bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early versus Delayed Excision and Grafting of Full-Thickness Burns in a Porcine Model: A Randomized Study
Authors: Singer Adam J. , Toussaint Jimmy , Chung Won Taek , McClain Steve A. , Raut Vivek , Rosenberg Lior 
Published: May 2016

Background:
The standard of care for full-thickness burns is tangential excision followed by skin autografting; however, the timing of excision and grafting is subject to debate. The authors compared early (2 days) versus delayed (14 days) excision and grafting in a porcine full-thickness burn model.

Methods:
Full-thickness burns (n = 12) were created on the backs of two anesthetized pigs and assigned randomly to no excision, tangential excision followed by skin autografting 2 days after injury, or tangential excision followed by skin autografting 14 days after injury. Digital images and full-thickness biopsy specimens were taken at 16, 21, 28, and 42 days after injury to determine percentage reepithelialization and scar depth.

Results:
At day 16, all burns that were excised early were completely reepithelialized, whereas only eight of 11 nonexcised burns (72.7 percent) were reepithelialized (p = 0.02). By day 21, all burns were completely reepithelialized. Scar thickness was greatest at 42 days in nonexcised burns (7.5 ± 2.1 mm); scars were thinner after early excision than after late excision (2.2 ± 1.8 mm versus 4.0 ± 1.1 mm; p < 0.001, analysis of variance). Wounds treated with early or late tangential excision followed by skin autografting were flat and minimally contracted, whereas all nonexcised burns were red, contracted, and slightly raised. Scar contraction at 28 and 42 days was greatest in nonexcised control wounds compared with early and late excised wounds.

Conclusions:
Both early and late excision followed by autografting reduce scarring in a full-thickness porcine burn model. However, early excision (2 days after injury) reduces scar thickness to a greater extent than later (after 14 days) excision.
Clinical Significance of Internal Mammary Lymph Node Biopsy during Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: Review of 264 Cases
Authors: Wright Eric J. , Momeni Arash , Kraneburg Ursula M. , Otake Leo R. , Echo Anthony , Lee Tim , Buchanan Edward P. , Lee Gordon K. 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Despite the knowledge of alternate lymphatic draining patterns of the breast, routine evaluation of the internal mammary lymph node basin is still not considered standard of care. The advent of microsurgical breast reconstruction using the internal mammary vessels as recipients, however, has allowed sampling of internal mammary lymph nodes with technical ease, thus revisiting their role in breast cancer management. In the present study, the authors reviewed their experience with this practice.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent internal mammary lymph node biopsy at the time of autologous breast reconstruction using the internal mammary vessels between 2004 and 2012 was performed. Parameters of interest included patient age, timing of reconstruction (immediate versus delayed), disease stage, and pathologic findings of internal mammary lymph nodes.

Results:
A total of 264 autologous breast reconstructions using the internal mammary vessels were performed in 204 patients with a median age of 44.5 years. The majority of reconstructions were immediate [n = 211 (79.9 percent)]. Seventy-two percent of patients had either stage I [72 patients (35.3 percent)] or stage II disease [75 patients (36.8 percent)]. Six patients were found to have internal mammary lymph node metastasis. Stage migration and alteration in adjuvant therapy occurred in all patients.

Conclusion:
Internal mammary lymph node sampling at the time of autologous breast reconstruction using the internal mammary system should become routine practice, as the morbidity associated with internal mammary lymph node harvest is low and the impact in cases of nodal involvement is quite substantial.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Anatomy of the Vascularized Lateral Femoral Condyle Flap
Authors: Parvizi Daryousch , Vasilyeva Anna , Wurzer Paul , Tuca Alexandru , Lebo Patricia , Winter Raimund , Clayton Robert P. , Rappl Thomas , Schintler Michael V. , Kamolz Lars-P. , Buerger Heinz K. 
Published: May 2016

Background:
The perforators of the free lateral femoral condyle flap have yet to be adequately described in humans. Therefore, the authors investigated the perforator vessels of the lateral femoral condyle flap in an anatomical study and discussed potential clinical applications with a particular interest in its indication with vascularized bone and/or iliotibial band for tendon repair surgery.

Methods:
The authors dissected thighs of 28 cadavers to evaluate the anatomical properties of perforator vessels that branch from the superior lateral genicular artery and supply bone, cartilage, subcutaneous tissue, and the iliotibial band of the lateral femoral condyle.

Results:
In each dissected thigh, the superior lateral genicular artery was present and the average pedicle length was 38 ± 10 mm. The average diameter of the superior lateral genicular artery, proximal to its distribution into the deep articular and superficial patellar branches, was 2 ± 0.5 mm. A communication between deep articular and superficial patellar branches was seen in 96 percent of the dissected thighs. In 24 cases (86 percent), the authors were able to show the iliotibial band perforating vessel and harvest a free lateral femoral condyle flap as an osteochondral fasciocutaneous bone flap with vascularized tendon.

Conclusions:
Altogether, the authors’ results indicate that the blood supply of the lateral femoral condyle flap is consistent and the lateral femoral condyle flap could serve as a free composite flap for complex indications in hand or limb reconstructive surgery. Clinical studies to compare the lateral femoral condyle to other well-established microsurgical free flaps are warranted.
Prenatal Features Predictive of Robin Sequence Identified by Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Rogers-Vizena Carolyn R. , Mulliken John B. , Daniels Kimberly M. , Estroff Judy A. 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly used to detect congenital anomalies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prenatal magnetic resonance imaging accurately characterizes features predictive of postnatal Robin sequence so that possible airway compromise and feeding difficulty at birth can be anticipated.

Methods:
The authors retrospectively identified pregnant women who underwent fetal magnetic resonance imaging between 2002 and 2014 and were found to be carrying a fetus with micrognathia. Micrognathia was subjectively categorized as minor, moderate, or severe. Pregnancy outcome was determined as follows: intrauterine fetal demise, elective termination, early neonatal death, or viable infant. Postnatal findings of micrognathia, Robin sequence, and associated anomalies were compared to prenatal findings.

Results:
Micrognathia was identified in 123 fetuses. Fifty-two pregnancies (42.3 percent) produced a viable infant. The remainder resulted in termination in the fetal period or death shortly after birth resulting from unrelated causes. For infants who lived, prenatal micrognathia was categorized as minor (55.1 percent), moderate (30.6 percent), or severe (14.3 percent). Forty-two percent of neonates with minor prenatal micrognathia had postnatal micrognathia; however, only 11.1 percent had Robin sequence. All neonates with moderate fetal micrognathia had postnatal micrognathia, and the majority had Robin sequence (86.7 percent). All newborns with severe micrognathia had Robin sequence and all prenatally diagnosed with glossoptosis had Robin sequence.

Conclusions:
Prenatal findings of moderate or severe micrognathia or glossoptosis are predictive of postnatal Robin sequence, thus expediting appropriate perinatal management of airway and feeding problems.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Diagnostic, IV.
Exploring digital library usage for getting information from the ELM perspective
Authors: Zha Xianjin , Li Li , Yan Yalan , Wang Qian , Wang Gang 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) provides a general framework for understanding the basic processes underlying the effectiveness of persuasion. The purpose of this paper is to utilize the ELM to understand the basic processes underlying the effectiveness of persuasion to use digital libraries for getting information.

Design/methodology/approach
– The survey data collection was conducted in one comprehensive university. The partial least squares structured equation modelling was employed to verify the research model.

Findings
– Source credibility and reputation have positive effects on information usefulness which further significantly impacts digital library usage for getting information. The effect of information quality on information usefulness is overpowered by reputation. Information need positively moderates the effect of information quality on information usefulness and negatively moderates the effect of reputation on information usefulness.

Practical implications
– Digital libraries enormously influence the way how individuals gather information over the world. However, the important status of digital libraries as conventional information sources in practice invites appreciation by more and more people. The authors believe the findings of this study provide useful insights for facilitating digital libraries to be fully accessed and utilized.

Originality/value
– This study explores the effects of the central route (information quality) and the peripheral route (source credibility and reputation) on digital library usage for getting information by extending the ELM with information need as a motivation variable, presenting a new lens for digital library research and practice alike.
Downsize or rightsize? Changing KESC to K-ELECTRIC (Case A)
Authors: Ansari Nyla Aleem 
Published: May 2016

Subject area
Organizational restructuring strategy such as downsizing and rightsizing and their effects on organizational performance.

Study level/applicability
The case can be taught to graduate students of a business administration program for change management or human resources management courses.

Case overview
The case discusses a structural change strategy followed by a crisis management situation of a Pakistani state-owned enterprise with hierarchical structures, unclear work roles and workplace corruption and its shift toward a profitable company with rebranded mission and values. With the management takeover by the Abraaj Group, several issues were identified as major blocks to K-ELECTRIC’s performance. Drastic changes included information technology advancement, investment in infrastructure of generation capacity, marketing campaigns and corporate social responsibility initiatives with a record profit in 2011-2012, for the first time in 17 years. But, the greatest challenge to quality service and profitability was faced by the human resources department, to retrench 4,459 workers by offering a voluntary separation scheme to non-core management staff in 2009. However, disregarding the successful impact on business performance, only 300 workers (approximately) had accepted the package in early 2010, while the rest questioned the decision of outsourcing non-core jobs and demanded reinstatement with the company, followed by a series of protests in January 2010. K-ELECTRIC needed to make some sensitive and timely decisions to ensure efficient and quality service to its customers as its top agenda.

Expected learning outcomes
The outcomes include: to understand the challenges faced by a recently privatized public utility service to become lean and efficient without compromising on its public mission of providing electricity to the residents of the city; to analyze the factors that influence choice of restructuring strategies and their effects on the employment relationship and organizational performance; to recognize the critical role of leadership in choosing a voluntary downsizing strategy and analyzing the sense of urgency needed to execute the decision; and to recognize the role of legal and organizational consultancy needed in critical decision-making to prevent workplace violence.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes and teaching guide.
ICON stores: managing a new business venture
Authors: Ali Umrani Waheed , Khaliq Doudpota Abdul , Ahmed Umair 
Published: May 2016

Subject area
Entrepreneurship.

Study level/applicability
Undergraduate – Entrepreneurship.

Case overview
The case concerns to an entrepreneur named Aamir Ghouri, a US graduate, who is concerned about managing the growth of his newly established venture named ICON Stores. The case presents the idea of entrepreneurial mindset characteristics and motivation besides which, it also explains the typical venture creation process in Pakistan and the general rubrics used to measure the entrepreneurial success in the economy.

Expected learning outcomes
The case is designed to help students to understand entrepreneurial mindset, characteristics and motivation; to understand entrepreneurial venture creation process; to learn the common practices regarding the measurement of entrepreneurial success of new venture; and to outline as to how growth of a new venture could be managed profitably.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
An investment decision dilemma
Authors: Mukherjee Sulagna , Durga Prasad M. , Kumar Sudeep S. 
Published: May 2016

Subject area
Financial Accounting and Corporate Finance.

Study level/applicability
Undergraduate, Post Graduate and Executive Education.

Case overview
T.A. Pai Management Institute (TAPMI), a leading B School in South India had established its new campus in Badagabettu village, about 5 km away from Manipal, Udupi District, Karnataka. Though the campus housed about a thousand inmates, comprising students, staff and faculty members, a proper public transport system did not develop commensurate with other facilities. The TAPMI administration was flooded with requests from various stakeholders to find a solution to this vexed problem. The Dean Administration had three options before him namely convincing the existing private bus operator to run a new bus en route TAPMI, TAPMI purchases the bus by either paying cash or availing loan from a bank or TAPMI can take a bus on lease. The predicament before Dean was to find out the most economically viable solution.

Expected learning outcomes
At the end of this case discussion, the participants will be able to: understand the application of breakeven analysis; prepare income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement and forecast of cash flows; evaluate financing and investing decisions by using various techniques; discuss and debate the different alternatives available to the organization.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.
Are rules of origin protective measures under preferential trade agreements?
Authors: Kim Young-Han , Ha Eui-Hyun 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– Rules of origin (ROOs) are often cited as major trade barriers even after tariff barriers are removed with the formation of preferential trade agreement (PTA) as shown in a survey result that a large number South Korean firms in the textile industry give up utilizing tariff-free exports to the USA after the bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) due to ROOs. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of ROOs on the equilibrium FTA regime and the welfare effects.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors determine the impact of ROOs on the equilibrium FTA regime based on an oligopolistic model where there are asymmetry in production technologies of intermediate goods and the capacity of outsourcing intermediate goods.

Findings
– The authors demonstrate that ROOs are used as a protective trade policy against the FTA member country with an outsourcing option for technologically dominant intermediate goods.

Practical implications
– The non-cooperative features of ROOs found in this paper necessitates the introduction of an international coordination mechanism to avoid the prisoners’ dilemma-type implementation of ROOs.

Originality/value
– This paper provides a theoretical frame to analyze the protective effects of ROOs under PTAs.
Environmental assessment of radon levels in Cyprus
Authors: Soteriades Elpidoforos S , Petrokokkinos Loukas , Talias Michael A , Zissimos Andreas , Kolovou Maria , Potiriadis Constantinos , Kamenopoulou Vasiliki , Georgiou Evangelos 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– Radon is responsible for approximately 50 per cent of public exposure to environmental radiation. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively assess indoor radon levels in Cyprus.

Design/methodology/approach
– In total, 500 passive radon detectors were used to estimate radon levels in the areas of Nicosia (capital), Paphos, Nisou and Famagusta. A total of 240 different public and private buildings were randomly selected in the above districts and two passive radon detectors were placed inside each building. The detectors were collected on average, three months following placement.

Findings
– The average radon level from all passive detectors was 53.7 and 49.2 Bq/m3 after excluding the seven highest values. The two highest measurements were observed in Paphos, Tsada-Kili elementary school (429 Bq/m3) and Emba, Paphos district (410 Bq/m3), respectively. Differences were also seen in public buildings compared to private buildings (p=0.058). In addition, rural buildings had higher radon levels compared to urban buildings (p=0.001). Predictive multilevel regression models for logarithmic radon levels were employed and differences were seen on point estimates regarding building- and district-level radon measurements. Most of the random variability observed was due to building-level variation.

Practical implications
– Residents from different geographic areas in Cyprus are reassured about the safety of indoor radon levels in public and private buildings.

Originality/value
– The estimation of indoor radon levels was done by the optical microscopy technique using a specific mathematical formula. Observed radon levels do not raise concern regarding residents’ radon exposure in Cyprus. Paphos district and Nisou area may require further investigation.
Predictors of young consumer’s green purchase behaviour
Authors: Joshi Yatish , Rahman Zillur 
Published: May 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors that predict green purchase behaviour of young educated consumers in Delhi.Design/methodology/approach– A survey was carried out on a sample of 1,502 young educated consumers. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the predictive power of considered variables towards green purchasing.Findings– Results indicate that the variables under study predicted green purchase behaviour of young educated consumers of Delhi in the following descending order: social influence, attitude towards green purchase, perceived environmental knowledge, recycling participation, ecolabelling and exposure to environmental messages through the media.Research limitations/implications– The sample considered in the study was restricted to Delhi only. Further, the predictive power of only a few variables was examined.Practical implications– The paper identifies key predictors of consumers’ green purchase behaviour, enabling practitioners to understand which factors influence young educated consumers in their decision making regarding green purchases. This knowledge will help marketing managers design effective strategies to encourage green purchase behaviour among such consumers.Social implications– Policy makers and government organizations may use the findings of this study to run awareness campaigns for disseminating information and promoting green purchase behaviour among larger sections of society. Such initiatives may help in minimizing the negative consequences of irresponsible consumption practices on environment and society.Originality/value– The present study is the first which applies reciprocal deterministic theory to predict green purchase behaviour of educated young consumers in India. Moreover, this is the first study to investigate the influence of consumers’ exposure to environmental messages through the media on their green purchase behaviour.
Exploring rainwater harvesting opportunities in Malta
Authors: Bezzina Frank H , Scicluna Laiviera Ian 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential for a rainwater harvesting (RWH) strategy in Malta and tries to identify management practices required to implement it.

Design/methodology/approach
– This qualitative study adopts the concept of sustainable development in its framework whilst incorporating the specific physical and climatic realities of Malta. After sifting through the relevant literature, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key experts from four governmental/non-governmental Maltese entities that deal with policy and managerial implementation for water resources.

Findings
– The study identifies the major issues surrounding water scarcity, its use and misuse and the barriers currently hindering RWH implementation in Malta. The paper argues that the key lies in rethinking innovative ways to work with the natural features and to use technology to enhance possible net beneficial effects by giving multipurpose solutions, whilst touching base on the validity and use of indigenous knowledge systems. Hence, a gauged implementation of water catchment using micro and macro approaches could bring compounded beneficial effects.

Originality/value
– Malta has the highest possible baseline water stress index, yet empirical research on RWH in Malta is relatively lacking. This study addresses this gap and provides suggestions/recommendations related to the adoption of effective management practices and reforms promoting RWH that could better guide Maltese and other environmental policy makers to add resilience for coping with future water-related risks/uncertainties and to avert the impending water crisis.