bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salt efflorescence in historic wooden buildings
Authors: Catelli Emilio , Bănică Florinel-Gabriel , Bănică Ana 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Efflorescence and subflorescence are frequent phenomena occurring in buildings of porous inorganic materials such as bricks, stone, and concrete. Since the above phenomena have detrimental effects, they were the subject of detailed physicochemical investigations. Efflorescence on wooden material was commonly observed on collection artefacts treated with preservatives such as inorganic salts or organic pesticides. Occurrence of efflorescence in historical wooden buildings was less studied although it could cause serious conservation concerns. This paper describes an examination of chemical and mineralogical composition of salt efflorescence in wooden buildings. In situ analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was followed by investigation of plain efflorescence by infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. Quantitative analysis of purified efflorescence was performed by plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ion chromatography and absorption spectrophotometry. In addition, depth-profiling of characteristic ions in wood was performed. The objects of study were a series of log houses of the Sverresborg Trøndelag Folk Museum in Trondheim, Norway. It was found that the efflorescence in these buildings includes a series of metal ions, the most abundant being Al3+, Mg2+, Zn2+, K+, Na+, and Fe2+. In addition the ammonium ion is present in a large amount. The single detected anion is sulfate. Actually, the efflorescence consists of a mixture of simple and double sulfate salts of alum and Tutton’s compound types. Identified Tutton’s compounds are mohrite ((NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O), ammonium zinc sulfate hexahydrate ((NH4)2Zn(SO4)2·6H2O)), and boussingaultite ((NH4)2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O)). Among the alums, both tschermigite (NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O), and potassium alum (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O)) were detected. The composition of efflorescence suggests that the wooden material was treated with a blend of sulfate salts ((NH4)2SO4, Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, FeSO4·7H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O, and Na2SO4·10H2O)) for protection against fire and biological degradation. The efflorescence appeared as a consequence of water leakage through the roof that led to the dissolution of the salts contained in the wood, followed by evaporation and salt crystallization at the surface in the form of double sulfate salts. Although the occurrence of efflorescence in this case was accidental, a natural and more frequent cause of efflorescence could be the deliquescence of inorganic preservatives impregnated in the wood.
Molecular mechanisms of Ebola pathogenesis
Authors: Rivera Andrea , Messaoudi Ilhem 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Ebola viruses (EBOVs) and Marburg viruses (MARVs) are among the deadliest human viruses, as highlighted by the recent and widespread Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, which was the largest and longest epidemic of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in history, resulting in significant loss of life and disruptions across multiple continents. Although the number of cases has nearly reached its nadir, a recent cluster of 5 cases in Guinea on March 17, 2016, has extended the enhanced surveillance period to June 15, 2016. New, enhanced 90-d surveillance windows replaced the 42-d surveillance window to ensure the rapid detection of new cases that may arise from a missed transmission chain, reintroduction from an animal reservoir, or more important, reemergence of the virus that has persisted in an EVD survivor. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of EBOV pathogenesis, describe vaccine and therapeutic candidates in clinical trials, and discuss mechanisms of viral persistence and long-term health sequelae for EVD survivors.
Personality traits in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives
Authors: Pironti Valentino Antonio , Lai Meng-Chuan , Müller Ulrich , Bullmore Edward Thomas , Sahakian Barbara Jacquelyn 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shows clear, albeit heterogeneous, cognitive dysfunctions. However, personality traits are not well understood in adults with ADHD, and it is unclear whether they are predisposing factors or phenotypical facets of the condition.AimsTo assess whether personality traits of impulsivity, sensation seeking and sensitivity to punishment and reward are predisposing factors for ADHD or aspects of the clinical phenotype.MethodTwenty adults with ADHD, 20 unaffected first-degree relatives and 20 controls completed rating scales assessing traits of impulsivity, sensation seeking and sensitivity to punishment/reward.ResultsCompared with relatives and controls, individuals with ADHD showed increased impulsive personality traits, were more susceptible to boredom and presented hypersensitivity to reward but normal sensitivity to punishment.ConclusionsHigh impulsivity traits, heightened sensitivity to reward and boredom are associated with the phenotype of ADHD, rather than being predisposing factors, as these traits were not shared between ADHD probands and their relatives.
Function of Ltbp-4L and fibulin-4 in survival and elastogenesis in mice
Authors: Bultmann-Mellin Insa , Essers Jeroen , van Heijingen Paula M. , von Melchner Harald , Sengle Gerhard , Sterner-Kock Anja 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
LTBP-4L and LTBP-4S are two isoforms of the extracellular matrix protein latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 4 (LTBP-4). The mutational inactivation of both isoforms causes autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1C (ARCL1C) in humans and an ARCL1C-like phenotype in Ltbp4−/− mice, both characterized by high postnatal mortality and severely affected elastogenesis. However, genetic data in mice suggest isoform-specific functions for Ltbp-4 because Ltbp4S−/− mice, solely expressing Ltbp-4L, survive to adulthood. This clearly suggests a requirement of Ltbp-4L for postnatal survival. A major difference between Ltbp4S−/− and Ltbp4−/− mice is the matrix incorporation of fibulin-4 (a key factor for elastogenesis; encoded by the Efemp2 gene), which is normal in Ltbp4S−/− mice, whereas it is defective in Ltbp4−/− mice, suggesting that the presence of Ltbp-4L might be required for this process. To investigate the existence of a functional interaction between Ltbp-4L and fibulin-4, we studied the consequences of fibulin-4 deficiency in mice only expressing Ltbp-4L. Resulting Ltbp4S−/−;Fibulin-4R/R mice showed a dramatically reduced lifespan compared to Ltbp4S−/− or Fibulin-4R/R mice, which survive to adulthood. This dramatic reduction in survival of Ltbp4S−/−;Fibulin-4R/R mice correlates with severely impaired elastogenesis resulting in defective alveolar septation and distal airspace enlargement in lung, and increased aortic wall thickness with severely fragmented elastic lamellae. Additionally, Ltbp4S−/−;Fibulin-4R/R mice suffer from aortic aneurysm formation combined with aortic tortuosity, in contrast to Ltbp4S−/− or Fibulin-4R/R mice. Together, in accordance with our previous biochemical findings of a physical interaction between Ltbp-4L and fibulin-4, these novel in vivo data clearly establish a functional link between Ltbp-4L and fibulin-4 as a crucial molecular requirement for survival and elastogenesis in mice.
Gatekeepers at Work: An Empirical Analysis of a Maternity Unit
Authors: Freeman Michael , Savva Nicos , Scholtes Stefan 
Published: September 2016

We use a detailed operational and clinical data set from a maternity hospital to investigate how workload affects decisions in gatekeeper-provider systems, where the servers act as gatekeepers to specialists but may also attempt to serve customers themselves, albeit with a probability of success that is decreasing in the complexity of the customers’ needs. We study the effect of workload during a service episode on gatekeepers’ service configuration decisions and the rate at which gatekeepers refer customers to a specialist. We find that gatekeeper-providers (midwives in our context) make substantial use of two levers to manage their workload (measured as patients per midwife): they ration resource-intensive discretionary services (epidural analgesia) for customers with noncomplex service needs (mothers with spontaneous onset of labor) and, at the same time, increase the rate of specialist referral (physician-led delivery) for customers with complex needs (mothers with pharmacologically induced labor). The workload effect in the study unit is surprisingly large and comparable in size to those for leading clinical risk factors: when workload increases from two standard deviations below to two standard deviations above the mean, noncomplex cases are 28.8% less likely to receive an epidural, leading to a cost reduction of 8.7%, while complex cases are 14.2% more likely to be referred for a physician-led delivery, leading to a cost increase of 2.6%. These observations are consistent with overtreatment at both high and low workload levels, albeit for different types of patients, and suggest that smoothing gatekeeper workload would reduce variability in customer service experience.This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
Detection of KRAS Mutations in Circulating Tumor DNA by Digital PCR in Early Stages of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Brychta Nora , Krahn Thomas , von Ahsen Oliver 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Since surgical removal remains the only cure for pancreatic cancer, early detection is of utmost importance. Circulating biomarkers have potential as diagnostic tool for pancreatic cancer, which typically causes clinical symptoms only in advanced stage. Because of their high prevalence in pancreatic cancer, KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KRAS (previous name: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)] mutations may be used to identify tumor-derived circulating plasma DNA. Here we tested the diagnostic sensitivity of chip based digital PCR for the detection of KRAS mutations in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in early stage pancreatic cancer.

METHODS
We analyzed matched plasma (2 mL) and tumor samples from 50 patients with pancreatic cancer. Early stages (I and II) were predominant (41/50) in this cohort. DNA was extracted from tumor and plasma samples and tested for the common codon 12 mutations G12D, G12V, and G12C by chip-based digital PCR.

RESULTS
We identified KRAS mutations in 72% of the tumors. 44% of the tumors were positive for G12D, 20% for G12V, and 10% for G12C. One tumor was positive for G12D and G12V. Analysis of the mutations in matched plasma samples revealed detection rates of 36% for G12D, 50% for G12V, and 0% for G12C. The detection appeared to be correlated with total number of tumor cells in the primary tumor. No KRAS mutations were detected in 20 samples of healthy control plasma.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results support further evaluation of tumor specific mutations as early diagnostic biomarkers using plasma samples as liquid biopsy.
Computer assisted evaluation of plate osteosynthesis of diaphyseal femur fracture considering interfragmentary movement: a finite element study
Authors: Wittkowske Claudia , Raith Stefan , Eder Maximilian , Volf Alexander , Kirschke Jan S. , König Benjamin , Ihle Christoph , Machens Hans-Günther , Döbele Stefan , Kovacs Laszlo 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
A semi-automated workflow for evaluation of diaphyseal fracture treatment of the femur has been developed and implemented. The aim was to investigate the influence of locking compression plating with diverse fracture-specific screw configurations on interfragmentary movements (IFMs) with the use of finite element (FE) analysis. Computed tomography (CT) data of a 22-year-old non-osteoporotic female were used for patient specific modeling of the inhomogeneous material properties of bone. Hounsfield units (HU) were exported and assigned to elements of a FE mesh and converted to mechanical properties such as the Young’s modulus followed by a linear FE analysis performed in a semi-automated fashion. IFM on the near and far cortex was evaluated. A positive correlation between bridging length and IFM was observed. Optimal healing conditions with IFMs between 0.5 mm and 1 mm were found in a constellation with a medium bridging length of 80 mm with three unoccupied screw holes around the fracture gap. Usage of monocortical screws instead of bicortical ones had negligible influence on the evaluated parameters when modeling non-osteoporotic bone. Minimal user input, automation of the procedure and an efficient computation time ensured quick delivery of results which will be essential in a future clinical application.
Accelerometer-measured physical activity among adolescents in a multicultural area characterized by low socioeconomic status
Authors: Fröberg Andreas , Larsson Christel , Berg Christina , Boldemann Cecilia , Raustorp Anders 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Purpose:
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe and analyze accelerometer-measured sedentary time and physical activity (PA) among adolescents in a multicultural area characterized by low socioeconomic status (SES).

Method:
Seventh-graders (n=114 (girls n=66), mean age: 12.8±0.5 y) were recruited from three schools in a multicultural area of the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. Sedentary time and PA were measured with ActiGraph™ accelerometers.

Result:
Of total wear-time, 70 (±6)% was sedentary, with girls being more sedentary than boys. Girls had less light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) than boys. Similar patterns were shown during in-school and out-of-school hours. During wear-time, 53% had a mean of ≥60 min of MVPA per day, but only 6% of the girls and 24% of the boys were sufficiently physically active every day. Girls had more sedentary bouts of ≥10 min and fewer MVPA bouts of ≥5 min per day than boys. Those who participated in organized sports spent a mean of 15 more minutes of MVPA per day compared to those who did not. No association was observed between body mass index (BMI) and sedentary time and PA.

Conclusion:
Only a few adolescents from a Swedish multicultural area characterized by low SES met the PA recommendations every day, and girls were more sedentary and less physically active than boys. Adolescents involved in organized sports had more of MVPA per day than their non-involved peers. Sedentary time and PA were not related to BMI.
What do we know about corporate social responsibility research? a content analysis
Authors: Wang Shuo , Gao Yuhui 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUsing content analysis, the objectives of the current study are: (1) to provide a systematic review of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature, (2) to examine underlying trends in CSR research, (3) to identify milestones in the development of CSR research, and (4) to clarify and categorise the structure of CSR studies. An examination of 774 selected CSR articles shows a significant upward trend in the volume of CSR publications, particularly in the 2000s. Among these articles, 122 papers from leading academic journals are further analysed to classify and label the development stages of CSR research as: incubation, exploration, adolescent development and relative maturity stages. Our findings also reveal five major CSR research themes: concepts and reviews, corporate context, CSR-related strategy, corporate reputation and the linkage between corporate social performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP). The paper concludes with suggestions for future CSR research.
Innovation processes: do they help or hinder new product development outcomes in Irish SMEs?
Authors: Robbins Peter , O’Gorman Colm 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make a considerable contribution to the development and diffusion of innovation as well as accounting for the bulk of economic activity and employment in Ireland. A formal process for managing the stages of innovation projects is generally cited as a key component of best practice in new product development (NPD). Successfully managing innovation is an important business objective for SMEs, and yet, relatively little is known about how innovation-active firms approach innovation and, specifically, whether firms use formal processes to manage their NPD activities. This study of innovation-active Irish SMEs finds that three quarters of firms report that they do not operate a formal innovation process, yet this is not associated with poorer performance in terms of revenues from new products and services; and there are few differences between firms with formal innovation processes and firms with informal innovation process across each stage of the Innovation Value Chain. Having a more formal innovation process is, however, associated with success at bringing novel products to market. This study contributes to our understanding of the management of innovation in SMEs and to the emerging literature on SMEs that has emphasised both the prevalence and the effectiveness of informal management processes.
Vector Monte Carlo stochastic matrix-based algorithms for large linear systems
Authors: Sabelfeld Karl K. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this short article we suggest
randomized scalable stochastic matrix-based algorithms for large linear systems.
The idea behind these stochastic methods is a randomized vector representation of matrix iterations.
In addition, to minimize the variance, it is suggested to use stochastic and double stochastic matrices for efficient randomized calculation of matrix iterations and a random gradient based search strategy.
The iterations are performed by sampling random rows and columns only, thus avoiding not only matrix matrix but also
matrix vector multiplications.
Further improvements of the methods can be obtained through projections by a random gaussian matrix.
Auswirkungen des Bilanzrichtlinie-Umsetzungsgesetzes auf die Rechnungslegung von Genossenschaften
Authors: Frieden Matthias , Zieseniß Roland 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article discusses the consequences of the recently introduced German accounting convention implementation law (BilRUG) on the financial statement of cooperative firms. Furthermore the consequences of the repeal of the extraordinary result on revenue ratios will be of particular interest.
Establishment of the Muscle–Tendon Junction During Thorax Morphogenesis in Drosophila Requires the Rho-Kinase
Authors: Vega-Macaya Franco , Manieu Catalina , Valdivia Mauricio , Mlodzik Marek , Olguín Patricio 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The assembly of the musculoskeletal system in Drosophila relies on the integration of chemical and mechanical signaling between the developing muscles with ectodermal cells specialized as “tendon cells.” Mechanical tension generated at the junction of flight muscles and tendon cells of the notum epithelium is required for muscle morphogenesis, and is balanced by the epithelium in order to not deform. We report that Drosophila Rho kinase (DRok) is necessary in tendon cells to assemble stable myotendinous junctions (MTJ), which are required for muscle morphogenesis and survival. In addition, DRok is required in tendon cells to maintain epithelial shape and cell orientation in the notum, independently of chascon (chas). Loss of DRok function in tendon cells results in mis-orientation of tendon cell extensions and abnormal accumulation of Thrombospondin and βPS-integrin, which may cause abnormal myotendinous junction formation and muscle morphogenesis. This role does not depend exclusively on nonmuscular Myosin-II activation (Myo-II), indicating that other DRok targets are key in this process. We propose that DRok function in tendon cells is key to promote the establishment of MTJ attachment and to balance mechanical tension generated at the MTJ by muscle compaction.
The Neuropeptides FLP-2 and PDF-1 Act in Concert To Arouse Caenorhabditis elegans Locomotion
Authors: Chen Didi , Taylor Kelsey P , Hall Qi , Kaplan Joshua M 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
During larval molts, Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits a sleep-like state (termed lethargus) that is characterized by the absence of feeding and profound locomotion quiescence. The rhythmic pattern of locomotion quiescence and arousal linked to the molting cycle is mediated by reciprocal changes in sensory responsiveness, whereby arousal is associated with increased responsiveness. Sensory neurons arouse locomotion via release of a neuropeptide (PDF-1) and glutamate. Here we identify a second arousing neuropeptide (FLP-2). We show that FLP-2 acts via an orexin-like receptor (FRPR-18), and that FLP-2 and PDF-1 secretion are regulated by reciprocal positive feedback. These results suggest that the aroused behavioral state is stabilized by positive feedback between two neuropeptides.
A EDUCAÇÃO CONTEMPORÂNEA, A AMPLIAÇÃO DO ACESSO À ESCOLA E O SERVIÇO SOCIAL: notas para debate
Authors: Lessa Simone Eliza Do Carmo 
Published: September 2016

Este artigo traz uma discussão sobre a complexa relação entre a Educação como política pública e a vinculação do Serviço Social à mesma, em especial, sua integração à escola pública. Mostra que existe um debate relevante e crescente que atrai muita atenção por seu aprofundamento recente e pela ampliação de vagas na área.
Mecanismos, aplicaciones y perspectivas del silenciamiento génico de virus en plantas
Authors: Garcia-Ruiz Hernan , García-Ruiz Mayra Teresa , Gabriel-Peralta Sergio Manuel , Miravel-Gabriel Cristina Betzabeth , El-Mounadi Kautar 
Published: September 2016

Las enfermedades virales en plantas causan pérdidas económicas importantes al reducir la calidad y rendimiento de los cultivos, lo que amenaza la seguridad alimentaria en algunos países. Dada la escasez de recursos naturales, plantas con resistencia genética a virus han sido desarrolladas con éxito por ingeniería genética. Un buen entendimiento de los mecanismos básicos que controlan las interacciones entre virus y plantas, incluido el silenciamiento génico de virus por ácido ribonucleico (ARN) de interferencia, es necesario para diseñar mejores estrategias de manejo y métodos biotecnológicos que servirán para desarrollar e implementar resistencia antiviral en plantas. En esta revisión, presentamos modelos moleculares vigentes para explicar el silenciamiento génico de virus por ARN de interferencia y sus aplicaciones en biotecnología e ingeniería genética de plantas.