bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a Nutritional Protein‐Rich Drink on the Pharmacokinetics of Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide, and Tenofovir Compared With a Standard Meal in Healthy Japanese Male Subjects
Authors: Yamada Hiroyuki , Ikushima Ippei , Nemoto Takanori , Ishikawa Tomohiro , Ninomiya Noriko , Irie Shin 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of ingested meal types on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir (EVG), cobicistat (COBI), emtricitabine (FTC), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), and tenofovir (TFV) following a single administration of the single‐tablet regimen (STR) of EVG/COBI/FTC/TAF (150/150/200/10 mg) in Japanese HIV‐negative healthy subjects (n = 12). In this open‐label, randomized, 3‐way crossover study, the bioequivalence of the EVG/COBI/FTC/TAF STR following ingestion of a nutritional protein‐rich drink with a reference treatment of taking a standard breakfast was evaluated. Administration under fasted conditions, no food intake, resulted in decreases in the mean AUCinf and Cmax of EVG by 50% and 57%, respectively, relative to the administration with a standard breakfast, whereas the systemic exposure of EVG with a nutritional protein‐rich drink was comparable to that with a standard breakfast. The mean AUCinf and Cmax of COBI, FTC, TAF, and TFV were comparable regardless of meal intake or meal types. Although the package insert of the EVG/COBI/FTC/TAF STR states that the medication is recommended to be taken with food, this study provides an additional insight into HIV‐1‐infected patients that a light meal like a nutritional protein‐rich drink can be an alternative to a standard meal.
Methods for multitasking among real‐time embedded compute tasks running on the GPU
Authors: Muyan‐Özçelik Pınar , Owens John D. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryIn this study, we provide an extensive survey on wide spectrum of scheduling methods for multitasking among graphics processing unit (GPU) computing tasks. We then design several schedulers and explain in detail the selected methods we have developed to implement our scheduling strategies. Next, we compare the performance of schedulers on various workloads running on Fermi and Kepler architectures and arrive at the following major conclusions: (1) Small kernels benefit from running kernels concurrently. (2) The combination of small kernels, high‐priority kernels with longer runtimes, and lower‐priority kernels with shorter runtimes benefits from a CPU scheduler that dynamically changes kernel order on the Fermi architecture. (3) Because of limitations of existing GPU architectures, currently CPU schedulers outperform their GPU counterparts. We also provide results and observations obtained from implementing and evaluating our schedulers on the NVIDIA Jetson TX1 system‐on‐chip architecture. We observe that although TX1 has the newer Maxwell architecture, the mechanism used for scheduler timings behaves differently on TX1 compared to Kepler leading to incorrect timings. In this paper, we describe our methods that allow us to report correct timings for CPU schedulers running on TX1. Finally, we propose new research directions involving the investigation of additional scheduling strategies.
Aqueous Synthesis of Protein‐Encapsulated ZnSe Quantum Dots and Physical Significance of Semiconductor‐Induced CuII Ion Sensing
Authors: Kundu Somashree , Maiti Susmita , Ghosh Debasmita , Roy Chandra Nath , Saha Abhijit 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn view of their promising bio‐applicability, we have synthesized water‐soluble bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐encapsulated ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) with visible emission with longer average luminescence lifetimes of approximately 125 ns at ambient conditions. BSA‐ZnSe QDs are shown to be efficient selective copper ion probes in the presence of physiologically important metal ions through luminescence quenching with a high Stern–Volmer constant (3.3×105 m−1). The mechanism of sensing has been explained in terms of electron transfer processes and the apparent rate of electron transfer (Ket) from ZnSe QDs to Cu2+ has been calculated to be 2.8×108 s−1. It is demonstrated that the negative conduction band potential plays a major role in the feasibility of the electron transfer process, which is reflected in the higher efficacy of ZnSe QDs in sensing copper(II) ions over other group II–VI quantum dots, namely, CdSe, ZnS, or CdS. The results observed with cysteine‐capped QDs are almost identical to those with BSA‐encapsulated QDs and this presumably negates the possible reason of CuII ion induced quenching ascribed to its binding with surface groups or replacement of metal sites as proposed by several groups previously.
Antimicrobial Activity of Polyoxometalate Ionic Liquids against Clinically Relevant Pathogens
Authors: Kubo Anna‐Liisa , Kremer Lea , Herrmann Sven , Mitchell Scott G. , Bondarenko Olesja M. , Kahru Anne , Streb Carsten 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe activity of a new class of antimicrobials—polyoxometalate ionic liquids (POM‐ILs)—is systematically investigated. The prototype POM‐ILs feature Keggin‐type anions (α‐SiW11O398−) and tetraalkylammonium ions as active cationic species. Antimicrobial tests of the POM‐ILs against important human pathogens show that variation of the alkyl chain length of the cation leads to significant changes in antimicrobial activity against the medically relevant Gram‐negative bacteriaEscherichia coliandPseudomonas aeruginosa,and especially against the Gram‐positiveStaphylococcus aureus. Owing to the unique materials properties of the POM‐ILs, such as high viscosity and water immiscibility, applications of antimicrobial surface coatings against airborne pathogens or for water decontamination can be envisaged. Furthermore, the combination of antimicrobially active cations with POM anions might afford new POM‐ILs with two active components.
Passive smoking as an independent risk factor for gestational diabetes that synergizes with prepregnancy obesity in urban Chinese women
Authors: Loeken Mary R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThere are high‐priority public health and legislative efforts around the world to reduce smoking and to reduce the spaces where smoking is allowable. These efforts are aimed at minimizing not only the adverse health effects of active smoking but also the adverse health effects of passive cigarette smoke exposure. While many cultures and societies make protection of a pregnant woman and her about‐to‐be‐born‐newborn a priority, the importance of protecting them from passive smoking that is prevalent in many modern societies has not been reported. The article by Leng et al, “Passive smoking increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus independently and synergistically with prepregnancy obesity in Tianjin, China,” newly published in Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews, provides evidence that passive smoke inhalation during pregnancy makes gestational diabetes more likely, bringing with it negative health consequences for the mother and her baby. This study will hopefully add support to public health officials' efforts to curb cigarette use, especially in public domains.
Diagnosis‐specific self‐image predicts longitudinal suicidal ideation in adult eating disorders
Authors: Andersén Mikael , Birgegård Andreas 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveEating disorders (ED) are prevalent, serious illnesses with elevated mortality, mainly attributable to suicide. Predictors of suicidality include binge/purge symptomatology, impulsivity, and psychiatric comorbidity, as well as personality factors. Recent research has also shown self‐image (the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior, SASB, model) to predict manifest suicide attempts in ED, and the study explored suicide risk prediction to increase knowledge of warning signs and intervention targets.MethodParticipants were adult ED patients registered in the Stepwise clinical database (N = 1537) with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge‐eating disorder (BED), or other specified feeding and eating disorder (OSFED). The SASB self‐image questionnaire was used in stepwise regressions to predict 12‐month suicidal ideation, both self‐ and clinician‐rated, in models both excluding and including baseline clinical variables.ResultsValidation analyses showed fair correspondence between outcome variables as well as with suicide attempts. Different variables predicted suicidality in different diagnoses, over and above baseline clinical variables in all but one regression model. Low Self‐protection was important in AN and BN, high Self‐control in AN, and high Letting go of the self in BN. For BED, self‐blame explained variance, and in OSFED, lack of self‐love.DiscussionFindings are in line with research showing differential self‐image‐based prediction of important outcomes in ED, with noteworthy consistencies across diagnoses and suicidality variables. Strengths included the large sample, and limitations pertained to measures, attrition and Type II error risk. Replication is needed, but findings are consistent with some previous work and offers clinical and research implications.
Environmental adaptation in an asexual invasive insect
Authors: Lombardo Jeffrey A. , Elkinton Joseph S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractParthenogenetic reproduction is generally associated with low genetic variance and therefore reduced ability for environmental adaptation, and this could limit the potential invasiveness of introduced species that reproduce asexually. However, the hemlock woolly adelgid is an asexual invasive insect that has spread across a large geographic temperature gradient in its introduced range. Consequently, this insect has shown significant variation in cold hardiness among populations. We hypothesized that the increased cold hardiness of northern populations represents an adaptation to the colder temperatures. To test this, we collected individual adelgid from populations spanning their invaded range and inoculated them into a common thermal environment. We then experimentally sampled the supercooling point of the progeny of these adelgids and compared these results with tests of the supercooling point of adelgid sampled directly from their source populations. The results showed that the same significant differences in supercooling that was found among geographically distinct populations existed even when the adelgid was reared in a common environment, indicating a genetic basis for the variation in cold hardiness. These findings support the hypothesis that the adelgid has adapted to the colder environment as it has expanded its distribution in its invaded range.
Effects of spawning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) on total lipid content and fatty acid composition of river food webs
Authors: Samways Kurt M. , Blair Tammy J. , Charest Michelle A. , Cunjak Richard A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractReturning Atlantic salmon subsidize rivers with marine‐derived nutrients (MDNs), potentially altering food web dynamics, shifting to reliance on marine‐derived resources. Stream channels designed to simulate natural river systems, one with MDNs from spawning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and one without marine‐nutrient subsidies (control), were used to determine whether fatty acids (FAs) delivered to rivers and streams by spawning Atlantic salmon are incorporated by freshwater biota. Changes in FA profiles between stream channels with and without MDN inputs for biofilm, macroinvertebrates, and Atlantic salmon parr were used to characterize temporal dynamics of MDN incorporation during pre‐spawning, spawning, and post‐spawning periods. There were no differences between control and treatment stream channels prior to the addition of Atlantic salmon. Spawning Atlantic salmon had a positive effect on total lipid content in all trophic levels (biofilm, 4.33%; macroinvertebrates, 7.54%; salmon parr, 2.59%), relative to controls. Fatty acid profiles between the MDN treatment and control stream channels were similar for each biotic group prior to the introduction of adult Atlantic salmon; however, following adult salmon introductions, the FA profiles of the biofilm, invertebrates, and salmon parr differed by as much as 36.7%, 30.3%, and 22.9%, respectively, between the MDN treatment stream channels and the controls. Fatty acid profiles of the invertebrates and salmon parr from the MDN treatment stream channels tracked the FA profile of the salmon eggs. Proportions of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid varied with diet in a predictable manner related to dietary FA proportions. These responses demonstrate a change in the food web structure resulting from the establishment of this new, marine‐based, basal resource. The positive effects of MDNs increasing freshwater productivity are complimented by marine‐based lipids that represent surplus energy and an increase in the quality of resources, thereby contributing to the diversity and health of freshwater ecosystems.
An expert system for automated flavour matching – Prioritizer
Authors: Silva Bárbara Santos , Tøstesen Marie , Petersen Mikael Agerlin , Bäckman Anna‐Carin , Bro Rasmus 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFlavour matching can be viewed as trying to reproduce a specific flavour. This is a time consuming task and may lead to flavour mixtures that are too complex or too expensive to be commercialized. In order to facilitate the matching, we have developed a new mathematical model, calledPrioritizer. Based on the chemical composition of a mixture of volatiles (a target flavour profile), from a set of different ingredients, the model can suggest an initial selection of ingredients needed to reproduce the flavour. The model also allows the user to prioritize properties of the flavour, given the cost of the different raw materials, the allowed number of ingredients and relative importance of flavour components (represented e.g. by perception threshold values). The limit of detection of the equipment used to measure the target flavour profile puts a limit to what flavours can be matched, but it will be shown that the model offers a good initial estimate for reproducing flavour.
Characterization of Portuguese Thymbra capitata, Thymus caespititius and Myrtus communis essential oils in topical formulations
Authors: Neves A. , Marto J. , Duarte A. , Gonçalves L. M. , Pinto P. , Figueiredo A. C. , Ribeiro H. M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAs the personal care industry evolves, formulators are seeking innovative solutions for their formulations' needs, and for ingredients that can offer multiple functions within formulations. Considering that essential oils (EOs) may present a wide spectrum of biological activities, the composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Portuguese Thymbra capitata, Thymus caespititius and Myrtus communis EOs were assessed in order to evaluate them as preservatives and antioxidants in topical emulsions. The in vivo safety application of some emulsions was also tested. T. capitata EO was mainly constituted by carvacrol (73%), whereas α‐terpineol (27%), p‐cymene (14%) and carvacrol (10%) dominated Th. caespititius EO, and 1,8‐cineole (37%) was dominant in M. communis EO. The minimum inhibitory concentration of T. capitata, Th. caespititius and M. communis EOs was 0.4 μg/mL against C. albicans and ranged between 0.4 and 30.7 μg/mL against A. brasiliensis. Gram‐positive bacteria were more susceptible to each EO than Gram‐negative bacteria. T. capitata EO showed significantly higher antioxidant activity than Th. caespititius and M. communis EOs. EOs incorporated in emulsions showed preservative activity against all microorganisms tested and T. capitata EO emulsions showed powerful reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging effects. A safety evaluation study was performed with 0.10% and 0.01% T. capitata EO emulsions according to the Human Repeat Insult Patch Test (HRIPT). All emulsions were considered safe for topical application. T. capitata, Th. caespititius and M. communis significantly improved the microbiological quality of the prepared emulsions and may constitute a powerful alternative to the current preservatives and antioxidants for use in topical formulations.
Laparoscopic harvest of the gastro‐omental free flap for reconstruction after total pharyngolaryngectomy: Operative technique
Authors: Craig Steven J. , Zhang Alexander , Gardner Trevor D. , Clark Jonathan R. , Ashford Bruce G. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCircumferential defects following salvage pharyngolaryngectomy present significant challenges in reconstructive surgery. The gastro‐omental free flap has been shown to reduce the incidence of major fistula and catastrophic complications. The current technique for harvest of the flap requires laparotomy, which is potentially associated with significant post‐operative complications. Laparoscopic harvest of the gastro‐omental free flap can negate some of the risks associated with open surgery. We describe here the operative technique for laparoscopic gastro‐omental free flap harvest for use in reconstruction following total pharyngolaryngectomy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1696–1698, 2017
Utility of basophil activation testing to assess perioperative anaphylactic reactions in real‐world practice
Authors: Eberlein Bernadette , Wigand Sibylle , Lewald Heidrun , Kochs Eberhard , Ring Johannes , Biedermann Tilo , Darsow Ulf 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntroductionPerioperative anaphylactic reactions due to drugs and substances associated with general anesthesia can potentially be life‐threatening. The objective of this study was to investigate the significance of the basophil activation test (BAT) for allergy diagnosis work up.MethodsA total of 14 patients (5 men, 9 women; mean age: 57.8 years) with clinical records of anaphylactic reactions under general anesthesia were studied by means of anesthesia records, skin and serological tests. Eleven healthy subjects without any history of allergic sensitization to anaesthetic drugs served as controls. BATs based on stimulation of whole blood cells measuring CD63 activation of basophils and using CCR3 as basophil marker by flow cytometry (Flow CAST®, BÜHLMANN Laboratories AG, Schönenbuch, Switzerland) were performed with the following substances (in dependence on the history and the skin tests of the patient): analgesics (acetylsalicylic acid, celecoxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indometacin, metamizole, paracetamol, propyphenazone, tramadol), antibiotics (PPL (benzylpenicilloyl polylysine), MDM (minor determinant mixture), amoxicillin, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim), local anesthetics (articaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, prilocaine, procaine, methyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate), narcotics and NMBA (atracurium, cisatracurium, etomidate, neostigmine, midazolam, mivacurium, pancuronium, propofol, pyridostigmine, succinylcholine, sufentanil, thiopental, vecuronium), and other individual substances.ResultsThree patients showed positive results in the BAT: One to metamizole, one to PPL, and one to pancuronium. BATs with these substances were negative in controls.ConclusionsThe BAT should be used complementary to skin tests, especially if IgE‐mediated mechanisms are presumed and skin tests are inconclusive. A positive reaction in BAT identifies the culprit agent with high probability.
The effect of early pregnancy on the formation of obstetric fistula
Authors: Browning Andrew , Mbise Frederick , Foden Phil 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effect of early pregnancy on obstetric fistula.MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted among patients with obstetric fistula caused by a long obstructed labor who presented at Selian Lutheran Hospital, Tanzania, or Kitovu Hospital, Uganda, between January 1, 2015, and January 31, 2016. Demographic and clinical variables were evaluated.ResultsAmong 270 patients, 162 (60.0%) experienced their first pregnancy up to 2 years after menarche (early group) and 108 (40.0%) experienced their first pregnancy more than 2 years after menarche (late group). No significant differences between the early and late groups were found for median age at presentation (30.0 vs 28.0 years), median parity (both 2.0), stillbirth (n=145 [89.5%] vs n=95 [88.0%]), median duration of labor (both 2.0 days), home delivery (n=31 [19.1%] vs n=17 [15.7%]), cesarean delivery (n=79 [48.8%] vs 58 [53.7%]), median time from obstetric fistula formation to presentation (48.0 vs 24.0 months), and obstetric fistula classifications. Obstetric fistula occurred during the first pregnancy in 99 (61.1%) women in the early group and 71 (65.7%) in the late group (P=0.440).ConclusionFrequency of obstetric fistula during the first pregnancy is not increased among women who experience their first pregnancy within 2 years of menarche.
In vitro oxidative degradation of a spinal posterior dynamic stabilization device
Authors: Lawless Bernard M. , Espino Daniel M. , Shepherd Duncan E.T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study quantified the changes of the frequency‐dependant viscoelastic properties of the BDyn (S14 Implants, Pessac, France) spinal posterior dynamic stabilization (PDS) device due to in vitro oxidation. Six polycarbonate urethane (PCU) rings and six silicone cushions were degraded using a 20% hydrogen peroxide/0.1 M cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate, at 37°C, for 24 days. The viscoelastic properties of the individual components and the components assembled into the BDyn PDS device were determined using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis at frequencies from 0.01 to 30 Hz. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infra‐Red spectra demonstrated chemical structure changes, of the PCU, associated with oxidation while Scanning Electron Microscope images revealed surface pitting. No chemical structure or surface morphology changes were observed for the silicone cushion. The BDyn device storage and loss stiffness ranged between 84.46 N/mm to 99.36 N/mm and 8.13 N/mm to 21.99 N/mm, respectively. The storage and loss stiffness for the components and BDyn device increased logarithmically with respect to frequency. Viscoelastic properties, between normal and degraded components, were significantly different for specific frequencies only. This study demonstrates the importance of analyzing changes of viscoelastic properties of degraded biomaterials and medical devices into which they are incorporated, using a frequency sweep. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1237–1244, 2018.