bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic parameters of milk traits in Latxa dairy sheep
Authors: Legarra A. , Ugarte E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA total of 7444 lactation records which include milk, fat and protein yields (MY, FY, PY) and fat and protein content (F%, P%) from 6429 Black-Faced Latxa ewes were employed to estimate genetic parameters for milk traits. Traits were standardized to 120 days of lactation. For the calculation of composition traits, not all test-days had their composition measured and therefore a correction taking this into account was included in the analysis. A first-derivative restricted maximum likelihood algorithm was used on an animal model with repeatability analysis, using models including fixed effects (flock-year-season of lambing, age-parity at lambing, number of lambs, interval between lambing and first milk recording and the combination of sampled test-days) and random effects (the additive genetic effect and the permanent environmental effect). The resulting heritabilities were 0·20, 0·16, 0·18, 0·14 and 0·38 for MY, FY, PY, F% and P% respectively. Heritability of F% was much lower than expected, probably due to problems derived from the recording method. Genetic correlations were high and positive between yields and moderately positive between F% and P%, and negative or null between yields and composition, as has been reported for other European dairy sheep breeds. As most of the milk produced by Latxa dairy sheep is processed into cheese, the inclusion of milk sampling in official milk recording and a change in the selection criterion are recommended to avoid a long-term worsening in milk composition.
The effects of expander processing and by-product inclusion levels on performance of grower-finisher pigs
Authors: O’Doherty J. V. , Murphy D. , McGlynn S. G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSeventy-two entire male pigs (initially 28 kg body weight) were used to study the effects of by-product (pollard, rapeseed meal, peas and copra meal combined) inclusion level with or without expander processing, on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in a 3 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Productive performance and nutrient digestibility coefficients (no. = 6) were determined in individually fed pigs offered pelleted diets ad libitum containing a low by-product diet (350 g/kg), medium by-product diet (520 g/kg) and high by-product diet (752 g/ kg). The expanded diets were processed at 105ºC for 5 s at 35 bar pressure having been previously conditioned at 85ºC for 5 s. All diets were formulated using standard values for ingredients to have similar concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and ideal protein. Starch contents of 437, 401 and 314 g/kg and crude fibre contents of 48, 58 and 74 g/kg were recorded for the low, medium and high by-product diets respectively. No by-product level ✕ expander processing interactions (P > 0·05) were observed in growth criteria, carcass characteristics or nutrient digestibility. Expander processing decreased (P < 0·05) the apparent organic matter (OM), ash and energy digestibility of the diets, as well as the digestible energy content of the diets. The level of by-product in the diet had no statistically significant effect on the OM, protein and energy digestibility or the DE content of the diets. The increase in by-product inclusion levels decreased (P < 0·05) average daily gain (ADG) (0·899 v. 0·888 v. 0·854 (s.e. 0·014) kg/day) from 28 kg to slaughter and food intake (1·62 v 1·48 v 1·48 (s.e. 0·028) kg/day) in the 28 to 55 kg weight range. Expander processing had no effect on ADG, food intake or food conversion ratio. The increase in byproduct level decreased (P < 0·01) killing-out proportion (723 v 705 v 710 (s.e. 3·94) g/kg) and carcass ADG (0·684 v 0·651 v. 0·635 (s.e. 0·012) kg/day) (P < 0·05). Expander processing decreased (P < 0·05) killing out proportion (707 v. 718 (s.e. 3·22) g/kg). In conclusion, increasing the by-product content of the diet decreased ADG while expander processing had no effect on growth performance.
Effects of level of nitrogen fertilizer application and various nitrogenous supplements on milk production and nitrogen utilization of dairy cows given grass silage-based diets
Authors: Shingfield K.J. , Jaakkola S. , Huhtanen P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSixteen Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 28-day experimental periods and a 4✕2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of dietary nitrogen (N) source on dry-matter (DM) intake, diet digestibility, milk production, blood metabolite concentrations and N utilization. Experimental treatments consisted of two silages prepared from timothy and meadow fescue swards fertilized with either 52 or 104 kg N per ha (SLand SH, respectively) offered ad libitum supplemented with one of four concentrate supplements offered at 10 kg/day. A basal concentrate (control) was formulated from (g/kg on an air-dry basis) barley (307), oats (460), molassed sugar-beet pulp (200) and vitamins and minerals (33). Three isonitrogenous concentrates were prepared by replacement of basal concentrate ingredients (g/kg) with urea (14·4), wheat-gluten meal (WGM; 57·2) and heat-moisture treated mechanically expelled rapeseed cake (RSC; 188), respectively. Harvesting of secondary growths receiving higher applications of fertilizer N increased silage N content (19·2 and 23·6 g/kg DM, for SLand SH, respectively) but decreased water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations (respective values 149 and 93 g/kg DM). Increases in N fertilizer had no effect on silage DM intake, output of energy-corrected milk, milk fat or milk protein secretion, while provision of additional N in concentrate supplements improved all of these parameters. However, the magnitude of silage DM intake responses to additional N in concentrates was higher (P< 0·05) for SLthan SHsilage-based diets. Increases in dietary N content derived from silage or inclusion of urea, WGM or RSC in concentrate supplements led to a decline in the proportion of N intake secreted in milk. Relative to N derived from silage or urea, WGM and RSC supplements had beneficial effects on milk production. Both the quantity and quality of dietary N sources should be considered in future attempts to improve the efficiency of on-farm N utilization.
Influence of dietary protein concentration on the morphology and enzyme activities of the small intestine of the pre-ruminant calf
Authors: Lallès J.-P. , Montagne L. , Plut C. , Toullec R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a protein-free diet or diets differing in protein level on the morphology and enzyme activities of the small intestinal mucosa of the pre-ruminant calf.Diets contained 14, 104, 205 and 279 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM) supplied by skimmed-milk powder (SMP) and cream. Holstein male calves (no. = 6) aged 6 weeks (65 to 75 kg) were fitted with an abomasal catheter and simple T-piece cannulae in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The milk replacers were continuously infused into the abomasum. Each calf tested the four diets randomly during four experimental periods. Biopsies of intestinal mucosa were collected at each intestinal site through the cannulae and were used for morphology measurements (villus and crypt area, height and width) and the determination of the activities of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, amino-peptidases A and N, lactase and alkaline phosphatase.When the dietary CP level increased from 14 to 205 g/kg DM, villus height quadratically increased by proportionately 0·35 (P < 0·05) and crypt width linearly increased by proportionately 0·25 (P < 0·01) at the jejunum. This effect was associated with linear increases in the activities of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV and lactase and a quadratic increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase.To conclude, feeding a protein-free diet impacted negatively on the morphology and hydrolytic activity of the calf’s small intestine. These observations may partly explain the fact that endogenous protein losses measured with such a diet are often lower than in physiological conditions.
Contributions to the History of Insurance, and of the Theory of Life Contingencies, with a Restoration of the Grand Pensionary De Wit’s Treatise on Life Annuities (Concluded from No. VI)
Authors: Hendriks Frederick 
Published: August 2016

We now pass to the traces of the early practice of LIFE INSURANCE, a subject which has in general been but very slightly noticed.The estimation of the value of human life in its rudest approximation—that is, of the term of years which, on the average of a sufficient number of observations, would be observed to fall to the share of each of a given number of individuals born under certain circumstances, and continuing in certain climates or ranks—was to all appearance a subject the consideration of which, not only the speculations of the remoter ages had no impelling cause to enter upon, but one which, if pursued, would have led not only to scepticism, but even to persecution, for entering on a tacitly admitted forbidden ground.
Notes on the Policy of Marine Insurance, with suggestions for its revisal, and proposed forms for a new Policy
Authors: Hopkins Manley 
Published: August 2016

“ — Si quid novisti rectius istis“ Candidus imperti ; si non, his utere mecum.”—HOR.In making this contribution to the spirit of advance which is characteristic of our age, the writer is fully aware of the danger of reforms. He remembers “the grace which antiquity can lend” even “to error;” and that by an almost universal instinct the Past is consecrated in the eyes of the Present. Thus, the half-lights and imperfections of our forefathers are clung to with a generous pertinacity. We endeavour to manage with the customs and remedies which sufficed for an early state of society, rather than frame new ones to suit the exigencies of our altered condition. In fact, to speak with Scaliger, we had rather eat acorns with our ancestors than bread with the men of our own generation.
Sketch of the recent Progress of the Assurance of Life and Property on the Continent (Continued in v.2)
Authors: Brown Samuel 
Published: August 2016

In laying before the members of the Institute of Actuaries this hasty sketch of the Progress of the Assurance of Life and Property on the Continent, I beg to offer a few words of explanation on what induced me to attempt it.Understanding that several actuaries and managers of Foreign Assurance Companies were likely to be in England at this time, without any general acquaintance with, or means of introduction to, those who are engaged in similar pursuits and studies in this country, the council of the Institute were led to propose a general meeting and conference, and to offer to them the hospitality and attentions which, all classes and professions are vying with each other in paying to our distinguished foreign visitors.
Statistics of Suicide (continued in v.2)
Authors: Jopling R. Thompson 
Published: August 2016

In the present paper it is intended to investigate the nature of mortality from Suicide, with a view to assist statists in estimating the value of life, and society in its endeavours to remedy so frightful an evil.It is usual with Assurance Offices to make void policies which have lapsed from the above cause; and it was not until a very recent period that the justice of this proceeding was called into question,—especially when it is borne in mind that these risks are invariably calculated in the premiums.
On a Problem in Annuities, and on Arbogast's Method of Development
Authors: De Morgan A. 
Published: August 2016

In the investigation of a little curiosity in the matter of annuities, I had occasion to want four or five terms of log (a + bx + cx2 + …), and, by Arbogast's rules I accordingly wrote down the following, without a stroke of the pen more than is here given:—This I might have continued to any number of terms for little beyond the trouble of writing. The method is easy to demonstrate and easy to practice; and it struck me that I might, in a few pages, give an account of it sufficient for use and detached from anything else. I therefore append it to the problem.
Abstract of a Paper on the Physiological Law of Mortality, and on certain Deviations from it observed about the Commencement of Adult Life
Authors: Buchanan A. 
Published: August 2016

I. The object of the first part of this memoir was to determine the normal course of mortality as affected by age alone, without reference to other circumstances.What we name the law of mortality is not a simple law, but a compendious expression, by which we denote the operation of various laws, physiological, physical, and moral. Of these, the physiological laws are so uniform in their operation that they impress certain characteristic features upon the law of mortality, according to age, which are observed amidst all the diversities which it exhibits under varying circumstances, physical and moral.
On the Use of Integral Calculus in determining Averages, with certain Applications to the Theory of Life Contingencies
Authors: Younger Samuel 
Published: August 2016

In a paper which was read before the Institute of Actuaries on the 8th January, 1855, the idea was first suggested by Mr. Farren of introducing into the theory of life contingencies the hypothesis of a constantly fluctuating rate of interest, in lieu of the supposition hitherto adopted of a uniform rate.Abundant reasons are assigned, in the paper referred to, for making the proposed change; and no one, at all acquainted with the practice of life assurance, can fail to see that the effect of Mr. Farren’s suggestion, if carried out, will be to base all computations upon an assumption which is in the closest possible accordance with actual facts.
On a Method of Testing the Solvency of an Assurance Company, with some considerations respecting the Terms upon which a Society’s Business may be Purchased
Authors: Younger Samuel 
Published: August 2016

It appears to be an admitted principle in the commercial world, that great evils have a tendency to work their own cure. Over-trading will bring about a state of things by which eventually it must be checked, and excessive speculation has its limit by the same invariable law.More than two years ago, it was quite evident that the rapid manner in which new Companies were being formed for the purpose of assuring lives would ere long produce sad and humiliating results.
On the calculus of finite differences and its application to problems in the doctrine of compound interest and certain annuities
Authors: Otter Wm. Curtis 
Published: August 2016

The calculus of finite differences was created by Taylor, in his celebrated work entitled Methodus Incrementorum, and it consists, essentially, in the consideration of the finite increments which functions receive as a consequence of analogous increments on the part of the corresponding variables. These increments or differences, which take the characteristic Δ to distinguish them from differentials, or infinitely small increments, may be in their turn regarded as new functions, and become the subject of a second similar consideration, and so on; from which results the notion of differences of various successive orders, analogous at least in appearance to the consecutive orders of differentials. Suc h a calculus evidently presents, like the calculus of indirect functions, two general classes of questions:—1. To determine the successive differences of all the various analytical functions of one or more variables, as the result of a definite manner of increase of the independent variables, which are generally supposed to augment in arithmetical progression.2. Reciprocally to start from these differences, or, more generally, from any equation established between them, and go back to the primitive functions themselves or to their corresponding relations
A Budget of Paradoxes (Continued from page 54)
Authors: De Morgan A. 
Published: August 2016

Old and new logic contrasted: being an attempt to elucidate, for ordinary comprehension, bow Lord Bacon delivered the human mind from its 2,000 years' enslavement under Aristotle. By Justin renan. London, 1839, 12mo.Logic, though the other exact science, has not had the sort of assailants who have clustered about mathematics. There is a sect which disputes the utility of logic, but there are no special points, like the quadrature of the circle, which excite dispute among those who admit other things. The old story about Aristotle having one logic to trammel us, and Bacon another to set us free—always laughed at by those who really knew either Aristotle or Bacon—now begins to be understood by a large section of the educated world. The author of this tract connects the old logic with the indecencies of the classical writers, and the new with moral purity: he appeals to women, who, “when they see plainly the demoralizing tendency of syllogistic logic, they will, no doubt, exert their powerful influence against it, and support the Baconian method.” This is the only work against logic which I can introduce, but it is a rare one, I mean in contents, I quote the author's idea of a syllogism:—“The basis of this system is the syllogism. This is a form of couching the substance of your argument or investigation into one short line or sentence—then corroborating or supporting it in another, and drawing your conclusion or proof in a third.”
Memoir on Instrument for furnishing the D Numbers, to four figures each, in Two Joint Life Annuity Tables, on any basis
Authors: Henry Jardins 
Published: August 2016

In this paper, Mr. Henry describes an instrument by the aid of which he has actually obtained the values (to four figures) of many thousand products, being the D values in the various tables he has published. The principle of the instrument, which he claims as entirely his own invention, may be briefly described as follows:—Let ABC be a right-angled triangle, of which AB is the base and AC the hypothenuse, and from any point D in the hypothenuse let fall DE perpendicular to AB; then from the similar triangles ADE, ABC, we have
On Different Modes of constructing Tables of the Values of Policies
Authors: Manly Henry W. 
Published: August 2016

In the construction of the Tables of Policy Values for the Messenger Prize Essay (1868), the operations were considerably facilitated by the use of different modes of working applicable to the different data at hand; an explanation of which forms the subject of the present paper.In the formation of Tables the great objects to be attained are accuracy and facility of working. These may be acquired in a high degree if it be possible by means of a simple operation to deduce each value in succession from the one which immediately precedes it, in which case the chances of error are reduced to a minimum, and the construction facilitated by the work not requiring to be checked except at distant intervals.
On the Value of Selection amongst Assured Lives, and its effect upon the Adjustment of a Scale of Premiums, as between Persons Assuring at Different Ages
Authors: Higham John Adams 
Published: August 2016

I cannot better introduce the subject of this paper than by a quotation from Mr. Morgan’s Preface to his Tables of the Experience of the Equitable Society. He writes as follows :—“In a body of lives of the same age, all selected as healthy from the general mass of mankind, it is obvious that the rate of mortality must be considerably less for the first ten or twenty years after selection, than amongst those from whom they are thus chosen. As, however, these selected lives advance in age, their general health and the rate of mortality amongst them will naturally approximate to the common standard. This approximation cannot be accurately estimated, if the observations be taken from a blended mass of lives, selected at the age of twenty, for instance, which have attained the age of fifty, and of lives selected at the age of fifty. The rate of mortality will for the former class be less, for the latter greater, than that which occurs in either class separately.
Aero-Engine Efficiencies
Authors: Gibson A. H. 
Published: August 2016

By the efficiency of a petrol engine, one usually understands the thermal efficiency, or the ratio of the heat returned as work on the crank shaft, to the heat energy in the fuel. This efficiency is vitally important in an aero engine intended for long-distance work, since it directly affects the weight of fuel to be carried.The necessity for a high thermal efficiency on the B.H.P. almost of necessity involves that of a high mechanical efficiency, that is it requires that the losses due to mechanical friction and to pumping losses shall be small.But an engine may have a high thermal efficiency and yet have a comparatively low brake mean effective pressure. It may, owing to too small a valve area or to poor design of the induction system, only be able to draw a small weight charge into the cylinder, although it may use this very efficiently once it is in the cylinder.
Markov models of the apo-MDM2 lid region reveal diffuse yet two-state binding dynamics and receptor poses for computational docking
Authors: Mukherjee Sudipto , Pantelopulos George A. , Voelz Vincent A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMDM2 is a negative regulator of p53 activity and an important target for cancer therapeutics. The N-terminal lid region of MDM2 modulates interactions with p53 via competition for its binding cleft, exchanging slowly between docked and undocked conformations in the absence of p53. To better understand these dynamics, we constructed Markov State Models (MSMs) from large collections of unbiased simulation trajectories of apo-MDM2, and find strong evidence for diffuse, yet two-state folding and binding of the N-terminal region to the p53 receptor site. The MSM also identifies holo-like receptor conformations highly suitable for computational docking, despite initiating trajectories from closed-cleft receptor structures unsuitable for docking. Fixed-anchor docking studies using a test set of high-affinity small molecules and peptides show simulated receptor ensembles achieve docking successes comparable to cross-docking studies using crystal structures of receptors bound by alternative ligands. For p53, the best-scoring receptor structures have the N-terminal region lid region bound in a helical conformation mimicking the bound structure of p53, suggesting lid region association induces receptor conformations suitable for binding. These results suggest that MD + MSM approaches can sample binding-competent receptor conformations suitable for computational peptidomimetic design, and that inclusion of disordered regions may be essential to capturing the correct receptor dynamics.