bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which patients with gynaecomastia require more detailed investigation?
Authors: Ali S.N. , Jayasena C.N. , Sam A.H. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryGynaecomastia may be due to medication, chronic liver or kidney disease, hypogonadism (primary or secondary to pituitary disease) or hyperthyroidism. Having excluded these aetiologies, it is imperative to be vigilant for underlying malignancy causing gynaecomastia. These include human chorionic gonadotrophin‐secreting testicular and extratesticular tumours and oestrogen‐secreting testicular tumours and feminising adrenal tumours.
Inverse Kinematics Techniques in Computer Graphics: A Survey
Authors: Aristidou A. , Lasenby J. , Chrysanthou Y. , Shamir A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInverse kinematics (IK) is the use of kinematic equations to determine the joint parameters of a manipulator so that the end effector moves to a desired position; IK can be applied in many areas, including robotics, engineering, computer graphics and video games. In this survey, we present a comprehensive review of the IK problem and the solutions developed over the years from the computer graphics point of view. The paper starts with the definition of forward and IK, their mathematical formulations and explains how to distinguish the unsolvable cases, indicating when a solution is available. The IK literature in this report is divided into four main categories: the analytical, the numerical, the data‐driven and the hybrid methods. A timeline illustrating key methods is presented, explaining how the IK approaches have progressed over the years. The most popular IK methods are discussed with regard to their performance, computational cost and the smoothness of their resulting postures, while we suggest which IK family of solvers is best suited for particular problems. Finally, we indicate the limitations of the current IK methodologies and propose future research directions.
The ANNS approach to DEM reconstruction
Authors: Buscema Paolo Massimo , Massini Giulia , Fabrizi Marco , Breda Marco , Della Torre Francesca 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis research has 6 fundamental aims: (i) to present a modified version of Taylor's interpolation, one that is more effective and faster than the original; (ii) outline the capability of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to perform an optimal functional approximation of the digital elevation model reconstruction from a satellite map, using a small and independent sample of Global Positioning System observations; (iii) demonstrate experimentally how ANNs outperform the traditional and most used algorithm for the height interpolation (Taylor's interpolation); (iv) introduce a new ANN, the Conic Net, able to outperform the results of the classic and more known multilayer perceptron; (v) determine that Conic Nets, even when using Taylor's modified interpolation as input features, are able to optimally approximate the heights with one order of magnitude more than the original satellite map; and (vi) make evident the possibility to interpolate the DEM heights through an ANN, which learns a data set of known points.
Blood transfusion is a critical determinant of resource utilization and total hospital cost in liver transplantation
Authors: Ruiz Jose , Dugan Adam , Davenport Daniel L. , Gedaly Roberto 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study is to identify factors associated with increased resource use and total hospital cost (THC) after liver transplantation (LT).MethodsA study of LT patients undergoing surgery between January 2008 and December 2013 was performed. Main end points were LOS, intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LOS), days on the ventilator, THCs, service area costs.ResultsA total of 191 patients undergoing LT were included in the analysis. Creatinine and blood transfusion were significantly associated with prolonged LOS, ICU LOS, and days on the ventilator. Multivariable analysis of predictors of THC demonstrated creatinine as a strong pre‐operative factor. Creatinine was also a significant predictor of OR, ICU, pharmacy, in‐patient (floor), diagnostics, and ancillary services cost. After controlling for intra‐operative factors such as operative time and blood transfusions, we found that transfusions were the strongest independent predictors of total cost. Patients receiving <5 units of PRBCs had a median LOS of 7 days. ICU LOS doubled and ICU total cost increased by 50% if patients required more than five transfusions of PRBCs.ConclusionsElevated serum creatinine and blood transfusions are the most critical determinants of increased resource utilization and hospital expenditure in LT.
Evaluation of left ventricular reverse remodeling in patients with severe aortic regurgitation undergoing aortic valve replacement: Comparison between diameters and volumes
Authors: Ong Géraldine , Redfors Bjorn , Crowley Aaron , Abdel‐Qadir Husam , Harrington Alana , Liu Yangbo , Lafrenière‐Roula Myriam , Leong‐Poi Howard , Peterson Mark D. , Connelly Kim A. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundIn patients with severe aortic regurgitation (AR), the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricle (LV) size are crucial for determining clinical prognosis and timing of valve intervention. In clinical practice, LV internal diameters obtained at end‐diastole are used to assess the degree of LV dilatation. Whether quantification of LV volumes would provide more robust information as compared to LV linear dimensions is unknown.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed preoperative and postoperative transthoracic echocardiograms of patients who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) for severe AR. Indexed linear LV end‐diastolic and end‐systolic diameters along with indexed LV end‐diastolic and end‐systolic volumes were obtained as per current guidelines. Post‐AVR LV reverse remodeling, defined as ≥10% reduction in measures of LV volumes (Teichholz and Simpson's methods), was determined. Positive and negative agreement was calculated between the volume‐ and diameter‐based LV reverse remodeling.ResultsSixty‐two consecutive patients were included. Nine patients (17%) without LV reverse remodeling based on Teichholz were reclassified as having LV reverse remodeling based on Simpson (positive agreement 0.846 [95% CI 0.772, 0.921], negative agreement 0.200 [95% CI −0.350, 0.435]). Left ventricle (LV) reverse remodeling assessed by the Teichholz method was underestimated by a mean of 31 mL/m2 (β = −0.65 [95% CI −1.06 to −0.24], P = .003) compared to Simpson method.ConclusionCompared to the volume‐based method, diameter‐based LV measurement incorrectly identified LV reverse remodeling post‐AVR in 17% of patients with severe AR. Left ventricle (LV) volume may be a better measure to assess LV remodeling post‐AVR than LV diameter‐based measurements.
Negative bubbles: What happens after a crash
Authors: Goetzmann William N. , Kim Dasol 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe study crashes using data from 101 global stock markets from 1692 to 2015. Extremely large, annual stock market declines are typically followed by positive returns. This is not true for smaller declines. This pattern does not appear to be driven by institutional frictions, financial crises, macroeconomic shocks, political conflicts, or survivorship issues.
Connectivity in a Karst System Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Network Theory
Authors: Gómez‐Nicolás Mariana , Rebolledo‐Vieyra Mario , Canto‐Lugo Efrain , Huerta‐Quintanilla Rodrigo , Ochoa‐Sandoval Pablo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe Ring of Cenotes (RC) is an alignment of numerous cenotes (sinkholes) in a semicircular form (with a radius of 100 km) located in northwestern Yucatán, México. The formation roughly coincides with a concentric ring that corresponds to a buried structure, which has been identified as the product of a meteor impact, known as the Chicxulub crater. Secondary permeability generated by the fracturing and faulting of the sedimentary sequence in the Chicxulub crater has favored the karstification process and therefore the development of underground rivers that transport water from the mainland to the sea.This study implements the network theory to study the hydrological connectivity between a group of 11 cenotes within the RC. Eight electrical resistivity tomography transects were used as an empirical basis. Each transect was acquired directly in the field using the SuperSting R1/IP equipment with a dipole‐dipole configuration. An adapted version of the reliability algorithm for communication networks was used as a theoretical model.We found evidence of the existence of water cavities in the study area. We made a network from the data and assigned connection probabilities among cenotes as a function of the separation length and the number of water cavities, as well as their size.
Mid‐term outcomes and complications of total knee arthroplasty in haemophilic arthropathy: A review of consecutive 131 knees between 2006 and 2015 in a single institute
Authors: Song S. J. , Bae J. K. , Park C. H. , Yoo M. C. , Bae D. K. , Kim K. I. 
Published: November 2017

IntroductionAlthough total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in haemophilic arthropathy can reduce severe joint pain and improve functional disability, it is technically demanding.AimTo evaluate mid‐term outcomes and complications of TKA in haemophilic arthropathy.MethodsThis study retrospectively reviewed 131 consecutive primary TKAs in a single institute. The mean age was 41.0 years old, and the mean follow‐up period was 6.8 years. Clinical and radiographic results were evaluated. Complications were categorized according to the classification system of the Knee Society for TKA complications.ResultsThe average Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) score improved from 66.0 to 24.2. The average flexion contracture significantly decreased from 17.3° to 4.7°, but the average pre‐ and postoperative maximum flexion did not differ (80.9° vs 85.6°, respectively). The average mechanical axis was varus 5.2° preoperatively and valgus 0.3° postoperatively. The coronal positions of the femoral and tibial components and the sagittal positions of these components were within ±3° in 83.2%, 89.3%, 63.4% and 73.3% of cases, respectively. Complications occurred in 17 knees (13.0%): hemarthrosis (n = 7), medial collateral ligament injury (n = 1), stiffness (n = 2), deep periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) (n = 3) and periprosthetic fracture (n = 4).ConclusionsThe mid‐term results of TKA in haemophilic arthropathy were satisfactory in pain relief, improved function and decreased flexion contracture. Bleeding and PJI continue to be major concerns for TKA in haemophilic arthropathy, and risk of periprosthetic fracture must be taken into account for patient education and appropriate prevention.
Antagonistic Relationship Between VEP Potentiation and Gamma Power in Visual Snow Syndrome
Authors: Luna Sebastian , Lai Daniel , Harris Alison 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveUsing a “double‐pulse” adaptation paradigm, in which two stimuli are presented in quick succession, this study examines the neural mechanisms underlying potentiation of the visual evoked potential (VEP) in visual snow syndrome.BackgroundVisual snow is a persistent visual disturbance characterized by rapid flickering dots throughout the visual field. Like the related condition of migraine with aura, visual snow has been hypothesized to arise from abnormal neuronal responsiveness, as demonstrated by a lack of typical VEP habituation to repeated visual stimulation. Yet the exact neural mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Previous “double‐pulse” experiments suggest that typical VEP habituation reflects disruptive gamma‐band (50‐70 Hz) neural oscillations, possibly driven by inhibitory interneurons. Given that migraine has been associated with reduced cortical inhibition, we propose here that visual snow may likewise reflect diminished inhibitory activity, resulting in decreased gamma power following initial visual stimulation and concomitant potentiation of the subsequent VEP response.MethodsWe compared VEP responses to double‐pulse adaptation in a 22‐year‐old man with a 2‐year history of visual snow versus a group of age‐ and gender‐matched controls (N = 5). The patient does not have a comorbid diagnosis of episodic migraine or migraine with aura, and controls had no personal or family history of migraine.ResultsIn contrast to the pattern of habituation observed in controls, visual snow was associated with persistent potentiation of the VEP response. Consistent with our predictions, time‐frequency analysis revealed reduced gamma‐band power following the initial stimulus in visual snow relative to controls.ConclusionsThese results support an antagonistic interplay between gamma power and rapid neural adaptation, shedding new light on the neural mechanisms of VEP potentiation in visual snow.
Association Between Migraine and Suicidal Behaviors: A Nationwide Study in the USA
Authors: Friedman Lauren E. , Zhong Qiu‐Yue , Gelaye Bizu , Williams Michelle A. , Peterlin B. Lee 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundRecent studies show migraineurs are at an increased risk of developing suicidal behaviors, even after controlling for comorbid depression. However, previous research has not examined the impact of psychiatric mood disorders on suicidal behaviors in migraineurs within a nationally representative sample.ObjectiveA cross‐sectional study was used to investigate the association between migraine and suicidal behaviors and determine whether psychiatric comorbidities modify this association in a nationwide inpatient cohort.MethodsWe analyzed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of hospitalizations compiled from USA billing data. Migraine, suicidal behaviors, and psychiatric disorders were identified based on the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes from hospitalization discharges (2007‐2012). Weighted national estimates were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results156,172,826 hospitalizations were included, of which 1.4% had a migraine diagnosis and 1.6% had a diagnosis of suicidal behavior. Migraineurs had a 2.07‐fold increased odds of suicidal behaviors (95%CI: 1.96‐2.19) compared with non‐migraineurs. We repeated analyses after stratifying by depression, anxiety, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Among hospitalizations with depression, migraine was associated with a 20% reduced odds of suicidal behaviors (95%CI: 0.76‐0.85). Among hospitalizations without depression, migraine was associated with 2.35‐fold increased odds of suicidal behaviors (95%CI: 2.20‐2.51). In stratified analyses, we noted that among hospitalizations with anxiety, migraineurs had slightly increased odds of suicidal behaviors (OR: 1.07, 95%CI: 1.02‐1.13). Among hospitalizations without anxiety, migraine was associated with a 2.06‐fold increased odds of suicidal behaviors (95%CI: 1.94‐2.20). Similarly, in analyses stratified by PTSD, migraine was not associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviors (OR: 1.00, 95%CI: 0.94‐1.07) among those with PTSD. However, the odds of suicidal behaviors were increased among hospitalizations without PTSD (OR: 1.95, 95%CI: 1.84‐2.08).ConclusionChronic conditions that do not affect the current hospitalization may not have been reported. The presence of psychiatric diagnoses influences associations of suicidal behaviors with migraine in a national inpatient sample. Migraineurs with diagnosed comorbid psychiatric disorders may be receiving care that mitigates their risk for suicidal behaviors.
The Second Generation in Chile: Negotiating Identities, Rights, and Public Policy
Authors: Pavez‐Soto Iskra , Chan Carol 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article presents the first study of children born in Chile to at least one migrant parent – the “second‐generation”. Based on a mixed methods and child‐centred approach, this article discusses institutional and experiential aspects of boundary and identity‐making in Chile regarding race and nationality. We first review quantitative data from the state regarding the second‐generation. Building on insights from comparative research on European states’ second‐generation integration policies, we suggest how gathering targeted Census data in Chile can inform the long‐term evaluation of state policies and programs for socio‐cultural inclusion in education and labour. We also present qualitative data from interviews with ten second‐generation children between ages eight to thirteen, born to parents from Peru and Ecuador. We attend to how they negotiate being perceived as “foreign” and/or “Chilean”. Their position in‐between the two categories is an important starting point for policies and discourse to expand notions of citizenship and belonging.
Quantifying the hidden healthcare cost of diabetes mellitus in Australian hospital patients
Authors: Karahalios Amalia , Somarajah Gowri , Hamblin Peter S. , Karunajeewa Harin , Janus Edward D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes mellitus in hospital inpatients is most commonly present as a comorbidity rather than as the primary diagnosis. In some hospitals, the prevalence of comorbid diabetes mellitus across all inpatients exceeds 30%, which could add to complexity of care and resource utilisation. However, whether and to what extent comorbid diabetes mellitus contributes indirectly to greater hospitalisation costs is ill‐defined.AimTo determine the attributable effect of comorbid diabetes mellitus on hospital resource utilisation in a General Internal Medical service in Melbourne, Australia.MethodsWe extracted data from a database of all General Internal Medical discharge episodes from July 2012 to June 2013. We fitted multivariable regression models to compare patients with diabetes mellitus to those without diabetes mellitus with respect to hospitalisation cost, length of stay, admissions per year and inpatient mortality.ResultsOf 4657 patients 1519 (33%) had diabetes mellitus, for whom average hospitalisation cost (AUD9910) was higher than those without diabetes mellitus (AUD7805). In multivariable analysis, this corresponded to a 1.22‐fold (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–1.33, P < 0.001) higher cost. Mean length of stay for those with diabetes was 8.2 days versus 6.8 days for those without diabetes, with an adjusted 1.19‐fold greater odds (95% CI 1.06–1.33, P = 0.001) of staying an additional day. Number of admissions and mortality were similar.ConclusionComorbid diabetes mellitus adds significantly to hospitalisation duration and costs in medical inpatients. Moreover, diabetes mellitus patients with chronic complications had a greater‐still cost and hospitalisation duration compared to those without diabetes mellitus.
A phylogeny of kingfishers reveals an Indomalayan origin and elevated rates of diversification on oceanic islands
Authors: Andersen Michael J. , McCullough Jenna M. , Mauck William M. , Smith Brian Tilston , Moyle Robert G. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAimKingfishers are the most species‐rich family in the avian order, Coraciiformes. Their modern distribution is largely pantropical; however, global species diversity is unevenly distributed. For example, 19 of the 114 kingfisher species occur in New Guinea, whereas only six species occur in the entire New World. This disparity in diversity suggests regions with high species richness could represent the ancestral range of the family. Furthermore, some clades of kingfishers (Ceyx,Todiramphus) are thought to be the product of rapid insular radiations. Here, we investigated the biogeographical history and speciation dynamics of the Alcedinidae using a fully sampled molecular phylogeny.LocationGlobal.TaxonKingfishers (Aves: Coraciiformes: Alcedinidae).MethodsWe inferred a time‐calibrated, species‐level phylogeny of kingfishers fromDNAsequences. Our data set comprised up to five Sanger‐sequenced gene regions for all species (one mitochondrial, one nuclear exon and three nuclear introns), plus genus‐level sampling of thousands of ultraconserved elements. We estimated ancestral ranges of kingfishers and explored macroevolutionary rate shifts and diversification rates across the phylogeny.ResultsWe recovered a well‐supported phylogeny of kingfishers that includes 34 species whose phylogenetic relationships were not previously known. The pygmy‐kingfishers (subfamily Alcedininae) sit on a long branch, sister to all other kingfishers: subfamilies Cerylinae and Halcyoninae. Crown‐group kingfishers originated in the Indomalayan region approximately 27 Ma with subsequent colonizations into Africa (six times), the New World (twice) and Australasia (representing several major radiations).Main conclusionsOceanic islands of Wallacea, the Philippines and Oceania promoted multiple, independent radiations in three species‐rich genera:Ceyx,ActenoidesandTodiramphus. In particular,Todiramphusshowed patterns consistent with explosive and recent diversification relative to the background speciation rate of non‐Todiramphuskingfishers, which we attribute to recent colonization of the vast archipelagos of Wallacea and the Pacific.
Causes and predictors of 30‐day readmission after cardiovascular implantable electronic devices implantation: Insights from Nationwide Readmissions Database
Authors: Ahmad Shahzad , Munir Muhammad Bilal , Sharbaugh Michael S. , Althouse Andrew D. , Pasupula Deepak Kumar , Saba Samir 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntroductionReadmissions are a burden on health care resources and have negative impact on patients. Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are frequently used in the management of rhythm disorders and advanced heart failure. We assessed 30‐day readmissions in patients admitted for CIED implantation in a sample of United States patients.MethodsData were extracted from Nationwide Readmissions Database for calendar year 2013. Patients admitted for CIED implantation were identified using ICD‐9 codes. Patients <18 years of age, with missing data, who died during hospitalization or discharged in December were excluded. Primary endpoint was all‐cause 30‐day readmission rate. Factors associated with 30‐day readmissions were identified and examined using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsWe identified 320,783 admissions for CIED implantations. After applying exclusion criteria, 290,420 patients were included in final analysis, out of whom 45,467 (15.7%) patients were readmitted within 30 days. Readmitted patients were younger and had more comorbidities. Septicemia (5.1%), pneumonia (3.4%), CHF (2.35%), and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (2.3%) were common primary causes of 30‐day readmission. Young age, female gender, key comorbidities, weekend admissions, and admission to medium and large size hospital were independent predictors of 30‐day readmissions.ConclusionIn our study, 15.7% patients were readmitted within 30 days of an index admission for CIED implantation. Most readmissions were due to infectious or cardiovascular causes. There is a need to identify patients at risk for readmission to improve outcomes and curb the cost of care.