bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy dissipation performance of labyrinth and harmonic stepped spillways
Authors: Ikinciogullari Erdinc 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Stepped spillways are structures that dissipate the energy on steps, especially in topography, where building the energy dissipate pool is impossible as long as required. For this reason, stepped spillways are one of the critical topics that have attracted the attention of researchers for many years. It has been the subject of many studies, especially because the step geometry is an effective parameter in the energy dissipation rate. In this study, the effect of the labyrinth and harmonic geometry on the plan on energy dissipation performance is examined using the open-source OpenFOAM software. The 11 different geometries were analyzed in detail and discussed with the literature results. For analysis, the k − ω SST turbulence model and the multi-phase solver interFoam were utilized. The results showed that the number of cycles is an effective parameter for energy dissipation performance; the energy dissipation rate increases when effective crest length increases, and labyrinth and harmonic models could dissipate about 20% more energy than the flat model.
Drone remote sensing to define heat exchange between urban surfaces and stormwater runoff
Authors: Dieter Greg , McDonald Walter 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Urban water bodies are often subject to high runoff temperatures from heat exchange between rainfall and urban surfaces; however, this process can be difficult to define due to the complexity of spatially heterogeneous urban areas. This research seeks to improve our understanding of heat exchange in urban stormwater runoff by integrating in situ measurements of runoff temperature with land surface temperature data captured in high spatial resolutions by a drone. To do so, this study monitored four urban catchments in Milwaukee, WI that are dominated by different land surfaces (concrete parking lot, asphalt road, black bitumen roof, and grass). Results indicate that land surface temperature was variable among common land surface types (1.34–2.24 °C), with higher variations in surfaces subject to foot and vehicular traffic. In addition, the temperature of runoff from impervious surfaces responded differently between buildings and those with a ground subsurface, with higher event mean temperatures from concrete (21.4 °C) and asphalt (21.9 °C) ground surfaces as compared with the bitumen roof (19.8 °C), despite similar initial surface temperatures. Ultimately, these outcomes demonstrate how drone remote sensing of land surface temperature and in situ monitoring can be integrated to understand heat exchange processes in urban stormwater runoff.
Persistence of respiratory, enteric, and fecal indicator viruses in fecal sludge from on-site sanitation in Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Grijalva Lorelay Mendoza , Seck Alsane , Roldan-Hernandez Laura , Graham Katherine E. , Boehm Alexandria B. , Tarpeh William A. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

As wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) broadens to include prevalent diseases with significant global health impact, existing surveillance systems concentrate on sewer-based infrastructure, which excludes the 2.7 billion people using non-sewered systems. To address this gap, our study explores the potential of fecal sludge treatment plants for WBE, emphasizing the stability of virus ribonucleic acid (RNA) targets within pooled fecal sludge. We screened fecal sludge from a centralized treatment facility in Dakar, Senegal for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, human norovirus, and microbial source trackers pepper mild mottle virus and tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV). Decay kinetics of viral genomic RNA markers were examined at 4, 15, and 30 °C over 70 days. Results indicate the high persistence of viral targets in fecal sludge (T90 value of 3.3 months for exogenous SARS-CoV-2 N1 and N2 and 6.2 months for ToBRFV), with all targets detected throughout the 70-day experiment under various temperatures with limited decay (&lt;90% reduction). This study improves our understanding of virus persistence in on-site sanitation systems by providing essential decay rate constants for effective target detection. Our results indicate that sampling at centralized facilities treating fecal sludge from on-site sanitation could facilitate localized pathogen surveillance in low-income settings.
Comparative analysis of SPI and SPEI drought indices for Montenegro and the impact of teleconnections
Authors: Burić Dragan , Mihajlović Jovan , Doderović Miroslav , Mijanović Ivan 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

After 2000, Montenegro has been hit by several severe droughts. The results presented in this study were based on the analysis of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for the period 1961–2020. They showed the prevalence of a negative trend in both indices and a significantly higher frequency of drought in the second half of the observed period (1991–2020). The SPEI index is a more representative indicator of drought, because in addition to precipitation, it also takes into account potential evapotranspiration. Using the rescaled adjusted partial sums (RAPS) method, it was determined that the tipping point when the SPEI suddenly fell was the mid-1980s. Out of the 15 analyzed teleconnection variation indicators (atmospheric and oceanic oscillations), 11 oscillations have a significant impact on one or more of the 24 analyzed SPEI time series. The consequences of the drought in Montenegro, as part of the Mediterranean, are most noticeable in the summer, primarily in the form of water shortages, dried vegetation, and frequent fires. Decision-makers in Montenegro should pay attention to this extreme, as drought could pose a serious problem under the projected warmer climate conditions.
Changes in DOM and alum doses for two rivers of contrasting catchments after intense wildfires
Authors: Daraei Hiua , Awad John , Leavesley Adam , Agnew Mark , Jones Eriita , Gale Matthew , Cinque Kathy , Bertone Edoardo , van Leeuwen John 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

The dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in two river waters were investigated after their catchments had been severely burnt in the 2019/20 Australian wildfires. Shortly after these wildfires, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were recorded at high levels (∼ 19 mg/L & 30 mg/L) and these became much lower (up to ∼80% less) in the following winter when river flows had increased. Satellite imagery-based data indicated up to 95% of catchment areas burnt and up to ∼50% subsequent vegetation recoveries after two years. Shifts in burn index values for the burnt areas coincided with DOC concentration variations. Specific colour of waters increased up to 40% as daily river flows increased, indicating higher input of humic content from the burnt catchments. Chlorophyll-a was detected at highest levels in waters soon after the fires when river flows were lowest. Enhanced alum doses were predicted using two feed-forward models; one based on DOC and turbidity data and the other based on UV@254nm, colour and turbidity. Doses predicted using the two models showed high correlations (r &gt; 0.9) and were highest for waters directly after the fires. These models were developed for diverse source waters including those impacted by extreme climate events.
Dynamic vulnerability assessment framework for urban flood disasters considering real-time population changes
Authors: Lv Hong , Liu Simin , Yan Dengming , Li Jie , Yu Zhilei , Cao Lucong 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Flood vulnerability assessment is an important means to cope with urban flood disasters. However, urban population mobility and land-use changes bring significant uncertainty to vulnerability assessments. In order to respond to the refined and dynamic needs of urban flood disaster prevention and control, a multi-scale and multi-categorized urban flood dynamic vulnerability assessment framework that considers real-time population changes was proposed in this study. The framework used the comprehensive function of exposure, sensitivity, and coping ability under population dynamic changes to characterize urban flood dynamic vulnerability, and constructed urban flood disaster vulnerability assessment models at both grid and regional scales. The results show that population mobility has a significant impact on the vulnerability of urban flood disasters. The vulnerability of flood disasters in Zhengzhou City is highest at 8:00 and 18:00, and high-vulnerability areas are mainly concentrated in residential areas in the central part of the city and main transportation channels. From 10:00 to 15:00, the high-vulnerability areas migrate to public service areas in the eastern part of Zhengzhou City. In the evening, the vulnerability degree of flood disasters is relatively low. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for urban flood managers to prevent and control flood disasters.
Incorporating taste and odour problems in water safety plans
Authors: Kozisek Frantisek , Chorus Ingrid , Testai Emanuela , Kaloudis Triantafyllos , Akcaalan Reyhan , Albay Meriç , Steinhaus Martin , Bosnjak Magdalena Ujevic , Dunkel Andreas , Hiskia Anastasia , Manganelli Maura , Scardala Simona , Spiteri David , Triantis Theodoros 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Many water utilities are at least occasionally affected by unpleasant taste and odour (T&O) in drinking water. For decades, aesthetic water quality has been of secondary concern to water producers, with water safety being the primary focus. However, there has been a recent shift towards prioritising consumer satisfaction, encompassing not only services, but also water quality, including T&O issues, which can negatively impact the supplier's reputation. Starting to address a T&O problem until consumers' complaints become massive is too late and puts water producers under great stress to take effective action in a timely manner. Rather, a preventive approach is necessary. The most effective approach is to include T&O as a hazard to assess and manage in the context of developing a water safety plan (WSP) for the supply system. The development of a WSP provides an excellent platform for including the stakeholders needed to control the source of T&O events, as this often requires multistakeholder cooperation. Our review provides a comprehensive guide to addressing T&O occurrences and shows how this can be included in the framework of WSP development. It identifies supporting tools and illustrates the information given with a number of examples from water suppliers' practice.
Sensing volatile organic compounds in aquatic samples: a review
Authors: Acharya Sabita , Sharmin Raisa Sadat , Fiutowski Jacek , Mishra Yogendra Kumar , de Oliveira Hansen Roana 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are toxic and harmful to human health; thus, their detection in water samples is critical for ensuring safe drinking water and protecting public health. The aim of this review was to explore the various techniques available in the literature for detecting VOCs in water samples and discuss their features, advantages, and limitations in facilitating fast and rapid VOC analysis. Established techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry offer high sensitivity and selectivity but are often hindered by complexity and cost. In contrast, emerging technologies like microfluidic gas sensors and cantilever-based sensors provide portable and real-time monitoring capabilities, although they may be susceptible to matrix effects. Overcoming these challenges requires advanced sample preparation techniques and method optimization. Additionally, the integration of machine learning algorithms and nanotechnology shows promise for enhancing sensitivity and precision in the detection of VOCs. By overcoming these limitations and leveraging technological advancements, researchers can improve water quality monitoring and help protect the environment.
Investigation of cockleshell waste as a natural biocarrier and its performance efficiency for blackwater treatment in a free-floating plant-constructed wetland
Authors: Gogoi Jayanta Kumar , Mutnuri Srikanth 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the potential of using waste cockleshell (CS) as a natural biocarrier for blackwater treatment. The CS were analysed for surface porosity, area, volume, elements, and crystal structure. Then, the pilot-scale study confirmed biofilm growth on the CS surface after 29 days, using a crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The free-floating plant-constructed wetland (FFP-CW) was optimally designed with a redox gradient: an aerobic-aquatic zone for nitrification and an anoxic gravel-filled zone for denitrification. The effect of integrating CS biocarriers and active aeration in FFP-CW (aquatic zone) treatment efficiency was investigated. The FFP-CW treatment efficiency for nitrate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) increased by 9.62%, 6.8%, and 4.83%, respectively, after integrating CS biocarriers of 0.55% filling ratio. Furthermore, the optimal dosage of 192.51 mol of oxygen in FFP-CW increased in TAN and COD removal by 31.11% and 16.54%, respectively. The X-ray diffractometry of CS unravelled aragonite and calcite crystalline forms at 2θ range from 10 to 70°C. The stability of CS biocarriers during 427 days of treatment was monitored using SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to assess the physical and chemical changes. Thus, CS holds the potential to be a sustainable biocarrier.
Neuroimmune Interactions in Stress and Depression: Exploring the Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms within the Neuroinflammation-depression Nexus
Authors: Sarapultsev Alexey , Gusev Evgenii , Chereshnev Valeriy , Komelkova Maria , Hu Desheng 
Published: October 2024

Background:
The escalating global burden of stress and depression underscores
an urgent need to unravel their complex interrelationships and underlying mechanisms.
This investigation delves into the intricate dynamics between stress and depression,
spotlighting the Neuroimmunoinflammatory Stress Model (NIIS), which elucidates
the pivotal role of cellular and molecular pathways in mediating these conditions.

Methods:
Through an exhaustive review of literature spanning epidemiology, neurobiology,
and psychoneuroimmunology, this study synthesizes the current understanding of
stress and depression. It accentuates the definitional scopes, interplay, and intricacies of
the NIIS model, which integrates neuroimmune-inflammatory responses into the conceptual
framework of the stress-depression interaction.

Results:
By identifying stress as a multifactorial reaction to perceived adversities and depression
as a manifestation of prolonged stress exposure, our analysis foregrounds the
NIIS model. This paradigmatic model reveals the transition from normal stress responses
to pathological neuroinflammatory pathways, highlighting neurotransmitter imbalances,
disruptions in neuronal and glial homeostasis, and ensuing low-grade neuroinflammation
as key factors in the pathogenesis of depression under chronic stress conditions.
The NIIS model identifies prolonged cellular pro-inflammatory stress of neurons
and microglia as a fundamental pathological subsystem of many neuropsychiatric disorders.
In turn, neuroinflammation and associated neurodegenerative processes are complications
of chronic psychoemotional stress, which can clinically manifest as depression.

Conclusions:
The NIIS model views depression as the terminal stage of chronic stress,
pathogenetically linked to latent neuroinflammation. This insight not only advances our
understanding of their etiopathogenesis but also paves the way for developing precise
therapeutic interventions.
Epoxidation of Hybrid Oleic Acid Derived From Palm Oil and Waste Cooking Oil For Eco-Friendly Polyol Production
Authors: Azmi Intan Suhada , Hamid Nursyafiqah Nabihah , Jalil Mohd Jumain 
Published: October 2024

Background:
Palm oil and waste cooking oil undergo functionalization by introducing
epoxy groups onto their double bonds, which are subsequently opened to yield
hydroxyl groups.

Objectives:
The objective of this paper is to produce epoxidized hybrid oleic acid with an
applied heterogeneous catalyst for polyol feedstock.

Methods:
In situ peracids are generated during the reaction by mixing an acid (commonly
acetic acid or formic acid) with hydrogen peroxide. Range Kutta 4th Order Method of numerical
integration was used to develop kinetic modeling for reaction based on the mathematical
model.

Results:
After 40 minutes of epoxidation reaction, the relative conversion to the oxirane
percentage reached its maximum of 51%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detected
an absorption peak at 3300 cm-1, suggesting the presence of a hydroxyl group.

Conclusion:
Epoxidation of palm oil and waste cooking oil using in situ peracids is an efficient
method for converting unsaturated fatty acids into epoxidized oils, which have significant
industrial applications.
Comparative Analysis of Diagnostic Performance: Differential Diagnosis Lists by LLaMA3 Versus LLaMA2 for Case Reports
Authors: Hirosawa Takanobu , Harada Yukinori , Tokumasu Kazuki , Shiraishi Tatsuya , Suzuki Tomoharu , Shimizu Taro 
Published: October 2024

Background
Generative artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in the form of large language models, has rapidly developed. The LLaMA series are popular and recently updated from LLaMA2 to LLaMA3. However, the impacts of the update on diagnostic performance have not been well documented.

Objective
We conducted a comparative evaluation of the diagnostic performance in differential diagnosis lists generated by LLaMA3 and LLaMA2 for case reports.

Methods
We analyzed case reports published in the American Journal of Case Reports from 2022 to 2023. After excluding nondiagnostic and pediatric cases, we input the remaining cases into LLaMA3 and LLaMA2 using the same prompt and the same adjustable parameters. Diagnostic performance was defined by whether the differential diagnosis lists included the final diagnosis. Multiple physicians independently evaluated whether the final diagnosis was included in the top 10 differentials generated by LLaMA3 and LLaMA2.

Results
In our comparative evaluation of the diagnostic performance between LLaMA3 and LLaMA2, we analyzed differential diagnosis lists for 392 case reports. The final diagnosis was included in the top 10 differentials generated by LLaMA3 in 79.6% (312/392) of the cases, compared to 49.7% (195/392) for LLaMA2, indicating a statistically significant improvement (P<.001). Additionally, LLaMA3 showed higher performance in including the final diagnosis in the top 5 differentials, observed in 63% (247/392) of cases, compared to LLaMA2’s 38% (149/392, P<.001). Furthermore, the top diagnosis was accurately identified by LLaMA3 in 33.9% (133/392) of cases, significantly higher than the 22.7% (89/392) achieved by LLaMA2 (P<.001). The analysis across various medical specialties revealed variations in diagnostic performance with LLaMA3 consistently outperforming LLaMA2.

Conclusions
The results reveal that the LLaMA3 model significantly outperforms LLaMA2 per diagnostic performance, with a higher percentage of case reports having the final diagnosis listed within the top 10, top 5, and as the top diagnosis. Overall diagnostic performance improved almost 1.5 times from LLaMA2 to LLaMA3. These findings support the rapid development and continuous refinement of generative AI systems to enhance diagnostic processes in medicine. However, these findings should be carefully interpreted for clinical application, as generative AI, including the LLaMA series, has not been approved for medical applications such as AI-enhanced diagnostics.
Synthesis of New Indazole Analogs of Curcumin as Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Candidates: An <i>In Vitro</i> Investigation
Authors: Hariyanti Hariyanti , Hayun Hayun , Yanuar Arry , Azminah Azminah 
Published: October 2024

The development of analog curcumin compounds by modifying the structure of monocarbonyl into an analog indazole of curcumin (AIC) is recognized to have a great potential. Still, only a few reports have been available. Rarely occurring in nature, indazole molecules are typically created through chemical synthesis. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize six new AIC compounds with a particular focus on testing in vitro antioxidant activity using the DPPH and FRAP methods, as well as anti-inflammatory activity using the protein denaturation method. The results showed that the compounds formed had high anti-inflammatory activity but low antioxidant activity. All synthesis products produced higher anti-inflammatory activity than standard diclofenac sodium and curcumin compounds. Specifically, compound 3a showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 = 0.548 ± 0.062 μM. Therefore, it was concluded that compound 3a has the potential to be further studied for anti-inflammatory activity.
STRONG DOMINATION NUMBER OF HAJÓS SUM AND VERTEX-SUM OF TWO GRAPHS
Authors: Ghanbari Nima , Alikhani Saeid 
Published: October 2024

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple graph. A set $D\subseteq V$ is a strong dominating set of $G$, if for every vertex $x\in V\setminus D$ there is a vertex $y\in D$ with $xy\in E(G)$ and $\deg(x)\leq \deg(y)$. The strong domination number $\gst(G)$ is defined as the minimum cardinality of a strong dominating set. In this paper, we study the strong domination number of Haj\'{o}s sum and vertex-sum of two graphs.