bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIRECT DETECTION OF LYMAN CONTINUUM ESCAPE FROM LOCAL STARBURST GALAXIES WITH THE COSMIC ORIGINS SPECTROGRAPH
Authors: Leitherer Claus , Hernandez Svea , Lee Janice C. , Oey M. S. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We report on the detection of Lyman continuum radiation in two nearby starburst galaxies. Tol 0440-381, Tol 1247-232, and Mrk 54 were observed with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The three galaxies have radial velocities of ∼13,000 km s−1, permitting a ∼35 Å window on the restframe Lyman continuum shortward of the Milky Way Lyman edge at 912 Å. The chosen instrument configuration using the G140L grating covers the spectral range from 912 to 2000 Å. We developed a dedicated background subtraction method to account for the temporal and spatial background variations of the detector, which is crucial at the low flux levels around 912 Å. This modified pipeline allowed us to significantly improve the statistical and systematic detector noise and will be made available to the community. We detect Lyman continuum in all three galaxies. However, we conservatively interpret the emission in Tol 0440-381 as an upper limit due to possible contamination by geocoronal Lyman series lines. We determined the current star formation properties from the far-ultraviolet continuum and spectral lines and used synthesis models to predict the Lyman continuum radiation emitted by the current population of hot stars. We discuss various model uncertainties such as, among others, atmospheres and evolution models. Lyman continuum escape fractions were derived from a comparison between the observed and predicted Lyman continuum fluxes. Tol 1247-232, Mrk 54, and Tol 0440-381 have absolute escape fractions of (4.5 ± 1.2)%, (2.5 ± 0.72)%, and <(7.1 ± 1.1)%, respectively.
GAS DYNAMICS AND OUTFLOW IN THE BARRED STARBURST GALAXY NGC 1808 REVEALED WITH ALMA
Authors: Salak Dragan , Nakai Naomasa , Hatakeyama Takuya , Miyamoto Yusuke 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
NGC 1808 is a nearby barred starburst galaxy with an outflow from the nuclear region. To study the inflow and outflow processes related to star formation and dynamical evolution of the galaxy, we have carried out 12CO (

) mapping observations of the central r ∼ 4 kpc of NGC 1808 using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. Four distinct components of molecular gas are revealed at high spatial resolution of 2″ (∼100 pc): (1) a compact (r < 200 pc) circumnuclear disk (CND), (2) r ∼ 500 pc ring, (3) gas-rich galactic bar, and (4) spiral arms. Basic geometric and kinematic parameters are derived for the central 1 kpc region using tilted-ring modeling. The derived rotation curve reveals multiple mass components that include (1) a stellar bulge, (2) a nuclear bar and molecular CND, and (3) an unresolved massive (∼107
M
⊙) core. Two systemic velocities, 998 km s−1 for the CND and 964 km s−1 for the 500 pc ring, are revealed, indicating a kinematic offset. The pattern speed of the primary bar, derived by using a cloud-orbit model, is 56 ± 11 km s−1 kpc−1. Noncircular motions are detected associated with a nuclear spiral pattern and outflow in the central 1 kpc region. The ratio of the mass outflow rate to the star formation rate is

in the case of optically thin CO (1–0) emission in the outflow, suggesting low efficiency of star formation quenching.
THE SECOND KONUS-WIND CATALOG OF SHORT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Authors: Svinkin D. S. , Frederiks D. D. , Aptekar R. L. , Golenetskii S. V. , Pal'shin V. D. , Oleynik Ph. P. , Tsvetkova A. E. , Ulanov M. V. , Cline T. L. , Hurley K. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
In this catalog, we present the results of a systematic study of 295 short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by Konus-Wind (KW) from 1994 to 2010. From the temporal and spectral analyses of the sample, we provide the burst durations, the spectral lags, the results of spectral fits with three model functions, the total energy fluences, and the peak energy fluxes of the bursts. We discuss evidence found for an additional power-law spectral component and the presence of extended emission in a fraction of the KW short GRBs. Finally, we consider the results obtained in the context of the Type I (merger-origin)/Type II (collapsar-origin) classifications.
LIGO GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTION, PRIMORDIAL BLACK HOLES, AND THE NEAR-IR COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND ANISOTROPIES
Authors: Kashlinsky A. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
LIGO's discovery of a gravitational wave from two merging black holes (BHs) of similar masses rekindled suggestions that primordial BHs (PBHs) make up the dark matter (DM). If so, PBHs would add a Poissonian isocurvature density fluctuation component to the inflation-produced adiabatic density fluctuations. For LIGO's BH parameters, this extra component would dominate the small-scale power responsible for collapse of early DM halos at z ≳ 10, where first luminous sources formed. We quantify the resultant increase in high-z abundances of collapsed halos that are suitable for producing the first generation of stars and luminous sources. The significantly increased abundance of the early halos would naturally explain the observed source-subtracted near-IR cosmic infrared background (CIB) fluctuations, which cannot be accounted for by known galaxy populations. For LIGO's BH parameters, this increase is such that the observed CIB fluctuation levels at 2–5 μm can be produced if only a tiny fraction of baryons in the collapsed DM halos forms luminous sources. Gas accretion onto these PBHs in collapsed halos, where first stars should also form, would straightforwardly account for the observed high coherence between the CIB and unresolved cosmic X-ray background in soft X-rays. We discuss modifications possibly required in the processes of first star formation if LIGO-type BHs indeed make up the bulk or all of DM. The arguments are valid only if the PBHs make up all, or at least most, of DM, but at the same time the mechanism appears inevitable if DM is made of PBHs.
EVN OBSERVATIONS OF HESS J1943+213: EVIDENCE FOR AN EXTREME TeV BL Lac OBJECT
Authors: Akiyama Kazunori , Stawarz Łukasz , Tanaka Yasuyuki T. , Nagai Hiroshi , Giroletti Marcello , Honma Mareki 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We report on the 1.6 GHz (18 cm) very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the unresolved, steady TeV source HESS J1943+213 located in the Galactic plane, performed with the European VLBI Network (EVN) in 2014. Our new observations with a nearly full EVN array provide the deepest image of HESS J1943+213 at the highest resolution ever achieved, enabling us to resolve the long-standing issues of the source identification. The milliarcsecond-scale structure of HESS J1943+213 has a clear asymmetric morphology consisting of a compact core and a diffuse jet-like tail. This is broadly consistent with the previous e-EVN observations of the source performed in 2011 and re-analyzed in this work. The core component is characterized by the brightness temperature of

≳
1.8
×

10

9

K, which is typical for low-luminosity blazars in general. Overall, the radio properties of HESS J1943+213 are consistent with the source classification as an “extreme high-frequency-peaked BL Lac object.” Remarkably, we note that because HESS J1943+213 does not reveal any optical or infrared signatures of the active galactic nucleus activity, it would never be recognized and identified as a BL Lac object if not for its location close to the Galactic plane where the High Energy Stereoscopic System surveyed for and the follow-up dedicated X-ray and radio studies triggered by the source detection in the TeV range. Our results suggest, therefore, a presence of an unrecognized, possibly very numerous population of particularly extreme HBLs and simultaneously demonstrate that the low-frequency VLBI observations with high angular resolution are indispensable for a proper identification of such objects.
A Comparison of Four Survey Methods for Detecting Fox Squirrels in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Greene Daniel U. , McCleery Robert A. , Wagner Lindsay M. , Garrison Elina P. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Fox squirrel Sciurus niger populations in the southeastern United States appear to have declined, and 3 (S. n. cinereus, S. n. shermani, and S. n. avicennia) of the 10 subspecies are currently listed with a conservation status of protection. Efforts to conserve and manage fox squirrels in the southeastern United States are constrained by difficulties in studying their populations because of low densities and low detectability. There is a need for an effective survey method to fill knowledge gaps on southeastern fox squirrel ecology. To address this need and to identify a cost-effective and reliable technique to survey and monitor southeastern fox squirrel populations, we compared four survey methods across seasons: live-trapping; camera-trapping; point counts; and line-transect surveys, in regard to whether a detection occurred at a survey point, the total number of detections at a survey point, and the total cost for each method. We assessed the effectiveness of capture and detection methods and the influence of seasonality using generalized linear mixed models. We found camera-trapping to be the most effective survey method for assessing the presence and distribution of southeastern fox squirrels. In total, camera-traps produced significantly more detections (n = 223) of fox squirrels than all other methods combined (n = 84), with most detections occurring in spring (n = 97) and the fewest in the autumn (n = 60). Furthermore, we detected fox squirrels at more survey points with camera-traps (73%) than all other methods (63%), and we identified 16% more individuals from camera-trap photographs than live-trapped. We recommend future monitoring of southeastern fox squirrels to be conducted using camera-trapping during the spring unless handling of animals is needed for other research purposes.
Hybrid Napier (Pennisetum perpureum X Pennisetum americarnum) VAR. CO-3: a resourceful fodder grass for dairy development in Sri Lanka
Authors: Premaratne S. , Premalal G. G. C. 
Published: May 2016

Less availability of good quality green forages has led to low productivity from national dairy herd of Sri Lanka. Growing fodder to suit the particular production system is an efficient and economical solution for this problem. Hybrid Napier var. CO-3 is a high yielding perennial fodder grass developed by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatoor, India in 1997. The Livestock Breeding Project introduced this fodder crop to Sri Lanka in 1999. This grass is placed in a higher category, especially on tillering capacity, green forage yield, regeneration capacity, leaf to stem ratio, crude protein content, in resistance of pest and diseases and in free from adverse factors along with other fodder varieties grown in the country. It recorded an average green fodder of 5 – 8kg/plant/cut or 250 -350 t/ha/yr under local conditions. Under this situation, nearly a block of 500 grass bushes (approximately 500 m2 or 20 perches land area) is adequate to supply year-round quality fodder without concentrates for two milking cows.This grass is propagated through root-slips or stem-cuttings and could be maintained as a perennial crop up to 4 - 5 years. Endowed with quick regeneration capacity, it can be harvested once in 30 - 45 days. Proper management practice together with correct application of fertilizer, irrigation in drought spells, cutting at the suitable height and interval is essential for maximum profit and persistence of the crop. When harvested at correct stage, CO-3 grass contains 18 -20% dry matter and 15 –16% crude proteins, 9.8 – 12.8% ash, 34 – 37% crude fiber and 74 – 78% neutral detergent fiber on dry matter basis. Surprisingly high crude protein content is one of a distinctive feature of this grass.The Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa and Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya have launched research and development activities under field situation to investigate the potentials and limitations under on-farm conditions and popularize the grass among small holders.
LAG-3 Confers a Competitive Disadvantage upon Antiviral CD8+ T Cell Responses
Authors: Cook Kevin D. , Whitmire Jason K. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating the benefits of systemic blockade of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) signals to improve immunity to tumors. Those studies are founded on the well-established inhibitory role of LAG-3 in regulating CD8+ T cells during chronic virus infection and antitumor responses. However, the T cell response in LAG-3–deficient mice is similar in size and function to that in wild type animals, suggesting LAG-3 has nuanced immune-regulatory functions. We performed a series of adoptive transfer experiments in mice to better understand the T cell–intrinsic functions of LAG-3 in the regulation of CD8+ T cell responses. Our results indicate that LAG-3 expression by CD8+ T cells inhibits their competitive fitness and results in a slightly reduced rate of cell division in comparison with LAG-3–deficient cells. This cell-intrinsic effect of LAG-3 was consistent across both acute and chronic virus infections. These data show that LAG-3 directly modulates the size of the T cell response and support the use of LAG-3 blockade regimens to enhance CD8+ T cell responses.
LFA-1/ICAM-1 Ligation in Human T Cells Promotes Th1 Polarization through a GSK3β Signaling–Dependent Notch Pathway
Authors: Verma Navin K. , Fazil M. H. U. Turabe , Ong Seow Theng , Chalasani Madhavi Latha S. , Low Jian Hui , Kottaiswamy Amuthavalli , P Praseetha , Kizhakeyil Atish , Kumar Sunil , Panda Aditya K. , Freeley Michael , Smith Sinead M. , Boehm Bernhard O. , Kelleher Dermot 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this study, we report that the integrin LFA-1 cross-linking with its ligand ICAM-1 in human PBMCs or CD4+ T cells promotes Th1 polarization by upregulating IFN-γ secretion and T-bet expression. LFA-1 stimulation in PBMCs, CD4+ T cells, or the T cell line HuT78 activates the Notch pathway by nuclear translocation of cleaved Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) and upregulation of target molecules Hey1 and Hes1. Blocking LFA-1 by a neutralizing Ab or specific inhibition of Notch1 by a γ-secretase inhibitor substantially inhibits LFA-1/ICAM-1–mediated activation of Notch signaling. We further demonstrate that the Notch pathway activation is dependent on LFA-1/ICAM-1–induced inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), which is mediated via Akt and ERK. Furthermore, in silico analysis in combination with coimmunoprecipitation assays show an interaction between NICD and GSK3β. Thus, there exists a molecular cross-talk between LFA-1 and Notch1 through the Akt/ERK–GSK3β signaling axis that ultimately enhances T cell differentiation toward Th1. Although clinical use of LFA-1 antagonists is limited by toxicity related to immunosuppression, these findings support the concept that Notch inhibitors could be attractive for prevention or treatment of Th1-related immunologic disorders and have implications at the level of local inflammatory responses.
The Cytosolic Microbial Receptor Nod2 Regulates Small Intestinal Crypt Damage and Epithelial Regeneration following T Cell–Induced Enteropathy
Authors: Zanello Galliano , Goethel Ashleigh , Rouquier Sandrine , Prescott David , Robertson Susan J. , Maisonneuve Charles , Streutker Catherine , Philpott Dana J. , Croitoru Kenneth 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Loss of function in the NOD2 gene is associated with a higher risk of developing Crohn’s disease (CD). CD is characterized by activation of T cells and activated T cells are involved in mucosal inflammation and mucosal damage. We found that acute T cell activation with anti-CD3 mAb induced stronger small intestinal mucosal damage in NOD2−/− mice compared with wild-type mice. This enhanced mucosal damage was characterized by loss of crypt architecture, increased epithelial cell apoptosis, delayed epithelial regeneration and an accumulation of inflammatory cytokines and Th17 cells in the small intestine. Partial microbiota depletion with antibiotics did not decrease mucosal damage 1 d after anti-CD3 mAb injection, but it significantly reduced crypt damage and inflammatory cytokine secretion in NOD2−/− mice 3 d after anti-CD3 mAb injection, indicating that microbial sensing by Nod2 was important to control mucosal damage and epithelial regeneration after anti-CD3 mAb injection. To determine which cells play a key role in microbial sensing and regulation of mucosal damage, we engineered mice carrying a cell-specific deletion of Nod2 in villin and Lyz2-expressing cells. T cell activation did not worsen crypt damage in mice carrying either cell-specific deletion of Nod2 compared with wild-type mice. However, increased numbers of apoptotic epithelial cells and higher expression of TNF-α and IL-22 were observed in mice carrying a deletion of Nod2 in Lyz2-expressing cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that microbial sensing by Nod2 is an important mechanism to regulate small intestinal mucosal damage following acute T cell activation.
Retrieving atmospheric turbulence information from regular commercial aircraft using Mode-S and ADS-B
Authors: Kopeć Jacek M. , Kwiatkowski Kamil , de Haan Siebren , Malinowski Szymon P. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Navigational information broadcast by commercial aircraft in the form of Mode-S EHS (Mode-S Enhanced Surveillance) and ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast) messages can be considered a new source of upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric turbulence estimates. A set of three processing methods is proposed and analysed using a quality record of turbulence encounters made by a research aircraft.The proposed methods are based on processing the vertical acceleration or the background wind into the eddy dissipation rate. Turbulence intensity can be estimated using the standard content of the Mode-S EHS/ADS-B.The results are based on a Mode-S EHS/ADS-B data set generated synthetically based on the transmissions from the research aircraft. This data set was validated using the overlapping record of the Mode-S EHS/ADS-B received from the same research aircraft. The turbulence intensity, meaning the eddy dissipation rate, obtained from the proposed methods based on the Mode-S EHS/ADS-B is compared with the value obtained using on-board accelerometer. The results of the comparison indicate the potential of the methods. The advantages and limitation of the presented approaches are discussed.
Subsurface flow mixing in coarse, braided river deposits
Authors: Huber Emanuel , Huggenberger Peter 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Coarse, braided river deposits show a large hydraulic heterogeneity on the metre scale. One of the main depositional elements found in such deposits is a trough structure filled with layers of bimodal gravel and open-framework gravel, the latter being highly permeable. However, the impact of such trough fills on subsurface flow and advective mixing has not drawn much attention. A geologically realistic model of trough fills is proposed and fitted to a limited number of ground-penetrating radar records surveyed on the river bed of the Tagliamento River (northeast Italy). A steady-state, saturated subsurface flow simulation is performed on the small-scale, high-resolution, synthetic model (size: 75 m  ×  80 m  ×  9 m). Advective mixing (i.e. streamline intertwining) is visualised and quantified based on particle tracking. The results indicate strong advective mixing as well as a large flow deviation induced by the asymmetry of the trough fills with regard to the main flow direction. The flow deviation induces a partial, large-scale rotational effect. These findings depict possible advective mixing found in natural environments and can guide the interpretation of ecological processes such as in the hyporheic zone.
Association between Degree of Leverages and Firm Value
Authors: Gupta Pradeep Kumar , Kumar Shailendra , Verma Piyush 
Published: May 2016

<p>This study aims to empirically investigate the association between degree of leverages, operating and financial, and firm value in the context of India, one of big ten emerging markets (Garten, 1997). This study examines this association for 231 manufacturing firms listed in National Stock Exchange (NSE) in India over a period from 2001-2002 to 2010-2011. The independent variables, degrees of operating and financial leverage, and a market price-based dependent variable, called price-earnings ratio as a proxy of firm value, are taken to examine this relationship by using standard ordinary least square regression models at the levels of individual firm and portfolio of firms. The findings of this study show a statistically significant negative relationship between firm value and degree of operating leverage and a statistically insignificant relationship between firm value and degree of financial leverage both at the levels of individual firm and portfolio of firms. Using the data from a country like India, one of fastest growing emerging markets in the world, this study provides an important insight on the effect of leverages on the firm value, the association between independent accounting variables and stock price-based dependent variable, to the practitioners, the scholars and the finance managers. </p>
Agroforestry Natural and Benefits Stimuli for Improvement of Kerinci Community at Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP)
Authors: Batubara Mustofa Marli , Helida Asvic 
Published: May 2016

Stimulus is a stimulation that causes reaction or response. Stimuli are factors that affect someone or something to be have. The concept of tri-stimulus amar states that the tri stimulus amar conservation is important in conservation action and consists of natural stimulus, benefit, and religious (willingness).This study aimed to determine whether the species composition of Kerinci communities agroforestry plants in hilly land was a natural stimuli, and to determine whether the income level of the farming community from agroforestry activities was already a benefit to the community. The research was conducted using participatory observation method. The data were analyzed descriptively by making tabulation matrix then rated quantitatively to determine the Cultural Significance Index (CSI) and Index of Importance Value (IIV). Furthermore, natural and benefit stimuli of agroforestry activities for the Kerinci community were described. The results showed there were 27 agroforestry plants with Pelak system and cinnamon plant (Cinnamomun burmannii) which belonged to the Lauraceous family was a plant with the highest ICS (67) and IIV (43). These results indicated that cinnamon plant played an important role in the Kerinci community culture and ecosystems because it was quite abundant in nature. The farmers knew cinnamon bio ecology which means that the natural stimuli of cinnamon were the basis in the selection of the plant. While products from agroforestry crops could improve the welfare of farmers thus became the benefit stimuli for the community in conducting Pelak agroforestry farming systems. Natural and benefit stimuli were the factors that caused the farmers to conduct agroforestry activities with cinnamon as the dominant plant species.