bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade routes and plague transmission in pre-industrial Europe
Authors: Yue Ricci P. H. , Lee Harry F. , Wu Connor Y. H. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractNumerous historical works have mentioned that trade routes were to blame for the spread of plague in European history, yet this relationship has never been tested by quantitative evidence. Here, we resolve the hypothetical role of trade routes through statistical analysis on the geo-referenced major trade routes in the early modern period and the 6,656 geo-referenced plague outbreak records in AD1347–1760. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation results show that major trade routes played a dominant role in spreading plague in pre-industrial Europe. Furthermore, the negative correlation between plague outbreaks and their distance from major trade ports indicates the absence of a permanent plague focus in the inland areas of Europe. Major trade routes decided the major plague outbreak hotspots, while navigable rivers determined the geographic pattern of sporadic plague cases. A case study in Germany indicates that plague penetrated further into Europe through the local trade route network. Based on our findings, we propose the mechanism of plague transmission in historical Europe, which is imperative in demonstrating how pandemics were spread in recent human history.
Comparison of digital PWM control strategies for high‐power interleaved DC–DC converters
Authors: Calderon‐Lopez Gerardo , Villarruel‐Parra Alejandro , Kakosimos Panagiotis , Ki Shu‐Kong , Todd Rebecca , Forsyth Andrew J 
Published: October 2017

Three pulse‐width‐modulation (PWM) digital control approaches are evaluated to provide the current sharing between phases in high‐power dual‐interleaved DC–DC converters. The implementation of a digital peak current, multi‐sample averaged current and an enhanced single‐sample averaged current control in a TMS320F28377D is described. A summary of stability requirements is provided for designing the controllers and experimental results from a 60 kW, 75 kHz silicon carbide DC–DC converter are used to evaluate the steady‐state and dynamic performance of the three control methods. Overall the best performance in terms of tracking and speed of response was achieved by the enhanced single‐sample method. The multi‐sampled technique provided the highest tracking accuracy, but at the expense of the slowest dynamic response. The fastest dynamic response was achieved by the digital peak current control, but this method is limited by poor noise immunity and instability for duty ratios in the region of 0.5.
Active‐clamped ZVS current‐fed push–pull isolated dc/dc converter for renewable energy conversion applications
Authors: Wu Qunfang , Wang Qin , Xu Jialin , Xu Zilong 
Published: October 2017

This study introduces a new active‐clamped current‐fed push–pull dc–dc converter for renewable energy conversion applications. The proposed converter conserves small input current pulsation, high‐voltage conversion ratio, zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) and zero‐current‐switching operation for primary switches and rectifier diodes, respectively, over a large load range. Also, the additional active clamping circuit serves to suppress the voltage spike across all primary switches, as well as assists in achieving ZVS operation. So, the low‐voltage switches with low on‐state resistance can be adopted. These features can reduce switching loss, voltage stress, transformer turns ratio and diode reverse‐recovery effect. More importantly, similar characteristics can be obtained with minimised switches compared with the reported converters that enable to reduce the cost and improve the reliability. Detailed steady‐state operation, analysis, performance comparison, experimental results and loss breakdown of the proposed converter are fully discussed in this study. Finally, a 520 W prototype verifies the theoretical analysis.
Miniaturised ultra‐wideband band‐pass filter using quasi‐lumped symmetrical EBG
Authors: Ramakrishnan G. , Sivakumar R. 
Published: October 2017

This study presents a novel design of a miniaturised ultra wideband (UWB) band‐pass filter (BPF) by integrating quasi‐lumped structure with electro‐magnetic band gap (EBG) cells. The proposed filter is designed to cover the UWB bandwidth of 3.1–10.6 GHz. The UWB BPF filter design is validated using both circuit simulation and electromagnetic full wave simulation. The compact UWB BPF is simulated, fabricated and the performance metrics are measured. A good agreement between simulated and measured results is obtained. Good performances such as return loss better than 14 dB, upper stop‐band attenuation better than 20 dB and good selectivity are achieved.
Pharmacology of Mycobacterial Drugs in Children
Authors: Goldman Jennifer , Abdel-Rahman Susan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTo effectively treat tuberculosis (TB), optimization of therapy guided by an understanding of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic principles represents the strategy most likely to influence favorable patient outcomes. However, challenges are often encountered during TB treatment given the concomitant administration of multiple drugs, some with poorly defined therapeutic targets, for prolonged durations. Treatment is further complicated in children as many antitubercular drugs have not been extensively studied in the pediatric population where the impact of human development on drug disposition is relevant, but poorly understood. In this review, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antitubercular drugs will be reviewed in the context of the pediatric population. Observed differences between adults and children with respect to TB therapy will be highlighted, and future considerations to enhance our understanding of TB drugs used in children will be explored.
Die arthroskopische Synovialektomie der Metacarpophalangealgelenke bei rheumatoider Arthritis
Authors: Kittel Margarethe , Borisch Nicola 
Published: October 2017

ZusammenfassungZur arthroskopischen Synovialektomie der Metacarpophalangealgelenke (MCP-Gelenke) sind bisher kaum Arbeiten erschienen. Sie berichten jedoch über vielversprechende Ergebnisse. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Auswertung der subjektiven Ergebnisse nach arthroskopischer Synovialektomie bei Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis. Von 2009 bis 2013 wurden 137 arthroskopische Synovialektomien der MCP- und der proximalen Interphalangealgelenke (PIP) bei 77 Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis durchgeführt. Nach Berücksichtigung der Ausschlusskriterien verblieben 41 Patienten, bei denen ein oder mehrere MCP-Gelenke oder zusätzlich ein PIP-Gelenk behandelt wurden. Telefonisch konnten 39 Patienten mit 76 MCP-Gelenken nach durchschnittlich 22,7 (9–42) Monaten retrospektiv zu Schmerzreduktion, Funktionsverbesserung und Zufriedenheit mit dem Eingriff befragt werden. 37 Patienten mit 74 operierten Gelenken waren mit dem Eingriff zufrieden und würden ihn erneut durchführen lassen. Die Verringerung des Ruhe- und Bewegungsschmerzes war signifikant, ohne dass hierbei ein Zusammenhang mit dem präoperativen Röntgenstadium festzustellen war. Intraoperativ konnte in allen Fällen eine Synovialitis bestätigt werden. Die Ergebnisse der vorgelegten Arbeit zeigen, dass mit der arthroskopischen Synovialektomie der MCP-Gelenke bei rheumatoider Arthritis eine hohe Patientenzufriedenheit erreicht werden kann. Voraussetzung für die Indikation ist ein intakter Bandapparat der MCP-Gelenke ohne biomechanische Veränderungen.
15.1.4 Pyridines (Update 2016)
Authors: Spitzner D. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This chapter is an update to the 2004 Science of Synthesis contribution on pyridines. It covers the literature up until early 2016. This update covers the synthesis of pyridines, pyridine 1-oxides, pyridinium salts, and some di- and tetrahydropyridines. Pyridines and their derivatives are substructures in many natural products, drugs, pesticides, and other molecules of interest, and numerous methods are available for their synthesis.
1.5 Cyclization Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Zhang L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDiscussed in this chapter are two classes of metal-catalyzed cyclization reactions of alkenes and alkynes, namely one where unactivated carbon–carbon double or triple bonds act as nucleophiles to attack tethered electrophiles, and the other where the π-system is activated by a metal-based π-acid and is subsequently attacked by carbonucleophiles. In the former scenario, the in situ generation of electrophiles is typically promoted by hard Lewis acid catalysts, which initiate Prins, aza-Prins, or carbonyl-ene reactions. In the latter scenario, the coordination of a carbon–carbon double or triple bond to a soft Lewis acidic metal catalyst lowers the energy of the π* orbital and thereby enables attack by nucleophiles. A large array of cyclic structural motifs are accessible, many in a stereoselective manner, via such metal catalysis. These motifs, including tetrahydrofurans, tetrahydropyrans, cycloalkenes, dihydronaphthalenes, carbazoles, coumarins, quinolinones, benzopyrans, dihydroquinolines, and phenanthrenes, are essential components of various bioactive compounds and natural products. Exemplary applications of these methods in the syntheses of natural products and relevant structures are also discussed.
1.6 Metal-Catalyzed Cyclization Reactions of Allenes
Authors: Phelps A. , Alderson J. , Schomaker J. M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAllenes represent a unique scaffold for powerful cyclization reactions due to the ability to incorporate additional functionality into the newly formed ring. Metal-catalyzed cyclization reactions of allenes represent a powerful strategy for the synthesis of highly functionalized heterocycles and carbocycles. A variety of metals can be used to facilitate cyclization; the nature of the metal influences which allene carbon is attacked by an internal nucleophile, leading to convenient access to multiple ring systems from a simple precursor. The unique axial chirality of allenes can dictate the stereochemistry featured in the ring through axial-to-point chirality transfer.
1.8 Metal-Catalyzed Intramolecular C—N and C—O Bond Formation
Authors: Beccalli E. M. , Bonetti A. , Mazza A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTransition-metal-catalyzed intramolecular C—N and C—O bond formation using unsaturated alkene and alkyne systems containing tethered nitrogen nucleophiles (such as amines, amides, sulfonamides, amidines, azides, carbamates, guanidines, hydrazones, imines, and ureas) or oxygen nucleophiles (such as alcohols, ketones, phenols, hydroxylamines, and carboxylic acids) represents an efficient method for the preparation of heterocycles. Various reaction types may be involved, including amination, hydroamination, oxidative amination, carbamoylation, carboamination, alkoxylation, hydroalkoxylation, oxidative alkoxylation, hydroacyloxylation, carboalkoxylation, and alkoxycarbonylation. Depending on the type of reaction, the choice of transition-metal complex to be used plays a fundamental role in obtaining a successful reaction.
Evolutionary dynamics of language systems
Authors: Greenhill Simon J. , Wu Chieh-Hsi , Hua Xia , Dunn Michael , Levinson Stephen C. , Gray Russell D. 
Published: October 2017

SignificanceDo different aspects of language evolve in different ways? Here, we infer the rates of change in lexical and grammatical data from 81 languages of the Pacific. We show that, in general, grammatical features tend to change faster and have higher amounts of conflicting signal than basic vocabulary. We suggest that subsystems of language show differing patterns of dynamics and propose that modeling this rate variation may allow us to extract more signal, and thus trace language history deeper than has been previously possible.
Involvement of Zizimin2/3 in the age-related defect of peritoneal B-1a cells as a source of anti-bacterial IgM
Authors: Sakamoto Akihiko , Matsuda Takenori , Kawaguchi Koichiro , Takaoka Akinori , Maruyama Mitsuo 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Zizimin2 (Ziz2), also known as dedicator of cytokinesis 11 (DOCK11), is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is predominantly expressed in lymphoid tissues. Recent findings demonstrated that Ziz2 is involved in the development of B cells, including germinal centre B cells and marginal zone B cells. However, limited information is currently available on the roles of Ziz2 in B-1 cells, a B-cell subset that resides in body cavities and contributes to protection against foreign pathogens in a T-cell-independent manner. We herein show that Ziz2 and its widely expressed isoform Ziz3 (also known as DOCK10) may be involved in defective production of anti-bacterial IgM by aged B-1a cells, a CD5+ subset of B-1 cells. Natural IgM against typical bacterial epitopes was defectively produced by peritoneal B-1a cells from aged mice. The down-regulation of Ziz2/3 in B-1a cells appeared to be responsible for this defective IgM production, as demonstrated by Ziz2/3 double-knockout mice. Mechanistically, lower levels of basal AKT phosphorylation did not allow for the differentiation of Ziz2/3-deficient B-1a cells into plasma cells. Defective production of anti-bacterial IgM was not fully rescued by immunization, resulting in slightly weaker protection in Ziz2/3-deficient mice. Thus, the down-regulation of Ziz2/3 in B-1a cells may at least partly account for defective protection in aged mice.
Estimating Systematic Risk under Extremely Adverse Market Conditions*
Authors: van Oordt Maarten R C , Zhou Chen 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis paper considers the problem of estimating a linear model between two heavy-tailed variables if the explanatory variable has an extremely low (or high) value. We propose an estimator for the model coefficient by exploiting the tail dependence between the two variables and prove its asymptotic properties. Simulations show that our estimation method yields a lower mean-squared error than regressions conditional on tail observations. In an empirical application, we illustrate the better performance of our approach relative to the conditional regression approach in projecting the losses of industry-specific stock portfolios in the event of a market crash.
Asia
Authors: Sunquist Scott W. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Asian ecumenism began as a pragmatic concern of Western mission agencies, but was catalysed under the pressure of Japanese imperialism early in the twentieth century. National ecumenical organizations were promoted in the wake of the 1910 Edinburgh Missionary Conference, but with the dismantling of imperialism in Asia after the Pacific War, national and regional cooperation became the sole work of younger Asian leaders. Organic church unions occurred between the 1930s and 1960s, but this has not been a major theme of ecumenism in Asia. China is unique in the ecumenical movement in Asia because of the formation of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement as a way to negotiate a new place for the church in Chinese society. Ecumenism has once again become more pragmatic, and major ecumenical bodies (e.g. the Christian Conference of Asia) have become more focused on issues such as public health, disaster relief, and the environment.
Anglican
Authors: Tanner Mary 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This chapter traces the Anglican commitment to, and involvement in, the ecumenical movement from the mid-nineteenth century to the present, particularly as reflected in resolutions of successive Lambeth Conferences from 1867 to 2008. It highlights the classic statement of the Anglican ecumenical vision given by the 1920 Lambeth Conference, centred on the Lambeth Quadrilateral, and the Appeal to All Christian People that the Conference issued. It considers various ecumenical developments with Anglican participation in the 1940s and 1950s and records major doctrinal agreements reached in bilateral and multilateral dialogues particularly from the 1970s onwards, as well as new stages of closer communion entered into with a number of ecumenical partners at regional levels. Increasingly, a commitment to an ecumenism of action is becoming a dominant feature of today’s ecumenical movement, although doctrinal conversations continue to search for the agreement in faith that is required and sufficient for visible unity.
Phrygian
Authors: Brixhe Claude 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAfter being enslaved for centuries, the Phrygians recovered at the end of the first century ce. They were, of course, Hellenized, and they produced a great quantity of epigrams. But they used a Greek that was strongly influenced by the region, and their ancestral language once more appeared in writing. They displayed the Phrygo-Anatolian character of their culture through imprecations that protected their tombstones and through ‘confessions’, a reflection of a unique and active paganism. Christianity reached them very early on and produced the most famous Christian inscription, but the fragmentation of the country and its people favoured the emergence of sects, the best known of which, Montanism, seems to have had its own ‘literature’.
Hemodynamic Instability and Cardiovascular Events After Traumatic Brain Injury Predict Outcome After Artifact Removal With Deep Belief Network Analysis
Authors: Kim Hakseung , Lee Seung-Bo , Son Yunsik , Czosnyka Marek , Kim Dong-Joo 
Published: October 2017

Background:
Hemodynamic instability and cardiovascular events heavily affect the prognosis of traumatic brain injury. Physiological signals are monitored to detect these events. However, the signals are often riddled with faulty readings, which jeopardize the reliability of the clinical parameters obtained from the signals. A machine-learning model for the elimination of artifactual events shows promising results for improving signal quality. However, the actual impact of the improvements on the performance of the clinical parameters after the elimination of the artifacts is not well studied.

Materials and Methods:
The arterial blood pressure of 99 subjects with traumatic brain injury was continuously measured for 5 consecutive days, beginning on the day of admission. The machine-learning deep belief network was constructed to automatically identify and remove false incidences of hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, tachycardia, and alterations in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP).

Results:
The prevalences of hypotension and tachycardia were significantly reduced by 47.5% and 13.1%, respectively, after suppressing false incidents (P=0.01). Hypotension was particularly effective at predicting outcome favorability and mortality after artifact elimination (P=0.015 and 0.027, respectively). In addition, increased CPP was also statistically significant in predicting outcomes (P=0.02).

Conclusions:
The prevalence of false incidents due to signal artifacts can be significantly reduced using machine-learning. Some clinical events, such as hypotension and alterations in CPP, gain particularly high predictive capacity for patient outcomes after artifacts are eliminated from physiological signals.
New treatment paradigms in spondyloarthritis
Authors: van Mens Leonieke J.J. , van de Sande Marleen G.H. , Baeten Dominique L.P. 
Published: October 2017

Purpose of reviewThe review presents the recent rapid expansion of therapeutical options in spondyloarthritis. Additionally, it focuses on the importance of additional questions raised by the growing therapeutic possibilities related to the optimal use of these drugs.Recent findingsThe emergence of new treatment options opens new avenues and opportunities for treating patients with nonresponse, contraindications, or intolerance for classic drugs. However, it becomes more relevant than ever to define not only drugs and treatment options but also treatment strategies. We address current literature and remaining questions on strategies such as early intervention, combination treatment, personalized medicine, and treat-to-target.SummaryNot only the treatment as such, but also the treatment strategy is crucial to reveal the full therapeutic potential and benefit for patients. Whereas cautious but crucial steps have been taken in the last years to explore these aspects, related to timing and sequence of treatment (including combination treatments), stratified medicine approaches, and treat-to-target strategies, it is now time for full-scale investment in prospective strategy trials.
Prospective Trial Evaluating the Surgical Anastomosis at One-Year Colorectal Cancer Surveillance: CT Colonography Versus Optical Colonoscopy and Implications for Patient Care
Authors: Pickhardt Perry J. , Edwards Kristin , Bruining David H. , Gollub Marc , Kupfer Sonja , Lubner Sam J. , Kim David H. , Ross Eric , Keenan Eileen , Weinberg David S. 
Published: October 2017

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of CT colonography versus optical colonoscopy for neoplastic involvement at the surgical anastomosis 1 year after curative-intent colorectal cancer resection.

DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS:
Two hundred one patients (mean age, 58.6 years; 117 men, 84 women) underwent same-day contrast-enhanced CT colonography and colonoscopy approximately 1 year (mean, 12.1 months; median, 11.9 months) after colorectal cancer resection as part of a prospective, multicenter trial. All patients enrolled were without clinical evidence of disease and considered low risk for recurrence (stage I–III).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Suspected neoplastic lesions within 5 cm of the colonic anastomosis were recorded at CT colonography, with subsequent colonoscopy performed for the same, with segmental unblinding of colonography findings. Anastomotic region biopsy or polypectomy was performed at the endoscopist’s discretion.

RESULTS:
None of the 201 patients had intraluminal anastomotic cancer recurrence or advanced neoplasia (or metachronous cancers). CT colonography detected extramural perianastomotic recurrence in 2 patients (1.0%); neither was detected at colonoscopy. Only 2 patients (1.0%; 2/201) were called positive at CT colonography for intraluminal anastomotic nondiminutive lesions (7- to 8-mm polyps), which were confirmed at colonoscopy but nonneoplastic at histopathology. At optical colonoscopy, the anastomosis was deemed abnormal and/or biopsied in 10.0% (20/201), yielding only 1 nondiminutive benign neoplasm (7-mm tubular adenoma).

LIMITATIONS:
The lack of luminal cancer recurrence in our lower-risk cohort precludes assessment of sensitivity for detection, rendering the study underpowered in this regard. Potential cost savings of combined CT/CT colonography over the standard CT/colonoscopy approach were not assessed.

CONCLUSIONS:
Relevant intraluminal anastomotic pathology appears to be very uncommon 1 year after colorectal cancer resection in lower-risk cohorts. Unlike colonoscopy, diagnostic contrast-enhanced CT colonography effectively evaluates both the intra- and extraluminal aspects of the anastomosis. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A471.