bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating Robustness of Item Response Theory Proficiency Estimators to Atypical Response Behaviors Under Two‐Stage Multistage Testing
Authors: Kim Sooyeon , Moses Tim 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent to which item response theory (IRT) proficiency estimation methods are robust to the presence of aberrant responses under the GRE® General Test multistage adaptive testing (MST) design. To that end, a wide range of atypical response behaviors affecting as much as 10% of the test items were simulated using a generic GRE 2‐stage MST and the 2‐parameter logistic (2PL) IRT model. As expected, some differences were found among the 5 estimators in terms of the recovery of the true theta ability; for example, Bayesian estimators had lower error variance and their estimates were regressed to the mean. Once the IRT theta estimates were scaled onto a comparable reporting score scale, however, it was found that all the estimation methods investigated, including the one currently used to score GRE MSTs, were equally robust under the simulated conditions.
Gotthard Base Tunnel – Comparison of forecast and findings regarding engineering geology and tunnelling / Gotthard‐Basistunnel – Vergleich Prognose und Befund aus baugeologischer und tunnelbautechnischer Sicht
Authors: John Max , Matousek Federico , Dallapiazza Werner 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFor deep tunnels with restricted possibilities for site investigation, deviations from the forecast are usually to be expected. Deviations of geological and hydrogeological conditions have different effects on tunnelling. At the Gotthard Base Tunnel it was found that some areas considered as critical actually behaved most favourably, whereas other areas, such as fault zones and zones of high rock pressure, deviated unfavourably from the forecast with considerable effects on costs and the time schedule. Unfavourable deviations could not be compensated by favourable areas. It should be also noted that these deviations had not been included in risk analyses, because they were unknown, however the original cost prognosis of 1999 provided sufficient financial reserves. These deviations were mastered by intensive probing ahead of excavation and adaptation of design, construction programme and additional measures defined during construction. On the basis of the comparison of forecast and actual conditions, the positive and negative effects of the conditions encountered on tunnelling are described.Bei einem tiefliegenden Tunnel mit beschränkten Möglichkeiten der Erkundung treten bei der Ausführung naturgemäß Abweichungen von der Prognose auf. Diese haben ihre Ursachen in den geologischen und hydrogeologischen Verhältnissen, die sich unterschiedlich auf den Vortrieb auswirken. Beim Gotthard‐Basistunnel hat sich gezeigt, dass sich in einzelnen als kritisch eingestuften Bereichen das Gebirge günstiger verhalten hat als prognostiziert. Von der Prognose abweichende ungünstigere Bereiche, insbesondere Störzonen und druckhaftes Gebirge, hatten erhebliche Auswirkungen auf Kosten und Termine, die durch die günstigeren Bereiche nicht aufgewogen werden konnten. Diese Abweichungen waren in den Risikoanalysen nicht enthalten, da diese nicht bekannt waren. Allerdings waren in der ursprünglichen Kostenprognose von 1999 entsprechende finanzielle Reserven vorgesehen. Die geänderten Verhältnisse wurden mit einer intensiven Vorauserkundung erfasst; mit einer Anpassung der Planung, des Bauablaufs und dem Einsatz zusätzlicher Maßnahmen wurde ihnen Rechnung getragen und damit konnten diese zielführend bewältigt werden. Auf Basis einer Gegenüberstellung von Prognose und Befund wird aus Sicht des SIOP‐Teams auf die positiven und negativen Auswirkungen der angetroffenen Verhältnisse auf den Vortrieb eingegangen.
TBM research project – Tolerances segmental lining / TVM‐Forschungsprojekt – Toleranzen Tübbingausbau
Authors: Vigl Alois , Walter Andreas , Lemmerer Johann , Atzl Georg , Handke Dieter 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn infrastructure tunnelling projects with shielded TBMs, prefabricated segmental linings are used with various systems and requirements. The required degree of accuracy in segment production and ring assembly is a considerable factor in terms of equipment, time and costs. The required tolerances for segments and ring assembly depend significantly on the segment geometry, lining system and field of application. In order to provide a reasonable basis for allowable segment and installation tolerances, a new approach has been established as part of a research initiative of the ÖBB‐Infrastruktur AG with respect to the risks and consequences arising from geometrical tolerances. The paper explains the concept of “tolerance classes” with the approach for their developments, derivation and classification. A practical application example is shown in addition. With respect to the nomenclature of tolerances, a harmonization process has been performed in collaboration with the German committees for underground structures, ZTV‐ING and DAUB. The results of harmonizing and proposals of tolerance clarifications are presented within this paper.Toleranzklassen, Harmonisierung der Toleranzbegriffe und Toleranzanforderungen Erfahrungsstand 2016Bei maschinellen Schildvortrieben kommen Tübbingauskleidungen mit unterschiedlichen Systemen und Anforderungen zum Einsatz. Die erforderliche Genauigkeit in der Herstellung der Fertigteilsegmente sowie beim Ringbau gewinnt immer mehr an Bedeutung für eine wirtschaftliche Auslegung der Auskleidung, gekoppelt an die spezifischen Anforderungen des Projekts. Das erforderliche Maß an die Genauigkeit der Tübbinge und den Einbau im Tunnel hängt im Wesentlichen von der Tübbinggeometrie, vom Tübbingsystem und vom jeweiligen Anwendungsbereich ab. Im Arbeitskreis “TVM‐Forschungsprojekt Toleranzen”, einer Forschungsinitiative der ÖBB‐Infrastruktur AG, wurde ein neuer Ansatz für die Herleitung zulässiger Herstell‐ und Einbautoleranzen unter Einbeziehung einer Risikobetrachtung entwickelt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Herangehensweise für die Entwicklung, Herleitung und Klassifizierung von Toleranzgruppen, die unter dem Namen “Toleranzklassen” geführt werden, beschrieben. Ergänzend wird auch ein Beispiel für die Anwendung des vorgestellten Konzepts gezeigt. Im Zusammenhang mit den Toleranzklassen erfolgte eine Harmonisierung von Toleranzbegriffen in Zusammenarbeit mit deutschen Ausschüssen wie der ZTV‐ING und des DAUB. Die wesentlichen Änderungen und Ergänzungen der Toleranzbegriffe sowie Erläuterungen werden im Anschluss an das erwähnte Konzept der Toleranzklassen vorgestellt.
Erfolgs‐, Baugrund‐ und Systemrisiko – Eine Beispielsammlung für den Spezialtiefbau
Authors: Entacher Martin , Fuchs Bastian 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDer vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen der Beziehung Auftragnehmer (AN, Baufirma) und Auftraggeber (AG, Bauherr) in Bezug auf die Frage, wer bestimmte Risiken zu tragen hat. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf dem geschuldeten Werkerfolg (Erfolgsrisiko) sowie dem Baugrund‐ und Systemrisiko. Nach einer Einführung werden sechs fiktive Beispiele aus dem Bereich des Spezialtiefbaus vorgestellt, die sowohl einfache als auch komplexe Fälle mit Sondervorschlägen und Risikoverschiebungen abdecken. Neben den fiktiven Beispielen wird anhand der aktuellen Rechtsprechungspraxis schließlich gezeigt, wie die Zuordnung von Baugrund‐ und Systemrisiken von den Gerichten gesehen wird.Performance, geotechnical and systemic risks – Ground engineering case studies. This paper deals with the legal framework of the relationship between contractor (AN) and client (AG) with respect to the allocation of certain construction risks. It focuses on the risk of successful performance of the contractor as a result of service contracts as well as geotechnical and systemic risks. After the legal and practical definition of these risks, six ground engineering case studies are presented that range from straightforward to complex cases including variant design solutions and transfer of risk allocation. After that court rulings are presented to give insights into judicial practice.
Durable remission in a patient with leptomeningeal relapse of a MYC/BCL6‐positive double‐hit DLBCL treated with lenalidomide monotherapy
Authors: Salati Massimiliano , Tarantino Vittoria , Maiorana Antonino , Bettelli Stefania , Luminari Stefano 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSecondary central nervous system involvement is an uncommon event that typically occurs early in the natural history of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and presents as leptomeningeal dissemination in two‐thirds of cases. The prognosis of this event is dismal, and treatment options are meagre. Although major validated risk factors for central nervous system dissemination are clinical, concomitant MYC/BCL2 rearrangements as well as MYC/BCL2 protein expression have been recently associated with an increased risk of this complication. Here we present the first case, to our knowledge, of a MYC/BCL6‐positive double‐hit diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma relapsing in the leptomeninges that achieved an outstanding durable remission with single‐agent lenalidomide following salvage chemotherapy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overlapping with Jack Dunitz
Authors: Leiserowitz Leslie 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe starting point was an overlap with Jack Dunitz in studies on the preferred conformation of the carboxyl group in saturated and unsaturated acids, esters and amides, orientational disorder of the hydrogen‐bonded carboxylic acid dimer in benzoic acid crystal structures, and intramolecular lone pair‐lone pair repulsion between oxygen atoms. The journey described here outlines a search to establish the existence of C−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds and engineering cocrystals that incorporate intermolecular lone pair‐lone pair repulsion between oxygen atoms.
Bio‐effect of nanoparticles in the cardiovascular system
Authors: Yu Xiaohong , Hong Fashui , Zhang Yu‐Qing 
Published: June 2016

AbstractNanoparticles (NPs; < 100 nm) are increasingly being applied in various fields due to their unique physicochemical properties. The increase in human exposure to NPs has raised concerns regarding their health and safety profiles. The potential correlation between NP exposure and several cardiovascular (CV) events has been demonstrated. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the current knowledge regarding the bio‐toxic impacts of titanium oxide, silver, silica, carbon black, carbon nanotube, and zinc oxide NPs exposure on the CV system in terms of in vivo and in vitro experiments, which is not fully understood presently. Moreover, the potential toxic mechanisms of NPs in the CV system that are still being questioned are elaborately discussed, and the underlying capacity of NPs used in medicine for CV events are summarized. It will be an important instrument to extrapolate relevant data for human CV risk evaluation and management. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2881–2897, 2016.
Scar formation in mice deafened with kanamycin and furosemide
Authors: Żak Magdalena , van der Linden Cynthia A. , Bezdjian Aren , Hendriksen Ferry G. , Klis Sjaak F.L. , Grolman Wilko 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn mammals, hair cell loss is irreversible and leads to hearing loss. To develop and test the functioning of different strategies aiming at hair cell regeneration, animal models of sensorineural hearing loss are essential. Although cochleae of these animals should lack hair cells, supporting cells should be preserved forming an environment for the regenerated hair cells. In this study, we investigated how ototoxic treatment with kanamycin and furosemide changes the structure of cochlear sensory epithelium in mice. The study also compared different tissue preparation protocols for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cochleae were collected from deafened and nondeafened mice and further processed for plastic mid modiolar sections and SEM. For comparing SEM protocols, cochleae from nondeafened mice were processed using three protocols: osmium–thiocarbohydrazide–osmium (OTO), tannic acid–arginine–osmium, and the conventional method with gold‐coating. The OTO method demonstrated optimal cochlear tissue preservation. Histological investigation of cochleae of deafened mice revealed that the supporting cells enlarged and ultimately replaced the lost hair cells forming types 1 and 2 phalangeal scars in a base towards apex gradient. The type 3 epithelial scar, flattened epithelium, has not been seen in analysed cochleae. The study concluded that mice deafened with kanamycin and furosemide formed scars containing supporting cells, which renders this mouse model suitable for testing various hair cell regeneration approaches. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:766–772, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incorporating limited field operability and legacy soil samples in a hypercube sampling design for digital soil mapping
Authors: Stumpf Felix , Schmidt Karsten , Behrens Thorsten , Schönbrodt‐Stitt Sarah , Buzzo Giovanni , Dumperth Christian , Wadoux Alexandre , Xiang Wei , Scholten Thomas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMost calibration sampling designs for Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) demarcate spatially distinct sample sites. In practical applications major challenges are often limited field accessibility and the question on how to integrate legacy soil samples to cope with usually scarce resources for field sampling and laboratory analysis. The study focuses on the development and application of an efficiency improved DSM sampling design that (1) applies an optimized sample set size, (2) compensates for limited field accessibility, and (3) enables the integration of legacy soil samples. The proposed sampling design represents a modification of conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling (cLHS), which originally returns distinct sample sites to optimally cover a soil related covariate space and to preserve the correlation of the covariates in the sample set. The sample set size was determined by comparing multiple sample set sizes of original cLHS sets according to their representation of the covariate space. Limited field accessibility and the integration of legacy samples were incorporated by providing alternative sample sites to replace the original cLHS sites. We applied the modified cLHS design (cLHSadapt) in a small catchment (4.2 km2) in Central China to model topsoil sand fractions using Random Forest regression (RF). For evaluating the proposed approach, we compared cLHSadapt with the original cLHS design (cLHSorig). With an optimized sample set size n = 30, the results show a similar representation of the cLHS covariate space between cLHSadapt and cLHSorig, while the correlation between the covariates is preserved (r = 0.40 vs. r = 0.39). Furthermore, we doubled the sample set size of cLHSadapt by adding available legacy samples (cLHSadapt+) and compared the prediction accuracies. Based on an external validation set cLHSval (n = 20), the coefficient of determination (R2) of the cLHSadapt predictions range between 0.59 and 0.71 for topsoil sand fractions. The R2‐values of the RF predictions based on cLHSadapt+, using additional legacy samples, are marginally increased on average by 5%.
Comparison of urease inhibitor N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide and oxidized charcoal for conserving urea‐N in soil
Authors: Guimarães Gelton G. F. , Mulvaney Richard L. , Khan Saeed A. , Cantarutti Reinaldo B. , Silva Antônio M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCharcoal‐based amendments have a potential use in controlling NH3 volatilization from urea fertilization, owing to a high cation‐exchange capacity (CEC) that enhances the retention of NH
$ _4^+ $. An incubation study was conducted to evaluate the potential of oxidized charcoal (OCh) for controlling soil transformations of urea‐N, in comparison to urease inhibition by N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT). Four soils, ranging widely in texture and CEC, were incubated aerobically for 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 d after application of 15N‐labeled urea with or without OCh (150 g kg−1 fertilizer) or NBPT (0.5 g kg−1 fertilizer), and analyses were performed to determine residual urea and 15N recovery as volatilized NH3, mineral N (as exchangeable NH
$ _4^+ $, NO
$ _3^ - $, and NO
$ _2^ - $), and immobilized organic N. The OCh amendment reduced NH3 volatilization by up to 12% but had no effect on urea hydrolysis, NH
$ _4^+ $ and NO
$ _3^ - $ concentrations, NO
$ _2^ - $ accumulation, or immobilization. In contrast, the use of NBPT to inhibit urea hydrolysis was markedly effective for moderating the accumulation of NH
$ _4^+ $, which reduced immobilization and also controlled NH3 toxicity to nitrifying microorganisms that otherwise caused the accumulation of NO
$ _2^ - $ instead of NO
$ _3^ - $. Oxidized charcoal is not a viable alternative to NBPT for increasing the efficiency of urea fertilization.
Pre‐Columbian ring ditch construction and land use on a ‘chocolate forest island’ in the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Carson John F. , Mayle Francis E. , Whitney Bronwen S. , Iriarte José , Soto J. Daniel 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTWe present a palaeoecological investigation of pre‐Columbian land use in the savanna ‘forest island’ landscape of the north‐east Bolivian Amazon. A 5700‐year sediment core from La Luna Lake, located adjacent to the La Luna forest island site, was analysed for fossil pollen and charcoal. We aimed to determine the palaeoenvironmental context of pre‐Columbian occupation on the site and assess the environmental impact of land use in the forest island region. Evidence for anthropogenic burning and Zea mays L. cultivation began ∼2000 cal a BP, at a time when the island was covered by savanna, under drier‐than‐present climatic conditions. After ∼1240 cal a BP burning declined and afforestation occurred. We show that construction of the ring ditch, which encircles the island, did not involve substantial deforestation. Previous estimates of pre‐Columbian population size in this region, based upon labour required for forest clearance, should therefore be reconsidered. Despite the high density of economically useful plants, such as Theobroma cacao, in the modern forest, no direct pollen evidence for agroforestry was found. However, human occupation is shown to pre‐date and span forest expansion on this site, suggesting that here, and in the wider forest island region, there is no truly pre‐anthropogenic ‘pristine’ forest.
The inter‐relationship between processing‐induced molecular structure features and metabolic and digestive characteristics in hulled and hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains with altered carbohydrate traits
Authors: Yan Xiaogang , Zhang Fangyu , Yu Peiqiang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe present study aimed to determine the microwave irradiation (MIR)‐induced changes in protein molecular structures in barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains in relation to the truly absorbable protein nutrient supply to ruminant livestock systems. Samples from hulled and hulless cultivars of barley, harvested in consecutive years from four replicate plots, were evaluated. The samples were either kept raw or were irradiated with microwaves for 3 min (MIR3) or 5 min (MIR5). The truly absorbable protein nutrient supply to ruminant livestock systems was evaluated using the DVE/OEB system (DVE, truly absorbed protein in the small intestine; OEB, degraded protein balance). Molecular structure changes as a result of processing were revealed by vibrational molecular spectroscopy in the mid‐infrared electromagnetic radiation region.RESULTSCompared to the raw samples, MIR processing decreased (P < 0.05) the truly absorbable microbial crude protein and increased (P < 0.05) the truly absorbable rumen undegraded protein and endogenous protein supply without affecting the total truly absorbed protein supply to the small intestine (DVE) and degraded protein balance (OEB) in ruminant livestock systems. Changes in protein molecular structure (spectral intensities) were highly correlated with the changes in the truly absorbed protein nutrient supply to ruminant livestock systems.CONCLUSIONThe results of the present study show that the changes in protein molecular structure as a result of MIR feed processing were associated with the truly absorbed protein supply to ruminant livestock systems. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Biological significance of genome‐wide DNA methylation profiles in keloids
Authors: Jones Lamont R. , Greene Joshua , Chen Kang Mei , Divine George , Chitale Dhananjay , Shah Veena , Datta Indrani , Worsham Maria J. 
Published: June 2016

Objectives/HypothesisTo obtain biological insight into keloid pathogenesis and treatment using pathway analysis of genome‐wide differentially methylated gene profiles between keloid and normal skin.Study DesignProspective cohort.MethodsGenome‐wide profiling was previously done, with institutional review board approval, on six fresh keloid and six fresh normal skin tissue samples, using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip kit. Statistically significant differentially methylated cytosine‐phosphodiester bond‐guanines (CpGs, n = 197) between keloid and normal tissue mapped to 152 genes. These genes were uploaded into Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software to identify biological functions or regulatory networks interacting. The pathways (or “network”) with an enrichment probability value ≤ .01 were subjected to a heuristic filter of keywords associated with keloid pathogenesis.ResultsOf the 197 CpGs, 191 were found in the IPA database and mapped to 152 unique genes. The top 10 hypermethylated genes were ACTR3C, LRRC61, PAQR4, C1orf109, SLCO2B1, CMKLR1, AHDC1, FYCO1, CCDC34, and CACNB2. The top 10 hypomethylated genes were GALNT3, SCML4, PPP1R13L, ANKRD11, WIPF1, MX2, IFFO1, DENND1C, CFH, and GHDC. IPA identified nine pathways with enrichment probability values ≤ .01, of which five (histidine degradation V1, phospholipase C signaling, colorectal cancer metastasis signaling, P2Y purinergic receptor signaling, and Gαi signaling) were associated with keloid keywords and contained “keloid genes” (P < .05).ConclusionsGenes differentially methylated between keloid and normal skin reside in known bionetwork pathways involved in critical biological functioning and signaling events in the cell. This information could be used to refine screening processes for biological significance to better understand keloid pathogenesis and to develop molecular‐targeted therapy.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 127:70–78, 2017
Synthesis and Solution Self‐Assembly of Polyisoprene‐block‐poly(ferrocenylmethylsilane): A Diblock Copolymer with an Atactic but Semicrystalline Core‐Forming Metalloblock
Authors: Du Van An , Qiu Huibin , Winnik Mitchell A. , Whittell George R. , Manners Ian 
Published: June 2016

Polyisoprene‐block‐poly(ferrocenylmethylsilane) (PI‐b‐PFMS) copolymers, containing the atactic but semicrystalline PFMS block, have been prepared by sequential anionic polymerization of isoprene and methyl[1]silaferrocenophane. The reaction to form the metalloblock is not living in nature, but still enabled three block copolymers to be prepared (PI35‐b‐PFMS5, PI200‐b‐PFMS10, and PI247‐b‐PFMS23) with relative narrow molar mass distributions (polydispersity < 1.3). The self‐assembly of all three materials was studied in PI selective n‐alkanes and found to afford lenticular platelets, tapered cylindrical micelles, and regular cylinders, as the length of the PFMS block increased. PI200‐b‐PFMS10 micelles could be increased in length by self‐seeding a sample of short micelles at temperatures of 90 °C and above; however, this process also resulted in an increase in width. Addition of a solution of PI247‐b‐PFMS23 copolymer to preformed seed micelles also resulted in an increase in length, although growth is not linearly related to the amount of copolymer added beyond ≈600 nm.
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