bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Study - Constant Bottom Hole Pressure of Managed-Pressure Drilling Utilization to Maintain Wellbore Instability in East Java Drilling Operation, Indonesia
Authors: Zein Joydi , Irawan Fikri , Hidayat Andri M. , Amin Remy Azrai , Ardhiansyah Fajar , Redzuan M , Norani B , Hermawan Heru , Prasetyo Dundie 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Conventional open-to-atmosphere mud returns systems present a challenge when attempting to obtain energy resources that have previously been deemed economically or technically impossible to drill due to narrow drilling windows. A narrow drilling window significantly reduces the possibility of drilling to targeted depth effectively and efficiently from cost and safety perspectives. However, it is not always the pore pressure and fracture pressure gradients that define the drilling window, as has been observed in a field in East[MA(1] Java Province, Indonesia. In this instance, the actual drilling window lay between the wellbore instability and mud losses pressure gradients. Having the bottom hole pressure lower than the wellbore instability pressure would risk collapse of the wellbore, resulting in stuck pipe, or worse, a fishing job and requirement to sidetrack the well. Thus, a steady bottom hole pressure within that window was deemed critical to successfully drill to the section target depth. The application of Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) was selected to drill the narrow drilling window and has resulted in being able to successfully drill to the targeted depth without wellbore collapse.
Data acquired from system-recorded drilling parameters enabled analysis of the wellbore condition and adjustment of parameters leading to a successful operation. Calculated friction pressure, ECD trend line, flow behavior and most importantly surface back pressure were compared as analysis subjects.
The utilization of MPD equipment, including Rotating Control Device (RCD) and Automated MPD Choke Manifold, enables surface back pressure to be applied to create the required bottom hole pressure sufficient to maintain wellbore stability within the narrow drilling window. With real-time results being applied on site, as described further in this paper, drilling hazards related to wellbore instability were significantly minimized, if not completely eliminated.
Assuring Optimum Production and Enhanced Operational Efficiency through Transient Simulation A Case Study in North Kuwait Jurassic Fields
Authors: Al-Sharrad Mohammad , Prakash Roshan , Trudvang Christian. F. , Al-Mai Noura , Hajjeyah Abrar A. , Al-Failakawi Abdulaziz H. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The paper presents the flow assurance challenges and the mitigation steps taken in the deep, high pressure & high temperature North Kuwait Jurassic (NKJ) Fields. Flow assurance is extremely diverse subject linked to different engineering disciplines. Understanding the reservoir fluid behavior, rock minerals, completion & pipeline metallurgy and operating envelope is critical to understand and overcome the flow assurance challenges. Pipeline Hydrate Formation is the biggest operational challenge, which frequently disrupts the production of some of the high producing gas wells during the winter months. Different chemicals and combinations of such have been attempted to mitigate the hydrate problem, still optimization of the chemical injection process is ongoing. Other problems of solid, scale or salt blockage in the tubing, surface chokes and pipelines have occurred and steps were taken to clear the obstructions. The NKJ fluids are highly corrosive and a corrosion inhibitor is injected at the wellhead to protect the surface pipelines. Addressing all these challenges require thorough knowledge of the specialized subjects and advance modeling to improve the field operational philosophy.
In the NKJ fields, the pipeline connecting the well to the processing facility (5 – 30 Km long) are neither buried nor insulated. During the winter months (during night & early morning), the well fluid cools down below the hydrate formation temperature in the flowline causing hydrate crystallization and even plugging of the pipeline. Out of the 30 producing wells in the NKJ fields, half of the wells produce water and have hydrate tendency. The produced water salinity varies from well to well and range from fresh water to highly saline water with salinity as high as 330 kppm. This makes the system highly complex and manifest need for a robust solution.
The paper walks through the traditional methods of hydrate mitigation done in the NKJ fields and the way in which transient model was initially built and continuously improved with more data. Currently methanol is used as the hydrate inhibitor and an anti-agglomerate (AA) is under trial. The methanol concentration is governed mostly by experience and on a reactive mode.
An offline transient model advisor was built to understand the hydrate mechanism and optimize the methanol injection The advisor is still under trial, once simulation matches with the field conditions, then it will be online and linked to the existing KwIDF (Kuwait Integrated Digital Fields) technology program. Under KwIDF, Chemical Management workflow will be designed to optimize methanol injection to minimize the well downtime and reduce the OPEX cost. The transient advisor also can predict the surge at the facility inlet which can assist in balancing the production in and out of the facility.
The Effect of Wellbore Temperature Changes and Frictional Losses on Well Test Interpretation Results
Authors: Hakim Bilal A. , Fair Chris , Montague Eamonn 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
With the widespread use of downhole pressure gauges (DHPG’s) to measure and record downhole pressures in oil and gas wells, engineers have been able to eliminate/reduce the wellbore effects that can mask true reservoir response. However, not every well is equipped with a downhole gauge; even fewer have the downhole gauge at the mid-completion depth, leaving fluids below the gauge that are subject to frictional pressure drop and changing fluid density/head due to heating/cooling. The reservoir signal (delta pressure vs time) can be slightly masked or completely overwhelmed by the change in pressure head due to changing fluid density as the well bore fluids cool or heat-up. The resultant measured rate of pressure change will therefore, not be representative of the actual reservoir response. In addition, frictional pressure loss as fluids travel up the well bore can appear as pressure loss due to completion skin. This causes wells to have an artifically high skin. Using raw pressure data that has not been accurately corrected for changing fluid head/density and frictional losses below the gauge can lead to inaccurate pressure-transient analysis (PTA) results (Hasan 1998).
This paper will discuss the physics of these processes and explain the reasons for these errors in the PTA results, along with the impact of these errors. Finally, a method for properly correcting the measured pressure to mid-completion pressure will be described. To demonstrate these effects, case studies conducted on two gas wells, a gas-condensate well and an oil well will be presented.
Innovating the Method to Perforate Using Completion Insertion and Removal Under Pressure System in High-Pressure Conditions
Authors: Tapia William , Song Yan , Lai Suan-Loong 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
A coiled tubing (CT) perforating operation in South East Asia using a system for completion insertion and removal under pressure was successful in perforating one of the most promising high-pressure gas wells in the country. Completion insertion and retrieval under pressure is a proven but complex method, and its implementation requires many resources to be adapted to different operating conditions. The operator successfully utilized an innovative system that incorporated best practices from previous operations to successfully complete the well.
The subject well was critical for the operator to achieve set production targets. However, the pore pressure predicted crossflow between all zones. Hence, only the deepest sand was completed, with slotted liner, until its pressure was depleted to the same value as that in the upper zones. Considering safety factors, operating efficiency, and costs, the best solution was to perforate the new zones when the rig was still on location. This was done by deploying 447m of guns using CT with data telemetry to obtain downhole realtime measurements and the completion insertion and retrieval under pressure system without having to kill the well with expensive high-density brines.
The simulations run to evaluate the feasibility of each process and cover all the contingencies, unconventional implementations on the standard equipment to adapt it into the rig conditions, the preparation of the pressure-control equipment (PCE), and the challenge of aligning the procedures with the operator's new pressure control process made this operation one of the highest profile projects of the year for the operator. The operation involved activating the CT firing head, ensuring that all gun connections were properly installed during their deployment, and retrieval under high-pressure conditions. During the execution, the technologies applied demonstrated the advantages of obtaining downhole realtime measurements to react properly to changing conditions. The results obtained from this campaign were met the operator's subsurface objectives in perforating all the planned sands and achieving all the expected flow rates.
The large amount of information amassed during the operation included contingency plans for every stage of this project, details of the innovations within the system, and the adaptation and the successful implementation of all of rig resources. This documented body of knowledge can be used in other locations that could benefit from similar operations.
Significant Cost Reduction of Subsea Boosting Systems by Innovative Technologies
Authors: Jahnsen Ove Fritz 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe oil market is in a state of rapid change due to the decreasing oil price, with an urgent need for radical cost reduction of existing development solutions. For the subsea boosting market this comes on top of a historically slow market adoption of subsea processing technology in general. Now, with the new market situation, the incentives for solutions that can increase recovery are strengthened and should become more important to Operators for both Greenfield and Brownfield. The opportunity for subsea process solutions and in particular subsea boosting solutions to become a standard in the industry is right now. To realize this opportunity there is a significant need for change in the knowledge and cost of subsea boosting solutions, to strengthen the business case and thereby grow the market for subsea boostingMany factors will contribute to this change, but this paper will focus particularly on innovative technical solutions that will simplify existing systems, prepare for true standardization and by this significantly reduce size, weight and cost compared to existing designs. Furthermore, introducing innovative technologies supports simplified installation and intervention as well as deepwater and long step-out developments. All of this is possible without introducing big technology leaps or compromising the reliability of the overall solution.The paper will provide case studies demonstrating cost savings including size / weight comparisons of conventional and new solutions, as well as dives into certain technology elements with proven results.
Meeting the Demand for Barrier Plug Integrity Assurance & Verification of Well Abandonment Barriers
Authors: Stein Arild 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
There are multiple issues involved in gaining verification of an installed barrier, for example, when two wellbore barriers are installed in close proximity, the well's general ability to support an inflow test, and the time it takes to get a segregating well stable.
The wireless Barrier Verification System (BVS) was developed to meet the demand for barrier plug integrity assurance. Its transmitter is configured to send pressure readings but can also record for multiple days depending on battery configuration, wellbore temperature and logging frequency. The receiver records and stores the pressure information collected above the installed plug for reference and wirelessly receives the values from below the barrier plug.
The BVS provides valuable information to determine the overall quality of the barrier installed, allowing operators to obtain a positive verification of well barrier and integrity with a higher degree of confidence.
With the supply of downhole data from mechanical wireline operations available online and even in real-time, the BVS can save operational time with a more efficient verification of the barrier, especially in low pressure wells with free gas.
Process Safety in Front-End Loading for Delivery of Mega Sour Gas Projects
Authors: Al-Dousari Fahad 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Major oil producing countries are affected by the recent drop in oil price and lack of local gas production available for consumption in the local society. With oil prices more than halved over the last year, the oil industry is gradually slipping into the red. However, significant volume of local gas supply need is critical to catch-up day to day local consumption demands (i.e. power plant, house-hold consumption), hence Jurassic gas reservoirs have been explored to develop and produce huge amount of sour gas fluid which is associated with significant HSE risks due to very high toxicity and corrosion impact (in addition to lack of local expertise in sour gas facility design and production). Although many articles have been published on how to execute mega sour gas projects, the industry will need to make a step change in its delivery performance of mega sour gas projects with improved know-how and expertise, and will need to re-energise it’s focus on how to avoid unnecessary process safety and HSE concerns, risks, cost and schedule overruns. This paper describes our perspective on the principles of delivering successful and safe mega sour gas projects and discusses the criticality of consideration for process safety (including HSE) aspect that is essential in the front-end loading engineering stages (i.e. Identify-Assess, Concept-Select, Front-End Engineering FEED).
It is mostly based on our personal experiences as Senior Project Engineer in Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) and from insights that we gained through working with Major International Oil Companies (IOCs) and with the recognized Engineering Contractors. The article will address the following topics; Poor Front End Loading in the early engineering stagesLack of understanding the Risk associated with the project including Societal Risk exposureSignificant changes during project execution due to design inadequacy of process safetyNo or small Owner’s team, Project is Schedule driven with lack of resourcesInsufficient capability with Project Design and Execution ContractorsInsufficient early Operations input into the design of toxic facilityMega projects are often considered to be just "bigger" projectsRisk can be transferred to Contractors, lack of robust quality assurance plansNo integrated teams, insufficient stakeholder management & Industrial Land allocationSignificant CAPEX/OPEX Investment in Sour Gas project (compared to Sweet Facilities)
La pintura mural del convento de Santa Clara de Asís en Dzidzantún, Yucatán. Generalidades sobre la ejecución de cuatro diferentes etapas
Authors: Vanoye Ana Raquel 
Published: October 2016

Hasta hace muy pocos años, sólo era posible caracterizar la pintura mural de los conventos franciscanos del norte de la península de Yucatán como un conjunto pequeño que agrupaba elementos fragmentados y disconexos, que exhibían un deterioro gradual y continuo, lo cual dificultaba su documentación y su investigación, en particular, el desarrollo de una propuesta sobre el orden seguido en su ejecución. La aparición de los murales del convento de Santa Clara de Asís cambió este panorama porque constituyen un grupo numeroso de pinturas, la mayoría sin intervenir, distribuidas en diferentes encalados. Estas características facilitaron la identificación y definición de una serie de etapas a las que era posible asociar un orden y organizarlas en una secuencia. La intervención de la pintura mural, en 2011, puso al descubierto otros ejemplos que proporcionaron información que contribuyó a precisar un determinado número de detalles útiles para complementar dicha secuencia. Este trabajo presenta las etapas que integran esta secuencia y los rasgos que caracterizan a cada una de ellas, así como su potencial contribución en los estudios de la pintura mural que albergan otros conventos de la región.
Enhancing the hardness/compression/damping response of magnesium by reinforcing with biocompatible silica nanoparticulates
Authors: Parande Gururaj , Manakari Vyasaraj , Meenashisundaram Ganesh Kumar , Gupta Manoj 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Low volume fraction silica nanoparticulate-containing magnesium composites targeting structural and biomedical applications were synthesized using the blend–press–sinter powder metallurgy technique followed by hot extrusion, and subsequently characterized for their microstructural, mechanical and damping properties. The results of microstructural characterization revealed a maximum ∼32% reduction in grain size with 2 vol.% addition of SiO2 nanoparticulates. The compressive properties of pure magnesium increased with the addition of SiO2 nanoparticulates with Mg-2 vol.% SiO2 nanocomposite exhibiting the maximum 0.2% compressive yield strength and compressive fracture strain. The addition of SiO2 nanoparticulates enhanced the damping characteristics of pure magnesium with Mg-2 vol.% SiO2 nanocomposite exhibiting the maximum damping capacity and damping loss rate with a minimum change in elastic modulus which is favorable when targeting magnesium for biomedical applications. An attempt has also been made in this study to compare the biomechanical properties of synthesized Mg–SiO2 nanocomposites with those of natural bone.
Effects of martensite cold work on the reverse austenite formation
Authors: de Melo Ricardo Vilain , de Oliveira Carlos Augusto Silva , Suski Cássio Aurélio 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The effects of martensite cold work on the reverse austenite formation were analyzed using vibrating sample magnetometry. The samples were previously austenitized at 820°C for 30 min and then subjected to 85% height reduction. In sequence, the samples were aged at 600°C for different periods of time. For comparison purposes a set of non-deformed samples – labelled as 0% deformation – was submitted to the same aging conditions. The mechanical deformation initially retarded the reverse austenite formation in the matrix.
Study of plastic deformation mechanisms in TA15 titanium alloy by combination of geometrically necessary and statistically-stored dislocations
Authors: He Dong , Li Qiang , Yan Yu , Huang Xiguang , Yasmeen Tabassam 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This study combines geometrically necessary dislocation analysis and statistically-stored dislocation identification to investigate plastic deformation mechanisms in TA15 titanium alloy. Tensile tests were conducted up to different strains at room temperature. The slip lines were observed and identified using high resolution scanning electron microscopy. Geometrically necessary dislocations were calculated based on strain gradient theories. The statistically-stored dislocations were studied using transmission electron microscopy under two beam conditions. The results indicate that the ratio of <a>-type geometrically necessary dislocation density to <c+a>-type decreases from 5 – 8 to 1 – 3 with increasing strain from 0.8 % to 2.0 %. The <a>-type slip is the dominant deformation mechanism at the early stage of plastic deformation, whereas <c+a>-slips become dominant with further increase in deformation strain.
THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM OF HIGHLY CHARGED COPPER IONS
Authors: Yang Z. H. , Du S. B. , Su M. G. , Chang H. W. , Guo Y. P. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
This paper reports the laboratory measurements of extreme ultraviolet spectra of highly charged copper ions. In this work, 82 lines from Cu xv to Cu xxiii in the 160–360 Å wavelength range are identified as the transitions of the 2p23p–2p23d, 2p43s–2p43p, 2p43p–2p43d, 2p53s–2p53p, 2p53s–2p53p, 3s3p–3p2, 3s23p3-3s3p4, 3s23p–3s3p2, 3s23p3–3s3p4, and 2p4 (3P)3s–2p4 (3P) 3p, in which 40 spectral lines have been newly and accurately measured. Their identification is based on comparisons with available experimental and theoretical values and the calculations with Cowan codes.
GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM PSR J0007+7303 USING SEVEN YEARS OF FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Li Jian , Torres Diego F. , de Oña Wilhelmi Emma , Rea Nanda , Martin Jonatan 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Based on more than seven years of Fermi Large Area Telescope Pass 8 data, we report on a detailed analysis of the bright gamma-ray pulsar (PSR) J0007+7303. We confirm that PSR J0007+7303 is significantly detected as a point source also during the off-peak phases with a test statistic value of 262 (∼16σ). In the description of the off-peak spectrum of PSR J0007+7303, a power law with an exponential cutoff at 2.7 ± 1.2 ± 1.3 GeV (the first/second uncertainties correspond to statistical/systematic errors) is preferred over a single power law at a level of 3.5σ. The possible existence of a cutoff hints at a magnetospheric origin of the emission. In addition, no extended gamma-ray emission is detected that is compatible with either the supernova remnant (CTA 1) or the very high-energy (>100 GeV) pulsar wind nebula. A flux upper limit of 6.5 × 10−12 erg cm−2 s−1 in the energy range 10–300 GeV is reported, for an extended source assuming the morphology of the VERITAS detection. During on-peak phases, a sub-exponential cutoff is significantly preferred (∼11σ) for representing the spectral energy distribution, in both the phase-averaged and phase-resolved spectra. Three glitches are detected during the observation period and we found no flux variability at the time of the glitches or in the long-term behavior. We also report the discovery of a previously unknown gamma-ray source in the vicinity of PSR J0007+7303, Fermi J0020+7328, which we associate with the z = 1.781 quasar S5 0016+73. A concurrent analysis of this source is needed to correctly characterize the behavior of CTA 1 and it is also presented in the paper.
C/O AND Mg/Si RATIOS OF STARS IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD
Authors: Brewer John M. , Fischer Debra A. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
The carbon-to-oxygen ratio in a protoplanetary disk can have a dramatic influence on the compositions of any terrestrial planets formed. In regions of high C/O, planets form primarily from carbonates, and in regions of low C/O, the ratio of magnesium to silicon determines the types of silicates that dominate the compositions. We present C/O and Mg/Si ratios for 852 F, G, and K dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. We find that the frequency of carbon-rich dwarfs in the solar neighborhood is

and that 156 known planet hosts in the sample follow a similar distribution as all of the stars as a whole. The cosmic distribution of Mg/Si for these same stars is broader than the C/O distribution and peaks near 1.0, with

of systems having

Mg/Si

, leading to rocky planet compositions similar to the Earth. This leaves 40% of systems that can have planets that are silicate-rich and that may have very different compositions than our own.