bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T-Score Discordance of Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Atypical Femoral Fracture
Authors: Lee Kyung-Jae , Min Byung-Woo , Song Kwang-Soon , Bae Ki-Cheor , Cho Chul-Hyun , Lee Si-Wook 
Published: October 2017

Background:
Although atypical femoral fracture (AFF) occurs more frequently in patients taking bisphosphonates and longer treatment is associated with higher risk, the causal relationship between AFF and bisphosphonates has not been established. Most patients with AFF have osteoporosis that is being treated with bisphosphonates, but we are not aware of any reports regarding the areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and discordance between the T-scores of the femur and spine in such patients. We investigated the prevalence of aBMD discordance and the characteristics of patients with AFF.

Methods:
Medical records for 63 consecutive patients treated for AFF were retrospectively evaluated, and 48 patients, all female, were eligible for the study. The average age at the time of fracture was 73.0 years, the average duration of bisphosphonate use was 68.5 months, and the average presumed age at bisphosphonate initiation was 67.2 years. We evaluated the prevalence of discordance, defined as a difference between the T-score categories of the femur and spine in the same individual as well as demographic differences between the discordance and concordance groups. We also compared the prevalence of discordance in patients with AFF with that in 114 female patients with intertrochanteric femoral fracture (ITFF).

Results:
T-score concordance, minor discordance, and major discordance were seen in 14 (29%), 32 (67%), and 2 (4%) of the patients with AFF, respectively. The prevalence of discordance was significantly higher in those with AFF (71%) than in those with ITFF (23%) (p < 0.001). The average age at bisphosphonate initiation in the AFF group was lower in the discordance group (65.7 years) than in the concordance group (70.7 years) (p = 0.04).

Conclusions:
The prevalence of T-score discordance between the hip and lumbar spine was relatively high in patients with AFF, and the presumed age at the initiation of bisphosphonate therapy was younger in patients with discordant T-scores in this study.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Knee Arthroscopy Simulation
Authors: Bhattacharyya Rahul , Davidson Donald J. , Sugand Kapil , Bartlett Matthew J. , Bhattacharya Rajarshi , Gupte Chinmay M. 
Published: October 2017

Background:
Virtual-reality and cadaveric simulations are expensive and not readily accessible. Innovative and accessible training adjuncts are required to help to meet training needs. Cognitive task analysis has been used extensively to train pilots and in other surgical specialties. However, the use of cognitive task analyses within orthopaedics is in its infancy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel cognitive task analysis tool to train novice surgeons in diagnostic knee arthroscopy in high-fidelity, phantom-limb simulation.

Methods:
Three expert knee surgeons were interviewed independently to generate a list of technical steps, decision points, and errors for diagnostic knee arthroscopy. A modified Delphi technique was used to generate the final cognitive task analysis. A video and a voiceover were recorded for each phase of this procedure. These were combined to produce the Imperial Knee Arthroscopy Cognitive Task Analysis (IKACTA) tool that utilizes written and audiovisual stimuli to describe each phase of a diagnostic knee arthroscopy. In this double-blinded, randomized controlled trial, a power calculation was performed prior to recruitment. Sixteen novice orthopaedic trainees who performed ≤10 diagnostic knee arthroscopies were randomized into 2 equal groups. The intervention group (IKACTA group) was given the IKACTA tool and the control group had no additional learning material. They were assessed objectively (validated Arthroscopic Surgical Skill Evaluation Tool [ASSET] global rating scale) on a high-fidelity, phantom-knee simulator. All participants, using the Likert rating scale, subjectively rated the tool.

Results:
The mean ASSET score (and standard deviation) was 19.5 ± 3.7 points in the IKACTA group and 10.6 ± 2.3 points in the control group, resulting in an improvement of 8.9 points (95% confidence interval, 7.6 to 10.1 points; p = 0.002); the score was determined as 51.3% (19.5 of 38) for the IKACTA group, 27.9% (10.6 of 38) for the control group, and 23.4% (8.9 of 38) for the improvement. All participants agreed that the cognitive task analysis learning tool was a useful training adjunct to learning in the operating room.

Conclusions:
To our knowledge, this is the first cognitive task analysis in diagnostic knee arthroscopy that is user-friendly and inexpensive and has demonstrated significant benefits in training.

Clinical Relevance:
The IKACTA will provide trainees with a demonstrably strong foundation in diagnostic knee arthroscopy that will flatten learning curves in both technical skills and decision-making.
Experimental Investigation on Permeability and Porosity Hysteresis of Tight Formations
Authors: Teklu Tadesse Weldu , Li Xiaopeng , Zhou Zhou , Abass Hazim 
Published: October 2017

Summary
The decrease of permeability and porosity with increasing net stress in consolidated and unconsolidated porous media is a well-known phenomenon to petroleum and geomechanics engineers. Conversely, permeability and porosity are observed to increase when net stress decreases; however, they typically follow a different path; this discrepancy is known as hysteresis. The trend of permeability and porosity hysteresis is a signature of porous media that depends on several chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Understanding permeability and porosity hysteresis plays a significant role in production strategies of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The hysteresis effect on production strategies can be even more important in very-low-permeability reservoirs such as tight sandstone, tight carbonate, and shale/mudstone formations. The reason is that the stress change associated with permeability and porosity hysteresis can affect adsorption/desorption and diffusion-transport mechanisms that are among the main driving mechanisms in low- or ultralow-permeability reservoirs.
In this study, matrix permeability and porosity hysteresis of nano-, micro-, and millidarcy core samples are measured for a wide range of net stresses (500 to 4,500 psia). The matrix includes nano- and micrometer-sized cracks (fractures) that are open or mineral-filled (sealed) cracks. The nano- and microdarcy core samples are from the Niobrara, Bakken, Three Forks, and Eagle Ford formations. The millidarcy core samples are from Middle East carbonate, Indiana Limestone, and Torrey Buff Sandstone formations. Bakken, Three Forks, and Middle East carbonate core samples are from oil-producing reservoirs, whereas others are from outcrop. The major experimental observations of this study are that (a) the stress dependency and hysteresis of permeability and porosity were observed to be larger for nanodarcy cores compared with those of microdarcy and millidarcy core samples; (b) stress dependency and hysteresis of porosity are smaller than those of permeability; (c) pore shape, pore size and their distributions, and mineralogy affect the stress dependency and hysteresis of both permeability and porosity; and (d) increase in permeability with increasing temperature and permeability hysteresis through temperature loading and unloading were observed in organic-rich core sample from Eagle Ford.
A Computational Navier-Stokes Fluid-Dynamics-Simulation Study of Wormhole Propagation in Carbonate-Matrix Acidizing and Analysis of Factors Influencing the Dissolution Process
Authors: Akanni Olatokunbo O. , Nasr-El-Din Hisham A. , Gusain Deepak 
Published: October 2017

Summary
This study demonstrates the application of an alternative numerical-simulation approach to effectively describe the flow field in a two-scale carbonate-matrix-acidizing model. The modified model accurately captures the dissolution regimes that occur during carbonate-matrix acidizing. Sensitivity tests were performed on the model to compare the output with experimental observations and previous two-scale models in the literature. A nonlinear reaction-kinetics model for alternative acidizing fluids is also introduced.
In this work, the fluid-field flow is described by the Navier-Stokes momentum approach instead of Darcy's law or the Darcy-Brinkman approach used in previous two-scale models. The present model is implemented by means of a commercial computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) package to solve the momentum, mass-conservation, and species-transport equations in Darcy scale. The software is combined with functions and routines written in the C programming language to solve the porosity-evolution equation, update the pore-scale parameters at every timestep in the simulation, and couple the Darcy and pore scales.
The output from the model simulations is consistent with experimental observations, and the results from the sensitivity tests performed are in agreement with previously developed two-scale models with the Darcy approach. The simulations at very-high injection rates with this model require less computational time than models developed with the Darcy approach. The results from this model show that the optimal injection rate obtained in laboratory coreflood experiments cannot be directly translated for field applications because of the effect of flow geometry and medium dimensions on the wormholing process. The influence of the reaction order on the optimal injection rate and pore volumes (PVs) of acid required to reach breakthrough is also demonstrated by simulations run to test the applicability of the model for acids with nonlinear kinetics in reaction with calcite.
The new model is computationally less expensive than previous models with the Darcy-Brinkman approach, and simulations at very-high injection rates with this model require less computational time than Darcy-based models. Furthermore, the possibility of extending the two-scale model for acid/calcite reactions with more-complex chemistry is shown by means of the introduction of nonlinear kinetics in the reaction equation.
Steroidal Oximes: Useful Compounds with Antitumor Activities
Authors: Canario Catarina , Silvestre Samuel , Falcao Amilcar , Alves Gilberto 
Published: October 2017

Background:
Steroids play an important role in life because they can regulate
a variety of biological processes and have been widely used in medicine namely as antiinflammatory,
anabolic, contraceptives and anticancer drugs. In recent years, there has
been an increasing interest in the introduction of the oxime group in a large variety of
molecules in order to increase their biological effects. This review highlights steroidal
oximes with anticancer properties and their potential mechanisms of action, as well as
data on their relative potencies reported in literature in the last few years.

Methods:
To prepare this review, an extensive literature search was performed on three
databases, PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and Science Direct, to generate a critical but
comprehensive overview of the potential antitumor activities of steroidal oximes. The
main keywords used for the search consisted of combinations of the following terms or
their synonyms: steroidal oximes, anticancer activity and enzymatic inhibitory activity.
The abstracts and full texts were evaluated for their clarity and scientific merit and to further
help on the selection of other articles.

Results:
Over the last decades the introduction of oxime groups in the steroid scaffold is
originating molecules with relevant antitumor activities, as well as steroid sulfatase, aromatase,
17α-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase, 5α-reductase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
type 1 inhibitory activities. As relevant examples, pregnenolone 20-oximes
showed high activity as 17α-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase and 5α-reductase inhibitors and the
introduction of an oxime group at C-6 in androstane series also led to relevant results as
aromatase inhibitors. Interestingly, the introduction of this functional group frequently
improves the bioactivity when compared with non-oxime analogous compounds, which
can be due to extra interactions with biological targets. In addition, it has been observed
that varying the position of the hydroximino group on the parent skeleton leads to remarkable
changes in the antitumor activity.

Conclusion:
The recent advances in synthesis and in vitro bioactivity studies of steroidal
oximes contributed to understand the potential interest of the introduction of this functional
group in the steroidal nucleus in the development of anticancer molecules. Moreover,
the cytotoxic/enzyme inhibitory activity usually depends on the position of the oxime
group in different steroid scaffolds. However, despite the promising results, it is necessary
to perform more in vitro and in vivo assays not only to better explore the mechanisms of
action but also to confirm the potential effectiveness and safety of this interesting family
of compounds in clinical practice.
Risk of Infective Endocarditis in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Chaudry Mavish S. , Carlson Nicholas , Gislason Gunnar H. , Kamper Anne-Lise , Rix Marianne , Fowler Vance G. , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Bruun Niels E. 
Published: October 2017

Background and objectives
Endocarditis is a serious complication in patients treated with RRT. The study aimed to examine incidence and risk factors of endocarditis in patients with ESRD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
The Danish National Registry on Regular Dialysis and Transplantation contains data on all Danish patients receiving renal replacement (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation) for ESRD. Incidence of endocarditis was estimated for each RRT modality. Independent risk factors of endocarditis were identified in multivariable Cox regression models.

Results
From January 1st, 1996 to December 31st, 2012, 10,612 patients (mean age 63 years, 36% female) initiated RRT (7233 hemodialysis, 3056 peritoneal dialysis, 323 pre-emptive kidney transplantation). Endocarditis developed in 267 (2.5%); of these 31 (12%) underwent valve surgery. The overall incidence of endocarditis was 627 per 100,000 person-years in patients receiving RRT. Incidence was higher in patients receiving hemodialysis compared with those receiving peritoneal dialysis or kidney transplantation (1092 per 100,000 person-years, 212 per 100,000 person-years, and 85 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). Adjusted hazard ratios for endocarditis in patients receiving hemodialysis were 5.46 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.28 to 9.10) and 0.41 (95% CI, 0.18 to 0.91) for kidney-transplanted recipients, respectively, as compared with patients in peritoneal dialysis. The incidence of endocarditis in hemodialysis recipients with central venous catheters was more than two-fold higher as compared with those with arteriovenous fistulas. Overall mortality, subsequent to endocarditis, was 22% in-hospital and 51% at 1 year. The first 6 months in RRT, aortic valve disease, and previous endocarditis were identified as significant risk factors of endocarditis.

Conclusions
Patients receiving RRT have a high incidence of endocarditis, in particular during hemodialysis treatment using central venous catheters. The first 6 months in RRT, aortic valve disease, and previous endocarditis are significant risk factors for developing endocarditis.
Politics and Ethnicity: Framing Racial Discrimination in Singapore
Authors: Gomez James 
Published: October 2017

Racial discrimination is a global phenomenon that the United Nations seeks to eradicate. In contemporary Singapore, research shows that the basis for racial discrimination is anchored in the role of ethnic identity and how it frames the formulation of policies related to education, employment, housing, immigration and politics. These policies have been formulated and implemented by the People's Action Party (PAP) government that has been in power for over 50 years. When confronted with its racially based policies, the PAP government insists that it follows a tolerant approach towards different races and that it promotes the idea of multiculturalism and meritocracy as a racial equalizer. However, ethnic minorities in Singapore complain they are being discriminated against
daily on the basis of their race or religion. They argue that their views are often not given airing in the local mainstream media and they are further prevented from discussing these issues openly due to legislation restricting freedom of expression and assembly on these matters. Given this background, the first visit of a UN Rapporteur on racism to Singapore, at the invitation of the PAP government in April 2010, allowed the city-state's race-based policies to be put in an international spotlight. This study examines the visit of the UN Rapporteur, his initial findings, government and civil society responses, and the significance of this first UN mission. The paper locates its research on racial discrimination in the context of Singapore's political framework and the United Nations' efforts to eradicate racism. It argues that ultimately, policy changes in Singapore can only take place as a result of politically challenging the PAP government.
The Political Economy of Food Subsidy in India
Authors: Kotwal Ashok , Murugkar Milind , Ramaswami Bharat 
Published: October 2017

Indian parliament is getting ready to debate the National Food Security Bill that would be the single biggest poverty alleviation programme, costing about 1.5 per cent of India's gross domestic product. There has been a fierce debate
leading up to the drafting of the bill and subsequent modifications. This article first points out the salient features of the Indian economy to give context to assess the current debate. In particular, it gives a detailed picture of the grain
market in India and the important role played in it by the central government. It traces the path of the bill from its genesis through the subsequent debate and political process. The article identifies the key players in the debate and the
role they have played in shaping the provisions in the latest draft of the bill. At the end, the authors speculate about likely food security outcomes in India.
Leadership Changes and Structural Reform After the 18th Party Congress in China
Authors: Brødsgaard Kjeld Erik , Grünberg Nis 
Published: October 2017

During the 18th Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in November 2012, and the 12th National People's Congress in March 2013, the Chinese leadership in Party organs and the state apparatus underwent a significant reshuffle. During this leadership change, virtually all leaders of
the central organs were reappointed. While the actual structural and political reforms the new leadership is willing—and able—to make remain to be seen, an initial review of the top leadership in Party and state organs, including the ministries and provincial governments, reveals a relatively
conservative team leading China in the coming five years. This article attempts to give a comprehensive review of the leadership changes, along with an initial analysis of the announced structural changes and the implications
these changes could have for China's political recalibration and development.
The Experience of International Students at Cross-Border University Libraries
Authors: Bordonaro Karen 
Published: October 2017

This article describes the results of a small research study investigating international student library use and perceptions in a cross-border setting. The graduate degree program at the center of this study is a binational joint degree M.A. program in Canadian-American studies that takes place simultaneously at Brock University in Canada and at the State University of New York at Buffalo in the United States. The students’ library use was explored as were their perceptions of the two different university library systems. Results indicate that students in such joint degree programs do make use of cross-border university libraries and that they see benefits in doing so. This suggests that these library settings offer librarians a unique but viable way of working with international students, and that cross-border university libraries are worthy of both mention and further study in librarianship.
KEBERADAAN KENDARAAN RODA TIGA SEBAGAI ODONG-ODONG DI KABUPATEN SUMENEP MENURUT HUKUM POSITIF
Authors: FITHRY ABSHORIL 
Published: October 2017

Kendaraan atau angkutan adalah wahana alat transportasi, baik yang digerakkan oleh mesin maupun oleh mahluk hidup. Kendaraan terdiri dari kendaraan bermotor dan kendaraan tidak bermotor. Kendaraan bermotor adalah setiap kendaraan yang digerakkan oleh peralatan mekanik berupa mesin selain kendaraan yang berjalan di atas rel. Kendaraan tidak bermotor adalah setiap kendaraan yang digerakkan oleh tenaga manusia dan hewan. Kendaraan bermotor umum adalah kendaraan yang digunakan untuk angkutan barang dan/atau orang dengan dipungut biaya. Belum jelas masih apakah odong-odong itu sudah termasuk pada kategori mana, sehingga kalau kita lihat keberadaan odong-odong di kabupaten Sumenep masih belum mengantongi izin. Aturan mengenai tata cara mengubah modifikasi kendaraan bermotor telah diatur sangat jelas di dalam PP Nomor 55 Tahun 2012 tentang Kendaraan sebagaimana tertuang didalam pasal 1 angka 12 yang berbunyi : “Modifikasi Kendaraan Bermotor adalah perubahan terhadap spesifikasi teknis dimensi, mesin, dan/atau kemampuan daya angkut Kendaraan Bermotor”. Setiap kendaraan bermotor yang dimodifikasi yang menyebabkan perubahan tipe berupa dimensi, mesin, dan kemampuan daya angkut akan dilakukan penelitian rancang bangun dan rekayasa Kendaraan Bermotor, sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 52 ayat (1) UU No. 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan (“UU No. 22/2009”) juncto Pasal 123 ayat (1) huruf b juncto Pasal 131 huruf (e) PP No. 55/2012. Selanjutnya, dalam hal kendaraan bermotor akan melakukan modifikasi maka wajib untuk mengajukan permohonan kepada menteri yang bertanggungjawab di bidang sarana dan prasarana lalu lintas dan angkutan jalan, sehingga apabila kemudian kendaraan dimaksud telah diregistrasi Uji Tipe maka instansi yang berwenang akan memberikan sertifikat registrasi Uji Tipe, dalam hal ini Kementerian Perhubungan. Berdasarkan latar belakang itulah, untuk mempermudah pembahasan nanti, maka peneliti mengambil beberapa permasalahan yang ada, yang terangkum didalam rumusan masalah seperti bagaimana eksistensi keberadaan odong-odong yang ada di Sumenep?. bagaimana sanksi yang akan dijatuhkan bagi pemilik kendaraan roda tiga yang telah dimodifikasi menjadi odong-odong. Kata Kunci : Perijinan, odong-odong, modifikasi.