bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic calcium phosphate crystal-associated musculoskeletal syndromes: an update
Authors: Rosenthal Ann K. 
Published: December 2017

Purpose of review
Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals are associated with two important musculoskeletal syndromes. Deposition of BCP crystals in tendons, bursae, and other soft tissues around joints causes calcific periarthritis, whereas intra-articular BCP crystals contribute to osteoarthritis and cause the highly destructive arthritis known as Milwaukee Shoulder Syndrome. The epidemiology and natural history of these syndromes are poorly understood, and because the pathogenesis remains unclear, few targeted therapies are available. I will review new developments in this field.

Recent findings
I will discuss a case collection of calcific periarthritis of the hip, and evidence-based management strategies for shoulder calcific periarthritis that might be applied to calcific periarthritis at other locations. I will summarize several recent articles addressing mechanisms of crystal formation and identifying pathways through which BCP crystals produce tissue damage and explore some newly identified risk factors for pathologic mineralization.

Summary
We are making slow, but steady progress in understanding the clinical presentation of calcific periarthritis in sites other than the shoulder. A growing appreciation of the mechanisms through which BCP crystals mediate tissue damage should lead to the development of novel management strategies for these common musculoskeletal syndromes.
Cell-based immunotherapy in gynecologic malignancies
Authors: Schaar Bruce , Krishnan Venkatesh , Tallapragada Supreeti , Dorigo Oliver 
Published: December 2017

Purpose of review
To provide an overview of the principles, safety and efficacy of adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in solid tumors particularly in gynecological cancers.

Recent findings
Efforts to target solid tumors using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and genetically modified T cells have shown promising efficacy in some patients. Two food and drug administration approvals for the treatment of leukemia are the first gene therapies available for cancer treatment in the United States.

Summary
Genetic engineering of antitumor immunity using T cells has the potential to target specific tumor-associated antigens and overcome obstacles to successful immunotherapy like immune-suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment.
Abduction in Proximal Hamstring Tendon Avulsion Injury Mechanism: A Report on 3 Athletes
Authors: van der Made Anne D. , Peters Rolf W. , Verheul Claire , Maas Mario , Kerkhoffs Gino M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract:
Proximal hamstring tendon avulsions are typically sustained during forced hip hyperflexion combined with knee extension. We present 3 cases of athletes with a proximal hamstring tendon avulsion caused by an alternative injury mechanism that also involves a considerable hip abduction component (flexion-abduction injury mechanism). All cases had at least one concurrent injury of the medial thigh muscles, either on the ipsilateral or contralateral side. The 2 elite athletes with this injury mechanism returned to sport at preinjury level relatively quickly. A history of the flexion-abduction mechanism should raise suspicion of a hamstring tendon avulsion with concomitant injury of the medial thigh muscles. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol should include both legs, and any concurrent injury may need to be addressed as well. In future studies, it would be interesting to investigate whether injury mechanism holds prognostic value in proximal hamstring tendon avulsions.
Impact of Clavicle Fractures on Return to Play and Performance Ratings in NFL Athletes
Authors: Vora Darshan , Baker Matthew , Pandarinath Rajeev 
Published: December 2017

Objective:
Clavicle fractures in the National Football League (NFL) have gained significant attention because of their impact on high profile athletes; however, little has been published on the overall impact of these injuries. This study sought to determine the time to return to play and quantitative impact on athletic performance after clavicle fractures in NFL athletes.

Design:
Retrospective Cohort Study; Level of evidence, 3.

Setting:
Retrospective cohort study of NFL athletes based on published injury reports and player statistics.

Participants:
This study consisted of 17 NFL athletes who sustained a clavicle fracture from 1998 to 2015 and returned to the field after the injury during the study period. Three athletes were excluded from performance analysis because of not playing for the entire season after injury. Control groups consisted of position-matched NFL athletes who competed in the 2013 NFL season without an identified clavicle injury.

Main Outcome Measures:
Median time to return to play after a clavicle fracture and the impact on player performance rating.

Results:
Athletes returned to the competition after a median of 3.47 months after injury and missed a median of 8 games. There was no statistically significant impact on athletic performance after returning to play.

Conclusion:
Although clavicle fractures did have a significant impact on athletes because of lost playing time, there was no statistically significant difference in player performance after the injury when compared with a control group.
The Association Between Local Economic Conditions and Opioid Prescriptions Among Disabled Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Zhou Chao , Yu Ning Neil , Losby Jan L. 
Published: December 2017

Background:
This paper concerns public health crises today—the problem of opioid prescription access and related abuse. Inspired by Case and Deaton’s seminal work on increasing mortality among white Americans with lower education, this paper explores the relationship between opioid prescribing and local economic factors.

Objective:
We examined the association between county-level socioeconomic factors (median household income, unemployment rate, Gini index) and opioid prescribing.

Subjects:
We used the complete 2014 Medicare enrollment and part D drug prescription data from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services to study opioid prescriptions of disabled Medicare beneficiaries without record of cancer treatment, palliative care, or end-of-life care.

Measures and Research Design:
We summarized the demographic and geographic variation, and investigated how the local economic environment, measured by county median household income, unemployment rate, Gini index, and urban-rural classification correlated with various measures of individual opioid prescriptions. Measures included number of filled opioid prescriptions, total days’ supply, average morphine milligram equivalent (MME)/day, and annual total MME dosage. To assess the robustness of the results, we controlled for individual and other county characteristics, used multiple estimation methods including linear least squares, logistic regression, and Tobit regression.

Results and Conclusions:
Lower county median household income, higher unemployment rates, and less income inequality were consistently associated with more and higher MME opioid prescriptions among disabled Medicare beneficiaries. Geographically, we found that the urban-rural divide was not gradual and that beneficiaries in large central metro counties were less likely to have an opioid prescription than those living in other areas.
The Value of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio for Detecting Early-onset Neonatal Sepsis
Authors: Can Emrah , Hamilcikan Şahin , Can Ceren 
Published: December 2017

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between neonate early-onset sepsis (EOS) and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) of term neonates.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective observational study was conducted with term neonates diagnosed with EOS compared with 44 healthy controls. Exclusion criteria were prematurity, postmaturity, small or large for gestational age according to week of pregnancy, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, chorioamnionitis, congenital major anomalies, and cyanotic congenital heart disease.

Results:
A total of 122 term neonates were included in the study. Of these, 78 were diagnosed with EOS and 44 were healthy controls. Tachycardia and apnea with bradycardia were the most common clinical signs of the onset of EOS in neonates in the EOS group. This group had significantly higher neutrophil counts, axillary temperatures, NLRs, PLRs, C-reactive proteins, and procalcitonin levels compared with the control group. There was a positive association between neutrophil counts, NLR, and PLR in the EOS group. An NLR of 6.76 was determined as the predictive cutoff value of neonate EOS (sensitivity 97.4%; specificity 100%; area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve 0.99; P=0.001). A PLR of 94.05 was determined as the predictive cutoff value of neonate EOS (sensitivity 97.4; specificity 100%; area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve 0.93; P=0.001).

Conclusions:
NLRs and PLRs were positively correlated with EOS in term neonates, and these ratios can be used as diagnostic adjunct tests for neonate EOS workups.
Detectable Concentrations of Inhaled Tobramycin in Critically Ill Children Without Cystic Fibrosis: Should Routine Monitoring Be Recommended?
Authors: Miller Jamie L. , Lepa Trisha M. , Ranallo Courtney , Chaaban Hala , Skrepnek Grant H. , Johnson Peter N. 
Published: December 2017

Objectives:
To determine the percentage of detectable tobramycin troughs and acute kidney injury in critically ill children without cystic fibrosis on inhaled therapy.

Design:
Historic cohort.

Setting:
Academic hospital.

Patients:
Forty children less than 18 years receiving inhaled tobramycin across 6.5 years.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The primary objective was to determine the percentage of detectable tobramycin troughs greater than or equal to 0.5 µg/mL. Secondary objectives included a comparison of acute kidney injury in children with and without detectable troughs. Twenty-two (55%) had trough concentrations obtained. Ten of these (45.5%) had detectable concentrations, with a median of 0.85 µg/mL (interquartile range, 0.5–2.0). There was no statistical significance between the detectable and nondetectable groups in age, gender, and method of administration. However, patients in the detectable group tended to be younger than nondetectable group and more likely to have a tracheotomy. There was a clinically significant decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate in the detectable trough group.

Conclusions:
Detectable troughs were noted in almost half of patients with concentrations obtained. A clinically significant decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate was noted in patients with detectable concentrations. Continued work should be directed to better understand outcomes and monitoring in children requiring inhaled tobramycin.
Unexpected Blooming Artifact in Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Ramasamy Akilesh , Madhan Balasubramanian , Krishnan Balasubramanian 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Unexpected foreign bodies are occasionally discovered during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These are often present unknown to the patient, missed during routine pre-MRI screening and result in unnecessary delay during MRI. The authors present a patient with traumatically embedded foreign body in the scalp that escaped pre-MRI screening and caused susceptibility artifacts during brain MRI. The object was surgically removed to allow the imaging to be completed. Patients with suspicion or history of facial trauma or with dental restorations are referred to concerned specialists for compatibility of hardware, restorations and for assessing risks during MRI due to these. This patient is presented as a reminder for clinicians to probe further during anamnesis and have a high index of suspicion for foreign bodies that may be present even after trivial injuries.
The Hybrid Technical Management of Large and Complicated Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula of Preauricular Region
Authors: Guo Jian , Zhan Rucai , Ren Yong , Meng Xiangjing , Liu Rengli , Li Guijie , Wang Dong , Sun Jinlong 
Published: December 2017

Background:
Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is defined as an abnormal communication between the high flow arterial system and the low flow venous network, which directly connects the arterial feeding vessels and the near draining veins without normal intervening capillary bed. Arteriovenous fistula incurs in preauricular region is exceeding rare. Most of these fistulae occur as a result of an iatrogenic injury, the volume is small, feeding and draining vessels of feeding and draining are simple, and can be cured easily. However, the treatment of the large and complicated AVF after incidental trauma in preauricular region is a challenge even for senior neurosurgeon. In this study, the authors discuss the management of a traumatic AVF through combined therapeutic method of surgical ligation and transarterial embolization. It is fed by ipsilateral superficial temporal artery, internal maxillary artery, posterior auricular artery, and their accessory branches and is drained by ipsilateral common facial vein and external jugular vein. Also the etiology, clinical manifestations, pathology, diagnosis, and management are summarized.

Conclusion:
Large and complicated traumatic AVF in preauricular region is rare, often due from an injury in maxillofacial region, combined therapy needed.
Humans strategically shift decision bias by flexibly adjusting sensory evidence accumulation
Authors: Kloosterman Niels A. , de Gee Jan Willem , Werkle-Bergner Markus , Lindenberger Ulman , Garrett Douglas D. , Fahrenfort Johannes Jacobus 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDecision bias is traditionally conceptualized as an internal reference against which sensory evidence is compared. Instead, we show that individuals implement decision bias by shifting the rate of sensory evidence accumulation towards a decision bound. Participants performed a target detection task while we recorded EEG. We experimentally manipulated participants’ decision criterion for reporting targets using different stimulus-response reward contingencies, inducing either a liberal or a conservative bias. Drift diffusion modeling revealed that a liberal strategy biased sensory evidence accumulation towards target-present choices. Moreover, a liberal bias resulted in stronger midfrontal pre-stimulus 2-6 Hz (theta) power and suppression of pre-stimulus 8—12 Hz (alpha) power in posterior cortex. The alpha suppression in turn mediated the output activity of visual cortex, as expressed in 59—100 Hz (gamma) power. These findings show that observers can intentionally control cortical excitability to strategically bias evidence accumulation towards the decision bound that maximizes their reward.
Metabolic and Hormonal Alterations Induced by Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Authors: Seridi Loqmane , Leo Gregory C. , Dohm G. Lynis , Pories Walter J. , Lenhard James 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRoux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an effective way to lose weight and reverse type 2 diabetes. We profiled the metabolome of 18 obese patients (nine euglycemic and nine diabetics) that underwent RYGB surgery and seven lean subjects. Plasma samples from the obese patients were collected before the surgery and one week and three months after the surgery. We analyzed the metabolome in association to five hormones (Adiponectin, Insulin, Ghrelin, Leptin, and Resistin), four peptide hormones (GIP, Glucagon, GLP1, and PYY), and two cytokines (IL-6 and TNF). PCA showed samples cluster by surgery time and many microbially driven metabolites (indoles in particular) correlated with the three months after the surgery. Network analysis of metabolites revealed a connection between carbohydrate (mannosamine and glucosamine) and glyoxylate and confirms glyoxylate association to diabetes. Only leptin and IL-6 had a significant association with the measured metabolites. Leptin decreased immediately after RYGB (before significant weight loss), whereas IL-6 showed no consistent response to RYGB. Moreover, leptin associated with tryptophan in support of the possible role of leptin in the regulation of serotonin synthesis pathways in the gut. These results suggest a potential link between gastric leptin and microbial-derived metabolites in the context of obesity and diabetes.
Routine Single Particle CryoEM Sample and Grid Characterization by Tomography
Authors: Noble Alex J. , Dandey Venkata P. , Wei Hui , Brasch Julia , Chase Jillian , Acharya Priyamvada , Tan Yong Zi , Zhang Zhening , Kim Laura Y. , Scapin Giovanna , Rapp Micah , Eng Edward T. , Rice William J. , Cheng Anchi , Negro Carl J. , Shapiro Lawrence , Kwong Peter D. , Jeruzalmi David , Georges Amédée des , Potter Clinton S. , Carragher Bridget 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSingle particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) is often performed under the assumption that particles are freely floating away from the air-water interfaces and in thin, vitreous ice. In this study, we performed fiducial-less tomography on over 50 different cryoEM grid/sample preparations to determine the particle distribution within the ice and the overall geometry of the ice in grid holes. Surprisingly, by studying particles in holes in 3D from over 1,000 tomograms, we have determined that the vast majority of particles (approximately 90%) are adsorbed to an air-water interface. The implications of this observation are wide-ranging, with potential ramifications regarding protein denaturation, conformational change, and preferred orientation. We also show that fiducial-less cryo-electron tomography on single particle grids may be used to determine ice thickness, optimal single particle collection areas and strategies, particle heterogeneity, and de novo models for template picking and single particle alignment.
High levels of copy number variation of ampliconic genes across major human Y haplogroups
Authors: Ye Danling , Zaidi Arslan , Tomaszkiewicz Marta , Liebowitz Corey , DeGiorgio Michael , Shriver Mark D. , Makova Kateryna D. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDue to its highly repetitive nature, the human male-specific Y chromosome remains understudied. It is important to investigate variation on the Y chromosome to understand its evolution and contribution to phenotypic variation, including infertility. Approximately 20% of the human Y chromosome consists of ampliconic regions which include nine multi-copy gene families. These gene families are expressed exclusively in testes and usually implicated in spermatogenesis. Here, to gain a better understanding of the role of the Y chromosome in human evolution and in determining sexually dimorphic traits, we studied ampliconic gene copy number variation in 100 males representing ten major Y haplogroups world-wide. Copy number was estimated with droplet digital PCR. In contrast to low nucleotide diversity observed on the Y in previous studies, here we show that ampliconic gene copy number diversity is very high. A total of 98 copy-number-based haplotypes were observed among 100 individuals, and haplotypes were sometimes shared by males from very different haplogroups, suggesting homoplasies. The resulting haplotypes did not cluster according to major Y haplogroups. Overall, only three gene families (DATZ, RBMY, TSPY) showed significant differences in copy number among major Y haplogroups, and the haplogroup of an individual could not be predicted based on his ampliconic gene copy numbers. Finally, we found a significant correlation between copy number variation and individual’s height (for three gene families), but not between the former and facial masculinity/femininity. Our results suggest rapid evolution of ampliconic gene copy numbers on the human Y, and we discuss its causes.
The impact of regular school closure on seasonal influenza epidemics: a data-driven spatial transmission model for Belgium
Authors: De Luca Giancarlo , Van Kerckhove Kim , Coletti Pietro , Poletto Chiara , Bossuyt Nathalie , Hens Niel , Colizza Vittoria 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSchool closure is often considered as an option to mitigate influenza epidemics because of its potential to reduce transmission in children and then in the community. The policy is still however highly debated because of controversial evidence. Moreover, the specific mechanisms leading to mitigation are not clearly identified.We introduced a stochastic spatial age-specific metapopulation model to assess the role of holiday-associated behavioral changes and how they affect seasonal influenza dynamics. The model is applied to Belgium, parameterized with country-specific data on social mixing and travel, and calibrated to the 2008/2009 influenza season. It includes behavioral changes occurring during weekend vs. weekday, and holiday vs. school-term. Several experimental scenarios are explored to identify the relevant social and behavioral mechanisms.Stochastic numerical simulations show that holidays considerably delay the peak of the season and mitigate its impact. Changes in mixing patterns are responsible for the observed effects, whereas changes in travel behavior do not alter the epidemic. Weekends are important in slowing down the season by periodically dampening transmission. Christmas holidays have the largest impact on the epidemic, however later school breaks may help in reducing the epidemic size, stressing the importance of considering the full calendar. An extension of the Christmas holiday of 1 week may further mitigate the epidemic.Changes in the way individuals establish contacts during holidays are the key ingredient explaining the mitigating effect of regular school closure. Our findings highlight the need to quantify these changes in different demographic and epidemic contexts in order to provide accurate and reliable evaluations of closure effectiveness. They also suggest strategic policies in the distribution of holiday periods to minimize the epidemic impact.
Low-frequency alternating current stimulation rhythmically suppresses stimulus-induced gamma-band oscillations in visual cortex and impairs perceptual performance
Authors: Herring Jim D. , Esterer Sophie , Marshall Tom R. , Jensen Ole , Bergmann Til O. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAlpha oscillations (8-12 Hz) are hypothesized to rhythmically gate sensory processing, reflected by activity in the 40-100 Hz gamma band, via the mechanism of pulsed inhibition. We applied transcranial alternating current stimulation (TACS) at individual alpha frequency (IAF) and flanking frequencies (IAF-4 Hz, IAF+4 Hz) to the occipital cortex of healthy human volunteers during concurrent magnetoencephalography (MEG), while participants performed a visual detection task inducing strong gamma-band responses. Occipital (but not frontal) TACS phasically suppressed stimulus-induced gamma oscillations in the visual cortex and impaired target detection, with stronger phase-to-amplitude coupling predicting behavioral impairments. Frontal control TACS ruled out retino-thalamo-cortical entrainment resulting from (subthreshold) retinal stimulation. All TACS frequencies tested were effective, suggesting that visual gamma-band responses can be modulated by a range of low frequency oscillations. We propose that TACS-induced cortical excitability fluctuations mimic the mechanism of pulsed inhibition, which mediates the function of alpha oscillations in gating sensory processing.