bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remedies to Fraud in Documentary Letters of Credit: A Comparative Perspective / Opravné Opatrenia Pri Podvodoch S Dokumentárnymi Akreditívami: Komparatívna Perspektíva
Authors: Alavi Hamed 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Article 4 of the Unified Customs and Practices of Documentary Letters of Credit establishes the notion of autonomy principle by separating credit from underlying contract between account party and beneficiary. Article 5 by recognizing the autonomy principle confirms that effectuate the payment under credit, banks only deal with documents and not with goods. As a result, while documentary letters of credit are meant to facilitate the process of international trade, their sole dependency on compliance of presented documents to bank by beneficiary to actualize the payment will increase the risk of fraud and forgery in the course of their operation. Interestingly, UCP (currently UCP600) takes a silent status regarding the problem of fraud in international LC operation and leaves the ground open for national laws to provide remedies to affected parties by fraudulent beneficiary. National Laws have different approaches to the problem of fraud in general and fraud in international LC operation in particular which makes the access of affected parties to possible remedies complicated and difficult. Current paper tries to find answer to the questions of (i) what available remedies are provided to affected parties in international LC fraud by different legal systems? (ii) And what are conditions for benefiting from such remedies under different legal systems? In achieving its objective, paper will be divided in two main parts to study remedies provided by intentional legal frameworks as well as the ones offered by national laws. Part one will study the position of UCP and UNCITRAL Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit (UNCITRAL Convention) and remedies, which they provide to LC fraud in international trade. Part two in contrary will study available remedies to LC fraud and condition for access them under English and American legal system.
Variability of energy woodchips and their economic effects
Authors: Gendek Arkadiusz , Nurek Tomasz 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The main aim of the work is to assess physical parameters of forest woodchips and their impact on the prices achieved by the supplier in transactions with a power plant. During fragmentation of logging residue, high content of green matter and contaminants negatively impacts the quality parameters that serve as basis for settlements. The analysis concerns data on the main parameters - water content, fuel value, sulphur and ash content - from 252 days of deliveries of forest chips to a power plant. The deliveries were realised from forested areas on an average about 340 km from the plant. Average water content and the resultant fuel value of forest chips was within 27-47% and 8.7-12.9 GJ×Mg-1 (appropriately), respectively. They depend on the month in which they are delivered to the power plant. The threshold values for the above-mentioned parameters are set by the plant at a real level and the suppliers have no problems with meeting them. The parameter that is most frequently exceeded is ash content (11.5% of cases). The settlement system does not differentiate on the basis of the transport distance but gives possibility to lower the settlement price when the quality parameters are not met but provides no reward for deliveries with parameters better than the average ones. On the basis of results obtained, it was calculated that average annual settlement price is lower than the contract price by about 0.20 PLN×GJ-1, which in case of the analysed company may translate into an average daily loss of about 700 PLN.
Reduction of population numbers of Melolontha spp. adults – a review of methods
Authors: Woreta Danuta 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The article provides information about control of Melolontha spp. adults, the methods used in the past, chemical pest control as well as treatments applied today. In old times, cockchafer populations were reduced mechanically, by manual collection during the swarming period or by covering soil surfaces to prevent egg lying by females. Chemical pest control methods were introduced in the fifties of the 1900s, and in subsequent 50 years, they were improved to be less and less environmentally threatening. In many countries, including Poland, there have recently been introduced progressive restrictions on the use of insecticides in forestry. Banning chemical treatments against cockchafers resulted in going back to traditional methods and seeking alternate solutions, e.g. biological control agents. In the 1990s, polyethylene nets were used to prevent egg laying in the soil by cockchafer females. At the same time, there was tested possible usefulness of a botanical insecticide derived from neem (Azadirachta indica) to combat cockchafer adults. The net, which needs to be spread flat on the ground, can be effective in orchards, however, in forested areas, the success of this method was limited due to the specific structure of forest land. In general, both methods stimulated no interest on the part of forestry on account of technical obstacles and too high cost of the botanical insecticide. Neglecting treatments toward reduction of cockchafer excessive numbers during their ongoing outbreak can bring about adverse changes in the forest structure.
Design, synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel (E)-3-(3-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones as anticancer agents
Authors: Alam Raquib , Alam Md. Aftab , Panda Amulya K. , Uddin Rahis 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
(E)-3-(3-Aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones 4a–i have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against a panel of three human cancer cell lines Caco-2, MIA PaCa-2, MCF-7 and a normal NIH-3T3 cell line. Compound 4g is cytotoxic with the IC50 value of 15.32±0.62 μm against the Caco-2 cell line.
Culture-Laden Imports: International Market Entry and Cultural Taboos
Authors: Brice William David , Chu Edward , Jones Wayne 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This empirical study investigates American market responses to a Spanish product that is strongly culture-laden and may violate cultural taboos. Surveys were conducted in two contrasting US universities in Arkansas and California. Contrasting student majors were also chosen: Art and Business. The product is a life-sized baby doll, designed to be breast-fed rather than bottle-fed, which highlights the benefits and normality of breast-feeding babies. Although this product is popular in its original European market, US media accounts suggested strongly negative morality-based American reactions. This study found a strong overall non-acceptance of this product in all groups, but with significant differences between groups. Results quantify the market reaction and illuminate its cultural basis by comparing responses between two culturally different regions, two contrasting college majors, different genders, and different ethnicities. In doing so, this study helps to break new ground in the international marketing of culture-laden products.
Intercultural competence of first year students of English at the Faculty of Education, Masaryk University: a report of research
Authors: Zerzová Jana 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The article presents the initial stage of research conducted at the Department of English Language and Literature at the Faculty of Education, Masaryk University in Brno. The aim of the research is to examine the departmental students’ intercultural competence (IC) at the beginning of their studies (autumn 2011), compare it with their level of IC at the end of their studies (autumn 2016) and investigate the influences that played a role in their IC development. In this paper, only the initial stage of the research is presented, i.e. examining the students’ IC at the beginning of the studies. The Intercultural Development Inventory®, version 3, was used for the purposes of the research. Since this instrument is not currently being used for academic or corporate purposes in the Czech (or Slovak) Republic, a secondary aim of the article is to introduce it to the wider academic community. The results indicate that students tend to overestimate their level of IC, and find themselves in ethnocentric stages of intercultural development at the beginning of their university studies.
The Exotic Other: Representations of Latina tropicalism in U.S. popular culture
Authors: Martynuska Małgorzata 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
U.S. Latina/o identity is a complex and panethnic construction. One of the most enduring tropes surrounding Latina women in US culture is that of tropicalism, which by erasing ethnic specificity helps construct homogenous stereotypes such as bright colours, rhythmic music, and brown skin that are represented in visual texts. Tropicalization helps position the Latina body as oversexed as well as sexually available; all that is identified with seductive clothing, curvaceous hips and breasts, long brunette hair or extravagant jewellery. The article concerns Latina images in US media and popular culture and focuses on such stars as Jennifer Lopez and Salma Hayek in order to explore the gendered signifiers surrounding Latinidad and Latina iconicity. The female ethnicity is depicted as other through its categorization and marginalization in relation to dominant constructions of Whiteness and femininity. The article bridges the approaches of gender studies and Latina/o studies with recent research on hybridity and transnational identities.
System of Optoelectronic Sensors for Breath Analysis
Authors: Mikołajczyk Janusz , Wojtas Jacek , Bielecki Zbigniew , Stacewicz Tadeusz , Szabra Dariusz , Magryta Paweł , Prokopiuk Artur , Tkacz Arkadiusz , Panek Małgorzata 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe paper describes an integrated laser absorption system as a potential tool for breath analysis for clinical diagnostics, online therapy monitoring and metabolic disorder control. The sensors operate basing on cavity enhanced spectroscopy and multi-pass spectroscopy supported by wavelength modulation spectroscopy. The aspects concerning selection of operational spectral range and minimization of interference are also discussed. Tests results of the constructed devices collected with reference samples of biomarkers are also presented. The obtained data provide an opportunity to analyse applicability of optoelectronic sensors in medical screening.
A System for Acoustic Field Measurement Employing Cartesian Robot
Authors: Szczodrak Maciej , Kurowski Adam , Kotus Józef , Czyżewski Andrzej , Kostek Bożena 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA system setup for measurements of acoustic field, together with the results of 3D visualisations of acoustic energy flow are presented in the paper. Spatial sampling of the field is performed by a Cartesian robot. Automatization of the measurement process is achieved with the use of a specialized control system. The method is based on measuring the sound pressure (scalar) and particle velocity(vector) quantities. The aim of the system is to collect data with a high precision and repeatability. The system is employed for measurements of acoustic energy flow in the proximity of an artificial head in an anechoic chamber. In the measurement setup an algorithm for generation of the probe movement path is included. The algorithm finds the optimum path of the robot movement, taking into account a given 3D object shape present in the measurement space. The results are presented for two cases, first without any obstacle and the other - with an artificial head in the sound field.
Comments on “A New Transient Attack on the Kish Key Distribution System”
Authors: Kish Laszlo B. , Granqvist Claes G. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A recent IEEE Access Paper by Gunn, Allison and Abbott (GAA) proposed a new transient attack against the Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise (KLJN) secure key exchange system. The attack is valid, but it is easy to build a defense for the KLJN system. Here we note that GAA’s paper contains several invalid statements regarding security measures and the continuity of functions in classical physics. These deficiencies are clarified in our present paper, wherein we also emphasize that a new version of the KLJN system is immune against all existing attacks, including the one by GAA.
Dupuytren’s Disease in an Adolescent – Case Report
Authors: Żyluk Andrzej , Walaszek Ireneusz 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDupuytren’s disease is typically observed in adults, in children and adolescents being rarely diagnosed. Only several cases were reported in children under the age of 10 years, including two infants under one year. There were no such reports in Polish literature. We presented a case of Dupuytren’s disease in a 17 year-old adolescent, in whom the first signs of the disease were observed in early childhood.
Anonymity in Peer-assisted CDNs: Inference Attacks and Mitigation
Authors: Jia Yaoqi , Bai Guangdong , Saxena Prateek , Liang Zhenkai 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The peer-assisted CDN is a new content distribution paradigm supported by CDNs (e.g., Akamai), which enables clients to cache and distribute web content on behalf of a website. Peer-assisted CDNs bring significant bandwidth savings to website operators and reduce network latency for users. In this work, we show that the current designs of peer-assisted CDNs expose clients to privacy-invasive attacks, enabling one client to infer the set of browsed resources of another client. To alleviate this, we propose an anonymous peer-assisted CDN (APAC), which employs content delivery while providing initiator anonymity (i.e., hiding who sends the resource request) and responder anonymity (i.e., hiding who responds to the request) for peers. APAC can be a web service, compatible with current browsers and requiring no client-side changes. Our anonymity analysis shows that our APAC design can preserve a higher level of anonymity than state-of-the-art peer-assisted CDNs. In addition, our evaluation demonstrates that APAC can achieve desired performance gains.
Goal directed behavior and dyslexia
Authors: Chiarenza Giuseppe Augusto 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Goal directed behavior is explained by two approaches: the first, which can be named as cybertetic (behavior is wieved as homeostatic and reflexive), and second, as cognitive approach, a learned response, (skills developed by whaching the behavior of another individual).
The aim of the paper is to present a noninvasive method described as an interaction of human beings with environment, recording the electrical activity of the brain from the human scalp.
Obtained results are in agreement of psychological theories that place at determined levels of age the acquisition of the capacities of abstract thinking and with the functional neuroanatomic studies according to which biological maturation is necessary for learning processes to develop. An acquired level of learning is in close relationship with the maturation level of the cerebral structures.
Chronic kidney disease – pediatric risk factors
Authors: Tasic Velibor , Janchevska Aleksandra , Emini Nora , Sahpazova Emilija , Gucev Zoran , Polenakovic Momir 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The knowledge about the progression of chronic kidney disease is an important issue for every pediatric nephrologist and pediatrician in order to implement appropriate measures to prevent wasting of renal function and the final consequence – end stage renal disease with the need for the dialysis and transplantation. Therefore it is important to know, treat or ameliorate the standard risk factors such as hypertension, proteinuria, anemia, hyperparathyroidism etc. In this review devoted to the World Kidney Day 2016 we will pay attention to the low birth parameters, obesity, hyperuricemia and smoking which emerged as particularly important risk factors for children and adolescent with chronic kidney disease.
Severe Sepsis – Clinical Manifestations and Pharmaco-Economic Analysis in an Intensive Care Unit in Latvia
Authors: Brīdiņa Linda , Krūmiņa Angelika , Šuba Oļegs , Cauce Vinita , Vanags Indulis , Vīksna Ludmila 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Sepsis is widespread among hospitalised patients worldwide. In fact, severe sepsis and septic shock is a major cause of patient admission and mortality in intensive care units and the difficulty in diagnosing the initial stage of the disease is a major obstacle to the reduction of mortality from sepsis. Retrospective analysis of medical records of 72 patients was carried out within the framework of the study. The study included patients of both sexes and all ages, who were hospitalised at the stationary “Gaiļezers” of the Rīga East Clinical University Hospital from 2011 to 2014. The study aim was to determine the clinical course of treated septic patients and conduct a pharmaco-economic analysis. In the course of the disease, almost half of the patients - 34 (48.6%) showed development of septic shock. Mortality in these patients exceeded a half (60.0%; 21 patients). Artificial lung ventilation during hospitalisation was received by 43 (59.7%) of patients. Artificial lung ventilation had been required in a significantly larger number of cases in the dead patient group (75%, p = 0.01). The average costs per one patient day (including bed-day price and manipulation costs) was 383 euros. Septic shock was associated with high mortality. Severe sepsis is an expensive diagnosis, as the average cost of one patient exceeds costs of other departments by 4.5 times.
Risk Factors that Determine Less Favourable Hospitalisation Course and Outcome in Patients with ESBL Producing Enterobacteriaceae Infection: Preliminary Results / Riska Faktori, Kas Nosaka Sliktāku Hospitalizācijas Gaitu Un Iznākumu Pacientiem Ar Esbl Producējošu Enterobacteriaceae Dzimtas Baktēriju Infekciju: Sākotnējie Rezultāti
Authors: Skuja Vita , Pekarska Katrīna , Caune Una , Piekuse Linda , Kempa Inga , Rudzīte Dace , Kigitoviča Dana , Derovs Aleksejs , Vīksna Ludmila , Lejnieks Aivars , Krūmiča Angelika 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Hospitalisation course and outcome for patients with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae infection is less favourable due to extensive antibacterial resistance. This study was conducted to identify possible risk factors that could influence the hospitalisation course and outcome in these patients. The study protocol included demographic, clinical, hospitalisation, bacteriological and plasmid genetic data. The preliminary study results showed that hospitalisation course and outcome was less favourable for internal medicine profile patients with ESBL producing bacteria, TEM gene presence in the bacterial plasmid genome, patient age < 65 years and patients with infectious and musculoskeletal diseases. The study includes preliminary data only and further studies should be carried out to verify the suggested risk factors.
Using smartphones and tablets in higher education contexts: an exploratory study within a teacher education programme
Authors: Parmigiani Davide , Giusto Marta 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This study aimed to analyse and explore the potential opportunities offered by mobile devices to improve the higher education scenario. In particular, the study was conducted within a teacher education programme. The students attended a course called Educational Technology, which focussed on the use of mobile devices (smartphones and tablets) inside and outside the classroom. We examined the impact of mobile learning on students’ university activities and the changes in the organisation of their studying activity, their learning strategies and their interaction/cooperation levels. After the course, we administered a questionnaire that highlighted some findings concerning the differences between smartphones and tablets in supporting these aspects. We found that both types of devices improved the interaction/collaboration among students and the search for information, which was useful for studying. However, the organisation of studying and the learning strategies were supported only by tablets and for specific aspects of learning. This exploratory research suggests, on the one hand, some possible solutions to improve the quality of university activities, and on the other, it underlines some difficulties that will be analysed more thoroughly in further studies.
Optimization of observation plan based on the stochastic characteristics of the geodetic network
Authors: Pachelski Wojciech , Postek Paweł 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Optimal design of geodetic network is a basic subject of many engineering projects. An observation plan is a concluding part of the process. Any particular observation within the network has through adjustment a different contribution and impact on values and accuracy characteristics of unknowns. The problem of optimal design can be solved by means of computer simulation. This paper presents a new method of simulation based on sequential estimation of individual observations in a step-by-step manner, by means of the so-called filtering equations. The algorithm aims at satisfying different criteria of accuracy according to various interpretations of the covariance matrix. Apart of them, the optimization criterion is also amount of effort, defined as the minimum number of observations required.
A numerical example of a 2-D network is illustrated to view the effectiveness of presented method. The results show decrease of the number of observations by 66% with respect to the not optimized observation plan, which still satisfy the assumed accuracy.
Elements of an algorithm for optimizing a parameter-structural neural network
Authors: Mrówczyńska Maria 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The field of processing information provided by measurement results is one of the most important components of geodetic technologies. The dynamic development of this field improves classic algorithms for numerical calculations in the aspect of analytical solutions that are difficult to achieve. Algorithms based on artificial intelligence in the form of artificial neural networks, including the topology of connections between neurons have become an important instrument connected to the problem of processing and modelling processes. This concept results from the integration of neural networks and parameter optimization methods and makes it possible to avoid the necessity to arbitrarily define the structure of a network. This kind of extension of the training process is exemplified by the algorithm called the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), which belongs to the class of evolutionary algorithms. The article presents a GMDH type network, used for modelling deformations of the geometrical axis of a steel chimney during its operation.