bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“DETERMINED RAPTURES”: ST. SEBASTIAN AND THE VICTORIAN DISCOURSE OF DECADENCE
Authors: Kaye Richard A. 
Published: July 2002

“I unreservedly confess, for myself, that I cannot leave my natural perception of what is natural and true, at a palace door, in Italy or elsewhere, as I would leave my shoes if I were traveling in the East. I cannot forget that there are certain expressions of face, natural to certain passions, and as unchangeable in their nature as the gait of a lion, or the flight of an eagle. I cannot dismiss from my certain knowledge such common-place facts as the ordinary proportions of men’s arms, and legs, and heads; and when I meet with performances that do violence to these experiences and recollections, no matter where they may be, I cannot admire them.”— Charles Dickens, Pictures from Italy (1846)IN HIS ACCOUNT of his 1844 trip to Rome, Charles Dickens expressed bewilderment that the martyrdom of St. Sebastian should have been so commonly exploited as a subject by Italian artists. The novelist took the opportunity to disparage the “indiscriminate and determined raptures” of certain critics of Renaissance painting as “incompatible with the true appreciation of the really great and transcendent works of art . . . Neither am I partial to libelous Angels, who play on fiddles and bassoons, for the edification of sprawling monks apparently in liquor.” Dickens concluded that representations of St. Sebastian did not “have very uncommon and rare merits, as works of art, to justify their compound multiplication by Italian painters” (195).1
Dynamical influence of large valleys on the propagation of coastally trapped disturbances
Authors: Reason C J C , Jackson P L , Fu Hai 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe influence on the propagation of coastally trapped disturbances (CTD) of large gaps in the bounding coastal mountains is studied via application of the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). By large gap it is meant that the width is of order 25–50% of the Rossby radius. In order to isolate the effects of the gaps, idealised simulations are used. Thus, RAMS is configured with a straight north‐south coastline with a ramp‐shaped coastal mountain range in which a gap is inserted and a gravity current‐like CTD generated through cooling the low level atmosphere at the southern end of the domain. Radiative, land surface and cloud parameterisations are turned off to avoid sea breeze generation and other thermal effects and to focus on the dynamical effect of the gaps. Four simulations are conducted: no gap in the coastal mountain barrier, an insertion of a narrow (80 km) gap, a wide (160 km) gap, and an idealised island in the barrier. It is found that the gaps influence CTD propagation by effectively stalling the propagation at their mouth for a period and subsequently weakening the gravity current‐like features (vertical extent, strength and abruptness of the wind and stratification changes at the leading edge). The idealised island has a less obvious impact since it is bounded by relatively narrow straits and does not allow communication with the model interior like the gaps do. Although lack of data and the nature of the idealised simulation prevents a detailed assessment of the simulations against real cases, qualitative comparisons with observed events in western North America and south‐eastern Australia are made. Application of these results to air quality and forecasting issues is discussed. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Orographic influences during winter precipitation events on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland
Authors: Banfield C E , Hudak D R , Thomson A D 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPrecipitation enhancement over a low coastal hill in winter is demonstrated for particular associations of synoptically determined onshore airflow and local geography encountered over southeastern Newfoundland. Four such cases, involving a mixture of pre‐warm‐frontal precipitation types at surface temperatures just below freezing, are analysed using comparative surface gauge records from sites at the coast and hill summit and detailed volume scan data from a Doppler radar. Whilst precipitation at the hill summit and upwind coast was of similar overall duration in each case, the surface rates on the hilltop exceeded those at the coast by 1.0–4.0 mm h−1 during different stages of the events. Analysis of the Doppler reflectivity patterns reveals that intensities are especially enhanced near the windward hill crest, supporting the observed association of greatest enhancement with a strong local upslope wind component exceeding 20 m s−1. In the majority of these cases the enhancement is maintained primarily by the ‘seeder–feeder’ mechanism, which appears to be accelerated during precipitation transitions and with the surface warm front 120–150 km distant; however, a preliminary phase of enhancement due to topographically induced uplift of stable pre‐frontal air is also recognised in one case. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Forecasting precipitation over Delhi during the south‐west monsoon season
Authors: Mohanty U C , Ravi N , Madan O P 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe south‐west monsoon (June–September) is the major rainy season over India. Information about the occurrence of precipitation and the expected quantity at a specific place is important in many sectors of human activity. In this study, objective methods are developed to forecast the probability of precipitation (POP) and provide the quantity of precipitation forecast (QPF) over Delhi. As the onset of the monsoon at Delhi is around 30 June, the models are developed for the months of July, August and September (JAS) using surface and upper‐air data for the period 1985–90 and tested with data from JAS for 1994 and 1995. A multiple linear regression equation is developed to forecast the POP and multiple discriminant analysis is used to produce the QPF in terms of one of four groups (0.1–1.0; 1.1–10.0; 10.1–30.0; and ≥30.1 mm). The QPF model is used only if precipitation is expected to occur (the POP forecast is turned into a categorical forecast). The categorical forecasts based on the POP exhibit positive skill scores consistently with both the development and independent data sets. The model for QPF also performed satisfactorily Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Monitoring the life cycle of cirrus clouds using Meteosat‐4 data during ICE‐1989
Authors: Szantai André , Désalmand Françoise , Desbois Michel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDuring the International Cirrus Experiment (ICE), cirrus cloud properties over the North Sea were observed from local surface‐based and aircraft instruments. In order to place these measurements in the context of the general space‐time evolution of the cirrus systems and smaller cloud elements, Meteosat images were used to study the evolution of the clouds along their trajectories. The trajectories were established with techniques derived from those used to compute cloud motion winds from geostationary satellite images. Thermal infrared (IR) and water vapour (WV) channel tracking was performed to take advantage of the properties of each channel: better contrast of the clouds over the surface in the IR, and better discrimination of upper layers in the WV channel. Although long tracks, up to 60 hours, could be observed, they did not correspond to the same cirrus elements, or even the same system along the track. The evolution of the brightness temperatures along the tracked elements showed periodic fluctuations. The representativeness of these fluctuations in terms of cloud life cycle is discussed, as it may be related to the quality of the tracking. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparison of measured and modelled uv indices for the assessment of health risks
Authors: De Backer Hugo , Koepke Peter , Bais Alkiviadis , de Cabo Xavier , Frei Thomas , Gillotay Didier , Haite Christine , Heikkilä Anu , Kazantzidis Andreas , Koskela Tapani , Kyrö Esko , Lapeta Bozena , Lorente Jeronimo , Masson Kaisa , Mayer Bernhard , Plets Hans , Redondas Alberto , Renaud Anne , Schauberger Gunther , Schmalwieser Alois , Schwander Harry , Vanicek Karel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) have jointly recommended that the UV Index (UVI) should be used to inform the public about possible health risks due to overexposure to solar radiation, especially skin damage. To test the current operational status of measuring and modelling techniques used in providing the public with UVI information, this article compares cloudless sky UVIs (measured using five instruments at four locations with different latitudes and climate) with the results of 13 models used in UVI forecasting schemes. For the models, only location, total ozone and solar zenith angle were provided as input parameters. In many cases the agreement is acceptable, i.e. less than 0.5 UVI. Larger differences may originate from instrumental errors and shortcomings in the models and their input parameters. A possible explanation for the differences between models is the treatment of the unknown input parameters, especially aerosols. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
A case study using Doppler radar to identify a dry‐air intrusion in frontal cyclogenesis
Authors: Hardaker P J , Collier C G 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA sequence of Doppler radar observations obtained during the PADRE project is used to identify a region of dry‐air intrusion in a frontal system approaching the Alps. The study demonstrates the potential of Doppler radar to provide additional information to forecasters on fine spatial and temporal characteristics of frontal cyclogenesis. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Utilising a farm‐level decision model to help prioritise future climate prediction research needs
Authors: Mjelde James W , Thompson Troy N , Nixon Clair J , Lamb Peter J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA whole‐farm‐level decision model is used to examine the impact of the type of decisions producers make on the value of seasonal climate forecasts. Results suggest that precipitation forecasts directed towards crop mix and applied nitrogen level decisions would have the largest economic value. Further, the results show that the economic value of climate forecasts cannot be obtained by examining only a small set of decision types. Rather, all decision types must be modelled to value seasonal precipitation forecasts correctly. This occurs because in response to seasonal climate forecasts changes in one type of decision may override the need to change other decision types. Finally, forecasts of precipitation during the crop tasselling and grain filling stages may be more valuable than precipitation forecasts for earlier crop growth periods. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Observations of sea clutter using an S‐band weather radar
Authors: Collier C G 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this paper we review work undertaken on sea clutter illustrated by previously unpublished observations made with an S‐band radar during a research project in South Wales carried out during the winter of 1976/77. The implications for detection with C‐band Doppler radar are considered. Copyright © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
Gene Expression in the Pulp of Ripening Bananas (Two-Dimensional Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of in Vitro Translation Products and cDNA Cloning of 25 Different Ripening-Related mRNAs)
Authors: Medina-Suarez R. , Manning K. , Fletcher J. , Aked J. , Bird C. R. , Seymour G. B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
mRNA was extracted from the pulp and peel of preclimacteric (d 0) bananas (Musa AAA group, cv Grand Nain) and those exposed to ethylene gas for 24 h and stored in air alone for a further 1 (d 2) and 4 d (d 5). Two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of in vitro translation products from the pulp and peel of these fruits revealed significant up-regulation of numerous transcripts during ripening. The majority of the changes were initiated by d 2, with the level of these messages increasing during the remainder of the ripening period. Pulp tissue from d 2 was used for the construction of a cDNA library. This library was differentially screened for ripening-related clones using cDNA from d-0 and d-2 pulp by a novel microtiter plate method. In the primary screen 250 up- and down-regulated clones were isolated. Of these, 59 differentially expressed clones were obtained from the secondary screen. All of these cDNAs were partially sequenced and grouped into families after database searches. Twenty-five nonredundant groups of pulp clones were identified. These encoded enzymes were involved in ethylene biosynthesis, respiration, starch metabolism, cell wall degradation, and several other key metabolic events. We describe the analysis of these clones and their possible involvement in ripening.
Fatty Acid Elongation Is Independent of Acyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase Activities in Leek and Brassica napus1
Authors: Hlousek-Radojcic Alenka , Evenson Kimberly J. , Jaworski Jan G. , Post-Beittenmiller Dusty 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In both animal and plant acyl elongation systems, it has been proposed that fatty acids are first activated to acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) before their elongation, and that the ATP dependence of fatty acid elongation is evidence of acyl-CoA synthetase involvement. However, because CoA is not supplied in standard fatty acid elongation assays, it is not clear if CoA-dependent acyl-CoA synthetase activity can provide levels of acyl-CoAs necessary to support typical rates of fatty acid elongation. Therefore, we examined the role of acyl-CoA synthetase in providing the primer for acyl elongation in leek (Allium porrum L.) epidermal microsomes and Brassica napus L. cv Reston oil bodies. As presented here, fatty acid elongation was independent of CoA and proceeded at maximum rates with CoA-free preparations of malonyl-CoA. We also showed that stearic acid ([1-14C]18:0)-CoA was synthesized from [1-14C]18:0 in the presence of CoA-free malonyl-CoA or acetyl-CoA, and that [1-14C]18:0-CoA synthesis under these conditions was ATP dependent. Furthermore, the appearance of [1-14C]18:0 in the acyl-CoA fraction was simultaneous with its appearance in phosphatidylcholine. These data, together with the results of a previous study (A. Hlousek-Radojcic, H. Imai, J.G. Jaworski [1995] Plant J 8: 803–809) showing that exogenous [14C]acyl-CoAs are diluted by a relatively large endogenous pool before they are elongated, strongly indicated that acyl-CoA synthetase did not play a direct role in fatty acid elongation, and that phosphatidylcholine or another glycerolipid was a more likely source of elongation primers than acyl-CoAs.
Nitrate Transport and Not Photoinhibition Limits Growth of the Freshwater Cyanobacterium Synechococcus Species PCC 6301 at Low Temperature1
Authors: Sakamoto Toshio , Bryant Donald A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The effect of low temperature on cell growth, photosynthesis, photoinhibition, and nitrate assimilation was examined in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 to determine the factor that limits growth.Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 grew exponentially between 20°C and 38°C, the growth rate decreased with decreasing temperature, and growth ceased at 15°C. The rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution decreased more slowly with temperature than the growth rate, and more than 20% of the activity at 38°C remained at 15°C. Oxygen evolution was rapidly inactivated at high light intensity (3 mE m−2 s−1) at 15°C. Little or no loss of oxygen evolution was observed under the normal light intensity (250 μE m−2 s−1) for growth at 15°C. The decrease in the rate of nitrate consumption by cells as a function of temperature was similar to the decrease in the growth rate. Cells could not actively take up nitrate or nitrite at 15°C, although nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were still active. These data demonstrate that growth at low temperature is not limited by a decrease in the rate of photosynthetic electron transport or by photoinhibition, but that inactivation of the nitrate/nitrite transporter limits growth at low temperature.
Characterization of Plant β-Ureidopropionase and Functional Overexpression in Escherichia coli
Authors: Walsh Terence A. , Green Susan B. , Larrinua Ignacio M. , Schmitzer Paul R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Pyrimidine bases are rapidly catabolized in growing plant tissues. The final enzyme of the catabolic pathway, β-ureidopropionase (β-UP; EC 3.5.1.6), was partially purified from the shoots of etiolated maize (Zea mays) seedlings. The enzyme had aK m for β-ureidopropionate (the substrate derived from uracil) of 11 μm. Only one enantiomer of racemic β-ureidoisobutyrate (derived from thymine) was processed with a K m of 6 μm. The enzyme was inactivated by dialysis against 1,10-phenanthroline and activity could be partially restored by addition of Zn2+. Maize β-UP was very sensitive to inactivation by iodoacetamide. This could be prevented by addition of substrate, indicating the presence of an active site Cys. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by short chain aliphatic acids and aryl propionates, the most potent inhibitor of which was 2-(2, 6-dinitrophenoxy)-propionate (I 50 = 0.5 μm). A gene for Arabidopsis β-UP encodes a polypeptide of 405 amino acids and has about 55% homology with the enzymes from other eukaryotic organisms. Several highly conserved residues link the plant β-UP with a larger class of prokaryotic and eukaryotic amidohydrolases. An Arabidopsis cDNA truncated at the N terminus by 14 residues was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme (43.7 kD) was soluble, functional, and purified to homogeneity with yields of 15 to 20 mg per 30 g fresh weight of E. coli cells. The recombinant enzyme from Arabidopsis and the native enzyme from maize had molecular masses of approximately 440 kD, indicating the enzyme is a decamer at pH 7.
An Experimental Study of Electrohydrodynamic Induction Pumping of a
Stratified Liquid/Vapor Medium
Authors: Wawzyniak M. , Seyed-Yagoobi J. , Morrison G. L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic induction pumping of a stratified liquid/vapor medium is quantitatively assessed utilizing Laser Doppler Anemometry. Data are presented suggesting that pumping is due to both interfacial and bulk effects. Values of turbulence intensity associated with this type of flow are briefly discussed for the various cases studied. [S0022-1481(00)00401-1]
Low outgassing and anticorrosive metal surface treatment for ultrahigh vacuum equipment
Authors: Sugiyama Kazuhiko , Ohmi Tadahiro , Morita Mizuho , Nakahara Yoshiyuki , Miki Nobuhiro 
Published: July 2002

We report on a stainless steel passivation technology useful for the future
We report on a stainless steel passivation technology useful for the future submicron ultralarge-scale integration (ULSI) manufacturing. In the near future, low pressure processing will become more important. With presently available equipment, outgassing from the inner surface of metal chambers is one of the factors that can hinder ultrahigh vacuum processing. Therefore, absorbed molecular contaminations must be eliminated. We report the development of low outgassing metal surface that is derived from an O2 or F2 passivation process. This process requires an initial metal surface to have mirror finish without Beilby layer. Specifically, by using a 316L stainless surface, under clean conditions, outgas volume of moisture are shown to be reduced by a factor of 102, compared with conventional finished steel surfaces. In addition O2/F2 passivation, though inherently different, give stainless steel surfaces that show excellent corrosion resistance against gases.
Studies on the mechanism of chemical sputtering of silicon by simultaneous exposure to Cl2 and low-energy Ar+ ions
Authors: Dieleman J. , Sanders F. H. M. , Kolfschoten A. W. , Zalm P. C. , de Vries A. E. , Haring A. 
Published: July 2002

The sputtering yield of Si when bombarded with a flux φAr+ of low-energy Ar+ ions may be enhanced a few times when the Si surface is exposed simultaneously to Cl2 fluxes φCl2 about one order of magnitude larger than φAr+. The mechanism of this synergistic etching has been studied, using mass spectroscopy and time-of-flight techniques, for a φAr+ of about 5×1014 Ar+ cm−2 s−1 at Ar+ ion energies (Ep) from 0.25 to 5 keV, Cl2 fluxes between 1015 and 5×1016 Cl2 cm−2 s−1 and T in the range 300–625 K. As has been shown previously [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2, 487 (1984)] the main products of the synergistic reaction are atomic Si and Cl and molecular SiCl and SiCl2; the kinetic energy distributions of the molecular products consist of two parts, a Maxwell–Boltzmann and a collision cascade-like distribution. The Maxwell–Boltzmann part decreases relative to the collision cascade-like part when T and/or Ep are increased and/or φCl2 is decreased. At the same time the collision cascade-like part shifts to higher kinetic energies. These observations and the dependence of the relative contributions of the various products on φCl2, T, and Ep can be understood from the Ar+ ion-induced amorphization and Ar+ ion-induced mixing of adsorbed Cl into the top atomic layers of the Si, in which the molecular products SiCl and SiCl2 are formed and also trapped, without further chemical binding to the surrounding bulk network; and for higher T also by the competition between the thermal reaction, yielding SiCl4 (and SiCl2), and synergistic etching. The yields of the molecular products SiCl and SiCl2 show an increase relative to atomic Si and their binding energies are reduced when φCl2 is enhanced and/or Ep and/or T are decreased. It is suggested that this is due to an increasing concentration of Cl ion mixed into the top atomic layers of the Si.
The experiments also suggest that the binding energy of atomic Si decreases systematically with increasing Cl concentration in the Si. The results show that the etching of Si with Cl2 under simultaneous Ar+ ion bombardment is not due to stimulation of the thermal reaction but to chemically enhanced physical sputtering.