bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Poland is Not Yet Lost”: The Tadeusz Kościuszko Polish Armed Unit in Canada 1941–1942
Authors: Murphy-Gemmill Lisa Marie 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In 1941, the Polish government-in-exile, in conjunction with the Canadian government, created a training camp for Polish nationals and Polish Americans in Owen Sound, Ontario. The Tadeusz Kościuszko Polish Armed Unit was meant to train thousands of men to help free Europe from tyranny. However, the camp failed to recruit as many individuals as expected and closed by spring of 1942. Despite this military disappointment, the camp was a socio-cultural success. The residents of Owen Sound welcomed the Polish men into their homes and churches. Some men returned to take root in the city and married locals. Those who did not return remained in the hearts of the citizens.
Dinámicas identitarias en el Mundo Actual: la religión como identidad frente al otro.
Authors: Ruiz Andrés Rafael , Fernández Vallina Francisco Javier 
Published: November 2017

Los procesos experimentados por la modernidad y la posmodernidad han ido resquebrajando los discursos utilizados para la configuración identitaria. Si en un pasado cercano las ideologías y las creencias eran utilizadas como base de las identidades, los acontecimientos de los últimos años (muy especialmente el 11S) nos fuerzan a reflexionar sobre el nuevo rostro del mundo. Tras el descrédito de las identidades históricas, surge una pugna por la definición identitaria en la que el factor religioso juega un papel fundamental. A modo de conclusión se expone una reflexión sobre cómo poder vivir en esta búsqueda identitaria sin convertir a la identidad, especialmente la religiosa, en una trinchera frente al otro.
The Modernity and Posmodernity processes have deeply damaged the identity configuration discourses. Ideologies and beliefs were used in the historical tradition as the basis of identities. However, the recent events (especially 11S) force us to reflect on the new face of the world and its particular dynamics. After the historical identities discredit, a struggle between different posibilities of cultural identity arises: a process in which the religious factor plays a fundamental role. Finally, we will think about living in this identity search without converting our self-definitions, especially religious identity, into a trench against the other.
A Comparison of Geodetic and Geologic Rates Prior to Large Strike‐Slip Earthquakes: A Diversity of Earthquake‐Cycle Behaviors?
Authors: Dolan James F. , Meade Brendan J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractComparison of preevent geodetic and geologic rates in three large‐magnitude (Mw = 7.6–7.9) strike‐slip earthquakes reveals a wide range of behaviors. Specifically, geodetic rates of 26–28 mm/yr for the North Anatolian fault along the 1999 MW = 7.6 Izmit rupture are ∼40% faster than Holocene geologic rates. In contrast, geodetic rates of ∼6–8 mm/yr along the Denali fault prior to the 2002 MW = 7.9 Denali earthquake are only approximately half as fast as the latest Pleistocene‐Holocene geologic rate of ∼12 mm/yr. In the third example where a sufficiently long pre‐earthquake geodetic time series exists, the geodetic and geologic rates along the 2001 MW = 7.8 Kokoxili rupture on the Kunlun fault are approximately equal at ∼11 mm/yr. These results are not readily explicable with extant earthquake‐cycle modeling, suggesting that they may instead be due to some combination of regional kinematic fault interactions, temporal variations in the strength of lithospheric‐scale shear zones, and/or variations in local relative plate motion rate. Whatever the exact causes of these variable behaviors, these observations indicate that either the ratio of geodetic to geologic rates before an earthquake may not be diagnostic of the time to the next earthquake, as predicted by many rheologically based geodynamic models of earthquake‐cycle behavior, or different behaviors characterize different fault systems in a manner that is not yet understood or predictable.
Irrigation Signals Detected From SMAP Soil Moisture Retrievals
Authors: Lawston Patricia M. , Santanello Joseph A. , Kumar Sujay V. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIrrigation can influence weather and climate, but the magnitude, timing, and spatial extent of irrigation are poorly represented in models, as are the resulting impacts of irrigation on the coupled land‐atmosphere system. One way to improve irrigation representation in models is to assimilate soil moisture observations that reflect an irrigation signal to improve model states. Satellite remote sensing is a promising avenue for obtaining these needed observations on a routine basis, but to date, irrigation detection in passive microwave satellites has proven difficult. In this study, results show that the new enhanced soil moisture product from the Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite is able to capture irrigation signals over three semiarid regions in the western United States. This marks an advancement in Earth‐observing satellite skill and the ability to monitor human impacts on the water cycle.
Propagation of the Semidiurnal Internal Tide: Phase Velocity Versus Group Velocity
Authors: Zhao Zhongxiang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe superposition of two waves of slightly different wavelengths has long been used to illustrate the distinction between phase velocity and group velocity. The first‐mode M2 and S2 internal tides exemplify such a two‐wave model in the natural ocean. The M2 and S2 tidal frequencies are 1.932 and 2 cycles per day, respectively, and their superposition forms a spring‐neap cycle in the semidiurnal band. The spring‐neap cycle acts like a wave, with its frequency, wave number, and phase being the differences of the M2 and S2 internal tides. The spring‐neap cycle and energy of the semidiurnal internal tide propagate at the group velocity. Long‐range propagation of M2 and S2 internal tides in the North Pacific is observed by satellite altimetry. Along a 3,400 km beam spanning 24°–54°N, the M2 and S2 travel times are 10.9 and 11.2 days, respectively. For comparison, it takes the spring‐neap cycle 21.1 days to travel over this distance. Spatial maps of the M2 phase velocity, the S2 phase velocity, and the group velocity are determined from phase gradients of the corresponding satellite observed internal tide fields. The observed phase and group velocities agree with theoretical values estimated using the World Ocean Atlas 2013 annual‐mean ocean stratification.
Dynamic Rupture Modeling of the M7.2 2010 El Mayor‐Cucapah Earthquake: Comparison With a Geodetic Model
Authors: Kyriakopoulos C. , Oglesby D. D. , Funning G. J. , Ryan Kenny J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake is the largest event recorded in the broader Southern California‐Baja California region in the last 18 years. Here we try to analyze primary features of this type of event by using dynamic rupture simulations based on a multifault interface and later compare our results with space geodetic models. Our results show that starting from homogeneous prestress conditions, slip heterogeneity can be achieved as a result of variable dip angle along strike and the modulation imposed by step over segments. We also considered effects from a topographic free surface and find that although this does not produce significant first‐order effects for this earthquake, even a low topographic dome such as the Cucapah range can affect the rupture front pattern and fault slip rate. Finally, we inverted available interferometric synthetic aperture radar data, using the same geometry as the dynamic rupture model, and retrieved the space geodetic slip distribution that serves to constrain the dynamic rupture models. The one to one comparison of the final fault slip pattern generated with dynamic rupture models and the space geodetic inversion show good agreement. Our results lead us to the following conclusion: in a possible multifault rupture scenario, and if we have first‐order geometry constraints, dynamic rupture models can be very efficient in predicting large‐scale slip heterogeneities that are important for the correct assessment of seismic hazard and the magnitude of future events. Our work contributes to understanding the complex nature of multifault systems.
Simulation of Precipitation Extremes Using a Stochastic Convective Parameterization in the NCAR CAM5 Under Different Resolutions
Authors: Wang Yong , Zhang Guang J. , He Yu‐Jun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWith the incorporation of the Plant‐Craig stochastic deep convection scheme into the Zhang‐McFarlane deterministic parameterization in the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5), its impact on extreme precipitation at different resolutions (2°, 1°, and 0.5°) is investigated. CAM5 with the stochastic deep convection scheme (experiment (EXP)) simulates the precipitation extreme indices better than the standard version (control). At 2° and 1° resolutions, EXP increases high percentile (>99th) daily precipitation over the United States, Europe, and China, resulting in a better agreement with observations. However, at 0.5° resolution, due to enhanced grid‐scale precipitation with increasing resolution, EXP overestimates extreme precipitation over southeastern U.S. and eastern Europe. The reduced biases in EXP at each resolution benefit from a broader probability distribution function of convective precipitation intensity simulated. Among EXP simulations at different resolutions, if the spatial averaging area over which input quantities used in convective closure are spatially averaged in the stochastic convection scheme is comparable, the modeled convective precipitation intensity decreases with increasing resolution, when gridded to the same resolution, while the total precipitation is not sensitive to model resolution, exhibiting some degree of scale‐awareness. Sensitivity tests show that for the same resolution, increasing the size of spatial averaging area decreases convective precipitation but increases the grid‐scale precipitation.
Assessing the Impact of Parameter Uncertainty on Modeling Grass Biomass Using a Hybrid Carbon Allocation Strategy
Authors: Reyes J. J. , Tague C. L. , Evans R. D. , Adam J. C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGrasslands play an important role in feeding the growing human population by supporting dairy and livestock production. The purpose of this paper was to improve the representation of carbon (C) allocation processes in ecosystem models, and to understand the sensitivity of simulated grass biomass to model parameters, providing guidance for future environmental change research. We used the Regional Hydro‐Ecologic Simulation System to compare estimates of above and belowground biomass for C allocation strategies based on plant growth, resource use, and a newly developed HYBRID approach that integrates the first two allocation schemes. Observed values of biomass at seven grassland sites are used to compare performance of these three allocation strategies. Partial ranked correlation coefficients are then calculated to assess parameter importance and sensitivity under current and future climate conditions. We found that both resource use and plant growth play a role in simulating dynamic C allocation in grass biomass over time, indicating the need for the HYBRID approach to capture grassland C allocation. Parameter importance was site‐specific under increased temperatures, enhanced carbon dioxide, and changed precipitation. Site‐specific parameter importance also yielded insight into limiting resources (i.e., energy, moisture) at sites and subsequent effects on ecological processes like photosynthesis and allocation. This work increases our understanding of C allocation in ecosystem models related to grasses, and guides what model parameters may require further research.
Long‐Distance Agreement
Authors: Bhatt Rajesh , Keine Stefan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLong‐distance agreement (LDA) refers to agreement between a functional head in the extended projection of one lexical head with an argument of another lexical head. LDA is found in a variety of languages, including Indo‐Aryan (Hindi/Urdu, Kashmiri, Kutchi), Basque, Tsez, Chukotko‐Kamchatkan, and native North American languages (Innu‐aimûn, Passamaquoddy). All instances of LDA described in the literature share a number of properties. First, LDA uses the same primitives as local agreement. Every element that may control LDA may also trigger local agreement. The morphological forms of LDA are also found in local agreement. Second, LDA is generally optional. This is all the more relevant because local agreement is always obligatory in these languages. Third, a verb can agree with an element in a lower clause, but not with one in a higher clause.Virtually all studies on LDA converge in that they treat it as local in some sense. The following general lines of analysis have been proposed. First, the LDA controller is (possibly covertly) moved into the matrix clause and triggers agreement from there. Second, the LDA trigger moves to the edge of the embedded clause and agrees from there. Third, LDA depends on whether or not a locality boundary (i.e., phase head) is projected in the embedded clause (restructuring). Fourth, the LDA controller triggers local agreement with a functional head in the embedded clause. A matrix head subsequently agrees with the embedded functional head. Fifth, a silent pronoun coreferent with the embedded object is inserted into the matrix clause and triggers local agreement there. These lines of analysis are not mutually exclusive.LDA has been argued to provide evidence against Upward Agree. It furthermore is crucial for the general question of syntactic locality. It also raises the general problem of optionality in syntax, in particular since the optionality of agreement appears to correlate with distance.
Across‐the‐Board Phenomena
Authors: de Vries Mark 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAcross‐the‐Board (ATB) phenomena in linguistics, can generally be defined as one‐to‐many correspondences. Standard examples involvewh‐extraction out of two or more coordinated clauses or phrases at once, as inWhich teacher did John like _ and Sue hate _?Such configurations violate an otherwise valid bi‐uniqueness principle: an antecedent licenses one and only one dependent element; furthermore, they are at variance with the alleged island status of coordinate structures. As such, ATB phenomena constitute an intriguing syntactic puzzle. There are diverse views on the nature and explanation of ATB, as well as on the question of which construction types can be subsumed under it. Coordination is clearly an important factor, since ATB does not normally involve hierarchically different positions, with the possible exception of parasitic gaps and a few other construction types. It has also been claimed that ATB phenomena extend to certain cases of ellipsis, including Right Node Raising. Apart from this, it is evident that various types of features, including case, can be spread over multiple conjuncts, and that binding by some antecedent outscoping the entire coordination phrase may concern pronominal variables in more than one conjunct at once. This raises the question of whether some kind of multidimensional representation is required for coordinate structures. Related topics to be discussed from the current perspective are forward versus backward multiple dependencies, and split antecedents.
Focus Movement
Authors: Szendrői Kriszta 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA language has a focus construction if a focused constituent (at least optionally) appears in a non‐canonical syntactic position. Jackendoff's (1972) invention, the [focus] feature, and Chomsky's (1976) observation that focus gives rise to weak crossover effects paved the way for an analysis of focus constructions as instances of focus movement. For presentational purposes the analyses can be divided into three groups, which also by‐and‐large correspond to their order of appearance.The first group of analyses, which includes for instance Horvath (1986), regards the often‐attested adjacency requirement between the focus and the V (or other functional head, like I or C) as the crucial characteristic of focus constructions. Characteristics of focus movement in this approach are explained by the notion of government. One of the main advantages of this view is that it is able to accommodate both preverbal and postverbal focus positions with some degree of explanatory adequacy.The second group of analyses, starting from Rizzi's (1997) influential paper on Italian focus, comprises the cartographic approach to focus movement. The approach stems from the close proximity between focus movement andwh‐movement. Its main tenet is that focus movement is triggered by a syntactic [focus] feature, and it targets a designated unique, pre‐determined syntactic position: the specifier of a functional Focus head. One immediate advantage of such a view is that it easily accounts for the quantificational properties of focus constructions.The third set of analyses can be grouped under the umbrella term, interface approaches. These approaches stem from recognizing the fact that a syntactic [focus] feature is a direct violation of Chomsky's (1995) Inclusiveness Principle, and that if focus movement is triggered by such a feature then the autonomy of syntax cannot be maintained. One set of interface analyses concentrates on the syntax‐prosody interface and seeks to explain focus movement by making reference to the seemingly universal property of focus that if a language has a stress system, focus always bears main stress. The second set of analyses concentrates on the syntax‐semantics/pragmatics interface and either seeks to explain focus movement in terms of mapping principles between syntax and semantics/pragmatics, or gives up the idea of information structurally‐motivated movement altogether.
The Landscape of Negative Dependencies: Negative Concord and N‐Words
Authors: Giannakidou Anastasia , Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter updates an earlier discussion of n‐words and negative concord (NC) offered by the first author. Our goal here is to address the considerable developments in the area of n‐words and NC that took place since 2006. As the title suggests, we study negative dependencies within the context of negative dependencies. We have chosen this term as a theory‐neutral way to refer to phenomena that in one way or another involve dependency of an expression on the presence of negation. Several major negative dependencies can be distinguished; negative polarity, NC, negative quantifiers in Germanic languages, and even the expression of negation itself have been discussed in this context. Negative dependencies form a landscape: they share a space as grammatical phenomena, for instance sensitivity to the presence of negation – but, at the same time, the dependencies are not identical. For instance, the need for negation of a negative polarity item such asanydoes not derive from the same source as the need of negation for an n‐word, which has a more narrow distribution thanany. And within the class of n‐words (the main focus of this chapter) there is considerable variation as well. Our approach is inspired by a long tradition of polarity research that acknowledges diversity and the fact that polarity phenomena are lexically driven. In presenting the phenomena, we apply a compositional perspective by connecting the nature of the sensitivity to the morphosyntactic, semantic, or pragmatic properties of the negation‐sensitive items.
Complementizer‐Trace Effects
Authors: Pesetsky David 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPerlmutter observed that Englishwh‐movement obeys a puzzling constraint: an asymmetry between subject extraction and non‐subject extraction that interacts with the complementizer system. Whilewh‐extraction of a non‐subject from a finite embedded clause is compatible with the presence or absence of the wordthatintroducing the clause, extraction of the subject is possible only whenthatis omitted:a.✓Who do you think that Sue met ____?/✓Who do you think Sue met ____?b.*Who do you think that ____ met Sue?/✓Who do you think ____ met Sue?The effect has come to be known as the “that‐trace effect,” a member of a family of possibly broader sets of phenomena, all called “complementizer‐trace effects.” A strong poverty of the stimulus argument makes it clear that these phenomena are rooted in innate properties of human language. The discovery of these effects in multiple diverse and unrelated languages reinforces this conclusion, especially when coupled with the availability of independently supported explanations for the absence of similar effects in other specific languages. On the other hand, quite distinct accounts have been offered for complementizer‐trace effects, and there is no consensus yet as to which of these approaches is most likely to prove correct.Linear accountshave been proposed that specifically bar extraction from positions right‐adjacent to elements of the complementizer system; these accounts are supported by claimed interactions with the presence/absence of prosodic boundaries between the two. Alternativestructure‐based accountsthat have proved influential include structural locality requirements on extraction sites that occupy particular syntactic positions – as well as proposals that take an opposite approach, banning movement that is too local. Thus, although the importance of complementizer‐trace effects for linguistic theory is clear, the deeper source of these effects remains a matter of controversy.
Reflexive Marking in Romance: Voice and Feature Deficiency
Authors: Dobrovie‐Sorin Carmen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe various meanings of SE/SI‐marked verbs (reflexive, inchoative, middle, and passive) are described with the aim of pointing out the most prominent empirical generalizations across Romance languages. An important number of pages is devoted to the distinction between the impersonal clitic subject SE/SI (assigned nominative) found in the major Romance languages with the exception of Romanian, and the homophonous passivizing accusative SE/SI. The analysis of SE/SI is subject to numerous theoretical debates concerning the status of SE/SI (voice marker or pronominal clitic?); the distinction between unaccusative, unergative, and transitive configurations; passivization; and, related to passivization, the (non‐)realization of the external argument of passives in a subject‐like position.