bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative effectiveness of water and salt community‐based fluoridation methods in preventing dental caries among schoolchildren
Authors: Fabruccini A. , Alves L.S. , Alvarez L. , Alvarez R. , Susin C. , Maltz M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of water and salt community‐based fluoridation methods on caries experience among schoolchildren.MethodsData derived from two population‐based oral health surveys of 12‐year‐old schoolchildren exposed to different community‐based fluoridation methods were compared: artificially fluoridated water in Porto Alegre, South Brazil and artificially fluoridated salt in Montevideo, Uruguay. Data on socio‐demographic characteristics, maternal education and oral hygiene were collected. Dental caries was defined according to the WHO criteria (cavitated lesions) and to the modified WHO criteria (active noncavitated lesions and cavitated ones). The association between community‐based fluoridation methods and dental caries was modelled using logistic (caries prevalence) and Poisson regression (DMFT). Odds ratios (OR), rate ratios (RR), and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated.ResultsA total of 1528 in Porto Alegre and 1154 in Montevideo were examined (response rates: 83.2% and 69.6%, respectively). Adjusted estimates for caries prevalence and DMFT showed that schoolchildren from Porto Alegre were less affected by dental caries than their counterparts from Montevideo, irrespective of the criteria used. After adjusting for important characteristics, schoolchildren exposed to fluoridated salt had significantly higher likelihood of having caries (WHO criteria) than those exposed to fluoridated water (OR for prevalence=1.61, 95% CI=1.26–2.07; RR for DMFT=1.32, 95% CI=1.16–1.51). Similar differences were observed using the modified WHO criteria.ConclusionFluoridated water appears to provide a better protective effect against dental caries than fluoridated household salt among schoolchildren from developing countries.
The Uneasy Relationship of Self‐Critique in the Public Art Institution
Authors: Mahony Emma 
Published: July 2016

AbstractReacting to the gradual neoliberalization of the European public art institutional landscape, actors within a number of critical art museums and galleries have attempted to reform their institutions from within through a process that is largely commensurate with Chantal Mouffe's radical political strategy of ‘critique as hegemonic engagement‐with’. This article focuses on Manuel J. Borja‐Villel's attempt to implement such a strategy at the Museu D'Art Contemporani, Barcelona (MACBA) in the early 2000s. Through an examination of two key projects – Las Agencias (The Agencies) (2001) and Com Volem ser Governats? (How do we want to be governed) (2003‐2004) – it considers the efficacy of such an approach. In so doing, it calls into question the public art institution's ability to perform a self‐critique when embedded within the hegemony of the neoliberal order and constrained by bureaucratic institutional limitations. It concludes by noting that Mouffe's strategy of engagement does not give sufficient consideration to the dependence critical public art institutions have on local and national political support and its funding channels, making them extremely susceptible to instrumentalization. In response to this constraint, it makes the recommendation that, rather than curbing their experimentation, these critical actors should embrace the potentially temporary status of their institutions, and intentionally push them to and even beyond their bureaucratic limitations.
Exchangeable cations and clay dispersion: net dispersive charge, a new concept for dispersive soil
Authors: Rengasamy P. , Tavakkoli E. , McDonald G. K. 
Published: July 2016

Dispersive soil has poor physical properties, which reduce porosity, air and water movement. These properties can reduce crop production and create problems with soil stability under buildings and infrastructure. Traditionally, clay dispersion has been related to the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soil or to the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of soil solutions. However, the roles of the other exchangeable cations, potassium and magnesium, in clay dispersion have been debated in the literature and their importance is unresolved. Based on the relative dispersive and flocculating powers of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium, a new concept for describing dispersive soil is proposed. This defines the net dispersive charge as the difference between the dispersive charge, calculated from the concentration of exchangeable cations measured at a given soil pH and their dispersive powers, and the flocculating charge, calculated from the concentrations of cations in dispersed solutions and their flocculating powers. The net dispersive charge of a soil determines the clay dispersion. Clay disperses when the net dispersive charge is positive and does not disperse when it is zero or negative. This new concept resolves controversies in the literature caused by the roles of organic matter, clay mineralogy, exchangeable cation composition and electrolyte concentration in relation to clay dispersion. Experimental confirmation of this concept is provided by the analytical data of 96 soil samples collected from different parts of South Australia and Victoria in Australia and from previously published data. Possible methods of estimating net dispersive charge from soil solutions are discussed.HighlightsExamined the role of different exchangeable cations in inducing clay dispersion.
The long‐debated issue of the importance of different cations in dispersive soil is resolved.
The net dispersive charge in soil is related to the amount of dispersed clay.
Reclamation of dispersive soil requires the net dispersive charge to be zero.
Novel murine tumour models depend on strain and route of inoculation
Authors: Fu Qiang , Satterlee Andrew , Wang Yongjun , Wang Yuhua , Wang Dun , Tang Jingling , He Zhonggui , Liu Feng 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis study describes variations in tumour growth patterns which occur when changes in the routes of inoculation and mouse strain are used to introduce tumours into established murine model systems that are known to vary in location and aggression. Intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intravenous and hydrodynamic inoculations of B16F10 cells were compared among CD‐1, C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice. Most surprisingly, allogeneic tumour growth in Balb/c mice after intravenous and hydrodynamic inoculation of B16F10 cells was faster than tumour growth in the syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. These and other variations in the tumour growth patterns described here can help provide the researcher with more experimental control when planning to use the optimal tumour model for any particular study.
Effects of therapeutic recreation on adults with ASD and ID: a preliminary randomized control trial
Authors: García‐Villamisar D. , Dattilo J. , Muela C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this research was to examine effects of a therapeutic recreation (TR) program designed to increase executive function (EF), social skills, adaptive behaviours and well‐being of adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID).MethodA preliminary pre‐test, post‐test randomized control group experimental design was used to measure effects of a 40‐week TR program designed to increase EF (TR‐EF). The TR‐EF used instructional electronically based games delivered during 200 1‐h sessions (5/week).ResultsParticipants (experimental group, n = 19; wait‐list group, n = 18) were evaluated at baseline and 10 months later. There was a positive and direct impact of the program on several EF and indirect effect on social skills, adaptive behaviour and personal well‐being.ConclusionsFindings provide support for inclusion of EF enrichment as a way to enhance effects of TR interventions for adults with ASD and ID. Preliminary results of this study can be considered in planning TR services in the future. In addition to TR‐EF program primary effects on EF, there were indirect benefits on adaptive behaviours, personal well‐being and social skills.
Septicemia in an Indian Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) associated with Providencia stuartii
Authors: Liu David X. , Didier Peter J. , Plauche Gail , Pahar Bapi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractProvidencia stuartii (P. stuartii) is an opportunistic pathogen and major concern in urinary catheter‐related infections in human medicine. Here we report P. stuartii‐induced septicemia in an eighteen‐year‐old, female India‐origin Rhesus macaque with multiple traumatic wounds. The animal had neutrophilic leukocytosis, necrosuppurative meningoencephalitis, hypophysitis and bronchopneumonia with vasculitis, thrombosis, and clusters of extracellular Gram‐negative bacilli. P. stuartii was isolated from the lesions of the brain and lung and confirmed by PCR and sequencing. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case of septicemia associated with P. stuartii in a non‐human primate.
Sclareol isolated from Salvia officinalis improves facial wrinkles via an antiphotoaging mechanism
Authors: Park Ji‐Eun , Lee Kyung‐Eun , Jung Eunsun , Kang Seunghyun , Kim Youn Joon 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundUltraviolet (UV) irradiation triggers skin photoaging processes, which disrupt the normal three‐dimensional integrity of skin. UV‐induced oxidative stress, both directly and indirectly, stimulates complex signaling pathways. UV radiation activates skin cell surface receptors on a molecular level and triggers severe changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, resulting in skin photoaging.AimsSclareol isolated from Salvia officinalis is widely used as a fragrance material. Sclareol is known to exert various biological activities, but its antiphotoaging effect has not been elucidated to date. Therefore, we evaluated wrinkle improvement efficacy of sclareol.MethodsHuman dermal fibroblast cell line (Hs68) and a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model were used to evaluate the antiphotoaging effect of sclareol in vitro. A clinical study treated with 0.02% sclareol‐containing cream was conducted to identify the ability of sclareol to improve wrinkles.ResultsFirst, sclareol enhanced cellular proliferation and blocked UVB‐induced cell death. Sclareol inhibited the UVB‐induced mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by regulating the protein expression of AP‐1 constituents. In RHE model, sclareol recovered the UVB‐induced decrease in epidermal thickness and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In clinical trial, visually assessed changes and several wrinkle parameters were considered to be statistically different between the test and control groups at 12 weeks.ConclusionsIn this study, sclareol inhibited various photoaging phenomena in human fibroblasts and RHE model. In addition, sclareol‐containing cream improved wrinkles in a clinical trial. Taken together, sclareol alleviates facial wrinkle formation via an antiphotoaging mechanism and may be an effective candidate ingredient.
Temporal sweetness profile of MNEI protein in gelled model systems
Authors: Di Monaco Rossella , Galiñanes Plaza Adriana , Miele Nicoletta A. , Picone Delia , Cavella Silvana 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMNEI has been proved to be a high‐potency sweetener that could be used in the beverage industry to satisfy consumer demands for low‐caloric products. Until now its sweetness profile was studied only in liquid samples. So the objectives of this study were to characterize the sweetness intensity profile of MNEI protein in simple gelled systems, and to characterize the dominance sensation of more complex gelled systems in comparison with other sweeteners. First, the sweetness intensity of MNEI and of three commercial sweeteners (aspartame, saccharin, and sucrose) was determined in aqueous solutions and in gel, at different agar concentrations, by the time‐Intensity method. Then, gels at 1.5% agar concentration, containing flavoring, coloring, and acidifying agent were evaluated using the temporal dominance of sensation method to study the interaction between sweetness and other sensory attributes. Differences regarding sweeteners in solutions and gels were reported showing a decrease of sweetness intensity perception when sweeteners were added in a gelled matrix, especially for MNEI. Additionally, MNEI seemed to be the sweetener most affected by all evaluation conditions (coloring and acidifying agents) in the TDS method. The results are an important scientific contribution to the knowledge of MNEI sensory profile in gelled and complex matrices that could increase its range of food applications.Practical applicationsThe use of both time intensity and temporal dominance of sensation methods in order to evaluate the temporal sweetness profile of MNEI‐based gelled system represented a new approach in the study of sweet proteins. Indeed, the use of the TDS represented an innovative approach to study the effect of color on sweetness and flavor perception. According to our results, MNEI gels did not perform well comparing to the other sweeteners in semisolid matrix. However, further studies should be carried out in order to better understand the interaction between MNEI protein and the gelling as well as the coloring agents. Regarding the application in semisolid foods, it could be suggested the use of new technologies like encapsulation in order to protect the protein from experimental conditions and prevent its interaction with the sweet taste receptor.
Enhanced anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo of luteolin incorporated into long-circulating micelles based on DSPE-PEG2000 and TPGS
Authors: Yan Hongmei , Wei Pingping , Song Jie , Jia Xiaobin , Zhang Zhenhai 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate enhanced anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo of luteolin-loaded long-circulating micelles (DTLLMs) formulated.

Methods
DTLLM was the luteolin formulation prepared with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol 2000) (DSPE-PEG2000) and d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) in this study. We performed a systematic comparative evaluation of the antiproliferative effect, cellular uptake, antitumour efficacy and in vivo tumour targeting of these micelles using non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells.

Key findings
Results showed that the obtained micelles have a mean particle size of around 42.34 nm, and the size of micelles was narrowly distributed. With the improved cellular uptake, DTLLM displayed a more potent antiproliferative action on A549 cell lines than luteolin; half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 7.29 vs 19.14 μg/ml, respectively. The antitumour efficacy test in nude mice showed that DTLLM exhibited significantly higher antitumour activity against NSCLC with lesser toxic effects on normal tissues. The imaging study for in vivo targeting demonstrated that the long-circulating micelles formulation achieved targeted drug delivery and make drug release slow to prolong the circulating time.

Conclusion
DTLLM might be a potential antitumour formulation.
The role of ultrasound in pharmaceutical production: sonocrystallization
Authors: Castillo-Peinado Laura de los Santos , Luque de Castro María Dolores 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The main aim of this review was to develop a critical discussion of the key role ultrasound (US) can play on the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) by discussing the versatile effect this type of energy produces.

Methods
The different crystallization techniques that can be assisted and improved by US are discussed in the light of the available US devices and the effect pursued by application of US energy. Simple and complex analytical methods to monitor API changes are also discussed.

Key findings
The countless achievements of API US-assisted production are summarized in a table, and outstanding effects such as narrower particle size distribution; decreased particle size, induction time, metastable zone and supersaturation levels; or a solubility increase are critically discussed.

Conclusions
The indisputable advantages of sonocrystallization over other ways of API production have been supported on multiple examples, and pending goals in this field (clarify the effect of US frequency on crystallization, know the mechanism of sonocrystallization, determine potential degradation owing to US energy, avoid calculation of the process yield by determining the concentration of the target drug remaining in the solution, etc.) should be achieved.
Melatonin enhances hyperthermia‐induced apoptotic cell death in human leukemia cells
Authors: Quintana Carlos , Cabrera Javier , Perdomo Juan , Estévez Francisco , Loro Juan F. , Reiter Russel J. , Quintana José 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMelatonin is an endogenous indoleamine with a wide range of biological functions. In addition to modulating circadian rhythms, it plays important roles in the health as an antioxidant. Melatonin has also the ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells and to enhance the antitumoral activity of chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, the effect of melatonin on hyperthermia‐induced apoptosis was explored using human leukemia cells. The results demonstrate that melatonin greatly improved the cytotoxicity of hyperthermia in U937 cells. The potentiation of cell death was achieved with 1 mmol/L concentrations of the indoleamine but not with concentrations close to physiological levels in blood (1 nmol/L). This effect was associated to an enhancement of the apoptotic response, revealed by an increase in cells with hypodiploid DNA content and activation of multiple caspases (caspase‐2, caspase‐3, caspase‐8, and caspase‐9). Melatonin also increased hyperthermia‐induced Bid activation as well as translocation of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria and cytochrome c release. Hyperthermia‐provoked apoptosis and potentiation by melatonin were abrogated by a broad‐spectrum caspase inhibitor (z‐VAD‐fmk) as well as by specific inhibitors against caspase‐8 or caspase‐3. In contrast, blocking of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis either with a caspase‐9 inhibitor or overexpressing the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2 (U937/Bcl‐2) reduced the number of apoptotic cells in response to hyperthermia but it was unable to suppress melatonin enhancement. Melatonin appears to modulate the apoptotic response triggered by hyperthermia in a cell type‐specific manner as similar results were observed in HL‐60 but not in K562 or MOLT‐3 cells.
Long‐term follow‐up in dogs with idiopathic eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy treated with inhaled steroid therapy
Authors: Canonne A.M. , Bolen G. , Peeters D. , Billen F. , Clercx C. 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUNDTreatment of canine idiopathic eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy mainly consists of long‐term oral corticosteroid therapy. To avoid side effects, inhaled steroid therapy has been increasingly used but long‐term clinical response and potential side effects are sparsely described.OBJECTIVESDescription of clinical response and side effects with long‐term fluticasone in dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy.METHODSCase series of dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy and treated with fluticasone monotherapy for at least 6 months. Clinical response and side effects assessed by physical examination, standardised questionnaire and ACTH (corticotropin) stimulation test.RESULTSEight dogs were treated for between 6 months and 5 years. Cough initially improved in all dogs; two dogs remained free of clinical signs, three were well controlled, but three showed severe relapse. Pituitary–adrenal axis inhibition occurred in two dogs treated with fluticasone monotherapy for more than 2 years; only one dog had clinical signs of iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEFluticasone monotherapy allows initial improvement or remission in the majority of dogs but long‐term treatment fails to resolve the cough in some individuals. In addition, such therapy may induce pituitary‐adrenal axis inhibition. Prospective larger and randomised studies including both fluticasone and orally‐treated dogs are needed to define the optimal treatment.
Pilot study measuring the effects of bandaging and cold compression therapy following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy
Authors: Kieves N. R. , Bergh M. S. , Zellner E. , Wang C. 
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVESTo compare cold compression therapy, modified Robert‐Jones bandage or the combination of cold compression therapy plus modified Robert‐Jones bandage on operated limbs following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in dogs.METHODSTwenty‐one client‐owned dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease were prospectively enrolled. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three postoperative treatment groups: cold compression therapy, modified Robert‐Jones bandage or a combination of both. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at 12, 24 and 36 hours following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. Measurements included weight‐bearing on the operated limb, stifle flexion and extension angles and circumference of the operated limb at four levels.RESULTSThere was no significant difference in weight‐bearing, range of motion or limb swelling between groups. There was a trend for dogs in the cold compression therapy and cold compression therapy with a bandage groups to have a greater increase in weight‐bearing after surgery compared with the bandage‐only group.CLINICAL RELEVANCECold compression therapy is a safe modality following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy surgery. The trend towards improved use of the operated limb in the groups receiving cold compression therapy compared with those treated with only a bandage may be an indication that these patients are more comfortable in the postoperative period. The small sample size limits interpretation of the data but this pilot study provides data to guide future investigation.
Ribosomal DNA ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 secondary structure, nuclear DNA content and phytochemical analyses reveal distinctive characteristics of four subclades of Protasparagus
Authors: Saha Partha Sarathi , Sengupta Mainak , Jha Sumita 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe use of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primary sequence based phylogeny is a conventional practice to estimate the evolutionary interspecies relationship. However, analysis of the functional folding patterns and higher order secondary structures of ITS regions can provide additional important information regarding species relatedness and interspecies variations. In the present study, we provide the first detailed information on the rDNA ITS secondary structure diversity in the four subclades of the subgenus Protasparagus. Several angiospermic conserved motifs were identified in each of the ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 secondary structures of the studied taxon. Topological comparison of the ITS1 secondary structures showed variations in the helix‐ IV regions. Moreover, presence of unique sequence motifs and differences in the internal loop structures were found to be subclade specific. The present study suggests that comprehensive analysis of the ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 structural elements including helices, loops and bulges can be used as an important tool for species delimitation. The present study investigated the evolution of the secondary structure of ITS marker (its phylogenetic utility), genome size, base chromosome number and phytochemicals, and identified a putative polyploid event shared by a number of Protasparagus species. The phytochemical analysis of two important active compounds, i.e., shatavarin‐IV and sarsasapogenin, also reveals their presence in all the studied taxa constitutively even at the subclade level.