bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a quantitative and empirical dissolved organic carbon budget for the Gulf of Maine, a semienclosed shelf sea
Authors: Balch William , Huntington Thomas , Aiken George , Drapeau David , Bowler Bruce , Lubelczyk Laura , Butler Kenna 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA time series of organic carbon export from Gulf of Maine (GoM) watersheds was compared to a time series of biological, chemical, bio‐optical, and hydrographic properties, measured across the GoM between Yarmouth, NS, Canada, and Portland, ME, U.S. Optical proxies were used to quantify the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon in the GoM. The Load Estimator regression model applied to river discharge data demonstrated that riverine DOC export (and its decadal variance) has increased over the last 80 years. Several extraordinarily wet years (2006–2010) resulted in a massive pulse of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM; proxy for DOC) into the western GoM along with unidentified optically scattering material (<0.2 µm diameter). A survey of DOC in the GoM and Scotian Shelf showed the strong influence of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on the DOC that enters the GoM. A deep plume of CDOM‐rich water was observed near the coast of Maine which decreased in concentration eastward. The Forel‐Ule color scale was derived and compared to the same measurements made in 1912–1913 by Henry Bigelow. Results show that the GoM has yellowed in the last century, particularly in the region of the extension of the Eastern Maine Coastal Current. Time lags between DOC discharge and its appearance in the GoM increased with distance from the river mouths. Algae were also a significant source of DOC but not CDOM. Gulf‐wide algal primary production has decreased. Increases in precipitation and DOC discharge to the GoM are predicted over the next century.
Modes of crustal accretion and their implications for hydrothermal circulation
Authors: Theissen‐Krah Sonja , Rüpke Lars H. , Hasenclever Jörg 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHydrothermal convection at mid‐ocean ridges links the ocean's long‐term chemical evolution to solid earth processes, forms hydrothermal ore deposits, and sustains the unique chemosynthetic vent fauna. Yet the depth extent of hydrothermal cooling and the inseparably connected question of how the lower crust accretes remain poorly constrained. Here based on coupled models of crustal accretion and hydrothermal circulation, we provide new insights into which modes of lower crust formation and hydrothermal cooling are thermally viable and most consistent with observations at fast‐spreading ridges. We integrate numerical models with observations of melt lens depth, thermal structure, and melt fraction. Models matching all these observations always require a deep crustal‐scale hydrothermal flow component and less than 50% of the lower crust crystallizing in situ.
Altitude development of postmidnight F region field‐aligned irregularities observed using Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia
Authors: Dao Tam , Otsuka Yuichi , Shiokawa Kazuo , Tulasi Ram S. , Yamamoto Mamoru 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFor the first time, vertical rise velocities of postmidnight field‐aligned irregularities (FAIs) at low geomagnetic latitudes have been examined near the June solstice by using two‐dimensional maps of F region FAI echoes observed with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia for 3 years starting in May 2010. We found 15 freshly growing FAIs at postmidnight between May and August during the 3 years. The rise velocities of FAIs are smaller at postmidnight than at postsunset, and most postmidnight FAIs do not exceed an altitude of 450 km. Based on the rise velocities, a lower limit for the creation time of the postmidnight FAIs is estimated to be between 21:30 LT and 02:00 LT for 14 of the 15 events, indicating that this class of FAIs is distinct from the postsunset FAIs.
The 2014–2015 warming anomaly in the Southern California Current System observed by underwater gliders
Authors: Zaba Katherine D. , Rudnick Daniel L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLarge‐scale patterns of positive temperature anomalies persisted throughout the surface waters of the North Pacific Ocean during 2014–2015. In the Southern California Current System, measurements by our sustained network of underwater gliders reveal the coastal effects of the recent warming. Regional upper ocean temperature anomalies were greatest since the initiation of the glider network in 2006. Additional observed physical anomalies included a depressed thermocline, high stratification, and freshening; induced biological consequences included changes in the vertical distribution of chlorophyll fluorescence. Contemporaneous surface heat flux and wind strength perturbations suggest that local anomalous atmospheric forcing caused the unusual oceanic conditions.
Hydrogeophysical characterization of transport processes in fractured rock by combining push‐pull and single‐hole ground penetrating radar experiments
Authors: Shakas Alexis , Linde Niklas , Baron Ludovic , Bochet Olivier , Bour Olivier , Le Borgne Tanguy 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe in situ characterization of transport processes in fractured media is particularly challenging due to the considerable spatial uncertainty on tracer pathways and dominant controlling processes, such as dispersion, channeling, trapping, matrix diffusion, ambient and density driven flows. We attempted to reduce this uncertainty by coupling push‐pull tracer experiments with single‐hole ground penetrating radar (GPR) time‐lapse imaging. The experiments involved different injection fractures, chaser volumes and resting times, and were performed at the fractured rock research site of Ploemeur in France (H+ network, hplus.ore.fr/en). For the GPR acquisitions, we used both fixed and moving antenna setups in a borehole that was isolated with a flexible liner. During the fixed‐antenna experiment, time‐varying GPR reflections allowed us to track the spatial and temporal dynamics of the tracer during the push‐pull experiment. During the moving antenna experiments, we clearly imaged the dominant fractures in which tracer transport took place, fractures in which the tracer was trapped for longer time periods, and the spatial extent of the tracer distribution (up to 8 m) at different times. This demonstrated the existence of strongly channelized flow in the first few meters and radial flow at greater distances. By varying the resting time of a given experiment, we identified regions affected by density‐driven and ambient flow. These experiments open up new perspectives for coupled hydrogeophysical inversion aimed at understanding transport phenomena in fractured rock formations.
Mechanical, Thermal, Morphological, and Biodegradable Studies of Okra Cellulosic Fiber Reinforced Starch‐Based Biocomposites
Authors: Guleria Ashish , Singha Amar Singh , Rana Raj K. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of present work is to study the behavior of completely biodegradable starch‐based composites containing okra cellulosic fibers in the range from 5 to 25 wt%. The cornstarch matrix and composites were prepared by using urea–formaldehyde as a cross‐linking agent. The cross‐linked cornstarch matrix and its composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, thermal and different mechanical properties, i.e., tensile, compressive, and flexural strength of composites, were also studied. The thermal stability of fiber‐reinforced composite was increased as compared to starch matrix. The mechanical properties of composite such as tensile, compressive, and flexural have been found to increase with the increase in fiber content up to 15% loading. The composite specimens tested for tensile, compressive, and flexural strength at 15% fiber loading exhibited values of 17.78 ± 0.89, 33.55 ± 1.67 and 60.1 ± 3.01 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the matrix and composites were subjected to biodegradation studies through the soil burial method.
Fabrication and characterization of hydrophilic poly(ε‐caprolactone)/pluronic P123 electrospun fibers
Authors: Mirhosseini M. M. , Haddadi‐Asl V. , Zargarian S. Sh. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) has been widely investigated for tissue engineering applications because of its good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties; however hydrophobic nature of PCL has been a colossal obstacle toward achieving scaffolds which offer satisfactory cell attachment and proliferation. To produce highly hydrophilic electrospun fibers, PCL was blended with pluronic P123 (P123) and the resulted electrospun scaffolds physiochemical characteristics such as fiber morphology, thermal behavior, crystalline structure, mechanical properties, and wettability were investigated. Moreover molecular dynamic (MD) simulation was assigned to evaluate the blended and neat PCL/water interactions. Presence of P123 at the surface of electrospun blended fibers was detected using ATR‐FTIR analysis. P123 effectiveness in improving the hydrophilicity of the scaffolds was demonstrated by water contact angel which experienced a sharp decrease from 132° corresponding to the neat PCL to almost 0° for all blended samples. Also a steady increase in water uptake ratio was observed for blended fibers as P123 content increased. The 90/10 blend ratio had the maximum tensile strength, elongation at break and crystallinity percentage. Therefore 90/10 blend ratio of PCL/P123 can balance the mechanical properties and bulk hydrophilicity of the resulted electrospun scaffold and would be a promising candidate for tissue engineering application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43345.
Butyl rubber reclamation by combined microwave radiation and chemical reagents
Authors: Khavarnia Masumeh , Movahed Saeed Ostad 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTRubber recycling is growing worldwide because of increasing raw material costs. In addition, extensive use of rubber articles and their eventual disposal is a major concern for the environment. Butyl rubber (IIR) was devulcanized by microwave radiation with the aid of devulcanizing reagents and oil. The effect of several devulcanizing reagents, hexadecylamine (HAD), diphenyl disulfide (DPDS), N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐benzothiozyl sulfenamide (CBS), and tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) on devulcanization process, was studied. The investigation was carried out in various microwave radiation temperatures and different amounts of aromatic and paraffinic oils. The results showed that waste rubber powder with a median particle size of 279
was devulcanized efficiently. It was confirmed when devulcanization % of the devulcanizates were measured by swelling tests. Among of the devulcanizing reagents and based on Horix analysis, HDA with the sol fraction, crosslink density (CLD), and devulcanization percent of 14%, 25
and 64%, respectively, was the most suitable devulcanizing reagent. In addition, compound with 30 and 6 phr paraffinic oil and HDA in formulation, respectively, had maximum devulcanization % (83%). The devulcanizing temperature of this compound was 180
. For the most of all compounds, during microwave radiation, a part of disulfides crosslinks were broken and released sulfurs giving new mono and polysulfides bridges. This resulted in the higher CLDs for some compounds when they compared with CLD of the initial waste rubber. In the morphological study of the devulcanized compounds, vulcanized rubbers clearly showed in the SEM micrographs surrounded by a matrix of devulcanized rubber. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43363.
Thermally Induced Denitrogenative Annulation for the Synthesis of Dihydroquinolinimines and Chroman‐4‐imines
Authors: Chou Chih‐Hung , Chen Ying‐Yu , Rajagopal Basker , Tu Hsiu‐Chung , Chen Kuan‐Lin , Wang Sheng‐Fu , Liang Chien‐Fu , Tyan Yu‐Chang , Lin Po‐Chiao 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA rapid growth in synthetic methods for the preparation of diverse organic molecules using N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles is of great interest in organic synthesis. Transition metals are generally used to activate the α‐imino diazo intermediates. Metal‐free methods have not been studied in detail, but can be a good complement to transition metal catalysis in the mild reaction conditions. We herein report a novel method for the preparation of 2,3‐dihydroquinolin‐4‐imine and chroman‐4‐imine analogs from their corresponding N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles in the absence of metal catalysts. To achieve intramolecular annulation, the introduction of an electron‐donating group is required at the meta position of N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazole methyl anilines. The inclusion of tailored substituents on the aniline moieties and nitrogen atoms enhances the nucleophilicity of the phenyl π‐electrons, thus allowing them to undergo a Friedel–Crafts‐type reaction with the highly electrophilic ketenimines. This metal‐free method was carefully optimized to generate a variety of dihydroquinolin‐4‐imines and chroman‐4‐imines in moderate‐to‐good yields.
Achiral Polydialkylsilane Aggregates That Record Stirring Direction
Authors: Tang Xianhui , Ji Xingxing , Li Yi , Li Baozong , Yang Yonggang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAchiral polysilane aggregates can recognize the chirality of low‐molecular‐weight compounds. It was found that they can also record the stirring direction. Poly(n‐decyl‐2‐methylpropylsilane), poly(n‐nonyl‐2‐methylpropylsilane), poly(n‐decyl‐2‐ethylbutylsilane), and poly(n‐decyl‐(S)‐2‐methylbutylsilane) aggregates were prepared in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran/isopropanol. Although the optical activity of the aggregates of the polysilane with chiral side chains was not tunable by changing the direction of the vortex flow, that of the aggregates of the optically inactive polysilane had a strong relationship to the direction, time, and rate of the vortex flow. The chiral stacked polysilanes were proposed to exist at the surfaces of the aggregates. The optically inactive polysilanes also exhibited optical activity under shear force with a distinct signal in the linear dichroism (LD) spectra of the achiral aggregates in vortex flows. However, the LD signals did not have a significant influence on the circular dichroism signals.
Rare‐Earth‐Based Nanoparticles with Simultaneously Enhanced Near‐Infrared (NIR)‐Visible (Vis) and NIR‐NIR Dual‐Conversion Luminescence for Multimodal Imaging
Authors: Ma Dandan , Xu Xiang , Hu Min , Wang Jing , Zhang Zhenxi , Yang Jian , Meng Lingjie 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMultifunctional NaGdF4:Yb3+,Er3+,Nd3+@NaGdF4:Nd3+core–shell nanoparticles (called Gd:Yb3+,Er3+,Nd3+@Gd:Nd3+NPs) with simultaneously enhanced near‐infrared (NIR)‐visible (Vis) and NIR‐NIR dual‐conversion (up and down) luminescence (UCL/DCL) properties were successfully synthesized. The resulting core–shell NPs simultaneously emitted enhanced UCL at 522, 540, and 660 nm and DCL at 980 and 1060 nm under the excitation of a 793 nm laser. The enhanced UCL and DCL can be explained by complex energy‐transfer processes, Nd3+→Yb3+→Er3+and Nd3+→Yb3+, respectively. The effects of Nd3+concentration and shell thickness on the UCL/DCL properties were systematically investigated. The UCL and DCL properties of NPs were observed under the optimal conditions: a shell Nd3+content of 20 % and a shell thickness of approximately 5 nm. Moreover, the Gd:Yb3+,Er3+,Nd3+@Gd:20 % Nd3+NPs exhibited remarkable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties similar to that of a clinical agent, Omniscan. Thus, the core–shell NPs with excellent UCL/DCL/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties have great potential for both in vitro and in vivo multimodal bioimaging.
Pre‐Actuation and Optimal State Transition Based Precise Tracking for Maximum Phase System
Authors: Zhang Youling , Liu Shan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPrecise trajectory tracking for the maximum phase system can be achieved by the stable inversion method. However, its side effect is requiring the sufficient extended zero trajectory. To overcome this drawback, firstly, this paper introduces the concept of stable initial state which is of vital importance to achieve precise output tracking. And then several methods have been presented to obtain the stable initial state. Both the standard method and the pre‐actuation method can be seen as the simplified stable inversion method under certain conditions, but the two methods only perform approximate output tracking. To achieve precise trajectory tracking, the optimal state transition method and the combination method consisting of the pre‐actuation and the optimal state transition are introduced. Finally, the optimal combination method is proposed to obtain the best overall tracking effect. In brief, different methods are fit for different situation but the optimal combination method is the finest method in practical situation. The effectiveness of the proposed methods are verified through numerical simulations for the maximum phase system.
Mechanistic Aspects of the Holmium‐Mediated, Reciprocal Hydrogen/Sulfur Exchange in the Gas Phase: C6H5CH3+CH2S→C6H5CHS+CH4
Authors: Zhou Shaodong , Li Jilai , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe thermal reaction of [Ho(CH2S)]+ with toluene giving rise to [C6H5CHSHo]+ and CH4 has been investigated using Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometry complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The high reactivity of [Ho(CH2S)]+ which is in distinct contrast with the non‐reactivity of “bare” Ho+ has its origin in the presence of a carbon‐centered radical; the latter initiates hydrogen‐atom abstraction from the methyl group of toluene as the first step of a sequence of hydrogen and sulfur transfer mediated by cationic holmium.
Synthesis and Application of C2 and C3 Symmetric (R)‐Phenylglycinol‐Derived Chiral Stationary Phases
Authors: Yu Jeongjae , Ryoo Dong Hyun , Lee Jung Mi , Ryoo Jae Jeong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA C3 symmetric (R)‐phenylglycinol N‐1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid‐derived chiral stationary phase (CSP) and three C2 symmetric (R)‐phenylglycinol CSPs were newly synthesized using o‐, m‐, and p‐phthaloyl dichlorides. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.These CSPs were used to compare the resolution of 25 chiral samples using a previously reported 3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl (R)‐phenylglycinol‐derived CSP. Even though all CSPs have the same chiral moiety, the C3 symmetric CSP showed the best resolution. Chirality 28:186–191, 2016.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effectiveness of the low‐glucose suspend feature of insulin pump during fasting during Ramadan in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Elbarbary Nancy Samir 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundSevere hypoglycaemia during the daytime of Ramadan fasting is a highly feared complication. In a prospective study, we investigated the effect of the low‐glucose suspend (LGS) algorithm on the frequency of hypoglycaemia in adolescents with T1DM who wished to fast during Ramadan.Subjects and methodsSixty patients (19 males and 41 females, 15.6 ± 2.7 years, duration of diabetes 5.8 ± 2.9 years, pump therapy for 1.73 ± 0.99 years, used the Paradigm(®) Veo(™) System (Medtronic) and were divided into two groups: first (n=25), those who used the sensor with low‐glucose suspend (LGS) feature and second (n = 35), those who used the sensor but turned off low‐glucose suspend (LGS) feature.ResultsA total of 2716 LGS alerts occurred, and 48.6% began in the afternoon between 4pm and 7pm. The mean duration of LGS events was 26.5 min, 38% lasted for <5 min and 5.3% lasted for 120 min. Among these episodes, the mean sensor glucose was 62.3 ± 5.96 mg/dL at LGS activation, rose to 129.8 ± 11.6 mg/dL by the end of the LGS episode (when insulin delivery was automatically resumed) and was 155.6 ± 11.1 mg/dL at 240 min. LGS usage significantly reduced area under the curve (AUC) <70, AUC <60 mg/dL (p = 0.0001) and >240 mg/dL (p = 0.006). None of the LGS‐on group broke their fast versus 15 in the second group (p = 0.001). No episodes of severe hyperglycaemia or DKA were noticed in either groups.ConclusionsUsage of low‐glucose suspend (LGS) significantly reduced exposure to hypoglycaemia without compromising safety. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic control and hypoglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes on conventional or intensified insulin therapy: a 22 year retrospective single centre survey
Authors: Kramer G. , Kuniss N. , Kloos C. , Lehmann T. , Müller N. , Sämann A. , Wolf G. , Müller U. A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundMultiple insulin injection therapy can easily be adapted to the patient's needs. Therefore, it is supposed that more intensive insulin therapy is associated with better metabolic control and less hypoglycaemia compared with a conventional insulin strategy in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsHbA1c and incidence of non‐severe and severe hypoglycaemia were analysed with regard to the strategy of insulin therapy [multiple insulin injection therapy with preprandial insulin with or without basal insulin or conventional insulin therapy with twice‐daily premix insulin] from 20 943 visits of 1417 people treated with insulin with type 2 diabetes in a university outpatient department for endocrinology and metabolic diseases over a period of 22 years.ResultsMultiple insulin injection therapy was used in 13 896 (66.4%) of all 20 942 visits. Compared with conventional insulin therapy, these patients were younger (62.0 vs 68.7 years; p < 0.001), had a slightly longer diabetes duration (16.5 vs 15.8 years; p < 0.001) and higher body mass index (32.8 vs 30.9 kg/m2; p < 0.001), a higher insulin dose (76.4 vs 46.5 IU/day; p < 0.001), more frequent blood glucose monitorings/week (24.2 vs 14.8; p < 0.001), a slightly lower HbA1c [7.7 (61.2) vs 7.9% (62.9 mmol/mol); p < 0.001] but more non‐severe hypoglycaemic incidences per week (0.3 vs 0.2; p = 0.01). Episodes of severe hypoglycaemia were rare and comparable (0.01/patient/year) with both insulin therapy strategies.ConclusionsMultiple insulin injection therapy and conventional insulin therapy yielded comparable metabolic control with HbA1c below 8% (63.9 mmol/mol), but multiple insulin injection therapy is associated with higher body mass index and higher incidence of non‐severe hypoglycaemia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conditional restoration and inactivation of Rbm47 reveal its tissue‐context requirement for viability and growth
Authors: Fossat Nicolas , Radziewic Tania , Jones Vanessa , Tourle Karin , Tam Patrick P. L. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryRbm47 encodes a RNA binding protein that is necessary for Cytidine to Uridine RNA editing. Rbm47gt/gt mutant mice that harbor inactivated Rbm47 display poor viability. Here it was determined that the loss of Rbm47gt/gt offspring is due to embryonic lethality at mid‐gestation. It was further showed that growth of the surviving Rbm47gt/gt mutants is impaired. Rbm47 is expressed in both the visceral endoderm and the definitive endoderm. Using the utility of the switchable FlEx gene‐trap cassette and the activity of Cre and FLP recombinases to generate mice that conditionally inactivate and restore Rbm47 function in tissue‐specific manner, it was demonstrated that Rbm47 function is required in the embryo proper, and not the visceral endoderm, for viability and growth. genesis 54:115–122, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.