bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RapidNAM: generative manufacturing approach of nasoalveolar molding devices for presurgical cleft lip and palate treatment
Authors: Bauer Franz Xaver , Schönberger Markus , Gattinger Johannes , Eblenkamp Markus , Wintermantel Erich , Rau Andrea , Güll Florian Dieter , Wolff Klaus-Dietrich , Loeffelbein Denys J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNasoalveolar molding (NAM) is an accepted treatment strategy in presurgical cleft therapy. The major drawbacks of the treatment listed in the literature relate to the time of the treatment and the coordination of the required interdisciplinary team of therapists, parents, and patients. To overcome these limitations, we present the automated RapidNAM concept that facilitates the design and manufacturing process of NAM devices, and that allows the virtual modification and subsequent manufacture of the devices in advance, with a growth prediction factor adapted to the patient’s natural growth. The RapidNAM concept involves (i) the prediction of three trajectories that envelope the fragmented alveolar segments with the goal to mimic a harmonic arch, (ii) the extrusion from the larger toward the smaller alveolar segment along the envelope curves toward the harmonic upper alveolar arch, and (iii) the generation of the NAM device with a ventilation hole, fixation pin, and fixation points for the nasal stents. A feasibility study for a vector-based approach was successfully conducted for unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. A comparison of the modified target models with the reference target models showed similar results. For further improvement, the number of landmarks used to modify the models was increased by a curve-based approach.
Expressing analytical performance from multi-sample evaluation in laboratory EQA
Authors: Thelen Marc H.M. , Jansen Rob T.P. , Weykamp Cas W. , Steigstra Herman , Meijer Ron , Cobbaert Christa M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground:To provide its participants with an external quality assessment system (EQAS) that can be used to check trueness, the Dutch EQAS organizer, Organization for Quality Assessment of Laboratory Diagnostics (SKML), has innovated its general chemistry scheme over the last decade by introducing fresh frozen commutable samples whose values were assigned by Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM)-listed reference laboratories using reference methods where possible. Here we present some important innovations in our feedback reports that allow participants to judge whether their trueness and imprecision meet predefined analytical performance specifications.Methods:Sigma metrics are used to calculate performance indicators named ‘sigma values’. Tolerance intervals are based on both Total Error allowable (TEa) according to biological variation data and state of the art (SA) in line with the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) Milan consensus.Results:The existing SKML feedback reports that express trueness as the agreement between the regression line through the results of the last 12 months and the values obtained from reference laboratories and calculate imprecision from the residuals of the regression line are now enriched with sigma values calculated from the degree to which the combination of trueness and imprecision are within tolerance limits. The information and its conclusion to a simple two-point scoring system are also graphically represented in addition to the existing difference plot.Conclusions:By adding sigma metrics-based performance evaluation in relation to both TEa and SA tolerance intervals to its EQAS schemes, SKML provides its participants with a powerful and actionable check on accuracy.
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy: Understanding the essentials
Authors: Ariunbold Gombojav O. , Altangerel Narangerel 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper is a brief overview to coherent anti- Stokes Raman spectroscopic technique and introduces the strengths and barriers to its use all based on the interpretation of simple theoretical formulae. The use of the Gaussian ultrashort pulses is highlighted as a practical elucidatory reconstruction tool of coherent Raman spectra. The paper presents the integral formulae for coherent anti-Stokes and Stokes Raman scattering, and discusses the closed-form solutions, its complex error function, and the delay time formula for enhancement of the inferred pure coherent Raman spectra. As an example, the timeresolved coherent Stokes Raman scattering experimental observations are quantitatively elucidated.Understanding the essentials of coherent Raman spectroscopy, therefore, promotes the importance of a number of experiments including the ones utilizing a broadband excitation with a narrowband delayed probing for successful background suppression.
Learning From Others: The Scalia-Breyer Debate and the Benefits of Foreign Sources of Law to U.S. Constitutional Interpretation of Counter-Terrorism Initiatives
Authors: Marian Cornel 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The article discusses the importance of using foreign sources in the constitutional interpretation of counter-terrorism initiatives. By reviewing the Arar case, the author underlines the value of Canadian jurisprudence to evaluating extraordinary rendition. The similarities between the Arar and El Masri cases underscore the weakness of the current standard adopted by American judiciary in evaluating extraordinary rendition. The article further draws on the Israeli experience in dealing with torture. American jurisprudence will be greatly improved if it directly discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the Israeli debate in its own constitutional interpretation. In totality, American jurisprudence has an incredible untapped resource in the experiences of other countries on addressing problems that Americans would likely see as unique.
Family Protection and Deportations or Removals
Authors: Heißl Gregor 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Deportations or removals of persons, who have spent a certain period in Australia have tremendous impacts and consequences on their lives and most likely on the ones of their families as well. Therefore it is worth assessing how significant family related aspects are taken in the administrative decision-making process concerning deportations or removals.
The essay starts with a description of the domestic legal framework, to evaluate conditions under which such measures are legitimate. An overview on family protection in Australia presents the different sources of human rights together with its content and scope. More specifically the notion of family life for the assessment of the legality of deportations or removals is scrutinised by examining the compliance with international treaty obligations as well as the significance of citizenship. Finally, two relevant Directions (D) of the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship are assessed in the context of sufficient safeguards for family life.
Hungarian Constitutional Court: Keeping Aloof from European Union Law
Authors: Blutman László , Chronowski Nóra 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
While the European Union is in the process of carefully navigating among the various forms of sub-federalism, Member States - including recent ones like Hungary, trying to find an equilibrium between their sovereignty and European supranationalism - have to cope with possible conflicts between their national legal systems and EU law. Since Hungary's accession to the European Union, the Hungarian Constitutional Court has faced questions regarding the constitutionality of EU legal rules and conflicts between European and national legal norms. This article examines these issues and analyzes criteria of constitutional review that the Court has gradually set out in dealing with some of these conflicts. So far, it has established two principles marking the boundaries of future constitutional practice. First, it will treat the founding and amending treaties of the European Union as part of domestic law for the purposes of constitutional review, thereby setting up a two-tier system of legal rules applicable within Hungarian legal practice instead of a possible three-tier construction that would distinguish between national, international and European law. Second, in the absence of jurisdiction to review substantive (un)constitutionality (as opposed to procedural constitutionality), the Constitutional Court does not regard a conflict between domestic law and EU law as a constitutionality issue and this mandates the ordinary courts to resolve such conflict of a sub-constitutional nature. Taking these conclusions as starting points, this article sets out the possible types of conflicts that may occur between EU rules and other legal rules applicable in Hungary, weighing the constitutional relevance of these conflicts; it also outlines the directions along which the practice of the Hungarian Constitutional Court may develop in this respect.
Ending Consociational Power-Sharing. The Sejdić and Finci Case and the Prospects for Constitutional Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Boldt Hildur 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Consociationalism is frequently adopted as a tool to resolve conflicts in deeply divided societies. It is increasingly considered only a transitional arrangement, because it is an impediment to democracy and social peace in the long-term. It is therefore relevant to explore the possibilities to end consociational arrangements.
Bosnia and Herzegovina has by all accounts a dysfunctional and discriminatory political system based on ethnic representation. Corporate consociational provisions of the constitution were found to be in violation of the European Convention of Human Rights in the Sejdić and Finci case. This thesis seeks to understand the legal and political effects of that judgment and the prospects of ending the corporate consociational arrangements in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in order to allow for politics that are not solely based on ethnicity.
The prospect for constitutional reform are discussed based on previous attempts at constitutional reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina; the Dutch, Austrian and South African experiences; and insights from theory of democratic transitions.
Principles of National Constitutionalism limiting Individual Claims in Human Rights Law
Authors: De Hert Paul , Somers Stefan 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The scope of the fundamental right to freedom of religion has been broadly dis­cussed in recent jurisprudence and doctrine. Doctrine has however paid little attention to the role of constitutionalism and its principles such as this of the separation of church and state and the division of power. These principles are often not mentioned as such in inter­national human rights treaties. Does this mean that they are irrelevant in human rights adjudication?
This article addresses the proper function of constitutionalism in human rights jurisprudence and in settling religious conflicts more in general. The Lautsi judgment of the European Court of Human Rights is used as a trigger to look at the relationship between religion, constitutionalism and human rights, and at the legitimacy of supranational courts. The article argues that international human rights jurisprudence must take national consti­tutionalism and its principles into account when dealing with the freedom of religion, even when those principles are not explicitly enshrined in human rights treaties. For this the use of the margin of appreciation seems to be appropriate.
Constitutional Court and Constitutional Review in Albania
Authors: Bara Brunilda , Bara Jonad 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This article tends to give an insight on the historical and institutional develop­ment of the Constitutional Court of Albania, on the need of the society and the historical changes that led to its creation.
It focuses especially on the role and competences of this Court on the protection of the rule of law, of the constitutional principles, on the balancing and division of powers, on the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. Its aim is to provide overall information on the functioning and standards it follows.
It is based on the jurisprudence of this Court during the years and is enriched by its deci­sions on particular subjects and compares this Court to other similar ones in Eastern Euro­pean countries.
The article is mainly directed to scholars and legal writers whose aim is to compare the organization and functioning of the Constitutional Court of Albania to other similar courts.
The Greek Financial Crisis and the voluntary conferral of jurisdiction to the ECJ in the light of state immunity
Authors: Pantazis Fotios 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The purpose of the paper is to examine the interaction between the sovereign debt crisis and the doctrine of state immunity. For this purpose, the ‘bail-out scheme’ for Greece and more specifically the Loan Facility Agreement concluded between Greece and its Eurozone partners is taken as a case study. The Agreement was signed by the contract­ing parties on 8 May 2010 and it included an undertaking by Greece to waive its immunity.
The contracting parties have conferred exclusive jurisdiction over any dispute that might arise from the Agreement to the ECJ. The main consequence of this is that Greece cannot invoke the plea of immunity, regardless of the inclusion of the waiver in the Agreement. The possibility of a Member State invoking the plea of immunity during proceedings at the ECJ would make the existence of the Court pointless.
There would be no formal measures to enforce the ECJ’s decision as such measures are not provided by the Treaties framework for the procedure under Article 273 TFEU. A way of enforcement that involves the institutions of the Union has to be provisioned by the Agree­ment, which has not been done in this case. Moreover, the judgment should not be en­forced as a ‘common’ decision of a national court. Overall, the paper concludes that the notion of state immunity plays a limited role in the sovereign debt crisis.
Wrestling with Constitutionalism: the Supermajority and the Hungarian Constitutional Court
Authors: Vincze Attila 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Since the elections of 2010, the right-wing coalition has a supermajority in the Hungarian Parliament, and is able to amend the Constitution without any further ado. The Constitution became a part of the political tool-kit which may and is amended as the government needs it to be amended. Under these circumstances, the Constitutional Court cannot be a vigorous guardian of constitutional values, and the Parliament did everything in order to housetrain the formerly widely acknowledged Constitutional Court: cut back its powers filled the bench with rather loyal justices and blocked the critical decisions.
The present article is aimed to describe and to critically analyze these strategies in a national and European context.
Erosion of Constitutional Rights in EU Law: A Call for ‘Substantive Co-operative Constitutionalism’
Authors: Albi Anneli 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Part 1 of this paper (published in the previous issue) documented comparative case law in a number of areas - from the single market to the Data Retention Directive, European Arrest Warrant, ESM Treaty and constitutional review - where constitutional rights and rule of law safeguards have been levelled downwards in the context of imple­mentation of EU law in different Member States. Here, Part 2 of the paper propounds the concept of ‘substantive co-operative constitutionalism’, exploring how European constitutional law and the European constitutional law discourse could be recalibrated towards a greater responsiveness to substantive constitutional values. Part 2 starts by outlining an increasing shift from the mindset and vocabulary of classic, comparative (continental) European constitutional law, to a more formal, procedural, thin version of EU constitutionalism, where the keywords are supremacy, uniformity, direct effect, autonomy, effectiveness and trust. Indeed in the context of democracy and legitimacy in transnational govern­ance, some scholars have written about the ‘erosion’, ‘twilight’ or ‘decline’ of constitutional­ism or ‘the end of constitutionalism as we know it’. More recently, Euro crisis measures have prompted heightened concerns about the prolonged and perhaps even irreversible suspension of constitutionalism, the Rechtsstaat and democracy. Yet in the mainstream EU and transnational constitutional law discourse, such concerns have generally received limited attention. The article traces the reasons for the shift in the paradigm of constitutionalism on the basis of the literature on the epistemology of EU law and of transnational constitutional law, and argues that such a shift is not the only way forward. The paper then proceeds to outline some suggestions on how a more substantive version of co-operative constitutionalism could be operationalised in practice. This includes a significantly more probing and proactive role for the national constitutional courts, supreme courts and national parliaments, as well as the creation of mechanisms in the EU institutional and judicial framework for greater responsiveness to constitutional values and constitutional diversity.
Constitutional Changes and the Incremental Reductions of Collective Religious Freedom in Hungary
Authors: Jusic Asim 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In the period from 1989 to the present day, Hungary twice changed its constitution and the framework of state-religion relations. In 2011/2012, its most recent constitution, the Fundamental Law was introduced, and with it new legislation on church-state relations, bringing with it an effect of de-registering a number of formerly-recognized smaller religious communities. The European Court of Human Rights in 2014 held these effects to be partially contrary to European human rights standards. I argue that, far from being an aberration, ‘the new church-state regime’ of 2012 represents the formal solidifi - cation of the already-operative mode of the 1989-2011 Hungarian church-state system. The Fundamental Law and new legislation on church-state relations merely built on an existing establishment and went on to formally legalize an already present status-based two-tier cooperationist regime between church and state, formally establishing historical churches while converting previously formally equal but de facto unequal smaller religious communities to a status of formal inequality. The positive neutrality stance of the Hungarian Constitutional Court toward state-church relations in the period 1989-2011 transformed applicable constitutional provisions of the previous 1989 Constitution guaranteeing liberal formal equality of religions and separate functioning of church and state into demands for positive neutrality, consequently providing partial legitimacy for the devolution of smaller religious communities to the inferior status of associations after 2012. Against such a background, the infl uence of the ECtHR and other international and European bodies, which are critical of the direction of state-church relations and politics in Hungary, in general appear limited, and will likely depend upon on-the-ground mobilization in resistance to - or in support of - changes or status quo.
The United Nations Security Council Sanctions and International Human Rights
Authors: Couzigou Irène 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This article assesses whether the United Nations Security Council must respect human rights under international law when acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. It argues that the Security Council has to respect human rights enshrined in those human rights treaties drawn up under the United Nations’ auspices and in non-peremptory customary international law, when this is not incompatible with the Security Council’s objective of maintaining or restoring international peace and security. The analysis also argues however that the Security Council must comply with peremptory international human rights, with no exception. The paper concludes that Chapter VII action by the Security Council is limited only to a small extent by international human rights standards.
Effect of Processing Conditions on Microstructure and Pasting Properties of Extrusion-Cooked Starches
Authors: Mitrus Marcin , Wójtowicz Agnieszka , Oniszczuk Tomasz , Gondek Ewa , Mościcki Leszek 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of extrusion-cooking process conditions on the structure and pasting properties of starch extrudates. In addition, the extrudates structure was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser microscopy (CSLM). Wheat, corn and potato starch were extrusion-cooked with different process parameters (moisture content, screw speed, process temperature) in a single screw extruder. Results showed influence of the process parameters on extruded starches pasting properties. Viscosity measurements indicated that water content during starch extrusion is more important than process temperature. The extrudates structure observed with scanning electron and confocal laser microscopes showed that the main effect of extrusion-cooking was loss of the crystalline structure of the starch and the formation of a cellular structure of the extrudates. In extrudates processed at higher starch moisture content reduced the quantity and diameters of created cells was observed.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of newer 1,3,4-oxadiazoles incorporated with benzothiazepine and benzodiazepine moieties
Authors: Navin Patel , Sarvil Patel , Amit Purohit , Divyesh Patel , Dhansukh Rajani , Moo-Puc Rosa , Rivera Gildardo 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A series of thiazepines and diazepines having 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety were synthesized, and they were analyzed for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against several bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus Clavatus) and protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania mexicana). Few of the selected compounds were tested for their antitubercular activity. However, it was noticed that the potency of final analogs against each strain placed reliance on the type of substituent present on aryl ring of oxadiazole as well as presence of thiophene, pyridine, and furan at benzothiazepines and benzodiazepines. The biological screening identified that some of the compounds were found to possess good antimicrobial and antitubercular (62.5–100 μg/mL of MIC) activity.