bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forest stability during the early and late Holocene in the igapó floodplains of the Rio Negro, northwestern Brazil
Authors: Rodríguez-Zorro Paula A. , Turcq Bruno , Cordeiro Renato C. , Moreira Luciane S. , Costa Renata L. , McMichael Crystal H. , Behling Hermann 
Published: December 2017

AbstractLocated at the northwestern part of the Amazon basin, Rio Negro is the largest black-water river in the world and is one of the poorest studied regions of the Amazon lowlands. In the middle-upper part of the Rio Negro were retrieved sediment cores form Lake Acarabixi, which were analyzed using pollen, spores, charcoal, and geochemistry. The aim of this study was to detect the influences from humans and river dynamics on the vegetation history in the region. Two main periods of vegetation and river dynamics were detected. From 10,840 to 8240 cal yr BP, the river had a direct influence into the lake. The lake had a regional input of charcoal particles, which reflected the effect of the dry Holocene period in the basin. Furthermore, highland taxa such asHedyosmumandMyrsinewere found at that time along with igapó forest species that are characteristic to tolerate extended flooding likeEschweilera,Macrolobium, Myrtaceae,Swartzia, andAstrocaryum. During the late Holocene (1600 to 650 cal yr BP), more lacustrine phases were observed. There were no drastic changes in vegetation but the presence of pioneer species likeVismiaandCecropia, along with the signal of fires, which pointed to human disturbances.
MAKING PHILOSOPHICAL PROGRESS: THE BIG QUESTIONS, APPLIED PHILOSOPHY, AND THE PROFESSION
Authors: Brake Elizabeth 
Published: December 2017

Abstract:The debate over whether philosophy makes progress has focused on its failure to answer a core set of “big” questions. I argue that there are other kinds of philosophical progress which are equally important yet underappreciated: the creative development of new “philosophical devices” which increase our ability to think about the world, and the broadening of philosophical topics to ever greater adequacy to what matters. The conception of philosophy as defined by a narrow “core” set of questions is responsible for skepticism about progress, as well as for philosophy’s “marketing problem” — its failure to reach the general public. I argue for abandoning the distinction between “core” and “marginal” questions. The greater openness of philosophy to methodological diversity and diversity in topics, especially applied topics, will make a distinct kind of progress: in the breadth and completeness of the questions asked, phenomena investigated, and theories generated. Such openness may also make philosophy more hospitable to more diverse practitioners. This would also be conducive to progress, in the sense of reaching true answers to philosophical questions: greater diversity of philosophical practitioners has epistemic benefits, such as increasing objectivity.
Using pre- and post-survey instruments in interventions: determining the random response benchmark and its implications for measuring effectiveness
Authors: Davis George C , Baral Ranju , Strayer Thomas , Serrano Elena L 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe present communication demonstrates that even if individuals are answering a pre/post survey at random, the percentage of individuals showing improvement from the pre- to the post-survey can be surprisingly high. Some simple formulas and tables are presented that will allow analysts to quickly determine the expected percentage of individuals showing improvement if participants just answered the survey at random. This benchmark percentage, in turn, defines the appropriate null hypothesis for testing if the actual percentage observed is greater than the expected random answering percentage.DesignThe analysis is demonstrated by testing if actual improvement in a component of the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program is significantly different from random answering improvement.SettingUSA.SubjectsFrom 2011 to 2014, 364320 adults completed a standardized pre- and post-survey administered by the USDA.ResultsFor each year, the statement that the actual number of improvements is less than the expected number if the questions were just answered at random cannot be rejected. This does not mean that the pre-/post-test survey instrument is flawed, only that the data are being inappropriately evaluated.ConclusionsKnowing the percentage of individuals showing improvement on a pre/post survey instrument when questions are randomly answered is an important benchmark number to determine in order to draw valid inferences about nutrition interventions. The results presented here should help analysts in determining this benchmark number for some common survey structures and avoid drawing faulty inferences about the effectiveness of an intervention.
Evaluation of efficacy and safety of Reteplase and Alteplase in the treatment of hyper-acute cerebral infarction
Authors: Lin Zhi-Jian , Qiu Hong-Yan , Tong Xiao-Xin , Guo Yi , Han Man-Fu , Yang Chun-Shui , Lin Kai-Hua , Wu Jun , Li Xing , Yang Yang 
Published: December 2017

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of Reteplase (rPA) and Alteplase (rt-PA) in the treatment of hyper-acute cerebral infarction (CI).
Methods: Six hundred and eleven patients with hyper-acute CI selected from September 2014 to September 2016 were assigned into the aspirin, rt-PA, rPA, rt-PA + aspirin, and rPA + aspirin groups based on their willingness. The difference of efficacy in five groups were evaluated with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified rankin scale (mRS), and Barthel Index (BI). Coagulation function, blood lipid, and hemodynamics were analyzed. The safety differences were compared by observing the adverse reactions.
Results: Compared with the rt-PA, rPA, and aspirin groups, NIHSS score, mRS score, the incidence of non- and symptomatic cerebral hemorrhage as well as the rate of adverse reactions were decreased, while BI were increased in the rt-PA + aspirin and rPA + aspirin groups after treatment. Compared with the rt-PA and rPA groups, total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were lower, whereas the hematocrit, whole blood high shear viscosity, whole blood low shear viscosity, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte electrophoresis time, fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), K value in blood sedimentation equation, and the comprehensive abnormality degree of blood rheology were higher in the rt-PA + aspirin and rPA + aspirin groups.
Conclusion: The efficacy and safety of rt-PA or rPA combined with aspirin in the treatment of hyper-acute CI were better than those of rPA or rt-PA monotherapy.
Was ist eine motorische Einheit und wie funktioniert sie?
Authors: Wirsching Isabelle , Müller Lorenz , Zeller Daniel 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungAls motorische Einheit wird die Gesamtheit aus einem Motoneuron und der von ihm innervierten Muskelfasern bezeichnet. Nach Bewegungsinitiierung im ZNS – sei es im Rahmen einer bewussten, geplanten Bewegung oder einer reflektorischen Antwort – wird ein Aktionspotenzial vom Motoneuron über sein Axon bis zur neuromuskulären Endplatte weitergeleitet, wo eine chemische Übertragung mittels Acetylcholin stattfindet. Je nach erforderlicher Funktion eines Muskels im Spektrum zwischen feinsten Augenbewegungen und grober Kraftentwicklung variieren Größe und Zusammensetzung der motorischen Einheiten. Innerhalb eines Muskels erfolgt die präzise Kraftdosierung über die Kombination verschiedener und die Entladungsfrequenz gleicher motorischer Einheiten. In der klinisch-neurophysiologischen Routinediagnostik werden regelhaft die motorische Neurografie und die Elektromyografie (EMG) dazu eingesetzt, die motorischen Einheiten eines Muskels in Bezug auf ihre Zusammensetzung, Rekrutierung und Größe zu beurteilen. Gute Grundkenntnisse über Aufbau und Funktion des peripheren motorischen Systems im Ganzen und der motorischen Einheit als „Basismodul“ im Speziellen können das Verständnis neuromuskulärer Erkrankungen und ihrer Korrelate in der neurophysiologischen Routinediagnostik erheblich erleichtern. Im vorliegenden Artikel sollen einige typische Fragen des neurophysiologischen Untersuchers aufgegriffen und in verständlicher Form beantwortet werden.
Interlocking corporate networks in civil society
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores contributions from three organizations that occupy the terrain somewhere between corporations and civil society; the Institute of Ideas/Spiked, the Democracy Institute, and the Institute of Economic Affairs. These groups engage in science-related debates on addiction. They play an active role in creating doubt about the public health consequences or public health solutions to the problems associated with alcohol, food, and gambling. Such organization can be seen to take an increasingly proactive role within policy debates around public health regulation. Whether or not these activities are part of a deliberate corporate strategy or a consequence of third-party lobbying activity is unclear. This chapter argues that to understand the exercise of corporate power, researchers must go beyond traditional units of analysis and consider the contributions and motivations of opaque organizations.
Recent development of Ori-Finder system and DoriC database for microbial replication origins
Authors: Luo Hao , Quan Chun-Lan , Peng Chong , Gao Feng 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
DNA replication begins at replication origins in all three domains of life. Identification and characterization of replication origins are important not only in providing insights into the structure and function of the replication origins but also in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of the initiation step in DNA replication. The Z-curve method has been used in the identification of replication origins in archaeal genomes successfully since 2002. Furthermore, the Web servers of Ori-Finder and Ori-Finder 2 have been developed to predict replication origins in both bacterial and archaeal genomes based on the Z-curve method, and the replication origins with manual curation have been collected into an online database, DoriC. Ori-Finder system and DoriC database are currently used in the research field of DNA replication origins in prokaryotes, including: (i) identification of oriC regions in bacterial and archaeal genomes; (ii) discovery and analysis of the conserved sequences within oriC regions; and (iii) strand-biased analysis of bacterial genomes.
Up to now, more and more predicted results by Ori-Finder system were supported by subsequent experiments, and Ori-Finder system has been used to identify the replication origins in > 100 newly sequenced prokaryotes in their genome reports. In addition, the data in DoriC database have been widely used in the large-scale analyses of replication origins and strand bias in prokaryotic genomes. Here, we review the development of Ori-Finder system and DoriC database as well as their applications. Some future directions and aspects for extending the application of Ori-Finder and DoriC are also presented.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Essential Tremor: Aligning Thalamic and Posterior Subthalamic Targets in 1 Surgical Trajectory
Authors: Bot Maarten , van Rootselaar Fleur , Contarino Maria Fiorella , Odekerken Vincent , Dijk Joke , de Bie Rob , Schuurman Richard , van den Munckhof Pepijn 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) deep brain stimulation (DBS) and posterior subthalamic area (PSA) DBS suppress tremor in essential tremor (ET) patients, but it is not clear which target is optimal. Aligning both targets in 1 surgical trajectory would facilitate exploring stimulation of either target in a single patient.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate aligning VIM and PSA in 1 surgical trajectory for DBS in ET.

METHODS
Technical aspects of trajectories, intraoperative stimulation findings, final electrode placement, target used for chronic stimulation, and adverse and beneficial effects were evaluated.

RESULTS
In 17 patients representing 33 trajectories, we successfully aligned VIM and PSA targets in 26 trajectories. Trajectory distance between targets averaged 7.2 (range 6-10) mm. In all but 4 aligned trajectories, optimal intraoperative tremor suppression was obtained in the PSA. During follow-up, active electrode contacts were located in PSA in the majority of cases. Overall, successful tremor control was achieved in 69% of patients. Stimulation-induced dysarthria or gait ataxia occurred in, respectively, 56% and 44% of patients. Neither difference in tremor suppression or side effects was noted between aligned and nonaligned leads nor between the different locations of chronic stimulation.

CONCLUSION
Alignment of VIM and PSA for DBS in ET is feasible and enables intraoperative exploration of both targets in 1 trajectory. This facilitates positioning of electrode contacts in both areas, where multiple effective points of stimulation can be found. In the majority of aligned leads, optimal intraoperative and chronic stimulation were located in the PSA.
The Uses and Abuses of Narrative for Life
Authors: Meretoja Hanna 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChapter 4 tests hermeneutic narrative ethics as a lens for analyzing the (ab)uses of narrative for life in Julia Franck’s Die Mittagsfrau (2007, The Blind Side of the Heart), exploring how narrative practices expand and diminish the space of possibilities in which moral agents act and suffer. It demonstrates how narrative “in-betweens” bind people together, through dialogic narrative imagination, and can promote exclusion that amounts to annihilation. It addresses the necessity of storytelling for survival, and a transgenerational culture of silence that leads to the repetition of harmful emotional-behavioral patterns. It explores the continuum from being able to tell one’s own stories to violently imposed narrative identities and suggests that moral agency requires a minimum narrative sense of oneself as a being worthy and capable of goodness. The chapter argues that the ethical evaluation of narrative practices must be contextual—sensitive to how they function in particular sociohistorical worlds.
Transforming the Narrative In-Between
Authors: Meretoja Hanna 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChapter 7 explores the ethical potential of dialogic storytelling, in dialogue with David Grossman’s To the End of the Land (2008) and Falling Out of Time (2011). It analyzes how storytelling animated by an ethos of dialogue—involving receptivity, responsivity, and openness—functions as a mode of non-subsumptive understanding, whereas subsumptive narratives, examined here against the backdrop of the Israel-Palestine conflict, tend to reinforce harmful cultural stereotyping. In relation to theories of the dialogical self and Bracha Ettinger’s and Judith Butler’s work on trans-subjectivity and vulnerability, the chapter contributes to an ethics of relationality that articulates the primacy of the dialogic space with respect to individual subjects, our implicatedness in violent histories, our fundamental dependency on one another, as beings capable of and vulnerable to violence, and the potential of dialogic storytelling to create trans-subjective narrative in-betweens that make possible new modes of experience and transformative, agency-enhancing encounter-events.
Inflectional classes and containment
Authors: Brown Dunstan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Inflectional classes are an instance of autonomous morphology, where expression in form cross-cuts syntactically relevant distinctions. However, most analyses assume some kind of ‘containment’, where choice of inflectional allomorphs is largely restricted to a part of speech. In default inheritance accounts of morphology higher defaults are assumed to correspond to recognizable parts of speech. Data from Archi and Noon indicate that violations of containment are not so implausible, but even here there is a role for principles, such as Network Morphology’s ‘morphological projection’, or Spencer’s ‘morpholexically coherent lexicon’, that entail a relationship between parts of speech and default morphological classes.
French pronouns in cognition
Authors: Hudson Richard 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter applies a cognitive theory of language—Word Grammar—to the analysis of French pronoun clitics, with default inheritance as the underlying logic. It outlines the relevant cognitive apparatus that seems to be available in general cognition, then shows in general terms how this apparatus supports autonomous morphology, default morphology, and the treatment of clitics as words realized by affixes. It then turns to French pronouns, with separate formal network analyses for enclitics, proclitics, and clitic-climbing to auxiliaries (arguing that other kinds of clitic-climbing are syntactic rather than morphosyntactic).
‘Defaults’ and morphological structure
Authors: Anderson Stephen R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
While the other chapters are primarily concerned with the question of how default notions in morphological structure should be expressed, this chapter takes a somewhat different approach, attempting to characterize the notion of morphological ‘default’ from the other direction by investigating the range of phenomena in morphology that deviate from the default and thereby introduce structural complexity. This chapter argues that morphological complexity, the focus of much recent attention, is in fact simply the opposite side of the coin from structural defaults. Accordingly, if we want to understand defaults, we have to study their opposite sides, the sorts of complexity that characterize the morphologies of particular languages.
Managing Business Model Transformation
Authors: Volberda Henk , van den Bosch Frans , Heij Kevin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChapter 7 describes the decisive role of management in business model innovation. It considers each of the approaches in the business model innovation matrix and examines the role played by top and middle managers. It gives the example of how TomTom went through a recursive cycle of renewal and replication, with a visionary CEO as the main driver. A number of potential traps in business model innovation and how managers may avoid them are discussed. This chapter explores various warning signs that might indicate to management that a change of business model is required and examines, through case examples, the many different ways in which firms can combine replication and renewal.
Re-examining Business Model Innovation
Authors: Volberda Henk , van den Bosch Frans , Heij Kevin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChapter 8 summarizes the main findings in the following areas: the two fundamental types of business model innovation, the levers of business model innovation, business model transformation, and the role of management. The chapter also presents a series of dos and don’ts for business model innovation, compiled from extensive discussions with a panel of senior managers who took part in our research and who have considerable experience in business model innovation.
After Certainty
Authors: Pasnau Robert 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
No part of philosophy is as disconnected from its history as is epistemology. After Certainty offers a reconstruction of that history as the story of an epistemic ideal first formulated by Plato and Aristotle, later developed throughout the Middle Ages, and then dramatically reformulated in the seventeenth century. In watching these debates unfold over the centuries, we come to understand why epistemology has traditionally been embedded within a much wider sphere of concerns about human nature and the reality of the world we live in. We also come to see why epistemology has become today a much narrower and specialized field, concerned with the conditions under which it is true to say, in English, that someone knows something. Looking back to earlier days, this study makes its way through the various and changing ideals of inquiry that have been pursued over the centuries, from the expectations of certainty and explanatory depth to the rising concern over evidence and precision, as famously manifested in the new science. At both the sensory and the intellectual levels, the initial expectation of infallibility is seen to give way to mere subjective indubitability, and in the end it is unclear whether anything remains of the epistemic ideals that philosophy has long pursued. All we may ultimately be left with is hope.
Thick Evaluation
Authors: Kirchin Simon 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
We use evaluative terms and concepts every day, in talk of ethics, aesthetics, politics, and when we discuss common-or-garden issues. We call actions right and wrong, teachers wise and ignorant, and children annoying and angelic. Philosophers place evaluative concepts into two camps. Thin concepts, such as goodness and badness, and rightness and wrongness have evaluative content, but they supposedly have no or hardly any nonevaluative, descriptive content: they supposedly give little or no specific idea about the character of the person or thing described. In contrast, thick concepts such as kindness, elegance, and wisdom supposedly give a more specific idea of people or things, yet given typical linguistic conventions thick concepts also convey evaluation. Kind people are often viewed positively while ignorance has negative connotations. The distinction between thin and thick concepts is frequently drawn in philosophy and is central to everyday life, but is rarely discussed in detail. In this full-length study, Simon Kirchin discusses the distinction, highlighting key assumptions, questions, and arguments, many of which have gone unnoticed. He argues for a ‘nonseparationist’ account of thick concepts: although they may have different aspects, such concepts cannot be split into separate component parts of thin evaluation and nonevaluative content as many suppose. In doing so Kirchin argues for a novel account of evaluation itself.