bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Self‐Assembly of a Quaternary Complex Formed by Two Cucurbit[7]uril Hosts, Cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene), and a “Designer” Guest
Authors: Tootoonchi Mohammad Hossein , Sharma Gaurav , Calles Jonathan , Prabhakar Rajeev , Kaifer Angel E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe self‐assembly in aqueous solution of the well‐known cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) (BB4+), and two cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) hosts around a simple hydroquinol‐based, diamine guest (GH22+) was investigated by 1H NMR and electronic absorption spectroscopies, electrospray mass spectrometry and DFT computations. The formation of a quaternary supramolecular assembly [GH22+⋅BB4+⋅ (CB7)2] was shown to be a very efficient process, which takes place not only because of the attractive forces between each of the hosts and the guest, but also because of the lateral interactions between the hosts in the final assembly. This complementary set of attractive interactions results in clear cooperative binding effects that help overcome the entropic barriers for multiple component assembly.
Precise Formation of a Hollow Carbon Nitride Structure with a Janus Surface To Promote Water Splitting by Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Zheng Dandan , Cao Xu‐Ning , Wang Xinchen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe precise modification of redox species on the inner and outer surfaces of hollow nanostructures is relevant in catalysis, surface science, and nanotechnology, but has proven difficult to achieve. Herein, we develop a facile approach to specifically fabricate Pt and Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) onto the interior and exterior surface of hollow carbon nitride spheres (HCNS), respectively, to promote the surface redox functions of the polymer semiconductors. The photocatalytic water splitting activities of HCNS with spatially separated oxidation and reduction centers at their nanodomains were enhanced. The origin of the enhanced activity was attributed to the spatially separated reactive sites for the evolution of H2 and O2 and also to the unidirectional migration of the electron and hole on the Janus surfaces, thereby preventing the unwanted reverse reaction of water splitting and decreasing charge recombination.
Darwin's Warm Little Pond: A One‐Pot Reaction for Prebiotic Phosphorylation and the Mobilization of Phosphate from Minerals in a Urea‐Based Solvent
Authors: Burcar Bradley , Pasek Matthew , Gull Maheen , Cafferty Brian J. , Velasco Francisco , Hud Nicholas V. , Menor‐Salván César 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe poor reactivity of insoluble phosphates, such as apatite‐group minerals, has been a long‐appreciated obstacle for proposed models of prebiotic organophosphate formation. This obstacle presents a significant challenge to the nascent development of an RNA world and other models for the origins of life on Earth. Herein, we demonstrate that a scenario based on the formation of a urea/ammonium formate/water (UAFW) eutectic solution leads to an increase in phosphorylation when compared to urea alone for phosphate sources of varying solubility. In addition, under evaporative conditions and in the presence of MgSO4, the UAFW eutectic mobilizes the phosphate sequestered in water‐insoluble hydroxyapatite, giving rise to a marked increase in phosphorylation. These results suggest that the prebiotic concentrations of urea in a geologically plausible evaporitic environment could solve the problem of organic phosphorylation on a prebiotic Earth.
Which Metals are Green for Catalysis? Comparison of the Toxicities of Ni, Cu, Fe, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Au Salts
Authors: Egorova Ksenia S. , Ananikov Valentine P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEnvironmental profiles for the selected metals were compiled on the basis of available data on their biological activities. Analysis of the profiles suggests that the concept of toxic heavy metals and safe nontoxic alternatives based on lighter metals should be re‐evaluated. Comparison of the toxicological data indicates that palladium, platinum, and gold compounds, often considered heavy and toxic, may in fact be not so dangerous, whereas complexes of nickel and copper, typically assumed to be green and sustainable alternatives, may possess significant toxicities, which is also greatly affected by the solubility in water and biological fluids. It appears that the development of new catalysts and novel applications should not rely on the existing assumptions concerning toxicity/nontoxicity. Overall, the available experimental data seem insufficient for accurate evaluation of biological activity of these metals and its modulation by the ligands. Without dedicated experimental measurements for particular metal/ligand frameworks, toxicity should not be used as a “selling point” when describing new catalysts.
Expression of TLR2/4 on Epididymal Spermatozoa of the Chinese Soft‐Shelled Turtle Pelodiscus sinensis During the Hibernation Season
Authors: Hu Lisi , Li Quanfu , Yang Ping , Gandahi Jameel A. , Arain Tamseel S. , Le Yuan , Zhang Qian , Liu Tengfei , Y. Waqas Muhammad , Ahmad Nisar , Liu Yi , Chen Qiusheng 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTSpermatozoa are known to be stored in the epididymis of the Chinese soft‐shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis for long periods during hibernation, but the mechanism that underlies the sperm storage is poorly understood. This study was carried out to confirm the presence of TLR2/4 (Toll‐like receptor 2/4) in epididymal spermatozoa during the hibernation season and to analyze whether TLRs play a role in sperm storage. The structure and ultrastructure of a spermatozoon during the hibernation stage were investigated using light‐ and transmission electron‐microscopy. RT‐PCR was used to analyze mRNA expression, while protein expression was determined via Western blot. TLR2/4 mRNA and proteins were detected in spermatozoa. Immunofluorescence staining was used to confirm TLR2/4 localization in the spermatozoon, and TLR2/4 were localized in the midpiece and the posterior segment of the head of the spermatozoon, which corresponded to the cytoplasmic droplets (CDs) of the turtle spermatozoon. As TLRs play critical roles in detecting and responding to invading pathogens, this study provided molecular evidence that TLR2/4 might contribute to sperm storage in the epididymides. Anat Rec, 299:1578–1584, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of Muscle Fiber Types in German Shepherd Dogs of Different Ages
Authors: de A. Braga Sérgio , G. F. Padilha Felipe , M. R. Ferreira Ana 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to determine and confirm the percentage of type I and type II muscle fibers that comprise the Gluteus Medius muscle in male and female canines of the German Shepherd breed, with standardized care, in different age groups, using the enzyme histochemical method. Muscle samples were collected from the Gluteus Medius muscles of forty clinically healthy dogs of the German Shepherd breed using the technique of percutaneous needle muscle biopsy. The samples were evaluated using histological and enzyme histochemical methods. The percentages of type I and II fibers and the ratio between the quantity of type I fibers/quantity of type II fibers were evaluated using the parameters of weight, age group, correlation between sex and age group, and between the sexes. It was found that there was no significant difference in relation to the types of fibers for the parameters of weight, age group, and age of the females. The correlation between the ages of the males suggested an increase in the percentage of type I fibers, a decrease in the percentage of type II fibers, or an increase in the ratio during the aging process. It was concluded that there was a decrease in the percentage of type II fibers with advancing age in male dogs, but without significant difference in the percentage of type I and type II fibers in relation to the weight. Anat Rec, 299:1540–1547, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of a Clostridium beijerinckii spo0A mutant and its application for butyl butyrate production
Authors: Seo Seung‐Oh , Wang Yi , Lu Ting , Jin Yong‐Su , Blaschek Hans P. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTSpo0A is a master regulator that governs the metabolic shift of solventogenic Clostridium species such as Clostridium beijerinckii. Its disruption can thus potentially cause a significant alteration of cellular physiology as well as metabolic patterns. To investigate the specific effect of spo0A disruption in C. beijerinckii, a spo0A mutant of C. beijerinckii was characterized in this study. In a batch fermentation with pH control at 6.5, the spo0A mutant accumulated butyrate and butanol up to 8.96 g/L and 3.32 g/L, respectively from 60 g/L glucose. Noticing the unique phenotype of the spo0A mutant accumulating both butyrate and butanol at significant concentrations, we decided to use the spo0A mutant for the production of butyl butyrate that can be formed by the condensation of butyrate and butanol during the ABE fermentation in the presence of the enzyme lipase. Butyl butyrate is a value‐added chemical that has numerous uses in the food and fragrance industry. Moreover, butyl butyrate as a biofuel is compatible with Jet A‐1 aviation kerosene and used for biodiesel enrichment. In an initial trial of small‐scale extractive batch fermentation using hexadecane as the extractant with supplementation of lipase CalB, the spo0A mutant was subjected to acid crash due to the butyrate accumulation, and thus produced only 98 mg/L butyl butyrate. To alleviate the butyrate toxicity, the biphasic medium was supplemented with 10 g/L CaCO3 and 5 g/L butanol. The butyl butyrate production was then increased up to 2.73 g/L in the hexadecane layer. When continuous agitation was performed to enhance the esterification and extraction of butyl butyrate, 3.32 g/L butyl butyrate was obtained in the hexadecane layer. In this study, we successfully demonstrated the use of the C. beijerinckii spo0A mutant for the butyl butyrate production through the simultaneous ABE fermentation, condensation, and extraction. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 106–112. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continuous multistep synthesis of perillic acid from limonene by catalytic biofilms under segmented flow
Authors: Willrodt Christian , Halan Babu , Karthaus Lisa , Rehdorf Jessica , Julsing Mattijs K. , Buehler Katja , Schmid Andreas 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe efficiency of biocatalytic reactions involving industrially interesting reactants is often constrained by toxification of the applied biocatalyst. Here, we evaluated the combination of biologically and technologically inspired strategies to overcome toxicity‐related issues during the multistep oxyfunctionalization of (R)‐(+)‐limonene to (R)‐(+)‐perillic acid. Pseudomonas putida GS1 catalyzing selective limonene oxidation via the p‐cymene degradation pathway and recombinant Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 were evaluated for continuous perillic acid production. A tubular segmented‐flow biofilm reactor was used in order to relieve oxygen limitations and to enable membrane mediated substrate supply as well as efficient in situ product removal. Both P. putida GS1 and P. taiwanensis VLB120 developed a catalytic biofilm in this system. The productivity of wild‐type P. putida GS1 encoding the enzymes for limonene bioconversion was highly dependent on the carbon source and reached 34 g Ltube−1 day−1 when glycerol was supplied. More than 10‐fold lower productivities were reached irrespective of the applied carbon source when the recombinant P. taiwanensis VLB120 harboring p‐cymene monooxygenase and p‐cumic alcohol dehydrogenase was used as biocatalyst. The technical applicability for preparative perillic acid synthesis in the applied system was verified by purification of perillic acid from the outlet stream using an anion exchanger resin. This concept enabled the multistep production of perillic acid and which might be transferred to other reactions involving volatile reactants and toxic end‐products. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 281–290. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model‐supported phototrophic growth studies with Scenedesmus obtusiusculus in a flat‐plate photobioreactor
Authors: Koller Anja Pia , Löwe Hannes , Schmid Verena , Mundt Sabine , Weuster‐Botz Dirk 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTLight‐dependent growth of microalgae can vary remarkably depending on the cultivation system and microalgal strain. Cell size and the pigmentation of each strain, as well as reactor geometry have a great impact on absorption and scattering behavior within a photobioreactor. In this study, the light‐dependent, cell‐specific growth kinetics of a novel green algae isolate, Scenedesmus obtusiusculus, was studied in a LED‐illuminated flat‐plate photobioreactor on a lab‐scale (1.8 L, 0.09 m2). First, pH‐controlled batch processes were performed with S. obtusiusculus at different constant incident photon flux densities. The best performance was achieved by illuminating S. obtusiusculus with 1400 μmol photons m−2 s−1 at the surface of the flat‐plate photobioreactor, resulting in the highest biomass concentration (4.95 ± 0.16 gCDW L−1 within 3.5 d) and the highest specific growth rate (0.22 h−1). The experimental data were used to identify the kinetic parameters of different growth models considering light inhibition for S. obtusiusculus. Light attenuation within the flat‐plate photobioreactor was considered by varying light transfer models. Based on the identified kinetic growth model of S. obtusiusculus, an optimum growth rate of 0.22 h−1 was estimated at a mean integral photon flux density of 1072 μmol photons m−2 s−1 with the Beer–Lambert law and 1590 μmol photons m−2 s−1 with Schuster's light transfer model in the flat‐plate photobioreactor. LED illumination was, thus, increased to keep the identified optimum mean integral photon flux density constant in the batch process assuming Schuster's light transfer model. Compared to the same constant incident photon flux density (1590 μmol photons m−2 s−1), biomass concentration was up to 24% higher using the lighting profile until a dry cell mass concentration of 14.4 ± 1.4 gCDW L−1 was reached. Afterward, the biomass concentration remained constant, whereas cell growth continued in the batch process with constant incident photon flux density. Finally, biomass concentration was 15.5 ± 1.5 gCDW L−1 and, thus, 7% higher compared to the corresponding batch process with lighting profile. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 308–320. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die Zellwand der Pilze als Korsett
Authors: Kothe Erika , Freihorst Daniela 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPilze bilden ein eigenständiges Reich innerhalb der Eukarya. Ihre typische Wuchsform wird durch die Zellwand bestimmt, die damit Funktion und Form verbindet. Bei den Pilzen ist neben Hefestadien insbesondere das filamentöse Wachstum zur Bildung eines verzweigten, aus einzelnen Hyphen bestehenden Mycels charakteristisch. Dabei wird an der wachsenden Hyphenspitze durch Fusion von Vesikeln mit den Enzymen der Zellwandsynthese die Zellwand synthetisiert, die im Wesentlichen aus dem Polymer Chitin, bestehend aus N‐Acetylglucosamin, und β‐1,3‐Glucan besteht. Deacetyliertes Glucosamin, Chitosan genannt, kommt insbesondere bei einer Untergruppe der Pilze, den Zygomycten, regelmäßig vor. Zellwandproteine können über β‐1,6‐Glucan eingebunden oder aufgelagert werden wie die für Pilze typischen Hydrophobine. Zum Aufbau einer extrazellulären Matrix werden α‐1,3‐Glucane gebildet. Durch Aneinanderlagern können sogar Strukturen wie die makroskopischen Fruchtkörper gebildet werden.
Von der “comparirten Anatomie” zur Veterinärmedizin: Neues vom Biologen Goethe
Authors: Hoßfeld Uwe , Levit Georgy S. , Reinhold Petra 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIm Jahre 2016 jährt sich ein für die veterinärmedizinische Ausbildung und Forschung in Jena und Thüringen wichtiges Ereignis: die Gründung einer Tierarzneischule vor 200 Jahren. Es war kein Geringerer als Geheimrat Johann W. von Goethe (1749–1832), der dabei eine führende Rolle spielte.
Simultaneous determination of ginsenosides and bufadienolides in rat plasma after the oral administration of Shexiang Baoxin Pill for pharmacokinetic study by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry following solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Tao Jianfei , Mao Ling , Zhou Bailun , Liu Qun , Yang Aigang , Wei Guobing , Liu Runhui , Zhang Wei‐dong , Xu Wen , Ye Ji 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA sensitive and reliable bioanalytical method was established for quantitati\ve and pharmacokinetic investigation of nine ginsenosides and seven bufadienolides in rat plasma after the oral administration of Shexiang Baoxin Pill by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, using tinidazole and digoxin as internal standards (ISTDs). All of the analytes and ISTDs obtained satisfactory recoveries by solid‐phase extraction using an Oasis HLB μElution Plate, which was eluted with methanol and ethyl acetate successively, and chromatographic separation was achieved on a Shim‐pack XR‐ODSIIcolumn (75 × 2.0 mm, 2.2 μm) with gradient elution using a mixture of acetonitrile–0.1% formic acid solution (v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Detection was carried out by a triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry with positive/negative ion switching multiple reaction monitoring mode. All analytes showed good linearity over a wide concentration range (r2 > 0.99). The lower limit of quantification was in the range 0.625–12.5 ng/mL for bufadienolides and 2–5.5 ng/mL for ginsenosides, and the mean recoveries of all analytes were in the range 78.29–99.35%. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (RSD) were in the range 0.08–12.38% with the accuracies between 86.09 and 99.40%. The validated method was then successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of the above 16 compounds in rat plasma. Pharmacokinetic results indicated that the developed extraction and analytical method could be employed as a rapid, effective technique for pharmacokinetic study of multiple components, especially various polarity that are difficult to extract simultaneously.
Education on visualization of some complex physics problems in programing environment
Authors: Genç Hasan Hakan , Aydin Serkan 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe realization of effective physics applications is thought as a privileged phenomenon due to the lack of transferring the basic laws of physics to produce products. In addition, the development of some applications depending on theory causes the discussion and questioning of scholars and competences which must be suitable for life. Assessment made with undergraduates and scholars shows that some difficulties are observed on embodiment of some physics problems in engineering and technical sciences. There are a lot of licensed softwares for analyzing the complex physical problems in technical fields. But these programs only help analyze the problems temporarily and they rarely help in long‐term conceptualization of solving the problem. For undergraduates, embodiment of physics problems involved with related discipline will help them conceptualize these subjects permanently. For this purpose, some physics problems involved with electronic engineering, which are hardly conceptualized by students, have been selected as a pilot. The effects of temperature and the other parameters on the silicon semiconductor for both the forward and reverse‐bias modes of operation curve, obtaining the hysteresis diagram for a control circuit and the visualization of hysteresis curve, the using of Monte Carlo statistically methods in numerical analysis of electromagnetic problems and the visualization of this method, are some selected subjects as a pilot. It is evaluated that besides classical teaching methods, approach will be discussed to help students analyze more complex physical problems if it is used as a methods in applied courses. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:876–886, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21757
Thinking outside the box: Use of the pressure wire to assess intracranial large artery stenoses
Authors: Sanon Vani P. , Prasad Anand 
Published: August 2016

Key points

A novel study investigating the utility of the 0.014″ diameter pressure wire to assess the hemodynamic significance of intermediate intracranial stenosis.
Technical aspects of pressure wire positioning across intracranial arteries are described.
Further research is required to clarify the assessment of pressure gradients in the cerebral circulation and to define the optimal threshold for intervention.
Management of vascular access after TAVR: Let's keep it simple
Authors: Safian Robert D. , Hanzel George 
Published: August 2016

Key points

Bleeding and vascular complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality after transfemoral TAVR.
Compared with standard approaches to hemostasis, the catheter balloon occlusion technique CBOT) resulted in significant reduction in major bleeding and vascular complications (18.6% vs. 5.5%, P = 0.042).
Femoral crossover could not be achieved in 3.6%, and CBOT led to vessel dissection in 7.2%, major or life‐threatening bleeding in 5.5%, need for transfusion > 2 units in 10.9%, and minor bleeding or hematoma in 21.8% of patients.
Optimal anticoagulation prior to cath: Bivalirudin vs. Heparin the saga continues…
Authors: Belardi Jorge A. , Albertal Mariano 
Published: August 2016

Key Points

During the pre‐procedural (medication) phase, the use of bivalirudin monotherapy is associated with the lowest rate of bleeding in patients with Non‐ST elevation myocardial infarction (Non‐STEMI) undergoing an early invasive strategy.
Monotherapy with either bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin (UFH) appear interchangeable in this setting.
The use of GPI upstream with either drug should be discouraged due to an increased risk of bleeding and net adverse events.
The use of low dose aspirin plus potent P2Y12 inhibitors followed by a transradial approach with implantation of drug‐eluting coronary stents with fluorinated polymers represents an strategy that may help limit perioperative ischemic and hemorrhagic complications in these individuals.
Airway obstruction caused by rapid enlargement of cervical lymphangioma in a five‐month‐old boy
Authors: Shimizu Junji , Taga Takashi , Kishimoto Takuma , Ohta Motoki , Tagawa Kouji , Kunitsu Tomoaki , Yamane Tetsunobu , Tsujita Yasuyuki , Kubota Yoshihiro , Eguchi Yutaka 
Published: August 2016

Key Clinical MessageCervical lymphangioma can cause airway obstruction secondary to enlargement following infection. Physicians should be aware that the airway obstruction can progress rapidly when patients with cervical lymphangioma have respiratory symptoms. Sclerotherapy for lymphangioma can cause both transient swelling and airway obstruction; thus, prophylactic and elective tracheostomy should be considered.