bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translating Policies into Informal Settlements' Critical Services: Reframing, Anchoring and Muddling Through
Authors: Kain Jaan‐Henrik , Nyakinya Belinda , Odhiambo Nicholas , Oloko Michael , Omolo John , Otieno Silas , Zapata Patrik , Zapata Campos María José 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThis paper examines how policies and plans are translated into informal settlements' practice. It builds on literature on policy implementation practice and organization studies, and more particularly, it applies the concepts of reframing, anchoring and muddling through. The paper is informed by the case of Kisumu City in Kenya and its Kisumu Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan and its implementation on Kisumu's informal settlements. The plan was funded by the Swedish International Development Agency through the United Nations Human Settlement Programme and implemented from 2007 to 2009. The study is based on action research carried out by a multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary group of researchers, through focus groups, participatory workshops, collaborative action, in‐depth interviews, document analysis and observations. The paper examines what original aspects of Kisumu Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan were translated, that is, which ones faded out and which ones became stabilized into and travel as ‘best practices’ to other locations. The paper shows how the generation of ‘best practices’ can be loosely coupled with the practices that policy seeks to change. It concludes, in line with previous research in the field, how successful policy implementation is based on cultural and political interpretations rather on evidence of improved practices. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decentralization as a Post‐Conflict Stabilization Tool: The Case of Sierra Leone
Authors: Edwards Benjamin , Yilmaz Serdar 
Published: December 2016

SummarySierra Leone's experience with decentralization as a post‐conflict stabilization tool highlights both the value of making and keeping a promise to empower citizens through local government and the importance of fully implementing that promise over a longer time horizon. The emergence of the country from civil conflict into peace and stability is one of the greatest success stories of post‐conflict stabilization. Although the nation has enjoyed over a decade of peace (and peaceful transitions from party to party), many of the conditions that laid the groundwork for conflict remain, especially in rural areas, due to the partial implementation of the decentralization framework. Based on a post‐conflict perspective, we review the re‐emergence of local governments in Sierra Leone following the civil war, the institutional and legal framework within which they exist, and some of the remaining challenges the nation faces. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chorionic villus sampling fails to confirm mosaic trisomy 21 fetus after positive cell‐free DNA
Authors: Uquillas Kristen , Chan Yen , King Jennifer R. , Randolph Linda M. , Incerpi Marc 
Published: December 2016

What's already known about this topic?

Prenatal screening for certain fetal chromosomal conditions can be performed using cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) in maternal plasma.
cfDNA is thought to originate primarily from apoptosis of placental cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells; therefore, a false negative result may not be representative of the fetal karyotype.
A positive cfDNA screen requires confirmation with diagnostic testing, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis.
What does this study add?

This case illustrates detection of fetal and placental trisomy 21 mosaicism by cfDNA that was not confirmed with CVS.
Patients for whom cfDNA is appropriate should be offered prior genetic counseling. Those who choose diagnostic testing via CVS should be counseled on the possibility of true fetal or confined placental mosaicism. Amniocentesis preferentially should be offered, as CVS represents a similar cell origin as those from which the cfDNA results are derived.
Informed choice and decision making in women offered cell‐free DNA prenatal genetic screening
Authors: Lo Tsz‐Kin , Chan Kelvin Yuen‐Kwong , Kan Anita Sik‐Yau , So Po‐Lam , Kong Choi‐Wah , Mak Shui‐Lam , Lee Chung‐Nin 
Published: December 2016

What's already known about this topic?

With rapid introduction of cell‐free DNA (cf‐DNA) as non‐invasive prenatal genetic screening, there is concern around routinization of testing.
Research into informed choice for cf‐DNA is just starting to emerge in Europe.
What does this study add?

With adequate pretest counseling, 80% of women made informed choice for cf‐DNA from this first study in Asia.
Value‐inconsistency is prevalent among cf‐DNA decliners, leading to a much higher rate of uninformed choice than in cf‐DNA acceptors.
Firm heterogeneity in complex problem solving: A knowledge‐based look at invention
Authors: Caner Turanay , Cohen Susan K. , Pil Frits 
Published: December 2016

Research summary:The knowledge‐based view suggests that complex problems are best solved under hierarchical (within‐firm) governance. We examined why firms assumed to be in general alignment with this theory might nonetheless produce solutions of varying usefulness. We theorize that a firm's internal knowledge variety (IKV) is associated with its capacity to support cross‐domain knowledge flows during search, and its ability to identify and explore promising areas on the solution landscape. We further theorize that partner knowledge in familiar (unfamiliar) domains can offset specific weaknesses in searching rugged landscapes, inherent with low or high (moderate) IKV. We find support for these ideas in the context of drug discovery, extending KBV's focus on governance alignment to explain variation in problem‐solving effectiveness within hierarchy.Managerial summary:Firms that concentrate their inventive efforts in a few technological domains, but also dabble in several others, have problem‐solving advantages: they can better support knowledge transfer and recombination across domains. Firms that focus too narrowly or spread their inventive efforts thinly across many domains lose these advantages, but might compensate through alliance partnerships. Our study of drug discovery shows that while firms with very low or high knowledge variety tend to produce weaker solutions than firms in the moderate range, their inventive performance improves when alliance partners afford them access to additional knowledge in familiar domains. We explain how the combination of firm and partner knowledge enables firms to better identify, evaluate, and implement alternative solutions to complex problems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of fetal growth restriction using estimated fetal weight vs a combined screening model in the third trimester
Authors: Miranda J. , Rodriguez‐Lopez M. , Triunfo S. , Sairanen M. , Kouru H. , Parra‐Saavedra M. , Crovetto F. , Figueras F. , Crispi F. , Gratacós E. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo compare the performance of third‐trimester screening, based on estimated fetal weight centile (EFWc) vs a combined model including maternal baseline characteristics, fetoplacental ultrasound and maternal biochemical markers, for the prediction of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonates and late‐onset fetal growth restriction (FGR).MethodsThis was a nested case–control study within a prospective cohort of 1590 singleton gestations undergoing third‐trimester (32 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation) evaluation. Maternal baseline characteristics, mean arterial pressure, fetoplacental ultrasound and circulating biochemical markers (placental growth factor (PlGF), lipocalin‐2, unconjugated estriol and inhibin A) were assessed in all women who subsequently delivered a SGA neonate (n = 175), defined as birth weight < 10th centile according to customized standards, and in a control group (n = 875). Among SGA cases, those with birth weight < 3rd centile and/or abnormal uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI) and/or abnormal cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) were classified as FGR. Logistic regression predictive models were developed for SGA and FGR, and their performance was compared with that obtained using EFWc alone.ResultsIn SGA cases, EFWc, CPR Z‐score and maternal serum concentrations of unconjugated estriol and PlGF were significantly lower, while mean UtA‐PI Z‐score and lipocalin‐2 and inhibin A concentrations were significantly higher, compared with controls. Using EFWc alone, 52% (area under receiver–operating characteristics curve (AUC), 0.82 (95% CI, 0.77–0.85)) of SGA and 64% (AUC, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.81–0.91)) of FGR cases were predicted at a 10% false‐positive rate. A combined screening model including a‐priori risk (maternal characteristics), EFWc, UtA‐PI, PlGF and estriol (with lipocalin‐2 for SGA) achieved a detection rate of 61% (AUC, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.83–0.89)) for SGA cases and 77% (AUC, 0.92 (95% CI, 0.88–0.95)) for FGR. The combined model for the prediction of SGA and FGR performed significantly better than did using EFWc alone (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively).ConclusionsA multivariable integrative model of maternal characteristics, fetoplacental ultrasound and maternal biochemical markers modestly improved the detection of SGA and FGR cases at 32–36 weeks' gestation when compared with screening based on EFWc alone. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Improved pestalotiollide B production by deleting competing polyketide synthase genes in Pestalotiopsis microspora
Authors: Chen Longfei , Li Yingying , Zhang Qian , Wang Dan , Akhberdi Oren , Wei Dongsheng , Pan Jiao , Zhu Xudong 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Pestalotiollide B, an analog of dibenzodioxocinones which are inhibitors of cholesterol ester transfer proteins, is produced by Pestalotiopsis microspora NK17. To increase the production of pestalotiollide B, we attempted to eliminate competing polyketide products by deleting the genes responsible for their biosynthesis. We successfully deleted 41 out of 48 putative polyketide synthases (PKSs) in the genome of NK17. Nine of the 41 PKS deleted strains had significant increased production of pestalotiollide B (P &lt; 0.05). For instance, deletion of pks35, led to an increase of pestalotiollide B by 887%. We inferred that these nine PKSs possibly lead to branch pathways that compete for precursors with pestalotiollide B, or that convert the product. Deletion of some other PKS genes such as pks8 led to a significant decrease of pestalotiollide B, suggesting they are responsible for its biosynthesis. Our data demonstrated that improvement of pestalotiollide B production can be achieved by eliminating competing polyketides.
Association between Aβ and tau accumulations and their influence on clinical features in aging and Alzheimer's disease spectrum brains: A [11C]PBB3‐PET study
Authors: Shimada Hitoshi , Kitamura Soichiro , Shinotoh Hitoshi , Endo Hironobu , Niwa Fumitoshi , Hirano Shigeki , Kimura Yasuyuki , Zhang Ming‐Rong , Kuwabara Satoshi , Suhara Tetsuya , Higuchi Makoto 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIntroductionAmyloid‐β (Aβ) and tau accumulations may occur independently and concurrently as exemplified by primary age‐related tauopathy and Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively. Interactions between Aβ and tau accumulations and their influence on clinical features, however, are still unclear.MethodsAssociations among clinical symptoms, gray‐matter volume, regional tau, and Aβ deposition assessed by positron emission tomography with [11C]pyridinyl‐butadienyl‐benzothiazole 3 (PBB3) and [11C]Pittsburgh compound‐B (PiB), were evaluated in 17 AD, 9 mild cognitive impairment due to AD, and 28 PiB(−)‐cognitive healthy controls (HCs).ResultsHigh tau burden was associated with aging and low‐level education in PiB(−)‐HC and AD‐spectrum groups, and with high Aβ burden and low‐level education in all subjects. It was not Aβ but tau accumulation that showed significant associations with cognitive performance even in PiB(−)‐HC.DiscussionThe present study indicated aging and low‐level education after Aβ would be enhancers for tau pathology, associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in healthy and diseased elderly individuals.
Tau‐PET uptake: Regional variation in average SUVR and impact of amyloid deposition
Authors: Vemuri Prashanthi , Lowe Val J. , Knopman David S. , Senjem Matthew L. , Kemp Bradley J. , Schwarz Christopher G. , Przybelski Scott A. , Machulda Mary M. , Petersen Ronald C. , Jack Clifford R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIntroductionTau‐positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with AV1451 is sensitive to Alzheimer disease (AD)–related tau deposition in the brain. We (1) examined regional variation of average tau‐PET standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) in a young normal population (30–49 years) and corrected for the regional variability and (2) tested if the standardized values (z‐scores) scaled appropriately to capture regional Alzheimer‐specific (i.e., amyloid sensitive) tau‐PET changes in individuals aged 50+ years.MethodsWe identified 490 individuals (70 between 30–49 years as a reference group and 420 cognitively normal between 50–95 years of age) with tau‐PET and amyloid PET scans from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.ResultsThere was intrinsic regional variability in average tau‐PET SUVR with uptakes higher in some regions than others, even in the younger individuals who would have minimal or no neurofibrillary tangles. We corrected for this using region of interest–specific z‐scores based on the reference group. Amyloid and tau‐PET uptake were associated throughout the brain after adjusting for age, with the highest correlations in the medial temporal regions.DiscussionRegions with high‐average SUVR are not necessarily those with the greatest tau pathology. Standardization is therefore recommended. Standardization of the data “realigns” the data such that the regional tau z‐scores are informative of the disease process, that is, regions with high z‐scores now coincide with regions correlated with amyloid deposition. Medial temporal structures, specifically entorhinal cortex–tau, may be useful as an AD‐specific tau‐PET signature due to its sensitivity to amyloid.
Adjacent Segment Pathology: Progressive Disease Course or a Product of Iatrogenic Fusion?
Authors: Jack Andrew , Hardy St-Pierre Godefroy , Nataraj Andrew 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjective: Cervical spine clinical adjacent segment pathology (CASP) has a reported 3% annual incidence and 26% ten-year prevalence. Its pathophysiology remains controversial, whether due to mechanical stress of a fusion segment on adjacent levels or due to patient propensity to develop progressive degenerative change. We investigate this relationship by comparing prevalence of CASP in traumatic and spondylotic patient cohorts. Method: A retrospective review of traumatic cervical spine fusion cases performed by the local group of neurosurgeons from 2004-2008 was completed. Surgery for CASP and presence of radiological adjacent segment pathology (RASP) were identified by telephone and electronic medical record (EMR) review, and compared to those in patients having elective cervical fusion for degenerative disease. Results: There was a higher proportion of males (50/100 vs. 37/46, p<0.001) in the traumatic group. Median age between groups was not significantly different (47 years in the trauma cohort, 50 years in the degenerative cohort; p>0.05). Mean follow-up times were different (6.4 years in the trauma group, 7.1 years in the degenerative group; p<0.01), although this was not thought to be clinically significant. The degenerative group was found to have a significantly higher reoperation rate for CASP (10/100 vs. 0/46, p=0.031, Fisher’s Exact Test), and rate of RASP (20/100 vs. 1/32, p=0.025) Conclusion: This is the only cohort study to our knowledge comparing surgery for CASP in trauma patients to those with degenerative disease. A higher rate of repeat surgery in degenerative disease patients was found. This suggests that CASP is more related to patient factors predisposing to progressive degenerative disease and not increased mechanical stress.
An analytical theory for the capillary bridge force between spheres
Authors: Kruyt N. P. , Millet O. 
Published: December 2016

An analytical theory has been developed for properties of a steady, axisymmetric liquid–gas capillary bridge that is present between two identical, perfectly wettable, rigid spheres. In this theory the meridional profile of the capillary bridge surface is represented by a part of an ellipse. Parameters in this geometrical description are determined from the boundary conditions at the three-phase contact circle at the sphere and at the neck (i.e. in the middle between the two spheres) and by the condition that the mean curvature be equal at the three-phase contact circle and at the neck. Thus, the current theory takes into account properties of the governing Young–Laplace equation, contrary to the often-used toroidal approximation. Expressions have been developed analytically that give the geometrical parameters of the elliptical meridional profile as a function of the capillary bridge volume and the separation between the spheres. A rupture criterion has been obtained analytically that provides the maximum separation between the spheres as a function of the capillary bridge volume. This rupture criterion agrees well with a rupture criterion from the literature that is based on many numerical solutions of the Young–Laplace equation. An expression has been formulated analytically for the capillary force as a function of the capillary bridge volume and the separation between the spheres. The theoretical predictions for the capillary force agree well with the capillary forces obtained from the numerical solutions of the Young–Laplace equation and with those according to a comprehensive fit from the literature (that is based on many numerical solutions of the Young–Laplace equation), especially for smaller capillary bridge volumes.
Boundary-induced autophoresis of isotropic colloids: anomalous repulsion in the lubrication limit
Authors: Yariv Ehud 
Published: December 2016

When suspended in a liquid solution, chemically active colloids may self-propel due to an asymmetry in either particle shape or the interfacial distribution of solute absorption. We here consider a chemically homogeneous spherical particle which undergoes self-diffusiophoresis due to the presence of nearby inert wall. In particular, we focus upon the near-contact limit where it was recently observed (Yariv,Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 1 (3), 2016, 032101) that the solute-concentration profile within the narrow gap separating the particle and the wall cannot be uniquely determined by a gap-scale analysis. We here revisit this near-contact limit using matched asymptotic expansions, the inner region being the gap domain and the outer region being on the particle scale. Asymptotic matching with the Hankel-transform representation of the outer distribution of solute concentration serves to determine both the scaling and magnitude of the corresponding inner profile. The ensuing gap-scale pressure field, set by a lubrication mechanism, gives rise to an anomalous particle–wall interaction, scaling as an irrational power of the gap clearance.
Micropaleontology of the lower Mesoproterozoic Roper Group, Australia, and implications for early eukaryotic evolution
Authors: Javaux Emmanuelle J. , Knoll Andrew H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWell-preserved microfossils occur in abundance through more than 1000 m of lower Mesoproterozoic siliciclastic rocks composing the Roper Group, Northern Territory, Australia. The Roper assemblage includes 34 taxa, five interpreted unambiguously as eukaryotes, nine as possible eukaryotes (includingBlastanosphaira kokkodanew genus and new species, a budding spheromorph with thin chagrinate walls), eight as possible or probable cyanobacteria, and 12 incertae sedis. Taxonomic richness is highest in inshore facies, and populations interpreted as unambiguous or probable eukaryotes occur most abundantly in coastal and proximal shelf shales. Phylogenetic placement within the Eukarya is difficult, and molecular clock estimates suggest that preserved microfossils may belong, in part orin toto, to stem group eukaryotes (forms that diverged before the last common ancestor of extant eukaryotes, or LECA) or stem lineages within major clades of the eukaryotic crown group (after LECA). Despite this, Roper fossils provide direct or inferential evidence for many basic features of eukaryotic biology, including a dynamic cytoskeleton and membrane system that enabled cells to change shape, life cycles that include resting cysts coated by decay-resistant biopolymers, reproduction by budding and binary division, osmotrophy, and simple multicellularity. The diversity, environmental range, and ecological importance of eukaryotes, however, were lower than in later Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic ecosystems.
Radiocarbon Dating of the Decorated Cosquer Cave (France)
Authors: Valladas H , Quiles A , Delque-Kolic M , Kaltnecker E , Moreau C , Pons-Branchu E , Vanrell L , Olive M , Delestre X 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe Grotte Cosquer (southeastern France) is a Paleolithic painted cave only accessible by a deep-water dive. The cave has yielded numerous Paleolithic engravings and drawings, which were produced from wood charcoal. This article presents new radiocarbon dates obtained on samples collected in 2012 directly on 17 parietal representations and at the soil surface, and discusses the 14C results obtained since the discovery of the cave in 1992. A total of 41 samples were dated with ages ranging from 33,000 to 20,000 cal BP. They show that the cave was intermittently decorated over about 10,000 yr.
Applying the generalized additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model to analysis of maize genotypes resistant to grey leaf spot
Authors: ACORSI C. R. L. , GUEDES T. A. , COAN M. M. D. , PINTO R. J. B. , SCAPIM C. A. , PACHECO C. A. P. , GUIMARÃES P. E. O. , CASELA C. R. 
Published: December 2016

SUMMARYAnalysing the stability and adaptation of cultivars to different environments is always necessary before recommending them for planting on large areas. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) models have been used to analyse genotype-by-environment interactions (G × E). AMMI models require data with homogeneous variance, normal errors and additive effects. However, agronomic data do not always conform to these statistical assumptions. The objective of the present study was to analyse G × E interactions for severity and incidence of grey leaf spot, a foliar disease in maize caused byCercospora zeae-maydis, using a generalized AMMI model. Data were collected and evaluated for 36 maize cultivars from experiments carried out in nine Brazilian regions in 2010/11 by the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA – Milho e Sorgo). Only two of three stable genotypes defined by a quasi-likelihood model with a logistic link function could be recommended for their desirable agronomic characteristics. Four growing locations in which the genotypes were stable were identified, but in only one of these was stability associated with very severe grey leaf spot disease. Cultivars adapted to specific locations with low percentage disease severity were also identified.