bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The emergence and evolution of optimistic expectations in schoolchildren
Authors: Falcón Carolina , Orejudo Santos , Fernández-Turrado Teresa , Zarza Francisco Javier 
Published: April 2016

<p>When we study optimism in children, we note the temporary emergence of a bias that leads them to make optimistic predictions. In this study we intend to learn more about changes that can be observed in the optimistic bias of 6- to 12-year old schoolchildren when they predict future events, and in the way they justify those predictions. A total of 77 pupils participated in this study; we evaluated each one of them individually with a Piagetian interview, asking them to formulate predictions about a series of hypothetical situations. After analyzing whether a child’s prediction implied that the situation would maintain itself or would change for better or for worse, we classified the justifications they provided for their predictions. Results show that these subjects regarded positive change as more likely in the case of psychological or hybrid events than for purely biological ones, and that younger children tended to display a greater bias in favor of the likelihood of positive change. These younger children justified their predictions stating that nature or the passing of time could be responsible for the changes, without needing further intervention on the part of other agents. Older children, on the other hand, tended to provide similar kinds of explanations to justify their expectation of stasis. </p>
Essai d’analyse lexicale et stemma codicum de quatre-vingt-trois rituels de Chevaliers Kadosh de la collation du fonds de l’atelier de recherches Sources
Authors: Pateyron Bernard , Weber Maurice , Germain Pierre 
Published: April 2016

Quatre-vingt-trois rituels de Chevaliers Kadosh, approximativement datés de 1750 à ce jour, sont traités numériquement par des méthodes de fouille de textes ou d’analyse lexicale (Data mining). Pour faciliter la compréhension du travail, ces méthodes sont brièvement décrites et les logiciels de mises en oeuvre sont comparés.
Il s’agit, pour ces textes de dates de première occurrence incertaines, de tenter d’établir des critères chronologiques et des caractères de parenté. Une ressource nécessaire à l’établissement de la filiation vraisemblable de ces rituels paraît être l’établissement d’un dendrogramme phylogénétique. Un tel arbre est construit à partir du concept de distance afin de comparer numériquement la proximité (similarité) ou l’éloignement (dissimilarité) de ces textes. Par commodité de traitement numérique, c’est une métrique fondée sur le khi2, ou méthode de Muller, qui est exploitée a priori sur les formes graphiques. Il apparaît a posteriori que la même métrique utilisée sur les fonctions syntaxiques conduit à un arbre phylogénétique quasi identique.
Signal enhancement in femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy with a double-pulse configuration composed of two polarizers
Authors: Somekawa Toshihiro , Otsuka Masataka , Maeda Yoshinobu , Fujita Masayuki 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Femtosecond double-pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been performed with a double-pulse configuration composed of two polarizers. The effect of interpulse separation on the Cu I line at 510.55, 515.32, and 521.82 nm showed an optimum enhancement at 50–150 ps delays, which is more than 3–5 times greater compared with the single-pulse excitation case. This enhanced emission may open new possibilities for remote LIBS detection.
Seasonal variability of the meridional overturning circulation in the South China Sea and its connection with inter‐ocean transport based on SODA2.2.4
Authors: Zhu Yaohua , Fang Guohong , Wei Zexun , Wang Yonggang , Teng Fei , Qu Tangdong 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe have proposed a five‐layer‐scheme to investigate the volume transport through the South China Sea (SCS) based on the updated Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA2.2.4) product. By demonstrating horizontal transport in each layer, we have revealed different formation mechanisms for the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in winter and summer in the SCS. Our analysis suggests three meridional circulation systems in the SCS: (1) the seasonal monsoon‐driven circulation in the surface layer, i.e., southward circulation in winter and northward in summer, (2) the compensatory transport‐induced seasonal intermediate MOC in the central SCS, and (3) the persistent deep MOC in the southern SCS all year round. By examining vertical velocity distribution, we have identified that the major overturning process of the intermediate MOC is located along the continental slope east and southeast of Vietnam, while the major overturning process of the deep MOC is located along the continental slope northwest of Borneo. The downwelling in the intermediate MOC in winter and upwelling in the deep MOC all year round bring different water masses to the intermediate and subintermediate layers to be mixed in the SCS. We found no evidence to suggest that the strength and extent of the MOC south of 18°N are related to inter‐ocean volume transport. The surface layer transport in the Luzon Strait has been decreasing since the 1960s. However, the causes of the meridionally staggered and interdecadal alternating acceleration/slowdown of the meridional stream function difference are unknown.
Understanding Stokes forces in the wave‐averaged equations
Authors: Suzuki Nobuhiro , Fox‐Kemper Baylor 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe wave‐averaged, or Craik‐Leibovich, equations describe the dynamics of upper ocean flow interacting with nonbreaking, not steep, surface gravity waves. This paper formulates the wave effects in these equations in terms of three contributions to momentum: Stokes advection, Stokes Coriolis force, and Stokes shear force. Each contribution scales with a distinctive parameter. Moreover, these contributions affect the turbulence energetics differently from each other such that the classification of instabilities is possible accordingly. Stokes advection transfers energy between turbulence and Eulerian mean‐flow kinetic energy, and its form also parallels the advection of tracers such as salinity, buoyancy, and potential vorticity. Stokes shear force transfers energy between turbulence and surface waves. The Stokes Coriolis force can also transfer energy between turbulence and waves, but this occurs only if the Stokes drift fluctuates. Furthermore, this formulation elucidates the unique nature of Stokes shear force and also allows direct comparison of Stokes shear force with buoyancy. As a result, the classic Langmuir instabilities of Craik and Leibovich, wave‐balanced fronts and filaments, Stokes perturbations of symmetric and geostrophic instabilities, the wavy Ekman layer, and the wavy hydrostatic balance are framed in terms of intuitive physical balances.
On the nature of cross‐isobath energy fluxes in topographically modified barotropic semidiurnal Kelvin waves
Authors: Zhang Tianyi , Yankovsky Alexander E 
Published: April 2016

AbstractContinental shelf topography modifies a Kelvin wave into a hybrid Kelvin‐edge wave with a nonzero across‐isobath velocity and a phase speed that decreases with increasing wave number while the group velocity reaches a minimum at intermediate wave numbers. We model the modified semidiurnal Kelvin wave adjustment to alongshore changes in the shelf width. The model domain consists of two alongshore‐uniform continental shelves of different widths adjoined through a 150 km long transition zone. The continental shelf and slope are adjacent to an ocean of a constant depth, allowing radiation of Poincaré waves. We consider three shelf widths of 150, 250, and 300 km, where properties of a zero mode at semidiurnal frequency change from Kelvin wave like to edge wave like. For each shelf width, a zero wave mode has its distinctive alongshore energy flux structure on the shelf. As the incident wave encounters a variable shelf width, the alongshore energy flux converges (diverges) on the shelf resulting in an offshore (onshore) energy flux over the continental slope. Furthermore, for a strongly convergent alongshore energy flux, the incident wave mode scatters into radiating Poincaré waves. On sufficiently wide shelves, a strong across‐isobath energy flux comparable with the incident wave energy flux can be triggered even by relatively modest changes of shelf width. An energy flux divergence parameter De is defined, which scales with magnitude and direction of the energy flux across the continental slope. More than 50% of the incident energy flux scatters into modes radiating offshore when De is −1 or less.
Actions of Tryptophan Prenyltransferases Toward Fumiquinazolines and their Potential Application for the Generation of Prenylated Derivatives by Combining Chemical and Chemoenzymatic Syntheses
Authors: Mai Peter , Zocher Georg , Ludwig Lena , Stehle Thilo , Li Shu‐Ming 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDimethylallyltryptophan synthases (DMATSs) catalyze regiospecific transfer reactions of a prenyl moiety from dimethylallyl diphosphate to various positions of the indole ring of tryptophan. For example, FgaPT2, 5‐DMATS, and 7‐DMATS from Aspergillus fungi catalyze tryptophan prenylation at C‐4, C‐5, and C‐7, while 5‐DMATSSc and 6‐DMATSSa from Streptomyces strains are tryptophan C‐5 and C‐6 prenyltransferases, respectively. In this study, our objective is to demonstrate the possibility of producing prenylated analogues of ardeemin fumiquinazoline (FQ) (1a), a precursor of the multidrug resistance (MDR) export pump inhibitor ardeemin, by using DMATSs. All ardeemin FQ stereoisomers were chemically synthesized and used as substrates for enzyme assays with DMATSs. Biochemical investigations revealed different features of these enzymes toward ardeemin FQ analogues, regarding activity and prenylation position. Isolation and structural elucidation showed that 7‐DMATS catalyzed mainly regiospecific prenylation at C‐7, which is also observed for its natural substrate L‐tryptophan. Up to four prenylated derivatives were identified in the reaction mixtures of other enzymes. In total, 18 new prenylated ardeemin FQ analogues were obtained in this study. Molecular modelling of ardeemin FQ analogues with the crystal structure of FgaPT2 led to the identification of two potential amino acid residues for guidance of the prenylation position. The two generated mutants FgaPT2_M328L and FgaPT2_Y398F showed significant prenylation shifts with 1a.magnified image
Versatile p‐Type Chemical Doping to Achieve Ideal Flexible Graphene Electrodes
Authors: Han Tae‐Hee , Kwon Sung‐Joo , Li Nannan , Seo Hong‐Kyu , Xu Wentao , Kim Kwang S. , Lee Tae‐Woo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe report effective solution‐processed chemical p‐type doping of graphene using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF3SO3H, TFMS), that can provide essential requirements to approach an ideal flexible graphene anode for practical applications: i) high optical transmittance, ii) low sheet resistance (70 % decrease), iii) high work function (0.83 eV increase), iv) smooth surface, and iv) air‐stability at the same time. The TFMS‐doped graphene formed nearly ohmic contact with a conventional organic hole transporting layer, and a green phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diode with the TFMS‐doped graphene anode showed lower operating voltage, and higher device efficiencies (104.1 cd A−1, 80.7 lm W−1) than those with conventional ITO (84.8 cd A−1, 73.8 lm W−1).
Stereodivergent Synthesis of Functionalized Tetrahydropyrans Accelerated by Mechanism‐Based Allylboration and Bioinspired Oxa‐Michael Cyclization
Authors: Yang Lin , Lin Zuming , Huang Sha‐Hua , Hong Ran 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA stereodivergent strategy enabled by bioinspired oxa‐Michael cyclization was developed for the synthesis of functionalized tetrahydropyrans on the basis of the inherent symmetry in 1,3‐diols, the symmetries of which were tunable by stereoselective hydroboration of an allene with a variety of alkylborane reagents and subsequent allylation of an aldehyde. The mechanism‐based utilization of monoalkyl borane in the hydroboration and allylation cascade is unprecedented.
Spatially Resolved Quantification of the Surface Reactivity of Solid Catalysts
Authors: Huang Bing , Xiao Li , Lu Juntao , Zhuang Lin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA new property is reported that accurately quantifies and spatially describes the chemical reactivity of solid surfaces. The core idea is to create a reactivity weight function peaking at the Fermi level, thereby determining a weighted summation of the density of states of a solid surface. When such a weight function is defined as the derivative of the Fermi–Dirac distribution function at a certain non‐zero temperature, the resulting property is the finite‐temperature chemical softness, termed Fermi softness (SF), which turns out to be an accurate descriptor of the surface reactivity. The spatial image of SF maps the reactive domain of a heterogeneous surface and even portrays morphological details of the reactive sites. SF analyses reveal that the reactive zones on a Pt3Y(111) surface are the platinum sites rather than the seemingly active yttrium sites, and the reactivity of the S‐dimer edge of MoS2 is spatially anisotropic. Our finding is of fundamental and technological significance to heterogeneous catalysis and industrial processes demanding rational design of solid catalysts.
On the Exciton Coupling between Two Chlorophyll Pigments in the Absence of a Protein Environment: Intrinsic Effects Revealed by Theory and Experiment
Authors: Milne Bruce F. , Kjær Christina , Houmøller Jørgen , Stockett Mark H. , Toker Yoni , Rubio Angel , Nielsen Steen Brøndsted 
Published: April 2016

AbstractExciton coupling between two or more chlorophyll (Chl) pigments is a key mechanism associated with the color tuning of photosynthetic proteins but it is difficult to disentangle this effect from shifts that are due to the protein microenvironment. Herein, we report the formation of the simplest coupled system, the Chl a dimer, tagged with a quaternary ammonium ion by electrospray ionization. Based on action spectroscopic studies in vacuo, the dimer complexes were found to absorb 50–70 meV to the red of the monomers under the same conditions. First‐principles calculations predict shifts that somewhat depend on the relative orientation of the two Chl units, namely 50 and 30 meV for structures where the Chl rings are stacked and unstacked, respectively. Our work demonstrates that Chl association alone can produce a large portion of the color shift observed in photosynthetic macromolecular assemblies.
CuI/Oxalamide Catalyzed Couplings of (Hetero)aryl Chlorides and Phenols for Diaryl Ether Formation
Authors: Fan Mengyang , Zhou Wei , Jiang Yongwen , Ma Dawei 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCouplings between (hetero)aryl chlorides and phenols can be effectively promoted by CuI in combination with an N‐aryl‐N′‐alkyl‐substituted oxalamide ligand to proceed smoothly at 120 °C. For this process, N‐aryl‐N′‐alkyl‐substituted oxalamides are more effective ligands than bis(N‐aryl)‐substituted oxalamides. A wide range of electron‐rich and electron‐poor aryl and heteroaryl chlorides gave the corresponding coupling products in good yields. Satisfactory conversions were achieved with electron‐rich phenols as well as a limited range of electron‐poor phenols. Catalyst and ligand loadings as low as 1.5 mol % are sufficient for the scaled‐up variants of some of these reactions.
Asymmetric Catalysis with CO2: The Direct α‐Allylation of Ketones
Authors: Pupo Gabriele , Properzi Roberta , List Benjamin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractQuaternary stereocenters are found in numerous bioactive molecules. The Tsuji–Trost reaction has proven to be a powerful C−C bond forming process, and, at least in principle, should be well suited to access quaternary stereocenters via the α‐allylation of ketones. However, while indirect approaches are known, the direct, catalytic asymmetric α‐allylation of branched ketones has been elusive until today. By combining “enol catalysis” with the use of CO2 as a formal catalyst for asymmetric catalysis, we have now developed a solution to this problem: we report a direct, highly enantioselective and highly atom‐economic Tsuji–Trost allylation of branched ketones with allylic alcohol. Our reaction delivers products bearing quaternary stereocenters with high enantioselectivity and water as the sole by‐product. We expect our methodology to be of utility in asymmetric catalysis and inspire the design of other highly atom‐economic transformations.
Isolation of Labile Pseudohalogen NSO Species
Authors: Labbow René , Michalik Dirk , Reiß Fabian , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA new synthetic approach enabled the generation of highly labile thionylimide, H−NSO, which was trapped by adduct formation with the bulky Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 and fully characterized. For comparison, a series of different Me3Si−NSO Lewis acid adducts were studied. Treatment of Me3Si−NSO with the silylium ion [Me3Si]+ led to the formation of the hitherto unknown iminosulfonium ion [Me3Si−N=S−O−SiMe3]+, which could be isolated and fully characterized as a salt in the presence of weakly coordinating carborate anions.
Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular [3+2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with β‐Trifluoromethyl β,β‐Disubstituted Enones
Authors: Zhang Zhan‐Ming , Xu Bing , Xu Shan , Wu Hai‐Hong , Zhang Junliang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReported herein is an asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides with β‐trifluoromethyl β,β‐disubstituted enones, a reaction which is enabled by a Ming‐Phos‐derived copper(I) catalyst (Ming‐Phos=chiral sulfinamide monophosphines, Figure ). This method provides scalable and efficient access to the highly substituted pyrrolidines with a trifluoromethylated, all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter in good yields with up to greater than 20:1 d.r. and 98 % ee. The reaction has a broad substrate scope and tolerates a wide range of functional groups.
New Stabilization of Continuous‐Time Delayed Systems Based on Partially Delay‐Dependent Controllers
Authors: Wang Guoliang , Liu Li 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this paper, a new approach is developed to discuss the stabilization problem for a class of continuous‐time delayed systems, which is firstly achieved by a kind of partially delay‐dependent controller. The main property of the desired controller is that both non‐delay and delay states are contained. Different from the traditional stabilization methods realized by totally non‐delay or delay state feedback controllers, both non‐delay and delay states are contained but take place asynchronously, where the probability distributions of such terms are considered in the controller design process. Based on the established model, new stabilization conditions depending on such probabilities are presented with linear matrix inequality forms. Moreover, another general case in terms of probability having uncertainty is also considered. Finally, numerical examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the design methods.
Highly selective ratiometric fluorescent Zn2+ chemosensor based on diarylethene derivative with bi‐8‐carboxamidoquinoline unit
Authors: Zhang Xiaodong , Li Hui , Liu Gang , Pu Shouzhi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn asymmetrical diarylethene (1O) with a bi‐8‐carboxamidoquinoline unit was synthesized. Its photochromic and fluorescence performances on stimulation with both light and metal ions showed that the diarylethene could serve as a highly selective ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor to detect Zn2+ ions based on internal charge transfer and chelation‐enhanced fluorescence processes. The diarylethene could selectively discriminate Zn2+ from Cd2+ in acetonitrile. Furthermore, Job's plots based on fluorescence titration and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis showed 1 : 1 binding stoichiometry between 1O and Zn2+. The binding constant of 1O with Zn2+, estimated using the Benesi–Hildebrand method, and the limit of detection were 3.37 × 105 M–1 and 4.6 × 10–8 mol/L, respectively. Additionally, the light and metal‐responsive fluorescence behavior of 1O was used successfully to construct a molecular logic circuit with four inputs and one output. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of the Black Church in HIV Prevention: Exploring Barriers and Best Practices
Authors: Bryant‐Davis Thema , Ellis Monica U. , Edwards Nathan , Adams Tyonna P. , Counts Pamela , Arline‐Bradley Shavon , Sadler Keron 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBlack people have the highest rate of HIV/AIDS infection in the USA, and they are less likely to access quality physical and mental healthcare. To address these disparities as outlined in the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, there is a need for culturally congruent, innovative approaches to HIV/AIDS prevention. The first multi‐denominational national study of Black faith leaders was conducted utilizing focus groups that were held in 11 US cities. The 265 participants were faith leaders who reported involvement in such prevention practices as sponsoring HIV/AIDS workshops, integrating HIV/AIDS messaging in the worship service, hosting HIV/AIDS screenings, distributing written materials about HIV/AIDS through the bulletin or flyers, pastoral counselling, advocating for policies that provide quality healthcare to the community and disseminating HIV/AIDS prevention messages through new media such as the Church website. These findings, including attention to barriers to engagement, provide insight into innovative practices that can be integrated into faith‐based HIV/AIDS prevention programming. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Points‐based user interface for character posing
Authors: Choi Myung Geol , Lee Kang Hoon 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe present a points‐based user interface for character posing. In our method, users insert a number of three‐dimensional (3D) points in a virtual environment. The system performs a linear search of a motion capture database for the best matched pose and then places the pose immediately in the virtual environment to be overlapped with the input points. For a fast and precise distance computation between the input points and the example poses from the database, we developed a closed‐form solution of the 3D points registration problem. To demonstrate the easiness and usability of our approach, we built a motion database including various kinds of human motion and conducted a user study of character posing tasks with non‐expert users. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coexistence of Three Ferroic Orders in the Multiferroic Compound [(CH3)4N][Mn(N3)3] with Perovskite‐Like Structure
Authors: Gómez‐Aguirre L. Claudia , Pato‐Doldán Breogán , Stroppa Alessandro , Yang Li‐Ming , Frauenheim Thomas , Mira Jorge , Yáñez‐Vilar Susana , Artiaga Ramón , Castro‐García Socorro , Sánchez‐Andújar Manuel , Señarís‐Rodríguez María Antonia 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe perovskite azido compound [(CH3)4N][Mn(N3)3], which undergoes a first‐order phase change at Tt=310 K with an associated magnetic bistability, was revisited in the search for additional ferroic orders. The driving force for such structural transition is multifold and involves a peculiar cooperative rotation of the [MnN6] octahedral as well as order/disorder and off‐center shifts of the [(CH3)4N]+ cations and bridging azide ligands, which also bend and change their coordination mode. According to DFT calculations the latter two give rise to the appearance of electric dipoles in the low‐temperature (LT) polymorph, the polarization of which nevertheless cancels out due to their antiparallel alignment in the crystal. The conversion of this antiferroelectric phase to the paraelectric phase could be responsible for the experimental dielectric anomaly detected at 310 K. Additionally, the structural change involves a ferroelastic phase transition, whereby the LT polymorph exhibits an unusual and anisotropic thermal behavior. Hence, [(CH3)4N][Mn(N3)3] is a singular material in which three ferroic orders coexist even above room temperature.