bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenging the Conventional Standard for Thoracic Spine Range of Motion
Authors: Borkowski Sean L. , Tamrazian Eric , Bowen Richard E. , Scaduto Anthony A. , Ebramzadeh Edward , Sangiorgio Sophia N. 
Published: April 2016

Background:
Segmental motion is a fundamental characteristic of the thoracic spine; however, studies of segmental ranges of motion have not been summarized or analyzed. The purpose of the present study was to present a summary of the literature on intact cadaveric thoracic spine segmental range of motion in each anatomical plane.

Methods:
A systematic MEDLINE search was performed with use of the terms “thoracic spine,” “motion,” and “cadaver.” Reports that included data on the range of motion of intact thoracic human cadaveric spines were included. Independent variables included experimental details (e.g., specimen age), type of loading (e.g., pure moments), and applied moment. Dependent variables included the ranges of motion in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation.

Results:
Thirty-three unique articles were identified and included. Twenty-three applied pure moments to thoracic spine specimens, with applied moments ranging from 1.5 to 8 Nm. Estimated segmental range of motion pooled means ranged from 1.9° to 3.8° in flexion-extension, from 2.1° to 4.4° in lateral bending, and from 2.4° to 5.2° in axial rotation. The sums of the range of motion pooled means (T1 to T12) were 28° in flexion-extension, 36° in lateral bending, and 45° in axial rotation.

Conclusions:
The pooled ranges of motion were similar to reported in vivo motions but were considerably smaller in magnitude than the frequently referenced values reported prior to the widespread use of biomechanical testing standards. Improved reporting of biomechanical testing methods, as well as specimen health, may be beneficial for improving on these estimations of segmental cadaveric thoracic spine range of motion.
An Integrated Drilling and Geomechanics Approach Helps to Successfully Drill Wells along the Minimum Horizontal Stress Direction in Khuff Reservoirs
Authors: Ahmed Sajjad , Khan Khaqan , Omini Peter , Abdulaziz Azly , Ahmed Mujahed , Yadav Anurag Singh , Mohiuddin Mohammed Ahmed 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Saudi Aramco is drilling horizontal wells along the minimum horizontal stress direction in an attempt to generate multiple transverse fractures during stimulation to increase gas production and enhance recovery. However, drilling operations in these wells are difficult due to wellbore instability because of the higher mud weights required to minimize formation breakout due to prevailing in-situ stress conditions. Increased mud weight also led to higher differential pressure across the variably depleted reservoir layers, which when coupled with formation instability, created greater challenges for the drilling team. These conditions resulted in a significantly increased number of stuck pipe incidents, incurring noticeably high nonproductive time including loss of bottomhole assemblies in the hole. To address these problems, an integrated approach between drilling expertise, applied geomechanics, and advanced mud logging technology was applied to successfully overcome stuck pipe events arising from wellbore instability and differential sticking. Additionally, the drilling and tripping practices were customized to confront borehole instability issues. Further, to account for formation heterogeneity and varying in-situ stresses, the predrill Mechanical-Earth-Model (MEM) was updated during drilling using Real-Time Drilling Geomechanics (RTDG). In addition, advanced cutting return-monitoring technology was used, which helped hole cleaning to minimize the risk of stuck pipe due to formation failure (excessive cuttings). An insight into the planning, challenges encountered, and procedures implemented to successfully drill the planned horizontal wells will be presented.
Casing Failures Correlated with Cementing Quality in Steam Injection Wells
Authors: Al Farsi Ghaida 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Steam injection wells have been used as an oil recovery method for an extended amount of time in the industry. It is used to recover oil of extremely high viscosities by lowering its viscosity using the steam zone created by the injection. To lower the viscosity the steam must be pumped at very high temperatures and pressure, which can create thermal stresses that are too high on the casing. This thermal stresses affect the casing even more if the cementing job on the casing is not very high quality. The focus for this paper will be on casing failures in steam injection wells, and whether these causes are connected in the integrity of the cement or not. Other factors such as corrosion or sand invasion will be excluded from this study. The data that would be collected will be from drilling logs of well that have failed in the Mukhaizna field in the south of Oman. The data would focus on the amount of static and dynamic losses as well as the use of CemNET, which is used as a spotting cement fiber for loss zones. This study will eventually prove that there is a correlation between those casing failures and the loss zones, cementing effectiveness and use of spotting additives to block fractures.
Intelligent Production Application {ESP/GL hybrid system (electro-gas)}
Authors: Samieh Ahmed , Kamel Ibrahim , Metwally Ahmed 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The objective is to discuss the combination between the two artificial lift system, gas lift and ESP in one string as a hybrid system.
ESP/GL hybrid technique will be more beneficial in the fields where already working with gas lift system and converted to ESP's; also in the areas which suffering from rig availability and high rig cost especially in offshore fields. The hybrid system will help to reduce the differed production and sustain the field target rates especially when the ESP's has any problems, failures or equipment availability. “ESP/GL “Electro Gas” will optimize and increase the production from the field by running the two systems commingled especially when the well productivity index increased. Using “ESP/GL “Electro Gas” system will give more reliability and flexibility to the artificial lift technology, down time, production, rig availability and cost effective solution.
Long Stroke Pumping Unit Driven By Low-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Cui Junguo , Xiao Wensheng , Feng Hao , Dong Weibin , Zhang Yanjing , Wang Zhigang , Jianghan Wuhan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
At present, CNPC is using more than 120,000 conventional beam pumping units for oil production. The average efficiency of this conventional pumping system is only about 24%, so the energy consumption is very high. For energy-efficient, two types of long stroke pumping unit based on permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) were developed: direct-drive pumping unit (DDPU) and chain transmission pumping unit (CTPU).
For DDPU, the driving wheel is directly connected to a low-speed high-torque PMSM and drives the belt by friction to achieve oil pumping. The maximum polished rod load of DDPU is below 200kN. The CTPU is another version of DDPU: a chain transmission was added between the PMSM and driving wheel. CTPU is mainly larger type pumping unit, the maximum polished rod load of which is above 200kN.
A DDPU is tested on X9-4 well in Jianghan oilfield and a CTPU is tested on Dugu-4 well in Liaohe oilfield. Test results show that both pumping units run smoothly and have low noise, and the stroke is stepless adjustable. Compared with the replaced conventional beam pumping units, the energy consumption for DDPU is 21 percent lower and for CTPU is 28 percent lower. Fewer pumping cycles result in decreased sucker rod vibration and higher pump filling factor. The dynamic indicator diagrams are much closer to the static indicator diagram.
Now the two types of pumping unit have been deployed on more than 40 wells - mainly in Tarim oilfield for deep or viscous oil wells, and will be a new energy-saving and cost-reducing means of oil production.
Biotreatment of Petrochemical Wastewater: A Case Study from Northern Tunisia
Authors: Jemli Meryem , Zaghden Hatem , Rezgi Fatma , Kchaou Sonia , Aloui Fathi , Sayadi Sami 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT: A full‐scale study has been conducted to assess the bioaugmentation efficiency of trickling filter process to treat petrochemical wastewater from a lubricant industry recycling waste oils. During 45 weeks, the organic loading rate (OLR) in the trickling filter was increased stepwise from 0.9 to 4 kg of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/(m3·day) at the end of the upgrading period as the flow rate (FR) reached the value of 30 m3/day. The removal, obtained in terms of percentage, for COD ranged from 60 to 84.5 and greater than 98 for total n‐alkane (TNA), while those of total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphor (TP) were about 32 and 55, respectively. The analytical profile index (API) of trickling biofilm has confirmed that 5 strains are closely related to Acinobacter junii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio metschnikovi, Pseudomona slulzeri and Trichosporon spp2.
Coupled neutronics/thermal-hydraulics and safety characteristics of liquid-fueled Molten Salt Reactors
Authors: Qiu S. , Zhang D. , Liu L. , Liu M. , Xu R. , Gong C. , Su G. H. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Molten salt reactor (MSR) as one candidate of the Generation IV advanced nuclear power systems is attracted more attention in China due to its top ranked fuel cycle and thorium utilization. The MSRs are characterized by using liquid-fuel, which offers complicated coupling problem of neutronics and thermal hydraulics. In this paper, the fundamental model and numerical method are established to calculate and analyze the safety characteristics for liquid-fuel MSRs. The theories and methodologies are applied to the MOSART concept. The liquid-fuel flow effects on neutronics, reactivity coefficients and three operation parameters' influences at steady state are obtained, which provide the basic information for safety analysis. The unprotected loss of flow transient is calculated, the results of which shows the inherent safety characteristics of MOSART due to its strong negative reactivity feedbacks.
A spray cooling technique for spent fuel assembly stored in pool
Authors: Lu Dao-Gang , Wang Y. , Zhong Hao-Liang , Duan Xiao-Han , Cao Q. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
For the safety of spent nuclear fuel assemblies stored in storage pool in the extreme condition where the water is lost completely, a passive spray cooling technique was designed, and its effectiveness has been validated by a functional experiment. The spray cooling characteristics of the spent fuel assembly have also been investigated by the experiment.
Qualification of pebble fuel for HTGRs
Authors: Verfondern K. , Allelein H.-J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The German HTGR fuel development program for the HTR-Modul concept has resulted in a reference design based on LEU UO2 TRISO coated particle fuel in a spherical fuel element. The coated particles consist of minute uranium particle kernels coated with layers of carbon and silicon carbide. Analyses on quality of as-manufactured fuel, its behavior under HTR-Modul relevant operating and accident conditions have demonstrated excellent performance. Coated particles can withstand high internal gas pressure without releasing their fission products to the environment. International efforts are on-going for further improvement of coated particle fuel to meet the needs of future generation-IV HTR concepts.
Eclairages sur des situations spécifiques : l'écotourisme, une préoccupation partagée par les gestionnaires des aires protégées outre-mer
Authors: Breton Jean-Marie 
Published: April 2016

La soumission impérative de l'activité touristique aux exigences de
protection, de conservation et de valorisation de la biodiversité et du patrimoine naturel est, dans le cadre des aires protégées, de nature à générer des approches, des stratégies et des comportements nouveaux. Dans le cadre des aires protégées d'outre-mer ou des zones dites « ultrapériphériques », l'écotourisme constitue à cet égard un défi stimulant, sinon une opportunité de « réappropriation » de leur milieu de vie par les populations locales. Il convient alors d'en rappeler le concept et les implications, puis d'en cerner les enjeux et les perspectives, afin d'y appréhender les postulats et méthodes d'une gestion participative des ressources écotouristiques, au service d'un développement durable et viable. La question se pose conjointement au double niveau de la création et de la gestion des aires protégées considérées.
A Simple Sampling Method for Estimating the Accuracy of Large Scale Record Linkage Projects
Authors: Guiver Tenniel , Randall Sean , Ferrante Anna , Semmens James , Anderson Phil , Dickinson Teresa , Boyd James 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackground: Record linkage techniques allow different data collections to be brought together to provide a wider picture of the health status of individuals. Ensuring high linkage quality is important to guarantee the quality and integrity of research. Current methods for measuring linkage quality typically focus on precision (the proportion of incorrect links), given the difficulty of measuring the proportion of false negatives.Objectives: The aim of this work is to introduce and evaluate a sampling based method to estimate both precision and recall following record linkage.Methods: In the sampling based method, record-pairs from each threshold (including those below the identified cut-off for acceptance) are sampled and clerically reviewed. These results are then applied to the entire set of record-pairs, providing estimates of false positives and false negatives. This method was evaluated on a synthetically generated dataset, where the true match status (which records belonged to the same person) was known.Results: The sampled estimates of linkage quality were relatively close to actual linkage quality metrics calculated for the whole synthetic dataset. The precision and recall measures for seven reviewers were very consistent with little variation in the clerical assessment results (overall agreement using the Fleiss Kappa statistics was 0.601).Conclusions: This method presents as a possible means of accurately estimating matching quality and refining linkages in population level linkage studies. The sampling approach is especially important for large project linkages where the number of record pairs produced may be very large often running into millions.
Simple Web‐based interactive key development software (WEBiKEY) and an example key for Kuruna (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)
Authors: Attigala Lakshmi , De Silva Nuwan I. , Clark Lynn G. 
Published: April 2016

Premise of the study:Programs that are user‐friendly and freely available for developing Web‐based interactive keys are scarce and most of the well‐structured applications are relatively expensive. WEBiKEY was developed to enable researchers to easily develop their own Web‐based interactive keys with fewer resources.Methods and Results:A Web‐based multiaccess identification tool (WEBiKEY) was developed that uses freely available Microsoft ASP.NET technologies and an SQL Server database for Windows‐based hosting environments. WEBiKEY was tested for its usability with a sample data set, the temperate woody bamboo genus Kuruna (Poaceae).Conclusions:WEBiKEY is freely available to the public and can be used to develop Web‐based interactive keys for any group of species. The interactive key we developed for Kuruna using WEBiKEY enables users to visually inspect characteristics of Kuruna and identify an unknown specimen as one of seven possible species in the genus.
Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of acetylated 3-fluoro, 4-fluoro and 3,4-difluoro analogs of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine
Authors: Horník Štěpán , Červenková Šťastná Lucie , Cuřínová Petra , Sýkora Jan , Káňová Kateřina , Hrstka Roman , Císařová Ivana , Dračínský Martin , Karban Jindřich 
Published: April 2016

Background:Derivatives of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine represent an important family of the cell surface glycan components and their fluorinated analogs found use as metabolic inhibitors of complex glycan biosynthesis, or as probes for the study of protein–carbohydrate interactions. This work is focused on the synthesis of acetylated 3-deoxy-3-fluoro, 4-deoxy-4-fluoro and 3,4-dideoxy-3,4-difluoro analogs of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine via 1,6-anhydrohexopyranose chemistry. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the target compounds towards selected cancer cells is determined.Results:Introduction of fluorine at C-3 was achieved by the reaction of 1,6-anhydro-2-azido-2-deoxy-4-O-benzyl-β-D-glucopyranose or its 4-fluoro analog with DAST. The retention of configuration in this reaction is discussed. Fluorine at C-4 was installed by the reaction of 1,6:2,3-dianhydro-β-D-talopyranose with DAST, or by fluoridolysis of 1,6:3,4-dianhydro-2-azido-β-D-galactopyranose with KHF2. The amino group was introduced and masked as an azide in the synthesis. The 1-O-deacetylated 3-fluoro and 4-fluoro analogs of acetylated D-galactosamine inhibited proliferation of the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 more than cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (IC5028 ± 3 μM and 54 ± 5 μM, respectively).Conclusion:A complete series of acetylated 3-fluoro, 4-fluoro and 3,4-difluoro analogs of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine is now accessible by 1,6-anhydrohexopyranose chemistry. Intermediate fluorinated 1,6-anhydro-2-azido-hexopyranoses have potential as synthons in oligosaccharide assembly.
THE CARNEGIE-IRVINE GALAXY SURVEY. IV. A METHOD TO DETERMINE THE AVERAGE MASS RATIO OF MERGERS THAT BUILT MASSIVE ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES
Authors: Huang(黄崧) Song , Ho Luis C. , Peng Chien Y. , Li(李兆聿) Zhao-Yu , Barth Aaron J. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Many recent observations and numerical simulations suggest that nearby massive, early-type galaxies (ETGs) were formed through a “two-phase” process. In the proposed second phase, the extended stellar envelope was accumulated through many dry mergers. However, details of the past merger history of present-day ellipticals, such as the typical merger mass ratio, are difficult to constrain observationally. Within the context and assumptions of the two-phase formation scenario, we propose a straightforward method, using photometric data alone, to estimate the average mass ratio of mergers that contributed to the build-up of massive elliptical galaxies. We study a sample of nearby massive elliptical galaxies selected from the Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey, using two-dimensional analysis to decompose their light distribution into an inner, denser component plus an extended, outer envelope, each having a different optical color. The combination of these two substructures accurately recovers the negative color gradient exhibited by the galaxy as whole. The color difference between the two components (

〈
Δ
(
B
–
V
)
〉
≃
0.10

mag;

〈
Δ
(
B
–
R
)
〉
≃
0.14

mag), based on the slope of the M
*–color relation for nearby ETGs, can be translated into an estimate of the average mass ratio of the mergers. The rough estimate, 1:5 to 1:10, is consistent with the expectation of the two-phase formation scenario, suggesting that minor mergers were largely responsible for building up the outer stellar envelopes of present-day massive ellipticals. With the help of accurate photometry, large sample sizes and more choices of colors promised by ongoing and future surveys, the approach proposed here can provide more insights into the growth of massive galaxies during the last few Gyr.
Analyse du concept « approche par compétences »
Authors: Loosli Clarence 
Published: April 2016

L’approche par compétences (APC) s’est imposée mondialement comme référence de bonne pratique en matière de formation. En outre, cette approche permettrait d’améliorer la qualité des soins prodigués par les professionnels débutants. À ce jour, il n’existe aucun écrit à propos de l’analyse du concept d’APC dans la discipline infirmière. Chaque entité l’implémente différemment au sein de la même discipline dans un même pays. Que désigne le concept d’APC en sciences infirmières ? But : clarifier la signification du concept d’APC en vue d’en proposer une définition. Méthode : la méthode d’analyse de concepts de Wilson a guidé notre examen de revue de littérature dans CINHAL et ERIC. Résultats : l’APC ressort comme un concept multidimensionnel composé de trois dimensions : apprentissage, enseignement, évaluation. Conclusion : les formateurs ont la responsabilité d’assurer à la société que les infirmières nouvellement diplômées sont préparées pour être compétentes dans l’exercice de leurs rôles professionnels. Les écoles doivent œuvrer pour la lisibilité et la transparence des moyens mis en œuvre pour leur activité de formation. Cette analyse ouvre un espace de clarification du langage et de développement du concept d’APC. Cette première tentative de description du concept est un pas vers son identification et son évaluation.
Peut-on encore parler d’un « tournant réformateur » chez Martin Luther ?
Authors: Arnold Matthieu 
Published: April 2016

Durant la première moitié du xx e siècle, les travaux polémiques de Heinrich Denifle qui niaient la réalité de la crise spirituelle de Luther ont orienté les recherches sur le « jeune Luther ». Une fois ces tourments admis par les historiens tant catholiques que protestants, le débat a porté ensuite sur la résolution de cette crise, et donc sur la date et la nature de la nouvelle compréhension de la justice de Dieu ( iustitia Dei ) dont le Réformateur parle dans son important témoignage autobiographique de 1545. Des études récentes de Berndt Hamm et de Volker Leppin invitent, à l’aide d’arguments nouveaux, à comprendre cette résolution comme un processus plutôt que comme un tournant ponctuel.
Analysis of Nursing Clinical Decision Support Requests and Strategic Plan in a Large Academic Health System
Authors: Bavuso Karen , Bouyer-Ferullo Sharon , Goldsmith Denise , Fairbanks Amanda , Gesner Emily , Lagor Charles , Collins Sarah , Whalen Kimberly 
Published: April 2016

SummaryTo understand requests for nursing Clinical Decision Support (CDS) interventions at a large integrated health system undergoing vendor-based EHR implementation. In addition, to establish a process to guide both short-term implementation and long-term strategic goals to meet nursing CDS needs.We conducted an environmental scan to understand current state of nursing CDS over three months. The environmental scan consisted of a literature review and an analysis of CDS requests received from across our health system. We identified existing high priority CDS and paper-based tools used in nursing practice at our health system that guide decision-making.A total of 46 nursing CDS requests were received. Fifty-six percent (n=26) were specific to a clinical specialty; 22 percent (n=10) were focused on facilitating clinical consults in the inpatient setting. “Risk Assessments/Risk Reduction/Promotion of Healthy Habits” (n=23) was the most requested High Priority Category received for nursing CDS. A continuum of types of nursing CDS needs emerged using the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom Conceptual Framework: 1) facilitating data capture, 2) meeting information needs, 3) guiding knowledge-based decision making, and 4) exposing analytics for wisdom-based clinical interpretation by the nurse.Identifying and prioritizing paper-based tools that can be modified into electronic CDS is a challenge. CDS strategy is an evolving process that relies on close collaboration and engagement with clinical sites for short-term implementation and should be incorporated into a long-term strategic plan that can be optimized and achieved overtime. The Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom Conceptual Framework in conjunction with the High Priority Categories established may be a useful tool to guide a strategic approach for meeting short-term nursing CDS needs and aligning with the organizational strategic plan.