bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OTORITAS PEMERINTAH DALAM PENETAPAN AWAL BULAN QAMARIYAH PERSPEKTIF FIQH SIYÂSAH YUSUF QARDHAWI.
Authors: Hidayat M. Nur 
Published: June 2016

<p>The disparity of determining the early month of Qamariyah in Indonesia is a common phenomenon every year. Therefore, the government, through Ministry of Religious Affairs tries to find a solution for the problem. The focus of this study is to discuss the government’s authority in determining the early month of Qamariyah based on Yusuf Qardhawi’s Political Fiqh Perspective. As a result, the study shows that the government, the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Indonesia, has an authority in determining the early month of Qamariyah. Meanwhile, Islamic organizations or other mass organizations have no authority at all. But, they deserve in announcing after receiving the information from government. Furthermore, the government’s decision is considered as an obligation which has to be obeyed for those having no ability in determining the early month of Qamariyah (independent-ijtihad).</p> <p> </p> <p>Perbedaan penetapan awal bulan Qamariyah di Indonesia menjadi sebuah fenomena dalam setiap tahun. Guna menjembatani perbedaan tersebut, pemerintah mengambil langkah solutif untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk mendiskusikan otoritas pemerintah dalam penetapan awal bulan Qamariyah perspektif fiqh siyâsah Yusuf Qardhawi. Dari hasil penelitian, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pemerintah dalam hal ini Kementerian Agama RI mempunyai otoritas dalam menetapkan (itsbât) awal bulan Qamariyah. Sedangkan organisasi ataupun ormas Islam di luar pemerintah pada hakikatnya tidak mempunyai otoritas dalam menetapkan awal bulan Qamariyah, akan tetapi hanya sekedar mengumumkan (ikhbâr) terkait dengan awal bulan qamariyah. Selanjutnya mengenai keputusan pemerintah, pada dasarnya wajib diikuti bagi mereka yang tidak mempunyai kemampuan untuk melakukan ijtihad sendiri dalam menentukan awal bulan Qamariyah.</p> <p> </p>
Targeted reforestation could reverse declines in connectivity for understory birds in a tropical habitat corridor
Authors: Fagan Matthew E. , DeFries Ruth S. , Sesnie Steven E. , Arroyo‐Mora J. Pablo , Chazdon Robin L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRe‐establishing connectivity between protected areas isolated by habitat clearing is a key conservation goal in the humid tropics. In northeastern Costa Rica, payments for environmental services (PES) and a government ban on deforestation have subsidized forest protection and reforestation in the San Juan–La Selva Biological Corridor (SJLSBC), resulting in a decline in mature forest loss and the expansion of tree plantations. We use field studies and graph models to assess how conservation efforts have altered functional connectivity over the last 25 years for four species of insectivorous understory birds. Field playback studies assessed how reforestation habitat quality affected the willingness ofMyrmeciza exsul,Henicorhina leucosticta,Thamnophilus atrinucha, andGlyphorynchus spirurusto travel outside forest habitat for territorial defense. Observed travel distances were greatest in nonnative and native tree plantations with high understory stem density, regardless of overstory composition. In contrast, tree plantations with low stem density had travel responses comparable to open pasture for three of the four bird species. We modeled landscape connectivity for each species using graph models based on varying possible travel distances in tree plantations, gallery forests, and pastures. From 1986 to 2011, connectivity for all species declined in theSJLSBClandscape (5825 km2) by 14% to 21% despite only a 4.9% net loss in forest area and the rapid expansion of tree plantations over 2% of the landscape. Plantation placement in the landscape limited their potential facilitation of connectivity because they were located either far from forest cover or within already contiguous forest areas. We mapped current connectivity bottlenecks and identified priority areas for future reforestation. We estimate that reforestation of priority areas could improve connectivity by 2% with only a 1% gain in forest cover, an impressive gain given the small area reforested. Results indicate key locations where spatial targeting ofPESwithin theSJLSBCstudy region would protect existing forest connectivity and enhance the connectivity benefits of reforestation.
Multi‐scale heterogeneity in vegetation and soil carbon in exurban residential land of southeastern Michigan, USA
Authors: Currie William S. , Kiger Sarah , Nassauer Joan I. , Hutchins Meghan , Marshall Lauren L. , Brown Daniel G. , Riolo Rick L. , Robinson Derek T. , Hart Stephanie K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractExurban residential land (one housing unit per 0.2–16.2 ha) is growing in importance as a human‐dominated land use. Carbon storage in the soils and vegetation of exurban land is poorly known, as are the effects on C storage of choices made by developers and residents. We studied C storage in exurban yards in southeastern Michigan, USA, across a range of parcel sizes and different types of neighborhoods. We divided each residential parcel into ecological zones (EZ) characterized by vegetation, soil, and human behavior such as mowing, irrigation, and raking. We found a heterogeneous mixture of trees and shrubs, turfgrasses, mulched gardens, old‐field vegetation, and impervious surfaces. The most extensive zone type was turfgrass with sparse woody vegetation (mean 26% of parcel area), followed by dense woody vegetation (mean 21% of parcel area). Areas of turfgrass with sparse woody vegetation had trees in larger size classes (> 50 cm dbh) than did areas of dense woody vegetation. Using aerial photointerpretation, we scaled up C storage to neighborhoods. Varying C storage by neighborhood type resulted from differences in impervious area (8–26% of parcel area) and area of dense woody vegetation (11–28%). Averaged and multiplied across areas in differing neighborhood types, exurban residential land contained 5240 ± 865 g C/m2 in vegetation, highly sensitive to large trees, and 13 800 ± 1290 g C/m2 in soils (based on a combined sampling and modeling approach). These contents are greater than for agricultural land in the region, but lower than for mature forest stands. Compared with mature forests, exurban land contained more shrubs and less downed woody debris and it had similar tree size‐class distributions up to 40 cm dbh but far fewer trees in larger size classes. If the trees continue to grow, exurban residential land could sequester additional C for decades. Patterns and processes of C storage in exurban residential land were driven by land management practices that affect soil and vegetation, reflecting the choices of designers, developers, and residents. This study provides an example of human‐mediated C storage in a coupled human–natural system.
Extended density‐dependent mortality in mature conifer forests: causes and implications for ecosystem management
Authors: Gendreau‐Berthiaume Benoit , Macdonald S. Ellen , Stadt J. John 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUnderstanding processes driving mortality in forests is important for comprehension of natural stand dynamics and for informing natural disturbance‐based ecosystem management. There has been considerable study of mortality in forests during the self‐thinning phase but we know much less about processes driving mortality in stands at later successional stages. We addressed this through study of five 1‐ha spatially explicit permanent plots in mature (111–186 yr old in 2012)Pinus contortastands in the Canadian Rocky Mountains using data from repeated measurements over a 45‐yr period, dendrochronological information, and point pattern analysis. We tested the hypothesis that these stands had completed the self‐thinning/density‐dependent mortality stage of succession. Contrary to our expectations, the self‐thinning phase can persist for more than 140 yr following stand establishment. Our findings suggest this was attributable to prolonged post‐fire establishment periods due to surface fires in three of the plots while in the other two plots moist conditions and slow growth most likely delayed the onset of competition. Several pieces of evidence indicated the importance of density‐dependent mortality in these stands over the study period: (1) The diameter distribution of individuals changed from initially right‐skewed toward normality as a result of mortality of smaller‐diameter stems. (2) Individuals of lower canopy positions were proportionally more affected by mortality. (3) When compared to the pre‐mortality pattern, surviving stems in all stands had an increasingly uniform spatial distribution. In two of the plots, recent windthrow and/or ingrowth initially hindered our ability to detect density‐dependent mortality but our dendrochronological sampling and permanent plot data allowed us to untangle the different processes at play; in doing so we demonstrate for the first time how density‐independent processes can mask underlying density‐dependent mortality processes in older stands. Mortality of larger dominant canopy trees increased over the study period and mortality of dominant stems was a random process in all stands suggesting these stands were approaching the end of the self‐thinning stage and that density‐independent processes might soon become more important. Our results provide an improved understanding of mortality processes that can be applied to natural disturbance‐based ecosystem management.
Grazing intensity differentially regulates ANPP response to precipitation in North American semiarid grasslands
Authors: Irisarri J. Gonzalo N. , Derner Justin D. , Porensky Lauren M. , Augustine David J. , Reeves Justin L. , Mueller Kevin E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGrazing intensity elicits changes in the composition of plant functional groups in both shortgrass steppe (SGS) and northern mixed‐grass prairie (NMP) in North America. How these grazing intensity‐induced changes control aboveground net primary production (ANPP) responses to precipitation remains a central open question, especially in light of predicted climate changes. Here, we evaluated effects of four levels (none, light, moderate, and heavy) of long‐term (>30 yr) grazing intensity in SGS and NMP on: (1) ANPP; (2) precipitation‐use efficiency (PUE, ANPP : precipitation); and (3) precipitation marginal response (PMR; slope of a linear regression model between ANPP and precipitation). We advance prior work by examining: (1) the consequences of a range of grazing intensities (more grazed vs. ungrazed); and (2) how grazing‐induced changes in ANPP and PUE are related both to shifts in functional group composition and physiological responses within each functional group. Spring (April–June) precipitation, the primary determinant of ANPP, was only 12% higher in NMP than in SGS, yet ANPP and PUE were 25% higher. Doubling grazing intensity in SGS and nearly doubling it in NMP reduced ANPP and PUE by only 24% and 33%, respectively. Increased grazing intensity reduced C3 graminoid biomass and increased C4 grass biomass in both grasslands. Functional group shifts affected PUE through biomass reductions, as PUE was positively associated with the relative abundance of C3 species and negatively with C4 species across both grasslands. At the community level, PMR was similar between grasslands and unaffected by grazing intensity. However, PMR of C3 graminoids in SGS was eightfold higher in the ungrazed treatment than under any grazed level. In NMP, PMR of C3 graminoids was only reduced under heavy grazing intensity. Knowing the ecological consequences of grazing intensity provides valuable information for mitigation and adaptation strategies in response to predicted climate change. For example, moderate grazing (the recommended rate) in SGS would sequester the same amount of aboveground carbon as light grazing because ANPP was nearly the same. In contrast, reductions in grazing intensity in NMP from moderate to light intensity would increase the amount of aboveground carbon sequestrated by 25% because of increased ANPP.
Grain‐dependent responses of mammalian diversity to land use and the implications for conservation set‐aside
Authors: Wearn Oliver R. , Carbone Chris , Rowcliffe J. Marcus , Bernard Henry , Ewers Robert M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDiversity responses to land‐use change are poorly understood at local scales, hindering our ability to make forecasts and management recommendations at scales which are of practical relevance. A key barrier in this has been the underappreciation of grain‐dependent diversity responses and the role that β‐diversity (variation in community composition across space) plays in this. Decisions about the most effective spatial arrangement of conservation set‐aside, for example high conservation value areas, have also neglected β‐diversity, despite its role in determining the complementarity of sites. We examined local‐scale mammalian species richness and β‐diversity across old‐growth forest, logged forest, and oil palm plantations in Borneo, using intensive camera‐ and live‐trapping. For the first time, we were able to investigate diversity responses, as well as β‐diversity, at multiple spatial grains, and across the whole terrestrial mammal community (large and small mammals); β‐diversity was quantified by comparing observed β‐diversity with that obtained under a null model, in order to control for sampling effects, and we refer to this as the β‐diversity signal. Community responses to land use were grain dependent, with large mammals showing reduced richness in logged forest compared to old‐growth forest at the grain of individual sampling points, but no change at the overall land‐use level. Responses varied with species group, however, with small mammals increasing in richness at all grains in logged forest compared to old‐growth forest. Both species groups were significantly depauperate in oil palm. Large mammal communities in old‐growth forest became more heterogeneous at coarser spatial grains and small mammal communities became more homogeneous, while this pattern was reversed in logged forest. Both groups, however, showed a significant β‐diversity signal at the finest grain in logged forest, likely due to logging‐induced environmental heterogeneity. The β‐diversity signal in oil palm was weak, but heterogeneity at the coarsest spatial grain was still evident, likely due to variation in landscape forest cover. Our findings suggest that the most effective spatial arrangement of set‐aside will involve trade‐offs between conserving large and small mammals. Greater consideration in the conservation and management of tropical landscapes needs to be given to β‐diversity at a range of spatial grains.
Experimental iron amendment suppresses toxic cyanobacteria in a hypereutrophic lake
Authors: Orihel Diane M. , Schindler David W. , Ballard Nathaniel C. , Wilson Lindsey R. , Vinebrooke Rolf D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe effects of reducing nutrient inputs to lakes and reservoirs are often delayed by hysteresis resulting from internal phosphorus (P) loading from sediments. Consequently, controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs) in many eutrophic ecosystems requires additional management to improve water quality. We manipulated iron (Fe) concentrations in a hypereutrophic lake to determine if Fe amendment would suppress HABs by inhibiting P release from sediments. Our experiment consisted of 15 in situ mesocosms, 12 of which each received a different dose of Fe (ranging from 2 to 225 g/m2); the remaining three were unmanipulated to serve as controls. Iron amendment decreased P accumulation in porewaters and the flux of P from sediments, which significantly lowered P concentrations in the water column. Iron exerted significant dose‐dependent negative effects on the biomass of phytoplankton and periphyton, and reduced the dominance of cyanobacteria. Even at the lowest doses, Fe appeared to reduce the toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms, as measured by concentrations of hepatotoxic microcystins. Overall, our findings highlight the potential for Fe treatment as an effective strategy for minimizing HABs in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs. More broadly, our study reinforces the importance of Fe in regulating the trophic state of freshwaters, and the sensitivity of certain ecosystems to changes in Fe supply. Finally, we hypothesize that decreases in natural Fe supplies to lakes associated with anthropogenic activities may worsen outbreaks of toxic cyanobacteria.
Impacts of land use on Indian mangrove forest carbon stocks: Implications for conservation and management
Authors: Bhomia R. K. , MacKenzie R. A. , Murdiyarso D. , Sasmito S. D. , Purbopuspito J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGlobally, mangrove forests represents only 0.7% of world's tropical forested area but are highly threatened due to susceptibility to climate change, sea level rise, and increasing pressures from human population growth in coastal regions. Our study was carried out in the Bhitarkanika Conservation Area (BCA), the second‐largest mangrove area in eastern India. We assessed total ecosystem carbon (C) stocks at four land use types representing varying degree of disturbances. Ranked in order of increasing impacts, these sites included dense mangrove forests, scrub mangroves, restored/planted mangroves, and abandoned aquaculture ponds. These impacts include both natural and/or anthropogenic disturbances causing stress, degradation, and destruction of mangroves. Mean vegetation C stocks (including both above‐ and belowground pools; mean ± standard error) in aquaculture, planted, scrub, and dense mangroves were 0, 7 ± 4, 65 ± 11 and 100 ± 11 Mg C/ha, respectively. Average soil C pools for aquaculture, planted, scrub, and dense mangroves were 61 ± 8, 92 ± 20, 177 ± 14, and 134 ± 17 Mg C/ha, respectively. Mangrove soils constituted largest fraction of total ecosystem C stocks at all sampled sites (aquaculture [100%], planted [90%], scrub [72%], and dense mangrove [57%]). Within BCA, the four studied land use types covered an area of ~167 km2 and the total ecosystem C stocks were 0.07 Tg C for aquaculture (~12 km2), 0.25 Tg C for planted/ restored mangrove (~24 km2), 2.29 teragrams (Tg) Tg C for scrub (~93 km2), and 0.89 Tg C for dense mangroves (~38 km2). Although BCA is protected under Indian wildlife protection and conservation laws, ~150 000 people inhabit this area and are directly or indirectly dependent on mangrove resources for sustenance. Estimates of C stocks of Bhitarkanika mangroves and recognition of their role as a C repository could provide an additional reason to support conservation and restoration of Bhitarkanika mangroves. Harvesting or destructive exploitation of mangroves by local communities for economic gains can potentially be minimized by enabling these communities to avail themselves of carbon offset/conservation payments under approved climate change mitigation strategies and actions.
The Dating Violence Questionnaire: Validation of the Cuestionario de Violencia de Novios Using a College Sample From the United States
Authors: López-Cepero Javier , Fabelo Humberto Eduardo , Rodríguez-Franco Luis , Rodríguez-Díaz F. Javier 
Published: June 2016

This study provides psychometric information for the Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ), an instrument developed to assess intimate partner victimization among adolescents and youths. This instrument, an English version of Cuestionario de Violencia de Novios, assesses both frequency and discomfort associated with 8 types of abuse (detachment, humiliation, sexual, coercion, physical, gender-based, emotional punishment, and instrumental).Participant included 859 U.S. students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses in a mid-Atlantic university (M = 19 years; SD = 1.5 years). One-third of the participants were males, and two-thirds were females. Regarding racial identity, around 55% of participants identified themselves as White, 22% as African American, 12% as Asian, whereas 11% selected other identities. Around 9% of participants identified themselves as Hispanic.Confirmatory factor analysis shows that the DVQ achieved adequate goodness-of-fit indexes for the original eight-factor model (χ2/df <5; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] <.080), as well as higher parsimony when compared to simpler alternative models. The 8 scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency indexes (α > .700), surpassing those found in the original Spanish validation. Descriptive analysis suggests higher victimization experience on subtle aggressions (detachment, coercion, and emotional punishment), with overt abuses (physical, instrumental) obtaining the smallest means; these findings were similar across gender, race identity, and ethnicity. Results of this validation study encourage the inclusion of DVQ in both research and applied contexts.
Molecular Analysis of Synedrela Nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Resistance Against Fomesafen using RAPD Markers
Authors: Dwiati Murni , Susanto Agus Hery 
Published: June 2016

Both morphological and protein studies reveal that differences are observed between resistant Synedrella nodiflora against fomesafen and its susceptible wildtype. These are, however, more or less influenced by environmental factors, so that molecular analysis employing DNA markers is necessarily required. The methods involved total genomic DNA extraction using modified CTAB protocol following Doyle & Doyle (1990), RAPD marker amplification and visualization of RAPD markers prior to data analysis. Ten RAPD markers were used, but only seven of them showed polymorphism. Calculation of genetic distance and variation was carried out employing PopGen software.Based on the RAPD markers used in this study, it can be concluded that genetic distance between susceptible and resistant S. nodiflora is higher than that within susceptible samples supporting our previous morphological and protein data, although genetic variation among susceptible individuals seems to be significantly high.
Endoscopic Compared with Open Operative Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Paryavi Ebrahim , Zimmerman Ryan M. , Means Kenneth R. 
Published: June 2016

➢ Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common peripheral nerve compression syndrome.➢ Treatment options include wrist-neutral bracing, corticosteroid injections, operative release of the transverse carpal ligament, and symptom-relief options.➢ Endoscopic carpal tunnel release may give patients a faster recovery compared with traditional open release, but there are no ultimate differences in outcome among the various surgical options.