bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Change and Women’s Work and Family Experience in Ireland and the United States
Authors: Kain Edward L. , Bolger Niall 
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the changing nature of the female labor force in Ireland and the United States. Data from the two countries are used to illustrate both similarities and variations in the Western experience of women during the period of rapid change in work and family life since the late nineteenth century.A central facet of how Western families have been transformed during the past century has involved the increased participation of women in the paid labor force, and in the most recent decades, a dramatic rise in the labor force participation of married women. In his classic work, World Revolution and Family Patterns, Goode suggests that the increase in female participation in the non-agricultural labor force was clearly evident in Western countries but was not dramatic during the first half of this century (1963: 59-60). Since 1950, however, increases in the economic activity of women have occurred throughout the West. For example, using data from Scandinavian countries, Haavio-Mannila and Kari (1980) document the increased economic activity of women throughout this century, the transformation of the economies of Scandinavia from an agricultural to an industrial base, and the rapid increase in labor force participation of married women since 1950.
Selective Assignment of Military Positions in the Union Army: Implications for the Impact of the Civil War
Authors: Lee Chulhee 
Published: February 2016

The Civil War was the bloodiest event in American history. For every 10,000 persons, 182 died during the war. Wartime mortality was especially severe for young men; about 8% of all white males between the ages 13 and 43 died (Vinovskis 1990). Among those who survived the war, many were disabled due to wartime injuries. According to the estimate of Claudia Goldin and Frank Lewis (1975), human losses account for 37% and 28% of the direct costs of the Civil War for the North and the South, respectively.A question of perennial interest to social historians is the degree to which mortality during the war varied across economic classes (Murdock 1964; Hess 1981; Lavine 1981; Riggs 1982; Rorabaugh 1986; Kemp 1990; Geary 1991). Starkly put, the question reduces to this: Was the Civil War a poor man’s fight? In a recent study, Maris Vinovskis (1990) suggested that the answer to the question is yes. Vinovskis found that recruits from disadvantaged backgrounds were more likely to die or to be wounded than servicemen who had higher-ranking jobs or greater wealth, presumably because they were more susceptible to disease or were sent on more dangerous missions. However, he didn’t provide evidence of how the socioeconomic backgrounds of recruits affected their susceptibility to disease and military missions. Moreover, since his study was based on a relatively small sample composed of recruits who resided in a single town, it is unclear whether the results could be generalized for Union army recruits at large.
The Transplanted:Women and Family in Immigrant America
Authors: Gabaccia Donna 
Published: February 2016

As any casual reader of John Bodnar’s major new synthesis,The Transplanted(1985), knows, the family is the central analytical concept in this work. Bodnar (1985: xvii) asks us to see immigrants’ adjustment to life in the United States in a new way—taking place at all “the points where immigrant families met the challenges of capitalism and modernity: the homeland, the neighborhood, the school, the workplace, the church, the family and the fraternal hall.” This represents a significant change—I would argue, an advance—over earlier studies which focused on the confrontation of ethnic groups with American society, on the interaction of modern and traditional cultures, or on the peculiarities of American class struggle (Handlin, 1951; Archdeacon, 1983; Cumbler, 1986).By focusing on small family units and a large economic system, Bodnar is able to escape from the confines of the case history, which has dominated immigration history since the late 1960s. Furthermore, he is able to focus quite properly on the considerable fragmentation that characterized most immigrant communities in the United States. Because small groups of immigrants responded to capitalism, they inevitably made differing decisions, both socially and ideologically; they also supported leaders with fundamentally conflicting views of the best interests and futures for immigrant communities. Bodnar’s immigrants, in other words, are human beings who make history, although never under conditions which they themselves determined. Furthermore, they are not isolated economist decision makers.
Kinship Networks and Migration
Authors: Ostergren Robert C. 
Published: February 2016

Migration research has long recognized and effectively documented the significance of demographic and economic variables in affecting the propensity for individuals to migrate. The decision to move is often seen as a function of age, family status, length of residence, and economic circumstance. In addition, there is the assumption that relative location in kinship networks is significant in that the idea to migrate is implanted or resisted as a function of personal and associative links within the community. This latter process, however, is more difficult to document. As a consequence, most studies can only infer its operation and its relationship to other variables.A major problem in demonstrating the influence of kinship networks is that the pattern of associations between households in any sizable population is exceedingly difficult to unravel and define. This is especially true of historical studies. While detailed information frequently exists for some households in a given population, it rarely exists for all.
La révolution industrielle manquée
Authors: Cameron Rondo 
Published: February 2016

If there is to be more controversy about the Industrial Revolution, let it not be on non-problems.—R. M. Hartwell (1984: 68)My concern in this article is not with the process of industrialization in England or Great Britain, with its causes, or (with one exception) with its supposed consequences. Therefore I will not attempt to comment except in passing on the abundant and still-burgeoning literature devoted to it. Instead, my focus is on the name by which that process (or its putative beginnings) is generally but incorrectly known. As I have argued elsewhere, the term industrial revolution is a misnomer without scientific basis (Cameron 1981, 1982). It was a catchphrase popularized by a youthful, naive social reformer, not a scholar, who wanted to draw attention to the causes of what he regarded as the moral degradation of the British working classes (Toynbee 1884; on his naïveté see Kadish 1986).
“Our Serving Sisters”: Swedish-American Domestic Servants and Their Ethnic Community
Authors: Lintelman Joy K. 
Published: February 2016

I have observed, heard, read, and believed that the respectable American girls who work will cheerfully slave and suffocate in a mill, factory, or big department store, or live almost any other kind of life, rather than grow healthy, fat, and opulent in domestic service. . . . How can my countrywomen, with their own living to make, be so blind to the butter side of their bread?[Pettengill 1903: v]American women’s disdain of employment in domestic service was common knowledge in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but the logic behind this disdain was not. Lillian Pettengill investigated why American women viewed domestic service so negatively. In her research, based upon actual experience as a servant, Pettengill found that a major complaint about domestic employment was the “social stigma” attached to it (ibid.: 366). More recent research on domestic service supports her findings. Katzman (1978: I4ff.) found that most American women viewed household employment negatively in large part because of its lack of prestige in American society. Young native-born white women refused opportunities for domestic work for fear that they would be looked down upon by friends, lose their social position, and be less attractive on the marriage market.
Histories for Anthropology: Ten Years of Historical Research and Writing by Anthropologists, 1980–1990
Authors: Kellogg Susan 
Published: February 2016

Editor’s Note: Susan Kellogg’s article on anthropology and history continues our special series “History and the Other Social Sciences.” There will be one further article, by David Robertson, on political science and history. An expanded version of the whole series will then be published as a book by Duke University Press.The past, once considered the exclusive domain of historians and antiquarians, has increasingly been embraced by anthropologists. Today, it is difficult to find a major anthropological study that does not claim to offer a diachronic, processual, historical analysis. In examining 10 years of historical anthropological writing, I cover three broad topics in this essay. First, I explain the emergence of a more historical anthropology as a widespread response to a crisis in the conceptualization of culture. Second, I argue that while there are certain identifiable themes that cut across this literature, in general, it reflects long-standing topical interests within anthropology; I review this literature according to these topics rather than divide it into interpretive or cultural studies versus studies of political economy. Third, I try to assess this body of work critically. I concentrate here on anthropological history as both research and textual practice, as well as briefly examine anthropological uses of the concepts of time, colonialism, and structure and agency.
Potholes in the Road of Improvement? Estimating Census Underenumeration by Longitudinal Tracing: U.S. Censuses, 1850–1880
Authors: Knights Peter R. 
Published: February 2016

This ends the lesson. I certify that I have done the best. If I had a chance to do it again I could do it better but as I never shall ask for it I am entirely out of the Road of improvement. —George B. Randlette, enumerator of District 150, 1880 federal census of Maine, in a note appended to his returnsFew paid-up readers of this journal will deny the importance, as a historical source, of the U.S. manuscript population censuses, particularly those since 1850, which supposedly contain the names of all individuals. Since from 1965 to 1989 my work concerned primarily the four earliest such “nominal” censuses, 1850–80,1 shall restrict my remarks and estimates to them.Some interesting research has been done, but much more cries out yet to be done, on the manuscript population census as a source, especially on its accuracy and comprehensiveness. Trudging along the road of improvement, we begin to learn that there are potholes aplenty in it, but how many, where, and, most vital of all, how deep? It is sloppy technique for historians to be less critical of the census than of other sources they employ.
Population Persistence and Early Industrialization in a Canadian City: Hamilton, Ontario, 1851-1871
Authors: Katz Michael B. , Doucet Michael J. , Stern Mark J. 
Published: February 2016

The high rate of population turnover in nineteenth-century North American cities no longer requires emphasis. However, students of historical migration have progressed very little beyond merely documenting its existence. As a result, the relationship of social, economic, and demographic factors to migration remains imperfectly understood, and the extent to which rates of population movement varied with economic growth, population size, or other factors still is a matter of conjecture.In another essay, we began the systematic exploration of population movement through an analysis of patterns in Buffalo and rural Erie County, New York, in 1855. The 1855 New York state census recorded how long each individual had lived in the place in which he or she was enumerated. Using this information, and correcting for mortality, we developed estimates of population persistence and of the determinants of length of residence, which are two conceptually distinct phenomena. We compared both to patterns in Hamilton, Ontario, during the same period and, less systematically, to what historians reported for other places. We concluded that the rate of population persistence in Buffalo was higher than in a number of other cities, and we attributed the difference to the dynamism of the city’s economic life, compared especially to Hamilton in the same years. Nonetheless, despite differences in rates of persistence, the social and demographic correlates of length of residence were strikingly similar in each city and in the countryside as well.
Baptism and Manumission in Brazil: Paraty, 1789-1822
Authors: Kieman James Patrick 
Published: February 2016

Thirty years ago Frank Tannenbaum inSlave and Citizenfirst catalogued the many occasions for the manumission of slaves in Latin America. He indicated that baptism was an important occasion of manumission. Any slave owner, motivated by generosity and religious sentiment or a minimal payment made by the parent or godparent of the child, could free his slave at baptism. Tannenbaum cited this as one of many instances where Catholic practice and ritual effected a more humane and hopeful existence for the slave in Latin America, denied to slaves held in Protestant colonies.The results of recent investigations of slave manumission in Brazil, however, have challenged the idea that slaves were frequently manumitted. Kátia M. Queirós Mattoso and Mary Karasch, in studies of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, found that only a small percentage of those who were freed were children. In addition, it was revealed that few infant slaves were freed at baptism. Stuart Schwartz found that for colonial Bahia “there is no evidence [in notarial records] that large numbers of children were given their liberty at the baptismal font.” Arnold Kessler discovered that baptism was the occasion of manumission of only fourteen children, representing 2 percent of his sample of manumitted slaves (libertos) in nineteenth-century Bahia. For the small coastal town of Paraty in southern Brazil there was a similar pattern. Of the 325 slaves whose freedom was recorded in the notarial archive between 1789 and 1822 only six slaves, or 1.8 percent of the total sample, were infants freed at baptism.
“The Condescension of Posterity:” The Recent Historiography of the English Working Class
Authors: Perkin Harold 
Published: February 2016

In a deservedly much-quoted phrase, Edward Thompson set out in The Making of the English Working Class “to rescue the poor stockinger, the ‘obsolete* hand-loom weaver, the ‘Utopian* artisan, and even the deluded follower of Joanna Southcott, from the enormous condescension of posterity.” It is no criticism of that great, rugged, sprawling, big-hearted book to say that what the English working class most needs to be rescued from is the enormous condescension of middle-class intellectuals. Ever since Marx and Engels, if not indeed James Mill and Andrew Ure, English working people have not, at least until very recently, been allowed to have their own history but have had it imposed upon them from above by self-appointed champions and apologists from the “higher” classes.Thompson himself is something of an exception, more an old fashioned independent country gentleman than a middle-class intellectual, living in a mansion in Worcestershire and exhibiting in his concern for the long dead poor the traditional paternalism which he decries in the eighteenth-century squire.
Antarctic geoconservation: a review of current systems and practices
Authors: HUGHES KEVIN A. , LÓPEZ-MARTÍNEZ JERÓNIMO , FRANCIS JANE E. , CRAME J. ALISTAIR , CARCAVILLA LUIS , SHIRAISHI KAZUYUKI , HOKADA TOMOKAZU , YAMAGUCHI AKIRA 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYThe prohibition of commercial mineral resource extraction through the Antarctic Treaty System has removed one significant source of potential damage to Antarctica's geological and geomorphological values. However, given the on-going increase in Antarctic tourism and scientific footprint, some high-quality geological features may be vulnerable to human impact, such as damage due to the construction of logistical facilities, unregulated collection of geological specimens or oversampling for scientific purposes. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty puts in place a framework for the protection of Antarctica's environmental, scientific, historic, wilderness and aesthetic values. However, the Antarctic Protected Area system is still immature and further implementation of existing management tools may be required to protect the diverse range of vulnerabilities, qualities and spatial scales represented in the geology and geomorphology of the continent. At sites where high-quality mineralogical or palaeontological specimens exist in limited quantities, considerations of how best to prevent oversampling and manage access to remaining material may be supported by assessment of cumulative impacts. Examination of the level of Antarctic specimen loans from a selection of national geological collections suggested that existing publically accessible geological collections could be better utilized, which could reduce environmental impact and oversampling at vulnerable Antarctic sites.
Are Tertiary Care Paediatricians Prepared for Disaster Situations?
Authors: Mortelmans Luc J.M. , Maebe Sofie , Dieltiens Greet , Anseeuw Kurt , Sabbe Marc B. , Van de Voorde Patrick 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIntroductionChildren, with their specific vulnerabilities and needs, make up to more than 20% of society, so they are at risk of getting involved in disasters. Are the specialists treating them for medical problems in daily life also capable to deal with them in disaster situations?Hypothesis/ProblemThe goals of this study were to evaluate perceived knowledge and capability of tertiary pediatricians to deal with disasters, to identify promoting factors, and to evaluate education need and willingness to work.MethodsA survey looking for demographics, hospital disaster planning, estimated risk and capability for disasters, training, and willingness to work, and a set of six content assessment questions to evaluate knowledge, were presented to emergency pediatricians and pediatric emergency physicians in specialized tertiary centers.ResultsThe response rate was 51%. Thirty-five percent had disaster training and 53% felt that disaster education should be obligatory in their curriculum. Risk for disasters was estimated from 2.4/10 for nuclear incidents to 7.6/10 for major trauma. Self-estimated capability for these situations ranged from 1.8/10 in nuclear incidents to 7.6/10 in major trauma. Unconditional willingness to work ranged from 37% in nuclear situations to 68% in pandemics. Mean score on the questions was 2.06/6. Training, knowledge of antidote and personal protective equipment (PPE) use, self-estimated capability, and exposure were significant predictors for higher scores. Willingness to work correlated significantly with age, self-estimated capability, and risk estimation. In case of chemical and nuclear incidents, there was correlation with knowledge on the use of decontamination, PPE, and radio-detection devices.ConclusionDespite a clear perception of the risks and a high willingness to work, preparedness is limited. The major conclusion is that basics of disaster management should be included in pediatric training.MortelmansLJM,MaebeS,DieltiensG,AnseeuwK,SabbeMB,Van de VoordeP.Are tertiary care paediatricians prepared for disaster situations?Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(2):126–131.
Using a mixed-methods approach to measure impact of a school-based nutrition and media education intervention study on fruit and vegetable intake of Italian children
Authors: Grassi Elena , Evans Alexandra , Ranjit Nalini , Pria Simona Dalla , Messina Laura 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of a school-based nutrition and media education intervention on the promotion of fruit and vegetable consumption to help prevent childhood obesity.DesignThe 10-week-long intervention included sessions on nutrition education and media literacy. It also included a health communication media-based campaign workshop during which the children created posters, newsletters and video commercials related to fruits and vegetables targeted to their parents. For evaluation purposes, the study utilized a mixed-methods approach, including a quasi-experimental study (with one intervention group and one control group) and a focus group study.SettingFour different elementary schools in Treviso (Veneto Region of Italy) agreed to participate in the research.SubjectsThe target population for the study included 10-year-old Italian children and their parents.ResultsData indicate that this intervention was effective for children but not for parents. Evaluation results show that the intervention was effective in significantly increasing children’s fruit and vegetable intake (P<0·05) and all psychosocial determinants (P<0·05).ConclusionsThe study results confirm the efficacy of a school-based health and media education intervention to address the children’s obesity issue and, in particular, to increase children’s fruit and vegetable intake. The study also opens a new perspective on the theoretical constructs investigated, because the development of ‘ability of expression’ could be considered one of the most important factors to determine the efficacy of the intervention.
Differences in body dissatisfaction, weight-management practices and food choices of high-school students in the Bangkok metropolitan region by gender and school type
Authors: Chongwatpol Pitipa , Gates Gail E 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to compare body dissatisfaction, food choices, physical activity and weight-management practices by gender and school type.DesignA questionnaire was used to obtain height, weight, body image perception using Stunkard’s figure rating scale, food choices, physical activity and weight-management practices.SettingNine single- and mixed-gender schools located in Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand.SubjectsStudents in 10th–12th grade, aged 15–18 years (n2082).ResultsOnly 18 % of females and 21 % of males did not indicate body dissatisfaction. About 66 % of females selected a thinner ideal figure than their current figure. Among males, 44 % wanted a thinner figure, but 35 % wanted a bigger figure. However, univariate analysis found differences by school type but not gender in the degree of body dissatisfaction; students in single-gender schools had more body dissatisfaction. Females reported using more weight-management practices but less physical activity, while males reported healthier food choices. Participants in single-gender schools had healthier food choices compared with those in mixed-gender schools. Adolescents who were at increased risk of a greater degree of body dissatisfaction were females, attended single-gender schools, had lower household income, higher BMI and less physical activity.ConclusionsMost participants reported being dissatisfied with their current body shape, but the type and level of dissatisfaction and use of weight-management practices differed by gender and type of school. These findings suggest that programmes to combat body dissatisfaction should address different risk factors in males and females attending single- and mixed-gender schools.