bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Présentation
Authors: Guay Louis , Hamel Pierre 
Published: February 2016

Afin de placer les contributions à ce numéro dans un contexte théorique plus large, nous montrons comment les problèmes écologiques peuvent être approchés à partir des perspectives qu’offre la sociologie de l’environnement. Les problèmes écologiques sont des constructions sociales résultant d’un processus complexe de définition, d’appropriation et de diffusion sociale. Ils donnent lieu à des débats et des controverses publiques, dévoilant des conflits et des alliances entre acteurs sociaux. Ils peuvent conduire à des décisions collectives s’institutionnalisant en politiques et pratiques publiques et privées. Quatre approches des enjeux environnementaux, accentuant des aspects différents des relations sociales à l’environnement, sont passées en revue : l’écologie politique, l’écologie humaine, la modernisation écologique, et l’analyse des controverses socio-écologiques. Les articles rassemblés dans ce numéro s’inscrivent dans l’une ou l’autre de ces approches, à l’exception de l’écologie humaine.
Choice of antiretroviral drugs for continued treatment scale‐up in a public health approach: what more do we need to know?
Authors: Vitoria Marco , Hill Andrew M , Ford Nathan P , Doherty Meg , Khoo Saye H , Pozniak Anton L 
Published: February 2016

IntroductionThere have been several important developments in antiretroviral treatment in the past two years. Randomized clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate a lower dose of efavirenz (400 mg once daily). Integrase inhibitors such as dolutegravir have been approved for first‐line treatment. A new formulation of tenofovir (alafenamide) has been developed and has shown equivalent efficacy to tenofovir in randomized trials. Two‐drug combination treatments have been evaluated in treatment‐naïve and ‐experienced patients. The novel pharmacokinetic booster cobicistat has been compared to ritonavir in terms of pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety. The objective of this commentary is to assess recent developments in antiretroviral drug treatment to determine whether new treatments should be included in new international guidelines.DiscussionThe use of first‐line treatment with tenofovir and efavirenz at the standard 600 mg once‐daily dose should remain the first‐choice standard of care treatment. Evidence supporting a switch to efavirenz 400 mg once daily or integrase inhibitors is sufficient to consider these drugs as alternative first‐line options, but more data are needed on their use in pregnant women and people with TB co‐infection. The use of new formulations of tenofovir is currently too preliminary to justify immediate adoption and scale‐up across HIV programmes in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The evidence supporting use of two‐drug combinations is not considered strong enough to justify changed recommendations from use of standard triple drug combinations. Cobicistat does not offer significant safety advantages over ritonavir as a pharmacokinetic booster.ConclusionsFor continued scale‐up of antiretroviral treatment in low‐ and middle‐income countries, use of first‐line triple combinations including efavirenz 600 mg once daily is supported by the largest evidence base. Additional studies are underway to evaluate new treatments in key populations, and these results may justify changes to these recommendations.
Abdominal Trigger Points and Psychological Function
Authors: Reeves Roy R. , Ladner Mark E. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Myofascial trigger points (TPs) are a poorly understood phenomenon involving the myofascial system and its related neural, lymphatic, and circulatory elements. Compression or massage of a TP causes localized pain and may cause referred pain and autonomic phenomena. The authors describe a 58-year-old woman who experienced precipitation of substantial psychological symptoms directly related to her treatment for a lower abdominal TP. Her symptoms resolved after 2 weeks of receiving high-velocity, low-amplitude manipulation and soft tissue massage. Particularly in the abdomen, TPs may be associated with psychological reactions as well as physical aspects of bodily function.
Poultry consumption and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis
Authors: He Qian , Wan Zheng-ce , Xu Xiao-bing , Wu Jing , Xiong Guang-lian 
Published: February 2016

Background.Several kinds of foods are hypothesized to be potential factors contributing to the variation of prostate cancer (PCa) incidence. But the effect of poultry on PCa is still inconsistent and no quantitative assessment has been published up to date. So we conducted this meta-analysis to clarify the association between them.Materials and Methods. We conducted a literature search of PubMed and Embase for studies examining the association between poultry consumption and PCa up to June, 2015. Pooled risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of the highest versus lowest poultry consumption categories were calculated by fixed-effect model or random-effect model.Results.A total of 27 (12 cohort and 15 case-control) studies comprising 23,703 cases and 469,986 noncases were eligible for inclusion. The summary RR of total PCa incidence was 1.03 (95% CI [0.95–1.11]) for the highest versus lowest categories of poultry intake. The heterogeneity between studies was not statistically significant (P= 0.768,I2= 28.5%). Synthesized analysis of 11 studies on high stage PCa and 8 studies on chicken exposure also demonstrated null association. We also did not obtain significant association in the subgroup of cohort study (RR = 1.04, 95% CI [0.98–1.10]), as well as in the subgroups of population-based case-control study and hospital-based case-control study. Then the studies were divided into three geographic groups: Western countries, Asia and South America. The pooled RRs in these areas did not reveal statistically significant association between poultry and PCa.Conclusions.This meta-analysis suggests no association between poultry consumption and PCa risk. Further well-designed studies are warranted to confirm the result.
Analysis of Protein Sumoylation
Authors: Sarge Kevin D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSumoylation, wherein small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) proteins are covalently attached to specific lysine residues of target proteins, plays an important role in regulating many diverse cellular processes via its control of the functional properties of the modified proteins. Identification of new sumoylated proteins is expected to expand understanding of the role this modification has in cell function. This unit describes two different assays for determining whether a particular protein is sumoylated: the first method employs immunoprecipitation of the protein followed by SUMO immunoblot. The second involves incubating the protein (either an in vitro translation product or a purified recombinant protein) with a reconstituted in vitro sumoylation reaction followed by examination for increased molecular‐weight bands in SDS‐PAGE as sumoylated forms of the protein. Either of these approaches can also be used to determine the sumoylated lysine residue(s) by comparing modification of the normal protein versus lysine‐to‐arginine substitutions of potential sumoylation sites, which once determined allows analysis of the effect of sumoylation on the protein's function. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Charisma counts: the presence of great apes affects the allocation of research effort in the paleotropics
Authors: Marshall Andrew J , Meijaard Erik , Van Cleave Eric , Sheil Douglas 
Published: February 2016

Scientific research in the biodiversity‐rich paleotropics (the tropical portions of the Old World) provides multiple benefits, yet we know little about the distribution of research effort in this region and the factors that determine it. We used Google Scholar to assess paleotropical research effort – defined here as the number of published studies that reference one of 565 terrestrial protected areas in the 23 African and Asian countries that contain great apes (Gorilla spp, Pan spp, and Pongo spp). We found that research effort is strongly skewed toward a small number of sites and that most protected areas are inadequately represented in the scientific literature. Scientists conducting paleotropical research often focus their efforts on protected areas that are large, that are designated as national parks, and that contain non‐human great apes. Our results highlight important gaps in research effort, and indicate that current understanding of tropical protected areas is limited and heavily biased toward specific sites, many of which may not be representative of existing protected areas in the paleotropics.
Permafrost thaw and wildfire: Equally important drivers of boreal tree cover changes in the Taiga Plains, Canada
Authors: Helbig M. , Pappas C. , Sonnentag O. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBoreal forests cover vast areas of the permafrost zones of North America, and changes in their composition and structure can lead to pronounced impacts on the regional and global climate. We partition the variation in regional boreal tree cover changes between 2000 and 2014 across the Taiga Plains, Canada, into its main causes: permafrost thaw, wildfire disturbance, and postfire regrowth. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Percent Tree Cover (PTC) data are used in combination with maps of historic fires, and permafrost and drainage characteristics. We find that permafrost thaw is equally important as fire history to explain PTC changes. At the southern margin of the permafrost zone, PTC loss due to permafrost thaw outweighs PTC gain from postfire regrowth. These findings emphasize the importance of permafrost thaw in controlling regional boreal forest changes over the last decade, which may become more pronounced with rising air temperatures and accelerated permafrost thaw.
A new model of amplitude fluctuations for radio propagation in solar corona during superior solar conjunction
Authors: Xu Guanjun , Song Zhaohui 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRadio communication links through the solar corona are disturbed by electron density fluctuations caused by coronal turbulence. This has become a problem for deep space exploration when the spacecraft is near superior conjunction with the Sun. With a forecast of the signal fluctuations the link could be adapted to compensate for these impairments in real time. Motivated by this need, we present a theoretical study of the signal fluctuations including an analytical expression for the amplitude fluctuations. The proposed model includes an anisotropic spectrum of density fluctuations, the solar wind “outer scale,” and the spectral exponent. The performance of this analytical solution is demonstrated by comparison with published data from spacecraft and with other existing analytical methods.
Unusual Products from Oxidation of Naphthalene Diimides
Authors: Maniam Subashani , Sandanayake Saman , Izgorodina Ekaterina I. , Langford Steven J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTransforming the naphthalene diimide (NDI) core into unusual aromatic systems has large potential for applications in which current NDI‐based systems show promise. Treatment of N,N‐dialkylNDIs under mild oxidizing conditions with ruthenium(III) chloride and sodium periodate affords the corresponding 1,4‐diones in good yield. Interestingly, while aliphatic substituents at the N‐imide positions allowed oxidation to take place easily, the presence of neutral, electron‐rich or electron‐deficient phenyl groups retarded the oxidation process under these reaction conditions. The chemistry of the 1,4‐dione is then explored through reduction and condensation reactions. In two examples, reaction of the 1,4‐dione with diamines gives an unusual, ring‐contracted product 20, which has a high quantum yield. Additionally, the 1,4‐dione can be converted into larger heterocycles such as 21 and 22 featuring an isoquinoline core. The 1,4‐diones and their products have been investigated by spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, theoretical studies, and X‐ray crystallography. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of the 1,4‐dione to serve as an invaluable precursor for NDI‐based research.
Synthesis and Dynamics of Nanosized Phenylene–Ethynylene–Butadiynylene Rotaxanes and the Role of Shape Persistence
Authors: Schweez Christopher , Shushkov Philip , Grimme Stefan , Höger Sigurd 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPhenylacetylene‐based [2]rotaxanes were synthesized by a covalent‐template approach by aminolysis of the corresponding prerotaxanes. The wheel and the bulky stoppers are made of phenylene–ethynylene–butadiynylene macrocycles of the same size. The stoppers are large enough to enable the synthesis and purification of the rotaxane. However, the wheel unthreads from the axle at elevated temperatures. The deslipping kinetics and the activation parameters were determined. We described theoretically the unthreading by state‐of‐the‐art DFT‐based molecular‐mechanics models and a string method for the simulation of rare events. This approach enabled us to characterize in detail the unthreading mechanism, which involves the folding of the stopper during its passage through the wheel opening, a process that defies intuitive geometrical considerations. The conformational and energetic features of the transition allowed us to infer the molecular residues controlling the disassembly timescale.
Drug Repurposing Identifies Inhibitors of Oseltamivir‐Resistant Influenza Viruses
Authors: Bao Ju , Marathe Bindumadhav , Govorkova Elena A. , Zheng Jie J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor, oseltamivir, is a widely used anti‐influenza drug. However, oseltamivir‐resistant H1N1 influenza viruses carrying the H275Y NA mutation spontaneously emerged as a result of natural genetic drift and drug treatment. Because H275Y and other potential mutations may generate a future pandemic influenza strain that is oseltamivir‐resistant, alternative therapy options are needed. Herein, we show that a structure‐based computational method can be used to identify existing drugs that inhibit resistant viruses, thereby providing a first line of pharmaceutical defense against this possible scenario. We identified two drugs, nalidixic acid and dorzolamide, that potently inhibit the NA activity of oseltamivir‐resistant H1N1 viruses with the H275Y NA mutation at very low concentrations, but have no effect on wild‐type H1N1 NA even at a much higher concentration, suggesting that the oseltamivir‐resistance mutation itself caused susceptibility to these drugs.
Stereoselective Halogenation in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Chung Won‐jin , Vanderwal Christopher D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAt last count, nearly 5000 halogenated natural products have been discovered. In approximately half of these compounds, the carbon atom to which the halogen is bound is sp3‐hybridized; therefore, there are an enormous number of natural products for which stereocontrolled halogenation must be a critical component of any synthesis strategy. In this Review, we critically discuss the methods and strategies used for stereoselective introduction of halogen atoms in the context of natural product synthesis. Using the successes of the past, we also attempt to identify gaps in our synthesis technology that would aid the synthesis of halogenated natural products, as well as existing methods that have not yet seen application in complex molecule synthesis. The chemistry described herein demonstrates yet again how natural products continue to provide the inspiration for critical advances in chemical synthesis.
Hexasubstituted Benzenes with Ultrastrong Dipole Moments
Authors: Wudarczyk Jakob , Papamokos George , Margaritis Vasilis , Schollmeyer Dieter , Hinkel Felix , Baumgarten Martin , Floudas George , Müllen Klaus 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHexasubstituted benzenes have been synthesized with the highest known dipole moments, as determined by dielectric spectroscopy and DFT methods. Based on the preparation of 4,5‐diamino‐3,6‐dibromophthalonitrile, combined with a novel method to synthesize dihydrobenzimidazoles, these benzene derivatives have dipole moments in excess of 10 debye. Such dipole moments are desirable in ferroelectrics, nonlinear optics, and in organic photovoltaics. Structure determination was achieved through single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, and the optical properties were determined by UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy.
Bipyridinium Polymers That Dock Tetrathiafulvalene Guests in Water Driven by Donor–Acceptor and Ion Pair Interactions
Authors: Zhang Yun‐Chang , Qin Ying , Wang Hui , Zhang Dan‐Wei , Yang Guanyu , Li Zhan‐Ting 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTwo water‐soluble para‐xylylene‐connected 4,4′‐bipyridinium (BIPY2+) polymers have been prepared. UV‐Vis absorption, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry experiments support that in water the BIPY2+ units in the polymers form stable 1:1 charge‐transfer complexes with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) guests that bear two or four carboxylate groups. These charge‐transfer complexes are stabilized by the donor–acceptor interaction between electron‐rich TTF and electron‐deficient BIPY2+ units and electrostatic attraction between the dicationic BIPY2+ units and the anionic carboxylate groups attached to the TTF core. On the basis of UV‐Vis experiments, a lower limit to the apparent association constant of the TTF⋅BIPY2+ complexes of the mixtures, 1.8×106 m−1, has been estimated in water. Control experiments reveal substantially reduced binding ability of the neutral TTF di‐ and tetracarboxylic acids to the BIPY2+ molecules and polymers. Moreover, the stability of the charge‐transfer complexes formed by the BIPY2+ units of the polymers are considerably higher than that of the complexes formed between two monomeric BIPY2+ controls and the dicarboxylate‐TTF donor; this has been attributed to the mutually strengthened electron‐deficient nature of the BIPY2+ units of the polymers due to the electron‐withdrawing effect of the BIPY2+ units.
Historische Eisenbahnhubbrücken in Deutschland
Authors: Braun Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag soll über drei Beispiele noch bestehender Hubbrücken für die Eisenbahn berichtet werden. Aus den 1930er‐Jahren stammend, repräsentieren sie einen sehr gehobenen Stand ingenieurtechnischer Leistung in Deutschland. Aus verschiedenen Gründen für den ursprünglichen Zweck nicht mehr benötigt, bedürfen sie dringend der Unterschutzstellung.Historical railway lift bridges in GermanyIn the article below reports on three examples of existing lift bridges for railway purpose. They date from the 1930s and demonstrate a very high level of engineering performance. Because of different reasons they are no longer required and now need protection.
Other species in the aqueous environment of a peptide can invert its intrinsic solvated polyproline II/beta propensity: Implications for amyloid formation
Authors: Mirkin Noemi G. , Krimm Samuel 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTAs we have previously shown, the predominance of the polyproline II conformation in the circular dichroism spectra of aqueous polypeptides is related to its lower energy than that of the beta conformation. To test whether this is still the case in the presence of additional components in the medium, we have calculated the energy difference between these two conformations in an alanine‐dipeptide/12‐water system without and with the addition of an HCl molecule. We find in the latter case that the beta conformer is of lower energy than the polyproline II. Energy profiles near the minima in both cases also permit conclusions about the relative entropies of these structures. These results emphasize the importance of considering the peptide‐plus‐medium state as the relevant entity in determining the structural properties of such systems. Such an inversion could be relevant to the formation of amyloid and could thus lead to new strategies for studying its role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 305–311, 2016.
Patient‐derived xenograft mouse models of pseudomyxoma peritonei recapitulate the human inflammatory tumor microenvironment
Authors: Kuracha Murali R. , Thomas Peter , Loggie Brian W. , Govindarajan Venkatesh 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a neoplastic syndrome characterized by peritoneal tumor implants with copious mucinous ascites. The standard of care for PMP patients is aggressive cytoreductive surgery performed in conjunction with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Not all patients are candidates for these procedures and a majority of the patients will have recurrent disease. In addition to secreted mucin, inflammation and fibrosis are central to PMP pathogenesis but the molecular processes that regulate tumor‐stromal interactions within the peritoneal tumor microenvironment remain largely unknown. This knowledge is critical not only to elucidate PMP pathobiology but also to identify novel targets for therapy. Here, we report the generation of patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models for PMP and assess the ability of these models to replicate the inflammatory peritoneal microenvironment of human PMP patients. PDX mouse models of low‐ and high‐grade PMP were generated and were of a similar histopathology as human PMP. Cytokines previously shown to be elevated in human PMP were also elevated in PDX ascites. Significant differences in IL‐6 and IL‐8/KC/MIP2 were seen between human and PDX ascites. Interestingly, these cytokines were mostly secreted by mouse‐derived, tumor‐associated stromal cells rather than by human‐derived PMP tumor cells. Our data suggest that the PMP PDX mouse models are especially suited to the study of tumor‐stromal interactions that regulate the peritoneal inflammatory environment in PMP as the tumor and stromal cells in these mouse models are of human and murine origins, respectively. These mouse models are therefore, likely to be useful in vivo surrogates for testing and developing novel therapeutic treatment interventions for PMP.
Nitrogen‐Doped Foam‐like Carbon Plate Consisting of Carbon Tubes as High‐Performance Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
Authors: Dong Yinghu , Wang Wenxiu , Quan Hongying , Huang Zhongning , Chen Dezhi , Guo Lin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA nitrogen‐doped foam‐like 3D carbon plate is prepared by carbonizing a selected biomass precursor of pomelo peel. The carbon plate is composed of interwoven connected carbon tubes and shows a unique 3D interpenetrating macroporous network with binary‐channel structure. Owing to the proper pore structures, short ion‐diffusion paths, high conductivity, and high structure stability, the carbon plate exhibits excellent electrochemical performance as an electrode for supercapacitors directly. A high specific capacitance of up to 338 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, good rate capability with a capacitance retention of 59 % at 20 A g−1, and high cycling stability with only 4 % capacitance loss after 5000 cycles at 20 A g−1 can be achieved in 6 m KOH electrolyte in a three‐electrode system. Furthermore, a symmetric supercapacitor fabricated by using the carbon plates delivers an energy density of 11.05 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 250 W kg−1, and an outstanding cycling stability with only 2.4 % capacitance decay over 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1 in 6 m KOH electrolyte. These very attractive electrochemical properties indicate that the carbon plate derived from pomelo peel is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.