bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of methyl group number on SOA formation from monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons photooxidation under low-NOx conditions
Authors: Li L. , Tang P. , Nakao S. , Chen C.-L. , Cocker III D. R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Substitution of methyl groups onto the aromatic ring determines the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon precursor (SOA yield and chemical composition). This study links the number of methyl groups on the aromatic ring to SOA formation from monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons photooxidation under low-NOx conditions (HC/NO  >  10 ppbC : ppb). Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with increasing numbers of methyl groups are systematically studied. SOA formation from pentamethylbenzene and hexamethylbenzene are reported for the first time. A decreasing SOA yield with increasing number of methyl groups is observed. Linear trends are found in both f44 vs. f43 and O / C vs. H / C for SOA from monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with zero to six methyl groups. An SOA oxidation state predictive method based on benzene is used to examine the effect of added methyl groups on aromatic oxidation under low-NOx conditions. Further, the impact of methyl group number on density and volatility of SOA from monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is explored. Finally, a mechanism for methyl group impact on SOA formation is suggested. Overall, this work suggests that, as more methyl groups are attached on the aromatic ring, SOA products from these monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons become less oxidized per mass/carbon on the basis of SOA yield or chemical composition.
Evaluation of global fine-resolution precipitation products and their uncertainty quantification in ensemble discharge simulations
Authors: Qi W. , Zhang C. , Fu G. , Sweetapple C. , Zhou H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The applicability of six fine-resolution precipitation products, including precipitation radar, infrared, microwave and gauge-based products, using different precipitation computation recipes, is evaluated using statistical and hydrological methods in northeastern China. In addition, a framework quantifying uncertainty contributions of precipitation products, hydrological models, and their interactions to uncertainties in ensemble discharges is proposed. The investigated precipitation products are Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) products (TRMM3B42 and TRMM3B42RT), Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)/Noah, Asian Precipitation – Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources (APHRODITE), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), and a Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMAP-MVK+) product. Two hydrological models of different complexities, i.e. a water and energy budget-based distributed hydrological model and a physically based semi-distributed hydrological model, are employed to investigate the influence of hydrological models on simulated discharges. Results show APHRODITE has high accuracy at a monthly scale compared with other products, and GSMAP-MVK+ shows huge advantage and is better than TRMM3B42 in relative bias (RB), Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSE), root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (CC), false alarm ratio, and critical success index. These findings could be very useful for validation, refinement, and future development of satellite-based products (e.g. NASA Global Precipitation Measurement). Although large uncertainty exists in heavy precipitation, hydrological models contribute most of the uncertainty in extreme discharges. Interactions between precipitation products and hydrological models can have the similar magnitude of contribution to discharge uncertainty as the hydrological models. A better precipitation product does not guarantee a better discharge simulation because of interactions. It is also found that a good discharge simulation depends on a good coalition of a hydrological model and a precipitation product, suggesting that, although the satellite-based precipitation products are not as accurate as the gauge-based products, they could have better performance in discharge simulations when appropriately combined with hydrological models. This information is revealed for the first time and very beneficial for precipitation product applications.
I kakaoens grænseland
Authors: Nicolaisen Martin Arvad 
Published: February 2016

I denne artikel ser jeg på, hvordan råvaren kakao og dens produktion skaber forbindelser mellem mennesker og udgør en på én gang klart afgrænset og flydende ressource. Artiklen er baseret på et nyligt gennemført etnografisk feltarbejde og tager udgangspunkt i et enkelt landsbysamfund ved navn Topman i grænselandet mellem Ghana og Elfenbenskysten, en egn hvor kakao er en afgørende afgrøde. Jeg vil argumentere for, at kakao i dette grænseland kan analyseres som en særlig og sammensat betydningsskabende relation snarere end som et fast defineret naturprodukt.
Comprendre et apprendre le soin à travers les séries télévisées, en France et au Liban
Authors: Nagels Marc , Nagels Rose 
Published: February 2016

Si les séries télévisées ne poursuivent pas explicitement un but d’apprentissage, mais de divertissement, nombre d’informations sur les soins sont toutefois mises en scène. Il en est ainsi des séries françaises ou américaines exposant des médecins ou des paramédicaux et qui ont pu enregistrer des records d’audience. Les spectateurs cherchent à comprendre l’activité de soin dans les situations dramatiques. Ils sont d’autant plus curieux et susceptibles de prendre l’activité de l’infirmière en tant que modèle vicariant qu’ils se destinent à une carrière médicale ou paramédicale. Quels comportements retiennent l’attention des spectateurs ? Quels raisonnements déduisent-ils de ces comportements ? Ces représentations du soin et du métier, acquises par exposition aux séries télévisées, sont-elles ensuite modifiées par la formation paramédicale ?
Phosphorus Partitioning in a Storm Water Pond
Authors: Cahoon Lawrence B. , Boller Michael A. , de Labry Marc O. , Kosh Chandler A. , McDowell Matthew D. , Nixon Jessica E. , Taylor Robin L. , Wilson Rebecca J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Storm water ponds are commonly employed to trap sediments, nutrients and other pollutants in non-point runoff. Aquatic macrophytes are thought to offer enhanced nutrient control via nutrient uptake and other processes. This study sampled and compared the phosphorus contents of water, sediment, and a dominant macrophyte, Stuckenia pectinata (Sago Pond Weed), in a storm water detention pond in the fall of 2013 and 2014. Phosphorus concentrations [ug P (g material)−1] were much higher in macrophyte tissues than in sediment and water, but the areal amounts of phosphorus (mg P m−2) bound in these three forms were ranked differently: sediment&gt;&gt;water&gt;macrophyte, with macrophyte-bound P accounting for only &lt;1–2% of total P in this pond. Macrophyte management may, therefore, have only marginal effectiveness in nutrient control by storm water detention ponds, although macrophytes support a variety of other ecosystem services.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Targeted Sunitinib‐Loaded Polymer Microbubbles Against Proliferation of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hu Jie , Zong Yujin , Li Jun , Zhou Xiaodong , Zhang Jun , Zhu Ting , Jiao Mingke , Su Haili , Bo Bin 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe poor safety profile of sunitinib capsules has encouraged the identification of targeted drug delivery systems against renal cell carcinoma. This study aimed to explore the effect of sunitinib‐loaded microbubbles along with ultrasound (US) treatment on proliferation and apoptosis of human GRC‐1 granulocyte renal carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo (xenograft tumor growth in nude mice).MethodsLiposomes containing sunitinib were prepared by using the transmembrane ammonium sulfate gradient method and then absorbed into polymer microbubbles to generate sunitinib‐loaded microbubbles. Entrapment of sunitinib was verified by 25‐25‐[N‐[(7‐nitro‐2‐1,3‐benzoxadiazol‐4‐yl)methyl]amino]‐27‐norcholesterol staining. GRC‐1 cells were treated with microbubbles alone, liposomes alone, sunitinib alone, sunitinib‐loaded microbubbles without and with US, and no treatment (control). Cell survival and apoptosis were assessed at 12, 24, and 48 hours after treatment. Xenograft tumors were induced by implantation of GRC‐1 cells in nude mice. The animals with tumors were then randomly assigned to sunitinib alone, sunitinib‐loaded microbubbles − US, sunitinib‐loaded microbubbles + US, and no treatment (control; n = 10 per group). The tumor volumes were analyzed on the 7th, 15th, and 21st days.ResultsThe sunitinib entrapment efficiency in the liposomes was approximately 78%. The effective sunitinib concentration in each group was 0.1 μg/mL. The sunitinib‐loaded microbubble + US group showed a lower in vitro cell survival rate (P < .001) compared with the other groups. Greater in vivo inhibition of xenograft tumor growth was also observed in the sunitinib‐loaded microbubble + US group compared with the other groups.ConclusionsCombined sunitinib‐loaded microbubbles and US treatment significantly inhibits growth of renal carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo.
Obstetric Ultrasound Efficiency and Accuracy Using a Protocol‐Based Examination
Authors: Ruma Michael S. , Bradley Heather , Holstrom Anna , Rigdon Joseph , Herring Amy 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesObstetric ultrasound imaging requires the acquisition of a standard set of maternal and fetal images. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of implementation of a protocol‐based ultrasound examination on the duration of ultrasound examinations, examination completion, and accuracy of documentation.MethodsWe conducted a case‐cohort study. Obstetric ultrasound examinations performed in the first, second, and third trimesters were reviewed before and after implementation of a protocol‐based ultrasound examination. The duration of the ultrasound examination, number of missing required images, and documentation of missing images were abstracted from an image archival system. To account for clustering by sonographer, 3 mixed effects models with a fixed effect for protocol and a random intercept for sonographer were used to evaluate the effect on the total time of the examination, number of missing images, and whether missing images were documented.ResultsA total of 100 ultrasound examinations were compared: 50 before and 50 after implementation of the protocol. Statistically significant differences between outcomes before and after protocol implementation were observed for all outcomes. After implementation of the protocol, the average duration of ultrasound examinations decreased by 7.62 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.57–11.68 minutes); the number of missing images was reduced by 5.81 per examination (95% CI, 4.24–7.39); and proper documentation of missing images increased by 40.24% (95% CI, 22.77%–57.71%).ConclusionsImplementation of a software protocol–based ultrasound examination significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of obstetric ultrasound examinations in this study.
Superficial Echogenic Lesions Detected on Neonatal Cranial Sonography
Authors: Han Byoung Hee , Song Mi Jin , Lee Kyung Sang , Kim Young-Hwa , Ko Sun Young , Jung Goun , Park Sung Bin , Lee Seung-Koo 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and importance of superficial echogenic lesions around cranial sutures on neonatal cranial sonography.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the clinical records and neuroimaging studies of 40 neonates who had superficial echogenic lesions around sutures on neonatal cranial sonography. Magnetic resonance imaging (n = 18) and computed tomography (n = 2) were performed within 2 weeks after sonography. We correlated sonographic findings with computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings and analyzed them. We also evaluated the associated lesions, neurologic signs, and follow‐up changes.ResultsSonographically, the superficial echogenic lesions involved both sulci and perisulcal parenchyma in 39 neonates and were located in the frontal and parietal areas around the sagittal suture in 38 neonates. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a pattern of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in 9 neonates, birth trauma in 3 neonates, a mixed pattern of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and trauma in 3 neonates, nonspecific single infarctions in 2 neonates, and lack of a defined lesion in 1 neonate. The associated lesions were subdural hemorrhage (n = 12), epidural hematoma (n = 4), germinal matrix hemorrhage (n = 3), intraventricular hemorrhage (n = 2), and periventricular leukomalacia (n = 1). All epidural hematomas were associated with scalp hematoma, and 2 patients had skull fractures. One neonate with epidural hematoma associated with a hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy pattern showed mild spasticity in both ankles until 16 months.ConclusionsSuperficial echogenic lesions detected around cranial sutures on neonatal sonography may be an indicator of more serious intracranial lesions such as more extensive hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and intracranial hematomas, including epidural hematoma.
Prenatal Visualization of the Pulmonary and Aortic Valves and Leaflets Is Feasible Using 4‐Dimensional Sonography
Authors: Adriaanse Bauke M. E. , Uittenbogaard Lukas B. , Tromp Chantal H. N. , Heymans Martijn W. , van Vugt John M. G. , Haak Monique C. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the morphologic characteristics and area of the semilunar valves in healthy fetuses and fetuses with cardiac defects can be visualized by using spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC).MethodsSpatiotemporal image correlation volumes from 74 healthy fetuses were recorded in 5 examinations between the 15th and 36th weeks of pregnancy. Second, we recorded STIC volumes from 64 fetuses with various cardiac defects. The quality of the volumes was rated. The areas of the aortic and pulmonary valves were measured in systole by rendering the valves on 4‐dimensional sonography. The number of leaflets was examined. Longitudinal data analysis using linear mixed models was performed.ResultsTwo hundred ninety‐three volumes from normal hearts were examined. In 82.5%, the quality of the normal volumes was sufficient. Visualization of the valve opening was feasible in 96.1% of the normal hearts and 97.4% of the abnormal hearts. The success rate of visualization of the pulmonary and aortic valve leaflets was dependent on the gestational age, with the highest percentage (72.1% in normal hearts) at 19 to 24 weeks. Longitudinal regression analysis showed a positive relationship of the aortic and pulmonary valve areas with gestational age (P < .0001) and fetal biometric measurements (P < .0001). Fifty‐eight abnormal volumes were examined. Cardiac defects with abnormal valve areas due to aortic and pulmonary stenosis could be clearly visualized by using STIC.ConclusionsExamination of the morphologic characteristics of the semilunar valves using STIC is feasible, which is difficult when using 2‐dimensional sonography. With increasing implementation of 4‐dimensional sonography, the understanding of rendered images might be useful for anyone practicing fetal echocardiography.
Clinical Importance and Natural History of Biliary Sludge in Outpatients
Authors: Hill Paul Armstrong , Harris Robert D. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesGallbladder sludge is a common diagnosis on routine abdominal sonography, yet its clinical importance is uncertain, especially in outpatients. To determine its natural history and potential future complications in this setting, we reviewed the imaging and clinical histories of nonhospitalized patients with a diagnosis of sludge on sonography.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective search of our institutional radiology information system for all sonographic reports using the key words “biliary sludge without gallstones” over a 3‐year period. For each of the 104 patients with isolated biliary sludge on initial sonography, we reviewed the electronic medical records and all imaging for the development of pancreaticobiliary complications.ResultsWe found an overall prevalence of biliary sludge in outpatients of 1.8%. Of the 104 patients reviewed with a mean follow up of 630 days (21 months), 25 developed a pancreaticobiliary complication, including cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and pancreatitis. The most frequent complication was cholecystitis, with a total of 14 diagnoses (12 chronic acalculous and 2 acute with gallstones). An additional 6 patients developed gallstones without cholecystitis features; 4 patients developed pancreatitis; and 1 developed choledocholithiasis. Biliary sludge remained quiescent or resolved in 76% of patients.ConclusionsBiliary sludge always represents a pathologic process, but its clinical implications among outpatients have not been previously investigated. Our ambulatory population developed pancreaticobiliary complications at similar rates as prior mixed–patient setting studies. Regardless of the patient setting, biliary sludge is likely of more clinical importance than previously regarded.
Evanescent Hyperechoic Changes After Fine‐Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the Thyroid in a Series With a Low Overall Prevalence of Complications
Authors: Uchida Toyoyoshi , Himuro Miwa , Komiya Koji , Goto Hiromasa , Takeno Kageumi , Honda Akira , Sato Junko , Kawano Yui , Suzuki Ruriko , Watada Hirotaka 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of and risk factors for fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)‐related complications in Japanese patients with thyroid nodules evaluated by standard FNAB techniques.MethodsSix hundred fifty‐three consecutive Japanese patients with 742 nodules who had undergone FNAB were enrolled. Nodule characteristics were evaluated, and thyroid volumes were measured. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy–related complications were identified on the basis of sonographic findings and patients’ conditions after undergoing FNAB. Comparisons of patients’ backgrounds and nodule characteristics were made between those with and without complications.ResultsThe prevalence rates for FNAB‐related complications, including acute transient thyroid swelling after FNAB and appearance of anechoic lesions, were 0.13% and 0.94%. In this study, we could not identify risk factors for FNAB‐related complications. The sudden appearance of bright hyperechoic foci within the thyroid immediately after biopsy was reported as an FNAB‐related unfamiliar appearance in 5 cases. Experimental FNA using resected porcine thyroid tissue suggested that the etiology of the hyperechoic appearance may be artificial air bubbles or reversed flow of aspirated fluid.ConclusionsFine‐needle aspiration biopsy–related complications are rare if preventive measures are performed and are not specific to Japanese patients with thyroid nodules. The sudden appearance of bright hyperechoic foci may be cause by contamination from air or fluid.
Evaluation of downscaled, gridded climate data for the conterminous United States
Authors: Behnke R. , Vavrus S. , Allstadt A. , Albright T. , Thogmartin W. E. , Radeloff V. C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWeather and climate affect many ecological processes, making spatially continuous yet fine‐resolution weather data desirable for ecological research and predictions. Numerous downscaled weather data sets exist, but little attempt has been made to evaluate them systematically. Here we address this shortcoming by focusing on four major questions: (1) How accurate are downscaled, gridded climate data sets in terms of temperature and precipitation estimates? (2) Are there significant regional differences in accuracy among data sets? (3) How accurate are their mean values compared with extremes? (4) Does their accuracy depend on spatial resolution? We compared eight widely used downscaled data sets that provide gridded daily weather data for recent decades across the United States. We found considerable differences among data sets and between downscaled and weather station data. Temperature is represented more accurately than precipitation, and climate averages are more accurate than weather extremes. The data set exhibiting the best agreement with station data varies among ecoregions. Surprisingly, the accuracy of the data sets does not depend on spatial resolution. Although some inherent differences among data sets and weather station data are to be expected, our findings highlight how much different interpolation methods affect downscaled weather data, even for local comparisons with nearby weather stations located inside a grid cell. More broadly, our results highlight the need for careful consideration among different available data sets in terms of which variables they describe best, where they perform best, and their resolution, when selecting a downscaled weather data set for a given ecological application.
Estimated storage of amorphous silica in soils of the circum‐Arctic tundra region
Authors: Alfredsson H. , Clymans W. , Hugelius G. , Kuhry P. , Conley D. J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe investigated the vertical distribution, storage, landscape partitioning, and spatial variability of soil amorphous silica (ASi) at four different sites underlain by continuous permafrost and representative of mountainous and lowland tundra, in the circum‐Arctic region. Based on a larger set of data, we present the first estimate of the ASi soil reservoir (0–1 m depth) in circum‐Arctic tundra terrain. At all sites, the vertical distribution of ASi concentrations followed the pattern of either (1) declining concentrations with depth (most common) or (2) increasing/maximum concentrations with depth. Our results suggest that a set of processes, including biological control, solifluction and other slope processes, cryoturbation, and formation of inorganic precipitates influence vertical distributions of ASi in permafrost terrain, with the capacity to retain stored ASi on millennial timescales. At the four study sites, areal ASi storage (0–1 m) is generally higher in graminoid tundra compared to wetlands. Our circum‐Arctic upscaling estimates, based on both vegetation and soil classification separately, suggest a storage amounting to 219 ± 28 and 274 ± 33 Tmol Si, respectively, of which at least 30% is stored in permafrost. This estimate would account for about 3% of the global soil ASi storage while occupying an equal portion of the global land area. This result does not support the hypothesis that the circum‐Arctic tundra soil ASi reservoir contains relatively higher amounts of ASi than other biomes globally as demonstrated for carbon. Nevertheless, climate warming has the potential to significantly alter ASi storage and terrestrial Si cycling in the Arctic.
The effective stress law at a brittle‐plastic transition with a halite gouge layer
Authors: Noda H. , Takahashi M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe investigated the effect of pore pressure Pf near the brittle‐plastic transition (BPT) for a halite (NaCl) shear zone. Our series of precut friction experiments with a gas‐medium apparatus with temperature T ≤ 200°C, confining gas pressure Pc ≤ 150 MPa and Pf ≤ 140 MPa, revealed that a tanh connection between the brittle and plastic regimes works well even at elevated Pf, with a coefficient for Pf in an effective stress law α being unity. Plastic deformation around the real contacts independent of the mean stress results in α = 1 regardless of the ratio of the real contact area Ar/A. The functional dependency of the shear strength on the effective normal stress may deviate from a linear dependency with increasing Ar/A. The present findings support a smooth transition in a hypothetical steady state strength profile around a BPT, providing new insights in geologically obtained paleostress data in exhumed mylonitic shear zones.