bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“We suffered in our bones just like them”: Comparing Migrations at the Margins of Europe
Authors: Rogozen-Soltar Mikaela 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this article, I trace how return migrants (former labor emigrants) from Andalusia, Spain draw on their regional history of emigration as a resource for claiming the moral authority to assess immigrants from the global south. By comparing their own migratory experiences and those of new migrants, Andalusians renegotiate competing ideas about their region's membership in Europe, a question with renewed political saliency during the ongoing economic crisis. Specifically, they use comparisons to claim a more central place in Europe for Andalusia, while at the same time eschewing moral culpability for Europe's mistreatment of labor emigration. To do so, Andalusian return migrants mobilize discourses of migrant suffering at various geopolitical scales of belonging, often mapping Andalusians’ experiences of emigration and return onto the region's historical trajectory of Europeanization. The scaling up and down of discourses of migrant suffering in the context of historical narratives of migration enables Andalusians to claim moral superiority based on their non-European, migrant past while also claiming European belonging in the present. Memorializing and assessing migrant suffering thus become forms of discursive work that help construct the political and moral limits of Europeanness. Through analysis of this process, I call for a more central focus on return migration and the intersection of multiple kinds of population mobility in migration research and in the study of European unification.
Aesthetics and the End of the Mimetic Moment: The Introduction of Art Education in Modern Japanese and Egyptian Schools
Authors: Adal Raja 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLike most modern institutions in nineteenth-century non-Western states, modern school systems in 1870s Japan and Egypt were initially mimetic of the West. Modeled on the British South Kensington method and on its French equivalent, drawing education in Japanese and Egyptian schools was taught not as an art but as a functional technique that prepared children for modern professions like industrial design. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the South Kensington method of drawing education had lost its popularity in Europe, but more than a decade before its decline Japanese and Egyptian educators began teaching children genres of drawing that did not exist in European schools. In 1888 drawing education in Japan saw the replacement of the pencil with the brush, which was recast from the standard instrument of writing and painting of early modern East Asia to an instrument that came to represent Japanese art. In 1894 drawing education in Egypt saw the introduction of “Arabesque designs” as the Egyptian national art. This transformation of drawing education from a functional method that undergirded industrial capitalism into an art that inscribed national difference marked the end of the mimetic moment. On one hand, a national art served to make the nation into an autonomous subject that could claim a national culture in what was becoming a world of cultural nations. On the other, a national art helped to make the nation into an aesthetically seductive core whose magnetic appeal could bring together the national community.
Turbulence Heating ObserveR – satellite mission proposal
Authors: Vaivads A. , Retinò A. , Soucek J. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Valentini F. , Escoubet C. P. , Alexandrova O. , André M. , Bale S. D. , Balikhin M. , Burgess D. , Camporeale E. , Caprioli D. , Chen C. H. K. , Clacey E. , Cully C. M. , De Keyser J. , Eastwood J. P. , Fazakerley A. N. , Eriksson S. , Goldstein M. L. , Graham D. B. , Haaland S. , Hoshino M. , Ji H. , Karimabadi H. , Kucharek H. , Lavraud B. , Marcucci F. , Matthaeus W. H. , Moore T. E. , Nakamura R. , Narita Y. , Nemecek Z. , Norgren C. , Opgenoorth H. , Palmroth M. , Perrone D. , Pinçon J.-L. , Rathsman P. , Rothkaehl H. , Sahraoui F. , Servidio S. , Sorriso-Valvo L. , Vainio R. , Vörös Z. , Wimmer-Schweingruber R. F. 
Published: September 2016

The Universe is permeated by hot, turbulent, magnetized plasmas. Turbulent plasma is a major constituent of active galactic nuclei, supernova remnants, the intergalactic and interstellar medium, the solar corona, the solar wind and the Earth’s magnetosphere, just to mention a few examples. Energy dissipation of turbulent fluctuations plays a key role in plasma heating and energization, yet we still do not understand the underlying physical mechanisms involved. THOR is a mission designed to answer the questions of how turbulent plasma is heated and particles accelerated, how the dissipated energy is partitioned and how dissipation operates in different regimes of turbulence. THOR is a single-spacecraft mission with an orbit tuned to maximize data return from regions in near-Earth space – magnetosheath, shock, foreshock and pristine solar wind – featuring different kinds of turbulence. Here we summarize the THOR proposal submitted on 15 January 2015 to the ‘Call for a Medium-size mission opportunity in ESAs Science Programme for a launch in 2025 (M4)’. THOR has been selected by European Space Agency (ESA) for the study phase.
Electrostatic particle-in-cell simulation of heat flux mitigation using magnetic fields
Authors: Lüskow Karl Felix , Kemnitz S. , Bandelow G. , Duras J. , Kahnfeld D. , Matthias P. , Schneider R. , Konigorski D. 
Published: September 2016

The particle-in-cell (PIC) method was used to simulate heat flux mitigation experiments with partially ionised argon. The experiments demonstrate the possibility of reducing heat flux towards a target using magnetic fields. Modelling using the PIC method is able to reproduce the heat flux mitigation qualitatively. This is driven by modified electron transport. Electrons are magnetised and react directly to the external magnetic field. In addition, an increase of radial turbulent transport is also needed to explain the experimental observations in the model. Close to the target an increase of electron density is created. Due to quasi-neutrality, ions follow the electrons. Charge exchange collisions couple the dynamics of the neutrals to the ions and reduce the flow velocity of neutrals by radial momentum transport and subsequent losses. By this, the dominant heat-transport channel by neutrals gets reduced and a reduction of the heat deposition, similar to the experiment, is observed. Using the simulation a diagnostic module for optical emission is developed and its results are compared with spectroscopic measurements and photos from the experiment. The results of this study are in good agreement with the experiment. Experimental observations such as a shrank bright emission region close to the nozzle exit, an additional emission in front of the target and an overall change in colour to red are reproduced by the simulation.
A revision of theLeptogium saturninumgroup in North America
Authors: STONE Daphne F. , HINDS James W. , ANDERSON Frances L. , LENDEMER James C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA revision of the North American members of theLeptogium saturninumgroup (i.e. species with long lower-surface hairs, isidia, and usually smooth upper surface) is presented based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of mtSSU and nrITS sequence data, together with an extensive morphological study. Three species supported by both molecular and morphological characteristics are recognized:L. acadiensesp. nov. (distinguished by granularsaturninum-type isidia, medulla composed of irregularly arranged or perpendicular hyphae),L. cookiisp. nov. (distinguished by cylindricalsaturninum-type isidia) andL. hirsutum(distinguished byhirsutum-type isidia and medulla composed of loosely intertwined hyphae). One species supported by morphological characteristics, but for which no molecular data could be generated, is also recognized:L. compactumsp. nov. (distinguished byhirsutum-type isidia and medulla composed of tightly packed hyphae). Finally,L. saturninum(distinguished by granularsaturninum-type isidia and medulla composed of perpendicular and parallel hyphae) is supported by morphological characteristics but molecular data from geographically diverse populations, including those near the type locality, indicate that the morphologically defined species is paraphyletic.Leptogium burnetiaeis excluded from North American based on morphological study of the type. The species are described and illustrated in detail, and are distinguished morphologically by their isidium development, morphology of mature isidia, and pattern of hyphae in the medulla in transverse sections near lobe margins. A key to the members of theL. saturninumgroup and related species is also presented.
Is asexual reproduction an evolutionary dead end in lichens?
Authors: TRIPP Erin A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractClassical hypotheses in lichenology predict pairs of species in which sexual lineages are ancestral and long-lived evolutionarily and that these give rise to derived, evolutionarily transient asexual lineages. Extensive phylogenetic information generated over the last 20 years regarding relationships within and among various groups of lichens makes possible an investigation of polarity and lability in reproductive mode across diverse clades. To test the long-held hypothesis of asexual reproduction as an evolutionary dead end in lichens, existing phylogenetic data from 23 studies were utilized to reconstruct gains and losses of sexual and asexual reproduction in a model-based statistical framework. Summed across all studies, between 26–44 origins of asexual reproduction from sexual ancestors (forward transitions) and 14–25 origins of sexual reproduction from asexual ancestors (reverse transitions) were identified. However, the higher number of gains of asexual reproduction was concentrated in a relatively low number of clades (e.g.Dirina). The greater number of forward compared to reverse transitions is consistent with dogma in both lichenology and evolutionary biology, but nonetheless this study documents numerous reverse transitions, suggesting that asexual lineages represent a source for evolutionary innovation.
Tidying up the genusLetharia: introducingL. lupinasp. nov. and a new circumscription forL. columbiana
Authors: ALTERMANN Susanne , LEAVITT Steven D. , GOWARD Trevor 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWestern North America is the global centre of diversity forLetharia, a distinctive and cryptically diverse genus of lichenized fungi belonging to theParmeliaceae. The genus is characterized by a shrubby, fruticose habit and presence of vulpinic acid. Previous studies using multiple fungal nuclear loci revealed the existence of two distinct species-level lineages within the traditional concept ofL. vulpinaand four such lineages withinL. columbiana. Here we use molecular sequence data in an attempt to settle long-standing taxonomic issues in the genus. Our results confirm the widespread existence withinL. vulpinas. lat. of two distinct species-level groups, each forming a mutually exclusive partnership with a separate algal clade withinTrebouxia jamesiis. lat. Accordingly, we formally describe the segregate speciesL. lupinasp. nov. Our results also support the evolutionary independence of four candidate species previously circumscribed fromL. columbianas. lat. One of these lineages,L.‘gracilis’, has already received species recognition asL. gracilis, while a second,L.‘lucida’, is epitypified here againstL. columbianas. str. Based on results from species delimitation analyses under the multispecies coalescent model, the two remaining lineages,L.‘barbata’ andL.‘rugosa’, also warrant formal taxonomic recognition; however, we refrain from describing these species pending additional studies of diagnostic characters, ecological preference, and distributions.
The Delaunay tessellation in hyperbolic space
Authors: DEBLOIS JASON 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Delaunay tessellation of a locally finite subset of the hyperbolic space ℍnis constructed via convex hulls in ℝn+1. For finite and lattice-invariant sets it is proven to be a polyhedral decomposition, and versions (necessarily modified from the Euclidean setting) of the empty circumspheres condition and geometric duality with the Voronoi tessellation are proved. Some pathological examples of infinite, non lattice-invariant sets are exhibited.
Expected number of real zeros for random orthogonal polynomials
Authors: LUBINSKY DORON S. , PRITSKER IGOR E. , XIE XIAOJU 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe study the expected number of real zeros for random linear combinations of orthogonal polynomials. It is well known that Kac polynomials, spanned by monomials with i.i.d. Gaussian coefficients, have only (2/π + o(1))logn expected real zeros in terms of the degree n. If the basis is given by the orthonormal polynomials associated with a compactly supported Borel measure on the real line, or associated with a Freud weight defined on the whole real line, then random linear combinations have $n/\sqrt{3} + o(n)$ expected real zeros. We prove that the same asymptotic relation holds for all random orthogonal polynomials on the real line associated with a large class of weights, and give local results on the expected number of real zeros. We also show that the counting measures of properly scaled zeros of these random polynomials converge weakly to either the Ullman distribution or the arcsine distribution.
Open projections and suprema in the Cuntz semigroup
Authors: BOSA JOAN , TORNETTA GABRIELE , ZACHARIAS JOACHIM 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe provide a new and concise proof of the existence of suprema in the Cuntz semigroup using the open projection picture of the Cuntz semigroup initiated in [12]. Our argument is based on the observation that the supremum of a countable set of open projections in the bidual of a C*-algebraAis again open and corresponds to the generated hereditary C*-subalgebra ofA.
Hepatitis E in Norway: seroprevalence in humans and swine
Authors: LANGE H. , ØVERBØ J. , BORGEN K. , DUDMAN S. , HODDEVIK G. , URDAHL A. M. , VOLD L. , SJURSETH S. K. 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYIn Norway, no published data on seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in humans and swine exists. Serum samples from blood donors, veterinarians, swine farm workers and swine were analysed by ELISA to estimate the seroprevalence of HEV in Norway and to investigate the association between direct contact with swine and HEV seroprevalence in humans. The seroprevalence of HEV IgG antibodies was 30% (24/79) in farm workers, 13% (21/163) in veterinarians, 14% (162/1200) in blood donors and 90% (137/153) in swine. Our results show a high seroprevalence of HEV in humans and swine in Norway. HEV seroprevalence in farm workers and blood donors increased with age, and veterinarians working with swine were twice as likely to be HEV seropositive compared to other veterinarians. High HEV seroprevalence in farm workers and veterinarians working with swine support previous reports suggesting swine as a reservoir for HEV infections in humans in Europe.
A multiscale 3D finite element analysis of fluid/solute transport in mechanically loaded bone
Authors: Fan Lixia , Pei Shaopeng , Lucas Lu X , Wang Liyun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe transport of fluid, nutrients, and signaling molecules in the bone lacunar–canalicular system (LCS) is critical for osteocyte survival and function. We have applied the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) approach to quantify load-induced fluid and solute transport in the LCS in situ, but the measurements were limited to cortical regions 30–50 μm underneath the periosteum due to the constrains of laser penetration. With this work, we aimed to expand our understanding of load-induced fluid and solute transport in both trabecular and cortical bone using a multiscaled image-based finite element analysis (FEA) approach. An intact murine tibia was first re-constructed from microCT images into a three-dimensional (3D) linear elastic FEA model, and the matrix deformations at various locations were calculated under axial loading. A segment of the above 3D model was then imported to the biphasic poroelasticity analysis platform (FEBio) to predict load-induced fluid pressure fields, and interstitial solute/fluid flows through LCS in both cortical and trabecular regions. Further, secondary flow effects such as the shear stress and/or drag force acting on osteocytes, the presumed mechano-sensors in bone, were derived using the previously developed ultrastructural model of Brinkman flow in the canaliculi. The material properties assumed in the FEA models were validated against previously obtained strain and FRAP transport data measured on the cortical cortex. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of this computational approach in estimating the fluid flux in the LCS and the cellular stimulation forces (shear and drag forces) for osteocytes in any cortical and trabecular bone locations, allowing further studies of how the activation of osteocytes correlates with in vivo functional bone formation. The study provides a promising platform to reveal potential cellular mechanisms underlying the anabolic power of exercises and physical activities in treating patients with skeletal deficiencies.
Decreased glutathione biosynthesis contributes to EGFR T790M-driven erlotinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Li Hongde , Stokes William , Chater Emily , Roy Rajat , de Bruin Elza , Hu Yili , Liu Zhigang , Smit Egbert F , Heynen Guus JJE , Downward Julian , Seckl Michael J , Wang Yulan , Tang Huiru , Pardo Olivier E 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEpidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors such as erlotinib are novel effective agents in the treatment of EGFR-driven lung cancer, but their clinical impact is often impaired by acquired drug resistance through the secondary T790M EGFR mutation. To overcome this problem, we analysed the metabonomic differences between two independent pairs of erlotinib-sensitive/resistant cells and discovered that glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly reduced in T790M EGFR cells. We also found that increasing GSH levels in erlotinib-resistant cells re-sensitised them, whereas reducing GSH levels in erlotinib-sensitive cells made them resistant. Decreased transcription of the GSH-synthesising enzymes (GCLC and GSS) due to the inhibition of NRF2 was responsible for low GSH levels in resistant cells that was directly linked to the T790M mutation. T790M EGFR clinical samples also showed decreased expression of these key enzymes; increasing intra-tumoural GSH levels with a small-molecule GST inhibitor re-sensitised resistant tumours to erlotinib in mice. Thus, we identified a new resistance pathway controlled by EGFR T790M and a therapeutic strategy to tackle this problem in the clinic.
Molecular determinants for the strictly compartmentalized expression of kainate receptors in CA3 pyramidal cells
Authors: Fièvre Sabine , Carta Mario , Chamma Ingrid , Labrousse Virginie , Thoumine Olivier , Mulle Christophe 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDistinct subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors can segregate to specific synaptic inputs in a given neuron. Using functional mapping by focal glutamate uncaging in CA3 pyramidal cells (PCs), we observe that kainate receptors (KARs) are strictly confined to the postsynaptic elements of mossy fibre (mf) synapses and excluded from other glutamatergic inputs and from extrasynaptic compartments. By molecular replacement in organotypic slices from GluK2 knockout mice, we show that the faithful rescue of KAR segregation at mf-CA3 synapses critically depends on the amount of GluK2a cDNA transfected and on a sequence in the GluK2a C-terminal domain responsible for interaction with N-cadherin. Targeted deletion of N-cadherin in CA3 PCs greatly reduces KAR content in thorny excrescences and KAR-EPSCs at mf-CA3 synapses. Hence, multiple mechanisms combine to confine KARs at mf-CA3 synapses, including a stringent control of the amount of GluK2 subunit in CA3 PCs and the recruitment/stabilization of KARs by N-cadherins.
Protein kinase D regulates positive selection of CD4+ thymocytes through phosphorylation of SHP-1
Authors: Ishikawa Eri , Kosako Hidetaka , Yasuda Tomoharu , Ohmuraya Masaki , Araki Kimi , Kurosaki Tomohiro , Saito Takashi , Yamasaki Sho 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThymic selection shapes an appropriate T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire during T cell development. Here, we show that a serine/threonine kinase, protein kinase D (PKD), is crucial for thymocyte positive selection. In T cell-specific PKD-deficient (PKD2/PKD3 double-deficient) mice, the generation of CD4 single positive thymocytes is abrogated. This defect is likely caused by attenuated TCR signalling during positive selection and incomplete CD4 lineage specification in PKD-deficient thymocytes; however, TCR-proximal tyrosine phosphorylation is not affected. PKD is activated in CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes on stimulation with positively selecting peptides. By phosphoproteomic analysis, we identify SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) as a direct substrate of PKD. Substitution of wild-type SHP-1 by phosphorylation-defective mutant (SHP-1S557A) impairs generation of CD4+ thymocytes. These results suggest that the PKD–SHP-1 axis positively regulates TCR signalling to promote CD4+ T cell development.
Platelet clearance via shear-induced unfolding of a membrane mechanoreceptor
Authors: Deng Wei , Xu Yan , Chen Wenchun , Paul David S. , Syed Anum K. , Dragovich Matthew A. , Liang Xin , Zakas Philip , Berndt Michael C. , Di Paola Jorge , Ware Jerry , Lanza Francois , Doering Christopher B. , Bergmeier Wolfgang , Zhang X. Frank , Li Renhao 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMechanisms by which blood cells sense shear stress are poorly characterized. In platelets, glycoprotein (GP)Ib–IX receptor complex has been long suggested to be a shear sensor and receptor. Recently, a relatively unstable and mechanosensitive domain in the GPIbα subunit of GPIb–IX was identified. Here we show that binding of its ligand, von Willebrand factor, under physiological shear stress induces unfolding of this mechanosensory domain (MSD) on the platelet surface. The unfolded MSD, particularly the juxtamembrane ‘Trigger’ sequence therein, leads to intracellular signalling and rapid platelet clearance. These results illustrate the initial molecular event underlying platelet shear sensing and provide a mechanism linking GPIb–IX to platelet clearance. Our results have implications on the mechanism of platelet activation, and on the pathophysiology of von Willebrand disease and related thrombocytopenic disorders. The mechanosensation via receptor unfolding may be applicable for many other cell adhesion receptors.