. Based on the expression profile of 15,593 sugarcane genes, 1,501 (9.6%) genes were differentially expressed under different water-level treatments; 821 genes were upregulated and 680 genes were downregulated. A gene similarity analysis showed that approximately 62.6% of the differentially expressed genes shared homology with functional proteins. In a Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, 901 differentially expressed genes were assigned to 36 GO categories. Moreover, 325 differentially expressed genes were classified into 101 pathway categories involved in various processes, such as the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ribosomes, carbon metabolism, etc. In addition, some unannotated genes were detected; these may provide a basis for studies of water-deficit tolerance. The reliability of the observed expression patterns was confirmed by RT-PCR. The results of this study may help identify useful genes for improving drought tolerance in sugarcane.
Structural investigation into physiological DNA phosphorothioate modification
Authors: Lan Wenxian , Hu Zhongpei , Shen Jie , Wang Chunxi , Jiang Feng , Liu Huili , Long Dewu , Liu Maili , Cao Chunyang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDNA phosphorothioate (PT) modification, with sulfur replacing a nonbridging phosphate oxygen in a sequence and stereo specific manner, is a novel physiological variation in bacteria. But what effects on DNA properties PT modification has is still unclear. To address this, we prepared three double-stranded (ds) DNA decamers, d(CGPXGCCGCCGA) with its complementary strand d(TCGGCGPXGCCG) (where X = O or S, i.e., PT-free dsDNA, [Sp, Sp]-PT dsDNA or [Rp, Rp]-PT dsDNA) located in gene of Streptomyces lividans. Their melting temperature (Tm) measurement indicates that [Rp, Rp]-PT dsDNA is most unstable. Their electron transfer potential detection presents an order of anti-oxidation properties: Sp-PT DNA > Rp-PT DNA > PT-free DNA. Their NMR structures demonstrate that PT modification doesn’t change their B-form conformation. The sulfur in [Rp, Rp]-PT dsDNA locates in the major groove, with steric effects on protons in the sugar close to modification sites, resulting in its unstability and facilitating its selectively interactions with ScoMcrA. We thought that PT modification was dialectical to the bacteria. It protects the hosting bacteria by working as antioxidant against H2O2 and acts as a marker, directing restriction enzyme observed in other hosts, like ScoMcrA, to correctly cleave the PT modified DNA, so that bacteria cannot spread and survive.