bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress sensitivity as a putative mechanism linking childhood trauma and psychopathology in youth's daily life
Authors: Rauschenberg C. , van Os J. , Cremers D. , Goedhart M. , Schieveld J. N. M. , Reininghaus U. 
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveChildhood trauma (CT) is associated with a range of psychopathologies, including psychosis. However, evidence on underlying mechanisms remains limited. The study aimed to investigate whether CT impacts on youth mental health by modifying sensitivity to stress in daily life.MethodThe experience sampling method (ESM) was used to measure momentary stress, negative affect and psychotic experiences in 99 adolescents and young adults (43 help‐seeking service users, 16 siblings and 40 controls). Before ESM assessments, CT and depressive, anxiety and psychotic symptoms were assessed.ResultsStress sensitivity, that is, the association between momentary stress and (i) negative affect and (ii) psychotic experiences, was modified by physical and emotional abuse and, partially, emotional and physical neglect, but not sexual abuse in service users and controls. While there was strong evidence for increased stress sensitivity in service users when high vs. low levels of CT were compared, a pattern of resilience was evident in controls, with attenuated, or no differences in, stress sensitivity in those with high vs. low CT levels. Less consistent findings were observed in siblings.ConclusionsStress sensitivity may be an important risk and resilience mechanism through which CT impacts on mental health in youth.
Paediatric surgical services in remote northern Australia: an integrated model of care
Authors: Quinn Liam , Read David 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundSurgical services for children in the Northern Territory of Australia are routinely performed by general surgeons with specific paediatric training, supported by paediatric surgeons. In Australasia, indications for appropriate transfer of elective routine surgery in children to tertiary paediatric surgical centres have been contentious. To transfer all elective paediatric cases from rural locations would have significant social and financial consequences for families and the health system. This study reviews clinical outcomes for elective surgery for two common conditions managed by an integrated service of general surgeons and visiting paediatric surgeons, and compares them with published outcomes from paediatric centres.MethodA retrospective audit of children undergoing orchidopexy under the age of 5 years or inguinal herniotomy under the age of 1 year at the Royal Darwin Hospital and Darwin Private Hospital between January 2005 and 2016 was conducted.ResultsDuring the study period, 66 boys underwent 80 orchidopexies at a mean age of 22.3 months (±20.4 SD). A recurrence rate of 5.5%, severe atrophy rate of 1.3% and total atrophy rate of 5.5% were achieved. Sixty‐three children underwent 65 inguinal herniotomies at a mean age of 2.5 months (±4.2). A testicular maldescention and atrophy rate of 1.8% and recurrence rate of 0% was achieved.ConclusionChildren managed with this model of care had complication rates equivalent to or slightly higher than published gold standards. Considering the family disruption, cultural, financial implications and threat to compliance that transfer across vast distances entails, this model provides acceptable outcomes.
Joint Principal Trend Analysis for Longitudinal High-dimensional Data
Authors: Zhang Yuping , Ouyang Zhengqing 
Published: July 2017

Summary
We consider a research scenario motivated by integrating multiple sources of information for better knowledge discovery in diverse dynamic biological processes. Given two longitudinal high-dimensional datasets for a group of subjects, we want to extract shared latent trends and identify relevant features. To solve this problem, we present a new statistical method named as joint principal trend analysis (JPTA). We demonstrate the utility of JPTA through simulations and applications to gene expression data of the mammalian cell cycle and longitudinal transcriptional profiling data in response to influenza viral infections.
Lung transplantation delays gastric motility in patients without prior gastrointestinal surgery—A single‐center experience of 412 consecutive patients
Authors: Hirji Sameer A. , Gulack Brian C. , Englum Brian R. , Speicher Paul J. , Ganapathi Asvin M. , Osho Asishana A. , Shimpi Rahul A. , Perez Alexander , Hartwig Matthew G. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPurposeTo examine the impact of lung transplantation on gastric motility.MethodsAdult recipients at a large, single center, who were retrospectively evaluated with solid gastric emptying (SGE) study post‐lung transplantation, but had no history of gastrointestinal intervention (ie, pyloroplasty or fundoplication), were selected between June 2005 and August 2013. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors associated with delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after transplantation.ResultsDelayed gastric emptying (DGE) was noted in 236 patients (57%) after transplantation. On multivariable logistic regression, an underlining diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF)/bronchiectasis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.26, P < .01) was a significant risk factor in predicting DGE after lung transplantation. There was no survival difference between patients with postoperative DGE vs those without (log‐rank test P = .53).ConclusionsDelayed gastric emptying is very common following lung transplantation, occurring in over half of all lung transplant recipients with increased prevalence in patients with CF. The association with cystic fibrosis could be secondary to extra‐pulmonary manifestations of the underlying disease or indicative of increased intraoperative vagal nerve injury. We speculate that DGE may play a substantial role in the increased reflux‐induced allograft injury seen after lung transplantation. Further prospective studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.
Population dynamics affect the capacity of species distribution models to predict species abundance on a local scale
Authors: Acevedo Pelayo , Ferreres Javier , Escudero Marco A. , Jimenez Jose , Boadella Mariana , Marco Javier 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimSpecies distribution models based on occurrence data (SDM) are used to derive broad‐scale estimates of relative abundance, but a triangular relationship between predicted suitability for species occurrence and abundance is commonly observed—that is, a low suitability would correspond to low abundances, whereas a high suitability would correspond to either low or high abundances. To properly understand the factors behind this triangular relationship, we assessed: (1) the capacity of SDM to explain variations in population abundance, and (2) the effect of population growth in the dynamics on the triangular relationship by comparing its variation in two sampling periods in the case of a species that is increasing in numbers.LocationMainland Spain.MethodsData on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) relative abundance were obtained for 441 localities, of which 145 were surveyed twice (2006–2007 and 2011–2013). Species distribution was modelled using the favourability function. The relationship between favourability values for species occurrence and abundances were explored using quantile regressions.ResultsThe number of roe deer is increasing on a regional scale. The results from the earlier survey showed a weaker relationship than those obtained from the survey carried out later. Growth rates were significantly related to the residuals of the quantile regression fitted to the earlier survey (the higher the residual difference between observed and expected abundances, the higher the population growth rates).Main conclusionsOur results support the use of the residuals of the quantile regression as a proxy of the population growth rate. They also partly support the interpretation of the upper limit of abundance delimited by the regression as the environmental carrying capacity. Overall, the results are of general interest when using SDM to predict the population abundance of expanding species, such as alien species and/or in changing environments.
Characterizing the inpatient care of young adults experiencing early psychosis: A medical record review
Authors: Puyat Joseph H. , Kamieniecki Renata , Vaughan Brenda , Mihic Tamara , Bonnie Kofi , Danielson Jeffrey , Williams Sierra 
Published: July 2017

AimTo characterize the inpatient care received by individuals experiencing early psychotic episodes in an inner city hospital.MethodMedical records of patients admitted between April 01, 2013, and March 31, 2015, to a psychiatric ward at an inner city hospital were retrospectively examined. Included in the study are patients who were 25 years of age or younger and were hospitalized for psychotic symptoms. Demographics and health service use were summarized using descriptive statistics.ResultsA total of 73 inpatients (mean age = 22; males =78%; Caucasian = 41%) met the study inclusion criteria with a combined total of 102 care episodes and an average length of stay of 32.6 days. Monitoring of vital signs (VS) and mental status examinations (MSE) were performed in most care episodes although these were not performed regularly (daily VS checks—31%; MSE every nursing shift—18.6%). In 49% of the care episodes, patients were discharged on long‐acting injectable antipsychotics. Even when indicated, not all care episodes had follow‐up appointments (82.8%) in the community. The use of seclusion was higher in the wards (32%) than in the emergency department (21%), whereas the use of restraints was higher in the emergency department (16%) than in the wards (<1%).ConclusionsThere is wide variation in the rate at which various clinical care processes are performed and in the provision of inpatient care to younger adults experiencing episodes of early psychosis. Consistent standards of care are needed to reduce variations and improve treatment outcomes and experiences.
Generalization of parity space to fault detection based on Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy models for non‐linear dynamic systems
Authors: Ghaniee Zarch Majid , Aliyari Shoorehdeli Mahdi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFault detection in non‐linear system has drawn a lot of attention recently. A typical solution is the generalization of linear methods to include non‐linear dynamics. This study addresses fault detection in non‐linear systems by extending parity relations using Takagi‐Sugeno (T.S) fuzzy models. Parity equations for linear systems are a residual generation method that has appealing capabilities in fault detection. T.S fuzzy systems are also extensively used in modelling of non‐linear systems. In this paper, parity equations are rewritten in the form of non‐linear systems that can be modelled by T.S fuzzy system. An advantage of this approach is that parity vector can be derived from relations explicitly. An algorithm is proposed to show how a residual can be generated in this manner. Simulation results on the fault detection of a mass‐spring‐damper system show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
On the interaction between corrosion and fatigue which determines the remaining life of bridges
Authors: Peng D. , Jones R. , Singh R.R.K. , Berto F. , McMillan A.J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis paper studies the prior effect of corrosion on fatigue on the growth of cracks that arise from natural corrosion in steel bridges. It is shown that these 2 effects need to be simultaneously analysed. If not, then the resulting life is not conservative. This paper presents a simple methodology for performing this coupled analysis.
Surgery and survival in birth cohorts with severe haemophilia and differences in access to replacement therapy: The Malmö experience
Authors: Osooli M. , Steen Carlsson K. , Astermark J. , Berntorp E. 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundPersons with severe haemophilia require lifelong replacement therapy, prophylaxis, to prevent bleeding. Data describing long‐term outcomes of prophylactic treatment are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate joint surgery and survival among persons with severe haemophilia with special attention to access to prophylaxis in the early years of life.MethodsEligible participants had severe haemophilia A or B and were treated at the Malmö centre from the 1960s onward. Time from birth until joint surgery was analysed for participants negative for factor inhibitor and alive in 2000. We compared survival among the entire cohort with severe haemophilia treated at the Malmö centre with the general male population of Sweden and a sample of persons with severe haemophilia from the United Kingdom (UK).ResultsOverall, 167 participants were included, 106 (63.5%) of whom had complete data on joint surgery. Among those born before 1970, 1970‐1979 and ≥1980 approximately 37%, 21% and 0% had their first joint surgery by age 30, respectively. There were no second joint surgeries reported in cohorts born ≥1970. Persons with severe haemophilia and negative for HIV treated in Malmö have attained approximately similar survival to that of the general male population in Sweden and live slightly longer than persons with severe haemophilia from the UK.Discussion and conclusionProphylaxis in Sweden, although costly, has markedly improved survival and joint outcomes for persons with severe haemophilia. This study highlights the importance of early start of replacement therapy to prevent or postpone serious joint damage.
Socrates and Aristotle: The Role of Ancient Philosophers in the Self‐Understanding of Desisting Prisoners
Authors: SZIFRIS KIRSTINE 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis article argues that providing a forum for philosophical conversation within prison education is relevant to the self‐understanding and desistance of prisoners. Semi‐structured interviews with 20 participants of an in‐prison philosophy class in Scotland investigated the personal relevance of engaging in philosophical dialogue. Findings demonstrated that philosophical dialogue develops participants' self‐understanding, providing vocabulary for alternative self‐definition. The philosophy class achieved this by encouraging self‐reflection, developing communication skills, and providing a forum for positive prosocial interaction with peers. These skills are essential in reframing self‐understanding which is, in turn, essential to desistance.
Voices of Quiet Desistance in UK Prisons: Exploring Emergence of New Identities Under Desistance Constraint
Authors: McLEAN ROBERT , MAITRA DEV , HOLLIGAN CHRIS 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe article explores desistance dynamics within prison, and what gang members say about its phenomenology. Qualitative methodology was adopted with research participants in English and Scottish prisons. The findings indicate that desistance‐oriented dispositions develop gradually once gang ties, originating in the street gang, lose the resonance they once exercised on conformity to offending behaviour. This liberation from oppression means not merely that gang members are de facto left to fend for themselves, but also to find a liminal space in which to thrive. It gives them an opportunity to learn and develop prosocial values. Spirituality, a source of personal meaning, supports progression to desistance and fosters distance from the street self. Gang members’ loyalties and conflicts pre‐dating incarceration challenge the potential of prison to break criminogenic ties and foster desistance.
Genetic isolation in an endemic African habitat specialist
Authors: dos Remedios Natalie , Küpper Clemens , Székely Tamás , Baker Neil , Versfeld Wilferd , Lee Patricia L. M. 
Published: July 2017

The Chestnut‐banded Plover Charadrius pallidus is a Near‐Threatened shorebird species endemic to mainland Africa. We examined levels of genetic differentiation between its two morphologically and geographically distinct subspecies, C. p. pallidus in southern Africa (population size 11 000–16 000) and C. p. venustus in eastern Africa (population size 6500). In contrast to other plover species that maintain genetic connectivity over thousands of kilometres across continental Africa, we found profound genetic differences between remote sampling sites. Phylogenetic network analysis based on four nuclear and two mitochondrial gene regions, and population genetic structure analyses based on 11 microsatellite loci, indicated strong genetic divergence, with 2.36% mitochondrial sequence divergence between individuals sampled in Namibia (southern Africa) and those of Kenya and Tanzania (eastern Africa). This distinction between southern and eastern African populations was also supported by highly distinct genetic clusters based on microsatellite markers (global FST = 0.309, = 0.510, D = 0.182). Behavioural factors that may promote genetic differentiation in this species include habitat specialization, monogamous mating behaviour and sedentariness. Reliance on an extremely small number of saline lakes for breeding and limited dispersal between populations are likely to promote reproductive and genetic isolation between eastern and southern Africa. We suggest that the two Chestnut‐banded Plover subspecies may warrant elevation to full species status. To assess this distinction fully, additional sample collection will be needed, with analysis of genetic and phenotypic traits from across the species’ entire breeding range.
Apparent survival of an Arctic‐breeding migratory bird over 44 years of fluctuating population size
Authors: Wood Kevin A. , Nuijten Rascha J. M. , Newth Julia L. , Haitjema Trinus , Vangeluwe Didier , Ioannidis Panagiotis , Harrison Anne L. , Mackenzie Conor , Hilton Geoff M. , Nolet Bart A. , Rees Eileen C. 
Published: July 2017

Following increases in numbers during the second half of the 20th century, several Arctic‐breeding migrant bird species are now undergoing sustained population declines. These include the northwest European population of Bewick's SwanCygnus columbianus bewickii, which declined fromc. 29 000 birds on the wintering grounds in 1995 to 18 000 in 2010. It is unclear whether this decrease reflects reduced survival, emigration to a different area, or a combination of both. Furthermore, the environmental drivers of any demographic changes are also unknown. We therefore used an information‐theoretic approach inRMarkto analyse a dataset of 3929 individually marked and resighted Bewick's Swans to assess temporal trends and drivers of survival between the winters of 1970/71 and 2014/2015, while accounting for effects of age, sex and different marker types. The temporal trend in apparent survival rates over our study period was best explained by different survival rates for each decade, with geometric mean survival rates highest in the 1980s (leg‐ring marked birds = 0.853, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.830–0.873) and lowest in the 2010s (leg‐ring = 0.773, 95%CI0.738–0.805; neck‐collar = 0.725, 95%CI0.681–0.764). Mean (±95%CI) resighting probabilities over the study period were higher for birds marked with neck‐collars (0.91 ± 0.01) than for those marked with leg‐rings (0.70 ± 0.02). Weather conditions in different areas across the flyway, food resources on the winter grounds, density‐dependence and the growth of numbers at a relatively new wintering site (the Evros Delta in Greece) all performed poorly as explanatory variables of apparent survival. None of our 18 covariates accounted for more than 7.2% of the deviance associated with our survival models, with a mean of only 2.2% of deviance explained. Our results provide long‐term demographic information needed to help conservationists understand the population dynamics of Bewick's Swans in northwest Europe.
Enhanced immune‐modulatory effects of thalidomide and dexamethasone co‐treatment on T cell subsets
Authors: Kim Eun Jee , Lee Jae Geun , Kim Joon Ye , Song Seung Hwan , Joo Dong Jin , Huh Kyu Ha , Kim Myoung Soo , Kim Beom Seok , Kim Yu Seun 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThalidomide (TM) has been reported to have anti‐cancer and anti‐inflammatory properties, and dexamethasone (DX) is known to reduce inflammation and inhibit production of inflammatory cytokines. Many studies have reported that combinatorial therapy with TM and DX is clinically used to treat multiple myeloma and lupus nephritis, but the mechanism responsible for its effects has not been elucidated. In this study, we determined that TM and DX co‐treatment had an enhanced immune‐modulatory effect on T cells through regulating the expression of co‐stimulatory molecules. Splenic naive T cells from C57BL/6 mice were sort‐purified and cultured for CD4+ T cell proliferation and regulatory T (Treg) cell conversion in the presence of TM and/or DX. Following incubation with the drugs, cells were collected and OX40, 4‐1BB, and glucocorticoid‐induced tumour necrosis factor receptor‐related protein (GITR) expression was quantified by flow cytometry. TM (1 or 10 μm) decreased CD4+ T cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner, whereas TM/DX (0·1 or 1 nm) co‐treatment further decreased proliferation. Treg cell populations were preserved following drug treatment. Furthermore, expression of co‐stimulatory molecules decreased upon TM/DX co‐treatment in effector T (Teff) cells and was preserved in Treg cells. Splenic CD4+ T cells isolated from TM‐ and DX‐treated mice exhibited the same patterns of Teff and Treg cell populations as observed in vitro. Considering the selective effect of TM on different T cell subsets, we suggest that TM may play an immunomodulatory role and that TM/DX combinatorial treatment could further enhance these immunomodulatory effects by regulating GITR, OX40, and 4‐1BB expression in CD4+ T cells.
Cation grain‐boundary diffusivity in SiO2‐ and MgO‐doped Al2O3
Authors: Feng Lin , Dillon Shen J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCation grain‐boundary diffusion in undoped and aliovalent‐doped Al2O3 is characterized using Cr2O3 as a chemical tracer. The compositional depth profiles measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry are fitted to the Whipple‐LeClaire model. The results indicate that cation grain‐boundary diffusivity is insensitive to MgO and SiO2 dopants between 1100°C and 1300°C.