bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First NuSTAR Limits on Quiet Sun Hard X-Ray Transient Events
Authors: Marsh Andrew J. , Smith David M. , Glesener Lindsay , Hannah Iain G. , Grefenstette Brian W. , Caspi Amir , Krucker Säm , Hudson Hugh S. , Madsen Kristin K. , White Stephen M. , Kuhar Matej , Wright Paul J. , Boggs Steven E. , Christensen Finn E. , Craig William W. , Hailey Charles J. , Harrison Fiona A. , Stern Daniel , Zhang William W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We present the first results of a search for transient hard X-ray (HXR) emission in the quiet solar corona with the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) satellite. While NuSTAR was designed as an astrophysics mission, it can observe the Sun above 2 keV with unprecedented sensitivity due to its pioneering use of focusing optics. NuSTAR first observed quiet-Sun regions on 2014 November 1, although out-of-view active regions contributed a notable amount of background in the form of single-bounce (unfocused) X-rays. We conducted a search for quiet-Sun transient brightenings on timescales of 100 s and set upper limits on emission in two energy bands. We set 2.5–4 keV limits on brightenings with timescales of 100 s, expressed as the temperature T and emission measure EM of a thermal plasma. We also set 10–20 keV limits on brightenings with timescales of 30, 60, and 100 s, expressed as model-independent photon fluxes. The limits in both bands are well below previous HXR microflare detections, though not low enough to detect events of equivalent T and EM as quiet-Sun brightenings seen in soft X-ray observations. We expect future observations during solar minimum to increase the NuSTAR sensitivity by over two orders of magnitude due to higher instrument livetime and reduced solar background.
Gas Mass Tracers in Protoplanetary Disks: CO is Still the Best
Authors: Molyarova Tamara , Akimkin Vitaly , Semenov Dmitry , Henning Thomas , Vasyunin Anton , Wiebe Dmitri 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Protoplanetary disk mass is a key parameter controlling the process of planetary system formation. CO molecular emission is often used as a tracer of gas mass in the disk. In this study, we consider the ability of CO to trace the gas mass over a wide range of disk structural parameters, and we search for chemical species that could possibly be used as alternative mass tracers to CO. Specifically, we apply detailed astrochemical modeling to a large set of models of protoplanetary disks around low-mass stars to select molecules with abundances correlated with the disk mass and being relatively insensitive to other disk properties. We do not consider sophisticated dust evolution models, restricting ourselves to the standard astrochemical assumption of 0.1 μm dust. We find that CO is indeed the best molecular tracer for total gas mass, despite the fact that it is not the main carbon carrier, provided reasonable assumptions about CO abundance in the disk are used. Typically, chemical reprocessing lowers the abundance of CO by a factor of 3, compared to the case where photodissociation and freeze-out are the only ways of CO depletion. On average, only 13% C atoms reside in gas-phase CO, albeit with variations from 2% to 30%. CO2, H2O, and H2CO can potentially serve as alternative mass tracers, with the latter two only applicable if disk structural parameters are known.
The Fraction of Stars That Form in Clusters in Different Galaxies
Authors: Chandar Rupali , Michael Fall S. , Whitmore Bradley C. , Mulia Alexander J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We estimate the fraction of stars that form in compact clusters (bound and unbound),

, in a diverse sample of eight star-forming galaxies, including two irregulars, two dwarf starbursts, two spirals, and two mergers. The average value for our sample is

. We also calculate the fraction of stars in clusters that survive to ages between

and

, denoted by

, and find

and

, significantly lower than

for the same galaxies. We do not find any systematic trends in

or

with the star formation rate (SFR), the SFR per unit area (

), or the surface density of molecular gas (

) within the host galaxy. Our results are consistent with those found previously from the CMF/SFR statistic (where CMF is the cluster mass function), and with the quasi-universal model in which clusters in different galaxies form and disrupt in similar ways. Our results, however, contradict many previous claims that the fraction of stars in bound clusters increases strongly with

and

. We find that the previously reported trends are largely driven by comparisons that mixed

and

, where

was systematically used for galaxies with higher

and

, and

for galaxies with lower

and

.
An Isolated Microlens Observed from K2, Spitzer, and Earth
Authors: Zhu 祝 Wei 伟 , Udalski A. , Huang C. X. , Novati S. Calchi , Sumi T. , Poleski R. , Skowron J. , Mróz P. , Szymański M. K. , Soszyński I. , Pietrukowicz P. , Kozłowski S. , Ulaczyk K. , Pawlak M. ,   (OGLE Collaboration), Beichman C. , Bryden G. , Carey S. , Gaudi B. S. , Gould A. , Henderson C. B. , Shvartzvald Y. , Yee J. C. ,   (Spitzer Team), Bond I. A. , Bennett D. P. , Suzuki D. , Rattenbury N. J. , Koshimoto N. , Abe F. , Asakura Y. , Barry R. K. , Bhattacharya A. , Donachie M. , Evans P. , Fukui A. , Hirao Y. , Itow Y. , Kawasaki K. , Li M. C. A. , Ling C. H. , Masuda K. , Matsubara Y. , Miyazaki S. , Munakata H. , Muraki Y. , Nagakane M. , Ohnishi K. , Ranc C. , Saito To. , Sharan A. , Sullivan D. J. , Tristram P. J. , Yamada T. , Yonehara A. ,   (MOA Collaboration)
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We present the result of microlensing event MOA-2016-BLG-290, which received observations from the two-wheel Kepler (K2), Spitzer, as well as ground-based observatories. A joint analysis of data from K2 and the ground leads to two degenerate solutions of the lens mass and distance. This degeneracy is effectively broken once the (partial) Spitzer light curve is included. Altogether, the lens is found to be an extremely low-mass star or brown dwarf (

) located in the Galactic bulge (

kpc). MOA-2016-BLG-290 is the first microlensing event for which we have signals from three well-separated (∼1 au) locations. It demonstrates the power of two-satellite microlensing experiment in reducing the ambiguity of lens properties, as pointed out independently by S. Refsdal and A. Gould several decades ago.
Generation of Suprathermal Electrons by Collective Processes in Collisional Plasma
Authors: Tigik S. F. , Ziebell L. F. , Yoon P. H. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The ubiquity of high-energy tails in the charged particle velocity distribution functions (VDFs) observed in space plasmas suggests the existence of an underlying process responsible for taking a fraction of the charged particle population out of thermal equilibrium and redistributing it to suprathermal velocity and energy ranges. The present Letter focuses on a new and fundamental physical explanation for the origin of suprathermal electron velocity distribution function (EVDF) in a collisional plasma. This process involves a newly discovered electrostatic bremsstrahlung (EB) emission that is effective in a plasma in which binary collisions are present. The steady-state EVDF dictated by such a process corresponds to a Maxwellian core plus a quasi-inverse power-law tail, which is a feature commonly observed in many space plasma environments. In order to demonstrate this, the system of self-consistent particle- and wave-kinetic equations are numerically solved with an initially Maxwellian EVDF and Langmuir wave spectral intensity, which is a state that does not reflect the presence of EB process, and hence not in force balance. The EB term subsequently drives the system to a new force-balanced steady state. After a long integration period it is demonstrated that the initial Langmuir fluctuation spectrum is modified, which in turn distorts the initial Maxwellian EVDF into a VDF that resembles the said core-suprathermal VDF. Such a mechanism may thus be operative at the coronal source region, which is characterized by high collisionality.
UGC 4703 Interacting Pair Near the Isolated Spiral Galaxy NGC 2718: A Milky Way Magellanic Cloud Analog
Authors: Paudel Sanjaya , Sengupta C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We present an analysis of physical and morphological properties of an interacting pair of dwarf galaxies, UGC 4703, located in the vicinity of an isolated Milky Way (MW) type spiral galaxy NGC 2718. Based on the comparison of physical and morphological properties with that of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC), we report that the UGC 4703 pair–NGC 2718 system is probably an LMC–SMC–MW analog. Located at a sky-projected distance of 81 kpc from NGC 2718, we find that UGC 4703 is clearly interacting with its nearby lower-mass companion UGC 4703B, forming a bridge of stellar stream between them. Total B-band luminosity of UGC 4703 and its companion is −17.75 and −16.25 mag, respectively. We obtained H i 21 cm line data of UGC 4703 using the GMRT to get a more detailed view of neutral hydrogen (H i) emission. The H i image revealed evidence of interaction between the dwarf galaxy pair but no extended emission, such as the Magellanic Stream. We also detected star-forming regions along the UGC 4703/4703B bridge with stellar mass exceeding 107
M
☉. While comparing the optical and H i morphology of the interacting dwarf pairs (UGC 4703–4703B and LMC–SMC), we discuss possible differences in interaction histories of these systems.
Real-World Evidence for Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogues in a 5-Year Multicentre Study of Antiviral-Naive Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in China: 52-Week Results
Authors: Jia Jidong , Tang Hong , Ning Qin , Jiang Jiaji , Dou Xiaoguang , Zhang Mingxiang , Zhang Shuqin , Shang Jia , Lu Wei , Ye Yinong , Wang Xin , Li Mingshu , Liu Jie , Bo Qingyan , Tan Wenzhong ,   the EVOLVE Study Group
Published: November 2017

Background In China, the clinical management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is complicated by the use of various-nucleoside/nucleotide analogue (NUC) regimens in treatment-naive patients, including NUCs with low genetic barriers to resistance, with/without add-on therapy and de novo NUC combinations. This longitudinal observational study therefore investigated the real-world clinical management and efficacy of NUC therapy in treatment-naive CHB patients in China. Methods Treatment-naive CHB patients initiated on NUC therapy were enrolled from 63 hospitals in tier-2 Chinese cities. Demographic and treatment-specific data were collected, with the objective of reporting real-world treatment patterns and comparing the effectiveness of entecavir (ETV) treatment and lamivudine (LAM)-based treatment. We herein report the first-year data. Results 3,408 NUC-naive patients were enrolled and treated with NUCs (53% ETV, 18% LAM-based, 29% other). Overall, 6.6% of patients modified their initial treatment, with ETV having lower rates of treatment modification than other major NUCs ( P<0.05). At week 52, the virological response rate was higher with ETV than with LAM-based treatment (77.0% versus 61.4%; P<0.0001). LAM-based treatment was associated with a higher probability of virological breakthrough and genotypic resistance (21.4% and 19.6%, respectively) than ETV (1.6% and 0.1%, respectively; P<0.0001). Treatment-related adverse events or serious adverse events were uncommon. Conclusions In this nationwide observational study, more than 50% of patients with CHB in tier-2 city hospitals in China initially received ETV therapy. Consistent with clinical trial results, ETV was more effective than LAM-based treatments in a real-world setting, with the rate of treatment modification being relatively low in ETV-treated patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifer: NCT01726439.
Le meurtre de Mathilde de Flandre par Guillaume le Conquérant : itinéraire d’une légende dans la littérature islandaise médiévale
Authors: Lebouteiller Simon 
Published: November 2017

Les sagas islandaises du xiii e siècle rapportent un témoignage surprenant au sujet de Mathilde, l’épouse du duc de Normandie Guillaume le Bâtard. Juste avant la traversée de la Manche par l’armée normande en 1066, la duchesse le supplie de ne pas partir combattre Harold Godwinson. Furieux, il lui donne un coup d’éperon qui la tue aussitôt. Cette histoire entre évidemment en contradiction avec nos connaissances de la vie de Mathilde qui meurt en réalité de causes naturelles en 1083. Nous proposons donc dans cet article de réfléchir à l’origine et à l’évolution de cette légende dans la littérature islandaise. Après avoir détaillé les textes nordiques la mentionnant, nous reviendrons vers les documents normands et anglo-normands ayant pu constituer des sources directes ou indirectes pour les auteurs islandais. Plus généralement, ce sujet invitera à s’interroger sur les transferts de matières littéraires entre les régions et l’écriture de l’histoire dans la Scandinavie médiévale.
Secondary Lenticule Remnant Removal After SMILE
Authors: Ng Alex L.K. , Kwok Peter S.K. , Chan Tommy C.Y. 
Published: November 2017

PURPOSE:
The authors report four cases of residual intrastromal lenticule after seemingly uneventful small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery and the outcome after a secondary procedure to remove the lenticule remnant.

METHODS:
Case reports.

RESULTS:
All four cases presented with suboptimal corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) and refractive surprise. Irregularities in the corneal curvature and elevation were detected on corneal topography and tomography. Careful review of the intraoperative video showed an incomplete removal of the SMILE lenticule. All four cases underwent a secondary surgical procedure to remove the residual lenticule remnant. All cases had improvements in the CDVA, refraction, and topography, with the CDVA returning to the preoperative value (20/20) in all cases.

CONCLUSIONS:
Performing an early, secondary lenticular remnant removal operation is feasible, safe, and can result in improvement in both refraction and visual acuity. During the original SMILE surgery, surgeons should routinely examine the removed lenticule for completeness.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(11):779–782.]
Keratoconus Screening With Dynamic Biomechanical In Vivo Scheimpflug Analyses: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Steinberg Johannes , Amirabadi Nazanin Eslami , Frings Andreas , Mehlan Juliane , Katz Toam , Linke Stephan J. 
Published: November 2017

PURPOSE:
This proof-of-concept study was designed to analyze the ability of in vivo biomechanical corneal analyses with the corneal visualization Scheimpflug technology (CorvisST; Oculus Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany) to differentiate between normal eyes and eyes with manifest keratoconus after strictly eliminating the potential confounding factors intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT).

METHODS:
In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, after pairwise matching for CCT and IOP, 29 normal eyes and 29 keratoconic eyes (one eye from each patient) were selected as study population. Older CorvisST parameters and the new Corvis Biomechanical Index (CBI), including several biomechanical and one tomographic parameter, as well as an adjusted CBI (aCBI) (including only biomechanical parameters), were compared regarding their discriminative ability between both groups.

RESULTS:
None of the CorvisST parameters of the former software version demonstrated statistically significant differences between normal and keratoconic eyes. On the other hand, the CBI and aCBI reached accuracies of 0.91 and 0.93, respectively, to discriminate between CCT- and IOP-matched normal and keratoconic eyes (CBI: [AUC/sensitivity/specificity]: 0.961/0.90/0.93; aCBI: [AUC/sensitivity/specificity]: 0.986/0.93/0.93).

CONCLUSIONS:
This study demonstrated that the concept of keratoconus screening with the CorvisST is effective in differentiating keratoconic from non-keratoconic eyes. The next steps will be testing the indices in subclinical keratoconus cases and hopefully combining biomechanical analyses with already established topography and tomography indices to further improve current keratoconus screening.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(11):773–778.]
The AMA Communication Techniques Survey: A Psychometric Analysis
Authors: Walker Danielle , Howe Carol 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Health care providers are continually seeking to improve patient communication to improve patient outcomes. The American Medical Association (AMA) developed a set of recommended communication practices and an instrument to evaluate health care providers' use of and perceived effectiveness of these techniques.

Objective:
The purpose of the study was to assess factor structure of the AMA Communication Techniques Survey using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate reliability of the instrument among nurses and allied health professionals who provide diabetes education.

Methods:

A national convenience sample of 522 diabetes educators completed the survey; this sample was split into two subsamples—the EFA (
n
= 302) and CFA (
n
= 220). Of this sample, 60.2% (
n
= 314) were nurses. Factor structure and reliability analysis of the AMA Communication Techniques Survey was conducted.

Key Results:
EFA with varimax rotation revealed two internally consistent subscales labeled basic and advanced communication techniques. CFA determined that basic and advanced technique subscales were a good fit for the factors. Basic techniques included items such as speaking slowly and using simple words. Advanced techniques included the Teach-Back method, underlining words in printed materials, and presenting 2 to 3 concepts at a time. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was .81 and .70 (basic subscale) and .74 (advanced subscale), indicating good reliability.

Conclusions:

The AMA Communication Techniques Survey appears to be a valid and reliable instrument to examine communication practices of diabetes educators. Additionally, EFA confirms previously hypothesized basic and advanced subscales. However, the factors included in each scale differ from previous conceptualization.

[
Health Literacy Research and Practice
. 2017;1(4):e208–e215.]

Plain Language Summary:
This study established reliability and validity for the American Medical Association Communication Technqiues Survey among diabetes educators. Data support the creation of two separate groups of items: basic and advanced techqniues.
Frontal-Plane Variability in Foot Orientation During Fatiguing Running Exercise in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: McGrath Denise , Patterson Matthew , Persson Ulrik McCarthy , Caulfield Brian 
Published: November 2017

Context:
Researchers have reported increased variability in frontal-plane movement at the ankle during jumping in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI), which may increase their risk of recurrent ankle sprain. It is not known if this behavior is present during running gait or how fatigue affects the amount of frontal-plane–movement variability in individuals with CAI.

Objective:
To investigate the amount of roll-angle variability at the foot during a fatiguing exercise protocol in participants with CAI.

Design:
Controlled laboratory study.

Setting:
Motion-analysis research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 18 volunteers with CAI (10 men, 8 women; age = 29.8 ± 9.2 years, height = 175.8 ± 11.2 cm, mass = 75.4 ± 10.7 kg) and 17 volunteers serving as controls (8 men, 9 women; age = 28.2 ± 6.3 years, height = 172.3 ± 10.6 cm, mass = 68.8 ± 12.9 kg).

Intervention(s):
Kinematic data for foot position were collected while participants performed a functional fatigue protocol based on shuttle runs.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Variability (ie, standard deviation) of the roll angle of the foot about the x-axis, corresponding to inversion-eversion, was measured at 2 discrete times: 50 milliseconds before foot strike and 65% of stance.

Results:
No differences in roll-angle range or variability were observed between limbs in either group. At 65% of stance, we found a main effect for time, whereby both groups demonstrated decreased roll-angle ranges at the end of the fatigue protocol (P = .01). A between-groups effect in the roll-angle variability at 65% of stance was noted (P = .04), with the CAI group exhibiting higher levels of variability. No between-groups differences were observed at 50 milliseconds before foot strike.

Conclusions:
Chronic ankle instability is a complex, multifactorial condition that can affect patients in diverse ways. Identifying excessive foot-position variability in particular situations could potentially inform targeted rehabilitation programs.
Nonsurgical Management of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee in a Women's Soccer Player: A Validation Clinical Case Report
Authors: Gray Courtney E. , Hummel Chris , Lazenby Todd 
Published: November 2017

Background: A collegiate women's soccer player sustained an isolated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and expressed a desire to continue her season without surgical intervention.Design: Case report.Intervention(s): Using the results of a randomized controlled trial and published clinical guidelines, the clinicians classified the patient as an ACL-deficient coper. The patient completed her soccer season without incident, consistent with the findings of the established clinical guidelines. However, 6 months later, she sustained a meniscal tear, which was not unexpected given that 22% of ACL-deficient copers in the randomized controlled trial incurred a meniscal tear within 24 months of ACL injury.Conclusion: The external evidence was helpful in making informed clinical decisions regarding patient care.
Repeatedly Heading a Soccer Ball Does Not Increase Serum Levels of S-100B, a Biochemical Marker of Brain Tissue Damage: An Experimental Study
Authors: Stålnacke Britt-Marie , Sojka Peter 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to analyse whether the controlled heading of soccer balls elicits increased serum concentrations of a biochemical marker of brain tissue damage S-100B.MethodsNineteen male soccer players were randomly divided into two groups, A and B. Group A headed a soccer ball falling from 18 m five times, while group B served as controls (no heading). Blood samples were taken before and 0.5 h, 2 h and 4 h after the heading for analysis of S-100B.ResultsNo statistically significant (p > 0.05) increases in serum concentrations of S-100B were encountered in group A at 0.5 h (0.109 ± 0.024 μg/L), 2 h (0.098 ± 0.026 μg/L), and 4 h (0.113 ± 0.035 μg/L) when the blood samples obtained before and after the heading were compared (0.157 ± 0.134 μg/L). No statistically significant difference was found when the serum concentrations of S-100B were compared between groups A and B either before or after heading.ConclusionsHeading a soccer ball dropped from a height of 18 m five times was not found to cause an increase in serum concentrations of S-100B, indicating that the impact was not sufficient to cause biochemically discernible damage of brain tissue.