bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entre le devoir de pardonner et le droit de ne pas pardonner
Authors: Demasure Karlijn , Nadeau Jean-Guy 
Published: January 2018

Les auteurs abordent la question du pardon à partir de l’expérience des victimes d’abus sexuels qui la posent souvent d’une façon très aiguë. Le christianisme tient généralement le pardon pour un devoir chrétien, fondé sur une théologie qui considère la réconciliation comme le coeur de l’histoire de salut. Le Nouveau Testament porte un appel à pardonner qui ne peut être nié. Par contre, celui-ci ne va pas nécessairement sans condition ni en faisant abstraction du contexte de la faute ou de la relation. Opérant une étrange inversion de la dynamique du pardon, la psychologie considère de son côté les bienfaits du pardon pour celui ou celle qui le donne plus que pour celui ou celle qui le reçoit. La psychologie connaît aussi les longs cheminements et les impasses du pardon dont la théologie ne saurait faire abstraction. Cela appelle une théologie qui soit plus sensible à la justice et qui approche avec plus de retenue la question du pardon et de la réconciliation. Comme l’amour, le pardon est un don et il ne peut être forcé.
Le pardon n’est pas une obligation dont il faudrait se culpabiliser ou culpabiliser les victimes, souvent les plus faibles, de ne pas y répondre. Si la grâce de Dieu permet de pardonner là où la volonté et le pouvoir humains touchent à leurs limites, peut-être y a-t-il aussi une grâce qui permet de retenir le pardon jusqu’à ce que quelque chose change, voire une grâce qui permet de faire justice pour que la vie se poursuive en abondance.
The Meandering Margin of the Meteorological Moist Tropics
Authors: Mapes Brian E. , Chung Eui Seok , Hannah Walter M. , Masunaga Hirohiko , Wimmers Anthony J. , Velden Christopher S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBimodally distributed column water vapor (CWV) indicates a well‐defined moist regime in the Tropics, above a margin value near 48 kg m−2 in current climate (about 80% of column saturation). Maps reveal this margin as a meandering, sinuous synoptic contour bounding broad plateaus of the moist regime. Within these plateaus, convective storms of distinctly smaller convective and mesoscales occur sporadically. Satellite data composites across the poleward most margin reveal its sharpness, despite the crude averaging: precipitation doubles within 100 km, marked by both enhancement and deepening of cloudiness. Transported patches and filaments of the moist regime cause consequential precipitation events within and beyond the Tropics. Distinguishing synoptic flows that cross the margin from flows that move the margin is made possible by a novel satellite‐based Lagrangian CWV tendency estimate. Climate models do not reliably reproduce the observed bimodal distribution, so studying the moist mode's maintenance processes and the margin‐zone air mass transformations, guided by the Lagrangian tendency product, might importantly constrain model moist process treatments.
MLT Plasmapause Characteristics: Comparison Between THEMIS Observations and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Verbanac Giuli , Bandić Mario , Pierrard Viviane , Cho Junghee 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe perform a statistical comparison of the global behavior of the THEMIS observed and simulated plasmapause in the geomagnetic equatorial plane. Simulation is based on the interchange instability mechanism. Analyzing plasmapause positions (LPPs) from the period July 2008 to December 2012, we derived formation and propagation characteristics of the main plasmapause, which reflect the most probable global plasmapause behavior. The results suggest a global eastward azimuthal plasmapause propagation and a radial plasmapause motion limited to the 21–07 MLT sector. The formation of the plasmapause takes place with the highest probability at postmidnight. It is likely that the erosion occurs in a range of MLTs simultaneously. On the dayside, the plasmapause moves almost entirely azimuthally. We suggest that the plasmapause propagates azimuthally with a mean angular velocity close to the corotation speed at all MLTs, at least during periods of lower geomagnetic activity. The results also show that the experimental plasmapause characteristics are in accordance with the interchange instability mechanism. Along with the proposed suggestions for future works, this study contributes to making a further step toward resolving some of the long‐lasting, unresolved issues related to plasmapause dynamics.
Nonlinear Wave‐Particle Interaction: Implications for Newborn Planetary and Backstreaming Proton Velocity Distribution Functions
Authors: Romanelli N. , Mazelle C. , Meziane K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSeen from the solar wind (SW) reference frame, the presence of newborn planetary protons upstream from the Martian and Venusian bow shocks and SW protons reflected from each of them constitutes two sources of nonthermal proton populations. In both cases, the resulting proton velocity distribution function is highly unstable and capable of giving rise to ultralow frequency quasi‐monochromatic electromagnetic plasma waves. When these instabilities take place, the resulting nonlinear waves are convected by the SW and interact with nonthermal protons located downstream from the wave generation region (upstream from the bow shock), playing a predominant role in their dynamics. To improve our understanding of these phenomena, we study the interaction between a charged particle and a large‐amplitude monochromatic circularly polarized electromagnetic wave propagating parallel to a background magnetic field, from first principles. We determine the number of fix points in velocity space, their stability, and their dependence on different wave‐particle parameters. Particularly, we determine the temporal evolution of a charged particle in the pitch angle‐gyrophase velocity plane under nominal conditions expected for backstreaming protons in planetary foreshocks and for newborn planetary protons in the upstream regions of Venus and Mars. In addition, the inclusion of wave ellipticity effects provides an explanation for pitch angle distributions of suprathermal protons observed at the Earth's foreshock, reported in previous studies. These analyses constitute a mean to evaluate if nonthermal proton velocity distribution functions observed at these plasma environments present signatures that can be understood in terms of nonlinear wave‐particle processes.
The Magnetic Field Structure of Mercury's Magnetotail
Authors: Rong Z. J. , Ding Y. , Slavin J. A. , Zhong J. , Poh G. , Sun W. J. , Wei Y. , Chai L. H. , Wan W. X. , Shen C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this study, we use the magnetic field data measured by MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging from 2011 to 2015 to investigate the average magnetic field morphology of Mercury's magnetotail in the down tail 0–3 RM (RM = 2,440 km, Mercury's radius). It is found that Mercury has a terrestrial‐like magnetotail; the magnetic field structure beyond 1.5 RM down tail is stretched significantly with typical lobe field 50 nT. A cross‐tail current sheet separating the antiparallel field lines of lobes is present in the equatorial plane. The magnetotail width in north‐south direction is about 5 RM, while the transverse width is about 4 RM. Thus, the magnetotail shows elongation along the north‐south direction. At the cross‐tail current sheet center, the normal component of magnetic field (10–20 nT) is much larger than the cross‐tail component. The lobe‐field‐aligned component of magnetic field over current sheet can be well fitted by Harris sheet model. The curvature radius of field lines at sheet center usually reaches a minimum around midnight (100–200 km) with stronger current density (40–50 nA/m2), while the curvature radius increases toward both flanks (400–600 km) with the decreased current density (about 20 nA/m2). The half‐thickness of current sheet around midnight is about 0.25 RM or 600 km, and the inner edge of current sheet is located at the down tail about 1.5 RM. Our results about the field structure in the near Mercury's tail show an evident dawn‐dusk asymmetry as that found in the Earth's magnetotail, but reasons should be different. Possible reasons are discussed.
Temporal Variability of Atomic Hydrogen From the Mesopause to the Upper Thermosphere
Authors: Qian Liying , Burns Alan G. , Solomon Stan S. , Smith Anne K. , McInerney Joseph M. , Hunt Linda A. , Marsh Daniel R. , Liu Hanli , Mlynczak Martin G. , Vitt Francis M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe investigate atomic hydrogen (H) variability from the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, on time scales of solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal, using measurements made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics satellite, and simulations by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model‐eXtended (WACCM‐X). In the mesopause region (85 to 95 km), the seasonal and solar cycle variations of H simulated by WACCM‐X are consistent with those from SABER observations: H density is higher in summer than in winter, and slightly higher at solar minimum than at solar maximum. However, mesopause region H density from the Mass‐Spectrometer‐Incoherent‐Scatter (National Research Laboratory Mass‐Spectrometer‐Incoherent‐Scatter 00 (NRLMSISE‐00)) empirical model has reversed seasonal variation compared to WACCM‐X and SABER. From the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, H density simulated by WACCM‐X switches its solar cycle variation twice, and seasonal dependence once, and these changes of solar cycle and seasonal variability occur in the lower thermosphere (~95 to 130 km), whereas H from NRLMSISE‐00 does not change solar cycle and seasonal dependence from the mesopause through the thermosphere. In the upper thermosphere (above 150 km), H density simulated by WACCM‐X is higher at solar minimum than at solar maximum, higher in winter than in summer, and also higher during nighttime than daytime. The amplitudes of these variations are on the order of factors of ~10, ~2, and ~2, respectively. This is consistent with NRLMSISE‐00.
An Assessment of Tropospheric Water Vapor Feedback Using Radiative Kernels
Authors: Liu Run , Su Hui , Liou Kuo‐Nan , Jiang Jonathan H. , Gu Yu , Liu Shaw Chen , Shiu Chein‐Jung 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWater vapor feedbacks on different time scales are investigated using radiative kernels applied to the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and Microwave Limb Sounder satellite observations, as well as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 model simulation results. We show that the magnitude of short‐term global water vapor feedback based on observed interannual variations from 2004 to 2016 is 1.55 ± 0.23 W m−2 K−1, while model‐simulated results derived from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 runs driven by observed sea surface temperature range from 0.99 to 1.75 W m−2 K−1, with a multimodel mean of 1.40 W m−2 K−1. The long‐term water vapor feedbacks derived from the quadrupling of CO2 runs range from 1.47 to 2.03 W m−2 K−1, higher than the short‐term counterparts. The systematic difference between short‐term and long‐term water vapor feedbacks illustrates that care should be taken when inferring long‐term feedbacks from interannual variabilities. Also, the magnitudes of the short‐term and long‐term feedbacks are closely correlated (R = 0.66) across the models, implying that the observed short‐term water vapor feedback could be used to constrain the simulated long‐term water vapor feedback. Based on satellite observations, the inferred long‐term water vapor feedback is about 1.85 ± 0.32 W m−2 K−1.
Response of Surface Temperature to Afforestation in the Kubuqi Desert, Inner Mongolia
Authors: Wang Liming , Lee Xuhui , Schultz Natalie , Chen Shiping , Wei Zhongwang , Fu Congsheng , Gao Yunqiu , Yang Yanzheng , Lin Guanghui 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this study, micrometeorological observations in a shrub ecosystem and an adjacent poplar plantation forest ecosystem in the Kubuqi Desert, Inner Mongolia, China, are used to evaluate the theory of intrinsic biophysical mechanism (IBPM) and to investigate the biophysical effects of afforestation. Results indicate that after forcing energy balance closure to the observed fluxes, the IBPM theory agrees very well with the observed temporal variations in the surface temperature and with the observed temperature difference between the paired sites at the half‐hourly time scale. Afforestation activity in this dryland landscape has a cooling effect (−0.5 ± 0.2 K) in the daytime in all the seasons and a warming effect (0.2 ± 0.1 K) in the nighttime during the winter, spring and, autumn but a cooling effect (−1.0 ± 0.3 K) in the summer at night. These temperature changes are decomposed into contributions from changes in surface albedo, surface roughness, Bowen ratio, and ground heat flux. Comparison is made between the IBPM theory and the theory of the decomposed temperature metric.
Seasonal Variability of Xe‐133 Global Atmospheric Background: Characterization and Implications for the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty
Authors: Generoso S. , Achim P. , Morin M. , Gross P. , Le Petit G. , Moulin C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGlobal simulations of the atmospheric dispersion of worldwide industrial Xe‐133 releases have revealed a large spatial and day‐to‐day variability of the resulting so‐called Xe‐133 atmospheric background. Most stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Comprehensive nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty Organization actually detect Xe‐133 regularly. Measured levels are explained by a varying combination of local and distant industrial sources and can interfere with discrimination of nuclear test signatures. Therefore, a better understanding of the Xe‐133 atmospheric background is needed. In this study, a validated 2 year simulation data set and a 4 year measurement data set of Xe‐133 activity concentrations have been analyzed in order to characterize possible seasonal variations of the Xe‐133 atmospheric background due to atmospheric circulation, with a focus on (i) global distributions, (ii) occurrences of detections by the IMS network, and (iii) time series of monthly averages at IMS stations. Results show a larger spatial extent of the atmospheric background during winter months, which translates into a larger number of detections on the IMS network during winter months for both hemispheres. Some IMS stations present a significant seasonal variability in terms of levels, or both in terms of levels and origins. However, not all IMS stations are subject to seasonal variations, given their location with respect to sources and large‐scale atmospheric circulation. In addition, a first set of predicted information about expected levels of atmospheric background at IMS stations not yet operational is provided, given the current knowledge of sources.
Parameterization Interactions in Global Aquaplanet Simulations
Authors: Bhattacharya Ritthik , Bordoni Simona , Suselj Kay , Teixeira João 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGlobal climate simulations rely on parameterizations of physical processes that have scales smaller than the resolved ones. In the atmosphere, these parameterizations represent moist convection, boundary layer turbulence and convection, cloud microphysics, longwave and shortwave radiation, and the interaction with the land and ocean surface. These parameterizations can generate different climates involving a wide range of interactions among parameterizations and between the parameterizations and the resolved dynamics. To gain a simplified understanding of a subset of these interactions, we perform aquaplanet simulations with the global version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model employing a range (in terms of properties) of moist convection and boundary layer (BL) parameterizations. Significant differences are noted in the simulated precipitation amounts, its partitioning between convective and large‐scale precipitation, as well as in the radiative impacts. These differences arise from the way the subcloud physics interacts with convection, both directly and through various pathways involving the large‐scale dynamics and the boundary layer, convection, and clouds. A detailed analysis of the profiles of the different tendencies (from the different physical processes) for both potential temperature and water vapor is performed. While different combinations of convection and boundary layer parameterizations can lead to different climates, a key conclusion of this study is that similar climates can be simulated with model versions that are different in terms of the partitioning of the tendencies: the vertically distributed energy and water balances in the tropics can be obtained with significantly different profiles of large‐scale, convection, and cloud microphysics tendencies.
Use of Flood Seasonality in Pooling‐Group Formation and Quantile Estimation: An Application in Great Britain
Authors: Formetta Giuseppe , Bell Victoria , Stewart Elizabeth 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRegional flood frequency analysis is one of the most commonly applied methods for estimating extreme flood events at ungauged sites or locations with short measurement records. It is based on: (i) the definition of a homogeneous group (pooling‐group) of catchments, and on (ii) the use of the pooling‐group data to estimate flood quantiles. Although many methods to define a pooling‐group (pooling schemes, PS) are based on catchment physiographic similarity measures, in the last decade methods based on flood seasonality similarity have been contemplated. In this paper, two seasonality‐based PS are proposed and tested both in terms of the homogeneity of the pooling‐groups they generate and in terms of the accuracy in estimating extreme flood events. The method has been applied in 420 catchments in Great Britain (considered as both gauged and ungauged) and compared against the current Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH) PS. Results for gauged sites show that, compared to the current PS, the seasonality‐based PS performs better both in terms of homogeneity of the pooling‐group and in terms of the accuracy of flood quantile estimates. For ungauged locations, a national‐scale hydrological model has been used for the first time to quantify flood seasonality. Results show that in 75% of the tested locations the seasonality‐based PS provides an improvement in the accuracy of the flood quantile estimates. The remaining 25% were located in highly urbanized, groundwater‐dependent catchments. The promising results support the aspiration that large‐scale hydrological models complement traditional methods for estimating design floods.
On the tenth value distance of the photon field along the maze of high‐energy linear accelerator vaults
Authors: Han Zhaohui , Chin Lee M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThere is a wide range in the reported photon tenth value distance (TVD) in the maze of high‐energy linear accelerator vaults. In order to gain insight into the appropriate use of the TVD value during door design, we performed measurements of the photon dose in the maze of four vaults. In addition, our study represents the first to describe a scenario where an inner borated polyethylene (BPE) door for neutron shielding is installed in the maze downstream to Point A, the point on the maze centerline that is just visible from the isocenter. The measurements were made along the maze centerline at 1 m above the floor. In all cases, the accelerator operated at a nominal energy of 15 MV. Of the four vaults, three were equipped with an inner BPE door at a distance of 1.0–2.1 m downstream to Point A. The door was made of 10.16 cm (4″) BPE sandwiched between two 0.635 cm (1/4″) steel face plates. The photon dose in the maze without a BPE door decreases exponentially with a characteristic TVD of 6 m beyond a distance of 2.5 m from Point A. The presence of a BPE door in an identical vault not only reduces the photon intensity in the maze by about an order of magnitude, but also softens the energy spectrum with a shortened TVD of 4.7 m, significantly lessening the shielding burden at the outer maze entrance. In contrast to the common use of Point A as the reference point to specify distance, the photon dose in the maze with a BPE door located downstream to Point A can be satisfactorily described as exponential functions of the distance measured from the door, which shows good consistency among the three vaults of different room parameters.
Facile Nondestructive Assembly of Tyrosine‐Rich Peptide Nanofibers as a Biological Glue for Multicomponent‐Based Nanoelectrode Applications
Authors: Min Kyoung‐Ik , Lee Seung‐Woo , Lee Eun‐Hee , Lee Yoon‐Sik , Yi Hyunjung , Kim Dong‐Pyo 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAchieving the nondestructive assembly of carbon nanoelectrodes with multiple components in a scalable manner enables effective electrical interfaces among nanomaterials. Here, a facile nondestructive multiscale assembly of multicomponent nanomaterials using self‐assembled tyrosine‐rich peptide nanofibers (TPFs) as a biological glue is reported. The versatile functionalities of the rationally devised tyrosine‐rich short peptide allow for (1) self‐assembly of the peptide into nanofibers using noncovalent interactions, followed by (2) immobilization of spatially distributed metal nanoparticles on the nanofiber surface, and (3) subsequent assembly with graphitic nanomaterials into a percolated network‐structure. This percolated network‐structure of silver nanoparticle (AgNP)‐decorated peptide nanofibers with imbedded single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) proves to be a versatile nanoelectrode platform with excellent processability. The SWNT–TPF–AgNP assembly, when utilized as a flexible and transparent multicomponent electronic film, was quite effective for enhancing direct electron transfer (DET) as verified for a third‐generation glucose sensor composed of this film. The simple solution process used to produce the functional nanomaterials could provide a new platform for scalable manufacturing of novel nanoelectrode materials forming effective electrical contacts with molecules from diverse biological systems.
Vertex‐Reinforced PtCuCo Ternary Nanoframes as Efficient and Stable Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction and the Methanol Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Kwon Taehyun , Jun Minki , Kim Ho Young , Oh Aram , Park Jongsik , Baik Hionsuck , Joo Sang Hoon , Lee Kwangyeol 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNoble metal binary alloy nanoframes have emerged as a new class of fuel cell electrocatalysts because of their intrinsic high catalytic surface area and accompanied high catalytic activity. However, their inferior structural and compositional stability during catalysis pose as formidable huddles to their practical applications. Herein, it is reported that introduction of an additional component to the binary catalytic system may serve as a simple and effective means of enhancing the structural and compositional stability of nanoframe‐based electrocatalysts. It is demonstrated that in situ doping of Co to the PtCu alloy nanoframe yields a ternary PtCuCo rhombic dodecahedral nanoframe (Co‐PtCu RNF) with a reinforced vertex structure. Co‐PtCu RNF exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity and durability for the oxygen reduction reaction to those of PtCu rhombic dodecahedral nanoframe (PtCu RNF) and Pt/C catalysts, due to its ternary composition and vertex‐strengthened frame structure. Furthermore, Co‐PtCu RNF shows enhanced activity for the methanol oxidation reaction as compared to PtCu RNF and Pt/C.