bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food Sources of Calcium in a Sample of African-American and Euro-American Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Slawson Deborah Leachman , McClanahan Barbara S. , Clemens Linda H. , Ward Kenneth D. , Klesges Robert C. , Vukadinovich Christopher M. , Cantler Edwin D. 
Published: August 2016

Adequate calcium intake is integral to bone health as well as for optimal athletic performance. This study was conducted to investigate: (a) food sources of calcium in a sample of collegiate athletes, (b) gender and/or ethnic differences in food sources of calcium, and (c) whether athletes that derive less of their calcium intake from dairy sources increase their calcium intake from supplements or other food sources. Participants were African-American and Euro-American NCAA Division 1-A athletes. Eighty-five men and 59 women participated. Calcium intake for the previous 7-day period was assessed with a brief calcium screen.Men consumed significantly more calcium than women (1,354 vs. 898 mg/day), with female cross-country runners exhibiting the lowest average intake (605 mg/day). Both men and women obtained the majority of their calcium from dairy products and mixed dishes, while men consumed significantly more calcium-fortified foods. Several gender and ethnic interactions for calcium intake from food groups were found. Mean total dairy calcium intake was found to vary according to total calcium intake in men, and supplemental calcium was not used to augment low dairy intakes of calcium in any group.While African-Americans and Euro-Americans athletes were consuming similar levels of calcium, the female athletes in the sample did not get adequate amounts.
Nausea and High Serum Osmolality During a Simulated Ultraendurance Adventure Race: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Bowen Robyn L. , Adams J. Harold , Myburgh Kathryn H. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:A 29-year-old elite adventure-race athlete presented with a 10-month history of nausea appearing during or after ultraendurance races. The athlete noted recent worsening of symptoms, including lightheadedness, dark rings under the eyes, and weakness as nausea became worse, and was unable to complete races. Possible diagnoses included dehydration or over hydration, renal damage, and gastrointestinal malfunction.Methods:The subject (S) and a case-control athlete (C) performed an 11-hour simulated race (field test) ending in the laboratory. Blood samples were drawn, and body mass and food and drink ingested were noted at regular intervals.Results:Symptoms were replicated in S, whose vomitus contained undigested solids consumed during exercise. Over 11 hours, fl uid loss was similar in S (9.6 L) and C (10.3 L), but fluid intake for S was 4.8 L versus 9.9 L for C. Body mass decreased 6% in S and 1.8% in C. S presented with elevated serum urea and creatinine before and after and elevated osmolality after the field test. A week after the fi eld test, creatinine clearance was low in S but not C (83 vs 160 mmol per 24-hour urine, respectively). S was instructed to increase fluid intake throughout the day, to match fluid lost during training, and to refrain from long races. After 2 months, his serum urea, creatinine, and osmolality were normal, and creatinine clearance improved to 133 mmol per 24-hour urine. He repeated the fi eld test and experienced no nausea.Conclusions:Nausea in ultraendurance athletes might be an early symptom of chronic but reversible renal strain or insensitivity to high osmolality.
Neuromuscular and Endocrine Responses of Elite Players During an Australian Rules Football Season
Authors: Cormack Stuart J. , Newton Robert U. , McGuigan Michael R. , Cormie Prue 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To examine variations in neuromuscular and hormonal status and their relationship to performance throughout a season of elite Australian Rules Football (ARF).Methods:Fifteen elite ARF players performed a single jump (CMJ1) and 5 repeated countermovement jumps (CMJ5), and provided saliva samples for the analysis of cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) before the season commenced (Pre) and during the 22-match season. Magnitudes of effects were reported with the effect size (ES) statistic. Correlations were performed to analyze relationships between assessment variables and match time, training load, and performance.Results:CMJ1Flight time:Contraction time was substantially reduced on 60% of measurement occasions. Magnitudes of change compared with Pre ranged from 1.0 ± 7.4% (ES 0.04 ± 0.29) to −17.1 ± 21.8% (ES −0.77 ± 0.81). Cortisol was substantially lower (up to −40 ± 14.1%, ES of −2.17 ± 0.56) than Pre in all but one comparison. Testosterone response was varied, whereas T:C increased substantially on 70% of occasions, with increases to 92.7 ± 27.8% (ES 2.03 ± 0.76). CMJ1Flight time:Contraction time (r = .24 ± 0.13) and C displayed (r = −0.16 ± 0.1) small correlations with performance.Conclusion:The response of CMJ1Flight time:Contraction time suggests periods of neuromuscular fatigue. Change in T:C indicates subjects were unlikely to have been in a catabolic state during the season. Increase in C compared with Pre had a small negative correlation with performance. Both CMJ1Flight time:Contraction time and C may be useful variables for monitoring responses to training and competition in elite ARF athletes.
Cycling Efficiency and Performance Following Short-Term Training Using Uncoupled Cranks
Authors: Williams Andrew D. , Raj Isaac Selva , Stucas Kristie L. , Fell James W. , Dickenson Diana , Gregory John R. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:Uncoupled cycling cranks are designed to remove the ability of one leg to assist the other during the cycling action. It has been suggested that training with this type of crank can increase mechanical efficiency. However, whether these improvements can confer performance enhancement in already well-trained cyclists has not been reported.Method:Fourteen well-trained cyclists (13 males, 1 female; 32.4 ± 8.8 y; 74.5 ± 10.3 kg; Vo2max 60.6 ± 5.5 mL·kg−1·min−1; mean ± SD) participated in this study. Participants were randomized to training on a stationary bicycle using either an uncoupled (n = 7) or traditional crank (n = 7) system. Training involved 1-h sessions, 3 days per week for 6 weeks, and at a heart rate equivalent to 70% of peak power output (PPO) substituted into the training schedule in place of other training. Vo2max, lactate threshold, gross efficiency, and cycling performance were measured before and following the training intervention. Pre- and post testing was conducted using traditional cranks.Results:No differences were observed between the groups for changes in Vo2max, lactate threshold, gross efficiency, or average power maintained during a 30-minute time trial.Conclusion:Our results indicate that 6 weeks (18 sessions) of training using an uncoupled crank system does not result in changes in any physiological or performance measures in well-trained cyclists.
Relationship Between Relative Net Vertical Impulse and Jump Height in Jump Squats Performed to Various Squat Depths and With Various Loads
Authors: McBride Jeffrey M. , Kirby Tyler J. , Haines Tracie L. , Skinner Jared 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:The purpose of the current investigation was to determine the relationship between relative net vertical impulse (net vertical impulse (VI)) and jump height in the jump squat (JS) going to different squat depths and utilizing various loads.Methods:Ten males with two years of jumping experience participated in this investigation (Age: 21.8 ± 1.9 y; Height: 176.9 ± 5.2 cm; Body Mass: 79.0 ± 7.1 kg, 1RM: 131.8 ± 29.5 kg, 1RM/BM: 1.66 ± 0.27). Subjects performed a series of static jumps (SJS) and countermovement jumps (CMJJS) with various loads (Body Mass, 20% of 1RM, 40% of 1RM) in a randomized fashion to a depth of 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.75 m and a self-selected depth. During the concentric phase of each JS, peak force (PF), peak power (PP), jump height (JH) and relative VI were recorded and analyzed.Results:Increasing squat depth corresponded to a decrease in PF and an increase in JH, relative VI for both SJS and CMJJS during all loads. Across all squat depths and loading conditions relative VI was statistically significantly correlated to JH in the SJS (r = .8956, P < .0001, power = 1.000) and CMJJS (r = .6007, P < .0001, power = 1.000). Across all squat depths and loading conditions PF was statistically nonsignificantly correlated to JH in the SJS (r = –0.1010, P = .2095, power = 0.2401) and CMJJS (r = –0.0594, P = .4527, power = 0.1131). Across all squat depths and loading conditions peak power (PP) was significantly correlated with JH during both the SJS (r = .6605, P < .0001, power = 1.000) and the CMJJS (r = .6631, P < .0001, power = 1.000). PP was statistically significantly higher at BM in comparison with 20% of 1RM and 40% of 1RM in the SJS and CMJJS across all squat depths.Conclusions:Results indicate that relative VI and PP can be used to predict JS performance, regardless of squat depth and loading condition. However, relative VI may be the best predictor of JS performance with PF being the worst predictor of JS performance.
Improvement of 800-m Running Performance With Prior High-Intensity Exercise
Authors: Ingham Stephen A. , Fudge Barry W. , Pringle Jamie S. , Jones Andrew M. 
Published: August 2016

Prior high-intensity exercise increases the oxidative energy contribution to subsequent exercise and may enhance exercise tolerance. The potential impact of a high-intensity warm-up on competitive performance, however, has not been investigated.Purpose:To test the hypothesis that a high-intensity warm-up would speed VO2 kinetics and enhance 800-m running performance in well-trained athletes.Methods:Eleven highly trained middle-distance runners completed two 800-m time trials on separate days on an indoor track, preceded by 2 different warm-up procedures. The 800-m time trials were preceded by a 10-min self-paced jog and standardized mobility drills, followed by either 6 × 50-m strides (control [CON]) or 2 × 50-m strides and a continuous high-intensity 200-m run (HWU) at race pace. Blood [La] was measured before the time trials, and VO2 was measured breath by breath throughout exercise.Results:800-m time-trial performance was significantly faster after HWU (124.5 ± 8.3 vs CON, 125.7 ± 8.7 s, P < .05). Blood [La] was greater after HWU (3.6 ± 1.9 vs CON, 1.7 ± 0.8 mM; P < .01). The mean response time for VO2 was not different between conditions (HWU, 27 ± 6 vs CON, 28 ± 7 s), but total O2 consumed (HWU, 119 ± 18 vs CON, 109 ± 28 ml/kg, P = .05) and peak VO2 attained (HWU, 4.21 ± 0.85 vs CON, 3.91 ± 0.63 L/min; P = .08) tended to be greater after HWU.Conclusions:These data indicate that a sustained high-intensity warm-up enhances 800-m time-trial performance in trained athletes.
Validity of Boston Marathon Qualifying Times
Authors: Vanderburgh Paul M. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To assess the validity of Boston Marathon qualifying (BMQ) standards for men and women.Methods:Percent differences between BMQ and current world records (WR) by sex and age group were computed. WR was chosen as the criterion comparison because it is not confounded by intensity, body composition, lifestyle, or environmental factors. A consistent difference across age groups would indicate an appropriate slope of the age-vs-BMQ curve. Inconsistent differences were corrected by adjusting BMQ standards to achieve a uniform percentage difference from WR.Results:BMQ standards for men were consistently ~50% slower than WR (mean 51.5% ± 1.4%, range 49.6–54.4%), thus demonstrating acceptable validity. However, BMQ standards for women indicated convergence with WR as age increased (mean 45.8% ± 13.7%, range 17.5–58.9%). The women’s BMQ standards were revised to yield a consistent 50% deviation from WR across age groups (50.9% ± 0.8%, range 49.2–52.2%). Applied to all 16,773 women in the 2012 Chicago Marathon, the suggested BMQ standards would lead to a 4.90% success rate, compared with 8.39% using the current standard. This compared with a 9.6% success rate for all 20,681 men of the same race.Conclusions:The current women’s BMQ standards appear too lenient for women 18–54 y and too strict for women 55–80 y but yield equitable gender representation in percentage of qualifiers. The current men’s and suggested women’s BMQ standards appear valid but would lead to approximately 40% fewer women achieving BMQ standards.
The Intensity of Chair-Assisted Exercises in Cognitively Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Volkers Karin M. , van Dijk Tim C.W. , Eggermont Laura H. , Hollander A. Peter , Scherder Erik J.A. 
Published: August 2016

Introduction:The American College of Sports Medicine prescribes regular performance of at least moderate-intensity physical activity for healthy aging. This study examined whether 1 session of 30 min of chair-assisted exercises for the elderly meets this intensity criterion.Method:This cross-sectional study included 47 cognitively healthy volunteers (mean age 84 years). During the performance of 30 min of chair-assisted exercises the authors determined oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). These measures were expressed as a percentage of the estimated maximal VO2 (VO2max) and the estimated maximal HR (HRmax) and estimated as metabolic equivalent units (METs).Results:Participants performed chair-assisted exercises at 61.0% ± 14.7% of VO2max, 67.6% ± 11.3% HRmax, 3.9 ± 0.9 METs, and 13.1 ± 2.1 RPE.Conclusions:The intensity of these chair-assisted exercises is at least moderate for older adults, which is necessary for healthy aging.
Basic First Aid Qualifications and Knowledge Among Youth Sport Coaches
Authors: Albrecht Jay M. , Strand Brad N. 
Published: August 2016

The inception of organized youth sport in the United States began during the mid to late 1800s. With continual growth of organized youth sport throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, youth sport has not been without important, and at times, serious implications. One of the implications involves injury in youth sport and the basic need for qualified youth sport coaches to care for injury situations that might arise during the course of regular season practices and games.One hundred fifty-four youth sport coaches from seven different youth sport organizations were surveyed to determine whether the coaches had the basic first aid (FA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation/automated external defibrillation (CPR/AED) training to serve their young athletes in the event of an emergent or non-emergent injury or sudden illness. Additionally, coaches were asked whether they had the confidence to manage a basic emergency injury or illness situation should such an occurrence arise during the course of a sports season involving regular practices or game competition. Major findings of this study revealed that only 19% and 46% of the 154 youth sport coaches surveyed were formally trained with basic first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation certifications, respectively. Additional findings indicated that youth sport coaches holding one or two of the suggested certifications possessed more knowledge and confidence than those youth sport coaches who did not hold certification to use that knowledge when faced with FA injury or illness situation. In consideration of these findings, recommendations should be made to encourage or mandate youth sport coaches involved with organized youth sport to become FA and CPR/AED certified.
Attitude of the School Student Towards Physical Education in the Jordanian School
Authors: Shahrour Nidal M. , Mansour Hossam 
Published: August 2016

This research aimed to investigate the Jordanian school students’ attitudes towards Physical Education In Jordanian School, 100 UNRWA schools were recruited from (4) education area in Jordan, 50 students with a total (500) students from 8th -10th grade. Questionnaire was distributed to students the questionnaire with a 5-point Likert-type scale, with 20 items. Mean, SD, & (ANOVA) was utilized to determine the current status of the Attitude for the students, findings showed that the highest score was Item 2, which state that “(PE) is not only beneficial to those who are already in good body conditioning”, The second highest score was Item 16, which said that “During high school years, anybody who is serious about (PE) is not foolish”. The third highest score was Item 11, which the students believed that “Physical exercise is the best way to obtain a youthful looking and agile body.” The fourth highest score was Item 18, in which the students did not believe that “High school would be better without (PE) activities classes.” The fifth highest score was Item 5, in which the students believed that “Physical exercise provides an important relief from the stress of one’s daily life.” Beside of that, the overall mean score for the 20 items was 70.160+3.948 indicating that the students in this study certainly possessed positive ATPEA.According to the findings of this study the researchers recommend to improve PE experiences and promote positive ATPEA in Jordan school students: (1) Increase students number to involve in motor activities within class and free time (3) Multiple teaching strategies to be applied to meet the needs of diverse learners.
Physical Activity Reduces Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Aging Independent of Body Weight Change
Authors: Dziura James , Kasl Stanislav V. , Pietro Loretta Di 
Published: August 2016

Background:It is not clear whether physical activity can exert a protective role on diabetes risk in older people that is independent of the changes in body weight that occur with both aging and disuse. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the relation between current physical activity, 3-year change in body weight, and the subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in an older cohort.Methods:We studied prospectively 2,135 older (≥65 years) persons living in New Haven, CT, between 1982 and 1994. Physical activity was self-reported in 1982 and again in 1985; body weight and diabetes were self-reported annually over 12 years. Data were analyzed using multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards modeling with adjustments for age, sex, race, education, body mass index (BMI), smoking, chronic conditions, physical function, and alcohol intake.Results:Although an inverse graded relation was observed between level of activity and rate of diabetes, this dose–response relation did not reach statistical significance. However, older people who reported at least some activity at baseline experienced a significantly lower rate of diabetes between 1983 and 1994 compared to those reporting no activity (RR = 0.55; 95%CI = 0.35, 0.87). When 3-year changes in physical activity and body weight between 1982 and 1985 were added to the model, the relation between physical activity and reduced diabetes risk was unchanged (RR = 0.49; 95%CI = 0.24, 0.99).Conclusions:Even in advanced age, physical activity exerts an important and independent role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Continued physician counseling on the health effects of physical activity and referrals to community-based exercise programs should be encouraged among older people.
Compliance With Vigorous Physical Activity Guidelines in Brazilian Adults: Prevalence and Correlates
Authors: Hallal Pedro Curi , Siqueira Fernando Vinholes 
Published: August 2016

Background:Physical inactivity is now a public health priority because of the high rates of inactivity observed worldwide. Achievement of physical activity guidelines could be attained with vigorous, moderate, or both activities combined. Our aim was to explore the prevalence and correlates of compliance with vigorous physical activity guidelines (CVAG).Methods:Cross-sectional population-based survey in Pelotas, a southern Brazilian city, including 3182 adults (≥ 20 years). The short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was applied by face-to-face interviews. CVAG was defined as at least 60 min/wk of vigorous activity.Results:Only 29% of the subjects achieved the vigorous activity threshold. Women, older adults, individuals with low BMI (< 18.5 kg/m2) or obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) were less likely to present CVAG. Compliance with moderate activity guidelines was associated with a higher likelihood of CVAG.Conclusions:Concurrent promotion of moderate and vigorous physical activities is warranted in terms of public health.
Architectural Design and Physical Activity: An Observational Study of Staircase and Elevator Use in Different Buildings
Authors: Bassett David R. , Browning Ray , Conger Scott A. , Wolff Dana L. , Flynn Jennifer I. 
Published: August 2016

Background:The indoor built environment has the potential to influence levels of physical activity. However, the extent to which architectural design in commercial buildings can influence the percentage of people choosing to use the stairs versus elevators is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if buildings with centrally located, accessible, and aesthetically pleasing staircases result in a greater percentage of people taking the stairs.Methods:Direct observations of stair and elevator use were conducted in 3 buildings on a university campus. One of the buildings had a bank of 4 centrally located elevators and a fire escape stairwell behind a steel door. The other 2 buildings had centrally located staircases and out-of-the-way elevators.Results:The percentage of people who ascended the stairs was 8.1% in the elevator-centric building, compared with 72.8% and 81.1% in the 2 stair-centric buildings (P < .001). In addition, the percentage of people who descended the stairs was 10.8% in the first building, compared with 89.5% and 93.7% in the stair-centric buildings (P < .001).Conclusions:The results of the current study suggest that if buildings are constructed with centrally located, accessible, and aesthetically pleasing staircases, a greater percentage of people will choose to take the stairs.
Associations of MC3R Polymorphisms With Physical Activity in South African Adolescents
Authors: Yako Yandiswa Y. , Hassan Mogamat S. , Erasmus Rajiv T. , van der Merwe Lize , van Rensburg Susan Janse , Matsha Tandi Edith 
Published: August 2016

Background:There is evidence demonstrating that the contribution of sedentary behavior and effect of physical activity on metabolic phenotypes is mediated by polymorphisms in genes.Methods:The type and frequency of physical activity was assessed by means of structured questionnaires in 1555 South African school learners. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipids were measured using standard procedures. The effect of different types and frequency of physical activity on obesity-related traits was assessed in relation to MC3R T6K and V81I genotypes in 430 of the learners.Results:Levels of total cholesterol were significantly lower in learners carrying the MC3R T6K and V81I minor alleles, after adjusting for age, race, gender, and each specific physical activity category. An activity-by-genotype interaction was also detected: learners heterozygous for the V81I polymorphism and performed house chores often had reduced total cholesterol. Though no association was observed between frequency of physical activity and BMI, television viewing was significantly associated with an increase in height, weight and marginally with waist circumference.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that physical activity even in the form of house chores has a positive effect on metabolic traits and this effect is further enhanced in the presence of MC3R polymorphisms.