bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender-Based Differences in the Treatment of Young Offenders by the Police and the Children's Court in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Gliksman Michael 
Published: July 2017

It has been consistently reported that young males commit crimes with an average frequency five times greater than their female peers. Most data supporting this view are derived from juvenile court and police statistics. Studies using data derived from self-reported behaviour suggest that the true relative frequency may be closer to 2:1. Police and juvenile justice data for the year 1994–5 in New South Wales, Australia, were analysed in an attempt to determine whether court and police statistics might reflect a form of selection bias, where the likelihood of arrest, trial and/or sentence is a function of gender, rather than frequency and nature of offence. The results suggest that the 5:1 gender ratio reflects a strong component of gender bias in the workings of the juvenile justice system in New South Wales. If suspected of a given crime, young males are more likely to be denied bail and (if found guilty) to be given a harsher sentence than young females suspected (or found guilty) of the same crime. Overall, if found guilty of an offence, boys were four times more likely than girls to receive a custodial sentence. Therefore, boys are selectively denied access to alternate rehabilitation resources which are made available to girls who are in trouble with the law. The juvenile justice system in New South Wales requires careful examination and reform if such apparently deeply entrenched biases are to be eliminated.
Psychiatry and Terminal Illness
Authors: Chochinov Harvey Max 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To provide an overview of the palliative care literature salient to the psychiatric aspect of end-of-life care. Method: A literature review was conducted, targeting primarily empirical studies that addressed the following topics: 1) psychological issues pertaining to life-threatening conditions; 2) family issues in the context of palliative care; 3) psychological issues and challenges faced by end-of-life health care providers; and 4) psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and organic mental disorders, in people with terminal illness. Results: There is a small but emerging literature that can guide psychiatrists in their role of providing care to dying patients. Conclusions: While psychiatry has made tremendous inroads toward providing care to patients throughout the life cycle, its presence is only just beginning to be felt in end-of-life care. Within the domain of palliative care, psychiatry has an expanded and important role to play.
The Efficacy of 2 Different Dosages of Methylphenidate in Treating Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Bouffard Rachelle , Hechtman Lily , Minde Klaus , Iaboni-Kassab Fiorella 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of methylphenidate in treating adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using subjective (self-report) and objective (computerized test) measures. Method: This double-blind crossover trial of placebo vs methylphenidate included subjects with childhood and current ADHD symptoms, IQs above 80, no other psychiatric condition explaining their difficulties or requiring other treatment, and no substance abuse in the previous 6 months. We administered 10 mg 3 times daily of medication (that is, placebo or methylphenidate) for 2 weeks. On the final day, subjects completed self-report measures and were tested on computerized tests. We then increased dosage to 15 mg 3 times daily for 2 weeks and administered a complete reassessment on the final day. Following a 1-week washout, we repeated this process on the second medication (that is, placebo or methylphenidate). Results: Thirty adults with ADHD participated. Self-report measures and computerized tests showed significant improvements in ADHD symptoms on methylphenidate, compared with placebo. Other psychiatric symptoms (notably, anxiety and depression) were alleviated with methylphenidate. There was no significant difference between the 2 dosages of methylphenidate. Conclusion: Methylphenidate is effective in improving ADHD symptoms in adults with ADHD, is well tolerated, and has minimal side effects.
Removing Barriers to Treatment of First-Episode Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Scholten Derek J , Malla Ashok K , Norman Ross MG , McLean Terry S , McIntosh Elizabeth M , McDonald Chris L , Eliasziw Michael , Speechley Kathy N 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To describe changes aimed at removing barriers to appropriate and timely assessment and treatment of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and to present descriptive data regarding the potential impact of such changes on treated incidence, referral patterns, and treatment delay. Method: We collected demographic and clinical information, including duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), on 196 persons referred for an initial assessment over a 3-year period. Results: The number of identified FEP cases increased and DUP decreased over the 3-year period. The data suggest a differentially greater reduction in DUP in cases referred from sources other than health care. Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that, when setting up programs for FEP, relatively simple changes designed to improve access may improve treated incidence and reduce treatment delays.
Prevalence and Correlates of Chronic Depression in the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being
Authors: Satyanarayana Satyendra , Enns Murray W , Cox Brian J , Sareen Jitender 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To determine the prevalence and correlates of chronic depression in comparison with nonchronic depression using a population-representative national database. Methods: Our study used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2) to determine the lifetime prevalence and correlates of major depression with chronic symptoms in the population. The CCHS 1.2 is a large, cross-sectional mental health survey conducted by Statistics Canada ( n = 36 984, aged 15 years and older). Results: The observed lifetime prevalence of major depression with chronic symptoms was 2.7%, representing 26.8% of all people with major depressive disorder (MDD). In comparison to nonchronic major depression, chronic depression was associated with more frequent psychiatric and medical comorbidity, greater disability, increased health service use, and higher likelihood of suicidal ideation and attempts. Conclusions: Major depression with chronic symptoms is common in the general population, and is associated with more severe health consequences than nonchronic depression. These observations indicate that chronic major depression is a very important subtype of MDD from a public health perspective.
Should Psychological Distress Screening in the Community Account for Self-Perceived Health Status?
Authors: Schmitz Norbert , Lesage Alain , Wang JianLi 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Psychological distress questionnaires are often used as screening instruments for mental disorders in clinical and epidemiologic settings. Poor physical health may affect the screening properties of a questionnaire. We evaluate the effect of self-perceived health status on the screening performance of the Kessler K10 and K6 scales in a community sample. Methods: We used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2). Psychological distress was measured by the 6–item (K6) and the 10–item (K10) Kessler instrument. Depression and anxiety disorders were assessed using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (1–month estimates). Optimal cut-off points regarding health status were determined by finding the K6 and K10 values that allowed for the best balance between sensitivity and specificity. Stratum-specific likelihood ratios (SSLRs) were computed to define strata with discriminating power. Results: There was a strong association between the screening performance of the K6 and K10 scales and self-perceived health status: for the K10 scale, a cut-off point of 5/6 yielded the best balance between sensitivity and specificity for subjects with excellent or very good health status, while a cut-off point of 14/15 yielded the best balance between sensitivity and specificity for subjects with poor health status. Conclusions: The combination of the K6 and K10 scales, with a self-rated health status item, may improve screening properties of the 2 scales.
The National Trajectory Project of Individuals Found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder. Part 5: How Essential are Gender-Specific Forensic Psychiatric Services?
Authors: Nicholls Tonia L , Crocker Anne G , Seto Michael C , Wilson Catherine M , Charette Yanick , Côté Gilles 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To state the sociodemographic characteristics, mental health histories, index offence characteristics, and criminal histories of male and female forensic psychiatric patients. Clinicians and researchers advocate that mental health and criminal justice organizations implement gender-specific services; however, few studies have sampled forensic patients to evaluate the extent to which men's and women's treatment and management needs are different. Method: Data were collected from Review Board files from May 2000 to April 2005 in the 3 largest Canadian provinces. Using official criminal records, participants were followed for 3 to 8 years, until December 2008. The final sample comprised 1800 individuals: 15.6% were women and 84.4% were men. Results: There were few demographic differences, but women had higher psychosocial functioning than men. Both men and women had extensive mental health histories; women were more likely diagnosed with mood disorders and PDs and men were more likely diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and SUDs. The nature of the index offence did not differ by gender, except women were more likely to have perpetrated murders and attempted murders. For offences against a person, women were more likely to offend against offspring and partners and less likely to offend against strangers, compared with men. Women had significantly less extensive criminal histories than men. Conclusions: Not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder-accused women have a distinct psychosocial, clinical, and criminological profile from their male counterparts, which may suggest gender-specific assessment, risk management, and treatment in forensic services could benefit patients. The findings are also consistent with traditional models (Risk-Need-Responsivity) and ultimately demonstrate the importance of individual assessment and client-centred services.
Prevalence of Bipolar I and II Disorder in Canada
Authors: McDonald Keltie C , Bulloch Andrew G M , Duffy Anne , Bresee Lauren , Williams Jeanne V A , Lavorato Dina H , Patten Scott B 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Current epidemiologic knowledge about bipolar disorder (BD) in Canada is inadequate. To date, only 3 prevalence studies have been conducted: only 1 was based on a national sample, and none distinguished between BD I and II. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BD I and II in Canada in 2012. Method: Data were obtained from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-being, a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of household residents ages 15 years and older ( n = 25 113). The survey response rate was 68.9%. Interviews were based on the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Prevalence was estimated using generalized linear modelling. Prevalence of self-reported diagnosis of BD and use of lithium were also estimated. Results: The estimated lifetime prevalence of BD I and II (based on the CIDI) in Canada in 2012 was 0.87% (95% CI 0.67% to 1.07%) and 0.57% (95% CI 0.44% to 0.71%), respectively. Prevalence did not differ by sex. The estimated prevalence of self-reported BD was 0.87% (95% CI 0.65% to 1.07%). There was a lack of congruence between CIDI-defined and self-reported BD, and few people taking lithium were positive for BD on the CIDI, which raises some concerns about the validity of the CIDI's assessment of BD. Conclusions: These prevalence estimates align with those reported in prior literature. However, caution should be exercised when interpreting general population studies that use CIDI-defined BD owing to the possibility of misclassification.
Trends in Biometric Health Indices Within an Employer-Sponsored Wellness Program With Outcome-Based Incentives
Authors: Fu Patricia Lin , Bradley Kent L. , Viswanathan Sheila , Chan June M. , Stampfer Meir 
Published: July 2017

Purpose: To evaluate changes in employees’ biometrics over time relative to outcome-based incentive thresholds. Design: Retrospective cohort analysis of biometric screening participants (n = 26 388). Setting: Large employer primarily in Western United States. Participants: Office, retail, and distribution workforce. Intervention: A voluntary outcome-based biometric screening program, incentivized with health insurance premium discounts. Measures: Body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, blood glucose, blood pressure, and nicotine. Analysis: Followed were participants from their first year of participation, evaluating changes in measures. Results: On average, participants who did not meet the incentive threshold at baseline decreased their BMI (1%), glucose (8%), blood pressure (systolic 9%, diastolic 8%), and total cholesterol (8%) by year 2 with improvements generally sustained or continued during each additional year of participation. Conclusion: On average, individuals at high health risk who participated in a financially incentivized biometric assessment program improved their health indices over time. Further research is needed to understand key determinants that drive health improvement indicated here.
Satisfaction and Struggles: Family Perceptions of Early Intervention Services
Authors: McWilliam R.A. , Lang Linda , Vandiviere Pat , Angell Robbie , Collins Laurie , Underdown Gayle 
Published: July 2017

This study was commissioned by the North Carolina Interagency Coordinating Council (NC-ICC) at the request of its Children and Families Committee. The views expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the NC-ICC. We thank Lynn Curkin, Doris Cothard, and Susan Robinson (fellow members, with the authors, of the Children and Families Committee) for their contributions to the design of the study and creation of the questionnaire. Thanks are also extended to Ron Craig and Bill Parise for quantitative data analysis, to Wayde Johnson, Karen Applequist, Lisa Clifton, and Craig Pohlman for qualitative analyses, to Cayle Underdown and Gladys Whitehouse for conducting the interviews, to Cina Walker for graphics, and to Duncan Munn for contributing to the questionnaire. We are most grateful to the families who took the time to participate; many of them wrote long answers to the open-ended questions. Appreciation is extended to the direct-service professionals who distributed the questionnaires and followed up with families. Finally, special thanks are due to the six families who allowed us to interview them. One method of evaluating early intervention services is to ask its consumers. The mixed-method approach in this study involved a written survey (quantitative) and in-depth, semi-structured interviews (qualitative). The survey was completed by 539 parents of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers receiving any type of early intervention service. Results showed overwhelming satisfaction with most services, but some concerns were noted in the choices of available mainstreaming options. Interviews showed that families ascribed most of their positive experiences to the supportive behaviors of individual professionals. Bad experiences were most often related to difficulties in finding out about, getting, and monitoring services. Families spent much time and energy in securing more services, particularly therapies, for their children. The discussion focuses on implications for family-centered services and for providing specialized services.
To Parents…(With Love)
Authors: Riggs Gina Ginsberg 
Published: July 2017

This article is written for the ultimate expert on the gifted child: you, the parent. After all, you know him longer than anybody, and you know him best. You may not be an authority on education of the gifted, but you are the leading expert on your own child; nobody else can make that claim. Listen politely, but ignore the well-meaning neighbor who thinks that your child must skip herself out of age mates and suitable friends in order to survive in school. You don't have to believe blindly every self-styled expert on gifted children you talk to. Take with a grain of salt the concerned professional who predicts failure for your child in public school and recommends placement in a private school for gifted children. A psychologist in one of the most respected universities in the country laid this on me after testing my five-year-old. I spent a whole year, looking for a non-existent school that we could not have afforded anyway. Maybe my children did not learn all they could in public school (does anybody?), but learn they did, and they went on to the colleges of their choice and productive young adulthood. Listen carefully to your child's teacher because your child in school may not be the one you know at home, and that makes for useful information. But use your own good instincts and gut feelings to decide for yourself what will best help your child become, to quote the late Dr. Elizabeth Drews, more fully human. So, dear authority on your child, look critically at the suggestions that follow and decide for yourself if they apply to your family. I hope they will be helpful to you because it is not easy to be the parent of a gifted child. But even if they are not applicable, I hope that your evaluation of my suggestions will help you arrive at your own solutions, because you should remember: You know best.
Scala: A Performance System for Scalable Computing
Authors: Sun Xian-He , Fahringer Thomas , Pantano Mario 
Published: July 2017

Summary Lack of effective performance-evaluation environments is a major barrier to the broader use of high performance computing. Conventional performance environments are based on profiling and event instrumentation. It becomes problematic as parallel systems scale to hundreds of nodes and beyond. A framework of developing an integrated performance modeling and prediction system, SCALability Analyzer (SCALA), is presented in this study. In contrast to existing performance tools, the program performance model generated by SCALA is based on scalability analysis. SCALA assumes the availability of modern compiler technology, adopts statistical and symbolic methodologies, and has the support of browser interface. These technologies, together with anew approach of scalability analysis, enable SCALA to provide the user with a more intuitive level of performance analysis for scalable computing. A prototype SCALA system has been implemented. Initial experimental results show that SCALA is unique in its ability of revealing the scaling properties of a computing system.
Safety of Efalizumab in Patients with Moderate to Severe Chronic Plaque Psoriasis: Review of Clinical Data. Part II
Authors: Papp Kim A. , Camisa Charles , Stone Stephen P. , Caro Ivor , Wang Xiaolin , Compton Peter , Walicke Patricia A. , Gottlieb Alice B. 
Published: July 2017

Background: The efficacy and safety of efalizumab have been evaluated in multiple clinical trials. ObjectiveThe purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the safety profile of efalizumab during the clinical trials. Methods: Twelve-week data from four placebo-controlled trials were pooled and analyzed. Data from patients receiving 13—60 weeks of efalizumab therapy were pooled to evaluate longer-term safety. Results: The most common adverse events were mild to moderate, self-limiting, flulike symptoms that were most frequent following the first two efalizumab doses; by the third dose the incidence was comparable to placebo. Serious adverse events were observed in 2.2% and 1.7% of efalizumab- and placebo-treated patients, respectively. Nonserious adverse events leading to withdrawal were infrequent and similar to placebo (2.8% vs 1.8%). There does not appear to be increased risk of end-organ toxicity, infection, or malignancy in efalizumab-treated patients. Conclusion: Efalizumab was well tolerated, with a favorable safety profile.
Multiple Cutaneous and Uterine Leiomyomas Associated with Gastric Gist
Authors: Lamba Manisha , Verma Shailendra , Prokopetz Robert , Pierscianowski Tadeusz A. , Jabi Maha , Moyana Terence 
Published: July 2017

Background: There are a number of reports documenting familial cases of leiomyomatosis cutis associated with uterine leiomyomata. However, to our knowledge, the association of gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) with this entity has not as yet been reported. We report an interesting case of cutaneous leiomyomatosis, metachronous uterine leiomyomata, and a gastric GIST in a 43-year-old woman. Observation: The patient had previously undergone two separate uterine myomectomies at ages 25 and 26 years, respectively, followed by a hysterectomy at 27 years. At 36 years she underwent partial gastrectomy for excision of GIST and this was followed by the development of extensive, symptomatic cutaneous leiomyomata at 43 years. In the report, we have documented histological, immunohistochemical and clinical observations and furthermore report on the therapeutic measures undertaken. Conclusion: We report an interesting association of cutaneous leiomyomatosis, uterine leiomyomas and GIST.
Imipramine-Induced Facial Pigmentation: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Metelitsa Andrei I. , Nguyen Gia-Khanh , Lin Andrew N. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Patients who present with facial pigmentation can be a diagnostic challenge. ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to discuss the diagnosis and management of imipramine-induced facial pigmentation. Methods: We describe a patient with facial pigmentation of 26 years' duration that was associated with imipramine treatment for depression. We discuss light and election microscopic findings and review 11 previously reported cases of imipramine-induced skin pigmentation. Results: Examination showed blue-gray facial pigmentation. Light microscopy showed perivascular pigment granule deposits in the upper dermis that stained positively with Fontana–Masson stain and negatively with Prussian blue stain. Electron microscopy showed electron-dense bodies within histiocytes without clearly identifiable melanin granules, consistent with drug-induced pigmentation. Six weeks after switching to sertraline the patient reported a slight improvement of her cutaneous pigmentation. Conclusion: Imipramine is a rare cause of gray-blue facial pigmentation. Light microscopy consistently shows granular dermal deposits that stain positively with Fontana-Masson stain but negatively with iron stain.