bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ability of buried PCTM traps to detect stored-product mites in wheat.
Authors: Clarke P. G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Mites are a major pest of stored grain in the UK. Recent interest in mite presence has been stimulated by the potential health effects of ingesting mites and their products and the development of resistance to organophosphate pesticides (Wildey, K.B., Prickett, A.J., MacNicoll, A., Thind, B.B., 1998, Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Conference-Pests and Diseases 1:503-510). Although mites are often present in stored products it is not known if mites pass from storage into finished food. Traps exist to monitor beetles in grain bulks and mites in empty stores, and manufacturing premises. It may be possible to use these to monitor mites in bulk-stored grain. An initial study compared the populations of the major UK mite pests (Acarus sp., Glycyphagus sp. and Tyrophagus sp.) in buried PC traps, probe traps and Mite Monitors with populations recovered from grain samples taken from the surface of a 100 tonne managed grain bulk. A second, laboratory-based, experiment assessed the ability of the buried PC trap to detect three major storage pest species: Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus longior. The ability of this trap was assessed against single and mixed species populations; it was also tested with Mite Monitor bait added to the trap. Results from the initial study showed that there were discrepancies between mite genera found in the grain samples and the traps. In the samples 44% of mites recovered were Acarus sp., 23% Glycyphagus sp. and 33% Tyrophagus sp. However, more than 75% of mites found in PC and probe traps were Acarus sp. and 55% of those found in Mite Monitors were Tyrophagus sp. Very few Glycyphagus sp. were found in traps. Similar proportions were found in the laboratory study. Buried PC traps contained more A. siro than L. destructor or T. longior when either single or mixed species populations (with equal numbers of the different species) were examined. When Mite Monitor bait was present the proportions of T. longior and A. siro in the traps were equal. The implications of these results on the use of traps to monitor mite populations in grain are discussed and it is concluded that, although currently existing traps may be suitable for monitoring mites in grain, more work is necessary to understand interspecies interactions and the relationship between trap catch and actual populations.
The effects of high-temperature drying on fragrant rice.
Authors: Moi YawGeok [Moi Y. G. L. ] , Srzednicki G. , Craske J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The effects of high temperature drying on fragrant rice cv. Kyeema were studied. High moisture paddy was dried using two-stage drying process which involved a fluidized bed at high temperature reducing moisture content to 18% wet basis (w.b.), followed by shade drying with a further moisture reduction of 14% w.b. Drying air temperatures of 150, 125 and 100°C were trialled in the fluidized-bed drier. Likens-Nickerson simultaneous distillation-extraction technique was used to extract the volatile compounds from grains, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography were used to separate, identify, and quantify the volatile compounds extracted. Sixty-one volatile compounds were identified. These included 12 alcohols, 10 aldehydes, 9 ketones, 9 acids, 7 hydrocarbons, 3 heterocyclic and 8 miscellaneous compounds. An increase in drying temperatures led to the formation of new compounds, as well as losing other desirable volatiles. Quantitatively, aldehydes were the major class of volatile compounds found in Kyeema rice samples. The three different drying temperatures using the fluidized bed drier affected the flavour profile of Kyeema rice. The sensory results also showed that rice dried at 125°C had the most desirable flavour, which may be due to the presence of the newly formed volatile compounds identified in the rice sample.
Estimation of safe storage periods for malting barley using a model of heat production based on respiration experiments.
Authors: Jacobsen E. E. , Fleurat-Lessard F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The respiration of grain is closely associated to heat production that mainly resulted from the combination of unfavourable storage conditions (temperature and moisture content (m.c.)). In addition, temperature and moisture content are the prime factors affecting the germinative capacity of malting barley. The possibility of describing the respiration of malting barley by way of a mathematical model based on these two measurable factors was investigated. The effects of temperature (range 10-39°C) and moisture content (range: 15-25% wet basis) (converted to water activity, Aw) on the respiration of barley was investigated experimentally. A mathematical model based on the two controlled variables was developed from the experimental data for the estimation of oxygen (O2) consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) production. A general equation for O2 consumption (O2 cons) or CO2 production (CO2 prod) was: ln(respiration temperature)=a+b(Aw). This model showed highly significant correlation coefficients of 0.982 and 0.974 for O2 cons and CO2 prod, respectively. Oxygen consumption was converted into heat production using theoretical conversion factors. This second formula enabled the calculation of the rise of grain temperature to the limit of 35°C, which corresponded to the threshold for the deterioration of seed viability. It was then used to create another model, usable graphically or by computer, and enabling the assessment of the "safe storage life" of malting barley as dependent on moisture content and temperature.
An alternative approach to assessing pest problems in stored grain.
Authors: Wilkin R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Conventional surveys of pest problems in stored grain can be expensive and time consuming. As an alternative, data were collected using the intake inspection records from five intervention grain stores and two maltings. The results were based on samples collected from incoming loads and other information that was gathered at the same time. Assessments based on about 200 000 tonnes of barley sold into intervention during a single storage season showed that less than 2.5% of the grain was rejected because of infestation. Almost half the grain delivered had received some form of chemical treatment before despatch to the store. Data on delivery of grain to two maltings were monitored over a 5-year period and showed that, although just below 3% of loads were rejected, less than 1% of rejections were caused by infestation. The implications of this approach to collecting information and the significance of the results are discussed.
Development of management options for the control of aflatoxin in maize in West Africa.
Authors: Hell K. , Fandohan P. , Cardwell K. F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

From 1999 till 2001, management strategies for the reduction of aflatoxin in maize were developed in participatory tests with farmers. After 6 months of storage, maize in bags contained more aflatoxin than maize in traditional farmers' stores. Harvesting maize late increased the risk of aflatoxin contamination. Sorting out damaged maize before storage significantly decreased the levels of aflatoxin in stored maize. All the management strategies were evaluated, and the economic benefit assessed against traditional farming practices. Fungal infection and insect infestation were measured and related to aflatoxin contamination. A technology package for the reduction of aflatoxin in maize will be developed for each agroecological zone in Bénin, comprising specific maize varieties, harvest timing, drying, sorting, insect control and storage technologies.
Sorption of carbonyl sulfide by stored products.
Authors: Weller G. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

As a consequence of a search for an alternative to methyl bromide for the fumigation of stored products, carbonyl sulfide (COS) was patented for its fumigant properties. While the toxicity of this gas to insects is well documented, the behaviour of COS on commodities needed to be investigated. The sorption of COS by a diverse range of commodities - cereals (wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice and sorghum), pulses (field peas, red kidney beans, lupins, soyabeans, mung beans and chickpeas), oil seeds (rape, safflower, linola, fuzzy cottonseed and sunflower seeds), dried fruits (apricots, peaches, pears and sultanas), spices (chillies and cardamom), almonds, cocoa beans and coffee beans - has been assessed under a set of comparable conditions. Red kidney beans and sunflower seeds were highly sorptive and may not be suitable for fumigation with COS. The role of moisture content, age of commodity and history of previous fumigation with COS were investigated. Increasing moisture content increases the rate of sorption whereas increased storage time appears to reduce the rate of sorption, as does the number of times that a commodity has been previously fumigated with COS.
The effect of storage conditions on the quality of Australian canola (rapeseed), Brassica napus L.
Authors: Reuss R. , Cassells J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In 2002-03, 1.6 million tonnes of rape (rapeseed) are expected to be harvested in Australia. Increased production of canola has resulted in more prolonged storage before end use or export. This paper examines the effect of storage conditions and storage period on the quality of two Australian rape cultivars. Samples of the cultivars Oscar and Pinnacle were conditioned to moisture contents of 6, 7 and 8% and stored at 20, 25 and 30°C for nine months. There were measurable differences between freshly harvested rape and stored rape. Changes were mostly dependent on the storage conditions, but differences between cultivars and the intake condition of the grain were also important. Generally, the most significant changes occurred at the highest moisture content (m.c.) and storage temperatures. Loss in germination energy reflected the intake quality of rape and storage at high temperatures and moderate m.c. Seed coat colour changes were an indicator of chemical changes during storage. Changes in the UV-visible spectra of rape oil, fatty acid composition, and NIR spectra were also influenced by storage parameters. Free fatty acid accumulation was the most useful indicator of potential storage-induced quality loss. Future work will include data on storage periods less than nine months and detailed analysis of chemical, biological, and chemometric data.
The technical foundation for precision stored-product-pest fumigation with ProFumeTM gas fumigant.
Authors: Schneider B. , Voglewede C. , Houtman B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Dow AgroSciences is developing ProFume gas fumigant (99.8% sulfuryl fluoride) to control stored-product pests in milling, food-processing, and food-storage facilities. Sulfuryl fluoride has positive fumigant qualities, including: efficacy in controlling insect pests, a low boiling point, excellent penetration qualities, low reactivity potential, limited sorption, and rapid aeration. Effective dosages for all life stages can be obtained by varying concentration and exposure time. Lower dosages are necessary at higher temperatures due to the insects' increased metabolism. With some limitations, tolerances and maximum residue limits for sulfuryl fluoride and fluoride (the two terminal food residues of interest) will be established to support the fumigation of a wide variety of grains and tree nuts, along with processed foods. Taste and quality trial results indicate that dried fruit and tree nuts were not adversely affected by ProFume. Wheat kernel quality trials showed that ProFume exposure did not affect the nutritional characteristics and rheological properties of the milled fractions of hard red winter, soft red winter, and durum wheat kernels. Dow AgroSciences has developed the ProFume Fumiguide, a PC-based software program to calculate dosages specific to the pest and environmental conditions of each fumigation. Dow AgroSciences will administer a comprehensive ProFume fumigation training and stewardship programme emphasizing worker, bystander, and environmental safety. Country registrations are expected in the United States in 2002 and in the European Union in 2004.
Two decades of monitoring and managing phosphine resistance in Australia.
Authors: Collins P. J. , Emery R. N. , Wallbank B. E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The Australian grain industry relies heavily on phosphine to meet domestic and international market demand for high-quality grain, free of insects. Phosphine usage has increased markedly over the past 10 years, because of market reluctance to accept chemical residues and resistance in target pests to grain protectants. The threat that insects may also develop resistance to phosphine led to resistance-monitoring projects being initiated across all cereal-growing regions of Australia. The rationale was that the industry needed to be proactive in developing strategies to combat resistance when it evolved, and required early warning of the development of resistance and a scientific assessment of its likely impact. With industry support, these projects have now amalgamated to form a national phosphine resistance monitoring and management programme. Insect population samples are collected from farms, grain merchants, mills and central storages, and tested for resistance. If the resistance is classified as significant, then action is taken to eradicate or control the strain and, where feasible, to prevent its further distribution. In addition, research is undertaken to fully characterize the resistance and to develop control options such as changes to fumigation concentrations and exposure periods. Although the three collaborating laboratories are widely spaced geographically, they maintain close links through data sharing on an Internet-accessible database. They share a common procedures manual, and the groups independently confirm diagnoses of significant resistance made in other laboratories. They also hold regular national workshops to benchmark their suite of bioassays and other techniques and report at least annually to the industry through various forums. The Australian approach is unique in that it has drawn together primary producers, bulk handlers, chemical companies, industry funding organizations and government research institutions from across the country to combat the national threat of phosphine resistance.
Securidaca longepidunculata (Fres.) as a control for stored product insect pests.
Authors: Jayasekara T. K. , Belmain S. R. , Stevenson P. C. , Hall D. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The plant Securidaca longipedunculata is known to have various ethnopharmacological and pesticidal properties, including its indigenous use by small-scale African farmers for stored product pest control. This paper reports the results of a study involving 4 stored-grain insect pest species, Sitophilus zeamais, Rhyzopertha dominica, Callosobruchus maculatus, and Prostephanus truncatus, which showed that the powdered root of Securidaca longipedunculata (collected from Tamale, Ghana) admixed with commodity at 0.5% w/w was effective at reducing the F1 emergence of all 4 species when compared with untreated commodity trials. A methanol extract of Securidaca longipedunculata roots sprayed on commodity at 0.1% w/w was equally effective at reducing F1 emergence compared with the control. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanol extract showed that the most polar compounds in the roots were responsible for the reduction of live adults in the F1 generation. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of isolating and characterizing biologically active compounds with a view to improving stored-product pest control by small-scale farmers in developing countries.
Study on the insecticidal effects of custard apple (Annona reticulata L.) and mindi (Melia azedarach L.) leaves against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
Authors: Haryadi Y. , Yuniarti S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The insecticidal properties of custard apple (A. reticulata) and mindi (M. azedarach) leaf powder were tested against maize weevil, S. zeamais. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions using oligidic diet in the form of artificial grains. To the diet, 10 levels (0.0 to 4.5% w/w) of the dry, powdered plant materials were added. Ten adults of unsexed S. zeamais aged 7-15 days were added to about 120 artificial grains in a closed but aerated plastic container. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. After 7 days of oviposition, the parent insects were removed and discarded. The grains were incubated under laboratory conditions and after about 3 weeks were examined for the emergence of progeny. The emerging progeny was removed and counted daily until there were no emergences for 5 consecutive days. The parameters observed were the number of progeny, the developmental period, and the developmental index. The results showed that the presence of the plant materials in the diet significantly reduced the number of progeny, prolonged the developmental period, and reduced the developmental index. Mindi leaf in particular, showed strongly insecticidal effects against S. zeamais. At 2.0% of the mindi leaf powder in the diet the numbers of progeny in all 5 replicates were reduced to zero.
Efficacy of pea protein and combinations of pea protein and wasps against stored-grain insects in large-scale tests.
Authors: Hou XingWei Hou XingWei , Fields P. , Flinn P. , Perez-Mendoza J. , Baker J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Protein-enriched pea flour is toxic and repellent to three major stored grain pests, the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus. A unique and valuable aspect of the protein-enriched pea flour is that it is not toxic to several parasitoids that are associated with two of these insect pests. These parasitoids include Anisopteromalus calandrae, a parasitoid of S. oryzae, and Cephalonomia waterstoni, a parasitoid of C. ferrugineus. Two, large-scale tests, including one test in combination with the parasitoids, were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the pea flour as a grain protectant in Manitoba, Canada. A 2-month, 30-tonne-granary trial with barley was conducted in 6 bins, each filled with 11 tonnes of barley. Bins had full-floor aeration, hence insects could leave or enter the grain mass. Results showed that treating all the barley during loading with 0.1% of pea protein had a similar effect to treating the barley in only the top half of the granary with 0.5% of pea protein. Compared with control bins, the treatments with protein-enriched pea flour reduced the size of S. oryzae populations by more than 90%, and those of Cryptolestes ferrugineus and T. castaneum by more than 70%. A 5-month, 330-kg-barrel test with wheat was set up to test the effectiveness of the combination of protein-enriched pea flour with parasitoids against S. oryzae and C. ferrugineus. The parasitoids A. calandrae and C. waterstoni reduced the mean number of S. oryzae by about 70%, but the reduction was not significant because of high variability in the controls. Combinations of parasitoids and pea flour at 0.1% reduced the S. oryzae population by 99.8%. For unknown reasons, the populations of C. ferrugineus did not become established in the barrel tests. As a result, we could draw no conclusions concerning the effectiveness of the combination of parasitoids and protein-enriched pea flour against this major pest.
The effect of relative humidity on the efficacy of the diatomaceous earth Protect-ItTM against Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae).
Authors: Cao Yang Cao Yang , Xia Lili Xia Lili , Zhang HuaiJun Zhang HuaiJun 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper examines the effect of relative humidity (55, 65, 71 and 76% r.h.) on the efficacy of the diatomaceous earth Protect-It against Liposcelis entomophila adults. The diatomaceous earth was applied as a surface treatment at 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, and 3.0 g/m2. Insects were held at 25±1 °C for 1 to 8 days before mortality was assessed. As predicted, lower relative humidities, higher concentrations of diatomaceous earth or longer exposures increased mortality. At 55% r.h., 100% mortality occurred at all concentrations after 4-day exposure. At 65% r.h., the results were similar to those at 55% r.h. At 71% r.h., 100% mortality occurred only after 4 days at 3.0 g/m2, and after 6 days at 1 g/m2. At 76% r.h., 100% mortality was never obtained with the 8-day tests, although mortalities rose between 69 and 92%. We believe the diatomaceous earth would be useful to reduce populations of L. entomophila and other stored-grain insect pests in empty granaries and in the top and bottom layers of the grain.
Efficacy of heat treatments against the tobacco beetle Lasioderma serricorne F. (Col., Anobiidae) and the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Col., Bostrichidae).
Authors: Adler C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

All developmental stages and adults of the tobacco beetle L. serricorne and the lesser grain borer R. dominica were tested for their tolerance against heat treatments. Each age cohort, together with 10 mL of substrate, was exposed to 45, 50 and 55°C in preheated glass tubes in a water bath. At 45°C, pupae of the tested population of R. dominica proved more tolerant to heat treatments than L. serricorne, while at the higher temperatures, eggs of the tobacco beetle were most difficult to control. At 45°C, it took 40 h to control the tobacco beetle, but 100 h to control the lesser grain borer. At 50°C, exposure times of up to 280 minutes were not sufficient to control L. serricorne and R. dominica. At 55°C, first results seem to indicate that 40 minutes may be sufficient to control both species, but more data are needed to support this finding. The findings indicate that all life stages of critical species should be tested to determine effective heat treatment schedules.
Heat disinfestation of wheat in a continuous-flow spouted bed.
Authors: Rashid Qaisrani Rashid Qaisrani , Beckett S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A continuous flow spouted bed with a draft tube was developed and tested for heat disinfestation of grain. Fifty tonnes of wheat naturally infested with mixed age populations of Rhyzopertha dominica, Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Liposcelis bostrychophila were passed through the unit. The draft tube helped achieve a comparatively uniform grain temperature (±4°C) and minimized heat losses. Three target grain temperatures (55, 57 and 60°C) were achieved during the experiment. After initial heating, the 2 lower temperatures were maintained for periods of time likely to ensure disinfestation of R. dominica. No live insects were found after the heat treatment. The grain residence time was less than 1 second. The throughput of the system was 5 t/h, which was limited by the capacity of the pneumatic conveyor used to feed the infested grain into the heating chamber. However, the maximum capacity of the system could be as much as 10 t/h. Practical considerations for the scale up and commercialization of the spouted-bed disinfestor are the next steps in making this technology available to the end users.