bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive immune education by gut microbiota antigens
Authors: Zhao Qing , Elson Charles O. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryHost–microbiota mutualism has been established during long‐term co‐evolution. A diverse and rich gut microbiota plays an essential role in the development and maturation of the host immune system. Education of the adaptive immune compartment by gut microbiota antigens is important in establishing immune balance. In particular, a critical time frame immediately after birth provides a ‘window of opportunity’ for the development of lymphoid structures, differentiation and maturation of T and B cells and, most importantly, establishment of immune tolerance to gut commensals. Depending on the colonization niche, antigen type and metabolic property of different gut microbes, CD4 T‐cell responses vary greatly, which results in differentiation into distinct subsets. As a consequence, certain bacteria elicit effector‐like immune responses by promoting the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as interferon‐γ and interleukin‐17A, whereas other bacteria favour the generation of regulatory CD4 T cells and provide help with gut homeostasis. The microbiota have profound effects on B cells also. Gut microbial exposure leads to a continuous diversification of B‐cell repertoire and the production of T‐dependent and ‐independent antibodies, especially IgA. These combined effects of the gut microbes provide an elegant educational process to the adaptive immune network. Contrariwise, failure of this process results in a reduced homeostasis with the gut microbiota, and an increased susceptibility to various immune disorders, both inside and outside the gut. With more definitive microbial–immune relations waiting to be discovered, modulation of the host gut microbiota has a promising future for disease intervention.
Physiological responses to water stress and yield of winter wheat cultivars differing in drought tolerance
Authors: Thapa S. , Reddy S. K. , Fuentealba M. P. , Xue Q. , Rudd J. C. , Jessup K. E. , Devkota R. N. , Liu S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractModerate to severe drought (water stress) at the reproductive stage is common in the U.S. Southern High Plains (SHP), where wheat is grown as a major winter crop. The objective of this study was to better understand the physiological basis of drought tolerance in elite wheat cultivars. A 2‐yr glasshouse study was conducted using three cultivars (TAM 111, TAM 112 and TAM 304) and two water treatments (wet: adequate water and dry: water‐limited). Overall, TAM 111 and TAM 112 used more water for cumulative evapotranspiration (ET) and had more tillers and greater root mass and shoot mass compared to TAM 304. In the dry treatment, TAM 112 had 67% and 81% more grain yield than TAM 111 and TAM 304, respectively. Water use efficiency for grain (WUEg) and water use efficiency for biomass (WUEbm) were also greater in TAM 112 compared to the other cultivars in the dry treatment. The flag leaves in TAM 112 at mid‐grain filling stage (about 15 days after flowering) had lower stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn), but higher photosynthetic water use efficiency (PWUE) than TAM 111 and TAM 304 under water stress. This study demonstrated a distinct role of gas exchange parameters in response to drought, and TAM 112 was more efficient than TAM 111 and TAM 304 in evolving physiological mechanisms to adapt to water stress.
Generation of hydrogen under visible light irradiation with enhanced photocatalytic activity of Bi2WO6/Cu1.8Se for organic pollutants under Vis‐NIR light reign
Authors: Qiao Li‐Na , Wang Huan‐Chun , Luo Yi‐Dong , Xu Hao‐Min , Ding Jun‐Ping , Lan Shun , Shen Yang , Lin Yuan‐Hua , Nan Ce‐Wen 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTo make better use of solar light, a new Bi2WO6/Cu1.8Se photocatalyst active to visible and near‐infrared light has been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The composites were characterized by X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and photoluminescene (PL). The photocatalytic activities of Bi2WO6/Cu1.8Se are evaluated by degrading Congo red solution and hydrogen generation from water. It was found that the molar percentage of Cu1.8Se had great effects on the morphology and photocatalytic property of the Bi2WO6/Cu1.8Se heterojunctions, and the composite with suitable molar amount of Cu1.8Se exhibits much enhanced photocatalytic activity for Congo red degradation under visible and near‐infrared light irradiation and for hydrogen generation under visible light compared to Bi2WO6. The significant improvement photocatalytic activity of the composite could be attributed to its good light absorption, suitable band gap structure, and effective separation of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs of Bi2WO6/Cu1.8Se heterojunction. This work presents an efficient multifunction photocatalyst owning the activity both for water splitting under visible light and for organic contaminants decomposition under visible‐near‐infrared light.
“LEARN”ing what is important to children and young people with intellectual disabilities when they are in hospital
Authors: Oulton K. , Sell D. , Gibson F. 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundThe need to review health service provision for children and young people (CYP) with disabilities and their families in the United Kingdom has been expressed in multiple reports: the most consistent message being that services need to be tailored to meet their individual needs. Our aim was to understand the hospital‐related needs and experiences of CYP with intellectual disabilities.MethodAn ethnographic study of a neurosciences ward and outpatient department was conducted within a paediatric tertiary hospital setting.ResultsFive themes, developed using the acronym LEARN, explained what is important to CYP with intellectual disabilities in hospital: (i) little things make the biggest difference, (ii) eliminate unnecessary waiting, (iii) avoid boredom, (iv) routine and home comforts are key and (v) never assume.ConclusionsIt is imperative that the present authors continue to challenge the idea that it is acceptable to exclude CYP with intellectual disabilities from research because of their inability to participate.
Read, write, touch: Co‐construction and multiliteracies in a third‐grade digital writing exercise
Authors: Cordero Kristina , Nussbaum Miguel , Ibaseta Valentina , Otaíza María José , Chiuminatto Pablo 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMany researchers and educators believe that reading and writing instruction needs to change in order to reflect the multimodal, technological, interactive nature of communication today. To date, few studies have examined how touchscreen devices may influence primary school students' reading and writing practices. Guided by Vygotsky's notion of co‐construction and aspects of the New London Group's multiliteracies framework, we built an original multimodal tablet tool and examined how 51 third graders in Costa Rica used it to co‐construct and design meaning in a reading‐to‐writing activity. The first aim of this study, therefore, is to understand how multimodality and technology can work together to support young people's reading and writing. Secondly, we asked how a specific interactive, touchscreen feature might positively contribute to third graders' writing samples. The key findings were that the tool used in this study encouraged a broad range of writing practices, that the touch feature supported co‐construction, and that the careful integration of touchscreen features can engage and motivate students in reading and writing activities.
Efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with essential hypertension uncontrolled by olmesartan: A randomized, double‐blind, 8‐week study
Authors: Cheung Deanna G. , Aizenberg Diego , Gorbunov Vladimir , Hafeez Kudsia , Chen Chien‐Wei , Zhang Jack 
Published: January 2018

A majority of patients with hypertension fail to achieve blood pressure (BP) control despite treatment with commonly prescribed drugs. This randomized, double‐blind phase III trial assessed the superiority of sacubitril/valsartan 200 mg (97/103 mg) to continued olmesartan 20 mg in reducing ambulatory systolic BP after 8‐week treatment in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension uncontrolled with olmesartan 20 mg alone. A total of 376 patients were randomized to receive either sacubitril/valsartan (n = 188) or olmesartan (n = 188). Superior reductions in 24‐hour mean ambulatory systolic BP were observed in the sacubitril/valsartan group vs the olmesartan group (−4.3 mm Hg vs −1.1 mm Hg, P < .001). Reductions in 24‐hour mean ambulatory diastolic BP and pulse pressure and office systolic BP and diastolic BP were significantly greater with sacubitril/valsartan vs olmesartan (P < .014). A greater proportion of patients achieved BP control with sacubitril/valsartan vs olmesartan. The overall incidence of adverse events was comparable between the groups. Compared with continued olmesartan, sacubitril/valsartan was more effective and generally safe in patients with hypertension uncontrolled with olmesartan 20 mg.
Britain at the Centre of European Co‐operation (1948–2016)
Authors: Warlouzet Laurent 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article will revisit the vision of a Britain based on two supposedly eternal features: the promotion of free‐trade values and a reticence towards European integration. By examining the history of Britain's relationship with the organization of the European continent, it will demonstrate that since the creation of the first European institution in 1948, London has constantly exerted considerable influence on the organization of the European continent. In this regard, Brexit is just another step in a proactive British policy of influencing European co‐operation. Most instances of isolationism were self‐induced, not the result of any sinister Franco‐German plot. In addition, this article will also demonstrate that the UK government has not consistently put forth a free‐trade European policy. UK economic policy has traditionally been based on multiple legacies, including some protectionist tendencies.
The low FODMAP diet in the management of irritable bowel syndrome: an evidence‐based review of FODMAP restriction, reintroduction and personalisation in clinical practice
Authors: Whelan K. , Martin L. D. , Staudacher H. M. , Lomer M. C. E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDietary restriction of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) is effective in the management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms that occur in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Numerous reviews have been published regarding the evidence for their restriction in the low FODMAP diet; however, few reviews discuss the implementation of the low FODMAP diet in practice. The aim of this review is to provide practical guidance on patient assessment and the implementation and monitoring of the low FODMAP diet. Broadly speaking, the low FODMAP diet consists of three stages: FODMAP restriction; FODMAP reintroduction; and FODMAP personalisation. These stages can be covered in at least two dietetic appointments. The first appointment focuses on confirmation of diagnosis, comprehensive symptom and dietary assessment, detailed description of FODMAPs and their association with symptom induction, followed by counselling regarding FODMAP restriction. Dietary counselling should be tailored to individual needs and appropriate resources provided. At the second appointment, symptoms and diet are re‐assessed and, if restriction has successfully reduced IBS symptoms, education is provided on FODMAP reintroduction to identify foods triggering symptoms. Following this, the patient can follow FODMAP personalisation for which a less restrictive diet is consumed that excludes their personal FODMAP triggers and enables a more diverse dietary intake. This review provides evidence and practice guidance to assist in delivering high‐quality clinical service in relation to the low FODMAP diet.
Urban Metabolism of Bangalore City: A Water Mass Balance Analysis
Authors: Paul Reba , Kenway Steven , McIntosh Brian , Mukheibir Pierre 
Published: January 2018

SummaryCities are increasingly depending on energy‐intensive water sources, such as distant rivers and the ocean, to meet their water demand. However, such expensive sources could be avoided using alternative local sources of water such as wastewater, rainwater, and stormwater. Many cities do not have robust accounts of those localized water resources, as estimating those resources requires comprehensive accounting in complex urban water systems. In this article, we investigate whether an urban metabolism evaluation framework built on the urban water mass balance can help analyze these resources, especially in a rapidly growing developing city. We first refined the water mass balance equation developed by Kenway and his colleagues in 2011 for a developing country context with the inclusion of some significant components such as system loss. Then, we applied the refined equation for the first time to Bangalore city in India, a developing country, for the year 2013–2014 as a real case example, which is a rare water mass balance analysis of its kind. The refined equation helped analyze Bangalore's urban water system. The total available wastewater, stormwater, and rainwater were 656 gigaliters (GL). The gap between water demand and supply could be met if 54% of this recycled potential were harnessed. Wastewater had enough potential (362 GL) to replace the whole centralized water supply from the Cauvery. A scenario analysis showed that the gap between water demand and supply in 2021 can be met if 60% of total recycled potential is utilized. This approach can be used to help other cities identify the potential of alternative water sources and support integrated water planning and monitoring water metabolic performance.
A multimodal microcharacterisation of trace‐element zonation and crystallographic orientation in natural cassiterite by combining cathodoluminescence, EBSD, EPMA and contribution of confocal Raman‐in‐SEM imaging
Authors: WILLE G. , LEROUGE C. , SCHMIDT U. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryIn cassiterite, tin is associated with metals (titanium, niobium, tantalum, indium, tungsten, iron, manganese, mercury). Knowledge of mineral chemistry and trace‐element distribution is essential for: the understanding of ore formation, the exploration phase, the feasibility of ore treatment, and disposal/treatment of tailings after the exploitation phase. However, the availability of analytical methods make these characterisations difficult.We present a multitechnical approach to chemical and structural data that includes scanning electron microscopy (SEM)‐based imaging and microanalysis techniques such as: secondary and backscattered electrons, cathodoluminescence (CL), electron probe microanalyser (EPMA), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and confocal Raman‐imaging integrated in a SEM (RISE). The presented results show the complementarity of the used analytical techniques. SEM, CL, EBSD, EPMA provide information from the interaction of an electron beam with minerals, leading to atomistic information about their composition, whereas RISE, Raman spectroscopy and imaging completes the studies with information about molecular vibrations, which are sensitive to structural modifications of the minerals. The correlation of Raman bands with the presence/absence of Nb, Ta, Fe (heterovalent substitution) and Ti (homovalent substitution) is established at a submicrometric scale. Combination of the different techniques makes it possible to establish a direct link between chemical and crystallographic data of cassiterite.
Morphometric and morphologic parameters of the heart in healthy Alouatta guariba clamitans (Cabrera, 1940)
Authors: Charlier Murilo Gomes de Soutello , Filippi Maurício Gianfrancesco , Girotto Carolina Hagy , Ribeiro Vanessa Lanes , Teixeira Carlos Roberto , Lourenço Maria Lúcia Gomes , Vulcano Luiz Carlos 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed at assessing the heart function of one neotropical primate (Alouatta guariba clamitans) kept in captivity using radiography, electrocardiogram (ECG) and Doppler echocardiography.MethodsTen adult healthy howler monkeys (A. g. clamitans) were evaluated under general anaesthesia. Vertebral Heart Scores (VHS) were obtained from radiographic studies. Ejection fraction, shortening fraction of left ventricle, left atrial/aortic root ratio, ascending aortic diameter, peak velocity of pulmonary, mitral, tricuspid and aortic blood flow and other values were measured by Doppler echocardiography. Heart rate, mean electrical axis of QRS complex, P, Q, R, S, T amplitude, P, PR interval, QRS, QT interval duration and ST segment unbalancing were measured by ECG.Results and conclusionsExam techniques were akin the ones used in humans. Doppler echocardiographic, radiographic, electrocardiographic and clinical parameters for howler monkey were described and correlated. The results have shown profiles of cardiovascular function and structure of A. g. clamitans.
Loss of STI1‐mediated neuronal survival and differentiation in disease‐associated mutations of prion protein
Authors: Landemberger Michele Christine , de Oliveira Gabriela Pintar , Machado Cleiton Fagundes , Gollob Kenneth John , Martins Vilma Regina 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCellular prion protein (PrPC) is widely expressed and displays a variety of well‐described functions in the central nervous system (CNS). Mutations of the PRNP gene are known to promote genetic human spongiform encephalopathies, but the components of gain‐ or loss‐of‐function mutations to PrPC remain a matter for debate. Among the proteins described to interact with PrPC is Stress‐inducible protein 1 (STI1), a co‐chaperonin that is secreted from astrocytes and triggers neuroprotection and neuritogenesis through its interaction with PrPC. In this work, we evaluated the impact of different PrPC pathogenic point mutations on signaling pathways induced by the STI1‐PrPC interaction. We found that some of the pathogenic mutations evaluated herein induce partial or total disruption of neuritogenesis and neuroprotection mediated by mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling triggered by STI1‐PrPC engagement. A pathogenic mutant PrPC that lacked both neuroprotection and neuritogenesis activities fail to promote negative dominance upon wild‐type PrPC. Also, a STI1‐α7‐nicotinic acetylcholine receptor‐dependent cellular signaling was present in a PrPC mutant that maintained both neuroprotection and neuritogenesis activities similar to what has been previously observed by wild‐type PrPC. These results point to a loss‐of‐function mechanism underlying the pathogenicity of PrPC mutations.
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Alterations in mGlu5 receptor expression and function in the striatum in a rat depression model
Authors: Mao Li‐Min , Wang John Q. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMajor depressive disorder is a common form of mental illness. Many brain regions are implicated in the pathophysiology and symptomatology of depression. Among key brain areas is the striatum that controls reward and mood and is involved in the development of core depression‐like behavior in animal models of depression. While molecular mechanisms in this region underlying depression‐related behavior are poorly understood, the glutamatergic input to the striatum is believed to play a role. In this study, we investigated changes in metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor expression and signaling in the striatum of adult rats in response to prolonged (10–12 weeks) social isolation, a pre‐validated animal paradigm modeling depression in adulthood. We found that mGlu5 receptor protein levels in the striatum were increased in rats that showed typical depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior after chronic social isolation. This increase in mGlu5 receptor expression was seen in both subdivisions of the striatum, the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen. At subcellular and subsynaptic levels, mGlu5 receptor expression was elevated in surface membranes at synaptic sites. In striatal neurons, the mGlu5‐associated phosphoinositide signaling pathway was augmented in its efficacy after prolonged social isolation. These data indicate that the mGlu5 receptor is a sensitive substrate of depression. Adulthood social isolation leads to the up‐regulation of mGlu5 receptor expression and function in striatal neurons.
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Effect of Sleep Duration, Diet, and Physical Activity on Obesity and Overweight Elementary School Students in Shanghai
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhang YunTing , Jiang YanRui , Sun WanQi , Zhu Qi , Ip Patrick , Zhang DongLan , Liu ShiJian , Chen Chang , Chen Jie , Zhang Lei , Zhang Hao , Tang MingYu , Dong WenFang , Wu YuFeng , Yin Yong , Jiang Fan 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThis was a cross‐sectional survey to investigate the relationship of age, parent education, sleep duration, physical activity, and dietary habits with overweight or obesity in school‐age children in Shanghai.METHODSThe survey gathered information from 13,001 children in grades 1 through 5 (age 6 to 10 years) among 26 elementary schools in 7 districts. Activity level was evaluated using the International Children's Leisure Activities Study Survey Questionnaire (CLASS‐C). The definitions of normal, overweight, and obese were adjusted for each age.RESULTSLogistic regression analysis indicated that age, being male, having ≤10 hours of sleep on non‐school days, eating ≥1 vegetable/day, or drinking ≥1 sugar‐sweetened drink/day increased the risk for a child being overweight or obese compared with having >10 hours of sleep or ≤3 vegetables or ≤3 sugar‐sweetened drinks/month (p ≤ .008). Having >2 hours of outdoor activities on non‐school days reduced the risk of being overweight or obese compared with ≤2 hours of outdoor activities on non‐school days (p < .001).CONCLUSIONSWe found that age, sex, sleep, and some dietary habits impacted weight, and suggests that specific cultural and economic factors may impact risk of a child being overweight or obese.
Early Adolescents' Emotional Well‐Being in the Classroom: The Role of Personal and Contextual Assets
Authors: Oberle Eva 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe objective was to predict early adolescents' emotional well‐being from personal and contextual assets in the classroom. Emotional well‐being is a key indicator of health. Aligned with the positive youth development (PYD) framework, a supportive classroom environment and positive relationships with teachers and peers were contextual assets in the present study; positive self‐concept was a personal asset.METHODSThe sample was 406 grade 4 to 7 public elementary school students from diverse backgrounds (mean = 11.27 years; SD = 0.89; 50% female). Data were self‐, teacher‐, and peer‐reported. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses were used to evaluate model fit and identify significant pathways.RESULTSSEM indicated a good model fit. Overall, 68% of variability in early adolescents' emotional well‐being was explained. Positive self‐concept directly predicted emotional well‐being. Supportive classroom environment predicted emotional well‐being directly and indirectly through increases in positive social relationships and self‐concept. Positive social relationships predicted well‐being only indirectly through positive self‐concept.CONCLUSIONSContextual and personal assets are central for early adolescents' emotional well‐being. The interrelation among assets needs to be considered when understanding, and ultimately promoting students' emotional well‐being. The present findings extend previous research and inform school‐based intervention and prevention programming and teacher professional development.