bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Exploratory Study Investigating How Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Perform on the Visual Association Test (VAT)
Authors: McPaul Ann , Walker Brigid , Law Jim , McKenzie Karen 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundNeuropsychological tests of memory are believed to offer the greatest sensitivity at identifying people at the risk of developing dementia. There is a paucity of standardized and appropriate neuropsychological assessments of memory for adults with an intellectual disability. This study examines how adults with an intellectual disability perform on the Visual Association Test (VAT).MethodsForty participants (18–45 years) with intellectual disability, without a diagnosis of dementia, completed the VAT and subtests of the CAMCOG‐DS. Correlational analysis of the test variables was carried out.ResultsAll participants performed well on the VAT irrespective of age, gender or IQ. No significant correlations were found between the VAT and the subtests of the CAMCOG‐DS.ConclusionsThe VAT was found to be an easy and quick test to use with people with intellectual disability and all participants scored above ‘floor’ level.
Vagal nerve stimulation improves mitochondrial dynamics via an M3 receptor/CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway in isoproterenol‐induced myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Xue Run‐Qing , Sun Lei , Yu Xiao‐Jiang , Li Dong‐Ling , Zang Wei‐Jin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMitochondrial dynamics—fission and fusion—are associated with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). This study explored the protective effect of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) against isoproterenol (ISO)‐induced myocardial ischaemia in a rat model and tested whether VNS plays a role in preventing disorders of mitochondrial dynamics and function. Isoproterenol not only caused cardiac injury but also increased the expression of mitochondrial fission proteins [dynamin‐related peptide1 (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission protein1 (Fis‐1)) and decreased the expression of fusion proteins (optic atrophy‐1 (OPA1) and mitofusins1/2 (Mfn1/2)], thereby disrupting mitochondrial dynamics and leading to increase in mitochondrial fragments. Interestingly, VNS restored mitochondrial dynamics through regulation of Drp1, Fis‐1, OPA1 and Mfn1/2; enhanced ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential; reduced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening; and improved mitochondrial ultrastructure and size. Furthermore, VNS reduced the size of the myocardial infarction and ameliorated cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction induced by ISO. Moreover, VNS activated AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), which was accompanied by phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) during myocardial ischaemia. Treatment with subtype‐3 of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) antagonist 4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methylpiperidine methiodide or AMPK inhibitor Compound C abolished the protective effects of VNS on mitochondrial dynamics and function, suggesting that M3R/CaMKKβ/AMPK signalling are involved in mediating beneficial effects of VNS. This study demonstrates that VNS modulates mitochondrial dynamics and improves mitochondrial function, possibly through the M3R/CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway, to attenuate ISO‐induced cardiac damage in rats. Targeting mitochondrial dynamics may provide a novel therapeutic strategy in IHD.
Cost‐effectiveness of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor prophylaxis in chemotherapy‐induced febrile neutropenia among breast cancer and Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma patients under Taiwan's national health insurance system
Authors: Wen Tsun‐Jen , Wen Yu‐Wen , Chien Chun‐Ru , Chiang Shao‐Chin , Hsu William Wei‐Yuan , Shen Li‐Jiuan , Hsiao Fei‐Yuan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRationale, aim and objectiveThe beneficial effects of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) prophylaxis on reducing the risk of chemotherapy‐induced febrile neutropenia (CIFN) were well documented throughout the literature. However, existing data regarding its cost‐effectiveness were conflicting. We estimated the cost‐effectiveness of G‐CSF prophylaxis in CIFN under Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) system.MethodsData on clinical outcomes and direct medical costs were derived for 5179 newly diagnosed breast cancer and 629 non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients from the NHI claims database. Patients were further categorized into three subgroups as “primary‐”, “secondary‐” and “no ‐” prophylaxis based on their patterns of G‐CSF use. Generalized estimating equations were applied to estimate the impact of G‐CSF use on the incidence of CIFN. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios of primary and secondary prophylactic G‐CSF use were calculated and sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsPrimary prophylaxis of G‐CSF decreased the incidence of CIFN by 27% and 83%, while secondary prophylaxis by 34% and 22% in breast cancer and NHL patients, respectively. Compared with those with no prophylaxis, the incremental cost per CIFN reduced in primary prophylaxis is $931 and $52 among patients with breast cancer and NHL, respectively. In contrast, secondary prophylaxis is dominated by no prophylaxis and primary prophylaxis in both cancer patients.ConclusionPrimary but not secondary prophylactic use of G‐CSF was cost‐effective in CIFN in breast cancer and NHL patients under Taiwan's NHI system.
Lack of existing guidelines for a large group of patients in Sweden: a national survey across the acute surgical care delivery chain
Authors: Muntlin Athlin Åsa , Juhlin Claes , Jangland Eva 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesEvidence‐informed healthcare is the fundament for practice, whereby guidelines based on the best available evidence should assist health professionals in managing patients. Patients seeking care for acute abdominal pain form a common group in acute care settings worldwide, for whom decision‐making and timely treatment are of paramount importance. There is ambiguity about the existence, use and content of guidelines for patients with acute abdomen. The objective was to describe and compare guidelines and management of patients with acute abdomen in different settings across the acute care delivery chain in Sweden.MethodA national cross‐sectional design was used. Twenty‐nine ambulance stations, 17 emergency departments and 33 surgical wards covering all six Swedish health regions were included, and 23 guidelines were quality appraised using the validated Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II tool.ResultsThere is a lack of guidelines in use for the management of this large group of patients between and within different healthcare areas across the acute care delivery chain. The quality appraisal identified that several guidelines were of poor quality, especially the in‐hospital ones. Further, range orders for analgesics are common in the ambulance services and the surgical wards, but are seldom present in the emergency departments. Also, education in pain management is more common in the ambulance services. These findings are noteworthy as, hypothetically, the same patient could be treated in three different ways during the same care episode.ConclusionsThere is an urgent need to develop high‐quality evidence‐based clinical guidelines for this patient group, with the entire care process in focus.
Social Critique and Transformation in Stout and Butler
Authors: Friesner Nicholas Aaron 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIf social critique is to play a role in broad social transformation, then it must be able to engage with the terms that people use to understand their lives. This essay argues that we can find an important model for performing social critique in the quite different work of Jeffrey Stout and Judith Butler. For both, social critique must be immanent and it must make explicit the character of the norms by which people currently live. This model is especially important in a situation where various moral and cultural traditions are confronting one another, and where it is necessary to work towards shared social and political goals. Stout and Butler present a method for achieving one's political goals by engaging with others on terms that they would recognize and seeking to transform the political structures they inhabit. Furthermore, their approaches provide helpful insights for further reflection on the critical possibilities in current ethnographic work.
The Genre of Judgment
Authors: McKearney Patrick 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWhat part should description play in coming to judgment? Questions about genre have become more important in religious ethics as many seek to reform “thin” models of ethical arbitration by recourse to artistic, literary, and historical descriptions in their texts. In this book discussion, I explore what the consequences would be of pursuing this reform by turning to social anthropology—a discipline that relies on extensive empirical descriptions. I do this by considering the anthropology of ethics: a movement that seeks, for the first time, to devote systematic and sustained attention the moral lives of ethnographic informants. I focus on the ways that authors within this field attempt to arrive at more realistic portraits of the different ways societies play out the familiar ethical themes of freedom, responsibility, suffering and agency. Their work challenges religious ethicists to consider what ethical conversation across these differences would look like, and thus to reconsider the relationship between description and judgment in their work.
Strength and Comprehensiveness of School Wellness Policies in Southeastern US School Districts
Authors: Cox Melissa J. , Ennett Susan T. , Ringwalt Christopher L. , Hanley Sean M. , Bowling James M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIn 2004, Congress passed legislation mandating that all public school districts participating in federal school meal programs develop a school wellness policy (SWP) to direct efforts related to nutrition and physical activity. We examined the extent to which SWPs varied in comprehensiveness and strength in a representative sample of school districts in the southeastern United States, the area of the country with the highest rates of childhood obesity.METHODSPolicies were assessed using an established 96‐item coding tool by 2 raters to ascertain the comprehensiveness and strength of the policies as a whole, and across distinct subsections specified by federal legislation. In addition, variability in SWP comprehensiveness and strength was assessed based on district sociodemographic characteristics.RESULTSOverall, SWPs in the southeastern states are weakly written, fragmented, and lack requirements necessary for healthy school environments. District size, which was the only sociodemographic factor related to policy characteristics, yielded an inverse association.CONCLUSIONSTo encourage continued promotion of healthy school environments, school districts will require technical support to improve the quality of their school wellness policies.
“Headache Tools to Stay in School”: Assessment, Development, and Implementation of an Educational Guide for School Nurses
Authors: Lazdowsky Lori , Rabner Jonathan , Caruso Alessandra , Kaczynski Karen , Gottlieb Sarah , Mahoney Elyse , LeBel Alyssa 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDHeadache is the most common type of pain reported in the pediatric population, and chronic headache is an increasingly prevalent and debilitating pain condition in children and adolescents. With large numbers of students experiencing acute headaches and more students with chronic headache reentering typical school settings, greater availability of tailored evidence‐based practice guidelines for school nurses is imperative.METHODSA 2‐armed study was developed to assess the need for and evaluate the use and favorability of a headache‐driven school nurse guide. Students and their parents were first surveyed on their school nurse's headache knowledge and management skills. School nurses were also interviewed on their desire for a headache educational tool. This feedback aided in developing a headache resource guide. Next, the guide was distributed to school nurses who provided feedback after a 3‐month trial.RESULTSResults indicate that “Headache Tools to Stay in School” is a useful resource in facilitating communication among health care providers, students, families, and school personnel on how to best meet the complex needs of students with headaches.CONCLUSIONSGiven the guide's favorability, we encourage school nurses to demand the creation of additional evidence‐based resources. Continued dissemination of this guide may improve students' headache management under the informed care of school nurses, and may encourage the development of more evidence‐based guides across various medical conditions.
Association Between Physical Fitness and Academic Achievement in a Cohort of Danish School Pupils
Authors: Andersen Mikkel P. , Mortensen Rikke N. , Vardinghus‐Nielsen Henrik , Franch Jesper , Torp‐Pedersen Christian , Bøggild Henrik 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDTime spent on physical activity in elementary school has been altered to improve core academics. However, little is known about the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement. We examined the association between physical fitness and academic achievement and investigated the influence of parental socioeconomic status and ethnicity.METHODSParticipants were 542 girls and 577 boys aged 13 to 15 residing in the Danish municipality of Aalborg. A watt‐max cycle ergometer test was completed to evaluate physical fitness as represented by VO2max (mL·kg−1·min−1). Academic achievement was measured 1 school year later through a series of mandatory exams within the humanities, sciences, and all obligatory defined exams. Parental income and education were drawn from nationwide registers. Linear regression models were used to investigate the association.RESULTSAdjusting for ethnicity and parental socioeconomic status, the effect size of the humanities was 0.08 grad/VO2max (95% Cl: 0.05 to 0.11) for girls and 0.06 grad/VO2max (95% Cl:0.03 to 0.08) for boys. The effect size of the sciences was 0.09 grad/VO2max (95% Cl:0.05 to 0.13) for girls and 0.06 grad/VO2max (95% Cl:0.03 to 0.09) for boys. The effect size of the defined exams was 0.09 grad/VO2max (95% Cl:0.06 to 0.11) for girls and 0.06 grad/VO2max (95% Cl:0.03 to 0.08) for boys.CONCLUSIONWe found a statistically significant positive association between physical fitness and academic achievement after adjusting for ethnicity and parental socioeconomic status.
Evaluation of the Ph‐3 gene‐specific marker developed for marker‐assisted selection of late blight‐resistant tomato
Authors: Wang Ya‐Ying , Chen Chien‐Hua , Hoffmann Annika , Hsu Yun‐Che , Lu Shu‐Fen , Wang Jaw‐Fen , Hanson Peter 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLate blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most destructive diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) that mainly occurs in cool and wet environments. With the spread of the A2 mating type and new clonal lineages, fewer fungicides provide effective control of the disease, which has increased its worldwide threat. Host resistance could contribute significantly to sustainable disease control. Ph‐3 is a race‐specific late blight resistance gene commonly used in commercial tomato breeding. Availability of precise and easy to use gene‐based markers would facilitate selection. In this study, a Ph‐3 on‐gene cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker, Ph3.gsm/HincII, was developed based on the published gene sequence of Ph‐3. The effectiveness of the marker was evaluated along with other published Ph‐3 markers using an F9 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from NC 23E‐2(93) × L3708. Markers Ph3.gsm/HincII and TG328/BstNI accurately genotyped the RIL population for Ph‐3. In addition, Ph3.gsm/HincII was able to differentiate variable susceptible alleles. This reliable codominant DNA marker would be very useful in marker‐assisted selection, particularly for resistance gene pyramiding.
Plant‐mediated interactions between two herbivores differentially affect a subsequently arriving third herbivore in populations of wild cabbage
Authors: Kroes A. , Stam J. M. , David A. , Boland W. , van Loon J. J. A. , Dicke M. , Poelman E. H. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Plants are part of biodiverse communities and frequently suffer from attack by multiple herbivorous insects. Plant responses to these herbivores are specific for insect feeding guilds: aphids and caterpillars induce different plant phenotypes. Moreover, plants respond differentially to single or dual herbivory, which may cascade into a chain of interactions in terms of resistance to other community members. Whether differential responses to single or dual herbivory have consequences for plant resistance to yet a third herbivore is unknown.

We assessed the effects of single or dual herbivory by Brevicoryne brassicae aphids and/or Plutella xylostella caterpillars on resistance of plants from three natural populations of wild cabbage to feeding by caterpillars of Mamestra brassicae. We measured plant gene expression and phytohormone concentrations to illustrate mechanisms involved in induced responses.

Performance of both B. brassicae and P. xylostella was reduced when feeding simultaneously with the other herbivore, compared to feeding alone. Gene expression and phytohormone concentrations in plants exposed to dual herbivory were different from those found in plants exposed to herbivory by either insect alone. Plants previously induced by both P. xylostella and B. brassicae negatively affected growth of the subsequently arriving M. brassicae. Furthermore, induced responses varied between wild cabbage populations.

Feeding by multiple herbivores differentially activates plant defences, which has plant‐mediated negative consequences for a subsequently arriving herbivore. Plant population‐specific responses suggest that plant populations adapt to the specific communities of insect herbivores. Our study contributes to the understanding of plant defence plasticity in response to multiple insect attacks.
Reputation and Accountability Relationships: Managing Accountability Expectations through Reputation
Authors: Busuioc Madalina , Lodge Martin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAccountability is said to be about the management of expectations. Empirical studies reveal considerable variation in organizational interest, intensity, and investment in accountability relationships. Less is known, however, about what explains these observed variations. Drawing on accountability and reputation‐concerned literatures, this article argues that a reputation‐based perspective on accountability offers an underlying logic that explains how account‐giving actors and account‐holding forums actually manage these expectations and how organizations make sense of and prioritize among accountability responsibilities. Reputational considerations act as a filtering mechanism of external demands and help account for variations in degrees of interest in, and intensity of, accountability. The resulting accountability outcomes are coproduced by the reputational investment of both account‐giver and account‐holder, resulting in distinct accountability constellations and outcomes.
Laminin‐111 Inhibits Bovine Fertilization but Improves Embryonic Development in vitro, and Receptor Integrin‐β1 is Involved in Sperm–Oocyte Binding
Authors: Lin F , Huang C‐j , Liu C‐s , Guo L‐l , Liu G , Liu H‐j 
Published: August 2016

ContentsThis study detected the distribution of laminin during embryonic formation by immunofluorescence. To determine the possible function of laminin on developmental ability of in vitro fertilized embryos, the presumptive zygotes were divided and transferred to CR1aa medium supplemented with different concentrations (0 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml) of laminin. To explore the association with sperm–oocyte fusion, oocytes and/or sperm were pre‐incubated with laminin or anti‐β1 antibody before insemination. Laminin was absent in mature oocytes and could be detected first at the 8‐cell stage and then displayed an increasing tendency. Adding 10 μg/ml laminin to the culture medium improved embryonic development including cleavage rate, blastocyst rate, total cell numbers in the blastocyst and cell numbers in the inner cell mass. Laminin inhibited sperm–oocyte fusion when incubated with oocytes and/or sperm before in vitro fertilization, and only integrin‐β1 of sperm was involved in sperm–oocyte binding. Inhibition may be caused by blocking β1, but why laminin inhibits fertilization is still unknown. The results suggest that laminin plays an important role during embryonic formation and has a negative function in sperm–oocyte fusion, but improves embryonic development. However, only integrin‐β1 is involved in sperm–oocyte binding.
Distribution of inflammation and association between active and chronic alterations within the endometrium of dairy cows
Authors: Bogado Pascottini O , Hostens M , Dini P , Vandepitte J , Ducatelle R , Opsomer G 
Published: August 2016

ContentsObjectives of this study were twofold: (i) to assess the association between polymorphonuclear (PMN) counts and chronic alterations within the bovine endometrium and (ii) to determine the distribution of inflammation throughout the endometrium of clinically healthy dairy cows. Holstein‐Friesian cows (n = 32) from a single dairy farm were selected for this experiment. Before slaughtering, a complete reproductive examination was performed to discard any type of clinical disease. After slaughtering, reproductive tracts were collected, and the endometrium was sampled at 8 pre‐defined locations. At each location, endometrial biopsies (EBs) and cytology (CY) samples were harvested. Histopathology samples were stained with haematoxylin–eosin (EB‐HE) and naphthol‐AS‐D‐chloroacetate‐esterase (EB‐naphthol), while CY samples were stained with Wright–Giemsa. In the EB‐HE samples, parameters assessed were epithelium height, mononuclear cells infiltration, lymphocytic aggregates, periglandular fibrosis, angiosclerosis and haemorrhage. In EB‐naphthol and CY slides, PMNs counts were evaluated. Binomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between the number of PMNs present in both the EB‐naphthol and CY samples and alterations identified in the EB‐HE samples and to analyse the distribution of the histopathological alterations (EB‐HE). A Poisson mixed‐effect model was used to analyse the distribution of PMNs within the endometrium. A significant positive association was found between the PMN counts and the mononuclear cells infiltration. The presence of erythrocytes was associated with higher odds to detect PMNs in the stratum compactum. Significantly, higher infiltration of PMNs and mononuclear cells were detected in the uterine body and the right horn region. Concluding, CY is a technique that allows the evaluation of PMN counts and therefore only evaluates active inflammation. A complete assessment of endometrial health can only be obtained using EB. To optimize the sensitivity to diagnose endometrial inflammation in cows, adjacencies of the corpus uteri should be considered as the preferred region to harvest samples.