bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Walking on different inclines affects gait symmetry differently in the anterior-posterior and vertical directions: implication for future sensorimotor training
Authors: Xie Haoyu , Chien Jung H. 
Published: September 2024

A symmetric gait pattern in humans reflects near-identical movement in bilateral limbs during walking. However, little is known about how gait symmetry changes on different inclines. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap using the central pattern generator and internal model hypotheses. Eighteen healthy young adults underwent five 2-minute walking trials (inclines of +15%, +8%, 0%, −8%, and −15%). Dependent variables included step time, step length, step width, maximum heel clearance, time to peaks of maximum heel clearance, their corresponding coefficients of variation (CV), and respective symmetry indices (SI). Significant differences were observed in SI of step length (p = .022), step length variability (p < .001), step width variability (p =.001), maximum heel clearance (p < .001), and maximum heel clearance variability (p = .049). Compared to level walking, walking at −8% and −15% inclines increased SI of step length (p = .011, p = .039 respectively) but decreased SI of maximum heel clearance (p = .025, p = .019 respectively). These observations suggested that incline walking affected gait symmetry differently, possibly due to varied internal models used in locomotion. Downhill walking improved vertical gait symmetry but reduced anterior-posterior symmetry compared to level walking. Downhill walking may be a preferable rehabilitation protocol for enhancing gait symmetry, as it activates internal model controls. Even slight downhill inclines could increase active control loading, beneficial for the elderly and those with impaired gait.
Relationship between satisfaction of work-related needs and forms of motivation for the pursuit of scholarly activity by chiropractic faculty
Authors: Major Christine A. , Visconti Sarah , Novak Melinda , Ross Kathryn , Burnham Kara D. 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective
This study sought to determine whether chiropractic faculty were extrinsically, introjectedly, or intrinsically motivated to pursue scholarship; if satisfaction of a faculty member’s work-related needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness correlated with intrinsic motivation to pursue scholarly activities; and to identify barriers to faculty participation in scholarship.

Methods
An anonymous online survey was administered to full-time faculty at 2 chiropractic institutions in the United States. Survey items assessed whether faculty perceived their work-related needs as met, which motivation type they displayed, and perceived barriers to performing scholarly work. Pearson correlation was used to measure the relationships between satisfaction of the work-related needs and intrinsic motivation. Content analysis was used to analyze faculty responses regarding perceived barriers.

Results
On average, survey items indicating extrinsic motivation received 52.2% of positive responses, those indicating intrinsic motivation received 47.8% of positive responses, and those indicating introjected motivation received 26.7%. Intrinsic motivation was positively correlated with each of the work-related needs (autonomy: r = .34, p = .067; competence: r = .52, p = .004; relatedness: r = 0.34, p = .063). Four categories of barriers were reported: time constraints, lack of knowledge, lack of support, and lack of interest.

Conclusion
In this sample, chiropractic faculty most frequently identified with survey items indicating extrinsic motivation. Satisfaction of each of the 3 work-related needs was positively correlated with intrinsic motivation; however, competence showed a significant correlation indicating as competence is satisfied faculty are more likely to be intrinsically motivated to pursue scholarship. Perceived lack of time, knowledge, and support were reported barriers to the pursuit of scholarship.
Carbon fate in a large temperate human‐impacted river system: Focus on benthic dynamics
Authors: Vilmin Lauriane , Flipo Nicolas , Escoffier Nicolas , Rocher Vincent , Groleau Alexis 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFluvial networks play an important role in regional and global carbon (C) budgets. The Seine River, from the Paris urban area to the entrance of its estuary (220 km), is studied here as an example of a large human‐impacted river system subject to temperate climatic conditions. We assess organic C (OC) budgets upstream and downstream from one of the world's largest wastewater treatment plants and for different hydrological conditions using a hydrobiogeochemical model. The fine representation of sediment accumulation on the river bed allows for the quantification of pelagic and benthic effects on OC export toward the estuary and on river metabolism (i.e., net CO2 production). OC export is significantly affected by benthic dynamics during the driest periods, when 25% of the inputs to the system is transformed or stored in the sediment layer. Benthic processes also substantially affect river metabolism under any hydrological condition. On average, benthic respiration accounts for one third of the total river respiration along the studied stretch (0.27 out of 0.86 g C m−2 d−1). Even though the importance of benthic processes was already acknowledged by the scientific community for headwater streams, these results stress the major influence of benthic dynamics, and thus of physical processes such as sedimentation and resuspension, on C cycling in downstream river systems. It opens the door to new developments in the quantification of C emissions by global models, whereby biogeochemical processing and benthic dynamics should be taken into account.
Mean age distribution of inorganic soil‐nitrogen
Authors: Woo Dong K. , Kumar Praveen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractExcess reactive nitrogen in soils of intensively managed landscapes causes adverse environmental impact, and continues to remain a global concern. Many novel strategies have been developed to provide better management practices and, yet, the problem remains unresolved. The objective of this study is to develop a model to characterize the “age” of inorganic soil‐nitrogen (nitrate, and ammonia/ammonium). We use the general theory of age, which provides an assessment of the time elapsed since inorganic nitrogen has been introduced into the soil system. We analyze a corn‐corn‐soybean rotation, common in the Midwest United States, as an example application. We observe two counter‐intuitive results: (1) the mean nitrogen age in the topsoil layer is relatively high; and (2) mean nitrogen age is lower under soybean cultivation compared to corn although no fertilizer is applied for soybean cultivation. The first result can be explained by cation‐exchange of ammonium that retards the leaching of nitrogen, resulting in an increase in the mean nitrogen age near the soil surface. The second result arises because the soybean utilizes the nitrogen fertilizer left from the previous year, thereby removing the older nitrogen and reducing mean nitrogen age. Estimating the mean nitrogen age can thus serve as an important tool to disentangle complex nitrogen dynamics by providing a nuanced characterization of the time scales of soil‐nitrogen transformation and transport processes.
Impact of photochemical processing of DOC on the bacterioplankton respiratory quotient in aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Allesson Lina , Ström Lena , Berggren Martin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMany studies assume a respiratory quotient (RQ = molar ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed) close to 1 when calculating bacterioplankton respiration. However, evidence suggests that RQ depends on the chemical composition of the respired substrate pool that may be altered by photochemical production of oxygen‐rich substrates, resulting in elevated RQs. Here we conducted a novel study of the impact of photochemical processing of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on RQ. We monitored the bacterial RQ in bioassays of both ultraviolet light irradiated and nonirradiated humic lake water, using optic gas‐pressure sensors. In the experimentally irradiated samples the average RQ value was significantly higher (3.4–3.5 [±0.4 standard error (SE)]) than that in the dark controls (1.3 [±0.1 SE]). Our results show that the RQ is systematically higher than 1 when the bacterial metabolism in large part is based on photoproducts. By assuming an RQ of 1, bacterioplankton respiration in freshwater ecosystems may be greatly underestimated.
Fine‐scale thermohaline ocean structure retrieved with 2‐D prestack full‐waveform inversion of multichannel seismic data: Application to the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Iberia)
Authors: Dagnino D. , Sallarès V. , Biescas B. , Ranero C. R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis work demonstrates the feasibility of 2‐D time‐domain, adjoint‐state acoustic full‐waveform inversion (FWI) to retrieve high‐resolution models of ocean physical parameters such as sound speed, temperature and salinity. The proposed method is first described and then applied to prestack multichannel seismic (MCS) data acquired in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Iberia) in 2007 in the framework of the Geophysical Oceanography project. The inversion strategy flow includes specifically designed data preconditioning for acoustic noise reduction, followed by the inversion of sound speed in the shotgather domain. We show that the final sound speed model has a horizontal resolution of ∼ 70 m, which is two orders of magnitude better than that of the initial model constructed with coincident eXpendable Bathy Thermograph (XBT) data, and close to the theoretical resolution of O(λ). Temperature (T) and salinity (S) are retrieved with the same lateral resolution as sound speed by combining the inverted sound speed model with the thermodynamic equation of seawater and a local, depth‐dependent T‐S relation derived from regional conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) measurements of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) database. The comparison of the inverted T and S models with XBT and CTD casts deployed simultaneously to the MCS acquisition shows that the thermohaline contrasts are resolved with an accuracy of 0.18oC for temperature and 0.08 PSU for salinity. The combination of oceanographic and MCS data into a common, pseudo‐automatic inversion scheme allows to quantitatively resolve submeso‐scale features that ought to be incorporated into larger‐scale ocean models of oceans structure and circulation.
The two‐phase flow IPTT method for measurement of nonwetting‐wetting liquid interfacial areas at higher nonwetting saturations in natural porous media
Authors: Zhong Hua , El Ouni Asma , Lin Dan , Wang Bingguo , Brusseau Mark L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractInterfacial areas between nonwetting‐wetting (NW‐W) liquids in natural porous media were measured using a modified version of the interfacial partitioning tracer test (IPTT) method that employed simultaneous two‐phase flow conditions, which allowed measurement at NW saturations higher than trapped residual saturation. Measurements were conducted over a range of saturations for a well‐sorted quartz sand under three wetting scenarios of primary drainage (PD), secondary imbibition (SI), and secondary drainage (SD). Limited sets of experiments were also conducted for a model glass‐bead medium and for a soil. The measured interfacial areas were compared to interfacial areas measured using the standard IPTT method for liquid‐liquid systems, which employs residual NW saturations. In addition, the theoretical maximum interfacial areas estimated from the measured data are compared to specific solid surface areas measured with the N2/BET method and estimated based on geometrical calculations for smooth spheres. Interfacial areas increase linearly with decreasing W‐phase (water) saturation over the range of saturations employed. The maximum interfacial areas determined for the glass beads, which have no surface roughness, are 32 ± 4 and 36 ± 5 cm−1 for PD and SI cycles, respectively. The values are similar to the geometric specific solid surface area (31 ± 2 cm−1) and the N2/BET solid surface area (28 ± 2 cm−1). The maximum interfacial areas are 274 ± 38, 235 ± 27, and 581 ± 160 cm−1 for the sand for PD, SI, and SD cycles, respectively, and ∼7625 cm−1 for the soil for PD and SI. The maximum interfacial areas for the sand and soil are significantly larger than the estimated smooth‐sphere specific solid surface areas (107 ± 8 cm−1 and 152 ± 8 cm−1, respectively), but much smaller than the N2/BET solid surface area (1387 ± 92 cm−1 and 55224 cm−1, respectively). The NW‐W interfacial areas measured with the two‐phase flow method compare well to values measured using the standard IPTT method.
Low‐Energy Electron‐Induced Transformations in Organolead Halide Perovskite
Authors: Milosavljević Aleksandar R. , Huang Weixin , Sadhu Subha , Ptasinska Sylwia 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMethylammonium lead iodide perovskite (MAPbI3), a prototype material for potentially high‐efficient and low‐cost organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells, has been investigated intensively in recent years. A study of low‐energy electron‐induced transformations in MAPbI3 is presented, performed by combining controlled electron‐impact irradiation with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Changes were observed in both the elemental composition and the morphology of irradiated MAPbI3 thin films as a function of the electron fluence for incident energies from 4.5 to 60 eV. The results show that low‐energy electrons can affect structural and chemical properties of MAPbI3. It is proposed that the transformations are triggered by the interactions with the organic part of the material (methylammonium), resulting in the MAPbI3 decomposition and aggregation of the hydrocarbon layer.
Monofluoroalkenylation of Dimethylamino Compounds through Radical–Radical Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Xie Jin , Yu Jintao , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAn unprecedented and challenging radical–radical cross‐coupling of α‐aminoalkyl radicals with monofluoroalkenyl radicals derived from gem‐difluoroalkenes was achieved. This first example of tandem C(sp3)−H and C(sp2)−F bond functionalization through visible‐light photoredox catalysis offers a facile and flexible access to privileged tetrasubstituted monofluoroalkenes under very mild reaction conditions. The striking features of this redox‐neutral method in terms of scope, functional‐group tolerance, and regioselectivity are illustrated by the late‐stage fluoroalkenylation of complex molecular architectures such as bioactive (+)‐diltiazem, rosiglitazone, dihydroartemisinin, oleanic acid, and androsterone derivatives, which represent important new α‐amino C−H monofluoroalkenylations.
Total Synthesis, Structure, and Biological Activity of Adenosylrhodibalamin, the Non‐Natural Rhodium Homologue of Coenzyme B12
Authors: Widner Florian J. , Lawrence Andrew D. , Deery Evelyne , Heldt Dana , Frank Stefanie , Gruber Karl , Wurst Klaus , Warren Martin J. , Kräutler Bernhard 
Published: June 2016

AbstractB12 is unique among the vitamins as it is biosynthesized only by certain prokaryotes. The complexity of its synthesis relates to its distinctive cobalt corrin structure, which is essential for B12 biochemistry and renders coenzyme B12 (AdoCbl) so intriguingly suitable for enzymatic radical reactions. However, why is cobalt so fit for its role in B12‐dependent enzymes? To address this question, we considered the substitution of cobalt in AdoCbl with rhodium to generate the rhodium analogue 5′‐deoxy‐5′‐adenosylrhodibalamin (AdoRbl). AdoRbl was prepared by de novo total synthesis involving both biological and chemical steps. AdoRbl was found to be inactive in vivo in microbial bioassays for methionine synthase and acted as an in vitro inhibitor of an AdoCbl‐dependent diol dehydratase. Solution NMR studies of AdoRbl revealed a structure similar to that of AdoCbl. However, the crystal structure of AdoRbl revealed a conspicuously better fit of the corrin ligand for RhIII than for CoIII, challenging the current views concerning the evolution of corrins.
Study of molecular weight and chain branching architectures of natural rubber
Authors: Qu Wei , Zhu Yong , Huang Guangsu , Huang Cheng , Luo Ming‐Chao , Zheng Jing 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe origin of the unique bimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD) of natural rubber (NR) has been controversial up to now. Studying the connection between particle size and molecular weight (MW) might be a key approach to revealing the mystery of NR architectures. In this study, through constructing NR models as objectives and employing gel‐permeation chromatography coupled to a viscosity detector as well as a multiangle laser light scattering detector (GPC‐DP‐MALLS), we have acquired branching parameters for NR from solid experiments and data fitting. It is found that small rubber particles (SRPs) and large rubber particles (LRPs) jointly construct the unique bimodal MWD of NR. SRPs with low branching numbers (Bn) and branching frequency (λ) are believed to be composed of almost linear rubber molecules having no chain‐end groups to be branched. In contrast, LRPs transform their MWD curve into a clear bimodal peak after transesterification and possess high Bn. Meanwhile, the formation of branch points in LRP by hydrogen bonding and ionic linkages has been clearly confirmed. Thus, a clear and exact structure of NR has been revealed for the first time. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 2016.
Solvents for thermoporosimetry analysis of natural rubber networks
Authors: Wirtz Marcel , Rommel Robert , López Valentín Juan , Westermann Stephan , Sportelli Franco , Kayser François 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThermoporosimetry is known as an analytical method to investigate network structures in swollen elastomers. Despite this interesting potential capability, only few investigations are published in literature which apply different solvents on differently crosslinked natural rubber samples. The choice of the solvent is critical as it strongly influences the separation of confined and bulk solvent transition signal, the confined solvent signal intensity and the peak width representing the pore size resolution. No critical comparison has been done in these investigations regarding the solvent choice related to peak separation, pore size resolution or signal intensity. Furthermore, no critical assessment is available relating thermoporosimetry results to solvent parameters to identify an optimal solvent regarding the mentioned criteria. This argument motivated the present investigation to identify the most appropriate solvents for the analysis of natural rubber compounds by thermoporosimetry. Different types of solvents (aliphatic, aromatic, non‐polar, and polar) were selected and benchmarked against each other. It was concluded that n‐heptane was identified as the best solvent for these investigations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43998.
Evaluating airlines with slack‐based measures and meta‐frontiers
Authors: Chou Huey‐Wen , Lee Chia‐Yen , Chen Huey‐Kuo , Tsai Mon‐You 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThis study develops a new performance evaluation model, called the meta dynamic network slack‐based measure (MDN‐SBM). This model incorporates the concept of meta‐frontiers to facilitate comparisons of performance of decision making units, while at the same time it generalizes the slack‐based measure (SBM), network SBM, and dynamic SBM. This MDN‐SBM model is capable of dealing with two important special features of the transportation industry: unfavorable accidents and non‐storable goods, i.e. available seat‐kilometers that are wasting assets that lose value completely if unsold before departure. Hence, this generalized model contains higher differentiable capability than all its SBM‐related submodels in the literature. To demonstrate, 35 international airlines with two divisions (production and consumption) in three terms (one‐year time periods from 2007 to 2009) have been analyzed using meta‐performance efficiency measures (ME) for all decision making units and have also been compared by geographical area (Asia‐Pacific, N. America/Europe). The numerical example and comparison validate the proposed MDN‐SBM model and suggest the airlines should put more focus on input resources reduction for productivity improvement. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of novel analytical diagnostics for liquid biopsies: spectroscopic and spectrometric serum profiling of primary and secondary brain tumors
Authors: Spalding Katie , Board Ruth , Dawson Timothy , Jenkinson Michael D. , Baker Matthew J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroductionSpectroscopic and spectrometric analysis of biological samples is regarded as quick, cost effective, easy to operate, and spectroscopic sample preparation involves minimal sample preparation.ResultsTechniques like infrared (IR) spectroscopy, surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI)‐mass spectroscopy (MS), and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ‐MS could enable early diagnosis of cancer, disease monitoring, and assessment of treatment responses allowing refinement, if required.DiscussionCarrying out analytical testing within outpatient clinics would dramatically cut the time spent by patients attending different appointments, at different locations, save hospital time and resources but importantly would theoretically enable a reduction in mortality and morbidity. While the advantages of such a prospect seem obvious, this review aims to evaluate the use of human serum spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis as a diagnostic tool for brain cancers, creating a platform for the future of cancer diagnostics.
Kinetics of the Interactions between Copper and Amyloid‐β with FAD Mutations and Phosphorylation at the N terminus
Authors: Girvan Paul , Miyake Toru , Teng Xiangyu , Branch Thomas , Ying Liming 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMutations and post‐translational modifications of amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptide in its N terminus have been shown to increase fibril formation, yet the molecular mechanism is not clear. Here we investigated the kinetics of the interactions of copper with two Aβ peptides containing Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) mutations (English (H6R) and Tottori (D7N)), as well as with Aβ peptide phosphorylated at serine 8 (pS8). All three peptides bind to copper with a similar rate as the wild‐type (wt). The dissociation rates follow the order pS8>H6R>wt>D7N; the interconversion between the two coordinating species occurs 50 % faster for H6R and pS8, whereas D7N had only a negligible effect. Interestingly, the rate of ternary complex (copper‐bridged heterodimer) formation for the modified peptides was significantly faster than that for wt, thus leading us to propose that FAD and sporadic AD might share a kinetic origin for the enhanced oligomerisation of Aβ.
The Outer‐Sphere Mechanism of Nitrene Transfer onto Gold(I) Alkyne Complexes
Authors: Costa Ismael , Marín‐Luna Marta , Comesaña Marta González , Faza Olalla Nieto , Silva López Carlos 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe recently developed nitrene transfer reaction onto gold‐activated alkynes provides a route to safe and accessible synthons of α‐diazo imides. This reaction is rather unique in that it requires AuI in catalytic amounts; however, this promiscuous metal is only used to activate the alkyne moiety. After such activation is obtained, the nitrene‐transfer process occurs through an outer‐sphere mechanism, in which the metal acts only as a spectator. Density functional theory was applied to elucidate this peculiar reaction and to provide a mechanistic explanation for the experimentally observed isomers at the double bond and imine sites.