bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The uses of Kenyan aloes: an analysis of implications for names, distribution and conservation
Authors: Bjorå Charlotte S. , Wabuyele Emily , Grace Olwen M. , Nordal Inger , Newton Leonard E. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background
The genus Aloe is renowned for its medicinal and cosmetic properties and long history of use. Sixty-three Aloe species occur in Kenya, of which around 50 % are endemic. Several species of aloes are threatened with extinction and knowledge about their use is of major importance for sound conservation strategies. The main aims of this study were to assess the biocultural value of Aloe in Kenya by documenting local uses of aloes and evaluating how the vernacular names reflect the relative importance in different ethnic groups.

Methods
Ethnobotanical and ethnotaxonomical data were collected using field observations and semi-structured interviews. Information was collected by interviewing 63 respondents from nine different ethnic groups, representing different ages, gender and occupations. Statistical analyses were performed using R version 3.1.2.

Results
A total of 19 species of Aloe were found in the study area, of which 16 were used. On the generic level Aloe was easily distinguished. At species level, the local and scientific delimitation were almost identical for frequently used taxa. Aloe secundiflora, with 57 unique use records was the most important species. The two most frequently mentioned Aloe treatments, were malaria and poultry diseases. In our study area neither age nor gender had a significant influence on the level of knowledge of Aloe use. Finally, no correlation was found between extent of use and people’s perception of decrease in local aloe populations. The aloes are highly appreciated and are therefore propagated and transported over large areas when people relocate.

Conclusion
Biocultural value is reflected in the ethnotaxonomy of Aloe in Kenya. Different ethnic groups recognise their most-valued Aloe at the genus level as “the aloe” and add explanatory names for the other species, such as the “spotted aloe” and the “one-legged aloe”. Widespread species of Aloe have the highest number of uses. There is no obvious correlation with high use and decrease in abundance of aloes locally, and we found no compelling evidence for local uses causing devastating damage to populations of the 19 species in use, whereas habitat loss and commercial harvesting appear to be of urgent concern for these important plants.
Change in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a population of medical students: 6-year follow-up
Authors: Lavalle Fernando J. , Villarreal Jesús Z. , Montes Juan , Mancillas Leonardo G. , Rodríguez Susana E. , González Patricio , Lara Reynaldo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractStudents of a university hospital were assessed in 2007 and later in 2013 to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS version 17.0.A total of 213 students were evaluated in both 2007 and 2013 (48.3 % women and 51.7 % men). The diagnosis of overweight and obesity increased from 24.9 to 37.1 % (p < 0.05), central obesity from 17.8 to 28.6 % (p < 0.05), and prevalence of metabolic syndrome from 9.8 to 14.5 % (p ≥ 0.05); up to 20 % in male gender. It is important to implement programs for early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.
S phase block followingMEC1ATRinactivation occurs without severe dNTP depletion
Authors: Earp Caroline , Rowbotham Samuel , Merényi Gábor , Chabes Andrei , Cha Rita S. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTInactivation of Mec1, the budding yeast ATR, results in a permanent S phase arrest followed by chromosome breakage and cell death during G2/M. The S phase arrest is proposed to stem from a defect in Mec1-mediated degradation of Sml1, a conserved inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), causing a severe depletion in cellular dNTP pools. Here, the casual link between the S phase arrest, Sml1, and dNTP-levels is examined using a temperature sensitive mec1 mutant. In addition to S phase arrest, thermal inactivation of Mec1 leads to constitutively high levels of Sml1 and an S phase arrest. Expression of a novel suppressor, GIS2, a conserved mRNA binding zinc finger protein, rescues the arrest without down-regulating Sml1 levels. The dNTP pool in mec1 is reduced by ∼17% and GIS2 expression restores it, but only partially, to ∼93% of a control. We infer that the permanent S phase block following Mec1 inactivation can be uncoupled from its role in Sml1 down-regulation. Furthermore, unexpectedly modest effects of mec1 and GIS2 on dNTP levels suggest that the S phase arrest is unlikely to result from a severe depletion of dNTP pool as assumed, but a heightened sensitivity to small changes in its availability.
Localisation-based imaging of malarial antigens during erythrocyte entry reaffirms a role for AMA1 but not MTRAP in invasion
Authors: Riglar David T. , Whitehead Lachlan , Cowman Alan F. , Rogers Kelly L. , Baum Jake 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT
Microscopy-based localisation of proteins during malaria parasite (Plasmodium) invasion of the erythrocyte is widely used for tentative assignment of protein function. To date, however, imaging has been limited by the rarity of invasion events and the poor resolution available, given the micron size of the parasite, which leads to a lack of quantitative measures for definitive localisation. Here, using computational image analysis we have attempted to assign relative protein localisation during invasion using wide-field deconvolution microscopy. By incorporating three-dimensional information we present a detailed assessment of known parasite effectors predicted to function during entry but as yet untested or for which data are equivocal. Our method, termed longitudinal intensity profiling, resolves confusion surrounding the localisation of apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) at the merozoite–erythrocyte junction and predicts that the merozoite thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (MTRAP) is unlikely to play a direct role in the mechanics of entry, an observation supported with additional biochemical evidence. This approach sets a benchmark for imaging of complex micron-scale events and cautions against simplistic interpretations of small numbers of representative images for the assignment of protein function or prioritisation of candidates as therapeutic targets.
The Use of the Active Methods of Education and Personal Experience for the Mastering of Special Competencies for High School Teacher
Authors: ������  , Meychik Galina , �����  , Karma A. 
Published: November 2015

The article focuses on the problems associated with the design of additional professional educational programs in the context of the competency approach.
These programs are designed for implementation in the system of additional professional education (APE) of teachers. Results of the analysis
of the scientifi c literature on the issue of implementation of the competence-based approach are described in the article. Authors consider, that the
professional pedagogical competence can be represented in the unity of its theoretical and practical component. The authors propose requirements for
the design of additional professional educational programs implemented in the APE. Training programs in Moscow and the federal system of additional
vocational training in �Teacher education� are analyzed in terms of their implementation in the context of competence approach. Recommendations for
the design of additional professional educational programs from the perspective of competence-based approach are proposed for Moscow.
Competence Approach in Education: Theoretical Aspects
Authors: ��������  , Khachatryan Elya 
Published: November 2015

The article focuses on the competence approach in education, analyzes foreign and domestic psychological and pedagogical research on this issue and
gives a detailed analysis of the interpretation of the concepts &#34;competency&#34;, &#34;competence&#34; of foreign and domestic scientists. The author suggests his own
interpretation of the basic concepts of the competence approach.
The American approach to the defi nition of &#34;competency&#34; aims at solving the problem of what personal traits of the individual determine the successful
action while the English one aims at studying on the characteristics of activities and their implementation. According to the author, both approaches represent
separate sides of the considered concept. Successful activity is determined not only by personality traits of the individual but the ability to update
knowledge and skills and choose the right ways of behavior and activity for each specifi c situation.
Study on the characteristics of activities and their implementation without regard to the individual that carries it and specifi c conditions for the implementation
doesn�t reveal the concept of &#34;competency&#34;.
The article emphasizes that the activity approach is predominated in Russian psycho-pedagogical studies that determine the nature of competency /
competence.
Do Nonexecutive Employees Have Valuable Information? Evidence from Employee Stock Purchase Plans
Authors: Babenko Ilona , Sen Rik 
Published: November 2015

Using novel data on employee stock purchase plans (ESPPs), we show that aggregate purchases of company stock by lower-level employees predict future stock returns. Firms in the top quartile of ESPP purchases outperform those in the bottom quartile by 10% in the year after purchase. The relation between ESPP purchases and future stock returns is stronger for firms with high information asymmetry. Furthermore, we find that high ESPP purchases are associated with a lower likelihood of breaks in strings of consecutive earnings increases, as well as higher future sales growth and more innovation. These findings support the hypothesis that lower-level employees have information about future firm performance. We examine and reject a number of alternative explanations. Our results have implications for firms using employees as a source of capital, accounting issues related to expensing of equity-based compensation, and disclosure policy. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2226 . This paper was accepted by Wei Jiang, finance.
Resonant Interneurons Can Increase Robustness of Gamma Oscillations
Authors: Tikidji-Hamburyan Ruben A. , Martínez Joan José , White John A. , Canavier Carmen C. 
Published: November 2015

Gamma oscillations are believed to play a critical role in in information processing, encoding, and retrieval. Inhibitory interneuronal network gamma (ING) oscillations may arise from a coupled oscillator mechanism in which individual neurons oscillate or from a population oscillator in which individual neurons fire sparsely and stochastically. All ING mechanisms, including the one proposed herein, rely on alternating waves of inhibition and windows of opportunity for spiking. The coupled oscillator model implemented with Wang–Buzsáki model neurons is not sufficiently robust to heterogeneity in excitatory drive, and therefore intrinsic frequency, to account forin vitromodels of ING. Similarly, in a tightly synchronized regime, the stochastic population oscillator model is often characterized by sparse firing, whereas interneurons bothin vivoandin vitrodo not fire sparsely during gamma, but rather on average every other cycle. We substituted so-called resonator neural models, which exhibit class 2 excitability and postinhibitory rebound (PIR), for the integrators that are typically used. This results in much greater robustness to heterogeneity that actually increases as the average participation in spikes per cycle approximates physiological levels. Moreover, dynamic clamp experiments that show autapse-induced firing in entorhinal cortical interneurons support the idea that PIR can serve as a network gamma mechanism. Furthermore, parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells were much more likely to display both PIR and autapse-induced firing than GAD2+cells, supporting the view that PV+fast-firing basket cells are more likely to exhibit class 2 excitability than other types of inhibitory interneurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGamma oscillations are believed to play a critical role in information processing, encoding, and retrieval. Networks of inhibitory interneurons are thought to be essential for these oscillations. We show that one class of interneurons with an abrupt onset of firing at a threshold frequency may allow more robust synchronization in the presence of noise and heterogeneity. The mechanism for this robustness depends on the intrinsic resonance at this threshold frequency. Moreover, we show experimentally the feasibility of the proposed mechanism and suggest a way to distinguish between this mechanism and another proposed mechanism: that of a stochastic population oscillator independent of the dynamics of individual neurons.
The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Induces a Social Altruism Bias
Authors: Marsh Nina , Scheele Dirk , Gerhardt Holger , Strang Sabrina , Enax Laura , Weber Bernd , Maier Wolfgang , Hurlemann René 
Published: November 2015

Current psychological concepts of social and ecological responsibility emphasize the relevance of altruism, suggesting that more altruistic individuals are more likely to engage in sustainable behaviors. Emerging evidence indicates a central role of the neuropeptide oxytocin in promoting altruism. Whether this influence extends to ecological responsibility or is limited to the social domain remains unknown. In two independent experiments involving 172 human participants, we addressed this question by exposing subjects to a sustainability-related monetary donation task, with the option to support either socially or ecologically framed charities. We found that oxytocin induced a context-dependent change in altruistic behavior away from pro-environmental toward pro-social donations, while keeping constant the overall proportion of donated money. This pro-social bias transcended to the domain of sustainable consumption. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that altruistic priorities vary as a function of oxytocin system activity, which has implications for the promotion of pro-environmental attitudes and eco-friendly behaviors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIndividual responses to ecological and social sustainability require a shift in personal priorities away from selfish to more altruistic behaviors. Emerging evidence indicates a central role of the hypothalamic peptide oxytocin in promoting altruism, but whether the influence of oxytocin benefits altruistic decision-making in the context of ecological and social sustainability is unclear. In two independent behavioral experiments involving 172 human subjects, we show that heightened oxytocin system activity induces a social altruism bias at the cost of ecological responsibility. Our results have fundamental implications for policy interventions and business strategies designed to sustain ecological resources by suggesting that a social framing may attract more individuals to engage in pro-environmental and eco-friendly behaviors.
MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS: O EFEITO ESTUFA E A PRODUÇÃO AGRÍCOLA
Authors: Pinê Rafael E duardo Lourenço , Pinheiro Rafael Silvio Bonilha , Chadouteaud Laetitia Marie Louise , Américo Gabriela Helena Pinê 
Published: November 2015

Há crescente preocupação com o aumento das concentrações de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) na atmosfera, principalmente de CO2, CH4, e N2O, e o consequente aquecimento global. É premente a necessidade de várias ações para a redução das emissões dos gases do efeito estufa e sequestro de carbono nos ecossistemas terrestres. A atividade agrícola exige mudanças no uso da terra, nos hábitos como o ritmo de consumo de combustíveis fosseis e também na implantação de manejo correto nas áreas agricultáveis, não sendo a única responsável por esse efeito. A aplicação de técnicas e sistemas mais eficientes na utilização da terra como sequestro de carbono por plantas, a utilização de plantas para fabricação de biocombustíveis que emitem menos gases do efeito estufa. Agricultores devem agir de modo sustentável visando assim minimizar as causas do efeito estufa e preservando o planeta para as futuras gerações. Palavras-chave: Agricultura. Dióxido de carbono. Metano. Oxido nitroso.
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE DADOS ISOTÓPICOS DE Pb EM DIFERENTES AMBIENTES INVESTIGATIVOS VISANDO O DIAGNÓSTICO DE FONTES GEOGÊNICAS E/OU ANTRÓPICAS
Authors: Vecchia Adriana Mônica Dalla , Rodrigues Paulo César Horta , Ladeira Ana Cláudia Queiroz , Rios Francisco Javier 
Published: November 2015

Existem quatro isótopos naturais de Pb, três dos quais, 206Pb, 207Pb e 208Pb, são, respectivamente, os produtos finais estáveis provenientes dos decaimentos radioativos do 238U, 235U e 232Th. Na natureza, ocorre um quarto isótopo não radiogênico, o 204Pb, cuja abundância não é afetada pelo decaimento radioativo do U ou do Th, sendo considerada constante, desde a formação da Terra. As razões isotópicas entre esses isótopos de Pb têm sido utilizadas em investigações ambientais, onde os isótopos estáveis se comportam como traçadores capazes de caracterizar fontes geogênicas e/ou antropogênicas. Entretanto, a interpretação dos dados provenientes de investigações isotópicas de Pb, realizadas em qualquer compartimento ambiental, requer uma abordagem integrada às principais referências isotópicas geogênicas e/ou antrópicas, pertinentes ao contexto da área de estudo. Sendo assim, este artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre a aplicação dos isótopos estáveis de chumbo, os métodos de análise usualmente utilizados para determinação destes, assim como uma abordagem didática sobre ou uso do diagrama 208Pb/204Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb como ferramenta de investigação para a caracterização de fontes antropogênicas e/ou geogênicas.Palavras-chave: Isótopos estáveis de chumbo, assinaturas isotópicas, aplicações, identificação de fontes. Abstract: INTERPRETATION OF Pb ISOTOPIC DATA IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS INVESTIGATIVE TARGETING DIAGNOSIS OF SOURCES GEOGENIC AND/OR ANTHROPIC. There are four naturally occurring isotopes of Pb, three of which, 206Pb, 207Pb e 208Pb, are, respectively, the stable end products from radioactive decays of 238U, 235U e 232Th. In nature, no quarter radiogenic isotope, 204Pb, whose abundance is not affected by the radioactive decay of U and Th occurs and is considered constant, since the formation of the Earth. The isotopic ratios have been used in environmental investigations, where stable isotopes as tracers behave able to characterize geogenic and/or anthropogenic sources.Keywords: Lead stable isotopes, isotopic fingerprinting, applications, source identification.
Enraizamiento de brotes de capirona Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex Schum., en la amazonía peruana.
Authors: Vallejos-Torres Geomar , Gonzales-Polar Luis Enrique Toledo , Arévalo-López Luis Alberto 
Published: November 2015

En la ciencia del mejoramiento genético no existe una metodología para la propagación asexual por enraizamiento de estacas de <em>Calycophyllum spruceanuma</em> escala comercial. A continuación se presenta una metodología del proceso de enraizamiento para la producción de plantones clonales a escala comercialde<em> C. spruceanum</em>. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el enraizamiento de brotes, bajo el efecto del número de hojas (una y dos) y tres dosis de ácido indol-3-butírico (2000, 3000 y 4000 ppm) utilizando microtúneles como ambientes de enraizamiento. El estudio se realizó en el vivero de la Empresa REFORESTA PERU S.A.C. ubicado en la Región San Martín. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA), con un arreglo factorial de 3A x 2B, el cual constó de tres repeticiones por tratamiento y seis brotes por cada una de las tres repeticiones. Al término de 12 días, los brotes de dos hojas con dosis de AIB de 3000 ppm mostraron enraizamientos de 99%, haciendo uso de pellets - jiffys como sustrato. Se concluye que es posible propagar <em>C. spruceanum</em> (99 %de enraizamiento) si se aplica la dosis adecuada de AIB en estaquillas con 2 hojas.
PENGARUH BAHASA ARAB TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN BAHASA INDONESIA
Authors: Pantu Ayuba 
Published: November 2015

This study aims to discover and describe how the Arabic influence on the development of the Indonesian language, which focused on the influence of the vocabulary, the influence of the Arabic alphabet and its influences on Indonesian syntax, as well as to discover how changes are absorbed Arabic vocabulary into Indonesian. The method used in this study is a literature review using the technique of content analysis, which is a research technique for making inferences that can be replicable, and valid the data by looking at the context. Sources of data in this study are the books relating to the object of research, among Indonesian Dictionary and other books. The results showed that the effect of Indonesian Arabic is big enough. This can be seen in the uptake of the Arabic word which ranks third after Dutch and English 1, 495 words. In addition, the use of Arabic script in Indonesian, which until now still many books, both Islamic religious books, Arabic books, tales, literature, written in Arabic alphabet Malay. Arabic influence on Indonesian syntax can be seen in books or Qur’an translations. The words of the absorption Arabic generally undergo changes in shape, as adapted to the Indonesian grammar or phonemes. It also changes the meaning, although the numbers are limited.
Master’s Students’ Rehabilitation Counselor Identity Formation: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Louw Julia S. , Austin Bryan S. , Rak Eniko , Barnes Erin 
Published: November 2015

Purpose: This article aims to advance understanding of professional identity by exploring the process by which development occurs. Drawing on Hall’s model of professional identity development that explores the structural and attitudinal changes that occur in the identity development process, this study describes master’s students’ developmental process in rehabilitation counseling.Method: Data were collected through 5 open-ended questions, which formed part of a survey questionnaire.Results: Using grounded theory analysis, findings indicate that both structural- and attitudinal-level factors impacted master’s students’ professional identity development. Students described their professional identity as not yet defined, connected to their counseling competencies and skills, or reflective of their personal qualities.Discussion: Implications of these findings for counselor training and evolution of the field toward a strong and unified professional identity are discussed.