bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taming Wickedness by Interdisciplinary Design
Authors: Boradkar Prasad 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The word “design” is most frequently employed to refer to the action of planning and making (designing something), and to describe the end result or artifact of this action (a design). Designers often refer to their activity as problem-solving and view their work as a response to opportunities and needs in the market identified by corporations, entrepreneurs, consumers, governments, and nonprofit organizations. Design practice tackles problems that can range from the creation of such small things as business cards to the planning of entire urban systems. Horst Rittel argues that the problems design handles are wicked (as well as incorrigible and ill-behaved) and new methodologies are required to tame them. The sheer wickedness and complexity of these issues warrants engagement with other disciplines. This chapter suggests that transdisciplinarity is one of the most promising strategies for dealing with and taming the wicked, ill-behaved, and incorrigible problems of design.
Interdisciplinarity and the Institutional Context of Knowledge in the American Research University
Authors: Crow Michael M. , Dabars William B. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This chapter assesses the accommodation of interdisciplinarity in the American research university in terms of the reflexive relationship between knowledge production and its institutional context. Although the tacit assumption in academic culture is that institutional frameworks have already been optimally configured to facilitate knowledge production, the process remains defined by the traditional correlation between academic disciplines and departments, and, more broadly, the filiopietism and isomorphism that impede the development of new models for the set of research universities. Entrenchment in discipline-based departments mirrors an academic culture that prizes individualism over teamwork and the discovery of specialized knowledge over problem-based collaboration. An overview of theoretical approaches and relevant models in this context precedes a brief historical survey of the institutional accommodation of interdisciplinarity. The chapter issues a call for mutual intelligibility among academic disciplines, and concludes with a case study.
The Need for Disciplines in the Modern Research University
Authors: Jacobs Jerry A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
How does the concept of interdisciplinarity relate to the established liberal arts disciplines? “The Need for Disciplines in the Modern Research University” suggests that disciplines are an indispensable feature of a modern research university. Disciplines represent an institutionalized form of specialization that is inevitable in the context of the vast and rapidly growing domains of knowledge. They are forms of social organization that generate, evaluate, organize, and disseminate research and scholarship. A closer examination reveals that disciplines have many virtues: They are broad, not narrow; open, not siloed; dynamic, not ossified, and their contributions will be essential for addressing any of the world’s grand challenges. Specific policies intended to promote interdisciplinarity need to be designed in ways to strengthen the disciplinary strengths of the university.
The Challenge of Funding Interdisciplinary Research
Authors: König Thomas , Gorman Michael E. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Public research funding agencies today are required to address proactively interdisciplinary research. “The Challenge of Funding Interdisciplinary Research: A Look Inside Public Research Funding Agencies” looks specifically at two funding agencies—the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and the EU European Research Council (ERC)—and how these bodies promote interdisciplinarity, on the one hand, and how they claim to identify it, on the other. Inevitably, this gives the funding agencies some definition power over what interdisciplinary research actually is or should be. At the same time, there are organizational constraints that restrict the funding agencies’ capacity to fully embrace novel ways of interdisciplinary collaboration and investigation.
Interdisciplinarity and the Student Voice
Authors: Gombrich Carl , Hogan Michael 
Published: March 2017

Abstract“Interdisciplinarity and the Student Voice” seeks a richer understanding of the student experience in encountering interdisciplinarity at the undergraduate level and explores the psychology of interdisciplinary education. The student experience of the interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences BASc degree at University College London is examined, using 13 extended semistructured interviews. Students are asked questions that encourage them to reflect on the interdisciplinary nature of their program and their relationship to interdisciplinary learning. Themes of openness, creativity, bridging, and perspective-taking emerge. In this chapter, connections are made between these themes and the theory and practice of interdisciplinary education as well as the recent study of metacognition. The student voice is seen to substantiate current ideas of the value of interdisciplinary education from a number of perspectives and to suggest further research.
Interdisciplinarity and the Earth Sciences
Authors: Baker Victor R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe inherent interdisciplinary of the Earth sciences derives from combining aspects of other disciplines when studying the Earth. Though most commonly viewed as providing science-as-knowledge, the Earth sciences can yield greater societal benefit through their nature-directed transdisciplinarity. As an example, paleoflood hydrology involves a relating to the complexities of natural world that overcomes limitations imposed when simplifying reality in order to make predictions. Paleoflood hydrology discovers the natural recordings of ancient (but very real) cataclysmic processes that have the documented ability to cause harm. The commonsense recognition that what has actually happened can indeed happen again provides much more incentive to generate engaged and wise public action than does an abstract prediction of the so-called hundred-year flood. This kind of science differs from that of its constituent disciplines, and it has great potential for making progress on many issues of current societal concern through public education, communication, and guided policy.
The Moral Equality of Combatants
Authors: Barry Christian , Christie Lars 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The doctrine of the moral equality of combatants holds that combatants on either side of a war have equal moral status even if one side is fighting a just war while the other is not. This chapter examines arguments that have been offered for and against this doctrine, including the collectivist position famously articulated by Walzer and McMahan’s influential individualist critique. We also explore collectivist positions that have rejected the moral equality doctrine and arguments that some individualists have offered in its favor. We defend a noncategorical version of the moral equality doctrine, according to which combatants on either side of a just war sometimes (but not always) have equal moral status. On our view nonculpable combatants are not liable to attack even when they fight for an unjust cause.
Long-term Risk of Endometrial Cancer Following Postmenopausal Bleeding and Reassuring Endometrial Biopsy
Authors: Visser Nicole C. M. , Sparidaens Ellen Marie , van den Brink Jan-Willem , Breijer Maria C. , Boss Erik A. , Veersema Sebastiaan , Siebers Albert G. , Bulten Johan , Pijnenborg Johanna M. A. , Bekkers Ruud L. M. 
Published: March 2017

(Abstracted from Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2016;95(12):1418–1424)
Women with postmenopausal bleeding who present with an endometrial thickness 4 mm or less are at a very low risk of endometrial cancer, and therefore refraining from endometrial sampling in these women is considered justified. If the endometrial thickness is more than 4 mm, endometrial sampling is indicated to exclude endometrial cancer.
Addressing the Role of Obesity in Endometrial Cancer Risk, Prevention, and Treatment
Authors: Onstad Michaela A. , Schmandt Rosemarie E. , Lu Karen H. 
Published: March 2017

(Abstracted from J Clin Oncol 2016;34:4225–4230)
The worldwide obesity epidemic has had a major impact on the health and well-being of both men and women. Obesity is well established as a major causal factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, a number of cancers, and several other diseases.
Altered Functional Connectivity in Sickle Cell Disease Exists at Rest and During Acute Pain Challenge
Authors: Zempsky William T. , Stevens Michael C. , Santanelli James P. , Gaynor Alexandra M. , Khadka Sabin 
Published: March 2017

Objectives:
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic pain disorder in which abnormally shaped red blood cells obstruct microcirculation causing ischemia and pain. The lack of SCD responsiveness to analgesics has led many to propose that nociceptive neural systems engaged when detecting pain become sensitized, resulting in an enhancement of pain response.

Methods:
Individuals with SCD and non-SCD controls were exposed to a painful stimuli of varying intensity using a pressure algometer and underwent several neuroimaging tasks.

Results:
This study identified and characterized the neural correlates of possible central sensitization in SCD. We found functional connectivity abnormalities in individuals with SCD in the brain’s somatosensory network, salience network, and default mode network during both an unstructured resting state and paradigm involving acute pain challenge.

Discussion:
There was evidence for both increased and decreased connectivity which is consistent with findings in other chronic pain disorders. Preliminary evidence was found that subcortical brain regions might contribute to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in chronic pain. The results support a model in which SCD pain sensitization involves abnormally low functional integration of brain regions that make use of nociceptive information to plan movements, and hyperconnectivity of various frontal and parietal lobe regions that direct attention to or represent higher-order abstractions within circuits involved with either nocioceptive processing or detection of abnormally salient environmental stimuli.
Follicular Porokeratosis, a Porokeratosis Variant
Authors: Tallon Ben , Emanuel Patrick 
Published: March 2017

Abstract:
Porokeratosis derives from a process of abnormal keratinization, resulting in clinical and histologic variants. Follicular involvement is infrequently described, with previous suggestions that it may represent a distinct condition. We describe a case of typical disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with additional clinically prominent folliculocentric keratosis. Histologically, this represented follicular cornoid lamellae. These findings support follicular porokeratosis as an anatomic site variant of porokeratosis, as opposed to a distinct condition. We also want to raise awareness of this variant which clinically should be considered when presented with a discrete papular keratotic eruption.
Histological Subtype Remains a Significant Prognostic Factor for Survival Outcomes in Patients With Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm With Peritoneal Dissemination
Authors: Huang Yeqian , Alzahrani Nayef A. , Chua Terence C. , Morris David L. 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND:
It has been increasingly recognized that appendiceal mucinous neoplasm with peritoneal dissemination is not a homogenous disease.

OBJECTIVE:
This study aimed to examine the impact of different histological subtypes on survival of a large cohort of patients with appendiceal mucinous neoplasms uniformly treated by cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

DESIGN:
This was a retrospective study of prospectively collected data of patients with peritoneal dissemination of appendiceal neoplasm who underwent cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

SETTING:
The study was conducted by 1 surgical team at St. George Hospital.

PATIENTS:
A total of 444 patients formed the cohort of this study.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Histological diagnoses were categorized based on Carr criteria to include acellular mucin, disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis, peritoneal mucinous neoplasms without signet ring cells, and peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis with signet cells.

RESULTS:
Patients with low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms with neoplastic epithelium absent tended to have lower CEA, CA19-9, and CA125 levels preoperatively (p = 0.109, 0.008, and 0.034). Factor analysis showed that histological diagnosis was an independent prognostic factor for survival outcomes (HR = 3.13 (95% CI, 2.34–4.39); p < 0.001), adjusted for peritoneal cancer index >20, completeness of cytoreductive score ≥2, use of early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy, transfusion units, CEA >7.0 mg/L, CA19-9 >24.0 U/mL, and CA125 >24 U/mL.

LIMITATIONS:
This study was limited by its retrospective nature, lack of uniform classifications of appendiceal mucinous neoplasms in early years, and the heterogeneity of this study cohort given the long study period.

CONCLUSIONS:
Histological subtype remains a significant prognostic factor for survival outcomes in patients with appendiceal mucinous neoplasms. It should be taken into account when selecting patients for cytoreductive surgery, tailoring appropriate adjuvant therapies and follow-up surveillance plan.
BMI as a Predictor for Perioperative Outcome of Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery: a Pooled Analysis of Comparative Studies
Authors: He Yazhou , Wang Jiarong , Bian He , Deng Xiangbing , Wang Ziqiang 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND:
There has been a long-lasting controversy about whether higher BMI is associated with worse perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Recently, a number of newly published investigations have made it possible to draw a quantitative conclusion.

OBJECTIVE:
We conducted this comprehensive meta-analysis to clarify the exact effect that BMI imposes on perioperative outcome of laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

DATA SOURCES:
We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases to identify all relevant studies.

STUDY SELECTION:
Comparative studies in English that investigated perioperative outcome of laparoscopic colorectal surgery for patients with different BMIs were included. Quality of studies was evaluated by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

INTERVENTION:
The risk factor of interest was BMI.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Effective sizes were pooled under a random-effects model to evaluate preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative outcomes.

RESULTS:
A total of 43 studies were included. We found that higher BMI was associated with significantly longer operative time (p < 0.001), greater blood loss (p = 0.01), and higher incidence of conversion to open surgery (p < 0.001). Moreover, BMI was a risk factor for overall complication rates (p < 0.001), especially for ileus (p = 0.02) and events of the urinary system (p = 0.03). Significant association was identified between higher BMI and risk of surgical site infection (p < 0.001) and anastomotic leakage (p = 0.02). Higher BMI might also led to a reduced number of harvest lymph nodes for patients with colorectal cancer (p = 0.02). The heterogeneity test identified no significant cross-study heterogeneity, and the results of cumulative meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis, and the publication bias test verified the reliability of our study.

LIMITATIONS:
Most studies included were retrospectively designed.

CONCLUSIONS:
Body mass index is a practical and valuable measurement for the prediction of the perioperative outcome of laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Higher BMI is associated with worse perioperative outcome. More accurate conclusions, with more precise cutoff values, can be achieved by future well-designed prospective investigations.
Gracilis Muscle Interposition for Rectourethral Fistula After Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: A Prospective Evaluation and Long-term Follow-up
Authors: Muñoz-Duyos Arantxa , Navarro-Luna Albert , Pardo-Aranda Fernando , Caballero Josep M. , Borrat Pere , Maristany Carles , Pando José A. , Veloso Enrique 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND:
Postoperative rectourethral fistula after radical prostatectomy is an infrequent but very serious problem.

OBJECTIVE:
We aimed to describe our experience with transperineal repair and unilateral gracilis muscle interposition in patients with rectourethral fistula after radical prostatectomy in nonradiated prostate cancer.

DESIGN:
This was a cohort study.

SETTINGS:
All of the procedures were performed at the same hospital by the same multidisciplinary team made up of a senior colorectal surgeon and a senior urologist.

PATIENTS:
Patients with postoperative rectourethral fistula after laparoscopic prostatectomy were included.

INTERVENTION:
Transperineal fistula repair and gracilis muscle interposition were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Fistula healing rate was measured.

RESULTS:
Nine patients with postoperative rectourethral fistula were treated between November 2009 and February 2016. Four of them had received other previous treatments without success, and 5 had previously been treated with this technique. Seven patients had a fecal diverting stoma. After a median follow-up of 54 months (range, 2–72), all of the fistulas had successfully healed, and, to date, the patients remain asymptomatic without urinary diversion. Fecal diversion was closed in all but 1 patient. No intraoperative or infectious complications were detected. With the results of our series, we present specific technical details of our technique and hope to provide additional evidence of the low morbidity profile and excellent healing rate of this treatment. Moreover, we note that, although small, this series corresponds with a homogeneous group of patients with rectourethral fistula after radical prostatectomy in nonradiated prostate cancer.

LIMITATIONS:
This is a small but very homogeneous group of patients.

CONCLUSIONS:
Simple repair with perineal gracilis muscle interposition is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of postoperative rectourethral fistulas after nonradiated prostate cancer surgery.
Interpretative Guidelines and Possible Indications for Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging in Robot-Assisted Sphincter-Saving Operations
Authors: Kim Jin Cheon , Lee Jong Lyul , Park Seong Ho 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND:
Since the introduction of indocyanine green angiography more than 25 years ago, few studies have presented interpretative guidelines for indocyanine green fluorescent imaging.

OBJECTIVE:
We aimed to provide interpretative guidelines for indocyanine green fluorescent imaging through quantitative analysis and to suggest possible indications for indocyanine green fluorescent imaging during robot-assisted sphincter-saving operations.

DESIGN:
This is a retrospective observational study.

SETTINGS:
This study was conducted at a single center.

PATIENTS:
A cohort of 657 patients with rectal cancer who consecutively underwent curative robot-assisted sphincter-saving operations was enrolled between 2010 and 2016, including 310 patients with indocyanine green imaging (indocyanine green fluorescent imaging+ group) and 347 patients without indocyanine green imaging (indocyanine green fluorescent imaging− group).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
We tried to quantitatively define the indocyanine green fluorescent imaging findings based on perfusion (mesocolic and colic) time and perfusion intensity (5 grades) to provide probable indications.

RESULTS:
The anastomotic leakage rate was significantly lower in the indocyanine green fluorescent imaging+ group than in the indocyanine green fluorescent imaging− group (0.6% vs 5.2%) (OR, 0.123; 95% CI, 0.028–0.544; p = 0.006). Anastomotic stricture was closely correlated with anastomotic leakage (p = 0.002) and a short descending mesocolon (p = 0.003). Delayed perfusion (>60 s) and low perfusion intensity (1–2) were more frequently detected in patients with anastomotic stricture and marginal artery defects than in those without these factors (p ≤ 0.001). In addition, perfusion times greater than the mean were more frequently observed in patients aged >58 years, whereas low perfusion intensity was seen more in patients with short descending mesocolon and high ASA classes (≥3).

LIMITATIONS:
The 300 patients in the indocyanine green fluorescent imaging− group underwent operations 3 years before indocyanine green fluorescent imaging.

CONCLUSIONS:
Quantitative analysis of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging may help prevent anastomotic complications during robot-assisted sphincter-saving operations, and may be of particular value in high-class ASA patients, older patients, and patients with a short descending mesocolon.
POOLED ESTIMATES OF INCIDENCE OF ENDOPHTHALMITIS AFTER INTRAVITREAL INJECTION OF ANTI–VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AGENTS WITH AND WITHOUT TOPICAL ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS
Authors: Reibaldi Michele , Pulvirenti Alfredo , Avitabile Teresio , Bonfiglio Vincenza , Russo Andrea , Mariotti Cesare , Bucolo Claudio , Mastropasqua Rodolfo , Parisi Guglielmo , Longo Antonio 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:
To assess the effect of topical antibiotic prophylaxis on postoperative endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents.

Methods:
A systematic literature search was performed from inception to March 2016 using PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, to identify articles that reported cases of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents. We used a pooled analysis to estimate the incidence of cases of endophthalmitis who developed after injections performed with and without topical antibiotic prophylaxis. We used regression analysis to explore the effects of study characteristics on heterogeneity.

Results:
From our search of electronic databases, we identified and screened 4,561 unique records. We judged 60 articles to have reported findings for cohorts of patients who met our inclusion criteria, (12 arms of randomized clinical trials, 11 prospective cohort studies, and 37 retrospective cohort studies), which included 244 cases of endophthalmitis and 639,391 intravitreal injections of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents. The final pooled estimate endophthalmitis proportions were 9/10,000 (95% confidence interval, 7/10,000–12/10,000) in the antibiotic-treated group and 3/10,000 (95% confidence interval, 2/10,000–5/10,000) in the untreated group. The estimated incidence of endophthalmitis with topical antibiotic prophylaxis was approximated three times the incidence without prophylaxis. Random effects regression showed that none of the study characteristics significantly affected the effect size in either group.

Conclusion:
Topical antibiotic after intravitreal injection of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents is associated with a higher risk of endophthalmitis.