bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preprocedural Leucocyte Count Predicts Risk in Patients with Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion
Authors: Gebhard Catherine , Toma Aurel , Min Zhao , Stähli Barbara , Mashayekhi Kambis , Gick Michael , Ferenc Miroslaw , Büttner Heinz , Neumann Franz-Josef 
Published: December 2017

Background As technologies of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for coronary chronic total occlusions (CTO) have improved, great uncertainty exists regarding patient selection and long-term benefit of CTO-PCI. Given that white blood cell (WBC) count has been associated with cardiovascular risk, we hypothesized that the latter might provide incremental prognostic value in patients undergoing CTO-PCI.
Methods and Results Our study population consisted of 1,262 consecutive patients (76.3% males, mean age of 67.7 ± 10.3 years) who underwent elective PCI at our centre between January 2002 and December 2008. Four hundred seventy-five patients had at least one CTO, while 787 patients with non-occlusive coronary lesions served as controls. Baseline WBC count was higher in CTO patients as compared with controls (8,072 ± 3,459/μL vs. 7,469 ± 2,668/μL, p = 0.001) and independently predicted the occurrence of a CTO lesion (odds ratio: 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–2.4; p < 0.001). After a median follow-up of 3.1 years (interquartile range: 2.1–4.2 years), CTO patients with WBC counts ranging in the highest tertile had significantly worse outcomes than CTO patients with lower WBC counts (log-rank = 0.009 for all-cause mortality and log-rank = 0.01 for major adverse cardiac events). These associations were not seen in controls. Accordingly, elevated WBC count was identified as a significant predictor for all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 3.1; 95% CI: 1.6–6.2; p = 0.001) in CTO patients but not in patients with non-occlusive coronary artery disease (p
int = 0.088).
Conclusion Assessment of the inflammatory status of CTO patients may be an important element in selecting CTO patients at low risk who may be referred to CTO-PCI.
Anuros del norte de los andes: patrones de riqueza de especies y estado de conservación
Authors: Armesto Luis Orlando , Señaris Josefa Celsa 
Published: December 2017

Knowledge of Andean anurans is constantly increasing; for this reason, it needs an update. We reviewed scientific literature and museum records to determine the species richness of anurans in the northern Andes and their conservation status based on the IUCN categories. The northern Andes harbor 740 species of anurans, belonging to 13 families and 63 genera. The family with the highest species number was Craugastoridae (334 spp.), followed by Bufonidae (92 spp.), and Centrolenidae (81 spp.). The Cordillera Central of Colombia harbors the highest species richness (199 spp.), while the Cordillera de la Costa Oriental de Venezuela contains the lowest species number (17 spp.). Most species (74%) is endemic to the northern Andes, but no family is endemic to the northern Andes. About 50% species is threatened and 20% is included in the category of deficient data. The species richness patterns in northern Andes might be caused, among other reasons, by historical factors, but also result of sampling lack in some areas.
Frequency-based brain networks: From a multiplex framework to a full multilayer description
Authors: Buldú Javier M. , Porter Mason A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
We explore how to study dynamical interactions between brain regions by using functional multilayer networks whose layers represent different frequency bands at which a brain operates. Specifically, we investigate the consequences of considering the brain as (i) a multilayer network, in which all brain regions can interact with each other at different frequency bands; and as (ii) a multiplex network, in which interactions between different frequency bands are allowed only within each brain region and not between them. We study the second-smallest eigenvalue λ2 of the combinatorial supra-Laplacian matrix of both the multiplex and multilayer networks, as λ2 has been used previously as an indicator of network synchronizability and as a biomarker for several brain diseases. We show that the heterogeneity of interlayer edge weights and, especially, the fraction of missing edges crucially modify the value of λ2, and we illustrate our results with both synthetic network models and real data obtained from resting-state magnetoencephalography. Our work highlights the differences between using a multiplex approach and a full multilayer approach when studying frequency-based multilayer brain networks.
Eastern Myths for Western Lies
Authors: Lardinois André 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
That the great cultures of the Near East influenced Mycenaean and Archaic Greek culture has been amply demonstrated by the archaeological record. But did this influence extend to Greek literature? And was it recognized by the ancient Greeks themselves? In this paper I answer these two questions in the affirmative after examining two passages from Homer’s Iliad: Hera’s identification of Oceanus and Tethys as the parents of the gods (14.201) and Poseidon’s account of the division of the world through lot (15.189-193).The analysis of these passages is preceded by a methodological section on how literary parallels between these cultures can be evaluated.
Noordmans on Trinity, History and Church
Authors: Bouter Eric E. 
Published: December 2017

Without a doubt, the Dutch minister O. Noordmans was one of the precursors of the twentieth-century renaissance in a theology of the Trinity. In this article I examine Noordmans’ theology of Trinity and the related theology of history. I attempt to locate Noordmans’ position in the theological tradition by means of a comparison with Augustine and Bonaventure. Noordmans’ theology of Trinity has a trinitarian-pneumatic character and intends to stir up eschatological longings. It clears the way for God to speak anew through his Spirit and it brings about a historical consciousness in the confession. In spite of its stress on the Spirit, Noordmans’ theology is Christ-centered. But the church, which was previously a union in caritas, has had to pay the price for this concentration on the Spirit. In Noordmans’ theology the church is a broken figure.
Free relatives in Maltese
Authors: Sadler Louisa , Camilleri Maris 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This paper makes a contribution to our understanding of free relative clauses (frcs) in Maltese, in particular so-called plain, standard or non -ever free relative clauses. We demonstrate that such frcs are interpreted as definites, consistent with the findings in much previous literature on other languages. However, we also show that Maltese has not one but two strategies for plain (realis or definite) frcs: alongside frcs formed using a wh-word we also find frcs introduced by the complementising element li, inconsistent with the seemingly widespread assumption that frcs necessarily involve a wh-word. Both strategies give rise to definite interpretations. Additionally, we argue that definite or realis wh-frcs are to be distinguished from a different (but apparently structurally identical) type, the so-called irrealis free relative clause or modal existential construction, which has not been previously identified for Maltese. We show that this subset of free relatives exhibit the properties associated with the modal existential construction crosslinguistically. We then demonstrate the existence of a subtype of headed relative clauses in Maltese which also share a number of the properties which we identify in the Maltese modal existential construction.
Validation of GMI Snowfall Observations by Using a Combination of Weather Radar and Surface Measurements
Authors: von Lerber Annakaisa , Moisseev Dmitri , Marks David A. , Petersen Walter , Harri Ari-Matti , Chandrasekar V. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCurrently, there are several spaceborne microwave instruments suitable for the detection and quantitative estimation of snowfall. To test and improve retrieval snowfall algorithms, ground validation datasets that combine detailed characterization of snowfall microphysics and spatial precipitation measurements are required. To this endpoint, measurements of snow microphysics are combined with large-scale weather radar observations to generate such a dataset. The quantitative snowfall estimates are computed by applying event-specific relations between the equivalent reflectivity factor and snowfall rate to weather radar observations. The relations are derived using retrieved ice particle microphysical properties from observations that were carried out at the University of Helsinki research station in Hyytiälä, Finland, which is about 64 km east of the radar. For each event, the uncertainties of the estimate are also determined. The feasibility of using this type of data to validate spaceborne snowfall measurements and algorithms is demonstrated with the NASA GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) snowfall product. The detection skill and retrieved surface snowfall precipitation of the GPROF detection algorithm, versions V04A and V05A, are assessed over southern Finland. On the basis of the 26 studied overpasses, probability of detection (POD) is 0.90 for version V04A and 0.84 for version V05A, and corresponding false-alarm rates are 0.09 and 0.10, respectively. A clear dependence of detection skill on cloud echo top height is shown: POD increased from 0.8 to 0.99 (V04A) and from 0.61 to 0.94 (V05A) as the cloud echo top altitude increased from 2 to 5 km. Both versions underestimate the snowfall rate by factors of 6 (V04A) and 3 (V05A).
Breakdown of the Relationship between Australian Summer Rainfall and ENSO Caused by Tropical Indian Ocean SST Warming
Authors: Zhu Zhiwei 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe relationship between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Australian summer rainfall (ASR) during 1960–2015 experienced an interdecadal change around the mid-1980s. Before the mid-1980s, ASR was significantly correlated with tropical central Pacific (TCP) sea surface temperature (SST), whereas after that it was not. While El Niño was always independent from ASR, La Niña had a close relationship with ASR. However, this relationship was weakened after the mid-1980s. The Indian Ocean SST warming might contribute to the weakening relationship between La Niña and ASR. For La Niña events before the mid-1980s, the negative SSTA over TCP and the southern tropical Indian Ocean induced a large-scale lower-level cyclonic anomaly over Australia, leading to nearly uniform positive precipitation over Australia. In this manner, a significant relationship between ASR and La Niña was established. On the contrary, for the La Niña events after the mid-1980s, because of the Indian Ocean SST warming, the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent presented positive SSTAs and enhanced moisture, favoring enhanced rainfall anomalies over the equatorial Maritime Continent. This enhanced rainfall condensation heating induced a lower-level cyclonic anomaly to the west of Australia. The northerly anomalies at the eastern flank of this cyclonic anomaly counteracted the southerly anomalies at the western flank of the cyclonic anomaly over eastern Australia induced by the negative TCP SSTA, leading to insignificant circulation and rainfall anomalies over Australia. As such, being interfered with by the equatorial Maritime Continent heating, the relationship between ASR and La Niña was weakened.
Statistical Assessment of the OWZ Tropical Cyclone Tracking Scheme in ERA-Interim
Authors: Bell Samuel S. , Chand Savin S. , Tory Kevin J. , Turville Christopher 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Okubo–Weiss–Zeta (OWZ) tropical cyclone (TC) detection scheme, which has been used to detect TCs in climate, seasonal prediction, and weather forecast models, is assessed on its ability to produce a realistic TC track climatology in the ERA-Interim product over the 25-yr period 1989 to 2013. The analysis focuses on TCs that achieve gale-force (17 m s−1) sustained winds. Objective criteria were established to define TC tracks once they reach gale force for both observed and detected TCs. A lack of consistency between storm tracks preceding this level of intensity led these track segments to be removed from the analysis. A subtropical jet (STJ) diagnostic is used to terminate transitioning TCs and is found to be preferable to a fixed latitude cutoff point. TC tracks were analyzed across seven TC basins, using a probabilistic clustering technique that is based on regression mixture models. The technique grouped TC tracks together based on their geographical location and shape of trajectory in five separate “cluster regions” around the globe. A mean trajectory was then regressed for each cluster that showed good agreement between the detected and observed tracks. Other track measures such as interannual TC days and translational speeds were also replicated to a satisfactory level, with TC days showing limited sensitivity to different latitude cutoff points. Successful validation in reanalysis data allows this model- and grid-resolution-independent TC tracking scheme to be applied to climate models with confidence in its ability to identify TC tracks in coarse-resolution climate models.
Doppler Lidar Observations of the Mixing Height in Indianapolis Using an Automated Composite Fuzzy Logic Approach
Authors: Bonin Timothy A. , Carroll Brian J. , Hardesty R. Michael , Brewer W. Alan , Hajny Kristian , Salmon Olivia E. , Shepson Paul B. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA Halo Photonics Stream Line XR Doppler lidar has been deployed for the Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX) to measure profiles of the mean horizontal wind and the mixing layer height for quantification of greenhouse gas emissions from the urban area. To measure the mixing layer height continuously and autonomously, a novel composite fuzzy logic approach has been developed that combines information from various scan types, including conical and vertical-slice scans and zenith stares, to determine a unified measurement of the mixing height and its uncertainty. The composite approach uses the strengths of each measurement strategy to overcome the limitations of others so that a complete representation of turbulent mixing is made in the lowest km, depending on clouds and aerosol distribution. Additionally, submeso nonturbulent motions are identified from zenith stares and removed from the analysis, as these motions can lead to an overestimate of the mixing height. The mixing height is compared with in situ profile measurements from a research aircraft for validation. To demonstrate the utility of the measurements, statistics of the mixing height and its diurnal and annual variability for 2016 are also presented. The annual cycle is clearly captured, with the largest and smallest afternoon mixing heights observed at the summer and winter solstices, respectively. The diurnal cycle of the mixing layer is affected by the mean wind, growing slower in the morning and decaying more rapidly in the evening with lighter winds.
Hard drug use in Norway
Authors: Amundsen Ellen J. , Bretteville-Jensen Anne Line 
Published: December 2017

E.J. Amundsen & A. Bretteville-Jensen: Hard drug use in Norway Background Hard drug use has a variety of heavy personal, social and economic costs. Knowing the size of the hard drug use population, the types of drugs consumed and modes of consumption can help policy makers design better policies and facilitate decision making. Intravenous drug users constitute one subgroup of hard drug users. The aim of this article is to describe 1) how the prevalence of intravenous drug use is estimated in Norway and 2) how available data sources give insight about other types of hard drug use even though we can not estimate the true extent of such use. Some policy consequences are outlined. Methods/Materials Overdose deaths and the mortality multiplier method were used to estimate the prevalence of intravenous drug users. Other materials were used to supply the picture of hard drug use in Norway. Results/Findings The prevalence of intravenous drug users in Norway increased steadily from the early 1980s, peaked in 2001, decreased until 2003 and then stabilized. Heroin is the substance of choice of most hard drug users in Norway and injection is the preferred means of intake. Amphetamines are also injected or consumed in other ways, while heavy use of cocaine in the treatment population is low. The use of more than one substance is common. Conclusion Preventing and reducing heroin injection is the main challenge facing Norwegian policy makers. Other drugs pose a problem as well. Wide availability of substitution treatment has a successful record of helping many former heroin users avoid heroin. The risk of relapsing remains high, however, and of dying after drop out or completion. Current knowledge of hard drug use is fragmented and improved monitoring of this high risk group should be prioritized.
Artikel
Authors: Babor Thomas F. 
Published: December 2017

Alcohol and Public Policy Group: Alcohol: No ordinary commodity – a summary of the second edition This article summarizes the contents of Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity (2nd edn). The first part of the book describes why alcohol is not an ordinary commodity, and reviews epidemiological data that establish alcohol as a major contributor to the global burden of disease, disability and death in high, middle and low income countries. This section also documents how international beer and spirits production has recently been consolidated by a small number of global corporations that are expanding their operations in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In the second part of the book, the scientific evidence for strategies and interventions that can prevent or minimize alcohol-related harm is critically reviewed in seven key areas: pricing and taxation, regulating the physical availability of alcohol, modifying the drinking context, drink-driving countermeasures, restrictions on marketing, education and persuasion strategies, and treatment and early intervention services. Finally, the book addresses the policy making process at the local, national, and international levels and provides ratings of the effectiveness of strategies and interventions from a public health perspective. Overall, the strongest, most cost-effective strategies include taxation that increases prices, restrictions on the physical availability of alcohol, drink-driving countermeasures, brief interventions with at risk drinkers, and treatment of drinkers with alcohol dependence.
Research Report
Authors: Kollom Kersti 
Published: December 2017

K. Kollom: Estonian nongovernmental organisations in alcohol policy planning Unlike other Northern European countries, Estonian non-governmental organisations have, until now, been fairly passive in shaping alcohol policy and alleviating alcohol problems. More generally, there has been little systematic analysis of alcohol policy in Estonia. This article starts with a short overview of the problems associated with alcohol abuse and the current state of alcohol policy in Estonia. I will then examine how non-governmental organisations (NGOs) see their role in the formation of alcohol policy and whether contributing to the dialogue on alcohol policy is even among their priorities. Finally, I will investigate the readiness of governmental agencies to involve organisations in shaping alcohol policy. One of the conclusions is that the state and NGOs are currently caught in a policy loop: third-sector organisations expect the state to put projects out to tender and to invite them to alcohol policy discussions, while government institutions would like the NGOs to show more initiative – at least on the level of rhetoric. Furthermore, because alcohol policies involving injunctions and prohibitions are associated with the former occupation regime of the Soviet Union, frowned on in the new liberal society, prominence is rather given to opinion formation and education work than prohibitive measures, which by their nature are more controversial.
Effects of Increasing Availability of Wine and Spirits in Norway
Authors: Nordlund Sturla 
Published: December 2017

S. Nordlund: Effects of increasing availability of wine and spirits in Norway During the 1990s the monopoly on wine and spirits sales in Norway lost popular support. In 1998 the management of the monopoly therefore launched a plan for regaining popularity by increasing the number of retail outlets and introduce self service in the shops. Surveys since 1990 show that the negative trend really changed around the turn of the millennium, and the monopoly system has regained most of its popular support since then. A crucial question is then: Has the increased availability of wine and spirits resulted in increasing alcohol consumption? Data from two surveys, one in 1999 and one in 2004, are used to answer this question. According to these data the total alcohol consumption increased during this period, but only in the municipalities that had a monopoly shop before 1999, i.e. in municipalities that were not expected to be influenced by the increasing availability. This increase was mainly due to increased consumption of beer and spirits. In the municipalities that were influenced by the new monopoly shops during this period, there was a decrease in consumption of spirits. This was due to a sharp decrease in the consumption of “moonshine”, while the consumption of spirits from the monopoly shops increased. These results are in accordance with previous studies of short term (one year) effects in particular municipalities where a new monopoly shop was opened.
Kommentar
Authors: Karlsson Patrik 
Published: December 2017

P. Karlsson: Inherent problems in universal information-based prevention interventions This paper discusses inherent problems in universal information-based drug prevention interventions which in part may explain why such interventions often fail. The discussion centers around three main points: (1) that there must be room for change in people's risk perceptions for information interventions to be potentially effective, (2) that the recipients must trust the information for it to have effect, and (3) that there are variations in risk perception levels at baseline among recipients. While the first two criteria must be satisfied for an intervention to be potentially effective, they often stand in a contradictory relationship with each other. Recipients with low risk perceptions often do not trust the information (i.e., only the first criterion satisfied), whereas those who trust the information often already have high risk perceptions (i.e., only the second criterion satisfied). Variations in risk perception levels among recipients further suggest there exist no optimal level at which the risk message may be set. If the risk message is set high many will dismiss it; if it is set low it may decrease risk perceptions in some groups. It is concluded that information interventions targeting specific groups may overcome some of these problems.