bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron heating and energy inventory during asymmetric reconnection in a laboratory plasma
Authors: Yoo Jongsoo , Na Byungkeun , Jara‐Almonte J. , Yamada Masaaki , Ji Hantao , Roytershteyn V. , Argall M. R. , Fox W. , Chen Li‐Jen 
Published: August 2017

AbstractElectron heating and the energy inventory during asymmetric reconnection are studied in the laboratory plasma with a density ratio of about 8 across the current sheet. Features of asymmetric reconnection such as the large density gradients near the low‐density side separatrices, asymmetric in‐plane electric field, and bipolar out‐of‐plane magnetic field are observed. Unlike the symmetric case, electrons are also heated near the low‐density side separatrices. The measured parallel electric field may explain the observed electron heating. Although large fluctuations driven by lower hybrid drift instabilities are also observed near the low‐density side separatrices, laboratory measurements and numerical simulations reported here suggest that they do not play a major role in electron energization. The average electron temperature increase in the exhaust region is proportional to the incoming magnetic energy per an electron/ion pair but exceeds scalings of the previous space observations. This discrepancy is explained by differences in the boundary condition and system size. The profile of electron energy gain from the electric field shows that there is additional electron energy gain associated with the electron diamagnetic current besides a large energy gain near the X line. This additional energy gain increases electron enthalpy, not the electron temperature. Finally, a quantitative analysis of the energy inventory during asymmetric reconnection is conducted. Unlike the symmetric case where the ion energy gain is about twice more than the electron energy gain, electrons and ions obtain a similar amount of energy during asymmetric reconnection.
On the pattern of CO2 radiative forcing and poleward energy transport
Authors: Huang Yi , Xia Yan , Tan Xiaoxiao 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA set of general circulation model experiments are conducted to analyze how the poleward energy transport (PET) is related to the spatial pattern of CO2 radiative forcing. The effects of forcing pattern are affirmed by comparing the conventional doubling CO2 experiment, in which the forcing pattern is inhomogeneous, to a set of forcing homogenization experiments, in which the top of atmosphere (TOA), surface, or atmospheric forcing distribution is homogenized respectively. In addition, we separate and compare the effects of CO2 forcing to various feedbacks on atmospheric and oceanic PETs, by using a set of radiative kernels that we have developed for both TOA and surface radiation fluxes. The results here show that both the enhancement of atmospheric PET and weakening of oceanic PET during global warming are directly driven by the meridional gradients of the CO2 forcing. Interestingly, the overall feedback effect is to reinforce the forcing effect, mainly through the cloud feedback in the case of atmospheric PET and the albedo feedback in the case of the oceanic PET. Contrary to previous studies, we find that the water vapor feedback only has a weak effect on atmospheric PET. The Arctic warming amplification, which strongly affects atmospheric PET, is sensitive to the CO2 forcing pattern.
Tracking CMEs using data from the Solar Stormwatch project; observing deflections and other properties
Authors: Jones Shannon R. , Barnard Luke A. , Scott Christopher J. , Owens Mathew J. , Wilkinson Julia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWith increasing technological dependence, society is becoming ever more affected by changes in the near‐Earth space environment caused by space weather. The primary driver of these hazards are coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Solar Stormwatch is a citizen science project in which volunteers participated in several activities which characterized CMEs in the remote sensing images from the Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) instrument package on the twin STEREO spacecraft. Here we analyze the results of the “Track‐it‐back” activity, in which CMEs were tracked back through the COR1, COR2, and EUVI images. Analysis of the COR1, COR2, and EUVI data together allows CMEs to be studied consistently throughout the whole field of view spanned by these instruments (out to 15 RS). A total of 4783 volunteers took part in this activity, creating a data set containing 23,801 estimates of CME timing, location, and size. We used these data to produce a catalogue of 41 CMEs, which is the first to consistently track CMEs through each of these instruments. We assess how the CME speeds, propagation directions, and widths vary as the CMEs propagate through the fields of view of the different imagers. In particular, we compare the observed CME deflections between the COR1 and COR2 fields of view to the separation between the CME source region and the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), demonstrating that in general, these CMEs appear to deflect toward the HCS, consistent with other modeling studies of CME propagation.
Gram‐Scale Synthesis of Amines Bearing a gem‐Difluorocyclopropane Moiety
Authors: Nosik Pavel S. , Gerasov Andrii O. , Boiko Rodion O. , Rusanov Eduard , Ryabukhin Sergey V. , Grygorenko Oleksandr O. , Volochnyuk Dmitriy M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe synthesis of monocyclic, spirocyclic and fused bicyclic secondary amines bearing a gem‐difluorocyclopropane moiety via difluorocyclopropanation of unsaturated N‐Boc derivatives using the trifluoromethyl(trimethyl)silane/sodium iodide [CF3SiMe3‐NaI] system is described. The relative order of the substrate reactivity is established. It is shown that for the reactive alkenes the standard reaction conditions can be used, whereas for the substrates with low reactivity, slow addition of the Ruppert–Prakash reagent is necessary.magnified image
Kombination von hochwertiger Spektroskopie, Quantenchemie und Katalyse: nicht nur eine Modeerscheinung
Authors: Neese Frank 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDie Quantenchemie kann als wesentliches Bindeglied zwischen Theorie und Experiment bei der Untersuchung katalytischer Reaktionen in allen Bereichen der Katalyse herangezogen werden. Das Hauptmerkmal dieses Ansatzes besteht darin, dass die Quantenchemie mit einem Arsenal hochwertiger spektroskopischer Methoden kombiniert wird. Auf diese Weise kann man zu Schlussfolgerungen gelangen, die weder durch Theorie noch durch Experiment alleine möglich gewesen wären.
Assessing the Stability of Fluorescently Encoded Nanoparticles in Lysosomes by Using Complementary Methods
Authors: Milosevic Ana M. , Rodriguez‐Lorenzo Laura , Balog Sandor , Monnier Christophe A. , Petri‐Fink Alke , Rothen‐Rutishauser Barbara 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNanoparticles (NPs) are promising tools in biomedical research. In vitro testing is still the first method for initial evaluation; however, NP colloidal behavior and integrity, in particular inside cells (that is, in lysosomes), are largely unknown and difficult to evaluate because of the complexity of the environment. Furthermore, while the majority of NPs are usually labeled with fluorescent dyes for tracking purposes, the effect of the lysosomal environment on the fluorophore properties, as well as the ensuing effects on data interpretation, is often only sparsely addressed. In this work, we have employed several complementary analytical methods to better understand the fate of fluorescently encoded NPs and identify potential pitfalls that may arise from focusing primary analysis on a single attribute, for example, fluorophore detection. Our study shows that in a lysosomal environment NPs can undergo significant changes resulting in dye quenching and distorted fluorescence signals.
Photochemical Dual‐Catalytic Synthesis of Alkynyl Sulfides
Authors: Santandrea Jeffrey , Minozzi Clémentine , Cruché Corentin , Collins Shawn K. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA photochemical dual‐catalytic cross‐coupling to form alkynyl sulfides via C(sp)−S bond formation is described. The cross‐coupling of thiols and bromoalkynes is promoted by a soluble organic carbazole‐based photocatalyst using continuous flow techniques. Synthesis of alkynyl sulfides bearing a wide range of electronically and sterically diverse aromatic alkynes and thiols can be achieved in good to excellent yields (50–96 %). The simple continuous flow setup also allows for short reaction times (30 min) and high reproducibility on gram scale. In addition, we report the first application of photoredox/nickel dual catalysis towards macrocyclization, as well as the first example of the incorporation of an alkynyl sulfide functional group into a macrocyclic scaffold.
From Fenestrindane towards Saddle‐Shaped Nanographenes Bearing a Tetracoordinate Carbon Atom
Authors: Wong Wai‐Shing , Ng Chun‐Fai , Kuck Dietmar , Chow Hak‐Fun 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTwo saddle‐shaped polycyclic aromatic compounds (8 a and 8 b) bearing an all‐cis‐[5.5.5.5]fenestrane core surrounded by an o,p,o,p,o,p,o,p‐cyclooctaphenylene belt were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The key step of this synthesis involves the formation of four cycloheptatriene rings from the corresponding electron‐rich 1,4,9,12‐tetraarylfenestrindane derivatives 7 a and 7 b in Scholl‐type cyclizations. The structural details of the D2d‐symmetric saddle compound 8 a were determined by X‐ray crystallography, and the properties of 8 a and 8 b were studied by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
Depression and social phobia in essential tremor and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Smeltere Ligita , Kuzņecovs Vladimirs , Erts Renārs 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundEssential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the two most common movement disorders, and tremor is the most visible symptom. Comparative study on ET and PD clinical neuropsychiatric symptoms was performed to assess the impact of emotional state on tremor.ObjectivesTo investigate the most common psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety and social phobia) and their correlations with motor symptoms, especially tremor, in ET and PD patients.Materials and MethodsThis comparative cross‐sectional study consisted of neurological examinations, five self‐assessment questionnaires (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale [DASS], Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], Social Interaction Anxiety Scale [SIAS], Social Phobia Scale [SPS], and State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory[STAI]), clinical interviews with 45 ET patients, 40 PD patients, and 40 controls (CG), and statistical analysis was performed for 40:35:39 respectively.ResultsBDI revealed depressive disorders of various severities in all groups (ET=79.5%, PD=91.2%, and CG=66.7%). The study found no significant difference between ET and PD groups (p = .708) and significant difference between the patients and controls (ET/CG p = .049; PD/CG p = .007).Depression (DASS(D), BDI) did not correlate with tremor severity (p > .05) in ET and PD patients.The prevalence of social phobia was ET=50.0%, PD=42.9%, and CG=20.5%. There was significant difference between ET/CG (SIAS p = .02, SPS p = .001) and PD/CG (SPS p = .018), but no difference between ET and PD groups (p > .05). Tremor and SPS moderately correlated in ET patients (r = .35, p = .02).ConclusionsET and PD patients showed high comorbidity of psychiatric disorders, but there was no significant difference between these two groups. ET severity correlated with social phobia scale scores.
Trapping as retrieval technique to resolve a ruptured and entrapped coronary balloon catheter
Authors: León Jiménez Javier , Roa Garrido Jessica , Camacho Freire Santiago Jesús , Díaz Fernández José Francisco 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA 69 year old male, with a previous percutaneous revascularization of the mid‐circumflex with a bare metal stent in 2007 was admitted to our centre for unstable angina. The angiography showed a severely calcified coronary tree with a functionally severe plaque on the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) and a critical focal lesion on the proximal right coronary artery. After a high pressure predilation on the proximal LAD, the balloon ruptured causing a retrograde LAD‐left main (LM) dissection that was rapidly sealed with three overlapping zotarolimus‐eluting stents from medial LAD to LM. We then used a new non‐compliant balloon for successive aggressive postdilation. After a difficult handling, when the balloon catheter was pulled out of the body and we realized that the tip and membranous part of the balloon‐catheter was separated from the rest, and entangled at the LM. After a first approach to retrieve the dislodged balloon with a snare, the ruptured balloon was successfully removed by trapping and withdrawing the whole system, including the guiding catheter and the wire.
Demand Response Potentials for the Chemical Industry
Authors: Klaucke Franziska , Karsten Tim , Holtrup Frank , Esche Erik , Morosuk Tatiana , Tsatsaronis George , Repke Jens‐Uwe 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEin auf erneuerbare Energiequellen ausgerichtetes Versorgungssystem benötigt ein hohes Maß an Flexibilität, um Systemstabilität zu sichern. Lastmanagement kann einen großen Beitrag leisten und die chemische Industrie als einer der größten Verbraucher elektrischer Energie dabei eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Die Analyse der bisher hierzu durchgeführten Studien zeigt große Potenziale für den Chlor‐Alkali‐Prozess und die Luftverflüssigung. Die variablen Kosten sind mit anderen Flexibilisierungsoptionen vergleichbar. Zur Bestimmung der tatsächlich realisierbaren Potenziale bedarf es noch weiterer Untersuchungen.
Measurement and Control of the Gloss of Chocolate
Authors: Glaser Tobias , Hones Christian , Heilemann Andre , von Frieling Petra , Schräer C. , Lörcher Marc 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNeben Geschmack und Abschmelzverhalten ist der Glanz ein wichtiges Kriterium für die Qualität von Schokoladenprodukten. Prozessparameter der Schokoladenherstellung können den Glanz beeinflussen. Hier wird ein Messverfahren vorgestellt mit dem auch kleine Schokoladenartikel untersucht werden können. Der Glanz wird reproduzierbar und mit einer statistisch abgesicherten Signifikanz gemessen. Prozessparameter der Herstellung werden einzeln variiert und der Einfluss auf den Glanz bestimmt. Eine Methode zur Glanzverbesserung wird vorgeschlagen und die Bedeutung der Formenbeschaffenheit betrachtet.
Effect of Axial Magnetic Field on Thermocapillary Convection with Bidirectional Temperature Gradients in a Shallow Annular Pool
Authors: Rao Fei , Peng Lan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe thermocapillary convection, which is driven by bidirectional temperature gradients, widely exists in the process of crystal growth and plays an important role in affecting the quality of production. The bidirectional temperature gradients are made up of the temperature difference between inner wall and outer wall along the horizontal direction, the heat flux from the bottom in the vertical direction, and the radiation on the free surface. In this paper, the effect of axial magnetic field on thermocapillary convection with bidirectional temperature gradients was investigated through a series of 3D numerical computations in a shallow annular pool filled with silicon melt. The intensity of axial magnetic field is described by the dimensionless Hartmann number (Ha). The results reveal that: both the steady and unsteady flow could be effectively suppressed by the axial magnetic field; With the increasing of Ha, the three‐dimensional steady flow would turn into basic flow; The inhibition effect, which is caused by axial magnetic field, has different performances on two different types of unsteady flow as the further increment in Ha; In addition, axial magnetic field would increase the value of critical number Qcri, when the horizontal temperature gradient remains unchanged.
Phylogenetic position and age of Lake Baikal candonids (Crustacea, Ostracoda) inferred from multigene sequence analyzes and molecular dating
Authors: Karanovic Ivana , Sitnikova Tatiana Ya. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWith 104 endemic species family Candonidae is one of the most diverse crustacean groups in Lake Baikal, yet their phylogenetic relationships and position in the family have not been addressed so far. Here, we study the phylogenetic position of Baikal candonids within the family and their evolutionary history using molecular markers for the first time since their original description. We choose 10 Baikal and 28 species from around the world, and three ribosomal RNA‐s (18S, 28S, and 16S), and analyze individual and concatenated datasets using Bayesian Inference in MrBayes and BEAST. For molecular divergence time estimates, four fossil records are used to calibrate the root and three internal nodes. The 28S dataset is tested under the strict molecular clock, while for other data we use relaxed clocks. Resulting trees show incongruence between molecular and fossil divergence time estimates, with the former suggesting older ages. Strict molecular clock analysis results in narrower node age confidence intervals and younger time estimates than other analysis. All trees support at least two candonid lineages in Baikal, with two independent colonization events, and 28S suggests a major radiation between 12 and 5 Mya. This divergence time estimate mostly agrees with another, unrelated, ostracod group in the lake and other lake animals as well. Baikal candonid clades show a close phylogenetic relationship with Palearctic lineages, but their deep divergence is indicative of separate genera. Results also suggest a monophyly of tribes that today live exclusively in subterranean waters, and we offer several hypotheses of their evolutionary history.
Hydrological controls of fisheries production in a major Amazonian tributary
Authors: Lima Maria Alice Leite , Kaplan David Andrew , Rodrigues da Costa Doria Carolina 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAmazonian rivers are characterized by a strongly seasonal flood pulse, which is being altered by ongoing and planned hydropower development across the basin. Changes in hydrology have a cascade of physical, ecological, and social effects, and some ecohydrological changes in the Amazon are expected to be irreversible. To better understand these linkages, we investigated shared trends and causal factors driving fish catch in a major Amazonian tributary before dam construction to derive relationships between catch and natural hydrologic dynamics that can be used to assess likely post‐dam fisheries impacts. We applied a time series‐based dimension reduction technique (dynamic factor analysis) to investigate dynamics in fish catch across 10 commercially important species using daily fish landings and hydrological data. We found a 4‐trend dynamic factor model to best fit the observed data, with fitted trends exhibiting variation representative of seasonal and longer‐term hydrologic variation. We next considered 11 candidate explanatory time series and found the best dynamic factor model used 4 explanatory variables: maximum water level, flooding duration, previous year's flow, and rate of change in flow; however, each species showed a unique response to this set of hydrological variables. Species‐specific responses suggested that future dam operating rules need to closely mimic the natural hydrologic regime in order to maintain the biological dynamics of this and similarly diverse systems. In particular, high flows associated with increased catch the following year are important to maintain, but may be difficult to achieve in the context of reservoir regulation and energy production goals.
3D‐printed Metal Electrodes for Heavy Metals Detection by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: Lee Ke Yau , Ambrosi Adriano , Pumera Martin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHeavy metals, being one of the most toxic and hazardous pollutants in natural water, are of great public health concern. Much effort is still being devoted to the optimization of the electroanalytical methods and devices, particularly for the development of novel electrode materials in order to enhance selectivity and sensitivity for the analysis of heavy metals. The ability of 3D‐printing to fabricate objects with unique structures and functions enables infinite possibilities for the creation of custom‐made electrochemical devices. Here, stainless steel 3D‐printed electrodes (3D‐steel) have been tested for individual and simultaneous square wave anodic stripping analysis of Pb and Cd in aqueous solution. Electrodeposition methods have also been employed to modify the steel electrode surface by coating with a thin gold film (3D−Au) or a bismuth film (3D−Bi) to enhance the analytical performance. All 3D‐printed electrodes (3D‐steel, 3D−Au and 3D−Bi) have been tested against a conventionally employed glassy carbon electrode (GC) for comparison. The surface modified electrodes (3D−Au and 3D−Bi) outperformed the GC electrode demonstrating higher sensitivity over the studied concentration ranges of 50–300 and 50–500 ppb for Pb and Cd, respectively. Owing to the bismuth property of binary alloys formation with heavy metals, 3D−Bi electrode displayed well‐defined, reproducible signals with relatively low detection limits of 3.53 and 9.35 ppb for Pb and Cd, respectively. The voltammetric behaviour of 3D−Bi electrode in simultaneous detection of Pb and Cd, as well as in individual detection of Pb in tap water was also monitored. Overall, 3D‐printed electrodes exhibited promising qualities for further investigation on a more customizable electrode design.
A generalized Rusanov method for the Baer‐Nunziato equations with application to DDT processes in condensed porous explosives
Authors: Menshov Igor , Serezhkin Alexey 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThe paper addresses a numerical approach for solving the Baer‐Nunziato equations describing compressible 2‐phase flows. We are developing a finite‐volume method where the numerical flux is approximated with the Godunov scheme based on the Riemann problem solution. The analytical solution to this problem is discussed, and approximate solvers are considered. The obtained theoretical results are applied to develop the discrete model that can be treated as an extension of the Rusanov numerical scheme to the Baer‐Nunziato equations. Numerical results are presented that concern the method verification and also application to the deflagration‐to‐detonation transition (DDT) in porous reactive materials.