bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative assessment of the functional plasticity of memory CD8+ T cells
Authors: Baz Adriana , Groves Penny , Buttigieg Kathy , Apte Simon H. , Kienzle Norbert , Kelso Anne 
Published: January 2016

While the functional plasticity of memory CD4+ T cells has been studied extensively, less is known about this property in memory CD8+ T cells. Here, we report the direct measurement of plasticity by paired daughter analysis of effector and memory OT‐I CD8+ T cells primed in vivo with ovalbumin. Naïve, effector, and memory OT‐I cells were isolated and activated in single‐cell culture; then, after the first division, their daughter cells were transferred to new cultures with and without IL‐4; expression of IFN‐γ and IL‐4 mRNAs was measured 5 days later in the resultant subclones. Approximately 40% of clonogenic memory CD8+ T cells were bipotential in this assay, giving rise to an IL‐4− subclone in the absence of IL‐4 and an IL‐4+ subclone in the presence of IL‐4. The frequency of bipotential cells was lower among memory cells than naïve cells but markedly higher than among 8‐day effectors. Separation based on high or low expression of CD62L, CD122, CD127, or Ly6C did not identify a phenotypic marker of the bipotential cells. Functional plasticity in memory CD8+ T‐cell populations can therefore reflect modulation at the level of a single memory cell and its progeny.
Rare‐Earth Metal Oxo/Hydroxo Clusters – Synthesis, Structures, and Applications
Authors: Wagner Anna T. , Roesky Peter W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMultinuclear rare‐earth metal coordination clusters bridged by oxo/hydroxo units have emerged from being lab curiosities to become a readily accessible class of compounds. New synthetic strategies for accessing these compounds on reasonable scales have been established. Clusters of different sizes have been investigated in terms of their magnetic and photophysical properties. Some preliminary biological applications have also been established.
Tuning the Basicity of a Metal‐Templated Brønsted Base to Facilitate the Enantioselective Sulfa‐Michael Addition of Aliphatic Thiols to α,β‐Unsaturated N‐Acylpyrazoles
Authors: Ding Xiaobing , Tian Cheng , Hu Ying , Gong Lei , Meggers Eric 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe enantioselective addition of aliphatic thiols to α,β‐unsaturated N‐acylpyrazoles catalyzed by a bis‐cyclometalated iridium(III) complex with fine‐tuned Brønsted basicity was investigated. Good to excellent yields (71–99 %) and enantioselectivities (86–98 % ee) were achieved at catalyst loadings of 0.2–2.5 mol‐%. In this metal‐templated catalyst design, the metal serves as a structural center and the catalysis is executed by the organic ligand sphere through a combination of proton transfer, hydrogen‐bond formation, and electrostatic interactions.
Back‐arc magma processes in the Okinawa Trough: new insights from textural and compositional variations of plagioclase in basalts
Authors: Lai Zhiqing , Zhao Guangtao , Han Zongzhu , Liu Bo. , Bu Xuejiao , Leng Chuanxu 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe evolution of magma during ascent through the crust in the region of the Okinawa Trough is recorded by its mineralogy. In this study, we utilized the characteristics of plagioclase minerals in basaltic magma to deduce magma generation processes, by examining (via back‐scattered electron images) the compositional features of plagioclase phenocrysts in basalts dredged from the middle and southern portions of the Okinawa Trough, which provided a detailed account of the evolution and crystallization of the magma. The crystallization and evolutionary histories of magmas from the middle Okinawa Trough are distinct from those in the southern Okinawa Trough. In the middle Okinawa Trough, we identified seven textural varieties of plagioclase: homogeneous‐core, fine oscillatory‐zoned, core‐sieved, mantle‐sieved, patchy‐core, glomerocrystic and microlitic. Anorthite (An) contents in the cores of plagioclase crystals are 80–87%, while concentrations of Fe, Mg and Sr vary more strongly, especially in patchy‐core plagioclase. The homogeneous‐core, fine oscillatory‐zoned and glomerocrystic plagioclase crystallized in deep‐seated chambers. In contrast, the core‐sieved, mantle‐sieved and patchy‐core textures developed when magmas ascended slowly and were injected into shallow chambers, during which plagioclase was resorbed and dissolved due to decompression. In the southern Okinawa Trough, homogeneous‐core plagioclase crystallized when magma ascended rapidly through deep conduits and was injected into a shallow chamber; under these conditions, only homogeneous‐core and core‐sieved plagioclase phenocrysts crystallized in the shallow chamber. The core of homogeneous‐core plagioclase (An86–An93) was partially resorbed and contaminated by crustal material. Degassing and undercooling promoted the rapid crystallization of microlitic plagioclase, especially in the outermost rims, during and after the extraction of magma from shallow chambers, in both the middle and southern Okinawa Trough. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of climate change on precipitation patterns: a comparative approach
Authors: Sohoulande Djebou Dagbegnon C. , Singh Vijay P. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTAssessment of the impact of climate change on future precipitation scenarios is critical for water resources planning and development. Despite the advances reported in climate modelling, it remains a challenge to adequately develop approaches for impact assessment that can be easily interpreted by a wide range of decision makers in the society. The future scenarios are customarily projected with a range of uncertainties. Based on a case study, this article first discusses the complementarity of different statistical tools that are relevant for assessing the impact of climate change. Then, it reports a probabilistic method, which shows promising applicability. Specifically, we address the effect of climate change over the entire range of monthly precipitation and the number of precipitation events (>3 mm) across the Texas Gulf watershed. We consider daily precipitation series released by the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program for historical (1971–2000) and future (2041–2070) periods. The precipitation series are bias‐corrected and are then analysed using different statistical methods, including trends and pooled analyses. Subsequently, we present a probabilistic approach that is capable of depicting the plausible effects of climate change in time and space. Finally, we infer temporal changes in seasonal precipitation across the watershed, which suggest meaningful spatial disparity. The probabilistic approach may serve as a complementary tool that seems to be relevant for a holistic interpretation of critical changes in precipitation patterns under climate change.
In vitro experimental investigation of the forces and torque acting on the scaphoid during light grasp
Authors: Erhart Jochen , Unger Ewald , Schefzig Philip , Krumboeck Anna , Hagmann Michael , Vecsei Vilmos , Mayr Winfried 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to measure the magnitude and direction of forces and torque within osteotomized scaphoids within cadaveric wrists during grasping movement of the hand. The mechanical contributions of clinically relevant individual wrist‐crossing tendon groups were investigated. Wrists of eight forearms were immobilized in the sagittal, transverse, and coronal plane on a fixation device with unhindered axial gliding. The scaphoid was osteotomized and the fragments stabilized using an interlocking nail. The nail served as a sensor for measurement of inter‐fragmentary forces orthogonal and torque around the sensor axis. Thus, torque and cantilever forces were measured which originated between the fragments through co‐contraction through the activity of wrist‐crossing tendons. Grasping movement of the hand induced a mean maximum torque of 0.038 ± 0.051 Nm and a force of 4.01 ± 1.71 N on the scaphoid. The isolated activation of thumb tendons resulted in a torque of 9.9 E−3 ± 7.7 E−3 Nm and a force of 1.42 ± 0.49 N. Despite immobilization of the wrist, grasping movement of the hand caused substantial forces and torque within the osteotomized scaphoid bone in varying directions and severity among different specimens. These factors may contribute to the development of nonunions and malunions in unstable scaphoid fractures through interfragmentary micromotion. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1734–1742, 2016.
Trends in the use of maintenance immunosuppressive drugs among liver transplant recipients in Taiwan: a nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Huang Ying‐Yu , Hsu Chia‐Chen , Chou Chia‐Lin , Loong Che‐Chuan , Wu Min‐Shan , Chou Yueh‐Ching 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPurposeDuring the past two decades, many novel immunosuppressive drugs have been approved for transplant recipients. Trends in the use of maintenance immunosuppressants after liver transplantation in Asia are unclear. Thus, we aimed to analyze the prescription trends in maintenance immunosuppressive drugs among liver transplant recipients in Taiwan and compare the results with the trends reported from western countries.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective nationwide population‐based study utilizing the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to analyze the prescribing patterns of immunosuppressants used in Taiwanese liver transplant recipients from 2000 to 2009.ResultsA total of 1686 liver transplant patients and their prescriptions of immunosuppressants were analyzed. The 5‐year survival rate of liver transplant recipients was 79.6%. In 2009, the major immunosuppressive therapy among liver transplant recipients was a dual‐drug regimen with tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid (57.3%). Among the calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), the use of cyclosporine decreased from 58.9% to 12.5%, while the use of tacrolimus notably increased from 23.3% to 77.5%. The use of azathioprine decreased from 21.3% to 0.4%, while the use of mycophenolic acid increased from 56.1% to 76.5%. Among the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, sirolimus was approved in 2002, and its use increased to 8.7% in 2009. In the first 3 months after liver transplantation, a total of 17 different regimens were used in 2009, compared with seven regimens in 2000.ConclusionsAlthough the CNI‐based combination obviously remains the major regimen, our results reveal a trend toward individualized immunosuppressive regimens among Taiwanese liver transplant recipients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Modular Synthesis of N‐Benzotriazole Ureas Using Alkylation of 5‐Nitrobenzotriazole
Authors: Machara Aleš , Konvalinka Jan , Kotora Martin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractN‐Alkylations of monosubstituted benzotriazoles yield isomeric products with distinct topology, i. e. 1H‐ or to 2H‐isomers. Therefore, the molecular shape of these compounds varies and this results in distinct biological and physical properties. Herein, a protocol for the simple synthesis of various alkyl‐aminobenzotriazoles using 5‐nitrobenzotriazole is reported. This synthetic approach furnishes 2‐alkyl‐5‐nitro‐2H‐benzotriazoles as major products in most of the attempted cases. All three obtained isomers were separable from each other by standard column chromatography. In addition, three alternative approaches furnishing selectively substituted alkyl‐amino‐1H‐benzotriazoles are described. Finally, a library of sixty‐eight N‐benzotriazoylureas and six N‐benzotriazoylthioureas was synthesized by reactions with either isocyanates (phenyl chloroformate) or isothiocyanates.
The virtual multifrequency spectrometer: a new paradigm for spectroscopy
Authors: Barone Vincenzo 
Published: January 2016

Ongoing developments of hardware and software are changing computational spectroscopy from a strongly specialized research area to a general tool in the inventory of most researchers. Increased interactions between experimentally oriented users and theoretically oriented developers of new methods and models would result in more robust, flexible and reliable tools, and studies for the systems of increasing complexity, which are of current scientific and technological interest. This is the philosophy behind this review, which presents the development of a so‐called virtual multifrequency spectrometer (VMS) including state‐of‐the‐art approaches in a user‐friendly frame. The current status of the VMS tool will be illustrated by a number of case studies with special reference to infrared and UV–vis regions of the electromagnetic spectrum including also chiral spectroscopies. Only the basic theoretical background will be provided avoiding explicit equations as far as possible, and pointing out the most recent advancements beyond the standard rigid‐rotor harmonic‐oscillator model coupled to vertical electronic excitation energies. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:86–110. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1238This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
Bringing light into the dark side of identity: Theoretical and clinical applications: A case study
Authors: Weymeis Henk 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTIn the final part, a clinical reflection is presented on the dark side of identity formation and the empirical papers of this special issue. It is important that both researchers and clinicians ask themselves how theory and evidence about identity development can be used in clinical practice. Therefore, a relevant case study is presented about an emerging adult struggling with identity formation, Tim. Various facets of Tim's struggling are illustrated based on findings from this special issue. Starting from identity diffusion, Tim's transition to moratorium and achievement was examined from three complementary theoretical frameworks and related research on these topics as outlined in this special issue. Finally, change processes throughout therapy were discussed from various clinical frameworks.
Endogenous sex hormones and cognitive function in older women
Authors: Koyama Alain K. , Tworoger Shelley S. , Eliassen A. Heather , Okereke Olivia I. , Weisskopf Marc G. , Rosner Bernard , Yaffe Kristine , Grodstein Francine 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIntroductionWe examined the association between endogenous sex hormones and both objective and subjective measures of cognitive function.MethodsWe followed 3044 women up to 23 years in a prospective cohort study. We measured plasma levels of estrone, estrone sulfate, estradiol, androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA‐S) in 1989–1990, conducted neuropsychologic testing in 1999–2008, and inquired about subjective cognition in 2012.ResultsOverall, we observed little relation between plasma levels of hormones and either neuropsychologic test performance or subjective cognition. However, after adjustment for age and education, we observed a borderline significant association of higher levels of plasma estrone with higher scores for both overall cognition (P trend = .10) and verbal memory (P trend = .08).DiscussionThere were no clear associations of endogenous hormone levels at midlife and cognition in later life, although a suggested finding of higher levels of plasma estrone associated with better cognitive function merits further research.
Validating Alzheimer's disease micro RNAs using next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Keller Andreas , Backes Christina , Haas Jan , Leidinger Petra , Maetzler Walter , Deuschle Christian , Berg Daniela , Ruschil Christoph , Galata Valentina , Ruprecht Klemens , Stähler Cord , Würstle Maximilian , Sickert Daniel , Gogol Manfred , Meder Benjamin , Meese Eckart 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIntroductionMolecular biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) can support detection and improved care for patients, but novel candidates require verification. We previously reported a 12‐micro RNA (miRNA) blood‐based signature using next‐generation sequencing (NGS) of 54 AD cases and 22 controls.MethodsWe performed validation of 49 AD cases and 55 controls using NGS and also included 20 mild cognitive impairment and 90 multiple sclerosis samples to identify nonspecific markers. Thus, 103 AD cases, 77 unaffected controls, and 110 diseased controls were sequenced. Although the initial cohort came predominantly from the United States, the validation samples were collected in Germany.ResultsFive hundred eighty miRNAs were detected in the blood. In the initial cohort, we observed 203, in the validation cohort, 146 dysregulated miRNAs at a significance level of 0.05. With 68 miRNAs, the overlap was significant (P = .0003). Likewise, the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve values of the miRNAs correlated (correlation of 0.93; 95% confidence interval 0.89–0.96; P <10−16).DiscussionMiRNAs have the potential to support AD diagnosis and patient care.
Transformations? Skilled Change Agents Influencing Organisational Sustainability Culture
Authors: Davis Keith , Boulet Mark 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTraining employees in sustainability knowledge and skills is considered a vital element in creating a sustainability culture within an organisation. Yet, the particular types of training programs that are effective for this task are still relatively unknown. This case study describes an innovative workplace training program using a ‘head, hands, heart and feet’ learning framework to create skilled change agents among employees, in order to influence organisational sustainability culture. Utilising a dialogic inquiry methodology (Most Significant Change), as well as Mezirow's phases of transformative learning and Schein's organisational culture framework, this study considers the training program's impact on both participants and organisational sustainability culture. While transformative learning impacts for participants were identified, questions remain as to the overall impact of the program on the organisation's sustainability culture. Considering training participants as ‘seeds of influence’ as opposed to wholly responsible for organisational culture might provide new perspectives to these questions.
Impact of co-facilitated information programmes on outcomes for service users and family members: the EOLAS programmes (paper 2)
Authors: Higgins A. , Hevey D. , Gibbons P. , O’ Connor C. , Boyd F. , McBennett P. , Monaghan M. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveThe present study evaluated the impact on psychosocial outcome of parallel clinician and peer-led information programmes for people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and for family members within an Irish context.MethodsA sequential mixed method design was used. Quantitative data were collected using pre- and post-programme questionnaires followed by an integrated qualitative component involving semi-structured interviews after the programme. The questionnaires assessed knowledge, attitudes towards recovery, hope, support, advocacy and well-being. Interviews with participants, facilitators and project workers explored their experiences and views of the programme.FindingsWhile a number of the questionnaires did not show a statistically significant change, findings from the interviews suggest that the1 programmes had a number of positive outcomes, including increases in perceived knowledge, empowerment and support. Participants in both programmes valued the opportunity to meet people in similar circumstances, share their experiences, learn from each other and provide mutual support.ConclusionThe EOLAS programmes offer a novel template for communication and information sharing in a way that embodies the principles of collaboration and offers users and families a meaningful opportunity to become involved in service design, delivery and evaluation.
Hydrodynamics of flagellated microswimmers near free-slip interfaces
Authors: Pimponi D. , Chinappi M. , Gualtieri P. , Casciola C. M. 
Published: January 2016

The hydrodynamics of a flagellated micro-organism is investigated when swimming close to a planar free-slip surface by means of numerical solutions of the Stokes equations obtained via a boundary element method. Depending on the initial conditions, the swimmer can either escape from the free-slip surface or collide with the boundary. Interestingly, the micro-organism does not exhibit a stable orbit. Independently of escape or attraction to the interface, close to a free-slip surface, the swimmer follows a counter-clockwise trajectory, in agreement with experimental findings (Di Leonardoet al.,Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 106 (3), 2011, 038101). The hydrodynamics is indeed modified by the free surface. In fact, when the same swimmer moves close to a no-slip wall, a set of initial conditions exists which result in stable orbits. Moreover, when moving close to a free-slip or a no-slip boundary, the swimmer assumes a different orientation with respect to its trajectory. Taken together, these results contribute to shed light on the hydrodynamical behaviour of micro-organisms close to liquid–air interfaces which are relevant for the formation of interfacial biofilms of aerobic bacteria.
Nutrient uptake in a suspension of squirmers
Authors: Ishikawa Takuji , Kajiki Shunsuke , Imai Yohsuke , Omori Toshihiro 
Published: January 2016

Nutrient uptake is one of the most important factors in cell growth. Despite the biological importance, little is known about the effect of cell–cell hydrodynamic interactions on nutrient uptake in a suspension of swimming micro-organisms. In this study, we numerically investigate the nutrient uptake in an infinite suspension of squirmers. In the dilute limit, our results are in good agreement with a previous study by Magar et al. (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Maths, vol. 56, 2003, pp. 65–91). When we increased the volume fraction of squirmers, the nutrient uptake of individual cells was enhanced by the hydrodynamic interactions. The average nutrient concentration in the suspension decayed exponentially as a function of time, and the relaxation time could be scaled using the Sherwood number, the Péclet number and the volume fraction of cells. We propose a fitting function for the Sherwood number, which is useful in predicting nutrient uptake in the non-dilute regime. Furthermore, we analyse the swimming energy consumed by individual cells. The results indicate that both the energetic cost and the nutrient uptake increased as the volume fraction of cells was increased, and that the uptake per unit energy was not significantly affected by the volume fraction. These findings are important in understanding the mass transport and metabolism of swimming micro-organisms in nature and for industrial applications.
CLASSES OF STRUCTURES WITH NO INTERMEDIATE ISOMORPHISM PROBLEMS
Authors: MONTALBÁN ANTONIO 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe say that a theory T is intermediate under effective reducibility if the isomorphism problems among its computable models is neither hyperarithmetic nor on top under effective reducibility. We prove that if an infinitary sentence T is uniformly effectively dense, a property we define in the paper, then no extension of it is intermediate, at least when relativized to every oracle in a cone. As an application we show that no infinitary sentence whose models are all linear orderings is intermediate under effective reducibility relative to every oracle in a cone.