bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calving and rifting on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Banwell Alison F. , Willis Ian C. , Macdonald Grant J. , Goodsell Becky , Mayer David P. , Powell Anthony , Macayeal Douglas R. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTOn 2 March 2016, several small en échelon tabular icebergs calved from the seaward front of the McMurdo Ice Shelf, and a previously inactive rift widened and propagated by ~3 km, ~25% of its previous length, setting the stage for the future calving of a ~14 km2 iceberg. Within 24 h of these events, all remaining land-fast sea ice that had been stabilizing the ice shelf broke-up. The events were witnessed by time-lapse cameras at nearby Scott Base, and put into context using nearby seismic and automatic weather station data, satellite imagery and subsequent ground observation. Although the exact trigger of calving and rifting cannot be identified definitively, seismic records reveal superimposed sets of both long-period (>10 s) sea swell propagating into McMurdo Sound from storm sources beyond Antarctica, and high-energy, locally-sourced, short-period (<10 s) sea swell, in the 4 days before the fast ice break-up and associated ice-shelf calving and rifting. This suggests that sea swell should be studied further as a proximal cause of ice-shelf calving and rifting; if proven, it suggests that ice-shelf stability is tele-connected with far-field storm conditions at lower latitudes, adding a global dimension to the physics of ice-shelf break-up.
Buoyant displacement flow of immiscible fluids in inclined pipes
Authors: Hasnain A. , Segura E. , Alba K. 
Published: July 2017

We experimentally study the iso-viscous displacement flow of two immiscible Newtonian fluids in an inclined pipe. The fluids have the same viscosity but different densities. The displacing fluid is denser than the displaced fluid and is placed above the displaced fluid (i.e. a density-unstable configuration) in a pipe with small diameter-to-length ratio ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\ll 1$). In the limit considered, six dimensionless groups describe these flows: the pipe inclination angle, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$, an Atwood number, $At$, a Reynolds number, $Re$, a densimetric Froude number, $Fr$, a capillary number, $Ca$, and the fluids static contact angle, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$. Our experiments, carried out in an acrylic pipe using wetting salt-water solutions displacing non-wetting oils, cover a fairly broad range of these parameters. Completely different patterns than those of miscible flows have been observed, governed by distinct dynamics. The wetting properties of the displacing liquid and fluids immiscibility are found to significantly increase the efficiency of the displacement. During the early stage of the displacement, strong shearing is observed between the heavy and light layers, promoting Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. At later stages, the intensity of Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities is reduced. However, surface-tension-driven Rayleigh-type instabilities will remain active causing droplet shedding (pearling) at displaced fluid receding contact lines. The speed of the advancing displacing front (inversely related to the displacement efficiency) is measured and characterized in dimensionless maps suggesting high values at low ranges of $Re$ and $Ca$. Depending on the degree of flow stability and droplet formation, three major flow regimes namely viscous, transitionary and dispersed are characterized and classified in dimensionless maps. In the absence of a mean imposed velocity (exchange flow), it is found that capillary blockage may occur hindering Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities.
Use of a real-time PCR to explore the intensity ofPlasmodiumspp. infections in native, endemic and introduced New Zealand birds
Authors: SIJBRANDA D. C. , GARTRELL B. D. , GRANGE Z. L. , HOWE L. 
Published: July 2017

SUMMARYAvian malaria, caused byPlasmodiumspp., is an emerging disease in New Zealand (NZ). To detectPlasmodiumspp. infection and quantify parasite load in NZ birds, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qPCR) protocol was used and compared with a nested PCR (nPCR) assay. A total of 202 blood samples from 14 bird species with known nPCR results were tested. The qPCR prevalences for introduced, native and endemic species groups were 70, 11 and 21%, respectively, with a sensitivity and specificity of 96·7 and 98%, respectively, for the qPCR, while a sensitivity and specificity of 80·9 and 85·4% were determined for the nPCR. The qPCR appeared to be more sensitive in detecting lower levels of parasitaemia. The mean parasite load was significantly higher in introduced bird species (2245 parasites per 10 000 erythrocytes) compared with endemic species (31·5 parasites per 10 000 erythrocytes). In NZ robins (Petroica longipes), a significantly lower packed cell volume was found in birds that were positive forPlasmodiumspp. compared with birds that were negative. Our data suggest that introduced bird species, such as blackbirds (Turdus merula), have a higher tolerance for circulating parasite stages ofPlasmodiumspp., indicating that introduced species are an important reservoir of avian malaria due to a high infection prevalence and parasite load.
Molecular, biochemical characterization and assessment of immunogenic potential of cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase againstLeishmania donovani: a step towards exploring novel vaccine candidate
Authors: TANDON RATI , CHANDRA SHARAT , BAHARIA RAJENDRA KUMAR , MISRA PRAGYA , DAS SANCHITA , RAWAT KEERTI , SIDDIQI MOHAMMAD IMRAN , SUNDAR SHYAM , DUBE ANURADHA 
Published: July 2017

SUMMARYDespite immense efforts, vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis has yet not been developed. Earlier our proteomic study revealed a novel protein, cofactor-independent phoshoglycerate mutase (LdiPGAM), an important enzyme in glucose metabolism, in T helper cells type 1 (Th1) stimulatory region of solubleLeishmania donovaniantigen. In this study, LdiPGAM was biochemically and molecularly characterized and evaluated for its immunogenicity and prophylactic efficacy againstL. donovani. Immunogenicity of recombinant LdiPGAM (rLdiPGAM) was initially assessed in naïve hamsters immunized with it by analysing mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and other Th1/T helper cells type 2 cytokines, which revealed an upregulation of Th1 cytokines along with iNOS. Immunogenicity of rLdiPGAM was further evaluated in lymphocytes of treatedLeishmania-infected hamsters and peripheral blood mononuclear cells ofLeishmaniapatients in clinical remission by various parameters, viz. lymphoproliferation assay and NO production (hamsters and patients) and levels of various cytokines (patients). rLdiPGAM induced remarkable Lymphoproliferative response and NO production in treatedLeishmania-infected hamsters as well as in patients and increase in interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-12 (IL-12p40) responses inLeishmaniapatients in clinical remission. Vaccination with rLdiPGAM exerted considerable prophylactic efficacy (73%) supported by increase in mRNA expression of iNOS, IFN-γ and IL-12p40 with decrease in transforming growth factor beta and interleukin-10. Above results indicate the importance of rLdiPGAM protein as a potential vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis.
Access to modern energy: a review of barriers, drivers and impacts
Authors: Bonan Jacopo , Pareglio Stefano , Tavoni Massimo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUniversal access to modern energy services, in terms of access to electricity and to modern cooking facilities, has been recognized as a fundamental challenge for development. Despite strong praise for action and the deployment of large-scale electrification programs and improved cookstove (ICS) distribution campaigns, few studies have shed light on the barriers to, the enablers of and the impacts of access to energy on development outcomes, using rigorous methodologies. This paper reviews this recent strand of research, trying to fill these gaps. The authors focus on the demand-side and household perspective. Their main outcomes of interest are electricity connection and ICS adoption for the analysis of barriers, time allocation, labor market outcomes and welfare for the impact analysis. They provide evidence of significant wellbeing impacts of electrification and mixed evidence for cookstoves.
Dehydration of subducting slow-spread oceanic lithosphere in the Lesser Antilles
Authors: Paulatto Michele , Laigle Mireille , Galve Audrey , Charvis Philippe , Sapin Martine , Bayrakci Gaye , Evain Mikael , Kopp Heidrun 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSubducting slabs carry water into the mantle and are a major gateway in the global geochemical water cycle. Fluid transport and release can be constrained with seismological data. Here we use joint active-source/local-earthquake seismic tomography to derive unprecedented constraints on multi-stage fluid release from subducting slow-spread oceanic lithosphere. We image the low P-wave velocity crustal layer on the slab top and show that it disappears beneath 60–100 km depth, marking the depth of dehydration metamorphism and eclogitization. Clustering of seismicity at 120–160 km depth suggests that the slab’s mantle dehydrates beneath the volcanic arc, and may be the main source of fluids triggering arc magma generation. Lateral variations in seismic properties on the slab surface suggest that serpentinized peridotite exhumed in tectonized slow-spread crust near fracture zones may increase water transport to sub-arc depths. This results in heterogeneous water release and directly impacts earthquakes generation and mantle wedge dynamics.
ENMD-1068 inhibits liver fibrosis through attenuation of TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling in mice
Authors: Sun Quan , Wang Yan , Zhang Jie , Lu Jing 
Published: July 2017

AbstractProtease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. We studied the effect of N1-3-methylbutyryl-N4-6-aminohexanoyl-piperazine (ENMD-1068), a PAR-2 antagonist, on the development of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) isolated from the mice. Before CCl4 injection, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with either 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg ENMD-1068 or with 200 μL of the vehicle control twice per week for 4 weeks. The isolated HSCs were stimulated by TGF-β1 with or without ENMD-1068 to evaluate the role of PAR-2 in TGF-β1 induced HSCs activation and collagen production. We showed that the levels of ALT/AST, collagen content, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were significantly reduced by treatment with ENMD-1068 in CCl4-induced fibrotic mice. Interestingly, we found TGF-β1 signaling-related expression levels of α-SMA, type I and III collagen, and C-terminal phosphorylation of Smad2/3 were significantly decreased in the ENMD-1068 treated HSCs. Moreover, we showed ENMD-1068 treatment inhibited trypsin or SLIGRL-NH2 stimulated calcium release and TGF-β1 induced Smad transcriptional activity in HSCs. We demonstrated that ENMD-1068 reduces HSCs activation and collagen expression through the inhibiton of TGF-β1/Smad signal transduction.
Machine Learning Algorithms for Risk Prediction of Severe Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease in Children
Authors: Zhang Bin , Wan Xiang , Ouyang Fu-sheng , Dong Yu-hao , Luo De-hui , Liu Jing , Liang Long , Chen Wen-bo , Luo Xiao-ning , Mo Xiao-kai , Zhang Lu , Huang Wen-hui , Pei Shu-fang , Guo Bao-liang , Liang Chang-hong , Lian Zhou-yang , Zhang Shui-xing 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe identification of indicators for severe HFMD is critical for early prevention and control of the disease. With this goal in mind, 185 severe and 345 mild HFMD cases were assessed. Patient demographics, clinical features, MRI findings, and laboratory test results were collected. Gradient boosting tree (GBT) was then used to determine the relative importance (RI) and interaction effects of the variables. Results indicated that elevated white blood cell (WBC) count > 15 × 109/L (RI: 49.47, p < 0.001) was the top predictor of severe HFMD, followed by spinal cord involvement (RI: 26.62, p < 0.001), spinal nerve roots involvement (RI: 10.34, p < 0.001), hyperglycemia (RI: 3.40, p < 0.001), and brain or spinal meninges involvement (RI: 2.45, p = 0.003). Interactions between elevated WBC count and hyperglycemia (H statistic: 0.231, 95% CI: 0–0.262, p = 0.031), between spinal cord involvement and duration of fever ≥3 days (H statistic: 0.291, 95% CI: 0.035–0.326, p = 0.035), and between brainstem involvement and body temperature (H statistic: 0.313, 95% CI: 0–0.273, p = 0.017) were observed. Therefore, GBT is capable to identify the predictors for severe HFMD and their interaction effects, outperforming conventional regression methods.
Effects of the mode of re-socialization after juvenile social isolation on medial prefrontal cortex myelination and function
Authors: Makinodan Manabu , Ikawa Daisuke , Yamamuro Kazuhiko , Yamashita Yasunori , Toritsuka Michihiro , Kimoto Sohei , Yamauchi Takahira , Okumura Kazuki , Komori Takashi , Fukami Shin-ichi , Yoshino Hiroki , Kanba Shigenobu , Wanaka Akio , Kishimoto Toshifumi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSocial isolation is an important factor in the development of psychiatric disorders. It is necessary to develop an effective psychological treatment, such as cognitive rehabilitation, for children who have already suffered from social isolation, such as neglect and social rejection. We used socially isolated mice to validate whether elaborate re-socialization after juvenile social isolation can restore hypomyelination in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the attendant functions manifested in socially isolated mice. While mice who underwent re-socialization with socially isolated mice after juvenile social isolation (Re-IS mice) demonstrated less mPFC activity during exposure to a strange mouse, as well as thinner myelin in the mPFC than controls, mice who underwent re-socialization with socially housed mice after juvenile social isolation (Re-SH mice) caught up with the controls in terms of most mPFC functions, as well as myelination. Moreover, social interaction of Re-IS mice was reduced as compared to controls, but Re-SH mice showed an amount of social interaction comparable to that of controls. These results suggest that the mode of re-socialization after juvenile social isolation has significant effects on myelination in the mPFC and the attendant functions in mice, indicating the importance of appropriate psychosocial intervention after social isolation.
Effect of over-consolidation and shear rate on the residual strength of soils of silty sand in the Three Gorges Reservoir
Authors: Li Deying , Yin Kunlong , Glade Thomas , Leo Chin 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEstimation of the residual strength of the soil on the landslide sliding surface is essential for analyzing reactivated landslides. This study investigated the influence of over-consolidation ratio (OCR) and shear rate on the residual strength of SM-type (silty sand) landslide soils in the Three Gorge Reservoir using ring shear tests under drained conditions. A series of ring shear tests were conducted to measure the drained residual strength under over-consolidation ratios of 1–12 and shear rates of 0.06–30.00 mm/min. Test results showed that residual strengths of SM-type landslide soils were not affected significantly by the over-consolidation process. The effect of shear rate on residual strength did not exhibit a regular pattern at shear rates of 0.06–10.00 mm/min, and behaved negatively at a high shear rate of 30 mm/min. The reduction in residual strength at higher shear rates may be attributable to increases in the water content of the shear zone and the amount of finer particles, due to particle breakage and/or larger grains being pushed from the shear zone.
Kinetic insights into the temperature dependence of DNA strand cleavage and religation by topoisomerase III from the hyperthermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus
Authors: Zhang Junhua , Pan Bailong , Li Zhimeng , Sheng Zhao Xin , Huang Li 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAll cellular organisms encode type IA topoisomerases which catalyze DNA topological changes essential for DNA transactions. However, the kinetics of the reaction catalyzed by these enzymes remains poorly characterized. Here we measured the rapid kinetics of template binding, cleavage and religation by Sso topo III, a type IA topoisomerase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, by using a novel FRET/PIFE-based method in a stopped-flow spectrometer. We show that Sso topo III bound the template rapidly, and the rate of binding was 2–3 orders of magnitudes higher than that of template cleavage at 25 °C. The rate of template cleavage was favored over that of template religation by the enzyme, and was more so at lower temperatures (25–55 °C). Significant template cleavage [(2.23 ± 0.11) × 10−3 s−1] was observed while little religation was detectable at 25 °C. This is consistent with the presence of a higher activation energy for template religation (41 ± 5 kcal·mol−1) than that for template cleavage (32 ± 1 kcal·mol−1). Our results provide a kinetic interpretation for the ability of Sso topo III to relax negatively supercoiled DNA only at higher temperature and offer clues to the adaptation of the reaction mechanisms of thermophilic enzymes to high temperature.
The adipokine leptin modulates adventitial pericyte functions by autocrine and paracrine signalling
Authors: Riu Federica , Slater Sadie C. , Garcia Eva Jover , Rodriguez-Arabaolaza Iker , Alvino Valeria , Avolio Elisa , Mangialardi Giuseppe , Cordaro Andrea , Satchell Simon , Zebele Carlo , Caporali Andrea , Angelini Gianni , Madeddu Paolo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTransplantation of adventitial pericytes (APCs) improves recovery from tissue ischemia in preclinical animal models by still unknown mechanisms. This study investigates the role of the adipokine leptin (LEP) in the regulation of human APC biological functions. Transcriptomic analysis of APCs showed components of the LEP signalling pathway are modulated by hypoxia. Kinetic studies indicate cultured APCs release high amounts of immunoreactive LEP following exposure to hypoxia, continuing upon return to normoxia. Secreted LEP activates an autocrine/paracrine loop through binding to the LEP receptor (LEPR) and induction of STAT3 phosphorylation. Titration studies using recombinant LEP and siRNA knockdown of LEP or LEPR demonstrate the adipokine exerts important regulatory roles in APC growth, survival, migration and promotion of endothelial network formation. Heterogeneity in LEP expression and secretion may influence the reparative proficiency of APC therapy. Accordingly, the levels of LEP secretion predict the microvascular outcome of APCs transplantation in a mouse limb ischemia model. Moreover, we found that the expression of the Lepr gene is upregulated on resident vascular cells from murine ischemic muscles, thus providing a permissive milieu to transplanted LEP-expressing APCs. Results highlight a new mechanism responsible for APC adaptation to hypoxia and instrumental to vascular repair.
Improved single‐epoch single‐frequency Par Lambda algorithm with baseline constraints for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
Authors: Liu Xin , Chen Guoliang , Zhang Qiuzhao , Zhang Shubi 
Published: July 2017

A new single‐epoch single‐frequency algorithm based on partial least‐squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment (Par Lambda) that employs baseline constraints is developed for BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) called Improved Par Lambda, based on the characteristics of building deformation monitoring. The floating solution of double‐difference ambiguities is obtained by means of double‐difference observations and least‐squares method. The double‐difference observation equations with baseline length constraint are composed of the equations of BDS single‐frequency pseudo‐range observations and carrier phase observations and the baseline length constraint equation. The least‐squares principle is used to compute floating solution of double‐difference ambiguities and the corresponding cofactor matrix. Based on the precision of double‐difference ambiguities, the ambiguities will be divided into different levels (2, 1, 1,…, 1) and then be fixed based on the Lambda method progressively. The 1, 5 and 10 s short baseline data of BDS single‐epoch single‐frequency based on B1 band carrier phase were computed through this method. The results showed that, for BDS single‐epoch single‐frequency, the success rate and the search efficiency of fixing ambiguities of Improved Par Lambda were all better than the traditional methods and the success rate was more than 98%.
Discard Estimates from Self-Reported Catch Data: an Example from the U.S. Northeast Shelf
Authors: Bell Richard J. , Gervelis Brian , Chamberlain Glenn , Hoey John 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Discarded catch can account for a significant amount of fishing mortality and can be a major source of uncertainty when calculating total removals for stock assessments and management. Observers provide estimates on the types and quantity of fish that are caught, but observer coverage of a fleet can often vary directly with funding. On the Northeast U.S. shelf, the Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP) has collected data on catch and discards for assessment and management purposes since 1989. The Cooperative Research Study Fleet (hereafter “Study Fleet”), working with the Northeast Fisheries Science Center, collects self-reported catch and discards from commercial vessels; however, the Study Fleet program was not developed as an observer program, and these data are not used for management. The number of vessels reporting data in the Study Fleet program is much smaller than the total number of vessels recorded through the observer program (NEFOP plus the At-Sea Monitoring Program), and unlike the observer program, the Study Fleet program is not conducted within a statistically designed sampling program. We compared observer and Study Fleet data for six species collected with otter trawls from 2007 to 2014 to determine whether the reported kept catch and discard values and the total estimated discards from the two programs were similar. In general, the estimates of catch and discards were similar, but due to the large number of samples, significant differences were discernible. Of the 20 comparisons of total estimated discards between the two programs, 13 had similar magnitudes and trends, 4 had similar trends with different magnitudes, and 3 were not similar. Our results indicate that for the subset of species and gear tested, the fishing industry has the capacity to accurately self-report information. With a rigorous quality control program, including appropriate audit and compliance checks to ensure confidence in the data, programs collecting self-reported information for assessment and management may be possible in the future.
Received October 14, 2016; accepted May 26, 2017Published online September 5, 2017