bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPECTRAL DOMAIN-OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS OF COMMOTIO RETINAE WITH ASSOCIATED SEROUS RETINAL DETACHMENT
Authors: Fein Jordana G. , Liang Michelle C. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose:
To describe the appearance of a serous retinal detachment associated with commotio retinae on spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
This case demonstrates the rare presentation of subretinal fluid in commotio retinae. Characteristic outer retinal changes associated with commotio retinae were also seen. Treatment was deferred and the subretinal fluid resolved within 1 week.

Conclusion:
Commotio retinae is rarely associated with a serous retinal detachment. This presentation is important to identify as it can avoid unnecessary workup and treatment.
Bartonella Endocarditis and Pauci-Immune Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Raybould Jillian E. , Raybould Alison L. , Morales Megan K. , Zaheer Misbah , Lipkowitz Michael S. , Timpone Joseph G. , Kumar Princy N. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Among culture-negative endocarditis in the United States, Bartonella species are the most common cause, with Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana comprising the majority of cases. Kidney manifestations, particularly glomerulonephritis, are common sequelae of infectious endocarditis, with nearly half of all Bartonella patients demonstrating renal involvement. Although a pauci-immune pattern is a frequent finding in infectious endocarditis–associated glomerulonephritis, it is rarely reported in Bartonella endocarditis. Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positivity can be seen with many pathogens causing endocarditis and has been previously reported with Bartonella species. In addition, ANCA-associated vasculitis can also present with renal and cardiac involvement, including noninfectious valvular vegetations and pauci-immune glomerulonephritis. Given the overlap in their clinical presentation, it is difficult to differentiate between Bartonella endocarditis and ANCA-associated vasculitis but imperative to do so to guide management decisions. We present a case of ANCA-positive Bartonella endocarditis with associated pauci-immune glomerulonephritis that was successfully treated with medical management alone.
Dispensing Practices in Health Care Facilities of Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Anteneh Zelalem Alamrew , Demilew Wubante , Gebeyehu Endalew 
Published: March 2016

Background
Dispensing refers to the process of preparing medicines and distributing to users with provision of adequate information and counseling, in a safe and hygienic manner.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 406 clients with respective dispensing encounters from July 20 to August 20, 2013, among health care facilities. Multistage sampling technique was used. Data were collected by interview and observation using a structured questionnaire and a checklist. Logistic regression model was used.

Results
The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 1.79; percentage of drugs actually dispensed was 89.1%. The percentage of drugs adequately labeled was 32.2%, percentage of patients who had adequate knowledge on their drugs was 40.5%. The mean consultation and dispensing times were 50 seconds and 6.4 minutes, respectively. The percentage availability of key essential drugs was found to be 73.05%. Regarding the analytic part of the study, client counseling (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52–4.56), premises (AOR, 8.41; 95% CI, 5.48–9.79), average consultation time (AOR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.44–4.77), and type of health care facilities (AOR, 3.05; 95% CI, 1.63–5.73) were the statistically significant predictors of dispensing practice.

Conclusion
According to this study, drug dispensing practice based on World Health Organization indicators was not satisfactory. Differences in dispensary premises, counseling, average consultation time, and type of health care facilities were the main predictors of good dispensing practices. There is a strong need to improve dispensary premises, adequacy of labeling on dispensed medicine package, and client counseling on correct dosage schedule to promote good dispensing practices.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the Immunocompromised Host
Authors: Yacoub Abraham Tareq , Khwaja Sarah I. , Taiwo Talabi , Kim Ju Hee , Nanjappa Sowmya , Greene John N. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Pneumonia due to bacteria that do not grow well on routine culture media have been difficult to diagnose. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an infrequent cause of pneumonia in the adult population. As a cause of atypical pneumonia, along with Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila, it still makes up about a third of the cases of community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Mycoplasma pneumoniae can cause mild atypical respiratory illness to severe disease requiring hospitalization. It has largely been seen as a disease of children and young adults younger than 30 years. With improved detection systems, more cases in older age groups are expected. This is especially true for immunosuppressed cancer patients who undergo polymerase chain reaction testing of the nasopharynx for respiratory infections. Although detection of Mycoplasma by polymerase chain reaction does not always indicate active infection, immunosuppressed patients who are at higher risk for severe disease and coinfection are more likely to require prompt therapy.
Loss of inhibitory tone on spinal cord dorsal horn spontaneously and nonspontaneously active neurons in a mouse model of neuropathic pain
Authors: Medrano Maria Carmen , Dhanasobhon Dhanasak , Yalcin Ipek , Schlichter Rémy , Cordero-Erausquin Matilde 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Plasticity of inhibitory transmission in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) is believed to be a key mechanism responsible for pain hypersensitivity in neuropathic pain syndromes. We evaluated this plasticity by recording responses to mechanical stimuli in silent neurons (nonspontaneously active [NSA]) and neurons showing ongoing activity (spontaneously active [SA]) in the SDH of control and nerve-injured mice (cuff model). The SA and NSA neurons represented 59% and 41% of recorded neurons, respectively, and were predominantly wide dynamic range (WDR) in naive mice. Nerve-injured mice displayed a marked decrease in the mechanical threshold of the injured paw. After nerve injury, the proportion of SA neurons was increased to 78%, which suggests that some NSA neurons became SA. In addition, the response to touch (but not pinch) was dramatically increased in SA neurons, and high-threshold (nociceptive specific) neurons were no longer observed. Pharmacological blockade of spinal inhibition with a mixture of GABAA and glycine receptor antagonists significantly increased responses to innocuous mechanical stimuli in SA and NSA neurons from sham animals, but had no effect in sciatic nerve-injured animals, revealing a dramatic loss of spinal inhibitory tone in this situation. Moreover, in nerve-injured mice, local spinal administration of acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, restored responses to touch similar to those observed in naive or sham mice. These results suggest that a shift in the reversal potential for anions is an important component of the abnormal mechanical responses and of the loss of inhibitory tone recorded in a model of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain.
Robust digital logic circuits in eukaryotic cells with CRISPR/dCas9 NOR gates
Authors: Gander Miles W. , Vrana Justin D. , Voje William E. , Carothers James M. , Kalvins Eric 
Published: March 2016

SummaryNatural genetic circuits enable cells to make sophisticated digital decisions. Building equally complex synthetic circuits in eukaryotes remains difficult, however, because commonly used genetic components leak transcriptionally, do not allow arbitrary interconnections, or do not have digital responses. Here, we designed a newdCas9-Mxi1based NOR gate architecture inS. cerevisiaethat allows arbitrary connectivity and large genetic circuits. Because we used the strong chromatin remodelerMxi1, our system showed very little leak and exhibits a highly digital response. In particular, we built a combinatorial library of NOR gates that each directly convert guide RNA (gRNA) input signals into gRNA output signals, enabling NOR gates to be “wired” together. We constructed and characterized logic circuits with up to seven independent gRNAs, including repression cascades with up to seven layers. Modeling predicted that the NOR gates have Hill Coefficients of approximately 1.71 ± 0.09, explaining the minimal signal degradation we observed in these deeply layered circuits. Our approach enables the construction of the largest, eukaryotic gene circuits to date and will form the basis for large, synthetic, decision making systems in living cells.
A simple analytical formula to compute the residual Mutual Information between pairs of data vectors
Authors: Kleinjung Jens , Coolen Ton C.C. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTSummaryThe Mutual Information of pairs of data vectors, for example sequence alignment positions or gene expression profiles, is a quantitative measure of the interdependence between the data. However, data vectors based on a finite number of samples retain non-zero Mutual Information values even for completely random data, which is referred to as background or residual Mutual Information. Estimates of the residual Mutual Information have so far been obtained through heuristic or numerical approximations. Here we introduce a simple analytical formula for the computation of the residual Mutual Information that yields precise values and does not require the joint probabilities between the vector elements as input.Availability and ImplementationA C programarMIis available athttp://mathbio.crick.ac.uk/wiki/Software#arMI. Using an input alignment in FASTA format or alternatively an internally created random alignment of specified length and depth, the program computes three types of Mutual information:(i)Shannon’s Mutual Information between all pairs of alignment columns;(ii)the numerical residual Mutual Information by using the same formula on the randomised (shuffled) data;(iii)the analytical residual Mutual Information introduced here. The package depends on the GNU Scientific Library, which is used for vector and matrix operations, factorial expressions and random number generation (Galassiet al., 2009). Reference alignments and result data are included in the program package in the folder ‘tests’. The R environment was used for statistics and plotting (R Core Team, 2014).ContactJens.Kleinjung@crick.ac.ukSupplementary MaterialA detailed derivation of the analytical formula is given in the Supplementary Material.
Phosphorus acquisition efficiency in arbuscular mycorrhizal maize is correlated with the abundance of root-external hyphae and the accumulation of transcripts encoding PHT1 phosphate transporters
Authors: Sawers Ruairidh J. H. , Svane Simon F. , Quan Clement , Grønlund Mette , Wozniak Barbara , González-Muñoz Eliécer , Chávez Montes Ricardo A. , Baxter Ivan , Goudet Jerome , Jakobsen Iver , Paszkowski Uta 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYPlant interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have long attracted interest for their potential to promote more efficient use of mineral resources in agriculture. Their widespread use, however, remains limited by understanding of the processes that determine the outcome of the symbiosis. In this study, variation in growth response to mycorrhizal inoculation was characterized in a panel of diverse maize lines.A panel of thirty maize lines was evaluated with and without inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The line Oh43 was identified to show superior response and, along with five other reference lines, was characterized in greater detail in a split-compartment system, using33P to quantify mycorrhizal phosphorus uptake.Changes in relative growth between non-inoculated and inoculated plants indicated variation in host capacity to profit from the symbiosis. Shoot phosphate content, abundance of intra-radical and root-external fungal structures, mycorrhizal phosphorus uptake, and accumulation of transcripts encoding plant PHT1 family phosphate transporters varied among lines.Larger growth responses in Oh43 were correlated with extensive development of root-external hyphae, accumulation of specificPht1transcripts and a high level of mycorrhizal phosphorus uptake. The data indicate that host genetic factors influence fungal growth strategy with an impact on plant performance.
Core Genes Evolve Rapidly in the Long-term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli
Authors: Maddamsetti Rohan , Hatcher Philip J. , Green Anna G. , Williams Barry L. , Marks Debora S. , Lenski Richard E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBacteria can evolve rapidly under positive selection owing to their vast numbers, allowing their genes to diversify by adapting to different environments. We asked whether the same genes that are fast evolving in the long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli (LTEE) have also diversified extensively in nature. We identified ~2000 core genes shared among 60 E. coli strains. During the LTEE, core genes accumulated significantly more nonsynonymous mutations than flexible (i.e., noncore) genes. Furthermore, core genes under positive selection in the LTEE are more conserved in nature than the average core gene. In some cases, adaptive mutations appear to fine-tune protein functions, rather than merely knocking them out. The LTEE conditions are novel for E. coli, at least in relation to the long sweep of its evolution in nature. The constancy and simplicity of the environment likely favor the complete loss of some unused functions and the fine-tuning of others.Competing Interests StatementWe, the authors, declare that we have no conflicts of interest.
What can a municipality offer to its residents? Value propositions and interactions in a place context
Authors: Källström Lisa , Ekelund Christer 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of the municipality in the place marketing context and to describe how municipalities work on making their place good to live in. The study rests on abductive reasoning whereby service-based logic forms the study and offers a theoretical framework for how to approach the phenomena.Design/methodology/approach– A qualitative study in the form of 20 semi-structured interviews with leading elected officials and civil servants is used to let us understand how two typical municipalities in southern Sweden work on making their municipality a good place for their residents to live in. Content analysis is used to analyze the data.Findings– The study reveals how municipalities work on creating opportunities for interactions between themselves and their residents, as well as offers insight into what value propositions the municipalities believe they offer their residents. The current study shows that the geographical location and the natural environment, basic and essential services, accommodations, urban quality, recreation and leisure and ambience constitute important dimensions in the place offering.Originality/value– Service-based logic is used as a backdrop to facilitate the analysis in this study, which emphasizes value propositions offered by the municipality and interactions between the municipality and its residents, which increase our understanding of how municipalities work on making their place good to live in. The service-based logic help shed new light on the place marketing context and allows us to understand the context in a new way.
Rethinking destination image formation
Authors: Kislali Hidayet , Kavaratzis Mihalis , Saren Michael 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– This paper aims to contribute to conceptualization of destination image (DI) and shed light on the overlooked socio-cultural aspects of tourism along with recent technological changes. It endeavours to develop a framework to conceptualize DI formation considering socio-cultural, political, historical and technological influences.Design/methodology/approach– Unlike the orthodoxy in tourism research, tourism phenomenon is approached from a wider social science perspective. To cast light on the progress in DI research, a critical literature review is followed by evaluation of the well-known DI formation frameworks in tourism literature. Seminal articles, cornerstones of DI studies, are critically discussed in this paper. While stressing the prominence of these studies, their shortcomings are also examined.Findings– The paper introduces a novel framework of DI formation that helps bring DI research further through a wider socio-cultural perspective. The framework incorporates holistic characteristics of DI and the contemporary technological environment.Originality/value– This paper proposes a nuanced and more holistic understanding of DI. While most of the previous studies overlooked socio-cultural, historical, political, economic and technological factors, they have been explicitly addressed in the framework proposed in this paper.
Socio economic and psychological dimensions of migration-induced exclusion of the elderly in Kerala, India: an empirical analysis
Authors: Rajasenan Damodaran , Jayakumar M.  S. , Abraham Bijith George 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to link the multifarious problems of the elderly in a socio-economic and psychological framework.

Design/methodology/approach
– The universe of the sample is elderly left behind in emigrant households in Kerala. In total, 600 samples were mustered using multistage stratified random sampling method. The paper, with the aid of factor analysis, χ2 and correspondence analysis, blemish the principal factors responsible for the migration-induced exclusion of the elderly.

Findings
– The empirical result derived from the study shows that migration-induced exclusion is all pervasive in Kerala. The elderly left behind yearn for the presence of their children rather than the emigration and concomitant remittances.

Research limitations/implications
– The findings of the study are helpful to the policy makers to understand the issues faced by the elderly and include all stakeholders concerned to find a solution to tackle these problems faced by the elderly due to emigration of their children.

Practical implications
– The study is practically relevant in developing appropriate policy framework in Kerala as it illumines the role of the government to overcome the exclusionary trend and other manifold problems of the elderly.

Social implications
– The study sheds light to a new social problem developing in the state in the form of elderly exclusion owing to emigration of the young working groups in regional dimensions, demographic levels, community angles and the emerging culture of old age home in the Kerala economy and society.

Originality/value
– The study is a unique one and tries to situate the principal factors responsible for the emigration-induced exclusion of the elderly in Kerala with empirical evidence.
Migration and parenting: reviewing the debate and calling for future research
Authors: Raffaetà Roberta 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The term “parenting” has come to assume a specific sociological meaning: it defines parents’ role and agency not only with regard to their children, but also to the state, medical doctors, psychologists and educators. How normative stances toward parenting affect the lives of parents has started to be analyzed in the social sciences, however less is known about how the “culture of parenting” impacts on the way migrant families take care of their children. The purpose of this paper is to untangle the conceptual and disciplinary roots of parenting studies stemming from early anthropological studies of kinship and ethno-psychological theories, through to the anthropology of childhood and child rearing and the current socio-anthropological studies of parenting. This review offers conceptual tools for the creation of a critical perspective on migration and parenting.Design/methodology/approach– The paper acknowledges the theoretical and empirical gap in the study of migration and parenting by illustrating the sparse and interdisciplinary literature which has dealt with migration and parenting.Findings– The paper discusses the presented literature’s limits and potentialities in light of the new culture of parenting.Originality/value– The paper addresses future paths for ethnographic work.
Religiosity and female labour market attainment in Canada: the Protestant exception
Authors: Dilmaghani Maryam , Dean Jason 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The relationship between religiosity and female labour market attainment has been widely investigated for the USA; however, no comparable study has been undertaken for the Canadian context. The purpose of this paper is to redress this critical oversight of the literature by examining the impact of religiosity on Canadian female labour supply, both at extensive and intensive margins.Design/methodology/approach– Using data from the Canadian Ethnic Diversity Survey, the authors consider all the measurable dimensions of religiosity, for the pooled sample, as well as by religious group. A wide array of control variables is included in the regressions to insure the reliability of the estimates.Findings– The authors find that overall religiosity inversely relates to female labour supply in Canada. When the impact of religiosity is assessed on a by religion basis, it is revealed that Protestant females are penalized, by far the most.Practical implications– The result is comparable with the pattern uncovered in the USA for Conservative Protestant females. Unlike what can be expected, no statistically significant difference is detected between religious-nones and Catholics, suggesting a convergence of gender ideologies.Originality/value– The investigation reveals interesting patterns that not only contribute to the current state of literature, but also motivate future research. Fairlie and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition techniques are also used to further explore attainment gaps among the religious groups.
Researching deaths after police contact: challenges and solutions
Authors: Baker David 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to consider the methodological challenges to researching deaths after police contact in England and Wales. It proposes original and innovative solutions to these challenges.Design/methodology/approach– Challenges such as access to data, sensitivity, limited academic literature and bias are considered. Designs to counter these challenges include using documentary data and examining events in one organisation through the prism of an adjacent organisation.Findings– Subjects that are contentious and difficult to access can be researched by searching for a “way into” the key issues by using non-traditional data and an innovative approach.Research limitations/implications– The implications of this paper are that other difficult to research areas of society might be accessed by using the approaches outlined.Practical implications– The practical implications of the research are to highlight the usefulness of documentary data in researching issues relating to police and court proceedings.Social implications– The research has impact because it demonstrates how research might be undertaken into contentious and difficult to research issues that are relevant to society. This may enable the formulation of future policy based on such research.Originality/value– The research is of value because it demonstrates how obstacles to researching difficult to access areas of interest to criminology may be surmounted.