bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying spatial groundwater dependence in peatlands through a distributed isotope mass balance approach
Authors: Isokangas Elina , Rossi Pekka M. , Ronkanen Anna‐Kaisa , Marttila Hannu , Rozanski Kazimierz , Kløve Bjørn 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe unique biodiversity and plant composition of peatlands rely on a mix of different water sources: precipitation, runoff, and groundwater (GW). Methods used to delineate areas of ecosystem groundwater dependence, such as vegetation mapping and solute tracer studies, are indirect and lack the potential to assess temporal changes in hydrology, information needed in GW management. This paper outlines a new methodology for mapping groundwater‐dependent areas (GDAs) in peatlands using a 2H and 18O isotope mass balance method. The approach reconstructs the initial isotopic composition of the peat pore water in the uppermost peat layer before its modification by evaporation. It was assumed that pore water in this layer subject to evaporation is a two‐component mixture consisting of GW and precipitation input from the month preceding the sampling period. A Bayesian Monte Carlo isotope mixing model was applied to calculate the proportions of GW and rainwater in the sampled pore water and to assess uncertainties. The approach revealed large spatial variability in the contribution of GW to the pore water present in the top layer of peatland, covering the range from approximately 0 to 100%. Results show that the current GW protection zones determined by Finnish legislation do not cover the GDAs in peatlands and highlight a need for better classification of groundwater‐dependent ecosystems and conceptualization of aquifer‐ecosystem interactions. Our approach offers an efficient tool for mapping GDAs and quantifying the contribution of GW to peatland pore water. However, more studies are needed to test the method for different peatland types.
Quantifying local rainfall dynamics and uncertain boundary conditions into a nested regional‐local flood modeling system
Authors: Bermúdez María , Neal Jeffrey C. , Bates Paul D. , Coxon Gemma , Freer Jim E. , Cea Luis , Puertas Jeronimo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractInflow discharge and outflow stage estimates for hydraulic flood models are generally derived from river gauge data. Uncertainties in the measured inflow data and the neglect of rainfall‐runoff contributions to the modeled domain downstream of the gauging locations can have a significant impact on these estimated “whole reach” inflows and consequently on flood predictions. In this study, a method to incorporate rating curve uncertainty and local rainfall‐runoff dynamics into the predictions of a reach‐scale flood model is proposed. The methodology is applied to the July 2007 floods of the River Severn in UK. Discharge uncertainty bounds are generated applying a nonparametric local weighted regression approach to stage‐discharge measurements for two gauging stations. Measured rainfall downstream from these locations is used as input to a series of subcatchment regional hydrological model to quantify additional local inflows along the main channel. A regional simplified‐physics hydraulic model is then applied to combine these contributions and generate an ensemble of discharge and water elevation time series at the boundaries of a local‐scale high complexity hydraulic model. Finally, the effect of these rainfall dynamics and uncertain boundary conditions are evaluated on the local‐scale model. Accurate prediction of the flood peak was obtained with the proposed method, which was only possible by resolving the additional complexity of the extreme rainfall contributions over the modeled area. The findings highlight the importance of estimating boundary condition uncertainty and local rainfall contributions for accurate prediction of river flows and inundation at regional scales.
Observed basin‐wide propagation of Mediterranean water in the Black Sea
Authors: Falina Anastasia , Sarafanov Artem , Özsoy Emin , Utku Turunçoğlu Ufuk 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMediterranean water entering the Black Sea through the Bosphorus Strait forms middepth intrusions that contribute to the salt, heat, and volume balances of the sea, ventilate its water column at intermediate depths and restrain the upward flux of hydrogen sulfide from deeper layers. Despite the importance for the Black Sea environment, the circulation of Mediterranean‐origin water in the basin is fundamentally underexplored. Here we use hydrographic data collected from ships and Argo profiling floats to identify pathways of the Mediterranean intrusions in the general circulation system of the sea. While earlier the intrusions were observed primarily near the Bosphorus Strait, we present an evidence for their intermittent extensive propagation throughout the basin. We find that the main conduit for the intrusions is the southern limb of the Rim Current that carries the intruded water from the Bosphorus Strait eastward. A part of this eastward flow recirculates cyclonically into the interior of the sea, where traces of the intrusions gradually disappear because of mixing. We put forward the hypothesis that the formation of the most prominent intrusions is associated with strong cyclonic storms over the Bosphorus Strait, which lead to abnormally large influx of Mediterranean water.
Media Use: Former
E
astern
E
uropean
S
tates
Authors: Stępińska Agnieszka 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In all the postcommunist Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, the contemporary media systems are defined by a heritage of decades of communist rule and the influence of market mechanisms introduced after 1990. While during the communist time all media were state‐controlled, in the first decade of the 1990s the ownership structure of the both print and electronic media was radically transformed. The media's role in society was also reconceptualized according to democratic norms. Yet, the historical heritage of the communist regime still serves as a reference point in much of the political, economic, and ethical debates centered on media use and media effects in the CEE countries. Contemporary media use in all the CEE countries can be characterized by an increasing importance of electronic media. This has meant not only a rapid increase in Internet usage but also a dramatic growth in TV watching since the 1990s.
Connecting Media Use to Media Effects
Authors: Scherer Helmut 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry discusses the connection between media usage and media effects on the basis of a thesis, an antithesis, and a synthesis. Thesis: Media use is a precondition of media effects. Antithesis: Media effects are preconditions of media use. Synthesis: Media use and media effects are two sides of the same coin. Media usage and media effects are hardly distinguishable and interwoven. We may regard these processes from either a use or an effects perspective. The chosen perspective depends on our research interests. If we want to emphasize the user's independence from the medium, we speak of media use. If we want to know about the role and significance of media in our society, we use the perspective of media research. It is only possible to look at one side of the coin, although the other side still remains. Further, a coin with only one side is difficult to imagine.
Agenda‐Setting: History and Research Tradition
Authors: Wanta Wayne , Alkazemi Mariam F. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The agenda‐setting function of the mass media was first established in the 1970s. Since then, research on agenda‐setting has expanded to include six areas of research. The first category is the original hypothesis, which examines the cognitive effects of news on consumers. The second category, sources of the media agenda, concerns how competing actors in public debate affect public opinion and includes agenda‐building research. The third category, the policy agenda, deals with the effect of news media on policy. The fourth category is contingent conditions, which explains circumstances that may affect the agenda‐setting process. The fifth category is the second level, which shows that there is an affective component to the agenda‐setting process. The sixth category investigates the function of the agenda‐setting process in social media and the Internet. More recently, research has examined visual agenda‐setting and the third level of the agenda‐setting effect.
Multistep Flow of Communication: Opinion Leadership and Personality Strength
Authors: Jerabek Hynek 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The idea of measuring opinion leadership came from Paul Lazarsfeld in the “Erie County Study” in 1940. The two‐step flow of communication hypothesis was also first formulated in this study. Opinion leaders and opinion followers were then studied in the “Decatur Study” and the results were published by Katz and Lazarsfeld in
Personal Influence
(1955). Katz, Menzel, Coleman, and others then examined the “diffusion of ideas” in the “Drug Study.” Merton defined two types of “influentials” in the “Rovere Study”: “locals” and “influentials.” Departing from the dichotomous measure of opinion leadership in the Erie County and subsequent studies, in the 1980s Noelle‐Neumann developed the PS‐Scale (Personality Strength Scale) for the continuous measurement of opinion leadership. All these building blocks and the constructive critics of them formed the foundations for the development and elaboration of the multistep flow of communication.
Diffusion Theories: Logic and Role of Media
Authors: Barnett George A. , Vishwanath Arun 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Diffusion is the process by which new products, behaviors, or ideas are communicated among the members of social systems. This entry describes what is known about the process of the diffusion of innovations and the dissemination of information through the mass media. It differentiates the roles of the media (mass and digital) and interpersonal communication using a series of mathematical models. It then goes on to describe adopter categories and how attributes of innovations, news, and technology clusters impact the process.
Prosocial Media Use and Effects
Authors: Mares Marie‐Louise , Stephenson Laura J. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Research on prosocial media effects has examined the use of media to foster altruistic behaviors such as helping and generosity, as well as friendly attitudes and behaviors, aggression reduction, positivity toward social out‐groups, and honesty. Overall, the research suggests that TV and other media content can foster prosocial attitudes and responses among both children and adults. However, positive effects on young viewers often seem to require more than unaided, self‐selected exposure. Effects have been observed across a variety of media, including television and film, video games, music with prosocial lyrics, and print stories.
Cyberbullying
Authors: Festl Ruth , Quandt Thorsten 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Cyberbullying is a problematic form of online communication between two or more persons, typically involving aspects such as harassment, humiliation, insults, or threats. Despite being multifaceted, it can be differentiated from similar forms of online risk (e.g., sexual harassment). Research on cyberbullying is interdisciplinary, ranging from pedagogical analysis through psychological studies to approaches rooted in communication studies. In the present entry the dimensions of cyberbullying as well as the main approaches to it taken in research are discussed. Neglected research areas are summarized, along with desiderata related to them. On the basis of this review, pathways for future research are identified.
Media Literacy
Authors: Opree Suzanna J. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry describes the field of media literacy. Multidisciplinary in its nature, the field of media literacy is rich in both ideas and controversies. This entry highlights differences in the approach to media literacy (definitions and interventions) between parents and teachers, teachers and scholars, and scholars themselves. Their distinctively different views may complement each other and, collectively, they can help determine how to effectively reduce media's negative effects, while instigating positive outcomes.
Motivation
Authors: Rieger Diana , Vorderer Peter 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The motivational question in media research tries to reach beyond the simple description of who is doing what in which kind of situation; it rather attempts to explain why things are done as they are done. This entry systematizes various answers to the question of why users turn to media, how they differ with regard to the circumstances under which they want to be entertained or informed, and why it is rewarding for them to be engaged with media content. The entry describes different perspectives as to why people turn to media and explains the motivational roots of engaging with media from an intentionalist and from an objectivist perspective. It concludes with an application of established theories of motivation to new forms of media (e.g., social media and mobile media).
Towards the Total Synthesis of Gedunin: Construction of the Fully Elaborated ABC Ring System
Authors: Pinkerton David M. , Bernhardt Paul V. , Savage G. Paul , Williams Craig M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe widely occurring tetranortriterpene natural product gedunin has a well‐established range of important biological properties. Although this molecule has received substantial semi‐synthetic attention from medicinal chemists, it has not received devoted de novo synthetic attention since it was first isolated in 1960. A key feature of the approach presented herein was the decision to utilize a Robinson annulation reaction, which facilitated the installation of the challenging 7‐acetoxy functional group and the completion of the fully functionalized ABC ring system.
Does positive airway pressure therapy improve olfactory function?
Authors: Koseoğlu Sabri , Derin Serhan , Yilmaz Mustafa , Kutlu Gulnihal , Sahan Murat 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundOlfactory function deteriorates in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The effect of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy on olfactory function has not been investigated before. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of PAP therapy on olfactory impairment in patients with OSAS.MethodsThirty patients who had OSAS and planned for PAP therapy were included in the study. All participants underwent a detailed otorhinolaryngological examination and polysomnography. The “Sniffin’ Sticks” test was used for the analysis of olfactory function. The participants underwent the smell test before the PAP therapy, and about 3 months after the therapy. Pretreatment and posttreatment results were compared.ResultsThe pretreatment and the posttreatment apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) were 57.6 ± 29.8/hour and 9.5 ± 7.9/hour, respectively. Odor threshold (OT), odor discrimination (OD), odor identification (OI), and threshold‐discrimination‐identification (TDI) scores significantly increased after PAP therapy (p = 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.001, and p = 0.001, respectively). The pretreatment and posttreatment total TDI scores were 28.48 ± 4.71 and 32.50 ± 3.88, respectively (p = 0.001).ConclusionThis study demonstrates olfactory dysfunction in patients with OSAS. We achieved a significant improvement in olfactory function of patients with OSAS after PAP therapy. Further studies are needed to illuminate the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction in OSAS, and the role of PAP therapy on olfactory improvement.
On Convergence of Volterra Series Expansion of a Class of Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Jing Xingjian , Xiao Zhenlong 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA fundamental issue in conducting the analysis and design of a nonlinear system via Volterra series theory is how to ensure the excitation magnitude and/or model parameters will be in the appropriate range such that the nonlinear system has a convergent Volterra series expansion. To this aim, parametric convergence bounds of Volterra series expansion of nonlinear systems described by a NARX model, which can reveal under what excitation magnitude or within what parameter range a given NARX system is able to have a convergent Volterra series expansion subject to any given input signal, are investigated systematically in this paper. The existing bound results often are given as a function of the maximum input magnitude, which could be suitable for single‐tone harmonic inputs but very conservative for complicated inputs (e.g. multi‐tone or arbitrary inputs). In this study, the output response of nonlinear systems is expressed in a closed form, which is not only determined by the input magnitude but also related to the input energy or waveform. These new techniques result in more accurate bound criteria, which are not only functions of model parameters and the maximum input magnitude but also consider a factor reflecting the overall input energy or wave form. This is significant to practical applications, since the same nonlinear system could exhibit chaotic behavior subject to a simple single‐tone input but might not with respect to other different input signals (e.g. multi‐tone inputs) of the same input magnitude. The results provide useful guidance for the application of Volterra series‐based theory and methods from an engineering point of view. The Duffing equation is used as a benchmark example to show the effectiveness of the results.
White matter connections of the inferior parietal lobule: A study of surgical anatomy
Authors: Burks Joshua D. , Boettcher Lillian B. , Conner Andrew K. , Glenn Chad A. , Bonney Phillip A. , Baker Cordell M. , Briggs Robert G. , Pittman Nathan A. , O'Donoghue Daniel L. , Wu Dee H. , Sughrue Michael E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroductionInterest in the function of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) has resulted in increased understanding of its involvement in visuospatial and cognitive functioning, and its role in semantic networks. A basic understanding of the nuanced white‐matter anatomy in this region may be useful in improving outcomes when operating in this region of the brain. We sought to derive the surgical relationship between the IPL and underlying major white‐matter bundles by characterizing macroscopic connectivity.MethodsData of 10 healthy adult controls from the Human Connectome Project were used for tractography analysis. All IPL connections were mapped in both hemispheres, and distances were recorded between cortical landmarks and major tracts. Ten postmortem dissections were then performed using a modified Klingler technique to serve as ground truth.ResultsWe identified three major types of connections of the IPL. (1) Short association fibers connect the supramarginal and angular gyri, and connect both of these gyri to the superior parietal lobule. (2) Fiber bundles from the IPL connect to the frontal lobe by joining the superior longitudinal fasciculus near the termination of the Sylvian fissure. (3) Fiber bundles from the IPL connect to the temporal lobe by joining the middle longitudinal fasciculus just inferior to the margin of the superior temporal sulcus.ConclusionsWe present a summary of the relevant anatomy of the IPL as part of a larger effort to understand the anatomic connections of related networks. This study highlights the principle white‐matter pathways and highlights key underlying connections.
Insecticidal Activity of the Leaf Essential Oil ofPeperomia borbonensisMiq. (Piperaceae) and Its Major Components against the Melon FlyBactrocera cucurbitae(Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Dorla Emmanuelle , Gauvin‐Bialecki Anne , Deuscher Zoé , Allibert Agathe , Grondin Isabelle , Deguine Jean‐Philippe , Laurent Philippe 
Published: March 2017

The essential oil from the leaves ofPeperomia borbonensisfrom Réunion Island was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized usingGC‐FID,GC/MSandNMR. The main components were myristicin (39.5%) and elemicin (26.6%). The essential oil (EO) ofPeperomia borbonensisand its major compounds (myristicin and elemicin), pure or in a mixture, were evaluated for their insecticidal activity againstBactrocera cucurbitae(Diptera: Tephritidae) using a filter paper impregnated bioassay. The concentrations necessary to kill 50% (LC50) and 90% (LC90) of the flies in three hours were determined. TheLC50value was 0.23 ± 0.009 mg/cm2and theLC90value was 0.34 ± 0.015 mg/cm2for theEO. The median lethal time (LT50) was determined to compare the toxicity ofEOand the major constituents. TheEOwas the most potent insecticide (LT50 = 98 ± 2 min), followed by the mixture of myristicin and elemicin (1.4:1) (LT50 = 127 ± 2 min) indicating that the efficiency of theEOis potentiated by minor compounds and emphasizing one of the major assets ofEOs against pure molecules.
Superior orbitectomy and chemotherapy in a dog with frontal sinus squamous cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Steinmetz Andrea 
Published: March 2017

Key Clinical MessageA superior orbitectomy can be a challenging but accomplishable surgical option in dogs with a tumor which involves the dorsal bony part of the orbit. The procedure described in this report can be vision‐sparing and life prolonging even in a case of an aggressive growing frontal sinus squamous cell carcinoma.
Green urine
Authors: Koratala Abhilash , Leghrouz Muhannad 
Published: March 2017

Key Clinical MessageMethylene blue is used to assess the integrity of the bowel and may cause self‐limiting bluish or greenish hue to the urine. Green urine is also caused by medications such as propofol and infections such as pseudomonas. Knowledge of the benign nature of this condition prevents unnecessary consultations and anxiety.
Life‐threatening and life‐saving inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks
Authors: Pérez‐Rodon Jordi , Doiny David , Miranda Berta , Rivas‐Gandara Nuria , Roca‐Luque Ivo , Francisco‐Pascual Jaume , Lidón Rosa Maria , García‐Dorado David , Moya Mitjans Angel 
Published: March 2017

Key Clinical MessageAn implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead dislodgement into the right atrium is a dangerous situation, particularly in patients in atrial fibrillation because atrial fibrillation can be sensed as ventricular fibrillation and true ventricular fibrillation induced with an inappropriate shock. In the presence of shocks, ICD interrogation should be performed as soon as possible.
Electrochemical Doping as a Way to Enhance Water Photooxidation on Nanostructured Nickel Titanate and Anatase Electrodes
Authors: Díez‐García María Isabel , Monllor‐Satoca Damián , Vinoth Victor , Anandan Sambandam , Lana‐Villarreal Teresa 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA number of metal oxides have been proposed as useful materials for the photoelectrochemical (PEC) production of hydrogen from water. However, up to now, an ideal standalone material has not been found. We have investigated the possible use of nickel titanate (NiTiO3) nanorods as a photoanode. Although these electrodes absorb visible light, they show a modest PEC behavior. Interestingly, the photocurrent for water oxidation undergoes a 30‐fold enhancement after an optimized reductive electrochemical pretreatment. Here, the induced doping is studied and compared with the corresponding for anatase nanoporous electrodes. The results reveal the key role of the electrolyte pH as well as the size of the electrode building blocks. The photocurrent promotion upon the electrochemical pretreatment can be ascribed to an enhanced charge transport linked to the ability of proton insertion in the crystal structure.