bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Study of Motion and Stability of Falling Columnar Crystals
Authors: Hashino Tempei , Cheng Kai-Yuan , Chueh Chih-Che , Wang Pao K. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Understanding of the flow field and falling patterns of ice crystals is fundamental to cloud physics and radiative transfer, and yet the complex shape hampers a comprehensive understanding. In order to create better understanding of falling patterns of columnar crystals, this study utilizes a computational fluid dynamics package and explicitly simulates the motion as well as the flow fields. Three modes of patterns (i.e., strong damping, fluttering, and unstable modes) were identified in the space of inverse aspect ratio (q) and Reynolds number (Re). The boundary of stability depicts the “L” shape as found in a previous experimental study. This study newly found that the range of Re for stable motion increases with a decrease in q. Decomposition of hydrodynamic torques indicates that, for stable mode, the pressure and viscous torques acting on the lower prism faces counteract the rotation when the inclination angle becomes 0°. The unstable motion was attributed to the pressure torque acting on the upper prism faces, which is associated with eddies that lag behind the oscillating boundary. Observed Re–q relationships of columns suggest that the strong damping mode is most likely to occur in the atmosphere, but the fluttering mode is also possible. Furthermore, the time scales of oscillation and damping were parameterized as a function of q and Re. The impact of the fluttering on the riming process is limited at the beginning, which supports the current formulation in numerical weather and climate models.
Objective Calibration of Regional Climate Models: Application over Europe and North America
Authors: Bellprat Omar , Kotlarski Sven , Lüthi Daniel , De Elía Ramón , Frigon Anne , Laprise René , Schär Christoph 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
An important source of model uncertainty in climate models arises from unconfined model parameters in physical parameterizations. These parameters are commonly estimated on the basis of manual adjustments (expert tuning), which carries the risk of overtuning the parameters for a specific climate region or time period. This issue is particularly germane in the case of regional climate models (RCMs), which are often developed and used in one or a few geographical regions only. This study addresses the role of objective parameter calibration in this context. Using a previously developed objective calibration methodology, an RCM is calibrated over two regions (Europe and North America) and is used to investigate the transferability of the results. A total of eight different model parameters are calibrated, using a metamodel to account for parameter interactions. The study demonstrates that the calibration is effective in reducing model biases in both domains. For Europe, this concerns in particular a pronounced reduction of the summer warm bias and the associated overestimation of interannual temperature variability that have persisted through previous expert tuning efforts and are common in many global and regional climate models. The key process responsible for this improvement is an increased hydraulic conductivity. Higher hydraulic conductivity increases the water availability at the land surface and leads to increased evaporative cooling, stronger low cloud formation, and associated reduced incoming shortwave radiation. The calibrated parameter values are found to be almost identical for both domains; that is, the parameter calibration is transferable between the two regions. This is a promising result and indicates that models may be more universal than previously considered.
Global Assimilation of Multiangle and Multipolarization SMOS Brightness Temperature Observations into the GEOS-5 Catchment Land Surface Model for Soil Moisture Estimation
Authors: De Lannoy Gabriëlle J. M. , Reichle Rolf H. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Multiangle and multipolarization L-band microwave observations from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission are assimilated into the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, version 5 (GEOS-5), using a spatially distributed ensemble Kalman filter. A variant of this system is also used for the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Level 4 soil moisture product. The assimilation involves a forward simulation of brightness temperatures (Tb) for various incidence angles and polarizations and an inversion of the differences between Tb forecasts and observations into updates to modeled surface and root-zone soil moisture, as well as surface soil temperature. With SMOS Tb assimilation, the unbiased root-mean-square difference between simulations and gridcell-scale in situ measurements in a few U.S. watersheds during the period from 1 July 2010 to 1 July 2014 is 0.034 m3 m−3 for both surface and root-zone soil moisture. A validation against gridcell-scale measurements and point-scale measurements from sparse networks in the United States, Australia, and Europe demonstrates that the assimilation improves both surface and root-zone soil moisture results over the open-loop (no assimilation) estimates in areas with limited vegetation and terrain complexity. At the global scale, the assimilation of SMOS Tb introduces mean absolute increments of 0.004 m3 m−3 to the profile soil moisture content and 0.7 K to the surface soil temperature. The updates induce changes to energy fluxes and runoff amounting to about 15% of their respective temporal standard deviation.
A Novel Approach to the Challenging Injection Laryngoplasty
Authors: Mayerhoff Ross M. , Kuo Connie , Meyer Tanya 
Published: December 2015

Introduction: Injection laryngoplasty (IL) is typically performed either awake or under general anesthesia with paralysis. There is a subgroup of patients, however, for whom neither of these is a good option. For such patients, we report a hybrid technique that allows for a percutaneous injection without paralysis but with sedation to increase patient tolerance. Supraglottic airway laryngotracheal intervention (SALTI) brings the benefits of injection laryngoplasty to a group of patients previously underserved. Methods: Injection laryngoplasty cases using SALTI technique from July 1, 2013, to October 21, 2014, were reviewed. Data were collected regarding the indication, success of injection, comorbidities, and outcomes. Results: Seventeen subjects were reviewed. All were successfully injected without complications. Follow-up data were available for 15 subjects. The majority of patients experienced improved symptoms of dysphonia and/or dysphagia after the procedure. Discussion and Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of the SALTI technique for IL. The technique may also be useful for other procedures. Advantages include maintenance of spontaneous ventilation without paralysis, no neck extension, improved patient tolerance, and accommodation of difficult anatomy. Disadvantages are increased time and cost related to the operating room and the need for an assistant. Overall, SALTI permits IL in previously ineligible patients.
The Effect of Initial Tracheoesophageal Voice Prosthesis Size on Postoperative Complications and Voice Outcomes
Authors: Naunheim Matthew R. , Remenschneider Aaron K. , Scangas George A. , Bunting Glenn W. , Deschler Daniel G. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives: The optimal initial size of tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis (TEVP) for tracheoesophageal voice restoration (TEVR) remains unclear. As purported advantages exist favoring the placement of both 16F and 20F prostheses, this study compares complications and voicing outcomes after placement of 16 and 20 French (F) prostheses. Methods: All cases of TEVR at an academic medical center were retrospectively reviewed (2007-2013). Complications including dislodgement, leakage, infection, and granulation tissue were compared. Outcomes including frequency of prosthesis change, acquisition of speech, and time to fluent speech were compared. Results: Of 47 patients, 25 received 20F prostheses, and 22 received 16F. Postoperative complications were similar between groups, including leakage around the prosthesis ( P = .373) and aspiration pneumonia ( P = .670). There were no significant differences in timing of voicing or ability to achieve fluency. Although the 20F group appeared to undergo fewer prostheses changes per year (3.0 vs 5.3) and had a longer duration of use before first prosthesis change (76 vs 43 days), neither difference was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Voice restoration was successfully achieved using either 16F or 20F prostheses. Prosthesis diameter did not significantly affect complications or voicing. Both prostheses may be placed with safety and efficacy, allowing the practitioner to choose based on the potential individual benefits of either device.
Subtotal Petrosectomy for Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Polo Rubén , Del Mar Medina María , Arístegui Miguel , Lassaletta Luis , Gutierrez Auxiliadora , Aránguez Gracia , Prasad Sampath Chandra , Alonso Antonio , Gavilán Javier , Sanna Mario 
Published: December 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review the indications for subtotal petrosectomy for cochlear implantation, report our management of complications, as well as review those technical factors that are critical for successful implantation. Methods: Patients (n = 104) that underwent subtotal petrosectomy with closure of the external auditory canal and obliteration of the cavity with abdominal fat in combination with cochlear implantation were analyzed. Results: The most frequent indication for subtotal petrosectomy was the existence of a previous canal wall down technique. Postoperative complications occurred in 13 patients (11.83%). Extrusion of the device took place in 5 cases (4.55%). Conclusions: Subtotal petrosectomy in cochlear implantation permits obtaining a cavity isolated from the external environment, and when needed, it improves the access and visibility during the surgical procedure. Subtotal petrosectomy is a safe technique, with a low rate of complications.
School-based health education programmes, health-learning capacity and child oral health–related quality of life
Authors: Freeman Ruth , Gibson Barry , Humphris Gerry , Leonard Helen , Yuan Siyang , Whelton Helen 
Published: December 2015

Objective: To use a model of health learning to examine the role of health-learning capacity and the effect of a school-based oral health education intervention (Winning Smiles) on the health outcome, child oral health–related quality of life (COHRQoL). Setting: Primary schools, high social deprivation, Ireland/Northern Ireland. Design: Cluster randomised controlled trial. Method: A total of 383, 7- to 8-year-old children were invited to participate and randomly allocated into intervention and control conditions. Baseline and 12-month follow-up assessments of COHRQoL, self-esteem, toothbrushing–fluoride toothpaste knowledge and unstimulated saliva samples were made. An 18-hour post-brushing, saliva fluoride concentration was used to assess toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste (behaviour). The data were entered onto SPSSv22. Structural equation modelling was applied using AMOSv22 to test for the role of health-learning capacity (baseline self-esteem and COHRQoL) and simultaneous effects of Winning Smiles upon knowledge, behaviour and COHRQoL (at follow-up). Results: A total of 238 children participated at baseline and follow-up. A partial latent hybrid model fitted the data reasonably well (χ2 = 65.6, df = 50, p = .07) as shown in addition by a Comparative Fit Index of .97 and a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) value of .042 (90% confidence interval [CI]: .00, .06). The intervention had a significant effect on toothbrushing–fluoride toothpaste knowledge ( p < .03) and an effect on COHRQoL at the 6% level ( p < .06). Knowledge was strongly associated with saliva fluoride concentration ( p < .002). Conclusion: The model of health-learning capacity assisted in explaining the effect of a school-based intervention upon knowledge, toothbrushing behaviour and tentatively on COHRQoL.
Health promotion in a prison setting: Experience in Villabona prison
Authors: Muro Pilar , Enjuanes Jordi , Morata Txus , Palasí Eva 
Published: December 2015

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse experiences of a health promotion intervention implemented by the Therapeutic and Educational Unit at Villabona prison in Spain, which aimed to create drug-free spaces as part of a model of social rehabilitation. Design: As part of a larger participatory evaluation study concerning the efficacy of community education, qualitative data were collected from inmates and key informants associated with the unit. Methodology: Information was gathered from 68 informants via 32 in-depth interviews, 6 discussion groups and 4 life stories. Participants included 39 inmates, 10 prison professionals, 5 ex-prisoners, 11 stakeholders and 3 family members. Results: The unit provides a drug-free space that encourages healthy behaviours and strengthens formal and informal social ties to enhance protective factors. Conclusion: The educational and therapeutic model employed may provide a successful methodology for the promotion of health in penal system institutions. Drug-free opportunities to promote good health may be provided through inmates’ participation in therapeutic spaces and the process of change, alongside effective social and community support. The intervention described here offers a successful new social model of health promotion and education for prison inmates.
The Modification and Maintenance of Time Spent Attending Using Social Reinforcement, Token Reinforcement and Response Cost in an Applied Restaurant Setting
Authors: Rusch Frank R. , Connis Richard T. , Sowers Jo Ann 
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate a series of program variables used to modify the time a subject spent attending in an experimental restaurant setting. Selective behaviors of a mildly retarded, female young adult were evaluated, based on combinations of three treatment variables (social reinforcement, token reinforcement and response cost) in modifying the time spent attending to task. Further, the addition of an intermittent schedule of cost contingency, delayed token exchange, delayed performance feedback, and a final weekly pay check were evaluated, and resulting levels of response maintenance were investigated. Combinations of social reinforcement, tokens and response cost were found less effective in increasing percent of time spent attending to task than were simultaneous application of all treatment variables. Relationships were established between maintenance of appropriate attending behavior and the selective withdrawal of both token reinforcement and cost contingency. Data collected suggested that an intermittent schedule of response cost, weekly token exchanges, minimal feedback on performance earning and weekly checks, in that order, were effective in maintaining response gains. Follow-up measures indicated that treatment gains were maintained after all contingencies were removed. Limitations of the present investigation and future areas of research were outlined. Descriptors: Response cost, token economy, social reinforcement, response maintenance, mentally retarded, vocational training.
Direct Instruction Research in Australia
Authors: Maggs Alex , Maggs Robyn K. 
Published: December 2015

A series of studies in metropolitan and rural areas involving Direct Instruction methods (Becker, Engelmann, and Thomas, 1971, 1975) have been conducted in Australian schools over the past eight years. These studies involved the use of DISTAR®, Corrective Reading, and Morphographic Spelling instructional programs with children in regular classes, special classes, withdrawal classes (e.g., pull out groups), and special schools at the elementary and junior high levels. Retarded, migrant, aboriginal, learning disabled, and socially disadvantaged children have participated in these investigations. The results demonstrate that the Direct Instruction programs have been effective across settings and populations when independently evaluated against norm-referenced and criterion-referenced dependent measures. In addition, the results exceeded the usual expectations held for these populations in relation to academic and intellectual achievement The positive learning outcomes achieved in all these studies, many of which were longitudinal, highlight the fact that there is now a body of data-based evaluations across settings and populations that show Direct Instruction programs to be effective. The implications for educational administrators, principals, teachers, teacher educators, and parents is clear. Effective instructional programs are now available which can reduce learning gaps, and in many instances completely close the gap between “normal” academic and intellectual development and learning deficits. The body of empirical data on Direct Instruction which now exists offers new options for the administrators, principals, teachers, and teacher educators who seek the best in teaching strategies for children.
Prediction of anatomical lung volume using planimetric measurements on chest radiographs
Authors: Park Chul Hwan , Haam Seok Jin , Lee Sungsoo , Han Kyung Hwa , Kim Tae Hoon 
Published: December 2015

Background The anatomical lung volume is conventionally measured by computed tomography (CT). However, chest radiographs could be considered as an alternative method with low cost and low radiation. Purpose To predict the anatomical lung volume using planimetric measurements of chest radiographs. Material and Methods In total, 119 participants (M:F ratio = 66:53; age, 53.7 ± 9.6 years) who underwent chest CT for lung cancer screening were enrolled. The lung volume on CT was measured as a reference for the anatomical lung volume. To eliminate the bias from the degree of inspiration, virtual chest radiographs (posterior–anterior view and lateral view) were generated from the CT images using the thick multiplanar technique, and the lung area (cm2) was measured in the right (P), left (Q), and lateral (R) lungs according to the planimetric method. A regression equation predicting the anatomical lung volume from the planimetric measurements was generated. The correlation between the measured and estimated lung volumes was evaluated. The percentage error rate (%) was calculated and the equation was validated internally and externally. Results The equation predicting the anatomical lung volume (mL) was 9.6*S–1367, where the summed lung area (S) was defined as (P + Q + R). The measured and estimated lung volumes were highly correlated (R = 0.941, P < 0.001). The absolute error rate was 5.7 ± 4.9%. The root mean square error of the equation was 290.2. The root mean square errors on internal and external validation were 300.4 and 267.0. Conclusion The anatomical lung volume may be feasibly and accurately predicted from planimetric measurements of chest radiographs.
Effect of total intravenous anaesthesia and prophylactic ramosetron on postoperative nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy: A prospective, randomized controlled study
Authors: Joe Han Bum , Lee Sook Young , Kim Jin-Soo , Chang Hyuk Soo , Jeong Yunyong , Jeong Haewon , Park Sung Yong 
Published: December 2015

Objective To investigate the effect of combined prophylactic ramosetron and total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), compared with sevoflurane anaesthesia without prophylactic antiemetics, in female patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Methods Female patients were randomized between the sevoflurane group (anaesthesia maintained with sevoflurane) or TIVA + ramosetron group (TIVAR; 0.3 mg ramosetron just before anaesthesia induction, remifentanil and propofol anaesthesia). Incidence and severity of PONV and use of rescue antiemetics were recorded during the first 24 h after surgery. Results In the early postoperative period (0–6 h), the incidence of PONV, severe emesis and rescue antiemetic use were significantly lower in the TIVAR group ( n = 36) than in the sevoflurane group ( n = 36). In the late postoperative period (6–24 h), the incidence of severe emesis was significantly lower in the TIVAR group than in the sevoflurane group. Conclusions A combination of TIVA and prophylactic ramosetron decreases early PONV and late postoperative severe emesis compared with sevoflurane anaesthesia.
Physical therapy for headaches
Authors: Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Cuadrado María L 
Published: December 2015

Background Headache is the medical problem most commonly observed by neurologists. Non-pharmacological treatments are commonly demanded by individuals with headaches, but their evidence of effectiveness is conflicting. Aim The current review provides an updated discussion on what is supported by current scientific evidence about physical therapies for tension-type headache (TTH), migraine, and cervicogenic headache (CeH), and which gaps there still may be in our understanding of the interventions. Methods PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, EBSCO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Collaboration Trials Register, PEDro, and SCOPUS were searched from their inception through March 2015. Results/Discussion Several physical therapies including spinal joint manipulation/mobilization, soft tissue interventions, therapeutic exercises and needling therapies are proposed to be effective for the management of headaches. Current evidence has shown that the effectiveness of these interventions will depend on proper clinical reasoning since not all interventions are equally effective for all headache pain conditions. For instance, evidence of physical therapy in migraine is more controversial than in TTH, since migraine pathogenesis involves activation of sub-cortical structures and the trigemino-vascular system, whereas pathogenesis of TTH is more associated with musculoskeletal disorders, e.g. muscle pain. It seems that multimodal approaches including different interventions are more effective for patients with TTH, migraine and CeH.