bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Character evolution and the origin of Caimaninae (Crocodylia) in the New World Tropics: new evidence from the Miocene of Panama and Venezuela
Authors: Hastings Alexander K. , Reisser Moritz , Scheyer Torsten M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAlligators and caimans share a close relationship, supported by both molecular and morphological characters. The divergence between alligators and caimans has been difficult to discern in the fossil record. Two basal taxa have recently been described from the Miocene of Panama and Venezuela but have not yet been presented in a joint phylogeny. Continued preparation of the type material of the Venezuelan Globidentosuchus brachyrostris Scheyer et al., 2013 has revealed new characters for scoring in a cladistic framework. In addition, the first lower jaw of the Panamanian Centenariosuchus gilmorei Hastings et al., 2013 is described herein, and additional characters were scored. In total, we conducted five cladistic analyses to better understand the character evolution involved in the establishment of Caimaninae. In each case, Globidentosuchus appears as the basal-most of the caimanine lineage, followed by Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus Hastings et al., 2013 from Panama. Stepwise character additions of synapomorphies define progressively more derived caimanines, but stratigraphic context creates ghost lineages extending from the Miocene to Paleocene. The persistence of two basal taxa into the Miocene of northern South America and Central America supports the concept of a relict basal population in this region. This further supports biogeographic hypotheses of dispersals in both directions between North and South America prior to full land connection.
Degrees in random self-similar bipolar networks
Authors: Chen Chen , Mahmoud Hosam 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We investigate several aspects of a self-similar evolutionary process that builds a random bipolar network from building blocks that are themselves small bipolar networks. We characterize admissible outdegrees in the history of the evolution. We obtain the limit distribution of the polar degrees (when suitably scaled) characterized by its sequence of moments. We also obtain the asymptotic joint multivariate normal distribution of the number of nodes of small admissible outdegrees. Five possible substructures arise, and each has its own parameters (mean vector and covariance matrix) in the multivariate distribution. Several results are obtained by mapping bipolar networks into Pólya urns.
Respondent-driven sampling and an unusual epidemic
Authors: Malmros J. , Liljeros F. , Britton T. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is frequently used when sampling from hidden populations. In RDS, sampled individuals pass on participation coupons to at most c of their acquaintances in the community (c = 3 being a common choice). If these individuals choose to participate, they in turn pass coupons on to their acquaintances, and so on. The process of recruiting is shown to behave like a new Reed–Frost-type network epidemic, in which 'becoming infected' corresponds to study participation. We calculate R0, the probability of a major 'outbreak', and the relative size of a major outbreak for c < ∞ in the limit of infinite population size and compare to the standard Reed–Frost epidemic. Our results indicate that c should often be chosen larger than in current practice.
Boundary crossing probabilities for high-dimensional Brownian motion
Authors: Fu James C. , Wu Tung-Lung 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe two-sided nonlinear boundary crossing probabilities for one-dimensional Brownian motion and related processes have been studied in Fu and Wu (2010) based on the finite Markov chain imbedding technique. It provides an efficient numerical method to computing the boundary crossing probabilities. In this paper we extend the above results for high-dimensional Brownian motion. In particular, we obtain the rate of convergence for high-dimensional boundary crossing probabilities. Numerical results are also provided to illustrate our results.
Optimal dividend and reinsurance in the presence of two reinsurers
Authors: Chen Mi , Yuen Kam Chuen 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this paper the optimal dividend (subject to transaction costs) and reinsurance (with two reinsurers) problem is studied in the limit diffusion setting. It is assumed that transaction costs and taxes are required when dividends occur, and that the premiums charged by two reinsurers are calculated according to the exponential premium principle with different parameters, which makes the stochastic control problem nonlinear. The objective of the insurer is to determine the optimal reinsurance and dividend policy so as to maximize the expected discounted dividends until ruin. The problem is formulated as a mixed classical-impulse stochastic control problem. Explicit expressions for the value function and the corresponding optimal strategy are obtained. Finally, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the impact of the parameters associated with the two reinsurers' premium principle on the optimal reinsurance strategy.
Extreme paths in oriented two-dimensional percolation
Authors: Andjel E. D. , Gray L. F. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A useful result about leftmost and rightmost paths in two-dimensional bond percolation is proved. This result was introduced without proof in Gray (1991) in the context of the contact process in continuous time. As discussed here, it also holds for several related models, including the discrete-time contact process and two-dimensional site percolation. Among the consequences are a natural monotonicity in the probability of percolation between different sites and a somewhat counter-intuitive correlation inequality.
Complexity bounds for Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms via diffusion limits
Authors: Roberts Gareth O. , Rosenthal Jeffrey S. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We connect known results about diffusion limits of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms to the computer science notion of algorithm complexity. Our main result states that any weak limit of a Markov process implies a corresponding complexity bound (in an appropriate metric). We then combine this result with previously-known MCMC diffusion limit results to prove that under appropriate assumptions, the random-walk Metropolis algorithm in d dimensions takes O(d) iterations to converge to stationarity, while the Metropolis-adjusted Langevin algorithm takes O(d1/3) iterations to converge to stationarity.
Recording of fluid, beverage and water intakes at the population level in Europe
Authors: Gandy Joan , Le Bellego Laurent , König Jürgen , Piekarz Ana , Tavoularis Gabriel , Tennant David R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe European Food Safety Authority’s 2010 scientific opinion on dietary reference values for total water intakes was partly based on observed intakes in population groups. Large variability was observed, and it is unlikely that these differences can be explained by differences in climate, activity level and/or culture. This suggests that there are uncertainties in the methodologies used to assess water intake from food and fluids, including all types of beverages. To determine current methods for recording and reporting total water, beverages and fluid intakes, twenty-one European countries were surveyed using an electronic questionnaire. In total, twelve countries responded and ten completed surveys were summarised. Countries reported that their survey was representative of the population in terms of age and socio-economic status. However, a variety of methods were used – that is, repeated 24-h recalls, estimated food diaries and FFQ. None of the methods were validated to assess water and fluid intakes. The methods used to record liquid foods – for example, soup and diluted drinks – were inconsistent. Clarity and consistency on definitions of categories of beverages to facilitate comparisons between countries are needed. Recommendations for a unified approach to surveying and quantifying intake of water from fluids and foods are proposed.
In vitroanthelmintic activity of active compounds of the fringed rueRuta chalepensisagainst dairy ewe gastrointestinal nematodes
Authors: Ortu E. , Sanna G. , Scala A. , Pulina G. , Caboni P. , Battacone G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractInfections by gastrointestinal nematodes negatively affect small ruminant health and at the same time cause substantial economic losses worldwide. Because resistance to conventional anthelmintic compounds is growing, target studies evaluating the effectiveness of alternative ingredients of botanical origin on gastrointestinal nematodes are needed. In this study, we evaluated thein vitroanthelmintic activity ofRuta chalepensisL. extracts on the third-stage larvae of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. A methanol extract showed the highest anthelmintic activity, with an EC50= 0.10 ± 0.06 mg/ml after 96 h, while the essential oil had an EC50= 1.45 ± 1.22 mg/ml after 48 h. Moreover, three secondary metabolites of the essential oil, i.e. 2-decanone, 2-nonanone and 2-undecanone, showed EC50values of 0.07 ± 0.06, 0.25 ± 0.29 and 0.88 ± 0.73 mg/ml at 24 h, respectively. The present study indicated that theR. chalepensismethanol extract, the essential oil and its metabolites 2-decanone, 2-nonanone and 2-undecanone showed promising anthelmintic activity on gastrointestinal nematodes.
Cortical GABA markers identify a molecular subtype of psychotic and bipolar disorders
Authors: Volk D. W. , Sampson A. R. , Zhang Y. , Edelson J. R. , Lewis D. A. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundDeficits in gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) neuron-related markers, including the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD67, the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, the neuropeptide somatostatin, and the transcription factor Lhx6, are most pronounced in a subset of schizophrenia subjects identified as having a ‘low GABA marker’ (LGM) molecular phenotype. Furthermore, schizophrenia shares degrees of genetic liability, clinical features and cortical circuitry abnormalities with schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Therefore, we determined the extent to which a similar LGM molecular phenotype may also exist in subjects with these disorders.MethodTranscript levels for GAD67, parvalbumin, somatostatin, and Lhx6 were quantified using quantitative PCR in prefrontal cortex area 9 of 184 subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (n= 39), schizoaffective disorder (n= 23) or bipolar disorder (n= 35), or with a confirmed absence of any psychiatric diagnoses (n= 87). A blinded clustering approach was employed to determine the presence of a LGM molecular phenotype across all subjects.ResultsApproximately 49% of the subjects with schizophrenia, 48% of the subjects with schizoaffective disorder, and 29% of the subjects with bipolar disorder, but only 5% of unaffected subjects, clustered in the cortical LGM molecular phenotype.ConclusionsThese findings support the characterization of psychotic and bipolar disorders by cortical molecular phenotype which may help elucidate more pathophysiologically informed and personalized medications.
1. On the Laws of Motion. Part I
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

The substance of part at least of this paper was given in 1876 as an evening lecture to the British Association at its Glasgow meeting.While engaged in writing the article “Mechanics” for the Ency. Brit., I had to consider carefully what basis to adopt, and decided that the time had not yet come in which (at least in a semi-popular article) Newton's laws of motion could be modified. The article was therefore based entirely on these laws, with a mere hint towards the end that in all probability they would soon require essential modification. It is well, however, that the question of modification should now be considered; and this should be done, not in a popular essay but, before a scientific society.
1. Observations of the Rainband from June 1882 to January 1883
Authors: Mill Hugh Robert 
Published: June 2016

The series of observations to be described was undertaken in order to ascertain how far a small pocket spectroscope could be relied upon for the prediction of rain, with a view to its popular use for that purpose.The instrument employed was Hilger's smallest sized direct-vision spectroscope, its length being one inch and a half, and its diameter half an inch. It was furnished with the ordinary adjustable slit, and had no special provision for the exclusion of dust. It is desirable, however, to use an instrument which has the eyehole protected by a plate of thin glass, and the slit covered with a thicker plate. In this case care must be taken to keep the glass free from scratches, which greatly obscure the spectrum.
An Analysis of the Principles of Economics
Authors: Geddes Patrick 
Published: June 2016

In a paper read nearly three years ago to this Society, I have attempted
(1)To review the existing state of statistics ;(2)To define the nature of the subject, and its relation to history and the sciences;(3)Broadly to group and co-ordinate the whole body of existing and possible statistics, in relation to the respective statistical sciences ; and(4)In accordance with the preliminary sciences to frame a classification embracing all existing and possible sociological statistics. Moreover,(5)This was shown to involve, or rather actually to constitute, an aspect of the pressing problem of the systematisation of the literature of economics, of which(6)The existing schools were briefly criticised ;(7)The relation of the conceptions of scientific economics to practical economics was outlined ;(8)As also their relation to ethics.
4. On the General Effects of Molecular Attraction of Small Range on the Behaviour of a Group of Smooth Impinging Spheres
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe present instalment traces some of the consequences of assuming the hard spherical particles of a gas to exert intense molecular forces when at distances comparable with their diameters. The effect of the new term in the virial in counteracting and at last obliterating that due to the impacts, is traced as the gas is gradually compressed.Next, the spheres (still supposed to attract one another) are regarded as capable of absorbing energy in a vibratory form, and of losing it directly by radiation. In such a case the relative translatory energy may be so reduced that pairs of spheres may remain within molecular distance from one another. The bearing of these results upon condensation, dissociation, &c, is given.
1. On Cases of Instability in Open Structures
Authors: Sang E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn the course of some remarks on the design proposed for the Forth Bridge, the author of this paper had enunciated the remarkable theorem, that any symmetric structure built on a rectangular base, and depending on linear resistance alone, is necessarily unstable. The proof of it, given in the eleventh volume of the Transactions of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, is derived from considerations affecting the special case; but this theorem is only one of an extensive class, and therefore the subject of instability among linear structures in general is here taken up.In the case of regular or semi-regular arrangements, having the corners of an upper supported from the corners of an under polygon, it is shown that when the figures are of odd numbers the structures are stable, while those with even numbers are unstable ; unless indeed the polygons be placed conformably, in which case the stability extends to both classes.
Chairman's Opening Address
Authors: MacLagan Douglas 
Published: June 2016

It is a time-honoured custom in this as in other learned societies, that the annual Session shall be inaugurated and its last meeting closed by an address from the Chair, and it is my duty now to say a few words to you on the occasion of the opening of our 106th Session.I would have shrunk from undertaking this duty, but for the reason that our indefatigable Secretary, Professor Tait, has expiscated the fact that I am the only one of the Society's Vice-Presidents who has never given any address from the Chair, and thus the Council of the Society was led to insert in their minutes a request—almost equivalent to a command—that I should say something to you on the present occasion. I comply with this, not from any feeling that I am qualified to do so, but on the principle that those who accept the honours of the Society have no right to do so without attempting, however imperfectly, to discharge the relative duties.
On Pseudalius alatus, Leuckart, collected by Mr Robert Gray in the Arctic Seas, and other species of the Genus
Authors: Linstow O. V. 
Published: June 2016

Dr John Murray was good enough to send me numerous specimens of Pseudalius alatus, obtained in the summer of 1888 by Mr Robert Gray, on the coast of Greenland, from Monodon monoceros.This Nematode has been only once described—by Leuckart, but that at a time when the methods of investigation were still imperfect. My results are thus essentially different from his. Leuckart called the species Strongylus alatus, and noted as its habitat the cranial cavity of Monodon monoceros.
On the Virial Equation for Molecular Forces, being Part IV. of a Paper on the Foundations of the Kinetic Theory of Gases
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

(Abstract.)In the preceding part of this paper I considered the consequences of a special assumption as to the nature of the molecular force between two particles, the particles themselves being still treated as hard spheres. My object was to obtain, by means of rigorous calculation, in as simple a form as possible, a general notion of the effects due to the molecular forces. My present object is to apply this general notion to the formation and interpretation of the Virial Equation.
Note on the Transformation of Ciliated into Stratified Squamous Epithelium as a result of the Application of Friction
Authors: Haycraft John Berry , Carlier E. W. 
Published: June 2016

(Abstract.)In man, in the rabbit, and some other animals the trachea is built up of a series of cartilaginous rings incomplete behind; the rings being completed in this position by the trachealis muscle.The mucous membrane forms a smooth cylindrical lining for the whole tube, and is covered by a ciliated epithelium.In the cat and dog the cartilage rings completely encircle the trachea, and overlap posteriorly, and the trachealis muscle, which is well developed, is placed outside the cartilage, and has a powerful action in varying the diameter of the tube.When this muscle contracts the overlapping ends of the cartilage ride one upon another, and the projecting ends form a vertical ridge down the inside of the trachea, which can be readily seen on slitting the organ open. This ridge is separated by a deep groove from the other end of the plate.
Observations on the Metabolism of Man during Starvation
Authors: Paton D. Noël , Stockman Ralph 
Published: June 2016

Although the metabolism during starvation has been investigated in the most elaborate and exhaustive manner in the lower animals by many different observers, as yet few observations have been accomplished in man.In 1880 Tanner undertook a fast of forty days. We have been able to procure only a few fragmentary observations upon his case (British Medical Journal, vol. ii., 1880). At the commencement of his fast he weighed 71.600 kilos., and at the end of twenty-five days his weight had fallen to 60.000 kilos., indicating a loss of about 11.600 kilos., or .162 kilos, per kilo. of his original weight.
The Development of Diarthrodial Joints in Birds and Mammals
Authors: Hepburn David 
Published: June 2016

After giving a summary of recent literature on the subject, the author then proceeded to state the nature of the material which he had employed in the present investigation.The bird selected was the common fowl (Gallus domest.), and he had examined a series of microscopic sections through the limbs from the fourth day of incubation to the day of hatching.The mammalian embryos examined were mice and rabbits, and the fingers of the human fœtus from an embryo approaching the full period of uterogestation.
A New Synthesis of Dibasic Carbon Acids
Authors: Brown Crum 
Published: June 2016

(Abstract)The electrolysis of potassium salts of the form in strong aqueous solution has been shown by Kolbe to lead to the formation at the anode of R2decomposing into the ions K and ; the former giving at the cathode caustic potash and hydrogen, and the latter giving at the anode carbonic acid gas and R2. It occurred to me that if in dibasic acids, containing two carboxyls, one carboxyl could be temporarily shut off from taking part in the electrolysis, an interesting synthesis might be effected. Guthrie's observation † that when subjected to electrolysis with an anode of amalgamated zinc, gives caustic potash and hydrogen at the cathode, and zinc ethyl sulphate at the anode, gave a hint how such temporary eclipse of one carboxyl might be effected. I therefore determined to try the electrolysis of such a salt as in the hope that it would give at the cathode caustic potash and hydro-gen, and at the anode carbonic acid and , that is
The Action of Sodium Carbonate and Bromine on Solutions of Cobalt and Nickel Salts
Authors: Gibson John 
Published: June 2016

(Abstract)In 1862 Field gave a brief account of a peculiar green solution, prepared by adding nitrate of cobalt to a solution of bicarbonate of soda containing a small quantity of the hypochlorite of that alkali. The author observed the formation of a similar green solution when making qualitative separations of chromium from other members of the iron group by means of sodium carbonate and bromine, and was thereby led to investigate the action of these two reagents on solutions of nickel and cobalt salts.
On the Swimming Bladder and Flying Powers of Dactylopterus volitans
Authors: Calderwood W. L. 
Published: June 2016

Dactylopterus volitans, the so-called “flying gurnard,” is not included by Günther in the genus Triglidæ, as its name might imply, but is assigned to the small allied family of Cataphracti.Günther diagnoses it as follows :—“Dactylopterus, no lateral line, pectoral fins very large, an organ of flight, with the upper portion detached and shorter, granular teeth in the jaws, none on the palate, air bladder divided into two lateral halves, each with a large muscle.”Before proceeding to describe in detail the swimming bladder and other anatomical peculiarities, it may be well to state, that the skull is provided with a superficial bony covering which projects backwards over the region of the “shoulder” in two flattened plates, each terminating in a spine (seen in fig. 2). Also that the first four vertebræ of the column have coalesced so as to form a rigid tube, the neural spines being united as a vertical plate, which for convenience I have termed the neural plate.