bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penetrating Keratoplasty For Treatment Of Bullous Keratopathy
Authors: Murgova Snezhana V. , Balabanov Chavdar B. 
Published: January 2016

Summary
The aim of the retrospective study was to analyze results after penetrating keratoplasties in patients with bullous keratopathy. The study included 60 patients with bullous keratopathy who underwent penetrating keratoplasty for the period 1990-2011, at the Eye Clinic of Pleven University Hospital. The average age of patients was 67 years (range 29-84 years). Additional risk factors were registered in 22.67% of the patients. Early postoperative complications occurred in 56.79%. In the early postoperative period, 81.31% of the patients had clear graft and improvement of visual acuity was achieved in 83.77%. In the late postoperative period, the graft failed in 28.95% of the patients. These results suggest that bullous keratopathy is an important complication after cataract surgery, and improvement of vision is possible only with keratoplasty.
Municipalities And Health – Citizens' Expectations About Local Health Policies
Authors: Velkova Angelika S. , Kirova Paulina H. 
Published: January 2016

Summary
The aim of this study was to explore citizens' expectations about local health policies in order to create an adequate strategy. Local authorities in many countries place health in the core of their strategic planning aiming to create and improve a health-supporting social and physical environment, as they usually have primary responsibility for planning and/or delivering many of the services that are crucial to addressing the social determinants of health. Local health policies are created in consultation with local health services, NGOs and citizens. The survey was conducted among 400 citizens of Pleven Municipality. Of these, 335 (83.75%) responded to the invitation. Information on health problems and determinants of health was collected through a direct inquiry survey. The majority of citizens considered the impact of environmental, educational, cultural and economic factors as well as public security on their health. They expected that more purposeful efforts of the local authorities be directed for improving living conditions and inequalities in health. The citizens are willing to work together with municipalities to create health policies, which reduce negative factors and increase positive ones. They are aware that local policies and decisions have a very significant impact on the economic, social and environmental factors affecting health and well-being and therefore municipalities play a key role in improving and protecting the health of their citizens.
Significant Others And Social Alcohol Use In Adolescents
Authors: Chamova Galya D. , Sarov Georgi M. 
Published: January 2016

Summary
The association between adolescent drinking and drinking of significant others is well known but underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between social drinking in adolescents and drinking patterns of their significant others. We conducted a survey using a self-completed questionnaire on alcohol drinking habits. Of 903 students (aged 15-19), 279 (30.9%) were found to be abstainers (NDA) and 455 (50.39%) – social drinkers (SDA). These two groups were compared statistically about drinking patterns of their significant others. It was found that SDA were more likely to have fathers (OR=0.26; 95%CI=0.19-0.37), mothers (OR=0.26; 95%CI=0.19-0.37), friends (OR=0.26; 95%CI=0.19-0.37) and lovers (OR=0.26; 95%CI=0.19-0.37) that drank socially than NDA, but there were no significant differences in regular drinking of their fathers, friends and lovers. Only SDA mothers were more likely to drink regularly (OR=0.26; 95%CI=0.19-0.37). SDA were also more likely to receive alcohol offers from all their significant others, except from lovers. Social drinking in adolescence seems to be strongly socially motivated by drinking modeling and social pressure. The SDA mothers’ regular drinking is hard to explain in terms of social learning and social control theory and needs an alternative explanation.
Assessment Of Medical, Nurse And Midwife Students Of Their Training In Communication Skills
Authors: Valentinova Tsvetelina , Balashkova Magdalena I. , Nedkova-Milanova Vania M. , Gadjelova Lyubomira D. 
Published: January 2016

Summary
This study aimed to investigate the opinion of students of medicine, nursing and midwifery on their training in communication skills as an optional course. The participants included in the study were 126 students altogether. Information was gathered using a self-administered questionnaire. The results showed the level of motivation to participate in the training process, the results desired and achieved by the students and their evaluation of the quality of the training. The respondents were convinced that such training would be an asset for their future work as medical professionals and they were satisfied with the quality of training.
Comparative Sociometric Profile Of Regular Alcohol Drinking Adolescents
Authors: Sarov Georgi M. 
Published: January 2016

Summary
Jacob Moreno defined sociometry as “the inquiry into the evolution and organization of groups and the position of individuals within them”. Every person composes their own group of significant others and the social relations in this dominated by the person group of the most important people in their life is called sociometric profile. The sociometric profile provides an opportunity to reveal social bonds, dependences and influences that impact one's behavior. The aim of the study was to describe the sociometric profile of regularly drinking adolescents as a result from comparison with the sociometric profile of non-drinking adolescents. We conducted a survey among 903 students (aged 15-19), by means of a self-administered questionnaire about relations with father, mother, friends and lovers. Of these, 169 identified themselves as regular drinkers (RDAs) and 279 ‒ as abstainers (NDAs). We compared these groups to reveal the comparative sociometric profile of drinking adolescents. It was found that RDAs were significantly more likely to be: 1) highly dependent on their lovers (OR=1.6); 2) detached from their mothers (OR=4.55); 3) in ambivalent relations with their friends; 4) without significant differences in relations with their fathers. It seems that the Stars of RDAs are their lovers, the Isolates are their mothers and friends are their ambivalent Mutual Choice. This comparative sociogram suggests that lovers are likely to be the most influencing person among RDAs' significant others and intimate relations might be the main target in alcohol prevention programs.
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation Of The Lung: A Case Report And Review Of The Literature
Authors: Malinova Doroteya V. , Kolova Penka L. , Radev Radoslav S. 
Published: January 2016

Summary
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is a rare abnormality of lung development. It was classified into 5 types by Stocker in 2002 and is also known under the name of congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM). Cases are typically identified prenatally by routine ultrasonography screening. CCAM may present in the older child and adult as an incidental finding. The case presented is of a 21-year-old male patient who suffered from pulmonary infections with a recurrent productive cough 3-4 times the last 4 years. CT scanning of the thorax showed multiple cystic lesions in the right middle and lower lobes. The areas with the lesions were resected. The macroscopic and histological findings were typical for congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation type 2, which was the final diagnosis. Clinical presentations and prognosis depend on the type of lesion and its sequelae. The diagnosis is confirmed histologically.
A Variation In The Origin And Course Of The Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery And The Deep Brachial Artery: Clinical Importance Of The Variation
Authors: Iliev Alexandar A. , Mitrov Lazar G. , Georgiev Georgi P. 
Published: January 2016

Summary
A case of an unusual variation of the blood supply of an upper limb is presented. During a routine anatomical dissection, it was found that the posterior circumflex humeral artery had an unusual course and branching. It arose as a branch of the brachial artery, not the axillary one, and it did not accompany the axillary nerve. It ran under the lower border of the teres major muscle instead of passing through the lateral axillary foramen, then followed its usual course around the surgical neck of the humerus, supplying the deltoid muscle. It was also found that instead of arising from the brachial artery, the deep brachial artery arose from the posterior circumflex humeral artery. Variations are reported and their clinical relevance is discussed.
Epidermoid Cyst Of Posterior Cranial Fossa Associated With Congenital Dermal Sinus Tract – A Case Report And Review Of The Literature Drinking
Authors: Malinova Doroteya V. , Kolova Penka L. , Georgiev Radoslav I. 
Published: January 2016

Summary
Epidermoid cysts are benign lesions composed of ectodermal structures. They account for less than 2% of primary intracerebral tumors. They can be present at birth (congenital cysts), or can be acquired cysts (after surgery or trauma). Some cysts are asymptomatic but depending on their location, they may cause symptoms such as headache, vertigo, seizures, focal deficits, increased intracranial pressure. The major differential diagnosis of epidermoid cysts are dermoid cyst, any cystic neoplasm, craniopharyngioma, arachnoid cyst. A 39-year-old female patient with complaints of headache, vertigo, nausea and vomiting was admitted to the hospital. Radiological data suggested intracranial tumor in fossa posterior. Craniotomy was performed and the biopsy specimen demonstrated the mass lesion to be an epidermoid cyst of the intracranial dermal sinus tract. Intracranial cystic-appearing masses can be problematic for both radiologists and physicians. Important characteristics demonstrated by computed tomography scans and classical magnetic resonance imaging sequences are significant for the accurate diagnosis, but the imaging appearances of intracranial cystic lesions are sometimes nonspecific, and the diagnosis is usually established by histological examination.
Recurrent Processing in the Formation of Shape Percepts
Authors: Drewes Jan , Goren Galina , Zhu Weina , Elder James H. 
Published: January 2016

The human visual system must extract reliable object information from cluttered visual scenes several times per second, and this temporal constraint has been taken as evidence that the underlying cortical processing must be strictly feedforward. Here we use a novel rapid reinforcement paradigm to probe the temporal dynamics of the neural circuit underlying rapid object shape perception and thus test this feedforward assumption. Our results show that two shape stimuli are optimally reinforcing when separated in time by ∼60 ms, suggesting an underlying recurrent circuit with a time constant (feedforward + feedback) of 60 ms. A control experiment demonstrates that this is not an attentional cueing effect. Instead, it appears to reflect the time course of feedback processing underlying the rapid perceptual organization of shape.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHuman and nonhuman primates can spot an animal shape in complex natural scenes with striking speed, and this has been taken as evidence that the underlying cortical mechanisms are strictly feedforward. Using a novel paradigm to probe the dynamics of shape perception, we find that two shape stimuli are optimally reinforcing when separated in time by 60 ms, suggesting a fast but recurrent neural circuit. This work (1) introduces a novel method for probing the temporal dynamics of cortical circuits underlying perception, (2) provides direct evidence against the feedforward assumption for rapid shape perception, and (3) yields insight into the role of feedback connections in the object pathway.
Optogenetic Activation of Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons Rapidly Inhibits Spontaneous But Not Odor-Evoked Activity in Olfactory Cortex
Authors: Lottem Eran , Lörincz Magor L. , Mainen Zachary F. 
Published: January 2016

Serotonin (5-hydroxytriptamine; 5-HT) is implicated in a variety of brain functions including not only the regulation of mood and control of behavior but also the modulation of perception. 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) often fire locked to sensory stimuli, but little is known about how 5-HT affects sensory processing, especially on this timescale. Here, we used an optogenetic approach to study the effect of 5-HT on single-unit activity in the mouse primary olfactory (anterior piriform) cortex. We show that activation of DRN 5-HT neurons rapidly inhibits the spontaneous firing of olfactory cortical neurons, acting in a divisive manner, but entirely spares sensory-driven firing. These results identify a new role for serotonergic modulation in dynamically regulating the balance between different sources of neural activity in sensory systems, suggesting a possible role for 5-HT in perceptual inference.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSerotonin is implicated in a wide variety of (pato)physiological functions including perception, but its precise role has remained elusive. Here, using optogenetic toolsin vivo, we show that serotonergic neuromodulation prominently inhibits the spontaneous electrical activity of neurons in the primary olfactory cortex on a rapid (<1 s) timescale but leaves sensory responses unaffected. These results identify a new role for serotonergic modulation in rapidly changing the balance between different sources of neural activity in sensory systems.
Behavioral Evidence for More than One Taste Signaling Pathway for Sugars in Rats
Authors: Schier Lindsey A. , Spector Alan C. 
Published: January 2016

By conventional behavioral measures, rodents respond to natural sugars, such as glucose and fructose, as though they elicit an identical perceptual taste quality. Beyond that, the metabolic and sensory effects of these two sugars are quite different. Considering the capacity to immediately respond to the more metabolically expedient sugar, glucose, would seem advantageous for energy intake, the present experiment assessed whether experience consuming these two sugars would modify taste-guided ingestive responses to their yet unknown distinguishing orosensory properties. One group (GvF) had randomized access to three concentrations of glucose and fructose (0.316, 0.56, 1.1m) in separate 30-min single access training sessions, whereas control groups received equivalent exposure to the three glucose or fructose concentrations only, or remained sugar naive. Comparison of the microstructural licking patterns for the two sugars revealed that GvF responded more positively to glucose (increased total intake, increased burst size, decreased number of pauses), relative to fructose, across training. As training progressed, GvF rats began to respond more positively to glucose in the first minute of the session when intake is principally taste-driven. During post-training brief-access taste tests, GvF rats licked more for glucose than for fructose, whereas the other training groups did not respond differentially to the two sugars. Additional brief access testing showed that this did not generalize to Na-saccharin or galactose. Thus, in addition to eliciting a common taste signal, glucose and fructose produce distinct signals that are apparently rendered behaviorally relevant and hedonically distinct through experience. The taste pathway(s) underlying this remain to be identified.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe T1R2+T1R3 heterodimer is thought by many to be the only taste receptor for sugars. Although most sugars have been conventionally shown to correspondingly produce a unitary taste percept (sweet), there is reason to question this model. Here, we demonstrate that rats that repeatedly consumed two metabolically distinct sugars (glucose and fructose), and thus have had the opportunity to associate the tastes of these sugars with their differential postoral consequences, initially respond identically to the orosensory properties of the two sugars but eventually respond more positively to glucose. Thus, in addition to the previously identified common taste pathway, glucose and fructose must engage distinct orosensory pathways, the underlying molecular and neural mechanisms of which now await discovery.
Cocaine Self-Administration Experience Induces Pathological Phasic Accumbens Dopamine Signals and Abnormal Incentive Behaviors in Drug-Abstinent Rats
Authors: Saddoris Michael P. , Wang Xuefei , Sugam Jonathan A. , Carelli Regina M. 
Published: January 2016

Chronic exposure to drugs of abuse is linked to long-lasting alterations in the function of limbic system structures, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Although cocaine acts via dopaminergic mechanisms within the NAc, less is known about whether phasic dopamine (DA) signaling in the NAc is altered in animals with cocaine self-administration experience or if these animals learn and interact normally with stimuli in their environment. Here, separate groups of rats self-administered either intravenous cocaine or water to a receptacle (controls), followed by 30 d of enforced abstinence. Next, all rats learned an appetitive Pavlovian discrimination and voltammetric recordings of real-time DA release were taken in either the NAc core or shell of cocaine and control subjects. Cocaine experience differentially impaired DA signaling in the core and shell relative to controls. Although phasic DA signals in the shell were essentially abolished for all stimuli, in the core, DA did not distinguish between cues and was abnormally biased toward reward delivery. Further, cocaine rats were unable to learn higher-order associations and even altered simple conditioned approach behaviors, displaying enhanced preoccupation with cue-associated stimuli (sign-tracking; ST) but diminished time at the food cup awaiting reward delivery (goal-tracking). Critically, whereas control DA signaling correlated with ST behaviors, cocaine experience abolished this relationship. These findings show that cocaine has persistent, differential, and pathological effects on both DA signaling and DA-dependent behaviors and suggest that psychostimulant experience may remodel the very circuits that bias organisms toward repeated relapse.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRelapsing to drug abuse despite periods of abstinence and sincere attempts to quit is one of the most pernicious facets of addiction. Unfortunately, little is known about how the dopamine (DA) system functions after periods of drug abstinence, particularly its role in behavior in nondrug situations. Here, rats learned about food-paired stimuli after prolonged abstinence from cocaine self-administration. Using voltammetry, we found that real-time DA signals in cocaine-experienced rats were strikingly altered relative to controls. Further, cocaine-experienced animals found reward-predictive stimuli abnormally salient and spent more time interacting with cues. Therefore, cocaine induces neuroplastic changes in the DA system that biases animals toward salient stimuli (including reward-associated cues), putting addicts at increasing risk to relapse as addiction increases in severity.
CAATINGA DO CARIRI PARAIBANO
Authors: Alves Jose Jakson Amâncio 
Published: January 2016

potencial de regeneração, porém, seus mecanismos de autodefesa tornam-se consideravelmente vulneráveis as condições que lhes são impostas. Os processos morfoclimáticos típicos do meio semi-árido, com suas estações contrastadas e as degradações antrópicas, são responsáveis por um dinamismo da vegetação em que a caatinga raquítica e rala representa um sub-clímax e a caatinga em fase de regeneração são disclimax antrópicos. A caatinga arbórea ou floresta seca seria, neste caso, o verdadeiro clímax mesmo atingido pelas ações antrópicas. A partir desse pressuposto objetivou-se nesse estudo estabelecer uma classificação provisória baseada na pressão antrópica e descrever fitogeograficamente a caatinga da região do Cariri Paraibano, onde apesar das características de pobreza do estrato herbáceo é rica em espécies e em biomassa. Também é importante considerar o processo de ocupação da região, os desmatamentos indiscriminados, associados à fragilidade natural desse ecossistema, que acarretaram sérias conseqüências para os geótopos e para as biocenoses, dentre estas a redução da diversidade biológica da vegetação nativa, produzindo uma diversidade de extratos, apresentada nesse trabalho como comunidade-tipo.Palavras–chaves: Vegetação Nativa; Fitogeografia; Comunidade-Tipo; Semi-Árido. ABSTRACT: The Caatinga biome is an ecosystem are adapted to extremely arid conditions, with a remarkable potential for regeneration, but its mechanisms of self-defense become far more vulnerable to conditions imposed on them. The typical morphoclimatic processes of the semi-arid environment, with its contrasting seasons and anthropogenic degradation, are responsible for the dynamism of vegetation in the Caatinga is a rickety thin sub-climax Caatinga in the process of regeneration is a anthropic disclimax. Tree caatinga or dry forest tree would, in this case, the true climax even reached by human actions. From this assumption objective of this study is to establish a provisional classification based on human disturbance, to describe the phytogeography of the Caatinga of Cariri of the Paraiba State (NW region of Brazil), where despite the poverty characteristics of the herb is rich in species and biomass. It is also important to consider the process of occupation of the region, the indiscriminate deforestation, coupled with the weakness of natural ecosystem, which led to serious consequences for geotope and the aquatic communities, among them the reduction of biological diversity of native vegetation, producing a variety of extracts, presented in this work as a community type.Keywords: Native Vegetation; Fitogeography; Community-Kind; Semi-Arid.
O GRUPO BAMBUÍ NA FOLHA LUZ (SE-23-Y-D-V)
Authors: Kuchenbecker Matheus , Pedrosa-Soares Antônio Carlos 
Published: January 2016

Sintetiza-se aqui resultados obtidos durante o mapeamento da Folha Luz (SE-23-Y-D-V), realizado pormeio de contrato entre o CPMTC/UFMG e a CODEMIG. Na região mapeada predominam rochas pelíticase carbonáticas Neoproterozoicas do Grupo Bambuí, deformadas sob influência da Faixa Brasília, a oeste. Aanálise dos dados sedimentológicos e estratigráficos coletados indica para as rochas do Grupo Bambuí umagênese marinha, em ambientes que variam de marinho plataformal proximal a distal. As rochas apresentamdeformação de regime dúctil-rúptil, representada por um padrão de dobramento com eixos predominantementeNW e dobras em cúspide ou chevron, usualmente com vergência pouco definida ou com fraca vergênciapara leste. Entre os recursos minerais associados ao Grupo Bambuí destacam-se o calcário e o verdete, esteúltimo um litotipo exclusivo e característico da Formação Serra da Saudade. ABSTRACT: This paper synthesizes results obtained during the mapping of the Luz Sheet (SE-23-YDV), carried outby the CODEMIG – CPMTC/UFMG project. The mapped region is dominated by Neoproterozoic pelitesand carbonates of Bambuí Group, deformed under influence of the Brasília Belt. The analysis of thesedimentological and stratigraphic data indicates a marine genesis to the rocks of the Bambuí Group, inenvironments ranging from shallow to deep marine shelf. The rocks show a ductile to brittle deformation,represented by a fold pattern with NW axis and chevron to cuspate folds, usually without vergence orweakly vergent to east. The mineral resources founded are mainly limestones and potassic rich sedimentsdenominated “verdete”, the last an exclusive litotipe of Serra da Saudade Formation.