bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hunting and nature conservancy
Authors: Van Den Berge K. 
Published: July 2016

For some time now, hunting has grown to be a highly controversial topic. Generally, scientific papers on this matter only deal with well determined scientific-ecological aspects. However, many controversies cannot thoroughly be understood in ignorance of the specific viewpoints of the parties involved in the discussion. The present study gives an analysis of this "non-scientific" side of the problem. First, some particular ethical-philosophical aspects are taken in consideration, further the translation of the distinct viewpoints into practice is being examinated.
Use of contaminated dredged sludge as a substratum for forest growth - case study
Authors: De Vos B. 
Published: July 2016

Preliminary research was done to assess the suitability of dredged sludge as a growing medium. On an experimental sludge site, consolidated and aged during 3 years, physical, chemical and biological environmental parameters were analysed. Cuttings of poplar clones were used to evaluate growing response, in comparison with identical clones on the nursery site. This study, conducted in order to attempt the potentiality of afforestation, affirms its intention. Afforestation seems to be possible. As a consequence, relatively high amounts of heavy metals will be introduced into the forest ecosystem.
Indirect gradient analysis of the Mangal formation of Gazi bay (Kenya)
Authors: Beeckman H. , Gallin E. , Coppejans E. 
Published: July 2016

(1) Based on vegetation relevés of sample units along transects perpendicular to the coastline, the mangal ecosystem of Gazi Bay (Kenya) has been investigated. (2) An indirect gradient analysis is performed by the ordination method Detrended Correspondence Analysis. (3) The first ordination axis can be interpreted in terms of resistance of the different species to flooding. (4) A similar zonation pattern is found as described by WALTER &amp; STEINER (1936). (5) Zonation is closely connected with morphological and ecophysiological features of the mangrove species. Therefore stomatal density has been measured. Sonneratia has by far the lowest stomatal density, Lumnitzera the highest.
Caractères morphologique, biometrique et analytiques de fourrés de hêtre dans la forêt de Soignes
Authors: Reh J. , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Des mesurages des caractères morphologiques, biométriques et analitiques, ainsi de processus de croissance ont été exécutés dans deux fourrés de hêtre, issus d’une régénération naturelle dans la forêt de Soignes. Le but de la recherche était de caractériser les brins de hêtre en fonction de leur âge et de l’étage social auquel ils appartiennent. Les résultats permettent de conclure que les fourrés sont d’une bonne qualité et qu’ils descendent d’une provenance convenable. Ils permettent aussi de mettre en graphique les arbres modèles de chaque groupe d’âge et de chaque classe sociale.
Species-environment relationships in three woodlands using canonical correspondence analysis
Authors: Keymeulen R. , Beeckman H. 
Published: July 2016

Relations between plant communities and environment were investigated in an ecological study in three woodlands in the south of Flanders, Belgium. The vegetation was sampled and three environmental variables (light penetration, chemical composition of the soil and species composition of the tree and shrub layer) were measured. By application of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), relations between the vegetation and the environmental variables could be evaluated. The percentage of Fagus sylvatica in the basal area seemed to be the most decisive environmental variable determining the presence of plant communities. It could be derived as well that CCA can be a very useful technique for the determination of the indicator values of the species for their environment.
Dynamics in maturing Scots pine monoculture in north-east Belgium
Authors: Maddelein D. , Lust N. , Meyen S. , Muys B. 
Published: July 2016

The State Forest Pijnven, created early this century by afforestation with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) of heathland areas is now characterised in most stands by an important ingrowth of deciduous tree species. Ingrowth is dominated by red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), both species originating from North America. Deciduous ingrowth in the pine stands profoundly influences herbal composition of the stand. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin., abundant in all older pine stands, disappears when deciduous trees settle and species diversity, already low in the pine stands, further diminishes. Important oak and cherry regeneration is depending on the presence of seed trees in the vicinity; when lacking, a new pine generation manages to settle. A good red oak regeneration can be useful as a basis for stand conversion towards a mixed, uneven-aged deciduous forest type, but in many cases this possibility is hampered by massive invasion of black cherry, preventing all other species to regenerate.
Conflicts caused by afforestations of agricultural land in densely populated areas
Authors: Lust N. , Muys B. 
Published: July 2016

In densely populated areas, such as Flanders, serious conflicts arise due to the afforestation of agricultural lands. Roughly speaking, three sectors are involved: agriculture, forestry and nature conservation. These groups do not always share the same points of view. But even within the different sectors there are several subgroups with their own interests and approaches. Generally speaking, agriculture is strongly opposed, forestry has a relatively diversified meaning, whereas nature conservation is either opposed or in favour, depending on the region's biological value. The policy in this matter is not forest friendly. Legislation strongly hampers the afforestation of agricultural lands. Moreover the subject leads to a series of ecological problems, which have not really been considered up to now.
Regeneration patterns and problems in mixed forests
Authors: Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Knowledge on natural regeneration in mixed stands is scarce. In natural forests all kind of interactions lead to an excellent natural regeneration. Two regeneration strategies appear: gap succession and advance growth succession. Four critical factors can be distinguished in the process of natural forest regeneration stand condition, weather situation, soil condition and biotic factors. Forestry can significantly contribute to a successful natural regeneration by creating suitable ecological conditions. Crown density should be reduced to 60 % and secondary thinnings may only be executed after the establishment and consolidation of the seedlings. Soil preparation should be done to avoid soil compaction and raw humus formation as well as improve chemical and physical soil conditions. At present fencing is practically unavoidable.
Site classification in a mixed hardwood forest (Hallerbos, Belgium) with a homogeneous ground vegetation dominated by Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex. Rothm.
Authors: Maddelein D. , Muys B. , Neirynck J. , Sioen G. 
Published: July 2016

The forest of Halle (560 ha), situated 20 km south of Brussels is covered by a beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest, locally mixed with secundary species (Tilia, Fraxinus, Acer, Quercus,... ). In almost all stands, herbal vegetation is dominated by bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta). The research intended to classify 36 plots of different tree species composition according to their site quality. Three classification methods were compared: the first one based on the indicator value of the understorey vegetation, a second one on the humus morphology and a last one on some quantitative soil characteristics. According to the plant sociological site classification, the plots have the same site quality. However, humus forms differ apparently and significant differences were found in pH value and base cation saturation of the soil, abundance and biomass of earthworms and biomass of the ectorganic horizon. Tree species proved to be the main cause of these differences. The results illustrate that the herbal vegetation is not always a reliable indicator of site quality. In the case of a homogeneous vegetation dominated by one or more indifferent species, classification on humus morphology or soil analysis are more appropriate. In the forest of Halle, the tree species is probably the main cause of the observed differences in site quality.
A scientific approach for the application of criteria for setting up multiannual programmes and zonal afforestation plans in the framework of the council regulation No. 2080/92
Authors: Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

A successful and justified multiannual afforestation programme requires a good insight into the objectives and awareness of the constraints of the new forests, a planning strategy and a thorough research on the missing aspects. Socio-economic constraints mainly relate to social aspects of the farmers involved, who must be assured of a viable income. Therefore the new forest types and silvicultural systems should produce a reasonable return, without neglecting however the global multiple use objective. Planning has to deal with specific goals, the area of new forests, the location and size, accompanying measures and a time scale.
The stand concept in today's forest resource management
Authors: Coppin P. , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

The stand as the inescapable management unit is commonly defined for certain characteristics such as cover type, ecological site type (or its components), and proposed use. Examples thereof are given in this paper. Confusion arises, however, when people use one characteristic, and then they themselves or others assume that different or additional characteristics apply. This also happens when the same land parcel is part of several stands because divergent criteria are used, for example in a tropical environment, logging suitability versus species composition. The stand must therefore be viewed as dynamic, whereby change may occur in the temporal as well as in the spatial domain, incorporating new, or integrating a series of previously competing management objectives. Better resource management will also result when stands are delineated according to inherent physical properties, intrinsic biological potential, and current vegetation status (species, age, etc.). Some difficulties preventing this at present are described.
From Stockholm to Rio de Janeiro: a review of global forest policy on combating deforestation and enhancing reforestation
Authors: Pratiwi - , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

This paper gives an overview of the awareness and global policies on deforestation and reforestation, with attention to biodiversity and sustainable forest management. As forests have important functions for the human environment, forest disturbance directly impacts the human and environmental conditions. Awareness of these conditions result in many initiatives and programmes dealing with combating deforestation and enhancing reforestation. These programmes have been highlighted by international organizations and institutions a longtime before the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992. Implementation of these global programmes need multilateral cooperation between international institutions on the one hand and between national governments, NGO's, local people, and forestry sector on the other hand. Preparations of the implementation of those programmes have been started both at international and national levels.
Description anatomique du bois de Protea madiensis Oliv.
Authors: Doutrelepont H. , Vrydaghs L. , De Pauw H. , Beeckman H. 
Published: July 2016

The article describes the anatomical structure of the wood of Protea madiensis Oliv., belonging to the Proteaceae family which mainly occupies the African and Australian part of the southern hemisphere. Specifically, its wide rays are well preserved in archeological and prehistorical charcoal samples. In addition, it is a strong ecological indicator for a savanna environment. Together, these two facts make this species a significant contributor to paleoenvironmental studies.
Possibilities for forest development in a zone of controlled inundation in Kruibeke (Eastern Flanders) by means of a geographical information system
Authors: Nachtergale L. , De Schrijver A. , Troch P. , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

As an area of 750 hectares is going to be constructed as a controlled inundation zone of the river ScheIdt, a preliminary study of the environmental changes and the possible shifts in forest types was done by the Laboratory of Forestry and the Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Management, both of the University of Ghent. Based on a digital elevation model and the relation between water height in the river and the amount of water entering the area for a given height of the dikes, for each place in the inundation zone the frequency of inundation was determined. These frequencies, in combination with the data layers soil texture, soil drainage, substrate, current land use and historical vegetation data allowed to determine the potentially natural vegetation according to Van Der Werf (1991) and to do a prediction of the forest communities most likely to occur now and for the inundation scenario. Because the very common use of poplar cultivars, also the future possibilities of these trees were considered. As a synthesis, a number of management suggestions could be worked out.
Verfahren beim Anbau eines Stadtwaldes von 500 ha in einem dichtbesiedelten Gebiet
Authors: Van Elegem B. , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Im dichtbesiedelten Bezirk Kortrijk gibt es einen sehr grossen Mangel an Erholungswald. Es wurde beschlossen eine Untersuchung nach den Anbaumöglichkeiten eines 500 ha grossen Stadtwaldes durchzuführen. Hierbei sollte vor allem der landwirtschaftlichen Lage, wie auch dem Erhalten von bestehenden Naturwerten, Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden. Zuerst wurden 26 Kriterien verfasst, um die Eignung eines Gebietes zum Stadtwald zu prüfen. In der ersten Phase wurden 31 Gebiete einer Kriterienanalyse unterworfen. Darauf wurde ein grosses Gebiet selektiert und einer intensiven Analyse der landwirtschaftlichen Lage unterworfen. Sozio-ökonomische Faktoren, wie rezente Investierungen und Betriebsnachfolgemöglichkeiten wurden analysiert. Also wurde ein Gebiet, mit einer Fläche von 1250 ha, als günstig beurteilt und in dieser eine Fläche von 300 ha als sehr günstig. Die Realisierung des Projektes wird über eine Frist von 20 bis 30 Jahren angestrebt. Die Erwerbung der Flächen sollte jedoch so schnell wie möglich geschehen. Zur Implementierung wurde eine Konvention zwischen der Flämischen Region, der Provinz und der Stadt Kortrijk verfasst.
Scaling leaf photosynthesis to canopy in a mixed deciduous forest. I. model description
Authors: Samson R. , Follens S. , Lemeur R. 
Published: July 2016

A multi-layer model (FORUG) was developed, to simulate the canopy photosynthesis of a mixed deciduous forest during the growing season. Measured photosynthesis parameters, for beech (Fagus sylvatica), oak (Quercus robur) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior), were used as input to the model. This information at the leaf level is then scaled up to the level of the canopy, taking into account the radiation profiles (diffuse and direct PAR) in the canopy, the vertical LAI distribution, the evolution of the LAI and the photosynthesis parameters during the growing season, and the temperature dependence of the latter parameters.
Scaling leaf photosynthesis to canopy in a mixed deciduous forest. II. A simulation study for two growing seasons
Authors: Samson R. , Follens S. , Lemeur R. 
Published: July 2016

The model as described in Samson et al. (1997) (FORUG model) is validated at the leaf level, and seems to simulate well the canopy rates for the different species and the different considered layers in the canopy. The highest instantaneous canopy photosynthesis rates are found for oak, the lowest for beech. The total amount of carbon assimilated during the growing season was highest for oak and ash and lower for beech and amounted respectively 10.9, 11.0 and 10.3 ton C ha-1 y-1 for the growing season 1996. The carbon uptake was higher during the growing season 1997 due to a higher mean daily temperature, and a higher amount of incoming PAR. For bole respiration the maximum rate for both growing seasons amounted 3.6 µmol m-2 S-1. Integrated over the growing season the total bole respiration amounted 4.5 and 4.3 ton C ha-1 y-1 for respectively the growing season 1997 and 1996. At high temperatures and high PPFD, temperature becomes a limiting factor for Net Canopy Photosynthesis (NCP). A total forest canopy has, just as leaves, a curvilinear reaction on PPFD. This finding allowed to construct a one-layer or 'big leaf' model which simulated-the NCP as well as did the multi-layer FORUG model. However a multi-layer model for simulating the NCP is preffered as it allows more simpler incorporation or adaptation of parameters.
Criteria for the location of urban forests in densely populated and scarsely wooded areas
Authors: Van Ellegem B. , Embo T. , Lust N. , Kerkhove G. , Houthaeve R. 
Published: July 2016

Several policy and scientific documents emphasize the importance of the realization of new urban forests in densely populated and scarsely wooded areas. This paper aims at the development of a methodology to select the most suitable locations for the establishment of new large urban forests, taking into account the highest chances for success. The most suitable and feasible locations are selected by means of a multicriteria analysis. In this respect three phases of the multicriteria analysis can be distinguished: 1. The excluding phase: leading, by means of excluding criteria, to the fixation of a number of locations which are potentially suitable to afforestation; they are called potential locations. 2. The classifying phase: testing the potential locations to their suitability; this phase aims at the selection of a limited number of (theoretically) most suitable locations. It is based on the following groups of criteria: - criteria related to the potential recreational quality; - structure strengthening criteria; - criteria related to the potential ecological quality. 3. The feasibility phase: finally the most suitable locations are tested on their feasibility; leading, via an analysis of possible conflicts with other area claims, to the selection of the most feasible location(s). Because of the strong pressure on the land use in the densely populated areas, this fase is very important to optimize the realization chances of the afforestation. The three main criteria are: - the acceptability for the agricultural sector; - the acceptability for the nature and landscape values; - the acceptability for the urban functions. As a result of the three fases of the multicriteria analysis the most suitable and feasible locations are selected. In the classification phase as well as in the feasibility phase the different locations are divided into classes, according to the scores reached by the different criteria in their totality or each separatedly. The criteria and also the weights attributed to those criteria must correspond to the wanted profile of the planned forest, meaning they have to enclose spatial elements as well as functional and ecological elements. The feasibility phase can be completed with an analysis of the opportunity criteria, i.e. criteria which are mainly related to the short term realization of the project, e.g. rest lands and fallow lands or lands used by farmers without direct succession. The necessity to contact all involved actors in order to be successful is strongly stressed.
Evaluation of structure in Pinus halepensis M. stands in North Greece
Authors: Karamanolis D. , Stamatelos G. , Gkanatsas P. 
Published: July 2016

The Principal Component Analysis (P.C.A.) is a multivariate technique useful in the description and the revealing of relations between variables in a great number of data. The structure of Pinus halepensis forests by P.C.A. was studied. The method was applied in silvicultural data of Pinus halepensis forests in Kassandra Peninsula. Sampling was done on 49 plots spreaded over of the peninsula. By the analysis of a total of 12 initial variables it was found that the first 6 principal components, new variables, interpret almost 83% of the total variance. It was also found that the first component, which explains 29.6%, affects the configuration of stand structure.
Die Beziehung von Waldwirtschaft zu Umwelt und Naturschutzproblemen (mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Situation in Flandern)
Authors: Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Trotz technischer Verbesserungen stehen Umwelt und Natur noch unter schwerem Druck. In der globalen Umweltproblematik spielt die Waldwirtschaft nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Sie hat einen bedeutungsvollen Vorteil, nämlich dass die Produktionsprozesse im Wald umweltfreundlich sind. Die Waldwirtschaft war und ist jedoch vielen Zerstörungen unterworfen. Diese wurden zum Teil durch den eigenen Sektor verursacht, was zu einem Verlust an Biodiversität und zur Bodendegradation geführt hat. Übrigens steht der Wald die letzten Jahrzehnte unter starkem Druck von externen Faktoren, hauptsächlich Versauerung, Überdüngung und Austrocknung. Fragmentierung ist ein historisch wichtiger Faktor. Neue, größtenteils noch unbekannte Zerstörungen folgen aus Klimaänderung, Angreifen der Ozonschicht und Bildung von Ozon. Massnahmen sollen ergriffen werden zur Erhöhung der Biodiversität in Waldökosystemen und zur Erholung der Bodendegradation. Sie sind von lokalen Lagen abhängig. Die Implementierung dieser waldbaulich gerichteten Massnahmen erscheint wahrscheinlich. Dagegen ist es sehr zweifelhaft ob die notwendigen allgemeinen Umweltmassnahmen erfolgreich getroffen werden können. Jedenfalls, das Erreichen eines harmonischen Verhältnisses zwischen Umwelt und Natur einerseits und Wald und Waldwirtschaft anderseits ist ein sehr schwieriger Auftrag und erfordert die notwendigen finanziellen Mittel.
Structure and stem analysis of Pinus halepensis Mill. forests in the Kassandra Peninsula - Chalkidiki
Authors: Smiris P. , Maris F. , Stamou N. 
Published: July 2016

The present study was conducted on the Kassandra Peninsula of Chalkidiki, for the research project: GR-Forest Fires NATO Science for stability programs. The structure analysis is determined in stands of different age classes. Moreover, the forest yield data in all age classes are given. In order to study the diameter and height growth, stem analysis in 30 trees were done. The results of this research indicate all the silviculture treatments that should be carried out in Pinus halepensis forests, in order to fulfil the multifunctional management of forests.