bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adult Breastfeeding in Ancient Rome
Authors: Mulder Tara 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This article examines possible connections between historical-mythological depictions of women breastfeeding their own parents, ancient pharmacological uses of human breast milk, and the columna lactaria (“lactation column”). By looking at accounts of the adult consumption of human breast milk in conjunction with medical writings about the nutritional and curative properties of the substance, I argue that there could have been a practice of distributing and consuming human breast milk in the ancient Roman world. Mythological stories of lactating women feeding their incarcerated parents show that adult consumption of human breast milk at Rome was viewed as something amazing, though not completely bizarre. In fact, literary sources show that attitudes towards adult breastfeeding were similar to attitudes towards women nursing their own children—a practice that was thought to display familial piety. Further, medical sources from the time period argue for the superiority of breast milk to other ingestible substances for curing various ailments. Finally, the columna lactaria, though poorly attested, gives us a possible location for an ancient marketplace for congress between those with breast milk to sell and those looking to buy.
A Passage from Eliza Orzeszkowa’s Novel Entitled Marta
Authors: Byrcyn Anna Gąsienica , Kraft Stephanie 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The novel Marta, written by Eliza Orzeszkowa, an outstanding Polish novelist, centers on the struggle for a decent life by a young widow from the landed gentry with a little daughter whose social status diminishes to poverty because of lack of financial resources after the death of her husband in Russian occupied Poland. In her book, Orzeszkowa narrates the somber portrayal of a woman striving to expand her conventional education and provide her child with basic economic needs by trying unsuccessfully various types of work while facing her own powerlessness and the callousness and insensitivity of the world surrounding her. Orzeszkowa’s novel offers interesting insights on labor history in partitioned Poland, especially the types of limited work available to women from the upper class in teaching foreign languages, music, and art, in contrast to the marketable skills of women from working class families who could find jobs more easily performing heavy housework as maids and caregivers at wealthy households or working independently as seamstresses in garment industries. By creating heart-rending and stirring scenes in her fiction, Eliza Orzeszkowa points in her book to the issues that were crucial to her, and that still exist in every corner of the world, namely women’s education, women’s rights to work, women’s equal rights, and women’s independence.
Images of the People’s Republic of Poland in Polish Cinema and Literature after 1989
Authors: Zwierzchowski Piotr 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Although since 1989 almost thirty years have passed, images of the People’s Republic of Poland constantly appear in Polish cinema and literature. Attention should be paid to their multiplicity and heterogeneity, and even contradictory character, resulting from different experiences of PRL, authors’ strategies, poetics and ways of narrating, genre patterns, various functions, as well as from a variety of contexts: biographical, historical, political, social, aesthetic, related to someone’s identity or worldview, and many others. In this article, the author focuses on several important phenomena related to the main issue. These are nostalgia, the transition from the domination of politico-ideological and moral settlements to private narrations, and, finally, the conviction that it is not possible to create a single image of PRL.
J.L. Barbería’s “The Children that Hitler Stole: Orphans of the Nazi Savagery”
Authors: Gimeno-Robles Translated by J. Casalduero 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
In 1946, at the end of World War II, two hundred Polish children, torn away from their parents by the Nazis because of their Aryan appearance or as a result of the experiments to create the super-race, were taken in by the Red Cross and sent to Barcelona. There, they lived for ten years before being scattered around the world. The Spanish newspaper El Pais found them and reconstructed their secret history.1 J. L. Barberia’s article illuminates a crucial, albeit less widely known (especially among American scholars) episode in the history of World War II. Provided one knows how and where to search, the facts pertaining to this brutally transcendent story can be traced as far back as the Nuremberg Trials. This article has been translated into Polish and Catalan and has also appeared in the Polish paper Gazeta Wyborcza,2 as well as in other major Latin American newspapers. This first translation into English is by J. Casalduero Gimeno-Robles.3
Dermoscopy of alopecia areata—a retrospective analysis
Authors: Jha Abhijeet K. , Udayan Uday K. , Roy P. K. , Amar Amar K. J. , Chaudhary R. K. P. 
Published: August 2017

Background: Dermoscopy devices can overcome the refractive properties of stratum corneum by interface medium or cross polarization such that the lesion can be easily seen.
Aim: To examine the dermoscopic feature in alopecia areata and correlate the severity of disease with dermoscopic features.
Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of 72 patients suffering from alopecia areata (AA), irrespective of age and sex, who visited the dermatology outpatient department of a tertiary care center in Eastern India was carried out. The most recently developed cases of AA were examined dermoscopically. Variables included yellow dots (YDs), black dots (BDs), broken hair (BH), short vellus hair (SVH), and exclamation mark hair (EMH) on the basis of available literature and expertise.
Results: Yellow dots was the most common finding seen in 57 cases (79.16%), black dots in 51 cases (70.8%). Short vellus hair was seen in 32 cases (44.44%), broken hair was seen in 31 cases (43.05%), and exclamation mark hair in 23 cases (31.9%). YDs per field of vision was considered as the most common finding with increased severity of AA.
La co-construction de la gestion axée sur les résultats : les logiques de médiation des commissions scolaires
Authors: Maroy Christian , Brassard André , Mathou Cécile , Vaillancourt Samuel , Voisin Annelise 
Published: August 2017

Cet article porte sur le rôle des commissions scolaires (CS) québécoises dans le processus de mise en oeuvre de la politique de gestion axée sur les résultats (GAR) au sein du réseau de l’éducation obligatoire. Lors de ce processus, les CS contribuent à coconstruire cette politique et à la transformer partiellement. Cette médiation de la GAR par les CS conduit à la mise en place d’une gestion plus formalisée de l’efficacité des pratiques des enseignants. À partir d’une étude de cas multiples de quatre CS (61 entretiens semi-dirigés), nous montrons comment leurs logiques de médiation de la politique affectent la portée et l’intensité de la gestion de l’activité pédagogique : certaines CS adaptent la GAR à leur réalité organisationnelle, alors que d’autres l’intensifient.
HIV, violence, blame and shame: pathways of risk to internalized HIV stigma among South African adolescents living with HIV
Authors: Pantelic Marija , Boyes Mark , Cluver Lucie , Meinck Franziska 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Internalized HIV stigma is a key risk factor for negative outcomes amongst adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV), including non‐adherence to anti‐retroviral treatment, loss‐to‐follow‐up and morbidity. This study tested a theoretical model of multi‐level risk pathways to internalized HIV stigma among South African ALHIV.Methods: From 2013 to 2015, a survey using total population sampling of ALHIV who had ever initiated anti‐retroviral treatment (ART) in 53 public health facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa was conducted. Community‐tracing ensured inclusion of ALHIV who were defaulting from ART or lost to follow‐up. 90.1% of eligible ALHIV were interviewed (n = 1060, 55% female, mean age = 13.8, 21% living in rural locations). HIV stigma mechanisms (internalized, enacted, and anticipated), HIV‐related disability, violence victimization (physical, emotional, sexual abuse, bullying victimization) were assessed using well‐validated self‐report measures. Structural equation modelling was used to test a theoretically informed model of risk pathways from HIV‐related disability to internalized HIV stigma. The model controlled for age, gender and urban/rural address.Results: Prevalence of internalized HIV stigma was 26.5%. As hypothesized, significant associations between internalized stigma and anticipated stigma, as well as depression were obtained. Unexpectedly, HIV‐related disability, victimization, and enacted stigma were not directly associated with internalized stigma. Instead significant pathways were identified via anticipated HIV stigma and depression. The model fitted the data well (RMSEA = .023; CFI = .94; TLI = .95; WRMR = 1.070).Conclusions: These findings highlight the complicated nature of internalized HIV stigma. Whilst it is seemingly a psychological process, indirect pathways suggest multi‐level mechanisms leading to internalized HIV stigma. Findings suggest that protection from violence within homes, communities and schools may interrupt risk pathways from HIV‐related health problems to psychological distress and internalized HIV stigma. This highlights the potential for interventions that do not explicitly target adolescents living with HIV but are sensitive to their needs.
Uniform surface‐to‐line integral reduction of physical optics for curved surfaces by modified edge representation with higher‐order correction
Authors: Lyu Pengfei , Ando Makoto 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe modified edge representation is one of the equivalent edge currents approximation methods for calculating the physical optics surface radiation integrals in diffraction analysis. The Stokes' theorem is used in the derivation of the modified edge representation from the physical optics for the planar scatterer case, which implies that the surface integral is rigorously reduced into the line integral of the modified edge representation equivalent edge currents, defined in terms of the local shape of the edge. On the contrary, for curved surfaces, the results of radiation integrals depend upon the global shape of the scatterer. The physical optics surface integral consists of two components, from the inner stationary phase point and the edge. The modified edge representation is defined independently from the orientation of the actual edge, and therefore, it could be available not only at the edge but also at the arbitrary points on the scatterer except the stationary phase point where the modified edge representation equivalent edge currents becomes infinite. If stationary phase point exists inside the illuminated region, the physical optics surface integration is reduced into two kinds of the modified edge representation line integrations, along the edge and infinitesimally small integration around the inner stationary phase point, the former and the latter give the diffraction and reflection components, respectively. The accuracy of the latter has been discussed for the curved surfaces and published. This paper focuses on the errors of the former and discusses its correction. It has been numerically observed that the modified edge representation works well for the physical optics diffraction in flat and concave surfaces; errors appear especially for the observer near the reflection shadow boundary if the frequency is low for the convex scatterer. This paper gives the explicit expression of the higher‐order correction for the modified edge representation.
Improving representation of canopy temperatures for modeling subcanopy incoming longwave radiation to the snow surface
Authors: Webster Clare , Rutter Nick , Jonas Tobias 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA comprehensive analysis of canopy surface temperatures was conducted around a small and large gap at a forested alpine site in the Swiss Alps during the 2015 and 2016 snowmelt seasons (March–April). Canopy surface temperatures within the small gap were within 2–3°C of measured reference air temperature. Vertical and horizontal variations in canopy surface temperatures were greatest around the large gap, varying up to 18°C above measured reference air temperature during clear‐sky days. Nighttime canopy surface temperatures around the study site were up to 3°C cooler than reference air temperature. These measurements were used to develop a simple parameterization for correcting reference air temperature for elevated canopy surface temperatures during (1) nighttime conditions (subcanopy shortwave radiation is 0 W m−2) and (2) periods of increased subcanopy shortwave radiation >400 W m−2 representing penetration of shortwave radiation through the canopy. Subcanopy shortwave and longwave radiation collected at a single point in the subcanopy over a 24 h clear‐sky period was used to calculate a nighttime bulk offset of 3°C for scenario 1 and develop a multiple linear regression model for scenario 2 using reference air temperature and subcanopy shortwave radiation to predict canopy surface temperature with a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 0.7°C. Outside of these two scenarios, reference air temperature was used to predict subcanopy incoming longwave radiation. Modeling at 20 radiometer locations throughout two snowmelt seasons using these parameterizations reduced the mean bias and RMSE to below 10 W m s−2 at all locations.
Reproducibility of Ba/Ca variations recorded by northeast Pacific bamboo corals
Authors: Serrato Marks G. , LaVigne M. , Hill T. M. , Sauthoff W. , Guilderson T. P. , Roark E. B. , Dunbar R. B. , Horner T. J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTrace elemental ratios preserved in the calcitic skeleton of bamboo corals have been shown to serve as archives of past ocean conditions. The concentration of dissolved barium (BaSW), a bioactive nutrientlike element, is linked to biogeochemical processes such as the cycling and export of nutrients. Recent work has calibrated bamboo coral Ba/Ca, a new BaSW proxy, using corals spanning the oxygen minimum zone beneath the California Current System. However, it was previously unclear whether Ba/Cacoral records were internally reproducible. Here we investigate the accuracy of using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for Ba/Cacoral analyses and test the internal reproducibility of Ba/Ca among replicate radial transects in the calcite of nine bamboo corals collected from the Gulf of Alaska (643–720 m) and the California margin (870–2054 m). Data from replicate Ba/Ca transects were aligned using visible growth bands to account for nonconcentric growth; smoothed data were reproducible within ~4% for eight corals (n = 3 radii/coral). This intracoral reproducibility further validates using bamboo coral Ba/Ca for BaSW reconstructions. Sections of the Ba/Ca records that were potentially influenced by noncarbonate bound Ba phases occurred in regions where elevated Mg/Ca or Pb/Ca and coincided with anomalous regions on photomicrographs. After removing these regions of the records, increased Ba/Cacoral variability was evident in corals between ~800 and 1500 m. These findings support additional proxy validation to understand BaSW variability on interannual timescales, which could lead to new insights into deep sea biogeochemistry over the past several centuries.
Improving ecosystem‐scale modeling of evapotranspiration using ecological mechanisms that account for compensatory responses following disturbance
Authors: Millar David J. , Ewers Brent E. , Mackay D. Scott , Peckham Scott , Reed David E. , Sekoni Adewale 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMountain pine beetle outbreaks in western North America have led to extensive forest mortality, justifiably generating interest in improving our understanding of how this type of ecological disturbance affects hydrological cycles. While observational studies and simulations have been used to elucidate the effects of mountain beetle mortality on hydrological fluxes, an ecologically mechanistic model of forest evapotranspiration (ET) evaluated against field data has yet to be developed. In this work, we use the Terrestrial Regional Ecosystem Exchange Simulator (TREES) to incorporate the ecohydrological impacts of mountain pine beetle disturbance on ET for a lodgepole pine‐dominated forest equipped with an eddy covariance tower. An existing degree‐day model was incorporated that predicted the life cycle of mountain pine beetles, along with an empirically derived submodel that allowed sap flux to decline as a function of temperature‐dependent blue stain fungal growth. The eddy covariance footprint was divided into multiple cohorts for multiple growing seasons, including representations of recently attacked trees and the compensatory effects of regenerating understory, using two different spatial scaling methods. Our results showed that using a multiple cohort approach matched eddy covariance‐measured ecosystem‐scale ET fluxes well, and showed improved performance compared to model simulations assuming a binary framework of only areas of live and dead overstory. Cumulative growing season ecosystem‐scale ET fluxes were 8 – 29% greater using the multicohort approach during years in which beetle attacks occurred, highlighting the importance of including compensatory ecological mechanism in ET models.
Direct measurements of lift and drag on shallowly submerged cobbles in steep streams: Implications for flow resistance and sediment transport
Authors: Lamb Michael P. , Brun Fanny , Fuller Brian M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSteep mountain streams have higher resistance to flow and lower sediment transport rates than expected by comparison with low gradient rivers, and often these differences are attributed to reduced near‐bed flow velocities and stresses associated with form drag on channel forms and immobile boulders. However, few studies have directly measured drag and lift forces acting on bed sediment for shallow flows over coarse sediment, which ultimately control sediment transport rates and grain‐scale flow resistance. Here we report on particle lift and drag force measurements in flume experiments using a planar, fixed cobble bed over a wide range of channel slopes (0.004 < S < 0.3) and water discharges. Drag coefficients are similar to previous findings for submerged particles (CD ∼ 0.7) but increase significantly for partially submerged particles. In contrast, lift coefficients decrease from near unity to zero as the flow shallows and are strongly negative for partially submerged particles, indicating a downward force that pulls particles toward the bed. Fluctuating forces in lift and drag decrease with increasing relative roughness, and they scale with the depth‐averaged velocity squared rather than the bed shear stress. We find that, even in the absence of complex bed topography, shallow flows over coarse sediment are characterized by high flow resistance because of grain drag within a roughness layer that occupies a significant fraction of the total flow depth, and by heightened critical Shields numbers and reduced sediment fluxes because of reduced lift forces and reduced turbulent fluctuations.
Visualizing and quantifying the crossover from capillary fingering to viscous fingering in a rough fracture
Authors: Chen Yi‐Feng , Fang Shu , Wu Dong‐Sheng , Hu Ran 
Published: August 2017

AbstractImmiscible fluid‐fluid displacement in permeable media is important in many subsurface processes, including enhanced oil recovery and geological CO2 sequestration. Controlled by capillary and viscous forces, displacement patterns of one fluid displacing another more viscous one exhibit capillary and viscous fingering, and crossover between the two. Although extensive studies investigated viscous and capillary fingering in porous media, a few studies focused on the crossover in rough fractures, and how viscous and capillary forces affect the crossover remains unclear. Using a transparent fracture‐visualization system, we studied how the two forces impact the crossover in a horizontal rough fracture. Drainage experiments of water displacing oil were conducted at seven flow rates (capillary number log10Ca ranging from −7.07 to −3.07) and four viscosity ratios (M=1/1000,1/500,1/100 and 1/50). We consistently observed lower invading fluid saturations in the crossover zone. We also proposed a phase diagram for the displacement patterns in a rough fracture that is consistent with similar studies in porous media. Based on real‐time imaging and statistical analysis of the invasion morphology, we showed that the competition between capillary and viscous forces is responsible for the saturation reduction in the crossover zone. In this zone, finger propagation toward the outlet (characteristic of viscous fingering) as well as void‐filling in the transverse/backward directions (characteristic of capillary fingering), are both suppressed. Therefore, the invading fluid tends to occupy larger apertures with higher characteristic front velocity, promoting void‐filling toward the outlet with thinner finger growth and resulting in a larger volume of defending fluid left behind.
Limits of heat as a tracer to quantify transient lateral river‐aquifer exchanges
Authors: Xie Yueqing , Batlle‐Aguilar Jordi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe application of heat as a tracer for assessing river‐aquifer exchanges has been mainly limited to vertical flow through the riverbed. Lateral river‐aquifer exchanges become more important than vertical riverbed exchanges if the river is deeply incised into an aquifer. Few studies have examined lateral river‐aquifer exchanges and the ability of heat to constrain such exchanges. This study aims to perform a robust assessment of the limits of heat as a tracer to quantify lateral river‐aquifer exchanges. The study is based on a section of the Meuse River in Belgium, a river predominantly gaining in the studied area and becoming intermittently losing in the winter time. A calibrated transect model shows that river temperature can affect groundwater temperature up to 9 m into the aquifer. An accompanying synthetic modeling investigation using Monte Carlo simulation shows that heat data for distances between 4 and 9 m from the river can reduce the uncertainty of river‐aquifer exchanges for conditions similar to those of the transect model. The ability of heat to reduce the river‐aquifer exchange uncertainty improves with distance from the river because of the reduction in the number of acceptable model realizations. The optimal distance is 8 m from the river where the groundwater temperature is no longer affected by the river temperature. The synthetic modeling also indicates that heat alone cannot constrain river‐aquifer exchanges better than the commonly used hydraulic head. However, when combined with hydraulic head, heat can significantly reduce the uncertainty of river‐aquifer lateral exchanges under gaining conditions.