bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting Input and Output Hypotheses in Second Language Learning
Authors: Birkner Victor A. 
Published: February 2016

This article discusses the impact that both input and output hypotheses have on second language learning. For decades, there have been opposing ideas in this regard. Several studies were consulted to have a clearer view of which approach is more recommendable for people involved in language teaching. For several years teachers of second language strongly believed that learning a new language depended on the exposition of learners to the target language. For effective learning, the exposition should be higher than the students’ level but comprehensible enough for them to understand. However, this hypothesis was rejected when a new study revealed that the exposition was not enough. Students need to use the language they have learnt. These new ideas emerged from the output hypothesis that had a significant impact on the field of language teaching. The article concludes that both approaches can be used complementarily although more study is still needed. atology and expand its studies from macro-studies to micro-studies.<p> </p>
Spatial Distribution and Sequential Sampling of the Banana Root Borer
Authors: Maldonado Walter , Barbosa José Carlos , Pavarini Ronaldo , Maruyama Wilson Itamar , Oliveira Rodrigo Alves 
Published: February 2016

The banana root borer, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a major pest in many banana (Musa spp.)‐producing regions of the world, causing yield losses of up to 100%. The aims of this study were to define the spatial distribution pattern of C. sordidus in banana plantations, to determine the probability distribution model that best describes the sampling data, and to develop a sequential sampling plan for this pest. Aggregation was investigated using aggregation indices and theoretical frequency distributions. To quantify the number of insects, 80 traps were distributed in a commercial banana plantation with an area of 4 ha and inspections were performed every 2 wk from 2005 to 2008. The sequential sampling plan was based on Wald's sequential probability ratio test. The calculated indices indicated moderate aggregation, with a common k parameter of the negative binomial distribution equal to 3.29. The best model for predicting the spatial distribution of the insects was the negative binomial distribution, which fit 93% of the inspections, followed by the Neyman Type A distribution, which fit 90% of the surveys, and Poisson's distribution, which fit only one survey. A sequential sampling plan was generated with Type I and II error rates of 5%, for which 19 was the maximum expected number of samples required to reach a decision for an infestation mean of approximately 3.7 insects per trap. The validation showed that the constructed plan is reliable and provides correct recommendations for decision‐making in pest control.

The banana root borer has an aggregated spatial distribution in the field.
Negative binomial distribution is the best model to explain species spatial pattern.
A sequential sampling plan was developed and validated.
The sequential sampling plan showed reliable decision rates.
The sequential sampling plan showed a reasonable number of required sample units.
Carbon Dioxide Flux from Bermudagrass Turf as Affected by Nitrogen Rate
Authors: Hamido Said A. , Wood C. Wesley , Guertal Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2016

Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have contributed to global climate change. Atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased by ≈43%, from 280 ppmv in 1850 to 400 ppmv in 2015. This increase is expected to alter the distribution of C among the atmosphere, vegetation, and soils. Despite its large‐scale presence in the urban ecosystem, the role of turfgrasses in C cycling has received limited attention, and studies with warm‐season turfgrasses are lacking. The objective of this study was to estimate CO2 flux from soil as affected by N applied to bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy]. The study was initiated in March 2012 on 8‐yr‐old Tifway hybrid bermudagrass plots located at the Auburn University Turfgrass Research Unit on a Marvyn loamy (fine‐loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult) sand soil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four N rates of 24, 49, 98, and 196 kg N ha−1 yr−1 that were replicated three times. Carbon dioxide flux was measured weekly for 95 wk using an automated soil CO2 flux system (LiCor LI‐8100A, LICOR, Inc., Lincoln, NE). Soil temperature and moisture were also determined during CO2 flux measurements. Results showed strong correlation between CO2 flux and N rate (r2 = 0.99∗∗). Accumulated CO2 flux increased by 35%, from 107 to 144 Mg ha−1 as N rate increased from 24 to 196 kg N ha−1, respectively. Data suggest that a lower N application rate may be a better choice for mitigation of CO2 emissions under bermudagrass management.Core Ideas

Averaged daily fluxes of CO2 were significantly (r2 = 0.99∗∗) correlated with N rate.
Lower N application rate may be a better choice for mitigation of CO2 emissions under bermudagrass management.
Increasing soil temperature has increased CO2 fluxes.
Composite Replacement of Amalgam Restoration Versus Freshly Cut Dentin: An In Vitro Microleakage Comparison
Authors: Redwan H , Bardwell DN , Ali A , Finkelman M , Khayat S , Weber H-P 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARY
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of the composite restorations when bonded to tooth structure previously restored with amalgam material compared with that of freshly cut dentin.
Methods and Materials: Thirty intact, extracted intact human molars were mounted in autopolymerizing acrylic resin. Class II box preparations were prepared on the occluso-proximal surfaces of each tooth (4-mm bucco-lingual width and 2-mm mesio-distal depth) with the gingival cavosurface margin 1 mm above the CEJ. Each cavity was then restored using high copper amalgam restoration (Disperalloy, Dentsply) and then thermocycled for 10,000 thermal cycles. Twenty-five of the amalgam restorations were then carefully removed and replaced with Filtek Supreme Ultra Universal (3M ESPE); the remaining five were used for scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis. A preparation of the same dimensions was performed on the opposite surface of the tooth and restored with composite resin and thermocycled for 5000 thermal cycles. Twenty samples were randomly selected for dye penetration testing using silver nitrate staining to detect the microleakage. The specimens were analyzed with a stereomicroscope at a magnification of 20×. All of the measurements were done in micrometers; two readings were taken for each cavity at the occlusal and proximal margins. Two measurements were taken using a 0-3 scale and the percentage measurements.
Results: Corrosion products were not detected in either group (fresh cut dentin and teeth previously restored with amalgam). No statistically significant difference was found between the microleakage of the two groups using a 0-3 scale at the occlusal margins (McNemar test, p=0.727) or proximal margins (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p=0.174). No significance difference was found between the two groups using the percentage measurements and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test at either the occlusal (p=0.675) or proximal (p=0.513) margins. However, marginal microleakage was statistically significant between the proximal and occlusal margins (p&lt;0.001).
Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, no significant difference was found between the microleakage of nondiscolored dentin in teeth that were previously restored with amalgam compared with freshly cut dentin. However, marginal microleakage in the proximal surface was higher than that in the occlusal surface.
From ‘Direct Versus Indirect' Toward an Integrated Restorative Concept in the Posterior Dentition
Authors: Opdam NJM , Frankenberger R , Magne P 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARY
Traditionally, indirect restorations are expected to have better longevity than direct restorations. The introduction of adhesive dentistry and the minimally invasive approach of restorative treatment has changed this. In this article, the differences in longevity between direct and indirect restorations in the posterior dentition are explained. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect restorations placed in a minimally invasive way and using a proper adhesive technique are described.
Fracture Load and Phase Transformation of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns Submitted to Different Aging Protocols
Authors: Bergamo ETP , da Silva WJ , Cesar PF , Del Bel Cury AA 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARY
Monolithic zirconia crowns have many favorable properties and may potentially be used to solve dental problems such as chipping. However, monolithic zirconia crown resistance can be affected by its phase transformation when subjected to low temperatures, humidity, and stress. This study evaluated the fracture load and phase transformation of monolithic zirconia crowns submitted to different thermal and mechanical aging tests. Seventy monolithic zirconia crowns were randomly divided into the following five groups: control, no treatment; hydrothermal aging at 122°C, two bar for one hour; thermal fatigue, 104 cycles between 5°C and 55°C, dwell time, 30 seconds; and mechanical fatigue, 106 cycles with a load of 70 N, sliding of 1.5 mm at 1.4 Hz; and combination of mechanical plus thermal fatigue. Fracture load was measured with a universal testing machine. Surface changes and fracture mode and origin were examined with a scanning electron microscope. Monoclinic phase content was evaluated by x-ray diffraction. The fracture load was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance at a level of 5%, and Weibull distribution was performed. No statistically significant differences were observed in the mean fracture load and characteristic fracture load among the groups (p&gt;0.05). The Weibull modulus ranged from 6.2 to 16.6. The failure mode was similar for all groups with the crack origin located at the contact point of the indenter. Phase transformation was shown at different surfaces of the crown in all groups (1.9% to 8.9%). In conclusion, monolithic zirconia crowns possess high fracture load, structural reliability, and low phase transformation.
Intraoral Repair of Direct and Indirect Restorations: Procedures and Guidelines
Authors: Loomans BAC , Özcan M 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARY
The service life of defective direct or indirect restorations could be prolonged by repair or relayering actions where durable adhesion of resin-based composite materials is established for longevity of repairs. The advances in adhesive technologies have introduced several surface conditioning concepts to adhere resin composites onto different restorative materials. The purpose of this report is to summarize reasons for failure, survival of repaired reconstructions, elaborate upon types and mechanisms of available surface conditioning methods, and present operative dentists with practical guidelines for intraoral repair procedures.
Morphological characteristics of subchondral bone cysts in medial femoral condyles of adult horses as determined by computed tomography
Authors: Walker Wade T. , Silverberg Jesse L. , Kawcak Christopher E. , Nelson Bradley B. , Fortier Lisa A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine morphological characteristics of subchondral bone cysts (SBCs) in medial femoral condyles (MFCs) of adult horses with orthopedic disease.
SAMPLE CT scans of 7 MFCs with SBCs from 6 adult horses.
PROCEDURES CT was used to determine the volume, surface area, and centers of the articular cyst opening and SBC in each MFC. Cysts were ordered from smallest to largest on the basis of volume. Osseous pathological characteristics of the MFC were assessed in the frontal plane. Three-dimensional distance of displacement between the center of the articular cyst opening and center of the cyst was determined for each SBC. Cyst surface area-to-volume ratio was evaluated and compared with that of a true sphere.
RESULTS All SBCs had a defect in the subchondral bone plate at the cranial 15% to 20% of the MFC. Cyst center was located in a caudal, proximal, and abaxial direction with respect to the center of the articular cyst opening for each horse. Small- and intermediate-volume SBCs were irregular and multilobulated, whereas large-volume SBCs were smooth and discrete with a surface area-to-volume ratio approaching that of a sphere.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Consistency in morphological characteristics suggested a common etiopathogenesis for SBCs in MFCs of adult horses. Cyst enlargement may have been attributable to a biomechanical predisposition to decrease the surface area-to-volume ratio, resulting in a spherical cyst.
Inpatient Rehabilitation Outcomes in Patients With Stroke Aged 85 Years or Older
Authors: O'Brien Suzanne R. , Xue Ying 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn the United States, people 85 years of age or older have a growing number of strokes each year, and this age group is most at risk for disability. Inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) adhere closest to post-acute stroke rehabilitation guidelines and have the most desirable outcomes compared with skilled nursing facilities. As stroke is one of the leading causes of disability, knowledge of postrehabilitation outcomes is needed for this age group, although at present such information is limited.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe functional and discharge outcomes after IRF rehabilitation in people with stroke aged 85 years or older.DesignA serial, cross-sectional design was used.MethodsInpatient Rehabilitation Facility–Patient Assessment Instrument data were analyzed beginning in 2002 for the first 5.5 years after implementation of the prospective payment system and included 71,652 cases. Discharge function, measured using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and community discharge were the discharge outcome measures. Sample description used frequencies and means. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) with post hoc testing were used to analyze the annual trends for discharge FIM and community discharge by age group (85–89, 90–94, 95–99, and ≥100 years). Risk-adjusted linear and logistic GEE models, with control for cluster, were used to analyze the association between both outcome measures and age group.ResultsOver 5.5 years, mean discharge FIM scores decreased by 3.6 points, and mean achievement of community discharge decreased 5.5%. Approximately 54% of the sample achieved community discharge. Continuous and logistic GEEs revealed factors associated with discharge outcomes.LimitationsResults obtained using an observational design should not be viewed as indicating causation. The lack of control for a caregiver may have altered results.ConclusionsThe very elderly people admitted to IRF stroke rehabilitation made functional gains, and most were able to return to the community.
Influence of calcination temperature on sol–gel synthesized single-phase bismuth titanate for high dielectric capacitor applications
Authors: Thiruramanathan Pandirengan , Marikani Arumugam , Madhavan Durairaj , Bharadwaj Suresh , Awasthi Anand Mohan 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
An inexpensive sol–gel combustion method using citric acid as fuel has been used to synthesize bismuth titanate, Bi4Ti3O12 nanopowders. Thermogravimetric analysis proved that a calcination temperature of 900 °C is sufficient for the preparation of single-phase bismuth titanate. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to examine the influence of calcination temperature on the structural growth of the Bi4Ti3O12 nanopowder. The average crystallite size estimated by using the Scherrer method and the Williamson–Hall method was found to increase with calcination temperature. Photoluminescence behavior as a function of calcination temperature was observed at two different excitation wavelengths of 300 nm and 420 nm. The morphology of the particles analyzed using images obtained from field emission scanning electron microscopy displayed irregular, random sized, and spherical-shaped structures. The stoichiometry and purity of the nanopowder are confirmed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The broadband dielectric results established the highest dielectric constant (∊r = 450) for a frequency of 100 Hz achieved with a potential capacitance of 138 pF m−2. This establishes Bi4Ti3O12 as a promising dielectric material for achieving high energy density capacitors for the next-generation passive devices.
Fracture Analysis of High Strength Steel Fastener Used in Separation System of a Satellite Launch Vehicle
Authors: Manwatkar Sushant K. , Murty S.V.S. Narayana , Narayanan P. Ramesh 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
High strength 3.5Ni-1.5Cr-0.5Mo (AFNOR 35NCD16) steel fasteners are widely used for various space applications. In one such application, failure was observed in one of the M4X8L fasteners used in the band clip assembly of a separation system. The band assembly was preloaded to the specified value of load as per the assembly procedure and the fastener was torqued to the specified value of 2.3Nm with loctite. The fastener was found to be separated into two pieces at head-shank junction under assembly load conditions. Detailed analysis of the cracked fastener indicated the failure to be due to the hydrogen induced stress corrosion cracking (HI-SCC). This paper presents the details of the failure of the fastener.
THE INFLUENCE OF ACCRETION RATE AND METALLICITY ON THERMONUCLEAR BURSTS: PREDICTIONS FROM KEPLER MODELS
Authors: Lampe Nathanael , Heger Alexander , Galloway Duncan K. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Using the KEPLER hydrodynamics code, 464 models of thermonuclear X-ray bursters were performed across a range of accretion rates and compositions. We present the library of simulated burst profiles from this sample, and examine variations in the simulated light curve for different model conditions. We find that the recurrence time varies as a power law against accretion rate, and measure its slope while mixed H/He burning is occurring for a range of metallicities, finding the power law gradient to vary from

to 1.24. We identify the accretion rates at which mixed H/He burning stops and a transition occurs to different burning regimes. We explore how varying the accretion rate and metallicity affects burst morphology in both the rise and tail.
RESOLVING GAS FLOWS IN THE ULTRALUMINOUS STARBURST IRAS 23365+3604 WITH KECK LGSAO/OSIRIS*
Authors: Martin Crystal L. , Soto Kurt T. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Keck OSIRIS/LGSAO observations of the ultraluminous galaxy IRAS 23365+3604 resolve a circumnuclear bar (or irregular disk) of semimajor axis 0.″42 (520 pc) in Paα emission. The line-of-sight velocity of the ionized gas increases from the northeast toward the southwest; this gradient is perpendicular to the photometric major axis of the infrared emission. Two pairs of bends in the zero-velocity line are detected. The inner bend provides evidence for gas inflow onto the circumnuclear disk/bar structure. We interpret the gas kinematics on kiloparsec scales in relation to the molecular gas disk and multiphase outflow discovered previously. In particular, the fast component of the ouflow (detected previously in line wings) is not detected, adding support to the conjecture that the fast wind originates well beyond the nucleus. These data directly show the dynamics of gas inflow and outflow in the central kiloparsec of a late-stage, gas-rich merger and demonstrate the potential of integral field spectroscopy to improve our understanding of the role of gas flows during the growth phase of bulges and supermassive black holes.
SPATIAL-DEPENDENT PROPAGATION OF COSMIC RAYS RESULTS IN SPECTRUM OF PROTON, RATIOS OF
, B/C AND ANISOTROPY OF NUCLEI
Authors: Guo Yi-Qing , Tian Zhen , Jin Chao 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Recent precise measurements of cosmic ray spectra revealed an anomalous hardening at ∼200 GV, observed by the ATIC, CREAM, PAMELA, and AMS02 experiments. Particularly, the latest observation of the

ratio by AMS02 demonstrated a flat distribution, which further validated the spectral anomalies of secondary particles. All those new phenomena indicated that the conventional propagation model of cosmic rays meets a challenge. In this work, the spatial-dependent diffusion coefficient

is employed by tracing the source distribution under the physical picture of the two-halo model in the DRAGON package. Under such a scenario, the model calculation will result in two-component spectra for primary nuclei. Due to the smaller rigidity dependence of

in the galactic disk, the ratios secondary-to-primary will inevitably be flatter and the expected anisotropy of cosmic rays will be much more attenuated than in the conventional model. As a result, we can reproduce the spectral hardening of protons, the flat ratios of

and B/C, and consistent anisotropy from ∼100 GeV to ∼100 TeV by only adopting one set of spatial-dependent diffusion coefficients

in a galactic disk.
CLASSICAL Oe STARS IN THE FIELD OF THE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD*
Authors: Golden-Marx Jesse B. , Oey M. S. , Lamb J. B. , Graus Andrew S. , White Aaron S. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We present 29 ± 1 classical Oe stars from RIOTS4 (the Runaways and Isolated O Type Star Spectroscopic Survey of the SMC), a spatially complete, spectroscopic survey of Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) field OB stars. The two earliest are O6e stars, and four are earlier than any Milky Way (MW) Oe stars. We also find ten Ope stars, showing He i infill and/or emission; five appear to be at least as hot as ∼O7.5e stars. The hottest, star 77616, shows He ii disk emission, suggesting that even the hottest O stars can form decretion disks, and offers observational support for theoretical predictions that the hottest, fastest rotators can generate He+-ionizing atmospheres. Our data also demonstrate that Ope stars correspond to Oe stars earlier than O7.5e with strong disk emission. We find that in the SMC, Oe stars extend to earlier spectral types than in the MW, and our SMC Oe/O frequency, 0.26 ± 0.04, is much greater than the MW value, 0.03 ± 0.01. These results are consistent with angular momentum transport by stronger winds suppressing decretion disk formation at higher metallicity. In addition, the Oe star frequency in the SMC field is indistinguishable from that for clusters, which is consistent with the similarity between rotation rates in these environments, and contrary to the pattern for MW rotation rates. Thus, our findings strongly support the viscous decretion disk model and confirm that Oe stars are the high-mass extension of the Be phenomenon. Additionally, we find that Fe ii emission occurs among Oe stars later than O7.5e with massive disks, and we revise a photometric criterion for identifying Oe stars to

.
Buitinių patogumų pokyčiai Vilniaus pirklių namuose XIX a. antrojoje pusėje
Authors: Ambrulevičiūtė Aelita 
Published: February 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Vilniaus pirklių – pasiturinčių miestiečių su mažiau ribotomis finansinėmis galimybėmis – buities organizavimo pokyčiai XIX a. antrojoje pusėje, susiję su naujų buitinių patogumų formų plitimu, būstų erdvės reorganizavimu.