bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contributions of wood smoke and vehicle emissions to ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter during the Yakima wintertime nitrate study
Authors: VanderSchelden Graham , de Foy Benjamin , Herring Courtney , Kaspari Susan , VanReken Tim , Jobson Bertram 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA multiple linear regression (MLR) chemical mass balance model was applied to data collected during an air quality field experiment in Yakima, WA, during January 2013 to determine the relative contribution of residential wood combustion (RWC) and vehicle emissions to ambient pollutant levels. Acetonitrile was used as a chemical tracer for wood burning and nitrogen oxides (NOx) as a chemical tracer for mobile sources. RWC was found to be a substantial source of gas phase air toxics in wintertime. The MLR model found RWC primarily responsible for emissions of formaldehyde (73%), acetaldehyde (69%), and black carbon (55%) and mobile sources primarily responsible for emissions of carbon monoxide (CO; 83%), toluene (81%), C2‐alkylbenzenes (81%), and benzene (64%). When compared with the Environmental Protection Agency's 2011 winter emission inventory, the MLR results suggest that the contribution of RWC to CO emissions was underestimated in the inventory by a factor of 2. Emission ratios to NOx from the MLR model agreed to within 25% with wintertime emission ratios predicted from the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) 2010b emission model for Yakima County for all pollutants modeled except for CO, C2‐alkylbenzenes, and black carbon. The MLR model results suggest that MOVES was overpredicting mobile source emissions of CO relative to NOx by a factor of 1.33 and black carbon relative to NOx by about a factor of 3.
Climate change and the Madden‐Julian Oscillation: A vertically resolved weak temperature gradient analysis
Authors: Wolding Brandon O. , Maloney Eric D. , Henderson Stephanie , Branson Mark 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWTG balance is used to examine how changes in the moist thermodynamic structure of the tropics affect the MJO in two simulations of the Superparameterized Community Earth System Model (SP‐CESM), one at preindustrial (PI) levels of
and one where
levels have been quadrupled (4×CO2). While MJO convective variability increases considerably in the 4×CO2 simulation, the dynamical response to this convective variability decreases. Increased MJO convective variability is shown to be a robust response to the steepening vertical moisture gradient, consistent with the findings of previous studies. The steepened vertical moisture gradient allows MJO convective heating to drive stronger variations in large‐scale vertical moisture advection, supporting destabilization of the MJO. The decreased dynamical response to MJO convective variability is shown to be a consequence of increased static stability, which allows weaker variations in large‐scale vertical velocity to produce sufficient adiabatic cooling to balance variations in MJO convective heating. This weakened dynamical response results in a considerable reduction of the MJO's ability to influence the extratropics, which is closely tied to the strength of its associated divergence. A composite lifecycle of the MJO was used to show that northern hemisphere extratropical 525 hPa geopotential height anomalies decreased by 27% in the 4×CO2 simulation, despite a 22% increase in tropical convective heating associated with the MJO. Results of this study suggest that while MJO convective variability may increase in a warming climate, the MJO's role in “bridging weather and climate” in the extratropics may not.
On the role of the stratiform cloud scheme in the inter‐model spread of cloud feedback
Authors: Geoffroy O. , Sherwood S. C. , Fuchs D. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study explores the role of the stratiform cloud scheme in the inter‐model spread of cloud feedback. Six diagnostic cloud schemes used in various CMIP (Coupled Model Intercomparison Experiment] climate models are implemented (at low and midlevels) into two testbed climate models, and the impacts on cloud feedback are investigated. Results suggest that the choice of stratiform cloud scheme may contribute up to roughly half of the intermodel spread of cloud radiative responses in stratocumulus (Sc) regions, and may determine or favor a given sign of the feedback there. Cloud schemes assuming a probability density function for total water content consistently predict a positive feedback in Sc regions in our experiments. A large negative feedback in Sc regions is obtained only with schemes that consider variables other than relative humidity (e.g., stability). The stratiform cloud scheme also significantly affects cloud feedback at the scale of the tropics and at global scale. Results are slightly less consistent for tropical means, likely indicating coupling with other boundary layer processes such as convective mixing.
Differences in behavior and distribution of permafrost‐related lakes in Central Yakutia and their response to climatic drivers
Authors: Ulrich M. , Matthes H. , Schirrmeister L. , Schütze J. , Park H. , Iijima Y. , Fedorov A. N. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe Central Yakutian permafrost landscape is rapidly being modified by land use and global warming, but small‐scale thermokarst process variability and hydrological conditions are poorly understood. We analyze lake‐area changes and thaw subsidence of young thermokarst lakes on ice‐complex deposits (yedoma lakes) in comparison to residual lakes in alas basins during the last 70 years for a local study site and we record regional lake size and distribution on different ice‐rich permafrost terraces using satellite and historical airborne imagery. Statistical analysis of climatic and ground‐temperature data identified driving factors of yedoma‐ and alas‐lake changes. Overall, lake area is larger today than in 1944 but alas‐lake levels have oscillated greatly over 70 years, with a mean alas‐lake‐radius change rate of 1.6 ± 3.0 m/yr. Anthropogenic disturbance and forest degradation initiated, and climate forced rapid, continuous yedoma‐lake growth. The mean yedoma lake‐radius change rate equals 1.2 ± 1.0 m/yr over the whole observation period. Mean thaw subsidence below yedoma lakes is 6.2 ± 1.4 cm/yr. Multiple regression analysis suggests that winter precipitation, winter temperature, and active‐layer properties are primary controllers of area changes in both lake types; summer weather and permafrost conditions additionally influence yedoma‐lake growth rates. The main controlling factors of alas‐lake changes are unclear due to larger catchment areas and subsurface hydrological conditions. Increasing thermokarst activity is currently linked to older terraces with higher ground‐ice contents, but thermokarst activity will likely stay high and wet conditions will persist within the near future in Central Yakutian alas basins.
A Two‐Dimensional Lamellar Membrane: MXene Nanosheet Stacks
Authors: Ding Li , Wei Yanying , Wang Yanjie , Chen Hongbin , Caro Jürgen , Wang Haihui 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) materials are promising candidates for advanced water purification membranes. A new kind of lamellar membrane is based on a stack of 2D MXene nanosheets. Starting from compact Ti3AlC2, delaminated nanosheets of the composition Ti3C2Tx with the functional groups T (O, OH, and/or F) can be produced by etching and ultrasonication and stapled on a porous support by vacuum filtration. The MXene membrane supported on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) substrate shows excellent water permeance (more than 1000 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) and favorable rejection rate (over 90 %) for molecules with sizes larger than 2.5 nm. The water permeance through the MXene membrane is much higher than that of the most membranes with similar rejections. Long‐time operation also reveals the outstanding stability of the MXene membrane for water purification.
Preprogramming Complex Hydrogel Responses using Enzymatic Reaction Networks
Authors: Postma Sjoerd G. J. , Vialshin Ilia N. , Gerritsen Casper Y. , Bao Min , Huck Wilhelm T. S. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe creation of adaptive matter is heavily inspired by biological systems. However, it remains challenging to design complex material responses that are governed by reaction networks, which lie at the heart of cellular complexity. The main reason for this slow progress is the lack of a general strategy to integrate reaction networks with materials. Herein we use a systematic approach to preprogram the response of a hydrogel to a trigger, in this case the enzyme trypsin, which activates a reaction network embedded within the hydrogel. A full characterization of all the kinetic rate constants in the system enabled the construction of a computational model, which predicted different hydrogel responses depending on the input concentration of the trigger. The results of the simulation are in good agreement with experimental findings. Our methodology can be used to design new, adaptive materials of which the properties are governed by reaction networks of arbitrary complexity.
Fullerene im Weltraum
Authors: Maier John P. , Campbell Ewen K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIm Jahr 1985 wurde für das Buckminsterfulleren, C60, eine Fußball‐Struktur vorgeschlagen, die 1990 bestätigt wurde. Schon zu Beginn dieser Forschung beschäftigte man sich mit dem Vorkommen von C60 und C60+ im Weltraum, vor allem im Zusammenhang mit den rätselhaften diffusen interstellaren Banden. Diese stammen von Absorptionen, die man in den Spektren des Lichts roter Sterne findet. Das Absorptionsspektrum von C60+ wurde 1993 in einer Neonmatrix bei 5 K gemessen, und es enthielt zwei prominente Banden nahe 9583 Å und 9645 Å. Anhand dieser Datengrundlage wurde vorhergesagt, in welchem Wellenlängenbereich die Gasphasenabsorptionen von C60+ liegen sollten. In dieser Spektralregion wurden 1994 zwei diffuse interstellare Banden gefunden und C60+ zugeschrieben. Erst 20 Jahre später konnte man das Absorptionsspektrum von C60+ unter ähnlichen Bedingungen messen, wie sie in den diffusen Wolken vorherrschen. Komplexe Labormessungen bestätigten 2015, dass diese beiden interstellaren Banden tatsächlich von C60+ herrühren.
Fullerenes in Space
Authors: Maier John P. , Campbell Ewen K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn 1985 the football structure of C60, buckminsterfullerene was proposed and subsequently confirmed following its macroscopic synthesis in 1990. From the very beginning the role of C60 and C60+ in space was considered, particularly in the context of the enigmatic diffuse interstellar bands. These are absorption features found in the spectra of reddened star light. The first astronomical observations were made around one hundred years ago and despite significant efforts none of the interstellar molecules responsible have been identified. The absorption spectrum of C60+ was measured in a 5 K neon matrix in 1993 and two prominent bands near 9583 Å and 9645 Å were observed. On the basis of this data the likely wavelength range in which the gas phase C60+ absorptions should lie was predicted. In 1994 two diffuse interstellar bands were found in this spectral region and proposed to be due to C60+. It took over 20 years to measure the absorption spectrum of C60+ under conditions similar to those prevailing in diffuse clouds. In 2015, sophisticated laboratory experiments led to the confirmation that these two interstellar bands are indeed caused by C60+, providing the first answer to this century old puzzle. Here, we describe the experiments, concepts and astronomical observations that led to the detection of C60+ in interstellar space.
Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of a thionin‐like peptide from Capsicum annuum fruits and combinatorial treatment with fluconazole against Fusarium solani
Authors: Taveira Gabriel B. , Mello Érica O. , Carvalho André O. , Regente Mariana , Pinedo Marcela , de La Canal Laura , Rodrigues Rosana , Gomes Valdirene M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMany Fusarium species are able to cause severe infections in plants as well as in animals and humans. Therefore, the discovery of new antifungal agents is of paramount importance. CaThi belongs to the thionins, which are cationic peptides with low molecular weights (∼5 kDa) that have toxic effects against various microorganisms. Herein, we study the mechanism of action of CaThi and its combinatory effect with fluconazole (FLC) against Fusarium solani. The mechanism of action of CaThi was studied by growth inhibition, viability, plasma membrane permeabilization, ROS induction, caspase activation, localization, and DNA binding capability, as assessed with Sytox green, DAB, FITC‐VAD‐FMK, CaThi‐FITC, and gel shift assays. The combinatory effect of CaThi and FLC was assessed using a growth inhibition assay. Our results demonstrated that CaThi present a dose dependent activity and at the higher used concentration (50 µg mL−1) inhibits 83% of F. solani growth, prevents the formation of hyphae, permeabilizes membranes, induces endogenous H2O2, activates caspases, and localizes intracellularly. CaThi combined with FLC, at concentrations that alone do not inhibit F. solani, result in 100% death of F. solani when combined. The data presented in this study demonstrate that CaThi causes death of F. solani via apoptosis; an intracellular target may also be involved. Combined treatment using CaThi and FLC is a strong candidate for studies aimed at improved targeting of F. solani. This strategy is of particular interest because it minimizes selection of resistant microorganisms.
Randomized clinical trial comparing standard diet with perioperative oral immunonutrition in total gastrectomy for gastric cancer
Authors: Ida S , Hiki N , Cho H , Sakamaki K , Ito S , Fujitani K , Takiguchi N , Kawashima Y , Nishikawa K , Sasako M , Aoyama T , Honda M , Sato T , Nunobe S , Yoshikawa T 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Background
Total gastrectomy for gastric cancer is associated with excessive weight loss and decreased calorie intake. Nutritional support using eicosapentaenoic acid modulates immune function and limits catabolism in patients with advanced cancer, but its impact in the perioperative period is unclear.

Methods
This was a randomized phase III clinical trial of addition of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich nutrition to a standard diet in patients having total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Patients were randomized to either a standard diet or standard diet with oral supplementation of an eicosapentaenoic acid (ProSure®), comprising 600 kcal with 2·2 g eicosapentaenoic acid, for 7 days before and 21 days after surgery. The primary endpoint was percentage bodyweight loss at 1 and 3 months after surgery.

Results
Of 127 eligible patients, 126 were randomized; 124 patients (61 standard diet, 63 supplemented diet) were analysed for safety and 123 (60 standard diet, 63 supplemented diet) for efficacy. Across both groups, all but three patients underwent total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction. Background factors were well balanced between the groups. Median compliance with the supplement in the immunonutrition group was 100 per cent before and 54 per cent after surgery. The surgical morbidity rate was 13 per cent in patients who received a standard diet and 14 per cent among those with a supplemented diet. Median bodyweight loss at 1 month after gastrectomy was 8·7 per cent without dietary supplementation and 8·5 per cent with eicosapentaenoic acid enrichment (P = 0·818, adjusted P = 1·000). Similarly, there was no difference between groups in percentage bodyweight loss at 3 months (P = 0·529, adjusted P = 1·000).

Conclusion
Immunonutrition based on an eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched oral diet did not reduce bodyweight loss after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer compared with a standard diet. Registration number: UMIN000006380 (http://www.umin.ac.jp/)
Electrochemical Biosensors in Point‐of‐Care Devices: Recent Advances and Future Trends
Authors: da Silva Everson T. S. G. , Souto Dênio E. P. , Barragan José T. C. , de F. Giarola Juliana , de Moraes Ana C. M. , Kubota Lauro T. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe use of biosensors in point‐of‐care (POC) testing devices has attracted considerable attention in the past few years, mainly because of their high specificity, portability, and relatively low cost. Coupling these devices with miniaturized electrochemical transducers has shown great potential toward simple, rapid, and cost‐effective analysis that can be performed in the field, especially for healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food quality control. For this reason, the number of publications in this field has grown exponentially over the past decade, making it a trending topic in current research. Although great improvement has been achieved in the field of electrochemical biosensing, there are still some challenges to overcome, especially concerning the improvement of sensing materials and miniaturization. In this Review, we summarize some of the most recent advances achieved in POC electrochemical biosensor applications, focusing on new materials and modifiers for biorecognition developed to improve sensitivity, specificity, stability, and response time.
Solution and Gas‐Phase Reactivity of Me12Fe8− and Related Cluster Ions
Authors: Parchomyk Tobias , Koszinowski Konrad 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe cluster ion Me12Fe8− is an unprecedented representative of organoiron species, which are of great interest because of their possible role as intermediates in iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. To learn more about its behavior in solution, the possible formation of related cluster ions, and their reactivity, electrospray–ionization mass spectrometry and gas‐phase experiments were performed. Me12Fe8− adopts a highly dynamic behavior in solution and disappears in the presence of the chelating ligand N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine. Besides homoleptic Me12Fe8−, its heteroleptic analogues Me12−nFe8Phn−, n=1–5, are also accessible. Me12Fe8− undergoes iron–halogen exchange reactions with aryl halides. These substrates, as well as their alkyl counterparts, mediate the formation of new homoleptic cluster ions up to Me18Fe12−. In contrast, no evidence was found for oxidative additions or related reactions. Gas‐phase fragmentation of the cluster ions results in numerous different reactions, ranging from the loss of single methyl radicals to the reductive elimination of MePh.
Lithium Aryloxide Thin Films with Guest‐Induced Structural Transformation by ALD/MLD
Authors: Nisula Mikko , Linnera Jarno , Karttunen Antti J. , Karppinen Maarit 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCrystalline Li–organic thin films are grown with the atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) technique from lithium hexamethyldisilazide and hydroquinone. The as‐deposited films are found to undergo a reversible structural transformation upon exposure to ambient humid air. According to density functional theory calculations, the guest‐induced transformation may be related to an unsaturated Li site in the crystal structure.
Silver/graphene nanocomposites as catalysts for the reduction of p‐nitrophenol to p‐aminophenol: Materials preparation and reaction kinetics studies
Authors: Liu Jiangyong , Ran Chenxin , Pu Yuan , Wang Jie‐Xin , Wang Dan , Chen Jian‐Feng 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAg/graphene nanocomposites have been demonstrated to be promising catalysts for hydrogenation reduction of p‐nitrophenol (p‐NP) to p‐aminophenol (p‐AP). Herein, we reported the synthesis of graphene‐supported silver nanoparticles (Ag/G) using one‐step and stabilizer‐free process. The obtained Ag/G nanocomposites were demonstrated to be efficient catalysts for the reduction of p‐NP to p‐AP. The reaction kinetics of the catalytic reduction, including the effects of catalyst concentrations and temperatures are reported. These results are of significant values for the scale‐up of using Ag/graphene catalysts for hydrogenation reduction.
Bayesian multiplicity control for multiple graphs
Authors: Mitra Riten , Müller Peter , Ji Yuan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe discuss inference for graphical models as a multiple comparison problem. We argue that posterior inference under a suitable hierarchical model can adjust for the multiplicity problem that arises by deciding inclusion for each of many possible edges. We show that inference under that hierarchical model differs substantially from inference under a comparable non‐hierarchical model. With increasing size of the graph the difference between posterior distributions under the two models, as measured by Kullback–Liebler (KL) divergence, increases. We discuss several stylized inference problems, including estimation of one graph, comparison of a pair of graphs, estimation of a pair of graphs and, finally, estimation for multiple graphs. Throughout the discussion we assume that the graph is used to identify a conditional independence structure, that is, the graph represents a Markov random field. Model construction starts with a prior model for the random graph, conditional on which a sampling model is proposed for the observed data. There are no constraints on the nature of the sampling model. Most of the discussion is general and remains valid for any sampling model, subject to some technical constraints only. The discussion is motivated by two case studies. The first application is to model single cell mass spectrometry data for inference about the joint distribution of a set of markers that are recorded for each cell. Another application is to model Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) protein expression data, for inference about changes of underlying biomolecular pathways across three biologic conditions of interest.The Canadian Journal of Statistics45: 44–61; 2017 © 2017 Statistical Society of Canada
Lead–Sulfide–Selenide Quantum Dots and Gold–Copper Alloy Nanoparticles Augment the Light‐Harvesting Ability of Solar Cells
Authors: Das Aparajita , Deepa Melepurath , Ghosal Partha 
Published: January 2017

AbstractLead–sulfide–selenide (PbSSe) quantum dots (QDs) and gold–copper (AuCu) alloy nanoparticles (NPs) were incorporated into a cadmium sulfide (CdS)/titanium oxide (TiO2) photoanode for the first time to achieve enhanced conversion of solar energy into electricity. PbSSe QDs with a band gap of 1.02 eV extend the light‐harvesting range of the photoanode from the visible region to the near‐infrared region. The conduction band (CB) edge of the PbSSe QDs is wedged between the CBs of TiO2 and CdS; this additional level coupled with the good electrical conductivity of the dots facilitate charge transport and collection, and a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.44 % is achieved for the champion cell with the TiO2/PbSSe/CdS electrode. Upon including AuCu alloy NPs in the QD‐sensitized electrodes, light absorption is enhance by plasmonic and light‐scattering effects and also by the injection of hot electrons to the CBs of the QDs. Comparison of the incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency enhancement factors in addition to fluorescence decay and impedance studies reveal that the PbSSe QDs and AuCu alloy NPs promote charge injection to the current collector and increase the photogenerated charges produced, which thus enables the TiO2/PbSSe/CdS/AuCu cell to deliver the highest PCE of 5.26 % among all the various photoanode compositions used.