bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Labour under the law: a new law of combination, and master and servant, in 21st‐century Britain?
Authors: Smith Paul 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIt is valuable to evaluate contemporary employment law on industrial action and trade unions, and employment protection, in relation to the 19th‐century law of combination, and master and servant. Such a historical comparison, despite differing language and legal sanctions, focuses attention on the goal of legal ‘reform’—the drive to control workers' collective organisations and enhance the managerial prerogative in order to consolidate employers' capacity to determine the terms of the contract of employment or for services, and the content of the pay–effort bargain, that is, the real subordination of labour. It is a form of class struggle from above.
The development and testing of a skin tear risk assessment tool
Authors: Newall Nelly , Lewin Gill F , Bulsara Max K , Carville Keryln J , Leslie Gavin D , Roberts Pam A 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to develop a reliable and valid skin tear risk assessment tool. The six characteristics identified in a previous case control study as constituting the best risk model for skin tear development were used to construct a risk assessment tool. The ability of the tool to predict skin tear development was then tested in a prospective study. Between August 2012 and September 2013, 1466 tertiary hospital patients were assessed at admission and followed up for 10 days to see if they developed a skin tear. The predictive validity of the tool was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. When the tool was found not to have performed as well as hoped, secondary analyses were performed to determine whether a potentially better performing risk model could be identified. The tool was found to have high sensitivity but low specificity and therefore have inadequate predictive validity. Secondary analysis of the combined data from this and the previous case control study identified an alternative better performing risk model. The tool developed and tested in this study was found to have inadequate predictive validity. The predictive validity of an alternative, more parsimonious model now needs to be tested.
How to ask about patient satisfaction? The visual analogue scale is less vulnerable to confounding factors and ceiling effect than a symmetric Likert scale
Authors: Voutilainen Ari , Pitkäaho Taina , Kvist Tarja , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimsTo study the effects of scale type (visual analogue scale vs. Likert), item order (systematic vs. random), item non‐response and patient‐related characteristics (age, gender, subjective health, need for assistance with filling out the questionnaire and length of stay) on the results of patient satisfaction surveys.BackgroundAlthough patient satisfaction is one of the most intensely studied issues in the health sciences, research information about the effects of possible instrument‐related confounding factors on patient satisfaction surveys is scant.DesignA quasi‐experimental design was employed. A non‐randomized sample of 150 surgical patients was gathered to minimize possible alterations in care quality.MethodsData were collected in May–September 2014 from one tertiary hospital in Finland using the Revised Humane Caring Scale instrument. New versions of the instrument were created for the present purposes. In these versions, items were either in a visual analogue format or Likert‐scaled, in systematic or random order. The data were analysed using an analysis of covariance and a paired samples t‐test.ResultsThe visual analogue scale items were less vulnerable to bias from confounding factors than were the Likert‐scaled items. The visual analogue scale also avoided the ceiling effect better than Likert and the time needed to complete the visual analogue scale questionnaire was 28% shorter than that needed to complete the Likert‐scaled questionnaire.ConclusionThe present results supported the use of visual analogue scale rather than Likert scaling in patient satisfaction surveys and stressed the need to account for as many potential confounding factors as possible.
Disentangling the components of surface acting in emotion work: experiencing emotions may be as important as regulating them
Authors: Semmer Norbert K. , Messerli Laurence , Tschan Franziska 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMeasures of surface acting (SA) do not distinguish between feeling emotions and regulating emotions. SA typically involves negative emotions; these often persist and may, at least partly, be responsible for the effects of SA on well‐being. In two diary studies and one survey study, negative emotions felt predicted lower well‐being, and controlling for them rendered the effect of suppressing their display insignificant. Additionally, in Study 2, SA predicted higher interaction quality once emotions felt were controlled. Results indicate that the effects of SA are, at least partly, due to emotions felt when negative emotions are suppressed. Therefore, research should control for emotions felt and focus more strongly on the emotions themselves and their triggers.
Yogurt Enrichment with Grape Pomace: Effect of Grape Cultivar on Physicochemical, Microbiological and Sensory Properties
Authors: Marchiani Roberta , Bertolino Marta , Belviso Simona , Giordano Manuela , Ghirardello Daniela , Torri Luisa , Piochi Maria , Zeppa Giuseppe 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGrape skin flours obtained from grape pomace of Chardonnay, Moscato and Pinot noir varieties were used as sources of polyphenolic compounds in yogurt formulation during 3 weeks of storage. Yogurt containing grape skin flour presented significantly higher total phenolic content (+55%), antioxidant activity (+80%) and acidity (+25%) whereas lower pH, syneresis (−10%) and fat (−20%) than control. Procyanidin B1 and vanillic acids were detected only in the yogurt added of Pinot noir flour while gallic acid, catechin and quercitrin were the major phenolic compounds found in the yogurts with Moscato or Chardonnay grape skins. Significant differences were highlighted for acidity and lactose content while total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and lactic acid bacteria trend were stable after production and storage. The liking test performed with consumers showed a loss of textural quality for yogurts fortified with grape skin flours.Practical ApplicationsGrape skin is a nutritious, but underused, by‐product of winemaking containing fiber and antioxidants. Using a suitable production design, a new fortified yogurt formulation with grape by‐product could be optimized for enhance antioxidant consumers’ daily intake. The use of grape skin flour in the development of value‐added food products will be a step toward making new functional foods, and partially solving waste management problem from wine production. The results of this study would provide an opportunity of dairy producer to develop a novel product in agreement with consumers’ preferences. This research represents a new approach in the development of novel dairy foods with high nutritional quality and with great potential applications on food industry.
Far‐reaching geometrical artefacts due to thermal decomposition of polymeric coatings around focused ion beam milled pigment particles
Authors: RYKACZEWSKI K. , MIERITZ D.G. , LIU M. , MA Y. , IEZZI E.B. , SUN X. , WANG L.P. , SOLANKI K.N. , SEO D.‐K. , WANG R.Y. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryFocused ion beam and scanning electron microscope (FIB‐SEM) instruments are extensively used to characterize nanoscale composition of composite materials, however, their application to analysis of organic corrosion barrier coatings has been limited. The primary concern that arises with use of FIB to mill organic materials is the possibility of severe thermal damage that occurs in close proximity to the ion beam impact. Recent research has shown that such localized artefacts can be mitigated for a number of polymers through cryogenic cooling of the sample as well as low current milling and intelligent ion beam control. Here we report unexpected nonlocalized artefacts that occur during FIB milling of composite organic coatings with pigment particles. Specifically, we show that FIB milling of pigmented polysiloxane coating can lead to formation of multiple microscopic voids within the substrate as far as 5 μm away from the ion beam impact. We use further experimentation and modelling to show that void formation occurs via ion beam heating of the pigment particles that leads to decomposition and vaporization of the surrounding polysiloxane. We also identify FIB milling conditions that mitigate this issue.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a breakthrough for respiratory failure
Authors: Frenckner B. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a method for providing long‐term treatment of a patient in a modified heart–lung machine. Desaturated blood is drained from the patient, oxygenated and pumped back to a major vein or artery. ECMO supports heart and lung function and may be used in severe heart and/or lung failure when conventional intensive care fails. The Stockholm programme started in 1987 with treatment of neonates. In 1995, the first adult patient was accepted onto the programme. Interhospital transportation during ECMO was started in 1996, which enabled retrieval of extremely unstable patients during ECMO. Today, the programme has an annual volume of about 80 patients. It has been characterized by, amongst other things, minimal patient sedation. By 31 December 2014, over 900 patients had been treated, the vast majority for respiratory failure, and over 650 patients had been transported during ECMO. The median ECMO duration was 5.3, 5.7 and 7.1 days for neonatal, paediatric and adult patients, respectively. The survival to hospital discharge rate for respiratory ECMO was 81%, 70% and 63% in the different age groups, respectively, which is significantly higher than the overall international experience as reported to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry (74%, 57% and 57%, respectively). The survival rate was significantly higher in the Stockholm programme compared to ELSO for meconium aspiration syndrome, congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates and pneumocystis pneumonia in paediatric patients
Gene variance in the nicotinic receptor cluster (CHRNA5‐CHRNA3‐CHRNB4) predicts death from cardiopulmonary disease and cancer in smokers
Authors: Halldén S. , Sjögren M. , Hedblad B. , Engström G. , Hamrefors V. , Manjer J. , Melander O. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundGenetic variation in the cluster on chromosome 15, encoding the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits (CHRNA5‐CHRNA3‐CHRNB4), has shown strong associations with tobacco consumption and an additional risk increase in smoking‐related diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), peripheral artery disease and lung cancer.ObjectivesTo test whether rs1051730 (C/T), a tag for multiple variants in the CHRNA5‐CHRNA3‐CHRNB3 cluster, is associated with a change in risk of smoking‐related mortality and morbidity in the Malmö Diet and Cancer study, a population‐based prospective cohort study.MethodsAt baseline participants were classified as current (n = 6951), previous (n = 8426) or never (n = 9417) smokers. Cox‐proportional hazards models were used to determine the correlation between rs1051730 and incidence of first COPD, tobacco‐related cancer, other cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and total mortality due to these causes, during approximately 14 years of follow‐up.ResultsAmongst current smokers there were 480 first incident COPD events, 852 tobacco‐related cancers, 810 other cancers and 1022 CVD events. A total of 1508 deaths occurred, including 500 due to CVD, 102 due to respiratory diseases and 677 due to cancer. In adjusted additive models, an increasing number of T alleles were associated with a gradual increase in total mortality, incident COPD and tobacco‐related cancer, even after adjustment for smoking quantity. No significant associations were observed amongst never smokers.ConclusionOur data suggest that gene variance in the CHRNA5‐CHRNA3‐CHRNB4 cluster is associated with an increased risk of death, incidence of COPD and tobacco‐related cancer in smokers. These findings indicate an individual susceptibility to tobacco use and its complications; this may be important when targeting and designing smoking cessation therapies.
Family Quality of Life for People With Intellectual Disabilities in Catalonia
Authors: Giné Climent , Gràcia Marta , Vilaseca Rosa , Salvador Beltran Francesc , Balcells‐Balcells Anna , Dalmau Montalà Mariona , Luisa Adam‐Alcocer Ana , Teresa Pro Maria , Simó‐Pinatella David , Maria Mas Mestre Joana 
Published: December 2015

AbstractResearchers, professionals, and families have shown increasing concern about the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) and their families. Due to the growing interest in family quality of life (FQoL) as a key issue for social policy in the ID field, the aim of this research was to explore FQoL in Catalonia (Spain). The Spanish Family Quality of Life Scales (CdVF‐E) were completed by 144 families using the version for households with children up to 18 years of age and by 122 families using the version for households with adult children over 18 years of age. The results show that FQoL is higher in families with adult children over 18 years of age than in families with children up to 18 years of age, and there are differences among domains in both groups. Likewise, there are relations between the scores in the scales and some demographic characteristics such as marital status, level of education, employment status, and family income, particularly in households with children under 18 years of age.
Adenovirus 2,Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Parainfluenza Molecular Diagnostic Assay Results in Puppies After vaccination with Modified Live Vaccines
Authors: Ruch‐Gallie R. , Moroff S. , Lappin M.R. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundCanine adenovirus 2, parainfluenza, andBordetella bronchisepticacause respiratory disease in dogs, and each has a modified live intranasal vaccine available. Molecular diagnostic assays to amplify specific nucleic acids are available for each of these agents. If positive molecular diagnostic assay results are common after vaccination, the positive predictive value of the diagnostic assays for disease would be decreased.ObjectiveTo determine the impact of administration of commercially available modified live topical adenovirus 2,B. bronchiseptica, and parainfluenza vaccine has on the results of a commercially availablePCRpanel.AnimalsEight puppies from a research breeding facility negative for these pathogens.MethodsBlinded prospective pilot study. Puppies were vaccinated with a single dose of modified live topical adenovirus 2,B. bronchiseptica, and parainfluenza and parenteral dose of adenovirus 2, canine distemper virus, and parvovirus. Nasal and pharyngeal swabs were collected on multiple days and submitted forPCRassay.ResultsNucleic acids of all 3 organisms contained in the topical vaccine were detected from both samples multiple times through 28 days after vaccination with higher numbers of positive samples detected between days 3 and 10 after vaccination.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceVaccine status should be considered when interpreting respiratory agentPCRresults if modified live vaccines have been used. Development of quantitativePCRand wild‐type sequencing are necessary to improve positive predictive value of these assays by distinguishing vaccinate from natural infection.
Comparative effectiveness of fungicidal vs. fungistatic therapies for the treatment of paediatric candidaemia
Authors: Vendetti Neika , Bryan Matthew , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Damianos Andreas , Fisher Brian T. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryAdult data suggest that echinocandins for treatment of candidaemia are associated with decreased mortality, attributed to their fungicidal activity. There are limited data comparing antifungals in children. We compared 30‐day all‐cause mortality among paediatric candidaemia patients treated with fungicidal vs. fungistatic agents. All inpatients (>6 months and <19 years of age) with candidaemia between 2000 and 2012 at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were retrospectively identified. Definitive therapy with fungicidal (amphotericin B and caspofungin) agents was compared with fungistatic (fluconazole) agents. A propensity score model generated the inverse probability of receiving a fungicidal agent, which was included in a weighted logistic regression model. Among 203 children meeting inclusion criteria, 151 (74.4%) and 52 (25.6%) received a fungicidal and fungistatic agent, respectively. Overall, 18 (8.9%) patients died within 30 days. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between patients started on a fungicidal or fungistatic agent (OR: 2.19, 95% CI: 0.42–11.48). In a propensity score–weighted model, definitive therapy with a fungicidal agent did not result in a significant decrease in mortality. These data suggest that both agents can be considered definitive therapy for paediatric candidaemia. The results should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size. Larger cohort studies are needed.
Australian nursing students' stories of end‐of‐life care simulation
Authors: Gillan Pauline Catherine , van der Riet Pamela , Jeong Sarah 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBecause nurses are at the forefront of end‐of‐life care, it is imperative that nursing students are prepared for this role upon graduation. Research suggests that many nursing students are unprepared to deliver compassionate and quality end‐of‐life care. There have been many attempts to address this need; one emerging method is end‐of‐life care simulation. This paper explores the experiences of 18 undergraduate nursing students of end‐of‐life care simulation. Participants' stories were obtained via observation during end‐of‐life care simulation, audio‐recorded post simulation debriefing, and semi‐structured interviews. Using Clandinin and Connolly's three dimensions of Narrative Inquiry (temporality, spatiality, and sociality) participants' stories reflected convergence of time, place, and person. Findings revealed three distinct plotlines along a time continuum, specifically surrounding time of death: (i) “The privilege of end‐of‐life care;” (ii) “Witnessing death as surreal;” and (iii) “The honor of providing after‐death care.” Participants' narratives suggest that end‐of‐life care simulation is an important means of preparing students for clinical end‐of‐life care experiences. This has implications for nursing educators wishing to consider simulation in end‐of‐life care education.
Stress and glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional programming in time and space: Implications for the brain–gut axis
Authors: Wiley J. W. , Higgins G. A. , Athey B. D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundChronic psychological stress is associated with enhanced abdominal pain and altered intestinal barrier function that may result from a perturbation in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) exploits diverse mechanisms to activate or suppress congeneric gene expression, with regulatory variation associated with stress‐related disorders in psychiatry and gastroenterology.PurposeDuring acute and chronic stress, corticotropin‐releasing hormone drives secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary, ultimately leading to the release of cortisol (human) and corticosterone (rodent) from the adrenal glands. Cortisol binds with the GR in the cytosol, translocates to the nucleus, and activates the NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 [GR]) gene. This review focuses on the rapidly developing observations that cortisol is responsible for driving circadian and ultradian bursts of transcriptional activity in the CLOCK (clock circadian regulator) and PER (period circadian clock 1) gene families, and this rhythm is disrupted in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and stress‐related gastrointestinal and immune disorders. Glucocorticoid receptor regulates different sets of transcripts in a tissue‐specific manner, through pulsatile waves of gene expression that includes occupancy of glucocorticoid response elements located within constitutively open spatial domains in chromatin. Emerging evidence supports a potentially pivotal role for epigenetic regulation of how GR interacts with other chromatin regulators to control the expression of its target genes. Dysregulation of the central and peripheral GR regulome has potentially significant consequences for stress‐related disorders affecting the brain–gut axis.
Emerging treatments in neurogastroenterology: eluxadoline – a new therapeutic option for diarrhea‐predominant IBS
Authors: Lacy B. E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder worldwide. The global prevalence of IBS is estimated to be as high as 15%. For many patients, IBS is a chronic disorder which can significantly reduce quality of life. Just as important as the effects on any one individual, IBS also places a significant impact on the population as a whole with its negative effects on the health care system. Irritable bowel syndrome is categorized into one of three main categories: IBS with diarrhea, IBS with constipation, and IBS with mixed bowel habits. Patients with diarrhea‐predominant IBS (IBS‐D) comprise a substantial proportion of the overall IBS population. A number of therapeutic options exist to treat the symptoms of abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and fecal urgency, including non‐pharmacologic therapies such as dietary changes and probiotics, or pharmacologic therapies such as loperamide and alosetron. However, many patients have persistent symptoms despite these therapies. This unmet need led to the development of eluxadoline, a mu‐opioid receptor agonist/delta‐opioid receptor antagonist/kappa‐receptor agonist. Approved by the FDA in May 2015, this medication shows promise in the treatment of diarrhea‐predominant IBS for both men and women.PurposeThis monograph will briefly review the impact of IBS, discuss current treatments for IBS‐D, and then focus on the pharmacology, clinical efficacy and safety of eluxadoline. Potential mechanisms related to rare events of acute pancreatitis or elevated liver tests will be discussed.