bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An automatic classifier of emotions built from entropy of noise
Authors: Ferreira Jacqueline , Brás Susana , Silva Carlos F. , Soares Sandra C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe electrocardiogram (ECG) signal has been widely used to study the physiological substrates of emotion. However, searching for better filtering techniques in order to obtain a signal with better quality and with the maximum relevant information remains an important issue for researchers in this field. Signal processing is largely performed for ECG analysis and interpretation, but this process can be susceptible to error in the delineation phase. In addition, it can lead to the loss of important information that is usually considered as noise and, consequently, discarded from the analysis. The goal of this study was to evaluate if the ECG noise allows for the classification of emotions, while using its entropy as an input in a decision tree classifier. We collected the ECG signal from 25 healthy participants while they were presented with videos eliciting negative (fear and disgust) and neutral emotions. The results indicated that the neutral condition showed a perfect identification (100%), whereas the classification of negative emotions indicated good identification performances (60% of sensitivity and 80% of specificity). These results suggest that the entropy of noise contains relevant information that can be useful to improve the analysis of the physiological correlates of emotion.
Wages and Wage Inequality in South Africa 1994–2011: Part 1 – Wage Measurement and Trends
Authors: Wittenberg Martin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe analyse the long‐term trends in wage inequality in South Africa, using household survey data. We show that the trends in household income inequality are largely driven by changes in wage inequality. Given the detailed nature of our series we show that measurement issues and breaks in the series need to be dealt with in order to draw robust conclusions from the data. Most standard inequality measures show that wage inequality has increased over the period. Nevertheless the choice of measure matters, because there are different trends in different parts of the distribution. It appears that the distribution below the median has become more compressed, while the top of the wage distribution has moved away from the median. The inequality in the labour market translates into even higher inequality in society given that high earners tend to live together with other high earners while low wage individuals often end up sharing their incomes with the unemployed. Furthermore there are many South Africans with access to no wage income. Given the trends analysed here it is not surprising that overall inequality in South Africa has not come down or has even increased since the end of apartheid.
High ankle injury rate in adolescent basketball: A 3‐year prospective follow‐up study
Authors: Pasanen K. , Ekola T. , Vasankari T. , Kannus P. , Heinonen A. , Kujala U. M. , Parkkari J. 
Published: December 2016

This prospective study investigated the incidence and pattern of acute time‐loss injuries in young female and male basketball players. Eight basketball teams (n=201; mean age 14.85±1.5) participated in the follow‐up study (2011‐2014). The coaches recorded player participation in practices and games on a team diary. A study physician contacted the teams once a week to check new injuries and interviewed the injured players. In total, 158 injuries occurred. The overall rate of injury (per 1000 hours) was 2.64 (95% CI 2.23‐3.05). Injury rate was 34.47 (95% CI 26.59‐42.34) in basketball games and 1.51 (95% CI 1.19‐1.82) in team practices. Incidence rate ratio (IRR) between game and practice was 22.87 (95% CI 16.71‐31.29). Seventy‐eight percent of the injuries affected the lower limbs. The ankle (48%) and knee (15%) were the most commonly injured body sites. The majority of injuries involved joint or ligaments (67%). Twenty‐three percent of the injuries were severe causing more than 28 days absence from sports. Number of recurrent injuries was high (28% of all injuries), and most of them were ankle sprains (35 of 44, 79%). No significant differences were found in injury rates between females and males during games (IRR 0.88, 0.55, to 1.40) and practices (IRR 1.06, 0.69, to 1.62). In conclusion, ankle and knee ligament injuries were the most common injuries in this study. Moreover, the rate of recurrent ankle sprains was alarming.
Encoding and Accessing Linguistic Representations in a Dynamically Structured Holographic Memory System
Authors: Parker Dan , Lantz Daniel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a computational model that integrates a dynamically structured holographic memory system into the ACT‐R cognitive architecture to explain how linguistic representations are encoded and accessed in memory. ACT‐R currently serves as the most precise expression of the moment‐by‐moment working memory retrievals that support sentence comprehension. The ACT‐R model of sentence comprehension is able to capture a range of linguistic phenomena, but there are cases where the model makes the wrong predictions, such as the over‐prediction of retrieval interference effects during sentence comprehension. Here, we investigate one such case involving the processing of sentences with negative polarity items (NPIs) and consider how a dynamically structured holographic memory system might provide a cognitively plausible and principled explanation of some previously unexplained effects. Specifically, we show that by replacing ACT‐R's declarative memory with a dynamically structured memory, we can explain a wider range of behavioral data involving reading times and judgments of grammaticality. We show that our integrated model provides a better fit to human error rates and response latencies than the original ACT‐R model. These results provide proof‐of‐concept for the unification of two independent computational cognitive frameworks.
A Family of Secretory Proteins Is Associated with Different Morphotypes in Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Gyawali Rachana , Upadhyay Srijana , Way Joshua , Lin Xiaorong 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus neoformans
, an opportunistic human fungal pathogen, can undergo a yeast-to-hypha transition in response to environmental cues. This morphological transition is associated with changes in the expression of cell surface proteins. The
Cryptococcus
cell surface and secreted protein Cfl1 was the first identified adhesin in the Basidiomycota. Cfl1 has been shown to regulate morphology, biofilm formation, and intercellular communication. Four additional homologs of
CFL1
are harbored by the
Cryptococcus
genome:
DHA1
,
DHA2
,
CPL1
, and
CFL105
. The common features of this gene family are the conserved C-terminal SIGC domain and the presence of an N-terminal signal peptide. We found that all these Cfl1 homolog proteins are indeed secreted extracellularly. Interestingly, some of these secretory proteins display cell type-specific expression patterns: Cfl1 is hypha specific, Dha2 is yeast specific, and Dha1 (delayed hypersensitivity antigen 1) is expressed in all cell types but is particularly enriched at basidia. Interestingly, Dha1 is induced by copper limitation and suppressed by excessive copper in the medium. This study further attests to the physiological heterogeneity of the
Cryptococcus
mating colony, which is composed of cells with heterogeneous morphotypes. The differential expression of these secretory proteins contributes to heterogeneity, which is beneficial for the fungus to adapt to changing environments.

IMPORTANCE
Heterogeneity in physiology and morphology is an important bet-hedging strategy for nonmobile microbes such as fungi to adapt to unpredictable environmental changes.
Cryptococcus neoformans
, a ubiquitous basidiomycetous fungus, is known to switch from the yeast form to the hypha form during sexual development. However, in a mating colony, only a subset of yeast cells switch to hyphae, and only a fraction of the hyphal subpopulation will develop into fruiting bodies, where meiosis and sporulation occur. Here, we investigated a basidiomycete-specific secretory protein family. We found that some of these proteins are cell type specific, thus contributing to the heterogeneity of a mating colony. Our study also demonstrates the importance of examining the protein expression pattern at the individual-cell level in addition to population gene expression profiling for the investigation of a heterogeneous community.
A Plant Bacterial Pathogen Manipulates Its Insect Vector's Energy Metabolism
Authors: Killiny Nabil , Hijaz Faraj , Ebert Timothy A. , Rogers Michael E. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Insect-transmitted plant-pathogenic bacteria may alter their vectors' fitness, survival, behavior, and metabolism. Because these pathogens interact with their vectors on the cellular and organismal levels, potential changes at the biochemical level might occur. “
Candidatus
Liberibacter asiaticus” (
C
Las) is transmitted in a persistent, circulative, and propagative manner. The genome of
C
Las revealed the presence of an ATP translocase that mediates the uptake of ATP and other nucleotides from medium to achieve its biological processes, such as growth and multiplication. Here, we showed that the levels of ATP and many other nucleotides were significantly higher in
C
Las-infected than healthy psyllids. Gene expression analysis showed upregulation for ATP synthase subunits, while ATPase enzyme activity showed a decrease in ATPase activity. These results indicated that
C
Las stimulated
Diaphorina citri
to produce more ATP and many other energetic nucleotides, while it may inhibit their consumption by the insect. As a result of ATP accumulation, the adenylated energy charge (AEC) increased and the AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP ratios decreased in
C
Las-infected
D. citri
psyllids. Survival analysis confirmed a shorter life span for
C
Las-infected
D. citri
psyllids. In addition, electropenetrography showed a significant reduction in total nonprobing time, salivation time, and time from the last E2 (phloem ingestion) to the end of recording, indicating that
C
Las-infected psyllids were at a higher hunger level and they tended to forage more often. This increased feeding activity reflects the
C
Las-induced energetic stress. In conclusion,
C
Las alters the energy metabolism of its psyllid vector,
D. citri
, in order to secure its need for energetic nucleotides.

IMPORTANCE
Insect transmission of plant-pathogenic bacteria involves propagation and circulation of the bacteria within their vectors. The transmission process is complex and requires specific interactions at the molecular and biochemical levels. The growth of the plant-pathogenic bacteria in the hemolymph of their vectors indicated that the hemolymph contains all the necessary nutrients for their growth. In addition to nutrients, “
Candidatus
Liberibacter asiaticus” (
C
Las) can take up energetic nucleotides, such as ATP, from its vector,
Diaphorina citri
, using ATP translocase. In this study, we found that the
C
Las pathogen manipulates the energy metabolism of its insect vector. The accumulation of ATP in
C
Las-infected
D. citri
psyllids indicated that
C
Las induces ATP production to fulfill its need for this energetic compound. As a result of ATP accumulation, a shorter life span and altered feeding behavior were observed. These findings increase our knowledge of insect transmission of the persistent-circulative-propagative type of plant pathogens vectored by insects.
Effectiveness of early compared with conservative rehabilitation for patients having rotator cuff repair surgery: an overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Mazuquin Bruno Fles , Wright Andrew Charles , Russell Sarah , Monga Puneet , Selfe James , Richards Jim 
Published: December 2016

Aim/objectiveThe aim is to critically analyse and discuss the current literature and determine the effectiveness of rehabilitation for patients after surgical repair of rotator cuff tears for range of motion (ROM), pain, functional status and retear rates; in addition, an update of new literature is included.DesignOverview of systematic reviews.Data sourcesA search was performed with no restrictions to date of publication and language in the following databases: EBSCO, AMED, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, Cochrane, LILACS, MEDLINE, PEDro, Scielo, SCOPUS and Web of Knowledge. The PRISMA guideline was followed to develop this review and the R-AMSTAR tool was used for critical appraisal of included reviews.Eligibility criteriaOnly systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness of early with conservative rehabilitation, after surgical repair of the rotator cuff, were included. Moreover, the studies should report ROM, pain, functional status and/or retears rates before and after 3–24 months of the surgery.Results10 systematic reviews and 11 RCTs were included for the final analysis. Conflicting results and conclusions were presented by the systematic reviews, the use of primary studies varied; also the methodological quality of the reviews was diverse. This updated review, with new meta-analysis, showed no difference for function, pain, ROM or retears ratio between early and conservative rehabilitation.Summary/ConclusionsEarly mobilisation may be beneficial, particularly for small and medium tears; however, more studies with higher quality are required, especially for patients with large tears who have been given less attention.
Efficacy of three feeding regimens for home-based management of children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition: a randomised trial in India
Authors: Bhandari Nita , Mohan Sanjana Brahmawar , Bose Anuradha , Iyengar Sharad D , Taneja Sunita , Mazumder Sarmila , Pricilla Ruby Angeline , Iyengar Kirti , Sachdev Harshpal Singh , Mohan Venkata Raghava , Suhalka Virendra , Yoshida Sachiyo , Martines Jose , Bahl Rajiv 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), centrally produced RUTF (RUTF-C) or locally prepared RUTF (RUTF-L) for home-based management of uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) compared with micronutrient-enriched (augmented) energy-dense home-prepared foods (A-HPF, the comparison group).MethodsIn an individually randomised multicentre trial, we enrolled 906 children aged 6–59 months with uncomplicated SAM. The children enrolled were randomised to receive RUTF-C, RUTF-L or A-HPF. We provided foods, counselling and feeding support until recovery or 16 weeks, whichever was earlier and measured outcomes weekly (treatment phase). We subsequently facilitated access to government nutrition services and measured outcomes once 16 weeks later (sustenance phase). The primary outcome was recovery during treatment phase (weight-for-height ≥−2 SD and absence of oedema of feet).ResultsRecovery rates with RUTF-L, RUTF-C and A-HPF were 56.9%, 47.5% and 42.8%, respectively. The adjusted OR was 1.71 (95% CI 1.20 to 2.43; p=0.003) for RUTF-L and 1.28 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.82; p=0.164) for RUTF-C compared with A-HPF. Weight gain in the RUTF-L group was higher than in the A-HPF group (adjusted difference 0.90 g/kg/day, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.50; p=0.003). Time to recovery was shorter in both RUTF groups. Morbidity was high and similar across groups. At the end of the study, the proportion of children with weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) >−2 was similar (adjusted OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.95; p=0.464), higher for moderate malnutrition (WHZ<−2 and ≥−3; adjusted OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.08; p=0.039), and lower for those with SAM (adjusted OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.85; p=0.005) in the RUTF-L when compared with the A-HPF group.ConclusionsThis first randomised trial comparing options for home management of uncomplicated SAM confirms that RUTF-L is more efficacious than A-HPF at home. Recovery rates were lower than in African studies, despite longer treatment and greater support for feeding.Trial registration numberNCT01705769; Pre-results.
Vascular biomarkers to predict response to exercise in Alzheimer's disease: the study protocol
Authors: Li Danni , Thomas Robin , Tsai Michael Y , Li Ling , Vock David M , Greimel Susan , Yu Fang 
Published: December 2016

IntroductionExercise interventions are a promising treatment for improving cognition in persons with Alzheimer's disease. This is similar to Alzheimer's disease pharmacotherapies in which only 18–48% of treated patients demonstrate improvement in cognition. Aerobic exercise interventions positively affect brain structure and function through biologically sound pathways. However, an under-studied mechanism of aerobic exercise's effects is n-3 fatty acids in plasma. The objective of this pilot study is to inform a future large-scale study to develop n-3 fatty acids-based prediction of cognitive responses to aerobic exercise treatment in Alzheimer's disease.Methods and analysisThis study will recruit and follow a cohort of 25 subjects enrolled in the FIT-AD Trial, an ongoing randomised controlled trial that investigates the effects of a 6-month moderate-intensity cycling intervention on cognition and hippocampal volume in older adults with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease over a year. This study will collect blood from subjects at baseline and at 3 and 6 months to assay vascular biomarkers (ie, plasma fatty acids). Global cognition as measured by the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognition (ADAS-Cog) at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months will be used as the main outcome. A multiple linear-regression model will be used with 12-month change in cognition as the outcome and baseline measure of n-3 fatty acids or changes in the ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty-acid levels in plasma at 3 and/or 6 months, randomised treatment group, and their interaction as predictors.Ethics and disseminationWe have obtained Institutional Review Board approval for our study. We obtain consent or assent/surrogate consent from all subjects depending on their consenting capacity assessment. Data of this study are/will be stored in the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). We plan to present and publish our study findings through presentations and manuscripts.Trial registration numberNCT01954550.
Cluster randomised controlled trial to examine medical mask use as source control for people with respiratory illness
Authors: MacIntyre Chandini Raina , Zhang Yi , Chughtai Abrar Ahmad , Seale Holly , Zhang Daitao , Chu Yanhui , Zhang Haiyan , Rahman Bayzidur , Wang Quanyi 
Published: December 2016

RationaleMedical masks are commonly used by sick individuals with influenza-like illness (ILI) to prevent spread of infections to others, but clinical efficacy data are absent.ObjectiveDetermine whether medical mask use by sick individuals with ILI protects well contacts from related respiratory infections.Setting6 major hospitals in 2 districts of Beijing, China.DesignCluster randomised controlled trial.Participants245 index cases with ILI.InterventionIndex cases with ILI were randomly allocated to medical mask (n=123) and control arms (n=122). Since 43 index cases in the control arm also used a mask during the study period, an as-treated post hoc analysis was performed by comparing outcomes among household members of index cases who used a mask (mask group) with household members of index cases who did not use a mask (no-mask group).Main outcome measurePrimary outcomes measured in household members were clinical respiratory illness, ILI and laboratory-confirmed viral respiratory infection.ResultsIn an intention-to-treat analysis, rates of clinical respiratory illness (relative risk (RR) 0.61, 95% CI 0.18 to 2.13), ILI (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.03 to 3.13) and laboratory-confirmed viral infections (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.06 to 15.54) were consistently lower in the mask arm compared with control, although not statistically significant. A post hoc comparison between the mask versus no-mask groups showed a protective effect against clinical respiratory illness, but not against ILI and laboratory-confirmed viral respiratory infections.ConclusionsThe study indicates a potential benefit of medical masks for source control, but is limited by small sample size and low secondary attack rates. Larger trials are needed to confirm efficacy of medical masks as source control.Trial registration numberACTRN12613000852752; Results.
Measuring the prevalence and impact of poor menstrual hygiene management: a quantitative survey of schoolgirls in rural Uganda
Authors: Hennegan Julie , Dolan Catherine , Wu Maryalice , Scott Linda , Montgomery Paul 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesThe primary objective was to describe Ugandan schoolgirls’ menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices and estimate the prevalence of inadequate MHM. Second, to assess the relative contribution of aspects of MHM to health, education and psychosocial outcomes.DesignSecondary analysis of survey data collected as part of the final follow-up from a controlled trial of reusable sanitary pad and puberty education provision was used to provide a cross-sectional description of girls’ MHM practices and assess relationships with outcomes.SettingRural primary schools in the Kamuli district, Uganda.ParticipantsParticipants were 205 menstruating schoolgirls (10–19 years) from the eight study sites.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe prevalence of adequate MHM, consistent with the concept definition, was estimated using dimensions of absorbent used, frequency of absorbent change, washing and drying procedures and privacy. Self-reported health, education (school attendance and engagement) and psychosocial (shame, insecurity, embarrassment) outcomes hypothesised to result from poor MHM were assessed as primary outcomes. Outcomes were measured through English surveys loaded on iPads and administered verbally in the local language.Results90.5% (95% CI 85.6% to 93.9%) of girls failed to meet available criteria for adequate MHM, with no significant difference between those using reusable sanitary pads (88.9%, 95% CI 79.0% to 94.4%) and those using existing methods, predominantly cloth (91.5%, 95% CI 85.1% to 95.3%; χ2(1)=0.12, p=0.729). Aspects of MHM predicted some consequences including shame, not standing in class to answer questions and concerns about odour.ConclusionsThis study was the first to assess the prevalence of MHM consistent with the concept definition. Results suggest that when all aspects of menstrual hygiene are considered together, the prevalence is much higher than has previously been reported based on absorbents alone. The work demonstrates an urgent need for improved assessment and reporting of MHM, and for primary research testing the links between menstrual management and health, education and psychosocial consequences.