bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving evolutionary relationships in lichen-forming fungi using diverse phylogenomic datasets and analytical approaches
Authors: Leavitt Steven D. , Grewe Felix , Widhelm Todd , Muggia Lucia , Wray Brian , Lumbsch H. Thorsten 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEvolutionary histories are now being inferred from unprecedented, genome-scale datasets for a broad range of organismal groups. While phylogenomic data has helped in resolving a number of difficult, long-standing questions, constructing appropriate datasets from genomes is not straightforward, particularly in non-model groups. Here we explore the utility of phylogenomic data to infer robust phylogenies for a lineage of closely related lichen-forming fungal species. We assembled multiple, distinct nuclear phylogenomic datasets, ranging from ca. 25 Kb to 16.8 Mb and inferred topologies using both concatenated gene tree approaches and species tree methods based on the multispecies coalescent model. In spite of evidence for rampant incongruence among individual loci, these genome-scale datasets provide a consistent, well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis using both concatenation and multispecies coalescent approaches (ASTRAL-II and SVDquartets). However, the popular full hierarchical coalescent approach implemented in *BEAST provided inconsistent inferences, both in terms of nodal support and topology, with smaller subsets of the phylogenomic data. While comparable, well-supported topologies can be accurately inferred with only a small fraction of the overall genome, consistent results across a variety of datasets and methodological approaches provide reassurance that phylogenomic data can effectively be used to provide robust phylogenies for closely related lichen-forming fungal lineages.
Low‐noise readout circuit for thermo‐electrical cooler‐less uncooled microbolometer infrared imager
Authors: Liu Dahe , Lu Wengao , Lei Shuyu , Chen Zhongjian 
Published: February 2016

A low‐noise analogue frontend readout circuit is presented for VOx microbolometer infrared imager without thermo‐electrical cooler. A modified differential mirror structure with substrate temperature and self‐heating effect compensation ability is used, targeting below 40 mK noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) with 17 μm pixel pitch. Noise characteristics are investigated to give an optimal trade‐off approach to reach lower NETD at same power consumption compared with traditional readout structures.
Resistive switching characteristics of PECVD‐deposited porous SiO2‐based electrochemical metallisation memory cells
Authors: Zhou Jumei 
Published: February 2016

Porous silicon dioxide (SiO2) solid‐electrolyte was prepared by the plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) method using silane and oxygen as reactive gases. The resistive switching characteristics of the ∼280 nm‐thick porous SiO2‐based electrochemical metallisation memory cells were investigated. The SEM and TEM images showed that the PECVD‐deposited SiO2 film was composed of nanogranular SiO2 particles with a plenty of nano‐channels. The electrical measurements showed that the silver/porous SiO2/indium tin oxide vertical cells exhibited good resistive switching behaviours with low switching voltage (<1.0 V) and good retention performance. Such porous SiO2‐based devices are promising for memory‐based flexible electronics applications.
Carotid Stenosis in Cardiac Surgery—No Difference in Postoperative Outcomes
Authors: Saadat Siavash , Dombrovskiy Victor , Frenchu Kiersten , Kanduri Jaya , Romero Joseph , Lemaire Anthony , Ghaly Aziz , Bastides George , Rahimi Saum , Lee Leonard , Schultheis Molly 
Published: February 2016

Background Debate over revascularization of asymptomatic carotid stenosis before cardiac surgery is ongoing. In this study, we analyze cardiac surgery outcomes in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis at a single hospital.
Methods In this study, 1,781 patients underwent cardiac surgery from January 2012 to June 2013; 1,357 with preoperative screening carotid duplex were included. Patient demographics, comorbidities, degree of stenosis, postoperative complications, and mortality were evaluated. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed.
Results Asymptomatic stenosis was found in 403/1,357 patients (29.7%; 355 moderate and 48 severe). Patients with stenosis, compared with those without, were older (71.7 ± 11 vs. 66.3 ± 12 years; p < 0.01). Females were more likely to have stenosis (odd ratio, = 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–2.2); however, patients were predominantly male in both groups. There were no significant differences in the rates of mortality and postoperative complications, including stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). Postoperative TIA occurred in 3/1,357(0.2%); only one had moderate stenosis. Inhospital stroke occurred in 21/1,357 (1.5%) patients; stroke rates were 2.3% (8/355) with moderate stenosis and 2.1% (1/48) severe stenosis. There were 59/1,357 (4.3%) deaths; patients with stenosis had a mortality rate of 4.2% (17/403); however, no postoperative stroke lead to death. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, gender, race, comorbidities, and postoperative complications did not show an impact of carotid stenosis on postoperative mortality and development of stroke after cardiac surgery.
Conclusion This study suggests that patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis undergoing cardiac surgery are not at increased risk of postoperative complications and mortality; thus, prophylactic carotid revascularization may not be indicated.
Kinematic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of the Degenerative Cervical Spine: Changes after Anterior Decompression and Cage Fusion
Authors: Obradov Marina , Bénard Menno R. , Janssen Michiel M. A. , Anderson Patricia G. , Heesterbeek Petra J. C. , Spruit Maarten 
Published: February 2016

Study Design A prospective cohort study. Objective Decompression and fusion of cervical vertebrae is a combined procedure that has a high success rate in relieving radicular symptoms and stabilizing or improving cervical myelopathy. However, fusion may lead to increased motion of the adjacent vertebrae and cervical deformity. Both have been postulated to lead to adjacent segment pathology (ASP). Kinematic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been increasingly used to evaluate range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spine and ASP. Our objective was to measure ASP, cervical curvature, and ROM of individual segments of the cervical spine using kinematic MRI before and 24 months after monosegmental cage fusion. Methods Eighteen patients who had single-level interbody fusion were included. ROM (using kinematic MRI) and degeneration, spinal stenosis, and cervical curvature were measured preoperatively and 24 months postoperatively. Results Using kinematic MRI, segmental motion of the cervical segments was measured with a precision of less than 3 degrees. The cervical fusion did not affect the ROM of adjacent levels. However, pre- and postoperative ROM was higher at the levels immediately adjacent to the fusion level compared with those further away. In addition, at 24 months postoperatively, the number of cases with ASP was higher at the levels immediately adjacent to fusion level. Conclusions Using kinematic MRI, ROM after spinal fusion can be measured with high precision. Kinematic MRI can be used not only in clinical practice, but also to study intervention and its effect on postoperative biomechanics and ASP of cervical vertebrae.
A nematode microtubule-associated protein, PTL-1, closely resembles its mammalian counterparts in overall molecular architecture*
Authors: Hashi Yurika , Kotani Susumu , Adachi Takeshi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe mammalian microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), MAP2, MAP4, and τ, are structurally similar and considered to be evolutionarily related. The primary structure of a nematode MAP, PTL-1, also reportedly resembles those of the MAPs, but only in a small portion of the molecule. In this study, we elucidated the overall domain organization of PTL-1, using a molecular dissection technique. Firstly, we isolated nematode microtubules and proved that the recombinant PTL-1 binds to nematode and porcine microtubules with similar affinities. Then, the recombinant PTL-1 was genetically dissected to generate four shorter polypeptides, and their microtubule-binding and assembly promoting activities were assessed, using porcine microtubules and tubulin. PTL-1 was found to consist of two parts, microtubule-binding and projection domains, with the former further divided into three functionally distinct subdomains. The molecular architecture of PTL-1 was proved to be quite analogous to its mammalian counterparts, MAP2, MAP4, and τ, strongly supporting their evolutionary relationships.
Achieving Weight Loss and Hypertension Control Among Obese Adults: A US
Multidisciplinary Group Practice Observational Study
Authors: Ho Aaron K , Bartels Christie M. , Thorpe Carolyn T. , Pandhi Nancy , Smith Maureen A. , Johnson Heather M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Among adults with hypertension, obesity independently contributes to cardiovascular disease. Weight loss and hypertension control are critical to reduce cardiovascular events. The purpose of this study was to evaluate rates and predictors of achieving weight loss among adults who achieved hypertension control within 1 year of developing incident hypertension.

METHODS
Retrospective electronic health record analysis was performed of ≥18 year olds with a body mass index ≥30.0kg/m 2 , who received regular primary care from 2008 to 2011 and achieved hypertension control. Exclusions were less than 60 days follow-up, prior hypertension diagnosis, prior antihypertensive prescription, or pregnancy. The primary outcome was clinically significant weight loss (≥5kg); the secondary outcome was modest (2.0–4.9kg) weight loss. Multinomial logistic regression identified predictors of achieving weight loss (≥5 or 2.0–4.9kg) compared to no significant weight loss (&lt;2kg).

RESULTS
Of the 2,906 obese patients who achieved hypertension control, 72% ( n = 2,089) did not achieve at least 2.0kg weight loss. Overall, 12% ( n = 351) achieved ≥5kg weight loss. Young adults (18–39 year olds; odds ratio (OR): 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.63–3.47), middle-aged adults (40–59 year olds; OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.59–3.37), and patients prescribed antihypertensive medication (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.07–1.76) were more likely to achieve clinically significant weight loss and hypertension control. Age remained a significant predictor for 2.0–4.9kg weight loss.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite achieving hypertension control, the majority of obese patients did not achieve clinically significant weight loss. Effective weight loss interventions with dedicated hypertension treatment are needed to decrease cardiovascular events in this high-risk population.
Bacterioplankton community resilience to ocean acidification: evidence from microbial network analysis
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhang Rui , Zheng Qiang , Deng Ye , Van Nostrand Joy D. , Zhou Jizhong , Jiao Nianzhi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), caused by seawater CO2 uptake, has significant impacts on marine calcifying organisms and phototrophs. However, the response of bacterial communities, who play a crucial role in marine biogeochemical cycling, to OA is still not well understood. Previous studies have shown that the diversity and structure of microbial communities change undeterminably with elevated pCO2. Here, novel phylogenetic molecular ecological networks (pMENs) were employed to investigate the interactions of native bacterial communities in response to OA in the Arctic Ocean through a mesocosm experiment. The pMENs results were in line with the null hypothesis that elevated pCO2/pH does not affect biogeochemistry processes. The number of nodes within the pMENs and the connectivity of the bacterial communities were similar, despite increased pCO2 concentrations. Our results indicate that elevated pCO2 did not significantly affect microbial community structure and succession in the Arctic Ocean, suggesting bacterioplankton community resilience to elevated pCO2. The competitive interactions among the native bacterioplankton, as well as the modular community structure, may contribute to this resilience. This pMENs-based investigation of the interactions among microbial community members at different pCO2 concentrations provides a new insight into our understanding of how OA affects the microbial community.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Harvey H. Benjamin , Schaefer Pamela W. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The chapter reviews the common clinical features and imaging findings in traumatic brain injury (TBI). It presents a diagnostic imaging approach aimed at identifying clinically important findings, including intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral contusion, diffuse axonal injury, skull fracture, and vascular injury. These findings of TBI are explained using a multi-modality approach (e.g., CT, MRI, angiography), with differential diagnoses and common imaging mimics. Attention is paid to findings that require immediate surgical/medical treatment or close monitoring to avoid irreversible harm, known as “don’t miss lesions.” The chapter concludes with clinically important correlates and a high-yield list of TBI imaging pearls.
Facial Fractures
Authors: Hito Rania , Abujudeh Hani H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The anatomy of the facial bones is described. Common fractures that present to the emergency department, including frontal sinus, nasal bone, naso-orbital ethmoid, zygomaticomaxillary, mandibular and Le Fort fractures, are reviewed, with examples. Mechanisms of injury and epidemiology of facial injuries are described. Important complications, including those predisposing to cerebrospinal fluid leak, extra-ocular muscle entrapment, and others, are highlighted, with examples.
Right Upper Quadrant Emergencies
Authors: Shenoy-Bhangle Anuradha , Gill Harman Singh , Abujudeh Hani H. , Kambadakone Avinash 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Acute conditions of the hepatobiliary tree are the commonest source of right upper quadrant pain in adults. Ultrasound of the abdomen is a rapid and effective noninvasive screening tool to evaluate for causes of right upper quadrant pain, including acute cholecystitis and its subtypes; biliary obstruction or hepatic abscesses. Ultrasound may also be used for image-guided interventions such as placement of a cholecystostomy tube or drainage of hepatic abscesses. Chapter 14 describes common causes of right upper quadrant pain, their key clinical features, and detailed imaging appearances.
Ureteral Trauma
Authors: Cruz-Romero Cinthia 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
External violence from high-speed blunt mechanisms and penetrating stab and gunshot wounds contribute to the incidence of ureteral trauma. Damage to the ureter after external violence is quite rare, occurring in less than 4% of all penetrating trauma and less than 1% of all cases of blunt trauma. The ureter is not only injured by direct transection but by disruption of the delicate intramural blood supply and subsequent necrosis. In patients subject to extreme blunt force trauma, the ureter can be disrupted at fixed points along its course, namely the ureterovesical and, more commonly, the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ). Hyperextension causing ureteral stretching or compression against lumbar transverse processes is a likely mechanism. Ureteral injury may involve contusion, partial tear, or complete disruption.
Emergencies of the Glenohumeral Joint and Proximal Humerus
Authors: Rutledge Geoffrey M. , Chang Connie Y. , Abujudeh Hani H. , Huang Ambrose J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This chapter reviews the most important and most common traumatic injuries to the glenohumeral joint and proximal humerus, with a focus on their key imaging findings. It discusses the anatomy of the glenohumeral joint and proximal humerus, the clinical features associated with their traumatic injury, and a method to approach radiographs of the shoulder and proximal humerus, including the use of special views to highlight specific shoulder injuries. Injuries discussed include anterior, posterior, and inferior glenohumeral dislocations and their associated findings; pseudo-dislocation; and proximal humerus fractures. Key radiographic findings and their clinical significance are emphasized, including a section on “what not to miss” with each type of injury.
Emergencies of the Wrist
Authors: Bolar Divya S. , Chang Connie Y. , Abujudeh Hani H. , Huang Ambrose J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The most common upper extremity fracture seen in the emergency department is a fracture involving the wrist. The estimated incidence is 72 per 100,000 persons per year, second only to finger lacerations when considering all upper-extremity injuries. Isolated dislocations are far less common, comprising only 0.2% of all wrist injuries. Most wrist injuries occur at home, followed by places of recreation or sport.
Cranial Ultrasound
Authors: Phewplung Teerasak , Shailam Randheer 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Cranial ultrasound is an important imaging tool in neonates. The anterior fontanelle is open in neonates, which allows excellent visualization of the brain. The lack of radiation, relatively lower cost (compared with CT and MR), and feasibility of bedside examination are all reasons for ultrasound’s use. Cerebral hemorrhage is not uncommon in the neonatal period, especially in premature infants, and initial evaluation of suspected hemorrhage should be evaluated with ultrasound. Image quality is variable and may depend of several factors such as fontanelle size, scalp molding and swelling, and the skill of the sonographer. The posterior fossa structures, including the cerebellum, brainstem, and subarachnoid cisterns, are not as well seen through the anterior fontanelle because of the increased distance between the ultrasound probe and these structures. Imaging through the smaller mastoid and posterior fontanelles is helpful in evaluating these areas.
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in the Emergency Setting
Authors: Bruno Michael A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In this chapter we focus on the application of ultrasound (US) imaging for the assessment of acute musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms in the emergency setting. US has attributes that make it a desirable tool for imaging patients in theER. First, it is minimally invasive, and requires very little of the patient in terms of positioning or stress tolerance. Second, it is relatively inexpensive and very widely available (as compared to MRI); hand-held portable ultrasound devices are now available. Third, US is able to simultaneously image bone and soft tissue and can readily detect soft-tissue foreign bodies of all types, as well as identify subtle fractures in areas that are difficult to image radiographically. Finally, US can characterize problems which are only manifest under dynamic motion, tension/stress, or in particular positions, as well as guide procedures in real-time, such as arthrocentesis and foreign-body removal. The aims of this chapter are to:
Thromboembolism
Authors: Shahid Muhammad U. , Thomas Prashant Jacob , Contractor Sohail 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the clinical features, etiologies, anatomy and physiology, diagnosis, imaging findings, and key features of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Acute DVT can lead to PE, venous insufficiency, and post-thrombotic syndrome. Clinical features of DVT include leg pain, swelling and tenderness, whereas PE can result in chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia and tachypnea. Ultrasound is the modality of choice for diagnosis of DVT, which is characterized by an echogenic, intraluminal filling defect resulting in a non-compressible vessel. CT pulmonary angiography is the diagnostic modality of choice for PE, characterized by an intraluminal filling defect. The mainstay of treatment of both of these conditions is anticoagulation. An IVC filter can be used if there is a contraindication to anticoagulation. Catheter-directed-thrombolysis can also be used. Catheter-based administration of thrombolytics is also a promising option for treatment of both submassive and massive PE.
Cardiac Emergency Imaging
Authors: Meyersohn Nandini M. , Abujudeh Hani H. , Prabhakar Anand M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Cardiac pathology in the emergency setting is common and a major source of patient morbidity and mortality. Many imaging signs of cardiac pathology can be identified on non-ECG-gated chest or abdominal examinations. Coronary artery disease and intra-cardiac pathology can then be further evaluated using ECG-gated CT angiography when appropriate.
Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy
Authors: Wang Yingbing , Abujudeh Hani H. , Oza Umesh 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Acute chest pain is one of the most common presenting complaints in the emergency department. While chest pain is not specific for underlying coronary artery disease, exclusion of acute coronary syndrome, defined as myocardial infarction or unstable angina, is a critical component of any clinical diagnostic algorithm. In reality, only one-third of patients with acute chest pain will have an underlying cardiac cause.
Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy
Authors: Wang Yingbing , Abujudeh Hani H. , Oza Umesh 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder wall, usually caused by obstruction of the cystic duct or common bile duct. The clinical manifestations of acute cholecystitis can be vague and overlap with many other causes of abdominal discomfort. Because the primary treatment for acute cholecystitis is cholecystectomy, timely and accurate diagnosis is essential to prevent complications and avoid subjecting patients without acute cholecystitis to surgery.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scintigraphy
Authors: Wang Yingbing , Abujudeh Hani H. , Oza Umesh 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is one of the most common medical emergencies. Although hemorrhage can occur anywhere along the GI tract, the ligament of Treitz demarcates “upper” from “lower” GI hemorrhage. Defining GI hemorrhage into one of these two categories guides further diagnostic workup and treatment.
P
Authors: Scarth Edward , Smith Susan 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This chapter includes drugs beginning with the letter P, including pancuronium, paracetamol, penicillin, pethidine, phenelzine, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, phenylephrine, phenytoin, piperacillin, prednisolone, pregabalin, prilocaine, prochlorperazine, promethazine, propofol, propranolol, protamine, and prothrombin complex.
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Presentation of Melanoma
Authors: Yamamoto Maki , Sondak Vernon K. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The incidence of melanoma has been increasing in the United States. Melanoma can affect all age groups, including children. Poor prognostic factors include male gender, older age, increased Breslow thickness, ulceration of primary tumor, and nodal metastases. Identifying patients who are at higher risk may help to identify the population requiring closer screening programs. Patients with excessive ultraviolet radiation exposure (solar or artificial), dysplastic nevi, or a personal or family history of melanoma are at an increased risk for developing melanoma. Various diagnostic tools can aid the clinical exam for primary care physicians and dermatologists, such as ABCDEs, Glasgow 7-point checklist, and the ugly duckling sign. Dermoscopy is being increasingly used to compliment naked-eye physical exam for the diagnosis of melanoma. The development of computer assisted analysis of dermoscopic images and multi-spectral skin lesion analysis can be useful adjuncts but should not replace clinical examinations by experienced dermatologists.