bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapamycin activates TGF receptor independently of its ligand: implications for endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Miyakawa Ayumi A. , Girão-Silva Thais , Krieger Jose E. , Edelman Elazer R. 
Published: January 2018

Rapamycin, the macrolide immunosuppressant and active pharmaceutic in drug-eluting stents (DES), has a well-recognized antiproliferative action that involves inhibition of the mTOR pathway after binding to the cytosolic protein FKBP12. TGF receptor-type I (TGFRI) spontaneous activation is inhibited by the association with FKBP12. We hypothesized that rapamycin, in addition to inhibition of mTOR signaling, activates TGFRI independent of TGFβ. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with rapamycin (10 nmol/l) and/or TGFβ RI kinase inhibitor (TGFRIi, 100 nmol/l) for 24 h. Rapamycin induced SMAD phosphorylation (SMAD1, SMAD2, and SMAD5) and PAI-1 up-regulation, which was specifically abrogated by SMAD2 knockdown. TGFRIi efficiently blocked phosphorylation of SMAD2, but not SMAD1/5. Interestingly, the inhibitor did not alter cell proliferation arrest induced by rapamycin. Active TGFβ secretion was not affected by the treatment. Neutralizing TGFβ experiments did not influence SMAD2 phosphorylation or PAI-1 expression indicating that activation of this pathway is independent of the ligand. In addition, rapamycin induction of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was potentiated by IL-1β and efficiently blocked by TGFRIi. In vivo, the prothrombogenic effects of rapamycin and up-regulation of PAI-1 in murine carotid arteries were reduced by TGFRIi treatment. In conclusion, we provide evidence that rapamycin activates TGF receptor independent of its ligand TGFβ, in concert with promotion of PAI-1 expression and changes in endothelial phenotype. These undesirable effects, the prothrombogenic state, and activation of EndMT are SMAD2-dependent and independent of the therapeutic rapamycin-induced cell proliferation arrest.
Mass and energy supply of a cool coronal loop near its apex
Authors: Yan Limei , Peter Hardi , He Jiansen , Xia Lidong , Wang Linghua 
Published: January 2018

Context. Different models for the heating of solar corona assume or predict different locations of the energy input: concentrated at the footpoints, at the apex, or uniformly distributed. The brightening of a loop could be due to the increase in electron density ne, the temperature T, or a mixture of both.Aim. We investigate possible reasons for the brightening of a cool loop at transition region temperatures through imaging and spectral observation.Methods. We observed a loop with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and used the slit-jaw images together with spectra taken at a fixed slit position to study the evolution of plasma properties in and below the loop. We used spectra of Si iv, which forms at around 80 000 K in equilibrium, to identify plasma motions and derive electron densities from the ratio of inter-combination lines of O IV. Additional observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) were employed to study the response at coronal temperatures (Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, AIA) and to investigate the surface magnetic field below the loop (Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, HMI).Results. The loop first appears at transition region temperatures and later also at coronal temperatures, indicating a heating of the plasma in the loop. The appearance of hot plasma in the loop coincides with a possible accelerating upflow seen in Si IV, with the Doppler velocity shifting continuously from ~−70 km s−1 to ~−265 km s−1. The 3D magnetic field lines extrapolated from the HMI magnetogram indicate possible magnetic reconnection between small-scale magnetic flux tubes below or near the loop apex. At the same time, an additional intensity enhancement near the loop apex is visible in the IRIS slit-jaw images at 1400 Å. These observations suggest that the loop is probably heated by the interaction between the loop and the upflows, which are accelerated by the magnetic reconnection between small-scale magnetic flux tubes at lower altitudes. Before and after the possible heating phase, the intensity changes in the optically thin (Si IV) and optical thick line (C II) are mainly contributed by the density variation without significant heating.Conclusions. We therefore provide evidence for the heating of an envelope loop that is affected by accelerating upflows, which are probably launched by magnetic reconnection between small-scale magnetic flux tubes underneath the envelope loop. This study emphasizes that in the complex upper atmosphere of the Sun, the dynamics of the 3D coupled magnetic field and flow field plays a key role in thermalizing 1D structures such as coronal loops.
NGC 6705 a young α-enhanced open cluster from OCCASO data
Authors: Casamiquela L. , Carrera R. , Balaguer-Núñez L. , Jordi C. , Chiappini C. , Anders F. , Antoja T. , Miret-Roig N. , Romero-Gomez M. , Blanco-Cuaresma S. , Pancino E. , Aguado D. S. , del Pino A. , Diaz-Perez L. , Gallart C. 
Published: January 2018

Context. The stellar [α/Fe] abundance is sometimes used as a proxy for stellar age, following standard chemical evolution models for the Galaxy, as seen by different observational results. Aim. In this work, we aim to show that the open cluster NGC 6705/M 11 has a significant α-enhancement [α/Fe] > 0.1 dex, despite its young age (~300 Myr), challenging the current paradigm.
Methods. We used high resolution (R > 65 000) high signal-to-noise (~70) spectra of eight red clump stars, acquired within the OCCASO survey. We determined very accurate chemical abundances of several α elements, using an equivalent width methodology (Si, Ca and Ti), and spectral synthesis fits (Mg and O).
Results. We obtain [Si/Fe] = 0.13 ± 0.05, [Mg/Fe] = 0.14 ± 0.07, [O/Fe] = 0.17 ± 0.07, [Ca/Fe] = 0.06 ± 0.05, and [Ti/Fe] = 0.03 ± 0.03. Our results place these clusters within the group of young [α/Fe]-enhanced field stars recently found by several authors in the literature. The ages of our stars have an uncertainty of around 50 Myr, much more precise than for field stars. By integrating the cluster’s orbit in several non-axisymmetric Galactic potentials, we establish the M 11’s most likely birth radius as lying between 6.8–7.5 kpc from the Galactic centre, not far from its current position.
Conclusions. With the robust open cluster age scale, our results prove that a moderate [α/Fe]-enhancement is no guarantee for a star to be old, and that not all α-enhanced stars can be explained with an evolved blue straggler scenario. Based on our orbit calculations, we further argue against a Galactic bar origin of M 11.
Juvenile Angiofibroma: Current Management Strategies
Authors: Safadi Ahmad , Schreiber Alberto , Fliss Dan , Nicolai Piero 
Published: January 2018

AbstractJuvenile angiofibroma (JA) is a benign, highly vascular tumor which is diagnosed on the basis of clinical and imaging features. It has a characteristic pattern of spread commonly involving the pterygopalatine fossa and pterygoid base. The mainstay of treatment is surgery, while radiotherapy is rarely used for the treatment of recurrent lesion. Endoscopic endonasal surgery is currently the treatment of choice for small to intermediate size JAs, and is feasible even for advanced lesions; however, this should only be practiced in well-experienced centers.
Active learning machine learns to create new quantum experiments
Authors: Melnikov Alexey A. , Poulsen Nautrup Hendrik , Krenn Mario , Dunjko Vedran , Tiersch Markus , Zeilinger Anton , Briegel Hans J. 
Published: January 2018

Significance
Quantum experiments push the envelope of our understanding of fundamental concepts in quantum physics. Modern experiments have exhaustively probed the basic notions of quantum theory. Arguably, further breakthroughs require the tackling of complex quantum phenomena and consequently require complex experiments and involved techniques. The designing of such complex experiments is difficult and often clashes with human intuition. We present an autonomous learning model which learns to design such complex experiments, without relying on previous knowledge or often flawed intuition. Our system not only learns how to design desired experiments more efficiently than the best previous approaches, but in the process also discovers nontrivial experimental techniques. Our work demonstrates that learning machines can offer dramatic advances in how experiments are generated.
Foot strike pattern in preschool children during running: sex and shod–unshod differences
Authors: Latorre‐Román Pedro Á. , Párraga‐Montilla Juan A. , Guardia‐Monteagudo Ignacio , García‐Pinillos Felipe 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPurpose: This study aims to determine the foot strike patterns (FSPs) and neutral support (no inversion [INV]/eversion [EVE] and no foot rotation) in preschool children, as well as to determine the influence of shod/unshod conditions and sex. Methods: A total of 1356 children aged 3–6 years (673 boys and 683 girls) participated in this study. A sagittal and frontal‐plane video (240 Hz) was recorded using a high‐speed camcorder to record the following variables: rearfoot strike (RFS), midfoot strike (MFS), forefoot strike (FFS), inversion/ eversion (INV/EVE) and foot rotation on initial contact. Results: There were no between‐sex significant differences in both shod and unshod conditions in RFS. In the unshod condition, there was a significant reduction (p < 0.001) of RFS prevalence in both boys (shod condition = 44.2% vs. 34.7% unshod condition) and girls (shod condition = 48.5% vs. 36.1% unshod condition). As for neutral support, there were no between‐sex differences in both shod and unshod conditions or in the shod–unshod comparison. Conclusion: In preschool children, no between‐sex differences were found in relation to prevalence of RFS and neutral support (no INV/EVE). Shod running alters FSP of running barefoot, producing a significant increase of RFS prevalence.
Abundance trends of highly migratory species in the Atlantic Ocean: accounting for water temperature profiles
Authors: Lynch Patrick D , Shertzer Kyle W , Cortés Enric , Latour Robert J 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRelative abundance trends of highly migratory species (HMS) have played a central role in debates over the health of global fisheries. However, such trends have mostly been inferred from fishery catch rates, which can provide misleading signals of relative abundance. While many biases are accounted for through traditional catch rate standardization, pelagic habitat fished is rarely directly considered. Using a method that explicitly accounts for temperature regimes, we analysed data from the US pelagic longline fishery to estimate relative abundance trends for 34 HMS in the Atlantic Ocean from 1987 through 2013. This represents one of the largest studies of HMS abundance trends. Model selection emphasized the importance of accounting for pelagic habitat fished with water column temperature being included in nearly every species’ model, and in extreme cases, a temperature variable explained 50–60% of the total deviance. Our estimated trends represent observations from one fishery only, and a more integrated stock assessment should form the basis for conclusions about stock status overall. Nonetheless, our trends serve as indicators of stock abundance and they suggest that a majority of HMS (71% of analysed species) are either declining in relative abundance or declined initially with no evidence of rebuilding. Conversely, 29% of the species exhibited stable, increasing, or recovering trends; however, these trends were more prevalent among tunas than either billfishes or sharks. By estimating the effects of pelagic habitat on fishery catch rates, our results can be used in combination with ocean temperature trends and forecasts to support bycatch avoidance and other time-area management decisions.
Modified Scattering for the One-Dimensional Cubic NLS with a Repulsive Delta Potential
Authors: Masaki Satoshi , Murphy Jason , Segata Jun-Ichi 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We consider the initial-value problem for the one-dimensional cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a repulsive delta potential. We prove that small initial data in a weighted Sobolev space lead to global solutions that decay in $L^{\infty }$ and exhibit modified scattering.
A survey of healthcare-seeking practices and related stigma among community- and street-based children in Cambodia
Authors: Rivenbark Joshua , Martyn Lily , Whetten Kathryn , Vasudevan Lavanya 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background
Globally, street children comprise a growing population of vulnerable children. Understanding how they interact with healthcare systems is fundamental to efforts to improve their health and well-being.

Methods
We surveyed 75 street- and community-based children in Battambang, Cambodia regarding their healthcare-seeking practices and related stigma.

Results
For demographically similar street and community children, hospitals and pharmacies were preferred healthcare institutions, with this choice being motivated by the caretaker’s decision or cost. Street children reported increased fear of being refused treatment.

Conclusions
Street children and demographically similar community children have similar healthcare-seeking practices and preferences, although street children face increased stigmatization.
The Color Line in Virginia
Authors: McRae Elizabeth Gillespie 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In the 1920s, white women constituted the main workforce for Virginia’s new Racial Integrity Law. In the western counties of Rockbridge and Amherst counties, white female registrars, public welfare officers, teachers, and social work students cataloged the racial identity of their neighbors and informed state officials of those who might have a “mixed racial” heritage. Imbued with the authority of the Progressive Era state, local white women produced a white supremacist politics built on preventing interracial marriage and “mixed-race” children and cooperating with supporters of eugenics. Armed with their local knowledge, the state registrar, Walter Plecker, reported “mixed-race,” Indian (Monacan) families to schools, hospitals, and courthouses in order to strengthen the Jim Crow order. By turning in their neighbors, white women both created and enforced the color line, securing the future of Jim Crow segregation.
Jim Crow’s International Enemies and Nationwide Allies
Authors: McRae Elizabeth Gillespie 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
During the Cold War, segregationist women argued that the United Nations and its American political allies threatened national sovereignty, national security, racial segregation, states’ rights, and family autonomy. They drew parallels between attacks on southern segregation and international condemnation of the United States by a UN-inspired, developing, non-white world. Building national networks, segregationists joined conservatives who argued that those best situated to protect the nation from internationalists and integrationists were in state, not federal, office. This move coupled with a national conversation on human rights led many segregationist women to join the Democrats for Eisenhower and support the Bricker Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment that moved the treaty ratification to state legislatures. The anti-communist crusade that grew out of this Cold War configuration allowed white southern women to imbue their work for segregation with national as well as international importance, hiding homegrown black activism behind communist machinations.
Threats Within
Authors: McRae Elizabeth Gillespie 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
White segregationist women nationwide believed that the Brown decision threatened their private, public, and political authority. Long committed to the Jim Crow order, they emerged as the mass in massive resistance. They painted the family as the center of political life, with parental authority eroded by a federal government. Because school integration eroded their ability to secure the benefits of white supremacy for their children, it compromised their ability to be good mothers. They called for school choice, lobbied for local choice plans, and worked for the white Citizens’ Councils. At times their political language minimized racial identity and replaced it with a particular gender identity, prioritizing motherhood and burying whiteness and offering a color-blind discourse for a national audience. But Brown also put black children at the forefront of the movement, forcing white segregationist women to cast aside a language of maternal concern for one that degraded black schoolchildren.
Introduction
Authors: Escudier Marcel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this chapter the wide array of engineering devices, from the kitchen tap (a valve) to supersonic aircraft, the basic design of which depends upon considerations of the flow of gases and liquids, is shown. Much the same is true of most natural phenomena from the atmosphere and our weather to ocean waves, and the movement of sperm and other bodily fluids. In this textbook a number of the concepts, principles, and procedures which underlie the analysis of any problem involving fluid flow or a fluid at rest are introduced. In this Introduction, examples have been selected for which, by the end of the book, the student should be in a position to make practically useful engineering-design calculations. These include a dam, a rocket motor, a supersonic aerofoil with shock and expansion waves, a turbojet engine, a turbofan engine, and the blading of a gas turbine.
Kinematic description of fluids in motion and approximations
Authors: Escudier Marcel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this chapter some of the terminology and simplifications which enable us to begin to describe and analyse practical fluid-flow problems are introduced. The terms ‘fluid particle’ and ‘streamline’ are defined. The principle of conservation of mass applied to steady one-dimensional flow through a streamtube of varying cross-sectional area resulted in the continuity equation. This important equation relates mass flowrate ṁ, volumetric flowrate Q̇, average fluid velocity V̄, fluid density ρ, and cross-sectional area A: m = ρ Q̇ = ρAV̅ = constant. For a constant-density fluid this result shows that fluid velocity increases if the cross-sectional area decreases, and vice versa. The no-slip boundary condition, a consequence of which is the boundary layer, is introduced.
Engineering applications of Bernoulli’s equation
Authors: Escudier Marcel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this chapter it is shown how Bernoulli’s equation can be applied to practical fluid-flow problems. In the case of internal flows, such as that through a Venturi tube, it is also necessary to use the continuity equation to relate changes in cross-sectional area to changes in flow velocity. For liquid flows it is shown that for sufficiently high flowspeeds the static pressure could fall below the saturated vapour pressure and lead to cavitation. The designs of various flow-measuring devices, including the orifice-plate flowmeter, the Venturi-tube flowmeter, and the Pitot tube, are based on Bernoulli’s equation. The changes in flow velocity occurring in flow through a wind-tunnel contraction are explained by Bernoulli’s equation.
Linear momentum equation and hydrodynamic forces
Authors: Escudier Marcel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this chapter a method is shown for calculating the external reaction force which must be applied to a duct to counteract the hydrodynamic forces generated by a fluid flowing through it. Newton’s second law of motion applied to fluid flow through a duct of arbitrary shape leads to the linear momentum equation for fluid flow. This shows that the change in the momentum flowrate of the fluid is equal to the net force exerted on the fluid. The individual forces which contribute to the net force are the pressure forces at inlet and outlet, and the forces which arise due to the static pressure and shear stress distributed over the wetted interior surface of the duct. The condition of static equilibrium for the duct is used to relate the external restraining force to the force exerted by the flowing fluid on the wetted surface, which is termed the fluid-structure interaction force.
Engineering applications of the linear momentum equation
Authors: Escudier Marcel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this chapter a method is shown for applying the linear momentum equation, together with the continuity equation and either Bernoulli’s equation or some other information about static pressure, to the analysis of a diverse range of practical problems. A key aim is to demonstrate that it is possible to establish a relatively simple theoretical basis which can give quite accurate and useful information about the performance of such complex machines as jet and rocket engines, the jet pump, and the Pelton turbine. Other examples include flow through a sudden enlargement, a convergent nozzle, a pipe bend, a pipe junction, and a cascade of guidevanes. For each example it is shown how to define a suitable control volume.
Oblique shockwaves and expansion fans
Authors: Escudier Marcel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
External supersonic gas flow in which changes in the fluid and flow properties are brought about by direction change is analysed in this chapter. In addition, it is shown that flow over a corner between two flat surfaces resulted in an oblique shockwave if the angle between the two surfaces is less than 180° (a concave corner). The analysis of flow through an oblique shockwave is based upon the superposition of the flowfield for a normal shock onto a uniform flow parallel to the shock. It is also shown that both weak and strong oblique shocks can occur. For an angle in excess of 180° (a convex corner), the flow is turned through an isentropic Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan. Analysis of a Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan starts from consideration of an infinitesimal flow deflection through a Mach wave.
Female contributions to the peaceful nature of bonobo society
Authors: Furuichi Takeshi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAlthough chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are closely related, their societies show surprisingly large differences in many aspects. Bonobo females, in comparison with chimpanzee females, are characterized by their gregariousness, close social association with one another, leadership and prolonged pseudo-estrus. Males are also different in their aggression between the two species; bonobo males are less aggressive than chimpanzee males and do not commit infanticide nor any other conspecific killing, which was reported in chimpanzees. This chapter investigates these differences between such closely related species and explains how bonobos achieve the peaceful nature of their society. The behavioral characteristics of female bonobos seem to contribute to the peaceful nature of bonobo society. Bien que les chimpanzés (Pan troglodytes) et les bonobos (Pan paniscus) soient deux espèces particulièrement proches et étroitement liées, de grandes différences peuvent être observées au sein de leur société. Les femelles bonobos, comparées aux femelles chimpanzés, se montrent plus grégaires, entretiennent des relations plus étroites les unes avec les autres, font preuve d’un certain leadership et présentent des périodes d’œstrus prolongées. Des différences comportementales sont également observées entre les mâles de ces deux espèces: les mâles bonobos apparaissent moins agressifs, ne commettant, à l’inverse des mâles chimpanzés, ni infanticide, ni meurtre intra-spécifique. La présente étude, consacrée donc aux différences entre ces deux espèces pourtant si proches, a pour but d’expliquer la nature pacifique des groupes de bonobos. Il semble ainsi que les femelles bonobos, par certains comportements caractéristiques, contribuent fortement à la structure non-violente de leur société.