bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On New Brachiopoda, and on the Development of the Loop in Terebratella
Authors: Moore Charles 
Published: March 2016

In addition to the Brachiopoda noticed in this paper, I am possessed of various minute specimens, which differ from any described species. Some of these may be the young of Brachiopoda that occur in the beds in which they are found; but until their passages into adult shells can be satisfactorily recognized, it will be undesirable to figure or describe them. Three examples of well marked and persistent forms are provisionally named and given below.Spirifera minima. Moore. Pl. ii., figs. 19, 20.Shell microscopic, often one sided or unsymmetrical, slightly rugose; valves moderately convex; deltidium triangular; area broad and flattened; hinge-line broad; front of shell rounded, In some specimens the shell presents a uniformly flattened surface, whilst in the majority the outer surface of the smaller valve possesses mesial folds, and in the larger valve a central sinus.Obs.—This shell is not uncommon in the Inferior Oolite of Dundry. Although no internal characters have yet been noticed, there seems little doubt the shell must be referred to the genus Spirifera. It is perfectly distinct from a little shell found with it, described by me in the Somersetshire Proceedings for 1854. We have thus evidence of the presence of two species of this genus in oolitic strata, although in both instances they have become very degenerate in size. No larger specimens of the genus have yet been found in the same beds to which these diminutive shells can be referred.Terebratula (?) minuta. Moore. Pl. ii., figs. 21, 22.
A Lecture on “Coal.”
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: March 2016

We finished last month with the fact that plant-remains were found in plenty both above and below the coal. I shall draw your attention first to the roof-shale—or clay over the coal—“over-clay” as it is often called: for in this the great majority of remains are preserved.In the roof-shale two kinds of plants are the most conspicuous—fern-leaves, and the diapered cylinders mentioned in our last. These are the prevailing fossils, though there are a great many besides.Looking first at the fern-leaves, which from their beautiful forms cannot fail to strike the observer's eye, one is surprised to notice the extremely perfect state in which they occur. Delicate fronds, spread out as for the sheets of an herbarium, with hardly a leaflet disturbed from its true place, crowd the roof-shales of nearly all coal-mines. Dr. Buckland sang the praises of this beautiful tracery, which covers the roof of the mine, in glowing strains such as it will not do for a plain geologist to imitate. I have a lurking suspicion, however, that the great doctor conceived the passage not in the mine, but out of it.At least one hundred and twenty species are known in our British coal-strata. So perfect are they occasionally, that the little fruit-patches (sori, as botanists term them), are found upon the backs of the fronds. This is not very common, except in one kind—the Pecopteris, which happens to be more abundant than most of the others, and in some species of this the fruit is found.
Cambridge Essays, 1857.—Geology:
Authors: Hopkins W. 
Published: March 2016

In the preceding exposition the object has been to give, in a condensed form, the leading facts and conclusions of geology. These facts are so firmly established by observation, and the conclusions from them so clearly demonstrated, that every rational mind must assent and be prepared to admit the principle on which Geology, like all physical sciences, must rest—that geological phenomena must be referred to physical causes.When the student has obtained sufficient familiarity with these established propositions, he will be prepared to follow in the discussion of the less elementary problems of the science, many of which are subjects of controversy. Before, however, going into these speculations, Mr. Hopkins devotes several pages to the evidences of the vast antiquity of the globe, dwelling both on the evidences afforded by the organic remains of successive creations embedded in the rocks, and on those drawn from the inanimate kingdom. Of the first we find that an immense number of different tribes of animals and plants which in former ages have given their passing phases to terrestrial life on our planet have disappeared with a transition so slow that, according to the present order of nature, there is not the slightest evidence of the introduction of a new species of animal since the creation of man; whilst of the latter, it appears certain that the deposition of sedimentary strata, and that process of denudation necessarily contemporaneous with it, must have proceeded at very much the same rate in former as in recent times; and, admitting this conclusion, we obtain something like a rough conception of the enormous lapse of time necessary for the deposition of the whole mass of sedimentary formations, by simply comparing such mass with the proportion which has been transported and deposited, within the last two or three thousand years.
On the Probable Influence Upon the Internal Structure of Rocks, of the Mutual Friction of their Component Parts, When Forced into Motion Under Extreme Pressures
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett 
Published: March 2016

In a paper read before the Geological Society on the 23rd of April, 1856, I referred to the proofs of a “plasticity,” or imperfect liquidity, in the crystalline igneous rocks at the time of their protrusion, and called attention to the mechanical changes, in texture and structure, which could not fail to have resulted from the mutual friction of the component crystals or granular particles of these rocks, during changes of volume or of position, occasioned by variations in their temperature while subjected to intense and irregular pressures.In illustration, I referred to the “ribboned” pitchstones and trachytic lavas of Ponza, Ischia, Hungary, Mexico, &c., in which this structure had unquestionably been produced in that manner, and I repeated the opinion (to which more than thirty years back I had given expression), that to such internal friction of the component crystals, was probably owing the foliation of gneiss and mica-schist; through the “squeeze and jam” to which the lateral portions of an eruptive granitic axis must have been subjected, between its own expansive force and the resistance and pressure of the overlying strata.The subject has so important a bearing on Geological Dynamics and the doctrine of Metamorphism, that I trust to be excused for carrying the inquiry a little further. In doing so it will bo well to begin by some elementary considerations.It is the well-known property of most substances to pass from a solid to a liquid state, and vico versâ, under varying circumstances of temperature and pressure.
Contributions to the Geology of Gloucestershire
Authors: Brodie P. B. 
Published: March 2016

Having reviewed, in our first paper on this subject, the tipper portion of the Lower Oolite, down to the Stonesfield slate inclusive, we propose in this to give some account of the lowest member of this formation, the Inferior Oolite, and then to pass on, in descending order, to the Lias. The district under consideration has, of late years, been very generally and carefully examined by many able and experienced geologists; but nevertheless additions to our knowledge of its Geology are from time to time being made; and our own practical experience in the field confirms the belief often expressed by others, that, however much may have been done in any particular spot, there is always something left to reward intelligence and zeaThe student, however, must not be discouraged at being at first able to add but few new facts to the list; he must bear in mind that one truth well authenticated is worth a hundred hasty generalizations and unfounded conclusions. The book of Nature is open to all who choose to read it; and he who, studying it in an honest and earnest spirit, adds something to the stock of general knowledge, even though it should be but a little, yet that little is worth recording, and is deserving of support and encouragement from the scientific public. Without actual reference to the wonderful revelations of Geology, our great poet, Shakespeare, has said, almost prophetically, that there are “sermons in stones, and good in everything;” and, certainly, the geological student may literally adopt this motto.
On the Tilestones of Forfarshire
Authors: Anderson John 
Published: March 2016

The March number of The Geologist contains, I observe, a notice of the “Upper Ludlow Tilestones,” and the author invites descriptions of their equivalent beds in other districts. Now, so close are the resemblances, lithologically and palæontologically, between these deposits and those of Forfarshire, that they may be regarded as part of one and the same series. I have been induced, therefore, to throw together the following observations upon our northern Scottish system.The rocks to which I refer occupy a narrow but extended trough-line along the central district of Forfarshire, commencing on the east near Montrose, and terminating at Babruddery and Rossie Den on the west. They trend in a south-westerly direction, across the river Tay, into Fifeshire at Parkhill, Newburgh, and along the northern slope of the Ochils towards Dunning and Tereagles in Perthshire. These tilestones, and the grey and red sandstones with which they are systematically associated, occupy the whole superficies of that well-known and beautiful tract of country which is bounded by the old crystalline rocks of the Grampians on the north, and by the later felspathio Ochil range on the south; and it includes the celebrated geological localities of Cavonylie, Glammis, Forfar, Kinnordie, Clashbennie, Babruddery, and Parkhill.
The Carboniferous System in Scotland Characterized by its Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas 
Published: March 2016

“This group in Northumberland is seen, westward of Alnwick at Garmitage-bank and Crawley Dean, and on the flanks of the porphyry of the Cheviot in Biddleston Burn, and in the Coquet below Linn Brig; it occupies a considerable area in the south part of Berwickshire, and is largely developed on the Tweed at Carham, Coldstream, Norham, etc.; it is seen underlying the mountain-limestone on the sea-coast from near Lammerton Shiel to Burnmouth; on the north side of Lammermuirs it is intercalated between the Old Red Sandstone, and the mountain-limestone from the Pees mouth to the Cove harbour.”
Mr. Tate observes also that the Campsie and Fifeshire beds resemble those of Northumberland.
On an Ammonite with its Operculum in Situ
Authors: Woodward S. P. 
Published: March 2016

Opercula of Ammonites are common in many localities, especially in banks and sections of the Kimmeridge Clay; but they usually occur in broken fragments, and very rarely with their valves paired, unless sheltered within the last whirl of the shell to which they belonged. Even when thus protected the valves are generally displaced, as might be expected if we consider how slight is their union along the suture, and how great were the chances of being shifted by the contraction of the animal after death, by the pressure of external mud.The British Museum contains several examples of Ammonites Jason, A. Brightii, A. fluctuosus, A. lingulatus, and other species with their opercula more or less shifted; and Mr. Charles Moore, of Bath, has several small shells of Ammonites planorbis from the Lower Lias, with the opercula remaining in their true position; the smallest individual is only one quarter of an inch in diameter.
On Canadian Caverns
Authors: Gibb George D. 
Published: March 2016

In the foregoing account it has been my aim and endeavour to describe the geological formations in which the caverns existed; this will be seen at a glance in the following table:—Taking the two classes together as representing thirty distinct series of cavernous localities, one is found in the New Red Sandstone formation, two in the Carboniferous, two in the Devonian or Old Red, seven in the limestones of the Upper, two in those of the Middle, and six in those of the Lower Silurian formation, three in the Huronian rocks of Sir William Logan, and seven in the Laurentian rocks of the same geologist. In the last of these they are present in the interstratified bands of crystalline limestone, characteristic of this formation in Canada.
Kaiso depletion attenuates transforming growth factor-β signaling and metastatic activity of triple-negative breast cancer cells
Authors: Bassey-Archibong B I , Kwiecien J M , Milosavljevic S B , Hallett R M , Rayner L G A , Erb M J , Crawford-Brown C J , Stephenson K B , Bédard P-A , Hassell J A , Daniel J M 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) represent a subset of breast tumors that are highly aggressive and metastatic, and are responsible for a disproportionate number of breast cancer-related deaths. Several studies have postulated a role for the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program in the increased aggressiveness and metastatic propensity of TNBCs. Although EMT is essential for early vertebrate development and wound healing, it is frequently co-opted by cancer cells during tumorigenesis. One prominent signaling pathway involved in EMT is the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) pathway. In this study, we report that the novel POZ-ZF transcription factor Kaiso is highly expressed in TNBCs and correlates with a shorter metastasis-free survival. Notably, Kaiso expression is induced by the TGFβ pathway and silencing Kaiso expression in the highly invasive breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 (hereafter MDA-231) and Hs578T, attenuated the expression of several EMT-associated proteins (Vimentin, Slug and ZEB1), abrogated TGFβ signaling and TGFβ-dependent EMT. Moreover, Kaiso depletion attenuated the metastasis of TNBC cells (MDA-231 and Hs578T) in a mouse model. Although high Kaiso and high TGFβR1 expression is associated with poor overall survival in breast cancer patients, overexpression of a kinase-active TGFβR1 in the Kaiso-depleted cells was insufficient to restore the metastatic potential of these cells, suggesting that Kaiso is a key downstream component of TGFβ-mediated pro-metastatic responses. Collectively, these findings suggest a critical role for Kaiso in TGFβ signaling and the metastasis of TNBCs.
Significant Broadband Photocurrent Enhancement by Au-CZTS Core-Shell Nanostructured Photocathodes
Authors: Zhang Xuemei , Wu Xu , Centeno Anthony , Ryan Mary P. , Alford Neil M. , Riley D. Jason , Xie Fang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCopper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) is a promising material for harvesting solar energy due to its abundance and non-toxicity. However, its poor performance hinders their wide application. In this paper gold (Au) nanoparticles are successfully incorporated into CZTS to form Au@CZTS core-shell nanostructures. The photocathode of Au@CZTS nanostructures exhibits enhanced optical absorption characteristics and improved incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) performance. It is demonstrated that using this photocathode there is a significant increase of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a photoelectrochemical solar cell of 100% compared to using a CZTS without Au core. More importantly, the PCE of Au@CZTS photocathode improved by 15.8% compared to standard platinum (Pt) counter electrode. The increased efficiency is attributed to plasmon resonance energy transfer (PRET) between the Au nanoparticle core and the CZTS shell at wavelengths shorter than the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of the Au and the semiconductor bandgap.
Further increased production of free fatty acids by overexpressing a predicted transketolase gene of the pentose phosphate pathway in Aspergillus oryzae faaA disruptant
Authors: Tamano Koichi , Miura Ai 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Free fatty acids are useful as source materials for the production of biodiesel fuel and various chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements. Previously, we attained a 9.2-fold increase in free fatty acid productivity by disrupting a predicted acyl-CoA synthetase gene (faaA, AO090011000642) in Aspergillus oryzae. In this study, we achieved further increase in the productivity by overexpressing a predicted transketolase gene of the pentose phosphate pathway in the faaA disruptant. The A. oryzae genome is predicted to have three transketolase genes and overexpression of AO090023000345, one of the three genes, resulted in phenotypic change and further increase (corresponding to an increased production of 0.38 mmol/g dry cell weight) in free fatty acids at 1.4-fold compared to the faaA disruptant. Additionally, the biomass of hyphae increased at 1.2-fold by the overexpression. As a result, free fatty acid production yield per liter of liquid culture increased at 1.7-fold by the overexpression.
Radical innovation of a business model
Authors: Philipson Sarah 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– This paper aims to investigate key antecedents to the use of radical innovation of the business model of a service firm to achieve competitive advantage. “Business model” emerged fairly recently as an academic concept, competing with “sustainable strategic competitiveness”, “strategic fit” (Porter, 1996) and “dominant logic” (Prahalad and Bettis, 1986) to give key explanatory understanding of firm performance.

Design/methodology/approach
– The article is based on action research, in which the re-engineering of a service business turned into radical innovation of the business model.

Findings
– Radical innovation (conceived of as a new dominant logic) of the business model of a service firm is shown to give sustainable competitive advantage. It shows how fundamental the concept of business model is to understanding the nature of the business and links it to fundamental academic discussion of recent decades around concepts such as “sustainable competitive advantage”, “structural capital” and “tacit knowing”.

Research limitations/implications
– This is based on a case, and more research is needed to generalize the findings.

Practical implications
– In contrast to the knowledge management and structural capital evangelization, much tacit knowing cannot be converted to structural capital.

Originality/value
– Business model is a central concept to understand business performance, but must not be conceived as all-encompassing. We give a model for what the concept should cover and contrast it with other important models.We show the role of tacit knowledge in a business model.
Learning to teach with lesson study
Authors: Soto Gómez Encarna , Serván Núñez María J , Caparros-Vida Rosa 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to incorporate Lesson Study (LS) from initial teacher training as a privileged area in which to accompany and tutor future teachers in the complex but necessary scenario of reflective practice in cooperative processes.Design/methodology/approach– This paper presents an innovative educational experience in the university context, incorporating Lesson Study as a strategy for research and improvement of teaching practice, and, in consequence, for students’ learning, in two key subjects in the syllabus: Practicum III and Degree Essay.Findings– A process, positively reviewed by all agents involved, which has shown the need for the reconstruction of the practical knowledge of participating students.Originality/value– This is the first experience in the Spanish university context where LS is introduced as one of the key areas of initial teacher training. The paper presents a work model which may inspire the introduction of Lesson Study as an initial training model during practical training.
Variation theory in Austrian initial EFL teacher education: potentials and challenges
Authors: Gierlinger Erwin Maria , Spann Harald , Wagner Thomas 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to scrutinise the potentials and challenges of variation theory when adopting learning study in Austrian initial EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teacher education.Design/methodology/approach– Based on a hermeneutic and epistemological approach, projects, and publications employing variation theory in the context of EFL are critically evaluated.Findings– Variation theory and learning study turn out to have great potential for EFL teaching and learning in Austria. However, three critical issues need further conceptual and empirical research before new learning cycles can be implemented and evaluated: the object of learning, the SLA-variation theory interface, and the roles of variation theory on different educational levels.Originality/value– By identifying and discussing important critical issues within the current practice of variation-theory-oriented EFL teaching, this study could lead to further theoretical and empirical deliberations in various areas of modern language teaching. This in turn could help pave the way for both the development of theoretical underpinning and methodological refinement, ultimately fostering international co-operations in implementing learning cycles.
The primary school as a therapeutic community
Authors: MacDonald Shelley , Winship Gary 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to consider the changes underway in the delivery of services to children and young people in schools, not least that OFTSED will soon be routinely carrying out an assessment of mental health provision in schools. This paper considers the policy context to these changes and the recent initiatives that are informing the evolution of initial teacher training. Alongside the changes in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services there are an increasing number of schools developing counselling and psychotherapy services. How can the School counsellor look to develop a who school as therapeutic community.Design/methodology/approach– A case narrative is presented of a seven-year-old child who was referred to the school counselling service. The narrative draws attention to the array of dynamic interactions, from peers to teachers to parents which the school counselling manager encountered.Findings– It is argued that it is necessary for the school counsellor to have a framework for understanding how all parts of the school work together and it is proposed that we might usefully consider the primary school as a therapeutic community.Originality/value– There are a raft of policy changes and practices in recent years that have altered the landscape of early intervention and the mental health agenda in primary schools. This paper captures this debates and consider how therapeutic community ideology is positioned as an opportunity to think more expansively about mental health in primary schools.