bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The intervals method: a new approach to analyse finite element outputs using multivariate statistics
Authors: Marcé-Nogué Jordi , De Esteban-Trivigno Soledad , Püschel Thomas A. , Fortuny Josep 
Published: October 2017

Background
In this paper, we propose a new method, named the intervals’ method, to analyse data from finite element models in a comparative multivariate framework. As a case study, several armadillo mandibles are analysed, showing that the proposed method is useful to distinguish and characterise biomechanical differences related to diet/ecomorphology.

Methods
The intervals’ method consists of generating a set of variables, each one defined by an interval of stress values. Each variable is expressed as a percentage of the area of the mandible occupied by those stress values. Afterwards these newly generated variables can be analysed using multivariate methods.

Results
Applying this novel method to the biological case study of whether armadillo mandibles differ according to dietary groups, we show that the intervals’ method is a powerful tool to characterize biomechanical performance and how this relates to different diets. This allows us to positively discriminate between specialist and generalist species.

Discussion
We show that the proposed approach is a useful methodology not affected by the characteristics of the finite element mesh. Additionally, the positive discriminating results obtained when analysing a difficult case study suggest that the proposed method could be a very useful tool for comparative studies in finite element analysis using multivariate statistical approaches.
Onset of Stratospheric Ozone Recovery in the Antarctic Ozone Hole in Assimilated Daily Total Ozone Columns
Authors: de Laat A. T. J. , van Weele M. , van der A R. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn this paper we evaluate the long‐term changes in ozone depletion within the Antarctic ozone hole using a 37 years (1979–2015) of daily ozone mass deficits (OMDs) derived from assimilated total ozone column data. For each year an “average daily OMD” is calculated over a 60 day preferential time period (day of year 220–280). Excluding years with a reduced polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) volume (the so‐called PSC‐limited years), the 1979–2015 time series of spatially integrated average daily OMD correlates very well with long‐term changes in equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC; R2 = 0.89). We find a corresponding statistically highly significant post‐2000 decrease in OMD of −0.77 ± 0.17 megaton (trend significance of 9.8σ), with an associated post‐2000 change in OMD of approximately −30%, consistent with the post‐2000 change in EESC relative to 1980 EESC levels of approximately −30%. The post‐2000 trend significance is robust to the choice of start year. The spatial distribution of the average daily OMD trends reveals a vortex‐core region (approximately covering the region [90°W–0°–90°E/75°S–85°S]) largely unaffected by dynamics with a post‐2000 trend significance of >8σ, and a vortex‐edge region in which the trend is locally strongly affected by vortex dynamics though not spatially integrated over the whole vortex‐edge region (trend significance >9σ). For the trend significance we do not find consistent evidence for long‐term changes in wave driving, vortex mixing, preozone hole conditions, or the applied assimilation method, playing a role. Our observation/assimilation‐based analysis provides robust evidence of a post‐2000 statistically highly significant decrease in the average daily OMD that is consistent with the long‐term decrease in ozone‐depleting substances since 2000, following international emission regulations.
Extended Analysis of Real‐Time foF2 Mapping in Mideastern China Based On Shortwave Signals
Authors: Cheng Li , Ma Hong , Yu De , Li Yang , Qin Yong 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA method for the real‐time mapping of the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) is established using shortwave radio signals as the radiation sources, thereby eliminating the need for ionosonde stations, and tested in mideastern China. The ionospheric foF2 in the reflection area between the receiving station and the radio stations is obtained using a probabilistic inversion method. Subsequently, Kriging is used for the real‐time foF2 mapping. To heighten the performance of the reconstruction, the International Reference Ionosphere 2012 (IRI‐2012) Model was used as a background for ionospheric interpolation to calculate regional variant. The mapping accuracy is estimated using ionosonde data derived from seven stations in mideastern China: Xinxiang (35.2°S, 113.9°E), Wuhan (30.6°S, 114.6°E), Qingdao (36.1°S, 12.4°E), Suzhou (30.3°S, 120.6°E), Xian (34.3°S, 108.9°E), Chongqing (29.6°S, 106.5°E), and Guangzhou (23.1°S, 113.3°E). The data were recorded approximately every 15 min during two recording intervals between 04:00 UTC LT on 31 October 2012, and 03:30 UTC on 1 November 2012. The estimates of foF2 obtained from the reconstruction method and the foF2 values predicted using IRI are compared with the measurements from the vertical ionosondes at the above seven stations. The root‐mean‐square error and percent deviation are calculated to evaluate the performance of the inversion model. The results indicate that the new method for real‐time foF2 mapping based on shortwave signals is a promising candidate technique for obtaining ionospheric parameters and studying the ionosphere.
The Importance of Upper Mantle Heterogeneity in Generating the Indian Ocean Geoid Low
Authors: Ghosh Attreyee , Thyagarajulu G. , Steinberger Bernhard 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOne of the most pronounced geoid lows on Earth lies in the Indian Ocean just south of the Indian peninsula. Several theories have been proposed to explain this geoid low, most of which invoke past subduction. Some recent studies have also argued that high‐velocity anomalies in the lower mantle coupled with low‐velocity anomalies in the upper mantle are responsible for these negative geoid anomalies. However, there is no general consensus regarding the source of this particular anomaly. We investigate the source of this geoid low by using models of density‐driven mantle convection. Our study is the first to successfully explain the occurrence of this anomaly using a global convection model driven by present‐day density anomalies derived from tomography. We test various tomography models in our flow calculations with different radial and lateral viscosity variations. Some of them produce a fairly high correlation to the global geoid, but only a few (SMEAN2, GyPSuM, SEMUCB, and LLNL‐JPS) could match the precise location and pattern of the geoid low in the Indian Ocean. The source of this low stems from a low‐density anomaly stretching from a depth of 300 km down to ∼900 km in the northern Indian Ocean region. This density anomaly potentially originates from material rising along the edge of the African Large Low Shear Velocity Province and moving toward the northeast, facilitated by the movement of the Indian plate in the same direction.
Substorm Overshielding Electric Field at Low Latitude on the Nightside as Observed by the HF Doppler Sounder and Magnetometers
Authors: Hashimoto K. K. , Kikuchi T. , Tomizawa I. , Nagatsuma T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe convection electric field increases during the growth phase of substorms, driving the DP 2 ionospheric currents at high‐to‐equatorial latitudes, intensifying the eastward equatorial electrojet (EEJ) on the dayside. During the expansion phase, the electric field is often reversed; i.e., overshielding occurs at subauroral‐to‐equatorial latitudes where the EEJ turns to the westward counterelectrojet (CEJ). In this paper, we show that the HF Doppler sounders detected the eastward overshielding electric field at low latitudes on the nightside simultaneously with the CEJ on the dayside. We also show that the overshielding often occurs during the substorm recovery due to the convection reduction, resulting in a two‐step form in both the dayside CEJ and nightside electric field. The opposite direction of the electric field on the dayside and nightside is consistent with the dusk‐to‐dawn potential electric field associated with the region 2 field‐aligned currents intensified by the substorm. The overshielding electric field was found to drive an eastward electrojet with appreciable magnitude in the nighttime equatorial ionosphere, which in turn causes an equatorial enhancement of the midnight positive bay.
GPS Recovery of Daily Hydrologic and Atmospheric Mass Variation: A Methodology and Results From the Australian Continent
Authors: Han Shin‐Chan , Razeghi S. Mahdiyeh 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe present a methodology to invert a regional set of vertical displacement data from Global Positioning System (GPS) to determine the surface mass redistribution. It is assumed that GPS deformation is a result of the Earth's elastic response to the surface mass load of hydrology, atmosphere, and/or ocean. We develop an algorithm to estimate the spectral information of displacements from “regional” GPS data through regional spherical (Slepian) basis functions and apply the load Love numbers to estimate the mass load. The same approach is applied to determine global mass changes from “global” geopotential change data of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). We rigorously examine all systematic errors caused by various truncations (spherical harmonic series and Slepian series) and the smoothing constraint applied to the GPS inversion. We demonstrate the technique by processing 16 years of daily vertical motions determined from 114 GPS stations in Australia. The GPS‐inverted surface mass changes are validated against GRACE data, atmosphere and ocean models, and a land surface model. Seasonal and interannual terrestrial mass variations from GPS are in good agreement with GRACE data and the water storage models. The GPS recovery compares better with the water storage model around the smaller coastal basins than two different GRACE solutions. The submonthly mass changes from GPS provide meaningful results agreeing with atmospheric mass changes in central Australia. Finally, it is suggested to integrate GPS and GRACE data to draw a comprehensive picture of daily mass changes on different continents.
Rapid Geodetic Shortening Across the Eastern Cordillera of NW Argentina Observed by the Puna‐Andes GPS Array
Authors: McFarland Phillip K. , Bennett Richard A. , Alvarado Patricia , DeCelles Peter G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe present crustal velocities for 29 continuously recording GPS stations from the southern central Andes across the Puna, Eastern Cordillera, and Santa Barbara system for the period between the 27 February 2010 Maule and 1 April 2014 Iquique earthquakes in a South American frame. The velocity field exhibits a systematic decrease in magnitude from ~35 mm/yr near the trench to <1 mm/yr within the craton. We forward model loading on the Nazca‐South America (NZ‐SA) subduction interface using back slip on elastic dislocations to approximate a fully locked interface from 10 to 50 km depth. We generate an ensemble of models by iterating over the percentage of NZ‐SA convergence accommodated at the subduction interface. Velocity residuals calculated for each model demonstrate that locking on the NZ‐SA interface is insufficient to reproduce the observed velocities. We model deformation associated with a back‐arc décollement using an edge dislocation, estimating model parameters from the velocity residuals for each forward model of the subduction interface ensemble using a Bayesian approach. We realize our best fit to the thrust‐perpendicular velocity field with 70 ± 5% of NZ‐SA convergence accommodated at the subduction interface and a slip rate of 9.1 ± 0.9 mm/yr on the fold‐thrust belt décollement. We also estimate a locking depth of 14 ± 9 km, which places the downdip extent of the locked zone 135 ± 20 km from the thrust front. The thrust‐parallel component of velocity is fit by a constant shear strain rate of −19 × 10−9 yr−1, equivalent to clockwise rigid block rotation of the back arc at a rate of 1.1°/Myr.
Three‐Phase CO2 Flow in a Basalt Fracture Network
Authors: Gierzynski Alec O. , Pollyea Ryan M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractGeologic CO2 sequestration in basalt reservoirs is predicated on permanent CO2 isolation via rapid mineralization reactions. This process is supported by a substantial body of evidence, including laboratory experiments documenting rapid mineralization rates, regional storage estimates indicating large, accessible storage reservoirs, and two successful pilot‐scale studies. Nevertheless, there remains significant uncertainty in the behavior of CO2 flow within basalt fracture networks, particularly in the context estimating physical trapping potential in early time and as CO2 undergoes phase change. In this study, a Monte Carlo numerical model is designed to simulate a supercritical CO2 plume infiltrating a low‐permeability flood basalt entablature. The fracture network model is based on outcrop‐scale LiDAR mapping of Columbia River Basalt, and CO2 flow is simulated within fifty equally probable realizations of the fracture network. The spatial distribution of fracture permeability for each realization is randomly drawn from a basalt aperture distribution, and ensemble results are analyzed with e‐type estimates to compute mean and standard deviation of fluid pressure and CO2 saturation. Results of this model after 10 years of simulation suggest that (1) CO2 flow converges on a single dominant flow path, (2) CO2 accumulates at fracture intersections, and (3) variability in permeability can account for a 1.6 m depth interval within which free CO2 may change phase from supercritical fluid to subcritical liquid or gas. In the context of CO2 sequestration in basalt, these results suggest that physical CO2 trapping may be substantially enhanced as carbonate minerals precipitate within the basalt fracture network.
Symbolic Regression for the Estimation of Transfer Functions of Hydrological Models
Authors: Klotz D. , Herrnegger M. , Schulz K. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCurrent concepts for parameter regionalization of spatially distributed rainfall‐runoff models rely on the a priori definition of transfer functions that globally map land surface characteristics (such as soil texture, land use, and digital elevation) into the model parameter space. However, these transfer functions are often chosen ad hoc or derived from small‐scale experiments. This study proposes and tests an approach for inferring the structure and parametrization of possible transfer functions from runoff data to potentially circumvent these difficulties. The concept uses context‐free grammars to generate possible proposition for transfer functions. The resulting structure can then be parametrized with classical optimization techniques. Several virtual experiments are performed to examine the potential for an appropriate estimation of transfer function, all of them using a very simple conceptual rainfall‐runoff model with data from the Austrian Mur catchment. The results suggest that a priori defined transfer functions are in general well identifiable by the method. However, the deduction process might be inhibited, e.g., by noise in the runoff observation data, often leading to transfer function estimates of lower structural complexity.
High‐Performance Inorganic Perovskite Quantum Dot–Organic Semiconductor Hybrid Phototransistors
Authors: Chen Yantao , Chu Yingli , Wu Xiaohan , Ou‐Yang Wei , Huang Jia 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAll‐inorganic lead halide perovskite quantum dots (IHP QDs) have great potentials in photodetectors. However, the photoresponsivity is limited by the low charge transport efficiency of the IHP QD layers. High‐performance phototransistors based on IHP QDs hybridized with organic semiconductors (OSCs) are developed. The smooth surface of IHP QD layers ensures ordered packing of the OSC molecules above them. The OSCs significantly improve the transportation of the photoexcited charges, and the gate effect of the transistor structure significantly enhances the photoresponsivity while simultaneously maintaining high Iphoto/Idark ratio. The devices exhibit outstanding optoelectronic properties in terms of photoresponsivity (1.7 × 104 A W−1), detectivity (2.0 × 1014 Jones), external quantum efficiency (67000%), Iphoto/Idark ratio (8.1 × 104), and stability (100 d in air). The overall performances of our devices are superior to state‐of‐the‐art IHP photodetectors. The strategy utilized here is general and can be easily applied to many other perovskite photodetectors.
Ethical Challenges of Personal Disclosure in Gaining Entry with Religious Congregations
Authors: Todd Nathan R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis is a story about learning how to navigate my social identities as a non‐religious gay man attempting to conduct data‐based consultation with a religious congregation. Beyond my own growth in knowing myself better, this story speaks to the larger ethical challenge of how we build trust in community relationships, and in particular how much of our personal selves we need to disclose in the process of an individual or group deciding to work with us. Individuals and groups make decisions to work with us based on who they perceive us to be; thus, what is our ethical obligation to disclose aspects of who we are to promote full informed consent? To illustrate this ethical challenge of personal disclosure, I tell the story of discussions I had with three different religious leaders and a congregational committee about potentially working together. Throughout these stories, I reflect on my own messy process of growth as a window into the more general question of how we navigate our identities and values as community psychologists in the work we do with communities.
Changes in Public Attitudes and Perceptions about Homelessness Between 1990 and 2016
Authors: Tsai Jack , Lee Crystal Yun See , Byrne Thomas , Pietrzak Robert H. , Southwick Steven M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPublic attitudes on homelessness can and has influenced policies and services for homeless populations. This study surveyed national public attitudes about homelessness in the 21st century and examined changes in attitudes in the past two decades. An online survey of public attitudes about homelessness was conducted with 541 U.S. adults across 47 states in November 2016 using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Survey results were compared to two public surveys conducted in 1990. Compared to previous surveys, the current sample endorsed more compassion, government support, and liberal attitudes about homelessness. The largest changes were related to increased support for homeless individuals to use public spaces for sleeping and panhandling. When asked about the demographic composition of the homeless population, the contemporary sample tended to overestimate the proportions who were young and racial/ethnic minorities, while underestimating the proportions who were married, or had mental health or substance abuse problems. Together, the findings suggest there has been an increase in compassion and liberal attitudes toward homelessness in the past two decades. Greater support for homeless individuals during an era of economic recessions and governmental homeless initiatives presents opportunities for new public health approaches to address homelessness.
A Strategy for Specific Fluorescence Imaging of Monoamine Oxidase A in Living Cells
Authors: Wu Xiaofeng , Shi Wen , Li Xiaohua , Ma Huimin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMonoamine oxidase (MAO) has two isoforms, MAO‐A and MAO‐B, which show different functions, and thus selective fluorescence imaging is important for biological studies. Currently, however, specific detection of MAO‐A remains a great challenge. Herein, we report a new strategy for specific imaging of MAO‐A through the design of fluorogenic probes combining the characteristic structure of an inhibitor of the target enzyme along with propylamine as a recognition moiety. The high specificity of our representative probe is demonstrated by imaging MAO‐A in different live cells such as SH‐SY5Y (high levels of MAO‐A) and HepG2 (high levels of MAO‐B), and further validated by western blot analyses. The superior specificity of the probe may enable the accurate detection of MAO‐A in complex biosystems. Importantly, the use of the characteristic structure of an inhibitor, as demonstrated in this work, may serve as a general strategy to design specific recognition moieties for fluorogenic probes for enzymes.
Development of an LC–MS/MS method for quantification of two isomeric phenylpropenes and the application to pharmacokinetic studies in rats
Authors: Yang Qiong , Deng Zhipeng , Zhang Fang , Sun Peilu , Li Jun , Zheng Wanjin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIsomers β‐asarone and α‐asarone have recently been demonstrated to have differential pharmacological activities. Here, we report an LC–MS/MS method developed using acetonitrile to extract two isomeric phenylpropenes from rat plasma. Separation was achieved using a XDB‐C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm; i.d., 1.8 μm) with a mobile phase of methanol–0.1% formic acid (55:45, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Calibration curves ranging from 5.20 to 2080 ng/mL for β‐asarone and from 3.68 to 1470 ng/mL for α‐asarone were linear (r2 ≥ 0.9938) with the lower limits of quantification being 5.20 and 3.68 ng/mL for both isomers. Intravenous administration of β‐asarone (2.22 mg/kg) and α‐asarone (2.36 mg/kg) in rats yielded half‐lives of 13.40 ± 4.11 and 28.88 ± 7.82 min with clearance values of 0.196 ± 0.062 mL/min/kg and 0.112 ± 0.012 mL/min/kg for β‐asarone and α‐asarone, respectively.