bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Reclassification of Risk for Incidence of Heart Failure
Authors: Myers Jonathan , Kokkinos Peter , Chan Khin , Dandekar Eshan , Yilmaz Bilge , Nagare Atul , Faselis Charles , Soofi, Muhammad 
Published: June 2017

Background—
It is well established that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. However, little is known regarding the association between CRF and incidence of heart failure (HF).

Methods and Results—

Between 1987 and 2014, we assessed CRF in 21 080 HF-free subjects (58.3±11 years) at the Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Washington, DC, and Palo Alto, CA. Subjects were classified by age-specific quintiles of CRF. Multivariable Cox models were used to determine the association between HF incidence and clinical and exercise test variables. Reclassification characteristics of fitness relative to standard clinical risk factors were determined using the category-free net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement indices. During the follow-up (mean 12.3±7.4 years), 1902 subjects developed HF (9.0%; average annual incidence rate, 7.4 events per 1000 person-years). When CRF was considered as a binary variable (unfit/fit), low fitness was the strongest predictor of risk for HF among clinical and exercise test variables (hazard ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.74–2.09;
P
<0.001). In a fully adjusted model with the least-fit group as the reference, there was a graded and progressive reduction in risk for HF as fitness level was higher. Risks for developing HF were 36%, 41%, 67%, and 76% lower among increasing quintiles of fitness compared with the least-fit subjects (
P
<0.001). Adding CRF to standard risk factors resulted in a net reclassification improvement of 0.37 (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
CRF is strongly, inversely, and independently associated with the incidence of HF in veterans referred for exercise testing.
Cardioprotective Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 2 by Suppressing Apoptosis and Necroptosis
Authors: Guo Xiaoyun , Yin Haifeng , Li Lei , Chen Yi , Li Jing , Doan Jessica , Steinmetz Rachel , Liu Qinghang 
Published: June 2017

Background:
Programmed cell death, including apoptosis, mitochondria-mediated necrosis, and necroptosis, is critically involved in ischemic cardiac injury, pathological cardiac remodeling, and heart failure progression. Whereas apoptosis and mitochondria-mediated necrosis signaling is well established, the regulatory mechanisms of necroptosis and its significance in the pathogenesis of heart failure remain elusive.

Methods:
We examined the role of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (Traf2) in regulating myocardial necroptosis and remodeling using genetic mouse models. We also performed molecular and cellular biology studies to elucidate the mechanisms by which Traf2 regulates necroptosis signaling.

Results:

We identified a critical role for Traf2 in myocardial survival and homeostasis by suppressing necroptosis. Cardiac-specific deletion of
Traf2
in mice triggered necroptotic cardiac cell death, pathological remodeling, and heart failure. Plasma tumor necrosis factor α level was significantly elevated in
Traf2
-deficient mice, and genetic ablation of
TNFR1
largely abrogated pathological cardiac remodeling and dysfunction associated with Traf2 deletion. Mechanistically, Traf2 critically regulates receptor-interacting proteins 1 and 3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein necroptotic signaling with the adaptor protein tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein with death domain as an upstream regulator and transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 as a downstream effector. It is important to note that genetic deletion of
RIP3
largely rescued the cardiac phenotype triggered by Traf2 deletion, validating a critical role of necroptosis in regulating pathological remodeling and heart failure propensity.

Conclusions:
These results identify an important Traf2-mediated, NFκB-independent, prosurvival pathway in the heart by suppressing necroptotic signaling, which may serve as a new therapeutic target for pathological remodeling and heart failure.
Development and Validation of a New Cardio‐Specific Resting Energy Expenditure Equation for Adults
Authors: Efremov Sergey Mihailovich , Talaban Valeria Olegovna , Ponomarev Dmitry Nikolaevich , Vedernikov Pavel Eugenyevich , Chechenin Mihail Gennadyevich , Artemieva Victoria Vladimirovna , Lomivorotov Vladimir Vladimirovich 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackground: This study tested the accuracy of resting energy expenditure (REE) equations among patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass and developed/validated a more accurate cardio‐specific equation (CSE). Materials and Methods: Prospective observational cohort of 240 adults (derivation data set, 170 patients; validation data set, 70 patients). REEs were calculated with 6 equations—Penn State 2003a, Penn State 2003b, Ireton‐Jones, Swinamer, Faisy, and American College of Chest Physicians—and results were compared with indirect calorimetry (IC). Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to develop the CSE. Agreement between measured and calculated REEs was assessed with Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC), Bland‐Altman plot, and regression analysis. Results: LCCCs present poor agreement between measured and calculated REEs: 0.24 (95% CI, 0.19–0.29), for the Faisy equation; 0.15 (95% CI, 0.1–0.19), Ireton‐Jones; 0.31 (95% CI, 0.25–0.37), Swinamer; 0.17 (95% CI, 0.13–0.21), Penn State 2003a; 0.19 (95% CI, 0.14–0.23), Penn State 2003b; and 0.11 (95% CI, 0.07–0.15), American College of Chest Physicians. Based on the derivation data set, REEs are explained by the following equation: CSE = 616 − 8 × age in years + 13 × weight in kilograms + 450 if on ventilator + 159 × MV in liters + 145 if on inotropes. Based on the validation study results, the LCCC between IC and the CSE was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.73–0.88). Conclusion: The CSE has adequate precision and could be used for REE estimation for patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass if IC is unavailable.
Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Distress Risk Scale: A methodological study
Authors: Schaefer Rafaela , Zoboli Elma LCP , Vieira Margarida M 
Published: June 2017

Background: Moral distress is a kind of suffering that nurses may experience when they act in ways that are considered inconsistent with moral values, leading to a perceived compromise of moral integrity. Consequences are mostly negative and include physical and psychological symptoms, in addition to organizational implications. Objective: To psychometrically test the Moral Distress Risk Scale. Research design: A methodological study was realized. Data were submitted to exploratory factorial analysis through the SPSS statistical program. Participants and research context: In total, 268 nurses from hospitals and primary healthcare settings participated in this research during the period of March to June of 2016. Ethical considerations: This research has ethics committee approval. Findings: The Moral Distress Risk Scale is composed of 7 factors and 30 items; it shows evidence of acceptable reliability and validity with a Cronbach’s α = 0.913, a total variance explained of 59%, a Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin = 0.896, and a significant Bartlett <0.001. Discussion: Concerns about moral distress should be beyond acute care settings, and a tool to help clarify critical points in other healthcare contexts may add value to moral distress speech. Conclusion: Psychometric results reveal that the Moral Distress Risk Scale can be applied in different healthcare contexts.
Objective Outcome Evaluation of a Positive Youth Development Program: The Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong
Authors: Ma Cecilia M. S. , Shek Daniel T. L. 
Published: June 2017

Objective: The present study explored the outcomes of a positive youth development (PYD) program entitled “Project P.A.T.H.S.” based on a total of 12,281 Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Method: To understand the impact of this program, the study assessed the changes in developmental outcomes using a single group pretest and posttest design. Results: Findings showed that the participants displayed positive changes in PYD attributes, life satisfaction, and thriving after joining the program regardless of the program content. Conclusion: In conjunction with other studies, the study demonstrates the benefits of PYD programs in promoting positive development in Chinese adolescents.
Wellbeing: the challenge of ‘operationalising’ an holistic concept within a reductionist public health programme
Authors: Dooris Mark , Farrier Alan , Froggett Lynn 
Published: June 2017

Wellbeing is a concept that, while contested, recognises individual and wider social, economic, political and environmental contextual influences – and is of growing interest and relevance locally and globally. In this article, we report on one aspect of an evaluative research study conducted on a public health programme in North West England. Aims: Within the context of a process evaluation that explored the delivery of a public health programme and sought to increase understanding of how and why different approaches worked well or not so well, this article focuses specifically on the concept of wellbeing, examining perceptions of multiple stakeholders. Methods: Interviews and focus groups were undertaken with 52 stakeholders involved in managing and facilitating the programme and its composite projects and with 90 community members involved as project participants. Data were subjected to thematic analysis, cross-check and refining. Results: Results highlight stakeholders’ diverse understandings of wellbeing, the complex relationship between health and wellbeing, and the perceived dissonance between the holistic concept of wellbeing and the reductionist design of the programme. Conclusions: Wellbeing was understood to be ‘more than health’ and ‘more than happiness’, concerned with effective functioning, sense of purpose and flourishing. Essentially holistic, wellbeing offers opportunities to transcend clinical/pathogenic conceptions of ‘health’ and resonate with individuals, communities and local authorities. This raises concerns about how wellbeing can be meaningfully realised without compromising the concept, particularly when programmes are structured in reductionist ways requiring monitoring against discrete outcomes. Implications for practice include the following: utilising wellbeing as a driver for cross-cutting public health in challenging economic and organisational contexts, acknowledging that wellbeing is essentially social as well as individual, appreciating that wellbeing is experienced in relation to contexts and surroundings, and recognising that wellbeing defined in terms of individual happiness risks compromising the future wellbeing of societies and the planet.
Intra-aortic balloon pump protects against hydrostatic pulmonary oedema during peripheral venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Bréchot Nicolas , Demondion Pierre , Santi Francesca , Lebreton Guillaume , Pham Tai , Dalakidis Apostolos , Gambotti Laetitia , Luyt Charles-Edouard , Schmidt Matthieu , Hekimian Guillaume , Cluzel Philippe , Chastre Jean , Leprince Pascal , Combes Alain 
Published: June 2017

Background: Increased left ventricular afterload during peripheral venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) support frequently causes hydrostatic pulmonary oedema. Because physiological studies demonstrated left ventricular afterload decrease during VA-ECMO assistance combined with the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), we progressively changed our standard practice systematically to associate an IABP with VA-ECMO. This study aimed to evaluate IABP efficacy in preventing pulmonary oedema in VA-ECMO-assisted patients. Methods: A retrospective single-centre study. Results: Among 259 VA-ECMO patients included, 104 received IABP. Weinberg radiological score-assessed pulmonary oedema was significantly lower in IABP+ than IABP– patients at all times after ECMO implantation. This protection against pulmonary oedema persisted when death and switching to central ECMO were used as competing risks (subhazard ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33–0.75; P<0.001). Multivariable analysis retained IABP as being independently associated with a lower risk of radiological pulmonary oedema (odds ratio (OR) 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.7; P=0.001) and a trend towards lower mortality (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.29–1.01; P=0.06). Finally, the time on ECMO free from mechanical ventilation increased in IABP+ patients (2.2±4.3 vs. 0.7±2.0 days; P=0.0003). Less frequent pulmonary oedema and more days off mechanical ventilation were also confirmed in 126 highly comparable IABP+ and IABP– patients, propensity score matched for receiving an IABP. Conclusions: Associating an IABP with peripheral VA-ECMO was independently associated with a lower frequency of hydrostatic pulmonary oedema and more days off mechanical ventilation under ECMO.
Endophthalmitis After Vitrectomy Surgery: A Case–Control Analysis
Authors: Melamud Alexander , Choi Christina , Kim Samuel , Cai Ling , Reilly Gayatri 
Published: June 2017

Purpose: To identify risk factors associated with endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) surgery. Methods: All eyes that presented with endophthalmitis after PPV from 2005 to 2015 in a community-based vitreoretinal subspecialty practice were evaluated using a retrospective nested case–control study. Exclusion criteria were presentation more than 6 weeks post-PPV, less than 3 months of follow-up, history of globe trauma, age less than 18, and history of trabeculectomy surgery. Controls were randomly selected among a population of patients who underwent PPV and did not develop endophthalmitis. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate the following perioperative risk factors: use of sclerotomy suture, use of subconjunctival antibiotics, use of endotamponade, presence of postoperative hypotony, and the use of small- versus large-gauge vitrectomy. Results: Thirty-two patients and 150 controls met inclusion criteria. The average time to presentation with endophthalmitis was 5 days after PPV. Endotamponade usage was the only variable that had significant impact on the risk of developing endophthalmitis in univariate and multivariate analyses. The odds ratio of disease in patients with endotamponade over patients without endotamponade was 0.15 (95% confidence interval: 0.06-40); thus, the odds of disease for patients with endotamponade were 85% lower than those without endotamponade. Median visual acuity significantly improved from 20 of 8000 at the time of diagnosis with endophthalmitis to 20 of 50 at 1-year follow-up ( P < .001). Conclusion: The use of intraocular endotamponade may reduce the rate of endophthalmitis after PPV surgery.
Burden of disease and change in practice in critically ill infants with bronchiolitis
Authors: Schlapbach Luregn J. , Straney Lahn , Gelbart Ben , Alexander Janet , Franklin Donna , Beca John , Whitty Jennifer A. , Ganu Subodh , Wilkins Barry , Slater Anthony , Croston Elizabeth , Erickson Simon , Schibler Andreas 
Published: June 2017

Bronchiolitis represents the most common cause of non-elective admission to paediatric intensive care units (ICUs).We assessed changes in admission rate, respiratory support, and outcomes of infants <24 months with bronchiolitis admitted to ICU between 2002 and 2014 in Australia and New Zealand.During the study period, bronchiolitis was responsible for 9628 (27.6%) of 34 829 non-elective ICU admissions. The estimated population-based ICU admission rate due to bronchiolitis increased by 11.76 per 100 000 each year (95% CI 8.11–15.41). The proportion of bronchiolitis patients requiring intubation decreased from 36.8% in 2002, to 10.8% in 2014 (adjusted OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.27–0.46), whilst a dramatic increase in high-flow nasal cannula therapy use to 72.6% was observed (p<0.001). We observed considerable variability in practice between units, with six-fold differences in risk-adjusted intubation rates that were not explained by ICU type, size, or major patient factors. Annual direct hospitalisation costs due to severe bronchiolitis increased to over USD30 million in 2014.We observed an increasing healthcare burden due to severe bronchiolitis, with a major change in practice in the management from invasive to non-invasive support that suggests thresholds to admittance of bronchiolitis patients to ICU have changed. Future studies should assess strategies for management of bronchiolitis outside ICUs.
Phosgene‐induced acute lung injury (ALI): differences from chlorine‐induced ALI and attempts to translate toxicology to clinical medicine
Authors: Li Wenli , Pauluhn Juergen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundPhosgene (carbonyl dichloride) gas is an indispensable chemical inter‐mediate used in numerous industrial processes. There is no clear consensus as to its time‐ and inhaled‐dose‐dependent etiopathologies and associated preventive or therapeutic treatment strategies.MethodsCardiopulmonary function was examined in rats exposed by inhalation to the alveolar irritant phosgene or to the airway irritant chlorine during and following exposure. Terminal measurements focused on hematology, protein extravasation in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and increased lung weight. Noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic endpoints in exhaled breath (carbon dioxide and nitric oxide) were used to detect the clinically occult stage of pulmonary edema.ResultsThe first event observed in rats following high but sublethal acute exposure to phosgene was the stimulation of alveolar nociceptive vagal receptors. This afferent stimulation resulted in dramatic changes in cardiopulmonary functions, ventilation: perfusion imbalances, and progressive pulmonary edema and phospholipoproteinosis. Hematology revealed hemoconcentration to be an early marker of pulmonary edema and fibrin as a discriminating endpoint that was positive for the airway irritant chlorine and negative for the alveolar irritant phosgene.ConclusionsThe application of each gas produced typical ALI/ARDS (acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome) characteristics. Phosgene‐induced ALI showed evidence of persistent apnea periods, bradycardia, and shifts of vascular fluid from the peripheral to the pulmonary circulation. Carbon dioxide in expired gas was suggestive of increased ventilation dead space and appeared to be a harbinger of progressively developing lung edema. Treatment with the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine aerosol by inhalation reduced the severity of phosgene‐induced ALI when applied at low dose‐rates. Symptomatic treatment regimens were considered inferior to causal modes of treatment.
A technical step forward in the integration of visible-induced luminescence imaging methods for the study of ancient polychromy
Authors: Dyer Joanne , Sotiropoulou Sophia 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Photo-induced luminescence imaging techniques, such as UV-induced visible luminescence (UVL) and the more recently developed technique of visible-induced infrared luminescence (VIL), have been invaluable for the study of ancient polychromy, allowing the detection and mapping of luminescent materials, such as varnishes, consolidants, organic binders, and crucially, traces of pigments, organic and inorganic, that are often not visible to the naked eye. In the context of works from the Hellenistic period onwards, the detection of two pigments, Egyptian blue and rose madder lake, has been particularly pivotal in advancing the field. Current conventional methodologies for the digital mapping of these two luminescent pigments rely on the separate application of two techniques (VIL and UVL), each requiring a different illumination source and acquisition set-up. In this study, a novel approach is proposed, combining the use of visible-induced infrared luminescence and visible-induced visible luminescence to locate these two pigments. As the source of illumination in both cases is the same system of LEDs, the set-up has the advantage of requiring only minor filter changes between luminescence modes. The increased portability and safety compared to the use of methodologies that employ UV radiation represent notable advantages of this integrated system. The interchangeability between highly selective excitation sources, also significantly simplifies the experimental set-up and the need to adjust the object or equipment between acquisitions, ensuring better reproducibility of the data acquired and facilitating any post-processing procedures. This results in a user-friendly methodology for both experts and non-specialists alike. Three Hellenistic period terracottas; two from Canosa di Puglia, Italy (270–200 BC) and one from Myrina, Turkey (c. 100 BC), all characterised by large well-preserved areas of decoration in Egyptian blue and red lake, were studied in order to trial the approach. Comparisons were made with the more standard techniques of VIL and UVL, and it was shown that the combined method proposed efficiently detects and maps both of these pigments with analogous results to those obtained by more established methodologies. The observations made from the multispectral images acquired were verified by analysis of small samples of the pigments, using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy and HPLC-DAD analysis.
Artificial orpiment, a new pigment in Rembrandt’s palette
Authors: van Loon Annelies , Noble Petria , Krekeler Anna , Van der Snickt Geert , Janssens Koen , Abe Yoshinari , Nakai Izumi , Dik Joris 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This paper reports on how the application of macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) imaging, in combination with the re-examination of existing paint cross-sections, has led to the discovery of a new pigment in Rembrandt’s palette: artificial orpiment. In the NWO Science4Arts ‘ReVisRembrandt’ project, novel chemical imaging techniques are being developed and applied to the study of Rembrandt’s late paintings in order to help resolve outstanding questions and to gain a better understanding of his late enigmatic painting technique. One of the selected case studies is the Portrait of a Couple as Isaac and Rebecca, known as ‘The Jewish Bride’, dated c. 1665 and on view in the Rijksmuseum. During the re-installation of the Rijksmuseum in 2013, the picture was scanned using the Bruker M6 Jetstream MA-XRF scanner. The resulting elemental distribution maps made it possible to distinguish many features in the painting, such as bone black remains of the original hat (P, Ca maps), and the now discolored smalt-rich background (Co, Ni, As, K maps). The arsenic (As) map also revealed areas of high-intensity in Isaac’s sleeve and Rebecca’s dress where it could be established that it was not related with the pigment smalt that also contains arsenic. This pointed to the presence of a yellow or orange arsenic-containing pigment, such as realgar or orpiment that is not associated with the artist’s palette. Subsequent examination of existing paint cross-sections from these locations taken by Karin Groen in the 1990s identified isolated, almost perfectly round particles of arsenic sulfide. The round shape corresponds with published findings on a purified form of artificial orpiment glass obtained by dry processing, a sublimation reaction. In bright field, the particles characteristically exhibit a dark cross in the middle caused by internal light reflections. The results of additional non-invasive techniques (portable XRD and portable Raman) are discussed, as well as the implications of this finding and how it fits with Rembrandt’s late experimental painting technique.