bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative and hydrolytic stability of alimentary poultry fats under refrigeration and freezing
Authors: Pop Flavia , Semeniuc Cristina Anamaria , Mihalescu Lucia 
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study was to establish the quality of three alimentary poultry fats: goose, duck, and chicken fat, stored under refrigeration (+2°C) and freezing (−18°C). Peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test (TBARS), refractive index value (RIV), iodine value (IV), and saponification value (SV) were determined to measure the degree of oxidative rancidity. Additionally, fatty acid content (FA content) and acidity value (AV) were determined to measure the degree of hydrolytic rancidity. Chemical parameters were significantly influenced by the type of fat, storage time, and storage temperature (except RIV). Samples of fats stored at +2°C maintained acceptable characteristics for 180 days in chicken fat, 210 days in goose fat, and 240 days in duck fat, while acceptability tolerance was found to be 300 days for duck and goose fat and 240 days for chicken fat stored at −18°C. The total content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 300 days of storage at +2°C in chicken fat samples, while the total fatty acid content was not significantly affected by storage temperature in all types of fats. Lipid oxidation in poultry fats varies with the temperature and the length of storage; the lower temperature had a greater retardation effect on rancidity during storage time.Practical applications: Animal fats can be used as an ingredient in meat products or for soap manufacturing. It could also be alternative feedstocks for biodiesel production because their cost is substantially lower than the cost of vegetable oil. The storage of animal poultry fats in proper conditions influences their stability and extends the shelf‐life.Peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances test, and acid value were significantly influenced by all treatments: the type of fat, storage temperature, and storage time. In chicken fat was found the highest level of acid value followed by the duck and goose fat. Regardless of the type of fat, the highest level of acid value was found in fat stored at +2°C. Regardless of the type of fat and storage temperature, the highest acid value level was found at 300 days of storage. At both storage temperatures, duck fat was the most stable followed by the goose and chicken fat.
Arylcalixarenyl Phosphines in Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Elaieb Fethi , Hedhli Ahmed , Sémeril David , Matt Dominique 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTwo electron‐rich arylcalixarenylphosphines have been synthesized in three steps from the appropriate 5‐bromocalix[4]arene precursor 1. The combination of 5‐(2‐diisopropylphosphinophenyl)‐25,26,27,28‐tetrapropyloxycalix[4]arene (5) and 5‐(2‐dicyclohexylphosphinophenyl)‐25,26,27,28‐tetrapropyloxycalix[4]arene (6), respectively, with [Pd2(dba)3] (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) generated effective catalysts for the cross‐coupling reactions of hindered aryl chlorides and arylboronic acids. Dicyclohexylphosphino‐substituted ligand 6 had a higher activity that that of 5, and the structures of ligand 5 and [AuCl·5] were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The solid‐state structure of [AuCl·5] revealed that the gold atom lies above the outer face of the calixarene unit, with distances of 3.08 and 3.28 Å between the gold atom and the two closest aromatic carbon atoms of the calixarene moiety.
Nucleophilic Reactivities of 2‐Substituted Malonates
Authors: Puente Ángel , He Shanshan , Corral‐Bautista Francisco , Ofial Armin R. , Mayr Herbert 
Published: March 2016

AbstractKinetics of the reactions of 2‐substituted malonate anions and 5‐substituted Meldrum's acid anions with benzhydrylium ions and structurally related quinone methides have been monitored in dimethyl sulfoxide solution at 20 °C. The resulting second‐order rate constants followed the correlation lg k(20 °C) = sN(E + N), which allowed the nucleophile‐specific parameters N and sN to be calculated for these highly stabilized carbanions and to integrate them in our comprehensive nucleophilicity scale. Given that the reactions of the benzhydrylium ions with the anions derived from 5‐aryl‐substituted Meldrum's acids did not proceed to completion, the corresponding equilibrium constants could be determined. In combination with available data for pyridines and benzoate ions, these equilibrium constants provide a direct comparison of the strengths of C‐, N‐, and O‐centered Lewis bases with respect to C‐centered Lewis acids.
Simple and Robust Green Synthesis of Au NPs on Reduced Graphene Oxide for the Simultaneous Detection of Toxic Heavy Metal Ions and Bioremediation Using Bacterium as the Scavenger
Authors: Gnanaprakasam Periyasami , Jeena Soban Easow , Premnath Dhanaraj , Selvaraju Thangavelu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn order to detect the heavy metal contamination in the water bodies, we have demonstrated a high sensitive and simultaneous detection of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Hg(II) ions using the reduced graphene oxide supported spongy Au nanoparticles (rGO−Au NPs) modified electrode by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The rGO−Au NPs were prepared by green approach utilizing Abelmoschus esculentus vegetable extract as reducing agent. The as synthesized material has been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The rGO−Au NPs modified electrode exhibits superior selectivity and sensitivity towards the heavy metal ions, where the sensitivity is 19.05 µA µM−1 cm−2, 47.76 µA µM−1 cm−2, 22.10 µA µM−1 cm−2 and 29.28 µA µM−1 cm−2 and the limits of detection (LOD) are 31.81 nM, 12.69 nM, 27.42 nM and 20.70 nM for Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+, respectively. The selectivity was intensely studied and confirmed by analyzing the respective heavy metal ions in the presence of interfering anions and cations at 100 times higher concentrations. In addition to the simultaneous sensing, the bioremediation method has attempted for the removal of toxic heavy metal ions using bacterium species. Owing to the tremendous adsorption property, the bacterium Pseudomonas aeriginosa, Rizobium gallium, Staphylococus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis were acted as the scavenger for the heavy metal ions contamination. In addition, the proposed remediation process using bacterium would further reveal the work as green approach and claim that the entire steps involved in this work would support the green technologies.
Electrochemical Pretreatment of Graphene Composite CNT Encapsulated Au Nanoparticles for H2O2 Sensor
Authors: Abdelwahab Adel A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA new analytical strategy based on potentiostatically pretreated graphene/CNT nanocomposite encapsulated Au nanoparticles (AuNPs/PPG/CNT) for the fabrication of H2O2 sensor was developed. The PPG/CNT nanocomposite was obtained through the potentiostatical of G and CNT mixture solution at an applied potential of −1.8 V, while AuNPs were immobilized on the PPG/CNT film via the produced active sites in the nanocomposite structure. The morphology and structure of the AuNPs/PPG/CNT nanocomposite were investigated by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), UV‐visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The nanocomposite displays intensive electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of H2O2 by enhancing the cathodic peak current and completely eliminating the interference of other species. The AuNPs/PPG/CNT sensor showed an excellent amperometric response to H2O2 reduction with linear range from 1.0–150 µM and detection limit of 0.017 µM. Moreover, the sensor showed good reproducibility as well as anti‐interfering ability and long term stability. In addition, the proposed sensor was further applied for analytical determination of H2O2 in human urine real samples.
Monitoring the Strain Evolution of Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes using an Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor
Authors: Bae Chang‐Jun , Manandhar Ashish , Kiesel Peter , Raghavan Ajay 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMore advanced characterization and developmental tools are essential to improve the performance and safety of Li‐ion batteries. Conventional tools have been limited to customized test cell configurations that require special facilities and expensive equipment. As a practical solution for the in situ monitoring of realistic battery cells, we have embedded fiber optic sensors within Li‐ion battery pouch cells to monitor the internal electrode strain and temperature during cycling. Here we report the direct monitoring of strain evolution using implanted fiber‐optic sensors within the individual electrodes in a Li‐ion battery. Reproducible peak shifting and splitting in the implanted fiber optic sensor originate from the accumulated longitudinal and transverse strains associated with the expansion or contraction of the anode electrode. These discoveries demonstrate the feasibility and utility of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors to be used as diagnostic tools in the development of new battery materials and structures.
Seismic response analysis of adjacent liquid‐storage tanks
Authors: Mykoniou Konstantinos , Butenweg Christoph , Holtschoppen Britta , Klinkel Sven 
Published: March 2016

SummaryA refined substructure technique in the frequency domain is developed, which permits consideration of the interaction effects among adjacent containers through the supporting deformable soil medium. The tank‐liquid systems are represented by means of mechanical models, whereas discrete springs and dashpots stand for the soil beneath the foundations. The proposed model is employed to assess the responses of adjacent circular, cylindrical tanks for harmonic and seismic excitations over wide range of tank proportions and soil conditions. The influence of the number, spatial arrangement of the containers and their distance on the overall system's behavior is addressed. The results indicate that the cross‐interaction effects can substantially alter the impulsive components of response of each individual element in a tank farm. The degree of this impact is primarily controlled by the tank proportions and the proximity of the predominant natural frequencies of the shell‐liquid‐soil systems and the input seismic motion. The group effects should be not a priori disregarded, unless the tanks are founded on shallow soil deposit overlying very stiff material or bedrock. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms underlying the enhancement of toxicity caused by the coincubation of zinc oxide and copper nanoparticles in a fish hepatoma cell line
Authors: Hernández-Moreno David , Li Lingxiangyu , Connolly Mona , Conde Estefania , Fernández Marta , Schuster Michael , Navas José Maria , Fernández-Cruz María-Luisa 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Ecosystems are exposed to a wide variety of individual substances, including at the nano-scale; and the potential adverse effects of their interactions are an increasing concern. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) at a no-observed-effect concentration modulate the cytotoxicity of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in the fish hepatoma cell line PLHC-1 after 48 h of exposure and the contribution of the released ions to these effects. Cells were exposed to 50-nm CuNPs (0.39–25.0 µg/mL), alone or in combination with ZnONPs (25 nm or 100 nm), at 6.25 µg/mL. Cells were exposed to suspensions of NPs or to their supernatants, as well as to their combinations. The effects on cell viability were assessed through cytotoxicity assays. Changes in cell morphology and metal internalization were also evaluated. The cytotoxicity exerted by CuNPs was enhanced in the presence of nontoxic concentrations of ZnONPs. On the contrary, Zn ions protected the cell line from the CuNP toxicity, this effect being related to an increase in the intracellular levels of Zn. This increase of metal was not observed in cells exposed to both ZnONPs and CuNPs, even when they were visualized inside the cell. The results indicated that the internalization of ZnONPs, but not the Zn ions, was responsible for the enhanced toxicity of the CuNPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2562–2570. © 2016 SETAC
Distributed link selection in multirelay multiuser networks
Authors: Moya Osorio Diana Pamela , Benítez Olivo Edgar Eduardo , da Costa Daniel Benevides , Silveira Santos Filho José Cândido 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecently, an attractive link‐selection scheme has been proposed for nonregenerative relaying networks, by considering one source, one relay and one destination. In that scheme, based on a distributed mechanism, either the direct link or the relaying link is preselected at the transmitter side, before each communication process. This saves not only feedback overhead, when compared with centralised mechanisms, but also time slots, when compared with fixed relaying along with selection combining at the receiver side. Herein, we extend the design and analysis of such a scheme in order to allow for multiple relays and multiple destinations. In such case, before the link selection mechanism takes place, a destination and a candidate relay must be chosen. We consider two different relay‐selection policies: the locally optimal one and the so‐called max–min. The analysis is provided in terms of outage performance and spectral efficiency. As in related studies, an exact treatment proves intractable, because the underlying probabilities are extremely intricate. Instead, for the locally optimal scheme, we provide integral‐form lower and upper bounds for the two performance metrics, as well as closed‐form asymptotic expressions for each outage bound. For the max–min scheme, we provide a closed‐form lower bound and an integral‐form upper bound for the outage probability, as well as closed‐form asymptotic expressions for each of these bounds and an exact integral‐form expression for the spectral efficiency. Interestingly, our results show that the proposed distributed link‐selection scheme is as good as its centralised counterpart and barely affected by the choice of the associated relay‐selection policy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing Facilitation Skills: Dancing with Dynamic Tensions
Authors: Fierro Rita Sinorita 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFor evaluators there is a high price for bad facilitation: Without our knowing, we may favor our own priorities, forget participants’ needs, submerge stakeholder voices, hide underlying causes, and undermine the impact of our work. The author shows how to improve one's facilitation skills by leveraging seven dynamic tensions: Hosting self and others, hosting present and absent stakeholders, observing group and individual dynamics, simplifying and unveiling complexity, listening and sensing emergence, using intuition and rational problem solving, and facing chaos and control.
MĀRAMATANGA (Enlightenment): A Creative Approach to Connecting Facilitation and Evaluation
Authors: Pipi Kataraina 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a personal narrative from an indigenous practitioner who uses creative facilitation methods as part of her evaluation work. The narrative describes examples of tools used in facilitation and evaluation, along with some of the lessons learned from integrating creativity and structured processes when working with indigenous people in Aotearoa (New Zealand). These lessons include that it is important to facilitate critical reflection from a cultural base; that through culturally grounded facilitation, evaluation can come to have meaning in culturally specific ways; and that creativity is what links facilitation and evaluation.
Planning and Facilitating Working Sessions with Evaluation Stakeholders
Authors: Torres Rosalie T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFacilitation is the process of bringing together, engaging, and following up with stakeholders resulting in new insights, perspectives, and potential actions, which (a) in all likelihood would have not otherwise occurred and (b) advance the interests of the stakeholder group. The most critical element of a successfully facilitated working session is the extent to which all potential influences are addressed during a planning phase. The chapter explains 15 interdependent components for successfully facilitated working sessions and includes a case example that describes the planning, execution, debriefing, and intended follow‐up to one session. It concludes by addressing (a) issues that arose in the session and how they related to information that was or was not available during planning and (b) the facilitation approaches/techniques used to address those issues.
Facilitating Interactive Evaluation Practice: Engaging Stakeholders Constructively
Authors: Stevahn Laurie , King Jean A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter introduces interactive evaluation practice (IEP) and its potential for grounding thinking about the foundational nature of interaction in evaluation studies and the role of facilitation in this process. It begins by defining key terms and elaborating specifically on IEP as an evaluator orientation for grounding and guiding decisions, actions, and reflections—all leveraged toward conducting meaningful studies. It then presents an evaluator's dozen of strategies useful for facilitating interaction among stakeholders to accomplish targeted aims and concludes by illustrating how evaluators can successfully facilitate these strategies in practice.
Data Placemats: A Facilitative Technique Designed to Enhance Stakeholder Understanding of Data
Authors: Pankaj Veena , Emery Ann K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter introduces data placemats, a facilitative technique that occurs during the analysis stage of an evaluation that is designed to enhance stakeholder understanding of evaluation data. Data placemats display thematically grouped data designed to encourage stakeholder interaction with collected data and to promote the cocreation of meaning under the facilitative guidance of the evaluator. Each placemat represents the data using visual elements such as charts, graphs, and quotes and draws on best practices of data and information display to format these elements. During the process, evaluators guide stakeholders to a mutual understanding of information contained in the data placemats. This chapter provides guidance on when, why, and how to use data placemats to enhance the overall sense‐making of data and explores the connection between effective facilitation and successful implementation of this technique.
Evaluating Participatory Facilitated Conversations within the Art of Hosting Framework
Authors: Schwartz Alissa 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Art of Hosting conversations that matter (AoH) is a practice framework for using participatory conversational structures and principles to foster meaningful conversation and collective intelligence. This chapter provides an overview of many of the conversational structures used in the AoH community, an explanation of the function of “harvesting” conversations, and a suggested framework for making decisions about evaluating participatory conversations. Evaluation of participatory conversations can focus on discerning the effects of a stand‐alone conversation or a series of conversations that may involve the same or different groups of people meeting multiple times. There are three major approaches to evaluation—formative, summative, and developmental—that lend themselves well in conceptualizing the evaluation of AoH approaches, where the unit of analysis can be at multiple levels: individual, group, and systemic. The chapter concludes with the description of an evaluation of a World Café conversation facilitated at the 2014 American Evaluation Association conference in Denver, Colorado.
Invisible and Unbound? The Challenge and Practice of Evaluating Embedded Facilitation
Authors: Dart Jessica , Roberts Megan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWith the movement in Australia toward smaller government, there is a growing emphasis on how to allocate scarce resources efficiently. In this tighter financial climate, placement of facilitators into programs and services offers a promise of achieving more with less. As a result there are a plethora of government and nongovernment programs that make use of facilitators directly funded by programs. Despite the appeal of using facilitators, little attention has been paid to how best to evaluate the facilitation component of programs. The literature on the nature of facilitation points to difficulties in attributing outcomes to facilitation and the importance of understanding the intent. We use a case study of the past 15 years of evaluating Landcare programs in Australia to explore the challenges further and offer practical ideas for any evaluators faced with the prospect of evaluating a program that has a facilitative element.
Effect of boron compounds on fire protection properties of epoxy based intumescent coating
Authors: Murat Unlu S. , Tayfun Umit , Yildirim Bekir , Dogan Mehmet 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of boron compounds on fire protection properties of intumescent coating based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Three kinds of boron compounds namely boric acid (BA), zinc borate (ZB) and melamine borate (MB) were used. Total amount of flame retardant additive was kept constant at 30 wt%, and boron compounds were used at three concentrations of 1, 3 and 5 wt%. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) and fire test were conducted for the determining the fire performance of intumescent coating. According to fire test results, BA and MB showed synergistic effect at 1 wt% loading. ZB showed antagonistic effect at all concentrations. Fire protection effect of intumescent coating decreased as the added amount of boron compound increased regardless of boron compound type because of suppression of intumescence. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.