bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“You cannot collect data using your own resources and put It on open access”: Perspectives from Africa about public health data‐sharing
Authors: Anane‐Sarpong Evelyn , Wangmo Tenzin , Ward Claire Leonie , Sankoh Osman , Tanner Marcel , Elger Bernice Simone 
Published: July 2017

AbstractData‐sharing is a desired default in the field of public health and a source of much ethical deliberation. Sharing data potentially contributes the largest, most efficient source of scientific data, but is fraught with contextual challenges which make stakeholders, particularly those in under‐resourced contexts hesitant or slow to share. Relatively little empirical research has engaged stakeholders in discussing the issue. This study sought to explore relevant experiences, contextual, and subjective explanations around the topic to provide a rich and detailed presentation of what it means to different stakeholders and contexts to share data and how that can guide practice and ethical guidance. A qualitative design involving interviews was undertaken with professionals working in public health institutions endowed with data (HDSS), ethics committees, and advisory agencies which help shape health research in Africa. A descriptive form of thematic analysis was used to summarize results into six key themes: (1) The role of HDSSs in research using public health data and data‐sharing; (2) Ownership and funding are critical factors influencing data‐sharing; (3) Other factors discourage data‐sharing; (4) Promoting and sustaining data‐sharing; (5) Ethical guidance structures; and (6) Establishing effective guidance. The themes reveal factors regarding the willingness or not to share and an intricate ethical system that current discourse could reflect. Many of the concerns resonate with the literature, but a whole other gamut of people and process issues; commitments, investments, careers, and the right ethical guidance are needed to realize a sustainable goal of reaching ‘share’ as a default.
Validation of the “early detection Primary Care Checklist” in an Italian community help‐seeking sample: The “checklist per la Valutazione dell'Esordio Psicotico”
Authors: Pelizza Lorenzo , Raballo Andrea , Semrov Enrico , Chiri Luigi Rocco , Azzali Silvia , Scazza Ilaria , Garlassi Sara , Paterlini Federica , Fontana Francesca , Favazzo Rosanna , Pensieri Luana , Fabiani Michela , Cioncolini Leonardo , Pupo Simona 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundTo establish the concordant validity of the “Checklist per la Valutazione dell'Esordio Psicotico” (CVEP) in an Italian help‐seeking population. The CVEP is the Italian adaptation of the “early detection Primary Care Checklist,” a 20‐item tool specifically designed to assist primary care practitioners in identifying young people in the early stages of psychosis.MethodsThe checklist was completed by the referring practitioners of 168 young people referred to the “Reggio Emilia At Risk Mental States” Project, an early detection infrastructure developed under the aegis of the Regional Project on Early Detection of Psychosis in the Reggio Emilia Department of Mental Health. The concordant validity of the CVEP was established by comparing screen results with the outcome of the “Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States” (CAARMS), a gold standard assessment for identifying young people who may be at risk of developing psychosis.ResultsThe simple checklist as originally conceived had excellent sensitivity (98%), but lower specificity (58%). Using only a CVEP total score of 20 or above as cut‐off, the tool showed a slightly lower sensitivity (93%) with a substantial improvement in specificity (87%). Simple cross‐tabulations of the individual CVEP item scores against CAARMS outcome to identify the more discriminant item in terms of sensitivity and specificity were carried out.ConclusionsIn comparison to other, much longer, screening tools, the CVEP performed well to identify young people in the early stages of psychosis. Therefore, the CVEP is well suited to optimize appropriate referrals to specialist services, building on the skills and knowledge already available in primary care settings.
Effect of silicic acid on the aggregation properties of goethite
Authors: Nguyen M. N. , Picardal F. , Dultz S. , Nguyen‐Thanh L. , Dam T. T. N. , Nguyen K. M. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryAggregation properties of iron oxide particles have received much attention because of their environmental importance in soil and aquatic environments. The effects of silicic acid on the pH‐dependent surface charges that govern the aggregation of goethite have received little attention. In this study we determined the effect of silicic acid as a function of pH and ionic strength (IS) on the aggregation of a synthetic goethite by a combination of particle‐size analysis using dynamic light scattering and test tube experiments to quantify particles in suspension. We investigated silicic acid adsorption on goethite quantitatively by batch adsorption isotherms, and the changes in surface charge on the adsorption of silicic acid were identified by the zeta potential (ζ). Our results revealed that silicic acid can lead to a significant decrease in ζ. A change in the pHiep (iep: isoelectric point) from 8.5 to lower pH values, typically pH 4–5.5, in the presence of silicic acid suggests enhanced aggregation of goethite in the acidic pH range. At alkaline pH, both goethite and silicic acid were negatively charged because of strong deprotonation, and silicic acid adsorption promoted goethite dispersion. Ionic strength affected the aggregation of goethite by shifting ζ towards the iep and it can also obscure the role of silicic acid.Highlights
Effect of silicic acid on surface charge and aggregation of goethite was investigated.
Adsorption of silicic acid reduces ζ and allows goethite to aggregate at lower pH.
Ionic strength can also affect aggregation of goethite by shifting ζ towards the isoelectric point.
Silicic acid in soil might maintain goethite particles in an aggregated state.
Resistance, tolerance and environmental transmission dynamics determine host extinction risk in a load‐dependent amphibian disease
Authors: Wilber Mark Q. , Knapp Roland A. , Toothman Mary , Briggs Cheryl J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhile disease‐induced extinction is generally considered rare, a number of recently emerging infectious diseases with load‐dependent pathology have led to extinction in wildlife populations. Transmission is a critical factor affecting disease‐induced extinction, but the relative importance of transmission compared to load‐dependent host resistance and tolerance is currently unknown. Using a combination of models and experiments on an amphibian species suffering extirpations from the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), we show that while transmission from an environmental Bd reservoir increased the ability of Bd to invade an amphibian population and the extinction risk of that population, Bd‐induced extinction dynamics were far more sensitive to host resistance and tolerance than to Bd transmission. We demonstrate that this is a general result for load‐dependent pathogens, where non‐linear resistance and tolerance functions can interact such that small changes in these functions lead to drastic changes in extinction dynamics.
Phenomenological network models: Lessons for epilepsy surgery
Authors: Hebbink Jurgen , Meijer Hil , Huiskamp Geertjan , van Gils Stephan , Leijten Frans 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThe current opinion in epilepsy surgery is that successful surgery is about removing pathological cortex in the anatomic sense. This contrasts with recent developments in epilepsy research, where epilepsy is seen as a network disease. Computational models offer a framework to investigate the influence of networks, as well as local tissue properties, and to explore alternative resection strategies. Here we study, using such a model, the influence of connections on seizures and how this might change our traditional views of epilepsy surgery. We use a simple network model consisting of four interconnected neuronal populations. One of these populations can be made hyperexcitable, modeling a pathological region of cortex. Using model simulations, the effect of surgery on the seizure rate is studied. We find that removal of the hyperexcitable population is, in most cases, not the best approach to reduce the seizure rate. Removal of normal populations located at a crucial spot in the network, the “driver,” is typically more effective in reducing seizure rate. This work strengthens the idea that network structure and connections may be more important than localizing the pathological node. This can explain why lesionectomy may not always be sufficient.
Sexually dimorphic effect of mating on the melanotic encapsulation response in the harem‐defending Wellington tree weta, Hemideina crassidens (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Anostostomatidae)
Authors: Kelly Clint D. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractReproductive activities are generally costly to immune responsiveness because limited resources required by reproduction are diverted away from immunity (and vice versa). Reproduction, however, is not expected to affect the immune response in males and females similarly as mating is expected to negatively affect male immunity more so than female immunity. Here, I test the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis in the Wellington tree weta (Hemideina crassidens), a sexually dimorphic orthopteran insect that is endemic to New Zealand. My laboratory experiment showed that although males had higher rates of melanotic encapsulation than females, contrary to prediction, females were the only sex significantly affected by mating and the effect was positive. In addition to immunity differing between the sexes, immune function can differ intrasexually, particularly when males are polymorphic and different investment strategies are used to maximize fitness. Male H. crassidens exhibit alternative mating strategies that are represented by three different morphotypes. I therefore explored whether the morphs differed in their melanotic encapsulation response and whether mating affected the morphs differently. I found no difference among morphs or an effect of mating on male immune response.
Rate of warming affects temperature sensitivity of anaerobic peat decomposition and greenhouse gas production
Authors: Sihi Debjani , Inglett Patrick W. , Gerber Stefan , Inglett Kanika S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTemperature sensitivity of anaerobic carbon mineralization in wetlands remains poorly represented in most climate models and is especially unconstrained for warmer subtropical and tropical systems which account for a large proportion of global methane emissions. Several studies of experimental warming have documented thermal acclimation of soil respiration involving adjustments in microbial physiology or carbon use efficiency (CUE), with an initial decline in CUE with warming followed by a partial recovery in CUE at a later stage. The variable CUE implies that the rate of warming may impact microbial acclimation and the rate of carbon‐dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) production. Here, we assessed the effects of warming rate on the decomposition of subtropical peats, by applying either a large single‐step (10°C within a day) or a slow ramping (0.1°C/day for 100 days) temperature increase. The extent of thermal acclimation was tested by monitoring CO2 and CH4 production, CUE, and microbial biomass. Total gaseous C loss, CUE, and MBC were greater in the slow (ramp) warming treatment. However, greater values of CH4–C:CO2–C ratios lead to a greater global warming potential in the fast (step) warming treatment. The effect of gradual warming on decomposition was more pronounced in recalcitrant and nutrient‐limited soils. Stable carbon isotopes of CH4 and CO2 further indicated the possibility of different carbon processing pathways under the contrasting warming rates. Different responses in fast vs. slow warming treatment combined with different endpoints may indicate alternate pathways with long‐term consequences. Incorporations of experimental results into organic matter decomposition models suggest that parameter uncertainties in CUE and CH4–C:CO2–C ratios have a larger impact on long‐term soil organic carbon and global warming potential than uncertainty in model structure, and shows that particular rates of warming are central to understand the response of wetland soils to global climate change.
Half the story: Thermal effects on within‐host infectious disease progression in a warming climate
Authors: Stewart Alexander , Hablützel Pascal I. , Brown Martha , Watson Hayley V. , Parker‐Norman Sophie , Tober Anya V. , Thomason Anna G. , Friberg Ida M. , Cable Joanne , Jackson Joseph A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractImmune defense is temperature dependent in cold‐blooded vertebrates (CBVs) and thus directly impacted by global warming. We examined whether immunity and within‐host infectious disease progression are altered in CBVs under realistic climate warming in a seasonal mid‐latitude setting. Going further, we also examined how large thermal effects are in relation to the effects of other environmental variation in such a setting (critical to our ability to project infectious disease dynamics from thermal relationships alone). We employed the three‐spined stickleback and three ecologically relevant parasite infections as a “wild” model. To generate a realistic climatic warming scenario we used naturalistic outdoors mesocosms with precise temperature control. We also conducted laboratory experiments to estimate thermal effects on immunity and within‐host infectious disease progression under controlled conditions. As experimental readouts we measured disease progression for the parasites and expression in 14 immune‐associated genes (providing insight into immunophenotypic responses). Our mesocosm experiment demonstrated significant perturbation due to modest warming (+2°C), altering the magnitude and phenology of disease. Our laboratory experiments demonstrated substantial thermal effects. Prevailing thermal effects were more important than lagged thermal effects and disease progression increased or decreased in severity with increasing temperature in an infection‐specific way. Combining laboratory‐determined thermal effects with our mesocosm data, we used inverse modeling to partition seasonal variation in Saprolegnia disease progression into a thermal effect and a latent immunocompetence effect (driven by nonthermal environmental variation and correlating with immune gene expression). The immunocompetence effect was large, accounting for at least as much variation in Saprolegnia disease as the thermal effect. This suggests that managers of CBV populations in variable environments may not be able to reliably project infectious disease risk from thermal data alone. Nevertheless, such projections would be improved by primarily considering prevailing thermal effects in the case of within‐host disease and by incorporating validated measures of immunocompetence.
Short‐term and long‐term clinical outcomes of uncommon types of invasive breast cancer
Authors: Yang Mu , Bao Wei , Zhang Xinmin , Kang Yibin , Haffty Bruce , Zhang Lanjing 
Published: July 2017

AimsInvasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) are predominant and well‐documented types of invasive breast cancer (IBC). We investigated the clinical outcomes of other types of IBC (i.e. uncommon IBC), which collectively account for Σ20% of all IBC cases, as these are largely unknown.Methods and resultsWe identified all IBC cases diagnosed in 2004–2006 (n = 159 293) and 2010–2011 (n = 118 822) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. Uncommon IBCs included mixed IDC and ILC (MDLC), IDC mixed with other types of carcinoma, ILC mixed with other types of carcinoma, and other‐type breast cancers (OCs). We estimated overall survival (OS) and cancer‐specific survival in multivariate regression models. As compared with IDC, MDLC was associated with an increased OS [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.92, P < 0.001 at Σ10 years of follow‐up; aHR = 0.88, P = 0.01 at Σ4 years of follow‐up], whereas OCs were associated with a decreased OS (aHR = 1.06, P = 0.005 at Σ10 years of follow‐up; aHR = 1.23, P < 0.001 at Σ4 years of follow‐up). Women with other uncommon IBCs had an OS similar to those with IDC. Heterogeneity in survival was observed for some subtypes of OC, with better OS for women with MDLC and tubular carcinoma. Radiotherapy extended OS for all types of IBC in older women (≥50 years). For younger women (<50 years), radiotherapy improved OS in women with IDC, but not in those with ILC or uncommon IBC. Radiotherapy did not change cancer‐specific survival of younger women with any IBC.ConclusionsUncommon IBCs have distinct patterns of prognosis and survival. The effectiveness of radiotherapy in women with uncommon IBC may differ by age. The underlying mechanisms warrant further studies.
Antibiotic prescription for endodontic infections: a survey of Brazilian Endodontists
Authors: Bolfoni M. R. , Pappen F. G. , Pereira‐Cenci T. , Jacinto R. C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimTo investigate antibiotic prescribing habits reported by Brazilian endodontists in specific clinical situations.MethodologyBrazilian endodontists (n = 13 853) were invited to answer an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first part contained personal data such as age, gender, years of experience and location of endodontic practice; the second part included questions regarding their behaviour when prescribing antibiotics in dental practice. The subjects provided their registration number in the Regional Council of Dentistry (RCD) to prevent duplication of data. Data were collected and analysed by SPSS 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests were used to test the significance of possible associations (P < 0.05).ResultsFrom the 13 853 questionnaires, a total of 615 were answered (4.44%). The first‐choice antibiotic was amoxicillin (81.5%), followed by amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (30.7%). For acute apical abscesses with intra‐ and extraoral diffuse swelling, fever and trismus, 90.1% reported they would prescribe antibiotics, whilst 88.1% reported they would prescribe antibiotics even without extraoral swelling, fever and trismus, and 20.5% would prescribe antibiotics in cases of chronic apical periodontitis, and sinus tract. The first‐choice antibiotics varied by age of dentist (P < 0.001) and time elapsed since their endodontic graduation (P = 0.001).ConclusionsMany endodontists reported prescribing antibiotics in situations where they would not be indicated. Likewise, the general administration of antibiotics was longer in duration than necessary, reinforcing the need of continuous education regarding the use of antibiotics.
External cervical resorption: a three‐dimensional classification
Authors: Patel S. , Foschi F. , Mannocci F. , Patel K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis article describes a novel three‐dimensional classification for external cervical resorption (ECR). The European Society of Endodontology and American Association of Endodontists & American Academy of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology position statements advise that Cone beam computed tomography should be considered for the assessment and/or management of root resorption if it appears to be clinically amenable to treatment following clinical and conventional radiographic examination. The new classification takes into account the ECR lesion height (1: at CEJ level or coronal to the bone crest (supracrestal), 2: extends into the coronal third of the root and apical to the bone crest (subcrestal), 3: extends into the mid‐third of the root, 4: extends into the apical third of the root), circumferential spread (A: ≤90° B: ≤180° C: ≤270° D: >270°) and proximity to the root canal (d: lesion confined to dentine, p: probable pulpal involvement), thus classifying ECR in three dimensions. At present, there is no classification to accurately describe ECR. This novel and clinically relevant three‐dimensional classification should allow effective and accurate communication of ECR lesions between colleagues. It will also allow the effect of the nature of ECR on the outcome of treatment to be assessed objectively.
Apical stress distribution under vertical compaction of gutta‐percha and occlusal loads in canals with varying apical sizes: a three‐dimensional finite element analysis
Authors: Yuan K. , Niu C. , Xie Q. , Jiang W. , Gao L. , Ma R. , Huang Z. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimTo investigate and compare the effects of two apical canal instrumentation protocols on apical stress distribution at the root apex under vertical compaction of gutta‐percha and occlusal loads using finite element analysis.MethodologyThree finite element analysis models of a mandibular first premolar were reconstructed: an original canal model, a size 35, .04 taper apical canal enlargement model and a Lightspeed size 60 apical canal enlargement model. A 15 N compaction force was applied vertically to the gutta‐percha 5 mm from the apex. A 175 N occlusal load in two directions (vertical and 45° to the longitudinal axis of the tooth) was simulated. Stresses in the apical 2 mm of the root were calculated and compared among the three models.ResultsUnder vertical compaction, stresses in the apical canal instrumented by Lightspeed size 60 (maximal 3.3 MPa) were higher than that of the size 35, .04 taper model (maximal 1.3 MPa). In the case of the two occlusal forces, the Lightspeed size 60 apical enlargement was associated with the greatest stress distribution in the apical region. The greatest stress and the most obvious stress difference between the models appeared at the tip of the root when occlusal and vertical compaction loads were applied.ConclusionsApical enlargement caused stress distribution changes in the apical region of roots. The larger apical size led to higher stress concentration at the root apex.
CD73 expression identifies a subset of IgM+ antigen‐experienced cells with memory attributes that is T cell and CD40 signalling dependent
Authors: D'Souza Lucas , Gupta Sneh Lata , Bal Vineeta , Rath Satyajit , George Anna 
Published: July 2017

SummaryB‐cell memory was long characterized as isotype‐switched, somatically mutated and germinal centre (GC)‐derived. However, it is now clear that the memory pool is a complex mixture that includes unswitched and unmutated cells. Further, expression of CD73, CD80 and CD273 has allowed the categorization of B‐cell memory into multiple subsets, with combinatorial expression of the markers increasing with GC progression, isotype‐switching and acquisition of somatic mutations. We have extended these findings to determine whether these markers can be used to identify IgM memory phenotypically as arising from T‐dependent versus T‐independent responses. We report that CD73 expression identifies a subset of antigen‐experienced IgM+ cells that share attributes of functional B‐cell memory. This subset is reduced in the spleens of T‐cell‐deficient and CD40‐deficient mice and in mixed marrow chimeras made with mutant and wild‐type marrow, the proportion of CD73+ IgM memory is restored in the T‐cell‐deficient donor compartment but not in the CD40‐deficient donor compartment, indicating that CD40 ligation is involved in its generation. We also report that CD40 signalling supports optimal expression of CD73 on splenic T cells and age‐associated B cells (ABCs), but not on other immune cells such as neutrophils, marginal zone B cells, peritoneal cavity B‐1 B cells and regulatory T and B cells. Our data indicate that in addition to promoting GC‐associated memory generation during B‐cell differentiation, CD40‐signalling can influence the composition of the unswitched memory B‐cell pool. They also raise the possibility that a fraction of ABCs may represent T‐cell‐dependent IgM memory.