bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation Across Price Segments and Locations: A Comprehensive Quantile Regression Analysis of the Sydney Housing Market
Authors: Waltl Sofie R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractStandard house price indices measure average movements of average houses in average locations belonging to an average price segment and hence obscure spatial and cross‐sectional variation of price appreciation rates even within a single metropolitan area. This article combines penalized quantile regression techniques with the hedonic imputation approach to reveal such kind of variation. The method is applied to house transactions from Sydney between 2001 and 2014. The analysis finds significant variation across sub‐markets over time and in particular during the boom‐and‐bust cycle peaking in 2004. Appreciation rates were highest for suburban, low‐priced and lowest for inner‐city, high‐priced houses.
What is the chance all your trainees will pass the next Fellowship exam: A statistician's view
Authors: Chu Kevin H , Mahmoud Ibrahim , Brown Anthony FT 
Published: October 2016

AbstractYour department has had a good track record over many years for preparing trainees to successfully sit for the ACEM Fellowship exam. On average the pass rate for your trainees is over 80%. Then, to your dismay, suddenly only two of five of your trainees pass the latest Fellowship exam. Does this anomaly necessitate an urgent review of your department's training programme, or is it just a statistical quirk? Let us suppose you can prepare candidates so that they all have at least an 80% chance of passing. The probability that all five candidates would have passed is 32.8% (or 0.85) based on the multiplication rule of probability for independent events. The probability that only two of five passed is 5.1% (or 10 × 0.82 × 0.23) based on the binomial distribution, which is a probability distribution analogous to the normal distribution. The construction of the binomial distribution depends on two parameters: (i) number of candidates sitting (‘n’), and (ii) probability of passing for any individual candidate (‘P’). The distribution gives the probability that ‘x’ number of individuals will pass when ‘n’ number of individuals sit. Thus despite an 80% pass rate historically, the probability that only two of five candidates will pass is not negligible at 5.1%. It is an anomaly, which we may choose not to act on unless it is recurrent, noting it will be expected to occur naturally about one time out of 20. The real challenge is to maintain or increase that individual probability at 80% or higher.
Analysis of animal accelerometer data using hidden Markov models
Authors: Leos‐Barajas Vianey , Photopoulou Theoni , Langrock Roland , Patterson Toby A. , Watanabe Yuuki Y. , Murgatroyd Megan , Papastamatiou Yannis P. 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Use of accelerometers is now widespread within animal biologging as they provide a means of measuring an animal's activity in a meaningful and quantitative way where direct observation is not possible. In sequential acceleration data, there is a natural dependence between observations of behaviour, a fact that has been largely ignored in most analyses.

Analyses of acceleration data where serial dependence has been explicitly modelled have largely relied on hidden Markov models (HMMs). Depending on the aim of an analysis, an HMM can be used for state prediction or to make inferences about drivers of behaviour. For state prediction, a supervised learning approach can be applied. That is, an HMM is trained to classify unlabelled acceleration data into a finite set of pre‐specified categories. An unsupervised learning approach can be used to infer new aspects of animal behaviour when biologically meaningful response variables are used, with the caveat that the states may not map to specific behaviours.

We provide the details necessary to implement and assess an HMM in both the supervised and unsupervised learning context and discuss the data requirements of each case. We outline two applications to marine and aerial systems (shark and eagle) taking the unsupervised learning approach, which is more readily applicable to animal activity measured in the field. HMMs were used to infer the effects of temporal, atmospheric and tidal inputs on animal behaviour.

Animal accelerometer data allow ecologists to identify important correlates and drivers of animal activity (and hence behaviour). The HMM framework is well suited to deal with the main features commonly observed in accelerometer data and can easily be extended to suit a wide range of types of animal activity data. The ability to combine direct observations of animal activity with statistical models, which account for the features of accelerometer data, offers a new way to quantify animal behaviour and energetic expenditure and to deepen our insights into individual behaviour as a constituent of populations and ecosystems.
How risk perception shapes collective action intentions in repressive contexts: A study of Egyptian activists during the 2013 post‐coup uprising
Authors: Ayanian Arin H. , Tausch Nicole 
Published: October 2016

Social psychological research has overlooked collective action in repressive contexts, where activists face substantial personal risks. This paper examines the social psychological processes motivating activists to engage in collective action in risky contexts. We investigate the idea that perceived risks due to government sanctions can galvanize action through fuelling anger, shaping efficacy beliefs, and increasing identification with the movement. We also argue that anger, efficacy, and identification motivate action intentions directly and indirectly through reducing the personal importance activists attach to these risks. We tested our hypotheses within a sample of Egyptian activists (N = 146) from two protest movements who protested against Morsi's government and the military interventions, respectively, during the 2013 anticoup uprising. In line with our hypotheses, the perceived likelihood of risks was positively associated with anger and identity consolidation efficacy and positively predicted action intentions indirectly through these variables. Risk was also associated with increased political efficacy, but only among antimilitary protesters. Anger and political efficacy predicted action intentions directly and indirectly through reduced risk importance. Results also highlighted differential significance of emotional and instrumental motives for the two protest movements. We discuss directions for future research on the motivators of collective action in repressive contexts.
Barriers to increasing the physical activity of people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Cartwright Luke , Reid Marie , Hammersley Richard , Walley Robert M. 
Published: October 2016

Accessible summary

We talked to people with intellectual disabilities and their carers about being healthy.

Sometimes it was difficult for people with intellectual disabilities to take part in activities that would help keep them healthy.

Being active is not just about doing special sports and activities. It can be part of everyday life.

People with intellectual disabilities could become more active and be healthier with help from their carers.

AbstractBackground: The prevalence of obesity, inactivity and related morbidity and mortality is higher amongst people with intellectual disabilities than in the population in general, an issue of global concern. This research examined the perspectives of people with intellectual disabilities and their carers, on exercise and activity.Materials and Methods: Qualitative data were collected via interviews and a focus group with people with intellectual disabilities and their paid and family carers, recruited via state‐funded community‐based day centres in Scotland.Results: Three barriers hindered service users with intellectual disabilities from regular involvement in physical activity: (i) acceptance of an inactive lifestyle by carers; (ii) restrictions on activity due to paid carer preferences and resource limitations; (iii) communication issues between family carers and paid carers. Barriers were based on assumptions made by paid and family carers, so there is potential to increase activity by changing attitudes, improving communication and reconceptualising activity as integral to everyday living, rather than as additional exercise requiring special resources.Conclusions: Carers should be supported to promote physical activity in a variety of ways to enhance the motivation of service users, to encourage them to engage with physical activity as an integral part of a healthy lifestyle and to transfer this to their lives beyond day care.
Considerations for successful cancer immunotherapy in aged hosts
Authors: Hurez V , Padrón Á S , Svatek R S , Curiel T J 
Published: October 2016

SummaryImmunotherapy is now experiencing unprecedented successes in treating various cancers based on new understandings of cancer immunopathogenesis. Nonetheless, although ageing is the biggest risk factor for cancer, the majority of cancer immunotherapy preclinical studies are conducted in young hosts. This review will explore age-related changes in immunity as they relate to cancer immune surveillance, immunopathogenesis and responses to immunotherapy. Although it is recognized that declining T cell function with age poses a great challenge to developing effective age-related cancer immunotherapies, examples of successful approaches to overcome this hurdle have been developed. Further, it is now recognized that immune functions do not simply decline with age, but rather change in ways than can be detrimental. For example, with age, specific immune cell populations with detrimental functions can become predominant (such as cells producing proinflammatory cytokines), suppressive cells can become more numerous or more suppressive (such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells), drugs can affect aged immune cells distinctly and the aged microenvironment is becoming recognized as a significant barrier to address. Key developments in these and other areas will be surveyed as they relate to cancer immunotherapy in aged hosts, and areas in need of more study will be assessed with some speculations for the future. We propose the term ‘age-related immune dysfunction’ (ARID) as best representative of age-associated changes in immunity.
The convergence of senescence and nutrient sensing during lymphocyte ageing
Authors: Akbar A N 
Published: October 2016

Summary
Immunosurveillance requires the migration of lymphocytes and their activation to induce proliferation and effector function. Effective immunity requires an optimal supply of nutrients to lymphocytes. Cells contain nutrient sensing apparatus such as adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that surveys intracellular ATP levels. Immunity declines during ageing and one possibility is that the energy balance may be altered in old lymphocytes. This paper summarizes recent data identifying a convergence of senescence and nutrient signalling pathways in lymphocytes that inhibit both T cell and natural killer (NK) cell function during ageing. Significantly, these pathways can be inhibited to enhance the activity of these cells.
Parathyroid adenoma: a comprehensive biochemical and histological correlative study
Authors: Stern S. , Mizrachi A. , Strenov Y. , Knaanie A. , Benbassat C. , Shpitzer T. , Bachar G. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the controversial relationship between preoperative calcium and parathyroid hormone levels and the dimensions and histological features of parathyroid adenoma in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.Study designHistorical cohort.SettingTertiary medical centre.Subjects and methodsClinical and tumour‐related data were collected from the medical files of all patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism in 1996–2012. Preoperative blood parathyroid hormone and calcium levels and urine calcium levels were correlated with the size, weight and volume of the parathyroid adenoma. Pathohistological features were determined in a representative sample of archived paraffin‐embedded sections and analysed by calcium or parathyroid hormone level (high/low) and adenoma weight (high/low).ResultsA total of 378 patients were included. There was a statistically significant direct correlation of preoperative calcium and parathyroid hormone levels with tumour dimensions and of tumour weight and chief‐cell percentage. At a preoperative calcium level >11.5 mg/dL and parathyroid hormone (PTH) level >165 mg/dL, we predict that the adenoma would measure more than 2.7 g, 2.18 cm and volume of 3.59 cm3.ConclusionsIn patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, preoperative calcium and PTH levels may be predictive of parathyroid adenoma dimensions.
Cardiovascular parameters of chest CT scan in estimating pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Li Mengxi , Wang Shouyang , Lin Weiquan , Li Jinhui , Wang Chunyang , Chen Huai , Lu Wenju , Yang Kai , Wang Jian , Zeng Qingsi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a formula to compute mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) by chest computerized tomography (CT), and to verify its accuracy and reliability.MethodsEighty‐five patients who had taken chest CT and right heart catheterization (RHC) were recruited. The pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP), pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (PADP), and MPAP of each subject were measured and recorded by RHC. The diameters of the ascending aorta (dAA), descending aorta (dDA) and main pulmonary artery (dMPA), Cobb angle, diameters of right ventricle (dRV), diameters of left ventricle (dLV) were measured by means of chest CT scans. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by using electronic sphygmomanometer. A linear regression equation was generated in 56 patients to estimate PAP based on chest CT values, 29 patients were used to test the accuracy of the formula.ResultsThe computed equation for analyzing MPAP is: MPAP = 9.011 + 34.195 × dMPA/dAA − 0.319 × SBP + 0.402 × Cobb angle. AUC of equation with three variables (dMPA/dAA, SBP, and Cobb angle) was 0.923 with 95% CI (0.863‐0.982). The mean ± SD of predicted values and RHC values had no statistical difference.ConclusionsRatio of dMAP/dAA, Cobb angle, and SBP can be reliably used to estimate MPAP and predict severity of PH.
Psychological outcomes of evening and night closed‐loop insulin delivery under free living conditions in people with Type 1 diabetes: a 2‐month randomized crossover trial
Authors: Kropff J. , DeJong J. , del Favero S. , Place J. , Messori M. , Coestier B. , Farret A. , Boscari F. , Galasso S. , Avogaro A. , Bruttomesso D. , Cobelli C. , Renard E. , Magni L. , DeVries J. H. ,   the AP@home consortium
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimTo assess the impact on fear of hypoglycaemia and treatment satisfaction with an artificial pancreas system used for 2 consecutive months, as well as participant acceptance of the artificial pancreas system.MethodsIn a randomized crossover trial patient‐related outcomes associated with an evening‐and‐night artificial pancreas and sensor‐augmented pump therapy were compared. Both intervention periods lasted 8 weeks. The artificial pancreas acceptance questionnaire (range 0–90, higher scores better), Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey II (range 0–72, higher scores worse) and Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (range 0–36, higher scores better) were completed by 32 participants. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted after study completion in a subset of six participants. Outcomes were compared using a repeated‐measures anova model or paired t‐test when appropriate.ResultsThe total artificial pancreas acceptance questionnaire score at the end of the artificial pancreas period was 69.1 (sd 14.7; 95% CI 63.5, 74.7), indicating a positive attitude towards the artificial pancreas. No significant differences were found among the scores at baseline, end of sensor‐augmented pump therapy period or end of the artificial pancreas period with regard to fear of hypoglycaemia [28.2 (sd 17.5), 23.5 (sd 16.6) and 23.5 (sd 16.7), respectively; P = 0.099] or diabetes treatment satisfaction [29.0 (sd 3.9), 28.2 (sd 5.2) and 28.0 (sd 7.1), respectively; P = 0.43]. Themes frequently mentioned in the interviews were ‘positive effects at work’, ‘improved blood glucose’, ‘fewer worries about blood glucose’, but also ‘frequent alarms’, ‘technological issues’ and ‘demand for an all‐in‐one device’.ConclusionsThe psychological outcomes of artificial pancreas and sensor‐augmented pump therapy were similar. Current artificial pancreas technology is promising but user concerns should be taken into account to ensure utility of these systems.
High and low vitamin D level is associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hansen C. S. , Fleischer J. , Vistisen D. , Ridderstråle M. , Jensen J. S. , Jørgensen M. E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimTo investigate the possible association between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in people with diabetes.MethodsA total of 113 people with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes [mean (interquartile range) diabetes duration 22.0 (12–31) years, mean (sd) age 56.2 (13.0) years, 58% men] underwent vitamin D (D2 and D3) assessment, and were screened for cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy using three cardiovascular reflex tests [heart rate response to deep breathing (E/I ratio), to standing (30/15 ratio) and to the Valsalva manoeuvre] and assessment of 5‐min resting heart rate and heart rate variability indices.ResultsWe found an inverse U‐shaped association between serum vitamin D level and E/I ratio, 30/15 ratio and three heart rate variability indices (P < 0.05). Vitamin D level was non‐linearly associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy diagnosis (P < 0.05 adjusted for age and sex). Linear regression models showed that an increase in vitamin D level from 25 to 50 nmol/l was associated with an increase of 3.9% (95% CI 0.1;7.9) in E/I ratio and 4.8% (95% CI 4.7;9.3) in 30/15 ratio. Conversely, an increase from 125 to 150 nmol/l in vitamin D level was associated with a decrease of 2.6% (95% CI −5.8;0.1) and 4.1% (95% CI −5.8;−0.5) in the respective outcome measures.ConclusionsHigh and low vitamin D levels were associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in people with diabetes. Future studies should explore this association and the efficacy of treating dysvitaminosis D to prevent cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy.
Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular contractile reserve in healthy subjects
Authors: D'Alto Michele , Pavelescu Adriana , Argiento Paola , Romeo Emanuele , Correra Anna , Di Marco Giovanni Maria , D'Andrea Antonello , Sarubbi Berardo , Russo Maria Giovanna , Naeije Robert 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundExercise‐induced increase in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) as a possible measure of right ventricular (RV) contractile reserve has been shown to predict survival in severe pulmonary hypertension. However, RV contractile reserve can also be measured by changes in stroke volume (SV), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), or tricuspid annular systolic velocity (S'). The limits of normal values and the functional significance of these changes in healthy subjects are not well known.MethodsIn this prospective study, 90 healthy subjects (45 male, mean age 39 ± 13 years) underwent exercise stress echocardiography with measurement of TAPSE, S', TAPSE/PASP, SV, and PASP at rest and peak exercise. Maximum and minimum normal values were reported for all indices.ResultsNormal values of exercise‐induced changes (Δ) were 4 to 10 mm for TAPSE, 6 to 14 cm/s for S', 12 to 57 mm Hg for PASP, 0 to 96 mL for SV, and −1.2 to 0 mm/mm Hg for TAPSE/PASP. At peak exercise, women showed lower ΔTAPSE/PASP, ΔPASP, ΔS', and ΔSV, but higher TAPSE/PASP than men. Aging was associated with decreased ΔTAPSE/PASP, ΔTAPSE, ΔS', ΔPASP, and ΔSV. In addition, ΔS', ΔTAPSE/PASP, ΔPASP, and ΔSV, but not ΔTAPSE, were directly correlated with maximum workload.ConclusionsOur results provide age‐ and sex‐related limits of normal for RV contractile reserve as assessed by exercise stress echocardiography and demonstrate that RV systolic function indices (PASP, TAPSE, S', and TAPSE/PASP) correlate with maximum exercise capacity.
Iatrogenic fracture of the premaxilla during standing exodontia
Authors: Grant M. J. , Barnett T. P. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThis case report describes a 17‐year‐old horse that presented with a history of oral dysphagia secondary to buccal slab fractures and apical infection in two cheek teeth. During standing surgery to remove the diseased cheek teeth, the horse sustained a bilateral comminuted fracture of the premaxilla. An audible crack was followed by bilateral epistaxis. Subsequent radiography revealed minimal displacement at the fracture sites and the horse responded well to conservative management without the need for additional fixation techniques. One year later, the fracture appeared completely healed on repeat radiography. This is an uncommon complication of standing dental procedures necessitating the use of a speculum but is noteworthy and may be important to consider and inform owners in such aged cases.
Managerialism Redux?
Authors: Pollitt Christopher 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper argues that managerialism is still very much with us. NPM (one prominent manifestation of managerialism) is not dead. Alongside NPM, other species of managerialism have evolved. Across Europe patterns of management reform have been complex, with layers of traditional bureaucracy, NPM, other forms of managerialism and post‐NPM forms being sedimented on top of, or woven alongside, each other in a variety of national formations. The advent of austerity has led many governments to implement traditional, pre‐managerialist across‐the‐board cuts and freezes. Sometimes (as in the UK) these have been mixed with renewed NPM initiatives, and/or with post‐NPM ideas, such as partnership and networking. Overall, however, managerialism seems unlikely to offer a major part of any solution to problems of fiscal balance ‐ the sums that can be saved through greater efficiencies are substantial, but not large enough.