bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melting and freezing beneath ice shelves: implications from a three-dimensional ocean-circulation model
Authors: Determann J. , Gerdes R. 
Published: February 2017

The thermohaline circulation below a regularly shaped ice shelf comparable in dimensions to the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, is investigated by means of a three-dimensional primitive-equation model. To handle the strongly inclined ocean surface as well as the bottom topography, we use scaled coordinates in the vertical direction. Preliminary results of two model versions containing open and closed open-ocean boundaries, respectively, prove the internal circulation is almost independent of the hydrography outside the ice shelf.Merely driven by the pressure-dependence of the sea-water freezing point (-0.000753 K dbar-1), a stationary circulation pattern evolves, forced by the buoyancy flux due to melting and freezing. The redistribution of ice from deep to shallow ice-shelf drafts resembles the ice-pump mechanism. Its strength depends on the ice-thickness gradients, namely, the differences of the freezing point at the ice-shelf base. As simulated melting and accumulation rates convincingly reproduce the interactions observed at the base of the Ronne Ice Shelf, the present model can act as a tool coupling ice-ocean dynamics.
Climate since AD 1510 on Dyer Plateau, Antarctic Peninsula: evidence for recent climate change
Authors: Thompson L. G. , Peel D. A. , Mosley-thompson E. , Mulvaney R. , Dal J. , Lin P. N. , Davis M. E. , Raymond C. F. 
Published: February 2017

A 480 year record of the oxygen-isotope ratios, dust content, chemical species and net accumulation from ice cores drilled in 1989 90 on Dyer Plateau in the Antarctic Peninsula is presented. The continuous analyses of small (sub-annual) samples reveal well-preserved annual variations in both sulfate content and δ18O, thus allowing an excellent time-scale to be established.This history reveals a recent pronounced warming in which the last two decades have been among the warmest in the last five centuries. Furthermore, unlike in East Antarctica, on Dyer Plateau conditions appear to have been fairly normal from AD 1500 to 1850 with cooler conditions from 1850 to 1930 and a warming trend dominating since 1930. Reconstructed annual layer thicknesses suggest an increase in net accumulation beginning early in the 19th century and continuing to the present. This intuitive conflict between increasing net accumulation and depleted δ18O (cooler climate) in the 19th century appears widespread in the peninsula region and challenges our understanding of the physical relationships among moisture sources, air temperatures and snow accumulation. The complex meteorological regime in the Antarctic Peninsula region complicates meaningful interpretation of proxy indicators and results in a strong imprint of local high-frequency processes upon the larger-scale climate picture.
The Helicopter, The First of the VTOL Aircraft
Authors: Hafner Raoul 
Published: February 2017

SummaryA survey is made in retrospect and prospect of the field of VTOL aircraft. The helicopter and the new VTOL aircraft, although historically separated and differing in appearance, belong to the same family of VTOL aircraft. The dominant parameter in this family is the disc loading, giving the two fundamental types of actuator disc—open disc or rotor and buried disc or fan. Noise and vibration criteria are discussed. The rotor is subject to fundamental aerodynamic limitations, which give speed limits for the pure rotor as well as the rotor compounded with a fixed wing. Rotors are subject to scale effects which limit the economic size of helicopters. Engine requirements for helicopters are discussed. There are three basic types of helicopter. Their characteristics, economics and uses are examined.
The Treatment of Damping Forces in Vibration Theory
Authors: Bishop R. E. D. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThis paper is the first of a series of three which are concerned with the subject of “ hysteretic damping.” This type of damping, in a simple system with one degree of freedom, is like the familiar “ viscous damping ” in that it implies a resisting force which is in phase with velocity; but it is unlike viscous damping in that the magnitude of the force is not proportional to thevelocitybut to thedisplacement.When a system hasndegrees of freedom, hysteretic damping implies that damping forces exist which are proportional torelativedisplacement but which are in phase withrelativevelocity.From a physical standpoint, hysteretic damping may give a better representation of the facts when the damping arises from the internal friction of solid materials. On the side of theory, it raises considerations which it is the purpose of these three papers to elucidate. It may be said, at the outset, that the notion of hysteretic damping raises no great mathematical difficulty; on the contrary, a main reason for presenting the theory is that it appears to allow of a much simpler discussion (than does viscous damping) of thenatureof steady damped oscillation of systems havingndegrees of freedom.In the first paper, the purpose is discussed of mathematical theories of damping in vibration theory. It is concluded that the theory of “ hysteretic damping ” is a useful one since it provides an alternative to the fiction of “ viscous ” damping while retaining the mathematical linearity of equations of motion. The word “ hysteretic” is proposed for use in this sense instead of the previously used adjective, namely “ structural.” “ Complex damping ” is related to hysteretic damping in a way which is explained.The theory is given for forced oscillations of a system with one degree of freedom. It is shown thatfreevibration cannot be treated satisfactorily unless the definition of hysteretic damping is widened in some way to cover non-harmonic motion.
Large All-Metal Seaplanes
Authors: Rohrbach  
Published: February 2017

I thank you very much for the honour of your request to read this lecture before you.In preparing this lecture I anticipated your permission to give you only some personal experience and my personal opinion regarding large all-metal seaplanes, for I know rather little about the machines of other constructors.There is no branch of engineering where a big machine does not give a distinct advantage over an equally powerful combination of several small units. In our special case of the seaplane, these general advantages of the big unit are so obvious that they were recognised very early, and therefore I must not take your time by repeating them. I only mention the most outstanding quality of the large seaplane, i.e., its increased seaworthiness.
Biocracy and Democracy: Science, Ethics, and the Law
Authors: Caldwell Lynton Keith 
Published: February 2017

Lynton K. Caldwell presented the following article as a paper at the third annual “Dialogues in Biology and Politics” panel co-sponsored by the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences and the American Political Science Association at their 1984 conventions in Washington, D.C.—The EditorBecause some of the language that follows is unconventional, it may be useful to clarify terms at the outset. The term biocracy as used here has two meanings, or more accurately, has two aspects to an inclusive meaning. The inclusive meaning is the influence of life forces on human social behavior, notably political behavior. The first, and basic, aspect of biocracy pertains to the actual influence of life forces on human society whether or not perceived or understood. The second aspect refers to the perceived effects on society of the findings and applications of the life sciences. Perceived effects mayor may not be consistent with actual influences; they may nonetheless shape popular attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors. To the extent that life forces are deterministic they shape the character of societies. The extent to which human social behavior is biologically determined is largely unknown. At the very least, life forces appear to set limits within which human culture may select various options.
The Anatomy of Teaching Biopolitics: Some Reflections
Authors: Hartigan Richard Shelly 
Published: February 2017

In recent years many scholars in political science have begun to employ the data of the life sciences in their studies. The emerging field of biopolitics is now an identifiable scholarly pursuit. The question now arises as to how that pursuit can and should be taught.This article describes several courses which I have offered in the past few years in which I have attempted to integrate political philosophy and biopolitics. Course content, along with student and peer reaction are discussed, as are the advantages and disadvantages of interdisciplinary collaboration. This approach is rejected in favor of a design which would begin with a departmental core of courses which would then provide a base for inter-institutional collaboration among students and faculty.
Teaching Nature, to Learn from Nature
Authors: Milanaccio Alfredo 
Published: February 2017

This article describes some aspects of an Italian didactic-pedagogic experiment about interaction between “town” pupils and natural environments. The project's general philosophy is to try to make pupils aware of our condition as “biocultural beings,” as results of biological, technological, and cultural co-evolution. The presence of extensive natural, cultural, and technological resources at the site where the experiment takes place favors such an awareness.Some examples of teaching techniques designed especially to introduce pupils to the difficult but necessary subject matter of co-evolution are also described. Such teaching techniques have as their main goal to make the pupils themselves able to construct a logical network of questions, rather than in teachers giving them already prepared answers.The as yet unresolved problems, which concern the training of teachers steeped in traditional methods, are also briefly described.
Biopolitics: Publication Patterns in 1987
Authors: Somit Albert , Peterson Steven A. , Seo KyoungKyo 
Published: February 2017

In the following pages, we continue our annual updating of the biopolitical literature.Total publications (85 items) were down from last year's all-time high (116) but precisely at the average (85) for the other four of the past five years (table 1).The most striking change in area of interest was the increase in items classified as “physiology” (table 2). More books (6) were published last year than in any previous year (table 3) and several more are in various stages of completion.
The Evolution of Political Science: Paradigms of Physics, Biology, and Politics
Authors: Schubert Glendon 
Published: February 2017

Glendon Schubert presented the following article as a paper at the first “Dialogues Panel” at the 1982 meeting of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Denver, Colorado, September 1982. The commentators were Hayward Alker, Jr., and Dina Zinnes. In the dialogue panel concept, different intellectual perspectives are brought to bear on an issue of common concern.—The Editor
Book Reviews: Alemneh - Environment, Famine, and Politics in Ethiopia: A View from the VillageAlemneh Dejene Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1990, 150 pp. US$25.95 cloth. ISBN 1-55587-240-9. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1800 30th St., Suite 314, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
Authors: Bonnicksen Andrea L. 
Published: February 2017

PrécisAlthough the author is now with the World Bank, he was a research fellow at the Energy and Environmental Policy Center, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, when conducting research for this book. He focuses on the Wollo region of Ethiopia, where, as he describes it, “to Wollo peasants, famine is as familiar as their villages” (p. 69). The book is based on surveys given to peasants in the Wollo region in 1987-88, participant observation, and examination of governmental policies. Appendices contain the texts of two questionnaires. One questionnaire was designed to understand the types of environmental degradation, the peasants' reaction to it, and the peasants' strategies in times of famine. The other was given to peasants affected by the government's resettlement scheme and was designed to determine the conditions under which they lived.Alemneh (the Ethiopian family name) presents a case study documenting the ineffectiveness of governmental policies imposed from above with little consultation with the individuals most affected by the policies. He develops the theme that environmental degradation—and subsequently famine—is shaped by local and national social and political forces. He recommends alternatives throughout the book that, to be effective, must be developed with grassroots peasant participation. The government's role in a long-term solution is “central,” but the peasants must be a part of that decision making. The original survey research is a major strength of the book. Information about the observations and activities of peasants support Alemneh's message that peasant based policies are workable.
High levels of genetic structuring in the Antarctic springtailCryptopygus terranovus
Authors: Carapelli Antonio , Leo Chiara , Frati Francesco 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPrevious work focused on allozymes and mitochondrial haplotypes has detected high levels of genetic variability betweenCryptopygus terranovuspopulations, a springtail species endemic to Antarctica, until recently namedGressittacantha terranova. This study expands these biogeographical surveys using additional analytical techniques, providing a denser haplotype dataset and a wider sampling of localities. Specimens were collected from 11 sites across Victoria Land and sequenced for the cytochromecoxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene (cox1). Haplotypes were used for population genetics, demographic, molecular clock and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. Landscape distribution and clustering of haplotypes were also examined for the first time in this species. Only three (out of 67) haplotypes are shared among populations, suggesting high genetic structure and limited gene flow between sites. As in previous studies, the population of Apostrophe Island has a closer genetic similarity with those of the central sites, rather than with its neighbours. Molecular clock estimates point to early differentiation of haplotypes in the late/mid-Miocene, also supporting the view thatC. terranovusis a relict species that survived on the Antarctic continent during the Last Glacial Maximum. The present genetic composition of populations represents a mixture of ancient and more recent haplotypes, sometimes occurring in the same localities.
Cultural influences upon advance care planning in a family-centric society
Authors: Tay Keson , Yu Lee Rachel Jia , Sim Shin Wei , Menon Sumytra , Kanesvaran Ravindran , Radha Krishna Lalit Kumar 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTObjective:Advanced care plans (ACPs) are designed to convey the wishes of patients with regards to their care in the event of incapacity. There are a number of prerequisites for creation of an effective ACP. First, the patient must be aware of their condition, their prognosis, the likely trajectory of the illness, and the potential treatment options available to them. Second, patient input into ACP must be free of any coercive factors. Third, the patient must be able to remain involved in adapting their ACP as their condition evolves. Continued use of familial determination and collusion within the local healthcare system, however, has raised concerns that the basic requirements for effective ACP cannot be met.Method:To assess the credibility of these concerns, we employed a video vignette approach depicting a family of three adult children discussing whether or not to reveal a cancer diagnosis to their mother. Semistructured interviews with 72 oncology patients and 60 of their caregivers were conducted afterwards to explore the views of the participants on the different positions taken by the children.Results:Collusion, family-centric decision making, adulteration of information provided to patients, and circumnavigation of patient involvement appear to be context-dependent. Patients and families alike believe that patients should be told of their conditions. However, the incidence of collusion and familial determination increases with determinations of a poor prognosis, a poor anticipated response to chemotherapy, and a poor premorbid health status. Financial considerations with respect to care determinations remain secondary considerations.Significance of results:Our data suggest that ACPs can be effectively constructed in family-centric societies so long as healthcare professionals continue to update and educate families on the patient's situation. Collusion and familial intervention in the decision-making process are part of efforts to protect the patient from distress and are neither solely dependent on cultural nor an “all-or-nothing” phenomenon. The response of families are context-dependent and patient-specific, weighing the patient's right to know and prepare and the potential distress it is likely to cause. In most cases, the news is broken gently over time to allow the patient to digest the information and for the family to assess how well they cope with the news. Furthermore, the actions of families are dependent upon their understanding of the situation, highlighting the need for continued engagement with healthcare professionals.
Imperial polities, intercolonialism, and the shaping of global governing norms: public health expert networks in Asia and the League of Nations Health Organization, 1908–37
Authors: Akami Tomoko 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article stresses the role of colonial governments, not only national sovereign states, in Asia (and to a lesser extent, Africa) at the League of Nations in shaping global governing norms. It emphasizes the significance of lateral and horizontal cooperative actions across colonial governments, especially intercolonial networks of public health experts. It argues that the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO) accepted these intercolonial practices in Asia in the 1920s, and that this led it to recognize colonial governments as formal and legitimate units in its intergovernmental conferences held in the mid 1930s. In the process, the LNHO provided an intercolonial channel for ‘national’ experts from colonial Asia to participate directly in regional and global governing norm-making processes. In turn, this highlights both the ambiguous nature of national experts and the intercolonial legacy in international health programmes in developing countries in the post-war period.
‘Born in the corridors of the OECD’: the forgotten origins of the Club of Rome, transnational networks, and the 1970s in global history
Authors: Schmelzer Matthias 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article re-examines a contested chapter in the international and environmental history of the 1970s. Even though largely neglected by historical research and in the public memory, the Club of Rome – widely remembered for its 1972 report The limits to growth – was not only born within the OECD, but was also in its early period strongly influenced by debates within this think tank of the industrialized countries. Using previously overlooked sources, this article analyses this highly unlikely OECD–Club of Rome nexus. It not only offers a privileged view into the social history of international policy-making and the related personal entanglements and ideological transfers at a key moment of post-war history. It also demonstrates that the social, intellectual, and economic turmoil of the late 1960s prompted a rethinking of the economic growth paradigm, even within those technocratic institutions that had aspired to guide the post-war industrial growth regime. The article argues that these links are not only vital for our understanding of the relationship between acquisitive growth capitalism and environmentalism, but also enable a more profound understanding of the role of transnational networks in global history and the appreciation of the place of the 1970s in world history.
Empires and protection: making interpolity law in the early modern world
Authors: Benton Lauren , Clulow Adam 
Published: February 2017

AbstractReferences to protection were ubiquitous across the early modern world, featuring in a range of transactions between polities in very different regions. And yet discourses about protection retained a quality of imprecision that makes it difficult to pin down precise legal statuses and responsibilities. It was often unclear who was protecting whom or the exact nature of the relationship. In this article, we interrogate standard distinctions about the dual character of protection that differentiate between ‘inside’ protection of subjects and ‘outside’ protection of allies and other external groups. Rather than a clear division, we find a blurring of lines, with many protection claims creatively combining ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ protection. We argue that the juxtaposition of these ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ meanings of protection underpinned the formation of irregular, interpenetrating zones of imperial suzerainty in crowded maritime arenas and conflict-ridden borderlands across the early modern world.
From global to local and back: the ‘Third World’ concept and the new radical left in France
Authors: Kalter Christoph 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn the second half of the twentieth century, the transnational ‘Third World’ concept defined how people all over the globe perceived the world. This article explains the concept’s extraordinary traction by looking at the interplay of local uses and global contexts through which it emerged. Focusing on the particularly relevant setting of France, it examines the term’s invention in the context of the Cold War, development thinking, and decolonization. It then analyses the reviewPartisans(founded in 1961), which galvanized a new radical left in France and provided a platform for a communication about, but also with, the Third World. Finally, it shows how the association Cedetim (founded in 1967) addressed migrant workers in France as ‘the Third World at home’. In tracing the Third World’s local–global dynamics, this article suggests a praxis-oriented approach that goes beyond famous thinkers and texts and incorporates ‘lesser’ intellectuals and non-textual aspects into a global conceptual history in action.
Expert-influence in adapting flood governance: An institutional analysis of the spatial turns in the United States and the Netherlands
Authors: BERGSMA EMMY 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn response to climate change, many national governments are shifting their focus from ‘safety’ to ‘spatial-planning’ measures in flood governance. Rather than providing full protection against floods, spatial-planning measures aim to reduce the impacts of floods by encouraging damage mitigation in local-level spatial-planning and building choices. This turn to spatial-planning measures has important implications for how costs and responsibilities are divided in flood governance. This paper examines the role of experts in shaping the distributive aspects of this shift. Using a theoretical framework on institutional change, the role of experts is analyzed in two case studies. The first focuses on the United States, where a turn to spatial-planning measures was made in the 1960s. The second case study looks at this turn Dutch flood governance, which has always been characterized by a strong safety paradigm. The paper draws conclusions about the effects of expert-influence on distributive decision-making underlying institutional changes in both cases.