bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agenda Setting
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on resistance to gender quotas during the agenda-setting phase, spanning from the restoration of Uruguayan democracy in 1985 to the first plenary debate on quotas in 2003. The chapter introduces the book’s leading actors, the three large Uruguayan political parties. While Uruguay would become a late adopter of quotas, this cannot be explained by a lack of early advocacy for the policy. In contrast, the Uruguayan women’s movement was among the first to advocate for gender quotas in the 1980s. Nevertheless, powerful status quo defenders relatively easily kept the quota idea off the parliamentary agenda. The chapter shows how denial and inaction are effective resistance tactics to protect the male-dominated status quo during this initial phase, characterized by significant power imbalances between status quo defenders and gender equity entrepreneurs.
Introduction
Authors: Forrat Natalia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Russia and Venezuela are both authoritarian countries with similar low scores of civic and political freedoms. Yet, their domestic and international politics are strikingly different: Vladimir Putin’s regime capitalizes on social unity, while Nicolas Maduro’s regime thrives on internal country divisions. Using this example, the introduction lays out the puzzle of unity- and division-based authoritarianism and connects it to the main argument of the book about statist and antistatist societies. It places this argument into a wider context of the debates about the variety of democracies and autocracies, discusses its implications for democracy work, and explains how the book approaches the task of solving the puzzle.
The Political and the Civic
Authors: Forrat Natalia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that political machines in statist societies are based on group unity, the sense of civic duty, and the logic of teamwork. They blend the political into the civic, working through the organizations that already perform many public functions. The chapter shows how in the Kemerovo region and Tatarstan, centralized organizational structures worked smoothly to fulfill various public projects, but also turned into a political machine during election time by blending their political functions with the civic ones. In contrast, in the Rostov region and Altai, the political machines followed the classic principles of clientelism and utility maximization. Leaders of nonstate communities bargained with the state on behalf of their groups, creating bottom-up clientelistic structures with multiple layers of brokers, who used votes as their currency.
The Riddle of Russian Authoritarianism
Authors: Forrat Natalia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter applies the theory developed in the book to Russia as a country and argues that Russia has been a statist society, and its authoritarianism is a unity-based one. The main driver of Russian domestic politics is the tension between the ideal of a just state that respects individual freedoms and the reality of the repressive state that does not. It outlines three reactions to this internal conflict—compliant activism, active resistance, and passive resistance—and briefly traces them throughout the Russian history, starting with the early imperial period and ending with the reaction of Russian society to the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.
“Happy Heavenly Birthday, Beautiful Queen”
Authors: Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Literat Ioana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Instagram and the Black Lives Matter movement, looking at how race and gender intersected in the negotiation of expression norms around the hashtag #JusticeForBre, used in response to the shooting of Breonna Taylor. The analysis shows a focus on a limited set of photographs, digital images, and stylized activism guides, created by activists and reposted widely by users. Norms of expression also included an explicit foregrounding of racial identity, both for Black users of Instagram who took ownership of the issue of police violence, as well as for white users, who reckoned with their own privilege. The chapter considers this case as one where activists and movements made strategic use of social media for mobilization by adhering to Instagram’s platform vernacular; at the same time, rigid expressive norms could constrain the ability to deploy Instagram for political mobilization and expression around social justice causes more broadly.
Returns and Nostoi
Authors: Karanika Andromache 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the theme of returns and nostoi and seeks to trace how the wedding song tradition reflects the human experience, exploring the narrative patterns when ancient literature presented brides. The female nostos and its complexity become an angle from which to read wedding-related narratives. This chapter looks at problematic stories of emblematic couples such as Thetis and Peleus. It further investigates narratives that intersect with the theme of violence by focusing on figures such as Medea, Creusa, and Chryseis. It also considers the concept of the brides of Hades as the exemplification of a female catabasis. The return of the bride is another motif that the last section of this chapter explores from a comparative angle with ballads from the Modern Greek folk tradition. The mythical paradigm, which informs ritual and literary imagery, emphasizes the female return and the bride’s allegiance to the natal family. This pattern can be read as the equivalent of the male nostos theme.
Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the important fluorescence imaging technique of confocal microscopy as an epifluorescence solution to the problem of out-of-focus (OOF) blur inherent to WF fluorescence imaging. The addition of a pinhole stop in a plane conjugate to the sample plane provides two important advantages: rejection of OOF blur and the ability to image a fluorescent sample at multiple planes through Z. The resulting image volume can be then processed to create a three-dimensional digital image series that can reveal spatial information. The chapter covers the development from Minsky’s original patented invention through spectral confocal imaging. Diagrams describe the light path and action of the confocal pinhole. The concept of the confocal slice thickness and 3D imaging is discussed. Included is a comparison of single-point versus multi-point (spinning disk) confocal imaging for live-cell applications.
Resolution
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the theory of resolving objects using optical microscopy. It begins with a thorough discussion of historical criteria of resolution, including the Abbe and Rayleigh criteria, and extends to two more modern criteria: Houston and Sparrow. These early definitions were originally applied to spectroscope data but now have been applied to modern transmitted light and epifluorescence microscopy. Theoretical resolution is based on two variables: objective NA and wavelength, however imaging and experimental conditions conspire to decrease resolution. Parameters such as refractive index mismatch, coverslip thickness, immersion oil contamination, system noise, and computational methods can, and often do decrease resolution. In addition, when epifluorescence microscopy is considered, both the excitation and emission wavelengths affect resolution, however in practice the emission wavelength usually determines the attainable resolution. Lateral and axial resolution are discussed in the context of three-dimensional microscopy. The includes a discussion of its complexity, which necessarily encompasses the missing cone of spatial frequencies, and the present methods of computational microscopy that attempt to mitigate this problem. Finally, theoretical resolution for all methods of light microscopy from BF through super-resolution is summarized.
An Evolutionary Model of Bargaining
Authors: Young H. Peyton 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Individuals from two disjoint populations of bargainers are randomly matched to play the Nash demand game. They usually make their demands by choosing best responses based on an incomplete knowledge of precedents, but occasionally they choose randomly. There is no common knowledge. Over the long run, typically one division will be observed almost all of the time. This stochastically stable division is close to the Nash bargaining solution when all agents in a given population have the same utility function and gather the same amount of information. When each population is heterogeneous, a generalization of the Nash solution results. If there is some mixing between the two populations, the stochastically stable outcome is fifty–fifty division.
Conventional Contracts
Authors: Young H. Peyton 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Standard game theory takes the rules of the game as given. This chapter develops a theory of how institutions, conceived of as alternative rules of the game (“contracts”), can emerge spontaneously from an accumulation of precedents. Agents choose best replies given their knowledge of the precedents, subject to some inertia and random error in their choice behavior. Over the long run, this adaptive learning process tends to select contracts that are efficient, and egalitarian in the sense that the payoffs are centrally located on the efficiency frontier of the payoff possibility set. When the payoffs form a convex, comprehensive bargaining set, the process selects the Kalai–Smorodinsky solution.
Re-Imagining Synge
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
J. M. Synge, first internationally acclaimed playwright of the Irish national theatre movement, poses problems for modern directors. The Playboy of the Western World remains a classic, much revived at home and abroad, but most of the rest of his work is too short or is unsuitable for contemporary production. Garry Hynes, artistic director of Druid, solved this problem with DruidSynge (2005), staging all of his six plays as a single marathon production. Other directors have sought to re-imagine Playboy for modern audiences. Niall Henry directed a highly stylized Playboy in the Abbey in 2001, challenging traditional interpretations in casting and performance. In his 2006 Pan Pan production Gavin Quinn transposed the play to contemporary Beijing in a Chinese Mandarin translation, staged both in China and Ireland. For the 2008 Abbey production Bisi Adigun and Roddy Doyle recast the Mahons as Nigerian immigrants in a modern Dublin underworld.
Admissibility and Exclusion of Evidence
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains why the voir dire procedure adopted in the Crown Court is not always appropriate in summary proceedings when issues of admissibility arise. It cites section 8A Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 that provides for pre-trial rulings on issues of admissibility. It discusses the requirement of a voir dire when a party is seeking to exclude evidence under section 76 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) as there is no discretion under section 76 and the prosecution carries the burden of disproving unfairness. The chapter indicates that the court has a choice as to whether to deal with an issue when it arises or once all evidence has been heard when a party is inviting a court to exercise its discretion to exclude evidence under section 78 PACE. PACE 1984, section 78 may only be used to exclude prosecution evidence.
Amending Charge
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines amendments that should be granted only where the application is judged to be proper and appropriate. An amendment of a summary only matter outside the time limit may be permitted provided that the new offence is based on the same misdoing, is in the interests of justice, and the matter to be amended was within the relevant time period. It explains that the term ‘same misdoing’ means that the new offence should arise out of the same facts as gave rise to the original offence. The chapter discusses factual enquiry when the prosecution seeks to change the name of a defendant out of time. The amendment of a charge to substitute failing to provide a specimen of breath with failing to provide a specimen of urine was held to be proper in Williams v DPP [2009] EWHC 2354 (Admin).
Civil Orders
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews possible civil proceedings and relevant statutes that are prescribed by reg 9 Criminal Legal Aid (General) Regulations 2013, which make criminal legal aid available on forms CRM 14 and 15. It deals with civil orders that may be made on short notice and are handled as civil proceedings. Applications for closure orders will be prescribed proceedings for the purposes of reg 9 Criminal Legal Aid (General) Regulations 2013 where a person has engaged in, or is likely to engage in, behaviour that constitutes a criminal offence on the premises. The chapter outlines the breach of a domestic violence protection order that is dealt with under section 63 MCA 1980. The court has a discretion whether to impose any penalty, but cases should be proved to the criminal standard as they can result in imprisonment.
Court-Appointed Legal Representatives
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how a defendant is prohibited from cross-examining witnesses, which is a circumstance defined by sections 34, 35, and 36 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. In the event that the defendant has declined or is not eligible for legal funding, the court has power under section 38 to appoint a legal representative to carry out this function on behalf of the court. Solicitors should not agree to fees that are less than those that would be allowed for in line with civil guideline costs rates. The chapter recounts the case of Abbas v CPS [2015] EWHC 579 (Admin), wherein the court held that there was a need for a pre-trial conference and for presence at pre-trial applications to allow for effective cross-examination. Criminal Procedure Rule 23 identifies the information to which the representative is entitled.
Hearsay
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses hearsay evidence in criminal proceedings that is regulated by sections 114–126 CJA 2003, of which the main legislative provisions are set out in A17.3. Section 114 should not be used simply to bypass other procedures available to the prosecution. It recounts the case of R v Freeman [2010] EWCA Crim 1997, wherein the court quashed a conviction where section 114 was used in relation to a witness who had retracted his previous statement. The chapter reviews the task of the court to consider what steps have, and have not, been taken in considering whether it is reasonably practicable to secure the attendance of a witness. Even where the attendance of a witness is not practicable, the court should then go on to consider section 126 of the Act and section 78 PACE 1984 in order to decide whether the evidence ought to be admitted.
Legal Aid
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on criminal proceedings that are defined by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. The Legal Aid Agency publishes a Criminal Legal Aid Manual which is regularly updated. Legal aid is subject to a merits test and means assessment in some cases and extends automatically to the Crown Court if the case is committed for sentence. The chapter examines how legal aid automatically extends to any case sent to the Crown Court, but proceedings in the Crown Court are subject to a means test. A contribution may be required or legal aid be refused.
Computer Misuse
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the offences and provisions revolving around computer misuse. It cites the provision of the Computer Misuse Act 1990 with regard to the offence of unauthorized access to computer material. The chapter notes the provision with regards to unauthorized acts with intent to impair, or with recklessness as to impairing the operation of the computer. It also discusses the making, supplying, or obtaining articles for use in the offence under section 1, 3, or 3ZA of the Computer Misuse Act 1990.
Drugs
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the provisions on drugs, particularly provisions within the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and the main drugs offences including possession and possession with intent to supply. Section 28 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 provides a statutory defence in line with the proof of lack of knowledge to be a defence in proceedings for certain offences. Meanwhile, the provision within the Drugs Act 2005 revolves around the failure to attend or remain for an initial or follow-up assessment. The chapter then details the considerable number of condition precedents that need to be satisfied before a lawful request for a sample can be made under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. It also considers the considerations with regard to psychoactive substances as per the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016.
Road Traffic Offences—Definitions
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the definitions that relate to road traffic offences. It discusses the definition of public place, owner, permitting, highway, causing, driver, driving, and in charge, while also considering the provisions that affect their respective definitions, such as the Road Traffic Act 1988. Additionally, there is no statutory definition for the term vehicle, so the ordinary meaning of a carriage or conveyance applies in correlation with section 185 of the Road Traffic Act 1988. Moreover, the term accident is given an ordinary meaning, but the de minimis principle applies. The chapter considers the definition of road under section 142 of the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984.
Road Traffic Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of provisions concerned with road traffic offences. It explains that a person is guilty of the offence of careless and inconsiderate driving as per section 3 of the Road Traffic Act 1988. A person is to be regarded as driving without due care and attention if (and only if) the way he drives falls below what would be expected of a competent and careful driver. The chapter also details the consideration of careless driving under the influence of drink or drugs resulting in death and injury. It elaborates on numerous other offences concerning the driver and the vehicle, such as dangerous driving, driving with excess alcohol, driving without insurance, and driving otherwise than in accordance with a licence. The chapter also includes the more serious driving offences.
Dishonesty and Offences against Property
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses provisions around dishonesty and offences against property, including theft, burglary, and robbery. According to section 10 of the Theft Act 1968, a person is guilty of aggravated burglary if he commits any burglary and at the time has with him any firearm or imitation firearm, any weapon of offence, or any explosive. Section 21 of the Theft Act 1968 revolves around blackmail wherein a person gains for themself or another or with intent to cause loss to another. The chapter then provides an overview of the abstraction of electricity, fraud, and false accounting.
Fines
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the provision on fines. For offences committed on or after 12 March 2015, there is no upper limit to the level of fine at Level 5 that may be imposed in a magistrates’ court. The Legal Aid Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (Fines on Summary Conviction) Regulations 2015 contain detailed exceptions to this rule. Meanwhile, the Criminal Practice Direction 5.9.5 contains provisions requiring certain serious offences to be identified by the Crown so that an authorized district judge may be appointed to deal with the case. The chapter then outlines the fine band starting points and ranges; the assessment of financial circumstances; and the imposition of fines with custodial sentences. A fine is payable in full on the day on which it is imposed, unless the court orders otherwise. The chapter also looks at collection orders, attachment of earnings orders, applications for benefit deductions, the detention alternative, and the enforcement of fines and confiscation orders.
Notification Requirements
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by reviewing the provision on notification requirements under the Sexual Offences Act 2003. It is not a requirement that a court ‘orders’ a notification requirement, as this will follow automatically as a result of a qualifying conviction. For children and young offenders, reference should be made to Chapter J21 of the Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts. Meanwhile, under section 9 of the Stalking Protection Act 2019, while a person is subject to a stalking protection order, or interim order, they must within three days notify their names and address. Similarly, under section 41 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, while a person is subject to a domestic abuse protection order they must within three days notify their names and address.
Offences Taken into Consideration (TICs) and the Totality Principle
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses offences taken into consideration (TICs) and the totality principle. The Sentencing Council has issued a definitive guideline in relation to TICs, which was intended to reflect the existing law. It confirms that when sentencing an offender who requests offences to be taken into consideration, courts should pass a total sentence which reflects all the offending behaviour. The sentence must be just and proportionate, and must not exceed the statutory maximum for the conviction offence. The court is likely to consider that the fact that the offender has assisted the police and avoided the need for further proceedings demonstrates a genuine determination by the offender to wipe the slate clean. Any reduction for guilty plea should be applied to the total sentence, as should the totality principle.
Prevention Orders
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the provision on prevention orders under the Sentencing Act 2020. According to section 345 of the Sentencing Act 2020, ‘where a person is convicted of an offence listed in Schedule 3 or 5 to the Sexual Offences Act 2003, the court dealing with the offender in respect of the offence may make a sexual harm prevention order’. Where a sexual harm prevention order is available to a court, the court may make such an order only if satisfied that it is necessary to do so for the purpose of (a) protecting the public or any particular members of the public from sexual harm from the offender, or (b) protecting children or vulnerable adults generally, or any particular children or vulnerable adults, from sexual harm from the offender outside the United Kingdom. The order must be capable of being complied with without unreasonable difficulty, and free of the risk of unintended breach. The chapter then looks at knife crime prevention orders and serious violence reduction orders.