bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Admissibility of the Usual Confidence Set for the Mean of a Univariate or Bivariate Normal Population: The Unknown Variance Case
Authors: Leeb Hannes , Kabaila Paul 
Published: June 2016

Summary
In the Gaussian linear regression model (with unknown mean and variance), we show that the standard confidence set for one or two regression coefficients is admissible in the sense of Joshi. This solves a long-standing open problem in mathematical statistics, and this has important implications on the performance of modern inference procedures post model selection or post shrinkage, particularly in situations where the number of parameters is larger than the sample size. As a technical contribution of independent interest, we introduce a new class of conjugate priors for the Gaussian location–scale model.
Envy and Its Consequences: Why It Is Useful to Distinguish between Benign and Malicious Envy
Authors: van de Ven Niels 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEnvy is the pain that arises from the good fortune of others. Recent research identified two subtypes of envy, benign and malicious envy. Malicious envy is the envy subtype with action tendencies aimed to pull down the envied person from their superior position. Benign envy is also a frustrating experience, but activates action tendencies aimed at improving oneself. This article provides an overview of the empirical support for making this distinction in envy subtypes. It then discusses the benefits of a subtype approach to envy, with the main advantages of distinguishing benign and malicious envy being that it (a) provides researchers with the language to be clear in how they conceptualize envy and (b) allows novel predictions. A next section provides a response to some criticism on making this distinction. Finally, I conclude with a section on how envy in general, and benign and malicious envy in particular, could be measured.
Reputation, Gossip, and Human Cooperation
Authors: Wu Junhui , Balliet Daniel , Van Lange Paul A. M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWhy do people cooperate? We address this classic question by analyzing and discussing the role of reputation: people cooperate to maintain a positive reputation in their social environment. Reputation is a key element fueling a system of indirect reciprocity, where cooperators establish a good reputation and are thus more likely to receive future benefits from third parties. The tendencies to monitor, spread, and manage each other's reputation help explain the abundance of human cooperation with unrelated strangers. We review research on the phenomenon of reputation‐based cooperation in the domains of how people manage their reputation in response to varying cues of reputation, when reputation can promote cooperation, and individual differences in reputation management. We also propose three directions for future research: group stability and reputation‐based cooperation, solutions to cope with noise and biased reputation, and the relative efficiency of positive versus negative reputation systems.
Riboflavin and ultraviolet light: impact on dengue virus infectivity
Authors: Faddy H. M. , Fryk J. J. , Watterson D. , Young P. R. , Modhiran N. , Muller D. A. , Keil S. D. , Goodrich R. P. , Marks D. C. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundDengue viruses (DENV 1‐4) are emerging across the world, and these viruses pose a risk to transfusion safety. Pathogen inactivation may be an alternative approach for managing the risk of DENV transfusion transmission. This study aimed to investigate the ability of riboflavin and UV light to inactivate DENV 1‐4 in platelet concentrates.Materials and MethodsDENV 1‐4 were spiked into buffy coat‐derived platelet concentrates in additive solution (SSP+) before being treated with riboflavin and UV light. Infectious virus was quantified pre‐ and posttreatment, and the reduction in viral infectivity was calculated.ResultsAll four DENV serotypes were modestly reduced after treatment. The greatest amount of reduction in infectivity was observed for DENV‐4 (1·81 log reduction) followed by DENV‐3 (1·71 log reduction), DENV‐2 (1·45 log reduction) and then DENV‐1 (1·28 log reduction).ConclusionOur study demonstrates that DENV 1‐4 titres are modestly reduced following treatment with riboflavin and UV light. With the increasing number of transfusion‐transmitted cases of DENV around the globe, and the increasing incidence and geographical distribution of DENV, additional approaches for maintaining blood safety may be required in the future.
Hepatitis E virus in donor plasma collected in Japan
Authors: Minagi T. , Okamoto H. , Ikegawa M. , Ideno S. , Takahashi K. , Sakai K. , Hagiwara K. , Yunoki M. , Wakisaka A. 
Published: June 2016

Background and objectivesHuman hepatitis E virus (HEV) is prevalent worldwide. Iatrogenic HEV has recently been identified based on the reports of transfusion‐transmitted cases. The detection rate of HEV‐RNA and seroprevalence of HEV‐IgG/IgM have been regionally evaluated in Japan, and donor plasma collected in Hokkaido is currently screened by nucleic acid amplification testing. However, the detection rate of HEV‐RNA in blood donors in Japan outside of Hokkaido has not been reported.Materials and MethodsA total of 620 140 qualified donor plasma samples from Japanese regions excluding Hokkaido were tested for HEV‐RNA (pools of 50 or 500) between 2004 and 2014. HEV‐RNA‐positive plasma bags were identified, and the HEV viral load, genotype and anti‐HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)G/IgM were evaluated.ResultsThe detection rate of HEV‐RNA (pools of 50) was 1/15 075 and higher in eastern than in western Japan. All 36 HEV‐RNA‐positive samples were genotype 3 with viral load ranging from <1·69 to 7·22 log10 copies/ml.ConclusionsOur detection rate of HEV‐RNA in donor populations in Japan outside Hokkaido (1/15 075 donations) is generally lower than reported in Europe and lower than previously reported for Hokkaido (1/8173 donations). As methods varied, we cannot exclude that these differences are reflective of differing RNA detection limits. In contrast to Hokkaido where genotype 4 has been reported among blood donations, all our positive donations were genotype 3, which is less pathogenic.
Effect of Metoclopramide on the Incidence of Early Postoperative Aspiration Pneumonia in Dogs with Acquired Idiopathic Laryngeal Paralysis
Authors: Milovancev Milan , Townsend Katy , Spina Jason , Hurley Connie , Ralphs S. Christopher , Trumpatori Brian , Seguin Bernard , Jermyn Kieri 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveEvaluate the effect of a perioperative intravenous continuous rate infusion (CRI) of metoclopramide on the incidence of aspiration pneumonia in the short term postoperative period in dogs undergoing unilateral arytenoid lateralization.Study DesignProspective, randomized, multi‐center clinical trial.Animals61 client‐owned dogs with idiopathic laryngeal paralysis and normal preoperative thoracic radiographs.MethodsAll dogs underwent unilateral arytenoid lateralization with a uniform anesthetic, analgesic, and management protocol. Dogs in the treatment group received an intravenous CRI of metoclopramide for 24 hours perioperative. All dogs were assessed for clinical signs of aspiration pneumonia based on the results of physical examination and owner interview up to the point of suture removal (10–14 days postoperative). Any dog with suspected aspiration pneumonia had thoracic radiographs performed.ResultsSix dogs developed aspiration pneumonia in the short term postoperative period (2/28 control dogs and 4/33 treated dogs), accounting for an overall frequency of 10% with no significant difference between control and treated dogs. No variables measured in the study were significantly different between control and treated dogs.ConclusionsPerioperative metoclopramide, at the doses used in this study, did not affect the incidence of aspiration pneumonia in the short term postoperative period in dogs with idiopathic laryngeal paralysis undergoing unilateral arytenoid lateralization.
RELAY BEAMFORMING TO MITIGATE INTER-RELAY INTERFERENCE IN MULTI-CELL SCENARIO
Authors: Fadoul Moubachir Madani , Leow Chee Yen 
Published: June 2016

In relay assisted Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) network, enhanced Node B (eNB) autonomously selects different backhaul sub-frame configurations to adopt traffic variations, which might cause inter-relay interference (IRI) between relay nodes (RNs) in adjacent cells. IRI can happen due to asynchronous transmission between adjacent cells, which results in IRI from the access link to the backhaul link of adjacent relay in the downlink direction and vice versa. This causes severe loss in system capacity and introduces high outage probability. In this article, we consider the IRI problem in a multi-cell relaying system. Previous studies consider the beamforming design for cooperative relay network as a single-cell problem, without taking into account the occurrence of IRI. However, the performance of the RN assisted network is limited by the IRI from adjacent RN. A hybrid zero-forcing and singular value decomposition (ZF-SVD) beamforming technique is proposed to eliminate the IRI. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme out-performs the comparable scheme in both the ergodic capacity and outage probability.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF INDUCTIVELY DEGENERATED CMOS LNA
Authors: Muhamad Maizan , Soin Norhayati , Ramiah Harikrishnan , Mohd Noh Norlaili 
Published: June 2016

This paper features the design approach of a low noise amplifier (LNA) which dissipates 19.89 mW from a 1.2 V power supply that was designed based on a 0.13 μm RFCMOS process. A detailed methodology that leads to a power-efficient design of the LNA is presented. A theoretical noise figure optimization using fixed power and physics-based gm/ID characteristics were used as a design optimization guide. Simultaneous noise and input matching under constrained power (PCSNIM) was achieved with an extra gate-source capacitor while gain enhancement was obtained by employing a capacitive feedback at the cascode transistor. The LNA is further optimized by implementing the forward biasing scheme to attain good LNA performance at low power. The end-design of the optimized LNA produces a noise figure of 3.55 dB, a power gain of 17.12 dB, a Third Order Input Intercept Point (IIP3) of -19.70 dBm, an input reflection coefficient of -14.15 dB and an output reflection coefficient of -18.37 dB. Simulated results validate peak performance at 2.45GHz, which makes the LNA suitable for Bluetooth and the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications.
Approximating
Markov Chain Approach to Optimal Feedback Control of a Flexible
Needle
Authors: Sovizi Javad , Kumar Suren , Krovi Venkat 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We present a computationally efficient approach for the intra-operative update of the feedback control policy for the steerable needle in the presence of the motion uncertainty. The solution to dynamic programming (DP) equations, to obtain the optimal control policy, is difficult or intractable for nonlinear problems such as steering flexible needle in soft tissue. We use the method of approximating Markov chain to approximate the continuous (and controlled) process with its discrete and locally consistent counterpart. This provides the ground to examine the linear programming (LP) approach to solve the imposed DP problem that significantly reduces the computational demand. A concrete example of the two-dimensional (2D) needle steering is considered to investigate the effectiveness of the LP method for both deterministic and stochastic systems. We compare the performance of the LP-based policy with the results obtained through more computationally demanding algorithm, iterative policy space approximation. Finally, the reliability of the LP-based policy dealing with motion and parametric uncertainties as well as the effect of insertion point/angle on the probability of success is investigated.
Heuristics-Based Prototyping Strategy Formation: Development and Testing of a New Prototyping Planning Tool
Authors: Dunlap Brock U. , Hamon Christopher L. , Camburn Bradley A. , Crawford Richard H. , Jensen Dan D. , Green Matthew G. , Otto Kevin , Wood Kristin L. 
Published: June 2016

This work seeks to introduce and evaluate effects of a novel method for designing prototyping strategies. This newly developed heuristics-based tool guides designers in planning a prototyping strategy based on answers to Likert-scale questions that embody empirically validated heuristics. We created this tool to augment prior work in the development of prototyping planning methods. The new tool guides designers through six critical prototype strategy choices: (1) How many concepts should be prototyped? (2) How many iterations of a concept should be built? (3) Should the prototype be virtual or physical? (4) Should subsystems be isolated? (5) Should the prototype be scaled? (6) Should the design requirements be temporarily relaxed?
We assessed the new planning tool in two environments: (1) a controlled experiment in which volunteers completed a prototyping design challenge, and (2) a capstone design class with a diverse range of open-ended sponsored design projects. In both cases, students received training for the method and then employed it in their own efforts.
In our study the new tool caused student teams to employ significantly more efficient and effective prototyping strategies, such as prototyping early and often. The results indicate a higher functional performance of prototypes from groups using the new planning tool compared to control groups. This paper describes the new prototyping strategy planning tool, details both sets of experiments, and discusses results.
Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Limits Interferon Production by Inducing a Host Shutoff That Requires Accessory Protein 5b
Authors: Kint Joeri , Langereis Martijn A. , Maier Helena J. , Britton Paul , van Kuppeveld Frank J. , Koumans Joseph , Wiegertjes Geert F. , Forlenza Maria 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

During infection of their host cells, viruses often inhibit the production of host proteins, a process that is referred to as host shutoff. By doing this, viruses limit the production of antiviral proteins and increase production capacity for viral proteins. Coronaviruses from the genera
Alphacoronavirus
and
Betacoronavirus
, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), establish host shutoff via their nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1). The
Gammacoronavirus
and
Deltacoronavirus
genomes, however, do not encode nsp1, and it has been suggested that these viruses do not induce host shutoff. Here, we show that the
Gammacoronavirus
infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) does induce host shutoff, and we find that its accessory protein 5b is indispensable for this function. Importantly, we found that 5b-null viruses, unlike wild-type viruses, induce production of high concentrations of type I interferon protein
in vitro
, indicating that host shutoff by IBV plays an important role in antagonizing the host's innate immune response. Altogether, we demonstrate that 5b is a functional equivalent of nsp1, thereby answering the longstanding question of whether lack of nsp1 in gammacoronaviruses is compensated for by another viral protein. As such, our study is a significant step forward in the understanding of coronavirus biology and closes a gap in the understanding of some IBV virulence strategies.

IMPORTANCE
Many viruses inhibit protein synthesis by their host cell to enhance virus replication and to antagonize antiviral defense mechanisms. This process is referred to as host shutoff. We studied gene expression and protein synthesis in chicken cells infected with the important poultry pathogen infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). We show that IBV inhibits synthesis of host proteins, including that of type I interferon, a key component of the antiviral response. The IBV-induced host shutoff, however, does not require degradation of host RNA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that accessory protein 5b of IBV plays a crucial role in the onset of host shutoff. Our findings suggest that inhibition of host protein synthesis is a common feature of coronaviruses and primarily serves to inhibit the antiviral response of the host.
Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein II Compromises Brain Endothelial Barriers and May Promote Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis
Authors: Pal Priya , Daniels Brian P. , Oskman Anna , Diamond Michael S. , Klein Robyn S. , Goldberg Daniel E. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a disease of the vascular endothelium caused by
Plasmodium falciparum
. It is characterized by parasite sequestration, inflammatory cytokine production, and vascular leakage. A distinguishing feature of
P. falciparum
infection is parasite production and secretion of histidine-rich protein II (HRPII). Plasma HRPII is a diagnostic and prognostic marker for falciparum malaria. We demonstrate that disruption of a human cerebral microvascular endothelial barrier by
P. falciparum
-infected erythrocytes depends on expression of HRPII. Purified recombinant or native HRPII can recapitulate these effects. HRPII action occurs via activation of the inflammasome, resulting in decreased integrity of tight junctions and increased endothelial permeability. We propose that HRPII is a virulence factor that may contribute to cerebral malaria by compromising endothelial barrier integrity within the central nervous system.

IMPORTANCE
Cerebral malaria is a devastating disease. Patients have high levels of the protein HRPII in their blood. We have found that endothelial cell barriers become leaky when treated with concentrations of HRPII similar to those found in patients. This result suggests that HRPII may be important in cerebral malaria. Our finding that HRPII functions by causing inflammation suggests points of intervention for therapy or vaccination against this disease.
A prospective quality improvement study in the emergency department targeting paediatric sepsis
Authors: Long Elliot , Babl Franz E , Angley Eleanor , Duke Trevor 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveQuality improvement sepsis initiatives in the paediatric emergency department have been associated with improved processes, but an unclear effect on patient outcome. We aimed to evaluate and improve emergency department sepsis processes and track subsequent changes in patient outcome.Study designA prospective observational cohort study in the emergency department of The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Participants were children aged 0–18 years of age meeting predefined criteria for the diagnosis of sepsis. The following shortcomings in management were identified and targeted in a sepsis intervention: administration of antibiotics and blood sampling for a venous gas at the time of intravenous cannulation, and rapid administration of all fluid resuscitation therapy. The primary outcome measure was hospital length of stay.Results102 patients were enrolled pre-intervention, 113 post-intervention. Median time from intravenous cannula insertion to antibiotic administration decreased from 55 min (IQR 27–90 min) pre-intervention to 19 min (IQR 10–32 min) post-intervention (p≤0.01). Venous blood gas at time of first intravenous cannula insertion was performed in 60% of patients pre-intervention vs 79% post-intervention (p≤0.01). Fluids were administered using manual push-pull or pressure-bag methods in 31% of patients pre-intervention and 84% of patients post-intervention (p≤0.01). Median hospital length of stay decreased from 96 h (IQR 64–198 h) pre-intervention to 80 h (IQR 53–167 h) post-intervention (p=0.02). This effect persisted when corrected for unequally distributed confounders between pre-intervention and post-intervention groups (uncorrected HR: 1.36, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.80, p=0.02; corrected HR: 1.34, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.80, p=0.04).ConclusionsUse of quality improvement methodologies to improve the management of paediatric sepsis in the emergency department was associated with a reduction in hospital length of stay.
Using league tables to reduce missed dose medication errors on mental healthcare of older people wards
Authors: Cottney Alan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe unintentional omission of medication is one of the most commonly-reported administration errors on hospital wards throughout the world. The omission of a dose of medication can severely harm the patient affected, but to date there is limited evidence about cost-effective means for reducing the incidence of such errors. The current report describes a quality improvement project, conducted on the mental healthcare of older people (MHCOP) wards in East London NHS Foundation Trust, which led to a greater than 90% reduction in the rate of unintentionally omitted doses of medication. The project involved the publication of a fortnightly league table which ranked each of the wards by how many doses they had missed, with the ward missing the fewest doses receiving a prize. PDSA cycles were used to refine the concept, with the final incarnation of the fortnightly league table also incorporating the publication of a poster for each ward which showed how many weeks it had been since the ward missed a dose, and the ward’s overall trend in missed doses. The project has resulted in the average missed dose rate on the MCHOP wards decreasing from 1.07% to 0.07%. In real terms, this represents a reduction from an estimated 2878 to 188 missed doses per year on the six MHCOP wards. By greatly reducing the risk of patients experiencing adverse drug events as a result of missed doses, this project has given rise to a potential cost-saving of around £34,000 per year across the wards studied. The use of league tables represents a simple, cost-effective means of tackling the problem of doses of medication being unintentionally omitted on hospital wards.
“A monster that lives in our lives”: experiences of caregivers of people with motor neuron disease and identifying avenues for support
Authors: Anderson Nicole Hennessy , Gluyas Cathy , Mathers Susan , Hudson Peter , Ugalde Anna 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundA developing body of evidence has provided valuable insight into the experiences of caregivers of people with motor neuron disease; however, understandings of how best to support caregivers remain limited.AimThis study sought to understand concepts related to the motor neuron disease caregiver experience which could inform the development of supportive interventions.DesignA qualitative thematic analysis of a one-off semistructured interview with caregivers was undertaken.Setting/participantsCaregivers of people with motor neuron disease were recruited from a progressive neurological diseases clinic in Melbourne, Australia.Results15 caregivers participated. Three key themes were identified: (1) The Thief: the experience of loss and grief across varied facets of life; (2) The Labyrinth: finding ways to address ever changing challenges as the disease progressed; (3) Defying fate: being resilient and hopeful as caregivers tried to make the most of the time remaining.ConclusionsCaregivers are in need of more guidance and support to cope with experiences of loss and to adapt to changeable care giving duties associated with disease progression. Therapeutic interventions which target these experiences of loss and change are worth investigation.Trial registration numberACTRN12615000120572, pre-results.