bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Green June Beetle Grubs During Egg Hatch Resolves Problem of Grubs Dying on Turf Surface, 1993
Authors: Potter D. A. , Spicer P. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study was conducted in a mature, low-maintenance stand of Kentucky bluegrass in Lexington, KY. The turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf)- Thatch accumulation was negligible. Plots (10 × 10 ft) were established in a RCB with five replications. There were 2 ft untreated boundaries between plots. The turf was mown weekly to 3 inch height, with the clippings left on the plot surface. Treatments were applied 28 Jul, about 2 wk after peak adult flight activity. Conditions at the time of treatment were sunny, 92°F, with 5-10 mph winds. Granular treatments were diluted with dry sand and applied to the plots by gloved hand. The wettable powder formulation was mixed with water and applied with a Solo backback sprayer using 1 gal of spray per plot. All treatments were immediately irrigated with 0.25 inch of water, using a water truck and hose with a shower-type nozzle. The grub population at the time of treatment consisted of eggs and first instars. Effectiveness of treatments was assessed 61-62 DAT using an insecticide flush method. Triumph 4E (isazophos) was applied at the labeled rate (2 lb (AI)/acre) on 27 Sep, using a Solo backback sprayer that delivered 0.5 gal spray/plot. The flush spray was immediately syringed with 0.25 inch of water as before. Grub populations were assessed at dawn of the following 2 d. A frame (3.3 × 3.3 ft) made from PVC pipe was placed in the center of each plot, and dead green June beetle grubs within the sample area were counted and removed. Counts for the two samples were pooled and analyzed by ANOVA followed by Fisher’s protected LSD to separate treatment means.
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on a golf course fairway rough in Amherst, NH. The experimental design was a RCB, replicated 4 times with 8 ft × 8 ft plots. Treatments were applied 3 Sep and rated 24 Sep. At the time of application, JB were predominantly 2nd instar. Nematodes and Triumph were applied with a watering can in 5 gal/1000 ft2 at 1700 h. Nematodes were checked for viability before application. Treatments were not watered in because it was unnecessary due to the high soil moisture and rain. The plots were irrigated as necessary throughout the trial period to maintain good soil moisture. These plots hadn’t received any other insecticides for at least 1 year previously. Plots were rated by counting the number of live grubs per 2.25 ft2 of turf. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 55.4°F, 1 inch depth 62°F, 2 inch depth 62.7°F; soil pH, 5.8: slope, 0% soil texture, loam, 43% sand, 47% silt, 10% clay; soil organic matter, 6.8%; soil moisture, 24.8%; precipitation, drizzle for 8 h pretreatment and 14 h posttreatment.
European Chafer Larvae Control, Mi 1993
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A grid of 3 ft × 3 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was used for this test at a golf course in Belmont, MI. The plots were located on irrigated rough with sandy soil. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 137 ml/9 ft2 (175 gal/acre) with a single nozzle, hand-held wand, CO2 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. Insecticide applications were made at 50 psi through an 8003 flat fan nozzle. The plots treated with nematodes received Vt inch of irrigation immediately before and after nematodes were applied. All “preventive” applications were applied on 2 Aug and the “curative” applications were applied on 23 Aug. Evaluations were made on 20 Sep by digging up 14 inch × 14 inch area and counting all live grubs. Replication 1 was dropped from all treatments before analysis as it had very low counts.
Euonymus Scale Control on Euonymus, 1993
Authors: Miller Fredric 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A thirty ft long by eight ft high section of euonymus, growing along a building wall and heavily infested with euonymus scale, was selected for study. The infested area was divided into ten sections of approximately equal area with treatments randomly assigned to a particular section. Prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 7 DAT and 14 DAT, five leaf samples were randomly selected from each treatment section and the total number of live crawler/nymphs recorded. Due to the heavy population of scale crawlers and nymphs each leaf sample served as a single replication. Nymphs that were discolored, shriveled, or that had failed to form or expand their protective waxy covering were considered dead. Treatments of chlorpyritos and M-pede were applied until drip using a one qt capacity, hand-held Polysprayer. Temperature at time of application was approximately 68°F with 40% RH
Field Trials of Cockroach Bait, 1992-1993
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Scharf M. E. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. , Bohnert T. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Field tests determined the relative efficacy of cockroach baits. In 1992, three Avert formulations of abamectin (PT300-aerosol, PT320-gel, and PT310-dust) were compared with Maxforce. In 1993, Siege bait was compared with Avert PT310. Multi-family public housing complexes located in Gary, IN served as test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental units. Populations were estimated by sticky traps. Kitchen and bathroom areas in each apartment were divided into 10 infestation zones: cabinet above and under kitchen sink, stove, refrigerator, utility room, pantry, storage closet, behind toilet, cabinet under bathroom sink, and linen closet. One sticky trap was oriented horizontally in each zone. Trap catch was recorded after 24 h; pretreatment counts from 2-20 cockroaches per trap was required for any apartment to be considered a test. Each treatment was replicated in 10-16 apartments but posttreatment counts varied. Self-pressurized cans of PT-300 and PT-320 were applied through injector tips, and PT310 was applied from bait dispensing tubes. Each product was applied generously throughout the apartment, focusing attention on cracks and crevices harboring cockroaches. Placement of 12 Maxforce baits was: in cabinet under sink (3), on the floor near the stove (1), and refrigerator (1), in cabinets above sink (2), optional sites with active infestations (3), behind toilet (1), and in cabinet under bathroom sink (1). Siege bait was placed as 125-mg baits at 7.5 g (60 baitings) and 10 g (80 baitings) in kitchens and bathrooms only. Additional, unmonitored amounts of Siege were placed in “satellite” zones of infestation outside kitchen and bathroom areas. Bait efficacy comparison among treatments was made independently at each sample interval. Analysis was based on a completely randomized one-way ANOVA followed by multiple comparisons among treatments by Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P &lt; 0.05).
Residual Activity of Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos Formulations, 1991-1993
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. , Bohnert T. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Laboratory tests determined the contact activity and residual persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos formulations applied to tempered masonite panels. Test 1 (Mar—Apr 1991) evaluated 2 microencapsulated chlorpyrifos formulations: XGA-1152 and Empire 20, with KnoxOut (diazinon ME), while test 2 (May-Oct 1993) evaluated three chlorpyrifos formulations: Empire 20, chlorpyrifos ME, and ATX-8201, with 3 diazinon formulations: KnoxOut, diazinon ME, and Diacap ME. In both tests, spray dilutions were applied to panels at 3.8 ml/900 cm2 using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip (TeeJet 80001E), at a constant 25 psi. Treated panels were allowed to dry horizontally and then stored in vertical racks in the laboratory (constant temperatures and dark conditions) or a greenhouse (high temperatures and exposed to sunlight) for residual aging. At the appropriate aging period (range: 1 to 140 DAT), insects were confined for one h to the treated panel in a 12.7-cm diam Plexiglas ring lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral oil. Following exposure, insects were transferred to 1 pt holding jars and mortality was recorded 48 h after exposure. Six (four in test 2) replicates of 10 adult male cockroaches (&lt;2 wk old) were conducted for each insecticide treatment at each aging period. For each aging period, the experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of treatments. Analysis of percentage mortality among treatment combinations was conducted independently for each aging period; data were subjected to ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test (P = 0.05).
Residual Activity of Chlorpyrifos Formulations, 1992-1993
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. , Bohnert T. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Laboratory tests determined the contact activity and residual persistence of three chlorpyrifos formulations on tempered masonite and stainless steel panels. Test 1 (1992) evaluated Dursban LO with FN-5354, while Test 2 (1993) evaluated Dursban LO with NAF-53. In both tests, spray dilutions (0.25 or 0.5% AI) were applied at 1 of 2 rates (0.25 or 0.5%) at 3.8ml/900 cm2 using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip (TeeJet 8001E), at a constant 25 psi. Treated panels were allowed to dry horizontally and then stored in vertical racks in a laboratory (constant temperatures and dark conditions) for residual aging. At the appropriate aging period, insects were confined to the treated panel in a 12.7-cm diam Plexiglas ring lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral oil. Four exposure times were evaluated (2, 4, 8, and 16 h) at each aging period (1, 7, and 21 d). Following exposure, insects were transferred to 1 pt holding jars and mortality was recorded 48 h after exposure. Six (or 4 in test 2) replicates of 10 adult male cockroaches (&lt;2 wk old) were used for each exposure time, at each aging period, for each insecticide treatment. For each aging period, the experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of treatments. Analysis of percentage mortality among treatment combinations was conducted independently for each aging period and exposure time period independently; data were subjected to ANOVA (P = 0.05).
Leaf-Dip Contact Toxicity Bioassays of Biorational Insecticides to Sweetpotato Whitefly Immature Stages, 1993
Authors: Liu T.-X. , Stansly P. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Three biorationals used were: M-Pede, an insecticidal soap (Mycogen Corp., San Diego, CA); Sunspray® Ultra-fine Spray Oil (Safer Incorporated, Newton, MA) and Nicotiana gossei extract (Phytochemistry Res. Lab., USDA-ARS). Acetone was used to dissolve the extract. Bifenthrin 10 WP (Brigade*) (FMC Corp., Middleport, NY) and water were used as controls. A colony of Bemisia tabaci was maintained in greenhouse cultures on tomato plants. Test plants were placed in the whitefly infested greenhouse for 24 h, after which adults were removed and excluded. Plants were caged for 7 d or 14 d until the appropriate stages were ready for bioassay. For bioassays of eggs, egg-bearing leaves were dipped in insecticide solution and at 7 d, numbers of hatched and unhatched eggs was recorded. Leaves infested with 7-day old nymphs were dipped in dilutions of insecticides, placed individually in 20 ml glass vials filled with water and kept inside clear plastic cages for 4 d, when dead and live nymphs were examined. Plants infested with 14-day old nymphs were sprayed to runoff and caged for 10 d, when dead nymphs were recorded. Experiments were conducted at 25 ± 2°C, RH 70% ± 5%, and L:D 14:10.
Tenlined June Beetle Control, 1993
Authors: Beers E. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was performed in two commercial orchards. Trees in Orchard #1 were in the second leaf, while those in Orchard #2 varied between second and fourth leaf. Both orchards were planted on sandy soil. Trees used in the experiment showed visible signs of stress (abnormally small leaves, reduced terminal growth, water stress) associated with grub damage to the root sytem. Each treatment was replicated ten times, with a replicate consisting of a single tree. All treatments were applied 10-11 Jun. A second application to the Diazinon plot was made 25 Jun. A strip of sheet metal ca. 15 cm wide was formed into a circle 39 cm in diameter and centered around the trunk of the tree. The bottom edge was worked into the soil to form a seal such that the drench solution could not escape. Two gallons of test insecticide mixtures were poured around the base of test tree, and allowed to soak into the soil before the metal strip was removed. Trees and the surrounding soil (39 cm diameter × 46 cm deep) were excavated 22-30 Jul about six weeks after the first application date. Live and dead grubs were recorded.
Control of Cabbage Pests, Summer, 1993
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Greenhouse grown cabbage plants were transplanted on 27 Apr into a Bernow series sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC in Lane, OK. Plots measuring one row wide by 4.6 m long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Spray buffers of one row between rows and 3 m within rows were left unplanted. Double-row beds were spaced 0.9 m apart with 30 cm interplant spacing. Conventional cultural practices were used throughout the trial. All treatments were applied on 26 May, 4, 14 and 24 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated on 3 May at 205 liters per acre. The boom was configured with two TX-26 (hollow cone) spray nozzles spaced 46 cm apart and directed inward towards the base of the plants. On each sample date, five randomly selected plants per plot were sampled for CL, thrips and HB. All heads were harvested on 2 Jul and evaluated for insect damage according to the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage (3 or less feeding holes), 4 = moderate/severe head damage (&gt;3 feeding holes). Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable in accordance with USDA market standards.
Foliar Sprays to Control Worms in Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 23 Jul at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and with 3 ft spacing between rows. Each plot was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied in 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi, using a 3 nozzle hollow cone boom backpack sprayer. Sprays were applied on the following dates: 16, 20, and 27 Aug; and 6 and 13 Sep. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all worm species present on 5 randomly chosen plants/plot. On 21 Sep, 5 randomly chosen plants/plot were rated for worm damage according to Green et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62 (4): 798-800). A rating greater than 3 is considered unmarketable.
Sevin XLR Plus Block Treatment, 1993
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Grove Chris , Collins Kate , Jilek Jill 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A treatment which included Sevin XLR PLUS and a standard treatment were each applied to a 1/3 acre block (6 rows × 6 trees/row) of 13-yr-old trees on M7A. Test trees measured 17 ft. in height and 13.5 ft. in width and were planted 20 X 20 ft. apart. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, at 2.4 mph applying 100 gpa. Dates of application were 27 May (first cover [ICJ), 14 Jun (second cover [2C]), 29 Jun (third cover [3C]), 15 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 30 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 12 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 26 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 8 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Captan and Topsin-M were applied separately to both treatments and an untreated block. Data were taken from 4 trees in the center 2 rows of each block. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 10 terminals from the periphery of each tree. Effect of treatments against RLH was determined by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the tree periphery. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting mites observed on the periphery of trees during a 5 min period. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 400 picked apples/treatment plus up to 400 drop apples/treatment sampled on 23 Sep. Picked fruit were rated for finish as 0 (no russet), 1 (enlarged and raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;50% russeted surface).
Foliar Sprays to Control Ear Invading Insects in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Stevenson Susan , McShane Nancy 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft in length on 4 June ’93. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Plots consisted of 4 treatment rows with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/ acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 25% silk 26 Jul, 30 Jul and 3 Aug. At harvest (9 Aug), 30 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (cleans ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was Norfolk “A” loamy sand.
Insecticidal, Biological, and Botanical Control with Foliar Sprays for Whorl-Infesting Insects in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 15 Jul at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of 4 rows, 50 ft long on 3 ft centers with 9 inches between plants. Buffers were 12 ft driveways, two additional rows between adjacent plots, and 5 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 26 Aug with a tractor-mounted, boom sprayer equipped with a PTO-driven diaphragm pump, servicing dropped extensions with 4 hollow-cone nozzles per row directed at the interior area of the whorl. At the time of application, plants were approximately 2 feet high in the late whorl stage. Sprayer was calibrated to deliver 73.5 gal/acre at 60 psi. Plots were evaluated on 30 Aug by examining 25 plants harvested from the middle 40 ft of the middle 2 rows of each replicate. All larvae or larval damage in the whorl was identified and counted.
Two Applications of Bacillus Thuringiensis Per Week for European Corn Borer Control on Peppers, 1994
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Nixon G. , Clark J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Lady Bell’ seedlings were transplanted on 6 Jun at the University of Connecticut, Plant Science Research Farm in Storrs. Plots consisted of 5 plants, 1.5 ft apart, separated by a single untreated plant on each end. The treatment row was bordered on each side by guard rows, at four foot spacing. Three treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and applications of Ambush on 6, 12, 20 and 26 Aug, and two MVP applications per week on 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, 23, 26 and 31 Aug. Triton B-1956 Spreader Sticker (4 ounces per acre rate) was applied with the MVP and Ambush. Plots were sprayed from the top and sides with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 50 psi with 40 gallons of water per acre. Marketable fruit from all five plants per plot were harvested, counted, weighed and dissected to inspect for ECB larvae weekly, between 12 Aug and 2 Sep.
Use of Various Insecticides to Control CPB and PLH in Potatoes, 1994
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 11 April at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft row with a 3 ft row spacing, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. DiSyston 15G treatments were applied to the plots indicated in the table pre-planting in the furrow using a hand-held shaker. Foliar sprays were applied using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi on the following dates: 23 May; 2, 10 and 21 Jun. Fipronil 80W at 0.064 lb (AI)/acre was substituted for Novodor and Kryocide on 21 Jun to control emerging first generation CPB adults. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all CPB life stages present on 5 random stems/plot on 9 and 15 Jun, and counts of the total number of PLH nymphs on 10 leaves/plot on 15 Jun. For CPB, only data for large larvae is reported in the table as the numbers of the other life stages were too low to be significant. Percent defoliation was rated on 16 Jun and the plots were harvested and graded on 19 Jul.
Control of Southern Armyworm in Staked Tomato with an Ecdysone Agonist, Fall 1993
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Beds of 32 inch width on six foot centers were prepared in sandy soil at Immokalee Florida, fumigated with 33/66 choropicrin/methyl bromide applied at 220 lbs/acre, fertilized with a bottom mix of 800 lbs/acre of 5-16-8 and a top mix of 500 lbs of 19-0-30, and covered with whiteface polyethylene mulch. Greenhouse grown tomato seedlings were transplanted 18 inches apart into single rows on 1 Oct and watered by seepage irrigation. Plants were sprayed weekly with a fungicide, Maneb 80 W, at a rate of 1 lb/acre and standard cultural practices of pruning and staking was followed. Three rows 240 feet long were divided into 12, 3-row plots 20 ft long. Blocks (4) ran lengthwise, with 3 treatments randomly assigned to each giving an RCB design 3 treatments and 4 replications. Two treatments consisted of RH-5992 2F applied at rates of 0.06 and 0.12 lb AI/100 gal with an unsprayed check as the third treatment. Weekly sprays commenced 5 Nov 1993 when the presence of army worms was noted and continued until 17 Dec 1993 for a total of seven applications. An adjuvant, APSA 80® (Amway Corp.) was added to each spray tank at the rate of 0.06%. Sprays were applied with a tractor-drawn hydraulic boon sprayer employing a diaphragm pump operating at 200 psi. The boom carried two drop lines per row with Albuz ATR® red nozzles increased front three to four after the second spray with a commensurate increase in spray volume from 91 gal/acre to 105 gal/acre. Eight plants were selected weekh at random from the center of each row from 4 Nov to 20 Dec 1993 for visual evaluation of defoliation and to count larvae, predominantly SAW although some BAW were encountered. All fruit of marketable size was harvested on 3 Jan 1994. Marketable fruit was separated into extra large, large, medium, and small USDA categories with a mechanical grader and insect-damaged culls counted separately. Value per acre was estimated based on a $12/10/9; 7, respectively per 25 lb box market.