bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of automatic tube current modulation in a CT scanner using a customised homogeneous phantom
Authors: Hishaam Urshella , Jeyasugiththan Jeyasingam , Viswakula Sameera , Satharasinghe D M , Amalaraj T , Costa M , Kumarihami A M C , Pallewatte Aruna , Peterson Steve 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective. The introduction of automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) has resulted in complex relationships between scanner parameters, patient body habitus, radiation dose, and image quality. ATCM adjusts tube current based on x-ray attenuation variations in the scan region, and overall patient dose depends on a combination of factors. This work aims to develop mathematical models that predict CT radiation dose and image noise in terms of attenuating diameter and all relevant scanner parameters. Approach. A homogenous phantom, equipped with the features to conduct discrete and continuous adaption tests, was developed to model ATCM in a Philips CT scanner. Scanner parameters were varied based on theoretical dose relationships, and a MATLAB script was developed to extract data from DICOM images. R statistical software was employed for data analysis, plotting, and regression modelling. Main Results. Phantom data provided the following insights: Median tube current decreased by 81% as tube potential varied from 80 kVp to 140 kVp. Doubling the DoseRight Index (DRI) from 12 to 24, at 24 cm diameter, produced a 294% increase in mA and a 46% decrease in noise. Mean mA increased by 53% whilst mean noise increased by 5.7% as helical pitch increased from 0.6 to 0.925. Changing rotation time from 0.33s to 0.75s gave a 56% reduction in mean mA and no change in image noise. Increasing detector collimation (n × T) resulted in higher tube currents and lower output image noise values, as n and T were varied independently. Interpreting these results to apply transformations relevant to each independent variable produced models for tube current and noise with adjusted R-squared values of 0.965 and 0.912, respectively. Significance. The models developed more accurately predict radiation dose and image quality for specific patients and scanner settings. They provide imaging professionals with a practical tool to optimize scan protocols according to patient diameters and clinical objectives.
Conclusion
Authors: Macpherson Ben 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
With its complexities, paradoxes, contradictions, and potential, the utopian vocality of musical theatre is both rich and provocative. The concluding chapter draws together key themes from the book as a whole and, in doing so, it codifies primary concepts and new terminology developed throughout. ‘Decadent appropriation’, ‘macro-’ and ‘micro-voiceworlds’, three different ‘choralities’ and ‘simuloquism’ are brought together in a final discussion which reflects on further potential for listening to voice in musical theatre. The chapter concludes by suggesting other contexts in which these new concepts and terms might be applied and identifies several potential areas for future work.
Competing Tonics
Authors: Hedges Brown Julie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores chamber works that play with competing tonics on either an inter-movement level (the first of the Op. 41 quartets) or on an intra-movement level (the finale of the Op. 44 piano quintet), and in ways that reimagine older models like sonata form, rondo form, and fugal procedure. The chapter explores the roots of competing tonics within Schumann’s earlier output while also showing how these chamber works conjure larger meanings. The string quartet, for instance, generates its tonal dichotomy by taking a cue from a Beethovenian precedent; the manner through which resolution finally occurs, however, throws into relief Schumann’s own unique response. The finales of the string quartet and piano quintet also incorporate widespread references to the verbunkos idiom (also called the style hongrois), ones aligned with striking experimentation that resonates with cultural stereotypes of the Roma common in Schumann’s day. The chapter argues that such multivalent use of the verbunkos idiom was likely inspired by Schubert.
Nested Forms
Authors: Hedges Brown Julie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers how Schumann sought to renew the expressive power of inner-movement forms, using as examples the scherzo-trio drawn from the A-minor string quartet, and the variation-based slow movement from the F-major string quartet. These two forms are the most predictable of classical models, involving exact or varied levels of repetition. Schumann, however, reimagines the repetition concept and in ways that yield unusual nested forms. In the scherzo movement, such a form arises through an unusual interplay between fantastic and sacred associations. The chapter investigates various sources that may have inspired this interplay, from the writings of Goethe, to works by Felix Mendelssohn, to medieval legends and figures whose reputations yet resonated in Schumann’s day. In the slow movement, Schumann uses the analogous movement of Beethoven’s Op. 127 quartet as a point of departure for a new design, one that nests two sets of theme-and-variations within a larger movement, with resulting confusion between principal and secondary materials. The chapter also explores the influence of Schumann’s earlier output, including literary associations with Jean Paul, whose novels provide models not only for nested structures, but also for uncovering poetic links between them.
Listening in London
Authors: Hedges Brown Julie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the reception of the Leipzig chamber works within nineteenth-century London. Questions about whether the music was more conservative or progressive centered less on the repertory’s relationship to Schumann’s earlier works and more on its comparison with the output of Felix Mendelssohn. For conservative English critics, Schumann was Mendelssohn’s opposite, the dubious modernist to Mendelssohn the classicist, with Schumann eventually linked with “Brother Wagner” and the “dangerous music of the future.” Exploring this reception illuminates striking differences between mid-century English and Continental views of Schumann-the-figure, between conservative and progressive voices in London (including those of critics, directors, and performers), and between social classes, especially as the chamber works moved from rarefied environments into more affordable concert venues. Clara Schumann also figures prominently in this chapter, for as a widow she spent more time concertizing in London than in any other European capital, visiting nineteen times during 1856–1888. Her efforts to promote Robert’s music—a focus of her widowhood and one facilitated in part by her performance of the Op. 47 piano quartet and Op. 44 piano quintet—played a substantial role in changing the English debate about the merits of her husband’s music.
Deflationism about Practical Knowledge
Authors: Jagannathan Dhananjay 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter shows how, in the Nicomachean Ethics (NE), Aristotle situates his practical epistemology, especially his view of ordinary or ground-level ethical knowledge, against a deflationist view that can be found in the work of the rhetorician Isocrates, whose views Aristotle alludes to in the opening methodological discussion of the NE. This view takes practical knowledge to amount to a capacity for skilfull guesswork. The chapter considers how such a view is developed in Isocrates’ writings and notes that this view may be motivated, in part, by the sophist Protagoras’ claim that things are good and bad just in case they are conventionally thought to be so. It then turns to Aristotle’s own view of possibility—and the shape—of ethical knowledge in the first book of the NE.
Invoking ethnic identity in the service of right-wing rhetoric: an analysis of 2022 Latina republican candidates in South Texas
Authors: Moreira Raquel , Soto-Vásquez Arthur D 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Growing identification by U.S. Latines with the Republican Party has been of interest since the 2020 presidential election, especially in South Texas. This article presents a rhetorical criticism of three Republican Latina candidates for Congress in the 2022 midterms. Utilizing Latine rhetorical criticism of their campaign ads, we identify the strategic deployment of conservative ethnic identity that disavows racialized identity through anti-immigrant rhetoric. Instead of moderating anti-immigration discourse, as has been suggested by observers on how to attract Latine voters, these candidates instead redirect the immigrant threat narrative towards other subgroups of Latines. Also key in the deployment of ethnic identity for right-wing appeals is the construction of a political persona that emphasizes traditional Latine gender roles in the service of political activism. Finally, there is a mystification of the underlying reasons for economic precarity that is nevertheless based on local histories of exploitation in South Texas.
Correlates and Brain Substrates of Happiness in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in India
Authors: Cotton Kelly , Blumen Helena M , Ayers Emmeline , Adhikari Dristi , Sigamani Alben , Pradeep Kumar Vayyattu G , Verghese Joe 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Happiness has been shown to influence many health-related outcomes in older adults. Identifying correlates and brain substrates of happiness across countries and cultures is an important goal, as the global older adult population continues to increase.

Methods
We used univariate and multiple regression to examine associations between happiness and several demographic, health, and lifestyle variables in 665 older adults (39% female) from Kerala, India. We also used Bayesian regression to examine associations between cortical thickness and happiness in a subsample of 188 participants that completed MRI scanning.

Results
Happiness was significantly associated with several variables. In our multiple regression model, which included all significant univariate predictors, self-rated health, depression, anxiety, apathy, social network size, social network diversity, and social support significantly predicted happiness. Demographic indicators (age, sex, education, marital status, residence, and employment status/type), cognitive impairment, comorbidities, and leisure activities were not significantly associated with happiness in the multiple regression model. Cortical thickness in several brain regions was positively associated with happiness scores, including frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and cingulate regions.

Discussion
Understanding the key correlates is critical for identifying both modifiable factors that can be targeted in well-being interventions and fixed characteristics that identify those at-risk for reduced happiness. The widespread pattern of brain regions associated with happiness is consistent with the multifactorial nature of happiness and, given that the regions identified do not overlap with those vulnerable to cortical thinning, can help explain why subjective well-being, unlike other cognitive functions, is largely resistant to age-related decline.
Optimizing landscape-scale coastal monitoring and reporting through predicted versus observed animal abundance models
Authors: Gilby Ben L , Goodridge Gaines Lucy A , Henderson Christopher J , Borland Hayden P , Coates-Marnane Jack , Connolly Rod M , Maxwell Paul S , Mosman Jesse D , Olds Andrew D , Perry Hannah J , Saeck Emily , Tsoi Wing Ying 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Effective environmental management hinges on monitoring drivers of change and effectively communicating results to stakeholders. While animals are valuable for engagement, few monitoring programs successfully integrate metrics quantifying their assemblages. We studied fish responses to environmental factors (including landscape context and water quality) in a 3-year survey across six ecosystems and 13 estuaries in eastern Australia (for &gt;1800 fish surveys), and developed a novel predicted versus observed approach to monitoring, grading, and reporting on animal populations. Fish species richness and the abundance of five indicator species were explained significantly by at least one spatial attribute of sites (e.g. connectivity with mangroves and the ocean), and at least one water quality metric reflecting annual median water conditions (especially turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration). For our grading approaches, predicted values were calculated for each replicate using best-fit models for each indicator, thereby accounting for natural spatiotemporal variation and standardizing site-to-site comparisons. Evaluating six methods for translating values into graded scores for each estuary, we recommend a simple metric: the percentage of sites with observed values above predictions. We discuss this approach as useful and complementary to programs with predominantly physical parameter monitoring, and discuss challenges in establishing ongoing protocols.
Strategic coupling beyond borders: Germany’s extraterritorial agency in Namibia’s green hydrogen industry
Authors: Kalvelage Linus , Walker Benedikt 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Amidst increasing geopolitical threats, geo-economic competition, and climate change concerns, this article reflects on why and how states alter strategic coupling processes abroad. Scrutinizing Germany’s involvement in Namibia’s green hydrogen industry, we conceptualize the decarbonization rationale as a state project that drives extraterritorial agency. Extraterritorial institutions accompany private enterprises with public institutional support, thus leading to three mechanisms through which extraterritorial agency shapes strategic coupling dynamics abroad: extraterritorial de-risking, extraterritorial asset creation, and market creation. We show that, even in liberal and coordinated market economies, states develop extraterritorial strategies to align global production networks with their strategic goals.
(Conceptual) explanations in logic
Authors: Poggiolesi Francesca 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
To explain phenomena in the world is a central human activity and one of the main goals of rational inquiry. There are several types of explanation: one can explain by drawing an analogy, as one can explain by dwelling on the causes (see e.g. see [Woodward (2004, Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. Oxford University Press, Oxford)]. Amongst these different kinds of explanation, in the last decade, philosophers have become receptive to those explanations that explain by providing the reasons (or the grounds) why a statement is true; these explanations are often called conceptual explanations (e.g. see [Betti (2010, Explanation in metaphysics and Bolzano's theory of ground and consequence. Logique et analyse, 211:281316)]). The main aim of the paper is to propose a logical account of conceptual explanations. We will do so by using the resources of proof theory, in particular sequent rules analogous to deep inferences ([e.g. see Brunnler (2004, Deep Inference and Symmetry in Classical Proofs. Logoc Verlag)]). The results we provide not only shed light on conceptual explanations themselves, but also on the role that logic and logical tools might play in the burgeoning field of inquiry concerning explanations. Indeed, we conclude the paper by underlining interesting links between the present research and some other existing works on explanations and logic that have arise in recent years, e.g. see [Arieli et al. (2022, Explainable logic-based argumentation. Computational Models of Argument, 353:3243); Darwiche and Hirth (2023, On the (complete) reasons behind decisions. Journal of Logic Language and Information, 32:6388); Piazza, Pulcini, and Sabatini (2023, Abduction as deductive saturation: a proof-theoretic inquiry. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 52:15751602)].
For here it is for the empirical scientist to
know the fact and for the mathematical to
know the reason why (our emphasis)
[Aristotle (1993, Posterior Analytics.
Oxford University Press, Oxford)].
Substance Use and Adverse Mental Health Disparities Between Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Service Members in the U.S. Military
Authors: Kaplansky Gabrielle F , Allman Matthew W , Beymer Matthew R , Dean Frances M , Anderson Goodell Erin M , Schaughency Katherine C L 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Nationally representative studies have shown that lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults have higher levels of substance use than heterosexual adults. In the military, substance use is often associated with adverse mental health outcomes and is often comorbid with other mental health conditions and adverse or harmful behaviors. Few military studies to date have comprehensively examined the relationship between sexual orientation, mental health, and substance use.

Materials and Methods
Data from the 2018 Health-Related Behaviors Survey (n = 17,166) were used. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between sexual orientation and substance use. Regression models were also used to examine whether measures of mental health moderate the relationship between sexual orientation and substance use.

Results
Compared to heterosexual individuals, lesbian and gay individuals were more likely to engage in illicit drug use (adjusted odds ratio = 3.27; 95% CI, 1.45 to 7.36). Bisexual individuals were more likely to binge drink (adjusted odds ratio = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.74). Individuals with moderate or serious psychological distress were more likely to report binge drinking or smoking tobacco. Individuals with serious psychological distress were more likely to use illicit drugs. None of the interactions tested in this study were statistically significant.

Conclusions
Substance use in the military was more likely among sexual minority individuals compared to heterosexual individuals. These findings reflect the patterns of substance use seen in the general population. Increased levels of psychological distress were associated with both the lesbian, gay, and bisexual population in this study and self-reported substance use behaviors. Further investigation of health disparities by sexual orientation may inform more efficacious treatment and prevention programs.
Cosmological constraints from the full-shape galaxy power spectrum in SDSS-III BOSS using the BACCO hybrid Lagrangian bias emulator
Authors: Pellejero Ibáñez Marcos , Angulo Raul E , Peacock John A 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a novel analysis of the redshift-space power spectrum of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III) Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). Our methodology improves upon previous analyses by using a theoretical model based on cosmological simulations coupled with a perturbative description of the galaxy–matter connection and a phenomenological prescription of fingers of God. This enables a very robust analysis down to mildly non-linear scales, $k\simeq 0.4 \, h\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$. We carried out a number of tests on mock data, different subsets of BOSS, and using model variations, all of which support the robustness of our analysis. Our results provide constraints on $\sigma _8$, $\Omega _m$, h, and $S_8 \equiv \sigma _8 \sqrt{ \Omega _{\rm m} /0.3}$. Specifically, we measure $\Omega _m=0.301\pm 0.011$, $\sigma _8=0.745^{+0.028}_{-0.035}$, $h=0.705\pm 0.015$, and $S_8 = 0.747^{+0.032}_{-0.039}$ when all the nuisance parameters of our model are left free. By adopting relationships among bias parameters measured in galaxy formation simulations, the value of $S_8$ remains consistent whereas uncertainties are reduced by $\sim 20~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. Our cosmological constraints are some of the strongest obtained with the BOSS power spectrum alone: they exhibit a $2.5{\!-\!}3.5\sigma$ tension with the results of the Planck satellite, agreeing with the lower values of $S_8$ derived from gravitational lensing. However, the cosmological model preferred by Planck is still a good fit to the BOSS data, assuming small departures from physical bias priors and, therefore, cannot be excluded at high significance. We conclude that, at the present, the BOSS data alone does not show strong evidence for a tension between the predictions of Lambda cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) for the high- and low-redshift Universe.
Formation of a magnetized hybrid star with a purely toroidal field from phase-transition-induced collapse
Authors: Yip Anson Ka Long , Cheong Patrick Chi-Kit , Li Tjonnie Guang Feng 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Strongly magnetized neutron stars are popular candidates for producing detectable electromagnetic and gravitational-wave signals. Gravitational collapses of neutron stars triggered by a phase transition from hadrons to deconfined quarks in the cores could also release a considerable amount of energy in the form of gravitational waves and neutrinos. Hence, the formation of a magnetized hybrid star from such a phase-transition-induced collapse is an interesting scenario for detecting all these signals. These detections may provide essential probes for the magnetic field and composition of such stars. Thus far, a dynamical study of the formation of a magnetized hybrid star from a phase-transition-induced collapse has yet to be realized. Here, we investigate the formation of a magnetized hybrid star with a purely toroidal field and its properties through dynamical simulations. We find that the maximum values of rest-mass density and magnetic field strength increase slightly and these two quantities are coupled in phase during the formation. We then demonstrate that all microscopic and macroscopic quantities of the resulting hybrid star vary drastically when the maximum magnetic field strength goes beyond a threshold of $\sim 5 \times 10^{17}$ G, but they are insensitive to the magnetic field below this threshold. Specifically, the magnetic deformation makes the rest-mass density drop significantly, suppressing the matter fraction in the mixed phase. These behaviours agree with those in the equilibrium models of previous studies. Therefore, this work provides a solid support for the magnetic effects on a hybrid star.
Collisional and radiative data for tellurium ions in kilonovae modelling and laboratory benchmarks
Authors: Mulholland L P , McNeill F , Sim S A , Ballance C P , Ramsbottom C A 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Tellurium is a primary candidate for the identification of the 2.1 $\, \mu$m emission line in kilonovae (KNe) spectra AT2017gfo and GRB230307A. Despite this, there is currently an insufficient amount of atomic data available for this species. We calculate the required atomic structure and collisional data, particularly the data required for accurate non-local-thermodynamic-equilibrium (NLTE) modelling of the low temperatures and densities in KNe. We use a multiconfigurational Dirac–Hartree–Fock method to produce optimized one-electron orbitals for Te i-iii. As a result energy levels and Einstein A-coefficients for Te i-iii have been calculated. These orbitals are then employed within Dirac R-matrix collision calculations to provide electron-impact-excitation collision strengths that were subsequently averaged according to a thermal Maxwellian distribution. Subsequent tardis simulations using this new atomic data reveal no significant changes to the synthetic spectra due to the very minor contribution of Te at early epochs. NLTE simulations with the colradpy package reveal optically thin spectra consistent with the increasing prominence of the Te iii 2.1 $\, \mu$m line as the KNe ejecta cools. This is reinforced by the estimation of luminosities at nebular KNe conditions. New line ratios for both observation and laboratory benchmarks of the atomic data are proposed.