bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, isolation, and GC analysis of all the 6,8‐to 13,15‐cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid isomers
Authors: Delmonte P. , Roach J. A. G. , Mossoba M. M. , Losi G. , Yurawecz M. P. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOctadecadienoic acids with conjugated double bonds are often referred to as conjugated linoleic acid, or CLA. CLA is of considerable interest because of potentially beneficial effects reported from animal studies. Analysis of CLA is usually carried out by GC elution of FAME. If the presence of low‐level isomers is of interest, a complementary technique such as silverion HPLC is also used. These analyses have been hindered by a lack of well‐characterized commercially available reference materials. Described here are the synthesis and isolation of selected 6,8‐through 13,15‐positional CLA isomers, followed by isomerization of these CLA isomers with iodine to produce all the possible cis,cis,cis,trans,trans,cis, and trans,trans combinations. Also present are the GC retention times of the CLA FAME relative to γ‐linolenic acid (6c,9c,12c‐octadecatrienoic acid) FAME using a 100‐m CP Sil‐88 capillary column (Varian Inc., Lake Forest, CA). These data include all the CLA isomers that have been identified thus far in foods and dietary supplements and should greatly aid in the future analysis of CLA in these products.
Pearling barley and rye to produce phytosterol‐rich fractions
Authors: Lampi Anna‐Maija , Moreau Robert A. , Piironen Vieno , Hicks Kevin B. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBecause of the positive health effects of phytosterols, phytosterol‐enriched foods and foods containing elevated levels of natural phytosterols are being developed. Phytosterol contents in cereals are moderate, whereas their levels in the outer layers of the kernels are higher. The phytosterols in cereals are currently underutilized; thus, there is a need to create or identify processing fractions that are enriched in phytosterols. In this study, pearling of hulless barley and rye was investigated as a potential process to make fractions with higher levels of phytosterols. The grains were pearled with a laboratory‐scale pearler to produce pearling fines and pearled grains. Lipids were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction, and nonpolar lipids were analyzed by normal‐phase HPLC with ELSD and UV detection. Total sterol analyses were performed by GC. After a 90‐s pearling, the amounts of pearling fines from hulless barley and rye were 14.6 and 20.1%, respectively, of the original kernel weights. During pearling, higher levels of phytosterols and other lipids were fractionated into the fines. The contents of free sterols and sterols esterified with FA in the fines were at least double those in the whole grains. Pearling fines of hulless barley and rye contained >2mg/g phytosterol compounds, which makes them a good source of phytosterols and thus valuable raw materials for health‐promoting foods.
Recovery of sterols as fatty acid steryl esters from waste material after purification of tocopherols
Authors: Nagao Toshihiro , Hirota Yoshinori , Watanabe Yomi , Kobayashi Takashi , Kishimoto Noriaki , Fujita Tokio , Kitano Motohiro , Shimada Yuji 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTocopherols are purified industrially from soybean oil deodorizer distillate by a process comprising distillation and ethanol fractionation. The waste material after ethanol fractionation (TC waste) contains 75% sterols, but a purification process has not yet been developed. We thus attempted to purify sterols by a process including a lipase‐catalyzed reaction. Candida rugosa lipase efficiently esterified sterols in TC waste with oleic acid (OA). After studying several factors affecting esterification, the reaction conditions were determined as follows: ratio of TC waste/OA, 1∶2 (wt/wt); water content, 30%; amount of lipase, 120 U/g‐reaction mixture; temperature, 40°C. Under these conditions, the degree of esterification reached 82.7% after 24 h. FA steryl esters (steryl esters) in the oil layer were purified successfully by short‐path distillation (purity, 94.9%; recovery, 73.1%). When sterols in TC waste were esterified with FFA originating from olive, soybean, rapeseed, safflower, sunflower, and linseed oils, the FA compositions of the steryl esters differed somewhat from those of the original oils: The content of saturated FA was lower and that of unsaturated FA was higher. The m.p. of the steryl esters synthesized (21.7–36.5°C) were remarkably low compared with those of the steryl esters purified from high‐b.p. soybean oil deodorizer distillate substances (56.5°C; JAOCS 80, 341–346, 2003). The low‐m.p. steryl esters were soluble in rapeseed oil even at a final concentration of 10%.
Identification of genes leading to glucocorticoid‐induced leukemic cell death
Authors: Thompson E. B. , Webb M. S. , Miller A. L. , Fofanov Y. , Johnson B. H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGlucocorticoidal steroids (GC) are capable of causing apoptotic death of many varieties of lymphoid cells; consequently, GC are used in therapy for many lymphoid malignancies. Gene transcription in the GC‐treated cells is required for subsequent apoptosis, but only a few of the actual genes involved have been identified. We employed gene microarray analysis to find the network of genes involved in GC‐evoked cell death, using three clones derived from the CEM lymphoid leukemia cell line. Clone C1–15 was resistant to GC‐evoked apoptosis, although not necessarily to GC‐induced gene transcription; the other two underwent apoptosis in the presence of GC. Clone C7–14 was subcloned from the apoptosis‐sensitive parental C7 clone to establish karyotypic uniformity. The second sensitive clone, C1–6, was a spontaneous revertant from parental resistant clone C1. A period of ≥24 h in the constant presence of receptor‐occupying concentrations of synthetic GC dexamethasone (Dex) was necessary for apoptosis to begin. To identify the steps leading to this dramatic event, we identified the changes in gene expression in the 20‐h period preceding the onset of overt apoptosis. Cells in the log phase of growth were treated with 10−6 M Dex, and 2–20 h later, mRNA was prepared and analyzed using the Affymetrix HG_U95Av2 chip, containing probes for about 12,600 genes. Of these, approximately 6,000 were expressed above background. Comparisons of the basal and expressed genes in the three clones led to several conclusions: The dex‐sensitive clones shared the regulation of a limited set of genes. The apoptosis‐resistant clone C1–15 showed Dex effects on a largely different set of genes. Promoter analysis of the regulated genes suggested that primary gene targets for GC often lack a classic GC response element.
Cottonseed extraction with a new solvent system: Isohexane and alcohol mixtures
Authors: Kuk M. S. , Hron R. J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA solvent system, consisting of isohexane and 5 to 25% alcohol, either ethanol (EtOH) or isopropyl alcohol (IPA), was tested for extracting gossypol and oil from cottonseed. The test results indicate that this new solvent system not only is effective in removing free and total gossypol but also is as efficient as n‐hexane when extracting oil. The amino acid analysis of cottonseed meal, produced by the new solvent system, is similar to that produced by commercial n‐hexane. Present commercial cottonseed extraction and downstream processing of cottonseed oil refining may need little change to adopt this new solvent system. This new solvent system may lead to a solution to the gossypol problem of cottonseed extraction.
The composition of new zealand milk fat triacylglycerols by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Robinson N. P. , MacGibbon A. K. H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the purpose of analyzing milk fat triacylglycerols by evaporative light scattering detection. With a binary solvent system, comprising dichloromethane and acetonitrile, the method allowed a separation of 61 distinct peaks, on the basis of chainlength and number of double bonds. Triacylglycerols of differing partition numbers were clearly resolved, and the resolution between peaks of the same partition number was high. An argentation thin‐layer chromatography method, separating triacylglycerols on the basis of chainlength and degree of unsaturation, provided nine band extracts that were analyzed by HPLC. By using existing fatty acid methyl ester data of these bands, an identity for each HPLC peak has been proposed.
Influence of oxygen and copper concentration on lipid oxidation in rapeseed oil
Authors: Andersson Kristina , Lingnert Hans 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe influence of oxygen concentration and copper on lipid oxidation in rapeseed oil during storage at 40°C was investigated. The oil was stored in air, or with 1.1%, 0.17%, or 0.04% oxygen in the headspace, and 70 or 0.07 ppm copper was added. Volatile oxidation products and oxygen consumption were monitored. Addition of 70 ppm copper to the sample in air resulted in a 70‐fold higher hexanal concentration after 35 d of storage, compared to the sample without added copper. The addition of 0.07 ppm copper to the sample stored in air gave a doubled hexanal concentration, compared to the sample without copper, after 35 d of storage. For the samples with 70 ppm copper at 0.17% and 0.04% oxygen, all oxygen was consumed after 7 d of storage. The results show the importance of minimizing the oxygen available for oxidation, especially when pro‐oxidants are present. In the sample with 70 ppm added copper, in air, the hexanal increase was 65 times larger than for the same sample in 0.04% oxygen. A comparison of the effect of oxygen or copper on oxidation shows that the addition of 70 ppm copper to the 0.04% oxygen sample gave the same increase in hexanal content as an oxygen increase to 0.17%.
Effect of ethanol on monoglyceride monolayers at the air‐aqueous phase interface
Authors: Domínguez Manuela Ruiz , Rodríguez Patino Juan M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe have studied the behavior of monopalmitin and monoolein monolayers, spread at the air‐aqueous phase interface, as a function of temperature and surface pressure. The subphases were aqueous ethanol solutions at 0.5 and 1 mol/L. The structural characteristics of these films at interface were deduced from the π‐A isotherms, as measured with an automated Langmuir‐type film balance. The monolayer structure and stability were functions of hydrocarbon chain length and the presence of a double bond. Generally, the factors that decreased monolayer stability produced transformations toward configurations with more expanded structures. Changes in the subphase composition had a direct influence on the monolayer molecular structure. This study showed the existence of interactions between film and ethanol molecules at the interface. As a consequence of these interactions, a contraction in the monolayer structure was observed. The magnitude of interactions between monoglyceride and ethanol molecules at the interface depends on the surface pressure, temperature, and surface composition. Stronger film‐substrate interactions produced changes in monolayer stability. Relationships between film elasticity and structural characteristics are also discussed.
Capturing Taylor–Görtler vortices in a streamwise-rotating channel at very high rotation numbers
Authors: Yang Zixuan , Wang Bing-Chen 
Published: January 2018

In this paper, we study the scales and dynamics of Taylor–Görtler (TG) vortices in streamwise-rotating turbulent channel flows at moderate and high rotation numbers ($Ro_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=7.5$, 15, 30, 75 and 150) with a fixed Reynolds number. In order to precisely capture TG vortices in the streamwise and spanwise directions, direct numerical simulations have been performed on 15 test cases of different domain sizes and rotation numbers. A two-layer pattern of TG vortices is identified, and the characteristic length scales of TG vortices are quantified using the premultiplied energy spectra. It is observed that as the rotation number increases, the spanwise scale of TG vortices remains stable but the streamwise scale increases rapidly. Three criteria have been used for judging a domain-size-independent solution in both physical and spectral spaces. The weakest criterion ensures accurate predictions of the first- and second-order statistical moments of the velocity, which requires a minimum streamwise domain size of $L_{1}=64\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}h$, where $h$ is one-half the channel height. However, the streamwise domain size needs to be stretched drastically to $L_{1}=512\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}h$ if the most stringent criterion is considered, which demands that all energetic eddies be fully captured based on a predefined threshold value (i.e. $12.5\,\%$ of the peak value) of the premultiplied two-dimensional energy spectrum. The effects of streamwise system rotation on the scales and dynamics of TG vortices are investigated by comparing the statistical results of rotating and non-rotating channel flows, and through the analysis of two-point correlations, premultiplied energy spectra, and budget balance of turbulent stresses.
Epistemic authority, episodic memory, and the sense of self
Authors: Nagel Jennifer 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe distinctive feature of episodic memory is autonoesis, the feeling that one's awareness of particular past events is grounded in firsthand experience. Autonoesis guides us in sharing our experiences of past events, not by telling us when our credibility is at stake, but by telling us what others will find informative; it also supports the sense of an enduring self.
Misconceptions about adaptive function
Authors: Redshaw Jonathan , Suddendorf Thomas 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMahr & Csibra (M&C) fail to make the important distinction between why a trait originally evolved, why it was maintained over time, and what its current utility is. Here we point out that episodic memory may have originally evolved as a by-product of a general metarepresentational capacity, and that it may have current functions beyond the communicative domain.
Sensitisation to mitoxantrone-induced apoptosis by the oncolytic adenovirus Ad∆∆ through Bcl-2-dependent attenuation of autophagy
Authors: Aguirre-Hernández Carmen , Maya-Pineda Héctor , Millán Julia San , Man Y. K. Stella , Lu Yong-Jie , Halldén Gunnel 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAnti-apoptotic Bcl-2 is frequently activated in human malignant cells to promote cell survival and inhibit cell death. Replication-selective oncolytic adenoviruses deleted in the functional Bcl-2 homologue E1B19K potently synergise with apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic drugs, including mitoxantrone for prostate cancer. Here, we demonstrate that our previously generated oncolytic mutant Ad∆∆ (E1B19K- and E1ACR2-deleted) caused potent synergistic apoptotic cell death in both drug-sensitive 22Rv1, and drug-insensitive PC3 and PC3M prostate cancer cells. The synergistic cell killing was dependent on Bcl-2 expression and was prevented by Bcl-2 knockdown, which led to activation of the autophagy pathway. Mitoxantrone-induced autophagy, which was decreased in combination with Ad∆∆-infection resulting in increased apoptosis. Expression of the viral E1A12S protein alone mimicked the synergistic effects with Ad∆∆ in combination with mitoxantrone while intact wild-type virus (Ad5) had no effect. Early and late-stage inhibition of autophagy by Atg7 knockdown and chloroquine respectively, promoted apoptotic cell killing with mitoxantrone similar to Ad∆∆. These findings revealed currently unexplored actions of E1B19K-deleted oncolytic adenoviruses and the central role of Bcl-2 in the synergistic cell killing. This study suggests that cancers with functional Bcl-2 expression may be selectively re-sensitised to drugs by Ad∆∆.
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase predicts survival and response to interferon-α in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Wei-Ping , Liu Ze-Yang , Zhao Yi-Ming , He Xi-Gan , Pan Qi , Zhang Ning , Zhou Jia-Min , Wang Long-Rong , Wang Miao , Zhan Di-Hua , Ma De-Ning , Wang Lu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMetastasis and recurrence contribute to poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, we reported that interferon-α (IFN-α) can suppress metastasis of HCC; however, the underlying mechanism has not been fully described. In this study, we demonstrated that expression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), a pyrimidine catabolic enzyme, was dose-dependently downregulated by IFN-α in HCC tissues from nude mice. Notably, DPYD expression was found to be significantly increased in HCC cell lines with higher metastatic potentials compared with their controls. Moreover, upregulation of DPYD in HCC cells could promote in vitro migration, invasion, and in vivo lung metastasis, and inducing changes characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In contrast, knockdown of DPYD inhibited these processes. Mechanistically, DPYD functioned as a positive regulator of EMT in HCC by targeting the p38/NF-κB/Snail1 pathway. Clinically, tissue microarray analysis showed that high DPYD expression was positively associated with aggressive tumor characteristics, including larger tumor size, tumor recurrence, and advanced tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, and independently correlated with poorer overall survival times after curative resection. HCC patients with low DPYD expression have better response to IFN-α therapy. Taken together, our findings elucidate that IFN-α could downregulate DPYD expression to inhibit EMT and HCC metastasis, and suggest that DPYD might be a potential prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for HCC.
Pathological hydrogen peroxide triggers the fibrillization of wild-type SOD1 via sulfenic acid modification of Cys-111
Authors: Xu Wen-Chang , Liang Jin-Zhao , Li Cheng , He Zhi-Xin , Yuan Han-Ye , Huang Ben-Yan , Liu Xiao-Ling , Tang Bo , Pang Dai-Wen , Du Hai-Ning , Yang Yi , Chen Jie , Wang Lei , Zhang Min , Liang Yi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves the abnormal posttranslational modifications and fibrillization of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and TDP-43. However, how SOD1-catalyzed reaction product hydrogen peroxide affects amyloid formation of SOD1 and TDP-43 remains elusory. 90% of ALS cases are sporadic and the remaining cases are familial ALS. In this paper, we demonstrate that H2O2 at pathological concentrations triggers the fibrillization of wild-type SOD1 both in vitro and in SH-SY5Y cells. Using an anti-dimedone antibody that detects sulfenic acid modification of proteins, we found that Cys-111 in wild-type SOD1 is oxidized to C-SOH by pathological concentration of H2O2, followed by the formation of sulfenic acid modified SOD1 oligomers. Furthermore, we show that such SOD1 oligomers propagate in a prion-like manner, and not only drive wild-type SOD1 to form fibrils in the cytoplasm but also induce cytoplasm mislocalization and the subsequent fibrillization of wild-type TDP-43, thereby inducing apoptosis of living cells. Thus, we propose that H2O2 at pathological concentrations triggers the fibrillization of wild-type SOD1 and subsequently induces SOD1 toxicity and TDP-43 toxicity in neuronal cells via sulfenic acid modification of Cys-111 in SOD1. Our Western blot and ELISA data demonstrate that sulfenic acid modified wild-type SOD1 level in cerebrospinal fluid of 15 sporadic ALS patients is significantly increased compared with 6 age-matched control patients. These findings can explain how H2O2 at pathologic concentrations regulates the misfolding and toxicity of SOD1 and TDP-43 associated with ALS, and suggest that sulfenic acid modification of wild-type SOD1 should play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of sporadic ALS.
PLZF inhibits proliferation and metastasis of gallbladder cancer by regulating IFIT2
Authors: Shen Hui , Zhan Ming , Zhang Yonglong , Huang Shuai , Xu Sunwang , Huang Xince , He Min , Yao Yanhua , Man Mohan , Wang Jian 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGallbladder cancer (GBC) is a malignant cancer with very poor prognosis. Although promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger protein (PLZF) was reported to be deregulated in numerous cancers and also relevant to clinical prognosis, its role in GBC progression has been little known. In this study, we found PLZF expression was decreased in GBC, correlating to advanced TNM stage, distant metastasis, and shorter overall survival. Moreover, ectopic PLZF expression in GBC cells (NOZ and GBC-SD) significantly reduced the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Consistently, overexpression of PLZF in xenograft mice model could suppress tumor growth and liver metastasis. Mechanical investigations verified PLZF could regulate the expression of cell cycle arrest-associated gene p21 and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) in GBC cell lines. Importantly, PLZF remarkably increased the mRNA transcription of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeat 2 (IFIT2) by increasing STAT1 protein level, a known factor involved in tumor progression. Furthermore, ablation of IFIT2 in PLZF overexpression cells abrogated the tumor-suppressive function of PLZF, at least partially, leading to impaired tumor growth and EMT program. These studies indicated PLZF inhibited the proliferation and metastasis via regulation of IFIT2. In conclusion, our study demonstrated PLZF could be a promising tumor biomarker for GBC, and also be a potential therapeutic target.
Impairment of Fas-ligand–caveolin-1 interaction inhibits Fas-ligand translocation to rafts and Fas-ligand-induced cell death
Authors: Glukhova Xenia A. , Trizna Julia A. , Proussakova Olga V. , Gogvadze Vladimir , Beletsky Igor P. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFas-ligand/CD178 belongs to the TNF family proteins and can induce apoptosis through death receptor Fas/CD95. The important requirement for Fas-ligand-dependent cell death induction is its localization to rafts, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched micro-domains of membrane, involved in regulation of different signaling complexes. Here, we demonstrate that Fas-ligand physically associates with caveolin-1, the main protein component of rafts. Experiments with cells overexpressing Fas-ligand revealed a FasL N-terminal pre-prolin-rich region, which is essential for the association with caveolin-1. We found that the N-terminal domain of Fas-ligand bears two caveolin-binding sites. The first caveolin-binding site binds the N-terminal domain of caveolin-1, whereas the second one appears to interact with the C-terminal domain of caveolin-1. The deletion of both caveolin-binding sites in Fas-ligand impairs its distribution between cellular membranes, and attenuates a Fas-ligand-induced cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that the interaction of Fas-ligand and caveolin-1 represents a molecular basis for Fas-ligand translocation to rafts, and the subsequent induction of Fas-ligand-dependent cell death. A possibility of a similar association between other TNF family members and caveolin-1 is discussed.