bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Bawang Tiwai terhadap Hispatologi Ginjal Mencit
Authors: Sastyarina Yurika 
Published: June 2017

The ethanolic extract from the bulb of Eleutherine americana was investigated for subacute toxicity in Balb/C male mice. The parameter used on this research is kidney histophatological. During subacute toxicity study, bulb plant (0.52, 0,26 and 5.2 mg/kg b.wt) p.o. once daily for 30 days. The animals were sacrificed on the 30th day and the kidney were processed for histophatological. The result of descriptive observation histophatological in kidney shows there is inflammation in glomerulus with 2.6 mg/kg b.wt and 5.2 mg/kg b.wt dosage. There is oedem in tubulus for dosage given in In tubulus 0.52, 0,26 and 5.2 mg/kg b.wt
Keyword : bulb, Eleutherine americana, histophatological, kidney, mice

ABSTRAK
Telah dilakukan penelitian toksisitas subakut pada ekstrak etanol umbi bawang tiwai (Eleutherine americana (Aubl.). Merr) dari mencit jantan. Parameter yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah hispatologi ginjal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran hispatologi dari ginjal yang telah diberi ekstrak etanol bawang tiwai dengan dosis 0,52 mg/kgBB, 2,6 mg/kgBB, dan 5,2 mg/kgBB pada uji toksisitas subakut dengan pemberian berulang setiap hari sekali selama 30 hari. Hasil pengamatan deskriptif hispatologi terhadap ginjal menunjukkan bahwa pada dosis 0,52 mg/kgBB terjadi inflamasi pada glomerulus dan pada dosis 2,6 mg/kgBB, dan 5,2 mg/kgBB terjadi perdarahan. Sedangkan pada dosis 0,52 mg/kgBB, 2,6 mg/kgBB, dan 5,2 mg/kgBB pada tubulus terjadi oedem.
Kata Kunci : Umbi, Eleutherine Americana, hispatologi, ginjal, mencit.
Karakteristik dan Stabilitas Sediaan Gel Mulut Berbahan Aktif Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hitam Berbasis Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose (HEC)
Authors: Prasetya Fajar 
Published: June 2017

This study aimed to obtain mouth gel formula â€‹â€‹from extract of black betel leaves which effectively kill microbes that cause inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and tooth decay (caries). The mouth gel formulation â€‹â€‹from black betel leaves extract has been made by various concentrate of Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose (HEC) as a mucoadhesive polymer. The optimized mouth gel base determine by evaluation the physical which includes organoleptic, viscosity, pH, the spreadability, and consistency after 16 days storage. The evaluation test was done with pH 7.21 (which lowest) - 7.78 (the highest). The spreadability after 16 days storage of 50 grams for formula 1, formula 2, formula 3 each is 11.33 cm, 5.60 cm, and 4.70 cm. The consistency of the mouth gel formulation â€‹â€‹from black betel leaves extract on formula 1, formula 2, and formula 3 are no changes occurred up to 16 days of storage. The viscosity obtained after 16 days of storage for formula 1, formula 2, and formula 3 respectively are 4.30 dpas, 37 dpas, and 80 dpas. The result showed that formula 2 has better formulation.
Keywords: antimicrobials ,mouth gel, black betel, gingivitis, cavities
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formula gel mulut dari ekstrak daun sirih hitam yang secara efektif membunuh mikroba yang menyebabkan peradangan pada gusi (gingivitis) dan kerusakan gigi (karies). Formulasi gel mulut dari hitam sirih ekstrak daun telah dibuat oleh berbagai konsentrasi Hidroksi Etil Selulosa (HEC) sebagai polimer mukoadhesif. Dioptimalkan basis gel mulut menentukan dengan evaluasi fisik yang meliputi organoleptik, viskositas, pH, spreadability, dan konsistensi setelah 16 hari penyimpanan. Tes evaluasi dilakukan dengan pH 7.21 (yang terendah) - 7.78 (tertinggi). The spreadability setelah 16 hari penyimpanan 50 gram untuk formula 1, rumus 2, rumus 3 masing-masing adalah 11,33 cm, 5,60 cm, dan 4,70 cm. Konsistensi formulasi gel mulut dari daun sirih hitam ekstrak formula 1, rumus 2, dan 3 rumus ada perubahan terjadi hingga 16 hari penyimpanan. Viskositas diperoleh setelah 16 hari penyimpanan untuk formula 1, rumus 2, dan 3 masing-masing adalah rumus 4.30 dpas, 37 dpas, dan 80 dpas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula 2 memiliki formulasi yang lebih baik.
Kata kunci: antimkroba , gel mulut, sirih hitam, gingivitis, cavities
Aktivitas Gel Mulut Berbahan Aktif Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hitam Kalimantan sebagai Antimikroba Penyebab Radang Gusi (Gingivitis) dan Gigi Berlubang (Caries)
Authors: Prasetya Fajar , Narsa Angga Cipta 
Published: June 2017

This study aimed to test the activity of active ingredient mouth gel preparation of kalimantan black piper betle leaf extract with the main base of Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose namely (HEC) as a mucoadhesive polymer that is able to increase the attractive forces between the active material with a layer of mucus that will extend the contact time with the active ingredient tissue targets, moreover would be increase the effectiveness of antimicrobial activity causes inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and tooth decay (caries). Activities that have been implemented are mouth gel activity assays with Kalimantan black piper betle leaf extract as in- vitro using the agar diffusion method pitting. In testing with active oral gel preparation of black piper betle leaf extract with the main base of Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose namely (HEC) as in vitro, it can be seen that the sample may provide the inhibitory effect of the fungus Candida albicans and the bacterium Streptococcus mutans in the presence of a clear zone indicated on the medium. Furthermore, at this stage of the dilution of the gel in twice causing decline in the effectiveness of the inhibition of both the fungus Candida albicans and the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. The results of in- vitro testing without dilution is 19.8 mm in bacteria Streptococcus mutans and 34.4 mm in the fungus Candida albicans.
Keywords: antimicrobial, oral gel, black piper betle, gingivitis , cavities

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas sediaan gel mulut berbahan aktif ekstrak daun sirih hitam Kalimantan dengan basis utama yakni Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose (HEC) sebagai mucoadhesive polymer yang mampu meningkatkan gaya tarik menarik antara bahan aktif dengan lapisan mukus sehingga akan memperpanjang waktu kontak bahan aktif dengan jaringan target, selanjutnya akan meningkatkan efektivitas aktivitas antimikroba penyebab radang gusi (gingivitis) dan gigi berlubang (caries). Kegiatan yang telah dilaksanakan adalah pengujian aktivitas gel mulut berbahan aktif ekstrak daun sirih hitam Kalimantan secara in vitro dengan menggunakan metode difusi agar teknik sumuran. Pada pengujian sediaan gel mulut berbahan aktif ekstrak daun sirih hitam Kalimantan dengan basis utama yakni Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose (HEC) secara in vitro, dapat diketahui bahwa sampel dapat memberikan efek penghambatan jamur Candida albicans dan bakteri Streptococcus mutans dengan ditunjukkan adanya zona bening pada agar. Namun pada tahap dua kali pengenceran terhadap gel terjadi penurunan efektivitas kerja penghambatan baik pada jamur Candida albicans maupun pada bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Hasil pengujian in-vitro tanpa pengenceran adalah 19.8 mm pada bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan 34.4 mm jamur Candida albicans.
Kata kunci: antimkroba, gel mulut, sirih hitam, radang gusi, gigi berlubang
La contabilidad como un juego de lenguaje
Authors: Rincón Carlos Augusto 
Published: June 2017

Este artículo conceptualiza la contabilidad como un juego de lenguaje, para precisar su sentido. Lenguaje porque comprende en su finalidad la comunicación sobre un fenómeno económico, en el que se especializa, instituyendo herramientas para describirlo; basado en las necesidades, intereses e intenciones de unos usuarios. Ostenta de manera analógica todos los elementos del lenguaje: emisor, receptor, mensaje, contexto, código, canal, barreras y fallas. Y juego, porque recrea un escenario propio de reglas semióticas, semánticas, sintácticas y pragmáticas, para la elaboración de la información, que influyen en los comportamientos de los actores contables, según su posición de emisor o receptor. La contabilidad como lenguaje es una manera compleja de ver la comprensión de su “ser”, que tiene directa relación con su quehacer; pero el detalle de su hacer, no define su ser. La observación del sentido contable como juego y lenguaje, se realiza con el método fenomenológico-hermenéutico, para acceder a una comprensión ontológica de ¿qué es la contabilidad?
HATE CRIMES DI INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF PERBANDINGAN HUKUM
Authors: Wulandari Widati 
Published: June 2017

<p><em>This article discusses the deficiency of the Indonesian criminal law with regard to the criminalization of hate crimes. Taking into consideration the fact that Indonesia faces a high incidence of social conflict due to rising intolerance and discrimination targeting minority groups. The combination of (racial-ethnic-religious) discrimination and hatred against minority groups in most cases results in various forms of common crimes which generally is known as hate crimes. Using a comparative law method, by and between Indonesian criminal law and the criminal law of other countries experiencing hate crimes, the author highlights options for eradicating hate crimes. One important finding is the tendency of a number of countries to perceive hatred or prejudice which motivate the perpetrator of hate crimes as aggravating factor and not to as as separate substantive offence. </em></p>
POSISI, TANTANGAN, DAN PROSPEK BAGI INDONESIA DALAM SISTEM PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA WTO
Authors: F. D. Sitanggang Dyan 
Published: June 2017

<p><em>The World Trade Organization (WTO) as the sole universal organization managing global trade between member-states has develop a dispute settlement mechanism to deal with disagreement related to the interpretation and/or implementation of reciprocal rights and duties in the economic field. However, the effectiveness of this system hinges on compliance of states to decisions reached. Compliance in its turn are influenced by how parties to a dispute value the justness or equity of the final settlement. This paper discusses WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) and how Indonesia perceived and utilizes this forum to further its national interest.</em></p>
Risk for Complications after Pacemaker or Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantations in Patients with Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1
Authors: Sochala Maximilien , Wahbi Karim , Sorbets Emmanuel , Lazarus Arnaud , Bécane Henri-Marc , Stojkovic Tanya , Fayssoil Abdallah , Laforêt Pascal , Béhin Anthony , Sroussi Marjorie , Eymard Bruno , Duboc Denis , Meune Christophe 
Published: June 2017

Background: Pacemakers (PM) and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) may be indicated for sudden death prevention in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), however the risk of complications after the placement of these devices is unknown. Objective: To compare the rate of device-related complications between PM and ICD implantations in patients with DM1. Methods: Among 914 patients with DM1 included in the DM1 Heart Registry between January 2000 and January 2010, we retrospectively selected 23 patients who were implanted with an ICD and matched them to 46 controls with a PM on age, gender, and year of device placement. Results: Over a 6 years follow-up period, we observed device-related complications in 9 ICD recipients (inappropriate shocks in 5, lead dysfunction in 5, infection in 2) and in 3 PM recipients (lead dysfunction in 3). Patients with an ICD had, compared to those with a PM, higher rates of complications (39.1% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.0006) and more frequent complications requiring hospitalisation and/or re-intervention (respectively 30.4% and 21.7% vs. 0%). Conclusion: Our study shows a higher risk of device-related complications after the implantation of an ICD than for a PM in patients presenting with DM1.
Brine shrimp lethality assay
Authors: Sarah Quazi Sahely , Anny Fatema Chowdhury , Misbahuddin Mir 
Published: June 2017

Brine shrimp lethality assay is an important tool for the preliminary cytotoxicity assay of plant extract and others based on the ability to kill a laboratory cultured larvae (nauplii). The nauplii were exposed to different concentrations of plant extract for 24 hours. The number of motile nauplii was calculated for the effectiveness of the extract. It is a simple, cost effective and requires small amount of test material.Video Clip of Methodology:Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay: 4 min 9 sec Full Screen Alternate
Patients’ evaluations of patient safety in English general practices: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ricci-Cabello Ignacio , Marsden Kate S , Avery Anthony J , Bell Brian G , Kadam Umesh T , Reeves David , Slight Sarah P , Perryman Katherine , Barnett Jane , Litchfield Ian , Thomas Sally , Campbell Stephen M , Doos Lucy , Esmail Aneez , Valderas Jose M 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundDescription of safety problems and harm in general practices has previously relied on information from health professionals, with scarce attention paid to experiences of patients.AimTo examine patient-reported experiences and outcomes of patient safety in primary care.Design and settingCross-sectional study in 45 general practices across five regions in the north, centre, and south of England.MethodA version of the Patient Reported Experiences and Outcomes of Safety in Primary Care (PREOS-PC) questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 6736 patients. Main outcome measures included ‘practice activation’ (what a practice does to create a safe environment); ‘patient activation’ (how proactive are patients in ensuring safe healthcare delivery); ‘experiences of safety events’ (safety errors); ‘outcomes of safety’ (harm); and ‘overall perception of safety’ (how safe patients rate their practice).ResultsQuestionnaires were returned by 1244 patients (18.4%). Scores were high for ‘practice activation’ (mean [standard error] = 80.4 out of 100 [2.0]) and low for ‘patient activation’ (26.3 out of 100 [2.6]). Of the patients, 45% reported experiencing at least one safety problem in the previous 12 months, mostly related to appointments (33%), diagnosis (17%), patient provider communication (15%), and coordination between providers (14%). Twenty-three per cent of the responders reported some degree of harm in the previous 12 months. The overall assessment of level of safety of practices was generally high (86.0 out of 100 [16.8]).ConclusionPriority areas for patient safety improvement in general practices in England include appointments, diagnosis, communication, coordination, and patient activation.
The Origin of [C ii] 157 μm Emission in a Five-component Interstellar Medium: The Case of NGC 3184 and NGC 628
Authors: Abdullah A. , Brandl B. R. , Groves B. , Wolfire M. , Calzetti D. , Croxall K. , Looze I. de , Kennicutt R. C. , Sandstrom K. M. , Armus L. , Dale D. A. , Galametz M. , Herrera-Camus R. , Hunt L. K. , Smith J. D. , Tielens A. G. G. M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
With its relatively low ionization potential, C+ can be found throughout the interstellar medium (ISM) and provides one of the main cooling channels of the ISM via the [C ii] 157 μm emission. While the strength of the [C ii] line correlates with the star formation rate, the contributions of the various gas phases to the [C ii] emission on galactic scales are not well established. In this study we establish an empirical multi-component model of the ISM, including dense H ii regions, dense photon dissociation regions (PDRs), the warm ionized medium (WIM), low density and

surfaces of molecular clouds (SfMCs), and the cold neutral medium (CNM). We test our model on ten luminous regions within the two nearby galaxies NGC 3184 and NGC 628 on angular scales of 500–600 pc. Both galaxies are part of the Herschel key program KINGFISH, and are complemented by a large set of ancillary ground- and space-based data. The five modeled phases together reproduce the observed [C ii] emission quite well, overpredicting the total flux slightly (about 45%) averaged over all regions. We find that dense PDRs are the dominating component, contributing 68% of the [C ii] flux on average, followed by the WIM and the SfMCs, with mean contributions of about half of the contribution from dense PDRs, each. CNM and dense H ii regions are only minor contributors with less than 5% each. These estimates are averaged over the selected regions, but the relative contributions of the various phases to the [C ii] flux vary significantly between these regions.
The Effect of Modified Gravity on the Odds of the Bound Violations of the Turn-around Radii
Authors: Lee Jounghun , Li Baojiu 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The turn-around radii of the galaxy groups show the imprint of a long battle between their self-gravitational forces and the accelerating space. The standard ΛCDM cosmology based on the general relativity (GR) predicts the existence of an upper bound on the expectation value of the turn-around radius that is rarely violated by individual galaxy groups. We speculate that a deviation of the gravitational law from GR on the cosmological scale could cause an appreciable shift of the mean turn-around radius to higher values and make the occurrence of the bound violation more probable. Analyzing the data from high-resolution N-body simulations for two specific models with modified gravity (MG) and the standard GR+ΛCDM cosmology, we determine the turn-around radii of the massive Rockstar groups from the peculiar motions of the galactic halos located in the bound zone where the fifth force generated by MG is expected to be, at most, partially shielded. We detect a

signal of difference in the odds of the bound violations between a fiducial MG and the GR models, which proves that the odds of the bound violations increase with the strength of the fifth force produced by the presence of MG. The advantage of using the odds of the bound violations as a complementary diagnostics to probe the nature of gravity is discussed.
On the Origin of Sub-subgiant Stars. III. Formation Frequencies
Authors: Geller Aaron M. , Leiner Emily M. , Chatterjee Sourav , Leigh Nathan W. C. , Mathieu Robert D. , Sills Alison 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Sub-subgiants (SSGs) are a new class of stars that are optically redder than normal main-sequence stars and fainter than normal subgiant stars. SSGs, as well as the possibly related red stragglers (which fall to the red of the giant branch), occupy a region of the color–magnitude diagram that is predicted to be devoid of stars by standard stellar evolution theory. In previous papers we presented the observed demographics of these sources and defined possible theoretical formation channels through isolated binary evolution, the rapid stripping of a subgiant’s envelope, and stellar collisions. SSGs offer key tests for single- and binary-star evolution and stellar collision models. In this paper, we synthesize these findings to discuss the formation frequencies through each of these channels. The empirical data, our analytic formation rate calculations, and analyses of SSGs in a large grid of Monte Carlo globular cluster models suggest that the binary evolution channels may be the most prevalent, though all channels appear to be viable routes to SSG creation (especially in higher-mass globular clusters). Multiple formation channels may operate simultaneously to produce the observed SSG population. Finally, many of these formation pathways can produce stars in both the SSG and red straggler (and blue straggler) regions of the color–magnitude diagram, in some cases as different stages along the same evolutionary sequence.
Mind Your Ps and Qs: The Interrelation between Period (P) and Mass-ratio (Q) Distributions of Binary Stars
Authors: Moe Maxwell , Di Stefano Rosanne 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
We compile observations of early-type binaries identified via spectroscopy, eclipses, long-baseline interferometry, adaptive optics, common proper motion, etc. Each observational technique is sensitive to companions across a narrow parameter space of orbital periods P and mass ratios q =

/M
1. After combining the samples from the various surveys and correcting for their respective selection effects, we find that the properties of companions to O-type and B-type main-sequence (MS) stars differ among three regimes. First, at short orbital periods P ≲ 20 days (separations a ≲ 0.4 au), the binaries have small eccentricities e ≲ 0.4, favor modest mass ratios

, and exhibit a small excess of twins q > 0.95. Second, the companion frequency peaks at intermediate periods log P (days) ≈ 3.5 (a ≈ 10 au), where the binaries have mass ratios weighted toward small values q ≈ 0.2–0.3 and follow a Maxwellian “thermal” eccentricity distribution. Finally, companions with long orbital periods log P (days) ≈ 5.5–7.5 (a ≈ 200–5000 au) are outer tertiary components in hierarchical triples and have a mass ratio distribution across q ≈ 0.1–1.0 that is nearly consistent with random pairings drawn from the initial mass function. We discuss these companion distributions and properties in the context of binary-star formation and evolution. We also reanalyze the binary statistics of solar-type MS primaries, taking into account that 30% ± 10% of single-lined spectroscopic binaries likely contain white dwarf companions instead of low-mass stellar secondaries. The mean frequency of stellar companions with q > 0.1 and log P (days) < 8.0 per primary increases from 0.50 ± 0.04 for solar-type MS primaries to 2.1 ± 0.3 for O-type MS primaries. We fit joint probability density functions

to the corrected distributions, which can be incorporated into binary population synthesis studies.
An Improved Method for Determining the Integrated Properties of Nuclear Rings: NGC 1512
Authors: Ma Chao , de Grijs Richard , Ho Luis C. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The integrated properties of nuclear rings are correlated with the secular evolution and dynamics of the host galaxies of the rings, as well as with the formation and evolution of the rings’ star cluster population(s). Here we present a new method to accurately measure the spectral energy distribution and current star formation rate (SFR) of the nuclear ring in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1512, based on high-resolution Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescope images. Image degradation does not have a significant negative effect on the robustness of the results. To obtain the ring’s SFR for the period spanning ∼3–10 Myr, we apply our method to the continuum-subtracted Hα and 8 μm images. The resulting SFR surface density,

, is much higher than the disk-averaged SFR densities in normal galaxies. We also estimate the ring’s total stellar mass, log (M/M
⊙) = 7.1 ± 0.11, for an average age of ∼40 Myr.
Regard pédopsychiatrique sur le diagnostic de dysphasie
Authors: Bock Nathaëlle , Serre-Pradère Geneviève , Robel Laurence , Baubet Thierry 
Published: June 2017

La dysphasie est un trouble sévère et persistant du développement du langage oral. Classiquement, l’atteinte du développement du langage est dite « spécifique », c’est à dire ne relevant pas d’une cause cliniquement identifiable. Devant la complexité du diagnostic de dysphasie, il nous a paru nécessaire de dresser un état des lieux synthétique de l’état des recherches dans le domaine à partir d’une revue de la littérature. Dans une seconde partie, nous formalisons certains de nos questionnements autour de ce diagnostic et de la notion de spécificité, nés de la confrontation entre notre expérience clinique et les points saillants des recherches actuelles. Au vu de leur pratique clinique, et étayés de leurs recherches, les auteurs plaident pour l’impérative nécessité d’une évaluation pédopsychiatrique chez tous les enfants chez lesquels une dysphasie est suspectée ou diagnostiquée.	Mots-clés : dysphasie, langage, enfant, spécificité, comorbidités.