bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dark ice dynamics of the south-west Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Tedstone Andrew J. , Bamber Jonathan L. , Cook Joseph M. , Williamson Christopher J. , Fettweis Xavier , Hodson Andrew J. , Tranter Martyn 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has increased in recent years due largely to changes in atmospheric circulation and atmospheric warming. Albedo reductions resulting from these changes have amplified surface melting. Some of the largest declines in GrIS albedo have occurred in the ablation zone of the south-west sector and are associated with the development of dark ice surfaces. Field observations at local scales reveal that a variety of light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) can be present on the surface, ranging from inorganic particulates to cryoconite materials and ice algae. Meanwhile, satellite observations show that the areal extent of dark ice has varied significantly between recent successive melt seasons. However, the processes that drive such large interannual variability in dark ice extent remain essentially unconstrained. At present we are therefore unable to project how the albedo of bare ice sectors of the GrIS will evolve in the future, causing uncertainty in the projected sea level contribution from the GrIS over the coming decades. Here we use MODIS satellite imagery to examine dark ice dynamics on the south-west GrIS each year from 2000 to 2016. We quantify dark ice in terms of its annual extent, duration, intensity and timing of first appearance. Not only does dark ice extent vary significantly between years but so too does its duration (from 0 to > 80 % of June–July–August, JJA), intensity and the timing of its first appearance. Comparison of dark ice dynamics with potential meteorological drivers from the regional climate model MAR reveals that the JJA sensible heat flux, the number of positive minimum-air-temperature days and the timing of bare ice appearance are significant interannual synoptic controls. We use these findings to identify the surface processes which are most likely to explain recent dark ice dynamics. We suggest that whilst the spatial distribution of dark ice is best explained by outcropping of particulates from ablating ice, these particulates alone do not drive dark ice dynamics. Instead, they may enable the growth of pigmented ice algal assemblages which cause visible surface darkening, but only when the climatological prerequisites of liquid meltwater presence and sufficient photosynthetically active radiation fluxes are met. Further field studies are required to fully constrain the processes by which ice algae growth proceeds and the apparent dependency of algae growth on melt-out particulates.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, Vol. 6 No. 2
Authors: Young Jenny 
Published: November 2017

Environmental Management and Sustainable Development (EMSD) would like to thank the following reviewers for reviewing manuscripts from May 1, 2017, to November 1, 2017. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Many authors, regardless of whether EMSD publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Macrothink Institute appreciates the following reviewers’ rigorous and conscientious efforts for this journal. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review during this period. Adriano MaglioccoAghop Der-KarabetianAnna Rita Bernadette CammerinoArash RiasiAristotulus Ernst TungkaBhagawanChristiane do Nascimento MonteDilek Kaya-AkyüzlüFarhaoui MohamedGabriel Jeremiah LingGandhi Escajadillo ToledoGiacomo ChiesaHayssam Mohamed AliHebin LinHengky HalimJoão Fernando Pereira GomesKhan R. RahamanManuel Mendoza-CarranzaMona M. Amin Abdel-FatahMurat EyvazNikolay MinkovOylum Gokkurt BakiPankaj MaheshwariRocsana Tonis (Bucea-Manea)Sadegh PoozeshSaid Jaouadi
Active iris vascular tufts bleeding successfully treated with argon laser photocoagulation
Authors: Sarmad Ambreen , Alfaqawi Fadi , Chakrabarti Monali , Mitra Arijit , Mushtaq Bushra 
Published: November 2017

Purpose: Iris vascular tufts (IVT) are rare biomicroscopic capillary outgrowths from the pupillary margins. Patients are usually asymptomatic until presenting with blurred vision due to spontaneous hyphema or with raised intraocular pressure. Case report: A 61-year-old woman presented to eye casualty with left eye (LE) blurred vision and discomfort for 1 day. Her external ocular examination was unremarkable and visual acuity was 6/6 in the right eye (RE) and 6/9 in the LE. Biomicroscopic examination revealed a 2-mm hyphema in her LE and bilateral multiple small IVT and active bleeding from IVT at the pupillary margin of the LE at the 5 o’clock position. Diagnosis of LE active bleeding from IVT was made and she underwent argon laser photocoagulation directed at the source of bleeding. The bleeding stopped immediately after the second burn. She was followed up for 3 months; her visual acuity was 6/5 and 6/6 in the RE and LE, respectively, with no further problems. Conclusions: Iris vascular tufts are benign and recurrent hemorrhages are unlikely. Therefore, definitive argon laser photocoagulation or surgical treatment are reserved to arrest further episodes of hyphema. Our case demonstrates the effective use of argon laser photocoagulation to completely arrest active bleeding from IVT and excellent recovery of hyphema with no further problems for 5 years.
Comparative study of 3 exophthalmometers and computed tomographic biometry
Authors: Delmas Juliette , Loustau Jean-Marie , Martin Sylvain , Bourmault Loïc , Adenis Jean-Paul , Robert Pierre-Yves 
Published: November 2017

Purpose: Accurate and reproducible exophthalmometry is mandatory to diagnose and follow-up orbital patients, especially in Graves disease. However, many variations are described among the different commercially available exophthalmometers. Methods: Sixty patients, who underwent a cerebral computed tomography (CT) scan, were included. External prebicanthal segments (EPBCS) for right and left eyes (RE and LE), interorbital distance, and globe axial length were recorded by a first observer (O1), more experienced than a second (O2). Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility were evaluated, using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland and Altman plots. Results: Concordance between each EPBCS measurement for each eye and CT scan biometry was moderate for the Luedde ruler for the 2 observers. For the Hertel exophthalmometer, concordance was moderate for O1 in the 2 eyes and moderate in RE but good in LE for O2. For the Mourits exophthalmometer, this concordance was very good in RE and good in LE for O1, and good whatever the eye for O2. Intraobserver (ICC varying from 0.75 to 0.95 for the 2 observers) and interobserver (ICC from 0.69 to 0.94) reproducibility were high, especially for the Mourits exophthalmometer. Bland and Altman plots showed underestimations when using the Luedde ruler, overestimations when using the Hertel exophthalmometer, and overestimation of small values and underestimation of high values when using the Mourits exophthalmometer when compared to CT scan biometry. Conclusions: We demonstrated great accuracy to CT scan biometry with 1-prism Mourits exophthalmometer, low accuracy with the Luedde instrument, and intermediate accuracy with the Hertel exophthalmometer, with fair intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility.
Use of peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) in children receiving autologous or allogeneic stem-cell transplantation
Authors: Benvenuti Stefano , Ceresoli Rosanna , Boroni Giovanni , Parolini Filippo , Porta Fulvio , Alberti Daniele 
Published: November 2017

Introduction: The aim of our study was to present our experience with the use of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in pediatric patients receiving autologous or allogenic blood stem-cell transplantation. The insertion of the device in older children does not require general anesthesia and does not require a surgical procedure. Methods: From January 2014 to January 2017, 13 PICCs were inserted as a central venous device in 11 pediatric patients submitted to 14 autologous or allogeneic stem-cell transplantation, at the Bone Marrow Transplant Unit of the Children’s Hospital of Brescia. The mean age of patients at the time of the procedure was 11.3 years (range 3-18 years). PICCs remained in place for an overall period of 4104 days. All PICCs were positioned by the same specifically trained physician and utilized by nurses of our stem-cell transplant unit. Results: No insertion-related complications were observed. Late complications were catheter ruptures and line occlusions (1.2 per 1000 PICC days). No rupture or occlusion required removal of the device. No catheter-related venous thrombosis, catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), accidental removal or permanent lumen occlusion were observed. Indications for catheter removal were completion of therapy (8 patients) and death (2 patients). Three PICCs are currently being used for blood sampling in follow-up patients after transplantation. Conclusions: Our data suggest that PICCs are a safe and effective alternative to conventional central venous catheters even in pediatric patients with high risk of infectious and hemorrhagic complications such as patients receiving stem-cell transplantation.
Saving Sheriff Bell: Derrida, McCarthy, and the Opening of Mercantile Ethics inNo Country for Old Men
Authors: O'Connor Patrick 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article examines Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men. Rather than seeing McCarthy's novel as a paean to a lost conservatism, I offer a subtler philosophical reading. Utilizing Jacques Derrida's account of ethics and responsibility, I show that McCarthy offers a very rich account of ethical deliberation. On the surface, the novel presents a putative conservative ethics, where Sheriff Bell laments the current state of social laws and yearns for the simplicity of natural justice. Chigurh represents the logical conclusion of natural law, where morals are consistent with the natural, predictable, and mechanical laws of nature. The moral fulcrum of the novel dwells in the deepening wisdom of Bell in the face of Chigurh's mechanization and naturalization of ethics. McCarthy's philosophical and ethical insight in No Country for Old Men emerges from showing how the central protagonist Sheriff Bell struggles to exist beyond the good and evil he faces in the guise of the psychopath Chigurh's relentless rationalism. I conclude that McCarthy philosophically demonstrates the density and flawed nature of ethical decision-making, one that requires civil disobedience at the heart of the law.
On Rupture: An Intervention into Epistemological Disruptions of Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Hume
Authors: Kingsmith A. T. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
An epistemology of rupture is evasive. In contrast to an established system or structure, ruptures are fleeting and interruptive. This is why the intervals manifested by rupture are so important. Machiavelli's situationist disruption, Hobbes's destructionist break, Hume's empiricist interruption—we know we are in the presence of rupture when the continuous order of things is disturbed in a moment, when the very emergence of a value appears in a new and nonsensical way—a way whose possibilities cannot be garnered from the epistemology that is being interrupted. Through an engagement with situationism, destructionism, and empiricism, this essay probes the ways in which breaks from the accepted epistemology come into being. In the process, the essay also situates rupture generally in the study of epistemology, in an attempt to emphasize the ways in which breaking out, breaking through, and breaking forth are central forces underpinning the Continental tradition.
New species of the endemic Neotropical caddisfly genusContulmafrom the Andes of Ecuador (Trichoptera: Anomalopsychidae)
Authors: Holzenthal Ralph W. , Ríos-Touma Blanca , Rázuri-Gonzales Ernesto 
Published: November 2017

The genusContulmaFlint (Trichoptera: Anomalopsychidae) is composed mostly of regionally endemic species occurring above 2,000 m, with a few more widespread species and some that are found at lower elevations. Adults of three new species ofContulmaare described and illustrated from the Andes of Ecuador,Contulma lina, new species,Contulma quito, new species, andContulma sangay, new species. These species are similar to previously described species from the region, includingC. paluguillensis, C. nevada, andC. lancelolata.New provincial records are provided forC.bacula,C. cataracta, andC.echinata. Contulma duffiOláh, 2016 is considered a junior, subjective synonym ofC. penai, Holzenthal & Flint, 1995. Also, we provide an identification key to males of the 30Contulmaspecies now known.
Metaflumizone inhibits the honeybee NaV1 channel by targeting recovery from slow inactivation
Authors: Gosselin‐Badaroudine Pascal , Charnet Pierre , Collet Claude , Chahine Mohamed 
Published: November 2017

Metaflumizone is the latest addition to the armamentarium of the Na+ channel inhibitor insecticide family. We used the Xenopus oocyte expression system and a Markovian model to assess the effect of metaflumizone on Apis mellifera Na+ channels (AmNaV1). Our results reveal that metaflumizone inhibits AmNaV1 channels by targeting the kinetics of recovery from slow inactivation. Multistate modeling of fast and slow inactivation of the AmNaV1 channel made it possible to study the effects of metaflumizone on a set of rate constants underlying the transition between the open and inactivated conformations and provided insights into their specificity. We conclude that the methods we used could be extended to assessing the toxicity of other Na+ channel inhibitor insecticides.
Thermal Equation of State of Natural Ti‐Bearing Clinohumite
Authors: Qin Fei , Wu Xiang , Zhang Dongzhou , Qin Shan , Jacobsen Steven D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe natural occurrence of clinohumite in metabasalts and hydrothermally altered peridotites provides a source of water‐rich minerals in subducted slabs, making knowledge of their phase relations and crystal chemistry under high pressure‐temperature (P‐T) conditions important for understating volatile recycling and geodynamic process in the Earth's mantle. Here we present a synchrotron‐based, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study on two natural Ti‐bearing clinohumites up to ~28 GPa and 750 K in order to simulate conditions within subducted slabs. No phase transition occurs in clinohumite over this P‐T range. Pressure‐volume relationships of both compositions at room temperature were fitted to a third‐order Birch‐Murnaghan equation of state (EoS) with V0 = 650.4(3) Å3, KT0 = 141(4) GPa, and KT0′ = 4.0(6) for Ti‐poor clinohumite (0.07 Ti per formula unit, pfu) and V0 = 650.8(3) Å3, KT0 = 144(4) GPa, and KT0′ = 3.6(7) for Ti‐rich clinohumite (0.21 Ti pfu). Both clinohumites exhibit anisotropic compression with βb > βc > βa. We also refined P‐V‐T equation of state parameters using the high‐temperature Birch‐Murnaghan EoS, yielding (∂KT0/∂T)P = −0.040(10) GPa/K and αT = 5.1(6) × 10−5 K−1 for Ti‐poor clinohumite and (∂KT0/∂T)P = −0.045(11) GPa/K and αT = 5.7(6) × 10−5 K−1 for Ti‐rich clinohumite. Ti‐poor and Ti‐rich clinohumites display similar equations of state but are ~20% more incompressible than Mg‐pure clinohumite and display ~5% higher bulk sound velocity than olivine at upper mantle conditions. Our results provide constraints for modeling geodynamic process related to the subduction and transport of potentially water‐rich slabs in the mantle.
The Impact of Bias Correction and Model Selection on Passing Temperature Thresholds
Authors: Gohar L. K. , Lowe J. A. , Bernie D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractKnowledge of when specific global or local temperature levels are reached is important for decision makers in that it provides a time frame over which adaptation strategies for temperature‐related climate impacts need to be put in place. The time frame varies depending on the adaptation strategy but can range from a few years to the order of decades. Climate models, however, show a high degree of uncertainty in the timing of passing specific warming levels, limiting their use in adaptation policy development. This study examines the impact of two approaches, which may reduce the uncertainty in modeled timing of reaching specific warming levels. First, the use of different performance metrics to preferentially weight model ensembles and second, the application of four bias correction approaches. Using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 simulations of the Representative Concentration Pathways, our results show that both selecting models based on performance and bias correcting model data reduce the spread in timing of specific warming levels reached in the first half of the century by up to 50% in some regions. This implies the potential of these approaches to support adaptation planning.
The Response of Simulated Arctic Mixed‐Phase Stratocumulus to Sea Ice Cover Variability in the Absence of Large‐Scale Advection
Authors: Li Zhujun , Xu Kuan‐Man , Cheng Anning 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis study examines the responses of Arctic mixed‐phase stratocumulus boundary layer to sea ice cover variability near the sea ice margins using large eddy simulations. The simulations are conducted for two different atmospheric conditions, based on observations from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean Experiment (SHEBA) (100% sea ice‐covered) and the Mixed‐Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M‐PACE) (open ocean). The effect of sea ice cover variability is investigated for both atmospheric conditions by conducting a series of simulations prescribed with varying amounts of sea ice cover and no large‐scale advection. As sea ice cover amount decreases, the SHEBA boundary layer deepens and becomes decoupled. The relative strength of turbulence driven by surface heating to that driven by cloud top radiative cooling increases. Cloud ice and snow grow more efficiently than cloud liquid with moisture transported from the lower boundary layer. On the other hand, as sea ice cover amount increases, the M‐PACE boundary layer becomes shallower and more coupled with the surface as turbulence mainly driven by cloud top radiative cooling. Moisture supply from the surface is reduced, while cloud droplets are generated from turbulence at cloud top with little ice formation. In both atmospheric conditions, the boundary layer turbulence structure is modified according to change in the relative strength of boundary layer turbulent sources as sea ice amount changes, resulting in the growth/decay of the cloud layer. Simulations with smaller sea ice cover amounts are associated with more cloud ice but not necessarily more cloud liquid.
Indian Monsoon Low‐Pressure Systems Feed Up‐and‐Over Moisture Transport to the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Dong Wenhao , Lin Yanluan , Wright Jonathon S. , Xie Yuanyu , Xu Fanghua , Xu Wenqing , Wang Yan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAs an integral part of the South Asian summer monsoon system, monsoon low‐pressure systems (LPSs) bring large amounts of precipitation to agrarian north and central India during their passage across the subcontinent. In this study, we investigate the role of LPSs in supplying moisture from north and central India to the southwestern Tibetan Plateau (SWTP) and quantify the contribution of these systems to summer rainfall over the SWTP. The results show that more than 60% of total summer rainfall over the SWTP is related to LPS occurrence. LPSs are associated with a 15% rise in average daily rainfall and a 10% rise in rainy days over the SWTP. This relationship is maintained primarily through up‐and‐over transport, in which convectively lifted moisture over the Indian subcontinent is swept over the SWTP by southwesterly winds in the middle troposphere. LPSs play two roles in supplying up‐and‐over moisture transport. First, these systems elevate large amounts of water vapor and condensed water to the midtroposphere. Second, the circulations associated with LPSs interact with the background westerlies to induce southwesterly flow in the midtroposphere, transporting elevated moisture and condensate over the Himalayan Mountains. Our findings indicate that LPSs are influential in extending the northern boundary of the South Asian monsoon system across the Himalayas into the interior of the SWTP. The strength of this connection depends on both LPS characteristics and the configuration of the midtropospheric circulation, particularly the prevailing westerlies upstream of the SWTP.
The Advantages of Hybrid 4DEnVar in the Context of the Forecast Sensitivity to Initial Conditions
Authors: Song Hyo‐Jong , Shin Seoleun , Ha Ji‐Hyun , Lim Sujeong 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHybrid four‐dimensional ensemble variational data assimilation (hybrid 4DEnVar) is a prospective successor to three‐dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVar) in operational weather prediction centers currently developing a new weather prediction model and those that do not operate adjoint models. In experiments using real observations, hybrid 4DEnVar improved Northern Hemisphere (NH; 20°N–90°N) 500 hPa geopotential height forecasts up to 5 days in a NH summer month compared to 3DVar, with statistical significance. This result is verified against ERA‐Interim through a Monte Carlo test. By a regression analysis, the sensitivity of 5 day forecast is associated with the quality of the initial condition. The increased analysis skill for midtropospheric midlatitude temperature and subtropical moisture has the most apparent effect on forecast skill in the NH including a typhoon prediction case. Through attributing the analysis improvements by hybrid 4DEnVar separately to the ensemble background error covariance (BEC), its four‐dimensional (4‐D) extension, and climatological BEC, it is revealed that the ensemble BEC contributes to the subtropical moisture analysis, whereas the 4‐D extension does to the midtropospheric midlatitude temperature. This result implies that hourly wind‐mass correlation in 6 h analysis window is required to extract the potential of hybrid 4DEnVar for the midlatitude temperature analysis to the maximum. However, the temporal ensemble correlation, in hourly time scale, between moisture and another variable is invalid so that it could not work for improving the hybrid 4DEnVar analysis.