bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamisierung der Rente: Was ist die beste Rentenanpassungsformel?
Authors: Gasche Martin , Kluth Sebastian 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Due to its complexity and incomprehensibility the mechanism for the annual pension adjustment has experienced rising criticism. We compare the actual formula and alternative adjustment proposals on the basis of different criteria. It will become evident that the current formula is better than its reputation suggests. However, a salary indexed adjustment formula extended to include a sustainability factor presents a valid alternative. Such a formula is coherent and predictable, it guarantees pensioners’ participation in the technological progress, it balances the opposing goals of stable contribution rates and stable replacement rates, it limits intergenerational inequality and leads to a self stabilizing pension system. Adjustment formulas that are indexed to the wage bill or the inflation rate turn out to be less appropriate because they don’t adequately account for future demographic changes.
Gefährdung der Solidarität oder Aufbruch in die Moderne? Die Auswirkungen der Tarifpluralität auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt
Authors: Bachmann Ronald , Henssler Martin , Schmidt Christoph M. , Talmann Anna 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
As a consequence of a ruling of the Federal Labour Court in 2010, the German labour market entered a new regime, allowing multiple unions to operate in the same firm. This alteration has instigated an intense debate about its possible consequences for labour relations. We examine the conceptual and empirical basis for this concern. Our analysis does not lead us to expect an important increase neither in the foundation of occupational unions nor in strike activities. We therefore argue that multi-unionism should be viewed as a natural feature of German industrial relations.
Drohende Altersarmut – neue Aufgaben für die Rentenversicherung?
Authors: Goebel Jan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The article gives an overview of the current development of old-age pover ty in Germany and classifies widely discussed concepts for the reform of statutory pension insurance. Although current indicators generally point to an increase in old-age poverty, the empirical data show no growth at present in poverty risk for persons aged 65 and older. However, it is expected that the income position of older people will be worsen due to the declining pension payments of new retirees and the increase in discontinuous employment trajectories as well as the insufficient spread in private old age provision.
One of the reforms discussed for preventing rising poverty risks in old age is to consider life expectancy in the pension formula. This appears to be a promising means of reducing inequality within the group of pensioners. The implicit redistribution within the statutory pension system due to the empirically well-known correlation between living standards and life expectancy will decrease, and the equivalence principle can be strengthened.
Finanzausgleichsbedingte Einheitslasten der Länder – eine empirische Schätzung am Beispiel Nordrhein-Westfalens
Authors: Döring Thomas , Blume Lorenz 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In Germany there exists a political consensus that the economic and fiscal burden of the German reunification should be shared by all three jurisdictional levels of the federal system. According to existing law the burden sharing between the state and local authorities has to be confined to the excess burden which follows from the financing of the German Unity Fund as well as the integration of the eastern German states into the fiscal equalisation system. Thereby, state and local authorities are in conflict with each other regarding an appropriate economic estimation of the excess burden to be caused by the fiscal equalization system. Against this background the paper explains and illustrates the economic concept of burden in terms of opportunity costs. Taking North Rhine-Westphalia as a case study the quantity of the excess burden is empirically estimated for the time period 1995 - 2009 by applying a multivariate data analysis.
Wie finanzieren sich Völkergemeinschaften? Vom Kaiserreich zur Eurokrise – Drei Modelle im Vergleich
Authors: Blankart Charles B. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Five eras of multilevel public finance are discussed: the German Kaiserreich, the Weimar Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany and the European Union before and after the euro crisis. Multilevel systems can work efficiently as long as they are organized according to the principle of institutional congruence where the circles of beneficiaries, decision makers and tax payers coincide. Systems of institutional incongruence, in contrast, are prone to cost shifting and long-run unsustainability. Their dynamics often end in a deadlock in which citizens opt for a unitary state dispensing them from the burden of choice without providing them a stable budget.
Die PKV im Spagat zwischen freiheitlichem Versicherungssystem und sozialpolitischer Verantwortung
Authors: Spahn Jens 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Dual system in Germany with its separation between statutory health insurance (Gesetzlicher Krankenversicherung or GKV) and private health insurance (Privater Krankenversicherung or PKV) is a special feature when compared to other European systems. A series of regulatory changes by the legislature have to some degree made it possible for people to move within the systems and between the two systems. The fact that only civil servants, the self-employed and high-earners may insure themselves privately no longer can be historically explained. An increasing number of insured see contributions to private health insurances rise dramatically and they cannot afford to pay them anymore. Therefore, the question of the future of private health insurances is primarily a socio-political issue. Each insured person must be entitled to an affordable access to a health insurance, whether public or private, that includes all necessary medical services and medical innovations.
EU Regionalförderung: Ziele, Diagnose ihrer Wirkung und Empfehlungen für die Zukunft
Authors: Egger Peter H. , Ehrlich Maximilian von 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In this paper we summarize recent research on the effects of European regional policy. Results point to a positive effect of this policy on average. One Euro spent even tends to generate more than one Euro in return in terms of GDP. However, the response varies drastically across recipient regions. First of all, there is evidence of existence of an optimum funding ratio (funds allocated relative to recipient GDP) where one Euro invested generates one Euro of return. About 36 percent of the regions receive higher funding than that, where one Euro generates less than one Euro of return (and, eventually, no return at all). Second, there is evidence of a bigger return on investment in regions with higher absorptive capacity level - measured by human capital endowments and the quality of recipient institutions. Insufficient levels of absorptive capacity lead to a wash of the Union’s transfers. About 70 percent of the regions exhibit such an insufficient level of absorptive capacity.
Verlustpartizipation von Vorständen – Eine ökonomische Analyse der Herabsetzungsmöglichkeit von Vorstandsbezügen nach dem VorstAG
Authors: Duran Mihael 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper examines the loss participation of executives following the German law of adequacy of executive directors’ compensation (VorstAG). First I provide an overview and discussion of the relevant law’ contents. To examine the potential economic impact of the loss participation, a modified tournament model is introduced. The model implies that the aspired participation succeds only partially. Hence, the law might probably fail in it’s purpose of lowering executive directors’ compensation.
Die Vermögensteuer – Ein Comeback in der Krise?
Authors: Gambke Thomas 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This article describes the concept of a property levy („Vermögensabga be“) of the German Green Party in the context of other property related taxes such as real estate tax and inheritance tax. It explains the advantages of a property levy in contrast to a property tax. Moreover, the necessity to reduce public debts and to stop the unabated evolution of unequal property is outlined.
Die Vermögensteuer – Comeback in der Krise? Oder: Wie importieren wir die Krise auch zu uns?
Authors: Goebel Lutz 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Family entrepreneurs in all honesty cannot grasp this new concept. Just now, while we are still experiencing a worldwide financial and economic crisis, which has by no means been overcome yet, there is talk of increasing taxation of assets. In recent years, small and medium-sized and larger family-run companies have succeeded in improving their equity ratio. This helped weathering the crisis better, allowed us to hold on to key specialists in our workforce and made us become more independent of a banking industry shaken to its core. And now, of all times, models are discussed to once again withdraw equity and the ability to place investments from German companies, whether directly or indirectly. Unfortunately, the people proposing these models work with smoke and mirrors that may mislead the less informed public. Even a 1 or 1.5 % tax or levy on assets will result in an explosion of the accumulated fiscal burden on a company’s income of additionally approx. 20 %, especially since the proposed new taxes are only to be paid from profits.
Excessive taxation is therefore more or less preprogrammed. Does anyone really consider the way ahead if one of the last locomotives of the European economy is thus slowed down economically?
Zur Bedeutung des Manifests der Marktwirtschaft oder: Das Lambsdorff-Papier im 31. Jahr
Authors: Feld Lars P. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In the German federal elections on September 22, 2013, for the first time after 64 years, the Free Democratic Party (FDP) was not elected to the German federal parliament, the Bundestag, anymore. Less surprising than this fact is the malice of its political opponents with which this landslide defeat was accompanied. In this paper, it is argued that the hostility towards the Free Democrats originates from its turn to the Christian Democrats in 1982 with the so called Manifesto for the Market Economy written by Otto Graf Lambsdorff, then Federal Minister of the Economy. The Manifesto argued for a consolidation of public finance and tax reductions, for reforms in the labor market and the social security systems, and for a liberalization and privatization policy. While the Free Democrats did not achieve much of that agenda during the coalition with the Christian Democrats, it influenced the Agenda 2010 by Chancellor Schröder. The paper concludes with a proposal for a renewal of supply side policies in Germany and a renewal of the reform agenda.
Braucht Deutschland einen Kapazitätsmarkt für eine sichere Stromversorgung?
Authors: Haucap Justus 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper argues against the rapid implementation of capacity mechanisms in Germany. There is no systematic, non-temporary market failure in the German wholesale electricity market which could justify such a Government intervention. Neither the low elasticity of demand nor debatable public good characteristics nor the potentially missing acceptance of price spikes can support the idea of that the energy only market may fail to guarantee reliability of supply. In addition, there are currently no resilient signs of any shortage of supply. In contrast, the German wholesale electricity market is still characterized by over-capacities. The worldwide experience with capacity mechanisms also demonstrates most of all that no capacity market design is ever stable, but subject to change in often quite short intervals. Potential low-cost options to safeguard security of supply include a strategic reserve against generation failures. In addition, the Federal Cartel Office should correct its position that dominant firms must not offer electricity at a price above the short-run marginal cost. Such a prescription forecloses the market and chokes off investment and would in most other cases be regarded as an anticompetitive foreclosure strategy of a dominant firm.
Versorgungssicherheit im Strommarkt – Kapazitätsmechanismen
Authors: Amelung Adrian , Wambach Achim 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Due to the specifics of the product electricity and electricity markets, there are considerable doubts whether „energy-only-electricity-markets“ can guarantee a desired level of security of energy supply. If in peak load periods, the price inelastic demand exceeds the supply, there will be blackouts, in which the price mechanism fails in the short term. Underinvestment in generation capacity is the result. Politico-economic problems, like politically set price limits and high security standards as well as time inconsistency problems of government actions increase this problem substantially. With the „Versorgungssicherheitsverträgen“ the authors suggest a capacity mechanism, which solves the problems at hand without affecting the efficient power plant use on the spot market.
Disparate Entwicklung der Wohnungsmärkte fordert die Politik
Authors: Arentz Oliver 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The regional differences in the housing markets are enormous and will continue to exacerbate in the future. The main task for the housing policy is to take appropriate long term measures depending on the market structure. A central aspect of future housing policy is the site development. Potential conflicts of interest with other social objectives must be detected and resolved. Creating a trading system for development rights appears to be promising. In order to secure housing for low income households, the housing allowance (Wohngeld) must be promptly adjusted to the market conditions. The public housing sector should be seen as an instrument for the stabilization of neighborhoods. Appropriate market rents secure a housing supply at a high level.
Die Finanzierungslücke der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung in Deutschland – Eine Simulationsstudie zu Lösungsmöglichkeiten
Authors: Bollacke Steffen 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Population aging challenges pay-as-you-go pension systems. Solving the associated funding problem constantly motivates reform processes. In addition to an aging population, specific regulations of the German public pension system lead to an increasing financial burden of national finances. To ensure sustainable funding of pensions, the calculation formula of the German public pension system will be investigated in this paper. It will be shown, that there are two alterable parameters, which are not optimally used regarding the funding of public pensions. Simulations show that a variable demographic factor to calculate public pensions can reduce the financial burden of national finances.
Kostenkontrolle im Föderalismus
Authors: Blankart Charles B. , Ehmke David Christoph 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Credit is the backbone of capitalism because credit allows allocating resources efficiently to economic activities. For the case of distress, a bankruptcy regime is established which allows reviving viable but financially distressed businesses and to liquidate structurally distressed businesses in an orderly asset distribution procedure. Bankruptcy is ex ante of utmost importance because it incentivizes debtors and creditors to adjust credit costs and lending practice to expect ex post outcomes. Bankruptcy has, however, been abolished under socialism leading to systems of soft budget constraints which are lenient towards inefficient managements. Since the fall of socialism, mixed capitalist-socialist economies prevail in most countries of the world with bankruptcy procedures for private enterprises, but not for public entities, more importantly, even restructuring procedures are not available for these public establishments. Instead, debt brakes should do the job. However, debt brakes invite governments to externalize public debts and to shift them to lower entities - from the state to the local level - leading to “institutional incongruence”, i. e. the drifting apart of the circles of beneficiaries, decision makers, and taxpayers. Three models of institutional congruence are analyzed, ranging between vertical fiscal control and fiscal autonomy. The logical consequence of fiscal autonomy is then the establishment of restructuring procedures, which are presented along the procedures of Chapter 9 of the US Bankruptcy Act and private ordering procedures such like those of the Paris and the London Club.
Rahmenbedingungen für eine effektive Versorgungssteuerung in Stadt und Land
Authors: Greß Stefan , Stegmüller Klaus 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
General practitioner (GP) care in Germany is characterized by a disparate distribution of GPs. There is considerable oversupply in many urban areas while there is undersupply in many rural regions. Centralized planning of GP capacities so far has not been able to ameliorate this unequal distribution. What is more, several health policy reforms have not been able to make capacity planning more effective. We suggest a framework for more effective allocation of GP resources by decentralizing capacity planning to the level of local municipalities.
Ärztemangel im ländlichen Raum – Neue Anreizstrukturen und innovative Versorgungsmodelle als Ausweg? Zur Bedeutung einer patientenorientierten Steuerung
Authors: Zerth Jürgen 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In Germany there is an ongoing debate on the adequate distribution of physicians that are obliged to guarantee the overall access to health care. Especially in rural regions the number of general practioners will decline in the next years. From a health economics point of view it has to be discussed which role physicians have to play within different forms of organizing care and cure. In the paper, a standardized utility function that depicts physicians’ interest helps to figure out the range in which physicians have an interest to choose an engagement in rural environments contingent of aspects of risk sharing between caretaker und cost payers. In consequence, patient driven care models will enforce new organizational and institutional arrangements of division of labour between medical practitioners as well as new needs to reorganize regional medical facilities.
Interaktionseffekte zwischen Mindestlöhnen und Lohnsubventionen. Eine Analyse zur Beschäftigung in den USA und in Deutschland
Authors: Berthold Norbert , Coban Mustafa 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
We examine theoretically and empirically how wage subsidies and minimum wages interact regarding to employment opportunities, and how these interactive effects vary across different groups of workers. Assuming a neoclassical labor market and heterogeneous work, subsidized low-skilled worker displace less-skilled workers. The effect on non-subsidized low-skilled workers remains theoretically open. The empirical examination for the US shows that increasing minimum wages decreases less-skilled employment, haven’t an effect on non-subsidized low-skilled employment and induce a hump-shape of subsidized low-skilled employment. For Germany, however, several simulation studies indicate that the provided minimum wage and existing wage subsidies do not cause substitution effects, but lower employment of all workers in the low wage sector regardless of a grant funding.
Tarifpluralität fünf Jahre nach dem BAG-Urteil
Authors: Bachmann Ronald , Schmidt Christoph M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This article examines the likely effects of a draft bill of the German government which aims at restraining multi-unionism in Germany. We argue that since 2010, when the Federal Labour Court eased restrictions on multi-unionism, hardly any signs of adverse effects of this court ruling can be observed. Furthermore, the draft bill would have strong negative consequences for small, mainly occupation-based, unions in Germany. Therefore, the bill does not seem to be a good instrument for regulating labour relations in Germany.
Spartengewerkschaften, Statuskonflikte und Gemeinwohl: Gesetzlicher Ordnungsrahmen statt Laissez-faire
Authors: Lesch Hagen 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In December 2014, the German Federal Government adopted a draft law on the exclusive applicability of collective agreements - the so-called Tarifeinheitsgesetz. Critics see this as an unacceptable interference to the freedom of association. They point out, that despite multi-unionism you can neither observe a substantial increase in new trade unions being set up nor an increase in labor disputes. Proponents of the legal regulation argue that the industrial peace obligation would be jeopardized by competing unions. Craft unions negotiated twice as intense as industrial unions. In industries with union competition, risk of conflicts would accumulate. In addition, the public interest would be harmed if unions battled out their rivalries during collective bargaining negotiations. The proposed law tackled these problems by providing stronger incentives for cooperation between competing unions.
Weitere Integrationshürden für Flüchtlinge mit Bleibeperspektive abbauen
Authors: Wilhelm Alexander 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Federal Government has set in train important reforms to improve access to the labour market also for asylum seekers with a realistic perspective to stay and tolerated residents who are not the object of a work ban. Since ever more people are seeking protection in Germany against political persecution, war or expulsion, this is sensible and necessary. Not all, but many of them will stay in Germany for long periods or even forever. For those people, who have a realistic perspective to stay as recognized refugees or asylum seekers, it is in the own interest of the German society to integrate them rapidly and give them the possibility to earn their living. The reform package already set in place by the Federal Government within the last year will help to achieve this aim, but it is clear already, that there is further need for action. So that asylum seekers and tolerated residents can move successfully into the labour market, they must be supported and given targeted assistance, above all through corresponding measures for learning the language and integration. Especially early and comprehensive measures for the early identification of competencies, qualifications and work experience are needed to facilitate effective access especially to education, the dual vocational training system and employment. Furthermore, remaining legal obstacles regarding access to training and employment for asylum seekers and tolerated residents who are not the object of a work ban need to be further reduced. In addition, there is an urgent need to improve the cooperation of all public authorities involved in the asylum- and integration process as well as the capacity of the public employment service (employment agencies and job centers) to deal with the integration of refugees into the labour market.
Kommunale Realsteuerpolitik auf dem Prüfstand – eine empirische Auswertung am Beispiel Rheinland-Pfalz
Authors: Döring Thomas 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In Germany, state and local authorities are repeatedly in conflict with each other regarding the funding of municipal households. Concerning this matter a sufficient fiscal endowment of local public authorities does not only depend on a deemed-to-satisfy provision of state grants but also requires an adequate exhaustion of existing sources of revenues at the local government level. Against this background, the paper analyses local tax policy in order to assess whether the involved potential of budget finance is exploited sufficiently. Taking Rhineland-Palatinate as a case study the degree of tax exploitation (local business tax, local property tax) is empirically estimated for the time period 2007 – 2013.