bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large‐Scale Experiments in Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP): Reactive Transport Model Development and Prediction
Authors: Nassar Mohamed K. , Gurung Deviyani , Bastani Mehrdad , Ginn Timothy R. , Shafei Babak , Gomez Michael G. , Graddy Charles M. R. , Nelson Doug C. , DeJong Jason T. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDesign of in situ microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) strategies relies on a predictive capability. To date much of the mathematical modeling of MICP has focused on small‐scale experiments and/or one‐dimensional flow in porous media, and successful parameterizations of models in these settings may not pertain to larger scales or to nonuniform, transient flows. Our objective in this article is to report on modeling to test our ability to predict behavior of MICP under controlled conditions in a meter‐scale tank experiment with transient nonuniform transport in a natural soil, using independently determined parameters. Flow in the tank was controlled by three wells, via a complex cycle of injection/withdrawals followed by no‐flow intervals. Different injection solution recipes were used in sequence for transport characterization, biostimulation, cementation, and groundwater rinse phases of the 17 day experiment. Reaction kinetics were calibrated using separate column experiments designed with a similar sequence of phases. This allowed for a parsimonious modeling approach with zero fitting parameters for the tank experiment. These experiments and data were simulated using PHT3‐D, involving transient nonuniform flow, alternating low and high Damköhler reactive transport, and combined equilibrium and kinetically controlled biogeochemical reactions. The assumption that microbes mediating the reaction were exclusively sessile, and with constant activity, in conjunction with the foregoing treatment of the reaction network, provided for efficient and accurate modeling of the entire process leading to nonuniform calcite precipitation. This analysis suggests that under the biostimulation conditions applied here the assumption of steady state sessile biocatalyst suffices to describe the microbially mediated calcite precipitation.
Multiphase Flow Characteristics of Heterogeneous Rocks From CO2 Storage Reservoirs in the United Kingdom
Authors: Reynolds Catriona A. , Blunt Martin J. , Krevor Samuel 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe have studied the impact of heterogeneity on relative permeability and residual trapping for rock samples from the Bunter sandstone of the UK Southern North Sea, the Ormskirk sandstone of the East Irish Sea, and the Captain sandstone of the UK Northern North Sea. Reservoir condition CO2‐brine relative permeability measurements were made while systematically varying the ratio of viscous to capillary flow potential, across a range of flow rates, fractional flow, and during drainage and imbibition displacement. This variation resulted in observations obtained across a range of core‐scale capillary number
. Capillary pressure heterogeneity was quantitatively inferred from 3‐D observations of the fluid saturation distribution in the rocks. For each of the rock samples, a threshold capillary number,
, was found, below which centimeter‐scale layering resulted in a heterogeneous distribution of the fluid phases and a commensurate impact on flow and trapping. The threshold was found to be dependent on the capillary number alone, irrespective of the displacement path (drainage or imbibition) and average fluid saturation in the rock. The impact of the heterogeneity on the relative permeability varied depending on the characteristics of the heterogeneity in the rock sample, whereas heterogeneity increased residual trapping in all samples above what would be expected from the pore‐scale capillary trapping mechanism alone. Models of subsurface CO2 injection should use properties that incorporate the impacts of heterogeneity at the flow regime of interest or risk significant errors in estimates of fluid flow and trapping.
Investigating Runoff Efficiency in Upper Colorado River Streamflow Over Past Centuries
Authors: Woodhouse Connie A. , Pederson Gregory T. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWith increasing concerns about the impact of warming temperatures on water resources, more attention is being paid to the relationship between runoff and precipitation, or runoff efficiency. Temperature is a key influence on Colorado River runoff efficiency, and warming temperatures are projected to reduce runoff efficiency. Here, we investigate the nature of runoff efficiency in the upper Colorado River (UCRB) basin over the past 400 years, with a specific focus on major droughts and pluvials, and to contextualize the instrumental period. We first verify the feasibility of reconstructing runoff efficiency from tree‐ring data. The reconstruction is then used to evaluate variability in runoff efficiency over periods of high and low flow, and its correspondence to a reconstruction of late runoff season UCRB temperature variability. Results indicate that runoff efficiency has played a consistent role in modulating the relationship between precipitation and streamflow over past centuries, and that temperature has likely been the key control. While negative runoff efficiency is most common during dry periods, and positive runoff efficiency during wet years, there are some instances of positive runoff efficiency moderating the impact of precipitation deficits on streamflow. Compared to past centuries, the 20th century has experienced twice as many high flow years with negative runoff efficiency, likely due to warm temperatures. These results suggest warming temperatures will continue to reduce runoff efficiency in wet or dry years, and that future flows will be less than anticipated from precipitation due to warming temperatures.
Modeling Bimolecular Reactive Transport With Mixing‐Limitation: Theory and Application to Column Experiments
Authors: Ginn T. R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe challenge of determining mixing extent of solutions undergoing advective‐dispersive‐diffusive transport is well known. In particular, reaction extent between displacing and displaced solutes depends on mixing at the pore scale, that is, generally smaller than continuum scale quantification that relies on dispersive fluxes. Here a novel mobile‐mobile mass transfer approach is developed to distinguish diffusive mixing from dispersive spreading in one‐dimensional transport involving small‐scale velocity variations with some correlation, such as occurs in hydrodynamic dispersion, in which short‐range ballistic transports give rise to dispersed but not mixed segregation zones, termed here ballisticules. When considering transport of a single solution, this approach distinguishes self‐diffusive mixing from spreading, and in the case of displacement of one solution by another, each containing a participant reactant of an irreversible bimolecular reaction, this results in time‐delayed diffusive mixing of reactants. The approach generates models for both kinetically controlled and equilibrium irreversible reaction cases, while honoring independently measured reaction rates and dispersivities. The mathematical solution for the equilibrium case is a simple analytical expression. The approach is applied to published experimental data on bimolecular reactions for homogeneous porous media under postasymptotic dispersive conditions with good results.
Training‐Image Based Geostatistical Inversion Using a Spatial Generative Adversarial Neural Network
Authors: Laloy Eric , Hérault Romain , Jacques Diederik , Linde Niklas 
Published: January 2018

AbstractProbabilistic inversion within a multiple‐point statistics framework is often computationally prohibitive for high‐dimensional problems. To partly address this, we introduce and evaluate a new training‐image based inversion approach for complex geologic media. Our approach relies on a deep neural network of the generative adversarial network (GAN) type. After training using a training image (TI), our proposed spatial GAN (SGAN) can quickly generate 2‐D and 3‐D unconditional realizations. A key characteristic of our SGAN is that it defines a (very) low‐dimensional parameterization, thereby allowing for efficient probabilistic inversion using state‐of‐the‐art Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. In addition, available direct conditioning data can be incorporated within the inversion. Several 2‐D and 3‐D categorical TIs are first used to analyze the performance of our SGAN for unconditional geostatistical simulation. Training our deep network can take several hours. After training, realizations containing a few millions of pixels/voxels can be produced in a matter of seconds. This makes it especially useful for simulating many thousands of realizations (e.g., for MCMC inversion) as the relative cost of the training per realization diminishes with the considered number of realizations. Synthetic inversion case studies involving 2‐D steady state flow and 3‐D transient hydraulic tomography with and without direct conditioning data are used to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed SGAN‐based inversion. For the 2‐D case, the inversion rapidly explores the posterior model distribution. For the 3‐D case, the inversion recovers model realizations that fit the data close to the target level and visually resemble the true model well.
Study on estimation of compressive strength of concrete in structure using ultrasonic method
Authors: Watanabe Satoshi , Hishikawa Kazumi , Kamae Kengo , Namiki Satoru 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this study, for improving the accuracy of estimating the compressive strength of concrete using the ultrasonic method, a method for measuring the ultrasonic velocity and a method for estimating the strength of concrete were investigated. In an experiment with reinforced concrete members of actual size, the precision of the proposed method for measuring the ultrasonic velocity of inner concrete was confirmed to be high. Furthermore, the estimated value of the compressive strength of concrete in structure using the proposed strength estimation method was close to the actual measurement value.
Development of a building continuity support system as building management system for business continuity—Fundamental research on implementation of resilient buildings
Authors: Masuda Yukihiro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe resilience of buildings can be improved by revising the methods of building management. This paper discusses the development of a new building management system for continuity of important operations. In the early stages after a disaster, it is important to assess what happened, the actual conditions, whether important operation spaces can be used, the causes of malfunctions, and what should be done to achieve continuity or early restoration of functions. This report presents a methodology to support the process of systematically confirming the actual conditions, judgment, adjustment, and actions for the building manager.
Modeling of interactions between RC columns and masonry infill in buildings with a column‐sway mechanism
Authors: Sanada Yasushi , Maidiawati  
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis study proposes a new analytical model to evaluate interactions between reinforced concrete (RC) columns and masonry infill. An infill is replaced by a diagonal strut and its width is defined by column/infill contact length. A calculation procedure is presented to determine the contact length by mainly considering compression balance and lateral displacement compatibility at the column/infill interface. The proposed model is verified by performing a comparison with an experiment on a concrete block infilled RC frame in which the column/infill interactions are observed in detail. The model effectively evaluates both the strength of the infilled frame and its deformability.
Brain atrophy measures in preclinical and manifest spinocerebellar ataxia type 2
Authors: Reetz Kathrin , Rodríguez‐Labrada Roberto , Dogan Imis , Mirzazade Shahram , Romanzetti Sandro , Schulz Jörg B. , Cruz‐Rivas Edilia M. , Alvarez‐Cuesta Jose A. , Aguilera Rodríguez Raul , Gonzalez Zaldivar Yanetza , Auburger Georg , Velázquez‐Pérez Luis 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectiveSpinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease mainly affecting the cerebellum and brainstem. In this Cuban‐German research collaboration, we aimed to characterize atrophy patterns and associations with clinical measures in preclinical and manifest SCA2.MethodsIn this study, 16 nonmanifest SCA2 mutation carriers, 26 manifest patients with SCA2, and 18 healthy control subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging, as well as genetic and clinical characterization including assessment of ataxia (Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia) and saccade velocity in Cuba were enrolled. Semiautomated quantitative volumetry of the cerebellum and brainstem, subdivided into the medulla oblongata, the pontine brainstem, and mesencephalon was performed. Additionally, the anteroposterior diameter of the pontine brainstem was measured.ResultsAnalysis of volumetric data revealed degeneration of the cerebellum and brainstem, in particular of pontine volumes and the anteroposterior diameter of the pons, in both manifest SCA2 patients and individuals at risk for SCA2 compared to controls. Comparing patients with nonataxic preclinical SCA2 mutation carriers, we found more pronounced reductions of the pontine brainstem and cerebellum in manifest SCA2. Volumetric data further showed associations with CAG repeat length and predicted age of onset in preclinical SCA2 individuals, and by trend with ataxia signs in patients. Although saccade velocity was associated with reduction in the pontine brainstem in preclinical and manifest SCA2, reduced ability to suppress interfering stimuli measured by the Stroop task was related to cerebellar volume loss in patients.InterpretationPreclinical SCA2 mutation carriers exhibit brain abnormalities, which could be targeted as surrogate parameters for disease progression and in future preventive trials.
Medical Care Costs Associated With Rheumatoid Arthritis in the US: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hresko Andrew , Lin Tzu‐Chieh , Solomon Daniel H. 
Published: January 2018

ObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a morbid, mortal, and costly condition without a cure. Treatments for RA have expanded over the last 2 decades, and direct medical costs may differ by types of treatments. There has not been a systematic literature review since the introduction of new RA treatments, including biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs).MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review with meta‐analysis of direct medical costs associated with RA patients cared for in the US since the marketing of the first bDMARD. Standard search strategies and sources were used, and data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers. The methods and quality of included studies were assessed. Total direct medical costs as well as RA‐specific costs were calculated using random‐effects meta‐analysis. Subgroups of interest included Medicare patients and those using bDMARDs.ResultsWe found 541 potentially relevant studies, and 12 articles met the selection criteria. The quality of studies varied: one‐third were poor, one‐third were fair, and one‐third were good. Total direct medical costs were estimated at $12,509 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 7,451–21,001) for all RA patients using any treatment regimen and $36,053 (95% CI 32,138–40,445) for bDMARD users. RA‐specific costs were $3,723 (95% CI 2,408–5,762) for all RA patients using any treatment regimen and $20,262 (95% CI 17,480–23,487) for bDMARD users.ConclusionThe total and disease‐specific direct medical costs for patients with RA is substantial. Among bDMARD users, the cost of RA care is more than half of all direct medical costs.
Nanoparticle‐Based Fluoroionophore for Analysis of Potassium Ion Dynamics in 3D Tissue Models and In Vivo
Authors: Müller Bernhard J. , Zhdanov Alexander V. , Borisov Sergey M. , Foley Tara , Okkelman Irina A. , Tsytsarev Vassiliy , Tang Qinggong , Erzurumlu Reha S. , Chen Yu , Zhang Haijiang , Toncelli Claudio , Klimant Ingo , Papkovsky Dmitri B. , Dmitriev Ruslan I. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe imaging of real‐time fluxes of K+ ions in live cell with high dynamic range (5–150 × 10−3m) is of paramount importance for neuroscience and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and other tissues. In particular, the research on high‐performance deep‐red fluorescent nanoparticle‐based biosensors is highly anticipated. It is found that boron‐dipyrromethene (BODIPY)‐based K+‐sensitive fluoroionophore FI3 encapsulated in cationic polymer RL100 nanoparticles displays unusually strong efficiency in staining of broad spectrum of cell models, such as primary neurons and intestinal organoids. Using comparison of brightness, photostability, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, it is confirmed that FI3 nanoparticles display distinctively superior intracellular staining compared to the free dye. FI3 nanoparticles in real‐time live cell imaging are evaluated and it is found highly useful for monitoring intra‐ and extracellular K+ dynamics in cultured neurons. Proof‐of‐concept in vivo brain imaging confirms applicability of the biosensor for visualization of epileptic seizures. Collectively, these data make fluoroionophore FI3 a versatile cross‐platform fluorescent biosensor, broadly compatible with diverse experimental models, and crown‐ether‐based polymer nanoparticles can provide a new venue for the design of efficient fluorescent probes.
Reinforcing the Built‐In Field for Efficient Charge Collection in Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Lee Jong‐Hoon , Jeong Song Yi , Kim Geunjin , Park Byoungwook , Kim Junghwan , Kee Seyoung , Kim Bongseong , Lee Kwanghee 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe collection efficiency of photogenerated charges in polymer solar cells (PSCs) is strongly influenced by the built‐in field (Ein) that develops across the photoactive materials. Here, by investigating the Ein‐development regimes in PSCs by introducing two types of interlayers, electric dipole layers (EDLs) and charge transport layers (CTLs), the device architecture is optimized to result in a larger Ein. By incorporating a pair of EDLs on both sides of the photoactive layer, the Ein is modulated by shifting the vacuum energy at each metal–semiconductor interface, providing a larger Ein than that in conventional PSCs using typical CTLs, such as metal oxides and/or conducting polymers. These devices using paired EDLs exhibit an average PCE of 9.8%, which far surpasses the average PCE of ≈8.5% for paired CTLs.
Rational Synthesis of Large‐Area Periodic Chemical Gradients for the Manipulation of Liquid Droplets and Gas Bubbles
Authors: Perez‐Toralla Karla , Konda Abhiteja , Bowen John J. , Jennings Emily E. , Argyropoulos Christos , Morin Stephen A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSynthetic approaches based on the patterned deposition of volatile molecules from the vapor phase are used extensively in the creation of surface‐chemical gradients; however, the ability to generate diffusion‐controlled 1D and 2D gradients from multiple sources remains a challenge. The current work reports a one‐step approach to the synthesis of continuous and periodic chemical gradients with simple and intricate geometries using multiple sources within custom reaction chambers. Specifically, this approach provides precise, simultaneous control over the physicochemical conditions (e.g., concentration, evaporation rate, and direction of diffusion flux of the chemical moieties) and the geometrical parameters (e.g., size, shape, and position) during surface functionalization, thus enabling materials with predictable surface‐chemical gradients applicable to the manipulation and/or organization of liquid droplets and that can generate assemblies of functional solids (e.g., silver nanoparticles) that are transferrable via stamping. These surfaces can be useful to various fields, for example, molecular diagnostics and microfabrication. Furthermore, this work extends the application of these surfaces to the precise placement and manipulation of gas bubbles that can have potential use in, for example, controlling bubble nucleation in processes designed to manage heat transfer.
“All‐in‐One” Nanoparticles for Trimodality Imaging‐Guided Intracellular Photo‐magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy under Intravenous Administration
Authors: Yan Hao , Shang Wenting , Sun Xiaodan , Zhao Lingyun , Wang Jingyun , Xiong Zhiyuan , Yuan Jie , Zhang Ranran , Huang Qianli , Wang Kun , Li Baohua , Tian Jie , Kang Feiyu , Feng Si‐Shen 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGreat efforts have been devoted so far to combine nano‐magnetic hyperthermia and nano‐photothermal therapy to achieve encouraging additive therapeutic performance in vitro and in vivo with limitation to direct intratumoral injection and no guidance of multimodality molecular imaging. In this study, a novel multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform (MNP@PES‐Cy7/2‐DG) consisting of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PES), Cyanine7 (Cy7), and 2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DG)‐polyethylene glycol is developed. They are then applied to combined photo‐magnetic hyperthermia therapy under intravenous administration that is simultaneously guided by trimodality molecular imaging. Remarkably, nanoparticles are found aggregated mainly in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, and exhibit stealth‐like behavior with a long second‐phase blood circulation half‐life of 20.38 ± 4.18 h. Under the guidance of photoacoustic/near‐infrared fluorescence/magnetic resonance trimodality imaging, tumors can be completely eliminated under intracellular photo‐magnetic hyperthermia therapy with additive therapeutic effect due to precise hyperthermia. This study may promote a further exploration of such a platform for clinical applications.
Single‐Phase Mixed Transition Metal Carbonate Encapsulated by Graphene: Facile Synthesis and Improved Lithium Storage Properties
Authors: Zhang Rui , Huang Xiaoxiao , Wang Dong , Hoang Tuan K. A. , Yang Yang , Duan Xiaoming , Chen Pu , Qin Lu‐Chang , Wen Guangwu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTransition metal carbonates (TMCs) with complex composition and robust hybrid structure hold great potential as high‐performance electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, poor ionic/electronic conductivities and large volume changes of TMCs during lithiation/delithiation processes have hindered their applications. Herein, single‐phase MnCo mixed carbonate composites encapsulated by reduced graphene oxide (MnxCo1−xCO3/RGO), in which Mn and Co species are distributed randomly in one crystal structure, are successfully synthesized through a facial liquid‐state method. When evaluated as LIB anodes, the MnxCo1−xCO3/RGO composites exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance compared with the reference CoCO3/RGO and MnCO3/RGO. Specifically, the Mn0.7Co0.3CO3/RGO delivers an ultrahigh capacity of 1454 mA h g−1 after 130 cycles at 100 mA g−1 and exhibits an ultralong cycling stability (901 mA h g−1 after 1500 cycles at 2000 mA g−1). This is the best lithium storage performance among carbonate‐based anodes reported up to date. Such superb performance is attributed to the hybrid structure and enhanced electroconductivity due to the integration of Co and Mn into one crystal structure, which is complemented by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The facile synthesis, promising electrochemical results, and scientific understanding of the MnxCo1−xCO3/RGO provides a design principle and encourages more research on TMCs‐based electrodes.