bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An exploratory study of fears among adolescent students from an urban cohort in India
Authors: Acharya Aditi , Vankar Ganpat K. , De Sousa Avinash 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Background:
Normal fear is an adaptive response to a real or imagined threat. Fears occur in children and adolescents at varying levels while they negotiate different developmental phases.

Objective:
The present study aimed at assessing the types of fears in children and adolescents between the ages of 11 and 19 years. Age and gender based differences in these fears were also studied.

Materials and methods:
The study sample consisted of 2010 adolescents from an urban setting between the ages of 11 and 19 who filled in a proforma questionnaire for socio-demographic details and also filled in the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R). Statistical analysis of the data was done along with the use of descriptive statistics.

Results:
The prevalence of fears among adolescents was found to be 85.17% in the total sample. Girls reported a significantly greater number of fears (p<0.0001) and greater levels of fear (p<0.0001) than boys. Age however, did not affect the number of fears reported. Girls scored significantly higher on all the subscales of the FSSC-R. ‘Failing a test’ emerged as the most common fear expressed by the sample. Girls expressed a greater fear for snakes and earthquakes than boys.

Conclusion:
Girls expressed fears to a greater extent than boys and adolescents demonstrated a high level of fears in general. There is a need for further studies in this direction to elucidate the nature of fears in this population.
Histamine H3 receptor antagonists display antischizophrenic activities in rats treated with MK-801
Authors: Mahmood Danish , Akhtar Mohd , Jahan Kausar , Goswami Dipanjan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Background:
Animal models based on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor blockade have been extensively used for schizophrenia. Ketamine and MK-801 produce behaviors related to schizophrenia and exacerbated symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, which led to the use of PCP (phencyclidine)- and MK-801 (dizocilpine)-treated animals as models for schizophrenia.

Methods:
The study investigated the effect of subchronic dosing (once daily, 7 days) of histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonists, ciproxifan (CPX) (3 mg/kg, i.p.), and clobenpropit (CBP) (15 mg/kg, i.p.) on MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced locomotor activity and also measured dopamine and histamine levels in rat’s brain homogenates. The study also included clozapine (CLZ) (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.), the atypical and typical antipsychotic, respectively.

Results:
Atypical and typical antipsychotic was used to serve as clinically relevant reference agents to compare the effects of the H3R antagonists. MK-801 significantly increased horizontal locomotor activity, which was reduced with CPX and CBP. MK-801-induced locomotor hyperactivity attenuated by CPX and CBP was comparable to CLZ and CPZ. MK-801 raised striatal dopamine level, which was reduced in rats pretreated with CPX and CBP. CPZ also significantly lowered striatal dopamine levels, although the decrease was less robust compared to CLZ, CPX, and CBP. MK-801 increased histamine content although to a lesser degree. Subchronic treatment with CPX and CBP exhibited further increased histamine levels in the hypothalamus compared to MK-801 treatment alone. Histamine H3 receptor agonist, R-α methylhistamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), counteracted the effect of CPX and CBP.

Conclusions:
The present study shows the positive effects of CPX and CBP on MK-801-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors in rodents.
Modulation of l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol/GPR55 MAP kinase signalling by CB2 receptor agonists: identifying novel GPR55 inhibitors
Authors: Anavi-Goffer Sharon , Irving Andrew J. , Ross Ruth A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Background: GPR55 is a lipid-sensing G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by the endogenous lipid l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and can be modulated by certain cannabinoid ligands.

Methods: In this study we investigated the GPR55 activity of four synthetic CB2 receptor agonists using the AlphaScreen® SureFire® assay.

Results: Here we show that the CB2 receptor-selective agonists HU-308, HU-433 and HU-910 do not promote GPR55-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation up to a concentration of 3 μM. However, LPI-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation is inhibited by the (–)-enantiomer of HU-308, designated HU-433, whereas HU-308 has no effect on LPI activity. The carboxylic analogue of HU-910, designated HU-914, potently inhibits LPI-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation; however, HU-914 was less effective, with potential biphasic effects.

Conclusions: This structure-activity-relationship study has identified novel ligands which act both as CB2 receptor agonists and GPR55 modulators and related compounds that lack GPR55 activity.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of ginger in tuberculosis
Authors: Kulkarni Rashmi Anant , Deshpande Ajit Ramesh 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged to become the world’s leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Inflammatory cytokines play an important role during the course of the disease and may be responsible for tissue damage by lipid peroxidation. The study was aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of ginger in pulmonary TB patients.

Methods: A total of 69 pulmonary TB patients participated in a randomized and placebo-controlled study. The intervention group received 3 g of ginger extract daily for 1 month and placebo group was supplemented with starch capsule. Participants of both groups were taking standard antitubercular treatment during the study. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, ferritin and malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood samples were analyzed before and after the intervention by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for TNF alpha and ferritin and spectrophotometry for MDA.

Results: Ginger supplementation significantly reduced the levels of TNF alpha, ferritin and MDA in ginger supplemented group in comparison to baseline. Ginger supplementation with antitubercular treatment significantly lowered TNF alpha, ferritin and MDA concentrations in comparison to control group.

Conclusions: Ginger was found to be effective as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant supplement along with anti-TB therapy as it possesses strong free radical scavenging property.
Application of gradient elasticity to benchmark problems of beam vibrations
Authors: Kateb K.M. , Almitani K.H. , Alnefaie K.A. , Abu-Hamdeh N.H. , Papadopoulos P. , Askes H. , Aifantis E.C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe gradient approach, specifically gradient elasticity theory, is adopted to revisit certain typical configurations on mechanical vibrations. New results on size effects and scale-dependent behavior not captured by classical elasticity are derived, aiming at illustrating the usefulness of this approach to applications in advanced technologies. In particular, elastic prismatic straight beams in bending are discussed using two different governing equations: the gradient elasticity bending moment equation (fourth order) and the gradient elasticity deflection equation (sixth order). Different boundary/support conditions are examined. One problem considers the free vibrations of a cantilever beam loaded by an end force. A second problem is concerned with a simply supported beam disturbed by a concentrated force in the middle of the beam. Both problems are solved analytically. Exact free vibration frequencies and mode shapes are derived and presented. The difference between the gradient elasticity solution and its classical counterpart is revealed. The size ratio c/L (c denotes internal length and L is the length of the beam) induces significant effects on vibration frequencies. For both beam configurations, it turns out that as the ratio c/L increases, the vibration frequencies decrease, a fact which implies lower beam stiffness. Numerical examples show this behavior explicitly and recover the classical vibration behavior for vanishing size ratio c/L.
Pediatric thyroid nodules: ultrasonographic characteristics and inter-observer variability in prediction of malignancy
Authors: Koltin Dror , O’Gorman Clodagh S. , Murphy Amanda , Ngan Bo , Daneman Alan , Navarro Oscar M. , García Cristián , Atenafu Eshetu G. , Wasserman Jonathan D. , Hamilton Jill , Rachmiel Marianna 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPediatric thyroid nodules, while uncommon, have high malignancy risk. The objectives of the study were (1) to identify sonographic features predictive of malignancy; (2) to create a prediction model; and (3) to assess inter-observer agreement among radiologists.All available cases of thyroid nodules, surgically removed between 2000 and 2009. Three radiologists reviewed the sonographic images; 2 pathologists reviewed the tissue specimens. Adult prediction models were applied. Interobserver variability was assessed.Twenty-seven subjects, mean age 13.1±3.4 years, were included. Nineteen nodules were differentiated thyroid carcinomas. On multivariate analysis, size was the only significant predictor of malignancy. On recursive partitioning analysis, size >35 mm with microcalcification and ill-defined margins yielded the best prediction model. Radiologist inter-observer agreement regarding malignancy was moderate (κ=0.50).Larger size, microcalcifications and ill-defined margins on ultrasound demonstrate the best predictive model for malignancy in the pediatric population. Experienced pediatric radiologists demonstrate moderate inter-observer agreement in prediction of malignancy.
Crystal structure of tetraaquabis(μ2-4-chlorobenzoato-κ2
O:O,O′)bis(4-chlorobenzoato-κO)bis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2
N,N′)distrontium(II), C52H40Cl4N4O12Sr2
Authors: Hu Ling-Xia , Zhang Bi-Song , Qiu Jing-Ping , Wu Chang-Sheng , Liu Zhen-Xiang 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
C52H40Cl4N4O12Sr2, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 8.9531(18) Å, b = 9.0657(18) Å, c = 16.911(3) Å, α = 75.56(3)°, β = 81.96(3)°, γ = 73.84(3)°, V = 1273.0(4) Å3, Z = 1, R
gt
(F) = 0.0347, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0760, T = 293(2) K.
Preparation and mechanical properties of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) nanofiber sheets obtained by CO2 laser supersonic multi-drawing
Authors: Koyama Hiroyuki , Watanabe Yuta , Suzuki Akihiro 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In this study, poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) nanofiber sheets were fabricated by winding PPS nanofibers onto a spool. Previously, PPS nanofibers have been prepared by irradiating a PPS fiber with a CO2 laser while drawing it at supersonic speeds by single-fiber injection through an orifice. Here, we incorporated the nanofibers obtained into large nanofiber sheets and determined their mechanical properties. Supersonic air was introduced into a vacuum chamber through eight fiber injection orifices to obtain large PPS nanofiber sheets. The nanofibers were collected for 10 min, producing a rectangle sheet with dimensions of 17 cm×18 cm, a thickness of 70 μm, and an average fiber diameter of 700 nm. The dependence of the sheet’s mechanical properties on winding speed was investigated in the machine direction (MD) and traverse direction (TD) at four winding speeds.
The Sharaf Al-Din Mosque in Cairo: A Case Study
Authors: Nazel Tarek 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe polychrome mosque of Sharaf Al-Din in the historic center of Cairo dates back to (717–738ah) (1317–1337ad). It consists of different layers of red brick and yellow limestone, characteristic of Mamluk architecture; the building is currently below the street level. The study concentrated on the mineralogical and physicochemical composition of these two construction materials, as well as identifying the Mokattam quarry as the source for the limestone. Furthermore, the presence of efflorescence in specific locations of the building was noted, and their composition was analyzed to identify the main soluble salts; these were found to be halite, gypsum and ettringite, the former two on limestone ashlars, and the latter on brick boundaries. Their formation and their possible different origins are discussed.
A study of the effect of chemical treatments on areca fiber reinforced polypropylene composite properties
Authors: Dhanalakshmi Sampathkumar , Ramadevi Punyamoorthy , Basavaraju Bennehalli 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAreca fibers have a great prospect in the polymer composite field since they possess superior properties like being light weight, strong and having high strength-to-weight ratio. In addition, areca fibers are biodegradable, non-toxic and eco-friendly and have low maintenance cost. In this research work, areca fibers were subjected to chemical treatments such as NaOH, KMnO4, C6H5COCl and H2C=CHCOOH to reduce the hydrophilic nature of areca fibers and to improve interfacial adhesion between areca fibers and thermoplastic polypropylene matrix, so that areca-polypropylene composites with improved properties can be obtained. The untreated and all chemically treated areca-polypropylene composites with 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% fiber loadings were fabricated by the compression molding technique. Investigations of tensile, flexural and impact properties of areca fiber reinforced polypropylene composites were done under given fiber loadings by following American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM) standard procedures. Amongst all untreated and chemically treated areca-polypropylene composites, acrylated areca-polypropylene composites with 60% fiber loading showed higher tensile and flexural strength values and with 50% fiber loading showed higher impact strength values. Hence, chemically treated areca-polypropylene composites can be considered as a very promising material for the fabrication of lightweight material industries.
Numerical study of Ti/Al/Mg three-layer plates on the interface behavior in explosive welding
Authors: Liu Ruifeng , Wang Wenxian , Zhang Tingting , Yuan Xiaodan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In this study, a finite element model of the explosive welding process of three-layer plates composed of Ti/Al/Mg was established, and the interfacial behaviors of three-layer plates were researched. We investigated the influences that affect the quality of explosive bonding and explored the influence factors of variable physical parameters in the simulation. The finite difference engineering package AUTODYN with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method has been used to model the collision in this work. The von Mises strength model was used to describe the behavior of Ti/Al/Mg composite plates. Wave morphology on the Al/Mg interface and straight morphology on the Ti/Al interface were produced in this study; meanwhile, jet phenomenon occurred obviously in the simulation process. The contours of velocity, pressure, shear stress, and effective plastic strain of Ti/Al/Mg were also discussed. The result of X-direction velocity showed a delay in time and location of collision point between the Ti/Al and the Al/Mg interface. The detonation point was the minimum pressure, and the collision point was the maximum pressure compared with other sections. The value of effective plastic strain must exceed a threshold to obtain a good bonding, and the shear stress was of opposite sign in the simulation.
Wutreden – Konstruktion einer Gattung in den digitalen Medien
Authors: Meier Simon 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper proposes a reception-oriented and discursive concept of genre by using the example of „Wutreden“, i. e. public and medially distributed rants and their coverage in (online) media and Web 2.0. On the basis of a corpus of video recordings and transcriptions of Wutreden as well as comments made by journalists and users, it is shown that neither their linguistic features nor their situational functions qualify Wutreden as a distinct genre. Rather, the medial and internet-based recontextualisations of Wutreden build an orienting framework for the reception of discourse. It is these recontextualisations that put disparate speech events in order, so that they can be received as instances of one single genre. The analysis of accompanying discourse like media reports, user comments, and tweets as well as the multimodal surroundings of the respective videos shows, that such documents of reception reflect a genre awareness of Wutreden which will shape their reception as well as the follow-up discourse. The increase of Wutreden in the recent past as appears to be as a result of altered conditions of reception in online environments – conditions, which the linguistic study of genre and genre change within digital media should not neglect.
Conceptos sobre inocuidad en la producción primaria de la leche.
Authors: Zumbado Gutiérrez Leana , Romero Zuñiga Juan José 
Published: April 2016

La producción primaria de la leche es uno de los eslabones más importantes a lo largo de la cadena de producción, tratamiento y manejo de la leche y sus subproductos; así, debe asegurarse que la leche sea producida por animales sanos, bajo óptimas condiciones higiénicas y de manejo, que garanticen un producto inocuo y de calidad. Sin embargo, existen peligros asociados a la producción primaria de la leche que representan riesgos potenciales de causar daño a los consumidores; afortunadamente, pueden ser controlados bajo ciertas regulaciones. Estos peligros pueden ser catalogados como físicos (cuerpos extraños), químicos (pesticidas, antibióticos, micotoxinas, metales pesados o desinfectantes) o microbiológicos (microorganismos patógenos). Al mismo tiempo, de manera complementaria, la industria lechera demanda un producto proveniente de la finca que cumpla estándares deseables de calidad; esto se logra con la aplicación de normas específicas, tanto nacionales como internacionales, que procuren reducir los riesgos a un mínimo aceptable. Entre estas normas se encuentran las emitidas por el Codex Alimentarius y las de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO). Por ende, los productores de leche, así como las asociaciones, cooperativas, industria y gobierno, deben impulsar y verificar la aplicación de medidas de manejo que colaboren a controlar los aspectos que influyen durante la extracción y mantenimiento de la leche.
Die zweite Zahlungsdiensterichtlinie – zwischen technischer Innovation und Ausdehnung des Aufsichtsrechts
Authors: Terlau Matthias 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die zweite Zahlungsdiensterichtlinie ist am 12. 1. 2016 in Kraft getreten. Sie stellt das Ergebnis einer zweieinhalb Jahre dauernden Debatte einer Reform der europäischen Regulierung für Zahlungsdienste dar. Die bisherige Zahlungsdiensterichtlinie datiert aus dem Jahr 2007. Technische Innovationen und deren Regulierung haben einen großen Raum der politischen Arbeit in der Reform eingenommen. Das Thema Sicherheit des Zahlungsverkehrs und auch der Zahlungsdienstleister war dem Gesetzgeber ein besonderes Anliegen und hat zu umfangreichen Neuregelungen geführt. Der europäische Gesetzgeber hat sich zudem bemüht, Konturen im Anwendungsbereich zu schärfen und hierdurch mehr Rechtssicherheit zu schaffen. Jenseits des Rampenlichts der politischen Diskussionen wurden sodann zahlreiche aufsichtsrechtliche Vorschriften für Zahlungsinstitute und für sämtliche Zahlungsdienstleister stark erweitert.
Assessing Effects of Climatic Change, Region and Agronomic Practices on Leaf Spotting of Bread and Durum Wheat in the Western Canadian Prairies, from 2001 to 2012
Authors: Fernandez Myriam R. , Stevenson Craig F. , Hodge Kim , Dokken‐Bouchard Faye , Pearse Penny G. , Waelchli Fred , Brown Amy , Peluola Cecilia 
Published: April 2016

The leaf spotting (LS) complex is a widespread wheat (Triticum spp.) disease across the Canadian Prairies. A 12‐yr survey (2001–2012) was conducted in commercial fields across Saskatchewan, Canada to quantify LS and pathogen prevalence by wheat species, soil zone, latitude, longitude, previous crop/tillage, and climate. Leaf spotting severity was greater in durum than bread wheat. Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis had the greatest percentage occurrence and frequency of isolation. Percentage isolation of this pathogen and Cochliobolus sativus was greater in durum than bread wheat, while the reverse was true for Phaeosphaeria nodorum. Responses of wheat species to previous crop/tillage were not consistent. Bread wheat in the Brown soil zone had lower LS, and C. sativus levels, than in the other two soil zones, no other pathogen was significantly affected by soil zone. For bread wheat, going northward and eastward increased LS severity, going eastward decreased P. tritici‐repentis levels, going northward and eastward increased P. nodorum, while going south, and to a lesser extent east, increased C. sativus. Wet and warm conditions, particularly in the last years of this survey, and the presence of P. nodorum and C. sativus, were responsible for greater LS severity. Overall, P. tritici‐repentis was associated with warmer and drier conditions, and could not explain LS severity. Greater precipitation and temperature, especially in the last 3 yr (2010–2012), coincided with greater LS and C. sativus levels. Therefore, under higher precipitation and temperatures, C. sativus can become an important leaf pathogen in the western Prairies, especially in durum wheat.

Long‐term survey assessed climate impacts on leaf spot levels and pathogen prevalence.
Used climate data in a zone around each field for accurate assessment of its effects.
Large‐scale assessment of soil impacts on leaf spot severity and pathogen prevalence.
Identification of leaf spot pathogens most associated with disease severity in wheat.
Using Local Drama in Writing and Speaking: EFL Learners’ Creative Expresssion
Authors: Nurhayati Dwi Astuti Wahyu 
Published: April 2016

<p>Creating encouragement among students to speak up and to write is not easy. It is seen on their responses of joining speaking and writing class; most students suppose that speaking and writing English are difficult especially to utter and organize their ideas freely. Problems of speaking include inhibition, nothing to say, low participation, mother-tongue use; writing problems include they lack ideas, organizing of ideas, rhetoric or pattern of thought, cohesion and coherence. However to cope with these problems, this study offers the variation performance in delivering ideas or activities through writing a script and conducting a drama. The steps of learning writing are (1) Creative Expression (responding to the ideas that learners produce; (2) Composing Process: planning-writing-reviewing framework using dramatic structure: orientation, complication, sequence of events, resolution and coda; (3) Genre and context of writing (Building Knowledge of Field (BKoF), Modeling of Text (MoT), Joint Construction of Text (JCoT), and Independent Construction of Text (ICoT and Local Drama as their creative expression: Learners use pattern they have developed to write a script). In speaking, before conducting the performance the students are divided into some groups to create the learning community, the steps are: create script based on themes, next consult the script (discuss their creative expreesion), observe the characters play, their characterization, mime, and other aspects, practice the script, and finally perform drama outdoor. As the result they become more self-confidence to utter ideas, expressive including writing a script, drama is considered as an appealing learning strategy which promotes not only goal-oriented learning but also emotional intelligence skills.</p><p>Key words: <em>teaching, writing and speaking, drama</em><em></em></p>
A Return to Fashion: Revisiting the German Model
Authors: Baldi Gregory 
Published: April 2016

Stephen Padgett, William E. Paterson, and Reimut Zohlnhöfer, ed. Developments in German Politics 4. 4th Revised edition (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)Simon Green and Ed Turner, ed. Understanding the Transformation of Germany’s CDU (London: Routledge, 2014)Ştefan Sorin Mureşan, Social Market Economy: The Case of Germany (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014).