bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
316 A 99-year journey on the use of by-product feeds in Canadian livestock production
Authors: Terry Stephanie A , Ominski Kim H 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
For centuries livestock have had a significant role as ‘upcyclers’, with the ability to convert inedible food into high quality protein in the form of meat, milk, or fiber. Currently, a large portion of the feed utilized in livestock production systems includes grains, pulses and oilseeds, as well as other commodities that fail to reach the quality grade required for human consumption. In addition to these on-farm or near farm losses, by-products from food and industrial processing including alcohol and biofuel production, oilseeds, as well as fruit and vegetable processing generate significant waste. The Canadian livestock industry has progressed from using these by-products of crop production and food processing, to including surplus food that is redirected from landfills to livestock feed. In Canada, total annual food loss and waste equates to 35.5 million MT of which 32% is avoidable. Food loss is associated with low-quality or human indigestible by-products during the production, processing, and distribution stages of the supply chain, whereas food waste is defined as food that is not consumed at the retail, food service, and consumer stages of the food supply chain. Diverting food loss and waste to livestock and poultry feed has important environmental, economic, and social impacts, including improved global food security, and decreasing greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions, as well as land and water use. There are global efforts to improve the utilization of both food loss and waste, however, challenges exist including economic viability, collection and distribution logistics, regulatory restrictions, and feed safety. A coordinated approach between livestock producers, food processors, feed suppliers, researchers, policy makers and retailers is critical for the development of successful strategies for inclusion of food loss and waste in livestock diets.
433 Use of polyclonal antibodies to improve the efficiency of rumen function
Authors: da Silva Gleise Medeiros 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Technologies such as polyclonal antibody preparations (PAP) have been investigated as a tool to improve rumen function, by targeting specific bacteria or molecules. While PAP can be sourced from the serum of immunized mammals, isolating targeted avian-derived antibodies (immunoglobulin Y; IgY) from egg yolk gained popularity due to its reduced impact on hens and greater IgY concentration in yolks. Advantages of avian-derived PAP utilization include cost-effectiveness and convenient production, high stability, and reduced cross-reactivity compared with other PAPs. Furthermore, IgY does not activate the host immune complement system, as observed with PAP derived from mammalian serum. Several proposed strategies explain how PAP might protect the host. It is suggested that PAP can agglutinate bacteria, inhibit bacterial adhesion, suppress bacterial virulence factors, and neutralize toxins. Avian-derived PAP, mainly administered as a direct-fed product in beef and dairy cattle diets, has been studied for its impact on specific rumen microbial populations, especially during high-grain feeding. Research confirms the effectiveness of PAP-IgY in inhibiting the growth of targeted bacteria. In beef steers, feeding PAP-IgY against Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum resulted in growth inhibition, while IgY against cellulolytic rumen bacteria also showed efficacy in reducing the growth of the targeted strains in vitro. In other studies, PAP-IgY targeting S. bovis and F. necrophorum increased ruminal pH in beef steers and heifers and dairy cows, while also cattle-fed PAP-IgY against F. necrophorum had reduced severity of liver abscesses. When performance was evaluated, PAP-IgY against S. bovis improved feed efficiency of feedlot beef steers, and milk production increased when dairy cows were supplemented with PAP-IgY against lipopolysaccharides, with no observed impact on cow health status. However, not all studies have consistently demonstrated positive effects of PAP-IgY on nutrient digestibility or on mitigating systemic inflammation during high-grain feeding. A recent study revealed that supplementation with PAP-IgY against Methanobrevibacter ruminantium M1 decreased methane output ex-situ and tended to increase molar proportion of propionate in beef steers. In summary, polyclonal antibody preparations, particularly avian-derived IgY, offer a promising alternative to improve rumen function and animal performance. This is evidenced by increased ruminal pH during high grain feeding, inhibition of targeted bacterial growth, and, most recently, methane reduction. However, not all studies demonstrate consistent effects regarding nutrient digestibility. Further research is needed to refine recommendations, including dosage and antibody combinations, and to explore the broader impacts of PAP-IgY supplementation on ruminal and systemic variables to optimize livestock performance.
223 Exploring the relationship between corn grain yield and residue quantity and quality
Authors: Drewnoski Mary E , Wheeler Kaylee , Miller Jessica , Ference Sadie , Parsons Jay , Easterly Amanda , Redfearn Daren 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Corn residue grazing is an economical winter feed resource for cows in the Midwest. However, questions about changes in the feeding value have been raised. A 2-yr experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of corn grain yield on the quantity and quality of corn residue. In yr 1, 32 hybrids were evaluated from four locations in Nebraska. In yr 2, 31 hybrids were evaluated from three locations in Nebraska. Each hybrid was harvested from four replicate plots. Three of the locations were irrigated and four were rainfed. Observed grain yields ranged from 1,416 to 22,318 kg/ha (23 to 355 bushels/acre) with a mean of 12,704 kg/ha (202 bushels/acre). As corn yield increased, the amount of grain relative to whole plant biomass (harvest index) increased (P &lt; 0.01). Harvest index ranged from 48.4% to 67.6% and averaged 59.3%. The increase in harvest index indicates there was less residue produced per kilogram of corn grain produced in greater yielding corn. However, as expected, total amount of residue (kg/ha) still increased (P &lt; 0.01) as grain yield (kg/ha) increased. Within the residue, the proportions of leaf and husk increased (P &lt; 0.01) slightly, stalk decreased (P &lt; 0.01) slightly, while the proportion of cob did not change (P = 0.62) as grain yield increased. On average, the observed plant proportions in this experiment were 15.8% husk, 18.6% leaf, 50.5% stalk and 15.1% cob (DM basis). As grain yield increased, the proportion of husk within residue increased from 14 to 21% and leaf increased from 17 to 24%. In contrast, the proportion of stalk within residue decreased from 53 to 41%. Cattle primarily consume leaf and husk when grazing corn residue, thus the availability and digestibility of those plant parts could be a key factor that affects diet quality of grazing cattle. Both the digestible organic matter (DOM, % of DM) in leaf and husk and the kilograms of DOM from leaf plus husk per 25.4 kilograms of grain declined (P &lt; 0.01) as grain yield increased. On average, the DOM (% of DM) for husk was 69.3% but declined from 83.6 to 56.4% with increasing in grain yield. The average DOM (% of DM) for leaf was 55.6% and declined from 65.3 to 41.6% as grain yield increased. The average amount of DOM from leaf plus husk was 3.6 kg/25.4 kg of grain (8 lb/bushel) and declined from 5.8 to 2.5 kg/25.4 kg of grain (12.8 to 5.5 lb/bushel) as grain yield increased. Thus, the concentration of nutrients in corn residue declined as grain yield increased, meaning greater yielding corn had reduced quality residue. The impacts of this decline in diet quality on cow performance should be further evaluated.
224 Yield and nutritive values of a polycrop and annual cereal monoculture used in winter swath grazing
Authors: Obiora Somtochukwu , Lardner H (Bart) A , Nowosad Janet , Oyedeji Oluwatobi , Vandenberg Carien , Larson Kathy A , Kelln Breeanna , Durunna Obioha N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This 3-yr study evaluated a comparative biomass yield and nutritive values of 2 forage systems: 1) a cereal monoculture (CDC-SO1 oats) and 2) a polycrops (PC) consisting of oat, brassicas (turnip and rape) and forage pea (4010) harvested at the hard dough (HD) stage for winter swath grazing purpose. A 12-ha field was divided into six, 2-ha paddocks, where each paddock was randomly assigned to 1 of 2 replicated (n = 3) forage systems. Forages were seeded in June and sampled for biomass yield and nutritive value at the soft dough (SD) and HD stages of oats. The seeding rate of oat monoculture (OM) was 157 kg/ha, while the PC was 45 kg/ha (oat), 11 kg/ha (forage pea) and 6 kg/ha (brassica). Forage samples were collected from a 0.6 m2 area at 24 pre-selected GPS points (4 per paddock), weighed and then oven-dried to a constant weight to determine DM yield. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS and included treatment effects and treatments × stage interactions. Year was treated as a random effect due to climatic variations across years. For OM, there was a significant difference (P = 0.03) in biomass yield between SD (7,762.7 ± 1,217.9 kg/ha) and HD (8,902.8 ± 1,217.9 kg/ha) stages, while PC biomass yield did not differ (P = 0.94) between SD (5,922.4 ± 1,217.9 kg/ha) and HD (6,163.1±1,217.9 kg/ha) stages. The biomass yields between the two forage systems were different (P &lt; 0.05) at the SD and HD stages. Crude protein (CP) concentration did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between the OM and PC at SD (10.4 vs 10.3%) and HD (8.9 vs 9.6%) stages. At the SD stage, significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) between OM and the PC were observed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 50.9 vs 44.1%), calcium (0.2 vs 0.5%), phosphorus (0.2 vs 0.3%), and RFV-relative feed value (120.3 vs 142.2). Similarly, the starch (20.9 vs 16.5%), calcium (0.2 vs 0.5%), and phosphorus (0.2 vs 0.3%) values for OM and PC, respectively, also differed (P &lt; 0.05) at the HD stage. Differences (P &lt; 0.05) were observed between the SD and HD stages of OM for acid detergent fiber (ADF, 30.1 vs 27.0%), total digestible nutrient (TDN, 65.4 vs 67.9%), and starch (14.9 vs 20.9%) content, respectively. Study results suggest that swathing OM at the HD stage would be beneficial in terms of greater biomass yield without compromising quality, while PC can be harvested at either SD or HD stages based on the annual cereal component. Also, the lack of significant difference in the RFV, CP and TDN values between the PC and OM at the HD stage suggests that PC could be a viable alternative forage system for winter swath grazing.
396 Effects of allocation timing on cattle performance and forage utilization when swath grazing a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid in eastern Nebraska
Authors: Aquino Thomas , Drewnoski Mary E , Fernandes Pedro Henrique Jota 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Swath, or windrow, grazing is the process of cutting hay, leaving it in windrows, and allowing cattle to graze these windrows in the winter. This grazing system reduces winter feeding costs by mitigating the need to bale and transport hay, while having the potential for increased utilization compared with grazing the forage standing. This study aimed to determine the effect of varying allocation timing on cattle performance and forage utilization. A sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum× drummondii) was planted in June 2023, cut in early November, and grazed from mid-November 2023 to mid-January 2024. A 16-ha field was divided based on seeding rate with one-half seeded at the recommended rate of 39.2 kg/ha (REC) and one-half with a double rate of 78.4 kg/ha (DOU). The field was subdivided into a total of 8 paddocks (4 per seeding rate) with either 10 (n = 4) or 11 (n = 4) windrows. Forage was cut and windrows were gathered from a 4.57 m width in the field. Prior to grazing, a 0.30 m length of three swaths in each paddock was sampled to determine initial forage mass. A total of 60 steers [initial body weight (BW) = 240 ± 8.3 kg] were stratified by BW and assigned to one of 8 paddocks (n = 7 or 8 calves) to result in equal BW per swathed area. Allocations were offered in full once-per week (1X) or, one-half of the total forage was allocated twice weekly (2X). Post-graze samples were collected to estimate utilization and allocation amount was adjusted as needed based on visual appraisal of post grazing biomass. Cattle were pulled from the field due to snow cover after a 64-d grazing period. The area grazed was used to calculate the animal unit months/ha (AUM) achieved for each paddock. Pre-grazing forage mass did not differ between allocation timing (P = 0.89) or among seeding rates (P = 0.10; REC = 6,720 ± 545 kg/ha, DOU = 8,534.0 ± 545 kg/ha). There was an allocation timing by seeding rate interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for forage offered with 1X (10.62 kgּ steer-1ּ d-1) being offered more (P &lt; 0.01) than 2X (8.43 kg/steer/d) within REC, but no difference (P = 0.31) in forage offered due to allocation within DOU (8.31 kgּ steer-1ּ d-1). However, post grazing biomass (P = 0.35) and utilization (59 ± 8%) were not affected by allocation timing (P = 0.48). Average daily gain (ADG) also did not differ (P = 0.93) due to allocation timing (0.20 ± 0.07 kg). Most notably, there was a significant allocation effect (P = 0.05) on AUM/ha with 1X (14.51 ± 1.00) being lesser than 2X (16.82 ± 1.00). However, there was no significant difference (P = 0.30) in forage disappearance (291 ± 61 kg/AUM) due to allocation timing. This indicates that more frequent allocations can lead to increased carrying capacity. Increasing the frequency of allocation is a simple management practice producers can implement when swath grazing sorghum-sudangrass to increase carrying capacity.
397 Effect of corn harvest with a chopping head on performance of cattle grazing corn residue
Authors: Biehler Connor K , Davies-Jenkins Shelby L , Aquino Thomas , Lorences Sofia Suarez , McDermott Rebecca L , MacDonald James C , Drewnoski Mary E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The addition of stalk chopping equipment on combine heads has become more common. An advantage of grazing residue compared with baling, is the ability of cattle to select the more digestible plant parts (husk and leaf). Chopping may impact this ability and decrease the feeding value. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of chopping residue at harvest on grazing cattle performance. A cornfield (16 Mg grain/ha) was divided into 12 paddocks blocked by location within field and assigned randomly to be harvested using a chopping or non-chopping combine head, with 4 paddocks assigned to be grazed (1.05 ha) from each harvest method (HM) and 4 ungrazed. Growing steers [n = 40; body weight (BW) = 230 ± 3.5 kg] were stratified by BW and assigned randomly to a grazed paddock, with 6 steers in the west block and 4 steers in the east block, with 1 rumen canulated steer (484 ± 33 kg BW) being assigned to each of the east paddocks and used as diet samplers. This resulted in the same grazing pressure (2.9 animal units/ha) in grazed paddocks. Cattle were supplemented at 0.6 % of initial BW with a distillers dried grains plus solubles and mineral mix daily. Cattle grazed for 56 d resulting in 5.4 Animal Units Months/ha. Residue mass of three 0.58 m2 frames was sampled in each paddock before (d -1), during (d 36) and after grazing. Husks were collected from three 5.81 m2 areas per paddock at each of the three timepoints. For residue mass, there was a significant (P &lt; 0.01) HM by time interaction. There was no difference (P = 0.34) in residue mass between HM prior to grazing. However, at 36 d into grazing, residue mass of standard was greater (P = 0.03) than chopped, and post-grazing residue mass of chopped was greater (P = 0.01) than standard. When husk (kg/ha) was evaluated, there was a significant (P &lt; 0.01) HM by time by grazing interaction. Prior to grazing, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.66) in husk between the grazed and ungrazed paddocks within HM. However, husk was less (P &lt; 0.01) for chopped than standard. On d 36, within HM, grazed had less (P &lt; 0.01) husk than the ungrazed. However, within grazing status on d 36 there was no effect (P ≥ 0.52) of HM. Post-grazing there were no differences (P ≥ 0.19) in husk among treatments. Within grazed treatments there was greater (P &lt; 0.01) husk prior to grazing initiation compared with both D36 and post-grazing which did not differ (P ≤ 0.85). Within ungrazed treatments, pre-grazing and D36 did not differ (P ≥ 0.10) in husk, however, husk was lesser (P &gt; 0.01) at the post-grazing sampling. For ADG there was no difference (P = 0.20) between HM, with 0.37 and 0.31kg/d for standard and chopped, respectively. Overall, HM had no effect on grazing cattle performance.
281 Changes in satellite cell number in maternal and fetal muscle with 5-hydroxy tryptophan supplementation during late gestation
Authors: Udoka Aliute Nkoyo S , Iheanacho Gabriella , Worley Grayson , Klotz James L , Duckett Susan K 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Toxic tall fescue contains ergot alkaloids, which induce vasoconstriction in livestock, leading to fescue toxicosis. This condition can impact muscle development due to altered blood flow. Supplementation with 5-HTP may counteract the vasoconstrictive effects of fescue alkaloids. We aimed to investigate the influence of 5-HTP supplementation on satellite cells, myoblast, and preadipocyte numbers in maternal and fetal muscle during late gestation in Suffolk ewes. We hypothesized that 5-HTP supplementation would mitigate the effects of fescue toxicosis on muscle cell populations, potentially promoting muscle development and regeneration in maternal and fetal tissues. Suffolk ewes (n = 75), naïve to toxic tall fescue, were blocked by body condition score and body weight into 10 groups for synchronization. Ewes were confirmed pregnant using transabdominal ultrasound, and lamb number was estimated at gestational day (gd) 60. Pregnant ewes carrying twins (n = 30) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) negative control (CON, n = 10), 2) toxic tall fescue seed containing 1.77 mg ewe-1ּ d-1 ergovaline/ergovalinine plus 5-HTP (2.5 mg/kg BW) supplement (5HTP, n = 10), or 3) positive control, fed toxic tall fescue seed containing 1.77 mg ewe-1ּ d-1 ergovaline/ergovalinine (E+, n = 10). Ewes were individually fed a total mixed ration from gd 78 to gd 85 of pregnancy and then TMR plus treatment (CON, E+ or 5HTP) from gd 86 to d 111. On gd 112, terminal necropsies were performed, and semimembranosus muscle (SM) from the ewe and fetus was removed. Weights were obtained, and then samples were digested using pronase (1.5mg/mL) to isolate preadipocyte (PP1), myoblasts (PP2) and satellite cell (PP3) fractions using a pre-plating technique. Cells were quantified using a Neubauer-hemocytometer and trypan blue to also assess cell viability and changes in cell number. Fetal SM had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) number of pre-adipocytes, myoblasts, and satellite cells per gram of tissue digested in comparison with the ewes. Pre-adipocyte and myoblast number per gram of tissue digested did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) by treatment. The 5HTP group had the greater (P &lt; 0.05) number of satellite cells per gram of tissue digested in comparison with the CON group. Satellite cell numbers tended (P &lt; 0.10) to be greater in the 5HTP group in comparison to the E+ group. Satellite cell numbers from CON and E+ treatment groups did not differ (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, 5-HTP supplementation during late gestation in Suffolk ewes exposed to toxic tall fescue significantly increased satellite cell numbers in maternal and fetal muscle tissues. This suggests a potential mitigation of the impact of fescue toxicosis on muscle cell populations.
427 Impact of late gestation slow-release nitrogen-enriched diets on energy metabolism in calf skeletal muscle: A proteomic and transcriptomic approach
Authors: Gionbelli Mateus P , Costa Thais C , Cediel-Devia Diana C , Nascimento Karolina B , Gionbelli Tathyane R S , Duarte Marcio S 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The current study aimed to determine the enriched biological processes, through proteomic and transcriptomic data, associated with maternal slow-release nitrogen diets received during late gestation and their effects on the skeletal muscle of offspring. From d 180 to d 268 of gestation, a total of 16 pregnant Brahman cows were divided into two groups: a control (CON, n = 12) low crude protein (CP) basal diet (6% of CP, ad libitum) plus mineral mixture (130 gּ cow-1ּ d-1), or the CON treatment supplemented with a slow-released N (SRN, n = 9) based protein concentrate supplement [40% CP, fed 2 g/kg of body weight (BW)/d in the morning) composed by corn, soybean meal, urea and a SRN source (Timafeed Boost, Roullier Group, Saint-Malo, France). Muscle biopsies were performed on d 45 of age in calves for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and proteomic (HPLC-MS/MS) analyses. The quality control of RNAseq raw data was assessed using FASTQc software, with low-quality reads trimmed by Trimmomatic. Reads were mapped against the Bos taurus reference genome using STAR. Differentially expressed (DE) genes and isoforms, significant at an adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05, were identified using the limma package and Cuffdiff tool, respectively, in the R environment. Proteomic data was processed in MaxQuant against the Bos taurus reference proteome, with statistical analysis performed using the MSqRob package in R. Network analyses identified significant biological processes (adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05) among differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). Notably, while the experimental treatment did not affect transcript abundance, protein-level differences were observed. Enriched biological processes in SRN group skeletal muscle of calves included acetyl-CoA biosynthesis from pyruvate, mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly, regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport, and several others related to energy and nitrogen metabolism. Protein-protein interaction network analyses revealed key processes such as ATP and glucose metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and sarcomere organization. Overall, our findings underscore the beneficial impact of slow-release nitrogen-enriched diets during late gestation on energy metabolism in calf skeletal muscle.