bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unraveling the biogeographic origins of the Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) invasion in North America
Authors: Moody Michael L. , Palomino Nayell , Weyl Philip S.R. , Coetzee Julie A. , Newman Raymond M. , Harms Nathan E. , Liu Xing , Thum Ryan A. 
Published: April 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Using phylogeographic analyses to determine the geographic origins of biological invaders is important for identifying environmental adaptations and genetic composition in their native range as well as biocontrol agents among indigenous herbivores. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and its hybrid with northern watermilfoil (M. sibiricum) are found throughout the contiguous United States and southern Canada, forming one of the most economically costly aquatic plant invasions in North America, yet the geographic origin of the invasion remains unknown. The objectives of our study included determining the geographic origin of Eurasian watermilfoil in North America as well as the maternal lineage of the hybrids.METHODS:DNA sequence data from a cpDNA intron and the nrDNA ITS region were compiled for accessions from 110 populations of Eurasian watermilfoil and hybrids from North America and the native range (including Europe, Asia, and Africa). Datasets were analyzed using statistical parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetics to assess the geographic origin of the invasion.KEY RESULTS:The two Eurasian watermilfoil cpDNA haplotypes in North America are also found from China and Korea, but not elsewhere in the native range. These haplotypes did not overlap and were limited in native geographic range. The ovule parent for hybrids can come from either parental lineage, and multiple haplotypes from both parental species were found.CONCLUSIONS:The geographic origin of this prolific aquatic plant invasion of North America is in Asia. This provides critical information to better understand the invasion pathway and inform management into the future.
SIMULATING ASTRO-H OBSERVATIONS OF SLOSHING GAS MOTIONS IN THE CORES OF GALAXY CLUSTERS
Authors: ZuHone J. A. , Miller E. D. , Simionescu A. , Bautz M. W. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Astro-H will be the first X-ray observatory to employ a high-resolution microcalorimeter, capable of measuring the shift and width of individual spectral lines to the precision necessary for estimating the velocity of the diffuse plasma in galaxy clusters. This new capability is expected to bring significant progress in understanding the dynamics, and therefore the physics, of the intracluster medium. However, because this plasma is optically thin, projection effects will be an important complicating factor in interpreting future Astro-H measurements. To study these effects in detail, we performed an analysis of the velocity field from simulations of a galaxy cluster experiencing gas sloshing and generated synthetic X-ray spectra, convolved with model Astro-H Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) responses. We find that the sloshing motions produce velocity signatures that will be observable by Astro-H in nearby clusters: the shifting of the line centroid produced by the fast-moving cold gas underneath the front surface, and line broadening produced by the smooth variation of this motion along the line of sight. The line shapes arising from inviscid or strongly viscous simulations are very similar, indicating that placing constraints on the gas viscosity from these measurements will be difficult. Our spectroscopic analysis demonstrates that, for adequate exposures, Astro-H will be able to recover the first two moments of the velocity distribution of these motions accurately, and in some cases multiple velocity components may be discerned. The simulations also confirm the importance of accurate treatment of point-spread function scattering in the interpretation of Astro-H/SXS spectra of cluster plasmas.
The role of war trauma survivors in managing their own mental conditions, Syria civil war as an example
Authors: Almoshmosh Nadim 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWar trauma leads to a wide range of psychological consequences and disorders that can be quite disabling to individuals and their families. At times of war, existing resources become strained to cope with all demands of trauma sufferers. The survivors' role of managing their own mental conditions becomes highly important and relevant as a way of reducing the resulted suffering. Unfortunately, this role is often ignored or trivialized by all concerned. The self-efficacy and resilience of people are the factors not to be underestimated and should be built upon. Reaching solutions are generally more satisfying and long-lasting when the affected person has taken a positive active part in finding them. Encouraging the use of own resources and experiences and using own problem-solving skills can be all that is needed for survivors to feel enabled. Engaging survivors and focusing on promoting recovery and social inclusion along with the use of self-help skills make them feel more positive about their own conditions. Being more involved, taking even small steps reduces the development of learned helplessness and reduces the psychiatric morbidities.
Distribution of dental schools in Brazil, 2015
Authors: da Fonseca Emílio Prado , Rocha Carla Martins , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc , Mialhe Fábio Luiz , Meneghim Marcelo de Castro 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Introduction: The geographical distribution of dentistry schools has been the object of study in Brazil and in other parts of the world. Aim: To analyze the distribution of dentistry schools in Brazil by states and to correlate with the number of dentists in 2015. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The analysis of the courses distribution was carried out by states and categorized by public or private schools. All the institutions′ addresses were geocoded and mapped to illustrate the spatial distribution of dental courses. To determine the association between the number of faculties by state and the number of dentists, the Spearman correlation test was applied with the level of decision (alpha = 0.05) for correlating the variables. Results: The distribution of schools and dentists were irregular. In 2015, there were 232 dental courses in operation; being 56 (24%) public and 176 (76%) private in Brazil, and all 26 states and the Federal District have dental courses. The Spearman test showed a strong positive correlation between the number of dental schools and the number of dentists. Conclusion: The distribution of dental schools has reflexes in the distribution of health professionals.
Self-reported smoking cessation interventions among dental practitioners: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Hashim Raghad , Ismail Shamim 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the attitudes and practices of dentists toward smoking cessation intervention (SCI); to identify the barriers that prevent them from advising their patients to quit smoking and to determine the level of interest in future training in smoking cessation. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all (122) dentists practicing in private sectors in the Emirate of Ajman, United Arab Emirates. The questionnaire was personally administered, and the dental practitioners were given explanations regarding how to complete it. Only descriptive statistics was calculated. Results: More than half of the respondents (55%) inquired about their patients smoking status, whereas 40% of the dentists documented it. The most common barrier cited by the respondents was the lack of training and preparation in the smoking cessation techniques, followed by lack of availability of educational material. Almost three-quarters of the respondent were interested in further training in SCI; being provided to them through full-day training course. Conclusions: Dentists require more access to appropriate forms of training in the SCI and more support needed to enable the dentist to help their patient to quit the habit. Providing training program to the dental practitioners in the United Arab Emirates to equip them with the required skill to deliver SCI would be highly beneficial.
Utilization of dental services among secondary school students in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Eigbobo Joycelyn Odegua , Obiajunwa Chinonso Claude 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Background: Regular use of dental services has been associated with optimal oral health. Reports in some parts of Nigeria have shown the poor utilization of dental services, but there is a paucity of information relating to oral health care seeking behavior in the South-South region of Nigeria. Aim: To determine the pattern of utilization and identify barriers to utilization of dental services among children. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done among children aged 12-15 years in secondary schools in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Information was elicited by means of a self-administered structured questionnaire. These included sociodemographic characteristics, views on dental visits, reported visits during the previous year, pattern of dental visits, and the barriers to utilization. Demographic variables and associations were tested using Chi-squared tests with the level of statistical significance set at P < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Results: There were 200 school children; 98 (49%) males and 102 (51%) females with a mean age of 13.3 (±1.1) years. Dental visits were deemed important by 187 (93.5%) children, and 32.0% respondents suggested that visits should be when there are symptoms. Only 42 (21%) pupils had been to the dentist in the last 12 months. The barriers to utilization of dental services majorly included no perceived needs (64.3%). Demographic variables had no significant association with reported visits and pattern of visits. Conclusion: Utilization of dental services among these school children was low and the major barrier was no perceived need. Oral health awareness needs to be improved on the importance of a regular checkup.
Comparing male and female dental students′ perceptions regarding their learning environment at a dental college in Northwest, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Samadani Khalid H. , Ahmad Mohammad Sami , Bhayat Ahmed , Bakeer Hala Abdelrahman , Elanbya May Osman Gamar 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Male and female students often have different expectations and requirements regarding learning institutions. Taibah Dental College has separate male and female sections, and it is essential to determine the students′ perceptions regarding the dental college. Methods: All male and female dental students who were in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th year of study during the 2014/2015 academic year were asked to participate. The Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure, which is a self-administered questionnaire, was used to obtain the necessary data. It consists of fifty items categorized into five domains. For each item, students chose one option that best described their perceptions using a Likert-type scale. A higher score indicated higher levels of satisfaction and vice versa. Results: The 4th year female students reported the lowest scores. Overall the scores were relatively low and indicated that students were generally dissatisfied. Common areas of dissatisfaction included poor learning experiences, poor teaching experiences, and type of learning atmosphere. The 3rd year females reported significantly higher scores for their teaching experience compared to their male counterparts. There were significant differences for each domain between the years of study with the 4th year having lowest scores. Conclusion: In general, the student′s perception was low but within the range of other similar studies. The females tended to be much more dissatisfied compared to males and the 4th year seemed to have the most problems.
La Pharmacogénomique, meilleur exemple de médecine personnalisée
Authors: Siest Gérard , Visvikis-Siest Sophie 
Published: April 2016

La pharmacogénétique et la pharmacogénomique permettent de connaître la réponse individuelle au médicament. Après un rappel montrant que cette médecine personnalisée était déjà entrevue dans l’Antiquité, ce n’est qu’il y a une soixantaine d’années que cette discipline a vu le jour avec la mise en évidence des toxicités dues à des mutations de gènes comme ceux des acétyltransférases pour l’isoniazide, des cytochromes P450 2D6 pour de nombreux médicaments comme le pexid, des béta-bloquants, des anti-dépresseurs, du cytochrome P450 2C19 pour le clopidogrel. Il est donc nécessaire de connaître les 3 phases de la transformation d’un médicament dans l’organisme (essentiellement le foie) : oxydation, conjugaison et transport. Ce sont donc les médicaments ou leurs métabolites qui atteignent les cibles thérapeutiques comme des protéines (Apolipoprotéine E – ApoE) ou des récepteurs à la surface des cellules (thérapie cancéreuse). L’objectif final est d’adapter la bonne dose de médicament à chaque patient, d’éviter ou diminuer les effets indésirables ou toxiques et de prescrire un médicament de substitution pour les sujets résistants. Des exemples pour les anticoagulants (coumarines) ou les anti-thrombotiques (clopidogrel) sont décrits. L’amélioration de l’utilisation clinique nécessite une stratégie à plusieurs niveaux (formation, information, qualité des méthodes de génotypage, essais cliniques) pour transférer ces connaissances aux cliniciens et aux patients.
L’aromaparfumerie
Authors: Demars Valérie , Béguier Thibaut 
Published: April 2016

Le pouvoir de la nature et des plantes est bien connu depuis la nuit des temps. Il est commun à toutes les cultures. Il est utilisé par la phytothérapie pour purifier, guérir, régénérer, et plus spécifiquement par l’aromathérapie pour l’utilisation des huiles essentielles. Plus récemment, les scientifiques se sont penchés sur un sens jusqu’alors peu étudié : l’odorat. Ainsi, il s’est avéré être notre sens le plus primitif, mais certainement le plus complexe. L’aromachologie a pu démontrer que les odeurs influaient directement sur notre psychisme, notre système hormonal et immunitaire, et par conséquent sur notre comportement. Des théories sur le caractère quantique de l’olfaction ont ensuite vu le jour, justifiant que les huiles essentielles apportaient plus que leurs propriétés biochimiques bien connues de l’aromathérapie, en puisant leur énergie dans la nature. L’Aromaparfumerie® est une alliance entre ces bienfaits offerts par la nature, et la belle parfumerie. Le cœur actif présent dans chaque parfum fait que le plaisir des sens s’allie aux soins du corps et de l’esprit.
Reconceptualising the Standard of Care in Sport: The Case of Youth Rugby in England and South Africa
Authors: Greenfield Steve , Karstens AJ , Osborn Guy , Rossouw JP 
Published: April 2016

Sport is an important area of civil society in both South Africa and England, and this article is broadly concerned with the relationship between sport and personal injury. More specifically, the article compares how rugby is regulated by the tort of negligence in England and delict in South Africa respectively. Regarding liability, for sport there are very specific factors that need to be taken into account. The article is concerned with, firstly, the broader context of sport as an important social and cultural activity, and secondly the specific sporting context that includes the rules of the game as well as the playing culture, with a focus on rugby at junior level. Through a critical and comparative analysis of how the standards of care in sport have been developed in both jurisdictions, the aim of this article is to consider how sport specific elements can be incorporated into the traditional legal principles. This comparative analysis contextualises the various discussions in the light of the differences between the English tort of negligence and the South African law of delict. Our argument is that the context and specificity of rugby should be more explicitly taken into account when evaluating potential liability. To establish a standard of care for sport is complex, with many factors to be taken into account and balanced against one another. The law of negligence/delict therefore needs to be adaptable and flexible to resolve new situations where injuries have occurred. Even in established situations where liability has been previously determined, novel events do occur and knowledge develops that requires a reconsideration of the principles that govern liability. In junior rugby, the risk of very serious injuries is relatively small and the law needs to tread a cautious path through liability, ensuring it is a vehicle that promotes sport rather than creating barriers to its enjoyment and practice. A greater understanding of sport, informed by detailed research, can unearth new areas of potential liability that will need to be considered in the future.
Realisation of a Child's Right to a Basic Education in the South African School System: Some Lessons from Germany
Authors: Chürr Chrizell 
Published: April 2016

It is a greater work to educate a child, in the true and larger sense of the word, than to rule a state.
Education has, since the beginning of time, been regarded as the formal process by which society conveys its accumulated knowledge, skills, customs and values from one generation to another. Today, education is a human right, and the right to education and specifically the right to (a) basic education is acknowledged and emphasised worldwide. In South Africa the right to a basic education is entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 and is regarded as one of the most crucial constitutional rights, particularly because it promotes economic and social well-being. However, the South African school system is crippled by a myriad of unfavourable challenges, situations and circumstances which will be discussed throughout the article. Many of these challenges, situations and circumstances are frustrating and solutions have been sought diligently – many with success and many without success. The focus in this article falls on the questions of whether the current South African school system sufficiently realises the constitutional rights of learners and whether an alternative school system could lead to the increased fulfilment and realisation of South African children's rights (with a specific focus on the rights to a basic education, equality and dignity). The article therefore deals with the "acceptability" of the South African school system. A comparative analysis with Germany will be done and the German school system will be used as a valuable framework in order to propose an alternative school system for South Africa.
The Universal Jurisdiction of South African Criminal Courts and Immunities of Foreign State Officials
Authors: Kayitana Evode 
Published: April 2016

Under the "complementarity" regime of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the jurisdiction of the ICC is secondary to the jurisdiction of domestic courts. States Parties, not the ICC, have the primary responsibility of investigating and prosecuting international crimes. The ICC acts only when States are "unable" or "unwilling" to prosecute. As a State Party, in order to give effect to the complementarity principle, South Africa enacted the Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 27 of 2002, which determines the modalities of prosecuting perpetrators of the crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes in South African courts.
The Implementation Act also provides that South African courts will have jurisdiction over these crimes not only when they are committed on the territory of South Africa but also when they are committed outside the Republic. By granting South African courts jurisdiction over a person who commits a crime outside the Republic when that person is later found on South African territory, without regard to that person's nationality or the nationality of the victims, the Implementation Act empowers South African courts with universal jurisdiction over international crimes.
This paper seeks to determine whether and to what extent foreign State officials, such as foreign heads of State, heads of government and ministers of foreign affairs, can plead immunity when they are accused of international crimes before South African courts when exercising their universal jurisdiction in terms of the Implementation Act and in accordance with the complementarity regime of the Rome Statute. In other words, the article endeavours to determine whether international law rules regarding immunities of State officials may or may not limit the ability of South African courts to exercise universal jurisdiction over international crimes committed in foreign States.
Do Fish Resist?
Authors: Wadiwel Dinesh Joseph 
Published: April 2016

There have been a number of scientific studies on the question of whether fish feel pain. Some have suggested that some fish indeed do feel pain and that this has significant welfare implications (2003). Others have argued that fish do not have the brain development necessary to feel pain. In terms of number of animals killed, the slaughter of sea animals for human consumption significantly exceeds that of any land animals that we use for food, and sea animal slaughter practices frequently lack any basic welfare protections. If fish can be shown to feel pain—or more importantly, if humans can agree that fish feel pain—then this would place a significant question mark over many contemporary fishing practices. This article substitutes the question 'Do Fish Feel Pain?' with an alternative: 'Do Fish Resist?' It explores the conceptual problems of understanding fish resistance, and the politics of epistemology that surrounds and seeks to develop a conceptual framework for understanding fish resistance to human capture by exploring the development of fishing technologies - the hook, the net and contemporary aquaculture.
Foreword
Authors: Brean Daniel Harris 
Published: April 2016

Privacy and technology issues tend to implicate one another. Sometimes they reinforce each other, such as when improved data security thwarts hackers. But often the use of technology diminishes privacy because, in order to benefit from the technology, users must surrender some personal, otherwise private information. In such cases the technology may be powerful, profitable, fun, or convenient, but the privacy consequences of its use can be quite profound.