bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges to clinical pharmacy practice in Nigerian hospitals: a qualitative exploration of stakeholders' views
Authors: Auta Asa , Strickland‐Hodge Barry , Maz Julia 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesIn Nigeria, a shift from the traditional pharmacists' role of dispensing and compounding of medications began in the 1980s with the introduction of drug information services and unit dose‐dispensing systems in some hospitals. More than three decades after this, clinical pharmacy practice is still underdeveloped. This study was conducted to explore stakeholders' views on the barriers to the development of clinical pharmacy practice in Nigerian hospitals.MethodsQualitative, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 44 purposefully sampled Nigerian stakeholders including pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, doctors, policymakers and patient group representatives. Transcribed interviews were entered into the QSR (Burlington, MA, USA) NVivo 10 software and analysed thematically.ResultsThree major themes emerged from the study: pharmacists' professional identity, the structure of pharmacy practice and external barriers. The results revealed an ongoing struggle by Nigerian hospital pharmacists to establish their clinical identities as many non‐pharmacy stakeholders viewed pharmacists' roles to be mainly supply based. Barriers to the development of clinical pharmacy practice identified included pharmacists' lack of confidence, shortage of pharmacy staff, underutilisation of pharmacy technicians, lack of specialisation and clinical career structure, medical dominance and opposition and lack of policies that support clinical pharmacy practice.ConclusionSeveral years after its introduction, clinical pharmacy practice is yet to be fully developed in Nigerian hospitals. The barriers identified in this study need to be addressed in order for clinical pharmacy practice to flourish.
Degumming and Neutralization of Rice Bran Oil
Authors: Engelmann jênifer Inês , Ramos Lucas Pedroso , Crexi Valéria Terra , Morais Marcilio Machado 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe present study aimed to perform degumming and neutralization steps of crude oil from rice bran. The degumming was studied through a central composite rotational design where the study variables were the amount of water added and temperature and the response variable was phosphorus content. In the neutralization study, a complete experimental design was used, with the study variables being temperature and amount of NaOH solution added, while the response variables were acidity and γ‐oryzanol content. The best working region for degumming was in the condition of 5% water and a temperature of 58C, under this condition the oil showed a phosphorus contentof 4.10 mg/100 g. In the neutralization step, the best condition was 60C and an addition of 20% excess soda, where an acidity of 0.41% oleic acid and γ‐oryzanol content of 1.10% was obtained.Practical ApplicationsWater degumming proves to be advantageous compared to acid degumming, commonly carried out in oil refining industries since the phospholipids obtained in this step can be dried to yield lecithin without the need of purification. The lecithin obtained from the degumming process has commercial value, especially for its emulsifying action and can be used in food industries, in products such as ice cream, milk powder and chocolates. In its composition, rice bran oil has the γ‐oryzanol compound, a natural antioxidant that is extracted during the refining process of rice bran oil, especially during the neutralization step.The refining difficulties presented by the rice bran oil reflect the high cost of the final product compared to other oils. Thus, the study of the degumming step for the use of lecithin is justified, since the lecithin obtained from water degumming can be used as a byproduct of the oil industry, generating profit. The study of neutralization to preserve the maximum γ‐oryzanol content in the rice bran oil is justified by the benefits that this can bring to the health of consumers, such as lower total plasma cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol levels. Furthermore, the maintenance of this compound improves oil quality, since the γ‐oryzanol increases the oxidative stability of the oil occasioned for factors such as the amount of water, oxygen, process and storage temperature and time.
Modelling of the Selected Physical Properties of the Fava Bean with Various Moisture Contents UsingFuzzy Logic Design
Authors: Farzaneh Vahid , Ghodsvali Alireza , Bakhshabadi Hamid , Ganje Mohammad , Dolatabadi Zahra , S.Carvalho Isabel 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe current paper indicates the systematic determination of the optimal conditions for the selected physical properties of the fava bean. The effects of varying moisture content of the Barkat fava bean grown in Golestan, Iran, in the range of 9.3–31.3% (Input) on the 15 selected physical properties of the crop, including geometric values as such length; width; thickness; arithmetic and geometric mean diameter; sphericity index surface and the area of the image; gravity and frictional parameters like the weight of 1000 seeds; true density; bulk density; volume and porosity as well as friction (filling and vacating angle stability) as the outputs were predicted. Afterwards, a model relying on fuzzy logic for the prediction of the 15 outputs had been presented. To build the model, training and testing using experimental results from the Barkat fava bean were conducted. The data used as the input of the fuzzy logic model are arranged in a format of one input parameter that covers the percentage of the moisture contents of the beans. In relation to the varying moisture content (input), the outcomes (15 physical parameters) were predicted. The correlation coefficients obtained between the experimental and predicted outputs as well as the Mean Standard Deviation indicated the competence of fuzzy logic design in predicting the selected physical properties of fava bean seeds.Practical ApplicationToday, because of the high demand for crops to be used extensively in the human diet, enhancements in the efficiency of the processing are getting more attention. In this way, finding and/or the determination of the optimal conditions for processing with minimum waste looks very substantial. Therefore, the use of prediction methods in food processing is considered to be a tool for improving the efficiency and the quality of the produced products. In this regard, the fuzzy logic design as a novel prediction tool, along with response surface methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), are applied extensively. Therefore Fuzzy Logic Design is optimized to predict the some of the selected physical properties of fava bean, as a function of seed's moisture content. Therefore predicting the behavior of this crop against different moisture contents can improve the quality and performance of the products with the minimum wastes during very short time.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
A Kinetic Study on the Formation of 2‐ and 3‐Methylbutanal
Authors: Huang Yarong , Tippmann Johannes , Becker Thomas 
Published: March 2016

Abstract2‐Methylbutanal (2‐MB) and 3‐methylbutanal (3‐MB) are highly volatile compounds and typical beer aging compounds. The development of a kinetic model of the formation of 2‐ and 3‐MB is useful to estimate the wort flavor during the wort boiling and the flavor stability of beer. A model experiment was performed, using d‐glucose/d‐maltose and l‐leucine/isoleucine to study Maillard reaction in a buffer solution of a pH value of 5.2. The simulated solution was heated at different time (0–360 min) and temperature (90–130 °C). The concentrations of d‐glucose/d‐maltose, l‐leucine/isoleucine and 2‐ and 3‐MB were determined by HPLC and GC. This kinetic model is based on the correlation between the concentration of 2‐ and 3‐MB and the concentration of l‐leucine/isoleucine. In this paper, the multistep formation method of 2‐MB/3‐MB is simplified to a three‐step reaction. The kinetic parameters Ea, A and k were calculated for each reaction step. It was found that the formation of 2‐ and 3‐MB has a sequence like this: GL > ML > GI > MI. The total activation energies for the formation of 2‐ and 3‐MB are ranging from 107.87 to 178.88 kJ/mol. The developed kinetic model gives a good fit with the experimental data. This study is useful for the control of the wort quality during the boiling process and could also be interesting for food and beverage industries.Practical ApplicationsMaillard reactions are responsible for the formation of most wort flavors. In addition to this there exist intermediates, which lead to the development of off‐flavors during shelf life. The 2‐ and 3‐MB are the Strecker aldehydes and have typical wort flavors. Wort boiling is not only the midpoint of the brewhouse, it is also one of the most important steps in producing an excellent beer. The kinetic study of the formation of 2‐ and 3‐MB is very useful for the control of wort boiling parameters. This result is helpful to calculate a suitable wort boiling time for different raw materials under brewing process conditions.
Microencapsulation of iron in a reversed enteric coating using spray drying technology for double fortification of salt with iodine and iron
Authors: Dueik Verónica , Diosady Levente L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPrevention of iron deficiency, the most widespread nutritional disorder, can be achieved by salt double fortification; however, iron addition requires the prevention of iron‐iodine interaction. For this purpose, reversed enteric coated iron‐containing microparticles were developed in this study.Microparticles were produced using either of two coating materials: Eudragit EPO and chitosan. Coating material solutions were loaded with increasing amounts of iron and then spray dried. Maximum payloads were established and functionality/morphology of microparticles was assessed. Microparticles were added into iodized salt with different moisture contents and adhesion and stability was measured during storage.Eudragit EPO is unsuitable for iron fortification, as even low payloads prevented solid particles formation. Chitosan was an effective iron coating as good functionality/morphology was achieved with loadings up to 25%. The best particles were spherical (∼10 µm average diameter) and retained the encapsulated iron at pH 7 and released it at pH 1. Chitosan microparticles can be properly attached to the surface of coarse salt when the initial moisture content of salt is 2.4%, and iodine retention after 12 weeks storage was 90% at 25C and 70% at 45C.Chitosan is suitable for producing an iron premix for stable salt double fortified with iodine and iron.Practical ApplicationsDouble fortification of salt with iodine and iron has been proved to be effective in reducing iron deficiency prevalence in India. Current fortification approaches use iron particles developed using an extrusion or fluidized bed agglomeration processes, to match the size and appearance of salt grains.However, in the developing world, the most consumed salt type is coarse salt. This fact imposes the need for developing iron microparticles that can be attached to the surface of coarse salt. Salt requires 2.4% moisture for good attachment. Iron microparticles must be stable in such environment. This can be achievable using reversed enteric coatings for avoiding the interaction of iodine and iron during salt preparation and storage.
Radiological–pathological correlation study of hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing local chemoradiotherapy and surgery
Authors: Kim Jun Won , Seong Jinsil , Park Mi Sook , Kim Kyung Sik , Park Young Nyun , Han Kwang Hyub , Keum Ki Chang , Lee Ik Jae 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground and AimsOptimal response criteria and assessment timing were investigated through radiologic–pathologic correlation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with localized chemoradiotherapy (CRT).MethodsWe reviewed 19 consecutive HCC patients who underwent surgical resection after radiotherapy and concurrent hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Patients who received transarterial chemoembolization before RT or surgery were excluded from evaluation. Tumor diameters and total and enhancing tumor volumes were measured from CT images obtained 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after CRT. Percent changes calculated using size (RECIST and WHO) and enhancement criteria (mRECIST and EASL) were correlated with percent changes in total and enhancing tumor volumes, and with percent viable tumor in surgical specimens.ResultsMedian time between CRT and resection was 4.1 months (range, 1.5–15.4 months). CR and PR rates were 0 and 68% by RECIST, 0 and 63% by WHO, 53% and 37% by mRECIST, and 53% and 42% by EASL. Pathologic CR (pCR) rate was 52.6%. Radiologic criteria showed strong correlation with tumor volumes at 1 and 3 months after CRT; at 6 months, however, size and enhancement criteria showed strong correlation only with total and enhancing tumor volumes, respectively. Enhancement criteria were better predictors of pathologic response at all times including preoperative evaluation (RECIST: R2 = 0.303, P = 0.015 and WHO: R2 = 0.366, P = 0.006 vs. mRECIST: R2 = 0.760, P < 0.0001 and EASL: R2 = 0.768, P < 0.0001). Time interval >6 months before resection showed significant correlation with pCR (P = 0.013).ConclusionsWe recommend using enhancement criteria in assessing tumor viability, especially if the tumor was to be resected <6 months after CRT.
Revisiting the Global Net Carbon Dioxide Emission Transfers by International Trade: The Impact of Trade Heterogeneity of China
Authors: Jiang Xuemei , Chen Quanrun , Guan Dabo , Zhu Kunfu , Yang Cuihong 
Published: March 2016

SummaryTo revisit global net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions transfers by international trade for year 2007, this study employs a new world‐wide, multiregional input‐output (MRIO) table in which China's production is separated into domestic use, processing exports, and nonprocessing exports. The results show that processing exports in China involves relatively lower CO2 emissions than other production types for the same output levels. Therefore, if processing exports are not appropriately distinguished, net CO2 emission exports from China to other regions will be distorted; the relative bias occasionally reaches 15%. Net emission exports from regions other than China are also distorted, particularly for regions that use considerable Chinese processing exports as intermediates, such as the United States, European Union (EU), and East Asia. Given that processing exports prevail in a large number of developing countries, such as Mexico and Vietnam, one should carefully interpret measurements of net emission transfers by international trade by utilizing the ordinary world‐wide MRIO model.
Centroid precision and orientation precision of planar localization microscopy
Authors: MCGRAY C. , COPELAND C.R. , STAVIS S.M. , GEIST J. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe concept of localization precision, which is essential to localization microscopy, is formally extended from optical point sources to microscopic rigid bodies. Measurement functions are presented to calculate the planar pose and motion of microscopic rigid bodies from localization microscopy data. Physical lower bounds on the associated uncertainties – termed centroid precision and orientation precision – are derived analytically in terms of the characteristics of the optical measurement system and validated numerically by Monte Carlo simulations. The practical utility of these expressions is demonstrated experimentally by an analysis of the motion of a microelectromechanical goniometer indicated by a sparse constellation of fluorescent nanoparticles. Centroid precision and orientation precision, as developed here, are useful concepts due to the generality of the expressions and the widespread interest in localization microscopy for super‐resolution imaging and particle tracking.
Telephone‐Administered Interpersonal Psychotherapy by Nurse‐Midwives for Postpartum Depression
Authors: Posmontier Bobbie , Neugebauer Richard , Stuart Scott , Chittams Jesse , Shaughnessy Rita 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionPostpartum depression (PPD) affects 7% to 13% of childbearing women. Access to care may be limited by maternal time constraints and fears of being judged, labeled as mentally ill, and having their infants taken away. The study's objective was to test the feasibility, effectiveness, and acceptability of certified nurse‐midwife telephone‐administered interpersonal psychotherapy (CNM‐IPT) as a treatment for PPD.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted from 2010 to 2014. A sample of women meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version 4, Text Revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) criteria for depression was recruited from 8 obstetric practices employing CNMs in the United States. Forty‐one women in the treatment group received up to eight 50‐minute CNM‐IPT sessions, and 20 in the control group were referred to mental health professionals. The main outcome measure was the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Secondary outcomes included maternal and marital functioning, mother‐infant bonding, social support, and client satisfaction.ResultsThe Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression at 8 and 12 weeks was significantly lower among women in the treatment group compared to the control group (Week 8, P = .047; Week 12, P = .029). Client satisfaction was high in both groups. While only 5 out of 8 CNM‐IPT counselors continued the intervention until the study's conclusion, CNM‐IPT counselor protocol adherence was high.DiscussionCNM‐IPT is effective and acceptable as a method of reducing the severity of PPD symptoms. Careful assessment of CNM availability is critical to intervention feasibility. Future research is needed to evaluate translation of this intervention into practice.
Causes, consequences, and cures for neuroinflammation mediated via the locus coeruleus: noradrenergic signaling system
Authors: Feinstein Douglas L. , Kalinin Sergey , Braun David 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAside from its roles in as a classical neurotransmitter involved in regulation of behavior, noradrenaline (NA) has other functions in theCNS. This includes restricting the development of neuroinflammatory activation, providing neurotrophic support to neurons, and providing neuroprotection against oxidative stress. In recent years, it has become evident that disruption of physiologicalNAlevels or signaling is a contributing factor to a variety of neurological diseases and conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Multiple Sclerosis. The basis for dysregulation in these diseases is, in many cases, due to damage occurring to noradrenergic neurons present in the locus coeruleus (LC), the major source ofNAin theCNS.LCdamage is present in AD, multiple sclerosis, and a large number of other diseases and conditions. Studies using animal models have shown that experimentally induced lesion ofLCneurons exacerbates neuropathology while treatments to compensate forNAdepletion, or to reduceLCneuronal damage, provide benefit. In this review, we will summarize the anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective actions ofNA, summarize examples of howLCdamage worsens disease, and discuss several approaches taken to treat or prevent reductions inNAlevels andLCneuronal damage. Further understanding of these events will be of value for the development of treatments for AD, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases and conditions having a neuroinflammatory component.imageThe classical neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA) has critical roles in modulating behaviors including those involved in sleep, anxiety, and depression. However, NA can also elicit anti‐inflammatory responses in glial cells, can increase neuronal viability by inducing neurotrophic factor expression, and can reduce neuronal damage due to oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. NA is primarily produced by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), a relatively small brainstem nucleus near the IVth ventricle which sends projections throughout the brain and spinal cord. It has been known for close to 50 years that LC neurons are lost during normal aging, and that loss is exacerbated in neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. LC neuronal damage and glial activation has now been documented in a variety of other neurological conditions and diseases, however, the causes of LC damage and cell loss remain largely unknown. A number of approaches have been developed to address the loss of NA and increased inflammation associated with LC damage, and several methods are being explored to directly minimize the extent of LC neuronal cell loss or function. In this review, we will summarize some of the consequences of LC loss, consider several factors that likely contribute to that loss, and discuss various ways that have been used to increase NA or to reduce LC damage.This article is part of the60th Anniversary special issue.
Bioenergetics and metabolism: a bench to bedside perspective
Authors: Swerdlow Russell H. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract‘Metabolism’ refers to the vast collection of chemical processes that occur within a living organism. Within this broad designation, one can identify metabolism events that relate specifically to energy homeostasis, whether they occur at the subcellular, cellular, organ, or whole organism level. This review operationally refers to this type of metabolism as ‘energy metabolism’ or ‘bioenergetics.’ Changes in energy metabolism/bioenergetics have been linked to brain aging and a number of neurodegenerative diseases, and research suggests mitochondria may uniquely contribute to this. Interventions that manipulate energy metabolism/bioenergetic function and mitochondria may have therapeutic potential and efforts intended to accomplish this are playing out at basic, translational, and clinical levels. This review follows evolving views of energy metabolism's role in neurodegenerative diseases but especially Alzheimer's disease, with an emphasis on the bench‐to‐bedside process whose ultimate goal is to develop therapeutic interventions. It further considers challenges encountered during this process, which include linking basic concepts to a medical question at the initial research stage, adapting conceptual knowledge gained to a disease‐associated application in the translational stage, extending what has been learned to the clinical arena, and maintaining support for the research at each of these fundamentally linked but functionally distinct stages.
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A bench‐to‐bedside biomedical research process is discussed that moves through conceptual, basic, translational, and clinical levels. For example, herein a case was made that bioenergetics is a valid Alzheimer's disease therapeutic target. Following this, a fundamental strategy for manipulating bioenergetics was defined, potential implications studied, and the approach extended to the clinical arena.This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.