bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CGAN Facilitated Data Augmentation of Voice and Speech Parameters for Detecting Parkinson’s Disease in the Prodromal Phase
Authors: Chandrabhanu Sandhya , Hemalatha Shanmugam 
Published: October 2024

Parkinson’s disease is a multi-faceted disease affecting the brain. The enormity of its recent rise is quite alarming. This calls for intense research to diagnose early to hasten the progress of diagnosis. Voice distortion is considered an early precursor for Parkinson’s disease. Though several studies in Machine Learning using voice parameters have provided useful information, none of them have been successful in evolving an efficient and generalized model to detect it. Deep Learning techniques were applied to improve the performance of the model but its major limitation was the size of the dataset. Hence, a need arose to extend the dataset using an appropriate data augmentation method. At this juncture, the conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) proved to be a useful technique because of its innate feature for generating synthetic data from input noise. The RNN-LSTM classifier could achieve a training accuracy of 87.32%, testing accuracy of 86.3%, training precision of 87.92 %, and testing precision of 89.94%. The results of the experimental study are compared with other state-of-the-art methods. This technique succeeded in reducing the problem of over-fitting and could elevate the performance of the RNN-LSTM classifier in the prediction of Parkinson’s disease.
Inhibition of IL‐6‐JAK/Stat3 signaling in castration‐resistant prostate cancer cells enhances the NK cell‐mediated cytotoxicity via alteration of PD‐L1/NKG2D ligand levels
Authors: Xu LiJun , Chen XiaoDong , Shen MingJing , Yang Dong‐Rong , Fang Laifu , Weng Guobin , Tsai Ying , Keng Peter C. , Chen Yuhchyau , Lee Soo Ok 
Published: September 2017

To investigate whether IL‐6 signaling affects the susceptibility of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells to cytotoxic action of natural killer (NK) cells, CRPC cell lines (having different IL‐6 levels) were developed by lentiviral transduction. While observing no secreted IL‐6 level in parental C4‐2 and CWR22Rv1 cells, we found the IL‐6 expression/secretion in these cells was induced after the transduction process and the IL‐6 level difference in C4‐2siIL‐6/sc and CWR22siIL‐6/sc cell CRPC cell sets could be detected. We then found that IL‐6‐knockdown cells were more susceptible to NK cell cytotoxicity than control cells due to lowered programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and increased NK group 2D (NKG2D) ligand levels. In animal studies, to concur with the in vitro results, we found that IL‐6‐expressing cell‐derived tumors were more resistant to NK cell action than the tumors of IL‐6‐knockdown cells. Further, we discovered that JAK‐Stat3 is the most critical IL‐6 downstream signaling that modulates PD‐L1/NKG2D ligand levels in CRPC cells. Furthermore, inhibition of the JAK or Stat3 signaling effectively increased the susceptibility of C4‐2sc and CWRsc cells to NK cell cytotoxicity. We observed the most effective cytotoxicity when the PD‐L1 Ab and JAK inhibitor (or Stat 3 inhibitor) were used together. These results suggest that the strategy of targeting IL‐6 signaling (or its downstream signaling) may enhance the NK cell‐mediated immune action to CRPC tumors, thus yielding clinical implications in developing future immunotherapeutics of exploiting this strategy to treat patients with CRPC.
Periodic Emission Within Jupiter's Main Auroral Oval
Authors: Nichols J. D. , Yeoman T. K. , Bunce E. J. , Chowdhury M. N. , Cowley S. W. H. , Robinson T. R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe have discovered pulsating emission within Jupiter's main auroral oval, providing evidence of the auroral signature of Jovian ULF wave processes. The form comprises a 1° × 2° spot located directly on the main emission, whose intensity oscillates with a period of ∼10 min throughout the 45 min observation. The feature appears on the duskward edge of the discontinuity, maps to ∼13–14 h LT and ∼20–50 RJ, and rotates at around a half of rigid corotation. We show that the period of the oscillation is similar to the expected Alfvén travel time between the ionosphere and the upper edge of the equatorial plasma sheet in the middle magnetosphere, and we thus suggest that the pulsating aurora is driven by a mode confined to the low‐density region outside the plasma sheet. This significant new observation shows that Jupiter's auroras present an important remote sensing window on Jovian magnetospheric wave processes.
Long‐Term Interactions Between Intermediate Depth and Shallow Seismicity in North Chile Subduction Zone
Authors: Jara Jorge , Socquet Anne , Marsan David , Bouchon Michel 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe document interactions between intermediate depth and interplate seismicity in the North Chile subduction zone, over a 25 year period (1990–2015). We show that the 2005 Mw 7.8 Tarapaca slab‐pull earthquake was followed by 9 years of enhanced deep and shallow seismicity, together with the decrease of eastward average GPS velocities and associated interplate coupling, eventually leading to the 2014 Mw 8.1 Iquique megathrust earthquake. In contrast, megathrust ruptures (e.g., Mw 8.0 Antofagasta in 1995, or Mw 8.1 Iquique in 2014) initiate several years of silent background seismicity in the studied area, both at shallow and intermediate depths. The plunge of a rigid slab into a viscous asthenospheric mantle could explain the observed synchronization between deep and shallow seismicity and their long‐term interactions.
Fuel Performance Specifications, Mid‐Infrared Analysis of
Authors: Stach Robert , Mizaikoff Boris 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTo improve greenhouse gas emissions, the Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments (1990) and the EU Fuel Directive (2000) introduced reformulated gasoline legislation, which regulates the composition of fuels to improve greenhouse gas emissions. By the introduction of nonfuel oxygenates into fuel including various alcohols such as methanol or ethanol and ethers such as methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) and diisopropyl ether (DIPE), a reduction of carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon emissions is envisaged. Furthermore, a reduction of sulfuric and especially aromatic compounds is demanded providing a decreased release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Hence, the refining industry and their petrochemical laboratories have been forced to control accurately and to monitor continuously their gasoline blending processes. Besides conventional separation‐based techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), the mid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy gained significant importance. Owing to molecule‐specific absorption patterns of oxygenates and aromatics, the distinct determination of fuel additives and subsequent derivation of general fuel parameters are enabled. The performance of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) – and most recent, quantum cascade laser (QCL)‐based techniques – will be reviewed and compared to other spectroscopic approaches. Furthermore, data evaluation procedures and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) approval of these novel methods will be highlighted.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Authors: Menard Kevin P. , Menard Noah 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is the technique of applying a stress or strain to a sample at controlled frequencies and analyzing the response to obtain phase angle and deformation data. This data allows the calculation of the damping or tan delta (δ) as well as complex modulus and viscosity data. Two approaches are used: (i) forced frequency, where the signal is applied at a set frequency and (ii) free resonance, where the material is perturbed and allowed to exhibit free resonance decay. Most DMAs are of the former type, while the torsional braid analyzer (TBA) is of the latter type. In both the approaches, the technical is very sensitive to the motions of the polymer chains, and it is a powerful tool for measuring transitions in polymers. More specialized techniques such as the use of ultrasonics and laser pulses do exist in specialized markets. It is estimated to be 100 times more sensitive to the glass transition than differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and it resolves other more localized transitions such as side chain movements that are not detected in the DSC. In addition, the technique allows the rapid scanning of a material's modulus and viscosity as a function of temperature, strain, or frequency. DMA may also be referred to as dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS), or dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA).
Cultural Norms and Definitions of Violence
Authors: Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Lansford Jennifer E. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCultural norms play a key role in establishing and maintaining patterns of violent and aggressive behavior in many distinct contexts. Norms influence social–cognitive and behavioral attributes that can decrease or increase the likelihood of violent behavior, depending on the content and strength of those norms and how deeply they are internalized by the individual. Many of these norms are embedded in the broader culture as well as the proximal community of each developing individual. Information about cultural norms is conveyed through learning processes during human social interaction in families (e.g., harsh parenting and domestic violence between partners and siblings) and in neighborhood settings (e.g., school, workplace).
Gender Differences in Violence and Aggression
Authors: Copping Lee 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Perhaps the most ubiquitous finding across multiple research disciplines regarding aggression and violence is that of consistent gender differences, with the male of the species exhibiting greater levels of these behaviors than the female. In this chapter, evidence relating to gender differences in violence and aggression within our own species is reviewed. Similarities displayed between men and women in terms of their age profile and underlying etiology are briefly outlined before documenting recent research highlighting gender differences across multiple measures and types of aggression. Two of the most comprehensively documented perspectives purporting to explain these differences (sexual selection theory and social role theory) are then compared. Finally, gender differences in aggression and violence are explored in relation to potential psychological mediators such as risk taking and fear in order to explain why males and females may differ in relation to this species‐universal behavior.
Cross‐Cultural Differences in Aggression
Authors: Fry Douglas P. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter considers a range of ethnographic examples. The cross‐cultural variation along a peacefulness‐to‐aggressiveness continuum reflects the strong impact of cultural environments on the expression of human aggressive behavior. Societies at the peaceful end of the spectrum adopt values and create norms, institutions, and mechanisms for dealing with conflicts that are primarily nonviolent. Societies are not static and can become either more aggressive or more peaceful over time. The causes of aggression are multifaceted—including influences from such sources as learned values, socialization, social organization, economics and ecology, gender, and natural and sexual selection. Two themes that span societies as cross‐cultural patterns are sex differences in aggression and tendencies toward the use of restraint. Given the importance of cultural influences on human aggression, humans can take various measures to prevent and reduce the expression of physical aggression within and among their societies.
Psychopathy, Violence, and Aggression
Authors: Reidy Dennis E. , Kearns Megan C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Psychopathy is a personality pathology of adults that comprises interpersonal, affective, and behavioral dysfunctions. Among youth, this construct is commonly referred to as callous–unemotional traits. Although good epidemiological data are lacking, estimates of the prevalence of psychopathy suggest that it ranges between 0.5% and 2% in the general population, with rates higher among males than females. While this pathology appears to affect a small proportion of the population, these individuals contribute a disproportionate burden to population levels of violence. In particular, psychopathic persons appear to be prone to perpetrating some of the most severe and chronic acts of violence. In this chapter, we discuss the association of psychopathy and violence, some potential developmental pathways, and potential implications for violence prevention.
The Evolution of Human Violence and Aggression: The Contribution of Peace Ethology
Authors: Verbeek Peter 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents a peace ethology perspective on the evolution of violence and aggression. Peace ethology is a comparative discipline that focuses on the proximate causation, development, function, and evolution of aggressive and peaceful behavior in humans and other animals. The chapter discusses the distinction between violence and aggression and presents operational definitions of both. Peace ethology distinguishes between species‐typical and species‐atypical aggression and examples are given to illustrate this distinction. The chapter concludes with specific questions for future research on violence and aggression using the peace ethology method.
Psychophysiology of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Waldron Jonathan C. , Scarpa Angela 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter highlights studies that examine cardiac, electrodermal, and neurobiological correlates of violence and aggression. Several terms and theories related to aggression are explained, including psychophysiology, social push theory, theories of low arousal, and psychopathy. The chapter then explores several research findings related to psychophysiological correlates of violence and aggression. Finally, the chapter concludes with some considerations for researchers and policy makers.
The Role of Neurotransmitters in Violence and Aggression
Authors: Miczek Klaus A. , DeBold Joseph F. , Gobrogge Kyle , Newman Emily L. , de Almeida Rosa M. M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLike all behaviors, aggression and violence have their roots in neurobiology. In this chapter, we review research that explores the roles of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate, and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in aggressive behavior. We highlight how maladaptive aggression is determined by neural activity in specific pathways and receptors in the serotonin system, which in turn are modulated by catecholamines, GABA, and glutamate. In addition, these neurotransmitter systems are modulated by several neuropeptides, prominently by vasopressin, oxytocin, corticotropin‐releasing factor, and the endogenous opioid peptides. These modulatory systems of serotonergic microcircuits form networks with several nodes for diagnostic measures and therapeutic intervention in veterinary and human medicine.
Testosterone and Human Aggression
Authors: Carré Justin M. , Ruddick Erika L. , Moreau Benjamin J. P. , Bird Brian M. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
One of the most widely studied biological correlates of aggressive behavior is the steroid hormone testosterone. Although traditional wisdom might suggest that individuals with more testosterone are more likely to be aggressive, research over the past several decades has identified important contextual, individual difference, and methodological variables that are key moderators of any such effect. In this chapter, we review literature examining how aggression is linked with baseline levels of testosterone, how testosterone fluctuates rapidly within the context of human competitive behavior, and how such competition‐induced hormonal fluctuations serve to potentiate ongoing and/or future aggressive behavior. The neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying such complex social behavior are discussed from research conducted within humans as well as nonhuman species, providing comparative clues as to the adaptive nature of such intricate systems.
Animal Models of Aggression and Violence
Authors: de Boer Sietse F. , Koolhaas Jaap M. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The human capacity for uncontrolled aggressiveness and violence inflicts a costly burden on society. Unfortunately, the current intervention strategies and treatment options for curbing these problematic behavioral expressions are largely inadequate. Hence, more fundamental knowledge about the social and neurobiological determinants of aggression is urgently needed. There is a particular need to unravel the interaction between environmental factors and the neurochemical substrates that causally underlie the shift toward escalated and maladaptive forms of aggressive behavior (e.g., violence). Novel experimental laboratory models of violent‐like aggression in rodents combined with newly emerging technologies for mapping and manipulating neuronal activity with anatomical, genetic, and temporal precision are indispensable to obtaining this goal. This chapter presents some of the most significant developments made since the early 2000s in this understudied preclinical animal research field; these developments promise to significantly advance our understanding of the etiology, brain mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions of excessive aggressive behaviors in humans.
Masculinities, Aggression, and Violence
Authors: DeKeseredy Walter S. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWhy are most perpetrators of interpersonal violence men? It has little to do with their biological makeup or with factors identified by evolutionary psychologists. One of the best answers is provided by masculinities studies and research on how masculinities conducive to violence are shaped by male peer or subcultural dynamics. For many men, the violent behaviors examined in this chapter are, under certain conditions, the only perceived available techniques for expressing and validating masculinity, and male peer support strongly encourages and legitimates certain forms of violence, such as woman abuse in intimate heterosexual relationships.
Protective Factors Against Crime and Violence in Adolesence
Authors: Lösel Friedrich , Bender Doris 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Research on risk factors of criminal and violent behavior is well established, but much less is known about the more complicated field of protective factors and mechanisms against the onset, persistence, or aggravation of antisocial behavior in young people. This chapter contains a brief overview of concepts and research designs in this field. Then empirical findings are reviewed that show various candidates for a promotive or buffering protective effect: individual variables (cognitive abilities, information processing, temperament, and biological characteristics), family variables (emotional bonding, appropriate parenting behavior, parental interest in education, and socioeconomic status); school factors (good achievement, bonding to school, and a positive educational climate), peer‐group factors (affiliation with nondeviant friends, some social isolation), and community factors (a not‐deprived but cohesive neighborhood). More long‐term research on protective factors and mechanisms is needed. This should include a stronger link to research on experimental prevention and on intraindividual changes.
Does Alcohol Cause Violence and Aggression?
Authors: Brown Whitney , Leonard Kenneth E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
There is an extensive research literature that has studied the relationship between excessive alcohol use, alcoholism, and violence. This review examines the evidence that alcohol use meets criteria as a causal influence on violence, contributing to the likelihood and severity of violence. Several theories that explain the processes underlying this causal influence are reviewed, including alcohol expectancies, alcohol‐related cues as cognitive primes of aggressive behavior, and psychopharmacological or “alcohol myopia” effects. This review emphasizes that, in addition to being contributory, the nature of the causal relationship is also conditional. That is, alcohol causes violence for certain persons under certain circumstances. The current challenges for alcohol–violence researchers are to predict under what circumstances and for whom excessive drinking plays a significant role in violent behavior and to intervene to reduce the frequency and severity of alcohol‐related violence.
Do Drugs Cause Violence?
Authors: Radliff Kisha M. , Zeanah Kathryn L. , Wheaton Joe E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
It is our nature to look for causal relationships, which potentially influences our interpretation of correlational research findings, both as researchers and as consumers. Finding a relationship does not mean that one event causes another: Correlation is not causation. Several criteria have been identified that increase the likelihood that an observed relationship demonstrates a causal relationship. To address the question of whether drugs cause violence, we need to acknowledge that “drugs” and “violence” are very broad terms and that there are multiple relationships between drugs and violence. Research has demonstrated strong support for the correlation between drugs and violence, with some relationships stronger than others. While the evidence is inadequate to make causal claims, this is encouraging because correlations are important in determining causation. Establishing causation is challenging, but it is possible and research should continue to pursue the question: Do drugs cause violence?
Does Poverty Cause Violence?
Authors: Ceccato Vania 
Published: September 2017

AbstractViolence is often caused by a combination of determinants or “triggers.” Poverty—one of several “triggers” of violence—is discussed in detail in this chapter. The objective of the chapter is to summarize evidence on whether the poverty–violence link exists, what might be the theoretical mechanisms linking poverty to violence, and associated factors within and across populations. The chapter ends with reflections based on the discussed body of literature and highlights some of the most urgent research challenges.
Is the Link Between Games and Aggression More About the Player, Less About the Game?
Authors: Ferguson Christopher J. , Bowman Nicholas David , Kowert Rachel 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMost prior research has examined whether not violent content in games could be linked to aggressive behavior. Despite several decades of research, clear links between violent content and player aggression have not been established, with much debate remaining. This chapter argues that research would be more fruitful focusing its attention away from content issues and instead on players themselves. Increasing evidence suggests that player motivations, frustration, and the social context of play are more crucial to understanding the media experience than are morally salient concerns with violence or other objectionable content. It is concluded that players have considerable agency in regard to selecting, interpreting, and shaping their media experience.
On Automatic As Well As Controlled Psychological Processes in Aggression, From the Cognitive Neoassociation Perspective
Authors: Berkowitz Leonard 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis chapter describes the elements and historical development of the cognitive neoassociationist model of aggression. Two key features of this model are that much of aggression is a thoughtless response to automatic processes and that these automatic processes can be controlled or restrained when a person is aware of their inclinations and violence is out of keeping with their personal standards. This chapter reviews experimental and other evidence in support of the cognitive neoassociationist model of aggression.