bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a theory-based information security management framework for human service organizations
Authors: Mubarak Sameera 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to identify organizations’ information security issues and to explore dynamic, organizational culture and contingency theories to develop an implementable framework for information security systems in human service organizations (HSOs) based soundly in theory and practice.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper includes a critical review of global information security management issues for HSOs and relevant multi-disciplinary organizational theories to address them.

Findings
Effective information security management can be particularly challenging to HSO because of their use of volunteer staff in a borderless electronic environment. Organizations’ lack of recognition of the need for staff awareness of information security threats and for training in secure work practices, particularly in terms of maintaining clients’ privacy and confidentiality, is a major issue. The dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation, organizational culture theory and contingency theory were identified as the most suitable theoretical perspectives to address this issue and underpin an effective information security management framework for HSOs.

Research limitations/implications
The theory-based framework presented here has not been tested in practice. Such testing will be carried out in further research.

Originality/value
Currently, there is no framework for information security systems in HSOs. The framework developed here provides a foundation on which HSO can build information security systems specific to their needs.
Rule based fuzzy cognitive maps and natural language processing in machine ethics
Authors: Omari Rollin M. , Mohammadian Masoud 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe developing academic field of machine ethics seeks to make artificial agents safer as they become more pervasive throughout society. In contrast to computer ethics, machine ethics is concerned with the behavior of machines toward human users and other machines. This study aims to use an action-based ethical theory founded on the combinational aspects of deontological and teleological theories of ethics in the construction of an artificial moral agent (AMA).Design/methodology/approachThe decision results derived by the AMA are acquired via fuzzy logic interpretation of the relative values of the steady-state simulations of the corresponding rule-based fuzzy cognitive map (RBFCM).FindingsThrough the use of RBFCMs, the following paper illustrates the possibility of incorporating ethical components into machines, where latent semantic analysis (LSA) and RBFCMs can be used to model dynamic and complex situations, and to provide abilities in acquiring causal knowledge.Research limitations/implicationsThis approach is especially appropriate for data-poor and uncertain situations common in ethics. Nonetheless, to ensure that a machine with an ethical component can function autonomously in the world, research in artificial intelligence will need to further investigate the representation and determination of ethical principles, the incorporation of these ethical principles into a system’s decision procedure, ethical decision-making with incomplete and uncertain knowledge, the explanation for decisions made using ethical principles and the evaluation of systems that act based upon ethical principles.Practical implicationsTo date, the conducted research has contributed to a theoretical foundation for machine ethics through exploration of the rationale and the feasibility of adding an ethical dimension to machines. Further, the constructed AMA illustrates the possibility of utilizing an action-based ethical theory that provides guidance in ethical decision-making according to the precepts of its respective duties. The use of LSA illustrates their powerful capabilities in understanding text and their potential application as information retrieval systems in AMAs. The use of cognitive maps provides an approach and a decision procedure for resolving conflicts between different duties.Originality/valueThis paper suggests that cognitive maps could be used in AMAs as tools for meta-analysis, where comparisons regarding multiple ethical principles and duties can be examined and considered. With cognitive mapping, complex and abstract variables that cannot easily be measured but are important to decision-making can be modeled. This approach is especially appropriate for data-poor and uncertain situations common in ethics.
The impact of discussion board usage on overall performance in an introductory accounting subject
Authors: Halabi Abdel K. , Larkins Jo-ann 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to examine the academic performances of first-year accounting students using a discussion board.Design/methodology/approachThe paper develops a model to determine the impact of discussion board usage on overall student performance. A number of variables are controlled for including academic aptitude, previous accounting experience, gender and student background. Included in the model are diagnostic information indicators of student use of the discussion board, obtained from the Web-based learning environment tracking reports.FindingsThe multiple regression analysis shows a positive benefit in terms of greater marks for students who post on the discussion board compared to those who do not post, even after controlling for academic ability.Research limitations/implicationsThe improved knowledge construction gained by actively using discussion boards may be used by teaching staff to promote greater student acceptance and voluntary participation in discussion boards resulting in more interaction and possibly higher academic achievement.Originality/valueWhile technology and WBLEs have been well accepted in accounting education, and are widely used (Watsonet al., 2007), the introduction of discussion boards has resulted in a dearth of research on their use and effectiveness. In-depth accounting educational literature reviews (Apostolouet al., 2013, 2010; Watsonet al., 2007; Watsonet al., 2003; Rebeleet al., 1998) have reported very few studies on discussion boards over three decades.
Efficacy of a probiotic bacterium to treat bats affected by the disease white‐nose syndrome
Authors: Cheng Tina L. , Mayberry Heather , McGuire Liam P. , Hoyt Joseph R. , Langwig Kate E. , Nguyen Hung , Parise Katy L. , Foster Jeffrey T. , Willis Craig K. R. , Kilpatrick Auston Marm , Frick Winifred F. 
Published: August 2016

Summary

The management of infectious diseases is an important conservation concern for a growing number of wildlife species. However, effective disease control in wildlife is challenging because feasible management options are often lacking. White‐nose syndrome (WNS) is an infectious disease of hibernating bats that currently threatens several North American species with extinction. Currently, no effective treatments exist for WNS.

We conducted a laboratory experiment to test the efficacy of probiotic treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens, a bacterium that naturally occurs on bats, to reduce disease severity and improve survival of little brown bats Myotis lucifugus exposed to Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungal pathogen that causes WNS.

We found that application of the probiotic bacteria at the time of fungal infection reduced several measures of disease severity and increased survival, whereas bacterial treatment prior to pathogen exposure had no effect on survival and worsened disease severity.

Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that probiotic treatment with Ps. fluorescens has potential for white‐nose syndrome disease management, but the timing of application is critical and should coincide with natural exposure of bats to P. destructans. These results add to the growing knowledge of how natural host microbiota can be implemented as a biocontrol treatment to influence disease outcomes.
Medicare Part D's Effects on Drug Utilization and Out‐of‐Pocket Costs: A Systematic Review
Authors: Park Young Joo , Martin Erika G. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveTo update a past systematic review on whether Medicare Part D changed drug utilization and out‐of‐pocket (OOP) costs overall and within subpopulations, and to identify evidence gaps.Data Sources/Study SettingPublished and gray literature from 2010 to 2015 meeting prespecified screening criteria, including having a comparison group, and utilization or OOP cost outcomes.Study DesignWe conducted a systematic literature review with a quality assessment.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsFor each study, we extracted information on study design, data sources, analytic methods, outcomes, and limitations. Because outcome measures vary across studies, we did a qualitative synthesis rather than meta‐analysis.Principal FindingsSixty‐five studies met screening criteria. Overall, Medicare Part D enrollees have increased drug utilization and decreased OOP costs, but coverage gaps limit the program's impact. Beneficiaries whose insurance becomes more generous after enrollment had disproportionately increased drug utilization and decreased OOP costs. Outcomes among dual‐eligibles were mixed.ConclusionsThere is strong evidence on how Medicare Part D and the donut hole coverage gap affect utilization and OOP costs, but weak evidence on how effects vary among dual‐eligibles or across diseases. Findings suggest that the Affordable Care Act's provisions to expand coverage and reduce the donut hole should improve patient outcomes.
To be, or not to be biodegradable… that is the question for the bio‐based plastics
Authors: Prieto Auxiliadora 
Published: August 2016

SummaryGlobal warming, market and production capacity are being the key drivers for selecting the main players for the next decades in the market of bio‐based plastics. The drop‐in bio‐based polymers such as the bio‐based polyethylene terephtalate (PET) or polyethylene (PE), chemically identical to their petrochemical counterparts but having a component of biological origin, are in the top of the list. They are followed by new polymers such as PHA and PLA with a significant market growth rate since 2014 with projections to 2020. Research will provide improved strains designed through synthetic and systems biology approaches; furthermore, the use of low‐cost substrates will contribute to the widespread application of these bio‐ based polymers. The durability of plastics is not considered anymore as a virtue, and interesting bioprospecting strategies to isolate microorganisms for assimilating the recalcitrant plastics will pave the way for in vivo strategies for plastic mineralization. In this context, waste management of bio‐based plastic will be one of the most important issues in the near future in terms of the circular economy. There is a clear need for standardized labelling and sorting instructions, which should be regulated in a coordinated way by policymakers and material producers.
Adaptive trans‐generational phenotypic plasticity and the lack of an experimental control in reciprocal match/mismatch experiments
Authors: Engqvist Leif , Reinhold Klaus 
Published: August 2016

SummaryParental information about the prevailing environmental condition may enable offspring to adjust their phenotypes in accordance with future demands.The state‐of‐the‐art experimental test of the occurrence of such adaptive trans‐generational phenotypic plasticity is a ‘match/mismatch’ approach: a fully factorial reciprocal transplant experiment where offspring encounter environments either matching or mismatching parents’ experience.Here, we highlight that a hidden assumption of this approach is that the effect of early and late offspring environment acts completely additively on offspring fitness. Likely violations of this assumption, such that early ‘silver‐spoon’ effects are more valuable when later environmental conditions are relatively harsh, will bias the estimates of potential trans‐generational effects.We discuss the different implications of this on the interpretation of the outcome of match/mismatch experiments and suggest different complementary and alternative approaches.
Effect of ovsynch versus prostaglandin F2α protocol on estrus response, ovulation rate, timing of ovulation and pregnancy per artificial insemination in Sahiwal cows
Authors: Hassan Mubbashar , Husnain Ali , Naveed Muhammad Ilyas , Riaz Umair , Ahmad Nasim 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSahiwal cow is Bos indicus which is an important dairy breed of tropical and sub‐tropical region. Research on reproduction is rare in this breed. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of Ovsynch (OVS) versus prostaglandin F2α (PG) protocol on estrus response and its intensity, ovulation rate, timing of ovulation and pregnancy per artificial insemination (AI) in Sahiwal cows. Experimental cows (n = 80) were of mixed parity, lactating, suckled, ≥120 days postpartum with body condition score 3.08 ± 0.34 and 375‐475 kg of body weight which were randomly assigned to receive either OVS (n = 46) or PG (n =34) protocol. Cows were inseminated twice at 12 and 24 h after second gonadotropin releasing hormone in the OVS group, and 72 and 84 h after administration of prostaglandin F2α in PG group, respectively. The results revealed that estrus response did not differ (P > 0.05) and was 87% in OVS and 78% in PG cows. Ovulation rate did not differ (P > 0.05) and was 50% in both, OVS and PG cows. The pregnancy per AI did not differ (P > 0.05) and was 43% in OVS compared to 31% in PG cows. It is concluded that estrus response, ovulation rate and pregnancy per AI of OVS protocol is the same as PG in Sahiwal cows.
Systematic review of published Phase 3 data on anti‐PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies in patients with hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Gouni‐Berthold Ioanna , Descamps Olivier S. , Fraass Uwe , Hartfield Elizabeth , Allcott Kim , Dent Ricardo , März Winfried 
Published: August 2016

AimsTwo anti‐proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies, alirocumab and evolocumab, have been approved for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia in certain patients. We reviewed data from Phase 3 studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these antibodies.MethodsWe systematically reviewed Phase 3 English‐language studies in patients with hypercholesterolaemia, published between 1 January 2005 and 20 October 2015. Congress proceedings from 16 November 2012 to 16 November 2015 were also reviewed.ResultsWe identified 12 studies of alirocumab and nine of evolocumab, including over 10 000 patients overall. Most studies enrolled patients with hypercholesterolaemia and used anti‐PCSK9 antibodies with statins. The ODYSSEY FH I, FH II and HIGH FH alirocumab studies and the RUTHERFORD‐2 evolocumab study exclusively recruited patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Two evolocumab studies focused mainly on homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HoFH): TESLA Part B and TAUSSIG (a TESLA sub‐study); only those data for HoFH are reported here. All comparator studies demonstrated a reduction in LDL cholesterol (LDL‐C) with the anti‐PCSK9 antibodies. No head‐to‐head studies were conducted between alirocumab and evolocumab. Up to 87% of patients receiving alirocumab and up to 98% receiving evolocumab reached LDL‐C goals. Both antibodies were effective and well tolerated across a broad population of patients and in specific subgroups, such as those with type 2 diabetes.ConclusionsUsing anti‐PCSK9 antibodies as add‐on therapy to other lipid‐lowering treatments or as monotherapy for patients unable to tolerate statins may help patients with high cardiovascular risk to achieve their LDL‐C goals.
Doubly Robust Estimator for Net Survival Rate in Analyses of Cancer Registry Data
Authors: Komukai Sho , Hattori Satoshi 
Published: August 2016

Summary
Cancer population studies based on cancer registry databases are widely conducted to address various research questions. In general, cancer registry databases do not collect information on cause of death. The net survival rate is defined as the survival rate if a subject would not die for any causes other than cancer. This counterfactual concept is widely used for the analyses of cancer registry data. Perme, Stare, and Estève (2012) proposed a nonparametric estimator of the net survival rate under the assumption that the censoring time is independent of the survival time and covariates. Kodre and Perme (2013) proposed an inverse weighting estimator for the net survival rate under the covariate-dependent censoring. An alternative approach to estimating the net survival rate under covariate-dependent censoring is to apply a regression model for the conditional net survival rate given covariates. In this article, we propose a new estimator for the net survival rate. The proposed estimator is shown to be doubly robust in the sense that it is consistent at least one of the regression models for survival time and for censoring time. We examine the theoretical and empirical properties of our proposed estimator by asymptotic theory and simulation studies. We also apply the proposed method to cancer registry data for gastric cancer patients in Osaka, Japan.
Rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone (R‐CHOP) in the management of primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma: a subgroup analysis of the UK NCRI R‐CHOP 14 versus 21 trial
Authors: Gleeson Mary , Hawkes Eliza A. , Cunningham David , Chadwick Nick , Counsell Nicholas , Lawrie Anthony , Jack Andrew , Smith Paul , Mouncey Paul , Pocock Christopher , Ardeshna Kirit M. , Radford John , McMillan Andrew , Davies John , Turner Deborah , Kruger Anton , Johnson Peter W.M. , Gambell Joanna , Linch David 
Published: August 2016

SummaryWe performed a subgroup analysis of the phase III UK National Cancer Research Institute R‐CHOP‐14 versus R‐CHOP‐21 (two‐ versus three‐weekly rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone) trial to evaluate the outcomes for 50 patients with World Health Organization 2008 classified primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma identified from the trial database. At a median follow‐up of 7·2 years the 5‐year progression‐free survival and overall survival was 79·8% and 83·8%, respectively. An exploratory analysis raised the possibility of a better outcome in those who received R‐CHOP‐14 and time intensification may still, in the rituximab era, merit testing in a randomised trial in this subgroup of patients.
A Phase‐Based Approach for Animating Images Using Video Examples
Authors: Prashnani Ekta , Noorkami Maneli , Vaquero Daniel , Sen Pradeep 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present a novel approach for animating static images that contain objects that move in a subtle, stochastic fashion (e.g. rippling water, swaying trees, or flickering candles). To do this, our algorithm leverages example videos of similar objects, supplied by the user. Unlike previous approaches which estimate motion fields in the example video to transfer motion into the image, a process which is brittle and produces artefacts, we propose an Eulerian phase‐based approach which uses the phase information from the sample video to animate the static image. As is well known, phase variations in a signal relate naturally to the displacement of the signal via the Fourier Shift Theorem. To enable local and spatially varying motion analysis, we analyse phase changes in a complex steerable pyramid of the example video. These phase changes are then transferred to the corresponding spatial sub‐bands of the input image to animate it. We demonstrate that this simple, phase‐based approach for transferring small motion is more effective at animating still images than methods which rely on optical flow.
Clinical Impact of Not Achieving Recommended Dose on Duration of Atomoxetine Treatment in Adults with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Clemow David B. , Nyhuis Allen W. , Robinson Rebecca L. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryAimTo compare atomoxetine (ATX) length of therapy (LoT) among adults with ADHD who reached the recommended dose of 80 mg/day (ATX ≥ 80) versus those who did not (ATX < 80) analyzed separately in patients prescribed ATX as monotherapy (mono) and in combination with other ADHD medications (combo).MethodsThis was a retrospective observational cohort study of the Truven Health Marketscan Commercial Claims Database from January 1, 2006–September 30, 2013, with a 6‐month preindex period free of ATX (1st ATX claim as index event) and a 1‐year follow‐up. LoT during follow‐up was calculated using prescription claim fill dates and included all days with medication on hand regardless of treatment gaps.ResultsOnly 45.0% of the 36,076 mono and 77.9% of the 1548 combo patients reached an ATX dose of ≥80 mg/day in 1‐year follow‐up. When patients filled at least one 80 mg prescription, their total days of therapy over the course of a year were significantly greater than if they did not (mono: 159.3 vs. 65.6 days; combo: 237.4 vs. 172.0; P < 0.0001). Across all timepoints examined (Day 14, 30, 60, 90, 210) for mono and combo, ATX ≥ 80 versus ATX < 80 patients had greater mean doses (P < 0.0001). Combo patients had longer ATX LoT than mono patients regardless if they reached 80 mg or not (P < 0.0001), but mono patients LoT was 93.8 days longer for ATX ≥ 80 versus ATX < 80 patients compared to 65.5 days for combo patients. Of patients reaching 80 mg/day, 71.7% of mono and 62.8% of combo patients did so by Day 30. For mono ATX ≥ 80 and ATX < 80 patients, LoT was significantly (P < 0.0001) less in previously treated patients compared to naive patients.ConclusionEnsuring adult ADHD patients are treated with ATX at a target dose of 80 mg/day is an important clinical consideration for maximizing patient days on therapy, which can be important for treatment optimization.
Ensemble ecosystem modeling for predicting ecosystem response to predator reintroduction
Authors: Baker Christopher M. , Gordon Ascelin , Bode Michael 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroducing a new or extirpated species to an ecosystem is risky, and managers need quantitative methods that can predict the consequences for the recipient ecosystem. Proponents of keystone predator reintroductions commonly argue that the presence of the predator will restore ecosystem function, but this has not always been the case, and mathematical modeling has an important role to play in predicting how reintroductions will likely play out. We devised an ensemble modeling method that integrates species interaction networks and dynamic community simulations and used it to describe the range of plausible consequences of 2 keystone‐predator reintroductions: wolves (Canis lupus) to Yellowstone National Park and dingoes (Canis dingo) to a national park in Australia. Although previous methods for predicting ecosystem responses to such interventions focused on predicting changes around a given equilibrium, we used Lotka–Volterra equations to predict changing abundances through time. We applied our method to interaction networks for wolves in Yellowstone National Park and for dingoes in Australia. Our model replicated the observed dynamics in Yellowstone National Park and produced a larger range of potential outcomes for the dingo network. However, we also found that changes in small vertebrates or invertebrates gave a good indication about the potential future state of the system. Our method allowed us to predict when the systems were far from equilibrium. Our results showed that the method can also be used to predict which species may increase or decrease following a reintroduction and can identify species that are important to monitor (i.e., species whose changes in abundance give extra insight into broad changes in the system). Ensemble ecosystem modeling can also be applied to assess the ecosystem‐wide implications of other types of interventions including assisted migration, biocontrol, and invasive species eradication.