bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A method to calculate angular disparities between object and receptor in "paralleling technique"
Authors: Schulze R K W , d'Hoedt B 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
To develop an image analysis method for calculation of angular disparities between an object, temporarily equipped with a reference system, and a radiographic receptor.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A mathematical method based on a reference system containing two metallic spheres is developed, allowing calculation of inclination between the inter-spherical axis and the digital image receptor using image features. Experimental evaluation was done in standardized projection geometry for two sphere sizes at four randomly chosen inclinations per size, with each radiograph assessed three times. Truth was assessed threefold from photographs obtained at each inclination.

RESULTS
Mean standard deviation between single assessments was 2.6 degrees. Significant differences (P Maloney/Rastogy=0.00) were found between absolute values of truth and calculated values (mean: -0.9 degrees; range: -6.0 degrees; 3.6 degrees), indicating a significant lack of accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS
Although so far not sufficiently accurate, the method yields information relevant for correction of distortion in intra-oral radiology.
A comparison of the effective dose from scanography with periapical radiography
Authors: Gijbels F , Jacobs R , Sanderink G , De Smet E , Nowak B , Van Dam J , Van Steenberghe D 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To compare organ and effective doses from analogue scanographic and periapical radiography.

METHODS
Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-700) were inserted in the parotid glands (bilateral), submandibular glands (bilateral) and bone marrow (left ascending ramus) of three human cadavers. Dosimeters were also attached to the skin, thyroid gland and lens of both eyes. Central, left lateral and left posterior scanograms were obtained with a Cranex Tome (Soredex, Helsinki, Finland) multimodal imaging system. A similar procedure was applied for periapical radiographs of the midline, left lateral and left molar regions using E-speed film both with and without rectangular collimation. Organ and effective doses were calculated for scanograms and periapical radiographs.

RESULTS
The effective doses for the scanograms were 0.001 mSv (central), 0.011 mSv (lateral) and 0.015 mSv (posterior). The effective doses for periapical radiographs were 0.001 mSv (anterior), 0.001 mSv (lateral) and 0.003 mSv (posterior) for rectangular collimation and 0.001 mSv (anterior), 0.002 mSv (lateral) and 0.005 mSv (posterior) for round collimation.

CONCLUSIONS
When a larger area of the upper or lower jaw needs to be visualised, scanograms might be considered as an alternative to periapical radiography since the effective dose is lower.
Implementation of thermal conduction energy transfer models in the Bifrost solar atmosphere MHD code
Authors: Cherry George , Szydlarski Mikolaj , Gudiksen Boris 
Published: October 2024

Context. Thermal conductivity provides important contributions to the energy evolution of the upper solar atmosphere, behaving as a non-linear concentration-dependent diffusion equation. Recently, different methods have been offered as best-fit solutions to these problems in specific situations, but their effectiveness and limitations are rarely discussed.
Aims. We have rigorously tested the different implementations of solving the conductivity flux, in the massively parallel magnetohydrodynamics code, Bifrost, with the aim of specifying the best scenarios for the use of each method.
Methods. We compared the differences and limitations of explicit versus implicit methods, and analyse the convergence of a hyperbolic approximation. Among the tests, we used a newly derived first-order self-similar approximation to compare the efficacy of each method analytically in a 1D pure-thermal test scenario.
Results. We find that although the hyperbolic approximation proves the most accurate and the fastest to compute in long-running simulations, there is no optimal method to calculate the mid-term conductivity with both accuracy and efficiency. We also find that the solution of this approximation is sensitive to the initial conditions, and can lead to faster convergence if used correctly. Hyperdiffusivity is particularly useful in aiding the methods to perform optimally.
Conclusions. We discuss recommendations for the use of each method within more complex simulations, whilst acknowledging the areas where there are opportunities for new methods to be developed.
Refugee recognition: reconsidering Honneth in light of Benjamin and Klein
Authors: Sharp Rob 
Published: October 2024

AbstractUsing data collected from participant observation through creative workshops in two regions of the UK in 2019 and 2020 with participants going through the asylum system, this paper seeks to redress the under-theorisation of Axel Honneth’s use of critical and psychoanalytic theory including the work of Donald Winnicott within Honneth’s book The Struggle for Recognition. Crucially, this approach sees Honneth’s primary intersubjective process of recognition, love, as ambivalent, as opposed to monolithically conceived, a common criticism of Honneth’s early work, and applies this conception to empirical data. Following the work of philosopher Amy Allen, this paper also resolves to apply Jessica Benjamin’s use of the Third to a number of empirical case studies relating to creative workshops conducted with participants going through the asylum system. By taking this ambivalent approach, this paper shows how meaningful recognition might more successfully be achieved beyond the limits of such the punitive regimes of asylum.
Existence results for p-Kirchhoff type problems on closed manifolds
Authors: Bai Xiaojin , Chen Nanbo , Liu Xiaochun 
Published: October 2024

This paper is to establish the existence, uniqueness, and compactness of positive solutions for the p-Kirchhoff type problems on a closed Riemannian manifold (M, g) of dimension n ≥ 3. Both subcritical and critical cases are considered under certain conditions by variational methods. Our results generalize several previous works from the special case of p = 2 to the general case of 1 &lt; p &lt; n.
Effects of heating rate and sintering temperature on the tensile properties of sintered γ-Ti/Al nanoparticle chains
Authors: Zhang Huadian , Jiang Qingrui , Han Yiwei , Fiske Michael R , Edmunson Jennifer E , Jiang Shan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the results of molecular dynamics simulations that were performed to numerically study the laser sintering process and mechanical behavior of γ-Ti/Al bimetallic alloy nanoparticles (NPs). The study systematically investigates the effects of heating rate and sintering temperature on the resultant uniaxial tensile performances of the sintered NPs. A chain model was formed by connecting three pre-equilibrated Ti/Al NPs via necks during solid-state sintering. The solid-state sintered chain samples were heated to 1798 K using four different heating rates (0.04, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 K ps−1). After high-temperature relaxation of selected sintering temperature cases (e.g. 398 K, 598 K, etc. with a 200 K interval) for 10 ns, the heat sintered chain samples underwent a solidification process with a cooling rate of 0.08 K ps−1 and maintained at 298 K for an additional 1 ns. The resulting sintered chain products were then subjected to uniaxial tension at a strain rate of 0.0001 ps−1. The thermodynamic properties and crystallographic deformation were investigated during the sintering and subsequent tension processes. Analysis of the yield strengths obtained from the tension tests revealed a statistically significant correlation between the tensile strength of the sintered NPs and the pre-established sintering temperatures at each temperature. This observation indicates that higher sintering temperatures strengthen the neck connections within the NP-chains, leading to greater tensile strength. The higher sintering temperatures can reinforce the neck during high-temperature relaxation. It is worth noting that the effect of heating rates on mechanical properties was less pronounced when the sintering temperature was constant.
The role of Rh spacer layer thickness on the noncollinear interlayer exchange coupling
Authors: Demirci Erdem , Aksu Perihan , Öztürk Mustafa 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The relationship between noncollinear interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) and magnetic anisotropic behavior in Fe/Rh/Fe trilayers is studied in detail by using magneto-optical Kerr effect and anisotropic magnetoresistance techniques. It is found that the Rh spacer layer(SL) thickness strongly affect IEC and magnetic anisotropy in these trilayers. The role of Rh SL thickness is shown in the oscillatory behavior in the magnitude of the magnetic anisotropy, the transition from uniaxial to four-fold-like anisotropy, the shift of easy axis for magnetic anisotropy and the unusual increasing in the sheet resistance. As a outcome of this study we discuss the underlying mechanism based on the noncollinear IEC across the Fe/Rh/Fe interlayer. As a result, it has been shown that the noncollinear IEC can be controlled by the various Rh spacer thickness in nonmagnetic transition layer.
Efficacy of a hybrid take home and in class summative assessment for the postsecondary physics classroom
Authors: Stonaha Paul , Douglas Stephanie T 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Assigning course grades to students requires obtaining accurate measures of the students’ understanding and knowledge of the topic. The induced stress from a traditional summative assessment is known to negatively impact student grades, confounding the connection between knowledge and test grades. Documented approaches to reduce stress during examinations can lead to a distracting testing environment (two-stage tests) or are subject to cheating (take-home tests). We have developed a hybrid take-home/in-class exam that avoids such difficulties. We present herein the responses from student surveys conducted after each exam. The results of the surveys indicate that the hybrid exam method reduces test anxiety while improving students’ self-reported mastery of physics, as compared to traditional in-class summative assessments. These findings are significant at the p < 0.05 level. Lastly, we discuss the difficulties encountered in applying this test approach.
Monte Carlo damage models of different complexity levels predict similar trends in radiation induced DNA damage
Authors: Thompson Shannon J , Prise Kevin M , McMahon Stephen J 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Introduction. Ion therapies have an increased relative biological effectiveness (RBE) compared to x-rays, but this remains poorly quantified across different radiation qualities. Mechanistic models that simulate DNA damage and repair after irradiation could be used to help better quantify RBE. However, there is large variation in model design with the simulation detail and number of parameters required to accurately predict key biological endpoints remaining unclear. This work investigated damage models with varying detail to determine how different model features impact the predicted DNA damage. Methods. Damage models of reducing detail were designed in TOPAS-nBio and Medras investigating the inclusion of chemistry, realistic nuclear geometries, single strand break damage, and track structure. The nucleus models were irradiated with 1 Gy of protons across a range of linear energy transfers (LETs). Damage parameters in the models with reduced levels of simulation detail were fit to proton double strand break (DSB) yield predicted by the most detailed model. Irradiation of the optimised models with a range of radiation qualities was then simulated, before undergoing repair in the Medras biological response model. Results. Simplified damage models optimised to proton exposures predicted similar trends in DNA damage across radiation qualities. On average across radiation qualities, the simplified models experienced an 8% variation in DSB yield but a larger 28% variation in chromosome aberrations. Aberration differences became more prominent at higher LETs, with model features having an increasing impact on the distribution and therefore misrepair of DSBs. However, overall trends remained similar with better agreement likely achievable through repair model optimisation. Conclusion. Several model simplifications could be made without compromising key damage yield predictions, although changes in damage complexity and distribution were observed. This suggests simpler, more efficient models may be sufficient for initial radiation damage comparisons, if validated against experimental data.
IPEM topical report: the first UK survey of cone beam CT dose indices in radiotherapy verification imaging for adult patients
Authors: Wood Tim J , Davis Anne T , Earley James , Edyvean Sue , Findlay Una , Lindsay Rebecca , Plaistow Rosaleen , Williams Matthew 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Cone beam CT is integral to most modern radiotherapy treatments. The application of daily and repeat CBCT imaging can lead to high imaging doses over a large volume of tissue that extends beyond the treatment site. Hence, it is important to ensure exposures are optimised to keep doses as low as reasonably achievable, whilst ensuring images are suitable for the clinical task. This IPEM topical report presents the results of the first UK survey of dose indices in radiotherapy CBCT. Dose measurements, as defined by the cone beam dose index (CBDIw), were collected along with protocol information for seven treatment sites. Where a range of optimised protocols were available in a centre, a sample of patient data demonstrating the variation in protocol use were requested. Protocol CBDIw values were determined from the average dosimetry data for each type of linear accelerator, and median CBDIw and scan length were calculated for each treatment site at each centre. Median CBDIw values were compared and summary statistics derived that enable the setting of national dose reference levels (DRLs). A total of 63 UK radiotherapy centres contributed data. The proposed CBDIw DRLs are; prostate 20.6 mGy, gynaecological 20.8 mGy, breast 5.0 mGy, 3D-lung 6.0 mGy, 4D-lung 11.8 mGy, brain 3.5 mGy and head/neck 4.2 mGy. However, large differences between models of imaging system were noted. Where centres had pro-active optimisation strategies in place, such as sized based protocols with selection criteria, dose reductions on the ‘average’ patient were possible compared with vendor defaults. Optimisation of scan length was noted in some clinical sites, with Elekta users tending to fit different collimators for prostate imaging (relatively short) compared with gynaecological treatments (longest). This contrasts with most Varian users who apply the default scan length in most cases.
Optimisation of cone beam CT radiotherapy imaging protocols using a novel 3D printed head and neck anthropomorphic phantom
Authors: Alzahrani Meshal , O’Hara Christopher , Bird David , Baldwin Jack P C , Naisbit Mitchell , Teh Irvin , Broadbent David A , Al-Qaisieh Bashar , Johnstone Emily , Speight Richard 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective. This study aimed to optimise Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) protocols for head and neck (H&N) radiotherapy treatments using a 3D printed anthropomorphic phantom. It focused on precise patient positioning in conventional treatment and adaptive radiotherapy (ART). Approach. Ten CBCT protocols were evaluated with the 3D-printed H&N anthropomorphic phantom, including one baseline protocol currently used at our centre and nine new protocols. Adjustments were made to milliamperage and exposure time to explore their impact on radiation dose and image quality. Additionally, the effect on image quality of varying the scatter correction parameter for each of the protocols was assessed. Each protocol was compared against a reference CT scan. Usability was assessed by three Clinical Scientists using a Likert scale, and statistical validation was performed on the findings. Main results. The work revealed variability in the effectiveness of protocols. Protocols optimised for lower radiation exposure maintained sufficient image quality for patient setup in a conventional radiotherapy pathway, suggesting the potential for reducing patient radiation dose by over 50% without compromising efficacy. Optimising ART protocols involves balancing accuracy across brain, bone, and soft tissue, as no single protocol or scatter correction parameter achieves optimal results for all simultaneously. Significance. This study underscores the importance of optimising CBCT protocols in H&N radiotherapy. Our findings highlight the potential to maintain the usability of CBCT for bony registration in patient setup while significantly reducing the radiation dose, emphasizing the significance of optimising imaging protocols for the task in hand (registering to soft tissue or bone) and aligning with the as low as reasonably achievable principle. More studies are needed to assess these protocols for ART, including CBCT dose measurements and CT comparisons. Furthermore, the novel 3D printed anthropomorphic phantom demonstrated to be a useful tool when optimising CBCT protocols.
Deep optimal experimental design for parameter estimation problems
Authors: Siddiqui Md Shahriar Rahim , Rahmim Arman , Haber Eldad 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Optimal experimental design is a well studied field in applied science and engineering. Techniques for estimating such a design are commonly used within the framework of parameter estimation. Nonetheless, in recent years parameter estimation techniques are changing rapidly with the introduction of deep learning techniques to replace traditional estimation methods. This in turn requires the adaptation of optimal experimental design that is associated with these new techniques. In this paper we investigate a new experimental design methodology that uses deep learning. We show that the training of a network as a Likelihood Free Estimator can be used to significantly simplify the design process and circumvent the need for the computationally expensive bi-level optimization problem that is inherent in optimal experimental design for non-linear systems. Furthermore, deep design improves the quality of the recovery process for parameter estimation problems. As proof of concept we apply our methodology to two different systems of Ordinary Differential equations.
Wide band high gain modified-folded-wave-guide slow wave structure for millimeter-wave traveling wave tube amplifier in 6G and beyond back-haul communications
Authors: C Surya Prasath , Stanislaus Richards Joe 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Millimeter-wave technology is crucial in telecommunications as it enables higher bandwidths and faster data transfer. V-band represents frequencies ranging from 50 to 75 GHz and is used for short-range back-haul communication, defense radar, inter-satellite communications, and space debris detection. Folded waveguide slow-wave structures (FWG-SWS) are an excellent choice for V-band amplifiers due to their wide bandwidths, large gain, and ease of fabrication using modern lithographic processes. This article presents a modified folded waveguide slow-wave structure (MFW-SWS) for V-band traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs) desirable for multi-gigabit 6G and beyond back-haul communications. The MFW slow-wave structure is an FWG-SWS variant that supports an increased RF phase velocity, accommodating additional SWS length for much-improved amplification. The dispersion analysis effectively provides a 15% operational bandwidth ranging from 64–74 GHz with a reduced phase velocity of three-tenths the speed of light apt for enhanced beam-wave interactions. The two-section SWS has independent attenuators designed to provide over 20 dB attenuation throughout the functional bandwidth effortlessly. Additional wave-guide transitions are introduced to achieve the best attenuation characteristics. Along the axis of the SWS, a square beam tunnel is employed to support a 26 kV round electron beam with a beam current of 70 mA. To contain the electron beam within the beam tunnel, this study used a focusing mechanism with a constant magnetic field of 0.25T, which is highly appropriate for miniaturization and large-scale implementation in 6G back-haul towers. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations were performed using the CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Studio Suite, and a gain of over 26 dB with an output power of 50 W was successfully attained across the operational bandwidth.
Antenna Optimization Using Metamaterials
Authors: Karthik Reddy G , Vijetha T , Manoj Kumar GVS , Babu Syam , Babaiah Ch. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Metamaterials are artificial structures engineered to exhibit electromagnetic properties not found in natural materials. These materials offer a diverse range of characteristics, including negative refractive index, reverse radiation, and electromagnetic cloaking. These unique properties find applications in microwave and optical domains, enabling improvements in antenna performance, the design of microwave filters, and the creation of flat optical lenses, among others. This study focuses on utilizing metamaterials to enhance antenna performance by boosting gain, reducing mutual coupling between MIMO antennas, converting polarization, and decreasing radar cross-section (RCS). The primary performance metric considered in this investigation is gain enhancement.
Designing efficient bird-like flapping-wing aerial vehicles: insights from aviation perspective
Authors: Ma Dongfu , Song Bifeng , Gao Shijin , Xue Dong , Xuan Jianlin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Bird-like flapping-wing aerial vehicles (BFAVs) have attracted significant attention due to their advantages in endurance, range, and load capacity. For a long time, biologists have been studying the enigma of bird flight to understand its mechanism. In contrast, aviation designers focus more on bionic flight systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the development of BFAV design. The study aims to provide insights into building a flyable model from the perspective of aviation designers, focusing on the methods in the process of overall design, flapping wing design and drive system design. The review examines the annual progress of flight-capable BFAVs, analyzing changes in prototype size and performance over the years. Additionally, the paper highlights various applications of these vehicles. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges encountered in BFAV design and proposes several possible directions for future research, including perfecting design methods, improving component performance, and promoting practical application. This review will provide essential guidelines and insights for designing BFAVs with higher performance.