bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression ofPTENand its pseudogenePTENP1, and promoter methylation ofPTENin non-tumourous thymus and thymic tumours
Authors: Masunaga Atsuko , Omatsu Mutsuko , Kunimura Toshiaki , Uematsu Shugo , Kamio Yoshito , Kitami Akihiko , Miyagi Yohei , Hiroshima Kenzo , Suzuki Takashi 
Published: January 2017

AimsMutation or promoter methylation of the phosphatase tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 tumour suppressor gene (PTEN) promotes some cancers. Moreover,PTENP1(PTENpseudogene) transcript regulates PTEN expression and is thought to be associated with tumourigenesis in some cancers. Here, we investigated PTEN expression in thymic epithelium and thymic epithelial tumours.MethodsImmunohistochemical analysis of PTEN was performed on two non-tumourous thymus (NT) samples, 33 thymomas (three type A, eight type AB, 11 type B1, six type B2, and five type B3), and four thymic carcinomas (TCs). In 16 cases (two NT, three A, five B1, two B2, one B3 and three TC), analyses of mutations, promoter methylation and comparisons ofPTENmRNA andPTENP1transcripts were undertaken using PCR-direct sequencing, methylation-specific PCR, and reverse-transcription real-time PCR after target cell collection with laser microdissection.ResultsPTEN protein was not immunohistochemically detected in NT epithelium or types B1 or B2 thymoma cells, but was expressed in type A thymoma and carcinoma cells. NeitherPTENmutations nor promoter methylation were detected in any samples. Statistical analysis revealed thatPTENmRNA expression was highest in NT epithelium and lowest in type A thymoma cells.PTENP1transcript expression did not significantly differ among NT, thymoma and TC samples.ConclusionsWe speculated that NT epithelium and types B1/B2 thymoma cells have a mechanism ofPTENtranslation repression and/or acceleration of protein degradation, whereas type A thymoma cells exhibit transcriptional repression ofPTENmRNA and accelerated translation and/or protein accumulation.
Comparison of a 5‐mm and 10‐mm vessel sealing device in an open ovariectomy model in dogs
Authors: Devriendt N. , Van Goethem B. , Van Brantegem L. , De Ridder M. , Kitshoff A. , Or M. , de Rooster H. 
Published: January 2017

The objectives of this study were to compare (1) the extent of thermal damage and (2) the time between the 5‐mm LigaSure V (LS5) and 10‐mm LigaSure Atlas (LS10) vessel sealing devices (VSD) when performing open ovariectomy in dogs. A prospective, randomised, clinical trial was performed in 40 client‐owned sexually entire female dogs. In each dog, one ovary was randomly assigned to be surgically removed using LS5 and the contralateral using LS10. The depth of thermal spread, measured on histopathological preparations, was significantly larger for LS10 (LS10 1.35±0.23 mm v LS5 0.82±0.10 mm; P<0.001). Mean ovariectomy time was significantly faster when using LS10 (LS5 2.58±1.32 minutes v LS10 2.07±1.27 minutes; P=0.008). Bodyweight was positively correlated with the time required for ovariectomy using LS5 (P=0.004), but no such correlation was present for LS10 (P=0.611). In conclusion, during open ovariectomy using VSD, LS10 causes significantly more thermal spread but surgical time is shorter compared with LS5. When using LS5, the ovariectomy time increases with increasing bodyweight.
Spontaneous dynamics of neural networks in deep layers of prefrontal cortex
Authors: Blaeser Andrew S. , Connors Barry W. , Nurmikko Arto V. 
Published: January 2017

Cortical systems maintain and process information through the sustained activation of recurrent local networks of neurons. Layer 5 is known to have a major role in generating the recurrent activation associated with these functions, but relatively little is known about its intrinsic dynamics at the mesoscopic level of large numbers of neighboring neurons. Using calcium imaging, we measured the spontaneous activity of networks of deep-layer medial prefrontal cortical neurons in an acute slice model. Inferring the simultaneous activity of tens of neighboring neurons, we found that while the majority showed only sporadic activity, a subset of neurons engaged in sustained delta frequency rhythmic activity. Spontaneous activity under baseline conditions was weakly correlated between pairs of neurons, and rhythmic neurons showed little coherence in their oscillations. However, we consistently observed brief bouts of highly synchronous activity that must be attributed to network activity. NMDA-mediated stimulation enhanced rhythmicity, synchrony, and correlation within these local networks. These results characterize spontaneous prefrontal activity at a previously unexplored spatiotemporal scale and suggest that medial prefrontal cortex can act as an intrinsic generator of delta oscillations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using calcium imaging and a novel analytic framework, we characterized the spontaneous and NMDA-evoked activity of layer 5 prefrontal cortex at a largely unexplored spatiotemporal scale. Our results suggest that the mPFC microcircuitry is capable of intrinsically generating delta oscillations and sustaining synchronized network activity that is potentially relevant for understanding its contribution to cognitive processes.
Modulation of motor cortex inhibition during motor imagery
Authors: Chong Benjamin W. X. , Stinear Cathy M. 
Published: January 2017

Motor imagery (MI) is similar to overt movement, engaging common neural substrates and facilitating the corticomotor pathway; however, it does not result in excitatory descending motor output. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to assess inhibitory networks in the primary motor cortex via measures of 1-ms short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI), and late cortical disinhibition (LCD). These measures are thought to reflect extrasynaptic GABAA tonic inhibition, postsynaptic GABAB inhibition, and presynaptic GABAB disinhibition, respectively. The behavior of 1-ms SICI, LICI, and LCD during MI has not yet been explored. This study aimed to investigate how 1-ms SICI, LICI, and LCD are modulated during MI and voluntary relaxation (VR) of a target muscle. Twenty-five healthy young adults participated. TMS was used to assess nonconditioned motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, 1-ms SICI, 100- (LICI100) and 150-ms LICI, and LCD in the right abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and right abductor digiti minimi during rest, MI, and VR of the hand. Compared with rest, MEP amplitudes were facilitated in APB during MI. SICI was not affected by task or muscle. LICI100 decreased in both muscles during VR but not MI, whereas LCD was recruited in both muscles during both tasks. This indicates that VR modulates postsynaptic GABAB inhibition, whereas both tasks modulate presynaptic GABAB inhibition in a non-muscle-specific way. This study highlights further neurophysiological parallels between actual and imagined movement, which may extend to voluntary relaxation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to investigate how 1-ms short-interval intracortical inhibition, long-interval intracortical inhibition, and late cortical disinhibition are modulated during motor imagery and voluntary muscle relaxation. We present novel findings of decreased 100-ms long-interval intracortical inhibition during voluntary muscle relaxation and increased late cortical disinhibition during both motor imagery and voluntary muscle relaxation.
Impact of Heart Transplantation on the Functional Status of US Children With End-Stage Heart Failure
Authors: Peng David M. , Zhang Yulin , Rosenthal David N. , Palmon Michal , Chen Sharon , Kaufman Beth D. , Maeda Katsuhide , Hollander Seth A. , McDonald Nancy , Smoot Leslie B. , Bernstein Daniel , Almond Christopher S. 
Published: January 2017

Background:
There are limited data describing the functional status (FS) of children after heart transplant (HT). We sought to describe the FS of children surviving at least 1 year after HT, to evaluate the impact of HT on FS, and to identify factors associated with abnormal FS post-HT.

Methods:
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data were used to identify all US children <21 years of age surviving ≥1 year post-HT from 2005 to 2014 with a functional status score (FSS) available at 3 time points (listing, transplant, ≥1 year post-HT). Logistic regression and generalized estimating equations were used to identify factors associated with abnormal FS (FSS≤8) post-HT.

Results:
A total of 1633 children met study criteria. At the 1-year assessment, 64% were “fully active/no limitations” (FSS=10), 21% had “minor limitations with strenuous activity” (FSS=9); and 15% scored ≤8. In comparison with listing FS, FS at 1 year post-HT increased in 91% and declined/remained unchanged in 9%. A stepwise regression procedure selected the following variables for association with abnormal FS at 1 year post-HT: ≥18 years of age (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–2.7), black race (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–2.0), support with ≥inotropes at HT (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2–2.5), hospitalization status at HT (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0–2.19), chronic steroid use at HT (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0–2.2), and treatment for early rejection (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.5–2.7).

Conclusion:
Among US children who survive at least 1 year after HT, FS is excellent for the majority of patients. HT is associated with substantial improvement in FS for most children. Early rejection, older age, black race, chronic steroid use, hemodynamic support at HT, and being hospitalized at HT are associated with abnormal FS post-HT.
Brain Emboli After Left Ventricular Endocardial Ablation
Authors: Whitman Isaac R. , Gladstone Rachel A. , Badhwar Nitish , Hsia Henry H. , Lee Byron K. , Josephson S. Andrew , Meisel Karl M. , Dillon William P. , Hess Christopher P. , Gerstenfeld Edward P. , Marcus Gregory M. 
Published: January 2017

Background:
Catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia and premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) is common. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation is associated with a risk of cerebral emboli attributed to cardioversions and numerous ablation lesions in the low-flow left atrium, but cerebral embolic risk in ventricular ablation has not been evaluated.

Methods:
We enrolled 18 consecutive patients meeting study criteria scheduled for ventricular tachycardia or PVC ablation over a 9-month period. Patients undergoing left ventricular (LV) ablation were compared with a control group of those undergoing right ventricular ablation only. Patients were excluded if they had implantable cardioverter defibrillators or permanent pacemakers. Radiofrequency energy was used for ablation in all cases and heparin was administered with goal-activated clotting times of 300 to 400 seconds for all LV procedures. Pre- and postprocedural brain MRI was performed on each patient within a week of the ablation procedure. Embolic infarcts were defined as new foci of reduced diffusion and high signal intensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery brain MRI within a vascular distribution.

Results:

The mean age was 58 years, half of the patients were men, half had a history of hypertension, and the majority had no known vascular disease or heart failure. LV ablation was performed in 12 patients (ventricular tachycardia, n=2; PVC, n=10) and right ventricular ablation was performed exclusively in 6 patients (ventricular tachycardia, n=1; PVC, n=5). Seven patients (58%) undergoing LV ablation experienced a total of 16 cerebral emboli, in comparison with zero patients undergoing right ventricular ablation (
P
=0.04). Seven of 11 patients (63%) undergoing a retrograde approach to the LV developed at least 1 new brain lesion.

Conclusions:
More than half of patients undergoing routine LV ablation procedures (predominately PVC ablations) experienced new brain emboli after the procedure. Future research is critical to understanding the long-term consequences of these lesions and to determining optimal strategies to avoid them.
Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period
Authors: Hawkins Ed , Ortega Pablo , Suckling Emma , Schurer Andrew , Hegerl Gabi , Jones Phil , Joshi Manoj , Osborn Timothy J. , Masson-Delmotte Valérie , Mignot Juliette , Thorne Peter , van Oldenborgh Geert Jan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process agreed in Paris to limit global surface temperature rise to “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.” But what period is preindustrial? Somewhat remarkably, this is not defined within the UNFCCC’s many agreements and protocols. Nor is it defined in the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in the evaluation of when particular temperature levels might be reached because no robust definition of the period exists. Here we discuss the important factors to consider when defining a preindustrial period, based on estimates of historical radiative forcings and the availability of climate observations. There is no perfect period, but we suggest that 1720–1800 is the most suitable choice when discussing global temperature limits. We then estimate the change in global average temperature since preindustrial using a range of approaches based on observations, radiative forcings, global climate model simulations, and proxy evidence. Our assessment is that this preindustrial period was likely 0.55°–0.80°C cooler than 1986–2005 and that 2015 was likely the first year in which global average temperature was more than 1°C above preindustrial levels. We provide some recommendations for how this assessment might be improved in the future and suggest that reframing temperature limits with a modern baseline would be inherently less uncertain and more policy relevant.
Is the Federal Government Controlling Education?: The Federal Tailors
Authors: La Noue George R. 
Published: January 2017

Use of the leverage of the federal government dollar to accomplish objectives which have nothing to do with the purposes for which the dollar is given has become dangerously fashionable… . It might be called the “now that I have bought the button, I have a right to design the coat” approach. Kingman Brewster, President, Yale University
The Emergence of Global Administrative Law and International Institutions
Authors: Manocha Dushyant 
Published: January 2017

nderlying the emergence of a global administrative law is the recognition of the fact that increased global interdependence has led to a situation where decision making has moved beyond national boundaries. This situation where the presence of transnational governance structures is being increasingly felt throughout the globe has resulted in accountability concerns being expressed against such international institutions and herein lies the importance of the Global Administrative Law (GAL) Research Project at the New York School of Law. This research project is an effort to view diverse international governance structures from an administrative law perspective so as to identify some patterns of commonality and connection sufficiently deep and far-reaching as to constitute an embryonic field of global administrative law, which would enable the international community to deal with such accountability concerns. The present paper is a small contribution to the same. It examines the functioning of the World Trade Organization (WTO) from a GAL perspective. The question asked here is that how has the WTO as an institution fared at the democracy deficit allegations which have been levied against various international organizations including the WTO? The conclusion reached here is that one way to deal with the democracy deficit concerns could be the development of an all encompassing GAL regime.
Gastric Trauma following Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Hulewicz Bogdan 
Published: January 2017

Three cases of gastric trauma following cardiopulmonary resuscitation are reported. In two cases there were full thickness lacerations of the gastric wall resulting in pneumoperitoneum and in one case subcutaneous emphysema. In the third case, gastric mucosal lacerations resulted in gastric haemorrhage. In all three cases it was thought that the gastric lesions did not contribute to death and were resuscitation artefacts.
Acute Pancreatitis—The Correlation between Pathogenesis and Histological Findings at Autopsy
Authors: Heatley M K 
Published: January 2017

Acute pancreatitis is a commonly encountered acute inflammatory condition which involves the pancreas. It has been suggested that the distribution of necrosis and inflammation seen histologically depends on whether the pancreatitis occurs as a result of ductal obstruction or following an interruption in the supply of blood to the pancreas. A histological review of 27 pancreata removed at post-mortem from patients dying with acute pancreatitis confirms that the distribution of inflammation seen in the pancreas is characteristic of the pathogenic mechanisms giving rise to the disease. The findings of experimental and autopsy series are reviewed and provide support for the hypothesis.
Multiple-Race Mortality Data for California, 2000–2001
Authors: Heck Katherine E. , Parker Jennifer D. , McKendry C. Jane 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. To examine mortality rates and quality of race reporting for multiple-race individuals in California using the new multiple-race data available on the death certificate. Methods. Death data were drawn from California vital statistics for 2000 and 2001. Denominator data were drawn from the 2000 census Modified Race Data Summary File. The authors calculated mortality rates and relative standard errors for multiple-race individuals as a whole and by county, and for the three largest reported multiple-race groups (African American and white, American Indian/Alaska Native and white, and Asian and white). Results. Decedents reported to be of more than one race were disproportionately young, Hispanic, male, and never-married. Age-adjusted mortality rates for multiple-race groups were approximately one-sixth as high as rates for single-race individuals. There was substantial variability in rates for multiple-race decedents according to county of residence. Conclusions. Mortality rates for multiple-race people were implausibly low, and death certificates for multiple-race individuals were geographically clustered. Race reporting on death certificates will need to be improved before accurate death rates can be calculated for those of multiple races.
Public Health Detailing: A Strategy to Improve the Delivery of Clinical Preventive Services in New York City
Authors: Larson Kelly , Levy Joslyn , Rome Martha G. , Matte Thomas D. , Silver Lynn D. , Frieden Thomas R. 
Published: January 2017

To promote use of essential clinical preventive services, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene developed the Public Health Detailing Program, a primary care provider outreach initiative modeled on pharmaceutical detailing. Department representatives conducted topical campaigns, making unscheduled visits to health care practices and meeting with providers and office staff members. Representatives distributed “action kits” containing practice tools, provider information, and patient education materials; nicotine replacement therapy was distributed during the smoking cessation campaign. More than 2,500 interactions with practice staff members were completed by six health department representatives at approximately 200 sites. Physician visits lasted 10 minutes or longer, and by provider self-report, use of office systems for prevention and adherence to recommended practices increased. Public health detailing is an effective method of reaching providers to deliver key prevention messages, feasible for public health agencies and acceptable to practices. The effectiveness of this intervention in improving clinical prevention services requires further evaluation.
Comparison of Two Signal Detection Methods in a Coroner-Based System for near Real-Time Mortality Surveillance
Authors: Groenewold Matthew R. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. This article describes and compares the performance characteristics of two approaches to outbreak detection in the context of a coroner-based mortality surveillance system using controlled feature set simulation. Methods. The comparative capabilities of the outbreak detection methods— the Epidemic Threshold and Cusum methods—were assessed by introducing a series of simulated signals, configured as nonoverlapping, three-day outbreaks, into historic surveillance data and assessing their respective performances. Treating each calendar day as a separate observation, sensitivity, predictive value positive, and predictive value negative were calculated for both signal detection methods at various outbreak magnitudes. Their relative performances were also assessed in terms of the overall percentage of outbreaks detected. Results. Both methods exhibited low sensitivity for small outbreaks and low to moderate sensitivity for larger ones. In terms of overall outbreak detection, large outbreaks were detected with moderate to high levels of reliability, while smaller ones were detected with low to moderate reliability for both methods. The Epidemic Threshold method performed significantly better than the Cusum method for overall outbreak detection. Conclusions. The use of coroner data for mortality surveillance has both advantages and disadvantages, the chief advantage being the rapid availability of coroner data compared to vital statistics data, making near real-time mortality surveillance possible. Given the lack of sensitivity and limited outbreak detection reliability of the methods studied, the use of mortality surveillance for early outbreak detection appears to have limited usefulness. If it is used, it should be as an adjuvant in conjunction with other surveillance systems.
Financial Feasibility of a Model School-Based Dental Program in Different States
Authors: Bailit Howard , Beazoglou Tryfon , Drozdowski Margaret 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. This article describes a model for a school-based program designed to reduce dental access disparities and examines its financial feasibility in states with different Medicaid reimbursement rates. Methods. Using state and national data, the expected revenues and expenses for operating the program in different states were estimated. Hygienists with support staff provided screening and preventive services in schools using portable equipment and generated surplus funds that were used to supplement payments to community clinics and private practices for treating children. Results. The program is financially feasible in states when the ratio of Medicaid fees is 60.5% of mean national fees. Of the 13 states examined, one-third have adequate Medicaid fees to support the program. Conclusion. The model program has considerable promise for reducing access disparities at a lower cost per child than current Medicaid programs.