bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of advertisements for part-time library positions in Pennsylvania and New Jersey
Authors: Wilkinson Zara 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine advertisements for part-time professional library jobs in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The goal is to gain a better understanding of what skills and experience levels are being required of part-time librarians, as well as what their expected salary and hours might be.Design/methodology/approach– Advertisements for part-time professional library positions were collected from online sources over the course of one year.Findings– Part-time librarian positions tend to be public services positions in either public or academic libraries. Advertisements for these position indicate a need for flexibility and often do not contain information about salary or hours. Many are suitable for entry-level librarians with no experience.Research limitations/implications– Job advertisement studies are limited in that they can only examine the information contained in the advertisements themselves and therefore may not reflect the actual person hired.Practical implications– This paper will provide useful information for librarians seeking part-time positions, as well as for library and information science educators and library managers who wish to mentor or hire new librarians.Originality/value– This paper corrects an identified lack of research into part-time library employment.
Invasive exotic shrub (Rhamnus cathartica) alters the timing and magnitude of post‐dispersal seed predation of native and exotic species
Authors: Bartowitz Kristina J. , Orrock John L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimsInvasive exotic plants may generate deleterious indirect effects on native species, such as increasing consumer pressure on native plants (i.e. apparent competition). Although rarely examined, invasive shrubs may create novel pulses of consumer pressure because their leaves senesce later, providing temporal increases in cover. Apparent competition generated by invasive species may have a strong temporal signal due to extended phenologies of invasive plants. Using an experimental manipulation of the invasive shrub,Rhamnus cathartica, we evaluated whether seed predation of multiple species is higher in invaded areas, and if the novel extended phenology ofR. catharticaleads to temporal changes in seed predation.LocationUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Arboretum, Madison,WI,US.MethodsWe removedR. catharticafrom half of 16 invaded plots. Using three 17‐d sessions over two seasons, we quantified seed predation onR. catharticaand four native species:Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Prunus serotinaandQuercus rubra. Studies included autumn sampling to evaluate whether extended phenology ofR. catharticaled to changes in seed predation. We quantified habitat characteristics and small mammal activity.ResultsRhamnus catharticaremoval led to decreased seed removal forA. rubrum,A. saccharumandR. cathartica, but magnitude depended upon season. ForR. catharticaandA. rubrum, autumn seed removal was higher inR. catharticainvaded areas, when these areas have substantial leaf cover. Predation ofA. saccharumseeds was highest in areas with intactR. catharticaduring the summer.R. catharticaremoval led to significantly increased light levels at the forest floor, increased leaf litter depth and lower total small mammal captures.ConclusionsPresence ofR. catharticaaltered seed removal of native and invasive species, and the unique phenology ofR. catharticaprovided cover that generated novel, previously undocumented temporal shifts in consumer pressure. Although our work illustrates how matureR. catharticacan increase seed removal, we conclude that apparent competition between seeds ofR. catharticaand native species is unlikely because higher seed removal caused byR. catharticawas seen forR. catharticaseeds. Our work highlights how predicting and ameliorating effects of invasive plants may require considering temporal dynamics that are currently poorly understood.
Heat Exchanger Improvement via Curved Microfluidic Channels: Part 1 — Impact of Cross-Sectional Geometry and Channel Design on Heat Transfer Enhancement
Authors: Marshall Samuel D. , Arayanarakool Rerngchai , Balasubramaniam Lakshmi , Li Bing , Lee Poh Seng , Chen Peter C. Y. 
Published: March 2016

The efficiency of conventional heat exchangers is restricted by many factors, such as effectiveness of convective heat transfer and the cost of their operation. The current research deals with these issues by developing a novel method for building a lower-cost yet more efficient heat sink. This method involves using a specially designed curved microchannel to utilise the enhanced fluid mixing characteristics of Dean vortices, and thus transferring heat efficiently.
Numerical models have been employed to investigate the heat transfer enhancement of curved channels over straight equivalents, with the aim of optimising the heat exchanger design based on the parameters of maximising heat transfer whilst minimising pressure drop and unit cost. A range of cross-sectional geometries for the curved channels were compared, showing significantly higher Nusselt Numbers than equivalent straight channels throughout, and finding superior performance factors for square, circular and symmetrical trapezoidal profiles. Due the difficulty and expense in manufacturing circular microchannels, the relatively simple to fabricate square and symmetrical trapezoidal channels are put forward as the most advantageous designs. These results take into account both constant wall temperature and constant heat flux conditions. For a given set of channel dimensions, an optimal input flow rate condition is also determined.
Preparation and Photocatalysis of a Glass Coated With Nanometer TiO2 Codoped With N, F and Fe Elements
Authors: Ding Cong , Zhang Yufei , Chuan Chen , Liu Yanhua 
Published: March 2016

Indoor air pollution seriously threats the life and health of human beings. The improvement of indoor air quality has become a focus that people pay more and more attentions to. The photocatalytic of pollutants based on TiO2 is a promising air purification technology. In order to overcome the disadvantages of nanometer powder TiO2 catalyst and to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2, series of glass plates covered with doped-TiO2 were prepared and the photocatalysis them were studied.
The glass plates covered with TiO2 which was doped in advance with N, F, or/and Fe were prepared by a sol-gel method. The doping content of N, F, Fe and heat treatment temperature were determined using the orthogonal array of the Taguchi quality design. The prepared gel was coated on the glass by spin-coating method. The effects of doping level of N, F and Fe and heat treatment temperature on the photocatalytic capabilities were investigated. The photocatalytic capabilities of prepared glass plates were investigated by degrading the solution of methylene blue (MB,C16H18ClN3S). The results show that appropriate addition of N, F and Fe and temperaturae are effective for improving the photocatalytic activities of TiO2 under visible light. The optimal TiO2 was prepared under the condition that the doping amount of F element was 9at %, that of N is 7at %, and none of Fe under 400 °C calcination temperature. The degradation rate of the sample for methylene blue solution reaches 23.49% under visible light irradiation for 5 hours. The influence order of the factors was the calcination temperature > F > N > Fe.
The Simulations of Flow and Heat Over Microscale Sensors in Supersonic Rarefied Gas Flows Using DSMC
Authors: Darbandi Masoud , Mosayebi Ghasem 
Published: March 2016

As the use of MEMS-based devices and systems are continuously increasing, the understanding of their correct characteristics becomes so serious for the related researches. In this study, the supersonic rarefied gas flow over microscale hotwires is investigated using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Indeed, the DSMC has been accepted as a powerful method to study the rarefied gas flow especially in transitional regime. Therefore, it can be considered as a reliable method to investigate the rarefied supersonic flow over microscale objects including the microscale hotwires. In this work, we study the effective parameters, which affect the performance of these sensors at constant sensor surface temperature conditions.
We use our developed DSMC code to perform our investigation. This code uses the DSMC algorithm to solve the rarefied gas flow on unstructured grid distributions. To validate our developed DSMC code, we solve the supersonic rarefied gas flow and heat transfer in microchannel considering different Knudsen number magnitudes. Comparing the achieved flow and heat transfer solutions with other available results and data reported on microchannel studies, we verify the accuracy of achieved results. Next we focus on hotwire sensor, which often consists of the combinations of different long narrow circular cylinders. We study the effects of grid resolution, time step size, and the number of simulated particles on the obtained results. We further study the effects of sensor temperature and sensor diameter on the sensor thermal performance. The achieved results indicate that the surface heat flux performs very similarly in different studied cases. For example, the achieved local Nusselt number distributions around the circular sensor show that the surface heat flux would gradually increase from the sensor stagnation point to its rear end as the temperature gradient increases. It reaches to a maximum magnitude and it then starts decreasing resulting in effective heat flux reduction. Finally, there is a low pressure zone at the rear side of cylinder, which is not considerably affected by the flow properties. The results also show that if the wire surface temperature increases, the Nusselt number would reduce. However, the amount of Nusselt Number reduction rate would decrease as the temperature increases. Furthermore, the results show that the Reynolds number decreases and the Knudsen number increases as the sensor diameter decreases, which is due to the transitional regime behavior. As is known, the flow at boundaries change the condition from the slip to transitional regime when the Knudsen number increases sufficiently; and the flow become rarefied. There is a reduction in the total heat flux rate as the sensor diameter is reduced.
In Vitro
Activity of Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants against Streptococcal, Chlamydial, and Gonococcal Infective Agents
Authors: Inácio Ângela S. , Nunes Alexandra , Milho Catarina , Mota Luís Jaime , Borrego Maria J. , Gomes João P. , Vaz Winchil L. C. , Vieira Otília V. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are widely used, cheap, and chemically stable disinfectants and topical antiseptics with wide-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Within this group of compounds, we recently showed that there are significant differences between the pharmacodynamics of
n
-alkyl quaternary ammonium surfactants (QAS) with a short (C
12
) alkyl chain when
in vitro
toxicities toward bacterial and mammalian epithelial cells are compared. These differences result in an attractive therapeutic window that justifies studying short-chain QAS as prophylactics for sexually transmitted infections (STI) and perinatal vertically transmitted urogenital infections (UGI). We have evaluated the antimicrobial activities of short-chain (C
12
)
n
-alkyl QAS against several STI and UGI pathogens as well as against commensal
Lactobacillus
species. Inhibition of infection of HeLa cells by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
and
Chlamydia trachomatis
was studied at concentrations that were not toxic to the HeLa cells. We show that the pathogenic bacteria are much more susceptible to QAS toxic effects than the commensal vaginal flora and that QAS significantly attenuate the infectivity of
N. gonorrhoeae
and
C. trachomatis
without affecting the viability of epithelial cells of the vaginal mucosa.
N
-Dodecylpyridinium bromide (C
12
PB) was found to be the most effective QAS. Our results strongly suggest that short-chain (C
12
)
n
-alkyl pyridinium bromides and structurally similar compounds are promising microbicide candidates for topical application in the prophylaxis of STI and perinatal vertical transmission of UGI.
In Vitro
Screening of the Open-Source Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box Reveals Novel Compounds with Profound Activities against Theileria annulata Schizonts
Authors: Hostettler Isabel , Müller Joachim , Hemphill Andrew 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Intracellular schizonts of the apicomplexans
Theileria annulata
and
Theileria parva
immortalize bovine leukocytes and thereby cause fatal diseases. The hydroxynaphthoquinone buparvaquone is currently the only option for the treatment of theileriosis, and resistance development has been reported. It is therefore tempting to investigate the repurposing of compounds effective against related apicomplexan parasites, such as
Plasmodium
. Here, we present the results of a screen of 400 compounds included in the open-access Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) malaria box on TaC12 cells, a macrophage-derived cell line immortalized by
T. annulata
schizonts. Using a combination of the classical alamarBlue vitality assay and a recently developed quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR method based on the
Theileria
TaSP gene, we have identified 5 compounds, characterized their effects on the ultrastructure of TaC12 cells, and investigated whether they easily induce resistance formation. Two compounds, the quinolinols MMV666022 and MMV666054, have 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
s) of 0.5 and 0.2 μM on TaC12 cells and 5.3 and 5.2 μM on BoMac cells, respectively. Thus, with therapeutic indexes of 11 and 18, they represent promising leads for further development of antitheilerial chemotherapeutics.
A Polymorphism in
leuS
Confers Reduced Susceptibility to GSK2251052 in a Clinical Isolate of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gupta Arya , Monteferrante Carmine , Rasina Dace , Leitis Gundars , Randall Christopher P. , Tomlinson Jennifer H. , Jirgensons Aigars , Goessens Wil H. F. , Hays John P. , O'Neill Alex J. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

GSK2251052 is a broad-spectrum antibacterial inhibitor of leucyl tRNA-synthetase (LeuRS) that has been evaluated in phase II clinical trials. Here, we report the identification of a clinical isolate of
Staphylococcus aureus
that exhibits reduced susceptibility to GSK2251052 without prior exposure to the compound and demonstrate that this phenotype is attributable to a single amino acid polymorphism (P
329
) within the editing domain of LeuRS.
Depressive symptomatology, weight status and obesogenic risk among Australian adolescents: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Hoare Erin , Millar Lynne , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Skouteris Helen , Nichols Melanie , Malakellis Mary , Swinburn Boyd , Allender Steven 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesAdolescence is a period of increased risk for mental health problems and development of associated lifestyle risk behaviours. This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between obesogenic risk factors, weight status, and depressive symptomatology in a cohort of Australian adolescents.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThe study used repeated measures data from the Australian Capital Territory (ACT)It's Your Moveproject, an Australian community-based obesity prevention intervention. Intervention effect was non-significant therefore intervention and comparison groups were combined in this study.ParticipantsTotal sample was 634 secondary school students (female n=338, male n=296) with mean age 13 years (SD=0.6) at baseline (2012) and 15 years (SD=0.6) at follow-up (2014) recruited from 6 government secondary schools in the ACT.Primary and secondary outcomes measuresPrimary outcome was depressive symptomatology measured by Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes were weight status, physical activity, screen time and diet related measures.ResultsIncreased physical activity was associated to lower depressive symptomatology among males (OR=0.35, p<0.05). Sweet drink (OR=1.15, p<0.05) and takeaway consumption (OR=1.84, p<0.05) were associated with higher levels of depressive symptomatology among females at follow-up. Males who were classified as overweight or obese at baseline, and remained so over the study period, were at increased risk of depressive symptomatology at follow-up (b=1.63, 95% CI 0.33 to 2.92). Inactivity among males over the 2-year study period was predictive of higher depressive symptomatology scores at follow-up (b=2.55, 95% CI 0.78 to 4.32). For females, those who increased their consumption of takeaway foods during the study period were at increased risk for developing depressive symptomatology (b=1.82, 95% CI −0.05 to 3.71).ConclusionsThere are multiple, probably complex, relationships between diet, physical activity and outcomes of obesity and mental health as well as between the outcomes themselves. Healthier diets and increased physical activity should be foundations for healthier body weight and mental health.Trial registration numberACTRN12615000842561; Results.
Waist-to-height ratio as an indicator of ‘early health risk’: simpler and more predictive than using a ‘matrix’ based on BMI and waist circumference
Authors: Ashwell Margaret , Gibson Sigrid 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesThere is now good evidence that central obesity carries more health risks compared with total obesity assessed by body mass index (BMI). It has therefore been suggested that waist circumference (WC), a proxy for central obesity, should be included with BMI in a ‘matrix’ to categorise health risk. We wanted to compare how the adult UK population is classified using such a ‘matrix’ with that using another proxy for central obesity, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), using a boundary value of 0.5. Further, we wished to compare cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with ‘healthy’ BMI divided according to whether they have WHtR below or above 0.5.Setting, participants and outcome measuresRecent data from 4 years (2008–2012) of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (n=1453 adults) were used to cross-classify respondents on anthropometric indices. Regression was used to examine differences in levels of risk factors (triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), TC: HDL, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting glucose, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)) according to WHtR below and above 0.5, with adjustment for confounders (age, sex and BMI).Results35% of the group who were judged to be at ‘no increased risk’ using the ‘matrix’ had WHtR ≥0.5. The ‘matrix’ did not assign ‘increased risk’ to those with a ‘healthy’ BMI and ‘high’ waist circumference. However, our analysis showed that the group with ‘healthy’ BMI, and WHtR ≥0.5, had some significantly higher cardiometabolic risk factors compared to the group with ‘healthy’ BMI but WHtR below 0.5.ConclusionsUse of a simple boundary value for WHtR (0.5) identifies more people at ‘early health risk’ than does a more complex ‘matrix’ using traditional boundary values for BMI and WC. WHtR may be a simpler and more predictive indicator of the ‘early heath risks’ associated with central obesity.
Do health literacy and patient empowerment affect self-care behaviour? A survey study among Turkish patients with diabetes
Authors: Eyüboğlu Ezgi , Schulz Peter J 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the impact of health literacy and patient empowerment on diabetes self-care behaviour in patients in metropolitan Turkish diabetes centres. The conceptual background is provided by the psychological health empowerment model, which holds that health literacy without patient empowerment comes down to wasting health resources, while empowerment without health literacy can lead to dangerous or suboptimal health behaviour.Design, setting and participantsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 167 patients over the age of 18 from one of two diabetes clinics in a major Turkish City. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to eligible outpatients who had an appointment in one of the clinics. Health literacy was measured by a newly translated Turkish version of the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA) and the Chew self-report scale. Patient empowerment was measured by a 12-item scale based on Spreitzer's conceptualisation of psychological empowerment in the workplace. Self-care behaviour was measured by the Self-care behaviours were measured by the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure (SDSCA). Level of diabetes knowledge was measured by Diabetes Knowledge Test.ResultsTwo subscales of empowerment, impact and self-determination, predicted self-reported frequency of self-care behaviours. Neither health literacy nor diabetes knowledge had an effect on self-care behaviours.ConclusionsHealth literacy might be more effective in clinical decisions while empowerment might exert a stronger influence on habitual health behaviours.
Pragmatic message to junior doctors
Authors: Chamsi-Pasha Hassan , Chamsi-Pasha Majed , Albar Mohammed Ali 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAlthough several studies described the experience of doctors in their first postgraduate years, few shed the light on the ethical issues encountered by them. These doctors face a broad range of ‘everyday’ ethical challenges, from breach of confidentiality to truth-telling or improper informed consent. The daily ethical issues faced by junior doctors are not as dramatic as the major issues learned at medical school. Junior doctors have to make the best ethical decisions within the time limits available. Undergraduate medical ethics curricula should give priority to the real-life issues that doctors will face in their first years of practice.
A Novel Parallel LSA-SVM Algorithm Based on Semantic Distance for Blog
Authors: Tong Zhao , Xiao Zheng , Liu Hong , Chen Ming 
Published: March 2016

Emotional analysis can be considered as a kind of classification of sentiment polarity in essence. Against the background of mass data processing, in order to increase the accuracy of judgment on the emotion conveyed by a text, a method to classify the emotional tendency of a text that combines Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) is proposed herein. By this method, a semantic distance vector space modal of “word-document” is developed from semantic aspect following the method of LSA. Then, with the help of SVM that is featured by high classification accuracy and good generalization ability, the emotion is classified. At last, this paper proposed a parallel implementation of LSA-SVM algorithm. The algorithm is developed using Message Passing Interface (MPI) in parallel environment. Experiments show that the accuracy of this method is higher than that of the conventional SVM method in the Blog assessment where sentences are short and emotional tendency is evident, the classification accuracy in a test set approximates to 92.2%, and compared with the serial implementation, the parallel LSA-SVM algorithm increases efficiency significantly.