bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
« Maîtres chez eux ». La grève des internes de 1934 revisitée
Authors: Robinson Ira 
Published: December 2016

La grève des internes à l’Hôpital Notre-Dame en 1934, menée en réaction à la présence d’un médecin juif, le Dr Samuel Rabinovitch, est un des événements les plus iconiques dans l’histoire de l’antisémitisme au Québec. Cet article reprend les sources en archives et les commentaires des journaux de l’époque pour arriver à une meilleure compréhension des événements. De multiples points de vue sont examinés, ceux de la communauté juive, des « autorités » canadiennes-françaises (à l’hôpital, à l’Université de Montréal et au sein de l’Église catholique), de la population canadienne-française en général et du Canada anglophone.
Le docteur Rieux d’Albert Camus : un mentor au Québec, de la réalité à la fiction cinématographique
Authors: Bastien Sophie 
Published: December 2016

Dans le roman La peste d’Albert Camus (1947), le docteur Bernard Rieux, protagoniste et narrateur, se voit confronté à une épidémie et mesure inéluctablement tout le poids des enjeux éthique et métaphysique qu’elle implique. Avec l’équipe qu’il met sur pied au service des pestiférés, il opte pour l’abnégation individuelle au profit du bien collectif. La solidarité exemplaire qu’il manifeste met en lumière la noblesse de son choix. Le Québec contemporain présente deux avatars de ce personnage aussi humble qu’héroïque. Le premier est un médecin réel, le docteur Réjean Thomas, qui dit admirer en Rieux un modèle de conduite. Il oeuvre auprès des sidatiques depuis plus de trente ans, c’est-à-dire depuis l’époque où leur maladie était épidémique, mortelle et encore peu connue, et où il faisait donc figure de pionnier. Le second avatar québécois de Rieux appartient, celui-là, au domaine de la fiction, plus précisément cinématographique : il s’agit de la docteure Jeanne Dion, protagoniste de deux longs métrages, La neuvaine (2005) et La donation (2009). Son auteur, Bernard Émond, reconnaît lui aussi en Camus une source puissante d’inspiration. Cet article rappelle d’abord les principaux traits du héros de La peste en faisant ressortir la dimension philosophique de la pratique médicale dans ce roman. Il met ensuite en relief les points communs avec le parcours du sidologue Réjean Thomas, avant d’explorer la pensée du cinéaste Bernard Émond et ses racines camusiennes. Il se penche alors successivement sur les films La neuvaine et La donation pour analyser le personnage de Jeanne Dion.
Vers une société nouvelle. Fernand Dumont, Michel de Certeau et les années soixante-huit
Authors: Poitras Daniel 
Published: December 2016

Cheminant tout à la fois en fonction et à distance des récits collectifs de leur milieu, le Québécois Fernand Dumont et le Français Michel de Certeau en viennent à radicaliser, à la fin des années 1960, leur attente d’une société nouvelle. Cet article adopte une perspective comparatiste et part à la recherche des jonctions entre deux oeuvres qui n’ont jamais été mises en rapport. Malgré des événements aux répercussions opposées (Octobre 1970 et Mai 1968), des mythes fondateurs éloignés (le Québec survivant, la France révolutionnaire) et des ancrages continentaux différents (la jeune Amérique, la vieille Europe), de nombreux parallèles apparaissent entre les horizons d’attente des deux auteurs. J’aurai recours à l’étude du régime d’historicité, et plus particulièrement des transformations du futurisme au cours des années 1960, pour établir les possibilités et les limites de ces parallèles. Le rôle donné aux élites et à la « base », le potentiel de l’« homme ordinaire », l’héritage révolutionnaire et les configurations spatiales sont les thèmes abordés pour que soient connectées les attentes de Fernand Dumont et de Michel de Certeau. Nous verrons que ces parallèles non seulement débordent les explications internalistes associées aux récits nationaux, mais qu’ils incitent également à sortir les expériences du temps des seuls contextes locaux afin de les remettre en jeu ailleurs et autrement.
La menace des oiseaux : l’iconicité et la ressemblance des images à l’ère du relativisme
Authors: Coulombe Maxime 
Published: December 2016

One of the critical tests for the analogical status of images has been animal perception. If animals are fooled by images, then images — and many works of art — not only are symbolic objects, but also keep an iconic relation to the perceived world. This hypothesis has now been proven by forty years of research in neurobiology and cognitive science. Nevertheless, numerous philosophers and art historian keep defending the purely symbolic and conventional status of images. This paper seeks to understand why. What motivates this refusal, not only of recent scientific research, but of common sense ? What is threatening about the iconic status of images ? I analyze the way in which both W.J.T. Mitchell and Danièle Cohn argue against Pliny’s telling of the mythical competition between Parrhasius and Zeuxis, whose painting of grapes fooled birds. This fictional anecdote becomes a real and practical test for the anti-analogical perspective.
Du naturalisme au naturisme : mutations idéaliste et identitaire à travers l’oeuvre du peintre belge Léon Frederic (1856–1940)
Authors: Foudral Benjamin 
Published: December 2016

In an article published in 1895 in the Belgian periodical L’Art Jeune, the writer and art critic Henri Vandeputte introduced the artist Léon Frederic — whom he called “le Premier des peintres belges”— as the leading figure of a new artistic neologism : naturisme. This is one instance that points to the consistent critical extrapolation and ideological exploitation of Frederic and his unclassifiable paintings. This article focuses on the reception of Frederic’s work in order to understand how artistic terms such as réalisme, naturalisme, and naturisme were used in the name of a nationalist art history in which Belgian art could both claim the legacy of Flemish art and detach itself from the dominant model of French art.
Pedagogical Interventions: The Physics Photographs of Berenice Abbott
Authors: O’Reilly Colleen 
Published: December 2016

À la fin des années 1950, la photographe états-unienne Berenice Abbott collabore avec le Physical Science Study Committee du Massachusetts Institute of Technology créant des photographies pour un manuel de physique d’enseignement secondaire. Les images y sont mises en relation avec des graphiques et des textes afin de démontrer le fonctionnement de phénomènes tels que la gravité, le magnétisme et le mouvement des vagues. Ce genre photographique est souvent décrit comme ayant un lien direct à la nature et comme le produit d’un medium intrinsèquement « naturaliste » dispensé d’une quelconque médiation. Cependant, dans l’oeuvre de Abbott, c’est l’intervention visible de la technologie photographique et l’identification des conventions de la représentation qui permettent aux images de transmettre le savoir. Cet article analyse les stratégies utilisées par Abbott afin de remettre en question les suppositions quant au concept de naturalisme dans l’usage de la photographie dans un contexte éducatif.
High prevalence of HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men and transgender women attending trusted community centres in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Keshinro Babajide , Crowell Trevor A , Nowak Rebecca G , Adebajo Sylvia , Peel Sheila , Gaydos Charlotte A , Rodriguez‐Hart Cristina , Baral Stefan D , Walsh Melissa J , Njoku Ogbonnaya S , Odeyemi Sunday , Ngo‐Ndomb Teclaire , Blattner William A , Robb Merlin L , Charurat Manhattan E , Ake Julie ,   for the TRUST/RV368 Study Group
Published: December 2016

IntroductionSexually transmitted infection (STI) and HIV prevalence have been reported to be higher amongst men who have sex with men (MSM) in Nigeria than in the general population. The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence of HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhoea in this population using laboratory‐based universal testing.MethodsTRUST/RV368 represents a cohort of MSM and transgender women (TGW) recruited at trusted community centres in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria, using respondent‐driven sampling (RDS). Participants undergo a structured comprehensive assessment of HIV‐related risks and screening for anorectal and urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and HIV. Crude and RDS‐weighted prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Log‐binomial regression was used to explore factors associated with prevalent HIV infection and STIs.ResultsFrom March 2013 to January 2016, 862 MSM and TGW (316 in Lagos and 546 in Abuja) underwent screening for HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhoea at study enrolment. Participants’ median age was 24 years [interquartile range (IQR) 21–27]. One‐third (34.2%) were identified as gay/homosexual and 65.2% as bisexual. The overall prevalence of HIV was 54.9%. After adjusting for the RDS recruitment method, HIV prevalence in Abuja was 43.5% (95% CI 37.3–49.6%) and in Lagos was 65.6% (95% CI 54.7–76.5%). The RDS‐weighted prevalence of chlamydia was 17.0% (95% CI 11.8–22.3%) in Abuja and 18.3% (95% CI 11.1–25.4%) in Lagos. Chlamydia infection was detected only at the anorectal site in 70.2% of cases. The RDS‐weighted prevalence of gonorrhoea was 19.1% (95% CI 14.6–23.5%) in Abuja and 25.8% (95% CI 17.1–34.6%) in Lagos. Overall, 84.2% of gonorrhoea cases presented with anorectal infection only. Over 95% of STI cases were asymptomatic. In a multivariable model, increased risk for chlamydia/gonorrhoea was associated with younger age, gay/homosexual sexual orientation and higher number of partners for receptive anal sex. HIV infection was associated with older age, female gender identity and number of partners for receptive anal sex.ConclusionsThere is a high burden of infection with HIV and asymptomatic chlamydia and gonorrhoea among MSM and TGW in Nigeria. Most cases would have been missed without anorectal screening. Interventions are needed to target this population for appropriate STI screening and management beginning at a young age.
Attenuation of antigen-specific T helper 1 immunity by Neolitsea hiiranensis and its derived terpenoids
Authors: Cheng Yin-Hua , Chen Ih-Sheng , Lin Ying-Chi , Tung Chun-Wei , Chang Hsun-Shuo , Wang Chia-Chi 
Published: December 2016

Background
T cells play a pivotal role in the adaptive immunity that participates in a wide range of immune responses through a complicated cytokine network. Imbalance of T-cell responses is involved in several immune disorders. Neolitsea species, one of the biggest genera in the family Lauraceae, have been employed widely as folk medicines for a long time in Asia. Previous phytochemical investigations revealed the abundance of terpenes in the leaves of N. hiiranensis, an endemic Neolitsea in Taiwan, and demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effect of N. hiiranensis on the functionality of immune cells, especially T cells, is still unclear. In this study, we utilize in vitro and in vivo approaches to characterize the effects of leaves of N. hiiranensis and its terpenoids on adaptive immune responses.

Methods
Dried leaves of N. hiiranensis were extracted three times with cold methanol to prepare crude extracts and to isolate its secondary metabolites. The ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice were administrated with N. hiiranensis extracts (5–20 mg/kg). The serum and splenocytes of treated mice were collected to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of N. hiiranensis on the production of OVA-specific antibodies and cytokines. To further identify the N. hiiranensis-derived compounds with immunomodulatory potentials, OVA-primed splenocytes were treated with compounds isolated from N. hiiranensis by determining the cell viability, cytokine productions, and mRNA expression in the presence of OVA in vitro.

Results
Crude extracts of leaves of N. hiiranensis significantly inhibited IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-2 cytokine productions as well as the serum levels of antigen-specific IgM and IgG2a in vivo. Two of fourteen selected terpenoids and one diterpenoid derived from the leaves of N. hiiranensis suppressed IFN-γ in vitro. In addition, β-caryophyllene oxide attenuated the expression of IFN-γ, T-bet, and IL-12Rβ2 in a dose-dependent manner. N. hiiranensis-derived β-caryophyllene oxide inhibited several aspects of adaptive immune responses, including T-cell differentiation, IFN-γ production, and Th1-assocaited genes.

Conclusion
As IFN-γ is the key cytokine secreted by T helper-1 cells and plays a pivotal role in Th1 immune responses, our results suggested that the N. hiiranensis and its terpenoids may possess potential therapeutic effects on Th1-mediated immune disorders.
Meta-analysis reveals that seed-applied neonicotinoids and pyrethroids have similar negative effects on abundance of arthropod natural enemies
Authors: Douglas Margaret R. , Tooker John F. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundSeed-applied neonicotinoids are widely used in agriculture, yet their effects on non-target species remain incompletely understood. One important group of non-target species is arthropod natural enemies (predators and parasitoids), which contribute considerably to suppression of crop pests. We hypothesized that seed-applied neonicotinoids reduce natural-enemy abundance, but not as strongly as alternative insecticide options such as soil- and foliar-applied pyrethroids. Furthermore we hypothesized that seed-applied neonicotinoids affect natural enemies through a combination of toxin exposure and prey scarcity.MethodsTo test our hypotheses, we compiled datasets comprising observations from randomized field studies in North America and Europe that compared natural-enemy abundance in plots that were planted with seed-applied neonicotinoids to control plots that were either (1) managed without insecticides (20 studies, 56 site-years, 607 observations) or (2) managed with pyrethroid insecticides (eight studies, 15 site-years, 384 observations). Using the effect size Hedge’sdas the response variable, we used meta-regression to estimate the overall effect of seed-applied neonicotinoids on natural-enemy abundance and to test the influence of potential moderating factors.ResultsSeed-applied neonicotinoids reduced the abundance of arthropod natural enemies compared to untreated controls (d= −0.30 ± 0.10 [95% confidence interval]), and as predicted under toxin exposure this effect was stronger for insect than for non-insect taxa (QM= 8.70, df = 1,P= 0.003). Moreover, seed-applied neonicotinoids affected the abundance of arthropod natural enemies similarly to soil- or foliar-applied pyrethroids (d= 0.16 ± 0.42 or −0.02 ± 0.12; with or without one outlying study). Effect sizes were surprisingly consistent across both datasets (I2 = 2.7% for no-insecticide controls;I2 = 0% for pyrethroid controls), suggesting little moderating influence of crop species, neonicotinoid active ingredients, or methodological choices.DiscussionOur meta-analysis of nearly 1,000 observations from North American and European field studies revealed that seed-applied neonicotinoids reduced the abundance of arthropod natural enemies similarly to broadcast applications of pyrethroid insecticides. These findings suggest that substituting pyrethroids for seed-applied neonicotinoids, or vice versa, will have little net affect on natural enemy abundance. Consistent with previous lab work, our results also suggest that seed-applied neonicotinoids are less toxic to spiders and mites, which can contribute substantially to biological control in many agricultural systems. Finally, our ability to interpret the negative effect of neonicotinoids on natural enemies is constrained by difficulty relating natural-enemy abundance to biological control function; this is an important area for future study.
EVA'S MEN: GENDER AND POWER IN THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE,
1652–74
Authors: WELLS JULIA C. 
Published: July 2002

Quite possibly, Eva, born Krotoa, is the most written about African
woman
in South African historiography. Her name fills the journals of the Dutch

East India Company almost from the very start of their little feeding-station

at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. She is known as a Khoena girl taken into

Dutch commander Jan Van Riebeeck's household from the age of about

twelve, who later became a key interpreter for the Dutch, was baptised,

married Danish surgeon, Pieter Van Meerhoff, but then died as a drunken

prostitute after his death. Yet her persona remains an enigma. As Christina

Landman put it, ‘Krotoa is a story-generator’.To conservative historians, Eva's life offers living proof that
the Khoena
were irredeemable savages. To black nationalist writers, such as Khoena

historian, Yvette Abrahams, she personifies the widespread rape and abuse

of black women by the invaders. Eva's chief biographer, V. C. Malherbe,

forms a more neutral judgment by describing Eva as primarily ‘a woman
in
between’. Landman views her as an early synthesizer of African and

Christian religious traditions. Carli Coetzee demonstrates how recent
Afrikaans-speaking artists, poets and actors have constructed an image
of
Eva as the mother of the Afrikaner nation, a tamed African who acquiesced

to Europeanness. She is often portrayed as yearning to return to her African

roots, but without success.Virtually all of the representations of Eva construct her as a helpless
victim
of vicious culture clashes. Today's racial consciousness, laced with
assumptions
of inevitable African/European hostility, is often read back into the

historical record. Frustratingly large gaps in that record leave room for
a
wide range of interpretations, depending heavily on the subjectivities
of the
historian. Virtually all previous writers, however, have judged Eva primarily

by the tragic circumstances of her death, while minimizing the considerable

achievements of her earlier years.
Wheat intercropped with tori (Brassica campestris var.
toria) and pea (Pisum sativum) in the subsistence
farming system of the Nepalese hills
Authors: SUBEDI K. D. 
Published: July 2002

A field experiment was carried out at Lumle Agricultural Research
Centre (LARC) farm, Nepal,
during the winter seasons of 1992/93 and 1993/94 in order to study the
profitability of intercropping
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with tori (Brassica campestris
var. toria) and pea (Pisum sativum L.). A
sole crop of wheat planted at 120 kg seed ha−1 was compared
with sole crops of tori and of pea planted at 8 kg ha−1
and 60 kg seed ha−1, respectively, wheat+tori mixed-intercropped
at 120[ratio ]6,
120[ratio ]4 and 120[ratio ]2 kg seed ha−1and wheat+pea at
120[ratio ]45, 120[ratio ]30 and 120[ratio ]15 kg seed ha−1.Results over the two seasons showed that the intercropping of wheat+pea was
profitable in terms
of overall grain yield, land advantage, monetary advantage, economic return
and meeting the dietary
requirements of the subsistence farmers, although the sole crop of pea gave
the highest net return.
Mixing pea with wheat did not reduce wheat yields in either year except when
pea was sown at 45 kg seed ha−1, which reduced wheat yield
significantly in the first season. For wheat+pea intercropping,
sowing pea at 30–45 kg ha−1
was the most profitable. The wheat+tori intercrop did not perform as
well and was not as profitable as either sole crop. Intercropping of tori had
a negative effect on wheat
yield at all seed rates in the first year.
Effect of rotation on the recovery of 15N-labelled

fertilizer applied to wheat grown in Northern Syria
Authors: PILBEAM C. J. , McNEILL A. M. , HARRIS H. C. , SWIFT R. S. 
Published: July 2002

Wheat was grown in rotation with three different crops, namely

wheat, chickpea and lentil, and with

a fallow, in three consecutive seasons beginning in 1992 in NW Syria. Two

rates of N fertilizer (0 and

30 kg N ha−1) were superimposed on these four rotations,

giving eight treatments which were replicated three times in each season.

15N-labelled fertilizer was applied to microplots within the

fertilized plots at sowing when unlabelled fertilizer was broadcast on
the

rest of the plot.Yields of grain and dry matter were generally greatest when wheat followed

a fallow, and least in

the continuous wheat rotation; this was significant in 1993 and 1994.

Applications of N fertilizer had

no effect on productivity in 1992, but in the other two seasons grain yields

were increased by

550 kg ha−1, on average. Depending on the season, between

8 and 26% of the 15N-labelled fertilizer

was recovered in the shoot dry matter, while between 18 and 54% of the

fertilizer remained as N in

the soil at harvest, mostly in the 0–20 cm soil layer. More than
half

the fertilizer in the crop at harvest

had been taken up by the end of March, although by March the plants were

only c. 10% of their mass

at harvest. Conversely, <35% of the soil-derived N in the crop at

harvest had generally been taken

up by March. This temporal difference in the pools of N utilized by the

crop was attributed to the

drying of the soil surface layers where most of the N fertilizer remained.

Approximately 50% of the

15N-labelled fertilizer was unaccounted for in the crop and

0–40 cm soil layer at harvest.The yield benefit of growing wheat in rotation with a fallow or either

grain legume rather than

continuously, ranged from nothing to the equivalent of a fertilizer

application of at least 30 kg N ha−1

to continuous wheat, depending upon the season and the previous crop. Only

in the season where the

residual effect of the rotation on wheat yields was greatest (1993) did
the

preceding grain legume crop

or fallow appear to contribute between 10 and 20 kg N ha−1

to the wheat crop. Otherwise they

contributed no N at harvest. While a fallow may increase the availability
of

water to the succeeding

wheat crop, the benefit from the preceding grain legumes may lie in

their effect on the soil physical

structure or on the increased availability of other limiting nutrients

rather than additional N.