bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV testing and the care continuum among transgender women: population estimates from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Jalil Emilia M. , Wilson Erin C. , Luz Paula M. , Velasque Luciane , Moreira Ronaldo I. , Castro Cristiane V. , Monteiro Laylla , Garcia Ana Cristina F. , Cardoso Sandra W. , Coelho Lara E. , McFarland Willi , Liu Albert Y. , Veloso Valdilea G. , Buchbinder Susan , Grinsztejn Beatriz 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Evidence suggests that, of all affected populations, transgender women (transwomen) may have the heaviest HIV burden worldwide. Little is known about HIV linkage and care outcomes for transwomen. We aimed to estimate population‐level indicators of the HIV cascade of care continuum, and to evaluate factors associated with viral suppression among transwomen in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Methods: We conducted a respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) study of transwomen from August 2015 to January 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and collected data on linkage and access to care, antiretroviral treatment and performed HIV viral load testing. We derived population‐based estimates of cascade indicators using sampling weights and conducted RDS‐weighted logistic regression analyses to evaluate correlates of viral suppression (viral load ≤50 copies/mL).Results: Of the 345 transwomen included in the study, 89.2% (95% CI 55–100%) had been previously tested for HIV, 77.5% (95% CI 48.7–100%) had been previously diagnosed with HIV, 67.2% (95% CI 39.2–95.2) reported linkage to care, 62.2% (95% CI 35.4–88.9) were currently on ART and 35.4% (95% CI 9.5–61.4%) had an undetectable viral load. The final adjusted RDS‐weighted logistic regression model for viral suppression indicated that those who self‐identified as black (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.06, 95% CI 0.01–0.53, p < 0.01), reported earning ≤U$160/month (aOR 0.11, 95% CI 0.16–0.87, p = 0.04) or reported unstable housing (aOR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01–0.43, p < 0.01) had significantly lower odds of viral suppression.Conclusions: Our cascade indicators for transwomen showed modest ART use and low viral suppression rates. Multi‐level efforts including gender affirming care provision are urgently needed to decrease disparities in HIV clinical outcomes among transwomen and reduce secondary HIV transmission to their partners.
A study on burning behavior and convective flows in Methanol pool fires bound by ice
Authors: Farahani Hamed Farmahini , Jomaas Grunde , Rangwala Ali S. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract (ID: 2017-170)
An experimental study on methanol pool fires bound by ice was carried to research the burning behavior and flow field (within the liquid-phase) of methanol. The experiments were conducted in two parts: 1- in a cylindrical ice cavity/pan (10.2 cm diameter and 6 cm depth) at three different conditions to analyze burning parameters of methanol, 2- in a square glass tray with outside dimensions of 10 × 10 cm and a depth of 5 cm to obtain flow field of methanol pool with a two-dimensional PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) system. The results of the experiments of the first part show the cold boundaries of the ice cavity/pan act as a heat sink causing considerable heat losses. Thus, burning rates and burning efficiencies are found to be lower with cold boundaries. However, the burning rate values in ice cavity are found to be the highest because of the melting of the ice and expansion of the cavity. The analysis of the results obtained by the PIV system showed the velocity magnitudes and flow patterns in the liquid-phase of icy methanol fire significantly change over the course of burning. In the instants after ignition a horizontal flow induced by Marangoni near the surface was observed. Later on, mixing of melt-water with methanol and sinking of this mixture caused a cycle in the tray that resulted in a vortex appearing in the middle of the pool. Magnitudes of velocity were also observed to increase after ignition. The increase in the velocity magnitudes is expected to significantly impact the melting and size of the lateral cavity.
PROJECT MARINER: ENHANCING HNS PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS VIA INNOVATIVE TRAINING TOOLS
Authors: Harold P , Kibble A , Russell D , Huckle E , Callow P , Fernandes R , Brito David , Braunshweig Frank , Mohamed M , Sykes P 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) are chemicals which, if introduced into the marine environment pose hazards to health, ecosystems and legitimate uses of the sea. Recent figures suggest approximately 2,000 HNS regularly transported by sea in excess of 200 Million tonnes annually. Data identify over 100 incidents reported globally between 1998 and 2013, with a cumulative volume released of 1,560,000 m3 (IMO, 2016).
Large maritime incidents involving HNS, whilst rare, have the potential for major impact upon both the environment and human health e.g. MV Rena in 2011 (CEDRE, 2016a). Thus it is imperative to develop robust planning and response mechanisms which can be readily engaged should the worst happen.
Much work has been undertaken in this field but outcomes are fragmented. In view of this, a 2 year project (“MARINER”) was initiated in 2016 aimed at collating global best practise into innovative tools for training and planning (MARINER, 2016). Framed in the European Atlantic Area and funded by the European Commission the project involves collaboration of agencies from UK, France, Spain and Portugal, all previously involved in the HNS research project ARCOPOL (Atlantic Regions Coastal Pollution Response, 2016).
Comparative Study on Rate of Biodegradation of Diluted Bitumen and Conventional Oil in Fresh Water
Authors: Deshpande Ruta Suresh , Sundaravadivelu Devi , Campo Pablo , SantoDomingo Jorge W. , Conmy Robyn N. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract 2017-271
In recent years, diluted bitumen (or dilbit) has become an important source of hydrocarbon-based fuel. While information on the degradation of crude oils has been well researched, dilbit degradation has been studied at a much lesser extent. The objective of this study was to compare biodegradation of dilbit with a conventional crude oil (CCO) under various conditions. Two different microcosm experiments were set up, one containing a mixed culture acclimated to dilbit (Kalamazoo River Enrichment, KRC) and the other having a mixed culture enriched on soil contaminated with hydrocarbons (Anderson Ferry Enrichment, AFC). The microcosms were run for 60 d at 25 °C and for 72 days at 5 °C in flasks containing sterile Bushnell Hass broth and naturally dispersed oil. Each flask was inoculated with the KRC and AFC mixed cultures, and rotated on an orbital shaker (200 rpm) at the above stated temperatures. On each sampling day, triplicates were sacrificed to determine the residual hydrocarbon concentration. Additionally, some samples were used to determine the bacterial composition using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Hydrocarbon analysis (alkanes and PAHs) was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Higher degradation rates were achieved at 25 °C as compared to 5 °C. All the enrichments metabolized CCO as well dilbit, but the nature and extent of the degradation was distinct. KRC meso culture was the most effective among all, as it completely removed alkanes and most of the PAHs. AFC enrichment performed differently at the two temperatures; an acclimation period (8 d) was observed at 5 °C while there was no lag at 25 °C. KRC cryo culture as well as AFC culture at both temperatures degraded alkanes completely while they were not able to metabolize heavier fractions of the oil (C2–4 homologues of 3- and 4-ring compounds). All cultures showed the presence of diverse oil degrading bacteria and the differences in their compositions affected the biodegradation. Although dilbit was biodegraded, for all the treatments except AFC at 5 °C, the rate of degradation and the extent of degradation was greater for CCO owing to the higher concentrations of lighter hydrocarbons.
Implementation of oil spill impact mitigation measures in fisheries and mariculture.
Authors: Cariglia Nicky 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Response actions and mitigation measures, undertaken at the time of a spill specifically to protect seafood resources can ultimately influence the duration, magnitude and extent of impacts. Understanding if and why particular measures were successful (or not) in minimising or eliminating damages to a particular fishery or mariculture installation is important for the seafood sector to use, either in planning, or when faced with making a choice as to what measures may be best to protect their resource. This paper reviews small-scale (in terms of volume spilled) cases in which ITOPF has been involved from around the world where fisheries or mariculture were an important concern and where measures were implemented specifically to mitigate damage. By evaluating whether any trends, or criteria exist under which certain measures or actions are likely to be successful or unsuccessful, contingency plans can be adapted to provide more practical, tailored guidance. Furthermore, policy and research objectives could be directed towards damage prevention rather than the quantification, assessment and remediation of impacts.
Analysis of Hazards of Dispersant Constituents and Review of Toxicological Studies
Authors: Popovech Marusia 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
The response to the 2010 Macondo oil well blow-out in the Gulf of Mexico used significant quantities of dispersants. The materials that comprise the oil dispersant, COREXIT 9500® present minimal toxicities. Risk to spill responders would be reduced through the use of personal protective equipment. At the time, oil spill dispersants were not well understood outside of the oil spill response industry. The apparent data gap resulted in a rush to generate data on these materials without consideration of the existing toxicity data used by the consumer product industry. A review of new in vitro and in vivo toxicology studies indicated numerous examples where the study design was not clearly defined, leading to difficulties in the evaluation of study quality and uncertain relevance of the studies to human health risk assessment. The lack of transparent communication of the results to the scientific investigators and the public has led to a mistrust of oil dispersants, due to a misunderstanding of their potential hazards and risks to human health. This paper will examine the hazardous properties of individual dispersant constituents and technological considerations of published toxicology studies of oil spill dispersants. This summary will objectively evaluate oil dispersant ingredients for human health risk assessments and provide guidance to future scientific investigators on high quality study designs.
Kinematics of rock flow in a crustal-scale shear zone:
implication for the orogenic evolution of the southwestern
Hellenides
Authors: XYPOLIAS P. , DOUTSOS T. 
Published: July 2002

Combined shear-sense criteria, finite-strain data and vorticity analyses were used to study
the deformation path in a curved crustal-scale shear zone (Phyllite–Quartzite Series) of the southwestern
Hellenides. The results are combined with data on the structural evolution of a cover nappe
(Pindos thrust belt) to provide new insights into the orogenic evolution of this region.Ductile deformation within the Phyllite–Quartzite Series was associated with a top-to-the-west-southwest
shearing and was partitioned into two structural domains: a root zone and a frontal
domain. The root zone is characterized by vertical coaxial stretching, high strain and upward movement
of the material, while the frontal domain comprises simple-shear deformation at the base and
pure shear at the top. This pattern suggests superposition of pure shear on simple-shear deformation,
and implies tectonic extrusion of the material from the root zone.The initiation of brittle deformation in the Pindos thrust belt was associated with westward translation
above the sub-horizontal Pindos Thrust. Later, as the mountain range elevated, normal faulting at
high altitudes and migration of thrusting to the west occurred, while east-directed folding and thrusting
in the belt started to the east.According to the proposed model, crustal thickening was taking place throughout the Oligocene
and early Miocene, including the subduction of the Apulian beneath the Pelagonian microcontinent
and the intracontinental subduction of the Phyllite–Quartzite Series. During the lower Miocene,
vertical buoyancy forces led to the successive steepening of the shear zone and the simultaneous
duplexing of its basement, facilitating tectonic extrusion of the material from its root zone. Finally, an
indentation process caused vertical expulsion of the orogenic wedge and gravity collapse in the brittle
crust.
Structure of the North Indian continental margin in the

Ladakh–Zanskar Himalayas: implications for the timing of

obduction of the Spontang ophiolite, India–Asia collision and

deformation events in the Himalaya
Authors: SEARLE MIKE , CORFIELD RICHARD I. , STEPHENSON BEN , MCCARRON JOE 
Published: July 2002

The collision of India and Asia can be defined as a process that
started

with the closing of the

Tethyan ocean that, during Mesozoic and early Tertiary times, separated
the

two continental plates.

Following initial contact of Indian and Asian continental crust, the Indian

plate continued its northward drift

into Asia, a process which continues to this day. In the Ladakh–Zanskar

Himalaya the youngest marine sediments,

both in the Indus suture zone and along the northern continental margin
of

India, are lowermost

Eocene Nummulitic limestones dated at ∼54 Ma. Along the north Indian

shelf margin, southwest-facing

folded Palaeocene–Lower Eocene shallow-marine limestones unconformably

overlie highly deformed

Mesozoic shelf carbonates and allochthonous Upper Cretaceous shales, indicating

an initial deformation

event during the latest Cretaceous–early Palaeocene, corresponding
with

the timing of obduction of the

Spontang ophiolite onto the Indian margin. It is suggested here that all

the ophiolites from Oman, along

western Pakistan (Bela, Muslim Bagh, Zhob and Waziristan) to the Spontang

and Amlang-la ophiolites in

the Himalaya were obducted during the late Cretaceous and earliest

Palaeocene, prior to the closing of Tethys.The major phase of crustal shortening followed the India–Asia
collision

producing spectacular folds and

thrusts across the Zanskar range. A new structural profile across the Indian

continental margin along the

Zanskar River gorge is presented here. Four main units are separated by
major

detachments including both

normal faults (e.g. Zanskar, Karsha Detachments), southwest-directed thrusts

reactivated as northeast-directed

normal faults (e.g. Zangla Detachment), breakback thrusts (e.g. Photoksar
Thrust)

and late Tertiary

backthrusts (e.g. Zanskar Backthrust). The normal faults place younger
rocks

onto older and separate two

units, both showing compressional tectonics, but have no net crustal extension

across them. Rather, they are

related to rapid exhumation of the structurally lower, middle and deep

crustal metamorphic rocks of the

High Himalaya along the footwall of the Zanskar Detachment. The backthrusting

affects the northern margin

of the Zanskar shelf and the entire Indus suture zone, including the

mid-Eocene–Miocene post-collisional

fluvial and lacustrine molasse sediments (Indus Group), and therefore must

be Pliocene–Pleistocene

in age. Minimum amounts of crustal shortening across the Indian continental

margin are 150–170 km

although extreme ductile folding makes any balancing exercise questionable.
Pollen and dinoflagellates from the Red Crag at
Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex: evidence for a mild climatic
phase during the early Late Pliocene of eastern England
Authors: HEAD MARTIN J. 
Published: July 2002

Spot sampling of the Red Crag Formation at Walton-on-the-Naze,
Essex (= Walton Cray) has
revealed a diverse record of dinoflagellates, pollen, and other palynomorphs.
Pollen from a basal horizon
is dominated by Pinus, but also contains high values of Sciadopitys
and a small but diverse component of
deciduous mesothermal trees. Taxodium is more common at 2 m above
the base of the Red Crag and
may represent a different part of a climate cycle. A mild- to warm-temperate
climate is inferred for
the Walton assemblages and a correlation with the Reuverian B pollen substage
(Late Pliocene, 3.0 to
>2.6 Ma) is demonstrated, thereby constraining the timing of an important
marine transgression in
eastern England.Dinoflagellates from the basal horizon and from 2 m above the base of
the Red Crag generally indicate
a restricted marine environment, but outer neritic to oceanic dinoflagellates
are occasionally present,
and imply the penetration of more saline North Atlantic water masses into
the southern North
Sea basin. Mild- to warm-temperate conditions are indicated by the presence
of several thermophilic
species. The Walton assemblages have strong similarities with those of
the mid-Pliocene Coralline
Crag Formation of eastern England, but differ in the presence of Bitectatodinium
tepikiense, which,
along with an apparently reduced species richness, gives evidence of cooler
conditions. A number of
thermophilic species at Walton are not reported from younger Pliocene deposits
in eastern England,
perhaps reflecting a less equable climate after Northern Hemisphere cooling
at 2.55 Ma.
Large volume silicic volcanism along the proto-Pacific margin
of Gondwana: lithological and stratigraphical investigations
from the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: RILEY TEAL R. , LEAT PHILIP T. 
Published: July 2002

Jurassic magmatism in western Gondwana produced the most voluminous
episode of continental
volcanism in the Phanerozoic era. During the Early to Middle Jurassic,
some 2.5–3 million km3 of
dominantly basalt, and to a lesser extent rhyolite, were erupted onto a
supercontinent in the early
stages of break-up. The major silicic portion of the Gondwana magmatic
province is exposed in
Patagonian South America. The volcanic rocks of Patagonia have been collectively
termed the Chon-Aike
Province and constitute one of the world's most voluminous silicic
provinces. The volcanic rocks
are predominantly pyroclastic, dominated by ignimbrite units of rhyolite
composition. Volcanic rocks
crop out sporadically across much of the once contiguous Antarctic Peninsula,
and are considered to
form an extension of the Chon-Aike Province. A continuation of the province
to include the Antarctic
Peninsula would extend its strike length along the active Pacific margin
by c. 2000 km.Volcanic rocks exposed along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula,
defined here as the Mapple
Formation, are also dominated by rhyolitic ignimbrite flows, with individual
units up to 80 m in thickness,
and a total thickness of c. 1 km. The ignimbrites vary in degree
of welding, from high-grade
rheomorphic ignimbrites with parataxitic textures, to unwelded, lithic-rich
ignimbrites. Rhyolite lava
flows, air-fall horizons, debris flow deposits and epiclastic deposits
are volumetrically minor, occurring
as interbedded units within the ignimbrite succession.The lithology and stratigraphy of the Jurassic volcanic rocks of the
Mapple Formation are presented,
and comparisons are made to the Chon-Aike Province. A consistent stratigraphy
of Permo-Triassic
metasedimentary rocks, unconformably overlain by terrestrial mudstone–siltstone
sequences,
which are in turn conformably overlain by largely silicic, subaerial volcanic
rocks, is present at several
localities along the Antarctic Peninsula, and at localities in the Chon-Aike
Province. Precise (zircon
U–Pb) Middle Jurassic ages exist for two volcanic formations from
the Antarctic Peninsula, and a
Middle–Lower Jurassic age has been suggested for the underlying sedimentary
formations based on
fossil flora analysis. The Antarctic Peninsula chronostratigraphy, coupled
with lithological similarities,
indicate a close relationship to those sequences of the Chon-Aike province.
Basement-controlled Neogene polyphase cover thrusting and
basin development along the Chianti Mountains ridge
(Northern Apennines, Italy)
Authors: BONINI MARCO 
Published: July 2002

The Chianti Mountains is an important sector of an E-verging regional
thrust-related fold
(the so-called Tuscan Nappe) extending along the whole length of the Northern
Apennines. This
thrust system involves the Tuscan Sequence superposing the Macigno sandstones
onto Cervarola-Falterona
sandstones, both of which are sedimented in adjacent foredeep basins. Detailed
field
mapping and analysis of superposition relations among tectonic structures,
as well as correlation
between structures and syntectonic deposition, has allowed Chianti Mountain
evolution to be interpreted
in terms of three main stages of deformation.The D1 stage resulted in the NE-directed synsedimentary thrusting
of the Macigno onto the
Cervarola-Falterona sandstones, while large NE to ENE-vergent thrust-related
folds developed during
the two successive deformation stages (D2 and D3).
Fault-propagation folds developed during the D2
stage, and were affected by the Main Chianti Mountains Thrust (MCMT) during
the successive D3
stage. In particular, the D3 stage has been correlated to the
development, during the Pliocene period, of
the hinterland Upper Valdarno Basin, which was previously considered to
be an extensional basin. In
fact, this continental basin formed along the eastern margin of the Chianti
Mountains, ahead of the
MCMT that also produced a shortening of the basin fill. With the beginning
of the Quaternary
period, the tectonic regime switched to extensional, as manifested by the
development of a normal
fault system on the opposite basin margin.The data presented here allow us to infer that the Chianti Mountains
thrust system (D2 and D3)
developed during a time interval spanning from the Late Miocene (∼12
Ma) until the Late Pliocene
(∼2 Ma) periods. In the Northern Apennines, polyphase thrusting recorded
by cover rocks has been
related to the activity of basement thrusts, which have been recently evidenced
by geophysical data. In
this context, the two latest stages of deformation recognised in the Chianti
Mountains have been
attributed to the activity of the Abetone–Cetona crustal thrust,
the deformational effects of which
propagated forward in the sedimentary cover.
URBAN CULTURE AND COURT CULTURE IN

THE EUROPEAN PAST
Authors: DIXON C. SCOTT 
Published: July 2002

Flesh and stone. The body and the city in western civilization.

By Richard Sennett. London:

Faber & Faber, 1994. Pp. 431. ISBN 0-571-17390-X. £25.00Renaissance warrior and patron. The reign of Francis I.

By R. J. Knecht. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xxv+612. ISBN 0-521-41796-1. £45.00.The early modern city 1450–1750. By Christopher R.

Friedrichs. London: Longman, 1995.

Pp. ix+381. ISBN 0-582-01321-6. £14.99.The court artist. On the ancestry of the modern artist.

By Martin Warnke. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1993. Pp. xx+299. ISBN 0-521-36375-6. £35.00.Renaissance and revolution. Humanists, scholars, craftsmen &

natural philosophers in early modern

Europe. Edited by J. V. Field and Frank A. J. L. James. Cambridge:
Cambridge

University Press, 1994. Pp. xv+291. ISBN 0-521-43427-0. £37.50.