bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mechanisms behind Jakobshavn Isbræ's acceleration and mass loss: A 3‐D thermomechanical model study
Authors: Bondzio Johannes H. , Morlighem Mathieu , Seroussi Hélène , Kleiner Thomas , Rückamp Martin , Mouginot Jeremie , Moon Twila , Larour Eric Y. , Humbert Angelika 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe mechanisms causing widespread flow acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland, remain unclear despite an abundance of observations and modeling studies. Here we simulate the glacier's evolution from 1985 to 2016 using a three‐dimensional thermomechanical ice flow model. The model captures the timing and 90% of the observed changes by forcing the calving front. Basal drag in the trough is low, and lateral drag balances the ice stream's driving stress. The calving front position is the dominant control on changes of Jakobshavn Isbræ since the ice viscosity in the shear margins instantaneously drops in response to the stress perturbation caused by calving front retreat, which allows for widespread flow acceleration. Gradual shear margin warming contributes 5 to 10% to the total acceleration. Our simulations suggest that the glacier will contribute to eustatic sea level rise at a rate comparable to or higher than at present.
Bounds on geologically current rates of motion of groups of hot spots
Authors: Wang Chengzu , Gordon Richard G. , Zhang Tuo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIt is widely believed that groups of hot spots in different regions of the world are in relative motion at rates of 10 to 30 mm a−1 or more. Here we present a new method for analyzing geologically current motion between groups of hot spots beneath different plates. In an inversion of 56 globally distributed, equally weighted trends of hot spot tracks, the dispersion is dominated by differences in trend between different plates rather than differences within plates. Nonetheless the rate of hot spot motion perpendicular to the direction of absolute plate motion, vperp, differs significantly from zero for only 3 of 10 plates and then by merely 0.3 to 1.4 mm a−1. The global mean upper bound on |vperp| is 3.2 ± 2.7 mm a−1. Therefore, hot spots move slowly and can be used to define a global reference frame for plate motions.
Sensitivity of tropospheric ozone to chemical kinetic uncertainties in air masses influenced by anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions
Authors: Ridley D. A. , Cain M. , Methven J. , Arnold S. R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe use a Lagrangian chemical transport model with a Monte Carlo approach to determine impacts of kinetic rate uncertainties on simulated concentrations of ozone, NOy and OH in a high‐altitude biomass burning plume and a low‐level industrial pollution plume undergoing long‐range transport. Uncertainties in kinetic rate constants yield 10–12 ppbv (5th to 95th percentile) uncertainty in the ozone concentration, dominated by reactions that cycle NO and NO2, control NOx conversion to NOy reservoir species, and key reactions contributing to O3 loss (O(1D) + H2O, HO2 + O3). Our results imply that better understanding of the peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) thermal decomposition constant is key to predicting large‐scale O3 production from fire emissions and uncertainty in the reaction of NO + O3 at low temperatures is particularly important for both the anthropogenic and biomass burning plumes. The highlighted reactions serve as a useful template for targeting new laboratory experiments aimed at reducing uncertainties in our understanding of tropospheric O3 photochemistry.
Land use change impacts on floods at the catchment scale: Challenges and opportunities for future research
Authors: Rogger M. , Agnoletti M. , Alaoui A. , Bathurst J. C. , Bodner G. , Borga M. , Chaplot V. , Gallart F. , Glatzel G. , Hall J. , Holden J. , Holko L. , Horn R. , Kiss A. , Kohnová S. , Leitinger G. , Lennartz B. , Parajka J. , Perdigão R. , Peth S. , Plavcová L. , Quinton J. N. , Robinson M. , Salinas J. L. , Santoro A. , Szolgay J. , Tron S. , van den Akker J. J. H. , Viglione A. , Blöschl G. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractResearch gaps in understanding flood changes at the catchment scale caused by changes in forest management, agricultural practices, artificial drainage, and terracing are identified. Potential strategies in addressing these gaps are proposed, such as complex systems approaches to link processes across time scales, long‐term experiments on physical‐chemical‐biological process interactions, and a focus on connectivity and patterns across spatial scales. It is suggested that these strategies will stimulate new research that coherently addresses the issues across hydrology, soil and agricultural sciences, forest engineering, forest ecology, and geomorphology.
Determination of hyporheic travel time distributions and other parameters from concurrent conservative and reactive tracer tests by local‐in‐global optimization
Authors: Knapp Julia L. A. , Cirpka Olaf A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe complexity of hyporheic flow paths requires reach‐scale models of solute transport in streams that are flexible in their representation of the hyporheic passage. We use a model that couples advective‐dispersive in‐stream transport to hyporheic exchange with a shape‐free distribution of hyporheic travel times. The model also accounts for two‐site sorption and transformation of reactive solutes. The coefficients of the model are determined by fitting concurrent stream‐tracer tests of conservative (fluorescein) and reactive (resazurin/resorufin) compounds. The flexibility of the shape‐free models give rise to multiple local minima of the objective function in parameter estimation, thus requiring global‐search algorithms, which is hindered by the large number of parameter values to be estimated. We present a local‐in‐global optimization approach, in which we use a Markov‐Chain Monte Carlo method as global‐search method to estimate a set of in‐stream and hyporheic parameters. Nested therein, we infer the shape‐free distribution of hyporheic travel times by a local Gauss‐Newton method. The overall approach is independent of the initial guess and provides the joint posterior distribution of all parameters. We apply the described local‐in‐global optimization method to recorded tracer breakthrough curves of three consecutive stream sections, and infer section‐wise hydraulic parameter distributions to analyze how hyporheic exchange processes differ between the stream sections.
Improving Adherence to Exercise: Do People With Knee Osteoarthritis and Physical Therapists Agree on the Behavioral Approaches Likely to Succeed?
Authors: Nicolson Philippa J. A. , Hinman Rana S. , French Simon D. , Lonsdale Chris , Bennell Kim L. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveTo describe which behavior change techniques (BCTs) to promote adherence to exercise have been experienced by people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) or used by physical therapists, and to describe patient‐ and physical therapist–perceived effectiveness of a range of BCTs derived from behavioral theory.MethodsTwo versions of a custom‐designed survey were administered in Australia and New Zealand, one completed by adults with symptomatic knee OA and the second by physical therapists who had treated people with knee OA in the past 6 months. Survey questions ascertained the frequency of receiving/prescribing exercise for knee OA, BCTs received/used targeting adherence to exercise, and perceived effectiveness of 36 BCTs to improve adherence to prescribed exercise.ResultsA total of 230 people with knee OA and 143 physical therapists completed the survey. Education about the benefits of exercise was the most commonly received/used technique by both groups. People with knee OA rated the perceived effectiveness of all BCTs significantly lower than the physical therapists (mean difference 1.9 [95% confidence interval 1.8–2.0]). When ranked by group mean agreement score, 2 BCTs were among the top 5 for both groups: development of specific goals related to knee pain and function; and review, supervision, and correction of exercise technique at subsequent treatment sessions.ConclusionGoal‐setting techniques related to outcomes were considered to be effective by both respondent groups, and testing of interventions incorporating these strategies should be a research priority.
Valuing Treatment With Infliximab for Ankylosing Spondylitis Using a Willingness‐to‐Pay Approach
Authors: Webers Casper , Essers Ivette , van Tubergen Astrid , Braun Jürgen , Heldmann Frank , Baraliakos Xenofon , Boonen Annelies 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate willingness to pay (WTP) for treatment with infliximab by patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and explore factors associated with WTP.MethodsData from 85 patients participating in the European AS Infliximab Cohort (EASIC) open‐label extension of the AS Study for the Evaluation of Recombinant Infliximab Therapy (ASSERT) were used. WTP was included at baseline in EASIC and comprised a hypothetical scenario exploring whether the patient would be willing to pay for beneficial effects of infliximab and, if so, what amount they would be willing to pay per administration. Factors associated with WTP were explored using zero‐inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regressions.ResultsOf the 85 patients, 63 (74.1%) were willing to pay, and among these, the mean amount they were willing to pay per administration was €275 (median €100 [interquartile range €50–200]). Multivariable ZINB analysis showed that Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society criteria for 20% improvement (ASAS20) response was associated with a 7‐fold lower likelihood to pay 0 euros (odds ratio [OR] 0.14 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.03–0.71]) and a 3‐fold increase in the amount willing to pay (exp(β) = 3.32 [95% CI 1.44–7.69]). In addition, the country of residence was associated with a lower likelihood to pay 0 euros (OR 0.07 [95% CI 0.02–0.36]), while increased age was associated with the amount willing to pay (exp(β) = 1.05 [95% CI 1.01–1.09]).ConclusionIn a hypothetical scenario, three‐quarters of patients with AS receiving long‐term infliximab stated that they were willing to pay an out‐of‐pocket contribution for this treatment. Treatment response contributed to the willingness as well as to the amount patients were willing to pay.
Quantifying Digital Ulcers in Systemic Sclerosis: Reliability of Computer‐Assisted Planimetry in Measuring Lesion Size
Authors: Simpson V. , Hughes M. , Wilkinson J. , Herrick A. L. , Dinsdale G. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveDigital ulcers are a major problem in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), causing severe pain and impairment of hand function. In addition, digital ulcers heal slowly and sometimes become infected, which can lead to gangrene and necessitate amputation if appropriate intervention is not taken. A reliable, objective method for assessing digital ulcer healing or progression is needed in both the clinical and research arenas. This study was undertaken to compare 2 computer‐assisted planimetry methods of measurement of digital ulcer area on photographs (ellipse and freehand regions of interest [ROIs]), and to assess the reliability of photographic calibration and the 2 methods of area measurement.MethodsPhotographs were taken of 107 digital ulcers in 36 patients with SSc spectrum disease. Three raters assessed the photographs. Custom software allowed raters to calibrate photograph dimensions and draw ellipse or freehand ROIs. The shapes and dimensions of the ROIs were saved for further analysis.ResultsCalibration (by a single rater performing 5 repeats per image) produced an intraclass correlation coefficient (intrarater reliability) of 0.99. The mean ± SD areas of digital ulcers assessed using ellipse and freehand ROIs were 18.7 ± 20.2 mm2 and 17.6 ± 19.3 mm2, respectively. Intrarater and interrater reliability of the ellipse ROI were 0.97 and 0.77, respectively. For the freehand ROI, the intrarater and interrater reliability were 0.98 and 0.76, respectively.ConclusionOur findings indicate that computer‐assisted planimetry methods applied to SSc‐related digital ulcers can be extremely reliable. Further work is needed to move toward applying these methods as outcome measures for clinical trials and in clinical settings.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients’ Motivations for Accepting or Resisting Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Treatment Regimens
Authors: Shaw Yomei , Metes Ilinca D. , Michaud Kaleb , Donohue Julie M. , Roberts Mark S. , Levesque Marc C. , Chang Judy C. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectivePatient refusal of and nonadherence to treatment with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can adversely affect disease outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This qualitative study describes how RA patients’ feelings in response to experiences and information affected their decisions to accept (agree to adopt, initiate, and implement) or resist (refuse, avoid, and discontinue) DMARD treatment regimens.MethodsA total of 48 RA patients were interviewed about their experiences making decisions about DMARDs. The interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes related to their internal motivations for accepting or resisting treatment regimens, using a narrative analysis approach.ResultsIn addition to feelings about the necessity and dangers of medications, patients’ feelings towards their identity as an ill person, the act of taking medication, and the decision process itself were important drivers of patient's decisions. For patients’ motivations to accept treatment regimens, 2 themes emerged: a desire to return to a normal life, and fear of future disability due to RA. For motivations to resist treatment regimens, 5 themes emerged: fear of medications, maintaining control over health, denial of sick identity, disappointment with treatment, and feeling overwhelmed by the cognitive burden of deciding.ConclusionFeelings in response to experiences and information played a major role in how patients weighed the benefits and costs of treatment options, suggesting that addressing patients’ feelings may be important when rheumatologists counsel about therapeutic options. Further research is needed to learn how best to address patients’ feelings throughout the treatment decision‐making process.
Effects of mixing di‐ and tri‐functional epoxy monomers on epoxy/thermoplastic blends
Authors: Cicala Gianluca , Mannino Salvatore , Latteri Alberta , Ognibene Giulia , Saccullo Giuseppe 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTwo different epoxy monomers, based on the diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and triglycidyl‐p‐aminophenol (TGAP), which are di‐ and tri‐functional, respectively, were mixed in varying proportions and cured with bis(2,6‐diethylaniline) (MDEA). Toughened epoxy resins were prepared by adding a coPolyethersulfone (coPES) to the resin mixture. The dynamic mechanical and morphological properties of the cured materials were measured. It was found that the blends based on TGAP presented different viscoelastic and morphological behavior compared to DGEBA‐based formulations. Mixing TGAP with DGEBA resulted in increased glass transition temperature and homogeneous phase morphology distribution.
Electrospinning and crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan composite nanofiber for transdermal drug delivery
Authors: Cui Zhixiang , Zheng Zifeng , Lin Luyin , Si Junhui , Wang Qianting , Peng Xiangfang , Chen Wenzhe 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe drug‐loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CS) composite nanofibers intended to be used as matrix for transdermal drug delivery were fabricated by electrospinning, and then crosslinked through glulataraldehyde (GA). The morphology, chemical structure, thermal behavior, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity and drug release properties of drug‐loaded PVA/CS composite nanofibers before and after crosslinking were characterized. The results showed that the morphology of PVA/CS composite nanofibers was not been destroyed in both crosslinking and in vitro drug release process. The Young's modulus, tensile strength, thermal properties and hydrophobicity of crosslinked PVA/CS composite nanofibers significantly increased in comparison with those of PVA/CS (without crosslinking) due to the formation of crosslinking network structure. In vitro release studies showed that crosslinked PVA/CS composite nanofibers had lower drug release rate and smaller amount of drug burst release than that of PVA/CS. According to release exponent “n”, the release of ampicillin sodium from crosslinked PVA/CS composite nanofibers fit to the Fickian diffusion mechanism. Those results demonstrate the potential utilization of crosslinked PVA/CS composite nanofibers as a transdermal drug delivery system.
Intra‐individual metameric variation expressed at the enamel‐dentine junction of lower post‐canine dentition of South African fossil hominins and modern humans
Authors: Pan Lei , Thackeray John Francis , Dumoncel Jean , Zanolli Clément , Oettlé Anna , de Beer Frikkie , Hoffman Jakobus , Duployer Benjamin , Tenailleau Christophe , Braga José 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study is to compare the degree and patterning of inter‐ and intra‐individual metameric variation in South African australopiths, early Homo and modern humans. Metameric variation likely reflects developmental and taxonomical issues, and could also be used to infer ecological and functional adaptations. However, its patterning along the early hominin postcanine dentition, particularly among South African fossil hominins, remains unexplored.Materials and MethodsUsing microfocus X‐ray computed tomography (µXCT) and geometric morphometric tools, we studied the enamel‐dentine junction (EDJ) morphology and we investigated the intra‐ and inter‐individual EDJ metameric variation among eight australopiths and two early Homo specimens from South Africa, as well as 32 modern humans.ResultsAlong post‐canine dentition, shape changes between metameres represented by relative positions and height of dentine horns, outlines of the EDJ occlusal table are reported in modern and fossil taxa. Comparisons of EDJ mean shapes and multivariate analyses reveal substantial variation in the direction and magnitude of metameric shape changes among taxa, but some common trends can be found. In modern humans, both the direction and magnitude of metameric shape change show increased variability in M2‐M3 compared to M1‐M2. Fossil specimens are clustered together showing similar magnitudes of shape change. Along M2‐M3, the lengths of their metameric vectors are not as variable as those of modern humans, but they display considerable variability in the direction of shape change.ConclusionThe distalward increase of metameric variation along the modern human molar row is consistent with the odontogenetic models of molar row structure (inhibitory cascade model). Though much remains to be tested, the variable trends and magnitudes in metamerism in fossil hominins reported here, together with differences in the scale of shape change between modern humans and fossil hominins may provide valuable information regarding functional morphology and developmental processes in fossil species.
Impact of tobacco smoke on upper airway dendritic cell accumulation and regulation by sinonasal epithelial cells
Authors: Mulligan Jennifer K. , O'Connell Brendan P. , Pasquini Whitney , Mulligan Ryan M. , Smith Sarah , Soler Zachary M. , Atkinson Carl , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundIn these studies we examined the impact of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and active smoking on sinonasal dendritic cell (DC) subsets in controls or patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). In subsequent in‐vitro investigations, we examined the influence of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on human sinonasal epithelial cells’ (HSNECs) ability to regulate DC functions.MethodsSinonasal tissue, blood, and hair were collected from patients undergoing sinus surgery. Smoking status and ETS exposure were determined by hair nicotine. DC subsets were examined by flow cytometric analysis. Monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were treated with conditioned medium from non‐smoked‐exposed HSNECs (NS‐HSNECs) or cigarette‐smoke‐extract‐exposed HSNECs (CSE‐HSNECs) to assess the impact of CSE exposure on HSNEC regulation of moDC functions.ResultsControl subjects who were active smokers displayed increased sinonasal moDC and myeloid dendritic 1 (mDC1) cells and reduced mDC2 cells, whereas, in CRSwNP patients, only moDC and mDC2 cells were altered. ETS was found to increase only moDCs in the CRSwNP patients. In vitro, CSE stimulated HSNEC secretion of the moDC regulatory products chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 20, prostaglandin E2, and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor. CSE exposure also promoted HSNECs to stimulate monocyte and moDC migration. moDCs treated with CSE‐HSNEC media stimulated an increase in antigen uptake and expression of CD80 and CD86. Last, CSE‐HSNEC‐treated moDCs secreted increased levels of interleukin‐10, interferon‐γ, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin.ConclusionActive smoking, and to a lesser degree ETS, alters the sinonasal composition of DCs. A potential mechanism to account for this is that cigarette smoke stimulates HSNECs to induce moDC migration, maturation, and activation.
Low‐Dimensional Organic Tin Bromide Perovskites and Their Photoinduced Structural Transformation
Authors: Zhou Chenkun , Tian Yu , Wang Mingchao , Rose Alyssa , Besara Tiglet , Doyle Nicholas K. , Yuan Zhao , Wang Jamie C. , Clark Ronald , Hu Yanyan , Siegrist Theo , Lin Shangchao , Ma Biwu 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHybrid organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites possess exceptional structural tunability, with three‐ (3D), two‐ (2D), one‐ (1D), and zero‐dimensional (0D) structures on the molecular level all possible. While remarkable progress has been realized in perovskite research in recent years, the focus has been mainly on 3D and 2D structures, with 1D and 0D structures significantly underexplored. The synthesis and characterization of a series of low‐dimensional organic tin bromide perovskites with 1D and 0D structures is reported. Using the same organic and inorganic components, but at different ratios and reaction conditions, both 1D (C4N2H14)SnBr4 and 0D (C4N2H14Br)4SnBr6 can be prepared in high yields. Moreover, photoinduced structural transformation from 1D to 0D was investigated experimentally and theoretically in which photodissociation of 1D metal halide chains followed by structural reorganization leads to the formation of a more thermodynamically stable 0D structure.
Ein allgemeiner Mechanismus der Photokonvertierung von grün‐zu‐rot fluoreszierenden Proteinen unter blauem und infrarotem Licht reduziert Phototoxität in der Einzelmolekülmikroskopie von lebenden Zellen
Authors: Turkowyd Bartosz , Balinovic Alexander , Virant David , Gölz Carnero Haruko G. , Caldana Fabienne , Endesfelder Marc , Bourgeois Dominique , Endesfelder Ulrike 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPhotokonversion von fluoreszierenden Proteinen mithilfe von blauem und komplementärem nah‐infraroten Licht, genannt “Primed Conversion” (PC), ist ein kürzlich für Dendra2 entdeckter Mechanismus. Die Kontrolle über die Konformation von Arginin an Position 66 und Threonin an Position 69 fluoreszierender Proteine aus Anthozoa (Proteinfamilien Dendra2, mMaple, Eos, mKikGR, pcDronpa) ermöglicht in allgemeiner Weise PC. Mutationen von Alanin 159 oder Serin 173, die dafür bekannt sind, die Chromophorflexibilität zu beeinflussen und reversibles Photoschalten zu ermöglichen, verhindern PC. Eine verbesserte Photokonversion wurde für pcDronpa‐Varianten mit Asparagin 116 beobachtet. Die reduzierte Phototoxizität bei der Anwendung von PC in der Einzelmolekül‐Mikroskopie von lebenden Zellen wird demonstriert, und es werden Trajektorien der RNA‐Polymerase‐Dynamiken in Escherichia‐coli‐Zellen aufgezeichnet.