bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virtual Touch Quantification of the Salivary Glands for Diagnosis of Primary Sjögren Syndrome
Authors: Chen Shaoqi , Wang Yukai , Chen Shaoxing , Wu Qiulin , Chen Shigao 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate the value of salivary gland stiffness measured by Virtual Touch quantification (VTQ; Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) for assessment of primary Sjögren syndrome.MethodsFifty‐four patients with primary Sjögren syndrome, 35 patients without primary Sjögren syndrome (patients with dry mouth and dry eye symptoms), and 52 healthy control volunteers were included in this study. Patients with primary Sjögren syndrome were classified as early or advanced stage by labial gland biopsies. All participants underwent B‐mode sonography, on which the salivary glands (parotid and submandibular) were identified and VTQ measurements of shear wave velocity (SWV) were obtained. The diagnostic performance of SWV was evaluated by sensitivity and specificity at the optimum cutoff point and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsFor submandibular glands, the mean SWV ± SD values were 2.25 ± 0.34 m/s in patients with early‐stage primary Sjögren, 1.84 ± 0.20 m/s in patients without primary Sjögren syndrome, and 1.82 ± 0.27 m/s in healthy controls (P< .001). With cutoff values of 2.15 and 2.10 m/s to separate patients with early‐stage primary Sjögren syndrome from those without Sjögren syndrome and healthy controls, the sensitivity and specificity were 77.1% and 85.4% and 79.2% and 83.9%, respectively. For parotid glands, the SWV values were 2.78 ± 0.82 m/s in patients with early‐stage primary Sjögren syndrome, 1.93 ± 0.33 m/s, in patients without primary Sjögren syndrome, and 1.85 ± 0.31 m/s in healthy controls (P < .001). With cutoff values of 2.18 and 2.10 m/s to separate patients with early‐stage primary Sjögren syndrome from those without Sjögren syndrome and healthy controls, the sensitivity and specificity were 89.3 % and 75.3% and 91.4% and 80.0%.ConclusionsThe VTQ technique might be a useful noninvasive strategy for assessment of salivary glands in the early stage of primary Sjögren syndrome.
Training Performance in Diagnosis of Congenital Uterine Anomalies With 3‐Dimensional Sonography
Authors: Pascual M. Angela , Alcazar Juan Luís , Graupera Betlem , Rodriguez Ignacio , Guerriero Stefano , Mallafre Anna , de Lorenzo Cristina , Hereter Lourdes 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesWe evaluated learning curve cumulative summation (CUSUM) of 3‐dimensional (3D) sonography for diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies and the deviations of the level of trainees' performance at the control‐stage CUSUM.MethodsFirst‐year (R1), second‐year (R2), and third‐year (R3) residents in obstetrics and gynecology received a training program to learn how to analyze 3D sonographic volumes and to classify congenital uterine anomalies. Each trainee worked on 155 3D sonographic volumes from preselected patients. Their results were evaluated by learning curve CUSUM and standard CUSUM. The time for each volume analysis was calculated for the expert examiner and the trainees.ResultsTrainees R1, R2, and R3 reached competence at the 85th, 58th, and 40th evaluations, respectively, with success rates of 80%, 81%, and 85%, and kept the process under control with error levels of less than 4.5% until the end of the test. The trainees significantly reduced the average time of the evaluation per volume (P < .001).ConclusionsLearning curve CUSUM provided quantitative indicators of the learning evolution of 3D sonography for diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies by obstetrics and gynecology residents. The training received by the residents was adequate for diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies using 3D sonography.
Large‐scale enhancement in aerosol absorption in the lower free troposphere over continental India during spring
Authors: Nair Vijayakumar S. , Babu S. Suresh , Gogoi Mukunda M. , Moorthy K. Krishna 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAerosol absorption in the lower troposphere over continental India was assessed using extensive measurements of the vertical distribution of absorption coefficients aboard an instrumented aircraft. Measurements were made from seven base stations during winter (November–December 2012) and spring (April–May 2013), supplemented by the data from the networks of surface observatories. A definite enhancement in aerosol absorption has been observed in the lower free troposphere over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) during spring, along with a reduction near the surface. The regional mean aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) over IGP, which was derived from aircraft observations (integrated from the ground to 3 km), increased from 0.020 ± 0.009 in winter to 0.048 ± 0.01 in spring. The columnar AAOD depicted weak and distinctly different seasonal variations than that of surface level black carbon mass concentrations. This contrasting difference in the seasonality indicates the presence of elevated layers of absorbing aerosols during spring in association with the long‐range transport and vertical convective lofting of aerosols.
A comparison of CO2 dynamics and air‐water fluxes in a river‐dominated estuary and a mangrove‐dominated marine estuary
Authors: Akhand Anirban , Chanda Abhra , Manna Sudip , Das Sourav , Hazra Sugata , Roy Rajdeep , Choudhury S. B. , Rao K. H. , Dadhwal V. K. , Chakraborty Kunal , Mostofa K. M. G. , Tokoro T. , Kuwae Tomohiro , Wanninkhof Rik 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe fugacity of CO2 (fCO2 (water)) and air‐water CO2 flux were compared between a river‐dominated anthropogenically disturbed open estuary, the Hugli, and a comparatively pristine mangrove‐dominated semiclosed marine estuary, the Matla, on the east coast of India. Annual mean salinity of the Hugli Estuary (≈7.1) was much less compared to the Matla Estuary (≈20.0). All the stations of the Hugli Estuary were highly supersaturated with CO2 (annual mean ~ 2200 µatm), whereas the Matla was marginally oversaturated (annual mean ~ 530 µatm). During the postmonsoon season, the outer station of the Matla Estuary was under saturated with respect to CO2 and acted as a sink. The annual mean CO2 emission from the Hugli Estuary (32.4 mol C m−2 yr−1) was 14 times higher than the Matla Estuary (2.3 mol C m−2 yr−1). CO2 efflux rate from the Hugli Estuary has increased drastically in the last decade, which is attributed to increased runoff from the river‐dominated estuary.
Iceberg meltwater fluxes dominate the freshwater budget in Greenland's iceberg‐congested glacial fjords
Authors: Enderlin Ellyn M. , Hamilton Gordon S. , Straneo Fiammetta , Sutherland David A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFreshwater fluxes from the Greenland ice sheet have increased over the last two decades due to increases in liquid (i.e., surface and submarine meltwater) and solid ice (i.e., iceberg) fluxes. To predict potential ice sheet‐ocean‐climate feedbacks, we must know the partitioning of freshwater fluxes from Greenland, including the conversion of icebergs to liquid (i.e., meltwater) fluxes within glacial fjords. Here we use repeat ~0.5 m‐resolution satellite images from two major fjords to provide the first observation‐based estimates of the meltwater flux from the dense matrix of floating ice called mélange. We find that because of its expansive submerged area (>100 km2) and rapid melt rate (~0.1–0.8 m d−1), the ice mélange meltwater flux can exceed that from glacier surface and submarine melting. Our findings suggest that iceberg melt within the fjords must be taken into account in studies of glacial fjord circulation and the impact of Greenland melt on the ocean.
Laboratory air‐entraining breaking waves: Imaging visible foam signatures to estimate energy dissipation
Authors: Callaghan A. H. , Deane G. B. , Stokes M. D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOceanic air‐entraining breaking waves fundamentally influence weather and climate through bubble‐mediated ocean‐atmosphere exchanges, and influence marine engineering design by impacting statistics of wave heights, crest heights, and wave loading. However, estimating individual breaking wave energy dissipation in the field remains a fundamental problem. Using laboratory experiments, we introduce a new method to estimate energy dissipation by individual breaking waves using above‐water images of evolving foam. The data show the volume of the breaking wave two‐phase flow integrated in time during active breaking scales linearly with wave energy dissipated. To determine the volume time‐integral, above‐water images of surface foam provide the breaking wave timescale and horizontal extent of the submerged bubble plume, and the foam decay time provides an estimate of the bubble plume penetration depth. We anticipate that this novel remote sensing method will improve predictions of air‐sea exchanges, validate models of wave energy dissipation, and inform ocean engineering design.
ECMWF Extreme Forecast Index for water vapor transport: A forecast tool for atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation
Authors: Lavers David A. , Pappenberger Florian , Richardson David S. , Zsoter Ervin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn winter, heavy precipitation and floods along the west coasts of midlatitude continents are largely caused by intense water vapor transport (integrated vapor transport (IVT)) within the atmospheric river of extratropical cyclones. This study builds on previous findings that showed that forecasts of IVT have higher predictability than precipitation, by applying and evaluating the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Extreme Forecast Index (EFI) for IVT in ensemble forecasts during three winters across Europe. We show that the IVT EFI is more able (than the precipitation EFI) to capture extreme precipitation in forecast week 2 during forecasts initialized in a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phase; conversely, the precipitation EFI is better during the negative NAO phase and at shorter leads. An IVT EFI example for storm Desmond in December 2015 highlights its potential to identify upcoming hydrometeorological extremes, which may prove useful to the user and forecasting communities.
Unexpected characteristics of the 150 km echoes observed over Gadanki and their implications
Authors: Patra A. K. , Pavan Chaitanya P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRecent discovery of two distinct types of 150 km echoes, namely, type‐A and type‐B, and subsequent progress in the large‐scale kinetic simulation of photoelectron‐induced plasma waves have begun a new era in resolving the five decades long 150 km echoing riddle. In this paper, we present hitherto unrevealed three important and unexpected findings on the two distinct types of 150 km echoes based on Gadanki radar observations. Our observations show unexpected predominance of type‐A echoes, strong seasonal dependence of both type‐A and type‐B echoes, and a surprising connection of the type‐B echoes to the unusually deep solar minimum of 2008–2009. We discuss how these results provide important new clues in tethering the competing processes involved in the daytime 150 km echoes and have significance in the recently proposed photoelectron‐induced plasma fluctuations as a potential mechanism for the 150 km echoes.
B isotopes of Carboniferous‐Permian volcanic rocks in the Tuha basin mirror a transition from subduction to intraplate setting in Central Asian Orogenic Belt
Authors: Liu Hai‐Quan , Xu Yi‐Gang , Wei Gang‐Jian , Wei Jing‐Xian , Yang Fan , Chen Xuan‐Yu , Liu Liang , Wei Xun 
Published: October 2016

AbstractControversies remain as to the Permian tectonic setting in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), in particular, regarding the triggering of Permian magmatism. To address this issue, we carried out a geochemical study on Dananhu volcanics from the Tuha basin, southwestern CAOB. 40Ar/39Ar analyses for feldspar separates yield a Carboniferous age of 321.2 ± 9.8 Ma for the andesites and a Permian age of 278.9 ± 4.2 Ma for the basalts. Both the andesites and basalts geochemically resemble subduction‐related magmas in aspects of their trace element and Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic composition, but they may differ in petrogenesis. The andesites are typical adakites. Their high Cr and Ni contents, and low heavy rare earth element contents, and positive correlation between B/Nb ratios and δ11B values suggest that they were generated by interaction between slab‐derived melts/fluids and the mantle wedge. The Permian basalts are subdivided into two subgroups: alkali and tholeiitic basalts. High Ba/La and Ba/Zr ratios indicate that the source of the alkali basalts has been metasomatized by fluids/melts derived from altered oceanic crust. In contrast, a volatile‐free source metasomatized by sediment‐derived fluids/melts is inferred for the tholeiitic basalts given their high Th/Zr and Th/Ce ratios. Negative correlation between B/Nb and δ11B for the Permian basalts imply that the arc signatures were imposed by previous subduction events, and no direct slab‐derived fluids/melts participated in their petrogenesis. These geochemical characteristics alongside regional geologic records collectively suggest a tectonic shift in the southwestern CAOB from subduction‐related setting during the Late Carboniferous to an intraplate setting during the Early Permian.
Studying the influence of groundwater representations on land surface‐atmosphere feedbacks during the European heat wave in 2003
Authors: Keune Jessica , Gasper Fabian , Goergen Klaus , Hense Andreas , Shrestha Prabhakar , Sulis Mauro , Kollet Stefan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe impact of 3D groundwater dynamics as part of the hydrologic cycle is rarely considered in regional climate simulation experiments. However, there exists a spatial and temporal connection between groundwater and soil moisture near the land surface, which can influence the land surface‐atmosphere feedbacks during heat waves. This study assesses the sensitivity of bedrock‐to‐atmosphere simulations to groundwater representations at the continental scale during the European heat wave 2003 using an integrated fully coupled soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere model. The analysis is based on the comparison of two groundwater configurations: (1) 3D physics‐based variably saturated groundwater dynamics and (2) a 1D free drainage (FD) approach. Furthermore, two different subsurface hydrofacies distributions (HFD) account for the uncertainty of the subsurface hydraulic characteristics, and ensemble simulations address the uncertainty arising from different surface‐subsurface initial conditions. The results show that the groundwater representation significantly impacts land surface‐atmosphere processes. Differences between the two groundwater configurations follow subsurface patterns, and the largest differences are observed for shallow water table depths. While the physics‐based setup is less sensitive to the HFD, the parameterized FD simulations are highly sensitive to the hydraulic characteristics of the subsurface. An analysis of variance shows that both, the groundwater configuration and the HFD, induce variability across all compartments with decreasing impact from the subsurface to the atmosphere, while the initial condition has only a minor impact.
Diacetyl (Butandion) [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2016b]
Authors: Schuh C. , Kirchner M. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

Diacetyl (Butanedione) – Determination of diacetyl in workplace air using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS)This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of 2,3‐butanedione (diacetyl) in workplace air in a concentration range of a tenth up to twice the currently valid Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) or MAK value. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a silica gel tube using a suitable flow‐regulated pump with a volumetric flow rate of 0.33 L/min. For sampling 1 hour or 15 min (checking the short‐term value) can be used. The collected diacetyl is desorbed with acetone containing the internal standard cyclohexanone and then analysed by means of gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Quantitative evaluation is based on a 10‐point calibration using cyclohexanone as internal standard. The limit of quantification for diacetyl is 0.0034 mg/m3based on an air sample volume of approx. 20 L or 0.0137 mg/m3based on an air sample volume of approx. 5 L (for short‐term value).
Aluminium and its soluble inorganic compounds [Air Monitoring Methods, 2014]
Authors: Rosenberger W. , Netz‐Piepenbrink S. , Hahn J. U. , Schon C. , Hebisch R. , Brock T. H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of aluminium and its soluble inorganic compounds in the inhalable and respirable dust fraction in workplace air. Both personal and stationary sampling can be performed for assessment of workplaces. Sampling is carried out by drawing a defined volume of air through a membrane filter located in a sampling head of the sampling device using a suitable pump. The respirable dust fraction is collected with the sampling head FSP 2 or 10 and the inhalable dust fraction with the GSP 3.5 or 10. The dust deposited on the membrane filter is treated with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid at 100 °C and then analysed using atomic absorption spectrometry with the graphite furnace technique (GFAAS). The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function obtained by means of a 10‐point calibration. For the inhalable dust of aluminium the limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.024 mg/m3for a sampling period of two hours (flow rate 3.5 L/min; air sample volume 420 L) and 0.0042 mg/m3for the respirable dust for a sampling period of two hours (flow rate 2.0 L/min; air sample volume 240 L).Joint Publication of the Analytical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Board of Experts of the Expert Committee Raw Materials and Chemical Industry of the German Social Accident Insurance and the Working Group “Air Monitoring Methods” of the Permanent Senate Commission of the DFG for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.
Phthalates, long‐chain (diisononyl phthalate, di‐n‐decyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, diundecyl phthalate and didodecyl phthalate) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2014]
Authors: Hahn J.‐U. , Assenmacher‐Maiworm H. , Koch H.M. , Pannwitz K.‐H. , Hebisch R. , Brock T. H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of long‐chain phthalates such as diisononyl phthalate, di‐n‐decyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, diundecyl phthalate and didodecyl phthalate present in the workplace air in the gaseous and particulate state. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a cellulose acetate filter located in the sampling head with an adsorption tube filled with silica gel connected downstream using a suitable pump. The flow rate is set to 1 L/min with a recommended air sample volume of 60 or 120 litres after 1 or 2 hours. The collected phthalates are desorbed with methanol and then analysed by means of liquid chromatography using a UV detector (HPLC‐UV). Quantitative determination is based on calibration functions obtained by means of multiple‐point calibrations using an internal standard. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for a phthalate are between 0.003 and 0.26 mg/m
3
for an air sample volume of 240 litres. The expanded uncertainty for these parameters is between 16 and 22%, depending on the phthalate and concentration.

Joint Publication of the Analytical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Board of Experts of the Expert Committee Raw Materials and Chemical Industry of the German Social Accident Insurance and the Working Group “Air Monitoring Methods” of the Permanent Senate Commission of the DFG for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.
Ethylbenzol, Addendum [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Reuter U. , Göen T. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: October 2016

Addendum to Ethylbenzol
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the biological tolerance value at the work place (BAT value) and the exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances (EKA) for ethylbenzene, considering mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine as well as 2‐ and 4‐ethylphenol in urine (after hydrolysis) to characterize the internal exposure. Ethylbenzene was classified in category 4 for carcinogenic substances. It can easily pass through the skin, so biological monitoring is necessary for a valid individual risk assessment.
The BAT value for styrene, which also considers the sum of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid, was evaluated as creatinine related value. For practical reasons, the BAT value and the EKA for ethylbenzene are transformed into creatinine related values as well. Therefore, volume‐related results of studies were re‐calculated using a conversion factor of 1.2 g creatinine/l urine. The available studies are in good accordance. A BAT value for the sum of mandelic acids plus phenylglyoxylic acid of 250 mg/g creatinine was evaluated. Sampling should be performed at the end of exposure or end of the shift.
For the EKA correlation, the values for the parameter mandelic acid plus phenylglyoxylic acid were also re‐calculated using a conversion factor of 1.2 g creatinine/l urine. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or end of the shift. For the parameter 2‐plus 4‐ethylphenol, data differ in the two available older studies. While in one study only 2‐ethylphenol was found as metabolite of ethylbenzene, in the other study only 4‐ethylphenol was determined. In a more recent study, solely 4‐ethylphenol, but no 2‐ethylphenol could be analysed. Because of the inconsistency of the data, the EKA for the parameter 2‐ plus 4‐ethylphenol is withdrawn.
Iod und anorganische Iodide [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Nasterlack M. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: October 2016

Iodine and inorganic iodides
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated iodine and inorganic iodides. Available publications are described in detail.
There is no reproducible quantitative relation between iodine exposure, absorption and resulting body burden. The association between iodine absorption and the incidence of thyroid dysfunction seems to be U‐shaped. Therefore, no sharp boundary can be drawn between iodine oversupply and iodine deficiency relating to individual health. No harmless range could be indicated, so a BAT value (biological tolerance value) for iodine and inorganic iodides could not be derived.
There are major regional differences due to different geological deposits of iodine, different concentrations of iodine in drinking water, iodine‐containing aerosols and nutritional habits. Furthermore, there is a high variability in the urinary analysis. Therefore, a BAR (“Biologischer Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwert”) for iodine and inorganic iodides could not be derived.