bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse drug reactions of systemic antihistamines in children in the Netherlands
Authors: de Vries Tjalling W , van Hunsel Florence 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundAntihistamines are used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, chronic spontaneous urticaria and atopic eczema.ObjectiveTo study the reports of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in children using antihistamines to provide prescribers with an overview of the possible toxicity.DesignWe studied ADRs in children reported to the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb in the years 1991–2014, assessed the Naranjo score and, when possible, computed the reporting OR.ResultsSerious ADRs included one death (malignant neuroleptic syndrome), cardiac arrhythmia (one case) and convulsions (three cases). Skin eruptions, headache and somnolence were the most frequently reported ADRs. Aggression and agitation were also reported.ConclusionsToxicity can occur with second-generation antihistamines. The main toxicity relates to skin eruptions and central nervous system problems.
Data for development in health: a case study and monitoring framework from Kazakhstan
Authors: Obermann Konrad , Chanturidze Tata , Richardson Erica , Tanirbergenov Serik , Shoranov Marat , Nurgozhaev Ali 
Published: April 2016

Healthcare reforms are often not coupled with a relevant and appropriate monitoring framework, leaving policymakers and the public without evidence about the implications of such reforms.Kazakhstan has embarked on a large-scale reform of its healthcare system in order to achieve Universal Health Coverage. The health-related 2020 Strategic Development Goals reflect this political ambition. In a case-study approach and on the basis of published and unpublished evidence as well as personal involvement and experience (A) the indicators in the 2020 Strategic Development Goals were assessed and (B) a ‘data-mapping’ exercise was conducted, where the WHO health system framework was used to describe the data available at present in Kazakhstan and comment on the different indicators regarding their usefulness for monitoring the current health-related 2020 Strategic Development Goals in Kazakhstan.It was concluded that the country’s current monitoring framework needs further development to track the progress and outcomes of policy implementation. The application of a modified WHO/World Bank/Global Fund health system monitoring framework was suggested to examine the implications of recent health sector reforms. Lessons drawn from the Kazakhstan experience on tailoring the suggested framework, collecting the data, and using the generated intelligence in policy development and decision-making can serve as a useful example for other middle-income countries, potentially enabling them to fast-track developments in the health sector.
Support of public–private partnerships in health promotion and conflicts of interest
Authors: Hernandez-Aguado Ildefonso , Zaragoza G A 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesPublic–private partnerships (PPPs) are considered key elements in the development of effective health promotion. However, there is little research to back the enthusiasm for these partnerships. Our objective was to describe the diversity of visions on PPPs and to assess the links between the authors and corporations engaged in such ventures.MethodsWe reviewed the scientific literature through PubMed in order to select all articles that expressed a position or recommendation on governments and industries engaging in PPPs for health promotion. We included any opinion paper that considered agreements between governments and corporations to develop health promotion. Papers that dealt with healthcare provision or clinical preventive services and those related to tobacco industries were excluded. We classified the articles according to the authors' position regarding PPPs: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. We related the type of recommendation to authors' features such as institution and conflicts of interest. We also recorded whether the recommendations were based on previous assessments.ResultsOf 46 papers analysed, 21 articles (45.6%) stated that PPPs are helpful in promoting health, 1 was neutral and 24 (52.1%) were against such collaborations. 26 papers (57%) set out conditions to assure positive outcomes of the partnerships. Evidence for or against PPPs was mentioned in 11 papers that were critical or neutral (44%) but not in any of those that advocated collaboration. Where conflicts were declared (26 papers), absence of conflicts was more frequent in critics than in supporters (86% vs 17%).ConclusionsAlthough there is a lack of evidence to support PPPs for health promotion, many authors endorse this approach. The prevalence of ideas encouraging PPPs can affect the intellectual environment and influence policy decisions. Public health researchers and professionals must make a contribution in properly framing the PPP issue.
Disaster anxiety and self-assistance behaviours among persons with cervical cord injury in Japan: a qualitative study
Authors: Takahashi Kyo , Kitamura Yayoi 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesPersons with disabilities, especially those with a severe disability, have a vague anxiety about future disasters; however, the measures of self-assistance for disaster preparedness have not been standardised. The present study aimed to describe disaster-related anxiety and behaviours related to disaster preparedness among persons who have cervical cord injury in Japan.DesignQualitative study.SettingTokyo Metropolitan area, Japan.Participants16 persons with cervical cord injury participated. Inclusion criteria were being 20 years old and older, being diagnosed with cervical cord injury, being able to communicate verbally, having an interest in disaster preparedness, and belonging to a self-help group of persons with cervical cord injury in the Tokyo Metropolitan area.ResultsParticipants usually had ‘anxiety about health management’ and it became more serious once they thought about a disaster. We identified three themes in relation to their anxiety: ‘storing needed items,’ ‘staying in a safe place’ and ‘having reliable caregivers.’ We also identified three other themes that were the reasons behind these themes: ‘travel experiences,’ ‘experiences of failure’ and ‘information from peers.’ConclusionsTo buffer the anxiety about health management in a disaster, it would be important for persons with cervical cord injury to store needed items, stay in a safe place and have reliable caregivers. Various daily experiences, including experiences of failure, would encourage such behaviours.
Less than full-time training in surgery: a cross-sectional study evaluating the accessibility and experiences of flexible training in the surgical trainee workforce
Authors: Harries Rhiannon L , Gokani Vimal J , Smitham Peter , Fitzgerald J Edward F 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesGenerational changes in lifestyle expectations, working environments and the feminisation of the medical workforce have seen an increased demand in postgraduate less than full-time training (LTFT). Despite this, concerns remain regarding access to, and information about, flexible training for surgeons. This study aimed to assess the opinions and experiences of LTFT for surgical trainees.DesignProspective, questionnaire-based cross-sectional study.Setting/participantsAn electronic, self-administered questionnaire was distributed in the UK and Republic of Ireland through mailing lists via the Association of Surgeons in Training and British Orthopedic Trainee Association.ResultsOverall, 876 completed responses were received, representing all grades of trainee across all 10 surgical specialties. Median age was 33 years and 63.4% were female. Of those who had undertaken LTFT, 92.5% (148/160) were female. Most worked 60% of a full-time post (86/160, 53.8%). The reasons for either choosing or considering LTFT were childrearing (82.7%), caring for a dependent (12.6%) and sporting commitments (6.8%). Males were less likely to list childrearing than females (64.9% vs 87.6%; p<0.0001). Only 38% (60/160) found the application process easy and 53.8% (86/160) experienced undermining behaviour from workplace staff as a result of undertaking LTFT. Of all respondents, an additional 53.7% (385/716) would consider LTFT in future; 27.5% of which were male (106/385). Overall, only 9.9% of all respondents rated current LTFT information as adequate. Common sources of information were other trainees (47.3%), educational supervisors (20.6%) and local postgraduate school website (19.5%).ConclusionsOver half of surgical trainees working LTFT have experienced undermining behaviour as a result of their LTFT. Despite a reported need for LTFT in both genders, this remains difficult to organise, access to useful information is poor and negative attitudes among staff remain. Recommendations are made to provide improved support and information for those wishing to pursue LTFT.
Long term experience using the ADAPT technique for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Vargas Jan , Spiotta Alejandro , Fargen Kyle , Turner Raymond , Chaudry Imran , Turk Aquilla 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionThe direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) has been introduced as a simple and fast method for achieving good angiographic and clinical outcomes using large bore aspiration catheters for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We present a single center's long term experience with ADAPT.MethodsRetrospective analysis of a database was gathered on patients undergoing stroke thrombectomy with ADAPT at a stroke center. Speciﬁc parameters captured included age, gender, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at presentation, time to presentation from last normal, and modiﬁed Rankin Scale (mRS) score at the 90 day follow-up. Radiological and angiographic imaging was reviewed to document the location of the vascular occlusion, Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) ﬂow postprocedure, and procedural complications.Results191 consecutive patients who suffered an AIS treated with ADAPT were reviewed; 91 were women, and mean age was 67 years. Patients presented with a mean NIHSS score of 15.4, and 71 patients received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. The average time from onset to puncture was 7.8 h. The average time for recanalization was 37.3 min. TICI 2B or better recanalization was achieved in 180 (94.2%) patients. 98 (54.1%) patients had an mRS of 0–2 at 90 days. Direct aspiration alone was performed in 145 cases, and 43 cases required the additional use of a stent retriever. There was no significant difference in presenting NIHSS score, average time to presentation, average mRS at 90 days, or 90 day mortality between the two groups. Time to recanalization was 29.6 min for direct aspiration compared with 61.4 min in cases that required adjunct devices (p=0.00000201). 79 (57.7%) patients who underwent direct aspiration only achieved a good outcome at 90 days (mRS 0–2) compared with 19 (43.2%) who underwent adjunct therapies (p=0.12).ConclusionsADAPT is an effective method to achieve good clinical and angiographic outcomes, and serves as a useful firstline method for revascularization.
The natural progression of VGAMs and the need for urgent medical attention: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yan Jun , Gopaul Roodrajeetsing , Wen Jing , Li Xi-sheng , Tang Jing-feng 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundVein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAMs) are congenital disorders that may require emergency treatment and some may cause sudden death before medical attention is provided. Some patients also have a spontaneous thrombosis.ObjectiveTo understand the natural progression of VGAMs through a systematic literature review.MethodsWe examined PubMed to identify studies published between July 1973 and March 2015. We determined the proportion of patients with VGAM who died before receiving medical attention, who received emergency treatment, or had a spontaneous thrombosis. We pooled estimates of proportions with corresponding 95% CIs calculated using the raw (ie, untransformed) proportions.ResultsThe 31 studies obtained described the outcome of 754 patients with VGAM. The probability of sudden death risk was 4% (95% CI 1% to 7%; I2=51.6%); of an emergency operation was 46% (95% CI 34% to 58%; I2=93.2%); and of spontaneous thromboses 1% (95% CI 0% to 2%; I2=0%) of cases. Differences between age and clinical outcomes of patients with spontaneous thromboses were significant according to the rank test (Mann–Whitney U test, Z=−2.398, p=0.016), both having a linear correlation (χ2test, p=0.022).ConclusionsOver time, the rate of preoperative sudden death in patients with VGAM gradually declined and the rate of emergency operations gradually increased. The outcome of patients with early spontaneous thromboses was good. Our study provides a definitive description of the natural progression of VGAMs and the need for urgent medical attention.
Characterization of the variation in the daily excretion of faecal constituents and digestibility predictions in beef cattle fed feedlot diets using near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Jancewicz L.J. , Penner G.B. , Swift M.L. , McKinnon J.J. , Waldner C.L. , McAllister T.A. 
Published: April 2016

Six heifers were individually housed and assigned to once (FF1) or twice (FF2) daily feeding regimes over backgrounding and finishing periods. Following adaptation, total faecal collections were conducted at 4-h intervals and at 24-h intervals over 4 d, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to predict faecal organic matter (OM), starch, nitrogen (N), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). At each interval, NIRS calibrations were used to estimate faecal constituents and ADL to calculate apparent (aTTD) and estimated (eTTD) total tract digestibility. Faecal dry matter (DM) (%), NDF, and ADF varied among 4-h interval samples in the backgrounding period and faecal DM, starch, NDF, ADF, and ADL in the finishing period. Faecal starch was able to predict aTTD during both feeding periods (backgrounding: R2 = 0.96, P < 0.01; finishing: R2 = 0.98, P < 0.01). The NIRS calibrations for predicting aTTD using the 4-h interval samples or the 4-d–24-h composite were least accurate for NDF and ADF. Most 4-h interval samples could be used to predict eTTD of nutrients, and aside from starch in the finishing period, there were no differences in eTTD using faecal samples collected over 4-h intervals versus those collected over 4 d. Spot faecal samples collected at any time point from multiple cattle have the potential to predict digestibility. Timing of sampling after feeding must be standardized to predict starch digestibility during the finishing period, with samples between 0–4 h and 8–16 h generating estimates of both starch concentration and digestibility that were closest to that derived from 4-d–24-h composite samples.
Glyphosate resistant soybean injury from 2,4-D spray tank contamination
Authors: Soltani Nader , Nurse Robert E. , Sikkema Peter H. 
Published: April 2016

Eight trials were conducted during 2012–2014 to determine the response of non-2,4-D resistant soybean to 2,4-D tank contamination at 2.1–168 g a.e. ha−1. The predicted dose of 2,4-D to reduce yield 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% or 50% was 4.5, 22, 46, 97, and >168 g a.e. ha−1, respectively.
Parallel In Vivo Assessment of Drug Phenotypes at Various Time Points during Systemic BRAF Inhibition Reveals Tumor Adaptation and Altered Treatment Vulnerabilities
Authors: Jonas Oliver , Oudin Madeleine J. , Kosciuk Tatsiana , Whitman Matthew , Gertler Frank B. , Cima Michael J. , Flaherty Keith T. , Langer Robert 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Treatment of BRAF-mutated melanoma tumors with BRAF inhibitor–based therapy produces high response rates, but of limited duration in the vast majority of patients. Published investigations of resistance mechanisms suggest numerous examples of tumor adaptation and signal transduction bypass mechanisms, but without insight into biomarkers that would predict which mechanism will predominate. Monitoring phenotypic response of multiple adaptive mechanisms simultaneously within the same tumor as it adapts during treatment has been elusive.
Experimental Design: This study reports on a method to provide a more complete understanding of adaptive tumor responses. We simultaneously measured in vivo antitumor activity of 12 classes of inhibitors, which are suspected of enabling adaptive escape mechanisms, at various time points during systemic BRAF inhibition. We used implantable microdevices to release multiple compounds into distinct regions of a tumor to measure the efficacy of each compound independently and repeated these measurements as tumors progressed on systemic BRAF treatment.
Results: We observed varying phenotypic responses to specific inhibitors before, during, and after prolonged systemic treatment with BRAF inhibitors. Our results specifically identify PI3K, PDGFR, EGFR, and HDAC inhibitors as becoming significantly more efficacious during systemic BRAF inhibition. The sensitivity to other targeted inhibitors remained mostly unchanged, whereas local incremental sensitivity to PLX4720 declined sharply.
Conclusions: These findings suggest redundancy of several resistance mechanisms and may help identify optimal constituents of more effective combination therapy in BRAF-mutant melanoma. They also represent a new paradigm for dynamic measurement of adaptive signaling mechanisms within the same tumor during therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6031–8. ©2016 AACR.
Transcriptional Profiling of Foam Cells Reveals Induction of Guanylate‐Binding Proteins Following Western Diet Acceleration of Atherosclerosis in the Absence of Global Changes in Inflammation
Authors: Goo Young‐Hwa , Son Se‐Hee , Yechoor Vijay K. , Paul Antoni 
Published: April 2016

Background
Foam cells are central to two major pathogenic processes in atherogenesis: cholesterol buildup in arteries and inflammation. The main underlying cause of cholesterol deposition in arteries is hypercholesterolemia. This study aimed to assess, in vivo, whether elevated plasma cholesterol also alters the inflammatory balance of foam cells.

Methods and Results

Apolipoprotein E–deficient mice were fed regular mouse chow through the study or were switched to a Western‐type diet (
WD
) 2 or 14 weeks before death. Consecutive sections of the aortic sinus were used for lesion quantification or to isolate
RNA
from foam cells by laser‐capture microdissection (
LCM
) for microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses.
WD
feeding for 2 or 14 weeks significantly increased plasma cholesterol, but the size of atherosclerotic lesions increased only in the 14‐week
WD
group. Expression of more genes was affected in foam cells of mice under prolonged hypercholesterolemia than in mice fed
WD
for 2 weeks. However, most transcripts coding for inflammatory mediators remained unchanged in both
WD
groups. Among the main players in inflammatory or immune responses, chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 13 was induced in foam cells of mice under
WD
for 2 weeks. The interferon‐inducible
GTP
ases, guanylate‐binding proteins (
GBP
)3 and
GBP
6, were induced in the 14‐week
WD
group, and other
GBP
family members were moderately increased.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that acceleration of atherosclerosis by hypercholesterolemia is not linked to global changes in the inflammatory balance of foam cells. However, induction of
GBP
s uncovers a novel family of immune modulators with a potential role in atherogenesis.
Idealized Tropical Cyclone Responses to the Height and Depth of Environmental Vertical Wind Shear
Authors: Finocchio Peter M. , Majumdar Sharanya J. , Nolan David S. , Iskandarani Mohamed 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Three sets of idealized, cloud-resolving simulations are performed to investigate the sensitivity of tropical cyclone (TC) structure and intensity to the height and depth of environmental vertical wind shear. In the first two sets of simulations, shear height and depth are varied independently; in the third set, orthogonal polynomial expansions are used to facilitate a joint sensitivity analysis. Despite all simulations having the same westerly deep-layer (200–850 hPa) shear of 10 m s−1, different intensity and structural evolutions are observed, suggesting the deep-layer shear alone may not be sufficient for understanding or predicting the impact of vertical wind shear on TCs. In general, vertical wind shear that is shallower and lower in the troposphere is more destructive to model TCs because it tilts the TC vortex farther into the downshear-left quadrant. The vortices that tilt the most are unable to precess upshear and realign, resulting in their failure to intensify. Shear height appears to modulate this tilt response by modifying the thermodynamic environment above the developing vortex early in the simulations, while shear depth modulates the tilt response by controlling the vertical extent of the convective vortex. It is also found that TC intensity predictability is reduced in a narrow range of shear heights and depths. This result underscores the importance of accurately observing the large-scale environmental flow for improving TC intensity forecasts, and for anticipating when such forecasts are likely to have large errors.
Experiences of university students disclosing epilepsy to peers: ‘It's a shared thing now’
Authors: Sheridan Karen , Salmon Nancy , O'Connell Nicole 
Published: April 2016

Introduction While disclosure of concealable conditions like epilepsy can create social support, it may cause relationships to disintegrate. Friendship in young adulthood is pivotal in the transition to emotional autonomy, yet little is known about peer disclosure by university students with epilepsy. This qualitative study aimed to map key features in the process of epilepsy disclosure. Method Semi-structured interviews were completed with eight young adults (aged 18–25 years) with epilepsy enrolled in or recently graduated from Irish universities. Findings Thematic analysis yielded four main themes: (1) Assessing the disclosure recipient; (2) Managing the presentation of epilepsy; (3) Forging alliances; and (4) Feeling more positive. The process of disclosure centred on enlisting the support of allies deemed trustworthy by participants. Disclosure messages presented epilepsy neutrally to bolster allies' commitment to the role. Although participants viewed disclosure as beneficial to wellbeing, concern was expressed about acquiring a stigmatised social identity. Conclusion Occupational therapists are well placed to support young adults through the process of disclosure. Promoting a positive collective identity through peer mentorship promises to disrupt stigma. More broadly, partnerships between occupational therapists and epilepsy organisations or disability support services in third level education could establish an academic culture where supports are readily available to people with concealable illnesses.