bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Emissions from a Desktop 3D Printer
Authors: Mendes Luís , Kangas Anneli , Kukko Kirsi , Mølgaard Bjarke , Säämänen Arto , Kanerva Tomi , Flores Ituarte Iñigo , Huhtiniemi Marika , Stockmann‐Juvala Helene , Partanen Jouni , Hämeri Kaarle , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Viitanen Anna‐Kaisa 
Published: March 2017

Summary3D printers are currently widely available and very popular among the general public. However, the use of these devices may pose health risks to users, attributable to air‐quality issues arising from gaseous and particulate emissions in particular. We characterized emissions from a low‐end 3D printer based on material extrusion, using the most common polymers: acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA). Measurements were carried out in an emission chamber and a conventional room. Particle emission rates were obtained by direct measurement and modeling, whereas the influence of extrusion temperature was also evaluated. ABS was the material with the highest aerosol emission rate. The nanoparticle emission ranged from 3.7·108 to 1.4·109 particles per second (# s−1) in chamber measurements and from 2.0·109 to 4.0·109 # s−1in room measurements, when the recommended extruder temperature was used. Printing with PLA emitted nanoparticles at the rate of 1.0·107 # s−1 inside the chamber and negligible emissions in room experiments. Emission rates were observed to depend strongly on extruder temperature. The particles’ mean size ranged from 7.8 to 10.5 nanometers (nm). We also detected a significant emission rate of particles of 1 to 3 nm in size during all printing events. The amounts of volatile organic and other gaseous compounds were only traceable and are not expected to pose health risks. Our study suggests that measures preventing human exposure to high nanoparticle concentrations should be adopted when using low‐end 3D printers.
Educating Physicians for Rural America: Validating Successes and Identifying Remaining Challenges With the Rural Medical Scholars Program
Authors: Wheat John R. , Leeper James D. , Murphy Shannon , Brandon John E. , Jackson James R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the Rural Medical Scholars (RMS) Program's effectiveness to produce rural physicians for Alabama.MethodsA nonrandomized intervention study compared RMS (1997‐2002) with control groups in usual medical education (1991‐2002) at the University of Alabama School of Medicine's main and regional campuses. Participants were RMS and others admitted to regular medical education, and the intervention was the RMS Program. Measures assessed the percentage of graduates practicing in rural areas. Odds ratios compared effectiveness of producing rural Alabama physicians.FindingsThe RMS Program (N = 54), regional campuses (N = 182), and main campus (N = 649) produced 48.1% (odds ratio 6.4,P< .001), 23.8% (odds ratio 2.5,P< .001), and 11.2% (odds ratio 1.0) rural physicians, respectively.ConclusionsThe RMS Program, contrasted to other local programs of medical education, was effective in producing rural physicians. These results were comparable to benchmark programs in the Northeast and Midwest USA on which the RMS Program was modeled, justifying the assumption that model programs can be replicated in different regions. However, this positive effect was not shared by a disparate rural minority population, suggesting that models for rural medical education must be adjusted to meet the challenge of such communities for physicians.
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and transdermal fentanyl in alpacas
Authors: Lovasz M. , Aarnes T. K. , Hubbell J. A. E. , Bednarski R. M. , Lerche P. , Lakritz J. 
Published: March 2017

The purpose of the study was to determine pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous (i.v.) and transdermal (t.d.) administration to six adult alpacas. Fentanyl was administered i.v. (2 μg/kg) or t.d. (nominal dose: 2 μg kg−1 hr−1). Plasma concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Heart rate and respiratory rate were assessed. Extrapolated, zero‐time plasma fentanyl concentrations were 6.0 ng/ml (1.7–14.6 ng/ml) after i.v. administration, total plasma clearance was 1.10 L hr−1 kg−1(0.75–1.40 L hr−1 kg−1), volumes of distribution were 0.30 L/kg (0.10–0.99 L/kg), 1.10 L/kg (0.70–2.96 L/kg) and 1.5 L/kg (0.8–3.5 L/kg) forV1,V2, andVss, respectively. Elimination half‐life was 1.2 hr (0.5–4.3 hr). Mean residence time (range) after i.v. dosing was 1.30 hr (0.65–4.00 hr). After t.d. fentanyl administration, maximum plasma fentanyl concentration was 1.20 ng/ml (0.72–3.00 ng/ml), which occurred at 25 hr (8–48 hr) after patch placement. The area under the plasma fentanyl concentration‐vs‐time curve (extrapolated to infinity) after t.d. fentanyl was 61 ng*hr/ml (49–93 ng*hr/ml). The dose‐normalized bioavailability of fentanyl from t.d. fentanyl in alpacas was 35.5% (27–64%). Fentanyl absorption from the t.d. fentanyl patch into the central compartment occurred at a rate of approximately 50 μg/hr (29–81 μg/hr) between 8 and 72 hr after patch placement.
Men with biopsy‐confirmed hepatocellular adenoma have a high risk of progression to hepatocellular carcinoma: A nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Bossen Lars , Grønbæk Henning , Lykke Eriksen Peter , Jepsen Peter 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground & AimsHepatocellular adenoma is a benign liver tumour that may transform to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We used data from Danish nationwide healthcare registries to investigate the incidence and prognosis of hepatocellular adenoma.MethodsWe included all patients with a hospital discharge diagnosis for benign liver tumour (ICD‐10: D13.4) in 1997‐2012 and a liver biopsy confirming the hepatocellular adenoma diagnosis. Follow‐up began 1 year after adenoma diagnosis, to minimise the possibility that the tumour was a misdiagnosed HCC. All patients were age‐ and gender‐matched with 50 random controls from the Danish population. We followed patients and controls with respect to HCC development, adenoma resection, and death without HCC (ie, death without having been diagnosed with HCC) through 2013. HCC diagnoses were identified in the Danish Cancer Registry.ResultsWe included 67 patients with hepatocellular adenoma, and 58 (87%) were women. The overall incidence rate of histologically verified hepatocellular adenoma in the Danish general population was 0.07 (95% CI: 0.06‐0.09) per 100 000 population per year. Fifteen patients had their adenoma resected before follow‐up began, leaving 52 patients for follow‐up. Men with biopsy‐confirmed hepatocellular adenoma had a 10‐year cumulative HCC risk as high as 60.0% (95% CI: 15.3%‐87.0%). All men who developed HCC were older than 50 years at adenoma diagnosis. By contrast, none of the 44 women in the follow‐up analysis developed HCC.ConclusionHistologically verified hepatocellular adenoma is rare in Denmark. It is a minor concern for women, but men have a very high risk of progression to HCC.
In search of the Earth‐forming reservoir: Mineralogical, chemical, and isotopic characterizations of the ungrouped achondrite NWA 5363/NWA 5400 and selected chondrites
Authors: Burkhardt Christoph , Dauphas Nicolas , Tang Haolan , Fischer‐Gödde Mario , Qin Liping , Chen James H. , Rout Surya S. , Pack Andreas , Heck Philipp R. , Papanastassiou Dimitri A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHigh‐precision isotope data of meteorites show that the long‐standing notion of a “chondritic uniform reservoir” is not always applicable for describing the isotopic composition of the bulk Earth and other planetary bodies. To mitigate the effects of this “isotopic crisis” and to better understand the genetic relations of meteorites and the Earth‐forming reservoir, we performed a comprehensive petrographic, elemental, and multi‐isotopic (O, Ca, Ti, Cr, Ni, Mo, Ru, and W) study of the ungrouped achondrites NWA 5363 and NWA 5400, for both of which terrestrial O isotope signatures were previously reported. Also, we obtained isotope data for the chondrites Pillistfer (EL6), Allegan (H6), and Allende (CV3), and compiled available anomaly data for undifferentiated and differentiated meteorites. The chemical compositions of NWA 5363 and NWA 5400 are strikingly similar, except for fluid mobile elements tracing desert weathering. We show that NWA 5363 and NWA 5400 are paired samples from a primitive achondrite parent‐body and interpret these rocks as restite assemblages after silicate melt extraction and siderophile element addition. Hafnium‐tungsten chronology yields a model age of 2.2 ± 0.8 Myr after CAI, which probably dates both of these events within uncertainty. We confirm the terrestrial O isotope signature of NWA 5363/NWA 5400; however, the discovery of nucleosynthetic anomalies in Ca, Ti, Cr, Mo, and Ru reveals that the NWA5363/NWA 5400 parent‐body is not the “missing link” that could explain the composition of the Earth by the mixing of known meteorites. Until this “missing link” or a direct sample of the terrestrial reservoir is identified, guidelines are provided of how to use chondrites for estimating the isotopic composition of the bulk Earth.
What is the Doctrine of the Trinity For? Practicality and Projection in Robert Jenson's Theology
Authors: East Brad 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis articles engages the theology of Robert Jenson with three questions in mind: What is the doctrine of the Trinity for? Is it a practical doctrine? If so, how, and with what implications? It seeks, on the one hand, to identify whether Jenson's trinitarian theology ought to count as a “social” doctrine of the Trinity, and to what extent he puts it to work for human socio‐practical purposes. On the other hand, in light of Jenson's career‐long worries about Feuerbach and projection onto a God behind or above the triune God revealed in the economy, the article interrogates his thought with a view to recent critiques of social trinitarianism. The irony is that, in constructing his account of the Trinity as both wholly determined in and by the economy and maximally relevant for practical human needs and interests, precisely in order to avoid the errors of Feuerbachian “religion,” Jenson ends up engaging in a full‐scale project of projection. Observation of the human is retrojected into the immanent life of the Trinity as the prior condition of the possibility for the human; upon this “discovery,” this or that feature of God's being is proposed as a resolution to a human problem, bearing ostensibly profound socio‐practical import. The article is intended, first, as a contribution to the work, only now beginning, of critically receiving Jenson's theology; and, second, as an extension of general critiques of practical uses of trinitarian doctrine, such as Karen Kilby's or Kathryn Tanner's, by way of close engagement with a specific theologian.
Heat shock protein expression in cerebral X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy reveals astrocyte stress prior to myelin loss
Authors: Görtz A. L. , Peferoen L. A. N. , Gerritsen W. H. , van Noort J. M. , Bugiani M. , Amor S. 
Published: March 2017

AimsX‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD) is a genetic white matter disorder in which demyelination occurs due to accumulation of very long‐chain fatty acids. Inflammation in the brain white matter is a hallmark of the pathology of cerebral X‐ALD, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are still largely unknown. In other inflammatory demyelinating disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in combination with interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) has been suggested to play a prominent role in the initiation of demyelination and inflammation. We therefore investigated these pathways in X‐ALD lesions.MethodsBy immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression of small HSPs (HSPB1, HSPB5, HSPB6, HSPB8) and higher molecular weight HSPs (HSPA, HSPD1), and the expression of elements of the IFN‐γ pathway on autopsy material of five patients with X‐ALD.ResultsThe expression of the larger HSPs, HSPA and HSPD1, as well as small HSPs is increased in X‐ALD lesions compared with normal‐appearing white matter. Such upregulation can already be detected before demyelination and inflammation occur, and it is predominant in astrocytes. The IFN‐γ pathway does not seem to play a leading role in the observed inflammation.ConclusionsThe finding that astrocytes show signs of cellular stress before demyelination suggests that they play a major role early in the pathogenesis of cerebral X‐ALD, and may therefore be involved in the initiation of inflammation and demyelination.
Prospective evaluation of same day versus next day colon manometry results in children with medical refractory constipation
Authors: Arbizu R. A. , Nurko S. , Heinz N. , Amicangelo M. , Rodriguez L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundWe evaluated the change in colon manometry (CM) parameters and interpretation comparing results when the study is performed the same day after the motility catheter is placed under anesthesia or the following day.MethodsCM catheter was placed with colonoscopy under anesthesia and recorded on day 1 and repeated on day 2. Study parameters including motility index during fasting, post‐prandial and post‐Bisacodyl challenge phase; gastrocolonic response; number, presence and propagation of high amplitude propagating contractions (HAPCs); and, study interpretation were compared between both the days.Key ResultsMotility index (fasting, post‐Bisacodyl phase, P<.05), HAPC number (10.1 vs 6.6, P=.01) and the proportion of patients having HAPCs (92% vs 70%, P=.002) was significantly higher on day 2 vs day 1. HAPC propagation improved on day 2 vs day 1 (fully propagated, 49% vs 37%; partially propagated, 43% vs 33%; absent 8% vs 30%). Study interpretation changed from day 1 to day 2. On day 1, 37% had a normal study and 63% had an abnormal study. On day 2, all patients with a normal study on day 1 remained normal, and patients with an abnormal study on day 1, 53% remained abnormal and 47% had a normal study.Conclusions & InferencesCM parameters are affected the day the catheter is placed with colonoscopy under anesthesia. The number, presence, and propagation of HAPCs were significantly higher/improved on day 2 compared to day 1. Overall, CM interpretation changed from abnormal to normal from day 1 to day 2 in 47% of the patients.
Esophageal stasis in achalasia patients without symptoms after treatment does not predict symptom recurrence
Authors: van Hoeij F. B. , Smout A. J. P. M. , Bredenoord A. J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundAfter achalasia treatment, a subset of patients has poor esophageal emptying without having symptoms. There is no consensus on whether to pre‐emptively treat these patients. We hypothesized that, if left untreated, these patients will experience earlier symptom recurrence than patients without stasis.Methods99 treated achalasia patients who were in clinical remission (Eckardt ≤3) at 3 months after treatment were divided into two groups, based on presence or absence of esophageal stasis on a timed barium esophagogram performed after 3 months.Key ResultsTwo years after initial treatment, patients with stasis after treatment still had a wider esophagus (3 cm; IQR: 2.2‐3.8) and more stasis (3.5 cm; IQR: 1.9‐5.6) than patients without stasis (1.8 cm wide and 0 cm stasis; both P<.001). In patients with stasis, the esophageal diameter had increased from 2.5 to 3.0 cm within 2 years of follow‐up. The symptoms, need for and time to retreatment were comparable between the two groups. Quality of life and reflux symptoms were also comparable between the two groups.Conclusions & InferencesAlthough patients with stasis initially had a wider esophagus and 2 years after treatment also had a higher degree of stasis and a more dilated esophagus, compared to patients without stasis, they did not have a higher chance of requiring retreatment. We conclude that stasis in symptom‐free achalasia patients after treatment does not predict treatment failure within 2 years and can therefore not serve as a sole reason for retreatment.
The BDNF polymorphism Val66Met may be predictive of swallowing improvement post pharyngeal electrical stimulation in dysphagic stroke patients
Authors: Essa H. , Vasant D. H. , Raginis‐Zborowska A. , Payton A. , Michou E. , Hamdy S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to explore the effect of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism rs6265 (Val66Met) in both “natural” and treatment induced recovery of swallowing after dysphagic stroke.MethodsSixteen dysphagic stroke patients that completed a single‐blind randomized sham controlled trial of pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PES) within 6 weeks of their stroke (N=38), were genotyped for the BDNF SNP Val66Met (rs6265) from saliva samples. These patients received active or sham PES according to randomized allocation. PES was delivered at a set frequency (5 Hz), intensity (75% of maximal tolerated), and duration (10 minutes) once a day for three consecutive days. Clinical measurements were taken from patients at baseline, 2 weeks and 3 months post entering the study. Changes in swallowing ability based on the dysphagia severity rating scale (DSRS) were compared between active and sham groups and associated with BDNF SNP status.Key ResultsIn the active stimulation group, patients with the Met BDNF allele demonstrated significantly greater improvements in DSRS at 3 months compared to patients homozygous for the Val allele (P=.009). By comparison, there were no significant associations at the 2 week stage in either the active or sham group, or at 3 month in the sham group. Functional scores including the Barthel Index and modified Rankin scale were also unaffected by BDNF status.Conclusions & InferencesOur findings suggest an association between BDNF and stimulation induced swallowing recovery. Further work will be required to validate these observations and demonstrate clinical utility in patients.
Severely impaired gastric accommodation is a hallmark of post‐Nissen functional dyspepsia symptoms
Authors: Pauwels A. , Boecxstaens V. , Broers C. , Tack J. F. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is a commonly performed antireflux surgery, after which reflux symptoms are well controlled, however, complications such as inability to belch or dyspeptic symptoms (mimicking those of functional dyspepsia [FD]) might occur. The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate symptom pattern and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in patients with post‐Nissen dyspepsia.MethodsTwenty‐four patients (12 f, mean age 44.5±2.8 years) with post‐Nissen dyspepsia symptoms, five patients (3 f, mean age 38.8±3.2 years) with post‐Nissen dysphagia symptoms and 14 pre‐fundoplication patients (3 f, mean age 42.1±2.5 years) were evaluated. Patients filled out a Rome II‐based dyspepsia symptom severity score, performed a gastric emptying test, and a gastric barostat study was used to evaluate the function of the proximal stomach.Key ResultsUpper abdominal bloating scores were higher in post‐Nissen dyspepsia patients (P=.016) and symptoms of postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) were more present in post‐Nissen dyspepsia patients compared to the other two groups (P=.07). Weight loss was significantly higher in the post‐Nissen groups compared to the pre‐fundoplication (P=.02). Gastric emptying rates were similar in the three groups. Gastric accommodation (GA) was significantly impaired in the post‐Nissen dyspepsia group (dyspepsia −30[−86‐83] vs dysphagia 163[148‐203] vs pre‐fundoplication 147[75‐174] mL, P=.004) and the prevalence of patients with impaired GA was higher in the post‐Nissen group (P=.007). Postprandial fullness was more prevalent in patients with impaired GA compared to those with normal GA (P=.01).Conclusions and InterferencesPatients with post‐Nissen dyspepsia show a symptom pattern similar to that in FD patients with PDS, and the main underlying mechanism seems to be impaired gastric accommodation to a meal.
Realised niche changes in a native herbivore assemblage associated with the presence of livestock
Authors: Traba Juan , Iranzo Esperanza C. , Carmona Carlos P. , Malo Juan E. 
Published: March 2017

Habitat partitioning is a common ecological mechanism to avoid competition among coexisting species, and the introduction of new species into existing assemblages can increase competitive pressures. However, situations of species in allopatry and sympatry only differing in species presence but not in environmental conditions are scarce. Thus, discerning whether niche segregation arises from competition or from different habitat preferences is usually unfeasible.Here, we analyse species’ habitat niches in an assemblage of native and introduced herbivores in southern Patagonia. We test if niche overlap is higher between native and domestic herbivores than among natives as expected from the relatively short time of coexistence, and we evaluate the effect of intra‐ and interspecific competition on niche breadth. We use a probabilistic multidimensional approach and null models to evaluate overlap and changes in niche dimensions.Overlap among native species is low as expected for species coexisting in evolutionary time. In native‐domestic species pairs, niche overlap was higher than among natives, although showing some niche segregation indicating niche differentiation in ecological time. Moreover, the presence of domestic species was associated with niche narrowing of both native and introduced species, revealing interspecific density‐dependent effects on their habitat niche during resource shortage periods.
Fibro‐Osseous Pseudotumor of the Digits Mimicking Pyogenic Granuloma
Authors: Gómez‐Zubiaur Alba , Pericet‐Fernández Laura , Vélez‐Velázquez María Dolores , Cabrera‐Hernández Alicia , Piteiro‐Bermejo Ana Belen , Beá‐Ardebol Sonia , Medina‐Montalvo Susana , Trasobares‐Marugán Lidia 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFibro‐osseous pseudotumor of the digits is a benign neoplasm that originates in the soft tissue adjacent to the short bones of the hands and feet. We present a case in a 13‐year‐old girl that was initially misdiagnosed as pyogenic granuloma. Familiarity with this entity and imaging and histologic studies are necessary to avoid incorrect diagnoses and aggressive surgical interventions.
Cutaneous and Systemic Findings in Mosaic Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Vázquez‐Osorio Igor , Duat‐Rodríguez Anna , García‐Martínez Francisco Javier , Torrelo Antonio , Noguera‐Morel Lucero , Hernández‐Martín Angela 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesMosaic neurofibromatosis type 1 (MNF1) is a variant of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) in which clinical manifestations are limited to one or several body segments. The objective was to characterize the cutaneous features and associated systemic findings in a cohort of children with MNF1.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of 40 children diagnosed with MNF1 at the Department of Dermatology, Hospital Infantil Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain, from January 1, 1986, to October 31, 2015.ResultsAll patients had pigmentary changes, alone (n = 39) or in combination with neurofibromas (n = 1). Twenty‐four cases fulfilling the definition of MNF1 had six or more café au lait spots with or without freckling within the affected segment. They all lacked any other National Institutes of Health criteria of NF1. No patient had juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) or nevus anemicus (NA). Two children with MNF1 had epilepsy and two others developed malignancy (Hodgkin's lymphoma and ganglioneuroblastoma).ConclusionsPigmentary changes are the most frequent presentation of MNF1 in children. MNF1 must be considered with segmentary distribution of freckling and café au lait spots. Other frequent cutaneous findings in NF1, such as JXG or NA, seem to be exceptional in MNF1. Although the possibility of systemic complications and cancer risk seem to be low, patients must be followed up.