bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COCOA AND TOTAL SYSTEM YIELDS OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL AGROFORESTRY VS. MONOCULTURE SYSTEMS IN A LONG-TERM FIELD TRIAL IN BOLIVIA
Authors: SCHNEIDER M. , ANDRES C. , TRUJILLO G. , ALCON F. , AMURRIO P. , PEREZ E. , WEIBEL F. , MILZ J. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYCocoa (Theobroma cacaoL.) is produced in systems of varying complexity ranging from monoculture with temporary shade to highly diverse agroforests. Producers have to weigh high cocoa yields in the short to medium term in monocultures against higher total system yields in the short term and sustainable production systems in the long term in conjunction with ecosystem services in agroforestry systems (AFs). More long-term data on the comparative agronomic, economic and ecological performance of differently managed cocoa production systems is required to make sound recommendations to farmers. This paper describes the only long-term field trial worldwide comparing different cocoa production systems under conventional and organic management. The factors (i) crop diversity (monoculture vs. agroforestry), (ii) management practice (conventional vs. organic) and (iii) cultivar are being tested in a full-factorial, randomized complete block design with four replications. First, results showed significantly faster development of trunk circumferences in monocultures (+21%) compared to AFs. Cocoa yields were 47% lower in the organic compared to the conventional monoculture. In the AFs, however, the organic–conventional yield gap was less pronounced (−16%) and statistically insignificant. The cumulative yields of all products harvested were significantly higher in the AFs (+161%) compared to the monocultures. The productivity of cocoa by-crops in AFs may contribute to local food security and risk distribution in smallholder contexts.
WHICH OPTIONS FIT BEST? OPERATIONALIZING THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL NICHE CONCEPT
Authors: DESCHEEMAEKER KATRIEN , RONNER ESTHER , OLLENBURGER MARY , FRANKE ANGELINUS C. , KLAPWIJK CHARLOTTE J. , FALCONNIER GATIEN N. , WICHERN JANNIKE , GILLER KENNETH E. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYThe large diversity of farms and farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa calls for agricultural improvement options that are adapted to the context in which smallholder farmers operate. The socio-ecological niche concept incorporates the agro-ecological, socio-cultural, economic and institutional dimensions and the multiple levels of this context in order to identify which options fit best. In this paper, we illustrate how farming systems analysis, following the DEED cycle of Describe, Explain, Explore and Design, and embedding co-learning amongst researchers, farmers and other stakeholders, helps to operationalize the socio-ecological niche concept. Examples illustrate how farm typologies, detailed farm characterization and on-farm experimental work, in combination with modelling and participatory approaches inform the matching of options to the context at regional, village, farm and field level. Recommendation domains at these gradually finer levels form the basis for gradually more detailed baskets of options from which farmers and other stakeholders may choose, test and adjust to their specific needs. Tailored options identified through the DEED cycle proof to be more relevant, feasible and performant as compared to blanket recommendations in terms of both researcher and farmer-identified criteria. As part of DEED, on-farm experiments are particularly useful in revealing constraints and risks faced by farmers. We show that targeting options to the niches in which they perform best, helps to reduce this risk. Whereas the conclusions of our work about the potential for improving smallholders’ livelihoods are often sobering, farming systems analysis allows substantiating the limitations of technological options, thus highlighting the need for enabling policies and institutions that may improve the larger-scale context and increase the uptake potential of options.
The American Committee for Relief in Ireland, 1920–22
Authors: Carroll F.M. 
Published: August 2016

The Irish question, in one form or another, became a feature of American public life from the period of the great Irish migration to the United States in the 1840s to the twentieth century. Seemingly each generation saw a version of the Irish struggle for self-government played out in both Ireland and America. By 1920 this struggle, in the shape of the War of Independence or the Anglo-Irish War, had assumed dramatic proportions.Many Irish-Americans, anxious to assist and support the nationalist movement in Ireland, resumed their traditional role of raising money for Ireland and attempting to influence the American government to intercede in some way on Ireland’s behalf. In 1919 Eamon de Valera, president of Dáil Íireann, went to the United States to further these objectives. However, serious rifts developed within the leadership of the Irish nationalist movement in the United States which caused Irish-Americans to divide into several hostile groups. The result was that during the summer and autumn of 1920, when crown forces in Ireland were escalating their military campaign, the Irish-American nationalist movement was largely ineffectual.
The Church of Ireland: a critical bibliography, 1536–1992 PartV: 1800–1870
Authors: O’Ferrall Fergus 
Published: August 2016

The ‘United Church of England and Ireland’, established by the Act of Union ‘for ever’ as ‘an essential and fundamental part of the Union’, survived less than seventy years. N. D. Emerson, in his 1933 essay on the church in this period, presented the history of the church in the first half of the nineteenth century as ‘the history of many separate interests and movements’; he suggested a thesis of fundamental importance in the historiography of the Church of Ireland:
Beneath the externals of a worldly Establishment, and behind the pomp of a Protestant ascendancy, was the real Church of Ireland, possessed of a pure and reformed faith more consciously grasped as the century advanced and labouring to present its message in the face of apathy and discouragement, as well as of more active and hostile opposition.Recent historical work has begun to trace the ‘many separate interests and movements’ and to explore in detail both the ‘worldly Establishment’ and the increasingly predominant evangelical influence of the Church of Ireland during the post-union period. The main topics investigated have been the structure of the church, the political relationships of the church, the evangelical movement, the mentalities of various social groups (drawing upon literary sources), and local or regional studies. The numerous gaps in the research and in our knowledge which exist seem now all the starker given the high quality of so many recent studies concerning the Church of Ireland in this period.
Negotiations between Edward II and John XXII concerning Ireland
Authors: Watt J.A. 
Published: August 2016

There were three good reasons why Edward II hastened to secure papal help within the first year of the pontificate of John XXII (1316-17). A number of important bishoprics were vacant to which the king hoped to secure his candidate, he needed fiscal help for defence purposes, and the weight of papal condemnation to fall on his enemies. Within the year he had secured a satisfactory degree of papal support in each of these three desiderabilia, and the cooperation of pope and king touched Irish affairs at some important points.The general reasons why the king should wish to arrange episcopal succession to his liking are well known. There was particular reason for securing politically reliable bishops in Ireland. As Edward himself was to explain to John, the ‘fraudulent machinations and malicious and false collusion’ of some Irish prelates against royal power had been a major factor in the risings connected with Edward Bruce’s invasion. At this time both Dublin and Cashel were vacant, and Edward took all measures to ensure their filling by men acceptable to him. There were two candidates in the field at Cashel, nominees of a split in the chapter. In August of 1316, Edward wrote to eight cardinals impressing on them the necessity of having an English archbishop, and urging the candidature of a Franciscan, Geoffrey of Aylsham.
Scarcity and poor relief in eighteenth-century Ireland: the subsistence crisis of 1782–4
Authors: Kelly James 
Published: August 2016

The population of Ireland in the eighteenth century experienced serious dearth on twelve occasions. Four of these crises resulted in famines and eight in subsistence crises. The four famines all took place in the first half of the century; the second half experienced only subsistence crises. Because of this, it is sometimes argued that the late eighteenth century enjoyed a ‘gap in famines’. The value of this concept has been questioned because it understates the persistence and impact of dearth at a regional level, but it is also vitiated by our lack of knowledge of the nature and impact of all twelve crises.The main difference between a famine and a subsistence crisis centres on their contrasting demographic effects. Famines invariably produced substantial increases in mortality; the major famines of 1740–11 and 1845–9, for example, cost hundreds of thousands of lives, while smaller famines, such as those of 1727–9, 1800–01 and 1816–18, which were manifestly less costly in human terms, nevertheless resulted in thousands of deaths. Subsistence crises, on the other hand, caused comparatively little loss of life. We are not currently in a position to identify the precise demographic impact of individual episodes of harvest failure in the late eighteenth century, but based on current understanding it is believed that overall associated mortality levels were low. We can, however, enhance our understanding of dearth in this period by tracing the causes, course, impact and response to individual harvest crises. The purpose of this paper is to describe the crisis of 1782–4; it reveals that harvest failure during the so-called ‘gap in famines’ weighed heavily on both urban and rural populations, but that mortality was kept within acceptable bounds by the efficacy of the poor relief deployed to combat distress. Relief was at its most sophisticated and efficient in urban areas.
Learning from other people's fear: amygdala-based social reference learning in social anxiety disorder
Authors: Blair K. S. , Otero M. , Teng C. , Geraci M. , Lewis E. , Hollon N. , Blair R. J. R. , Ernst Monique , Grillon C. , Pine D. S. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundSocial anxiety disorder involves fear of social objects or situations. Social referencing may play an important role in the acquisition of this fear and could be a key determinant in future biomarkers and treatment pathways. However, the neural underpinnings mediating such learning in social anxiety are unknown. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined social reference learning in social anxiety disorder. Specifically, would patients with the disorder show increased amygdala activity during social reference learning, and further, following social reference learning, show particularly increased response to objects associated with other people's negative reactions?MethodA total of 32 unmedicated patients with social anxiety disorder and 22 age-, intelligence quotient- and gender-matched healthy individuals responded to objects that had become associated with others’ fearful, angry, happy or neutral reactions.ResultsDuring the social reference learning phase, a significant group × social context interaction revealed that, relative to the comparison group, the social anxiety group showed a significantly greater response in the amygdala, as well as rostral, dorsomedial and lateral frontal and parietal cortices during the social, relative to non-social, referencing trials. In addition, during the object test phase, relative to the comparison group, the social anxiety group showed increased bilateral amygdala activation to objects associated with others’ fearful reactions, and a trend towards decreased amygdala activation to objects associated with others’ happy and neutral reactions.ConclusionsThese results suggest perturbed observational learning in social anxiety disorder. In addition, they further implicate the amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in the disorder, and underscore their importance in future biomarker developments.
Definition of Specific Impulse
Authors: Thorne F. W. 
Published: August 2016

I wish to support S. W. Greenwood's plea (December 1953 Journal) for defining “specific impulse” as Thrust/Mass flow of propellants.Apparently some engineers are now using Thrust/weight flow of propellants as the definition of specific impulse, but it would appear that this innovation is merely due to inability to distinguish between mass and weight. The system used at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, of using the capital letter to denote weight or force (e.g. Lb.) and the lower case to represent mass (e.g. lb.) is a very convenient way of distinguishing between the two.
The Flexural Centre or Centre of Shear
Authors: Koiter W. T. 
Published: August 2016

In view of the recent notes in this Journal by Professors Jacobs and Duncan, it may be of interest to give some additional references to investigations of the flexural centre of beams, which otherwise might be overlooked, and to add some remarks which seem to have escaped the attention of previous writers.Although the earliest investigation seems to have been published by Griffith and Taylor (Ref. 4 of Duncan's paper), Eggenschwyler gave an independent discussion of the problem for narrow beams. Considerable progress was made by Weber in two papers, published in 1924 and 1926. Similar results were obtained by Schwalbe, who was apparently unaware of Weber's previous investigations.
Noise Associated With Supersonic Flight
Authors: Warren C. H. E. 
Published: August 2016

Before discussing the noise associated with supersonic flight, it is pertinent to restate the sources of noise at subsonic speeds.As Lilley has pointed out, noise at subsonic speeds is due to turbulence, such as occurs in jets, wakes, boundary layers, and regions of separation, and to vortices and regions of shear flow. In all these types of flow viscosity plays a predominant part, and therefore at subsonic speeds the noise of an aircraft depends very much upon the viscosity of the fluid: in an inviscid fluid, an aircraft would make no noise, because, at subsonic speeds, the pressure changes induced by its motion would be too gradual to be audible.
Description of a Water Tunnel and Apparatus for the Investigation of Flow Problems
Authors: Fage A. , Preston J. H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe water tunnel, closed-return type, described in the paper is especially suitable for the observation of flow near the surface of a long streamline body of revolution at Reynolds numbers up to 1.3 × 106. The observation chamber is 32 ins. long and it has a circular cross-section of diameter 7 ins. The stream in the observation chamber although slightly disturbed at the higher speeds of flow is substantially free from turbulence (except near the wall) at all speeds and throughout its entire length.The tunnel is equipped with two instruments designed for flow observation. The first instrument, named fluid-motion microscope, allows the movements of small particles in a bright beam of light to be observed and measured. This instrument is suitable for the study of details of flow too small to be seen with the unaided eye, but which are revealed under a microscope at a medium magnification. The second instrument, the fluid-motion microscope with an interrupter, allows the speed of a particle to be determined from a measurement of the length of its track recorded for a known time of exposure on a photographic plate. This instrument can be used to measure the velocity distribution in a boundary layer to a distance of about four thousandths of an inch from the surface.
The Hafner Gyroplane
Authors: Hafner Raoul 
Published: August 2016

Before reading my paper I wish to express my thanks to the President and Council of the Society, and my great appreciation of the privilege accorded to me of speaking before this expert gathering.My ambitions with regard to the subject of this paper were originally very farreaching, but I soon realised that it would be impossible to cover the enormous field falling under the heading of “ rotating wings,” and at the same time to advance sufficiently into detail to escape the criticism that this was merely a new collection of facts, already known and very general in terms, and therefore possibly only of interest to students of the history of aviation.
Fire Protection of Petrol Tanks
Authors: Weyl A. R. 
Published: August 2016

Petrol is a highly inflammable fluid which can be ignited easily and whose vapour forms with air a highly explosive mixture.There are, however, possibilities of giving a certain amount of protection against such fire risks created by damage to petrol tanks.The three main problems which have to be dealt with are:—(i) To exclude an ignition which may be caused by bullets hitting a petrol tank;(ii) To seal leaks caused by bullet holes;(iii) To prevent fire after a crash.These problems are by no means new. A large amount of research and experimental work has been devoted to their solution.
The Mechanical Impedance of Damped Vibrating Systems
Authors: Manley R. G. 
Published: August 2016

The concept of “mechanical impedance,” a quantity equivalent to Biot's Dynamic Modulus (reference i), has been utilised since 1939 by the de Havilland Aircraft Company as a standard method of treatment of vibration problems inengine airscrew systems, the method being applied principally to torsionalvibrations. In this work the effect of damping forces was neglected, on theassumption that the resonant frequencies of a system are not affected appreciablyby such forces so long as they remain of small magnitude.The desire to justify this assumption by theoretical reasoning, and to evolve a method of attack for problems in which the damping forces are too large to be neglected, led to the application of the concept of mechanical impedance to damped systems.
“The Electro-Mechanical Analogy in Oscillation Theory”
Authors: Manley R. G. 
Published: August 2016

It has long been realised that there is a precise analogy between the properties of vibrating mechanical systems and those of alternating current electric circuits. It was from this analogy that the concept of “ mechanical impedance ” (more appropriately termed “ dynamic stiffness ”) was derived, thus enabling the theory of certain types of mechanical vibration, notably torsional motion, to be put on a more rational basis.By means of analogous elements it is possible to represent a mechanical vibrating system, provided it includes no bending elements, by an equivalent electric circuit. The author has been unable to discover any full description of the process, and the object of the present paper is to set out the principles underlying the procedure and to illustrate them briefly by examples.
An Analysis of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Split Flaps
Authors: West A. P. 
Published: August 2016

During the past few years an extensive amount of experimental data on split flaps has been made available to the aircraft industry, through the publications of aeronautical research laboratories, both in this country and abroad. In general, each publication deals with one particular aspect of the problem, and when the effect of wing flaps on the performance of an aircraft is being estimated a certain amount of difficulty may be experienced in deciding which of the many reports available gives results most readily applicable to the case being considered ; and what allowances, if any, should be made for wing taper, flap cut-out, fuselage, etc.In this report the available data has been analysed with a view to answering these questions, and presented in such a form that it may be readily applied to determine the most probable change in the aerodynamic characteristics of a wing that may be expected from the use of this type of flap.From the appendix an estimate of the accuracy of the method can be obtained, as a comparison with full-scale data is given for lift and drag, and for the other flap characteristics the original curves have been reproduced.
A Review of the Relative Merits of Petrol Injection and Carburettors for Aero Engines
Authors: Ellor J. E. , Owner F. M. 
Published: August 2016

The subject of the carburettor as opposed t o fuel injection is one which has created much controversy in aero engine design and development. Current opinions both in this country and abroad are many and varied and it would be presumptuous to forecast which will eventually predominate. The object of this paper is to present an unbiased review in the hope of provoking a useful interchange of opinions and experiences.It might be argued that claims for one system can be countered by claims for the other and to be impartial it is necessary, therefore, to be familiar with as many facts and as much published information as possible. Owing to the meagre amount of information available on fuel injection, the paper is not as complete a review as the authors would wish, but it is hoped that sufficient material has been presented to be helpful to those who are interested in the subject.
Photoelastic Analysis of Three-Dimensional Stress Systems using Scattered Light
Authors: Weller R. , Bussey J. K. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryA method has been developed for making photoelastic analyses of threedimensional stress systems by utilising the polarisation phenomena associated with the scattering of light. By this method, the maximum shear and the directions of the three principal stresses at any point within a model can be determined, and the two principal stresses at a free-bounding surface can be separately evaluated. Polarised light is projected into the model through a slit so that it illuminates a plane section. The light is continuously analysed along its path by scattering and the state of stress in the illuminated section is obtained. By means of a series of such sections, the entire stress field may be explored. The method was used to analyse the stress system of a simple beam in bending. The results were found to be in good agreement with those expected from elementary theory.
Definition of Specific Impulse
Authors: Whitaker J. G. 
Published: August 2016

We gave two main reasons in favour of the “weight” definition—(1) it considerably reduces the possibility of confusion over units, (2) it “ legalises “ the almost universal practice of expressing S.I. in seconds. We do not consider that Mr. Greenwood's remarks invalidate our conclusion that the “weight” definition is preferable.We agree with Mr. Greenwood that provided forces are everywhere measured in earth gravitational units, (S.I.)� is independent of location: this is because the universal use of earth gravitational units is tantamount to using absolute units. But if a true gravitational system of units is employed, (S.I.)m must vary with location
Notes on the Design of Aeroplanes for Attaining High Altitude
Authors: Barnwell F. S. 
Published: August 2016

The design of an aeroplane to achieve the greatest possible altitude is, from one aspect at least, a simple matter, because it is a case free largely from the compromises usually necessitated in the endeavour to meet best the operational requirements of a specification.The starting off point must be the engine. I do not propose to touch the engine side of the problem, other than to regard the engine as an “ embodiment loan ” which has been made to the aeroplane designer and for which he has then to design an. aeroplane which shall achieve the greatest possible altitude when powered by this engine. Obviously, the main requirement from the engine is that it shall give the greatest possible b.h.p. per pound of its weight at very high altitudes. This means, of course, the highest possible supercharging and rather indicates the air-cooled radial engine because of the inherent low weight per b.h.p. of this type.