bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interests Created By Debtors Who Are Not Companies
Authors: Bridge Michael , Gullifer Louise , Lomnicka Eva 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the grant of charges by non-corporate entities and the requirement of their registration for them to be opposable to third parties. The applicable legislation is the archaic and often criticized Bills of Sale Acts 1878–91 and the application of this legislation to different types of instrument, along with the numerous exemptions (both types of goods and types of transactions), is discussed in detail. The very detailed formal requirements for both absolute and security bills are discussed, account being taken that the legislation does not apply to oral agreements where these are permissible. Also considered are agricultural charges and charges granted by cooperative and similar societies.
Other Priority Issues
Authors: Bridge Michael , Gullifer Louise , Lomnicka Eva 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This short chapter deals with sundry priority issues that are not discussed in other chapters. The priority issues that are herein discussed consist of the various forms of set-off, with particular reference to floating charges; the bank’s right to combine accounts; direct payment clauses that arise in shipping and in landlord and tenant cases; Quistclose trusts; and negative pledge and flawed asset clauses. Finally,there is a discussion of circular priority.
Enforcement of Financial Devices Involving the Transfer or Retention of Title
Authors: Bridge Michael , Gullifer Louise , Lomnicka Eva 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the enforcement of those ‘quasi-security’ interests considered in chapter 7 in that the general characteristics that ‘true’ security interests display when they are enforced (in particular the obligation of the secured creditor to account for any surplus (or ‘windfall’) and the obligation of the debtor to make good any deficit (or ‘shortfall’)) do not arise. The financing devices are treated as straightforward commercial contracts and are generally enforced according to their terms, without the application of any of those ‘security’ principles, although in so far as these devices perform a security function, their express terms often reflect these ‘security’ characteristics, with the contract often providing for a financial adjustment so as to preclude the ‘secured creditor’ receiving a ‘windfall’ or suffering a ‘shortfall’. Reference is made to the consumer credit regulatory regime in so far as these devices fall within its scope.
Enforcement of Security in Insolvency
Authors: Bridge Michael , Gullifer Louise , Lomnicka Eva 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals in detail with the effect of various insolvency procedures on security and, to a lesser extent, quasi-security. It deals with dispositions of an insolvent party’s assets in the run-up to formal insolvency proceedings; the extent to which creditors with a floating charge are postponed behind preferential and other unsecured creditors; the extent to which the expenses of the liquidation and of the administration are paid for preferential creditors and floating charge creditors; the effect of a moratorium on the exercise of security rights; the effect of receivership on secured creditors; company voluntary arrangements and schemes of arrangement, together with their effect on secured creditors.
Comparative Analysis of Treatment Patterns in DoD Beneficiaries With Malignant Central Nervous System Tumors: A Focus on Care Setting
Authors: Hill Aaron J , Eaglehouse Yvonne L , Darmon Sarah , Tracy Heather J , Theeler Brett J , Zhu Kangmin , Shriver Craig D , Xue Hong 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Malignant brain and other central nervous system tumors (MBT) are deadly and disproportionately affect younger men and women in the age range of most active-duty service members. Timely and appropriate treatment is important to both survival and quality of life of patients. Information on treatment factors across direct care (DC) and private sector care (PSC) networks may be important for provider training and staffing for the DoD. The aim of this study was to analyze treatment patterns for patients with MBT within the DoD’s universal access Military Health System (MHS), comparing DC and PSC networks.

Materials and Methods
The Military Cancer Epidemiology database was used to identify patients 18 years and older who were diagnosed with an MBT between 1999 and 2014 who received primary treatment. Differences in first treatment type and time from diagnosis to initial treatment between DC and PSC were assessed using chi-square and Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests, respectively. Frequency of treatment initiation beyond the 28-day TRICARE Prime access standard for Specialty Care was also compared between care settings using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Then logistic regression models generated odds of treatment initiation beyond 28 days and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with care setting. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and log-rank tests compared survival between DC and PSC.

Results
The study included 857 patients, with n = 540 treated in DC and n = 317 treated in PSC. The proportion of patients receiving each initial treatment type did not differ by care setting (P = .622). Median time from diagnosis to initial treatment (interquartile range) varied significantly between DC at 6 (0 to 25) days and PSC at 12 (0 to 37) days for all treatment types combined (P &lt; .001). For all years combined, treatment was initiated beyond 28 days for 21% of patients using DC compared to 31% of patients using PSC (P = .001). The odds of treatment initiation beyond 28 days for a patient treated in PSC were 1.61 (95% CI, 1.11 to 2.33, P = .012) compared to patients treated in DC when controlling for demographic, military, tumor, and patient variables. Survival did not differ by care setting (P = 1.000).

Conclusions
Based on the available data between 1999 and 2014, care setting was associated with differences in time to initial treatment and odds of treatment initiation beyond 28 days among DoD beneficiaries with MBT receiving care in the MHS. Information on these differences may help inform MHS leadership decisions on the most appropriate location for military provider training and staffing.
Ultraviolet extinction correlation with 3D dust maps using white dwarfs
Authors: Sahu Snehalata , Tremblay Pier-Emmanuel , Lallement Rosine , Redfield Seth , Gänsicke Boris T 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Accurate astrometric and photometric measurements from Gaia have led to the construction of 3D dust extinction maps which can now be used for estimating the integrated extinctions of Galactic sources located within 5 kpc. These maps based on optical observations may not be reliable for use in the ultraviolet (UV) which is more sensitive to reddening. Past studies have focussed on studying UV extinction using main-sequence stars but lack comparison with 3D dust maps. White dwarfs with well-modelled hydrogen-dominated (DA) atmospheres provide an advantage over main-sequence stars affected by magnetic activity. In this work, we study the variation of UV extinction with 3D dust maps utilizing Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) observations of DA white dwarfs located within 300 pc. We used HST COS spectroscopic data of 76 sightlines to calculate the optical extinction from Si ii column densities and validate our results with the kinematic model predictions of the local interstellar medium. Also, we combined GALEX and Gaia photometric observations of 1158 DA white dwarfs to study UV reddening by comparing observed and modelled colour–colour relations. We calculated GALEX non-linearity corrections and derived reddening coefficients [$R(NUV-G)=6.52\pm 1.53$ and $R(FUV-G)=6.04\pm 2.41$] considering their variations with optical extinction ($\rm{A_{V}}\lt 0.1$ mag), and found them to be in good agreement with known extinction laws. HST analysis suggests a positive bias of 0.01–0.02 mag in the optical extinction from 3D maps depending on the Galactic latitude. These results independently confirm the validity of 3D dust maps to de-redden the optical and UV observations of white dwarfs.
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in patients with malignant glioma—From neuroimmunology to clinical trial design considerations
Authors: Gallus Marco , Young Jacob S , Cook Quackenbush Sarah , Khasraw Mustafa , de Groot John , Okada Hideho 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Clinical trials evaluating chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in patients with malignant gliomas have shown some early promise in pediatric and adult patients. However, the long-term benefits and safety for patients remain to be established. The ultimate success of CAR T-cell therapy for malignant glioma will require the integration of an in-depth understanding of the immunology of the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma with strategies to overcome the paucity and heterogeneous expression of glioma-specific antigens. We also need to address the cold (immunosuppressive) microenvironment, exhaustion of the CAR T-cells, as well as local and systemic immunosuppression. Here, we discuss the basics and scientific considerations for CAR T-cell therapies and highlight recent clinical trials. To help identify optimal CAR T-cell administration routes, we summarize our current understanding of CNS immunology and T-cell homing to the CNS. We also discuss challenges and opportunities related to clinical trial design and patient safety/monitoring. Finally, we provide our perspective on future prospects in CAR T-cell therapy for malignant gliomas by discussing combinations and novel engineering strategies to overcome immuno-regulatory mechanisms. We hope this review will serve as a basis for advancing the field in a multiple discipline-based and collaborative manner.
A common future amidst unknowns: an NSR forum on polar science
Authors: Zhu He 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The final frontiers on our planet challenge humans’ survival as much as our ambition. The Arctic and Antarctic areas together exert enormous influence on the climate of the whole planet, as they contain 87% of its fresh water, 90% of its ice and snow, 90% of its permafrost and 69% of its glaciers. However, our lack of understanding of changes in the polar regions, such as melting ice sheets, results in major uncertainties in our estimates and predictions with regard to rising sea levels and other effects of climate change. For example, as the Arctic region is warming up two to four times faster than the global average, Eurasia now experiences colder winters. As its mechanism is yet to be elucidated, forecasts of extreme weather events in China, which aim to avert severe damages, remain inadequate. In order to raise awareness of polar science, National Science Review invited Dr. Dake Chen of the Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) to organize a forum discussion with five Chinese experts to explore these crucial topics.

Jianfang Chen (陈建芳)
Professor, Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR

Ruibo Lei (雷瑞波)
Professor, Polar Research Institute of China, MNR

Jiping Liu (刘骥平)
Professor, School of Atmospheric Science, Sun Yat-sen University

Qinghua Yang (杨清华)
Professor, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)

Meng Zhou (周朦)
Professor, School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Dake Chen (陈大可) (Chair)
Professor, The Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)
Estimating Young Adult Uptake of Smoking by Area Across the United Kingdom
Authors: Jackson Sarah E , Tattan-Birch Harry , Hopkinson Nicholas S , Brown Jamie , Shahab Lion , Bunce Laura , Laverty Anthony A , Arnott Deborah 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Introduction
There is majority support in parliament and across the United Kingdom to implement a “smoke-free generation” policy which would mean people born on or after January 1, 2009, could never legally be sold tobacco. To explore the potential impact this policy could have, we estimated the number of young adults (18–25 years) currently taking up smoking each year by area across the United Kingdom.

Methods
Using data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS), Annual Population Survey (APS), and Smoking Toolkit Study (STS), we estimated the total number of 18- to 25-year-olds taking up smoking each year, based on national estimates of population size (ONS) and the proportion who reported ever having regularly smoked (STS). We used local data on adult smoking rates (APS) to apportion the national estimated number of young adults taking up smoking to specific areas.

Results
Around 127 500 18- to 25-year-olds in the United Kingdom start smoking regularly each year (~350 each day); 105 700 each year in England, 11 500 in Scotland, 6500 in Wales, and 3800 in Northern Ireland. Uptake estimates varied across localities: for example, North East Lincolnshire had the highest proportion of young adults taking up smoking each year (3.9%) and Wokingham had the lowest (0.9%).

Conclusions
Despite reductions in smoking prevalence over recent decades, hundreds of young adults in the United Kingdom start smoking every day.

Implications
Data on rates of uptake among individual local authorities can be used to focus attention locally prior to the introduction of new age of sale laws.
Legal Regulation, Technological Management and the Future of Human Agency
Authors: Lucy William 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This article examines the role of human agency within two competing regulatory paradigms: law and technological management. It sketches both paradigms and suggests that the direction of regulatory travel in familiar jurisdictions is from the former towards the latter. It then examines the possible effect of this transition upon human agency. It defends a general account of agency, distinguishing that notion from autonomy, and shows that that account informs the legal regulatory paradigm. It then considers whether agency, so conceived, can persist and flourish within a technological management regulatory context. It does so by reference to a thought-experiment. That experiment, and two of three responses to it, assumes that agency can be quantified, and the article shows how this can be done. It concludes that a transition from legal regulation to technological management will reduce the amount of human agency in the world and imperil other important values.
Functional assessment in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with darolutamide: results from the DaroAcT study
Authors: Beer Tomasz M , George Daniel J , Shore Neal D , Winters-Stone Kerri , Wefel Jeffrey S , Verholen Frank , Srinivasan Shankar , Ortiz Jorge , Morgans Alicia K 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Androgen receptor inhibitors (ARIs) are approved for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer; however, some patients may experience symptoms and side effects that hinder their physical functioning. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) tests are used to assess physical functioning in older adults and are recommended assessments for patients with prostate cancer, despite lacking validation in this setting.

Methods
DaroAct (NCT04157088) was an open-label, multicenter, phase 2b study designed to evaluate the effects of the ARI darolutamide (lead-in phase) and darolutamide vs enzalutamide (randomized phase) on physical functioning in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Only the lead-in phase, in which participants received darolutamide 600 mg twice daily, was completed. The TUG and SPPB tests were used to assess physical functioning.

Results
The lead-in phase enrolled 30 participants. During 24 weeks of treatment, 8 (32.0%) of 25 evaluable participants exhibited clinically meaningful worsening in TUG from baseline (primary endpoint). At the week 24 visit, 5 (21.7%) of 23 participants had worsening in TUG time, and 8 (33.3%) of 24 participants had worsening in SPPB score. Because only 48% of participants had the same outcome on the TUG and SPPB tests, the study was terminated without initiating the randomized comparison.

Conclusion
Most participants showed no clinically meaningful worsening in physical functioning after 24 weeks of darolutamide treatment, but poor agreement between tests was observed. Tools to accurately and consistently measure the impact of ARIs on physical functioning in patients with CRPC are needed.
Substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of UDP-α-D-galactofuranose: β-galactofuranoside β-(1→5)-galactofuranosyltransferase GfsA
Authors: Oka Takuji , Okuno Ayana , Hira Daisuke , Teramoto Takamasa , Chihara Yuria , Hirata Rio , Kadooka Chihiro , Kakuta Yoshimitsu 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
UDP-α-D-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf): β-galactofuranoside β-(1→5)-galactofuranosyltransferase, known as GfsA, is essential in synthesizing β-(1→5)-galactofuranosyl oligosaccharides that are incorporated into the cell wall of pathogenic fungi. This study analyzed the structure and function of GfsA from Aspergillus fumigatus. To provide crucial insights into the catalytic mechanism and substrate recognition, the complex structure was elucidated with manganese (Mn2+), a donor substrate product (UDP), and an acceptor sugar molecule (β-galactofuranose). In addition to the typical GT-A fold domain, GfsA has a unique domain formed by the N and C termini. The former interacts with the GT-A of another GfsA, forming a dimer. The active center that contains Mn2+, UDP, and galactofuranose forms a groove structure that is highly conserved in the GfsA of Pezizomycotina fungi. Enzymatic assays using site-directed mutants were conducted to determine the roles of specific active-site residues in the enzymatic activity of GfsA. The predicted enzyme–substrate complex model containing UDP-Galf characterized a specific β-galactofuranosyltransfer mechanism to the 5ʹ-OH of β-galactofuranose. Overall, the structure of GfsA in pathogenic fungi provides insights into the complex glycan biosynthetic processes of fungal pathogenesis and may inform the development of novel antifungal therapies.
Less work for theories of natural kinds
Authors: Slater Matthew H 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
What sort of philosophical work are natural kinds suited for? Scientific realists often contend that they provide the ‘aboutness’ of successful of scientific classification and explain their epistemic utility (among other side hustles). Recent history has revealed this to be a tricky job—particularly given the present naturalistic climate of philosophy of science. As a result, we've seen an explosion of different sorts of theories. This phenomenon that has suggested to some that philosophical theorizing about natural kinds has reached a sort of ‘scholastic twilight’ and that the concept (or family of concepts) has outlived its utility: perhaps there's no work natural kinds are suited for. While I think this pessimistic take is unwarranted, I will argue that it is worth rethinking the roles to which a reasonably naturalistic account of natural kinds can be fruitfully put. Natural kinds deserve a shorter work week.
Magnetic particle imaging enables nonradioactive quantitative sentinel lymph node identification: feasibility proof in murine models
Authors: Sehl Olivia C , Guo Kelvin , Mohtasebzadeh Abdul Rahman , Kim Petrina , Fellows Benjamin , Weyhmiller Marcela , Goodwill Patrick W , Wintermark Max , Lai Stephen Y , Foster Paula J , Greve Joan M 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an important cancer diagnostic staging procedure. Conventional SLNB procedures with 99mTc radiotracers and scintigraphy are constrained by tracer half-life and, in some cases, insufficient image resolution. Here, we explore an alternative magnetic (nonradioactive) image-guided SLNB procedure.

Purpose
To demonstrate that magnetic particle imaging (MPI) lymphography can sensitively, specifically, and quantitatively identify and map sentinel lymph modes (SLNs) in murine models in multiple regional lymphatic basins.

Materials and Methods
Iron oxide nanoparticles were administered intradermally to healthy C57BL/6 mice (male, 12-week-old, n = 5). The nanoparticles (0.675 mg Fe/kg) were injected into the tongue, forepaw, base of tail, or hind footpad, then detected by 3-dimensional MPI at multiple timepoints between 1 hour and 4 to 6 days. In this mouse model, the SLN is represented by the first lymph node draining from the injection site. SLNs were extracted to verify the MPI signal ex vivo and processed using Perl’s Prussian iron staining. Paired t-test was conducted to compare MPI signal from SLNs in vivo vs. ex vivo and considered significant if P &lt; .05.

Results
MPI lymphography identified SLNs in multiple lymphatic pathways, including the cervical SLN draining the tongue, axillary SLN draining the forepaw, inguinal SLN draining the tail, and popliteal SLN draining the footpad. MPI signal in lymph nodes was present after 1 hour and stable for the duration of the study (4-6 days). Perl’s Prussian iron staining was identified in the subcapsular space of excised SLNs.

Conclusion
Our data support the use of MPI lymphography to specifically detect SLN(s) using a magnetic tracer for a minimum of 4 to 6 days, thereby providing information required to plan the SLN approach in cancer surgery. As clinical-scale MPI is developed, translation will benefit from a history of using iron-oxide nanoparticles in human imaging and recent regulatory-approvals for use in SLNB.
Spectral dynamics prior to motor events differ between NREM sleep parasomnias and healthy sleepers
Authors: Castelnovo Anna , Mainieri Greta , Loddo Giuseppe , Balafas Spyros , Brombin Chiara , Balella Giulia , Montini Angelica , Di Serio Clelia , Manconi Mauro , Provini Federica 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Study Objectives
The umbrella term “Disorders of Arousal” (DoA), encompassing sleepwalking, confusional arousals, and sleep terrors, refers to parasomnias manifesting during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, commonly thought to arise from an aberrant arousal process. While previous studies have detailed electroencephalographic (EEG) changes linked to DoA episodes, it remains uncertain how these alterations differ from a physiological arousal process. This study directly compared brain activity between DoA episodes and arousals associated with physiological movements (motor arousal) in individuals with DoA and healthy sleepers.

Methods
Fifty-three adult participants with DoA (25 males, 32.2 ± 15.5 years) and 33 control participants (14 males, 31.4 ± 11.4 years) underwent one or more home EEG recordings. A semiparametric regression model was employed to elucidate the complex relationship between EEG activity across channels, within and across different groups, including motor arousals in DoA (n = 169), parasomnia episodes in DoA (n = 361), and motor arousals in healthy sleepers (n = 137).

Results
Parasomnia episodes and motor arousals in both groups were preceded by a diffuse increase in slow-wave activity (SWA) and beta power, and a widespread decrease in sigma power. However, motor arousals in DoA displayed lower beta and central sigma than in healthy sleepers. Within participants with DoA, episodes were preceded by lower beta, frontal sigma, and higher SWA than motor arousals.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the arousal process is altered in participants with DoA, and that specific EEG patterns are required for DoA episodes to emerge. These insights will help guide future research into the underlying circuits and objective markers of DoA.