bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AS PREFEITAS EM PERSPECTIVA: REPRESENTATIVIDADE FEMININA NA POLÍTICA PARAIBANA
Authors: Rodrigues Dayanny 
Published: July 2016

Consolidado o direito institucional do voto feminino a mais de oito décadas, ainda nos deparamos com uma reduzida representatividade das mulheres na política partidária, se comparado ao número de homens presentes no mesmo espaço. Estudos recentes como os de Avelar (2001), Garcia (2005), Rabay e Carvalho (2010), apontam um aumento da participação feminina na política eleitoral, principalmente a partir da década de 1980. Dentre as esferas institucionais da política, a municipal é aquela que apresenta o quantitativo mais elevado da representatividade feminina. Por diversos fatores o poder municipal se mostra mais acessível às mulheres. Dialogando com uma nova perspectiva de História Política, compreende-se que falar sobre as prefeitas, seja em âmbito nacional, regional ou local, se configura como algo desafiador e necessário na conjuntura atual. A Paraíba, estado brasileiro que proporcionalmente elegeu o maior número de mulheres nas eleições municipais de 2012, carrega em sua trajetória política, aspectos singulares. Dessa forma, este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a representação feminina no executivo municipal paraibano, tendo como base as prefeitas eleitas nas eleições de 2008 e 2012 respectivamente, pontuando aspectos que demonstram permanências de práticas e características políticas, assim como novidades portadas por algumas delas. Para a análise, foram utilizados dados disponibilizados pelo Tribunal Superior Eleitoral e Tribunal Regional Eleitoral, bem como uma releitura da bibliografia produzida sobre o tema. Para pensar essa representação, buscou-se responder alguns questionamentos, tais como: quem foram as prefeitas da Paraíba eleitas nos dois pleitos estudados? Quais as características socioeconômicas e demográficas dos municípios que as elegeram? Quais os seus partidos? Quais suas relações de parentesco? Qual a faixa etária e grau de escolaridade delas? Quais as experiências anteriores à política? Após as análises, observou-se que o quadro de gestoras é composto majoritariamente por mulheres com faixa etária acima dos 30 anos de idade, não ultrapassando os 60, maioria casada e possuidora de ensino superior completo. Destaca-se também que as mesmas governam, em especial, municípios menos desenvolvidos economicamente, emancipados recentemente, e com uma população inferior a 10.000 habitantes, tendo a maioria sido eleitas por partidos de direita e do centro.
MULHERES NA POLÍTICA: UM ESTUDO NA CÂMARA MUNICIPAL DE UMA CIDADE DO SUL DE MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Sampaio Jéssica De Martins , Paula Mariane Ferreira Pinto de , Miranda Adílio Renê Almeida 
Published: July 2016

A representação das mulheres na política brasileira ainda é baixa se comparada a dos homens. Mesmo com a política de cotas nas candidaturas pelos partidos políticos, elas ainda não têm conseguido se eleger na mesma proporção em que se candidatam. Além disso, para aquelas que se elegem, há outros desafios advindos de desigualdades históricas vivenciadas por mulheres. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem como objetivo discutir a inserção e vivência de mulheres na política, no legislativo de uma cidade do sul de Minas Gerais, na perspectiva dos vereadores e vereadoras. O referencial teórico trata do significado de representação e participação feminina, bem como sobre a inserção das mulheres na política e a busca pela igualdade de gênero. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa. Para coleta de dados foram realizadas cinco entrevistas semiestruturadas com três vereadores, uma vereadora e uma ex-vereadora. A análise dos resultados foi feita por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados mostram que os entrevistados não têm consciência quanto ao processo histórico e social de desigualdades vivenciado por mulheres e a importância da política de cotas, que visa minimizar essa questão.
POLÍTICOS PROFISSIONAIS OU NOBRES POLÍTICOS? VARIÁVEIS DA CARREIRA POLÍTICA DOS SENADORES NO BRASIL IMPÉRIO
Authors: Santos Ulisses Venâncio 
Published: July 2016

Neste artigo analisamos padrões de carreira política dos senadores no Brasil Império. O tipo de carreira é um importante critério do recrutamento político, e uma proxy da profissionalização política. Uma análise prosopográfica operada com estatística descritiva revelou um padrão de carreiras longas, com muitos cargos, heterogêneas em termos de níveis de poder, e que se intensifica ao longo do período. Isso denota experiência política. O que interpretamos como indício de profissionalização política, tanto dos indivíduos, quanto do Senado. O tema remete ao quanto a política no Império era autônoma frente a outros âmbitos sociais. Os resultados nos obrigam a relativizar a hipótese que levantamos nas teses da historiografia hegemônica: de que o critério decisivo para o recrutamento para o Senado era pertencer ao séquito do Imperador. O estudo reafirma a importância de retomar os principais debates sobre elite e natureza do regime no Brasil imperial.
Strategies for reducing police arrest in the context of an HIV prevention programme for female sex workers: evidence from structural interventions in Karnataka, South India
Authors: Bhattacharjee Parinita , Isac Shajy , McClarty Leigh M , Mohan Haranahalli L , Maddur Srinath , Jagannath Sunitha B , Venkataramaiah Balasubramanya K , Moses Stephen , Blanchard James F , Gurnani Vandana 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionFemale sex workers (FSWs) frequently experience violence in their work environments, violating their basic rights and increasing their vulnerability to HIV infection. Structural interventions addressing such violence are critical components of comprehensive HIV prevention programmes. We describe structural interventions developed to address violence against FSWs in the form of police arrest, in the context of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's India AIDS Initiative (Avahan) in Karnataka, South India. We examine changes in FSW arrest between two consecutive time points during the intervention and identify characteristics that may increase FSW vulnerability to arrest in Karnataka.MethodsStructural interventions with police involved advocacy work with senior police officials, sensitization workshops, and integration of HIV and human rights topics in pre‐service curricula. Programmes for FSWs aimed to enhance collectivization, empowerment and awareness about human rights and to introduce crisis response mechanisms. Three rounds of integrated behavioural and biological assessment surveys were conducted among FSWs from 2004 to 2011. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses using data from the second (R2) and third (R3) survey rounds to examine changes in arrests among FSWs over time and to assess associations between police arrest, and the sociodemographic and sex work‐related characteristics of FSWs.ResultsAmong 4110 FSWs surveyed, rates of ever being arrested by the police significantly decreased over time, from 9.9% in R2 to 6.1% in R3 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) [95% CI]=0.63 [0.48 to 0.83]). Arrests in the preceding year significantly decreased, from 5.5% in R2 to 2.8% in R3 (AOR [95% CI]=0.59 [0.41 to 0.86]). FSWs arrested as part of arbitrary police raids also decreased from 49.6 to 19.5% (AOR [95% CI]=0.21 [0.11 to 0.42]). Certain characteristics, including financial dependency on sex work, street‐ or brothel‐based solicitation and high client volumes, were found to significantly increase the odds of arrest for participants.ConclusionStructural interventions addressing police arrest of FSWs are feasible to implement. Based on our findings, the design of violence prevention and response interventions in Karnataka can be tailored to focus on FSWs, who are disproportionately vulnerable to arrest by police. Context‐specific structural interventions can reduce police arrests, create a safer work environment for FSWs and protect fundamental human rights.
Age and compositional data of zircon from sepiolite drilling mud to identify contamination of ocean drilling samples
Authors: Andrews Graham D. M. , Schmitt Axel K. , Busby Cathy J. , Brown Sarah R. , Blum Peter , Harvey Janet. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractZircon extracted from drilled oceanic rocks is increasingly used to answer geologic questions related to igneous and sedimentary sequences. Recent zircon studies using samples obtained from marine drill cores revealed that drilling muds used in the coring process may contaminate the samples. The JOIDES Resolution Science Operator of the International Ocean Discovery Program has been using two types of clays, sepiolite and attapulgite, which both have salt water viscosifier properties able to create a gel‐like slurry that carries drill cuttings out of the holes several hundred meters deep. The dominantly used drilling mud is sepiolite originating from southwestern Nevada, USA. This sepiolite contains abundant zircon crystals with U‐Pb ages ranging from 1.89 to 2889 Ma and continental trace element, δ18O, and εHf isotopic compositions. A dominant population of 11–16 Ma zircons in sepiolite drilling mud makes identification of contamination in drilled Neogene successions particularly challenging. Interpretation of zircon analyses related to ocean drilling should be cautious of zircon ages in violation of independently constrained age models and that have age populations overlapping those in the sepiolite. Because individual geochronologic and geochemical characteristics lack absolute discriminatory power, it is recommended to comprehensively analyze all dated zircon crystals from cores exposed to drill mud for trace element, δ18O, and εHf isotopic compositions. Zircon analyzed in situ (i.e., in petrographic sections) are assumed to be trustworthy.
Effect of the tiger stripes on the deformation of Saturn's moon Enceladus
Authors: Souček Ondřej , Hron Jaroslav , Běhounková Marie , Čadek Ondřej 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEnceladus is a small icy moon of Saturn with active jets of water emanating from fractures around the south pole, informally called tiger stripes, which might be connected to a subsurface water ocean. The effect of these features on periodic tidal deformation of the moon has so far been neglected because of the difficulties associated with implementation of faults in continuum mechanics models. Here we estimate the maximum possible impact of the tiger stripes on tidal deformation and heat production within Enceladus's ice shell by representing them as narrow zones with negligible frictional and bulk resistance passing vertically through the whole ice shell. Assuming a uniform ice shell thickness of 25 km, consistent with the recent estimate of libration, we demonstrate that the faults can dramatically change the distribution of stress and strain in Enceladus's south polar region, leading to a significant increase of the heat production in this area.
Simulating the Pineapple Express in the half degree Community Climate System Model, CCSM4
Authors: Shields Christine A. , Kiehl Jeffrey T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAtmospheric rivers are recognized as major contributors to the poleward transport of water vapor. Upon reaching land, these phenomena also play a critical role in extreme precipitation and flooding events. The Pineapple Express (PE) is defined as an atmospheric river extending out of the deep tropics and reaching the west coast of North America. Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) high‐resolution ensemble simulations for the twentieth and 21st centuries are diagnosed to identify the PE. Analysis of the twentieth century simulations indicated that the CCSM4 accurately captures the spatial and temporal climatology of the PE. Analysis of the end 21st century simulations indicates a significant increase in storm duration and intensity of precipitation associated with landfall of the PE. Only a modest increase in the number of atmospheric rivers of a few percent is projected for the end of 21st century.
Subglacial bed form morphology controlled by ice speed and sediment thickness
Authors: Barchyn Thomas E. , Dowling Thomas P. F. , Stokes Chris R. , Hugenholtz Chris H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSubglacial bed forms (drumlins, ribbed moraines, and megascale glacial lineations) are enigmatic repetitive flow‐parallel and flow‐transverse landforms common in glaciated landscapes. Their evolution and morphology are a potentially powerful constraint for ice sheet modeling, but there is little consensus on bed form dynamics or formative mechanisms. Here we explore shallow sediment bed form dynamics via a simple model that iterates (i) down‐flow till flux, (ii) pressure gradient‐driven till flux, and (iii) entrainment and deposition of sediment. Under various boundary conditions, replicas of subglacial bed forms readily emerge. Bed form dynamics mirror those in subaqueous and aeolian domains. Transitions between ribbed moraines and elongate flow‐parallel bed forms are associated with increasing ice speeds and declining sediment thickness. These simulations provide quantitative flux estimates and suggest that widely observed transitions in shallow sediment subglacial bed forms (e.g., ribbed moraines to drumlinoids to megascale glacial lineations) are manifestations of subtle variations in ice velocity and sediment thickness.
Spectral evolution of helical electron magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
Authors: Cho Jungyeon , Kim Hoonkyu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractProperties of turbulence in space plasmas above and below the proton gyroscale are very different and different descriptions should be used for the large and the small scales. On scales larger than the proton gyroscale, we can treat the plasmas as conducting fluids and use magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). However, on scales smaller than the proton gyroscale, we cannot use MHD due to various kinetic effects. Electron magnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) is a simple fluid‐like model for small‐scale plasmas. In this paper, we discuss properties of EMHD waves and turbulence. In particular, we focus on inverse cascade in EMHD turbulence. Since EMHD waves are helical and magnetic helicity is a conserved quantity, inverse cascade is expected to be a common phenomenon in EMHD. We first focus on inverse cascade and spectral evolution of completely imbalanced EMHD wave packets, in which all waves are moving in the same direction. Then, we discuss inverse cascade and spectral evolution of driven imbalanced EMHD turbulence. We also discuss “pinning” of energy spectra in imbalanced EMHD turbulence.
Properties of current sheet thinning at x ∼− 10 to −12 RE
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Runov A. , Petrokovich A. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe report on Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observations of current sheet thinning in Earth's magnetotail at around x =− 10 to −12 Earth radii. The THEMIS spacecraft configuration in October–December 2015 allows us to construct both gradients that contribute to the cross‐tail current density
(GSM coordinates). For 17 events when the spacecraft observed a gradual Bz decrease and jy increase, we find the following average scaling relations: for the current density
, for the lobe magnetic field
, and for the plasma density
. We show that the temperature of ions and electrons decreases and the plasma pressure gradient ∂p/∂x rapidly increases during current sheet thinning. The scale
decreases a few thousand kilometers. We also consider current carriers in thinning current sheets: both ion and electron current‐dominated current sheets, preferentially located near dusk and midnight, respectively, are found.
Multiple branching rupture of the 2009 Tonga‐Samoa earthquake
Authors: Fan Wenyuan , Shearer Peter M. , Ji Chen , Bassett Dan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSeveral source models have been proposed to explain the enigmatic 2009 Tonga‐Samoa earthquake. The long‐period data require a composite source model and can be fit with a normal‐faulting subevent followed by one or more reverse‐faulting subevents. The short‐period data, in contrast, indicate a more compact rupture pattern around the epicenter. The lack of a unified source model reflects the complexity of the event. We analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of this earthquake with P wave back‐projection from globally distributed stations in different frequency bands (low frequency: 0.05–0.2 Hz, high frequency: 0.2–2 Hz) and a multiple moment tensor inversion. The rupture propagation revealed by back‐projection exhibits frequency‐dependent behavior, with two branches of high‐frequency‐enriched bilateral rupture around the epicenter and a high‐frequency‐deficient rupture branch at the subduction interface. A composite source model with one Mw 8.0 normal‐faulting earthquake east of the trench axis (seaward) followed by one Mw 8.1 reverse‐faulting earthquake along the subduction interface west of the trench axis (landward) can explain the very long period data (200∼500 s). Combined with high‐resolution swath bathymetry data, the back‐projection images show that the azimuth of rupture branches east of the trench axis were controlled by the geometry of bending‐related faults on the Pacific plate and that the rupture branch west of the trench axis may correlate with the along‐strike fore‐arc segmentation. The rupture along the subduction interface was triggered by the seaward rupture and a partially subducted normal fault may have played a key role in facilitating the triggering. The apparent normal‐reverse faulting interactions pose a higher seismic risk to this region than their individual strands at the northernmost corner of the Tonga subduction zone.
Role of critical state framework in understanding geomechanical behavior of methane hydrate‐bearing sediments
Authors: Uchida Shun , Xie Xiao‐Guang , Leung Yat Fai 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA proper understanding of geomechanical behavior of methane hydrate‐bearing sediments is crucial for sustainable future gas production. There are a number of triaxial experiments conducted over synthetic and natural methane hydrate (MH)‐bearing sediments, and several soil constitutive models have been proposed to describe their behavior. However, the generality of a sophisticated model is questioned if it is tested only for a limited number of cases. Furthermore, it is difficult to experimentally determine the associated parameters if their physical meanings and significance are not elucidated. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that a simple extension of the critical state framework is sufficient to capture the geomechanical behavior of MH‐bearing soils from various sources around the world, while the significance of each parameter is quantified through variance‐based global sensitivity analyses. Our results show that the influence of hydrates can be largely represented by one hydrate‐dependent parameter,
, which controls the expansion of the initial yield surface. This is validated through comparisons with shearing and volumetric response of MH‐bearing soils tested at various institutes under different confining stresses and with varying degrees of hydrate saturation. Our study suggests that the behavior of MH‐bearing soils can be reasonably predicted based on
and the conventional critical state parameters of the host sediments that can be obtained through typical geotechnical testing procedures.
Large earthquakes create vertical permeability by breaching aquitards
Authors: Wang Chi‐Yuen , Liao Xin , Wang Lee‐Ping , Wang Chung‐Ho , Manga Michael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHydrologic responses to earthquakes and their mechanisms have been widely studied. Some responses have been attributed to increases in the vertical permeability. However, basic questions remain: How do increases in the vertical permeability occur? How frequently do they occur? Is there a quantitative measure for detecting the occurrence of aquitard breaching? We try to answer these questions by examining data from a dense network of ∼50 monitoring stations of clustered wells in a sedimentary basin near the epicenter of the 1999 M7.6 Chi‐Chi earthquake in western Taiwan. While most stations show evidence that confined aquifers remained confined after the earthquake, about 10% of the stations show evidence of coseismic breaching of aquitards, creating vertical permeability as high as that of aquifers. The water levels in wells without evidence of coseismic breaching of aquitards show tidal responses similar to that of a confined aquifer before and after the earthquake. Those wells with evidence of coseismic breaching of aquitards, on the other hand, show distinctly different postseismic tidal response. Furthermore, the postseismic tidal response of different aquifers became strikingly similar, suggesting that the aquifers became hydraulically connected and the connection was maintained many months thereafter. Breaching of aquitards by large earthquakes has significant implications for a number of societal issues such as the safety of water resources, the security of underground waste repositories, and the production of oil and gas. The method demonstrated here may be used for detecting the occurrence of aquitard breaching by large earthquakes in other seismically active areas.
Environmental Impacts of Organic Farming
Authors: Birkhofer Klaus , Smith Henrik G , Rundlöf Maj 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Organic agriculture is a production system that aims at sustaining healthy soils, ecosystems and people by prohibiting the application of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers in crop production and by emphasising animal welfare in livestock breeding. This article shows that organic agriculture is characterised by higher soil quality and reduced nutrient or pesticide leaching compared to nonorganic agriculture, but that positive effects on biological control services or emission of greenhouse gases are less evident. Yield gaps between organic and nonorganic agriculture are on average 20%, but vary between crops and regions. Given the environmental risks that are associated with intensive, nonorganic agriculture, farming practices should be modified to decrease risks. Organic agriculture can be a more environmentally friendly alternative, but individual farming practices need improvement to meet the demands of a growing human population. Further growth of the organic farming sector will contribute to reduce the negative environmental impact of agriculture.

Key Concepts

Organic agriculture leads to higher soil quality and reduced nutrient and pesticide leaching compared to nonorganic agriculture.

Organic agriculture may lead to a higher provision of ecosystem services and reduced soil erosion compared to nonorganic agriculture, but more research is needed to address these impacts.

Organic agriculture leads to higher greenhouse gas emissions if considered per unit product and, on average, has 20% lower yields than intensive, nonorganic agriculture.

The current situation of nutrient supply to crop plants in organic agriculture is often not optimal and this is a major challenge for future research.

Intensive, nonorganic agriculture is based on the application of pesticides that cause risks to human health, and organic agriculture can act as an environmentally friendly alternative.