bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XIII.—On the Operational Solution of the Homogeneous Linear Equation of Finite Differences by Generalised Continued Fractions
Authors: Milne-Thomson L. M. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe homogeneous linear equation of the second order may be solved by means of a, continued fraction whose elements are coefficients in the equation. The two dimensional continued fraction is generalised to m dimensions and yields the solution of the equation of the mth order.
XX.—Note on Cayley's Elimination-problem involving Superfluous Data
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

1. The given set of equations in question isand the problem was solved by Cayley in the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, viii, pp. 183–185. The method was peculiar and is still interesting. He introduced three additional unknowns, deduced a fresh set of five equations, from which he then proceeded to eliminate four unknowns, namely, the new three and x/y.
VI.—Experiments and Observations on Crustacea: Part III. Limb-Flexures and Limb-Taxis in the Peracarida
Authors: Tait John 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARY1. Each walking leg of Ligia shows three prominent flexures arranged alternately in one plane. Generally speaking, the planes of flexure of the whole series of seven limbs are transverse to the body, the basipodites flexing medially; this arrangement, here called isopodan limb-taxis, is associated with clinging power.2. In Amphipoda and in Tanaidacea there are likewise three chief flexures in the limb, which are also arranged tri-alternately and in one plane. In the Tanaidacea the basipodites project laterally not medially. In the Amphipoda the basipodites flex antero-posteriorly. Tanaidacean limb-taxis seems to be the primitive form.3. The tri-alternate flexion-complex in each limb of these Peracarida, as well as in certain limbs of Cumacea, is a reptant feature; so is the separation of the seven limbs into two opposing groups: an analogy with the limbs of reptant vertebrates is here traced. By simple inspection it is usually possible to say if a crustacean limb used for swimming has been secondarily modified from a reptant limb.4. The flexion-complex in the limbs of reptant Eucarida is neither tri-alternate nor uniplanar as in the limbs of reptant Peracarida. This distinction is of more importance than that suggested by Boas, which relies upon the amount of flexion possible at the mero-carpal and at the carpo-propodal articulation respectively.5. The Peracarida, like the Decapoda, may be divided into natant and reptant forms, with intermediate links. Of the reptant forms only those with isopodan or amphipodan limb-taxis have shown themselves capable of adopting a land life.6. It is suggested that Phreatoicus may in progression employ its posterior peraeopods or its pleon in the same way as a Gammarus. Should it be found that the animal does so, one could formulate additional correlations between structure and function; these would involve vertical pleural plates, uropods, and the number of free segments in the pleon.7. Considerations relating to limb flexures and limb-taxis have been tentatively applied to the classification of the Isopoda.8. The different forms of limb-taxis in the Peracarida and certain features involving the flexion-complex, present problems analogous to the rotation and torsion that occur in the fore-limb of a developing mammal.9. In a discussion on homology and analogy it is pointed out that homology in the sense of homoplasy (Lankester) cannot be effectively distinguished from analogy. The systematic study of analogies would appear to be more worthy of consideration than is generally acknowledged.
XVIII.—Vanishing Aggregates
Authors: Metzler William H. 
Published: June 2016

In 1888 Dr Thomas Muir gave the following theorem:—Theorem A.—If any two determinants A and B of the nth order be taken, and from these two sets of determinants be formed, namely, first, a set of nCr determinants, each of which is in r rows identical with A and in the remaining rows with B; and, secondly, a set of the same number of determinants each of which is in r columns identical with A and in the remaining columns with B, then the sum of the first set of determinants is equal to the sum of the second set.
VI.—Myriapods collected in Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia
Authors: Evans W. Edgar , Brolemann Henry W. 
Published: June 2016

The Myriapods recorded in this paper were collected in Mesopotamia—mostly at and around Amara on the Tigris—and in the neighbouring uplands of N.W. Persia, by W. K. Evans, B.Sc., Edinburgh, late Captain R.A.M.C.They are referable to seventeen forms: of these eight are new and three could not be identified owing to want of appropriate material. Amongst the novelties two specimens deserve special mention as belonging to an lulid group, the known representatives of which are very few. The new genus Calyptophyllum has been erected for these.
Preliminary Note regarding an Experimental Investigation into the Effects of Varying Diets upon Growth and Nutrition
Authors: Watson Chalmers , Schäfer E. A. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYI. The use of an excessive meat diet in rats induces a deterioration in the health of the animals. This deterioration is shown in (a) an imperfect physical development, (b) a loss of reproductive power, (c) defective lactation, and (d) a high mortality in early life in the second generation of meat-fed subjects.II. The recuperative powers of these deteriorated animals, on a normal diet, is very striking.III. In animals deprived of their ovaries, the minimum amount of proteid required is less than in normal females.
On the Formation of certain Lakes in the Highlands
Authors: Collet Léon W. , Murray John , Johnston T. N. 
Published: June 2016

Loch Muick (see fig. 1) lies at the head of Glen Muick, at a height of 1310 feet, on the property of His Majesty the King. On both sides of the loch the mountain slopes rise precipitously from the water's edge, and reach a height of 2400 feet on the south-east and from 2326 to 3352 feet on the north-west. The rocks surrounding the lake are granite.The loch trends in a N.E. and S.W. direction, and is miles in length, the maximum breadth being ½ mile at the north-eastern end. The maximum depth recorded is 256 feet, and the mean depth calculated from the volume of water is 111·69 feet, approaching the half of the extreme depth. The ratio of maximum depth to the length is 46.
Recherches sur la Glauconie
Authors: Collet Léon W. , Lee Gabriel W. , Murray John , Murray John 
Published: June 2016

Depuis Murray et Eenard deux travaux importants sont venus enrichir la bibliographie de la Glauconie: le mémoire de MM. Calderon et Cliaves, “Contribuciones al estudio de la Glauconita,” et l'œuvre magistrale de M. L. Cayeux,Etude micrographique des terrains sédimentaires.Murray et Eenard avaient étudié spécialement la Glauconie actuelle; MM. Calderon et Cliaves baserent leur synthese de la Glauconie actuelle sur une analyse de Glauconie des roches sédimentaires; M. L. Cayeux limita strictement ses belles recherches à la Glauconie des roches sédimentaires et n'attaquapas le problème de sa genèse.
The Theory of Circulants in the Historical Order of Development up to 1860
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

So far as mathematical writers have as yet noted, a set of equations of the typehad not made its appearance in mathematical work prior to the year 1846: and it is almost absolutely certain that before that year the determinant of such a set had never been considered. It is not at all unlikely, however, that the expressionwhich is the case of the determinant for n equal to 3 had more than once turned up in other connections, and that its divisibility by a + b + c had been noted: but of this, too, there is no record.
The Hessians of Certain Invariants of Binary Quantics
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

(1) The cubinvariant J of a binary quartic beingits Hessian, H(J), isPerforming on this the operationsand on the result the operationswe obtainThe three-line determinant here is seen to contain c as a factor, because it manifestly vanishes when c is put equal to 0.
XI.—The Modes of Vibration of a Stretched Membrane with a Particular Law of Density
Authors: Ince E. L. 
Published: June 2016

In this paper it is proposed to study the problem of the vibrations of a uniformly-stretched membrane whose superficial density σ depends upon the distance r from a fixed point in the membrane in accordance with the lawin which C and a are constants. The constant a will be known as the critical radius and the circle r = a as the critical circle.
I.—Craniological Observations on the Lengths, Breadths, and Heights of a Hundred Australian Aboriginal Crania
Authors: Robertson A. W. D. 
Published: June 2016

The present work forms the first portion of an investigation into the craniological characters of the Australian aboriginal crania at present being conducted by the author, and is part of a general scheme for the osteological investigation of the Australian aboriginal initiated by the Professor of Anatomy in the University of Melbourne.There are, as is well known, two methods of treating craniometric statistics, and which, for convenience, may be designated (1) The Empirical Method; (2) The Rational Method.The object aimed at in both is to find numbers that shall be characteristic of the race of any country.“The Empirical method places very little value on the length and breadth of a skull except as a means of arriving at their ratio—the cephalic index—‘the subdivisions of which,’ says Gray (15), ‘are all arbitrary.’ Some, e.g. Retzius, made use of centres; others, e.g. Welcker, made use of limits, and there appears to be no special reason for fixing the limits of the groups at one index more than another. The analysis of craniometrical statistics by this method becomes comparatively simple: calculate the cephalic index and other indices for each individual, and find the average or mean index for the whole group of people measured. The highest and lowest index is usually stated as indicating the range of variation on each side of the mean. As the range of variation of the cephalic index is usually quite as great as the range of variation of the absolute dimensions, it is difficult to understand the belief in the value of indices of the Empirical school.”
VI.—Abnormal Bone Growth in the absence of Functioning Testicles
Authors: Geddes A. C. 
Published: June 2016

At the instigation of the late Professor D. J. Cunningham, and at first working upon his material, the present writer has reinvestigated the problems of giantism and acromegaly.In the course of the work a group of facts persistently presented themselves which appeared to indicate the existence of a definite antagonism between growth and sexual activity. Side by side with these, and in apparent contradiction of them, was the undoubted fact that the state of pregnancy does not in the young female impede growth, but, on the contrary, favours it. These are not new discoveries. The fact that sexual activity is inimical to growth has not infrequently been demonstrated, more especially by Pirsche (1), Launois and Roy (2) Poncet (3), and Lortet (4). Indeed Pirsche, in the Thèse de Lyon, “De l'lnfluence de la Castration sur le DéVeloppement du Squelette,” 1902, might almost be said to have established beyond reach of question the fact that castration in youth is followed by abnormal growth of the long bones.
XVII.—The Theory of Recurrent Determinants in the Historical Order of Development up to 1860
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

Like Wronskians, and for the same reason, recurrents were at first dealt with among “Miscellaneous Special Forms”: their previous history is thus to be found under Wronski 1812, Scherk 1825, and Schweins 1825 in the chapter so entitled. (History, i. pp. 472–474, 478–481.)The name is quite recent, having been first proposed by E. Pascal in 1907 in a paper published in the Rendiconti …. 1st. Lombardo, (2) xl. pp. 293–305.
XXIII.—An Investigation into the Effects of Errors in Surveying
Authors: Briggs Henry 
Published: June 2016

The paper discusses the effects of errors in linear and angular measurements on the accuracy of surveys, and is divided into six sections, thus:—Section I. The Sum of Vector Errors.Section II. The Average Error due to Imperfect Centring.Section III. The Relative Effects of Errors in Centring and those of Sighting and Reading.Section IV. The Propagation of Errors in Traversing.Section V. The Propagation of Errors in Minor Triangulation.Section VI. A Summary of Results.
XXVII.—The Dissipation of Energy in Torsionally Oscillating Wires of Brass and. other Materials, with the Effects produced on the Law of Torsional Oscillation by Change of Temperature, etc
Authors: Ritchie J. B. 
Published: June 2016

In the determination of the law of decrease of torsional oscillations of an iron wire, when the range of oscillation is large in comparison with the palpable limits of elasticity, an equation of the formyn (x + a)= bhas been shown by Dr Peddie (Phil. Mag., July 1894) to give close representation of results where—y = the range of oscillation.x = the number of oscillations since the commencement of observations.n, a, b = quantities, constant for any one experiment, depending on the initial conditions of the experiment and the previous treatment of the wire.
XXVIII.—An Apparatus for inducing Fatigue in Wires by means of repeated Extensional and Rotational Strains, with the Effects produced by such Fatigue in the Laws of Torsional Oscillation
Authors: Ritchie J. B. 
Published: June 2016

In the preceding paper the law of torsional oscillationyn(x + a) = b,where y = range of oscillation, x = number of oscillations since start of experiment, and n, a, b constants for any one experiment, is considered with reference to wires of various materials, together with the effects produced on the constants of that empirical equation, and in particular on the constant n, by altering the initial conditions of the experiment. The wires were subjected to changes of length, diameter, temperature, and rigidity, and the resultant changes in the values of n, a, and b were given in detail.
XIX.—Observations on the Fragment of a Horse Skull from an Interglacial Deposit near Pulawy, Poland
Authors: Prawochenski R. , Kaczkowski B. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. By the application of the method of differential analysis it was possible to identify the fragment of a horse skull found in interglacial deposits as belonging to a horse closely allied to the Tarpan (E. ferus Ant.) or the “plateau type” (Ewart).2. This method was found to be of the greatest help in craniological studies because it permitted a more exact classification of other fossil and non-fossil skulls used for comparison.3. It must, however, be noted that the method has certain difficulties in calculations and especially in the arrangement of squares of the chessboard table in cases where the data are numerous.
VIII.—The Photochemical Equilibrium between Hydrogen, Bromine, and Hydrogen Bromide
Authors: Armour R. W. , Ludlam E. B. 
Published: June 2016

Summary(1) In accordance with theoretical considerations, it is proved experimentally that hydrogen and bromine combine to a small extent when exposed to the light of the aluminium spark, which radiates strongly at λ=185 μμ. At equilibrium the vapour pressure of hydrobromic acid is 1·4 to 1·8 per cent, that of the bromine, and the equilibrium state is rapidly reached.(2) The absorption coefficient of bromine increases slowly with decreasing wave-length for wave-lengths shorter than 254 μμ, but the gas is still very transparent even at 185 μμ.The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to Professor Sir James Walker and Professor Kendall for their interest and very helpful advice during the progress of the work, and also to Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., for a grant covering the expense of some of the apparatus used.
XII.—Studies in Embryonic Mortality in The Fowl. III. Chick Monsters in Relation To Embryonic Mortality
Authors: Hutt F. B. , Greenwood A. W. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIn an examination of 11,797 eggs which had failed to hatch, 433 specimens exhibiting teratological abnormalities were obtained.The various types of monsters observed are briefly described and the frequency of each given.The most common types were characterised by various degrees of abnormality either in the brain, cranium, or eyes, or in two of these structures, or in all three. Hyperencephaly, exencephaly, and microphthalmia constituted 93 per cent. of all the monsters observed.Other teratological abnormalities encountered included prognathia, duplicity, ectopia, cyclopia, otocephaly, malformed limbs, and absence of premaxillæ.Monsters accounted for at least 3·6 per cent, of all mortality in the material examined.Since this material included many embryos too decomposed for detection of teratological abnormality, the actual loss is probably considerably higher.No significant deviations from the normal sex-ratio were evident in any class of monsters.A decline in the frequency of such abnormalities from February to April was evident.Evidence is adduced from Stockard's experimental teratology in fish eggs, to show that a very probable cause of the production of monsters in the chick is an arrest of development of the embryo at a critical stage.Presumably such a condition results from the chilling of those eggs laid in the early stages of gastrulation.Some evidence to indicate the possibility of an hereditary tendency to produce monsters is briefly discussed.
XX.—Bands in Hydrogen Related to the Fulcher System
Authors: Sandeman Ian 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe 33S→23S system of Richardson and Das is extended, the band previously given as the null band (00) now being taken as (20), while two additional vibrational levels are added on the infra-red side. An analysis of the system based on the new mechanics is given, and various tests are applied to prove the correctness of the new arrangement. A Table giving the constants of the 23S and 33S states is appended.My thanks are due to Professor H. Stanley Allen of St Andrews for encouragement and helpful criticisms.
XXIV.—The Action of Salts of Polynuclear Bases on Colloidal Suspensions and on the Electro-capillary Curve
Authors: Butler J. A. V. , Kermack W. O. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. Salts of 5:6-benz-4-carboline and its derivatives precipitate colloidal gum benzoin and other negatively charged lyophobic sols at comparatively low concentrations, but at considerably higher concentrations they do not bring about flocculation of these colloids but confer a positive charge on the colloidal particles. These effects are similar to those observed with many dyestuffs.2. The effect of the simultaneous presence of benzcarboline salts and of gelatin of pH 4·6 and pH 7·0 has been examined. The presence of small quantities of gelatin appears markedly to decrease the adsorption of benzcarboline ions.3. The effect of various benzcarboline salts on the electro-capillary curve of mercury has been determined. In presence of small concentrations (M/20000) of these salts the maximum of the electro-capillary curve occurs to the right of that of the primitive (negative polarisation of the mercury), and the greatest fall in surface tension occurs to the left of the maximum of the primitive (positive polarisation of the mercury).4. These results indicate high adsorption of benzcarboline ions even on a positively charged surface. The possible cause of this unexpected result is discussed.The authors wish to express their indebtedness for a grant from Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., which defrayed in part the cost of the apparatus employed in the electro-capillary experiments. They also wish to express their thanks to Mr W. Leeper and Mr W. Spragg for valuable assistance.
2. Astronomical Notices.
Authors: Smyth C. Piazzi 
Published: June 2016

These Notices were chiefly derived from the ordinary correspondence of the Royal Observatory of Edinburgh, from the important character of some of which Professor P. Smyth hoped that extracts from the best of the letters might be of interest to the Society.He alluded first to the astronomers of the United States, a large and increasing body, of no mean order of excellence already, and of the richest promise. Professor Loomis' recent work, which was exhibited, gives sufficient facts to prove the above statements.
2. On Iron and its Alloys. Part II.
Authors: Stirling J. D. Morries 
Published: June 2016

The following abstract contains a brief notice of this as well as of the former part of Mr Stirling's paper, read at last meeting:—The author gave a short description of the various kinds of cast-iron, and a statement respecting their strengths, and of the uses to which they are more especially adapted, pointing out the discrepancies which exist between chemists as to the quantity of carbon contained in each sort.
1. On the Structural Characters of Rocks. Part I.
Authors: Fleming  
Published: June 2016

While the condition of the mineral masses in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh furnish interesting illustrations of the structural characters of rocks, such as the columnar, the concretionary, and the fragmentary, &amp;c., the author proposed to confine his remarks at present to what he denominated the FLAWED STRUCTURE.In the ordinary language of quarriers, theflawsare termedbacks, while they are known to masons asdries, and to geologists, when referred to, asslicken-sides. This last term, independent of its provincial character, refers to one peculiar form of the flaw only, and, although explicable according to the same views entertained respecting the origin of the others, is far from being a typical form. Theflawof the lapidary, in reference to crystals or gems, comes sufficiently near in character to justify its adoption.
On the Summation of a Compound Series, and its application to a Problem in Probabilities.
Authors: Terrot  
Published: June 2016

The series proposed for summation isIn which series each line or term is the product of two factorials, the first consisting ofp, the last ofqfactors of successive numbers. And in each successive term the factors of the first factorial are diminished each by unity, and the factors of the last increased.
3. Observations on the Structural Character of Rocks. Part II.
Authors: Fleming  
Published: June 2016

In proceeding to consider still farther the physiology of rocks, the author proposed in this communication to confine himself to the illustration of1.The Columnar Structure.—After enumerating examples of this structure, as occurring in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, in cannel coal, sandstone, clay, ironstone, clinkstone, claystone, greenstone, and basalt, he exhibited examples of similar appearances in oven soles and fragments of the walls of vitrified forts. The ordinary explanation of this structure as the result of cooling from a state of fusion he pointed out as unsatisfactory, even in the case of basaltic pillars, and inapplicable to similar appearances as occurring in sedimentary rocks.
1. Additional observations on the Diatomaceous Earth of Mull, with a notice of several New Species occurring in it, and Remarks on the value of Generic and Specific Characters in the Classification of the Diatomaceæ.
Authors: Gregory William 
Published: June 2016

The author, after mentioning his previous communications on this subject, stated, that continued investigations of the deposit had yielded the extraordinary number of about 150 species of Diatomaceæ, and that as several of these had been only recently observed, it was nearly certain that more yet remained.Of these species, from 12 to 15 appear to be undescribed, and there are also 7 or 8 new to Britain, or not hitherto admitted as British species.