bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermosensitive copolymer synthesized by controlled living radical polymerization: Phase behavior of diblock copolymers of poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) families
Authors: Rwei Syang‐Peng , Chuang Yo‐Ying , Way Tun‐Fun , Chiang Whe‐Yi 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, we prepared a series of thermosensitive polymers with low polydispersity index (PDI) values by nitroxide‐mediated controlled radical polymerization (NMRP) with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperdinyloxy nitroxide (TEMPO) as a stable nitroxide‐free radical. Poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm)‐block‐poly(N‐tert‐butyl acrylamide) (PNTBA) was successfully synthesized, first, through polymerization withN‐isopropyl acrylamide to obtain the reactive polymer PNIPAAm‐TEMPO and, second, through polymerization by the addition ofN‐tert‐butyl acrylamide (NTBA). The added molar fraction of NTBA during the second polymerization was adjusted accordingly to obtain the final polymerization product, a thermosensitive polymer (PNIPAAm‐block‐PNTBA), which had a targeted lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The result shows that the synthesis method used in this study effectively controlled the formation of the polymer to obtain a low PDI. The thermosensitive block copolymer, PNIPAAm‐b‐PNTBA (molar ratio = 9:1), with LCSTs in the range 27.7–39.8°C, was obtained through controlled living radical polymerization with PNIPAAm–TEMPO. Specifically, the 5 wt % aqueous solution of PNIPAAm‐b‐PNTBA (molar ratio = 9:1) had an LCST of 37.4°C; this was close to body temperature, 37°C. The 5 wt % aqueous solution of PNIPAAm‐b‐PNTBA (molar ratio = 9:1) showed potential for use in biomedical applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43224.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel fluorene‐alt‐carbazole polymer to host green, blue, and red phosphorescence
Authors: Zhao Qinghua , Bai Yu , Fan Zhuxin , Wang Peipei , Li Jinjin , Li Dongxu , Zhang Xinwen 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTA novel fluorene‐alt‐carbazole polymer host Poly(9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluorene‐2,7‐diyl‐alt‐N‐tetrahydropyran‐3,6‐carbazole) (PFCz), composed of N‐tetrahydropyran‐3,6‐carbazole and 9,9‐dioctyl‐2,7‐fluorene in the polymer backbone, was synthesized by Suzuki coupling. The PFCz possesses good thermal stability and proper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)/highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels to facilitate the injection and transport of electrons and holes. Upon doping with blue, green, and red phosphors, red ‐ green ‐ blue (R‐G‐B) phosphorescent devices hosted by PFCz have been fabricated and investigated. In contrast to those of blue and green devices, the red devices give better performances with a maximum luminous efficiency of 4.88 cd/A and a maximum power efficiency of 1.85% at 149.84 cd/m2, due to favorable triplet energy level (ET) of PFCz for red phosphor, bis(2‐methyldibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline)(acetylacetonate)iridium(III) [Ir(MDQ)2(acac)]. Additionally, with different doped concentrations of Ir(MDQ)2(acac), the PFCz‐related red devices emit nearly pure red light with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.57, 0.38), (0.60, 0.38), (0.61, 0.38), and (0.62, 0.38), which were very close to the standard red (0.66, 0.34) by the National Television System Committee. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43234.
Systematic review of axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer
Authors: Ahmed M , Rubio I T , Kovacs T , Klimberg V S , Douek M 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Background
Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) assesses the lymphatic drainage of the arm simultaneously with that of the breast, enabling preservation of arm lymphatics during axillary surgery for breast cancer. This article systematically reviews the evidence on the lymphoedema rate and oncological safety of the ARM technique.

Methods
PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically for studies that addressed the use of ARM during axillary surgery in breast cancer. Studies were eligible if they performed ARM during sentinel node biopsy (SNB) or axillary node clearance (ANC) for breast cancer in prospective studies of more than 50 patients, with assessment of lymphoedema and oncological outcomes during a minimum follow-up of 6 months.

Results
Eight studies reported data on ARM in 1142 patients undergoing axillary surgery for breast cancer. Lymphoedema rates ranged from 0 to 6 per cent during ARM-assisted SNB, and from 5·9 to 24 per cent during ARM lymphatic preservation at ANC. Crossover nodes between the arm and breast lymphatics were identified in 0–10 per cent of patients, and metastases were present in 0–20 per cent of these patients. ARM nodes were not preserved in between 11 and 18 per cent of patients with ARM nodes identified, and metastases were detected in 0–19 per cent of these patients.

Conclusion
ARM can achieve low rates of lymphoedema, but the risk of metastasis in crossover and clinically suspicious ARM nodes, or those in close proximity to an involved sentinel node, warrants their excision.
Quantitative determination of periplocymarin in rat plasma and tissue by LC‐MS/MS: application to pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study
Authors: Yan Kaijing , Wang Xiangyang , Jia Yumeng , Chu Yang , Guan Xiufeng , Ma Xiaohui , Li Wei , Pan Guixiang , Zhou Shuiping , Sun He , Liu Changxiao 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method for the determination of periplocymarin in biological samples was developed and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study of periplocymarin after oral administration of periplocin. Biological samples were processed with ethyl acetate by liquid–liquid extraction, and diazepam was used as the internal standard. Periplocymarin was analyzed on a C18 column with isocratic eluted mobile phase composed of methanol and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min (73:27, v/v). Detection was performed on a triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer using positive‐ion mode electrospray ionization in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The MS/MS ion transitions monitored were m/z 535.3→355.1 and 285.1→193.0 for periplocymarin and diazepam, respectively. Good linearity was observed over the concentration ranges. The lower limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/mL in plasma and tested tissues. The intra‐and inter‐day precisions (relative standard deviation) were <10.2 and 10.5%, respectively, and accuracies (relative error) were between −6.8 and 8.9%. Recoveries in plasma and tissue were >90%. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies of periplocymarin in rats. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of the free software GenOpt for a thermal engineering course
Authors: Cacabelos Anton , Arce María Elena , Míguez José Luís , Míguez Carla 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTInformation and communications technologies (ICT) are being used in engineering fields due to multiple advantages that motivate their introduction in university teaching. A course on thermal engineering has been taught for the past 3 years as part of the industrial engineering degree at the University of Vigo. Energy savings and efficiency are common issues. In a practical classroom, one example is the energy simulations of buildings. These tools can be used to simplify the realization of control strategies for different building HVAC systems, which, in most cases, results in an important reduction in the building's energy consumption over its lifetime. In this paper, the feasibility of using the free software GenOpt for simulation practice and as a tool for teaching and learning inside and outside the classroom is analyzed. These results, together with an analysis of the study plan of the industrial engineering degree at the University of Vigo, allow for the development of new teaching and learning methodologies as well as their implementation in energy simulation practice. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:356–364, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21713
Charge‐Compensated Metallacarborane Building Blocks for Conjugation with Peptides
Authors: Frank René , Ahrens Verena M. , Boehnke Solveig , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G. , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe cobalt bis(dicarbollide) complex [commo‐3,3′‐Co(1,2‐C2B9H11)2]− has captured much attention in biochemical and medical contexts, in particular for the treatment of tumors by boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Derivatives of cobalt bis(dicarbollide) are commonly prepared through ring‐opening reactions of cyclic oxonium ions, so the corresponding products are usually charged. Furthermore, attempts to incorporate cobalt bis(dicarbollide) into peptides are rare, despite obvious potential advantages. Here the synthesis of an imidazolium‐based charge‐compensated cobalt bis(dicarbollide) building block, which allows additional modifications with moieties of biochemical relevance, such as monosaccharides, is reported. Furthermore, conjugates of these building blocks with the Y1‐receptor‐selective derivative of neuropeptide Y ([F7,P34]‐NPY) retained excellent response to hY1 receptors found to be overexpressed in breast tumors and metastases.
Reprogramming the Biosynthesis of Cyclodepsipeptide Synthetases to Obtain New Enniatins and Beauvericins
Authors: Zobel Sophia , Boecker Simon , Kulke Daniel , Heimbach Dirk , Meyer Vera , Süssmuth Roderich D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNon‐ribosomal peptide synthetases are complex multimodular biosynthetic machines that assemble various important and medically relevant peptide antibiotics. An interesting subgroup comprises the cyclodepsipeptide synthetases from fungi synthesizing cyclohexa‐ and cyclo‐octadepsipeptides with antibacterial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, and anticancer properties; some are marketed drugs. We exploit the modularity of these highly homologous synthetases by fusing the hydroxy‐acid‐activating module of PF1022 synthetase with the amino‐acid‐activating modules of enniatin and beauvericin synthetase, thus yielding novel hybrid synthetases. The artificial synthetases expressed in Escherichia coli and the fungus Aspergillus niger yielded new cyclodepsipeptides, thus paving the way for the exploration of these derivatives for their bioactivity.
Fusion of a Coiled‐Coil Domain Facilitates the High‐Level Production of Catalytically Active Enzyme Inclusion Bodies
Authors: Diener Martin , Kopka Benita , Pohl Martina , Jaeger Karl‐Erich , Krauss Ulrich 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe increasing number of biocatalytic reactions implemented in chemical synthesis routes raises the urgent need for large amounts of enzymes. Hence, new generic methods are required for their simple and cost‐efficient production. Here, we describe a generally applicable method based on the production of catalytically active inclusion bodies (CatIBs). CatIBs represent a promising new form of biologically produced, carrier‐free, biodegradable enzyme immobilizate. CatIBs are produced in Escherichia coli by expression of a gene fusion consisting of a coiled‐coil domain and a target enzyme. Employing this strategy, the lipase A of Bacillus subtilis (BsLA), the hydroxynitrile lyase of Arabidopsis thaliana (AtHNL), and the 2‐succinyl‐5‐enolpyruvyl‐6‐hydroxy‐3‐cyclohexene‐1‐carboxylate synthase MenD of E. coli (EcMenD) were successfully produced as CatIBs and used in aqueous and micro‐aqueous organic solvent based reaction systems, showing excellent stability and recyclability.
Anion Binding‐Induced White Light Emission using a Water‐Tolerant Fluorescent Molecular Tweezer
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Srivastava Aasheesh 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA novel fluorescent molecular tweezer (FMT), built on the pyridine‐2,6‐bis‐carboxamide framework, has been developed that, in presence of a red emitter, gives rise to white light emission in response to the addition of H2PO4− anions. The FMT incorporates two pyrene moieties as fluorescent reporter units and a strategically placed amine residue that imparts pH sensitivity to the fluorescence and offers additional electrostatic/hydrogen‐bonding interactions to the anions. As a result, this FMT selectively binds monoanionic tetrahedral oxyanions such as H2PO4− and HSO4− that contain hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, and can sense their presence in aqueous acetonitrile through changes in fluorescence. Anion binding results in excimer formation by the pyrenes and a bluish‐green emission from the FMT. Both amide and amine residues of the FMT interact with these anions. The binding stoichiometry with H2PO4− and HSO4− was found to be 1:1 and affinity of the FMT for these anions is of the order of 104 m−1. The limit of detection for H2PO4− was found to be 13 nm. Addition of a perylene monoimide‐based red emitter gives rise to panchromatic emission perceived as white light.
Merging Visible‐Light Photocatalysis and Palladium Catalysis for C−H Acylation of Azo‐ and Azoxybenzenes with α‐Keto Acids
Authors: Xu Ning , Li Pinhua , Xie Zuguang , Wang Lei 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn efficient C−H acylation of azo‐ and azoxybenzenes with α‐keto acids has been developed by a combination of palladium catalysis and visible‐light photoredox catalysis at room temperature under 1.5 W blue LED irradiation. This method tolerates a variety of disubstituted azo‐ and azoxybenzenes, as well as α‐keto acids regardless of the nature of the substituents. A number of aryl ketones were obtained in good yields under mild reaction conditions.
Dioxygen Binding in the Active Site of Histone Demethylase JMJD2A and the Role of the Protein Environment
Authors: Cortopassi Wilian A. , Simion Robert , Honsby Charles E. , França Tanos C. C. , Paton Robert S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Robert S. Paton at the University of Oxford and his collaborators from Brazil and the Czech Republic. The image depicts histone–enzyme complexation and the chemical interactions inside the active site that define the mode of action. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201502983.
Thioamination of Alkenes with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents
Authors: Mizar Pushpak , Niebuhr Rebecca , Hutchings Matthew , Farooq Umar , Wirth Thomas 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn efficient thioamination of alkenes mediated by iodine(III) reagents is described. The use of different sulfur nucleophiles allows the flexible synthesis of 1,2‐aminothiols from alkenes. By employing chiral iodine(III) reagents, a stereoselective version of the thioamination protocol has also been developed.
Ökologische Bewertung ausgewählter Molecular‐Sorting‐Demonstratoren
Authors: Gehring Florian , Lindner Jan Paul , Brandstetter Christian Peter , Albrecht Stefan , Leistner Philip 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUnter dem Aspekt sich verknappender Ressourcen und der Nachhaltigkeit ist die verstärkte Gewinnung und Nutzung hochwertiger stofflicher Ressourcen aus Abfallströmen erstrebenswert. Eine steigende Individualisierung von Produkten und kürzere Lebenszyklen bringen eine zunehmende Stoffvielfalt bei gleichzeitig sinkenden Stoffmengen mit sich. Im Projekt Molecular Sorting werden beispielhaft Verfahren zur Stofftrennung auf kleinster erforderlicher Ebene entwickelt. Parallel dazu werden Demonstratoren hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkungen auf Umwelt und Ressourcenverfügbarkeit untersucht, was hier anhand zweier Beispiele gezeigt wird. Durch Design for Environment konnten ökologische Aspekte in maßgebende Entwicklungsentscheidungen integriert, Stellschrauben identifiziert und die ökologische Sinnhaftigkeit der neuen Verfahren gezeigt werden.
FMNL2/FMNL3 formins are linked with oncogenic pathways and predict melanoma outcome
Authors: Gardberg Maria , Heuser Vanina D , Koskivuo Ilkka , Koivisto Mari , Carpén Olli 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWhile most early (stage I‐II) melanomas are cured by surgery, recurrence is not uncommon. Prognostication by current clinicopathological parameters does not provide sufficient means for identifying patients who are at risk of developing metastases and in need of adjuvant therapy. Actin‐regulating formins may account for invasive properties of cancer cells, including melanoma. Here, we studied formin‐like protein 2 and 3 (FMNL2 and FMNL3) in melanoma by analysing their role in the invasive properties of melanoma cells and by evaluating whether FMNL2 expression is associated with melanoma outcome. Immunohistochemical characterization of FMNL2 in a cohort of 175 primary cutaneous stage I‐II melanomas indicated that high FMNL2 reactivity correlates with poor outcome as evaluated by recurrence free survival (p < 0.0001) or disease specific survival (p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, Breslow's thickness (p < 0.05) and FMNL2 expression (p < 0.001) remained as independent prognostic factors. Cellular studies revealed that FMNL2 is a component of filopodia in many melanoma cell lines. Inhibition of either FMNL2 or the closely related FMNL3 affected the maintenance of melanoma cell morphology and reduced migration. Finally, inhibition of the BRAF, PI3K and MAPK oncogenic pathways markedly reduced expression of both FMNL2 and FMNL3 in melanoma cells. The results suggest a major role for FMNL2/FMNL3 formins in melanoma biology and raise the possibility that the novel targeted melanoma drugs may interfere with the cellular properties regulated by these formins.
Use of posttreatment imaging and biomarkers in survivors of early‐stage breast cancer: Inappropriate surveillance or necessary care?
Authors: Hahn Erin E. , Tang Tania , Lee Janet S. , Munoz‐Plaza Corrine E. , Shen Ernest , Rowley Braden , Maeda Jared L. , Mosen David M. , Ruckdeschel John C. , Gould Michael K. 
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUNDAdvanced imaging and serum biomarkers are commonly used for surveillance in patients with early‐stage breast cancer, despite recommendations against this practice. Incentives to perform such low‐value testing may be less prominent in integrated health care delivery systems. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate and compare the use of these services within 2 integrated systems: Kaiser Permanente (KP) and Intermountain Healthcare (IH). The authors also sought to distinguish the indication for testing: diagnostic purposes or routine surveillance.METHODSPatients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage 0 to II breast cancer diagnosed between 2009 and 2010 were identified and the use of imaging and biomarker tests over an 18‐month period were quantified, starting at 1 year after diagnosis. Chart abstraction was performed on a random sample of patients who received testing to identify the indication for testing. Multivariate regression was used to explore associations with the use of nonrecommended care.RESULTSA total of 6585 patients were identified; 22% had stage 0 disease, 44% had stage I disease, and 34% had stage II disease. Overall, 24% of patients received at least 1 imaging test (25% at KP vs 22% at IH; P = .009) and 28% of patients received at least 1 biomarker (36% at KP vs 13% at IH; P<.001). Chart abstraction revealed that 84% of imaging tests were performed to evaluate symptoms or signs. Virtually all biomarkers were ordered for routine surveillance. Stage of disease, medical center that provided the services, and provider experience were found to be significantly associated with the use of biomarkers.CONCLUSIONSAdvanced imaging was most often performed for appropriate indications, but biomarkers were used for nonrecommended surveillance. Distinguishing between inappropriate use for surveillance and appropriate diagnostic testing is essential when evaluating adherence to recommendations. Cancer 2016;122:908–16. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Large‐Scale Programmable Synthesis of PbS Quantum Dots
Authors: Preske Amanda , Liu Jin , Prezhdo Oleg V. , Krauss Todd D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe most common method of synthesizing colloidal quantum dots (QDs) relies on an increasing particle size through increasing reaction time. We demonstrate a synthesis where the QD size is programmable through the use of a secondary phosphine sulfide precursor. The reaction runs to thermodynamic completion, resulting in a desired PbS diameter for a given set of specific reaction conditions, with no need for reaction quenching or post‐synthesis size‐separation. Moreover, this method is shown to produce high‐quality PbS QDs on the grams scale.
Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Cryptolepine in the Nanocavity of Cucurbit[7]uril and DNA
Authors: Koninti Raj Kumar , Sappati Subrahmanyam , Satpathi Sagar , Gavvala Krishna , Hazra Partha 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHerein, we explored the photophysical properties of the antimalarial, anticancer drug cryptolepine (CRYP) in the presence of the macrocyclic host cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and DNA with the help of steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence techniques. Ground‐state and excited‐state calculations based on density functional theory were also performed to obtain insight into the shape, electron density distribution, and energetics of the molecular orbitals of CRYP. CRYP exists in two forms depending on the pH of the medium, namely, a cationic (charge transfer) form and a neutral form, which emit at λ=540 and 420 nm, respectively. In a buffer solution of pH 7, the drug exists in the cationic form, and upon encapsulation with CB7, it exhibits a huge enhancement in fluorescence intensity due to a decrement in nonradiative decay pathways of the emitting cryptolepine species. Furthermore, docking and quantum chemical calculations were employed to decipher the molecular orientation of the drug in the inclusion complex. Studies with natural DNA indicate that CRYP molecules intercalate into DNA, which leads to a huge quenching of the fluorescence of CRYP. Keeping this in mind, we studied the DNA‐assisted release of CRYP molecules from the nanocavity of CB7. Strikingly, DNA alone could not remove the drug from the nanocavity of CB7. However, an external stimulus such as acetylcholine chloride was able to displace CRYP from the nanocavity, and subsequently, the displaced drug could bind to DNA.
Continuous‐Flow Multistep Synthesis of Cinnarizine, Cyclizine, and a Buclizine Derivative from Bulk Alcohols
Authors: Borukhova Svetlana , Noël Timothy , Hessel Volker 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCinnarizine, cyclizine, buclizine, and meclizine belong to a family of antihistamines that resemble each other in terms of a 1‐diphenylmethylpiperazine moiety. We present the development of a four‐step continuous process to generate the final antihistamines from bulk alcohols as the starting compounds. HCl is used to synthesize the intermediate chlorides in a short reaction time and excellent yields. This methodology offers an excellent way to synthesize intermediates to be used in drug synthesis. Inline separation allows the collection of pure products and their immediate consumption in the following steps. Overall isolated yields for cinnarizine, cyclizine, and a buclizine derivative are 82, 94, and 87 %, respectively. The total residence time for the four steps is 90 min with a productivity of 2 mmol h−1.