bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Future of Flying
Authors: Wimperis H. E. 
Published: August 2016

The Presidential Address to the Engineering Section of the British Association provides each year an opportunity for a survey of some aspect of engineering science which happens to be of especial importance at the time it is given, and often one which the experience of the President of the hour may chance to render especially appropriate. My subject to-day is “The Future of Flying.” Of its importance at the present time there can assuredly be no doubt. Aviation is surveyed by the public with a tempered pride—Pride, it is true, in man's achievement, but Apprehension, it is equally true, as to the use which is being made of it.The aspiration towards winged flight was expressed, I submit, with great wisdom when, more than two thousand years ago, the Psalmist avowed his longing for “wings like a dove!” How wise a discrimination is revealed by the poet's asking not merely for the power of flight but that his wings shall be “dove-like.” For the space of a generation mankind has possessed the power of flight—a marvellous scientific and technical triumph but, alas, incomplete. Brilliant as was the work of the brothers Wright, the crown of achievement will not be truly won until a grateful mankind sees that the wings gained are the wings of a dove and not those of a bird of prey.
Trans-Atlantic Air Services
Authors: Mayo R. H. 
Published: August 2016

When the President of the Engineering Section did me the honour of inviting me to read a paper on trans-Atlantic Air Services, I realised that I might be in a slightly difficult position through my association with the composite aircraft, which has been put forward as one solution of the major problem of long range flying.I have no financial interest whatever in the adoption of the composite aircraft for British trans-Atlantic services. Imperial Airways have the free user for any of their services, and if I have any interest in its adoption it is a purely technical one. Secondly, I would remind you that an engineer who recommends a wide departure from normal practice thereby accepts a heavy burden of technical responsibility. I can assure you that with this in mind I shall not lightly make any such recommendation, but on the other hand, I shall not hesitate to do so merely because I have, with many others, taken a part in this development.
Results from the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Segelflug Smoke Tunnel
Authors: Lippisch A. 
Published: August 2016

Aerodynamics is one of the main fields of application for practical mathematics and the treatment of aerodynamic problems requires a thorough mathematical training. Whoever opens a modern book on aerodynamics will be surprised from the very beginning, that the phenomena within this very fugitive medium air may be expressed by formulas according to mathematical laws.We must, however, never forget, that before a flow phenomenon can be mathematically analysed, physical reality must be understood by observation and experiment.The mathematical treatment will always tend towards an approximate solution, as it is much too complicated to analyse a flow process exactly.
Recent Progress in the Design of Civil Flying Boats
Authors: Gouge A. 
Published: August 2016

Before reading this paper, I should like to make a brief explanation of my reason for changing the published title.The original intention was to give a survey of civil flying boats in general, but after due consideration the subject appeared to me to cover far too much ground, unless it was restricted to merely a collection of already published data of past and present aircraft of this type.Whilst a paper of this nature would, undoubtedly, prove to be of considerable interest, yet, personally, I feel more competent to review the three types of flying boats designed purely for civil use, which have come directly under my supervision during the past eight years.
Test Flying
Authors: Tobin J.R. 
Published: August 2016

Test Flying should not be confused with Flight Testing. There is a very large difference between the two. Flight Testing covers the work of an infinite variety of people, while Test Flying is done by pilots and observers only. It is with the work of the pilots that this paper will deal.A Test Pilot is presumably a pilot who tests aircraft, but it is a very loose, term. Out of the multitude of pilots engaged on test work in aircraft, only a small percentage actually test the aeroplane itself, while the remainder may be divided into two classes: those who do flight inspections, and those who use the aircraft merely as a vehicle for the testing of equipment and engines.
A Contribution to the Analysis of Primary Stresses in the Hull of a Rigid Airship
Authors: Chitty L. , Southwell R. V. 
Published: August 2016

This paper describes an investigation conducted at the request of the Aeronautical Research Committee, who made a grant to one of us for the purpose. It is submitted by permission as an essay to compete for the R.38 Memorial Prize.No essential alteration has been made in the form of presentation adopted in our preliminary reports, but to meet the needs of the general reader we have added the introductory paragraphs which follow. These explain briefly the nature of the problem which we have set ourselves, the range of our solution, and the bearing of our results on practical questions which confront the designer of a rigid airship hull.
On a Simple Method for Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations by a Successive Approximation Process
Authors: Morris J. 
Published: August 2016

Simultaneous equations of three or more variables are notoriously trouble some to solve numerically and, moreover, are frequently sensitive for certain relative values of the variables. This usually precludes the use of the slide rule and in consequence resort has to be had to accurate working to an increasing number of decimal places involving much labour even with a calculating machine.A method is here given which is applicable to certain classes of equations of frequent occurrence in mathematical physics and engineering science, which method is a combination of what is knovwi as the Iteration process and the means of applying this principle to end moment distribution devised by Professor Hardy Cross.
Flying-Boats and Their Possible Developments
Authors: Gouge A. 
Published: August 2016

The Author endeavours to indicate briefly the growth of flying—boats from their inception to the present day and to forecast their probable line of development in the future. It is shown that our present achievement has been arrived at after the comparatively short period of twenty—five years and an attempt has been made to indicate the type of flying—boat which might normally be expected to mature within the next decade.The water characteristics of a present—day hull are discussed and typical curves are included giving the resistance, attitude and the effect of applied moment for a flying—boat of approximately 40,000lb., all—up weight.Before proceeding to a detailed investigation into a particular case of a flying—boat of the future, the Author briefly describes the progress which has been made with regard to the engines and compares the relative advantages of the compression—ignition engine and the petrol engine.Reasons are given why the petrol engine still tends to retain its supremacy.For the future development the Author has taken the particular case of a flying—boat of 300,000lb. all—up weight and has attempted to analyse the probable structure weight of such an aircraft and what could reasonably be expected in the way of pay load and performance.The general conclusions are that the construction of such a boat would be possible, its structure weight by means of an increased wing loading could be maintained at the present—day figure and that its performance would materially increase.
The Cross-Section of the Semi-Rigid Airship
Authors: Evans F. G. 
Published: August 2016

The scope of the paper is not so wide as the title may suggest. The primary object is to put forward a graphical method of determining the shape of the cross-section of the airship, and the loads in the envelope and rigging wires, in the plane of the cross-section, for different loading conditions.Various secondary matters, such as a brief review of other methods of dealing with the subject, and the effect of different schemes of rigging on “ breathing,” are included in the paper as points of interest.
Fuels and Dopes for Aircraft Engines
Authors: Dunstan A. E. , Thole F. B. 
Published: August 2016

Six years ago the present authors read a paper on “Aviation Spirit, Past, Present and Future.”At that time the subject of special interest was the possibility of finding substitutes for petroleum spirit and a variety of alternative volatile combustibles was described.Six years ago there happened one of the periodical scares regarding a possible world-famine in petroleum and naturally the chemist at that time was anxious, to find substitute fuels.
Control Beyond the Stall
Authors: Lachmann G. V. 
Published: August 2016

The following paper does not pretend to be a complete and exhaustive survey of all the theoretical and experimental work which has been done up to the present on the subject of control beyond the stall.It is confined to main questions and to a report of the practical research work upon which my colleagues and I have been engaged during the last two years.In doing so I am well aware of the incompleteness of our research work and its methods, which aimed more at finding ad hoc than general solutions. The outlook of the engineer is different from that of the learned scientist. Not for him is the tranquil and contemplative atmosphere that surrounds purely scientific research work. If he breaks new ground he has neither time nor means to strive for a thorough, complete and general treatment of the particular problem he encounters. His work is limited by financial considerations; hampered by a rigid system of Works Orders; and by the lesser interest in so-called “unproductive” work which characterises industrial institutions. In short, from his point of view, the solution is infinitely more important than the theory or the methods by which it is obtained. A practical solution often presents itself automatically if the physical conditions of a particular problem are properly recognised, even if the degree of accuracy does not satisfy the rigid requirements of pure scientific research.
R.100 Canadian Flight, 1930
Authors: Norway N. S. 
Published: August 2016

Monday July 28TH, 1930.—At Cardington—having spent Sunday morning on the ship after the last trial flight. A few eyelets damaged on that flight—nothing serious. One petrol tank leaking at the centre joint, to be changed on Monday. With so many tanks it would be odd if one was not leaking.To the ship early this morning by taxi; worried about the sealing strip repair which carried away on Saturday. Saw Both and Meager about this on board.Prospects good for start at dawn on Tuesday. Back to the Bridge Hotel, and on to station, buying rubber shoes and overall on the way. To London on 10.23,first to the Club and then to London Office. No confirmation of flight. At about 7.30 two calls, Bamber and Burney—flight confirmed for start 3.30 Tuesday.
The Technical Organisation of the Compagnie Generale Aeropostale
Authors: Grimault P. 
Published: August 2016

The ground covered by the Compagnie Generale Aeropostale comprises the
following:—1. The main air line from France to Chile via Toulouse, Casablanca, Saint Louis, Natal, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Santiago.2. The tributary lines: Bordeaux-Toulouse; Marseilles-Barcelona; Buenos Aires-Asuncion; Buerfos Aires-Commodore-Rivadavia.3. The line Marseilles-Algiers.4. The line Paris-Biarritz-Madrid.
In a Flying Boat Across the Greenland Ice Cap to U.S.A.
Authors: von Gronau Wolfgang 
Published: August 2016

My flight from List, Germany, to Chicago, via Greenland and Labrador, was made in July and August of 1931. I had previously made a similar flight to America in 1930 when I chose the south point of Greenland and became very much impressed by this magnificently interesting country. Ever since that flight I had a strong desire to explore this country more closely. My desire for a second flight became acute when we, in Germany, received the first reports of the British Arctic Air-Route Expedition, under the leadership of Mr. Watkins.Their weather reports for our prospective flight were very favourable and I immediately set to work to organise my second venture.
Safety in Spinning
Authors: Irving H. B. , Stephens A. V. 
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this paper is to give some account of the work on spinning and the progress which has been made since S. B. Gates and L. W. Bryant presented their paper to the Society, which was published in more comprehensive formi by the Aeronautical Research Committee as R, & M. 1001.Although it is distinctly possible that the aeroplane of the future will be unspinnable it is a fact that the great majority of present day aeroplanes are capable of taking up the spinning motion either inadvertently or by deliberate intent on the part of the pilot. If it were really true that all those aeroplanes which apparently require to be forced into a spin would J ever inadvertently fall into one, a considerable number could be definitely classed as safe by forbidding spinning on such aircraft.
A Comparative Study of the Noise from Turbo-Jet and Reciprocating Aircraft Engines in Flight
Authors: Ghose S. C. 
Published: August 2016

SummarySources of noise in aircraft are discussed briefly with particular reference to the introduction of the turbo-jet engine.An account is given of a particular investigation made in a Lancastrian aircraft fitted with both turbo-jet and reciprocating engines. The equipment by which the noise spectrum was analysed over, an extended frequency band is described.The results are examined and the effects of the two types of engine on the noise spectrum are compared, under different representative conditions, in the forward and rear sections of the fuselage.
The Modern Auto-Pilot
Authors: Meredith F. W. 
Published: August 2016

When in 1937, I last had the privilege of lecturing to the Royal Aeronautical Society on the subject, the automatic pilot was still in its infancy. The automatic pilot then described was known as the Mark IA. It may now be revealed that it had developed out of researches at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in the field that came to be known during the Second World War as Special Weapons. The Royal Navy had been backing the work, primarily with the object of developing a pilotless target aeroplane.Under the guidance of R. McKinnon Wood, at that time in charge of the Aerodynamics Department of the R.A.E., the World's first successful pilotless aeroplane was developed as an anti-aircraft target in 1925, after a series of abortive attempts in which failure was due primarily to instability arising from the unsuspected coupling between the yawing and rolling motions caused by downward tilt, in relation to the flight path, of the rotor axis of the azimuth gyroscope used to control the rudder.
Radar as an Aid to the Study of the Atmosphere
Authors: Jones F. E. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryApart from its normal functions in aviation the applications of radar have been few. In the post-war period T.R.E., in conjunction with the Meteorological Office, have been making a study of possible uses of radar to the science of meteorology and the results of these investigations are described in this paper.In the experimental work radar has been used to: —(a)investigate precipitation,(b)detect clouds dangerous to flying,(c)measure cloud height, and(d)measure wind speed and direction.An account is given of how radar may be used to measure the density of the atmosphere at altitudes up to many tens of miles and of some problems still to be solved in the design of a radar sonde system for measuring pressure, temperature and humidity profiles.It is concluded that radar will become an established meteorological tool and some possible profitable future lines of research are indicated.
Helicopter Hovering Performance
Authors: Britland C. M. 
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this paper is to indicate in a simple but quantitative form the primary aerodynamic factors governing the performance of a hovering helicopter (since the ability to hover is its prime virtue) and to show how the necessity to operate at a reasonable forward speed restricts that hovering performance. The paper is mainly of interest to potential users of helicopters and to others not actively engaged on helicopter design.The standard power relationships for hovering flight, as developed by Glauert and Squire, are interpreted in graphical form, and the effect of forward flight in limiting the choice of aerodynamic and operational parameters, due to the onset of blade stalling and compressibility, is illustrated by means of boundaries on these graphs. The power requirements in forward flight are not considered.
The Prospects and Problems of Rocket Propulsion for Aircraft
Authors: Baxter A.D. 
Published: August 2016

The successful development of the gas turbine for aircraft propulsion stimulated much thought, some serious and a great deal speculative, on the possibilities of even more advanced forms of propulsion. The ramjet and the rocket immediately sprang to mind. The former was a natural development of the turbo–jet. It could extend the useful field of the turbo–jet but the bounds of that extension could be clearly seen. On the other hand, the rocket was not restricted by the same fundamental limitations and its eventual, although still somewhat remote, exploitation in wider spheres could be prophesied with some confidence. Before the 1939—45 War, the stage of development of the rocket motor was comparable with that of the internal combustion engine a century ago. Pioneers like Tsiolkovski in Russia, Esnault–Pelterie in France, Oberth in Austria and Goddard in America had laid down the basic theory and made some small scale experiments in support, but the first major practical steps came from the Germans during the war.Before the 1939-45 War, the stage of development of the rocket motor was comparable with that of the internal combustion engine a century ago. Pioneers like Tsiolkovski in Russia, Esnault-Pelterie in France, Oberth in Austria and Goddard in America had laid down the basic theory and made some small scale experiments in support, but the first major practical steps came from the Germans during the war.
Stress Concentration in Cold-Riveted Joints Under Load
Authors: Koenig M. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryInvestigations have shown that with the addition of Kirsch's supplementary stresses to the elastic expansion and rivet side-thrust, there is a liability to dangerous stress concentration at the edge of the rivet hole. The influence of these edge stresses on the adjacent hole(s) and the plate margin, also requires investigation.However, since in spite of this disadvantage, riveting is in practice found to be superior to welding, it is evident that the edge stresses must be effectively neutralised by combined elastic and permanent deformation of the material around the hole. At the same time, the unavoidable weakening of plate and hole edges by hair cracks, etc., makes it advisable to pay special attention to the following points :—1.The initial stresses, in the plates to be joined, should be kept as low as possible.2.Rivet holes should be accurate and cleanly finished.3.Rivets should not be too closely spaced.4.The plate margin should be wide enough to avoid risk of breakdown through stress concentration due to hair-cracks or small notches.5.The edges of the plates and rivet holes should be reamed to remove hair cracks and local crumbling.
Atomic Disintegration
Authors: Feather N. 
Published: August 2016

A Meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society was held in the Great. Hall of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, Westminster, London, S.W.1, on Wednesday, 19th December, 1945, at which a paper by Professor N. Feather, Ph.D., F.R.S., entitled “ Atomic Disintegration ” was presented and discussed. In the Chair, the President, Sir Frederick Handley Page, C.B.E.The idea of the disintegration of the atom appeared first—as a notion seriously entertained by a scientist of repute—in the hypothesis put forward by Rutherford and Soddy in 1903, in an attempt to explain the phenomena of radioactivity as known at that time.
Notes on the Stalling Properties of Wings
Authors: Richards E. J. 
Published: August 2016

Consider the growth of the boundary layer over an aerofoil placed at high incidence, the potential flow pressure distribution of which is shown in Fig. 1. In the region AB, the flow will normally remain laminar because of the large favourable gradient, but after reaching the peak B, instability will begin. Depending on the Reynold's number and the actual adverse gradient, the boundary layer will do one of three things:1.It will separate from the surface while still remaining laminar;2.It will become turbulent (transition) and will remain on the surface, or;3.It will become turbulent and will separate from the surface a little later.
A Critical Review of German Research on High-Speed Airflow
Authors: Smelt R. 
Published: August 2016

Even before 1939 the problems of high-speed flow were receiving a great deal of attention in the German aeronautical world. Their leading aerodynamicists, Prandtl, Busemann and Schlichting among others, had contributed largely to the theory of compressible fluid flow, and basic experimental research in the high-speed field had begun both at Aachen and at Göttingen. The activity in Germany in this particular field before the war was, in fact, much greater than in Britain, where Mr. Lock and his co-workers at the National Physical Laboratory carried practically the entire responsibility for such work.The great increase in aircraft speeds during the war, and in particular the arrival of jet propulsion, completely changed our attitude to the subject in Britain. What had been an absorbing fundamental study became, quite suddenly, an important operational problem, looming large in every new fighter design.
A Review of Recent Progress in Aircraft Gun Design as it Affects Installation in Aircraft
Authors: Wallace G. F. 
Published: August 2016

Experience with the installation of guns in aircraft in recent years suggests that there has been little co-operation between gun designers and aircraft designers. This becomes more apparent as gun calibres increase and if satisfactory fighting aircraft are to be produced in the future, closer co-operation between gun designers and aircraft designers will be necessary. In consequence, a brief review of the progress of gun design in recent years, with special reference to its effect on installation, may be of interest.From 1918 to 1938 the standard guns used in the Royal Air Force were the Lewis gun and Vickers Maxim gun, both Army guns modified for air cooling. The installation of these guns had reached a standard form by 1918 which was adhered to for the best part of 20 years.