bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Intensive Cooling of Alloy AZ91 with a Chromium Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Casting
Authors: Rapiejko C. , Pisarek B. , Pacyniak T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe work presents the results of the investigations of the effect of intensive cooling of alloy AZ91 with an addition of chromium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained casts. The experimental castings were made in ceramic moulds preliminarily heated to 180°C, into which alloy AZ91 with the addition was poured. Within the implementation of the research, a comparison was made of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the castings obtained in ceramic moulds cooled at room temperature and the ones intensively cooled in a cooling liquid. The kinetics and dynamics as well as the thermal effects recorded by the TDA method were compared. Metallographic tests were performed with the use of an optical microscope and the strength properties of the obtained castings were examined: UTS (Rm), elongation (A%), and HB hardness.
Fatigue Properties of Nodular Cast Iron at Low Frequency Cyclic Loading
Authors: Vaško A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Three melts of ferrite-pearlitic nodular cast iron with different charge composition were used for fatigue tests. Wöhler fatigue curves and fatigue strength were obtained, and microstructure and fracture surfaces were investigated. The aim of the paper is to determine the influence of charge composition on microstructure, mechanical and fatigue properties of synthetic nodular cast irons and their micromechanisms of failure. Fatigue tests were realised at low frequency sinusoidal cyclic push-pull loading (stress ratio R = −1) at ambient temperature (T = 20 ±5°C). They were carried out with using the fatigue experimental machine Zwick/Roell Amsler 150HFP 5100 at frequency f ≈ 120 Hz. The results of fatigue tests at low frequency cyclic loading are compared with fatigue properties at high frequency cyclic loading.
Characteristics of Carbide Interfacial Layer Formed During Deposition of DLC Films on 316L Stainless Steel Substrate
Authors: Dudek M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe paper presents the analysis of formation of interfacial layer during deposition of diamond like carbon film (DLC) on the 316L stainless steel by capacitive plasma discharge in the CH4atmosphere. The structure of the interfacial layer of DLC film was strongly affected by the temperature increase during the initial stages of the process. Initially, thin interfacial layer of 5 nm has been formed. As the temperature had reached 210°C, the second phase of the process was marked by the onset of carbon atoms diffusion into the steel and by the interface thickness increase. Finally, the growth of chromium carbide interface, the upward diffusion of chromium and nickel atoms to film, the etching and the decrease of the DLC film thickness were observed at 233°C. These investigations were carried out ex-situ by spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy.
Burden Optimisation of Lump Charge Materials for Foundry Furnaces
Authors: Źiółkowski E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCalculation of economically optimum charge burden for foundry furnaces depends on a solution that can be found in the field of mathematical linear programming. A traditional linear optimisation method means looking for continuous variables that can define portion of every charge component.Sometimes, it can be observed that a calculated portion of charge material with a defined lump mass is rounded up, which is wrong because the charge burden prepared in such a way may either show a mistaken chemical composition, or it can entail a significant cost. With charge materials characterised by defined mass lumps, it is recommended to use a modified method of integer linear optimisation.This article contains definitions of a goal function and a system of constraints considering the charge materials as stated above. In addition, a sample calculation has been included hereto to show such optimisation for a selected process of metal melting in a casting furnace.
The Analysis of Force Parameters in Drawing Process of High Carbon Steel Wires in Conventional and Hydrodynamic Dies
Authors: Suliga M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe paper analyzes force parameters in the process of multistage drawing of steel wires in conventional and hydrodynamic dies. The drawing process of the wire rod with a diameter of 5.5 mm for wires with a diameter of 1.70 mm was performed in 12 drafts with the usage of the multistage drawbench Koch KGT with the speed range of 5-25 m/s.Modern software of multistage drawbenches allows direct reading of many parameters during the drawing process, including drawing power. The force and drawing stress in each drafts were determined relying on experimental measurements. A complement to the research was a theoretical analysis of the drawing process. The results of the theoretical studies were compared to those obtained by experiment.The significant impact of the drawing speed on the force parameters of the drawing process in conventional and hydrodynamic dies was demonstrated. Depending on the real conditions of the drawing, ie. temperature, friction and lubrication, enhancing the drawing speed can result in both an increase and a decrease in drawing stress.
Effect of Processing Conditions on Forgeability and Properties of Hot and Warm-Forged Steel 300M
Authors: Skubisz P. , Łukaszek-Sołek A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractResults of investigation of the effect of processing conditions of medium-carbon alloy steel AISI 300M on forgeability and microstructure-properties are presented here, including as-forged and heat treated condition of the material. The presented results concern two vital aspects of plastic forming of high-duty impression-die forgings, which underlay a selection of technological conditions which enable the accomplishment of the required quality of the forged part. These are: firstly, the microstructure and mechanical properties and their uniformity within a part and secondly, technological realization of forging the required geometry in the given processing conditions.In order to define a favourable processing window, dynamic behaviour modeling in variable forging conditions was carried out, establishing a coefficient of energy dissipationη% and the metal flow instability areas, which indicated the temperature regime and strain rate range for the forging process. The constructed processing maps were subject to experimental verification in the die-forging tests, carried out on a screw press. Hot and warm forging conditions were applied accordingly to selected areas of the processing maps, representative for unique forging conditions occurring in the industrial practice.
Properties and Structure of X30MnAlSi26-4-3 High Strength Steel Subjected to Dynamic Compression Processes
Authors: Śmiglewicz A. , Jabłońska M. , Moćko W. , Kowalczyk K. , Hadasik E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The paper presents the results of investigation on X30MnAlSi26-4-3 austenitic steel subjected to dynamic compression using the split Hopkinson pressure bar. The strain rate was 3700 s−1. The compression test was also carried out without the use of breaking rings and then true strain was about 0.3. The split Hopkinson pressure bar test take only few milliseconds to complete during which time it is impossible to transfer the excess heat out of the specimen, therefore the test must be carried out in adiabatic conditions and so the increase of the temperature caused by the work of plastic deformation had to be calculated. The stepping load method was used in order to evaluate the effect of adiabatic heating on the properties of steel which allowed to maintain the isothermal deformation conditions. The paper presents the comparison of results obtained during deformation under adiabatic and isothermal conditions in correlation to structure changes occurring in course of dynamic compression.
Experimental Research on the Impact of Thin-Wall Ratio and the Fillet Radius of Forming Roller on the Limiting Spinning Ratio of AMS 5504 Sheets
Authors: Kut S. , Stachowicz F. , Ryzińska G. , Mrugała T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractResults of experimental investigations of metal spinning process of AMS 5504 sheets. cylindrical drawpieces with use of discs-shaped sheet with various diameter and thickness were shown in this work. Tests were performed on two roller metal spinning machine of a vertical axis Leifeld SFC 800 V500.The main objective of the study was to determine the dependence between limiting spinning coefficient, thin wall ratio coefficient and the fillet radius of forming rollers. To realize this aim required the development of an original methodology and experimental research plan. Determined relationship takes into account the occurrence of negative phenomena in the process of spinning such as wrinkling or cracking of material.Due to the possibility of prediction of these negative phenomena, determined relationship is used in the design of a metal spinning processes. On the basis on determined relationship can be done a practical assessment of the possibility of shaping with certain geometrical parameters by spinning. Obtained results were shown graphically on the diagrams and their analysis was carried.
The Development and Numerical Analysis of the Conical Radiator Extrusion Process
Authors: Michalczyk J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The article presents a newly developed method for single-operation extrusion of conical radiators. This is the author’s radiator manufacturing method being the subject of a patent application. The proposed method enables the manufacture of radiators either with or without an inner opening and with an integral plate. Selected results of numerical computations made within Forge®3D, a finite element method (FEM)-based software program, were presented during the analysis of the process. A comparative analysis of the proposed manufacturing method using the double-sided extrusion method was also made.
The proposed manufacturing method is assumed to produce radiators in a single technological operation with the stock material being standardized 30 mm-diameter aluminium bars. The objective of the developed method is also to reduce the energy-force parameters.
Effect of Metallic Additives to Polymer Matrix on Properties of Composite Adhesives Dedicated for Light Metal Joining
Authors: Mamala A. , Kwaśniewski P. , Nowak A. , Grzebinoga J. , Ściężor W. , Kowal R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe most recent and promising trends in development of renewable sources of energy are Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems. The newest solutions from this field are hybrid compact solar panels. The correct operation of both systems, i.e. the photovoltaic panel and the heat exchanger requires an effective connection between the two. The adhesives utilized to interconnect above elements should provide a stable and hermetic joint able to withstand mechanical and thermal impacts of the surrounding environment factors. The paper presents the research results over the impact of the type and the amount of reinforcing phase on the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy resin matrix composites reinforced with particles of non-ferrous metals (Ag, Cu, W, Al), dedicated as adhesives for connections between photovoltaic panels and heat exchangers. Based on the experimental findings the usefulness of classical analytic models for valuation of polymer-metal composites properties was validated.
Application of Conjugate Simulation for Determination of Temperature and Stress Distributions During Curing Process of Pre-Impregnated Composite Fibers
Authors: Golewski P. , Sadowski T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe composites made of continuous fibers in the form of unidirectional and fabric prepregs are widely used in many fields of engineering for the production of lightweight and durable parts or whole structures. To achieve this, we not only need to possess knowledge of the composite mechanics, but also have to master the technology. In most cases, particularly for parts with advanced geometric shapes, autoclaving technique is used. The success of the carried out process occurs when the prepreg reaches the proper temperature throughout its volume in the specified time, where there are no overheated or unheated zones as well as when the prepreg is correctly pressed against the mold. In order to ensure adequate stiffness, the mold has much greater thickness than formed composite and the stiffening ribs. The result is that the time required for prepreg heating is greatly extended. To prevent this, the appropriate electric heaters embedded in the silicone grips are used.The paper presents problems related to the mold structures and application of numerical methods aiming at early verification of the temperature and stress distribution. The coupled analysis of CFD (computational fluid dynamic) and heat transfer structural simulations were performed in Abaqus program. The studies were carried out for the airfoil fragment. A total of 12 simulations were conducted, 6 cases in which heat was supplied only from air flowing through the autoclave and 6 cases which included heaters inside the silicone grips. In the result the inhomogeneity of prepreg heating for each of the mold geometry was compared, and the average temperature was obtained after 60 seconds from the process initiation. Both the pressure inside the silicone grips (before inserting the mold into the autoclave) and the non-uniform temperature distribution result in the formation of stresses whose values were analyzed for molds made of aluminum. For this purpose the temperature dependent elastic – plastic material model was used for aluminum molds.
Development of Structural Steel Containing 3÷5 wt% Al with Microlaminated Microstructure
Authors: Garbarz B. , Adamczyk M. , Niżnik-Harańczyk B. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop basic parameters of hot rolling and controlled cooling technology allowing to obtain the microlaminated (lamellar) microstructure in a lean-alloy structural steel containing 3÷5 wt % Al. Thermo-mechanical rolling tests of two experimental steels were carried out in a semi-industrial line comprising a one – stand reversing rolling mill. The final microstructure of the specimens subjected to rolling in theγ+αstability region characterised with the microlaminated morphology composed of lamellae of ferrite with thickness down to 1 μm or less and lamellae or grains of phases developed during transformation of the austenite. Determined parameters of the thermo-mechanical processing allowed to achieve very attractive mechanical properties of the experimental steels: tensile strength over 1.0 GPa and ductility level (total elongation) better than 15%.
Microstructural Changes of the Nanostructured Bainitic Steel Induced by Quasi-Static and Dynamic Deformation
Authors: Marcisz J. , Burian W. , Rozmus R. , Janiszewski J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChanges in the microstructure of nanostructured bainitic steel induced by quasi-static and dynamic deformation have been shown in the article. The method of deformation and strain rate have important impact on the microstructure changes especially due to strain localization. Microstructure of nanostructured steel Fe-0.6%C-1.9Mn-1.8Si-1.3Cr-0.7Mo consists of nanometer size carbide-free bainite laths and 20-30% volume fraction of retained austenite. Quasi-static and dynamic (strain rate up to 2×102s−1) compression tests were realized using Gleeble simulator. Dynamic deformation at the strain rate up to 9×103s−1was realized by the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar method (SHPB). Moreover high energy firing tests of plates made of the nanostructured bainitic steel were carried out to produce dynamically deformed material for investigation. Adiabatic shear bands were found as a result of localization of deformation in dynamic compression tests and in firing tests. Microstructure of the bands was examined and hardness changes in the vicinity of the bands were determined. The TEM examination of the ASBs showed the change from the internal shear band structure to the matrix structure to be gradual. This study clearly resolved that the interior (core) of the band has an extremely fine grained structure with grain diameter ranging from 100 nm to 200 nm. Martensitic twins were found within the grains. No austenite and carbide reflections were detected in the diffraction patterns taken from the core of the band. Hardness of the core of the ASBs for examined variants of isothermal heat treatment was higher about 300 HV referring to steel matrix hardness.
Mechanical Properties of a Bainitic Steel Producible by Hot Rolling
Authors: Rana R. , Chen S. , Haldar A. , Das S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA carbide-free bainitic microstructure is suitable for achieving a combination of ultra high strength and high ductility. In this work, a steel containing nominally 0.34C-2Mn-1.5Si-1Cr (wt.%) was produced via industrial hot rolling and laboratory heat treatments. The austenitization (900°C, 30 min.) and austempering (300-400°C, 3 h) treatments were done in salt bath furnaces. The austempering treatments were designed to approximately simulate the coiling step, following hot rolling and run-out-table cooling, when the bainitic transformation would take place and certain amount of austenite would be stabilized due to suppression of carbide precipitation. The microstructures and various mechanical properties (tensile properties, bendability, flangeability, and room and subzero temperature impact toughness) relevant for applications were characterized. It was found that the mechanical properties were highly dependent on the stability of the retained austenite, presence of martensite in the microstructure and the size of the microstructural constituents. The highest amount of retained austenite (~ 27 wt.%) was obtained in the sample austempered at 375°C but due to lower austenite stability and coarser overall microstructure, the sample exhibited lower tensile ductility, bendability, flangeability and impact toughness. The sample austempered at 400°C also showed poor properties due to the presence of initial martensite and coarse microstructure. The best combination of mechanical properties was achieved for the samples austempered at 325-350°C with a lower amount of retained austenite but with the highest mechanical stability.
Similarity of Ferrosilicon Submerged Arc Furnaces With Different Geometrical Parameters
Authors: Machulec B. , Gil S. , Bialik W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In order to determine reasons of unsatisfactory production output regarding one of the 12 MVA furnaces, a comparative analysis with a furnace of higher power that showed a markedly better production output was performed. For comparison of ferrosilicon furnaces with different geometrical parameters and transformer powers, the theory of physical similarity was applied. Geometrical, electrical and thermal parameters of the reaction zones are included in the comparative analysis. For furnaces with different geometrical parameters, it is important to ensure the same temperature conditions of the reaction zones. Due to diverse mechanisms of heat generation, different criteria for determination of thermal and electrical similarity for the upper and lower reaction zones were assumed contrary to other publications. The parameter c3 (Westly) was assumed the similarity criterion for the upper furnace zones where heat is generated as a result of resistive heating while the parameter J1 (Jaccard) was assumed the similarity criterion for the lower furnace zones where heat is generated due to arc radiation.
The Attempt of the Low-Cycle Fatigue Life Description of Chosen Creep-Resistant Steels Under Mechanical and Thermal Interactions
Authors: Okrajni J. , Marek A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe study focuses on the problem of determination of low-cycle fatigue properties for the chosen group of creep-resistant steels used in the power and chemical industries. It tries to find the parameter which would describe well the fatigue life and take into account mechanical loads and temperature. The results of LCF tests have been presented in the paper. New parameter P has been introduced. This parameter joins a plastic strain range, a stress range and temperature. The fatigue life has been predicted versus parameter P. The comparison of the predicted and observed values of fatigue life shows the agreement between these values. The method of fatigue life prediction formulated in this way is expected to describe the behavior of materials under thermo-mechanical fatigue.
Operation-Oriented Studies on Wear Properties of Surface-Hardened Alloy Cast Steels Used in Mining in the Conditions of the Combined Action of Dynamic Forces and an Abrasive Material
Authors: Wieczorek A.N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the results of wear tests of shot-peened and not shot-peened cast steels used in the mining machinery industry, in particular in the construction of chain drums for armoured face conveyors. Wear tests were carried out in the conditions corresponding to the real operating conditions of armoured face conveyors during drifting work in rocks such as sandstone. The operating factors subjected to the analyses included the presence of quartz abrasive and the impact of external dynamic forces. On the basis of the wear tests as well as the microhardness and microstructure examinations performed, it has been found that the action of an additional dynamic force has a synergistic impact on the process of abrasive wear in loose quartz abrasive. It has been further found that the value of abrasive wear of chain wheels operated in the conditions of a combined action of abrasive and a dynamic force depends on whether the area of mating of wheels with the chain was shot-peened or not before the wear tests – an increase in the abrasive wear was observed for the wheels made of cast steel subjected to shot peening in the area of mating with the chain. Lower resistance to abrasive wear of the cast steels subjected to shot peening before the wear tests could result from the formation of cracks in the surface layer caused by the action of shot.
Solidification Mechanism of the D-Gun Sprayed Fe-Al Particles
Authors: Wołczyński W. , Senderowski C. , Fikus B. , Panas A.J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe detonation gas spraying method is used to study solidification of the Fe-40Al particles after the D-gun spraying and settled on the water surface. The solidification is divided into two stages. First, the particle solid shell forms during the particle contact with the surrounding air / gas. Usually, the remaining liquid particle core is dispersed into many droplets of different diameter. A single Fe-Al particle is described as a body subjected to a rotation and finally to a centrifugal force leading to segregation of iron and aluminum. The mentioned liquid droplets are treated as some spheres rotated freely / chaotically inside the solid shell of the particle and also are subjected to the centrifugal force. The centrifugal force, and first of all, the impact of the particles onto the water surface promote a tendency for making punctures in the particles shell. The droplets try to desert / abandon the mother-particles through these punctures. Some experimental evidences for this phenomenon are delivered. It is concluded that the intensity of the mentioned phenomenon depends on a given droplet momentum. The droplets solidify rapidly during their settlement onto the water surface at the second stage of the process under consideration. A model for the solidification mechanism is delivered.