bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of Murine Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils for Fungicidal Activity by Recombinant Gamma Interferon
Authors: Morrison Christine J , Brummer Elmer , Isenberg Richard A , Stevens David A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Recombinant murine gamma-interferon (IFN) was tested for its ability to enhance murine polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) fungicidal activity in vitro. PMNs, elicited by intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate 4 hr prior to collection, were treated with 0.00003-300,000 units of IFN per milliliter for 1 hr prior to challenge with yeast form Blastomyces dermatitidis. These PMNs were not fungicidal for Blastomyces in the absence of IFN; significant enhancement of PMN fungicidal activity by IFN treatment occurred in a dose-dependent manner with maximal enhancement observed at 30,000 U/ml (21% killing). Pretreatment of IFN with rabbit anti-IFN antiserum before addition to PMNs eliminated the enhancement of fungicidal activity by effective doses of IFN. PMN fungicidal activity against phagocytizable Candida albicans was significantly (P &lt; .001) higher (71.3 ± 17.4%) than against 8. dermatitidis. Candidacidal activity was not significantly enhanced by IFN treatment of PMNs. Exogenously added lipopolysaccharide, at levels corresponding to those found in this preparation of IFN, did not activate PMNs for enhanced fungicidal capacity. These data indicate a stimulatory role for IFN in the killing of 6. dermatitidis by PMNs, suggesting that IFN is an active component of the communication between T lymphocytes and PMNs with respect to antimicrobial resistance. They suggest a natural role for IFN in host defense against blastomycosis and other fungal infections, and a possible therapeutic use for exogenous IFN in fungal disease.
Quantitative Microscopy: I. A Computer-Assisted Approach to the Study of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte (PMN) Chemotaxis
Authors: Cheung Anthony T W , Donovan Richard M , Miller Michael E , Bettendorff Andrea J , Goldstein Elliot 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A computer-assisted approach has been designed to analyze and quantitate polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) Chemotaxis. This approach involves a rapid, objective, and semiautomated (user-directed) image-analysis system that is video- and microscope-based. The entire system consists of a microvideo set-up that is put on line with a Digital DEC-LSI-11/73 microcomputer, interfaced with a Datacube analog-digital/digital-analog converter. Video signals of PMN movement are digitized by the system at a resolution of 240 pixels vertically by 320 pixels horizontally (at 256 gray levels) and stored in a 76,800-byte frame buffer. The digitized data are stored for later use or utilized immediately for image segmentation, image display, movement, and morphometric computations for each PMN in a maximum phase field (at 645 × high dry) of 50 PMNs at 10-second intervals. The digitized data are used for computation of cell perimeter, surface area, optical density, contour-ratio, position, speed, and direction of locomotion with the utilization of micro-image-analysis programs written in FORTRAN and MACRO assembly language, with the computer operating under RT-11/TSX +. The reliability, objectivity, and reproducibility of measurements made with this quantitative approach have been tested by comparing with manual-tracing measurements of PMN movement. A correlation factor of 0.99 has been obtained. However, the quantitative-microscopic approach is much faster, more objective, less tedious, and much easier to operate than the conventional manual-tracing method.
Cancer Induced Anti-Inflammation and Its Potentiation by Tumor Excision and Rechallenge
Authors: Normann S , Schardt M , Sorkin E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Tumor rechallenge following primary tumor excision elicits systemic anti-inflammation that occurs rapidly, affects granulocytes as well as macrophages and is more severe, longer in duration, and induced by fewer tumor cells than the macrophage specific anti-inflammatory effect sometimes seen after primary tumor challenge. Factors important in the pathogenesis of this abnormality are the following. First, primary tumor excision was required as defects did not occur when a second tumor was transplanted during primary tumor growth. Second, the abnormality was restricted to neoplastic cells since normal cells were unable to substitute for either primary or secondary tumor challenge. Third, the anti-inflammatory effect was not due to surgical trauma or local irritation. Fourth, defective inflammation occurred in syngeneic but not allogeneic rats, suggesting an immunological basis for the anti-inflammation. Fifth, elevated glucocorticoids, such as might be expected from an immunological reaction or release of IL-1, may be a contributing but not sole cause for the phenomenon.
Arachidonic and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Metabolism in Bovine Neutrophils and Platelets: Effect of Calcium Ionophore
Authors: Taylor Stephen M , Laegreid William W , Heidel Jerry R , Straub Kenneth M , Liggitt H Denny , Silflow Ron M , Breeze Roger G , Leid R Wes 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Substitution of dietary fatty acids has potential for altering the inflammatory response. The purpose of the present study was to define the metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) secreted by bovine peripheral blood neutrophils and platelets. High performance liquid chromatography was used to characterize cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites secreted in response to the calcium ionophore A23187. Cells were prelabelled with 3H-AA or 3H-EPA prior to challenge with the calcium ionophore. Bovine neutrophils secreted leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and 5-hydroxyeicosatet-raenoic acid (5-HETE) as the major metabolites of AA, as well as the corresponding leukotriene B5 (LTB5) and 5-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (5-HEPE) metabolites of EPA. Peptidoleukotrienes derived from 3H-AA or 3H-EPA were not detected under these conditions. The major tritiated metabolites secreted from bovine platelets were: thromboxane A2, measured as the stable metabolite thromboxane B2 (TXB2); hydroxyhepta-decatrienoic acid (HHT) and 12-HETE derived from 3H-AA; and the omega-3 analogs TXB3 and 12-HEPE, derived from 3H-EPA. Preferred substrate specificities existed amongst the AA- and EPA-derived metabolites for the intermediary enzymes involved in the arachidonic acid cascade. These findings support the hypothesis that substitution of membrane-bound AA by EPA has potential for modulation of the host inflammatory response following cellular phospholipid mobilization.
Generation of Macrophage Variants With 5-Azacytidine: Selection for Mannose Receptor Expression
Authors: Diment Stephanie , Leech Melinda S , Stahl Philip D 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Mannose receptors are expressed only in primary macrophages. Established macrophage-derived cell lines, although apparently possessing the potential to synthesize mannose receptors, do not express them on their plasma membranes. Using the drug 5-Azacytidine, mannose receptor expression was induced in the macrophage-derived mouse cell line J774. Receptor positive cells were sorted through a fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS) prior to cloning. Clones were isolated which continuously express mannose receptors in culture. These macrophages were able to endocytose β-glucuronidase and phagocytose yeast particles via mannose receptors. Secretion of the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase was also reduced in proportion to the degree of mannose receptor expression.
Regulation of Granulocyte Responses in the Blood and Peritoneal Cavity of CBA and B10 Mice During an Acute Inflammation
Authors: Sluiter W , Elzenga-Claasen I , van Hemsbergen-Oomens L W M , van der Voort van der Kley-van Andel A , van Dissel J T , van Furth R 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms that determine the course of an inflammation induced by an intraperitoneal injection of kaolin were investigated in Listeria-susceptible CBA and Listeria-resistant B10 mice. The magnitude of the granulocyte inflammatory response in the peritoneal cavity was high in B10 mice (area under the curve; AUC 0-48 h: 210.9 × 106 granulocytes/mouse × h) and lower in CBA mice AUC0-48 h: 136.8 × 106 granulocytes/mouse × h), whereas the reverse was seen for the granulocyte response in the peripheral blood (AUC0-48 h= 30.5 and 80.7 × 106 granulocytes/mouse × h, respectively).
With respect to the presence of humoral factors that affect the number of granulocytes in the circulation, sera of both mouse strains sampled 24 h after the kaolin injection had granulocytosis-inducing effect in CBA recipient mice and did not induce a response in the B10 recipient mice. This divergent sensitivity to serum factors inducing granulocytosis is consistent with the difference in the blood granulocyte response of B10 and CBA mice but does not explain the divergent inflammatory responses in the peritoneal cavity.
Computer simulation showed that at least two factors must be taken into consideration to explain the differences in the inflammatory response, i.e., a factor regulating the release of granulocytes from the bone marrow and a factor governing the rate of granulocyte efflux from the site of inflammation.
Eosinophil Granule Cationic Proteins: Major Basic Protein Is Distinct From the Smaller Subunit of Eosinophil Peroxidase
Authors: Weller Peter F , Ackerman Steven J , Smith John A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Major basic protein and eosinophil peroxidase are predominant cationic proteins in the cytoplasmic granules of human eosinophilic leukocytes. Each of these proteins has been purified, and major basic protein and the lower molecular weight subunit of eosinophil peroxidase have been found to comigrate on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate with similar apparent molecular weights of about 14,700. Because previous molecular weight estimates for these proteins have not recognized the similar molecular weights of these two cationic eosinophil granule constituents, we have evaluated the possible relatedness of these proteins. Upon protein sequence analyses, it was found that the N-terminal 20 amino acid residues of each of these two purified polypeptides differed. These findings established that major basic protein and the smaller subunit of eosinophil peroxidase, although of comparable molecular weights, are two distinct proteins within the cytoplasmic granules of human eosinophils.
Glycolipid Induced Proliferation of Lipopolysaccharide Hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ Splenocytes
Authors: Tomai Mark A , Johnson Arthur G , Ribi Edgar 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Although the C3H/HeJ mouse is hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), certain forms of the lipid A fraction have been shown to stimulate cells from this mouse strain. To determine the role of the oligosaccharide chain length on the lipid A-induced proliferation of C3H/HeJ splenocytes, a panel of glycolipids from R-chemotypes (Re, Rc, and Rd) and a nontoxic monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) were tested. The MPL cells isolated from the MPL of Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella typhlmurium, and the Reglycolipids isolated from Escherichia coli were found to be effective at stimulating the LPS-hyporesponsive spleen cells. A Re-glycolipid isolated from a different strain of E. coli cells was inactive, as were the S. minnesota Rc and Rd chemotypes. Proliferation induced by MPL and the active Re preparations was dose dependent and was inhibited by polymyxin B. Thus, if contamination of the Rc-LPS or MPL with lipid A-associated protein occurred, it was below functional levels. The data suggest that the C3H/HeJ spleen cells are capable of responding to certain glycolipids, but they may lack the ability to convert native LPS into a stimulatory signal. In addition, a monosaccharide precursor of lipid A (lipid X), and a monoacyl glucosamine phospholipid derivative of lipid X (MaGP), were capable of inhibiting the proliferation induced by the MPL and Re-glycolipids. These data are compatible with the existence of a spleen cell receptor for lipid A.
Protein Malnutrition and the Febrile Response in the Fischer Rat
Authors: Bradley Suzanne F , Kauffman Carol A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We assessed the effect of protein deprivation on the ability of peritoneal macrophages from Fischer rats to produce interieukin-1 (IL-1) after in vitro stimulation. Pyrogenic activity of supernatants was measured by an in vivo febrile response assay. Control rats were given a 23% casein diet and protein-malnourished rats were given an 8% casein diet for 4 weeks. IL-1-containing supernatants prepared from peritoneal macrophages were injected into assay rats, whose temperatures were measured for 6 hours (δT6). Rats injected with IL-1-containing supernatants derived from peritoneal macrophage cultures of protein-deprived rats had significantly less fever (δT6 = 0.20 ± 0.09°) than rats injected with IL-1 containing supernatants derived from peritoneal macrophage cultures of control rats (δT6 = 0.56 ± 0.09°), P &lt; .01. Protein malnutrition leads to diminished pyrogenicity of macrophage culture supernatants and may be at least partly responsible for the decreased febrile response seen in the malnourished animals.
Diversity of the Human Monocyte/Macrophage System as Detected by Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Radzun H J , Kreipe H , Zavazava N , Hansmann M -L , Parwaresch M R 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Four monoclonal antibodies against the human monocyte/macrophage system, termed KI-M1, KI-M6, KI-M7, and KI-M8, are described with regard to their immunohistochemical tissue distribution pattern and their subcellular reactive sites. The differences found applying these analyses are also reflected by the various molecular weights of the recognized antigens. Based on these data it is proposed that the monocyte/macrophage system can be divided into the phagocytosing compartment on one hand and the immune accessory compartment on the other hand; the latter constitutes the interdigitating reticulum cells, the indeterminate dendritic cells, and the Langerhans cells, as well as the follicular dendritic cells (dendritic reticulum cells) as the accessory cells for T- and B-cell immune response, respectively.
Oxygen Metabolism of the HL-60 Cell Line: Comparison of the Effects of Monocytoid and Neutrophilic Differentiation
Authors: Thompson Blonnie Y , Sivam Geetha , Britigan Bradley E , Rosen Gerald M , Cohen Myron S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
HL-60 cells are promyelocytic leukemia cells that respond to culture conditions with differentiation into granulocytelike or macrophagelike phagocytes. O2 metabolism is critical to the microbicidal function of phagocytic cells. O2 metabolism was studied in HL-60 cells differentiated with dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) and 1,25(OH)2D3, with the objective of 1) determining the validity of these cells as models for human neutrophils and monocytes, respectively, and 2) determining whether these ceils are capable of forming hydroxyl radical. Me2SO-treated cells had morphology consistent with human neutrophils. O2 consumption by these cells in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; 100 ng/ml) or opsonized zymosan (3 mg/ml) was less than that by neutrophils, as was superoxide formation. O2 metabolism was not inhibited by KCN or antimycin A. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity decreased during differentiation but remained greater than that of human neutrophils. Cytochalasin B enhanced recovery of superoxide secreted in response to zymosan, implying its release from the phagosome. 1,25(OH)2D3-treated cells had morphology consistent with monocytes. O2 consumption and superoxide release were less than with Me2O-treated cells. Unlike the case with human monocytes, O2 consumption was not inhibited by KCN or antimycin A. MPO activity was minimally reduced by differentiation. Cytochalasin B inhibited recovery of superoxide. Luminol-dependent luminescence was greater among 1,25(OH)2D3-treated cells than among Me2SO-treated cells. Free radicals were also measured with a spin trapping technique using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). Spin trapping allows direct, simultaneous detection of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Regardless of the mechanism of differentiation, only superoxide was formed by HL-60 cells. These results show that Me2SO-treated HL-60 cells represent an excellent model for the study of human neutrophil oxidative function. However, 1,25(OH)2D3-treated cells are quite different in their O2 metabolism from peripheral blood monocytes.
Amyloid-Enhancing Factor: Production and Response in Amyloidosis-Susceptible and -Resistant Mouse Strains
Authors: Gervais Francine , Hébert Lise , Skamene Emil 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Genetic variations in the development of casein-induced amyloidosis exist among inbred strains of mice: CBA/J and C57BL/6J mice are susceptible, while A/J strain mice are resistant to this disease. Amyloidosis is usually induced by daily injections of an inflammatory stimulus for 2-3 wk. The deposition of amyloid in experimental animals can be accelerated by injection of a material called amyloid-enhancing factor (AEF); when injected concomitantly with an inflammatory stimulus, AEF provokes appearance of amyloidosis as early as 2 days after injection. AEF is extracted from amyloid laden or from normal organs (although in small amount).
Our studies were designed to determine if the resistance to amyloidosis seen in A/J mice was either due to a lack of AEF production or to an inability of these mice to respond to AEF. A standard source of CBA/J-derived AEF facilitated the development of amyloidosis in the organs of both the susceptible (CBA/J, C57BL/6J) and the resistant A/J mice. On the contrary, amyloidosis was only induced in susceptible CBA/J hosts when material derived from susceptible (CBA/J, C57BL/6J) animals was injected. CBA/J mice injected with A/J-derived AEF preparation did not develop amyloidosis. These results thus suggest that the determination of resistance or susceptibility to secondary amyloidosis could operate at the level of AEF production.
REVIEW: Methionine Sulfoxide and the Oxidative Regulation of Plasma Proteinase Inhibitors
Authors: Swaim Mark W , Pizzo Salvatore V 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The sensitivity of methionine residues to oxidation is a mechanism by which many proteins, including plasma proteinase inhibitors, may be oxidatively inactivated. Much evidence suggests that methionine oxidation and concurrent losses of protein activity not only occur widely in living systems but are physiologic, homeostatic processes. Neutrophils, macrophages and other leukocytes secrete large quantities of powerful oxidants at sites of inflammation and may readily bring about methionine oxidative inactivation of proteins. In particular, oxidation of proteinase inhibitors may favorably alter the proteinase-antiproteinase balance to facilitate tissue remodeling and protection from invading organisms. Leukocyte-mediated inhibitor oxidation also appears to regulate local immunosuppressive activity. Pathophysiologic processes such as emphysema and rheumatoidal disease involve derangements of these homeostatic mechanisms.
In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Interleukin 2-Dependent Murine Thy-1+ Dendritic Epidermal Cell Lines
Authors: Okamoto Hiroyuki , Itoh Kyogo , Welsh Elizabeth , Trial JoAnn , Platsoucas Chris , Bucana Corazon , Kripke Margaret L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells (Tdec) are bone marrow-derived cells of T-cell lineage. In order to investigate the function of these cells, two interleukin 2-dependent Tdec lines (AU4 and AU16) were established from ear skin of C3H/HeN (MTV-) mice and examined for cytotoxicity against various murine tumor cells. The original phenotype of the Tdec, Thy-1+, AsGM1+, T3+, Lyt-1-, Lyt-2-, Lyt-5+, and L3T4-, was maintained in the cell lines. The Tdec cell lines (AU4 and AU16) lysed a wide spectrum of tumor cell lines in a 4-hr 51Cr-release assay. AU16 was more effective in killing a syngeneic UV-induced skin tumor (UV-2240) and an allogeneic, natural killer cell-resistant tumor (EL-4) than the YAC-1 cell line, which is highly sensitive to natural killer cells. Neither syngeneic nor allogeneic lymphoblasts were killed by AU16. Cytotoxicity was blocked by fixation of AU16 with paraformaldehyde but not by pretreatment of the cells with puromycin or mitomycin C. The finding that two Thy-1+ cell lines derived independently from murine epidermis have unique cytotoxic activity against murine tumor cells suggests that Tdec could play a role in local immune surveillance against skin cancers.
Emergence of a B Lymphocyte Population With ADCC Effector Function in Mammary Tumor Bearing Mice
Authors: Padmanabhan Ranga R , Paul Ronald D , Watson Gordon A , Lopez Diana M 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Differential expression of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) effectors was studied in normal Balb/cCrgl mice and those bearing a chemically induced 7, 12 dimethylbenzanthracene mammary adenocarcinoma. Depletion of macrophages from normal mouse splenocytes by Sephadex G-10 columns resulted in elimination of ADCC. Further separation of the normal G-10 nonadherent splenocytes on nylon wool columns did not result in any population with significant cytotoxicity. However, Balb/c mice bearing mammary tumors showed enhanced levels of ADCC which were not eliminated by macrophage removal. Lymphocytes from tumor bearers further separated on nylon wool yielded nonadherent and adherent populations both capable of effecting significant ADCC. Treatment of the nylon nonadherent cells of both normal and tumor bearing mice with anti-asialo GM1 (AGM1) and complement decreased the ADCC responses. The same treatment only marginally affected cytotoxic levels of nylon adherent cells from tumor bearers, indicating that these effectors are primarily of non-NK lineage. In addition, G-10 nonadherent, nylon adherent cells from tumor bearers separated on a fluorescence activated cell sorter based on the presence of surface immunoglobulins (slg) revealed that both the slg- and slg+ (98% pure) sorted cells were capable of functioning in ADCC. To determine whether in the tumor mice the 2% of slg- cells present in the slg+ sorted population were the ADCC effectors, mixing experiments were done in which up to 10% of slg- cells from tumor bearers were added to nylon adherent cells from normal mice. No significant increases in ADCC levels were found over that of normal mice. These experiments indicate that the 2% slg- cells were not the ADCC effectors nor were they inducing normal B cells to exert this type of cytotoxic reaction in vitro. To further substantiate the B cell lineage of the slg+ ADCC effectors, surface immunoglobulins were removed with protease treatment. After a 36 hr incubation, 92% of the cells had regenerated their slg. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that various splenic lymphoreticular populations from tumor bearers possess an enhanced cytolytic activity against antibody coated target cells. Among these is a unique nylon adherent slg+ cell that is capable of functioning as an ADCC effector.