bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chytrid parasitism facilitates trophic transfer between bloom-forming cyanobacteria and zooplankton (Daphnia)
Authors: Agha Ramsy , Saebelfeld Manja , Manthey Christin , Rohrlack Thomas , Wolinska Justyna 
Published: October 2016

AbstractParasites are rarely included in food web studies, although they can strongly alter trophic interactions. In aquatic ecosystems, poorly grazed cyanobacteria often dominate phytoplankton communities, leading to the decoupling of primary and secondary production. Here, we addressed the interface between predator-prey and host-parasite interactions by conducting a life-table experiment, in which fourDaphnia galeatagenotypes were maintained on quantitatively comparable diets consisting of healthy cyanobacteria or cyanobacteria infected by a fungal (chytrid) parasite. In four out of five fitness parameters, at least oneDaphniagenotype performed better on parasitised cyanobacteria than in the absence of infection. Further treatments consisting of purified chytrid zoospores and heterotrophic bacteria suspensions established the causes of improved fitness. First,Daphniafeed on chytrid zoospores which trophically upgrade cyanobacterial carbon. Second, an increase in heterotrophic bacterial biomass, promoted by cyanobacterial decay, provides an additional food source forDaphnia. In addition, chytrid infection induces fragmentation of cyanobacterial filaments, which could render cyanobacteria more edible. Our results demonstrate that chytrid parasitism can sustain zooplankton under cyanobacterial bloom conditions, and exemplify the potential of parasites to alter interactions between trophic levels.
Structural basis for ligand recognition by a Cache chemosensory domain that mediates carboxylate sensing in Pseudomonas syringae
Authors: Brewster Jodi L. , McKellar James L. O. , Finn Thomas J. , Newman Janet , Peat Thomas S. , Gerth Monica L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractChemoreceptors enable bacteria to detect chemical signals in the environment and navigate towards niches that are favourable for survival. The sensor domains of chemoreceptors function as the input modules for chemotaxis systems, and provide sensory specificity by binding specific ligands. Cache-like domains are the most common extracellular sensor module in prokaryotes, however only a handful have been functionally or structurally characterised. Here, we have characterised a chemoreceptor Cache-like sensor domain (PscD-SD) from the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). High-throughput fluorescence thermal shift assays, combined with isothermal thermal titration calorimetry, revealed that PscD-SD binds specifically to C2 (glycolate and acetate) and C3 (propionate and pyruvate) carboxylates. We solved the structure of PscD-SD in complex with propionate using X-ray crystallography. The structure reveals the key residues that comprise the ligand binding pocket and dictate the specificity of this sensor domain for C2 and C3 carboxylates. We also demonstrate that all four carboxylate ligands are chemoattractants for Psa, but only two of these (acetate and pyruvate) are utilisable carbon sources. This result suggests that in addition to guiding the bacteria towards nutrients, another possible role for carboxylate sensing is in locating potential sites of entry into the host plant.
Study of corneal epithelial progenitor origin and the Yap1 requirement using keratin 12 lineage tracing transgenic mice
Authors: Kasetti Ramesh Babu , Gaddipati Subhash , Tian Shifu , Xue Lei , Kao Winston W.-Y. , Lu Qingxian , Li Qiutang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractKey issues in corneal epithelium biology are the mechanism for corneal epithelium stem cells to maintain the corneal epithelial homeostasis and wound healing responses, and what are the regulatory molecular pathways involved. There are apparent discrepancies about the locations of the progenitor populations responsible for corneal epithelial self-renewal. We have developed a genetic mouse model to trace the corneal epithelial progenitor lineages during adult corneal epithelial homeostasis and wound healing response. Our data revealed that the early corneal epithelial progenitor cells expressing keratin-12 originated from limbus, and gave rise to the transit amplifying cells that migrated centripetally to differentiate into corneal epithelial cells. Our results support a model that both corneal epithelial homeostasis and wound healing are mainly maintained by the activated limbal stem cells originating form limbus, but not from the corneal basal epithelial layer. In the present study, we further demonstrated the nuclear expression of transcriptional coactivator YAP1 in the limbal and corneal basal epithelial cells and its essential role for maintaining the high proliferative potential of those corneal epithelial progenitor cells in vivo.
Language/Culture Modulates Brain and Gaze Processes in Audiovisual Speech Perception
Authors: Hisanaga Satoko , Sekiyama Kaoru , Igasaki Tomohiko , Murayama Nobuki 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSeveral behavioural studies have shown that the interplay between voice and face information in audiovisual speech perception is not universal. Native English speakers (ESs) are influenced by visual mouth movement to a greater degree than native Japanese speakers (JSs) when listening to speech. However, the biological basis of these group differences is unknown. Here, we demonstrate the time-varying processes of group differences in terms of event-related brain potentials (ERP) and eye gaze for audiovisual and audio-only speech perception. On a behavioural level, while congruent mouth movement shortened the ESs’ response time for speech perception, the opposite effect was observed in JSs. Eye-tracking data revealed a gaze bias to the mouth for the ESs but not the JSs, especially before the audio onset. Additionally, the ERP P2 amplitude indicated that ESs processed multisensory speech more efficiently than auditory-only speech; however, the JSs exhibited the opposite pattern. Taken together, the ESs’ early visual attention to the mouth was likely to promote phonetic anticipation, which was not the case for the JSs. These results clearly indicate the impact of language and/or culture on multisensory speech processing, suggesting that linguistic/cultural experiences lead to the development of unique neural systems for audiovisual speech perception.
Molecular evolution of a widely-adopted taxonomic marker (COI) across the animal tree of life
Authors: Pentinsaari Mikko , Salmela Heli , Mutanen Marko , Roslin Tomas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDNA barcodes are widely used for identification and discovery of species. While such use draws on information at the DNA level, the current amassment of ca. 4.7 million COI barcodes also offers a unique resource for exploring functional constraints on DNA evolution. Here, we explore amino acid variation in a crosscut of the entire animal kingdom. Patterns of DNA variation were linked to functional constraints at the level of the amino acid sequence in functionally important parts of the enzyme. Six amino acid sites show variation with possible effects on enzyme function. Overall, patterns of amino acid variation suggest convergent or parallel evolution at the protein level connected to the transition into a parasitic life style. Denser sampling of two diverse insect taxa revealed that the beetles (Coleoptera) show more amino acid variation than the butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), indicating fundamental difference in patterns of molecular evolution in COI. Several amino acid sites were found to be under notably strong purifying selection in Lepidoptera as compared to Coleoptera. Overall, these findings demonstrate the utility of the global DNA barcode library to extend far beyond identification and taxonomy, and will hopefully be followed by a multitude of work.
High-resolution crystal structure of the therapeutic antibody pembrolizumab bound to the human PD-1
Authors: Horita Shoichiro , Nomura Yayoi , Sato Yumi , Shimamura Tatsuro , Iwata So , Nomura Norimichi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPembrolizumab is an FDA-approved therapeutic antibody that targets the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) to block the immune checkpoint pathway for the treatment of various types of cancer. It receives remarkable attention due to the high degree of efficacy. Very recently, the crystal structure of the Fab fragment of pembrolizumab (PemFab) in complex with the extracellular domain of human PD-1 (PD-1ECD) was reported at a resolution of 2.9 Å. However, this relatively low-resolution structural data fails to provide sufficient information on interfacial water molecules at the binding interface that substantially contribute to affinity and specificity between the therapeutic antibody and target. Here, we present the independently determined crystal structure of the Fv fragment of pembrolizumab (PemFv) in complex with the PD-1ECD at a resolution of 2.15 Å. This high-resolution structure allows the accurate mapping of the interaction including water-mediated hydrogen bonds and provides, for the first time, a coherent explanation of PD-1 antagonism by pembrolizumab. Our structural data also provides new insights into the rational design of improved anti-PD-1 therapeutics.
Hexagonal 2H-MoSe2 broad spectrum active photocatalyst for Cr(VI) reduction
Authors: Chu Haipeng , Liu Xinjuan , Liu Baibai , Zhu Guang , Lei Wenyan , Du Huigang , Liu Junying , Li Jianwei , Li Can , Sun Changqing 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTo make full use of the solar energy, exploring broad spectrum active photocatalysts has become one of the core issues for photocatalysis. Here we report a novel hexagonal 2H-MoSe2 photocatalyst with ultraviolet (UV)-visible-near infrared (NIR) light response for the first time. The results indicate that the MoSe2 displays excellent photo-absorption and photocatalytic activity in the reduction of Cr(VI) under UV and visible even NIR light irradiation. MoSe2 synthesized at pH value of 2 achieves the highest Cr(VI) reduction rates of 99%, 91% and 100% under UV, visible and NIR light irradiation, respectively, which should be attributed to its comparatively higher light absorption, efficient charge separation and transfer as well as relatively large number of surface active sites. The excellent broad spectrum active photocatalytic activity makes the MoSe2 to be a promising photocatalyst for the effective utilization of solar energy.
Evaluation of five microbial and four mitochondrial DNA markers for tracking human and pig fecal pollution in freshwater
Authors: He Xiwei , Liu Peng , Zheng Guolu , Chen Huimei , Shi Wei , Cui Yibin , Ren Hongqiang , Zhang Xu-Xiang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study systematically evaluated five microbial and four mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers, including sensitivities and specificities under PCR method, and fecal concentrations and decay rates in water under qPCR method. The microbial DNA markers were the three human-associated (BacH, HF183 and B.adolescentis) and two pig-associated (Pig-2-Bac and L.amylovorus), while the mtDNA ones were two human- (H-ND6 and H-ND5) and two pig-associated (P-CytB and P-ND5). All the mtDNA markers showed higher sensitivity (100%) than the microbial ones (84.0–88.8%) except Pig-2-Bac (100%). Specificities of the human mtDNA markers (99.1 and 98.1%) were higher than those of the human-associated microbial ones (57.0–88.8%). But this pattern was not observed in the pig-associated markers where Pig-2-Bac had 100% specificity. The reliability of H-ND6 and H-ND5 was further evidenced to identify locations of the most polluted within the Taihu Lake watershed of China. In general, the microbial DNA markers demonstrated a higher fecal concentration than the mtDNA ones; increasing temperature and sunlight exposure accelerated significantly the decay of all the DNA markers. Results of this study suggest that DNA markers H-ND6, H-ND5, and Pig-2-Bac may be among the best for fecal source tracking in water.
The mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator, SAR218645, improves memory and attention deficits in translational models of cognitive symptoms associated with schizophrenia
Authors: Griebel Guy , Pichat Philippe , Boulay Denis , Naimoli Vanessa , Potestio Lisa , Featherstone Robert , Sahni Sukhveen , Defex Henry , Desvignes Christophe , Slowinski Franck , Vigé Xavier , Bergis Olivier E. , Sher Rosy , Kosley Raymond , Kongsamut Sathapana , Black Mark D. , Varty Geoffrey B. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNormalization of altered glutamate neurotransmission through activation of the mGluR2 has emerged as a new approach to treat schizophrenia. These studies describe a potent brain penetrant mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM), SAR218645. The compound behaves as a selective PAM of mGluR2 in recombinant and native receptor expression systems, increasing the affinity of glutamate at mGluR2 as inferred by competition and GTPγ35S binding assays. SAR218645 augmented the mGluR2-mediated response to glutamate in a rat recombinant mGluR2 forced-coupled Ca2+ mobilization assay. SAR218645 potentiated mGluR2 agonist-induced contralateral turning. When SAR218645 was tested in models of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, it reduced head twitch behavior induced by DOI, but it failed to inhibit conditioned avoidance and hyperactivity using pharmacological and transgenic models. Results from experiments in models of the cognitive symptoms associated with schizophrenia showed that SAR218645 improved MK-801-induced episodic memory deficits in rats and attenuated working memory impairment in NMDA Nr1neo−/− mice. The drug reversed disrupted latent inhibition and auditory-evoked potential in mice and rats, respectively, two endophenotypes of schizophrenia. This profile positions SAR218645 as a promising candidate for the treatment of cognitive symptoms of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those with abnormal attention and sensory gating abilities.
The contribution of major histocompatibility complex contacts to the affinity and kinetics of T cell receptor binding
Authors: Zhang Hao , Lim Hong-Sheng , Knapp Berhard , Deane Charlotte M. , Aleksic Milos , Dushek Omer , van der Merwe P. Anton 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe interaction between the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and antigenic peptide in complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is a crucial step in T cell activation. The relative contributions of TCR:peptide and TCR:MHC contacts to the overall binding energy remain unclear. This has important implications for our understanding of T cell development and function. In this study we used site directed mutagenesis to estimate the contribution of HLA-A2 side-chains to the binding of four TCRs. Our results show that these TCRs have very different energetic ‘footprints’ on HLA-A2, with no residues contributing to all TCR interactions. The estimated overall contribution of MHC side-chains to the total interaction energy was variable, with lower limits ranging from 11% to 50%. Kinetic analysis suggested a minor and variable contribution of MHC side-chains to the transition state complex, arguing against a two-step mechanism for TCR binding.
The Accuracies of Diagnosing Pancreas Divisum by Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography and Endoscopic Ultrasound: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Shen Zhe , Munker Stefan , Zhou Boyan , Li Lin , Yu Chaohui , Li Youming 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMagnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), MRCP after secretin stimulation (S-MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) are all selected to diagnose pancreas divisum. However, the accuracies of three diagnosis remain unclear. The aim is to address the diagnostic accuracies of MRCP, S-MRCP and EUS on pancreas divisum. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from inception to January, 2015. Of the 536 citations retrieved, 16 studies were included. For MRCP diagnosis on pancreas divisum, the area under the hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic (HSROC) curve was 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87 to 0.92), and for S-MRCP and EUS, 0.99 (95% CI 0.97 to 0.99) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.98). Sensitivity and specificity for MRCP were 0.59 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.71) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.00); for S-MRCP, 0.83 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.92) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.00); for EUS, 0.85 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.94) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.90 to 0.99). Comprehensive comparison of three diagnostic techniques to pancreas divisum, S-MRCP was more reliable than MRCP and EUS on the effect of the diagnostic test.
Colloid-Mediated Transport of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products through Porous Media
Authors: Xing Yingna , Chen Xijuan , Chen Xin , Zhuang Jie 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) enter soils through reclaimed water irrigation and biosolid land applications. Colloids, such as clays, that are present in soil may interact with PPCPs and thus affect their fate and transport in the subsurface environment. This study addresses the influence of soil colloids on the sorption and transport behaviors of PPCPs through laboratory column experiments. Results show that the affinities of PPCPs for colloids vary with their molecular chemistry and solution ionic strength. The presence of colloids promotes the breakthrough of ciprofloxacin (over 90% sorbed on colloids) from ~4% to 30–40%, and the colloid-facilitated effect was larger at lower ionic strength (e.g., 2 mM). In comparison, the net effect of colloids on the transport of tetracycline (~50% sorbed on colloids) could be facilitation or inhibition, depending on solution chemistry. This dual effect of colloids is primarily due to the opposite response of migration of dissolved and colloid-bound tetracycline to the change in solution ionic strength. Colloids could also facilitate the transport of ibuprofen (~10% sorbed on colloids) by ~50% due likely to exclusion of dispersion pathways by colloid straining. This study suggests that colloids are significant carriers or transport promoters of some PPCPs in the subsurface environment and could affect their off-site environmental risks.
Fractional spur reduction technique using 45° phase dithering in phase interpolator based all‐digital phase‐locked loop
Authors: Ko J. , Heo M. , Lee J. , Kim C. , Lee M. 
Published: October 2016

A spur reduction technique in fractional‐N phase‐locked loops based on a current‐mode phase interpolator (CMPI) is presented by dithering input signals of the CMPI. CMPI shows deterministic phase error having symmetrical profile around 45° offset in each quadrant, and this non‐linear property leads to fractional spurs. The proposed 45° phase rotator with digital compensation reduces the fractional spur by 18.57 dB at most, and average improvement of fractional tones is 7.89 dB in 2 MHz frequency step measurement.
Wideband mixer exploiting and compensation technique
Authors: Liu Lanqi , Zhang Kefeng , Liu Dongsheng , Zou Xuecheng , Hu Ang 
Published: October 2016

A novel wideband down‐conversion mixer is proposed for multi‐standard wireless applications between 100 MHz and 2.5 GHz. A transconductance stage with two pairs of compensatory transistors is adopted for high linearity. Differing from the ordinary differential multi‐gated transistor technique utilised in Gilbert mixer, the design proposed concerns about both gm″ and gm compensation of the transconductance stage in order to improve both input‐referred third‐order intercept point (IIP3) and 1 dB gain compression point (CP1 dB). Realising in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 180 nm RF CMOS process, the mixer provides a gain of 8.9 dB, a maximum IIP3 of 5.8 dBm, a maximum CP1 dB of −4 dBm and a minimum noise figure (NF) of 9.6 dB.
Design of a compact microstrip lowpass filter with sharp roll‐off using combined T‐shaped and L‐shaped resonators
Authors: Jahanbakhshi M. , Hayati M. 
Published: October 2016

A novel compact microstrip lowpass filter with high performance is designed and analysed based on transfer function. The main resonator consists of L‐shaped and T‐shaped patches. The L‐shaped resonator is used to increase the width of the stopband. The presented filter has −3 dB cut‐off frequency at 2 GHz. It also has a wide stopband about 17.82 GHz with the suppression level of −21 dB. The transition band is ∼168 MHz from −3 to −40 dB. The locations of transmission zeros are calculated by transfer function. The presented lowpass filter has other advantages, such as high return loss more than 20 dB and low insertion loss <0.15 dB in the passband. The size of the filter is only 0.087 × 0.170 λg2, where λg is the guided wavelength at the cut‐off frequency. The proposed lowpass filter has the figure of merit of 50,285, which shows its strong efficiency. The lowpass filter is simulated and fabricated and there is a good agreement between the simulation and measurement results.
Overview and design methodology of doubly salient brushless dc generators with stator‐field winding
Authors: Zhang Zhuoran , Yu Li , Wang Yuting , Wang Yu , Yan Yangguang 
Published: October 2016

This study introduces a doubly salient brushless dc (DSBLDC) generator with stator‐field winding, which incorporates the doubly salient electromagnetic (DSEM) machine and its associated rectifier. The configuration, operation principle, and armature reaction of different generating mode are overviewed. The sizing equation is derived for the initial dimension design of the DSEM machine. Then the non‐linear varying‐network magnetic circuit method for preliminary design is proposed to determine the fundamental geometric parameters, the corresponding field magnetomotive force, and winding configurations iteratively, in which the magnetic saturation is taken into account. Furthermore, optimal design of the geometric parameters is comprehensively investigated by finite‐element analysis, and the optimised coefficients obtained for different generating mode. The operating characteristics of the DSBLDC generator with compensation capacitors are investigated to improve the voltage regulation performance. A prototype of 12 kW DSEM machine has been designed and optimised by the proposed design methods. Experiments are performed and the results verify the predictions and the design methods. Due to the simple and robust structure without permanent magnet, as well as convenient and flexible control, the promising DSEM machine is a desirable candidate for dc power generation.