bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical heterogeneity of somatostatin‐expressing GABAergic interneurons in layers II and III of the mouse cingulate cortex: A combined immunofluorescence/design‐based stereologic study
Authors: Riedemann Therese , Schmitz Christoph , Sutor Bernd 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTMany neurological diseases including major depression and schizophrenia manifest as dysfunction of the GABAergic system within the cingulate cortex. However, relatively little is known about the properties of GABAergic interneurons in the cingulate cortex. Therefore, we investigated the neurochemical properties of GABAergic interneurons in the cingulate cortex of FVB‐Tg(GadGFP)45704Swn/J mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a subset of GABAergic interneurons (GFP‐expressing inhibitory interneurons [GINs]) by means of immunocytochemical and design‐based stereologic techniques. We found that GINs represent around 12% of all GABAergic interneurons in the cingulate cortex. In contrast to other neocortical areas, GINs were only found in cortical layers II and III. More than 98% of GINs coexpressed the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM), but only 50% of all SOM + neurons were GINs. By analyzing the expression of calretinin (CR), calbindin (CB), parvalbumin, and various neuropeptides, we identified several distinct GIN subgroups. In particular, we observed coexpression of SOM with CR and CB. In addition, we found neuropeptide Y expression almost exclusively in those GINs that coexpressed SOM and CR. Thus, with respect to the expression of calcium‐binding proteins and neuropeptides, GINs are surprisingly heterogeneous in the mouse cingulate cortex, and the minority of GINs express only one marker protein or peptide. Furthermore, our observation of overlap between the SOM + and CR + interneuron population was in contrast to earlier findings of non‐overlapping SOM + and CR + interneuron populations in the human cortex. This might indicate that findings in mouse models of neuropsychiatric diseases may not be directly transferred to human patients. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2281–2299, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Training
Authors: Hellsten Ylva , Nyberg Michael 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTAerobic exercise training leads to cardiovascular changes that markedly increase aerobic power and lead to improved endurance performance. The functionally most important adaptation is the improvement in maximal cardiac output which is the result of an enlargement in cardiac dimension, improved contractility, and an increase in blood volume, allowing for greater filling of the ventricles and a consequent larger stroke volume. In parallel with the greater maximal cardiac output, the perfusion capacity of the muscle is increased, permitting for greater oxygen delivery. To accommodate the higher aerobic demands and perfusion levels, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries adapt in structure and number. The diameters of the larger conduit and resistance arteries are increased minimizing resistance to flow as the cardiac output is distributed in the body and the wall thickness of the conduit and resistance arteries is reduced, a factor contributing to increased arterial compliance. Endurance training may also induce alterations in the vasodilator capacity, although such adaptations are more pronounced in individuals with reduced vascular function. The microvascular net increases in size within the muscle allowing for an improved capacity for oxygen extraction by the muscle through a greater area for diffusion, a shorter diffusion distance, and a longer mean transit time for the erythrocyte to pass through the smallest blood vessels. The present article addresses the effect of endurance training on systemic and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations with a focus on humans, but also covers animal data. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:1‐32, 2016.
Salt, Angiotensin II, Superoxide, and Endothelial Function
Authors: Boegehold Matthew A. , Drenjancevic Ines , Lombard Julian H. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTProper function of the vascular endothelium is essential for cardiovascular health, in large part due to its antiproliferative, antihypertrophic, and anti‐inflammatory properties. Crucial to the protective role of the endothelium is the production and liberation of nitric oxide (NO), which not only acts as a potent vasodilator, but also reduces levels of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide anion (O2•−). Superoxide anion is highly injurious to the vasculature because it not only scavenges NO molecules, but has other damaging effects, including direct oxidative disruption of normal signaling mechanisms in the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. The renin‐angiotensin system plays a crucial role in the maintenance of normal blood pressure. This function is mediated via the peptide hormone angiotensin II (ANG II), which maintains normal blood volume by regulating Na+excretion. However, elevation of ANG II above normal levels increases O2•−production, promotes oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, and plays a major role in multiple disease conditions. Elevated dietary salt intake also leads to oxidant stress and endothelial dysfunction, but these occur in the face of salt‐induced ANG II suppression and reduced levels of circulating ANG II. While the effects of abnormally high levels of ANG II have been extensively studied, far less is known regarding the mechanisms of oxidant stress and endothelial dysfunction occurring in response to chronic exposure to abnormally low levels of ANG II. The current article focuses on the mechanisms and consequences of this less well understood relationship among salt, superoxide, and endothelial function. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:215‐254, 2016.
Cytochrome P450 and Lipoxygenase Metabolites on Renal Function
Authors: Imig John D. , Khan Md. Abdul Hye 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTArachidonic acid metabolites have a myriad of biological actions including effects on the kidney to alter renal hemodynamics and tubular transport processes. Cyclooxygenase metabolites are products of an arachidonic acid enzymatic pathway that has been extensively studied in regards to renal function. Two lesser‐known enzymatic pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism are the lipoxygenase (LO) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways. The importance of LO and CYP metabolites to renal hemodynamics and tubular transport processes is now being recognized. LO and CYP metabolites have actions to alter renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Proximal and distal tubular sodium transport and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis are also significantly influenced by renal CYP and LO levels. Metabolites of the LO and CYP pathways also have renal actions that influence renal inflammation, proliferation, and apoptotic processes at vascular and epithelial cells. These renal LO and CYP pathway actions occur through generation of specific metabolites and cell‐signaling mechanisms. Even though the renal physiological importance and actions for LO and CYP metabolites are readily apparent, major gaps remain in our understanding of these lipid mediators to renal function. Future studies will be needed to fill these major gaps regarding LO and CYP metabolites on renal function. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:423‐441, 2016.
Thyroid Hormone, Hormone Analogs, and Angiogenesis
Authors: Davis Paul J. , Sudha Thangirala , Lin Hung‐Yun , Mousa Shaker A. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTModulation by thyroid hormone and hormone analogs of angiogenesis in the heart after experimental infarction, and in other organs, has been appreciated for decades. Description of a plasma membrane receptor for thyroid hormone on the extracellular domain of integrin αvβ3 on endothelial cells has revealed the complexity of the nongenomic regulation of angiogenesis by the hormone. From αvβ3, the hormone directs transcription of specific vascular growth factor genes, regulates growth factor receptor/growth factor interactions and stimulates endothelial cell migration to a vitronectin cue; these actions are implicated experimentally in tumor‐relevant angiogenesis and angioproliferative pulmonary hypertension. Derived from L‐thyroxine (T4), tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) can be covalently bound to a polymer and as Nanotetrac acts exclusively at the hormone receptor on αvβ3 to block actions of T4and 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine (T3) on angiogenesis. Other antiangiogenic actions of Nanotetrac include disruption of crosstalk between integrin αvβ3 and adjacent cell surface vascular growth factor receptors, resulting in disordered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; FGF2) actions at their respective plasma membrane receptors. From αvβ3, Nanotetrac also downregulates expression ofVEGFAand epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genes, upregulates transcription of the angiogenesis suppressor gene, thrombospondin 1 (THBS1; TSP1) and decreases cellular abundance of Ang‐2 protein and matrix metalloproteinase‐9. Existence of this receptor provides new insights into the multiple mechanisms by which thyroid hormone and hormone analogs may regulate angiogenesis at the molecular level. The receptor also offers pharmacological opportunities for interruption of pathological angiogenesis via integrin αvβ3. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:353‐362, 2016.
Potential therapeutic targets in plasma cell disorders: A flow cytometry study
Authors: Lisenko Katharina , Schönland Stefan , Hegenbart Ute , Wallenwein Katrin , Braun Ute , Mai Elias K. , Hillengass Jens , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Jauch Anna , Ho Anthony D. , Raab Marc , Hundemer Michael 
Published: December 2015

The discovery of new targets for tailored therapy is a major improvement in oncology, and tools for the rapid and reliable detection of these targets are essential. Clinical trials demonstrated the benefit of recently developed antibodies against antigens on malignant B‐cells. The aim of this study was to assess patients with plasma cell (PC) disorders for expression of antigens on malignant PCs that have exhibited promise in targeted cancer therapy.We retrospectively analyzed the expression of CD20, CD22, CD27, CD30, CD38, CD52, CD81, CD138, and SLAMF7 on PCs by flow cytometry in 103 patients with PC disorders. Furthermore, we studied cytogenetic data to correlate immunophenotyping and genetic parameters.The expression frequency of CD22, CD30, and CD52 was similar to other studies (12–35%, 0–19%, and 0–8%, respectively). Unexpectedly, we observed a high CD20 expression frequency in 37% of all AL‐amyloidosis cases. The presence of t(11;14) correlated positively with CD20 expression on PCs in AL‐amyloidosis (p = 0.018). Furthermore, the expression level of SLAMF7 was decreased in advanced PC disorders (p = 0.025) and a diminished expression of SLAMF7 is associated with low expression of CD27 and CD81 on malignant PCs in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.This study provides a contribution to targeted therapy options in PC disorders. Particularly, the results put an emphasis on CD20 as therapeutic target in AL‐amyloidosis. Regarding the therapeutic options of the SLAMF7 antibody elotuzumab, these data advise that analysis of SLAMF7 expression before application of elotuzumab might help to estimate the efficacy of elotuzumab in clinical trials. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Quantifying interspecific variation in dispersal ability of noctuid moths using an advanced tethered flight technique
Authors: Jones Hayley B. C. , Lim Ka S. , Bell James R. , Hill Jane K. , Chapman Jason W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDispersal plays a crucial role in many aspects of species' life histories, yet is often difficult to measure directly. This is particularly true for many insects, especially nocturnal species (e.g. moths) that cannot be easily observed under natural field conditions. Consequently, over the past five decades, laboratory tethered flight techniques have been developed as a means of measuring insect flight duration and speed. However, these previous designs have tended to focus on single species (typically migrant pests), and here we describe an improved apparatus that allows the study of flight ability in a wide range of insect body sizes and types. Obtaining dispersal information from a range of species is crucial for understanding insect population dynamics and range shifts. Our new laboratory tethered flight apparatus automatically records flight duration, speed, and distance of individual insects. The rotational tethered flight mill has very low friction and the arm to which flying insects are attached is extremely lightweight while remaining rigid and strong, permitting both small and large insects to be studied. The apparatus is compact and thus allows many individuals to be studied simultaneously under controlled laboratory conditions. We demonstrate the performance of the apparatus by using the mills to assess the flight capability of 24 species of British noctuid moths, ranging in size from 12–27 mm forewing length (~40–660 mg body mass). We validate the new technique by comparing our tethered flight data with existing information on dispersal ability of noctuids from the published literature and expert opinion. Values for tethered flight variables were in agreement with existing knowledge of dispersal ability in these species, supporting the use of this method to quantify dispersal in insects. Importantly, this new technology opens up the potential to investigate genetic and environmental factors affecting insect dispersal among a wide range of species.
Iron(III) Contrast Agent Candidates for MRI: a Survey of the Structure–Effect Relationship in the Last 15 ­Years of Studies
Authors: Kuźnik Nikodem , Wyskocka Marzena 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIron(III) complexes are under investigation as MRI contrast agents, and new challenges have delineated the way they are being developed. This review article describes the enhanced features that have been develolped in the last 15 years of research. The consequences of relaxation theory impose kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural requirements on the potential contrast agent. Iron, as an endogenous metal, might fulfil these expectations, so its specificity is discussed here. The progress that has been made in achieving higher efficiency in accelerating proton relaxation with in vivo effects is also described. The structural relationships of iron(III) complexes as the key features of contrast agent candidates are particularly emphasized. Because iron is a redox‐active metal, its inertness must be ensured by the ligand. This problem, together with thermodynamic stability and the resulting toxicity, is discussed.
Sensory, Microbiological and Chemical Changes in Vacuum‐Packaged Blue Spotted Emperor (Lethrinus sp), Saddletail Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus), Crimson Snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus), Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fillets Stored at 4°C
Authors: Fuentes‐Amaya Luisa Fernanda , Munyard Steve , Fernandez‐Piquer Judith , Howieson Janet 
Published: December 2015

AbstractQuality assessment of finfish fillets during storage is important to be able to predict the shelf life of the fresh product during distribution. Microbial, chemical (pH, TMA, and TVB‐N), and sensory (Quality index assessment QIA, Torry scheme) changes in vacuum‐packaged blue‐spotted emperor (Lethrinus sp), saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus), crimson snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus), barramundi (Lates calcarifer), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets stored at 4°C were evaluated for 5 days. Microbiological study included evaluation of TVC (total viable counts), total psychrotrophic organisms, and H2S‐producing bacteria. Numbers increased during storage time and reached an average of 8.5, 8.5, and 9.2 log10 cfu/g, respectively, for the five different fish species. These levels were above accepted microbiological limits for fish fillets. Although the sensory analyses showed a decrease in quality, none of the finfish fillets were considered unacceptable at the end of the storage trial. Chemically, there was a slight pH increase, but trimethylamine (TMA) levels remained low. However, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) levels increased over time, reaching levels above 35 mg/100 g for blue spotted emperor, saddletail snapper, and crimson snapper by the end of the storage period. Results show that the deterioration of finfish fillet quality is a complex event of biochemical, sensory, and microbial factors, and multiple analyses may be required to define acceptability.
Experimental Evaluation of Effective Parameters for the Synthesis of Polysulfone‐Based Anion Exchange Membrane
Authors: Iravaninia M. , Rowshanzamir S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractExperimental evaluation using screening design is employed to determine the significant parameters in preparation of anion exchange membranes applicable in solid alkaline fuel cell. Anion exchange membranes are prepared based on quaternized polysulfone using trimethylamine and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,6‐hexanediamine as amination agents. Plackett Burman and Fractional Factorial designs are used to model variable factors and responses. Chloromethylation time and temperature, amination time and temperature and molar ratio of amines to chloromethylated sites on the polymer chain are studied as the model variables. Moreover, ex situ ionic conductivity (at 25 and 60 °C) and swelling ratio (at 25 °C) of the prepared anion exchange membranes are considered as the responses. Finally, based on analysis of variance using statistical software, the chloromethylation time, the amination temperature and the molar ratio of amines are defined as the dominant parameters which significantly affect the performance of the anion exchange membranes.
Cell‐free Epstein–Barr virus‐DNA in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Plasma versus urine
Authors: Sengar Manju , Chorghe Siddhesh , Jadhav Kamini , Singh Shikha , Laskar Sarbani Ghosh , Pai Prathamesh , Aggarwal Jai Prakash , D'Cruz Anil , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Deshpande Mandar , Chaukar Devendra , Budrukkar Ashwini , Gupta Tejpal , Murthy Vedang , Kane Shubhada , Thakur Meenakshi , Rangarajan Venkatesh , Kannan Sadhana , Shet Tanuja , Kode Jyoti 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to explore urinary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐DNA as a potential biomarker in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).MethodsEBV‐DNA copies were estimated in plasma/urine of patients with NPC (n = 76) by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at baseline, during therapy, and at follow‐up. Their correlation with EBV‐RNA expression in tissues (n = 53) was used to assess sensitivity and specificity of plasma/urine EBV‐DNA. Correlation of urine and plasma EBV‐DNA with each other and with radiological response was evaluated.ResultsThis study demonstrated that urine EBV‐DNA has high sensitivity (96%) at diagnosis and it correlates well with plasma EBV‐DNA at baseline and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The EBV‐DNA copies reduced significantly with therapy (plasma: p < .001; urine: p = .011). Patients with low EBV‐DNA copies demonstrated improved survival (plasma: p = .023; urine: p = .083).ConclusionPlasma EBV‐DNA is a good prognostic marker, whereas further study on a larger cohort may help in developing urine EBV‐DNA as a surrogate prognostic marker for patients with NPC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1666–E1673, 2016
Efficacy of an Enrichment Media for Increasing Threshold for Carbapenem‐Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Screening
Authors: Peretz Avi , Pastukh Nina , Isakovich Natlya , Koifman Anna , Brodsky Diana , Mizrahi Hila , Aharon Ilana , Labay Kozitta 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundIdentification of carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is complex and a major laboratory challenge; clinical cultures may diagnose only some of the CRE carriers among patients, thus it is crucial to perform asymptomatic carriage screening.Materials and methods We compare the efficacy of a rectal sample culture prior to enrichment with BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) Broth and following 18–24 h. All rectal samples were applied on CHROMagar KPC selective growth media and then seeded on MacConkey agar selective growth media with an applied disk of Imipenem antibiotic on top of the media, then inserted into enrichment BHI Broth. After 18–24 h incubation with enrichment media, all samples were applied again on this media.ResultsFrom the 2,245 rectal samples, CRE colonies were found in 96 (4.3%). Following enrichment with BHI Broth, CRE colonies were found in 111 (4.9%) CHROMagar KPC plates and 106 (4.7%) MacConkey agar.ConclusionWe were able to demonstrate that the number of CRE‐positive results increased due to use of additional enrichment with BHI Broth. Therefore, we recommend applying this method of addition of liquid enrichment media as part of a culture protocol routine for CRE screening.
Climatic signal in tree‐ring width chronologies of conifers in European Russia
Authors: Matskovsky Vladimir 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTAlthough European part of Russia is the largest forest‐covered part of Europe, dendroclimatic data for high‐resolution climate reconstructions are still scarce in this region. Climatic response of 62 tree‐ring width chronologies of pine (Pinus sylvestris), spruce (Picea abies, Picea obovata) and larch (Larix sibirica) was analysed over a large area in the northern and central parts of European Russia (54–70°N, 29–57°E). The use of several climatic archives including the data from meteorological stations and gridded datasets allowed identifying the most important climatic parameters impacting the radial growth of conifers in the study region. Our results showed that all conifers growing to the north of 60°N react positively to summer temperature. To the south, at the latitude of 54–56°N, the signal is changing and the ring width depends on the combination of two parameters – warmth and humidity (precipitation, Palmer Drought Severity Index, soil moisture). These findings are in correspondence with analogous studies from nearby regions (Europe and Fennoscandia) and large‐scale studies for the whole Northern Hemisphere. Although three genera of conifers were studied, pine is much better represented in the analysed network, and the results for spruce and larch have to be confirmed in further studies. The negative correlation of the spruce‐ring width with the temperature of previous growing season has been defined for 16 of 17 studied chronologies.