bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vincennes Competitions
Authors: Bruce Helen Auxilium 
Published: February 2017

“The first French balloon voyage to Russia, a distance of 1,300 kilometres in 21 hours.”Comte Henri de la Vaulx communicates to the Aero-Club the synopsis of his voyage to Russia in the balloon 'Centaur' of 1,600 cubic metres. Starting alone in his balloon, as did also the Comte de Castillon de St. Victor and M. Jacques Faure in the balloons 'L'Orient' and 'L'Aero-Club,' he found his pressure of 15 millimetres and 18 millimetres of water. The diameter of these valves is 20 centimetres. Then there is another lower valve of the same diameter which automatically regulates the outflow of air from the inner air chamber at a pressure of 9 millimetres of water. The air is driven into the air chamber by means of a fan worked by the motor. The presence of this inner balloon secures the retention of the shape of the balloon by keeping up a normal tension of the envelope. This preservation of the shape of the balloon is considered essential, as it facilitates the motion of the balloon through the air.
Design of formation control laws for manoeuvred flight
Authors: Campa G. , Wan S. , Napolitano M. R. , Seanor B. , Fravolini M. L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper presents identification, control synthesis and simulation results for an YF-22 aircraft model designed, built, and instrumented at West Virginia University. The ultimate goal of the project is the experimental demonstration of formation flight for a set of 3 of the above models. In the planned flight configuration, a pilot on the ground maintains controls of the leader aircraft while a wingman aircraft is required to maintain a pre-defined position and orientation with respect to the leader. The identification of both a linear model and a nonlinear model of the aircraft from flight data is discussed first. Then, the design of the control scheme is presented and discussed with an emphasis on the amount of information, relative to the leader aircraft, needed by the wingman to maintain formation. Using the developed nonlinear model, the control laws for a maneuvered flight of the formation are then simulated with Simulink® and displayed with the Virtual Reality Toolbox®. Simulation studies have been performed to evaluate the effects of specific parameters and the system robustness to atmospheric turbulence. The conclusions from this analysis have allowed the formulation of specific guidelines for the design of the electronic payload for formation flight.
Neighborhood Structure and Fear of Crime in Urban China: Disorder As a Neighborhood Process
Authors: Liu Jianhong 
Published: February 2017

SummaryFear of crime has always been a major topic in the popular media and for public policy. Consequences of fear of crime are salient for citizens' and the community's quality of life. Since the late 1970s, there has been a much scholarly attention paid to the role of disorder in producing fear of crime and further producing adverse community consequences. Particularly influential works were Wilson and Kelling's paper (1982) and Skogan's work (1990); these works greatly influenced public policy in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Greene and Taylor 1988; Ferraro 1994). The salient feature of this research is its emphasis on the role of community context, analyzing how disorder generates fear of crime and leads to community decline at the street block and neighborhood level. The impact of fear of crime extends beyond the victims of the crimes, and indicates the salience of the social aspect of fear of crime. Therefore, neighborhood effects are highly relevant to the understanding of fear of crime. Scholars have recognized that individuals' fear is better understood within a neighborhood or community context. The purpose of the present study is to build upon prior work to address critical questions of neighborhood effects on fear of crime under context of contemporary urban China. Using multilevel analyses of data from Tianjing, China, this paper found that neighborhood context variables have effect on fear of crime independent of individual characteristics.
La justice pînale des mineurs en europe: évolutions et enjeux
Authors: Cartuyvels Yves , Bailleau Francis 
Published: February 2017

RésuméTout au long du XXesiècle, la justice des mineurs en Europe s'est développée selon un modèle de justice spécifique, parfois qualifié de « tutélaire » ou de « protectionnel ». Avec des caractéristiques propres et selon des rythmes spécifiques à chaque pays, un même idéal de justice individualisée se déploie, qui trahit l'influence du discoursWelfarepropre à l'Etat social.Depuis la fin du XXesiècle, ce modèle de justice spécifique est largement remis en question. Oscillant entre résistance du « penal welfarism », avancées punitives et logiques managériales, la justice des mineurs se cherche entre différentes logiques parfois complémentaires, parfois contradictoires. Dans cet article, nous cherchons à expliquer cette évolution en mettant l'accent sur le rôle joué par quelques facteurs essentiels: le rôle des médias, la place des droits de l'homme, la montée du processus de victimisation et l'inflexion managériale en contexte de gestion des risques.
The Dualistic Model of Juvenile Justice System in China: In & Beyond Criminal Justice
Authors: Mingyue Su 
Published: February 2017

SummaryIn October 1984, Shanghai Changning district people's court established the first collegial panel of our country specializing in juvenile criminal cases; and it marks the beginning of the juvenile justice reform in China. After 30 years of development, the philosophy of juvenile justice has changed; juvenile judicial institutions are growing and juvenile justice system has gradually formed. Different from the practices of juvenile court in Western countries such as the U. S., Japan, and Germany, juvenile delinquency or deviant behavior that does not violate the criminal law would not enter the judicial process, but rather, would be handled by administrative agencies such as the police, and subject to coercive measures including educational measures, protective measures, and punitive measures in China. Among these measures, education through Custody as a strict administrative punishment can deprive the personal liberty of the juvenile delinquents for as long as four years. Instead of ruling by court through the due process in accordance with the law, decisions of education through custody are made by the administrative organs in practice. This practice is probably unique in the world.
TheQuestionof Public Criminology: Seeking Resources of Hope for a Better Politics of Crime
Authors: Loader Ian , Sparks Richard 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThis paper develops an argument lightly sketched in our bookPublic Criminology?(2010). There we posed the question of what it would take for criminology to make a substantial contribution to the search for “a better politics of crime”. We were of course well aware of what some of our critics then informed us, namely that this was just a suggestion in need of much fuller articulation.Here we begin by summarizing the position outlined in that book and some subsequent papers. We argue that criminology has indeed made some salient contributions to the search for a better politics, but the scale of that contribution has also been limited by some intellectual tendencies that draw energy and attention away from the kind of reconstruction that we propose.In particular, the tone of some of the leading accounts of recent penal politics is grim — not without reason, as we freely acknowledge. If the trends with which we have become so familiar in some parts of the world — chronically high levels of incarceration, racial disproportion, demotic symbolic politics — flow either from core features of ‘late modernity’ or from inherent logics of neoliberal globalization, as some key contributors have insisted, then the prospects for changing these in any substantial and purposeful way, any time soon, seem rather slim. There have of course been reversals in the unremitting rise of mass incarceration recently. Are these more than temporary, reversible fluctuations? Are some of those who celebrate them clutching at straws?It is not necessary to share such (perhaps premature) optimism to wish to promote a somewhat different and more hopeful form of analysis and engagement. Is there perhaps also an opposite tendency to depict some of these problems as so massive and intractable — the tendency that we here call ‘hype’ — as to deter us from practical intervention? This paper seeks to identify some resources that could contribute to the task of reconstructing our approaches to theorizing our institutions and practices of crime control. If criminology is to contribute more effectively to thinking about how we draw limits to state coercion and demand strict scrutiny over the threats to individual rights, human development, and civic dignity posed by institutionalized exclusion and stigmatization it will need access to a certain range of perspectives and to build (or re-build) some alliances. What kind of criminology is best suited to the challenge of developing penal practices and institutions fit for democratic societies?
AFRICAN COSMOPOLITANISM IN THE EARLY MODERN MEDITERRANEAN: THE DIASPORIC LIFE OF YOHANNES, THE ETHIOPIAN PILGRIM WHO BECAME A COUNTER-REFORMATION BISHOP
Authors: SALVADORE MATTEO 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe article chronicles the diasporic life of the Cyprus-born Ethiopian priest Yoḥannǝs (1509–65), who, after traveling far and wide across Europe and to Portuguese India, eventually settled in Rome and served the papacy for over two decades. Rare language skills and a cosmopolitan coming of age enabled his remarkable ecclesiastical career as an agent of the Counter-Reformation. Shortly before an untimely death, Yoḥannǝs became the second black bishop and the first black nuncio in the history of the Roman Church, rare appointments that would not be accessible to black Africans again until the 20th century. His unique experience represents a significant addition to the available historiography on blacks in early modern Europe and calls into question some commonly held assumptions in African diaspora studies.
E. P. THOMPSON, ‘SOCIAL HISTORY’, AND SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY, 1970–90
Authors: DELIUS PETER 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIt is often suggested that the work of E. P. Thomson played a pivotal role in shaping South African historical writing and provided the foundations for a new school of social history. Thompson's writings – often refracted through many other texts – were one influence amongst many. This article, drawing on my own experiences of key moments of individuals and institutions, argues that the decisive and central role that is ascribed to his work does not accord with much more complex and localised realities. The article touches on numerous other influences that shaped the research and writing of succeeding cohorts of historians. It also suggests that whileThe Poverty of Theorywas an influential publication, it did not initiate new forms of research and writing, but rather contributed to debates that were already well underway. In conclusion, the usefulness of the category of social history is disputed, as in the South African context it lends to a lazy lumping together of a very diverse selection of historians and needs to be rethought or replaced.
Calculation of Mass Balance of Glaciers by Remote-Sensing Imagery Using Similarity of Accumulation and Ablation Isoline Patterns
Authors: Krenke A.N , Menshutin V.M 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
An investigation of the combined heat, ice, and water balances was carried out in the Marukh glacier basin (west Caucasus) in 1966–67 to 1976–77, according to the International Hydrological Decade programme. Averaged glacier mass balance for these 11 years appears to be −55 g cm−2 year−1 according to stake measurements, and −51 g cm−2 year−1 according to geodetic measurements. The variability of accumulation is estimated as C
v = 0.15 and of ablation as C
v = 0.11. Thus, the variation in accumulation governs the oscillations in glacier balance. The inner nourishment of the glacier was also taken into account. The glacier mass balance is closely related to the relation between the accumulation and ablation areas. The “transient” values of both figures during the whole period of ablation can be used for this relation. The forms of the accumulation and ablation fields are similar from year to year and from one 10 day period to another. The areas of the accumulation and ablation zones are very different from one year to another. On the contrary, the average specific balance for each zone changes very little. One can use these features for the construction of accumulation, ablation, and specific mass-balance maps from satellite imagery. Mean values for the mass-balance terms occur in the vicinity of the equilibrium line. They can be calculated by using the air temperatures. Deviations from the means in different areas of the glacier determine the typical fields of the mass-balance terms.
Infrared Spectra of the Ices at ≈4 K and the Interpretation of the v
OD(D2O) Bands of Ices II and IX
Authors: Bates F. E. , Jacobs S. M. , Bertie J. E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We have studied the infrared absorption by the OD stretching, v
OD(D2O), and D2O rotational, v
R(D2O), vibrations of fully deuterated ice II and ice IX at lo K, and the absorption by OD stretching vibrations, v
OD (HDO), of HDO molecules isolated in ices Ih, II, and IX at 10 K. Calculations of the frequencies and relative intensities of the zero-wave-vector normal v
OD(D2O) vibrations of ices II and IX have allowed the v
OD(D2O) absorption to be assigned. Each component of the band is broad, even at 10 K, most probably because of Fermi resonance between the fundamental OD stretching vibrational states and the isoenergetic continuum of high-order overtone and combination states of the lattice modes. This work has yielded the most complete interpretation yet achieved of an infrared band due to the OH or OD stretching vibrations of a phase of ice.
The far-infrared absorption by the translational vibrations of H2O and D2O ices Ih and Ic at 4.3 K has been measured, and has revealed differences between the spectra of ices III and Ic for the first time.
Papers describing this work in full have been published in Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 67, No. 4, 1977, p. 1311-18, and Vol. 67, No. 6, 1977, p. 2445-48.
The Lures of Akrasia
Authors: Rorty Amelie Oksenberg 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThere is more to akrasia than meets the eye: it can occur in speech and perception, cognitively and emotionally as well as between decision and action. But because it is over-determined and because it occurs in opaque intentional contexts, its attribution remains highly fallible. The lures of akrasia are the same as those that are exercised in ordinary psychological and cognitive inferential contexts.
Is Ultimate Moral Responsibility Metaphysically Impossible? A Bergsonian Critique of Galen Strawson's Argument
Authors: Robson Mark Ian Thomas 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWhat I want to do in this essay is examine a notorious argument put forward by Galen Strawson. He advocates what he describes as ana prioriargument against the possibility of ultimate (moral) responsibility. There have been many attempts at answering Strawson, but whether they have been successful is debatable. I attempt to employ Henri Bergson's approach to the free will debate and assess whether what he says has any purchase in terms of criticism of Strawson's position. I conclude that Bergson's views offer a serious alternative in debates about free will.
Interface Tracking in Digitally Recorded Glaciological Data
Authors: Cooper A.P.R. 
Published: February 2017

As more data are recorded in digital form the importance of automatically extracting parameters of glaciological significance increases. This paper addresses the problem, with particular reference to tracking bedrock or internal reflectors in digitally recorded Radio Echo Sounding (RES) data. It has been found that the simplest solution to this problem is a “supervised” system, where operator decisions may be added interactively, either on operator command or upon loss of track. Increasing internal decision making within the program may reduce the number of operator interventions required, but is unlikely to eliminate them completely.Algorithms are presented and discussed for determining the position of the interface, for predicting the position of the interface in successive records, for determining the loss of track condition, and for re-acquiring track after loss of track.
Mass Balance of South-East Alaska and North-West British Columbia Glaciers from 1976 to 1984: Methods and Results
Authors: Pelto M.S. 
Published: February 2017

The annual surface mass balance for 1983 and 1984 and the 10 year cumulative mass balances for 1975–85 were calculated for 60 south-east Alaskan and north-west British Columbia glaciers. At present, the mass balance is positive on nine, at equilibrium on nine, and negative on 42 glaciers. The ratio of glaciers with positive and equilibrium mass balance to glaciers with negative mass-balance has not changed significantly since 1946; however, the magnitude of negative balances has declined on 39 of the 42 glaciers.
The annual mass balance of south-east Alaska and north-west British Columbia glaciers cannot be measured on more than a few glaciers. This paper presents the methods and results for a mass-balance model using as input local weather records, Juneau Icefield field studies, and satellite imagery. The primary variable in mass balance from one glacier to another is the budget gradient. The budget gradient varies predictably according to three parameters: ocean proximity, surface slope, and valley width-valley height. The annual fluctuation of the budget gradient can be determined by examination of local weather records, determination of activity indexes, and delineation of the equilibrium-line gradient from the maritime to the continental part of each icefield. The latter two variables are determined using largely satellite imagery, keyed to topographic maps.
This procedure, where applicable, yielded mass-balance errors of ±0.16–0.22 m and 10 year cumulative mass-balance errors of ±0.08–0.15 m.
A Study of the Fluctuations in Sea-Ice Extent of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas with Passive Microwave Satellite Observations (Abstract)
Authors: Cavalieri D.J. , Parkinson C.L. 
Published: February 2017

The seasonal sea-ice cover of the combined Bering and Okhotsk Seas at the time of maximum ice extent is almost 2 × 106 km2 and exceeds that of any other seasonal sea-ice zone in the Northern Hemisphere. Although both seas are relatively shallow bodies of water overlying continental shelf regions, there are important geographical differences. The Sea of Okhotsk is almost totally enclosed, being bounded to the north and west by Siberia and Sakhalin Island, and to the east by Kamchatka Peninsula. In contrast, the Bering Sea is the third-largest semi-enclosed sea in the world, with a surface area of 2.3 × 106 km2, and is bounded to the west by Kamchatka Peninsula, to the east by the Alaskan coast, and to the south by the Aleutian Islands arc.
While the relationship between the regional oceanography and meteorology and the sea-ice covers of both the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk have been studied individually, relatively little attention has been given to the occasional out-of-phase relationship between the fluctuations in the sea-ice extent of these two large seas. In this study, we present 3 day averaged sea-ice extent data obtained from the Nimbus-5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR-5) for the four winters for which ESMR-5 data were available, 1973 through 1976, and document those periods for which there is an out-of-phase relationship in the fluctuations of the ice cover between the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. Further, mean sea-level pressure data are also analyzed and compared with the time series of sea-ice extent data to provide a basis for determining possible associations between the episodes of out-of-phase fluctuations and atmospheric circulation patterns.
Previous work by Campbell and others (1981) using sea-ice concentrations also derived from ESMR-5 data noted this out-of-phase relationship between the two ice packs in 1973 and 1976. The authors commented that the out-of-phase relationship is “... surprising as these are adjacent seas, and one would assume that they had similar meteorologic environments”. We argue here that the out-of-phase relationship is consistent with large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns, since the two seas span a range of longitude of about 60°, corresponding to a half wavelength of a zonal wave-number 3, and hence are quite susceptible to changes in the amplitude and phase of large-scale atmospheric waves.
A Survey of the Vanderford and Adams Glaciers in East Antarctica (Abstract)
Authors: Davis E R. , Jones D.J. , Morgan V.I. , Young N.W. 
Published: February 2017

A comprehensive, airborne survey of the Vanderford and Adams glaciers was started in January 1983, continued through the austral summer season 1984/5, and completed in February 1985.
Ice-thickness and surface-elevation data were collected over some 4500 square kilometres, on a grid spacing of approximately 5 kilometres.
The measurement system was based on a Bell 206 helicopter, fitted with ANARE 100 MHz ice radar, Motorola Mini-Ranger navigation equipment, and a digital, pressure altimeter. A JMR, satellite, doppler receiver was used to position the navigation ground stations precisely. Gravity measurements were used to fill in ice-thickness coverage, where the ice radar failed to produce an echo and also to help determine where the glacier was floating.
Ice-movement profiles were measured across the front sections of the glaciers and additional spot values were obtained further upstream by utilizing the 3 m accuracy of the navigation equipment to locate markers quickly at both the beginning and end of the season’s work.
A data logger in the helicopter recorded time, navigation distances, aircraft to ground clearance, and air pressure, at 10 second intervals. These data were later merged with manually-scaled, ice-thickness values, for computer processing.
The results show that the Vanderford glacier dominates the system and drains about 5 cubic kilometres of ice per annum, mainly from the inland ice sheet to the south. Ice flowing into the Adams Glacier tends to come from nearer the coast and to the south and west of the glacier. Bedrock topography beneath the Vanderford shows that the deep, inland trench, similar to that found below other outlet glaciers, drops to 2500 m below sea level, 60 kilometres from the front. The trench has steep sides to the east and gives a clearly-defined edge to the fast glacier flow. The western side, however, is much more complicated, particularly further inland, where the flow is not clearly separate from that of the Adams glacier.