bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Effects of Anthocyanins and Environmental Enrichment in R6/1 Huntington’s Disease Mice
Authors: Kreilaus Fabian , Spiro Adena S. , Hannan Anthony J. , Garner Brett , Jenner Andrew M. 
Published: August 2016

Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment or cure. Environmental enrichment has been used to slow processes leading to ageing and neurodegenerative diseases including HD. Phenolic phytochemicals including anthocyanins have also been shown to improve brain function in ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: This study examined the effects of anthocyanin dietary supplementation and environmental enrichment on behavioural phenotypes and brain cholesterol metabolic alterations in the R6/1 mouse model of HD. Methods: R6/1 HD mice and their wild-type littermate controls were randomised into the different experimental conditions, involving either environmentally enriched versus standard housing conditions, or anthocyanin versus control diet. Motor dysfunction was assessed from 6 to 26 weeks using the RotaRod and the hind-paw clasping tests. Gas chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify a broad range of sterols in the striatum and cortex of R6/1 HD mice. Results: Anthocyanin dietary supplementation delayed the onset of motor dysfunction in female HD mice. Environmental enrichment improved motor function and the hind paw clasping phenotype in male HD mice only. These mice also had lower levels of cholesterol oxidation products in the cortex compared to standard-housed mice. Conclusion: Both anthocyanin supplementation and environmental enrichment are able to improve the motor dysfunction phenotype of R6/1 mice, however the effectiveness of these interventions was different between the two sexes. The interventions examined did not alter brain cholesterol metabolic deficits that have been reported previously in this mouse model of HD.
Keeping and Losing Contrasts
Authors: Kingston John 
Published: August 2016

In this paper, I will first show that contrasts aren't licensed in particular contexts because they are necessarily realized with more salient cues in those contexts than in contexts where they aren't licensed. Next, I will argue that the releases of consonants, particularly non-continuants, are not packages of particularly salient acoustic information about the consonant's identity but instead only one of many kinds of acoustic information about how the utterance is segmented prosodically. Prosodic segmentation helps the listener find words in the stream of speech. Finally, I will show that segments are usually perceived to be different from their neighbors, i.e. to contrast with them, except when the target sound is C1 in a CVC1C2V string, which is instead often perceived to be the same as C2, i.e. to assimilate to C2. Both the general and specific effects of neighboring sounds phonetically explain where contrasts are kept or lost quite differently than the licensing by cue account.
The Phonetics and Phonology of Unreleased Stops in Karitiana
Authors: Storto Luciana , Demolin Didier 
Published: August 2016

Karitiana, an endangered language from the Tupi stock, Arikem family, spoken in the state of Rondonia in Brazil, exhibits a number of interesting phenomena concerning stop consonants at the end of words. In particular, voiceless stops are always unreleased word-finally. This phenomenon has been observed as a occasional variant of stops in English (Laver 1994, Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996) and in a number of other languages such as Bamileke (Westermann & Ward 1952) and Efik (Cook 1969), and is systematic in Karitiana. Unreleased final stops are also common in Tupi languages and have been described by several researchers (e.g. Moore 1984; Galucio 1994, 1996; Gabas Jr. 1998, 1999; Picanço 1999; Storto 1999; Rose 2000). Such facts have rarely been described in a detailed manner. This paper describes some phonetic and phonological aspects of the nature of these sounds when they appear word finally. More specifically, three points will be examined: (i) voiceless stop consonants (there are no phonemic voiced consonants in Karitiana); (ii) nasal consonants, which have been described as unreleased word finally by Storto (1999), and (iii) the phonological behavior of these consonants in context.
Rethinking the Observer's Paradox and Data "Purity"
Authors: Wertheim Suzanne 
Published: August 2016

In this paper, I will examine some of the difficulties faced by the linguistic fieldworker who is attempting to observe and record "natural" conversations, and I will reconsider the long-held sociolinguistic notion of the observer's paradox by recasting it within Bell's (1984) framework of audience design theory. Using data gathered during my own fieldwork, I will once again call into question the idea of a single, unmarked, unperformed vernacular, the access to which is supposedly blocked by the observer's paradox. Finally, I will demonstrate that "performed" or "self-conscious" speech produced for the fieldworker can be useful in systematic linguistic analysis, and in gaining insights into local language ideologies and linguistic norms.
A BUTTERFLY DIAGRAM AND CARRINGTON MAPS FOR CENTURY-LONG Ca ii K SPECTROHELIOGRAMS FROM THE KODAIKANAL OBSERVATORY
Authors: Chatterjee Subhamoy , Banerjee Dipankar , Ravindra B. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The century-long (1907–2007) Ca ii K spectroheliograms from the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) are calibrated, processed, and analyzed to follow the evolution of the bright on-disc structures called plages, possible representatives of magnetic activity on the Sun. This is the longest data set studied in Ca ii K to date, covering about 9.5 cycles of 11 yr periods. Plages are segmented with area

≥
1

arcmin

2

using global thresholds for individual full disc images and subsequent application of a morphological closing operation. The plage index is calculated and is seen to have a close positive correlation with the fractional disc area covered by plages. The newly generated plage area cycle (from KSO) was compared with the same from the Mount Wilson Observatory (correlation 95.6%) for the overlapping years, i.e., 1915–2000. This study illustrates the time–latitude distribution of plage centroids by rendering a butterfly diagram (as observed for sunspots). The 3D visualization of the diagram shows one-to-one mapping between plage location, time, and area. This work further delineates the positional correlation between magnetic patches and plage regions through the comparison of synoptic maps derived from both KSO Ca ii K images and space-based full disc line-of-sight magnetograms. Regular synoptic magnetograms from ground-based observatories are available only after 1970s. Thus the long term Ca ii K data from KSO can be used as a proxy for estimating magnetic activity locations and their strengths at earlier times.
LITHIUM INVENTORY OF 2 M⊙ RED CLUMP STARS IN OPEN CLUSTERS: A TEST OF THE HELIUM FLASH MECHANISM
Authors: Carlberg Joleen K. , Cunha Katia , Smith Verne V. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The temperature distribution of field Li-rich red giants suggests the presence of a population of Li-rich red clump (RC) stars. One proposed explanation for this population is that all stars with masses near 2 M
⊙ experience a short-lived phase of Li-richness at the onset of core He-burning. Many of these stars have low 12C/13C, a signature of deep mixing that is presumably associated with the Li regeneration. To test this purported mechanism of Li enrichment, we measured abundances in 38 RC stars and 6 red giant branch (RGB) stars in four open clusters selected to have RC masses near 2 M
⊙. We find six Li-rich stars (A(Li) ≥ 1.50 dex) of which only two may be RC stars. None of the RC stars have Li exceeding the levels observed in the RGB stars, but given the brevity of the suggested Li-rich phase and the modest sample size, it is probable that stars with larger Li-enrichments were missed simply by chance. However, we find very few stars in our sample with low 12C/13C. Such low 12C/13C, seen in many field Li-rich stars, should persist even after lithium has returned to normal low levels. Thus, if Li synthesis during the He flash occurs, it is a rare, but potentially long-lived occurrence rather than a short-lived phase for all stars. We estimate a conservative upper limit of the fraction of stars going through a Li-rich phase to be

, based on stars that have low 12C/13C for their observed A(Li).
STAR FORMATION AND FEEDBACK: A MOLECULAR OUTFLOW–PRESTELLAR CORE INTERACTION IN L1689N
Authors: Lis D. C. , Wootten H. A. , Gerin M. , Pagani L. , Roueff E. , Tak F. F. S van der , Vastel C. , Walmsley C. M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present Herschel,11
ALMA Compact Array (ACA), and Caltech Submillimeter Observatory observations of the prestellar core in L1689N, which has been suggested to be interacting with a molecular outflow driven by the nearby solar-type protostar IRAS 16293-2422. This source is characterized by some of the highest deuteration levels observed in the interstellar medium. The change in the NH2D line velocity and width across the core provides clear evidence of an interaction with the outflow, traced by the high-velocity water emission. Quiescent, cold gas characterized by narrow line widths is seen in the NE part of the core, while broader, more disturbed line profiles are seen in the W/SW part. Strong N2D+ and ND3 emission is detected with ACA extending S/SW from the peak of the single-dish NH2D emission. The ACA data also reveal the presence a compact dust continuum source with a mean size of ∼1100 au, a central density of (1–2) × 107 cm−3, and a mass of 0.2–0.4 M
⊙. The dust emission peak is displaced ∼5″ to the south with respect to the N2D+ and ND3 emission, as well as the single-dish dust continuum peak, suggesting that the northern, quiescent part of the core is characterized by spatially extended continuum emission, which is resolved out by the interferometer. We see no clear evidence of fragmentation in this quiescent part of the core, which could lead to a second generation of star formation, although a weak dust continuum source is detected in this region in the ACA data.
A HIGH-VELOCITY CLOUD IMPACT FORMING A SUPERSHELL IN THE MILKY WAY
Authors: Park Geumsook , Koo Bon-Chul , Kang Ji-hyun , Gibson Steven J. , Peek J. E. G. , Douglas Kevin A. , Korpela Eric J. , Heiles Carl E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Neutral atomic hydrogen (H i) gas in interstellar space is largely organized into filaments, loops, and shells, the most prominent of which are “supershells.” These gigantic structures, which require

erg to form, are generally thought to be produced by either the explosion of multiple supernovae (SNe) in OB associations or, alternatively, by the impact of high-velocity clouds (HVCs) falling into the Galactic disk. Here, we report the detection of a kiloparsec (kpc)-size supershell in the outskirts of the Milky Way with the compact HVC 040 + 01−282 (hereafter, CHVC040) at its geometrical center using the “Inner-Galaxy Arecibo L-band Feed Array” H i 21 cm survey data. The morphological and physical properties of both objects suggest that CHVC040, which is either a fragment of a nearby disrupted galaxy or a cloud that originated from an intergalactic accreting flow, collided with the disk ∼5 Myr ago to form the supershell. Our results show that some compact HVCs can survive their trip through the Galactic halo and inject energy and momentum into the Milky Way disk.
THE DYNAMICAL GENERATION OF CURRENT SHEETS IN ASTROPHYSICAL PLASMA TURBULENCE
Authors: Howes Gregory G. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Turbulence profoundly affects particle transport and plasma heating in many astrophysical plasma environments, from galaxy clusters to the solar corona and solar wind to Earth's magnetosphere. Both fluid and kinetic simulations of plasma turbulence ubiquitously generate coherent structures, in the form of current sheets, at small scales, and the locations of these current sheets appear to be associated with enhanced rates of dissipation of the turbulent energy. Therefore, illuminating the origin and nature of these current sheets is critical to identifying the dominant physical mechanisms of dissipation, a primary aim at the forefront of plasma turbulence research. Here, we present evidence from nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations that strong nonlinear interactions between counterpropagating Alfvén waves, or strong Alfvén wave collisions, are a natural mechanism for the generation of current sheets in plasma turbulence. Furthermore, we conceptually explain this current sheet development in terms of the nonlinear dynamics of Alfvén wave collisions, showing that these current sheets arise through constructive interference among the initial Alfvén waves and nonlinearly generated modes. The properties of current sheets generated by strong Alfvén wave collisions are compared to published observations of current sheets in the Earth's magnetosheath and the solar wind, and the nature of these current sheets leads to the expectation that Landau damping of the constituent Alfvén waves plays a dominant role in the damping of turbulently generated current sheets.
MERGERS OF CHARGED BLACK HOLES: GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE EVENTS, SHORT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS, AND FAST RADIO BURSTS
Authors: Zhang Bing 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The discoveries of GW150914, GW151226, and LVT151012 suggest that double black hole (BH–BH) mergers are common in the universe. If at least one of the two merging black holes (BHs) carries a certain amount of charge, possibly retained by a rotating magnetosphere, the inspiral of a BH–BH system would drive a global magnetic dipole normal to the orbital plane. The rapidly evolving magnetic moment during the merging process would drive a Poynting flux with an increasing wind power. The magnetospheric activities during the final phase of the merger would make a fast radio burst (FRB) if the BH charge can be as large as a factor of

q

ˆ

∼
(

10

−
9

–

10

−
8

)

of the critical charge Q

c
of the BH. At large radii, dissipation of the Poynting flux energy in the outflow would power a short-duration high-energy transient, which would appear as a detectable short-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) if the charge can be as large as

q

ˆ

∼
(

10

−
5

–

10

−
4

)

. The putative short GRB coincident with GW150914 recorded by Fermi GBM may be interpreted with this model. Future joint GW/GRB/FRB searches would lead to a measurement or place a constraint on the charges carried by isolate BHs.
Multiobserver Reliability of Ultrasound Assessment of Salivary Glands in Patients with Established Primary Sjögren Syndrome
Authors: Damjanov Nemanja , Milic Vera , Nieto-González Juan Carlos , Janta Iustina , Martínez-Estupiñan Lina , Serrano Belén , Mata Carmen , Montoro María , Stanciu Denisa , Marinković-Erić Jelena , López-Longo Francisco Javier , Carreño Luis , Naredo Esperanza 
Published: August 2016

Objective.To evaluate the multiobserver reliability of salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) for scoring greyscale (GS) parenchymal inhomogeneity and parenchymal color Doppler (CD) signal in patients with established primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS).Methods.The study comprised 2 multiobserver reliability assessments in patients with pSS in 2 European centers. The first reliability exercise was performed on 24 patients with pSS and 8 controls who were independently evaluated with GS and CD US by 5 observers at the Institute of Rheumatology, Belgrade, Serbia. The second reliability exercise was carried out on 10 patients with pSS who were independently assessed with GS and CD US by 8 observers at the Hospital G.U. Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. SGUS parenchymal inhomogeneity and parenchymal CD signal were semiquantitatively scored using a 4-grade scoring system. The multiobserver agreement was calculated by the overall agreement and Light’s κ statistics.Results.A total of 640 SGUS examinations were performed in the first reliability exercise and a total of 320 examinations in the second reliability exercise. Multiobserver reliability was good (κ = 0.71–0.79) to excellent (κ = 0.81–0.82) for GS parenchymal inhomogeneity in both exercises. There was a moderate (κ = 0.53–0.58) to good (κ = 0.70) multiobserver reliability for parenchymal CD signal in the first exercise. However, there was no agreement or only a fair agreement (κ = 0.03–0.29) for parenchymal CD signal in the second exercise.Conclusion.US may be a reliable technique in the multiobserver scoring of GS parenchymal inhomogeneity of major SG in patients with established pSS. CD scoring of SG needs further standardization to be used in multicenter studies.
IL-35 Decelerates the Inflammatory Process by Regulating Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion and M1/M2 Macrophage Ratio in Psoriasis
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Lin Yi , Li Chunlei , Zhang Xiaomei , Cheng Lin , Dai Lei , Wang Youcui , Wang Fangfang , Shi Gang , Li Yiming , Yang Qianmei , Cui Xueliang , Liu Yi , Wang Huiling , Zhang Shuang , Yang Yang , Xiang Rong , Li Jiong , Yu Dechao , Wei Yuquan , Deng Hongxin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
IL-35 downregulates Th17 cell development and suppresses certain types of autoimmune inflammation such as collagen-induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune uveitis. Psoriasis is thought to be initiated by abnormal interactions between cutaneous keratinocytes and systemic immune cells. However, the role of IL-35 in psoriasis remains unclear. In this study, we assessed IL-35 in three well-known psoriasis models: a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), a keratin 14 (K14)-vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)-transgenic (Tg) mouse model, and an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model. First, we found that IL-35 suppressed the expression of IL-6, CXCL8, and S100A7, which are highly upregulated by a mixture of five proinflammatory cytokines in HaCaT. Second, a plasmid coding for the human IL-35 sequence coated with cationic liposomes showed potent immunosuppressive effects on K14-VEGF-A-Tg and imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse models. In the K14-VEGF-A-Tg model, our results showed that several types of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced, whereas IL-10 was remarkably induced by IL-35. Compared with pcDNA3.1, there was a small number of CD4+IL-17+ T cells and a large number of CD4+IL-10+ and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in the IL-35 group. Most importantly, we found that IL-35 decreased the total number of macrophages and ratio of M1/M2 macrophages, which has not been reported previously. In addition, compared with dexamethasone, IL-35 showed long-term therapeutic efficacy. In summary, our results strongly indicate that IL-35 plays a potent immunosuppressive role in psoriasis. Thus, IL-35 has potential for development as a new therapeutic strategy for patients with chronic psoriasis and other cutaneous inflammatory diseases.
Soluble IL-6 Receptor and IL-27 Subunit p28 Protein Complex Mediate the Antiviral Response through the Type III IFN Pathway
Authors: Yang Xiaodan , Hao Hua , Xia Zhangchuan , Xu Gang , Cao Zhongying , Chen Xueyuan , Liu Shi , Zhu Ying 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that the soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) plays an important role in the host antiviral response through induction of type I IFN and sIL-6R–mediated antiviral action via the IL-27 subunit p28; however, the mechanism that underlies sIL-6R and p28 antiviral action and whether type III IFN is involved remain unknown. In this study, we constructed a sIL-6R and p28 fusion protein (sIL-6R/p28 FP) and demonstrated that the fusion protein has stronger antiviral activity than sIL-6R alone. Consequently, knockout of sIL-6R inhibited virus-triggered IFN-λ1 expression. In addition, sIL-6R/p28 FP associated with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein and TNFR-associated factor 6, the retinoic acid–inducible gene I adapter complex, and the antiviral activity mediated by sIL-6R/p28 FP was dependent on mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein. Furthermore, significantly reduced binding of p50/p65 and IFN regulatory factor 3 to the IFN-λ1 promoter was observed in sIL-6R knockout cells compared with the control cells. Interestingly, a novel heterodimer of c-Fos and activating transcription factor 1 was identified as a crucial transcriptional activator of IFN-λ1. The sIL-6R/p28 FP upregulated IFN-λ1 expression by increasing the binding abilities of c-Fos and activating transcription factor 1 to the IFN-λ1 promoter via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the important role of sIL-6R/p28 FP in mediating virus-induced type III IFN production.
Opposing Roles of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors Mer and Axl Determine Clinical Outcomes in Experimental Immune-Mediated Nephritis
Authors: Zhen Yuxuan , Priest Stephen O. , Shao Wen-Hai 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Glomerulonephritis is one of the most severe manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus, with considerable morbidity and mortality. There remains a major unmet need for successful management of lupus nephritis. TAM family receptor tyrosine kinases (Mer and Axl) play an important role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the kidney. Mer is constitutively expressed in the glomeruli; Axl expression is inducible in glomeruli under inflammatory conditions. To investigate the distinct functions of Axl and Mer in lupus nephritis, we compared the severity of nephrotoxic serum glomerulonephritis in wild-type (WT), Axl-knockout (KO), Mer-KO, and Axl/Mer-KO mice. Mer-KO mice developed severe glomerulonephritis, with significantly decreased survival and increased blood urea nitrogen levels compared with WT mice given the same treatment. However, nephrotoxic serum–treated Axl-KO mice had significantly increased survival rates and improved renal function compared with similarly treated WT, Mer-KO, and Axl/Mer-KO mice. Interestingly, mice lacking both Axl and Mer developed kidney inflammation comparable to WT mice. Western blot analysis revealed significantly increased Stat3 phosphorylation and caspase-1 activation in the kidneys of nephritic Mer-KO mice. In contrast, Axl-deficient nephrotoxic serum-injected mice showed decreased Akt phosphorylation and Bcl-xL upregulation. Thus, the reciprocal activation of Axl and Mer receptor tyrosine kinases has a major impact on the outcome of renal inflammation.
Endocytosis of Cytotoxic Granules Is Essential for Multiple Killing of Target Cells by T Lymphocytes
Authors: Chang Hsin-Fang , Bzeih Hawraa , Schirra Claudia , Chitirala Praneeth , Halimani Mahantappa , Cordat Emmanuelle , Krause Elmar , Rettig Jens , Pattu Varsha 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
CTLs are serial killers that kill multiple target cells via exocytosis of cytotoxic granules (CGs). CG exocytosis is tightly regulated and has been investigated in great detail; however, whether CG proteins are endocytosed following exocytosis and contribute to serial killing remains unknown. By using primary CTLs derived from a knock-in mouse of the CG membrane protein Synaptobrevin2, we show that CGs are endocytosed in a clathrin- and dynamin-dependent manner. Following acidification, endocytosed CGs are recycled through early and late, but not recycling endosomes. CGs are refilled with granzyme B at the late endosome stage and polarize to subsequent synapses formed between the CTL and new target cells. Importantly, inhibiting CG endocytosis in CTLs results in a significant reduction of their cytotoxic activity. Thus, our data demonstrate that continuous endocytosis of CG membrane proteins is a prerequisite for efficient serial killing of CTLs and identify key events in this process.