bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time Course of the Acetazolamide Effect in Patients with Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease
Authors: Stoll Martin , Hamann Gerhard F. , Jost Volker , Bompotti Urania Argyropulu-Raka , Fitridge Robert , Schimrigk Klaus 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe acetazolamide test of cerebrovascular reserve is performed as a two‐point transcranial Doppler (TCD) measurement of the flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) before and 15 to 20 minutes after injection of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. The time course was evaluated by bilateral TCD monitoring over 45 minutes in 51 patients with extracranial carotid artery disease. Twenty‐nine patients in Group 1 showed a unilateral and 22 patients in Group 2, a bilateral stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Thirty‐one normal hemispheres in 18 normal subjects provided baseline control values. The most useful parameter for the description of the time course was the integral of the mean flow velocity. In both groups integral of the mean flow velocity was significantly reduced compared to that in normal persons (Group 1:587.2 ± 538.3 cm, p < 0.01; Group 2: 728.9 ± 397.1 cm, p < 0.01; normal persons: 967.8 ± 350.0 cm). The maximal increase of mean flow velocity in a two‐point measurement also was significantly lower in the patient groups, but did not reach the same level of significance in Group 2 (Group 1: 19.6 ± 12.3 cm/sec, p < 0.01; Group 2: 24.2 ± 10.4 cm/sec, p < 0.05). Thirty‐four of 73 hemispheres had reduced integral of the mean flow velocity, but only 29 had a reduced maximal increase. These data indicate that continuous monitoring and evaluation of the time course of the acetazolamide effect provide additional information on cerebrovascular reserve and help to detect an increased number of patients with impaired cerebrovascular reserve.
Neuroimaging Characteristics in Carbon Monoxide Toxicity
Authors: Tom T. , Abedon S. , Clark R. I. , Wong W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNeuroimaging studies for 18 patients carrying carbon monoxide toxicity as a discharge diagnosis were reviewed. The most common positive findings were low‐density lesions in the globus pallidus (7/18, 39%) and deep white matter changes (5/18, 28%). Six computed tomography head scans showed no acute changes. Advanced age, method of exposure (intentional vs accidental), and severity of carboxyhemoglobin level did not predict neuroradiological or clinical outcomes. Early neuroimaging could not be used to predict clinical courses (death or coma vs discharge to either an institution or a home) in the patient population studied.
Size of the Corpus Callosum in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Sheth Raj D. , Schaefer G. Bradley , Keller Gina M. , Hobbs Gerald R. , Ortiz Orlando , Bodensteiner John B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIt has been suggested that the size of the corpus callosum may have diagnostic significance in cerebral palsy, although this relationship is incompletely defined. Ninety‐one patients with cerebral palsy had been studied by magnetic resonance imaging in the 5‐year period from 1990 to 1994. Fifty‐seven of these 91 patients had a technically appropriate midsagittal magnetic resonance image for quantitative morphometric analysis. The ratio of the area of the corpus callosum to the area of the supratentorial brain was compared to published age‐ and gender‐specific norms. Imaging findings were correlated with clinical history and cause of cerebral palsy. The corpus callosum was of normal size in 43 patients and more than 2 standard deviations below the mean in 14 patients. The causes for cerebral palsy included hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (32), cerebral dysgenesis (8), and porencephalic strokes (6); the etiology could not be established in 11 patients. The size of the corpus callosum was highly correlated with the cause of cerebral palsy, such that all patients with cerebral dysgenesis had hypoplasia of the corpus callosum (one‐sided z test, p < 0.0001). Conversely, the callosum was of normal size in 32 of 38 patients with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and porencephalic strokes. The presence of a hypoplastic corpus callosum is highly associated with cerebral dysgenesis as a cause for cerebral palsy.
The Evaluation of Symptomatic Carotid Artery Disease
Authors: Bragoni Maura , Feldmann Edward , Wilterdink Janet 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSevere, symptomatic carotid artery disease is most often diagnosed by conventional cerebral angiography. Noninvasive tests are commonly used to identify candidates for angiography and endarterectomy. The purpose of this study, a mail and telephone survey of academic and community neurologists, neurosurgeons, and vascular surgeons in Rhode Island in 1994, was to determine which noninvasive tests physicians used to evaluate these patients and how the test results were used to select patients for angiography. One hundred (86%) of a possible 116 responses were collected. Seventy‐six percent of physicians chose carotid duplex ultrasound as the first diagnostic test, a percentage significantly higher than that for any other test (p < 0.0001). Fourteen percent chose angiography without a prior screening test, 3% chose magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) prior to angiography, 6% chose carotid duplex ultrasound plus MRA prior to angiography, and 1 % chose MRA without angiography. The specific noninvasive test results required for angiography referral were surprisingly variable, both within and across the three physician specialties. Vascular surgeons and neurosurgeons were more likely to choose angiography without prior screening tests than were neurologists. In conclusion, the majority of specialty physicians in the state of Rhode Island chose carotid ultrasound as the screening test of choice for the evaluation of a potential endarterectomy candidate. Few responding physicians chose MRA in combination with carotid duplex ultrasound prior to angiography, or MRA prior to angiography or MRA alone. Awareness of the actual practice patterns of specialists may lead to programs of education for physicians to improve practice and patient outcome through more refined use of diagnostic tests prior to angiography or endarterectomy.
“Semantic” Conduction Aphasia from a Posterior Insular Cortex Infarction
Authors: Marshall Ronald M. , Lazar Ronald M. , Mohr J. P. , Van Heertum Ronald L. , Mast Henning 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA unique infarction limited to the posterior insula and intrasylvian parietal opercular cortex produced a subtype of conduction aphasia, characterized by a predominance of semantic paraphasias. Temporal lobe hypoperfusion seen on hexa methyl pro‐pyleneamineoxime single‐photon emission computed tomography in the absence of any signs of ischemia suggested that cortical diaschisis played a role in the emergence of this syndrome.
Adult‐Onset Complex Partial Seizures as the Presenting Sign in Colpocephaly: MRI and PET Correlates
Authors: Wunderlich Gilbert , Schlaug Gottfried , Jäncke Lutz , Benecke Reiner , Seitz Rudiger J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn a 30‐year‐old man, adult‐onset complex partial seizures were associated with colpocephaly as evident from magnetic resonance images. The structurally normal lateral neocortex of the right temporal lobe showed a severe reduction in regional glucose consumption corresponding to the epileptic focus as judged from the surface electroencephalogram. In contrast to previously reported patients, this patient had no focal neurological signs, and neuropsychological testing revealed normal general intelligence. Thus, this patient adds a benign variant to the clinical spectrum of this cerebral developmental disorder.
Pseudoprogression of Cerebral Cavernous Angiomas: The Importance of Proper Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique
Authors: Valanne Leena K. , Ketonen Leena M. , Berg Michel J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the method of choice to detect cerebral cavernous angiomas. Specifically tailored MRI studies are necessary to evaluate patients with cerebral cavernous angiomas. The patient described here, for whom serial MRIs performed on different scanners falsely suggested rapid disease progression, illustrates the point.
Enlarged Virchow–Robin Spaces along the Medullary Perforators in a Child with Seizures
Authors: Afifi Adel K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEnlarged Virchow–Robin spaces along the medullary perforators on brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of a 4–year–old, neurologically intact child with seizures are described. The differential diagnosis of cystic spaces in the centrum semiovale is discussed. The sparse MRI literature on bright signal intensities in childhood is reviewed.
Detection of Brain Activation Signal from Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data
Authors: Ruan S. , Jaggi C. , Constans J. M. , Bloyet D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn image–processing strategy for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data sets consisting of sequential images of the same slice of brain tissue is considered. An algorithm of detection based on the likelihood–ratio test and the noise properties in fMRI is introduced. Since the data have a poor signal–to–noise ratio, and in order to make detection reliable, the algorithm is organized in two steps: (1) pixel detection, which detects all pixels having significant changes, thus building regions of interest (ROIs), and (2) region detection, which selects the most likely activated region from obtained ROIs. The detection method is applied to experimental fMRI data from the motor cortex and compared with the cross–correlation method and Student's t test commonly applied by others. The results obtained using the likelihood–ratio test show improvement in the detection of activated regions.
Medial Temporal Lobe Heterotopia as a Cause of Increased Hippocampal and Amygdaloid MRI Volumes
Authors: Watson Craig , Nielsen Surl L. , Cobb Cully , Burgerman Robert , Williamson Bill 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–based volumetric measurements of the hippocampus and amygdala are useful in detecting hippocampal and amygdaloid sclerosis in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. In these pathological entities, volumetric MRI analysis shows the epileptogenic structures to be atrophic when compared to the normal, nonepileptogenic side. Described are 2 patients with increased hippocampal and amygdaloid volumes on the side of seizure onset due to medial temporal lobe heterotopias. Care must be taken in the interpretation of volumetric MRI data to make certain that asymmetries in hippocampal and amygdaloid measurements are due to atrophy and sclerosis of the abnormal side and not to increased tissue such as heterotopic gray matter.
Midsagittal Corpus Callosum Area, Intelligence and Language In Epilepsy
Authors: Atkinson Denis S. , Abou-Khalil Bassel , Charles P. David , Welch Larry 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAlterations in midsagittal corpus callosum (CC) area and morphology have been suggested in several disease processes of the nervous system. In addition, some studies found a relation of CC area to handedness, language dominance, and gender. The relation of CC area to measures of intelligence and memory and the effect of epilepsy on CC area have received less attention. In this study CC area was measured on midsagittal magnetic resonance images in 48 patients undergoing presurgical evaluation of epilepsy and in 20 control subjects. All patients had the Wada test and formal neuropsychological testing. The mean CC area of the epilepsy group was significantly smaller than that of control subjects (p < 0.00001). CC area showed a positive correlation with presurgical performance IQ (p = 0.008) and full‐scale IQ (p = 0.048), but not with memory scores or language dominance. There was no relation of CC area to location of epileptic focus, seizure types, age at onset, epilepsy duration, or etiology. The presence of an atrophic lesion was associated with a smaller CC area. The correlation of total CC area with performance and full‐scale IQs may reflect axonal loss in patients with a low IQ, resulting from the etiology of epilepsy or the epilepsy itself.
Feasibility of SPECT for Studies of Brain Perfusion During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Marochnik Sergei , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Anthone David , Lewin Carl , Caldwell Curtis B. , Pullicino Patrick M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSingle–photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography were used to assess brain perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass. Intravenous injections of technetium 99 m–hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime (99mTc–HMPAO) were administered before surgery and intraoperatively after the first 2 minutes in the first patient and at the end (42 minutes) of cardiopulmonary bypass in the second patient. The total middle cerebral artery territory counts were calculated using the region–of–interest method and compared to cerebellar regional counts. 99mTc–HMPAO uptake on SPECT scans was increased at the beginning and at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, compared to baseline preoperative values (11–17%) in the presence of multiple microembolic signals on TCD (n, = 35 and n2 = 42 for unilateral middle cerebral artery monitoring). These results indicate the feasibility of using HMPAO–SPECT to study brain perfusion changes during cardiac surgery. A combination of SPECT and TCD ultrasonography may be used to study the impact of microembolism during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
Reversible Magnetic Resonance Imaging Lesions in Wilson's Disease: Clinical‐Anatomical Correlation
Authors: Takahashi, Wakoh , Yoshii, Fumihito , Shinohara, Yukito 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDescribed herein is a patient with Wilson's disease who had tremor as a prominent neurological manifestation. T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormal high signal intensities in the bilateral lenticular nuclei, thalami, and red nuclei of the midbrain. Improvement of tremor with copper chelating agents was well correlated with a decrease of the abnormal signals in the thalami and the red nuclei.
Spinal Myoclonus Following lntrathecal Administration of Diatrizoate Meglumine
Authors: Sam, Maria C. , Gubnann, Ludwig 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLife‐threatening myoclonus developed in a patient following inadvertent intrathecal usage of 60% diatrizoate meglumine. Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria occurred. The patient was successfully treated with midazolam and vecuronium and complete recovery occurred.
Subdural Empyema in a 12–Year–Old Girl: The Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Maytal Joseph , Patel Mahendra , Apeatu Samuel , Schneider Steven , Eviatar Lydia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA 12–year–old girl presented with an acute history of fever, headaches, and focal neurological deficits. An initial computed tomography (CT) scan of the head was nondiagnostic whereas plain and gadolinium–enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detected an extensive subdural empyema. The report emphasizes the hazard of relying on a nondiagnostic CT scan in a septic patient with deteriorating neurological function, and the need of MRI with contrast enhancement if subdural empyema is a serious clinical concern.
Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes Correlate in a Clinical Trial Monitoring Cyclosporine Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Zhao Guo Jun , Li David K. B. , Wolinsky Jerry S. , Koopmans Robert A. , Mietlowski William , Redekop William K. , Riddehough Andrew , Cover Keith , Paty Donald W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor cyclosporine therapy for chronic progressive multiple sclerosis in a multicenter clinical trial and an analysis was performed to determine whether there was a correlation between clinical changes and MRI changes. MRI was performed on 163 patients at the onset and completion of the 2–year study. Burden of disease (BOD, lesion load) was quantitated by a single observer using a computer program. Active lesions were also identified. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score was determined every 3 months. MRI data did not show any effect of cyclosporine treatment on BOD progression (mean 24.5% increase/yr) or lesion activity. However, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the baseline total BOD value and the baseline EDSS score (r = 0.221, p = 0.005) and a positive correlation between the percent changes in BOD from baseline to exit and EDSS score (r = 0.186, p = 0.018). The study supports the concepts that MRI is a useful technique in monitoring therapeutic trials and that MRI is a direct measure of pathology.
Risk Factors Differ for Carotid Artery Plaque With and Without Acoustic Shadowing
Authors: Duncan Bruce B. , Metcalf Patricia , Crouse John R. , Li Rongling , Sharrett A. Richey , Tegeler Charles , Tyroler H. A. , Heiss Gerardo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTo investigate the association of gender, ethnicity, and several cardiovascular risk factors with carotid artery plaque and plaque with acoustic shadowing in a population‐based sample, high‐resolution B‐mode ultrasonography was used to characterize lesions in the common and internal carotid arteries, and at the carotid bifurcation in 12,796 US men and women, aged 45 to 64 years, participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) baseline survey. In multiple logistic regression analyses, male gender (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 1.52 [1.39–1.67]) and increased total (1.47 [1.32–1.63]) and low‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol (1.49 [1.34–1.65]) levels were statistically significantly associated only with the presence of plaque. In contradistinction, smoking (2.22 [1.79–2.75]) and hypertension (1.54 [1.30–1.82]) were additionally associated with acoustic shadowing. Hyperfibrinogenemia (1.33 [1.12–1.59]) was associated only with lesions accompanied by acoustic shadowing. While ethnicity associations with plaque alone varied across the artery segments, among those with plaque, being white was uniformly associated with acoustic shadowing. After multivariable adjustment, high‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol was not associated with either manifestation of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, differences were seen in the associations of established cardiovascular risk factors with discretely characterized carotid artery plaque lesions, according to the presence or absence of acoustic shadowing suggestive of mineralization of plaque.
Visualization of the Cerebral Circulation Using Three–dimensional Transcranial Power Doppler Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Lyden Patrick D. , Nelson Thomas R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of the cerebral circulation, particularly the circle of Willis, using three–dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) imaging. Image data were obtained through the right transtemporal window from 8 young, healthy volunteers by acquiring gray–scale and color Doppler spectral (CDI) and energy (CDE) images using two–dimensional ultrasound equipment with a 2–MHz probe. Images and transducer position coordinates were fed into a graphics workstation, reprojected, analyzed to extract the blood flow signal, volume rendered, and displayed interactively. The architecture of the cerebral circulation was evaluated from multiple orientations using stereo viewing glasses and rotation to enhance the understanding of vessel position. The primary vessels of the cerebral circulation including the circle of Willis and bilateral views of the branching arteries (middle, anterior, and posterior cerebral arteries and internal carotid artery) could be imaged readily with 3DUS through one transtemporal window. Acquisition time was typically less than 30 seconds. Volume–rendering methods greatly assisted in showing the overall spatial relationships and continuity of cranial vessels. Secondary branches of the cerebral arteries were seen in 2 patients. Color data from two–dimensional ultrasound imaging that otherwise might be identified as artifact was found to represent continuous small vessels on three–dimensional viewing. 3DUS facilitates imaging of cranial vascular anatomy by clarifying overall spatial relationships and enhancing comprehension, compared to two–dimensional ultrasound methods. The method is rapid and the circle of Willis can be visualized from one side of the head.
Three‐dimensional Ultrasound Angiography (Power Mode) for the Quantification of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis
Authors: Griewing, Bernd , Schminke, Ulf , Morgenstern, Christoph , Walker, Margaret L. , Kessler, Christof 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound angiography was performed to diagnose carotid artery atherosclerosis. Thirty‐five patients (15 women, 20 men) with a history of cerebrovascular disease were examined using conventional color‐coded Doppler ultrasound and 3D ultrasound angiography. Carotid stenosis was initially diagnosed using continuous‐wave Doppler ultrasound. To determine intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities, 21 patients were evaluated using 3D ultrasound on three occasions. Sixty‐five percent of patients were diagnosed with stenosis of more than 50%. Twenty‐two percent of plaques had a smooth surface, 72.9% were ulcerated, and 5.1 % were indeterminate. Data collection for 3D imaging required 5 minutes per patient, whereas image processing and plaque volume quantification required 30 minutes. Plaque volume ranged from 0.053 to 0.685 ml. The intraobserver and interobserver variabilities were 4.16 and 5.87%, respectively (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001; r = 0.89, p < 0.0001). 3D Color Doppler and 3D ultrasound angiography assessments of plaque volume differed by 8.5%. Plaques were more precisely differentiated using 3D ultrasound, and plaque volume quantification was less affected by echo shadowing after 3D reconstruction. In comparison to other techniques for the quantification of atherosclerotic lesions, 3D ultrasound angiography offers a more precise quantitative method for prospective, clinical studies of atherosclerosis.
Optic Chiasmal Compression by Venous Aneurysm: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnosis
Authors: Wolansky Leo J. , Shaderowfsky Paul D. , Sander Robert , Frohman Larry P. , Kalnin Andrew J. , Lee Huey-Jen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe overwhelming majority of traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas present with a bruit, arterialization of conjunctival vessels, or an elevated intraocular pressure. Described herein is a patient who presented with progressive deterioration of vision, without any of the above signs. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated compression of the optic chiasm by a venous aneurysm arising from a carotid cavernous fistula. This entity should be considered in patients who present with progressive visual loss.
Successful Surgical Removal of an Asymptomatic Optic Nerve Hemangioblastoma in von Hippel–Lindau Disease
Authors: Raila Frank A. , Zimmerman James , Azordegan Phillip , Fratkin Jonathan , Parent Andrew D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn asymptomatic patient with a family history of von Hippel–Lindau disease carried the abnormal gene for this disease. An imaging survey that consisted of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebral angiography revealed an optic nerve hemangioblastoma. The potential for visual loss in the future was the indication for microsurgical intervention. This was the first asymptomatic optic nerve hemangioblastoma to be imaged and the first to be successfully removed without any permanent neurological deficits or vision loss.