Abstract A03: The effects of the cellular microenvironment on medulloblastoma metastasis
Authors: Gronseth Emily , Wang Ling , Koceja Chris , Ramchandran Ramani 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain tumor, known to be highly malignant and invasive within the brain as well as extraneural locations. The mechanisms inducing MB metastasis and dissemination are not completely understood. Astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the brain, have been shown in our lab to secrete factors that induce breast cancer brain metastasis (Wang et al., 2013). In addition to astrocytes, many brain cell types have also been implicated in the malignancy of brain tumors, including microglia, pericytes, and endothelial cells as part of the neurovascular unit. The overall goal of this study is to determine the effects of cells in the tumor microenvironment on MB metastasis. Our hypothesis is that astrocytes and/or other cell types in the neurovascular unit and microenvironment secrete factors that bring upon phenotypic changes in MB cells, leading to increased metastasis. To investigate this hypothesis, astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) from neonatal rat astrocyte cultures were used in in vitro assays to determine functional changes to Daoy MB cells. We observed that ACM (both serum free and serum depleted) in the lower chamber of a Boyden chamber Matrigel invasion assay induced invasion of Daoy cells more than 50-fold in comparison to DMEM in the lower well. Brain endothelial cell conditioned media also increased invasion of Daoy cells, which was comparable to ACM. ACM did not significantly affect proliferation or apoptosis of Daoy cells, as tested by BrdU incorporation and Caspase-3/-7 activity, respectively. When cultured appropriately in serum free ACM (+bFGF and EGF), Daoy cells were able to form larger and more proliferative neurospheres in comparison to DMEM, indicative of an increase in neural or cancer stem cell characteristics. To determine the effects of ACM on MB metastasis in vivo, we developed a zebrafish xenotransplant model. Daoy-GFP cells were injected into the hindbrain of 48 hour post fertilization Absolut FLK-mCherry zebrafish embryos. Using time-lapse confocal microscopy, we are able to image the cells and observe their movement within the microenvironment after injection. With this method we are working to determine changes in cell morphology and movement in Daoy-GFP cells that were cultured in ACM prior to injection. In order to further elucidate the mechanism in which ACM increases invasion and neurosphere formation, microarray studies are underway to pin-point a factor(s) or pathway(s) involved. Together, these data indicate that cells comprising the neurovascular unit, namely endothelial cells and astrocytes, contribute in a paracrine manner to MB metastasis and dissemination.
Citation Format: Emily Gronseth, Ling Wang, Chris Koceja, Ramani Ramchandran. The effects of the cellular microenvironment on medulloblastoma metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Developmental Biology and Cancer; Nov 30-Dec 3, 2015; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(4_Suppl):Abstract nr A03.