bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Being as Normal as Possible: How Young People Ages 16–25 Years Evaluate the Risks and Benefits of Treatment for Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Hart Ruth I. , McDonagh Janet E. , Thompson Ben , Foster Helen E. , Kay Lesley , Myers Andrea , Rapley Tim 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo explore how young people (ages 16–25 years) with inflammatory arthritis evaluate the risks and benefits of treatment, particularly treatment with biologic therapies.MethodsThis qualitative study involved in‐depth interviews (n = 44) with young people, trusted others (e.g., parents), and health professionals; audio‐recordings (n = 4) of biologic therapy–related consultations; and focus groups (n = 4). Analysis used techniques from grounded theory (open and focused coding, constant comparison, memoing, and mapping).ResultsYoung people aspired to live what they perceived as a “normal” life. They saw treatment as presenting both an opportunity for and a threat to achieving this. Treatment changes were therefore subject to complex and ongoing evaluation, covering administration, associated restrictions, anticipated effects, and side effects. Information sources included expert opinion (of professionals and other patients) and personal experience. Previous treatments provided important reference points. Faced with uncertain outcomes, young people made provisional decisions. Both trusted others and health professionals expressed concern that young people were too focused on short‐term outcomes.ConclusionYoung people value treatment that helps them to live a “normal” life. There is more to this than controlling disease. The emotional, social, and vocational consequences of treatment can be profound and lasting: opportunities to discuss the effects of treatment should be provided early and regularly. While making every effort to ensure understanding of the long‐term clinical consequences of taking or not taking medication, the wider impact of treatment should not be dismissed. Only through understanding young people's values, preferences, and concerns can a sustainable balance between disease control and treatment burden be achieved.
Gamma Irradiation Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Acrylic Acid/Clay Superabsorbent Hydrogel
Authors: Salmawi Kariman M El , El‐Naggar Amal A , Ibrahim Sayeda M 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTSuperabsorbent hydrogels based on carboxymethyl cellulose and acrylic acid with clay montmorillonite (MMT) were synthesized using gamma irradiation. The effects of the radiation dose and MMT concentration on the physical properties such as gel fraction (%) and swelling behavior of the hydrogel were studied. Moreover, the morphological, structural, and thermal properties of the prepared hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The swelling behavior of the as‐prepared hydrogels in water, salt solutions, and different pH media was studied. The hydrogels showed higher swelling percentage in distilled water than in salt solutions. In addition, they exhibited higher swelling in basic medium rather than in acidic medium. Water retention (%) of these superabsorbent hydrogels decreased as the concentration of MMT increased in the hydrogel. The 1% MMT hydrogel could be considered as a water‐managing material for agriculture and horticulture in desert and drought‐prone areas.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Nature‐Inspired Bioactive Spiro Compounds through Organocatalytic Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Krishna Patoju M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn asymmetric organocatalytic arylideneacetone–olefin [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of a variety of arylideneacetones and 1,3‐indandione with different aldehydes is reported in toluene at ambient conditions to furnish the optically pure spiro compounds, which are further converted into medicinally useful spiromentins by the Suzuki reaction. This asymmetric reaction has advantageous features such as high rate and selectivity, uses easily available substrates/catalysts, has many synthetic/medicinal applications, and gives excellent yields for generating a vast library of chiral spiro compounds.
The endocast of the one‐million‐year‐old human cranium from Buia (UA 31), Danakil Eritrea
Authors: Bruner Emiliano , Bondioli Luca , Coppa Alfredo , Frayer David W. , Holloway Ralph L. , Libsekal Yosief , Medin Tsegai , Rook Lorenzo , Macchiarelli Roberto 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe Homo erectus‐like cranium from Buia (UA 31) was found in the Eritrean Danakil depression and dated to 1 million years. Its outer morphology displays archaic traits, as well as distinctive and derived characters. The present study provides the description and metric comparison of its endocranial anatomy.Materials and MethodsUA 31 was originally filled by a diffuse concretion. Following its removal and cleaning, the endocast (995 cc) was reconstructed after physical molding and digital scan. Its morphology is here compared with specimens belonging to different human taxa, taking into account endocranial metrics, cortical traits, and craniovascular features.ResultsThe endocast is long and narrow when compared to the H. erectus/ergaster hypodigm, although its proportions are compatible with the morphology displayed by all archaic and medium‐brained human species. The occipital areas display a pronounced bulging, the cerebellum is located in a posterior position, and the middle meningeal vessels are more developed in the posterior regions. These features are common among specimens attributed to H. erectus s.l., particularly the Middle Pleistocene endocasts from Zhoukoudian. The parietal lobes are markedly bossed. This lateral bulging is associated with the lower parietal circumvolutions, as in other archaic specimens. This pronounced parietal curvature is apparently due to a narrow cranial base, more than to wider parietal areas.ConclusionsThe endocast of UA 31 shows a general plesiomorphic phenotype, with some individual features (e.g., dolichocephaly and rounded lower parietal areas) which confirm a remarkable degree of morphological variability within the H. erectus/ergaster hypodigm. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:458–468, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereodivergent and Protecting‐Group‐Free Synthesis of the Helicascolide Family: A Rhodium‐Catalyzed Atom‐Economical Lactonization Strategy
Authors: Haydl Alexander M. , Berthold Dino , Spreider Pierre A. , Breit Bernhard 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNatural products of polyketide origin, in particular small‐sized lactones often possess a very broad range of impressive biological activities. An efficient way to demonstrate the concise access to six‐membered lactones was emphasized as part of a stereodivergent and protecting‐group‐free synthesis of all three representatives of the helicascolide family. This strategy features an atom‐economical and highly diastereoselective rhodium‐catalyzed “head‐to‐tail” lactonization by an intramolecular addition of ω‐allenyl‐substituted carboxylic acids to terminal allenes, including the selective construction of a new stereocenter in the newly formed core structures. The excellent selectivities with which the helicascolide precursors were obtained are remarkable, thus resulting in an expeditious and highly efficient natural product synthesis.
Chemical modification of cashew gum with acrylamide using an ultrasound‐assisted method
Authors: Klein Jalma Maria , Silva de Lima Vanessa , Couto da Feira José Manoel , Nichele Brandalise Rosmary , de Camargo Forte Maria Madalena 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTA flocculant based on cashew gum (CG) grafted with polyacrylamide (PAM) was synthesized using potassium persulfate as the chemical initiator and ultrasound energy. The intrinsic viscosity, hydrodynamic radius, and grafting efficiency of the grafted copolymers (CG‐g‐PAM) were investigated at different monomer and initiator concentrations. The CG‐g‐PAM copolymers were evaluated in kaolin suspension and river water by using jar test procedure comparatively to a commercial flocculant (Flonex‐9045). Ultrasonication resulted in reduced reaction time and high grafting efficiency. The reaction gel point was reached within 10 min and the grafting efficiency was dependent on the acrylamide concentration. The grafted copolymer CG‐g‐PAM‐15285 obtained with 0.285 mmol of initiator showed higher hydrodynamic radius, with flocculation efficacy of 96% comparable with the flocculant Flonex‐9045. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43634.
Curing behavior and processability of BMI/3‐APN system for advanced glass fiber composite laminates
Authors: Huang Yumin , Jiang Mingli , Xu Mingzhen , Zou Xingqiang , Luo Yusi , Lei Yangxue , Jia Kun , Liu Xiaobo 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThe prepolymers containing bismaleimide (BMI) and 3‐aminophenoxyphthalonitrile (3‐APN) were prepared through simple solution prepolymerization, and the corresponding curing behaviors and processability were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic rheological analysis. The results showed that the processability of the prepolymers could be controlled by temperature and time on processing, also depended on the relative content of 3‐APN and BMI. The possible curing reactions of the prepolymers were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which involved the Michael addition between BMI and 3‐APN and self‐polymerization of BMI or 3‐APN. The resulting polymers displayed high thermo‐oxidative stabilities (T5% > 425 °C) and good adhesion capability. Furthermore, BMI/3‐APN systems were employed to prepare BMI/3‐APN/glass fiber (GF) composite laminates and their morphological, mechanical, and electrical stable properties were also investigated. The BMI/3‐APN/GF laminates exhibited the improvement of the mechanical properties (the maximum flexural strength is 633.5 MPa and flexural modulus is 38.7 GPa) compared with pristine BMI/GF laminates because of the strong interfacial adhesions between GF and matrices, which was confirmed with SEM observations. This study provides a concise strategy for diversifying the preparation of BMI/3‐APN prepolymers to obtain advanced GF composite laminates with various properties which have potential applications in industrial manufacture or electronic circuit, and so on. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43640.
Reactive polymeric microspheres: Catalytic reduction of a nitrobenzene derivative
Authors: Kijewska Krystyna , Mazur Maciej , Blanchard G. J. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTPolymeric microspheres have been demonstrated as a potentially useful vehicle for targeted delivery applications. In this work we report on the preparation of polymer microspheres capable of performing specific reaction chemistry. The microspheres are modified with silver nanoparticles in a two‐step reaction. The first step involves formation of the microsphere by UV‐induced polymerization of pyrrole and the second step is the reduction of silver cations to metallic silver in situ. The resulting Ag‐decorated microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray, and thermogravimetry analysis. The catalytic reaction behavior of the decorated microspheres was illustrated through the reduction reaction of m‐nitrobenzene sulfonate acid in the presence of sodium borohydride. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43653.
Population crash in Lesotho's endemic Maloti minnow Pseudobarbus quathlambae following invasion by translocated smallmouth yellowfish Labeobarbus aeneus
Authors: Shelton Jeremy Mark , Clark Barry Malcolm , Sephaka Thabo , Turpie Jane Kirsten 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

A genetically distinct population of the Maloti minnow Pseudobarbus quathlambae (Lesotho's only endemic fish) is known only from the Mohale catchment, and was formerly abundant in the Senqunyane, Bokong and Jorodane rivers which flow into Mohale Reservoir.
Situated ~4 km downstream of Mohale Reservoir, the Semongkoaneng waterfall has historically prevented larger fish species from moving upstream into areas inhabited by P. quathlambae. After the filling of the Mohale Reservoir in 2003, an inter‐basin transfer (IBT) linking it to Katse Reservoir was opened and in 2006 the smallmouth yellowfish Labeobarbus aeneus, a larger more aggressive species, was recorded in the reservoir, presumably introduced via the IBT.
The objectives of the present study were to: (1) establish whether any additional non‐native fish species were present in the Mohale catchment; (2) ascertain whether L. aeneus has dispersed into the rivers flowing into Mohale Reservoir; and (3) gauge whether the Mohale population of P. quathlambae is in decline. Twenty‐eight sites situated on major rivers flowing into the reservoir, and four sites in the reservoir itself, were surveyed to evaluate changes in fish populations and habitat quality.
Results indicate that P. quathlambae has all but disappeared from its natural range: only five individuals were recorded in the Jorodane and Bokong rivers, and none were recorded in the Senqunyane River – a former stronghold for the species. On the other hand, L. aeneus was recorded in all three rivers and is probably responsible for the decline of the P. quathlambae population, given that there does not appear to have been major deterioration in habitat conditions. Another non‐native fish, the Orange River mudfish Labeo capensis, was recorded in the Mohale catchment for the first time. Urgent conservation action is required to prevent the Mohale lineage of P. quathlambae from becoming extinct.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in urban areas using regression kriging
Authors: Kim Seheon , Park Dongjoo , Heo Tae‐Young , Kim Hyunseung , Hong Dahee 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe recent increase in demand for performance‐driven and outcome‐based transportation planning makes accurate and reliable performance measures essential. Vehicle miles traveled (VMT), the total miles traveled by all vehicles on roadways, has been utilized widely as a proxy for traffic impact assessment, vehicle emissions, gasoline consumption, and crashes. Accordingly, a number of studies estimate VMT using diverse data sources. This study estimates VMT in the urban area of Bucheon, South Korea, by predicting the annual average daily traffic for unmeasured locations using spatial interpolation techniques (i.e., regression kriging and linear regression). The predictive performance of this method is compared with that of the existing Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) method. The results show that regression kriging could provide more accurate VMT estimates than the HPMS method and linear regression, especially with a small sample size. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Energieklinker” – System zur Nutzung solarer Wärmeenergie in Klinkerfassaden
Authors: Mähner Dietmar , Lengers Jacob , Brand Carina 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn dem folgenden Bericht wird ein Forschungsvorhaben vorgestellt, welches das Ziel verfolgte, ein System zu entwickeln, mit dessen Hilfe die solare Strahlung auf Klinkerfassaden für Heizzwecke nutzbar gemacht werden kann. Das System wurde an klein‐ und großformatigen Versuchsaufbauten unter realen Wetterbedingungen getestet. Neben der messtechnischen Bestimmung des Entzugspotenziales wurden weiterhin die für die technische Umsetzung wichtigen Fragestellungen bearbeitet. Ein besonderer Fokus lag bei der Entwicklung von praxistauglichen Einbaumethoden unter Verwendung von etablierten und genormten Bauprodukten. Für die gewählte Versuchsanordnung konnte an sonnigen Wintertagen ein Energieangebot von ca. 0,4 kWh/m2 Fassade und Tag gemessen werden. In den Sommermonaten erhöhte sich das Energieangebot auf ca. 2,6 kWh/(m2·d). Nach ersten Erkenntnissen scheint die Nutzung dieser Energie mithilfe von Wärmepumpen technisch möglich.“Energieklinker” – A system to utilize the solar heat radiation on clinker façades. The featured research project was aiming to develop and test a specially modified clinker façade which would convert solar irradiation on the façade into energy suitable for heating purposes. The system was tested in medium and large scale experimental setups under real weather conditions. The main objective was to measure the energy extraction potential but also all other issues regarding the technical feasibility had to be taken into account. A very strong focus was laid on a practicable installation method using established and standardized construction products. For a sunny winter day an energy extraction potential of 0.4 kWh/m2 of façade and day was measured. During summer days, an extraction potential of up to 2.6 kWh/(m2·d) could be observed. Initial findings allow the assumption that this energy could be utilized by applying a heat pump.
Die Verbrauchsstrukturanalyse – Ein einfaches und schnelles Verfahren zur energetischen Bewertung bestehender Nichtwohngebäude
Authors: Grafe Michael 
Published: April 2016

AbstractÜber den Energiebedarf und ‐verbrauch von Nichtwohngebäuden im Bestand ist wenig bekannt. Die Erhebung dieser gebäudebezogenen Energiekennwerte gestaltet sich zudem aufwendig, was eine vollständige Erhebung ganzer Gebäudebestände erschwert. Bisher liegen keine geeigneten Benchmarks zur Einordnung des energetischen Zustandes eines Gebäudes im Vergleich mit anderen Nichtwohngebäuden eines Portfolios und zur Ermittlung von gebäudeindividuellen Einsparpotentialen vor.Das hier vorgestellte Verfahren setzt genau an diesen Punkten an. Die Verbrauchsstrukturanalyse eines bestehenden Nichtwohngebäudes ermöglicht eine schnelle Abschätzung des Energieeinsatzes im Gebäude. Dazu werden klassifizierte Energiekennwerte für die vorhandenen Verwendungszwecke nach Nutzungsprofilen getrennt angegeben. Im Normalfall kann ein Gebäude innerhalb eines halben Tages analysiert werden. Im Forschungsprojekt wurde für die Testanwendungen des entwickelten Verbrauchsstrukturanalysetools an zehn Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäuden eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen dem gemessenen Verbrauch und dem – nach Verfahren der Verbrauchsstrukturanalyse ermittelten – Bedarf festgestellt. Mit dem Verfahren werden objektspezifische Benchmarks für den Istzustand und für zwei verschiedene Sanierungsstandards eines Gebäudes ermittelt.The Consumption‐Structure‐Analysis – A simple and quick method for the evaluation of energy consumption in existing non‐residential buildings. Only little is known about both the energy demand and the energy consumption of existing non‐residential buildings. Further, the collection of those building‐specific energy data is laborious, which makes the full coverage of whole building stocks difficult. So far there are no benchmarks available which are suitable for the classification of the energy status of a non‐residential building, compared to others of a portfolio and for the determination of building‐individual saving potentials.The method presented here targets precisely these issues. The Consumption‐Structure‐Analysis of an existing non‐residential building enables a quick estimation of its energy use. For this purpose, classified characteristic energy values regarding the existing purposes will be specified separately for different usage profiles. Generally, a building analysis within half a day is achievable by applying this method. Within the research project a test application of the developed Consumption‐Structure‐Analysis‐tool at ten office and administrative buildings showed good accordance between measured energy consumption data and demand calculation. The method determines object‐specific benchmarks for the current state as well as for two different refurbishment standards of a building.
Bestimmung der charakteristischen Betondruckfestigkeit im Bestand bei kleinem Stichprobenumfang
Authors: Weber Michael , Schwabach Enrico , Schnell Jürgen 
Published: April 2016

AbstractZur Nachrechnung bestehender Bauwerke, welche grundsätzlich auf Basis der aktuellen, bauaufsichtlich eingeführten technischen Baubestimmungen zu führen sind, werden charakteristische Materialkennwerte der verwendeten Baustoffe benötigt.Diese können zumindest im Rahmen einer Vordimensionierung durch Umrechnung von aus der Herstellzeit dokumentierten mechanischen Materialkennwerten auf Größen, wie sie zur Anwendung der aktuellen, bauaufsichtlich eingeführten technischen Baubestimmungen benötigt werden, ermittelt werden [1].Für eine abgesicherte Nachrechnung hingegen müssen charakteristische Materialkennwerte durch eine qualifizierte Bestandsaufnahme am Bauwerk ermittelt werden. Speziell zur Bestimmung charakteristischer Betondruckfestigkeiten führen die bisher anzuwendenden Verfahren nach DIN EN 1990 [2] und DIN EN 13791:2008 [3] bei kleinem Stichprobenumfang n zu ingenieurmäßig fragwürdigen Ergebnissen, welche die tatsächliche Betondruckfestigkeit z. T. erheblich über‐ oder unterschätzen.Das neue in E DIN EN 13791/A20:2016 [4] enthaltene Verfahren mit den vom Stichprobenumfang n abhängigen modifizierten Ansätzen A und B ermöglicht in gewissen Anwendungsgrenzen die Bestimmung charakteristischer Betondruckfestigkeiten mit unabhängig vom Stichprobenumfang n geringer Abweichung zur tatsächlichen Betondruckfestigkeit.Nachfolgend werden die Schwächen der bisherigen Verfahren nach DIN EN 1990 [2] und DIN EN 13791:2008 [3] basierend auf der Auswertung realer Datensätze aufgezeigt und Hintergründe zum neuen Verfahren nach E DIN EN 13791/A20:2016 [4] erläutert.Determination of the characteristic in‐situ concrete compressive strength in conjunction with a small sample size – Technical background and further explanations concerning the new approach in accordance to E DIN EN 13791/A20:2016In case of an assessment of an existing structure, based on current standards, characteristic properties of materials used for construction are required.Those material properties can be gained for pre‐dimensioning at least from documents from the construction period by conversion.Whereas, for an ensured recalculation, characteristic material properties have to be determined by a qualified structural investigation. The currently used methods according to DIN EN 1990 [2] and DIN EN 13791:2008 [3] lead, especially for a small sample size, to doubtful results and a high rate of over‐ or underestimation.By application of the new approach according to E DIN EN 13791/A20:2016 [4] with the modified methods A and B, the characteristic concrete compressive strength can be determined with only slight deviation to the real value of the concrete compressive strength of the population within the boundaries of application.Subsequent, weaknesses of the currently used methods according to DIN EN 1990 [2] and DIN EN 13791:2008 [3] are demonstrated. Furthermore, background information on the new approach according to E DIN EN 13791/A20:2016 [4] is given.