bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural characteristics of milled wood lignin (MWL) isolated from green liquor (GL) pretreated poplar (Populus deltoides)
Authors: Tan Xu , Jiang Bo , Yang Yiqin , Min Douyong , Jin Yongcan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Pretreatment is one of the key steps for the utilization of lignocellulosic biomasses via biorefinery. Green liquor (GL) pretreatment has been considered as an effective approach to improve the subsequent enzymatic saccharification. For the better understanding of the structural changes of lignin in GL pretreatment, milled wood lignin (MWL) samples isolated from untreated and GL-pretreated poplar by the Björkman method were characterized by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and quantitative 13C and 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC NMR). The results indicate that the average molecular weight of MWLs decreased after GL pretreatment. Surprisingly, more guaiacyl-propane units are extracted under mild alkaline conditions than syringyl-propane units, which results in a higher condensation degree and higher S/G ratios of MWLs isolated from GL-pretreated poplars. The amount of β–O–4 structures decreased, while the β–β and β-5 structures increased after GL pretreatment. The structure of esterified p-hydroxybenzoic acid was detected in poplar MWL sample and it degraded obviously after GL pretreatment.
Stress relaxation of composites made of polypropylene and organo-montmorillonite modified wood flour during water immersion
Authors: Liu Ru , Cao Jinzhen , Chen Yu 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Wood flour (WF) was modified with sodium-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) to form an organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) inside WF at different OMMT concentrations from 0.25 to 1%. The modified WF was blended with polypropylene (PP) to produce PP/WF composites at a weight ratio of 1:1 by compression molding. The composites were immersed in water and their stress relaxation behaviors were investigated at 26, 40, and 60°C, respectively. Results: (1) All composites show stress relaxation with increasing compression testing time, indicating that they have pronounced rheological properties. (2) The stress relaxation becomes more severe with increasing temperature and water immersion time. (3) OMMT improves the stiffness of the composites with slower stress relaxation, and the PP/WF0.5% OMMT seems to perform best among all.
Freie Märkte? Zur Konzeption von Konnektivität, Wettbewerb und Markt im vorklassischen Wirtschaftsdenken und die Lektionen aus der Geschichte
Authors: Rössner Philipp Robinson 
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung
Freier Wettbewerb, Konnektivität und ungehinderter Austausch gelten seit der Ausformung des klassisch-liberalen, manchmal auch als ‚modern? bezeichneten Wirtschaftsdenkens um 1750 als Erfolgsrezept für Wirtschaftswachstum und Wohlstand innerhalb einer zunehmend vernetzten Welt. Dass es aber Handelsschranken und bewusst-steuernd in den Wirtschaftsprozess eingreifende Staaten (bzw. Obrigkeiten) gewesen sind, welche in der Regel die entscheidenden langfristigen ökonomischen Transformationsprozesse wie Industrialisierung, Globalisierung oder gar Europas Große Divergenz begünstigt, wenn nicht gar verursacht haben, ist von der Forschung bislang weder in Erwägung gezogen noch gebührend analysiert worden. Im Rückgriff auf Diskurse in der präklassischen Ökonomik, vor allem der Merkantilisten und Kameralisten, in Kombination mit einer Synopse des empirischen Materials aus diversen europäischen Kontexten der Frühen Neuzeit wird in einem ersten Abschnitt die Rolle der Staaten und Obrigkeiten als zentrale Akteure der Schaffung wettbewerbsfähiger Ökonomien diskutiert (I), bevor ein weiterer Abschnitt die diskursive Figuration von Wettbewerb im Schriftgut zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit kritisch neu beleuchtet (II). Ein dritter Abschnitt widmet sich empirisch dem Verhalten auf und der Regulation von Märkten, unter konkretem Rückgriff auf Maßnahmen, die traditionell dem Bereich der „Guten Policey“ zugeordnet werden (III). Der Beitrag konkludiert, dass das moderne Paradigma des „freien Marktes“ in doppelter Hinsicht eine Chimäre ist; zum einen schließen sich geregeltes und gleichgewichtiges Marktverhalten und Freiheit gegenseitig aus; zum anderen hat der „freie Markt“ der modernen (neoklassischen) Theorie seine Wurzeln entgegen der landläufigen Ansicht im sogenannten merkantilistischen bzw. – für die deutschen Länder – dem Kameralismus und kameralistischen Wirtschaftsdenken (mit Wurzeln in der Spätscholastik).
Use of Iranian Milkweed Seed Oil to Increase Oxidative Stability of Olive Cultivar Roghani Oil
Authors: Azizpour Mehran , Najafzadeh Mahmoud , Yolmeh Mahmoud , Sangatash Masoomeh Mehraban 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of Iranian milkweed seed oil (IMSO) and olive cultivar Roghani oil (OCRO). The extraction yield and unsaturated fatty acids content of IMSO were 21.9 % (dry basis) and 65 %, respectively. The monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio, calculated oxidizability, peroxide value, unsaponifiable matter, total tocopherol content, total phenolic content, total sterol, wax content, carbonyl value, conjugated diene value and oxidative stability index of IMSO and OCRO were measured. The results indicated that oxidation stability (OS) of IMSO (6.46 h) was significantly higher than OS of OCRO (5.53 h). In addition, application of IMSO to OCRO resulted in higher OS that was the greatest after 10 % addition of IMSO.
Performance of Different OCDMA Codes with FWM and XPM Nonlinear Effects
Authors: Rana Shivani , Gupta Amit 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this paper, 1 Gb/s non-linear optical code division multiple access system have been simulated and modeled. To reduce multiple user interference multi-diagonal (MD) code which possesses the property of having zero cross-correlation have been deployed. The MD code shows better results than Walsh-Hadamard and multi-weight code under the nonlinear effect of four-wave mixing (FWM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM). The simulation results reveal that effect of FWM reduces when MD codes are employed as compared to other codes.
Enhanced Performance Analysis of Inter-aircraft Optical Wireless Communication Link Using Array of Photodetectors
Authors: Singh Mehtab 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of various parameters on the performance of inter-aircraft optical wireless communication (IaOWC) link. Also, an improved performance analysis of a 2.5 Gbps IaOWC link using an array of photodetectors at the receiver terminal has been reported. The results show an increase in the SNR and total power of the received signal at a link distance of 100 km by deploying a photodetector array at the receiver terminal.
All-Optical Half-Adder Circuit Based on Beam Interference Principle of Photonic Crystal
Authors: Swarnakar Sandip , Kumar Santosh , Sharma Sandeep 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNow a day’s photonic crystals (PhCs) are in trends for designing of various integrated circuits like combinational and sequential circuits. The designing of all-optical half adder circuit based on beam interference principle, using T-shaped square lattice with silica dielectric rods in air background, is proposed. This design is a combination of two structures: one part of it works as AND gate and other part works as XOR gate. This structure is simulated using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and verified numerically using PWE band solver and also using MATLAB.
Non-androgen secreting adrenocortical carcinoma in preadolescence: a case report and literature review
Authors: Narumi Hiroko , Hasegawa Shunji , Waki Kazuyuki , Fukuda Ken , Ohnishi Yuji , Ichimura Takuya , Fujimoto Yousuke , Katsura Shunsaku , Kawano Hiroo , Ikeda Eiji , Okada Satoshi , Ohga Shouichi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAdrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy in childhood. Affected children with ACC mostly present with virilization, but not the pure form of Cushing’s syndrome. A 9-year-old Japanese girl was hospitalized, because of the unstable emotions and excessive weight gain. She was diagnosed as having Cushing’s syndrome and a left adrenal tumor. The adrenalectomy led to the pathological diagnosis of ACC without metastasis. There was no mutation of
Pregnancy outcomes regarding maternal serum AFP value in second trimester screening
Authors: Bartkute Karolina , Balsyte Dalia , Wisser Josef , Kurmanavicius Juozas 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Aim:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of α-fetoprotein in maternal serum (MS-AFP) as a marker for diverse pregnancy outcomes.

Methods:
The study was based on pregnancy and delivery data from 5520 women between 1999 and 2014 at University Hospital of Zurich (UHZ). Inclusion criteria: both MS-AFP and pregnancy outcome were known for the same pregnancy. Pregnancy outcomes and characteristics such as fetal malformation, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) and intrauterine growth retardation as well as maternal age, weight before pregnancy, gestational age (GA) at delivery, newborn weight, length and head circumference were analyzed with respect to the MS-AFP value. MS-AFP value was categorized into three groups: elevated MS-AFP>2.5 multiples of the median (MoM), normal 0.5–2.49 MoM and decreased <0.5 MoM.

Results:
Newborn weight (g) and length (cm) were significantly lower in the elevated MS-AFP (P<0.001) group, and infants had 1 week lower GA at delivery (P<0.05). In the group of elevated MS-AFP (n=46), 26.1% of pregnancies were significantly related to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as fetal malformations, fetuses small for gestational age (SGA) and IUFD. Adverse pregnancy outcomes of 5.6% were registered in the group of normal MS-AFP and 7.3% in the group of low MS-AFP (P<0.05).

Conclusion:
MS-AFP level in the second trimester is still an important indicator of fetal surface malformations; however, ultrasound still outweighs as a screening method. Nevertheless, pregnant women with elevated MS-AFP values and with no sonographically detected fetal malformations should additionally receive the third trimester ultrasound examination to exclude other possible complications of pregnancy.
The Long and Winding Road – Path Towards Facilitation of Development in the WTO: Reflections on the Doha Round and Beyond
Authors: Lee Yong-Shik 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The current multilateral trading system under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) displays a substantial development gap in the regulatory and institutional frameworks. The Doha Round negotiations, which was initiated to promote development interests under the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), have not been concluded for over 14 years, raising doubts about the ability of the WTO system to promote development interests effectively. While the Doha Round was sluggish for a number of years, regional trade agreements, which currently include every WTO Member, have been proliferated, creating significant implications for developing countries. This article examines the development of the Doha Round, analyzes the causes of its impasse, and explores its future prospects. The article also discusses the development gap in the current trading system and advances reform proposals to fill the gap in the system.
Practical Aspects of Log-ratio Coordinate Representations in Regression with Compositional Response
Authors: Fišerová Eva , Donevska Sandra , Hron Karel , Bábek Ondřej , Vaňkátová Kristýna 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Regression analysis with compositional response, observations carrying relative information, is an appropriate tool for statistical modelling in many scientific areas (e.g. medicine, geochemistry, geology, economics). Even though this technique has been recently intensively studied, there are still some practical aspects that deserve to be further analysed. Here we discuss the issue related to the coordinate representation of compositional data. It is shown that linear relation between particular orthonormal coordinates and centred log-ratio coordinates can be utilized to simplify the computation concerning regression parameters estimation and hypothesis testing. To enhance interpretation of regression parameters, the orthogonal coordinates and their relation with orthonormal and centred log-ratio coordinates are presented. Further we discuss the quality of prediction in different coordinate system. It is shown that the mean squared error (MSE) for orthonormal coordinates is less or equal to the MSE for log-transformed data. Finally, an illustrative real-world example from geology is presented.
Crystal structure of 1,2,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine, C14H16N2
Authors: Li Zhong-Yan , Yuan Xian-You , Yuan Lin , Zhang Min 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
C14H16N2, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 32.300(3) Å, b = 7.2653(6) Å, c = 10.4316(10) Å, β = 102.133(5)°, V =2393.3(4) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0464, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1411, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of (E)-1-(2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl)phthalazine hydrochloride–ethanol (1/1), C15H17ClN4OS
Authors: El-Faham Ayman , Ghabbour Hazem A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
C15H17ClN4OS, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 7.5069(2) Å, b = 9.4329(3) Å, c = 11.9723(4) Å, α = 81.6963(11)°, β = 78.2307(9)°, γ = 86.700(1)°, V = 820.91(4) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0621, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1923, T = 100 K.
The crystal structure of 3-((1R,2S)-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium-2-yl)pyridin-1-ium tetrachloridocobaltate(II) monohydrate, C10H18Cl4CoN2O
Authors: Reiss Guido J. , Sergeeva Alena 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
C10H18Cl4CoN2O, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 7.0057(3) Å, b = 7.4317(3) Å, c = 29.2510(13) Å, V = 1522.93(11) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0356, wRref(F2) = 0.0737, T = 110 K.
Effect of the variation of the gating system on the magnetic properties of injection molded pole-oriented rings
Authors: Kurth Katharina H. , Drummer Dietmar 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The demand for contactless and wear-free sensor systems for the measurement of different physical values, such as angle, position, or speed has increased over the past years and opened up new application areas for magnetically sensitive sensors. Polymer bonded magnets can be used as signal transmitters in these sensor applications. In general, a high precision and good repeatability of the magnetic field is required, whereas in particular, a high peak flux density and accurate pole length of each pole is demanded for precise measurement. These polymer bonded magnets can be produced economically using the injection molding process with an integrated magnetization of the particles, such that a second magnetization step is unnecessary. This article addresses the influences of the gating system on the magnetic properties of multipolar bonded rings. Further, the particle orientation as well as filler content at different locations, and along the pathway are investigated. It was evaluated that the gating system significantly influences the pole length accuracy, as well as the peak flux density. However, differences in the filler orientation and content cannot be analyzed quantitatively.
The Soaking Resistance of Electronic Storage Media
Authors: Iraci Joe 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn a disaster event involving water, the length of time that collection materials remain wet is a critical factor in determining whether a successful recovery is possible. There is a substantial knowledge base for the water immersion resistance of traditional information carriers such as paper documents but not for electronic storage media. In this study, floppy diskettes, VHS videotapes, optical discs, and flash media, were immersed in different water baths for various time intervals. The baths consisted of two different sources of tap water, a more corrosive tap water solution, and artificial seawater. Most electronic media survived well in clean tap water but problems occurred with some CDs and VHS tapes. More damage became evident with electronic storage media when the immersion bath was more corrosive. For some media, such as optical discs, whether damage occurred was likely linked to the manufacturing quality of the media. Drying methods were also explored. Air-drying was determined to be the best method for recovering wet electronic storage media. Freeze-thaw-air drying and vacuum freeze-drying methods can destroy CDs and DVDs and should be avoided. If wet materials cannot be recovered and dried promptly, it was established that storage in cool water reduces deterioration significantly.
Eurobonds: A Quantitative Approach
Authors: Baglioni Angelo , Cherubini Umberto 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe structural model of sovereign credit risk introduced in an earlier paper by the authors is applied here to measure the impact of introducing Eurobonds. Tranching (i. e. splitting the public debt into a senior and a junior tranche) is coupled with a cross-guarantee among eurozone countries and with a cash transfer. We show that Eurobonds can reduce the overall cost of servicing the public debt for some (high debt) countries in the euro area without increasing the cost for other countries. Moreover, they are likely to give governments an incentive to curb their deficits, due to the higher marginal cost of debt.
Consequences of Different Eurobond Proposals
Authors: Schäfer Hans-Bernd , Bigus Jochen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe analyze various Eurobond proposals and show that they have different effects on moral hazard, interest rates, international transfer payments and the necessity for European fiscal centralization. On closer inspection, these consequences are more diverse than the discussion on Eurobonds so far suggests. For instance, Eurobonds might increase rather than decrease marginal interest rates in weaker countries. Some proposals lead to international transfer payments while others do not. Some require changes to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, others require changes to national constitutions, and others yet require both. Some proposals, while not necessitating such legal change, may still have mutual advantages for the issuing states.
Contagion in the EMU – The Role of Eurobonds with OMTs
Authors: Favero Carlo A. , Missale Alessandro 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe find strong evidence of country interdependence in the pricing of default risk, which suggests that a crisis can easily propagate from countries with weak fiscal fundamentals to other fiscally sounder member States. Interest rate interdependence differs between countries with high interest rates – high yielders – and countries with low interest rates – low yielders –. The former countries are linked through global spreads; i. e. they are exposed to the interest rate spreads (over Germany) of other troubled countries to a degree which increases with fiscal proximity. Low yielders with sounder fiscal fundamentals are partially immune from the high interest rates of fiscally weak member States but are still exposed to the risk of a euro break-up that is priced in Quanto CDS. This “euro risk” factor is a main driver of the interest rate spreads of low yielders until August 2012. More importantly, our case study of Italy shows that the impact of the global spread variable is dominated by changes in market sentiment, a sign that the Italian 2011–2012 crisis had the characteristics of a debt run more than a crisis of fundamentals. This evidence suggests that Eurobonds would be justified as an instrument for crisis prevention in the absence of a “lender of last resort”. With the announcement of OMTs, the ECB seems to have taken such role upon itself, mainly as a response to the risk of a euro break-up. We show that OMTs led to a significant fall in the impact effect of the global spread variable in the Italian case. The ECB’s ability to buy member States’ bonds reduces the risk of a self-fulfilling debt run but also deprives Eurobonds of their role in crisis prevention. Proposals to introduce Eurobonds to finance investment projects and expenditures related to the security and refugee crisis appear more realistic.
Is there Life in the Old Dog Yet? Observations on the Political Economy and Constitutional Viability of Common Debt Issuing in the Euro Area
Authors: Amtenbrink Fabian , Repasi René , De Haan Jakob 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDeparting from a political economy analysis of the benefits of common debt issuance by the Eurozone member states, we examine to what extent the various proposals for Eurobonds may be considered admissible under EU law and exemplary national (constitutional) laws, including those of Germany, Estonia, France, Ireland and Poland, from which one can deduce general national constitutional requirements applicable in all Eurozone member states. The medium and long-term potential gains from increased Eurozone stability and improved fiscal discipline must be traded off against the considerable legal and political obstacles of implementing any of these proposals. Yet key to the success of any common debt issuance is the effective dealing with the legacy debt of the Eurozone member states.
Eurobonds Past and Present: A Comparative Review on Debt Mutualization in Europe
Authors: Esteves Rui Pedro , Tunçer Ali Coşkun 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper reviews the economic and historical literature on debt mutualization in Europe with reference to pre-1914 guaranteed bonds and the current Eurobonds debate. We argue that, notwithstanding the differences in scale and nature, debt mutualization solutions similar to Eurobonds were tried before, and the closest historical examples to the present debate are the pre-1914 guaranteed bonds. We highlight three key characteristics of debt mutualization, which are apparent both in the current debate and in history: moral hazard, debt dilution and conditionality. We show that the fears about short-run dilution and moral hazard were not unknown to pre-1914 market participants. These problems were partly addressed by mechanisms of conditionality such as international financial control. The historical evidence suggests that the dilution of outstanding obligations may be overplayed in the current debate. On the contrary, creditors’ moral hazard (ignored in current debt mutualization proposals) was as problematic as the usual debtor’s moral hazard –especially when the groups of countries guaranteeing the bonds and the creditor nations did not overlap entirely.
Negatives Rechtsbewußtsein
Authors: Lautmann Rüdiger 
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung
Auf dem Hintergrund von Mobilisierung und Responsivierung des Rechts wird ein Konzept ‚Rechtsbewußtsein‘ entwickelt und in seinen handlungstheoretischen Dimensionen präzisiert. In einer qualitativen Analyse von Daten aus nondirektiven Interviews und Gruppendiskussionen werden Ausprägungen des Rechtsbewußtseins beschrieben, die zwischen Frauen und Männern differieren. Als geschlechtstypisch akzentuiert erweisen sich: die kognitive Distanz zum Recht, die subjektiven Theorien über Recht, das Anspruchsbewußtsein, die instrumentell/expressive Orientierung auf Recht, die Ego-vs.-Alter-Richtung juristischer Investition, der Eingriffsbereich von Recht, die Bevorzugung von Aushandeln statt juristischen Entscheidens, die Rezeption struktureller Merkmale von Recht, die Handlungsautonomie im Recht, die Neigung zur Anmeldung oder zum Verzicht, die Zuschreibung von juristischer Kompetenz, der Zugang zur Rechtsberatung sowie einige Inkonsistenzen im Rechtsbewußtsein. Abschließend werden Orientierungshypothesen zur Erklärung der Befunde formuliert.