bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double‐blinded randomised placebo‐controlled clinical trial of individualised homeopathic treatment of hyperthyroid cats
Authors: Bodey A. L. , Almond C. J. , Holmes M. A. 
Published: January 2017

Feline hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disorder in older cats for which homeopathic treatment has been advocated. A double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled randomised trial was performed to look for evidence of efficacy for the use of individualised homeopathy in the treatment of this disease. Using a case definition of a concentration of the thyroid hormone T4 >66 nmol/l, cats were randomised into two treatment arms. Either a placebo or a homeopathic treatment was given to each cat blindly. After 21 days, the T4 levels, weight (Wt) and heart rate (HR) were compared with pretreatment values. There were no statistically significant differences in the changes seen between the two treatment arms following placebo or homeopathic treatment (T4 P=0.96, Wt P=0.16, HR P=0.36) or between the means of each parameter for either treatment arm before and after placebo or homeopathic treatment (all P values >0.13). In a second phase of the study, patients in both treatment arms were given methimazole treatment for 21 days and T4, Wt and HR determined again. Again there were no statistically significant differences between the groups, but there were statistically significant reductions in T4 (P<0.0001) and HR (P=0.02), and a statistically significant increase in Wt (P=0.004) in both groups compared with their pre‐methimazole treatment levels. The results of this study failed to provide any evidence of the efficacy of homeopathic treatment of feline hyperthyroidism.
Transfer of Allogeneic CD4+ T Cells Rescues CD8+ T Cells in Anti-PD-L1–Resistant Tumors Leading to Tumor Eradication
Authors: Arina Ainhoa , Karrison Theodore , Galka Eva , Schreiber Karin , Weichselbaum Ralph R. , Schreiber Hans 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAdoptively transferred CD8+ T cells can stabilize the size of solid tumors over long periods of time by exclusively recognizing antigen cross-presented on tumor stroma. However, these tumors eventually escape T-cell–mediated growth control. The aim of this study was to eradicate such persistent cancers. In our model, the SIYRYYGL antigen is expressed by cancer cells that lack the MHC-I molecule Kb needed for direct presentation, but the antigen is picked up and cross-presented by tumor stroma. A single injection of antigen-specific 2C CD8+ T cells caused long-term inhibition of tumor growth, but without further intervention, tumors started to progress after approximately 3 months. Escape was associated with reduced numbers of circulating 2C cells. Tumor-infiltrating 2C cells produced significantly less TNFα and expressed more of the “exhaustion” markers PD-1 and Tim-3 than T cells from lymphoid organs. High-dose local ionizing radiation, depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, infusions of additional 2C cells, and antibodies blocking PD-L1 did not prevent tumor escape. In contrast, adoptive transfer of allogeneic CD4+ T cells restored the numbers of circulating Ag-specific CD8+ T cells and their intratumoral function, resulting in tumor eradication. These CD4+ T cells had no antitumor effects in the absence of CD8+ T cells and recognized the alloantigen cross-presented on tumor stroma. CD4+ T cells might also be effective in cancer patients when PD-1/PD-L1 blockade does not rescue intratumoral CD8+ T-cell function and tumors persist. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(2); 127–36. ©2017 AACR.
The Limits of Compensation: Swiss Neutrality Policy in the Cold War
Authors: Fischer Thomas , Möckli Daniel 
Published: January 2017

Switzerland was in a unique place among European countries after World War II. Although situated in the center of Europe, it had not been attacked by Nazi Germany and therefore emerged from the war with a strong economy, stable political institutions, and social cohesion. The experience of World War II forged a collective identity different from that in other continental states. The Swiss had a deep emotional commitment to neutrality and a conviction that autonomous defense would continue to be an effective security strategy after 1945. The Swiss government acknowledged the need for, and indeed was supportive of, the new United Nations collective security system. The Swiss were well aware of the benefits of Western collective defense and European integration as the Cold War divide came about. But Switzerland was willing to associate with these new multilateral governance structures only to the extent that they did not negatively affect neutrality or, in the case of European integration, Swiss economic interests.
Cathexes and Their Objects in The Thought of Sigmund Freud
Authors: McIntosh Donald 
Published: January 2017

This paper reexamines Freud's theory of “cathexis” (a quantity of motivational intensity invested in an object) in the light of recent developments in philosophy and cognitive psychology. Contrary to what is often thought, the quantitative element is defensible as a purely psychological idea. The notion of a cathexis is closely similar to the philosophical idea of an “intentional” state, which derives from Franz Brentano, Freud's teacher and mentor. Freud initially held the object of a cathexis always to be intrapsychic, a position which is untenable and which he largely abandoned after 1915, when he began (correctly) to take cathected objects generally to be persons or events, not their representations. His idea of a cathexis as “entering into” its object contains a valuable and neglected insight, which undermines the centrality of the distinction between the “outer” and “inner” realms of experience. This distinction should not be confused with the key distinction between “fantasy” and “actuality” with respect to cathectic objects. So-called “inner” (fantasy) objects are generally “inside” the mind in a metaphorical sense only.
Canada and the United States: Twenty-Five Years of Economic Relations
Authors: Diebold William 
Published: January 2017

A particular problem for Canada was the ambivalent nature of her relationship with the United States. Canadians were anxious to maintain, at the same time, full political independence and a close military alliance with the United States. They insisted upon economic independence, but they wanted the benefits of American participation in the development of their economy. Richard Preston, Canada in World Affairs 1959 to 1961
Association between posttraumatic stress and acceptance of social changes: Findings from a general population study and proposal of a new concept
Authors: Kazlauskas Evaldas , Zelviene Paulina 
Published: January 2017

Background: There is a growing understanding of the importance of the social factors of posttraumatic stress disorder. Aims: This study expands research on association between posttraumatic stress and social factors by introducing the measure of the acceptance of social changes and evaluating possible links between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and acceptance of social changes. Methods: A general population sample ( n = 778) aged from 18 to 89 years ( M = 40.2) from Lithuania participated in our study, of whom 68% reported exposure to traumatic events. Posttraumatic stress reactions were measured with the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R), and acceptance of social changes was measured with the Acceptance of Social Changes Instrument (SOCHI) developed by the authors of this study. Results: About 8% of the participants had a potential posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. Acceptance of social changes was negatively associated with posttraumatic stress. PTSD was related to lower acceptance of social changes ( d = .61). Structural equation model (SEM) revealed the mediating role of PTSD for acceptance of social changes following trauma exposure. Conclusion: Findings of our study indicate that the acceptance of social changes might be an important psychosocial factor of PTSD.
A Psychosocial Approach to Arson — A Case Controlled Study of Female Offenders
Authors: Noblett Stephen , Nelson Belinda 
Published: January 2017

Few studies of arsonists have focused specifically on females, many of whom have historically avoided prosecution. This study examines demographic details, psychopathology and personality characteristics of female arsonists and violent offenders in custody and compares them with an age matched group of comparison females. A significantly greater number of arsonists admitted to a history of deliberate self-harm and to sexual abuse as a child. The results emphasize the degree of psychosocial disadvantage in female arsonists and fit the model of displaced aggression in that female arsonists in this study are found to be less assertive and may displace their aggression onto property due to their inability to confront people directly. This channelling of aggression may be seen as an attempt to influence their environment and improve their self-esteem where other means have failed. Many of the findings match those of a previous study of male Special Hospital arsonists and indicate the need for larger studies within prison and hospital settings. Based on the potential areas for clinical intervention, prospective treatment studies of arsonists offer exciting implications in terms of risk management and may begin to address the needs of this severely disadvantaged group.
Fatal ‘Bhang’ Poisoning
Authors: Gupta B D , Jani C B , Shah P H 
Published: January 2017

A young adult male of about 25 years of age consumed a glass (about 300ml) of Bhang on the holy occasion of ShivRatri. The deceased died within 24 hours of consuming the Bhang. The deceased had suffered from rheumatic heart disease with multiple valvular involvements. He had also undergone open-heart surgery in the past. Fatality due to Bhang is extremely rare and therefore the case is presented. An attempt is made to review the literature. Bhang is one of the Indian preparations of Indian hemp ( Cannabis sativa). It is prepared by the wet grinding of the leaves of the plant. The bolus is then consumed in various ways. Water is used as a vehicle. In the present case a bolus of about 1 to 2 gm was mixed in a glass of water. ShivRatri is a Hindu festival. On this day prayers are offered to Lord Shiva, who is the god of all evils and poisons. Bhang is a special article, which is offered to Lord Shiva on this auspicious day. Then, the devotees consume it as the God. Gujrat is a dry state (possession, consumption, sale, etc. of alcohol, Bhang, opium and other psychotropic substance, etc. is governed by particular laws), but on the holy occasion of ShivRati, for a day, the law is relaxed for the use of Bhang. In most other parts of the country, particularly, in northern India, it is a common practice to consume various preparations of Indian hemp like Bhang, Charas, Ganja, sweetmeat, etc. The bolus mentioned above is probably the minimum single dose.
The Use of Experts in Medical Malpractice Litigation in Japan
Authors: Sakamoto Noriko , Maeda Shoichi , Ikeda Noriaki , Ishibashi Hiromi , Nobutomo Koichi 
Published: January 2017

In medical malpractice litigation, the cooperation of medical experts is important. However, the appointment of experts has become problematic in Japan, apparently because many medical experts refuse to act in this capacity. However, this supposition has not until now been supported by quantitative evidence, since the fact that so few judgments in Japan are published made it impossible to investigate the situation. Therefore, we aim to show the state of the use of experts in medical malpractice litigation using objective data. Over the last ten years, the rate of the use of experts has averaged only 22.5%, varying according to region. Experts were used in 24.5% of cases involving an attorney on the patient's side, and in only 3.4% of cases where no attorney was used. The success rate of patients was higher when experts were adopted (39.1%) than when they were not (29.9%). The length of litigation involving experts was 4.0 years, and 2.7 years when no expert was involved. This research suggested the necessity of establishing a formal cooperation system as soon as possible in Japan with no regional maldistribution.
Small Coronary Vessel Disease and Sudden Coronary Death
Authors: Vanhorn Elizabeth J. , Gallagher Patrick J. 
Published: January 2017

In an attempt to determine the importance of atherosclerosis in medium-sized coronary arteries, the hearts of 20 patients dying of cardiac disease, within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms, were compared with 19 controls. Post-mortem coronary angiograms were performed and the coronary arteries dissected in detail. Severe stenoses, or complete occlusions, were present in 34 of 80 major coronary arteries in the sudden cardiac death (SCD) group and 5 of 76 in the controls. Medium-sized branch vessels were severely stenosed or occluded in 20.5 per cent (37 of 180 vessels) in the SCD group and 6.4 per cent (11 of 171 vessels) in the controls. Forty of the 48 diseased branch vessels arose from the left anterior descending artery. In the SCD group. IS patients died from major coronary artery atheroma, one from hypertensive heart disease and only one from disease of a branch vessel. We conclude that, in most cases of SCD. careful macroscopic examination of the major coronary vessels will provide an adequate explanation for death. Detailed dissection of all medium-sized branch vessels is unlikely to be of value as a routine procedure but, at the very least, pathologists should identify and dissect the first septal and diagonal branches of the left anterior descending artery in every post-mortem.
The Application of Control Charts in Breath Alcohol Measurement Systems
Authors: Gullberg R G 
Published: January 2017

Measurement provides numerical information, usually to assist in some decision process. Quality control is fundamental to the measurement process if the results are to provide confidence to the decision maker. The degree of quality control required depends on the context and purpose of the measurements. Quality control is particularly important in the forensic measurement of breath alcohol in light of the significant consequences involved. Control charts are an important and widely used tool in quality control for both measuring and manufacturing processes. They help evaluate measurement variability and provide a visual assessment of the system's state of statistical control. Control charts can be developed and applied in a variety of different ways. Several examples are illustrated that apply control charts to breath alcohol measuring systems. Application of these methods should result in improved process monitoring in addition to improved confidence for forensic purposes.
Haemoglobin Level in Scottish Intensive Care Patients — A National One Day Survey
Authors: Garrioch M.A. , Fletcher G. C. , Holmes A.P 
Published: January 2017

Objectives were to determine haemoglobin (Hb) levels present in patients and blood ordering habits of clinicians within Scottish Intensive Care Units (ICUs) on one typical day. A questionnaire survey (February 29 2000) was sent to all adult Scottish ICUs. All patients present in the responding adult ICUs in Scotland on the above date were included. Measurements and main results: Nineteen (73%) of the 26 Scottish Adult Intensive Care Units (ICUs) responded to the questionnaire. Data were received from 78 patients, 8 (10%) received blood. Mean initial Hb was 102 g/l (range 63–138). Modal transfusion trigger haemoglobin was 80 g/l in 38% of subjects at first trigger, 100 g/l in 24% of cases. No intensive care unit allowed haemoglobin to fall below 70 g/l and no patients were transfused when measured Hb was greater than 100 g/l. The presence of ischaemic heart disease was the second most important trigger to transfuse after haemoglobin level. Modal transfusion was 2 units (n=7). Only one patient received a single unit transfusion. Conclusions: Scottish ICUs maintain Hb between 70 and 100 g/l but clinicians are currently not consistent when ordering blood. More investigation is required to determine the optimal haemoglobin in our ICU population.
Vocational Training for General Practice and Educational Objectives
Authors: Knox J. D. E. 
Published: January 2017

The knowledge, skills and attitudes appropriate to general practice are concerned with clinical medicine and disease processes modified by consideration of human development and human behaviour. These considerations also determine to a greater extent than in hospital the manner in which therapy is prescribed and patients managed. General practice however is concerned not only with patients and their families, but with a practice population and with the organisation of primary, continuing and long-term medical care. Within this framework the general practitioner deploys skills necessary to gather information on an extended scale; to form personal relationships; to identify problems; to initiate solutions and to order appropriate priorities. In making his decisions he must learn to be clinically effective although using scientifically inadequate data. While general practice has progressed from the empirical and intuitive philosophy summed up in the oft-repeated ‘general practice isn't something you can teach, my boy, it has to be learned by years of experience !’ there is still sufficient truth in that saying to stimulate further effort to clarify our thinking and define our educational objectives. In this way it is intended that the doctor of the future, better equipped and better trained, will meet more fully the needs of his patients and society.
Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Metabolic Decompensation in Diabetes
Authors: Campbell I. W. , Munro J. F. , Duncan L. J. P. 
Published: January 2017

Eleven diabetics with hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic metabolic decompensation are described. In all but one an underlying cause was detected. Three had experienced previous episodes of severe ketoacidosis. The management was facilitated by the use of hypotonic fluid and the 2 deaths that occurred have been attributed to underlying disease. Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma is not a distinct clinical entity either with regard to aetiology, prognosis or treatment, but rather is one end of a wide spectrum of severe diabetic metabolic decompensation.
Clinical Bacteriology of Cephazolin
Authors: McAllister T. A. , Tait Susan C. , Perman Mary G. , Park Alison C. 
Published: January 2017

Cephazolin, the latest parenteral cephalosporin produced by substitution of heterocyclic groups on the 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) nucleus, became available for clinical use in the U.K. in 1974. Its history is traced from the original Sardinian mould (1945) through isolation of cephalosporin C (1953) and 7-ACA (1962) to its discovery (1969) and subsequent clinical use. Its mode of action is examined and its bactericidal nature confirmed. MICs of over 500 common pathogens are used to define its spectrum. The cut-off point for sensitivity and resistance is taken as 20 mg. per l. With 30 μg. discs zone sizes ≤ 14 mm. indicate resistance. The clinical relevance of MICs and attainable serum and urine levels is examined by relating them to clinical response in 12 patients. A disc study compares cephazolin with 4 other available cephalosporins, namely cephaloridine, cephalothin, cephalexin and cephradine. Many major discrepancies indicate that they are not interchangeable. The laboratory and clinical implications are discussed, including the need for local policy decisions regarding choice of preparation. The change from a parenteral to an oral form should be preceded by a sensitivity test against the causal organism. The validity of using a single representative disc is questioned and the use of phrases such as ‘sensitive to the cephalosporins’ deprecated. Cephazolin is potent, broad-spectrum and bactericidal and is potentially life-saving in serious hospital infections. The cephalosporins rival the aminoglycosides as ‘best-guess’ primary choice and are preferable in pregnancy, the puerperium and in pulmonary infections. Within the group cephazolin will seriously challenge or even oust cephaloridine and cephalothin.
Cephazolin Sodium in the Management of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Gow J. G. 
Published: January 2017

Forty-three patients were treated with cephazolin sodium, a parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic for 45 episodes of urinary tract infection complicated by a variety of underlying conditions. In 42 episodes, there was a satisfactory clinical response, and in 37 episodes this was associated with elimination of the bacterial pathogen from the urine. In 21 out of 31 patients available for examination 3 months later, the urine was still free of bacteria. A relatively prolonged plasma half-life and high urinary concentrations of the drug permit successful treatment of urinary tract infections with injections given only twice daily.
No Alcohol, but Wine is Permitted: A Survey of Obstetric Units in Scotland
Authors: McGarva K. , Murray A. K. 
Published: January 2017

Many health-care professionals have expressed increasing concern over the growing use of licit and illicit substances. Considerable interest has also been shown in the effects of substance use on the developing fetus. In view of both the media and academic coverage of this subject, the possible dangers to health of both mother and child should (presumably) be common knowledge. It would seem reasonable, therefore, to assume that screening women in the early ante-natal period for their use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs would be routine practice. This survey attempted to obtain an overview of the approach of ante-natal clinics to substance use and, if possible, identify any areas of need which might exist. The responses obtained indicate that the approach taken by midwives and obstetricians was not uniform. A number of factors were identified as influencing service provision.
The Fate of Natural Law at the Turning of the Ages
Authors: Ziegler Philip G. 
Published: January 2017

With an eye to the present resurgence of interest in natural law within Protestant theology and ethics, the author explores the transformation of the concept of the “natural” within Paul's telling of the gospel of God as presented in the work of J. Louis Martyn and others in the so-called Union School. What does a quest for moral order via natural law have to do with the ethical question as Paul puts it: “Who is Lord?” or “Who owns the earth?” The apocalyptic gospel renders that the apocalyptic gospel renders untenable claims that a rationally accessible moral order of creation simply abides undisturbed by the outworking of the drama of salvation. Attention to the cosmic dimensions of Paul's witness raises a sharp challenge to the viability of natural law ethics within any Christian theology that hopes to keep faith with the twice-born apostle, even as other ways of achieving the aims pursued by appeal to natural law are opened up thereby. The concept of the natural must be recovered on the basis of the gospel itself.