bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kan kostholdsdata fra hjerte- karundersøkelsene i Finnmark, Sogn og Fjordane og Oppland brukes i analyser av andre sykdommer enn hjerte-karsykdom?
Authors: Løken Elin Bjørge , Solvoll Kari 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGEt selvadministrert spørreskjema om utvalgte sider av det vanlige kostholdet er besvart av ca. 60 000 mennog kvinner i de tre første hjerte-karundersøkelsene i Finnmark, Sogn og Fjordane og Oppland (1974-1988).Sammenligning av kostdata hos et utvalg av deltakerne som både besvarte spørreskjemaet og et 24 timerskostintervju, har vist at spørreskjemaet ikke bare ga et brukbart bilde av forbruket av melk, brød,smør/margarin og kaffe, men også for beregnet inntak av energi, protein, fett og kalsium. Skjemaetinneholdt få spørsmål om friske plantematvarer og kan derfor ikke gi data for inntak av antioksidanter.Resultatene viste klare forskjeller i kostholdet mellom menn og kvinner og i forhold til bosted. Videreanalyser har vist statistisk signifikante sammenhenger mellom en eller flere kostkomponenter og risiko forulike typer kreft og lårhalsbrudd. Materialet omfatter en forholdsvis ung kohorte, og kan på sikt væreinteressant for studier av andre sykdommer eller dødsårsaker som antas å ha sammenheng med en ellerflere av de kostkomponentene som spørreskjemaet omfatter. Ved vurdering av resultatene er det viktig å tahensyn til at spørreskjemaet ikke omfattet det totale kostholdet.Løken EB, Solvoll K. Can dietary data from the cardiovascular disease studies in Finnmark,Sogn og Fjordane and Oppland be used to analyse risk for other diseases?Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYA self-administered questionnaire covering selected aspects of the habitual diet was answered byapproximately 60 000 men and women who participated in the three first screenings of cardiovasculardisease risk factors in the counties of Finnmark, Sogn og Fjordane and Oppland (1974-1988). A subsampleof the subjects was in addition interviewed about their intake of foods and beverages on the day before thequestionnaire was handed out. It appeared that the questionnaire not only provided reasonable data onconsumption of milk, bread, butter/margarine and coffee, but also for calculated intake of energy, protein,fat and calcium. Since the dietary questionnaire had few questions on fresh produce it cannot provideestimates on antioxidants. The results showed clear differences in the diet of men and women and betweencounties. Further analyses have demonstrated statistically significant associations between one or more dietcomponents and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer or hip fracture. Most of the associations were dosedependent. The dietary data from the countywide screenings of cardiovascular disease risk factorscomprise a relatively young cohort and may in the future be used to analyse risk of other diseases ormortality that are associated with one or more of the dietary components included in the questionnaire.Results should be interpreted with care as the dietary questionnaire did not cover the entire diet.1997; 7 (2): 191-200.
Enkle spirometrimålinger i en generell mannlig befolkning
Authors: Humerfelt Sjur , Eide G. E. , Gulsvik A. 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGFormålet var å evaluere deltagelsen ved enkle spirometrimålinger utført av menn fra den generelle befolkningenog å studere mulige prediktorer for ikke å oppnå godkjent test.Alle menn i alderen 29-46 år bosatt i Hordaland fylke samt Sauda kommune (N=45 380) ble invitert til entverrsnittsundersøkelse i 1988-90. Luftveissymptomer, røykevaner og sivil status ble besvart via spørreskjemaog målinger av forsert ekspiratorisk volum ved ett sekund (FEV 1) og forsert vital kapasitet (FVC) bleutført med Vitalograph belg-spirometre.I alt deltok 29 611 menn (65%) i studien. Spirometrimålinger ble utført hos 91% av de fremmøtte og avdisse var det kun 1,6% som ikke klarte å oppnå tre godkjente registreringer med ≤300 ml mellom de tohøyeste FVC verdiene. Andelen uten tre godkjente målinger var hyppigere hos aldri-røykere, ugifte og hospersoner med luftveissymptomer enn hos hhv. røykere, gifte og asymptomatiske menn.Konklusjon Simple spirometry in a general male population.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYIn this general population study we wanted to evaluate the participation of simple spirometry and to identifypredictors of spirometric test failure.All men aged 29-46 years living in western Norway (N=45,380) were invited to a cross sectional communitysurvey. Respiratory symptoms, smoking habits and marital status were obtained from self-administeredquestionnaires and measurements of FEV 1 and FVC were performed using dry-wedge bellow spirometers.Altogether 29,611 subjects (65%) participated in this survey. Spirometric recordings were obtained in91% of the attendants (n=26,803) of whom 1.6% failed the acceptability criterion of ≤300 ml between thetwo highest of three FVC values. Spirometric failures were more prevalent in never smokers, single men andsubjects with respiratory symptoms than in ever-smokers, married and asymptomatic subjects, respectively.Conclusions : In men aged 29-46 years, spirometric test failures occurred more frequently in neversmokers than in smokers and ex smokers after adjusting for other covariables. The higher failure ratesobserved in never smokers, in single men and in subjects1997; 7 (2): 243-248.: Hos menn i alderen 29-46 år var risikoen for mislykket spirometri større hos aldri-røykere,ugifte og hos personer med luftveissymptomer enn hos hhv. røykere, gifte og asymptomatiske personer.Humerfelt S, Eide GE, Gulsvik A.
Tykktarm- og endetarmkreft – utvikling fra 1956-1995: Status i Telemark og i bydelene i Oslo og ny masseundersøkelse 1999
Authors: Stensvold Inger , Grotmol Tom , Glattre Eystein 
Published: June 2016

har vært økende helt siden registreringen startet tidlig på 1950-tallet. Data fra Oslo har i denne statistikkenalltid vært presentert samlet som et fylke. I denne artikkelen vises hyppighet av kolorektal kreft fordelt påkjønn og 25 bydeler samt for fire regioner i Oslo. Utviklingen over tid fra 1956 til 1995 er vist for Oslo og Norge.Den økende hyppighet av både tykktarm- og endetarmkreft gjennom flere tiår ser ut til å avta noe. Dette gjeldersærlig for tykktarmkreft for kvinner og endetarmkreft for menn i hele landet. Det er store variasjoner mellombydelene i Oslo for begge krefttyper og kjønn. Det er ingen signifikant samvariasjon på bydelsnivå mellom mennog kvinner for hver av de to kreftformene. Det er heller ingen samvariasjon mellom sosioøkonomiske faktorer ibydelene og hyppighet av kolorektal kreft.Sykdommens utvikling fra adenomatøs polypp til adenocarcinom over en lang periode på 10-15 år gjør den velegnettil screening. En planlagt screeningundersøkelse for kolorektal kreft i Telemark og Oslo er nærmere beskrevet.Resultatene av prosjektet forventes å danne grunnlaget for en samlet nasjonal strategi mot kolorektal kreft.Stensvold I, Grotmol T, Glattre E.SAMMENDRAGKreft i tykktarm og endetarm (kolorektal kreft) er den hyppigste kreftform i Norge for begge kjønn samlet. Hyppigheten Colorectal cancer – secular trend from 1956 through 1995: Results fromTelemark and Oslo and new screening for colorectal cancer prevention.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYColorectal cancer is the most common cancer form in Norway for both genders combined. The incidence rate hasbeen increasing ever since the registration started in the early 1950s. Data from Oslo have always been presentedas one county in the registry. This paper presents the incidence rates for colorectal cancer split by genders and the25 areas in Oslo. In addition, the secular trend from 1956 through 1995 is shown for both Oslo and Telemarkcounties as well as for the whole country. The increasing incidence rates of both colon and rectal carcinomas haveapparently levelled off over the last 10 years. This applies particularly to colon carcinoma in women and rectalcarcinoma in men for the whole country.There was a large variation between the 25 areas of Oslo for both cancer forms and between genders. Therewas no significant correlation between men and women for either of the two cancer forms at the area level inOslo. Nor was there any correlation between socioeconomic factors in areas of Oslo and the incidence rate ofcolorectal cancer.The vast majority of colorectal carcinomas develop from an adenomatous polyp over a period of 10 to 15 years.This long time span makes the disease well suited for screening. A prospective, randomized sigmoidoscopyscreening for colorectal cancer prevention in Telemark and Oslo is being planned, and the present data from thesecounties serve as important background information before the screening is scheduled to start in January 1999.1998; 8 (1): 37-43.
Prescribing for painful conditions in adult and elderly patients in general practice: A report from the Møre & Romsdal Prescription Study
Authors: Nygaard Harald A. , Straand Jørund 
Published: June 2016

Study objectives: Design: Setting: Participants: Main results: Conclusion: Key words: pain; analgesics; general practice; epidemiology; NSAIDs; paracetamolThe appropriateness of the GPs prescribing practice for pain often is open to question, andthis especially refers to the widespread use of NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in the elderly, thefrequent use of muscle relaxants for chronic musculoskeletal pain in middle aged women, and the prolongeduse of compound analgesics for almost all diagnoses. Plain paracetamol should probably be prescribedmore often for pain in general practice.The prescribing rates increased with patients' age to the age group 70-79 years. 64% of allprescriptions were for females, who also received more drugs per prescription than males. With increasingpatients' age, the average amount of drugs issued per prescription increased, more prescriptions were repeat,and more were issued during indirect GP-patient contacts. The paracetamol/codeine analgesic was themost frequently prescribed drug, 37.6%, followed by NSAIDs (34.6%) and muscle relaxants (21.8%).Plain analgesics were only issued in 2.8% of the cases. Chronic musculoskeletal pain was the mostcommon diagnostic indication (39.2%, for which NSAIDs were most frequently prescribed), followed byarthritis/ osteoarthritis (18.7%), and back pain (18.0%).156 GPs.A one month survey where more than 95% of the GPs participated and recorded all patient contacts,prescriptions, and diagnoses issued to patients 20 years and over.A prospective prescription study of analgesics due to painful conditions in the county of Møre &Romsdal, Norway.To analyse the general practitioners' (GPs') prescribing patterns for NSAIDs, musclerelaxants, opioids, compound analgesics with codeine, and plain analgesics, issued for: chronic muskuloskeletalpain, arthritis/osteoarthritis, back pain, headache, casualties, malignancies, and unspecific pain.ABSTRACT
General practitioners' office consultations with elderly patients – diagnoses and prescriptions: A report from the Møre & Romsdal Prescription Study
Authors: Straand Jørund , Sandvik Hogne , Rokstad Kirsten 
Published: June 2016

Study objectives: Design: Setting: Participants: Main results: Conclusion: Key words: This paper is based on a previous Norwegian publication: Straand J, Sandvik H, Rokstad K. 10 850 kontorkonsultasjonermed eldre pasienter i allmennpraksis. Fra diagnose-resept-undersøkelsen i Møre og Romsdal. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen1997; 117: 3980-3984. With permission.health services for the aged; family practice; drugsIn the context of quality assurance large benefits may be gained even if focus is put on ratherfew diagnoses and drugs.60% of the consultations involved female patients, mean age was 74 years. One of threeconsultations were for new diagnoses, two thirds were follow-ups. The most common diagnostic groups werecardiovascular (28%), musculoskeletal (13%), psychiatric (8%) and respiratory diseases (8%). Almost 10% ofall consultations were for hypertension. Drugs were prescribed during 56% of all consultations. 27% of allprescriptions were for cardiovascular drugs, and 25% were for the central nervous system. The 20 most commondiagnoses constituted more than half of all the diagnoses, and the ten most common drugs (therapeuticgroups) constituted almost 70% of all prescriptions.In 1988 and 1989 the general practitioners recorded all encounters with patients over a periodof two months. The participation rate was close to 100%, and we report data from 10,850 office consultationswith elderly patients (65 years and older).The Norwegian county of Møre and Romsdal.Cross-sectional survey.To analyse office consultations with elderly people in general practice: reason for encounter,diagnostic indications for prescribing drugs, and what drugs are prescribed for the different diagnoses.ABSTRACT
The prevalence of urinary incontinence in elderly Canadians and its association with dementia, ambulatory function, and institutionalization
Authors: Østbye Truls , Borrie Michael J. , Hunskaar Steinar 
Published: June 2016

Study objectives: Design and setting: Main results: Conclusion: Key words: urinary incontinence; dementia; institutionalization; community-institutional relationsUrinary incontinence is a prevalent condition among the elderly, and is associated withage, dementia, and ambulatory function. Although incontinence is highly prevalent among institutionalizedpersons, the majority of persons with incontinence live in the community.Overall, 16.9% of the women and 8.0% of the men reported incontinence, the numbersfor daily incontinence were 7.0% and 5.2% respectively. The prevalence increased by age, severity ofdementia, and decreasing ambulatory function. It is calculated that 69% of elderly men and 73% ofelderly women with any incontinence live in the community. 31% of the male and 32% of the femalepatients have some kind or severity of dementia, and 21% of the men and 27% of the women havedecreased ambulatory function. One half of the persons with incontinence live in the community, withno cognitive or ambulatory impairment.Population based multi-centre survey with stratified random sampling all overCanada. Randomly selected persons aged 65 and over were interviewed. Those having cognitive impairment(n=1614), a randomly selected sample of those without (n=731) and an institutional sample(n=1255) underwent clinical assessment.Data from The Canadian Study of Health and Aging are analysed for prevalence ofurinary incontinence, and its association with dementia, ambulatory function, and institutionalization.ABSTRACT
Partial Least-Squares and Linear Support Vector Regression Chemometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Amoxicillin Trihydrate and Dicloxacillin Sodium in the Presence of Their Common Impurity
Authors: Naguib Ibrahim A , Abdelaleem Eglal A , Zaazaa Hala E , Hussein Essraa A 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Two multivariate chemometric models, namely, partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and linear support vector regression (SVR), are presented for the analysis of amoxicillin trihydrate and dicloxacillin sodium in the presence of their common impurity (6-aminopenicillanic acid) in raw materials and in pharmaceutical dosage form via handling UV spectral data and making a modest comparison between the two models, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each. For optimum analysis, a three-factor, four-level experimental design was established, resulting in a training set of 16 mixtures containing different ratios of interfering species. To validate the prediction ability of the suggested models, an independent test set consisting of eight mixtures was used. The presented results show the ability of the two proposed models to determine the two drugs simultaneously in the presence of small levels of the common impurity with high accuracy and selectivity. The analysis results of the dosage form were statistically compared to a reported HPLC method, with no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision, indicating the ability of the suggested multivariate calibration models to be reliable and suitable for routine analysis of the drug product. Compared to the PLSR model, the SVR model gives more accurate results with a lower prediction error, as well as high generalization ability; however, the PLSR model is easy to handle and fast to optimize.
Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Viability by 3‐Dimensional Speckle‐Tracking Echocardiography in Patients With Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ran Hong , Zhang Ping-Yang , Zhang You-Xiang , Zhang Jian-Xin , Wu Wen-Fang , Dong Jing , Ma Xiao-Wu 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo determine whether 3‐dimensional (3D) speckle‐tracking echocardiography could provide a new way to assess myocardial viability in patients with myocardial infarction (MI).MethodsForty‐five patients with MI underwent routine echocardiography, 2‐dimensional (2D) speckle‐tracking echocardiography, and 3D speckle‐tracking echocardiography. Radionuclide myocardial perfusion/metabolic imaging was used as a reference standard to define viable and nonviable myocardia.ResultsAmong 720 myocardial segments in 45 patients, 368 showed abnormal motion on routine echocardiography; 204 of 368 were categorized as viable on single‐photon emission computed tomography/positron emission tomography (SPECT/PET), whereas 164 were defined as nonviable; 300 normal segments on SPECT/PET among 352 segments without abnormal motion on routine echocardiography were categorized as a control group. The radial, longitudinal, 3D, and area strain on 3D speckle‐tracking echocardiography had significant differences between control and nonviable groups (P < .001), whereas none of the parameters had significant differences between control and viable groups. There were no significant differences in circumferential, radial, and longitudinal peak systolic strain from 2D speckle‐tracking echocardiography between viable and nonviable groups. Although there was no significant difference in circumferential strain between the groups, radial and longitudinal strain from 3D speckle‐tracking echocardiography decreased significantly in the nonviable group. Moreover, 3D and area strain values were lower in the nonviable segments than the viable segments. By receiver operating characteristic analysis, radial strain from 3D speckle‐tracking echocardiography with a cutoff of 11.1% had sensitivity of 95.1% and specificity of 53.4% for viable segments; longitudinal strain with a cutoff of 14.3% had sensitivity of 65.2% and specificity of 65.7%; 3D strain with a cutoff of 17.4% had sensitivity of 70.6% and specificity of 77.2%; and area strain with a cutoff of 23.2% had sensitivity of 91.5% and specificity of 82.8%.ConclusionsThree‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography might have potential for detection of myocardial viability in patients with cardiac dysfunction due to MI.
Enzymes in Industrial Biotechnology
Authors: Lobedanz Sune , Damhus Ture , Borchert Torben V. , Hansen Tomas T. , Lund Henrik , Lai Weijian , Lin Mengmeng , Leclerc Marc , Kirk Ole 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEnzyme technology has been used in industrial processes since ancient Greece. The present industrial applications of enzymes are, however, the result of a rapid development seen primarily over the past five decades, thanks to, first of all, the evolution of modern biotechnology. The result is a highly diversified market that is still growing in terms of both size and complexity.The introduction of protein engineering has revolutionized the development of industrial enzymes further and made it possible to tailor‐make enzymes to display new activities and adapt to new process conditions enabling a further expansion of their use. Production of enzymes involves recombinant expression in selected host microorganisms, fermentation, recovery, and formulation.The detergent industry is the largest user of enzymes, which are utilized to remove soiling, increase softness, and protect garments. The starch industry uses a variety of enzymes in the production of value‐added products from starches. In the bioethanol industry, enzymes are used to convert starch and biomass into fermentable sugars. Enzymes also find wide use in the textile, leather, pulp and paper, and animal feed industries. Another important area is the food industry in which enzymes are used in the dairy, bakery, brewing, and protein‐modification industries.
Batteries
Authors: Skundin Aleksandr M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The creation of chemical power sources opened up “era of electricity” for humankind. Now billions of batteries coexist with large grid‐power plants providing autonomous energy supply. It is impossible to imagine human activity without batteries, which are used worldwide in different means of transport (every car uses SLI battery), in portable and domestic devices (wrist watches, mobile phones, cameras, notebooks, audio and video players, hearing aids, and different other electronic and medical devices), in different municipal buildings (telephone stations and power backup in hospitals). The batteries play very important role in modern weapons and military equipment, as well in space technique. Chemical power sources are devices for direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical one. This article gives short introduction of fundamentals of batteries and describes their performance, design and technology, and maintenance. The article shortly describes also various types of modern batteries, including lead–acid, nickel–cadmium, nickel–metal hydride, silver–zinc, and lithium‐ion rechargeable batteries, as well as manganese–zinc and various lithium primary batteries, and electrochemical supercapacitors.
Nondestructive Evaluation
Authors: Kundu Tribikram 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe technology of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) includes all nondamaging or nonintrusive methods for determining material identity; for evaluating material properties, composition, structure, or serviceability; and for detecting discontinuities and defects in materials. Nondestructive tests commonly are used for quality control, process control, and for reliability assurance of materials, protective coatings, components, welds, assemblies, structures, and operating systems. The use of these tests helps prevent premature failure of materials during processing, manufacturing, or assembly, and during service under anticipated operating stresses and environments. Nondestructive evaluation provides an essential service toward achieving the goal of optimum plant and system operation.An overview of NDE methods and applications that applies to most inspection demands in the chemical industry is presented. Candidates for inspection with NDE range from massive aircraft and pressure vessels to minute fibers used in the construction of high strength composites and fine arts objects. Techniques applicable to such a wide range of items may be classified as active external energy tests, where the signal or probing energy is generated externally to the system being evaluated, or passive energy tests, where the signal comes from the system itself. Probe sources range from the ultrasonic and microwave through γ‐ and X‐rays. Surface investigation, leak detection, flaw sizing, imaging of material systems, and routine inspections are all carried out using NDE.