bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The modified respiratory index score (RIS) guides resource allocation in acute bronchiolitis
Authors: Chong Shu‐Ling , Teoh Oon Hoe , Nadkarni Nivedita , Yeo Joo Guan , Lwin Zaw , Ong Yong‐Kwang Gene , Lee Jan Hau 
Published: January 2017

SummaryBackground and ObjectiveBronchiolitis is a common disease in early childhood with increasing healthcare utilization. We aim to study how well a simple and improved respiratory score (the modified Respiratory Index Score [RIS]) would perform when predicting for a warranted admission.MethodsThis is an observational prospective study, from June 2015 to December 2015 in a paediatric emergency department (ED) of a large tertiary hospital in Singapore. We included children aged less than 2 years old, presenting with typical symptoms and signs of bronchiolitis but excluded children with four or more previous wheezes, a gestation of <35 weeks, and known cardiopulmonary disease. We also performed a sensitivity analysis for children presenting with their first wheeze. We defined a warranted admission as a composite of: The need for airway intervention, intravenous hydration, and a hospital stay of 2 days or more.ResultsAmong 1,818 patients, the median age was 10.8 months (IQR 7.2–15.9). The median modified RIS score was 4.0 (IQR 3.0–5.0). A total of 19 (1.0%) children required respiratory support, 101 (5.6%) received intravenous hydration, and 571 (31.4%) required a hospital stay of 2 days or more. After adjusting for age and duration of illness, a modified RIS score of >4 predicted significantly for a warranted admission (adjusted Odds Ratio: 3.28, 95% confidence interval: 2.62–4.12). The association remained significant among children presenting with their first wheeze.ConclusionsThis simple respiratory tool predicts for the need for respiratory support, intravenous hydration, and a significant hospital stay of 2 days or more. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017; 52:954–961. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Glyphosate sorption/desorption on biochars – interactions of physical and chemical processes
Authors: Hall Kathleen E , Spokas Kurt A , Gamiz Beatriz , Cox Lucia , Papiernik Sharon K , Koskinen William C 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDBiochar, a carbon‐rich product of biomass pyrolysis, could limit glyphosate transport in soil and remediate contaminated water. The present study investigates the sorption/desorption behavior of glyphosate on biochars prepared from different hardwoods at temperatures ranging from 350 to 900 °C to elucidate fundamental mechanisms.RESULTSGlyphosate (1 mg L−1) sorption on biochars increased with pyrolysis temperature and was highest on 900 °C biochars; however, total sorption was low on a mass basis (<0.1 mg g−1). Sorption varied across feedstock materials, and isotherms indicated concentration dependence. Biochars with a greater fraction of micropores exhibited lower sorption capacities, and specific surface groups were also found to be influential. Prepyrolysis treatments with iron and copper, which complex glyphosate in soils, did not alter biochar sorption capacities. Glyphosate did not desorb from biochar with CaCl2 solution; however, up to 86% of the bound glyphosate was released with a K2HPO4 solution.CONCLUSIONResults from this study suggest a combined impact of surface chemistry and physical constraints on glyphosate sorption/desorption on biochar. Based on the observed phosphate‐induced desorption of glyphosate, the addition of P‐fertilizer to biochar‐amended soils can remobilize the herbicide and damage non‐target plants; therefore, improved understanding of this risk is necessary. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Non-Equilibrium Social Science and Policy
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey , Ormerod Paul , Rosewell Bridget , Nowak Andrzej , Zhang Yi-Cheng 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBetween 2011 and 2014 the European Non-Equilibrium Social Science Project (NESS) investigated the place of equilibrium in the social sciences and policy. Orthodox economics is based on an equilibrium view of how the economy functions and does not offer a complete description of how the world operates. However, mainstream economics is not an empty box. Its fundamental insight, that people respond to incentives, may be the only universal law of behaviour in the social sciences. Only economics has used equilibrium as a primary driver of system behaviour, but economics has become much more empirical at the microlevel over the past two decades. This is due to two factors: advances in statistical theory enabling better estimates of policy consequences at the microlevel, and the rise of behavioural economics which looks at how people, firms and governments really do behave in practice. In this context, this chapter briefly reviews the contributions of this book across the social sciences and ends with a discussion of the research themes that act as a roadmap for further research. These include: realistic models of agent behaviour; multilevel systems; policy informatics; narratives and decision making under uncertainty; and validation of agent-based complex systems models.
Global Systems Science and Policy
Authors: Dum Ralph , Johnson Jeffrey 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe vision of Global Systems Science (GSS) is to provide scientific evidence and means to engage into a reflective dialogue to support policy-making and public action and to enable civil society to collectively engage in societal action in response to global challenges like climate change, urbanisation, or social inclusion. GSS has four elements: policy and its implementation, the science of complex systems, policy informatics, and citizen engagement. It aims to give policy makers and citizens a better understanding of the possible behaviours of complex social systems. Policy informatics helps generate and evaluate policy options with computer-based tools and the abundance of data available today. The results they generate are made accessible to everybody—policy makers, citizens—through intuitive user interfaces, animations, visual analytics, gaming, social media, and so on. Examples of Global Systems include epidemics, finance, cities, the Internet, trade systems and more. GSS addresses the question of policies having desirable outcomes, not necessarily optimal outcomes. The underpinning idea of GSS is not to precisely predict but to establish possible and desirable futures and their likelihood. Solving policy problems is a process, often needing the requirements, constraints, and lines of action to be revisited and modified, until the problem is ‘satisficed’, i.e. an acceptable compromise is found between competing objectives and constraints. Thus policy problems and their solutions coevolve much as in a design process. Policy and societal action is as much about attempts to understand objective facts as it is about the narratives that guide our actions. GSS tries to reconcile these apparently contradictory modes of operations. GSS thus provides policy makers and society guidance on their course of action rather than proposing (illusionary) optimal solutions.
Sociology and Non-Equilibrium Social Science
Authors: Anzola David , Barbrook-Johnson Peter , Salgado Mauricio , Gilbert Nigel 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis chapter addresses the relationship between sociology and Non-Equilibrium Social Science (NESS). Sociology is a multiparadigmatic discipline with significant disagreement regarding its goals and status as a scientific discipline. Different theories and methods coexist temporally and geographically. However, it has always aimed at identifying the main factors that explain the temporal stability of norms, institutions and individuals’ practices; and the dynamics of institutional change and the conflicts brought about by power relations, economic and cultural inequality and class struggle. Sociologists considered equilibrium could not sufficiently explain the constitutive, maintaining and dissolving dynamics of society as a whole. As a move from the formal apparatus for the study of equilibrium, NESS does not imply a major shift from traditional sociological theory. Complex features have long been articulated in sociological theorization, and sociology embraces the complexity principles of NESS through its growing attention to complex adaptive systems and non-equilibrium sciences, with human societies seen as highly complex, path-dependent, far-from equilibrium, and self-organising systems. In particular, Agent-Based Modelling provides a more coherent inclusion of NESS and complexity principles into sociology. Agent-based sociology uses data and statistics to gauge the ‘generative sufficiency’ of a given microspecification by testing the agreement between ‘real-world’ and computer generated macrostructures. When the model cannot generate the outcome to be explained, the microspecification is not a viable candidate explanation. The separation between the explanatory and pragmatic aspects of social science has led sociologists to be highly critical about the implementation of social science in policy. However, ABM allows systematic exploration of the consequences of modelling assumptions and makes it possible to model much more complex phenomena than previously. ABM has proved particularly useful in representing socio-technical and socio-ecological systems, with the potential to be of use in policy. ABM offers formalized knowledge that can appear familiar to policymakers versed in the methods and language of economics, with the prospect of sociology becoming more influential in policy.
Geography Far from Equilibrium
Authors: Pumain Denise 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGeography makes little use of the concept of equilibrium. Unlike economics, geographical inquiry is based on the recognition of differences and asymmetries among regions and civilisations. In this it does not refer to general mechanisms that would be equivalent to the market for fixing prices and equilibrating supply and demand. Early geographers searched for explanations to the great variety of landscapes and ways of life that were observed all over the planet. Modern geographers study both the ‘vertical’ interactions between societies and their local milieu and the ‘horizontal’ interactions between cities and regions. This involves two opposing causes of territorial inequalities, spatial diffusion of innovation and urban transition. Whereas diffusion of innovation alone might result in homogeneity, combined with the dynamics of city formation the result is increasing heterogeneity and inequality. The phenomenon of increasing returns with city size is explained by higher population densities and connections multiplying the probability of productive interactions, as well as by adaptive valuation of accumulated assets. While there may be great wealth, in some large urban agglomerations large informal settlements of slums and shanties are still expanding. Global societal evolution is an open process with no fixed asymptotic point in the future: there is no final equilibrium state to reach for the world. Open evolution may hamper the quality of predictions that can be made about the future, but geographical knowledge of past dynamics may help to make forecasts more certain. Powerful analytical tools have been developed in the last five or six decades that greatly improve the quality of geographical work and its ability to provide stakeholders and decision makers with clearer insights for exploring possible territorial futures. Geographical Information Systems are now universally used in all kind of administrations dealing with localised services. Detailed geographical information from many data sources enables a shift from a macro-static view to a micro-macro dynamical view that is necessary for management and planning policies in a non-linear world. As a science geography remains deliberately far from equilibrium.
Facelift Approach for Resecting Benign Upper Neck Masses
Authors: Park Jun‐Ook 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluated the feasibility of non‐magnified resection of various benign lesions of the upper neck using the facelift incision without endoscopic equipment to establish indications for the procedure.MethodsThis retrospective analysis examined 86 patients who underwent surgery for upper neck masses using the facelift incision or conventional transcervical incision at our institute between January 2012 and December 2015.ResultsWe performed 41 operations using facelift incisions (facelift group) and 45 using conventional horizontal incisions (conventional group). All 86 operations were successful. In the facelift group, no patient needed conversion to conventional open resection and no patient required the use of an endoscopic device due to a limited surgical view for safe resection. There were no major surgical complications in either group. Transient sensory changes in the auricle occurred in 26% of the patients in the facelift group, but all patients recovered within 2 months. In all patients in the facelift group, the scars were invisible as they were covered by the auricle and hair, while the surgical scars were noticeable in 91% (41/45) of the patients in the conventional group when they were wearing standard shirts (p < 0.001) at 3–4 weeks after surgery.ConclusionsThe facelift approach provides a short direct route to upper neck masses, and it enables an adequate workspace not only for endoscopic or robotic surgery, but also for open surgery with the naked eye. The surgical indications for the facelift incision include the removal of most benign tumors occurring in the upper neck at levels II and III.
Is Unilateral Neck Surgery Feasible in Patients with Sporadic Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Double Negative Localisation?
Authors: Scott‐Coombes D. M. , Rees J. , Jones G. , Stechman M. J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntroductionUltrasound and Tc99mMIBI scans are used to localise parathyroid tumours in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). Intra‐operative PTH (ioPTH) assay facilitates unilateral neck exploration (UNE). When both ultrasound and MIBI are negative, it is our policy to explore the left side of the neck and only proceed to bilateral neck exploration (BNE) when either a tumour is not found or when ioPTH does not fall to >50% of the highest pre‐excision value. The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of our approach to ‘double negative’ patients.MethodsA retrospective analysis of patients undergoing primary parathyroidectomy for pHPT. Data were obtained from a prospective surgical database and the hospital electronic patient record.ResultsBetween January 2004 and November 2014, 746 patients underwent a parathyroidectomy for pHPT. Those who did not have both pre‐operative scans, ioPTH or a minimum of 6‐month follow‐up were excluded. Of 552 patients, 111 (20%) had double negative scans (group A), and in 441, either one or both scans were positive (group B). Median age was 61.5 years (range 10–88). Pre‐operative PTH level was significantly lower in group A: 11.8 pmol/l (range 3.1–38.8) versus 14.9 pmol/l (range 2.8–101.6; P < 0.01). Median tumour weight was significantly lower in group A: 280 mg (range 50–3710) versus 573 mg (range 10–12,000; P < 0.01). Overall rate of multiple gland disease (MGD) was 11%; 24% in group A and 7% in group B (P < 0.01). Overall rate of UNE in Group A was 28% and converse to the rate in Group B (76%; P < 0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of ioPTH to detect MGD were 98 and 98% in Group A versus 98 and 100% in Group B. First‐time cure rate was 92.7% in group A and 96.8% in group B (P < 0.05).ConclusionA double negative scan is associated with small tumours and higher rates of MGD. Despite these challenges, surgery is successful in this group of patients reinforcing the message that negative localisation is not a contraindication for parathyroidectomy. We demonstrated that it is feasible to offer unilateral neck surgery to 28% of patients with double negative scans. A randomised trial is needed to compare BNE with ioPTH/UNE in this select population.
Alzheimer's biomarkers in daily practice (ABIDE) project: Rationale and design
Authors: de Wilde Arno , van Maurik Ingrid S. , Kunneman Marleen , Bouwman Femke , Zwan Marissa , Willemse Eline A.J. , Biessels Geert Jan , Minkman Mirella , Pel Ruth , Schoonenboom Niki S.M. , Smets Ellen M.A. , Wattjes Mike P. , Barkhof Frederik , Stephens Andrew , van Lier Erik J. , Batrla‐Utermann Richard , Scheltens Philip , Teunissen Charlotte E. , van Berckel Bart N.M. , van der Flier Wiesje M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe Alzheimer's biomarkers in daily practice (ABIDE) project is designed to translate knowledge on diagnostic tests (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], cerebrospinal fluid [CSF], and amyloid positron emission tomography [PET]) to daily clinical practice with a focus on mild cognitive impairment (MCI)MethodsABIDE is a 3‐year project with a multifaceted design and is structured into interconnected substudies using both quantitative and qualitative research methods.ResultsBased on retrospective data, we develop personalized risk estimates for MCI patients. Prospectively, we collect MRI and CSF data from 200 patients from local memory clinics and amyloid PET from 500 patients in a tertiary setting, to optimize application of these tests in daily practice. Furthermore, ABIDE will develop strategies for optimal patient‐clinician conversations.DiscussionUltimately, this will result in a set of practical tools for clinicians to support the choice of diagnostic tests and facilitate the interpretation and communication of their results.
AMERICA, ISLAM, AND CONSTITUTIONALISM: MUSLIM AMERICAN POVERTY AND THE MOUNTING POLICE STATE
Authors: Beydoun Khaled A. 
Published: January 2017

Intersectionality alone cannot bring invisible bodies into view. Mere words won't change the way that some people—the less-visible members of political constituencies—must continue to wait for leaders, decision-makers and others to see their struggles.—Kimberlé Crenshaw1Hamtramck is a city that occupies many intersections. Geographically, it is approximately two square miles, swallowed entirely by the city of Detroit. Racially and religiously, Hamtramck is at the latter end of a pivotal crossroads. The city of roughly 22,000 people was once a concentrated and celebrated Polish enclave, a coveted destination for immigrants from the Eastern European nation seeking safe haven and economic opportunity. Today, a declining number of Polish businesses, and a statue of Pope John Paul II on the corner of Joseph Campau and Belmont Streets, commemorating his 1987 visit, symbolize the city's proud Polish and Catholic heritage.2 Taking in the sights and sounds of the city today quickly reveals that Hamtramck, however, is no longer predominantly Polish, but rather a destination and hub for Muslims pursuing the American Dream while heavily steeped in their native traditions.
Measurement of snow particle size and velocity in avalanche powder clouds
Authors: ITO YOICHI , NAAIM-BOUVET FLORENCE , NISHIMURA KOUICHI , BELLOT HERVÉ , THIBERT EMMANUEL , RAVANAT XAVIER , FONTAINE FIRMIN 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTParticle size, particle speed and airflow speed have been measured in the powder snow clouds of avalanches to investigate the suspension and transportation processes of snow particles. The avalanches were artificially triggered at the Lautaret full-scale avalanche test-site (French Alps) where an ultrasonic anemometer and a snow particle counter were setup in an avalanche track for measurements. Relatively large particles were observed during passage of the avalanche head and then the size of the particles slightly decreased as the core of the avalanche passed the measurement station. The particle size distribution was well fitted by a gamma distribution function. A condition for suspension of particles within the cloud based on the ratio of vertical velocity fluctuation to particle settling velocity suggests that the large particles near the avalanche head are not lifted up by turbulent diffusion, but rather ejected by a process involving collisions between the avalanche flow and the rough snow surface. Particle speeds were lower than the airflow speed when large particles were present in the powder cloud.
Slight glacier mass loss in the Karakoram region during the 1970s to 2000 revealed by KH-9 images and SRTM DEM
Authors: ZHOU YUSHAN , LI ZHIWEI , LI JIA 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTAn anomalously slight glacier mass gain during 2000 to the 2010s has recently been reported in the Karakoram region. However, to date, no investigations of the region-wide glacier mass balance in the Karakoram prior to 2000 have been reported, leaving a knowledge gap for assessing glacier responses to climate change. We calculated elevation and mass change using DEMs generated from KH-9 images acquired during 1973–1980 and the 1 arc-second SRTM DEM. We find a slight mass loss of −0.09 ± 0.03 m w.e. a−1 (12 366 km2) for 1973–2000, which is less negative than the global average rate for 1971–2009 (−0.31 ± 0.19 m w.e. a−1). Within the Karakoram, the glacier change patterns are spatially and temporally heterogeneous. In particular, a nearly stable state in the central Karakoram (−0.04 ± 0.05 m w.e. a−1 during the period 1974–2000) implies that the Karakoram anomaly dates back to the 1970s. Combined with the previous studies, we conclude that the Karakoram glaciers as a whole were in a nearly balanced state during the 1970s to the 2010s.
Facies analysis and depositional model of the Serravallian-age Neurath Sand, Lower Rhine Basin (W Germany)
Authors: Prinz L. , Schäfer A. , McCann T. , Utescher T. , Lokay P. , Asmus S. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe up to 60 m thick Neurath Sand (Serravallian, late middle Miocene) is one of several marine sands in the Lower Rhine Basin which were deposited as a result of North Sea transgressive activity in Cenozoic times. The shallow-marine Neurath Sand is well exposed in the Garzweiler open-cast mine, which is located in the centre of the Lower Rhine Basin. Detailed examination of three sediment profiles extending from the underlying Frimmersdorf Seam via the Neurath Sand and through to the overlying Garzweiler Seam, integrating both sedimentological and palaeontological data, has enabled the depositional setting of the area to be reconstructed.Six subenvironments are recognised in the Neurath Sand, commencing with the upper shoreface (1) sediments characterised by glauconite-rich sands and an extensive biota (Ophiomorphaichnosp.). These are associated with the silt-rich sands of a transitional subenvironment (2), containingSkolithos linearis, Planolitesichnosp. andTeichichnusichnosp. These silt-rich sands grade up to the upper shoreface subenvironment (1), which is indicative of an initial regressive trend. The overlying intertidal deposits can be subdivided into a lower breaker zone (3), characterised by ridge-and-runnel systems, and the swash zone (4) where the surge and backwash of waves resulted in the deposition of high-energy laminites. The intertidal deposits were capped by aeolian backshore sediments (5). Extensive root traces present in this latter subenvironment reflect the development of the overlying peatland (i.e. Garzweiler Seam). Within the Garzweiler Seam, restricted sand lenses indicate a lagoonal or estuarine depositional environment (6). Regional correlation with adjacent wells establishes that shallow-marine conditions were widespread across the Lower Rhine Basin in middle Serravallian times. The shoreline profile, characterised by both tidal and wave activity and influenced by fluvial input from the adjacent Rhenish Massif, is indicative of the complexity of the coastal depositional setting within the Lower Rhine Basin.