bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical growth and diets of school children: Trends from 2001 to 2015 in rural West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Sekiyama Makiko , Roosita Katrin , Ohtsuka Ryutaro 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to assess changes in physical growth and diets of school children in rural West Java, Indonesia, between 2001 and 2015, a period of rapid socioeconomic change.MethodsIn 2001 and 2015, anthropometric measurements (height, weight, mid‐upper arm circumference, skin‐fold thickness), food consumption surveys, and questionnaires on socioeconomic status were completed by fourth‐grade school children in a rural village in West Java.ResultsHeight increments of 5.9 cm for boys and 4.7 cm for girls during this 14‐year period were calculated as 4.21 cm per decade for boys and 3.36 cm per decade for girls, which is equivalent to height increments observed during rapid economic development periods in other countries. Weights also increased by 3.8 kg for boys and 2.0 kg for girls during this period. Variations in weight status significantly increased in 2015; while 98% of the children were within the ‘normal’ range in 2001, the prevalence of overweight increased from 2.4% in 2001 to 13.7% in 2015 and that of thinness was 4.3% in 2015. Energy, protein, and fat intakes significantly increased in 2015. In 2015, a significant correlation between nutritional intake and weight status was observed, especially among boys.ConclusionsSocioeconomic changes between 2001 and 2015 caused increased heights and weights and greater variation in weight status, especially among boys.
Photothermally Enhanced Plasmon‐Driven Catalysis on Fe5C2@Au Core–Shell Nanostructures
Authors: Miao Peng , Huang Wei , Gao Mansha , Chu Jiayu , Song Bo , Xu Ping 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPlasmon‐driven catalysis has attracted great attention in recent years, but the reaction efficiency remains to be improved. Photothermal Fe5C2@Au core–shell nanostructures are fabricated through a self‐assembly process of Fe5C2 and Au nanoparticles (NPs) with the assistance of hexanethiol, which can be highly efficient surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platforms for the study of plasmon‐driven dimerization of 4‐aminothiophenol (4‐ATP) and 4‐nitrothiophenol (4‐NTP). As compared to bare Au NPs, much accelerated reaction kinetics can be achieved on the Fe5C2@Au core–shell nanostructures by quantitatively determining the Raman intensity of the ν(N=N) band in the generated 4,4′‐dimercaptobenzene (DMAB). The photothermal effect from the Fe5C2 NPs may lower the energy barrier and generate more hot electrons for the plasmon‐driven catalysis. This photothermal route may open up new avenues for enhancing the reaction rate and broadening the research area of the plasmon‐driven catalysis.
Revisiting the Ullman's Radical Chemistry for Phthalocyanine Derivatives
Authors: Fidan Ismail , Luneau Dominique , Ahsen Vefa , Hirel Catherine 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPhthalocyanine derivatives do not cease to gain attention due to their numerous properties and applications (e.g., sensor, PDT). This makes them a unique scaffold for the design of new material. In this context, we were interested to develop the synthesis of an imino nitroxide‐substituted phthalocyanine by Ullman's procedure; a challenge due to the intrinsic low solubility of most phthalocyanine derivative in much solvents. To overcome this solubility problem, we designed a phthalocyanine with bulky neopentyl substituents in peripheral positions as counterpart to the imino nitroxide moieties. The imino nitroxide‐substituted phthalocyanine was obtained by condensation of a monoformyl‐substituted phthalocyanine with 2,3‐bis(hydroxylamino)‐2,3‐dimethylbutane in refluxing THF–MeOH (2:1) mixture in the presence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate, follow by oxidation with PbO2. Characterization was performed by electrochemistry, UV/Vis and EPR spectroscopy in solution as well as SQUID in solid state.
Stereoselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Approach to Vitamin D3 Derivatives in Protic Medium
Authors: Carballa Diego , Sigüeiro Rita , Rodríguez‐Docampo Zaida , Zacconi Flavia , Maestro Miguel A. , Mouriño Antonio 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe describe an efficient convergent synthesis of vitamin D3 metabolites and analogues. The synthetic strategy relies on a tandem Pd‐catalyzed A‐ring closure and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling to the CD‐side chain component to set directly the vitamin D triene system under protic conditions. This strategy enables rapid access to vitamin D3 and 3‐epi‐vitamin D3 metabolites and analogues modified at the side chain for biological evaluation and structural and metabolic studies.
Well‐Defined Heterobimetallic Reactivity at Unsupported Ruthenium–Indium Bonds
Authors: Riddlestone Ian M. , Rajabi Nasir A. , Macgregor Stuart A. , Mahon Mary F. , Whittlesey Michael K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe hydride complex [Ru(IPr)2(CO)H][BArF4], 1, reacts with InMe3 with loss of CH4 to form [Ru(IPr)2(CO)(InMe)(Me)][BArF4], 4, featuring an unsupported Ru−In bond with unsaturated Ru and In centres. 4 reacts with H2 to give [Ru(IPr)2(CO)(η2‐H2)(InMe)(H)][BArF4], 5, while CO induces formation of the indyl complex [Ru(IPr)2(CO)3(InMe2)][BArF4], 7. These observations highlight the ability of Me to shuttle between Ru and In centres and are supported by DFT calculations on the mechanism of formation of 4 and its reactions with H2 and CO. An analysis of Ru‐In bonding in these species is also presented. Reaction of 1 with GaMe3 also involves CH4 loss but, in contrast to its In congener, sees IPr transfer from Ru to Ga to give a gallyl complex featuring an η6 interaction of one aryl substituent with Ru.
Distribution and diversity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in tree shrew
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth N. , Westbrook Teleza , Shayesteh Rod , Chen Emily L. , Schumacher Joseph W. , Fitzpatrick David , Field Greg D. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) mediate the pupillary light reflex, circadian entrainment, and may contribute to luminance and color perception. The diversity of ipRGCs varies from rodents to primates, suggesting differences in their contributions to retinal output. To further understand the variability in their organization and diversity across species, we used immunohistochemical methods to examine ipRGCs in tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). Tree shrews share membership in the same clade, or evolutionary branch, as rodents and primates. They are highly visual, diurnal animals with a cone‐dominated retina and a geniculo‐cortical organization resembling that of primates. We identified cells with morphological similarities to M1 and M2 cells described previously in rodents and primates. M1‐like cells typically had somas in the ganglion cell layer, with 23% displaced to the inner nuclear layer (INL). However, unlike M1 cells, they had bistratified dendritic fields ramifying in S1 and S5 that collectively tiled space. M2‐like cells had dendritic fields restricted to S5 that were smaller and more densely branching. A novel third type of melanopsin immunopositive cell was identified. These cells had somata exclusively in the INL and monostratified dendritic fields restricted to S1 that tiled space. Surprisingly, these cells immunolabeled for tyrosine hydroxylase, a key component in dopamine synthesis. These cells immunolabeled for an RGC marker, not amacrine cell markers, suggesting that they are dopaminergic ipRGCs. We found no evidence for M4 or M5 ipRGCs, described previously in rodents. These results identify some organizational features of the ipRGC system that are canonical versus species‐specific.
Understanding Brønsted‐Acid Catalyzed Monomolecular Reactions of Alkanes in Zeolite Pores by Combining Insights from Experiment and Theory
Authors: Van der Mynsbrugge Jeroen , Janda Amber , Lin Li‐Chiang , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Head‐Gordon Martin , Bell Alexis T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAcidic zeolites are effective catalysts for the cracking of large hydrocarbon molecules into lower molecular weight products required for transportation fuels. However, the ways in which the zeolite structure affects the catalytic activity at Brønsted protons are not fully understood. One way to characterize the influence of the zeolite structure on the catalysis is to study alkane cracking and dehydrogenation at very low conversion, conditions for which the kinetics are well defined. To understand the effects of zeolite structure on the measured rate coefficient (kapp), it is necessary to identify the equilibrium constant for adsorption into the reactant state (Kads‐H+) and the intrinsic rate coefficient of the reaction (kint) at reaction temperatures, since kapp is proportional to the product of Kads‐H+ and kint. We show that Kads‐H+ cannot be calculated from experimental adsorption data collected near ambient temperature, but can, however, be estimated accurately from configurational‐bias Monte Carlo (CBMC) simulations. Using monomolecular cracking and dehydrogenation of C3–C6 alkanes as an example, we review recent efforts aimed at elucidating the influence of the acid site location and the zeolite framework structure on the observed values of kapp and its components, Kads‐H+ and kint.
Small‐cell planning in LTE HetNet to improve energy efficiency
Authors: Wang You‐Chiun , Lee Shih 
Published: December 2017

SummaryCell planning is one essential operation in wireless networks, and it significantly affects system performance and cost. Many research efforts consider the cell planning problem with identical base stations (BSs) or to construct a new network on the region without any infrastructure. However, long‐term evolution (LTE) adopts heterogeneous network, which allows operators to tactically deploy small cells to enhance signal coverage and improve performance. It thus motivates us to propose a small‐cell planning problem by adaptively adding low‐powered BSs with the limitation of budget to an existing network to increase its energy efficiency, which is defined by the ratio of network throughput to the amount of energy consumption of BSs. We consider 2 types of LTE small cells, namely, microcells and picocells, and develop different clustering strategies to deploy these cells. Based on the available resource and traffic demand in each cell, we then adjust the transmitted power of the deployed BS with energy concern. Experimental results demonstrate that our small‐cell planning solution can achieve high‐energy efficiency of LTE networks, which means that BSs can better use their transmitted energy to satisfy the traffic demands of user devices. This paper contributes in proposing a practical problem for cell planning with heterogeneous network consideration and developing an efficient solution to provide green communications.
Effect of Polar and Non‐Polar Compounds from Oxidized Oils on Oxidative Stability in Corn Oil
Authors: Choi HyungSeok , Kim Mi‐Ja , Lee JaeHwan 
Published: December 2017

The effects of polar and non‐polar compounds recovered from oxidized corn oils on oxidative stability in bulk oils are evaluated in the presence or absence of an antioxidant, tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). The balance of antioxidant and prooxidant compounds in oils is confirmed using the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) spectroscopic method. Polar compounds accelerated the depletion of headspace oxygen content and increased the conjugated dienoic acid value and p‐anisidine value in oils with or without 200 ppm TBHQ, which implies that polar compounds from oxidized lipids are prooxidants. However, added non‐polar compounds showed no prooxidative properties in oils, irrespective of the presence of TBHQ. The antioxidant‐prooxidant balance (APB) value, which is calculated as the ratio of the loss of DPPH in isooctane to that in methanol, may reflect the content balance between antioxidant and prooxidative oxidized lipid products in oils. Low APB values indicate that oils are in a highly oxidized state.Practical Applications: Polar compounds from oxidized oils act as prooxidants. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the polar content in frying oils accurately. Using modified DPPH methods, not only the content of antioxidants but also prooxidative polar compounds in oils can be determined simultaneously. Modified DPPH methods can predict the oxidative stability of frying oil and help to extend the shelf‐life of fried foods in the food industry.Polar compounds from oxidized oils function as prooxidants. Non‐polar compounds do not act as prooxidants nor antioxidants. Modified 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl methods can predict the oxidative stability of frying oil.
Sidewall effects and sand trap efficiency in a large wind tunnel
Authors: Hong Cheng , Yi Fang , Sherman Douglas J. , Chenchen Liu , Xueyong Zou , Kaidi Zhang , Liqiang Kang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAeolian sand transport is a widespread physical phenomenon on the surface of Earth, as well as on Mars and Titan. Accurate measurements of the components of the transport system are necessary if we are to understand the nature of the physical processes. Sand traps are typically used to measure sediment transport rates, and issues associated with the sampling efficiency of traps and the development of reliable traps have received considerable attention in recent decades. In this study, we measured aeolian transport rate at five distances from a wind tunnel sidewall using a vertically‐segmented sand trap. Total transport rates were determined by weighing the bed sediment before and after each experiment, and with and without a trap installed. The following results were obtained: (1) sand transport increased linearly with the distance away from the sidewall, and the appropriate location to measure maximum transport is within the central 20% of the wind tunnel; (2) current methods overestimate the sampling efficiency of sand traps when comparing trap data to transport rate data obtained by weighing sand moved through the entire tunnel because the effects of the sidewalls in decreasing total transport are neglected; (3) the efficiency of the vertically‐segmented trap that we tested ranged from 11.57% to 31.68% using our revised methods, whereas standard methods caused efficiency to be overestimated by 32–72% of the efficiency; (4) using either method, the efficiency of the trap increased exponentially with shear velocity for the range we used. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinguishing between debris flows and hyperconcentrated flows: an example from the eastern Swiss Alps
Authors: Calhoun Nancy C. , Clague John J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMuch research has been done on water‐rich mass flows, but the distinction between hyperconcentrated flows and debris flows, and whether the two are indeed different processes, continue to be debated. Here, we contribute to the ongoing discussion of these phenomena by describing and interpreting the deposit of a large landslide‐induced mass flow in the eastern Swiss Alps. About 9400 years ago, 10‐12 km3 of limestone detached from the wall of the Vorderrhein River valley and rapidly fragmented while sliding towards the valley bottom. The rock mass struck the valley floor with enormous force and liquefied at least 1 km3 of valley‐fill sediments. A slurry of liquefied sediment – the ‘Bonaduz gravel’ – traveled tens of kilometres down the Vorderrhein valley from the impact site, carrying huge fragments of rockslide debris that became stranded on the valley floor, forming hills termed ‘tomas’. Part of the flow was deflected by a cross‐valley barrier and traveled 14 km up a tributary of the Vorderrhein valley. The Bonaduz gravel is >65 m thick and fines upward from massive sandy cobble gravel at its base to silty sand at its top. Sedimentologic and geomorphic evidence indicates that Bonaduz gravel was transported as a hyperconcentated flow, likely above a basal carpet of coarse diamictic sediment that behaved as a debris flow. The large amount of water involved in the flow indicates that at least part of the Flims rockslide entered a lake. The Bonaduz deposit shares many properties with sediments left by hyperconcentrated flows generated in flumes, including normal grading and elutriation pipes produced by the rapid escape of fluids when the flow comes to rest. These properties are characteristic of non‐Newtonian laminar flows with high sediment concentrations. Our study reinforces laboratory and theoretical studies showing that debris flows and hyperconcentrated flows are different processes. © 2017 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Multi‐scale relief model (MSRM): a new algorithm for the visualization of subtle topographic change of variable size in digital elevation models
Authors: Orengo Hector A. , Petrie Cameron A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMorphological analysis of landforms has traditionally relied on the interpretation of imagery. Although imagery provides a natural view of an area of interest (AOI) images are largely hindered by the environmental conditions at the time of image acquisition, the quality of the image and, mainly, the lack of topographical information, which is an essential factor for a correct understanding of the AOI's geomorphology.More recently digital surface models (DSMs) have been incorporated into the analytical toolbox of geomorphologists. These are usually high‐resolution models derived from digital photogrammetric processes or LiDAR data. However, these are restricted to relatively small areas and are expensive or complex to acquire, which limits widespread implementation.In this paper, we present the multi‐scale relief model (MSRM), which is a new algorithm for the visual interpretation of landforms using DSMs. The significance of this new method lies in its capacity to extract landform morphology from both high‐ and low‐resolution DSMs independently of the shape or scale of the landform under study. This method thus provides important advantages compared to previous approaches as it: (1) allows the use of worldwide medium resolution models, such as SRTM, ASTER GDEM, ALOS, and TanDEM‐X; (2) offers an alternative to traditional photograph interpretation that does not rely on the quality of the imagery employed nor on the environmental conditions and time of its acquisition; and (3) can be easily implemented for large areas using traditional GIS/RS software.The algorithm is tested in the Sutlej‐Yamuna interfluve, which is a very large low‐relief alluvial plain in northwest India where 10 000 km of palaeoriver channels have been mapped using MSRM. The code, written in Google Earth Engine's implementation of JavaScript, is provided as Supporting Information for its use in any other AOI without particular technical knowledge or access to topographical data. © 2017 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Dissipative particle dynamic simulation and experimental assessment of the impacts of humic substances on aqueous aggregation and dispersion of engineered nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Zhuang , Quik Joris T.K. , Song Lan , Wouterse Marja , Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Comprehensive experimental quantification and mapping of the aggregation and dispersion state of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in the presence of humic substances is a great challenge. Dissipative particle dynamic (DPD) simulation was adopted to investigate the aggregation and dispersion mechanisms of NPs in the presence of a humic substance analog. Twelve different types of NPs including 2 metal-based NPs, 7 metal oxide-based NPs, and 3 carbon-based NPs in pure water (pH 3.0) and algae medium (pH 8.0) in the presence of a humic substance analogy were selected for experimental verification of the DPD simulation results. In agreement with results obtained with dynamic light scattering and phase analysis light scattering techniques, the simulations demonstrated that the presence of humic substances reduced the aggregation extent of the NPs. The DPD simulations showed that the stability and dispersity of the NPs increased first, and then decreased with increasing concentrations of humic substances. Moreover, there existed a concentration of humic substances where the NPs became more stable and more dispersed, which was experimentally verified in the case of all the NPs in the pure water and in the algae medium. Furthermore, theory and simulation indicate that both hydrophobic and hydrogen interaction play an important role in controlling the formation of NP aggregates in the presence of humic substances. Electrostatic interaction and steric repulsion are the main mechanisms underlying the effects of humic substances on the aqueous dispersion stability of NPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1024–1031. © 2017 SETAC
Two‐phase designs for joint quantitative‐trait‐dependent and genotype‐dependent sampling in post‐GWAS regional sequencing
Authors: Espin‐Garcia Osvaldo , Craiu Radu V. , Bull Shelley B. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTWe evaluate two‐phase designs to follow‐up findings from genome‐wide association study (GWAS) when the cost of regional sequencing in the entire cohort is prohibitive. We develop novel expectation‐maximization‐based inference under a semiparametric maximum likelihood formulation tailored for post‐GWAS inference. A GWAS‐SNP (where SNP is single nucleotide polymorphism) serves as a surrogate covariate in inferring association between a sequence variant and a normally distributed quantitative trait (QT). We assess test validity and quantify efficiency and power of joint QT‐SNP‐dependent sampling and analysis under alternative sample allocations by simulations. Joint allocation balanced on SNP genotype and extreme‐QT strata yields significant power improvements compared to marginal QT‐ or SNP‐based allocations. We illustrate the proposed method and evaluate the sensitivity of sample allocation to sampling variation using data from a sequencing study of systolic blood pressure.
The effect of parental education on child health: Quasi‐experimental evidence from a reduction in the length of primary schooling in Egypt
Authors: Ali Fatma Romeh M. , Elsayed Mahmoud A. A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of parental education on child health using a reduction in the length of primary schooling in Egypt. We use a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to compare the health outcomes of children whose parents were exposed to different schooling requirements because they were born either side of a threshold date. Using data from the Demographic and Health Survey (1992–2014), we find no effect of maternal education on child mortality or nutritional status. There is some evidence, although not entirely robust, that father's education reduces the likelihood of child stunting. We find, however, that father's education has no impact on child mortality or other measures of nutritional status. We provide suggestive evidence that, given the low levels of parental education in Egypt accompanied with the inferior quality of primary schooling, education has little effect on intermediate outcomes—literacy and utilization of antenatal care—that may improve the health of offspring.