bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐partum podocyturia following pre‐eclamptic pregnancy
Authors: Furuta Itsuko , Zhai Tianyue , Umazume Takeshi , Ishikawa Satoshi , Hosokawa Ami , Kojima Takashi , Chiba Kentaro , Yamada Takahiro , Morikawa Mamoru , Minakami Hisanori 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimUrine podocin mRNA expression and urine podocin : nephrin mRNA expression ratio (PNR) increase with increasing proteinuria during pregnancy complicated with pre‐eclampsia (PE). This suggests that urine podocytes with reduced nephrin mRNA expression are abundant in pathological podocyturia. The aim of this study was therefore to determine post‐partum changes in podocyturia and PNR in relation to proteinuria after pre‐eclampsia (PE).MethodsA total of 137 peripartum urine specimens, consisting of 72 and 65 from 24 and 30 women with PE and normotensive control pregnancies (NCP), respectively, were studied. Determination of urine protein and creatinine concentration and quantitative analysis of podocyte‐specific podocin and nephrin mRNA expression were carried out using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in pelleted urine samples. Podocyturia was monitored via urine podocin mRNA expression. Podocyturia and proteinuria were normalized by urine creatinine concentration.ResultsPodocyturia and urine PNR decreased with decreasing proteinuria as well as with increasing time after delivery in the urine from PE women. In physiological proteinuria (i.e. protein : creatinine ratio [P/Cr] 0.005–0.1 mg/mg), however, both podocyturia and PNR were significantly greater in the urine from PE women compared with NPC women, although P/Cr was similar between the groups (median, 0.037 mg/mg for PE vs 0.029 mg/mg for NCP).ConclusionsPodocyturia decreases with decreasing proteinuria in PE women after childbirth. In PE women, however, pathological podocyturia consisting of podocytes with decreased nephrin mRNA expression persisted even after proteinuria decreased to a level similar to that in NCP women.
Validation of a paper‐disk approach to facilitate the sensory evaluation of bitterness in dairy protein hydrolysates from a newly developed food‐grade fractionation system
Authors: Murray Niamh M. , O'Riordan Dolores , Jacquier Jean‐Christophe , O'Sullivan Michael , Cohen Joshua L. , Heymann Hildegarde , Barile Daniela , Dallas David C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCasein‐hydrolysates (NaCaH) are desirable functional ingredients, but their bitterness impedes usage in foods. This study sought to validate a paper‐disk approach to help evaluate bitterness in NaCaHs and to develop a food‐grade approach to separate a NaCaH into distinct fractions, which could be evaluated by a sensory panel. Membrane filtration generated < 0.2‐µm and <3‐kDa permeates. Further fractionation of the <3‐kDa permeate by flash‐chromatography generated four fractions using ethanol (EtOH) concentrations of 5, 10, 30, and 50%. As some fractions were poorly soluble in water, the fractions were resolubilized in EtOH and impregnated into paper disks for sensory evaluation. Bitterness differences observed in the membrane fractions using this sensory evaluation approach reflected those observed for the same fractions presented as a liquid. The flash‐chromatography fractions increased in bitterness with an increase in hydrophobicity, except for the 50% EtOH fraction which had little bitterness. Amino acid analysis of the fractions showed enrichment of different essential amino acids in both the bitter and less bitter fractions.Practical applicationsThe developed food‐grade fractionation system, allowed for a simple and reasonably scaled approach to separating a NaCaH, into physicochemically different fractions that could be evaluated by a sensory panel. The method of sensory evaluation used in this study, in which NaCaH samples are impregnated into paper disks, provided potential solutions for issues such as sample insolubility and limited quantities of sample. As the impregnated paper‐disk samples were dehydrated, their long storage life could also be suitable for sensory evaluations distributed by mail for large consumer studies. The research, in this study, allowed for a greater understanding of the physicochemical basis for bitterness in this NaCaH. As some essential amino acids were enriched in the less bitter fractions, selective removal of bitter fractions could allow for the incorporation of the less bitter NaCaH fractions into food products for added nutritional value, without negatively impacting sensory properties. There is potential for this approach to be applied to other food ingredients with undesirable tastes, such as polyphenols.
Comparing visual food images versus actual food when measuring emotional response of children
Authors: Gallo Katherine E. , Swaney‐Stueve Marianne , Chambers Delores H. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWith the continued growth of emotion research in the consumer sciences, it has become necessary to investigate approaches which are appropriate for use with children. The purpose of this study was to compare children's liking and emotional responses to food images and actual foods. In both studies, 8 foods were used as stimuli (fresh spinach, baby carrots, orange juice, white grapes, cheddar cheese, chocolate graham snacks, lychee gummy candy, and white bread). In the first study, children answered questions about liking and emotions in response to food images. Emotion responses were collected using a check‐all‐that‐apply format with emojis and words as variables. In the second study, children were asked liking and emotion questions after seeing the sample and after tasting the sample. Overall liking scores were higher for actual foods compared with food images. Additionally, testing with actual foods resulted in increased use of positive emojis and words, and decreased use of negative emojis and words for both food appearance and post‐taste emotions. The largest differences in liking and emotion results were seen in response to the lychee gummy candy, which most children had not tried before. The children's responses differed between a conceptual evaluation (image) versus actual evaluation (appearance, taste).Practical applicationsThis study illustrates the influence of stimulus type on study outcomes when testing with children. In this study, the children's responses differed between a conceptual evaluation (image only) versus literally seeing and tasting the product, and are therefore not interchangeable when conducting emotion testing with children.
Efficacy of oral lipid-based formulations of apomorphine and its diester in a Parkinson's disease rat model
Authors: Borkar Nrupa , Andersson Daniel R , Yang Mingshi , Müllertz Anette , Holm René , Mu Huiling 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Objectives
Apomorphine is used to symptomatically treat Parkinson's disease (PD). Oral delivery of apomorphine is generally limited by its short plasma half-life and a hepatic first-pass metabolism. This study was aimed at evaluating the behavioural response of apomorphine and its prodrug administered in oral lipid-based formulations.

Methods
The behavioural response of apomorphine and its prodrug administered in oral lipid-based formulations was evaluated using a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model simulating PD symptomatology. Apomorphine or dipalmitoyl apomorphine (DPA) was incorporated into different lipid-based formulations and orally administered (0.24 mmol/kg) to the PD rat model. The rotations by the rats were counted.

Key findings
The duration of response lasted to about 2.5 h with oral apomorphine- and DPA-loaded o/w emulsion, while it was increased to 6 h when DPA was incorporated in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems compared to s.c. apomorphine (1 h). This suggests that the lipid-based formulations provide a sustained drug release allowing for a steady exposure to the brain.

Conclusions
Oral lipid-based apomorphine delivery has a potential in achieving a steady response, though at a higher dose possibly eliminating the need for frequent s.c. apomorphine administration.
Propentofylline, phosphodiesterase and adenosine reuptake inhibitor modulates lymphocyte subsets and lymphocyte activity after in-vivo administration in non-immunized and SRBC-immunized mice
Authors: Szczypka Marianna , Lis Magdalena , Suszko-Pawłowska Agnieszka , Pawlak Aleksandra , Sysak Angelika , Obmińska-Mrukowicz Bożena 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of the study was to investigate immunomodulatory effect of in-vivo administered propentofylline on the subsets and activity of murine lymphocytes.

Methods
Propentofylline (3 mg/kg) was administered orally to 8-week-old Balb/c mice, once or six times at 12-h intervals. The lymphocyte subsets, regulatory T cells, IL-5 and TNF levels were determined 12 h and 24 h after a single dose or after the sixth dose of the drug in non-immunized mice. Humoral immune response in sheep red blood cells (SRBC)-immunized mice was determined 4, 7 and 14 days after immunization.

Key findings
Propentofylline inhibited thymocyte maturation (increase in CD4−CD8− thymocyte subset and decrease in the percentage of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes) and modulated the lymphocyte subsets in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. An increase in the absolute count and percentage of splenic regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells) was noticed 24 h after single administration of the drug. Propentofylline lowered serum level of IL-5 and did not affect TNF concentration. Only a weak inhibitory effect on anti-SRBC humoral immune response was observed.

Conclusions
Propentofylline administration induced inhibition of thymocyte maturation and an increase in Treg subset that might be beneficial for an inhibition of immune response.
All species are important, but some species are more important than others
Authors: Ellison Aaron M. , Degrassi Allyson L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFoundation species control biodiversity and ecosystem processes, but are difficult to identify. In this issue of the Journal of Vegetation Science, Elumeeva et al. show that Festuca varia and Nardus stricta act as foundation species in the Caucasus’ alpine. This paper augments the piecemeal literature on foundation species while highlighting the need for more comprehensive approaches to their identification and conservation.
Unemployment Exits Before and During the Crisis
Authors: Nagore García Amparo , van Soest Arthur 
Published: June 2017

AbstractUsing administrative data from Spain, we compare the pattern and the determinants of individual unemployment durations and the stability of jobs found after unemployment before and during the recent crisis. We find particularly strong effects of the crisis on the hazards in the beginning of the unemployment spell. The groups hit hardest by the crisis are men, immigrants, older workers, and low‐educated individuals. The disadvantage of men is mainly due to the more pro‐cyclical nature of men's jobs. The increase in average unemployment duration and the fall in the duration of new jobs are not explained by composition effects.
Bactericidal peptidoglycan recognition protein induces oxidative stress in Escherichia coli through a block in respiratory chain and increase in central carbon catabolism
Authors: Kashyap Des R. , Kuzma Marcin , Kowalczyk Dominik A. , Gupta Dipika , Dziarski Roman 
Published: June 2017

SummaryMammalian Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs) kill both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria through simultaneous induction of oxidative, thiol and metal stress responses in bacteria. However, metabolic pathways through which PGRPs induce these bactericidal stress responses are unknown. We screened Keio collection of Escherichia coli deletion mutants and revealed that deleting genes for respiratory chain flavoproteins or for tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle resulted in increased resistance of E. coli to PGRP killing. PGRP‐induced killing depended on the production of hydrogen peroxide, which required increased supply of NADH for respiratory chain oxidoreductases from central carbon catabolism (glycolysis and TCA cycle), and was controlled by cAMP‐Crp. Bactericidal PGRP induced a rapid decrease in respiration, which suggested that the main source of increased production of hydrogen peroxide was a block in respiratory chain and diversion of electrons from NADH oxidoreductases to oxygen. CpxRA two‐component system was a negative regulator of PGRP‐induced oxidative stress. By contrast, PGRP‐induced thiol stress (depletion of thiols) and metal stress (increase in intracellular free Zn2+ through influx of extracellular Zn2+) were mostly independent of oxidative stress. Thus, manipulating pathways that induce oxidative, thiol and metal stress in bacteria could be a useful strategy to design new approaches to antibacterial therapy.
Effectiveness of a fixed combination formula of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir for hepatitis C virus infection in patients on maintenance haemodialysis
Authors: Morisawa Norihiko , Koshima Yohei , Kuriyama Satoru , Matsuyama Momoko , Hayashi Naomi , Satoh Jun‐ichi , Amemiya Morimasa , Yokoo Takashi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA fixed‐dose formula that combines Ombitasvir (OBV), Paritaprevir (PTV) and Ritonavir (RTV) has been launched into the field of anti‐HCV therapy in Japan for patients infected with HCV genotypes 1 and 2 in 2015. However, little is yet known as to the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy in patients on maintenance haemodialysis (HD). The present report describes a preliminary experience in 10 patients (five males and five females) who underwent maintenance HD. All of them had HCV genotype 1b, without having the resistance‐associated variants at Y93 or L31 in the nonstructural proteins 5A (NS5A) region. After the treatment, eight patients successfully achieved virus eradication and sustained a virological response at 12 weeks (SVR12). In addition, mac‐2 binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi), a biomarker for liver fibrosis, was reduced after the therapy. Two patients withdrew from the therapy due to the development of erythema multiforme and a strong drowsiness, respectively. These results suggest that triple therapy combining OBV, PTV and RTV is effective in achieving SVR12 in most of the HCV‐infected patients on HD. In addition, this combination therapy contributed to retard the progression of liver fibrosis. However, we suggest that further trial will be required to establish its clinical efficacy and safety.
Cerebral metabolic alterations and cognitive dysfunction in children with chronic kidney disease using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Wechsler intelligence scale
Authors: Youssef Doaa Mohammed , Mohamed Ahmed Hosny , Attia Wafaa Mahmoud kamel , Mohammad Faten Fawzy , El Fatah Nelly Rafaat Abd , El‐Shal Amal Saeed 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimMany studies have described impaired intelligence, attention, memory and executive function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) dialyzed and non‐dialyzed, but there is still a lack of sensitive and early methods of detection of these deficits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between brain metabolic alteration [measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)] and cognitive dysfunction in CKD children (detected by psychometric analysis).MethodsOne hundred and forty patients with CKD were included (40 patients with stage 5 CKD on dialysis, 30 patients with stage 4 to 5 CKD without dialysis, and 70 patients with stage 1 to 3 CKD). All patients with previous neurological disorders were excluded. Conventional MRI, MRS and psychometric assessment using Wechsler intelligence scale for children third edition was done in all participants.ResultsWe found a significant negative correlation between MRS abnormalities and Wechsler IQ Test scores. But there was a significantly positive correlation between the CKD stages and MRS abnormalities in patients with CKD and negative significant correlation between CKD stages and Wechsler IQ test scores in patients with CKD. There were correlations between “the electrolyte disturbance, blood haemoglobin and hypertension” and “the CKD staging, cognitive functions IQ scores and MRS parameter changes”.ConclusionIt was concluded that both MRS and psychometric tests are sensitive methods for detection of impaired cognitive function in CKD children, particularly in the dialyzed group, and these findings appear before a clinical diagnosis.
Persistent negative temperature response of mesophyll conductance in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) leaves under both high and low vapour pressure deficits: a role for abscisic acid?
Authors: Qiu Changpeng , Ethier Gilbert , Pepin Steeve , Dubé Pascal , Desjardins Yves , Gosselin André 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe temperature dependence of mesophyll conductance (gm) was measured in well‐watered red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plants acclimated to leaf‐to‐air vapour pressure deficit (VPDL) daytime differentials of contrasting amplitude, keeping a fixed diurnal leaf temperature (Tleaf) rise from 20 to 35 °C. Contrary to the great majority of gm temperature responses published to date, we found a pronounced reduction of gm with increasing Tleaf irrespective of leaf chamber O2 level and diurnal VPDL regime. Leaf hydraulic conductance was greatly enhanced during the warmer afternoon periods under both low (0.75 to 1.5 kPa) and high (0.75 to 3.5 kPa) diurnal VPDL regimes, unlike stomatal conductance (gs), which decreased in the afternoon. Consequently, the leaf water status remained largely isohydric throughout the day, and therefore cannot be evoked to explain the diurnal decrease of gm. However, the concerted diurnal reductions of gm and gs were well correlated with increases in leaf abscisic acid (ABA) content, thus suggesting that ABA can induce a significant depression of gm under favourable leaf water status. Our results challenge the view that the temperature dependence of gm can be explained solely from dynamic leaf anatomical adjustments and/or from the known thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions and lipid membranes.​
PARVUS affects aluminium sensitivity by modulating the structure of glucuronoxylan in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Zhu Xiao Fang , Wan Jiang Xue , Wu Qi , Zhao Xu Sheng , Zheng Shao Jian , Shen Ren Fang 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGlucuronoxylan (GX), an important component of hemicellulose in the cell wall, appears to affect aluminium (Al) sensitivity in plants. To investigate the role of GX in cell‐wall‐localized xylan, we examined the Arabidopsis thaliana parvus mutant in detail. This mutant lacks α‐D‐glucuronic acid (GlcA) side chains in GX and has greater resistance to Al stress than wild‐type (WT) plants. The parvus mutant accumulated lower levels of Al in its roots and cell walls than WT despite having cell wall pectin content and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity similar to those of WT. Our results suggest that the altered properties of hemicellulose in the mutant contribute to its decreased Al accumulation. Although we observed almost no differences in hemicellulose content between parvus and WT under control conditions, less Al was retained in parvus hemicellulose than in WT. This observation is consistent with the finding that GlcA substitutions in WT GX, but not mutant GX, were increased under Al stress. Taken together, these results suggest that the modulation of GlcA levels in GX affects Al resistance by influencing the Al binding capacity of the root cell wall in Arabidopsis.
Young athletes with ventricular premature beats: Continuing or not intense training and competition?
Authors: Parisi A. , Tranchita E. , Minganti C. , Sperandii F. , Guerra E. , Calò L. , Borrione P. , Pigozzi F. 
Published: June 2017

Isolated ventricular premature beats (VPBs) are commonly found during pre‐participation screening in athletes. Currently, the debate about the role of detraining in reducing the number of VPBs is still open. This study evaluated the arrhythmic risk in a population of young competitive athletes who showed VPBs during eligibility evaluation and that did not undergo detraining but continued practicing competitive sports. 3746 consecutive subjects underwent pre‐participation screening. Athletes who showed VPBs were selected and underwent second level evaluation (Echocardiogram, 24 hour Holter ECG and Exercise test). Athletes were re‐evaluated after a follow‐up period (6‐48 months) while they continued practicing competitive sports. 5.3% of the whole population showed ventricular arrhythmias. 73% of the subjects showed isolated VPBs. 88% of the subjects showed monomorphic VPBs, and 12% of athletes showed polymorphic VPBs. At echocardiogram, there was not any pathology which contraindicated competitive sport activity. At 24 hour Holter ECG recording, mean number of daily VPBs was 1592±3217 (range 0‐16678). At holter ECG follow‐up (16±12 months), the median number of VPBs decreased from 93 (IQR 20‐3065) to a new value of 72 (IQR 2‐1299). Continuing competitive sport in subjects with ventricular arrhythmias even though frequent but with a low grade of complexity and without structural cardiomyopathy does not increase sudden death risk.
The Role of Multiword Building Blocks in Explaining L1–L2 Differences
Authors: Arnon Inbal , Christiansen Morten H. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWhy are children better language learners than adults despite being worse at a range of other cognitive tasks? Here, we explore the role of multiword sequences in explaining L1–L2 differences in learning. In particular, we propose that children and adults differ in their reliance on such multiword units (MWUs) in learning, and that this difference affects learning strategies and outcomes, and leads to difficulty in learning certain grammatical relations. In the first part, we review recent findings that suggest that MWUs play a facilitative role in learning. We then discuss the implications of these findings for L1–L2 differences: We hypothesize that adults are both less likely to extract MWUs and less capable of benefiting from them in the process of learning. In the next section, we draw on psycholinguistic, developmental, and computational findings to support these predictions. We end with a discussion of the relation between this proposal and other accounts of L1–L2 difficulty.
Loss of CDKC;2 increases both cell division and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Zhao Lina , Li Yaqiong , Xie Qi , Wu Yaorong 
Published: June 2017

SummaryDrought stress is one of the abiotic stresses that limit plant growth and agricultural productivity. To further understand the mechanism of drought tolerance and identify the genes involved in this process, a genetic screen for altered drought response was conducted in Arabidopsis. One mutant with enhanced drought tolerance was isolated and named Arabidopsis drought tolerance mutant 1 (atdtm1), which has larger lateral organs, prolonged growth duration, increased relative water content and a reduced leaf stomatal density compared with the wild type. The loss of AtDTM1 increases cell division during leaf development. The phenotype is caused by the loss of a T‐DNA tagged gene encoding CYCLIN‐DEPENDENT KINASE C;2 (CDKC;2), which functions in the regulation of transcription by influencing the phosphorylation status of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Here, we show that CDKC;2 affects the transcription of downstream genes such as cell cycle genes and genes involved in stomatal development, resulting in altered plant organ size as well as drought tolerance of the plant. These results reveal the crucial role of CDKC;2 in modulating both cell division and the drought response in Arabidopsis.