bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What can linguistic approaches bring to English for Specific Purposes?
Authors: Gledhill Christopher , Kübler Natalie 
Published: March 2016

Cet article explore les différentes contributions apportées par les études en linguistique à l’anglistique de spécialité. Nous établissons en premier lieu une distinction entre les approches conceptuelles et les approches contextuelles en linguistique. En théorie, ces approches sont incompatibles ; cependant, l’emploi de plus en plus répandu des corpus a généré une certaine convergence entre elles. Nous présentons ensuite quelques idées issues des présupposés théoriques et de la méthodologie que nous avons développés dans notre propre recherche et dans notre enseignement : 1) l’utilisation des corpus pour identifier les « schémas lexico-grammaticaux », qui représentent les unités de structure pour la construction des discours spécialisés, et 2) la formation à la phraséologie et à l’utilisation de bases de données comme facteurs d’amélioration, à la fois du processus d’apprentissage, et des compétences des futurs traducteurs spécialisés. Enfin, nous examinons comment d’autres linguistes ont contribué de manière générale au développement d’approches linguistiques dans l’histoire de la revue ASp.
Integrating corpus tools and techniques in ESP courses
Authors: Boulton Alex 
Published: March 2016

L’un des buts de la recherche en anglais de spécialité, quelle que soit la définition que l’on en donne, est de fournir des analyses fines de différentes variétés de la langue. La linguistique de corpus offre de nombreuses possibilités à ce domaine, même si aucune description clés en main ne peut parvenir à répondre à tous les besoins ou à toutes les questions. Cet article suggère quelques propositions destinées à aider l’utilisateur final – apprenant ou enseignant – à mettre en œuvre des outils et des techniques de corpus afin d’observer, en fonction de ses besoins, des usages réels de la langue dans des contextes pertinents. L’approche est articulée avec des approches pédagogiques courantes (par exemple, l’étude exploratoire de documents authentiques) et de pratiques fréquentes (par exemple l’utilisation de moteurs de recherche sur Internet), ce qui permet à différent types d’utilisateurs de mieux intégrer ces outils et ces techniques dans leurs activités quotidiennes. Au-delà des recherches sur Internet, des corpus génériques en ligne peuvent être exploités à des fins spécifiques ; les utilisateurs qui ont des besoins pérennes très ciblés peuvent aller plus loin en construisant leur propre corpus. L’article fournit des exemples de ces divers usages, et conclut par une brève mise en perspective des résultats de la recherche dans ce domaine.
Training in Dialysis Access - Charting Future Success
Authors: Davidson Ingemar , Dolmatch Bart , Gallieni Maurizio , Ho Pei , Kraines Kelly , Liew Ngoh C. , Parakh Rajiv , Ross John , Slakey Douglas 
Published: March 2016

Purpose Medical education and training in dialysis access skills remains complex and inadequate as learners come from diverse backgrounds and from various specialties so that appropriate training is limited. As a result, a system of progressive education including live lectures, and hands on training has emerged, but there is controversy as to what constitutes the best educational model. Methods Presently there is no recognized or structured training in vascular access during residency or fellowships. Here we present a model of dialysis access training for beginner to advanced surgeons. Results A structured hands-on and didactic surgery training certification course consisting of a one week curriculum with 49 hours of ACCME credit hours has been in effect for one year. The learning impact and the performance outcome are high but with limited attendance capacity. Pre- and post- training test results attest to training effectiveness. To increase access, an off-site training curriculum has been initiated, entailing 1-2 days (8-15 credit hours) consisting of didactic lectures and surgical training. This teaching module has moderate learning impact for 50-100 attendees. Finally, a tiered, web-based training curriculum (10 ACCME credit hours) can accommodate an unlimited number of learners, but has a lower skills learning impact. Conclusions The future dialysis access training must also accommodate learners with diverse individual backgrounds, and different levels of professional (skill) development. To be effective and accessible, a variety of educational system, for example on site or web based is needed. Collaborative initiatives for global dialysis access training are currently underway.
Arterial Disease and Vascular Access in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Baktiroglu Selcuk , Yanar Fatih , Ozata Ibrahim H. , Oner Gizem , Ercan Damla 
Published: March 2016

Purpose There are conflicting reports on the effects of diabetes on the outcomes of hemodialysis access procedures. While some found no negative effects, others reported deleterious effects of diabetes on vascular access outcomes. Why is there concern about diabetes and related vascular problems on vascular access procedures? What are the differences of diabetic patients and their vasculature from that of nondiabetics? Do they have an effect on hemodialysis vascular access outcomes? We will try to find answers to these questions in light of the available evidence. Methods Recent literature on arterial disease in diabetes and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and the effects on vascular access outcomes were searched in order to find answers to above questions. Results There are conflicting and controversial reports on the effects of preexisting vascular problems due to diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) on the outcomes of hemodialysis access procedures. Diabetic vasculature, especially in patients with ESRD, has some specific problems, the most important of which seem to be the calcification and stiffening of the arteries. Conclusions Although some authors report inferior outcomes of vascular access procedures in diabetic patients, there is evidence that most of the problems encountered can be dealt with by careful patient selection, surgical skill, and experience.
Some Perspectives on Assessment of Student Learning
Authors: Weisler Steven 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The last twenty years have seen considerable accomplishments in the area of the assessment of student learning. I discuss some of the most significant of these achievements while also considering certain open questions that have arisen over the years and that remain in need of further analysis and resolution. Remarks are structured into three sections: Past, Present, and Future. Past chronicles the progress made toward developing a culture of assessment; Present focuses on the results of current research on student learning of interest to the assessment community; and Future considers several current issues that demand our collective attention.
Overlooked but Not Unimportant: Changes in the University Landscape and Assessment Results
Authors: Cole Alexandra 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Much is made about the various challenges of assessment but little is made about the changing landscape of the American university system and whether such changes have made their way into assessment results. A case study based upon assessment work undertaken over a ten-year period is used to illustrate how outside factors may influence assessment results but may not be caught in regular assessment processes. Based upon the lessons of this case study, we suggest that assessment should not only present student-learning outcomes, but seek to interpret student learning outcomes in the context of educational change over time.
Jurisprudentie inzake misbruik economische machtspositie: de stand van zaken na Intel en Post Danmark II
Authors: Pijnacker Hordijk Erik 
Published: March 2016

Jurisprudentie inzake misbruik economische machtspositie: de stand van zaken na Intel en Post Danmark II
Ruim een jaar geleden wees het Gerecht zijn arrest in de Intel-zaak. In dit arrest haakte het Gerecht aan bij de aloude jurisprudentie van het Hof van Justitie over de beoordeling van conditionele kortingsregelingen onder artikel 102 VWEU. Weliswaar bleef de beschikking van de Commissie in stand, maar de beleidsvernieuwingen die de Commissie heeft geïntroduceerd met de Richtsnoeren van de Commissie uit 2009 voor handhavingsprioriteiten bij de toepassing van artikel 102 VWEU op vormen van uitsluitingsmisbruik werden door het Gerecht deels impliciet, deels zelfs expliciet terzijde geschoven. Onlangs heeft het Hof van Justitie zich in het Post Danmark II-arrest kunnen uitspreken over de toepassing van artikel 102 VWEU op een conditionele kortingsregeling. Doel van deze bijdrage is een uitvoeriger overzicht te geven van de huidige stand van zaken.
Analytical Method for Sugar Profile in Pet Food and Animal Feeds by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection
Authors: Ellingson David J , Anderson Phillip , Berg Daniel P 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
There is a need for a standardized, accurate, rugged, and consistent method to measure for sugars in pet foods and animal feeds. Many traditional standard sugar methods exist for other matrixes, but when applied in collaborative studies there was poor agreement and sources of error identified with those standard methods. The advancement in technology over the years has given us the ability to improve on these standard methods of analysis. A method is described here that addresses these common issues and was subjected to a single-laboratory validation to assess performance on a wide variety of pet foods and animal feeds. Of key importance to the method performance is the sample preparation before extraction, type of extraction solvent, postextraction cleanup, and, finally, optimized chromatography using high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. The results obtained from the validation demonstrate how typical issues seen with these matrixes can influence performance of sugar analysis. The results also demonstrate that this method is fit-for-purpose and can meet the challenges of sugar analysis in pet food and animal feeds to lay the foundation for a standardized method of analysis.
Interação didática: apontamentos (inter)culturais sobre o uso da palavra e a formação do sujeito aluno
Authors: Modl Fernanda De Castro 
Published: March 2016

<p>O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir sobre a interação didática como um dos contextos dialógicos e discursivos genuínos para a formação do sujeito em termos do uso da palavra em sociedade. Assumindo um olhar dialógico (VOLOCHÍNOV, 1929/1999) – interacional (MEAD, 1934/1962) e metodologicamente amparado em princípios da etnografia, são trazidas cenas de interação didática de dois grupos (um alemão e um brasileiro) de uma mesma etapa de escolarização, a fim de demonstrar que o uso da palavra em sala de aula, ou seja, o modo como professor e alunos se posicionam como falantes e ouvintes em seus dia a dia interacionais, está submetido a convenções culturais, tanto em termos de uma cultura escolar ocidental, quanto de uma cultura escolar local.</p><p> </p>
Liquid phase crystallized silicon on glass: Technology, material quality and back contacted heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Haschke Jan , Amkreutz Daniel , Rech Bernd 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Liquid phase crystallization has emerged as a novel approach to grow large grained polycrystalline silicon films on glass with high electronic quality. In recent years a lot of effort was conducted by different groups to determine and optimize suitable interlayer materials, enhance the crystallographic quality or to improve post crystallization treatments. In this paper, we give an overview on liquid phase crystallization and describe the necessary process steps and discuss their influence on the absorber properties. Available line sources are compared and different interlayer configurations are presented. Furthermore, we present one-dimensional numerical simulations of a rear junction device, considering silicon absorber thicknesses between 1 and 500 µm. We vary the front surface recombination velocity as well as doping density and minority carrier lifetime in the absorber. The simulations suggest that a higher absorber doping density is beneficial for layer thicknesses below 20 µm or when the minority carrier lifetime is short. Finally, we discuss possible routes for device optimization and propose a hybride cell structure to circumvent current limitations in device design.
Impact of doping concentration on 1/f noise performances of accumulation-mode Si(100) n-MOSFETs
Authors: Gaubert Philippe , Teramoto Akinobu , Sugawa Shigetoshi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The superiority of highly doped accumulation-mode n-MOSFETs over the conventional inversion-mode ones has been acknowledged in this paper, not only in terms of electrical performances but also in terms of noise level. These results, in addition to those regarding accumulation-mode p-MOSFETs, demonstrate that an improved CMOS technology built on simultaneously high-speed and low-noise accumulation-mode MOSFETs has been achieved, paving the way towards more reliable and faster microprocessors.
Strain-induced step bunching in orientation-controlled GaN on Si
Authors: Narita Tetsuo , Iguchi Hiroko , Horibuchi Kayo , Otake Nobuyuki , Hoshi Shinichi , Tomita Kazuyoshi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We report a technique for the fabrication of high-quality GaN-on-silicon (Si) substrates for use in various power applications. GaN epitaxial layers were generated on Si(111) vicinal faces that had been previously covered with a thin coating of Al2O3 to control the orientation of the AlN seed layers. We obtained orientation-controlled GaN layers and found a linear relationship between the GaN c-axis and Si[111] tilt angles. As a result, the threading dislocation density in the AlN seed layer was reduced and high-quality GaN layers were generated. The X-ray rocking curves for these layers exhibited full width at half maximum values of 390′′ and 550′′ for the (004) and (114) reflections, respectively. Significant step bunching was observed on a GaN(0001) vicinal face produced using this technique, attributed to strain-induced attractive interactions between steps. Thus, by controlling the strain near the surface layer, we achieved the step flow growth of GaN on Si.
Formation mechanism of AlN whiskers on sapphire surfaces heat-treated in a mixed flow of H2 and N2
Authors: Takada Kazuya , Nomura Kazushiro , Togashi Rie , Murakami Hisashi , Koukitu Akinori , Kumagai Yoshinao 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The formation mechanism of AlN whiskers on sapphire substrates during heat treatment in a mixed flow of H2 and N2 was investigated in the temperature range of 980–1380 °C. AlN whiskers grew above 1030 °C after covering the sapphire surface with a thin AlN layer. The existence of pits on the sapphire surface beneath the thin AlN layer was observed. Both AlN whisker and pit densities of samples were on the same order of 108 cm−2. These results suggested the following mechanism. First, the sapphire surface reacts with H2, and the generated Al gas reacts with N2 to form a thin AlN layer on sapphire. Then, the sapphire surface reacts with H2 diffusing to the AlN/sapphire interface. The Al gas escapes through dislocations in the AlN layer to leave pits on the sapphire surface, and finally reacts with N2 to form AlN whiskers on the top surface.
On the formation of tropical rings of atomic halogens: Causes and implications
Authors: Saiz‐Lopez Alfonso , Fernandez Rafael P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHalogens produced by ocean biological and photochemical processes reach the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), where cold temperatures and the prevailing low ozone abundances favor the diurnal photochemical enhancement of halogen atoms. Under these conditions atomic bromine and iodine are modeled to be the dominant inorganic halogen species in the sunlit TTL, surpassing the abundance of the commonly targeted IO and BrO radicals. We suggest that due to the rapid photochemical equilibrium between halogen oxides and halogen atoms a natural atmospheric phenomenon evolves, which we have collectively termed “tropical rings of atomic halogens.” We describe the main causes controlling the modeled appearance and variability of these superposed rings of bare bromine and iodine atoms that circle the tropics following the Sun. Some potential implications for atmospheric oxidizing capacity are also explored. Our model results suggest that if experimentally confirmed, the extent and intensity of the halogen rings would directly respond to changes in oceanic halocarbon emissions, their atmospheric transport, and photochemistry.
Lithospheric fault and kinematic decoupling of the Apennines system across the Pollino range
Authors: Chiarabba Claudio , Agostinetti Nicola Piana , Bianchi Irene 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA persistent seismic gap is hypothesized in the Pollino area (southern Italy), at the boundary between the Apennines and the Calabrian arc. Presently, seismic swarms are active in the gap area, creating concerns for possible future large earthquakes. In this study, we model the deep Earth structure across the Pollino range to give new insights on the kinematics and tectonics of this enigmatic area. Migrated receiver function profiles show a subvertical lithospheric discontinuity, delineated by an abrupt change in Moho depth and mantle fabrics across the range. The lithospheric‐scale discontinuity bounds the area of earthquake swarm activity and likely decouples the delamination‐related extension of the Apennines from the extensional collapse of the Calabrian fore arc. This large‐scale discontinuity implies that the normal faults are segmented across the range, limiting the lateral extent of faults where future earthquakes might occur.
The Eastern California Shear Zone as the northward extension of the southern San Andreas Fault
Authors: Thatcher W. , Savage J. C. , Simpson R. W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCluster analysis offers an agnostic way to organize and explore features of the current GPS velocity field without reference to geologic information or physical models using information only contained in the velocity field itself. We have used cluster analysis of the Southern California Global Positioning System (GPS) velocity field to determine the partitioning of Pacific‐North America relative motion onto major regional faults. Our results indicate the large‐scale kinematics of the region is best described with two boundaries of high velocity gradient, one centered on the Coachella section of the San Andreas Fault and the Eastern California Shear Zone and the other defined by the San Jacinto Fault south of Cajon Pass and the San Andreas Fault farther north. The ~120 km long strand of the San Andreas between Cajon Pass and Coachella Valley (often termed the San Bernardino and San Gorgonio sections) is thus currently of secondary importance and carries lesser amounts of slip over most or all of its length. We show these first order results are present in maps of the smoothed GPS velocity field itself. They are also generally consistent with currently available, loosely bounded geologic and geodetic fault slip rate estimates that alone do not provide useful constraints on the large‐scale partitioning we show here. Our analysis does not preclude the existence of smaller blocks and more block boundaries in Southern California. However, attempts to identify smaller blocks along and adjacent to the San Gorgonio section were not successful.
The impact of the direct effects of sulfate and black carbon aerosols on the subseasonal march of the East Asian subtropical summer monsoon
Authors: Wang Dongdong , Zhu Bin , Jiang Zhihong , Yang Xiu‐Qun , Zhu Tong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAerosol emissions have rapidly increased in East Asia since the late 1970s. During the same period, the East Asian summer monsoon has shown a weakening trend. In this work, the direct effects (DE) of sulfate and black carbon (BC) aerosols on the subseasonal (pentad mean) march of the East Asian subtropical summer monsoon (EASSM) are investigated using an interactive global climate‐chemistry model. The simulation results suggest that the DE of sulfate aerosols have a notable effect on the cooling of the low troposphere across the continent in spring and autumn, hence, changing the time of the seasonal transition of the zonal land‐sea thermal contrast (ZTC). The DE of BC result in cooling of the low troposphere and heating of the middle troposphere, leading to a different impact than that caused by sulfates. The cooling of the surface and troposphere by sulfates leads to a delay in the warming of East Asian continent in spring and the EASSM onset time; it also accelerates the process of the continent turning colder and advances the retreat of the EASSM. The deeper heating in the middle‐upper troposphere than the cooling in the low troposphere due to the DE of BC or the combination of both lead to an advance in the onset time of the monsoon caused by the continent turning warmer earlier in spring. In autumn, the same cooling effect by sulfates leads to the continent turning colder earlier, resulting in an advance in the retreat time.
Dynamical and elastic properties of MgSiO3 perovskite (bridgmanite)
Authors: Wehinger Björn , Bosak Alexeï , Nazzareni Sabrina , Antonangeli Daniele , Mirone Alessandro , Chaplot Samrath Lal , Mittal Ranjan , Ohtani Eiji , Shatskiy Anton , Saxena Surendra , Ghose Subrata , Krisch Michael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe report on the lattice dynamics of MgSiO3 perovskite (bridgmanite). Phonon spectroscopy was performed employing inelastic X‐ray scattering from single crystals, and the results were confronted to ab initio calculations. We observe a remarkable agreement between experiment and theory, and provide accurate results for phonon dispersion relations, the vibrational density of states, and the full elasticity tensor. The present work constitutes an important milestone fully validating the lattice dynamics calculation against precise experimental evidence and marks a starting point to extend this kind of combined studies to the high‐pressure and high‐temperature conditions directly relevant for the physical properties and chemical composition of Earth's lower mantle.
Future Arctic sea ice loss reduces severity of cold air outbreaks in midlatitudes
Authors: Ayarzagüena Blanca , Screen James A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe effects of Arctic sea ice loss on cold air outbreaks (CAOs) in midlatitudes remain unclear. Previous studies have defined CAOs relative to the present‐day climate, but changes in CAOs, defined in such a way, may reflect changes in mean climate and not in weather variability, and society is more sensitive to the latter. Here we revisit this topic but applying changing temperature thresholds relating to climate conditions of the time. CAOs do not change in frequency or duration in response to projected sea ice loss. However, they become less severe, mainly due to advection of warmed polar air, since the dynamics associated with the occurrence of CAOs are largely not affected. CAOs weaken even in midlatitude regions where the winter mean temperature decreases in response to Arctic sea ice loss. These results are robustly simulated by two atmospheric models prescribed with differing future sea ice states and in transient runs where external forcings are included.
Labor unions
Authors: Fairbrother Peter 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOver the past two decades, many governments have sponsored a business‐driven model of economic reform. By redefining what was meant by a model state employer, many governments have promoted a state labor market defined by flexibility, competitiveness, and individualization. In the United Kingdom, for example, Conservative governments in the 1980s and 1990s legislated for and promoted these goals, continued by subsequent governments (Bowman et al. 2014).