bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Disparities in the Presentation and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Rodriguez Eduardo A. , Tamariz Leonardo , Palacio Ana , Li Hua , Sussman Daniel A. 
Published: October 2017

Background:
Non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) and Hispanics often present with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of the study was to characterize CRC differences among Hispanics, NHB, and non-Hispanic whites (NHW).

Methods:
A cross-sectional analysis and logistic regression of 2009 Florida Agency for Healthcare Administration Hospital Admission Database data for CRC using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes was performed. Outcomes included CRC location, frequency of metastasis and colectomy rates. Each minority group was compared with NHW.

Results:
A total of 34,577 patients were NHW, 5190 were NHB, and 5033 were Hispanic. NHB had more proximal CRC [odds ratio (OR), 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09-1.25; P<0.0001]; Hispanics had more distal CRC (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83-0.96; P=0.0024). Hispanics had increased metastases (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02-1.22; P=0.04). NHB and Hispanics underwent fewer colectomies [(OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.86-0.99; P=0.03) and (OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.84-0.97; P=0.001), respectively].

Conclusions:
Disparities in CRC metastases and colectomy rates exist among these racial groups in Florida. This work should serve as a foundation to study potential causes and to design culture-specific interventions.
A Web-based Multimedia Program Before Colonoscopy Increased Knowledge and Decreased Anxiety, Sedation Requirement, and Procedure Time
Authors: Parker Siddhartha , Zipursky Jonathan , Ma Helen , Baumblatt Geri-Lynn , Siegel Corey A. 
Published: October 2017

Goals:
Assess the impact of a web-based multimedia patient engagement program on patient anxiety, perception and knowledge about the colonoscopy in addition to procedure outcomes.

Background:
The success of patients coming for a colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening is dependent in part on patients’ understanding of the preparation and of the procedure. Patients were randomized to use either our institution’s standard preprocedure colonoscopy packet or a web-based multimedia patient engagement program (Emmi Solutions) before their scheduled procedure. On the day of colonoscopy, all participants completed a survey including questions to assess knowledge and perception of colonoscopy, in addition to the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. We also collected procedure data including medication doses and procedure time.

Study Results:
Patients in the experimental group correctly answered knowledge questions (82%) more often than the control group (74%) (P=0.0003). More than half (58%) of patients in the experimental group felt this intervention reduced their anxiety about the procedure, and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory anxiety score was lower in the experimental group (P=0.026). Patients who viewed the program required less midazolam (3.66 vs. 4.46 mg, P=0.0035) and total procedure time was shorter (24.8 vs. 29 min, P=0.024).

Conclusions:
A web-based multimedia patient engagement program watched before colonoscopy decreased patient anxiety, medication requirements, and procedure time while increasing knowledge. This intervention could help patients understand and feel more comfortable about colonoscopy leading to increased screening rates while increasing efficiency and decreasing recovery time.
Prevalence and Consequences of Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in the Era of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Yen Tina W.F. , Laud Purushottam W. , Pezzin Liliana E. , McGinley Emily L. , Wozniak Erica , Sparapani Rodney , Nattinger Ann B. 
Published: October 2017

Background:
Despite clear guidelines for its use and wide adoption, no population-based study has examined the extent to which patients with early stage breast cancer are benefiting from sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) by being spared a potentially avoidable axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and its associated morbidity.

Objective:
Examine variation in type of axillary surgery performed by surgeon volume; investigate the extent and consequences of potentially avoidable ALND.

Research Design/Subjects:
Observational study of older women with pathologically node-negative stage I–II invasive breast cancer who underwent surgery in a SEER state in 2008–2009.

Measures:
Surgeon annual volume of breast cancer cases and type of axillary surgery were determined by Medicare claims. An estimated probability of excess lymphedema due to ALND was calculated.

Results:
Among 7686 pathologically node-negative women, 49% underwent ALND (either initially or after SLNB) and 25% were operated on by low-volume surgeons. Even after adjusting for demographic and tumor characteristics, women treated by higher volume surgeons were less likely to undergo ALND [medium volume: odds ratio, 0.69 (95% confidence interval, 0.51–0.82); high volume: odds ratio, 0.59 (95% confidence interval, 0.45–0.76)]. Potentially avoidable ALND cases were estimated to represent 21% of all expected lymphedema cases.

Conclusions:
In this pathologically node-negative population-based breast cancer cohort, only half underwent solely SLNB. Patients treated by low-volume surgeons were more likely to undergo ALND. Resources and guidelines on the appropriate training and competency of surgeons to assure the optimal performance of SLNB should be considered to decrease rates of potentially avoidable ALND and lymphedema.
Young Child Formula
Authors:   ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition, Hojsak Iva , Bronsky Jiri , Campoy Cristina , Domellöf Magnus , Embleton Nicholas , Fidler Mis Nataša , Hulst Jessie , Indrio Flavia , Lapillonne Alexandre , Mølgaard Christian , Vora Rakesh , Fewtrell Mary 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTYoung child formulae (YCF) are milk‐based drinks or plant protein–based formulae intended to partially satisfy the nutritional requirements of young children ages 1 to 3 years. Although widely available on the market, their composition is, however, not strictly regulated and health effects have not been systematically studied. Therefore, the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition (CoN) performed a systematic review of the literature to review the composition of YCF and consider their role in the diet of young children. The review revealed limited data but identified that YCF have a highly variable composition, which is in some cases inappropriate with very high protein and carbohydrate content and even high amounts of added sugars. Based on the evidence, ESPGHAN CoN suggests that the nutrient composition of YCF should be similar to that of follow‐on formulae with regards to energy and nutrients that may be deficient in the diets of European young children such as iron, vitamin D, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFAs), whereas the protein content should aim toward the lower end of the permitted range of follow‐on formulae if animal protein is used. There are data to show that YCF increase intakes of vitamin D, iron, and n‐3 PUFAs. However, these nutrients can also be provided via regular and/or fortified foods or supplements. Therefore, ESPGHAN CoN suggests that based on available evidence there is no necessity for the routine use of YCF in children from 1 to 3 years of life, but they can be used as part of a strategy to increase the intake of iron, vitamin D, and n‐3 PUFA and decrease the intake of protein compared with unfortified cow's milk. Follow‐on formulae can be used for the same purpose. Other strategies for optimizing nutritional intake include promotion of a healthy varied diet, use of fortified foods, and use of supplements.
Burden of Seizure Clusters on Patients With Epilepsy and Caregivers
Authors: Penovich Patricia E. , Buelow Janice , Steinberg Kathy , Sirven Joseph , Wheless James 
Published: October 2017

Objectives:
To characterize the burden of seizure clusters (SC) on patients and caregivers, a large internet-based survey was conducted.

Methods:
The Seizure Cluster Burden of Illness US Survey was conducted online by Harris Poll on behalf of The Epilepsy Foundation in September 2014. Respondents included adult patients 18 years and above with epilepsy or a seizure disorder who had experienced SC in the past year (defined as ≥2 seizures within 24 h outside the patient’s typical seizure pattern), caregivers providing current care for a patient with SC (adult or child), and clinicians (neurologists, epileptologists) who treat adult or pediatric patients. Responses to a wide range of topics, including emotional well-being, daily function, productivity, and approach to clinical practice, were collected.

Results:
There were 861 respondents (259 adult SC patients, 263 caregivers, and 339 clinicians). A majority of all respondent groups felt SC have a moderate/major negative impact on patient and caregiver quality of life, including emotional, financial, and social components. Responses indicated possible overutilization of emergency room services and underutilization of rescue treatment. Only 30% of patients reported having a seizure emergency plan. Some responses showed discrepancies between clinicians and patients/caregivers in the perceived degree of negative impact of SC and management practices for SC.

Conclusions:
These results suggest the need for increased education on managing SC. Clinicians need to develop seizure emergency plans and discuss rescue therapies, whereas patients and caregivers need to ask for and utilize these management strategies.
Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Due to Low–molecular-weight Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Gleichgerrcht Ezequiel , Lim Ming Y. , Turan Tanya N. 
Published: October 2017

Introduction:
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated complication of heparin exposure. A limited number of studies have reported cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) as the presenting thrombotic event induced by HIT, only one of which occurred with exposure to low–molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), with death as outcome. Here, we present a unique case of LMWH-induced HIT leading to CVST but resulting in good clinical outcome.

Case Report:
A 52-year-old woman received subcutaneous LMWH for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis while in rehabilitation following kyphoplasty for spinal fracture related to recent trauma. On postoperative day 15, she developed acute onset altered mental status with significant agitation and nonsensical speech and was found to have brain imaging findings suggestive of CVST. Work-up revealed a drop in platelets associated with HIT, which did not improve off heparin products and with steroids, requiring intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, likely due to an overlapping immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Patient was managed on an argatroban drip until platelet count normalized and was able to transition to warfarin. Her clinical outcome was very favorable with near-normal neurological exam except for subtle cognitive changes.

Conclusions:
This unique case of LMWH-induced HIT leading to CVST but resulting in good clinical outcome highlights the importance of linking CVST with HIT and of establishing the need for early alternative antithrombotic therapeutic strategies.
Perioperative Stroke and Mortality After Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Thiagarajan Karthy , Jeevanantham Vinodh , Van Ham Raymond , Gleason Thomas G. , Badhwar Vinay , Chang YueFang , Thirumala Parthasarathy D. 
Published: October 2017

Objective:
Perioperative stroke rate after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) varies between 1.3% and 6.2%, whereas the operative mortality ranges between 1% and 16.4%. The aim of this study was to determine whether perioperative stroke is a risk factor for operative mortality after SAVR by performing a meta-analysis of relevant studies.

Materials and Methods:
PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched to retrieve relevant literature. Screening of the articles was done independently on the basis of predetermined criteria. Data from the relevant studies were extracted and a random effects model was used to calculate the odds of mortality among patients with perioperative strokes after aortic valve replacement compared with those without such strokes. Subgroup analyses of patients (1) aged above and below 70 years and (2) undergoing isolated valve replacement procedure were performed. Metaregression to check for association of effect estimate and (1) sex, (2) mechanical valve replacement, (3) New York Heart Association class III/IV, (4) left ventricle ejection fraction <30%, and (5) preoperative atrial fibrillation was performed.

Results:
Statistical analyses using a random effects model showed that patients with perioperative strokes had 4.74 times greater odds for operative mortality after SAVR, independent of the following covariates: (1) sex, (2) mechanical valve replacement, (3) New York Heart Association class III/IV, (4) left ventricle ejection fraction <30%, and (5) preoperative atrial fibrillation.

Conclusions:
Patients with perioperative strokes after SAVR have nearly 5 times greater odds of experiencing operative mortality compared with those without. Thus, perioperative strokes are associated with increased risk of early mortality and require further examination of preventive strategies.
Perfluorocarbons: Knowledge Gained From Clinical Trials
Authors: Hill Steven E. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Research into potential use of perfluorocarbons for liquid ventilation and as oxygen delivery agents in humans has been underway since the 1960s. While partial liquid ventilation with perfluorocarbons showed promise in animal models and early human investigation, randomized controlled human trials failed to show benefit and an elevated rate of adverse events. Initial approval of Fluosol-DA (Green Cross Corporation, Osaka, Japan) by the United States Food and Drug Administration as an oxygen delivery agent for use in high-risk coronary angioplasty represents the only approved application of these compounds to supplement tissue oxygenation, but the compound was rendered obsolete and removed from the market with the development of advanced angioplasty catheters in the 1990s. Second-generation perfluorocarbons were developed with a higher capacity to increase the amount of oxygen dissolved in the fluid phase of blood. Early clinical trials of perflubron emulsion in non-cardiac and cardiac surgery were promising, but dose restriction and the requirement for high inspired oxygen concentration to maximize oxygen delivery for prolonged periods of time limited the clinical utility as a replacement for the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells. Identification of excess serious adverse events in treated patients resulted in discontinuation of pivotal clinical trials. Continued research investigating different formulations of perfluorocarbons has shown promise in animal studies, but continued research is necessary to prove safety and efficacy in humans.
Obtaining highly excited eigenstates of the localized XX chain via DMRG-X
Authors: Devakul Trithep , Khemani Vedika , Pollmann Frank , Huse David A. , Sondhi S. L. 
Published: October 2017

We benchmark a variant of the recently introduced density matrix renormalization group (DMRG)-X algorithm against exact results for the localized random field XX chain. We find that the eigenstates obtained via DMRG-X exhibit a highly accurate l-bit description for system sizes much bigger than the direct, many-body, exact diagonalization in the spin variables is able to access. We take advantage of the underlying free fermion description of the XX model to accurately test the strengths and limitations of this algorithm for large system sizes. We discuss the theoretical constraints on the performance of the algorithm from the entanglement properties of the eigenstates, and its actual performance at different values of disorder. A small but significant improvement to the algorithm is also presented, which helps significantly with convergence. We find that, at high entanglement, DMRG-X shows a bias towards eigenstates with low entanglement, but can be improved with increased bond dimension. This result suggests that one must be careful when applying the algorithm for interacting many-body localized spin models near a transition.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Breakdown of ergodicity in quantum systems: from solids to synthetic matter’.
Non-thermalization in trapped atomic ion spin chains
Authors: Hess P. W. , Becker P. , Kaplan H. B. , Kyprianidis A. , Lee A. C. , Neyenhuis B. , Pagano G. , Richerme P. , Senko C. , Smith J. , Tan W. L. , Zhang J. , Monroe C. 
Published: October 2017

Linear arrays of trapped and laser-cooled atomic ions are a versatile platform for studying strongly interacting many-body quantum systems. Effective spins are encoded in long-lived electronic levels of each ion and made to interact through laser-mediated optical dipole forces. The advantages of experiments with cold trapped ions, including high spatio-temporal resolution, decoupling from the external environment and control over the system Hamiltonian, are used to measure quantum effects not always accessible in natural condensed matter samples. In this review, we highlight recent work using trapped ions to explore a variety of non-ergodic phenomena in long-range interacting spin models, effects that are heralded by the memory of out-of-equilibrium initial conditions. We observe long-lived memory in static magnetizations for quenched many-body localization and prethermalization, while memory is preserved in the periodic oscillations of a driven discrete time crystal state.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Breakdown of ergodicity in quantum systems: from solids to synthetic matter’.
Functional segregation of the human basal forebrain using resting state neuroimaging
Authors: Markello Ross D. , Spreng R. Nathan , Luh Wen-Ming , Anderson Adam K. , De Rosa Eve 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe basal forebrain (BF) is poised to play an important neuromodulatory role in brain re-gions important to cognition due to its broad projections and complex neurochemistry. While significant in vivo work has been done to elaborate BF function in nonhuman rodents and primates, comparatively limited work has examined the in vivo function of the human BF. In the current study we used multi-echo resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) from 100 young adults (18-34 years) to assess the potential segregation of human BF nuclei as well as their associated projections. Bottom-up clustering of voxel-wise functional connectivity maps yielded adjacent functional clusters within the BF that closely aligned with the distinct, hypothesized nuclei important to cognition: the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) and the me-dial septum/diagonal band of Broca (MS/DB). Examining their separate functional connections, the NBM and MS/DB revealed distinct projection patterns, suggesting a conservation of nuclei-specific functional connectivity with homologous regions known to be anatomically innervated by the BF. Specifically, the NBM demonstrated coupling with a widespread cortical network as well as the amygdala, whereas the MS/DB revealed coupling with a more circumscribed net-work, including the orbitofrontal cortex and hippocampal complex. Collectively, these in vivo rs-fMRI data demonstrate that the human BF nuclei support functional networks distinct as-pects of resting-state functional networks, suggesting the human BF may be a neuromodulatory hub important for orchestrating network dynamics.HighlightsThe basal forebrain NBM and the MS/DB support two distinct functional networksFunctional networks closely overlap with known anatomical basal forebrainBasal forebrain networks are distinct from known resting-state functional networks
Evidence for convergent evolution of host parasitic manipulation in response to environmental conditions
Authors: Loreto Raquel G. , Araújo João P.M. , Kepler Ryan M. , Fleming Kimberly R. , Moreau Corrie S. , Hughes David P. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractEnvironmental conditions exert strong selection on animal behavior. We tested the hypothesis that the altered behavior of hosts due to parasitic manipulation is also subject to selection imposed by changes in environmental conditions over time. Our model system is ants manipulated by parasitic fungi to bite onto vegetation. We analyzed the correlation between forest type (tropical vs. temperate) and biting substrate (leaf vs. twigs), the time required for the fungi to reach reproductive maturity, and the phylogenetic relationship among specimens from tropical and temperate forests in different parts of the globe. We show that the fungal development in temperate forest is longer than the period of time leaves are present and the ants are manipulated to bite twigs. When biting twigs, 90% of the we examined dead ants had their legs wrapped around twigs, which appears to provide better attachment to the plant. Ancestral state character reconstruction suggests that the leaf biting is the ancestral trait and that twig biting is a convergent trait in temperate regions of the globe. These three lines of evidence suggest that changes in environmental conditions have shaped the manipulative behavior of the host by its parasite.
A High-Resolution Probabilistic In Vivo Atlas of Human Subcortical Brain Nuclei
Authors: Pauli Wolfgang M. , Nili Amanda N. , Tyszka J. Michael 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRecent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, including data acquisition, pre-processing and analysis, have enabled research on the contributions of subcortical brain nuclei to human cognition and behavior. At the same time, these developments have led to an increasing need for a high-resolution probabilistic in-vivo anatomical atlas of subcortical nuclei. In order to fill this gap, we constructed high spatial resolution, three-dimensional templates, using joint high accuracy diffeomorphic registration of T1- and T2- weighted structural images from 168 typical adults between 22 and 35 years old. In these templates, many tissue boundaries are clearly visible, which would otherwise be impossible to delineate in data from individual studies. The resulting delineation provides a more accurate parcellation of subcortical nuclei than current histology-based atlases. We further created a companion library of software tools for atlas development, to offer an open and evolving resource for the creation of a crowd-sourced in-vivo probabilistic anatomical atlas of the human brain.