bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematical Evaluation of Satellite Precipitation Estimates Over Central Asia Using an Improved Error‐Component Procedure
Authors: Guo Hao , Bao Anming , Ndayisaba Felix , Liu Tie , Kurban Alishir , De Maeyer Philippe 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSatellite precipitation estimates (SPEs) provide important alternative precipitation sources for various applications especially for regions where in situ observations are limited or unavailable, like central Asia. In this study, eight SPEs based on four different algorithms, namely, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis 3B42, Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Imagery Using Artificial Neural Networks are evaluated by using an improved evaluation system over central Asia with respect to their performance in capturing precipitation occurrence and magnitude. Both satellite‐only and gauge‐corrected versions are assessed against gauge‐gridded reference from June 2001 to May 2006. Main results show that all SPEs have difficulties in accurately estimating mountainous precipitation with great overestimation/underestimation in both winter and summer. In winter, CMORPH products fail to capture events over ice‐/snow‐covered region. In summer, large overestimations dominated by positive hit bias and missed precipitation are found for all products in northern central Asia. Interestingly, 3B42 and CMORPH products show great false alarm percentages (up to 90%) over lake region, which is more significant in summer than in winter. Significant elevation‐dependent errors exist in all products, especially for the high‐altitude regions (>3,000 m) with missed error and hit error being the two leading errors. Satellite‐only products have large systematic and random errors, while the gauge‐corrected products demonstrate significant improvements in reducing random errors. Generally, the gauge‐corrected GSMaP performs better than others with good skills in reducing various errors.
A Universal Ts‐VI Triangle Method for the Continuous Retrieval of Evaporative Fraction From MODIS Products
Authors: Zhu Wenbin , Jia Shaofeng , Lv Aifeng 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe triangle method based on the spatial relationship between remotely sensed land surface temperature (Ts) and vegetation index (VI) has been widely used for the estimates of evaporative fraction (EF). In the present study, a universal triangle method was proposed by transforming the Ts‐VI feature space from a regional scale to a pixel scale. The retrieval of EF is only related to the boundary conditions at pixel scale, regardless of the Ts‐VI configuration over the spatial domain. The boundary conditions of each pixel are composed of the theoretical dry edge determined by the surface energy balance principle and the wet edge determined by the average air temperature of open water. The universal triangle method was validated using the EF observations collected by the Energy Balance Bowen Ratio systems in the Southern Great Plains of the United States of America (USA). Two parameterization schemes of EF were used to demonstrate their applicability with Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products over the whole year 2004. The results of this study show that the accuracy produced by both of these two parameterization schemes is comparable to that produced by the traditional triangle method, although the universal triangle method seems specifically suited to the parameterization scheme proposed in our previous research. The independence of the universal triangle method from the Ts‐VI feature space makes it possible to conduct a continuous monitoring of evapotranspiration and soil moisture. That is just the ability the traditional triangle method does not possess.
Investigation of Lunar Spinels at Sinus Aestuum
Authors: Weitz Catherine M. , Staid Matthew I. , Gaddis Lisa R. , Besse Sebastian , Sunshine Jessica M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSinus Aestuum is the only known location on the Moon where orbital data have detected Fe‐and/or Cr‐spinel. We analyzed Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) visible to near‐infrared data of the largest and strongest spinel signatures and determined that these locations always correspond to impact craters. M3 spectra show that at least three types of spinels may be present, all of which exhibit a strong and broad absorption at ~2100 nm, and also one of the following: (1) a narrow 700–750 nm absorption, (2) a broad 600–900 nm absorption, or (3) both a weaker 700 nm and stronger 1000 nm absorption. All the spinel detections occur on either larger highland massifs that make up Sinus Aestuum east and west or smaller highland kīpukas and buried highlands within the mare. Almost all of the spinel signatures occur within the mapped pyroclastic dark mantle deposit (DMD). The strong correlation between spinel and DMD distribution on the highlands at Sinus Aestuum is best explained if the spinels were emplaced during the same explosive eruption(s) that deposited the pyroclastics in the Sinus Aestuum DMD. Our observations are most consistent with models of melt‐rock reactions in the anorthositic lunar crust that produce contaminated (high‐Al) regions within a volcanic dike or magmatic reservoir that was capable of erupting pyroclastic glass beads containing pleonaste spinel [Mg,Fe]Al2O4. Over billions of years, this surface layer of spinels and pyroclastics became heterogeneously mixed into and partially buried within the highland regolith where younger impact craters may sometimes expose it.
The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Bagnold Dunes Campaign, Phase I: Overview and introduction to the special issue
Authors: Bridges Nathan T. , Ehlmann Bethany L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe Bagnold dunes in Gale Crater, Mars, are the first active aeolian dune field explored in situ on another planet. The Curiosity rover visited the Bagnold dune field to understand modern winds, aeolian processes, rates, and structures; to determine dune material composition, provenance, and the extent and type of compositional sorting; and to collect knowledge that informs the interpretation of past aeolian processes that are preserved in the Martian sedimentary rock record. The Curiosity rover conducted a coordinated campaign of activities lasting 4 months, interspersed with other rover activities, and employing all of the rover's science instruments and several engineering capabilities. Described in 13 manuscripts and summarized here, the major findings of the Bagnold Dunes Campaign, Phase I, include the following: the characterization of and explanation for a distinctive, meter‐scale size of sinuous aeolian bedform formed in the high kinetic viscosity regime of Mars' thin atmosphere; articulation and evaluation of a grain splash model that successfully explains the occurrence of saltation even at wind speeds below the fluid threshold; determination of the dune sands' basaltic mineralogy and crystal chemistry in comparison with other soils and sedimentary rocks; and characterization of chemically distinctive volatile reservoirs in sand‐sized versus dust‐sized fractions of Mars soil, including two volatile‐bearing types of amorphous phases.
Inclined Zenith Aurora over Kyoto on 17 September 1770: Graphical Evidence of Extreme Magnetic Storm
Authors: Kataoka Ryuho , Iwahashi Kiyomi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRed auroras were observed in Japan during an extreme magnetic storm that occurred on 17 September 1770. We show new evidence that the red aurora extended toward the zenith of Kyoto around midnight. The basic appearance of the historical painting of the red aurora is geometrically reproduced based on the inclination of the local magnetic field and a detailed description in a newly discovered diary. The presence of the inclined zenith aurora over Kyoto suggests that the intensity of the September 1770 magnetic storm is comparable to, or slightly larger than that of the September 1859 Carrington storm.
Marginalized approximate filtering of state‐space models
Authors: Dedecius K. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe marginalized particle filtering (MPF) is a powerful technique reducing the number of particles necessary to effectively estimate hidden states of state‐space models. This paper alleviates the assumption of a fully known and computationally tractable observation model. Exploiting the recent developments in the theory of approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) filtration, an ABC counterpart of MPF is proposed, applicable when the observation model is too complex to be evaluated analytically or even numerically, but it is still possible to sample from it by plugging in the state. The novelty is 2‐fold. First, ABC methods have not been used in marginalized filtering yet. Second, a new multivariate robust method for evaluation of particle weights is proposed. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the idea on the background of the MPF with a particular accent on exposition.
Bottom‐Up Single‐Electron Transistors
Authors: Makarenko Ksenia S. , Liu Zhihua , de Jong Michel P. , Zwanenburg Floris A. , Huskens Jurriaan , van der Wiel Wilfred G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAs the downscaling of conventional semiconductor electronics becomes more and more challenging, the interest in alternative material systems and fabrication methods is growing. A novel bottom‐up approach for the fabrication of high‐quality single‐electron transistors (SETs) that can easily be contacted electrically in a controllable manner is developed. This approach employs the self‐assembly of Au nanoparticles forming the SETs, and Au nanorods forming the leads to macroscopic electrodes, thus bridging the gap between the nano‐ and microscale. Low‐temperature electron‐transport measurements reveal exemplary single‐electron tunneling characteristics. SET behavior can be significantly changed, post‐fabrication, using molecular exchange of the tunnel barriers, demonstrating the tunability of the assemblies. These results form a promising proof of principle for the versatility of bottom‐up nanoelectronics, and toward controlled fabrication of nanoelectronic devices.
Flexible Bimodal Sensor for Simultaneous and Independent Perceiving of Pressure and Temperature Stimuli
Authors: Zhao Shuai , Zhu Rong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSimultaneous bimodal perceiving of pressure and temperature stimuli is widely desired for artificial intelligence electronics, such as electronic skin and health monitoring. In multiparametric sensing, it is a challenge to detect different stimuli independently and expediently without cross coupling. Here, this study reports a pressure–temperature bimodal tactile sensor composed of two sinuous thermosensitive platinum (Pt) ribbons fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate, which is covered by a porous elastomer membrane to provide a handy solution for multimodal detection. By operating two Pt ribbons in a constant temperature difference feedback circuit, the sensor implements simultaneous and independent detections of pressure and temperature stimuli automatically and efficiently. High sensitivity, lower detection limit, high resolution, good stability, and low hysteresis are achieved for dual parametric sensing. The sensor shows competence in health monitoring for bimodal perceiving of wrist pulse and artery temperature simultaneously and independently. The smart sensing design and self‐sustained circuit simplify the bimodal sensor, and thus provide a fast and expedient approach for multimodal sensation applications.
Manipulation of Nonlinear Optical Properties of Graphene Bonded Fiber Devices by Thermally Engineering Fermi–Dirac Distribution
Authors: Li Cheng , Chen Jin‐hui , Wang Wan‐sheng , Wang Tian‐xing , Yan Shao‐cheng , Li Dan‐ran , Xu Fei , Mou Cheng‐bo , Lu Yan‐qing 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGraphene's atomic thickness, gapless Dirac–Fermionic band structure, and large thermal conductivity make it a promising element for applications in photonic integrated devices. Importantly, actively tunable graphene‐waveguide‐integrated optoelectronic devices can potentially be utilized for the realization of reconfigurable photonic systems. Since electrical device control is always preferred, researchers have previously demonstrated gate‐variable graphene devices; however, electrical control remains challenging, particularly in all‐fiber systems because of the required complicated configuration and fabrication techniques along with additional signal loss. Here, a graphene‐fiber‐integrated platform is proposed and the manipulation of its nonlinear optical properties is demonstrated by engineering the Fermi–Dirac distribution of graphene based on a convenient electric heating method. For the first time, it is experimentally shown that the nonlinear optical absorption of graphene is correlated to temperature via the thermal relaxation process. In the experiments, the modulation depth variation exceeds 60%. The configuration is simple, cost‐effective, and can be readily extended to other 2D materials. It is believed that this work can contribute to building miniature and compact graphene‐fiber‐integrated devices for actively tunable multifunctional applications.
Orthogonal Multiplexed Luminescence Encoding with Near‐Infrared Rechargeable Upconverting Persistent Luminescence Composites
Authors: Hu Lidan , Fan Yong , Liu Lu , Li Xiaomin , Zhao Baozhou , Wang Rui , Wang Peiyuan , El‐Toni Ahmed Mohamed , Zhang Fan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe orthogonal luminescence encoding technique is developed for the first time based on a novel near‐infrared (NIR) rechargeable upconverting persistent luminescence (UCPL) composites. The orthogonal encoding signals with multicolor upconversion emission and long persistent phosphorescence can be activated and work independently in the presence and absence of 980 nm excitation. The orthogonal encoding technique allows for a marked increase in the coding capacity compared with conventional luminescence encoding strategies. This strategy can offer a greatly increased coding capacity with less naked‐eye certifiable colors to decrease the decoding error rate induced by the chromatic aberration of the similar colors, which can be effectively decoded by the portable charge‐coupled device. In addition, the obtained NIR rechargeable UCPL materials show great potential applications for anticounterfeiting, rewriteable data encryption and decryption, zero‐background bioimaging, and noninvasive photo‐biostimulation, etc.
A Deoxygenative [4+1] Annulation Involving N‐Acyldiazenes for an Efficient Synthesis of 2,2,5‐Trisubstituted 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives
Authors: Zhou Rong , Han Ling , Zhang Honghui , Liu Rongfang , Li Ruifeng 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAn unprecedented and highly efficient tris(dimethylamino)phosphine [P(NMe2)3]‐mediated deoxygenative [4 + 1] annulation of N‐acyldiazenes with α‐dicarbonyl compounds such as isatins, α‐keto esters, and α‐diketones is reported. The annulation reactions proceed smoothly under mild conditions to deliver a broad range of 2,2,5‐trisubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives in moderate to excellent yields from readily available starting materials. It represents the first realization of the [4+1] annulation mode involving N‐acyldiazenes to construct five‐membered heterocycles.magnified image
Copper‐Mediated Thiolation of Unactivated Heteroaryl C−H Bonds with Disulfides under Ligand‐ and Metal‐Oxidant‐Free Conditions
Authors: Li Ya , Liu Yue‐Jin , Shi Bing‐Feng 
Published: September 2017

AbstractVarious sulfenylated heteroarenes were synthesized by a copper‐mediated C−H thiolation, which was assisted by a 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)isopropylamine (PIP‐amine) directing group. The reaction features a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, ligand‐ and metal‐oxidant‐free conditions, exceptional compatibility with aliphatic disulfides, and excellent yields, providing a highly efficient approach to the biologically important sulfenylated heteroarenes.magnified image
Progress in High‐Voltage Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: You Ya , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRoom‐temperature rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries are considered as a promising alternative technology for grid and other storage applications due to their competitive cost benefit and sustainable resource supply, triumphing other battery systems on the market. To facilitate the practical realization of the sodium‐ion technology, the energy density of sodium‐ion batteries needs to be boosted to the level of current commercial Li‐ion batteries. An effective approach would be to elevate the operating voltage of the battery, which requires the use of electrochemically stable cathode materials with high voltage versus Na+/Na. This review summarizes the recent progress with the emerging high‐voltage cathode materials for room‐temperature sodium‐ion batteries, which include layered transitional‐metal oxides, Na‐rich materials, and polyanion compounds. The key challenges and corresponding strategies for these materials are also discussed, with an emphasis placed on the intrinsic structural properties, Na storage electrochemistry, and the voltage variation tendency with respect to the redox reactions. The insights presented in this article can serve as a guide for improving the energy densities of room‐temperature Na‐ion batteries.
Rape Myth Acceptance in Sexually Assaulted Adolescents' School Contexts: Associations with Depressed Mood and Alcohol Use
Authors: Dworkin Emily R. , Sessarego Stephanie N. , Pittenger Samantha L. , Edwards Katie M. , Banyard Victoria L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHigh school students exposed to sexual assault (SA) are at risk for negative outcomes like depressed mood and high‐risk drinking. Although evidence suggests that both social contexts and internalized stigma can affect recovery from SA, no research to date has directly examined the presence of stigma in social contexts such as high schools as a correlate of adjustment after SA. In this study, the self‐reported rape myth acceptance (RMA) of 3080 students from 97 grade cohorts in 25 high schools was used to calculate grade‐mean and school‐mean RMA, which was entered into multilevel models predicting depressed mood and alcohol use among N = 263 SA survivors within those schools. Two forms of RMA were assessed (i.e., rape denial and traditional gender expectations). Results indicate that higher grade‐mean rape denial was associated with higher risk for depressed mood among high school boys and girls exposed to SA, and higher grade‐mean traditional gender expectations were associated with higher risk for alcohol use among girls exposed to SA. Survivors' own RMA and school‐level RMA were not significantly associated with their depressed mood or alcohol use. Although causality cannot be concluded, these findings suggest that interventions that reduce stigma in social contexts should be explored further as a strategy to improve well‐being among high‐school‐aged survivors of SA.
“But We Want to Work”: The Movement of Child Workers in Peru and the Actions for Reducing Child Labor
Authors: Maya Jariego Isidro 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe program Edúcame Primero (Educate Me First) is an evidence‐based practice for eradicating child labor that has been applied with positive results in Colombia, Peru, and several Central American countries. In this article, we describe the difficulties of implementing the program in two poor areas of Lima (Peru) between 2014 and 2016. Specifically, we discuss three ethical challenges faced during the implementation of the program: (a) the existence of a movement of working children that defends the right of children to work; (b) the polarization of some community‐based associations and government institutions on how to deal with the problems of working children; and (c) the use of network indicators in the evaluation of the community's level of cohesion. Taking the Code of Ethics of the General Council of Associations of Psychologists in Spain as a guide, we adopted a consensus approach in planning and research design, combining different criteria of value with the participation of different stakeholders. The implementation of the program in Peru gave preference to developing skills in children over changing attitudes in relation to child protection, although the intervention openly declared its aims when engaging institutions and families. Finally, we address how social network research places special ethical demands on conventional ethical standards. Our experience with this project shows the importance of acting as a bridge between different stakeholders and assessing how all of them benefit from the intervention.
Dendritic spines provide cognitive resilience against Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Boros Benjamin D. , Greathouse Kelsey M. , Gentry Erik G. , Curtis Kendall A. , Birchall Elizabeth L. , Gearing Marla , Herskowitz Jeremy H. 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveNeuroimaging and other biomarker assays suggest that the pathological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) begin years prior to clinical dementia onset. However, some 30 to 50% of older individuals who harbor AD pathology do not become symptomatic in their lifetime. It is hypothesized that such individuals exhibit cognitive resilience that protects against AD dementia. We hypothesized that in cases with AD pathology, structural changes in dendritic spines would distinguish individuals who had or did not have clinical dementia.MethodsWe compared dendritic spines within layer II and III pyramidal neuron dendrites in Brodmann area 46 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using the Golgi–Cox technique in 12 age‐matched pathology‐free controls, 8 controls with AD pathology (CAD), and 21 AD cases. We used highly optimized methods to trace impregnated dendrites from bright‐field microscopy images that enabled accurate 3‐dimensional digital reconstruction of dendritic structure for morphologic analyses.ResultsSpine density was similar among control and CAD cases but was reduced significantly in AD. Thin and mushroom spines were reduced significantly in AD compared to CAD brains, whereas stubby spine density was decreased significantly in CAD and AD compared to controls. Increased spine extent distinguished CAD cases from controls and AD. Linear regression analysis of all cases indicated that spine density was not associated with neuritic plaque score but did display negative correlation with Braak staging.InterpretationThese observations provide cellular evidence to support the hypothesis that dendritic spine plasticity is a mechanism of cognitive resilience that protects older individuals with AD pathology from developing dementia. Ann Neurol 2017;82:602–614
Catalytic Enantioselective Double Carbopalladation/C−H Functionalization with Statistical Amplification of Product Enantiopurity: A Convertible Linker Approach
Authors: Tong Shuo , Limouni Aurore , Wang Qian , Wang Mei‐Xiang , Zhu Jieping 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCombining a catalytic enantioselective reaction with dimerization in a single operation is an efficient way to upgrade the enantiomeric excesses (ee) of the product. Palladium‐catalyzed reaction of N‐(2‐iodophenyl)‐N‐methyl methacrylamide derivatives with oxadiazole afforded, by a double enantioselective carbopalladation/intermolecular heteroarene C−H alkylation sequence, homodimers in good yields with excellent ee values. The dimer was subsequently elaborated to the monomer in which the linker (oxadiazole) was incorporated into the target product.