bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence that 5‐HT stimulates intracellular Ca2+ signalling and activates pannexin‐1 currents in type II cells of the rat carotid body
Authors: Murali Sindhubarathi , Zhang Min , Nurse Colin A. 
Published: March 2017

Key points
5‐HT is a neuromodulator released from carotid body (CB) chemoreceptor (type I) cells and facilitates the sensory discharge following chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH).
In the present study, we show that, in addition to type I cells, adjacent glial‐like type II cells express functional, ketanserin‐sensitive 5‐HT2 receptors, and their stimulation increases cytoplasmic Ca2+ derived from intracellular stores.
In type II cells, 5‐HT activated a ketanserin‐sensitive inward current (I5‐HT) that was similar to that (IUTP) activated by the P2Y2R agonist, UTP.
As previously shown for IUTP, I5‐HT was inhibited by BAPTA‐AM and carbenoxolone (5 μm), a putative blocker of ATP‐permeable pannexin (Panx)‐1 channels; IUTP was reversibly inhibited by the specific Panx‐1 mimetic peptide channel blocker, 10Panx peptide.
Paracrine stimulation of type II cells by 5‐HT, leading to ATP release via Panx‐1 channels, may contribute to CB excitability, especially in pathophysiological conditions associated with CIH (e.g. obstructive sleep apnoea).
AbstractCarotid body (CB) chemoreceptor (type I) cells can synthesize and release 5‐HT and increased autocrine–paracrine 5‐HT2 receptor signalling contributes to sensory long‐term facilitation during chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). However, recent studies suggest that adjacent glial‐like type II cells can respond to CB paracrine signals by elevating intracellular calcium (Δ[Ca2+]i) and activating carbenoxolone‐sensitive, ATP‐permeable, pannexin (Panx)‐1‐like channels. In the present study, using dissociated rat CB cultures, we found that 5‐HT induced Δ[Ca2+]i responses in a subpopulation of type I cells, as well as in most (∼67%) type II cells identified by their sensitivity to the P2Y2 receptor agonist, UTP. The 5‐HT‐induced Ca2+ response in type II cells was dose‐dependent (EC50 ∼183 nm) and largely inhibited by the 5‐HT2A receptor blocker, ketanserin (1 μm), and also arose mainly from intracellular stores. 5‐HT also activated an inward current (I5‐HT) in type II cells (EC50 ∼200 nm) that was reversibly inhibited by ketanserin (1–10 nm), the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA‐AM (5 μm), and low concentrations of carbenoxolone (5 μm), a putative Panx‐1 channel blocker. I5‐HT reversed direction at approximately −11 mV and was indistinguishable from the UTP‐activated current (IUTP). Consistent with a role for Panx‐1 channels, IUTP was reversibly inhibited by the specific Panx‐1 mimetic peptide blocker 10Panx (100 μm), although not by its scrambled control peptide (scPanx). Because ATP is an excitatory CB neurotransmitter, it is possible that the contribution of enhanced 5‐HT signalling to the increased sensory discharge during CIH may occur, in part, by a boosting of ATP release from type II cells via Panx‐1 channels.
Self-assembly of genetically encoded DNA-protein hybrid nanoscale shapes
Authors: Praetorius Florian , Dietz Hendrik 
Published: March 2017

Protein-folded DNA nanostructures
A wide variety of DNA nanostructures have been assembled by folding long DNA single strands with short DNA staples. However, such structures typically need annealing at elevated temperatures in order to form. To accommodate the formation of such structures in living cells, Praetorius and Dietz developed an approach in which custom protein staples based on transcription activator–like effector proteins fold double-stranded DNA templates (see the Perspective by Douglas). The structures folded into user-defined geometric shapes on the scale of tens to hundreds of nanometers. These nanostructures could self-assemble at room temperature in physiological buffers.

Science
, this issue p.
eaam5488
; see also p.
1261
Novel Mechanisms Revealed in the Trachea Transcriptome of Resistant and Susceptible Chicken Lines following Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Deist Melissa S. , Gallardo Rodrigo A. , Bunn David A. , Kelly Terra R. , Dekkers Jack C. M. , Zhou Huaijun , Lamont Susan J. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTNewcastle disease virus (NDV) has a devastating impact on poultry production in developing countries. This study examined the transcriptome of tracheal epithelial cells from two inbred chicken lines that differ in NDV susceptibility after challenge with a high-titer inoculum of lentogenic NDV. The Fayoumi line had a significantly lower NDV load postchallenge than the Leghorn line, demonstrating the Fayoumi line's classification as a relatively NDV-resistant breed. Examination of the trachea transcriptome showed a large increase in immune cell infiltration in the trachea in both lines at all times postinfection. The pathways conserved across lines and at all three time points postinfection included iCOS-iCOSL signaling in T helper cells, NF-κB signaling, the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells in the regulation of the immune response, calcium-induced T lymphocyte apoptosis, phospholipase C signaling, and CD28 signaling in T helper cells. Although shared pathways were seen in the Fayoumi and Leghorn lines, each line showed unique responses as well. The downregulation of collagen and the activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 signaling in the Fayoumis relative to the Leghorns at 2 days postinfection may contribute to the resistance phenotype seen in the Fayoumis. This study provides a further understanding of host-pathogen interactions which could improve vaccine efficacy and, in combination with genome-wide association studies, has the potential to advance strategies for breeding chickens with enhanced resistance to NDV.
Characterization and Vaccine Potential of Membrane Vesicles Produced by Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis in an Adult Zebrafish Model
Authors: Lagos Leidy , Tandberg Julia I. , Repnik Urska , Boysen Preben , Ropstad Erik , Varkey Deepa , Paulsen Ian T. , Winther-Larsen Hanne C. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Vaccine development against extracellular bacteria has been important for the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. In contrast, infections with intracellular pathogens remain largely an unresolved problem.
Francisella noatunensis
subsp.
orientalis
is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium that causes the disease francisellosis in fish. Francisellosis is commonly characterized as a chronic granulomatous disease with high morbidity and can result in high mortality depending on the host. In this study, we explored the potential of bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) as a vaccine agent against
F. noatunensis
subsp.
orientalis
. Bacterial MVs are spherical structures naturally released from the membrane of bacteria and are often enriched with selected bacterial components such as toxins and signaling molecules. MVs were isolated from broth-cultured
F. noatunensis
subsp.
orientalis
in the present work, and proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry revealed that MVs contained a variety of immunogenic factors, including the intracellular growth proteins IglC and IglB, known to be part of a
Francisella
pathogenicity island (FPI), as well as outer membrane protein OmpA, chaperonin GroEL, and chaperone ClpB. By using flow cytometry and electron microscopy, we observed that
F. noatunensis
subsp.
orientalis
mainly infects myelomonocytic cells, both
in vivo
and
in vitro
. Immunization with MVs isolated from
F. noatunensis
subsp.
orientalis
protects zebrafish from subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of
F. noatunensis
subsp.
orientalis
. To determine if MVs induce a typical acute inflammatory response, mRNA expression levels were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of
tnfa
,
il1b
, and
ifng
, as well as
mhcii
,
mpeg1.1
, and
ighm
, was upregulated, thus confirming the immunogenic properties of
F. noatunensis
subsp.
orientalis
-derived MVs.
Fungal Sex: The Mucoromycota
Authors: Lee Soo Chan , Idnurm Alexander 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Although at the level of resolution of genes and molecules most information about mating in fungi is from a single lineage, the Dikarya, many fundamental discoveries about mating in fungi have been made in the earlier branches of the fungi. These are nonmonophyletic groups that were once classified into the chytrids and zygomycetes. Few species in these lineages offer the potential of genetic tractability, thereby hampering the ability to identify the genes that underlie those fundamental insights. Research performed during the past decade has now established the genes required for mating type determination and pheromone synthesis in some species in the phylum Mucoromycota, especially in the order Mucorales. These findings provide striking parallels with the evolution of mating systems in the Dikarya fungi. Other discoveries in the Mucorales provide the first examples of sex-cell type identity being driven directly by a gene that confers mating type, a trait considered more of relevance to animal sex determination but difficult to investigate in animals. Despite these discoveries, there remains much to be gleaned about mating systems from these fungi.
Sports injuries and illnesses during the Granada Winter Universiade 2015
Authors: Gallo-Vallejo Miguel Ángel , de la Cruz-Márquez Juan Carlos , de la Cruz-Campos Adrián , de la Cruz-Campos Juan Carlos , Pestaña-Melero Francisco Luis , Carmona-Ruiz Ginés , Gallo-Galán Luz María 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveTo analyse the incidence of diseases and injuries suffered by athletes participating in the 27th Winter Sports Universiade held in Granada, Spain.MethodsThe daily occurrence of injuries and diseases was registered at the point of first aid (Borreguiles, 2665 metres above sea level (masl)) and in the clinic of Pradollano (2017 masl), both in Sierra Nevada, as well as in medical services provided by the organising committee of Granada 2015 Universiade and located in sport pavilions in which indoor competitions are held.ResultsA total of 1109 athletes (650 men, 58.61%; 459 women, 41.39%). Nine diseases and 68 injuries were recorded. In total, the rate of injury was 6.13% (7.07% for men and 4.79% for women). The percentage of injury was highest in alpine skiing (10.34%) followed by freestyle skiing (8.62%). In relation to the time of exposure, freestyle skiing showed the shortest time of exposure (0.31 hours) before suffering an injury. Short track speed skating showed the longest exposure (9.80 hours), before suffering an injury. The most common anatomical areas of injury were the head, shoulder and knee (13.23%). Only nine diseases were suffered (four women and five men) of which six were infections, one was a friction burn, one was a lipothymy and one a cluster headache due to height.ConclusionIn general, 6.13% of the athletes sustained at least one injury and 0.81% a disease, which is a much lower percentage than that recorded in similar events. The incidence of injuries and diseases varied among sport specialities.
“My friend who bought it for me, she has had an abortion before.” The influence of Ghanaian women’s social networks in determining the pathway to induced abortion
Authors: Rominski Sarah D , Lori Jody R , Morhe Emmanuel SK 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundEven given the liberal abortion law in Ghana, abortion complications are a large contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality. This study sought to understand why young women seeking an abortion in a legally enabling environment chose to do this outside the formal healthcare system.MethodsWomen being treated for complications arising from a self-induced abortion as well as for elective abortions at three hospitals in Ghana were interviewed. Community-based focus groups were held with women as well as men, separately. Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted until saturation was reached.ResultsA total of 18 women seeking care for complications from a self-induced abortion and 11 seeking care for an elective abortion interviewed. The women ranged in age from 13 to 35 years. There were eight focus groups; two with men and six with women. The reasons women self-induce are: (1) abortion is illegal; (2) attitudes of the healthcare workers; (3) keeping the pregnancy a secret; and (4) social network influence. The meta-theme of normalisation of self-inducing’ an abortion was identified.DiscussionWhen women are faced with an unplanned and unwanted pregnancy, they consult individuals in their social network whom they know have dealt with a similar situation. Misoprostol is widely available in Ghanaian cities and is successful at inducing an abortion for many women. In this way, self-inducing abortions using medication procured from pharmacists and chemical sellers has become normalised for women in Kumasi, Ghana.
An FFRCTdiagnostic strategy versus usual care in patients with suspected coronary artery disease planned for invasive coronary angiography at German sites: one-year results of a subgroup analysis of the PLATFORM (Prospective Longitudinal Trial of FFRCT: Outcome and Resource Impacts) study
Authors: Colleran Roisin , Douglas Pamela S , Hadamitzky Martin , Gutberlet Matthias , Lehmkuhl Lukas , Foldyna Borek , Woinke Michael , Hink Ulrich , Nadjiri Jonathan , Wilk Alan , Wang Furong , Pontone Gianluca , Hlatky Mark A , Rogers Campbell , Byrne Robert A 
Published: March 2017

AimDiagnostic evaluation practices for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) may vary between countries. Our objective was to compare a CT-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) diagnostic strategy with usual care in patients with planned invasive coronary angiography (ICA) enrolled in the PLATFORM (Prospective Longitudinal Trial of FFRCT: Outcome and Resource Impacts) study at German sites.MethodsPatients were divided into two consecutive observational cohorts, receiving either usual care or CT angiography (CTA)/FFRCT. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients planned for ICA, with no obstructive CAD on ICA within 90 days. Secondary endpoints included death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, hospitalisation leading to unplanned revascularisation, cumulative radiation exposure, estimated medical costs and quality of life (QOL) at 1 year.Results116 patients were included. The primary endpoint occurred in 4 of the 52 patients (7.7%) in the CTA/FFRCTgroup and in 55 of the 64 patients (85.9%) in the usual care group (risk difference 78.2%, 95% CI 67.1% to 89.4%, p<0.001). ICA was cancelled in 40 of the 52 patients (77%) who underwent CTA/FFRCT. Clinical event rates were low overall. The mean radiation exposure was lower in the FFRCTversus the usual care group (7.28 vs 9.80 mSv, p<0.001). Mean estimated medical costs were €4217 (CTA/FFRCT) versus €6894 (usual care), p<0.001. Improvement in QOL (EQ-5D score) was greater in the FFRCT(+0.09 units) versus the usual care cohort (+0.03 units), p=0.04.ConclusionsIn patients with suspected CAD planned for ICA at German sites, initial CTA/FFRCTcompared with usual care was associated with a markedly reduced rate of ICA showing no obstructive CAD, lower cumulative radiation exposure and estimated costs and greater improvement in QOL.
Market-level exposure to state antismoking media campaigns and public support for tobacco control policy in the United States, 2001–2002
Authors: Niederdeppe Jeff , Kellogg Maxwell , Skurka Christofer , Avery Rosemary J 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveThis study tests whether exposure to state antismoking media campaigns is associated with increased support for comprehensive bans on smoking indoors and cigarette advertising.MethodsWe combine commercially available data on market-level state-sponsored antismoking advertisements with three waves of the Current Population Survey’s Tobacco Use Supplement to test the relationship between market-level volume of state antismoking advertising exposure and support for tobacco control policy between 2001 and 2002. We use logistic regression to assess which message themes employed in the advertisements are associated with increased support for tobacco control policy.ResultsThe overall market-level volume of exposure to state antismoking ads targeted to adults or the general population was associated with significant increases in support for comprehensive indoor smoking bans. These effects were driven by exposure to ads emphasising the health consequences of smoking to others, anti-industry appeals and irrationality/addiction appeals. Evidence of campaign impact on support for tobacco advertising bans was less clear and, when statistically significant, small in magnitude relative to the impact of the state economic and tobacco control policy environment.ConclusionsThis study shows that that large-scale antismoking media campaigns can have a meaningful secondary impact on support for comprehensive indoor smoking bans. Future research should identify the conditions under which mass media campaigns primarily targeting smoking behaviour may influence public support for a variety of other tobacco control policies.
LD
Authors: Li Pengcheng , Hu Xiaoyu , Chen Dong , Brock Jacob , Luo Hao , Zhang Eddy Z. , Ding Chen 
Published: March 2017

Data race detection has become an important problem in GPU programming. Previous designs of CPU race-checking tools are mainly task parallel and incur high overhead on GPUs due to access instrumentation, especially when monitoring many thousands of threads routinely used by GPU programs.
This article presents a novel data-parallel solution designed and optimized for the GPU architecture. It includes compiler support and a set of runtime techniques. It uses value-based checking, which detects the races reported in previous work, finds new races, and supports race-free deterministic GPU execution. More important, race checking is massively data parallel and does not introduce divergent branching or atomic synchronization. Its slowdown is less than 5 × for over half of the tests and 10 × on average, which is orders of magnitude more efficient than the cuda-memcheck tool by Nvidia and the methods that use fine-grained access instrumentation.
Muscle-specific and age-related changes in protein synthesis and protein degradation in response to hindlimb unloading in rats
Authors: Baehr Leslie M. , West Daniel W. D. , Marshall Andrea G. , Marcotte George R. , Baar Keith , Bodine Sue C. 
Published: March 2017

Disuse is a potent inducer of muscle atrophy, but the molecular mechanisms driving this loss of muscle mass are highly debated. In particular, the extent to which disuse triggers decreases in protein synthesis or increases in protein degradation, and whether these changes are uniform across muscles or influenced by age, is unclear. We aimed to determine the impact of disuse on protein synthesis and protein degradation in lower limb muscles of varied function and fiber type in adult and old rats. Alterations in protein synthesis and degradation were measured in the soleus, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of adult and old rats subjected to hindlimb unloading (HU) for 3, 7, or 14 days. Loss of muscle mass was progressive during the unloading period, but highly variable (−9 to −38%) across muscle types and between ages. Protein synthesis decreased significantly in all muscles, except for the old TA. Atrophy-associated gene expression was only loosely associated with protein degradation as muscle RING finger-1, muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), and Forkhead box O1 expression significantly increased in all muscles, but an increase in proteasome activity was only observed in the adult soleus. MAFbx protein levels were significantly higher in the old muscles compared with adult muscles, despite the old having higher expression of microRNA-23a. These results indicate that adult and old muscles respond similarly to HU, and the greatest loss in muscle mass occurs in predominantly slow-twitch extensor muscles due to a concomitant decrease in protein synthesis and increase in protein degradation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we showed that age did not intensify the atrophy response to unloading in rats, but rather that the degree of atrophy was highly variable across muscles, indicating that changes in protein synthesis and protein degradation occur in a muscle-specific manner. Our data emphasize the importance of studying muscles of varying fiber-type and physiological function at multiple time points to fully understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for disuse atrophy.
Unilateral nasal obstruction affects motor representation development within the face primary motor cortex in growing rats
Authors: Abe Yasunori , Kato Chiho , Uchima Koecklin Karin Harumi , Okihara Hidemasa , Ishida Takayoshi , Fujita Koichi , Yabushita Tadachika , Kokai Satoshi , Ono Takashi 
Published: March 2017

Postnatal growth is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Nasal obstruction during growth alters the electromyographic activity of orofacial muscles. The facial primary motor area represents muscles of the tongue and jaw, which are essential in regulating orofacial motor functions, including chewing and jaw opening. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic unilateral nasal obstruction during growth on the motor representations within the face primary motor cortex (M1). Seventy-two 6-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control ( n = 36) and experimental ( n = 36) groups. Rats in the experimental group underwent unilateral nasal obstruction after cauterization of the external nostril at 8 days of age. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) mapping was performed when the rats were 5, 7, 9, and 11 wk old in control and experimental groups ( n = 9 per group per time point). Repeated-measures multivariate ANOVA was used for intergroup and intragroup statistical comparisons. In the control and experimental groups, the total number of positive ICMS sites for the genioglossus and anterior digastric muscles was significantly higher at 5, 7, and 9 wk, but there was no significant difference between 9 and 11 wk of age. Moreover, the total number of positive ICMS sites was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control at each age. It is possible that nasal obstruction induced the initial changes in orofacial motor behavior in response to the altered respiratory pattern, which eventually contributed to face-M1 neuroplasticity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Unilateral nasal obstruction in rats during growth periods induced changes in arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and altered development of the motor representation within the face primary cortex. Unilateral nasal obstruction occurring during growth periods may greatly affect not only respiratory function but also craniofacial function in rats. Nasal obstruction should be treated as soon as possible to avoid adverse effects on normal growth, development, and physiological functions.