bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A physical environmental management perspective on municipal water supply: proposals for Tlokwe City Council
Authors: Nealer Eric , Raga Kishor 
Published: June 2016

All South Africans, especially, those involved with the development and management of its water resources should be aware that South Africa is generally an arid to semi-arid region, with an average rainfall of approximately 500 mm per annum, compared to a world average of 860mm. Consequently, potable water is a very scarce resource, and is often the biggest prohibiting factor for development of, for example, new residential areas in a town or city.Hence a public service rendering municipality like the Tlokwe (Potchefstroom) City Council will have to, in its quest to manage its potable water supply more effectively, efficiently and economically, take cognisance of aspects such as:· The origin of its potable water;· The nature and extent of the storage and treatment of the potable water;· The manner in which the potable water is distributed to the users and consumers;and· The manner in which the wastewater is collected, treated and managed.The authors of this article are of the opinion that the aforementioned can only be taken care of effectively by incorporating a physical environmental management perspective in its municipal governance.
Musikale ontlening en die voortbestaan van melodiese spore uit die verlede
Authors: Van Rensburg Henriëtte , Spies Bertha 
Published: June 2016

Komponiste kan nie geïsoleer word van die musikale spore van die verlede nie – hierdie spore kan doelbewus deur komponiste betrek word of deur die filter van die onderbewussyn in ’n mindere of meerdere mate in latere werke bly voortbestaan. Dit is moeilik om 'n greep op die verskynsel van musikale ontlening te kry omdat sogenaamde ontlenings nie altyd met voldoende bewysvoering tot die oorsprong teruggevoer kan word nie. In 'n poging om hierdie probleem sistematies te ondersoek, word hier van die standpunt uitgegaan dat daar melodiese gestaltes is wat nie eksklusief aan 'n spesifieke komponis gekoppel kan word nie maar wat deel uitmaak van 'n gemeenskaplike musiekwoordeskat. Een manier waarop helderheid oor hierdie saak verkry kan word, is om 'n historiese benadering te volg deur die spore van melodiese gestaltes in die verlede terug te volg.Hierdie artikel konsentreer op tematiese spore aangesien melodie daardie aspek van ’n komposisie is wat direk tot die luisteraar spreek. Eerstens betrek ’n historiese perspektief die moontlike bestaan van melodiese spore in die onderbewussyn, melodiese spore as konvensionele figure en die probleem wat ontstaan wanneer ontleende materiaal aan ’n spesifieke komponis gekoppel word. Tweedens word gedemonstreer hoe die melodiese figuur wat begin met die stygende vyfdesprong teruggespoor kan word tot die eerste eeue n.C. ’n Soortgelyke strategie wat die sprong van ’n stygende derde as openingsfiguur betrek, kan hierdie melodiese figuur verder terugspoor, naamlik tot by ’n Griekse Delfiese himne van die tweede eeu v.C.Trefwoorde:musikale ontlening, melodiese spore, konvensionele melodiese figure,melodiese openingspatrone Dissiplines:Musiek,Musiekgeskiedenis, Musiekteorie, Etologie, Mnemoniek.
Municipal engineers and local government in the Transvaal before 1910
Authors: Mäki Harri 
Published: June 2016

This paper examines the history of the first town engineers in the Transvaal before the Union. It will briefly examine the changes in local government in the Transvaal, focusing on municipal engineers. Examination is made of the selection processes applied in their appointments and the circumstances at the end of their tenures. It explores what was expected of municipal engineers during this period; shows what their position within the municipal structure was; and explains how vague their job description was in relation to their wide field of operation. The development of the engineer’s position in the municipal management hierarchy is interesting. He was an important figure in local government, had specific responsibilities and enjoyed specific powers. It emerges that most early town engineers had training via apprenticeship for the positions they held and that there was added pressure from elected councillors in municipalities who were prone to assiduously monitor how officials were spending public money.Keywords:Municipal history, civil engineering, water supply, sanitation, Transvaal,Benoni, Boksburg, Germiston, Heidelberg, Johannesburg, Klerksdorp, Krugersdorp, Pietersburg, Potchefstroom, Pretoria, Standerton, Volksrust Disciplines:History, Engineering, Public Management
An analysis of the declining support for the ANC during the 2011 South African local government elections
Authors: Twala C 
Published: June 2016

Local government elections are notorious for low voter turnout, but the May 2011 elections in South Africa showed a record 58 percent of the 24 million registered voters. In South Africa, local government matters and not just because it provides a pointer to what might happen in the provincial and national elections due in 2014, but helps in determining the readiness of the African Nation Congress in providing basic services to the different communities. Interestingly, these elections were preceded by service delivery protests against the ANC. The article is an analysis of the decreased support for the ANC during the 2011 local government elections. The multifaceted reasons behind the boiling cauldron of this decline in support for the ANC are scrutinised. Underpinning this decline in support often lie deep and complex factors which can be uncovered through a careful analysis of the ANC’s campaigning strategies ahead of these elections; the media which has been accused of rampant sensationalism; service delivery protests and mudslinging from other political parties. However, it is not the author’s intention in this article to deal with how other parties fared during these elections, but to highlight their impact on the declined support received by the ANC in the elections. The discussion is presented in four parts: the first presents an exploratory discussion on the theory of local government in the sphere of governance. The second part discusses some key strategies and tactics used by the ANC in attempts to galvanise support, as well as the challenges encountered. The third deals with the opposition parties’ machinery in preventing the ANC from getting a majority vote during the election. Lastly, the article concludes by highlighting the lessons learnt by the ANC during these elections within the framework of electoral politics in South Africa.Keywords: local election 2011, African National Congress (ANC), local government. Disciplines: History, political science, electoral studies
Agritourism activities in the Mopani District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa: perceptions and opportunities
Authors: Myer S L , De Crom E P 
Published: June 2016

Farms in South Africa have to compete in a very hostile agricultural economic environment and it has become imperative for farmers to find new ways of generating additional income. Research undertaken in the Mopani District Municipality (MDM) in the Limpopo Province of South Africa identified agritourism as a potential means to this end. The main aim of this primarily qualitative study was to gain a better understanding of the perceptions and opportunities for agritourism in the study area. Data were mainly collected through interviews and questionnaires. Participants consisted of farmers and tourists, as well as owners of existing agritourism farms within the MDM. Five current active agritourism establishments were identified. Key fidnings revealed that agritourism is not being utilised to its full potential. Although perceptions of respondents towards agritourism are positive, marketing around it is insufficient and not all farmers are willing to host agritourism activities on their farms for various reasons. However, the MDM is a tourist hub with many visitors passing through various reasons. However, the MDM is a tourist hub with many visitors passing through the area en route to the Kruger National Park. Therefore, the potential already exists to host agritourism activities that will benefit farmers in various ways. By developing farm trails, scheduling daily farm activities, using information brochures, forming networks with existing tourist establishments, encouraging the use of local and fresh produce and providing good roadside signage, farmers can gain increased exposure and recognition for what they do and opportunities for growth and development may be realised. Keywords: Agritourism, farm tourism, alternative tourism, farm activities, tourism
Magnetic resonance enterography: A stepwise interpretation approach and role of imaging in management of adult Crohn's disease
Authors: Ram Roopa , Sarver David , Pandey Tarun , Guidry Carey L , Jambhekar Kedar R 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCrohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that often requires frequent imaging of patients in order to detect active disease and other complications related to disease activity. While endoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis, it may be contraindicated in some patients and has a limited role in detecting deep submucosal/mesenteric diseases and intra abdominal complications. In recent years, magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) has evolved as a noninvasive, radiation free imaging modality in the evaluation of patients with CD. This review article will focus on role of MRE in imaging patients with CD with emphasis on technical considerations, systematic image interpretation, differential diagnoses, and the role of imaging in deciding treatment options for patients.
Computed tomography coronary angiography diagnosis of single right coronary artery with congenital absence of left coronary artery system equivalents
Authors: Siddiqui Shahyan Mohsin , Rao RC Kesava , Kaza Sashidhar , Kumar EA Padma 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe present case report is computed tomography (CT) coronary angiographic depiction of an exceedingly rare entity-single right coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva with the absence of equivalent left coronary artery system branches and associated mitral valve prolapse. Even though a statistical rarity, it is potentially fatal and can cause myocardial ischemia, sudden cardiac death, and warrants immediate clinical attention. Further, the report reveals the decisive role of CT coronary angiogram in the diagnosis of such rare entities, in contrast to catheter angiography, which may be inconclusive.
Recurrent hemoptysis: An unusual cause and novel management
Authors: Surya Praharsha , Keshava Shyamkumar N , Irodi Aparna , Vyas Sunil , Thangakunam Balamugesh 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe report a rare case a 15 year old boy who presented with recurrent hemoptysis. There was past history of pancreatitis. A CT scan of thorax revealed a small collection in the region of the tail of the pancreas and a tract from it extending across the diaphragm into the posterobasal segment of left lower lobe, suggesting a pancreatico-pleuro-pulmonary fistula. The fistula was embolised by percutaneous injection of glue into the collection and fistula, which resulted in good symptom control.
Imaging features of primary tumors of the spine: A pictorial essay
Authors: Patnaik Sujata , Jyotsnarani Y , Uppin Shantiveer G , Susarla Rammurti 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPrimary tumors of spine are rare accounting for less than 5% of new bone tumors diagnosed every year. These tumors may exhibit characteristic imaging features that can help in early diagnosis and improved prognosis. Plasmacytoma/multiple myeloma and lymphoproliferative tumors are the most common malignant primary spinal tumors. Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the spine. Computed tomography is useful to assess tumor matrix and osseous change. Magnetic resonance is useful to study associated soft tissue extension, marrow infiltration, and intraspinal extension. Confusing one tumor with the other based on only imaging findings is not uncommon. However, radiologic manifestations of these tumors need to be correlated with the age, sex, location, and presentation to arrive at a close clinical diagnosis.
Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from central India
Authors: Desikan Prabha , Chauhan D.S. , Sharma Pragya , Panwalkar Nikita , Chourey Manju , Patidar Mohan Lal , Yadav Priyanka , Chandrasekaran V. , Ohri B.S. 
Published: June 2016

Background & objectives:
There is a paucity of data available on genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from central India. The present study was carried out on isolates of M. tuberculosis cultured from diagnostic clinical samples of patients from Bhopal, central India, using spoligotyping as a method of molecular typing.

Methods:
DNA was extracted from 340 isolates of M. tuberculosis from culture, confirmed as M. tuberculosis by molecular and biochemical methods and subjected to spoligotyping. The results were compared with the international SITVIT2 database.

Results:
Sixty five different spoligo international type (SIT) patterns were observed. A total of 239 (70.3%) isolates could be clustered into 25 SITs. The Central Asian (CAS) and East African Indian (EAI) families were found to be the two major circulating families in this region. SIT26/CAS1_DEL was identified as the most predominant type, followed by SIT11/EAI3_IND and SIT288/CAS2. Forty (11.8%) unique (non-clustered) and 61 (17.9%) orphan isolates were identified in the study. There was no significant association of clustering with clinical and demographic characteristics of patients.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Well established SITs were found to be predominant in our study. SIT26/CAS1_DEL was the most predominant type. However, the occurrence of a substantial number of orphan isolates may indicate the presence of active spatial and temporal evolutionary dynamics within the isolates of M. tuberculosis.
Association of CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B & HHEX gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the population of Hyderabad, India
Authors: Kommoju Uma Jyothi , Samy Subburaj Kadarkarai , Maruda Jayaraj , Irgam Kumuda , Kotla Jaya Prasad , Velaga Lakshmi , Reddy Battini Mohan 
Published: June 2016

Background & objectives:
The genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown an association of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with several novel genes. We report here the findings on the pattern of genetic association of three genes (CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B and HHEX) with T2DM in the population of Hyderabad, south India.

Methods:
A sample of 1379 individuals (758 T2DM cases and 621 controls) from Hyderabad, India, were genotyped for five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CDKAL1 (rs7754840, rs7756992) CDKN2A/B (rs10811661) and HHEX (rs1111875, rs7923837) genes on Sequenom Mass Array platform.

Results:
The risk allele frequencies of the CDKAL1 and CDKN2A/B SNPs were relatively higher in cases than in the controls and the logistic regression analysis yielded significant odds ratios suggesting that the variant alleles conferred risk for developing T2DM in this population. The HHEX gene did not show either allelic or genotypic association with T2DM. The multivariate logistic regression analysis with reference to both alleles and genotypes of CDKAL1 SNPs showed significant association, suggesting an important role for this gene in the T2DM pathophysiology.

Interpretation & conclusions:
A significant association was seen of all the three SNPs of CDKAL1 and CDKN2A/B genes with T2DM but none of the two SNPs of HHEX. Further studies are required to cross-validate our findings in a relatively larger sample. It is also necessary to explore other SNPs of HHEX gene to unequivocally establish the pattern of association of this gene with T2DM in this population.
Pattern of episiotomy use & its immediate complications among vaginal deliveries in 18 tertiary care hospitals in India
Authors: Singh Shalini , Thakur Tushita , Chandhiok Nomita , Dhillon Balwan Singh 
Published: June 2016

Background & objectives:
In developed countries, efforts have been made to restrict episiotomy practice. However, in developing countries the episiotomy rates continue to be high. This study was conducted to evaluate the pattern of episiotomy use and its immediate complications among women delivering at tertiary level public hospitals in India.

Methods:
Prospective data of all women undergoing vaginal delivery including instrumental delivery were collected daily from the labour room registers of the 18 tertiary care hospitals on a structured proforma. Weekly data from all sites were sent to a central unit for compilation and analysis. Odds ratio was used to compare the proportion of genital trauma among women with and without episiotomy both in nulliparous and multiparous women.

Results:
Among 1,20,243 vaginal deliveries, episiotomy was performed in 63.4 per cent (n=76,305) cases. Nulliparaous women were 8.8 times more likely to undergo episiotomy than multiparous women. The various genital tract injuries reported were first degree perineal tear (n=4805, 3.9%), second degree perineal tear (n=1082, 0.9%), third and fourth degree perineal tear (n=186, 0.2%), anterior vaginal trauma requiring suturing (n=490, 0.4%), extension of episiotomy/vaginal laceration/excessive bleeding from episiotomy or tear (n=177, 0.15%), vulval/vaginal haematoma (n=70, 0.06%) and cervical tear (n=108, 0.08%). The combined rate of third and fourth degree perineal tears was observed to be significantly lower (P<0.001) among nullipara who received episiotomy (0.13%) compared to those who delivered without episiotomy (0.62%).

Interpretations & conclusions:
Significantly lower rates of third or fourth degree perineal tear were seen among nulliparous women undergoing episiotomy. The risk and benefit of episiotomy and its complications need to be evaluated through randomized clinical trials in the Indian context.
Analysis of expression profile of mce operon genes (mce1, mce2, mce3 operon) in different Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates at different growth phases
Authors: Singh Pratibha , Katoch V.M. , Mohanty K.K. , Chauhan Devendra Singh 
Published: June 2016

Background & objectives:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) has four homologous mammalian cell entry (mce) operons (mce1-4) that encode exported proteins and have a possible role in the virulence mechanism of this pathogen. The expression of mce operon is considered to be complex and not completely understood. Although expression of mce operon at different in vitro growth phases has been studied earlier, its expression in different M. tuberculosis isolates under different growth phases is not yet studied. The present preliminary study was conducted on a limited number of isolates to know the trend of expression pattern of mce operon genes in different M. tuberculosis isolates under different growth stages.

Methods:
In this study, we monitored the transcriptional profile of selected mce operon genes (mce1A, mce1D, mce2A, mce2D, mce3A, mce3C) in different M. tuberculosis isolates (MDR1, MDR2, and sensitive isolate) at early exponential and stationary phases using real-time quantitative PCR.

Results:
The expression ratio of all selected mce operon genes in all M. tuberculosis isolates was reduced at the initial phase and increased substantially at a later phase of growth. Higher expression of mce1 operon genes was found in all M. tuberculosis isolates as compared to other mce operon genes (mce2 and mce3 operons) at stationary growth phase.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The higher expression of mce operon genes at stationary phase (as compared to early exponential phase) suggested growth phase dependent expression of mce operon genes. This indicated that the mce operon genes might have a role in M. tuberculosis survival and adaptation on the onset of adverse condition like stationary phase. Identification of differentially expressed genes will add to our understanding of the bacilli involved in adaptation to different growth conditions.
Contenidos e interactividad de las apps para smartphone de las televisiones españolas
Authors: Videla Rodríguez José Juan , García-Torre Manuel , Formoso Barro María Josefa 
Published: June 2016

Los cambios sufridos por los medios de comunicación tradicional, hace que tengan que estar presentes en otros soportes diferentes a los que estaban acostumbrados. La disposición de aplicaciones móviles es clave para su adaptación a las nuevas formas de consumo audiovisual. Metodología. En un primer paso se hace una revisión de las principales investigaciones relacionadas con el marco de estudio. Además, se lleva a cabo a través de técnicas cuantitativas, un análisis de contenido de las aplicaciones móviles para smartphones, de los operadores de televisión generalista en España, con presencia en sistemas operativos IOS y Android. Resultados y conclusiones. De este análisis se destaca que los operadores de televisión apuestan por los contenidos interactivos para smartphones y todos ellos ven en la interactividad de los contenidos, un elemento importante para conectar con el espectador.
A Time-Space Adaptive Method for the Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Kormann Katharina 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we present a discretization of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation based on a Magnus-Lanczos time integrator and high-order Gauss-Lobatto finite elements in space. A truncated Galerkin orthogonality is used to obtain duality-based a posteriori error estimates that address the temporal and the spatial error separately. Based on this theory, a space-time adaptive solver for the Schrödinger equation is devised. An efficient matrix-free implementation of the differential operator, suited for spectral elements, is used to enable computations for realistic configurations. We demonstrate the performance of the algorithm for the example of matter-field interaction.
The Kinematic Effects of the Defects in Liquid Crystal Dynamics
Authors: Chen Rui , Bao Weizhu , Zhang Hui 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHere we investigate the kinematic transports of the defects in the nematic liquid crystal system by numerical experiments. The model is a shear flow case of the viscoelastic continuummodel simplified fromthe Ericksen-Leslie system. The numerical experiments are carried out by using a difference method. Based on these numerical experiments we find some interesting and important relationships between the kinematic transports and the characteristics of the flow. We present the development and interaction of the defects. These results are partly consistent with the observation from the experiments. Thus this scheme illustrates, to some extent, the kinematic effects of the defects.
A Robust Immersed Boundary-Lattice Boltzmann Method for Simulation of Fluid-Structure Interaction Problems
Authors: Wu Jie , Wu Jing , Zhan Jiapu , Zhao Ning , Wang Tongguang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA robust immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) is proposed to simulate fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems in this work. Compared with the conventional IB-LBM, the current method employs the fractional step technique to solve the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) with a forcing term. Consequently, the non-physical oscillation of body force calculation, which is frequently encountered in the traditional IB-LBM, is suppressed greatly. It is of importance for the simulation of FSI problems. In the meanwhile, the no-slip boundary condition is strictly satisfied by using the velocity correction scheme. Moreover, based on the relationship between the velocity correction and forcing term, the boundary force can be calculated accurately and easily. A few test cases are first performed to validate the current method. Subsequently, a series of FSI problems, including the vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder, an elastic filament flapping in the wake of a fixed cylinder and sedimentation of particles, are simulated. Based on the good agreement between the current results and those in the literature, it is demonstrated that the proposed IB-LBM has the capability to handle various FSI problems effectively.