bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory and Working Memory Representations of Small and Large Numerosities in the Crow Endbrain
Authors: Ditz Helen M. , Nieder Andreas 
Published: November 2016

Neurons in the avian nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), an endbrain structure that originated independently from the mammalian neocortex, process visual numerosities. To clarify the code for number in this anatomically distinct endbrain area in birds, neuronal responses to a broad range of numerosities were analyzed. We recorded single-neuron activity from the NCL of crows performing a delayed match-to-sample task with visual numerosities as discriminanda. The responses of >20% of randomly selected neurons were modulated significantly by numerosities ranging from one to 30 items. Numerosity-selective neurons showed bell-shaped tuning curves with one of the presented numerosities as preferred numerosity regardless of the physical appearance of the items. The resulting labeled-line code exhibited logarithmic compression obeying the Weber–Fechner law for magnitudes. Comparable proportions of selective neurons were found, not only during stimulus presentation, but also in the delay phase, indicating a dominant role of the NCL in numerical working memory. Both during sensory encoding and memorization of numerosities in working memory, NCL activity predicted the crows' number discrimination performance. These neuronal data reveal striking similarities across vertebrate taxa in their code for number despite convergently evolved and anatomically distinct endbrain structures.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBirds are known for their capabilities to process numerical quantity. However, birds lack a six-layered neocortex that enables primates with numerical competence. We aimed to decipher the neuronal code for numerical quantity in the independently and distinctly evolved endbrain of birds. We recorded the activity of neurons in an endbrain association area termed nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) from crows that assessed and briefly memorized numerosities from one to 30 dots. We report a neuronal code for sensory representation and working memory of numerosities in the crow NCL exhibiting several characteristics that are surprisingly similar to the ones found in primates. Our data suggest a common code for number in two different vertebrate taxa that has evolved based on convergent evolution.
Use of Gastroesophageal Reflux Medications in Premature Infants After NICU Discharge
Authors: D’Agostino Jo Ann , Passarella Molly , Martin Ashley E. , Lorch Scott A. 
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVES:
To describe the epidemiology and management of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) medications started in the first year of life for premature infants.

METHODS:
Retrospective review of a cohort of infants ≤35 weeks’ gestation presenting for care by 168 days of age to a 30-site network between 2005 and 2009 (n = 2217) and followed to 3 years of age. Medication frequency, types, and duration of use were assessed. Logistic regression identified factors associated with treatment.

RESULTS:
Thirty-seven percent (812) were prescribed GER medications with 77% begun after NICU discharge. Ninety percent (727) received histamine-2 receptor antagonists, 33% (269) proton pump inhibitors, 22% (182) prokinetics; 40% (325) received &gt;1 medication. Outpatient medication was initiated at 95 ± 69 days of life for total of 294 ± 249 days (interquartile ratio: 117–359). Feeding issues (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–3.39) were associated with outpatient initiation. Forty-three percent (322) of infants started before 6 months were still on at 1 year of age associated with gestational age &lt;32 weeks (aOR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.16–2.67), chronic lung disease (aOR 2.59, 95% CI: 1.29–5.22), and reactive airways disease (aOR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.05–2.65).

CONCLUSIONS:
Of the 37% of the cohort on GER medications, 77% were started after NICU discharge with prolonged use of medications. Feeding difficulties were associated with starting medication and markers of chronic lung disease with continuation of treatment. With uncertain evidence of efficacy, use of these medications in a high-risk population should be carefully evaluated.
Reproductive phenology of Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis in the Abies religiosa temperate forest of the Magdalena river basin, Mexico City
Authors: Bonilla-Valencia Leticia , Castillo-Argüero Silvia , Martínez-Orea Yuriana 
Published: November 2016

Background . Reproductive phenology studies in temperate forests of Mexico are scarce and none of them takes into account micro-environmental factors. As an example, there are no studies of the reproductive dynamics of Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis , the elderberry.
Questions . How do environmental factors, at general and micro-scales are related to the production of flowers and fruits of Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis ?
Study species . Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis is distributed in Abies religiosa (fir) forests of Mexico and it is associated to areas of anthropogenic disturbance.
Study site and dates . Temperate forest in the Magdalena river basin, April 2012 to May 2013.
Methods . The percentages of flowers and fruits of 103 individuals were registered and precipitation, temperature, light and soil chemical properties were characterized as well. To find out the relation between reproductive phenology and the environmental factors we carried out Spearman´s correlations as well as a Canonical Correspondence Analysis for the micro- environmental factors.
Results . Percentages of flowers and fruits showed a relation with the general factors of precipitation, temperature and light. In the micro-environments with the highest light amounts the percentages of fruits were the highest, while the microenvironments with the highest nitrogen, organic matter concentrations and soil moisture, showed the highest flower percentages.
Conclusions . We showed that general factors as well as micro-environmental ones have an influence on the proportions of flowers and fruits of the study species in different ways, these knowledges show the reproductive dynamics of this species.
MUSYAWARATUTTHALIBIN DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Maksum Muhammad Nur 
Published: November 2016

Musyawaratutthalibin didirikan pada saat rakyat Indonesia sedang berada dalam belenggu penjajahan kolonial Belanda. Sebagai rakyat jajahan penduduk Indonesia memikul berbagai beban berat dari pemerintah kolonial. Mereka hampir tidak mempunyai kesempatan untuk mengerjakan tanahnya dengan bebas dan baik. Dalam lapangan ekonomi, khususnya di bidang perdagangan, pemerintah Belanda berusaha menguras kekayaan alam dan memperalat bangsa asing lainnya terutama Cina.Perbedaan warna kulit atau asal kebangsaan menentukan status sosial penduduk. Susunan masyarakat feodal ikut memberikan keleluasan dalam penerapan sistem ini. Dalam bidang pendidikan, rakyat Indonesia sangat jauh terbelakang.Musyawaratutthalibin memiliki beberapa ciri khas, antara lain koperatif, moderat, modern, dan pembaharu. Walaupun dalam faham keagamaan Musyawaratutthalibin lebih cocok dengan kaum tuha, tetapi dalam penampilan di bidang umum lainnya, organisasi ini terkesan bercorak modern. Guru-guru dan pengurus di berbagai cabang tampil dengan pakaian pantolan, pakai jas dan dasi. Para penggerak organisasi ini juga menggiatkan olahraga seperti sepak bola, bulu tangkis dan pancak silat untuk menarik para pemuda.
University teachers' action research: An adventure into uncharted waters?
Authors: Rahimi Ali , Madani Ahmad , Rahimi Hamid 
Published: November 2016

One of the main approaches of educational systems in enhancing the teaching quality has been increasing teachers' action research skills. The objective of this study has been identification of university teachers' action research skills in higher education in Iran. The population under study has been all teachers at University of Kashan, Iran (283) from which 189 teachers have been randomly selected. The instrument employed has been a self-made questionnaire which assessed teachers' action research skills based upon four factors (diagnostic Skills, attitude towards action research, data collection skills, and practical action research abilities). The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach' Alfa as 0.852 and this is indicative of the high reliability and internal consistency of the instrument. This study clearly showed that a large number of university teachers have no information about the role of action research in improving the quality of teaching and learning. Data analysis showed that even noticeable differences are not observed in the behavior of teachers familiar with action research and those who are unfamiliar with it. The most interesting finding of this study was the discovery that all university teachers were able to recognize the issues and topics related to their profession (topic recognition skill) and are deeply preoccupied with such issues (attitude towards action research), but they lacked the necessary skills to cope with these issues and make the relevant practical decisions (data collection skills and practical action research). To overcome this deficiency, the researchers suggest in-service educational programs organized by university authorities with the aim of turning teachers to researchers familiar with action research skills.
Keywords: Action research, Teaching, Educational Supervision, Enhancement of Teaching Quality, University Teachers.
Mistakes, Errors and Foul-Ups: Practice-Based Evidence for Evidence Based Practice
Authors: Turner Mark 
Published: November 2016

In human medicine, the management of care to ensure safety for the service-user constitutes an important element of the patient ‘journey.’ The name given to this discipline is patient safety. It is founded upon those elements of good medical practice which help avoid or mitigate human error. Investigations in the U.S. first highlighted the alarming extent of medical error: Brennan et al. (1991) concluded that in the state of New York, the overall rate of adverse events was approximately 4% for hospitalised patients, which equated to over 13,000 deaths a year. Doctors looked to other safety critical industries and aviation in particular (Reason 1995), to address this phenomenon: there is now a wealth of research on the impact of various safety initiatives on measurable rates of harm. The World Health Organisation’s ‘Safe Surgery Saves Lives’ initiative - a campaign that advocates the use of a surgical checklist to standardise aspects of peri-operative care - is one example of aviation methodology successfully employed in a clinical setting (van Klei et al. 2012). The critical importance of effective communication, leadership and situational awareness has also been discussed at length in the human patient safety literature.ObjectivesVeterinary patient safety is an analogous discipline and researchers have attempted to understand more about the topic of veterinary medical error. However, the evidence-base for veterinary patient safety is sparse. This presentation aims to summarise the evidence to date and highlight the benefits in practice of an emerging subject. MethodA search of the terms veterinary patient safety on the PubMed database from 1990 to 2016 was performed.Findings15 articles were identified as contributing to the veterinary patient safety literature.OutcomeThe available literature has addressed a number of areas. The use of checklists in a clinical setting has been proven to reduce the incidence of specific undesirable events: alterations to a standard anaesthetic protocol in light of a clinical audit led to a demonstrable improvement in one North American university hospital (Hofmeister et al. 2014).Research into the progenitors of mistakes in practice reveal the effect of poor communication and a lack of team work (Kinnison et al. 2015). Research has also investigated vets’ attitudes toward error and their experiences of it. The psychological precursors to error in our industry seem to mirror those found in human medicine (Oxtoby et al. 2015). The evidence supporting a new attitude and approach to veterinary patient safety is growing.
Penerapan Fitur Warna Untuk Identifikasi Plasmodium Falciparum pada Sediaan Apus Darah Menggunakan MK-Means dan Jaringan Backpropagation
Authors: Hamid Mustamin 
Published: November 2016

<p><strong>Abstract - This research proposed a system to identify Plasmodium falciparum on blood smear using the neural network backpropagation. Modified K-Means (MK-Means) is used to separate between the object with the background image because that method was able to equalize the value of fitness at all Center cluster so there is no dead center and can also cope with the local minimum value. The extraction of the features used in this study consists of color features i.e. calculation of the mean, standard deviation, skewness, curtosis and entropy of co-occurent matrix with the purpose to get the values of all the trait value image, obtained are then used to train a neural network with the backpropagation training algorithm. Method of backpropagation networks capable of acquiring knowledge even though there is no certainty, able to perform a generalization and extraction of a specific data pattern.</strong></p><p><strong> </strong><strong>The image of the preparations blood smear are classified using the method of neural network Backpropagation. The test results obtained from Tropozoit with the accuracy 100%, scizon 80% and gametocytes 80%. Identification is then obtained outcomes the introduction with an average accuracy of 86,66%.</strong></p>
A Comparative Study on Corporate Governance Standards and Practices with Special Reference to Indian Banking Industry
Authors: Hameed Syed Abdul 
Published: November 2016

<div><p><em>The vital constituent of an economy are Banks. The significance of banking sector is highlighted by the fact that it is an internationally regulated industry and the banks are under the purview of financial regulators of the country. It is of pivotal significance that the banks have robust corporate governance. A new clause 49 was introduced by SEBI in the listing agreement before a decade mentioning the principles of corporate governance to be followed by the listed companies. In the following years SEBI revised clause 49 several times after incorporating the recommendation of various committees. After taking into account the various trends and factors related to corporate Governance the topic entitled. "A comparative study of corporate standards and practices with special reference to Indian Banking Industry" has been drafted to assess the structure and processes of corporate governance followed by select banks in India and their effectiveness in the content of substance and quality of reporting of corporate governance activities in the annual reports. The study also looks in to the state of compliance of key governance benchmarks in the select banks and offers suggestions to accomplish better governance standards. </em></p></div>
The Contribution of Rice Agriculture to Methylmercury in Surface Waters: A Review of Data from the Sacramento Valley, California
Authors: Tanner K. Christy , Windham‐Myers Lisamarie , Fleck Jacob A. , Tate Kenneth W. , McCord Stephen A. , Linquist Bruce A. 
Published: November 2016

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a bioaccumulative pollutant produced in and exported from flooded soils, including those used for rice (Oriza sativa L.) production. Using unfiltered aqueous MeHg data from MeHg monitoring programs in the Sacramento River watershed from 1996 to 2007, we assessed the MeHg contribution from rice systems to the Sacramento River. Using a mixed‐effects regression analysis, we compared MeHg concentrations in agricultural drainage water from rice‐dominated regions (AgDrain) to MeHg concentrations in the Sacramento and Feather Rivers, both upstream and downstream of AgDrain inputs. We also calculated MeHg loads from AgDrains and the Sacramento and Feather Rivers. Seasonally, MeHg concentrations were higher during November through May than during June through October, but the differences varied by location. Relative to upstream, November through May AgDrain least‐squares mean MeHg concentration (0.18 ng L−1, range 0.15–0.23 ng L−1) was 2.3‐fold higher, while June through October AgDrain mean concentration (0.097 ng L−1, range 0.6–1.6 ng L−1) was not significantly different from upstream. June through October AgDrain MeHg loads contributed 10.7 to 14.8% of the total Sacramento River MeHg load. Missing flow data prevented calculation of the percent contribution of AgDrains in November through May. At sites where calculation was possible, November through May loads made up 70 to 90% of the total annual load. Elevated flow and MeHg concentration in November through May both contribute to the majority of the AgDrain MeHg load occurring during this period. Methylmercury reduction efforts should target elevated November through May MeHg concentrations in AgDrains. However, our findings suggest that the contribution and environmental impact of rice is an order of magnitude lower than previous studies in the California Yolo Bypass.Core Ideas
We studied the impact of rice production on MeHg at the watershed scale.
MeHg concentration was elevated in agricultural drainage water during November through May.
Watershed‐scale MeHg loads were lower than expected based on field studies.
A New Model Using Dynamic Contact Angle to Predict Hysteretic Soil Water Retention Curve
Authors: Rafraf Samia , Guellouz Lamia , Guiras Houda , Bouhlila Rachida 
Published: November 2016

Core Ideas
We predicted the initial drying, main wetting, main drying, water retention, and scanning curves.
The model uses a process‐dependent contact angle determination.
An experimental water retention curve was determined on clayey soils in slurry form.
We present a water retention model able to predict the hysteretic response of soils during wetting–drying cycles. This model is an extension of the original Arya–Paris (AP) model. We improved the model—first by linking the empirical parameter in the AP model, a soil water retention model, to physical properties of the soil, like tortuosity, porosity, and the air‐entry point, and second by including the influence of hydraulic hysteresis through calculating the liquid–solid advancing and receding contact angles and taking into account the influence of volume change directly by considering the evolution of the soil water retention curves with void ratio variation. We assumed that the cyclic drying–wetting paths would depend on both void ratio and contact angle determination. Finally, our model performances were validated by comparison with experimental results on three soils in slurry form—two clays and a silty sand—and data from the literature for Hostun sand.
Issues Related to Occupational Safety during Work with Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Malyshevska Olga , Myshchenko Iryna , Suslyk Zoriana 
Published: November 2016

Labor conditions of junior medical staff at oncological institutions and risks arising in the course of their work are considered in the present article.Topicality. Monitoring of hygienic conditions of labor which was conducted at cancer oncological institutions of Ukraine has shown that 80-85% of junior medical staff’ work conditions do not correspond to requirements of occupational health and safety standards and refer to harmful and dangerous category of work.That’s why research focused on health protection of junior medical staff during work with carcinogens as well as introduction of newest health and safety procedures into learning process are very actual and advanced.Research statement. Most anticancer drugs that are used for oncology patients’ treatment have expressed non-selective, toxic effects on the body as well as mutagenic, carcinogenic influence. However, not only treated patient’s organism is affected by such exposure but junior medical staff that prepares, administrates and does utilization of drugs as well. That’s why this category of medical staff needs maximal protection. Also their work conditions require maximal control and correspondence to occupational safety rules. Aim of the article. Introduction of questions related with occupational safety during work with anticancer drugs to the learning process of discipline “Occupational safety in the kind of business”. The main goal of this introduction is informing and teaching of further medical workers of procedures’ complex that form safety work conditions at the work with anticancer drugs.Substantiation of necessity of introduction questions related to occupational safety during work with anticancer drugs in training program of junior medical staff with the aim of safety conditions arrangement.
Sistem Perburuan Landak Moncong Panjang (Zaglossus bruijnii) pada Masyarakat Kampung Waibem dan Kampung Saukorem Tambrauw, Papua Barat
Authors: Awak Tresia Frida , Fatem Sepus , Yohanita Aksamina 
Published: November 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sistem perburuan landak moncong panjang (Zaglossus bruijnii) oleh masyarakat kampung Waibem dan Saukorem, Kabupaten Tambrauw. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kampung Waibem dan Saukorem selama 1 bulan, yaitu sejak bulan Juli-Agustus 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan teknik observasi lapangan dan wawancara semi struktural yang mengacu pada daftar kuisioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa umumnya masyarakat Kampung Waibem dan Saukorem melakukan perburuan dengan 3 (tiga) tujuan, yaitu untuk dikonsumsi, dijual, dan sebagai hiburan. Masyarakat Kampung Waibem dan Saukorem berburu landak moncong panjang dengan menggunakan jerat, parang, bantuan anjing, dan berburu secara visual (bantuan mata). Waktu berburu landak moncong panjang adalah sehabis hujan, bulan sabit, dan pada malam hari. Pengembangan ekowisata berbasis satwa landak moncong panjang menjadi salah satu strategi untuk menambah pendapatan masyarakat pada kedua kampung serta secara perlahan-lahan mengurangi tingkat perburuan masyarakat.Kata kunci: sistem perburuan, Zaglossus bruijnii, landak moncong panjang, Saukorem Village, Waibem Village Hunting system of long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijnii) by Waibem and Saukorem local communities, Tambrauw Regency, West PapuaAbstractThe objective of this research was to investigate hunting system of western long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijnii) by Waibem and Saukorem Local Communities, Tambrauw Regency in Papua Province of Indonesia during July to August 2014. The observation technique and semi-structural interview were carried out by asking local people through questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive method. The result shows that local people in Waibem and Saukorem villagers generally do hunting for consumption, commercial/sale and hobby. The hunting method used by these communities were lasso, chopping knife, dog, and visual hunting. Hunting time of western long-beaked echidnais normally done after rain, crescent moon, and during night. Eco-tourism development is expected to increase the income of local people as well as reducing hunting pressure of this species.