bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential of High resolution Gabor‐Domain optical coherence microscopy for early diagnosis of corneal disease
Authors: Courrier E. , Tankam P. , He Z. , Hindman H. , Lepine T. , Gain P. , Thuret G. , Rolland J. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeWe investigate the capability of a high volumetric‐resolution imaging modality, Gabor‐Domain Optical Coherence Microscopy (GD‐OCM), to identify key features in the structural modification of the cornea in three frequent diseases.MethodsHost corneal buttons were excised during penetrating keratoplasty from patients with Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), type IIIA lattice corneal dystrophy (LCD) and keratoconus. We sutured them onto cadaver corneal rims to preserve their shape, mounted onto a corneal artificial chamber and pressurized under a pressure of 20 mmHg. We imaged them using GD‐OCM in a non‐contact mode, combining optical coherence tomography's high sectioning capability with confocal microscopy's high lateral resolution. The system achieved high‐contrast imaging with a field of view of 1 × 1 mm2 and volumetric cellular resolution of 2 μm across a tissue up to 2 mm thick.ResultsGD‐OCM produced high resolution and high‐contrast 3D images of the cornea's different layers. For FECD: the Descemet's membrane and stroma thickened and the density and size of keratocytes increased, along with associated guttae. Change in keratocytes seems to start in the posterior stroma in the early disease process and later heads toward the anterior stroma. For LCD: lattice linear deposits were identified in the anterior stroma, and for keratoconus, folds were identified in the posterior stroma, presumably Vogt's striae. For both, keratocytes and endothelial cells morphology was preserved.ConclusionsThe GD‐OCM revealed key pathologic features of several important corneal diseases and can be applied toward studying corneal diseases.
Müller cells increase survival of retinal ganglion cells – a coculture model of primary retinal ganglion cells and primary Müller cells
Authors: Toft‐Kehler A.K. , Skytt D. , Brændstrup C. , Gurubaran I. , Kolko M. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeMüller cells are considered to be vital in the maintenance of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and since RGCs are essential to maintain the neuronal function of the retina, a functioning symbiotic partnership between Müller cells and RGCs is fundamental. The present study evaluates glia‐neuron interactions in a coculture model of primary Müller cells and primary RGCs.MethodsTo investigate the Müller cell‐RGC interaction we developed a coculture model, in which primary Müller cells from mice were grown in inserts on top of pure primary RGC cultures likewise from mice. The impact of 24 h of starvation on the ability of Müller cells to protect RGCs was evaluated. Moreover, changes in glutamate uptake were studied in Müller cells as well as cell viability in response to starvation.ResultsThe presence of Müller cells significantly increased the survival of RGCs during normal conditions as well as during 24 h of pre‐starvation. Glutamate uptake capacity was significantly increased during starvation along with an increased Vmax. Starvation induced significantly reduced cell viability both in Müller cells and RGCs with a significantly greater reduction of cell viability in Müller cells.ConclusionsThe present study reveals an increased survival of RGCs in presence of Müller cells and herewith we confirm Müller cells as being key players in RGC homeostasis. Moreover, we verify the coculture model as being a unique approach to study the glia‐neuron partnership in inner retinal diseases.
Electroporation enhances chemosensitivity of uveal melanoma cells
Authors: Fiorentzis M. , Katopodis P. , Kalirai H. , Seitz B. , Viestenz A. , Coupland S.E. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeElectrochemotherapy (ECT) is increasingly being used for tumour ablation with reduced systemic toxicity, in cancers refractory to current treatments. Metastatic UM is characterised by its innate chemoresistance to many widely used cytotoxic drugs; however, there are no reports of the use of ECT in this disease. We investigated the cytotoxic effect of bleomycin in combination with electroporation on three human uveal melanoma (UM) cell lines in vitro.MethodsMel270, 92‐1 and OMM‐1 UM cell lines were treated with either: a) electroporation alone (pulse amplitude 300–750 V/cm, 8–10 pulses, 100 μs, 5 Hz); b) bleomycin alone (0–10 μg/ml) or; c) in combination. Cell survival was analyzed by MTT viability assay after 36 h.ResultsElectroporation alone reduced cell viability in all UM cell lines with increasing pulse amplitude as compared with untreated control cells; maximum reduction in viability across all UM cell lines was 27% at 750 V/cm for 10 pulses. All UM cell lines were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of bleomycin (0–10 μg/ml) alone. ECT of the UM cell lines with 750 V/cm, 8 pulses, 100 μs, 5 Hz and bleomycin showed a dose‐dependent reduction in cell viability; 1 μg/ml bleomycin reduced viability by 57%, 46% and 51% in the Mel270, 92‐1 and OMM‐1 UM cell lines, respectively.ConclusionsIn vitro ECT with bleomycin was more effective than the highest concentration of the antineoplastic drug or electroporation alone, opening new perspectives in the treatment of UM.
Correlation between choroidal and retinal thickness in diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Cardigos J. , Proenca R. , Vicente A. , Marques N. , Cunha J.P. , Abegao Pinto L. , Ferreira J. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThis study was design to examine the correlation between retinal and choroidal thickness in diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy.Methods125 type 2 diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy underwent a complete ophthalmological examination. Retinal total thickness and retinal layer automatic segmentation were assessed by using spectral domain optic coherence tomography (Spectralis Heidelberg Engineering). Retinal measures were made at fovea and at 3 mm temporal (T3), nasal (N3), superior (S3) and inferior (I3) to the fovea. Choroidal Thickness (CT) was assessed with enhanced depth mode (EDI) software (subfoveal and at 1,000 μm temporal, nasal, superior and inferior to the fovea). Pearson correlations were analyzed between CT and RT (total and by layer) at the five locations of study: subfoveal CT with central RT; and CT at the 1,000 μm temporal, nasal, superior and inferior to fovea's center with RT at the T3, N3, S3 and I3, respectively.ResultsDiabetic patients were in average 66.9 ± 9.33 years old with an average disease duration of 93.50 ± 81.74 months. Except for the pigmented epithelium retinal layer, which showed a positive, but weak correlation with CT at N3, S3 and I3 (r between 0.25 and 0.32, p < 0.05), the analyze didn't showed a statistical significant correlation between CT and the thickness of the other retinal layers.ConclusionsRecent studies empathize the role of a choroidal vasculopathy in diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis. The absence of correlation between CT and RT may be related to changes in the choroid occur in earlier stages of the disease. Future longitudinal studies are needed in patients at different stages of diabetic retinopathy.
Hypoxia and retinal blood flow changes: a study using OCT‐Angiography
Authors: Cordeiro Sousa D. , Moreira S. , Leal I. , Dionísio P. , Abegão Pinto L. , Marques‐Neves C. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe raising number of commercial flights means a routinely exposure to hypoxic conditions by the crew and passengers. Aircrafts’ cabins are pressurized to a value of 565 mmHg, equivalent to breathing 15.1% oxygen at sea level. We aimed to study the relationship between normobaric hypoxia and retinal blood flow.MethodsProspective cohort study. The Hypoxia Challenge Test was performed at sea level, according to the British Thoracic Society protocol. OCT‐Angiography (AngioVue®) was done at three time‐points (baseline, hypoxia and 30’ post‐hypoxia). Foveal and parafoveal flow densities were assessed using built‐in AngioAnalytics®. To guarantee data independence, right and left eyes were compared separately. Only images with high‐quality acquisition signal were included. Repeated‐measures ANOVA and mean comparison analysis were performed using STATA 13.0.ResultsStudied population included 30 subjects (14 women), with a mean age of 28.8 ± 4.2 [range 22–37] years. There was no statistically significant within‐subject difference in foveal flow density in both right and left eyes. However, within‐subject differences in parafoveal flow density were recognized for both right (p = 0.05) and left eyes (p = 0.03). Paired analysis confirmed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean parafoveal flow density between the three time‐points: baseline (OD = 55.7 ± 0.46, OS = 57.1 ± 0.44), hypoxia (OD = 56.7 ± 0.38; OS = 57.9 ± 0.35) and post‐hypoxia (OD = 56.1 ± 0.35, OS = 57.0 ± 0.39).ConclusionsTo our knowledge, there is no published data specifically addressing flight cabin hypoxia and eye hemodynamics. Our work in healthy subjects may help to establish normality thresholds and identify individuals at risk and their need for personalized screening and therapeutic air‐travel recommendations.
Peripheral vessel leakage in diabetic retinopathy using Wide field retinal angiography
Authors: Maamouri R. , Bouraoui R. , Fedra K. , Hassairi A. , El Matri L. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo evaluate the peripheral vessel leakage in patients with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) using a wide field fluorescein angiographyMethodsIn a retrospective study, consecutive wide‐field angiographs obtained using the Heidelberg Retina Angiograph 2 with a contact lens system Staurenghi, were graded in: peripheral vascular leakage, areas of retinal non perfusion, retinal neovascularization observed overly of conventional 7 standard fields.ResultsA total of 71 eyes in 39 diabetic patients were included. Distribution of NPDR severity was: mild NPDR in 6% of eyes, moderate NPDR in 21% and severe NPDR in 73%. Findings included angiographic peripheral vessel leakage in 85%, peripheral non perfusion in 87% of eyes, neovascularization in 14%, macular edema in 53%, and macular ischemia in 4%. Peripheral vessel leakage was associated with peripheral non‐perfusion (p < 0.001) but not with retinal neovascularization (53 vs. 35%, p = 0.01), neither with macular edema (p = 0.449).ConclusionsThis study had characterized peripheral vessel leakage (PVL), and shown a correlation with peripheral non‐perfusion. Peripheral non‐perfusion and PVL appeared to be markers of active diabetic retinopathy.
Contribution of wide field angiography to diabetic macular edema
Authors: Maamouri R. , Bouraoui R. , Kort F. , Falfoul Y. , El Matri K. , El Matri L. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo evaluate diabetic macular edema in non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) using a wide field fluorescein angiography.MethodsIn a retrospective study, consecutive wide‐field angiographs using the Heidelberg Retina Angiograph 2 with a contact lens system Staurenghi and SD‐OCT were performed in diabetic patients with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy.ResultsA total of 71 eyes in 39 diabetic, average age was 58 years (SD 12). Most of the patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus (92%) and average duration since diabetes diagnosis was 10 years. Mean HA1c was 7.4%. Distribution of NPDR severity was: mild NPDR in 6% of eyes, moderate NPDR in 21% and severe NPDR in 73%. Macular edema was found in 53%. A thicker retina was observed in eyes with peripheral non perfusion (353 vs. 254 μm p = 0.006). Retinal non perfusion was associated with macular edema (97 vs. 76%, p = 0.01) and poor visual acuity (p < 0.001).ConclusionsDiabetic macular edema seems to be strongly associated with peripheral retinal non perfusion. So treatment and management of diabetic macular edema may be reconsidered using either a targeted laser treatment in the area of retinal non perfusion or anti‐VEGF intravitreal injection.
In vitro evaluation of anti HSV‐1 siRNAs and in vivo evaluation of electroporation to transfect siRNAs on murine cornea
Authors: Rousseau A. , Escriou V. , Roy P. , Poccardi N. , Takissian J. , Bigey P. , Labetoulle M. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeHSV‐1 keratitis (HSK) is a leading cause of infectious blindness in developed countries. Massive use of nucleosidic DNA polymerase inhibitors, used as curative or prophylactic treatments, may favor the emergence of resistance. Anti‐HSV1 small interfering RNAs (siRNA) may be efficient to overcome this issue, but their transfection into corneal cells remains a challenge. The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro efficacy of siRNA targeting HSV‐1 DNA polymerase to reduce HSV‐1 replication, and the in vivo efficacy of electroporation to transfect siRNA into corneal cells on the murine cornea.MethodsThree different anti HSV‐1 DNA polymerase siRNAs (S1–S3) and one control siRNA were transfected into vero cells using cationic lipids, which were secondarily infected with the SC16 strain of HSV‐1. Efficacy on viral replication was assessed using flow cytometry, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and plaque assay technique. On murine cornea, fluorescent siRNAs were injected subconjunctivally and electroporation was performed with custom made electrodes applied on the conjunctiva. The eyes were enucleated, and observed under fluorescence microscopy.ResultsThe three siRNAs were able to inhibit viral replication. Compared to the control siRNA, S3 was the most efficient siRNA, decreasing by 60% the number of infected cells as measured with flow cytometry, by 59% the number of plaques and by 75% the viral load estimated with qPCR. Electroporation improved siRNA penetration into the corneal epithelium compared to subconjunctival injection alone.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that siRNA directed against HSV‐1 DNA polymerase efficiently inhibits HSV‐1 replication, suggesting that siRNA based antiviral strategy may be a potential therapeutic alternative to treat HSK. Besides, intracorneal penetration may be facilitated by electroporation.
Normal range of eye movement and its relationship to age
Authors: Shin Y. , Lim H.W. , Kang M.H. , Seong M. , Cho H. , Kim J.H. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo determine the range of eye movement in normal human subjects and to investigate the effect of age on eye movement.MethodsWe enrolled 261 healthy subjects, 5–91 years of age for this prospective observational study. Photographs were obtained in the cardinal gaze positions and processed using Photoshop. The processed images were analyzed using the Image J program to measure the angle of eye movement. The angle of eye movement was quantified using a modified limbus test. We measured the angle of eye movement in adduction, abduction, elevation, and depression.ResultsThe normal ranges of eye movement were 44.9 ± 7.2° in adduction, 44.2 ± 6.8° in adduction, 27.9 ± 7.6° in elevation, and 47.1 ± 8.0° in depression. There were significant negative correlations between the angles of horizontal and upward gazes and age (R = −0.294 in adduction, R = −0.355 in abduction, and R = −0.506 in elevation, all p < 0.001). However, the angle of downward gaze was not significantly correlated with age (R = 0.017, p = 0.722).ConclusionsThe normal ranges for the angle of horizontal gaze were symmetric, whereas the range of upward gaze angle was smaller than that for the downward gaze among all ages. Unlike the age‐related decline of range in other gazes, only downward gaze was not impaired by increasing age. Differences in eye‐movement range based on gaze direction and their associated aging mechanisms should be considered when assessing eye movements.
Surgical treatment of pediatric strabismus (PS): series of 148 patients
Authors: Rahmania N. , Van Rompay T. , Morfeq H. , Promelle V. , Milazzo S. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeSurgical management of Pediatric Strabismus (PS) is a frequent reason of consultation in current ophthalmic practice. The aim of this study is to describe the PS epidemiology in patients consulting for surgery.MethodsThis 3 years observational descriptive retrospective study was led in ophthalmological department of university hospital. 148 patients <18 years were included. All patients received complete ophthalmological and orthoptic evaluations to determine the clinical form of strabismus.ResultsThe sex ratio was: 49.3% females vs. 50.7% of males. Exotropia was found in 46.4% of females and 53.4% of males. Esotropia was the predominant etiology (79.6%), then 19% of exotropia and 1.4% of vertical deviation. Mean age at first consultation was 6.6 years (6.3 for esotropia vs. 9.3 for exotropia). 36% had infantile forms, 26% had accommodative strabismus, 13% had an exotropia, 7% had an acquired esotropia. For amblyopia we found only 3% of severe forms whereas moderate and low forms were found in 7.4 and 11.8% of patients. Risk factors of PS identified were neurological diseases (8.1%), hyperopia (+2.33 diopters in average), complicated pregnancy (16.3%) or delivery (27%), prematurity (13 .4%), birth weight lower than 2.5 kg (14.6%) and pedigree of strabismus (74.1%).ConclusionsThe epidemiology of PS in our study is related to other European studies but different from American or Asian studies. The hypothesis are possible ethnic differences and different therapeutic management. Better understanding of these risks factors will enhance the prevention and treatment of this pathology.
Onset‐offset visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis of ocular albinism in infantile nystagmus
Authors: Bouladi M. , Bouraoui R. , Limaiem R. , Chaker N. , Mghaieth F. , El Matri L. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo study the contribution of onset‐offset visual evoked potentials (VEP) in the diagnosis of ocular albinism in infantile nystagmus.MethodsCase report.ResultsObservations: Two girls aged respectively three‐year old and six‐year old presented with infantile nystagmus. Ophthalmic examination showed visual acuity of 2/10 bilaterally, a brown iris, with positive transillumination and depigmented fundus without any other depigmentation of skin or hair. Flash VEP showed probable crossed asymmetry of P2 amplitude. P100 wave was unrecordable in 60’ Pattern VEP. 60’ onset‐offset VEP were performed and showed evident crossed asymmetry in C1 and C2 waves which confirmed the diagnosis of ocular albinism. SD‐OCT was also performed and showed foveal hypoplasia.ConclusionsOcular albinism is more difficult to diagnose than the oculo‐cutaneous albinism since it is limited to ophthalmic manifestations. Onset‐offset VEP are very useful in nystagmus patients because they are less sensitive to ocular oscillations and showed more evident crossed asymmetry than flash or pattern VEP.
Anterior segment parameters measured by ultrasound biomicroscopy in the subtypes of angle‐closure
Authors: Kim Y.Y. , Yoo C. , Cho S.Y. , Lee T.E. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo compare anterior segment parameters in primary angle closure suspect (PACS), primary angle closure (PAC), and primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM P60, Paradigm Inc, Utah, USA).Methods59 eyes of 59 patients with PACS, 41 eyes of 41 patients with PAC, and 51 eyes of 51 patients with PACG were investigated. Definitions of PACS, PAC, and PACG were based on the recommendation from the International Society for Geographic and Epidemiological Ophthalmology. In each participant, slit lamp examination, funduscopy, gonioscopy, Goldmann applanation tonometry and UBM were performed. Anterior segment parameters such as anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber width (ACW), lens vault (LV), angle opening distance 500 (AOD500), trabecular meshwork‐ciliary process distance (TCPD), iris thickness (IT) and iris zonular distance (IZD) were evaluated.ResultsAOD500 were significantly different among the angle‐closure subtypes in nasal, inferior, and temporal quadrants (PACS > PACG > PAC; p < 0.05). TCPD were significantly different among the subtypes in all quadrants (PACG > PACS > PAC; p < 0.05). ACD were significantly different among the subtypes (PACG > PACS > PAC; p < 0.05). ACW, LV, IT and IZD were not significantly different among the subtypes (p > 0.05).ConclusionsAOD500, TCPD, and ACD were the smallest in PAC, and ACW, LV, IT, and IZD were similar among the angle‐closure subtypes. There may be a consequence in the development of angle‐closure from mild to severe damages (from PACS to PAC to PACG) in terms of intraocular pressure, angle status, and optic nerve head status. However, our results suggested that such consequence may not exist in anterior segment morphology measured by UBM.
Retinal venous oxygen saturation in healthy, atrophic and retinal vascular diseases
Authors: Olafsdottir O.B. , Hardarson S. , Vandewalle E. , Pinto L.A. , Eysteinsson T. , Eliasdottir T. , Gottfredsdottir M.S. , van Keer K. , Bek T. , Stalmans I. , Stefánsson E. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeMean retinal venous oxygen saturation (VSatO2) has been found to be different from normal in several retinal diseases. There are speculations that metabolic imaging of the retina could be helpful in monitoring such diseases and perhaps help with diagnosis. The aim of the study was to characterize normal range of retinal VSatO2 and to further examine patients that fall outside normal range.MethodsRetinal vessel oxygen saturation was measured in healthy individuals (n = 89), patients with glaucoma (n = 78), retinitis pigmentosa (RP, n = 10), diabetic retinopathy (DR, n = 54) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO, n = 14). Measurements were performed with a spectrophotometric retinal oximeter, Oxymap T1.ResultsFifty‐four healthy individuals were age‐ and gender matched with DR and CRVO patients. For this healthy group, 5% of VSatO2 were below 38 and 5% of VSatO2 were above 63%. Eleven CRVO patients (79%) had lower than 38% VSatO2. Twenty‐five DR patients (46%) had VSatO2 above 63% and the ratio of those outside normal limits increased with severity of retinopathy. Mean VSatO2 was lower in CRVO patients and higher in DR compared to healthy (p < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Eighty‐nine healthy individuals that were 60 years and older were compared to glaucoma and RP patients. In this healthy group, 5% of VSatO2 were above 64%. Six glaucoma (8%) and two RP patients (20%) had VSatO2 higher than 64%. Mean VSatO2 was higher in advanced glaucoma (p = 0.007) and RP (p = 0.05) compared to healthy.ConclusionsMost CRVO patients have VSatO2 below the normal limit. Although there is overlap in VSatO2 between patients with DR and normal, a considerable proportion of DR patients fall outside the normal range. Most of the patients with glaucoma and RP were within normal limits for VSatO2.