bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug Profile: Fortral Suppositories
Authors: Murphy J Eric 
Published: January 2017

The traditional British resistance to the rectal administration of medicines is now slowly losing ground. That the patient's attitude has been reflected in the doctor's is surprising considering the obvious advantages of this route for patients unable to swallow tablets, prone to gastric irritation or suffering distress from frequent injections. The recent availability of suppositories containing the powerful analgesic Fortral (pentazocine) is particularly welcome as it simplifies the control of severe pain in elderly, debilitated and incapacitated patients in hospital and at home. Eleven Continental trials testifying to the effectiveness of Fortral Suppositories have been followed this year by two British papers (de Choisy 1973 and Flavell Matts 1973), whose authors both welcome the prospect of a form of potent analgesic that can be self-administered so easily even in the absence of a qualified attendant. One author (de Choisy 1973) concludes: ‘Fortral Suppositories provided good analgesia with a low incidence of side-effects. There were no reports of local irritation. The suppositories were well accepted as a source of treatment’.
A Study to Show the Effect of Pituitary Stalk-Section upon Urinary, Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hypocalcaemic Activities
Authors: Zileli M S , Küçüksu N , Kanra G , Ürünay G , Adalar N 
Published: January 2017

The effect of pituitary stalk-section on the hypocalcaemic activity in urine, hypothalamus and pituitary gland was investigated in rats. Intact rats and rats with pituitary stalk-section were made hypercalcaemic and their urines were injected to bio-assay rats. A hypocalcaemic factor was present in the urine of intact hypercalcaemic rats and on the contrary, this factor was absent from the urine of hypercalcaemic rats with pituitary stalk-section. Hypothalamic and pituitary gland extracts obtained twenty-four hours after stalk-section, from guinea pigs, were injected to bio-assay rats. Pituitary extract had no hypocalcaemic activity, whereas hypothalamic extracts produced hypocalcaemia. Neither the injection of pituitary or hypothalamic extracts to TPTX rats produced hypocalcaemic effect.
A Controlled Comparative Trial of a Combination of Opipramol and Clomipramine and a Higher Dose of Clomipramine Alone
Authors: Murphy J E , Donald J F , Beaumont G 
Published: January 2017

Sixty patients suffering from mixed anxiety depressive states were admitted to a comparative controlled clinical trial of a free combination of opipramol 50 mg and clomipramine 10 mg and clomipramine 25 mg. A double-dummy technique was used to ensure blindness and both regimes were administered three times daily. A stratified randomization technique was employed but this did not work effectively as far as severity was concerned producing some imbalance in the groups. Thirty-one patients received the combination therapy and 29 clomipramine alone. Twenty-eight patients on the combination regime and 24 on clomipramine alone completed the study. Amongst the completers the total score, on a 17 symptom rating scale, fell from 19·6 to 6·6 in the combination group and from 23·6 to 9·3 in the clomipramine alone group after 4 weeks treatment. Significantly more side-effects, especially dry mouth, were seen in the clomipramine alone group. After 2 weeks the opipramol/clomipramine regime was significantly more effective in the relief of anxiety whereas the clomipramine higher dose regime brought about a significantly greater improvement in the symptom depressed mood.
A Continuous Release Aminophylline Tablet (Phyllocontin) in Patients with Airways Obstruction
Authors: Harris P G 
Published: January 2017

Thirty male patients with bronchospasm, all of whom were smokers, were admitted to a clinical trial and were randomly allocated to treatment with either tablets of aminophylline BP 100 mg three times daily or tablets of Phyllocontin 225 mg twice daily. Duration of treatment was 2 weeks. Phyllocontin tablets were well accepted by the majority of patients and were found to be more acceptable than the conventional aminophylline tablets when the choice arose. At the end of the trial the vast majority of the Phyllocontin treated patients did not wish to return to the therapy they were on prior to commencement of the study, in contradistinction to those taking aminophylline tablets. Side-effects did not prove to be a problem.
Effects of Drugs on Mucus Glycoproteins and Water in Bronchial Secretion
Authors: Medici T C , Radielovic P 
Published: January 2017

The result of chemical analysis of the bronchial secretion is simple; up to 95% of the secretion is made up of water, and up to 5% is composed of ash, protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nitrogen and desoxyribonucleic acid. More complicated is the question of how bronchial secretion is formed and of which active biological components it is composed. Bronchial secretion is the result of the different processes, secretion, transudation, exudation and exfoliation from a highly differentiated bronchial mucosa. To those substances secreted belong, amongst others, constituents important for the flow properties and the transportability of the secretion: the bronchial mucus glycoproteins and water. The bronchial glycoproteins are the most important group, constituting 50–80% of the macromolecules. They are formed and secreted by the bronchial mucosa. The synthesis and secretion of bronchial glycoproteins are influenced by drugs in different ways. Beta-adrenergic stimulants do not alter these processes in in vitro studies on human glands, although an increase in mucus of glycoprotein production has been demonstrated in animal experiments and indirectly in man. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate and the methylxanthines stimulate mucus glycoprotein production, anticholinergic agents reduce but do not completely supress this process. Anti-allergic agents do not alter the production of bronchial glycoproteins with the exception of the corticosteroids which partially inhibit the synthesis and secretion. Neither expectorants nor mucolytic agents influence the production of mucus glycoproteins in human bronchial glands as opposed to animal experiments, in which these compounds produce an increase in the output of the bronchial fluid. Water constitutes 95% of the bronchial secretion and the water content considerably influences mucociliary function. An osmotic gradient, the result of active sodium and chloride ion transport across the bronchial epithelium, ensures on the one hand that water diffuses through epithelium on to the epithelial surface where it forms the serous sol layer in which the cilia beat. On the other hand water is probably transported in the same way across the mucosal glands where it mixes with the extremely hydrophilic mucus glycoproteins. The ion and water transport is influenced by drugs. Acetylcholine, histamine and terbutaline stimulate the ion and thereby water transport. Atropine, diphenylhydramine, an H1-antagonist, propranolol, a beta-blocker andfurosemide inhibit these transport mechanisms. Whether ketotifen, a new antihistaminic drug used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, will affect these processes, decreasing the water content of bronchial mucus, remains to be seen.
Clinical Effects of Trithiozine, a Newer Gastric Anti-Secretory Agent
Authors: Pellegrini R 
Published: January 2017

Trithiozine is a new product which in animal studies proved to have a marked anti-secretory and anti-ulcer effect, along with a very low acute and chronic toxicity and no ganglioplegic, anticholinergic and anti-H2 activity. Clinical trials with trithiozine have been performed in some European countries. The results of these trials, most of which were conducted on a double-blind basis, and including already several hundreds of patients, have shown that oral trithiozine: exerts a very significant action on both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion, without a rebound hypersecretion; promotes, in most patients, a complete endoscopic healing of peptic ulcer, in addition to an early symptomatic relief; has a mild sedative action; does not affect the pancreatic secretion; is well tolerated even for long-term (up to 10 months) treatments.
Loxapine versus Thioridazine in the Treatment of Organic Psychosis
Authors: Versiani Marcio , da Silva J A R , Mundim F D 
Published: January 2017

Two double-blind trials comparing loxapine and thioridazine were conducted in hospitalized adult males diagnosed as having symptoms of chronic psychosis associated with organic brain syndrome or mental retardation. The drugs were administered orally in the ranges of loxapine 10–150 mg/day and thioridazine 150–750 mg/day for 13 weeks. In the first trial loxapine was found to be generally superior to thioridazine on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Nurses Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation and Clinical Global Impression. The second trial failed to confirm this superiority. The heterogeneity of diagnostic categories included may explain the discrepancy. Extra-pyramidal symptoms and sedative effects were common to both groups and consistent with the pharmacologic profiles of the study drugs.
Comparison of Action of β-Methyldigoxin and Digoxin Utilizing Systolic Time Intervals
Authors: Katdare A D , Namjoshi S A , Nair K G 
Published: January 2017

The temporal course of orally and parenterally administered β-methyl-digoxin and orally administered digoxin was studied in a series of twenty patients who suffered from congestive heart failure due to a variety of causes. The parameters studied mainly were systolic time intervals. The incontrovertible conclusion was that β-methyldigoxin acts almost immediately when administered intravenously and after 20 minutes when given by mouth. The peak action, however, by either route of administration was evident at the end of 45 minutes. Viewed in comparison, digoxin after oral administration acted after 2 hours, reaching its peak action after 8 hours. It must be admitted, however, that the magnitude of the response to both drugs, as measured by significant reduction in PEP/L VET ratio and increase in ejection fraction, was the same. Our study suggests that β-methyldigoxin is as effective an inotropic agent as digoxin, with an additional characteristic of total and rapid gastrointestinal absorption, predictable and rapid onset and much shorter time interval for its peak action.
The Subacute Effect of Bromazepam on Psychomotor Activity and Subjective Mood
Authors: Hobi V , Dubach U C , Skreta M , Forgo I , Riggenbach H 
Published: January 2017

In a double-blind study, fifty-five healthy, male medical students received a tranquillizer (bromazepam, ‘Lexotanil') or placebo according to dosage group (placebo, 1·5 mg and 3 mg bromazepam). The subjects were randomly allocated to three groups (placebo: n = 19; 1·5 mg: n = 19; and 3 mg: n = 17). Dependent variables tested were the subjective assessment of performance and the level of activation (self-rating), and aspects of psychomotor function were assessed using the standard testing devices. The medication was administered for a total of 14 days. The testing times reported here were: before start, and after 7 and 14 days of administration of verum or placebo. The subjective evaluation (self-rating) such as performance assessment and level of activation demonstrated no changes related to either the medication or the length of time elapsed. The objective measures of performance revealed two main effects: lengthening of time of reaction to optical stimuli during the course of the study, especially in the higher bromazepam dosage group (sedative effect). This sedative effect was, however, relatively weak since, despite this observation, there was a significant training effect in the 3 mg group with regard to attentiveness and alertness testing. The results were also evaluated for a possible effect on driving ability. In the group studied here and at the relatively low dosage administered, any possible negative influence can be disregarded.
Comparative Evaluation of Antipyretic Activity of Ibuprofen and Aspirin in Children with Pyrexia of Varied Aetiology
Authors: Kandoth P W , Joshi M K , Joshi V R , Satoskar R S 
Published: January 2017

The antipyretic activity of Ibuprofen and aspirin was compared in sixteen children with pyrexia due to upper respiratory tract infection and in twelve with fever due to other causes. All 28 children received ibuprofen (7 mg/kg of body-weight) and aspirin (15 mg/kg of body-weight) in a single dose on 2 consecutive days in a crossover manner. Rectal temperature was recorded prior to and at regular intervals up to 8 hours after drug administration. Analysis of the results indicate that ibuprofen and aspirin effectively lower temperature and the two drugs are comparable in their antipyretic activity. In conclusion, significant antipyretic activity, good tolerance profile and availability in syrup form make ibuprofen a useful substitute for aspirin in children with fever.
Halomethasone (C 48.401-Ba) for the Topical Treatment of Common Dermatoses
Authors: de la Brassine M , Kint A , Lachapelle J M , Tennstedt D 
Published: January 2017

C48.401-Ba cream, containing 0·05% halomethasone* was compared in a double-blind between-patients trial with a cream containing 0·1% betamethasone valerate** in forty-eight patients suffering from atopic dermatitis and in thirty-nine patients suffering from seborrhoeic dermatitis. A similar comparison was made with ointments containing the same concentration of active ingredient in forty-six patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Both ointments were also compared in a within-patient double-blind trial in thirty patients suffering from psoriasis. The analysis of the results showed that for the treatment of the above-mentioned dermatoses, both drugs, the cream as well as the ointment, are equally effective and well tolerated.
Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Pinacidil Capsules in Human Volunteers
Authors: Laher Mark S , Hickey Michael P 
Published: January 2017

Pinacidil is a new and potent vasodilator, which has recently been used in the treatment of various forms of hypertension. In this study pharmacokinetic parameters were determined following administration of intravenous (0·2 mg/kg) and capsule (12·5 mg) formulations of pinacidil to twelve healthy volunteers. The serum half life (t½ and volume of distribution (Vd) of pinacidil were 204 ± 0·40 h and 1·4 ± 0·4 l/kg respectively, while the elimination rate constant (k el) was 0·34 ± 0·07 h1 The mean bioavailability of pinacidil (capsule formulation) was 57% ± 16 S.D. Mild side-effects such as dizziness, headache and fatigue were noted in two volunteers following intravenous administration of pinacidil, while no side effects were reported with the oral formulation.
Experiment That Failed
Authors: Harding Colin 
Published: January 2017

Prensa: Apertura y Limites by Luis Peirano, Eduardo Ballón, Leyla Bartet and Gilberto Valdez Desco Lima 1978, 241pp Introducción a la Historia de Ios Medios de Comunicación en el Perú by Juan Gargurevich Editorial Horizonte Lima 1977, 217pp
The Interleukin-1 System: Physiopathology and New Insights for its Therapeutical Potential
Authors: Ghiara P. , Scapigliati G. , Censini S. , Bossù Paola , Tagliabue A. , Boraschi Diana 
Published: January 2017

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a family of polypeptides that is thought to play an important role in the regulation of the systemic response to invasive stimuli such as infection, trauma or antigenic challenge, exerting both immunopotentiating and inflammatory actions on a wide variety of cellular targets. Binding studies with radiolabeled IL-Is showed that structurally distinct receptors are present on different cell types, suggesting that the different biological activities might be the consequence of IL-1 binding to distinct receptor subtypes. The highly detrimental activities of IL-1 represent a major drawback for its therapeutic application. Studies with IL-1 fragments have shown that the nonapeptide corresponding to the 163–171 sequence of human IL-1β is able to mimic the immunopotentiating activities of IL-1 while being devoid of its pro-inflammatory potentials, thus it might find clinical application as an immunostimulating agent. Since IL-1 is involved in some pathological conditions, strategies for anti-IL-1 therapy should also be developed. In this regard a recently characterized naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist might play an important role and its structural relationships with IL-1β are hereafter discussed.
On the Pharmacotherapy of Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder: Is a Consensus Possible?
Authors: Todorov Christo , Freeston Mark H , Borgeat Francois 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the efficacy and tolerability of clomipramine compared with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), bearing in mind the recent Expert Consensus Guidelines recommendation to use clomipramine after 2 to 3 failed SSRI trials. Method: The literature on the pharmacotherapy of OCD was critically examined. Results: The available research evidence is not conclusive but suggests that clomipramine possesses greater antiobsessional efficacy than do the SSRIs. In addition, when clomipramine is presented to patients in a positive way, and properly used in small initial doses with gradual increases, it seems to be tolerated as well as the SSRIs. Conclusion: Recently expressed opinions that clomipramine should be used to treat OCD after 2 to 3 failed SSRI trials are not supported by research evidence. Both clomipramine and the SSRIs may be used as first-line treatments for OCD.
Perceptions of Parental Bonding and Symptom Severity in Adults with Depression: Mediation by Personality Dimensions
Authors: Enns Murray W , Cox Brian J , Larsen Derrick K 
Published: January 2017

Objective: An association between anomalous parental bonding experiences (lack of parental care, overprotection, or both) and depression during adulthood has been observed in several studies. The objective of the present study was to evaluate several different personality dimensions as possible mediators of the relationship between perceptions of parental bonding and depressive symptoms in adulthood. Methods: Outpatients with depression (n = 138) completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and several measures of proposed personality vulnerabilities to depression. The conceptual and methodological criteria of Baron and Kenny (1986) were used to assess possible mediating effects of personality variables. Results: In men, overprotection by their fathers was significantly associated with depression; neuroticism, socially prescribed perfectionism, and concern over mistakes acted as mediators of this relationship. In women, lack of care by their mothers was significantly associated with depression; self-criticism, socially prescribed perfectionism, and concern over mistakes mediated this relationship. Conclusions: The present study provides evidence that personality factors may mediate the observed relationship between parental rearing style and depression. These potential causal mechanisms warrant longitudinal evaluation.
Psychiatric Disorders in an Arctic Community
Authors: Haggarty Jack , Cernovsky Zack , Kermeen Patricia , Merskey Harold 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine the rates of depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse, using modern nosology, in a random sample of residents aged 14 to 85 years living in an Arctic community. Method: A cross-sectional 2-step survey of randomly selected households was undertaken, using a self-report questionnaire to screen for anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse. The survey included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Ewing and Roose's 4-question alcohol screening instrument (the CAGE questionnaire). Cut-off scores for the HADS and CAGE were found by comparing HADS and CAGE scores with scores on the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R (SCID) in a stratified subs ample. Results: Estimated rates of depression and anxiety were 26.5% and 19.0% respectively within the past week, and estimated rates of lifetime alcohol abuse were 30.5%. Conclusions: The estimated prevalence of psychiatric disorders in this Arctic community is higher than that indicated in previous findings on Native mental health.
A Longitudinal Study of Siblings of Children with Chronic Disabilities
Authors: Fisman Sandra , Wolf Lucille , Ellison Deborah , Freeman Tom 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the unaffected siblings of 2 different groups with chronic disabilities, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and Down syndrome (DS), over 3 years, comparing their adjustment with each other and with the siblings of a nondisabled group. Method: This study examines 137 siblings of children with PDD, children with DS, and developmentally normal children (control group) initially and 127 siblings at follow-up 3 years later. Their adjustment is measured by the Survey Diagnostic Instrument (SDI), completed by caregivers and teachers. Predictor variables include sibling self-perception, social support, and relationship with sibling, as indicated by siblings; caregiver psychosocial factors such as parental stress, caregiver depression, and marital relationship; family systems characteristics as viewed by both caregiver and sibling; and difficulty that disabled child causes as perceived by the primary caregiver. Results: Significantly more adjustment problems are found in the siblings of PDD children at both times when compared with siblings of DS and control children. Caregivers of PDD children report the highest levels of distress and depression, and this persists over time. Parent distress was found, at both times, to be related to sibling adjustment problems, regardless of study group. Conclusion: These results have implications for preventive intervention for the unaffected siblings of PDD children.
Clinically Significant Differences among Canadian Mental Health Acts
Authors: Gray John E , O'Reilly Richard L 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: First, to highlight the major differences among mental health acts in different Canadian jurisdictions as they relate to involuntary admission criteria, treatment authorization, review and appeal procedures, and conditional leave and community treatment orders. Second, to analyze the impact of these differences on the care that individuals with mental illness receive. Method: We examined the mental health act provisions of all Canadian jurisdictions to determine how the clinical management of a typical case would differ among jurisdictions. We used a statement of principles for mental health legislation endorsed by the Canadian Psychiatric Association to guide the analysis. We confirmed interpretation of each act and its implementation through key informant contact in each province and territory. Results: We found clinically significant differences among the provinces and territories on all major components of their mental health acts. Conclusion: Provisions that prevent patients receiving appropriate clinical care can be found in some Canadian mental health acts. Alternate provisions that support appropriate clinical care, that respect the human rights and personal dignity of patients, and that are consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms can be found in the legislation of other jurisdictions.