bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidential statistics as a statistical modern synthesis to support 21st century science
Authors: Taper Mark L. , Ponciano José Miguel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDuring the 20th century, population ecology and science in general relied on two very different statistical paradigms to solve its inferential problems: error statistics (also referred to as classical statistics and frequentist statistics) and Bayesian statistics. A great deal of good science was done using these tools, but both schools suffer from technical and philosophical difficulties. At the turning of the 21st century (Royall in Statistical evidence: a likelihood paradigm. Chapman & Hall, London,1997; Lele in The nature of scientific evidence: statistical, philosophical and empirical considerations. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 191–216,2004a), evidential statistics emerged as a seriously contending paradigm. Drawing on and refining elements from error statistics, likelihoodism, Bayesian statistics, information criteria, and robust methods, evidential statistics is a statistical modern synthesis that smoothly incorporates model identification, model uncertainty, model comparison, parameter estimation, parameter uncertainty, pre‐data control of error, and post‐data strength of evidence into a single coherent framework. We argue that evidential statistics is currently the most effective statistical paradigm to support 21st century science. Despite the power of the evidential paradigm, we think that there is no substitute for learning how to clarify scientific arguments with statistical arguments. In this paper we sketch and relate the conceptual bases of error statistics, Bayesian statistics and evidential statistics. We also discuss a number of misconceptions about the paradigms that have hindered practitioners, as well as some real problems with the error and Bayesian statistical paradigms solved by evidential statistics.
Mineral Chemistry of Clays Associated with the Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene Succession of the Um-Sohryngkew River Section of Meghalaya, India: Palaeoenvironmental Inferences and K/Pg Transition
Authors: Pal Sucharita , Shrivastava J. P. , Mukhopadhyay Sanjay K. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A unique, continuous, shallow marine succession within the Langpar Formation in the Um-Sohryngkew river section of Meghalaya contains late Maastrichtian through early Danian planktonic foraminiferal biozones (CF4-P1a) and the K/Pg boundary (between CF1 and P0). To resolve compositional overlap [in the three-fold clay mineral based sub-divisions of the section (include 1-2 mm thick yellowish brown clay layer in biozone CF3)] and to understand paleoenvironmental conditions prevalent at the time of K/Pg transition, micro-structural and compositional studies were carried out. The paper discusses accurate compositional limits of solid solubility in smectite and illite. Clay morphological attributes distinctly vary with the changes in the biozonation. Major oxide data plots for the litho-units (samples JP1-16) over binary diagrams, show clustering of plots within the illite compositional field. Plots based on structural formulae and layer charges of illite and kaolinite rich clays (from CF4 to Pla biozones), show closeness with the clay data fields of Agost, Caravaca, Petriccio and El-Kef K/T boundary sections as their charge occupancies at tetrahedral (Zt), octahedral (Zo) and interlayer (Zi) sites are similar. Thermodynamic data plots over ternary [AR23+Si3O10 (OH)2 - R23+SiO4O10(OH)2 - A3AlSi4O10(OH)2] diagram, clustered within the illite compositional fields. Majority of illites shows high K values. They represent occasionally higher Altet. and lower Aloct. layer charges. Calculated palaeotemperature values for illite (from the CF4 to Pla zones) vary from 68 - 232°C. Sudden rise in the temperature (&gt;140°C) of illite formation noticed in the upper part of the biozone CF3 (sample JP-12) is comparable to the K/T boundary layer of Caravaca section. Wide variation in the humid tropical to arid-semiarid climatic and thermal (diagenetic to low grade metamorphic) conditions noticed across the succession is possiby linked with the contemporaneous Abor / Deccan volcanic activities (at the time of their deposition) as also reflected in their clay layer [Si (2.95-3.68)] and interlayer [K+Na (0.4-4.61)] charges.
Spectroscopic and Microstructural Studies of Ruby Gemstones of Sinapalli, Odisha
Authors: Sinha Jatin Kumar , Mishra Pratima Kumari 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Spectroscopic and microstructural studies of ruby variety corundum samples of Sinapalli, Odisha have been carried out using various physical techniques. FTIR, Micro Raman, photoluminescence along with microstructural and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) data reveal presence of hydroxylated form of alumina on the surface with presence of Cr+3 chromophores. These gemstones contain zircon and rutile inclusions. Upon heat treatment, the colour of the ruby variety of gemstones improved by dissolving rutile inclusion inside the corundum lattice. Detailed data of the both untreated and heat treated samples are discussed in this paper.
Depositional Environments of the Miocene-Pliocene Siliciclastic Succession, Al Rehaili Area, North of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alqahtani Faisal A. , Khalil Mohammed 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A detailed facies and depositional analysis of the Miocene–Pliocene siliciclastic-dominated sequence (ranges from 10 to 35 m thick) of siliciclastic succession below the basalt rocks have been carried out to interpret the depositional pattern, facies and sedimentary depositional environments. This siliciclastic-dominated succession, underlying Harrat Rahat, belonging to the Miocene–Pliocene is exposed at Al-Rehaili area, North Jeddah. Three main depositional units from bottom to top: Unit I, II and III are identified and correlated. These units comprise of gravels/conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. Sandstones below the basaltic rocks of Harrat Rahat generally contain about 30-70 % quartz, 10-50 % rock fragments, 10-20 % feldspar, 15-40 % detrital clay, 2-8 % iron oxides, and minor amounts of other components. Siltstones are distinguished from sandstones by their finer grain sizes of the quartz silt (45-70 % quart and higher proportion of clay (30-55% detrital clay minerals). Mudstones contain about 25-50 % quartz, 40-60 and detrital clay minerals, 2-8 iron oxides, and minor amounts of other components. Based on petrography, components, textures, fabrics, contacts nature, sedimentary structures, stratal geometry, and stratigraphic relationships, ten facies, covering the three depositional units are distinguished representing fluvial to lacustrine depositional conditions.
A Remote Sensing and GIS Based Approach to Evaluate the Ground Water Prospects of Baghain Watershed, Panna and Satna Districts of M.P., India: A Case Study
Authors: Sharma Ajay Kumar , Shukla J. P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Remote Sensing and GIS, potential tools for facilitating the generation and use of thematic information, has been applied to assess the ground water potentiality of Baghain watershed falling in parts of the Panna and Satna districts, M.P. The role of various parameters namely drainage, lineament, lithology and geomorphology have been emphasized for delineation of ground water potential zones. IRS-1C, LISS III imagery (FCC) on 1:50,000 scale and topographic maps (63 D/5 and 63 D/6) along with field survey have been used as the data source. The various thematic maps have been integrated with the help of GIS applying Index Overlay model to demarcate different groundwater prospects. The resultant map indicates that high prospects is in fractured valley (FV) and pediplain-shallow (PPS) and the moderate prospects in pediment (PD), moderately dissected plateau (PLM) and slightly dissected plateau (PLS), while bute (B), escarpment slope (ES) and mesa (M) show poor prospects for ground water. The groundwater prospect units have been correlated with the discharge of well within the units and it has been found that values match with the units derived from this approach. This study shall be useful in targeting recharge sites as well as drilling sites. The present result shows that integration of all weighted attributes provides more accurate results in groundwater prospects identification.
Lignite Deposits of the Bikaner - Nagaur Basin, around Matasukh-Kasnau in Nagaur District of Rajasthan
Authors: Vyas Arun , Mittal G. S. , Gaur C. P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Lignite deposits of Bikaner–Nagaur basin, lie in Jayal block of Nagaur district of Rajasthan. The sandstone, shale, claystone and lignite sequence repeats at regular intervals. The lignite mines presently 30-40 meters deep below ground level filled up above lignite seams with the brine whenever interruption in dewatering occurs. The Tertiary formations hosting lignite deposits are mined by open cast mining having normal benching heights; along with continuous pumping out of saline groundwater by a battery of tube wells. Liithological samples from Kasnau yielded good assemblage of palynofossils of early Eocene age. The peculiarity of occurrences of rounded boulders and cobbles in near by area are indicative of a Palaeo-channel which could be related to some old river channel like Saraswati or its tributary Drishadwati.
Development of a 20 kV damped oscillating voltage generator
Authors: Hou Zhe , Yu Peixiang , Li Hongjie , Ji Shengchang , Zhang Wei , Zhou Hua , Xu Fei 
Published: December 2015

This study describes the design and development of a 20 kV rated damped oscillating voltage (DOV) generator that can detect the partial discharge (PD) condition in 6/10 kV power cables. A complete system using a novel high‐voltage switch consisting of a series of connected insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) is designed and tested. The switch consists of ten identical IGBT switch units, a multiple output isolated power supply system and a trigger unit. Physically, it is a 60 cm diameter fan‐shaped printed circuit board. To coordinate the various tested objects and to comply with the IEC 60060‐3 standards, an air‐core inductor is calculated to precisely fit the most general application conditions using the magnetic vector potentials method. A laboratory prototype is assembled and tested. Waveforms illustrating the performance of the IGBT switch and the output of the DOV are presented. Finally, an application‐oriented test demonstrates that the scheme can successfully complete the PD test and PD location test for a cable sample.
Fast–slow continuum and reproductive strategies structure plant life-history variation worldwide
Authors: Salguero-Gómez Roberto , Jones Owen R. , Jongejans Eelke , Blomberg Simon P. , Hodgson David J. , Mbeau-Ache Cyril , Zuidema Pieter A. , de Kroon Hans , Buckley Yvonne M. 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Schedules of survival, growth, and reproduction define life-history strategies across species. Understanding how life-history strategies are structured is fundamental to our understanding of the evolution, abundance, and distribution of species. We found that life-history strategies of 418 plant species worldwide are explained by an axis representing the pace of life and another representing the wide range of reproductive strategies. This framework predicts responses to perturbations and long-term population performance, showing great promise as a predictive tool for plant population responses to environmental change.
Functional hierarchy underlies preferential connectivity disturbances in schizophrenia
Authors: Yang Genevieve J. , Murray John D. , Wang Xiao-Jing , Glahn David C. , Pearlson Godfrey D. , Repovs Grega , Krystal John H. , Anticevic Alan 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Schizophrenia is linked to widespread neuronal-level changes causing cortical excitation-inhibition imbalance. However, functional neuroimaging reveals preferential association network dysconnectivity. Therefore, a tension exists between two competing frameworks: global versus localized neural dysfunction in schizophrenia. To link these levels of analysis, this study initially simulated cellular-level glutamatergic deficits, generating network-level predictions of cortical imbalance. Schizophrenia results revealed widespread hyperconnectivity in line with model predictions, yet effects were most profound within association networks. These clinical effects were computationally captured by considering a pre-existing functional cortical hierarchy between association and sensory regions. This study reveals that widespread cellular deficits in schizophrenia can give rise to network-preferential disruptions observed in neuroimaging as an emergent property of pre-existing functional differences between cortical areas.
Aquatic carbon cycling in the conterminous United States and implications for terrestrial carbon accounting
Authors: Butman David , Stackpoole Sarah , Stets Edward , McDonald Cory P. , Clow David W. , Striegl Robert G. 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Inland waters provide habitat for aquatic organisms; are sources of human drinking water; and integrate, transport, and process carbon across continents. Estimates of the accumulation of carbon in terrestrial environments suggest that agricultural and forest ecosystems have annual net gains in carbon storage. These ecosystems are considered sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide. None of these estimates have considered the loss of carbon to and also through aquatic environments at the national or continental scale. We show that aquatic ecosystems in the conterminous United States export over 100 teragrams of carbon (TgC) per year, highlighting the need to attribute the sources of aquatic carbon more accurately, and assert that inland waters play an important role in carbon accounting.
Nicastrin functions to sterically hinder γ-secretase–substrate interactions driven by substrate transmembrane domain
Authors: Bolduc David M. , Montagna Daniel R. , Gu Yongli , Selkoe Dennis J. , Wolfe Michael S. 
Published: December 2015

Significance
γ-Secretase is a conserved and ubiquitous intramembrane-cleaving protease (I-CLiP). Its normal function is required for proper notch signaling, and its processing of amyloid precursor protein is implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. Although γ-secretase has over 90 reported substrates, little is known about the mechanism by which γ-secretase recruits its substrates while at the same time distinguishing substrate from nonsubstrate within the protein-crowded environment of cellular membranes. In contrast to previous studies, our data demonstrate that substrate transmembrane domain drives its interaction with γ-secretase. We find that the γ-secretase component nicastrin acts to sterically block substrates with large ectodomains from interacting with γ-secretase, providing the mechanism by which γ-secretase selectively recruits ectodomain-shed substrates while also preventing cleavage of nonsubstrates.
TLR4-activated microglia require IFN-γ to induce severe neuronal dysfunction and death in situ
Authors: Papageorgiou Ismini E. , Lewen Andrea , Galow Lukas V. , Cesetti Tiziana , Scheffel Jörg , Regen Tommy , Hanisch Uwe-Karsten , Kann Oliver 
Published: December 2015

SignificanceMicroglia (brain macrophages) become rapidly activated in most neuropsychiatric disorders. A popular concept is that a single pathogenic stimulus, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), is sufficient to induce a reactive proinflammatory phenotype in microglia that exerts neurotoxicity. This concept is biologically risky, however. Here we provide evidence that chronic activation with either LPS or the leukocyte cytokine IFN-γ induces different reactive phenotypes in microglia of postnatal hippocampal tissue. Notably, these phenotypes only moderately alter diverse neuronal functions. In contrast, coactivation of TLR4 and IFN-γ receptors results in massive neural dysfunction and death. Thus, activation of TLR4 in microglia in situ requires concomitant IFN-γ signaling from other host immune cells to induce neurodegeneration.
Harnessing RNAi-based nanomedicines for therapeutic gene silencing in B-cell malignancies
Authors: Weinstein Shiri , Toker Itai A. , Emmanuel Rafi , Ramishetti Srinivas , Hazan-Halevy Inbal , Rosenblum Daniel , Goldsmith Meir , Abraham Avigdor , Benjamini Ohad , Bairey Osnat , Raanani Pia , Nagler Arnon , Lieberman Judy , Peer Dan 
Published: December 2015

Significance
RNA interference (RNAi) holds great promise as a novel therapeutic approach. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that manipulate gene expression in leukocytes could be used to treat blood cancers. However, the lack of strategies for delivering siRNAs to leukocytes systemically has hampered the development of RNAi-based therapeutics. Here, we show that lipid-based nanoparticles coated with anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies specifically target mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells and induce cell-specific therapeutic gene silencing in vivo. CD38-targeted nanoparticles that contain cyclin D1 siRNAs prolong survival of mice bearing MCL lymphomas in the bone marrow. This strategy opens a new avenue for treating MCL that might be applied to other hematological malignancies.
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells precondition lung monocytes/macrophages to produce tolerance against allo- and autoimmunity in the eye
Authors: Ko Jung Hwa , Lee Hyun Ju , Jeong Hyun Jeong , Kim Mee Kum , Wee Won Ryang , Yoon Sun-ok , Choi Hosoon , Prockop Darwin J. , Oh Joo Youn 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are the focus of intensive efforts directed at developing cell-based therapies in immunologic disorders. However, one of the paradoxical observations made so far is that MSCs engraft transiently in the recipient after exogenous infusion, but achieve long-term therapeutic benefits. Here we demonstrate that MSCs induce the immune tolerance by activating endogenous immune regulatory system of the recipient. Specifically, i.v. administered MSCs induce a population of regulatory monocytes/macrophages in the lung, which are capable of suppressing allo- and autoimmune responses independently of regulatory T cells. The data provide a mechanistic insight into the action of MSCs in immunologic disorders, one of the most frequent indications of diseases for clinical trials using stem cells.
Structural foundations of optogenetics: Determinants of channelrhodopsin ion selectivity
Authors: Berndt Andre , Lee Soo Yeun , Wietek Jonas , Ramakrishnan Charu , Steinberg Elizabeth E. , Rashid Asim J. , Kim Hoseok , Park Sungmo , Santoro Adam , Frankland Paul W. , Iyer Shrivats M. , Pak Sally , Ährlund-Richter Sofie , Delp Scott L. , Malenka Robert C. , Josselyn Sheena A. , Carlén Marie , Hegemann Peter , Deisseroth Karl 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Channelrhodopsins are membrane proteins that enable cellular regulation of transmembrane ion conductance through light-gated pores; these proteins have found application in optogenetics. This paper tests the hypothesis that selectivity of channelrhodopsins is determined by surface potential of the pore region: Cations are conducted by a negatively charged pore, and chloride ions are conducted by a pore that has neutral and positively charged residues. In confirming this hypothesis and applying the resulting principles, we engineer improved chloride-conducting channels with higher chloride selectivity and conductivity. We also provide insights into the distinct mechanisms underlying inhibition mediated by higher-efficiency chloride channels compared with ion pumps. Finally, we demonstrate initial utility of light-gated microbial opsin-based chloride channels in controlling behavior of freely moving animals.
Fish Assemblage Associations with Floodplain Connectivity Following Restoration to Benefit an Endangered Catostomid
Authors: Landress Chad M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe dynamics of stream and floodplain connectivity are a growing consideration for restoration projects. Restoration of a tributary stream to Utah Lake was undertaken in 2008 with the intent of increasing available spawning and nursery habitat for the endangered June Sucker Chasmistes liorus. Restoration efforts provided an opportunity to evaluate relationships between fish assemblages and variables related to the physiochemical environment, vegetation, and habitat connectivity at floodplain ponds. Fish were collected with beach seines and habitat variables were measured each month at 12 floodplain ponds during March 2010 to March 2011. Total catch was predominated by nonnative species: Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus, Western Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis, Black Bullhead Ameiurus melas, Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas, and Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. Both indirect and direct gradient analyses indicated a significant correlation between fish assemblages and site connectivity. The percentage and type of macrophyte cover (e.g., emergent, submergent) also played a significant role in structuring fish assemblages. Species richness was generally higher at sites with intermediate to high connectivity than at sites with lower connectivity. Sites with lower connectivity were predominated by Green Sunfish, Mosquitofish, and Fathead Minnow. June Suckers were collected from sites with intermediate values of connectivity and vegetation. Observed patterns suggested connectivity structured initial fish assemblages and macrophyte colonization dynamics; subsequent interactions between local habitat (i.e., percent vegetation) and biotic factors (e.g., competition, predation, etc.) provided site‐specific interactions and structure. The results of this study indicate connectivity dynamics should be an important consideration in stream and floodplain restoration efforts.
Effect of Species Assemblage on Juvenile Growth and Condition in Three California Estuarine Fishes
Authors: Chase D. A. , Todgham A. E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe investigated the physiological response of the endangered Tidewater Goby Eucyclogobius newberryi to the presence of Threespine Sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus (native to California) and Rainwater Killifish Lucania parva (nonnative). A fully factorial experimental design was used to examine species assemblage effects on juvenile fish over a 28‐d period. Growth characteristics (weight, SL, and relative condition factor [Kn]) and stress hormone levels (cortisol) were assessed under ample food conditions and at a salinity of 15‰. Weight and SL of Tidewater Goby increased throughout the experiment; growth did not differ in relation to fish assemblage treatment, but significant differences in growth were observed between sampling dates within the experiment. Rainwater Killifish exhibited marginal increases in weight, SL, and Kn, but these increases were not different among assemblage treatments or over time. For Threespine Sticklebacks, weight and SL increased during the final 2 weeks of the experiment, resulting in significant differences over the entire experimental period; however, growth characteristics of this species did not differ among assemblage treatments. Cortisol levels in all three species were not significantly affected by assemblage treatment. The present results indicate that juvenile Tidewater Goby are not adversely affected by native Threespine Sticklebacks or nonnative Rainwater Killifish under stable abiotic conditions in the absence of food limitation.