bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloud occurrences and cloud radiative effects (CREs) from CERES‐CALIPSO‐CloudSat‐MODIS (CCCM) and CloudSat radar‐lidar (RL) products
Authors: Ham Seung‐Hee , Kato Seiji , Rose Fred G. , Winker David , L'Ecuyer Tristan , Mace Gerald G. , Painemal David , Sun‐Mack Sunny , Chen Yan , Miller Walter F. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTwo kinds of cloud products obtained from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO), CloudSat, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are compared and analyzed in this study: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES)‐CALIPSO‐CloudSat‐MODIS (CCCM) product and CloudSat radar‐lidar products such as GEOPROF‐LIDAR and FLXHR‐LIDAR. Compared to GEOPROF‐LIDAR, low‐level (<1 km) cloud occurrences in CCCM are larger over tropical oceans because the CCCM algorithm uses a more relaxed threshold of cloud‐aerosol discrimination score for CALIPSO Vertical Feature Mask product. In contrast, midlevel (1–8 km) cloud occurrences in GEOPROF‐LIDAR are larger than CCCM at high latitudes (>40°). The difference occurs when hydrometeors are detected by CALIPSO lidar but are undetected by CloudSat radar. In the comparison of cloud radiative effects (CREs), global mean differences between CCCM and FLXHR‐LIDAR are mostly smaller than 5 W m−2, while noticeable regional differences are found. For example, CCCM shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) CREs are larger than FXLHR‐LIDAR along the west coasts of Africa and America because the GEOPROF‐LIDAR algorithm misses shallow marine boundary layer clouds. In addition, FLXHR‐LIDAR SW CREs are larger than the CCCM counterpart over tropical oceans away from the west coasts of America. Over midlatitude storm‐track regions, CCCM SW and LW CREs are larger than the FLXHR‐LIDAR counterpart.
Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of drought on extreme temperature in eastern China
Authors: Hao Zengchao , Hao Fanghua , Singh Vijay P. , Ouyang Wei 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHot extremes may lead to disastrous impacts on human health and agricultural production. Previous studies have revealed the feedback between drought and hot extremes in large regions of eastern China, while quantifying the impact of antecedent drought on hot extremes has been limited. This study aims at quantitatively assessing the risk of extreme temperature conditioned on the antecedent drought condition represented by Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) during summer time in eastern China. A copula‐based model is proposed to construct the joint probability distribution of extreme temperature and drought based on 6 month SPI (SPI6). Accordingly, the conditional probability distribution is employed to quantify impacts of antecedent dry (and wet) conditions on the exceedance probability of extreme temperature. Results show that the likelihood of extreme temperature exceeding high quantiles is higher given antecedent dry conditions than that given antecedent wet conditions in large regions from southwestern to northeastern China. Specifically, the conditional probability difference of temperature exceeding 80th percentile given SPI6 lower than or equal to −0.5 and SPI6 higher than 0.5 is around 0.2–0.3. The case study of the 2006 summer hot extremes and drought in Sichuan and Chongqing region shows that the conditional return period of extreme temperature conditioned on antecedent drought is around 5–50 years shorter than univariate return period. These results quantify the impact of antecedent drought on subsequent extreme temperature and highlight the important role of antecedent drought in intensifying hot extremes in these regions.
Refraction and Faraday rotation in the incoherent scatter radar technique
Authors: Shpynev Boris G. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this paper we consider the radiolocation equation for the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) method; the equation accounts for refraction effect and Faraday rotation in the VHF frequency domain. Our research shows that we cannot ignore refraction in processing the incoherent scatter data when lag‐product is used to obtain the ionospheric characteristics. Effect of refraction can explain some uncertainties that arise during processing and interpretation of the ISR data. This effect shows that together with the “ion line” of incoherent scatter spectrum, a relatively small “electron line” also plays a significant role in forming the ionosphere response. The “electron line” behaves as an additional “radar induced” wideband radiolocation signal affected by refraction and Faraday rotation; it depends on the ionosphere temperature and ion composition. The presence of a wideband “electron line” produces specific distortions of the ISR spectrum during 3D‐forming of the ionosphere response inside the ISR antenna diagram pattern. During testing, we found that the signal from the ISR “electron line” can be measured at much higher altitudes comparing to the “ion line.” Hence, to improve the incoherent scatter technique, we can take the “electron line” and refraction into account.
Sediment underthrusting within a continental magmatic arc: Coast Mountains batholith, British Columbia
Authors: Pearson David M. , MacLeod Douglas R. , Ducea Mihai N. , Gehrels George E. , Jonathan Patchett P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThough continental magmatic arcs are factories for new continental crust, a significant proportion of continental arc magmas are recycled from supracrustal material. To evaluate the relative contributions of retroarc underthrusting and trench side partial sediment subduction for introducing supracrustal rocks to the middle and lower crust of continental magmatic arcs, we present results from the deeply exposed country rocks of the Coast Mountains batholith of western British Columbia. Prior work demonstrates that these rocks underwent widespread partial melting that contributed to the Coast Mountains batholith. We utilize U‐Pb zircon geochronology, Sm‐Nd thermochronology, and field‐based studies to document the protoliths and early burial history of amphibolite and granulite‐facies metasedimentary rocks in the Central Gneiss Complex. U‐Pb detrital zircon data from the structurally highest sample localities yielded ~190 Ma unimodal age peaks and suggest that retroarc rocks of the Stikine terrane constitute a substantial portion of the Central Gneiss Complex. These supracrustal rocks underwent thrust‐related burial and metamorphism at >25 km depths prior to ~80 Ma. These rocks may also be underlain at the deepest exposed structural levels by Upper Cretaceous metasedimentary rocks, which may have been emplaced as a result of trench side underplating or intraarc burial. These results further our understanding of the mechanisms of material transport within the continental lithosphere along Cordilleran subduction margins.
Characteristics of deep crustal seismic anisotropy from a compilation of rock elasticity tensors and their expression in receiver functions
Authors: Brownlee Sarah J. , Schulte‐Pelkum Vera , Raju Anissha , Mahan Kevin , Condit Cailey , Orlandini Omero Felipe 
Published: August 2017

AbstractRocks in the continental crust are long lived and have the potential to record a wide span of tectonic history in rock fabric. Mapping rock fabric in situ at depth requires the application of seismic methods. Below depths of microcrack closure seismic anisotropy presumably reflects the shape and crystallographic preferred orientations influenced by deformation processes. Interpretation of seismic observables relevant for anisotropy requires assumptions on the symmetry and orientation of the bulk elastic tensor. We compare commonly made assumptions against a compilation of 95 bulk elastic tensors from laboratory measurements, including electron backscatter diffraction and ultrasound, on crustal rocks. The majority of samples developed fabric at pressures corresponding to middle to lower crustal condition. Tensor symmetry is a function of mineral modal composition, with mica‐rich samples trending toward hexagonal symmetry, amphibole‐rich samples trending toward an increased orthorhombic symmetry component, and quartz‐feldspar‐rich samples showing a larger component of lower symmetries. Seventy‐seven percent of samples have a best fit hexagonal tensor with slow‐axis symmetry, as opposed to mantle deformation fabric that usually has fast‐axis symmetry. The best fit hexagonal approximation for crustal tensors is not elliptical but deviates systematically from elliptical symmetry with increasing anisotropy, an observation that affects the magnitude and orientation of anisotropy inferred from receiver function and surface wave observations. We present empirical linear relationships between anisotropy and ellipticity for crustal rocks. The maximum out‐of‐plane conversion amplitudes in receiver functions scale linearly with degree of anisotropy for nonelliptical symmetry. The elliptical assumption results in a bias of up to 1.4 times true anisotropy.
The role of CT myelography in sparing the spinal cord during definitive radiotherapy in vertebral hemangioma
Authors: Sudha SP , Gopalakrishnan MS , Saravanan K 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe spinal cord is poorly visualized on CT images but is well visualized in MRI images. However, implants used for spinal stabilization can produce artifacts on the MRI images which can interfere with identification of the cord. CT myelography in conjunction with CT simulation helps to clearly delineate the cord.Materials and methodsCT simulation was done in a patient with vertebral hemangioma. Pre‐ and post myelography images were obtained. Two plans were generated on pre and post myelography CT images using Eclipse™ treatment planning system (TPS) version 10.0, Varian Medical Systems, USA. The prescribed total dose to PTV was 40 Gy in 20 fractions.ResultsThe cord was poorly visualized in the premyelogram CT images. The titanium implants used for spinal cord stabilization produced artifacts in the MRI images. Figure Post myelogram, the contrast lit up the spinal cord.There was an overlap of 0.75 cc volume of the spinal cord with the PTV in the premyelogram images. This volume was reduced to 0 cc in the post myelogram images. There was an overlap of 5.4 cc volume of the PRV of spinal cord with the PTV in the premyelogram images which was reduced to 1 cc in the post myelogram images. The overlap region between the PTV and spinal cord received around 71% of the prescribed dose in premyelogram CT could be reduced to 0% in the post myelogram CT. The mean dose received by the overlap PRV spinal cord and PTV could be increased from 70% in the premyelogram to 92% in the post myelogram plans.ConclusionCT myelogram in conjunction with CT simulation is particularly useful in cases where the tumor margin is very close to the cord and spinal implants are causing distortion of magnetic resonance images.
Tissue‐Engineered Peripheral Nerve Interfaces
Authors: Spearman Benjamin S. , Desai Vidhi H. , Mobini Sahba , McDermott Matthew D. , Graham James B. , Otto Kevin J. , Judy Jack W. , Schmidt Christine E. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractResearch on neural interfaces has historically concentrated on development of systems for the brain; however, there is increasing interest in peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs) that could provide benefit when peripheral nerve function is compromised, such as for amputees. Efforts focus on designing scalable and high‐performance sensory and motor peripheral nervous system interfaces. Current PNIs face several design challenges such as undersampling of signals from the thousands of axons, nerve‐fiber selectivity, and device–tissue integration. To improve PNIs, several researchers have turned to tissue engineering. Peripheral nerve tissue engineering has focused on designing regeneration scaffolds that mimic normal nerve extracellular matrix composition, provide advanced microarchitecture to stimulate cell migration, and have mechanical properties like the native nerve. By combining PNIs with tissue engineering, the goal is to promote natural axon regeneration into the devices to facilitate close contact with electrodes; in contrast, traditional PNIs rely on insertion or placement of electrodes into or around existing nerves, or do not utilize materials to actively facilitate axon regeneration. This review presents the state‐of‐the‐art of PNIs and nerve tissue engineering, highlights recent approaches to combine neural‐interface technology and tissue engineering, and addresses the remaining challenges with foreign‐body response.
Significant Performance Enhancement of Polymer Resins by Bioinspired Dynamic Bonding
Authors: Seo Sungbaek , Lee Dong Woog , Ahn Jin Soo , Cunha Keila , Filippidi Emmanouela , Ju Sung Won , Shin Eeseul , Kim Byeong‐Su , Levine Zachary A. , Lins Roberto D. , Israelachvili Jacob N. , Waite J. Herbert , Valentine Megan T. , Shea Joan Emma , Ahn B. Kollbe 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMarine mussels use catechol‐rich interfacial mussel foot proteins (mfps) as primers that attach to mineral surfaces via hydrogen, metal coordination, electrostatic, ionic, or hydrophobic bonds, creating a secondary surface that promotes bonding to the bulk mfps. Inspired by this biological adhesive primer, it is shown that a ≈1 nm thick catecholic single‐molecule priming layer increases the adhesion strength of crosslinked polymethacrylate resin on mineral surfaces by up to an order of magnitude when compared with conventional primers such as noncatecholic silane‐ and phosphate‐based grafts. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that catechol groups anchor to a variety of mineral surfaces and shed light on the binding mode of each molecule. Here, a ≈50% toughness enhancement is achieved in a stiff load‐bearing polymer network, demonstrating the utility of mussel‐inspired bonding for processing a wide range of polymeric interfaces, including structural, load‐bearing materials.
Photocatalysis: Basic Principles, Diverse Forms of Implementations and Emerging Scientific Opportunities
Authors: Zhu Shasha , Wang Dunwei 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPhotocatalysis promises a solution to challenges associated with the intermittent nature of sunlight which is considered as renewable and ultimate energy source to power activities on Earth. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the field. Insight into natural photosynthesis is discussed first, which provides a scientific basis for most efforts on photocatalysis. Afterwards, the details of four existing types of photocatalysis are presented, namely photosynthesis by plants, photosynthesis by microalgae, photocatalysis by suspension and photoelectrocatalysis. Detailed analyses of simple photocatalysts and integrated photocatalytic systems are followed to shed light on the different functionalities of different components in a working photocatalyst. Special attention is given to the roles played by surface and interface chemical phenomena. Lastly, perspectives on artificial photosynthesis are discussed briefly at the end.
A mixed‐methods analysis of logging injuries in Montana and Idaho
Authors: Lagerstrom Elise , Magzamen Sheryl , Rosecrance John 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundDespite advances in mechanization, logging continues to be one of the most dangerous occupations in the United States. Logging in the Intermountain West region (Montana and Idaho) is especially hazardous due to steep terrain, extreme weather, and remote work locations.MethodsWe implemented a mixed‐methods approach combining analyses of workers’ compensation claims and focus groups to identify factors associated with injuries and fatalities in the logging industry.ResultsInexperienced workers (>6 months experience) accounted for over 25% of claims. Sprain/strain injuries were the most common, accounting for 36% of claims, while fatalities had the highest median claim cost ($274 411). Focus groups identified job tasks involving felling trees, skidding, and truck driving as having highest risk.ConclusionsInjury prevention efforts should focus on training related to safe work methods (especially for inexperienced workers), the development of a safety culture and safety leadership, as well as implementation of engineering controls.
Perimortem cesarean delivery and subsequent emergency hysterectomy: new strategy for maternal cardiac arrest
Authors: Goto Mayako , Watanabe Hiroaki , Ogita Kazuhide , Matsuoka Tetsuya 
Published: August 2017

CasesPerimortem cesarean delivery (PMCD) is the only way to resuscitate pregnant women in cardiac arrest, and has been found to increase maternal resuscitation rate by increasing circulating plasma volume. However, many obstetricians have not experienced a case of PMCD, as situations requiring it are rare. We report our strategy for cases of maternal cardiac arrest, on the basis of a review of published work, and present two case reports from our medical center.OutcomesIn case 1, PMCD led to death by massive bleeding. In case 2, PMCD and hysterectomy were carried out after the introduction of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and both mother and baby survived.ConclusionWe find that rapid hysterectomy as a damage control surgery following PMCD can be life‐saving for both mother and baby.
Ulinastatin did not reduce mortality in elderly multiple organ failure patients: a retrospective observational study in a single center ICU
Authors: Uchida Masatoshi , Abe Toshikazu , Ono Kazuyuki , Tamiya Nanako 
Published: August 2017

AimOur aim was to evaluate the effect of ulinastatin on 28‐day mortality in patients who developed multiple organ failure (MOF) related to their acute illness and were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).MethodsWe carried out a retrospective observational study of MOF patients in a general ICU of a tertiary care hospital in Japan from January 2009 to December 2012. The primary outcome was 28‐day all‐cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were ventilator‐free days, ICU‐free days, and vasopressor‐free days at day 28. We investigated the association between ulinastatin treatment and outcomes using multivariable regression analysis.ResultsA total of 212 MOF patients were included, 79 (37%) of whom received ulinastatin. The median age was 70 years (interquartile range, 60–77) and median APACHE II score was 25 (interquartile range, 19–29). Overall 28‐day mortality was 20%. There were no significant differences between the ulinastatin group and the control group in age, gender, or APACHE II score. The ulinastatin group had higher prevalence of sepsis (44% versus 22%, P = 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that ulinastatin was not associated with 28‐day mortality (odds ratio = 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.54–2.79). Moreover, ulinastatin did not reduce the mortality in patients with sepsis (odds ratio = 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–7.13). However, ICU‐free days and ventilator‐free days was significantly fewer in the ulinastatin group than control group.ConclusionsIn this retrospective observational study, ulinastatin was not associated with mortality in elderly patients with established MOF, although it might be related to patient's utility.
Management of pediatric ‘cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate’
Authors: Okada Yohei , Ishii Wataru , Sato Norio , Kotani Hirokazu , Iiduka Ryoji 
Published: August 2017

Case“Cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate” (CICO) is a rare, life‐threatening situation. We describe a pediatric case of CICO and highlight some educational points.A 3‐year‐old boy who collapsed in the bathtub came to our emergency department. On admission, he went into cardiac arrest probably because of an airway obstruction. We judged his condition as CICO and carried out an emergent tracheostomy after several attempts to perform a cricothyroidotomy failed. We continued resuscitation; however, circulation did not return spontaneously.OutcomeThe child died, and the autopsy showed an airway obstruction caused by idiopathic anaphylaxis or acquired angioedema.ConclusionThis case highlights that it can be anatomically difficult to perform a percutaneous cannula cricothyroidotomy and scalpel cricothyroidotomy safely in pediatric CICO cases. An emergent tracheostomy using the scalpel–finger–bougie technique on the proximal trachea should be considered in such cases.
Ligand‐Controlled Regiodivergent and Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Hydroallylation of Alkynes
Authors: Xu Guoxing , Zhao Haiyan , Fu Bin , Cang Aijie , Zhang Ge , Zhang Qian , Xiong Tao , Zhang Qian 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA ligand‐controlled regiodivergent and enantioselective copper‐catalyzed intermolecular hydroallylation of alkynes with allylic phosphates and hydrosilanes has been achieved for the first time. The chiral bidentate sulfonate‐containing N‐heterocyclic carbene ligated CuCl complex leads to enantioenriched SN2′‐type products, whereas the use of the IMesCuCl catalyst affords SN2‐type products. Thus a range of chiral branched and achiral linear 1,4‐dienes could be facilely synthesized from readily available alkynes in a regiodivergent manner.
Preparation of periclase (MgO) nanoparticles from dolomite by pyrohydrolysis–calcination processes
Authors: Altiner Mahmut , Yildirim Mehmet 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDolomite is one of the most important resources for producing periclase (MgO) nanoparticles, which are of highly demanded in many industrial applications. For that reason, this study investigated to prepare MgO nanoparticles from dolomite through pyrohydrolysis–calcination processes. Each obtained product was characterized using X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, and wet chemical and image processing analyses. Synthetic aragonite (CaCO3) crystals and CO2 gas were obtained as by‐products. The experimental results indicate that each obtained product was identified as a periclase mineral, and the production temperature played a curial role for producing pure MgO nanoparticles. However, the reactivity and particle size distribution of each product were strongly influenced by the production temperature. The particle size of the product obtained at various temperatures ranged from 180.05 nm to 6 μm depending on the production condition. We determined that the calcination process should be conducted to produce MgO nanoparticles. The proposed method brings a new perspective to researchers for the production of MgO nanoparticles from dolomite. © 2017 Curtin University and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.