bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Tobacco Hornworms with Foliar Insecticides 1997A
Authors: Sorenson C. E. , Stephenson A. S. , Clewis S. B. , Ratz C. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of foliar applications of Orthene 75 SP, Tracer 4 SC, and Dipel 2X against tobacco hornworms in the field. Plots were established at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 9 May in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Individual plots were 4 rows (1.14 m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in RCB design with 6 treatments (untreated check included) and 4 blocks. Tobacco was transplanted on 9 May with a 2-row transplanter. Treatments were applied on 16 Jul. Foliar treatments were applied using a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer. Materials were applied through a single nozzle (Spraying Systems D2-33) per row at a pressure of 60 psi and 12.5 gpa. At 5 and 9 days after treatment, homworm numbers were counted in all plots. Using this homworm abundance data, the average homworm number number was calculated. Homworm numbers were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
Control of Tobacco Hornworms with Foliar Insecticides, 1997B
Authors: Sorenson C. E. , Stephenson A. S. , Clewis S. B. , Ratz C. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of foliar applications of Orthene 75 SP, Orthene 75 SP with Pheast 93.3 SP, Tracer 4 SC, and Tracer 4 SC with Pheast 93.3 WP against tobacco hornworms in the field. Plots were established at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 8 May in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Individual plots were 4 rows (1.14 m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in a RCB design with 7 treatments (untreated check included) and 4 blocks. Tobacco was transplanted on 8 May with a 2-row transplanter. Treatments were applied on 10 Jul. Foliar treatments were applied using a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer. Materials were applied through a single nozzle (Spraying Systems D2-33) per row at a pressure of 60 psi and 12.5 gpa. At 5, 12, and 15 days after treatment, hornworm numbers were counted in all plots. Using this hornworm abundance data, the average horn-worm number was calculated. Hornworm numbers were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
High Pressure Liquid Injection of Imidacloprid for the Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs, 1997
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A field efficacy trial was performed to evaluate the timing and placement of imidacloprid (Merit 75 WP) applications for the control of mole cricket nymphs. Plots 16 ft X 70 ft were established on a heavily infested bermudagrass fairway at the Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick Co, NC. Treatments were replicated four times and randomly assigned to the plots. The first insecticide treatments (egglay/hatch) were applied on 4 Jul. The 4-inch soil temperature on this date was 88°F. Air temperature was 93°F. Broadcast applications were made using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 30 gpa. Subsurface treatments were applied using a self-propelled SGI&#x99; Subsurface Injection System to inject the liquid insecticide mixture to a depth of 1 inch using high-pressure (2800 psi) pulses. At this depth the equipment applies approximately 1.0 gal/100 ft2. Insecticides were injected every 4 inches in 4-inch strips to produce a 4-inch X 4-inch treatment pattern. According to the equipment’s designer, the insecticide spreads out below the soil surface into a circular treatment area approximately 1 inch in diam. The fairway irrigation system was used to apply 0.25 inch of water to the entire test site immediately after application. The same equipment was used again on 31 Jul to apply the subsurface treatment directed against early and midsize nymphs. Soil was moist at the time of application and the 4-inch soil temperature was 75°F. Soil at the test site was classified as a Kureb fine sand with a pH of 5.8 and 0.56% humic matter. Soapy water flush sampling of areas adjacent to the test indicate that the fairway population was approximately 85% SB and 15% SV. Plots were evaluated for fresh damage on 14, 20 Aug, and 10 Sep using the damage grid evaluation method of Mack and Cobb (1989). A m2 grid divided into nine subsections was placed randomly in each plot and a damage rating (0-9) given depending on the number of subsections in which fresh damage was observed. Five damage ratings were taken in each plot on each sampling date. Actual damage means are presented in the Table. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and Tukey’s Studentized Range Test.
Evaluation of RH-0345 and Imidacloprid for Green June Beetle Grub Suppression on a Golf Course Rough, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted in Wayne, PA. The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 7 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Tee-Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At the 1st treatment time (4 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 70° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 68° F; RH, 63%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 31.1% sand, 55.9% silt, 13.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 24.5%; organic matter, 10.1%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.3; time of treatment, early afternoon; and overcast skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water 4 hr after treatment. At the 2nd treatment time (15 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 81° F; soil temperature at 1 -inch depth, 79° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 78° F; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 31.1% sand, 55.9% silt, 13.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 30%; organic matter, 6.2%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.3; time of treatment, early afternoon; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. At the 3rd treatment time (12 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 69° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 74° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 73° F; RH, 85%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 31.1% sand, 55.9% silt, 13.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 23.6%; organic matter, 6.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.2; time of treatment, early afternoon; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. Post-treatment counts were made on 10 Sep. The total number of green June beetle larvae flushed to the surface following an application of Sevin 7.15 G over a 24-hr observation interval was recorded from each replicate.
Curative Treatments of Grubex and Mach-2 2.5 G to Manage Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area, located in Lancaster County, PA, consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (20%), annual bluegrass (10%), and perennial ryegrass (60%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (18 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 72° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 71° F; RH, 88%; amount of thatch, 0.375-0.5 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 15.1; silt, 66.0; % clay, 18.9; organic matter, 4.0%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 18.8; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.4; application time, mid-morning; and skies partly cloudy. Immediately after treatment select treatments were irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. The entire experimental area was irrigated in 24 hr later with 0.25 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Influence of Application Timing of Insecticides on Control of Southern Masked Chafer, 1997
Authors: Heng-Moss T. M. , Weinhold A. P. , Baxendale F. P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE, on a golf course rough. The turf (50% Kentucky bluegrass and 50% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of 2.0 inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.75 inch. Field conditions at the study site were; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3.5%; soil pH, 6.5; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of application, (17 Jun, and 12 Aug) were as follows: soil moisture 20%, and 22% by wt respectively; air temperature 84° F, and 64° F; soil temperature 65° F, and 66° F; relative humidity 32%, and 88%; wind direction and velocity 245° at 3 mph., and 345° at 7 mph. Plots were 6 X 10 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with a TeeJet® 8002 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 87 gpa. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Post-treatment precipitation totaled 8.34 inches. Treatments were evaluated 80 days after the first application on 05 Sep by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (2.10 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Control of European Chafer on Turf, 1997
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
An area of non-irrigated rough at The Country Club of Jackson in Jackson County. MI was used for this test. Plots were 4 ft X 4 ft separated by a 1-ft-wide buffer strip. Treatment grids were all laid out at the same time. Three different treatment blocks, each with its own check, were set up adjacent to each other. All treatments were replicated 6 times. Treatments 1-7 were applied on 17 Jun (Block 1). Treatments 8-14 were applied on 25 Jul (Block 2). Treatments 15-21 were applied on 29 Aug. All plots were irrigated with a sprinkler (0.5-0.7 cm water) immediately after all of the treatments were applied for the day. All liquid applications were made with a hand-held CO2 R&D Sprayer with a single 8003 nozzle at 50 psi at a rate of 175 gal/A finished spray. Granular materials were applied with a hand-held “salt shaker.” The plots were evaluated between 8 Sep and 7 Oct by digging a 2.04-ft2 area from the middle of each plot and counting the number of grubs.
Efficacy of Talstar Flow Able and Granular as a Preventative Against Black Turfgrass Ataenius Adults, 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This trial was conducted at Campbell’s Scottish Highlands Golf Course, Salem, NH. Four replications of six treatments were applied to a bluegrass fairway on 15 May at peak adult emergence. Each plot was 147 ft2, arranged in an RCB form. The liquid formulations were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads; each head was fitted with an 8004 flattened fan-type nozzle and a 50-mesh strainer. CO2 was the source of pressure applied at 40 psi. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 1 gal/1000 ft2. All granulars were evenly applied with a large-holed, commercial salt shaker. The liquid formulations were allowed to dry; the granulars were watered in up to M". Weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 65°F; sky, overcast; wind, 10-15 mph. Soil conditions were as follows: temp (1-inch), 57°F; temp (2-inch), 55°F; texture, sandy loam; sand, 68%; silt, 24%; clay, 8%; moisture, 21.2%; organic matter, 5.2%; pH, 7. On 23 Jul, 2-ft2 sections of each plot were rated for live larvae; a Ryan sod cutter was used to cut into the turf.
Control of Glassywinged Sharpshooters on Oleander Under Greenhouse Conditions, Spring 1997
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. , Blua M. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Rooted oleander cuttings were placed in 10-cm pots and allowed 8 wk growth (20-30 cm tall) before use. The plants were fertilized once a week with Mii acle Grow (150 mg N/liter) and irrigated every other d for three min by drip system. Plants were treated on 13 May with a backpack sprayer at 30-40 ps Following treatment, plants were caged (40 cm diam X 70 cm high acetate cylinder with screened top). Each cage contained 2 plants from a single treai ment and represented a single replicate. Eight wild (field collected) glassywinged sharpshooters were introduced each cage for 48 hours. Observations c mortality were made at 4, 24, and 48 hrs. This methodology was repeated on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 (new insects each time). A RBC design was used wit 3 replicates per treatment. Data were transformed arcsine vx prior to ANOVA, and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate means.
Efficacy of Foliar Applications of Acetamiprid and Fipronil on the Silverleaf Whitefly Under Greenhouse Conditions, 1997
Authors: Costa H. S. , Bethke J. A. , Redak R. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
All trials were conducted in the greenhouse using Freedom Red® variety of poinsettia plants as hosts. Plants were treated using a 3-gal backpack sprayer, approximately 25 psi. No phytotoxicity was observed throughout the length of the trial. Trial 1. Groups of 10 whitefly adults were clip caged onto the undersides of the 5th newest open leaf of 40 poinsettia plants and allowed to oviposit for 6 hours. After 6 hours, adults were removed and the number of eggs counted on each leaf. Leaves with less than 10 eggs oviposited were not used in the study. Eggs were monitored until hatch and the number of immatures counted. Plants were treated when immatures were 1st to 2nd instar. Five plants were used for each of seven treatments. The number of immatures alive and dead were recorded 3, 7, and 10 days after treatment, and the percent mortality was calculated. Trial 2. Poinsettia plants naturally infested with immature whiteflies were treated with pesticides. Leaves with whitefly nymphs were selected from treated plants, five plants were sampled for each treatment. The majority of immatures on these leaves were 3rd^lth instar at time of treatment. The number of live and dead immatures present in a 3-cm-diameter circle was recorded 3, 7, and 10 days after treatment, and the percentage mortality calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Fisher’s LSD separation of means (P = 0.05). Means and standard errors are reported from untransformed data.
Insect Control on Apples Using Bt, 1997
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A block of ‘Law Rome’ apple trees with a tree-row volume of approximately 200 gpa was used for this study in Dana, NC. Plots consisted of five trees with two trees serving as sample trees set up in a RCBD with four replications. All plots received the same fungicide program throughout the season and received 2% oil at green tip, Asana XL at tight cluster (29 March), and Guthion 50 W at petal fall (8 May). Applications for first-generation TABM were made on 17 Jun and 3 and 16 Jul which corresponded to 3rd, 4th and 5th cover sprays. Applications were made with a handgun sprayer operating at 175 psi and delivering 200 gpa.
Management of A White Grub Complex Prior to Egg Lay with 1.5-G Formulations of Halofenozide and Mach-2 Liquid Insecticide, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (70%) and annual bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were added to 2.5 gal water and applied with a hand held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (10 Jun) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 86° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 80° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 70° F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.375 inch; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: sand, 36.6%; silt, 47.5%; clay, 15.9%; organic matter, 3.4%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 13.9; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8; application time, late morning; and skies sunny. Immediately after application treatments were irrigated in with 0.1 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 30 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of JB and NMC grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Management of a White Grub Complex After Egg Lay With 1.5-G Formulations of Halofenozide and Mach-2 Liquid Insecticide, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area, located in York County, PA, consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (70%) and annual bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were mixed to 2.5 gal water and applied with a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (7 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 73° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 73° F: soil temperature at 2 inch, 70° F; RH, 30%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.375 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: sand, 35.1%; silt, 52.4%; clay, 12.5%; organic matter, 7.3%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 21.0; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8; application time, mid-morning; and skies sunny. Immediately after application treatments were irrigated in with 0.1 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 30 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of JB, MJB, and NMC grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Efficacy of Halofenozide and Imidacloprid Treatments, Applied One Month After Post-Oviposition, to Suppress White Grubs, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass, located in University Park, PA, consisted primarily of perennial ryegrass (100%). Treatment plots were 8 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 727 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Three white PVC cylinders (8-inch diam X 6-inch height) were placed in each replicate and secured in place. Twenty-five JB adults were placed within each chamber and maintained inside by covering individual cylinders with white shade cloth. The latter procedure allowed for oviposition by adult females. PVC cylinders were removed following death of adult beetles. At treatment time (8 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 64° F; soil temperature at 2 inch 63° F; RH, 72%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inch; soil textural class silty clay loam; soil particle size analysis: 16.4% sand, 55.0% silt, 28.6% clay; organic matter, 6.7%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 22.3; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.9; treatments were applied in mid-morning; and clear skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch of water after treatments had dried. The area received extensive pre-irrigation watering because of the extremely dry weather conditions with 4.5 inches applied from Jul 2 through Jul 17. Additional irrigation was applied on an as needed basis. Posttreatment counts were completed on 25 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of JB grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Evaluation of Efficacy of Conventional and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Lepidopter-Ous Pests of Apples in Illinois, 1997
Authors: Weinzierl R. , Paoli R. L. , Shaw J. T. , Finger J. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated on a six-year stand of Gala trees at the University of Illinois Cruse Farm Urbana, Illinois. Applications for the DPX-MP062 were made every 10 days beginning on May 19,.at petal-fall: 19 and 29 May, 9, 19, and 30 Jun, 10, 20, and 30 Jul, 13 and 17 Aug. The Imadan applications were started in late May as follows: 29 May 10 and 24 Jun, 24 Jul, and 5 Aug. Checks received no treatment. All insecticide treatments were applied with an FMC-320 Airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 100 psi and 3.0 mph.
Control of Pavement Ants Around Apartment Buildings at Michigan State University, 1997
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Bak E. S. , Davis T. W. , Mott M. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Twelve apartment buildings with pavement ant activity were identified at MSU. The apartments were randomly selected for a perimeter treatment 1 ft up the foundation, 4 ft out on the turf, and approximately 110 ft in length. Each treatment was replicated three times. A population census was taken on 11 Jul using eight 3-inch-dia petri dishes per structure, baited with 3 ml of ‘Aunt Jemima Lite’ pancake syrup. The treatments were made on 11 Jul using a compressed air sprayer with a single-cone nozzle. Each treatment was applied to run off (approx. 1.75 gal per structure). Evaluations were made on 12 Jul (the bait dishes were placed in the treated area 4 hours after the treatments had dried), 18 Jul, 25 Jul, 1 Aug, 8 Aug, 15 Aug, 23 Aug, and 29 Aug by placing 8 pan-cake syrup-baited petri dishes in each of the treatment areas 18 hours in advance and then counting the number of ants in each dish.
Laboratory Bioassay of Beauveria Bassiana and Spinosad for Control of Grasshoppers
Authors: Demirel Nihat , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were con ducted with adult, field collected migratory grasshoppers to determine susceptibility to ingestion exposure to Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA (BotaniGard WP) or spinosad (Conserve SC). Grasshoppers were confined, 8 per petri dish, with 5 petri dishes used per treatment. Alfalfa was dipped in serial dilutions (0.25X) of the test materials, allowed to air dry and then placed with grasshoppers. After the originally treated foliage was consumed, untreated foliage was used to maintain grasshoppers in all treatments. Mortality was assessed at 24 hour intervals for six days following exposure.