bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Physical and Combustion Properties of Fecal Sludge‐Derived Char Briquettes Bonded by Waste Papers, Cassava, and Banana Peels
Authors: Chacha Nyangi 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTInnovative approaches using biomass and waste for briquette production are needed to address energy deficiencies in household cooking and heating. Fecal sludge (FS) can serve as a feedstock for briquette production. However, the physical and chemical qualities of the briquettes produced using FS and different binding materials are still inadequate. This article examines the physical and combustion properties of carbonized FS bio‐briquettes made using five different binders, namely, waste paper (WP), cooked banana peels (CB), non‐cooked banana peels (NB), cooked cassava peels (CC), and non‐cooked cassava peels (NC). Bio‐briquettes were made at various binder ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) using a locally fabricated manual pressing machine. Overall, the study discovered that all bio‐briquettes fabricated can be utilized for heating and cooking; however, the type and quantity of binders employed influence their quality. The study concluded that FS bio‐briquettes blended with 75% WP binder were the best, outperforming others in many tests including drying rates (6 days), physical tests (passed shattering [95%], water boiling [240 s], and tumbling tests [100%]), and burning/thermal efficiency (19.23 MJ/kg). The study suggests further research to be conducted on combining FS with other biomass feedstocks to decrease volatile matter and emissions in bio‐briquettes made with FS and non‐carbonized binders.
Philosophy of Military Sciences
Authors: Sookermany Anders McDonald 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter systematically explores the philosophical underpinnings of Military Sciences, integrating ontology, epistemology, teleology, and methodology as philosophical concepts to enrich the theoretical and practical understanding of the field. The search begins by looking into the essence and existence of that which we take to be military entities, actions, or ideas (the ontological perspective). Then it goes on to explore the nature of military knowledge, how it is justified, what are its sources, and its scope (the epistemological perspective). The exploration then progresses to address the deeper purposes and ends of military endeavors so as to better recognize and contemplate the influence of the military’s continuous evolving roles and objectives on its research (the teleological perspective). Thereafter, the chapter probes the pursuit of military knowledge as a constantly ongoing dialogue between the researcher, the phenomenon, and the theoretical frameworks (the methodological perspective). The exploration ends with a reflection on some of the implications these examinations call for in the field of Military Sciences. In sum, the presentation brings visibility to the study of the Military as a complex and ever-evolving enterprise, honoring its multidisciplinary mode.
The Politics of Crisis and Contemporary Forms of Government
Authors: Jalušič Vlasta 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWhat form of government and what kind of political action correspond to an era in which crisis has become a constant rather than an ‘abnormal’ state of affairs or a situation implying a revolution and thus a change in the social order? Through a reading of Koselleck, Arendt, Ricoeur, and some other authors (Roitman, Gilbert, Fassin, etc.), the chapter analyses the genealogy of the notion of crisis and its classical and modern understanding as a way of thinking, governing, and acting through the perspective of temporality, critique, and its mobilisation capacity. It provides contemporary examples (the pandemic, migrations, the welfare state, the financial meltdown) to outline how the multitude of crisis narratives and eschatological narratives serve various purposes and groups. Crisis implies a reorganisation of values that is justified within the anti-crisis politics of the return to ‘normality’. However, crisis itself is becoming the ‘new normality’. In this way, the concept of crisis is losing its specific meaning as a rupture in time and is increasingly becoming one of the main elements of the form of government corresponding to bureaucratic epistocracy. In perpetuating accumulated and ‘permanent’ crises coupled with anti-crisis management, this mode of governing is replacing the vision of politics as joint action taking place in democratic and legal frameworks.
Introduction to Atoms and Light
Authors: Raven Will 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn this chapter, we explore the nature of light and atoms, focusing on their dual nature as both particles and waves. We examine why atoms have discrete energy levels and how only certain frequencies of light can excite electrons within these atoms. Through this exploration, we will understand the relationship between light’s frequency, wavelength, and photon energy. We also explore key concepts such as wave interference and the historical experiments that shaped our understanding of quantum mechanics. Most importantly, this chapter emphasizes the scientific method, encouraging continual questioning of ideas, understanding, theories, and results to uncover the fundamental nature of the universe.
“Natural Light”
Authors: Raven Will 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn this chapter, we explore how light from sources such as the sun or a lamp can be dispersed into its spectral components. We discuss various dispersive elements, including gratings and prisms, and the phenomena of refraction and diffraction that allow these elements to spatially separate light. The chapter explores blackbody radiation and the historical significance of the ultraviolet catastrophe. Additionally, we introduce the concepts of absorption and emission lines, which provide insights into atomic and molecular energy levels.
Angular Momentum
Authors: Raven Will 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn this chapter, we explore angular momentum, a key concept in quantum mechanics and atomic physics. We cover the quantization of angular momentum, the role of quantum numbers, and their impact on atomic states. We will learn about the different types of angular momentum, the states representing these types of angular momentum, and how angular momenta are added together in quantum mechanics. The chapter also examines the compatibility of different observables, such as the magnitude and components of angular momentum, and the impact of measurements on quantum states.
Electronic Structure and Atomic Notation
Authors: Raven Will 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn this chapter, we explore the fundamental principles governing the electronic structure of atoms and the notation used to describe it. We begin by examining energy level spacings across various elements, highlighting how the number of electrons influences the complexity of these levels. The Coulomb interaction and electron shell filling patterns are introduced as key factors determining atomic state energies. Through detailed discussions on electronic configurations and term symbols, we illustrate how angular momentum, both in individual electrons and in atoms as a whole, impacts energy states. We also discuss fine structure splitting and hyperfine structure splitting. By the end of this chapter, readers will have a comprehensive understanding of the labels used by atomic physicists for electronic levels in atoms. Additionally, we differentiate between fermions and bosons, emphasizing their roles and significance in atomic and nuclear physics.
Introduction to Single-Event Effects
Authors: Aguiar Ygor Quadros de , Wrobel Frédéric , Autran Jean-Luc , García Alía Rubén 
Published: October 2024

AbstractRadiation effects in state-of-the-art electronics has become a critical concern that goes beyond the traditional systems operating in harsh environments such as in aviation and space missions. Therefore, there is an increased interest in studying these effects as well as in investigating on how to design reliable and fault-tolerant systems that are hardened against radiation. In this chapter, the main stochastic events, known as single-event effects, are presented. Furthermore, the fundamental concepts necessary to understand the problem of radiation effects in electronics are introduced.
Analysis of Layout-Based RHBD Techniques
Authors: Aguiar Ygor Quadros de , Wrobel Frédéric , Autran Jean-Luc , García Alía Rubén 
Published: October 2024

AbstractRadiation hardening techniques play a pivotal role in enhancing the resilience of VLSI circuits employed in radiation environments, most notably in critical applications such as in space technologies. Building upon the preceding chapter, some Radiation Hardening by Design (RHBD) techniques have been devised to effectively counteract the detrimental impact of radiation on electronic circuits, addressing diverse levels of abstraction ranging from circuit layout to system and software design. This chapter delves into an insightful analysis of the efficacy achieved through layout design techniques, namely Gate Sizing (GS), Transistor Stacking (TS), and Transistor Folding (TF). Moreover, it explores the utilization of asymmetric designs and the innovative Diffusion Splitting (DS) technique as means to augment the hardening efficiency while mitigating the associated area overhead.
Synthesis of 6-dialkylaminopyrimidine carboxamide analogues and their anti-tubercular properties
Authors: Tshinavhe Ronewa , Peton Nashied , Simelane Sandile B. , Moshapo Paseka T. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) continues to be a threat to global health stability. Pyrimidine carboxamides have demonstrated potent anti-tubercular properties against clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Herein, we report a follow-up study on the synthesis of pyrimidine carboxamide molecular analogues and their anti-TB evaluation. In total, a library consisting of 37 new compounds is reported. Seven compounds (7b, 7d, 7m, 7p, 7q, 7aa, and 7ah) demonstrated excellent in vitro activities with MIC90 values below 1.00 µM. Apart from compound 7ah, compounds with improved aqueous solubility properties had lower anti-TB potency. Preliminary mode of action studies using bioluminescence assays indicate that the active compounds do not affect the integrity of mycobacterial DNA or the cell wall. The active compounds were also found to be bactericidal against replicating H37Rv Mtb strain.
The contribution of fish to the diet of loggerhead sea turtles in the western Mediterranean revisited
Authors: Cardona Luis , Aznar F. Javier , Bas Maria , Tomás Jesús 
Published: October 2024

AbstractEarly juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) rely on gelatinous zooplankton, whereas individuals larger than 40 cm curved carapace length are adapted to crush hard-shelled invertebrates. Nevertheless, fish were reported to be the staple food of loggerhead turtles in the western Mediterranean 30 years ago. Here, the temporal consistency of such a fish-based diet of loggerhead turtles is assessed through gut content analysis and stable isotope analysis of samples from the Mediterranean coast of Spain spanning three decades. The gut contents of 134 juvenile loggerhead turtles (curved carapace length range: 27–71 cm) from three different periods (1991, 1999–2008 and 2010–2017) were analyzed, as well as a subsample of the same turtles (n = 10 in each period) for both bulk and compound-specific stable isotope ratios (CSIA-AA). Gut content analysis revealed a decline in the frequency of occurrence and numerical abundance of fish and an increasing contribution of gastropods and bivalves throughout time, although pelagic tunicates were always the most frequently observed prey. The δ15Nbulk of turtle bone also dropped throughout the study period, but the values of the stable isotope ratio of N in phenylalanine (δ15NPhe) indicated that 52.5% of that variability was due to a baseline shift over time. Accordingly, the trophic position estimated from CSIA-AA did not follow the decreasing pattern of δ15Nbulk, but fluctuated throughout time. The overall evidence indicates that fish consumption by loggerhead turtles in the study region declined through time, but the trophic position of loggerhead turtles did not change simultaneously. This is probably because low trophic prey such pelagic tunicates and filter-feeding bivalves and suspension-feeding gastropods were the bulk of the diet during the whole study period and fish played a minor role, even when their frequency of occurrence peaked. Past levels of high fish consumption might be due to high levels of fishery discards, currently declining because of the recent reduction of the fishing fleet.
Einstein–Perrin dilemma on the Brownian motion (Avogadro’s number) resolved?
Authors: Škvarla Jiří 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe general recognition of the existence of atoms and molecules occurred only at the beginning of the twentieth century. Many researchers contributed to this, but the ultimate proof of the molecular nature of matter that convinced even the last sceptics was the confirmation of Albert Einstein’s statistical-fluctuation theory of Brownian motion, a part of his comprehension of interdisciplinary atomism, by Jean Perrin’s experiments on colloidal gamboge particles. Einstein noticed a difference between the values of Avogadro’s constant derived from Perrin’s experiments and Planck’s calculation from black-body radiation. Einstein assumed the incorrectly evaluated size of the gamboge spherules to be a culprit of the difference and asked Perrin to check the assumption with additional experiments and using the viscosity formula introduced in his own dissertation. The result was a discrepancy that neither Einstein nor Perrin settled any further. In this communication, based on the survey of developments in colloid and polymer science and their comparison with relevant experiments, an explanation of the dilemma is given that now, after more than a century, proves Einstein correct. The comparison was de facto possible during his lifetime.
Microbiome-mediated plant disease resistance: recent advances and future directions
Authors: Du Yulin , Han Xiaowei , Tsuda Kenichi 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPlant pathogens cause plant diseases that significantly decrease crop yields, posing a serious threat to global food security. While plant disease resistance has traditionally been understood as the trait determined by the plant innate immune system and the pathogen virulence system, recent research underscores the pivotal role of the plant microbiome in disease resistance. Plant-associated microbiomes confer protection against pathogens through direct pathogen inhibition, resource competition, and activation of plant immune responses. Agricultural practices such as crop rotation, intercropping, disease-resistant breeding, biocontrol, and organic farming modulate plant microbiomes, thereby influencing disease resistance. This review synthesizes the latest advancements in understanding the intricate interactions among plants, pathogens, and microbiomes. We emphasize the need for in-depth mechanistic studies linking agricultural practices to microbiome dynamics and propose future research directions to leverage microbiomes for sustainable agriculture.
Signal-to-noise trade-offs between magnet diameter and shield-to-coil distance for cylindrical Halbach-based portable MRI systems for neuroimaging
Authors: Parsa Javad , Webb Andrew 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the trade-off between magnet bore diameter and the distance between the conductive Faraday shield and RF head coil for low-field point-of-care neuroimaging systems.

Methods
Electromagnetic simulations were performed for three different Faraday shield geometries and two commonly used RF coil designs (spiral and solenoid) to assess the effects of a close-fitting shield on the RF coil's transmit and receive efficiencies. Experimental measurements were performed to confirm the accuracy of the simulations. Parallel simulations were performed to assess the static magnet (

$${B}_{0}$$

B
0

) field as a function of the magnet bore diameter. The obtainable SNR was then calculated as a function of these two related variables.

Results
Simulations of the RF coil characteristics and

$${B}_{1}^{+}$$

B

1

+

transmit efficiencies agreed well with corresponding experimentally determined parameters. Overall, the RF coil transmit efficiency was, as expected, higher when the gap between the shield and coil increased. The calculated intrinsic SNR showed that maximum SNR would be obtained for a cylindrical shield of diameter 310 mm with an inner diameter of the magnet of 320 mm (assuming 10 mm for the gradient coils).

Conclusion
This work presents an overview of the trade-offs in transmit efficiencies for RF coils used for POC MRI neuroimaging as a function of coil-to-shield distance and inner diameter of the Halbach magnet. Results show that there is a relatively shallow optimum between a magnet diameter of 290 and 330 mm, with values falling more than 10% if either smaller or larger magnets are used.
Automated classification of remote sensing satellite images using deep learning based vision transformer
Authors: Adegun Adekanmi , Viriri Serestina , Tapamo Jules-Raymond 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAutomatic classification of remote sensing images using machine learning techniques is challenging due to the complex features of the images. The images are characterized by features such as multi-resolution, heterogeneous appearance and multi-spectral channels. Deep learning methods have achieved promising results in the analysis of remote sensing satellite images in the recent past. However, deep learning methods based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) experience difficulties in the analysis of intrinsic objects from satellite images. These techniques have not achieved optimum performance in the analysis of remote sensing satellite images due to their complex features, such as coarse resolution, cloud masking, varied sizes of embedded objects and appearance. The receptive fields in convolutional operations are not able to establish long-range dependencies and lack global contextual connectivity for effective feature extraction. To address this problem, we propose an improved deep learning-based vision transformer model for the efficient analysis of remote sensing images. The proposed model incorporates a multi-head local self-attention mechanism with patch shifting procedure to provide both local and global context for effective extraction of multi-scale and multi-resolution spatial features of remote sensing images. The proposed model is also enhanced by fine-tuning the hyper-parameters by introducing dropout modules and a decay linear learning rate scheduler. This approach leverages local self-attention for learning and extraction of the complex features in satellite images. Four distinct remote sensing image datasets, namely RSSCN, EuroSat, UC Merced (UCM) and SIRI-WHU, were subjected to experiments and analysis. The results show some improvement in the proposed vision transformer on the CNN-based methods.
Wind Tunnel Experiment on the Footprint of a Block-Arrayed Urban Model in a Neutrally Stratified Boundary Layer
Authors: Jia Hongyuan , Lin Chao , Wang Xiang , Kikumoto Hideki 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis study addresses the need to investigate footprint function features in urban areas and establish a validation database for numerical methods. Concentration and its flux footprints of a block-arrayed urban model were measured in a wind tunnel with a neutrally stratified boundary layer. The velocity and concentration were simultaneously measured by an X-probe hot wire anemometer and a fast-response flame ionization detector to evaluate the vertical flux. Experimental results highlighted the influence of the measurement heights on footprint distributions. Because the sensors were immersed in the roughness sublayer, their footprints showed strong heterogeneity across horizontal positions caused by building configurations. It was found that turbulent flux contributes up to 70% of total flux footprints, emphasizing the importance of accurate turbulent dispersion estimation in numerical methods. Furthermore, measured footprints were compared to those modeled by a widely used analytical method (Kormann and Meixner in Boundary-Layer Meteorol 99:207–224, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1023/ A:1018991015119). The measured footprints extended further along the streamwise direction and their spanwise dispersions were constrained by the rows of blocks, which failed to be reproduced in the analytical method. This indicates the significant effects of building configurations on footprint functions in urban areas.
A Systematic Review of Parents’ Experiences during their Child’s Transition to School
Authors: Morawska Alina , Mitchell Amy E. , Etel Evren , Armstrong Rebecca , McAuliffe Tomomi , Ma Tianyi , McBryde Cathy , Johnston Leanne M. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe transition to school is an important developmental milestone for children and their families and sets the foundation for further educational experiences. There is a paucity of evidence-based interventions to support families during their child’s transition to school. To meet the needs of families during their child’s transition to school, better understanding of parents’ experiences is necessary. This systematic review identified 61 studies which reported on parent experiences of their child’s transition to school, although only a minority of studies explicitly focused on this outcome. Most studies were cross sectional, qualitative and focused on typically developing children. Six themes were identified in a narrative synthesis of the included studies: (1) Parent emotions about the transition to school; (2) Child’s school readiness and adjustment; (3) Parent factors; (4) Positive aspects of transition to school; (5) Practical transition issues; and (6) School partnership and communication. Overarching parent experiences focused on the ecological system within which the transition to school takes place, and we consider the implications for practice based on this framework.
Size-dependency and lattice-discreetness effect on fracture toughness in 2D crystals under antiplanar loading
Authors: Nguyen Thuy , Bonamy Daniel 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFracture toughness is the material property characterizing resistance to failure. Predicting its value from the solid structure at the atomistic scale remains elusive, even in the simplest situations of brittle fracture. We report here numerical simulations of crack propagation in two-dimensional fuse networks of different periodic geometries, which are electrical analogs of bidimensional brittle crystals under antiplanar loading. Fracture energy is determined from Griffith’s analysis of energy balance during crack propagation, and fracture toughness is determined from fits of the displacement fields with Williams’ asymptotic solutions. Significant size dependencies are evidenced in small lattices, with fracture energy and fracture toughness both converging algebraically with system size toward well-defined material-constant values in the limit of infinite system size. The convergence speed depends on the loading conditions and is faster when the symmetry of the considered lattice increases. The material constants at infinity obey Irwin’s relation and properly define the material resistance to failure. Their values are approached up to $$\sim 15\%$$

∼
15
%

using the recent analytical method proposed in Nguyen and Bonamy (Phys Rev Lett 123:205503, 2019). Nevertheless, the deviation remains finite and does not vanish when the system size goes to infinity. We finally show that this deviation is a consequence of the lattice discreetness and decreases when the super-singular terms of Williams’ solutions (absent in a continuum medium but present here due to lattice discreetness) are taken into account.