bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Productive and Enantioselective Enzyme Catalysis under Continuous Supported Liquid–Liquid Conditions Using a Hybrid Monolithic Bioreactor
Authors: Sandig Bernhard , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEnzyme‐containing ionic liquids (ILs) were immobilized in cellulose‐2.5‐acetate microbeads particles embedded in a porous monolithic polyurethane matrix. This bioreactor was used under continuous liquid‐liquid conditions by dissolving the substrates in a nonpolar organic phase immiscible with the ILs, thereby creating a biphasic system. Lipases (candida antarctica lipase B, CALB, candida rugosa lipase, CRL) were used to catalyze the enantioselective transesterification of racemic (R,S)‐1‐phenylethanol with vinyl butyrate and vinyl acetate, the esterification of (+/‐)‐2‐isopropyl‐5‐methylcyclohexanol with propionic anhydride and the amidation of (R,S)‐1‐phenylethylamine with ethyl methoxyacetate. With this unique setup, very high productivities, that is, turnover numbers (TONs) up to 5.1×106 and space‐time yields (STYs) up to 28 g product L−1 h−1, exceeding the corresponding values for batch‐type reactions by a factor of 3100 and 40, respectively, were achieved while maintaining or even enhancing enantioselectivity compared to batch reactions via kinetic resolution. To our best knowledge, this is the first continuously operated bioreactor using supported liquid‐liquid conditions that shows these features in the synthesis of chiral esters and amides.
Electrochemical Dealloying of PdCu3 Nanoparticles to Achieve Pt‐like Activity for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Jana Rajkumar , Bhim Anupam , Bothra Pallavi , Pati Swapan K. , Peter Sebastian C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractManipulating the d‐band center of the metal surface and hence optimizing the free energy of hydrogen adsorption (ΔGH) close to the optimal adsorption energy (ΔGH=0) for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), is an efficient strategy to enhance the activity for HER. Herein, we report a oleylamine‐mediated (acting as the solvent, stabilizer, and reducing agent) strategy to synthesize intermetallic PdCu3 nanoparticles (NPs) without using any external reducing agent. Upon electrochemical cycling, PdCu3 transforms into Pd‐rich PdCu (ΔGH=0.05 eV), exhibiting remarkably enhanced activity (with a current density of 25 mA cm−2 at ∼69 mV overpotential) as an alternative to Pt for HER. The first‐principle calculation suggests that formation of low coordination number Pd active sites alters the d‐band center and hence optimal adsorption of hydrogen, leading to enhanced activity. This finding may provide guidelines towards the design and development of Pt‐free highly active and robust electrocatalysts.
A unified approach of simultaneous state estimation and anomalous node detection in distributed wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chatterjee Aditi , Venkateswaran Palaniandavar , Mukherjee Debaprasad 
Published: September 2016

SummaryDetection of anomalous node in distributed wireless sensor networks is extremely important for powerful inference and network reliability. In this paper, we propose a powerful linear statistical model for estimating the state values of the sensor nodes longitudinally, and the estimated state values are used for detecting the anomalous nodes. Our proposed approach is powerful because it considers the effect of the nearest neighbors on the current state values and then detects the anomalous nodes based on the estimated state values. Our method can estimate the missing state values of the sensor nodes, which are kept in sleep mode for energy conservation. We also propose an alternative Bayesian model that is computationally faster for state estimation and anomaly detection. The effectiveness of the proposed model is investigated through extensive simulation studies, and the usefulness of our algorithm is numerically assessed. The performance of the proposed approach is compared to that of the traditional approaches through simulation studies. The proposed model can be effectively used in security surveillance, pattern recognition, habitat monitoring, etc.
No evidence of potentiation of buprenorphine by milnacipran in healthy subjects using a nociceptive test battery
Authors: Okkerse P. , Alvarez‐Jimenez R. , Hay J.L. , Tehim A. , Kumar R. , de Kam M.L. , Groeneveld G.J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundSerotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenalin and are used in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Animal studies suggest that milnacipran co‐administered with opioids may potentiate the analgesic effect of μ‐opioid receptor agonists. This study hypothesized that co‐administration of milnacipran and buprenorphine would have a synergistic effect in evoked pain models in healthy subjects.MethodsThis was a randomized double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, four‐way cross‐over, multiple dose clinical trial to investigate the analgesic effects of buprenorphine (placebo, 0.5, 1 and 3 μg/kg) in combination with milnacipran (placebo, 25 and 50 mg) in healthy subjects.Results11 healthy men were enrolled in the study. Buprenorphine alone showed a dose–response relationship indicative of anti‐nociception in the pain tests. Following milnacipran administration, no changes were seen in the pharmacodynamic measurements for pain, psychomotor function, body stability or eye movements. For the electrical tests, cold pressor test and pressure pain test, buprenorphine alone was superior when compared with buprenorphine plus milnacipran. No differences in pharmacodynamic variables, besides an increase in pupil/iris ratio, were observed after repeated administration of milnacipran 50 mg. Single and multiple doses of 25 or 50 mg milnacipran did not further potentiate the anti‐nociceptive effects of buprenorphine.ConclusionsBuprenorphine showed dose‐dependent effects consistent with its pharmacological profile. Milnacipran alone did not affect any of the pain variables. The combination of both buprenorphine and milnacipran did not potentiate or show a synergistic effect on the pain models used in this study.SignificanceBuprenorphine is known to be a potent opioid agonist. Animal studies suggest that milnacipran co‐administered with opioids may potentiate the analgesic effect of μ‐opioid receptor agonists. Here, we found that buprenorphine showed a dose‐dependent analgesic effect, but that no potentiation or synergy on a battery of evoked pain tasks could be observed after co‐administration of both milnacipran and buprenorphine.
Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Lead (II) Using Poly Xylenol Orange Modified Electrode
Authors: Manikandan Ramalingam , Sriman Narayanan Sangilimuthu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this work a method for sensitive anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Pb(II) ions using a poly xylenol orange film modified electrode (PXOFME) has been proposed. Poly xylenol orange film (PXOF) was formed on a paraffin impegrenated graphite electrode (PIGE) using electro polymerization method by scanning the potential between −0.5 V to 1.3 V, at a scan rate of 50 mV/s for 30 segments in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7. The PXOFME was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ATR‐IR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The modified electrode has been used to develop a sensitive method for the determination of Pb(II) ions by anodic stripping voltmmetry (ASV). The PXOFME was used to preconcentrate Pb(II) ions through complexation, the complexed metal ions were reduced electrochemically and then stripped anodically from the surface of the electrode. A linear range of 5 μg/L to 413 μg/L with a limit of detection (S/N=3) of 1.6 μg/L was observed for the determination of Pb(II) ions. The method was applied to lead determination in sea water and tap water samples and the results were found to be satisfactory.
A green alternative method for analysis of ivermectin and moxidectin in environmental water samples using automatized preconcentration previous MEEKC
Authors: Felici Emiliano , Casado Cristian , Wang Chien C. , Raba Julio , Gomez María R. 
Published: September 2016

Antiparasitic drugs derived from macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are widely used in livestock activities around the world. An increasing concern for local authorities is the environmental pollution as a consequence of veterinary drugs widely used in rural areas. The purpose of environmental analysis is to monitor low levels of pollutant analytes in a large number of samples. Also, due to the lipophilic characteristic of these lactones, long‐chain solvents are usually required for performing sample treatment before and during the analysis. Therefore, sensitive, specific, robust, and environmentally friendly analytical methods are still required. In this paper, a new automatized preconcentration methodology followed by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography analysis was developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of the most used MLs, ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MXD) in environmental water. XAD‐4 resin was employed as an adsorbent for the preconcentration process and ethanol was used as the eluent. In contrast to traditional analysis for IVM and MXD, in this methodology nonpolluting solvents were involved during the whole process and therefore, it could be considered as a contribution to green analytical chemistry. Under optimal experimental conditions, LOD obtained for IVM and MXD were of 3 × 10−3 and 3.6 × 10−3 μg/L, respectively.
Waffle production: influence of batter ingredients on sticking of waffles at baking plates—Part II: effect of fat, leavening agent, and water
Authors: Huber Regina , Schoenlechner Regine 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFresh egg waffles are continuously baked in tunnel baking ovens in industrial scale. Waffles that partly or fully stick to the baking plates cause significant product loss and increased costs. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of different recipe ingredients on the sticking behavior of waffles. In this second part, ingredients investigated were different leavening agents (sodium acid pyrophosphate, ammonium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide carbonate, or monocalcium phosphate), different fat sources (rapeseed oil, cocos fat, butter, or margarine), and different water sources (tap water 12°dH and distilled water). Within the different types of fats, solid fats with high amount of short‐chain fatty acids (cocos fat or butter) decreased the number of sticking waffles compared to liquid oils (rapeseed oil). Regarding leavening agents, magnesium hydroxide carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate were superior to sodium acid pyrophosphate or monocalcium phosphate. Between the two water sources, effects were small.
(Mis)understanding Science: The Problem with Scientific Breakthroughs
Authors: Evans James P. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOn Saturday morning, February 28, 1953, the mystery of heredity appeared secure. Humans hadn't the faintest idea of how genetic information was transmitted—how the uncanny resemblance between mother and daughter, grandfather and grandson was conveyed across generations. Yet, by that Saturday afternoon, two individuals, James Watson and Francis Crick, had glimpsed the solution to these mysteries. The story of Watson and Crick's great triumph has been told and retold and has rightly entered the pantheon of scientific legend. But Watson and Crick's breakthrough was just that: a rupture and dramatic discontinuity in human knowledge that solved a deep mystery, the likes of which occurs, perhaps, a couple of times each century. And that's the problem. The story is just so good and so irresistible that it has misled generations of scientists about what to expect regarding a life in science. And more damaging, the resulting breakthrough mentality misleads the public, the media, and society's decision‐makers about how science really works, all to the detriment of scientific progress and our society's well‐being.
The Challenge of Defining Success in Bioethics’ Humanist Wing
Authors: Lauritzen Paul 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn “Reason and the Republic of Opinion,” Leon Wieseltier bemoaned an age that reduces reason to utilitarian calculation and requires almost ritual genuflection before the altar of numbers. The spirit of this age is at work in the field of bioethics where, as Debra Mathews and colleagues point out in “A Conceptual Model for the Translation of Bioethics Research and Scholarship,” researchers and scholars are increasingly “being asked to demonstrate and also forecast the value and impact of their work.” Despite the reductionism that typically accompanies the movements imbued with this spirit, the concern for accountability that stands behind the call for measuring success is legitimate. The bioethics community is thus fortunate to have such a distinguished group of scholars wrestling with these matters. Indeed, the effort of Mathews et al. to articulate a framework for determining success in bioethics research and scholarship is especially admirable precisely because they resist the temptation to reduce success to quantitative measures alone. That said, it is also important to say that it is nearly impossible to engage with the task these scholars have set for themselves and not succumb to a kind of data fetishism. It is well and good to talk about the complexity of bioethics as a field, but the language of “metrics,” “outputs,” “feedback loops,” “stakeholders,” and the like is not the language of the disciplines of history, literature, philosophy, or religious studies—all fields that Mathews et al. rightly credit with making important contributions to bioethics research and scholarship.
Methodology and Myopia? Some Praise, a Problem, and a Plea
Authors: Ives Jonathan 
Published: September 2016

In “A Conceptual Model for the Translation of Bioethics Research and Scholarship,” Debra Mathews et al. aim to “begin an important discussion” about how to measure success in bioethics, and in doing so they set out a typology of bioethics research and scholarship with the arguably correct assumption that we cannot evaluate success in bioethics without first understanding what its goals are. I think the authors are correct in their claim that, in the current academic climate, having work in bioethics deemed a success is likely to hinge, in some way, on its being translated into practice and having impact. I want, however, to add a critical voice in the form of three considerations that I feel ought to be attended to before the work progresses further, the first being that the typology Mathews et al. propose is highly problematic. Although there is a burgeoning literature on “empirical bioethics” methodologies that blend empirical and conceptual work, the typology appears to ignore this.
Fostering Nurses’ Moral Agency and Moral Identity: The Importance of Moral Community
Authors: Liaschenko Joan , Peter Elizabeth 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIt may be the case that the most challenging moral problem of the twenty‐first century will be the relationship between the individual moral agent and the practices and institutions in which the moral agent is embedded. In this paper, we continue the efforts that one of us, Joan Liaschenko, first called for in 1993, that of using feminist ethics as a lens for viewing the relationship between individual nurses as moral agents and the highly complex institutions in which they do the work of nursing. Feminist ethics, with its emphasis on the inextricable relationship between ethics and politics, provides a useful lens to understand the work of nurses in context. Using Margaret Urban Walker's and Hilde Lindemann's concepts of identity, relationships, values, and moral agency, we argue that health care institutions can be moral communities and profoundly affect the work and identity and, therefore, the moral agency of all who work within those structures, including nurses. Nurses are not only shaped by these organizations but also have the power to shape them. Because moral agency is intimately connected to one's identity, moral identity work is essential for nurses to exercise their moral agency and to foster moral community in health care organizations. We first provide a brief history of nursing's morally problematic relationship with institutions and examine the impact institutional master narratives and corporatism exert today on nurses’ moral identities and agency. We close by emphasizing the significance of ongoing dialogue in creating and sustaining moral communities, repairing moral identities, and strengthening moral agency.
Institutional Ethics Resources: Creating Moral Spaces
Authors: Hamric Ann B. , Wocial Lucia D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSince 1992, institutions accredited by The Joint Commission have been required to have a process in place that allows staff members, patients, and families to address ethical issues or issues prone to conflict. While the commission's expectations clearly have made ethics committees more common, simply having a committee in no way demonstrates its effectiveness in terms of the availability of the service to key constituents, the quality of the processes used, or the outcomes achieved. Beyond meeting baseline accreditation standards, effective ethics resources are requisite for quality care for another reason. The provision of care to the sick is a practice with profound moral dimensions. Clinicians need what Margaret Urban Walker has called “moral spaces,” reflective spaces within institutions in which to explore and communicate values and ethical obligations as they undergird goals of care. Walker proposed that ethicists needed to be concerned with the design and maintenance of these moral spaces. Clearly, that concern needs to extend beyond ethicists to institutional leaders. This essay uses Walker's idea of moral space to describe individuals and groups who are actual and potential ethics resources in health care institutions. We focus on four requisite characteristics of effective resources and the challenges to achieving them, and we identify strategies to build them. In our view, such moral spaces are particularly important for nurses and their colleagues on interprofessional teams and need to be expanded and strengthened in most settings.
From the Team to the Table: Nursing Societies and Health Care Organizational Ethics
Authors: Wiencek Clareen , Lavandero Ramón , Berlinger Nancy 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHealth care work is interprofessional work. Nurses and physicians, members of the professions whose close collaboration is foundational to health care delivery, continue to be educated separately in most academic institutions. Their work also is organized in ways that challenge interprofessional collaboration. Understanding workplace realities faced by nurses and physicians, separately and jointly, is a starting place for exploring how to support ethically sound interprofessional work. In this essay, we look most closely at the work of nurses and physicians who care for seriously ill hospitalized patients, a patient population closely associated with ethical challenges.
Transitional Care: A Priority for Health Care Organizational Ethics
Authors: Naylor Mary , Berlinger Nancy 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNumerous studies have revealed that health care transitions for chronically ill older adults are frequently poorly managed, often with devastating human and economic consequences. And poorly managed transitions and their consequences also occur among younger, relatively healthy individuals who have adequate resources and are prepared to advocate on their own behalf. Despite the rich base of research confirming that evidence‐based transitional care enhances patients’ experiences, improves health and quality of life, and reduces costs, organizational, regulatory, financial, and cultural barriers have, until recently, prevented widespread adoption of these proven approaches. Provisions of the Affordable Care Act, such as reductions in Medicare payments to hospitals with very high thirty‐day rehospitalization rates, have reduced barriers, but uptake of evidence‐based transitional care beyond demonstration projects continues to be sporadic and far too slow. With a rich understanding about how to better anticipate and respond to the compelling problems experienced by patients, family caregivers, and health care professionals throughout episodes of acute illness, the time has come to frame transitional care as a system's ethical responsibility in an aging society. Embedding transitional care within the ethical obligations of a health care system requires the perspectives and involvement of nurses and nursing because of this profession's integral role in every aspect of care transitions.
What Does Attending Early Childhood Program Mean for Child Health in India?
Authors: Sarkar Dipanwita , Sarkar Jayanta 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe health impact of attending early childhood development programs in developing countries remains largely unknown. In this study, we focus on the health consequences of attending preschool programs in India. Using a unique longitudinal dataset, we allow for heterogeneity in the impact of preschool across the distribution of health outcomes while controlling for time‐invariant unobservables. We detect unique temporal variation in the effect of preschool attendance – growth of preschool attendees is slower than non‐attendees in various parts of the distributions of several anthropometric measures when evaluated in the early years between ages 1 and 5. This effect is likely to reverse in the longer term at age 8. The early years' adverse effect can be explained in part by over‐attendance in the form of long daily hours, excessive attendance days, and early entry. The findings are insensitive to nutritional incentives like free meals provided in public schools. The growth‐retarding effect remains robust for weight‐for‐age z‐scores, implying that the impact of preschool attendance is not only heterogeneous, but differs across dimensions of health status. Our study highlights the need for strengthening the delivery of childhood programs in developing countries in order to prevent adverse health effects in the critical years. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eliciting the Level of Health Inequality Aversion in England
Authors: Robson Matthew , Asaria Miqdad , Cookson Richard , Tsuchiya Aki , Ali Shehzad 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHealth inequality aversion parameters can be used to represent alternative value judgements about policy concern for reducing health inequality versus improving total health. In this study, we use data from an online survey of the general public in England (n = 244) to elicit health inequality aversion parameters for both Atkinson and Kolm social welfare functions. We find median inequality aversion parameters of 10.95 for Atkinson and 0.15 for Kolm. These values suggest substantial concern for health inequality among the English general public which, at current levels of quality adjusted life expectancy, implies weighting health gains to the poorest fifth of people in society six to seven times as highly as health gains to the richest fifth. © 2016 The Authors. Health Economics published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.