bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon cycling fed by methane seepage at the shallow Cumberland Bay, South Georgia, sub‐Antarctic
Authors: Geprägs Patrizia , Torres Marta E. , Mau Susan , Kasten Sabine , Römer Miriam , Bohrmann Gerhard 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecent studies have suggested that the marine contribution of methane from shallow regions and melting marine‐terminating glaciers may have been underestimated. Here we report on methane sources and potential sinks associated with methane seeps in Cumberland Bay, South Georgia's largest fjord system. The average organic carbon content in the upper 8 m of the sediment is around 0.65 wt %; this observation combined with Parasound data suggest that the methane gas accumulations probably originate from peat‐bearing sediments currently located several tens of meters below the seafloor. Only one of our cores indicates upward advection; instead most of the methane is transported via diffusion. Sulfate and methane flux estimates indicate that a large fraction of methane is consumed by anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Carbon cycling at the sulfate‐methane transition (SMT) results in a marked fractionation of the δ13C‐CH4 from an estimated source value of −65‰ to a value as low as −96‰ just below the SMT. Methane concentrations in sediments are high, especially close to the seepage sites (∼40 mM); however, concentrations in the water column are relatively low (max. 58 nM) and can be observed only close to the seafloor. Methane is trapped in the lowermost water mass; however, measured microbial oxidation rates reveal very low activity with an average turnover of 3.1 years. We therefore infer that methane must be transported out of the bay in the bottom water layer. A mean sea‐air flux of only 0.005 nM/m2 s confirms that almost no methane reaches the atmosphere.
Small post‐perovskite patches at the base of lower mantle primordial reservoirs: Insights from 2‐D numerical modeling and implications for ULVZs
Authors: Li Yang , Deschamps Frédéric , J. Tackley Paul 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe perform numerical experiments of thermochemical mantle convection in 2‐D spherical annulus geometry to investigate the distribution of post‐perovskite (pPv) with respect to the location of primordial reservoirs of dense material in the lowermost mantle. High core‐mantle boundary temperatures lead to strong anticorrelation between the locations of pPv and large primordial reservoirs, while low values lead to a pPv layer fully covering the outer core. Intermediate values avoid a full pPv layer but allow pPv phase change to occur within the primordial reservoirs. Through interactions between cold downwellings and primordial reservoirs, low viscosity (weak) pPv leads to the formation of long‐lived, thin tails of primordial materials extending laterally at the edges of these reservoirs. Small patches of pPv also form within the primordial reservoir but are short‐lived. If primordial reservoirs are enriched in iron, these patches may provide an explanation for the ultralow‐velocity zones.
Organization of ice flow by localized regions of elevated geothermal heat flux
Authors: Pittard M. L. , Galton‐Fenzi B. K. , Roberts J. L. , Watson C. S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe impact of localized regions of elevated geothermal heat flux on ice sheet dynamics is largely unknown. Simulations of ice dynamics are produced using poorly resolved and low‐resolution estimates of geothermal heat flux. Observations of crustal heat production within the continental crust underneath the Lambert‐Amery glacial system in East Antarctica indicate that high heat flux regions of at least 120 mW m−2 exist. Here we investigate the influence of simulated but plausible, localized regions of elevated geothermal heat flux on ice dynamics using a numerical ice sheet model of the Lambert‐Amery glacial system. We find that high heat flux regions have a significant effect across areas of slow‐moving ice with the influence extending both upstream and downstream of the geothermal anomaly, while fast‐moving ice is relatively unaffected. Our results suggest that localized regions of elevated geothermal heat flux may play an important role in the organization of ice sheet flow.
On the infrasound detected from the 2013 and 2016 DPRK's underground nuclear tests
Authors: Assink J. D. , Averbuch G. , Smets P. S. M. , Evers L. G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe underground nuclear tests by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) generated atmospheric infrasound both in 2013 and 2016. Clear detections were made in the Russian Federation (I45RU) and Japan (I30JP) in 2013 at stations from the International Monitoring System. Both tropospheric and stratospheric refractions arrived at the stations. In 2016, only a weak return was potentially observed at I45RU. Data analysis and propagation modeling show that the noise level at the stations and the stratospheric circumpolar vortex were different in 2016 compared to 2013. As the seismic magnitude of the 2013 and 2016 nuclear test explosions was comparable, we hypothesize that the 2016 test occurred at least 1.5 times deeper. In such a case, less seismic energy would couple through the lithosphere‐atmosphere interface, leading to less observable infrasound. Since explosion depth is difficult to estimate from seismic data alone, this motivates a synergy between seismics and infrasonics.
Detecting cross‐equatorial wind change as a fingerprint of climate response to anthropogenic aerosol forcing
Authors: Wang Hai , Xie Shang‐Ping , Tokinaga Hiroki , Liu Qinyu , Kosaka Yu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAnthropogenic aerosols are a major driver of the twetieth century climate change. In climate models, the aerosol forcing, larger in the Northern than Southern Hemispheres, induces an interhemispheric Hadley circulation. In support of the model result, we detected a robust change in the zonal mean cross‐equatorial wind over the past 60 years from ship observations and reanalyses, accompanied by physically consistent changes in atmospheric pressure and marine cloud cover. Single‐forcing experiments indicate that the observed change in cross‐equatorial wind is a fingerprint of aerosol forcing. This zonal mean mode follows the evolution of global aerosol forcing that is distinct from regional changes in the Atlantic sector. Atmospheric simulations successfully reproduce this interhemispheric mode, indicating the importance of sea surface temperature mediation in response to anthropogenic aerosol forcing. As societies awaken to reduce aerosol emissions, a phase reversal of this interhemispheric mode is expected in the 21st century.
H
ong
K
ong, Families in
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Although Chinese families constitute roughly one‐fifth of the world's population, scientific studies of Chinese families are limited. This entry outlines traditional cultural influences on Chinese families. The attributes of traditional Chinese families are also presented, including emphases on family harmony, self‐cultivation, parental authority, harsh socialization practice, strict parental control, and differential expectations for boys and girls. The entry also shows that there are gradual changes in contemporary Chinese families in terms of traditional Chinese family attributes and that there is a shift from “strict fathers, kind mothers” to “strict mothers, kind fathers.” It also highlights worrying phenomena in contemporary Chinese families, but there is a lack of studies, measures, and enhancement programs on quality of life in Chinese families.
UnitedStates, Military Families in
Authors: Ross Susan M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe advent of the all‐volunteer military has brought about demographic shifts and increased the number of service members who are married and who have children. There are now currently 2.3 million service members in the United States but a total of nearly 3 million spouses and children of those service members. Military families work under unique conditions including frequent relocations, deployments, the possibility of injury and death. The post‐September 11 conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq have meant more deployments for military service members and these deployments impact military families. While the majority of families remain resilient, there are negative impacts to marital and family functioning, particularly for those veterans experiencing psychological symptoms from depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder.
Marriage Market
Authors: Bradatan Cristina 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe marriage market is the pool of potential marriage partners available at a certain point in time. While attitudes toward marriage are the most important component that affects marriage rates, the demographic composition of the marriage market is also an important factor. Historically, the concept of the marriage market has been discussed only in terms of unions between a man and a woman, but recent research is also focusing on same‐sex marriages.
Miscegenation
Authors: Rush Sharon E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

“Miscegenation” refers to people of different races developing intimate interracial relationships, and even marrying each other. At various times, societies from Asia to Africa, from Europe to the Americas, have regarded such relationships as socially and legally taboo. In the United States, individual states enacted antimiscegenation laws as early as the colonial days to criminalize interracial relationships between whites and people of color. In
Loving v
.
Virginia
, the US Supreme Court determined that such laws were an unconstitutional denial of equal protection and due process, effectively ending de jure antimiscegenation in the United States. Although states were slow to repeal their antimiscegenation laws, modern research shows that there is growing support for miscegenation, with the right to marry
regardless of race
expressly declared a basic human right under the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights.
Migrant Worker Families
Authors: Christ Stephen R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The migrant family experience varies on a case‐by‐case basis. Costs and benefits, while similar in theme, are presented and experienced by migrant parents and their children in a myriad ways. Traditional gender ideologies do not apply to the fluid, emerging sets of family values and models in migrant families in the twenty‐first century. Macro‐level institutions and structures such as national governments, international governing bodies, and major economic policies are not the sole variables in the decision‐making of migrant parents weighing the pros and cons of separating from children in search of employment. Micro‐level variables such as family dynamics, emotional maturity, and personal values contribute to the decision to separate from children. Indeed, in addition to these factors, variables such as the age of children at separation from migrant parents, time period until reunification, the quality of substitute caregivers, the quality and quantity of in‐person face‐to‐face visits, and the utilization of remittances sent back home by parents impact the perceived success or failure of migrant parents.
Filicide
Authors: Decleene Christine 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The majority of child homicide victims are murdered by their parents. Although filicide has occurred throughout history in nearly all societies, many people are bewildered by this crime. Researchers have attempted to delineate the various motives that parents have for committing filicide. Although most research focuses on maternal filicide, researchers also attempt to determine how maternal filicide differs from fraternal filicide. In addition, research recognizes neonaticide as a distinct form of homicide and distinguishes between neonaticide and infanticide, which are subcategories of filicide. Working toward an understanding of filicide is crucial in order to develop effective prevention strategies.
Feminization of Love
Authors: Toliver Susan D. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The feminization of love is a limited twentieth‐century US perspective on love which views love as a gendered concept. Traditional gender role socialization in the context of the family, in response to the needs of industrial capitalism, contributes to the prevailing epistemology on this subject. While both men and women love, the feminization of love as a way of knowing about love involves a conceptualization of love that is equated with traditional feminine characteristics and modes of expression. This conceptualization raises questions about the epistemology versus the practice of love and the fact that women and men love differently. Alternative conceptualizations of love include an androgynous view of love which can be realized only when unequal traditional gender roles and gendered socialization scripts within the family are abandoned.
Marital Adjustment
Authors: Kendrick Haley Medved , Drentea Patricia 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Marital adjustment describes the accommodation of spouses to each other. Factors contributing to levels of marital adjustment include marital satisfaction, cohesion, agreement, affection, and conflict. Well‐adjusted couples are expected to have long‐lasting, stable marriages, whereas poorly adjusted marriages are expected to experience instability and/or to end in divorce. Predictors of marital satisfaction, a component of marital adjustment, include social and personal resources, satisfaction with lifestyle, and rewards from spousal interaction. Other predictors of marital adjustment include age difference between spouses, length of time married, and number of children.
Transnational Motherhood
Authors: Cervantes Andrea Gómez 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTransnational motherhood refers to immigrant mothers from poorer countries who relocate to wealthier countries in search of better life chances and, in doing so, leave their children behind in their native countries. Transnational mothers continue to mother their children by maintaining emotional and economic connections over geographical distances, political boundaries, and time spent away. Such tasks become difficult because of the traditional gender role expectations of motherhood, according to which mothers are portrayed as caring, nurturing, and physically present with their children. The experiences of transnational mothers vary widely based on the historical time period, political and economic climates, and their own backgrounds. Transnational mothers redefine their motherhood gender expectations; face specific race, gender, and class status‐based struggles; and cope with emotional drain and separation while maintaining cross‐border and cross‐time relationships with their children.
Coping Strategies
Authors: Peer Justin W. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Families are faced with multiple challenges and demands on a regular basis. These demands may place strain on individuals and tax personal resources. Stress can result from the inability to meet these demands, and families use coping strategies to manage and resolve the stress. Various cognitive and behavioral strategies may be used. Depending on the nature, duration, and frequency of the source of stress, particular coping strategies may be more effective than others. Coping can be adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive coping reduces the impact of the stressful situation while also potentially strengthening family resilience. Maladaptive coping can increase stress and challenge the mental and physical health of individual family members and the family system.
Kinship
Authors: Hill Toni 
Published: March 2016

AbstractKinship groups continue to evolve over time and over cultures. Classifications used to identify members and roles must be continually modified to reflect both the form and the function of modern kinship groups. Changes in kinship units are directed by legal, technological, and social conventions. Kinships can be formed through genealogical relationships and other nonfamily occupational, religious, and social memberships.
I
celand, Families in
Authors: Eydal Guđný Björk , Gíslason Ingólfur V. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The development of Icelandic family life and public policies is characterized by increasing individualization, including a strong emphasis since the early 1990s on the reconciliation of work and care, which is in accordance with the general political idea of promoting gender equality in all spheres of life. The idea is to promote the continued participation of women in the labor market and to increase the participation of men in family life. Parental leave has been used to encourage increased participation by fathers in family life. Simultaneously, child care has become highly socialized through early childhood education and care institutions and recreational facilities through schools. Since the late 1990s differences between policies for heterosexual and same‐sex couples has been eroding.
Elder Abuse in theUnitedStates
Authors: Gross Carolyn E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAs members of the population of older adults have increased, so has the problem of elder abuse. It has become a focus of study for many social scientists, beginning in the late 1970s. Elder abuse brings its own brand of distinctiveness under the umbrella term of “domestic violence.” With the problem of elder abuse come the common types of abusive behaviors: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and financial abuse. The implications of research on elder abuse have led to changes in legislation in the United States, changes in social policy, and the establishment of national and local community organizations directed at alleviating and ending the problem of elder abuse. Of particular interest is the call for the development of a coordinated community response to this increasing public health problem.
Widowhood
Authors: Utz Rebecca L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Widowhood is the dissolution of marriage caused by the death of a spouse. Although widowhood is a common transition in the life course, it is often considered to be one of the most stressful. Most research on the topic has explored the similarities that bereaved persons experience as well as the unique variations that are determined by one's social, cultural, and personal histories.
Lee's Styles of Loving
Authors: Yeager Erica Owens 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLee's styles of loving, or love styles, are patterned sets of beliefs, practices, emotional responses, and motivations experienced by persons who feel romantic attachment to another. In any given romantic relationship, the partners act in accordance with their love styles. A person may have more than one style at a given time, though generally one is primary. One person's lovestyle may vary across different relationships, or over time within one relationship. A description of each of the six major styles of love is given.
M
ormon Families
Authors: Jeffrey Aaron J. , McPheters Justin K. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Despite a history of persecution, isolation, and relative obscurity, the early twenty‐first century has seen a cultural fascination with Mormon families and their practices. The primacy of family relationships is clearly understood against the backdrop of the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints. Belief in a Heavenly Father, the Plan of Salvation, and eternal marriage underscore the centrality of the family in Mormon doctrine. Mormon families participate in rituals and worship practices that serve to strengthen family bonds and reinforce family values.
Wedding Rituals
Authors: Costa Rosalina P. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Wedding rituals mark a special occasion because, traditionally, the day of the marriage was perceived as representing a major change in the individuals' lives. In the early twenty‐first century, individualization and detraditionalization theses emphasize that individuals are more free to make their own choices than in the past, and thus many people incorporate a personalized narrative into the construction of their wedding day, stressing their desire for the wedding “they want” in “the way they choose.” There is increasing use of creative adaptations and adjustments around various wedding rituals in terms of legitimizing the diversification and pluralization of relationships in contemporary western society, such as commitments between same‐sex couples, and de facto unions. Despite these changes and debates surrounding the so‐called deinstitutionalization of western marriage, wedding rituals' symbolism remains and crosses time, space, and cultures.
Infidelity in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Stanford Paul S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Infidelity is a common issue couples face throughout the world. Although infidelity is almost universally regarded as unacceptable, a significant minority of men and women commit infidelity sometime during their life. Definitions range from sexual intercourse to internet chatting, and the associated “causes” range from poor marital quality and sexual dissatisfaction to pregnancy and income‐related stressors. Consequences of infidelity include marital distress, domestic violence, divorce, depression, and anxiety. The prevalence, causes, and consequences of infidelity are discussed and future research directions noted.
Gender and Household Labor
Authors: Oslawski‐Lopez Jamie 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWithin most heterosexual households, unpaid household labor is differentially divided based on gender. Specifically, women tend to perform a greater share of household labor than their male partners despite some convergence in time‐use estimates recorded in 1965, 1975, and 1998. Household labor entails all forms of unpaid labor done within the home or for the benefit of the household members, such as cooking, cleaning, and yard work. While family structure influences the extent to which housework is unequally divided, some level of inequality is common across family types. This form of family‐based inequality has negative implications for individuals' relationships and health outcomes. Future work should seek to understand why inequality persists in the household division of labor. Further, researchers should more fully attend to measurement issues in estimations of the household division of labor.
C
roatia, Families in
Authors: Čudina‐Obradović Mira , Obradović Josip 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A historical review of the Croatian family since the late eighteenth century shows some specificities peculiar to Croatian society. Some of these specificities helped to maintain traditional family values while some led to the family assuming a modern distribution of work roles much earlier than in most western societies. Thus the contemporary Croatian family is a mixture of old and modern values, the patriarchal values being a hindrance to progress and at the same time providing protection and support to the family. The influence and deconstruction of patriarchal family values is analyzed with a special emphasis on the major negative forces of economic crisis, unemployment, and aging in Croatian society.
Incarceration and Families in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Reviere Rebecca 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The impact on the incarceration of approximately 2.2 million individuals in US jails and prisons ripples through families. Most of those in prison are poor, poorly educated, and disproportionately people of color. Most women in prison are single mothers with dependent children, and worries about their children nag them while they are away; their children must have alternative living arrangements. When fathers go to prison, the financial impact may be severe, although children typically live with their mothers. Children's lives are often disrupted when a parent goes to prison; outcomes vary depending on several factors. Children's caregivers are important to the child's well‐being and family stability. Families can and do maintain contact with prisoners through visits, mail, and phone calls. When prisoners return to the community, they face challenges with reentry and reunification; strong family ties reduce recidivism.