bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil warming opens the nitrogen cycle at the alpine treeline
Authors: Dawes Melissa A. , Schleppi Patrick , Hättenschwiler Stephan , Rixen Christian , Hagedorn Frank 
Published: May 2016

AbstractClimate warming may alter ecosystem nitrogen (N) cycling by accelerating N transformations in the soil, and changes may be especially pronounced in cold regions characterized by N‐poor ecosystems. We investigated N dynamics across the plant–soil continuum during 6 years of experimental soil warming (2007–2012; +4 °C) at a Swiss high‐elevation treeline site (Stillberg, Davos; 2180 m a.s.l.) featuring Larix decidua and Pinus uncinata. In the soil, we observed considerable increases in the pool size in the first years of warming (by >50%), but this effect declined over time. In contrast, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations in soil solutions from the organic layer increased under warming, especially in later years (maximum of +45% in 2012), suggesting enhanced DON leaching from the main rooting zone. Throughout the experimental period, foliar N concentrations showed species‐specific but small warming effects, whereas δ15N values showed a sustained increase in warmed plots that was consistent for all species analysed. The estimated total plant N pool size at the end of the study was greater (+17%) in warmed plots with Pinus but not in those containing Larix, with responses driven by trees. Irrespective of plot tree species identity, warming led to an enhanced N pool size of Vaccinium dwarf shrubs, no change in that of Empetrum hermaphroditum (dwarf shrub) and forbs, and a reduction in that of grasses, nonvascular plants, and fine roots. In combination, higher foliar δ15N values and the transient response in soil inorganic N indicate a persistent increase in plant‐available N and greater cumulative plant N uptake in warmer soils. Overall, greater N availability and increased DON concentrations suggest an opening of the N cycle with global warming, which might contribute to growth stimulation of some plant species while simultaneously leading to greater N losses from treeline ecosystems and possibly other cold biomes.
Paper points revisited: risk of cellulose fibre shedding during canal length confirmation
Authors: Brown D. W. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimTo compare the degree of fibre shedding by six brands of endodontic paper point when used for the paper point technique (PPT) of working length confirmation.MethodologyAn in vitro model simulating the clinical use of paper points in PPT was used to assess the degree of fibre shedding of six brands of size 20, .02 taper paper point. Whilst observing the artificial terminal foramen with polarized light microscopy, the number of fibres shed directly (point inserted 1 mm beyond the terminal foramen) and indirectly (point inserted to length then a gutta‐percha point inserted) was assessed. The degree of direct fibre shedding as a function of brand was analysed with Fisher's exact test and multiple pairwise comparisons. Indirect fibre shedding was analysed with Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests.ResultsAll brands shed fibres both directly and indirectly, with a significant influence of brand on the proportion of fibres shed directly (P < 0.0306) and on the mean number of fibres shed indirectly (P < 0.0001). Post hoc analysis demonstrated a similar hierarchy of point integrity for both tests with Classic (UnoDent, Witham, UK) shedding significantly more than other brands and SS White (Gloucester, UK) and Antæos® (VDW, Munich, Germany) shedding the least.ConclusionAll brands of paper point may shed cellulose fibres both directly and indirectly with a significant influence of brand on the degree of fibre shedding. Further work should be undertaken to develop biocompatible absorbent dental points.
Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease: a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Mathew Laju M , Kapila Rajendra , Schwartz Robert A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractKikuchi–Fujimoto disease is a benign, self‐limiting condition characterized by lymphadenopathy and fever. Its diagnosis can be challenging, as the disease must be differentiated from lymphoma and systemic lupus erythematosus. Patients can present with nonspecific cutaneous lesions. Adequate clinical and histopathologic correlation can aid in the timely diagnosis of Kikuchi's disease, thus preventing the use of unnecessary diagnostic procedures and inappropriate treatments.
Nurses' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding influenza vaccination: an integrative review
Authors: Smith Sarah , Sim Jenny , Halcomb Elizabeth 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesTo critically analyse the literature describing nurses' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding influenza vaccination.BackgroundInfluenza is a serious illness that has significant impacts on productivity, health outcomes and healthcare costs. Despite the recommendations for nurses to be vaccinated annually against influenza, the vaccination rates remain suboptimal.DesignIntegrative literature review.MethodsAn integrative review was conducted as described by Whittemore and Knafl (2005). A search of CINAHL, Cochrane Library, ProQuest Central, ClinicalKey, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and Informit was undertaken to identify relevant papers. Given the heterogeneity of included studies, a narrative approach was used to analyse the data.ResultsThere was limited research available on this topic area, with only 10 papers identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. Five themes were identified: the relationship between knowledge and influenza vaccination, perception of risk, motivators for influenza vaccination, barriers to influenza vaccination and impact of demographics on vaccination.ConclusionsDespite the evidence for the protective effects of influenza vaccination, rates of vaccination among nurses remain sub‐optimal. Nurses' influenza vaccination practices likely relate to their level of knowledge and perception of risk; the greater nurses' knowledge regarding influenza and influenza vaccination the higher their perception of risk and the more likely they are to be vaccinated. This also translates to the advice that they give patients with vaccinated nurses more inclined to recommend vaccination than those unvaccinated.Relevance to clinical practiceThe practices of nurses related to influenza vaccination may translate to the advice that they give their patients. Understanding the knowledge levels, practices and attitudes of nurses can assist in developing strategies to enhance education of nurses.
Resilience in the Face of Uncertainty: Sigma Factor B Fine-Tunes Gene Expression To Support Homeostasis in Gram-Positive Bacteria
Authors: Guldimann Claudia , Boor Kathryn J. , Wiedmann Martin , Guariglia-Oropeza Veronica 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Gram-positive bacteria are ubiquitous and diverse microorganisms that can survive and sometimes even thrive in continuously changing environments. The key to such resilience is the ability of members of a population to respond and adjust to dynamic conditions in the environment. In bacteria, such responses and adjustments are mediated, at least in part, through appropriate changes in the bacterial transcriptome in response to the conditions encountered. Resilience is important for bacterial survival in diverse, complex, and rapidly changing environments and requires coordinated networks that integrate individual, mechanistic responses to environmental cues to enable overall metabolic homeostasis. In many Gram-positive bacteria, a key transcriptional regulator of the response to changing environmental conditions is the alternative sigma factor σ
B
. σ
B
has been characterized in a subset of Gram-positive bacteria, including the genera
Bacillus
,
Listeria
, and
Staphylococcus
. Recent insight from next-generation-sequencing results indicates that σ
B
-dependent regulation of gene expression contributes to resilience, i.e., the coordination of complex networks responsive to environmental changes. This review explores contributions of σ
B
to resilience in
Bacillus
,
Listeria
, and
Staphylococcus
and illustrates recently described regulatory functions of σ
B
.
Unique Microbial Phylotypes in Namib Desert Dune and Gravel Plain Fairy Circle Soils
Authors: van der Walt, Andries J. , Johnson Riegardt M. , Cowan Don A. , Seely Mary , Ramond Jean-Baptiste 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Fairy circles (FCs) are barren circular patches of soil surrounded by grass species. Their origin is poorly understood. FCs feature in both the gravel plains and the dune fields of the Namib Desert. While a substantial number of hypotheses to explain the origin and/or maintenance of fairy circles have been presented, none are completely consistent with either their properties or their distribution. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that FC formation in dunes and gravel plains is due to microbial phytopathogenesis. Surface soils from five gravel plain and five dune FCs, together with control soil samples, were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of bacterial/archaeal (16S rRNA gene) and fungal (internal transcribed spacer [ITS] region) phylogenetic markers. Our analyses showed that gravel plain and dune FC microbial communities are phylogenetically distinct and that FC communities differ from those of adjacent vegetated soils. Furthermore, various soil physicochemical properties, particularly the pH, the Ca, P, Na, and SO
4
contents, the soil particle size, and the percentage of carbon, significantly influenced the compositions of dune and gravel plain FC microbial communities, but none were found to segregate FC and vegetated soil communities. Nevertheless, 9 bacterial, 1 archaeal, and 57 fungal phylotypes were identified as FC specific, since they were present within the gravel plain and dune FC soils only, not in the vegetated soils. Some of these FC-specific phylotypes were assigned to taxa known to harbor phytopathogenic microorganisms. This suggests that these FC-specific microbial taxa may be involved in the formation and/or maintenance of Namib Desert FCs.

IMPORTANCE
Fairy circles (FCs) are mysterious barren circular patches of soil found within a grass matrix in the dune fields and gravel plains of the Namib Desert. Various hypotheses attempting to explain this phenomenon have been proposed. To date, however, none have been successful in fully explaining the etiology of FCs, particularly since gravel plain FCs have been largely ignored. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that microorganisms could be involved in the FC phenomenon through phytopathogenesis. We show that the microbial communities in FC and control vegetated soil samples were significantly different. Furthermore, we detected 67 FC-specific microbial phylotypes, i.e., phylotypes present solely in both gravel plain and dune FC soils, some of which were closely related to known phytopathogens. Our results, therefore, demonstrate that microorganisms may play a role in the formation and/or maintenance of Namib Desert FCs, possibly via phytopathogenic activities.
The state of mHealth development and use by palliative care services in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Allsop Matthew J , Powell Richard A , Namisango Eve 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundCurrent coverage of palliative care services in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains woefully inadequate, but harnessing mHealth could be one approach to facilitate greater service coverage and engagement with patients with life-limiting progressive disease.AimsA systematic literature review to identify the development and use of mHealth in palliative care services in SSA.Methods13 electronic databases from 1990 to 2015 were searched alongside the manual searching of journals and citation searching of included article reference lists. Articles were assessed against inclusion and exclusion criteria and study details extracted and tabulated by two researchers. Studies were plotted against a modified WHO mHealth and ICT framework to classify how they are targeting health system strengthening.ResultsOf the 1110 articles identified, 5 met the inclusion criteria, describing mHealth use in Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya and Malawi. Descriptive analysis has shown that existing mHealth interventions for palliative care services in SSA are limited in number and are being developed for use at the palliative treatment, guidance and coordination stage of care provision. Levels of detail about the development and structure of interventions are low.ConclusionsmHealth interventions for palliative care in SSA are limited. This is an opportune time to explore how evidence-based mHealth interventions could form part of the evolving palliative care services in the region.
A Philosophical Solution to the Problem of Socrates
Authors: Rudebusch George , Turner Christopher 
Published: May 2016

Socrates’ purposes, in his philosophical conversations with others, remain a puzzle. We review eleven distinct interpretive options, many of which stretch back more than a hundred years, finding all of them untenable. We then propose an original, twelfth interpretation as the most faithful and charitable alternative. Our discussion takes as its focus Plato’s dialogue Laches as a representative of the aporetic dialogues.
Editing Aristotle's Metaphysics: why should Harlfinger's stemma be verified?
Authors: Fazzo Silvia 
Published: May 2016

The textual transmission of Aristotle’s Metaphysics is currently described by Dieter Harlfinger’s stemma codicum. It appeared in 1979 within the acts of the 1972 Symposium Aristotelicum.1 With a single exception, the stemma has been accepted by scholars without discussion, or with minor relevances only. On the other side, at least until 2009 no stemmatically-based edition of a single book of the Metaphysics appeared. Still today, no new general edition is available. We are thus still left with Jaeger’s 1957 OCT – admittedly, an editio minor, which partly depends on Ross’ 1924 critical apparatus and textual choices. But things are evolving now, as we are about to see: this crucial theory and practice – editing Aristotle’s Metaphysics –is moving today faster than it has since the 19th century. Hence the interest in promoting a broader and a more articulated discussion, by pointing out some basic desiderata, which show the need for the subject to be taken into consideration anew.
Development and Validation of an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Indicator for Mortality After Congenital Heart Surgery Harmonized With Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS‐1) Methodology
Authors: Jenkins Kathy J. , Koch Kupiec Jennifer , Owens Pamela L. , Romano Patrick S. , Geppert Jeffrey J. , Gauvreau Kimberlee 
Published: May 2016

Background
The National Quality Forum previously approved a quality indicator for mortality after congenital heart surgery developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Several parameters of the validated Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS‐1) method were included, but others differed. As part of the National Quality Forum endorsement maintenance process, developers were asked to harmonize the 2 methodologies.

Methods and Results

Parameters that were identical between the 2 methods were retained. AHRQ's Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases (SID) 2008 were used to select optimal parameters where differences existed, with a goal to maximize model performance and face validity. Inclusion criteria were not changed and included all discharges for patients <18 years with
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
procedure codes for congenital heart surgery or nonspecific heart surgery combined with congenital heart disease diagnosis codes. The final model includes procedure risk group, age (0–28 days, 29–90 days, 91–364 days, 1–17 years), low birth weight (500–2499 g), other congenital anomalies (Clinical Classifications Software 217, except for 758.xx), multiple procedures, and transfer‐in status. Among 17 945 eligible cases in the SID 2008, the c statistic for model performance was 0.82. In the SID 2013 validation data set, the c statistic was 0.82. Risk‐adjusted mortality rates by center ranged from 0.9% to 4.1% (5th–95th percentile).

Conclusions
Congenital heart surgery programs can now obtain national benchmarking reports by applying AHRQ Quality Indicator software to hospital administrative data, based on the harmonized RACHS‐1 method, with high discrimination and face validity.
Virulence modulation in Photorhabdus spp.
Authors: Blackburn Dana , Burk Travis J. , Adams Byron J. 
Published: May 2016

Photorhabdusis a bacterium that forms a mutualistic relationship with nematodes (Heterorhabditidae) and is responsible for insect mortality during nematode infection. The purpose of this study was to investigate virulence modulation (vmo) inPhotorhabdusspp. where individual colonies exhibit different levels of virulence. Despite in-depth studies on culturingPhotorhabdusspp. and its nematode partner, little is known about ideal growth conditions prior to virulence assays. Accordingly, eightPhotorhabdusstrains with representatives from each species were grown in four media types. All strains grew best in either Luria-Bertani broth + 0.1% pyruvate or tryptic soy broth + 0.5% yeast extract. However, on agar the only media on which all strains grew well were agar plates supplemented with pyruvate. To investigate vmo, virulence of individual colonies from three species was examined. Vmo was exhibited in two out of the three tested strains. Results may aid in the design ofPhotorhabdusvirulence assays.
The Rap1-RIAM-talin axis of integrin activation and blood cell function
Authors: Lagarrigue Frederic , Kim Chungho , Ginsberg Mark H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntegrin adhesion receptors mediate the adhesion of blood cells, such as leukocytes, to other cells, such as endothelial cells. Integrins also are critical for anchorage of hematopoietic precursors to the extracellular matrix. Blood cells can dynamically regulate the affinities of integrins for their ligands (“activation”), an event central to their functions. Here we review recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of integrin activation with a focus on the functions of blood cells. We discuss how talin binding to the integrin β cytoplasmic domain, in conjunction with the plasma membrane, induces long-range allosteric rearrangements that lead to integrin activation. Second, we review our understanding of how signaling events, particularly those involving Rap1 small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)hydrolases, can regulate the talin–integrin interaction and resulting activation. Third, we review recent findings that highlight the role of the Rap1-GTP-interacting adapter molecule (RIAM), encoded by the APBB1IP gene, in leukocyte integrin activation and consequently in leukocyte trafficking.
miRNA-dependent target regulation: functional characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified in genome-wide association studies of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Delay Charlotte , Grenier-Boley Benjamin , Amouyel Philippe , Dumont Julie , Lambert Jean-Charles 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Background
A growing body of evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and that some disease-associated genetic variants are located within miRNA binding sites. In the present study, we sought to characterize functional polymorphisms in miRNA target sites within the loci defined in earlier genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The main objectives of this study were to (1) facilitate the identification of the gene or genes responsible for the GWAS signal within a locus of interest and (2) determine how functional polymorphisms might be involved in the AD process (e.g., by affecting miRNA-mediated variations in gene expression).

Methods
Stringent in silico analyses were developed to select potential polymorphisms susceptible to impairment of miRNA-mediated repression, and subsequent functional assays were performed in HeLa and HEK293 cells.

Results
Two polymorphisms were identified and further analyzed in vitro. The AD-associated rs7143400-T allele (located in 3′ untranslated region [3′-UTR] of FERMT2) cotransfected with miR-4504 resulted in lower protein levels relative to the rs7143400-G allele cotransfected with the same miRNA. The AD-associated rs9909-C allele in the 3′-UTR of NUP160 abolished the miR-1185-1-3p-regulated expression observed for the rs9909-G allele.

Conclusions
When considered in conjunction with the findings of previous association studies, our results suggest that decreased expression of FERMT2 might be a risk factor in the etiopathology of AD, whereas increased expression of NUP160 might protect against the disease. Our data therefore provide new insights into AD by highlighting two new proteins putatively involved in the disease process.
Paediatric burns secondary to nail adhesives: a case series
Authors: Coles Claire , Javed Muhammad Umair , Hemington Gorse Sarah , Nguyen Dai 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundNail adhesives are widely available beauty products that are used in the cosmetic industry and households to attach false nails. Nail adhesive burns are uncommon, and it is crucial that healthcare providers and the public are aware of its potential to cause chemical burn.Case PresentationCase series of accidental burns secondary to cyanoacrylate nail glue treated at the Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery (WCBPS) in Swansea, United Kingdom.ConclusionAll of the burns were observed in children and occurred due to accidental spillage. Therefore, it is important for the public to be aware that nail glue is a chemical agent which should be stored safely away from the reaches of young children. The case series highlights the importance of first aid in reducing the severity of chemical burns secondary to the nail adhesives, and its early recognition and treatment are emphasised.
Cognitive Need Content of Younger Schoolchildren
Authors: Згурская  , Zgurskaya Tatyana 
Published: May 2016

The article presents an analysis of the criteria and levels of formation of cognitive needs of younger schoolchildren. The components of cognitive
needs are considered, which include: the perfect representation of younger schoolchildren on the image of the pupil; cognitive value; cognitive
installation; cognitive interests. The ideal representation of younger schoolchildren on the image of the student is considered as incentives and
controls of their cognitive activity. Educational values as awareness of the value of knowledge, manifested in the understanding by the younger
children the importance of teaching for themselves and for the society. Cognitive attitude is defined as the willingness of younger schoolchildren
to educational activity, due to the behavior and the manifestation of their personal qualities (responsibility, hard work, discipline, cognitive
activity, persistence). Cognitive interest is understood as the existence of a positive relation of younger schoolchildren to the doctrine. The author
characterizes the levels of formation of cognitive needs of younger schoolchildren.
Early twentieth-century marketing of literature: Reclam, a trendsetter?
Authors: Schröder Laura 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The literary marketplace underwent considerable changes in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as industrialization, new readership and wars shaped and influenced the publishing industry. The attempts made by publishers to approach this new market with cheap books and high-quality literature varied. This article examines Reclam, a German publisher, as a case study for marketing between the late nineteenth century and 1930 in order to demonstrate that there was money to be made with revolutionary ideas such as the book-automat or an export library. Reclam tried to find gaps and use movements for their own profit, which was a successful and trend-setting endeavour.