bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Constituents from Gymnocarpos decander
Authors: Bechlem Houria , Mencherini Teresa , Bouheroum Mohamed , Benayache Samir , Cotugno Roberta , Braca Alessandra , De Tommasi Nunziatina 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe phytochemical investigation of Gymnocarpos decander aerial parts extract afforded two new saponins, 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-2β,3β,16α,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl ester (1), 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-2β,3β,16α-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl ester (2), and three new flavonol glycosides, isorhamnetin 3-O-2′′′′-O-acetyl−β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-[β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), isorhamnetin 3-O-2‴-O-acetyl−β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), and quercetin 3-O-2‴-O-acetyl−β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), together with three known compounds. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The new isolates were investigated for their potential cytotoxic activity on three cancer cell lines. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate antiproliferative activity.
The Court of Justice of the European Union
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
‘The Court of Justice of the European Union’ explains that the basic duty of the CJEU is to ensure that ‘the law is observed’ in the interpretation and application of the EU Treaties. Most cases brought before the CJEU are either direct actions that start and finish in Luxembourg, or references for preliminary rulings which originate in a national court that needs guidance on the effect of EU law before giving judgment. The most important parts of the CJEU are the Court of Justice and the General Court. These are described, along with the judicial approach of the CJEU.
Enforcing EU law
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
What are the CJEU’s powers? ‘Enforcing EU law’ considers three of the most important. Infringement proceedings assess claims by the Commission that Member States have failed to do what the Treaties require of them. If such a claim is successful, financial sanctions may be imposed on the State concerned. The action for annulment allows the validity of EU acts to be challenged and enables the CJEU to ensure that the other institutions act within the limits of their powers. The preliminary rulings procedure is the ‘keystone’ of the judicial system established by the Treaties and involves helping national courts to apply EU law correctly.
MD-TASK: a software suite for analyzing molecular dynamics trajectories
Authors: Brown David K , Penkler David L , Sheik Amamuddy Olivier , Ross Caroline , Atilgan Ali Rana , Atilgan Canan , Tastan Bishop Özlem 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Summary
Molecular dynamics (MD) determines the physical motions of atoms of a biological macromolecule in a cell-like environment and is an important method in structural bioinformatics. Traditionally, measurements such as root mean square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, radius of gyration, and various energy measures have been used to analyze MD simulations. Here, we present MD-TASK, a novel software suite that employs graph theory techniques, perturbation response scanning, and dynamic cross-correlation to provide unique ways for analyzing MD trajectories.

Availability and implementation
MD-TASK has been open-sourced and is available for download from https://github.com/RUBi-ZA/MD-TASK, implemented in Python and supported on Linux/Unix.
Automatic fish species classification in underwater videos: exploiting pre-trained deep neural network models to compensate for limited labelled data
Authors: Siddiqui Shoaib Ahmed , Salman Ahmad , Malik Muhammad Imran , Shafait Faisal , Mian Ajmal , Shortis Mark R , Harvey Euan S 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
There is a need for automatic systems that can reliably detect, track and classify fish and other marine species in underwater videos without human intervention. Conventional computer vision techniques do not perform well in underwater conditions where the background is complex and the shape and textural features of fish are subtle. Data-driven classification models like neural networks require a huge amount of labelled data, otherwise they tend to over-fit to the training data and fail on unseen test data which is not involved in training. We present a state-of-the-art computer vision method for fine-grained fish species classification based on deep learning techniques. A cross-layer pooling algorithm using a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network as a generalized feature detector is proposed, thus avoiding the need for a large amount of training data. Classification on test data is performed by a SVM on the features computed through the proposed method, resulting in classification accuracy of 94.3% for fish species from typical underwater video imagery captured off the coast of Western Australia. This research advocates that the development of automated classification systems which can identify fish from underwater video imagery is feasible and a cost-effective alternative to manual identification by humans.
Mass production and industrial applications of graphene materials
Authors: Zhu Yanwu , Ji Hengxing , Cheng Hui-Ming , Ruoff Rodney S 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Graphene is considered a promising material for industrial application based on the intensive laboratory-scale research in the fields of physics, chemistry, materials science and engineering, and biology over the last decade. Many companies have thus started to pursue graphene materials on a scale of tons (for the flake material) or hundreds of thousands of square meters (for the film material) for industrial applications. Though the graphene industry is still in its early stages, very significant progress in mass production and certain industrial applications has become obvious. In this report, we aim to give a brief review of the mass production of graphene materials for some industrial applications and summarize some features or challenges for graphene in the marketplace.
The Deposits Channel of Monetary Policy*
Authors: Drechsler Itamar , Savov Alexi , Schnabl Philipp 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe present a new channel for the transmission of monetary policy, the deposits channel. We show that when the Fed funds rate rises, banks widen the spreads they charge on deposits, and deposits flow out of the banking system. We present a model where this is due to market power in deposit markets. Consistent with the market power mechanism, deposit spreads increase more and deposits flow out more in concentrated markets. This is true even when we control for lending opportunities by only comparing different branches of the same bank. Since deposits are the main source of liquid assets for households, the deposits channel can explain the observed strong relationship between the liquidity premium and the Fed funds rate. Since deposits are also a uniquely stable funding source for banks, the deposits channel impacts bank lending. When the Fed funds rate rises, banks that raise deposits in concentrated markets contract their lending by more than other banks. Our estimates imply that the deposits channel can account for the entire transmission of monetary policy through bank balance sheets.
The Philae lander mission and science overview
Authors: Boehnhardt Hermann , Bibring Jean-Pierre , Apathy Istvan , Auster Hans Ulrich , Ercoli Finzi Amalia , Goesmann Fred , Klingelhöfer Göstar , Knapmeyer Martin , Kofman Wlodek , Krüger Harald , Mottola Stefano , Schmidt Walter , Seidensticker Klaus , Spohn Tilman , Wright Ian 
Published: May 2017

The Philae lander accomplished the first soft landing and the first scientific experiments of a human-made spacecraft on the surface of a comet. Planned, expected and unexpected activities and events happened during the descent, the touch-downs, the hopping across and the stay and operations on the surface. The key results were obtained during 12–14 November 2014, at 3 AU from the Sun, during the 63 h long period of the descent and of the first science sequence on the surface. Thereafter, Philae went into hibernation, waking up again in late April 2015 with subsequent communication periods with Earth (via the orbiter), too short to enable new scientific activities. The science return of the mission comes from eight of the 10 instruments on-board and focuses on morphological, thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of the surface as well as on the surface composition. It allows a first characterization of the local environment of the touch-down and landing sites. Unique conclusions on the organics in the cometary material, the nucleus interior, the comet formation and evolution became available through measurements of the Philae lander in the context of the Rosetta mission.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Cometary science after Rosetta’.
D2O and HDS in the coma of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Authors: Altwegg K. , Balsiger H. , Berthelier J. J. , Bieler A. , Calmonte U. , De Keyser J. , Fiethe B. , Fuselier S. A. , Gasc S. , Gombosi T. I. , Owen T. , Le Roy L. , Rubin M. , Sémon T. , Tzou C.-Y. 
Published: May 2017

The European Rosetta mission has been following comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko for 2 years, studying the nucleus and coma in great detail. For most of these 2 years the Rosetta Orbiter Sensor for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) has analysed the volatile part of the coma. With its high mass resolution and sensitivity it was able to not only detect deuterated water HDO, but also doubly deuterated water, D2O and deuterated hydrogen sulfide HDS. The ratios for [HDO]/[H2O], [D2O]/[HDO] and [HDS]/[H2S] derived from our measurements are (1.05 ± 0.14) × 10−3, (1.80 ± 0.9) × 10−2and (1.2 ± 0.3) × 10−3, respectively. These results yield a very high ratio of 17 for [D2O]/[HDO] relative to [HDO]/[H2O]. Statistically one would expect just 1/4. Such a high value can be explained by cometary water coming unprocessed from the presolar cloud, where water is formed on grains, leading to high deuterium fractionation. The high [HDS]/[H2S] ratio is compatible with upper limits determined in low-mass star-forming regions and also points to a direct correlation of cometary H2S with presolar grain surface chemistry.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Cometary science after Rosetta’.
Comets as a possible source of nanodust in the Solar System cloud and in planetary debris discs
Authors: Mann Ingrid 
Published: May 2017

Comets, comet-like objects and their fragments are the most plausible source for the dust in both the inner heliosphere and planetary debris discs around other stars. The smallest size of dust particles in debris discs is not known and recent observational results suggest that the size distribution of the dust extends down to sizes of a few nanometres or a few tens of nanometres. In the Solar System, electric field measurements from spacecraft observe events that are explained with high-velocity impacts of nanometre-sized dust. In some planetary debris discs an observed mid- to near-infrared emission supposedly results from hot dust located in the vicinity of the star. And the observed emission is characteristic of dust of sizes a few tens of nanometres. Rosetta observations, on the other hand, provide little information on the presence of nanodust near comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. This article describes why this is not in contradiction to the observations of nanodust in the heliosphere and in planetary debris discs. The direct ejection of nanodust from the nucleus of the comet would not contribute significantly to the observed nanodust fluxes. We discuss a scenario that nanodust forms in the interplanetary dust cloud through the high-velocity collision process in the interplanetary medium for which the production rates are highest near the Sun. Likewise, fragmentation by collisions occurs near the star in planetary debris discs. The collisional fragmentation process in the inner Solar System occurs at similar velocities to those of the collisional evolution in the interstellar medium. A question for future studies is whether there is a common magic size of the smallest collision fragments and what determines this size.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Cometary science after Rosetta’.
Large-Scale Evolutionary Patterns of Protein Domain Distributions in Eukaryotes
Authors: Parikesit Arli A. , Stadler Peter F. , Prohaska Sonja J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe genomic inventory of protein domains is an important indicator of an organism’s regulatory and metabolic capabilities. Existing gene annotations, however, can be plagued by substantial ascertainment biases that make it difficult to obtain and compare quantitative domain data. We find that quantitative trends across the Eukarya can be investigated based on a combination of gene prediction and standard domain annotation pipelines. Species-specific training is required, however, to account for the genomic peculiarities in many lineages. In contrast to earlier studies we find wide-spread statistically significant avoidance of protein domains associated with distinct functional high-level gene-ontology terms.1998 ACM Subject ClassificationJ.3 Life and Medical Sciences
Acquisition of cell migration defines NK cell differentiation from hematopoietic stem cell precursors
Authors: Lee Barclay J. , Mace Emily M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHuman natural killer (NK) cells are generated from CD34+precursors and can be differentiatedin vitroby co-culture with developmentally supportive stromal cells. Despite the requirement for stromal cell contact in this process, the nature of these contacts has been poorly defined. We have previously identified a requirement for NK cell signaling receptors associated with terminal maturation in NK cell migration. However, the relationship between NK cell migration and differentiation is still unclear. Here, we perform continuous long-term imaging and tracking of NK cell progenitors undergoingin vitrodifferentiation. We demonstrate that NK cell precursors can be tracked over long time periods on the order of weeks by utilizing phase-contrast microscopy, and show that these cells acquire increasing motility as they mature. Additionally, we observe that NK cells display a more heterogeneous range of migratory behaviors at later stages of development, with the acquisition of complex modes of migration that are associated with terminal maturation. Together these data demonstrate previously unknown migratory behaviors of innate lymphocytes undergoing lineage differentiation revealed by long-term imaging and analysis workflows.
Cooperative interactions enable singular olfactory receptor expression
Authors: Monahan K. , Schieren I. , Cheung J. , Mumbey-Wafula A. , Monuki E.S. , Lomvardas S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe monogenic and monoallelic expression of only one out of > 1000 olfactory receptor (ORs) genes requires the formation of large heterochromatic chromatin domains that sequester the OR gene clusters. Within these domains, intergenic transcriptional enhancers evade heterochromatic silencing and converge into interchromosomal hubs that assemble over the transcriptionally active OR. The significance of this nuclear organization in OR choice remains elusive. Here, we show that transcription factors Lhx2 and Ebf specify OR enhancers by binding in a functionally cooperative fashion to stereotypically spaced motifs that defy heterochromatin. Specific displacement of Lhx2 and Ebf from OR enhancers resulted in pervasive, long-range, andtransdownregulation of OR transcription, whereas pre-assembly of a multi-enhancer hub increased the frequency of OR choice incis. Our data provide genetic support for the requirement and sufficiency of interchromosomal interactions in singular OR choice and generate general regulatory principles for stochastic, mutually exclusive gene expression programs.
Chondroitin Sulfate Elicits Systemic Pathogenesis In Mice By Interfering With Gut Microbiota Homeostasis
Authors: Liao Tao , Chen Yan-Ping , Huang Shui-Qing , Tan Li-Li , Li Chang-Qing , Huang Xin-An , Xu Qin , Wang Qi , Zeng Qing-Ping 
Published: May 2017

SUMMARYWhether chondroitin sulfate (CS), a common ingredient naturally occurring in livestock and poultry products, improves osteoarthritis remains debating. Here, we show for the first time that CS induces steatogenesis, atherogenesis, and dementia-like pathogenesis in mice. Gut microbiome analysis revealed the sulfatase-secreting bacteriaRikenellaand the sulfate-reducing bacteriaDesulfovibrioare enriched. Surprisingly, berberine use boosts CS-induced multi-loci inflammatory manifestations by further increasing the abundance ofRikenellaandDesulfovibrio, whereas cephalosporin reinforces the colon mucus barrier via flourishingAkkermansia muciniphilaand upregulating mucin expression. Mechanistically, berberine aggravates mucus lining injury by prompting mucin degradation, endotoxin leakage, neutralizing antibody induction, pro-inflammatory cytokine burst, lactic acid accumulation and energy currency depletion in multiple organs and tissues. Taken together, CS evokes the early-phase pathogenesis toward steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis, and dementia upon augmenting gut opportunistic infection, and a sustained antibiotic monotherapy does not deprive the risk of CS-driven systemic inflammatory disorders.
Phosphate is the third nutrient monitored by TOR inCandida albicansand provides a target for fungal-specific indirect TOR inhibition
Authors: Liu Ning-Ning , Flanagan Peter , Zeng Jumei , Jani Niketa , Cardenas Maria E. , Moran Gary P. , Köhler Julia R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe TOR pathway regulates morphogenesis and responses to host cells in the fungal pathogenCandida albicans. Eukaryotic TOR complex 1 (TORC1) induces growth and proliferation in response to nitrogen and carbon source availability. Our unbiased genetic approach seeking new components of TORC1 signaling inC. albicansrevealed that the phosphate transporter Pho84 is required for normal TORC1 activity. We found that mutants inPHO84are hypersensitive to rapamycin and, in response to phosphate feeding, generate less phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (P-S6) than wild type. The small GTPase Gtr1, a component of the TORC1-activating EGO complex, links Pho84 to TORC1. Mutants in Gtr1, but not in another TORC1-activating GTPase, Rhb1, are defective in the P-S6 response to phosphate. Overexpression of Gtr1 and of a constitutively active Gtr1Q67Lmutant suppress TORC1-related defects. InS. cerevisiae pho84mutants, constitutively active Gtr1 suppresses a TORC1 signaling defect but does not rescue rapamycin hypersensitivity. Hence connections from phosphate homeostasis to TORC1 may differ betweenC. albicansandS. cerevisiae. The converse direction of signaling, from TORC1 to the phosphate homeostasis (PHO) regulon, previously observed inS. cerevisiae, was genetically demonstrated inC. albicansusing conditionalTOR1alleles. A small molecule inhibitor of Pho84, an FDA-approved drug, inhibits TORC1 signaling and potentiates the activity of the antifungals amphotericin B and micafungin. Anabolic TORC1-dependent processes require significant amounts of phosphate. Our study demonstrates that phosphate availability is monitored and also controlled by TORC1, and that TORC1 can be indirectly targeted by inhibiting Pho84.SignificanceThe human fungal pathogenCandida albicansuses the TOR signaling pathway to contend with varying host environments and thereby regulate cell growth. Seeking novel components of theC. albicansTOR pathway we identified a cell-surface phosphate importer, Pho84, and its molecular link to TOR complex 1 (TORC1). Since phosphorus is a critical element for anabolic processes like DNA replication, ribosome biogenesis, translation and membrane biosynthesis, TORC1 monitors its availability in regulating these processes. By depleting the central kinase in the TORC1 pathway, we showed that TORC1 signaling modulates regulation of phosphate acquisition. An FDA-approved small-molecule inhibitor of Pho84 inhibits TORC1 signaling and potentiates the activity of the gold-standard antifungal amphotericin B and the echinocandin micafungin.
Global effects of focal brain tumours on functional complexity and network robustness
Authors: Hart Michael G , Romero-Garcia Rafael , Price Stephen J , Suckling John 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundNeurosurgical management of brain tumours has entered a new paradigm of supra-marginal resections that demands thorough understanding of their peri-tumoural functional effects. Historically the effects of tumours have been considered as local, and long-range effects have not been considered. This work tests the hypothesis that focal tumours affect the brain at a global level producing long-range gradients in cortical function.MethodsResting state functional (f)MRI data were acquired from 11 participants with glioblastoma and split into discovery and validation datasets. Fractal complexity was computed with a wavelet-based estimator of the Hurst exponent. Distance related effects of the tumours were tested with a tumour mask dilation technique and parcellation of the underlying Hurst maps. Functional connectivity networks were constructed and validated with different parcellation and statistical dependency methods prior to graph theory analysis.ResultsFractal complexity, measured through the Hurst exponent and tumour mask dilation technique, demonstrates a penumbra of suppression in the peri-tumoural region. At a global level, as distance from the tumour increases, this initial suppression is balanced by a subsequent over-activity before finally normalizing. These effects were best fit by a quadratic model, and were consistent across different network construction pipelines. The Hurst exponent was significantly correlated with multiple graph theory measures of centrality including network robustness, but graph theory measures did not demonstrate distance dependent effects.ConclusionsThis work provides evidence to support the theory that focal brain tumours produce long-range and non-linear gradients in function. Consequently the effects of focal lesions, and the resultant clinical effects, need to be interpreted in terms of the global changes on whole brain functional complexity and network architecture rather than purely in terms of functional localisation. Determining whether the peri-tumoural changes represent adaption or potential plasticity, for example, may facilitate extended resection of the tumour without functional cost.
Parsing of compositions and microstructure characteristics for rust-spots of pear pericarp
Authors: Nan Lijun , Chen Shaobo , Li Yashan , Liu Ya , Jiang Ying , Yang Yan , Xu Chengdong , Chen Guogang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe commercial value of Kurles pears pericarp, a popular and favored fruit for its unique aroma and refreshingly crisp texture, had sharply decreased because of a rust breakout of the beloved pear in China during the atmosphere-controlled storage. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to analyze rust spots on the pericarp of Kurle pears. Therefore, the chemical compounds of four various eluates, originating from the rust-colored substance collected from the pears pericarp effected, were identified successfully for the first time, which were just rhein, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol and emodin, respectively. Taken together with microstructure characteristics for rust-spots of Kurle pear pericarp, it was no doubt that these eluates were the main factors affecting the rust spots on the pericarp of the Kurle pears during the atmosphere-controlled storage, which was a sign and consequence resisting the undesirable stress of the external environment.