bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Focus: Well Integrity
Authors: Alcantara Santos Otto Luiz 
Published: December 2016

Technology Focus
The tragic blowout of Macondo has triggered many technical and managerial developments in the field of well integrity since its occurrence in April 2010. Acting as a catalyzer since then, this event has demanded from all industry players a huge amount of effort to mitigate the risk of well-integrity problems.
Originally, these efforts were aimed at deepwater drilling in the Gulf of Mexico, but, with time, they were disseminated throughout the oil industry, where well integrity is a must. Undoubtedly, significant progress has been made in enhancing safety during all phases of the well life cycle, mainly in the areas of well-control equipment and reliability, subsea well control and containment, documentation, training and competency assurance, and well-integrity management systems and processes.
Here, I address important headway made in two areas in which I have been deeply involved during my professional career, mainly after Macondo: well-integrity documentation and well-control training and competency assurance.
One of the first actions in response to the blowout was the formation of four joint-industry taskforces. Two of them provided recommendations on operating procedures and equipment that resulted in the revision of some American Petroleum Institute standards and the development of new ones. Some other standardization organizations also have been making contributions, elaborating and revising well-integrity-related standards (such as NORSOK D-010 and ISO 16530-2). Many operator companies (including mine) and drilling contractors have been reviewing and updating their well-integrity procedures and practices, especially those related to deepwater operations.
Concerning well-control training and competency assurance, following the recommendation of Report 476 of the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers, the certifying bodies executed changes in the contents of the courses to stress important subjects such as barrier management, risk management, well influx detection, and immediate response and to adapt the training to well operation, rig category, and responsibility of the people involved with all types of operations. Thus, the crew members are now trained and assessed better according to their roles on the rigs. More class hours are now dedicated to simulator exercises. Arguably, this move is making the well-control- certification systems more reliable and more standardized among all training institutions. JPT
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 175523 Searching for Well-Integrity Issues—Automated Generation of Annulus- Pressure Trends by Remco Donders, Total E&P UK, et al.
OTC 25256 Enhancing Well Control Through Managed-Pressure Drilling by Oscar Gabaldon, Blade Energy Partners, et al.
SPE/IADC 173822 Field Trial of Well- Control Solutions With a Dual-Gradient Drilling System by John H. Cohen, Enhanced Drilling, et al.
Miniaturized Coiled-Tubing System Reduces Costs During Pipeline Decommissioning
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: December 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 175487, “Cost-Reducing Pipeline-Decommissioning Technology,” by Hugh MacKenzie and Callum Jones, Paradigm Flow Services, prepared for the 2015 SPE Offshore Europe Conference and Exhibition, Aberdeen, 8–11 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper presents the challenges and obstacles faced in the use of a new technology for the plugging and deoiling of sections of unpiggable flowlines before decommissioning. The solution used an ultralightweight, miniaturized coiled-tubing system that was deployable from the platform lower decks with minimal laydown area required. The system had the ability to traverse multiple bends, deoil the line, and deliver an expandable cement to plug the pipeline in a single operation.
Introduction
First production in the Murchison field began in 1980, and the field has now reached the end of its life. As part of the decommissioning project, one of the subsea wells was seen to be still connected to the Murchison platform by two flowlines contained within a subsea bundle (PL123), with these flowlines having 4-in. outer diameters. These lines were installed to provide early production for the first year until all the infrastructure was put in place. The control lines and pressure-monitoring system had been disconnected at the platform sometime in the past (Fig. 1).
The bundle was inspected on the platform, and a hot tap was performed to identify any pressure in the lines and to identify the line contents. It was found that one of the two flowlines contained crude at a pressure of 122 bar. The pressure was reduced to zero, and the bleed line was closed with a gauge installed to monitor the pressure. It was noted that the pressure increased slowly over time. To continue with the decommissioning of the platform before the plugging and abandonment of the subsea well (211/19-2), PL123 had to be flushed of contents and a barrier had to be installed between the subsea well and the Murchison platform.
Evaluating Water Erosion Prediction Project Model Using Cesium‐137‐Derived Spatial Soil Redistribution Data
Authors: (John) Zhang X.C. 
Published: December 2016

Core Ideas
Lack of spatial erosion data restricts model improvement and application.
Spatially distributed erosion data along a hillslope were derived using 137Cs.
For the first time, WEPP‐predicted spatial erosion rate was rigorously evaluated.
Rill spacing is a key input parameter for simulating erosion on a hillslope.
The lack of spatial soil erosion data has been a major constraint on the refinement and application of physically based erosion models. Spatially distributed models can only be thoroughly validated with distributed erosion data. Fallout 137Cs has been widely used to generate spatial soil redistribution data. The objectives of this study were to compare the soil redistribution patterns predicted using the 137Cs technique and the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model and to diagnose potential shortcomings in the configuration, functionality, and application of the WEPP model, if any. An experimental hillslope (80 m wide by 200 m long with 1–4% slope) was used. The plot was sampled in a 10‐m grid for 137Cs measurement. Measured rainfall, runoff, soil loss, and crop management were used to calibrate WEPP. Soil redistribution patterns predicted by the two methods were vastly different on the study hillslope. Compared with 137Cs, the average soil loss rates predicted by WEPP were overly sensitive to slope lengths exceeding 100 m if the 1‐m default rill spacing was used. The spatial erosion patterns were well matched if different rill spacings along the hillslope were used. This study shows that rill spacing is a key input parameter for correctly simulating soil redistribution patterns with WEPP. Knowledge of rill distribution along a hillslope is critical to satisfactorily predicting rates of soil erosion and sediment deposition on a hillslope. The conclusion needs further testing on more hillslopes having different gradients and shapes.
Evaluation of hydrological response to extreme climate variability using SWAT model: application to the Fuhe basin of Poyang Lake watershed, China
Authors: Lu Jianzhong , Cui Xiaolin , Chen Xiaoling , Sauvage Sabine , Sanchez Perez José-Miguel 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Differences between simulated and observed data often occur when the watershed model is applied under extreme climate. It is necessary to assess the stability of hydrological models in a wide range of climate variation. A case study was conducted in Fuhe basin of Poyang Lake, China using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, which was calibrated under different climates in average years, dry and wet years, high and low temperature years, respectively. The model was first calibrated with dataset in average years, and the validation in the whole period showed results agreed well with the observed stream flow. The well-parameterized model calibrated under extreme climate was used to simulate hydrological responses in different climate years. All simulations generated results closely matching observed data with R2 and ENS greater than 0.88, although the model was likely to slightly overestimate stream flow in average and dry years, and underestimate in wet years and high temperature years. In addition, each simulation was independent to other simulations with different parameters calibrated in different climate periods tested by Student's T-test. Therefore, the model has the potential probability to accommodate a large range of climate variation to predict hydrological responses to climate change.
Applicability of a physically based soil water model (SWMOD) in design flood estimation in eastern Australia
Authors: Loveridge Melanie , Rahman Ataur , Hill Peter 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Event-based rainfall–runoff models are useful tools for hydrologic design. Of the many loss models, the ‘initial loss-continuing loss’ model is widely adopted in practice. Some of the key limitations with these types of loss models include the arbitrary selection of initial moisture (IM) conditions and lack of physically meaningful parameters. This paper investigates the applicability of a physically based soil water balance model (SWMOD) with distributed IM conditions for flood modelling. Four catchments from the east coast of New South Wales, Australia, are modelled. The IM content in SWMOD represents the antecedent moisture condition. A quasi-Monte Carlo simulation framework is adopted, where the IM is stochastically varied according to a lognormal probability distribution. In calibration, it is found that the adopted modelling framework is able to simulate the majority of the observed flood hydrographs with a higher degree of accuracy; however, in a design context, when compared to the results of conventional flood frequency analysis, discrepancies are noted for a range of annual exceedance probabilities. The quasi-Monte Carlo simulation framework proved to be useful in assessing the effect of the IM content on design flood estimates.
Floristic Composition of the Weeds and Efficacy of PRE Herbicides in a Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) Nursery
Authors: Pacanoski Zvonko , Kolevska Dana Dina , Nikolovska Sonja 
Published: December 2016

Field trials were conducted in 2010 and 2011 to evaluate floristic composition ofÂ weeds and the efficacy of pre herbicides in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) nurseries. The weed population in both years was consisted mainly of annual spring and summer weeds, and some perennial weeds. The weediness in both years was relatively high. Weed density in the untreated control plots was 106.5 plants per m2 in 2010 and 87.4 plants per m2 in 2011. The most dominant weeds were Chenopodium album, Polygonum aviculare and Amaranthus retroflexus in 2010 and Polygonum aviculare, Tribolus terestris and Cynodon dactilon in 2011. By taxonomic aspect, the weed flora was distributed in 11 families. 15 weed species were dicotyledons and 2 weed species were monocotyledons. Terophytes were the dominant life form weed category in black locust nurseries. Efficacy of herbicides 28 days after treatment (DAT) ranged from 91.0% (pendimethalin) to 95.3% (linuron) in 2010, and 74.5% (linuron) to 88.0% (pendimethalin) in 2011, respectively. Efficacy of herbicides 56 DAT ranged from 93.6% (pendimethalin) to 98.3% (linuron) in 2010, and from 74.8% (linuron) to 83.1% (pendimethalin) in 2011, respectively. Prevailing weed control by herbicides was not consistent over the years. However, efficacy of herbicides in control of prevailing weeds 28 and 56 DAT ranged from 88% to 100% in 2010 and 7% to 86% in 2011, respectively. Lower herbicide efficacy in 2011 was most likely due to high precipitation occurred immediately after herbicide application and domination of perennial weeds, particularly Cynodon dactilon.
Expression of MRP8/MRP14 mRNA in Monocytes of Periodontitis: Comparison between Diabetic and Non Diabetic Patients
Authors: Syaify Ahmad , Barunawati Sri Budi , Suryono Suryono , HNES Marsetyawan 
Published: December 2016

The severity of periodontitis on patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients was strongly thought caused by decreasing of leukocytes function such as monoctyes and neutrophils. In our previous research it was found that calprotectin (MRP8/MRP14) level in leukocytes of periodontitis patients with type 2 DM was higher than periodontitis in non DM. The aim of this study was to determine calprotectin (MRP8/MRP14)mRNA expression in human monocytes of periodontitis patients with type 2 DM and without DM. Monocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of periodontitis patients with uncontrolled type 2 DM, controlled type 2 DM, and non DM. The expression of total RNA calprotectin (MRP8 and MRP14) were detected by RTPCR using GAPDH as the innate control. It was observed that the value of MRP8/MRP14 mRNA expression DM patients were higher than non DM, and the highly significant increase expression (p<0.05) was on the uncontrolled type 2 DM. The basal level of MRP8/MRP14 expression increased in monocyte of periodontitis and type 2 DM patients compared with non diabetes subjects. It was suggested that high basal level MRP8/MRP14 has role in the regulation of severity periodontitis with diabetes mellitus.
The Prevalence of Fibroma in Oral Mucosa Among Patient Attending USM Dental Clinic Year 2006-2010
Authors: Halim Daddy Suradi , Pohchi Abdullah , Yi Pang EE 
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this preliminary retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of fibroma in oral mucosa among patients attending USM dental clinic from 1/6/2006-1/6/2010. Fibroma of the oral mucosa is the most common benign tumor of the oral cavity. It is a reactive hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue in response to local irritation or trauma. A lesion on any part of the oral mucosa have a broad differential diagnosisranging from traumatic lesions (mucocele), neurogenic lesions (neurofibromatosis), lipoma , epithelial tumors (squamous papilloma) and inflammatory/reactive hyperplasia of soft tissue (pulp polyp). A total number of 192 patients (82 male and 110 female) who are registered in the Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology Log Book were included in this study regardless of their age, 16 % of them were diagnosed to have fibroma and out of that, 29% of them were male and 79% female. The peak incidence of the lesion was in the 3rd decade of life. The lesions occurred in the tongue, lip mucosa, sulcus region and buccal mucosa were each to be 12.9%, 12.9% , 32.2 % and 41.9%. This study shows that fibroma is one of the common oral mucosal lesion and it occurred mostly in the 3rd decade of life where the prevalence is higher in female patients.
The cleaner, the greener? Product sustainability assessment of the biomimetic façade paint Lotusan® in comparison to the conventional façade paint Jumbosil®
Authors: Antony Florian , Grießhammer Rainer , Speck Thomas , Speck Olga 
Published: December 2016

Background: The debate on the question whether biomimetics has a specific potential to contribute to sustainability is discussed among scientists, business leaders, politicians and those responsible for project funding. The objective of this paper is to contribute to this controversial debate by presenting the sustainability assessment of one of the most well-known and most successful biomimetic products: the façade paint Lotusan®.Results: As a first step it has been examined and verified that the façade paint Lotusan® is correctly defined as a biomimetic product. Secondly, Lotusan® has been assessed and compared to a conventional façade paint within the course of a detailed product sustainability assessment (PROSA). For purposes of comparison, the façade paint Jumbosil® was chosen as reference for a conventional paint available on the market. The benefit analysis showed that both paints fulfil equally well the requirements of functional utility. With respect to the symbolic utility, Lotusan® has a particular added aesthetic value by the preservation of the optical quality over the life cycle. Within the social analysis no substantial differences between the two paints could be found regarding the handling and disposal of the final products. Regarding the life-cycle cost, Lotusan® is the more expensive product. However, the higher investment cost for a Lotusan®-based façade painting are more than compensated by the longer life time, resulting in both reduced overall material demand and lower labour cost. In terms of the life-cycle impact assessment, it can be ascertained that substantial differences between the paints arise from the respective service life, which are presented in terms of four scenario analyses.Conclusion: In summary, the biomimetic façade paint Lotusan® has been identified as a cost-effective and at the same time resource-saving product. Based on the underlying data and assumptions it could be demonstrated that Lotusan®-based façade paintings have a comparatively low overall impact on the environment. Summarizing our results, it can be emphasized that Lotusan® is the more favourable product compared to Jumbosil® according to sustainability aspects.
ULTRAVIOLET ESCAPE FRACTIONS FROM GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS DURING EARLY CLUSTER FORMATION
Authors: Howard Corey , Pudritz Ralph , Klessen Ralf 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
The UV photon escape fraction from molecular clouds is a key parameter for understanding the ionization of the interstellar medium and extragalactic processes such as cosmic reionization. We present the ionizing photon flux and the corresponding photon escape fraction (f
esc) arising as a consequence of star cluster formation in a turbulent, 106
M
⊙ giant molecular cloud, simulated using the code FLASH. We make use of sink particles to represent young, star-forming clusters coupled with a radiative transfer scheme to calculate the emergent UV flux. We find that the ionizing photon flux across the cloud boundary is highly variable in time and space due to the turbulent nature of the intervening gas. The escaping photon fraction remains at ∼5% for the first 2.5 Myr, followed by two pronounced peaks at 3.25 and 3.8 Myr with a maximum f
esc of 30% and 37%, respectively. These peaks are due to the formation of large H ii regions that expand into regions of lower density, some of which reaching the cloud surface. However, these phases are short-lived, and f
esc drops sharply as the H ii regions are quenched by the central cluster passing through high-density material due to the turbulent nature of the cloud. We find an average f
esc of 15% with factor of two variations over 1 Myr timescales. Our results suggest that assuming a single value for f
esc from a molecular cloud is in general a poor approximation, and that the dynamical evolution of the system leads to large temporal variation.
NEW HIGH-z FERMI BL LACS WITH THE PHOTOMETRIC DROPOUT TECHNIQUE
Authors: Kaur A. , Rau A. , Ajello M. , Greiner J. , Hartmann D. H. , Paliya V. S. , Domínguez A. , Bolmer J. , Schady P. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Determining redshifts for BL Lacertae (BL Lac) objects using the traditional spectroscopic method is challenging due to the absence of strong emission lines in their optical spectra. We employ the photometric dropout technique to determine redshifts for this class of blazars using the combined 13 broadband filters from Swift-UVOT and the multi-channel imager GROND at the MPG 2.2 m telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory. The wavelength range covered by these 13 filters extends from far-ultraviolet to the near-infrared. We report results on 40 new Fermi-detected BL Lacs with the photometric redshift determinations for five sources, with 3FGL J1918.2–4110 being the most distant in our sample at z = 2.16. Reliable upper limits are provided for 20 sources in this sample. Using the highest energy photons for these Fermi-LAT sources, we evaluate the consistency with the gamma-ray horizon due to the extragalactic background light.
STRONG LENSING ANALYSIS OF THE GALAXY CLUSTER MACS J1319.9+7003 AND THE DISCOVERY OF A SHELL GALAXY
Authors: Zitrin Adi 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a strong-lensing (SL) analysis of the galaxy cluster MACS J1319.9+7003 (z = 0.33, also known as Abell 1722), as part of our ongoing effort to analyze massive clusters with archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging. We spectroscopically measured with Keck/Multi-Object Spectrometer For Infra-Red Exploration (MOSFIRE) two galaxies multiply imaged by the cluster. Our analysis reveals a modest lens, with an effective Einstein radius of

, enclosing

M
⊙. We briefly discuss the SL properties of the cluster, using two different modeling techniques (see the text for details), and make the mass models publicly available (ftp://wise-ftp.tau.ac.il/pub/adiz/MACS1319/). Independently, we identified a noteworthy, young shell galaxy (SG) system forming around two likely interacting cluster members, 20″ north of the brightest cluster galaxy. SGs are rare in galaxy clusters, and indeed, a simple estimate reveals that they are only expected in roughly one in several dozen, to several hundred, massive galaxy clusters (the estimate can easily change by an order of magnitude within a reasonable range of characteristic values relevant for the calculation). Taking advantage of our lens model best-fit, mass-to-light scaling relation for cluster members, we infer that the total mass of the SG system is

, with a host-to-companion mass ratio of about 10:1. Despite being rare in high density environments, the SG constitutes an example to how stars of cluster galaxies are efficiently redistributed to the intra-cluster medium. Dedicated numerical simulations for the observed shell configuration, perhaps aided by the mass model, might cast interesting light on the interaction history and properties of the two galaxies. An archival HST search in galaxy cluster images can reveal more such systems.
MASS–METALLICITY RELATION FOR LOCAL ANALOGS OF HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE MASS–METALLICITY RELATIONS
Authors: Bian Fuyan , Kewley Lisa J. , Dopita Michael A. , Blanc Guillermo A. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
We revisit the evolution of the mass–metallicity relation of low- and high-redshift galaxies by using a sample of local analogs of high-redshift galaxies. These analogs share the same location of the UV-selected star-forming galaxies at

on the [O iii]λ5007/Hβ versus [N ii]λ6584/Hα nebular emission-line diagnostic (or BPT) diagram. Their physical properties closely resemble those in

UV-selected star-forming galaxies being characterized, in particular, by high ionization parameters (

) and high electron densities (

). With the full set of well-detected rest-frame optical diagnostic lines, we measure the gas-phase oxygen abundance in the SDSS galaxies and these local analogs using the empirical relations and the photoionization models. We find that the metallicity difference between the SDSS galaxies and our local analogs in the

stellar mass bin varies from −0.09 to 0.39 dex, depending on strong-line metallicity measurement methods. Due to this discrepancy, the evolution of mass–metallicity should be used to compare with the cosmological simulations with caution. We use the [S ii]/Hα and [O i]/Hα BPT diagram to reduce the potential AGN and shock contamination in our local analogs. We find that the AGN/shock influences are negligible on the metallicity estimation.