bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutations in Cockayne Syndrome-Associated Genes (CsaandCsb) Predispose to Cisplatin-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice
Authors: Rainey Robert N. , Ng Sum-yan , Llamas Juan , van der Horst Gijsbertus T. J. , Segil Neil 
Published: April 2016

Cisplatin is a common and effective chemotherapeutic agent, yet it often causes permanent hearing loss as a result of sensory hair cell death. The causes of sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents in nondividing cell populations, such as cochlear hair and supporting cells, are poorly understood, as are the specific DNA repair pathways that protect these cells. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a conserved and versatile DNA repair pathway for many DNA-distorting lesions, including cisplatin-DNA adducts. Progressive sensorineural hearing loss is observed in a subset of NER-associated DNA repair disorders including Cockayne syndrome and some forms of xeroderma pigmentosum. We investigated whether either of the two overlapping branches that encompass NER, transcription-coupled repair or global genome repair, which are implicated in Cockayne syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum group C, respectively, modulates cisplatin-induced hearing loss and cell death in the organ of Corti, the auditory sensory epithelium of mammals. We report that cochlear hair cells and supporting cells in transcription-coupled repair-deficient Cockayne syndrome group A (Csa−/−) and group B (Csb−/−) mice are hypersensitive to cisplatin, in contrast to global genome repair-deficientXpc−/−mice, bothin vitroandin vivo. We show that sensory hair cells inCsa−/−andCsb−/−mice fail to remove cisplatin-DNA adducts efficientlyin vitro; and unlikeXpc−/−mice,Csa−/−andCsb−/−mice lose hearing and manifest outer hair cell degeneration after systemic cisplatin treatment. Our results demonstrate thatCsaandCsbdeficiencies predispose to cisplatin-induced hearing loss and hair/supporting cell damage in the mammalian organ of Corti, and emphasize the importance of transcription-coupled DNA repair in the protection against cisplatin ototoxicity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe utility of cisplatin in chemotherapy remains limited due to serious side effects, including sensorineural hearing loss. We show that mouse models of Cockayne syndrome, a progeroid disorder resulting from a defect in the transcription-coupled DNA repair (TCR) branch of nucleotide excision repair, are hypersensitive to cisplatin-induced hearing loss and sensory hair cell death in the organ of Corti, the mammalian auditory sensory epithelium. Our work indicates thatCsaandCsb, two genes involved in TCR, are preferentially required to protect against cisplatin ototoxicity, relative to global genome repair-specific elements of nucleotide excision repair, and suggests that TCR is a major force maintaining DNA integrity in the cochlea. The Cockayne syndrome mice thus represent a model for testing the contribution of DNA repair mechanisms to cisplatin ototoxicity.
FGF-1 Triggers Pannexin-1 Hemichannel Opening in Spinal Astrocytes of Rodents and Promotes Inflammatory Responses in Acute Spinal Cord Slices
Authors: Garré Juan Mauricio , Yang Guang , Bukauskas Feliksas F. , Bennett Michael V. L. 
Published: April 2016

We show here that the growth factor FGF-1 is proinflammatory in the spinal cord and explore the inflammatory mechanisms. FGF-1 applied to rat spinal astrocytes in culture initiates calcium signaling and induces secretion of ATP that within minutes increases membrane permeability to ethidium (Etd+) and Ca2+by activating P2X7receptors (P2X7Rs) that open pannexin hemichannels (Px1 HCs) that release further ATP; by 7 h treatment, connexin 43 hemichannels (Cx43 HCs) are also opened. In acute mouse spinal cord slicesex vivo, we found that FGF-1 treatment for 1 h increases the percentage of GFAP-positive astrocytes that show enhanced Px1 HC-mediated Etd+uptake. This response to FGF-1 was not observed in astrocytes in slices of cerebral cortex. FGF-1-induced dye uptake by astrocytes is prevented by BAPTA-AM or a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor. Furthermore, in spinal cord slices, P2X7R antagonists (BBG and A740003) and Px1 HC blockers (10Panx1 and carbenoxolone) prevent the increase in Etd+uptake by astrocytes, whereas Gap19, a selective Cx43 HC blocker, has no effect on dye uptake at this time. Microglia are not required for the increase in Etd+uptake by astrocytes induced by FGF-1, although they are activated by FGF-1 treatment. The morphological signs of microglia activation are inhibited by P2X7R antagonists and10Panx1 and are associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in cord slices treated with FGF-1. The FGF-1 initiated cascade may play an important role in spinal cord inflammationin vivo.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe find that FGF-1 elevates [Ca2+]iin spinal astrocytes, which causes vesicular release of ATP and activation of P2X7Rs to trigger opening of Px1 HCs, which release further ATP. This regenerative response occurs in astrocyte cultures and in acute spinal cord slices. In the latter, FGF-1 application promotes the activation of microglia and increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines through mechanisms depending on P2X7 receptors and Px1 HCs. This proinflammatory microenvironment may favor recruitment of leukocytes into the spinal cord and impacts negatively on neuronal structure and functionin vivo. Any step in these processes provides a potential therapeutic target for treatment of secondary damage in various spinal cord pathologies.
A breach too far? East Norfolk's place in William Smith's search for success.
Authors: Riches Peter 
Published: April 2016

William Smith (1769–1839) played an important role in the defence of the fourteen kilometers of coast between Winterton and Eccles, in East Norfolk, UK between 1803 and 1809. Although now known as a geologist, he earned much of his income as an engineer. Smith's main job was to repair the breaches in the Sandhills (sand dunes) that protected farmed lowland behind from sea flooding. At the same time, Smith became involved in several drainage projects in marshes behind the sand dunes which were instigated by ambitious and acquisitive landowners.
Smith's nephew, John Phillips (1800–1874), gave a glowing but incomplete account of Smith's East Norfolk work in his Memoir. However, an analysis of the extensive archives in: the Norfolk Record Office, the William Smith Collection in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and contemporary local newspapers has revealed that after apparent initial success, Smith's work on the Sandhills became more problematical, both technically and financially, and his relationships with local landowners, for whom he worked, became increasingly fractured.
The Sandhills work was Smith's first coastal engineering project and, through a combination of his own inexperience and his oversimplification of the coastal processes, his designs did not provide a permanent solution to the erosion of the Sandhills by sea surges nor were his designs retained in subsequent years. Comparison of Smith's design concepts with those used by other contemporary engineers reveal that Smith's limited technical success came from a major earthmoving program to infill the Gaps (breaches) in the Sandhills and the adoption of care and maintenance programs to sustain the sea defences, rather than from any innovative engineering.
STANDARD OF PROOF, UNPREDICTABLE BEHAVIOUR AND THE HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA’S VERDICT ON PREVENTIVE DETENTION LAWS
Authors: GRAY ANTHONY 
Published: April 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>[</span><span>Preventive detention laws authorize courts to order the continued detention in prison of a person who has served their allocated term of imprisonment, but who are thought to be at risk of re-offending if released. They raise fun- damental issues about the separation of powers, the purpose of incarcera- tion, and the standard of proof which is/should be required to authorize detention. They assume that it is possible to predict, with a satisfactory rate of success, whether or not a past offender would if released commit further offences. Recently, a majority of the High Court of Australia validated such legislation. The author in this article explains his reasons for disagreeing with the verdict of the Court in this matter.</span><span>] </span></p></div></div></div>
THE NEW PROVINCE FOR LAW AND ORDER- 100 YEARS OF AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRIAL CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION BY JOE ISAAC AND STUART MACINTYRE (EDS) (SYDNEY: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 2004). 454 PAGES (HARDCOVER). PRICE: $79.95. ISBN 0 521 84289 1.
Authors: WHEELWRIGHT KAREN 
Published: April 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>This impressive book of essays has been published by Cambridge University Press to mark the centenary of the establishment in 1904 of the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration (reconstituted as the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission in 1956, and renamed the Australian Industrial Relations Commission in 1988). </span></p></div></div></div>
POST AMCOR AND GRIBBLES: A NEW ERA FOR SUCCESSION OF BUSINESS AND REDUNDANCY LAW?
Authors: CATANZARITI JOE 
Published: April 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>[</span><span>On 9 March 2005, the High Court of Australia handed down two deci- sions of considerable importance for employers. The first decision, </span><span>Minis- ter for Employment and Workplace Relations v Gribbles Radiology Pty Ltd </span><span>[2005] HCA 9 concerned the circumstances in which a "succession of business" or a part of a business will occur for the purposes of section 149(1)(d) of the </span><span>Workplace Relations Act 1996</span><span>. The second decision, </span><span>Am- cor Limited v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union; Minister for Employment </span><span>[2005] HCA 10, pertained to whether, upon the facts pre- sented to the Court, a group of employees had been rendered redundant with a consequent (and cumulatively significant) entitlement to severance pay. </span></p><p><span>Interestingly, the High Court adopted a 'textual' approach to statutory construction in </span><span>Gribbles </span><span>but a 'contextual' approach to the legal interpre- tation of the relevant clause in the agreement in question in </span><span>Amcor</span><span>. Not- withstanding these differing approaches, the result in each case is arguably favourable to employers.</span><span>] </span></p></div></div></div>
Time to Abolish the Rule in Searle v Wallbank for Negligence and Nuisance Claims
Authors: Gray Anthony 
Published: April 2016

<p>In this article, the author suggests that the old common law rule denying that an owner of property owes a duty of care in respect of escaping animals should be abolished. After discussing the original English case in which this finding was made and the reasons for its creation, the author questions whether the principle remains coherent with other legal principles in tort, including the massive development of the common law of tort in recent years. He concludes that the rule is an anachronism and should be abandoned. If the reasoning for the decision were ever applicable to Australian conditions, it is not applicable any longer. The rule reflects an<br />exception to a general principle of now universal acceptance, without justification. The Australian High Court should take the opportunity to abandon the rule, in favour of the general application of tort principles to resolve such disputes. The courts are an appropriate law reform body in this context.</p>
Comparison of Numerical vs Analytical Models for EUR Calculation and Optimization in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Moinfar Ali , Erdle James C. , Patel Kanhaiyalal 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Analytical models available in Rate-Transient-Analysis (RTA) packages are widely used as tools for history matching and forecasting production in unconventional resources. There has also been an increasing interest in the use of numerical simulation of unconventional reservoirs. In this study, we use both methods to history match the production of hydraulically fractured unconventional wells, followed by forecasting future production to establish a well's EUR (Estimated Ultimate Recovery) for reserves determination purposes. This study's goal is to quantify the differences one might expect to encounter in a well's EUR when using analytical model-based RTA vs numerical simulation-based workflows in unconventional reservoirs.
First, we consider an undersaturated shale oil reservoir as a base model for this study. The base case also satisfies all assumptions inherent to analytical solution-based methods such as homogenous reservoir properties and fully-penetrating planar fractures. An excellent match between results of both methods for the base model validates the numerical simulation approach. We then impose a series of real-world deviations from RTA assumptions and investigate reliability of EUR predictions made by both approaches. In all cases, historical data and reference EURs are derived from finely-gridded numerical simulations.
Example results show that, in the presence of real-world deviations from RTA assumptions, analytical models can still match the historical production data; however, key reservoir and fracture parameters need to be modified drastically to compensate for the lack of sufficient physics in the analytical models. Results show that the analytical solution-based history-matched models are not predictive for future production, and somewhat surprisingly provide pessimistic EURs in all real-world scenarios investigated in this work. For the cases presented in this study, analytical models under-predict EURs by 6-17% when two years of production history is available for matching. The underestimation of EUR increases drastically (up to 60%) as the length of available historical data decreases from 2 years to 3 months.
For all cases, we also apply an efficient numerical simulation-based workflow for probabilistic forecasting of EURs. This workflow provides multiple history-matched models that are constrained by historical production data. The probabilistic forecast method employed in this work provides P90 (conservative), P50 (most likely), and P10 (optimistic) values for EUR. In all examples, the range of P90 to P10 EUR values includes the reference EUR, and the P50 values are within 2.2% of the reference EUR.
Simulation of Coupled Fracture Propagation and Well Performance under Different Refracturing Designs in Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Huang Jixiang , Yang Changdong , Xue Xu , Datta-Gupta Akhil 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The successful development of unconventional reservoir relies on the massive hydraulic fractures which provide high conductive paths and large contact area between matrix and wellbore. Since well production always shows a steep decline after the early high flow rate, refracturing can be an economically promising option to compensate for the loss of production and improve the well delivery. Although extensive field cases have been published on refracturing practice, there is a lack of guidelines on how to select and optimize refracturing design.
In this paper, a series of synthetic cases are used to evaluate the well performance under different refracturing designs. The key characteristics for refracturing simulation is accurate quantification of the depletion-induced stress and pressure field change. Thus, finite element method is used to solve the coupled reservoir flow and geomechanics model while a cohesive zone model is adopted to simulate the fracture propagation. A viscoelastic model is used to simulate the time-dependent fracture conductivity change due to proppant embedment. The synthetic cases are grouped into two categories: refracturing in existing perforations and in newly created perforations. A systematic sensitivity study is performed on the effects of fracturing spacing, matrix permeability and refracturing time.
Numerical results show different fracture configurations for refracturing in depleted and virgin reservoirs and thus demonstrate the importance of accounting for stress and pressure changes during initial production. Refracturing the existing perforation is likely to create a wider but shorter fracture compared to the virgin case because the fracturing fluid in these fractures encounter less resistance for enlarging fracture width rather than fracture length because of reduced pressure and total stress. Refracturing new perforations appears to give better short-term performance than refracturing existing perforations but worse long-term performance. Simulation results indicate that for relatively low permeability reservoir it is favorable to add more fracture area; however, the advantage is diminished while for relatively high permeability reservoir where the SRV might already be depleted. When proppant degradation is severe, and fracture conductivity is the limiting factor for production, refracturing existing perforations becomes more attractive. Moreover, simulation results seem to indicate an optimum time window exists for refracturing in this scenario.
Flow of Gases in Slit Shaped Organic Nanopores of Shale: A Boundary-Driven Molecular Simulation Study
Authors: Kazemi Mohammad , Takbiri-Borujeni Ali 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In modeling of fluid transport in organic nanopores of shale, particular attention should be paid to the gas-wall interactions, specifically the adsorption phenomena, due to the fact that the size of pores are comparable with the mean-free-path of the gas molecules. The objective for this work is to fulfill the need for the investigation of how much the adsorbed phase contributes to the total mass flux of organic nanopores.
Molecular Dynamics (MD) is proved to be a credible technique to examine dynamics of atomic-level phenomena. In this study, transport of four different gases, Methane and Argon (adsorbing) and Helium and Neon (less-adsorbing), is studied and their transport are analyzed using dual control volume grand canonical molecular dynamics (DCV-GCMD) simulations with identical setups of graphite nano-channels. DCV-GCMD simulations are performed for different pressures, pressure gradients, and channel sizes. For each simulation, profiles of velocity, mass flux, and density across the channel height are calculated. Based on the DCV-GCMD simulation results, as the pressure of the system increases, the number of gas molecules adsorbing to the graphite walls increases to reach a state of full single-layer coverage. The absolute adsorption of a particular gas is the same for both 2 nm and 5 nm channel. However, the excess adsorption of gases in 2 nm channel are less than those in 5 nm one. Normalized velocity profiles of Argon and Methane become less concave as the pressure increase. This is in contrary to theory of slip. The normalized velocity profiles of less adsorbing gases demonstrate a plug shape type flow. As the average channel pressure increases, the contribution of the adsorbed phase to the total mass flux decreases. Furthermore, the results show that the channel length have significant impacts on transport of gases through nanochannels.
Efficiency of a Photoreactor Packed with Immobilized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in the Removal of Acid Orange 7
Authors: Sheidaei Behnaz , Behnajady Mohammad A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT: In this paper, the removal efficiency of Color Index Acid Orange 7 (AO7) as a model contaminant was investigated in a batch‐recirculated photoreactor packed with immobilized titanium dioxide type P25 nanoparticles on glass beads. The effects of different operational parameters such as the initial concentration of AO7, the volume of solution, the volumetric flowrate, and the light source power in the photoreactor were investigated. The results indicate that the removal percent increased with the rise in volumetric flowrate and power of the light source, but decreased with the rise of the initial concentration of AO7 and the volume of solution. The AO7 degradation was followed through total organic carbon, gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), and mineralization products analysis. The ammonium and sulfate ions were analyzed as mineralization products of nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms, respectively. The results of GC/MS revealed the production of 1‐indanone, 1‐phthalanone, and 2‐naphthalenol as intermediate products for the removal of AO7 in this process.
Computational fluid dynamics for the assessment of upper airway changes in skeletal Class III patients treated with mandibular setback surgery
Authors: Shah Darshit H. , Kim Ki Beom , McQuilling Mark W. , Movahed Reza , Shah Ankit H. , Kim Yong I. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze and compare pharyngeal airflow characteristics pre- and post–mandibular setback surgery in patients with Class III skeletal dysplasia using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Materials and Methods: Records of 29 patients who had received orthodontic treatment along with mandibular setback surgery were obtained. CBCT scans were obtained at three time points: T1 (before surgery), T2 (average of 6 months after surgery), and T3 (average of 1 year after surgery). Digitized pharyngeal airway models were generated from these scans. CFD was used to simulate and characterize pharyngeal airflow.
Results: Mean airway volume was significantly reduced from 35,490.324 mm3 at T1 to 24,387.369 mm3 at T2 and 25,069.459 mm3 at T3. Significant increase in mean negative pressure was noted from 3.110 Pa at T1 to 6.116 Pa at T2 and 6.295 Pa at T3. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the change in airway volume and the change in pressure drop at both the T2 and T3 time points. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the amount of mandibular setback and change in pressure drop at the T2 time point.
Conclusions: Following mandibular setback surgery, pharyngeal airway volume was decreased and relative mean negative pressure was increased, implying an increased effort required from a patient for maintaining constant pharyngeal airflow. Thus, high-risk patients undergoing a large amount of mandibular setback surgery should be evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea and the proposed treatment plan be revised based on the risk for potential airway compromise.