bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Source of the 1730 Chilean earthquake from historical records: Implications for the future tsunami hazard on the coast of Metropolitan Chile
Authors: Carvajal M. , Cisternas M. , Catalán P. A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHistorical records of an earthquake that occurred in 1730 affecting Metropolitan Chile provide essential clues on the source characteristics for the future earthquakes in the region. The earthquake and tsunami of 1730 have been recognized as the largest to occur in Metropolitan Chile since the beginning of written history. The earthquake destroyed buildings along >1000 km of the coast and produced a large tsunami that caused damage as far as Japan. Here its source characteristics are inferred by comparing local tsunami inundations computed from hypothetical earthquakes with varying magnitude and depth, with those inferred from historical observations. It is found that a 600–800 km long rupture involving average slip amounts of 10–14 m (Mw 9.1–9.3) best explains the observed tsunami heights and inundations. This large earthquake magnitude is supported by the 1730 tsunami heights inferred in Japan. The inundation results combined with local uplift reports suggest a southward increase of the slip depth along the rupture zone of the 1730 earthquake. While shallow slip on the area to the north of the 2010 earthquake rupture zone is required to explain the reported inundation, only deeper slip at this area can explain the coastal uplift reports. Since the later earthquakes of the region involved little or no slip at shallow depths, the near‐future earthquakes on Metropolitan Chile could release the shallow slip accumulated since 1730 and thus lead to strong tsunami excitation. Moderate shaking from a shallow earthquake could delay tsunami evacuation for the most populated coastal region of Chile.
Optical signatures of low spin Fe3+ in NAL at high pressure
Authors: Lobanov Sergey S. , Hsu Han , Lin Jung‐Fu , Yoshino Takashi , Goncharov Alexander F. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe iron spin transition directly affects properties of lower mantle minerals and can thus alter geophysical and geochemical characteristics of the deep Earth. While the spin transition in ferropericlase has been documented at P ~60 GPa and 300 K, experimental evidence for spin transitions in other rock‐forming minerals, such as bridgmanite and post‐perovskite, remains controversial. Multiple valence, spin, and coordination states of iron in bridgmanite and post‐perovskite are difficult to resolve with conventional spin probing techniques. Optical spectroscopy, on the other hand, can discriminate between high and low spin and between ferrous and ferric iron at different sites. Here we establish the optical signature of low spin Fe3+O6, a plausible low spin unit in bridgmanite and post‐perovskite, by optical absorption experiments in diamond anvil cells. We show that the optical absorption of Fe3+O6 in new aluminous phase (NAL) is very sensitive to the iron spin state and may represent a model behavior of bridgmanite and post‐perovskite across the spin transition. Specifically, an absorption band centered at ~19,000 cm−1 is characteristic of the 2T2g → 2T1g (2A2g) transition in low spin Fe3+ in NAL at 40 GPa, constraining the crystal field splitting energy of low spin Fe3+ to ~22,200 cm−1, which we independently confirm by first‐principles calculations. Together with available information on the electronic structure of Fe3+O6 compounds, we show that the spin‐pairing energy of Fe3+ in an octahedral field is ~20,000–23,000 cm−1. This implies that octahedrally coordinated Fe3+ in bridgmanite is low spin at P > ~40 GPa.
Seasonal variability of the hydrogen exosphere of Mars
Authors: Halekas J. S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission measures both the upstream solar wind and collisional products from energetic neutral hydrogen atoms that precipitate into the upper atmosphere after their initial formation by charge exchange with exospheric hydrogen. By computing the ratio between the densities of these populations, we derive a robust measurement of the column density of exospheric hydrogen upstream of the Martian bow shock. By comparing with Chamberlain‐type model exospheres, we place new constraints on the structure and escape rates of exospheric hydrogen, derived from observations sensitive to a different and potentially complementary column from most scattered sunlight observations. Our observations provide quantitative estimates of the hydrogen exosphere with nearly complete temporal coverage, revealing order of magnitude seasonal changes in column density and a peak slightly after perihelion, approximately at southern summer solstice. The timing of this peak suggests either a lag in the response of the Martian atmosphere to solar inputs or a seasonal effect driven by lower atmosphere dynamics. The high degree of seasonal variability implied by our observations suggests that the Martian atmosphere and the thermal escape of light elements depend sensitively on solar inputs.
Smoking Behavior Changes in the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Period and Risk of Mortality During Thirty‐Six Years of Prospective Followup
Authors: Sparks Jeffrey A. , Chang Shun‐Chiao , Nguyen Uyen‐Sa D. T. , Barbhaiya Medha , Tedeschi Sara K. , Lu Bing , Costenbader Karen H. , Zhang Yuqing , Choi Hyon K. , Karlson Elizabeth W. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate whether rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis influences smoking behavior changes and whether these changes were associated with mortality.MethodsWe identified an incident RA cohort in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1976–2012). Behavioral data were collected through biennial questionnaires. We created a comparison cohort, matching RA cases to women without RA by age and calendar year at the index date of RA diagnosis. To investigate smoking behavior changes in the early RA period, sustained cessation was defined as permanently quitting within 4 years of the RA/index date. We used Cox regression to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality, comparing sustained smoking cessation to continued smoking.ResultsAmong 121,700 women in the NHS, we identified 938 with incident RA matched to 8,951 non‐RA comparators. Among current smokers, 40.0% with RA permanently quit smoking in the early RA period, compared to 36.1% of comparators (odds ratio for sustained cessation 1.18 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.88, 1.58]). There were 313 deaths (33.4%) in the RA cohort and 2,042 (22.8%) among comparators. Compared to continued smoking, sustained cessation was associated with similarly decreased mortality in both the RA (HR 0.58 [95% CI 0.33, 1.01]) and comparison (HR 0.47 [95% CI 0.39, 0.58]) cohorts. Women with RA had higher mortality for >5 post‐RA pack‐years (HR 3.67 [95% CI 2.80, 4.81]) than comparators with >5 post‐index pack‐years (HR 1.88 [95% CI 1.62, 2.17]; P < 0.001 for interaction; reference: ever‐smoker non‐RA women with 0 post‐index pack‐years).ConclusionSustained smoking cessation within 4 years of RA diagnosis reduced mortality risk, with a similar effect observed among non‐RA comparators. Smoking >5 pack‐years after RA diagnosis significantly increased mortality beyond the risk of non‐RA comparators.
Prescribing for Children With Rheumatic Disease: Perceived Treatment Approaches Between Pediatric and Adult Rheumatologists
Authors: van Mater Heather , Balevic Stephen J. , Freed Gary L. , Clark Sarah J. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo compare practice patterns and prescribing differences for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) between adult rheumatologists (ARs) and pediatric rheumatologists (PRs), the perceived educational needs, and factors that enhance or impede co‐management.MethodsTwo parallel, cross‐sectional surveys focusing on JIA were administered in 2009 to a random sample of 193 PRs and 500 ARs using the American College of Rheumatology membership file. Bivariate analysis was conducted for common items.ResultsThe response rate was 62.1% for ARs (n = 306) and 72.3% for PRs (n = 138). Only 23% of responding ARs (n = 69) reported caring for children with JIA. Of these, 94% strongly agreed/agreed feeling comfortable diagnosing JIA; however, only 76% felt comfortable treating JIA. Clinical vignettes highlighted several prescribing differences. Forty‐eight percent of ARs and 31% of PRs felt medications to treat JIA did not have clear dosing guidelines. Though PRs initiated disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents earlier, treatments were similar after 3 months. To enhance co‐management, 74% of pediatric respondents endorsed shared medical records.ConclusionNearly one‐quarter of surveyed ARs care for children with JIA, with most limiting their practice to older children. There was more discomfort in treating JIA than diagnosing it, and there were significant prescribing differences. Both provider types identified the need for better dosing and treatment resources. Updated management guidelines along with exposure to pediatric rheumatology in fellowship could reduce treatment differences and enhance the care of children with JIA. Shared medical records and improvement in reimbursement may optimize co‐management.
Agricultural technical education and agrochemical use by rice farmers in China
Authors: Ying Ruiyao , Zhou Li , Hu Wuyang , Pan Dan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUsing participatory approaches and experimental economic methods, this paper analyzes the impacts of different types of agricultural technical education on farmers’ agrochemical use in China. Agricultural technical education is differentiated as training through a short course and additional personal guidance both offered through agricultural extension agencies. Results show that training alone may generate the desired result of reducing fertilizer usage. However, additional personal guidance does not support the intended goal of reducing the application of either fertilizer or pesticide. This study also detects technology diffusion effect in that farmers who are not offered education but are in the same village where the education programs are offered are more likely to change their behavior. Implications of this study call for better supervision and implementation of agricultural extension efforts in China. [EconLit citations: Q12, Q16, Q52]
Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Masked Ortho‐Benzoquinones and Their Applications in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Harry Nissy Ann , Saranya Salim , Krishnan K. Keerthi , Anilkumar Gopinathan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMasked ortho‐benzoquinones are important intermediates in organic synthesis that exhibit a rich and fascinating chemistry. Their functionally enriched structural skeleton makes them important scaffolds in organic synthesis. They undergo a variety of interesting reactions and have found wide applications, especially in the total synthesis of many natural products. The functionalities such as alkene, diene, carbonyl, enone, dienone and ketal inherent in their structure can interfere individually or collectively in chemical transformations, making their chemistry interesting as well as challenging. Here, the work on masked ortho‐benzoquinones is reviewed in terms of their reactions such as intermolecular and intramolecular Diels–Alder reactions, Michael additions, [3+2] cycloadditions, and Baylis–Hillman reactions; these reactions lead to the formation of highly functionalised heterocyclic and carbocyclic compounds that are otherwise difficult to access. This Focus Review summarises the developments in the chemistry of masked ortho‐benzoquinones and covers the literature from 2005 to 2016.
Body growth and life history in wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda
Authors: Galbany Jordi , Abavandimwe Didier , Vakiener Meagan , Eckardt Winnie , Mudakikwa Antoine , Ndagijimana Felix , Stoinski Tara S. , McFarlin Shannon C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesGreat apes show considerable diversity in socioecology and life history, but knowledge of their physical growth in natural settings is scarce. We characterized linear body size growth in wild mountain gorillas from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda, a population distinguished by its extreme folivory and accelerated life histories.MethodsIn 131 individuals (0.09–35.26 years), we used non‐invasive parallel laser photogrammetry to measure body length, back width, arm length and two head dimensions. Nonparametric LOESS regression was used to characterize cross‐sectional distance and velocity growth curves for males and females, and consider links with key life history milestones.ResultsSex differences became evident between 8.5 and 10.0 years of age. Thereafter, female growth velocities declined, while males showed increased growth velocities until 10.0–14.5 years across dimensions. Body dimensions varied in growth; females and males reached 98% of maximum body length at 11.7 and 13.1 years, respectively. Females attained 95.3% of maximum body length by mean age at first birth. Neonates were 31% of maternal size, and doubled in size by mean weaning age. Males reached maximum body and arm length and back width before emigration, but experienced continued growth in head dimensions.ConclusionsWhile comparable data are scarce, our findings provide preliminary support for the prediction that mountain gorillas reach maximum body size at earlier ages compared to more frugivorous western gorillas. Data from other wild populations are needed to better understand comparative great ape development, and investigate links between trajectories of physical, behavioral, and reproductive maturation.
Mangan(I)‐katalysierte regioselektive C‐H‐Allenierung: direkte Synthese von 2‐Allenylindolen
Authors: Lu Qingquan , Greßies Steffen , Klauck Felix J. R. , Glorius Frank 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEine regioselektive und durch Mangan(I)‐katalysierte C‐H‐Allenierung wird beschrieben. Diese ermöglicht einen einfachen Zugang zu einer Reihe von 2‐Allenylindolen, auch im Grammmaßstab. Durch Chiralitätstransfer können bis zu 93 % ee erreicht werden. Mit leicht modifizierten Reaktionsbedingungen können außerdem zum ersten Mal Ketone direkt über Mangan(I)‐katalysierte C‐H‐Aktivierung hergestellt werden. Mechanistische Untersuchungen unterstreichen die große Bedeutung der Koordination des Carbonat‐Sauerstoffatoms an den Katalysator und des tertiären Kohlenstoffatoms.
Pressure‐Induced Polymerization of Acetylene: Structure‐Directed Stereoselectivity and a Possible Route to Graphane
Authors: Sun Jiangman , Dong Xiao , Wang Yajie , Li Kuo , Zheng Haiyan , Wang Lijuan , Cody George D. , Tulk Christopher A. , Molaison Jamie J. , Lin Xiaohuan , Meng Yufei , Jin Changqing , Mao Ho‐kwang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGeometric isomerism in polyacetylene is a basic concept in chemistry textbooks. Polymerization to cis‐isomer is kinetically preferred at low temperature, not only in the classic catalytic reaction in solution but also, unexpectedly, in the crystalline phase when it is driven by external pressure without a catalyst. Until now, no perfect reaction route has been proposed for this pressure‐induced polymerization. Using in situ neutron diffraction and meta‐dynamic simulation, we discovered that under high pressure, acetylene molecules react along a specific crystallographic direction that is perpendicular to those previously proposed. Following this route produces a pure cis‐isomer and more surprisingly, predicts that graphane is the final product. Experimentally, polycyclic polymers with a layered structure were identified in the recovered product by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance and neutron pair distribution functions, which indicates the possibility of synthesizing graphane under high pressure.
Switchable Site‐Selective Catalytic Carboxylation of Allylic Alcohols with CO2
Authors: van Gemmeren Manuel , Börjesson Marino , Tortajada Andreu , Sun Shang‐Zheng , Okura Keisho , Martin Ruben 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA switchable site‐selective catalytic carboxylation of allylic alcohols has been developed in which CO2 is used with dual roles, both facilitating C−OH cleavage and as a C1 source. This protocol is characterized by its mild reaction conditions, absence of stoichiometric amounts of organometallic reagents, broad scope, and exquisite regiodivergency which can be modulated by the type of ligand employed.
Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution in Au–Fe Nanoalloys
Authors: Vassalini Irene , Borgese Laura , Mariz Michele , Polizzi Stefano , Aquilanti Giuliana , Ghigna Paolo , Sartorel Andrea , Amendola Vincenzo , Alessandri Ivano 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the most critical step in water splitting, still limiting the development of efficient alkaline water electrolyzers. Here we investigate the OER activity of Au–Fe nanoalloys obtained by laser‐ablation synthesis in solution. This method allows a high amount of iron (up to 11 at %) to be incorporated into the gold lattice, which is not possible in Au–Fe alloys synthesized by other routes, due to thermodynamic constraints. The Au0.89Fe0.11 nanoalloys exhibit strongly enhanced OER in comparison to the individual pure metal nanoparticles, lowering the onset of OER and increasing up to 20 times the current density in alkaline aqueous solutions. Such a remarkable electrocatalytic activity is associated to nanoalloying, as demonstrated by comparative examples with physical mixtures of gold and iron nanoparticles. These results open attractive scenarios to the use of kinetically stable nanoalloys for catalysis and energy conversion.
DNA Films Containing the Artificial Nucleobase Imidazole Mediate Charge Transfer in a Silver(I)‐Responsive Way
Authors: Léon J. Christian , She Zhe , Kamal Ajar , Shamsi Mohtashim Hassan , Müller Jens , Kraatz Heinz‐Bernhard 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe first sequence‐dependent study of DNA films containing metal‐mediated base pairs was performed to investigate the charge transfer resistance (RCT) of metal‐modified DNA. The imidazole (Im) deoxyribonucleoside was chosen as a highly AgI‐specific ligandoside for the formation of Im–AgI–Im complexes within the duplexes. This new class of site‐specifically metal‐modified DNA films was characterized by UV, circular dichroism (CD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical properties of these systems were investigated by means of electron impedance spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. Taken together, these experiments indicated that the incorporation of AgI ions into the DNA films leads to reduced electron transfer through the DNA films. A simple device was proposed that can be switched reversibly between two distinct states with different charge transfer resistance.
Matriptase Induction of Metalloproteinase‐Dependent Aggrecanolysis In Vitro and In Vivo: Promotion of Osteoarthritic Cartilage Damage by Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Wilkinson David J. , Habgood Angela , Lamb Heather K. , Thompson Paul , Hawkins Alastair R. , Désilets Antoine , Leduc Richard , Steinmetzer Torsten , Hammami Maya , Lee Melody S. , Craik Charles S. , Watson Sharon , Lin Hua , Milner Jennifer M. , Rowan Andrew D. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo assess the ability of matriptase, a type II transmembrane serine proteinase, to promote aggrecan loss from the cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and to determine whether its inhibition can prevent aggrecan loss and cartilage damage in experimental OA.MethodsAggrecan release from human OA cartilage explants and human stem cell–derived cartilage discs was evaluated, and cartilage‐conditioned media were used for Western blotting. Gene expression was analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Murine OA was induced by surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus, and matriptase inhibitors were administered via osmotic minipump or intraarticular injection. Cartilage damage was scored histologically and aggrecan cleavage was visualized immunohistochemically using specific neoepitope antibodies.ResultsThe addition of soluble recombinant matriptase promoted a time‐dependent release of aggrecan (and collagen) from OA cartilage, which was sensitive to metalloproteinase inhibition and protease‐activated receptor 2 antagonism. Although engineered human (normal) cartilage discs failed to release aggrecan following matriptase addition, both matrix metalloproteinase– and aggrecanase‐mediated cleavages of aggrecan were detected in human OA cartilage. Additionally, while matriptase did not directly degrade aggrecan, it promoted the accumulation of low‐density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 (LRP‐1) in conditioned media of the OA cartilage explants. Matriptase inhibition via neutralizing antibody or small molecule inhibitor significantly reduced cartilage damage scores in murine OA, which was associated with reduced generation of metalloproteinase‐mediated aggrecan cleavage.ConclusionMatriptase potently induces the release of metalloproteinase‐generated aggrecan fragments as well as soluble LRP‐1 from OA cartilage. Therapeutic targeting of matriptase proteolytic activity reduces metalloproteinase activity, further suggesting that this serine proteinase may have potential as a disease‐modifying therapy in OA.
Compartmentalized metabolic engineering for biochemical and biofuel production
Authors: Huttanus Herbert M. , Feng Xueyang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSub‐cellular compartments create specialized reaction chambers in eukaryotes. These compartments provide favorable micro‐environments for many metabolic processes. Recently, metabolic engineers have explored the concept of pathway compartmentalization to enhance the performance of metabolic pathways. This strategy offers many unique advantages, including (i) increased local concentrations of enzymes and substrates, (ii) accessing alternate substrate pools, (iii) separation from competing reactions, and (iv) isolation of harmful intermediates or conditions needed for the pathway. In this review, the method of localizing metabolic pathways into specific organelles as well as the benefits of pathway compartmentalization in terms of enhancing the production of value‐added chemicals is discussed.
The amino‐terminal tail of Hxt11 confers membrane stability to the Hxt2 sugar transporter and improves xylose fermentation in the presence of acetic acid
Authors: Shin Hyun Yong , Nijland Jeroen G. , de Waal Paul P. , Driessen Arnold J. M. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTHxt2 is a glucose repressed, high affinity glucose transporter of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is subjected to high glucose induced degradation. Hxt11 is a sugar transporter that is stably expressed at the membrane irrespective the sugar concentration. To transfer this property to Hxt2, the N‐terminal tail of Hxt2 was replaced by the corresponding region of Hxt11 yielding a chimeric Hxt11/2 transporter. This resulted in the stable expression of Hxt2 at the membrane and improved the growth on 8% d‐glucose and 4% d‐xylose. Mutation of N361 of Hxt11/2 into threonine reversed the specificity for d‐xylose over d‐glucose with high d‐xylose transport rates. This mutant supported efficient sugar fermentation of both d‐glucose and d‐xylose at industrially relevant sugar concentrations even in the presence of the inhibitor acetic acid which is normally present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1937–1945. © 2017 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.