bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial diversity and iron oxidation at Okuoku‐hachikurou Onsen, a Japanese hot spring analog of Precambrian iron formations
Authors: Ward L. M. , Idei A. , Terajima S. , Kakegawa T. , Fischer W. W. , McGlynn S. E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBanded iron formations (BIFs) are rock deposits common in the Archean and Paleoproterozoic (and regionally Neoproterozoic) sedimentary successions. Multiple hypotheses for their deposition exist, principally invoking the precipitation of iron via the metabolic activities of oxygenic, photoferrotrophic, and/or aerobic iron‐oxidizing bacteria. Some isolated environments support chemistry and mineralogy analogous to processes involved in BIF deposition, and their study can aid in untangling the factors that lead to iron precipitation. One such process analog system occurs at Okuoku‐hachikurou (OHK) Onsen in Akita Prefecture, Japan. OHK is an iron‐ and CO2‐rich, circumneutral hot spring that produces a range of precipitated mineral textures containing fine laminae of aragonite and iron oxides that resemble BIF fabrics. Here, we have performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of microbial communities across the range of microenvironments in OHK to describe the microbial diversity present and to gain insight into the cycling of iron, oxygen, and carbon in this ecosystem. These analyses suggest that productivity at OHK is based on aerobic iron‐oxidizing Gallionellaceae. In contrast to other BIF analog sites, Cyanobacteria, anoxygenic phototrophs, and iron‐reducing micro‐organisms are present at only low abundances. These observations support a hypothesis where low growth yields and the high stoichiometry of iron oxidized per carbon fixed by aerobic iron‐oxidizing chemoautotrophs like Gallionellaceae result in accumulation of iron oxide phases without stoichiometric buildup of organic matter. This system supports little dissimilatory iron reduction, further setting OHK apart from other process analog sites where iron oxidation is primarily driven by phototrophic organisms. This positions OHK as a study area where the controls on primary productivity in iron‐rich environments can be further elucidated. When compared with geological data, the metabolisms and mineralogy at OHK are most similar to specific BIF occurrences deposited after the Great Oxygenation Event, and generally discordant with those that accumulated before it.
The Migraine Attack as a Homeostatic, Neuroprotective Response to Brain Oxidative Stress: Preliminary Evidence for a Theory
Authors: Borkum Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundPrevious research has suggested that migraineurs show higher levels of oxidative stress (lipid peroxides) between migraine attacks and that migraine triggers may further increase brain oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is transduced into a neural signal by the TRPA1 ion channel on meningeal pain receptors, eliciting neurogenic inflammation, a key event in migraine. Thus, migraines may be a response to brain oxidative stress.ResultsIn this article, a number of migraine components are considered: cortical spreading depression, platelet activation, plasma protein extravasation, endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, and the release of serotonin, substance P, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor. Evidence is presented from in vitro research and animal and human studies of ischemia suggesting that each component has neuroprotective functions, decreasing oxidant production, upregulating antioxidant enzymes, stimulating neurogenesis, preventing apoptosis, facilitating mitochondrial biogenesis, and/or releasing growth factors in the brain. Feedback loops between these components are described. Limitations and challenges to the model are discussed.ConclusionsThe theory is presented that migraines are an integrated defensive, neuroprotective response to brain oxidative stress.
Negotiating class, femininity and career: Latin American migrant women entrepreneurs in Spain
Authors: Villares‐Varela María 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis article analyses how the gendered and classed positions of migrant women explain the meanings of becoming an entrepreneur and the role of their spouses in their occupational trajectories. Using a translocational positionality approach, the article challenges the claim that women escape patriarchal domination by establishing their own businesses. The narratives of 35 Latin American women entrepreneurs in Spain reveal that becoming an entrepreneur is conditioned by class‐based ideas of masculinity and femininity. I argue that middle‐class Latin American immigrant women become entrepreneurs to promote their spouse's career advancement while conforming to class‐based norms of femininity. In contrast, lower class Latin American women view the business as a space of autonomy and occupational upward mobility that nevertheless also complies with working‐class definitions of femininity. The policy implications of these findings relate to making class aspirations central to the support of labour market integration and empowerment of migrant women.
Liquid‐phase sintering of highly Na+ ion conducting Na3Zr2Si2PO12 ceramics using Na3BO3 additive
Authors: Noi Kousuke , Suzuki Kenji , Tanibata Naoto , Hayashi Akitoshi , Tatsumisago Masahiro 
Published: October 2017

AbstractNa3Zr2Si2PO12 (NASICON) is a promising material as a solid electrolyte for all‐solid‐state sodium batteries. Nevertheless, one challenge for the application of NASICON in batteries is their high sintering temperature above 1200°C, which can lead to volatilization of light elements and undesirable side reactions with electrode materials at such high temperatures. In this study, liquid‐phase sintering of NASICON with a Na3BO3 (NBO) additive was performed for the first time to lower the NASICON sintering temperature. A dense NASICON‐based ceramic was successfully obtained by sintering at 900°C with 4.8 wt% NBO. This liquid‐phase sintered NASICON ceramic exhibited high total conductivity of ~1 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature and low conduction activation energy of 28 kJ mol−1. Since the room‐temperature conductivity is identical to that of conventional high‐temperature‐sintered NASICON, NBO was demonstrated as a good liquid‐phase sintering additive for NASICON solid electrolyte. In the NASICON with 4.8 wt% NBO ceramic, most of the NASICON grains directly bonded with each other and some submicron sodium borates segregated in particulate form without full penetration to NASICON grain boundaries. This characteristic composite microstructure contributed to the high conductivity of the liquid‐phase sintered NASICON.
Effect of composite type and placement technique on cuspal strain
Authors: Ólafsson Vilhelm G. , Ritter André V. , Swift Edward J. , Boushell Lee W. , Ko Ching‐Chang , Jackson Gabrielle R. , Ahmed Sumitha N. , Donovan Terence E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the cuspal strain in Class II restorations made with bulk‐fill and conventional composite resins.Materials and methodsFifty extracted maxillary premolars were mounted into phenolic rings and divided into five groups (n = 10). Specimens received standardized MOD preparations. A two‐step self‐etch adhesive was applied and the preparations were restored using a custom matrix as follows: Filtek Supreme Ultra in eight 2‐mm increments (FSUI); Filtek Supreme Ultra in bulk (FSUB); SonicFill in bulk (SF); SureFil SDR flow in bulk, covered with a 2‐mm occlusal layer of Filtek Supreme Ultra (SDR/FSU); Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill in bulk (TEBF). Strain gages bonded to the buccal and lingual cusps recorded cuspal strain during restorations. End strain values were determined and data were subjected to Kruskal‐Wallis testing, followed by one‐way ANOVA and Tukey´s post hoc test.ResultsCombined strain values and standard deviations (in µɛ) were: FSUI: 723 ± 102.8, FSUB: 929.2 ± 571.9, SF: 519.1 ± 80.2, SDR‐FSU: 497.4 ± 67.6 and TEBF: 604.5 ± 127.1. A significant difference was found between group FSUI and groups SF, SDR‐FSU, and TEBF. Group FSUB showed significantly higher mean strain and greater standard deviation than all other groups due to cuspal fractures, and was thus excluded from the statistical analysis.ConclusionsThe tested bulk‐fill composite resins exerted less strain onto tooth structure than the incrementally placed conventional composite resin, although the magnitude of generated strain was product‐dependent. Bulk‐filling with conventional composite resins is contraindicated.Clinical significanceBulk‐fill composite resins exerted less strain onto adjacent tooth structure than a traditional composite, even when that composite is was placed incrementally. Bulk‐filling with traditional composite resins is unpredictable and contraindicated.
Variation in the SSUrDNA of the Genus Protostelium Leads to a New Phylogenetic Understanding of the Genus and of the Species Concept for Protostelium mycophaga (Protosteliida, Amoebozoa)
Authors: Shadwick John D. L. , Silberman Jeffery D. , Spiegel Frederick W. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMembers of the genus Protostelium (including P. mycophaga, P. nocturnum, and P. okumukumu) are protosteloid amoebae commonly found in terrestrial habitats on dead plant matter. They, along with the closely allied nominal genus Planoprotostelium, containing the single species Pl. aurantium, all have an amoeboid trophic stage with acutely pointed subpseudopodia and orange lipid droplets in the granuloplasm. These amoebae form stalked fruiting bodies topped with a single, usually deciduous spore. The species are identified based on their fruiting body morphologies except for Pl. aurantium which looks similar to P. mycophaga in fruiting morphology, but has amoebae that can make flagella in liquid medium. We built phylogenetic trees using nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of 35 isolates from the genera Protostelium and Planoprotostelium and found that (1) the nonflagellated P. nocturnum and P. okumukumu branch basally in the genus Protostelium, (2) the flagellate, Pl. aurantium falls within the genus Protostelium in a monophyletic clade with the nominal variety, P. mycophaga var. crassipes, (3) the cultures initially identified as Protostelium mycophaga can be divided into at least three morphologically recognizable taxa, P. aurantium n. comb., P. apiculatum n. sp., and P. m. rodmani n. subsp., as well as a paraphyletic assemblage that includes the remainder of the P. mycophaga morphotype. These findings have implications for understanding the ecology, evolution, and diversity of these amoeboid organisms and for using these amoebae as models for other amoeboid groups.
Kinetic modeling of hazelnut drying: Effects of different cultivars and drying parameters
Authors: Giraudo A. , Valentini N. , Venturello A. , Savorani F. , Bertone E. , Bonazzola G. , Zeppa G. , Geobaldo F. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn this study, for the first time, six different hazelnut cultivars, characterized by different carpological traits (diameter, volume, weight, density, shell thickness, shape index, empty volume between kernel and shell), were utilized for conducting 60 experiments in a lab‐scale convective dryer, in which different drying air conditions (temperatures: 20 °C, 35 °C, 50 °C; relative humidity: 20%, 40%, 60%; airflow: 0.5 m/s) were explored with a Design of Experiment approach. The obtained drying curves where mathematically modeled and, among the tested kinetic models, the Fick's equation proved to best fit the drying data and was chosen to estimate the equilibrium moisture content (Me) and the drying rate (k) for each experiment, based on the studied variables. The k parameter was found to be greatly affected (p < .01) by the carpological traits related to the hazelnut dimension, by T and RH. Conversely, a weak correlation (p ≈ .05) was found between the carpological traits and Me which, instead, resulted being greatly affected by T and RH (p < .01).Practical applicationsThe precise definition of the complex dynamics involved in hazelnut drying process represents a crucial step toward an exhaustive comprehension and optimization of the drying process itself. The possibility of tailoring the process parameters to guarantee the best drying conditions for a specific lot of shelled hazelnuts represents an important goal eagerly pursued by the modern confectionary industry. During the last years, this topic has attracted a broad industrial interest, resulting in many research studies investigating the drying process. Our study takes into consideration not only the classical drying parameters but also the variability introduced by the carpological traits of different hazelnut cultivars and allows defining a mathematical model of general applicability, which describes the drying process and that could be potentially exploited to optimize the performance of the hazelnut drying at the industrial level.
Three‐dimensional distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase, vasopressin and oxytocin neurones in the transparent postnatal mouse brain
Authors: Godefroy D. , Dominici C. , Hardin‐Pouzet H. , Anouar Y. , Melik‐Parsadaniantz S. , Rostène W. , Reaux‐Le Goazigo A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOver the years, advances in immunohistochemistry techniques have been a critical step in detecting and mapping neuromodulatory substances in the central nervous system. The better quality and specificity of primary antibodies, new staining procedures and the spectacular development of imaging technologies have allowed such progress. Very recently, new methods permitting tissue transparency have been successfully used on brain tissues. In the present study, we combined whole‐mount immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), with the iDISCO+ clearing method, light‐sheet microscopy and semi‐automated counting of three‐dimensionally‐labelled neurones to obtain a (3D) distribution of these neuronal populations in a 5‐day postnatal (P5) mouse brain. Segmentation procedure and 3D reconstruction allowed us, with high resolution, to map TH staining of the various catecholaminergic cell groups and their ascending and descending fibre pathways. We show that TH pathways are present in the whole P5 mouse brain, similar to that observed in the adult rat brain. We also provide new information on the postnatal distribution of OXT and AVP immunoreactive cells in the mouse hypothalamus, and show that, compared to AVP neurones, OXT neurones in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei are not yet mature in the early postnatal period. 3D semi‐automatic quantitative analysis of the PVN reveals that OXT cell bodies are more numerous than AVP neurones, although their immunoreactive soma have a volume half smaller. More AVP nerve fibres compared to OXT were observed in the PVN and the retrochiasmatic area. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate the utility and the potency of imaging large brain tissues with clearing procedures coupled to novel 3D imaging technologies to study, localise and quantify neurotransmitter substances involved in brain and neuroendocrine functions.
Association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and change in bone mineral density in prospective cohorts
Authors: Segna D. , Bauer D. C. , Feller M. , Schneider C. , Fink H. A. , Aubert C. E. , Collet T.‐H. , da Costa B. R. , Fischer K. , Peeters R. P. , Cappola A. R. , Blum M. R. , van Dorland H. A. , Robbins J. , Naylor K. , Eastell R. , Uitterlinden A. G. , Rivadeneira Ramirez F. , Gogakos A. , Gussekloo J. , Williams G. R. , Schwartz A. , Cauley J. A. , Aujesky D. A. , Bischoff‐Ferrari H. A. , Rodondi N. ,   the Thyroid Studies Collaboration
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundSubclinical hyperthyroidism (SHyper) has been associated with increased risk of hip and other fractures, but the linking mechanisms remain unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and bone loss.MethodsIndividual participant data analysis was performed after a systematic literature search inMEDLINE/EMBASE(1946–2016). Two reviewers independently screened and selected prospective cohorts providing baseline thyroid status and serial bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. We classified thyroid status as euthyroidism (thyroid‐stimulating hormone [TSH] 0.45–4.49 mIU/L),SHyper (TSH< 0.45 mIU/L) and subclinical hypothyroidism (SHypo, TSH ≥ 4.50–19.99 mIU/L) both with normal free thyroxine levels. Our primary outcome was annualized percentageBMDchange (%ΔBMD) from serial dual X‐ray absorptiometry scans of the femoral neck, total hip and lumbar spine, obtained from multivariable regression in a random‐effects two‐step approach.ResultsAmongst 5458 individuals (median age 72 years, 49.1% women) from six prospective cohorts, 451 (8.3%) hadSHypo and 284 (5.2%) hadSHyper. During 36 569 person‐years of follow‐up, those withSHyper had a greater annual bone loss at the femoral neck versus euthyroidism: %ΔBMD= −0.18 (95% CI: −0.34, −0.02;I2= 0%), with a nonstatistically significant pattern at the total hip: %ΔBMD = −0.14 (95% CI: −0.38, 0.10;I2= 53%), but not at the lumbar spine: %ΔBMD = 0.03 (95% CI: −0.30, 0.36;I2= 25%); especially participants with TSH < 0.10 mIU/L showed an increased bone loss in the femoral neck (%Δ BMD = −0.59; [95% CI: −0.99, −0.19]) and total hip region (%ΔBMD = −0.46 [95% CI: −1.05, −0.13]). In contrast,SHypo was not associated with bone loss at any site.ConclusionAmongst adults,SHyper was associated with increased femoral neck bone loss, potentially contributing to the increased fracture risk.
Comparison of bleeding risk scores in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the RE‐LY trial
Authors: Proietti M. , Hijazi Z. , Andersson U. , Connolly S. J. , Eikelboom J. W. , Ezekowitz M. D. , Lane D. A. , Oldgren J. , Roldan V. , Yusuf S. , Wallentin L. ,   on behalf of RE‐LY Investigators
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundOral anticoagulation is the mainstay of stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF), but must be balanced against the associated bleeding risk. Several risk scores have been proposed for prediction of bleeding events in patients with AF.ObjectivesTo compare the performance of contemporary clinical bleeding risk scores in 18 113 patients with AF randomized to dabigatran 110 mg, 150 mg or warfarin in the RE‐LY trial.MethodsHAS‐BLED, ORBIT, ATRIA and HEMORR2HAGES bleeding risk scores were calculated based on clinical information at baseline. All major bleeding events were centrally adjudicated.ResultsThere were 1182 (6.5%) major bleeding events during a median follow‐up of 2.0 years. For all the four schemes, high‐risk subgroups had higher risk of major bleeding (all P < 0.001). The ORBIT score showed the best discrimination with c‐indices of 0.66, 0.66 and 0.62, respectively, for major, life‐threatening and intracranial bleeding, which were significantly better than for the HAS‐BLED score (difference in c‐indices: 0.050, 0.053 and 0.048, respectively, all P < 0.05). The ORBIT score also showed the best calibration compared with previous data. Significant treatment interactions between the bleeding scores and the risk of major bleeding with dabigatran 150 mg BD versus warfarin were found for the ORBIT (P = 0.0019), ATRIA (P < 0.001) and HEMORR2HAGES (P < 0.001) scores. HAS‐BLED score showed a nonsignificant trend for interaction (P = 0.0607).ConclusionsAmongst the current clinical bleeding risk scores, the ORBIT score demonstrated the best discrimination and calibration. All the scores demonstrated, to a variable extent, an interaction with bleeding risk associated with dabigatran or warfarin.
Building the Bridge Between Science and Practice: Essential Characteristics of a Translational Framework
Authors: Stafford‐Brizard K. Brooke , Cantor Pamela , Rose L. Todd 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTMind, brain, and education is a field developed with two key purposes: (1) to accelerate the knowledge developed through research by using an interdisciplinary approach, and (2) to create a bridge to connect and apply this knowledge to educational practice. While great progress has been made with regard to the interdisciplinary efforts of mind, brain and education, a chasm remains between the fields of science and educational practice. This article presents the case for bridging that chasm through the development of a translational and bidirectional framework that allows the fields of science and educational practice to access and influence each other. The characteristics of such a framework are proposed as theory‐driven and perspective‐neutral, interdisciplinary and interdependent, grounded in the science of development, context‐sensitive, and allowing for falsifiability. Potential enablers for the successful implementation of such a framework are proposed.
Early breastfeeding practices: Descriptive analysis of recent Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Oakley Laura , Benova Lenka , Macleod David , Lynch Caroline A. , Campbell Oona M. R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe early breastfeeding practices (initiation within 1 hr of birth, no prelacteal feeding, and a combination of both—“optimal” early breastfeeding) according to childbirth location in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Using data from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (2000–2013) for 57 countries, we extracted information on the most recent birth for women aged 15–49 with a live birth in the preceding 24 months. Childbirth setting was self‐reported by location (home or facility) and subtype (home delivery with or without a skilled birth attendant; public or private facility). We produced overall world and four region‐level summary statistics by applying national population adjusted survey weights. Overall, 39% of children were breastfed within 1 hr of birth (region range 31–60%), 49% received no prelacteal feeding (41–65%), and 28% benefited from optimal early breastfeeding (21–46%). In South/Southeast Asia and Sub‐Saharan Africa, early breastfeeding outcomes were more favourable for facility births compared to home births; trends were less consistent in Latin America and Middle East/Europe. Among home deliveries, there was a higher prevalence of positive breastfeeding practices for births with a skilled birth attendant across all regions other than Latin America. For facility births, breastfeeding practices were more favourable among those taking place in the public sector. This study is the most comprehensive assessment to date of early breastfeeding practices by childbirth location. Our results suggest that skilled delivery care—particularly care delivered in public sector facilities—appears positively correlated with favourable breastfeeding practices.