bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verifying Supercellular Rotation in a Convection-Permitting Ensemble Forecasting System with Radar-Derived Rotation Track Data
Authors: Dawson Logan C. , Romine Glen S. , Trapp Robert J. , Baldwin Michael E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The utility of radar-derived rotation track data for the verification of supercell thunderstorm forecasts was quantified through this study. The forecasts were generated using a convection-permitting model ensemble, and supercell occurrence was diagnosed via updraft helicity and low-level vertical vorticity. Forecasts of four severe convective weather events were considered. Probability fields were computed from the model data, and forecast skill was quantified using rotation track data, storm report data, and a neighborhood-based verification approach. The ability to adjust the rotation track threshold for verification purposes was shown to be an advantage of the rotation track data over the storms reports, because the reports are inherently binary observations whereas the rotation tracks are based on values of Doppler velocity shear. These results encourage further pursuit of incorporating observed rotation track data in the forecasting and verification of severe weather events.
Average duration of treatment with antipsychotics among concession card holders in Australia
Authors: Kjosavik Svein R , Gillam Marianne H , Roughead Elisabeth E 
Published: February 2017

Objective: To analyse average treatment duration with antipsychotics reimbursed for concession card holders under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme; the proportion of initial prescribing by general practitioners, psychiatrists and other physician; and the trend in drug choice in Australia. Method: Based on a representative 10% sample of patients receiving Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prescriptions since 2005, antipsychotics redeemed by concession card holders in the period from 2010 to 2013 were analysed. A 5-year baseline period was used to exclude prevalent users from incident users. Treatment duration was estimated using the epidemiological equation: prevalence/incidence = average duration. Results: The overall average treatment duration was 3.0 years, ranging from 1.5 years in patients aged 75 years and older to more than 4 years among patients aged 25–64 years. The most commonly used antipsychotics were olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine, with average duration of 2.9, 2.1 and 1.7 years, respectively. Amisulpride was used longest with an average duration of 3.7 years. Quetiapine is currently the most prescribed antipsychotic and the main antipsychotic prescribed by psychiatrists to new users. The increased prescribing of quetiapine among general practitioners explains the rapid increase in the overall use of quetiapine. General practitioners initiated therapy in about 70% of cases, while psychiatrists and other physicians in about 15% each. In children younger than 15 years of age, paediatricians initiated such treatment in 47%. Conclusion: General practitioners both initiate and maintain treatment with antipsychotics for most adults, while paediatricians mainly begin such treatment in children. The substantial increase in use of quetiapine among general practitioners, along with the short treatment duration for quetiapine, strengthens a concern about antipsychotics increasingly used for less severe disorders. Increased collaboration between paediatricians and psychiatrists regarding the youngest and between general practitioners and psychiatrists or geriatricians regarding adults and older patients seems required.
Dealing with Dangerous Spaces
Authors: Sotomayor Luisa 
Published: February 2017

In Latin America, cities with security challenges are increasingly invoking urban planning policy to rebuild governance in neighborhoods perceived as unruly. While the state’s “arrival” in marginalized areas is long overdue, it is also embedded in complex histories of violence and socio-spatial marginalization. Medellín’s Comuna 13 has historically been materially and discursively constructed as a space of relegation. Interview and focus group data show how policy cycles for Comuna 13 evolved from discretionary programs (1978–2002) to securitization and (para)militarization (2000–2003) and then social urbanism, a program of participatory urban upgrading (2004–2011). The latter, a reformist approach, aims to provide better services, foster participation, and reduce socio-spatial segregation. Underlying these positive aims, however, two contradictions remain concealed: deep-seated inequality resulting from decades of normalized exclusion and the perpetuation of a regime of hypersecuritization and (para)policing that recreates itself under new governance and spatial arrangements. Cada vez más, las ciudades con problemas de seguridad en América Latina están apelando a las políticas de planificación urbana para restablecer la gobernanza en aquellos vecindarios considerados como ingobernables y revoltosos. Aunque ya era hora de que se sintiera la presencia del estado en las áreas marginadas, esta presencia está también insertada en unas historias complejas de violencia y marginación socio-espacial. Históricamente, la Comuna 13 de Medellín ha sido construida material y discursivamente como un espacio de relegación. Los datos obtenidos por medio de entrevistas y grupos de discusión demuestran cómo los ciclos en la Comuna 13 han evolucionado desde los programas discrecionales (1978–2002) a la seguridización y (para)militarización (2000–2003) y luego hasta el urbanismo social, un programa participativo de mejora urbana (2004–2011). Este último es un programa con un enfoque reformista que aspira a proveer mejores servicios, fomentar la participación y reducir la segregación socio-espacial. Pero en la base de estos objetivos, sin embargo, hay dos contradicciones que permanecen ocultas: una desigualdad profundamente arraigada que es el resultado de décadas de una exclusión normalizada y la perpetuación de un régimen de hiperseguridización y vigilancia que se recrea bajo la nueva gobernanza y los arreglos espaciales.
Urban Mobility and Politics in Mexico City
Authors: López Oscar Sosa 
Published: February 2017

Study of the struggle of a social movement, the Frente Amplio contra la Supervía, to stop the construction of an urban toll road in the southwestern end of Mexico City reveals that investments in transportation assumed to benefit the larger public are in fact creating new landscapes of infrastructural and democratic exclusion. Examination of the forms of citizen mobilization, alliances among diverse actors, and the role of accountability institutions as spaces for democratic experimentation suggests that struggles against large infrastructure projects allow citizens and the state to redraw the limits of authoritarianism and the meaning of sustainability and democracy in the city. El movimiento social Frente Amplio contra la Supervía se organizó para detener la construcción de una autopista de peaje urbana en el extremo suroeste de la Ciudad de México. El análisis de las luchas del Frente revela que las inversiones en la transportación que se suponía que beneficiarían a un público amplio en realidad están creando nuevos espacios de exclusión infraestructural y democrática. El análisis de las formas de movilización ciudadana, de las alianzas entre diferentes actores y del rol de las instituciones de rendición de cuentas como espacios de experimentación democrática sugiere que las luchas contra los grandes proyectos de infraestructura les permiten a los ciudadanos y al estado volver a trazar los límites del autoritarismo y el significado de la sostenibilidad y la democracia en la ciudad.
Failed Markets
Authors: Aguilera Alfonso Valenzuela 
Published: February 2017

A confluence between the state, the housing market, and the rationale of financial capital has led to excessive growth of social housing in Mexico in the past two decades. This growth has been one way of channeling excess capital into global financial markets rather than the result of a public policy to address the housing needs of the low-income population. Durante las últimas dos décadas la confluencia entre el estado, el mercado de la vivienda y la lógica del capital financiero ha llevado a un crecimiento excesivo de la vivienda social en México. Este crecimiento ha sido una manera de canalizar el excedente de capital hacia los mercados financieros internacionales en vez del resultado de una política pública para resolver las necesidades de vivienda de la población de bajos ingresos.
Adherence to a Nurse‐Driven Feeding Protocol in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Cunningham Carmen A. , Gervais Lindsay B. , Mazurak Vera C. , Anand Vijay , Garros Daniel , Crick Katelynn , Larsen Bodil M. K. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground: Patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) often experience prolonged periods without nutrition support, which may result in hospital‐induced malnutrition and longer length of stay. Nurse‐driven feeding protocols have been developed to prevent unnecessary interruptions or delays to nutrition support. The primary objective of this study was to identify compliance and reasons for noncompliance to a feeding protocol at a tertiary care hospital PICU in Canada. The secondary aim was to determine the mean time (hours) spent without any form of nutrition and to identify reasons for time spent without nutrition. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort audit, consisting of 150 consecutive PICU admissions (January–February 2016). Exclusion criteria consisted of patient mortality within 48 hours (n = 1) and patients who were still admitted at the end of the data collection timeframe (n = 7). The remaining cohort consisted of 142 consecutive admissions. Data collection took place in real time and included patient demographics, diagnostic categories, time spent without nutrition, reasons for interruptions to nutrition support, and reasons for noncompliance to the protocol. Observations were obtained through paper and computer charts and conversing with clinicians. Results: There was a 95% compliance rate to the protocol and an average of 25.6 hours spent without nutrition per patient. The most prevalent reason for noncompliance was an avoidable delay to restart feeds before/after procedures or after surgery. Conclusions: A nurse‐driven feeding protocol may reduce time spent without nutrition. Future research is required to examine the relationship between adherence to feeding protocols and clinical outcomes.
Thermal Variations of Operative Microscopes in Otology
Authors: Imbery T. Edward , Tampio Alex J. , Nicholas Brian D. 
Published: February 2017

Objectives(1) Measure temperature variations achieved by common otomicroscopes. (2) Raise awareness about possible thermal injury during otologic procedures with the advent of newer, high‐powered otomicroscopes. (3) Describe optical technology that aims to reduce the potential for thermal injury.MethodsA variety of otomicroscopes, with different light sources (ranging from 100W halogen to 300W xenon), were studied. Temperatures were recorded from human auricular skin with a noncontact infrared thermometer at various microscope light intensities and with use of irrigation. Multiple recordings were done at 5‐minute intervals, and a working distance of 225 mm was maintained.ResultsMaximum skin temperatures were found to plateau relatively quickly, with higher‐wattage xenon light sources reaching greater temperatures. One‐way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in temperatures with decreased light intensities. High‐wattage xenon light sources reached significantly higher temperatures when compared with halogen models.DiscussionThere is substantial variation in maximal skin temperatures reached by otomicroscopes. Temperatures can be decreased to safe levels by reducing light intensity and with use of irrigation. The maximum temperature obtained in our study was 41.4°C. Second‐degree skin burns have been described with prolonged exposures to temperatures >44°C.Implications for PracticeGiven the described potential for burns, surgeons performing procedures on the ear and temporal bone should take precautions to diminish temperature in the operative field.
Sleep Surgery in the Elderly: Lessons from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Gouveia Christopher J. , Cramer John D. , Liu Stanley Yung‐Chuan , Capasso Robson 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveAssess the frequency and nature of postoperative complications following sleep surgery. Examine these issues specifically in elderly patients to provide guidance for their perioperative care.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingAmerican College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.MethodsWe identified patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing sleep surgery procedures from 2006 to 2013 in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, a multi‐institutional outcomes program designed to improve surgical quality. We analyzed patients by comparing age groups: <65 and ≥65 years. Summary data were analyzed, and multivariate regression was used to adjust for patient characteristics, comorbidities, and surgical procedure.ResultsWe identified 2230 patients who had sleep surgery, which included 2123 patients <65 years old and 107 patients ≥65 years old. Elderly patients were significantly more likely to have hypertension requiring medication (P <. 001) and higher American Society of Anesthesiologists scores (P <. 001). There were no significant differences in the rates of nasal (P =. 87), palate (P =. 59), tongue base (P =. 73), and multilevel (P =. 95) surgery being performed on both groups of patients. Elderly patients had higher rates of wound complications and urinary tract infections as compared with younger patients. On multivariate analysis, age ≥65 was significantly associated with complications from sleep surgery (odds ratio, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.04‐5.35).ConclusionElderly patients undergoing sleep surgery have increased postoperative complication risk as compared with younger patients treated similarly. This information can help direct quality improvement efforts in the care of older patients.
Upper Airway Stimulation for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Patient‐Reported Outcomes after 48 Months of Follow‐up
Authors: Gillespie M. Boyd , Soose Ryan J. , Woodson B. Tucker , Strohl Kingman P. , Maurer Joachim T. , de Vries Nico , Steward David L. , Baskin Jonathan Z. , Badr M. Safwan , Lin Ho‐sheng , Padhya Tapan A. , Mickelson Sam , Anderson W. McDowell , Vanderveken Olivier M. , Strollo Patrick J. ,   the STAR Trial Investigators
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveTo assess patient‐based outcomes of participants in a large cohort study—the STAR trial (Stimulation Therapy for Apnea Reduction)—48 months after implantation with an upper airway stimulation system for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea.Study DesignA multicenter prospective cohort study.SettingIndustry‐supported multicenter academic and clinical setting.SubjectsParticipants (n = 91) at 48 months from a cohort of 126 implanted participants.MethodsA total of 126 participants received an implanted upper airway stimulation system in a prospective phase III trial. Patient‐reported outcomes at 48 months, including Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ), and snoring level, were compared with preimplantation baseline.ResultsA total of 91 subjects completed the 48‐month visit. Daytime sleepiness as measured by ESS was significantly reduced (P =. 01), and sleep‐related quality of life as measured by FOSQ significantly improved (P =. 01) when compared with baseline. Soft to no snoring was reported by 85% of bed partners. Two patients required additional surgery without complication for lead malfunction.ConclusionUpper airway stimulation maintained a sustained benefit on patient‐reported outcomes (ESS, FOSQ, snoring) at 48 months in select patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea.
Online Tonsillectomy Resources: Are Parents Getting Consistent and Readable Recommendations?
Authors: Wozney Lori , Chorney Jill , Huguet Anna , Song Jin Soo , Boss Emily F. , Hong Paul 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveParents frequently refer to information on the Internet to confirm or broaden their understanding of surgical procedures and to research postoperative care practices. Our study evaluated the readability, comprehensiveness, and consistency around online recommendations directed at parents of children undergoing tonsillectomy.Study DesignA cross‐sectional study design was employed.SettingThirty English‐language Internet websites.Subjects and MethodsThree validated measures of readability were applied and content analysis was employed to evaluate the comprehensiveness of information in domains of perioperative education. Frequency effect sizes and percentile ranks were calculated to measure dispersion of recommendations across sites.ResultsThe mean readability level of all sites was above a grade 10 level with fewer than half of the sites (n = 14, 47%) scoring at or below the eight‐grade level. Provided information was often incomplete with a noted lack of psychosocial support and skills‐training recommendations. Content analysis showed 67 unique recommendations spanning the full perioperative period. Most recommendations had low consensus, being reported in 5 or fewer sites (frequency effect size <16%).ConclusionMany online parent‐focused resources do not meet readability recommendations, portray incomplete education about perioperative care and expectations, and provide recommendations with low levels of consensus. Up‐to‐date mapping of the research evidence around recommendations is needed as well as improved efforts to make online information easier to read.
Breastfeeding Mode and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Dose–Response Meta-Analysis
Authors: Unar-Munguía Mishel , Torres-Mejía Gabriela , Colchero M. Arantxa , González de Cosío Teresita 
Published: February 2017

Background: Breastfeeding reduces women’s risk of breast cancer. Since exclusive breastfeeding has a stronger hormonal effect, it could theoretically result in a greater reduction in breast cancer risk than any breastfeeding mode. No meta-analysis has examined breast cancer risk by breastfeeding mode. Research aim: The authors conducted a meta-analysis for breast cancer risk in parous women who breastfed exclusively or in any mode versus parous women who formula fed their infants, and they estimated the summary dose–response association by the accumulated duration of any breastfeeding mode. Methods: A systematic review of studies published between 2005 and 2015 analyzing breastfeeding and breast cancer risk in women was conducted in PubMed and EBSCOhost. A meta-analysis ( n = 65 studies) with fixed effects (or random effects, if heterogeneity existed) was carried out stratified by breastfeeding mode and menopausal and parity status. A summary dose–response association was estimated using the generalized least-squares method. Results: The summary relative risk (SRR) for breast cancer in parous women who breastfed exclusively was 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.58, 0.90], versus parous women who had never breastfed. For parous women who breastfed in any mode, the SRR was lower in both premenopausal women (0.86, 95% CI [0.80, 0.93]) and postmenopausal women (0.89, 95% CI [0.83, 0.95]). There was no heterogeneity or publication bias. There is weak evidence of a difference between exclusive and any breastfeeding mode ( p = .08). The summary dose–response curve was nonlinear ( p < .001). Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding among parous women reduces the risk of breast cancer compared with parous women who do not breastfeed exclusively.
Incidence of interval cancers in faecal immunochemical test colorectal screening programmes in Italy
Authors: Giorgi Rossi Paolo , Carretta Elisa , Mangone Lucia , Baracco Susanna , Serraino Diego , Zorzi Manuel ,   the Colorectal Cancer Screening IMPATTO Working Group*
Published: February 2017

Objective In Italy, colorectal screening programmes using the faecal immunochemical test from ages 50 to 69 every two years have been in place since 2005. We aimed to measure the incidence of interval cancers in the two years after a negative faecal immunochemical test, and compare this with the pre-screening incidence of colorectal cancer. Methods Using data on colorectal cancers diagnosed in Italy from 2000 to 2008 collected by cancer registries in areas with active screening programmes, we identified cases that occurred within 24 months of negative screening tests. We used the number of tests with a negative result as a denominator, grouped by age and sex. Proportional incidence was calculated for the first and second year after screening. Results Among 579,176 and 226,738 persons with negative test results followed up at 12 and 24 months, respectively, we identified 100 interval cancers in the first year and 70 in the second year. The proportional incidence was 13% (95% confidence interval 10–15) and 23% (95% confidence interval 18–25), respectively. The estimate for the two-year incidence is 18%, which was slightly higher in females (22%; 95% confidence interval 17–26), and for proximal colon (22%; 95% confidence interval 16–28). Conclusion The incidence of interval cancers in the two years after a negative faecal immunochemical test in routine population-based colorectal cancer screening was less than one-fifth of the expected incidence. This is direct evidence that the faecal immunochemical test-based screening programme protocol has high sensitivity for cancers that will become symptomatic.
Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Terp Diane K. , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: February 2017

Ciprofloxacin is a new fluorinated quinolone antibiotic with high activity against a wide spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical trials using the oral preparation of ciprofloxacin have demonstrated its effectiveness in a wide variety of infections. In addition, extensive clinical trials with the intravenous preparation are underway. In vitro and in vivo studies with ciprofloxacin have reported the incidence of resistant organisms to be very low. In addition, the incidence of ciprofloxacin-related side effects throughout its clinical trials has been minimal. Most reports of side effects have been related to the gastrointestinal tract, such as nausea or vomiting. The incidence of adverse experiences in worldwide clinical trials has been reported to be approximately 6.4 percent.
The Sustentaculum Tali: Anatomic, Radiographic, and Surgical Considerations
Authors: Olexa Thomas A. , Ebraheim Nabil A. , Haman Steve P. 
Published: February 2017

Three purposes of this study were to: 1) describe the sustentaculum tali in relation to surrounding structures, 2) identify its radiographic projection onto the lateral calcaneus, and 3) determine optimal angles for screw placement. Twelve cadaver specimens were used. The length and width of the sustentaculum was measured. Its midpoint was measured from surrounding anatomic landmarks. A point on the lateral calcaneal wall “point A” was chosen. This marks the intersection of two lines bisecting the midpoint of the posterior facet and the lateral calcaneal height. The angles required to pass a pin from point A into the sustentaculum were determined. The sustentaculum projected as a triangular/elliptical structure on the lateral radiograph. It was superimposed on the anterior portion of the posterior facet.