bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the Bethesda Classification for Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration: Institutional Experience and Meta-analysis
Authors: Krauss Elliot A. , Mahon Megan , Fede Jean M. , Zhang Lanjing 
Published: September 2016

Context.—Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies have been an important component in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules. Until the introduction of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) in 2008, individual institutions had developed their own diagnostic categories. The BSRTC proposed 6 categories in an attempt to standardize reporting of thyroid FNA.Objective.—To present a 15-year experience of thyroid FNA at one institution, including data before and after introduction of the BSRTC. The risk of malignancy is compared with the meta-analysis of high-quality published data.Data Sources.—Data sources were PubMed, a manual search of references, and institutional data.Conclusions.—The diagnostic categories developed at our institution were similar to those proposed by the BSRTC, with best fit into the 6 categories easily accomplished and reported in the final 2 years of the study. Significant differences were noted in the frequencies of cases in diagnostic categories Benign (II; P = .003), Suspicious for follicular neoplasm/Follicular neoplasm (IV; P &lt; .001), and Malignant (VI; P = .003) after the introduction of the BSRTC. Eighteen published articles met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The risk of malignancy in each category in our institution was similar to that determined in the meta-analysis, except for Insufficient for diagnosis (I; 20% versus 9%–14%). Meta-analysis showed an overlapping 95% CI of risk of malignancy between Atypia of undetermined significance/Follicular lesion of undetermined significance (III; 11%–23%) and Suspicious for follicular neoplasm/Follicular neoplasm (IV; 20%–29%), suggesting similar risks of malignancy. The use of newer molecular tests for these indeterminate cases may further refine risk assessment.
Shape control of AlGaAs selective oxidation by intermixing method
Authors: Gi Tetsu , Miyamoto Tomoyuki 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Shape control of AlGaAs selective oxidation regions by heterointerface intermixing was investigated. The oxidation rate dependence on the intermixing conditions was characterized. Under 880 °C with three hours of intermixing, the oxidation rate was reduced to half that of the usual oxidation without intermixing. The thicknesses of a GaAs capping layer and a deposited SiO2 layer affected the oxidation rate. A detailed analysis of the oxidation after intermixing was carried out by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) measurement. On the basis of the oxidation characteristics with intermixing, in-plane shape control was demonstrated. This result will be helpful in the fabrication of complicated device shapes.
Electrical characterization of electron beam induced damage on sub-10 nm n-channel MOS transistors using nano-probing technique
Authors: Kang Jonghyuk , Lee Sungho , Choi Byoungdeog 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Electron beam induced damage on sub-10 nm n-channel MOS transistors was evaluated using an atomic force microscopy-based nano-probing technique. After electron beam irradiation, all the device parameters shifted including threshold voltage (V
th), saturation current, sub-threshold slope and transistor leakage current. A negative shift in V
th occurred at low electron beam acceleration voltage (V
acc) because of the increase in oxide trapped holes generated by excited plasmons. At high V
acc, however, a positive V
th shift was observed because of an increased contribution of interface trap generation caused by the deeper electron penetration depth. In addition, interface trap generation not only degraded the sub-threshold slope due to the additional capacitance from the generated interface traps, but also increased transistor leakage current due to changes in junction characteristics. Our studies show that it is critical to avoid electron beam exposure before electrical characterization on sub-10 nm devices even in the range of less than 1.0 kV of V
acc using nano-probe systems.
Further improvement of mechanical and tribological properties of Cr-doped diamond-like carbon nanocomposite coatings by N codoping
Authors: Zou Changwei , Xie Wei , Tang Xiaoshan 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this study, the effects of nitrogen codoping on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) nanocomposite coatings were investigated in detail. Compared with undoped DLC coatings, the Cr-DLC and N/Cr-DLC coatings showed higher root-mean-square (RMS) roughness values. However, from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman results, the fraction of sp2 carbon bonds of N/Cr-DLC coatings increased with increasing N content, which indicated the graphitization of the coatings. The hardness and elastic modulus of N/Cr-DLC coatings with 1.8 at. % N were about 26.8 and 218 GPa, respectively. The observed hardness increase with N codoping was attributed to the incorporation of N in the C network along with the formation of CrC(N) nanoparticles, as confirmed from the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results. The internal stress markedly decreased from 0.93 to 0.32 GPa as the N content increased from 0 to 10.3 at. %. Furthermore, N doping significantly improved the high-temperature dry friction behavior of DLC coatings. The friction coefficient of N/Cr-DLC coatings with 8.0 and 10.3 at. % N was kept at about 0.2 during the overall sliding test at 500 °C. These results showed that appropriate N doping could promote the mechanical and tribological properties of Cr-DLC nanocomposite coatings.
The contribution of marine aggregate‐associated bacteria to the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria in oysters: an agent‐based model
Authors: Kramer Andrew M. , Ward J. Evan , Dobbs Fred C. , Pierce Melissa L. , Drake John M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBivalves process large volumes of water, leading to their accumulation of bacteria, including potential human pathogens (e.g., vibrios). These bacteria are captured at low efficiencies when freely suspended in the water column, but they also attach to marine aggregates, which are captured with near 100% efficiency. For this reason, and because they are often enriched with heterotrophic bacteria, marine aggregates have been hypothesized to function as important transporters of bacteria into bivalves. The relative contribution of aggregates and unattached bacteria to the accumulation of these cells, however, is unknown. We developed an agent‐based model to simulate accumulation of vibrio‐type bacteria in oysters. Simulations were conducted over a realistic range of concentrations of bacteria and aggregates and incorporated the dependence of pseudofeces production on particulate matter. The model shows that the contribution of aggregate‐attached bacteria depends strongly on the unattached bacteria, which form the colonization pool for aggregates and are directly captured by the simulated oysters. The concentration of aggregates is also important, but its effect depends on the concentration of unattached bacteria. At high bacterial concentrations, aggregates contribute the majority of bacteria in the oysters. At low concentrations of unattached bacteria, aggregates have a neutral or even a slightly negative effect on bacterial accumulation. These results provide the first evidence suggesting that the concentration of aggregates could influence uptake of pathogenic bacteria in bivalves and show that the tendency of a bacterial species to remain attached to aggregates is a key factor for understanding species‐specific accumulation.
Is it the human resource policy to blame?
Authors: Yaghi Abdulfattah 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the multi-dimensionality of women managers’ turnover in the United Arab Emirates. The study argues that several factors besides public policy influence turnover.

Design/methodology/approach
A special survey was developed and administered to a convenience sample of 298 local women managers in both sectors. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson and multiple regression analyses were used.

Findings
The empirical analyses provided support to the multidimensionality of turnover. In addition, turnover was predicted by a model of eight factors (adjusted R2 = 0.456), namely, economic needs, quality of work life, leadership type and practices, social needs, marital status, organisational satisfaction, organisational commitment and public policy.

Research limitations/implications
The study was rich, empirical data were gathered and analysed along with qualitative literature. Gender remains salient in organisations as human resource policies alone are incapable of retaining women in leadership. Limited sample size and convenience sampling method may limit the generalizability of the findings.

Practical implications
Workplace conditions complement human resource policies; hence, the success of the latter relies on the success of the former. Economic incentives remain significant to motivating managers and retaining women in leadership jobs.

Social implications
Human resource management policies, such as Emiratisation, cannot be successful without empowering women.

Originality/value
The originality of this paper is drawn from using first-hand data to examine the multi-dimensionality argument of turnover in addition to the advancement of gender studies in leadership and management. The study also provided evidence that rationality (i.e. economic means) remains important to retain women managers.
Juror perceptions of female-female sexual harassment: do sexual orientation and type of harassment matter?
Authors: Carlucci Marianna E. , Golom Frank D. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how mock jurors perceive female-female sexual harassment.

Design/methodology/approach
Participants read a case vignette depicting female-female workplace sexual harassment where the sexual orientation of the harasser (lesbian vs heterosexual) and type of sexual harassment (approach vs reject vs generalized) were randomly assigned across participants. Participants were asked to make a liability determination for the case. They were also asked to rate the unwanted conduct on several legally relevant dimensions (e.g. severity, pervasiveness, and unwelcomeness).

Findings
Results revealed that the sexual orientation of the harasser is an important factor used to make legal decisions in same-sex sexual harassment cases. Participants found the same conduct to be more severe, pervasive, unwelcome, and threatening when the harasser was lesbian than when she was heterosexual. As hypothesized, female participants found more evidence of discrimination than male participants.

Research limitations/implications
These findings illustrate biases mock jurors may hold when making legal decisions in female-female sexual harassment cases.

Practical implications
Results are discussed in the context of decision-making models and possible future directions and interventions are explored.

Originality/value
The findings extend the literature on female same-sex sexual harassment.
Do people perceive juvenile sex offenders who are gay and Christian as hypocrites? The effects of shared and dual identity defendants
Authors: Altholz Rachel , Salerno Jessica 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how a criminal offender’s dual social identity affects judgments. Drawing from similarity-leniency and black sheep theories, the authors tested and discuss whether these effects could be explained by legal decision makers’ perceptions of hypocrisy or shared identity with the defendant.Design/methodology/approachThe authors recruited 256 Christian and non-Christian adults to read a vignette about a juvenile sex offender who was either Christian or non-Christian, and heterosexual or gay. The authors measured participants’ punitiveness toward the offender.FindingsResults revealed that legal decision makers were more punitive when they were Christian compared to non-Christian, and the defendant was gay compared to heterosexual. Further, legal decision makers perceived themselves as more similar to the defendant when they were non-Christian compared to Christian, and the defendant was heterosexual compared to gay. Finally, only when the defendant was Christian, legal decision makers perceived him as more hypocritical when he was gay compared to heterosexual.Originality/valueThis is the first study to investigate whether gay defendants might be particularly discriminated against if they are also Christian. It is also the first to test the black sheep and similarity-leniency theories in the legal context of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and Christian defendants.
Harnessing platform-based business models to power disruptive innovation
Authors: Shaughnessy Haydn 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
Adopting and implementing a platform-based business model is fraught with problems and complications, many of which are poorly understood even by industry insiders. As they try to sort through the best practices for operating in this new business environment, senior managers need to carefully analyze the strengths of the business model of some of most successful companies before trying to imitate them. .

Design/methodology/approach
For a team to execute such a strategy quickly and seamlessly it must first thoroughly understand the components of such a business model and how they interact to produce unique customer value and formidable competitive advantage

Findings
The platform is a new way to organize wealth-creating activity.

Practical implications
The author details the components of a successful platform-based business model.

Originality/value
Platform-based business models seek to leverage the assets of third parties and in the process extend the value of economic activity to customers in ways that engage and benefit them. Senior leaders and operations managers alike need to understand that continuous innovation of customer value and policies that attract asset-rich partners and skillful developers is essential to the growth of the network.
Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness Relate to Functional Outcomes in Adolescent and Young Adult Fontan Survivors
Authors: Goldstein Bryan H. , Urbina Elaine M. , Khoury Philip R. , Gao Zhiqian , Amos Michelle A. , Mays Wayne A. , Redington Andrew N. , Marino Bradley S. 
Published: September 2016

Background
Fontan survivors demonstrate diminished vascular function and functional outcomes, but the relationships between these measures have not been established.

Methods and Results

We performed a cross‐sectional study of 60 Fontan survivors (52% male) with a mean age of 13.9±4.1 years and mean Fontan duration of 9.9±4.2 years. Multimodality assessment of endothelial function (reactive hyperemia index and flow‐mediated dilation) and arterial stiffness (augmentation index and baseline pulse amplitude) was performed with peripheral arterial tonometry and brachial flow‐mediated dilation. Aerobic capacity was determined using cardiopulmonary exercise testing; mean peak and percentage of predicted oxygen consumption (VO
2
) were 27.8±7.6 mL/kg per minute and 71.0±21.2%, respectively. Quality of life and physical activity were assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (Peds
QL
) and the Physical Activity Questionnaire. Vascular measures served as predictor variables, whereas functional measures served as outcome variables. In all cases, worse vascular measures were associated with worse functional measures. Flow‐mediated dilation–derived reactive hyperemia index (
P
<0.05) was positively associated with VO
2
at anaerobic threshold. Peripheral arterial tonometry–derived baseline pulse amplitude (
P
<0.05) was negatively associated with the ratio of minute ventilation to carbon dioxide at anaerobic threshold. Flow‐mediated dilation–derived reactive hyperemia index and peripheral arterial tonometry–derived augmentation index (
P
<0.05) were positively and negatively associated, respectively, with peak VO
2
. Maximum flow‐mediated dilation (
P
<0.05) was positively associated with Physical Activity Questionnaire score. Peripheral arterial tonometry–derived augmentation index and baseline pulse amplitude (
P
<0.05) were negatively associated with parent‐reported Peds
QL
total and physical heath summary scores.

Conclusions
Increased arterial stiffness and decreased endothelial function are associated with lower aerobic capacity, physical activity, and quality of life in adolescent and young adult Fontan survivors. Understanding the cause–effect relationship between vascular function and functional outcomes is an important next step.
Character Education Based on Religious Values: an Islamic Perspective
Authors: Ismail Ismail 
Published: September 2016

Character education in Indonesia has become a necessity that can not be negotiable. Various cases of crime and moral deviations become evident that the character of most citizens already at alarming stage. Therefore, since the beginning, national education is not only aimed at generating human intelligent and skilled, but also of noble character. This is realized through the introduction of 18 characters excel in school (religious, honest, disciplined, tolerance, and so on). In the Islamic perspective character education paired with akhlak (Islamic ethics) education. Among the important characteristics are: it sourced from the Quran Hadith; Prophet Muhammad as a role model; priority-based methods of mental-spiritual (soul management, habituation, exemplary, and healthy environment); are simultaneous in which three education centers, namely schools, families, and communities should play a role in synergy. The government and the mass media also play a role in supporting the education of character. Pendidikan karakter di Indonesia telah menjadi kebutuhan yang tidak dapat ditawar. Berbagai kasus kejahatan moral dan penyimpangan menjadi jelas bahwa karakter sebagian besar warga sudah pada tahap mengkhawatirkan. Oleh karena itu, sejak awal, pendidikan nasional tidak hanya bertujuan menghasilkan manusia cerdas dan terampil, tetapi juga karakter yang mulia. Hal ini diwujudkan melalui pengenalan 18 karakter berprestasi di sekolah (agama, jujur, disiplin, tolerann, dan sebagainya). Dalam pendidikan karakter perspektif Islam dipasangkan dengan pendidikan akhlak (etika Islam). Di antara karakteristik penting adalah: itu bersumber dari al-Quran Hadis; Nabi Muhammad sebagai panutan; metode berbasis prioritas mental-spiritual (manajemen jiwa, pembiasaan, keteladanan, dan lingkungan yang sehat); yang simultan di mana tiga pusat pendidikan, yaitu sekolah, keluarga, dan masyarakat harus berperan dalam sinergi. Pemerintah dan media massa juga berperan dalam mendukung pendidikan karakter.
Firm Growth and Technical Efficiency in Ethiopia: The Role of Firm Size and Finance
Authors: Tesfaye Edjigu Habtamu 
Published: September 2016

<p>The performance of manufacturing ﬁrms can play a crucial rule in spurring economic growth and international competency. However, it has received little attention in developing countries particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using ﬁrm level data from 2000 to 2008 survey, this paper empirically investigates the key determinants of growth and technical efficiency of Ethiopian manufacturing establishments focusing on the impact of size and ﬁnance. The empirical result using dynamic panel data estimation suggest that small and young ﬁrms grow more rapidly. Leverage ratio and cash ﬂow are also main determinants of ﬁrm growth. However, they have heterogeneous effect. While, the availability of internal finance signiﬁcantly affect the growth of smaller ﬁrms, leverage (borrowing) represent a binding constraint for growth of large ﬁrms. Firm’s asset, labour quality, ownership and legal status are also binding constraints for growth of ﬁrm in Ethiopia. Moreover, a stochastic frontier analysis of the production function shows that there is signiﬁcant difference in efficiency scores across ﬁrms. The result shows that efficiency score increases with ﬁrm size and cash flow but decrease with borrowing.</p><p> </p>
A joint analysis of river runoff and meteorological forcing in the Karakoram, upper Indus Basin
Authors: Reggiani Paolo , Mukhopadhyay Biswajit , Rientjes T.H.M. , Khan Asif 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSatellite‐geodetic altimetry investigations in the Karakoram have indicated slight mass gain or loss of the glaciers during the early part of 21st century. Equivalent discharge in the upper Indus Basin due to these mass changes has been estimated at 5 to 10% of mean annual flow. However, satellite altimetry and geodetic glacier mass estimates in the extreme topography of the Karakoram have not yet been counter‐validated by hydrological analysis. Therefore, we present a first cross validation of three to five decades of river flow data from the three major watersheds in the Karakoram, with matching series of monthly precipitation, temperature, and evaporation provided by six atmospheric reanalysis products for 1979–2014. The analyses suggest that in most cases river flows have been increasing steadily from the end of the 1960s and 1970s to the middle of the 1990s and have stabilized or are in decline since then. Hunza watershed in Karakoram West shows consistently declining flows over the first half of the analysis period and stable flows during the second half for most of the summer melting season, suggesting mass accumulation. Rising river flows in the Shyok and Shigar watersheds, followed by stabilizing or slightly declining flows from 1995 onward, can be explained by consistently increasing precipitation during the first half of the analysis period, and successive stabilization or minor decline thereof. Flow data do not necessarily suggest considerable loss or gain of glacial mass in the Karakoram during the late 90s and early 2000s as suggested by satellite‐based altimetry studies.
Factors influencing participation in health behaviors in endometrial cancer survivors
Authors: Hardcastle Sarah J. , Glassey Rachael , Salfinger Stuart , Tan Jason , Cohen Paul 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe study purpose was to investigate endometrial cancer survivors' health perceptions following cessation of active cancer treatment and to explore factors influencing participation in health‐promoting behaviors.MethodsFace‐to‐face interviews were conducted with participants who had completed active treatment of cancer within the previous 3 years. Participants were 22 endometrial cancer survivors (mean age = 62.55 years, SD = 7.08) at risk of cardiovascular disease who were recruited from 2 oncologists in Perth, Western Australia. Interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsFive main themes emerged: physical activity knowledge and advice; authority of oncologists; accountability and external motivation; monitoring and barriers to healthy eating; and physical activity. Participants recalled that specific recommendations for physical activity or body weight were rarely made by the oncologists, but felt they would have followed such lifestyle advice if it had been given. The overarching theme was the need for accountability and monitoring to successfully change health behaviors.ConclusionsInterventions aimed at promoting health behaviors in endometrial cancer survivors should include referral and advice from oncologists, provision of monitoring, and promotion of planning and self‐control. Implications for endometrial cancer survivors at risk of cardiovascular disease: these women are likely to benefit most from interventions aimed at promoting planning, self‐regulation and problem solving and regular follow‐up.