bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Ecological Perspective on Intercultural Communication
Authors: Hinner Michael B. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe social ecological perspective is a holistic approach designed to study the interrelation of humans and their physical and social environments. It is based on the ecological models of urban sociology and general systems theory. Bronfenbrenner, McLeroy, and Stokols are credited with having created social ecological models that have found wide application in education, health sciences, politics, psychology, and sociology. The social ecological models identify and analyze the interplay of interpersonal, community, organizational, and cultural factors associated with the social and physical environments over a period of time. The influence of these factors can be top‐down, bottom‐up, or multidirectional. Analysis of the interaction at the various levels and between the levels provides a deeper understanding of how and why multiple factors influence human behavior and communication. That is why the social ecological perspective provides a deeper and richer understanding of intercultural communication contexts.
Sociolinguistic Approach to Intercultural Communication
Authors: Jackson Jane 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry introduces sociolinguistics, a subfield of the scientific study of human language that is concerned with the relationship between language and society. The work of sociolinguists may center on one or more strands or branches, including anthropological linguistics, secular or variational linguistics, ethnography of speaking (communication), interaction studies, discourse analysis, critical discourse analysis (CDA), the sociology of language, the social psychology of language, and critical sociolinguistics, among others. Sociolinguistic research has raised awareness of the central role of language and power in interactions between individuals and groups who have a different cultural, and perhaps linguistic, background. Studies of language use in various social, cultural, historical, and political contexts have enriched the field of intercultural communication in numerous ways.
Sojourner Communication
Authors: Jackson Jane 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAfter defining what is meant by asojourner, this entry describes the characteristics of some of the most common categories (e.g., tourists, education abroad students, expatriates, military personnel). In the host environment, a range of complex individual attributes and behaviors (e.g., motivation, intercultural attitudes, willingness to communicate) can lead to variations in opportunities for host–sojourner interactions and also impact the quality of the communication. External (environmental) factors (e.g., the degree of host receptivity, access to local communities, length of sojourn, cultural distance) also influence sojourner communication. Recent research raises questions about the quality and frequency of host–sojourner communication and points to the need for more in‐depth studies that explore what actually happens on stays abroad. There is also growing recognition of the merits of investigating the impact of intercultural contact and sojourner communication on hosts and the host community.
Strangers, Theories of
Authors: Marotta Vince 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The stranger is a multilayered and multidimensional idea that crosses various disciplines such as psychoanalysis, sociology, phenomenology, existentialism, and postcolonialism. It has been associated with the cultural, racial, and religious other, with our relationship to an internal other, and to a general existential condition. The experience of the stranger also exposes the misunderstanding that occurs across cultures, but also to a state of objectivity. More recently the emergence of the “cyborg stranger” has seen a shift away from classical accounts of strangeness that were premised on face‐to‐face encounters.
Stress–Adaptation–Growth Dynamic
Authors: Kim Young Yun 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Strangers in a new and unfamiliar cultural environment often find themselves in stressful situations. Such experiences of stress are explained in the integrative communication theory of cross‐cultural adaptation as an essential part of the stress–adaptation–growth dynamic, in which stress serves as the necessary impetus for new cultural learning necessary to make adjustments in their original cultural habits and cultivate an increased adaptive capacity with which to meet subsequent new challenges in the environment at a higher level of self‐integration. The theory further explains that, through continuous and prolonged interplay of stress, adaptation, and growth, the initially intense fluctuations of the stress–adaptation–growth dynamic subside, as individuals achieve greater psychological and functional efficacy in interacting with the host environment, along with a gradual and often unconscious identity transformation from a largely monocultural to an increasingly intercultural identity that is no longer rigidly defined by the parameters of any single culture.
Volunteering and Intercultural Communication
Authors: Kramer Michael W. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractVolunteering and intercultural communication interact when individuals from one cultural community or country serve people from another culture or community either within their country or by traveling to another country. This volunteering takes many different forms. It is very common throughout the world and provides many valuable services to people. Common problems in these settings include different understandings of the meaning of volunteering, language differences, and cultural differences. Too often the effectiveness of these volunteer efforts is also hindered by communicating a sense of superiority of the volunteers' culture rather than treating the cultures as equal.
Worldview in Intercultural Communication
Authors: Dodd Carley H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Intercultural worldview traces its scholarly trajectory from anthropology and linguistics to more recently becoming a meaningful topic in the field of intercultural communication. The concept originates from the German word
Weltanschauung
(“world perception” or “world view”). As a fundamental cognitive construct, intercultural worldview shapes how a culture interprets events and influences intercultural communication and cultural behaviors, a point illustrated throughout this entry. Assumptions collectively construed as worldview beliefs are associated with several factors, some of the most frequent being laws of nature, culture concept of reality, fatalism, beliefs in God and the supernatural, general outlooks toward meaning of life, and the concept of being. This entry addresses specific intercultural communication. Implications and future research appeal to the need to include worldview in higher education and training and integrate intercultural worldview into more comprehensive definitions and theories of intercultural communication.
Intercultural Communication Study in Australia
Authors: Liu Shuang , Reeves Laura Simpson 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry reviews theories and research that have significantly contributed to the development of intercultural communication study in Australia. Fundamental to this interdisciplinary field are social psychology and language communication. Key research areas are intergroup and interethnic relations, intercultural competence, communication between immigrants and host nationals, media representation, and communication between indigenous and nonindigenous Australians. Within each research stream, there are subareas of study. Methodologically, quantitative and qualitative approaches are used, as reflected in the work by Australian researchers and projects hosted by research centers in Australian universities.
Intercultural Communication Study in Canada
Authors: Noels Kimberly A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCanadian intercultural communication research is grounded in the dynamics of an officially bilingual and linguistically regionalized, immigrant‐receiving nation grounded in the ongoing dynamics of indigenous–settler relations. Current research addresses issues in intercultural communication across diverse domains (e.g., education, healthcare), including the role of group status and power in intercultural interactions; the development of linguistic, communicative and (inter)cultural competence; the reciprocal relation between identity and communication; and the challenges of establishing common ground. Emergent themes include greater attention to the context, particularly the dynamics of social networks; bi‐ and multicultural identities in everyday social situations; the interplay between language and culture acquisition; as well as positive and negative aspects of the communication process and its outcomes.
Intercultural Communication Study in France
Authors: Averbeck‐Lietz Stefanie 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry deals with the development of intercultural communication research in French academia since it took off during the 1970s. The roots of intercultural communication research can be traced back to (a) intercultural training programs initiated to improve post‐World War II relations in Europe, especially between the French and the Germans, (b) immigration to France in the wake of decolonialization since the1960s, particularly regarding intercultural pedagogics, and (c) the emerging topic of (mediatized) global communication and cultural hybridity since the 1990s. Besides practical reasons for intercultural communication research, social constructivist approaches and semio‐pragmatics are strong theoretical inputs to the diverse field of intercultural communication research in France, whereas cross‐cultural communication research as in the US tradition is not the dominant paradigm. From an ethical viewpoint, the concept of “alterity” (“alterité”) is highly relevant.
Intercultural Communication Study in Germany
Authors: Hinner Michael B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study of intercultural communication in Germany is, on the one hand, a relatively recent development that has been introduced from America. On the other hand, the precursors of intercultural communication studies have a long and rich tradition in Germany; in particular, in ethnology, philology, and psychology. After World War II, large numbers of migrants came to Germany and their integration into German society was initially problematic. These various factors had considerable impact on intercultural communication research and instruction in Germany. Another important characteristic of intercultural communication study in Germany is the debate on what constitutes culture and intercultural communication competence. A number of postsecondary institutions offer bachelor's and master's programs as well as courses in intercultural communication.
Intercultural Communication Study in the Middle East
Authors: Alkharusi Mohammed Juma 
Published: December 2017

Abstract“Citizens of the world” is a term widely used today to describe those individuals who cross cultural boundaries for various reasons; this term should be particularly applicable to the Middle East, as the region is characterized by cultural, religious, ethnic, racial, and linguistic diversity. Examining intercultural communication in the Middle East from an Arab perspective contributes to developing a comprehensive understanding of various issues in this region, including how Middle Eastern Arabs and Muslims, in particular, view themselves and how others view (or stereotype) them. Cultural, ethnic, and religious identities frame the communication styles of Middle Eastern people and guide them in their interactions and communication with others.
Intercultural Communication Study in Poland
Authors: Bartosik‐Purgat Małgorzata 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The development of education in the field of intercultural communication in Poland had its beginnings in the 17th century. World War II and its consequences influenced the fact that the current study cycle does not have a relatively long history. The main determinants inhibiting the development of the didactic offer and scientific activities in the field of intercultural communication had their grounds in the Polish political system after World War II. Since the beginning of the 1990s there has been great development in intercultural communication in many research and educational centers in Poland. Currently, intercultural communication is taught at all levels of education at leading universities in Poland. Polish scientists conduct research in this field that results in scientific publications, they are members of many international organizations dealing with intercultural communication, and they participate in and organize scientific meetings both in Poland and abroad.
Intercultural Communication Study in Portugal
Authors: Nobre Guilherme Fráguas , Filimon Nela 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry provides a global overview of research into intercultural communication in Portugal. The key elements examined refer to the historical foundations of intercultural communication and the various ways of approaching the intercultural communication issue, encompassing the institutions involved and the related topics of thought, authors, research streams, the variety of intercultural communication concepts, and future perspectives. Overall, evidence has shown that public policies that are focused on stressing the value and importance of the Portuguese language and culture, at both national and international levels, have marked the evolution of the intercultural communication field in Portugal from its beginnings up to the present day.
Intercultural Communication Study in Spain
Authors: Filimon Nela 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Due to past history, intercultural communication in Spain is grounded on two dimensions: the Mediterranean and the Hispanic. The process of political democratic transition started in 1975 had a significant impact in the academic field. The creation of the first information and communication faculties in the 1980s and the 1990s was the cornerstone for the consolidation of intercultural communication as a field of research and teaching. Intercultural communication studies embraces a multidisciplinary and multithematic nature with a special focus on immigration, cultural diversity, education, and identity. The emergence of new forms of global communication and the impact of digital technologies raise new challenges for the understanding of the concept of own‐ and other‐identity, with academia, mass media, and sociopolitical institutions all being called to play a dynamic role in this process.
Intercultural Communication Study in the United Kingdom
Authors: Woodin Jane 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntercultural communication study developed in the UK in the mid‐1990s across a range of institutions in the higher education sector. This development took place within an increasingly internationalized arena, with Erasmus study exchanges across Europe and a rise in the number of students from around the world, particularly from China. Intercultural communication study in the UK has itself undergone changes in focus and content, from cross‐cultural comparative approaches, a focus on mediation and the intercultural individual, to critical pedagogy and discourse approaches. It is proposed that the future will witness a development into intercultural engagement and action in the world. These developments are evident in research group activities, teaching curricula, and to some extent funding for large projects in the field.
Culture‐Based Conversational Constraints Theory
Authors: Kim Min‐Sun 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Conversational constraints theory (CCT), developed by Min‐Sun Kim and her colleagues, explains why people from different cultures say what they say. In contrast with mostly descriptive research on cross‐cultural strategy choices, the main goal of this research program has been to understand, from a goals perspective, why a particular conversational strategy is chosen cross‐culturally. The theory proposes five main motives that belong to two conflicting broad categories: relationally oriented and task‐oriented. Relationally oriented constraints include (a) concern for avoiding hurting the hearer's feelings, (b) concern for minimizing imposition, and (c) concern for avoiding negative evaluation by the hearer. Task‐oriented constraints include (d) concern for clarity and (e) effectiveness. For any given encounter, cultural factors (e.g., collectivism, individualism) determine the salient constraints, which in turn determine one's preferences for conversational strategies and tactics. CCT provides a theoretical framework for understanding cultural preferences for communication tactics and the perceptions of intercultural communicative competence.
Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis
Authors: Neuliep James W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis delineates two principles. One is the principle of linguistic determinism, which says that the way one thinks is determined by the language one speaks. Taken at its extreme, this principle means that, if we do not have a word for it, then we cannot think about it. The second is the principle of linguistic relativity, sometimes called linguistic diversity, which says that the languages of the world are all very different. These principles raise some important issues for cross‐cultural communication. If how one thinks is a reflection of the language one speaks, then the speakers of two very different languages must think very differently. This could render effective and successful intercultural communication extremely difficult, if not impossible. Contemporary linguists qualify the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis.
Translation
Authors: Bhawuk Dharm P. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Translation has been discussed in many disciplines of social science and humanities, and scholars have noted the difficulty of translation from multiple perspectives. Philosophers point to the paradox of translation. Scholars in the field of semiotics suggest that the more different the translated and the translatant are, the more is the opportunity for artistic reinterpretation. Psychologists note the difficulty of translation, but proceed with translation of instruments for measurement equivalence. It may not be an exaggeration to say that intercultural communication will always depend on some form of translation.
Cultural Communication, Overview
Authors: Boromisza‐Habashi David 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cultural communication is a research approach and program for the study of how communication can be used to affirm or create the distinct cultural identities of communities. Cultural communication approaches culture as code, conversation, or community, and identifies ritual, myth, and social drama as cross‐culturally relevant forms of communication that serve the purpose of affirming communal identity and belonging. A theoretical development of cultural communication, speech codes theory, opened up cultural communication toward the study of the role of cross‐cultural difference in intercultural communication. New research designed to investigate the transformative potential and new contexts of cultural communication is discussed.
Discourse of Difference
Authors: Edgerly Louisa 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The discourse of difference is a concept derived from studies in speech codes and the ethnography of communication tradition. The concept refers to the act of naming or remarking on social, racial, or other types of difference between individuals or groups. Such a speech event often provokes a challenge to the speaker of difference, and may involve a prolonged contestation over the meaning of the original utterance and its appropriateness. Such a contestation is called a social drama, and, in the course of it, participants often engage in talk about talk—evaluations of the speech of others—that may include explicit statements about the values, premises, symbols, and rules of speaking that are important in their community.
Ethnography of Cultural Communication
Authors: Winchatz Michaela R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The ethnography of communication (EC) includes an approach, methodology, and theoretical perspective dedicated to describing and interpreting culturally patterned communication within particular speech communities. Using units of analysis such as speech acts, speech situations, speech events, terms of address, metacommunicative terms, ways of speaking, and speech codes, EC researchers employ ethnographic fieldwork methods to conduct data collection on language and social interaction. In order to locate, describe, and interpret the distinctive, structured, and socially consequential particularities of communicative conduct in a cultural context, EC researchers rely on the SPEAKING mnemonic, Cultural Discourse Analysis (CuDA), and Speech Codes Theory (SCT) for analytic grounding. Ethnography of communication is dedicated to understanding the localized means and meanings of cultural communicative practices from the participants' viewpoint while simultaneously providing insight into general principles of communication across cultural contexts.
Communication Modes,
F
innish
Authors: Poutiainen Saila 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

In order to understand Finnish cultural communication from the Finnish perspective, three modes of communication are described and discussed: silence and its multiple meanings; a matter‐of‐fact style of communication (
asiallinen
), which emphasizes a thoughtful and controlled way of speaking; and Finnishness talk (
suomalaisuuspuhe
), which is the often self‐criticizing way of talking about Finnishness among Finns themselves.
Communication Modes,
I
celandic
Authors: Kristjánsdóttir Erla S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Iceland has developed enormously over the past century, moving from turf houses to modern buildings and from an extremely primitive lifestyle to a high‐tech lifestyle in a few decades. This entry introduces seven of the most common Icelandic values that are reflected in the communication styles, behaviors, organizational structure, and decision‐making processes. Icelanders are considered to be independent, direct, hardworking, positive individuals who live in a society where the Icelandic language gave them independence, family is important, equality exists, and the fatalistic belief that everything will work out (“it will sort itself out”) is prevalent.
Communication Modes,
I
ndian
Authors: Manian Ranjini 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Communicating with and in India is significantly impacted by the diversity that characterizes the country's ethos. Yet, across these regional, ethnic, and linguistic differences, there run certain common unique challenges. These factors could serve to destabilize effective interaction with other cultures because of the scope for miscuing and misinterpretation. The challenges are rooted in factors as disparate as gender issues and the intonation of vernacular languages. However, once the areas of potential difficulty are identified, it is easy to understand and be understood. Familiarization with the unique nuances of communication modes in India is certainly worth the effort, as India is the 21st century's most happening power.
Communication Modes,Irish
Authors: Schneider Klaus P. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCommunication in Ireland usually takes place in English. Irish English has a unique pragmatic profile that differs from the profiles of other varieties of the English language, for instance British English and American English. A key feature of Irish English communication is a high degree of indirectness. People in Ireland avoid disagreement, confrontation, and conflict. Hospitality, concern for the communication partner, and modesty are further important characteristics.