bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: DICARBONYLRHODIUM(I) COMPLEXES OF POLYPYRROLE MACROCYCLES. PART 3. SYNTHESIS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF COMPLEXES OF N‐METHYLCORROLES, N‐METHYLPORPHYRINS, AND ACYCLIC POLYPYRROLES
Authors: ABEYSEKERA A. M. , GRIGG R. , TROCHA‐GRIMSHAW J. , KING T. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch Reaktion von Di‐μ‐chloro‐bis‐[dicarbonylrhodium] mit N(21)‐Methylcorrol in Na‐acetathaltigem CHCl3 liefert einen monomeren Dicarbonylrhodium‐Komplex (Ia), dessen Struktur durch Röntgenuntersuchungen (Raumgruppe P21/n, Z=4) gesichert ist.
ChemInform Abstract: BINUCLEAR COMPLEXES OF 1,4‐DIAZA‐3‐METHYLBUTADIEN‐2‐YLPALLADIUM(II) DERIVATIVES WITH PALLADIUM(II) AND PLATINUM(II) CHLORIDES
Authors: CROCIANI B. , NICOLINI M. , MANTOVANI A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus (I) und (II) erhält man die Komplexe (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CONSTITUENTS OF OSMANTHUS ABSOLUTE. PART 6. THE (7S,10S,5E)‐ AND (7R,10S,5E)‐2,6,10‐TRIMETHYL‐7,10‐EPOXY‐2,5,11‐DODECATRIENES
Authors: KAISER R. , LAMPARSKY D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Strukturen (V) bzw. (VIII) der aus Osmanthus isolierten Sesquiterpenoidoxide werden durch 1H‐, 13C‐NMR‐ und durch Synthese bestätigt.
ChemInform Abstract: FUNCTIONALIZATION OF TRANS‐DECALIN. III. A STEREOSPECIFIC PREPARATION OF VICINAL CIS TWO METHYL GROUPS OF EREMOPHILANE SKELETON, LEADING TO DL‐DEHYDROFUKINONE
Authors: TORII S. , INOKUCHI T. , YAMAFUJI T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractKondensation der Komponente (I) mit Butadien gibt ein Gemisch der Isomeren (IIa)+(IIb); mit Na‐methylat wird (IIa) vollständig zu (IIb) isomerisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION OF LAC RESIN. PART 14. MODEL ESTERS RELATED TO LAC RESIN
Authors: SUBRAMANIAN G. B. V. , MAJUMDAR U. , NUZHAT R. , MAHAJAN V. K. , GANESH K. N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDimethylshellolat (I) bzw. ‐2‐epi‐shellolat (IV) reagiert mit dem Anhydrid (II) bevorzugt an der C‐13‐OH‐Gruppe unter Bildung der Ester (III) bzw. (Va) (Hauptprodukt; daneben (Vb) und (Vc)).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF DILITHIOOXIMES WITH EPOXIDES: A NOVEL ROUTE TO 1,4‐DIKETONES AND ITS APPLICATION TO DIHYDROJASMONE SYNTHESIS
Authors: BELLASSOUED M. , DARDOIZE F. , GAUDEMAR M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas aus dem Oxim (I) durch Lithiierung und Umsetzung des Dilithiooxims mit Propylenoxid (II) gebildete qr‐Hydroxyoxim (III) liefert nach der Abspaltung des Oximrestes und anschließende Corey‐Oxidation das Diketon (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SANTOLINOLIDE B ((2R,3S,4S)‐4‐HYDROXY‐2,5‐DIMETHYL‐3‐VINYL‐5‐HEXENOIC ACID LACTONE). A NEW IRREGULAR MONOTERPENE FROM ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA TRIDENTATA
Authors: EPSTEIN W. W. , GAUDIOSO L. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIm Zusammenhang mit Untersuchungen an den vier Stereoisomerenpaaren (I) werden Zwischenstufen der Art (III) aus (II) bzw. (IV) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PROSTAGLANDIN PRODRUGS. III: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF C9‐ AND C15‐MONOESTERS OF DINOPROST (PROSTAGLANDIN F2α)
Authors: MORONZOWICH W. , OESTERLING T. O. , MILLER W. L. , LAWSON C. F. , CORNETTE J. C. , WEEKS J. R. , DOUGLAS S. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer Bis‐tetrahydropyranylether (I) läßt sich mit Carbonsäureanhydriden (II) oder Carbonsäurechloriden (III) zu den Acyloxycarbonsäuren (IV) verestern, mit Essigsäure/Wasser werden die Tetrahydropyranschutzgruppen zu den freien Dihydroxy‐9‐acyloxycarbonsäuren (V) abgespalten.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON STEROIDS. PART CXXXXVII. SYNTHESIS OF EPIMERIC 2‐D1‐5β‐PREGNANE‐3,11,20‐TRIONES
Authors: IKEGAWA S. , HINO Y. , SUNAGAWA M. , NAMBARA T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Diacetoxy‐pregnenon (I) wird über (II) und (III) in die Olefine (IV) und (V) umgewandelt, von denen (IV) über das Epoxid (VI) in nur schlechter Ausbeute isoliert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON STEROIDS. PART CXXXXV. SYNTHESIS OF CONJUGATED CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLESTANOLS
Authors: GOTO J. , SUZAKI K. , NAMBARA T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus (I) entstehen mit den entsprechenden Halogenzuckern in Toluol und in Gegenwart von Cadmiumcarbonat die Verbindungen (II), die zu (III) verseift werden.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYPEPTIDES. PART 17. AMINOXY‐ANALOGS OF ASPARTAME AND GASTRIN C‐TERMINAL TETRAPEPTIDE AMIDE
Authors: BRIGGS M. T. , MORLEY J. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie L‐Aminoxypropionsäure (IIIb) läßt sich ausgehend von D‐Phe (Ia) über die Stufen (Ib) und (IIIa) (isoliert als Dicyclohexylammoniumsalz) darstellen [nachfolgende Veresterung zu (IIIc)]; ähnlich wird, ausgehend von L‐Phe (IV) , das (IIIb)‐D‐Isomere (Va) bzw. sein Ester (Vb) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: A GENERAL METHOD FOR FORMYLATING SENSITIVE AMINO ACID ESTERS
Authors: CHEN F. M. F. , BENOITON N. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAmeisensäure (I) wird mit dem löslichen Carbodiimid‐hydrochlorid (II) ins Anhydrid (III) übergeführt und anschließend mit Aminosäureesterhydrochloriden (IV) in Gegenwart von N‐Methylmorpholin zu N‐Formylaminosäureestern (V) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: BRANCHED‐CHAIN SUGARS. XVII. STEREOSELECTIVITY IN THE OXIDATION OF SEVERAL METHYL 4,6‐O‐BENZYLIDENE‐2‐C‐ OR ‐3‐C‐METHYLENE‐α‐ AND ‐β‐D‐HEXOPYRANOSIDES WITH M‐CHLOROPERBENZOIC ACID
Authors: YOSHIMURA J. , SATO K. , FUNABASHI M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie stereoselektive Persäure‐Oxidation der 3‐O‐Methyl‐2‐ C‐methylen‐Zucker (I) liefert die Spiroepoxide (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) + (IIIa) bzw. (IId) + (IIIb); aus den 2‐O‐Methyl‐3‐C‐methylen‐Zucker (IV) werden die Epoxide (V) + (VI) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF UNSYMMETRICAL 1,4‐DIETHERS OF BUTADIENE. A READY ACCESS TO NORMAL AND ETHER‐TYPE DISACCHARIDES WITH THE β‐GULO‐CONFIGURATION
Authors: DAVID S. , EUSTACHE J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Wittig‐Reaktion des dem Salz (I) entsprechenden Phosphorans mit demAldehyd (II) in Gegenwart von Iodidionen und überschüssiger Base liefert ein Gemisch der Diene (IIIa)+(IIIb), von denen (IIIa) durch Cycloadditionsreaktion mit dem Glyoxylat (IV) die drei Dihydropyrane (Va) + (VIa) + (VIIa) gibt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF O‐VINYL GLYCOSIDES AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION INTO C‐BRANCHED SUGARS
Authors: COTTIER L. , REMY G. , DESCOTES G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Photolyse der (4‐Oxopentyl)‐D‐glykoside (I) und (III) in Benzol führt zu den O‐Vinyl‐glykosiden (II) und (IV), von denen (IV) beim Erhitzen auf 150‐170°C in einer Claisen‐Umlagerung 3‐Formylmethyl‐pyranose (V) bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION OF 2,5‐ANHYDRO DERIVATIVES IN THE ZEMPLEN DEACETYLATION OF ACETYLATED SUGAR FORMAZANS
Authors: MESSMER A. , PINTER I. , ZSOLDOSNE M. V. , NESZMELYI A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie acetylierten D‐Galactose‐diphenylformazane (I) cyclisieren bei der Entacetylierung mit einem 10%igen Überschuß an Natriummethylat zu Anhydrozuckerformazanen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEIC ACID COMPONENTS AND THEIR ANALOGS. CC. PREPARATION OF 9‐(β‐D‐RIBOFURANOSYL)‐2‐HYDROXYPURINE
Authors: HOLY A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCytosin (I) liefert nach Nitrierung und Hydrierung das Aminocytosin (II), das mit Orthoformiat das Purin (III) bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: 7‐(β‐D‐ARABINOFURANOSYL)PYRROLO(2,3‐D)PYRIMIDIN‐4(3H)‐ONE ‐ THE 7‐DEAZA DERIVATIVE OF THE ANTIVIRAL NUCLEOSIDE ARA‐H
Authors: LUEPKE U. , SEELA F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Titelverbindung (VI) wird ausgehend vom Methylmercapto‐pyrrolopyrimidinol (I) dargestellt, in dem vor der Glycosidierung mit dem D‐Arabinofuranosylbromid (III) die 4‐OH‐Gruppe als Verknüpfungsposition durch Überführung in eine Methoxy‐Gruppe (IIb) ausgeschaltet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYNUCLEOTIDES. LIII. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 2′‐AZIDO‐2′‐DEOXYADENYLYL‐(3′‐5′)‐2′‐AZIDO‐2′‐DEOXYADENOSINE
Authors: IKEHARA M. , TAKATSUKA Y. , UESUGI S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAusgehend von (I) werden die Verbindungen (III) und (IV) dargestellt, die zu (V) kondensieren.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVENIENT PREPARATION OF 5′‐CHLORO‐2′,5′‐DIDEOXYADENOSINE
Authors: BEACHAM L. M. III 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMit überschüssigem Thionylchlorid erhält man aus T‐Desoxy‐adenosin (II) die Dichlor‐Verbindung (I), während mit einer geringeren Menge an Thionylchlorid über das Sulfit (III) bei der Zersetzung mit wäßrigem Ammoniak das Monochlorderivat (IV) entsteht, das auch aus (II) mit Triphenylphosphin/Tetrachlorkohlenstoff zugänglich ist.
ChemInform Abstract: HELENANOLIDES: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF DL‐BIGELOVIN
Authors: GRIECO P. A. , OHFUNE Y. , MAJETICH G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEs wird eine Totalsynthese für d,l‐Bigelovin (I) beschrieben, in deren Verlauf dem Hydroazulenon (II) eine Schlüsselrolle zukommt.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME AROMATIC COMPOUNDS FROM THE MARINE SPONGE PLAKORTIS HALICHONDRIOIDES
Authors: RAVI B. N. , ARMSTRONG G. W. , FAULKNER D. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Inhaltsstoffe (I)‐(IV) des Mecresschwammes Plakortis holochondrioides werden isoliert und identifiziert.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS OF VITAMIN D3. PART 3. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF THE SULFUR DIOXIDE ADDUCTS OF (5Z)‐ AND (5E)‐VITAMIN D3
Authors: REISCHL W. , ZBIRAL E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUmsetzung von Vitamin D3 (I) mit flüssigem SO2 bei ‐40 °C oder mit einer SO2‐gesättigten Wasserphase bei 20°C führt zu den Addukten (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS USING 2‐FLUORO‐1,3,5‐TRINITROBENZENE. SYNTHESES OF THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE AND LEUCINE‐ENKEPHALIN
Authors: KINOSHITA H. , INOMATA K. , MIYANO O. , KOTAKE H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Titelverbindung (I) ist ein brauchbares Kondensationsmittel für die Peptidsynthese.
ChemInform Abstract: CRITERIA FOR EFFICIENCY, STABILITY, AND CAPACITY OF AN ABIOTIC PHOTOCHEMICAL SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
Authors: SCHARF H.‐D. , FLEISCHHAUER J. , LEISMANN H. , RESSLER I. , SCHLEKER W. , WEITZ R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReview: Die Anwendung einfacher photochemischer Reaktionen zur Speicherung von Solarenergie in Form chemischer Energie metastabiler Produkte ist vielfach in Erwägung gezogen worden, um beispielsweise "einfache Thermosolartechniken" zu ergänzen und weiterzuentwickeln.
Bayesian regression models adjusting for unidirectional covariate misclassification
Authors: Xia Michelle , Gustafson Paul 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this article we consider unidirectional covariate misclassification, meaning that the direction of classification error is known. We investigate the identifiability of Bayesian regression models when a binary covariate is subject to unidirectional misclassification. In the Bayesian framework we consider whether knowledge of the direction of error suffices, so that adjustment for misclassification can be undertaken without any source of information on the magnitude of error. Although measurement error models are generally non‐identified without such information, for the case of unidirectional misclassification, we do obtain model identifiability when the response variable is non‐binary. For the binary response model that is non‐identified we examine the extent of partial identification. The limiting posterior distributions of the parameters are obtained for this partially identified model, for two different prior distributions. We perform computational studies that illustrate statistical learning, for the three cases where the model is easily identified, weakly identified, and partially identified. A case study is performed using real data. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 44: 198–218; 2016 © 2016 Statistical Society of Canada
Age, Gender, and Race‐Based Coronary Artery Calcium Score Percentiles in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil)
Authors: Pereira Alexandre C. , Gomez Luz M. , Bittencourt Marcio Sommer , Staniak Henrique Lane , Sharovsky Rodolfo , Foppa Murilo , Blaha Michael J. , Bensenor Isabela M. , Lotufo Paulo A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundCoronary artery calcium (CAC) has been demonstrated to independently predict the risk of cardiovascular events and all‐cause mortality, especially among White populations. Although the population distribution of CAC has been determined for several White populations, the distribution in ethnically admixed groups has not been well established.HypothesisThe CAC distribution, stratified for age, gender and race, is similar to the previously described distribution in the MESA study.MethodsThe Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil) is a prospective cohort study designed to investigate subclinical cardiovascular disease in 6 different centers of Brazil. Similar to previous studies, individuals with self‐reported coronary or cerebrovascular disease and those treated for diabetes mellitus were excluded from analysis.ResultsPercentiles of CAC distribution were estimated with nonparametric techniques. The analysis included 3616 individuals (54% female; mean age, 50 years). As expected, CAC prevalence and burden were steadily higher with increasing age, as well as increased in men and in White individuals. Our results revealed that for a given CAC score, the ELSA‐derived CAC percentile would be lower in men compared with the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and would be higher in women compared with MESA.ConclusionsIn our sample of the Brazilian population, we observed significant differences in CAC by sex, age, and race. Adjusted for age and sex, low‐risk individuals from the Brazilian population present with significantly lower CAC prevalence and burden compared with other low‐risk individuals from other worldwide populations. Using US‐derived percentiles in Brazilian individuals may lead to overestimating relative CAC burden in men and underestimating relative CAC burden in women.
Trends in the Burden of Adult Congenital Heart Disease in US Emergency Departments
Authors: Agarwal Shikhar , Sud Karan , Khera Sahil , Kolte Dhaval , Fonarow Gregg C. , Panza Julio A. , Menon Venu 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundWe assessed trends in incidence, in‐hospital mortality, and admission among patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) presenting to the emergency department (ED) from 2006 to 2012.HypothesisThere is a considerable burden of ACHD in the US EDs.MethodsWe used the 2006–2012 US Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. All ED visits with ACHD were identified using standard International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification codes.ResultsThe number of patients presenting to the ED with simple (40.6%) as well as complex (37.6%) ACHD across 2006–2012 increased significantly. Also, there was a considerable increase in prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors among ACHD patients, including hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and chronic kidney disease. Besides miscellaneous noncardiovascular conditions, nonspecific chest pain (15.9%) and respiratory disorders (15.0%) were the most common reasons for ED visits among patients with simple and complex ACHD, respectively. Although there was a trend toward decrease in admissions across 2006–2012 (Ptrend < 0.001), the proportion of patients with ACHD presenting to ED requiring admission remained substantial (63.4%). Finally, there was significant variation in admission trends across different geographic locations, hospital types, insurance status, and ED volume among ACHD patients presenting to the ED.ConclusionsThere has been a progressive increase in number of ED visits among ACHD patients across 2006–2012 in the United States. Moreover, the cardiovascular risk‐factor profile of ACHD patients has changed, adding to complexity in management. Current health care delivery to ACHD patients also shows significant geographical, hospital‐based, and insurance status–based disparities.
Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin over High‐Surface‐Area Mesoporous Aluminosilicates: Effect of Porosity and Acidity
Authors: Custodis Victoria B. F. , Karakoulia Stamatia A. , Triantafyllidis Kostas S. , van Bokhoven Jeroen A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCatalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of lignin with amorphous mesoporous aluminosilicates catalysts yields a high fraction of aromatics and a relatively low amount of char/coke. The relationship between the acidity and porosity of Al‐MCM‐41, Al‐SBA‐15, and Al‐MSU‐J with product selectivity during lignin CFP is determined. The acid sites (mild Brønsted and stronger Lewis) are able to catalyze pyrolysis intermediates towards fewer oxygenated phenols and aromatic hydrocarbons. A generalized correlation of the product selectivity and yield with the aluminum content and acidity of the mesoporous aluminosilicates is hard to establish. Zeolitic strong acid sites are not required to achieve high conversion and selectivity to aromatic hydrocarbon because nanosized MCM‐41 produces a high liquid yield and selectivity. The two most essential parameters are diffusion, which is influenced by pore and grain size, and the active site, which may be mildly acidic, but is dominated by Lewis acid sites. Nanosized grains and mild acidity are essential ingredients for a good lignin CFP catalyst.
Seismic performance factors for moment frames with steel‐concrete composite columns and steel beams
Authors: Denavit Mark D. , Hajjar Jerome F. , Perea Tiziano , Leon Roberto T. 
Published: April 2016

SummarySteel‐concrete composite moment frames have been shown to be an effective alternative for use as the primary seismic force‐resisting system of building structures. However, little data are available to justify the structural system performance factors (i.e.,R,Cd, and Ωo) given in codes to characterize the overstrength and ductility of these systems. Reasonable values for these factors are vital for successful seismic design. Based on a suite of new finite element formulations, this work investigates the behavior of composite special moment frames under seismic loading and develops rational system performance factors according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency P695 methodology. A set of archetype frames, selected to be representative of the range of frames seen in practice, were designed according to current design specifications. Nonlinear static pushover and dynamic response history analyses were performed on the frames to generate the statistical data on the seismic response from which the performance factors are quantified. The results from this investigation enable a better understanding of the variability in collapse performance of composite frame systems and will facilitate more effective designs of these systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Miniature circulatory systems: A new exposure system for ecotoxicological effect assessments in riverine organisms
Authors: Feiner Mona , Beggel Sebastian , Geist Juergen 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Long-term effect assessments in ecotoxicological investigations are important, yet there is a lack of suitable exposure systems for these experiments that can be used for riverine species. A cost-efficient miniature circulatory system was developed that was evaluated for its applicability in long-term exposures in 2 stream-dwelling species: brown trout (Salmo trutta) and an amphipod (Gammarus roeseli). In an egg-to-fry exposure of S. trutta, the toxicity of 2 reverse osmosis concentrates was investigated as examples. Control hatching rate of yolk sac fry was 75 ± 7% and thus complies with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development validity criterion (≥66%). The reverse osmosis concentrates did not impair the hatching rate in any tested concentration. In G. roeseli, mortality rates remained below 20% during a 21-d cultivation, fulfilling the common validity criterion in ecotoxicological testing. Mortality was significantly lower when the species was fed with conditioned alder leaves instead of an artificial shrimp food. Finally, a toxicity test on G. roeseli using copper as the test substance revealed median lethal concentration (LC50) values of 156 μg/L after 96 h and 99 μg/L after 264 h, which is in line with literature findings using other accepted exposure units. In conclusion, the miniature circulatory system provides a novel and cost-efficient exposure system for long-term investigations on riverine species that may also be applicable for other species of fishes and macroinvertebrates. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2827–2833. © 2016 SETAC
An Object‐Oriented Regression for Building Disease Predictive Models with Multiallelic HLA Genes
Authors: Zhao Lue Ping , Bolouri Hamid , Zhao Michael , Geraghty Daniel E. , Lernmark Åke ,   The Better Diabetes Diagnosis Study Group
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTRecent genome‐wide association studies confirm that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have the strongest associations with several autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), providing an impetus to reduce this genetic association to practice through an HLA‐based disease predictive model. However, conventional model‐building methods tend to be suboptimal when predictors are highly polymorphic with many rare alleles combined with complex patterns of sequence homology within and between genes. To circumvent this challenge, we describe an alternative methodology; treating complex genotypes of HLA genes as “objects” or “exemplars,” one focuses on systemic associations of disease phenotype with “objects” via similarity measurements. Conceptually, this approach assigns disease risks base on complex genotype profiles instead of specific disease‐associated genotypes or alleles. Effectively, it transforms large, discrete, and sparse HLA genotypes into a matrix of similarity‐based covariates. By the Kernel representative theorem and machine learning techniques, it uses a penalized likelihood method to select disease‐associated exemplars in building predictive models. To illustrate this methodology, we apply it to a T1D study with eight HLA genes (HLA‐DRB1, HLA‐DRB3, HLA‐DRB4, HLA‐DRB5, HLA‐DQA1, HLA‐DQB1, HLA‐DPA1, and HLA‐DPB1) to build a predictive model. The resulted predictive model has an area under curve of 0.92 in the training set, and 0.89 in the validating set, indicating that this methodology is useful to build predictive models with complex HLA genotypes.
The Disposable Author: How Pharmaceutical Marketing Is Embraced within Medicine's Scholarly Literature
Authors: Matheson Alastair 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe best studies on the relationship between pharmaceutical corporations and medicine have recognized that it is an ambiguous one. Yet most scholarship has pursued a simpler, more saleable narrative in which pharma is a scheming villain and medicine its maidenly victim. In this article, I argue that such crude moral framing blunts understanding of the murky realities of medicine's relationship with pharma and, in consequence, holds back reform. My goal is to put matters right in respect to one critical area of scholarly interest, the medical journal publication.Pharma relies on peer advocacy to sell its wares to prescribing doctors. This is an arrangement in which clinicians’ qualified colleagues, including “key opinion leaders,” are recruited by pharmaceutical corporations and marketing agencies to deliver commercially expedient content to their professional fellows. Precisely how this practice works in the setting of publications is not well understood because ethicists studying the problem have made too much of the narrative of corporate villainy and medical victimhood. Accordingly, criticism of industry publications has been preoccupied with the crudely dishonest practices of ghostwriting, ghost authorship, and “ghost management,” vices condemned as “dirty little secrets” perpetrated from “behind the scenes” with the connivance of academic “shills” or “guest authors,” in contempt of standards set by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. This account is appealing, and yet it is wrong or, at the very least, seriously incomplete, with only limited relevance to the actualities of contemporary industry practices. In truth, many commercial publications are not developed in secret but fashioned within a culture of open collaboration, where academic authors make substantial, independent contributions; pharmaceutical companies are showcased rather than hidden; and medicine's editorial standards assist rather than impede the workings of commerce.