bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Risk Obtainment of Prescription Drugs by Older Adults in New Jersey: The Role of Prescription Opioids
Authors: Gold Sarah L. , Powell Kristen Gilmore , Eversman Michael H. , Peterson N. Andrew , Borys Suzanne , Hallcom Donald K. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo explore the high‐risk ways in which older adults obtain prescription opioids and to identify predictors of obtaining prescription opioids from high‐risk sources, such as obtaining the same drug from multiple doctors, sharing drugs, and stealing prescription pads.DesignLogistic regression analyses of cross‐sectional survey data from the New Jersey Older Adult Survey on Drug Use and Health, a representative random‐sample survey.ParticipantsAdults aged 60 and older (N = 725).MeasurementsItems such as obtaining prescriptions for the same drug from more than one doctor and stealing prescription drugs were measured to determine high‐risk obtainment of prescription opioids.ResultsAlmost 15% of the sample used high‐risk methods of obtaining prescription opioids. Adults who previously used a prescription opioid recreationally had three times the risk of high‐risk obtainment of prescription opioids.ConclusionThese findings illustrate the importance of strengthening prescription drug monitoring programs to reduce high‐risk use of prescription drugs in older adults by alerting doctors and pharmacists to potential prescription drug misuse and interactions.
Do‐Not‐Attempt‐Resuscitation orders for people with intellectual disabilities: dilemmas and uncertainties for ID physicians and trainees. The importance of the deliberation process
Authors: Wagemans A. M. A. , van Schrojenstein Lantman‐de Valk H. M. J. , Proot I. M. , Bressers A. M. , Metsemakers J. , Tuffrey‐Wijne I. , Groot M. , Curfs L. M. G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundNot much is known about Do‐Not‐Attempt‐Resuscitation (DNAR) decision‐making for people with intellectual disabilities (IDs). The aim of this study was to clarify the problems and pitfalls of non‐emergency DNAR decision‐making for people with IDs, from the perspective of ID physicians.MethodsThis qualitative study was based on semi‐structured individual interviews, focus group interviews and an expert meeting, all recorded digitally and transcribed verbatim. Forty ID physicians and trainees were interviewed about problems, pitfalls and dilemmas of DNAR decision‐making for people with IDs in the Netherlands. Data were analysed using Grounded Theory procedures.ResultsThe core category identified was ‘Patient‐related considerations when issuing DNAR orders’. Within this category, medical considerations were the main contributory factor for the ID physicians. Evaluation of quality of life was left to the relatives and was sometimes a cause of conflicts between physicians and relatives. The category of ‘The decision‐maker role’ was as important as that of ‘The decision procedure in an organisational context’. The procedure of issuing a non‐emergency DNAR order and the embedding of this procedure in the health care organisation were important for the ID physicians.ConclusionThe theory we developed clarifies that DNAR decision‐making for people with IDs is complex and causes uncertainties. This theory offers a sound basis for training courses for physicians to deal with uncertainties regarding DNAR decision‐making, as well as a method for advance care planning. Health care organisations are strongly advised to implement a procedure regarding DNAR decision‐making.
A LITERATURE SURVEY ON PROPOSED AFRICAN MONETARY UNIONS
Authors: Asongu Simplice , Nwachukwu Jacinta , Tchamyou Vanessa 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study provides a survey of recent advances in the literature on proposed African monetary unions. The survey comprises about 70 empirical papers published during the past 15 years. Four main strands are discussed individually and collectively. They comprise the proposed: (i) West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ), (ii) East African Monetary Union (EAMU), (iii) Southern African Monetary Union (SAMU) and (iv) African Monetary Union (AMU). We observe a number of issues with establishing the feasibility and/or desirability of potential monetary unions, inter alia, they are variations in: choice of variables, empirical strategies, sampled countries and considered periodicities. We address this ambiguity by reviewing studies with scenarios that are consistent with Hegelian dialectics and establish selective expansion as the predominant mode of monetary integration. Some proponents make cases for strong pegs and institutions as viable alternatives to currency unions. Using cluster analysis, disaggregating panels into sub‐samples and distinguishing shocks from responses in the examination of business cycle synchronisation provide more subtle policy implications. We caution that for inquiries using the same theoretical underpinnings, variables and methods just by modifying the scope/context and periodicity may only contribute to increasing the number of conflicting findings. Authors should place more emphasis on new perspectives and approaches based on caveats of, and lessons from the European Monetary Union (EMU) and CFA zones.
MEASURING PORTFOLIO RISK UNDER PARTIAL DEPENDENCE INFORMATION
Authors: Bernard Carole , Denuit Michel , Vanduffel Steven 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe bounds for risk measures of a portfolio when its components have known marginal distributions but the dependence among the risks is unknown are often too wide to be useful in practice. Moreover, availability of additional dependence information, such as knowledge of some higher‐order moments, makes the problem significantly more difficult. We show that replacing knowledge of the marginal distributions with knowledge of the mean of the portfolio does not result in significant loss of information when estimating bounds on value‐at‐risk. These results are used to assess the margin by which total capital can be underestimated when using the Solvency II or RBC capital aggregation formulas.
Undernutrition in the parental and first generation provokes an organ‐specific response to oxidative stress on neonates of second filial generation of Wistar rats
Authors: Baños‐Gómez R. , Cruz‐Cansino N. S. , Suarez‐Diéguez T. , Valadez‐Vega C. , Ramírez‐Moreno E. , Alanís‐García E. , Ariza‐Ortega J. A. , Manríquez‐Torres J. J. , Zamora‐Romo E. , Delgado‐Olivares L. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryUndernutrition induces an increase of the oxidative stress that can predispose offspring to various diseases in adulthood through epigenetic reprogramming. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intergenerational undernutrition on protein oxidation and antioxidant defence response on liver, heart and brain of the second‐generation neonates (F2) of undernourished rats. For this purpose, both parents in parental (F0) and first generation (F1) were fed with a low‐nutrient diet. Body mass and length decreased (p < 0.05) in F0, F1and F2being the F1males who exhibited a greater mass loss. A decrease in plasma albumin concentration was observed in F2neonates (p < 0.05) and also a mass loss of liver, heart and brain (p < 0.05), although proportionally to body length reduction. Undernutrition increased levels of protein oxidation in liver and heart (p < 0.05) but not in brain (p > 0.05) while catalase activity increased only in brain (p < 0.05). In summary, intergenerational undernutrition modifies the antioxidant status through an organ‐specific response, on F2neonate rats, where the brain increased catalase activity to prevent a severe oxidative damage and support the vital functions of this key organ to maintain vital functions.
Prevalence and consequence of subacute ruminal acidosis in Polish dairy herds
Authors: Stefańska B. , Nowak W. , Komisarek J. , Taciak M. , Barszcz M. , Skomiał J. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in Polish high‐yielding dairy herds. Also, the relationships between the chemical composition of the diet and the feed particle size, ruminal pH and the occurrence of this metabolic disease and the fermentation profile were determined. Rumen fluid samples were obtained from a total of 213 cows from nine dairy herds (≥20 cows per herd) via rumenocentesis. Almost 14% (30/213) of cows as acidotic (pH<5.6) were found, which is indicative of SARA. Moreover, 44% of the herds were classified as SARA‐positive and 56% as SARA‐negative. Results of the current study suggested that the physically effective NDF (NDF>1.18 mm)‐to‐starch ratio could be better indices than peNDF>1.18 mm to preventing the occurrence of SARA, and their level should not be lower than 1.00. Also, linear negative relationships between rumen fluid pH and concentration of propionate, valerate and total VFA were determined. According to the herd's SARA status and rumen fluid biochemical indices, there were significant differences between the pH of rumen fluid (p ≤ 0.01), concentrations of acetate (p ≤ 0.05), propionate (p ≤ 0.05), n‐butyrate (p ≤ 0.01), n‐valerate (p ≤ 0.01), the sum of VFA (p ≤ 0.01) and ammonia (p ≤ 0.05) in SARA‐positive herds compared to SARA‐negative herds. The better understanding the strategy of ruminant nutrition to coordinate energy conversion and the role of the ruminal pH in regulating N‐NH3 production, absorption through rumen mucosa, urea secretion, the more successfully we can utilize these processes with due recognition of animal needs and welfare, as well as prevention of SARA occurrence.
Gene therapy improves dental manifestations in hypophosphatasia model mice
Authors: Okawa R. , Iijima O. , Kishino M. , Okawa H. , Toyosawa S. , Sugano‐Tajima H. , Shimada T. , Okada T. , Ozono K. , Ooshima T. , Nakano K. 
Published: August 2016

Background and ObjectiveHypophosphatasia is a rare inherited skeletal disorder characterized by defective bone mineralization and deficiency of tissue non‐specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) activity. The disease is caused by mutations in the liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase gene (ALPL) encoding TNSALP. Early exfoliation of primary teeth owing to disturbed cementum formation, periodontal ligament weakness and alveolar bone resorption are major complications encountered in oral findings, and discovery of early loss of primary teeth in a dental examination often leads to early diagnosis of hypophosphatasia. Although there are no known fundamental treatments or effective dental approaches to prevent early exfoliation of primary teeth in affected patients, several possible treatments have recently been described, including gene therapy. Gene therapy has also been applied to TNSALP knockout mice (Alpl−/−), which phenocopy the infantile form of hypophosphatasia, and improved their systemic condition. In the present study, we investigated whether gene therapy improved the dental condition of Alpl−/− mice.Material and MethodsFollowing sublethal irradiation (4 Gy) at the age of 2 d, Alpl−/− mice underwent gene therapy using bone marrow cells transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing a bone‐targeted form of TNSALP injected into the jugular vein (n = 3). Wild‐type (Alpl+/+), heterozygous mice (Alpl+/−) and Alpl−/− mice were analyzed at 9 d of age (n = 3 of each), while Alpl+/+ mice and treated or untreated Alpl−/− mice were analyzed at 1 mo of age (n = 3 of each), and Alpl+/− mice and Alpl−/− mice with gene therapy were analyzed at 3 mo of age (n = 3 of each). A single mandibular hemi‐section obtained at 1 mo of age was analyzed using a small animal computed tomography machine to assess alveolar bone formation. Other mandibular hemi‐sections obtained at 9 d, 1 mo and 3 mo of age were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis of osteopontin, a marker of cementum.ResultsImmunohistochemical analysis of osteopontin, a marker of acellular cementum, revealed that Alpl−/− mice displayed impaired formation of cementum and alveolar bone, similar to the human dental phenotype. Cementum formation was clearly present in Alpl−/− mice that underwent gene therapy, but did not recover to the same level as that in wild‐type (Alpl+/+) mice. Micro‐computed tomography examination showed that gene therapy improved alveolar bone mineral density in Alpl−/− mice to a similar level to that in Alpl+/+ mice.ConclusionsOur results suggest that gene therapy can improve the general condition of Alpl−/− mice, and induce significant alveolar bone formation and moderate improvement of cementum formation, which may contribute to inhibition of early spontaneous tooth exfoliation.
Forest structure as a predictor of tree species diversity in the North Carolina Piedmont
Authors: Hakkenberg Christopher R. , Song Conghe , Peet Robert K. , White Peter S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractQuestionsCan forest structure significantly predict tree species diversity in the forests of the North Carolina Piedmont? If so, which structural attributes are most correlated with it, and how effective are they when used in concert in a generalized predictive model of tree species diversity?LocationNorth Carolina Piedmont,USA.MethodsUsing a set of geographically distributed Forest inventory and analysis (FIA) plots (n = 972), we analysed Spearman correlations between 15 measures of forest structure and five indices of tree species diversity. We predict tree species diversity based on structural predictors using support vector regression (SVR) models, assessing model fit via ten‐fold cross‐validation.ResultsResults show a consistent and significant relationship between most structural attributes and indices of tree species diversity. Among all structural predictors, maximum height, basal area size inequality (basal area Gini coefficient) and skewness of the basal area distribution (Weibull shape) exhibited the strongest correlations with indices of tree species diversity. PredictiveSVRmodels trained solely with structural attributes explained 44–61% of the variance in tree species diversity in the full Piedmont data set, and 22–71% of the variance in subsets defined by stand origin and forest type.ConclusionsResults confirm that forest structure alone was able to predict a substantial portion of the variance in tree species diversity without accounting for other known predictors of diversity in the North Carolina Piedmont, such as environment, soil conditions and site history. Beyond the theoretical implications of unravelling primary patterns underlying tree species diversity, these findings highlight the empirical basis and potential for utilizing forest structure in predictive models of tree species diversity over large geographic regions.
Lack of demographic equilibrium indicates natural, large‐scale forest dynamics, not a problematic forest conservation policy – a reply to Brzeziecki et al.
Authors: Jaroszewicz Bogdan , Bobiec Andrzej , Eycott Amy Elizabeth 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBrzeziecki et al. 2016 (Journal of Vegetation Science 27: 460–467.) describe a decrease in population densities and proportion of younger individuals for several tree species in permanent research plots in the core zone of the Białowieża National Park. They attribute insufficient tree recruitment inter alia to the strict protection. Although the authors performed a thorough analysis of tree population dynamics, the scales of the study mean that their far‐reaching conclusions on the causes and consequences of the lack of demographic equilibrium cannot be supported by the data. The inadequate spatial and temporal scales of the study did not allow for the observation of representative population dynamics. Furthermore, they did not compare the results obtained in the strictly protected area with known demographic dynamics of trees in surrounding managed forests or under other forms of nature conservation. Looking from the wider ecosystem perspective, it is clear that strict protection is not a cause for concern and, instead, that such a near‐natural forest manifests population dynamics at rather larger scales.
Dietary change mediates relationships between stress during pregnancy and infant head circumference measures: the QF2011 study
Authors: Dancause Kelsey N. , Mutran Dima , Elgbeili Guillaume , Laplante David P. , Kildea Sue , Stapleton Helen , McIntyre David , King Suzanne 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPrenatal maternal stress can adversely affect birth outcomes, likely reflecting effects of maternal stress hormones on fetal development. Maternal stress might also induce behavioural changes, such as dietary change, that might influence fetal development. Few studies have documented relationships between stress and dietary change in pregnancy. We analysed stress and dietary change among 222 pregnant women exposed to the 2011 Queensland Floods. We assessed women's objective hardship, subjective distress and cognitive appraisal of the disaster; changes in their diets and their associations with infants' gestational age, weight, length and head circumference at birth, head circumference to birth length ratio (HC/BL) and ponderal index. Greater objective hardship was correlated with more negative dietary change, skipped meals and skipped multivitamins. There were no direct effects of stress or dietary change on birth outcomes. However, we observed an interactive effect of dietary change and exposure timing on head circumference for gestational age (HC for GA) (p = 0.010) and a similar trend for HC/BL (p = 0.064). HC for GA and HC/BL were larger among children whose mothers experienced negative changes to their diet in early pregnancy compared with later pregnancy, consistent with a ‘head‐sparing’ response with early gestation exposure. Further analyses indicated that dietary change mediates the relationship between objective hardship because of the floods and these outcomes. This is the first report of relationships among an independent stressor, dietary change and birth outcomes. It highlights another possible mechanism in the relationship between prenatal maternal stress and child development that could guide future research and interventions.
Plant diversity accurately predicts insect diversity in two tropical landscapes
Authors: Zhang Kai , Lin Siliang , Ji Yinqiu , Yang Chenxue , Wang Xiaoyang , Yang Chunyan , Wang Hesheng , Jiang Haisheng , Harrison Rhett D. , Yu Douglas W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPlant diversity surely determines arthropod diversity, but only moderate correlations between arthropod and plant species richness had been observed until Basset et al. (Science, 338, 2012 and 1481) finally undertook an unprecedentedly comprehensive sampling of a tropical forest and demonstrated that plant species richness could indeed accurately predict arthropod species richness. We now require a high‐throughput pipeline to operationalize this result so that we can (i) test competing explanations for tropical arthropod megadiversity, (ii) improve estimates of global eukaryotic species diversity, and (iii) use plant and arthropod communities as efficient proxies for each other, thus improving the efficiency of conservation planning and of detecting forest degradation and recovery. We therefore applied metabarcoding to Malaise‐trap samples across two tropical landscapes in China. We demonstrate that plant species richness can accurately predict arthropod (mostly insect) species richness and that plant and insect community compositions are highly correlated, even in landscapes that are large, heterogeneous and anthropogenically modified. Finally, we review how metabarcoding makes feasible highly replicated tests of the major competing explanations for tropical megadiversity.
Differential gene expression according to race and host plant in the pea aphid
Authors: Eyres Isobel , Jaquiéry Julie , Sugio Akiko , Duvaux Ludovic , Gharbi Karim , Zhou Jing‐Jiang , Legeai Fabrice , Nelson Michaela , Simon Jean‐Christophe , Smadja Carole M. , Butlin Roger , Ferrari Julia 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHost‐race formation in phytophagous insects is thought to provide the opportunity for local adaptation and subsequent ecological speciation. Studying gene expression differences amongst host races may help to identify phenotypes under (or resulting from) divergent selection and their genetic, molecular and physiological bases. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) comprises host races specializing on numerous plants in the Fabaceae and provides a unique system for examining the early stages of diversification along a gradient of genetic and associated adaptive divergence. In this study, we examine transcriptome‐wide gene expression both in response to environment and across pea aphid races selected to cover the range of genetic divergence reported in this species complex. We identify changes in expression in response to host plant, indicating the importance of gene expression in aphid–plant interactions. Races can be distinguished on the basis of gene expression, and higher numbers of differentially expressed genes are apparent between more divergent races; these expression differences between host races may result from genetic drift and reproductive isolation and possibly divergent selection. Expression differences related to plant adaptation include a subset of chemosensory and salivary genes. Genes showing expression changes in response to host plant do not make up a large portion of between‐race expression differences, providing confirmation of previous studies’ findings that genes involved in expression differences between diverging populations or species are not necessarily those showing initial plasticity in the face of environmental change.
Different waves of effector genes with contrasted genomic location are expressed by Leptosphaeria maculans during cotyledon and stem colonization of oilseed rape
Authors: Gervais Julie , Plissonneau Clémence , Linglin Juliette , Meyer Michel , Labadie Karine , Cruaud Corinne , Fudal Isabelle , Rouxel Thierry , Balesdent Marie‐Hélène 
Published: August 2016

SummaryLeptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of stem canker disease, colonizes oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in two stages: a short and early colonization stage corresponding to cotyledon or leaf colonization, and a late colonization stage during which the fungus colonizes systemically and symptomlessly the plant during several months before stem canker appears. To date, the determinants of the late colonization stage are poorly understood; L. maculans may either successfully escape plant defences, leading to stem canker development, or the plant may develop an ‘adult‐stage’ resistance reducing canker incidence. To obtain an insight into these determinants, we performed an RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) pilot project comparing fungal gene expression in infected cotyledons and in symptomless or necrotic stems. Despite the low fraction of fungal material in infected stems, sufficient fungal transcripts were detected and a large number of fungal genes were expressed, thus validating the feasibility of the approach. Our analysis showed that all avirulence genes previously identified are under‐expressed during stem colonization compared with cotyledon colonization. A validation RNA‐seq experiment was then performed to investigate the expression of candidate effector genes during systemic colonization. Three hundred and seven ‘late’ effector candidates, under‐expressed in the early colonization stage and over‐expressed in the infected stems, were identified. Finally, our analysis revealed a link between the regulation of expression of effectors and their genomic location: the ‘late’ effector candidates, putatively involved in systemic colonization, are located in gene‐rich genomic regions, whereas the ‘early’ effector genes, over‐expressed in the early colonization stage, are located in gene‐poor regions of the genome.