bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restricted transfer of learning between unimanual and bimanual finger sequences
Authors: Yokoi Atsushi , Bai Wenjun , Diedrichsen Jörn 
Published: December 2016

When training bimanual skills, such as playing piano, people sometimes practice each hand separately and at a later stage combine the movements of the two hands. This poses the critical question of whether motor skills can be acquired by separately practicing each subcomponent or should be trained as a whole. In the present study, we addressed this question by training human subjects for 4 days in a unimanual or bimanual version of the discrete sequence production task. Both groups were then tested on trained and untrained sequences on both unimanual and bimanual versions of the task. Surprisingly, we found no evidence of transfer from trained unimanual to bimanual or from trained bimanual to unimanual sequences. In half the participants, we also investigated whether cuing the sequences on the left and right hand with unique letters would change transfer. With these cues, untrained sequences that shared some components with the trained sequences were performed more quickly than sequences that did not. However, the amount of this transfer was limited to ∼10% of the overall sequence-specific learning gains. These results suggest that unimanual and bimanual sequences are learned in separate representations. Making participants aware of the interrelationship between sequences can induce some transferrable component, although the main component of the skill remains unique to unimanual or bimanual execution. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Studies in reaching movement demonstrated that approximately half of motor learning can transfer across unimanual and bimanual contexts, suggesting that neural representations for unimanual and bimanual movements are fairly overlapping at the level of elementary movement. In this study, we show that little or no transfer occurred across unimanual and bimanual sequential finger movements. This result suggests that bimanual sequences are represented at a level of the motor hierarchy that integrates movements of both hands.
DNA Methylation-Derived Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio: An Epigenetic Tool to Explore Cancer Inflammation and Outcomes
Authors: Koestler Devin C. , Usset Joseph , Christensen Brock C. , Marsit Carmen J. , Karagas Margaret R. , Kelsey Karl T. , Wiencke John K. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Background: The peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a cytologic marker of both inflammation and poor outcomes in patients with cancer. DNA methylation is a key element of the epigenetic program defining different leukocyte subtypes and may provide an alternative to cytology in assessing leukocyte profiles. Our aim was to create a bioinformatic tool to estimate NLR using DNA methylation, and to assess its diagnostic and prognostic performance in human populations.
Methods: We developed a DNA methylation–derived NLR (mdNLR) index based on normal isolated leukocyte methylation libraries and established cell-mixture deconvolution algorithms. The method was applied to cancer case–control studies of the bladder, head and neck, ovary, and breast, as well as publicly available data on cancer-free subjects.
Results: Across cancer studies, mdNLR scores were either elevated in cases relative to controls, or associated with increased hazard of death. High mdNLR values (&gt;5) were strong indicators of poor survival. In addition, mdNLR scores were elevated in males, in nonHispanic white versus Hispanic ethnicity, and increased with age. We also observed a significant interaction between cigarette smoking history and mdNLR on cancer survival.
Conclusions: These results mean that our current understanding of mature leukocyte methylomes is sufficient to allow researchers and clinicians to apply epigenetically based analyses of NLR in clinical and epidemiologic studies of cancer risk and survival.
Impact: As cytologic measurements of NLR are not always possible (i.e., archival blood), mdNLR, which is computed from DNA methylation signatures alone, has the potential to expand the scope of epigenome-wide association studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 328–38. ©2016 AACR.
Transcriptomic Microenvironment of Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Bossé Yohan , Sazonova Olga , Gaudreault Nathalie , Bastien Nathalie , Conti Massimo , Pagé Sylvain , Trahan Sylvain , Couture Christian , Joubert Philippe 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Background: Tissues surrounding tumors are increasingly studied to understand the biology of cancer development and identify biomarkers.
Methods: A unique geographic tissue sampling collection was obtained from patients that underwent curative lobectomy for stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Tumor and nontumor lung samples located at 0, 2, 4, and 6 cm away from the tumor were collected. Whole-genome gene expression profiling was performed on all samples (n = 5 specimens × 12 patients = 60). Analyses were carried out to identify genes differentially expressed in the tumor compared with adjacent nontumor lung tissues at different distances from the tumor as well as to identify stable and transient genes in nontumor tissues with respect to tumor proximity.
Results: The magnitude of gene expression changes between tumor and nontumor sites was similar with increasing distance from the tumor. A total of 482 up- and 843 downregulated genes were found in tumors, including 312 and 566 that were consistently differentially expressed across nontumor sites. Twenty-nine genes induced and 34 knocked-down in tumors were also identified. Tumor proximity analyses revealed 15,700 stable genes in nontumor lung tissues. Gene expression changes across nontumor sites were subtle and not statistically significant.
Conclusions: This study describes the transcriptomic microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent nontumor lung tissues collected at standardized distances relative to the tumor.
Impact: This study provides further insights about the molecular transitions that occur from normal tissue to lung adenocarcinoma and is an important step to develop biomarkers in nonmalignant lung tissues. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 389–96. ©2016 AACR.
Bone Marrow Cell Trafficking Analyzed by 89Zr-oxine Positron Emission Tomography in a Murine Transplantation Model
Authors: Asiedu Kingsley O. , Koyasu Sho , Szajek Lawrence P. , Choyke Peter L. , Sato Noriko 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Purpose: The success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) depends on donor cell homing to the bone marrow. However, there is no reliable method of noninvasively monitoring the kinetics and distribution of transferred cells. Using zirconium-89 (89Zr)-oxine cell labeling combined with PET imaging, we sought to visualize and quantify donor cell homing in a mouse bone marrow transplantation model.
Experimental Design: The effect of 89Zr-oxine labeling on bone marrow cell viability and differentiation was evaluated in vitro. 89Zr-labeled bone marrow cells (2 × 107 cells, 16.6 kBq/106 cells) were transferred intravenously, and serial microPET images were obtained (n = 5). The effect of a CXCR4 inhibitor, plerixafor (5 mg/kg) and G-CSF (2.5 μg) on bone marrow homing and mobilization were examined (n = 4). Engraftment of the transferred 89Zr-labeled cells was evaluated (n = 3).
Results: 89Zr-oxine–labeled bone marrow cells showed delayed proliferation, but differentiated normally. Transferred bone marrow cells rapidly migrated to the bone marrow, spleen, and liver (n = 5). Approximately 36% of donor cells homed to the bone marrow within 4 hours, irrespective of prior bone marrow ablation. Inhibition of CXCR4 by plerixafor alone or with G-CSF significantly blocked the bone marrow homing (P &lt; 0.0001, vs. nontreated, at 2 hours), confirming a crucial role of the CXCR4–CXCL12 system. Mobilization of approximately 0.64% of pretransplanted bone marrow cells induced a 3.8-fold increase of circulating bone marrow cells. 89Zr-labeled donor cells engrafted as well as nonlabeled cells.
Conclusions: 89Zr-oxine PET imaging reveals rapid bone marrow homing of transferred bone marrow cells without impairment of their stem cell functions, and thus, could provide useful information for optimizing HSCT. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2759–68. ©2016 AACR.
Involvement of c-Fos in the Promotion of Cancer Stem-like Cell Properties in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Muhammad Naoshad , Bhattacharya Sourav , Steele Robert , Phillips Nancy , Ray Ratna B. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Although improvements in surgical techniques, chemotherapy and radiation delivery, and supportive care have improved quality of life for patients with HNSCC, regional and distant recurrence remain common. Recent evidence suggests that cancer stem-like cells (CSC) play a significant role in recurrence and chemoresistance. We previously observed that c-Fos was highly upregulated in the HNSCC sphere–forming cells. Consequences of c-Fos upregulation for the biology of HNSCC-CSCs are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of c-Fos in renewal of stemness of HNSCC and tumor growth.
Experimental Design and Results: We generated stable HNSCC cell lines ectopically expressing the c-Fos gene. Exogenous expression of c-Fos in nontumorigenic MDA1386Tu cells makes these cells tumorigenic in nude mice. Furthermore, subcutaneous transplantation of c-Fos–overexpressing Cal27 cells (tumorigenic) into immunocompromised mice enhanced tumor growth as compared with parental cells. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that c-Fos overexpression enhanced the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) state and expression of CSC markers (Nanog, c-Myc, Sox2, and Notch1). Ectopic expression of c-Fos in HNSCC cells also displays increased sphere formation. We further observed that overexpression of c-Fos increased the expression of pERK and cyclin D1 in HNSCC cells.
Conclusions: Together, our results strongly suggest a novel role of c-Fos as a regulator of EMT and cancer stem cell reprogramming in HNSCC cells, which may hold potential as a CSC-directed therapeutic approach to improve HNSCC treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 3120–8. ©2016 AACR.
Dual-Targeting Nanoparticles for In Vivo Delivery of Suicide Genes to Chemotherapy-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Cocco Emiliano , Deng Yang , Shapiro Erik M. , Bortolomai Ileana , Lopez Salvatore , Lin Ken , Bellone Stefania , Cui Jiajia , Menderes Gulden , Black Jonathan D. , Schwab Carlton L. , Bonazzoli Elena , Yang Fan , Predolini Federica , Zammataro Luca , Altwerger Gary , de Haydu Christopher , Clark Mitchell , Alvarenga Julio , Ratner Elena , Azodi Masoud , Silasi Dan-Arin , Schwartz Peter E. , Litkouhi Babak , Saltzman W. Mark , Santin Alessandro D. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer. Claudin-3 and -4, the receptors for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), are overexpressed in more than 70% of these tumors. Here, we synthesized and characterized poly(lactic-co-glycolic-acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) modified with the carboxy-terminal–binding domain of CPE (c-CPE-NP) for the delivery of suicide gene therapy to chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer cells. As a therapeutic payload, we generated a plasmid encoding for the diphtheria toxin subunit-A (DT-A) under the transcriptional control of the p16 promoter, a gene highly differentially expressed in ovarian cancer cells. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence demonstrated that c-CPE-NPs encapsulating the cytomegalovirus (CMV) GFP plasmid (CMV GFP c-CPE-NP) were significantly more efficient than control NPs modified with a scrambled peptide (CMV GFP scr-NP) in transfecting primary chemotherapy-resistant ovarian tumor cell lines in vitro (P = 0.03). Importantly, c-CPE-NPs encapsulating the p16 DT-A vector (p16 DT-A c-CPE-NP) were significantly more effective than control p16 DT-A scr-NP in inducing ovarian cancer cell death in vitro (% cytotoxicity: mean ± SD = 32.9 ± 0.15 and 7.45 ± 7.93, respectively, P = 0.03). In vivo biodistribution studies demonstrated efficient transfection of tumor cells within 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection of CMV GFP c-CPE-NP in mice harboring chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer xenografts. Finally, multiple intraperitoneal injections of p16 DT-A c-CPE-NP resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth compared with control NP in chemotherapy-resistant tumor-bearing mice (P = 0.041). p16 DT-A c-CPE-NP may represent a novel dual-targeting therapeutic approach for the selective delivery of gene therapy to chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(2); 323–33. ©2016 AACR.
Corpos sonoros: instrumentos e donos na prática musical dos Kuikuro do alto Xingu
Authors: Montagnani Tommaso 
Published: December 2016

Procuro descrever neste artigo o modo pelo qual uma prática musical instrumental kuikuro repousa sobre a atribuição aos artefatos de uma forma de vitalidade. Os instrumentos musicais (flauta Kagutu, flauta dupla Atanga, clarinete Takwara), ao longo de seu ciclo vital, recobram uma função de mediação no estabelecimento da conexão entre humanos e espíritos. Os humanos fazem oferendas de alimentos e de água aos instrumentos, ao passo que os instrumentos, manipulados pelos músicos rituais, fazem-se portadores da voz dos espíritos. A complexidade de ações rituais em torno dos artefatos musicais é particularmente visível quando observamos o sistema de atribuição de diferentes papéis de “donos” (-oto). Vários tipos de atores rituais intervêm de maneira diferente ao longo das etapas de existência do instrumento, estando eles mesmos submetidos à influência direta do artefato em suas vidas.
Revolvendo as raízes da antropologia: algumas reflexões sobre “relações"
Authors: Strathern Marilyn 
Published: December 2016

Há cerca de sessenta anos, Raymond Firth pensava ser necessário afirmar que as relações sociais não podem ser observadas pelo etnógrafo; elas podem ser inferidas apenas a partir das interações entre as pessoas. Era preciso abstração. Outros pensavam que o problema era de concretização, e recorriam, por sua vez, à personificação. Ao mesmo tempo, Firth referia-se, sem qualquer problematização, a relações em abstrato ao comparar, por exemplo, padrões econômicos e morais. Essas questões não teriam sido estranhas a Hume e outros expoentes do Iluminismo escocês, que se debruçaram sobre o poder das relações no entendimento (humano) e na narrativa (acadêmica), assim como na empatia interpessoal. Neste artigo, evoca-se um período anterior no Iluminismo europeu em geral, entre outras coisas, por conta de seu interesse em narrativas sobre o “desconhecido”. Nessa época, encontramos também algumas peculiaridades da língua inglesa, que estava sendo apropriada por muitos escoceses. No que diz respeito às “relações” no século XVIII, esses usos adensam o enredo, com implicações ainda provocadoras.
Effectiveness of Chlorthalidone Plus Amiloride for the Prevention of Hypertension: The PREVER‐Prevention Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Fuchs Sandra Costa , Poli‐de‐Figueiredo Carlos E. , Figueiredo Neto José A. , Scala Luiz César N. , Whelton Paul K. , Mosele Francisca , de Mello Renato Bandeira , Vilela‐Martin José F. , Moreira Leila B. , Chaves Hilton , Mota Gomes Marco , de Sousa Marcos R. , Silva Ricardo Pereira e , Castro Iran , Cesarino Evandro José , Jardim Paulo Cesar , Alves João Guilherme , Steffens André Avelino , Brandão Andréa Araujo , Consolim‐Colombo Fernanda M. , de Alencastro Paulo Ricardo , Neto Abrahão Afiune , Nóbrega Antônio C. , Franco Roberto Silva , Sobral Filho Dario C. , Bordignon Alexandro , Nobre Fernando , Schlatter Rosane , Gus Miguel , Fuchs Felipe C. , Berwanger Otávio , Fuchs Flávio D. 
Published: December 2016

Background
Prehypertension is associated with higher cardiovascular risk, target organ damage, and incidence of hypertension. The Prevention of Hypertension in Patients with PreHypertension (PREVER‐Prevention) trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a low‐dose diuretic for the prevention of hypertension and end‐organ damage.

Methods and Results

This randomized, parallel, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted in 21 Brazilian academic medical centers. Participants with prehypertension who were aged 30 to 70 years and who did not reach optimal blood pressure after 3 months of lifestyle intervention were randomized to a chlorthalidone/amiloride combination pill or placebo and were evaluated every 3 months during 18 months of treatment. The primary outcome was incidence of hypertension. Development or worsening of microalbuminuria, new‐onset diabetes mellitus, and reduction of left ventricular mass were secondary outcomes. Participant characteristics were evenly distributed by trial arms. The incidence of hypertension was significantly lower in 372 study participants allocated to diuretics compared with 358 allocated to placebo (hazard ratio 0.56, 95%
CI
0.38–0.82), resulting in a cumulative incidence of 11.7% in the diuretic arm versus 19.5% in the placebo arm (
P
=0.004). Adverse events; levels of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, creatinine, and microalbuminuria; and incidence of diabetes mellitus were no different between the 2 arms. Left ventricular mass assessed through Sokolow‐Lyon voltage and voltage‐duration product decreased to a greater extent in participants allocated to diuretic therapy compared with placebo (
P
=0.02).

Conclusions
A combination of low‐dose chlorthalidone and amiloride effectively reduces the risk of incident hypertension and beneficially affects left ventricular mass in patients with prehypertension.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov
,
www.ensaiosclinicos.gov
. Unique identifiers:
NCT
00970931,
RBR
‐74rr6s.
Age–Period–Cohort Analysis of Stroke Mortality in China
Authors: Wang Zhenkun , Hu Songbo , Sang Shuping , Luo Lisha , Yu Chuanhua 
Published: December 2016

Background and Purpose—
Stroke has been the leading cause of death in China. The aim of this study is to assess the long-term trends of stroke mortality in China between 1994 and 2013.

Methods—
The mortality data were obtained from the GBD 2013 (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013) and were analyzed with the age–period–cohort framework.

Results—

We found that the net drift was −2.665% (95% confidence interval, −2.854% to −2.474%) per year for men and −4.064% (95% confidence interval, −4.279% to −3.849%) per year for women, and the local drift values were below 0 in all age groups (
P
<0.05 for all) in both sexes during the period of 1994 to 2013. In the same birth cohort, the risk of death from stroke rose exponentially with age for both sexes after controlling for period deviations. The estimated period and cohort relative risks were found in similar monotonic downward patterns (significantly with
P
<0.05 for all) for both sexes, with more quickly decreasing for women than for men during the whole period (significantly with
P
<0.05 for both).

Conclusions—
The decreased mortality rates of stroke in China are likely to be related to improvements in medical care and techniques, spectacular economic growth and fast urbanization, and better early life nutrition conditions of Chinese people. Besides, better education and better awareness of stroke-related knowledge in successive generations could also probably play a role.
Sensitivity of Predictions of the Urban Surface Energy Balance and Heat Island to Variations of Urban Canopy Parameters in Simulations with the WRF Model
Authors: Nemunaitis-Berry Kodi L. , Klein Petra M. , Basara Jeffrey B. , Fedorovich Evgeni 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAs NWP and climate models continue to evolve toward finer grid spacing, efforts have been undertaken to better represent urban effects. For this study, the single-layer urban canopy model (SLUCM) of the High-Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS) and WRF Model was used to investigate the sensitivity of near-surface air temperatures and energy fluxes to SLUCM parameters in uncoupled (land) and coupled (land–atmosphere) predictions. Output from HRLDAS and WRF was compared with observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet and Joint Urban 2003 experiment. Variations in roof albedo (0.04–0.4) produced 40–135 W m−2 changes in net radiation and sensible heat fluxes. Sensible and ground heat fluxes varied by 40–100 W m−2 with changes in roof thermal conductivity (0.05–1.4). The urban fraction was found to be the only SLUCM parameter to significantly impact latent heat fluxes. Near-surface air temperatures, particularly during the daytime, did not show significant variations with SLUCM parameters (remaining within the 0.5-K range). Differences in urban air temperatures due to the change in boundary layer scheme were greater than the temperature changes due to SLUCM parameter variations. The sensitivity of near-surface air temperatures to SLUCM parameters depended on the method used to calculate the skin temperature of the impervious surface. For all simulations, predicted 2-m urban air temperatures were consistently higher than observations, with deviations approaching 8 K during the day and below 3 K at night. These large errors affected the model’s skill in reproducing the diurnal cycle of UHI intensity.
Ice Particle Mass–Dimensional Relationship Retrieval and Uncertainty Evaluation Using the Optimal Estimation Methodology Applied to the MACPEX Data
Authors: Xu Zhuocan , Mace Gerald G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA Bayesian optimal estimation methodology is applied to retrieve the time-varying ice particle mass–dimensional (M–D) relationships (i.e., M = amDbm) and the associated uncertainties using the in situ data that were collected by the NASA WB-57 during the Midlatitude Airborne Cirrus Properties Experiment (MACPEX) in March and April 2011. The authors utilize the coincident measurements of bulk ice water content and projected cross-sectional area to constrain M–D relationships and estimate the uncertainties. It is demonstrated that the additional information provided by the particle area with respect to size could contribute considerable improvements to the algorithm performance. Extreme variability of M–D properties is found among cases as well as within individual cases, indicating the nondiscrete nature of ice crystal habits within cloud volumes and further suggesting the risk of assuming a constant M–D relationship in different conditions. Relative uncertainties of am are approximately from 50% to 80%, and relative uncertainties of bm range from 6% to 9.5%, which would cause approximately 2.5-dB uncertainty in forward-modeled radar reflectivity or a factor-of-2 uncertainty in ice water content.