bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Values of Annuities, which are to pay Certain given Rates of Interest on the Purchase Money During the Whole Term of Their Continuance, and to replace their Original Values, on their Expiration, at Certain other given Rates
Authors: Hardy Peter 
Published: July 2016

Notwithstanding the very large amount of leasehold property, which in the course of every year is bought and sold in this country, and notwithstanding the extensive transactions—of almost hourly occurrence—in the public market, in Government and other temporary Annuities, the subject of the rate of interest which any given purchase will yield the buyer is very imperfectly understood, even by those most deeply interested in the inquiry, unless they happen to be at the same time well versed in actuarial computations.It is not unfrequently imagined by a buyer, that if he purchase a leasehold property or a temporary Annuity at a price corresponding with the value of an Annuity at a given rate of interest, (say 5 per cent.,) that he has made a purchase which will pay him 5 per cent., or which, in other words, will enable him to spend 5 per cent, per annum on his outlay, and at the same time replace his capital undiminished at the expiration of the term.
Orexins contribute to restraint stress-induced cocaine relapse by endocannabinoid-mediated disinhibition of dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Tung Li-Wei , Lu Guan-Ling , Lee Yen-Hsien , Yu Lung , Lee Hsin-Jung , Leishman Emma , Bradshaw Heather , Hwang Ling-Ling , Hung Ming-Shiu , Mackie Ken , Zimmer Andreas , Chiou Lih-Chu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOrexins are associated with drug relapse in rodents. Here, we show that acute restraint stress in mice activates lateral hypothalamic (LH) orexin neurons, increases levels of orexin A and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and reinstates extinguished cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP). This stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP depends on type 1 orexin receptors (OX1Rs), type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) and diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) in the VTA. In dopaminergic neurons of VTA slices, orexin A presynaptically inhibits GABAergic transmission. This effect is prevented by internal GDP-β-S or inhibiting OX1Rs, CB1Rs, phospholipase C or DAGL, and potentiated by inhibiting 2-AG degradation. These results suggest that restraint stress activates LH orexin neurons, releasing orexins into the VTA to activate postsynaptic OX1Rs of dopaminergic neurons and generate 2-AG through a Gq-protein-phospholipase C-DAGL cascade. 2-AG retrogradely inhibits GABA release through presynaptic CB1Rs, leading to VTA dopaminergic disinhibition and reinstatement of cocaine CPP.
Target-dependent biogenesis of cognate microRNAs in human cells
Authors: Bose Mainak , Bhattacharyya Suvendra N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExtensive research has established how miRNAs regulate target mRNAs by translation repression and/or endonucleolytic degradation in metazoans. However, information related to the effect of target mRNA on biogenesis and stability of corresponding miRNAs in animals is limited. Here we report regulated biogenesis of cognate miRNAs by their target mRNAs. Enhanced pre-miRNA processing by AGO-associated DICER1 contributes to this increased miRNP formation. The processed miRNAs are loaded onto AGO2 to form functionally competent miRISCs both in vivo and also in a cell-free in vitro system. Thus, we identify an additional layer of posttranscriptional regulation that helps the cell to maintain requisite levels of mature forms of respective miRNAs by modulating their processing in a target-dependent manner, a process happening for miR-122 during stress reversal in human hepatic cells.
Metabolic modelling reveals the specialization of secondary replicons for niche adaptation in Sinorhizobium meliloti
Authors: diCenzo George C. , Checcucci Alice , Bazzicalupo Marco , Mengoni Alessio , Viti Carlo , Dziewit Lukasz , Finan Turlough M. , Galardini Marco , Fondi Marco 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe genome of about 10% of bacterial species is divided among two or more large chromosome-sized replicons. The contribution of each replicon to the microbial life cycle (for example, environmental adaptations and/or niche switching) remains unclear. Here we report a genome-scale metabolic model of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti that is integrated with carbon utilization data for 1,500 genes with 192 carbon substrates. Growth of S. meliloti is modelled in three ecological niches (bulk soil, rhizosphere and nodule) with a focus on the role of each of its three replicons. We observe clear metabolic differences during growth in the tested ecological niches and an overall reprogramming following niche switching. In silico examination of the inferred fitness of gene deletion mutants suggests that secondary replicons evolved to fulfil a specialized function, particularly host-associated niche adaptation. Thus, genes on secondary replicons might potentially be manipulated to promote or suppress host interactions for biotechnological purposes.
Magneto-nanosensor platform for probing low-affinity protein–protein interactions and identification of a low-affinity PD-L1/PD-L2 interaction
Authors: Lee Jung-Rok , Bechstein Daniel J. B. , Ooi Chin Chun , Patel Ashka , Gaster Richard S. , Ng Elaine , Gonzalez Lino C. , Wang Shan X. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSubstantial efforts have been made to understand the interactions between immune checkpoint receptors and their ligands targeted in immunotherapies against cancer. To carefully characterize the complete network of interactions involved and the binding affinities between their extracellular domains, an improved kinetic assay is needed to overcome limitations with surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Here, we present a magneto-nanosensor platform integrated with a microfluidic chip that allows measurement of dissociation constants in the micromolar-range. High-density conjugation of magnetic nanoparticles with prey proteins allows multivalent receptor interactions with sensor-immobilized bait proteins, more closely mimicking natural-receptor clustering on cells. The platform has advantages over traditional SPR in terms of insensitivity of signal responses to pH and salinity, less consumption of proteins and better sensitivities. Using this platform, we characterized the binding affinities of the PD-1—PD-L1/PD-L2 co-inhibitory receptor system, and discovered an unexpected interaction between the two known PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2.
Structure of the tsunamigenic plate boundary and low-frequency earthquakes in the southern Ryukyu Trench
Authors: Arai Ryuta , Takahashi Tsutomu , Kodaira Shuichi , Kaiho Yuka , Nakanishi Ayako , Fujie Gou , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Yamamoto Yojiro , Ishihara Yasushi , Miura Seiichi , Kaneda Yoshiyuki 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIt has been recognized that even weakly coupled subduction zones may cause large interplate earthquakes leading to destructive tsunamis. The Ryukyu Trench is one of the best fields to study this phenomenon, since various slow earthquakes and tsunamis have occurred; yet the fault structure and seismic activity there are poorly constrained. Here we present seismological evidence from marine observation for megathrust faults and low-frequency earthquakes (LFEs). On the basis of passive observation we find LFEs occur at 15–18 km depths along the plate interface and their distribution seems to bridge the gap between the shallow tsunamigenic zone and the deep slow slip region. This suggests that the southern Ryukyu Trench is dominated by slow earthquakes at any depths and lacks a typical locked zone. The plate interface is overlaid by a low-velocity wedge and is accompanied by polarity reversals of seismic reflections, indicating fluids exist at various depths along the plate interface.
Soft micromachines with programmable motility and morphology
Authors: Huang Hen-Wei , Sakar Mahmut Selman , Petruska Andrew J. , Pané Salvador , Nelson Bradley J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNature provides a wide range of inspiration for building mobile micromachines that can navigate through confined heterogenous environments and perform minimally invasive environmental and biomedical operations. For example, microstructures fabricated in the form of bacterial or eukaryotic flagella can act as artificial microswimmers. Due to limitations in their design and material properties, these simple micromachines lack multifunctionality, effective addressability and manoeuvrability in complex environments. Here we develop an origami-inspired rapid prototyping process for building self-folding, magnetically powered micromachines with complex body plans, reconfigurable shape and controllable motility. Selective reprogramming of the mechanical design and magnetic anisotropy of body parts dynamically modulates the swimming characteristics of the micromachines. We find that tail and body morphologies together determine swimming efficiency and, unlike for rigid swimmers, the choice of magnetic field can subtly change the motility of soft microswimmers.
A rhodium/silicon co-electrocatalyst design concept to surpass platinum hydrogen evolution activity at high overpotentials
Authors: Zhu Lili , Lin Haiping , Li Youyong , Liao Fan , Lifshitz Yeshayahu , Sheng Minqi , Lee Shuit-Tong , Shao Mingwang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCurrently, platinum-based electrocatalysts show the best performance for hydrogen evolution. All hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts should however obey Sabatier’s principle, that is, the adsorption energy of hydrogen to the catalyst surface should be neither too high nor too low to balance between hydrogen adsorption and desorption. To overcome the limitation of this principle, here we choose a composite (rhodium/silicon nanowire) catalyst, in which hydrogen adsorption occurs on rhodium with a large adsorption energy while hydrogen evolution occurs on silicon with a small adsorption energy. We show that the composite is stable with better hydrogen evolution activity than rhodium nanoparticles and even exceeding those of commercial platinum/carbon at high overpotentials. The results reveal that silicon plays a key role in the electrocatalysis. This work may thus open the door for the design and fabrication of electrocatalysts for high-efficiency electric energy to hydrogen energy conversion.
The origin of incipient ferroelectricity in lead telluride
Authors: Jiang M. P. , Trigo M. , Savić I. , Fahy S. , Murray É. D. , Bray C. , Clark J. , Henighan T. , Kozina M. , Chollet M. , Glownia J. M. , Hoffmann M. C. , Zhu D. , Delaire O. , May A. F. , Sales B. C. , Lindenberg A. M. , Zalden P. , Sato T. , Merlin R. , Reis D. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe interactions between electrons and lattice vibrations are fundamental to materials behaviour. In the case of group IV–VI, V and related materials, these interactions are strong, and the materials exist near electronic and structural phase transitions. The prototypical example is PbTe whose incipient ferroelectric behaviour has been recently associated with large phonon anharmonicity and thermoelectricity. Here we show that it is primarily electron-phonon coupling involving electron states near the band edges that leads to the ferroelectric instability in PbTe. Using a combination of nonequilibrium lattice dynamics measurements and first principles calculations, we find that photoexcitation reduces the Peierls-like electronic instability and reinforces the paraelectric state. This weakens the long-range forces along the cubic direction tied to resonant bonding and low lattice thermal conductivity. Our results demonstrate how free-electron-laser-based ultrafast X-ray scattering can be utilized to shed light on the microscopic mechanisms that determine materials properties.
TIFA suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression via MALT1-dependent and -independent signaling pathways
Authors: Shen Wenzhi , Du Renle , Li Jun , Luo Xiaohe , Zhao Shuangtao , Chang Antao , Zhou Wei , Gao Ruifang , Luo Dehong , Wang Juan , Hao Na , Liu Yanhua , Chen Yanan , Luo Yunping , Sun Peiqing , Yang Shengyong , Luo Na , Xiang Rong 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
TIFA, also called T2BP, was first identified using yeast two-hybrid screening. Our previous work showed that TIFA suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression via apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. However, the mechanism by which this TIFA suppression occurs remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that TIFA-induced apoptosis demonstrates two distinct time patterns (i.e., at 48 h and >7 days) when TIFA reconstitution occurs. Moreover, we found that MALT1 (a competitor of TIFA) plays a crucial role in short-duration TIFA reconstitution. In this regard, MALT1 silencing with shRNA markedly enhances TIFA-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. In addition, TIFA overexpression triggers JNK and p38 activation in long-duration TIFA reconstitution through TRAF6 binding. In particular, JNK activation leads to TIFA-induced apoptosis while p38 activation governs TIFA-induced cell cycle arrest by p53-p21 signaling in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggest a novel mechanism by which TIFA suppresses HCC progression via both MALT1-dependent and MALT1-independent signaling pathways. This may provide insights into a novel targets where HCC progression may be vulnerable to clinical treatment.
The occurrence of individual slow waves in sleep is predicted by heart rate
Authors: Mensen Armand , Zhang Zhongxing , Qi Ming , Khatami Ramin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe integration of near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography measures presents an ideal method to study the haemodynamics of sleep. While the cortical dynamics and neuro-modulating influences affecting the transition from wakefulness to sleep is well researched, the assumption has been that individual slow waves, the hallmark of deep sleep, are spontaneously occurring cortical events. By creating event-related potentials from the NIRS recording, time-locked to the onset of thousands of individual slow waves, we show the onset of slow waves is phase-locked to an ongoing oscillation in the NIRS recording. This oscillation stems from the moment to moment fluctuations of light absorption caused by arterial pulsations driven by the heart beat. The same oscillating signal can be detected if the electrocardiogram is time-locked to the onset of the slow wave. The ongoing NIRS oscillation suggests that individual slow wave initiation is dependent on that signal, and not the other way round. However, the precise causal links remain speculative. We propose several potential mechanisms: that the heart-beat or arterial pulsation acts as a stimulus which evokes a down-state; local fluctuations in energy supply may lead to a network effect of hyperpolarization; that the arterial pulsations lead to corresponding changes in the cerebral-spinal-fluid which evokes the slow wave; or that a third neural generator, regulating heart rate and slow waves may be involved.
Thermal explosion in oscillating ambient conditions
Authors: Novozhilov Vasily 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThermal explosion problem for a medium with oscillating ambient temperature at its boundaries is considered. This is a new problem in thermal explosion theory, not previously considered in a distributed system formulation, but important for combustion and fire science. It describes autoignition of wide range of fires (such as but not limited to piles of biosolids and other organic matter; storages of munitions, explosives, propellants) subjected to temperature variations, such as seasonal or day/night variation. The problem is considered in formulation adopted in classical studies of thermal explosion. Critical conditions are determined by frequency and amplitude of ambient temperature oscillations, as well as by a number of other parameters. Effects of all the parameters on critical conditions are quantified. Results are presented for the case of planar symmetry. Development of thermal explosion in time is also considered and a new type of unsteady thermal explosion development is discovered where thermal runaway occurs after several periods of temperature oscillations within the medium.
Quantitative Comparison of Photothermal Heat Generation between Gold Nanospheres and Nanorods
Authors: Qin Zhenpeng , Wang Yiru , Randrianalisoa Jaona , Raeesi Vahid , Chan Warren C. W. , Lipiński Wojciech , Bischof John C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGold nanoparticles (GNPs) are widely used for biomedical applications due to unique optical properties, established synthesis methods, and biological compatibility. Despite important applications of plasmonic heating in thermal therapy, imaging, and diagnostics, the lack of quantification in heat generation leads to difficulties in comparing the heating capability for new plasmonic nanostructures and predicting the therapeutic and diagnostic outcome. This study quantifies GNP heat generation by experimental measurements and theoretical predictions for gold nanospheres (GNS) and nanorods (GNR). Interestingly, the results show a GNP-type dependent agreement between experiment and theory. The measured heat generation of GNS matches well with theory, while the measured heat generation of GNR is only 30% of that predicted theoretically at peak absorption. This then leads to a surprising finding that the polydispersity, the deviation of nanoparticle size and shape from nominal value, significantly influences GNR heat generation (>70% reduction), while having a limited effect for GNS (<10% change). This work demonstrates that polydispersity is an important metric in quantitatively predicting plasmonic heat generation and provides a validated framework to quantitatively compare the heating capabilities between gold and other plasmonic nanostructures.
IL-33 Contributes to Schistosoma japonicum-induced Hepatic Pathology through Induction of M2 Macrophages
Authors: Peng Hui , Zhang Qixian , Li Xiaojuan , Liu Zhen , Shen Jia , Sun Rui , Wei Jie , Zhao Jia , Wu Xiaoying , Feng Feng , Zhong Shuping , Sun Xi , Wu Zhongdao 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInterleukin (IL)-33 is involved in T helper (Th)2-biased immune responses in mice infected with Schistosoma, but the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. Herein, we investigated the role of IL-33 and its receptor ST2L in hepatic granuloma pathology induced by Schistosoma japonicum infection. We found that IL-33 induced the increased production of IL-5 and IL-13 from splenocytes and liver mononuclear cells (MNCs) of infected mice. The infected mice developed significantly higher number of ST2L-expressing cells in spleen and liver. Most of the ST2L-expressing cells in liver were F4/80+ macrophages, indicating the key role of macrophages in the response to IL-33. However, the liver MNCs in male-only worm infection had a poor response to IL-33, though elevated serum IL-33 was observed. ST2L+F4/80+ cells were lower in male-only worm infection than that of mixed infection. IL-33 and soluble egg antigen (SEA) upregulated ST2L expression on macrophages in vitro and ST2L-expressing macrophage displayed MHCII-CD11b+M2 phenotype. Macrophage deletion significantly attenuated IL-33-induced type 2 immunity and egg granuloma formation during S. japonicum infection. These data demonstrate that IL-33 contributes to hepatic granuloma pathology through induction of M2 macrophages during S. japonicum infection.
The Abiotic Chemistry of Thiolated Acetate Derivatives and the Origin of Life
Authors: Chandru Kuhan , Gilbert Alexis , Butch Christopher , Aono Masashi , Cleaves H. James 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThioesters and thioacetic acid (TAA) have been invoked as key reagents for the origin of life as activated forms of acetate analogous to acetyl-CoA. These species could have served as high-energy group-transfer reagents and allowed carbon insertions to form higher molecular weight compounds such as pyruvate. The apparent antiquity of the Wood-Ljungdahl CO2 fixation pathway and its presence in organisms which inhabit hydrothermal (HT) environments has also led to suggestions that there may be a connection between the abiotic chemistry of compounds similar to TAA and the origins of metabolism. These compounds’ apparent chemical simplicity has made their prebiotic availability assumed, however, although the kinetic behavior and thermochemical properties of TAA and analogous esters have been preliminarily explored in other contexts, the geochemical relevance of these compounds merits further evaluation. Therefore, the chemical behavior of the simplest thiolated acetic acid derivatives, TAA and methylthioacetate (MTA) were explored here. Using laboratory measurements, literature data and thermochemical models, we examine the plausibility of the accumulation of these compounds in various geological settings. Due to the high free energy change of their hydrolysis and corresponding low equilibrium constants, it is unlikely that these species could have accumulated abiotically to any significant extant.
LmCYP4G102: An oenocyte-specific cytochrome P450 gene required for cuticular waterproofing in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria
Authors: Yu Zhitao , Zhang Xueyao , Wang Yiwen , Moussian Bernard , Zhu Kun Yan , Li Sheng , Ma Enbo , Zhang Jianzhen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCytochrome P450 superfamily proteins play important roles in detoxification of xenobiotics and during physiological and developmental processes. To contribute to our understanding of this large gene family in insects, we have investigated the function of the cytochrome P450 gene LmCYP4G102 in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. Suppression of LmCYP4G102 expression by RNA interference (RNAi) does not interfere with moulting but causes rapid loss of body weight - probably due to massive loss of water, and death soon after moulting. Accordingly, maintaining these animals at 90% relative humidity prevented lethality. Consistently, RNAi against LmCYP4G102 provoked a decrease in the content of cuticular alkanes, which as an important fraction of cuticular hydrocarbons have been shown to confer desiccation resistance. In addition, the cuticle of LmCYP4G102-knockdown locusts was fragile and easier deformable than in control animals. Presumably, this phenotype is due to decreased amounts of cuticular water that is reported to modulate cuticle mechanics. Interestingly, LmCYP4G102 was not expressed in the epidermis that produces the cuticle but in the sub-epdiermal hepatocyte-like oenocytes. Together, our results suggest that the oenocyte-specific LmCYP4G102 plays a critical role in the synthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons, which are important for cuticle waterproofing and mechanical stability in L. migratoria