bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design, synthesis and characterization of linear unnatural amino acids for skin moisturization
Authors: Arezki N. R. , Williams A. C. , Cobb A. J. A. , Brown M. B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesThis work aimed to design, synthesize and characterize replacement natural moisturizing factor (NMF) composed of modified hygroscopic linear amino acids to pre‐empt or repair skin barrier dysfunction.MethodsFollowing synthesis and characterization, thermo‐gravimetric analysis and quantum mechanics molecular modelling quantified and depicted water binding to the new compounds. Deliquescence relative humidity demonstrated the water‐scavenging ability of the compounds, whereas snake skin moisturizing studies showed they increased water uptake into snake skin.ResultsFrom thermal analysis, N‐hydroxyglycine showed greatest water‐holding capacity followed by N‐hydroxyserine, l‐homoserine and α‐hydroxyglycine; coupled with quantum mechanics molecular modelling, between 8 and 12 molecules of water could associate with each molecule of either N‐hydroxyglycine, N‐hydroxyserine or l‐homoserine. All of our modified amino acids were efficacious and induced similar or greater water uptake compared with the established moisturizing compounds hyaluronic acid, glycerine and urea in snake skin. Incorporated at 10% in Oilatum, N‐hydroxyserine induced >200% greater moisture uptake into dry snake skin compared to treatment with water alone, with efficacy related to the molecule structure and ability to bind to 12 water molecules. Oilatum cream spiked with all our unnatural amino acid hydrotropes increased water uptake into snake skin compared with Oilatum alone.The compound series was designed to elucidate some structure – efficacy relationships. Amino acid chirality did not affect the water‐holding capacity but did affect uptake into skin. Compounds with high melting points and bond energies tended to decrease water‐holding capacity. With isosteric replacement, the more electronegative atoms gave greater water‐holding capacities.ConclusionsThis work demonstrates the potential of unnatural amino acid hydrotropes as skin moisturizers and has developed some predictive ‘rules’ for further design and refinement of chemical structures.
Pre‐school children and marketing communications
Authors: Preston Christopher 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWithin the context of an existing body of work regarding children and marketing communications, which largely places meaningful interaction with marketing communication as out with the ability of pre‐school children, research has been conducted upon parents of pre‐school children, nursery teachers and pre‐school children themselves within the environment of their nursery. Parents relate their experience that typically from the age of three their children recognize television advertising and have commenced retail interactions. Nursery teachers have noted that the children under their care personally interact within the context of brands, and the children themselves via their own verbalisations provide indications that in some cases at least 4‐year‐old children have an idea of advertising intent, and 3‐year‐old children typically are able to recognize advertising as being distinct from programme material.
Taking personal responsibility: Nurses' and assistant nurses' experiences of good nursing practice in psychiatric inpatient care
Authors: Gabrielsson Sebastian , Sävenstedt Stefan , Olsson Malin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTherapeutic nurse–patient relationships are considered essential for good nursing practice in psychiatric inpatient care. Previous research suggests that inpatient care fails to fulfil patients' expectations in this regard, and that nurses might experience the reality of inpatient care as an obstruction. The aim of the present study was to explore nurses' and assistant nurses' experiences of good nursing practice in the specific context of psychiatric inpatient care. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 skilled, relationship‐oriented nurses and assistant nurses in order to explore their experiences with nursing practice related to psychiatric inpatient care. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using an interpretive descriptive approach. Findings describe good nursing practice as a matter of nurses and assistant nurses taking personal responsibility for their actions and for the individual patient as a person. Difficulties in providing dignified nursing care and taking personal responsibility cause them to experience feelings of distress and frustration. Shared values and nursing leadership supports being moral and treating patients with respect, having enough time supports being present and connecting with patients, and working as a part of a competent team with critical daily discussions and diversity supports being confident and building trust. The findings suggest that taking personal responsibility is integral to good nursing practice. If unable to improve poor circumstances, nurses might be forced to promote their own survival by refuting or redefining their responsibility. Nurses need to prioritize being with patients and gain support in shaping their own nursing practice. Nursing leadership should provide moral direction and defend humanistic values.
Vascular assessment of wound healing: a clinical review
Authors: Li William W , Carter Marissa J , Mashiach Elad , Guthrie Stephen D 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough macrovascular screening of patients with chronic wounds, particularly in the lower extremities, is accepted as part of clinical practice guidelines, microvascular investigation is less commonly used for a variety of reasons. This can be an issue because most patients with macrovascular disease also develop concomitant microvascular dysfunction. Part of the reason for less comprehensive microvascular screening has been the lack of suitable imaging techniques that can quantify microvascular dysfunction in connection with non‐healing chronic wounds. This is changing with the introduction of fluorescence microangiography. The objective of this review is to examine macro‐ and microvascular disease, the strengths and limitations of the approaches used and to highlight the importance of microvascular angiography in the context of wound healing.
Scaling Effects in Perovskite Ferroelectrics: Fundamental Limits and Process‐Structure‐Property Relations
Authors: Ihlefeld Jon F. , Harris David T. , Keech Ryan , Jones Jacob L. , Maria Jon‐Paul , Trolier‐McKinstry Susan 
Published: July 2016

Ferroelectric materials are well‐suited for a variety of applications because they can offer a combination of high performance and scaled integration. Examples of note include piezoelectrics to transform between electrical and mechanical energies, capacitors used to store charge, electro‐optic devices, and nonvolatile memory storage. Accordingly, they are widely used as sensors, actuators, energy storage, and memory components, ultrasonic devices, and in consumer electronics products. Because these functional properties arise from a noncentrosymmetric crystal structure with spontaneous strain and a permanent electric dipole, the properties depend upon physical and electrical boundary conditions, and consequently, physical dimension. The change in properties with decreasing physical dimension is commonly referred to as a size effect. In thin films, size effects are widely observed, whereas in bulk ceramics, changes in properties from the values of large‐grained specimens is most notable in samples with grain sizes below several micrometers. It is important to note that ferroelectricity typically persists to length scales of about 10 nm, but below this point is often absent. Despite the stability of ferroelectricity for dimensions greater than ~10 nm, the dielectric and piezoelectric coefficients of scaled ferroelectrics are suppressed relative to their bulk counterparts, in some cases by changes up to 80%. The loss of extrinsic contributions (domain and phase boundary motion) to the electromechanical response accounts for much of this suppression. In this article, the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms for this behavior in perovskite ferroelectrics is reviewed. We focus on the intrinsic limits of ferroelectric response, the roles of electrical and mechanical boundary conditions, grain size and thickness effects, and extraneous effects related to processing. In many cases, multiple mechanisms combine to produce the observed scaling effects.
The effect of Nurse GraduaTeness on patient mortality: a cross‐sectional survey (the NuGaT study)
Authors: Gkantaras Ioannis , Mahfoud Ziyad R. , Foreman Brent , Thompson David R. , Cannaby Ann Marie , Deshpande Deepak Hanmanthrao , Watson Roger , Topping Annie , Gray Richard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimTo investigate the relationship between patient mortality and the educational preparation (graduateness) of the nurses who cared for them.BackgroundThere have been 18 studies over the last two decades examining the effect of nurses’ educational qualifications on mortality. All but three have used mortality data aggregated at the hospital level that has been combined with surveys of nurses to estimate the level of graduateness in the population. Data collection and extraction generally has been done at different points in time.DesignA retrospective, cross‐sectional study.MethodRoutine administrative patient data were extracted (May–August 2015). The primary outcome was all‐cause patient mortality at discharge. We were able to identify the individual nurses who provided care during patients inpatient stay using an identification number. We were then able to calculate the ‘graduateness’ of the nursing care patients received by dividing the number of recorded episodes of care provided by baccalaureate prepared nurses with the total number of care episodes.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounding, we observed a significant association between patient mortality and nurse graduateness. Our observations suggest an optimum level of baccalaureate prepared nurses of approximately 70%. Above this level, there appears to be no additional decrease in mortality rates.ConclusionThis study represents an important methodological step forward over previous approaches. Our observations are generally consistent with existing literature and confirm the importance of baccalaureate nurse education.
Development and psychometric analysis of the Patient Perceptions of Patient‐Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale (PPPNBS)
Authors: Jerofke Teresa , Weiss Marianne 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimTo (1) develop and psychometrically test the Patient Perceptions of Patient‐Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale, which measures patient perceptions of empowering nurse behaviours during hospitalization; and (2) refine to a shorter, more useful form, for measurement in clinical settings.BackgroundAlthough patient empowerment has been promoted as a way to engage patients in chronic illness care, there is not a measure reported by patients as recipients of empowering nurse behaviours during hospitalization.DesignPsychometric evaluation of construct and predictive validity, reliability and item reduction.MethodData gathered during hospitalization and six weeks postdischarge between April 2012 ‐ August 2014 were used to determine the validity and reliability of the long and short‐form Patient Perceptions of Patient‐Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale in a sample of 395 chronically ill medical and surgical adult patients.ResultsThe long and short‐form Patient Perceptions of Patient‐Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale demonstrated strong reliability and convergent validity with pre‐discharge 13‐item Patient Activation Measure scores. Both forms of the Patient Perceptions of Patient‐Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale predicted postdischarge 13‐item Patient Activation Measure scores and the long‐form predicted physical health status. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated improved model fit for the short‐form instrument when compared with the long‐form fit. The short‐form Patient Perceptions of Patient‐Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale explained 98% of the variance of the long‐form Patient Perceptions of Patient‐Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale.ConclusionThe results provide evidence supporting reliability and validity of both forms. While the scales measure patient reports and not direct observation of empowering nurse behaviours, incorporating patients' experiences as recipients of care is necessary to validate the contribution of nursing care to patients' engagement in chronic illness management.
A path analysis of stress and premenstrual symptoms in Korean international and Korean domestic students
Authors: Lee Yaelim , Im Eun‐Ok 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimsTo identify the relationships between perceived stress, acculturative stress and premenstrual symptoms, among other associated factors (e.g. depressive symptoms, coping self‐efficacy, perceived social support) of premenstrual symptoms suggested in the literature by testing the conceptual framework of the ‘Stress and Premenstrual Experience Model: Women in Cultural Transition’.BackgroundLevel of perceived stress has been cited as a major influencing factor for women's premenstrual symptoms; however, how these two elements are related, including possible mediators and moderators, remains unclear.DesignA longitudinal causal‐comparative web‐based study design.MethodsData collection occurred between November, 2014 ‐ February, 2015. The convenience sampling method was used to recruit 98 Korean international students and 89 Korean domestic students. Weekly surveys were conducted for 10 weeks to capture women's levels of perceived stress, acculturative stress and premenstrual symptoms from two menstrual cycles. The survey data collected during the premenstrual phase was analysed using path analyses.Results/findingsThe hypothesized pathways based on the conceptual model were partially supported in the study. Depressive symptoms were a partial mediator between perceived stress and premenstrual symptoms and between acculturative stress and symptoms in Korean international students. The perceived social support was a moderator between perceived stress and premenstrual symptoms in Korean domestic students.ConclusionThis study proposes a revised conceptual model that will contribute to the understanding of stress and premenstrual symptom severity in women in the acculturation process and concludes with suggestions and implications for future nursing practice and research.
Cardiovascular medication adherence among patients with cardiac disease: a systematic review
Authors: Al‐Ganmi Ali Hussein , Perry Lin , Gholizadeh Leila , Alotaibi Abdulellah Modhi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to critically appraise and synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of interventions suitable for delivery by nurses, designed to enhance cardiac patients' adherence to their prescribed medications.BackgroundCardiac medications have statistically significant health benefits for patients with heart disease, but patients' adherence to prescribed medications remains suboptimal.DesignA systematic quantitative review of intervention effects.Data SourcesWe conducted systematic searches for English‐language, peer‐reviewed randomized controlled trial publications via Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar published between January 2004–December 2014.Review methodsAccording to pre‐determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, eligible studies were identified and data extracted using a predefined form. Of 1962 identified papers; 14 studies met the study inclusion criteria, were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration tool; and included in the review.ResultsStudy findings were presented descriptively; due to the heterogeneity of studies meta‐analysis was not possible. Included papers described interventions categorized as: (1) multifaceted; and (2) behavioural and educational, comprising: (a) text message and mail message; (b) telephone calls; (c) motivational interviewing and (d) nurse‐led counselling and education.ConclusionsSubstantial heterogeneity limited the robustness of conclusions, but this review indicated that motivational interviewing, education and phone or text messaging appeared promising as means to enhance cardiac medication adherence. Future research should integrate multifaceted interventions that target individual behaviour change to enhance adherence to cardiovascular medications, to build on the beneficial outcomes indicated by this review.
The association of feeding behaviour with the resistance and tolerance to parasites in recently diverged sticklebacks
Authors: Anaya‐Rojas Jaime M. , Brunner Franziska S. , Sommer Nina , Seehausen Ole , Eizaguirre Christophe , Matthews Blake 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDivergent natural selection regimes can contribute to adaptive population divergence, but can be sensitive to human‐mediated environmental change. Nutrient loading of aquatic ecosystems, for example, might modify selection pressures by altering the abundance and distribution of resources and the prevalence and infectivity of parasites. Here, we used a mesocosm experiment to test for interactive effects of nutrient loading and parasitism on host condition and feeding ecology. Specifically, we investigated whether the common fish parasiteGyrodactylussp. differentially affected recently diverged lake and stream ecotypes of three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We found that the stream ecotype had a higher resistance toGyrodactylussp. infections than the lake ecotype, and that both ecotypes experienced a cost of parasitism, indicated by negative relationships between parasite load and both stomach fullness and body condition. Overall, our results suggest that in the early stages of adaptive population divergence of hosts, parasites can affect host resistance, body condition and diet.
Cisplatin for testicular germ cell tumors: a rapid review
Authors: Hu Zhiqiang , Yu Jiajie , Gui Ge , Chen Yuan , Huang Rui , Jiang Lucan , Kwong Joey S.W. , Li Youping , Zhang Lingli 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveCisplatin is one of efficacious medicines for TGCT, but is not in 18th WHO EML now. The Union for International Cancer Control recommended cisplatin to the 19th WHO EML for TGCT. To evaluate the effectiveness, safety and cost of cisplatin for TGCT according to the requirements of WHO EML Expert Committee, and to provide the evidence whether cisplatin should be included in WHO EML.MethodWe searched The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, NHS EED, US National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) and WHO guidelines. Guidelines and systematic reviews (SRs) on cisplatin for TGCT were included. Two reviewers selected studies and extracted relevant information independently. Quality of SRs was appraised through AMSTAR.ResultsSeven guidelines and four SRs were included in this rapid review. Quality of SRs was moderate according to AMSTAR. The results showed that: (a) effectiveness: cisplatin‐based chemotherapy significantly improved in response rates and overall survival for more advanced disease (stage II and stage III). Bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP)—one of the most widely used of cisplatin‐based chemotherapy regimens should be considered as the standard treatment of good‐prognosis patients with survival rates of 90% and as the best option for intermediate‐ or poor‐prognosis patients with survival rates of 75% and 50%, respectively. (b) Safety: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and peripheral neuropathy are common adverse effects of cisplatin. (c) Cost: there was no relevant study about cost of cisplatin for TGCT. But the affordability of cispaltin is good for Chinese patients, due to it is in health insurance directory of China.ConclusionsWe recommend cisplatin to be listed in 19th WHO EML for TGCT, due to adequate evidence of effectiveness and good affordability.
A Review on Osmotic Dehydration of Fruits and Vegetables: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Ramya V. , Jain N. K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOsmotic dehydration is a simultaneous mass transfer process which mainly promotes the flow of water molecules from the food to osmo‐active solution and some migration of solutes from the solution into the food, thus maintaining good organoleptic and functional properties in the finished product. This paper presents mechanism of osmotic dehydration and recent developments regarding the factors affecting osmotic dehydration process viz., pretreatment factors (blanching, coating, ultrasound treatment, high pressure processing, pulsed electric field effect, etc.), product‐related factors and osmotic solution related factors (temperature of osmotic solution, concentration of osmotic agent, type of osmotic agent, agitation/stirring process during osmotic process, osmotic solution and food mass ratio). The details on mathematical modeling of mass transfer during osmotic dehydration of foods and benefits of osmotic dehydration which includes energy saving methods and quality of final product are reviewed.Practical ApplicationOsmosis is a physical phenomenon that has been extensively studied in various disciplines of science and engineering. Osmotic dehydration has diverse applications in fruits and vegetables. Thus it can be used to decrease the post harvest losses. Being a simple process, it facilitates processing of fruits and vegetables with retention of initial fruit characteristics viz., colour, aroma, texture and nutritional composition. Since no preservative was used, it does not adversely affect the human body. This process could be used on small scale for development of self‐entrepreneurs and home scale industries. The mathematical models can be used for understanding the mass transfer phenomenon during the process. The economic interest relates to the reduced energy consumption as compared to conventional drying. This review serves to provide an updated status on osmotic dehydration and its research gap which is useful for academics, research purpose and processing industries.
Compression of Morbidity Is Observed Across Cohorts with Exceptional Longevity
Authors: Ismail Khadija , Nussbaum Lisa , Sebastiani Paola , Andersen Stacy , Perls Thomas , Barzilai Nir , Milman Sofiya 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo determine, in a sample of Ashkenazi Jewish aged 95 and older, whether there is a compression of morbidity similar to what has been reported in other cohorts with exceptional longevity.DesignCase–control study.SettingLongevity Genes Project (LGP) and New England Centenarian Study (NECS).ParticipantsLGP (n = 439, mean age 97.8 ± 2.8) and NECS (n = 1,498, mean age 101.4 ± 4.0) participants with exceptional longevity and their respective younger referent cohorts (LGP, n = 696; NECS, n = 302).MeasurementsSelf‐ and proxy reports of age of onset of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, and stroke.ResultsLong‐lived individuals from LGP and NECS had later age of onset of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and osteoporosis than their respective younger reference groups. The risk of overall morbidity was lower in participants with exceptional longevity than in younger participants (NECS men: relative risk (RR) = 0.12, women: RR = 0.20; LGP men: RR = 0.18, women: RR = 0.24). The age at which 20% of each of the groups with exceptional longevity experienced specific diseases was between 18 and 24 years later than in the reference groups, stratified according to sex.ConclusionThe similar extension of health span and compression of morbidity seen in NECS and LGP participants with exceptional longevity further validates the utility of these rare individuals for the study of factors that delay or prevent a broad spectrum of diseases otherwise associated with mortality and disability.