bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer Study of Photospheric Emission in Gamma-Ray Bursts
Authors: Parsotan Tyler , Lazzati Davide 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We present the analysis of photospheric emission for a set of hydrodynamic simulations of long duration gamma-ray burst jets from massive compact stars. The results are obtained by using the Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer code (MCRaT) to simulate thermal photons scattering through the collimated outflows. MCRaT allows us to study explicitly the time evolution of the photosphere within the photospheric region, as well as the gradual decoupling of the photon and matter counterparts of the jet. The results of the radiation transfer simulations are also used to construct light curves and time-resolved spectra at various viewing angles, which are then used to make comparisons with observed data and outline the agreement and strain points between the photospheric model and long duration gamma-ray burst observations. We find that our fitted time-resolved spectral Band β parameters are in agreement with observations, even though we do not consider the effects of nonthermal particles. Finally, the results are found to be consistent with the Yonetoku correlation, but bear some strain with the Amati correlation.
Theoretical Transmission Spectra of Exoplanet Atmospheres with Hydrocarbon Haze: Effect of Creation, Growth, and Settling of Haze Particles. I. Model Description and First Results
Authors: Kawashima Yui , Ikoma Masahiro 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Recently, properties of exoplanet atmospheres have been constrained via multi-wavelength transit observation, which measures an apparent decrease in stellar brightness during planetary transit in front of its host star (called transit depth). Sets of transit depths so far measured at different wavelengths (called transmission spectra) are somewhat diverse: some show steep spectral slope features in the visible, some contain featureless spectra in the near-infrared, some show distinct features from radiative absorption by gaseous species. These facts imply the existence of haze in the atmospheres, especially of warm, relatively low-density super-Earths and mini-Neptunes. Previous studies that addressed theoretical modeling of transmission spectra of hydrogen-dominated atmospheres with haze made some assumptions about the distribution and size of haze particles. In this study, we model the atmospheric chemistry, and derive the spatial and size distributions of haze particles by directly simulating the creation, growth, and settling of hydrocarbon haze particles. We then develop transmission spectrum models of UV-irradiated, solar-abundance atmospheres of close-in warm (∼500 K) exoplanets. We find that the haze is distributed in the atmosphere much more broadly than previously assumed, and consists of particles of various sizes. We also demonstrate that the observed diversity of transmission spectra can be explained by the difference in the production rate of haze monomers, which is related to the UV irradiation intensity from host stars.
A Steady-state Spectral Model for Electron Acceleration and Cooling in Blazar Jets: Application to 3C 279
Authors: Lewis Tiffany R. , Finke Justin D. , Becker Peter A. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We introduce a new theoretical model to describe the emitting region in a blazar jet. We adopt a one-zone leptonic picture and construct the particle transport equation for a plasma blob experiencing low-energy, monoenergetic particle injection, energy-dependent particle escape, shock acceleration, adiabatic expansion, stochastic acceleration, synchrotron radiation, and external Compton radiation from the dust torus and broad-line region (BLR). We demonstrate that a one-zone leptonic model is able to explain the IR though

-ray spectrum for 3C 279 in 2008–2009. We determine that the BLR seed photons cannot be adequately described by a single average distribution, but rather we find that a stratified BLR provides an improvement in the estimation of the distance of the emitting region from the black hole. We calculate that the jet is not always in equipartition between the particles and magnetic field and find that stochastic acceleration provides more energy to the particles than does shock acceleration, where the latter is also overshadowed by adiabatic losses. We further introduce a novel technique to implement numerical boundary conditions and determine the global normalization for the electron distribution, based on analysis of stiff ordinary differential equations. Our astrophysical results are compared with those obtained by previous authors.
Hierarchical Fragmentation in the Perseus Molecular Cloud: From the Cloud Scale to Protostellar Objects
Authors: Pokhrel Riwaj , Myers Philip C. , Dunham Michael M. , Stephens Ian W. , Sadavoy Sarah I. , Zhang Qizhou , Bourke Tyler L. , Tobin John J. , Lee Katherine I. , Gutermuth Robert A. , Offner Stella S. R. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We present a study of hierarchical structure in the Perseus molecular cloud, from the scale of the entire cloud (

pc) to smaller clumps (∼1 pc), cores (∼0.05–0.1 pc), envelopes (∼300–3000 au), and protostellar objects (∼15 au). We use new observations from the Submillimeter Array (SMA) large project “Mass Assembly of Stellar Systems and their Evolution with the SMA (MASSES)” to probe the envelopes, and recent single-dish and interferometric observations from the literature for the remaining scales. This is the first study to analyze hierarchical structure over five scales in the same cloud complex. We compare the number of fragments with the number of Jeans masses in each scale to calculate the Jeans efficiency, or the ratio of observed to expected number of fragments. The velocity dispersion is assumed to arise either from purely thermal motions or from combined thermal and non-thermal motions inferred from observed spectral line widths. For each scale, thermal Jeans fragmentation predicts more fragments than observed, corresponding to inefficient thermal Jeans fragmentation. For the smallest scale, thermal plus non-thermal Jeans fragmentation also predicts too many protostellar objects. However, at each of the larger scales thermal plus non-thermal Jeans fragmentation predicts fewer than one fragment, corresponding to no fragmentation into envelopes, cores, and clumps. Over all scales, the results are inconsistent with complete Jeans fragmentation based on either thermal or thermal plus non-thermal motions. They are more nearly consistent with inefficient thermal Jeans fragmentation, where the thermal Jeans efficiency increases from the largest to the smallest scale.
Detection of GeV Gamma-Ray Emission in the Direction of HESS J1731-347 with Fermi-LAT
Authors: Guo Xiao-Lei , Xin Yu-Liang , Liao Neng-Hui , Yuan Qiang , Gao Wei-Hong , Fan Yi-Zhong 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We report the detection of GeV γ-ray emission from supernova remnant HESS J1731-347 using 9 yr of Fermi Large Area Telescope data. We find a slightly extended GeV source in the direction of HESS J1731-347. The spectrum above 1 GeV can be fitted by a power law with an index of Γ = 1.77 ± 0.14, and the GeV spectrum connects smoothly with the TeV spectrum of HESS J1731-347. Either a hadronic–leptonic or a pure leptonic model can fit the multiwavelength spectral energy distribution of the source. However, the hard GeV γ-ray spectrum is more naturally produced in a leptonic (inverse Compton scattering) scenario, under the framework of diffusive shock acceleration. We also searched for the GeV γ-ray emission from the nearby TeV source HESS J1729-345. No significant GeV γ-ray emission is found, and upper limits are derived.
Waterbird Habitat in California's Central Valley Basins Under Climate, Urbanization, and Water Management Scenarios
Authors: Matchett Elliott L. , Fleskes Joseph P. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
California's Central Valley provides critical, but threatened habitat and food resources for migrating and wintering waterfowl, shorebirds, and other waterbirds. To assist in conservation planning, the Central Valley Joint Venture identified nine basins in the Valley. The basins vary in composition and extent of habitats, which primarily include croplands and wetlands that rely on water supplies shared with other competing human and environmental uses. Changes in climate, urban development, and water supply management are uncertain and could reduce future availability of water supplies supporting waterbird habitats and limit effectiveness of wetland restoration planned by the Central Valley Joint Venture to support wintering waterbirds. We modeled 17 plausible scenarios including combinations of 3 climate projections, 3 urbanization rates, and 5 water-supply management options to promote agricultural and urban water uses, with and without wetland restoration. Our research examines the reduction in quantity and quality of habitats during the autumn migration–wintering period by basin under each scenario, and the efficacy of planned wetland restoration to compensate for reductions in flooded areas of wetland habitats. Scenario combinations of projected climate, urbanization, and water-supply management options reduced availability of flooded cropland and wetland habitats during autumn–winter and degraded the quality of seasonal wetlands (i.e., summer irrigation for improved forage production), though the extent and frequency of impacts varied by basin. Planned wetland restoration may substantially compensate for scenario-related effects on wetland habitats in each basin. However, results indicate that Colusa, Butte, Sutter, San Joaquin, and Tulare basins may require additional conservation to support summer irrigation of seasonal wetlands and winter flooding of cropland habitats. Still further conservation may be required to provide sufficient areas of flooded seasonal and semipermanent wetlands in San Joaquin and Tulare basins during autumn–winter. The main objective of this research was to provide decision support for achieving waterbird conservation goals in the valley and to inform Central Valley Joint Venture's regional conservation planning.
La profesionalización de los youtubers: el caso de Verdeliss y las marcas
Authors: Elorriaga Illera Angeriñe , Monge Benito Sergio 
Published: January 2018

Gracias a la plataforma YouTube, personas previamente desconocidas pueden llegar a generar una comunidad tan grande que muchas marcas que se ven seducidas para colaborar con ellos mediante una nueva forma de publicidad y product placement. Nos centramos en el caso de Verdeliss, una jóven madre española de seis hijos que ha profesionalizado así su actividad en YouTube. Metodología. Se ha realizado un análisis de contenido 606 videos publicados en el canal de YouTube de Verdeliss verificando la presencia (espontánea o pagada) de las marcas y su evolución. Resultados. Se establecen 4 fases diferenciadas en su producción de contenido, cada una con diferentes características. La última fase de su producción corresponde la colaboración permanente con marcas comerciales. Conclusiones. Este nuevo perfil profesional de influencer está obligando a las marcas a reinventar su comunicación para continuar conectando con sus consumidores.
Spatiotemporal Patterns and Trends of Precipitation and Their Correlations with Related Meteorological Factors by Two Sets of Reanalysis Data in China
Authors: Huang Jinhui Jeanne , Zhang Nan , Choi Gyewoon , McBean Edward Arthur , Zhang Qian 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. This paper investigates the spatial-temporal characteristics of the changes in precipitation for China and the influence of other meteorological factors on precipitation. Two reanalysis datasets at monthly scale, namely, the GLDAS2 phase 2 forcing data 0.5 × 0.5 (1948 ~ 2008) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) data were employed. The Mann-Kendall trend test identified the annual and seasonal changes in four meteorological factors for precipitation, air temperature, long wave radiation and surface pressure. Confidence levels of 95 % were taken as thresholds to classify the significance of positive and negative trends. The trend analysis was conducted in three storm zones (I-Eastern Monsoon Region, II-Northern Inland Region and III-Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Region) specified by Wang (2002). The findings indicate: 1)	Air temperature, specific humidity and downward long wave radiation, have strong correlation with precipitation, especially for the eastern monsoon region of China; while surface pressure has very weak correlation with precipitation. 2)	Latent heat shows very strong correlation with precipitation throughout China except for a small, extremely arid area in north China where large portions of the area are deserts. 3)	The correlation between the volumetric soil moisture with precipitation and latent heat are controlled by precipitation with the characteristics of high annual precipitation and high correlations. 4)	For precipitation, an increasing tendency in precipitation for the southeastern monsoon region and a decreasing tendency for the northeastern monsoon region (the drier region) were observed. 5)	Strong increasing tendencies for air temperature and downward long wave radiation, were observed in the northeastern monsoon region and the western area of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 6)	Due to changes in precipitation and air temperature and downward long wave radiation, the scarcity of water resources in northeastern monsoon region and flooding problems in southeastern monsoon region may become more severe. 7)	The study shows that agricultural development in China may require a shift between northern and western areas to adapt to the shift in precipitation patterns.
On the similarity and apparent cycles of isotopic variations in East Antarctic snow pits
Authors: Laepple Thomas , Münch Thomas , Casado Mathieu , Hoerhold Maria , Landais Amaelle , Kipfstuhl Sepp 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Stable isotope ratios δ18O and δD in polar ice provide a wealth of information about past climate evolution. Snow-pit studies allow us to relate observed weather and climate conditions to the measured isotope variations in the snow. They therefore offer the possibility to test our understanding of how isotope signals are formed and stored in firn and ice. As δ18O and δD in the snowfall are strongly correlated to air temperature, isotopes in the near-surface snow are thought to record the seasonal cycle at a given site. Accordingly, the number of seasonal cycles observed over a given depth should depend on the accumulation rate of snow. However, snow-pit studies from different accumulation conditions in East Antarctica reported similar isotopic variability and comparable apparent cycles in the δ18O and δD profiles with typical wavelengths of  ∼  20 cm. These observations are unexpected as the accumulation rates strongly differ between the sites, ranging from 20 to 80 mm w. e.  yr−1 ( ∼  6–21 cm of snow per year). Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the isotopic variations individually at each site; however, none of these are consistent with the similarity of the different profiles independent of the local accumulation conditions.Here, we systematically analyse the properties and origins of δ18O and δD variations in high-resolution firn profiles from eight East Antarctic sites. First, we confirm the suggested cycle length (mean distance between peaks) of  ∼  20 cm by counting the isotopic maxima. Spectral analysis further shows a strong similarity between the sites but indicates no dominant periodic features. Furthermore, the apparent cycle length increases with depth for most East Antarctic sites, which is inconsistent with burial and compression of a regular seasonal cycle. We show that these results can be explained by isotopic diffusion acting on a noise-dominated isotope signal. The firn diffusion length is rather stable across the Antarctic Plateau and thus leads to similar power spectral densities of the isotopic variations. This in turn implies a similar distance between isotopic maxima in the firn profiles.Our results explain a large set of observations discussed in the literature, providing a simple explanation for the interpretation of apparent cycles in shallow isotope records, without invoking complex mechanisms. Finally, the results underline previous suggestions that isotope signals in single ice cores from low-accumulation regions have a small signal-to-noise ratio and thus likely do not allow the reconstruction of interannual to decadal climate variations.
Contentious Spectacle: Negotiated Authenticity within Morocco’s Gnawa Ritual
Authors: Witulski Christopher 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Recent changes to the gnawa ritual’s musical practices in Morocco leave many in the community nostalgic for the previous generation’s aesthetic and ideological tastes. Nostalgia in this case emanates from a confluence of performance practice and audience expectation, resulting in different potential “experiences of authenticity.” The wide range of nostalgic authenticities available to the gnawa community are due, in part, to a set of overlapping conceptions of authenticity itself. Questions of lineage, piety, and commercial success orient debates about the appropriateness of contemporary musical and ritual practices, exposing the diversity of ideologies that pepper the community.
Pensar el sorteo. Modos de selección, marcos deliberativos y principios democráticos
Authors: Courant Dimitri 
Published: January 2018

<p class="CuerpoA">¿Cómo pensar el sorteo con eficacia? Mi propuesta es construir una teoría general del sorteo, abordándolo de forma comparativa, para averiguar cuáles son las constantes teóricas entre la gran diversidad empírica de sus usos particulares.</p><p><span>En primer lugar, comparo el sorteo a los otros tres modos de selección: elección, nombramiento o cooptación y certificación. En segundo lugar, analizo los marcos deliberativos, es decir, “quién decide qué y cómo”. Tercero, distingo cuatro principios democráticos del sorteo: igualdad, imparcialidad, representatividad y legitimidad. Mi primera hipótesis es que el sorteo amplía considerablemente la igualdad, imparcialidad y representatividad. La segunda de mis hipótesis radica en que el sorteo es el único método de selección con una forma específica de <em>humildad-legitimidad</em>, mientras que los tres restantes modos de selección producen una <em>superioridad-legitimidad</em> que declara superior al representante por encima del representado a través del proceso de selección. <br /></span></p><p><span>How could we be thinking sortition efficiently? My proposal is to construct a general theory of sortition in a comparative approach. A broad study seems necessary in order to grasp the theoretical constants, despite the empirical diversity of sortition concrete uses. </span></p><p><span>First, I shall compare sortition to the three other selection modes: election, nomination and certification. Second, I will analyse the deliberative frameworks, that is to say “who decides what how”. Third, I will distinguish four democratic principles of sortition: equality, impartiality, representativeness and legitimacy. My first research hypothesis is that sortition is likely to offer a greater equality, impartiality and representativeness. My second hypothesis is that sortition is the only method of selection producing a specific form, a <em>humility-legitimacy</em> when the three other selection modes are producing a <em>superiority-legitimacy</em>, where the principal is declared superior to the agent through the selection process.</span></p>
FUSTr: a tool to find gene families under selection in transcriptomes
Authors: Cole T. Jeffrey , Brewer Michael S. 
Published: January 2018

Background
The recent proliferation of large amounts of biodiversity transcriptomic data has resulted in an ever-expanding need for scalable and user-friendly tools capable of answering large scale molecular evolution questions. FUSTr identifies gene families involved in the process of adaptation. This is a tool that finds genes in transcriptomic datasets under strong positive selection that automatically detects isoform designation patterns in transcriptome assemblies to maximize phylogenetic independence in downstream analysis.

Results
When applied to previously studied spider transcriptomic data as well as simulated data, FUSTr successfully grouped coding sequences into proper gene families as well as correctly identified those under strong positive selection in relatively little time.

Conclusions
FUSTr provides a useful tool for novice bioinformaticians to characterize the molecular evolution of organisms throughout the tree of life using large transcriptomic biodiversity datasets and can utilize multi-processor high-performance computational facilities.
Expression status and clinical significance of lncRNA APPAT in the progression of atherosclerosis
Authors: Meng Fanming , Yan Jie , Ma Qiongshan , Jiao Yunjuan , Han Luyang , Xu Jing , Yang Fan , Liu Junwen 
Published: January 2018

Background
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to modulate cardiovascular diseases, and expression dynamics of lncRNAs in the bloodstream were proposed to be potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. However, few cardiovascular diseases-related circulating lncRNAs were identified and their prediction power has not been investigated in depth. Here we report a new circulating lncRNA, atherosclerotic plaque pathogenesis associated transcript (APPAT), and evaluated its role and predicting ability in atherosclerotic development.

Methods
APPAT was analyzed and screened by high-throughput sequencing, and then detected in vitro and in vivo. Immunofluorescence-fluorescence in situ hybridization (IF-FISH) was utilized to explore distribution and subcellular location of APPAT. The expressing alteration of APPAT in samples of healthy and pathological coronary artery was explored further. We also assessed the level of circulating APPAT in blood samples from healthy individuals, and patients with angina pectoris (AP) or myocardial infarction (MI). Additionally, we predicted and validated microRNA targets of APPAT, then showed the expression level of a candidate target which was primarily measured in human VSMCs cell line, coronary artery, and blood samples. Lastly, we examined the potential indicating ability of APPAT for the risk of AP or MI.

Results
APPAT showed significant reduction in ox-LDL treated human VSMCs in vitro. It enriched in contractile VSMCs of artery tunica media and mainly existed in cytoplasm. Significant down-regulation of APPAT was found in coronary artery samples with severe stenosis. More importantly, we observed decreased expression of APPAT in blood samples accompanying disease progression. ROC and correlation analyses further verified the relatively high predicting ability of APPAT. We also observed the predicted miRNA exhibited opposite expression direction to that of APPAT.

Conclusions
This study revealed that circulating lncRNA-APPAT may perform an important function and have some indicating ability on the development of atherosclerosis.