bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteocyte Apoptosis Caused by Hindlimb Unloading is Required to Trigger Osteocyte RANKL Production and Subsequent Resorption of Cortical and Trabecular Bone in Mice Femurs
Authors: Cabahug-Zuckerman Pamela , Frikha-Benayed Dorra , Majeska Robert J , Tuthill Alyssa , Yakar Shoshana , Judex Stefan , Schaffler Mitchell B 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Osteocyte apoptosis is essential to activate bone remodeling in response to fatigue microdamage and estrogen withdrawal, such that apoptosis inhibition in vivo prevents the onset of osteoclastic resorption. Osteocyte apoptosis has also been spatially linked to bone resorption owing to disuse, but whether apoptosis plays a similar controlling role is unclear. We, therefore, 1) evaluated the spatial and temporal effects of disuse from hindlimb unloading (HLU) on osteocyte apoptosis, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression, bone resorption, and loss in mouse femora, and 2) tested whether osteocyte apoptosis was required to activate osteoclastic activity in cortical and trabecular bone by treating animals subjected to HLU with the pan-caspase apoptosis inhibitor, QVD (quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[-2,6-difluorophenoxy]-methylketone). Immunohistochemistry was used to identify apoptotic and RANKL-producing osteocytes in femoral diaphysis and distal trabecular bone, and µCT was used to determine the extent of trabecular bone loss owing to HLU. In both cortical and trabecular bone, 5 days of HLU increased osteocyte apoptosis significantly (3- and 4-fold, respectively, p &lt; 0.05 versus Ctrl). At day 14, the apoptotic osteocyte number in femoral cortices declined to near control levels but remained elevated in trabeculae (3-fold versus Ctrl, p &lt; 0.05). The number of osteocytes producing RANKL in both bone compartments was also significantly increased at day 5 of HLU (&gt;1.5-fold versus Ctrl, p &lt; 0.05) and further increased by day 14. Increases in osteocyte apoptosis and RANKL production preceded increases in bone resorption at both endocortical and trabecular surfaces. QVD completely inhibited not only the HLU-triggered increases in osteocyte apoptosis but also RANKL production and activation of bone resorption at both sites. Finally, µCT studies revealed that apoptosis inhibition completely prevented the trabecular bone loss caused by HLU. Together these data indicate that osteocyte apoptosis plays a central and controlling role in triggering osteocyte RANKL production and the activation of new resorption leading to bone loss in disuse. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Arctigenin Inhibits Adipogenesis by Inducing AMPK Activation and Reduces Weight Gain in High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Han Yo‐Han , Kee Ji‐Ye , Park Jinbong , Kim Hye‐Lin , Jeong Mi‐Young , Kim Dae‐Seung , Jeon Yong‐Deok , Jung Yunu , Youn Dong‐Hyun , Kang JongWook , So Hong‐Seob , Park Raekil , Lee Jong‐Hyun , Shin Soyoung , Kim Su‐Jin , Um Jae‐Young , Hong Seung‐Heon 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTAlthough arctigenin (ARC) has been reported to have some pharmacological effects such as anti‐inflammation, anti‐cancer, and antioxidant, there have been no reports on the anti‐obesity effect of ARC. The aim of this study is to investigate whether ARC has an anti‐obesity effect and mediates the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. We investigated the anti‐adipogenic effect of ARC using 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes and human adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). In high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obese mice, whether ARC can inhibit weight gain was investigated. We found that ARC reduced weight gain, fat pad weight, and triglycerides in HFD‐induced obese mice. ARC also inhibited the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) in in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ARC induced the AMPK activation resulting in down‐modulation of adipogenesis‐related factors including PPARγ, C/EBPα, fatty acid synthase, adipocyte fatty acid‐binding protein, and lipoprotein lipase. This study demonstrates that ARC can reduce key adipogenic factors by activating the AMPK in vitro and in vivo and suggests a therapeutic implication of ARC for obesity treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2067–2077, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of off airport interspecific avian hazards to aircraft
Authors: DeVault Travis L. , Blackwell Bradley F. , Seamans Thomas W. , Belant Jerrold L. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTUnderstanding relative hazards of wildlife to aircraft is important for developing effective management programs that can minimize hazards from wildlife strikes. Although interspecific differences in hazard level of birds and mammals on airport properties are described, no studies have quantified hazard level of bird species or identified factors that influence hazard level when birds are struck beyond airport boundaries (e.g., during aircraft climb or approach). We used Federal Aviation Administration National Wildlife Strike Database records from 1990 through 31 May 2014 to identify bird species involved most often in collisions with aircraft beyond airport boundaries in the United States and to quantify the interspecific hazard level of those birds. We also investigated whether body mass, group size (single or multiple birds), region (Flyway), and season influenced the likelihood of aircraft damage and substantial damage when strikes occurred using binary logistic regression analysis. Canada geese (Branta canadensis; n = 327), turkey vultures (Cathartes aura; 217), American robins (Turdus migratorius; 119), and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos; 107) were struck most often by aircraft beyond airport boundaries. Waterbirds (cormorants, ducks, geese, and to a lesser extent, gulls) and raptors (including vultures) were most likely to cause damage or substantial damage to aircraft when strikes occurred. Body mass was an important predictor of hazard level; group size, region, and season had lesser effects on hazard level. Management strategies to reduce bird strikes with aircraft beyond airport properties should be active throughout the year and prioritize waterbirds and raptors. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Giant ice rings on lakes Baikal and Hovsgol: Inventory, associated water structure and potential formation mechanism
Authors: Kouraev Alexei V. , Zakharova Elena A. , Rémy Frédérique , Kostianoy Andrey G. , Shimaraev Michail N. , Hall Nicholas M. J. , Ya. Suknev Andrey 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObservations of giant ice rings on Lake Baikal (Russia) have recently sparked scientific and public interest. However, there is still no clear consensus on their origins. Here, we provide an inventory of the ice rings based on satellite imagery and photography for 1974–2014. We have identified 45 rings on Lake Baikal (compared with 13 previously known) and also for the first time four rings for the neighbouring Lake Hovsgol (Mongolia). The results of our hydrographic surveys beneath the ice rings in Lake Baikal in 2012–2014 and in Lake Hovsgol in 2015 show the presence of warm double‐convex lens‐like eddies before and during manifestation of ice rings. We suggest that these eddies are the driving factor for the formation of ice rings in these lakes. We reassess the existing hypotheses of ice ring formation and discuss the potential mechanisms of eddy formation.
Amifampridine phosphate (Firdapse®) is effective and safe in a phase 3 clinical trial in LEMS
Authors: Oh Shin J , Shcherbakova Natalya , Kostera‐Pruszczyk Anna , Alsharabati Mohammad , Dimachkie Mazen , Blanco Jose Munoz , Brannagan Thomas , Lavrnić Dragana , Shieh Perry B , Vial Christophe , Meisel Andreas , Komoly Samuel , Schoser Benedikt , Sivakumar Kumaraswamy , So Yuen ,   LEMS Study Group
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveWe evaluated the efficacy and safety of amifampridine phosphate (Firdapse®) for symptomatic treatment in Lambert‐Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS).MethodsPhase 3, randomized, double‐blind, study. Patients were treated initially with amifampridine phosphate for 7–91 days, followed by randomization to continue amifampridine phosphate for 14 days or placebo (7‐day taper, 7‐day placebo). The primary efficacy endpoints were changes from baseline at day 14 in Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis and Subject Global Impression scores.ResultsThe coprimary efficacy end points and 1 of the secondary efficacy end points were met, showing a significant benefit of aminfampridine phosphate over placebo at Day 14. All 5 primary, secondary, and tertiary endpoints achieved statistical significance at Day 8. Amifampridine phosphate was well tolerated; the most common adverse events were oral and digital paresthesias, nausea, and headache.ConclusionsThis study provides Class I evidence of efficacy of amifampridine phosphate as a symptomatic treatment for LEMS. Muscle Nerve 53: 717–725, 2016
Photoluminescent and electroluminescent couplings in monolithic tandem solar cells
Authors: Lan Dongchen , Green Martin A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAs solar cell efficiency improves, so does the cell's radiative efficiency. In high‐performance tandem stacks, each individual cell emits significant luminescence during operation, making radiative coupling between these cells an important factor to consider in cell design, measurement and performance prediction. Past modelling includes the electroluminescent coupling component only, although photoluminescent coupling is likely to be important for cells operating near or below their maximum power point voltage or when junction defect recombination is dominant. In this work, we first propose an extension of earlier models to allow this non‐negligible coupling component to be included, which is validated by measurement of the closely related external emission. Then, we establish an equivalent circuit and uniquely use intuitive circuit concepts to conduct a comprehensive analysis clarifying the roles of parasitic circuit elements and external loads in the complex radiative interactions between cells. The circuit analysis also reveals some undiscovered issues to be addressed in eliminating coupling effects from measured cell spectral responses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mental disorder diagnoses of offspring affected by parental cancer before early adulthood: the 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort study
Authors: Niemelä Mika , Paananen Reija , Hakko Helinä , Merikukka Marko , Gissler Mika , Räsänen Sami 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to investigate psychiatric diagnoses given to children affected by parental cancer in psychiatric and somatic specialized health care settings.MethodsThe 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort data (n = 59 476) were followed up through national registers from birth of cohort members up to the end of 2008. The health‐related data of cohort members and their parents were obtained from the Care Register of Health Care provided by the National Institute of Health and Wellbeing.ResultsBy the age of 21 years 7711 of the cohort members had used specialized psychiatric outpatient care and, of them, 549 (7.1%) were affected by parental cancer. Of affected offspring a mental disorder diagnosis was made in 424 (77.2%), while 125 (22.8%) children had not been given any specific mental disorder diagnosis. In females the likelihood for a mental disorder diagnosis assessed in outpatient care was significantly increased by up to 1.2 fold in cases of parental cancer. In males with a father having cancer, psychological development disorders were significantly increased whether assessed in outpatient (OR 1.5) or inpatient (OR1.9) settings.ConclusionsThe prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in children with parental cancer does not seem to differ from those of children with parents without cancer. However, evidence was found that children affected by parental cancer are at increased risk for some specific psychiatric disorders. Quarter of affected offspring who were referred to specialized psychiatric outpatient care only received diagnoses related to use of health care services or crises or received no psychiatric diagnosis at all. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CASP11 statistics and the prediction center evaluation system
Authors: Kryshtafovych Andriy , Monastyrskyy Bohdan , Fidelis Krzysztof 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTWe outline the role of the Protein Structure Prediction Center (predictioncenter.org) in conducting the CASP11 and CASP ROLL experiments, discuss the experiment statistics, and provide an overview of the present CASP infrastructure. The biggest changes compared to the previous CASPs are the implementation of the evaluation system incorporating practically all evaluation measures, statistical tests, and visualization tools historically used by the CASP assessors, the expansion of the infrastructure to incorporate new categories of contact‐assisted and multimeric predictions, and the redesign of the assessors' web‐workspace enabling assessments based on multiple measures for different group categories and target sets. Proteins 2016; 84(Suppl 1):15–19. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
p‐d charge transfer excitons in Zn1‐xNixO under inner shell excitation
Authors: Churmanov V. N. , Sokolov V. I. , Gruzdev N. B. , Ivanov V. Yu. , Pustovarov V. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe paper presents results of the study of two narrow luminescence lines I1 and I2 at the energies of 3.339 and 3.393 eV respectively in solid state solutions Zn1‐xNixO. The luminescence spectroscopy with a sub‐nanosecond time resolution upon selective photoexcitation in the energy range of the inner shell Zn M‐edge absorption was used to promote the earlier proposed mechanism of the I1 and I2 lines origin. Photoluminescence spectra of solid state solutions Zn1‐xNixO at fast and slow time windows under soft X‐ray excitation are discussed. The doublet of I1 and I2 lines is believed to arise due to the radiative annihilation of p‐d excitons. Different possible mechanisms of emergence of two narrow luminescence lines I1 and I2 in solid state solutions Zn1‐xNixO are considered. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
RT ZnSe‐based lasers and laser arrays pumped by low‐energy electron beam
Authors: Zverev M. M. , Sorokin S. V. , Gamov N. A. , Zhdanova E. V. , Studionov V. B. , Sedova I. V. , Gronin S. V. , Ivanov S. V. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe properties of an electron‐beam‐pumped ZnSe‐based laser array consisting of 6 one‐dimensional arrays, each comprising 10 single laser elements, have been studied. The peak output power up to 80‐100 W at room temperature in “true” green (λ = 547 nm) spectral range has been demonstrated by using for pumping electrons with the accelerating energy as low as 5.6 keV. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of ZnCdSe/ZnCdMgSe two‐color quantum well infrared photodetectors
Authors: Chen Guopeng , Kaya Yasin , Ravikumar Arvind Pawan , Tamargo Maria C. , Gmachl Claire F. , Shen Aidong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe authors report, for the first time, the new two‐color quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) from a non‐III‐V semiconductor material system. The samples were grown on InP substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. X‐ray diffraction and photoluminescence measurements showed high structural and optical quality of the samples. Two intersubband (ISB) absorption peaks in two different wavelength regions are observed in Fourier transform infrared measurements. The two‐color photodetectors can be turned on separately or simultaneously in the two spectral regions. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron spin flip Raman spectroscopy of the diluted magnetic semiconductor Zn1‐xMnxSe below the metal‐insulator transition
Authors: Knapp A. G. , Petznick S. , Jansson F. , Wiemer M. , Hetterich M. , Gebhard F. , Baranovskii S. D. , Klar P. J. , Geurts J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn n‐doped (Zn,Mn)Se, the (s,d) exchange influences the ground state level of the donor‐bound electrons in an external B‐field, depending on their local Mn environment. Due to the statistical Mn arrangement, this should induce a broadening of the donor energy distribution, inducing a magneto‐resistance in transport, and also a broadening of the energy distribution of donor‐bound excitons (D0,X). We have investigated this broadening for Zn0.94Mn0.06Se:Cl (n= 4.5×1017 cm‐3) by electronic spin flip Raman spectroscopy (ESFRS) on the donor electrons. Utilizing the resonant enhancement of the ESFRS intensity upon resonance of the laser light with (D0,X), we actually observe a significant broadening of the ESFRS resonance profiles with increasing B‐field, up to 11.5 meV (FWHM) for B = 5 T. Furthermore we detect a second resonance profile contribution, whose FWHM shows a much weaker B‐field dependence. We assign this contribution to a resonance mediated by the free‐exciton (X0). Our Raman results agree very well with magneto‐transport results at the same sample. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Covalent adducts of melphalan with free amino acids and a model peptide studied by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Dewaele Debbie , Sobott Frank , Lemière Filip 
Published: February 2016

RationaleMelphalan is a frequently used chemotherapeutical agent for the treatment of myeloma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and sarcoma of soft tissue. A good knowledge of the reactivity of the drug toward the different amino acids, e.g. covalent adduct formation, is crucial for the understanding of its activity and side effects during cancer treatment.MethodsThe reactivity of melphalan and sites of adduct formation were studied by in vitro incubation of melphalan with free amino acids and glutathione as a model peptide. The formed covalent adducts were investigated using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) using a triple‐quadrupole instrument. Accurate mass measurements for the confirmation of characteristic product ions were performed on a quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer.ResultsThe incubation of melphalan with different classes of amino acids resulted in the formation of adducts on the amino and carboxyl termini, as well as adduct formation in the reactive side chains of Cys, Met, Tyr, His, Lys, Asp and Glu. All these melphalan adducts could be identified by their characteristic collision‐induced dissociation (CID) product ion patterns.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates the reactivity of melphalan towards the functional groups of amino acids. The different alkylation site products show distinctive fragmentation patterns, which enable a fast identification of the different melphalan adducts. This study is a first important step towards a better understanding of the adduct formation in more complex molecules, e.g. peptides and proteins. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Offshore wind power development in Maine: A rational choice perspective
Authors: Acheson James M. , Acheson Ann W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this article, we explore the social, cultural, and political factors promoting and impeding development of offshore wind power in Maine, using the perspective of rational choice theory. Offshore floating wind platforms involve a new technology still in the experimental stage. Developing offshore wind power will require having very large scale organizations to build and finance wind farms capable of generating and transmitting electricity at competitive rates. But many obstacles can impede developing offshore wind power, including technical and financial problems and the level of support from the public and politicians. Our survey of the attitudes of three subgroups of Maine coastal people revealed substantial differences of opinion. Those in favor want to curb greenhouse gases and reduce dependence on foreign oil. Others are opposed because they fear negative effects (e.g., aesthetics; noise; reduced fishing area; mortality of animals, birds, or fish). From the perspective of rational choice theory, offshore wind power poses a collective action dilemma. Despite the need to develop renewable energy sources in a world facing climate change and shortages of cheap energy, development of offshore wind power in Maine will not succeed unless this dilemma is overcome. This does not appear likely to happen in the foreseeable future.
Electric activism: Analysis, alliances, and interventions
Authors: Wood Davida 
Published: February 2016

AbstractElectricity has been the unspoken bedrock of modern life. Decisions about how power is produced, transmitted, and delivered have been entrusted to technical experts and have been relatively unquestioned. In turn, the electricity sector has historically been an opaque one, impervious to public scrutiny. Yet liberalization of the sector, global and local environmental impacts, and new energy technologies are spurring a growing clamor to peel back the layers of technocracy and to prise open a space for new voices and actors. This article explores the ways in which the governance of the electricity sector is changing and being changed by a new politics of energy production and consumption. The article focuses on long‐term electricity planning to understand how critical independent experts and nonexperts have formed alliances that challenge entrenched decision‐making processes and assumptions. It presents case studies from South Africa and Thailand that document the struggle between reluctant departments of energy and nongovernmental initiatives demanding access to the processes underpinning the production of knowledge about electricity sector needs. The analysis places these cases within the shifts under way in energy sectors around the world, away from centralized command‐and‐control systems to those that are decentralized with multiple points of energy generation. It explores the implications for how governance is conceived, with special attention to the implications for both policy and activist agendas. What forms of interaction between experts and citizens can we conceive, and how can they be supported?
An improvement to Eurocode 2 and fib Model Code 2010 methods for calculating crack width in RC structures
Authors: Debernardi Pier Giorgio , Taliano Maurizio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe analysis of the mechanical behaviour of a reinforced concrete tie subjected to a monotonic loading in the stabilized cracking stage is performed here by way of a theoretical general model that considers the effect of the so‐called Goto cracks (secondary cracks). It is shown, in particular, that the average bond stress along the transmission length depends not only on the concrete strength as assumed by the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010, but also on reinforcement ratio and bar diameter. In this regard, tabulated theoretical values of the average bond stress are proposed as a function of the aforementioned parameters. Moreover, the secondary cracks reduce the effect of tension stiffening on the relative mean strain. On the basis of the main results obtained with the general model, some improvements are suggested for the calculation methods proposed by fib Model Code 2010 and Eurocode 2 concerning the average value of the bond stress and taking into account the influence of the secondary cracks on the mean deformation. An improved calculation method is therefore performed. Finally, the theoretical results of crack spacing and crack width obtained with the general and improved methods are compared with experimental data obtained from extensive research on RC ties.