bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Art et utilité : les écoles de dessin de Grenoble et de Poitiers
Authors: Benhamou Reed 
Published: June 2016

Reed Benhamou : Art and utility. The design schools of Grenoble and Poitiers.
Between 1726 and 1786, about forty free design schools were set up in various French provincial towns. They were paid for by amateurs and middle-class businessmen and their teaching concerned essentially useful arts. A detailed study of the schools of Grenoble (1762) and Poitiers (1771) shows on the one hand that they represented a serious attempt to improve the situation and the competence of artisans, and on the other, that they put into practice Enlightenment ideals.
Deux manuscrits inconnus de Diderot : Madame de la Carlière et Sur les Femmes
Authors: Stenger Gerhardt 
Published: June 2016

Gerhardt Stenger : Two unknown manuscripts of Diderot : madame de la Carlière and Sur les femmes.
The Vienna National Library possesses two Diderot manuscripts that have hitherto escaped the notice of editors of his works. They are intermediate versions of Madame de la Carlière and Sur les femmes which are worthy of the attention of specialists, as not only do the manuscripts inform us about the elaboration or the different stages of their composition, but in addition their close connection gives us a clearer understanding of the relationship between Diderot's writings for Grimm's Correspondance littéraire and his true literary productions.
Newton, Diderot et la vulgate de l'atomisme
Authors: Casini Paolo 
Published: June 2016

Newton, Diderot and the vulgate of atomism.
Recently published papers have provided more evidence of Isaac Newton's indebtedness to the ancient atomists, but it was already visible in the Principia and the Opticks. Attraction and the active powers of matter were part of corpuscular philosophy. Putting to one side the religious element added to it by English thinkers, it can be said that Newton's quotations from Epicurus and Lucretius come from the same sources as Diderot's ; the latter's anti-Newtonian bias was directed at the design argument, not at the theory of matter. Both men basically shared the vulgate of the atomistic hypothesis.
Quatre témoignages inédits sur le «Testament» de Meslier
Authors: Artigas-Menant Geneviève 
Published: June 2016

Four unknown references to Meslier's Testament.
This article gives the complete text of three unpublished anonymous commentaries on "the curé d'Etrépigny's work", now at the Vire municipal library. One of them, the only one with a date, was written on 1st July 1737, less than two years after Voltaire's letter to Thieriot of 30th November 1735, the first known reference to Meslier's work. An analysis of these three documents shows that they all refer to the complete version of the Mémoire. They were all conserved by Thomas Pichon-Tyrrell (Vire 1700-Jersey 1781), together with a 1757 letter in which his friend, the English writer John Cleland, mentions the search for Meslier's manuscript. This interesting collection thus provides new elements concerning the circulation and reception of Meslier's work.
Les paradoxes du matérialisme de Robinet
Authors: Rey Roselyne 
Published: June 2016

The paradoxes of Robinets materialism.
Robinet's De la Nature was often interpreted, on its publication in 1761, as a materialistic and Spinozist text, which was difficult to reconcile with the author's frequent insistence on a divine transcendence irreducible to nature. The anonymous Petit extrait d'un gros livre (1762) on which Robinet may have collaborated, while claiming to refute "materialistic errors" gives a concise summary of Robinet's theses which reinforce his arguments. This article analyses two important aspects of Robinet's thought, concerning the passage from sensation to thought and that from inert to living matter. We discuss the thesis of the specific moral fibre, similar to any other sensitive fibre, which unites the physiological and the moral, and the paradoxical thesis of universal vitality, key to the whole system, based on the notion of indestructible preexisting germs, which shows Robinet turning to the Leibnizian principle of continuity rather than to Spinozism.
Esthétique et matérialisme à la fin du siècle
Authors: Niderst Alain 
Published: June 2016

Late 18th-century aesthetics and materialism.
When one examines the attempts by late 18th-century materialists to construct a philosophy of the beautiful, it is obvious that they followed two different approaches. Some (Holbach, Diderot or Falconet) tried to base the beautiful on the order of Nature and thus to make it universal, and even absolute. Others (La Mettrie, Helvétius) based it on the approbation felt by fundamentally different people. Thus we have on the one hand an aesthetic universalism leading to neo-classicism, and on the other a subjectivism which can justify rococo diversity. In fact it is easy to consider these two conceptions as simple revivals of the great aesthetic systems of the beginning of the century : on the one hand that of père André, which Diderot secularized, and on the other that of Fontenelle, which Helvétius nuanced and somewhat softened.
Valorisation du travail et destinée de la propriété individuelle dans le matérialisme des Lumières
Authors: Negri Antimo 
Published: June 2016

The rehabilitation of work and the destiny of individual property in Enlightenment materialism.
This article examines critically the notion of individual property which in d'Holbach's work can be seen to precede the formulation of property as a natural and inalienable right in 1789. Like Locke, Holbach emphasizes work, whose fruit is property, seen as essentially landed property, but whose role breaks with the organisation of property in feudal society. But Holbach is not completely opposed to a communistic style imagination or Utopia like Morelly or, even more, Meslier. Holbach's "natural" landowner appears as part of a science of human nature, similar to Hobbes's, which like Mably's undermines the very principle of equality of ownership. But this is part of a "bourgeois" vision of society, which frees man, particularly in a new society marked by the constitution of the concentration of ownership of the means of production, from all anti-bourgeois and non-liberal Utopias.
L'idée de l'homme entre progrès scientifique et pensée philosophique
Authors: Tripp G. Matthias 
Published: June 2016

The idea of man between scientific progress and philosophical thought.
During the Enlightenment, the philosophical debate on man took most of its ideas from English thought (Newton and Locke) and was finally influenced by the physiologists (Cabanis, Saint-Simon). All anthropological debate, whose universalism is obvious, insists above all on the relationship between the ideas of the universe, nature, man, his reasons and his freedom, as much as his happiness. But these ideas finally give way to bodily functions such as instinct, needs, immediate experiences as criteria for man's improvement.
«Nouvelles remarques critiques sur le Nouveau Testament». Un manuscrit clandestin présenté
Authors: Hunwick Andrew 
Published: June 2016

Nouvelles remarques critiques sur le Nouveau Testament : An unpu blished clandestine manuscript, presented and edited by Andrew Hunwick.
This fundamentally Deistic text only exists in a single manuscript. Despite its title it does not continue Richard Simon's New Testament criticism. The anonymous author has simply plagiarized many of the Oratorian's remarks and quotations in order to support his own position. He attacks, with the anti-Christian vehemence typical of so-called clandestine literature, the "systematic" ecclesiastics who over the centuries have not only, he says, suppressed their opponents' works and excluded "apocryphal" texts, but have even forged some of the Holy Scriptures.
La lecture publique des journaux
Authors: Benhamou Paul 
Published: June 2016

Public reading of periodicals during the 18th century.
During the Old Regime, no public library offered periodicals to its readers. Moreover, the cost of a subscription to a journal was quite high, between 15 and 30 livres, and consequently the number of subscribers was limited. But, as we know, subscribers to a journal represented only a tiny portion of its actual readership. For 18th-century readers were able to read many periodicals without buying them, thanks to the development of several instruments of public reading, namely the rental of periodicals by booksellers, group subscriptions, the cabinet de lecture and the reading society. These various instruments allowed more readers to gain accès to more periodicals for a modest fee.
Idées sur la sculpture dans l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Calatrava Juan A. 
Published: June 2016

Ideas on sculpture in the Encyclopédie.
Although sculpture is the art that is most neglected in the Encyclopédie, certain articles (in particular those by Jaucourt that adopt the views of Falconet) reveal an aesthetic approach that is shared by most of the Encyclopedists, namely the predominance of technique, the search for a synthesis between reason and creative imagination, and the idea of "social" genius linked to that of progress. We can also see a historical culture that emphasizes classical art and French classicism, as well as the difficulties which prevented the achievement of the programme laid out by Diderot and D'Alembert. Two ideas surface here and there which were to become fundamental for neoclassicism a few years later : the moral aim of sculpture and art, and the principle of unity and clarity.
Quinze années d'études rousseauistes (II)
Authors: Trousson Raymond 
Published: June 2016

Fifteen years of Rousseau Studies (II).
A survey of Rousseau studies during the fifteen years since 1977. This article discusses in turn the different fields of research : editions, biography, general studies, Rousseau's religious and educational thought, novels, autobiographical writings, writings on art and studies of his influence and reputation. It also analyses the main lines of study and new directions of research, and it indicates the most overcrowded sectors, together with those in which research still needs to be carried out.
La République démocratique européenne, rêve des révolutionnaires allemands
Authors: Gilli Marita 
Published: June 2016

Marita Gllli : A Democratic European Republic, the Dream of German
Revolutionaries.
With the French Revolution, patriotism took on a new meaning for the German revolutionaries, as membership of a nation was no longer considered to be the result of a common origin but a conscious act of rallying to a shared ideal. The European dimension of the Revolution rapidly appeared and the conception of a European republic was based on cosmopolitanism linked to republican and progressive forces. The new republican, democratic Europe should be opposed to the Europe of the Old Régime and would guarantee peace. Even if this dream was never realized, we can nevertheless say that after the Revolution it was no longer possible to see history otherwise than in European terms.
L'Europe du théâtre
Authors: de Rougemont Martine 
Published: June 2016

Martine de Rougemont : Theatrical Europe.
The Europe of actors in the 18th century was undoubtedly mainly French ; a curious example is the "reader" Antoine Le Texier. But one should not overlook the fact that the other theatrical professions were trans-European (e.g. Nicolini an Anglo-Italian mime in Holland and England, and some Swiss). Like people, forms and ideas circulated, such as the tragic style, whose basic rules were common to all countries, and centres of new ideas appeared : Paris, London and then in Germany. In the same way the debate on the actor's art and his inspiration was based on Italian, French, English and German works before it centred for a while on Diderot's Paradox. Or again, the tragic bourgeois story of George Barnwell spread throughout Europe. National theatres were born from the confrontation with European theatrical culture.
Traduction et édition à l'époque des Lumières
Authors: Freedman Jeffrey 
Published: June 2016

Jeffrey Freedman : Translation and publishing during the enlightenment.
This article examines the process of translation from the perspective of an 18th-century Swiss publishing firm, the Société typographique de Neuchâtel (1769-80). Located on the border between the French-and German-speaking worlds, it acted as a cultural intermediary, translating German literature into French and selling it all over Europe. Drawing on the papers of the STN, this article shows how it mediated the transmission of literature across the boundaries of language and culture. The STN took all manners of liberty in its translations, and its goal was to adapt German literature for a French-speaking public. This is illustrated by following the transformations of one German work — a novel by Friedrich Nicolai entitled Leben und Meinungen des Herrn Magisters Sebaldus Nothanker — as it passed through the hands of the STN. Indifferent to the author's rights and prerogatives, the STN appropriated the novel, both literally and figuratively. Its translation was a kind of rewriting.
Charles-Joseph de Ligne, écrivain dilettante et prince européen
Authors: Mortier Roland 
Published: June 2016

Roland Mortier : Ch. J. de Ligne, a dilettante writer and European prince.
Interest in the prince de Ligne has for too long been concentrated on his life and attractive character, but his voluminous and erratic work repays interest. It is first of all that of an amateur who was passionately interested in theatre, gardens and military theory, who noted for his own pleasure aphorisms and reflections, and wrote many very witty letters. He was Belgian born, Austrian by dynastic allegiance and of French language and culture, and he was part of central and Eastern European high society ; he thought about ethnic minorities and wrote his memoirs of the war against the Turks. Beneath the blasé aristocratic exterior we find a writer concerned with style and a well-turned phrase. The selected anthology of his writings published by Mme de Staël brought him late literary fame on the eve of the Congress of Vienna.
Diderot en 1775 vu par Grimm : Deux lettres inédites à la princesse Golitsyna et au comte Roumiantsev
Authors: Stroev Alexandre , Dulac Georges 
Published: June 2016

Alexandre Stroev and Georges Dulac : Diderot as seen by Grimm in 1775.
The unpublished correspondence between Friedrich-Melchior Grimm, Princess Amalia Golitsyna and Count Serge Roumiantsev, conserved in the Russian Archives, deals with the life of Denis Diderot in 1775. It throws light on several obscure points in the philosophe's biography, especially his activities on behalf of his son-in-law Vandeul and his dispute with Prince D. A. Golitsyn ; it also helps us to understand the development of his relationship with Grimm.
Les gazetiers de Hollande et les puissances politiques : une difficile collaboration
Authors: Retat Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Rétat : Dutch gazetteers and political powers, a difficult collaboration.
The authors and owners of French-language Dutch gazettes had complex relations with the French government as they were both in conflict and needed to collaborate. They were the object of permanent presure and threats but they also knew from experience that the royal power did not really want to exercise the final sanction, which consisted in closing the frontiers. This situation of contentious compromise is analysed in the light of the political correspondence between the French embassy at the Hague and the ministry, and the gazetteers' letters contained in it, between 1755 and 1758.
Condorcet et Montesquieu : conflit idéologique entre deux théoriciens rationalistes
Authors: Niklaus Robert 
Published: June 2016

Robert Niklaus : Condorcet and Montesquieu.
Condorcet, who had read Montesquieu carefully, criticised him for not having rejected the past completely in order to provide a purely rational basis for universal laws. He himself rejected the two-house British parliamentary system but kept the separation of powers. He called for universal suffrage with proportional representation and social mathematics which ensured the triumph of pure reason. He was suspicious of great popular movements and tried to protect minorities from dictatorship by insisting on the role of provincial and even district assemblies, by emphasizing the importance of consensus for ensuring the proper functioning of government, and above all by drawing up a declaration of the rights of man. Like Montesquieu he saw the need for good education in the interests both of society and the individual. The opposition of these two theorists helps us to see the difficulties confronting any régime calling itself democratic.
Sur la chronologie des premières œuvres de Diderot
Authors: Stenger Gerhardt 
Published: June 2016

Gerhardt Stenger : The dating of Diderot's early works.
The generally accepted dating of Diderot's early works, which places the writing of De la suffisance de la religion naturelle and La Promenade du sceptique after that of the Pensées philosophiques, is unsatisfactory when one studies closely their author's intellectual formation. There is no serious argument against dating these two texts before the publication of the Pensées philosophiques , and there are at least three arguments in favour of this hypothesis : the development of Diderot's religious thought, which progresses from the defence of natural religion to sceptical atheism ; the gradual abandoning of a morality inspired by Shaftesbury, for "moral determinism" as expounded in the letter to Landois ; the replacement of classical philosophical discourse reflecting a fundamentally ordered world by a new style representing in its destructured structures the permanent creation of the Universe.
Le feuilleton dans la presse française (1790-début du 19e siècle) : du supplément indépendant au rez-de-chaussée sous le filet
Authors: Oscarsson Ingemar 
Published: June 2016

Ingemar Oscarsson : The "feuilleton" in the French press.
During the 1790s several French periodicals began to publish supplements or "feuilletons" containing matter for which there was no place in the main part of the paper, partly due to the increase in information during the Revolution. They were mainly devoted to theatre programmes, literary news, announcements etc. Later these independent supplements became a ground floor "under the line" in the paper iself. According to tradition, the oldest example dates from 1800 in the Journal des Débats. In this study we analyse these developments more closely than has previously been done. We show, using several examples, that the development of the "feuilleton" was part of a wider movement in which a large number of papers tried experiments concerning typographical presentation. We also discover that it was not in the Débats but in the Propagateur and the Journal du commerce that the supplement first appeared in its well-known form under the line.
Deux organistes amis de Rousseau : J.-J. Palais et G. Trouflaut
Authors: Baffert Jean-Marc 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Marc Baffert : Two of Rousseau's organist friends : J.-J. Palais and
G. Trouflaut.
This article presents two organists whom Rousseau met at two very different points in his life. Gilbert Trouflaut, who was the organist of Nevers cathedral but above all a lover of botany, only appeared in Rousseau's life when he "herborised" with him after 1769. Rousseau met much earlier, in Savoy, abbé Palais who is mentioned in the Confessions and Rêveries. He was born in the Aosta valley in 1712 and married in Auxerre where he was the organist at the cathedral for several decades. The two were therefore linked to each other and both had specific ties with Rousseau, thus justifying the title of the article.
Correspondance inédite de Jean Potocki sur l'ambassade russe en Chine
Authors: Stroev Alexandre , Triaire Dominique 
Published: June 2016

Jean Potockls unpublished correspondence on the Russian mission to China,
presented by Alexandre Stroev and Dominique Triaire.
In 1805, Jean Potocki (1761-1805) took part in the Russian mission to China as leader of the scientific delegation. The mission failed, owing to disagreement on protocol, and did not go further than Ourga in Mongolia, but the scientists carried out active investigations all over Siberia and made varied and interesting discoveries, including that of the famous mammoth. As, on their return, there was no sign of any recompense, Potocki drew up a report addressed to the Minister Rumjancev, and wrote to him several times in December 1807, which resulted in three scientists being granted pensions. A few weeks later Potocki gave up politics. The ten documents published here for the first time were recently discovered in Moscow.
Galiani et l'Angleterre. Sur la genèse des Dialogues sur les blés
Authors: Goggi Gianluigi 
Published: June 2016

Gianluigi Goggi : Galiani and England. The Dialogues and their origins.
Two sets of documents throw light on the origins of Galiani' s Dialogues. First, some documents show the work to be a reaction to the situation in Paris in October-November 1768, when free trade in corn and poor harvests led to a dearth of food likely to spark off disturbances or even social unrest. Galiani' s reaction is the same as that of the lieutenant general of police, Sartine. A second set suggests and interpretation of Galiani' s political stance in the light of the historical experience on which they were probably based, namely events in England. English popular protest movements under the slogan "Wilkes and liberty" seemed to prove that fair prices and free trade in corn lead to political democracy, by shifting the balance of property and thus of power towards the freeholder class. The evolution of English society showed that a policy encouraging the free export of corn led to a danger of the entire political system being overthrown.
Mythologie de la vestale
Authors: Delon Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Delon : The mythology of the vestal.
Roman vestal virgins became, in the 18th Century, the heroines both of the philosophical fight against ecclesiastical celibacy and forced vows, and of the neoclassical struggle against rococo affectedness. They appear in all the literary forms, from the novel (for example that of de Mailly) to the theatre (the tragedy of Dubois-Fontanelle) and from poetry (Le Suire) to the essay (the abbé Nadal) ; they are present in all the arts : painting (Diderot shows interest of this theme in his Salons), sculpture (Houdon, Clodion), music (opera of Jouy and Spontini, and later that of Mercadante). The imagination centred on the condamnation of guilty vestals, who were buried alive. This Antiquity is seen as sadistic and "gothic".
Vico, juge et témoin de la pensée romaine
Authors: Michel Alain 
Published: June 2016

Alain Michel : Vico as judge and representative of Roman thought.
For Vico, the Roman tradition was valuable because it gave their rightful place to the fundamental disciplines of law and philology and led in particular to a theory of education or "heroic culture" ; this allowed Vico to engage a dialogue with his own century and to open up future perspectives for philosophy and aesthetics.
Les grands hommes de l'Antiquité et la réflexion sur le génie en Allemagne de 1760 à 1790
Authors: Laudin Gérard 
Published: June 2016

Gérard Laudin : The great men of antiquity and reflection on genius in Germany, 1760-90.
In Germany from 1750 to 1790, studies of classical antiquity clung to the traditional model of exemplarity. The great man, who was equated with the genius, was seen by Gatterer (1761) as the guide who contributed to the progress of humanity ; these legislators, generals, scientists were praised as builders, to the detriment of conquerors, seen, on the contrary, as destroyers. The ambivalence of heroic genius, developed in drama in the 1770s, was emphasized in 1788 by Beck, who was more attuned to political mechanisms and abandoned the model of great men ; he demystified radically the great conquerors in favour of the Gracchi, for example, adopting a republican perspective alien to Gatterer, who was very attached to enlightened despotism.