bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new method for high‐resolution event relocation and application to the aftershocks of Lushan Earthquake, China
Authors: Sun Li , Zhang Miao , Wen Lianxing 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe develop a new method (named hypoRelocate) to determine high‐resolution earthquake location, utilizing traditional constraints of absolute travel time and differential travel time, and one new constraint of coda cross‐correlogram between the events. The relocation is performed by using a simulated annealing method to search for the best fitting locations and origin times of the events that minimize the total residual of the all above three constraints of the events. HypoRelocate expands the advantage of using differential constraints to better determine high‐resolution relative locations between the events by constructing constraint of coda cross‐correlograms on interevent distance and reduces the dependence of relocation results on the accuracy of the initial catalog by incorporating the absolute time into the joint inversion. The method is applied to relocate the aftershocks of Lushan Earthquake. The comparisons of the relocation results between hypoRelocate and hypoDD indicate that the additional constraints of coda cross‐correlogram and absolute travel time place better constraints on relative location between the events and absolute location of the events.
Optical Mirrors
Authors: Lemaitre Gerard R. , Grange Robert 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn optical mirror is a sufficiently smooth surface that reflects light – in some wavelength range – to provide an image from given original object. From early plane mirrors, as quiet water, polished obsidian stone, or brass substrates, subsequent mirror fabrication mainly evolved towards use of glass substrates coated with high a reflectivity metal that may receive a protective layer deposit to prevent from tarnishing. Plane and curved – concave or convex – mirrors are commonly used as domestic devices, safety devices and decorative panels. Mirrors are key components of many scientific instruments, such as telescopes, microscopes, lasers, and cameras. Present state of the art of making and testing a mirror optical surface allows reaching the ultimate theoretical limit of diffraction – then called a diffraction‐limited mirror – where the reflected wavefront does not deviate more than a visible quarter‐wave length from a required shape.
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency that developed at the age of 19 years with acute brain edema
Authors: Mitani Hidenori , Mochizuki Toshiaki , Otani Norio , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Ishimatsu Shinichi 
Published: May 2016

CaseA 19‐year‐old man had nausea, diarrhea, and general malaise the day before requesting emergency transport to his former primary physician. The patient became restless and had tonic seizures after admission. The patient was transferred to our hospital as there had been no improvement in his level of consciousness. On arrival, cranial computed tomography showed generalized swelling, and blood ammonia concentration was ≥500 μg/dL. After admission, seizures recurred continually despite careful monitoring and increased doses of sedatives and antiseizure drugs. Dilated pupils and a flat electroencephalogram were evident on day 4 of admission, and the patient died on day 11. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency was diagnosed at postmortem based on fractionation of blood and urine amino acids and orotic acid.OutcomeUrea cycle disorders need to be treated urgently to prevent irreversible neurological damage when accompanied by hyperammonemia.ConclusionIn cases of hyperammonemia, early dialysis should be considered to reduce the ammonia level.
Monitoring the Glutathione Redox Reaction in Living Human Cells by Combining Metabolic Labeling with Heteronuclear NMR
Authors: Jin Xing , Kang Soeun , Tanaka Shinya , Park Sunghyouk 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe glutathione (GSH) redox reaction is critical for defense against cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, direct and real‐time monitoring of this reaction in living mammalian cells has been hindered by the lack of a facile method. Herein, we describe a new approach that exploits the GSH biosynthetic pathway and heteronuclear NMR. [U‐13C]‐labeled cysteine was incorporated into GSH in U87 glioblastoma cells, and the oxidation of GSH to GSSG by a ROS‐producing agent could be monitored in living cells. Further application of the approach to cells resistant to temozolomide (TMZ), an anti‐glioblastoma drug, suggested a possible new resistance mechanism involving neutralization of ROS. This result was corroborated by the observation of up‐regulation of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3). This new approach could be easily applied to redox‐dependent signaling pathways and drug resistance involving ROS.
Microstructural characterization of short glass fibre reinforced polyethersulfone composites
Authors: Munirathnamma L. M. , Ravikumar H. B. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTTo explore the effect of short glass fiber reinforcement (SGFR) on the mechanical properties of polyethersulfone (PES), microstructural characterization has been performed by positron lifetime technique. The free volume distribution of SGFR‐PES composites derived from CONTIN‐PALS2 program exhibits the narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) indicates the strong interaction between polymeric chains of PES matrix and SGF. The positron lifetime parameters of SGFR‐PES composites are correlated with the mechanical properties viz., Tensile strength (TS), Young's modulus (YM) and elongation at break (EB). The decreased positron lifetime parameters, improved mechanical properties and reduced crystallinity of SGFR‐PES composites are attributed to the improved chemical and physical interaction between the functional groups of both SGF and PES matrix. This is clearly evident from the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry) studies. The hydrodynamic interaction parameter (h) show negative values, suggest the improved interaction in SGFR‐PES composites by the generation of excess friction at the interface. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43647.
Multiple CO Oxidation Promoted by Au2 Dimers in Au2TiO4− Cluster Anions
Authors: Li Xiao‐Na , Li Zi‐Yu , Li Hai‐Fang , He Sheng‐Gui 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTime‐of‐flight mass spectrometry experiments demonstrated that laser ablation generated and mass selected Au2TiO4− cluster anions can unexpectedly oxidize three CO molecules in an ion trap reactor. This is an improvement on the more commonly observed oxidation of at most two CO molecules by a doped cluster. Quantum chemistry calculations were performed to rationalize the reactions. The lowest energy isomer of Au2TiO4− contains a superoxide unit, the participation of which in CO oxidation can be promoted by the Au2 dimer. The Au2 dimer functions as a rather flexible electron reservoir in each CO oxidation step in terms of the release and storage of electrons to drive the dissociation of superoxide to peroxide and then to lattice oxygen atoms, which can be removed by reaction with CO molecules. This gas‐phase study enriches our understanding toward the nature of reactive oxygen species involved in gold‐catalyzed oxidation reactions.
Cardiovascular Disease, Mortality Risk, and Healthcare Costs by Lipoprotein(a) Levels According to Low‐density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Older High‐risk Adults
Authors: Zhao Yanglu , Delaney Joseph A. , Quek Ruben G.W. , Gardin Julius M. , Hirsch Calvin H. , Gandra Shravanthi R. , Wong Nathan D. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe value of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) for predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) across low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) is uncertain.HypothesisIn older high‐risk adults, higher LDL and Lp(a) combined would be associated with higher CVD risk and more healthcare costs.MethodsWe included 3251 high‐risk subjects (prior CVD, diabetes, or 10‐year Framingham CVD risk >20%) age ≥65 years from the Cardiovascular Health Study and examined the relation of Lp(a) tertiles with incident CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and all‐cause mortality within LDL‐C strata (spanning <70 mg/dL to ≥160 mg/dL). We also examined 1‐year all‐cause and CVD healthcare costs from Medicare claims.ResultsOver a 22.5‐year follow‐up, higher Lp(a) levels predicted CVD and total mortality (both standardized hazard ratio [HR]: 1.06, P < 0.01), whereas higher LDL‐C levels predicted higher CHD (standardized HR: 1.09, P < 0.01) but lower total mortality (standardized HR: 0.94, P < 0.001). Adjusted HRs in the highest (vs lowest) tertile of Lp(a) level were 1.95 (P = 0.06) for CVD events and 2.68 (P = 0.03) for CHD events when LDL‐C was <70 mg/dL. One‐year all‐cause healthcare costs were increased for Lp(a) ($771 per SD of 56 µg/mL [P = 0.03], $1976 for Lp(a) 25–64 µg/mL vs <25 µg/mL [P = 0.02], and $1648 for Lp(a) ≥65 µg/mL vs <25 µg/mL [P = 0.054]) but not LDL‐C.ConclusionsIn older high‐risk adults, increased Lp(a) levels were associated with higher CVD risk, especially in those with LDL‐C <70 mg/dL, and with higher healthcare costs.
Nuclear grade based on transbronchial cytology is an independent prognostic factor in patients with advanced, unresectable non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Kadota Kyuichi , Miyai Yumi , Katsuki Naomi , Kushida Yoshio , Matsunaga Toru , Okuda Masaya , Yokomise Hiroyasu , Kanaji Nobuhiro , Bandoh Shuji , Haba Reiji 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUNDIn patients with resected non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the prognostic value of nuclear grade has been demonstrated. However, among patients with advanced, unresectable NSCLC, the prognostic usefulness of cytological nuclear grade to the authors' knowledge remains unknown. In the current study, the authors used transbronchial cytology to investigate whether nuclear morphometry correlated with clinical outcomes in patients with advanced NSCLC.METHODSThe authors reviewed patients with advanced, unresectable NSCLC who were diagnosed on transbronchial cytology and were treated at the study institution from 2007 through 2015 (97 patients). Nuclear morphometry (including major diameter) was assessed by an image analysis system and small lymphocytes were used as a reference. Overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method, and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model.RESULTSIn the multivariate analysis, according to the nuclear major diameter as assessed by an image analysis system, a nuclear major diameter >15 μm was an independent prognostic factor of worse OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; P = .003) and PFS (HR, 1.04; P = 0.011). According to the nuclear major diameter as assessed by small lymphocytes, a major diameter of >5 small lymphocytes was an independent prognostic factor of worse OS (HR, 1.32; P<.001) and PFS (HR, 1.20; P = 0.001). A moderately significant correlation between nuclear diameter measurements by an image analysis system and small lymphocytes was observed (P<.001; correlation coefficient, 0.662).CONCLUSIONSNuclear grade based on nuclear diameter was found to be independently associated with prognosis in patients with advanced, unresectable NSCLC. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:630–40. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
In Pursuit of Sustainable Hydrogen Storage with Boron‐Nitride Fullerene as the Storage Medium
Authors: Ganguly Gaurab , Malakar Tanmay , Paul Ankan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractUsing well calibrated DFT studies we predict that experimentally synthesized B24N24 fullerene can serve as a potential reversible chemical hydrogen storage material with hydrogen‐gas storage capacity up to 5.13 wt %. Our theoretical studies show that hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of the fullerene framework can be achieved at reasonable rates using existing metal‐free hydrogenating agents and base metal‐containing dehydrogenation catalysts.
Factors related to building loss due to wildfires in the conterminous United States
Authors: Alexandre Patricia M. , Stewart Susan I. , Keuler Nicholas S. , Clayton Murray K. , Mockrin Miranda H. , Bar‐Massada Avi , Syphard Alexandra D. , Radeloff Volker C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWildfire is globally an important ecological disturbance affecting biochemical cycles and vegetation composition, but also puts people and their homes at risk. Suppressing wildfires has detrimental ecological effects and can promote larger and more intense wildfires when fuels accumulate, which increases the threat to buildings in the wildland–urban interface (WUI). Yet, when wildfires occur, typically only a small proportion of the buildings within the fire perimeter are lost, and the question is what determines which buildings burn. Our goal was to examine which factors are related to building loss when a wildfire occurs throughout the United States. We were particularly interested in the relative roles of vegetation, topography, and the spatial arrangement of buildings, and how their respective roles vary among ecoregions. We analyzed all fires that occurred within the conterminous United States from 2000 to 2010 and digitized which buildings were lost and which survived according to Google Earth historical imagery. We modeled the occurrence as well as the percentage of buildings lost within clusters using logistic and linear regression. Overall, variables related to topography and the spatial arrangement of buildings were more frequently present in the best 20 regression models than vegetation‐related variables. In other words, specific locations in the landscape have a higher fire risk, and certain development patterns can exacerbate that risk. Fire policies and prevention efforts focused on vegetation management are important, but insufficient to solve current wildfire problems. Furthermore, the factors associated with building loss varied considerably among ecoregions suggesting that fire policy applied uniformly across theUnited Stateswill not work equally well in all regions and that efforts to adapt communities to wildfires must be regionally tailored.
Burn me twice, shame on who? Interactions between successive forest fires across a temperate mountain region
Authors: Harvey Brian J. , Donato Daniel C. , Turner Monica G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIncreasing rates of natural disturbances under a warming climate raise important questions about how multiple disturbances interact. Escalating wildfire activity in recent decades has resulted in some forests re‐burning in short succession, but how the severity of one wildfire affects that of a subsequent wildfire is not fully understood. We used a field‐validated, satellite‐derived, burn‐severity atlas to assess interactions between successive wildfires across theUSNorthern Rocky Mountains a 300,000‐km2region dominated by fire‐prone forests. In areas that experienced two wildfires between 1984 and 2010, we asked: (1) How do overall frequency distributions of burn‐severity classes compare between first and second fires? (2) In a given location, how does burn severity of the second fire relate to that of the first? (3) Do interactions between successive fires vary by forest zone or the interval between fires? (4) What factors increase the probability of burning twice as stand‐replacing fire? Within the study area, 138,061 ha burned twice between 1984 and 2010. Overall, frequency distributions of burn severity classes (low, moderate, high; quantified using relativized remote sensing indices) were similar between the first and second fires; however burn severity was 5–13% lower in second fires on average. Negative interactions between fires were most pronounced in lower‐elevation forests and woodlands, when fire intervals were <10 yr, and when burn severity was low in the first fire. When the first fire burned as high severity and fire intervals exceeded 10–12 yr, burn‐severity interactions switched from negative to positive, with high‐severity fire begetting subsequent high‐severity fire. Locations most likely to experience successive stand‐replacing fires were high‐elevation forests, which are adapted to high‐severity fire, and areas conducive to abundant post‐fire tree regeneration. Broadly similar severities among short‐interval “re‐burns” and other wildfires indicate that positive severity feedbacks, an oft‐posited agent of ecosystem decline or state shift, are not an inevitable outcome of re‐burning. Nonetheless, context‐dependent shifts in both the magnitude and direction of wildfire interactions (associated with forest zone, initial burn‐severity, and disturbance interval) illustrate complexities in disturbance interactions and can inform management and predictions of future system dynamics.
Density dependence in an age‐structured population of great tits: identifying the critical age classes
Authors: Gamelon Marlène , Grøtan Vidar , Engen Steinar , Bjørkvoll Eirin , Visser Marcel E. , Sæther Bernt‐Erik 
Published: May 2016

AbstractClassical approaches for the analyses of density dependence assume that all the individuals in a population equally respond and equally contribute to density dependence. However, in age‐structured populations, individuals of different ages may differ in their responses to changes in population size and how they contribute to density dependence affecting the growth rate of the whole population. Here we apply the concept of critical age classes, i.e., a specific scalar function that describes how one or a combination of several age classes affect the demographic rates negatively, in order to examine how total density dependence acting on the population growth rate depends on the age‐specific population sizes. In a 38‐yr dataset of an age‐structured great tit (Parus major) population, we find that the age classes, including the youngest breeding females, were the critical age classes for density regulation. These age classes correspond to new breeders that attempt to take a territory and that have the strongest competitive effect on other breeding females. They strongly affected population growth rate and reduced recruitment and survival rates of all breeding females. We also show that depending on their age class, females may differently respond to varying density. In particular, the negative effect of the number of breeding females was stronger on recruitment rate of the youngest breeding females. These findings question the classical assumptions that all the individuals of a population can be treated as having an equal contribution to density regulation and that the effect of the number of individuals is age independent. Our results improve our understanding of density regulation in natural populations.
A broadleaf species enhances an autotoxic conifers growth through belowground chemical interactions
Authors: Xia Zhi‐Chao , Kong Chui‐Hua , Chen Long‐Chi , Wang Peng , Wang Si‐Long 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPlants may affect the performance of neighboring plants either positively or negatively through interspecific and intraspecific interactions. Productivity of mixed‐species systems is ultimately the net result of positive and negative interactions among the component species. Despite increasing knowledge of positive interactions occurring in mixed‐species tree systems, relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying such interactions. Based on data from 25‐year‐old experimental stands in situ and a series of controlled experiments, we test the hypothesis that a broadleaf, non‐N fixing species, Michelia macclurei, facilitates the performance of an autotoxic conifer Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) through belowground chemical interactions. Chinese fir roots released the allelochemical cyclic dipeptide (6‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dimethyl‐8‐nonadecyl‐[1,4]‐diazocane‐ 2,5‐diketone) into the soil environment, resulting in self‐growth inhibition, and deterioration of soil microorganisms that improve P availability. However, when grown with M. macclurei the growth of Chinese fir was consistently enhanced. In particular, Chinese fir enhanced root growth and distribution in deep soil layers. When compared with monocultures of Chinese fir, the presence of M. macclurei reduced release and increased degradation of cyclic dipeptide in the soil, resulting in a shift from self‐inhibition to chemical facilitation. This association also improved the soil microbial community by increasing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and induced the production of Chinese fir roots. We conclude that interspecific interactions are less negative than intraspecific ones between non‐N fixing broadleaf and autotoxic conifer species. The impacts are generated by reducing allelochemical levels, enhancing belowground mutualisms, improving soil properties, and changing root distributions as well as the net effects of all the processes within the soil. In particular, allelochemical context alters the consequences of the belowground ecological interactions with a novel mechanism: reduction of self‐inhibition through reduced release and increased degradation of an autotoxic compound in the mixed‐species plantations. Such a mechanism would be useful in reforestation programs undertaken to rehabilitate forest plantations that suffer from problems associated with autotoxicity.
Disentangling fragmentation effects on herbivory in understory plants of longleaf pine savanna
Authors: Levey Douglas J. , Caughlin T. Trevor , Brudvig Lars A. , Haddad Nick M. , Damschen Ellen I. , Tewksbury Joshua J. , Evans Daniel M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHabitat fragmentation affects species and their interactions through intertwined mechanisms that include changes to fragment area, shape, connectivity and distance to edge. Disentangling these pathways is a fundamental challenge of landscape ecology and will help identify ecological processes important for management of rare species or restoration of fragmented habitats. In a landscape experiment that manipulated connectivity, fragment shape, and distance to edge while holding fragment area constant, we examined how fragmentation impacts herbivory and growth of nine plant species in longleaf pine savanna. Probability of herbivory in open habitat was strongly dependent on proximity to forest edge for every species, increasing with distance to edge in six species (primarily grasses and annual forbs) and decreasing in three species (perennial forbs and a shrub). In the two species of perennial forbs, these edge effects were dependent on fragment shape; herbivory strongly decreased with distance to edge in fragments of two shapes, but not in a third shape. For most species, however, probability of herbivory was unrelated to connectivity or fragment shape. Growth was generally determined more strongly by leaf herbivory than by distance to edge, fragment shape, or connectivity. Taken together, these results demonstrate consistently strong edge effects on herbivory, one of the most important biotic factors determining plant growth and demography. Our results contrast with the generally inconsistent results of observational studies, likely because our experimental approach enabled us to tease apart landscape processes that are typically confounded.