bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A computational model of shared fine-scale structure in the human connectome
Authors: Guntupalli J. Swaroop , Feilong Ma , Haxby James V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractVariation in cortical connectivity profiles is typically modeled as having a coarse spatial scale parcellated into interconnected brain areas. We created a high-dimensional common model of the human connectome to search for fine-scale structure that is shared across brains. Projecting individual connectivity data into this new common model connectome accounts for substantially more variance in the human connectome than do previous models. This newly discovered shared structure is closely related to fine-scale distinctions in representations of information. These results reveal a shared fine-scale structure that is a major component of the human connectome that coexists with coarse-scale, areal structure. This shared fine-scale structure was not captured in previous models and was, therefore, inaccessible to analysis and study.Author SummaryResting state fMRI has become a ubiquitous tool for measuring connectivity in normal and diseased brains. Current dominant models of connectivity are based on coarse-scale connectivity among brain regions, ignoring fine-scale structure within those regions. We developed a high-dimensional common model of the human connectome that captures both coarse and fine-scale structure of connectivity shared across brains. We showed that this shared fine-scale structure is related to fine-scale distinctions in representation of information, and our model accounts for substantially more shared variance of connectivity compared to previous models. Our model opens new territory — shared fine-scale structure, a dominant but mostly unexplored component of the human connectome — for analysis and study.
T-dependent B cell responses toPlasmodiuminduce antibodies that form a high-avidity multivalent complex with the circumsporozoite protein
Authors: Fisher Camilla R. , Sutton Henry J. , Kaczmarski Joe A. , McNamara Hayley A. , Clifton Ben , Mitchell Joshua , Cai Yeping , Dups Johanna N. , D'Arcy Nicholas J. , Singh Mandeep , Chuah Aaron , Peat Thomas S. , Jackson Colin J. , Cockburn Ian A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe repeat region of thePlasmodium falciparumcircumsporozoite protein (CSP) is a major vaccine antigen because it can be targeted by parasite neutralizing antibodies; however, little is known about this interaction. We used isothermal titration calorimetry, X-ray crystallography and mutagenesis-validated modeling to analyze the binding of a murine neutralizing antibody toPlasmodium falciparumCSP. Strikingly, we found that the repeat region of CSP is bound by multiple antibodies. This repeating pattern allows multiple weak interactions of single FABdomains to accumulate and yield a complex with a dissociation constant in the low nM range. Because the CSP protein can potentially cross-link multiple B cell receptors (BCRs) we hypothesized that the B cell response might be T cell independent. However, while there was a modest response in mice deficient in T cell help, the bulk of the response was T cell dependent. By sequencing the BCRs of CSP-repeat specific B cells in inbred mice we found that these cells underwent somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation indicative of a T-dependent response. Last, we found that the BCR repertoire of responding B cells was limited suggesting that the structural simplicity of the repeat may limit the breadth of the immune response.Author SummaryVaccines aim to protect by inducing the immune system to make molecules called antibodies that can recognize molecules on the surface of invading pathogens. In the case of malaria, our most advanced vaccine candidates aim to promote the production of antibodies that recognize the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) molecule on the surface of the invasive parasite stage called the sporozoite. In this report we use X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of CSP-binding antibodies at the atomic level. We use other techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry and structural modeling to examine how this antibody interacts with the CSP molecule. Strikingly, we found that each CSP molecule could bind 6 antibodies. This finding has implications for the immune response and may explain why high titers of antibody are needed for protection. Moreover, because the structure of the CSP repeat is quite simple we determined that the number of different kinds of antibodies that could bind this molecule are quite small. However a high avidity interaction between those antibodies and CSP can result from a process called affinity maturation that allows the body to learn how to make improved antibodies specific for pathogen molecules. These data show that while it is challenging for the immune system to recognize and neutralize CSP, it should be possible to generate viable vaccines targeting this molecule.
Speaker gaze increases information coupling between infant and adult brains
Authors: Leong Victoria , Byrne Elizabeth , Clackson Kaili , Georgieva Stanimira , Lam Sarah , Wass Sam 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWhen infants and adults communicate, they exchange social signals of availability and communicative intention such as eye gaze. Previous research indicates that when communication is successful, close temporal dependencies arise between adult speakers’ and listeners’ neural activity. However, it is not known whether similar neural contingencies exist within adult-infantdyads. Here, we used dual-electroencephalography to assess whether direct gaze increases neural coupling between adults and infants during screen-based and live interactions. In Experiment 1 (N=17), infants viewed videos of an adult who was singing nursery rhymes with (a)Direct gaze(looking forward); (b)Indirect gaze(head and eyes averted by 20°); or (c)Direct-Oblique gaze(head averted but eyes orientated forward). In Experiment 2 (N=19), infants viewed the same adult in a live context, singing with Direct or Indirect gaze. Gaze-related changes in adult-infant neural network connectivity were measured using Partial Directed Coherence. Across both experiments, the adult had a significant (Granger)-causal influence on infants’ neural activity, which was stronger during Direct and Direct-Oblique gaze relative to Indirect gaze. During live interactions, infants also influenced the adult more during Direct than Indirect gaze. Further, infants vocalised more frequently during live Direct gaze, and individual infants who vocalized longer also elicited stronger synchronisation from the adult. These results demonstrate that direct gaze strengthens bi-directional adult-infant neural connectivity during communication. Thus, ostensive social signals could act to bring brains into mutual temporal alignment, creating a joint-networked state that is structured to facilitate information transfer during early communication and learning.
RNA polymerases IV and V influence the 3’ boundaries of Polymerase II transcription units in Arabidopsis
Authors: McKinlay Anastasia , Podicheti Ram , Wendte Jered M. , Cocklin Ross , Rusch Douglas B. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNuclear multisubunit RNA polymerases IV and V (Pol IV and Pol V) evolved in plants as specialized forms of Pol II. Their functions are best understood in the context of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM), a process in which Pol IV-dependent 24 nt siRNAs direct the de novo cytosine methylation of regions transcribed by Pol V. Pol V has additional functions, independent of Pol IV and 24 nt siRNA biogenesis, in maintaining the repression of transposons and genomic repeats whose silencing depends on maintenance cytosine methylation. Here we report that Pol IV and Pol V play unexpected roles in defining the 3’ boundaries of Pol II transcription units. Nuclear run-on assays reveal that in the absence of Pol IV or Pol V, Pol II occupancy downstream of poly A sites increases for approximately 12% of protein-coding genes. This effect is most pronounced for convergently transcribed gene pairs. Although Pols IV and V are detected near transcript ends of the affected Pol II – transcribed genes, their role in limiting Pol II read-through is independent of siRNA biogenesis or cytosine methylation. We speculate that Pols IV and V (and/or their associated factors) play roles in Pol II transcription termination by influencing polymerase bypass or release at collision sites for convergent genes.
Developing management student cultural fluency for the real world
Authors: Zhu Yunxia , Okimoto Tyler G. , Roan Amanda , Xu Henry 
Published: February 2017

PurposeTo connect students with the real world of management practice, the purpose of this paper is to extend and operationalize the situated cultural learning approach (SiCuLA) through five learning processes occurring within communities of practice. These include integration of cultural contexts, authentic activities, reflections, facilitation, and the construction of a collaborative learning community.Design/methodology/approachTo investigate the complex processes and principles of cultural learning, a multi-method approach is applied to an extensive comparative study of default and intervened cases within three management classes. Evidence is drawn from multiple sources of qualitative data including class observations, meeting minutes, focus groups, and group interviews with students and instructors.FindingsResults indicated that in default cases, little explicit attention was given to a situated perspective of culture, or to the rich sources of cultural knowledge available among members of the classroom community. In contrast, following the intervention cases where SiCuLA was applied, there was strong evidence that much more attention was given to enhancing student contextual knowledge. Nonetheless, there were some challenges in applying these processes within the classroom context.Originality/valueThis is the first study to extend and operationalize SiCuLA in a classroom setting. More importantly, the evidence forms the empirical basis for deriving theoretical principles for cross-cultural management (CCM) education and training. It contributes to studying cultural contexts as sources of knowledge for learning through active co-participation. It also contributes to positive CCM learning with an emphasis on human agency that encourages students to take more responsibility and ownership of their cultural learning.
Networking behaviour, graduate employability: a social capital perspective
Authors: Batistic Saša , Tymon Alex 
Published: February 2017

PurposeDrawing on the overarching framework of social capital theory, the purpose of this paper is to develop and empirically examine networking behaviour and employability within the higher education context.Design/methodology/approachIn a sample of 376 full-time business students the authors measured perceived employability, networking behaviour, access to information and resources and job-search learning goal orientation (JSLGO).FindingsThe authors found networking is related to increased internal and external perceived employability by boosting access to information and resources. The results also demonstrate that networking is positively related to access to information and resources for low and high JSLGO, the relationship being stronger for those with higher levels.Research limitations/implicationsThe results provide an enriched view of individual networking behaviour by offering an indirect model of networking outcomes and to the graduate employability and social capital literatures.Practical implicationsThe findings may provide focus for individuals concerned with enhancing their employability and those involved in supporting career guidance.Originality/valueObvious beneficiaries are students, for whom employment is a key concern, and universities who face increasing pressure to enhance graduate employability whilst resources to do so are diminishing. To this end the authors highlight activities that may develop networking behaviours and JSLGO.
An upwind fast sweeping scheme for calculating seismic wave first‐arrival travel times for models with an irregular free surface
Authors: Lan Haiqiang , Chen Ling 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTThe topography‐dependent eikonal equation formulated in a curvilinear coordinate system has recently been established and revealed as being effective in calculating first‐arrival travel times of seismic waves in an Earth model with an irregular free surface. The Lax–Friedrichs sweeping scheme, widely used in previous studies as for approximating the topography‐dependent eikonal equation viscosity solutions, is more dissipative and needs a much higher number of iterations to converge. Furthermore, the required number of iterations grows with the grid refinement and results in heavy computation in dense grids, which hampers the application of the Lax–Friedrichs sweeping scheme to seismic wave travel‐time calculation and high‐resolution imaging. In this paper, we introduce a new upwind fast sweeping solver by discretising the Legendre transform of the numerical Hamiltonian of the topography‐dependent eikonal equation using an explicit formula. The minimisation related to the Legendre transform in the sweeping scheme is solved analytically, which proved to be much more efficient than the Lax–Friedrichs algorithm in solving the topography‐dependent eikonal equation. Several numerical experiments demonstrate that the new upwind fast sweeping method converges and achieves much better accuracy after a finite number of iterations, independently of the mesh size, which makes it an efficient and robust tool for calculating travel times in the presence of a non‐flat free surface.
Genetic analyses unravel the crucial role of a horizontally acquired alginate lyase for brown algal biomass degradation by Zobellia galactanivorans
Authors: Zhu Yongtao , Thomas François , Larocque Robert , Li Nan , Duffieux Delphine , Cladière Lionel , Souchaud Florent , Michel Gurvan , McBride Mark J. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryComprehension of the degradation of macroalgal polysaccharides suffers from the lack of genetic tools for model marine bacteria, despite their importance for coastal ecosystem functions. We developed such tools for Zobellia galactanivorans, an algae‐associated flavobacterium that digests many polysaccharides, including alginate. These tools were used to investigate the biological role of AlyA1, the only Z. galactanivorans alginate lyase known to be secreted in soluble form and to have a recognizable carbohydrate‐binding domain. A deletion mutant, ΔalyA1, grew as well as the wild type on soluble alginate but was deficient in soluble secreted alginate lyase activity and in digestion of and growth on alginate gels and algal tissues. Thus, AlyA1 appears to be essential for optimal attack of alginate in intact cell walls. alyA1 appears to have been recently acquired via horizontal transfer from marine Actinobacteria, conferring an adaptive advantage that might benefit other algae‐associated bacteria by exposing new substrate niches. The genetic tools described here function in diverse members of the phylum Bacteroidetes and should facilitate analyses of polysaccharide degradation systems and many other processes in these common but understudied bacteria.
The Diagnostic Value of Quantitative Assessment of Diatom Test for Drowning: An Analysis of 128 Water‐related Death Cases using Microwave Digestion‐Vacuum Filtration‐Automated Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Zhao Jian , Liu Chao , Bardeesi Adham Sameer A. , Wu Yeda , Ma Yanbing , Hu Sunlin , Shi He , Cheng Jianding 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe value of diatom test for the diagnosis of drowning remains controversial. The conventional forensic diatom test with low sensitivity is not a useful tool to provide accurate information about diatom in the tissues and organs. To improve the sensitivity of the diatom test, we developed a novel method called the Microwave Digestion‐Vacuum Filtration‐Automated Scanning Electron Microscopy (MD‐VF‐AutoSEM) method which resulted in a high recovery of diatoms. In this article, we analyzed 128 water‐related death cases. Our results showed that theMD‐VF‐AutoSEMmethod could achieve a much higher positive rate (0.97) in drowning cases. Large amounts of diatoms are retained, even concentrated, in the lung tissues during the intense breathing movement in drowning process. This might be useful for the diagnosis of drowning. Our research indicates that theMD‐VF‐AutoSEMmethod would be a valuable methodology in the study of diatom test for the forensic community.
Preliminary Study of Testosterone and Empathy in Determining Recidivism and Antisocial Behavior
Authors: House Samuel J. , Laan Jacob M. , Molden Raymond K. , Ritchie James C. , Stowe Zachary N. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRecidivism, repeated criminal behavior after conviction and correction of prior offenses, is a costly problem across the nation. However, the contribution of empathy in determining the risk of recidivism has received limited attention, although lack of empathy has been related to antisocial personality disorder in various studies. Studies linked testosterone to aggression, antisocial behavior, and criminality, and evidence support hormonal connections between empathy and aggression. Adult male prison inmates convicted of violent or nonviolent offenses were included in a cross‐sectional study of empathy, antisocial behavior, salivary testosterone, and recidivism. Subjects underwent criminal history, Empathy Quotient, Levenson Self‐Report Psychopathy Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, and salivary testosterone assays. Bivariate analyses indicated multiple correlations between variables. Multivariate modeling analyses found a significant relationship between self‐reported conviction number and psychopathy scale score (p = 0.013). These preliminary results suggest avenues of investigation of factors contributing to recidivism risk.
Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly people: Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors
Authors: González‐González José A , Monreal‐Robles Roberto , García‐Compean Diego , Paz‐Delgadillo Jonathan , Wah‐Suárez Martín , Maldonado‐Garza Héctor J. 
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical characteristics, outcomes and prognostic factors in elderly patients (aged 75 years and elder) with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB).METHODSConsecutive patients admitted with acute nonvariceal UGIB who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were prospectively recruited and subdivided into two age‐based groups, elderly (aged ≥75 years) and younger patients (<75 years). The patients’ characteristics and outcomes were recorded.RESULTSAltogether 1136 patients were included in the study, 276 (24.3%) aged ≥75 years. Peptic ulcers, gastroduodenal erosions and esophagitis represented the three most common endoscopic lesions found in 87.7% of the elderly patients compared with 80.8% in younger patients (
P
= 0.008). Overall, the rebleeding rate (4.0% vs 3.3%, P = 0.568), need for blood transfusion (66.3% vs 61.0%, P = 0.122), surgery rate (1.2% vs 1.4%, P = 0.947) and in‐hospital mortality (13.0% vs 10.0%, P = 0.157) were not different between the two groups. In elderly patients, serum albumin was the only predictive variable independently associated with mortality in the overall analysis (OR 5.867, 95% CI 2.206–15.604, P < 0.001) and in the subgroup patients with peptic ulcers (OR 5.230, 95% CI 2.099–13.029, P = 0.001). Elderly patients with serum albumin >23.5 g/L at admission presented a low mortality (negative predictive value 97.3%).CONCLUSIONSClinical evolution and mortality do not differ between the elderly and younger patients with acute nonvariceal UGIB. Serum albumin level at admission is a prognostic marker for mortality in elder patients.
Should the biofilm mode of life be taken into consideration for microbial biocontrol agents?
Authors: Pandin Caroline , Le Coq Dominique , Canette Alexis , Aymerich Stéphane , Briandet Romain 
Published: February 2017

SummaryAlmost one‐third of crop yields are lost every year due to microbial alterations and diseases. The main control strategy to limit these losses is the use of an array of chemicals active against spoilage and unwanted pathogenic microorganisms. Their massive use has led to extensive environmental pollution, human poisoning and a variety of diseases. An emerging alternative to this chemical approach is the use of microbial biocontrol agents. Biopesticides have been used with success in several fields, but a better understanding of their mode of action is necessary to better control their activity and increase their use. Very few studies have considered that biofilms are the preferred mode of life of microorganisms in the target agricultural biotopes. Increasing evidence shows that the spatial organization of microbial communities on crop surfaces may drive important bioprotection mechanisms. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence of biofilm formation by biocontrol agents on crops and discuss how this surface‐associated mode of life may influence their biology and interactions with other microorganisms and the host and, finally, their overall beneficial activity.
Nitrogen Subsidies from Hillslope Alder Stands to Streamside Wetlands and Headwater Streams, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: Callahan Michael K. , Whigham Dennis F. , Rains Mark C. , Rains Kai C. , King Ryan S. , Walker Coowe M. , Maurer Jasmine R. , Baird Steven J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe examined nitrogen transport and wetland primary production along hydrologic flow paths that link nitrogen‐fixing alder (Alnus spp.) stands to downslope wetlands and streams in the Kenai Lowlands, Alaska. We expected that nitrate concentrations in surface water and groundwater would be higher on flow paths below alder. We further expected that nitrate concentrations would be higher in surface water and groundwater at the base of short flow paths with alder and that streamside wetlands at the base of alder‐near flow paths would be less nitrogen limited than wetlands at the base of long flow paths with alder. Our results showed that groundwater nitrate‐N concentrations were significantly higher at alder‐near sites than at no‐alder sites, but did not differ significantly between alder‐far sites and no‐alder sites or between alder‐far sites and alder‐near sites. A survey of 15N stable isotope signatures in soils and foliage in alder‐near and no‐alder flow paths indicated the alder‐derived nitrogen evident in soils below alder is quickly integrated downslope. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the relative increase in plant biomass after nitrogen fertilization, with the greatest increase occurring in the no‐alder sites. This study demonstrates that streamside wetlands and streams are connected to the surrounding landscapes through hydrologic flow paths, and flow paths with alder stands are potential “hot spots” for nitrogen subsidies at the hillslope scale.