bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromechanical properties of amorphous indium–gallium–zinc-oxide transistors structured with an island configuration on plastic
Authors: Park Chang Bum , Na Hyung Il , Yoo Soon Sung , Park Kwon-Shik 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A comparative study of the electromechanical properties was carried out on a low-temperature-processed amorphous indium–gallium–zinc-oxide thin-film transistor, particularly with regard to the structural design of the device under the stress accumulation of an outward bending surface. Shown herein is the reliable electromechanical integrity of island-structured devices against the mechanical strain at bending radii of mm order. The onset of crack strain also closely corresponded to the electrical failure of the stressed device. These results revealed that the island configuration on the bending surface effectively suppresses the stress accumulation on sheets composed of inorganic stacked layers in a uniaxial direction.
Metal resist for extreme ultraviolet lithography characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Toriumi Minoru , Sato Yuta , Koshino Masanori , Suenaga Kazu , Itani Toshiro 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We characterized the structures of metal resists used in EUV lithography by low-voltage aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). This study presents the first atomic-level observation of resist components in resist film. The structures of metal (zirconium or titanium) oxide cores are unambiguously identified, and the local elemental distribution in the resist film is obtained. The initial size of zirconium oxide cores is well maintained in the resist film. However, titanium oxide cores tend to aggregate to form an indefinite structure. The spatial distribution of metal cores may influence lithographic characteristics.
Photoluminescence from a quantum well in a ghost cavity
Authors: Omura Fuminori , Yasutake Yuhsuke , Fukatsu Susumu 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Nontrivial multipass interference fringes are found in the photoluminescence spectra taken from a single-quantum-well structure in the backscattering geometry. Fringe spacing indicates light interference within the 3.3-µm-thick capping layer, whereas the transmission spectra apparently lack the corresponding fringes. This indicates that an otherwise unlikely detour of photons towards the rough backside of the 350-µm substrate is relevant, which gives rise to a 3.3-µm-thick ghost cavity. The visibility of such ghost-cavity fringes is the largest for a single emission layer and is even enhanced by forward-scattering, which can facilitate light-emitter design rather than compromising the peak assignment of spectra.
Characterization of material parameters of La0.33Pr0.34Ca0.33MnO3 thin film by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Chao , Su Fuhai , Dai Jianming , Pi Li , Mei Hongying , Zhang Peng , Xu Wen 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We present a systemic study of the terahertz (THz) optical conductivity of a strongly correlated La0.33Pr0.34Ca0.33MnO3 (LPCMO) thin film on a LaAlO3 substrate. The measurements are carried out by THz time-domain spectroscopy in the temperature regime from 15 to 105 K. The frequency-dependent optical conductivity in the metallic phase region of the samples exhibits a non-Drude-like response. We find that below 105 K, both the real and imaginary parts of the complex conductivity can be reproduced by the Drude–Smith model. The important sample and material parameters of the LPCMO thin film (such as the persistence of velocity, the ratio of carrier density to effective mass, and electronic scattering time) can be determined by fitting experimental data. The results obtained agree with those obtained from four-probe electrical transport measurements.
Temperature and pulse duration effects on the growth of MgZnO via pulsed metal organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Alema Fikadu , Hertog Brian , Ledyaev Oleg , Miller Ross , Osinsky Andrei , Schoenfeld Winston V. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The effect of substrate temperature (T
S) and pulse duration (PD) on Mg incorporation, surface quality, and photoresponse properties of MgZnO films grown via PMOCVD were studied. Films grown at T
S ranging from 500 to 700 °C but at identical PDs had band gaps varying from 3.38 to 3.87 eV, corresponding to Mg content between x = 0.06 and 0.27. The film with Mg content of 0.27 was the smoothest and achieved at 630 °C-optimal T
S. Additionally, pulse time effect was studied by growing films at the same T
S but different PDs. A film grown at PD of 12 s has incorporated ∼40% higher Mg than one grown in a continuous mode (PD → ∞), indicting the cruciallity of PMOCVD to realize high Mg film. The peak response spectra of photodetectors were also varied with T
S and PD, in accordance with Mg content in the films.
ALÉM DO QUARTO DO HOSPITAL: APRENDENDO CIÊNCIAS EM UMA CLASSE HOSPITALAR
Authors: Tomio Daniela , Andrade Michele Francine Muniz , Oliveira Patrícia Leopoldo da Silva 
Published: January 2016

<p class="Default">Em tempos em que, na construção da cidadania, é preciso incorporar no universo cultural a ciência e a tecnologia como atividades sociais, o ensino na modalidade pedagogia hospitalar representa um desafio também para o professor de ciências. Com base nesse pressuposto, relata-se uma prática de ensino de ciências desenvolvida em uma classe hospitalar. Esta é uma modalidade de educação, regulamentada pelo Ministério da Educação, que assiste estudantes na impossibilidade de frequência à escola, durante o período sob tratamento de saúde. Diante disso, apresenta-se uma experiência desenvolvida em um hospital de Blumenau/SC que consistiu no trabalho com um grupo de adolescentes internados a partir do tema “sistema esquelético e as fraturas”. Foram desenvolvidas atividades relacionando as histórias de vidas dos estudantes, conhecimentos científicos e tecnológicos e uma forma de socialização dos trabalhos para além do quarto de hospital.</p><p> </p>
UMA ABORDAGEM DO TEMA BIODIESEL NO ENSINO MÉDIO UTILIZANDO UMA SITUAÇÃO-PROBLEMA
Authors: Silva Suzana Pedroza da , Rodrigues Jaqueline Bezerra , Simões Neto José Euzebio , Morais Carina Siqueira de 
Published: January 2016

<p>Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem do tema biodiesel e seus aspectos relacionados à produção e utilização por meio de uma situação-problema. Buscamos avaliar as potencialidades de uma estratégia didática baseada na resolução de uma situação-problema para a compreensão dos conceitos relativos ao biodiesel. Foram sujeitos desta investigação dez estudantes do 3ª ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola da rede pública estadual de Pernambuco, em São José do Belmonte, sertão do Pajeú. Os dados foram recolhidos por meio de questionário de concepções prévias e da resolução da situação-problema. Observamos que os referidos estudantes apresentaram uma compreensão inicial bastante superficial sobre o tema trabalhado. Após participação efetiva nas atividades propostas da estratégia elaborada, e com a resolução da situação-problema, observamos uma aproximação de noções científicas. Desta forma, pudemos considerar, devido a eficácia da estratégia didática utilizada, o potencial das situações-problema na abordagem dos conceitos associados ao tema biodiesel. </p>
High‐resolution images of tremor migrations beneath the Olympic Peninsula from stacked array of arrays seismic data
Authors: Peng Yajun , Rubin Allan M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEpisodic tremor and slip (ETS) in subduction zones is generally interpreted as the manifestation of shear slip near the base of earthquake‐generating portion of the plate interface. Here we devise a new method of cross‐correlating stacked Array of Arrays seismic data that provides greatly improved tremor locations, a proxy for the underlying slow slip, beneath the Olympic Peninsula. This increased resolution allows us to image many features of tremor that were not visible previously. We resolve the spatial transition between the rupture zones of the inter‐ETS and major ETS episodes in 2010, suggesting stress redistribution by the former. Most tremor migrations propagated along the slowly advancing main tremor front during both the inter‐ETS and the major ETS episodes, even though the main front of the former deviated strongly from its usual (along‐dip) orientation. We find a distinct contrast between along‐dip rupture extent of large‐scale rapid tremor reversals (RTRs) to the south and that to the north in our study region that anticorrelates with the locations of inter‐ETS events. These RTRs originate from the main front, similar to smaller‐scale RTRs previously observed at high‐resolution, and many start by propagating along the main front. This could be consistent with RTRs being triggered by a cascading failure of brittle asperities. After initiation, the RTRs repeatedly occupy the same source region, and the early repetitions appear not to be tidally driven. Their stress drop may come from continuing fault weakening processes within the tremor zone, or loading by aseismic slip in surrounding regions.
Comment on “Low time resolution analysis of polar ice cores cannot detect impulsive nitrate events” by D.F. Smart et al.
Authors: Wolff E. W. , Bigler M. , Curran M. A. J. , Dibb J. E. , Frey M. M. , Legrand M. , McConnell J. R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSmart et al. (2014) suggested that the detection of nitrate spikes in polar ice cores from solar energetic particle (SEP) events could be achieved if an analytical system with sufficiently high resolution was used. Here we show that the spikes they associate with SEP events are not reliably recorded in cores from the same location, even when the resolution is clearly adequate. We explain the processes that limit the effective resolution of ice cores. Liquid conductivity data suggest that the observed spikes are associated with sodium or another nonacidic cation, making it likely that they result from deposition of sea salt or similar aerosol that has scavenged nitrate, rather than from a primary input of nitrate in the troposphere. We consider that there is no evidence at present to support the identification of any spikes in nitrate as representing SEP events. Although such events undoubtedly create nitrate in the atmosphere, we see no plausible route to using nitrate spikes to document the statistics of such events.
The inner magnetosphere ion composition and local time distribution over a solar cycle
Authors: Kistler L. M. , Mouikis C. G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractUsing the Cluster/Composition and Distribution Function (CODIF) analyzer data set from 2001 to 2013, a full solar cycle, we determine the ion distributions for H+, He+, and O+ in the inner magnetosphere (L < 12) over the energy range 40 eV to 40 keV as a function magnetic local time, solar EUV (F10.7), and geomagnetic activity (Kp). Concentrating on L = 6–7 for comparison with previous studies at geosynchronous orbit, we determine both the average flux at 90° pitch angle and the pitch angle anisotropy as a function of energy and magnetic local time. We clearly see the minimum in the H+ spectrum that results from the competition between eastward and westward drifts. The feature is weaker in O+ and He+, leading to higher O+/H+ and He+/H+ ratios in the affected region, and also to a higher pitch angle anisotropy, both features expected from the long‐term effects of charge exchange. We also determine how the nightside L = 6–7 densities and temperatures vary with geomagnetic activity (Kp) and solar EUV (F10.7). Consistent with other studies, we find that the O+ density and relative abundance increase significantly with both Kp and F10.7. He+ density increases with F10.7, but not significantly with Kp. The temperatures of all species decrease with increasing F10.7. The O+ and He+ densities increase from L = 12 to L ~ 3–4, both absolutely and relative to H+, and then drop off sharply. The results give a comprehensive view of the inner magnetosphere using a contiguous long‐term data set that supports much of the earlier work from GEOS, ISEE, Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers, and Polar from previous solar cycles.
Local time asymmetries and toroidal field line resonances: Global magnetospheric modeling in SWMF
Authors: Ellington S. M. , Moldwin M. B. , Liemohn M. W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe present evidence of resonant wave‐wave coupling via toroidal field line resonance (FLR) signatures in the Space Weather Modeling Framework's (SWMF) global, terrestrial magnetospheric model in one simulation driven by a synthetic upstream solar wind with embedded broadband dynamic pressure fluctuations. Using in situ, stationary point measurements of the radial electric field along the 1500 LT meridian, we show that SWMF reproduces a multiharmonic, continuous distribution of FLRs exemplified by 180° phase reversals and amplitude peaks across the resonant L shells. By linearly increasing the amplitude of the dynamic pressure fluctuations in time, we observe a commensurate increase in the amplitude of the radial electric and azimuthal magnetic field fluctuations, which is consistent with the solar wind driver being the dominant source of the fast mode energy. While we find no discernible local time changes in the FLR frequencies despite large‐scale, monotonic variations in the dayside equatorial mass density, in selectively sampling resonant points and examining spectral resonance widths, we observe significant radial, harmonic, and time‐dependent local time asymmetries in the radial electric field amplitudes. A weak but persistent local time asymmetry exists in measures of the estimated coupling efficiency between the fast mode and toroidal wave fields, which exhibits a radial dependence consistent with the coupling strength examined by Mann et al. (1999) and Zhu and Kivelson (1988). We discuss internal structural mechanisms and additional external energy sources that may account for these asymmetries as we find that local time variations in the strength of the compressional driver are not the predominant source of the FLR amplitude asymmetries. These include resonant mode coupling of observed Kelvin‐Helmholtz surface wave generated Pc5 band ultralow frequency pulsations, local time differences in local ionospheric dampening rates, and variations in azimuthal mode number, which may impact the partitioning of spectral energy between the toroidal and poloidal wave modes.
Future ozone air quality and radiative forcing over China owing to future changes in emissions under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)
Authors: Zhu Jia , Liao Hong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe apply the nested grid version of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) to assess 2000–2050 changes in O3 air quality and associated radiative forcing in China owing to future changes in emissions under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5). Changes in surface layer O3 concentrations, numbers of O3 exceedance days (days with maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) O3 exceeding 74.7 ppbv), and tropospheric O3 radiative forcing (RF) are simulated for 2000–2050. Over China, RCP8.5 is the worst scenario for near future (2020–2030) and RCP6.0 is the worst scenario over 2040–2050; the maximum increases in annual mean surface layer O3 concentrations of 6–12 ppbv relative to present day (year 2000) are found over southern China in 2020 and 2030 under RCP8.5 and in 2040 and 2050 under RCP6.0. The numbers of MDA8 O3 exceedance days are simulated to be 10, 0, 0, and 2 days over Beijing‐Tianjin‐Tanggu (BTT), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Pearl River Delta (PRD), and Sichuan Basin (SCB), respectively, in the present day (year 2000). No exceedance days are simulated in year 2050 for all the four regions under RCP2.6 and RCP4.5, but extremely high numbers of exceedance days are found in 2050 under RCP6.0 (with 102, 75, 57, and 179 days in BTT, YRD, PRD, and SCB, respectively) and in 2030 under RCP8.5 (with 94, 60, 34, and 162 days in BTT, YRD, PRD, and SCB, respectively). The tropospheric O3 RF in 2050 relative to 2000 averaged over eastern China (18°–45°N, 95°–125°E) is simulated to be −0.11, 0.0, 0.01, and 0.14 W m−2 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, respectively. When we consider both the health and climate impacts of tropospheric O3 over China in 2050, RCP2.6 is a significantly improving scenario for both air quality and climate, RCP4.5 is a significantly improving scenario for air quality but has small consequences for climate, RCP6.0 is a significantly worsening scenario for air quality and a slightly worsening scenario for climate, and RCP8.5 is a slightly worsening scenario for air quality and a significantly worsening scenario for climate. These results indicate that to simultaneously abate air pollution and climate warming induced by O3 in China, both the anthropogenic emissions of NOx, CO, nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and global CH4 levels should be reduced, as represented by RCP2.6.
Factors for inconsistent aerosol single scattering albedo between SKYNET and AERONET
Authors: Khatri P. , Takamura T. , Nakajima T. , Estellés V. , Irie H. , Kuze H. , Campanelli M. , Sinyuk A. , Lee S.‐M. , Sohn B. J. , Pandithurai G. , Kim S.‐W. , Yoon S. C. , Martinez‐Lozano J. A. , Hashimoto M. , Devara P. C. S. , Manago N. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSKYNET and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) retrieved aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) values of four sites, Chiba (Japan), Pune (India), Valencia (Spain), and Seoul (Korea), were compared to understand the factors behind often noted large SSA differences between them. SKYNET and AERONET algorithms are found to produce nearly same SSAs for similarity in input data, suggesting that SSA differences between them are primarily due to quality of input data due to different calibration and/or observation protocols as well as difference in quality assurance criteria. The most plausible reason for high SSAs in SKYNET is found to be underestimated calibration constant for sky radiance (ΔΩ). The disk scan method (scan area: 1° × 1° area of solar disk) of SKYNET is noted to produce stable wavelength‐dependent ΔΩ values in comparison to those determined from the integrating sphere used by AERONET to calibrate sky radiance. Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) difference between them can be the next important factor for their SSA difference, if AOTs between them are not consistent. Inconsistent values of surface albedo while analyzing data of SKYNET and AERONET can also bring SSA difference between them, but the effect of surface albedo is secondary. The aerosol nonsphericity effect is found to be less important for SSA difference between these two networks.
Impacts of meteorological parameters and emissions on decadal and interannual variations of black carbon in China for 1980–2010
Authors: Mao Yu‐Hao , Liao Hong , Han Yongming , Cao Junji 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe quantified the impacts of variations in meteorological parameters and emissions on decadal trends and interannual variations of black carbon (BC) in China for 1980–2010 using a global chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) driven by the Modern Era Retrospective‐analysis for Research and Applications meteorological fields. Model results reasonably captured the decadal and interannual variations of observed BC in China. From 1980 to 2010, simulated surface concentrations and tropospheric column burdens of BC increased by 0.21 µg m−3 (29%) and by 0.29 mg m−2 (37%), respectively, averaged over China; the corresponding all‐sky direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere increased by 0.35 W m−2 (51%). Considering variations in both meteorological parameters and emissions for 1980–2010, simulated annual mean surface concentrations (column burdens) of BC were in the range of 0.7–1.0 µg m−3 (0.8–1.1 mg m−2) averaged over China. The associated decadal trends were 0.31 µg m−3 decade−1 (0.29 mg m–2 decade–1) in the 1980s, −0.20 (−0.10) in the 1990s, and 0.16 (0.21) in the 2000s. The interannual variations were −20% to 15% (−20% to 11%) for deviation from the mean, 0.068 µg m−3 (0.069 mg m−2) for mean absolute deviation, and 7.7% (7.1%) for absolute percent departure from the mean. Model sensitivity simulations indicated that the decadal trends of surface concentrations and column burdens of BC were mainly driven by changes in emissions, while the interannual variations were dependent on variations of both meteorological parameters and emissions.
Variability of bromine monoxide at Barrow, Alaska, over four halogen activation (March–May) seasons and at two on‐ice locations
Authors: Peterson Peter K. , Simpson William R. , Nghiem Son V. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractReactive halogens profoundly influence springtime Arctic atmospheric chemistry, but their relationship to sea ice and environmental conditions is not well understood. Multiple axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy measured bromine monoxide (BrO) at Barrow, Alaska, and at two Arctic Ocean buoys. For each season of Barrow measurements, we examined the air mass histories using back trajectory modeling and ice coverage maps. We find a weak positive linear correlation (R = 0.38) between half‐hourly BrO lower tropospheric vertical column densities (LT‐VCD) and time in first year sea ice (FYI) areas. These data show evidence of a nonlinear increase of LT‐VCD BrO with low‐average column in the absence of ice contact, with the column increasing and saturating at ice contact longer than ≈1.5 days. We find that trajectories arriving at Barrow are dominated by FYI area influence with little multiyear ice (MYI) area contact; therefore, this study cannot make any conclusions regarding MYI area influences on reactive halogen production. Contact with calculated potential frost flower influence is not correlated with BrO column (R = 0.04). At Barrow, annual averages of BrO column over the halogen activation season and time in FYI areas are highly correlated (R = 0.93, significant at 90% confidence), which is interpreted as an effect of interannual transport variability. At on‐ice locations, we observe a wide range of BrO LT‐VCDs, suggesting that while an air mass spending time in sea ice areas is required to observe significant BrO, sea ice contact alone does not imply high BrO, and other environmental controls are important.
Kinetically limited weathering at low denudation rates in semiarid climatic conditions
Authors: Schoonejans Jérôme , Vanacker Veerle , Opfergelt Sophie , Ameijeiras‐Mariño Yolanda , Christl Marcus 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBiogeochemical cycling within the Critical Zone depends on the interactions between minerals and fluids controlling chemical weathering and physical erosion rates. In this study, we explore the role of water availability in controlling soil chemical weathering in semiarid climatic conditions. Weathering rates and intensities were evaluated for nine soil profiles located on convex ridge crests of three mountain ranges in the Spanish Betic Cordillera. We combine a geochemical mass balance with 10Be cosmogenic nuclides to constrain chemical weathering intensities and long‐term denudation rates. As such, this study presents new data on chemical weathering and 10Be‐derived denudation for understudied semiarid climate systems. In the Betic Cordillera, chemical weathering intensities are relatively low (~5 to 30% of the total denudation of the soil) and negatively correlated with the magnitude of the water deficit in soils. Chemical mass losses are inversely related to denudation rates (14–109 mm/kyr) and positively to soil thickness (14–58 cm); these results are consistent with kinetic limitation of chemical weathering rates. A worldwide compilation of chemical weathering data suggests that soil water balance may regulate the coupling between chemical weathering and physical erosion by modulating soil solute fluxes. Therefore, future landscape evolution models that seek to link chemical weathering and physical erosion should include soil water flux as an essential driver of weathering.