bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Antropologia das Técnicas e o Povoamento da América do Sul Pré-Histórica
Authors: Fogaça Emílio , Boà«da Eric 
Published: December 2017

Este trabalho apresenta a temática proposta no simpósio realizado no 52à° Congresso Internacional de Americanistas, em julho de 2006, em Sevilha. Argumentamos sobre a pertinência dos estudos tecnológicos de indústrias líticas para a compreensão de fenômenos de maior âmbito, como a evolução e a adaptação das técnicas ao meio, os deslocamentos populacionais ou os processos de interação cultural entre grupos humanos. Tradicionalmente, os vestígios líticos relacionados com os períodos de possíveis povoamentos das Américas vêm sendo tratados por um prisma tipológico (o que levou à enorme importância atribuída à s pontas de projétil). Procuramos, ao contrário, discorrer sobre a necessidade e a prioridade dos estudos tecnólogicos globais para o enriquecimento das discussões sobre esse tema.
Understanding Culture: A Literature Review Comparing Three Cultural Pedagogies
Authors: Kidwell Tabitha 
Published: December 2017

ENGLISH ABSTRACT Culture is an integral part of language study, but the field has yet to put forward a coherent theoretical argument for how culture can or should be incorporated in language education. In an effort to remedy this situation, this paper reviews literature on the teaching of culture, drawing on Larzén’s (2005) identification of three pedagogies used to teach about culture within the language classroom: through a pedagogy of information, a pedagogy of preparation, and a pedagogy of encounter. The pedagogy of information takes a cognitive orientation, framing culture as factual knowledge, with a focus on the teacher as the transmitter of knowledge. The pedagogy of preparation portrays culture as skills, and aims to help students develop the sociocultural, pragmatic, and strategic competence necessary for interactions with native speakers. The pedagogy of encounter takes an intercultural approach, with an affective orientation, and aims to help students develop tolerance, empathy, and an awareness of their own and others’ perspectives, and the emergent nature of culture. Using these three pedagogies as a conceptual framework, this paper reviews scholarship in support and critique of each type of cultural teaching. Because each of these three pedagogies continues to be used in various contexts worldwide, a clear understanding of the beliefs systems underpinning the belief systems of teachers and learners is essential. Keywords: Culture; Language Teaching; Methodologies. INDONESIAN ABSTRACTBudaya merupakan bagian integral dari studi bahasa, namun khalayak belum mengemukakan argumen teoritis yang koheren untuk bagaimana budaya dapat atau harus digabungkan dalam pendidikan bahasa. Dalam upaya memperbaiki situasi ini, makalah ini mengulas literatur tentang ajaran budaya, dengan mengacu pada identifikasi tiga pedagogi Larzén (2005) yang digunakan untuk mengajarkan tentang budaya di dalam kelas bahasa: melalui pedagogi informasi, pedagogi persiapan, dan pedagogi perjumpaan Pedagogi informasi mengambil orientasi kognitif, membingkai budaya sebagai pengetahuan faktual, dengan fokus pada guru sebagai pemancar pengetahuan. Pedagogi persiapan menggambarkan budaya sebagai keterampilan, dan bertujuan untuk membantu siswa mengembangkan kompetensi sosiokultural, pragmatis, dan strategis yang diperlukan untuk interaksi dengan penutur asli. Pedagogi pertemuan mengambil pendekatan antar budaya, dengan orientasi afektif, dan bertujuan untuk membantu siswa mengembangkan toleransi, empati, dan kesadaran akan perspektif mereka sendiri dan orang lain, dan sifat budaya yang muncul. Dengan menggunakan ketiga pedagogi ini sebagai kerangka konseptual, makalah ini mengulas pustaka untuk mendukung dan mengkritik setiap jenis pengajaran budaya. Karena masing-masing dari ketiga pedagogi ini terus digunakan dalam berbagai konteks di seluruh dunia, pemahaman yang jelas tentang sistem kepercayaan yang mendasari sistem kepercayaan guru dan pelajar sangat penting.Kata kunci: Budaya; Pengajaran Bahasa; Metodologi.
Repensar as estratégias de desenvolvimento territorial no Brasil, um desafio conjunto para governos, sociedade civil e universidades.
Authors: Perafán Mireya Eugenia Valencia , Avila Mario 
Published: December 2017

Para discutir as consequências desse novo cenário politico-institucional do desenvolvimento territorial no Brasil, os editores deste do dossiê, Professores Mireya Valencia e Mário Avila, convidaram três renomeados especialistas do tema: Catia Grisa, Professora no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Rural da UFRGS, Arilson Favareto, Professor na Universidade Federal do ABC (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão do Território), e José Emilio Guerrero Ginel, Professor da Escola Técnica Superior de Engenheiros Agrónomos e de Montes da Universidade de Córdoba (Espanha) e coordenador do Programa Interuniversitário de Doutorado "Engenharia Agrícola, Alimentar, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável" (ver biografias detalhadas nesta Seção).
Integration of Small Farmers Into Global Value Chains: Challenges and opportunities inside the current global demand. Integración de pequeños agricultores en cadenas globales de valor: Desafíos y oportunidades dentro de la demanda global actual.
Authors: Nájera Joselyne 
Published: December 2017

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>Las cadenas de valor global a menudo representan una opción, para las empresas y proveedores locales en los países en desarrollo, para obtener acceso a mercados de alto valor y nuevas tecnologías. Considerando que los beneficios potenciales de las cadenas de valor globales para los países en desarrollo están bien documentados, los estudios que se ocupan del impacto en los países en vías de desarrollo son escasos. El objetivo principal del artículo es analizar los principales retos y oportunidades que se derivan de la inserción de los pequeños agricultores en las cadenas de valor globales. El artículo sugiere que los pequeños agricultores se enfrentan a desafíos y oportunidades para el desarrollo dentro del mercado globalizado actual. Asimismo, se propone un modelo para la inserción sostenible y competitiva que pueda ser puesto en práctica, dado que aspectos como la educación, el acceso a la tecnología, el acceso a las finanzas, el apoyo a las políticas y la innovación pueden contener la clave para convertir una crisis en una oportunidad.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Global value chains often represent an option for local firms and suppliers in developing countries to get access to high-value markets and new technologies. Whereas the potential benefits from global value chains for medium-income developing countries are well documented, the studies dealing with the impact on low-income countries are scarce. The objective of the article is to analyze the main challenges and opportunities derived from the insertion of small farmers in global value chains.The article suggests that small farmers are intertwined between both challenges and opportunities for development in this globalized market, nonetheless a model for sustainable and competitive insertion can be placed under consideration since aspects like education, access to technology, access to finance, policy support, and innovation can hold the key for turning a crisis into an opportunity.</p>
Comportamiento de las entidades integrantes del sistema financiero costarricense durante la crisis económica mundial de 2008. Costa Rican financial system entities behavoir during 2008 world economic crisis.
Authors: Rojas Blanco Hernán 
Published: December 2017

<p><strong>Resumen </strong></p><p>Uno de los fenómenos financieros de mayor importancia e impacto mundial de las últimas décadas fue la crisis económica mundial de 2008. Fenómeno que, a pesar de tener un origen territorialmente focalizado, tuvo un impacto global. El presente artículo analiza el comportamiento del sistema financiero costarricense en medio del fenómeno económico citado. Para explicar dicha conducta, es de suma importancia ahondar en el actuar financiero y contable de cada una de las entidades que lo componen, con el objetivo de determinar su proceder y evolución en los períodos de pre-crisis, crisis y post-crisis. El análisis financiero propuesto se desarrolló mediante una metodología basada en el análisis de datos a nivel granular (extracción, procesamiento y visualización), agrupados posteriormente mediante la generación y caracterización de clúster. La implementación de este tipo de metodología posibilitó la determinación del período real de la vigencia de los efectos de la crisis en el sistema financiero, las estrategias de mitigación implementadas contra sus efectos y comportamiento cíclico mantenido por las entidades financieras en observación.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong> </p><p>The 2008 world economic crisis became one of the most important and globally impacting events of the last decades. Despite having a specific territorial origin, this phenomenon had a major global impact. The present article analyzes the performance of one of the main economic components, which is the financial system, particularly the Costa Rican financial system, throughout the aforementioned economic phenomenon. To explain such performance, it is important to go into detail on the financial and accounting procedures of each of its entities, in order to determine its behaviors and evolution before, after, and mainly, throughout the duration of this financial crisis. The proposed financial analysis was developed following an approach based on data analysis at a granular level (extractions, processing, and visualization), subsequently grouped through a cluster generation and characterization. The implementation of this methodology allowed to determine the actual duration of the effects of such financial crisis, and the mitigation strategies that were implemented against its effects and cyclical behavior (with predictive characteristics) of the overall observed financial entities.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>
Revisión sistemática de literatura de las variables clave del proceso de co-creación en las instituciones de educación superior. Literature review of the key variables of the co-creation process in higher education institutions.
Authors: Ribes Giner Gabriela , Perelló Marín María Rosario , Pantoja Díaz Odette 
Published: December 2017

<p><strong>Resumen </strong></p><p>La co-creación de valor ha sido ampliamente desarrollada como un nuevo paradigma en la gestión de la innovación, permitiendo a empresas y clientes crear valor a través de las interacciones entre los diferentes stakeholders. Este enfoque ha sido principalmente abordado en el ámbito empresarial, no siendo aplicado en profundidad en el contexto universitario. Es por esta razón que el principal aporte del presente trabajo es profundizar, mediante una revisión de la literatura, en el concepto de co-creación de valor en Instituciones de Educación Superior centrándose específicamente en la interacción entre el estudiante y la universidad. De igual forma, se estudian las relaciones entre los diferentes factores clave involucrados: participación comunicativa, confianza, satisfacción y lealtad. El objetivo del estudio es identificar hasta qué punto dichos factores son relevantes en un modelo de co-creación de valor en entornos de educación superior. Como resultado, se identifican 111 documentos relevantes relacionados con el tema abordado. Esta perspectiva corresponde a las nuevas tendencias de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la universidad, en la cual los profesores dejan de ser el centro del proceso y pasan a ser solo una parte de este. Este cambio convierte a los estudiantes en la columna vertebral del proceso de co-creación de valor; proporcionando esta investigación un marco conceptual que respalda futuros estudios de co-creación en las instituciones universitarias.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong> </p><p>Value co-creation has been broadly developed as a new paradigm in management innovation. It allows companies and customers to create value through interaction. However, it has not been examined in depth in Higher Education contexts as a type of service industry. The present paper clarifies value co-creation in Higher Education Institutions, analysing the relationships between key factors affecting it: communicative participation, trust, satisfaction and loyalty. A literature review was conducted, resulting in 84 relevant papers dealing with the studied topic. The study was focused on the micro level, and, specifically, it analyses the relation between students and Higher Education institutions as main actors of value co-creation within this context. This perspective corresponds to the new trends in university teaching-learning framework, where professors are no longer the heart of the process, to become just a part of it. This shift makes students the backbone of the value co-creation process. This study provides, among other things, a conceptual framework to endorse further works on value co-creation in Higher Education institutions.</p>
Smoking Urges During Treatment and Long-Term Cessation among Low-Income African Americans
Authors: Webb Hooper Monica , Dietz Noella A. , Wilson Joseph C. 
Published: December 2017

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The urge to smoke is a predictor of smoking relapse. Little research has focused on the impact of acute urges during treatment among African Americans. This study examined the relationship between smoking urges and long-term abstinence among treatment seekers. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Longitudinal prospective investigation. Urges to smoke were assessed at the initial (session 1) and final (session 8) sessions among adult smokers (N=308) enrolled in a 4-week group intervention trial. Nicotine patch use was assessed over 30 days. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Main Outcome Measures: </strong>Biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence (7-day ppa) was assessed immediately postintervention, and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Hierarchical logistic regressions tested associations between session 1 and session 8 urges and 7-day ppa at each smoking status assessment. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant overall decrease in smoking urges (M=29, SD=15 at session 1; M=17, SD=11 at session 8). After controlling for covariates, urges to smoke at session 1 were unrelated to 7-day ppa at any of the assessment points. However, session 8 urges were inversely associated with 7-day ppa post-intervention (AOR=.94, CI:.92-.97), at 3-months (AOR=.93, CI: .89-.97), 6-months (AOR=.93, CI: .90-.97), and 12-months (AOR=.96, CI: .96-.99). Nicotine patch use was positively associated with 7-day ppa at each assessment. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The most robust predictors of abstinence through 12-months postintervention were decreased urges over the 4-week, 8-session group intervention and the frequency of nicotine patch use. Interventions aimed at addressing the needs of African American smokers should address urges and encourage nicotine replacement adherence to increase abstinence rates.</p><p><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(4):395-402; doi:10.18865/ ed.27.4.395. </p>
Engaging African Americans in Research: The Recruiter’s Perspective
Authors: Barrett Nadine J. , Ingraham Kearston L. , Hawkins Tracey Vann , Moorman Patricia G. 
Published: December 2017

<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine barriers recruiters encounter when enrolling African American study participants, identify motivating factors to increase research participation, and provide recommendations to facilitate successful minority recruitment. </p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Recruiters are often the first point of contact between the research study and potential African American participants. While challenges in enrolling African Americans into clinical and epidemiologic research has been reported in numerous studies the non-physician recruiter’s role as a determinant of overall participation rates has received minimal attention. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted four 90-minute teleconference focus groups with 18 recruiters experienced in enrolling African Americans for clinical and epidemiologic studies at five academic/medical institutions. Participants represented diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds and were asked to reflect on barriers preventing African Americans from participating in research studies, factors that motivated participation, and recommendations to increase participation of African Americans in research. Multi-coder and thematic data analysis was implemented using the Braun and Clarke method. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prominent concerns in recruitment of African Americans in research include fear and mistrust and inflexible research protocols. The participants suggest that improved recruitment could be achieved through cross-cultural and skillset building training opportunities for recruiters, greater community engagement among researchers, and better engagement with clinic staff and research teams.</p><p><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(4):453- 462; doi:10.18865/ed.27.4.453. </p>
Response of Maize Root Growth to Residue Management Strategies
Authors: Gao Fei , Zhao Bin , Dong Shuting , Liu Peng , Zhang Jiwang 
Published: December 2017

Core Ideas
Efficient use of crop residues can improve circular economy in agro‐ecosystems.Amount of stover to the field explained the variation in root length density and root dry weight density in double cropping of winter wheat and summer maize.Returning stover increased the yield of summer maize.Root characteristics and the yield of summer maize improved by returning stover.
A 5‐yr experiment was conducted to explore the effects of returning various amounts of stover to the field on root characteristics and yield in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double‐cropping system. The experiment was designed as a randomized block design with three replications for three treatments: based on all stalks of winter wheat returned to the field (i) all summer maize stalks were mechanically pulverized and returned to the field (SR); (ii) half of the summer maize stalks were mechanically pulverized and returned to the field (1/2 SR); and (iii) all summer maize stalks were fully removed (CK). Results indicated that, in the SR treatment, root fresh weight (RFW) and root dry weight (RDW) were 19.4 and 18.5% higher, respectively, compared with the CK treatment. Root length density (RLD), root surface area density (RSAD) were 13.7 and 29.4% higher in the SR treatment, compared with the CK treatment. The yield of summer maize was 15.1 and 17.1% higher in the SR and 1/2 SR treatments, respectively, compared with the CK treatment. Furthermore, RLD, RSAD, root dry weight density (RDWD), and root length in the 1/2 SR treatment were significantly higher than those in the SR treatment. These results indicated that moderate amounts of straw returned to the field had the greatest effect on root growth and development of maize. This work provides a theoretical basis for optimizing crop yield and the use of straw resources.
Dryland Corn and Grain Sorghum Yield Response to Available Soil Water at Planting
Authors: Schlegel Alan J. , Lamm Freddie R. , Assefa Yared , Stone Loyd R. 
Published: December 2017

Core Ideas
Yield gains from available soil water at planting decreased as in‐season precipitation increased.Corn yield gain 27 to 33 kg ha–1 (mm available soil water at planting)–1 at in‐season precipitation of 196 to 215 mm.Corn yield gain 9 to 25 kg ha–1 (mm available soil water at planting)–1 as in‐season precipitation increased to 288 to 354 mm.Sorghum yield gain 12 to 22 kg ha–1 (mm available soil water at planting)–1 at in‐season precipitation of 163 to 281 mm.Sorghum yield gain 0 to 6 kg ha–1 (mm available soil water at planting)–1 at in‐season precipitation of 315 to 382 mm.
Most dryland soil and crop management systems are geared toward improving amount and use of available soil water (ASW) at planting (ASWP) and in‐season precipitation (ISP). The relationship between ASWP and yield has seldom been a singular research focus. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of ASWP on yield and water productivity of dryland corn (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The study was conducted at two locations, Tribune and Colby, KS, for 3 yr, 2012 to 2014. Four different levels of ASWP were established by applying irrigation prior to planting (0, 38, 76, or 114 mm). Corn and sorghum yield increased in response to increased ASWP but yield gains per millimeter of ASWP decreased as ISP increased. Corn yield gain was in the range of 27 to 33 kg ha−1 (mm ASWP) −1 when ISP was in the range of 196 to 215 mm and yield gain decreased to 9 to 25 kg ha−1 (mm ASWP)−1 when ISP increased to 288 to 354 mm. Similarly, grain sorghum yield response to ASWP decreased from 12 to 22 kg ha−1 to 0 to 6 kg ha−1 per millimeter ASWP when ISP increased from 163 to 281 mm to a range of 315 to 382 mm. We concluded that dryland corn and grain sorghum yield increased with increased level of ASWP and a significant contribution of ASWP to yield production is realized when ISP is low.
Computational fluid dynamics analysis of a high-throughput viscous heater to process feces and a fecal simulant using temperature and shear rate-dependent viscosity model
Authors: German C. L. , Podichetty J. T. , Muzhingi A. , Makununika B. , Smay J. , Foutch G. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Open defecation and poor fecal management facilitates the spread of disease. Viscous heating can pasteurize fecal sludge by creating a high shear field in the annular gap between a stationary, cylindrical outer shell and a rotating inner core. As sludge flows axially through the annular gap, thorough mixing and frictional heating eliminate cool spots where microbes may survive. A viscous heater (VH) compares favorably to a conventional heat exchanger, where cool slugs may occur. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to determine the effects of geometry and fluid rheology on VH performance over a range of conditions. A shear-rate and temperature-dependent rheological model was developed from experimental data, using a sludge simulant. CFD of an existing VH used the model to improve the original naïve design by including temperature and shear rate-dependent viscosity. CFD results were compared to experimental data at 132 and 200 L/hr to predict design and operating conditions for 1,000 L/hr. Subsequent experimentation with fecal sludge indicated that the CFD approach was valid for design and operation.
Evaluation of microbial fuel cell (MFC) for bioelectricity generation and pollutants removal from sugar beet processing wastewater (SBPW)
Authors: Rahman Atikur , Borhan Md Saidul , Rahman Shafiqur 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBioelectricity generation from biodegradable compounds using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offers an opportunity for simultaneous wastewater treatment. This study evaluated the synergy of electricity generation by the MFC while reducing pollutants from sugar beet processing wastewater (SBPW). A simple dual-chamber MFC was constructed with inexpensive materials without using catalysts. Raw SBPW was diluted to several concentrations (chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 505 to 5,750 mg L−1) and fed as batch-mode into the MFC without further modification. A power density of 14.9 mW m−2 as power output was observed at a COD concentration of 2,565 mg L−1. Coulombic efficiency varied from 6.21% to 0.73%, indicating diffusion of oxygen through the cation exchange membrane and other methanogenesis and fermentation processes occurring in the anode chamber. In this study, &gt;97% of the COD and up to 100% of the total suspended solids removals were observed from MFC-treated SBPW. Scanning electron microscopy of anode indicated that a diverse community of microbial consortia was active for electricity generation and wastewater treatment. This study demonstrated that SBPW can be used as a substrate in the MFC to generate electricity as well as to treat for pollutant removal.