bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shock wave–boundary layer interaction in supersonic flow over a forward-facing step
Authors: Murugan Jayaprakash N. , Govardhan Raghuraman N. 
Published: October 2016

We study in the present work a Mach 2.5 flow over a forward-facing step. The focus of the work is the flow ahead of the step, in particular, the unsteady interactions between the shock, the boundary layer and the separation bubble. The primary geometrical parameter in the problem is the ratio of the step height to the incoming boundary layer thickness,$h/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$, which is kept fixed at 2. Results are presented from detailed particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in two orthogonal planes to obtain a reasonable picture of the whole flow field. The mean velocity field in the central cross-stream or wall-normal ($x$–$y$) plane shows that the incoming boundary layer separates upstream of the step forming a large separation bubble ahead of the step, which can be relatively well resolved in PIV measurements compared to the compression ramp cases. Wall pressure fluctuation spectra close to the separation location show a dominant frequency ($f$) that is two orders of magnitude smaller than the characteristic frequency of the incoming boundary layer ($U_{\infty }/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$), consistent with low-frequency motions of the shock that have received a lot of recent attention ($U_{\infty }$ $=$ free-stream velocity,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ $=$ boundary layer thickness). PIV measurements in the wall-normal plane show large variations in shock position with time. The shock position measured from velocity data outside the boundary layer is found to be well correlated with the reverse flow area ahead of the step, and weakly correlated to structures in the incoming boundary layer. In contrast, the shock foot, determined from velocity data within the boundary layer, is found to be well correlated to the low- and high-speed streaks in the incoming boundary layer, in addition to the reverse flow area ahead of the step. Instantaneous velocity fields in the spanwise ($x$–$z$) plane parallel to the lower wall show that the shock is broadly two-dimensional with small spanwise ripples, while the recirculation region has very large spanwise variations. The spanwise-averaged shock location is found to be well correlated to the most upstream location of the recirculation region over a spanwise length ($x_{r,min}^{sp}$). Instantaneous velocity fields show that when some part of the recirculation region is far upstream, the corresponding nearly two-dimensional shock is also far upstream. On the other hand, when$x_{r,min}^{sp}$is relatively downstream, the resulting shock is also found to be downstream. Hence, the present results suggest that for the forward-facing step configuration, the large-scale streamwise motions of the shock are mainly correlated to the most upstream point of the recirculation region, which has large spanwise variations.
The Million Optical—Radio/X-ray Associations (MORX) Catalogue
Authors: Flesch Eric W. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis automated catalogue combines all the largest published optical, radio, and X-ray sky catalogues to find probable radio/X-ray associations to optical objects, plus double radio lobes, using uniform processing against all input data. The total count is 1 002 855 optical objects so presented. Each object is displayed with J2000 astrometry, optical and radio/X-ray identifiers, red and blue photometry, and calculated probabilities and optical field solutions of the associations. This is the third and final edition of this method.
The relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in early pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes in a large, prospective cohort
Authors: Boyle Veronica T. , Thorstensen Eric B. , Mourath David , Jones M. Beatrix , McCowan Lesley M. E. , Kenny Louise C. , Baker Philip N. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractVitamin D insufficiency and deficiency have been associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Controversy remains as findings have been inconsistent between disparate populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and pregnancy outcomes in a large, prospective pregnancy cohort. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration was analysed in serum samples collected at 15 weeks of gestation from 1710 New Zealand women participating in a large, observational study. Associations between vitamin D status and pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA) and gestational diabetes were investigated. The mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was 72·9 nmol/l. In all, 23 % had 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations <50 nmol/l, and 5 % of participants had concentrations <25 nmol/l. Women with 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations <75 nmol/l at 15 weeks of gestation were more likely to develop gestational diabetes mellitus than those with concentrations >75 nmol/l (OR 2·3; 95 % CI 1·1, 5·1). However, this effect was not significant when adjustments were made for BMI and ethnicity (OR 1·8; 95 % CI 0·8, 4·2). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration at 15 weeks was not associated with development of pre-eclampsia, spontaneous preterm birth or SGA infants. Pregnancy complications were low in this largely vitamin D-replete population.
Developing Green Cities: Explaining Variation in Canadian Green Building Policies
Authors: Schwartz Elizabeth 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBuildings produce a large proportion of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions and municipalities control a number of policy levers that can help to reduce those emissions. This article explains variation among Canadian cities regarding policies adopted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with a particular focus on green building standards. By applying insights from the study of the politics of public policy to urban politics, this article finds that while electoral disincentives prevent most cities from enacting high impact green building policies, the success of some cities can be attributed to the influence of independent municipal environment departments. These departments facilitate policy learning by providing information and resources. The findings suggest that policy makers could improve the effectiveness of local climate change policy by creating municipal environment departments that have organizational capacity—funding, staff, and a cross-cutting mandate—and are insulated from interference from politicians and line departments.
Mathematical objects and the object of theology
Authors: HARRISON VICTORIA S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article brings mathematical realism and theological realism into conversation. It outlines a realist ontology that characterizes abstract mathematical objects as inaccessible to the senses, non-spatiotemporal, and acausal. Mathematical realists are challenged to explain how we can know such objects. The article reviews some promising responses to this challenge before considering the view that the object of theology also possesses the three characteristic features of abstract objects, and consequently may be known through the same methods that yield knowledge of mathematical objects.
TREATMENT AFTER ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME: ANALYSIS OF PATIENT'S PRIORITIES WITH ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS
Authors: Mühlbacher Axel C. , Bethge Susanne , Kaczynski Anika 
Published: October 2016

Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of death worldwide, with many individuals having experienced acute coronary syndrome (ACS). How patients with a history of ACS value aspects of their medical treatment have been evaluated rarely. The aim of this study was to determine patient priorities for long-term drug therapy after experiencing ACS.Methods: To identify patient-relevant treatment characteristics, a systematic literature review and qualitative patient interviews were conducted. A questionnaire was developed to elicit patient's priorities for different characteristics of ACS treatment using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). To evaluate the patient-relevant outcomes, the eigenvector method was applied.Results: Six-hundred twenty-three patients participated in the computer-assisted personal interviews and were included in the final analysis. Patients showed a clear priority for the attribute “reduction of mortality risk” (weight: 0.402). The second most preferred attribute was the “prevention of a new myocardial infarction” (weight: 0.272), followed by “side effect: dyspnea” (weight: 0.165) and “side effect: bleeding” (weight: 0.117). The “frequency of intake” was the least important attribute (weight: 0.044).Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows that patients strongly value a reduction of the mortality risk in post-ACS treatment. Formal consideration of patient preferences and priorities can help to inform a patient-centered approach, clinical practice, development of future effective therapies, and health policy for decision makers that best represents the needs and goals of the patient.
USING THE AMSTAR CHECKLIST FOR RAPID REVIEWS: IS IT FEASIBLE?
Authors: Mattivi Jessica Tajana , Buchberger Barbara 
Published: October 2016

Objectives: Rapid reviews can be conducted in a narrower time frame, as compared to systematic reviews, by featuring restrictions. To estimate the validity of the results, assessment of methodological quality is required. Our aim was to analyze the methodological restrictions of rapid reviews compared with systematic reviews using the AMSTAR checklist and assess its feasibility for rapid reviews.Methods: A systematic search for literature on rapid reviews of surgical interventions was conducted in three databases: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane library. Additionally, health technology assessment (HTA) databases were searched. We analyzed reviews using AMSTAR and additionally compared the results with those of an overview of reviews on the same topic.Results: Items found more frequently in rapid reviews were search for gray literature (65 percent versus 33 percent), listing of excluded studies (59 percent versus 37 percent), and provision of study characteristics (77 percent versus 44 percent), whereas consideration of study quality in formulating conclusions, conduct of meta-analysis, and statement of conflicts of interest were less frequent. Median time between search and publication was 8 months, with a range between 1 and 27.Conclusions: With some adjustments, AMSTAR can be used as a checklist for rapid reviews to describe methodological restrictions in comparison to systematic reviews and to roughly estimate the validity of the results. Strikingly, only 14.3 percent of rapid reviews were published within 3 months.
The Functioning of Indigenous Cultural Protocols in Australia’s Contemporary Art World
Authors: Riphagen Marianne , Stolte Gretchen M. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract:In recent decades, cultural protocols have emerged as a non-judicial alternative to the inadequate legal protection of Indigenous cultural heritage. They are meant to protect Indigenous peoples from the misappropriation of their heritage by outsiders and enhance Indigenous peoples’ control over their own domain. This article examines the functioning of Indigenous cultural protocols within Australia’s contemporary art world. As we will demonstrate, cultural protocols have clear practical utility. They can raise awareness, instigate changes in behaviour, and operate as a conduit for correcting the unauthorized use of Indigenous cultural materials. Yet, a disjunction exists between codified ideals and a messy reality. Our analysis of two protocol transgressions shows that protocols do not automatically protect Indigenous individuals equally. Furthermore, although discussions about compliance are infused with rhetoric about the authority of “the Indigenous community,” Indigenous people with cultural connections to contested heritage objects do not always have a clear voice in decisions made about their use.
Do toxic metals and trace elements have a role in the pathogenesis of conotruncal heart malformations?
Authors: Kundak Afsin A. , Pektas Ayhan , Zenciroglu Aysegul , Ozdemir Semra , Barutcu Umit B. , Orun Utku A. , Okumus Nurullah 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to determine the role of toxic elements and trace elements in the pathogenesis of conotruncal heart defects by measuring their concentrations in the first meconium specimens of the affected newborns.MethodsConcentrations of lead, cadmium, iron, zinc, and copper were measured in 1st-day meconium specimens that were collected from 60 newborns with conotruncal heart defects (Group I) and 72 healthy newborns (Group II).ResultsThe newborns with conotruncal defects and the healthy newborns had statistically similar demographic and clinical characteristics. When compared with healthy newborns, mean concentrations of lead, cadmium, iron, zinc, and copper were significantly higher in newborns with conotruncal heart defects (p=0.001 for each). In total, 51 newborns with conotruncal heart defects had normal karyotype. These newborns had significantly higher concentrations of lead, cadmium, iron, zinc, and copper when compared with healthy newborns. There were significant and positive correlations between the concentrations of lead and cadmium (r=0.618, p=0.001), lead and iron (r=0.368, p=0.001), lead and zinc (r=0.245, p=0.005), lead and copper (r=0.291, p=0.001), cadmium and iron (r=0.485, p=0.001), cadmium and zinc (r=0.386, p=0.001), and cadmium and copper (r=0.329, p=0.001).ConclusionToxic metals and trace elements may disturb DNA repair mechanisms by impairing DNA methylation profiles, and thus have a role in the pathogenesis of conotruncal heart defects.
Cognitive dysfunction in adult CHD with different structural complexity
Authors: Tyagi Manavi , Fteropoulli Theodora , Hurt Catherine S. , Hirani Shashivadan P. , Rixon Lorna , Davies Anna , Picaut Nathalie , Kennedy Fiona , Deanfield John , Cullen Shay , Newman Stanton P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveWe carried out a cross-sectional study to assess cognitive function in a sample of adult CHD patients, within the Functioning in Adult Congenital Heart Disease study London. The association between cognitive functioning and disease complexity was examined.MethodsA total of 310 patients participated in this study. Patients were classified into four structural complexity groups – tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, single ventricle, and simple conditions. Each patient underwent neuropsychological assessment to evaluate cognitive function, including memory and executive function, and completed questionnaires to assess depression and anxiety.ResultsAmong all, 41% of the sample showed impaired performance (>1.5 SD below the normative mean) on at least three tests of cognitive function compared with established normative data. This was higher than the 8% that was expected in a normal population. The sample exhibited significant deficits in divided attention, motor function, and executive functioning. There was a significant group difference in divided attention (F=5.01, p=0.002) and the mean total composite score (F=5.19, p=0.002) between different structural complexity groups, with the simple group displaying better cognitive function.ConclusionThe results indicate that many adult CHD patients display impaired cognitive function relative to a healthy population, which differs in relation to disease complexity. These findings may have implications for clinical decision making in this group of patients during childhood. Possible mechanisms underlying these deficits and how they may be reduced or prevented are discussed; however, further work is needed to draw conclusive judgements.
Long-term outcome after gamma knife radiosurgery of advanced jugulotympanic glomus tumour: a case report
Authors: Ampil Federico , Nanda Anil , Gonzalez-Toledo Eduardo , Vora Moiz 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimJugulotympanic glomus tumours (JTGT) are highly vascular neoplasms composed of paraganglionic tissue of neural crest origin. Because of the neoplasm’s slow growth potential, any claimed efficacy associated with applied treatment must be supported by long-term effects observed in patients.MethodologyThis report presents a case of advanced stage JTGT in a 66-year-old woman treated by γ knife radiosurgery (GKRS).ResultsSustained tumour control with preservation of lower cranial nerve function was observed for more than 10 years after completion of treatment.ConclusionGKRS even with large intracranial extension of JTGT in patients may help to achieve long-term disease control with minimal morbidity.
Ovarian preservation techniques for female pelvic radiotherapy techniques: a critical review
Authors: Durrant A , Bridge P 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionAdvances in treatment over recent years have increased the long-term survival of young, female cancer patients; unfortunately these treatments bring a significant risk of ovarian failure and infertility. This literature review aimed to determine the optimal technique for ovarian preservation in pre-menopausal women receiving pelvic radiotherapy (IMRT). The traditional method comprises surgical transposition; IMRT and other emerging techniques may offer alternative non-invasive means of sparing ovaries and minimising dose.MethodsA critical review of the evidence pertaining to pelvic radiotherapy and ovarian sparing was performed. Evidence was subjected to critical appraisal using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool and thematic analysis of the findings identified key issues.ResultsSurgical transposition appears to be a successful method of preserving ovarian function depending on the position of the ovaries outside of the radiation field, the age of the patient and the total dose received by the ovaries. There is limited modern evidence concerning its usage in relation to emerging techniques and technology. The use of IMRT is certainly widespread in the treatment of female pelvic cancers, however, there is no evidence supporting its use for reduction of ovarian dose. Several other studies have attempted to demonstrate new techniques to preserve ovarian function, but no functional outcome measures have reinforced their results.ConclusionsOvarian transposition has a proven track record for preservation of ovarian function, but the potential value of IMRT as a viable alternative to date remains unexplored. New work should be encouraged to determine the potential value of IMRT as a non-surgical alternative.
Vitamin D, calcium homeostasis and aging
Authors: Veldurthy Vaishali , Wei Ran , Oz Leyla , Dhawan Puneet , Jeon Yong Heui , Christakos Sylvia 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOsteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitecture deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and consequent increase in fracture risk. Evidence is accumulating for an important role of calcium deficiency as the process of aging is associated with disturbed calcium balance. Vitamin D is the principal factor that maintains calcium homeostasis. Increasing evidence indicates that the reason for disturbed calcium balance with age is inadequate vitamin D levels in the elderly. In this article, an overview of our current understanding of vitamin D, its metabolism, and mechanisms involved in vitamin D-mediated maintenance of calcium homeostasis is presented. In addition, mechanisms involved in age-related dysregulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 action, recommended daily doses of vitamin D and calcium, and the use of vitamin D analogs for the treatment of osteoporosis (which remains controversial) are reviewed. Elucidation of the molecular pathways of vitamin D action and modifications that occur with aging will be an active area of future research that has the potential to reveal new therapeutic strategies to maintain calcium balance.
Peripheral administration of lactate produces antidepressant-like effects
Authors: Carrard A , Elsayed M , Margineanu M , Boury-Jamot B , Fragnière L , Meylan E M , Petit J-M , Fiumelli H , Magistretti P J , Martin J-L 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn addition to its role as metabolic substrate that can sustain neuronal function and viability, emerging evidence supports a role forl-lactate as an intercellular signaling molecule involved in synaptic plasticity. Clinical and basic research studies have shown that major depression and chronic stress are associated with alterations in structural and functional plasticity. These findings led us to investigate the role ofl-lactate as a potential novel antidepressant. Here we show that peripheral administration ofl-lactate produces antidepressant-like effects in different animal models of depression that respond to acute and chronic antidepressant treatment. The antidepressant-like effects ofl-lactate are associated with increases in hippocampal lactate levels and with changes in the expression of target genes involved in serotonin receptor trafficking, astrocyte functions, neurogenesis, nitric oxide synthesis and cAMP signaling. Further elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects ofl-lactate may help to identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of depression.
Engineering prokaryotic channels for control of mammalian tissue excitability
Authors: Nguyen Hung X. , Kirkton Robert D. , Bursac Nenad 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe ability to directly enhance electrical excitability of human cells is hampered by the lack of methods to efficiently overexpress large mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC). Here we describe the use of small prokaryotic sodium channels (BacNav) to create de novo excitable human tissues and augment impaired action potential conduction in vitro. Lentiviral co-expression of specific BacNav orthologues, an inward-rectifying potassium channel, and connexin-43 in primary human fibroblasts from the heart, skin or brain yields actively conducting cells with customizable electrophysiological phenotypes. Engineered fibroblasts (‘E-Fibs’) retain stable functional properties following extensive subculture or differentiation into myofibroblasts and rescue conduction slowing in an in vitro model of cardiac interstitial fibrosis. Co-expression of engineered BacNav with endogenous mammalian VGSCs enhances action potential conduction and prevents conduction failure during depolarization by elevated extracellular K+, decoupling or ischaemia. These studies establish the utility of engineered BacNav channels for induction, control and recovery of mammalian tissue excitability.
Structures and stabilization of kinetoplastid-specific split rRNAs revealed by comparing leishmanial and human ribosomes
Authors: Zhang Xing , Lai Mason , Chang Winston , Yu Iris , Ding Ke , Mrazek Jan , Ng Hwee L. , Yang Otto O. , Maslov Dmitri A. , Zhou Z. Hong 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe recent success in ribosome structure determination by cryoEM has opened the door to defining structural differences between ribosomes of pathogenic organisms and humans and to understand ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Here, by direct electron-counting cryoEM, we have determined the structures of the Leishmania donovani and human ribosomes at 2.9 Å and 3.6 Å, respectively. Our structure of the leishmanial ribosome elucidates the organization of the six fragments of its large subunit rRNA (as opposed to a single 28S rRNA in most eukaryotes, including humans) and reveals atomic details of a unique 20 amino acid extension of the uL13 protein that pins down the ends of three of the rRNA fragments. The structure also fashions many large rRNA expansion segments. Direct comparison of our human and leishmanial ribosome structures at the decoding A-site sheds light on how the bacterial ribosome-targeting drug paromomycin selectively inhibits the eukaryotic L. donovani, but not human, ribosome.