bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloud information content analysis of multi-angular measurements in the oxygen A-band: application to 3MI and MSPI
Authors: Merlin Guillaume , Riedi Jérôme , Labonnote Laurent C. , Cornet Céline , Davis Anthony B. , Dubuisson Phillipe , Desmons Marine , Ferlay Nicolas , Parol Frédéric 
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Information content analyses on cloud top altitude (CTOP) and geometrical thickness (CGT) from multi-angular A-band measurements in the case of monolayer homogeneous clouds are conducted. In the framework of future multi-angular radiometer development, we compared the potential performances of the 3MI (Multi-viewing, Multi-channel and Multi-polarization Imaging) instrument developed by EUMETSAT, which is an extension of POLDER/PARASOL instrument and MSPI (Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager) developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Quantitative information content estimates were realized for thin, moderately opaque and opaque clouds for different surface albedo and viewing geometry configurations. Analyses show that retrieval of CTOP is possible with a high accuracy in most of the cases investigated. Retrieval of CGT is also possible for optically thick clouds above a black surface, at least when CGT > 1–2 km and for thin clouds for CGT > 2–3 km. However, for intermediate optical thicknesses (COT ≃ 4), we show that the retrieval of CGT is not simultaneously possible with CTOP. A comparison between 3MI and MSPI shows a higher information content for MSPI's measurements, traceable to a thinner filter inside the oxygen A-band, yielding higher signal-to-noise ratio for absorption estimation. Cases of cloud scenes above bright surfaces are more complex but it is shown that the retrieval of CTOP remains possible in almost all situations while the information content on CGT appears to be insufficient in many cases, particularly for COT < 4 and CGT < 2–3 km.
Nitrite consumption and associated isotope changes during a river flood event
Authors: Jacob Juliane , Sanders Tina , Dähnke Kirstin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract. In oceans, estuaries, and rivers, nitrification is an important nitrate source, and stable isotopes of nitrate are often used to investigate recycling processes (e.g. remineralisation, nitrification) in the water column. Nitrification is a two-step process, where ammonia is oxidised via nitrite to nitrate. Nitrite usually does not accumulate in natural environments, which makes it difficult to study the single isotope effect of ammonia oxidation or nitrite oxidation in natural systems. However, during an exceptional flood in the Elbe River in June 2013, we found a unique co-occurrence of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate in the water column, returning towards normal summer conditions within 1 week. Over the course of the flood, we analysed the evolution of δ15N–NH4+ and δ15N–NO2− in the Elbe River. In concert with changes in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and δ15N SPM, as well as nitrate concentration, δ15N–NO3− and δ18O–NO3−, we calculated apparent isotope effects during net nitrite and nitrate consumption. During the flood event, > 97 % of total reactive nitrogen was nitrate, which was leached from the catchment area and appeared to be subject to assimilation. Ammonium and nitrite concentrations increased to 3.4 and 4.4 µmol L−1, respectively, likely due to remineralisation, nitrification, and denitrification in the water column. δ15N–NH4+ values increased up to 12 ‰, and δ15N–NO2− ranged from −8.0 to −14.2 ‰. Based on this, we calculated an apparent isotope effect 15ε of −10.0 ± 0.1 ‰ during net nitrite consumption, as well as an isotope effect 15ε of −4.0 ± 0.1 ‰ and 18ε of −5.3 ± 0.1 ‰ during net nitrate consumption. On the basis of the observed nitrite isotope changes, we evaluated different nitrite uptake processes in a simple box model. We found that a regime of combined riparian denitrification and 22 to 36 % nitrification fits best with measured data for the nitrite concentration decrease and isotope increase.
Kind-Kovács, Friederike. 2014. <i>Written Here, Published There - How Underground Literature Crossed the Iron Curtain.</i> Budapest: Central European University Press. 520 pp.
Authors: Haraszti Miklós 
Published: October 2016

Kind-Kovács, Friederike. 2014. Written Here, Published There - How Underground Literature Crossed the Iron Curtain. Budapest: Central European University Press. 520 pp.
OAO Neftyanaya Kompaniya Yukos v. Russia (Eur. Ct. H.R.)
Authors: De Brabandere Eric 
Published: October 2016

On July 31, 2014, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) rendered its final decision on a claim brought by the liquidated Russian company OAO Neftyanaya Kompaniya Yukos (Yukos) against the Russian Federation (Russia), a decision that is the last in a series of three decisions in this case relating respectively to the admissibility of the application, the merits, and just satisfaction.A couple weeks prior to the ECtHR’s decision, three arbitral tribunals established under the auspices of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) and functioning under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules had issued their final awards based on claims brought by three former shareholders of Yukos under the Energy Charter Treaty. The dispute, while brought by the shareholders of Yukos, in essence is the same as the one brought by Yukos against Russia before the European Court of Human Rights.
Canadian Urology Resident Scholarly Performance
Authors: Andrews J. Matthew , Abdolell Mohamed , Norman Richard W. 
Published: October 2016

Introduction:Scholarly research is a key component of Canadian urology residency. Through comparison of scholarly performance of urology residents before residency with that achieved during residency, we aimed to elicit predictive factors for completion of research activities.Methods: Electronic surveys were sent to 152 urology residents of 11 accredited Canadian programs. Survey questions pertained to post-graduate training year (PGY), formal education, scholarly activity completed before and after the start of residency, protected/dedicated research time, structured research curriculum and pursuit of fellowship training. Results:Surveys were completed by 42 residents from 10 programs. Only 26% of residents had a structured research curriculum, 38% a dedicated research rotation and 43% protected research time. Forty-five percent of residents published at least one manuscript so far during residency (mean 1.14 ± 0.32), and 43% submitted at least one manuscript (mean 0.86 ± 0.25). During residency, 62% of residents completed ≥1 formal research presentation (median number 1.5; range 0 – ≥ 10). Only the level of PGY significantly impacted the number of manuscripts published (p < 0.001) and number of formal research presentations (p < 0.001) completed during residency. Eighty-six percent of residents intent on pursuing fellowship training had a mean number of publications and presentations during residency of 1.25 ± 0.37 and 2.25 ± 0.54, respectively. Interpretation: Level of PGY significantly impacted quantitative scholarly activity but the numbers and types of presentations performed prior to residency, completion of an honours or graduate degree and plans to pursue fellowship training did not.
PCPT, MTOPS and the use of 5ARIs: a Canadian consensus regarding implications for clinical practice
Authors: Klotz Laurence , Saad Fred 
Published: October 2016

Objectives: Two large, recently published, definitive trials evaluated the benefitsof 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5ARIs). The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial(PCPT) tested the effect of finasteride for prostate cancer prevention and the Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms (MTOPS) tested its effect in benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH). Both trials were strongly positive. However, the role of 5ARIs inthe clinical management of patients remains controversial. The consensus conference,which forms the basis for this report, attempted to develop an expertopinion, based on these studies, as to the optimal use of 5ARIs in patient management.Methods: The Canadian Consensus Meeting, organized by the Canadian Urology Research Consortium and the Canadian Urologic Oncology Group, held inToronto on May 7, 2006, focused on the new data from the PCPT and the MTOPS study. Internationally recognized experts and clinicians discussedthe implications of these data on clinical practice and issued a recommendationon the optimal management of patients with BPH.Results: The Consensus meeting agreed on the following recommendations:1. The overall results from the PCPT and MTOPS studies are of importanceto the urologic, as well as to the greater medical, community.2. Prostate management guidelines should be updated to include the resultsfrom both the MTOPS and the PCPT studies.3. In the PCPT, the incidence of high-grade cancer was higher in the finasteridetreatedgroup (6.4%), compared with the placebo group (5.1%). Subsequentanalyses strongly suggest that this increased prevalence was owing to a detectionbias caused by the reduction in prostate volume in patients takingfinasteride, compared with patients taking placebo. This resulted in animproved detection at biopsy of high-grade cancer in the finasteride group.4. In men who have large prostates and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS),5ARIs should be considered, both for the treatment of BPH and for prostatecancer risk reduction.5. For men who are concerned about prostate cancer, it is appropriate to discusschemoprevention with finasteride.6. Urologists are encouraged to disseminate these recommendations amongother healthcare professionals.
A Theoretical Framework to Study Variations in Workplace Violence Experienced by Emergency Responders
Authors: van Reemst Lisa 
Published: October 2016

A Theoretical Framework to Study Variations in Workplace Violence Experienced by Emergency Responders
Emergency responders are often sent to the front line and are often confronted with aggression and violence in interaction with citizens. According to previous studies, some professionals experience more workplace violence than others. In this article, the theoretical framework to study variations in workplace violence against emergency responders is described. According to criminal opportunity theories, which integrate the routine activity theory and lifestyle/exposure theory, victimisation is largely dependent on the lifestyle and routine activities of persons. Situational characteristics that could be related to workplace violence are organisational or task characteristics, such as having more contact with citizens or working at night. However, they do not provide insight in all aspects of influence, and their usefulness to reduce victimisation is limited. Therefore, it is important to consider the role of personal characteristics of the emergency responders that may be more or less ‘attractive’, which is elaborated upon by the victim precipitation theory. Psychological and behavioural characteristics of emergency responders may be relevant to reduce external workplace violence. The author argues that, despite the risk of being considered as blaming the victim, studying characteristics that might prevent victimisation is needed. Directions for future studies about workplace violence are discussed. These future studies should address a combination of victim and situation characteristics, use a longitudinal design and focus on emergency responders. In addition, differences between professions in relationships between characteristics and workplace violence should be explored.
Measuring Oligopsony Power in the U.S. Cattle Procurement Market: Packer Concentration, Cattle Cycle, and Seasonality
Authors: Ji Inbae , Chung Chanjin , Lee Jungmin 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThis study estimates the oligopsony power in the U.S. cattle procurement market in consideration of market structure of beef‐packing industry, cattle supply, and seasonality. Our conceptual model represents a price‐setting monopsonist competing with multiple monopsonists, and the corresponding empirical model includes a time‐varying parameter framework so that it can trace the change in packers’ imperfect competition behavior in the cattle procurement market over time. The empirical model is applied to three cattle procurement markets in the United States: national, Nebraska, and Texas/Oklahoma/New Mexico. Empirical results show the existence of oligopsony market power in the U.S. cattle procurement market. The oligopsony market power is considerably influenced by cattle cycle and seasonality, which indicates that packers tend to increase their margin during the excessive cattle supply period while maintaining lower margin during the short cattle supply period. [EconLit citations: D43, L11, L13, Q13].
Childhood body mass is positively associated with cesarean birth in Yucatec Maya subsistence farmers
Authors: Veile Amanda , Kramer Karen L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe epidemiologic link between cesarean birth and childhood obesity is unresolved, partly because most studies come from industrialized settings where many post‐birth factors affect the risk for obesity. We take advantage of an unusual ethnographic situation where hospital and cesarean birth modes have recently been introduced among Yucatec Maya subsistence farmers, but young children have had minimal exposure to the nutritional transition. While we expect to find very low rates of childhood obesity, we predict that cesarean‐born children will be larger and heavier than vaginally born children.MethodsWeight and height were collected monthly on 108 children aged 0–5 (3576 observations total). Birth mode and birthweight were collected by maternal interview. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models that compare child growth [Maya population‐specific Z‐scores for weight‐for‐age and body mass index‐for‐age (WAZ and BMIZ)] in cesarean and vaginally born children aged 0–5 years.ResultsThe cesarean rate was 20%, no children were obese, and 5% were overweight. Cesarean birth was a significant predictor of child WAZ and BMIZ after accounting for maternal effects, child birthweight, and sex. Children who were born by cesarean to mothers with high BMI had the highest WAZ of all children by 5 years of age, and the highest BMIZ of all children at all ages.ConclusionCesarean‐born Maya children had higher BMI than vaginally born children, even in the absence of many known confounding factors that contribute to childhood obesity. Child growth was most sensitive to birth mode when mothers had high BMI.
Directional and fluctuating asymmetry among !Kung San and Kavango people of Northern Namibia: The impact of sex and subsistence patterns
Authors: Kirchengast Sylvia 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe impact of sex and subsistence on fluctuating and directional asymmetry patterns was tested among !Kung San and Kavango people from northern Namibia.MethodsFluctuating and directional asymmetry from 6 paired traits were measured in a sample of 236 !Kung San and 248 Kavango people aged 18 to 65 years in the Kavango district and the Nyae‐Nyae area of northern Namibia. Signed asymmetry, absolute and relative asymmetry, as well as composite fluctuating and directional asymmetry, were calculated.ResultsMales of both ethnic groups exhibited higher fluctuating asymmetry in comparison to their female counterparts. Marked differences in directional asymmetry of the upper extremities were found between !Kung San and Kavango people. The !Kung San people showed a significantly higher directional asymmetry than the Kavango people.ConclusionsForaging subsistence increased directional asymmetry of the upper extremities among males as well as females. In contrast, higher fluctuating asymmetry—indicating a higher degree of developmental instability—was found among males independent of subsistence group.
Poundbury Camp in Context—a new Perspective on the Lives of Children from urban and ruralRomanEngland
Authors: Rohnbogner Anna , Lewis Mary Elizabeth 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe current understanding of child morbidity in Roman England is dominated by studies of single sites/regions. Much of the data are derived from third to fifth century AD Poundbury Camp, Dorchester, Dorset, considered an unusual site due to high levels of non‐adult morbidity. There is little understanding of children in rural areas, and whether Poundbury Camp was representative of Romano‐British childhood.Materials and methodsThe study provides the first large scale analysis of child health in urban and rural Roman England, adding to the previously published intra‐site analysis of non‐adult paleopathology at Poundbury Camp. Age‐at‐death and pathology prevalence rates were reassessed for 953 non‐adults (0–17 years) from five major urban, six minor urban, and four rural sites (first to fifth century AD). The data were compared to the results from 364 non‐adults from Poundbury Camp.ResultsRural sites demonstrated higher levels of infant burials, and greater prevalence of cribra orbitalia in the 1.1–2.5 year (TPR 64.3%), and 6.6–10.5 year cohorts (TPR 66.7%). Endocranial lesions were more frequent in the minor urban sample (TPR 15.9%). Three new cases of tuberculosis were identified in urban contexts. Vitamin D deficiency was most prevalent at Poundbury Camp (CPR 18.8%), vitamin C deficiency was identified more frequently in rural settlements (CPR 5.9%).DiscussionThe Poundbury Camp data on morbidity and mortality are not representative of patterns in Roman England and other major urban sites. Rural children suffered from a distinct set of pathologies described as diseases of deprivation, prompting reconsideration of how Romano‐British land management affected those at the bottom of the social hierarchy.
Skeletal assessment and secular changes in knee development: a radiographic approach
Authors: Boeyer M.E. , Ousley S.D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of ossification patterns in the distal femoral, proximal tibial, and proximal fibular epiphyses, and the patella. The results generated from this analysis will be compared with previous standards published by Elgenmark () and Garn et al. () to determine if clinical and skeletal age assessment standards should be updated for contemporary Americans.Materials and methodsUsing the Pediatric Radiology Interactive Atlas (Patricia), a total of 1,317 epiphyses were scored for presence or absence from radiographs of 1,056 white individuals born in or after 1990. Statistical modeling of epiphyseal appearance was conducted for all major percentiles, including the 5th and 95th percentiles through logistic regression.ResultsCompared with Elgenmark () and Garn et al. (), our data suggest that the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses show overall earlier ossification, while the proximal fibular epiphysis shows later ossification. When examining the pooled sex 50th percentile for our data, we found that ossification timing differences are 1.2 weeks earlier in the distal femoral epiphysis, 2.1 weeks earlier in the proximal tibial epiphysis, and 1.4 years later in the proximal fibular epiphysis.DiscussionThe epiphyses that appear early in life, for example the distal femoral epiphysis, require gestational age information to accurately estimate appearance times. There are considerable differences between the ossification timing patterns presented in this study and those of previous standards, which did not include gestational ages. Several factors may explain the observed differences in the epiphyses of the knee including: the availability of gestational age information, the analysis of longitudinal versus cross‐sectional data, differences in socioeconomic status and prenatal care, and secular change.KEYWORDS age estimation, growth standards, ossification, skeletal maturation, subadult/juvenile growth
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and the origin of the principle of least action – a never ending story
Authors: Hecht Hartmut 
Published: October 2016

The priority dispute between Leibniz and Newton on the invention of the calculus was just finished as another quarrel of similar vehemence occupied the scientific community. From the middle of the 18th century on, scholars and historians of science intensively discussed the question, if Leibniz, the great german polyhistor, or Maupertuis, the president of the Berlin Academy of Science under the governance of Frederic the Great, has formulated the principle of least action for the first time. Most of them have voted for the one or the other, and the discussion is not yet finished.In the following survey the relevant papers of Leibniz and Maupertuis will be analyzed, and it will be demonstrated that a definitive and final answer to the priority question is impossible, because it depends on the methodological strategies of the historians as well as on the understanding of the principle itself.
The (+)‐cis‐ and (+)‐trans‐Olibanic Acids: Key Odorants of Frankincense
Authors: Cerutti‐Delasalle Céline , Mehiri Mohamed , Cagliero Cecilia , Rubiolo Patrizia , Bicchi Carlo , Meierhenrich Uwe J. , Baldovini Nicolas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFrankincense (olibanum) is one of the oldest aromatic materials used by humans, but the key molecular constituents contributing to its characteristic odor remained unknown. Reported herein is the discovery that (1S,2S)‐(+)‐trans‐ and (1S,2R)‐(+)‐cis‐2‐octylcyclopropyl‐1‐carboxylic acids are highly potent and substantive odorants occurring in ppm amounts in all of the frankincense samples analyzed, even those showing radically different volatile compositions. These cyclopropyl‐derived acids provide the very characteristic old churchlike endnote of the frankincense odor.
UV‐Induced Disulfide Formation and Reduction for Dynamic Photopatterning
Authors: Li Lei , Feng Wenqian , Welle Alexander , Levkin Pavel A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUV‐induced disulfide formation (UV‐DF) and disulfide reduction (UV‐DR) reactions for surface functionalization and dynamic photopatterning are presented. Both photochemical reactions allow for the spatially and temporally controlled, reversible transition between thiol‐ and disulfide‐functionalized surfaces. The dynamic photopatterning strategy was demonstrated by the UV‐induced attachment, exchange, and detachment on thiol‐modified substrates.
Recognition of 1,3‐Butadiene by a Porous Coordination Polymer
Authors: Kishida Keisuke , Okumura Yoshikuni , Watanabe Yoshihiro , Mukoyoshi Megumi , Bracco Silvia , Comotti Angiolina , Sozzani Piero , Horike Satoshi , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe separation of 1,3‐butadiene from C4 hydrocarbon mixtures is imperative for the production of synthetic rubbers, and there is a need for a more economical separation method, such as a pressure swing adsorption process. With regard to adsorbents that enable C4 gas separation, [Zn(NO2ip)(dpe)]n (SD‐65; NO2ip=5‐nitroisophthalate, dpe=1,2‐di(4‐pyridyl)ethylene) is a promising porous material because of its structural flexibility and restricted voids, which provide unique guest‐responsive accommodation. The 1,3‐butadiene‐selective sorption profile of SD‐65 was elucidated by adsorption isotherms, in situ PXRD, and SSNMR studies and was further investigated by multigas separation and adsorption–desorption‐cycle experiments for its application to separation technology.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Carbasugars Enables the Discovery of Potent and Selective SGLT2 Inhibitors
Authors: Ng Wai‐Lung , Lau Kit‐Man , Lau Clara B.‐S. , Shing Tony K. M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSelective inhibition of the transporter protein sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) has emerged as a promising way to control blood glucose level in diabetes patients. Reported herein is a short and convergent synthetic route towards some small‐molecule SGLT2 inhibitors by a chemo‐ and diastereospecific palladium‐catalyzed arylation reaction. This synthetic strategy enabled the discovery of two highly selective and potent SGLT2 inhibitors, thereby paving the way towards the development of carbasugar SGLT2 inhibitors as potential antidiabetic/antitumor agents.