bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potato bacterial wilt suppression and plant health improvement after application of different antioxidants
Authors: Farag Shahenda M. A. , Elhalag Kamel M.A. , Hagag Mohamed H. , Khairy Abdel Salam M. , Ibrahim Heba M. , Saker Moheb T. , Messiha Nevein A. S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating disease that often threatens potato production and exportation. The potential of four antioxidants (seaweed extract (SWE), yeast, chitosan and ascorbic acid (ASA)) in controlling the disease was evaluated in vitro, under glasshouse and field conditions. The field experiment was conducted in two naturally infested locations: Wardan, Giza (sandy soil), and Talia, Minufiya (silty clay soil). Only chitosan showed antibacterial properties against the pathogen in vitro. SWE, yeast and chitosan showed disease suppression under both glasshouse and field conditions. The disease suppression was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of soil copiotrophic to oligotrophic bacteria. The three antioxidants increased plant nitrogen content, decreased soil OM content and decreased C/N ratio. Disease suppression after chitosan application was clearly observed only in Wardan area, which was characterized by a higher soil alkalinity. A high percentage of antagonistic fluorescent strains similar to Pseudomonas putida group were detected for chitosan‐treated plants in Wardan area (sandy soil). ASA drastically decreased the count of the pathogen in soil, but was conducive to the pathogen in plant tissues. A remarkable increase in microbial (bacterial and fungal) soil and rhizosphere diversity as indicated by PCR‐DGGE analysis for bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal 18S rRNA was recorded. In Talia area (silty clay soil), the soil microbial community was more stable and was in general resistant to the disease where the soils were characterized by high electrical conductivity. SWE, yeast and ASA significantly increased crop production in Talia area only.
Vessel occlusion in three cultivars of Olea europaea naturally exposed to Xylella fastidiosa in open field
Authors: De Benedictis Maria , De Caroli Monica , Baccelli Ivan , Marchi Guido , Bleve Gianluca , Gallo Antonia , Ranaldi Francesco , Falco Vittorio , Pasquali Vittorio , Piro Gabriella , Mita Giovanni , Di Sansebastiano Gian Pietro 
Published: June 2017

AbstractXylella fastidiosa is a Gram‐negative, xylem‐limited, bacterium which is responsible, in Italy, for the olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS). The disease is caused by the subspecies pauca and emerged a few years ago in the Apulia province of Lecce, in the Salento peninsula, on Olea europaea plants. X. fastidiosa can infect different plant species and is well known in California as the causal agent of Pierce's disease on grape. Infections of susceptible hosts with X. fastidiosa are known to result in xylem vessel occlusions, water movement impairment, and accordingly to induce the typical desiccation symptoms. In this study, we investigated xylem vessel occlusions in healthy and naturally infected O. europaea plants grown in open field by analysing three olive cultivars widespread in the region that show different degree of susceptibility to the disease: the susceptible cultivars “Ogliarola salentina” and “Cellina di Nardò,” and the tolerant cultivar “Leccino.” Our results show that occlusions were caused by tyloses and gums/pectin gels, and not by bacterial cell aggregates. Our data also indicate that occlusions are not responsible for the symptomatology of the OQDS and, as observed in Leccino plants, they are not a marker of tolerance/resistance to the disease.
Effects of a carbohydrase complex added in different inclusion rates in feeds for broilers on growth performance, digesta viscosity and foot pad health
Authors: Kölln M. , Weiß H. , Hankel J. , Kamphues J. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryFoot pad dermatitis (FPD) is a widespread disease in poultry and important for economic and animal welfare reasons. It is well recognized that using non‐starch polysaccharide (NSP)‐degrading enzymes can affect excreta/litter quality (not only in terms of moisture content but also regarding water evaporation) at high stocking densities and might help to prevent FPD and further negative effects of NSP. This study aimed to evaluate effects of a carbohydrase complex (CC) in different dietary inclusion rates on performance, digesta viscosity and foot pad health in broilers from 9 to 37 days of life. In total, 240 broilers were divided into 12 floor pens of 20 birds and received one of four different experimental diets. The four wheat‐ and soyabean meal‐based diets only differed in the inclusion rate of CC: 0%, 50%, 100% and 500% of the recommended dose of CC (Endo‐1,4‐ß–xylanase and Endo–1,3(4)‐ß–glucanase; 50 g/t). The addition of CC led to a significant decrease of digesta viscosity in the proximal small intestine, a tendency of improved feed conversion ratio, and significantly favoured FPD‐scores (Treatment 2). At the higher tested inclusion rate of CC (500% of recommended dose), the FPD score was worser than in the treatments with 50% and 100% of the recommended enzyme dosage. No improvements among treatments were observed in terms of body weight and dry matter content of excreta and litter at the end of trial. The low positive effects on foot pad health in this study were presumably associated with the low NSP content in the experimental diets (soluble arabinoxylans: 7.38 g/kg as fed). In conclusion, the addition of the evaluated CC reduced digesta viscosity. An improvement of foot pad health could only be seen in the treatment with 50% of the recommended enzyme dosage in the diet.
Effects of isoenergetic quantities of a low‐starch muesli feed high in fat and fibre vs. oat grains on the glycemic and insulinemic responses and feed intake patterns in sport ponies
Authors: Bochnia M. , Schürer C. , Gottschalk J. , Einspanier A. , Hillegeist D. , Wensch‐Dorendorf M. , Greef J. M. , Glatter M. , Zeyner A. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryAim of this study was to compare glycemic and insulinemic responses and feed intake patterns in sport ponies after feeding isoenergetic quantities of low‐starch muesli feed high in fat and fibre (FF) or oat grains (OG). Six sport ponies were randomly assigned to one of these two treatment groups for 2 × 3 weeks according to a crossover‐design. Ponies received two equal meals/day of either semi‐crushed OG (1 g starch/kg bwt*meal−1) or an isoenergetic quantity of FF. Hay was also given in two equal meals/day and provided the remaining metabolisable energy up to 1.3‐fold maintenance level. On day 21, blood was sampled 1 h after each pony received 0.5 kg hay (0 min). Then, the concentrate was provided and blood sampled 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min thereafter. Plasma glucose and serum insulin were analysed, and the areas under the curve (AUC) was calculated 120 and 300 min postprandial (PP). Feed intake patterns were measured in 4 ponies/group via a modified halter. OG was ingested faster than FF (feed intake time; FITDM in min/kg DM: 8.8 ± 1.6 vs. 15.9 ± 1.62, p < 0.05) combined with a higher chewing frequency (p < 0.05). The AUCsgluc120/300, ins120/300 were statistically higher with OG than FF (mmol/L*min−1: AUCgluc120: 776 ± 128 vs. 676 ± 80.4; AUCgluc300: 1811 ± 295.3 vs. 1569 ± 126.3; nmol/L*min−1: AUCins120: 38 ± 18 vs. 22 ± 8.1; AUCins300: 83 ± 39 vs. 35 ± 12; p < 0.05). Plasma glucose tended to decline following the intake of FF, which might be beneficial for equines with reduced glucose tolerance. This, however, requires further investigation. In this study, the ponies consumed OG unexpectedly rapidly. The rate of feed intake was similar to the results previously reported in the literature for warmblood horses.
Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability of Orally Administered Innovator‐Formulated Itraconazole Capsules and Solution in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Hasbach A.E. , Langlois D.K. , Rosser E.J. , Papich M.G. 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundItraconazole is commonly used for treatment of systemic and cutaneous mycoses in veterinary medicine. Two formulations, capsule and solution, are used interchangeably in dogs. However, marked differences in bioavailability have been reported in other species. Similar investigations have not been performed in dogs.ObjectiveTo determine and compare pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in dogs after oral administration of commercially available capsule and solution formulations intended for use in humans.AnimalsEight healthy, adult, purpose‐bred dogs.MethodsDogs received approximately 10 mg/kg of innovator‐formulated itraconazole solution and capsulePOin randomized, crossover design with a 10‐day washout period. To ensure maximal absorption, solution was administered to fasted dogs, whereas capsules were co‐administered with food. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points, and plasma drug concentrations were measured using high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined with compartmental analysis.ResultsThe mean relative bioavailability of the capsule was 85% that of the solution, but drug absorption was variable, and overall drug concentrations were similar between formulations. Mean elimination half‐lives of both formulations were nearly identical at approximately 33 hours. Regardless of formulation, simulations suggest that a loading dose of 20 mg/kg, followed by 10 mg/kg once every 24 hours, will result in plasma concentrations considered to be adequate in most dogs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceContrary to findings reported in other species, overall drug exposures after capsule and solution administration are not substantially different in dogs. Despite some pharmacokinetic differences between itraconazole capsule and solution, formulation‐specific dosages do not appear to be necessary.
Assessment of Various Anesthetic Agents on Octopus vulgaris Paralarvae
Authors: Escánez Alejandro , Rubio Jesús , Riera Rodrigo , Almansa Eduardo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEuropean Directive 2010/63 addresses the welfare of cephalopod species used in scientific projects under European jurisdiction and covers experimental procedures likely to cause pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm. These procedures require authorization from the National Competent Authorities. In aquaculture research, some procedures require the temporary immobilization of individuals to allow for measuring body parameters (i.e., weight, sex, gonad condition, and others), avoiding any damage. This study compares three anesthetics used on common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, paralarvae to reach a state of sedation. The anesthetics were tested for their effects at different concentrations: magnesium chloride (6.8, 13.6, 20.4, and 27.4 g/L), ethanol (8, 10, and 12 mL/L), and clove oil (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 g/L). Three variables were monitored: induction, recovery, and stressful behavior of paralarvae during treatments. Significant differences were found between anesthetics, both in the induction and recovery time, and between concentrations of the same anesthetic. The shortest times of induction and recovery corresponded to ethanol at low concentrations, 10 mL/L (20 ± 1 sec) and 8 mL/L (19 ± 2 sec), respectively. Clove oil at 0.2 g/L was the slowest to reach sedation (340 ± 7 sec). Magnesium chloride at 20.4 g/L showed longer recovery times (554 ± 201 sec) with increasing concentrations. Octopus paralarvae showed adverse behavior only under clove oil treatments, whose use is therefore considered inadmissible. This study shows that ethanol at 10 mL/L may be suitable as a reliable anesthetic for octopus paralarvae, diminishing the induction and recovery time without showing any stressful behavior.
Intra‐activity of humans and nonhumans inWriters' Studio: (re)imagining and (re)defining ‘social’
Authors: Kuby Candace R. , Crawford Shonna 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPosthumanism, or the material turn, refuses to take the distinction between human and nonhuman for granted. Currently discourses in literacy education focus on the ways of incorporating new tools and technologies (products) but within a design perspective, which does not get at the social and participatory ways (processes) of students creating new relationships and realities with materials. A posthuman stance focuses on the processes of literacy artefacts coming into being and what is being produced in the process(es). The social is (re)imagined and (re)defined in processes that encompass social entanglements of humans/nonhuman materials creating newness, new realities. We put to work posthumanist concepts with data that we call the ‘solar system mural assemblage’ from a 7‐ to 8‐year‐old Writers' Studio in order to (re)imagine and (re)define social. We question what counts as ‘social’ when working from a posthumanist stance. Why does a ‘posthumanist social’ matter for literacy educators? How does this perspective not only change our research practices but also pedagogies? We wonder how literacies are produced – how realities come into being – in assemblages of human and nonhuman materials in Writers' Studio. We discusshowandwhyit matters that we (re)conceptualise the notion of social in literacy education by drawing on posthumanist views.
Consumption of obesogenic foods in non‐Hispanic black mother–infant dyads
Authors: Kay Melissa C. , Wasser Heather , Adair Linda S. , Thompson Amanda L. , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Suchindran Chirayath M. , Bentley Margaret E. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObesity continues to be a problem in the United States. Of particular concern is the epidemic of early childhood obesity. A significant predictor of child diet is maternal diet, but little is known about this relationship during infancy. This study examined the association between maternal and infant consumption of key food groups from 6 to 18 months using data from the Infant Care, Feeding, and Risk of Obesity Study, a prospective cohort of 217 non‐Hispanic black, low‐income, first‐time mothers. Using data from 24‐hr dietary recalls collected during in‐home visits at 6, 9, 12, and 18 months, we assessed longitudinal associations between mother and child intake of both energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor (obesogenic) food groups and fibre‐, nutrient‐rich food groups using random intercept logistic regression. Both mothers and their infants had high intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages, desserts, and sweets and low intake of vegetables and whole grains. Infant consumption of key food groups was strongly associated with maternal consumption, suggesting the need for focused interventions to target maternal diet as a pathway to decreasing risk for the establishment of poor dietary patterns early in life.
Genome architecture enables local adaptation of Atlantic cod despite high connectivity
Authors: Barth Julia M. I. , Berg Paul R. , Jonsson Per R. , Bonanomi Sara , Corell Hanna , Hemmer‐Hansen Jakob , Jakobsen Kjetill S. , Johannesson Kerstin , Jorde Per Erik , Knutsen Halvor , Moksnes Per‐Olav , Star Bastiaan , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Svedäng Henrik , Jentoft Sissel , André Carl 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAdaptation to local conditions is a fundamental process in evolution; however, mechanisms maintaining local adaptation despite high gene flow are still poorly understood. Marine ecosystems provide a wide array of diverse habitats that frequently promote ecological adaptation even in species characterized by strong levels of gene flow. As one example, populations of the marine fish Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) are highly connected due to immense dispersal capabilities but nevertheless show local adaptation in several key traits. By combining population genomic analyses based on 12K single nucleotide polymorphisms with larval dispersal patterns inferred using a biophysical ocean model, we show that Atlantic cod individuals residing in sheltered estuarine habitats of Scandinavian fjords mainly belong to offshore oceanic populations with considerable connectivity between these diverse ecosystems. Nevertheless, we also find evidence for discrete fjord populations that are genetically differentiated from offshore populations, indicative of local adaptation, the degree of which appears to be influenced by connectivity. Analyses of the genomic architecture reveal a significant overrepresentation of a large ~5 Mb chromosomal rearrangement in fjord cod, previously proposed to comprise genes critical for the survival at low salinities. This suggests that despite considerable connectivity with offshore populations, local adaptation to fjord environments may be enabled by suppression of recombination in the rearranged region. Our study provides new insights into the potential of local adaptation in high gene flow species within fine geographical scales and highlights the importance of genome architecture in analyses of ecological adaptation.
Role of parasite transmission in promoting inbreeding: I. Infection intensities drive individual parasite selfing rates
Authors: Detwiler Jillian T. , Caballero Isabel C. , Criscione Charles D. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAmong parasitic organisms, inbreeding has been implicated as a potential driver of host–parasite co‐evolution, drug‐resistance evolution and parasite diversification. Yet, fundamental topics about how parasite life histories impact inbreeding remain to be addressed. In particular, there are no direct selfing‐rate estimates for hermaphroditic parasites in nature. Our objectives were to elucidate the mating system of a parasitic flatworm in nature and to understand how aspects of parasite transmission could influence the selfing rates of individual parasites. If there is random mating within hosts, the selfing rates of individual parasites would be an inverse power function of their infection intensities. We tested whether selfing rates deviated from within‐host random mating expectations with the tapeworm Oochoristica javaensis. In doing so, we generated, for the first time in nature, individual selfing‐rate estimates of a hermaphroditic flatworm parasite. There was a mixed‐mating system where tapeworms self‐mated more than expected with random mating. Nevertheless, individual selfing rates still had a significant inverse power relationship to infection intensities. The significance of this finding is that the distribution of parasite infection intensities among hosts, an emergent property of the transmission process, can be a key driver in shaping the primary mating system, and hence the level of inbreeding in the parasite population. Moreover, we demonstrated how potential population selfing rates can be estimated using the predicted relationship of individual selfing rates to intensities and showed how the distribution of parasites among hosts can indirectly influence the primary mating system when there is density‐dependent fecundity.
Do changes in gene expression contribute to sexual isolation and reinforcement in the house mouse?
Authors: Loire Etienne , Tusso Sergio , Caminade Pierre , Severac Dany , Boursot Pierre , Ganem Guila , Smadja Carole M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractExpression divergence, rather than sequence divergence, has been shown to be important in speciation, particularly in the early stages of divergence of traits involved in reproductive isolation. In the two European subspecies of house mice, Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus, earlier studies have demonstrated olfactory‐based assortative mate preference in populations close to their hybrid zone. It has been suggested that this behaviour evolved following the recent secondary contact between the two taxa (~3,000 years ago) in response to selection against hybridization. To test for a role of changes in gene expression in the observed behavioural shift, we conducted a RNA sequencing experiment on mouse vomeronasal organs. Key candidate genes for pheromone‐based subspecies recognition, the vomeronasal receptors, are expressed in these organs. Overall patterns of gene expression varied significantly between samples from the two subspecies, with a large number of differentially expressed genes between the two taxa. In contrast, only ~200 genes were found repeatedly differentially expressed between populations within M. m. musculus that did or did not display assortative mate preferences (close to or more distant from the hybrid zone, respectively), with an overrepresentation of genes belonging to vomeronasal receptor family 2. These receptors are known to play a key role in recognition of chemical cues that handle information about genetic identity. Interestingly, four of five of these differentially expressed receptors belong to the same phylogenetic cluster, suggesting specialization of a group of closely related receptors in the recognition of odorant signals that may allow subspecies recognition and assortative mating.
Effect of sympathetic nerve blockade on low‐frequency oscillations of forearm and leg skin blood flow in healthy humans
Authors: Hodges Gary J. , Mallette Matthew M. , Martin Zachary T. , Del Pozzi Andrew T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo Examine the effect of inhibiting sympathetic function on cutaneous vasomotion in the forearm and leg.MethodsIntradermal microdialysis fibers were placed in the forearm and leg, one as an untreated control (lactated Ringer's) and the other perfused with bretylium tosylate to block sympathetic nerves. Skin blood flow was monitored using laser Doppler flowmetry. Baseline was collected for 10 minutes before local skin temperature was increased to 42°C. Spectral analysis was performed using a Morlet wavelet.ResultsBretylium tosylate increased skin blood flow during baseline in the forearm (d=1.6, P<.05) and leg (d=0.5, P<.05) and decreased skin blood flow at both sites during both the initial peak (d≥1.0, P<.05) and plateau (d≥0.8, P<.05). Treatment with bretylium tosylate reduced wavelet amplitude associated with neural activity during baseline in the forearm (d=1.6, P<.05) and leg (d=0.9, P<.05). This reduction in wavelet amplitude at bretylium tosylate‐treated sites was also observed during the initial vasodilation to local heating in both the forearm (d=1.6, P<.05) and leg (d=1.4, P<.05) and during the sustained vasodilation in both the forearm (d=1.6, P<.05) and leg (d=1.2, P<.05).ConclusionsOur data support that the frequency band (0.021‐0.052 Hz) associated with neurogenic activity appears to be correct having a large sympathetic component.
Defining a temporal order of genetic requirements for development of mycobacterial biofilms
Authors: Yang Yong , Thomas Joseph , Li Yunlong , Vilchèze Catherine , Derbyshire Keith M. , Jacobs William R. , Ojha Anil K. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryMost mycobacterial species spontaneously form biofilms, inducing unique growth physiologies and reducing drug sensitivity. Biofilm growth progresses through three genetically programmed stages: substratum attachment, intercellular aggregation and architecture maturation. Growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilms requires multiple factors including a chaperonin (GroEL1) and a nucleoid‐associated protein (Lsr2), although how their activities are linked remains unclear. Here it is shown that Lsr2 participates in intercellular aggregation, but substratum attachment of Lsr2 mutants is unaffected, thereby genetically distinguishing these developmental stages. Further, a suppressor mutation in a glycopeptidolipid synthesis gene (mps) that results in hyperaggregation of cells and fully restores the form and functions of Δlsr2 mutant biofilms was identified. Suppression by the mps mutation is specific to Δlsr2; it does not rescue the maturation‐deficient biofilms of a ΔgroEL1 mutant, thereby differentiating the process of aggregation from maturation. Gene expression analysis supports a stepwise process of maturation, highlighted by temporally separated, transient inductions of iron and nitrogen import genes. Furthermore, GroEL1 activity is required for induction of nitrogen, but not iron, import genes. Together, the findings begin to define molecular checkpoints during development of mycobacterial biofilms.