bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Completion Design Facilitates Well and Reservoir Surveillance in Beam Pumped Wells in South Oman
Authors: Sadek Ehab , Sikaiti Salim , Abu-ElKhair Al Monaim , Chakravarthi Ravula , Mahrooqi Majid , Zett Arian 
Published: February 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

Abstract
Most oilfields in South Oman comprise mature, heavy oil reservoirs with sub-hydrostatic pressures. Wells need be put on artificial lift since the beginning and different artificial lift methods have been deployed. Rod driven beam pump is one of the common artificial lift methods used and currently more than 1000 beam pumped wells are in operation contributing to about 30% of production from south Oman fields. These oilfields, in general, are geologically very complex and extremely heterogeneous due to the presence of large number of faults and fractures. Water flooding is being used in many of the reservoirs to enhance recovery and increase the economic life of the various reservoirs. Success of water flood calls for increased level of well and reservoir surveillance - more so in an adverse mobility ratio scenario in presence of faults and fractures. The most common surveillance program calls for identifying the source of premature water breakthrough in producers. Conventional beam pump completions do not facilitate effective surveillance, as production logging cannot be carried out.
This paper presents the implementation of a new completion design in rod pump wells which facilitates recording of surveillance data like production logs, flowing pressure survey etc. in rod pump wells by deploying dual well-heads. The well design facilitates deployment of two strings - the conventional string which houses the pump and is used for normal production; and a second string to be exclusively used for surveillance and well intervention. Successful implementation of the new completion design has facilitated recording of production logs in beam pump wells. Well intervention job using a coiled tubing or slick-line can also be carried out using the surveillance string. This can obviate the need of an expensive conventional hoist for intervention jobs like sand clean-out, stimulation, perforations and water shutoff.
An Overview of Reservoir Quality in Producing Cretaceous Strata of the Middle East
Authors: Ehrenberg S.N. , Aqrawi A.A.M. , Nadeau P.H. 
Published: February 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

Abstract
A compilation of average porosity and permeability data for Cretaceous petroleum reservoirs of the Middle East reveals important differences between the two main tectonic provinces present in this region. The Arabian Platform tectonic province is characterized by strong inverse correlation of average porosity with present depth in both carbonates and sandstones, whereas the Zagros Fold Belt, containing almost exclusively carbonate reservoirs, has distinctly lower porosity overall and no porosity-depth correlation. These contrasts are interpreted as reflecting the fact that Arabian Platform strata are mostly at or near their maximum burial depth, whereas Zagros strata have experienced widely varying uplift and erosion following maximum burial in mid- Tertiary time. The carbonate reservoirs show no correlation between average porosity and permeability, probably because of wide differences in dominant pore types. Average permeabilities tend to be much higher for sandstones than for carbonates, despite similar porosity for given depth.
Existence of the Arabian Platform porosity-depth correlation, despite wide diversity of depositional settings and early diagenetic porosity modifications among the individual component reservoirs, reflects the overriding importance of burial diagenesis in controlling the porosity differentiation of reservoir rock bodies. Although porosity commonly shows enormous small-scale (bed-to-bed) heterogeneity, the average pre-burial porosity of larger stratigraphic intervals tends to be very high in both carbonates and sandstones. Burial diagenesis progressively destroys this porosity by chemical compaction and associated (stylolite-sourced) cementation, such that all portions of the affected rock body move toward the zero limit as depth increases. Average reservoir porosity therefore tends to correlate inversely with depth, regardless of the complexities of depositional facies and early diagenesis.
Formation Testing Strategy Based on Quick-Look Data Evaluation From a Fractured Basement Reservoir: A Case Study From Kharir Field Yemen
Authors: De Urreiztieta Marc , Troussaut Xavier , Baradi Ali , Nagaraj Guru , Tresse Philippe , Meunier Jean-Pierre , Paillat Jerome , Kloos Jannes 
Published: February 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.
In Kharir Field (Yemen, Block 10), major hydrocarbon accumulation is hosted in fractured basement. Along drilled basement sections, only restricted intervals account for flow. Accurate identification of open flowing fractures (amid numerous planar features) is crucial to characterize and monitor non-conventional basement reservoir. At well Kharir-XX, relevant logs were acquired in single run (Resistive-Acoustic Borehole Image, Fullwave Cross-dipole Acoustic, Induction and Spectral GR). Logging program was designed to provide maximal time for flowing intervals identification before decision to perform Formation Tester Run. Acoustic image and Cross-dipole full wave data acquired RIH were sent from wellsite, QCed and processed. Interpretation focused on Acoustic Travel Time Image which is a key parameter for flowing fracture recognition. Wellsite Monopole VDL images were used for evaluation of Stoneley Wave Reflectors. High-definition Array Induction Log and Micro-resistivity Borehole Imager data were logged whilst POOH and sent at regular intervals for evaluation. From above logs, fractures that appeared large, continuous and visible on the Acoustic Travel Time (potentially open at borehole wall); with a conductive appearance on micro-resistivity images were located and oriented. These fractures were then ranked taking into account their good match with while-drilling gas shows and increased rate of penetration. From tens of candidate intervals only twelve were selected for testing. Interval Formation Tester was deployed using Dual Inflatable Packer System (1m packer spacing). Borehole images were used to accurately position packers to avoid risking damage or no/lost seal. Formation Tester was run under Aphron mud system (reversible cake). Special clean fluid carriers inflated packers, thus avoiding risk of plugging fluid lines inside the tool with congealing mud. At well Kharir-XX, 80% of selected sampling stations gave reliable formation pressures, pressure transients, fluid gradients, mobilities and representative formation fluid samples.
World's First Expandable Monobore Well System: Development, Implementation and Significnace
Authors: Jabs Matthew 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The introduction of expandable metal technology to the oil and gas industry in recent years has allowed a change in the traditional well construction design. The advent of this technology is allowing operators to drill wellbores that do not subscribe to the traditional telescoping reduction in casing sizes as well depth increases. In September 2006 the industry achieved a milestone in its quest to achieve an expandable monobore well. The milestone was the world's first true monobore expandable liner extension system. The successful installation of the expandable liner system was the end result of a collaborative development project between Baker Oil Tools and a major oil company that has been ongoing since spring 2004.
This paper will cover the background, development, and overview of the first commercial monobore expandable liner system.

Introduction
At the turn of the millennium the exploration and production industry sought to prove the feasibility of monobore expandable liner extension systems as an advantageous alternative to conventional casing designs in order to address the technical needs of the increasingly challenging drilling environments.
The ability to drill wellbores that do not subscribe to the traditional telescoping reduction in casing sizes as the well depth increases will allow extended reach wells to be drilled without sacrificing casing size results in advantages over the traditional telescoping construction methods.
The goal of an expandable monobore liner extension is to enable the operator to drill deeper exploration and production wells with larger hole sizes at the reservoir. In addition expandable monobore wells provide the operator the ability to isolate zones that contain reactive shale's, sub-salt environments, low fracture gradient formation or other drilling situations without having to reduce the casing and subsequent enter into the production reservoir with reduced size production hole sections which may adversely affect well production.
(Fig. 1 & 2)

System Development Background

Expandable Material and Expansion Methods
The use of expandable metal technology to construct a monobore well requires the selecting of the correct material and method of expansion to achieve desired expansion percentages and final performance properties. The performance properties are not only measured in empirical numbers such as burst/collapse/tensile rating but also in ability to provide a suitable solution to an application. Both of these factors must be developed and analyzed in unison in order for a system to perform as expected.

Expandable Material Selection
Material for use in expandable applications is evaluated and tested in regards to how it performs pre expansion, during the expansion process, and post expansion. The criteria used most commonly to classify and capture these material properties and performances in the three states are: toughness, work hardening, and the Bauschinger Effect.
3D Seismic in the Mature Onshore Dukhan Field: What Is the Value of New Seismic Data?
Authors: Thomson Andrew Brodie , Van Baaren Peter , Al-Ansi Hussain , Smart Andrew 
Published: February 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.
3D seismic data is recognized as a key tool in successful reservoir management. The existing Dukhan 3D seismic data is more than 15 years old and is of poor quality. 3D seismic technology has advanced significantly in the last 15 years and the technical case for new data appears to be strong. However, in a mature field with more than 700 wells, the potential business impact of new 3D seismic data needs to be carefully evaluated. QP undertook a seismic feasibility study in 2003 and concluded that the technical and business impact of new data needed to be tested before any larger scale full-field re-shoot could be considered. To address this issue, a state-of-the art combined borehole and 50 square km surface seismic pilot 3D survey was acquired over Dukhan field in 2006. The purpose of the pilot survey was to assess the technical benefit of new acquisition and to assess survey design issues. Additionally the pilot 3D seismic survey allowed QP to get a much better assessment of the many logistical issues involved with shooting land 3D within an active producing oil field. This Dukhan pilot 3D seismic survey successfully highlights the dramatic impact of the many advances in seismic technology over the last 15 years The paper discusses the technical needs to be addressed by new seismic data, the acquisition and processing results, compare the new data with the old data and discuss the impact of the pilot data on plans for larger full field re-acquisition.
Big And Clean - A Novel Design For LNG Plants
Authors: Pek Barend Johan Jan , Sander Kaart , Wiveka Elion 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
The fast growing world demand for clean and affordable energy translates into a large demand for LNG production capacity in the next decade. To meet this rapid increase in production capacity, increasingly larger train sizes have become the trend for many years in order to benefit from economies of scale. In addition, large LNG projects reduce the specific engineering contractor efforts.
This paper presents a mega train design for a production of well over 10 Mtpa. The design is based on Shell's Parallel Mixed Refrigerant process. A large part of the expansion in world LNG production is currently taking place in the Middle East. Hence, a typical feed-gas composition from this region has been selected as the basis for integration of gas conditioning (treating), NGL extraction, liquefaction process, and utility facilities. The design will be flexible to meet the typical US low heating value requirement or higher values.
A combination of large mechanical gas turbine drivers and steam turbine drivers provide the refrigeration power demand. A plant-wide integration of heat generation and demand is provided by steam. This includes the waste heat recovery from the gas-turbine drivers, co-firing, the heat demand of the energy intensive treating train and heat production by the sulphur-recovery unit. The full utilisation of waste heat from the gas-turbine exhausts causes a step-change in plant efficiency and can help to reduce the specific CO2 emissions considerably with respect to a conventional LNG plant design, at the same time providing world class LNG train capacities without major step-outs in equipment.
Other challenges addressed in this paper are, maintaining the economy of scale for mega train designs, availability, operability, and start-up considerations for this highly integrated design.
Figure 1. Construction of the Sakhalin LNG plant.

INTRODUCTION
At Shell, we see demand for natural gas growing by some 3% a year over the next 15 years, with demand for liquefied natural gas growing by some 8–10% a year [1]. This is a mere consequence of the fast growing world demand for clean and affordable energy for which LNG is in many cases the preferred route. Already for a few years we have seen a large number of projects underway resulting in a constrained contractor market, a worldwide heavy demand for raw materials as well as issues around logistics of work force and products. These challenges call for large trains, particularly where large resources are involved as in the Middle East, Russia and Australia.
Shell and others have already increased train sizes in recent decades from 1 Mtpa to 8 Mtpa, primarily driven by the desire to reduce capital expenditure. Application of large trains will also help to use the available contractor capability more effectively.
Palynofacies and Biomarkers of the Campanian Khasib Formation Oil Used To Assess Oil- Source Correlation and Suggestion for Other Traps Along the Migration Path, East Baghdad Oil Field, Iraq
Authors: Al Ameri Thamer , Zine Mohamed 
Published: February 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.
Plynomorph constituents and their maturation, rock oval pyrolysis, total organic carbon (TOC) analysis are carried on for the whole succession of the Upper Jurassic and the Cretaceous Formations of Iraq. These lines of analysis have been used in this study to evaluate correlation between oil of Khasib reservoir rocks and kerogen of the source rocks as well as suggestions for oil traps along the predicted migration path in East Baghdad oil Field. The gas chromatography of these oils can show biomarkers of abundant ranges to suggest mainly liquid oil constituents of parafinic hydrocarbons in the reservoir as well as low non aromatic C15+ peaks to indicate their degradation and water washing. Oil biomarkers and CPI=1.5 could indicate anoxic marine environment with carbonate deposition of early Cretaceous source. The recorded palynomorph constituents in this oil and associated water could indicate affinity to the Lower Cretaceous Chiagara and Ratawi Formations. The recorded palynomorphs from the reservoired oil are comparable to the mature palynomorphs of Chiagara and Lower part of Ratawi Formations that had generated hydrocarbons according their TOC, high hydrogen potential, mature kerogen type II and palynofacies of high generating potential for oil, while the palynomorphs of the rocks of Khasib Formation are not generated hydrocarbons. But, this last formation could be considered as oil reservoir only. Accordingly, these palynomorphs have been included in this oil during its generation from the Kerogen source of the Chiagara and Ratawi Formations, and hence been migrated within the liquid hydrocarbnos to the Khasib Formation through fractured fault passageway shown on the seismic section in Baghdad Oil Field. The increasing Pristane/ Phytane ratios to more than one, increasing migration index up to 0.9 and microfractare of the source rocks could confirm their migration.
Physical Simulation of In-situ Combustion of Sensitive Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Wu Shuhong , Wenlong Guan , Shihu Wang 
Published: February 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.
Block Z, one of reservoir of Shengli Oil Field, is a sensitive heavy oil reservoir with high content of kaolinite and illite. From 1992 to 2002, more than ten-years water drive and steam huff and puff has seen poor production performance. In 2003, in-situ combustion pilot test with 1 injector and 11 producers was carried out to improve development performance and, simultaneously physical simulation is designed to evaluate the pilot test. The paper will detail the physical experiments of in-situ combustion, its experiment apparatus, its process, and its results. Also, it will briefly introduce production history and performance of pilot test. Several experiments have been carried out and the results show that air injection rate is the key factor to influence the fire flooding, the higher injecting rate and the higher the advancing speed of combustion front. For complete combustion with plentiful air supply, no coke comes into being and the formation remains undamaged without permeability decrease. For the sensitive reservoir, the component of rock has changed after burning, and the reservoir has turned into low sensitive to water and steam. In front of burning zone, high oil saturation bank is formed, in which pressure decreases greatly during fire flooding. When the bank is away from the producer, the producer shows low productivity. Once it goes near to the producer, productivity increases step by step. Experiment results have been successfully used to evaluate the pilot test and to improve the performance. Up to now, the pilot test has been lasting for more than 3 years and more than 140,000 barrel oil has been produced.
Mechanical properties of the novel B2-type binary Zr – Co alloys containing the B33 phase
Authors: Li Peiyou 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In binary Zr – Co alloys, the B2 parent phase to B33 phase ratio can be defined by defining the atomic percent ratio of Zr to Co. The B2-type alloys Zr48Co52, Zr46Co54, Zr4
4Co5
6 and Zr4
2Co5
8 were fabricated by rapid solidification techniques, with the B33 phase being present at room temperature. The experimental results showed that the presence of the B33 phase yielded higher strength, elongation and toughness in the B2-type Z50Co50 alloy. Consequently, the appropriate combination of the B2 and B33 phases enhances both strength and ductility. This combination of high strength and ductility of the novel B2-type binary Zr – Co alloys containing the B33 phase means they may be considered as novel engineering materials.
Experimental investigation of the Zn–Co–Sb system at 450°C
Authors: Peng Siyuan , Chen Meiliang , Zhu Zhongxi , Ma Wenbo , Wang Xinming , Yin Fucheng 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Phase relations in the Zn – Co – Sb ternary system have been studied experimentally for the whole composition range, using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. The ternary compound named CoZnSb, containing 26.0 to 36.1 at.% Co, 31.1 to 36.5 at.% Zn and 31.8 to 39.7 at.% Sb, still exists at 450 °C. Moreover, the experimental results indicate that twelve tri-phase regions could be confirmed in the system at 450 °C, and the maximum solubility of Zn in CoSb is up to 6.0at.%.
Weibull distribution application on temperature dependence of polyurethane storage modulus
Authors: Kopal Ivan , Bakošová Dana , Koštial Pavel , Jančíková Zora , Valíček Jan , Harničárová Marta 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In this paper, a stiffness–temperature model based on Weibull statistics was applied to quantitatively describe changes in the storage modulus of thermoplastic polyurethane over a wide range of temperature. The variation of the storage modulus with temperature was obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis tests across transition temperatures. Both the physical and statistical parameters of the applied model were estimated in the process of parametric fitting of the model to the storage modulus versus a temperature curve by using a trust region algorithm for a robust nonlinear least squares method. Good agreement between the modeled and experimental data has been found over the entire investigated temperature range, including all observed relaxation transitions.
The anatomic rationale for transforaminal endoscopic interbody fusion: a cadaveric analysis
Authors: Hardenbrook Mitchell , Lombardo Sergio , Wilson Miles C. , Telfeian Albert E. 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE
The authors describe a cadaveric analysis to determine the ideal dimensions and trajectory for considering endoscopic transforaminal interbody implantation.

METHODS
The soft tissues of 8 human cadavers were removed from L-1 to the sacrum, exposing the posterior bony elements. Facetectomies were performed bilaterally at each lumbar level with resection of the pars interarticularis, revealing the pedicles, nerve roots, and interbody disc space. Each level was digitally photographed with a marker for scale and evaluated with digital analysis software. The traversing and exiting nerve roots and pedicle margins were identified, and the distances between these structures and their relationships to the surrounding structures were documented.

RESULTS
The dimensions of 2 areas were measured: the working triangle and safe zone. The working triangle is the triangle between the exiting and traversing nerve roots above the superior margin of the inferior pedicle. The safe zone is the trapezoid bounded by the widths of the superior and inferior pedicles between the exiting and traversing nerve roots. The mean surface area for the working triangle was 1.83 cm2, with L5–S1 having the largest area at 2.19 cm2. The mean surface area of the safe zone was 1.19 cm2, with L5–S1 having the largest area at 1.26 cm2. At the medial border of the pedicle extending superiorly, there were no nerve structures within 1.19 cm at any level. On the lateral border of the pedicle, the exiting nerve root was closer superiorly, with the closest being 0.3 cm.

CONCLUSIONS
The working triangle is a relatively large area. The safe zone, just superior to the pedicle, is free of nerve structures. By utilizing the superior border of the pedicle, the disc space can be accessed within this safe zone without risk of injury to the nerves. A thorough understanding of foraminal anatomy is fundamental for considering how to safely access the disc space, thereby utilizing less invasive endoscopic techniques, and is an important first step in considering what shapes and sizes of interbody implants and retractors are feasible for use in the foramen.