bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting an open access monograph experiment: measuring citations and tweets 5 years later
Authors: Snijder Ronald 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAn experiment run in 2009 could not assess whether making monographs available in open access enhanced scholarly impact. This paper revisits the experiment, drawing on additional citation data and tweets. It attempts to answer the following research question: does open access have a positive influence on the number of citations and tweets a monograph receives, taking into account the influence of scholarly field and language? The correlation between monograph citations and tweets is also investigated. The number of citations and tweets measured in 2014 reveal a slight open access advantage, but the influence of language or subject should also be taken into account. However, Twitter usage and citation behaviour hardly overlap.
Interfacial Activity of 2‐Ethylhexan‐1‐ol‐Based Surfactants in Quasi‐ternary Systems
Authors: Chruściel A. , Hreczuch W. , Dąbrowska K. , Materna K. , Sznajdrowska A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe surface properties of quasi‐ternary systems comprising two surfactants in water were studied in the light of previously published hypotheses of specific two‐dimensional arrangements of associated surfactant molecules and compatibility of their hydrophobic chains. In contrast to the studies of model ternary systems of pure components reported previously in the literature, the title quasi‐ternary systems were prepared as water solutions of two polydisperse mixtures of surfactants: an anionic one (quasi‐component 1) and nonionic one (quasi‐component 2). The complex quasi‐components used were polydisperse in terms of both ethylene oxide substituent numbers and the carbon chain length, obtained as received under industrial conditions from commercial raw materials. The novel surfactants which are the subject of the present study were synthesized by elongation of the hydrophobic chain of 2‐ethylhexan‐1‐ol molecules by catalytic polyaddition of methyloxirane (propylene oxide), followed by introduction into the resulting transformed structure of a hydrophilic group (in the form of a polyether chain and/or a sulfosuccinate group). All synthesized surfactants were therefore polydispersed mixtures of methyloxirane and oxirane (ethylene oxide) homologues. It was shown that, in the case of the quasi‐ternary aqueous systems studied, the extrema of the investigated functions describing the surface properties occur in the neighborhood of some specific stoichiometric ratios of the surfactant concentrations, namely 1:3/3:1. On the other hand, synergistic effects associated with the compatibility of the hydrophobic chains studied were not confirmed.
Scorecards and social accountability for improved maternal and newborn health services: A pilot in the Ashanti and Volta regions of Ghana
Authors: Blake Carolyn , Annorbah‐Sarpei Nii Ankonu , Bailey Claire , Ismaila Yakubu , Deganus Sylvia , Bosomprah Samuel , Galli Francesco , Clark Sarah 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundWith the limited availability of quality emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) in Ghana, and a lack of dialogue on the issue at district level, the Evidence for Action (E4A) program (2011–2015) initiated a pilot intervention using a social accountability approach in two regions of Ghana.ObjectiveUsing scorecards to assess and improve maternal and newborn health services, the intervention study evaluated the effectiveness of engaging multiple, health and non‐health sector stakeholders at district level to improve the enabling environment for quality EmONC.MethodsThe quantitative study component comprised two rounds of assessments in 37 health facilities. The qualitative component is based on an independent prospective policy study.ResultsResults show a marked growth in a culture of accountability, with heightened levels of community participation, transparency, and improved clarity of lines of accountability among decision‐makers. The breadth and type of quality of care improvements were dependent on the strength of community and government engagement in the process, especially in regard to more complex systemic changes.ConclusionEngaging a broad network of stakeholders to support MNH services has great potential if implemented in ways that are context‐appropriate and that build around full collaboration with government and civil society stakeholders.
POTENTIAL GAMES WITH AGGREGATION IN NON-COOPERATIVE GENERAL INSURANCE MARKETS
Authors: Wu Renchao , Pantelous Athanasios A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the global insurance market, the number of product-specific policies from different companies has increased significantly, and strong market competition has boosted the demand for a competitive premium. Thus, in the present paper, by considering the competition between each pair of insurers, an N-player game is formulated to investigate the optimal pricing strategy by calculating the Nash equilibrium in an insurance market. Under that framework, each insurer is assumed to maximise its utility of wealth over the unit time interval. With the purpose of solving a game of N-players, the best-response potential game with non-linear aggregation is implemented. The existence of a Nash equilibrium is proved by finding a potential function of all insurers' payoff functions. A 12-player insurance game illustrates the theoretical findings under the framework in which the best-response selection premium strategies always provide the global maximum value of the corresponding payoff function.
Prevalence of potential smoking-related conditions among tobacco users in the emergency department and their perception that their visit may be smoking-related
Authors: Tsai Amy Po Yu , Tsai Jimmy Po-Nien , Stewart Lauren , Brubacher Jeffrey , Cheung Ka Wai 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectivesPatients who are tobacco users present to the emergency department (ED) with many medical conditions that are causally or potentially causally related to smoking. Previous studies have shown increased cessation rates for patients who accurately perceive that their ED visit is smoking-related. Our study goals were 1) to determine the prevalence of potential smoking-related conditions among tobacco users at a tertiary care academic ED, and 2) to determine which medical conditions are more or less likely to be perceived by patients as smoking-related.MethodsWe included adults≥19 years of age who reported smoking within 30 days of their ED visit, and were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01454375) from December 1, 2011 to August 31, 2012. Patients were asked whether they perceived their ED visit to be related to smoking. ED discharge diagnoses were coded as smoking-related or not smoking-related based on the 2004 U.S. Surgeon General’s Report.ResultsWe included 893 patients (62% male; mean age=40±15), of which 120 (13%) had a visit for a potential smoking-related condition: 6 (5%) of neoplasm, 18 (15%) of cardiovascular disease, 67 (56%) of respiratory disease, 3 (3%) of reproductive complication, 7 (6%) of postoperative complication, 9 (8%) of dental disease, 9 (8%) of peptic ulcer disease, 0 (0%) of eye condition, and 1 (1%) of bony condition. Of the potential smoking-related conditions, 46 (38%) were perceived by patients to be possibly smoking-related: 61% of cardiovascular disease, 33% of neoplasm, 43% of respiratory disease, 22% of dental disease, 14% of postoperative complication, 11% of peptic ulcer disease, and 0% of the remaining conditions.ConclusionIn this study, 13% of all ED visits among smokers were for a potential smoking-related condition, of which 38% were perceived by patients to be smoking-related. Education to increase awareness of smoking-related conditions may increase cessation rates.
Kreines on the Problem of Metaphysics in Kant and Hegel
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article offers a discussion of James Kreines’s book Reason in the World: Hegel’s Metaphysics and Its Philosophical Appeal. While broadly sympathetic to Kreines’s ‘concept thesis’ as a conceptual realist account of Hegel, the article contrasts two Kantian arguments for transcendental idealism to which Hegel’s position may be seen as a response—the argument from synthetic a priori knowledge and the argument from the dialectic of reason—and explores the implications of Kreines’s commitment to the latter over the former.
And Yet He is a Monist: Comments on James Kreines, Reason in the World
Authors: Knappik Franz 
Published: October 2016

AbstractI critically discuss Kreines’s arguments against readings on which Hegel holds some version of metaphysical monism. In section 1, I address Kreines’s claim that Hegel’s revised version of Kant’s argument in the Transcendental Dialectic implies a rejection of metaphysical monism. I argue both that the argument that Kreines ascribes to Hegel does not itself rule out monism, and that there are serious exegetical problems with the way Kreines understands Hegel’s diagnosis of the antinomies and his critique of the metaphysics of the understanding. In section 2, I discuss additional reasons that Kreines gives for seeing Hegel as rejecting metaphysical monism. In particular, I argue that Hegel is much more optimistic about the intelligibility of nature than Kreines thinks: to a substantial degree, the basic structure of nature, including the laws of mechanics, is open to explanations that are ultimately based on a monistic principle.
Ethnicity as a Hindrance for Understanding Ethiopian History: An Argument Against an Ethnic Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Yates Brian J. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract:Despite its present ethnic federalism, Ethiopian history has been marked by provincial or cultural identities, which twentieth century notions of identity have obscured. This essay gives three major reasons why ethnicity is not an effective lens to understand Ethiopia’s complex history. One, there is no agreement among either popular and academic writers on what ethnic identities in Ethiopia represents, either currently or historically. Two, a focus on ethnicity obscures the rationale behind the actions of the state and key actors during the nineteenth century. Three, an ethnic lens brings much needed scholarly attention away from key moments in the nineteenth century.
Catholic Interests and the Politics of English Overseas Expansion 1660–1689
Authors: Glickman Gabriel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThroughout the reign of Charles II, a growing number of Catholics entered into the civil and military infrastructure of the overseas colonies. While Maryland was consolidated as a center of settlement, a new crop of English and Irish officeholders shaped the political development of Tangier, New York and the Leeward Islands. Their careers highlighted the opportunities of overseas expansion as a route into the public domain: a chance for Catholics to sidestep the penal restrictions of the three kingdoms and construct an alternative relationship with the crown. This article examines the emergence of Catholic authority within the plantations, and situates the experiment within larger shifts in strategic and ideological debate over English colonization. I suggest that experiences in the colonies invigorated economic and political strategies that became central to the advancement of Catholic interests in the domestic realm. While colonial trade bolstered Catholic estates against penal pressures, the new settlements provided the training ground for attempts to demonstrate the compatibility of confessional pluralism with commercial flourishing and civil allegiance. The effect, however, was to raise conflict in colonial politics and heighten anxieties in the domestic realm over the effects of overseas plantation. I argue that by uncovering a neglected sphere of “recusant history” we gain new insights into the ideological fragilities that disrupted the pursuit of territories overseas. Catholic promotions exposed a growing tension between the “Protestant interest” and the principles and practices that informed the expansion of the Stuart realm.
An asteroid (Echinodermata) faunule from the Oxfordian Swift Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Montana
Authors: Blake Daniel B. , Guensburg Thomas E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA new Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) asteroid (Echinodermata) faunule from the Swift Formation of Montana includes representatives of four genera including the new genus and speciesAtalopegaster gundersoni(Stichasteridae),Eokainastersp. indet. (Astropectinidae), an indeterminate probable member of the Goniasteridae, and a species indeterminate beyond the class level. Because of weathering at the outcrop, preservation is poor.Although representing an unusual depositional occurrence, overall faunule composition appears comparable to that found in a similar modern environment. The faunule is comparable in age and regional location to earlier Jurassic asteroid discoveries, suggesting wide distribution during a geologically brief time interval of favorable conditions. Asteroids are only rarely reported from the Mesozoic of the North American continental interior, and co-occurrence of multiple fossil taxa is unusual on a global basis.
High order algorithms for calculating roots
Authors: Abel Ulrich 
Published: October 2016

In a recent Note [1] Michael D. Hirschhorn presented high order algorithms for calculating numerically square roots and cube roots. In particular, he obtained the method(1)with , where the convergence is of tenth order:We recall his idea in the case of an arbitrary square root with a > 0. Let p ⩾ 2 be a fixed integer. Our starting point is the relationChoose
Multisection of series
Authors: Beauregard Raymond A. , Dobrushkin Vladimir A. 
Published: October 2016

In a recent paper [1], the authors gave a combinatorial interpretation to sums of equally spaced binomial coefficients. Others have been interested in finding such sums, known as multisection of series. For example, Gould [2] derived interesting formulas but much of his work involved complicated manipulations of series. When the combinatorial approach can be implemented, it is neat and efficient. In this paper, we present another approach for finding equally spaced sums. We consider both infinite sums and partial finite sums based on generating functions and extracting coefficients.While generating functions were first introduced by Abraham de Moivre at the end of seventeen century, its systematic use in combinatorial analysis was inspired by Leonhard Euler. Generating functions got a new birth in the twentieth century as a part of symbolic methods. As a central mathematical tool in discrete mathematics, generating functions are an essential part of the curriculum in the analysis of algorithms [3, 4]. They provide a bridge between discrete and continuous mathematics, as illustrated by the fact that the generating functions presented here appear as solutions to corresponding differential equations.
BOUNDING VOLUMES OF SINGULAR FANO THREEFOLDS
Authors: LAI CHING-JUI 
Published: October 2016

Let$(X,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})$be an$n$-dimensional$\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$-klt log$\mathbb{Q}$-Fano pair. We give an upper bound for the volume$\text{Vol}(X,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=(-(K_{X}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}))^{n}$when$n=2$, or$n=3$and$X$is$\mathbb{Q}$-factorial of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}(X)=1$. This bound is essentially sharp for$n=2$. The main idea is to analyze the covering families of tigers constructed in J. McKernan (Boundedness of log terminal fano pairs of bounded index, preprint, 2002,arXiv:0205214). Existence of an upper bound for volumes is related to the Borisov–Alexeev–Borisov Conjecture, which asserts boundedness of the set of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$-klt log$\mathbb{Q}$-Fano varieties of a given dimension$n$.
THE INTERNATIONAL LAW FRAMEWORK REGULATING THE USE OF ARMED DRONES
Authors: Heyns Christof , Akande Dapo , Hill-Cawthorne Lawrence , Chengeta Thompson 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article provides a holistic examination of the international legal frameworks which regulate targeted killings by drones. The article argues that for a particular drone strike to be lawful, it must satisfy the legal requirements under all applicable international legal regimes, namely: the law regulating the use of force (ius ad bellum); international humanitarian law and international human rights law. It is argued that the legality of a drone strike under the ius ad bellum does not preclude the wrongfulness of that strike under international humanitarian law or international human rights law, and that since those latter obligations are owed to individuals, one State cannot consent to their violation by another State. The article considers the important legal challenges that the use of armed drones poses under each of the three legal frameworks mentioned above. It considers the law relating to the use of force by States against non-State groups abroad. This part examines the principles of self-defence and consent, in so far as they may be relied upon to justify targeted killings abroad. The article then turns to some of the key controversies in the application of international humanitarian law to drone strikes. It examines the threshold for non-international armed conflicts, the possibility of a global non-international armed conflict and the question of who may be targeted in a non-international armed conflict. The final substantive section of the article considers the nature and application of the right to life in armed conflict, as well as the extraterritorial application of that right particularly in territory not controlled by the State conducting the strike.
COMPARATIVE SUBNATIONAL FOREIGN RELATIONS LAW IN THE CHINESE SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
Authors: Ip Eric C 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe increasing importance of subnational governments in interstate affairs calls for international and comparative law scholars to take subnational foreign relations law more seriously. This article conceives this law as the legal rules that regulate the vertical allocation of foreign relations powers within and across States, and constructs an analytical framework that addresses the questions of why any sovereign would grant extensive foreign relations powers to constituent entities and how such an arrangement plays out in actual practice. This study takes a comparative approach to case studies of the Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China: Hong Kong and Macau, which are known for their unusually extensive paradiplomatic powers, which not only defy conventional categories but also surpass those of other substates.
Managing clubroot disease (caused byPlasmodiophora brassicaeWor.) by exploiting the interactions between calcium cyanamide fertilizer and soil microorganisms
Authors: DIXON G. R. 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYCalcium cyanamide is a nitrogenous fertilizer used predominantly for over a century in field and glasshouse vegetable and salad production. The current review draws together, for the first time, knowledge concerning the biological properties of the compound that benefit crop production by encouraging sustainable soil health and quality. This is achieved through the increase of microorganisms antagonistic to plant pathogens. The review also reports on the natural occurence and degradation of cyanamide. The literature survey provides a perspective of research from the early 1900s to current studies. This identifies that nitrogen is released steadily into the rhizosphere from this fertilizer. Calcium is also readily available for plant roots and promotes the alkaline soil conditions beneficial to benign microorganisms. Consequently, soil suppressiveness towards organisms such asPlasmodiophora brassicae, the cause of clubroot disease in brassicas, develops. The effects of calcium and accompanying changes in soil pH values are discussed in relation to the life-cycle stages ofP. brassicaeand the development of clubroot disease. Formulations of calcium cyanamide contain the dimeric form, dicyandiamide. This compound slows soil nitrification and subsequent nitrate leaching into ground waters, reducing potential pollution. Calcium cyanamide is normally used for growing specialized fresh produce and is not available in quantities comparable with ammoniacal fertilizers. It is contended, however, that it has properties deserving wider assessment because of their implications for sustainable cropping.
EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL EVENTS IN FRANCE (1968) AND JAPAN (1995) ON THE SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
Authors: Grech Victor , Zammit Dorota , Scherb Hagen 
Published: October 2016

SummaryMales are usually born in excess of females. The sex ratio at birth (SR) is often expressed as the ratio of male to total births. A wide variety of factors have been shown to influence SR, including terrorist attacks, which have been shown to reduce SR. This paper reviews the effects on SR outcomes of the stressful events in France in 1968 (in association with the student and worker riots) and in Japan following the Aum Shinrikyo religious cult’s attack on the Tokyo subway using sarin nerve gas in 1995. Both countries displayed seasonal variation in SR. France exhibited a decline in SR in 1968 (p=0.042), with a particularly strong dip in May of that year (p=0.015). For Japan, there was no statistically significant dip for 1995 but there was a significant dip in June of that year (p=0.026). The SR dips follow catastrophic or tragic events if these are perceived to be momentous enough by a given populace. It is believed that SR slumps may be caused by population stress, which is known to lead to the culling of frail/small male fetuses. It has been observed that these fluctuations are comparable in intensity to a substantial proportion of quoted values for perinatal mortality, potentially making this a public health issue.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in divers
Authors: Van Der Wal A W , Van Ooij P J A M , De Ru J A 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjective:Sudden sensorineural hearing loss in divers may be caused by either inner-ear barotrauma or inner-ear decompression sickness. There is no consensus on the best treatment option. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic value of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in divers.Method:A literature review and three cases of divers with sudden sensorineural hearing loss treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy are presented.Results:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy resulted in hearing improvement in 80 per cent of patients: 39 per cent had hearing improvement and 41 per cent had full recovery.Conclusion:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improved hearing in divers with sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
A survey of how and why medical students and junior doctors choose a career in ENT surgery
Authors: Bhutta M , Mandavia R , Syed I , Qureshi A , Hettige R , Wong B Y W , Saeed S , Cartledge J 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjective:To ascertain determinants of an interest in a career in ENT surgery through a survey of medical students and junior doctors.Methods:A survey was administered, comprising Likert scales, forced response and single option questions, and free text responses, at five different courses or events for those interested in a career in ENT.Results:The survey had an 87 per cent response rate; respondents consisted of 43 applicants for national selection, 15 foundation doctors and 23 medical students. The most important factors that encourage ENT as a career included: the variety of operative procedures, work–life balance, inherent interest in this clinical area and inspirational senior role models. Exposure to ENT in undergraduate or post-graduate training is critical in deciding to pursue this specialty.Conclusion:It is important to promote those aspects of ENT surgery that attract people to it, and to argue for greater exposure to ENT during undergraduate and post-graduate training.