bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of airfoil leading edge waviness on flow structures and noise
Authors: Zhang Man , Frendi Abdelkader 
Published: August 2016

Purpose– The tubercles at the leading edge of Humpback Whale flippers have been shown to increase aerodynamic efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to compute the flow structures and noise signature of a NACA0012 airfoil with and without leading edge waviness, and located in the wake of a cylinder using the hybrid RANS-LES method.Design/methodology/approach– The mean flow Mach number is 0.2 and the angle of attack used is 2°. After benchmarking the method using existing experimental results, unsteady computations were then carried-out on both airfoil geometries and for a 2° angle of attack.Findings– Results from these computations confirmed the aerodynamic benefits of the leading edge waviness. Moreover, the wavy leading edge airfoil was found to be at least 4 dB quieter than its non-wavy counterpart. In-depth analysis of the computational results revealed that the wavy leading edge airfoil breaks up the large coherent structures which are then convected at higher speeds down the trough region of the waviness in agreement with previous experimental observations. This result is supported by both the two-point and space-time correlations of the wall pressure.Research limitations/implications– The limitations of the current findings reside in the fact that both the Reynolds number and the flow Mach number are low, therefore not applicable to aircrafts. In order to extend the study to practical aircrafts one needs huge grids and large computational resources.Practical implications– The results obtained here could have a huge implications on the design of future aircrafts and spacecrafts. More specifically, the biggest benefit from such redesign is the reduction of acoustic signature as well as increased efficiency in fuel consumption.Social implications– Reducing acoustic signature from aircrafts has been a major research thrust for NASA and Federal Aviation Administration. The social impact of such reduction would be improved quality of life in airport communities. For military aircrafts, this could results in reduced detectability and hence saving lives.Originality/value– Humpback Whales have been studied by various researchers to understand the effects of leading edge “tubercles” on flow structures. What is new in this study is the numerical confirmation of the effects of the tubercles on the flow structures and the resulting noise radiations. It is shown through the use of two-point correlations and space-time correlations that the flow structures in the trough area are indeed vortex tubes.
Numerical solutions of non-alignment stagnation-point flow and heat transfer over a stretching/shrinking surface in a nanofluid
Authors: Pop Ioan , Naganthran Kohi , Nazar Roslinda 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to analyse numerically the steady stagnation-point flow of a viscous and incompressible fluid over continuously non-aligned stretching or shrinking surface in its own plane in a water-based nanofluid which contains three different types of nanoparticles, namely, Cu, Al2O3 and TiO2.

Design/methodology/approach
– Similarity transformation is used to convert the system of boundary layer equations which are in the form of partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations. The system of similarity governing equations is then reduced to a system of first-order differential equations and solved numerically using the bvp4c function in Matlab software.

Findings
– Unique solution exists when the surface is stretched and dual solutions exist as the surface shrunk. For the dual solutions, stability analysis has revealed that the first solution (upper branch) is stable and physically realizable, while the second solution (lower branch) is unstable. The effect of non-alignment is huge for the shrinking surface which is in contrast with the stretching surface.

Practical implications
– The results obtained can be used to explain the characteristics and applications of nanofluids, which are widely used as coolants, lubricants, heat exchangers and micro-channel heat sinks. This problem also applies to some situations such as materials which are manufactured by extrusion, production of glass-fibre and shrinking balloon. In this kind of circumstance, the rate of cooling and the stretching/shrinking process play an important role in moulding the final product according to preferable features.

Originality/value
– The present results are original and new for the study of fluid flow and heat transfer over a stretching/shrinking surface for the problem considered by Wang (2008) in a viscous fluid and extends to nanofluid by using the Tiwari and Das (2007) model.
Interaction of surface radiation with natural convection in tall vertical cavities heated by a linear heat flux
Authors: El Moutaouakil Lahcen , Zrikem Zaki , Abdelbaki Abdelhalim 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
– A detailed numerical study is conducted on the effect of surface radiation on laminar natural convection in a tall vertical cavity filled with air. The cavity is heated and cooled, through its two vertical walls, by a linear or uniform heat flux q(y) and by a constant cold temperature, respectively. The horizontal walls are considered adiabatic. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– The radiosity method is employed to calculate the net radiative heat exchanges between elementary surfaces, while the finite volume method is implemented to resolve the governing equations of the fluid flow.

Findings
– For each heat flux q(y) (ascending, descending or uniform), the effect of the emissivity ε (0ε1) on the local, average and maximum temperatures of the heated wall is determined as a function of the average Rayleigh number Ram
(103Ram
6×104) and the cavity aspect ratio A (10A80). The effect of the coupling on the flow structures, convective and radiative heat transfers is also presented and analyzed. Overall, it is shown that surface radiation significantly reduces the local and average temperatures of the heated wall and therefore reduces the convective heat transfer between the active walls.

Practical implications
– The studied configuration is of practical interest in several areas where overheating must be avoided. For this purpose, a simple design tool is developed to estimate the mean and the maximum temperatures of the hot wall in different operating conditions (Ram, A et ε).

Originality/value
– The originality lies in the study of the interaction between surface radiation and natural convection in tall cavities submitted to a non-uniform heat flux and a constant cold temperature on the active walls. Also, the development of an original simplified calculation procedure for the hot wall temperatures.
Outpatient clinic waiting time, provider communication styles and satisfaction with healthcare in India
Authors: Mehra Payal 
Published: August 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of extended waiting time on patients’ perceptions of provider communication skills and in-clinic satisfaction, in three major cities in India.Design/methodology/approach– In total, 625 patients were interviewed. The multivariate general linear model was used to determine the causality and relationship between the independent and the dependent variable. A moderation analysis was also conducted to assess waiting time role as a potential moderator in doctor-patient communication.Findings– Results show that patients with higher waiting time were less satisfied with health care quality. Male patients and patients of male providers were more affected by extended waiting time than female patients and patients of female providers. The advanced regression analysis, however, suggests weak support for waiting time and its effect on overall satisfaction with clinic quality. Waiting time did not moderate the relationship between satisfaction with dominant communication style, and overall satisfaction at the outpatient clinic.Research limitations/implications– A cross-sectional study does not easily lend itself to explaining causality with certainty. Thus, sophisticated techniques, such as structural equation modelling may also be utilized to assess the influence of extended waiting time on satisfaction with healthcare at outpatient clinics.Practical implications– Findings are relevant for providers as the onus is on them to ensure patient satisfaction. They should initiate a workable waiting time assessment model at the operational level.Originality/value– There has been a relatively lesser focus on patient waiting time in patient-provider satisfaction studies. In India, this aspect is still vastly unexplored especially in the context of outpatient clinics. Gender wise pattern of patient satisfaction and waiting time is also missing in most studies.
Performance indicators: healthcare professionals’ views
Authors: Gu Xiuzhu , Itoh Kenji 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to capture factors behind professional views of indicator usefulness as a common structure for assessing healthcare performance and their important characteristics to design limited key performance indicators (PIs) for holistic hospital management.

Design/methodology/approach
– Two surveys were conducted using self-administered questionnaires, in which hospital manager/staff respondents were asked to rate the 52 PIs’ usefulness. In total, 228 manager and 894 staff responses were collected.

Findings
– Eight factors were elicited from manager and staff responses as performance measures with 72 percent cumulative variance accounted for. Hospital managers and staff showed similar performance measure perceptions: high-utility acknowledgment on safety, operational efficiency and patient/employee satisfaction but relatively low-employee development concerns. Manager indicator usefulness perceptions were rather homogeneous and significantly higher than staff for almost all performance measures.

Practical implications
– Homogeneous manager views mean that a single key PI set for hospital management may be established regardless of hospital attributes. The following aspects may be measures that should be managed in a healthcare organization based on their key PIs: patient/employee safety, operational efficiency, financial effectiveness and patient/employee satisfaction.

Originality/value
– This is a pilot study on hospital management PIs in Japan. The eight-dimensional factor structure and findings about healthcare provider perceptions may be useful for healthcare management.
Espaços abertos / espaços livres: um estudo de tipologias
Authors: Hannes Evy 
Published: August 2016

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão referente às tipologias de espaços abertos e de espaços livres, conceituando-os brevemente e colocando questões relativas às esferas pública e privada. Discute suas diferentes funções nas áreas urbanas, ressaltando as de caráter urbanístico, social, recreativas, estético e ecológico. Tem como objetivo elencar os principais espaços livres de uso público na escala urbana da cidade existentes no Brasil, definindo-os, fazendo referência ao seu surgimento na história, evolução no contexto urbano, usos e desenho. Serão analisados autores que percorrem as diversas facetas do urbano, como a morfologia urbana, a história, percepção, memória e apropriação do espaço.
Teoria da paisagem em cadernos de bordo: uma experiência no ensino de arquitetura e urbanismo
Authors: Leite Julieta Maria Vasconcelos , Souza Rafaela Rodrigues Alves 
Published: August 2016

Este texto apresenta os resultados de uma experiência pedagógica do curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) na disciplina de Tópicos Especiais em Teoria III. A disciplina visa introduzir ao aluno noções de teoria da paisagem. Parte-se da noção de que nós somos integrantes da paisagem e, por isso, seu entendimento fundamenta-se na percepção e na experiência, englobando aspectos subjetivos. A experiência pedagógica consolida-se no exercício do Caderno de Bordo, elaborado individualmente pelos alunos, onde as suas reflexões são apresentadas de maneira associada a fotografias ou desenhos de paisagens produzidas por eles. A análise dos Cadernos revela maior sensibilização dos alunos em relação à paisagem, despertando olhar crítico sobre o pensar e construir paisagens e fornecendo bases que auxiliam no desenvolvimento de seus projetos de arquitetura, urbanismo e paisagismo.
Beneficial Role of Erythrocyte Adenosine A2B Receptor–Mediated AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in High-Altitude Hypoxia
Authors: Liu Hong , Zhang Yujin , Wu Hongyu , D’Alessandro Angelo , Yegutkin Gennady G. , Song Anren , Sun Kaiqi , Li Jessica , Cheng Ning-Yuan , Huang Aji , Edward Wen Yuan , Weng Ting Ting , Luo Fayong , Nemkov Travis , Sun Hong , Kellems Rodney E. , Karmouty-Quintana Harry , Hansen Kirk C. , Zhao Bihong , Subudhi Andrew W. , Jameson-Van Houten Sonja , Julian Colleen G. , Lovering Andrew T. , Eltzschig Holger K. , Blackburn Michael R. , Roach Robert C. , Xia Yang 
Published: August 2016

Background:
High altitude is a challenging condition caused by insufficient oxygen supply. Inability to adjust to hypoxia may lead to pulmonary edema, stroke, cardiovascular dysfunction, and even death. Thus, understanding the molecular basis of adaptation to high altitude may reveal novel therapeutics to counteract the detrimental consequences of hypoxia.

Methods:

Using high-throughput, unbiased metabolomic profiling, we report that the metabolic pathway responsible for production of erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), a negative allosteric regulator of hemoglobin-O
2
binding affinity, was significantly induced in 21 healthy humans within 2 hours of arrival at 5260 m and further increased after 16 days at 5260 m.

Results:

This finding led us to discover that plasma adenosine concentrations and soluble CD73 activity rapidly increased at high altitude and were associated with elevated erythrocyte 2,3-BPG levels and O
2
releasing capacity. Mouse genetic studies demonstrated that elevated CD73 contributed to hypoxia-induced adenosine accumulation and that elevated adenosine-mediated erythrocyte A2B adenosine receptor activation was beneficial by inducing 2,3-BPG production and triggering O
2
release to prevent multiple tissue hypoxia, inflammation, and pulmonary vascular leakage. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that erythrocyte AMP-activated protein kinase was activated in humans at high altitude and that AMP-activated protein kinase is a key protein functioning downstream of the A2B adenosine receptor, phosphorylating and activating BPG mutase and thus inducing 2,3-BPG production and O
2
release from erythrocytes. Significantly, preclinical studies demonstrated that activation of AMP-activated protein kinase enhanced BPG mutase activation, 2,3-BPG production, and O
2
release capacity in CD73-deficient mice, in erythrocyte-specific A2B adenosine receptor knockouts, and in wild-type mice and in turn reduced tissue hypoxia and inflammation.

Conclusions:
Together, human and mouse studies reveal novel mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation and potential therapeutic approaches for counteracting hypoxia-induced tissue damage.
The Superposition of Eastward and Westward Rossby Waves in Response to Localized Forcing
Authors: Shaman Jeffrey , Tziperman Eli 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Rossby waves are a principal form of atmospheric communication between disparate parts of the climate system. These planetary waves are typically excited by diabatic or orographic forcing and can be subject to considerable downstream modification. Because of differences in wave properties, including vertical structure, phase speed, and group velocity, Rossby waves exhibit a wide range of behaviors. This study demonstrates the combined effects of eastward-propagating stationary barotropic Rossby waves and westward-propagating very-low-zonal-wavenumber stationary barotropic Rossby waves on the atmospheric response to wintertime El Niño convective forcing over the tropical Pacific. Experiments are conducted using the Community Atmosphere Model, version 4.0, in which both diabatic forcing over the Pacific and localized relaxation outside the forcing region are applied. The localized relaxation is used to dampen Rossby wave propagation to either the west or east of the forcing region and isolate the alternate direction signal. The experiments reveal that El Niño forcing produces both eastward- and westward-propagating stationary waves in the upper troposphere. Over North Africa and Asia the aggregate undamped upper-tropospheric response is due to the superposition and interaction of these oppositely directed planetary waves that emanate from the forcing region and encircle the planet.
A Simple Moisture Advection Model of Specific Humidity Change over Land in Response to SST Warming
Authors: Chadwick Robin , Good Peter , Willett Kate 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A simple conceptual model of surface specific humidity change over land is described, based on the effect of increased moisture advection from the oceans in response to sea surface temperature (SST) warming. In this model, future q over land is determined by scaling the present-day pattern of land q by the fractional increase in the oceanic moisture source. Simple model estimates agree well with climate model projections of future (mean spatial correlation coefficient 0.87), so over both land and ocean can be viewed primarily as a thermodynamic process controlled by SST warming. Precipitation change is also affected by , and the new simple model can be included in a decomposition of tropical precipitation change, where it provides increased physical understanding of the processes that drive over land. Confidence in the thermodynamic part of extreme precipitation change over land is increased by this improved understanding, and this should scale approximately with Clausius–Clapeyron oceanic q increases under SST warming. Residuals of actual climate model from simple model estimates are often associated with regions of large circulation change, and can be thought of as the “dynamical” part of specific humidity change. The simple model is used to explore intermodel uncertainty in , and there are substantial contributions to uncertainty from both the thermodynamic (simple model) and dynamical (residual) terms. The largest cause of intermodel uncertainty within the thermodynamic term is uncertainty in the magnitude of global mean SST warming.
Summertime Rainfall Events in Eastern Washington and Oregon
Authors: Chiodi Andrew M. , Bond Nicholas A. , Larkin Narasimhan K. , Barbour R. James 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The temporal and spatial characteristics of summertime rainfall events in the Pacific Northwest are examined in relation to the prevailing regional 500-hPa geopotential height conditions, with focus on the forested slopes of eastern Washington and northeastern Oregon, where the absence/occurrence of events largely determines the start and end of the wildland fire season. The Daily U.S. Unified Precipitation dataset is used for specifying rainfall events (period 1949–2008). Events are defined as one or more consecutive days of rainfall exceeding 0.25 in. (0.65 mm), and occur on average two to three times per summer (July–September) in the focus region, east of the Cascade Mountain crest, with a minimum in frequency in late July. A relatively high percentage of the events in the northern portion of the domain of interest, and over the higher terrain, is associated with anomalous midtropospheric southwesterly flow; a high percentage of the events in the southern and lower elevation portions of the domain is associated with southeasterly flow anomalies. Southeasterly flow events are much more likely to be accompanied by lightning and a more localized rainfall distribution than southwesterly events. Southwesterly events mainly account for the late-July frequency minimum and produce more widespread/heavier precipitation on average. The forests of eastern Washington and Oregon receive a mix of southeasterly and southwesterly events. Results suggest that identifying flow types by (skillful) extended-range 500-hPa forecasts may provide a useful basis for predicting the associated aspects of the rainfall event distribution.
The Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model (BAM): Performance for Tropical Rainfall Forecasting and Sensitivity to Convective Scheme and Horizontal Resolution
Authors: Figueroa Silvio N. , Bonatti José P. , Kubota Paulo Y. , Grell Georg A. , Morrison Hugh , Barros Saulo R. M. , Fernandez Julio P. R. , Ramirez Enver , Siqueira Leo , Luzia Graziela , Silva Josiane , Silva Juliana R. , Pendharkar Jayant , Capistrano Vinicius B. , Alvim Débora S. , Enoré Diego P. , Diniz Fábio L. R. , Satyamurti Praki , Cavalcanti Iracema F. A. , Nobre Paulo , Barbosa Henrique M. J. , Mendes Celso L. , Panetta Jairo 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This article describes the main features of the Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model (BAM), analyses of its performance for tropical rainfall forecasting, and its sensitivity to convective scheme and horizontal resolution. BAM is the new global atmospheric model of the Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Research [Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC)], which includes a new dynamical core and state-of-the-art parameterization schemes. BAM’s dynamical core incorporates a monotonic two-time-level semi-Lagrangian scheme, which is carried out completely on the model grid for the tridimensional transport of moisture, microphysical prognostic variables, and tracers. The performance of the quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) from two convective schemes, the Grell–Dévényi (GD) scheme and its modified version (GDM), and two different horizontal resolutions are evaluated against the daily TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis over different tropical regions. Three main results are 1) the QPF skill was improved substantially with GDM in comparison to GD; 2) the increase in the horizontal resolution without any ad hoc tuning improves the variance of precipitation over continents with complex orography, such as Africa and South America, whereas over oceans there are no significant differences; and 3) the systematic errors (dry or wet biases) remain virtually unchanged for 5-day forecasts. Despite improvements in the tropical precipitation forecasts, especially over southeastern Brazil, dry biases over the Amazon and La Plata remain in BAM. Improving the precipitation forecasts over these regions remains a challenge for the future development of the model to be used not only for numerical weather prediction over South America but also for global climate simulations.
Hospitalisation and compulsion: The research agenda
Authors: Burns Tom , Rugkåsa Jorun 
Published: August 2016

SummaryKeown et al's paper highlights the complex nature of social determinants of hospital admission and compulsory care. We review here how research into compulsion in mental health has progressed beyond epidemiological studies of rates of admission. There is now a wider recognition of the range of compulsory and coercive processes used and how they are experienced by patients. The results of recent studies have confirmed the importance of confronting the complexity that Keown et al have presented. They have also produced unexpected and intriguing findings that set the direction for future research.