bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fertility Variation and Genetic Diversity in a Clonal Seed Orchard of Cryptomeria japonica
Authors: Kang K. S. , El-Kassaby Y. A. , Chung M. S. , Kim C. S. , Kang Y. J. , Kang B. S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractClonal differences in fertility (expressed as the number of female and male strobili) were determined for three consecutive years (2002-2004) in a clonal seed orchard of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) in Korea. Fertility varied among clones and among years producing three-year averages of 196 and 652 for female and male strobili per ramet, respectively. Correlation between female and male strobilus production was positive over the three years and statistically significant in 2003, a good flowering year. Based on the observed fertility variation, the status numbers (Ns, measure of genetic diversity) were calculated and varied from 25.6 to 31.7 among the three studied years. On average (pooled), relative status number was 86% of the census number (N). Variation in female fertility was higher than that in male fertility, and this variation was reflected on female and male parents’ status numbers. Pooled Ns estimated from the three years was higher than that for any single year, implying that genetic diversity would increase when seeds collected from different years are pooled.
Evolution of Genome Size in Conifers
Authors: Ahuja M. Raj , Neale David B. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractConifers are the most widely distributed group of gymnosperms in the world. They have large genome size (1C-value) compared with most animal and plant species. The genome size ranges from ~6,500 Mb to ~37,000 Mb in conifers. How and why conifers have evolved such large genomes is not understood. The conifer genome contains ~75% highly repetitive DNA. Most of the repetitive DNA is composed of non-coding DNA, including ubiquitous transposable elements. Conifers have relatively larger rDNA repeat units, larger gene families generated by gene duplications, larger nuclear volume, and perhaps larger genes, as compared to angiosperm plants. These genomic components may partially account for the large genome size, as well as variation in genome size, in conifers. One of the major mechanisms for genome size expansion and evolution of species is polyploidy, which is widespread in angiosperms, but it is rare in conifers. There are only a few natural polyploids in one family of conifers, Cupressaceae. Other conifers, including well-studied pines, are nearly all diploids. Whether ancient polyploidy has played a role in the evolution of genome size in conifers still remains an open question. The mechanisms that account for the variation and evolution of genome size in conifers are addressed in this review.
Variation in Eucalyptus globulus LABILL. and E. nitens DEAN and MAIDEN in Susceptibility of Adult Foliage to Disease Caused by Mycosphaerella cryptica (COOKE) HANSF
Authors: Carnegie A. J. , Ades P. K. 
Published: October 2017

SummarySeverity of disease caused by Mycosphaerella cryptica (COOK) HANSF. was assessed on the adult foliage of Eucalyptus globulus LABILL. in two provenance trials (encompassing all four subspecies) and a progeny trial of E. globulus ssp. globulus LABILL. located in Victoria, Australia. Disease was relatively low in all trials (most trees with less than 15% crown severity), except for two provenances at one trial, Judbury (E. globulus ssp. globulus) and Mansfield (E. globulus ssp. bicostata), that had mean crown severities of approximately 25% and 40%, respectively. Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata (MAIDEN et al.) KIRKPATR. was significantly (P < 0.01) more susceptible than E. globulus ssp. globulus, E. globulus ssp. pseudoglobulus (NAUDIN ex MAIDEN) KIRKPATR. and E. globulus ssp. maidenii (F. MUELL.) KIRKPATR., with subspecies maidenii significantly less diseased than all other subspecies. There was significant variation between provenances within subspecies globulus (P < 0.01) but not within subspecies pseudoglobulus, maidenii or bicostata. Subspecies globulus also showed significant (P < 0.01) variation between families. There was a moderate to high genetic correlation between disease of the adult foliage and disease of the juvenile foliage (caused by both M. cryptica and M. nubilosa (COOKE) HANSF.) assessed several years earlier, both at the provenance (rG= 0.67) and family (rG= 0.33) levels. Narrow sense heritability of disease of the adult foliage (M. cryptica) was low (h2= 0.17), compared to that of the juvenile foliage (h2= 0.35) and juvenile defoliation (h2= 0.45) assessed previously. Selection for overall disease resistance (both adult- and juvenile-phase foliage) can be carried out more quickly and accurately at the juvenile stage when trees are 2-3 years old, potentially reducing the time required for resistant trees to be selected and deployed in the field. Mycosphaerella leaf disease on adult E. nitens (DEAN and MAIDEN) MAIDEN was also assessed in two provenance trials; however, there was very little disease observed and no significant differences were found between provenances.
Conservation Approaches For Autochthonous Woody Plants in Flanders
Authors: Mijnsbrugge Kristine Vander , Cox K. , Slycken J. Van 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Autochthonous genetic resources of woody plants have become seriously endangered in Flanders because of the particularly low and fragmented forest cover, centuries of intensive forest use in this highly populated area and the wide-spread usage of non-autochthonous planting stock in reforestation and landscape plantings. Intraspecific hybridisation between remnant autochthonous populations and foreign genotypes, which can show inadequate adaptation, may influence the autochthonous genetic constitution and fitness in the long term. As several European countries face similar problems, the objective of this paper is to outline the conservation measures that are taken in Flanders. The central aim is to maintain and create the necessary conditions for natural and flexible evolution of the genetic diversity of autochthonous trees and shrubs. An inventory survey to locate remaining autochthonous populations was started in 1997 and will be completed in 2006. Relict populations are preserved in clonal banks. Central issues are the production of autochthonous planting stock through in situ seed collection, the approval of seed sources and stands and the creation of seed orchards. Conservation actions are discussed.
Chromosome Microdissection, Cloning and Painting of the Chromosome 1 in Poplar (Populus tremula)
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhang S. G. , Qi L.W. , Liu B. , Gao J. M. , Chen C. B. , Li X. L. , Song Wenqin 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The chromosome microdissection, cloning and painting technology has evolved into an efficient tool for genomic research. Application of these techniques has rarely been applied for forest plants, largely due to the difficulty of chromosome preparation. The present study was performed to establish a method for single chromosome microdissection, cloning and painting in forest plants using poplar (Populus tremula) as a model. An individual chromosome 1 was microdissected from the metaphase spreads of poplar root-tip cells with fine glass needle controlled by a micromanipulator. The dissected chromosome was amplified in vitro by the Sau3A linker adaptor mediated PCR (LA-PCR) technique, by which 200bp to 3,000bp smear DNA fragments were obtained. Then, the second round PCR products from the single chromosome 1 were cloned into T-easy vectors to generate a DNA library of the chromosome 1. Approximately 3 x 105 recombinant clones were obtained. The second round PCR products were used as a complex probe mixture for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on the metaphase spreads of poplar. Hybridization signals were observed, mainly, along the entire chromosome 1, at the same time, signals were also present on telomeric and centromeric regions of other chromosomes. Therefore, this research suggests that chromosome microdissection, cloning and painting of the single small chromosome in forest plants are feasible.
Gene flow and mating system of the tropical tree Sextonia rubra
Authors: Veron V. , Caron H. , Degen B. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn this paper we report a study of the mating system and gene flow of Sextonia rubra, a hermaphroditic, insect pollinated tropical tree species with a geographic distribution in the Guyana Plateau and the Amazon. Using five microsatellites we analysed 428 seeds of 27 open pollinated families at the experimental site “Paracou” in French Guiana. We observed, compared to other tropical tree species, a high level of genetic diversity. We estimated parameters of the mating system and gene flow by using the mixed mating model and the TwoGener approach. The estimated multilocus outcrossing rate, tm, was 0.992 indicating nearly complete outcrossing. A significant level of biparental inbreeding and a small proportion of full-sibs were estimated for the 27 seed arrays. The differentiation of allelic frequencies among the pollen pools was ΦFT= 0.061. We estimated mean pollen dispersal distances between 65 m and 89 m according to the dispersal models used. The joint estimation of pollen dispersal and density of reproductive trees gave an effective density estimate of 2.1-2.2 trees/ha.
Chloroplast and Total Genomic Diversity in the Endemic Costa Rican Tree Lonchocarpus costaricensis (J. D. Smith) Pittier (Papilionaceae)
Authors: Navarro C. , Cavers S. , Colpaert N. , Hernandez G. , Breyne P. , Lowe A. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn Mesoamerica, tropical dry forest is a highly threatened habitat, and species endemic to this environment are under extreme pressure. The tree species, Lonchocarpus costaricensis is endemic to the dry northwest of Costa Rica and southwest Nicaragua. It is a locally important species but, as land has been cleared for agriculture, populations have experienced considerable reduction and fragmentation. To assess current levels and distribution of genetic diversity in the species, a combination of chloroplast-specific (cpDNA) and whole genome DNA markers (amplified fragment length polymorphism, AFLP) were used to fingerprint 121 individual trees in 6 populations. Two cpDNA haplotypes were identified, distributed among populations such that populations at the extremes of the distribution showed lowest diversity. A large number (487) of AFLP markers were obtained and indicated that diversity levels were highest in the two coastal populations (Cobano, Matapalo, H = 0.23, 0.28 respectively). Population differentiation was low overall, FST= 0.12, although Matapalo was strongly differentiated from all other populations (FST= 0.16-0.22), apart from Cobano (FST= 0.11). Spatial genetic structure was present in both datasets at different scales: cpDNA was structured at a range-wide distribution scale, whilst AFLP data revealed genetic neighbourhoods on a population scale. In general, the habitat degradation of recent times appears not to have yet impacted diversity levels in mature populations. However, although no data on seed or saplings were collected, it seems likely that reproductive mechanisms in the species will have been affected by land clearance. It is recommended that efforts should be made to conserve the extant genetic resource base and further research undertaken to investigate diversity levels in the progeny generation.
Phenotypic Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Nut Yield and Yield Components in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)
Authors: Aliyu O. M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRelationships between cashew nut yield and nine agronomic traits comprising seven reproductive (nut and floral) and two vegetative characters were studied in 59 selected cashew genotypes over three production seasons. Phenotypic correlation analysis showed that nuts per panicle (r = 0.844), number of nuts per tree (r = 0.988) and number of hermaphrodite flowers per panicle (r = 0.863) were positively correlated with nut yield and could be used as primary components for improving yield. Although correlation analysis showed insignificant association between nut weight and nut yield, path analysis revealed that the trait had significant positive direct effect (0.317) on nut yield. The subtle indirect effects of nut weight and leaf size on nut yield were more important than their direct effects and could be classified as secondary components. Both the direct and indirect effects of weight of the whole fruit and tree canopy on nut yield were negative and appeared detrimental.
Variation in Volume Production Through Clonal Deployment: Results From a Simulation Model to Minimize Risk for Both a Currently Known and Unknown Future Pest
Authors: Yanchuk A. D. , Bishir J. , Russell J. H. , Polsson K. R. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
A simulation model was developed to examine optimum patterns of deploying selected clones in the hypothetical situations of both a currently known pest and an unknown future pest. We modelled the interactions between Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), an economically important forest tree in British Columbia and the northwestern U.S., and the spruce terminal weevil (Pissodes strobi (Peck)), a major pest in western spruces. The model is combined with the Province of British Columbia’s Tree and Stand Simulator (TASS) model to drive individual tree growth and stand establishment and development. Two clonal-sampling strategies are examined: a randomly drawn set of genotypes or clones, to depict the potential consequences of a new (e.g., exotic) or a previously unimportant natural pest attacking a ‘random’ set of genotypes, and a ‘fixed’ set of clones, emulating a ‘commercial’ or known set of clones for growth and resistance mechanisms. Simulations use a range of numbers of genotypes or clones (2, 6, 18 and 30), and three deployment patterns (a random mixture of ramets, single- clone blocks, and a mosaic of smaller clonal blocks), in one and five hectare (Ha) stands. Total merchantable timber volume on a per Ha basis at harvest age 80 is used to compare the various combinations and schemes. With both random and fixed chosen sets of clones, the random planting pattern (i.e., random mixture of ramets from the clonal set) produced the most volume. Eighteen randomly chosen clones generally produced more volume, than 2, 6 and 30 clones, but differences among 6, 18 and 30 clones were small in most cases, irrespective of planting pattern. For fixed clones, the use of more resistant clones with higher growth potential produced more volume; however, pure clonal blocks of the best clone were not better than a mixture of that clone and an inferior one. Reducing the effects of insect activity and attack on trees, by lowering the average annual temperature in the model, or turning off all insect ‘activity’, increased merchantable volume but did not change the optimum number of clones (~18) or deployment pattern (random mixture). Forestry agencies can weigh these findings against economic advantages of block plantings of similar genotypes, in the choice of an appropriate number of clones and a deployment strategy.
Genetic Variation of Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) Populations From Provenance Regions in Southern Germany by Using Nuclear and Chloroplast Microsatellites
Authors: Hebel I. , Haas R. , Dounavi Aikaterini 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The genetic structure of 14 populations from three ash provenance regions (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in southern Germany (Aid Infodienst, 2003) is described by analysing the variation of four nuclear and five cpDNA microsatellites. The study of the nuclear microsatellites revealed high levels of genetic diversity but low levels of genetic differentiation, suggesting a high degree of gene flow among regions and/or human interference by introducing plant material coming from different provenances. The distributions of the allele frequencies and the genetic structures at these four microsatellite loci did not allow the identification of distinct provenance regions, although “private alleles” were encountered with moderate to low frequencies (above 5 percent). Specifically, the Rhine valley populations (provenance region 81105) and these from the Swabian Jura and Black Forest (provenance region 81107) revealed private alleles at the two microsatellite loci Femsatl4 and Femsatl12. A more distinct differentiation between provenances was found based on the cpDNA markers. Evidence on genetic delineation and characterization of ash provenances is discussed. Based on these results, provenance regions can be genetically characterised but further analysis of ash populations and of reproductive material (seeds or seedlings) would be of great importance for provenance delineation, as well as gene conservation and sustainable management of ash populations.
Short Note: Crossability Between Pinus uliginosa and its Putative Parental Species Pinus sylvestris and Pinus mugo
Authors: Lewandowski A. , Wiśniewska M. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Results of artificial fertilization of P. uliginosa with P. sylvestris and P. mugo are presented and discussed. P. sylvestris and P. mugo are thought to be the parental species of P. uliginosa. Two grafts of one P. uliginosa clone from Arboretum of the Institute of Dendrology in Kórnik, Poland were used as mother individuals. One individual of P. sylvestris and one individual of P. mugo were the pollen donors. Three mature cones were obtained as the result of artificial pollination of P. uliginosa with P. mugo pollen. Out of 107 seeds, 68 were filled what gives 63%. P. uliginosa conelets pollinated with P. sylvestris pollen were all aborted. Based on obtained data, close phylogenetic relationship between P. uliginosa and P. mugo complex is suggested.
Identification of Atractylodes japonica and A. macrocephala by RAPD analysis and SCAR Markers
Authors: Huh Man Kyu , Bang K. H. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The Chinese plant, “Packchul”, (Atractylodes japonica or A. macrocephala), is a very important Chinese medicinal herb plant and is called Sabju in Korea. The levels of the active components are different between these two species, but these medicines are sold in Korean herbal markets without discrimination. This study was carried out to develop a method that could be used to discriminate between A. japonica and A. macrocephala based on molecular markers. To discriminate between A. japonica and A. macrocephala, RAPD analyses were used to develop SCAR markers. Eighteen species-specific RAPD bands were obtained from 52 OPERON and URP primer sets. Two SCAR markers were developed from these RAPD clones. Both SCAR markers were cloned into pGEM-T-Easy vectors and then subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis and designated AjR1 (1,117 bp) and AmR1 (1,325 bp). These two markers were sufficient to discriminate between samples of A. japonica and A. macrocephala.
Phenology and Control Pollination Studies in Casuarina equisetifolia Forst
Authors: Nagarajan B. , Nicodemus A. , Sivakumar V. , Mandal A. K. , Kumaravelu G. , Jayaraj R. S. C. , Bai V. Narmatha , Kamalakannan R. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Studies on phenology, floral biology and seed production were conducted in two provenance trials and a clonal hedge orchard of C. equisetifolia. Observations in seventeen populations indicate that predominant dioecy with low proportion of monoecy as the commonest sexual strategy. Flowering occurs twice in a year coinciding with the South West and North East monsoons. C. equisetifolia exhibits strong anemophilous adaptations such as very high pollen output, reduced flowers with large stigmatic area and light weighing winged fruits. Pollen is viable up to 99%, storable in 4°C up to three months with no loss in fertility. Trees start reproducing within two years of planting. Local land races produce ten to twenty times higher seeds than the recent introduced natural provenances and exotic landraces. Controlled pollination resulted in lower seed set than observed in open pollination. Selfing leads to normal seed set in monoecious trees. Inter specific cross with C. junguhuhniana pollen parent results in viable progeny.
Early Selection of Radiata Pine
Authors: Dean C. A. , Cotterill P. P. , Burdon R. D. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Additive genetic, dominance genetic and phenotypic variances and corresponding correlations were estimated for growth data collected from disconnected half-diallel progeny trials involving 25 Pinus radiata D. DON parents and replicated across two sites in central North Island, New Zealand. Sectional area of stem was measured at three, seven, 10 and 13 years after planting at both sites, and height at three and 10 years at one site. Sectional area at three years exhibited similar levels of estimated additive (σA
2) and dominance (σD
2) genetic variance. However, levels of σD
2 remained approximately constant between three and 13 years while σA
2 increased substantially. Thus, sectional-area growth changed from being under equal additive and dominance genetic control at three years to almost complete additive genetic control from seven to 13 years. The greater increase in additive variance relative to phenotypic variance led to increases in individual heritability from 0.16 to 0.28 to 0.35 for sectional-area increments between 3-7, 7-10 and 10-13 years, respectively. Height growth exhibited negligible levels of σD
2 for the three- and 10-year measurements. The early sectional-area increment between 3-7 years showed an estimated additive genetic correlation of 0.87 with “mature” sectional area at 13 years. Subsequent sectional-area increments between 7-10 and 10-13 years showed estimates of additive genetic correlations of 0.99 with sectional area at 13 years. Dominance genetic correlations were much lower in magnitude, reflecting inconsistent dominance effects over time.
Genetic Variability and Structure of The Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz) in Poland
Authors: Bednorz Leszek , Myczko Ł , Kosiński P. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSorbus torminalis is a rare forest tree species in Poland. Allelic and genotypic structures at 25 isozyme gene loci were observed in 20 populations from Poland, situated mainly along a latitudinal gradient. Levels of genetic diversity were high both at the species level (P = 44%, He = 0.435) and within populations (mean P = 40.8%, mean He= 0.373). Levels of differentiation among populations were relatively high (FST= 0.17) and a noticeable geographic structure of this differentiation was detected. The population in the ‘Brekinia’ reserve had a unique genetic structure of a clonal population and was the most distinct from the other populations.
Parental and Consensus Linkage Maps of Eucalyptus globulus Using AFLP and Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Freeman J. S. , Potts B. M. , Shepherd M. , Vaillancourt R. E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractParental and consensus maps were constructed in an F2 inter-provenance cross of Eucalyptus globulus, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite (or simple sequence repeats [SSR]) markers. The female map had 12 linkage groups and 118 markers, comprising 33 SSR and 85 AFLP loci. The male map had 14 linkage groups and 130 markers comprising 36 SSR and 94 AFLP loci. The integrated map featured 10 linkage groups and 165 markers, including 33 SSR and 132 AFLP loci, a small 11th group was identified in the male parent. Moderate segregation distortion was detected, concentrated in gender specific groups. The strongest distortion was detected in the female parent for which causal mechanisms are discussed. The inclusion of SSR markers previously mapped in several different eucalypt species within the subgenus Symphyomyrtus (E. globulus, E. camaldulensis, and predominantly E. grandis and E. urophylla), allowed comparison of linkage groups across species and demonstrated that linkage orders previously reported in E. globulus, E. grandis and E. urophylla were largely conserved.