bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BAP guidelines on the management of weight gain, metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular risk associated with psychosis and antipsychotic drug treatment
Authors: Cooper Stephen J , Reynolds Gavin P ,   With expert co-authors (in alphabetical order):, Barnes TRE , England E , Haddad PM , Heald A , Holt RIG , Lingford-Hughes A , Osborn D , McGowan O , Patel MX , Paton C , Reid P , Shiers D , Smith J 
Published: May 2016

Excess deaths from cardiovascular disease are a major contributor to the significant reduction in life expectancy experienced by people with schizophrenia. Important risk factors in this are smoking, alcohol misuse, excessive weight gain and diabetes. Weight gain also reinforces service users’ negative views of themselves and is a factor in poor adherence with treatment. Monitoring of relevant physical health risk factors is frequently inadequate, as is provision of interventions to modify these. These guidelines review issues surrounding monitoring of physical health risk factors and make recommendations about an appropriate approach. Overweight and obesity, partly driven by antipsychotic drug treatment, are important factors contributing to the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in people with schizophrenia. There have been clinical trials of many interventions for people experiencing weight gain when taking antipsychotic medications but there is a lack of clear consensus regarding which may be appropriate in usual clinical practice. These guidelines review these trials and make recommendations regarding appropriate interventions. Interventions for smoking and alcohol misuse are reviewed, but more briefly as these are similar to those recommended for the general population. The management of impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance (‘pre-diabetes’), diabetes and other cardiovascular risks, such as dyslipidaemia, are also reviewed with respect to other currently available guidelines. These guidelines were compiled following a consensus meeting of experts involved in various aspects of these problems. They reviewed key areas of evidence and their clinical implications. Wider issues relating to primary care/secondary care interfaces are discussed but cannot be resolved within guidelines such as these.
The Instructional Dependency of SNARC Effects Reveals Flexibility of the Space-Magnitude Association of Nonsymbolic and Symbolic Magnitudes
Authors: Lee Dasom , Chun Joohyung , Cho Soohyun 
Published: May 2016

The Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect refers to the phenomenon that small versus large numbers are responded to faster in the left versus right side of space, respectively. Using a pairwise comparison task, Shaki et al. found that task instruction influences the pattern of SNARC effects of certain types of magnitudes which are less rigid in their space-magnitude association .The present study examined the generalizability of this instruction effect using pairwise comparison of nonsymbolic and symbolic stimuli within a wide range of magnitudes. We contrasted performance between trials in which subjects were instructed to select the stimulus representing the smaller versus larger magnitude within each pair. We found an instruction-dependent pattern of SNARC effects for both nonsymbolic and symbolic magnitudes. Specifically, we observed a SNARC effect for the “Select Smaller” instruction, but a reverse SNARC effect for the “Select Larger” instruction. Considered together with previous studies, our findings suggest that nonsymbolic magnitudes and relatively large symbolic magnitudes have greater flexibility in their space-magnitude association.
Fat-Related Anthropometric Variables and Regional Patterns of Body Size and Adiposity of Adolescents in Aba South LGA, Abia State, Nigeria
Authors: Eme Paul Eze , Onuoha Nnenna Ola , Mbah Obioma B. 
Published: May 2016

Aim: This study assessed fat-related anthropometric variables and regional patterns of body size and adiposity of adolescents in Aba South LGA. Methods: A total number of 600 adolescents who were secondary school students aged 10 to 19 years wereselected from 61 registered secondary schools. A multi-random sampling technique was used to select the patients. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained from the patients who participated in the study. Each patient was subjected to weight, height, mid–upper arm circumference (MUAC), and skinfolds measurements using standard methods. Body fat percentage was calculated by the formulas described by Slaughter, Siris, and Shailk equations. Descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were used to examine the gender-specific anthropometric indices. Chi-square and independent t test were also applied to determine the differences between the parameters or variables of the genders at P< .05. Results: The respondents aged 19 years had the highest measurement for triceps (14.60 mm), thigh (35.05 mm), and MUAC (25.95 mm), while those aged 18 years had the highest measurement for suprailiac (15.00 mm) and subscapular (16.94 mm). Females had more fat deposits than males in all the skinfold sites. They also had a significantly ( P = .05) higher body fat percentage than males. A multiple regression analysis revealed that maximum calf fat was a strong predictor of body fat percentage of the patients. Conclusion: High prevalence of obesity was found in this study, and the 3 equations of body fat percentage showed similar findings that more females than males had higher body fat percentage.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ Overlying Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Authors: McGowan Maria A. , Helm Matthew F. , Tarbox Michelle B. 
Published: May 2016

Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive cutaneous neoplasm that has exhibited an exponential increase in incidence in the past 3 decades. Combined MCC and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC/MCC) is an uncommon variant of MCC that exhibits worse prognosis than pure MCC. Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, dermoscopy, and histology of an unusual subtype of combined SCC/MCC. Methods and Results: A 73-year-old white woman presented with an ulcerated and violaceous 10-mm plaque on her right jawline that had been present for 2 to 3 months. On dermoscopy, the lesion was predominantly milky pink to red with peripheral crusting and large-caliber polymorphous vessels. Histology revealed SCC in situ above and adjacent to MCC. The tumor was excised with clear margins, and sentinel lymph node scintography was negative for nodal involvement.
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor pathway, life stress, and chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Generaal Ellen , Milaneschi Yuri , Jansen Rick , Elzinga Bernet M , Dekker Joost , Penninx Brenda WJH 
Published: May 2016

Introduction Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) disturbances and life stress, both independently and in interaction, have been hypothesized to induce chronic pain. We examined whether (a) the BDNF pathway (val66met genotype, gene expression, and serum levels), (b) early and recent life stress, and (c) their interaction are associated with the presence and severity of chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain. Methods Cross-sectional data are from 1646 subjects of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. The presence and severity of chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain were determined using the Chronic Pain Grade (CPG) questionnaire. The BDNF val66met polymorphism, BDNF gene expression, and BDNF serum levels were measured. Early life stress before the age of 16 was assessed by calculating a childhood trauma index using the Childhood Trauma Interview. Recent life stress was assessed as the number of recent adverse life events using the List of Threatening Events Questionnaire. Results Compared to val66val, BDNF met carriers more often had chronic pain, whereas no differences were found for BDNF gene expression and serum levels. Higher levels of early and recent stress were both associated with the presence and severity of chronic pain ( p < 0.001). No interaction effect was found for the BDNF pathway with life stress in the associations with chronic pain presence and severity. Conclusions This study suggests that the BDNF gene marks vulnerability for chronic pain. Although life stress did not alter the impact of BDNF on chronic pain, it seems an independent factor in the onset and persistence of chronic pain.
Information management for aged care provision in Australia: development of an aged care minimum dataset and strategies to improve quality and continuity of care
Authors: Davis Jenny , Morgans Amee , Burgess Stephen 
Published: May 2016

Background: Efficient information systems support the provision of multi-disciplinary aged care and a variety of organisational purposes, including quality, funding, communication and continuity of care. Agreed minimum data sets enable accurate communication across multiple care settings. However, in aged care multiple and poorly integrated data collection frameworks are commonly used for client assessment, government reporting and funding purposes. Objective: To determine key information needs in aged care settings to improve information quality, information transfer, safety, quality and continuity of care to meet the complex needs of aged care clients. Method: Modified Delphi methods involving five stages were employed by one aged care provider in Victoria, Australia, to establish stakeholder consensus for a derived minimum data set and address barriers to data quality. Results: Eleven different aged care programs were identified; with five related data dictionaries, three minimum data sets, five program standards or quality frameworks. The remaining data collection frameworks related to diseases classification, funding, service activity reporting, and statistical standards and classifications. A total of 170 different data items collected across seven internal information systems were consolidated to a derived set of 60 core data items and aligned with nationally consistent data collection frameworks. Barriers to data quality related to inconsistencies in data items, staff knowledge, workflow, system access and configuration. Conclusion: The development an internal aged care minimum data set highlighted the critical role of primary data quality in the upstream and downstream use of client information; and presents a platform to build national consistency across the sector.
Concerns and hopes about outsourcing decisions regarding health information management services at two teaching hospitals in Semnan, Iran
Authors: Kahouei Mehdi , Farrokhi Maryam , Abadi Zahra Nasr , Karimi Arefe 
Published: May 2016

Background: Changes in health programs in Iran have led to an increase in administrative costs. One cost-saving option available to hospital administrators is to outsource administrative services. Objective: This study aimed to explore the attitudes of hospital staff towards outsourcing health information management services in advance of a decision being taken, to assist healthcare organisations to assess the potential benefits and challenges of outsourcing such services. Method: Six hundred and four clinical and allied health employees in two hospitals in Iran, who had had prior experience with outsourcing hospital services, responded to a survey designed to measure staff attitudes towards outsourcing health information management services, based on their perceptions of potential costs and benefits for the organisation and their own employment prospects. A 16-item attitude scale, developed by the researchers, was used in the study and demographic data were also collected. Results: Summary statistics showed that approximately one third of the sample (34.53%) had a negative view of outsourcing, one third (35.16%) had a positive view, and 30.31% were neutral. An exploratory factor analysis of items on the attitude scale identified three underlying constructs, labelled: data security and management; workplace environment; and staff and customer satisfaction. One item (concern about the impact of outsourcing on staffing levels) did not load on any of the factors. A separate analysis of this single item showed a significant relationship between the sex of participants and their views on the impact of outsourcing on the number of hospital staff employed (p<0.05). Conclusion: While results of this study indicated that staff in hospitals surveyed held both positive and negative views of outsourcing, a large number of staff in these hospitals (a third of the total sample) had reservations about the skills of outside providers to securely manage hospital data, and did not consider that outsourcing health information management services would be positive for the organisation, their working environment or for staff and patient satisfaction. These findings have important implications for healthcare organisations planning to outsource health information services. Further research that focuses on communication skills of senior managers and their ability to provide team leadership is needed, as is research into the impact of geographical location and current market forces that impact on outsourcing tasks.
Type 1 diabetes self-management: developing a web-based telemedicine application
Authors: Ayatollahi Haleh , Hasannezhad Mostafa , Fard Hedieh Saneei , Haghighi Mehran Kamkar 
Published: May 2016

Background: Self-management skills are essential for patients with diabetes mellitus to minimise the risks of complications from their condition. The aim of this research was to develop a web-based application for self-management of type 1 diabetes, suitable for use by patients, their carers and physicians. Method: The study was comprised of two phases, the first being analysis of the kind of information and capabilities required by potential users of the system. Based on the results derived from the first phase of the study, the system prototype was designed and then evaluated using the ‘think aloud’ method and a standard questionnaire. The application was designed for use by patients, their carers and physicians. Patients could enter the level of blood glucose, insulin and activities on a daily basis, and physicians were able to supervise a patient’s health status from a distance. Results: Users were generally satisfied with the final version of the system. People with a wide range of literacy skills were able to use the system effectively. Conclusion: Patients or their carers could use the web-based application as a log book by entering the level of blood glucose and insulin doses on a regular basis, and as an educational resource to improve self-management skills. Physicians could use the system at any time convenient to them to support patients by giving medical advice. Further research is needed to report the effectiveness of the system in practice.
A chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma mimicking a brain tumor: Findings on arterial spin labeling of MRI
Authors: Kamide Tomoya , Seki Shunsuke , Suzuki Kei-ichiro , Aoki Takae , Hirano Ken-ichi , Takahashi Mitsuyuki , Nomura Motohiro 
Published: May 2016

Background Intracerebral hematoma usually resolves spontaneously. Chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma is rare and mimics a brain tumor. Case description A 50-year-old man had developed intracerebral hematoma in the right temporal lobe. Computed tomography (CT) showed the gradually decreasing density of the hematoma. However, the hematoma did not decrease in size and it showed ring enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT for more than 1 year. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a lesion content showing a high intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images with ring enhancement. The lesion was diagnosed as a chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma developing from an acute hematoma. Arterial spin labeling of MRI showed decreased blood perfusion even in the enhanced capsule, being different from findings of a cystic brain tumor. Conclusion Arterial spin labeling might be a useful modality to distinguish a chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma from a cystic hypervascular brain tumor.
Multiple dichotomies of the Anthropocene
Authors: Autin Whitney J 
Published: May 2016

Anthropocene has developed a varied set of connotations among scientific and non-scientific advocates. As a result, multiple dichotomies of the Anthropocene exist within various scholarly disciplines. The Anthropocene allows people to reinforce and perpetuate preferred views about the implications of human interaction with the Earth System as our management of the environment is called into question. Scientific dichotomies arise from opinions about the need for formal or informal definition and the recognition of a modern versus historical onset of the Anthropocene. Philosophical dichotomies center around good versus dystopian outcomes of Anthropocene and whether or not humanity is part of what historically has been called nature. Political dichotomies insert Anthropocene into classic conservative versus liberal arguments. Artistic dichotomies tend to evaluate the effects of technology on modernism by embracing a nostalgia for the past or projecting an apocalyptic future. Multiple dichotomies drive conversation towards confusion as individuals argue preferred versions of an Anthropocene concept. Philosophical and political perspectives are affecting scientific views of proposed geological time markers for the start of the Anthropocene as conceptual ideologies appear to compete with tangible stratigraphic attributes. Formal definition of the Anthropocene has potential to inhibit popular usage and further confuse an already confused media. Informal stratigraphic usage by scientists and an open-ended view among non-scientific proponents may be the best approach to formulate a robust Anthropocene message. Both humanity and the Earth System benefit from a dynamic tag line that enhances environmental awareness and provides opportunity to modify our habits of resource overuse and ecosystem neglect. Concepts and imagery offered in the form of modern literature and art have the greatest prospect of affecting popular culture perspectives of the Anthropocene’s role in environmental debate.
Phule and Gandhi on Education: A Comparative Analysis of Their Social Ideologies
Authors: Pandey Renu 
Published: May 2016

India, along with its civilizational heritage, also has a lot of social problems such as caste and gender discriminations. Various movements, both religious and social (like Buddhism, Jainism or Bhakti), tried to eradicate these in ancient and medieval India, but they continued to exist even in colonial India. However, it was only during the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that sustained efforts were made to address these issues against the backdrop of colonial modernity and the national narrative. Jyotirao Phule and Gandhi were two of those who tried to deconstruct and analyze caste and gender discriminations. They had their visions of a free, egalitarian Indian society. Although both agreed on the need of transforming society, yet there were divergences in their approaches towards these issues. While Phule concentrated his efforts on the betterment of status of women in Maharashtra only, Gandhi visualized women from a national perspective. Modernity, urbanization and education are thought to be the instruments that would cut across both social and gender barriers and usher in an egalitarian society. However, Jyotirao Phule and M.K. Gandhi thought differently about the role of education and level of empowerment of women in the society. The article aims to bring out several such convergences and divergences in the philosophies of these leaders and tries to situate them in the historical and social contexts. This article will also discuss the efforts of the two reformers in ameliorating the conditions of women.
Impact of childhood trauma on risk of relapse requiring psychiatric hospital admission for psychosis
Authors: Petros N. , Foglia E. , Klamerus E. , Beards S. , Murray R. M. , Bhattacharyya S. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryRelapse in psychosis typically necessitates admission to hospital placing a significant financial burden on the health service. Exposure to childhood trauma is associated with an increased risk of psychosis, however, the extent to which this influences relapse is unclear. This report summarises current research investigating the influence of childhood trauma on relapse requiring psychiatric hospital admission for psychosis. Seven studies were included; two revealed a positive association between childhood trauma and relapse admission, two studies found a negative relationship and three found no significant difference. Inconsistent current evidence suggests a need for further research in this area.
Spatial resolving power and spectral sensitivity of the saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, and the freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus johnstoni
Authors: Nagloo Nicolas , Collin Shaun P. , Hemmi Jan M. , Hart Nathan S. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Crocodilians are apex amphibious predators that occupy a range of tropical habitats. In this study, we examined whether their semi-aquatic lifestyle and ambush hunting mode are reflected in specific adaptations in the peripheral visual system. Design-based stereology and microspectrophotometry were used to assess spatial resolving power and spectral sensitivity of saltwater (Crocodylus porosus) and freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni). Both species possess a foveal streak that spans the naso-temporal axis and mediates high spatial acuity across the central visual field. The saltwater crocodile and freshwater crocodile have a peak spatial resolving power of 8.8 and 8.0 cycles deg−1, respectively. Measurement of the outer segment dimensions and spectral absorbance revealed five distinct photoreceptor types consisting of three single cones, one twin cone and a rod. The three single cones (saltwater/freshwater crocodile) are violet (424/426 nm λmax), green (502/510 nm λmax) and red (546/554 nm λmax) sensitive, indicating the potential for trichromatic colour vision. The visual pigments of both members of the twin cones have the same λmax as the red-sensitive single cone and the rod has a λmax at 503/510 nm (saltwater/freshwater). The λmax values of all types of visual pigment occur at longer wavelengths in the freshwater crocodile compared with the saltwater crocodile. Given that there is a greater abundance of long wavelength light in freshwater compared with a saltwater environment, the photoreceptors would be more effective at detecting light in their respective habitats. This suggests that the visual systems of both species are adapted to the photic conditions of their respective ecological niche.
Nomenclatural notes on species of Macradenia (Orchidaceae) described by João Barbosa Rodrigues
Authors: Koch Ana Kelly , Ilkiu-Borges Anna Luiza , de Barros Fábio 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDuring the taxonomic revision of the genus Macradenia, we observed that a review was needed concerning four names, M. delicatula,M. paraensis, M. regnellii, and M. rubescens, published by the Brazilian botanist João Barbosa Rodrigues. Original illustrations are designated as lectotypes for M. paraensis, Trichopilia multiflora (a synonym of M. paraensis) and M. rubescens. Macradenia rubescens is treated as a synonym of M. surinamensis, the latter lectotypified here using a Wullschlaegel specimen from GOET. A Warming specimen at W is designated as the lectotype of Warmingia eugenii, and W. loefgrenii and M. regnellii, two synonymys of W. eugenii, are lectotypified from specimens at BR and P, respectively. No original material is known for M. delicatula, and, as a result, the precise application of this name is uncertain.