bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Severity of white matter hyperintensities in older adults aged in their mid 80s and its relationship with hemodynamic and cardiac parameters
Authors: Todoroki Kikue , Ikeya Yoshimori , Fukui Sayato , Yanagimachi Noriharu , Okazaki Takashi , Tanaka Chiharu , Tanaka Etsuro , Shizuma Toru , Fukuyama Naoto , Mori Hidezo 
Published: December 2015

AimIn the present study, we analyzed the severity of white matter hyperintensities detected on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in older Japanese adults who were aged in their mid 80s, and examined its relationships with the clinical parameters.MethodsTo identify factors related to the severity of white matter hyperintensities in 33 older adult attendees of our outpatient clinic and 17 older adults living in a group home, we carried out logistic regression analyses and/or correlation analyses.ResultsCognitive function and activities of daily living were significantly correlated with the severity of white matter hyperintensities. Multivariate analysis identified activities of daily living, but not cognitive function, as being independently associated with the severity of white matter hyperintensities. Several hemodynamic and cardiac parameters, including diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, serum level of N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide, cardiothoracic ratio on the chest X‐ray, severity of supraventricular arrhythmias on a Holter electrocardiogram and serum levels of docosahexaenoic acid, were significantly correlated with the severity of white matter hyperintensities. In contrast, the serum cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin value and systolic blood pressure were not correlated with the severity of white matter hyperintensities.ConclusionsThe severity of white matter hyperintensities detected on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in older Japanese patients aged in their mid 80s was significantly correlated with activities of daily living, hemodynamic and cardiac parameters, and the serum level of docosahexaenoic acid. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15 (Suppl. 1): 66–73.
Disease causing homozygous variants in the human hairless gene
Authors: Mehmood Sabba , Jan Abid , Raza Syed Irfan , Ahmad Farooq , Younus Muhammad , Irfanullah  , Shahi Shamim , Ayub Muhammad , Khan Saadullah , Ahmad Wasim 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundAtrichia with papular lesions (APL) is a rare irreversible form of complete hair loss inherited in autosomal recessive manner. Hair loss is often followed by the appearance of multiple keratin‐filled cysts or papules on exterior parts of the body. This phenotype results due to mutations in the human hairless gene (HR) mapped on chromosome 8p21.3. The present study was aimed to search for disease‐causing sequence variants in the HR gene in five consanguineous families exhibiting features of APL.MethodsLinkage in five Pakistani lineal consanguineous families, displaying features of APL, was tested using microsatellite markers flanking the HR gene on chromosome 8p21.3. After constructing the haplotypes, variants in the gene HR were searched by dideoxy‐chain termination sequencing.ResultsHaplotype analysis established linkage in all five families to the HR gene located on chromosome 8p.21.3. Subsequently, sequencing HR identified a novel homozygous nonsense variant (c.2541G>A, p.Trp847*) in one and previously reported two pathogenic variants (p.Cys690*, p.Pro1157Arg) in the other four families.ConclusionMutations identified extend the spectrum of mutations in the HR gene resulting in APL. Characterizing the clinical spectrum resulting from the disease‐causing homozygous variants in the HR gene will direct clinical care of the family members.
Über den Geschmackssinn des Huhns. VI. Über angeborene Formvorlieben bei Hühnern
Authors: Engelmann Carlheinrich 
Published: December 2015

ZusammenfassungAn Zwerghuhnküken, die völlig körnerfrei aufgezogen worden waren, suchte ich festzustellen, ob ihre Nahrungsauswahl allein auf erworbener Erfahrung beruht, wie man wohl oft annahm, oder ob ein angeborenes Schema, etwa „der” optimalen Körnerart, nachweisbar ist.Bei Darbietung natürlicher festgeleimter Getreide‐ und Erbsenarten verachteten die Hühner die Erbsen völlig und bevorzugten weitaus die Körner. Roggen war um ein Geringes beliebter als Weizen (umgekehrt wie beim erwachsenen Huhn, das, durch Verzehren, mit den Körnerarten vertraut war).Wurden gemalte Kornbilder auf Deckeln über gleich beköderten Schälchen geboten, so zogen die Küken auch diesmal die Weizenform der Erbsenform vor. In gewissen Fällen traten zum optischen Reiz der Bild‐form als die Wahl mitbestimmende Faktoren Ortsbindungen hinzu, wie Linksstrebigkeit und Erinnerung an den Ort der Erstwahl im vorangegangenen Versuch.Von künstlichen aufgeleimten Körnern in einer Größenserie bevorzugten die Küken, solange sie noch keine Körner zu fressen bekommen hatten (Erbsenversuch), diejenigen Größenklassen, die fuUr sie besonders leicht verzehrbar erscheinen mochten. Hatten sie jedoch bereits vorher Körner gefressen (Weizenversuche), so wählten sie die Größenklasse, die der Größe der beliebtesten verzehrten Getreideart entsprach.Bei Darbietung verschiedener Größen aufgemalter Weizen‐ und Erbsen‐bilder erwies sich der von den Bildern ausgehende optische Reiz als zu schwach, um das Verhalten der Hühner zu bestimmen. Die Küken bevor‐zugren die am Rande der Unterlage befindlichen Gruppen.Als die Küken zum ersten Male lose, verzehrbare Körner sahen, gingen sie zunächst vorzugsweise zum Roggen. Nach wenigen Versuchen schlug ihre Wahl zum Weizen um, den sie zuletzt ausschließlich annahmen. Die Erbsen lehnten sie völlig ab.Vor zwei Haufen von Weizen und Roggen verhielten sich die Küken wie die Erwachsenen: sie bevorzugten den Weizen.Angeboren ist demnach, soweit bisher festgestellt, allein die Vorliebe für längliche Form. Vorwiegend taktile Erfahrungen, nach Maßgabe der Eignung zu leichtem Verzehr, kleiden dies anfangs recht leere Schema mit offenbar zahlreichen bis ins einzelne festgelegten Merkmalen aus.
Multiple Copulations in the Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus)
Authors: Wirtz Peter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAt Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya, waterbuck females regularly allowed several copulations per oestrus period. 91% of all females remained with the same male for all copulations observed. Multiple copulations of a male with the same female are predicted to be more likely in populations where there is a possibility of a second male copulating with the same female during the oestrus period.ZusammenfassungIm Nakuru Nationalpark, Kenia, duldeten Weibchen des Wasserbocks (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) regelmäßig mehrere Kopulationen während einer Östrusperiode. 91% der Weibchen blieben für alle beobachteten Kopulationen bei demselben Männchen. Es wird vorausgesagt, daß Männchen wahrscheinlicher mehrfach mit dem Weibchen kopulieren, wenn es vorkommen kann, daß auch ein anderes Männchen während derselben Östrusperiode mit dem Weibchen kopuliert.
Prey Capture and Feeding in the Social Spider Anelosimus eximius
Authors: VOLLRATH FRITZ , ROHDE‐ARNDT DOROTHEE 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummaryWild colonies of the social spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae, Theridiidae) appear often to be food‐limited and not all females come to reproduction. Using a limited number of marked females in an artificial colony, set up in the laboratory, this study attempts a first analysis of the participation in prey capture and ingestion. Marked females of the same age and experience were observed during the attack of prey insects, the ensuing transportation of the prey to the retreat, and the feeding session. No correlation was found between the time females spent hunting and the time they spent feeding. Females that laid eggs had fed longer and imbibed more nutrients, but had not hunted more than those females that did not reproduce. These, it is speculated, were denied access to the prey by the reproducing females.
Exploratory Behavior and Stress in the Lizard, Anolis carolinensis
Authors: Greenberg Neil 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummaryExploratory behavior and tongue‐flicking in males of the small arboreal iguanid lizard, Anolis carolinensis, were examined under naturalistic environmental conditions (home or novel habitat, and air or foliage movement) and under stress. Two classes of exploratory behavior (site changes and active surveillance) and two types of tongue‐flick (substrate tongue‐touch and air‐lick) occurred at low but consistent levels in home cages. These units of behavior were found to be differentially affected by various conditions associated with behavioral arousal including air movement, novelty, and restraint stress.Zusammenfassung4 Komponenten des Erkundungsverhaltens der Eidechse Anolis carolinensis werden beschrieben. Vorstudien galten der Spontaneität des Erkundungsverhaltens im Labor. Bei leichtem Wind in naturnaher Umgebung stieg die Luftleckrate merkbar an. Der Wind wirkte stärker als der visuelle Reiz bewegten Laubes.Wurden die Versuchstiere in eine neuartige Umgebung gebracht, so nahm das Erkundungsverhalten in alien Komponenten deutlich zu; aber auch dann, wenn die Tiere angefaßt und in ihre Heimumgebung zurückgebracht wurden.Ein Versuch schränkte die Beweglichkeit der Tiere beim Versetzen ein, um zu prüfen, ob Nebennierenaktivierung (Streß) das Erkundungsverhalten in neuartiger Umgebung beeinflußt. Bei diesen Tieren sanken die Raten aller Komponenten, nur das Luftlecken war entweder erhöht oder blieb gleich. Streß wirkt sich also verschieden auf die beschriebenen Verhaltenskomponenten aus.
Egalitarian Resolution of Social Conflicts: A Study of Pair‐bonded Gulls in Nest Duty and Feeding Contexts
Authors: Hand Judith Latta 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummaryFour species of gulls (Larus occidentalis, L. livens, L. atricilla, L. novaehollandiae) were studied in captive and free‐living situations to determine which sex of paired gulls is dominant, if either, with respect to pair‐bonded behaviour. Aggression against a mate was rare (all four species). Conflicts during nest reliefs (L. o. occidentalis) or feeding (all four species) were not resolved by dominance but by egalitarian mechanisms: access to the nest was decided on a case‐by‐case basis and food was shared (large items) or acquired on a first‐come‐first‐served basis (small items). Analysis of the use of vocal signals (Head Toss, Mew, and Choking) during nest duty interactions suggests that reduction of signaling occurred when a pair's priorities were most in agreement. Egalitarian conflict resolution is defined and selective factors favoring egalitarian behaviour patterns are proposed.ZusammenfassungUm zu bestimmen, welches Geschlecht in Möwenpaaren dominant ist, wurden vier Arten (Larus occidentalis, L. livens, L. atricilla, L. novaehollandiae) auf ihre Paarbindungsverhältnisse untersucht. Aggression gegen den eigenen Geschlechtspartner war bei beiden Geschlechtern selten (alle vier Arten). Möwenpaare lösen Sozialkonflikte bei der Nestablösung (L. occidentalis) oder Fütterung (alle vier Arten) nicht mit Hilfe von Dominanzverhaltensweisen; keiner der Partner läßt dem anderen ständig den Vortritt. Der Zugang zum Nest wird von Fall zu Fall entschieden, und die Nahrung wird entweder geteilt (wenn die Objekte groß sind) oder nach dem Motto “wer zuerst kommt mahlt zuerst” verzehrt (bei kleinen Bissen). Zur Diskussion gestellt werden die möglichen Selektionsfaktoren, die bei verpaarten Möwen den Gebrauch egalitärer Verhaltensmuster zur Lösung von Sozialkonflikten begünstigen.
Disclosure Quality and the Excess Value of Diversification
Authors: BENS DANIEL A. , MONAHAN STEVEN J. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTFor a sample of U.S. firm years from 1980 through 1996 we document a positive association between the excess value of diversification as defined by Berger and Ofek [1995] and security analyst ratings of voluntary disclosure as developed by the Association for Investment Management and Research. We also examine an alternative proxy for disclosure quality that captures the degree of segment disaggregation and document a positive association between this measure and excess value. Our results are robust to controls for firm performance and information environment. Taken together, these phenomena suggest that disclosure plays a monitoring role in disciplining management's investment decisions. However, tests of the association between disclosure and the value of firms' investment spending yield mixed results.
Caring for Women From Culturally Diverse Backgrounds: Midwives' Experiences
Authors: Cioffi Jane , (Nsg) Grad Dip Ed 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to show how midwives cared for women from culturally diverse backgrounds. In‐depth interviews were used to collect data from 12 experienced midwives who volunteered to participate in the study from a midwifery unit with a culturally diverse population. Study findings revealed that midwives preserved and accommodated the cultural preferences of women from a Chinese background by incorporating the forces of yin‐yang into care, heeding the maternal hierarchy and women's stoicism; and for women from an Islamic background by heeding modesty and gender preferences (Hejab), the place of prayer in daily life (Salat), and the imperative of visiting by others (Hadith). Hence, midwives negotiated care that was culturally comfortable for women and their families. Furthermore, triangulated studies addressing the partnership between the midwife and the diverse client are needed, as well as the development of aspects of the health service that are more culturally sensitive.
Survival in Extreme Conditions
Authors: Bloom Martin , Halsema James 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article explores the psychosocial and environmental configurations that might have been responsible for an unusual situation of survival under extreme conditions. A group of 500 civilians (mostly Americans) lived 3 ½ years in a Japanese internment camp in the Philippines during World War II. Although conditions were very harsh, the survival rate of this group was better than expected for a comparable group under normal conditions. Discussion of available demographic, social organizational, and cultural information leads to three hypotheses that might account for this outcome.
Suicide and Suicide Attempts in the European Economic Community: An Analysis of Trends, with Special Emphasis upon Trends among the Young
Authors: Diekstra Rene F.W. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: An attempt is made to explain the increase in adolescent suicidal behavior reported for most countries in the European Economic Community over the last two decades, within the framework of a social learning theory. A typology of suicidal acts based on an outcome‐expectancy model is proposed that would make intelligible the observed positive correlation between the incidence of lethal and nonlethal suicidal acts, the latter having grown to epidemic proportions among the young.This epidemic can be attributed to the interplay of three groups of factors, namely, the socialization of a specific problem‐solving behavior repertoire, socioeconomic conditions, and attitudes toward suicide. The implications for suicide prevention are briefly discussed.
Hamilton's rule, inclusive fitness maximization, and the goal of individual behaviour in symmetric two‐player games
Authors: Okasha S. , Martens J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHamilton's original work on inclusive fitness theory assumed additivity of costs and benefits. Recently, it has been argued that an exact version of Hamilton's rule for the spread of a pro‐social allele (rb > c) holds under nonadditive pay‐offs, so long as the cost and benefit terms are defined as partial regression coefficients rather than pay‐off parameters. This article examines whether one of the key components of Hamilton's original theory can be preserved when the rule is generalized to the nonadditive case in this way, namely that evolved organisms will behave as if trying to maximize their inclusive fitness in social encounters.
Central kynurenine pathway shift with age in women
Authors: de Bie Josien , Guest Jade , Guillemin Gilles J. , Grant Ross 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAge is considered a dominant risk factor in the development of most neurodegenerative disorders. The kynurenine pathway, a major metabolic pathway of tryptophan is altered in the majority of neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we have analysed CSF samples from 49 healthy women across a wide age range (0–90) for kynurenine pathway metabolites and the inflammatory marker neopterin. Our results show central tryptophan metabolism is increased with age in women, with an apparent shift towards the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. We also observed an increase in central levels of the inflammatory marker neopterin with age and a positive correlation between neopterin and kynurenine pathway activation. We conclude that, the changes that occur in the kynurenine pathway as a result of normal ageing are mechanistically linked to increased inflammatory signalling and have some explanatory potential with regard to age‐associated degenerative diseases in the CNS. Management of health in ageing and (preventative) treatment would do well to look to the kynurenine pathway for potentially novel solutions.
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Both the inflammation marker neopterin and kynurenine pathway activity were increased with age in the CSF of female subjects. While levels of quinolinic acid (QUIN), picolinic acid (PIC), kynurenine and quinaldic acid (QA) were increased, 3‐hydroxykynurenine (3HK) was decreased and 3‐hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) and kynurenic acid (KYNA) remained unchanged. Of particular interest is the increase in QUIN, a neuroexcitotoxin associated with neurodegeneration.
THE PUZZLE OF JOB SEARCH AND HOUSING TENURE: A RECONCILIATION OF THEORY AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Morescalchi Andrea 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTOswald's thesis posits that homeowners should have longer unemployment spells than renters due to restricted mobility, but repeatedly the reverse is found. I contribute to solve this puzzle analyzing both job search intensity and unemployment duration. First, I show that homeowner's mobility constraints have a negative impact on search. Theoretically, it is shown in a search model with moving costs. Using U.K. Labour Force Survey (LFS) data, it is confirmed when considering outright owners, while leveraged owners have the highest search. Second, I find evidence that homeowners select search methods associated with shorter unemployment spells, suggesting that they search more efficiently.
Evaluation of Canine Pancreas‐Specific Lipase Activity, Lipase Activity, and Trypsin‐Like Immunoreactivity in an Experimental Model of Acute Kidney Injury in Dogs
Authors: Hulsebosch S.E. , Palm C.A. , Segev G. , Cowgill L.D. , Kass P.H. , Marks S.L. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundDiagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs is complicated by extrapancreatic disorders that can alter the results of laboratory tests. Extrapancreatic disorders can also affect the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). The effects of acute kidney injury (AKI) on pancreas‐specific lipase activity (SpeccPL®Test), serum lipase activity and trypsin‐like immunoreactivity (TLI) in dogs have not been evaluated.Hypothesis/ObjectivesSerum SpeccPL, lipase activity, andTLIconcentrations will increase secondary to decreased kidney function.AnimalsFive purpose‐bred dogs.MethodsExperimental prospective study. Gentamicin was used to induceAKIin 5 purpose‐bred dogs. Serum samples were collected for measurement of creatinine, SpeccPL, lipase activity andTLIover 60 days, during both induction of, and recovery from,AKI.ResultsAll dogs developed and recovered fromAKI. Six of 52 (12%) serum SpeccPLconcentrations were increased (2 in the equivocal zone and 4 consistent with pancreatitis) in 2 of 5 (40%) dogs. Two of 51 (4%) serum lipase activity values were increased in 2 of 5 dogs. SerumTLIwas increased above the reference range in 17 of 50 (34%) samples in 3 of 5 dogs. For all biomarkers, there was no consistent correlation with increases in serum creatinine concentration.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDecreased renal excretion during experimentalAKIdid not cause consistent and correlated increases in serum SpeccPL, lipase activity, orTLIin this cohort of dogs.
Pharmacokinetics and lung and muscle concentrations of tulathromycin following subcutaneous administration in white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
Authors: Bachtold K. A. , Alcorn J. M. , Boison J. O. , Matus J. L. , Woodbury M. R. 
Published: December 2015

Respiratory tract infections are common in farmed North American white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Tulathromycin is approved for use in cattle but not deer but is often employed to treat deer. The pharmacokinetic properties and lung and muscle concentrations of tulathromycin in white‐tailed deer were investigated. Tulathromycin was administered to 10 deer, and then, serum, lung, and muscle tulathromycin concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The mean maximal serum tulathromycin concentration in deer was 359 ng/mL at 1.3 h postinjection. The mean area under the serum concentration–time curve, apparent volume of distribution, apparent clearance, and half‐life was 4883 ng·h/mL, 208 L/kg, 0.5 L/h/kg, and 281 h (11.7 days), respectively. The maximal tulathromycin concentration in lung and muscle homogenate from a single animal was 4657 ng/g (14 days) and 2264 ng/g (7 days), respectively. The minimum concentrations in lung and muscle were 39.4 ng/g (56 days) and 9.1 ng/g (56 days), respectively. Based on similarity in maximal serum concentrations between deer and cattle and high lung concentrations in deer, we suggest the recommended cattle dosage is effective in deer. Tissue concentrations persisted for 56 days, suggesting a need for longer withdrawal times in deer than cattle. Further tissue distribution and depletion studies are necessary to understand tulathromycin persistence in deer tissue; clinical efficacy studies are needed to confirm the appropriate dosage regimen in deer.
Optimal Staging Area Locations and Material Recycling Strategies for Sustainable Highway Reconstruction
Authors: Smith Ryan , Ferrebee Eric , Ouyang Yanfeng , Roesler Jeffery 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHighway reconstruction consumes large amounts of energy and material resources and at the same time produces significant quantities of emissions during material processing, transportation, and site construction. Sustainable highway reconstruction requires strategies that optimally utilize recycled or virgin material from supply locations (e.g., existing roadway, material markets), assign material use in reconstruction process, select fixed staging area(s) and mobile unit location(s) to process material, and ship the material to the destinations (e.g., markets, landfills, highway construction sites). We present a decision support system based on a network optimization model that determines (i) optimal locations of fixed staging areas and mobile processing units and (ii) optimal material recycling and shipment strategies that minimize the total cost for material procurement, transportation, staging area and mobile processing unit investment, and CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emissions. A hypothetical case study of a 35‐mile reconstruction project was conducted to test the performance of the model and to draw insights on how different system parameters influence the optimal staging locations, recycled material use, and traffic management plan. It was found that the use of mobile processors and/or recycled material can have significant impacts on hauling costs, emissions, and optimal locations of staging areas.