bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenology differences between native and novel exotic‐dominated grasslands rival the effects of climate change
Authors: Wilsey Brian J. , Martin Leanne M. , Kaul Andrew D. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Novel ecosystems can differ from the native systems they replaced. We used phenology measures to compare ecosystem functioning between novel exotic‐dominated and native‐dominated grasslands in the central U.S.

Phenology, or timing of biological events, is affected by climate and land use changes. We assessed how phenology shifts are being altered by exotic species dominance by comparing remotely sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index within growing seasons at exotic‐ and native‐dominated sites along a latitudinal gradient. Exotic species were dominated by the C3 species functional group in the north and the C4 species functional group in the south.

Date of senescence was an average of 36 days later in exotic than native‐dominated grasslands, and this effect was consistent across latitudes.

Exotic‐dominated grasslands greened‐up an average of 10.7 days earlier than native‐dominated grasslands, but this effect was highly dependent on latitude and the plant functional group that dominated at that latitude. Green‐up differed between native and exotic sites the most in central and northern regions that had dominant C3 grasses.

We estimated the effects of an increase in global temperatures on green‐up and senescence with a space‐for‐time substitution, and by comparing growing degree day differences between historical average temperatures and +2.5°C. Green‐up was significantly earlier and senescence was significantly later with a 2.5°C increase in temperature. The native–exotic difference was significantly greater than the difference due to increased temperature for senescence, but not for green‐up.

Synthesis and applications. Native to exotic plant conversions in central U.S. grasslands have led to highly altered phenology, especially in terms of senescence, and this effect should be considered along with global warming in models moving forward. This conversion will have to be considered in developing estimates of how global change will affect phenology in locations where exotics are present, especially in cases where their abundance is increasing concurrent with climate change. Global change models and policy should consider exotic species invasion as an additional widespread factor behind changes in phenology.
Siderophore production in Azotobacter vinelandii in response to Fe‐, Mo‐ and V‐limitation
Authors: McRose Darcy L. , Baars Oliver , Morel François M. M. , Kraepiel Anne M. L. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryAzotobacter vinelandii is a terrestrial diazotroph well studied for its siderophore production capacity and its role as a model nitrogen fixer. In addition to Fe, A. vinelandii siderophores are used for the acquisition of the nitrogenase co‐factors Mo and V. However, regulation of siderophore production by Mo‐ and V‐limitation has been difficult to confirm and knowledge of the full suite of siderophores synthesized by this organism has only recently become available. Using this new information, we conducted an extensive study of siderophore production in N2‐fixing A. vinelandii under a variety of trace metal conditions. Our results show that under Fe‐limitation the production of all siderophores increases, while under Mo‐limitation only catechol siderophore production is increased, with the strongest response seen in protochelin. We also find that the newly discovered A. vinelandii siderophore vibrioferrin is almost completely repressed under Mo‐ and V‐limitation. An examination of the potential nitrogen ‘cost’ of siderophore production reveals that investments in siderophore N can represent as much as 35% of fixed N, with substantial differences between cultures using the Mo‐ as opposed to the less efficient V‐nitrogenase.
Optimism, pessimism, cynical hostility, and biomarkers of metabolic function in the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Tindle Hilary A. , Duncan Meredith S. , Liu Simin , Kuller Lewis H. , Fugate Woods Nancy , Rapp Steve R. , Kroenke Candyce H. , Coday Mace , Loucks Eric B. , Lamonte Michael J. , Progovac Ana M. , Salmoirago‐Blotcher Elena , Walitt Brian T. , Yuo Nai‐Chieh Y. , Freiberg Matthew S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundPsychological attitudes reflecting expectations about the future (optimism, pessimism) and people (cynical hostility) independently predict incident cardiovascular disease and possibly diabetes, but underlying biologic pathways are incompletely understood. Herein we examined the cross‐sectional relationship between optimism, pessimism, and cynicism and biomarkers of metabolic function in the Women's Health Initiative.MethodsAmong 3443 postmenopausal women, biomarkers of metabolic function (fasting insulin [FINS] and glucose) were measured at baseline and used to calculate insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA‐IR]) and pancreatic β‐cell activity (homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function [HOMA‐B]). Psychological attitudes were assessed by the Life Orientation Test, Revised (full scale, and optimism and pessimism subscales) and the Cook–Medley cynicism subscale. Multivariable linear regression modeled the association of psychological attitudes with biomarker levels, adjusting for sociodemographics, health conditions, and health behaviors. Because obesity promotes insulin resistance and obese individuals tend to report higher levels of pessimism and cynical hostility, an interaction with body mass index (BMI) was explored.ResultsIn fully adjusted models, only pessimism remained independently associated with higher FINS and insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). Scoring 1 point higher on the pessimism subscale was associated with a 1.2% higher FINS, whereas scoring 1 SD higher was associated with a 2.7% higher FINS (P = 0.03); results were similar for HOMA‐IR. An interaction term with BMI was not significant.ConclusionsIn multivariable models, higher dispositional pessimism was associated with worse metabolic function; these findings were not modified by obesity status. Results extend prior work by linking pessimism to an objective biomarker of insulin resistance in elderly women.
Neuronal representation of individual heroin choices in the orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Guillem Karine , Brenot Viridiana , Durand Audrey , Ahmed Serge H. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDrug addiction is a harmful preference for drug use over and at the expense of other non‐drug‐related activities. We previously identified in the rat orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) a mechanism that influences individual preferences between cocaine use and an alternative action rewarded by a non‐drug reward (i.e. sweet water). Here, we sought to test the generality of this mechanism to a different addictive drug, heroin. OFC neuronal activity was recorded while rats responded for heroin or the alternative non‐drug reward separately or while they chose between the two. First, we found that heroin‐rewarded and sweet water‐rewarded actions were encoded by two non‐overlapping OFC neuronal populations and that the relative size of the heroin population represented individual drug choices. Second, OFC neurons encoding the preferred action—which was the non‐drug action in the large majority of individuals—progressively fired more than non‐preferred action‐coding neurons 1 second after the onset of choice trials and around 1 second before the preferred action was actually chosen, suggesting a pre‐choice neuronal competition for action selection. Together with a previous study on cocaine choice, the present study on heroin choice reveals important commonalities in how OFC neurons encode individual drug choices and preferences across different classes of drugs. It also reveals some drug‐specific differences in OFC encoding activity. Notably, the proportion of neurons that non‐selectively encode both the drug and the non‐drug reward was higher when the drug was heroin (present study) than when it was cocaine (previous study). We will discuss the potential functional significance of these commonalities and differences in OFC neuronal activity across different drugs for understanding drug choice.
Pathological prognostic factors of recurrence in early stage lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yi Eunjue , Bae Mi‐Kyeong , Cho Sukki , Chung Jin‐Haeng , Jheon Sanghoon , Kim Kwhanmien 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundHistological heterogeneity is thought to be important for prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. We investigated to determine pathological features with prognostic value for recurrence of early stage lung cancer.MethodsA total of 368 patients who underwent curative surgical resection for early stage lung adenocarcinoma between 2009 and 2012 were enrolled. Pathologic characteristics including the presence of visceral pleural invasion, micropapillary patterns, aerogenous spread, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion and necrosis were examined. The correlations between pathological factors and clinical outcomes were analysed to determine prognostic significance.ResultsMean follow‐up was 43.0 months (±14.56, ranging from 0.0 to 73.9 months). Three‐year overall survival was 95.2% and disease‐free survival was 89.8%. The recurrence rate was 9.0% (33 patients) and the mortality rate was 6.0% (22 patients). The presence of a micropapillary pattern (P < 0.002), lymphatic invasion (P < 0.000), aerogenous spread (P < 0.000), vascular invasion (P = 0.036) and necrosis (P < 0.000) were negative prognostic factors of recurrence in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, only aerogenous spread had prognostic value (P = 0.020). The recurrence hazard ratio for the presence of aerogenous spread was 3.2 (95% confidence interval 1.20–8.47).ConclusionThe presence of aerogenous spread was an independent pathological risk factor of recurrence in stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Micropapillary pattern had prognostic importance for recurrence in univariate analysis, but not in multivariate analysis.
Adsorption of Protein‐Bound Uremic Toxins Through Direct Hemoperfusion With Hexadecyl‐Immobilized Cellulose Beads in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Yamamoto Suguru , Sato Mami , Sato Yoko , Wakamatsu Takuya , Takahashi Yoshimitsu , Iguchi Akira , Omori Kentaro , Suzuki Yasushi , Ei Isei , Kaneko Yoshikatsu , Goto Shin , Kazama Junichiro J. , Gejyo Fumitake , Narita Ichiei 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAn accumulation of protein‐bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) is one of major reasons for development of uremia‐related complications. We examined the PBUT removal ability of a hexadecyl‐immobilized cellulose bead (HICB)‐containing column for patients undergoing hemodialysis. Adsorption of indoxyl sulfate (IS), a representative PBUT, to HICBs was examined in vitro. The HICB column was used in patients undergoing hemodialysis for direct hemoperfusion with a regular hemodialyzer. The serum IS, indole acetic acid (IAA), phenyl sulfate (PhS), and p‐cresyl sulfate (PCS) levels were measured before and after passing the column. HICBs adsorbed protein‐free (free) IS in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner in vitro (55.4 ± 1.4% adsorption of 1 millimolar, 251 µg/mL, IS for 1 h). In clinical studies, passing the HICB‐containing column decreased the serum level of free IS, IAA, PhS, and PCS levels significantly (by 34.4 ± 30.0%, 34.8 ± 25.4%, 28.4 ± 18.0%, and 34.9 ± 22.1%, respectively), but not protein‐bound toxins in maintenance hemodialysis patients. HICBs absorbed some amount of free PBUTs, but the clinical trial to use HICB column did not show effect to reduce serum PBUTs level in hemodialysis patients. Adsorption treatment by means of direct hemoperfusion with regular hemodialysis may become an attractive blood purification treatment to increase PBUT removal when more effective materials to adsorb PBUTs selectively will be developed.
Successful laparoscopic treatment of advanced rectal cancer in an extremely elderly man (101 years and 9 months)
Authors: Nagai Yugo , Togo Naoki , Nakagi Masafumi , Takai Soichiro , Tanaka Masaya , Yasuoka Hidetaka , Tatsumi Takahiko 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAn extremely elderly man (age, 101 years and 9 months) visited our hospital because of recurrent and worsening anal bleeding. Type 2 rectal cancer was found in his rectum during colonoscopy. He did not have any severe coexisting diseases and had not suffered any episodes of dementia. Laparoscopy‐assisted anterior resection combined with D2 lymph node dissection was performed with minimal bleeding. The operation time was 128 min. The patient suffered mild reflux pneumonia on postoperative day 6 and was administered additional antibiotics. He recovered within 2 days. He was discharged on postoperative day 17, at which point he was able to walk.
Targeting hardcore smokers: The effects of an online tailored intervention, based on motivational interviewing techniques
Authors: Bommelé Jeroen , Schoenmakers Tim M. , Kleinjan Marloes , Peters Gjalt‐Jorn Ygram , Dijkstra Arie , van de Mheen Dike 
Published: July 2017

ObjectivesHardcore smokers have smoked for many years and do not intend to quit. They also seem unreceptive to information about smoking cessation. We developed a 30‐min, tailored web‐based intervention that includes motivational interviewing principles. It aims to increase hardcore smokers’ intention to quit and their receptivity to information about smoking cessation.DesignIn a two‐arm experiment, we compared outcome scores of the experimental intervention (n = 346) with those of a control intervention (n = 411).MethodsOur main outcomes were receptivity to information about quitting, intention to quit, quitting self‐efficacy, and interest in a subsequent online intervention. Our secondary outcomes were cigarettes smoked per day and quit attempts. All outcomes were measured directly post‐experiment (t1), after 2 weeks (t2), and after 2 months (t3).ResultsAt t1, hardcore smokers in the intervention condition were more receptive to information about quitting than controls. At both t2 and t3, those in the experimental group had reduced the number of cigarettes more than those in the control group. At t2, but not t3, more participants in the experimental group had reduced their cigarette consumption by at least 50% than among controls. We found no significant differences in intention to quit, quitting self‐efficacy, interest in a subsequent online quitting intervention, and number of quit attempts.ConclusionsThe intervention increased hardcore smokers’ receptivity to information about smoking cessation and decreased their cigarette consumption by about 1 cigarette per day. Although the results are positive, the clinical relevance may be limited. We recommend further developing this intervention for practical use in health care settings.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Hardcore smokers have smoked for many years and do not intend to quit.

There are currently no online interventions for hardcore smokers.

What does this study add?

This study tested an online intervention for hardcore smokers.

The intervention increased hardcore smokers’ receptivity to information about quitting.

It also helped to reduce the number of cigarettes per day.
Pterostilbene reduces oxidative stress, prevents hypertrophy and preserves systolic function of right ventricle in cor pulmonale model
Authors: dos Santos Lacerda Denise , Türck Patrick , Gazzi de Lima‐Seolin Bruna , Colombo Rafael , Duarte Ortiz Vanessa , Poletto Bonetto Jéssica Hellen , Campos‐Carraro Cristina , Bianchi Sara Elis , Belló‐Klein Adriane , Linck Bassani Valquiria , Sander da Rosa Araujo Alex 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground and PurposeIn cor pulmonale, the increased afterload imposed on the right ventricle (RV) generates a maladaptive response, impairing the contractile cardiac function. Oxidative mechanisms play an important role in the pathophysiology and progression of this disease. The administration of pterostilbene (PTS), a phytophenol with antioxidant potential, may represent a therapeutic option. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of PTS complexed with hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPβCD) on hypertrophy, contractile function and oxidative parameters in the RV of rats with pulmonary hypertension, induced by the administration of monocrotaline (MCT).Experimental ApproachThe rats received daily doses of the PTS : HPβCD complex at 25, 50 or 100 mg·kg−1, p.o., for 14 days. The diastolic function, E/A ratio, and systolic function, shortening fraction, fractional area change (FAC) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) of the RV were determined by echocardiography.Key ResultsThe PTS : HPβCD complex reduced the production of NADPH oxidase‐dependent superoxide anions and oxidative stress in the RV of MCT‐treated rats in a dose‐dependent manner. At higher doses it prevented the reduction in FAC and TAPSE in MCT‐treated animals.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe PTS : HPβCD complex prevented the maladaptative remodelling and protected systolic function in the RV of rats with pulmonary hypertension. These cardioprotective mechanisms may be related, in part, to the antioxidant potential of PTS, favoured by the increased p.o. bioavailability promoted by the presence of HPβCD in the complex.
Wnt signalling pathways in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Janovská Pavlína , Bryja Vítězslav 
Published: July 2017

In this review, we discuss the intricate roles of the Wnt signalling network in the development and progression of mature B‐cell‐derived haematological malignancies, with a focus on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and related B‐cell lymphomas. We review the current literature and highlight the differences between the β‐catenin‐dependent and ‐independent branches of Wnt signalling. Special attention is paid to the role of the non‐canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, mediated by the Wnt‐5–receptor tyrosine kinase‐like orphan receptor (ROR1)–Dishevelled signalling axis in CLL. This is mainly because the Wnt/PCP co‐receptor ROR1 was found to be overexpressed in CLL and the Wnt/PCP pathway contributes to numerous aspects of CLL pathogenesis. We also discuss the possibilities of therapeutically targeting the Wnt signalling pathways as an approach to disrupt the crucial interaction between malignant cells and their micro‐environment. We also advocate the need for research in this direction for other lymphomas, namely, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma and follicular lymphoma where the Wnt signalling pathway probably plays a similar role.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on WNT Signalling: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.24/issuetoc
Three‐year clinical prospective follow‐up of extrasinus zygomatic implants for the rehabilitation of the atrophic maxilla
Authors: Coppedê Abilio , de Mayo Thiago , de Sá Zamperlini Marcelo , Amorin Rodolfo , de Pádua Ana Paula A. T. , Shibli Jamil Awad 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundPlacement of extrasinus zygomatic implants to support implant‐supported rehabilitation is still controversial due to the scarcity of data.PurposeTo evaluate the clinical outcomes of 94 extrasinus zygomatic implants, installed laterally to the maxillary sinus, for rehabilitation of the edentulous atrophic maxillae.Materials and methodsA total of 42 patients (mean age 58 years) with severely atrophic maxillae were treated between November 2010 and July 2011, and followed up until July 2014. A total of 273 implants (94 zygomatic implants and 179 conventional implants) were used. The patients were followed in a standardized clinical and radiographic method.ResultsDuring the 3‐year study period, 1 zygomatic implant and 4 conventional implants failed, resulting in a survival rate of 98.9% and 97.7% respectively. All restorations with titanium‐welded bars were installed either 3 days after surgery (immediate loading) or 6 months after surgery (delayed loading), and were successful until the last follow‐up appointment, except for minor technical problems. No patient presented any type of sinus adverse event. No other significant occurrences were reported.ConclusionThis 3‐year clinical follow‐up study indicates that extrasinus zygomatic implants represent predictable treatment option atrophic maxillae. Further longitudinal prospective clinical studies are necessary to confirm these results.
What Is Left of the Active Externalism Debate?
Authors: Loughlin Victor , Zahidi Karim 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSince the publication of Clark and Chalmers' Extended Mind paper, the central claims of that paper, viz. the thesis that cognitive processes and cognitive or mental states extend beyond the brain and body, have been vigorously debated within philosophy of mind and philosophy of cognitive science. Both defenders and detractors of these claims have since marshalled an impressive battery of arguments for and against “active externalism.” However, despite the amount of philosophical energy expended, this debate remains far from settled. We argue that this debate can be understood as answering two metaphysical questions. Yet prominent voices within the debate have assumed that there is a tight relationship between these two questions such that one question can be answered via the other. We defend an alternative ‘wide’ view, whereby mentality is understood as constituted by wide social and cultural factors. Our wide view entails that the two metaphysical questions are separate and should be kept distinct. This suggests that active externalism as understood by prominent voices within that debate requires dissolution, rather than solution. However, if the debate were instead understood as only focusing on the second of the two questions, then there could be a possible future for this debate.