bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humor: Power Conveying Social Structures Inside Forensic Mental Health Nursing
Authors: Gildberg Frederik A. , Paaske Kristian J. , Rasmussen Vivian L. , Nissen Ricko D. , Bradley Stephen K. , Hounsgaard Lise 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
According to research literature, humor inside the staff–patient interaction seems to be significant in the area of forensic mental healthcare. However, existing literature on the subject is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of the use humor by forensic mental health staff members in interactions with forensic mental health inpatients. The study included 32 forensic mental health staff members, used 307 hours of participant observations, 48 informal interviews, and seven formal semistructured interviews. Outcomes identify four themes concerning the conveyance of power to, from, and between forensic mental health staff and patients as they interact: (a) “the informal use: the human-to-human approach,” characterized by an informal use of humor and without any reference to mental health issues; (b) the “formal use of humor: the staff–patient approach,” characterized as formal with a view on the patient as mentally ill, unable to understand humor, and with the aim of using humor to prevent conflicts or negative behavior; (c) “protest against requested care: the human–patient approach,” characterized by the use of humor as a protest against requested care; and the use of (d) “inadequacy humor: the staff–human approach,” characterized by the use of inadequacy—humor referring to, for example, patients’ physical features. Recommendations and clinical implications are discussed.
Value of Oral Proton Pump Inhibitors in Acute, Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: Rodriguez Eduardo A. , Donath Elie , Waljee Akbar K. , Sussman Daniel A. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Intravenous (IV) proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are the standard medical treatment in acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVGIB). Optimal route of PPI delivery has been questioned.

Aim:
The aim was to perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis for the endpoints of risk of rebleeding, length of stay (LOS), surgery (ROS), mortality, and total units of blood transfused (UBT) among trials evaluating acid suppressive medications in ANVGIB.

Methods:
A total of 39 studies using IV PPI drip, IV scheduled PPI, oral PPI, H2-receptor antagonists, and placebo were identified. Network meta-analysis was used for indirect comparisons and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods for calculation of probability superiority.

Results:
No difference was observed between IV PPI drip and scheduled IV PPI for mortality (relative risk=1.11; 95% credibility interval, 0.56-2.21), LOS (0.04, −0.49 to 0.44), ROS (1.27, 0.64-2.35) and risk of rebleeding within 72 hours, 1 week, and 1 month [(0.98, 0.48-1.95), (0.59, 0.13-2.03), (0.82, 0.28-2.16)]. Oral PPIs were as effective as IV scheduled PPIs and IV PPI drip for LOS (0.22, −0.61 to 0.79 and 0.16, −0.56 to 0.80) and UBT (−0.25, −1.23 to 0.65 and −0.06, −0.71 to 0.65) and superior to IV PPI drip for ROS (0.30, 0.10 to 0.78).

Conclusion:
Scheduled IV PPIs were as effective as IV PPI drip for most outcomes. Oral PPIs were comparable to scheduled IV for LOS and UBT and superior to IV PPI drip for ROS. Conclusions should be tempered by low frequency endpoints such as ROS, but question the need for IV PPI drip in ANVGIB.
Reference Pricing, Consumer Cost-Sharing, and Insurer Spending for Advanced Imaging Tests
Authors: Robinson James C. , Whaley Christopher , Brown Timothy T. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Fees charged for similar imaging tests often vary dramatically within the same market, leading to wide variation in insurer spending and consumer cost-sharing. Reference pricing is an insurance design that offers good coverage to patients up to a defined contribution limit but requires the patients who select high-priced facilities to pay the remainder out of pocket.

Objectives:
To measure the association between implementation of reference pricing and patient choice of facility, test prices, out-of-pocket spending, and insurer spending for advanced imaging (CT and MRI) procedures.

Research Design:
Difference-in-differences multivariable analysis of insurance claims data. Study included 4751 employees of a national grocery chain (treatment group) and 23,428 enrollees in the nation’s largest private insurance plan (comparison group) that used CT or MRI tests between 2010 and 2013.

Measures:
Patient choice of facility, price paid per test, patient out-of-pocket cost-sharing, and employer spending.

Results:
Compared with trends in prices paid by insurance enrollees not subject to reference pricing, and after adjusting for characteristics of tests and patients, implementation of reference pricing was associated with a 12.5% (95% CI, −25.0%, 2.1%) reduction in average price paid per test by the end of the second full year of the program for CT scans and a 10.5% (95% CI, −16.9%, 3.6%) for MRIs. Out-of-pocket cost-sharing by patients declined by $71,508 (13.8%). The savings accruing to employees amounted to 45.5% of total savings from reference pricing, with the remainder accruing to the employer.

Conclusions:
Implementation of reference pricing led to reductions in payments by both employer and employees.
Constructing Episodes of Inpatient Care
Authors: Peng Mingkai , Li Bing , Southern Danielle A. , Eastwood Cathy A. , Quan Hude 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Hospital administrative health data create separate records for each hospital stay of patients. Treating a hospital transfer as a readmission could lead to biased results in health service research.

Methods:
This is a cross-sectional study. We used the hospital discharge abstract database in 2013 from Alberta, Canada. Transfer cases were defined by transfer institution code and were used as the reference standard. Four time gaps between 2 hospitalizations (6, 9, 12, and 24 h) and 2 day gaps between hospitalizations [same day (up to 24 h), ≤1 d (up to 48 h)] were used to identify transfer cases. We compared the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of 6 definitions across different categories of sex, age, and location of residence. Readmission rates within 30 days were compared after episodes of care were defined at the different time gaps.

Results:
Among the 6 definitions, sensitivity ranged from 93.3% to 98.7% and PPV ranged from 86.4% to 96%. The time gap of 9 hours had the optimal balance of sensitivity and PPV. The time gaps of same day (up to 24 h) and 9 hours had comparable 30-day readmission rates as the transfer indicator after defining episode of care.

Conclusions:
We recommend the use of a time gap of 9 hours between 2 hospitalizations to define hospital transfer in inpatient databases. When admission or discharge time is not available in the database, a time gap of same day (up to 24 h) can be used to define hospital transfer.
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition: insights from the bench and recent clinical studies
Authors: Zhong Jixin , Kankanala Saumya , Rajagopalan Sanjay 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death globally. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is not fully understood. Recent studies suggest dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), a regulator of inflammation and metabolism, may be involved in the development of atherosclerotic diseases. Recent advances in the understanding of DPP4 function in atherosclerosis will be discussed in this review.

Recent findings
Multiple preclinical and clinical studies suggest DPP4/glucagon-like peptide-1 axis is involved in the development of atherosclerotic disease. However, several recent trials assessing the cardiovascular effects of DPP4 inhibition indicate enzymatic inhibition of DPP4 lacks beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease.

Summary
Catalytic inhibition of DPP4 with DPP4 inhibitors alters pathways that could favor cardioprotection. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-independent aspects of DPP4 function may contribute to the overall neutral effects on cardiovascular outcome seen in the outcome trials.
The Natural History of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in Children
Authors: Valentino Pamela L. , Wiggins Shanna , Harney Sarah , Raza Roshan , Lee Christine K. , Jonas Maureen M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:Data regarding pediatric primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) natural history are limited. We describe a large pediatric PSC cohort with longitudinal follow‐up.Methods:The present study records review of pediatric patients with PSC diagnosed between 1984 and 2014.Results:N = 120 (63% M) ages 1 to 21 years (median 14 years) at diagnosis. 27% (31/113) had autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC), 24% had exclusive small duct PSC, METAVIR stage was F3‐F4 in 41%. Eighty‐one percent of patients with PSC had inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); most had ulcerative/indeterminate colitis (72/97), typically pancolitis (40/72). PSC‐IBD was more common than ASC‐IBD (85% vs 68%, P = 0.03). Median follow‐up was 3.7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.5, 6.9). Median gamma glutamyl transferase decreased from baseline of 221 U/L (IQR 110, 425) to 104 U/L by 1 year postdiagnosis ([IQR 18,229], P < 0.0001), and then changed little. Mean fibrosis stage at diagnosis was 2.3 ± 1.4 (N = 91), and at 1 to 5 years was 2.6 ± 1.3 (N = 20). Transplant‐free survival at 10 year was 89%; there were 6 liver transplants, 2 in patients with small duct PSC and 4 with diffuse large duct PSC. Although the cirrhosis rate was not significantly different in PSC with IBD versus without (22% vs 41%, P = 0.06), the former had a lower rate of liver transplantation (2% vs 18%, P = 0.01). The rate of cirrhosis was lower in patients diagnosed with IBD before PSC (15% vs 31%, P = 0.05).Conclusions:In this largest reported pediatric PSC cohort, liver transplantation rate at 10 years was lower than that reported in adults. ASC and PSC had similar biochemical abnormalities and degree of fibrosis at diagnosis. PSC that developed after IBD diagnosis had a milder course, possibly reflecting earlier disease detection or milder phenotype.
Benefit Finding and Quality of Life in Caregivers of Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Gardner Molly H. , Mrug Sylvie , Schwebel David C. , Phipps Sean , Whelan Kimberly , Madan-Swain Avi 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Benefit finding, or finding positive outcomes in the face of adversity, may play a role in predicting quality of life (QoL) among caregivers, but mixed results suggest that other factors may moderate this relationship.

Objective:
This study examined demographic and psychosocial moderators of the association between benefit finding and QoL among caregivers of childhood cancer survivors.

Methods:
Caregivers of childhood cancer survivors (n = 83) completed measures of benefit finding, QoL, coping, optimism, social support, caregiving demand, posttraumatic stress, and demographics.

Results:
The relationship between benefit finding and QoL was moderated by caregiver age, marital status, socioeconomic status, geographic location, acceptance and emotion-focused coping, optimism, caregiving demand, and posttraumatic stress. Benefit finding was more strongly related to QoL among caregivers with fewer demographic/psychosocial resources.

Conclusions:
Results suggest that finding benefits in the cancer experience may have a greater positive impact for caregivers with relatively fewer demographic and psychosocial resources and may have less of an impact for caregivers with relatively greater resources. Findings further point to the complex nature of QoL among caregivers of childhood cancer survivors.

Implications for Practice:
Results may aid clinicians in identifying caregivers at particular risk for low QoL. They may be counseled to find benefits in their experience or provided with resources to strengthen other factors that impact QoL.
Adolf Meyer
Authors: McHugh Paul R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This lecture, given to celebrate the centennial of the founding of the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Service at Johns Hopkins, addresses the career and contributions to psychiatry and neurology of Adolf Meyer, the first Phipps Professor. It reviews his achievements historically describing the bleak clinical situation of psychiatry when he began as a neuropathologist at Kankakee Hospital in Illinois in 1892, what he did to address them, the sources of help he found and exploited from leading figures in the emerging Progressive Era (1890–1917) in American life, and how he confronted and overcame resistances to his empirical, psychobiological conceptions of mental illness as he advanced. His legacy is reflected in the signal contributions of four leaders of American psychiatry (Drs. Leo Kanner, Alexander Leighton, Jerome Frank, and Paul Lemkau) who had been his residents and in those aspects of contemporary teaching and research at Hopkins that reflect his thought.
Bilateral Corneal Epithelial Lesions Associated with Paclitaxel
Authors: Lee Hyo Seok , Ha Jun Young , Choi Won , Yoon Kyung Chul 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
An antineoplastic drug, paclitaxel, is widely used in small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. We report a case of bilateral, vision-impairing corneal epithelial lesions that developed in a patient receiving paclitaxel monotherapy for breast cancer.

Case Report
A 45-year-old woman presented with a 1-month history of bilateral visual disturbances. She had been receiving paclitaxel chemotherapy after modified radical mastectomy for invasive ductal carcinoma in her left breast. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/100 in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye. Slit-lamp examination revealed irregular triangular corneal lesions in both eyes. The lesions extended to the center of the cornea involving the visual axis and showed late staining with fluorescein dye. The lesions resolved 5 months after discontinuation of paclitaxel chemotherapy, and best-corrected visual acuity was restored to 20/20 in both eyes.

Conclusions
Microtubule-stabilizing chemotherapeutic drugs such as paclitaxel can cause visually significant corneal lesions, and these lesions appear to be reversible with discontinuation of the drug. This case highlights the need for regular ophthalmologic examinations for the detection of this reversible adverse ocular reaction.
Internal Astigmatism in Myopes and Non-myopes: Compensation or Constant?
Authors: Manny Ruth E. , Deng Li , Gwiazda Jane , Hyman Leslie , Weissberg Erik , Scheiman Mitchell , Fern Karen D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTPurposeTo examine internal astigmatism (IA) in myopes and non-myopes using a new method to assess compensation of corneal astigmatism (CA) by IA, to look for predictors of high IA in young adult myopes, and to determine if as CA changes IA changes to reduce refractive astigmatism (RA) in an active compensatory process in myopes.MethodsRight eye keratometry and cycloplegic autorefraction were measured annually over 14 years in 367 myopes and once in 204 non-myopes age- (mean 21.91 ± 1.47 years), gender-, and ethnicity-matched to myopes at year 12. CA and RA at the corneal plane were expressed as J0, J45. IA = RA − CA. Inverse power transformation provided cylinder power and axis of IA for the compensation factor (IA/CA). Analyses included (1) paired and unpairedt-tests (refractive data), (2) chi-square tests (distributions of compensation factor), (3) logistic regression analysis (predictors of high IA), and (4) linear mixed models (time effect on RA, CA, and IA).ResultsThe magnitude of IAJ0 varied by refractive error (myopes −0.25 ± 0.24 vs. non-myopes −0.32 ± 0.21, p < 0.001). Compensation of CA by IA was poorer in myopes than non-myopes (χ2p < 0.001). When matched by CA, compensation remained poorer in myopes than non-myopes (χ2all p ≤ 0.04). Within each refractive group, compensation was better when CA was low than high (χ2p < 0.001). When CA was low in myopes, high IA (≥1.00D) was less likely (p = 0.01). Longitudinal follow-up of myopes found no evidence for an active compensatory role for IA as CA increased over time. There were differences in IAJ0 by ethnicity over time (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsIn myopic and non-myopic eyes with low amounts of CA, IA may reduce CA’s contribution to RA, but IA is not a constant. However, there is no evidence for an active compensatory role for IA reducing CA in myopes.
Contact Lens Methods for Clinical Myopia Control
Authors: Turnbull Philip Raey Kidd , Munro Oliver James , Phillips John Robert 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
A number of optical methods for slowing myopia progression have been tested and are now available. However, data on real-world use in clinical use is scarce. Here, we present a review of the clinical outcomes for patients attending a specialist myopia control clinic at The University of Auckland Optometry School, NZ.

Case Series
We report a comparative case series of 110 patients (aged 4–33 years, mean: 12.13 ± 4.58 years, 62% female) who attended the clinic between 2010 and 2014. Fifty-six were prescribed orthokeratology, 32 dual focus soft contact lenses, and 22 received advice only. Initial myopia, vitreous and axial eye length, previous myopia progression, age, number of myopic parents, and gender were not significantly different between orthokeratology and dual focus soft contact lens groups. Mean follow-up time for the orthokeratology and dual focus lens groups was the same (orthokeratology: 1.30 ± 0.88 years; dual focus lens: 1.33 ± 0.80 years (p = 0.989)). There was a significant reduction in the annualized myopia progression in both groups (orthokeratology: −1.17 ± 0.55 to −0.09 ± 017 D/yr, p < 0.001; dual focus soft contact lens: −1.15 ± 0.46 to −0.10 ± 0.23 D/yr, p < 0.001). There was no difference between orthokeratology and dual focus lens treatment efficacy (p = 0.763), nor in axial or vitreous chamber length changes after treatment (p = 0.184). One adverse event was reported over the 4-year period.

Conclusions
Both orthokeratology and dual focus soft contact lenses are effective strategies for targeting myopia progression in the clinic. We saw no significant difference in the efficacy of the two methods in this regard, and so we believe there are very few barriers for any contact lens practitioner to be actively promoting myopia control treatment to at-risk patients.
Sedation and Analgesia in Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care
Authors: Nasr Viviane G. , DiNardo James A. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
This review will focus on the pharmacokinetics (with an emphasis on the context-sensitive half-time), pharmacodynamics, and hemodynamic characteristics of the most commonly used sedative/hypnotic, analgesic, and IV anesthetics used in cardiac intensive care. In addition, the assessment of pain and agitation and withdrawal will be reviewed.

Data Source:
MEDLINE, PubMed.

Conclusions:
Children in the cardiac ICU often require one or more components of general anesthesia: analgesia, amnesia (sedation and hypnosis), and muscle relaxation to facilitate mechanical ventilation, to manage postoperative pain, to perform necessary procedures, and to alleviate fear and anxiety. Furthermore, these same children are often vulnerable to hemodynamic instability due to unique underlying physiologic vulnerabilities. An assessment of hemodynamic goals, postoperative procedures to be performed, physiologic vulnerabilities, and the intended duration of mechanical ventilation should be made. Based on this assessment, the optimal selection of sedatives, analgesics, and if necessary, muscle relaxants can then be made.
Avoidance of Hospital-Acquired Infections in Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patients
Authors: Taylor Ruston S. , Shekerdemian Lara S. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
The objectives of this review are to discuss the prevalence and risk factors associated with the development of hospital-acquired infections in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery and the published antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens and rational approaches to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of nosocomial infections in these patients.

Data Source:
MEDLINE and PubMed.

Conclusion:
Hospital-acquired infections remain a significant source of potentially preventable morbidity and mortality in pediatric cardiac surgical patients. Through improved understanding of these conditions and implementation of avoidance strategies, centers caring for these patients may improve outcomes in this vulnerable population.
Fluid Management: Pharmacologic and Renal Replacement Therapies
Authors: Wald Eric L. , Finer Gal , McBride Mary E. , Nguyen Nguyenvu , Costello John M. , Epting Conrad L. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
Focusing on critically ill children with cardiac disease, we will review common causes of fluid perturbations, clinical recognition, and strategies to minimize and treat fluid-related complications.

Data Source:
MEDLINE and PubMed.

Conclusions:
Meticulous fluid management is vital in critically ill children with cardiac disease. Fluid therapy is important to maintain adequate blood volume and perfusion pressure in order to support cardiac output, tissue perfusion, and oxygen delivery. However, fluid overload and acute kidney injury are common and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Understanding the etiologies for disturbances in volume status and the pathophysiology surrounding those conditions is crucial for providing optimal care.
Global Perspectives On Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care
Authors: Penny Daniel J. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
The objectives of this review are to discuss the global epidemiology of cardiovascular disease, emphasizing congenital heart disease; to discuss the concept of epidemiologic transition and its role in studying the evolving epidemiology of disease; and to assess and address the global burden of congenital heart disease including its prevention and treatment.

Data Source:
MEDLINE and PubMed.

Conclusions:
Despite impressive reductions in mortality from congenital and acquired cardiovascular disease in high-income countries, these reductions have not been observed on a global scale. It will be necessary to continue our attempts to extend rational programs of care to middle- and low-income countries based on community empowerment, economics, and population health. The specialist in pediatric cardiac critical care can be a central driver of these programs.
Sepsis in Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care
Authors: Wheeler Derek S. , Wong Hector R. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
In this review, we will discuss risk factors for developing sepsis; the role of biomarkers in establishing an early diagnosis, in monitoring therapeutic efficacy, in stratification, and for the identification of sepsis endotypes; and the pathophysiology and management of severe sepsis and septic shock, with an emphasis on the impact of sepsis on cardiovascular function.

Data Source:
MEDLINE and PubMed.

Conclusions:
There is a lot of excitement in the field of sepsis research today. Scientific advances in the diagnosis and clinical staging of sepsis, as well as a personalized approach to the treatment of sepsis, offer tremendous promise for the future. However, at the same time, it is also evident that sepsis mortality has not improved enough, even with progress in our understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of sepsis.