bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Misinterpreted Documents and Ignored Physical Facts: The History of ‘Hitler's Atomic Bomb’ needs to be corrected
Authors: Popp Manfred 
Published: September 2016

AbstractZusammenfassung: Fehlinterpretierte Dokumente und ignorierte physikalische Fakten: Die Geschichte von ,Hitlers Atombombe‘ muss korrigiert werden. Warum haben die deutschen Physiker während des Zweiten Weltkriegs keine Atombombe entwickelt? Seit mehr als 25 Jahren sind sich die Historiker einig, dass die deutschen Physiker wussten, wie eine Atombombe gebaut werden muss, dass aber ein Programm wie das amerikanische Manhattan‐Projekt zu ihrer Realisierung in Deutschland, erst recht während des Krieges, unmöglich war. Eine genaue Analyse aller erhaltenen Original‐Dokumente über die Arbeit an der Atombombe während des ,Dritten Reichs‘ zeigt jedoch erhebliche Fehler der Autoren durch unvollständige Analyse der Dokumente, falsches Verständnis naturwissenschaftlicher Erläuterungen und Ignorieren physikalischer Fakten. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass die deutschen Physiker bis zum Ende des Krieges nicht bemerkt hatten, dass eine Atombombe nur mit schnellen Neutronen realisiert werden kann. Nur Heisenberg hatte das richtige Prinzip spät erkannt, es aber nicht eindeutig kommuniziert und auch in keiner Weise physikalisch vertieft. Die physikalisch korrekte Interpretation der Dokumente zeigt, dass die deutschen Physiker während des Krieges erfolglos versuchten, einen Reaktor zu entwickeln, der auch eine Voraussetzung für den Bau einer Plutonium‐Bombe gewesen wäre. Aber sie wussten nicht, wie eine Bombe realisiert werden kann, weil sie nie an einer realistischen Theorie der Atombombe gearbeitet hatten. Summary: Misinterpreted Documents and Ignored Physical Facts: The History of ‘Hitler's Atomic Bomb’ needs to be corrected. Why have the German physicists not developed an atomic bomb during World War II? For more than 25 years, the historians agree that they knew how to build the bomb, but that a bomb‐development programme of the size of the US‐Manhattan‐Project would not have been possible in wartime Germany. A detailed analysis of all preserved documents on the German atomic bomb research during the ‘Third Reich’, however, reveals considerable mistakes by the authors due to incomplete analysis of documents, misinterpretations of scientific explanations and ignoring of physical facts. It is shown that until the end of the war the German physicists did not know that an atomic bomb can only be made with fast neutrons, except Heisenberg, who, however, discovered it rather late, did not communicate it clearly and did not study any bomb physics. The physically correct interpretation of the documents reveals that the German physicists worked unsuccessfully on a reactor, which would have been a prerequisite for a plutonium bomb. But they did not know how to build a bomb because they never worked on a realistic bomb theory.
Effect of polyamines on mechanical and structural properties of Bombyx mori silk
Authors: Yerra Aparna , Mysarla Danti Kumari , Siripurapu Prasanthi , Jha Anjali , Valluri Satyavathi V. , Mamillapalli Anitha 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSilkworm, Bombyx mori (B. mori) belongs to the Lepidoptera family. The silk produced from this insect, mulberry silk, gained lot of importance as a fabric. Silk is being exploited as a biomaterial due to its surprising strength and biocompatibility. Polyamines (PA) are important cell growth regulators. In the present work the effect of treatment of polyamines, putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) on the quantity and quality of silk produced was assessed. Results showed that exogenous feeding of Spd at a concentration of 50 µM increased fiber length significantly. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) on the properties of silk obtained from Spd treated silkworms revealed an increase in percentage of absorption with no difference in peak positions of amide I and amide III groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed an increase in diameter of silk. Further, analysis at molecular level showed an increase in fibroin expression in Spd treated silk glands. However, the Spd treatment showed no significant difference with respect to fibroin to sericin ratio per unit weight of cocoon, silk tenacity, and percent elongation. Thus, the present results show that polyamine treatment would influence silk quality at structural, mechanical, and molecular level in the Bombyx mori, which can be exploited in silk biomaterial production.
Do you take credit cards? The attitudinal and behavioral effects of advergames targeted at children
Authors: Naderer Brigitte , Matthes Jörg , Mestas Manina 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAdvergames are a promotional tool that confronts children with brands in an entertaining and playful setting. The present study adds to the existing knowledge by analyzing an advergame placement that is usually not targeted at children: credit cards. Based on an emotional conditioning process premised on the positive gaming experience, we argue that advergames lead to an increase in brand evaluation and brand choice. In addition to changes in brand outcomes, we investigate how playing a game promoting credit cards can impact children's spending behavior. For that purpose, children either played the traditional version of Monopoly paying with cash money or they played the banking version, promoting Visa credit cards. Results indicate that exposure to the branded game enhanced preference for Visa. In addition, children's spending behavior increased in an online shopping task. As another important contribution to the literature, we found the behavioral and attitudinal effects to be independent of children's age. In light of young consumers' high debt, our findings raise concerns about targeting children with credit card placements in advergames. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational Manipulation of DNA Methylation by Using Isotopically Reinforced Cytosine
Authors: Woodcock Clayton B. , Ulashchik Egor A. , Poopeiko Nikolai E. , Shmanai Vadim V. , Reich Norbert O. , Shchepinov Mikhail S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe human DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT 3A) is responsible for de novo epigenetic regulation, which is essential for mammalian viability and implicated in diverse diseases. All DNA cytosine C5 methyltransferases follow a broadly conserved catalytic mechanism. We investigated whether C5 β‐elimination contributes to the rate‐limiting step in catalysis by DNMT3A and the bacterial M.HhaI by using deuterium substitutions of C5 and C6 hydrogens. This substitution caused a 1.59–1.83 fold change in the rate of catalysis, thus suggesting that β‐elimination is partly rate‐limiting for both enzymes. We used a multisite substrate to explore the consequences of slowing β‐elimination during multiple cycles of catalysis. Processive catalysis was slower for both enzymes, and deuterium substitution resulted in DNMT 3A dissociating from its substrate. The decrease in DNA methylation rate by DNMT 3A provides the basis of our ongoing efforts to alter cellular DNA methylation levels without the toxicity of currently used methods.
Interleukin‐4‐Clicked Surfaces Drive M2 Macrophage Polarization
Authors: Lühmann Tessa , Spieler Valerie , Werner Vera , Ludwig Marie‐Gabrielle , Fiebig Juliane , Mueller Thomas D. , Meinel Lorenz 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDriving macrophage (Mϕ) polarization into the M2 phenotype provides potential against inflammatory diseases. Interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) promotes polarization into the M2‐Mϕ phenotype, but its systemic use is constrained by dose‐limiting toxicity. Consequently, we developed IL‐4‐decorated surfaces aiming at sustained and localized activity. IL‐4 muteins were generated by genetic code expansion; Lys42 was replaced by unnatural amino acids (uAAs). Both muteins showed cell‐stimulation ability and binding affinity to IL4Rα similar to those of wt‐IL‐4. Copper‐catalyzed (CuAAC) and copper‐free strain‐promoted (SPAAC) 1,3‐dipolar azide–alkyne cycloadditions were used to site‐selectively anchor IL‐4 to agarose surfaces. These surfaces had sustained IL‐4 activity, as demonstrated by TF‐1 cell proliferation and M2, but not M1, polarization of M‐CSF‐generated human Mϕ. The approach provides a blueprint for the engineering of cytokine‐activated surfaces profiled for sustained and spatially controlled activity.
MiR‐125b regulates SFRP5 expression to promote growth and activation of cardiac fibroblasts
Authors: Bie Zi‐dong , Sun Li‐ye , Geng Chuan‐liang , Meng Qing‐guo , Lin Xiao‐jing , Wang Yu‐feng , Wang Xue‐ban , Yang Jun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMyocardial fibrosis (MF), which typically occurs after a myocardial infarction (MI), is a major factor involved in the process of ventricular remodeling and subsequent progression to heart failure. Current studies have found that various microRNAs (miRNAs), such as miR‐125b, play an important role in this process. However, few studies have investigated the specific mechanism of miR‐125b. Transfection of miR‐125b mimics into cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) resulted in significantly increased expression of the myofibroblast marker alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and vinculin by Western blot analysis, while transfection of miR‐125b inhibitors resulted in the opposite effect. Analysis of putative CF target genes for miR‐125b revealed that miR‐125b specifically inhibits expression of secreted frizzled‐related protein 5 (SFRP5). SFRP5 inhibited expression of α‐SMA and collagen I and III in CFs, while miR‐125b promoted the expression of these proteins. Cotransfection of the SFRP5 overexpression vector and miR‐125b mimics did not result in significant upregulation of SFRP5 expression or downregulation of α‐SMA and collagen I and III. Further analysis revealed that miR‐125b promotes the proliferation and migration of CFs and inhibits their apoptosis, while SFRP5 exhibits the opposite effects. These results indicate that miR‐125b can regulate SFRP5 expression and thus influence the growth and activation of CFs. Hence, this study provides important insight into possible approaches for the prevention and treatment of MF after an MI.
Incorporation of N‐Methyl‐d‐glucamine Functionalized Oligomer into MIL‐101(Cr) for Highly Efficient Removal of Boric Acid from Water
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Bao Zongbi , Xing Huabin , Su Baogen , Zhang Zhiguo , Yang Qiwei , Yang Yiwen , Ren Qilong , Chen Banglin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPolymeric resins are practically important adsorbents in a wide variety of applications, but they generally suffer from low surface areas and limited functionalized adsorption sites owing to their closely compacted and tangled polymeric chains. A metal–organic framework (MOF)–polymer composite with enhanced adsorption capacity against the compacted polymeric resins was reported. The strategy to incorporate functionalized oligomer within the cavities of the MOF was demonstrated by the preparation of MIL‐101(Cr) incorporated with N‐methyl‐d‐glucamine‐based organosiloxane polymer. The resulting MOF composite shows high efficiency for the removal of boric acid from water because of exceptionally high loading of functional groups responsible for the boron adsorption. This material offers promising perspectives for boron removal applications in seawater desalination.
Utilizing a pH‐Sensitive Dye in the Selective Fluorescent Recognition of Sulfate
Authors: Agafontsev Aleksandr M. , Shumilova Tatiana A. , Panchenko Pavel A. , Janz Sharon , Fedorova Olga A. , Kataev Evgeny A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA receptor containing amidopyrrole binding subunits and free amino groups, conjugated to a naphthalimide dye, has been designed and synthesized. The intrinsic selectivity of the binding motif for phosphate present in DMSO completely disappears in 10 % DMSO aqueous buffer at pH 3.6, at which the receptor is protonated. The electrostatic interactions between the receptor and an anion start to dominate, thus leading to selectivity for sulfate. The ability of the HSO4− anion to transfer the proton to the amino group during the recognition event suppresses the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) on the dye, resulting in a selective turn‐on fluorescent response. The choice of pH of the solution for sensing is dictated by the pKa value of the dye.
Charge Control in Two Isostructural Anionic/Cationic CoII Coordination Frameworks for Enhanced Acetylene Capture
Authors: Chen Di‐Ming , Tian Jia‐Yue , Liu Chun‐Sen , Chen Min , Du Miao 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTwo isostructural CoII‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with the opposite framework charges have been constructed, which can be simply controlled by changing the tetrazolyl or triazolyl terminal in two bifunctional ligands. Notably, the cationic MOF 2 can adsorb much more C2H2 than the anionic MOF 1 with an increase of 88 % for C2H2 uptake at 298 K in spite of more active nitrogen sites in 1. Theoretical calculations indicate that both nitrate and triazolyl play vital roles in C2H2 binding and the C2H2 adsorption isotherm confirms that the enhanced C2H2 uptake for 2 (225 and 163 cm3g−1 at 273 and 298 K) is exceptionally high for MOF materials without open metal sites or uncoordinated polar atom groups on the frameworks.
Cyano‐Bridged Trimetallic Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles and Their Thermal Decomposition into Nanoporous Spinel Ferromagnetic Oxides
Authors: Zakaria Mohamed B. , Hossain Md. Shahriar A. , Shiddiky Muhammad J. A. , Shahabuddin Mohammed , Yanmaz Ekrem , Kim Jung Ho , Belik Alexei A. , Ide Yusuke , Hu Ming , Tominaka Satoshi , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of a novel family of cyano‐bridged trimetallic coordination polymers (CPs) with various compositions and shapes has been reported by changing the compositional ratios of Fe, Co, and Ni species in the reaction system. In order to efficiently control the nucleation rate and the crystal growth, trisodium citrate dihydrate plays an important role as a chelating agent. After the obtained cyano‐bridged trimetallic CPs undergo thermal treatment in air at three different temperatures (250, 350, and 450 °C), nanoporous spinel metal oxides are successfully obtained. Interestingly, the obtained nanoporous metal oxides are composed of small crstalline grains, and the grains are oriented in the same direction, realizing pseudo‐single crystals with nanopores. The resultant nanoporous spinel oxides feature interesting magnetic properties. Cyano‐bridged multimetallic CPs with various sizes and shapes can provide a pathway toward functional nanoporous metal oxides that are not attainable from simple cyano‐bridged CPs containing single metal ions.
The Recently Synthesized Dimagnesiabutadiene and the Analogous Dimetalla‐Beryllium, ‐Calcium, ‐Strontium, and ‐Barium Compounds
Authors: Li Huidong , Feng Hao , Xie Yaoming , Schaefer III Henry F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe 2014 synthesis of the remarkable dimagnesium compound Mg2[C4(CH3)2(Si(CH3)3)2](C3H7)2(C4H8O)2 may point the way to a new chapter in alkaline earth organometallic chemistry. Accordingly, we have studied the known Mg compound and the analogous Be, Ca, Sr, and Ba structures. Although most of our theoretical predictions come from density functional methods, the latter have been benchmarked using coupled cluster theory including single, double, and perturbative triplet excitations, CCSD(T) using cc‐pVTZ basis sets. Among our most important predictions are the energies for dissociation to the butadiene plus the RM−MR [R=(C3H7)2(C4H8O)2; M=Be, Mg, Ca, Si, and Ba] entities. The most reliable predictions for the dissociation energies are 99–104 (Be), 85–93 (Mg), 90–99 (Ca), 83–92 (Sr), and 83–94 (Ba) kcal mol−1. Thus, there is reason to anticipate that the four unknown compounds should be achievable synthetically. The predicted metal–metal distances (not single bonds) are 2.89 Å (Mg⋅⋅⋅Mg), 3.46 Å (Ca⋅⋅⋅Ca), 3.75 Å (Sr⋅⋅⋅Sr), and 4.04 Å (Ba⋅⋅⋅Ba). The separated RM−MR compounds have longer M−M distances but genuine metal–metal single bonds. This perhaps counter intuitive result is due to the presence of the bridging carbons in the alkaline earth butadiene compounds. All five compounds incorporate metal–carbon ionic interactions.
Modulare Verfahrenstechnik: Apparateentwicklung für wandlungsfähige Produktionssysteme
Authors: Lier Stefan , Paul Sarah , Ferdinand Dennis , Grünewald Marcus 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDie Prozessindustrie steht im intensivierten, globalen Wettbewerb der Herausforderung zunehmender Marktdynamiken gegenüber. Modular aufgebaute, wandlungsfähige Produktionskonzepte versprechen eine verbesserte Anpassung an diese in den Dimensionen Mengenausbringung, Produktmix und Produktionsort. Um das gesamte Potenzial entfalten zu können, bedarf es nicht nur einer Modularisierung und Wandlungsbefähigung auf der Anlagen‐ und Logistikebene, sondern auch auf der Apparateebene. Charakteristika wie Aufbau und Skalierungskonzepte werden diskutiert. Beispiele für modulare Apparate aus den Bereichen Mischen, Wärmeübertragung, Reaktion und Trennung werden vorgestellt und weiterer Forschungsbedarf abgeleitet.
Relationship between Electron Affinity and Half‐Wave Reduction Potential: A Theoretical Study on Cyclic Electron‐Acceptor Compounds
Authors: Calbo Joaquín , Viruela Rafael , Ortí Enrique , Aragó Juan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA high‐level ab initio protocol to compute accurate electron affinities and half‐wave reduction potentials is presented and applied for a series of electron‐acceptor compounds with potential interest in organic electronics and redox flow batteries. The comprehensive comparison between the theoretical and experimental electron affinities not only proves the reliability of the theoretical G3(MP2) approach employed but also calls into question certain experimental measurements, which need to be revised. By using the thermodynamic cycle for the one‐electron attachment reaction A+e−→A−, theoretical estimates for the first half‐wave reduction potential have been computed along the series of electron‐acceptor systems investigated, with maximum deviations from experiment of only 0.2 V. The precise inspection of the terms contributing to the half‐wave reduction potential shows that the difference in the free energy of solvation between the neutral and the anionic species (ΔΔGsolv) plays a crucial role in accurately estimating the electron‐acceptor properties in solution, and thus it cannot be considered constant even in a family of related compounds. This term, which can be used to explain the occasional lack of correlation between electron affinities and reduction potentials, is rationalized by the (de)localization of the additional electron involved in the reduction process along the π‐conjugated chemical structure.
Orientation‐Dependent Thermogenesis of Assembled Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Presence of an Alternating Magnetic Field
Authors: Sun Jianfei , Fan Fengguo , Wang Peng , Ma Siyu , Song Lina , Gu Ning 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThanks to thermogenesis in the presence of an alternating magnetic field, magnetic nanoparticles could play a promising role in local heating in vivo. However, the flexible control of thermogenesis for the given nanomaterials remains challenging. Here, we propose that the thermogenesis of assembled magnetic nanoparticles can be controlled by orientation of the film relative to an external field. This idea arises from the principle of energy conservation that is formulated by Poynting′s theorem in electromagnetics. We firstly prove that the thermogenesis of magnetic nanoparticles under an alternating magnetic field is directly related to the energy flux of the field rather than to the field′s intensity. Then, alteration of the orientation can lead to different incident electromagnetic energies for the nanoparticle film, where the cross‐section of the energy absorption plays a crucial role. We developed a method to directly measure the complex susceptibility of an assembled film to confirm this point. This work could be of great importance for applications based on the electromagnetic energy conversion of nanomaterials.
Competition between Halogen, Hydrogen and Dihydrogen Bonding in Brominated Carboranes
Authors: Fanfrlík Jindřich , Holub Josef , Růžičková Zdeňka , Řezáč Jan , Lane Paul D. , Wann Derek A. , Hnyk Drahomír , Růžička Aleš , Hobza Pavel 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHalogen bonds are a subset of noncovalent interactions with rapidly expanding applications in materials and medicinal chemistry. While halogen bonding is well known in organic compounds, it is new in the field of boron cluster chemistry. We have synthesized and crystallized carboranes containing Br atoms in two different positions, namely, bound to C‐ and B‐vertices. The Br atoms bound to the C‐vertices have been found to form halogen bonds in the crystal structures. In contrast, Br atoms bound to B‐vertices formed hydrogen bonds. Quantum chemical calculations have revealed that halogen bonding in carboranes can be much stronger than in organic architectures. These findings open new possibilities for applications of carboranes, both in materials and medicinal chemistry.
Impact of routine cell block preparation on results of head and neck fine needle aspirates
Authors: Carter Michael D. , Moore David P. , MacIntosh Rebecca F. , Bullock Martin J. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundFine needle aspiration (FNA) of head and neck masses is a common technique for providing cytology specimens to guide patient management. Cell blocks made from these specimens can be beneficial. Policy at our institution was changed from production of cell blocks only when requested by the pathologist to routine production for all non‐parotid gland head and neck FNAs. The program was evaluated in terms of its impact on diagnosis and specimen turnaround time (TAT).MethodsA retrospective study was carried out using electronic records at our institution. The Intervention group consisted of FNAs obtained in the 15‐month period following implementation of routine cell block preparation (n = 391). The Control group consisted of the same specimens obtained in the 15 months prior to implementation (n = 403). The groups were compared with regards to diagnostic distribution into five categories—Unsatisfactory, Negative/Benign, Abnormal, Suggestive of Malignancy, and Malignant. Cytological‐histological correlation and TAT were also compared. Chi square and t tests with P < 0.05 threshold were used.ResultsThere was no difference in diagnostic distribution between the two groups (P = 0.59) and TAT was unchanged (P = 0.74). Cytological‐histological correlation was borderline improved in the Intervention group, with fewer false negatives (33.0% Intervention, 44.3% Control, P = 0.050). The cost of the program was estimated at CAD$53.60/cell block, or CAD$16,771/year.ConclusionImplementation of routine cell blocks for head and neck FNAs did not result in a difference in diagnostic distribution or improve case turnaround time despite incurring substantial cost. Correlation with final histology, however, was borderline improved, with fewer false negatives. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:880–887. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.