bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of sub-gigabar pressures by a hyper-velocity impact in the collider using laser-induced cavity pressure acceleration
Authors: Badziak J. , Kucharik M. , Liska R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractProduction of high dynamic pressure using a strong shock wave is a topic of high relevance for high-energy-density physics, inertial confinement fusion, and materials science. Although the pressures in the multi-Mbar range can be produced by the shocks generated with a large variety of methods, the higher pressures, in the sub-Gbar or Gbar range, are achievable only with nuclear explosions or laser-driven shocks. However, the laser-to-shock energy conversion efficiency in the laser-based methods currently applied is low and, as a result, multi-kJ multi-beam lasers have to be used to produce such extremely high pressures. In this paper, the generation of high-pressure shocks in the newly proposed collider in which the projectile impacting a solid target is driven by the laser-induced cavity pressure acceleration (LICPA) mechanism is investigated using two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. A special attention is paid to the dependence of shock parameters and the laser-to-shock energy conversion efficiency on the impacted target material and the laser driver energy. It has been found that both in case of low-density and high-density solid targets, the shock pressures in the sub-Gbar range can be produced in the LICPA-based collider with the laser energy of only a few hundreds of joules, and the laser-to-shock energy conversion efficiency can reach values of 10–20%, by an order of magnitude higher than the conversion efficiencies achieved with other laser-based methods used so far.
Vertical stratification in bat assemblages of the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Gregorin Renato , Bernard Enrico , Lobão Karina Weiser , Oliveira Luciany Ferreira , Machado Felipe Santana , Gil Bruno Bret , Tavares Valéria da Cunha 
Published: September 2017

Abstract:Tropical forests are three-dimensional spaces with species and resources heterogeneously distributed. The vertical stratification of tropical forest biotas has been observed for several organisms and regions, but, surprisingly, the vertical structuring of large areas of important tropical forests, such as Brazil's Atlantic Forest, remains poorly studied. Here, we addressed the use of different Atlantic Forest strata by bats, comparing ensemble composition and relative abundance between the understorey and the canopy. A total of 618 bats belonging to 31 species and four families were recorded, including 11 species of frugivores and seven species of gleaning insectivores, the two trophic guilds predominantly represented in our sampling. Fifteen species were captured exclusively in the canopy, and six exclusively in the understorey, and many of those species were represented by a low number of captures (<5). The bat species composition, richness and relative abundance between canopy and understorey strata varied.Chiroderma villosumwas exclusively captured in the canopy,Artibeus lituratuswas netted predominantly in the canopy andCarollia perspicillataandDesmodus rotunduswere mostly captured in the understorey. Although processes such as resource partitioning between species and ecomorphological constraints may explain the differential use of forest strata, this remains little understood because of the scarcity of data for the Atlantic forest canopies.
Pragmatic Development During Study Abroad: An Analysis of Spanish Teenagers’ Request Strategies in English Emails
Authors: Alcón-Soler Eva 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTPrevious research has shown that adolescent second language learners benefit from pragmatic instruction during study abroad (Alcón-Soler, 2015). As a follow-up investigation, the present study looked at late adolescent study-abroad learners, and it examined both the immediate effect of pragmatic instruction and the pragmatic trajectories that adolescent learners follow once they move from the instructional context to real email communication. Email requests in English produced by 60 (30 treatment and 30 control) Spanish teenagers studying in England were analyzed with regard to the impact of instruction on the frequency of indirect request strategies and internal modifiers. In addition, the pragmatic trajectories of two learners—one high producer and one low producer of request modifiers—were analyzed qualitatively on four separate occasions during the study-abroad experience. The findings show the positive effects of instruction on learners’ use of indirect request strategies and request modifiers. However, there is no homogeneous pattern of change during participants’ study-abroad experiences. Closer examinations of the pragmatic trajectories of two learners show that learners’ perceptions of request imposition or their desire to be accepted in the community in which they find themselves may explain pragmatic changes.
Balancing the Demands of Two Tasks: An Investigation of Cognitive–Motor Dual-Tasking in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Butchard-MacDonald Emma , Paul Lorna , Evans Jonathan J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackground:People with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (PwRRMS) suffer disproportionate decrements in gait under dual-task conditions, when walking and a cognitive task are combined. There has been much less investigation of the impact of cognitive demands on balance.Objectives:This study investigated whether: (1) PwRRMS show disproportionate decrements in postural stability under dual-task conditions compared to healthy controls, and (2) dual-task decrements are associated with everyday dual-tasking difficulties. The impact of mood, fatigue, and disease severity on dual-tasking was also examined.Methods:A total of 34 PwRRMS and 34 matched controls completed cognitive (digit span) and balance (movement of center of pressure on Biosway on stable and unstable surfaces) tasks under single- and dual-task conditions. Everyday dual-tasking was measured using the Dual-Tasking Questionnaire. Mood was measured by the Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale. Fatigue was measuredviathe Modified Fatigue Index Scale.Results:No differences in age, gender, years of education, estimated pre-morbid IQ, or baseline digit span between groups. Compared with controls, PwRRMS showed significantly greater decrement in postural stability under dual-task conditions on an unstable surface (p=.007), but not a stable surface (p=.679). Balance decrement scores were not correlated with everyday dual-tasking difficulties or fatigue. Stable surface balance decrement scores were significantly associated with levels of anxiety (rho=0.527;p=.001) and depression (rho=0.451;p=.007).Conclusions:RRMS causes dual-tasking difficulties, impacting balance under challenging conditions, which may contribute to increased risk of gait difficulties and falls. The relationship between anxiety/depression and dual-task decrement suggests that emotional factors may be contributing to dual-task difficulties. (JINS, 2018,24, 247–258)
Ultrasensitive flexible broadband photodetectors achieving pA scale dark current
Authors: Luo Xiao , Zhao Feiyu , Du Lili , Lv Wenli , Xu Kun , Peng Yingquan , Wang Ying , Lu Feiping 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOrganolead halide perovskite is a newly emerging low-cost, solution-processable material with a broadband absorption from the ultraviolet (UV) to visible (Vis) region, which has attracted a great deal of interest in high-performance optoelectronic devices. However, some practicable applications need a cover of UV–Vis–NIR region for photoelectric conversion, a task that remains a significant challenge for further extending the absorption toward the near-infrared radiation (NIR) region. Here, to the best of our knowledge, we prove for the first time an ultrasensitive flexible broadband photodetector based on porous organolead perovskite-phthalocyanine heterostructure, which combines the synergetic properties of high UV–Vis absorbance of perovskite with enhanced NIR absorption for triclinic lead phthalocyanine. The photosensitivity of the as-prepared devices reaches up to 104 at a low intensity of 10 mW cm−2, which is among the largest values reported for broadband photodetectors. Significantly, performed at room temperature, the device achieves a pA scale dark current along with an ultrafast response speed of less than 0.6 ms for as-adopted full spectra. Our results provide an easy and promising route to develop low-cost, flexible and highly sensitive UV–Vis–NIR photodetectors.
The association between education and cardiovascular disease incidence is mediated by hypertension, diabetes, and body mass index
Authors: Dégano Irene R. , Marrugat Jaume , Grau Maria , Salvador-González Betlem , Ramos Rafel , Zamora Alberto , Martí Ruth , Elosua Roberto 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEducation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are inversely associated but the mediating factors have not been totally elucidated. Our aim was to analyze the mediating role of modifiable risk factors. Cohort study using the REGICOR population cohorts. Participants without previous CVD were included (n = 9226). Marginal structural models were used to analyze the association between education and CVD incidence at 6 years of follow-up. Mediation by modifiable risk factors (diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, body mass index, and physical activity) was assessed using the counterfactual framework. Participants with a university degree had a CVD incidence hazard ratio (HR) of 0.51 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30, 0.85), compared to those with primary or lower education. Only hypertension, BMI, and diabetes mediated the association between education and CVD incidence, accounting for 26% of the association (13.9, 6.9, and 5.2%, respectively). Sensitivity analyses showed that hypertension was the strongest mediator (average causal mediation effect [95% CI] = increase of 2170 days free of CVD events [711, 4520]). The association between education and CVD incidence is partially mediated by hypertension, BMI, and diabetes. Interventions to decrease the prevalence of these risk factors could contribute to diminish the CVD inequalities associated with educational level.
Long non-coding RNA00544 serves as a potential novel predictive and prognostic marker for HR+ HER2− subtype breast cancer
Authors: Liu Lei , Chi Yayun , Chen Jiajian , Xue Jingyan , Deng Linlin , Huang Naisi , Shao Jianghua , Wu Jiong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLuminal breast cancers (BC) account for majority of breast cancer. Due to its heterogeneity and the development of treatment resistance, luminal BC patients can vary substantially. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), as we known, is involved in breast cancer progression. Here, we aim to identify the lncRNAs which are involved in the particular type luminal BC progression. By Gene Chips analysis, we found a novel lncRNA00544, which was highly expressed in the metastatic axillary nodes compared with corresponding luminal BC tissues (fold change = 2.26, P = 0.043). This result was confirmed in luminal BC cell lines (p = 0.0113) and 49 paired breast cancer samples compared with in corresponding controls (p = 0.011). Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier survival curves of 373 breast cancer patients indicated that disease-free survival was significantly poor in breast cancer patients with high lncRNA00544 expression (p < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that lncRNA00544 was a significant independent prognostic biomarker in luminal BC patients. Further analysis showed that the prognosis of high lncRNA00544 expression in breast cancer patients was actually related to HR + HER2− subtype. Together, our studies indicate that lncRNA00544 may represent a novel predictive and prognostic indicator in luminal BC patients.
Effect of Transforming Growth Factor-β upon Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps Cysticerci
Authors: Adalid-Peralta Laura , Rosas Gabriela , Arce-Sillas Asiel , Bobes Raúl J. , Cárdenas Graciela , Hernández Marisela , Trejo Celeste , Meneses Gabriela , Hernández Beatriz , Estrada Karel , Fleury Agnes , Laclette Juan P. , Larralde Carlos , Sciutto Edda , Fragoso Gladis 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTaeniids exhibit a great adaptive plasticity, which facilitates their establishment, growth, and reproduction in a hostile inflammatory microenvironment. Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ), a highly pleiotropic cytokine, plays a critical role in vertebrate morphogenesis, cell differentiation, reproduction, and immune suppression. TGFβ is secreted by host cells in sites lodging parasites. The role of TGFβ in the outcome of T. solium and T. crassiceps cysticercosis is herein explored. Homologues of the TGFβ family receptors (TsRI and TsRII) and several members of the TGFβ downstream signal transduction pathway were found in T. solium genome, and the expression of Type-I and -II TGFβ receptors was confirmed by RT-PCR. Antibodies against TGFβ family receptors recognized cysticercal proteins of the expected molecular weight as determined by Western blot, and different structures in the parasite external tegument. In vitro, TGFβ promoted the growth and reproduction of T. crassiceps cysticerci and the survival of T. solium cysticerci. High TGFβ levels were found in cerebrospinal fluid from untreated neurocysticercotic patients who eventually failed to respond to the treatment (P = 0.03) pointing to the involvement of TGFβ in parasite survival. These results indicate the relevance of TGFβ in the infection outcome by promoting cysticercus growth and treatment resistance.
Sheathless Microflow Cytometry Using Viscoelastic Fluids
Authors: Asghari Mohammad , Serhatlioglu Murat , Ortaç Bülend , Solmaz Mehmet E , Elbuken Caglar 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMicroflow cytometry is a powerful technique for characterization of particles suspended in a solution. In this work, we present a microflow cytometer based on viscoelastic focusing. 3D single-line focusing of microparticles was achieved in a straight capillary using viscoelastic focusing which alleviated the need for sheath flow or any other actuation mechanism. Optical detection was performed by fiber coupled light source and photodetectors. Using this system, we present the detection of microparticles suspended in three different viscoelastic solutions. The rheological properties of the solutions were measured and used to assess the focusing performance both analytically and numerically. The results were verified experimentally, and it has been shown that polyethlyene oxide (PEO) and hyaluronic acid (HA) based sheathless microflow cytometer demonstrates similar performance to state-of-the art flow cytometers. The sheathless microflow cytometer was shown to present 780 particles/s throughput and 5.8% CV for the forward scatter signal for HA-based focusing. The presented system is composed of a single capillary to accommodate the fluid and optical fibers to couple the light to the fluid of interest. Thanks to its simplicity, the system has the potential to widen the applicability of microflow cytometers.
Additive negative effects of anthropogenic sedimentation and warming on the survival of coral recruits
Authors: Fourney Francesca , Figueiredo Joana 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCorals worldwide are facing population declines due to global climate change and local anthropogenic impacts. Global climate change effects are hard to tackle but recent studies show that some coral species can better handle climate change stress when provided with additional energy resources. The local stressor that most undermines energy acquisition is sedimentation because it impedes coral heterotrophic feeding and their ability to photosynthesize. To investigate if reducing local sedimentation will enable corals to better endure ocean warming, we quantitatively assessed the combined effects of increased temperature and sedimentation (concentration and turbidity) on the survival of coral recruits of the species, Porites astreoides. We used sediment from a reef and a boat basin to mimic natural sediment (coarse) and anthropogenic (fine) sediment (common in dredging), respectively. Natural sediment did not negatively impact coral survival, but anthropogenic sediment did. We found that the capacity of coral recruits to survive under warmer temperatures is less compromised when anthropogenic sedimentation is maintained at the lowest level (30 mg.cm−2). Our study suggests that a reduction of US-EPA allowable turbidity from 29 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) above background to less than 7 NTU near coral reefs would facilitate coral recruit survival under current and higher temperatures.
Adaptive planning approach for customer DG installations in smart distribution networks
Authors: Alkaabi Sultan S. , Zeineldin Hatem H. , Khadkikar Vinod 
Published: September 2017

The planning of active network management (ANM) schemes for distribution systems with distributed generation (DG) does not consider the random participation of customer‐owned DGs. This study analyses and addresses the impact of the integration of customer‐owned DG on the planning of ANM schemes and maximum DG penetration limits. The random customer DG installations are incorporated by considering sets of events where in each event the number, size and location of DG units are randomly generated. The events, in a set, are chronologically ordered and used to represent a possible scenario of customer‐owned DG installations. A two‐phase planning approach is proposed where the problem is formulated as a mixed‐integer non‐linear programming problem with an objective of determining the optimal ANM scheme for maximising the utility DG penetration considering customer DG installations. Several case studies are conducted on a generic 33 kV UK distribution network, including a comparison with the one‐time planning approach. The results show that the optimal ANM scheme will vary with the number, locations and sizes of customer DGs and thus for utilities to achieve maximum DG penetration, it is recommended to adaptively control and equip DG units with the capability of switching between various ANM schemes.
Neonatal Graves' Disease with Maternal Hypothyroidism
Authors: Akangire Gangaram , Cuna Alain , Lachica Charisse , Fischer Ryan , Raman Sripriya , Sampath Venkatesh 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNeonatal Graves' disease presenting as conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is a diagnostic challenge because the differential includes a gamut of liver and systemic diseases. We present a unique case of neonatal Graves' disease in a premature infant with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia born to a mother with hypothyroidism during pregnancy and remote history of Graves' disease. Infant was treated with a combination of methimazole, propranolol, and potassium iodide for 4 weeks. Thyroid function improved after 8 weeks of treatment with full recovery of thyroid function, disappearance of thyroid-stimulating antibodies, and resolution of failure to thrive and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. This case provides several clinical vignettes as it is a rare, severe, presentation of an uncommon neonatal disease, signs, symptoms, and clinical history presented a diagnostic challenge for neonatologists and endocrinologists, normal newborn screen was misleading, and yet timely treatment led to a full recovery.
Competency-Based Teaching in Radiology – Implementation and Evaluation of Interactive Workstation-Based Learning to Apply NKLM-Based Content
Authors: Koestner Wolfgang , Otten Wiebke , Kaireit Till , Wacker Frank , Dettmer Sabine 
Published: September 2017

Purpose New teaching formats are required to implement competency-based teaching in radiology teaching. Therefore, we have established and evaluated two practical competency-based radiological courses.
Materials and Methods The courses were held in a multimedia room with 25 computers and a professional DICOM viewer. Students were taught basic image analysis and presented clinical cases with a DICOM viewer under supervision of an instructor using desktop monitoring software. Two courses (elective course and obligatory course) were evaluated by the students (n = 160 and n = 100) and instructors (n = 9) using an anonymized online survey.
Results Courses were evaluated positively by the students and instructors. From the perspective of the students, the courses increased understanding of cross-sectional anatomy (elective/obligatory course: 97 %/95 %) and radiologic findings (97 %/99 %). Furthermore, the course increased the students’ interest in radiology (61 %/65 %). The students considered this way of teaching to be relevant to their future occupation (92 % of students in the obligatory course). The higher incidence of teacher-student interaction and the possibility of independent image analysis were rated positively. The majority of instructors did not observe increased distractibility due to the computers (67 %) or notice worse preparation for MC tests (56 %). However, 56 % of instructors reported greater preparation effort.
Conclusion Practical competency-based radiological teaching using a DICOM viewer is a feasible innovative approach with high acceptance among students and instructors. It fosters competency-based learning as proposed by the model curriculum of the German Radiological Society (DRG) and the National Competency-based Catalogue of Learning Objectives for Undergraduate Medical Education (NKLM).
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Measurement of visitors' emotion.
Authors: Li ShanShi Li ShanShi , Walters G. , Scott N. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

In this chapter, tourism studies using self-report emotion measurement are first illustrated, the discussion of which is organized by different theories describing emotions. The chapter then assesses several psychophysiological methods such as electro-dermal activity (EDA), facial EMG (electromyography), eye tracking and heart rate, and the application of these techniques in related areas such as advertising and marketing is also provided. In particular, the use of psychophysiological methods in recent tourism studies is also highlighted. This chapter concludes that the use of both the self-report method and psychophysiological techniques is an important direction for future tourism research.
R&D Capital, R&D Spillovers, and Productivity Growth in World Agriculture
Authors: Fuglie Keith 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIncreasing the world’s food supply has depended heavily on increasing agricultural productivity, which in turn depends on investments in research and development (R&D). This article synthesizes findings from more than 40 studies on how R&D investments affect agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) in various parts of the world. The article breaks out the relative contributions to TFP growth of R&D by public institutions, private companies, and the CGIAR (a consortium of international agricultural research centers), including international technology spillovers. Major differences emerge between global regions in sources and efficiency of R&D capital. Developed countries appear to have benefitted more from private and international R&D spillovers than developing countries.