bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reversibility of Apixaban Anticoagulation with a Four‐Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Nagalla S , Thomson L , Oppong Y , Bachman B , Chervoneva I , Kraft WK 
Published: May 2016

It was hypothesized that the four‐factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F‐PCC) Kcentra 25 unit/kg would reverse impairment of thrombin generation in healthy volunteers dosed with apixaban to steady state. In this randomized, two‐period crossover, assessor‐blinded trial, 12 healthy subjects received 5 mg apixaban every 12 h. Three h after the fifth dose, four‐factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F‐PCC) 25 unit/kg or saline were infused. Serial blood samples were assessed for thrombin generation using PPP‐reagent and PPP‐reagent low, anti‐Xa, PT, and PTT assays. Geometric mean ratio was calculated at 30 min postinfusion, and at 24, 48, and 72 h. Peak thrombin generation was 76% higher at 30 min postinfusion with 4F‐PCC (p = 0.025). The difference declined to 24% at 24 h and resolved by 48 h. Other thrombin generation parameters were also partially normalized. There was no difference between 4F‐PCC and saline in anti‐Xa assessment at 30 min or later time points.
Modeling nitrous oxide emission from rivers: a global assessment
Authors: Hu Minpeng , Chen Dingjiang , Dahlgren Randy A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEstimates of global riverine nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions contain great uncertainty. We conducted a meta‐analysis incorporating 169 observations from published literature to estimate global riverine N2O emission rates and emission factors. Riverine N2O flux was significantly correlated with NH4, NO3 and DIN (NH4 + NO3) concentrations, loads and yields. The emission factors EF(a) (i.e., the ratio of N2O emission rate and DIN load) and EF(b) (i.e., the ratio of N2O and DIN concentrations) values were comparable and showed negative correlations with nitrogen concentration, load and yield and water discharge, but positive correlations with the dissolved organic carbon : DIN ratio. After individually evaluating 82 potential regression models based on EF(a) or EF(b) for global, temperate zone and subtropical zone datasets, a power function of DIN yield multiplied by watershed area was determined to provide the best fit between modeled and observed riverine N2O emission rates (EF(a): R2 = 0.92 for both global and climatic zone models, n = 70; EF(b): R2 = 0.91 for global model and R2 = 0.90 for climatic zone models, n = 70). Using recent estimates of DIN loads for 6400 rivers, models estimated global riverine N2O emission rates of 29.6–35.3 (mean = 32.2) Gg N2O–N yr−1 and emission factors of 0.16–0.19% (mean = 0.17%). Global riverine N2O emission rates are forecasted to increase by 35%, 25%, 18% and 3% in 2050 compared to the 2000s under the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment's Global Orchestration, Order from Strength, Technogarden, and Adapting Mosaic scenarios, respectively. Previous studies may overestimate global riverine N2O emission rates (300–2100 Gg N2O–N yr−1) because they ignore declining emission factor values with increasing nitrogen levels and channel size, as well as neglect differences in emission factors corresponding to different nitrogen forms. Riverine N2O emission estimates will be further enhanced through refining emission factor estimates, extending measurements longitudinally along entire river networks and improving estimates of global riverine nitrogen loads.
The All‐Age Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Potential Transmission Routes. A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Breckan Ragnar K. , Paulssen Eyvind J. , Asfeldt Anne Mette , Kvamme Jan‐Magnus , Straume Bjørn , Florholmen Jon 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground and aimsPrevious research on H. pylori epidemiology has mostly focused on adult populations. We have aimed to study H. pylori prevalence in all age groups including children and adolescents and to identify potential routes of transmission.MethodsSubjects from all age groups (children 0–11 years, adolescents 12–17 years and adults ≥18 years of age), recruited from both an urban and a rural community in Northern Norway, were invited to provide stool samples for the diagnosis of H. pylori antigen and to fill in a questionnaire (adult and adolescents only) on gastrointestinal symptoms, lifestyle factors and biometric data.ResultsA total of 1 624 (35.3%) of the invited subjects, including 173 (39.3%) of the children, 46 (19.2%) of the adolescents, and 1 416 (36.1%) of the adults, responded to the invitation. H. pylori infection was nearly undetectable (0.6%) among the children, whereas the prevalence increased from 20% in adolescents toward a peak of 45% in the highest age group. Univariate analyses of possible risk factors of H. pylori infection showed significant associations to private well water, the use of outhouse toilet, and having farm animals in childhood, but the associations waned in multivariate analyses.ConclusionsIn our populations, with apparent high hygienic standards, the transmission of H. pylori infection may start not only in childhood, but also in adolescence, where potential transmission routes may be outdoor toilet use, private well water, and farm animals.
APOA5 and APOA1 polymorphisms are associated with triglyceride levels in Mexican children
Authors: Suárez‐Sánchez F. , Klunder‐Klunder M. , Valladares‐Salgado A. , Gómez‐Zamudio J. , Peralta‐Romero J. , Meyre D. , Burguete‐García A. , Cruz M. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundDyslipidemia is an important risk factor for the development of several diseases. The genetic component of hypertriglyceridemia has been studied in adults, but little is known in children.ObjectiveThe objective is to evaluate the association of two variants in APOA5 (rs662799) and APOA1 (rs5072) with triglyceride (TG) levels in Mexican children.MethodsAnthropometric parameters were measured in 1559 Mexican children 5–14 years of age. DNA was isolated from blood samples. Lipid profiles and glucose concentrations were determined from serum and genotyping of rs662799, and rs5072 was performed using TaqMan® technology. Additive and dominant models adjusted for age, gender and body mass index were used to evaluate the association of these single nucleotide polymorphisms with TG levels.ResultsChildren with high TG levels were found to have a higher body mass index and waist circumference as well as a worse lipids profile and glucose levels (p < 0.001). Additive and dominant models demonstrated a significant association between the rs662799 and rs5072 with TG. The dominant model showed the strongest significant association (OR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.46–2.24; p = 5.40 × 10−08 for rs662799 and OR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.05–2.25; p = 2.60 × 10−02 for rs5072).ConclusionThe minor alleles of rs662799 (APOA5) and rs5072 (APOA1) modulate TG levels in Mexican children.
Local disinfection with sodium hypochlorite as adjunct to basic periodontal therapy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bizzarro Sergio , Van der Velden Ubele , Loos Bruno G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimTo investigate the clinical and microbiological effects of local disinfection with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with or without systemic antimicrobials (amoxicillin and metronidazole, AM) during basic periodontal therapy (BPT).Material and MethodsIn a randomized clinical trial (four groups), 110 chronic periodontitis patients received BPT plus local irrigation with saline (BPT + S), local disinfection with NaOCl (BPT + DIS), BPT + DIS + AM or BPT + S + AM. The outcome was analysed at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months.ResultsThere was no difference in clinical attachment level gain at 12 months between the four groups. BPT + DIS showed no additional improvement compared to BPT + S; BPT + DIS + AM showed fewer sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥7 mm versus BPT + S only up to 6 months (p = 0.037). In factorial analyses, additional clinical reduction for PPD (p = 0.023) and number of sites with PPD ≥5 (p = 0.007), ≥6 (p = 0.002) and ≥7 mm (p < 0.001) were found when AM was added to BPT, but not when DIS was applied. In all groups, a comparable decrease in targeted bacteria was found. AM caused adverse events in 22% of the patients.ConclusionLocal disinfection with NaOCl, also in combination with AM, showed, after 1‐year follow‐up, no additional clinical and microbiological effects compared to BPT alone.
Assessment of the relationship between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetic complications
Authors: Yan Li‐hui , Mu Biao , Guan Yue , Liu Xinyu , Zhao Nan , Pan Da , Wang Shao‐zhen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disorder of the liver. The relationship between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes remains largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence of complications arising from the interaction between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsA total of 212 individuals with type 2 diabetes were included in the study. The presence of NAFLD was determined in individuals using abdominal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of fatty liver disease. Patients were divided into three groups based on the duration of diabetes and NAFLD diagnosis. Type 2 diabetes patients were placed in group A; patients with type 2 diabetes longer than NAFLD were placed in group B; and patients with NAFLD longer than type 2 diabetes were placed in group C. All individuals had undergone electrocardiogram, blood pressure measurements, and thorough medical history and physical examinations (Doppler ultrasound, electrophysiology, fundoscopy, cardiac computed tomography). Laboratory measurements included fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, oral glucose tolerance test, liver and renal function, lipid profile, and urinary albumin excretion.ResultsCompared with groups A and B, the patients of group C showed a higher prevalence of significant coronary artery disease and hypertension (P < 0.05). Compared with groups A and B, the patients of group C showed a lower prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy among the three groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsNAFLD combined with type 2 diabetes is associated with the presence of significant coronary artery disease and hypertension.
Competition of infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) for binding to shrimp cellular membrane
Authors: Yan D C , Huang J , Yang B , Sun H S , Wang Y Y , Liu X 
Published: May 2016

AbstractInfectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are two widespread shrimp viruses. The interference of IHHNV on WSSV was the first reported case of viral interference that involved crustacean viruses and has been subsequently confirmed. However, the mechanisms underlying the induction of WSSV resistance through IHHNV infection are practically unknown. In this study, the interference mechanisms between IHHNV and WSSV were studied using a competitive ELISA. The binding of WSSV and IHHNV to cellular membrane of Litopenaeus vannamei was examined. The results suggested that there existed a mutual competition between IHHNV and WSSV for binding to receptors present on cellular membrane of L. vannamei and that the inhibitory effects of WSSV towards IHHNV were more distinct than those of IHHNV towards WSSV.
CT Perfusion in Acute Stroke: “Black Holes” on Time‐to‐Peak Image Maps Indicate Unsalvageable Brain
Authors: Meagher Ruairi , Shankar Jai Jai Shiva 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSECT perfusion is becoming important in acute stroke imaging to determine optimal patient‐management strategies. The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive value of time‐to‐peak image maps and, specifically, a phenomenon coined a “black hole” for assessing infarcted brain tissue at the time of scan.METHODSAcute stroke patients were screened for the presence of black holes and their follow‐up imaging (noncontrast CT or MR) was reviewed to assess for infarcted brain tissue.RESULTSOf the 23 patients with signs of acute ischemia on CT perfusion, all had black holes. The black holes corresponded with areas of infarcted brain on follow‐up imaging (specificity 100%). Black holes demonstrated significantly lower cerebral blood volumes (P < .001) and cerebral blood flow (P < .001) compared to immediately adjacent tissue.CONCLUSIONSBlack holes on time‐to‐peak image maps represent areas of unsalvageable brain.
Yoh Sugisaki, a Pioneering Educational Psychologist in Japan
Authors: Tsuji Keiichiro 
Published: May 2016

AbstractYoh Sugisaki (1877–1943) was a psychologist who worked at Nagano Normal School from 1916 to 1939. He introduced a series of laboratory exercises into his psychology lectures and encouraged students to cooperate with each other in data analysis and report writing. He inspired students who were losing sight of their goal and motivated them to concentrate on further learning. In Nagano, he organized self‐training groups for uncertified teachers in local elementary schools, providing up‐to‐date learning and research experience and emphasizing the significance of class planning management and the understanding of children's individuality. On the basis of these activities, Sugisaki formulated a view of education that combined psychology, pedagogy, and religion. Because of his remarkable contributions to elementary education, he was certainly a pioneering educational psychologist in Japan.
Pathways of equality through education: impact of gender (in)equality and maternal education on exclusive breastfeeding among natives and migrants in Belgium
Authors: Vanderlinden Karen , Van de Putte Bart 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEven though breastfeeding is typically considered the preferred feeding method for infants worldwide, in Belgium, breastfeeding rates remain low across native and migrant groups while the underlying determinants are unclear. Furthermore, research examining contextual effects, especially regarding gender (in)equality and ideology, has not been conducted. We hypothesized that greater gender equality scores in the country of origin will result in higher breastfeeding chances. Because gender equality does not operate only at the contextual level but can be mediated through individual level resources, we hypothesized the following for maternal education: higher maternal education will be an important positive predictor for exclusive breastfeeding chances in Belgium, but its effects will differ over subsequent origin countries. Based on IKAROS data (GeÏntegreerd Kind Activiteiten en Regio Ondersteunings Systeem), we perform multilevel analyses on 27 936 newborns. Feeding method is indicated by exclusive breastfeeding 3 months after childbirth. We measure gender (in)equality using Global Gender Gap scores from the mother's origin country. Maternal education is a metric variable based on International Standard Classification of Education indicators. Results show that 3.6% of the variation in breastfeeding can be explained by differences between the migrant mother's country of origin. However, the effect of gender (in)equality appears to be non‐significant. After adding maternal education, the effect for origin countries scoring low on gender equality turns significant. Maternal education on its own shows strong positive association with exclusive breastfeeding and, furthermore, has different effects for different origin countries. Possible explanations are discussed in‐depth setting direction for further research regarding the different pathways gender (in)equality and maternal education affect breastfeeding. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Biofilm transplantation in the deep sea
Authors: Wagner‐Döbler Irene 
Published: May 2016

A gold rush is currently going on in microbial ecology, which is powered by the possibility to determine the full complexity of microbial communities through next‐generation sequencing. Accordingly, enormous efforts are underway to describe microbiomes worldwide, in humans, animals, plants, soil, air and the ocean. While much can be learned from these studies, only experiments will finally unravel mechanisms. One of the key questions is how a microbial community is assembled from a pool of bacteria in the environment, and how it responds to change – be it the increase in CO2 concentration in the ocean, or antibiotic treatment of the gut microbiome. The study by Zhang et al. () in this issue is one of the very few that approaches this problem experimentally in the natural environment. The authors selected a habitat which is both extremely interesting and difficult to access. They studied the Thuwal Seep in the Red Sea at 850 m depth and used a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to place a steel frame carrying substrata for biofilm growth into the brine pool and into the adjacent normal bottom water (NBW). Biofilms were allowed to develop for 3 days, and then those that had been growing in the brine pool were transported to normal bottom water and stayed there for another 3 days, and vice versa. The ‘switched’ biofilms were then compared with their source communities by metagenome sequencing. Strikingly, both ‘switched’ biofilms were now dominated by the same two species. These species were able to cope with conditions in both source ecosystems, as shown by assembly of their genomes and detection of expression of key genes. The biofilms had adapted to environmental change, rather than to brine pools or NBW. The study shows both the resilience and adaptability of biofilm communities and has implications for microbial ecology in general and even for therapeutic approaches such as transplantation of faecal microbiomes.
Limited sinking of Phaeocystis during a 12 days sediment trap study
Authors: Wolf Christian , Iversen Morten , Klaas Christine , Metfies Katja 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThere is a controversy discussion about the contribution of the genus Phaeocystis to the vertical carbon export with evidence for and against sedimentation of Phaeocystis. So far, the presence of Phaeocystis in sinking matter was investigated with methods depending on morphological features (microscopy) and fast degradable substances (biochemical analyses). In this study, we determine the occurrence and abundance of Phaeocystis antarctica in short‐term sediment traps and the overlying water column during a 12‐day time period in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean with 454‐pyrosequencing and microscopy counting. In the sediment trap samples, we only found few sequences belonging to Phaeocystis, which was not reflecting the situation in the water column above. The cell counts showed the same results. We conclude that Phaeocystis cells are not generally transported downwards by active sinking or other sinking processes.
Non‐canonical roles of tRNAs and tRNA mimics in bacterial cell biology
Authors: Katz Assaf , Elgamal Sara , Rajkovic Andrei , Ibba Michael 
Published: May 2016

SummaryTransfer RNAs (tRNAs) are the macromolecules that transfer activated amino acids from aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases to the ribosome, where they are used for the mRNA guided synthesis of proteins. Transfer RNAs are ancient molecules, perhaps even predating the existence of the translation machinery. Albeit old, these molecules are tremendously conserved, a characteristic that is well illustrated by the fact that some bacterial tRNAs are efficient and specific substrates of eukaryotic aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases and ribosomes. Considering their ancient origin and high structural conservation, it is not surprising that tRNAs have been hijacked during evolution for functions outside of translation. These roles beyond translation include synthetic, regulatory and information functions within the cell. Here we provide an overview of the non‐canonical roles of tRNAs and their mimics in bacteria, and discuss some of the common themes that arise when comparing these different functions.
Association between serum hepcidin‐25 and primary resistance to erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in chronic kidney disease: a secondary analysis of the HERO trial
Authors: Gummer Joel , Trengove Robert , Pascoe Elaine M. , Badve Sunil V. , Cass Alan , Clarke Philip , McDonald Stephen P. , Morrish Alicia T. , Pedagogos Eugenie , Perkovic Vlado , Reidlinger Donna , Scaria Anish , Walker Rowan , Vergara Liza A. , Hawley Carmel M. , Johnson David W. , Olynyk John K. , Ferrari Paolo ,   on behalf of the HERO Study Collaborative Group
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundPentoxifylline has been shown to increase haemoglobin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and erythropoietin‐stimulating agent (ESA)‐hyporesponsive anaemia in the Handling Erythropoietin Resistance with Oxpentifylline multicentre double‐blind, randomized controlled trial. The present sub‐study evaluated the effects of pentoxifylline on the iron‐regulatory hormone hepcidin in patients with ESA‐hyporesponsive CKD.MethodsThis sub‐study included 13 patients in the pentoxifylline arm (400 mg daily) and 13 in the matched placebo arm. Hepcidin‐25 was measured by ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry following isolation from patient serum. Serum hepcidin‐25, serum iron biomarkers, haemoglobin and ESA dosage were compared within and between the two groups.ResultsHepcidin‐25 concentration at 4 months adjusted for baseline did not differ significantly in pentoxifylline versus placebo treated patients (adjusted mean difference (MD) −7.9 nmol, P = 0.114), although the difference between the groups mean translated into a >25% reduction of circulating hepcidin‐25 due to pentoxifylline compared with the placebo baseline. In paired analysis, serum hepcidin‐25 levels were significantly decreased at 4 months compared with baseline in the pentoxifylline group (−5.47 ± 2.27 nmol/l, P < 0.05) but not in the placebo group (2.82 ± 4.29 nmol/l, P = 0.24). Pentoxifylline did not significantly alter serum ferritin (MD 55.4 mcg/l), transferrin saturation (MD 4.04%), the dosage of ESA (MD −9.93 U/kg per week) or haemoglobin concentration (MD 5.75 g/l).ConclusionThe reduction of circulating hepcidin‐25 due to pentoxifylline did not reach statistical significance; however, the magnitude of the difference suggests that pentoxifylline may be a clinically and biologically meaningful modulator of hepcidin‐25 in dialysis of patients with ESA‐hyporesponsive anaemia.