bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CT enterography: Mannitol versus VoLumen
Authors: Wong Jessica , Moore Helen , Roger Mark , McKee Chris 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionSeveral different neutral oral contrast agents have been trialled in magnetic resonance and CT enterography (CTE). In the Auckland region, Mannitol 2.5% and VoLumen are both used in CTE. This study compares the performance of these two neutral oral contrast agents in CTE.MethodsComputed tomography enterography data were collected from 25 consecutive studies that used either Mannitol or VoLumen in 2014. All images were reviewed by three radiologists blinded to the type of oral contrast. Each quadrant was assessed for maximum distension, proportion of bowel loops distended, presence of inhomogeneous content and bowel wall visibility. Assessment also included whether the contrast agent reached the caecum and an overall subjective quality assessment. Patients were invited to answer a questionnaire regarding tolerability of the preparations.ResultsMannitol achieves better wall visibility in the right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant and left lower quadrant (P < 0.01). Overall differences in study quality favours Mannitol (P < 0.01) with 48% of the Mannitol studies being considered excellent compared with 4% of the VoLumen studies. There was no difference in maximal distension or proportion of loops distended.ConclusionMannitol in CTE achieves studies of a better quality than and is a viable alternative to VoLumen.
Impact of dual energy characterization of urinary calculus on management
Authors: Habashy David , Xia Ryan , Ridley William , Chan Lewis , Ridley Lloyd 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionDual energy CT (DECT) is a recent technique that is increasingly being used to differentiate between calcium and uric acid urinary tract calculi. The aim of this study is to determine if urinary calculi composition analysis determined by DECT scanning results in a change of patient management.MethodAll patients presenting with symptoms of renal colic, who had not previously undergone DECT scanning underwent DECT KUB. DECT data of all patients between September 2013 and July 2015 were reviewed. Urinary calculi composition based on dual energy characterization was cross‐matched with patient management and outcome.ResultsA total of 585 DECT KUB were performed. 393/585 (67%) DECT scans revealed urinary tract calculi. After excluding those with isolated bladder or small asymptomatic renal stones, 303 patients were found to have symptomatic stone(s) as an explanation for their presentation. Of these 303 patients, there were 273 (90.1%) calcium calculi, 19 (6.3%) uric acid calculi and 11 (3.4%) mixed calculi. Of those with uric acid calculi, 15 were commenced on dissolution therapy. Twelve of those commenced on dissolution therapy had a successful outcome, avoiding need for surgical intervention (lithotripsy or stone retrieval). Three patients failed dissolution therapy and required operative intervention for definitive management of the stone.ConclusionPredicting urinary tract calculi composition by DECT plays an important role in identifying patients who may be managed with dissolution therapy. Identification of uric acid stone composition altered management in 15 of 303 (5.0%) patients, and was successful in 12, thereby avoiding surgery and its attendant risks.
Changes in the rumen microbiome and metabolites reveal the effect of host genetics on hybrid crosses
Authors: Li Zhipeng , Wright André‐Denis G. , Si Huazhe , Wang Xiaoxu , Qian Wenxi , Zhang Zhigang , Li Guangyu 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe rumen microbiota plays important roles in nutrient metabolism and absorption of the host. However, it is poorly understood how host genetic variation shapes the community structure of the rumen microbiota and its metabolic phenotype. Here, we used sika deer (Cervus nippon) and elk (Cervus elaphus) to produce the following two types of hybrid offspring: sika deer ♀ × elk ♂ (SEH) and elk ♀ × sika deer ♂ (ESH). Then, we examined the rumen microbiome and metabolites in the parents and their hybrid offspring. The rumen microbiota in the hybrids differed from that in their parents, suggesting a significant effect of host genetics on the rumen microbiome that may have resulted from vertical transmission. The rumen metabolites displayed patterns similar to the structure of the rumen microbiome, with changes in the amounts of volatile fatty acids and metabolites of amino acids. The alanine, arginine, proline and phenylalanine pathways were enriched in the rumen of hybrid animals. The enriched metabolites in the above pathways were positively correlated with the bacteria Prevotella spp., Acetitomaculum spp., Quinella spp., Succinivibrio spp. and Ruminobacter spp. These results suggest that host genetics has a major impact on the rumen microbiome and metabolites in hybrid animals.
Plant community, geographic distance and abiotic factors play different roles in predicting AMF biogeography at the regional scale in northern China
Authors: Xu Tianle , Veresoglou Stavros D. , Chen Yongliang , Rillig Matthias C. , Xiang Dan , Ondřej Daniel , Hao Zhipeng , Liu Lei , Deng Ye , Hu Yajun , Chen Weiping , Wang Juntao , He Jizheng , Chen Baodong 
Published: October 2016

SummaryArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous mutualists of terrestrial plants and play key roles in regulating various ecosystem processes, but little is known about AMF biogeography at regional scale. This study aims at exploring the key predictors of AMF communities across a 5000‐km transect in northern China. We determined the soil AMF species richness and community composition at 47 sites representative of four vegetation types (meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe and desert) and related them to plant community characteristics, abiotic factors and geographic distance. The results showed that soil pH was the strongest predictor of AMF richness and phylogenetic diversity. However, abiotic factors only have a low predictive effect on AMF community composition or phylogenetic patterns. By contrast, we found a significant relationship between community composition of AMF and plants, which was a surprising result given the extent of heterogeneity in the plant community across this transect. Moreover, the geographic distance predominantly explained the AMF phylogenetic structure, implying that history evolutionary may play a role in shaping AMF biogeographic patterns. This study highlighted the different roles of main factors in predicting AMF biogeography, and bridge landscape‐scale studies to more recent global‐scale efforts.
Getting at the “what” and the “how” in symbiosis
Authors: Newton Irene L. G. 
Published: October 2016

SummarySymbioses are ubiquitous and have had a tremendous impact on the evolution of life on the planet. Indeed, endosymbiosis lead to the generation of the first eukaryotic cell and from that point onwards, eukaryotes have interacted with the other domains of life, sometimes forming persistent and necessary relationships that span generations. However, because the majority of hosts and symbionts are not easily manipulated, the intricate details of these symbioses, an understanding of the molecular underpinnings of these interactions, have not been elucidated. It is difficult to ask questions about the details of a host‐microbe symbiosis if either member cannot be cultured, genetically manipulated, or even housed in a laboratory. Several technological advances in recent years may address these difficulties, making it easier for researchers to ask mechanistic questions in symbiotic systems.
The third dimension: a novel set‐up for filming coelacanths in their natural environment
Authors: Décamps Thierry , Herrel Anthony , Ballesta Laurent , Holon Florian , Rauby Thibault , Gentil Yannick , Gentil Cédric , Dutel Hugo , Debruyne Régis , Charrassin Jean‐Benoit , Eveillard Guillaume , Clément Gaël , Herbin Marc 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Here, we describe a novel design to obtain three‐dimensional data on the movements of aquatic organisms at depths of up to 140 m.

The set‐up consists of two synchronized high‐speed cameras fixed to two articulated arms.

The set‐up was successfully used to film and quantify the locomotion of coelacanths Latimeria chalumnae living at a depth of about 120 m in Sodwana Bay, South Africa. As an example, the detailed motion of the dorsal fin is presented here.

This set‐up can be used for any underwater applications that require synchronized video recordings of medium‐ to large‐sized animals.
A new kernel density estimator for accurate home‐range and species‐range area estimation
Authors: Fleming Christen H. , Calabrese Justin M. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryKernel density estimators are widely applied to area‐related problems in ecology, from estimating the home range of an individual to estimating the geographic range of a species. Currently, area estimates are obtained indirectly, by first estimating the location distribution from tracking (home range) or survey (geographic range) data and then estimating areas from that distribution. This indirect approach leads to biased area estimates and difficulty in deriving reasonable confidence intervals.We introduce a new kernel density estimator (and associated confidence intervals) focused specifically on area estimation that applies to both independently sampled survey data and autocorrelated tracking data. We test our methods against simulated movement data and demonstrate its use with African buffalo data.The area‐corrected kernel density estimator produces much more accurate area estimates, particularly at small sample sizes, and the newly derived confidence intervals are more reliable than existing alternatives.This new method is the most efficient nonparametric home‐range estimator for animal tracking data and should also be considered when calculating nonparametric range estimates from survey data. This estimator is now the default method in thectmm rpackage.
Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls
Authors: Norén Selinus E. , Molero Y. , Lichtenstein P. , Anckarsäter H. , Lundström S. , Bottai M. , Hellner Gumpert C. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo examine the association between different levels of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and sex differences in psychosocial outcomes during adolescence.MethodSwedish children (n = 4635) were screened for neuropsychiatric symptoms at age 9 or 12. ADHD symptoms were divided into three levels: screen‐negative, screen‐intermediate, and screen‐positive. At follow‐up (age 15), parents and teenagers filled out questionnaires regarding (i) hyperactivity/inattention, (ii) peer problems, (iii) school problems, (iv) internalizing problems, (v) antisocial behaviour, (vi) alcohol misuse, and (vii) drug misuse. All outcomes were controlled for symptoms of diagnostic categories other than ADHD.ResultsIncreasing levels of ADHD symptoms in childhood were associated with higher proportions of adolescents who displayed negative psychosocial outcomes. More girls than boys reported internalizing problems (all levels) and risky drug use (screen‐intermediate and screen‐positive only). More boys reported antisocial behaviour at the screen‐negative and screen‐intermediate levels, but at the screen‐positive level, similar proportions of girls and boys displayed antisocial behaviour.ConclusionThe findings support the view that ADHD symptoms, as well as their negative outcomes, are dimensionally distributed in the population and that adolescent girls and boys display different risk profiles. The findings confirm that ADHD symptoms are associated with higher risk of drug misuse in girls.
Impairment of opiate‐mediated behaviors by the selective TRPV1 antagonist SB366791
Authors: Ma Shi‐Xun , Kwon Seung‐Hwan , Seo Jee‐Yeon , Hwang Ji‐Young , Hong Sa‐Ik , Kim Hyoung‐Chun , Lee Seok‐Yong , Jang Choon‐Gon 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTransient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), the archetypal member of the vanilloid TRP family, was initially identified as the receptor for capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in hot chili peppers. We previously demonstrated that TRPV1 in the dorsal striatum significantly contributes to morphine reward by using the conditioned place preference paradigm in mice; however, it is unknown whether TRPV1 has the same effect in other reward models. In this study, we investigated the role of TRPV1 in morphine reward by using a self‐administration paradigm in rats. We found that treatment with a selective TRPV1 antagonist, SB366791, significantly decreased morphine self‐administration on a fixed‐ratio 1 schedule or a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. In addition, treatment with another selective TRPV1 antagonist, AMG9810, not only significantly prevented morphine self‐administration but also prevented morphine‐induced c‐fos expression in the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, administration of SB366791 decreased an anxiolytic‐like effect during the morphine abstinence period. Moreover, treatment with SB366791 significantly decreased morphine‐priming reinstatement. Taken together, our findings suggest that blockade of TRPV1 receptors could provide an approach to limiting morphine addiction.
Unravelling the coordination between leaf and stem economics spectra through local and global scale approaches
Authors: Zeballos Sebastián R. , Giorgis Melisa A. , Cabido Marcelo , Gurvich Diego E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe existence of a coordination between leaf and stem economic spectra in woody species has been postulated repeatedly in the literature, with contrasting results. Here, we postulated that this coordination is conditioned by climate factors, being stronger in stressful environments. To test this hypothesis we explored the coordination between leaf and stem economic spectra in a seasonally dry forest in central Argentina and at the global scale, we analysed if the outcome of their coordination varies along a climatic gradient. At the local scale, we characterized leaf and stem economic spectra in 37 woody species by measuring six leaf and stem functional traits related to resource acquisition and use, and two functional traits used as proxies of water transport and use capacities. At the global scale, a meta‐regression was performed to analyse if the outcome of the coordination among leaf and stem traits varies along gradients of the mean precipitation of the driest quarter and of the minimum temperature of the coldest month. At the local scale, we observed a high integration among the measured leaf and stem traits, and this coordination seemed to be linked to hydraulic properties. At the global scale, we found not only that the overall weighted mean effect size of the correlation between specific leaf area and wood density was significant and negative but also that the coordination between leaf and stem traits seemed to be shaped by climate and tends to become stronger under harsh climate conditions. Furthermore, although our results seem to suggest that their coordination is context‐dependent, alternative strategies could be observed under stressful conditions.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome mimicking brain metastases in a patient with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma
Authors: Wong Kelsey , Lee Margaret , Davis Ian D. , Parente Phillip , Mckendrick Joseph , Pezaro Carmel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPosterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) has been described in the context of uncontrolled hypertension, eclampsia, renal disease and autoimmune conditions, or in patients treated with chemotherapy or immunosuppressive agents. In contrast, we report the occurrence of PRES in a patient with untreated metastatic transitional cell carcinoma. The case emphasizes important diagnostic challenges associated with atypical presentations without “typical” risk factors and the limitations of common diagnostic imaging modalities. It highlights the ability of nonmalignant conditions like PRES to mimic brain metastases and the importance of magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic tool. A high index of suspicion is warranted in atypical presentations, as prompt treatment is imperative to ensure full neurological recovery.
An innovative test for non‐invasive Kell genotyping on circulating fetal DNA by means of the allelic discrimination of K1 and K2 antigens
Authors: Cro' Fabiana , Lapucci Cristina , Vicari Emilio , Salsi Ginevra , Rizzo Nicola , Farina Antonio 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to present a new method for fetal Kell genotyping by means of the allelic discrimination of K1 and K2 in real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).MethodsReal‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction incorporating an allele‐specific primer was developed for detecting the K allele of KEL.ResultsBy means of this method, the K1/K2 genotype was able to be determined in all blood samples analyzed. Results using cell‐free fetal DNA (cffDNA) from two Kell‐negative pregnant women confirmed the Kell‐positive genotype of fetuses. The real‐time PCR analysis also allowed the determination of the fetal fraction using the quantification of Kell‐positive DNA.ConclusionAn efficient and reliable strategy for Kell genotyping is herein presented. The method was optimized on cffDNA to create a non‐invasive prenatal test which could be routinely used for the prevention of hemolytic disease of the fetus and the newborn (HDFN).
Asthma outcomes improve with continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Serrano‐Pariente J. , Plaza V. , Soriano J. B. , Mayos M. , López‐Viña A. , Picado C. , Vigil L. ,   the CPASMA Trial Group
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in asthma patients with concomitant obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) seems to have a favorable impact on asthma, but data are inconsistent due to methodological limitations of previous studies.MethodsProspective, multicenter study. We examined asthma outcomes after 6 months of CPAP in 99 adult asthma patients (mean age 57 years) with OSAS (respiratory disturbance index ≥20). Asthma control and quality of life were assessed with the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (MiniAQLQ), respectively. Data were analyzed by intention‐to‐treat basis.ResultsThe mean ± SD score of the ACQ decreased from 1.39 ± 0.91 at baseline to 1.0 ± 0.78 at 6 months (P = 0.003), the percentage of patients with uncontrolled asthma from 41.4% to 17.2% (P = 0.006), and the percentage of patients with asthma attacks in the 6 months before and after treatment from 35.4% to 17.2% (P = 0.015). The score of the mAQLQ increased from 5.12 ± 1.38 to 5.63 ± 1.17 (P = 0.009). There were also significant improvements in symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and rhinitis, bronchial reversibility, and exhaled nitric oxide values (all P < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in drug therapy for asthma or their comorbidities nor in the patients’ weight.ConclusionsAsthma control (both actual and future risk), quality of life, and lung function improved after starting continuous positive airway pressure in asthmatics with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Speak up! Barriers to challenging erroneous decisions of seniors in anaesthesia
Authors: Beament T. , Mercer S. J. 
Published: October 2016

Summary‘Speaking up’ or the ability to effectively challenge erroneous decisions is essential to preventing harm. This mixed‐methods study in two parts explores the concept of ‘barriers to challenging seniors’ for anaesthetic trainees, and proposes a conceptual framework. Using a fully immersive simulation scenario with unanticipated airway difficulty, we investigated how junior anaesthetists (one to two years of training) challenged a scripted error. We also conducted focus groups with senior trainees (three to seven years of training) and undertook a ‘thematic network analysis’ of responses. Junior anaesthetic trainees challenged erroneous decisions effectively, but trainees with an additional year of experience challenged more quickly and effectively, combining ‘crisp‐advocacy‐inquiry challenge’ with ‘non‐verbal cues’. Focus group analysis conceptualised a ‘barrier network’ with three main themes: concerns around relationships; decision‐making; and risk/cost–benefit. Emotional maturity is an important protective layer around decisions to challenge. Despite significant multifactorial barriers, systematic training in effective ‘speaking up’ could improve the confidence and ability of juniors to challenge erroneous decisions.
Multi‐Scalar Practices of the Korean State in Global Climate Politics: The Case of the Global Green Growth Institute
Authors: Hwang Jin‐Tae , Lee Sang‐Hun , Müller‐Mahn Detlef 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe paper examines the significance of state territoriality and the related multi‐scalar practices of the state in the light of the symptoms of post‐politics exemplified in global environmental governance. The focus rests on the South Korean government's Green Growth (GG) strategy and the efforts to export this strategy as a role model to emerging economies worldwide through the establishment of the Global Green Growth Institute. We begin with the question why the Korean government is going global with a political program that is heavily disputed at home. We then study the practices by which the state manages to maintain its territoriality under the conditions of global climate change. Lastly, we discuss how multi‐scalar practices of environmental governance in the GG strategy are applied by state and non‐state actors both in Korea and abroad.
Duration of the active phase of labor in spontaneous and induced labors
Authors: Østborg Tilde B. , Romundstad Pål R. , Eggebø Torbjørn M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of the study was to compare the duration of active phase of labor in women with spontaneous or induced start of labor.Material and methodsAn observational cohort study was performed at Stavanger University Hospital in Norway between January 2010 and December 2013. During the study period 19 524 women delivered. Data for the study were collected from an electronic birth journal. Women with previous cesarean section, multiple pregnancy, breech or transverse lie, preterm labor or prelabor cesarean section were excluded. Analyses were stratified between nulliparous and parous women. Active phase of labor was defined when contractions were regular, with cervix effaced and dilated 4 cm. The main outcome measure was duration of active phase of labor.ResultsThe active phase was longer in induced labors than in labors with spontaneous onset in nulliparous women. The estimated median duration using survival analyses was 433 min (95% confidence interval 419–446) in spontaneous vs. 541 min (95% confidence interval 502–580) in induced labors [unadjusted hazard ratio 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.71–0.82) and adjusted hazard ratio 0.88 (95% confidence interval 0.82–0.95)]. In parous women, a one minus survival plot showed that induced labors had shorter duration before six hours in active labor, but after six hours, induced labors had longer duration. The overall difference in parous women was small and probably of little clinical importance.ConclusionThe active phase of labor was longer in induced than in spontaneous labors in nulliparous women.