bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dry matter and nitrogen degradation of whole crop wheat cut at three stages of crop maturity
Authors: Hill J. , Leaver J.D. , Givens D.I. 
Published: January 2018

The in sacco degradability technique (Paine, Crawshaw and Barber (1982)) is a useful method to evaluate the dry matter and nitrogen degradation characteristics of a forage in the rumen. Little information is available on the DM and N degradability of whole crop wheat. In a previous paper substantial variations in the nutritive composition of fermented and urea treated whole crop wheat forages were observed with increasing crop maturity. These variations were ascribed to changes in botanical composition of the forage with increasing maturity, for example the increasing contribution of grain in the dry matter elevated the starch content of the forage (Hill and Leaver (1991)). Givens, Moss and Adamson (1993) stated that whole crop cereals comprised of a cell wall rich straw fraction and a starch rich grain fraction. Therefore it could be suggested that variation in the relative proportions of these fractions would influence the fractional rate of degradation of the forage. Evidence to support this hypothesis was presented in Givens, Moss, Adamson and Reeve (1992) by incubating each fraction individually. The experiment reported was designed to compare the effect of stage of crop maturity, ensiling and urea treatment on the degradability of DM and N of whole crop wheat forages incubated as a total forage.An autumn sown crop of wheat (var. fortress) was cut at three stages of maturity being; growth stage 49 (boot), 71 (early milk) and 89 (hard dough) and three treatments were applied to the harvested forage. The treatments were fresh forage as harvested, ensiled and urea treatment with 40 kg/tonne DM. Six mature sheep (mean liveweight 76.9 kg), each fitted with a rumen cannula were used in the degradation trial.
Intake and Production Responses by Holstein-Friesian Cows to the Level and Pattern of Crude Protein Supplied in a Fixed Concentrate Diet given with Grass Silage ad Libitum
Authors: Aston K. , Fisher W.J. , McAllan A.B. 
Published: January 2018

Recent trials with cows fed grass silage have shown significant increases in intake and in yields of milk and milk solids when the crude protein (CP) concentration in a supplementary concentrate was raised. Giving additional CP in the concentrate was a more effective strategy for improving yields of milk and milk protein than giving extra energy (Aston et al 1992). The objective of this trial was to examine the influence of changes to the amount and pattern of distribution of CP supplied in a fixed concentrate ration given with grass silage ad libitum.Fifty-five Holstein-Friesian cows in their second and subsequent lactations were given a standard diet for two weeks from calving and then were used in a continuous feeding trial from weeks 4 to 21. The cows received 5 kg of fresh concentrate daily containing 156 (LP), 245 (MP) or 338 (HP) g CP per kg dry matter (DM), MP comprised equal amounts of LP and HP. Concentrate carbohydrate sources were cereals and digestible fibre and CP was increased by a mixture of 3:1 soya:fish meals. Grass silage contained 253 g toluene DM/kg, 162 g CP/kg DM, D value in vivo 0.723, pH 3.7, fermentation acids 135 g/kg DM of which 0.85 was lactic acid and NH3-N 91 g/kg total N.
Finishing Performance of Hill Lambs Fed Clover-Rich Baled Silage to Ukrofs Standards
Authors: Keatinge R , Murray W A 
Published: January 2018

Within conventional silage finishing systems, forage quality is critical to lamb performance and some concentrate feeding is generally required (Fitzgerald, 1987). Rate of finish may also be manipulated by increasing the concentrate component of the diet, particularly in the latter stages of the finishing period. For organic production however, the United Kingdom Register of Organic Food Standards (UKROFS) limit concentrate supplementation to 40% of daily dry matter intake, and a flatter pattern of concentrate allocation is generally required. Where diets containing a high proportion of clover (more likely under an organic or low nitrogen system) are fed, improvements in lamb performance have been shown in grazing animals (Clark, 1988) and following ensiling (Vipond et al, 1992). The aim of this experiment was to assess the potential of high clover silage to finish hill lambs from the organic unit at ADAS Redesdale.One hundred and forty four approximately six month old Scottish Blackface wether lambs (mean liveweight 30.0 kg, se = 0.24) were housed off silage aftermath and assigned (in pens of twelve) to one of three treatments - grass silage plus 400 g concentrate (GH), high clover silage plus 400 g concentrate (CH) or high clover silage plus 200 g of mineralised barley (CL).
Cut-and-Carry Feeding of Indigenous Grass in Indonesian Sheep Production: Effect of Amounts of Grass and Rice Bran Offered on Grass Intake and on Yield of Compost Made From Refusals and Excreta
Authors: Tanner J C , Owen E , Winugroho H M , Gill M 
Published: January 2018

West Java sheep are permanently housed and offered manually-harvested grass at 50-60 g dry matter [DM] per kg live weight [M] daily [d]. Flocks (ca. 5 head) are housed on slats, with excreta and feed refusals composted underneath.In a previous experiment (Tanner, Owen, Winugroho & Gill, 1993) with 18-month old Javanese Thin-Tailed rams, intake of cut-and-carried, indigenous grass increased as the amount offered was increased (25, 50 or 75 g DM offered/kg M.d; intakes were 22.1, 31.7 and 34.9 g DM/kg M.d respectively). Output of compost also increased with increasing amount of grass offered.Cutting and carrying grass is labour demanding and therefore expensive. Substituting some of the grass with a readily available by-product such as rice bran could reduce feed costs.In the present experiment, cut-and-carried grass was supplemented with rice bran and the effect upon intake of grass and output of compost measured.
A dual purpose cattle system combining milk and beef production
Authors: Boden R.F. , Leaver J.D. 
Published: January 2018

In tropical countries it is common practice to milk cows once daily and additionally maintain a suckled calf. Such a system in Europe could have relevance on small farms where part-time work was necessary to maintain the farm business.The objective of this study was to examine the cow and calf performance on such a system in comparison to a conventional twice daily milking system.Sixteen Holstein Friesian cows (12) and Brown Swiss x Holstein Friesian cows (4) were allocated at random to control or suckled groups. They calved in June/July 1992 with beef bred calves (Simmental and Limousin sires). Calves were removed from the control cows at 24 h after birth.They were grazed until October as two separate groups and buffer fed with maize silage. The control group were milked twice daily and the suckled group were milked in the morning only. The calves were put with the suckled group after morning milking and were removed from their dams 7-8 h later and housed overnight. After full housing in October, the calves were allowed to suckle for up to 30 minutes after morning milking and for a further 30 minutes in late afternoon.
Effects of rape-seed meal at different incorporation rates on food intakes and digestibility in a diet for growing fattening bulls
Authors: Mayombo A.P. , Dufrasne I. , Gielen H. , Van Eenaeme C. , Istasse L. 
Published: January 2018

Rape-seed production increased over the last years for industrial purposes such as production of diester. Small plants were set up both for oil extraction from the seed and oil processing. The oil is extracted by pressure so that the ether extract content of rape-seed meal is quite high at about 8%.The study was designed to compare the effects of different incorporation rates of rape-seed meal in a fattening diet on food intakes and digestibility of the diet.A total of eight bulls of the Belgian Blue breed-dual purpose type-were used in two 4x4 latin squares design. They were kept in metabolism stalls. There were 4 differents diets (table 1). The control diet was made of sugar-beet pulp, cereals, middlings, soja-bean meal, linseed meal, molasses and mineral mixture. In the three other diets, one third, two thirds and three thirds of the amount of protein from soja-bean meal and linseed meal were substituted by protein from the rape-seed meal. When offered to the bulls, the concentrate was mixed in a mixer trailler with straw at a rate of 90% concentrate and 10% straw. Food intakes were close to ad libitum by daily adjustments. Each period of the latin square lasted for six weeks on the end of which apparent digestibility was measured by total collection of the feces
Consequences of diet fed ad Libitum to the Farrowing and Lactating Crated Sow
Authors: Rudd A.R. , Simmins P.H. 
Published: January 2018

Ad libitum feeding of lactating sows might ease the feeding management of group and individually housed sows. In this study a commercial feeding regime was compared with diet fed ad libitum to sows crated during the farrowing and lactating period. It was part of a larger project examining alternative farrowing systems.In separate experiments, two feeding regimes were compared. The experimental building contained 5 farrowing crates. The first 10 sows were fed at commercial levels (2.2 kg/day before farrowing & 5.7 kg/day for litter size n=10, ± 0.4 kg per piglet). This was split between meals at 0700 and 1530 daily, fed via a trough at the front of the crate. For the following 30 sows the five farrowing crates were modified by the addition of an ad libitum hopper to the front of the farrowing crate. All animals received an identical lactating diet (DE=13.2MJ/kg, CP=17.9%) throughout the study. Sows entered the farrowing accommodation at day 110±4 of gestation. They remained crated throughout the experiment until weaning at 24±4 days post-partum. Measurements of sow entry and weaning weights were taken, together with records of sow feed intake and individual piglet weights at birth and weaning.
Evaluation of an enzymatically treated soya protein in the diet of weaned pigs
Authors: Weeks C A , Miller BG , Green L , Rizvi S , Beck C , Sissons J , Jagger S 
Published: January 2018

Soya proteins can provoke an immune response and cause diarrhoea in pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age. An enzymatically treated soya protein isolate (NURISH protein) did not have these effects in isolator reared experimental pigs (Miller et al 1992). A blind trial on 4 commercial farms was set up to evaluate NURISH as an alternative to conventional protein sources.On each farm 120 pigs (in 2 or 3 replicates) were fed either a typical commercial weaner diet containing cereals, fishmeal, milk proteins and full fat soya (the control) or a test diet matched for protein (22% CP), lysine (1.6%) and energy (DE 15.1 MJ/kg) with NURISH as the main protein source. Prophylactic antibiotics were not used.
The Effect Of Phytase And Dietary Phosphorus intake on Bone Strength and Total Body Phosphorus of Young Pigs
Authors: Khan Naheeda , Cole D.J.A. 
Published: January 2018

The dietary phosphorus requirement of young pigs is not well established. Values of a net requirement estimated by the ARC (1981) extend from 2.7 g/day for 5kg pigs to 4.6 g/day for 25kg pigs but current literature suggests that the actual requirement may be lower than this. Although maximum bone mineralization is not necessary for optimum growth, later bone development should not be impaired by a deficiency of phosphorus.Use of phytase in piglet diets has resulted in increased rate and efficiency of gain (Beers and Jongbloed,1992) and increased metatarsal phosphorus (Young et al, 1993). The enzyme hydrolyzes phytate, releasing phosphorus into the gut, and could thus be used in place of expensive inorganic phosphates. Quantification of phytase/phosphorus substitution is as yet undetermined. Therefore this experiment was conducted to look at the phosphorus requirement for growth and bone development and to assess the effect of phytase on dietary phosphorus requirement.
Comparison of proteolytic enzyme levels in lamb, pig, rabbit and chicken muscle: role in meat tenderization post mortem
Authors: Blanchard P J , Mantle D , Chadwick J P 
Published: January 2018

Although the improvement in tenderness resulting from post mortem refrigerated storage of carcasses is of considerable commercial importance, the mechanism(s) by which this process occurs is unknown, although it has been suggested that intramuscular protein catabolizing proteolytic enzymes may play a key role (Etherington, 1984). In order to develop a clearer understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying meat tenderization, the objective of this work was therefore to compare the proteolytic capacity of muscle from species known to differ markedly in rate of meat tenderization (approximate time shown in parenthesis): chicken (2days), lamb (4 days), pig (5 days) and rabbit (8 days).Two methods were used to quantify muscle proteolytic capacity: (i) at point of slaughter, a comprehensive range of cytoplasmic and lysosomal protease types were determined using specific fluorimetric procedures; (ii) in vitro, using tissue homogenate based time course assays to measure (via analytical electrophoresis) the rate of structural protein degradation by endogenous or lysosomal proteases.
Evaluation of three strawflow® systems as alternatives to traditional flatdeck accommodation in pigs
Authors: Hardiman R. , van der Steen H.A.M. 
Published: January 2018

The strawflow® system is designed to provide pigs with free access to straw without the operational and agricultural constraints of a deep bedded system and could provide an alternative type of weaning accommodation. A trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of three different strawflow® systems. These differed only in means of heating and ventilation.Two trials were conducted consisting of twenty four and twelve weekly groups of pigs. Eighty pigs were split sex weaned into four strawflow® pens in the same room, on a weekly basis, and remained in the system for forty days. All other pigs to be weaned that week were weaned into the flatdecks. (8827 pigs total)An average weaning weight was recorded for each batch of piglets moved into the strawflow® and flatdecks and each pig was individually weighed on leaving a system. Feeding regime was the same in each system with a creep feed for approximately one week post weaning before moving onto a grower ration for the remainder of the trial. All food given to a flatdeck room and one side of a room in the strawflow® building was recorded.
Effects of early environment on the subsequent behaviour of the pig
Authors: Beattie V.E. , Walker N. , Sneddon I.A. 
Published: January 2018

Seitz (1954) claimed the infant animal is more susceptible to the long-range effects of experience than the adult animal. The effects of infantile experience has been observed in the pig. Wood-Gush and Beilharz (1983) found that pigs reared in a bare environment did not use substrate, that was provided in later life, to the same extent as pigs which always had access to it. Schouten (1991) found that pigs which had spent the first few weeks of life in a barren environment were more restless in the growing and fattening periods than pigs which had spent their early life in enriched environments.This study investigated the effects of the housing environment in the first six weeks of life on the behaviour of pigs in the growing and fattening stages.In a cross-over study, which examined the effect of change of environment at weaning, 96 piglets in 16 groups each of six littermates were allocated to a 2 x 2 factorial experiment. There were two environments (barren and enriched) and two growth periods, birth to weaning at six weeks and weaning to slaughter at 20 weeks. Intensive husbandry conditions were defined as barren environments. The enriched environment changed at weaning.
A review of sow group-housing systems in germany and holland with respect to animals welfare - braude scholarship 1993
Authors: Hodgkiss Nicola 
Published: January 2018

As a result of welfare legislation introduced in recent years, systems in which dry sows are confined are no longer considered acceptable practice and will be phased out entirely in Europe by 2005. Consequently, there is a need to research and develop alternative housing systems before this deadline is reached.To review the present day developments in this area and to observe different approaches to solving the question of how to improve the welfare of the group-housed sow without compromising productivity, a number of farms and research institutes were visited in Germany andHolland. The aims of the trip were as follows:
Prediction of body fat from body condition score and live body weight in adult churra ewes
Authors: Frutos P. , Mantecón A.R. , Revesado P.R. , González J.S. 
Published: January 2018

Most sheep production systems under arid or semiarid conditions are dependent on the ability of animal to retain and movilize body fat.The sucess of body condition score (BCS) method (Russel et al., 1969) and live body weight (LBW) as mesures of body reserves is in function of body fat depots distribution, and the sheep genotype could determine this distribution (Taylor et al., 1989).The aim of this work is to predict body fat depots of adult Churra ewes, from BCS and/or LBW.A total of 36 adult Churra ewes, with a range of body condition score between 1.25 and 4.00 and live body weight between 30.3 and 52.6 kg were used.At slaugther, internal fat depots (IF; omental:OF, mesenteric:MF and perirenal:PF) were removed and weighed. Chemical fat of carcass (CF) and non-carcass (NCF) were also estimated.
Intramuscular fat analysis of intensively and commercially reared British Angora goats
Authors: Kirk J. A. , Russell-Dawe V. S. A. , Austin S. 
Published: January 2018

The Angora goat herd in the UK primarily produces mohair but must, as an enterprise, maximise the return from animals that are surplus to requirement. It has been suggested that the Uk producer should be aiming for fourty percent of financial output from meat and sixty percent from mohair (Thirwell 1988). Compared to cattle and sheep, knowledge of yield and quality of goat meat reared under UK conditions is limited. The role of nutrition and stage of maturity in determining levels and distribution of fat are poorly understood (Warmington and Kirton 1990).The male castrate Angora goat was selected since this constitutes the major source of meat, being generally redundant after two years of age when fibre quality begins to decline. Animals were sequentialy slaughtered at the predetermined ages of six,12, 18 and 24 months to coincide with the commercial practice of shearing Angora goats at six monthly intervals. Fourty animals, typical of those kept for commercial mohair production in the Uk, were reared under a commercial or intensive rearing system. Twenty goats were fed on a grass based, commercial system, representing that fovouring quality fibre production. The remaining twenty were reared intensively on an ad lib. pelleted complete diet containing 8.9 MJ/kg dry matter and 11.4 percent crude protein. Five goats from each diet were slaughtered at the predetermined times. After slaughter the carcases were jointed and then dissected inio lean, fat and bone. The quantity and composition of the intramuscular fat in the longissimus dorsi was determined using the Food and Research Association (1987) method and by use of gas chromatography.
The enactment stage of end-of-life decision-making for children
Authors: Sullivan Jane Elizabeth , Gillam Lynn Heather , Monagle Paul Terence 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectivesTypically pediatric end-of-life decision-making studies have examined the decision-making process, factors, and doctors’ and parents’ roles. Less attention has focussed on what happens after an end-of-life decision is made; that is, decision enactment and its outcome. This study explored the views and experiences of bereaved parents in end-of-life decision-making for their child. Findings reported relate to parents’ experiences of acting on their decision. It is argued that this is one significant stage of the decision-making process.MethodsA qualitative methodology was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with bereaved parents, who had discussed end-of-life decisions for their child who had a life-limiting condition and who had died. Data were thematically analysed.ResultsTwenty-five bereaved parents participated. Findings indicate that, despite differences in context, including the child’s condition and age, end-of-life decision-making did not end when an end-of-life decision was made. Enacting the decision was the next stage in a process. Time intervals between stages and enactment pathways varied, but the enactment was always distinguishable as a separate stage. Decision enactment involved making further decisions - parents needed to discern the appropriate time to implement their decision to withdraw or withhold life-sustaining medical treatment. Unexpected events, including other people’s actions, impacted on parents enacting their decision in the way they had planned. Several parents had to re-implement decisions when their child recovered from serious health issues without medical intervention.Significance of resultsA novel, critical finding was that parents experienced end-of-life decision-making as a sequence of interconnected stages, the final stage being enactment. The enactment stage involved further decision-making. End-of-life decision-making is better understood as a process rather than a discrete once-off event. The enactment stage has particular emotional and practical implications for parents. Greater understanding of this stage can improve clinician’s support for parents as they care for their child.
Thermally-controlled color gradient for fossils and associated sediments: implications for paleoecology
Authors: Baird Gordon C. , Lyons Timothy W. , Brett Carlton E. 
Published: January 2018

Regional study of Middle-Late Ordovician and Middle-Late Devonian carbonate and siliciclastic deposits in the northern Appalachian foreland basin reveals a prominent pattern of eastward-darkening of marine mudrocks and associated fossils. Exoskeletons of certain trilobite genera transform from a saddle brown coloration in southern Ontario exposures to black and near-black in central and eastern New York. Similar eastward darkening of mudstones and argillaceous carbonate units is observed to be covariant with conodont color alteration (C.A.I.) values across this same region. This pattern is coupled with other lines of evidence for eastward increases in heat-of-burial for strata across New York State, indicating that the darkening is linked to this control. Laboratory heating of thermally “cold”, light-colored samples shows that this process can be simulated under controlled conditions. The darkening of fossils and mudrocks probably occurs due to thermal maturation of organic matter within these materials.Darkening of certain fossiliferous mudrock facies from color values as high as N 7.5 at a C.A.I. of 1.0 to those of N 2.5 at C.A.I. of 3.5 has important implications for paleoecological interpretations. Where obvious fossil-rich beds are absent and field work cursory, it might be tempting to infer a shelf-to-basin transition in the uprank direction where none exists. Where skeletal packstone and grainstone beds are common in thermally mature deposits it is possible that intervening dark-colored shales may be erroneously interpreted as basinal, organicrich (black) shales and the grain-supported beds as turbidites, when, in fact, such beds are shallow-shelf tempestites. We believe that similar value gradients should be present wherever local or regional heat-flow anomalies or differential burial patterns are developed. Foreland basins bordering orogens should contain such gradients and workers must be alert to this illusory color effect when working on complex facies in such settings. It is probable that many paleoenvironmental judgments may have been colored by misinterpretations of this type.