bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kin of coauthorship in five decades of health science literature
Authors: Prosperi Mattia , Buchan Iain , Fanti Iuri , Meloni Sandro , Palladino Pietro , Torvik Vetle I. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Family background—kinship—can propagate careers. Five decades of health science literature worldwide show that, among family-tied authorships, there are country-specific patterns of publication evolving over time; authors who are part of a kin tend to form distinctive collaborative networks. A certain level of kinship may have beneficial effects on the research outputs of a country, whereas greater or lesser amounts of kinship could have adverse effects. It is perhaps more important for nations to promote equal opportunities in academic careers than to attempt to contain nepotism. Just as kin build potent academic networks with their own resources, societies may do well to provide equivalent support for talented individuals with fewer resources, on the periphery of networks.
Mechanistic model of evolutionary rate variation en route to a nonphotosynthetic lifestyle in plants
Authors: Wicke Susann , Müller Kai F. , dePamphilis Claude W. , Quandt Dietmar , Bellot Sidonie , Schneeweiss Gerald M. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Parasitism is a proven way of life that brings about extraordinary phenotypic and genetic modifications. Obtaining organic carbon from a host rather than synthesizing it, nonphotosynthetic plants lose unneeded genes for photosynthesis from their plastid genomes, while essential genes in the same subgenome may evolve rapidly. We show that long before the nonphotosynthetic lifestyle is established, losses of functional complexes repeatedly trigger the disruption of evolutionary stasis, resulting in “roller-coaster rate variation” along the transition to full parasitism. Our model of the molecular evolutionary principles of plastid genome degradation under modified selective constraints makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the complexity of genetic switches in relation to lifestyle changes.
Electron transfer across a thermal gradient
Authors: Craven Galen T. , Nitzan Abraham 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Electron transfer (ET) is a fundamental process that drives many physical, chemical, and biological transformations, as well as playing a ubiquitous role in the development of technologies for energy conversion and electronics. Recent advances in temperature measurement and control allow thermal gradients and heat flow to be addressed at the molecular level, making it possible to observe electron transfer across thermal gradients. Here, we develop a theory for ET between donor and acceptor sites, where each site has a different local temperature. The transfer of charge across the resulting thermal gradient is found to be coupled with an energy transfer mechanism that may alter heat conduction between sites, even for vanishing net electron current.
Depression-like behavior in rat: Involvement of galanin receptor subtype 1 in the ventral periaqueductal gray
Authors: Wang Peng , Li Hui , Barde Swapnali , Zhang Ming-Dong , Sun Jing , Wang Tong , Zhang Pan , Luo Hanjiang , Wang Yongjun , Yang Yutao , Wang Chuanyue , Svenningsson Per , Theodorsson Elvar , Hökfelt Tomas G. M. , Xu Zhi-Qing David 
Published: July 2016

Significance
The pathophysiology of depression remains unclear, but accumulated evidence implicates disturbances in monoaminergic transmission in the brain. Several studies suggest that members of the diverse family of neuropeptides may also be involved. In the rat, the neuropeptide galanin is coexpressed with noradrenaline and serotonin, and modulates the signaling of these neurotransmitters. Here, we explored a possible role of galanin and its receptors in a rat model of depression based on chronic mild stress using quantitative real-time PCR combined with viral-mediated delivery of galanin receptor 1 (Galr1) siRNA. Our results indicate involvement of the GALR1 receptor subtype in the ventral periaqueductal gray in depression-like behavior, possibly representing a novel target for antidepressant therapy.
Widespread genetic introgression of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon in wild salmon populations
Authors: Karlsson Sten , Diserud Ola H. , Fiske Peder , Hindar Kjetil ,   Handling editor: W. Stewart Grant
Published: July 2016

AbstractFarmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) escape from net pens and enter rivers to spawn, potentially resulting in genetic introgression and reduced fitness of wild salmon. Here, we quantify genetic introgression of farmed to wild salmon, using molecular genetic markers, in populations from 147 salmon rivers, representing three-quarters of the total wild salmon spawning population in Norway. For 109 rivers with adult modern samples and sample sizes of 20 or more, the average level of farmed genetic introgression was 6.4% (median = 2.3%), with a range between 0.0% and 42.2%. Fifty-one of these rivers showed significant farmed genetic introgression when compared with historical reference samples. We observed a highly significant correlation between estimated farmed introgression and average proportion of escaped farmed salmon. We quantify levels of introgression as unweighted averages or weighted by population sizes, to compare geographical regions and to compare levels of introgression in rivers and fjords designated as locations deserving a high level of protection. We found a generally lower level of introgression in National Salmon Rivers and National Salmon Fjords subjected to formal protection by parliament. We conclude that farmed to wild genetic introgression is high in a large proportion of Norwegian salmon rivers, with the highest levels found in the most intensive areas of salmon farming. The extensive genetic introgression documented here poses a serious challenge to the management of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon in Norway and, in all likelihood, in other regions where farmed-salmon escape events occur with regularity
The Illegal Wildlife Trade
Authors: Pires Stephen F. , Moreto William D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe illegal wildlife trade is a growing problem driven by a number of factors (e.g. subsistence, alternative medicine, accessories, the pet trade). High demand for illicit wildlife products is threatening the existence of many of the most-endangered species. By unsustainably removing coveted species from the wild, communities that depend on such species for subsistence or eco-tourism will be adversely impacted by depleting populations. Laws and regulations have been implemented over the years, most notably CITES, to regulate the commercial trade in wildlife and prohibit trade in other species that are at-risk of overexploitation albeit with mixed success. Criminologists have recently entered the fold and provided insight to the wildlife trade through various perspectives. Researchers are beginning to better understand why and how the trade operates and what solutions might be implemented to reduce it. The article ends with implications for future research.
Ancient Mississippian Trophy-Taking
Authors: Dye David H. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Appropriating and manipulating human body parts was an important component of the belief system throughout much of the world. In eastern North America, Mississippian trophy-taking behavior was predicated on beliefs that focused on human life forces believed to reside in body elements, especially the head and scalp. Archaeologists have generally neglected to apprehend the potent meanings of trophy-taking behavior as a component of indigenous belief systems. Trophy-taking has been traditionally viewed as grounded in competition over economic resources, intercommunity conflict, or the pursuit of personal status and political advancement. This essay explores how Mississippians engaged in trophy-taking behavior, including snaring life forces for religious purposes through raiding and warfare, especially mortuary programs and ritual performances that emphasized the spirit’s journey to the realm of the dead and the enduring cycle of life and death. This alternative approach embraces a multidisciplinary perspective that includes archaeology, bioarchaeology, ethnography, ethnohistory, iconography, mythology, and osteoarchaeology.
Buddhist Economics
Authors: King Matthew 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In addition to summarizing key concerns in Theravāda Buddhist Economics by scholars such as E. F. Schumacher and the Thai monk Payutto, this essay explores how descriptions of the West, Western development, and the “science” of economics serves in that literature to construct Occidentalist versions of Southeast Asian traditionalism and religious orthodoxy. It then introduces the previously unstudied work of Shérab Tendar, a prominent Tibetan Buddhist scholar in the contemporary People’s Republic of China who has written prodigiously on what he considers to be a scripturally based Mahāyāna and Tantric Buddhist Economics. Comparing these three influential iterations of Buddhist Economics, this essay argues that this movement has less to do with economics proper than with what I call trans-Buddhist “scales of value”: site-specific desires and measures of sought after outcomes that here privilege the economy and economic behavior as a technique for individual, social, and environmental well-being and emancipation.
7. Usefulness of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) for the Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) of the Humeral Capitellum
Authors: Kusano Hiroshi , Furushima Kozo , Mitsui Yasuhiro , Miyamoto Azusa , Urata Daigo , Serita Yu , Itoh Yoshiyasu 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
LIPUS has been reported to promote bone union in pseudoarthrosis and delayed fracture union as well as to have a beneficial effect in shortening the duration of bone healing in fresh fractures. The purpose of this study was to examine whether LIPUS has an accelerating effect on healing OCD.

Subjects and Methods:
From 2008 to 2012, cases with advanced-stage OCD were randomized, and the study was conducted on 51 patients (LIPUS group) who enabled us to decide the treatment efficacy, and gave consent after receiving an explanation on the benefit of LIPUS. LIPUS was performed for 20 minutes every day by treating the elbow in 2 directions, namely on the external and internal sides. The patients were told to stop pitching and batting. Plain radiography was performed once every 6 weeks and computed tomography (CT) scans were performed approximately once every 3 months. Image repair criteria were that the outside localized type was repaired completely, and the central localized or extensive type had lesion occupancy of less than 20%. Twenty-nine of 51 who did not recover and received surgical operation were excluded in the study, and 22 patients who were healed with LIPUS were compared with 21 patients who received conservative therapy only.

Results and Discussion:
The image repair period for the LIPUS group was an average of 4.5 ± 1.9 months, while for the non-LIPUS group it was 6.8 ± 3.8 months. LIPUS treatment for OCD significantly shortened the image repair period (P = 0.037). It is necessary to increase the number of cases, and clarify the utility of LIPUS.
9. Effects of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) on Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts: Analysis Using an Assay System With Fish Scale as a Model of Bone
Authors: Suzuki Nobuo , Hanmoto Taizo , Ikegame Mika , Furusawa Yukihiro , Tabuchi Yoshiaki , Kondo Takashi , Kitamura Kei-ichiro , Sekiguchi Toshio , Mikuni-Takagaki Yuko , Hattori Atsuhiko 
Published: July 2016

Objective:
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) provides noninvasive therapeutic treatment to accelerate fracture repair and distraction osteogenesis. However, most studies concerning the influence of LIPUS on bone metabolism have been conducted in vivo systems using osteoblastic cells. Therefore, details of the direct effect of LIPUS on osteoclasts are not yet fully understood. Teleost scale is a calcified tissue that contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Its bone matrix consists of type I collagen and hydroxyapatite, and is similar to that of mammalian bone. Therefore, we examined the effect of LIPUS on the osteoclasts and osteoblasts of zebrafish and goldfish scales, as a model of the bone matrix simplified to its bare bones.

Methods:
Ultrasound was generated with the Sonic Accelerated Fracture Healing System (SAFHS 4000J; Teijin Pharma, Ltd). Scales were collected from zebrafish under anesthesia; they were then treated with LIPUS for 20 minutes, incubated at 15°C for 3, 6, and 18 hours in L-15 medium, and subjected to measurement of the mRNA expression. Following the osteoclast induction by the autotransplantation of goldfish scales, we further examined the number of apoptotic osteoclasts after LIPUS treatment.

Results and Discussion:
At 3 hours of incubation after LIPUS treatment, osteoclastic marker expression decreased while osteoblastic markers increased. Using GeneChip analysis of zebrafish scales treated by LIPUS, we found that cell death-related genes were up-regulated by LIPUS treatment. TUNEL staining showed that the number of apoptotic osteoclasts in goldfish scales was elevated by treatment with LIPUS at 3 hours of incubation. Thus, we conclude that LIPUS promotes apoptosis in osteoclasts shortly after exposure.
13. Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) on Remote Bone Marrow in Rats With Healing Socket
Authors: Hidaka Kouki , Miyamoto Chihiro , Kawata Akira , Saita Makiko , Kawamata Ryota , Maehata Yojiro , Minabe Masato , Takahashi Satoko W. , Takahashi Shun-suke , Mikuni-Takagaki Yuko 
Published: July 2016

Objective:
We reported at the previous annual meeting that LIPUS treatment of the molar tooth sockets of retired breeder rats accelerated alveolar bone healing, and that associated humoral effects were seen with elevated blood flow. Namely, LIPUS induced VEGF/angiogenesis along with elevated baseline blood flow rate, which was further associated with a sudden depression of blood flow rate in the socket immediately after cessation of LIPUS treatment. Prior injection with EP4 PGE2 receptor antagonist, but not EP3 antagonist, abolished this LIPUS-induced depression, and topical application of PGE2 to the socket epithelium mimicked the LIPUS-induced depression. In fact, the serum level of PGE2 increased after LIPUS treatment, and significantly increased in the blood flow rate at remote sites on the foot dorsum and tail after 20 minutes. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the tibia bone marrow, which is likely to respond to circulating PGE2.

Methods:
Right maxillary first molars were removed from retired female breeder rats in both the LIPUS and the control groups. LIPUS was applied extrabuccally to the socket every 24 hours for 2 weeks starting one day after extraction. Removed bone samples were fixed with 4% formaldehyde to prepare undecalcified frozen sections using Kawamoto's method for immunohistochemical or histochemical staining. Bone marrow samples dissected from the tibia were treated with RNAlater (Ambion) for later RT-PCR analysis.

Results and Discussion:
Chemokine receptor CXCR4-positive bone marrow cells increased in the tibia of the LIPUS-treated rat. Together with ubiquitously expressed CXCL12(SDF-1), it is suggested that PGE2 released from the exposed socket is responsible for the recruitment, proliferation and mobilization of the precursors of bone forming cells. LIPUS is thought to exert humoral effects by recruiting bone marrow cells into the healing socket along with VEGF/angiogenesis induced by PGE2.
Value of MRI in diagnostics and evaluation of myositis
Authors: Pipitone Nicolò 
Published: July 2016

Purpose of review
This review aims at covering the role of muscle MRI in supporting the diagnosis of myositis, in aiding to differentiate it from other muscle disorders, and in monitoring myositis patients over time by assessing response to treatment and by discriminating between muscle inflammation and chronic damage.

Recent findings
MRI can assist in ‘pattern recognition’ of muscle involvement across numerous myopathies, including myositis. Novel applications of magnetic resonance such as cardiac MRI, MR elastography and blood oxigenation level-dependent magnetic resonance can shed light on different aspects of myositis and usefully complement conventional MRI in assessing patients with myositis.

Summary
MRI can guide therapy by determining whether muscle weakness is related to edema (active inflammation) or muscle atrophy/fat replacement (chronic damage). There is a need to better standardize the assessment of MRI findings in myositis to provide defined outcome measures for use in clinical trials.

Video abstract

http://links.lww.com/COR/A36
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Tibial Plateau Through the Anterolateral Approach
Authors: Hake Mark E. , Goulet James A. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:
Fractures of the tibial plateau are challenging injuries to treat. The lateral tibial plateau is fractured more commonly than the medial plateau and the workhorse approach for these fractures is the anterolateral approach. This approach allows visualization of the lateral joint, metaphysis, and can be extensile if there is shaft extension. We present our technique for performing the anterolateral approach while treating a Schatzker III tibial plateau fracture. Special attention is given to performing a submeniscal arthrotomy to view the joint surface and judge the reduction. A femoral distractor is placed to assist with elevation the joint surface and visualization of the lateral plateau. A cortical window is created using a triple reamer from the sliding hip screw set. The reduction is performed and supported with cancellous bone chips. Finally, a lateral locking plate with rafting screws is placed. Knowledge of this approach and the strategies needed to address lateral and some bicondlar tibial plateau fractures are crucial to good patient outcomes.
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Posteromedial Tibial Plateau via the Lobenhoffer Approach
Authors: Hake Mark E. , Goulet James A. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:
Posteromedial fractures of the tibial plateau are often encountered after high-energy injuries. They can be seen in isolation or in combination with lateral column fractures. These fractures must be recognized and stabilized independently of any lateral sided fracture to ensure the stability of the final construct. First described in 1997, the Lobenhoffer approach provides access to the posteromedial and posterior aspects of the proximal tibia, allowing for reduction and stabilization of fractures in this location with a posteromedial plate. We present our technique for this approach for the treatment of an isolated posteromedial tibial plateau fracture. The procedure is performed in the prone position. An interval between the gastrocnemius and pes anserine is developed and the fracture apex visualized. The reduction maneuver involves extension and valgus of the knee along with direct manipulation of the fracture fragment. A small fragment antiglide plate is then placed to stabilize the fracture. This relatively straightforward approach is of great use when treating complex tibial plateau fractures involving the medial and posterior columns.
Olecranon Osteotomy With Tension Band Wire Repair
Authors: Fuller David A. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:
The purpose of this video is to demonstrate the surgical technique of olecranon osteotomy with tension band wire repair.

Methods:
A patient with a comminuted, intra-articular distal humerus fracture requiring ORIF is presented in this video demonstration of the surgical technique of an olecranon osteotomy. The olecranon osteotomy is an established technique for approaching the distal humerus for surgical repair of fracture. In the video, the patient is positioned laterally allowing a dorsal incision. The ulnar nerve is identified and protected. A chevron osteotomy, apex distally based, is created in the proximal ulna using osteotomes, centering the osteotomy within the sulcus of the proximal ulna. Once the osteotomy has been completed, the proximal ulna is reflected proximally to allow access to the distal humerus. The osteotomy is repaired using a tension band wire technique. The 2 longitudinal K-wires (0.062 inches) engage the volar cortex of the ulna and the tips of the pins are buried beneath the triceps tendon. A figure 8, 18-gauge cerclage wire is twisted to compress the osteotomy site at the end of the procedure to promote stability and healing.

Results:
The video is 10 minutes, 30 seconds duration in time and 2,048,409,000 bytes in size.

Conclusions:
Various techniques of olecranon osteotomy have been described. The principles of a well-centered osteotomy and a stable repair are essential to this technique. This is demonstrated in the video of an olecranon osteotomy using osteotomes and a tension band repair.
Proximal Humerus Fracture Plating Through the Extended Anterolateral Approach
Authors: Gardner Michael J. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:
Several approaches to the proximal humerus for fracture fixation are possible. The traditional utilitarian approach to the shoulder, the deltopectoral, has distinct disadvantages when performing fracture reduction and locked plating. The anterolateral acromial approach exploits the intermuscular plane between the anterior and middle heads of the deltoid. After identifying the position of the axillary nerve as it crosses this interval, fracture reduction and fixation is performed. Direct access to both the greater and the lesser tuberosities is facilitated. The cancellous surface of the humeral head fragment provides an excellent surface for direct manipulation without further endangering the extraosseous soft tissue attachments.
Fabrication of an Interlocked Antibiotic/Cement-Coated Carbon Fiber Nail for the Treatment of Long Bone Osteomyelitis
Authors: Mauffrey Cyril , Butler Nathan , Hake Mark E. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:
Successful management of intramedullary long bone osteomyelitis remains a challenge for both surgeons and patients. Patients are often immune compromised and have endured multiple surgeries. Treatment principles include antibiotic administration (systemically ± locally), surgical debridement of the infection site, and stabilization. Since their description in 2002, antibiotic-coated nails have become part of the armamentarium for the treatment of osteomyelitis allowing both local elution of antibiotics and stabilization of a debrided long bone. Limitations to their utilization have remained, in part from the technical difficulty of fabrication and magnetic resonance imaging artifacts. We describe a new surgical technique of fabrication that has the advantages of being simple, reproducible, with an end product free of magnetic resonance imaging artifacts.
Open Reduction Internal Fixation of a Bimalleolar Ankle Fracture With Syndesmotic Injury
Authors: Ostrum Robert F. , Avery Matthew C. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:
Rotational ankle fractures are incredibly common, resulting in a wide spectrum of bony and ligamentous injury patterns. After open reduction of an ankle fracture, the treating surgeon must always evaluate syndesmotic stability. If the syndesmosis is determined to be unstable, a reduction of the distal tibiofibular joint should be performed. Failure to adequately identify and treat injuries to the syndesmosis may result in continued ankle instability and poor patient outcomes. Lateral fluoroscopic images are necessary to assess a closed reduction of the syndesmosis before stabilization, although the accuracy of this tool has been questioned in several studies. Significant controversy surrounds many aspects of this injury and its treatment, including methods of diagnosis, ideal reduction clamp positioning, diameter and number of syndesmotic screws, and number of tibial cortices to be engaged. In the accompanying video, we describe our approach for the treatment of a bimalleolar ankle fracture with syndesmotic injury, using a posterior fibular plate and single tricortical syndesmotic screw.