bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Instrument Lubricants on the Surface Degree of Conversion and Crosslinking Density of Nanocomposites
Authors: de Paula Felipe Costa , Valentin Regis de Souza , Borges Boniek Castillo Dutra , Medeiros Maria Cristina dos Santos , de Oliveira Raiza Freitas , da Silva Ademir Oliveira 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeThe surface degree of conversion and crosslink density of composites should not be affected by the use of instrument lubricants in order to provide long‐lasting tooth restorations. This study aimed to analyze the effect of instrument lubricants on the degree of conversion and crosslink density of nanocomposites.Materials and MethodsSamples (N = 10) were fabricated according to the composites (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA; and IPS Empress Direct, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein and lubricants used (Adper Single Bond 2 and Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose bonding agent adhesive systems, 3M ESPE; 70% ethanol, absolute ethanol, and no lubricant). Single composite increments were inserted into a Teflon mold using the same dental instrument. The composite surface was then modeled using a brush wiped with each adhesive system and a spatula wiped with each ethanol. The control group was fabricated with no additional modeling. The surface degree of conversion and crosslink density were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the hardness decrease test, respectively. Data were analyzed using two‐way analysis of variance and the Tukey's test (p < 0.05).ResultsFiltek Z350 XT showed statistically similar degree of conversion regardless of the lubricant used, whereas the use of adhesive systems and 70% ethanol decreased the degree of conversion for IPS Empress Direct. Only Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose bonding agent decreased crosslink density for Filtek Z350 XT, whereas both adhesive systems decreased crosslink density for IPS Empress Direct.ConclusionFiltek Z350 XT appeared to be less sensitive to the effects of lubricants, and absolute ethanol did not affect the degree of conversion and crosslink density of the nanocomposites tested.Clinical SignificanceAlthough the use of lubricants may be recommended to minimize the stickiness of dental instruments and composite resin, dentists should choose materials that do not have a negative effect on the surface properties of composites. Only the use of absolute ethanol safely maintains the surface integrity of nanocomposites in comparison with adhesive system and 70% ethanol.
Updating Biodiversity Studies in Loricate Protists: The Case of the Tintinnids (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Spirotrichea)
Authors: Santoferrara Luciana F. , Bachy Charles , Alder Viviana A. , Gong Jun , Kim Young‐Ok , Saccà Alessandro , da Silva Neto Inácio D. , Strüder‐Kypke Michaela C. , Warren Alan , Xu Dapeng , Yi Zhenzhen , Agatha Sabine 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSpecies determination is crucial in biodiversity research. In tintinnids, identification is based almost exclusively on the lorica, despite its frequent intraspecific variability and interspecific similarity. We suggest updated procedures for identification and, depending on the aim of the study, further steps to obtain morphological, molecular, and ecological data. Our goal is to help improving the collection of information (e.g. species re‐/descriptions and DNA barcodes) that is essential for generating a natural tintinnid classification and a reliable reference for environmental surveys. These suggestions are broadly useful for protistologists because they exemplify data integration, quality/effort compromise, and the need for scientific collaborations.
Description of the Halophile Euplotes qatarensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida) Isolated from the Hypersaline Khor Al‐Adaid Lagoon in Qatar
Authors: Fotedar Rashmi , Stoeck Thorsten , Filker Sabine , Fell Jack W. , Agatha Sabine , Al Marri Masoud , Jiang Jiamei 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe morphology, ontogenesis, and phylogenetic relationships of a halophile euplotid ciliates, Euplotes qatarensis nov. spec., isolated from the Khor Al‐Adaid Lagoon in Qatar were investigated based on live observation as well as protargol‐ and silver nitrate‐impregnated methods. The new species is characterised by a combination of features: the halophile habitat, a cell size of 50–65 × 33–40 μm, seven dorsal ridges, 10 commonly sized frontoventral cirri, two widely spaced marginal cirri, 10 dorsolateral kineties, and a double silverline pattern. The morphogenesis is similar to that of its congeners: (i) the oral primordium develops hypoapokinetally and the parental oral apparatus is retained; (ii) the frontoventral‐transverse field of five streaks gives rise to the frontal, ventral, and transverse cirri, but not to the cirri I/1 and the marginal cirri; (iii) the dorsal somatic ciliature develops by intrakinetal proliferation of basal bodies in two anlagen per kinety that are just anterior and posterior to the future division furrow; (iv) the caudal cirri are formed by the two rightmost dorsolateral kineties. The SSU rDNA sequence of E. qatarensis branches with full support in the Euplotopsis elegans–Euplotes nobilii–Euplotopsis raikovi clade. The closest related publicly available SSU rDNA sequence is the one of E. nobilii, with which E. qatarensis has 93.4% sequence similarity. Euplotes parawoodruffi Song & Bradbury, 1997 is transferred to the genus Euplotoides based on the absence of frontoventral cirrus VI/3.
Effect of Mulberry Leaf Extracts on Color, Lipid Oxidation, Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Oxidative Breakdown Products of Raw Ground Beef During Refrigerated Storage
Authors: Zhang Xinzhuang , Li Deyong , Meng Qingxiang , He Cui , Ren Liping 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe study investigated the effects of mulberry leaf extracts (MLE) on the color, lipid oxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative breakdown products of raw ground beef during refrigerated storage. The five treatments were: MLE at 0, 100, 500 and 1,000 μg/g muscle (C, low concentration mulberry leaves extracts (LM), medium concentration mulberry leaves extracts (MM) and high concentration mulberry leaves extracts (HM)) and positive control with 20 μg Vitamin E/g muscle (VE). MLE maintained color, reduced peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values during storage (P < 0.05) with no effect on free thiol. MLE increased activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase at 312 h (P < 0.05). There were more phospholipids from the HM treatment than the control group (P < 0.05); unsaturated fatty acids and reducing sugars in the VE group were higher than the C group (P < 0.05). The results indicated that MLE could better use as natural antioxidants to maintain the meat quality, extend shelf‐life and prevent economic loss for food processing industry. In addition, one interesting finding was that the antioxidant mechanism of MLE was different comparing to VE during the different stages of lipid oxidation, which MLE worked at the first step and VE protected the second step when phospholipid was decomposed into unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, we could conclude that it would be better to combine the MLE and VE to protect the meat quality during refrigerated storage.Practical ApplicationsMulberry leaves were rich in alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins, which could be responsible for health benefits as well as herbal medicine for many years in various cultures. Some studies had found that MLE had the antioxidant activities. However, scientific information about the antioxidant properties of MLE in meat and their influence on meat quality is still scarce. The results indicate that MLE have the antioxidant activity, helping maintain the meat color, inhibiting lipid oxidant and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity. In addition, the antioxidant mechanism of MLE protected phospholipids from oxidation and VE mainly protected the unsaturated fatty acids and reducing sugars. This research explains the antioxidant mechanism of MLE could better use as natural antioxidants to maintain the meat quality, extend shelf‐life and prevent economic loss for food processing industry.
Time‐Space Distanciation: An Interdisciplinary Account of How Culture Shapes the Implicit and Explicit Psychology of Time and Space
Authors: Sullivan Daniel , Keefer Lucas A. , Stewart Sheridan A. , Palitsky Roman 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe growing body of research on temporal and spatial experience lacks a comprehensive theoretical approach. Drawing on Giddens’ framework, we present time‐space distanciation (TSD) as a construct for theorizing the relations between culture, time, and space. TSD in a culture may be understood as the extent to which (1) time and space are abstracted as separate dimensions and (2) activities are extended and organized across time and space. After providing a historical account of its development, we outline a multi‐level conceptualization of TSD supported by research on cultural differences in the experience of time and space. We impact this conceptualization by examining two ethnographic case studies. We conclude by highlighting future research directions. TSD is an integrative, interdisciplinary, multi level construct with the potential to guide the burgeoning social science of time and space.
A phase 3b study of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin in treatment‐naive and treatment‐experienced Korean patients chronically infected with genotype 2 hepatitis C virus
Authors: Ahn S. H. , Lim Y. S. , Lee K. S. , Paik S. W. , Lee Y. J. , Jeong S. H. , Kim J. H. , Yoon S. K. , Yim H. J. , Tak W. Y. , Han S. Y. , Yang J. C. , Mo H. , Mathias A. , Han L. , Knox S. J. , Brainard D. M. , Kim Y. J. , Byun K. S. , Kim Y. S. , Heo J. , Han K. H. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryIn Korea, patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are typically treated with pegylated interferon‐alpha plus ribavirin, but interferons are contraindicated in many patients and are often poorly tolerated, particularly by the elderly and those with advanced liver disease. No interferon‐free treatment regimens are approved in Korea. Sofosbuvir is an oral nucleotide analog inhibitor of the HCV nonstructural 5B RNA polymerase. It is approved in the USA, European Union and Japan for treating a number of HCV genotypes, including genotype 2. Genotype 2 has a seroprevalence of 38–46% in Korea. This single‐arm, phase 3b study (NCT02021643) examined the efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (12‐week duration) in chronic genotype 2 HCV‐infected treatment‐naive and treatment‐experienced Korean patients with and without cirrhosis. The proportion of patients with sustained virologic response 12 weeks after treatment discontinuation (SVR12) was 97% (125/129), with 96% (101/105) of treatment‐naive and 100% (24/24) of treatment‐experienced patients achieving SVR12. Two patients experienced virologic failure (n = 1, on‐treatment failure; n = 1, relapse). No patient discontinued study treatment due to an adverse event (AE). The most common treatment‐emergent AEs were headache (18%, 23/129) and pruritus (15%, 19/129). Few patients had grade 3 AEs (5%, 6/129) or grade 3 laboratory abnormalities (12%, 15/129). No grade 4 AE was reported. These data suggest that 12 weeks of treatment with the all‐oral, interferon‐free regimen of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin is effective and well tolerated in Korean patients with chronic genotype 2 HCV infection.
The effect of current and historical landscape structure and species life‐history traits on species distribution in dry grassland‐like forest openings
Authors: Husáková Iveta , Münzbergová Zuzana 
Published: February 2016

AbstractQuestionsIn a fragmented landscape, the distribution of plant species is determined not only by local habitat conditions but also by the landscape structure, including its changing nature, and by the life‐history traits of species present. Whereas the importance of all these factors has been investigated in a range of previous studies, our understanding of the effects of individual traits on species dependence on landscape structure is still rather limited. The aim of this study was to identify factors responsible for plant species composition in dry grassland‐like forest openings and to identify the relationship between life‐history traits and species distribution.LocationKřivoklátsko Biosphere Reserve, the Czech Republic.MethodsWe examined the effect of current and past landscape structures, habitat continuity and habitat conditions on species composition. We tested the importance of species traits for species response to the landscape structure.ResultsIn addition to habitat conditions, species composition was determined by landscape structures in the past and at present, and the past landscape structure in each time period separately was equally important to the present landscape structure. Perennial species that are insect‐ or wind‐pollinated, flower over limited periods of time, are relatively tall, are dispersed by animals, are not ruderal, have low nutrient requirements and maintain competitive or partly stress‐tolerant strategies were found to be restricted to continuous localities existing at least since 1973 or 1988 and to localities that are currently well interconnected. In contrast, short, self‐pollinated, ruderal species prevail in currently less‐connected localities.ConclusionsThe results indicate that knowledge of the past landscape structure is important for understanding the current species distribution, and that species traits can be used as useful predictors of species responses to the past landscape structure.
Population and phylogenomic decomposition via genotyping‐by‐sequencing in Australian Pelargonium
Authors: Nicotra Adrienne B. , Chong Caroline , Bragg Jason G. , Ong Chong Ren , Aitken Nicola C. , Chuah Aaron , Lepschi Brendan , Borevitz Justin O. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSpecies delimitation has seen a paradigm shift as increasing accessibility of genomic‐scale data enables separation of lineages with convergent morphological traits and the merging of recently diverged ecotypes that have distinguishing characteristics. We inferred the process of lineage formation among Australian species in the widespread and highly variable genus Pelargonium by combining phylogenomic and population genomic analyses along with breeding system studies and character analysis. Phylogenomic analysis and population genetic clustering supported seven of the eight currently described species but provided little evidence for differences in genetic structure within the most widely distributed group that containing P. australe. In contrast, morphometric analysis detected three deep lineages within Australian Pelargonium; with P. australe consisting of five previously unrecognized entities occupying separate geographic ranges. The genomic approach enabled elucidation of parallel evolution in some traits formerly used to delineate species, as well as identification of ecotypic morphological differentiation within recognized species. Highly variable morphology and trait convergence each contribute to the discordance between phylogenomic relationships and morphological taxonomy. Data suggest that genetic divergence among species within the Australian Pelargonium may result from allopatric speciation while morphological differentiation within and among species may be more strongly driven by environmental differences.
Pulmonary fungal infections in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: is it the time to revise the radiological diagnostic criteria?
Authors: Maccioni Francesca , Vetere Simone , De Felice Carlo , Al Ansari Najwa , Micozzi Alessandra , Gentile Giuseppe , Foà Robin , Girmenia Corrado 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThe definition of pulmonary fungal infections (PFI) according to the EORTC‐MSG criteria may lack diagnostic sensitivity due to the possible presentation of PFI with different radiological pictures. We evaluated the hypothesis to apply less restrictive radiological criteria to define PFI in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) submitted to chemotherapy. Overall, 73 consecutive episodes of pulmonary infiltrates associated to positive serum galactomannan test or fungal isolation or galactomannan detection from respiratory specimens were considered. CT scans acquired at the onset of symptoms (time‐0) and within 4 weeks (time‐1) were analysed to identify specific (group A) or aspecific radiological signs (group B). Pulmonary infiltrates fulfilled the EORTC‐MSG criteria in 49 patients (group A), whereas in 24 patients (group B) they did not reach the criteria due to aspecific CT findings at time‐0. Eleven of 21 (52.4%) patients of the group B evaluable for the evolution of the radiological findings fulfilled EORTC‐MSG criteria at time‐1. All the analysed clinical and mycological characteristics, response to antifungal therapy and survival were comparable in the two groups. Our study seems to confirm the possibility to extend the radiological suspicion of PFI to less restrictive chest CT findings when supported by microbiological criteria in high‐risk haematological patients.
Effectiveness and safety of an extended‐release tablet of sodium valproate for the prophylactic treatment of migraine: Postmarketing surveillance in Japan
Authors: Takeshima Takao , Suzuki Norihiro , Matsumori Yasuhiko , Shimmoto Naoki , Kurihara Yuji , Gunji Ryoji , Sakai Fumihiko 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundSodium valproate is a standard drug for first‐line prophylactic treatment of migraine. However, little information is available of its use in Japanese patients.AimTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of an extended‐release tablet of sodium valproate in the prophylactic treatment for Japanese patients with migraine by postmarketing surveillance.MethodsThis was a prospective, multicenter and non‐interventional observation study in routine clinical practice. A total of 1222 patients with migraine of all age groups (aged <10 to ≤80 years) and both sexes (17.3% men and 82.7% women) from 169 sites were enrolled.ResultsMigraine frequency during a 4‐week period was reduced from 10.2 ± 6.0 days in 1040 patients to 5.0 ± 4.6 days in 944 patients (P < 0.001): 70.8% of patients experienced remission of migraine by ≥30%, 59.0% by ≥50% and 11.8% by ≥100%. Multivariate analysis and stratification sampling showed that this sodium valproate tablet was the most effective in patients with more migraine days, and complete remission was observed in 29% of patients whose migraine days were less than 3 days per 4 weeks at baseline. The extended‐release tablet of sodium valproate reduced migraine intensity and duration of migraine attacks. The incidence of adverse drug reactions was 6.3% (67/1070 patients) and well tolerated. However, four pregnancies were discovered in this survey.ConclusionsThis first large observation study in Japan suggests that an extended‐release tablet of sodium valproate is effective and safe for the prophylactic treatment of patients with migraine in routine clinical practice.
A chloroplast‐localized protein LESION AND LAMINA BENDING affects defence and growth responses in rice
Authors: Tamiru Muluneh , Takagi Hiroki , Abe Akira , Yokota Takao , Kanzaki Hiroyuki , Okamoto Haruko , Saitoh Hiromasa , Takahashi Hideyuki , Fujisaki Koki , Oikawa Kaori , Uemura Aiko , Natsume Satoshi , Jikumaru Yusuke , Matsuura Hideyuki , Umemura Kenji , Terry Matthew J. , Terauchi Ryohei 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Understanding how plants allocate their resources to growth or defence is of long‐term importance to the development of new and improved varieties of different crops.

Using molecular genetics, plant physiology, hormone analysis and Next‐Generation Sequencing (NGS)‐based transcript profiling, we have isolated and characterized the rice (Oryza sativa) LESION AND LAMINA BENDING (LLB) gene that encodes a chloroplast‐targeted putative leucine carboxyl methyltransferase.

Loss of LLB function results in reduced growth and yield, hypersensitive response (HR)‐like lesions, accumulation of the antimicrobial compounds momilactones and phytocassanes, and constitutive expression of pathogenesis‐related genes. Consistent with these defence‐associated responses, llb shows enhanced resistance to rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) and bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). The lesion and resistance phenotypes are likely to be caused by the over‐accumulation of jasmonates (JAs) in the llb mutant including the JA precursor 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid. Additionally, llb shows an increased lamina inclination and enhanced early seedling growth due to elevated brassinosteroid (BR) synthesis and/or signalling.

These findings show that LLB functions in the chloroplast to either directly or indirectly repress both JA‐ and BR‐mediated responses, revealing a possible mechanism for controlling how plants allocate resources for defence and growth.
The jasmonate‐responsive AaMYC2 transcription factor positively regulates artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua
Authors: Shen Qian , Lu Xu , Yan Tingxiang , Fu Xueqing , Lv Zongyou , Zhang Fangyuan , Pan Qifang , Wang Guofeng , Sun Xiaofen , Tang Kexuan 
Published: February 2016

Summary

The plant Artemisia annua is well known due to the production of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is widely used in malaria treatment. Phytohormones play important roles in plant secondary metabolism, such as jasmonic acid (JA), which can induce artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua. Nevertheless, the JA‐inducing mechanism remains poorly understood.

The expression of gene AaMYC2 was rapidly induced by JA and AaMYC2 binds the G‐box‐like motifs within the promoters of gene CYP71AV1 and DBR2, which are key structural genes in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway.

Overexpression of AaMYC2 in A. annua significantly activated the transcript levels of CYP71AV1 and DBR2, which resulted in an increased artemisinin content. By contrast, artemisinin content was reduced in the RNAi transgenic A. annua plants in which the expression of AaMYC2 was suppressed. Meanwhile, the RNAi transgenic A. annua plants showed lower sensitivity to methyl jasmonate treatment than the wild‐type plants.

These results demonstrate that AaMYC2 is a positive regulator of artemisinin biosynthesis and is of great value in genetic engineering of A. annua for increased artemisinin production.
GaAlAs laser‐induced pulp mineralization involves dentin matrix protein 1 and osteopontin expression
Authors: Shigetani Y , Ohkura N , Yoshiba K , Ohshima H , Hosoya A , Yoshiba N , Okiji T 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesGaAlAs lasers induce pulp mineralization by promoting reparative dentinogenesis. This study analyzed the expression of dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and osteopontin in GaAlAs laser‐irradiated rat molars, to examine the hypothesis that these proteins play a role in the laser‐induced reparative dentinogenic process.Materials and methodsThe mesial surfaces of the upper first molars of 8‐week‐old Wistar rats were irradiated with a pulsed GaAlAs laser. After 1–14 days, mRNA expression of DMP1 and osteopontin in the coronal pulp was analyzed using real‐time PCR. DMP1, osteopontin, and heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) were immunolocalized at 1–21 days.ResultsThe pulp exhibited a degenerative zone in its mesial portion on days 1–3, and progressive formation of reparative dentin lined with HSP25‐immunoreactive odontoblast‐like cells, from day 7 onwards. DMP1 and osteopontin mRNA expression were significantly upregulated on days 1–7 and 3–7, respectively. From day 7 onwards, DMP1 and osteopontin immunoreactivity colocalized along the boundary between the primary and reparative dentin.ConclusionGaAlAs laser irradiation of rat molars induced upregulated DMP1 and osteopontin mRNA expression in the coronal pulp, followed by the formation of reparative dentin and the colocalization of DMP1 and osteopontin immunoreactivity at the site at which this tissue first appeared.