bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Narrowing of the ITCZ in a warming climate: Physical mechanisms
Authors: Byrne Michael P. , Schneider Tapio 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) narrows in response to global warming in both observations and climate models. However, a physical understanding of this narrowing is lacking. Here we show that the narrowing of the ITCZ in simulations of future climate is related to changes in the moist static energy (MSE) budget. MSE advection by the mean circulation and MSE divergence by transient eddies tend to narrow the ITCZ, while changes in net energy input to the atmosphere and the gross moist stability tend to widen the ITCZ. The narrowing tendency arises because the meridional MSE gradient strengthens with warming, whereas the largest widening tendency is due to increasing shortwave heating of the atmosphere. The magnitude of the ITCZ narrowing depends strongly on the gross moist stability and clouds, emphasizing the need to better understand these fundamental processes in the tropical atmosphere.
Did the Orientale impact melt sheet undergo large‐scale igneous differentiation by crystal settling?
Authors: Cassanelli James P. , Head James W. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSignificant quantities of shock‐induced melt are predicted to form during basin‐scale impact events and may contribute substantially to compositional variation in the lunar crust through differentiation processes. Knowledge of the evolution of impact melt sheets and the cooling and crystallization processes involved is therefore important to understanding the geology and petrology of the Moon. Here we perform a case study on the Orientale basin and investigate the possibility of differentiation of the impact melt sheet by assessing the thermal and physical processes that drive cooling and crystallization, focusing on crystal settling. Results predict that convective processes within the impact melt sheet enhance cooling and solidification and inhibit settling of crystals ~1.5 mm in diameter and smaller, preventing differentiation at or below this size. Impact melt sheet thickness is predicted to have minimal influence on crystallization history, suggesting that crystal size is the primary factor controlling lunar impact melt sheet differentiation.
Magnetic field modification to the relativistic runaway electron avalanche length
Authors: Cramer E. S. , Dwyer J. R. , Rassoul H. K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper explores the impact of the geomagnetic field on the relativistic runaway electron avalanche length,
. Coleman and Dwyer (2006) developed an analytical fit to Monte Carlo simulations using the Runaway Electron Avalanche Model. In this work, we repeat this process but with the addition of the geomagnetic field in the range of [100,900]/n μT, where n is the ratio of the density of air at altitude to the sea level density. As the ambient electric field approaches the runaway threshold field (Eth≈284 kV/m sea level equivalent), it is shown that the magnetic field has an impact on the orientation of the resulting electron beam. The runaway electrons initially follow the vertically oriented electric field but then are deflected in the v × B direction, and as such, the electrons experience more dynamic friction due to the increase in path length. This will be shown to result in a difference in the avalanche length from the case where B = 0. It will also be shown that the average energy of the runaway electrons will decrease while the required electric field to produce runaway electrons increases. This study is also important in understanding the physics of terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs). Not only will this work impact relativistic feedback rates determined from simulations, it may also be useful in studying spectroscopy of TGFs observed from balloon and aircraft measurements. These models may also be used in determining beaming properties of TGFs originating in the tropical regions seen from orbiting spacecraft.
Accurate laboratory determination of the near‐infrared water vapor self‐continuum: A test of the MT_CKD model
Authors: Campargue A. , Kassi S. , Mondelain D. , Vasilchenko S. , Romanini D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe semi‐empirical MT_CKD model of the absorption continuum of water vapor is widely used in atmospheric radiative transfer codes of the atmosphere of Earth and, recently, of exoplanets but lacks of experimental validation in the atmospheric windows. Recent laboratory measurements by Fourier transform Spectroscopy led to self‐continuum cross sections much larger than the MT_CKD values in the near‐infrared transparency windows. We report on accurate measurements by Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) and Optical Feedback‐Cavity‐Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OF‐CEAS) at selected spectral points of the transparency windows centered around 4.0, 2.1, and 1.25 µm. The temperature dependence of the absorption continuum at 4.38 µm is measured in the 23–39°C range. The self‐continuum water vapor absorption is derived either from the baseline variation of water vapor spectra recorded for a series of pressure values over a small spectral interval or from baseline monitoring at fixed laser frequency during pressure ramps. After subtraction of the local water monomer lines contribution, self‐continuum cross sections, Cs, are determined with an accuracy better than 10% from the pressure squared dependence of the continuum absorption measured up to about 15 Torr. Together with our previous measurements in the 2.1 and 1.6 µm windows, the present results provide a unique set of water vapor cross sections for testing the MT_CKD model in four transparency windows. Although showing some important deviations of the absolute values (up to about a factor 4), our accurate measurements validate the overall frequency dependence of the most recent version (V2.8) of the MT_CKD model.
Gravity wave momentum flux in the mesosphere measured by VHF radar at Davis, Antarctica
Authors: Love Peter T. , Murphy Damian J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPolar mesospheric summer echoes observed in VHF MST radar measurements at Davis, Antarctica 68.5°S, 78.0°E, are used to measure high‐frequency gravity wave momentum flux in the vicinity of the mesopause during the Southern Hemisphere summer of 2014–2015. The momentum flux spectrum is generally isotropic with a slight bias in the seasonal mean toward the southeast. Zonal and meridional components of the seasonal mean momentum flux are an order of magnitude smaller than the absolute momentum flux. Diurnal and semidiurnal modulation of the momentum flux correspond to perturbations of the seasonal mean winds by atmospheric tides. Quantitative measures of gravity wave intermittency yield high values and increase with altitude through the mesopause region. These intermittency characteristics are attributed to the increase with altitude of wind variability through the mesopause region as a result of the tides.
Actor‐Network Theory
Authors: Couldry Nick 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis entry summarizes the main features of actor‐network theory's account of the role of technologies in social life and its potential contribution to the understanding of media institutions. The limitations of actor‐network theory (ANT) as a total theory of media are also discussed, alongside a short history of how ANT has been drawn upon (or at times ignored) in media and communications research since the late 1980s. The particular importance of ANT‐based perspectives to understanding media practices in the digital age is explained.
Copyright
Authors: Burk Dan L. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Copyright offers legal exclusivity to the authors of creative works. This entry defines several basic principles of copyright, discussing the benefits generally advanced as justifications for such legal exclusivity, and contrasts such benefits with the detriment advanced by copyright critics. The entry particularly examines several of the practical and doctrinal difficulties posed by copyright in digital media, including the addition of software to the canon of creative works traditionally associated with copyright.
C
onfucianism
Authors: Jia Wenshan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Confucianism as a philosophy of communication views communication as a social process consistent with the constant harmonious interplay of vital forces of masculinity and femininity in the cosmos. To know about the social world is also to participate in it and establish oneself via harmonious communication in order to better humanity. Confucianism has the potential for bringing about harmony in the global village.
Cybernetics
Authors: Geoghegan Bernard , Peters Benjamin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCybernetics, a science of “communication and control” devised in the years after World War II, is often identified with communication engineering and computing. In fact, it sprang from a wide array of intellectual sources and in the 1950s and 1960s it impacted an even wider array of disciplinary quarters. This entry reviews a few of its multiple engagements, with particular emphasis on the afterlife of cybernetic concepts in the human sciences. Strangely, this fracturing (some would say collapse) of its conceptual program, and its failure to ever consolidate around a unified definition of key methods and concerns, was then, and remains today, the greatest source for its enduring influence.
Avatar
Authors: Juul Jesper , Klevjer Rune 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis entry gives an introduction to the study of avatars and player–avatar relations in video games and virtual communities. It presents a short history of avatars, distinguishing between different aspects of the concept and its uses, and then highlighting key debates and research efforts in the field. Drawing on the emerging interdisciplinary field of the philosophy of computer games, the entry provides a brief phenomenological account of avatar‐based play in contemporary 3D games, and addresses the question of player/avatar identity.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Gunkel David J. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry addresses artificial intelligence (AI) from the perspective of communication theory. In particular, it demonstrates, on the one hand, how and why the activity of communication has been considered a defining condition for AI and, on the other hand, how the theory of AI and the development of AI applications complicate the subject of communication, requiring significant modifications in its conceptual apparatus and philosophical framework.
Christianity
Authors: Horsfield Peter 
Published: October 2016

AbstractChristianity is a diverse phenomenon and is more accurately understood not just as a religion that uses communication, but as a mediated phenomenon in which communication is integral to and constitutive of its character. One of the distinctive aspects of Christian communication theory is the proposition that there is a divine being who communicates its character and purposes with humans, and whom humans can in turn communicate to and exercise some influence on. Within this context, the variety of hermeneutical processes discerning the presence and meanings of divine–human and human–divine communication in speech, text, and visual and material media are explored.
Computer‐Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
Authors: Schmidt Kjeld 
Published: October 2016

AbstractComputer‐supported cooperative work (CSCW) is an interdisciplinary research field devoted to understanding cooperative work practices with the aim of contributing, both conceptually and technically, to the development of collaborative computing, that is, computing technologies that facilitate, mediate, or regulate workers' interdependent activities. The disciplinary span of CSCW as an interdisciplinary field is exceptional in that it bridges from ethnographic field work, to the experimental development of advanced technical solutions, to evaluation studies in situ.
Carey,James
Authors: Packer Jeremy 
Published: October 2016

AbstractJames Carey was a communication scholar who became best known for his ritual model of communication. He lived from 1934 to 2006 and spent most of his academic career at the University of Illinois and at Columbia University. His work has widely influenced scholars in the areas of cultural studies, communication history and technology, journalism, and communication theory. His intellectual forerunners include Harold Innis, John Dewey, Lewis Mumford, Raymond Williams, and Richard Rorty.
Comparative Research
Authors: Hasebrink Uwe 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Doing comparisons is one of the core cognitive operations of all sciences: Investigating an object means to compare it with other objects and to assess differences and similarities between them. In contrast to this general understanding, within the field of communication the notion of
comparative research
refers to more particular comparisons across two or more geographical or social systems such as nations. This entry covers the conceptual backgrounds, methodological approaches, and practical applications of comparative communication research. The field is shaped not only by changes in the phenomena of media and communication themselves, but also by changing policies and by changes in the scientific communities studying media and communication.
Audiences
Authors: Butsch Richard 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAudiencing is something we do quite frequently—reading, watching, listening, even cheering or shouting at the performers. Audience is not an identity or type of person; it is a situated role that we don in certain situations and shed when we exit such situations. Much of what has recently come to be called “using”—as in using smartphone, Internet, video games—can still be understood as, in part, audiencing, since these activities often involve people alternating as performers and audiences. This entry presents audiences and audiencing as historically and culturally specific and changing concepts. It examines synonyms and modifiers, substitutes or equivalents for the English termaudience(s), including those in other languages and cultures, and words that modify and frequently valorize these terms with powerful insinuations and consequences.
Pompey versus Caesar, 49–45
BC
Authors: Matthews Stephen 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Toward the end of Caesar's successful campaigns in Gaul, tensions arose over how his further ambitions could be accommodated within the constitutional framework of the Roman republic. Caesar's opponents in the Senate exploited the rivalry between Caesar and Pompey, whose dominance at Rome was now threatened. In the ensuing conflict Pompey retired to the Balkans to join his troops in the east, but Caesar's battle‐hardened veterans triumphed. Even after Pompey's murder in Egypt, Caesar's republican enemies continued resistance in Asia Minor, the Balkans, Spain, and Africa until their eventual defeat left Caesar master of the Roman world.
Pulmonary function among Latino thoroughbred horse farmworkers
Authors: Flunker John C. , Clouser Jessica Miller , Mannino David , Swanberg Jennifer 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundLatino thoroughbred workers may be at risk for developing abnormal pulmonary function related to occupational exposures.MethodsEighty worker participants were recruited via community‐based purposive sampling. Questionnaires and spirometry tests were administered by trained lay health promoters. Demographic and occupational factors were assessed for associations with respiratory outcomes via multivariable logistic regression.ResultsTwenty‐seven percent of participants exhibited abnormal pulmonary function (primarily restrictive), 79% reported any respiratory symptoms, and 94% infrequently used dust masks. Shorter duration of both current horse farm employment (≤5 years) and time living in the United States (≤10 years) increased the odds of abnormal pulmonary function. Shorter time living in the United States increased the odds of upper respiratory symptoms and shorter duration of current horse farm employment increased the odds of lower respiratory symptoms.ConclusionsAbnormal pulmonary function was high among this vulnerable worker group, suggesting the need for increased dust mask usage and further exposure assessment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:35–44, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design of Potent Mannose 6‐Phosphate Analogues for the Functionalization of Lysosomal Enzymes To Improve the Treatment of Pompe Disease
Authors: El Cheikh Khaled , Basile Ilaria , Da Silva Afitz , Bernon Coralie , Cérutti Pierre , Salgues Frédéric , Perez Marc , Maynadier Marie , Gary‐Bobo Magali , Caillaud Catherine , Cérutti Martine , Garcia Marcel , Morère Alain 
Published: October 2016

AbstractImproving therapeutics delivery in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for lysosomal storage disorders is a challenge. Herein, we present the synthesis of novel analogues of mannose 6‐phosphate (M6P), known as AMFAs and functionalized at the anomeric position for enzyme grafting. AMFAs are non‐phosphate serum‐resistant derivatives that efficiently bind the cation‐independent mannose 6‐phosphate receptor (CI‐M6PR), which is the main pathway to address enzymes to lysosomes. One of the AMFAs was used to improve the treatment of the lysosomal myopathy Pompe disease, in which acid α‐glucosidase (GAA) is defective. AMFA grafting on a M6P‐free recombinant GAA led to a higher uptake of the GAA in adult Pompe fibroblasts in culture as compared to Myozyme, the M6P recombinant GAA. Moreover, the treatment of Pompe adult mice with the AMFA‐grafted recombinant enzyme led to a remarkable improvement, even at low doses, in muscle functionality and regeneration, whereas Myozyme had limited efficacy.
Inherent Conformational Preferences of Ac‐Gln‐Gln‐NHBn: Sidechain Hydrogen Bonding Supports a β‐Turn in the Gas Phase
Authors: Walsh Patrick S. , Blodgett Karl N. , McBurney Carl , Gellman Samuel H. , Zwier Timothy S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGas‐phase single‐conformation spectroscopy is used to study Ac‐Gln‐Gln‐NHBn in order to probe the interplay between sidechain hydrogen bonding and backbone conformational preferences. This small, amide‐rich peptide offers many possibilities for backbone–backbone, sidechain–backbone, and sidechain–sidechain interactions. The major conformer observed experimentally features a type‐I β‐turn with a canonical 10‐membered ring C=O—H−N hydrogen bond between backbone amide groups. In addition, the C=O group of each Gln sidechain participates in a seven‐membered ring hydrogen bond with the backbone NH of the same residue. Thus, sidechain hydrogen‐bonding potential is satisfied in a manner that is consistent with and stabilizes the β‐turn secondary structure. This turn‐forming propensity may be relevant to pathogenic amyloid formation by polyglutamine segments in human proteins.
Organic‐Base‐Driven Intercalation and Delamination for the Production of Functionalized Titanium Carbide Nanosheets with Superior Photothermal Therapeutic Performance
Authors: Xuan Jinnan , Wang Zhiqiang , Chen Yuyan , Liang Dujuan , Cheng Liang , Yang Xiaojing , Liu Zhuang , Ma Renzhi , Sasaki Takayoshi , Geng Fengxia 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe delamination of titanium carbide sheets, an intriguing class of two‐dimensional materials, has been critically dependent on the extraction of interlayer Al in acidic media, such as concentrated hydrofluoric acid (HF) or a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a fluoride salt. Herein, we report an organic‐base‐driven intercalation and delamination of titanium carbide that takes advantage of the amphoteric nature of interlayer Al. The resulting aluminum‐oxoanion‐functionalized titanium carbide sheets manifested unusually strong optical absorption in the near‐infrared (NIR) region with a mass extinction coefficient as high as 29.1 L g−1 cm−1 at 808 nm. Thus, the performance of this material is comparable or even superior to that of state‐of‐the‐art photoabsorption materials, including gold‐based nanostructures, carbon‐based materials, and transition‐metal dichalcogenides. Preliminary studies show that the titanium carbide sheets serve as efficient photothermal agents against tumor cells.
Block Copolymer Capsules with Structure‐Dependent Release Behavior
Authors: Xu Jiangping , Li Jun , Yang Yi , Wang Ke , Xu Nan , Li Jingyi , Liang Ruijing , Shen Lei , Xie Xiaolin , Tao Juan , Zhu Jintao 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAlthough high‐boiling non‐solvent induced macrophase separation in emulsion droplets has been widely applied for the fabrication of polymeric capsules, precise control of their structures remains a great challenge. Herein, block copolymer capsules with tunable shell structures were fabricated by employing a non‐solvent as a liquid template in emulsion droplets. The properties of the non‐solvents dictate the phase separation sequence in the droplets and the capsule formation mechanism. Two different pathways for capsule formation were observed, and could be applied to predict the shell structure. The structured capsules could be transformed into mesoporous capsules, which demonstrated an intriguing structure‐dependent release behavior. Capsules with spherical shell structures displayed the best permeability, while those with lamellar shell structures showed the slowest release, but with a stepwise profile. After loading with an anticancer drug, different capsules induced different apoptosis ratios in cancer cell studies.
Hydrogen Sulfide Donors Activated by Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Zhao Yu , Pluth Michael D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S) exhibits promising protective effects in many (patho)physiological processes, as evidenced by recent reports using synthetic H2S donors in different biological models. Herein, we report the design and evaluation of compounds denoted PeroxyTCM, which are the first class of reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐triggered H2S donors. These donors are engineered to release carbonyl sulfide (COS) upon activation, which is quickly hydrolyzed to H2S by the ubiquitous enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). The donors are stable in aqueous solution and do not release H2S until triggered by ROS, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2−), and peroxynitrite (ONOO−). We demonstrate ROS‐triggered H2S donation in live cells and also demonstrate that PeroxyTCM‐1 provides protection against H2O2‐induced oxidative damage, suggesting potential future applications of PeroxyTCM and similar scaffolds in H2S‐related therapies.
Formation of Triple‐Shelled Molybdenum–Polydopamine Hollow Spheres and Their Conversion into MoO2/Carbon Composite Hollow Spheres for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Yawen , Yu Le , Lou Xiong Wen (David) 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUnique triple‐shelled Mo‐polydopamine (Mo‐PDA) hollow spheres are synthesized through a facile solvothermal process. A sequential self‐templating mechanism for the multi‐shell formation is proposed, and the number of shells can be adjusted by tuning the size of the Mo‐glycerate templates. These triple‐shelled Mo‐PDA hollow spheres can be converted to triple‐shelled MoO2/carbon composite hollow spheres by thermal treatment. Owing to the unique multi‐shells and hollow interior, the as‐prepared MoO2/carbon composite hollow spheres exhibit appealing performance as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, delivering a high capacity of ca. 580 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 with good rate capability and long cycle life.