bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluierung der zentrischen Resttragfähigkeit von randnahen Verbundankern nach erfolgtem Betonkantenbruch
Authors: Stierschneider Elisabeth , Zeman Oliver , Lachinger Stefan , Bergmeister Konrad 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDas dem derzeitigen Stand der Technik entsprechende Bemessungskonzept für Verankerungen führt bei randnahen Mehrfachbefestigungen unter Querbelastung und in weiterer Folge auch bei einer kombinierten Beanspruchung zu teilweise konservativen Ergebnissen. Aus bereits durchgeführten Untersuchungen zur Verbesserung des vorhandenen Bemessungskonzepts für randnahe Mehrfachbefestigungen unter Schrägzugbelastung geht hervor, dass solche Verankerungen nach dem Versagen der ersten Ankerreihe durch Betonkantenbruch noch Resthaltekräfte aufweisen, weshalb eine Berücksichtigung dieser zur Steigerung der Effizienz der Bemessung beitragen kann. Da die quantitative Beschaffenheit dieser Resttragfähigkeit jedoch noch weitgehend unerforscht ist, wird in diesem Beitrag auf Basis experimenteller Untersuchungen aufgezeigt, in welcher Größenordnung sich diese Resthaltekräfte bewegen. Hierzu wird eine randnahe Einzelbefestigung des Verbunddübeltyps zunächst unter reiner Querlast in Richtung des freien Bauteilrandes bis zum Eintritt des Betonkantenbruchs belastet und anschließend die zentrische Resttragfähigkeit bestimmt.Evaluation of the residual capacity in tension on bonded anchors close to the edge after concrete edge failureThe state of the art design concept for anchorages in concrete leads to partly conservative results especially for fastenings close to the edge under shear load or subsequently under inclined load. Former investigations concerning the improvement of the actual design concept for anchorages close to the edge under inclined load show that such fastening situations have a residual capacity, although the first anchor row has already failed under shear load due to concrete edge failure. Therefore, the provision of this residual capacity can increase the performance of the design concept. Due to the lack in the quantitative range of the residual capacity, the scale of these forces was identified based on experimental tests within this article. Hence single bonded anchors close to the edge are loaded in a first step with a shear load towards the free edge until the concrete edge fails and afterwards the centric residual capacity is determined.
Zodiakale und planetare Dekane
Authors: Hübner Wolfgang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractZodiacal and Planetary ‘decani’. The 36 ecliptical ‘decani’ (sectors of 10°) were distributed either to the twelve zodiacal signs or to the seven planets. The first system has been transmitted only by the Roman didactic poet Manilius, who commits an error at the end of his catalogue that can be explained by comparing it with the more frequent planetary one. Both systems follow the Roman calendar beginning with the Ram respectively Mars. Although the zodiacal system (36 : 12) runs without remainder whereas the planetary one (36 : 7) repeats Mars once more (six times), so that it both begins and ends with this planet, this planetary system prevails. Four possible astrological reasons of this contradiction are discussed including other texts, mostly taken from the ‘Babylonian’ Teucrus (at the latest first century BC), who represents the first witness, if not the inventor of this particular lore.
Development of a fully integrated falling film microreactor for gas–liquid–solid biotransformation with surface immobilized O2‐dependent enzyme
Authors: Bolivar Juan M. , Krämer Christina E. M. , Ungerböck Birgit , Mayr Torsten , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTMicrostructured flow reactors are powerful tools for the development of multiphase biocatalytic transformations. To expand their current application also to O2‐dependent enzymatic conversions, we have implemented a fully integrated falling film microreactor that provides controllable countercurrent gas–liquid phase contacting in a multi‐channel microstructured reaction plate. Advanced non‐invasive optical sensing is applied to measure liquid‐phase oxygen concentrations in both in‐ and out‐flow as well as directly in the microchannels (width: 600 μm; depth: 200 μm). Protein–surface interactions are designed for direct immobilization of catalyst on microchannel walls. Target enzyme (here: d‐amino acid oxidase) is fused to the positively charged mini‐protein Zbasic2 and the channel surface contains a negatively charged γ‐Al2O3 wash‐coat layer. Non‐covalent wall attachment of the chimeric Zbasic2_oxidase resulted in fully reversible enzyme immobilization with fairly uniform surface coverage and near complete retention of biological activity. The falling film at different gas and liquid flow rates as well as reactor inclination angles was shown to be mostly wavy laminar. The calculated film thickness was in the range 0.5–1.3 × 10−4 m. Direct O2 concentration measurements at the channel surface demonstrated that the liquid side mass transfer coefficient (KL) for O2 governed the overall gas/liquid/solid mass transfer and that the O2 transfer rate (≥0.75 mM · s−1) vastly exceeded the maximum enzymatic reaction rate in a wide range of conditions. A value of 7.5 (±0.5) s−1 was determined for the overall mass transfer coefficient KLa, comprising a KL of about 7 × 10−5 m · s−1 and a specific surface area of up to 105 m−1. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1862–1872. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Batch versus Flow Acetalization of Benzaldehyde with HKUST‐1: Diffusion Pathways and Performance Comparison
Authors: Piscopo Calogero G. , Schwarzer Maud , Herrmann Michael , Affini Anna , Pelagatti Paolo , Maestri Giovanni , Maggi Raimondo , Loebbecke Stefan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the poisoning and deactivation pathways of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is an essential goal to boost their application as robust and efficient catalysts in chemical transformations relevant to industrial processes. Herein, the acetalization reaction of benzaldehyde with methanol was investigated by using [Cu3(BTC)2] (BTC=1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate) as a catalyst. The reaction was performed under batch and continuous flow conditions, and the conversion of benzaldehyde into 1,1‐dimethoxytoluene proceeded efficiently in the presence of a modest amount of water. Nevertheless, a drastic reduction in the catalytic activity was observed after recycling the MOF for repetitive batch experiments and after prolonged continuous flow tests. Pore clogging of the MOF and partial crystal‐structure modifications, gathered from XRD and pore analyses, suggested grinding the catalyst prior to application; the ground catalyst showed a considerable enhancement in catalytic performance.
A Mild and Base‐Free Protocol for the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Nitriles with Tridentate Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Adam Rosa , Bheeter Charles Beromeo , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA novel protocol for the general hydrogenation of nitriles in the absence of basic additives is described. The system is based on the combination of [Ru(cod)(methylallyl)2] (cod=cyclooctadiene) and L2. A variety of aromatic and aliphatic nitriles is hydrogenated under mild conditions (50 °C and 15 bar H2) with this system. Kinetic studies revealed higher activity in the case of aromatic nitriles compared with aliphatic ones.
Deracemization of Secondary Alcohols by using a Single Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Karume Ibrahim , Takahashi Masateru , Hamdan Samir M. , Musa Musa M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe developed a single‐enzyme‐mediated two‐step approach for deracemization of secondary alcohols. A single mutant of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus secondary alcohol dehydrogenase enables the nonstereoselective oxidation of racemic alcohols to ketones, followed by a stereoselective reduction process. Varying the amounts of acetone and 2‐propanol cosubstrates controls the stereoselectivities of the consecutive oxidation and reduction reactions, respectively. We used one enzyme to accomplish the deracemization of secondary alcohols with up to >99 % ee and >99.5 % recovery in one pot and without the need to isolate the prochiral ketone intermediate.
Covalent Reactions on Chemical Vapor Deposition Grown Graphene Studied by Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Kovaříček Petr , Bastl Zdeněk , Valeš Václav , Kalbac Martin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGraphene is a material of unmatched properties and eminent potential in disciplines ranging from physics, to chemistry, to biology. Its advancement to applications with a specific function requires rational design and fine tuning of its properties, and covalent introduction of various substituents answers this requirement. We challenged the obstacle of non‐trivial and harsh procedures for covalent functionalization of pristine graphene and developed a protocol for mild nucleophilic introduction of organic groups in the gas phase. The painstaking analysis problem of monolayered materials was addressed by using surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, which allowed us to monitor and characterize in detail the surface composition. These deliverables provide a toolbox for reactivity of fluorinated graphene under mild reaction conditions, providing structural freedom of the species to‐be‐grafted to the single‐layer graphene.
Labeling and Selective Inactivation of Gram‐Positive Bacteria Employing Bimodal Photoprobes with Dual Readouts
Authors: Galstyan Anzhela , Block Desiree , Niemann Silke , Grüner Malte C. , Abbruzzetti Stefania , Oneto Michele , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Hermann Sven , Viappiani Cristiano , Schäfers Michael , Löffler Bettina , Strassert Cristian A. , Faust Andreas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCarbohydrate‐conjugated silicon(IV) phthalocyanines with bimodal photoactivity were developed as probes with both fluorescent labeling and photosensitizing capabilities, and the concomitant fluorescent labeling and photoinduced inactivation of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative models was explored. The maltohexaose‐conjugated photoprobe provides a dual readout to distinguish between both groups of pathogens, as only the Gram‐positive species was inactivated, even though both appeared labeled with near‐infrared luminescence. Antibiotic resistance did not hinder the phototoxic effect, as even the methicillin‐resistant pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was completely photoinactivated. Time‐resolved confocal fluorescence microscopy analysis suggests that the photoprobe sticks onto the outer rim of the microorganisms, explaining the resistance of Gram‐negative species on the basis of their membrane constitution. The mannose‐conjugated photoprobe yields a different readout because it is able to label and to inactivate only the Gram‐positive strain.
Druckverlustberechnung an konzentrischen porösen Hohlzylinderfiltern anhand dimensionsanalytischer Folgerungen und experimenteller Daten
Authors: Reichert Daniel , Schwarz Thomas , Stöwe Klaus 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn der Praxis sind viele geometrische Formen von Filtermitteln denkbar, die vom klassischen Fall einer Querstromfiltration mit Hohlfasermembranen abweichen. In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Geometrie des Filtermittels auf den Filtermitteldruckverlust durch ein von außen angeströmtes poröses Hohlzylinderrohr dargelegt. Es kommt zu einer Erhöhung des Filtermittelwiderstandes in Abhängigkeit von Filtermitteldicke und mittlerer Krümmung. Anhand von Dimensionsanalysen wurden die erhaltenen Daten in einen sinnvollen Zusammenhang gebracht und ein empirisches Modell zur Berechnung des Druckverlustes in gekrümmten Filtermitteln abgeleitet.
Numerical Study of Instabiities in Magnetized Inhomogeneous Plasmas under the Effect of Ionization
Authors: Chaudhary J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInfluence of ionization is studied on two stream instability (TSI) in an inhomogeneous plasma in the presence of obliquely applied magnetic field. In addition to the usual TSI, a new type of instability is found to occur in this system, which is driven by the magnetic field and survives for relatively longer wavelength of oscillations. The growth rates of both the instabilities are enhanced by the magnetic field but their magnitudes attain a minimum value at certain angles of the wave propagation depending upon the wavelength of oscillations. At a critical value of ionization rate there is a sudden fall in the growth of both the instabilities, the reason of which is understood as the Landau damping. A further enhancement in the ionization suppresses the usual TSI whereas the magnetic field‐driven instability attains much lower growth. This new type of instability grows faster in the plasma having heavier ions, but shows a weak dependence on the charge of the ions. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interactive effects of pests increase seed yield
Authors: Gagic Vesna , Riggi Laura GA , Ekbom Barbara , Malsher Gerard , Rusch Adrien , Bommarco Riccardo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLoss in seed yield and therefore decrease in plant fitness due to simultaneous attacks by multiple herbivores is not necessarily additive, as demonstrated in evolutionary studies on wild plants. However, it is not clear how this transfers to crop plants that grow in very different conditions compared to wild plants. Nevertheless, loss in crop seed yield caused by any single pest is most often studied in isolation although crop plants are attacked by many pests that can cause substantial yield losses. This is especially important for crops able to compensate and even overcompensate for the damage. We investigated the interactive impacts on crop yield of four insect pests attacking different plant parts at different times during the cropping season. In 15 oilseed rape fields in Sweden, we estimated the damage caused by seed and stem weevils, pollen beetles, and pod midges. Pest pressure varied drastically among fields with very low correlation among pests, allowing us to explore interactive impacts on yield from attacks by multiple species. The plant damage caused by each pest species individually had, as expected, either no, or a negative impact on seed yield and the strongest negative effect was caused by pollen beetles. However, seed yield increased when plant damage caused by both seed and stem weevils was high, presumably due to the joint plant compensatory reaction to insect attack leading to overcompensation. Hence, attacks by several pests can change the impact on yield of individual pest species. Economic thresholds based on single species, on which pest management decisions currently rely, may therefore result in economically suboptimal choices being made and unnecessary excessive use of insecticides.
Assessing multimetric aspects of sustainability: Application to a bioenergy crop production system in East Tennessee
Authors: Parish Esther S. , Dale Virginia H. , English Burton C. , Jackson Samuel W. , Tyler Donald D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis article connects the science of sustainability theory with applied aspects of sustainability deployment. A suite of 35 sustainability indicators spanning 12 environmental and socioeconomic categories has been proposed for comparing the sustainability of bioenergy production systems across different feedstock types and locations. Information on sustainability indicators and associated measurements for the feedstock production and logistics portions of the biofuel supply chain was available from a recent demonstration‐scale switchgrass‐to‐ethanol production system located in East Tennessee. Knowledge pertaining to the available indicators was distributed within a hierarchical decision tree framework to generate an assessment of the overall sustainability of this no‐till switchgrass production system relative to two alternative business‐as‐usual scenarios of unmanaged pasture and tilled corn production. The relative contributions of the social, economic, and environmental information were determined for the overall trajectory of this bioenergy system's sustainability under each scenario. The results show that, within this East Tennessee context, switchgrass production is an attractive option for improving environmental and social sustainability trajectories without adverse economic impacts, which can lead to enhanced sustainability overall. Although external trade does not yet exist for this switchgrass commodity, our economic modeling indicates that switchgrass production can still be beneficial to the counties surrounding the biorefinery in terms of dollars earned and jobs created. The opportunity to use inactive equipment and laborers is a potential benefit captured indirectly by the sustainability evaluation framework. Given the early stage of cellulosic ethanol production, it is currently difficult to determine quantitative values for all 35 proposed sustainability indicators across the entire biofuel supply chain. This case study demonstrates that integration of qualitative sustainability indicator ratings may increase holistic understanding of a bioenergy system in the absence of complete information.
Who pays? Intra‐ versus inter‐generational costs of reproduction
Authors: Moore J. F. , Wells C. P. , Van Vuren D. H. , Oli M. K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractReproduction is thought to be costly for female mammals due to high energetic costs associated with pregnancy and lactation. Such costs of reproduction can be particularly high for younger females, who are less experienced and smaller than fully grown adults, and can manifest themselves within (intra‐individual or intra‐generational trade‐offs) or between (inter‐generational trade‐offs) generations. Using lifetime survival and reproductive histories of 416 female golden‐mantled ground squirrels (Callospermophilus lateralis) in Colorado, USA, we tested for the evidence of intra‐ and inter‐generational trade‐offs between age of first reproduction and fitness and its components. Females who waited to begin reproduction lived longer but they did not experience a greater number of lifetime reproductive events, did not produce larger litters, nor did they have higher lifetime reproductive success than those females who attained reproductive maturity earlier. However, delaying age of first reproduction substantially reduced individual fitness, quantified as the dominant eigenvalue of the population projection matrix, suggesting that fitness benefits of earlier maturity exceeded associated costs. Females born to mothers who delayed age of first reproduction had a higher probability of surviving to reproduce at least once during their lifetimes. Thus, in our study system, daughters pay for their mothers’ reproductive decisions, suggesting that some costs of reproduction can transcend a generation. Studies testing for costs of reproduction on survival or reproductive output within a short timeframe or those focusing within a generation may fail to detect inter‐generational trade‐offs.
Slow Magnetic Relaxation Behavior in Rare Ln–Cu–Ln Linear Trinuclear Complexes
Authors: Zhang Junqing , Li Cun , Wang Juanjuan , Zhu Mei , Li Licun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThree novel heterotrinuclear complexes {[Ln(hfac)3]2CuL2} [LnIII = Gd (1), Tb (2), and Dy (3); HL = 4‐methoxysalicylaldehyde, hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone] have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallography as well as by a study of their magnetic properties. In these compounds, CuII and LnIII ions are bridged by two phenolato and aldehyde oxygen atoms from two 4‐methoxysalicylaldehyde ligands and one oxygen atom from one hfac ligand, resulting in a linear trinuclear core of Ln–Cu–Ln with one central CuII ion and two terminal LnIII ions. Furthermore, the linear trinuclear units generate a pseudo‐one‐dimensional chain through π–π interactions. Direct‐current magnetic susceptibility studies show that there is a ferromagnetic interaction between CuII and GdIII ions. Tb and Dy complexes exhibit frequency‐dependent out‐of‐phase signals, indicating slow magnetic relaxation behavior.
Aggregation‐Induced Phosphorescent Emission from ReI Complexes: Synthesis and Property Studies
Authors: Chen Cong , Xu Yazhou , Wan Yuchun , Fan Wei , Si Zhenjun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFour ReI complexes with aggregation‐induced phosphorescent emission (AIPE) were synthesized with the formula Re(CO)3(Bath‐n)Br (n = 1–4), where Bath‐1 = 4,7‐diphenyl‐2‐[4‐(trimethylsilyl)‐phenyl]‐1,10‐phenanthroline (1), Bath‐2 = 4,7‐diphenyl‐2‐[4‐(dimethylphenylsilyl)phenyl]‐1,10‐phenanthroline (2), Bath‐3 = 4,7‐diphenyl‐2‐[4‐(methyldiphenylsilyl)phenyl]‐1,10‐phenanthroline (3), and Bath‐4 = 4,7‐diphenyl‐2‐[4‐(triphenylsilyl)phenyl]‐1,10‐phenanthroline (4), and fully characterized. The single crystals of 1 and 3 were obtained in the monoclinic crystal system by diffusion of diethyl ether into their dichloromethane solutions. Complexes 1–4 in pure THF (c ≈ 10–5 mol L–1) mainly present π* → π emission at 370 nm and intraligand charge‐transfer (ILCT) emission at 440 nm, whereas the powder samples of 1–4 solely give lower energy 3MLCT (metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer) emission at approximately 560 nm. The lifetimes of the powder samples of 1–4 were measured at room temperature to be 0.335 µs, 0.149 µs, 0.289 µs, and 1.301 µs, respectively. Additionally, the emission spectra and the UV/Vis absorption spectra of 1–4 were analyzed in different THF/H2O mixtures to investigate their AIPE character. Furthermore, the ground states and the UV/Vis absorption spectra of 1–4 were also theoretically simulated at the B3LYP/(LANL2DZ+6‐31G) level.
Exploring the barriers to rigorous monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening activities: qualitative evidence from international development partners
Authors: Wisniewski Janna M. , Yeager Valerie A. , Diana Mark L. , Hotchkiss David R. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe number of health systems strengthening (HSS) programs has increased in the last decade. However, a limited number of studies providing robust evidence for the value and impact of these programs are available. This study aims to identify knowledge gaps and challenges that impede rigorous monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of HSS, and to ascertain the extent to which these efforts are informed by existing technical guidance. Interviews were conducted with HSS advisors at United States Agency for International Development‐funded missions as well as senior M&E advisors at implementing partner and multilateral organizations. Findings showed that mission staff do not use existing technical resources, either because they do not know about them or do not find them useful. Barriers to rigorous M&E included a lack suitable of indicators, data limitations, difficulty in demonstrating an impact on health, and insufficient funding and resources. Consensus and collaboration between international health partners and local governments may mitigate these challenges. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.