bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser-Based Therapy Approaches in the Retina: A Review of Micropulse Laser Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Nagel Ines , Mueller Arthur , Freeman William R. , Kozak Igor 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Purpose This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms and clinical utility of subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) therapy in the context of retinal care. Subthreshold or “nondestructive” laser therapy encompasses treatment modalities that induce minimal or no harm to retinal or choroidal tissue and leave no visible sings post-application, while achieving clinical efficacy.
Methods A comprehensive review of literature sourced from databases including PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science was conducted, focusing on articles published before February 2024, and discussing the contemporary use of SML therapy in treating diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Results The review presents evidence from scientific literature supporting SML therapy as a viable therapeutic approach for management of DR. Across numerous studies, SML therapy has demonstrated safety and additional therapeutic efficacy without causing damage to underlying retinal tissue.
Conclusion Subthreshold laser treatment emerges as a safe strategy for addressing DR. Numerous studies have shown its additional efficacy to anti-VEGF pharmacotherapy, which is the currently approved monotherapy for complications of DR. Ongoing research and clinical investigations aim to further elucidate the mechanisms and optimize the therapeutic advantages of this technology.
Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalogram in Premature Infants: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Vinnakota Gayathri G. , Lewis Leslie E. , Bharadwaj Shruthi K. , Purkayastha Jayashree , Patil Anand K. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Objective The study aimed to interpret and establish patterns of amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) in stable preterm neonates and compare the aEEG among different gestational age groups using three standard classifications.
Methods This prospective cohort study included stable preterm neonates between 240/7 and 366/7 weeks of gestation. aEEG was recorded in the first and second week of life and interpreted using the L. Hellström–Westas, Burdjalov, and Magalhães classification for background pattern, continuity, upper and lower margin amplitude, sleep–wake cycle, bandwidth, and presence of seizures. Subgroup analysis was performed based on ≤30 and >30 weeks' gestation.
Results A total of 76 aEEG recordings were analyzed from 45 preterm neonates. In the first week, 60% of the neonates had normal voltage patterns, which increased to 80% in the second week. All infants ≤30 weeks displayed discontinuous wave patterns during the first week, and half transitioned to continuous waves in the second week. The lower margin amplitude increased, and the upper margin amplitude decreased with increased gestational age. Additionally, 65% of neonates had a mature sleep–wake cycle in the second week compared with 22% in the first week. The median (interquartile range) CFM score in the second week was 12 (4.5) compared with 8 (4) in the first week, and the CFM score positively correlated with gestation (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.7–0.86). Magalhães grading in both groups was predominantly normal.
Conclusion aEEG is predominantly a continuous normal voltage pattern in >30 weeks' gestation and discontinuous in ≤30 weeks' gestation. CFM score correlates positively with advancing gestation gestational age.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclobutylboronates
Authors: Yan Xufei , Xia Ying , Yuan Fushan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractCyclobutane derivatives are important motifs in natural products and bioactive compounds. Owing to their inherent strain, the asymmetric synthesis of cyclobutanes remains a formidable challenge. With the development of various stereospecific transformations of alkylboronic esters, chiral cyclobutylboronates are expected to serve as promising synthetic intermediates for accessing chiral cyclobutane derivatives. However, obtaining highly enantioenriched cyclobutylboronates poses a daunting task in the field of organic synthesis. In this context, we highlight recent significant advances in the synthesis of chiral cyclobutylboronates.1	Introduction2	Enantioselective Borylation of Cyclobutenes3	Enantioselective Borylation of Cyclobutanes4	Other Methods5	Conclusions
A Standard Approach to Project-Based Learning in a Clinical Informatics Fellowship
Authors: Leu Michael G. , Singh Angad P. , Lewis Christopher W. , Jane Fellner B. , Kim Theresa B. , Lin Yu-Hsiang , Sutton Paul R. , White Andrew A. , Tarczy-Hornoch Peter 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education suggests that Clinical Informatics (CI) fellowship programs foster broad skills, which include collaboration and project management. However, they do not dictate how to best accomplish these learning objectives.
Objectives This study aimed to describe a standard approach to project-based learning for CI, to share its implementation, and to discuss lessons learned.
Methods We created a standard approach to project-based learning based on concepts from adult learning theory, the project life cycle framework, the Toyota Production System, and Improvement Science.
Results With this standard approach in place, we learned how best to support fellows in its use. In addition to this approach to supporting needs assessment, risk/change management, implementation, and evaluation/improvement skills, we found the need to develop fellow skills in collaboration, leadership, and time management/managing up. Supported by project-based learning using this standard approach, and with targeted project selection to meet topic-based learning objectives, fellows reached the ability to practice independently in 15 to 21 months.
Discussion Fellows are uniquely positioned to ensure the success of projects due to their increased availability and protected time compared with attendings. They are readily available for project teams to draw upon their expertise with clinical workflows and understanding of technological solutions. Project-based learning addressing organizational priorities complements fellow project management coursework and improves fellows' ability to function successfully in large, complex, and dynamic organizations. Exposing fellows to contemporary problems, then addressing them through projects, provides fellows with up-to-date applied informatics knowledge.
Conclusion Project-based learning can ensure that many general CI learning objectives are supported inherently. It reinforces project management teachings, while providing fellows with a marketable project portfolio to aid with future job applications. Having projects tightly aligned with organizational priorities supports ongoing investment in fellowship programs.
Instability and ultra-high frequency spectrum pulse train in passively Q-switched Yb:LuAG ceramic laser
Authors: Dai Min 
Published: October 2024

The ultra-high-frequency pulse trains in a Yb:LuAG passively Q-switched laser with a Yb ratio of 15 at. % are experimentally investigated. The pulse trains consist of a low-frequency harmonic spectrum pulse train with a fundamental frequency below 500 KHz as the source and an ultra-high-frequency harmonic spectrum pulse train with an exciting fundamental frequency above 104 KHz. The basic frequency of the low spectrum increases approximately linearly with increasing pump power. The change law of the fundamental frequency of the ultra-high frequency spectrum with the increase in pump power conforms to the frequency-doubling principle of the harmonic spectrum changing to a higher frequency, and increases exponentially with A × 2n (n is a natural number, A = 1.25 × 108, 1.552 × 108, or 1.0 × 108 Hz). In this paper, the base frequency range of the ultra-high-frequency spectrum was 0.077 73 GHz–0.66 THz. The maximum average peak power of an ultra-high-frequency pulse was 18.25 mW, and the minimum width of an ultra-high-frequency pulse was 3.2 ps.
Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and chemical bonding of ThS2− and ThSO−
Authors: Marshall Mary , Zhu Zhaoguo , Nguyen Truong-Son , Tufekci Burak A. , Foreman Kathryn , Peterson Kirk A. , Bowen Kit H. 
Published: October 2024

Anion photoelectron spectra of ThSO− and ThS2− were recorded using the third (355 nm) harmonic of an Nd-YAG laser; these provided the measured vertical detachment energies of each anion. The experiments are supported by extensive coupled cluster calculations on ThSO, ThSO−, ThS2, and ThS2−, as well as the oxygen congeners ThO2 and ThO2−. The ab initio calculations, which included complete basis set extrapolations, spin–orbit effects using four-component coupled cluster, and higher-order correlation contributions through CCSDT(Q), yielded an adiabatic electron affinity for ThO2 that was within 0.02 eV of the previously determined experimental value. The singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) in all three anions corresponds primarily to the 7s orbital on Th. Successive substitution of S for each O in ThO2 leads to larger electron affinities and smaller bond angles in the neutral molecules, but larger angles in the anions. As demonstrated by Franck–Condon simulations of the spectra using the CCSD(T) spectroscopic constants, substitution of O by S significantly complicates the resulting detachment spectra due to the lower vibrational frequencies in the sulfur species. Overall the calculated vertical detachment energies are in very good agreement with the experiment. In addition to the adiabatic electron affinities of each species, atomization energies and heats of formation have also been determined via the FPD approach with expected uncertainties of 1–2 kcal/mol.
Particle simulation of a Hall thruster plasma plume
Authors: Li Zhixin , Zheng Yusong , Zhang Wanting , Xu Amin , Wang Youmei 
Published: October 2024

Effects of the propellant, propellant mass-flow rate, and discharge voltage on the characteristics of the plume of small Hall thrusters are studied using a particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collisions program. It is shown that with the same discharge voltage and mass flow, the divergence angle of the xenon plume is smaller than that of argon and is not linearly dependent on the propellant mass flow rate. Moreover, the effect of the discharge voltage on the plume divergence angle can be significant. As the discharge voltage increases from 100 to 300 V, the plume divergence angle decreases, but in the range 300–400 V, it increases with the discharge voltage. The obtained data can be useful for the design and improving the efficiency of Hall thrusters.
Transactional sex and its associated factors among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Nepal
Authors: Sujan Md. Safaet Hossain , Paudel Kiran , Gautam Kamal , Khati Antoine , Wickersham Jeffrey , Dhakal Manisha , Ha Toan , Shrestha Roman 
Published: October 2024

Background Transactional sex, which involves the exchange of sex for money, goods or other items of value, has been associated with adverse health outcomes, such as HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, mental health challenges, and substance use. Although transactional sex has been extensively studied globally among cisgender and transgender women, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding its prevalence and correlates among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), particularly in Nepal. Thus, this study aimed to examine the prevalence of transactional sex and its associated factors among GBMSM in Nepal. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among GBMSM in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, between October and December 2022 (N = 250). We collected information on participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, sexual and other behavioural characteristics, and their engagement in transactional sex. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with transactional sex. Results The average age of participants was 27.5 years (s.d. 8.9). Overall, 16.4% reported engaging in transactional sex within the past 6 months. Participants with more financial dependants (aOR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0–1.5) and those who had experienced police detention (aOR: 4.8, 95% CI: 1.1–19.6) were more likely to engage in transactional sex. In contrast, GBMSM who reported engaging in condomless sex were less likely to engage in transactional sex (aOR: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.06–0.1). Conclusions The study findings underscore a noteworthy prevalence of transactional sex and associated socioeconomic and behavioural factors among GBMSM in Nepal. These results underscore the need for targeted interventions addressing both economic vulnerabilities and legal interactions to reduce transactional sex and its associated risks in this high-risk group.
Identification of a cell-active chikungunya virus nsP2 protease inhibitor using a covalent fragment-based screening approach
Authors: Merten Eric M. , Sears John D. , Leisner Tina M. , Hardy P. Brian , Ghoshal Anirban , Hossain Mohammad Anwar , Asressu Kesatebrhan Haile , Brown Peter J. , Tse Edwin G. , Stashko Michael A. , Li Kelin , Norris-Drouin Jacqueline L. , Herring Laura E. , Mordant Angie L. , Webb Thomas S. , Mills Christine A. , Barker Natalie K. , Streblow Zachary J. , Perveen Sumera , Arrowsmith Cheryl H. , Couñago Rafael Miguez , Arnold Jamie J. , Cameron Craig E. , Streblow Daniel N. , Moorman Nathaniel J. , Heise Mark T. , Willson Timothy M. , Popov Konstantin I. , Pearce Kenneth H. 
Published: October 2024

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that has been responsible for numerous large-scale outbreaks in the last twenty years. Currently, there are no FDA-approved therapeutics for any alphavirus infection. CHIKV nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2), which contains a cysteine protease domain, is essential for viral replication, making it an attractive target for a drug discovery campaign. Here, we optimized a CHIKV nsP2 protease (nsP2pro) biochemical assay for the screening of a 6,120-compound cysteine-directed covalent fragment library. Using a 50% inhibition threshold, we identified 153 hits (2.5% hit rate). In dose–response follow-up, RA-0002034, a covalent fragment that contains a vinyl sulfone warhead, inhibited CHIKV nsP2pro with an IC
50
of 58 ± 17 nM, and further analysis with time-dependent inhibition studies yielded a k
inact
/K
I
of 6.4 × 10
3
M
−1
s
−1
. LC-MS/MS analysis determined that RA-0002034 covalently modified the catalytic cysteine in a site-specific manner. Additionally, RA-0002034 showed no significant off-target reactivity in proteomic experiments or against a panel of cysteine proteases. In addition to the potent biochemical inhibition of CHIKV nsP2pro activity and exceptional selectivity, RA-0002034 was tested in cellular models of alphavirus infection and effectively inhibited viral replication of both CHIKV and related alphaviruses. This study highlights the identification and characterization of the chemical probe RA-0002034 as a promising hit compound from covalent fragment-based screening for development toward a CHIKV or pan-alphavirus therapeutic.
Coherent to semi-coherent transition of precipitates in Van der Merwe epitaxial films
Authors: Raghavendra R M , Subramaniam Anandh , Iyer Ganesh 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The interplay of stresses of two coherent systems, specifically a coherent precipitate within an epitaxial film (in Van der Merve growth mode), gives rise to an interesting scenario; wherein the configurational effects and the strain energy landscape are enriched. This leads to an interdependent evolutionary pathway for the coherent to semi-coherent transition. The transition of the film-substrate interface to the semi-coherent state occurs beyond a critical thickness (

t
c

) which arises from energy minimization. Using the model example of the precipitation of NbH0.5 precipitate in a Nb/Sapphire epitaxial system, the critical radii (

r

film

∗

) for model geometries have been computed. 3D finite element models have been used to compute the stress state and energetics of precipitates growing in an epitaxial film. The following important observations can be made based on the simulations. (1) The epitaxial stresses can lead to the stabilization of the coherent precipitate. (2) The transition to a semi-coherent film interface, characterized by an array of interfacial misfit dislocations, can energetically favor the semi-coherent state of the precipitate over the coherent state. The magnitude of

r

film

∗

depends on the spatial coordinates within the film. (3) The presence of Nb–H coherent precipitates can stabilize the coherent state of the film interface.
Tailoring efficient manganese bromide-based scintillator films with ethyl acetate assistance
Authors: Zhou Kun , Bilal Muhammad , Xia Kaiyu , Xie Yuting , Chen Ting , Hu Xiaofeng , Chen Xiuyuan , Yang Chenchen , Pan Shicheng , Xu Gang , Miao Xinxin , He Qingquan , He Tengyue , Mohammed Omar F , Pan Jun 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Metal halide (MH) scintillators serve as a compelling substitute for traditional scintillators in x-ray detection and imaging due to their low-temperature fabrication process, high light yield and mechanical flexibility. Nevertheless, the spatial resolution and photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of these films are hindered by the agglomeration and uneven distribution of MHs crystal particles during the fabrication process. We introduce a modified fabrication approach for MH scintillator films involving an additional step of ethyl acetate (EA) treatment, resulting in the preparation of a smooth EA-treated (Ph4P)2MnBr4/Polydimethylsiloxane film (Ph4P = Tetraphenylphosphonium). The carbonyl groups within EA interact with elements of the (Ph4P)2MnBr4 microcrystals powder, ensuring uniform dispersion and preventing agglomeration. The EA-treated composite film demonstrates a remarkable PLQY of approximately 95.8% and an impressive spatial resolution of 14 lp mm−1, with enhanced stability under harsh environments. These characteristics ensure its suitability as a high-performance x-ray imaging scintillator.
Nonlinear ion acoustic waves in multicomponent plasmas with nonthermal electrons–positron and bipolar ions
Authors: Lin 林 Mai-Mai 麦麦 , Song 宋 Chen-Guang 晨光 , Chen 陈 Fu-Yan 富艳 , Wang 王 Ming-Yue 明月 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper studied the propagating characteristics of (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear ion acoustic waves in a multicomponent plasma with nonthermal electrons, positrons, and bipolar ions. The dispersion relations are initially explored by using the small amplitude wave’s dispersion relation. Then, the Sagdeev potential method is employed to study large amplitude ion acoustic waves. The analysis involves examining the system’s phase diagram, Sagdeev potential function, and solitary wave solutions through numerical solution of an analytical process in order to investigate the propagation properties of nonlinear ion acoustic waves under various parameters. It is found that the propagation of nonlinear ion acoustic waves is subject to the influence of various physical parameters, including the ratio of number densities between the unperturbed positrons, electrons to positive ions, nonthermal parameters, the mass ratio of positive ions to negative ions, and the charge number ratio of negative ions to positive ions, the ratio of the electrons’ temperature to positrons’ temperature. In addition, the multicomponent plasma system has a compressive solitary waves with amplitude greater than zero or a rarefactive solitary waves with amplitude less than zero, in the meantime, compressive and rarefactive ion acoustic wave characteristics depend on the charge number ratio of negative ions to positive ions.
Shear rheology of confined double rings of dust particles in a dusty plasma
Authors: Tian 田 Miao 淼 , Li 李 Jiaqi 佳琪 , Yu 于 Xuebo 雪波 , Liu 刘 Xue 雪 , Li 李 Shaopeng 绍鹏 , Li 李 Qing 庆 , Liu 刘 Fucheng 富成 , He 贺 Yafeng 亚峰 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Shear rheology is a fundamental property of soft matter, which can be deformed. Although the shear rheology of fluids has been well studied at the macroscopic scale, understanding the microscopic processes of rheology at the single-particle level remains a challenging issue. Dusty plasma serves as an ideal platform for exploring microscopic dynamics of system at the individual particle level. Here, we study the shear rheology of confined double rings of strongly coupled dust particles in a dusty plasma. The outer ring is actively driven to rotate using laser illumination. Depending on the particle number, the inner ring may passively rotate following the outer ring at different angular speeds, resulting in shear rheology. The number of dust particles influences particle arrangement, which is characterized by the pair correlation function, bond-orientational order parameter, and triangle skewness. That further alters structural stability, significantly affecting the shear rheology.
Influence of unstable working conditions on friction torque of angular contact ball bearings
Authors: Zhang Ruoyu , Yu Yongjian , Li Jishun , Xue Yujun 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The influence of rolling element material on friction torque of angular contact ball bearing under variable speed, variable load, and variable load conditions are studied. Based on the unstable working conditions of variable speed and load, the dynamic model of bearing is established by using CMD language in the ADAMS system, and the simulation analysis is carried out. The results show that under variable speed conditions, the shorter the acceleration time is, the greater the radial and axial loads are, and the greater the friction torque of the bearing is; Under variable load conditions, the friction torque of the bearing increases with the increase of load change frequency, and the friction torque of the hybrid ceramic ball bearing is smaller than that of the GCr15 rolling element bearing. The research results provide a reference for reducing the friction heat generation of bearings and improving the operation reliability of bearings under unstable working conditions.
Construction of a numerical model for cigarette smoking and combustion and simulation of combustion cone shape
Authors: Zhu Huaiyuan , Wu Changjian , Qin Yanhua , Rui Jinsheng , Wu Penglin , Chen Xin , Yang Chengcheng , Cao Yi , Zhou Jiancheng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Understanding the thermal conditions inside a burning cigarette is a top priority for controlling chemical emissions and cigarette design. Since experimental methods are difficult to observe in depth, this paper starts from the perspective of numerical simulation and models the structure of the tobacco distribution of the cigarette, integrating the end surface ignition model, puffing model, chemical reaction model, heat and mass transfer and diffusion model have established a three-dimensional comprehensive model that can represent the changes in combustion cone morphology during cigarette combustion. The model covers chemical reaction and mass transfer as well as generation, flow and reaction mechanism. The simulation results show that the model can better predict the temperature distribution, component distribution and combustion cone morphology changes during cigarette smoking and combustion. It provides an effective means for in-depth research on cigarette combustion.