bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural correlates underlying the attentional spotlight in human parietal cortex independent of task difficulty
Authors: Zeng Hang , Weidner Ralph , Fink Gereon R. , Chen Qi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractChanges in the size of the attentional focus and task difficulty often co‐vary. Nevertheless, the neural processes underlying the attentional spotlight process and task difficulty are likely to differ from each other. To differentiate between the two, we parametrically varied the size of the attentional focus in a novel behavioral paradigm while keeping visual processing difficulty either constant or not. A behavioral control experiment proved that the present behavioral paradigm could indeed effectively manipulate the size of the attentional focus per se, rather than affecting purely perceptual processes or surface processing. Imaging results showed that neural activity in a dorsal frontoparietal network, including right superior parietal cortex (SPL), was positively correlated with the size of the attentional spotlight, irrespective of whether task difficulty was constant or varied across different sizes of attentional focus. In contrast, neural activity in the ventral frontoparietal network, including the right inferior parietal cortex (IPL), was positively correlated with increasing task difficulty. Data suggest that sub‐regions in parietal cortex are differentially involved in the attentional spotlight process and task difficulty: while SPL was involved in the attentional spotlight process independent of task difficulty, IPL was involved in the effect of task difficulty independent of the attentional spotlight process. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4996–5018, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A liquid calcium+vitamin D3 supplement is effective prophylaxis against hypocalcemic toxicity during apheresis platelet donation
Authors: Weinstein Robert , Haynes Stefanie , Zhao Yong , Hickson Elda , Linden Jeanne , St. Pierre Patricia , Ducharme Paula , Sulmasy Paula , Graves Molly , Bailey Jeffrey A. , Welch Linda , Simard Amie , Vauthrin Michelle , Greene Mindy 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHypocalcemic toxicity, because of return of citrate anion to the donor, is the major toxicity of apheresis platelet donation. Oral calcium carbonate, given prophylactically at the start of donation, has shown limited ability to alleviate this toxicity. We examined whether repeated prophylactic doses of calcium carbonate, or of a liquid preparation containing calcium citrate, calcium phosphate, and vitamin D3, would be more effective at preventing symptoms of hypocalcemic toxicity. Symptoms were reported by 48% of donors who received no prophylaxis and 60% of donors who received 1000 mg of oral calcium carbonate at the start of, and every 20 minutes during, donation (P = 0.711). Only 19.2% of donors who received the liquid preparation (1000 mg calcium, 1000 IU vitamin D3) reported symptoms (P = 0.040 versus no prophylaxis, P = 0.039 versus calcium carbonate). This difference was not because of gender, weight, age, or blood volume of the donor. Neither calcium preparation prevented a measurable fall in plasma ionized calcium during donation. We conclude that liquid calcium citrate/calcium phosphate/vitamin D3 provides effective prophylaxis against hypocalcemic toxicity during platelet donation, however it does not prevent a fall in plasma ionized calcium.
A pertinent approximation of the electrostatic potential in a quantized electron accumulation layer induced at a nonideal surface of a narrow‐gap semiconductor
Authors: Vainer Boris G. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractQuantitative analysis of the electron accumulation layer formed near nonideal (actual) semiconductor surface causes considerable difficulties. In the present article, for the accumulation layers induced in the subsurface region at the real narrow‐gap semiconductor‐insulator interface, an effective algorithmic approach providing a simplified self‐consistent solution of the Poisson and Schrödinger equations is proposed and discussed. The physical model takes into account the conduction band nonparabolicity, electron gas degeneration, and other dominant features of solids in question; special attention is paid to the existence of semiconductor‐dielectric intermediate layer. A novel approximation for the surface electrostatic potential in the form of a modified Кratzer potential is proposed and substantiated. It allows us to obtain the electron wavefunctions and energy spectrum in the analytical form. It is shown that the modified Кratzer potential is a good approximation function applicable at least to subsurface electron accumulation layers induced at the A3B5 narrow‐gap semiconductor boundary surface allowing for the existence of a semiconductor‐insulator intermediate layer. For the n‐InSb nonideal surface, as an example, spatial distribution of electron potential energy, discrete energy spectrum of electrons in the broad range of surface densities (up to 1013 cm‐2), and some other physical characteristics are calculated using the proposed algorithm.
Gait training for chronic ankle instability improves neuromechanics during walking
Authors: Feger Mark A. , Hart Joseph M. , Saliba Susan , Abel Mark F. , Hertel Jay 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTA novel gait‐training device has been shown to improve gait patterns while patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI) are using the device and our current objective was to analyze the effect of structured gait training with the device on plantar pressure and surface electromyography (sEMG) following repeated gait training sessions. Sixteen CAI patients participated. Plantar pressure and sEMG were collected simultaneously during walking pre‐ and post‐gait training. Plantar pressure (pressure time integral, peak pressure, time to peak pressure, contact area, contact time, and center of pressure trajectory) of the entire foot and nine specific regions of the foot were recorded concurrently with sEMG root mean square amplitudes from the anterior tibialis, peroneus longus, medial gastrocnemius, and gluteus medius. Five gait training sessions were performed with each session lasting approximately 15 min. Pre‐ and post‐gait training self‐reported function, plantar pressure, and sEMG were compared using paired t‐tests with a priori level of significance of p ≤ 0.05. Gait training improved self‐reported function (FAAM‐Sport scale: Pre = 75.1 ± 7.1%, Post = 85.7 ± 12.2%, p < 0.001) and caused a medial shift in the COP from 10% of stance through toe‐off (p < 0.05 for all analyses). The medial shift in COP was driven by concurrent increases in peroneus longus muscle activity from 21% to 60% and 81% to 90% of stance (p < 0.05 for all analyses). There was a corresponding reduction in gluteus medius muscle activity during 71–100% of stance (p < 0.05 for all analyses). Overall, gait training with a device that targets the peroneus longus and gluteus medius throughout the gait cycle improved gait patterns in CAI patients. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:515–524, 2018.
Targeting carbon for crop yield and drought resilience
Authors: Griffiths Cara A , Paul Matthew J 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCurrent methods of crop improvement are not keeping pace with projected increases in population growth. Breeding, focused around key traits of stem height and disease resistance, delivered the step‐change yield improvements of the green revolution of the 1960s. However, subsequently, yield increases through conventional breeding have been below the projected requirement of 2.4% per year required by 2050. Genetic modification (GM) mainly for herbicide tolerance and insect resistance has been transformational, akin to a second green revolution, although GM has yet to make major inroads into intrinsic yield processes themselves. Drought imposes the major restriction on crop yields globally but, as yet, has not benefited substantially from genetic improvement and still presents a major challenge to agriculture. Much still has to be learnt about the complex process of how drought limits yield and what should be targeted. Mechanisms of drought adaptation from the natural environment cannot be taken into crops without significant modification for the agricultural environment because mechanisms of drought tolerance are often in contrast with mechanisms of high productivity required in agriculture. However, through convergence of fundamental and translational science, it would appear that a mechanism of sucrose allocation in crops can be modified for both productivity and resilience to drought and other stresses. Recent publications show how this mechanism can be targeted by GM, natural variation and a new chemical approach. Here, with an emphasis on drought, we highlight how understanding fundamental science about how crops grow, develop and what limits their growth and yield can be combined with targeted genetic selection and pioneering chemical intervention technology for transformational yield improvements. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Allergic risks of consuming edible insects: A systematic review
Authors: Ribeiro José Carlos , Cunha Luís Miguel , Sousa‐Pinto Bernardo , Fonseca João 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe expected future demand for food and animal‐derived protein will require environment‐friendly novel food sources with high nutritional value. Insects may be one of such novel food sources. However, there needs to be an assessment of the risks associated with their consumption, including allergic risks. Therefore, we performed a systematic review aiming to analyse current data available regarding the allergic risks of consuming insects. We reviewed all reported cases of food allergy to insects, and studied the possibility of cross‐reactivity and co‐sensitisation between edible insects, crustaceans and house dust mites. We analysed a total of 25 articles – eight assessing the cross‐reactivity/co‐sensitisation between edible insects, crustaceans and house dust mites; three characterizing allergens in edible insects and 14 case reports, describing case series or prevalence studies of food allergy caused by insects. Cross‐reactivity/co‐sensitisation between edible insects and crustaceans seems to be clinically relevant, while it is still unknown if co‐sensitisation between house dust mites and edible insects can lead to a food allergy. Additionally, more information is also needed about the molecular mechanisms underlying food allergy to insects, although current data suggest that an important role is played by arthropod pan‐allergens such as tropomyosin or arginine kinase.
The effect of obesity and repeated exposure on pharmacokinetic response to grape polyphenols in humans
Authors: Novotny Janet A. , Chen Tzu‐Ying , Terekhov Anton I. , Gebauer Sarah K. , Baer David J. , Ho Lap , Pasinetti Giulio M. , Ferruzzi Mario G. 
Published: June 2017

ScopeEvidence suggests that dietary pattern may affect polyphenol absorption and/or metabolism. Further, obesity is associated with lower circulating nutrients, though the reason is unclear. We investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) response of polyphenols in obese/overweight versus lean individuals before and after repeated dosing of grape polyphenols.Methods and resultsA pilot study was conducted in which PK challenges were administered before and after 10 days of repeated dosing with polyphenols. Volunteers (6 lean, 6 overweight/obese) consumed resveratrol, grape seed extract, and grape juice (2125 mg total polyphenols) daily. On days 1 and 11, blood samples were collected for 6 h after the polyphenol dose and analyzed for deconjugated catechin, epicatechin, resveratrol, and quercetin. Area under the plasma polyphenol mass by time curves (AUCs) were greater for catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin on day 11 versus day 1 for low BMI individuals (p = 0.039) but not high BMI individuals. Further, AUCs were greater for epicatechin and resveratrol for low versus high BMI individuals (p = 0.041), with a similar trend for catechin (p = 0.065), on day 11 but not day 1.ConclusionThese results suggest that that obesity and repeated exposure may modify polyphenol absorption and/or metabolism in humans.
Assignment of the molecular origins of CEST signals at 2 ppm in rat brain
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Yong , Xie Jingping , Wang Feng , Lin Eugene C. , Xu Junzhong , Gochberg Daniel F. , Gore John C. , Zu Zhongliang 
Published: June 2017

PurposeChemical exchange saturation transfer effects at 2 ppm (CEST@2ppm) in brain have previously been interpreted as originating from creatine. However, protein guanidino amine protons may also contribute to CEST@2ppm. This study aims to investigate the molecular origins and specificity of CEST@2ppm in brain.MethodsTwo experiments were performed: (i) samples containing egg white albumin and creatine were dialyzed using a semipermeable membrane to demonstrate that proteins and creatine can be separated by this method; and (ii) tissue homogenates of rat brain with and without dialysis to remove creatine were studied to measure the relative contributions of proteins and creatine to CEST@2ppm.ResultsThe experiments indicate that dialysis can successfully remove creatine from proteins. Measurements on tissue homogenates show that, with the removal of creatine via dialysis, CEST@2ppm decreases to approximately 34% of its value before dialysis, which indicates that proteins and creatine have comparable contribution to the CEST@2ppm in brain. However, considering the contribution from peptides and amino acids to CEST@2ppm, creatine may have much less contribution to CEST@2ppm.ConclusionsThe contribution of proteins, peptides, and amino acids to CEST@2ppm cannot be neglected. The CEST@2ppm measurements of creatine in rat brain should be interpreted with caution. Magn Reson Med 78:881–887, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Quiet echo planar imaging for functional and diffusion MRI
Authors: Hutter Jana , Price Anthony N. , Cordero‐Grande Lucilio , Malik Shaihan , Ferrazzi Giulio , Gaspar Andreia , Hughes Emer J. , Christiaens Daan , McCabe Laura , Schneider Torben , Rutherford Mary A. , Hajnal Joseph V. 
Published: June 2017

PurposeTo develop a purpose‐built quiet echo planar imaging capability for fetal functional and diffusion scans, for which acoustic considerations often compromise efficiency and resolution as well as angular/temporal coverage.MethodsThe gradient waveforms in multiband‐accelerated single‐shot echo planar imaging sequences have been redesigned to minimize spectral content. This includes a sinusoidal read‐out with a single fundamental frequency, a constant phase encoding gradient, overlapping smoothed CAIPIRINHA blips, and a novel strategy to merge the crushers in diffusion MRI. These changes are then tuned in conjunction with the gradient system frequency response function.ResultsMaintained image quality, SNR, and quantitative diffusion values while reducing acoustic noise up to 12 dB (A) is illustrated in two adult experiments. Fetal experiments in 10 subjects covering a range of parameters depict the adaptability and increased efficiency of quiet echo planar imaging.ConclusionPurpose‐built for highly efficient multiband fetal echo planar imaging studies, the presented framework reduces acoustic noise for all echo planar imaging‐based sequences. Full optimization by tuning to the gradient frequency response functions allows for a maximally time‐efficient scan within safe limits. This allows ambitious in‐utero studies such as functional brain imaging with high spatial/temporal resolution and diffusion scans with high angular/spatial resolution to be run in a highly efficient manner at acceptable sound levels. Magn Reson Med 79:1447–1459, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
T1 nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion of hyperpolarized sodium and cesium hydrogencarbonate‐13C
Authors: Martínez‐Santiesteban Francisco M. , Dang Thien Phuoc , Lim Heeseung , Chen Albert P. , Scholl Timothy J. 
Published: June 2017

In vivo pH mapping in tissue using hyperpolarized hydrogencarbonate‐13C has been proposed as a method to study tumor growth and treatment and other pathological conditions related to pH changes. The finite spin–lattice relaxation times (T1) of hyperpolarized media are a significant limiting factor for in vivo imaging. Relaxation times can be measured at standard magnetic fields (1.5 T, 3.0 T etc.), but no such data are available at low fields, where T1 values can be significantly shorter. This information is required to determine the potential loss of polarization as the agent is dispensed and transported from the polarizer to the MRI scanner.The purpose of this study is to measure T1 dispersion from low to clinical magnetic fields (0.4 mT to 3.0 T) of different hyperpolarized hydrogencarbonate formulations previously proposed in the literature for in vivo pH measurements. 13C–enriched cesium and sodium hydrogencarbonate preparations were hyperpolarized using dynamic nuclear polarization, and the T1 values of different samples were measured at different magnetic field strengths using a fast field‐cycling relaxometer and a 3.0 T clinical MRI system. The effects of deuterium oxide as a dissolution medium for sodium hydrogencarbonate were also analyzed. This study finds that the cesium formulation has slightly shorter T1 values compared with the sodium preparation. However, the higher solubility of cesium hydrogencarbonate‐13C means it can be polarized at greater concentration, using less trityl radical than sodium hydrogencarbonate‐13C. This study also establishes that the preparation and handling of sodium hydrogencarbonate formulations in relation to cesium hydrogencarbonate is more difficult, due to the higher viscosity and lower achievable concentrations, and that deuterium oxide significantly increases the T1 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solutions. Finally, this work also investigates the influence of pH on the spin–lattice relaxation of cesium hydrogencarbonate‐13C measured over a pH range of 7 to 9 at 0.47 T.
Childhood obesity prevention in the Women, Infants, and Children Program: Outcomes of the MA‐CORD study
Authors: Woo Baidal Jennifer A. , Nelson Candace C. , Perkins Meghan , Colchamiro Rachel , Leung‐Strle Peggy , Kwass Jo‐Ann , Gortmaker Steve L. , Davison Kirsten K. , Taveras Elsie M. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveTo examine the extent to which a Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) intervention improved BMI z scores and obesity‐related behaviors among children age 2 to 4 years.MethodsIn two Massachusetts communities, practice changes in WIC were implemented as part of the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA‐CORD) initiative to prevent obesity among low‐income children. One WIC program was the comparison. Changes in BMI z scores pre and post intervention and prevalence of obesity‐related behaviors of WIC participants were assessed. Linear mixed models were used to examine BMI z score change, and logistic regression models were used to examine changes in obesity‐related behaviors in each intervention site versus comparison over 2 years.ResultsWIC‐enrolled children in both intervention sites (vs. comparison) had improved sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption and sleep duration. Compared to the comparison WIC program (n = 626), no differences were observed in BMI z score among children in Intervention Site #1 (n = 198) or #2 (n = 637). In sensitivity analyses excluding Asian children, a small decline was observed in BMI z score (−0.08 units/y [95% confidence interval: −0.14 to −0.02], P = 0.01) in Intervention Site #2 versus comparison.ConclusionsAmong children enrolled in WIC, the MA‐CORD intervention was associated with reduced prevalence of obesity risk factors in both intervention communities and a small improvement in BMI z scores in one of two intervention communities in non‐Asian children.
Dispersion Interactions and the Stability of Amine Dimers
Authors: Guttmann Robin , Sax Alexander F. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWeak, intermolecular interactions in amine dimers were studied by using the combination of a dispersionless density functional and a function that describes the dispersion contribution to the interaction energy. The validity of this method was shown by comparison of structural and energetic properties with data obtained with a conventional density functional and the coupled cluster method. The stability of amine dimers was shown to depend on the size, the shape, and the relative orientation of the alkyl substituents, and it was shown that the stabilization energy for large substituents is dominated by dispersion interactions. In contrast to traditional chemical explanations that attribute stability and condensed matter properties solely to hydrogen bonding and, thus, to the properties of the atoms forming the hydrogen bridge, we show that without dispersion interactions not even the stability and structure of the ammonia dimer can be correctly described. The stability of amine dimers depends crucially on the interaction between the non‐polar alkyl groups, which is dominated by dispersion interactions. This interaction is also responsible for the energetic part of the free energy interaction used to describe hydrophobic interactions in liquid alkanes. The entropic part has its origin in the high degeneracy of the interaction energy for complexes of alkane molecules, which exist in a great variety of conformers, having their origin in internal rotations of the alkane chains.
From Service Contracting to Collaborative Governance: Evolution of Government–Nonprofit Relations
Authors: Jing Yijia , Hu Yefei 
Published: June 2017

SummarySocial service contracting between governments and nonprofit organizations has received increasing popularity in China and has aroused enthusiasm in engaging nonprofit organizations in governance issues. This study argues that service contracting, driven by New Public Management tenets, may unexpectedly evolve toward collaborative governance (CG) by creating and consolidating necessary conditions of CG. Practices in Shanghai present evidence that governments and contracting nonprofits jointly make decisions, enforce regulatory functions, set rules, and improve community governance. The analysis shows that over time contracting may lead to generation of mutual trust, acquisition of governing resources, and consolidation of collaborative accountability. The evolutionary perspective provides not only a contingent way to develop CG in a context of heavy social control but also a theoretical link between New Public Management and New Public Governance. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Literacy and Imagination: Finding Space in a Crowded Curriculum
Authors: Comber Barbara , Woods Annette , Grant Helen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDigital literacies abound in playing a foundational role in the rhythm and pattern of our lives, yet debates continue about how to harness them to teach and learn literacy. In an effort to humanize digital literacies, this department column offers a vast array of topics, from participatory work that pushes educators and researchers to communicate in local and global spaces to ways of redefining core reading and literacy skills through a screen‐based, multimodal logic. This column also provides a venue for research and practical applications that depict technology use as a part of the fabric of being human. The column helps educators reconceptualize the ways that children learn with technology, media, and new communication systems; honors educator success stories and burning questions and issues; and reimagines literacy futures.