bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of different dose schedules of amethopterin on serum and tissue concentrations and urinary excretion patterns
Authors: Liguori Vincent R. , Giglio Joseph J. , Miller Edward , Sullivan Robert D. 
Published: January 2016

The highest serum concentration of amethopterin after single intravenous administration was present in the first specimen, which was obtained at 30 minutes. Total urinary output was greater the first 8 hours than during the next 16 hours. Tissue specimens of skin contained greater amounts of amethopterin at 5 hours than at 10 to 12 hours.In contrast to single intravenous injection, 12 hour intravenous or intra‐arterial infusion of the same dose produced serum concentrations of the drug which were sustained until the infusion was completed. The total urinary output of the drug was less in the first 8 hours than in the remaining 16 hours. As the infusion progressed, specimens of skin tissue showed increased concentrations of the drug.The results of this study suggest that the enhanced biologic activity of amethopterin noted clinically on continuous administration is related to sustained serum and tissue concentrations of the drug.
Oral antifertility measures
Authors: Epstein Jeanne A. , Kupperman Herbert S. 
Published: January 2016

A review of the experimental and clinical aspects of oral antifertility agents is presented. The various sites in conception and pregnancy at which contraceptive measures may act are described. It becomes apparent that at present the only practical, apparently harmless, and effective method of oral contraception is by means of gonadotropin inhibition and suppression of ovulation in women, with the use of the newer norsteroids for 20 days of the menstrual cycle. With this approach, there is neither toxic effect nor metropathic bleeding. The result of the prolonged suppression of pituitary activity is still to be evaluated; however, in the 5 years of their clinical trial, these compounds have proved harmless and without deleterious effects on subsequent fertility or endocrine function. Although highly effective, the norsteroids are by no means ideal contraceptives because of the incidence of unpleasant effects in about one‐third of the patients, because the cost of therapy is still prohibitive for use in depressed economic areas, and because the patients must be cooperative and intelligent if the medication is to be effective.The control of fertility in men is still in the experimental stage, but the recent studies of MacLeod and Heller on the spermicidal effects of dichloracetyldiamine provide some promise.
Variable sensitivity of assay methods of tetracycline and demethylchlortetracycline in human volunteers
Authors: Lichter Edward A. , Sobel Solomon 
Published: January 2016

Evaluation of levels of serum antibacterial activity was attempted in 17 normal subjects who took a therapeutically recommended drug regimen of tetracycline or demethylchlortetracycline for 4 days. Microbiologic assay was performed by the tube dilution method with three separate test organisms, and one of these was used in a parallel cup‐plate assay method. The cup‐plate method was found to be more sensitive and more reliable than the tube dilution methods using any of the three organisms. With the dosage regimens used, serum activity accumulation could be shown for DMCT but not for TC.Although individual subject variability in drug absorption may be noted, the average level of serum antibacterial activity was consistently higher with 150 mg. of DMCT four times daily than with 250 mg. of TC four times daily. After 4 days, the difference was found to be Significantly higher in the cup‐plate method and the tube dilution method when Bacillus cereus was the test organism but not in the tube dilution method when streptococcus 98 or staphylococcus 209P was used.We were unable to demonstrate differences in prolongation of serum activity levels after cessation of therapy with these two drugs.
A new hormone, angiotensin
Authors: Page Irvine H. , Bumpus F. Merlin 
Published: January 2016

The renin‐angiotensin system has recently received great emphasis, emerging from a position where even its existence was doubted to one where there is little question that it has powerful effects on several biologic systems. Most important in this changed status have been the determination of chemical structure and synthesis of angiotensin and improved methods of bioassay. Current work concerning the spatial orientation of the angiotensin molecule suggests that a conformation is essential for its action at the receptor site; this work should facilitate the synthesis of effective angiotensin antagonists.The hemodynamic changes produced by angiotensin have received much recent attention. Both short‐term arullong‐term measurements of its effects on the systemic and pulmonary circulation have been made, as well as measurements of its effects on specific vascular beds and organs. The latter have included capillary and smoll arteriolar and venous beds, the carotid sinus, the heart, muscle versus splanchnic and renal vascular beds, and the adrenal gland. The effect of angiotensin on aldostemne secretion and the changed amounts of these hormones in various types of hypertension are receiving much current attention. The results of these studies may prOVide partial answers to the problem of the interaction of the various systems controlling blood pressure included in the mosaic theory of hypertension.
Hypotensive effect of some antihypertensive drugs
Authors: Grenfell Raymond F. , Briggs Arthur H. , Holland William C. 
Published: January 2016

Chlorothiazide consistently caused a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the onset of the former appearing before the latter. Hydrochlorothiazide caused comparable decreases. Reserpine in combination with hydrochlorothiazide caused slightly greater decreases than hydrochlorothiazide alone. Hydrogenated ergot alkaloids given in combination with hydrochlorothiazide caused a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure comparable to that of chlorothiazide and reserpine. In the sitting position, guanethidine caused a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure not significantly different from the pressure obtained by the administration of an oral placebo. However, when the patient was in the standing position, the drug induced significantly greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure than did the oral placebo. α‐Methyldopa caused a significant decrease in the systolic blood pressure and a more variable reduction in diastolic blood pressure.In a group of patients with blood pressure over 200/120 mm. Hg, there was a significant decrease in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure after an oral placebo. On the other hand, a group of patients with blood pressure under 200/120 mm. Hg did not have a decrease in systolic or diastolic blood pressure after oral placebo.
The significance of "nonsignificance"
Authors: Mainland Donald 
Published: January 2016

Although statistical textbooks have for a long time asserted that "not significant" merely implies "not proven," investigators still display confusion regarding the interpretation of the verdict. This appears to be due to the ambiguity of the term "significance," to inadequate exposition, and especially to the behavior of textbook writers who in the analysis of data act as if "nat significant" means "nonexistent" or "unimportant."Appropriate action after a verdict of "nonsignificance" depends on many circumstances and requires much thought."Significance" tests often could be, and in some instances should be, avoided; then "nonsignificance" would cease to he a serious problem.
The interaction of morphine and d‐tubocurarine on respiration and grip strength in man
Authors: Bellville J. Weldon , Cohen Ellis N. , Hamilton Joan 
Published: January 2016

In healthy male volunteers, morphine in combination with d‐tubocurarine produces a greater decrease in responsiveness to end expiratory carbon dioxide than does morphine alone.We believe this represents a central respiratory depressant effect of morphine plus an additive peripheral effect of d‐tubocurare on the respiratory musculature. In these subjects, morphine caused a significant increase in grip strength while d‐tubocurarine caused a significant decrease in grip strength.
The effects of preanesthetic, anesthetic, and postoperative drugs on renal function
Authors: Papper Solomon , Papper E. M. 
Published: January 2016

Morphine produces a decrease in urine flow in certain animals and man. There is evidence in animals that this antidiuresis may be attributed to a release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In man, morphine may result in decreased urine flow that is attributable to decreased renal hemodynamics in the absence of increased ADH. Although the evidence is less clear, the situation is apparently similar for meperidine and barbiturates.General anesthetic agents result in decreased renal blood flow, filtration rate, and excretion of water and electrolytes. It is possible that these renal effects are the result of some as yet undetermined consequences of the anesthetic state rather than of a specific drug action.
Highly Water‐Soluble Cyclopentadienyl and Indenyl Molybdenum(II) Complexes – Second Generation of Molybdenum‐Based Cytotoxic Agents
Authors: Mrózek Ondřej , Šebestová Lucie , Vinklárek Jaromír , Řezáčová Martina , Eisner Aleš , Růžičková Zdeňka , Honzíček Jan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA series of the cyclopentadienyl and indenyl molybdenum compounds bearing alkylammonium functions [(η5‐Cp′)Mo(CO)2(N,NL)][BF4]2 were synthesized and characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. The structures of [{η5‐C5H4CH2CH2NH(CH2)5}Mo(CO)2(4,7‐Ph2‐phen)][BF4]2 (4,7‐Ph2‐phen = 4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline) and [(η5‐C9H6CH2CH2NHMe2)Mo(CO)2(phen)][BF4]2 (phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) were determined by X‐ray crystallography. All of the synthesized compounds exhibit high activity against the human leukemia cell lines MOLT‐4 and HL‐60. They are approximately one order of magnitude more active than cisplatin. This study has proven that the modification of the outer coordination sphere of molybdenum complexes has a strong impact on their activity and may be successfully used for the design of new highly cytotoxic active species.
Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Organic Reaction Medium of the Century
Authors: Alonso Diego A. , Baeza Alejandro , Chinchilla Rafael , Guillena Gabriela , Pastor Isidro M. , Ramón Diego J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis microreview summarizes the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and related melts in organic synthesis. Solvents of this type combine the great advantages of other proposed environmentally benign alternative solvents, such as low toxicity, high availability, low inflammability, high recyclability, low volatility, and low price, avoiding many disadvantages of the more modern media. The fact that many of the components of these mixtures come directly from nature assures their biodegradability and renewability. The classification and distribution of the reactions into different sections in this microreview, as well as the emphasis paid to their scope, easily allow a general reader to understand the actual state of the art and the great opportunities opened, not only for academic purposes but also for industry.
Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence of Crystalline 1,4‐Bis(aroyl)‐2,5‐dibromobenzenes
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Kimura Akinori , Sakaguchi Hiroshi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThere is a growing interest in metal‐free organic luminophores that exhibit phosphorescence at room temperature. We report herein that 1,4‐bis(aroyl)‐2,5‐dibromobenzenes serve as a new class of such luminophores. The bis(aroyl)benzene derivatives were not emissive either in solution or in a doped polymer thin film. In contrast, crystals of bis(aroyl)benzenes showed photoluminescence under ambient conditions, which was subsequently confirmed as phosphorescence with a luminescence lifetime measurement. The emission color ranged from blue to green, depending on the nature of the aroyl groups, and the luminescent quantum yields were 0.05–0.18 at room temperature and 0.38–0.67 at 77 K. In each crystal, several intermolecular interactions such as C=O···H, Br···Br, C=O···Br, F···F, S···H, and MeO···H were observed, which contributed to the restriction of intramolecular motions, thereby diminishing the nonradiative decay process from the triplet excited states.
Lacosamide inhibits calcitonin gene‐related peptide production and release at trigeminal level in the rat
Authors: Greco M.C. , Capuano A. , Navarra P. , Tringali G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundSeveral classes of drugs are effective in prevention and treatment of migraine, although they may differ among each other in their mode of action and in indications. One such class is represented by antiepileptics. Lacosamide is an approved antiepileptic drug that also shows antinociceptive activity in animal models, including analgesic efficacy in central and trigeminal pain. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is considered the main neuro‐mediator of trigeminal signalling, playing an essential role in headache, migraine in particular. Here, we investigated the effects of lacosamide on CGRP signalling in both in vitro and ex vivo/vitro models in the rat.MethodsWe assessed: (1) CGRP released from brainstem explants at baseline or after pharmacological challenges; and (2) CGRP levels in brain areas after in vivo treatments with test drugs.ResultsWe found that: (1) lacosamide inhibits CGRP release from brainstem explants under basal conditions as well as after stimulation by 56 mM KCl, 10 μM veratridine or 1 μM capsaicin; and (2) the i.p. administration of nitroglycerine produces an increase in CGRP levels in the brainstem and trigeminal ganglia, which is inhibited by a pre‐treatment with lacosamide.ConclusionsThese findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting that lacosamide is able to control pain transmission under conditions affecting the trigeminal system, such as migraine.
Fire resistance of geopolymer concrete produced from Elazığ ferrochrome slag
Authors: Türkmen İbrahim , Karakoç Mehmet Burhan , Kantarcı Fatih , Maraş Müslüm Murat , Demirboğa Ramazan 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThis paper presents the effect of elevated temperatures up to 700 °C on compressive strength and water absorption of two alkali‐activated aluminosilicate composites (one of them is river sand aggregate geopolymer concrete; the other one is crushed sand aggregate geopolymer concrete) and ordinary Portland cement based concretes. To obtain binding geopolymer material, Elazığ ferrochrome slag was ground as fine as cement, and then it was alkali activated with chemical (NaOH and Na2SiO3). Geopolymer concrete samples were produced by mixing this binding geopolymer material with aggregates. At each target temperature, concrete samples were exposed to fire for the duration of 1 h. Fire resistance and water absorption of geopolymer and ordinary Portland cement concrete samples were determined experimentally. Experimental results indicated that compressive strength of geopolymer concrete samples increased at 100 °C and 300 °C temperatures when compared with unexposed samples. In geopolymer concrete samples, the highest compressive strength was obtained from river aggregates ones at 300 °C with 37.06 MPa. Water absorption of geopolymer concrete samples increased at 700 °C temperature when compared with unexposed samples. However, a slight decrease in water absorption of concrete samples was observed up to 300 °C when compared with unexposed samples. SEM and X‐ray diffraction tests were also carried out to investigate microstructure and mineralogical changes during thermal exposure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetics‐based dynamic systems model of canopy photosynthesis: the key to improve light and resource use efficiencies for crops
Authors: Song Qingfeng , Chu Chengcai , Parry Martin A. J. , Zhu Xin‐Guang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractImproving canopy photosynthetic light use efficiency instead of leaf photosynthesis holds great potential to catalyze the next “green revolution”. However, leaves in a canopy experience different biochemical limitations due to the heterogeneities of microclimates and also physiological parameters. Mechanistic dynamic systems models of canopy photosynthesis are now available which can be used to design the optimal canopy architectural and physiological parameters to maximize CO2 uptake. Rapid development of modern crop genetics research now makes it possible to link such canopy models with genetic variations of crops to develop genetics‐based dynamic systems models of canopy photosynthesis. Such models can guide marker‐assisted breeding or genomic selection or engineering of crops to enhance light and nitrogen use efficiencies for different regions under future climate change scenarios.
Disciplinary Literacy Through the Lens of the Next Generation Science Standards
Authors: Houseal Ana , Gillis Victoria , Helmsing Mark , Hutchison Linda 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe current discussion among adolescent literacy researchers describes two positions at either end of a continuum: a generalist content area reading approach and a disciplinary literacy approach. Within the field, there are misunderstandings about the disciplinary literacy approach and claims that adolescents are ill suited to the kinds of thinking advocated by disciplinary literacy scholars. This article explores disciplinary literacy through the lens of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and argues that requirements for discipline‐appropriate literacy abilities are already embedded in national standards for English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. We explore the practices and cross‐cutting concepts described in the NGSS and provide examples of discipline‐appropriate thinking associated with selected practices and concepts.
A review on carrier systems for bone morphogenetic protein‐2
Authors: Agrawal Vishal , Sinha Mukty 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTBone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) has unique bone regeneration property. The powerful osteoinductive nature makes it considered as second line of therapy in nonunion bone defect. A large number of carriers and delivery systems made up of different materials have been investigated for controlled and sustained release of BMP‐2. The delivery systems are in the form of hydrogel, microsphere, nanoparticles, and fibers. The carriers used for the delivery are made up of metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. Implantation of these protein‐loaded carrier leads to cell adhesion, degradation which eventually releases the drug/protein at site specific. But, problems like ectopic growth, lesser protein delivery, inactivation of the protein are reported in the available carrier systems. Therefore, it is need of an hour to modify the available carrier systems as well as explore other biomaterials with desired properties. In this review, all the reported carrier systems made of metals, ceramics, polymers, composites are evaluated in terms of their processing conditions, loading capacity and release pattern of BMP‐2. Along with these biomaterials, the attempts of protein modification by adding some functional group to BMP‐2 or extracting functional peptides from the protein to achieve the desired effect, is also evaluated. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 904–925, 2017.
Non‐viral approaches for direct conversion into mesenchymal cell types: Potential application in tissue engineering
Authors: Lee Eun‐Seo , Kim Seung Hyun L. , Lee Hwajin , Hwang Nathaniel S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAcquiring adequate number of cells is one of the crucial factors to apply tissue engineering strategies in order to recover critical‐sized defects. While the reprogramming technology used for inducing pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) opened up a direct path for generating pluripotent stem cells, a direct conversion strategy may provide another possibility to obtain desired cells for tissue engineering. In order to convert a somatic cell into any other cell type, diverse approaches have been investigated. Conspicuously, in contrast to traditional viral transduction method, non‐viral delivery of conversion factors has the merit of lowering immune responses and provides safer genetic manipulation, thus revolutionizing the generation of directly converted cells and its application in therapeutics. In addition, applying various microenvironmental modulations have potential to ameliorate the conversion of somatic cells into different lineages. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in direct conversion technologies, specifically focusing on generating mesenchymal cell types. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 686–697, 2016.
Rolled knitted scaffolds based onPLA‐pluronic copolymers for anterior cruciate ligament reinforcement: A step by step conception
Authors: Pinese Coline , Leroy Adrien , Nottelet Benjamin , Gagnieu Christian , Coudane Jean , Garric Xavier 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to prepare a new knitted scaffold from PLA‐Pluronic block copolymers for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The impact of sterilization methods (beta‐ray and gamma‐ray sterilization) on copolymers was first evaluated in order to take into account the possible damages due to the sterilization process. Beta‐ray radiation did not significantly change mechanical properties in contrast to gamma‐ray sterilization. It was shown that ACL cells proliferate onto these copolymers, demonstrating their cytocompatibility. Thirdly, in order to study the influence of shaping on mechanical properties, several shapes were created with copolymers yarns: braids, ropes and linear or rolled knitted scaffolds. The rolled knitted scaffold presented interesting mechanical characteristics, similar to native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) with a 67 MPa Young's Modulus and a stress at failure of 22.5 MPa. These findings suggest that this three dimensional rolled knitted scaffold meet the mechanical properties of ligament tissues and could be suitable as a scaffold for ligament reconstruction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 735–743, 2017.