bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Versus Sequential Ptosis and Strabismus Surgery in Children
Authors: Revere Karen E. , Binenbaum Gil , Li Jonathan , Mills Monte D. , Katowitz William R. , Katowitz James A. 
Published: June 2017

Purpose:
The authors sought to compare the clinical outcomes of simultaneous versus sequential ptosis and strabismus surgery in children.

Methods:
Retrospective, single-center cohort study of children requiring both ptosis and strabismus surgery on the same eye. Simultaneous surgeries were performed during a single anesthetic event; sequential surgeries were performed at least 7 weeks apart. Outcomes were ptosis surgery success (margin reflex distance 1 ≥ 2 mm, good eyelid contour, and good eyelid crease); strabismus surgery success (ocular alignment within 10 prism diopters of orthophoria and/or improved head position); surgical complications; and reoperations.

Results:
Fifty-six children were studied, 38 had simultaneous surgery and 18 sequential. Strabismus surgery was performed first in 38/38 simultaneous and 6/18 sequential cases. Mean age at first surgery was 64 months, with mean follow up 27 months. A total of 75% of children had congenital ptosis; 64% had comitant strabismus. A majority of ptosis surgeries were frontalis sling (59%) or Fasanella-Servat (30%) procedures. There were no significant differences between simultaneous and sequential groups with regards to surgical success rates, complications, or reoperations (all p > 0.28).

Conclusions:
In the first comparative study of simultaneous versus sequential ptosis and strabismus surgery, no advantage for sequential surgery was seen. Despite a theoretical risk of postoperative eyelid malposition or complications when surgeries were performed in a combined manner, the rate of such outcomes was not increased with simultaneous surgeries. Performing ptosis and strabismus surgery together appears to be clinically effective and safe, and reduces anesthesia exposure during childhood.
Use of Patient-Delivered Partner Therapy in US College Settings: Associations With Legality, Perceived Legality and Other Sexual and Reproductive Health Services
Authors: Hogben Matthew , Caccamo Alexandra , Beltran Oscar , Cramer Ryan , Habel Melissa A. 
Published: June 2017

Background
Young adults, including college students, have higher rates of chlamydia than the general population. Patient-delivered partner therapy (PDPT) is a partner treatment option for sex partners of individuals diagnosed with chlamydia or gonorrhea. We examined college health center use of PDPT in a national sample of colleges.

Methods
During 2014 to 2015, we collected data from 482 colleges and universities (55% of 885 surveyed), weighting responses by institutional characteristics abstracted from a national database (eg, 2-year vs 4-year status). We asked whether the school had a student health center and which sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services were offered. We also assessed the legal and perceived legal status of PDPT in states where schools were located. We then estimated PDPT availability at student health centers and measured associations with legal status and SRH services.

Results
Most colleges (n = 367) reported having a student health center; PDPT was available at 36.6% of health centers and associated with perceived legality of PDPT in the state in which the college was located (odds ratio [OR], 4.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–18.28). Patient-delivered partner therapy was significantly associated with availability of SRH services, including sexually transmitted disease diagnosis and treatment of STI (56.2% vs 1.1%), gynecological services (60.3% vs 12.2%), and contraceptive services (57.8% vs 7.7%) (all P < .001). Compared with schools taking no action, PDPT was more likely to be available at schools that notified partners directly (OR, 8.29; 95% CI, 1.28–53.85), but not schools that asked patients to notify partners (OR, 3.47; 95% CI, 0.97–12.43).

Conclusions
PDPT was more likely to be available in colleges that offered SRH services and where staff believed PDPT was legal. Further research could explore more precise conditions under which PDPT is used.
Brain Structure and Response to Emotional Stimuli as Related to Gut Microbial Profiles in Healthy Women
Authors: Tillisch Kirsten , Mayer Emeran A. , Gupta Arpana , Gill Zafar , Brazeilles Rémi , Le Nevé Boris , van Hylckama Vlieg Johan E.T. , Guyonnet Denis , Derrien Muriel , Labus Jennifer S. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective
Brain-gut-microbiota interactions may play an important role in human health and behavior. Although rodent models have demonstrated effects of the gut microbiota on emotional, nociceptive, and social behaviors, there is little translational human evidence to date. In this study, we identify brain and behavioral characteristics of healthy women clustered by gut microbiota profiles.

Methods
Forty women supplied fecal samples for 16S rRNA profiling. Microbial clusters were identified using Partitioning Around Medoids. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was acquired. Microbiota-based group differences were analyzed in response to affective images. Structural and diffusion tensor imaging provided gray matter metrics (volume, cortical thickness, mean curvature, surface area) as well as fiber density between regions. A sparse Partial Least Square-Discrimination Analysis was applied to discriminate microbiota clusters using white and gray matter metrics.

Results
Two bacterial genus-based clusters were identified, one with greater Bacteroides abundance (n = 33) and one with greater Prevotella abundance (n = 7). The Prevotella group showed less hippocampal activity viewing negative valences images. White and gray matter imaging discriminated the two clusters, with accuracy of 66.7% and 87.2%, respectively. The Prevotella cluster was associated with differences in emotional, attentional, and sensory processing regions. For gray matter, the Bacteroides cluster showed greater prominence in the cerebellum, frontal regions, and the hippocampus.

Conclusions
These results support the concept of brain-gut-microbiota interactions in healthy humans. Further examination of the interaction between gut microbes, brain, and affect in humans is needed to inform preclinical reports that microbial modulation may affect mood and behavior.
Description and Yield of Current Quality and Safety Review in Selected US Academic Emergency Departments
Authors: Griffey Richard Thomas , Schneider Ryan M. , Sharp Brian R. , Pothof Jeffrey J. , Hodkins Sheridan , Capp Roberta , Wiler Jennifer L. , Sreshta Neil , Sather John E. , Sampson Christopher S. , Powell Jonathan T. , Groner Kathryn Y. , Adler Lee M. 
Published: June 2017

Objectives
Quality and safety review for performance improvement is important for systems of care and is required for US academic emergency departments (EDs). Assessment of the impact of patient safety initiatives in the context of increasing burdens of quality measurement compels standardized, meaningful, high-yield approaches for performance review. Limited data describe how quality and safety reviews are currently conducted and how well they perform in detecting patient harm and areas for improvement. We hypothesized that decades-old approaches used in many academic EDs are inefficient and low yield for identifying patient harm.

Methods
We conducted a prospective observational study to evaluate the efficiency and yield of current quality review processes at five academic EDs for a 12-month period. Sites provided descriptions of their current practice and collected summary data on the number and severity of events identified in their reviews and the referral sources that led to their capture. Categories of common referral sources were established at the beginning of the study. Sites used the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's definition in defining an adverse event and a modified National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (MERP) Index for grading severity of events.

Results
Participating sites had similar processes for quality review, including a two-level review process, monthly reviews and conferences, similar screening criteria, and a grading system for evaluating cases. In 60 months of data collection, we reviewed a total of 4735 cases and identified 381 events. This included 287 near-misses, errors/events (MERP A–I) and 94 adverse events (AEs) (MERP E–I). The overall AE rate (event rate with harm) was 1.99 (95% confidence interval = 1.62%–2.43%), ranging from 1.24% to 3.47% across sites. The overall rate of quality concerns (events without harm) was 6.06% (5.42%–6.78%), ranging from 2.96% to 10.95% across sites. Seventy-two–hour returns were the most frequent referral source used, accounting for 47% of the cases reviewed but with a yield of only 0.81% in identifying harm. Other referral sources similarly had very low yields. External referrals were the highest yield referral source, with 14.34% (10.64%–19.03%) identifying AEs. As a percentage of the 94 AEs identified, external referrals also accounted for 41.49% of cases.

Conclusions
With an overall adverse event rate of 1.99%, commonly used referral sources seem to be low yield and inefficient for detecting patient harm. Approximately 6% of the cases identified by these criteria yielded a near miss or quality concern. New approaches to quality and safety review in the ED are needed to optimize their yield and efficiency for identifying harm and areas for improvement.
A simple high-throughput approach identifies actionable drug sensitivities in patient-derived tumor organoids
Authors: Phan Nhan , Hong Jenny J. , Tofig Bobby , Mapua Matthew , Elashoff David , Moatamed Neda A. , Huang Jin , Memarzadeh Sanaz , Damoiseaux Robert , Soragni Alice 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThere is increasing interest in developing 3D tumor organoid models for drug development and personalized medicine applications. While tumor organoids are in principle amenable to high-throughput drug screenings, progress has been hampered by technical constraints and extensive manipulations required by current methodologies. Here, we introduce a miniaturized, fully automatable, flexible high-throughput method using a simplified geometry to rapidly establish 3D organoids from cell lines and primary tissue and robustly assay drug responses. As proof of principle, we use our miniring approach to establish organoids of high-grade serous tumors and one carcinosarcoma of the ovaries and screen hundreds of protein kinase compounds currently FDA-approved or in clinical development. In all cases we could identify drugs causing significant reduction in cell viability, number and size of organoids within a week from surgery, a timeline compatible with therapeutic decision making.
Investigating the role of insulin in increased adiposity: Bi-directional Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Richmond RC , Wade KH , Corbin L , Bowden J , Hemani G , Timpson NJ , Davey Smith G 
Published: June 2017

AbstractInsulin may serve as a key causal agent which regulates fat accumulation in the body. Here we assessed the causal relationship between fasting insulin and adiposity using publicly-available results from two large-scale genome-wide association studies for body mass index and fasting insulin levels in a two-sample, bidirectional Mendelian Randomized approach. This approach is only valid on the condition that the two instruments are independent of one another. In analysis excluding overlapping loci, there was an increase of 0.20 (0.17, 0.23) log pmol/L fasting insulin per SD increase in BMI (P= 2.80 x 10−36), while there was a null effect of fasting insulin on BMI, with a 0.01 (−0.39, 0.38) SD decrease in BMI per log pmol/L increase in fasting insulin (P= 0.98). Furthermore, a high degree of heterogeneity in the causal estimates was obtained from the insulin-related variants, which may be attributed to varying mechanisms of action of the insulin-associated variants. Results were largely consistent when an Egger regression technique and weighted median and mode estimators were applied. Findings suggest that the positive correlation between adiposity and fasting insulin levels are at least in part explained by the causal effect of adiposity on increasing insulin, rather than vice versa.
Bacterial community profiles andVibrio parahaemolyticusabundance in individual oysters and their association with estuarine ecology
Authors: Marcinkiewicz Ashley L. , Schuster Brian M. , Jones Stephen H. , Cooper Vaughn S. , Whistler Cheryl A. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTOysters naturally harbor the human gastric pathogenVibrio parahaemolyticus, but the nature of this association is unknown. Because microbial interactions could influence the accumulation ofV. parahaemolyticusin oysters, we investigated the composition of the microbiome in water and oysters at two ecologically unique sites in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire using 16s rRNA profiling. We then evaluated correlations between bacteria inhabiting the oyster withV. parahaemolyticusabundance quantified using a most probable number (MPN) analysis. Even though oysters filter-feed, their microbiomes were not a direct snapshot of the bacterial community in overlaying water, suggesting they selectively accumulate some bacterial phyla. The microbiome of individual oysters harvested more centrally in the bay were relatively more similar to each other and had fewer unique phylotypes, but overall more taxonomic and metabolic diversity, than the microbiomes from tributary-harvested oysters that were individually more variable with lower taxonomic and metabolic diversity. Oysters harvested from the same location varied inV. parahaemolyticusabundance, with the highest abundance oysters collected from one location. This study, which to our knowledge is the first of its kind to evaluate associations ofV. parahaemolyticusabundance with members of individual oyster microbiomes, implies that sufficient sampling and depth of sequencing may reveal microbiome members that could impactV. parahaemolyticusabundance.
The mechanism of transcription start site selection
Authors: Yu Libing , Winkelman Jared T. , Pukhrambam Chirangini , Strick Terence R. , Nickels Bryce E. , Ebright Richard H. 
Published: June 2017

SUMMARYDuring transcription initiation, RNA polymerase (RNAP) binds to promoter DNA, unwinds promoter DNA to form an RNAP-promoter open complex (RPo) containing a single-stranded "transcription bubble," and selects a transcription start site (TSS). TSS selection occurs at different positions within the promoter region, depending on promoter sequence and initiating-substrate concentration. Variability in TSS selection has been proposed to involve DNA "scrunching" and "antiscrunching," the hallmarks of which are: (i) forward and reverse movement of the RNAP leading edge, but not trailing edge, relative to DNA, and (ii) expansion and contraction of the transcription bubble. Here, usingin vitroandin vivoprotein-DNA photocrosslinking and single-molecule nanomanipulation, we show bacterial TSS selection exhibits both hallmarks of scrunching and anti-scrunching, and we define energetics of scrunching and anti-scrunching. The results establish the mechanism of TSS selection by bacterial RNAP and suggest a general mechanism for TSS selection by bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAP.
Xbra and Smad-1 response elements cooperate in PV.1 promoter to inhibit the early neurogenesis inXenopusembryos
Authors: Kumar Shiv , Umair Zobia , Yoon Jaeho , Lee Unjoo , Kim SungChan , Park Jae-Bong , Lee Jae-Yong , Kim Jaebong 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCrosstalk of signaling pathways plays crucial roles in cell fate determination, cell differentiation and proliferation. Both BMP-4/Smad-1 and FGF/Xbra signaling induce the expression of PV.1, leading to neural inhibition. However, BMP-4/Smad-1 and FGF/Xbra signaling crosstalk in the regulation of PV.1 transcription is still largely unknown. In this study, Smad-1 and Xbra physically interacted and regulated the PV.1 transcriptional activation in a synergistic manner. Xbra and Smad-1 directly bound within the proximal region of the PV.1 promoter and cooperatively enhanced the binding of an interacting partner within the promoter. Maximum cooperation was achieved in the presence of intact DNA binding sites of both Smad-1 and Xbra. Collectively, BMP-4/Smad-1 and FGF/Xbra signal crosstalk was required to activate the PV.1 transcription, synergistically. Suggesting that crosstalk of BMP-4 and FGF signaling facilitates the fine-tuning regulation of PV.1 transcription to inhibit neurogenesis during embryonic development ofXenopus.Summary statementFGF/Xbra positively regulates the PV.1 expression in the Xenopus via an unknown mechanism. Our study shows that both BMP-4/Smad-1 and FGF/Xbra exhibits a signaling crosstalk to regulate PV.1 transcription activation, promoting to ectoderm and mesoderm formation and inhibiting the early neurogenesis inXenopus.
Discrete and coordinated encoding of punishment contingent on rewarded actions by prefrontal cortex and VTA
Authors: Park Junchol , Moghaddam Bita 
Published: June 2017

AbstractActions motivated by a rewarding outcome are often associated with a risk of punishment. Little is known about the neural representation of punishment that is contingent on reward-guided behavior. We modeled this circumstance by using a task where actions were consistently rewarded but probabilistically punished. Spike activity and local field potentials were recorded during this task simultaneously from VTA and mPFC, two reciprocally connected regions implicated in both reward-seeking and aversive behavioral states. At the single unit level, we found that ensembles of VTA and mPFC neurons encode the contingency between action and punishment. At the network level, we found that coherent theta oscillations synchronize the VTA and mPFC in a bottom-up direction, effectively phase-modulating the neuronal spike activity in the two regions during punishment-free actions. This synchrony declined as a function of punishment contingency, suggesting that during reward-seeking actions, risk of punishment diminishes VTA-driven neural synchrony between the two regions.
To increase trust, change the social design behind aggregated biodiversity data
Authors: Franz Nico M. , Sterner Beckett W. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGrowing concerns about the quality of aggregated biodiversity data are lowering trust in large-scale data networks. Aggregators frequently respond to quality concerns by recommending that biologists work with original data providers to correct errors “at the source”. We show that this strategy falls systematically short of a full diagnosis of the underlying causes of distrust. In particular, trust in an aggregator is not just a feature of the data signal quality provided by the sources to the aggregator, but also a consequence of the social design of the aggregation process and the resulting power balance between individual data contributors and aggregators. The latter have created an accountability gap by downplaying the authorship and significance of the taxonomic hierarchies - frequently called “backbones” - they generate, and which are in effect novel classification theories that operate at the core of data-structuring process. The Darwin Core standard for sharing occurrence records plays an under-appreciated role in maintaining the accountability gap, because this standard lacks the syntactic structure needed to preserve the taxonomic coherence of data packages submitted for aggregation, potentially leading to inferences that no individual source would support. Since high-quality data packages can mirror competing and conflicting classifications, i.e., unsettled systematic research, this plurality must be accommodated in the design of biodiversity data integration. Looking forward, a key directive is to develop new technical pathways and social incentives for experts to contribute directly to the validation of taxonomically coherent data packages as part of a greater, trustworthy aggregation process.
Estimating the footprint of pollution on coral reefs using models of species turn-over
Authors: Brown Christopher J. , Hamilton Richard 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEcological communities typically change along gradients of human impact, though it is difficult to estimate the footprint of impacts for diffuse threats like pollution. Here we develop a joint model of benthic habitats on lagoonal coral reefs and use it to infer change in benthic composition along a gradient of distance from logging operations. The model estimates both changes in abundances of benthic groups and their compositional turn-over, a type of beta-diversity. We detect compositional turnover across the gradient and use the model to predict the footprint of turbidity impacts from logging. We then apply the model to predict impacts of recent logging activities, finding recent impacts to be small, because recent logging has occurred far from lagoonal reefs. Our model can be used more generally to estimate the footprint of human impacts on ecosystems and evaluate the benefits of conservation actions for ecosystems.
Regional demand and supply factors of social entrepreneurship
Authors: Kachlami Habib , Yazdanfar Darush , Öhman Peter 
Published: June 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate determinants of social entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a large-scale database covering Sweden’s 290 municipalities over the 1990-2014 period. The theoretical analysis is based on the demand and supply theory of entrepreneurship, while the empirical analysis is based on feasible generalized least-squares regression models.FindingsThe results indicate that the male proportion of the workforce, education level, the presence of entrepreneurial role models, wealth, unemployment rate, age, and urbanization positively influence the rate of social venture creation in a region.Originality/valueThis is one of few studies that empirically investigate determinants of social entrepreneurship, and the very first in the Swedish context. The study uses a large-scale database and advanced regression methods.
The impact of personal attitudes on the growth ambitions of small business owners
Authors: Braidford Paul , Drummond Ian , Stone Ian 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide an empirical evidence in support of widespread calls for new approaches to understanding small business growth, by exploring the use of non-positivist methods (e.g. critical realism) to analyse how owners’ innate dispositions shape growth in practice.

Design/methodology/approach
In 2014, a telephone survey was used to inform two focus groups and 29 in-depth interviews with small business owners throughout England, covering attitudes towards growth, the use of particular strategies and perceived barriers. Discourse analysis was used to develop a multi-layered explanatory model incorporating key ideas from critical realism and the work of Bourdieu.

Findings
Bourdieusian analysis reveals the existence of orientations among small business owners towards or against business growth. Such attitudes tend to impact upon their response to perceived barriers. Growth-inclined owners were willing to strategise for long-term benefit, in return for lower returns in the short term. Growth-resistant owners were more likely to view obstacles as absolute, stating that they cannot grow their firms as a result.

Practical implications
Removing or reducing obstacles may not encourage growth if motivations and attitudes of owners do not change to embrace more growth-oriented positions. Banks’ lending practices, for example, were seen by many as problematic, but growth-oriented owners were more willing to seek and use alternatives to raise funds for growth.

Originality/value
The authors suggest that entrepreneurship researchers should look beyond positivist research to epistemologies that provide more multi-layered modes of explanation.