bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethylene‐dependent aerenchyma formation in adventitious roots is regulated differently in rice and maize
Authors: Yamauchi Takaki , Tanaka Akihiro , Mori Hitoshi , Takamure Itsuro , Kato Kiyoaki , Nakazono Mikio 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn roots of gramineous plants, lysigenous aerenchyma is created by the death and lysis of cortical cells. Rice (Oryza sativa) constitutively forms aerenchyma under aerobic conditions, and its formation is further induced under oxygen‐deficient conditions. However, maize (Zea mays) develops aerenchyma only under oxygen‐deficient conditions. Ethylene is involved in lysigenous aerenchyma formation. Here, we investigated how ethylene‐dependent aerenchyma formation is differently regulated between rice and maize. For this purpose, in rice, we used the reduced culm number1 (rcn1) mutant, in which ethylene biosynthesis is suppressed. Ethylene is converted from 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) by the action of ACC oxidase (ACO). We found that OsACO5 was highly expressed in the wild type, but not in rcn1, under aerobic conditions, suggesting that OsACO5 contributes to aerenchyma formation in aerated rice roots. By contrast, the ACO genes in maize roots were weakly expressed under aerobic conditions, and thus ACC treatment did not effectively induce ethylene production or aerenchyma formation, unlike in rice. Aerenchyma formation in rice roots after the initiation of oxygen‐deficient conditions was faster and greater than that in maize. These results suggest that the difference in aerenchyma formation in rice and maize is due to their different mechanisms for regulating ethylene biosynthesis.
The Theory and Practice of “Nudging”: Changing Health Behaviors
Authors: Vlaev Ivo , King Dominic , Dolan Paul , Darzi Ara 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Many of the most significant challenges in health care—such as smoking, overeating, and poor adherence to evidence‐based guidelines—will only be resolved if we can influence behavior. The traditional policy tools used when thinking about influencing behavior include legislation, regulation, and information provision. Recently, policy analysts have shown interest in policies that “nudge” people in particular directions, drawing on advances in understanding that behavior is strongly influenced in largely automatic ways by the context within which it is placed. This article considers the theoretical basis for why nudges might work and reviews the evidence in health behavior change. The evidence is structured according to the Mindspace framework for behavior change. The conclusion is that insights from behavioral economics offer powerful policy tools for influencing behavior in health care. This article provides public administration practitioners with an accessible summary of this literature, putting these insights into practical use.
Socioeconomic System of the Oil Boom and Rural Community Development in Western North Dakota
Authors: Fernando Felix N. , Cooley Dennis R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn oil boom is a complex social and economic phenomenon. The socioeconomic system presented in this article represents a novel effort to explicate boom impacts and changes, within a systems framework, at the community level to enhance community planning and development efforts. Most boomtown studies focus on longitudinal changes of a boom‐bust‐recovery cycle or social‐disruption‐based approaches. This article is an effort to demonstrate that longitudinal changes or social disruptions of a boom manifest through the interactions and interrelationships between social entities and stakeholders acting within the boom conditions and surrounding conditions. The socioeconomic system approach in this article analyzes the boom as a system, which provides a useful lens for many other rural communities currently experiencing unconventional oil and gas development in the United States. The socioeconomic system highlights five main challenges or factors that need to be addressed through community development strategies: develop affordable housing, invest in community infrastructure, expand public services, attract new businesses to the area, and develop better community integration strategies to build trust and unity within the community. This article is qualitative and exploratory in nature. As a result, it explicates the functions, structure, and relationships between system entities to provide a broader understanding of coherence, conflicts, and synergies within a system.
Monitoring the inputs required to extend and sustain hygiene promotion: findings from the GLAAS 2013/2014 survey
Authors: Moreland Leslie D. , Gore Fiona M. , Andre Nathalie , Cairncross Sandy , Ensink Jeroen H. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesThere are significant gaps in information about the inputs required to effectively extend and sustain hygiene promotion activities to improve people's health outcomes through water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions. We sought to analyse current country and global trends in the use of key inputs required for effective and sustainable implementation of hygiene promotion to help guide hygiene promotion policy and decision‐making after 2015.MethodsData collected in response to the GLAAS 2013/2014 survey from 93 countries of 94 were included, and responses were analysed for 12 questions assessing the inputs and enabling environment for hygiene promotion under four thematic areas. Data were included and analysed from 20 External Support Agencies (ESA) of 23 collected through self‐administered surveys.ResultsFirstly, the data showed a large variation in the way in which hygiene promotion is defined and what constitutes key activities in this area. Secondly, challenges to implement hygiene promotion are considerable: include poor implementation of policies and plans, weak coordination mechanisms, human resource limitations and a lack of available hygiene promotion budget data.ConclusionDespite the proven benefits of hand washing with soap, a critical hygiene‐related factor in minimising infection, GLAAS 2013/2014 survey data showed that hygiene promotion remains a neglected component of WASH. Additional research to identify the context‐specific strategies and inputs required to enhance the effectiveness of hygiene promotion at scale are needed. Improved data collection methods are also necessary to advance the availability and reliability of hygiene‐specific information.
Crisis and Visual Critique
Authors: Pinney Christopher 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPerspectives from this special issue on Greece are folded into a discussion of the current post‐Foucauldian and “neo‐Benjaminian” moment of contemporary photographic theory and visual culture. Bourdieu's ethnography of photography is contrasted with his own photographic practice and considered in light of Azoulay's Civil Contract of Photography. The return to the “event” of photography and an understanding of its contingency reawakens its revolutionary potential. [visual culture, crisis, Pierre Bourdieu, Ariella Azoulay]
Systemic depletion of macrophages in the subacute phase of wound healing reduces hypertrophic scar formation
Authors: Zhu Zhensen , Ding Jie , Ma Zengshuan , Iwashina Takashi , Tredget Edward E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHypertrophic scars are caused by trauma or burn injuries to the deep dermis and can cause cosmetic disfigurement and psychological issues. Studies suggest that M2‐like macrophages are pro‐fibrotic and contribute to hypertrophic scar formation. A previous study from our lab showed that M2 macrophages were present in developing hypertrophic scar tissues in vivo at 3–4 weeks after wounding. In this study, the effect of systemic macrophage depletion on scar formation was explored at subacute phase of wound healing. Thirty‐six athymic nude mice that received human skin transplants were randomly divided into macrophage depletion group and control group. The former received intraperitoneal injections of clodronate liposomes while the controls received sterile saline injections on day 7, 10, and 13 postgrafting. Wound area, scar thickness, collagen abundance and collagen bundle structure, mast cell infiltration, myofibroblast formation, M1, and M2 macrophages together with gene expression of M1 and M2 related factors in the grafted skin were investigated at 2, 4, and 8 weeks postgrafting. The transplanted human skin from the control group developed contracted, elevated, and thickened scars while the grafted skin from the depletion group healed with significant less contraction and elevation. Significant reductions in myofibroblast number, collagen synthesis, and hypertrophic fiber morphology as well as mast cell infiltration were observed in the depletion group compared to the control group. Macrophage depletion significantly reduced M1 and M2 macrophage number in the depletion group 2 weeks postgrafting as compared to the control group. These findings suggest that systemic macrophage depletion in subacute phase of wound healing reduces scar formation, which provides evidence for the pro‐fibrotic role of macrophages in fibrosis of human skin as well as insight into the potential benefits of specifically depleting M2 macrophages in vivo.
Empirical evidence of contrasting soil moisture–precipitation feedbacks across the United States
Authors: Tuttle Samuel , Salvucci Guido 
Published: May 2016

The effects of rainfall on rainfall
Soil moisture, which is controlled in part by past rainfall, can affect the probability of future rainfall over large areas. This is because the water contained in soils helps determine how sunlight is converted into latent heat (evaporation) and sensible heat (which increases overlying air temperatures). Tuttle and Salvucci used data collected for the contiguous United States over 10 years to study this relationship. The feedback between soil moisture and rainfall is generally positive in the western United States but negative in the east. This regional dependence could be a function of large-scale differences in aridity.

Science
, this issue p.
825
Cytokine Profiles during Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease Predict Outcome in African Children
Authors: Gilchrist James J. , Heath Jennifer N. , Msefula Chisomo L. , Gondwe Esther N. , Naranbhai Vivek , Mandala Wilson , MacLennan Jenny M. , Molyneux Elizabeth M. , Graham Stephen M. , Drayson Mark T. , Molyneux Malcolm E. , MacLennan Calman A. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTNontyphoidalSalmonellais a leading cause of sepsis in African children. Cytokine responses are central to the pathophysiology of sepsis and predict sepsis outcome in other settings. In this study, we investigated cytokine responses to invasive nontyphoidalSalmonella(iNTS) disease in Malawian children. We determined serum concentrations of 48 cytokines with multiplexed immunoassays in Malawian children during acute iNTS disease (n= 111) and in convalescence (n= 77). Principal component analysis and logistic regression were used to identify cytokine signatures of acute iNTS disease. We further investigated whether these responses are altered by HIV coinfection or severe malnutrition and whether cytokine responses predict inpatient mortality. Cytokine changes in acute iNTS disease were associated with two distinct cytokine signatures. The first is characterized by increased concentrations of mediators known to be associated with macrophage function, and the second is characterized by raised pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines typical of responses reported in sepsis secondary to diverse pathogens. These cytokine responses were largely unaltered by either severe malnutrition or HIV coinfection. Children with fatal disease had a distinctive cytokine profile, characterized by raised mediators known to be associated with neutrophil function. In conclusion, cytokine responses to acute iNTS infection in Malawian children are reflective of both the cytokine storm typical of sepsis secondary to diverse pathogens and the intramacrophage replicative niche of NTS. The cytokine profile predictive of fatal disease supports a key role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of NTS sepsis.
A Replication-Defective Human Type 5 Adenovirus-Based Trivalent Vaccine Confers Complete Protection against Plague in Mice and Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Sha Jian , Kirtley Michelle L. , Klages Curtis , Erova Tatiana E. , Telepnev Maxim , Ponnusamy Duraisamy , Fitts Eric C. , Baze Wallace B. , Sivasubramani Satheesh K. , Lawrence William S. , Patrikeev Igor , Peel Jennifer E. , Andersson Jourdan A. , Kozlova Elena V. , Tiner Bethany L. , Peterson Johnny W. , McWilliams David , Patel Snehal , Rothe Eric , Motin Vladimir L. , Chopra Ashok K. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Currently, no plague vaccine exists in the United States for human use. The capsular antigen (Caf1 or F1) and two type 3 secretion system (T3SS) components, the low-calcium-response V antigen (LcrV) and the needle protein YscF, represent protective antigens of
Yersinia pestis
. We used a replication-defective human type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) vector and constructed recombinant monovalent and trivalent vaccines (rAd5-LcrV and rAd5-YFV) that expressed either the codon-optimized
lcrV
or the fusion gene designated
YFV
(consisting of
ycsF
,
caf1
, and
lcrV
). Immunization of mice with the trivalent rAd5-YFV vaccine by either the intramuscular (i.m.) or the intranasal (i.n.) route provided protection superior to that with the monovalent rAd5-LcrV vaccine against bubonic and pneumonic plague when animals were challenged with
Y. pestis
CO92. Preexisting adenoviral immunity did not diminish the protective response, and the protection was always higher when mice were administered one i.n. dose of the trivalent vaccine (priming) followed by a single i.m. booster dose of the purified YFV antigen. Immunization of cynomolgus macaques with the trivalent rAd5-YFV vaccine by the prime-boost strategy provided 100% protection against a stringent aerosol challenge dose of CO92 to animals that had preexisting adenoviral immunity. The vaccinated and challenged macaques had no signs of disease, and the invading pathogen rapidly cleared with no histopathological lesions. This is the first report showing the efficacy of an adenovirus-vectored trivalent vaccine against pneumonic plague in mouse and nonhuman primate (NHP) models.
Proposal for a New Score-Based Approach To Improve Efficiency of Diagnostic Laboratory Workflow for Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Adults
Authors: Lagi Filippo , Bartalesi Filippo , Pecile Patrizia , Biagioli Tiziana , Caldini Anna Lucia , Fanelli Alessandra , Giannazzo Giuseppe , Grifoni Stefano , Massacesi Luca , Bartoloni Alessandro , Rossolini Gian Maria 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Microbiological tests on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) utilize a common urgent-care procedure that does not take into account the chemical and cytological characteristics of the CSF, resulting sometimes in an unnecessary use of human and diagnostic resources. The aim of this study was to retrospectively validate a simple scoring system (bacterial meningitis-Careggi score [BM-CASCO]) based on blood and CSF sample chemical/cytological parameters for evaluating the probability of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in adults. BM-CASCO (range, 0 to 6) was defined by the following parameters: CSF cell count, CSF protein levels, CSF lactate levels, CSF glucose-to-serum glucose ratio, and peripheral neutrophil count. BM-CASCO was retrospectively calculated for 784 cases of suspected ABM in adult subjects observed during a four-and-a-half-year-period (2010 to 2014) at the emergency department (ED) of a large tertiary-care teaching hospital in Italy. Among the 28 confirmed ABM cases (3.5%),
Streptococcus pneumoniae
was the most frequent cause (16 cases). All ABM cases showed a BM-CASCO value of ≥3. Most negative cases (591/756) exhibited a BM-CASCO value of ≤1, which was adopted in our laboratory as a cutoff to not proceed with urgent microbiological analysis of CSF in cases of suspected ABM in adults. During a subsequent 1-year follow-up, the introduction of the BM-CASCO in the diagnostic workflow of ABM in adults resulted in a significant decrease in unnecessary microbiological analysis, with no false negatives. In conclusion, BM-CASCO appears to be an accurate and simple scoring system for optimization of the microbiological diagnostic workflow of ABM in adults.
Incident Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Distribution and Multiple Infection in Australian Prisons
Authors: Walker Melanie R. , Li Hui , Teutsch Suzy , Betz-Stablein Brigid , Luciani Fabio , Lloyd Andrew R. , Bull Rowena A. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a highly diverse pathogen that is classified into seven distinct genotypes. Simultaneous or sequential reinfection with multiple HCV genotypes is recognized in high-risk populations, such as injecting drug users (IDUs). Multiple infection is of clinical concern as different genotypes have various sensitivities to current antiviral therapies. Therefore, a better understanding of the frequency of multiple infection and of the genotypes currently being transmitted is clinically relevant. An Australian cohort of IDUs (
n
= 123), identified with primary incident infection, was followed for multiple infection by regular HCV RNA testing between 2005 and 2013. A total of 354 samples were tested. Sequencing of primary incident infections revealed that genotype 3a was the most common circulating genotype, followed by genotype 1a. Examination of longitudinally collected samples identified complex patterns of multiple infection, including reinfection and superinfection. In those with multiple infection, there was no apparent evidence of homotypic immunity conferring protection against reinfection of the same subtype. This study revealed frequent multiple infection in a high-risk prisoner cohort, illustrating the complex nature of HCV infection and reinfection and highlighting the need for pan-genotypic antiviral therapies.
Commentary: Significance of Staphylococcus epidermidis in Health Care-Associated Infections, from Contaminant to Clinically Relevant Pathogen: This Is a Wake-Up Call!
Authors: Widerström Micael 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly
Staphylococcus epidermidis
, have been recognized as an important cause of health care-associated infections. Concurrently,
S. epidermidis
is a common contaminant in clinical cultures, which poses a diagnostic challenge. An article in this issue of
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
(I. Tolo, J. C. Thomas, R. S. B. Fischer, E. L. Brown, B. M. Gray, and D. A. Robinson, J Clin Microbiol 54:1711–1719, 2015,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03345-15
) describes a rapid single nucleotide polymorphism-based assay for distinguishing between
S. epidermidis
isolates from hospital and nonhospital sources, which represents an important contribution to the characterization and understanding of
S. epidermidis
health care-associated infections.
Bile Acids Act as Soluble Host Restriction Factors Limiting Cytomegalovirus Replication in Hepatocytes
Authors: Schupp Anna-Kathrin , Trilling Mirko , Rattay Stephanie , Le-Trilling Vu Thuy Khanh , Haselow Katrin , Stindt Jan , Zimmermann Albert , Häussinger Dieter , Hengel Hartmut , Graf Dirk 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
The liver constitutes a prime site of cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication and latency. Hepatocytes produce, secrete, and recycle a chemically diverse set of bile acids, with the result that interactions between bile acids and cytomegalovirus inevitably occur. Here we determined the impact of naturally occurring bile acids on mouse CMV (MCMV) replication. In primary mouse hepatocytes, physiological concentrations of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDC), glycochenodeoxycholic acid, and to a lesser extent taurocholic acid significantly reduced MCMV-induced gene expression and diminished the generation of virus progeny, while several other bile acids did not exert antiviral effects. The anticytomegalovirus activity required active import of bile acids via the sodium-taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and was consistently observed in hepatocytes but not in fibroblasts. Under conditions in which alpha interferon (IFN-α) lacks antiviral activity, physiological TCDC concentrations were similarly effective as IFN-γ. A detailed investigation of distinct steps of the viral life cycle revealed that TCDC deregulates viral transcription and diminishes global translation in infected cells.

IMPORTANCE
Cytomegaloviruses are members of the
Betaherpesvirinae
subfamily. Primary infection leads to latency, from which cytomegaloviruses can reactivate under immunocompromised conditions and cause severe disease manifestations, including hepatitis. The present study describes an unanticipated antiviral activity of conjugated bile acids on MCMV replication in hepatocytes. Bile acids negatively influence viral transcription and exhibit a global effect on translation. Our data identify bile acids as site-specific soluble host restriction factors against MCMV, which may allow rational design of anticytomegalovirus drugs using bile acids as lead compounds.
Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Restores CD4
+
T Memory Stem Cell Homeostasis in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques
Authors: Cartwright Emily K. , Palesch David , Mavigner Maud , Paiardini Mirko , Chahroudi Ann , Silvestri Guido 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved prognosis. Unfortunately, interruption of ART almost invariably results in viral rebound, attributed to a pool of long-lived, latently infected cells. Based on their longevity and proliferative potential, CD4
+
T memory stem cells (T
SCM
) have been proposed as an important site of HIV persistence. In a previous study, we found that in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RM), CD4
+
T
SCM
are preserved in number but show (i) a decrease in the frequency of CCR5
+
cells, (ii) an expansion of the fraction of proliferating Ki-67
+
cells, and (iii) high levels of SIV DNA. To understand the impact of ART on both CD4
+
T
SCM
homeostasis and virus persistence, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of these cells in the blood and lymph nodes of 25 SIV-infected RM. We found that ART induced a significant restoration of CD4
+
CCR5
+
T
SCM
both in blood and in lymph nodes and a reduction in the fraction of proliferating CD4
+
Ki-67
+
T
SCM
in blood (but not lymph nodes). Importantly, we found that the level of SIV DNA in CD4
+
transitional memory (T
TM
) and effector memory (T
EM
) T cells declined ∼100-fold after ART in both blood and lymph nodes, while the level of SIV DNA in CD4
+
T
SCM
and central memory T cells (T
CM-
) did not significantly change. These data suggest that ART is effective at partially restoring CD4
+
T
SCM
homeostasis, and the observed stable level of virus in T
SCM
supports the hypothesis that these cells are a critical contributor to SIV persistence.

IMPORTANCE
Understanding the roles of various CD4
+
T cell memory subsets in immune homeostasis and HIV/SIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART) is critical to effectively treat and cure HIV infection. T memory stem cells (T
SCM
) are a unique memory T cell subset with enhanced self-renewal capacity and the ability to differentiate into other memory T cell subsets, such as central and transitional memory T cells (T
CM
and T
TM
, respectively). CD4
+
T
SCM
are disrupted but not depleted during pathogenic SIV infection. We find that ART is partially effective at restoring CD4
+
T
SCM
homeostasis and that SIV DNA harbored within this subset contracts more slowly than virus harbored in shorter-lived subsets, such as T
TM
and effector memory (T
EM
). Because of their ability to persist long-term in an individual, understanding the dynamics of virally infected CD4
+
T
SCM
during suppressive ART is important for future therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating immune activation and purging the HIV reservoir.