bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Often Does It Really Rain?
Authors: Trenberth Kevin E. , Zhang Yongxin 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The perception about whether a place is a nice place to live often depends on how often it rains (or snows). The frequency relates to how dreary the weather appears, and it is the duration much more than the amount that clouds perceptions. Yet, information about the frequency of rainfall, or precipitation in general, is spotty at best. Here, we analyze a new near-global (60°N–60°S) dataset at hourly time scales and 0.25° resolution. The dataset, the newly calibrated Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), enables comparison of results with 3-hourly and daily data, which is what has previously been available, and seasonal aspects are also examined. The results are quite sensitive to both the spatial scales of the data and their temporal resolutions, and it is important to get down to hourly values to gain a proper appreciation of the true frequency. At 1° resolution, values are 35% higher than for 0.25°. At 3-hourly resolution, they are about 25% higher than hourly, and at daily resolution, they are about 150% higher than hourly on average. Overall, near-global (60°N–60°S) precipitation occurs 11.0% ± 1.1% (1 sigma) of the time or, alternatively, 89.0% of the time it is not precipitating. But outside of the intertropical and South Pacific convergence zones, where values exceed 30%, and the arid and desert regions, where values are below 4%, the rates are more like 10% or so, and over land where most people live, values are closer to about 8%.
Improving Forecasts of Biomass Burning Emissions with the Fire Weather Index
Authors: Di Giuseppe Francesca , Rémy Samuel , Pappenberger Florian , Wetterhall Fredrik 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn the absence of a dynamical fire model that could link the emissions to the weather dynamics and the availability of fuel, atmospheric composition models, such as the European Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Services (CAMS), often assume persistence, meaning that constituents produced by the biomass burning process during the first day are assumed constant for the whole length of the forecast integration (5 days for CAMS). While this assumption is simple and practical, it can produce unrealistic predictions of aerosol concentration due to an excessive contribution from biomass burning. This paper introduces a time-dependent factor , which modulates the amount of aerosol emitted from fires during the forecast. The factor is related to the daily change in fire danger conditions and is a function of the fire weather index (FWI). The impact of the new scheme was tested in the atmospheric composition model managed by the CAMS. Experiments from 5 months of daily forecasts in 2015 allowed for both the derivation of global statistics and the analysis of two big fire events in Indonesia and Alaska, with extremely different burning characteristics. The results indicate that time-modulated emissions based on the FWI calculations lead to predictions that are in better agreement with observations.
Dominant Synoptic Disturbance in the Extreme Rainfall at Cherrapunji, Northeast India, Based on 104 Years of Rainfall Data (1902–2005)
Authors: Murata Fumie , Terao Toru , Fujinami Hatsuki , Hayashi Taiichi , Asada Haruhisa , Matsumoto Jun , Syiemlieh Hiambok J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe characteristics of active rainfall spells (ARSs) at Cherrapunji, northeast India, where extreme high rainfall is experienced, and their relationships with large-scale dynamics were studied using daily rainfall data from 1902 to 2005 and Japanese 55-Year Reanalysis from 1958 to 2005. Extreme high daily rainfalls occur in association with ARSs. The extremely large amounts of rainfall in the monsoon season are determined by the cumulative rainfall during ARSs. ARSs start when anomalous anticyclonic circulation (AAC) at 850 hPa propagates westward from the South China Sea and western North Pacific, and covers the northern Bay of Bengal. The AAC propagates farther westward and suppresses convection over central India during ARSs at Cherrapunji, and continues for 3 to 14 days. Consequently, a northward shift of the monsoon trough during the “break” in the Indian core region occurs. The westerly wind, which prevails in the northern portion of the AAC, transports moisture toward northeast India and enhances moisture convergence over northeast India with southerly moisture transport from the Bay of Bengal, and greatly intensifies the orographic rainfall. In the upper troposphere, the Tibetan high tends to extend southward with the onset of ARSs. A linear relationship can be seen between the length and total rainfall of an ARS. Longer ARSs tend to result in greater total rainfall. AACs with a greater zonal scale tend to produce longer and more intense ARSs. This study provides evidence for the effect of western North Pacific AACs on the Indian summer monsoon.
Dynamics and Energetics of Trapped Diurnal Internal Kelvin Waves around a Midlatitude Island
Authors: Masunaga Eiji , Fringer Oliver B. , Kitade Yujiro , Yamazaki Hidekatsu , Gallager Scott M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe generation of trapped and radiating internal tides around Izu‐Oshima Island located off Sagami Bay, Japan, is investigated using the three-dimensional Stanford Unstructured Nonhydrostatic Terrain-following Adaptive Navier–Stokes Simulator (SUNTANS) that is validated with observations of isotherm displacements in shallow water. The model is forced by barotropic tides, which generate strong baroclinic internal tides in the study region. Model results showed that when diurnal K1 barotropic tides dominate, resonance of a trapped internal Kelvin wave leads to large-amplitude internal tides in shallow waters on the coast. This resonance produces diurnal motions that are much stronger than the semidiurnal motions. The weaker, freely propagating, semidiurnal internal tides are generated on the western side of the island, where the M2 internal tide beam angle matches the topographic slope. The internal wave energy flux due to the diurnal internal tides is much higher than that of the semidiurnal tides in the study region. Although the diurnal internal tide energy is trapped, this study shows that steepening of the Kelvin waves produces high-frequency internal tides that radiate from the island, thus acting as a mechanism to extract energy from the diurnal motions.
Determination of CERES TOA Fluxes Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Part I: Classification and Retrieval of CERES Cloudy and Clear Scenes
Authors: Thampi Bijoy Vengasseril , Wong Takmeng , Lukashin Constantin , Loeb Norman G. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractContinuous monitoring of the earth radiation budget (ERB) is critical to the understanding of Earth’s climate and its variability with time. The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument is able to provide a long record of ERB for such scientific studies. This manuscript, which is the first of a two-part paper, describes the new CERES algorithm for improving the clear/cloudy scene classification without the use of coincident cloud imager data. This new CERES algorithm is based on a subset of the modern artificial intelligence (AI) paradigm called machine learning (ML) algorithms. This paper describes the development and application of the ML algorithm known as random forests (RF), which is used to classify CERES broadband footprint measurements into clear and cloudy scenes. Results from the RF analysis carried using the CERES Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) data for January and July are presented in the manuscript. The daytime RF misclassification rate (MCR) shows relatively large values (>30%) for snow, sea ice, and bright desert surface types, while lower values (<10%) for the forest surface type. MCR values observed for the nighttime data in general show relatively larger values for most of the surface types compared to the daytime MCR values. The modified MCR values show lower values (<4%) for most surface types after thin cloud data are excluded from the analysis. Sensitivity analysis shows that the number of input variables and decision trees used in the RF analysis has a substantial influence on determining the classification error.
LKB1-AMPK modulates nutrient-induced changes in the mode of division of intestinal epithelial crypt cells in mice
Authors: Blackmore Katherine , Zhou Weinan , Dailey Megan J 
Published: August 2017

Nutrient availability influences intestinal epithelial stem cell proliferation and tissue growth. Increases in food result in a greater number of epithelial cells, villi height and crypt depth. We investigated whether this nutrient-driven expansion of the tissue is the result of a change in the mode of intestinal epithelial stem cell division and if LKB1-AMPK signaling plays a role. We utilized in vivo and in vitro experiments to test this hypothesis. C57BL/6J mice were separated into four groups and fed varying amounts of chow for 18 h: (1) ad libitum, (2) 50% of their average daily intake (3) fasted or (4) fasted for 12 h and refed. Mice were sacrificed, intestinal sections excised and immunohistochemically processed to determine the mitotic spindle orientation. Epithelial organoids in vitro were treated with no (0 mM), low (5 mM) or high (20 mM) amounts of glucose with or without an activator (Metformin) or inhibitor (Compound C) of LKB1-AMPK signaling. Cells were then processed to determine the mode of stem cell division. Fasted mice show a greater % of asymmetrically dividing cells compared with the other feeding groups. Organoids incubated with 0 mM glucose resulted in a greater % of asymmetrically dividing cells compared with the low or high-glucose conditions. In addition, LKB1-AMPK activation attenuated the % of symmetric division normally seen in high-glucose conditions. In contrast, LKB1-AMPK inhibition attenuated the % of asymmetric division normally seen in no glucose conditions. These data suggest that nutrient availability dictates the mode of division and that LKB1-AMPK mediates this nutrient-driven effect on intestinal epithelial stem cell proliferation. Impact statement The underlying cell biology of changes in the polarity of mitotic spindles and its relevance to tissue growth is a new concept and, thus, these data provide novel findings to begin to explain how this process contributes to the regeneration and growth of tissues. We find that short-term changes in food intake in vivo or glucose availability in vitro dictate the mode of division of crypt cells. In addition, we find that LKB1-AMPK signaling modulates the glucose-induced changes in the mode of division in vitro. Identifying mechanisms involved in the mode of division may provide new targets to control tissue growth.
Genetic risk stratification to reduce inhibitor development in the early treatment of hemophilia A: a SIPPET analysis
Authors: Rosendaal Frits R. , Palla Roberta , Garagiola Isabella , Mannucci Pier M. , Peyvandi Flora 
Published: August 2017

Key Points
It has been suggested that rFVIII, which is more immunogenic than plasma-derived FVIII (pdFVIII), can be safely used in low-risk patients. Among 235 participants in a randomized trial, genetic risk stratification did not identify a low-risk group for treatment with rFVIII.
Orientation of native versus translocated juvenile lesser spotted eagles (Clanga pomarina) on the first autumn migration
Authors: Meyburg Bernd-U. , Bergmanis Ugis , Langgemach Torsten , Graszynski Kai , Hinz Arno , Börner Ingo , Meyburg Christiane , Vansteelant Wouter M. G. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT
The ontogeny of migration routines used by wild birds remains unresolved. Here we investigated the migratory orientation of juvenile lesser spotted eagles (LSE; Clanga pomarina) based on translocation and satellite tracking. Between 2004 and 2016, 85 second-hatched juveniles (Abels) were reared in captivity for release into the declining German population, including 50 birds that were translocated 940 km from Latvia. In 2009, we tracked 12 translocated juveniles, as well as eight native juveniles and nine native adults, to determine how inexperienced birds come to use strategic migration routes. Native juveniles departed around the same time as the adults and six of eight used the eastern flyway around the Mediterranean, which was used by all adults. In contrast, translocated juveniles departed on average 6 days before native LSEs, and five travelled southward and died in the central Mediterranean region. Consequently, fewer translocated juveniles (4/12) than native juveniles (7/8) reached Africa. We conclude that juvenile LSEs have a much better chance of learning the strategic southeastern flyway if they leave at an appropriate time to connect with experienced elders upon departure. It is not clear why translocated juveniles departed so early. Regardless, by the end of the year, most juveniles had perished, whether they were translocated (10/12) or not (6/8). The small number of surviving translocated juveniles thus still represents a significant increase in the annual productivity of the German LSE population in 2009.
How innate is locomotion in precocial animals? A study on the early development of spatio-temporal gait variables and gait symmetry in piglets
Authors: Vanden Hole Charlotte , Goyens Jana , Prims Sara , Fransen Erik , Ayuso Hernando Miriam , Van Cruchten Steven , Aerts Peter , Van Ginneken Chris 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTLocomotion is one of the most important ecological functions in animals. Precocial animals, such as pigs, are capable of independent locomotion shortly after birth. This raises the question whether coordinated movement patterns and the underlying muscular control in these animals is fully innate or whether there still exists a rapid maturation. We addressed this question by studying gait development in neonatal pigs through the analysis of spatio-temporal gait characteristics during locomotion at self-selected speed. To this end, we made video recordings of piglets walking along a corridor at several time points (from 0 h to 96 h). After digitization of the footfalls, we analysed self-selected speed and spatio-temporal characteristics (e.g. stride and step lengths, stride frequency and duty factor) to study dynamic similarity, intralimb coordination and interlimb coordination. To assess the variability of the gait pattern, left–right asymmetry was studied. To distinguish neuromotor maturation from effects caused by growth, both absolute and normalized data (according to the dynamic similarity concept) were included in the analysis. All normalized spatio-temporal variables reached stable values within 4 h of birth, with most of them showing little change after the age of 2 h. Most asymmetry indices showed stable values, hovering around 10%, within 8 h of birth. These results indicate that coordinated movement patterns are not entirely innate, but that a rapid neuromotor maturation, potentially also the result of the rearrangement or recombination of existing motor modules, takes place in these precocial animals.
New chimeric RNAs in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Rufflé Florence , Audoux Jerome , Boureux Anthony , Beaumeunier Sacha , Gaillard Jean-Baptiste , Bou Samra Elias , Megarbane Andre , Cassinat Bruno , Chomienne Christine , Alves Ronnie , Riquier Sebastien , Gilbert Nicolas , Lemaitre Jean-Marc , Bacq-Daian Delphine , Bougé Anne Laure , Philippe Nicolas , Commes Therese 
Published: August 2017

Background: High-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enable the detection of biomarkers used for tumor classification, disease monitoring and cancer therapy. Whole-transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq is important, not only as a means of understanding the mechanisms responsible for complex diseases but also to efficiently identify novel genes/exons, splice isoforms, RNA editing, allele-specific mutations, differential gene expression and fusion-transcripts or chimeric RNA (chRNA). Methods: We used Crac, a tool that uses genomic locations and local coverage to classify biological events and directly infer splice and chimeric junctions within a single read. Crac’s algorithm extracts transcriptional chimeric events irrespective of annotation with a high sensitivity, and CracTools was used to aggregate, annotate and filter the chRNA reads. The selected chRNA candidates were validated by real time PCR and sequencing. In order to check the tumor specific expression of chRNA, we analyzed a publicly available dataset using a new tag search approach. Results: We present data related to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) RNA-seq analysis. We highlight novel biological cases of chRNA, in addition to previously well characterized leukemia chRNA. We have identified and validated 17 chRNAs among 3 AML patients: 10 from an AML patient with a translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17 (AML-t(15;17), 4 from patient with normal karyotype (AML-NK) 3 from a patient with chromosomal 16 inversion (AML-inv16). The new fusion transcripts can be classified into four groups according to the exon organization. Conclusions: All groups suggest complex but distinct synthesis mechanisms involving either collinear exons of different genes, non-collinear exons, or exons of different chromosomes. Finally, we check tumor-specific expression in a larger RNA-seq AML cohort and identify new AML biomarkers that could improve diagnosis and prognosis of AML.
Variety and Experience: Learning and Forgetting in the Use of Surgical Devices
Authors: Ramdas Kamalini , Saleh Khaled , Stern Steven , Liu Haiyan 
Published: August 2017

We use a unique, hand-collected data set to examine learning and forgetting in hip replacement surgery as a function of a surgeon’s experience with specific surgical device versions and the time between their repeat uses. We also develop a generalizable method to correct for the left censoring of device-version-specific experience variables that is a common problem in highly granular experience data, using maximum simulated likelihood estimation with simulation over unobservables conditional on observables. Even for experienced surgeons, the first use of certain device versions can result in at least a 32.4% increase in surgery duration, hurting quality and productivity. Furthermore, with the passage of time, surgeons can forget knowledge gained about the use of particular devices. For certain devices, when the time gap between repeat uses increases from its median to its 75th percentile, surgery duration increases by about 3.4%. The high productivity and quality costs associated with device variety suggest that the gain from a new device design needs to be large enough to compensate for the short-term disadvantages of starting up on a new learning curve and of increasing the chances of knowledge depreciation over time. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2721 . This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
Extending cardiac rehabilitation: a telephone self-regulation pilot
Authors: Higgins Rosemary O , Murphy Barbara M , Navaratnam Hema S , Jackson Alun C 
Published: August 2017

Introduction: The majority of patients do not attend cardiac rehabilitation (CR); telephone programmes can help overcome access-related barriers to attendance. The Australian Centre for Heart Health developed Teleheart as a manualised, behaviourally focused home-based CR programme and wanted to assess its acceptability, feasibility and perceived impact. Method: The pilot programme was delivered to 22 patients following an acute cardiac event. Motivational interviewing was used to help patients select modules from: physical activity; dietary change; smoking cessation; and managing the ‘cardiac blues’. Acceptability and feasibility data as well as data on patients' behaviour change readiness, recognition of the importance of this, and confidence in ability to change were collected. Results: The feasibility of patient recruitment and programme acceptability were high. Readiness for behaviour change, realising its importance and confidence in ability to change increased in all patients. Conclusion: This theory-based behavioural intervention could be used within CR programmes to extend the reach of CR to patients unable or unwilling to attend a group programme.
Focus on cardiotocography: Intrapartum monitoring of uterine contractions
Authors: Bhogal Karnie 
Published: August 2017

When undertaking training on electronic fetal monitoring, much is discussed about the fetal heart rate and less on the uterine contractions. This is also reflected when discussing the history of both fetal heart rate monitoring and uterine contraction monitoring.Adequately monitoring the uterine contractions is an essential part of cardiotocography. It allows for an assessment of the fetal heart rate in relation to the uterine contractions, especially when there is a non-reassuring or an abnormal trace. When oxytocin is used in induced or augmented labours, it is imperative to ensure that there is no evidence of uterine hyperstimulation and that sufficient resting phases occur between contractions. However, assessing contractions adequately can be challenging in practice, especially in cases of obese parturients.This article explores the methods used to assess uterine contractions, using clinical skills in conjunction with external tocodynamometry and electrohysterography, as well as exploring some of the background to monitoring uterine contractions.
Does extending time limits in the second stage of labour compromise maternal and neonatal outcomes?
Authors: Newman Melissa 
Published: August 2017

Background: Guidelines on intrapartum care may be based on outdated evidence that suggests that a prolonged second stage of labour is dangerous to both mother and baby. Aims: To examine the maternal and neonatal effects of extended second stage labour. Methods: Medical databases were searched, and a critical appraisal skills programme (CASP) tool used. This narrowed down the number of included studies to four, which were then critiqued. Findings: This literature review found that, as length of second stage increased, so did chance of spontaneous vaginal delivery. However, prolonged pushing was associated with slightly increased rates of chorioamnionitis and severe perineal trauma. Adverse outcomes were linked predominantly to the mothers but some minor neonatal effects were also noted. Conclusion: In alignment with the NMC Code, care plans should be formed in partnership with women and only after considering her individual circumstances and wishes. Health professionals should view guidelines as recommendations, rather than rules that must not be broken and instead consider the wider picture when dealing with extended second stage of labour.