bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vers Madrid
Authors: Alloa Emmanuel 
Published: January 2016

Cet article propose une lecture du dernier film de Sylvain Georges Vers Madrid , dédié au mouvement des Indignados . Tentant de cerner ce qui fait la particularité de l’objet documentaire, et de l’œil documentaire de Sylvain Georges en particulier, il explore trois façons dont on pourrait entendre la proposition suivante : le cinéma documentaire de Sylvain Georges est un cinéma de l’approche . L’approche est alors successivement entendue comme appareillage , comme prise de champ et comme approximation sensible .
HIV Risks, Testing, and Treatment in the Former Soviet Union: Challenges and Future Directions in Research and Methodology
Authors: Saadat Victoria M. 
Published: January 2016

Background. The dissolution of the USSR resulted in independence for constituent republics but left them battling an unstable economic environment and healthcare. Increases in injection drug use, prostitution, and migration were all widespread responses to this transition and have contributed to the emergence of an HIV epidemic in the countries of former Soviet Union. Researchers have begun to identify the risks of HIV infection as well as the barriers to HIV testing and treatment in the former Soviet Union. Significant methodological challenges have arisen and need to be addressed. The objective of this review is to determine common threads in HIV research in the former Soviet Union and provide useful recommendations for future research studies.Methods. In this systematic review of the literature, Pubmed was searched for English-language studies using the key search terms “HIV”, “AIDS”, “human immunodeficiency virus”, “acquired immune deficiency syndrome”, “Central Asia”, “Kazakhstan”, “Kyrgyzstan”, “Uzbekistan”, “Tajikistan”, “Turkmenistan”, “Russia”, “Ukraine”, “Armenia”, “Azerbaijan”, and “Georgia”. Studies were evaluated against eligibility criteria for inclusion.Results. Thirty-nine studies were identified across the two main topic areas of HIV risk and barriers to testing and treatment, themes subsequently referred to as “risk” and “barriers”. Study design was predominantly cross-sectional. The most frequently used sampling methods were peer-to-peer and non-probabilistic sampling. The most frequently reported risks were condom misuse, risky intercourse, and unsafe practices among injection drug users. Common barriers to testing included that testing was inconvenient, and that results would not remain confidential. Frequent barriers to treatment were based on a distrust in the treatment system. Conclusion. The findings of this review reveal methodological limitations that span the existing studies. Small sample size, cross-sectional design, and non-probabilistic sampling methods were frequently reported limitations. Future work is needed to examine barriers to testing and treatment as well as longitudinal studies on HIV risk over time in most-at-risk populations.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 5, No. 1
Authors: Smith Wendy 
Published: January 2016

<p><em>International Journal of Statistics and Probability</em> wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated.</p><p>Many authors, regardless of whether <em>International Journal of Statistics and Probability</em> publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.</p><p><strong>Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 1</strong></p><p>Afsin Sahin</p><p>Ali Reza Fotouhi</p><p>Bibi Abdelouahab</p><p>Carla J. Thompson</p><p>Carolyn Huston</p><p>Dr. Sohair F. Higazi</p><p>Encarnación Alvarez-Verdejo</p><p>Gabriel A. Okyere</p><p>Gane Samb Lo</p><p>Getachew Dagne</p><p>Ivair R. Silva</p><p>Jacek Białek</p><p>Kouji Yamamoto</p><p>Marcelo Bourguignon</p><p>Milind Phadnis</p><p>Philip Westgate</p><p>Priyantha Wijayatung</p><p>Samah M. Abo-El-Hadid</p><p>Shahedul Khan</p><p>Tewfik Kernane</p><p>Wei Zhang</p><p>Wojciech Gamrot</p><p>Zaixing Li</p><p> </p><p>Wendy Smith</p><p>On behalf of,</p><p>The Editorial Board of <em>International Journal of Statistics and Probability</em></p><p>Canadian Center of Science and Education</p>
Pharmacokinetic characteristics of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)
Authors: Marvanova Marketa 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are routinely prescribed for the management of a variety of neurologic and psychiatric conditions, including epilepsy and epilepsy syndromes. Physiologic changes due to aging, pregnancy, nutritional status, drug interactions, and diseases (ie, those involving liver and kidney function) can affect pharmacokinetics of AEDs. This review discusses foundational pharmacokinetic characteristics of AEDs currently available in the United States, including clobazam but excluding the other benzodiazepines. Commonalities of pharmacokinetic properties of AEDs are discussed in detail. Important differences among AEDs and clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and/or elimination associated with AEDs are highlighted. In general, newer AEDs have more predictable kinetics and lower risks for drug interactions. This is because many are minimally or not bound to serum proteins, are primarily renally cleared or metabolized by non–cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, and/or have lower potential to induce/inhibit various hepatic enzyme systems. A clear understanding of the pharmacokinetic properties of individual AEDs is essential in creating a safe and effective treatment plan for a patient.
Utilization of antipsychotic therapeutic drug monitoring at a state psychiatric hospital
Authors: Wong Kara R. , Nelson Leigh Anne , Elliott Ellie S. R. , Liu Yifei , Sommi Roger W. , Winans Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Introduction
This study assesses the utilization of antipsychotic therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and describes characteristics of appropriate and inappropriate TDM at a state psychiatric hospital.

Methods
A retrospective, descriptive review was conducted for antipsychotic TDM completed between December 1, 2009, and June 30, 2011, at a 65-bed adult inpatient extended-care and forensic state psychiatric hospital.

Results
One hundred thirty-three (n = 133) antipsychotic serum levels were collected from 44 patients during the study period. Sixty-nine percent (69%) of the TDM were deemed inappropriate, 28% were appropriate, and 3% could not be designated appropriate or inappropriate owing to the lack of information regarding steady-state conditions. The primary reason for inappropriate TDM was lack of documentation with regard to the indication for TDM (n = 79, 59.3%), the intervention following laboratory analysis (n = 88, 66%), or both. Appropriate TDM was associated with a lower laboratory cost for antipsychotic serum level ($48.98 ± $53.49 versus $72.06 ± $51.02, P &lt; .05), lower daily cost of scheduled psychiatric medications ($17.72 ± $23.03 versus $32.26 ± $31.05, P &lt; .05), lower daily cost of total medications ($19.28 ± $24.91 versus $33.82 ± $31.03, P &lt; .05), fewer scheduled psychiatric medications (2.95 ± 1.90 versus 4.04 ± 2.19, P &lt; .01), and fewer total scheduled medications (5.95 ± 3.60 versus 7.60 ± 3.29, P &lt; .05). Inappropriate TDM led to approximately $6,753 in avoidable laboratory costs over a 20-month period.

Discussion
Therapeutic drug monitoring is a complex process with many points at which errors may occur. The majority of antipsychotic levels at this state psychiatric hospital were not documented in a way that was clinically useful. Inappropriate TDM was associated with increased laboratory and medication costs.
A review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with antipsychotics
Authors: Wijesinghe Ruki 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Introduction
Antipsychotics are widely used and often in combination with other drugs, thereby frequently subjected to drug-drug interactions. This review will provide a summary of potential pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) drug interactions associated with antipsychotic drugs.

Methods
A literature search was conducted for clinically significant drug interactions with antipsychotics.

Results
Most common PK drug interactions take place via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. PK profiles of first generation antipsychotics are inadequately studied; nevertheless most common drug interactions involve changes to their metabolic processes. Interactions with second generation antipsychotics are somewhat well-established, documented, and give some guidance for therapeutic treatment interventions. PD interactions occurring at the receptor level result in additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects.

Discussion
This review summarizes a collection of relevant literature of significant PK and PD interactions occurring with antipsychotics. The involvement of multiple CYP enzymes makes it more difficult to predict the extent of the interaction and clinicians should take into consideration the timeline when evaluating potential interactions.
Pharmacogenetics of antiepileptic drugs: A brief review
Authors: Parker D. , Sanders E. J. , Burghardt K. J. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The goal of pharmacogenetic research is to assist clinicians in predicting patient response to medications when genetic variations are identified. The pharmacogenetic variation of antiepileptic drug response and side effects has yielded findings that have been included in drug labeling and guidelines. The goal of this review is to provide a brief overview of the pharmacogenetic research on antiepileptic drugs. It will focus on findings that have been included in drug labeling, guidelines, and candidate pharmacogenetic variation. Overall, several genes have been included in guidelines by national and international organizations; however, much work is needed to implement and evaluate their use in clinical settings.
Urine drug screens: Considerations for the psychiatric pharmacist
Authors: Wilkening G. Lucy , Hale Genevieve M. , Ross Clint 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Introduction
Proper psychiatric evaluation of patients necessitates that the clinician be vigilant in ruling out secondary causes of symptoms, such as substance-induced symptoms. Immunoassay-type urine drug screens (UDSs) offer clinicians rapid drug screen results, ease of use, and inexpensive cost. Unfortunately, these screens are not without their limitations. This review aims to outline the nuances and limitations of immunoassay UDSs and to provide the clinician with information that facilitates more accurate interpretation of UDS results. Specifically, false positive results associated with psychiatric medications and the availability and methods for acquisition of commercialized UDS masking agents will be reviewed.

Methods
A literature review was conducted to identify false positive UDSs associated with psychiatric medications. References for each article identified were also reviewed. Additionally, a Google® search was conducted to identify commercially available preparations used to mask UDS results and the methods of acquisition of these products.

Results
A total of 14 articles were identified using PubMed. No articles for mood stabilizing agents were identified. Entering the phrase how to pass a drug test into Google® search yielded about 12.6 million results, and select references were reviewed based on relevance and user reviews.

Discussion
Several psychiatric medications are documented as potential sources of false positive UDSs. Additionally, several agents are available for consumer purchase that may result in false negative UDSs. The clinician must be vigilant in interpreting immunoassay UDS results and should utilize more advanced forms of testing as clinically appropriate.
Pharmacogenomics: A focus on antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics
Authors: Lister Jonathan F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe study of pharmacogenomics is rapidly growing, particularly in the field of mental health. Understanding pharmacogenomic principles can be a challenge for many clinicians. Most mental health genomic data concentrates on variability (response, side effects) with antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics. Current pharmacogenomic practice and research primarily focuses on two areas: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Based on the current literature, genetic polymorphisms of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics parameters likely influence medication efficacy, therefore affecting the therapeutic benefit. Additionally, certain pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic polymorphisms have been linked to an elevated risk of side effects and adverse events with these medications. In this review, specific pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic polymorphisms related to antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics will be discussed, as well as the potential clinical effect these genomic abnormalities have within psychiatric care.
General pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic concepts of mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder
Authors: Ware Kenric , Tillery Erika , Linder Lauren 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Introduction
Mood stabilizers are the recommended treatment for patients who receive a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Because of the necessity of mood stabilizer treatment in patients with bipolar disorder and the extent of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles involved, the purpose of this review is to summarize the pharmacokinetic principles of lithium in addition to the pharmacodynamics of lithium, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and valproic acid/valproate.

Methods
Practice guidelines, review articles, and clinical trials were located using online databases PubMed, CINAHL, IDIS, and Medline. Search terms included at least one of the following: bipolar disorder, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, lithium, mood stabilizers, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, valproate, and valproic acid. Online clinical databases Dynamed® and Lexicomp® were also used in the study.

Results
Mood stabilizers collectively possess distinct qualities that are closely regarded before, during, and after therapeutic initiation. Individual patient characteristics, coupled with these observed traits, add to the complexity of selecting the most optimal neurologic agent. Each medication discussed uniquely contributes to both the maintenance and restoration of overall patient well-being.

Discussion
Introduction of mood stabilizers into drug regimens is often done in the presence of an array of mitigating factors. Safety and efficacy measures are commonly used to gauge desired results. Careful monitoring of patients' responses to selected therapies is paramount for arriving at appropriate clinical outcomes.
Modified Zeolite with Transition Metals Cu and Fe for Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Medium: Mass Spectrometry Study
Authors: Lopes João Henrique , Nogueira Francisco Guilherme E. , Gonçalves Maraísa , Oliveira Luiz Carlos 
Published: January 2016

Textile industries are one of the main sources of water pollution. Wastewater containing dyes present a serious environmental problem because of its high toxicity and possible accumulation in the environ- ment. In this work were explored the characteristics of removal of methylene blue dye employing zeo- lites modified with transition metals (Cu, Fe). The zeolites with iron or copper were prepared by using NaY and Naβ zeolites as precursors, replacing part of ion sodium for copper or iron ions through the ion exchange method. All materials were characterized by several analytical techniques, in order to gain information about the structure and catalytic activity. Modified zeolites showed a remarkable ac- tivity in H2O2 decomposition and in the discoloration an organic dye in aqueous medium. ESI-MS stud- ies of the methylene blue oxidation showed that the oxidation of the dye occurs via a Fenton type sys- tem in which *OH radicals are formed in situ and added to the ring structure of the organic substrate. In addition, modification of the zeolite with transition metal proved to be an interesting pathway to produce efficient catalysts for the oxidation of organic molecules, i.e. dyes in aqueous media. Copyright © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Anterograde or Retrograde Transsynaptic Circuit Tracing in Vertebrates with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors
Authors: Beier Kevin T. , Mundell Nathan A. , Pan Y. Albert , Cepko Constance L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractViruses have been used as transsynaptic tracers, allowing one to map the inputs and outputs of neuronal populations, due to their ability to replicate in neurons and transmit in vivo only across synaptically connected cells. To date, their use has been largely restricted to mammals. In order to explore the use of such viruses in an expanded host range, we tested the transsynaptic tracing ability of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vectors in a variety of organisms. Successful infection and gene expression were achieved in a wide range of organisms, including vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms. Moreover, rVSV enabled transsynaptic tracing of neural circuitry in predictable directions dictated by the viral envelope glycoprotein (G), derived from either VSV or rabies virus (RABV). Anterograde and retrograde labeling, from initial infection and/or viral replication and transmission, was observed in Old and New World monkeys, seahorses, jellyfish, zebrafish, chickens, and mice. These vectors are widely applicable for gene delivery, afferent tract tracing, and/or directional connectivity mapping. Here, we detail the use of these vectors and provide protocols for propagating virus, changing the surface glycoprotein, and infecting multiple organisms using several injection strategies. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Increased wintertime CO2 loss as a result of sustained tundra warming
Authors: Webb Elizabeth E. , Schuur Edward A. G. , Natali Susan M. , Oken Kiva L. , Bracho Rosvel , Krapek John P. , Risk David , Nickerson Nick R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPermafrost soils currently store approximately 1672 Pg of carbon (C), but as high latitudes warm, this temperature‐protected C reservoir will become vulnerable to higher rates of decomposition. In recent decades, air temperatures in the high latitudes have warmed more than any other region globally, particularly during the winter. Over the coming century, the arctic winter is also expected to experience the most warming of any region or season, yet it is notably understudied. Here we present nonsummer season (NSS) CO2 flux data from the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research project, an ecosystem warming experiment of moist acidic tussock tundra in interior Alaska. Our goals were to quantify the relationship between environmental variables and winter CO2 production, account for subnivean photosynthesis and late fall plant C uptake in our estimate of NSS CO2 exchange, constrain NSS CO2 loss estimates using multiple methods of measuring winter CO2 flux, and quantify the effect of winter soil warming on total NSS CO2 balance. We measured CO2 flux using four methods: two chamber techniques (the snow pit method and one where a chamber is left under the snow for the entire season), eddy covariance, and soda lime adsorption, and found that NSS CO2 loss varied up to fourfold, depending on the method used. CO2 production was dependent on soil temperature and day of season but atmospheric pressure and air temperature were also important in explaining CO2 diffusion out of the soil. Warming stimulated both ecosystem respiration and productivity during the NSS and increased overall CO2 loss during this period by 14% (this effect varied by year, ranging from 7 to 24%). When combined with the summertime CO2 fluxes from the same site, our results suggest that this subarctic tundra ecosystem is shifting away from its historical function as a C sink to a C source.
XCO2 retrieval error over deserts near critical surface albedo
Authors: Zhang Qiong , Shia Run‐Lie , Sander Stanley P. , Yung Yuk L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLarge retrieval errors in column‐weighted CO2 mixing ratio (XCO2) over deserts are evident in the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 version 7 L2 products. We argue that these errors are caused by the surface albedo being close to a critical surface albedo (αc). Over a surface with albedo close to αc, increasing the aerosol optical depth (AOD) does not change the continuum radiance. The spectral signature caused by changing the AOD is identical to that caused by changing the absorbing gas column. The degeneracy in the retrievals of AOD and XCO2 results in a loss of degrees of freedom and information content. We employ a two‐stream‐exact single scattering radiative transfer model to study the physical mechanism of XCO2 retrieval error over a surface with albedo close to αc. Based on retrieval tests over surfaces with different albedos, we conclude that over a surface with albedo close to αc, the XCO2 retrieval suffers from a significant loss of accuracy. We recommend a bias correction approach that has significantly improved the XCO2 retrieval from the California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing data in the presence of aerosol loading.
Reconciling the discrepancy in ground‐ and satellite‐observed trends in the spring phenology of winter wheat in China from 1993 to 2008
Authors: Guo Li , An Ning , Wang Kaicun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMonitoring crop phenology has become a growing concern for food security. Crop phenology can be traditionally observed at plot scale in the field or recently at a much larger scale by satellites. In this study, we compared the spring phenology of winter wheat (Triticum sp.), quantified as the timing of start‐of‐spring‐season (SOS), using 8 km resolution satellite data and ground observations at 112 agrometeorological stations across China from 1993 to 2008. We found that ground and satellite observations displayed opposing trends in winter wheat SOS. Ground observation exhibited a delayed onset of SOS at 86% of ground stations, whereas satellite data suggested an earlier arrival of SOS at 78% of stations. The meteorological SOS calculated from daily air temperature supported the earlier occurrence of SOS indicated by satellite data. Moreover, satellite data showed more agreement with meteorological data with respect to interannual SOS variations than did field phenology records. Given the dominant control of air temperature on winter wheat's spring phenology, satellite observation provides a reliable measure of the long‐term trends and dynamics of SOS. Ground‐observed SOS trends were impaired by data heterogeneity and limited spatial coverage. However, compared with ground observations, satellite‐derived phenological timings are often lack of biological meanings. Therefore, integrating ground and satellite observations could enhance the monitoring of winter wheat SOS, which would increase the knowledge of vegetation's response to the changing climate and help to optimize timely crop management.