bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical outcome assessments in neuro-oncology: a regulatory perspective
Authors: Sul Joohee , Kluetz Paul G. , Papadopoulos Elektra J. , Keegan Patricia 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Overall survival, progression-free survival, and to a lesser extent objective response rate, have long been the most widely accepted endpoints used to evaluate clinical benefit in oncology trials. More recently, clinical outcome assessments (COAs) that measure the impact of disease and treatment on patients′ symptoms and function have been recognized as having potential to be an integral component of the risk/benefit analysis of new therapies. Although COAs have been used to evaluate cognitive and physical functioning in neurological diseases, assessing patient-centered outcomes in individuals with malignant brain tumors presents unique challenges. The approach to developing appropriate instruments to measure COAs in neuro-oncology should include identifying areas requiring new tools, reviewing existing tools that may be suitable or adapted for use in clinical trials, and engaging early with regulatory agencies to standardize a set of well-defined and reliable instruments to quantify important patient-centered outcomes.
Breaking Up Sedentary Behavior
Authors: Paxton Raheem J. , Anderson Alexandra , Sarkar Sonali , Taylor Wendell C. 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Limited data exist on the benefits of, barriers to, and potential strategies to break up time spent sitting in cancer survivors. Such data will be meaningful given the consequences of prolonged sitting.

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to conduct a mixed-method research study consisting of semistructured telephone interviews to identify recurrent themes associated with prolonged sitting in cancer survivors.

Methods:
African American breast cancer survivors (N = 31) were recruited from a local tumor registry. Telephone interviews were conducted and group consensus processes were used to identify recurrent themes. The a priori categories were benefits, barriers, and potential strategies to breaking up prolonged periods of sitting.

Results:
Recurrent themes contributing most to prolonged sitting were leisure time interest (45%: eg, watching television and reading) and health challenges (27%: eg, pain and fatigue). Most (66%) women perceived improved health as benefits to breaking up time spent sitting. Nonetheless, many (41%) survivors reported health (eg, pain and fatigue) as the biggest challenge to interrupt time spent sitting. Engaging in light intensity activities (eg, staying active, keep moving) was the most commonly reported strategy for breaking up prolonged sitting.

Conclusions:
African American breast cancer survivors identified the benefits and barriers to breaking up time spent sitting as well as potential strategies to interrupt time-spent sitting.

Implications for Practice:
Clinicians are integral in promoting breaks from prolonged sitting throughout the initial phases of the cancer continuum. Successful studies will begin with early intervention in the clinical setting, with increasing intensity as survivors transition to the recovery phase.
Incorporating animal spatial memory in step selection functions
Authors: Oliveira‐Santos Luiz Gustavo R. , Forester James D. , Piovezan Ubiratan , Tomas Walfrido M. , Fernandez Fernando A. S. 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Memory is among the most important and neglected forces that shapes animal movement patterns. Research on the movement–memory interface is crucial to understand how animals use spatial learning to navigate across space because memory‐based navigation is directly linked to animals' space use and home range behaviour; however, because memory cannot be measured directly, it is difficult to account for.

Here, we incorporated spatial memory into step selection functions (SSF) to understand how resource selection and spatial memory affect space use of feral hogs (Sus scrofa). We used Biased Random Bridge kernel estimates linked to residence time as a surrogate for memory and tested four conceptually different dynamic maps of spatial memory. We applied this memory‐based SSF to a data set of hog relocations to evaluate the importance of land cover type, time of day and spatial memory on the animals' space use.

Our approach has shown how the incorporation of spatial memory into animal movement models can improve estimates of habitat selection. Memory‐based SSF provided a feasible way to gain insight into how animals use spatial learning to guide their movement decisions.

We found that while hogs selected forested areas and water bodies and avoided grasslands during the day (primarily at noon), they had a strong tendency to select previously visited areas, mainly those held in recent memory. Beyond actively updating their memory with recent experiences, hogs were able to discriminate among spatial memories encoded at different circadian phases of their activity. Even though hogs are thought to have long memory retention, they likely relied on recent experiences because the local food resources are quickly depleted and slowly renewed, yielding an uncertain spatial distribution of resources.
Optimizing disturbance management for wildlife protection: the enforcement allocation problem
Authors: Dhanjal‐Adams Kiran L. , Mustin Karen , Possingham Hugh P. , Fuller Richard A. 
Published: December 2015

Summary

To ensure public compliance with regulations designed to protect wildlife, many protected areas need to be patrolled. However, there have been few attempts to determine how to deploy enforcement effort to get the best return on investment. This is particularly complex where repeated enforcement visits may result in diminishing returns on investment. Straightforward quantitative methods to solve such problems are not available to conservation practitioners.

We use structured decision‐making to find the most cost‐effective allocation of patrol effort among sites with a limited budget. We use the case study of declining migratory shorebirds in Moreton Bay, Australia, to determine where and when Marine Park personnel could reduce disturbance using two different scenarios: (i) where a fixed subset of sites is chosen for management each year and (ii) where different sites are visited during each patrol. The goal is to maximize the number of undisturbed birds for a given budget.

We discover that by prioritizing enforcement based on cost‐effectiveness, it is possible to avoid inefficient allocation of resources. Indeed, 90% of the maximum possible benefit can be achieved with only 25% of the total available budget.

Visiting a range of enforcement sites at varying rates yields a greater return on investment than visiting only a fixed number of sites. Assuming an exponential reduction in disturbance from enforcement, the greatest benefit can be achieved by patrolling many sites a small number of times. Assuming a linear reduction in disturbance from enforcement, repeatedly patrolling a small number of sites where return on investment is high is best. If we only prioritize sites where wildlife is disturbed most often, or where abundance is greatest, we will not achieve an optimal solution. The choice of patrol location and frequency is not a trivial problem, and prudent investment can substantially improve conservation outcomes.

Synthesis and applications. Our research demonstrates a straightforward objective method for allocating enforcement effort while accounting for diminishing returns on investment over multiple visits to the same sites. Our method is transferable to many other enforcement problems, and provides solutions that are cost‐effective and easily communicable to managers.
Exploring the meaning of community for older Australians
Authors: Hoyle Melanie , Ryan Carly , Gustafsson Louise 
Published: December 2015

Background/aimAs the population ages, older adults are being encouraged through policy to remain living in their home and community. Occupational therapists are in a position to support individuals to engage in meaningful occupations, acknowledging the influence of personal and environmental factors on community participation. The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning and experience of community for older Australian adults.MethodsA cross‐sectional phenomenological research study design was utilised. Convenience and snowball sampling were used to recruit 32 participants with ages ranging from 65 to 94 years living in the south east region of Queensland, Australia. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted and thematic analysis was used to explore the participants’ responses.ResultsFour final themes were revealed: organised things in the community, community is people, community is what you make of it and the meaning of community is life.ConclusionThe results support that community extends beyond physicality, with personal motivation, the social environment and community involvement identified as important constructs within each of the themes. The findings provide a foundation for future research and occupational therapy practices to support older adults to age in place.
Transformation from student to occupational therapist: Using the Delphi technique to identify the threshold concepts of occupational therapy
Authors: Nicola‐Richmond Kelli M. , Pépin Geneviève , Larkin Helen 
Published: December 2015

Background/aimUnderstanding and facilitating the transformation from occupational therapy student to practitioner is central to the development of competent and work‐ready graduates. However, the pivotal concepts and capabilities that need to be taught and learnt in occupational therapy are not necessarily explicit. The threshold concepts theory of teaching and learning proposes that every discipline has a set of transformational concepts that students must acquire in order to progress. As students acquire the threshold concepts, they develop a transformed way of understanding content related to their course of study which contributes to their developing expertise. The aim of this study was to identify the threshold concepts of occupational therapy.MethodThe Delphi technique, a data collection method that aims to demonstrate consensus in relation to important questions, was used with three groups comprising final year occupational therapy students (n = 11), occupational therapy clinicians (n = 21) and academics teaching occupational therapy (n = 10) in Victoria, Australia.ResultsParticipants reached consensus regarding 10 threshold concepts for the occupational therapy discipline. These are: understanding and applying the models and theories of occupational therapy; occupation; evidence‐based practice; clinical reasoning; discipline specific skills and knowledge; practising in context; a client‐centred approach; the occupational therapist role; reflective practice and; a holistic approach.ConclusionThe threshold concepts identified provide valuable information for the discipline. They can potentially inform the development of competencies for occupational therapy and provide guidance for teaching and learning activities to facilitate the transformation to competent practitioner.
Farnesoid X receptor regulates vasoreactivity via Angiotensin II type 2 receptor and the kallikrein‐kinin system in vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Zhang Ran , Ran Haihong , Peng Liang , Zhang Ying , Shen Wenbin , Sun Ting , Cao Feng , Chen Yundai 
Published: December 2015

SummaryVascular farnesoid X receptor (FXR) ligands have been shown previously to regulate vascular tension. This study investigated whether FXR activation regulates vasoreactivity via the angiotensin II (Ang II) type 2 receptor (AT2R) and the kallikrein‐kinin system in rat aortic vascular endothelial cells (RAECs). Protein abundances of Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), AT2R, bradykinin type 1/2 receptor (B1R, B2R), small heterodimer partner‐1 (SHP‐1) and the endothelial and inducible NO synthases (eNOS/iNOS) were analysed by Western blotting. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyse expression of eNOS and iNOS mRNA. Kallikrein activity and bradykinin content were assayed using spectrophotometry and a bradykinin assay kit, respectively. Aortic vasoconstriction and vasodilation were also investigated following FXR activation in the presence or absence of AT2R and B2R blockade. It was found that the FXR agonists GW4064 and INT‐747, in a dose‐dependent manner, increased the protein abundance of AT2R, B2R and SHP‐1 and decreased that of AT1R. AT2R blockade with PD123319 reversed effects of FXR agonists on kallikrein activity and levels of SHP‐1, B2R and bradykinin. Moreover, it was found that GW4064 and INT‐747 upregulated expression of eNOS and enhanced NOS activity, which attenuated vasoconstriction and induced vasodilation, respectively. These effects were partially reversed by PD123319 and by B2R blockade with HOE140. The current work suggests that FXR regulates vascular tension by controlling the eNOS‐NO system via activation of a pathway mediated by AT2R‐B2R pathway in RAECs.
Routine weighing to reduce excessive antenatal weight gain: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Brownfoot FC , Davey M‐A , Kornman L 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo assess whether routinely weighing women at each antenatal visit leads to a difference in gestational weight gain and weight gain within the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation.DesignA randomised controlled trial.SettingAntenatal clinics in a tertiary obstetric hospital in Melbourne, Australia.PopulationHealthy women were enrolled during their antenatal booking visit if they were between 18 and 45 years of age, were <21 weeks’ gestation with a singleton pregnancy.MethodsThe intervention was weighing at each antenatal clinic appointment followed by counselling by their treating clinician according to IOM gestational weight gain guidelines. The control group had standard antenatal care comprising recording weight at booking and then at 36 weeks. Primary analysis was by intention‐to‐treat.OutcomeThe primary outcome was difference in mean weight gain between groups. An important secondary outcome was gestational weight gain within IOM recommendations. Secondary outcomes also included maternal or neonatal morbidity.ResultsSeven hundred and eighty two women consented to take part and 386 were randomised to the intervention group and 396 to the control group. There was no significant difference in weight gain between the intervention group (0.54 kg/week) compared with the control group (0.53 kg/week) (P = 0.63). A similar proportion of women gained more weight than the IOM recommended range: 75% in the intervention group and 71% in the control group (P = 0.21). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes between the two groups.ConclusionWe found no evidence that regular weighing in antenatal clinics changed weight gain or was effective at reducing excessive gestational weight gain.Tweetable abstractWeighing at antenatal visits compared with routine care did not reduce excessive weight gain in pregnancy.
Development of composite outcomes for individual patient data (IPD) meta‐analysis on the effects of diet and lifestyle in pregnancy: a Delphi survey
Authors: Rogozinska E , D'Amico MI , Khan KS , Cecatti JG , Teede H , Yeo S , Vinter CA , Rayanagoudar G , Barakat R , Perales M , Dodd JM , Devlieger R , Bogaerts A , van Poppel MNM , Haakstad L , Shen GX , Shub A , Luoto R , Kinnunen TI , Phelan S , Poston L , Scudeller TT , El Beltagy N , Stafne SN , Tonstad S , Geiker NRW , Ruifrok AE , Mol BW , Coomarasamy A , Thangaratinam S ,   the International Weight Management in Pregnancy (iWIP) Collaborative Group
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo develop maternal, fetal, and neonatal composite outcomes relevant to the evaluation of diet and lifestyle interventions in pregnancy by individual patient data (IPD) meta‐analysis.DesignDelphi survey.SettingThe International Weight Management in Pregnancy (i–WIP) collaborative network. Sample Twenty‐six researchers from the i–WIP collaborative network from 11 countries.MethodsA two‐generational Delphi survey involving members of the i–WIP collaborative network (26 members in 11 countries) was undertaken to prioritise the individual outcomes for their importance in clinical care. The final components of the composite outcomes were identified using pre‐specified criteria.Main outcome measuresComposite outcomes considered to be important for the evaluation of the effect of diet and lifestyle in pregnancy.ResultsOf the 36 maternal outcomes, nine were prioritised and the following were included in the final composite: pre‐eclampsia or pregnancy‐induced hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), elective or emergency caesarean section, and preterm delivery. Of the 27 fetal and neonatal outcomes, nine were further evaluated, with the final composite consisting of intrauterine death, small for gestational age, large for gestational age, and admission to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).ConclusionsOur work has identified the components of maternal, fetal, and neonatal composite outcomes required for the assessment of diet and lifestyle interventions in pregnancy by IPD meta‐analysis.Tweetable abstractComposite outcomes in IPD meta‐analysis on diet and lifestyle in pregnancy.
The effect of antenatal lifestyle advice for women who are overweight or obese on secondary measures of neonatal body composition: the LIMIT randomised trial
Authors: Dodd JM , Deussen AR , Mohamad I , Rifas‐Shiman SL , Yelland LN , Louise J , McPhee AJ , Grivell RM , Owens JA , Gillman MW , Robinson JS 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of providing antenatal dietary and lifestyle advice on neonatal anthropometry, and to determine the inter‐observer variability in obtaining anthropometric measurements.DesignRandomised controlled trial.SettingPublic maternity hospitals across metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia.PopulationPregnant women with a singleton gestation between 10+0 and 20+0 weeks, and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2.MethodsWomen were randomised to either Lifestyle Advice (comprehensive dietary and lifestyle intervention over the course of pregnancy including dietary, exercise and behavioural strategies, delivered by a research dietician and research assistants) or continued Standard Care. Analyses were conducted using intention‐to‐treat principles.Main outcome measuresSecondary outcome measures for the trial included assessment of infant body composition using body circumference and skinfold thickness measurements (SFTM), percentage body fat, and bio‐impedance analysis of fat‐free mass.ResultsAnthropometric measurements were obtained from 970 neonates (488 Lifestyle Advice Group, and 482 Standard Care Group). In 394 of these neonates (215 Lifestyle Advice Group, and 179 Standard Care Group) bio‐impedance analysis was also obtained. There were no statistically significant differences identified between those neonates born to women receiving Lifestyle Advice and those receiving Standard Care, in terms of body circumference measures, SFTM, percentage body fat, fat mass, or fat‐free mass. The intra‐class correlation coefficient for SFTM was moderate to excellent (0.55–0.88).ConclusionsAmong neonates born to women who are overweight or obese, anthropometric measures of body composition were not modified by an antenatal dietary and lifestyle intervention.Tweetable abstractLifestyle advice in pregnancy does not modify body composition of infants of overweight and obese women.
Term elective induction of labour and perinatal outcomes in obese women: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lee VR , Darney BG , Snowden JM , Main EK , Gilbert W , Chung J , Caughey AB 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo compare perinatal outcomes between elective induction of labour (eIOL) and expectant management in obese women.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingDeliveries in California in 2007.PopulationTerm, singleton, vertex, nonanomalous deliveries among obese women (n = 74 725).MethodsWomen who underwent eIOL at 37 weeks were compared with women who were expectantly managed at that gestational age. Similar comparisons were made at 38, 39, and 40 weeks. Results were stratified by parity. Chi‐square tests and multivariable logistic regression were used for statistical comparison.Main outcome measuresMethod of delivery, severe perineal lacerations, postpartum haemorrhage, chorioamnionitis, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injury, respiratory distress syndrome.ResultsThe odds of caesarean delivery were lower among nulliparous women with eIOL at 37 weeks [odds ratio (OR) 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34–0.90] and 39 weeks (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.63–0.95) compared to expectant management. Among multiparous women with a prior vaginal delivery, eIOL at 37 (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.24–0.64), 38 (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.51–0.82), and 39 weeks (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.56–0.81) was associated with lower odds of caesarean. Additionally, eIOL at 38, 39, and 40 weeks was associated with lower odds of macrosomia. There were no differences in the odds of operative vaginal delivery, lacerations, brachial plexus injury or respiratory distress syndrome.ConclusionsIn obese women, term eIOL may decrease the risk of caesarean delivery, particularly in multiparas, without increasing the risks of other adverse outcomes when compared with expectant management.Tweetable abstractElective induction of labour in obese women does not increase risk of caesarean or other perinatal morbidities.
High occurrence of Pacearchaeota and Woesearchaeota (Archaea superphylum DPANN) in the surface waters of oligotrophic high‐altitude lakes
Authors: Ortiz‐Alvarez Rudiger , Casamayor Emilio O. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryWe carried out a regional survey on the archaea composition from surface waters of > 300 high‐altitude Pyrenean lakes (average altitude 2300 m, pH range 4.4–10.1) by 16S rRNA gene tag sequencing. Relative Archaea abundances ranged between 0% and 6.3% of total prokaryotes amplicons in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mixture, and we detected 769 operational taxonomic units (OTUs; grouped at 97% identity) that split into 13 different lineages, with altitude and pH having a significant effect on the community composition. Woesearchaeota and Pacearchaeota (formerly Euryarchaeota DHVEG‐6 cluster) dominated the data set (83% of total OTUS), showed a high occurrence (presence in c. 75% of the lakes) and had relative abundances significantly and positively correlated with the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities. Micrarchaeota–Diapherotrites (formerly Euryarchaeota MEG cluster), Methanomicrobia, Thermoplasmata and ammonia‐oxidizing thaumarchaeota (AOA) showed relative abundances between 1% and 3% and occurrences between 14% and 26%. Minor lineages were SM1K20, Aenigmarchaeota (formerly Euryarchaeota DSEG cluster), Methanobacteria, Bathyarchaeota and SCG. Environmental preferences substantially differed among lineages, with Aenigmarchaeota and Methanomicrobia having the largest habitat breadth, and Thermoplasmata, AOA and Micrarchaeota having the smallest. Pacearchaeota and Woesearchaeota had been mostly reported from saline habitats and sediments, but surface waters of oligotrophic alpine lakes are suitable environments for such ecologically spread and genetically diverse archaeal lineages.