bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tunable ultra-wide band-stop filter based on single-stub plasmonic-waveguide system
Authors: Chen Zhiquan , Li Hongjian , Li Boxun , He Zhihui , Xu Hui , Zheng Mingfei , Zhao Mingzhuo 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
A nanoscale plasmonic filter based on a single-stub coupled metal–dielectric–metal waveguide system is investigated theoretically and numerically. A tunable wide band-stop can be achieved by loading a metal bar into the stub. The band-stop originates from the direct coupling between the resonance modes. The bandwidth and the center wavelength of the band-stop can be tuned by changing the parameters of the metal bar. Compared with previously reported filters, the plasmonic system has the advantages of easy fabrication and compactness. Our results indicate that the proposed system has potential to be utilized in integrated optical circuits and tunable filters.
Comparison of magnetoresistances of triangular and rectangular ballistic graphene npn junctions
Authors: Morikawa Sei , Masubuchi Satroru , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Machida Tomoki 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We compared the magnetotransport properties of ballistic graphene npn junctions with two different geometries. We found that a rectangular npn junction shows a positive magnetoresistance around zero magnetic field; this finding can be explained by the suppression of Klein tunneling in a finite magnetic field. In contrast, a triangular npn junction shows a negative magnetoresistance because the transmission is enhanced in a commensurability magnetic field where the ballistic carriers in a cyclotron motion are injected perpendicularly to both the np and pn interfaces. These results suggest possibilities for manipulating ballistic carrier trajectories through the designs of local-gate geometries.
Effects of spin fluctuation on the magnetic anisotropy constant of itinerant electron magnets
Authors: Kobayashi Naofumi , Hyodo Kazushige , Sakuma Akimasa 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In the disordered local moment picture, we calculated the magnetization (M) and magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of FePt, CoPt, and MnAl ordered alloys and a body-centered tetragonal FeCo (bct-FeCo) disordered alloy, assuming spatially fluctuated spin configurations at finite temperatures. All alloys exhibit the relation K
1(T)/K
1(0) = (M(T)/M(0))
n
with the exponent n ≈ 2. This is consistent with the two-ion anisotropy model, in contrast to the usual single-ion anisotropy model exhibiting n = 3. Because these systems have different mechanisms of MAE, we suggest that this relation is a general rule for itinerant electron systems.
Growth of epitaxial tetragonal (Bi,K)TiO3 films and their ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties
Authors: Nemoto Yuichi , Ichinose Daichi , Shimizu Takao , Uchida Hiroshi , Yamaoka Wakiko , Sato Yusuke , Funakubo Hiroshi 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
(Bi,K)TiO3 films were grown on (001)
c
SrRuO3 // (100)SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at various temperatures. The K/Ti and Bi/Ti ratios of the films were almost the same at 350 and 500 °C, but decreased markedly at 650 °C. The ferroelectric property was ascertained for epitaxial tetragonal (Bi,K)TiO3 films grown at 500 °C from polarization–electric field relationships, and their saturation polarization (P
sat) and coercive field (E
c) at a maximum electric field of 800 kV/cm were 18 µC/cm2 and 300 kV/cm, respectively. To improve the ferroelectric property, the films were heat-treated at 650 °C while keeping the films in the PLD chamber after film deposition. These films also maintained a (001)-oriented epitaxy and had a tetragonal symmetry. The P
sat and E
c obtained at an electric field of 800 kV/cm were changed to 22 µC/cm2 and 95 kV/cm, respectively. Moreover, these P
sat and E
c values increased to 31 µC/cm2 and 165 kV/cm, respectively, at a maximum electric field of 1500 kV/cm. These heat-treated (Bi,K)TiO3 films showed piezoelectricity with an apparent piezoelectric coefficient (d
33(AFM)) of 22 pm/V.
Off‐great‐circle paths in transequatorial propagation: 1. Discrete and diffuse types
Authors: Tsunoda Roland T. , Maruyama Takashi , Tsugawa Takuya , Yokoyama Tatsuhiro , Ishii Mamoru , Nguyen Trang T. , Ogawa Tadahiko , Nishioka Michi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThere is mounting evidence that plasma structure in nighttime equatorial F layer evolves from large‐scale wave structure (LSWS) in the bottomside F layer. This process cannot be ignored because equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) arise from large‐amplitude LSWS; and, because intense radiowave scintillations are associated with EPBs, understanding the LSWS‐to‐EPB process is a crucial step toward reliable Space Weather Forecasting. In this regard, the transequatorial propagation (TEP) experiment appears to be the most useful among available research instruments. After a lapse of 30 years, the TEP experiment has been resurrected; a goal of this research is to understand TEP measurements well enough so that they can be used to diagnose the LSWS‐to‐EPB process. Toward this end, new results are presented in two companion papers. Herein (P1), off‐great‐circle (OGC) propagation paths are shown to consist of two types, discrete and diffuse. The new findings include the following: (1) a generalized multireflection model that can explain most of the observed properties; (2) the discrete type is supported by multireflections from an unstructured upwelling, (3) the diffuse type is supported by reflections from plasma structure in EPBs; and (4) the observed east‐west (EW) asymmetry can be explained in terms of a distorted upwelling or plasma structure along the west wall of an upwelling. In Paper 2 (P2), a second form of observed EW asymmetry is explained in terms of plasma structure, which is not aligned with the geomagnetic field. The findings strongly confirm a close relationship between upwellings, ESF patches, and OGC paths.
Zonally resolved impact of ENSO on the stratospheric circulation and water vapor entry values
Authors: Konopka Paul , Ploeger Felix , Tao Mengchu , Riese Martin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBased on simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) for the period 1979–2013, with model transport driven by the ECMWF ERA‐Interim reanalysis, we discuss the impact of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the variability of the dynamics, water vapor, ozone, and mean age of air (AoA) in the tropical lower stratosphere during boreal winter. Our zonally resolved analysis at the 390 K potential temperature level reveals that not only (deseasonalized) ENSO‐related temperature anomalies are confined to the tropical Pacific (180–300°E) but also anomalous wave propagation and breaking, as quantified in terms of the Eliassen‐Palm (EP) flux divergence, with strongest local contribution during the La Niña phase. This anomaly is coherent with respective anomalies of water vapor (±0.5 ppmv) and ozone (±100 ppbv) derived from CLaMS being in excellent agreement with the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations. Thus, during El Niño a more zonally symmetric wave forcing drives a deep branch of the Brewer‐Dobson (BD) circulation. During La Niña this forcing increases at lower levels (≈390 K) over the tropical Pacific, likely influencing the shallow branch of the BD circulation. In agreement with previous studies, wet (dry) and young (old) tape recorder anomalies propagate upward in the subsequent months following El Niño (La Niña). Using CLaMS, these anomalies are found to be around +0.3 (−0.2) ppmv and −4 (+4) months for water vapor and AoA, respectively. The AoA ENSO anomaly is more strongly affected by the residual circulation (≈2/3) than by eddy mixing (≈1/3).
A Froude‐scaled model of a bedrock‐alluvial channel reach: 1. Hydraulics
Authors: Hodge Rebecca A. , Hoey Trevor B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe controls on hydraulics in bedrock‐alluvial rivers are relatively poorly understood, despite the importance of the flow in determining rates and patterns of sediment transport and consequent erosion. To measure hydraulics within a bedrock‐alluvial channel, we developed a 1:10 Froude‐scaled laboratory model of an 18 × 9 m bedrock‐alluvial river reach using terrestrial laser scanning and 3‐D printing. In the reported experiments, water depth and velocity were recorded at 18 locations within the channel at each of five different discharges. Additional data from runs with sediment cover in the flume were used to evaluate the hydraulic impact of sediment cover; the deposition and erosion of sediment patches in these runs are analyzed in the companion paper. In our data (1) spatial variation in both flow velocity and Froude number increases with discharge; (2) bulk flow resistance and Froude number become independent of discharge at higher discharges; (3) local flow velocity and Reynolds stress are correlated to the range of local bed topography at some, but not most, discharges; (4) at lower discharges, local topography induces vertical flow structures and slower velocities, but these effects decrease at higher discharges; and (5) there is a relationship between the linear combination of bed and sediment roughness and local flow velocity. These results demonstrate the control that bedrock topography exerts over both local and reach‐scale flow conditions, but spatially distributed hydraulic data from bedrock‐alluvial channels with different topographies are needed to generalize these findings.
A Froude‐scaled model of a bedrock‐alluvial channel reach: 2. Sediment cover
Authors: Hodge Rebecca A. , Hoey Trevor B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPrevious research into sediment cover in bedrock‐alluvial channels has focussed on total sediment cover, rather than the spatial distribution of cover within the channel. The latter is important because it determines the bedrock areas that are protected from erosion and the start and end of sediment transport pathways. We use a 1:10 Froude‐scaled model of an 18 by 9 m reach of a bedrock‐alluvial channel to study the production and erosion of sediment patches and hence the spatial relationships between flow, bed topography, and sediment dynamics. The hydraulic data from this bed are presented in the companion paper. In these experiments specified volumes of sediment were supplied at the upstream edge of the model reach as single inputs, at each of a range of discharges. This sediment formed patches, and once these stabilized, flow was steadily increased to erode the patches. In summary: (1) patches tend to initiate in the lowest areas of the bed, but areas of topographically induced high flow velocity can inhibit patch development; (2) at low sediment inputs the extent of sediment patches is determined by the bed topography and can be insensitive to the exact volume of sediment supplied; and (3) at higher sediment inputs more extensive patches are produced, stabilized by grain‐grain and grain‐flow interactions and less influenced by the bed topography. Bedrock topography can therefore be an important constraint on sediment patch dynamics, and topographic metrics are required that incorporate its within‐reach variability. The magnitude and timing of sediment input events controls reach‐scale sediment cover.
Identifying mantle lithosphere inheritance in controlling intraplate orogenesis
Authors: Heron Philip J. , Pysklywec Russell N. , Stephenson Randell 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCrustal inheritance is often considered important in the tectonic evolution of the Wilson Cycle. However, the role of the mantle lithosphere is usually overlooked due to its difficulty to image and uncertainty in rheological makeup. Recently, increased resolution in lithosphere imaging has shown potential scarring in continental mantle lithosphere to be ubiquitous. In our study, we analyze intraplate deformation driven by mantle lithosphere heterogeneities from ancient Wilson Cycle processes and compare this to crustal inheritance deformation. We present 2‐D numerical experiments of continental convergence to generate intraplate deformation, exploring the limits of continental rheology to understand the dominant lithosphere layer across a broad range of geological settings. By implementing a “jelly sandwich” rheology, common in stable continental lithosphere, we find that during compression the strength of the mantle lithosphere is integral in generating deformation from a structural anomaly. We posit that if the continental mantle is the strongest layer within the lithosphere, then such inheritance may have important implications for the Wilson Cycle. Furthermore, our models show that deformation driven by mantle lithosphere scarring can produce tectonic patterns related to intraplate orogenesis originating from crustal sources, highlighting the need for a more formal discussion of the role of the mantle lithosphere in plate tectonics.
Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Albani Jihad R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA number of fluorescence imaging techniques show diagnostic promise. Imaging endogenous fluorescence has been proposed as a method for cancer diagnosis. Unfortunately, tissue auto fluorescence is relatively weak and poor contrast between malignant and normal tissue is seen. Contrast may be enhanced with the addition of fluorescent materials that are selectively accumulated by malignant cells, such as fluorescein or porphyrin derivatives. The limited penetration of light at the emission maxima of these materials restricts the use of fluorescence techniques utilizing these chromophores to superficial phenomena. However, many potential applications still exist. For example, monitoring fluorescence during surgery may allow resection margins to be clearly delineated.Other exogenous chromophores that may have diagnostic utility include indocyanine green (ICG). Techniques based on visualization of the distribution of ICG fluorescence (i.e., choroidal angiography) are already prominent in ophthalmology. ICG fluorescence imaging may also find a useful niche in monitoring of burns and transplant tissue. In addition, monitoring of vascular parameters during cardiac surgery presents exciting opportunities. For example, low oxygen levels (e.g., during bypass surgery) in the heart can result in alterations in microvascular permeability. As ICG is largely bound to serum albumin, it should not be seen in extravascular spaces in normal hearts. However, increased permeability will allow albumin to diffuse into the extravascular spaces, and diffuse fluorescence across the surface of the heart will be seen. In principle, the infusion of polymers (e.g., dextrans) of various molecular weights labeled with dyes that fluoresce at various wavelengths will allow the assessment of the porosity of capillary beds in such systems.Immunofluorescence techniques have the potential to provide unmatched sensitivity and specificity. The unique nature of antibody‐antigen interactions ensures specific delivery of the fluorophore to the site of interest. The specific interaction of labeled antibodies with antigens means that the fluorophore persists in the body for a prolonged period of time (days). Following a single injection of labeled antibody, repeated measurements on the same site over the course of hours or days allow kinetic information to be readily obtained. In principle, this means that the effect of therapeutic intervention, i.e., radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and so on, can be monitored.
Optical Emission Inductively Coupled Plasma in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Tatro Mark E. , Amarasiriwardena Dulasiri 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe ability of the ICP‐OES (inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy) (or AES, atomic emission spectroscopy) system to perform multielement trace metal analysis of environmental samples provided commercial laboratories with the needed incentive to enter into the business of efficient trace metal analysis. Previously, trace metals were typically analyzed using colorimetric techniques, which were both cumbersome and subject to interferences, or flame atomic absorption techniques, which although almost interference free, were labor intensive owing to their one element at a time analytical mode. Even the furnace atomic absorption technique, for years the standard bearer of low‐level trace metal analysis, is giving way to axial and radial viewed ICP‐OES techniques. Now, ICP‐OES has become an affordable and well‐established multielement analytical method. The method has been successfully applied for wide range of sample matrices and analytical applications, and the availability of new generation of high‐resolution inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy HR‐ICP‐OES has offer new opportunities.Taking the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) SW‐846 solid waste analysis manual as an example, this article reviews the methods used for the preparation of samples and the ICP‐OES analysis of the prepared samples for trace metals in environmental matrices. This article includes recent developments in front‐end improvements in ICP‐OES and detailed overview of the quality control (QC) requirements for environmental ICP‐OES analysis.
Nuclear Reaction Analysis
Authors: Trocellier Patrick , Berger Pascal , Wilde Markus 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAmong ion‐beam‐based analytical methods, the direct observation of nuclear reactions induced by highly energetic (MeV regime) charged particles is dedicated to the quantitative determination of volume distributions of light elements fromZ= 1 (H) toZ= 41 (Ga) in the near surface region of solids. In most cases, discrimination between their isotopes is enabled up to37Cl. The incident ions are generally protons, deuterons, helium‐3, or helium‐4 ions. Nuclear reactions induced by heavier ions are sometimes also used, mostly for hydrogen depth profiling. All these reactions are characterized by the prompt emission of charged particles (protons or helium‐4 ions) and/or γ‐rays. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), performed in ion millibeam or microbeam modes, is an efficient complement to charged particle‐induced X‐ray emission, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and elastic recoil detection methods. Its applications are all intended for either absolute quantification or tracing experiments. They cover a broad panorama from life sciences to cultural heritage artifacts, including metallurgy, Earth sciences, nanotechnology, and material science.
Semiconductor Quantum Dots in Bioanalysis
Authors: Costa‐Fernandez Jose M. , Fernandez‐Arguelles Maria T. , Sanz‐Medel Alfredo 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Metal nanoparticle processing technologies have been widely developed to the extent that today it is possible to easily fabricate high‐quality photoluminescent semiconductor nanocrystals, known as ‘quantum dots’ (QDs). Nowadays, the commercial availability of QDs, with varied surface functionalization possibilities, has rendered them very attractive materials for optical sensing in general and biological applications in particular.
Current developments achieved by exploiting attractive optical properties of surface‐modified QDs to design and apply them for bioanalysis are revised. The bioconjugation of QDs with biorecognition molecules enables the synthesis of innovative fluorescent probes for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging in real‐time and long‐term applications. In addition, the use of such biomolecule‐QD nanohybrids, as a ‘passive’ fluorescent label in order to develop simple and multiplexed immunoassays, offers an extraordinary analytical potential. Besides, QDs have recently arisen considerable interest for the development of Förster resonance energy transfer‐based assays.
To conclude, a brief discussion about QDs toxicity issues, along with a short outlook on future directions of continuously growing QD‐based bioanalytical applications, are also included.
The
T
hird
W
ay in Analytical Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Authors: Valcárcel Miguel , López‐Lorente Ángela I. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The subject matter of this article is the use of nanomaterials as tools (i.e. sorbents in microextraction techniques, optical sensors, vibrational spectroscopies, etc.) for the characterization and/or determination of nanoanalytes (analysis of the nanoworld). The so‐called Third Way is the combination of the two classical approaches of analytical nanoscience and nanotechnology (AN&N), namely, the use of nanotools and determination of nanoanalytes, looking for synergies between the two nanoparticles involved in the same analytical process. After an overview of AN&N, the definition, the objectives, and the types of Third Way processes in AN&N are outlined. Moreover, examples of analytical methodologies involving the use of nanotools (i.e. sorbents in (micro)extraction techniques) for the determination of nanomaterials involving different analytical techniques (i.e. optical sensors and vibrational spectroscopies) are systematically presented. Last but not least, a critical approach to the future of these analytical nanotechnological mixed processes is discussed.
Near‐Infrared/Infrared Bioanalysis Including Imaging
Authors: Huck Christian 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn recent years, noninvasive or minimally invasive diagnostic applications in bioanalysis have enjoyed increased popularity. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is based on differences of endogenous chromophores in the biological system under investigation. Imaging techniques investigate, e.g. oxyhemoglobin (oxy‐Hb) or deoxyhemoglobin (deoxy‐Hb), lipid or water bands, or a combination of two or more of these markers. Such markers provide a basis not only for the diagnosis but also for the therapy monitoring several stages in the bioanalytical system. They can be successfully applied for the analysis of blood, urine, cells, and tissue, respectively. In this article, the fundamental and technical principle of NIRS including imaging techniques are described first, and then meaningful technical achievements are introduced. Finally, several examples of applications of NIRS including imaging in bioanalysis are discussed.
Ultrasound Features of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint in Gout and Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: Comparison With Normouricemic Individuals
Authors: Stewart Sarah , Dalbeth Nicola , Vandal Alain C. , Allen Bruce , Miranda Rhian , Rome Keith 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveThe first metatarsophalangeal (MTP1) joint is frequently affected in gout. The aim of this study was to identify ultrasound features of the MTP1 joint in people with gout and people with asymptomatic hyperuricemia compared with normouricemic controls.MethodsParticipants with gout (n = 23) and asymptomatic hyperuricemia (n = 29), and age‐ and sex‐matched normouricemic control participants (n = 34), underwent a gray‐scale and power Doppler ultrasound assessment of bilateral MTP1 joints by a single musculoskeletal radiologist. No participants had clinical evidence of joint inflammation at the time of scanning. The static images were later read by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists for the presence of the double contour sign, tophus, erosion, effusion, synovial hypertrophy, synovitis, and cartilage thickness.ResultsCompared to normouricemic control participants, participants with gout and participants with asymptomatic hyperuricemia had more frequent double contour sign (odds ratio [OR] 3.91, P = 0.011 and OR 3.81, P = 0.009, respectively). Participants with gout also had more erosion (OR 10.13, P = 0.001) and synovitis (OR 9.00, P < 0.001) and had greater tophus and erosion diameters (P = 0.035 and P < 0.001, respectively). More severe erosion and synovitis grades and a less severe effusion grade were independently associated with gout compared with asymptomatic hyperuricemia (R2 = 0.65, P < 0.001).ConclusionUrate deposition, synovitis, and bone erosion are common at the MTP1 joint in people with gout, even in the absence of flare. Although individuals with asymptomatic hyperuricemia lack ultrasound features of inflammation or structural joint changes, they demonstrate a similar frequency of urate deposition.