bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intracellular Signaling Molecules Activated by Epstein-Barr Virus for Induction of Interferon Regulatory Factor 7
Authors: Zhang Luwen , Wu Lihong , Hong Ke , Pagano Joseph S. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) is the principal oncogenic protein in the EBV transformation process. LMP-1 induces the expression of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) and activates IRF-7 protein by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. LMP-1 is an integral membrane protein with two regions in its C terminus that initiate signaling processes, the C-terminal activator regions 1 (CTAR-1) and CTAR-2. Here, genetic analysis of LMP-1 has determined that the PXQXT motif that governs the interaction between LMP-1 CTAR-1 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) is needed to induce the expression of IRF-7. Mutations in the PXQXT motif in CTAR-1 that disrupt the interaction between LMP-1 and TRAFs abolished the induction of IRF-7. Also, dominant-negative mutants of TRAFs inhibited the induction of IRF-7 by CTAR-1. The last three amino acids (YYD) of CTAR-2 are also important for the induction of IRF-7. When both PXQXT and YYD were mutated (LMP-DM), the LMP-1 mutant failed to induce IRF-7. Also, LMP-DM blocked the induction of IRF-7 by wild-type LMP-1. These data strongly suggest that both CTAR-1 and CTAR-2 of LMP-1 independently induce the expression of IRF-7. In addition, NF-κB is involved in the induction of IRF-7. A superrepressor of IκB (sr-IκB) could block the induction of IRF-7 by LMP-1, and overexpression of NF-κB (p65 plus p50) could induce the expression of IRF-7. In addition, we have found that human IRF-7 is a stable protein, and sodium butyrate, a modifier of chromatin structure, induces IRF-7.
Persistence of Pathogenic Challenge Virus in Macaques Protected by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmacΔ
nef
Authors: Khatissian Emmanuel , Monceaux Valérie , Cumont Marie-Christine , Kieny Marie-Paule , Aubertin Anne-Marie , Hurtrel Bruno 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is the most efficient vaccine yet developed in monkey models of human immunodeficiency virus infection. In all successful vaccine trials, attenuation was achieved by inactivating at least the
nef
gene. We investigated some virological and immunological characteristics of five rhesus macaques immunized with a
nef
-inactivated SIVmac251 molecular clone (SIVmac251Δ
nef
) and challenged 15 months later with the pathogenic SIVmac251 isolate. Three animals were killed 2 weeks postchallenge (p.c.) to search for the challenge virus and to assess immunological changes in various organs. The other two animals have been monitored up for 7 years p.c., with clinical and
nef
gene changes being noted. The animals killed showed no increase in viral load and no sign of a secondary immune response, although the challenged virus was occasionally detected by PCR. In one of the monkeys being monitored, the vaccine virus persisted and an additional deletion occured in
nef
. In the other monkey that was monitored, the challenge and the vaccine (Δ
nef
) viruses were both detected by PCR until a virus with a hybrid
nef
allele was isolated 48 months p.c. This
nef
hybrid encodes a 245-amino-acid protein. Thus, our results show (i) that monkeys were not totally protected against homologous virus challenge but controlled the challenge very efficiently in the absence of a secondary immune response, and (ii) that the challenge and vaccine viruses may persist in a replication-competent form for long periods after the challenge, possibly resulting in recombination between the two viruses.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Can Productively Infect Primary Human Keratinocytes and Alter Their Growth Properties
Authors: Cerimele Francesca , Curreli Francesca , Ely Scott , Friedman-Kien Alvin E. , Cesarman Ethel , Flore Ornella 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) DNA in endothelial cells, in keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis overlying plaque-stage nodular lesions of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and in the epithelial cells of eccrine glands within KS lesions. We infected primary cell cultures of human keratinocytes with KSHV/HHV8. At 6 days post infection, transcription of viral genes was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and protein expression was documented by an immunofluorescence assay with an anti-LANA monoclonal antibody. To determine whether the viral lytic cycle was inducible by chemical treatment, KSHV/HHV8-infected keratinocytes were treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and RT-PCR was performed to confirm the transcription of lytic genes such as open reading frame 26, (which encodes a capsid protein). Finally, to assess infectious viral production, other primary human cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), were infected with concentrated supernatant of KSHV-infected, TPA-induced keratinocytes and the presence of viral transcripts was confirmed by RT-PCR. The uninfected keratinocytes senesced 3 to 5 weeks after mock infection, while the KSHV/HHV8-infected keratinocytes continued to proliferate and to date are still in culture. However, 8 weeks after infection, viral genomes were no longer detectable by nested PCR. Although the previously KSHV/HHV8-infected keratinocytes still expressed epithelial markers, they acquired new characteristics such as contact inhibition loss, telomerase activity, anchorage-independent growth, and changes in cytokine production. These results show that KSHV/HHV8, like other herpesviruses, can infect and replicate in epithelial cells in vitro and suggest that in vivo these cells may play a significant role in the establishment of KSHV/HHV8 infection and viral transmission.
Reassortment In Vivo: Driving Force for Diversity of Human Rotavirus Strains Isolated in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1999
Authors: Iturriza-Gómara Miren , Isherwood Beverley , Desselberger Ulrich , Gray Jim 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
The G and P genotypes of 3,601 rotavirus strains collected in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1999 were determined (M. Iturriza-Gómara et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:4394–4401, 2000). In 95.4% of the strains the most common G and P combinations, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], and G4P[8], were found. A small but significant number (2%) of isolates from the remaining strains were reassortants of the most common cocirculating strains, e.g., G1P[4] and G2P[8]. Rotavirus G9P[6] and G9P[8] strains, which constituted 2.7% of all viruses, were genetically closely related in their G components, but the P components of the G9P[8] strains were very closely related to those of cocirculating strains of the more common G types (G1, G3, and G4). In conclusion, genetic interaction by reassortment among cocirculating rotaviruses is not a rare event and contributes significantly to their overall diversity.
Temperature Dependence of Viscosity B-Coefficients of Aqueous Solutions of Chlorides of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Cr3+
Authors: Afzal Muhammad , Iqbal Muhammad J. , Ahmad Habib 
Published: July 2002

The viscosity B-coefficients of the aqueous chlorides of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Cr3+ have been calculated from the parameters of an empirical equation of the form η = a0 exp(b0cM + d0cM2) and were found to be comparable with literature values. The variation of B-values with temperature between 20 - 50 °C has been described in terms of structure making/breaking behaviour of the cations.
Drug related medical emergencies in the elderly: role of adverse drug reactions and non-compliance
Authors: Malhotra S , Karan R S , Pandhi P , Jain S 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Adverse drug reactions and non-compliance are important causes of admissions in the elderly to medical clinics. The contribution of adverse drug reactions and non-compliance to admission by the medical emergency department was analysed.

METHODS
A total of 578 consecutive elderly patients admitted to the medical emergency department were interviewed to determine the percentage of admissions due to adverse drug reactions or non-compliance with medication regimens, their causes, consequences, and predictors.

Results
Eighty three (14.4%) of the 578 admissions were drug related: 39 (6.7%) caused by adverse drug reactions and 44 (7.6%) caused by non-compliance with medication. One hundred ninety two (33.2%) patients had a history of non-compliance. Factors associated with an increased risk of admission because of an adverse drug reaction were patients with diabetes or neoplasms, and patients using numerous different medications. Factors associated with a higher risk of hospitalisation because of non-compliance were poor recall of the medication regimen, seeing numerous physicians, female sex, polypharmacy, drug costs, and switching over to non-conventional forms of treatment.

Conclusion
Many elderly admissions are drug related, with non-compliance accounting for a substantial fraction of these. Elderly people at high risk of suffering a drug related medical emergency are identified and suitable interventions may be planned by the healthcare policymakers to target them.
FINDING SMALLEST SUPERTREES UNDER MINOR CONTAINMENT
Authors: NISHIMURA NAOMI , RAGDE PRABHAKAR , THILIKOS DIMITRIOS M 
Published: July 2002

The diversity of application areas relying on tree-structured data results in wide interest in algorithms which determine differences or similarities among trees. One way of measuring the similarity between trees is to find the smallest common superstructure or supertree, where common elements are typically defined in terms of a mapping or embedding. In the simplest case, a supertree will contain exact copies of each input tree, so that for each input tree, each vertex of a tree can be mapped to a vertex in the supertree such that each edge maps to the corresponding edge. More general mappings allow for the extraction of more subtle common elements captured by looser definitions of similarity. We consider supertrees under the general mapping of minor containment. Minor containment generalizes both subgraph isomorphism and topological embedding; as a consequence of this generality, however, it is NP-complete to determine whether or not G is a minor of H, even for genreal trees. By focusing on trees of bounded degree, we obtain an O(n3) algorithm which determines the smallest tree T such that both of the input trees are minors of T, even when the trees are assumed to be unrooted and unordered.
COVARIANT QED WITHOUT INDEFINITE METRIC
Authors: THIRRING W. , NARNHOFER N. 
Published: July 2002

We construct for the linearized Higgs model a representation of the field operators in a Hilbert space ℋ with the following features: ℋ has a positive definite metric but is nonseparable. The vacuum is gauge invariant. The gauge variant operators exist only in their exponentiated form as unitaries. There is a subspace of ℋ where [Formula: see text] is represented by 0.
AUTOMATIC CONVERSION FROM FIBONACCI REPRESENTATION TO REPRESENTATION IN BASE φ, AND A GENERALIZATION
Authors: FROUGNY CHRISTIANE , SAKAROVITCH JACQUES 
Published: July 2002

Every positive integer can be written as a sum of Fibonacci numbers; it can also be written as a (finite) sum of (positive and negative) powers of the golden mean φ. We show that there exists a letter-to-letter finite two-tape automaton that maps the Fibonacci representation of any positive integer onto its φ-expansion, provided the latter is folded around the radix point. As a corollary, the set of φ-expansions of the positive integers is a linear context-free language. These results are actually proved in the more general case of quadratic Pisot units. Résumé: Tout nombre entier positif peut s'écrire comme une somme de nombres de Fibonacci; tout entier peut également s'écrire comme une somme (finie) de puissances (positives et négatives) du "nombre d'or" φ. Nous montrons qu'il existe un automate à deux bandes, fini et lettre-à-lettre, qui envoie la représentation d'un entier en base de Fibonacci sur sa représentation dans la base φ modulo le fait qu'on a replié cette dernière autour du point décimal. On en déduit que l'ensemble des représentations des entiers en base φ est un langage context-free linéaire. Tous ces résultats sont en fait établis dans le cas général où la base considérée est un nombre de Pisot quadratique unitaire.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AS A MEANS OF PURSUING SUSTAINABILITY: TEN ADVANTAGES AND TEN CHALLENGES
Authors: STINCHCOMBE KIRK , GIBSON ROBERT B. 
Published: July 2002

While strategic environmental assessment can be a powerful tool for fostering progress towards sustainability, effective implementation involves confronting a set of substantial challenges. This paper, based on Canadian and international literature and experience, outlines the ten most compelling advantages of strategic environmental assessment for sustainability and the ten main challenges faced in implementation. The ten advantages of the strategic environmental assessment for sustainability are that it • provides a process for integrated pursuit of sustainability objectives in policy making and planning; • operationalises sustainability principles; • improves the information base for policy making, planning and programme development; • is proactive and broad in ways that strengthen consideration of fundamental issues; • improves analysis of broad public purposes and alternatives; • facilitates proper attention to cumulative effects; • facilitates greater transparency and more effective public participation at the strategic level; • provides a framework for more effective and efficient project-level assessments; • provides a base for design and implementation of better projects where project-level assessment is not required; and • facilitates establishment of a more comprehensive overall system of sustainability application at all levels from the setting of decision objectives to the monitoring of implementations effects. The ten main challenges for effective implementation are • limited information and unavoidable uncertainties; • boundary-setting complexities; • primitive methodologies; • difficulties in defining the proper role of public participants and ensuring effective involvement; • co-ordination and integration of strategic assessment with assessment processes at other levels; • institutional resistance; • conflict between integrated assessment and bureaucratic fragmentation; • jurisdictional overlap; • limitations of the standard rational planning and policy making model; and • resistance to integration of strategic assessment in core decision making. The paper concludes with a discussion of the major implications.
Generating automatically tuned bitmaps from outlines
Authors: Hobby John D. 
Published: July 2002

Consider the problem of generating bitmaps from character shapes given as outlines. The obvious scan-conversion process does not produce acceptable results unless important features such as stem widths are carefully controlled during the scan-conversion process. This paper describes a method for automatically extracting the necessary feature information and generating high-quality bitmaps without resorting to hand editing. Almost all of the work is done in a preprocessing step, the result of which is an intermediate form that can be quickly converted into bitmaps once the font size and device resolution are known.
A heuristically defined system of linear equations describes how the ideal outlines should be distorted in order to produce the best possible results when scan converted in a straightforward manner. The Lova´sz basis reduction algorithm then reduces the system of equations to a form that makes it easy to find an approximate solution subject to the constraint that some variables must be integers.
The heuristic information is of such a general nature that it applies equally well to Roman fonts and Japanese Kanji.
Algorithm 649
Authors: Giunta G. , Murli A. 
Published: July 2002

We present a package that allows the computation of the trigonometric Fourier coefficients of a smooth function. The function can be provided as a subprogram or as a data list of function values at equally spaced points.
The computational cost of the algorithm does not depend on the required number of Fourier coefficients. Numerical results of comparative tests with a standard integrator for oscillatory functions are also reported.
ABUNDANCE RATIOS AND GALACTIC CHEMICAL EVOLUTION
Authors: McWilliam Andrew 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The metallicity of stars in the Galaxy ranges from [Fe/H] = −4 to +0.5 dex, and the solar iron abundance is ε(Fe) = 7.51 ± 0.01 dex. The average values of [Fe/H] in the solar neighborhood, the halo, and Galactic bulge are −0.2, −1.6, and −0.2 dex respectively. Detailed abundance analysis reveals that the Galactic disk, halo, and bulge exhibit unique abundance patterns of O, Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti and neutron-capture elements. These signatures show that environment plays an important role in chemical evolution and that supernovae come in many flavors with a range of element yields. The 300-fold dispersion in heavy element abundances of the most metal-poor stars suggests incomplete mixing of ejecta from individual supernova, with vastly different yields, in clouds of ∼106 M[Formula: see text]. The composition of Orion association stars indicates that star-forming regions are significantly self-enriched on time scales of 80 million years. The rapid self-enrichment and inhomogeneous chemical evolution models are required to match observed abundance trends and the dispersion in the age-metallicity relation.
THE ENIGMA OF THE NEW MADRID EARTHQUAKES OF 1811–1812
Authors: Johnston Arch C. , Schweig Eugene S. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Continental North America's greatest earthquake sequence struck on the western frontier of the United States. The frontier was not then California but the valley of the continent's greatest river, the Mississippi, and the sequence was the New Madrid earthquakes of the winter of 1811–1812. Their described impacts on the land and the river were so dramatic as to produce widespread modern disbelief. However, geological, geophysical, and historical research, carried out mostly in the past two decades, has verified much in the historical accounts. The sequence included at least six (possibly nine) events of estimated moment magnitude M ≥ 7 and two of M ≃ 8. The faulting was in the intruded crust of a failed intracontinental rift, beneath the saturated alluvium of the river valley, and its violent shaking resulted in massive and extensive liquefaction. The largest earthquakes ruptured at least six (and possibly more than seven) intersecting fault segments, one of which broke the surface as a thrust fault that disrupted the bed of the Mississippi River in at least 2 (and possibly four) places. …it is a riddle wrpped in a mystery inside an enigma.      Winston Churchill
A FREE RADICAL
Authors: Carrington Alan 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  This chapter describes my research career, spanning the period from 1955 to 2000. My initial PhD work at the University of Southampton was concerned with the electronic structure and spectra of transition metal complexes and included studies of the electronic spin resonance (ESR) spectra of magnetically dilute single crystals. After a year at the University of Minnesota, I went to Cambridge University and for the next six years studied the ESR spectra of liquid phase organic free radicals. I commenced work on the microwave magnetic resonance (MMR) spectra of gaseous free radicals in 1965, and this work continued until 1975. I moved from Cambridge to Southampton in 1967. In 1975 I turned to the study of gas phase molecular ions, using ion beam methods. In the earlier years of this period I concentrated on simple fundamental species like H+2, HD+, and H+3. In the later years until my retirement in 1999, I concentrated on the observation and analysis of microwave spectra involving energy levels lying very close to a dissociation asymptote. DEDICATION This chapter is dedicated to the memory of Harry E. Radford, who died while it was being written. Harry was a quiet and shy man, who often worked alone and never indulged in self-promotion. So far as I know, he was never awarded any medals or prizes, nor elected to any academies or learned societies. Nevertheless he was an experimentalist of the highest originality and quality, a theorist of true intellectual depth, and a remarkable pioneer in many of the techniques of studying free radicals that are now commonplace.
E.M. FREEMAN: Early Research on Cereal Diseases and the Rise of Plant Pathology at the University of Minnesota
Authors: Peterson Paul D. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  E.M. Freeman's role in early cereal disease research and the beginning of plant pathology at the University of Minnesota has been overshadowed largely by the enormous prestige of his student, E.C. Stakman. During the first decade of the twentieth century, Freeman was responsible for the transferral from Europe to the United States and the subsequent nurturing of important conceptual and technical developments in the area of cereal disease pathology. Under Freeman's leadership, these ideas would come to shape the direction of plant pathology research at the University of Minnesota for decades to follow.
Age Differences in the Frontal Lateralization of Verbal and Spatial Working Memory Revealed by PET
Authors: Reuter-Lorenz Patricia A. , Jonides John , Smith Edward E. , Hartley Alan , Miller Andrea , Marshuetz Christina , Koeppe Robert A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Age-related decline in working memory figures prominently in theories of cognitive aging. However, the effects of aging on the neural substrate of working memory are largely unknown. Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to investigate verbal and spatial short-term storage (3 sec) in older and younger adults. Previous investigations with younger subjects performing these same tasks have revealed asymmetries in the lateral organization of verbal and spatial working memory. Using volume of interest (VOI) analyses that specifically compared activation at sites identified with working memory to their homologous twin in the opposite hemisphere, we show pronounced age differences in this organization, particularly in the frontal lobes: In younger adults, activation is predominantly left lateralized for verbal working memory, and right lateralized for spatial working memory, whereas older adults show a global pattern of anterior bilateral activation for both types of memory. Analyses of frontal subregions indicate that several underlying patterns contribute to global bilaterality in older adults: most notably, bilateral activation in areas associated with rehearsal, and paradoxical laterality in dorsolateral prefrontal sites (DLPFC; greater left activation for spatial and greater right activation for verbal). We consider several mechanisms that could account for these age differences including the possibility that bilateral activation reflects recruitment to compensate for neural decline.