bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Star Formation Histories of Spiral Galaxies from a Multi-Wavelength Study
Authors: Xu C. 
Published: July 2016

We study the star formation histories of a sample of 113 nearby spiral galaxies using their radio continuum (20cm), FIR (40-120μm), H (1.65μm) and B (4400Å) luminosities. The first two are used as indicators of star formation rate over the past ∼ 108 years, as suggested by the tight and nearly universal FIR/radio correlation (Xu et al. 1994). Compared to other indicators of recent star formation rate such as Hα and UV, FIR and radio continuum have the advantage of being insensitive to extinction. The B luminosity is taken as star formation indicator for the time scale of 3 109 years, and the H luminosity for the time scale of 1010 years. We find:
1.The long-term star-formation history (from a few billion years to the entire Hubble time), as indicated by the B-to-H luminosity ratio, depends strongly on the Hubble type.2.The recent star-formation history in the last a few billion years, as indicated by the radio-to-B luminosity ratio and the FIR-to-B luminosity ratio, does not depend on the Hubble type.3.Galaxies of a given Hubble type have similar long-term star-formation histories. On the other hand, their recent star-formation histories in the last a few billion years can be much different: the ratio between the star-formation rate averaged over the past 108 years to that over the past 3 109 years can be different by two orders of magnitude, as indicated by the scattering of the radio-to-B luminosity ratio and that of the FIR-to-B luminosity ratio. This is not likely to be due to the extinction on the B luminosity, because the scattering of the B-to-H luminosity ratio for a given type is much smaller.
Large-Scale Magnetic Structures Responsible for Coronal Disturbances
Authors: Bumba V. , Sýkora J. 
Published: July 2016

In the first part of our communication, in a short summary of our recent results, it is demonstrated that over the last 15 years (the time interval for which the magnetic synoptic charts are available) the largest solar activity, usually connected with proton-flare occurrence, has been very closely related to a characteristic large-scale pattern in the magnetic field distribution with a life-time of the order of 8–10 solar rotations. These regular features are seen in the negative as well as in the positive polarity, although they can be seen better in the negative polarity where their forms are more pronounced, regardless of the activity cycle. The form alternates with the location in the northern or the southern solar hemispheres due to the mutual relations of both polarities, individual active regions, the influence of the differential rotations, the shift in longitude, etc. This pattern could be observed up to the large August 1972 proton-flare activity.The large-scale magnetic patterns described are accompanied by characteristic large-scale features in the green (λ 5303) coronal emission, presented in the form of isophotes on the synoptic charts (reduced to a unified photometric scale).In the second part of the presentation, preliminary results, concerning the correlation of the longitudinal distribution of the green coronal emission with the negative and the positive polarity fields for two time intervals (August 1960–September 1961 and January 1969–December 1969) are described. The existence of two ‘coronal active longitudes’ in both intervals, as well as the close relation of these longitudinal emission maxima to certain parts of the large-scale characteristic bodies of negative polarity, is discussed. Also, the existence of one heliographic longitude, connected with ‘coronal holes’ (minimal green corona emission), and its relation to the positive polarity large-scale pattern are proved.
12. Solar electrodynamics
Authors: Cowling T. G. 
Published: July 2016

A historical account of the subject's development is attempted. Prior to 1940, the most significant papers were those by Larmor (1919) and Cowling (1934) on dynamo theories of solar fields: by Kiepenheuer (1935) on the corona; and by Ferraro (1937) on isorotation. These indicated the importance of electromagnetic forces and were groping towards the idea of frozen-in fields. The latter idea was, however, not clearly stated before Alfvén's 1941–2 papers.Theory since then is divided into sections concerned with mechanical effects of magnetic fields, theories of sunspots, and the nature and origin of solar magnetic fields. The first includes theories of magnetic control of support of coronal filaments and prominences (van de Hulst, Alfvén, Dungey) and theories of magnetic influence on sunspot equilibrium. The second includes Alfvén's and Walén's theories of the solar cycle, and Biermann's explanation of sunspot coolness in terms of magnetic inhibition of convection. Sunspot theories, being discussed more fully by Biermann, are considered only briefly.Electromagnetic heating covers theories of coronal heating and flares, discharge phenomena, particle acceleration and radio emission. Many of the older theories (Alfvén's on coronal heating, Giovanelli's on flares, that of Bagge and Biermann on cosmic rays) are set aside because of their neglect of self-induction effects and inadequacy of the mechanism of conversion. The relative motion of charged particles and neutral atoms (Piddington, Cowling) is described as supplying a powerful heating effect.As regards the magnitude of the general solar magnetic field, it is suggested that the observed value can be discarded only if decisive reasons are given. Other theories having so far proved inadequate, dynamo theories of the origin of solar fields are regarded as the most promising. These can be partial, as when a toroidal field capable of explaining spot fields is supposed to be generated from the general field (Walén and others), or when a turbulent field is supposed to be generated from a smaller regular field (Alfvén and others): or total, when a simultaneous explanation of all fields is attempted (e.g. Parker). A general appraisal is made of the different theories.
16. Some effects of hydromagnetic waves in the solar atmosphere
Authors: Piddington J. H. 
Published: July 2016

A hitherto undisclosed source of absorption of hydromagnetic waves, due to the presence of neutral atoms, is investigated quantitatively. In the chromosphere the rate of absorption due to this effect may be 1010 times greater than that due to ordinary viscosity.General solar heating, due to hydromagnetic waves caused by granules, is investigated and order-of-magnitude agreement with observational data is found.The new effect is discussed in connexion with heating near sunspots and with flares.
33. The present state of the corpuscular theory of magnetic storms
Authors: Ferraro V. C. A. 
Published: July 2016

The evidence in favour of a corpuscular theory of magnetic storms is briefly reviewed and reasons given for believing that the stream must be neutral but ionized and carry no appreciable current. It is shown that under suitable conditions the stream is able to pass freely through a solar magnetic field; the stream may also be able to carry away with it a part of this field. However, because of geometrical broadening of the stream during its passage from the sun to the earth, the magnetic field imprisoned in the gas may be wellnigh unobservable near the earth.The nature, composition and dimensions of the stream near the earth are discussed and it is concluded that on arrival the stream will present very nearly a plane surface to the earth if undistorted by the magnetic field.Because of its large dimensions, the stream will behave as if it were perfectly conducting. During its advance in the earth's magnetic field the currents induced in the stream will therefore be practically confined to the surface. The action of the magnetic field on this current is to retard the surface of the stream which being highly distortible will become hollowed out. Since the stream surface is impervious to the interpenetration of the magnetic tubes of force, these will be compressed in the hollow space. The intensity of the magnetic field is thereby increased and this increase is identified with the beginning of the first phase of a magnetic storm. This increase will be sudden, as observed, owing to the rapid approach of the stream to the earth.The distortion of the stream surface is discussed and it is pointed out that two horns will develop on the surface, one north and the other south of the geomagnetic equator. Matter pouring through these two horns will find its way to the polar regions.The main phase of a magnetic storm seems most simply explained as due to a westward ring-current flowing round the earth in its equatorial plane. Under suitable conditions such a ring-current would be stable if once set up. The mode of formation of the ring is, however, largely conjectural. The possibility that the main phase may be of atmospheric origin is also briefly considered. It is shown that matter passing through the two horns to the polar regions could supply the energy necessary for the setting up of the field during the main phase. The magnetic evidence in favour of such a hypothesis, however, seems wanting.
34. The present state of the electric field theory of magnetic storms and aurorae
Authors: Block L. 
Published: July 2016

The main features of the electric field theory are outlined. The theory should be considered as a first approximation. The validity of the approximations and assumptions introduced is discussed.Some model experiments on the theory are described. It is impossible to construct an entirely true model of nature in the laboratory. The similarities and differences between nature and model are discussed.The mechanism of the model seems to be described very well by the theory. Some experimental results, which because of the complicated phenomena cannot be predicted by the theory, are compared with observations in nature. As far as we can see at present, the agreement between nature and model is astonishingly good.
36. The 27-day variation in cosmic ray intensity and in geomagnetic activity
Authors: Forbush Scott E. 
Published: July 2016

The amplitude of the average 27-day wave in cosmic ray intensity, at Huancayo, Peru, and its phase relative to that for the 27-day wave in international magnetic character figure (ICF) is determined from results of harmonic analysis of data for each of 246 intervals (or solar rotations) of 27 days. From these data, the variability of which is essential for tests of statistical significance, the amplitude of the average 27-day wave in cosmic ray intensity and its phase relative to that in geomagnetic activity is determined for each of three groups of solar rotations selected according to the average of the amplitudes of the 27-day waves in magnetic activity. A fourth group contained only 27-day intervals in which large cosmic ray decreases occurred. Relative to that in magnetic activity, the phase of the 27-day wave in cosmic ray intensity is found for the averages, to be the same for the four groups.The maxima of the average cosmic ray waves occur about 1·5 days after the minima of the corresponding waves in ICF. In general, the amplitude of the average 27-day wave in cosmic ray intensity, in the co-ordinate system in which its phase is relative to that of the 27-day wave in ICF tends to be greater for the selected groups of rotations with larger average ICF amplitudes. For most years near sunspot minimum the amplitude of the 27-day cosmic ray wave does not differ significantly from zero.Bartels found for 27-day waves in ICF the effective number of statistically independent 27-day waves for N successive solar rotations to be N/3; the number found for cosmic ray intensity is N/2. Thus, on the average the 27-day recurrence tendency is less for cosmic ray intensity than for magnetic activity.
VICTORIANS LIVE
Authors: Sussman Herbert 
Published: July 2016

The Cult of BeautyCATHERINE MAXWELLImitating the Inimitable: Performing Charles Dickens's Life in Recent British TheatreBENJAMIN POORE“Famous Men and Fair Women”: Pre-Raphaelitism and Photography ReconsideredANDREA WOLK RAGERJane Eyre2011CAROLYN WILLIAMS
How valid is your case formulation? Empirically testing your cognitive behavioural case formulation for tailored treatment
Authors: Mumma Gregory H. , Fluck Jonathan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough clinicians have used cognitive behavioural case formulations (CBCFs) to guide treatment for many years, the validity of the case formulation (CF) is rarely evaluated. Given the central role of the formulation in treatment planning, particularly for complex or comorbid cases, a straightforward method to empirically evaluate the validity of the CBCF could increase the effectiveness of a treatment plan tailored for a particular client. This article describes a step-by-step, person-specific approach to evaluating a CBCF that can be used for appropriate cases in a clinical practice or especially a clinical training setting. The evaluation focuses on discriminant validity of person-specific scales and constructs and patterns of predicted functional relationships between idiosyncratic cognitions and distress. The approach is illustrated with an adult seen in a training clinic who was diagnosed with generalized anxiety and recurrent major depressive disorders and who completed 28 brief end-of-day, individualized questionnaires. The clinician's CBCF hypotheses were empirically evaluated using mostly simple statistical analyses available in readily accessible worksheets. Intervention implications of the CF evaluation are discussed.
Crystal structure of mammalian acid sphingomyelinase
Authors: Gorelik Alexei , Illes Katalin , Heinz Leonhard X. , Superti-Furga Giulio , Nagar Bhushan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAcid sphingomyelinase (ASMase, ASM, SMPD1) converts sphingomyelin into ceramide, modulating membrane properties and signal transduction. Inactivating mutations in ASMase cause Niemann–Pick disease, and its inhibition is also beneficial in models of depression and cancer. To gain a better understanding of this critical therapeutic target, we determined crystal structures of mammalian ASMase in various conformations. The catalytic domain adopts a calcineurin-like fold with two zinc ions and a hydrophobic track leading to the active site. Strikingly, the membrane interacting saposin domain assumes either a closed globular conformation independent from the catalytic domain, or an open conformation, which establishes an interface with the catalytic domain essential for activity. Structural mapping of Niemann–Pick mutations reveals that most of them likely destabilize the protein’s fold. This study sheds light on the molecular mechanism of ASMase function, and provides a platform for the rational development of ASMase inhibitors and therapeutic use of recombinant ASMase.
Development and validation of a whole-exome sequencing test for simultaneous detection of point mutations, indels and copy-number alterations for precision cancer care
Authors: Rennert Hanna , Eng Kenneth , Zhang Tuo , Tan Adrian , Xiang Jenny , Romanel Alessandro , Kim Robert , Tam Wayne , Liu Yen-Chun , Bhinder Bhavneet , Cyrta Joanna , Beltran Himisha , Robinson Brian , Mosquera Juan Miguel , Fernandes Helen , Demichelis Francesca , Sboner Andrea , Kluk Michael , Rubin Mark A , Elemento Olivier 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe describe Exome Cancer Test v1.0 (EXaCT-1), the first New York State-Department of Health-approved whole-exome sequencing (WES)-based test for precision cancer care. EXaCT-1 uses HaloPlex (Agilent) target enrichment followed by next-generation sequencing (Illumina) of tumour and matched constitutional control DNA. We present a detailed clinical development and validation pipeline suitable for simultaneous detection of somatic point/indel mutations and copy-number alterations (CNAs). A computational framework for data analysis, reporting and sign-out is also presented. For the validation, we tested EXaCT-1 on 57 tumours covering five distinct clinically relevant mutations. Results demonstrated elevated and uniform coverage compatible with clinical testing as well as complete concordance in variant quality metrics between formalin-fixed paraffin embedded and fresh-frozen tumours. Extensive sensitivity studies identified limits of detection threshold for point/indel mutations and CNAs. Prospective analysis of 337 cancer cases revealed mutations in clinically relevant genes in 82% of tumours, demonstrating that EXaCT-1 is an accurate and sensitive method for identifying actionable mutations, with reasonable costs and time, greatly expanding its utility for advanced cancer care.
Biopolymers form a gelatinous microlayer at the air-sea interface when Arctic sea ice melts
Authors: Galgani Luisa , Piontek Judith , Engel Anja 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe interface layer between ocean and atmosphere is only a couple of micrometers thick but plays a critical role in climate relevant processes, including the air-sea exchange of gas and heat and the emission of primary organic aerosols (POA). Recent findings suggest that low-level cloud formation above the Arctic Ocean may be linked to organic polymers produced by marine microorganisms. Sea ice harbors high amounts of polymeric substances that are produced by cells growing within the sea-ice brine. Here, we report from a research cruise to the central Arctic Ocean in 2012. Our study shows that microbial polymers accumulate at the air-sea interface when the sea ice melts. Proteinaceous compounds represented the major fraction of polymers supporting the formation of a gelatinous interface microlayer and providing a hitherto unrecognized potential source of marine POA. Our study indicates a novel link between sea ice-ocean and atmosphere that may be sensitive to climate change.
Griffiths phase and long-range correlations in a biologically motivated visual cortex model
Authors: Girardi-Schappo M. , Bortolotto G. S. , Gonsalves J. J. , Pinto L. T. , Tragtenberg M. H. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractActivity in the brain propagates as waves of firing neurons, namely avalanches. These waves’ size and duration distributions have been experimentally shown to display a stable power-law profile, long-range correlations and 1/f b power spectrum in vivo and in vitro. We study an avalanching biologically motivated model of mammals visual cortex and find an extended critical-like region – a Griffiths phase – characterized by divergent susceptibility and zero order parameter. This phase lies close to the expected experimental value of the excitatory postsynaptic potential in the cortex suggesting that critical be-havior may be found in the visual system. Avalanches are not perfectly power-law distributed, but it is possible to collapse the distributions and define a cutoff avalanche size that diverges as the network size is increased inside the critical region. The avalanches present long-range correlations and 1/f b power spectrum, matching experiments. The phase transition is analytically determined by a mean-field approximation.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Tert-butylhydroquinone lowers blood pressure in AngII-induced hypertension in mice via proteasome-PTEN-Akt-eNOS pathway
Authors: Xu Bing-Can , Long Hui-Bao , Luo Ke-Qin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), as an antioxidant, has been widely used for many years to prevent oxidization of food products. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tBHQ activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to prevent endothelial dysfunction and lower blood pressure. The role of Akt in tBHQ-induced eNOS phosphorylation was examined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) or in mice. tBHQ treatment of HUVEC increased both Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation, accompanied with increased eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation and NO release. Mechanically, pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of Akt abolished tBHQ-enhanced NO release and eNOS phosphorylation in HUVEC. Gain-function of PTEN or inhibition of 26S proteasome abolished tBHQ-enhanced Akt phosphorylation in HUVEC.Ex vivoanalysis indicated that tBHQ improved Ach-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in LPC-treated mice aortic arteries, which were abolished by inhibition of Akt or eNOS. In animal study, administration of tBHQ significantly increased eNOS-Ser1177 phosphorylation and acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation and lowered AngII-induced hypertension in wildtype mice, but not in mice deficient of Akt or eNOS. In conclusion, tBHQ via proteasome-dependent degradation of PTEN increases Akt phosphorylation, resulting in upregulation of eNOS-derived NO production and consequent improvement of endothelial functionin vivo. In this way, tBHQ lowers blood pressure in hypertensive mice.
Social Environment Shapes the Speed of Cooperation
Authors: Nishi Akihiro , Christakis Nicholas A. , Evans Anthony M. , O’Malley A. James , Rand David G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAre cooperative decisions typically made more quickly or slowly than non-cooperative decisions? While this question has attracted considerable attention in recent years, most research has focused on one-shot interactions. Yet it is repeated interactions that characterize most important real-world social interactions. In repeated interactions, the cooperativeness of one’s interaction partners (the “social environment”) should affect the speed of cooperation. Specifically, we propose that reciprocal decisions (choices that mirror behavior observed in the social environment), rather than cooperative decisions per se, occur more quickly. We test this hypothesis by examining four independent decision time datasets with a total of 2,088 subjects making 55,968 decisions. We show that reciprocal decisions are consistently faster than non-reciprocal decisions: cooperation is faster than defection in cooperative environments, while defection is faster than cooperation in non-cooperative environments. These differences are further enhanced by subjects’ previous behavior – reciprocal decisions are faster when they are consistent with the subject’s previous choices. Finally, mediation analyses of a fifth dataset suggest that the speed of reciprocal decisions is explained, in part, by feelings of conflict – reciprocal decisions are less conflicted than non-reciprocal decisions, and less decision conflict appears to lead to shorter decision times.
DNA barcode for the identification of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis plant feeding preferences in a tropical urban environment
Authors: Lima Leonardo H. G. de M. , Mesquita Marcelo R. , Skrip Laura , de Souza Freitas Moisés T. , Silva Vladimir C. , Kirstein Oscar D. , Abassi Ibrahim , Warburg Alon , Balbino Valdir de Q. , Costa Carlos H. N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLittle is known about the feeding behavior of hematophagous insects that require plant sugar to complete their life cycles. We studied plant feeding of Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies, known vectors of Leishmania infantum/chagasi parasites, in a Brazilian city endemic with visceral leishmaniasis. The DNA barcode technique was applied to identify plant food source of wild-caught L. longipalpis using specific primers for a locus from the chloroplast genome, ribulose diphosphate carboxylase. DNA from all trees or shrubs within a 100-meter radius from the trap were collected to build a barcode reference library. While plants from the Anacardiaceae and Meliaceae families were the most abundant at the sampling site (25.4% and 12.7% of the local plant population, respectively), DNA from these plant families was found in few flies; in contrast, despite its low abundance (2.9%), DNA from the Fabaceae family was detected in 94.7% of the sand flies. The proportion of sand flies testing positive for DNA from a given plant family was not significantly associated with abundance, distance from the trap, or average crown expansion of plants from that family. The data suggest that there may indeed be a feeding preference of L. longipalpis for plants in the Fabaceae family.