bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ownership and Pay in Britain
Authors: Pendleton Andrew , Bryson Alex , Gospel Howard 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDrawing on principal–agent perspectives on corporate governance, the article examines whether employees’ hourly pay is related to ownership dispersion. Using linked employee‐workplace data from the British Workplace Employment Relations Survey 2011, and using a variety of techniques including interval regression and propensity score matching, average hourly pay is found to be higher in dispersed ownership workplaces. The premium is broadly constant across most of the wage distribution, but falls at the 95th percentile to become statistically non‐significant. This contrasts with earlier papers which indicate that higher level employees are the primary beneficiaries of higher pay from dispersed ownership. The dispersed ownership pay premium is not readily explained by efficiency wage perspectives but is consistent with a managerial desire for a ‘quiet life’.
β2‐AR activation induces chemoresistance by modulating p53 acetylation through upregulating Sirt1 in cervical cancer cells
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Zhang Wei , Cheng Xiang , Guo Liang , Xie Shuai , Ma Yuanfang , Guo Ning , Shi Ming 
Published: May 2017

It has been suggested that β2‐adrenergic receptor (β2‐AR)‐mediated signaling induced by catecholamines regulates the degradation of p53. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms were not known. In the present study, we demonstrated that catecholamines upregulated the expression of silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) through activating β2‐AR‐mediated signaling pathway, since selective β2‐AR antagonist ICI 118, 551 and non‐selective β‐blocker proprenolol effectively repressed isoproterenol (ISO)‐induced Sirt1 expression. Catecholamines inhibited doxorubicin (DOX)‐induced p53 acetylation and transcription‐activation activities by inducing the expression of Sirt1. Knockdown of the Sirt1 expression by the specific siRNA remarkably blocked the inhibitory effects of ISO on DOX‐induced p53 acetylation. In addition, we demonstrated that catecholamines induced resistance of cervical cancer cells to chemotherapeutics both in vitro and in vivo and that β2‐AR was overexpressed in cervical cancer tissues. Our data suggest that the p53‐dependent, chemotherapeutics‐induced cytotoxicity in cervical cancer cells may be compromised by catecholamines‐induced upregulation of the Sirt1 expression through activating the β2‐AR signaling.
Underinvestment in Producer‐Funded Agricultural R&D: The Role of the Horizon Problem
Authors: Xiao Zhihua , Fulton Murray 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAgricultural research and development (R&D) investment has become an increasingly important policy issue as food prices increased and food security problems emerged over the last decade. An important source of agricultural R&D funding is the producer check‐off, which is increasingly being used to fund applied agricultural research. Existing studies of producer‐funded agricultural R&D indicate there are high private rates of return to agricultural R&D investment by farmers, and thus farmers are underinvesting in R&D. Since a farmer's time horizon is typically less than the period of time over which the benefits of agricultural R&D take place, the horizon problem has been identified as a possible factor in this underinvestment. This paper shows that the horizon problem is unlikely to be the only cause of the underinvestment when the internal rate of return is large. Instead, shortened producer horizons only emerge as the main source of underinvestment when the internal rate of return is low. As a result, other factors, including behavioral determinants, need to be looked at as contributors to the underfunding of agricultural R&D.Les investissements en recherche et développement agricoles sont devenus un important enjeu politique étant donné l'augmentation des prix des aliments et les problèmes de sécurité alimentaire de la dernière décennie. Une importante source de financement pour la recherche et le développement dans le domaine agricole sont les programmes de contribution des producteurs, ces derniers étant de plus en plus sollicités pour financer la recherche agricole appliquée. Certaines études portant sur la recherche et le développement agricoles financés par les producteurs indiquent un haut taux de rendement privé des investissements en recherche et développement agricoles par les producteurs. Ces derniers y investissent donc moins. Puisque l'échéancier de l'agriculteur est typiquement moins long que celui pendant lequel les avantages liés à la recherche et au développement dans le domaine agricole s'échelonnent, le problème de l'horizon a été identifié comme facteur potentiel au sous‐investissement. Il est probable, selon cet article, que le problème de l'horizon ne soit pas la seule cause du sous‐investissement lorsque le taux interne de rendement s'avère grand. Plutôt, les échéanciers réduits des agriculteurs apparaissent seulement comme les sources principales de sous‐investissement lorsque le taux de rendement interne est bas. Il en résulte que d'autres facteurs, incluant les déterminants comportementaux, doivent être examinés à titre de contributeurs au sous‐investissement de la recherche et du développement en agriculture.
Optimal Pricing and Replenishment of an Expiring Inventoried Product under Heterogeneous Consumer Sensitivities
Authors: Herbon Avi 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTEfficient pricing and replenishment decisions have the potential to yield significant increase in revenues. A widespread assumption in existing models of expiring inventories is that consumers are homogeneous in their sensitivities towards the factors that influence demand. Yet, there are numerous scenarios in which consumers may vary in terms of their sensitivities. In addition, most of the current literature addresses expiring inventories for which the perceived quality deteriorates over time, while models of perishables for which the quality remains stable over time (e.g., electronic devices) or increases (e.g., green bananas, or wine) have rarely been suggested. We analyze a joint pricing and replenishment optimization model that aims to maximize the retailer's profit and is general enough to consider these three types of expiring inventories, as well as heterogeneity in consumer sensitivities. In particular, our model considers the effects of remaining shelf‐life, price and perceived quality on demand. We obtain the optimal price given any cycle length and derive the FOC (first order condition) for obtaining the optimal cycle length. By numerical study, we show that the seller might gain significant profits in cases where consumers are highly heterogeneous either in their sensitivity to price or in their sensitivity to perceived quality. In contrast, the results indicate that the seller might lose significant profits (up to 16%) when consumers are highly heterogeneous in their sensitivity to expiration. Unexpectedly, the optimal price consumers pay is, in general, only moderately affected by the heterogeneity in consumer sensitivity.
Children's intuitive sense of number develops independently of their perception of area, density, length, and time
Authors: Odic Darko 
Published: May 2017

AbstractYoung children can quickly and intuitively represent the number of objects in a visual scene through the Approximate Number System (ANS). The precision of the ANS – indexed as the most difficult ratio of two numbers that children can reliably discriminate – is well known to improve with development: whereas infants require relatively large ratios to discriminate number, children can discriminate finer and finer changes in number between toddlerhood and early adulthood. Which factors drive the developmental improvements in ANS precision? Here, we investigate the influence of four non‐numeric dimensions – area, density, line length, and time – on ANS development, exploring the degree to which the ANS develops independently from these other dimensions, from inhibitory control, and from domain‐general factors such as attention and working memory that are shared between these tasks. A sample of 185 children between the ages of 2 and 12 years completed five discrimination tasks: approximate number, area, density, length, and time. We report three main findings. First, logistic growth models applied to both accuracy and Weber fractions (w; an index of ANS precision) across age reveal distinct developmental trajectories across the five dimensions: while area and length develop by adolescence, time and density do not develop fully until early adulthood, with ANS precision developing at an intermediate rate. Second, we find that ANS precision develops independently of the other four dimensions, which in turn develop independently of the ANS. Third, we find that ANS precision also develops independently from individual differences in inhibitory control (indexed as the difference in accuracy and w between Congruent and Incongruent ANS trials). Together, these results are the first to provide evidence for domain‐specific improvements in ANS precision, and place children's maturing perception of number, space, and time into a broader developmental context.
Older people with Type 2 diabetes, including those with chronic kidney disease or dementia, are commonly overtreated with sulfonylurea or insulin therapies
Authors: Hambling C. E. , Seidu S. I. , Davies M. J. , Khunti K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimTo evaluate potential overtreatment with sulfonylurea and insulin therapies amongst older people with Type 2 diabetes, including those with chronic kidney disease or dementia.MethodsUsing the ECLIPSE Live software tool, we developed a search to examine data on older people (age ≥ 70 years) with Type 2 diabetes, who were prescribed sulfonylurea or insulin therapies over the previous 90 days. Sixteen Norfolk general practices participated, representing a population of 24 661 older people, including 3862 (15.7%) with Type 2 diabetes. Of these, 1379 (35.7%) people were prescribed sulfonylurea or insulin therapies. Data extracted included age, sex, last recorded HbA1c value, renal function and dementia codes.ResultsThe median age of the study cohort was 78 years. A total of 644 people (47.8%) had chronic kidney disease (estimated GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2) and 60 people (4.35%) had dementia. The median (interquartile range) HbA1c concentration for the entire cohort was 58 (51–69) mmol/mol [7.5 (6.8–8.5)%], with no difference in median HbA1c between those with or without either chronic kidney disease or dementia. In total, 400 older people (29.9%) had an HbA1c concentration < 53 mmol/mol (7%), of whom 162 (12.1%) had HbA1c < 48 mmol/mol (6.5%). Stratified by prescription for sulfonylurea, insulin or combined insulin and sulfonylurea therapies, 282 (35.2%), 93 (24.2%) and 25 people (16.3%), respectively, had HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7.0%). Treatment to an HbA1c target of < 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) was as prevalent in those with chronic kidney disease or dementia as in those without.ConclusionIn the present cohort of older people with Type 2 diabetes prescribed sulfonylurea or insulin therapies, overtreatment was common, even in the presence of comorbidities known to increase hypoglycaemia risk.
LAPSInsulin115: A novel ultra‐long‐acting basal insulin with a unique action profile
Authors: Wronkowitz Nina , Hartmann Thorsten , Görgens Sven Wolfgang , Dietze‐Schroeder Daniela , Indrakusuma Ira , Choi In Young , Park Sung Hee , Lee Young‐Mi , Kwon Se Chang , Kang Yeonjoo , Hompesch Marcus , Eckel Jürgen 
Published: May 2017

AimsTo conduct a comprehensive pre‐clinical study of the novel ultra‐long acting insulin analogue LAPSInsulin115.MethodsPharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies comparing LAPSInsulin115 with other basal insulins were conducted in genetically diabetic (db/db) mice. Insulin signalling in the major target organs was analysed using Western blot after single subcutaneous injection in wild‐type male Wistar rats. Using in vitro assays we analysed transendothelial transport, insulin receptor (IR) interaction, and the mitogenic and metabolic properties of LAPSInsulin115. Furthermore, IR downregulation after long‐term exposure to high concentrations of LAPSInsulin115 was analysed using an in vitro desensitization/resensitization model.ResultsThe novel Fc‐conjugated insulin derivative LAPSInsulin115 showed an extensively prolonged pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile in rodents. Despite its size of 59 kDa, LAPSInsulin115 passes the vascular endothelial barrier and induces insulin signalling in all major target tissues in rats. In vitro, LAPSInsulin115 showed a very slow onset of action because of its reduced IR affinity; however, after long‐term stimulation it was equipotent in respect to its metabolic potency and showed no increased mitogenic action when compared with regular insulin. Remarkably, under conditions of chronic exposure, LAPSInsulin115 does not induce irreversible desensitization of target cells, which is probably attributable to much less prominent IR downregulation.ConclusionThus, LAPSInsulin115 exhibits a unique in vivo and in vitro profile and thereby represents an excellent candidate for a once‐weekly insulin analogue.
Room for manoeuvre: User participation in water resources management in Burkina Faso
Authors: Daré William's , Venot Jean‐Philippe 
Published: May 2017

AbstractParticipation in natural resources management is widely promoted in sub‐Saharan Africa, but faces mounting criticism from social science scholars who rarely engage with it in practice. We use the notion of room for manoeuvre to reflect on a multi‐level participatory approach designed to support the Burkinabè Integrated Water Resources Management policy and propose ways of engaging constructively with local users and policy‐makers. Within an “invited space” of participation, water users’ room for manoeuvre was enhanced through the acquisition of new knowledge on the legal Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) framework. This allowed them to interact with decision‐makers and to extend their networks. Power imbalances were discussed, but this did not lead to modifying existing power structures that hinge on broader societal dynamics.
Mitral arcade: A rare case presenting with fatigue and cough
Authors: Aydın Sahin Derya , Ceylan Ozben 
Published: May 2017

An 11‐year‐old girl was admitted to pediatric emergency unit with complaints of fatigue and cough. The patient had no previous complaints. There was no history of rheumatic heart disease. The height and duration of the P‐wave was 4 mm and 0.16 seconds, respectively (p mitrale). Echocardiography showed enlarged left atrium (51×61 mm in diameter). Both the anterolateral and posteromedial papillary muscles were directly attached to the anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets without tendinous chords. The patient was diagnosed with mitral arcade, severe mitral stenosis, and mitral regurgitation. The patient was referred to surgery for replacement of mitral valve.
Epilepsia partialis continua after an anterior circulation ischaemic stroke
Authors: Bentes C. , Franco A. C. , Peralta A. R. , Viana P. , Martins H. , Morgado C. , Casimiro C. , Fonseca C. , Geraldes R. , Canhão P. , Pinho e Melo T. , Paiva T. , Ferro J. M. 
Published: May 2017

Background and purposeAlthough cerebrovascular disorders are the main cause of epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) in adulthood, the frequency of EPC after stroke is unknown. The aim was to prospectively ascertain its frequency 1 year after an ischaemic stroke.MethodsThis was a prospective study of consecutive acute anterior circulation ischaemic stroke patients, previously independent, with an admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≥4, an acute ischaemic lesion on imaging and no previous epileptic seizures. During admission patients received standardized diagnostic and medical care and were submitted to a neurophysiological evaluation protocol. One year after stroke, patients were re‐evaluated by an epilepsy expert neurologist and performed a video‐electroencephalogram with electromyography co‐registration whenever myoclonus was observed during neurological examination for jerk‐locked back averaging analysis (JLBA). EPC was defined as continuously repeated fragments of epileptic seizures, with preserved consciousness, lasting at least 1 h, and representing locally restricted epileptic activity.ResultsIn all, 151 acute anterior circulation stroke patients were consecutively included and prospectively evaluated, but 23 died in the first year. One year after stroke, from 127 patients alive, 117 (92.1%) underwent clinical and neurophysiological evaluation. In two (1.7%) patients, EPC diagnosis was made both by clinical and electroencephalographic criteria, namely JLBA. Both patients had a history of remote symptomatic seizures and one of them acute symptomatic seizures and non‐convulsive status epilepticus criteria during the first 7 days after stroke.ConclusionsDespite its low frequency, the high stroke incidence makes post‐stroke EPC relevant. This study draws attention to this recognizable condition with therapeutic and eventually prognostic implications.
Low temperatures during ontogeny increase fluctuating asymmetry and reduce maternal aggression in the house mouse, Mus musculus
Authors: Benderlioglu Zeynep , Dow Eliot 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMaternal aggression is behavior displayed by post‐partum lactating female mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics, presumably as a defense against infanticide. A variety of perinatal stressors can impair maternal care in adulthood. Previous studies on associations between developmental perturbations and maternal aggression have produced mixed results. To address this issue, we employed a proxy for developmental instability, namely fluctuating asymmetry (FA) to further elucidate the relationship between low temperature stress and maternal aggression. FA, small, random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilateral characters is used as a quantitative measure of stress during ontogeny. Dams were either maintained in standard laboratory temperatures (21 ± 2°C), or cold temperatures (8 ± 2°C) during gestation. During lactation, their progeny either remained in the temperature condition in which they were gestated or were transferred to the other temperature condition. Four individual measures of FA, a composite of these measures, and three measures of maternal aggression were assessed in the female progeny in adulthood. Exposure to low temperatures during both pre‐ and early post‐natal development increased composite FA and reduced all three measures of maternal aggression compared to controls. Exposure to low temperatures during the pre‐ or post‐natal period alone did not induce either high FA or altered maternal aggression. Certain measures of FA and nest defense were negatively correlated. Our results suggest that low temperatures experienced during gestation and lactation may have important fitness costs. Low maternal aggression toward infanticidal conspecifics is likely to limit the number of offspring surviving into adulthood. Overall, FA appears to be a reliable indicator of chronic developmental stress with implications for fitness.
Effect of a nitrogen pulse on ecosystem N processing at different temperatures: A mesocosm experiment with 15NO3− addition
Authors: Olsen Saara , Cao Yu , Florencia Gutierrez María , Brucet Sandra , Landkildehus Frank , Lauridsen Torben L. , Davidson Thomas A. , Søndergaard Martin , Jeppesen Erik , Risgaard‐Petersen Nils 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Shallow lakes may play an important role for the nitrogen (N) balance in drainage basins by processing, transferring and retaining N inputs. An increase in the frequency of storm‐induced short‐term N pulses and increased water temperatures are both likely outcomes of climate change, potentially affecting the N processing in lakes.

An experiment with a K15NO3− pulse addition (increase in NO3− concentration from c. 0.1 to 2 mg/L) was carried out in 12 mesocosms with relatively low (applies to Danish lakes) total N (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations (c. 0.3 mg N L−1 and 0.04 mg P L−1) to assess the effects of an N pulse on N processing and storage in shallow lake ecosystems. The mesocosms have a hydraulic retention time of approximately two and a half months, and at the time of the experiment, they had been adapted to contrasting temperatures for a period of 10 years: ambient, T3 (heating according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 A2 scenario, +3.7–4.5°C, depending on season) and T5 (heating with A2 + 50%, +4.9–6.6°C).

Macrophytes and filamentous algae retained up to 40% and 30% of the added 15N, respectively, reflecting their high biomass in the mesocosms. Macrophytes and filamentous algae constituted between 70% and 80% of the biomass of all primary producers during the experiment in the T3 and ambient treatments and between 20% and 40% in T5. By comparison, less than 1% of the added 15N diffused to the sediment and less than 5% was lost to the atmosphere as N2 gas. Snails represented the long‐term storage of 15N, retaining up to 6% of the tracer and with detectable enrichment 100 days after tracer addition.

We found no significant differences among the temperature treatments in the 15N turnover after pulse dosing. However, a larger percentage of 15N was stored in macrophytes in the ambient and T3 mesocosms, reflecting higher biomasses than in T5 where filamentous algae were more abundant. Macrophytes and filamentous algae rather than temperature were therefore key controllers of N processing during the summer N pulse in these shallow, relatively low TP lakes.
From dimictic to monomictic: Empirical evidence of thermal regime transitions in three deep alpine lakes in Austria induced by climate change
Authors: Ficker Harald , Luger Martin , Gassner Hubert 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Duration and timing of thermal stratification and the period of vertical mixing are crucial for internal chemical and biological processes of deep temperate lakes. Climatic changes induced a prolongation of thermal stratification in many lakes over the last decades. This study provides a comparative assessment of observed climate‐induced changes in thermal and limnological properties of three originally dimictic temperate lakes.

We analysed 41 years of vertical sampling data of Lake Irrsee (IR), Mondsee (MO) and Hallstätter See (HA) located in the Salzkammergut lake district of Austria. We examined temperatures in surface and bottom waters, quantified changes in thermal regimes and investigated the development of hypoxia, anoxia and phosphorus concentrations of the three lakes from 1975 to 2015.

Mean annual surface‐water temperatures increased substantially, whereas bottom‐water temperatures showed insignificant trends in IR and MO and a slight rising trend in HA. Resulting higher vertical temperature gradients caused stronger thermal stabilities of the lakes. Based on calculations of daily thermal stability, all three lakes showed a significant prolongation of the stratification period with +31 days (±7 days) in IR, +37 days (±7 days) in MO and +28 (±8 days) in HA. We observed greater changes in the timing of onset of stratification compared to the changes in the timing of stratification termination (IR onset −19 days versus termination +11 days, MO onset −21 days versus termination +16 days, HA onset −16 days versus termination +12 days).

We found that expanding seasonal hypoxia and anoxia were correlated to prolonged seasonal stratifications and to increasing phosphorus concentrations in bottom‐water layers. However, higher phosphorus concentrations in bottom waters did not raise the lakes′ volume‐weighted total phosphorus concentrations.

Under ongoing climate change, alterations in the thermal characteristics will inevitably lead to a transition of mixing regimes from a dimictic to a monomictic mixing pattern in originally ice‐covered temperate lakes. Our investigation revealed that this transition will be earlier in larger and deeper lakes.