bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is risk‐taking in talented junior tennis players related to overuse injuries?
Authors: Van der Sluis A. , Brink M. S. , Pluim B. , Verhagen E. A. , Elferink‐Gemser M. T. , Visscher C. 
Published: July 2016

Overuse injuries are a serious problem in junior tennis. Gaining insight in age‐specific risk factors can contribute to prevention. The developmental cognitive processes that take place during adolescence make talented players more inclined to take risks. This may be even more pronounced in the high performance culture in which they move. Therefore, this study focuses on the relationship between risk‐taking and overuse injuries in talented tennis players. Seventy‐three talented tennis players (45 boys and 28 girls, age 11–14 years) were monitored for 32 weeks, using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems. Risk‐taking was measured at the start of the season with the Iowa Gambling Task. Linear regression analyses were executed to predict (a) overuse injuries, (b) time loss overuse injuries and (c) overuse severity, by risk‐taking, exposure time, and injury history. In boys, risk‐taking contributed significantly to time loss overuse injuries [F(1,39) = 7.764, P = 0.008, R2 = 0.15] and to overuse severity [F(1,39) = 5.683, P = 0.022, with an R2 of 0.13] In girls, time loss overuse injuries [F(1,23) = 6.889, P = 0.018, R2 = 0.20] and overuse severity [F(1,23) = 7.287, P = 0.013, R2 = 0.24] were predicted by exposure time. Coaches and trainers should be aware that talented male tennis players who are inclined to take risks, are more likely to maintain risky behavioral patterns related to overuse injuries.
Dosages of cold‐water immersion post exercise on functional and clinical responses: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Machado A. F. , Almeida A. C. , Micheletti J. K. , Vanderlei F. M. , Tribst M. F. , Netto Junior J. , Pastre C. M. 
Published: July 2016

Cold‐water immersion (CWI) is one of the recovery techniques commonly used by athletes for post‐exercise recovery. Nevertheless, the effects of CWI using different temperatures and the dose–response relationship of this technique have not yet been investigated. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of two strategies of CWI, using different water temperatures with passive recovery post exercise in the management of some markers of muscle damage, and to observe whether any of the techniques used caused deleterious effects on performance. Sixty healthy male participants performed an eccentric protocol to induce muscle damage and were then randomized to one of three groups (CWI1: 15 min at 9 °C; CWI2: 15 min at 14 °C; CG: control group). Levels of creatine kinase, muscle soreness, pain threshold, perception of recovery, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction were monitored up to 96 h post exercise. A large effect for time for all outcomes was observed [P < 0.001; CK (ES = 0.516), muscle soreness (ES = 0.368); pain threshold (ES = 0.184); perception of recovery (ES = 0.565); MVIC (ES = 0.273)]. CWI groups presented an earlier recovery for muscle soreness with lower ratings immediately post recovery. For delayed effects, the application of CWI2 (15 min at 14 °C) presented earlier recovery compared with CWI1 and control condition for maximal voluntary isometric contraction (P < 0.05). There were no significant group and interaction (Group × Time) effects. CWI groups acted more efficiently for muscle soreness and performance considering the time of recovery was observed. No evidence was found to suggest dose–response relationship and deleterious effects.
Transcutaneous pneumatic injection of glucose solution: a morphometric evaluation of in vivo micropig skin and tissue‐mimicking phantom
Authors: Cho S. B. , Kwon T. R. , Yoo K. H. , Oh C. T. , Choi E. J. , Kim B. J. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundNeedle‐free, transcutaneous pneumatic injection systems can be used to deliver therapeutic solutions to targeted layers of skin in a minimally invasive manner.MethodsTo evaluate jet infiltration patterns and tissue reactions, 5% isotonic and 20% hypertonic glucose solutions were pneumatically injected into in vivo micropig skin. Gelatin TM phantom was additionally prepared to analyze penetration and dispersion patterns for different experimental settings.ResultsAs immediate tissue reactions in the in vivo micropig skin, distinct pneumatic injection injury zones (PIIZs) in the dermis, extending from the papillary dermis deep into the dermo‐subcutaneous junction, were generated with the 5% and 20% glucose solutions and with pneumatic pressures of 4.64 and 5.7 bars, respectively. PIIZs markedly decreased in appearance at 1 day after treatment, accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration, and disappeared at 7 days post‐treatment with increased collagen and elastin production. In TM phantom study, the PIIZs created by 20% glucose mainly comprised a single, homogenous, round to oval zone, whereas those created by 5% glucose were irregular and multi‐lobular.ConclusionThe present study suggests that transcutaneous pneumatic injection therapy may exert mechanical stimulatory effects, immediate tissue shrinkage via hypertonic solutions, and late tissue regeneration effects during wound healing.
The Myth of the “Two Souths?” Racial Resentment and White Party Identification in the Deep South and Rim South*
Authors: Knuckey Jonathan 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesThis article addresses a debate among scholars of southern politics concerning the relevance of the distinction between the Deep South and Rim South states. Specifically, it examines the effect of racial resentment on white party identification in both southern subregions.MethodsData from the 2010 and 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Studies (CCES) are analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model to examine subregional differences in the effect of racial resentment on southern white party identification.ResultsAlthough whites in the Deep South were more likely to identify as Republicans than whites in the Rim South, the effect of racial resentment on party identification in the Deep South was not statistically different from that of whites in the Rim South.ConclusionsWhile it may be premature to completely discard the notion of the “Two Souths” it may behoove scholars of southern politics to also focus on individual state‐by‐state commonalities and differences, rather than be bound exclusively to the Deep/Rim South dichotomy.
Apology Speech Act Realization in the Sarawani Balochi Dialect: A Case Study of Female University Students
Authors: Ahangar Abbas Ali , Zeynali Dastuyi Seddigheh 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study aims at extracting and categorizing apology strategies in the Sarawani Balochi dialect. It also investigates the effect of the status and gender of addressees on the type and number of apology strategies employed by Sarawani Baloch female university students (SBFUS) based on a revised version of the Cross Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) proposed by Blum‐Kulka, House and Kasper (1989). The results show that while they used most of the apology strategies mentioned in CCSARP, which speaks to the universality of employing apology strategies, the participants also used new strategies reflecting the influence of their religious and cultural values. The results also show that although the status of the addressees significantly influenced the type and number of apology strategies used by the SBFUS in each type of apology situation, gender did not seem to have any such effect. Regarding the type and number of apology strategies, the most frequently used apology strategies were “illocutionary force indicating devices” and the “combination of 2” strategies.
Ten‐year follow‐up of two cohorts with an increased risk of variant CJD: donors to individuals who later developed variant CJD and other recipients of these at‐risk donors
Authors: Checchi M. , Hewitt P. E. , Bennett P. , Ward H. J. T. , Will R. G. , Mackenzie J. M. , Sinka K. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundTransmission of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) through blood transfusion is implicated in three deaths and one asymptomatic infection. Based on this evidence, individuals assessed to be at increased risk of vCJD through donating blood transfused to individuals who later developed vCJD, or through being other recipients of such donors, are followed up to further understand the risks of vCJD transmission through blood.ObjectivesTo provide a ten‐year follow‐up of these at‐risk cohorts.MethodsBlood donors to patients who later died from vCJD were identified by the Transfusion Medicine Epidemiological Review (TMER) study. A reverse risk probability assessment quantified the risk of blood transfusion or exposure through diet as the source of vCJD in the recipients. Donors to these recipients, and these donors’ other recipients, with a probability risk above 1%, are classified as at increased risk of vCJD for public health purposes. These cohorts are monitored for any vCJD occurrences.ResultsA total of 112 donors and 33 other recipients of their donated blood have been classified as at increased risk. After 2397 and 492 vCJD‐free years of follow–up, respectively, no deaths in either at‐risk cohort were of vCJD‐related causes.ConclusionsThe at‐risk cohorts have survived disease‐free far longer than the estimated incubation time for dietary‐acquired vCJD (donors) and transfusion‐acquired disease (other recipients). However, due to our still limited understanding of, and a lack of a reliable test for, asymptomatic vCJD infection, public health follow‐up is necessary for continued monitoring of at‐risk cohorts.
RpoN Modulates Carbapenem Tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal and PqsE
Authors: Viducic Darija , Murakami Keiji , Amoh Takashi , Ono Tsuneko , Miyake Yoichiro 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

The ability of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
to rapidly modulate its response to antibiotic stress and persist in the presence of antibiotics is closely associated with the process of cell-to-cell signaling. The alternative sigma factor RpoN (σ
54
) is involved in the regulation of quorum sensing (QS) and plays an important role in the survival of stationary-phase cells in the presence of carbapenems. Here, we demonstrate that a Δ
rpoN
mutant grown in nutrient-rich medium has increased expression of
pqsA
,
pqsH
, and
pqsR
throughout growth, resulting in the increased production of the
Pseudomonas
quinolone signal (PQS). The link between
pqsA
and its role in carbapenem tolerance was studied using a Δ
rpoN
Δ
pqsA
mutant, in which the carbapenem-tolerant phenotype of the Δ
rpoN
mutant was abolished. In addition, we demonstrate that another mechanism leading to carbapenem tolerance in the Δ
rpoN
mutant is mediated through
pqsE
. Exogenously supplied PQS abolished the biapenem-sensitive phenotype of the Δ
rpoN
Δ
pqsA
mutant, and overexpression of
pqsE
failed to alter the susceptibility of the Δ
rpoN
Δ
pqsA
mutant to biapenem. The mutations in the Δ
rpoN
Δ
rhlR
mutant and the Δ
rpoN
Δ
pqsH
mutant led to susceptibility to biapenem. Comparison of the changes in the expression of the genes involved in QS in wild-type PAO1 with their expression in the Δ
rpoN
mutant and the Δ
rpoN
mutant-derived strains demonstrated the regulatory effect of RpoN on the transcript levels of
rhlR
,
vqsR
, and
rpoS
. The findings of this study demonstrate that RpoN negatively regulates the expression of PQS in nutrient-rich medium and provide evidence that RpoN interacts with
pqsA
,
pqsE
,
pqsH
, and
rhlR
in response to antibiotic stress.
Penetration of Ceftaroline into the Epithelial Lining Fluid of Healthy Adult Subjects
Authors: Riccobene Todd A. , Pushkin Richard , Jandourek Alena , Knebel William , Khariton Tatiana 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, is a cephalosporin with bactericidal activity against Gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA). This study aimed to (i) evaluate ceftaroline concentrations in human plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and (ii) develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for plasma and ELF to be used in PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) target attainment simulations. Ceftaroline concentrations in ELF and plasma at steady state (day 4) were measured in healthy adult subjects for two dosages: 600 mg every 12 h (q12h) and 600 mg every 8 h (q8h). Both were well tolerated with no serious adverse events. The penetration of free ceftaroline into ELF, assuming 20% protein binding in plasma and no protein binding in ELF, was ≈23%. The population PK model utilized a two-compartment model for both ceftaroline fosamil and ceftaroline. Goodness-of-fit criteria revealed the model was consistent with observed data and no systematic bias remained. At 600 mg q12h and a MIC of 1 mg/liter, 98.1% of simulated patients would be expected to achieve a target free drug concentration above the MIC (
f
T>MIC) in plasma of 42%, and in ELF 81.7% would be expected to achieve a target
f
T>MIC of 17%; at 600 mg q8h, 100% were predicted to achieve an
f
T>MIC in plasma of 42% and 94.7% to achieve an
f
T>MIC of 17% in ELF. The literature and data suggest the 600 mg q12h dose is adequate for MICs of ≤1 mg/liter. There is a need for clinical data in patients with MRSA pneumonia and data to correlate PK/PD relationships in ELF with clinical outcomes.
Rifampin Resistance
rpoB
Alleles or Multicopy Thioredoxin/Thioredoxin Reductase Suppresses the Lethality of Disruption of the Global Stress Regulator
spx
in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Villanueva Maite , Jousselin Ambre , Baek Kristoffer T. , Prados Julien , Andrey Diego O. , Renzoni Adriana , Ingmer Hanne , Frees Dorte , Kelley William L. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is capable of causing a remarkable spectrum of disease, ranging from mild skin eruptions to life-threatening infections. The survival and pathogenic potential of
S. aureus
depend partly on its ability to sense and respond to changes in its environment. Spx is a thiol/oxidative stress sensor that interacts with the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase RpoA subunit, leading to changes in gene expression that help sustain viability under various conditions. Using genetic and deep-sequencing methods, we show that
spx
is essential in
S. aureus
and that a previously reported Δ
spx
strain harbored suppressor mutations that allowed it to grow without
spx
. One of these mutations is a single missense mutation in
rpoB
(a P-to-L change at position 519 encoded by
rpoB
[
rpoB
-P519L]) that conferred high-level resistance to rifampin. This mutation alone was found to be sufficient to bypass the requirement for
spx
. The generation of rifampin resistance libraries led to the discovery of an additional
rpoB
mutation, R484H, which supported strains with the
spx
disruption. Other rifampin resistance mutations either failed to support the Δ
spx
mutant or were recovered at unexpectedly low frequencies in genetic transduction experiments. The amino acid residues encoded by
rpoB
-P519L and -R484H map in close spatial proximity and comprise a highly conserved region of RpoB. We also discovered that multicopy expression of either
trxA
(encoding thioredoxin) or
trxB
(encoding thioredoxin reductase) supports strains with the deletion of
spx
. Our results reveal intriguing properties, especially of RNA polymerase, that compensate for the loss of an essential gene that is a key mediator of diverse processes in
S. aureus
, including redox and thiol homeostasis, antibiotic resistance, growth, and metabolism.

IMPORTANCE
The survival and pathogenicity of
S. aureus
depend on complex genetic programs. An objective for combating this insidious organism entails dissecting genetic regulatory circuits and discovering promising new targets for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we discovered that Spx, an RNA polymerase-interacting stress regulator implicated in many stress responses in
S. aureus
, including responses to oxidative and cell wall antibiotics, is essential. We describe two mechanisms that suppress the lethality of
spx
disruption. One mechanism highlights how only certain rifampin resistance-encoding alleles of RpoB confer new properties on RNA polymerase, with important mechanistic implications. We describe additional stress conditions where the loss of
spx
is deleterious, thereby highlighting Spx as a multifaceted regulator and attractive drug discovery target.
Who comes back with what: a retrospective database study on reasons for emergency readmission to hospital in children and young people in England
Authors: Wijlaars Linda P M M , Hardelid Pia , Woodman Jenny , Allister Janice , Cheung Ronny , Gilbert Ruth 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the proportion of children and young people (CYP) in England who are readmitted for the same condition.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingNational administrative hospital data (Hospital Episode Statistics).ParticipantsCYP (0-year-olds to 24-year-olds) discharged after an emergency admission to the National Health Service in England in 2009/2010.Main outcome measuresCoded primary diagnosis classified in six broad groups indicating reason for admission (infection, chronic condition, injury, perinatal related or pregnancy related, sign or symptom or other). We grouped readmissions as ≤30 days or between 31 days and 2 years after the index discharge. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine factors at the index admission that were predictive of readmission within 30 days.Results9% of CYP were readmitted within 30 days. Half of the 30-day readmissions and 40% of the recurrent admissions between 30 days and 2 years had the same primary diagnosis group as the original admission. These proportions were consistent across age, sex and diagnostic groups, except for infants and young women with pregnancy-related problems (15–24 years) who were more likely to be readmitted for the same primary diagnostic group. CYP with underlying chronic conditions were readmitted within 30 days twice as often (OR: 1.93, 95% CI 1.89 to 1.99) compared with CYP without chronic conditions.ConclusionsFinancial penalties for readmission are expected to incentivise more effective care of the original problem, thereby avoiding readmission. Our findings, that half of children come back with different problems, do not support this presumption.
Predictive value of cell-surface markers in infections in critically ill patients: protocol for an observational study (ImmuNe FailurE in Critical Therapy (INFECT) Study)
Authors: Conway Morris Andrew , Datta Deepankar , Shankar-Hari Manu , Weir Christopher J , Rennie Jillian , Antonelli Jean , Rossi Adriano G , Warner Noel , Keenan Jim , Wang Alice , Brown K Alun , Lewis Sion , Mare Tracey , Simpson A John , Hulme Gillian , Dimmick Ian , Walsh Timothy S 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionCritically ill patients are at high risk of nosocomial infections, with between 20% and 40% of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) acquiring infections. These infections result in increased antibiotic use, and are associated with morbidity and mortality. Although critical illness is classically associated with hyperinflammation, the high rates of nosocomial infection argue for an importance of effect of impaired immunity. Our group recently demonstrated that a combination of 3 measures of immune cell function (namely neutrophil CD88, monocyte HLA-DR and % regulatory T cells) identified a patient population with a 2.4–5-fold greater risk for susceptibility to nosocomial infections.Methods and analysisThis is a prospective, observational study to determine whether previously identified markers of susceptibility to nosocomial infection can be validated in a multicentre population, as well as testing several novel markers which may improve the risk of nosocomial infection prediction. Blood samples from critically ill patients (those admitted to the ICU for at least 48 hours and requiring mechanical ventilation alone or support of 2 or more organ systems) are taken and undergo whole blood staining for a range of immune cell surface markers. These samples undergo analysis on a standardised flow cytometry platform. Patients are followed up to determine whether they develop nosocomial infection. Infections need to meet strict prespecified criteria based on international guidelines; where these criteria are not met, an adjudication panel of experienced intensivists is asked to rule on the presence of infection. Secondary outcomes will be death from severe infection (sepsis) and change in organ failure.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval including the involvement of adults lacking capacity has been obtained from respective English and Scottish Ethics Committees. Results will be disseminated through presentations at scientific meetings and publications in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT02186522; Pre-results.
Consultations in general practices with and without mental health nurses: an observational study from 2010 to 2014
Authors: Magnée Tessa , de Beurs Derek P , de Bakker Dinny H , Verhaak Peter F 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate care for patients with psychological or social problems provided by mental health nurses (MHNs), and by general practitioners (GPs) with and without MHNs.DesignAn observational study with consultations recorded by GPs and MHNs.SettingData were routinely recorded in 161–338 Dutch general practices between 2010 and 2014.ParticipantsAll patients registered at participating general practices were included: 624 477 patients in 2010 to 1 392 187 patients in 2014.Outcome measuresWe used logistic and Poisson multilevel regression models to test whether GPs recorded more patients with at least one consultation for psychological or social problems and to analyse the number of consultations over a 5-year time period. We examined the additional effect of an MHN in a practice, and tested which patient characteristics predicted transferral from GPs to MHNs.ResultsIncreasing numbers of patients with psychological or social problems visit general practices. Increasing numbers of GPs collaborate with an MHN. GPs working in practices with an MHN record as many consultations per patient as GPs without an MHN, but they record slightly more patients with psychological or social problems (OR=1.05; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.08). MHNs most often treat adult female patients with common psychological symptoms such as depressive feelings.ConclusionsMHNs do not seem to replace GP care, but mainly provide additional long consultations. Future research should study to what extent collaboration with an MHN prevents patients from needing specialised mental healthcare.