bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress in socio‐hydrology: a meta‐analysis of challenges and opportunities
Authors: Pande Saket , Sivapalan Murugesu 
Published: December 2016

Socio‐hydrology was introduced 4 years ago into the scientific lexicon, and elicited several reactions about the meaning and originality of the concept. However, there has also been much activity triggered by the original paper, including further commentaries that clarified the definitions, and several papers that acted on the definitions, and through these activities further clarified and illustrated the meaning and usefulness of socio‐hydrology for understanding coupled human–water systems and to assist with sustainable water management. This paper restates the case for socio‐hydrology by articulating the need to consider the two‐way feedbacks between human and water systems in order to explain puzzles, paradoxes, and unintended consequences that arise in the context of water management, and to suggest ways to avoid or overcome these challenges. The paper then presents a critical review of past research on socio‐hydrology through the prism of historical, comparative, and process socio‐hydrology, documenting both the progress made and the challenges faced. Much of the work done so far has involved studies of socio‐hydrological systems in spatially isolated domains (e.g., river basins), and phenomena that involve emergent patterns in the time domain. The modeling studies so far have involved testing hypotheses about how these temporal patterns arise. An important feature that distinguishes socio‐hydrology from other related fields is the importance of allowing human agency (e.g., socioeconomics, technology, norms, and values) to be endogenous to the systems. This paper articulates the need to extend socio‐hydrology to explore phenomena in space and in space‐time, as the world becomes increasingly globalized and human–water systems become highly interconnected. The endogenization of human agency, in terms of values and norms, technology, economics, and trade must now be extended to space and to space‐time. This is a necessity, and a challenge, for water sustainability, but presents exciting opportunities for further research. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1193. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1193This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Human Water > Water Governance
On dual programs in co-logic programming and the Horn μ-calculus
Authors: Seki Hirohisa 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

We consider some extensions of co-logic programming and study its relationship with the Horn

μ

-calculus by Charatonik et al. We first consider
negation elimination (NE)
, a familiar technique of program transformation, for co-logic programs. Given a program
P
, NE derives its
dual
program

P
*

which defines the “complement” of
P
. When we apply NE to co-logic programs with negation, we show that the stratification restriction, a syntactic condition imposed on co-logic programs, becomes too restrictive in general, and that the Horn

μ

-calculus can be used as an extension of co-logic programming for handling “non-stratified” co-logic programs. We then consider some applications of non-stratified co-logic programs to the well-founded semantics (WFS) and Answer Set Programming. In particular, we give new iterated fixpoint characterizations of the WFS as well as answer sets via dual programs. We also discuss some applications of non-stratified co-logic programs to program transformation such as partial deduction, and a proof procedure for the WFS.
Thromboembolic Prophylaxis with Heparin in Patients with Blunt Solid Organ Injuries Undergoing Non‐operative Treatment
Authors: Khatsilouskaya Tatsiana , Haltmeier Tobias , Cathomas Marionna , Eberle Barbara , Candinas Daniel , Schnüriger Beat 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundPatients with blunt solid organ injuries (SOI) are at risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), and VTE prophylaxis is crucial. However, little is known about the safety of early prophylactic administration of heparin in these patients.MethodsThis is a retrospective study including adult trauma patients with SOI (liver, spleen, kidney) undergoing non‐operative management (NOM) from 01/01/2009 to 31/12/2014. Three groups were distinguished: prophylactic heparin (low molecular weight heparin or low‐dose unfractionated heparin) ≤72 h after admission (‘early heparin group’), >72 h after admission (‘late heparin group’), and no heparin (‘no heparin group’). Patient and injury characteristics, transfusion requirements, and outcomes (failed NOM, VTE, and mortality) were compared between the three groups.ResultsOverall, 179 patients were included; 44.7% in the ‘early heparin group,’ 34.6% in the ‘late heparin group,’ and 20.8% in the ‘no heparin group.’ In the ‘late heparin group,’ the ISS was significantly higher than in the ‘early’ and ‘no heparin groups’ (median 29.0 vs. 17.0 vs. 19.0; p < 0.001). The overall NOM failure rate was 3.9%. Failed NOM was significantly more frequent in the ‘no heparin group’ compared to the ‘early’ and ‘late heparin groups’ (10.8 vs. 3.2 vs. 1.3%; p = 0.043). In the ‘early heparin group’ 27.5% patients suffered from a high‐grade SOI; none of these patients failed NOM. Mortality did not differ significantly. Although not statistically significant, VTE were more frequent in the ‘no heparin group’ compared to the ‘early’ and ‘late heparin groups’ (10.8 vs. 4.8 vs. 1.3%; p = 0.066).ConclusionIn patients with SOI, heparin was administered early in a high percentage of patients and was not associated with an increased NOM failure rate or higher in‐hospital mortality.
Functional limitations and health care resource utilization for individuals with cognitive impairment without dementia: Findings from a United States population‐based survey
Authors: Andrews J. Scott , Desai Urvi , Kirson Noam Y. , Enloe Caroline J. , Ristovska Ljubica , King Sarah , Birnbaum Howard G. , Fleisher Adam S. , Ye Wenyu , Kahle‐Wrobleski Kristin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIntroductionLittle is known about functional limitations and health care resource utilization of people with cognitive impairment with no dementia (CIND).MethodsRespondents with stable or progressive cognitive impairment (CI) after the first (index) indication of CIND in 2000–2010 were identified from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Respondents never exhibiting CI were identified as potential controls. Propensity score–based optimal matching was used to adjust for differences in demographics and history of stroke. Differences between cohorts were assessed accounting for HRS survey design.ResultsAfter matching, CIND respondents had more functional limitations (difficulty with ≥1 activities of daily living: 24% vs. 15%; ≥1 instrumental activities of daily living: 20% vs. 11%) and hospital stays (37% vs. 27%) than respondents with no CI (all P < .001). Seventy five percent of CIND respondents developed dementia in the observable follow‐up (median time: ∼6 years).DiscussionEven before dementia onset, CI is associated with increased likelihood of functional limitations and greater health care resource use.
Organic selenium in animal nutrition – utilisation, metabolism, storage and comparison with other selenium sources
Authors: Edens F. W. , Sefton A. E. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThe importance of selenium as a key component of antioxidant systems in animals is well recognised due to much research about this mineral in many species. Selenium is required as part of the antioxidant enzyme structure and plays a major role in various protective systems in animal physiology, including immunity, cellular stability and DNA protection. The following review is the first in a series of three which details the importance of selenium in animal nutrition, and how the chemically organic form, which is akin to the form of the mineral in natural feed materials, can provide increased benefits in utilisation, storage and metabolism compared to inorganic sources.
Solving finite time horizon Dynkin games by optimal switching
Authors: Martyr Randall 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper uses recent results on continuous-time finite-horizon optimal switching problems with negative switching costs to prove the existence of a saddle point in an optimal stopping (Dynkin) game. Sufficient conditions for the game's value to be continuous with respect to the time horizon are obtained using recent results on norm estimates for doubly reflected backward stochastic differential equations. This theory is then demonstrated numerically for the special cases of cancellable call and put options in a Black‒Scholes market.
Order statistics with memory: a model with reliability applications
Authors: Katzur Alexander , Kamps Udo 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
An extended model of order statistics based on possibly different distributions is introduced and analyzed. In the interpretation of successive failure times in a 𝑘-out-of-𝑛 system, say, until each failure, the time periods under previous (increasing) loads exerted on the remaining components are recorded. Then the lifetime distribution of the system depends on the complete failure scheme. Thus, order statistics with memory provide an alternative to the use of sequential order statistics, which form a Markov chain. The quantities as well as their spacings, the interoccurrence times, can be compared by means of stochastic ordering.
On the long-range dependence of fractional Poisson and negative binomial processes
Authors: Maheshwari A. , Vellaisamy P. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
We discuss the short-range dependence (SRD) property of the increments of the fractional Poisson process, called the fractional Poissonian noise. We also establish that the fractional negative binomial process (FNBP) has the long-range dependence (LRD) property, while the increments of the FNBP have the SRD property. Our definitions of the SRD/LRD properties are similar to those for a stationary process and different from those recently used in Biard and Saussereau (2014).
A sharp lower bound for choosing the maximum of an independent sequence
Authors: Allaart Pieter C. , Islas José A. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In this paper we consider a variation of the full-information secretary problem where the random variables to be observed are independent but not necessary identically distributed. The main result is a sharp lower bound for the optimal win probability. Precisely, if X1,...,Xn are independent random variables with known continuous distributions and Vn(X1,...,Xn):=supτℙ(Xτ=Mn), where Mn≔max{X1,...,Xn} and the supremum is over all stopping times adapted to X1,...,Xn then Vn(X1,...,Xn)≥(1-1/n)n-1, and this bound is attained. The method of proof consists in reducing the problem to that of a sequence of random variables taking at most two possible values, and then applying Bruss' sum-the-odds theorem, Bruss (2000). In order to obtain a sharp bound for each n, we improve Bruss' lower bound, Bruss (2003), for the sum-the-odds problem.
Sequential stochastic assignment problem with time-dependent random success rates
Authors: Baharian Golshid , Khatibi Arash , Jacobson Sheldon H. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The sequential stochastic assignment problem (SSAP) allocates distinct workers with deterministic values to sequentially arriving tasks with stochastic parameters to maximize the expected total reward. In this paper we study an extension of the SSAP, in which the worker values are considered to be random variables, taking on new values upon each task arrival. Several SSAP models with different assumptions on the distribution of the worker values and closed-form expressions for optimal assignment policies are presented.
Stability of the stochastic matching model
Authors: Mairesse Jean , Moyal Pascal 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
We introduce and study a new model that we call the matching model. Items arrive one by one in a buffer and depart from it as soon as possible but by pairs. The items of a departing pair are said to be matched. There is a finite set of classes 𝒱 for the items, and the allowed matchings depend on the classes, according to a matching graph on 𝒱. Upon arrival, an item may find several possible matches in the buffer. This indeterminacy is resolved by a matching policy. When the sequence of classes of the arriving items is independent and identically distributed, the sequence of buffer-content is a Markov chain, whose stability is investigated. In particular, we prove that the model may be stable if and only if the matching graph is nonbipartite.
Universality of load balancing schemes on the diffusion scale
Authors: Mukherjee Debankur , Borst Sem C. , van Leeuwaarden Johan S. H. , Whiting Philip A. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
We consider a system of N parallel queues with identical exponential service rates and a single dispatcher where tasks arrive as a Poisson process. When a task arrives, the dispatcher always assigns it to an idle server, if there is any, and to a server with the shortest queue among d randomly selected servers otherwise (1≤d≤N). This load balancing scheme subsumes the so-called join-the-idle queue policy (d=1) and the celebrated join-the-shortest queue policy (d=N) as two crucial special cases. We develop a stochastic coupling construction to obtain the diffusion limit of the queue process in the Halfin‒Whitt heavy-traffic regime, and establish that it does not depend on the value of d, implying that assigning tasks to idle servers is sufficient for diffusion level optimality.
Nonergodic Jackson networks with infinite supply–local stabilization and local equilibrium analysis
Authors: Sommer Jennifer , Daduna Hans , Heidergott Bernd 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Classical Jackson networks are a well-established tool for the analysis of complex systems. In this paper we analyze Jackson networks with the additional features that (i) nodes may have an infinite supply of low priority work and (ii) nodes may be unstable in the sense that the queue length at these nodes grows beyond any bound. We provide the limiting distribution of the queue length distribution at stable nodes, which turns out to be of product form. A key step in establishing this result is the development of a new algorithm based on adjusted traffic equations for detecting unstable nodes. Our results complement the results known in the literature for the subcases of Jackson networks with either infinite supply nodes or unstable nodes by providing an analysis of the significantly more challenging case of networks with both types of nonstandard node present. Building on our product-form results, we provide closed-form solutions for common customer and system oriented performance measures.
Asymptotic frequency of shapes in supercritical branching trees
Authors: Plazzotta Giacomo , Colijn Caroline 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe shapes of branching trees have been linked to disease transmission patterns. In this paper we use the general Crump‒Mode‒Jagers branching process to model an outbreak of an infectious disease under mild assumptions. Introducing a new class of characteristic functions, we are able to derive a formula for the limit of the frequency of the occurrences of a given shape in a general tree. The computational challenges concerning the evaluation of this formula are in part overcome using the jumping chronological contour process. We apply the formula to derive the limit of the frequency of cherries, pitchforks, and double cherries in the constant-rate birth‒death model, and the frequency of cherries under a nonconstant death rate.
Distributions of jumps in a continuous-state branching process with immigration
Authors: He Xin , Li Zenghu 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
We study the distributional properties of jumps in a continuous-state branching process with immigration. In particular, a representation is given for the distribution of the first jump time of the process with jump size in a given Borel set. From this result we derive a characterization for the distribution of the local maximal jump of the process. The equivalence of this distribution and the total Lévy measure is then studied. For the continuous-state branching process without immigration, we also study similar problems for its global maximal jump.
On the emergence of random initial conditions in fluid limits
Authors: Barbour A. D. , Chigansky P. , Klebaner F. C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn the paper we present a phenomenon occurring in population processes that start near 0 and have large carrying capacity. By the classical result of Kurtz (1970), such processes, normalized by the carrying capacity, converge on finite intervals to the solutions of ordinary differential equations, also known as the fluid limit. When the initial population is small relative to the carrying capacity, this limit is trivial. Here we show that, viewed at suitably chosen times increasing to ∞, the process converges to the fluid limit, governed by the same dynamics, but with a random initial condition. This random initial condition is related to the martingale limit of an associated linear birth-and-death process.
Philippe Ariès’s ‘discovery of childhood’: imagery and historical evidence
Authors: RETFORD KATE 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTPhilippe Ariès’sCenturies of Childhoodis now over 50 years old, but it holds its place as a pioneering study of childhood, education and the family. Furthermore, Ariès’s use of images continues to attract comment. This article reflects on the role of visual material in Aries's narrative, subsequent criticism, and more recent work in the field by both historians and art historians. Building on an important discussion of the same subject by Anthony Burton, publishedin Continuity and Changein 1989, it explores ongoing issues around the role of images as evidence for the histories of children and childhood.
John Graunt, the Hartlib circle and child mortality in mid-seventeenth-century London
Authors: PELLING MARGARET 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTJohn Graunt's pioneering study,Natural and Political Observations Made upon on the Bills of Mortality (1662)has been overlooked as a source for ideas about the importance of child mortality in an urban environment. Graunt seems to have been the first to arrive at an infant mortality rate (IMR), but this has been little explored. Graunt helped to define ‘the urban penalty’, but not in terms of the IMR. The article explains Graunt's focus on other aspects of urban mortality in relation to his need to reassure those in government, his methodology, and above all his gender. For context, the article looks at attitudes to childhood among members of the influential Hartlib circle of reformers, with which Graunt was connected. These male writers were greatly concerned about children, but seem to have shared with Graunt the traditional idea that children under the age of about seven were the responsibility of women.
Protecting the commons: self-governance and state intervention in the Italian States during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Authors: ONGARO GIULIO 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThis article provides an overview of the evolution of the commons in the Italian peninsula during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It focuses on the connection between the phenomenon of growing community debt, the loss of property held in common and the evolution of the institutions appointed to govern such properties. The later sections of the article will discuss the situation found in each of the Italian States: Venice, Spanish Lombardy, the Kingdom of Naples and the Papal States. Two models will be used for reference; one characterised by state intervention; the second by the growth of institutions of self-governance.
The classification of rank 3 reflective hyperbolic lattices over
Authors: MARK ALICE 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThere are 432 strongly squarefree symmetric bilinear forms of signature (2, 1) defined over$\mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{2}]$whose integral isometry groups are generated up to finite index by finitely many reflections. We adapted Allcock's method (based on Nikulin's) of analysis for the 2-dimensional Weyl chamber to the real quadratic setting, and used it to produce a finite list of quadratic forms which contains all of the ones of interest to us as a sub-list. The standard method for determining whether a hyperbolic reflection group is generated up to finite index by reflections is an algorithm of Vinberg. However, for a large number of our quadratic forms the computation time required by Vinberg's algorithm was too long. We invented some alternatives, which we present here.
The Cost of Conscience
Authors: KENNETT JEANETTE 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:The spread of demands by physicians and allied health professionals for accommodation of their private ethical, usually religiously based, objections to providing care of a particular type, or to a particular class of persons, suggests the need for a re-evaluation of conscientious objection in healthcare and how it should be regulated. I argue on Kantian grounds that respect for conscience and protection of freedom of conscience is consistent with fairly stringent limitations and regulations governing refusal of service in healthcare settings. Respect for conscience does not entail that refusal of service should be cost free to the objector. I suggest that conscientious objection in medicine should be conceptualized and treated analogously to civil disobedience.
The Inevitability of Assessing Reasons in Debates about Conscientious Objection in Medicine
Authors: CARD ROBERT F. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:This article first critically reviews the major philosophical positions in the literature on conscientious objection and finds that they possess significant flaws. A substantial number of these problems stem from the fact that these views fail to assess the reasons offered by medical professionals in support of their objections. This observation is used to motivate the reasonability view, one part of which states: A practitioner who lodges a conscientious refusal must publicly state his or her objection as well as the reasoned basis for the objection and have these subjected to critical evaluation before a conscientious exemption can be granted (the reason-giving requirement). It is then argued that when defenders of the other philosophical views attempt to avoid granting an accommodation to spurious objections based on discrimination, empirically mistaken beliefs, or other unjustified biases, they are implicitly committed to the reason-giving requirement. This article concludes that based on these considerations, a reason-giving position such as the reasonability view possesses a decisive advantage in this debate.
Two Concepts of Conscience and their Implications for Conscience-Based Refusal in Healthcare
Authors: CLARKE STEVE 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:Healthcare professionals are not currently obliged to justify conscientious objections. As a consequence, there are currently no practical limits on the scope of conscience-based refusals in healthcare. Recently, a number of bioethicists, including Christopher Meyers, Robert D. Woods, Robert Card, Lori Kantymir, and Carolyn McLeod, have raised concerns about this situation and have offered proposals to place principled limits on the scope of conscience-based refusals in healthcare. Here, I seek to adjudicate among their proposals. I argue that to adjudicate among them properly it is important to consider the theoretical bases for conscientious objection. I further argue that there are two such bases to be considered. Some conscientious objections are justified by appeal to all-things-considered moral judgments, and some are justified by appeal to the “dictates of conscience.” I argue that both of these bases are legitimate and that both should be accommodated in any principled scheme to limit the scope of conscientious refusals in healthcare.