bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metode Penularan Massal untuk Uji Penapisan Ketahanan Cabai Mutan terhadap Begomovirus
Authors: Gaswanto Redy , Syukur Muhammad , Purwoko B S , Hidayat S H 
Published: September 2016

<p>Hasil iradiasi sinar gamma pada benih lima genotipe cabai telah menghasilkan populasi mutan M2 yang harus diuji ketahanannya terhadap infeksi Begomovirus menggunakan serangga vektor Bemisia tabaci. Keefektifan metode penularan secara individu lebih tinggi dibandingkan metode penularan massal, namun jika uji penapisan diaplikasikan untuk suatu populasi yang besar maka metode yang cocok adalah penularan massal. Penelitian bertujuan (1) mendapatkan metode penularan massal yang keefektifannya sama dengan metode penularan individu, (2) mengetahui tanaman inang yang cocok untuk perbanyakan serangga vektor B. tabaci, (3) mengetahui tingkat ketahanan cabai genotipe M<br />hasil iradiasi sinar gamma terhadap infeksi Begomovirus, dan (4) mengetahui perbedaan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman dari genotipe M2 dan genotipe tetua M2 saat terinfeksi Begomovirus. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Rumah Kasa dan Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran sejak bulan Mei sampai dengan Agustus 2013. Kajian penularan massal menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan lima perlakuan dan tiap perlakuan diulang lima kali, sedangkan kajian jenis tanaman inang untuk perbanyakan imago B. tabaci menggunakan rancangan yang sama diulang empat kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman terung ungu (Solanum melongena) dan kapas (Gossypium hirsutum) cocok dijadikan sebagai tanaman inang dalam usaha perbanyakan serangga vektor B. tabaci. Penggunaan vektor B. tabaci dalam kondisi viruliferous (masa akuisisi 48 jam) dengan jumlah sekitar 20–30 ekor dalam satu kotak sungkup kain kasa dapat digunakan sebagai metode penularan massal untuk populasi 50 bibit tanaman cabai (kondisi 2–4 daun sejati) dengan keefektifan setara dengan metode penularan secara individu. Rerata dari 195 individu cabai genotipe Kencana M2 dan SSP M2 masuk dalam kategori tahan dan agak tahan terhadap infeksi Begomovirus, sedangkan rerata dari 195 individu cabai genotipe Seloka M2, Lembang-1 M2, dan Tanjung-2 M2 masuk dalam kategori rentan-agak rentan. Perubahan karakter kuantitatif dari pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman pada lima genotipe M2 jauh lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan genotipe tetua M2 saat terinfeksi Begomovirus.</p><p><br /><br /></p>
Daya Gabung dan Aksi Gen pada Karakter Buah dan Hasil dari Populasi Setengah Dialel Lima Genotipe Pepaya (Carica papaya L.)
Authors: Budiyanti Tri , Sobir Sobir , Wirnas Desta , Sunyoto Sunyoto 
Published: September 2016

Salah satu masalah dalam perakitan varietas hibrida, yaitu memilih tetua yang mempunyai daya gabung tinggi. Untuk menghasilkan hibrida F1 pepaya dengan kualitas dan produksi yang tinggi diperlukan informasi daya gabung yang tinggi antartetua. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui daya gabung umum (DGU) dan daya gabung khusus (DGK) untuk mendukung program perbaikan genetik varietas pepaya. Pendugaan DGU dan DGK menggunakan populasi setengah dialel lima genotipe pepaya. Lima tetua pepaya yang dipergunakan, yaitu BT2, Carmina, Dampit, Carmida, and Merah Delima. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) dengan tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakter bobot buah, panjang buah, dan kekerasan daging dikendalikan oleh aksi gen aditif. Tetua Dampit dapat dipilih sebagai tetua dengan DGU terbaik untuk karakter tersebut. Karakter tebal daging, PTT, jumlah buah, produksi per pohon, dan persentase buah cacat dikendalikan oleh aksi gen nonaditif karena efek DGK dan ragam nonaditif lebih besar daripada efek DGU dan ragam aditif. Hibrida Carmina x Carmida mempunyai nilai DGK dan rata-rata yang tinggi untuk karakter tebal daging dan PTT. Hibrida BT2 x Dampit, Carmina x Dampit, Dampit x Merah Delima, dan Dampit x Merah Delima mempunyai DGK dan rerata yang tinggi untuk karakter produksi per pohon. Pasangan kombinasi hibrid F1 tersebut dapat berpotensi untuk dipilih sebagai varietas unggul hibrida pepaya dengan keunggulan produksi buah yang tinggi. Calon varietas unggul baru pepaya tersebut dapat dikembangkan di masyarakat sehingga akan meningkatkan produksi pepaya di Indonesia.
Tanggapan Distribusi Asimilat dan Luas Daun Spesifik Tanaman Tomat terhadap Aplikasi ZnSO pada Dua Interval Penyiraman
Authors: Sakya Amalia Tetrani , Sulistyaningsih Endang , Indradewa Didik , Purwanto BH 
Published: September 2016

<p>Seng (Zn) merupakan salah satu unsur hara yang berperan penting dalam aktivitas enzim karbonik anhidrase dan enzim ribulose 1,5 biphosphate karboxilase (RuBPC) yang dalam kegiatan fotosintesis akan memproduksi bahan kering. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi bahan kering tanaman tomat pada penyiraman 2 dan 12 hari sekali dengan adanya aplikasi ZnSO4. Penelitian dilakukan di Banguntapan Yogyakarta pada bulan Maret sampai dengan Agustus 2014. Penelitian menggunakan dua unit percobaan masing-masing untuk penyiraman 2 hari sekali dan 12 hari sekali. Pada masing-masing unit percobaan digunakan rancangan acak kelompok lengkap faktorial dengan tiga faktor perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Ketiga faktor tersebut adalah metode aplikasi ZnSO4 (melalui tanah dan daun), dosis ZnSO4 (0, 40, dan 60 mg/kg), dan kultivar (Permata dan Tyrana). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proporsi asimilat ke batang dan akar sama antara aplikasi ZnSO4 melalui daun maupun tanah, tetapi proporsi asimilat ke daun lebih rendah pada aplikasi ZnSO4 melalui daun, baik pada kultivar Tyrana maupun Permata dengan penyiraman 2 hari maupun 12 hari sekali dan aplikasi ZnSO4 melalui tanah pada penyiraman 2 maupun 12 hari sekali mengakibatkan daun semakin luas dan tebal. Hasil penelitian akan menambah wawasan dalam upaya meningkatkan produksi bahan kering tanaman melalui aplikasi hara mikro, khususnya Zn. </p>
EFFECT OF THE FILL VENTILATION WINDOW ON PERFORMANCE OF A NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER SUBJECTED TO CROSS-WINDS
Authors: Dobrego K. V. 
Published: September 2016

Various aerodynamic design elements and technics (wind deflectors, wind walls, etc.) are utilized for improvement of the thermal efficiency of the natural draft cooling towers, particularly in conditions of cross wind. One of the technical methods, proposed by engineers of Belarus Academy of Sciences, is installation of the ventilation window in the center of the fill. This method is substantiated by the fact that the flow of cooling gas obtains maximum temperature and humidity near the center of the under-fill space of cooling tower and, as a consequence, performs minimal heat exchange. The influence of the fill ventilation window and wind deflectors in the inlet windows of the cooling tower on its thermal performance in condition of cross-wind is investigated in the paper numerically. The cooling tower of the “Woo-Jin” power plant (China) 150 m of the height and 114 m of the base diameter was taken as a prototype. The analogy (equivalence) between the heat and mass transfer was taken into consideration, which enabled us to consider single-phase flow and perform complicated 3D simulation by using modern personal computers. Heat transfer coefficient for the fill and its hydrodynamic resistance were defined by using actual data on total flow rate in the cooling tower. The numerical model and computational methods were tested and verified in numerous previous works. The non-linear dependence of the thermal performance of the cooling tower on wind velocity (with the minimum in vicinity of Ucr ~ 8 m/s for the simulated system) was demonstrated. Calculations show that in the condition of the average wind speed the fill ventilation window doesn’t improve, but slightly decrease (by 3–7 %) performance of the cooling tower. Situation changes in the condition of strong winds Ucw > 12 m/s, which are not typical for Belarus. Utilization of airflow deflectors at the inlet windows of cooling tower, conversely, increases thermal performance of the cooling tower on 10–12 % for the wide range of winds exceeding 2 m/s. Results of the investigation may be helpful for optimal design of natural draft and perspective “hybrid” cooling towers.
Biochar Reduced Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Soil with Different Water and Temperature Cycles
Authors: Chang Jiyul , Clay David E. , Clay Sharon A. , Chintala Rajesh , Miller Janet M. , Schumacher Thomas 
Published: September 2016

Interactions among biochar, respiration, nitrification, and soils can result in biochar increasing, decreasing, or not impacting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This experiment determined the impact of water‐filled porosity (WFP) and corn (Zea mays L.) stover biochar on CO2 and N2O emissions in May (spring) and August (summer). The May experiment contained two N rates [0 and 224 kg Ca(NO3)2–N ha−1], whereas the August had three N rates [0, 224 kg Ca(NO3)2–N ha−1, and 224 kg (NH4)2SO4–N ha−1]. The average temperatures in the May and Augusts 2014 experiments were 14 and 24°C, respectively. Biochar reduced CO2–C emissions in the high WFP Ca(NO3)2 treatment in the May and August experiments 15.4 and 16.3 kg ha−1, respectively. Associated with the CO2–C decrease was a 15.7% reduction in the soil solution dissolved organic C. In addition, N2O–N and CO2–C emissions were not correlated in the May Ca(NO3)2 ha−1 treatment, whereas in the August experiment, N2O–N and CO2–C emissions were correlated (r2 = 0.98, P < 0.01). In August, biochar increased the apparent nitrification from 16 to 25 kg NH4–N (ha × d)−1 in the low WFP (NH4)2SO4 treatment, and it did not influence the nitrification rate in the high WFP (NH4)2SO4 treatment. In general, N2O–N emissions increased with WFP and N rate and were reduced 21.7% by biochar. The findings suggest that multiple mechanisms contributed to N2O emissions and seasonal differences in soil temperature could result in biochar having a mixed impact on GHG emissions.Core Ideas

Biochar reduces CO2 gas emission from soil in high soil temperature.
Biochar reduces N2O gas emission from soil in high soil temperature.
Biochar reduces N2O gas emission from high water‐filled porosity condition.
Evaluation of PRE Herbicides and Seed Treatment on Thrips Infestation and Cotton Growth, Development, and Yield
Authors: Copeland J. D. , Dodds D. M. , Catchot A. L. , Gore J. , Wilson D. G. 
Published: September 2016

The use of preemergence (PRE) herbicides may result in decreased early season cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth, which may exacerbate injury from thrips. Studies were conducted in 2013 and 2014 at the Black Belt Branch Experiment Station near Brooksville, MS; at the R.R. Foil Plant Science Research Center near Starkville, MS; and at the Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, MS, to evaluate the impact of PRE herbicides and insecticide seed treatments on thrips infestations in cotton. DP 0912 B2RF was treated with thiamethoxam + fungicide, imidacloprid + fungicide, and fungicide only. All cotton seed, including the fungicide‐only treatment, were base treated with metalaxyl, pyraclostrobin, and fluxapyroxad. Preemergence herbicides included fluometuron at 1.12 kg a.i. ha−1, diuron at 1.12 kg a.i. ha−1, fomesafen at 0.28 kg a.i. ha−1, S‐metolachlor at 1.07 kg a.i. ha−1, and S‐metolachlor at 1.07 kg a.i. ha−1 + fluometuron at 1.12 kg a.i. ha−1. An untreated check was included for comparison purposes. Cotton injury from thrips was less prevalent on cotton grown from seed treated with imidacloprid. Immature thrips counts at the 4‐leaf cotton growth stage were greatest on cotton grown from seed treated with thiamethoxam, which had 136 thrips per five plants. Preemergence herbicides did not impact thrips infestations at the 2‐ or 4‐leaf cotton growth stage. No significant differences in cotton lint yield were observed due to PRE herbicide application. Seed treatments that included imidacloprid resulted in 80 kg ha−1 more lint than cotton grown from seed treated with thiamethoxam.Core Ideas

Cotton seed treated with imidacloprid resulted in greater cotton yields compared with cotton grown from seed treated with thiamethoxam.
Preemergence herbicide application had no impact on cotton yield.
Based on these data, growers are encouraged to utilize a preemerence herbicide of their choice to manage Palmer amaranth, and imidacloprid‐based seed treatments are recommended.
Optimal Fungicide Timing for Suppression of Typhula Blight under Winter Covers
Authors: Koch Paul 
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas
Winter covers increase snow mold severity on golf course turfgrass.
Despite increased pressure, effective fungicides are available to limit disease to acceptable levels.
Applying fungicides as a single application shortly before snow cover or splitting out into two applications are both effective at reducing snow mold.
Synthetic covers are often used to protect high‐value golf course putting greens throughout much of North America and Scandinavia from injury during harsh winter conditions. However, these covers may trap heat and moisture at the turf surface and provide optimal conditions for snow mold development. This study was conducted to determine the most effective fungicide application strategy under both permeable and impermeable synthetic covers. Three different fungicide timings (early, late, and early + late) were tested under no cover, a permeable Evergreen (Hinspergers Poly Industries, Mississauga, ON) cover, and an impermeable GreenJacket cover (GreenJacket, Genoa City, WI) during the winters of 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 in Antigo, WI. Snow mold pressure appeared highest under the impermeable cover, though under all three cover treatments both the late and early + late fungicide timings provided excellent snow mold suppression. These results suggest that despite the increased disease pressure that may be observed under winter covers, excellent snow mold suppression can still be achieved with just one application of a highly efficacious fungicide mixture shortly prior to cover installation.
Persistence in and Release of 2,4‐D and Azoxystrobin from Turfgrass Clippings
Authors: Jeffries Matthew D. , Yelverton Fred H. , Ahmed Khalied A. , Gannon Travis W. 
Published: September 2016

Research has shown that pesticide residue in clippings from previously treated turfgrass may become bioavailable as grass decomposes, adversely affecting off‐target organisms. We conducted a field study to quantify 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and azoxystrobin (methyl(E)‐2‐{2[6‐(2‐cyanophenoxy)pyrmidin‐4‐yloxy]phenyl}‐3‐methoxyacrylate) residues in turfgrass clippings collected from hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt–Davy], tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire], and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.). A subsequent greenhouse experiment was conducted to measure pesticide release from clippings into water. 2,4‐D (1.6 kg a.i. ha−1) and azoxystrobin (0.6 kg a.i. ha−1) were applied to field plots at 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, or 0 d before collection of the clippings. Clippings were collected from each experimental unit to quantify pesticide release from clippings into water. Both 2,4‐D and azoxystrobin were detected when turfgrass was treated over the 32‐d experimental period, suggesting that clipping management should be implemented for an extended period of time after application. Pesticide residue was detected in all water samples collected, confirming 2,4‐D and azoxystrobin release from turfgrass clippings; however, pesticide release varied between compounds. Two days after clippings were incorporated in water, 39 and 10% of 2,4‐D and azoxystrobin were released from clippings, respectively. Our research supports the currently recommended practice of returning clippings to the turfgrass stand when mowing because removal of 2,4‐D and azoxystrobin in clippings may reduce pest control and cause adverse off‐target impacts.Core Ideas
2,4‐D and azoxystrobin residues were detected in clippings 32 d after treatment.
2,4‐D and azoxystrobin were released from turfgrass clippings into water.
Pesticide release from turfgrass clippings into water varied between compounds.
Association of Increasing GFR with Change in Albuminuria in the General Population
Authors: Melsom Toralf , Stefansson Vidar , Schei Jørgen , Solbu Marit , Jenssen Trond , Wilsgaard Tom , Eriksen Bjørn O. 
Published: September 2016

Background and objectives
Hyperfiltration at the single-nephron level has been proposed as an early stage of kidney dysfunction of different origins. Evidence supporting this hypothesis in humans is lacking, because there is no method of measuring single-nephron GFR in humans. However, increased whole-kidney GFR in the same individual implies an increased single–nephron GFR, because the number of nephrons does not increase with age. We hypothesized that an increase in GFR would be associated with an increased albumin-to-creatinine ratio in a cohort of the general population.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We measured GFR by iohexol clearance at baseline in 2007–2009 and follow-up after 5.6 years in a representative sample of 1246 persons (aged 50–62 years) who were nondiabetic from the general population of Tromso, northern Norway. Participants were without cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, or diabetes at baseline. We investigated the association between change in GFR and change in albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Increased GFR was defined as a positive change in GFR (change in GFR>0 ml/min) from baseline to follow-up. An albumin-to-creatinine ratio >30 mg/g was classified as albuminuria.

Results
Change in GFR was positively associated with a change in albumin-to-creatinine ratio in the entire cohort in the multiple linear regression. The albumin-to-creatinine ratiofollow-up-to-albumin-to-creatinine ratiobaseline ratio increased by 8.0% (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 15.0) per SD increase in change in GFR. When participants with increased GFR (n=343) were compared with those with a reduced GFR (n=903), the ratio increased by 16.3% (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 33.7). The multivariable adjusted odds ratio for incident albuminuria (n=14) was 4.98 (95% confidence interval, 1.49 to 16.13) for those with an increased GFR (yes/no).

Conclusions
Increasing GFR is associated with an increase in albumin-to-creatinine ratio and incident albuminuria in the general nondiabetic population. These findings support single-nephron hyperfiltration as a risk factor for albuminuria in the general population.
Two-stage method of synthesis of ultrafine powder of α-phase metallic cobalt
Authors: Nikolaenko Irina , Pavlov Aleksey , Shveikin Gennadii 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this article a new method of synthesizing ultrafine powder of α-phase metallic cobalt is proposed, synthesis by a combination of two methods, liquid-phase precipitation on a carbon support and low-temperature microwave heat treatment in the stream of argon. An entire spectrum of intermediates obtained during thermolysis and reduction of cobalt precursors during heat treatment by electromagnetic field to the final product is presented. Sample structure, morphology and particle size as well as phase composition and the size of specific surface areas are shown.
Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Daptomycin in Patients with Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis
Authors: Paul Laure Peyro Saint , Ficheux Maxence , Debruyne Danièle , Loilier Magalie , Bouvier Nicolas , Morello Rémy , Parienti Jean-Jacques , Verdon Renaud , Fournel François , Cattoir Vincent , Lobbedez Thierry 
Published: September 2016

Background Antibiotics are preferentially delivered via the peritoneal route to treat peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis (PDRP) to ensure that maximal concentrations are delivered to the site of infection. Our study focused on the pharmacokinetics of daptomycin (DAP) administered via the intraperitoneal (IP) route in patients with PDRP. Methods According to the DaptoDP protocol (Clinical Trial No. 2012-005699-33), IP DAP was administered daily, i.e., during the 6-h Nutrineal (Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL, USA) dwell time period, for 14 days, in addition to administration of the antibiotics used for the usual care of patients with PDRP. The plasma and IP levels of DAP were measured on days 1 and 5. The tested dose was 200 mg/day. The principal endpoint was the dialysate concentration after 6 hours of dwell time > 16 mg/L (corresponding to 4 x minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] for E. faecalis). Results Three participants were evaluated. On day 5, the IP concentrations after 6 hours of dwell time were between 6.3 and 23.4 mg/L, and the peak plasma concentrations were between 13.0 and 15.3 mg/L. Conclusion The results suggest that 200 mg/day is very likely sufficient for the treatment of PDRP by Staphylococci or Streptococci whereas it could be insufficient to treat PRDP by Enterococci. The good peritoneal bioavailability of DAP was quantitatively established, suggesting that IP administration could also be used as an alternate route for patients with damaged venous access. No DAP accumulation that could lead to toxic concentrations after repeated administration is expected, even in anuric patients. The protocol will further continue to assess whether a higher dose achieves the pharmacokinetic objectives.
EFFECT OF FINITE LARMOR RADIUS CORRECTIONS ON THE THERMAL INSTABILITY OF THERMALLY CONDUCTING VISCOUS PLASMA WITH HALL CURRENT AND ELECTRON INERTIA
Authors: Jain Shweta , Sharma Prerana , Kaothekar Sachin , Chhajlani R. K. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
The thermal instability of an infinite homogeneous, thermally conducting, and rotating plasma, incorporating finite electrical resistivity, finite electron inertia, and an arbitrary radiative heat-loss function in the presence of finite Larmor radius corrections and Hall current, has been studied. Analysis has been made with the help of linearized magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations. A general dispersion relation is obtained using the normal mode analysis method, and the dispersion relation is discussed for longitudinal propagation and transverse propagation separately. The dispersion relation has been solved numerically to obtain the dependence of the growth rate on the various parameters involved. The conditions of modified thermal instability and stability are discussed in the different cases of interest.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF TURBULENT MOLECULAR CLOUDS REGULATED BY RADIATION FEEDBACK FORCES. I. STAR FORMATION RATE AND EFFICIENCY
Authors: Raskutti Sudhir , Ostriker Eve C. , Skinner M. Aaron 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Radiation feedback from stellar clusters is expected to play a key role in setting the rate and efficiency of star formation in giant molecular clouds. To investigate how radiation forces influence realistic turbulent systems, we have conducted a series of numerical simulations employing the Hyperion radiation hydrodynamics solver, considering the regime that is optically thick to ultraviolet and optically thin to infrared radiation. Our model clouds cover initial surface densities between

, with varying initial turbulence. We follow them through turbulent, self-gravitating collapse, star cluster formation, and cloud dispersal by stellar radiation. All our models display a log-normal distribution of gas surface density Σ; for an initial virial parameter

, the log-normal standard deviation is

and the star formation rate coefficient

, both of which are sensitive to turbulence but not radiation feedback. The net star formation efficiency (SFE)

increases with

and decreases with

. We interpret these results via a simple conceptual framework, whereby steady star formation increases the radiation force, such that local gas patches at successively higher Σ become unbound. Based on this formalism (with fixed

), we provide an analytic upper bound on

, which is in good agreement with our numerical results. The final SFE depends on the distribution of Eddington ratios in the cloud and is strongly increased by the turbulent compression of gas.