bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active background choice facilitates crypsis in a tropical crab
Authors: Uy Floria M. K. , Ravichandran Suvetha , Patel Krisha S. , Aresty Jeffrey , Aresty Patricia P. , Audett Raymond M. , Chen Kelvin , Epple Lauren , Jeffries Sterling F. , Serein Gilbert N. , Tullis‐Joyce Phallon , Uy J. Albert C. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAnimals can evade predators in multiple ways, one of the most effective of which is to avoid detection in the first place. We know much about the evolution of color patterns that match the visual background to avoid detection (i.e., crypsis), yet we know surprisingly less about the specific behaviors that have co‐evolved with these morphological traits to enhance or maintain crypsis. We here explore whether the match between body color and background in a seemingly well‐camouflaged tropical shore crab is a result of active background choice. Taking advantage of a coastal area in the Solomon Islands with variable sand color and a population of the pallid ghost crab Ocypode pallidula with varying carapace color, we experimentally tested whether individuals actively choose specific substrate that best matches their color patterns. We found that individuals taken from extreme sand colors chose substrate that maintained crypsis, with relatively darker crabs typically choosing dark sand and lighter crabs choosing light sand. Crabs of intermediate color pattern, in contrast, showed no clear preference for dark or light sand. Our results suggest that potential prey can actively choose specific backgrounds to enhance and maintain crypsis, providing insights into how behavior interacts with morphological traits to avoid predator detection.
Operational tolerance in kidney transplantation and associated biomarkers
Authors: Massart A , Ghisdal L , Abramowicz M , Abramowicz D 
Published: April 2017

Summary
In the 1960s, our predecessors won a historical battle against acute rejection and ensured that transplantation became a common life-saving treatment. In parallel with this success, or perhaps because of it, we lost the battle for long-lived transplants, being overwhelmed with chronic immune insults and the toxicities of immunosuppression. It is likely that current powerful treatments block acute rejection, but at the same time condemn the few circulating donor cells that would have been able to elicit immunoregulatory host responses towards the allograft. Under these conditions, spontaneously tolerant kidney recipients – i.e. patients who maintain allograft function in the absence of immunosuppression – are merely accidents; they are scarce, mysterious and precious. Several teams pursue the goal of finding a biomarker that would guide us towards the ‘just right’ level of immunosuppression that avoids rejection while leaving some space for donor immune cells. Some cellular assays are attractive because they are antigen-specific, and provide a comprehensive view of immune responses toward the graft. These seem to closely follow patient regulatory capacities. However, these tests are cumbersome, and require abundant cellular material from both donor and recipient. The latest newcomers, non-antigen-specific recipient blood transcriptomic biomarkers, offer the promise that a practicable and simple signature may be found that overcomes the complexity of a system in which an infinite number of individual cell combinations can lead possibly to graft acceptance. Biomarker studies are as much an objective – identifying tolerant patients, enabling tolerance trials – as a means to deciphering the underlying mechanisms of one of the most important current issues in transplantation.
Prevalence of, and work‐related risk factors for, hand eczema in a Norwegian general population (The HUNT Study)
Authors: Vindenes Hilde K. , Svanes Cecilie , Lygre Stein H. L. , Hollund Bjørg‐Eli , Langhammer Arnulf , Bertelsen Randi J. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryBackgroundChemical exposures at work and at home may cause hand eczema. However, this has been scarcely described for Norway.ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of, and occupational risk factors for, hand eczema in Norway.MethodsAmong 50 805 respondents (aged ≥20 years) to the third Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT3), 5757 persons reported ever having hand eczema, and 4206 answered a hand eczema questionnaire.ResultsThe lifetime prevalences of hand eczema were 8.4% in men and 13.8% in women (p < 0.001), with onset at age ≤10 years in 24% (men) and 20% (women), and onset at age ≥30 years in 37% (men) and 25% (women) (p < 0.001). Work‐related hand eczema affected 4.8% of the population, and was most frequently associated with health/social work (29%) and occupational cleaning (20%) in women, and with farming (26%) and industrial occupations (27%) in men. Cleaning detergents (75%) and other chemicals (36%) were the most common exacerbating factors.ConclusionsThe prevalence of hand eczema was 11.3%, and that of work‐related hand eczema was 4.8%. Hand eczema was more common in women than in men, but with a later onset in men. Cleaning detergents were the most common aggravating factors. A large proportion of the Nord‐Trøndelag population is employed in farming, providing the possibility to identify farming as an important risk factor for hand eczema.
Learning During Processing: Word Learning Doesn't Wait for Word Recognition to Finish
Authors: Apfelbaum Keith S. , McMurray Bob 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPrevious research on associative learning has uncovered detailed aspects of the process, including what types of things are learned, how they are learned, and where in the brain such learning occurs. However, perceptual processes, such as stimulus recognition and identification, take time to unfold. Previous studies of learning have not addressed when, during the course of these dynamic recognition processes, learned representations are formed and updated. If learned representations are formed and updated while recognition is ongoing, the result of learning may incorporate spurious, partial information. For example, during word recognition, words take time to be identified, and competing words are often active in parallel. If learning proceeds before this competition resolves, representations may be influenced by the preliminary activations present at the time of learning. In three experiments using word learning as a model domain, we provide evidence that learning reflects the ongoing dynamics of auditory and visual processing during a learning event. These results show that learning can occur before stimulus recognition processes are complete; learning does not wait for ongoing perceptual processing to complete.
A spatially explicit definition of conservation priorities according to population resistance and resilience, species importance and level of threat in a changing climate
Authors: Brambilla Mattia , Caprio Enrico , Assandri Giacomo , Scridel Davide , Bassi Enrico , Bionda Radames , Celada Claudio , Falco Riccardo , Bogliani Giuseppe , Pedrini Paolo , Rolando Antonio , Chamberlain Dan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimHuman‐induced climate change requires conservation strategies incorporating its potential effects on species and communities. Key components of population persistence can be attributed to resistance (the capacity to remain unaffected) or resilience (capacity to absorb and recover) to climate change. In situ climatic refugia can act as resistant distribution units, and ex situ climatic refugia and the corridors to reach them may enhance resilience. We develop a novel approach selecting conservation priorities, resistant units and resilient areas according to structural connectivity and future distribution, to identify strategies that maximize the chances of species persistence in a changing climate.LocationItalian Alps.MethodsConservation priorities were defined across species according to the regional conservation status and the level of threat from climate change, and across sites according to their suitability for target species and their related potential for population persistence (in situ climatic refugia, i.e., resistant units) or redistribution (ex situ climatic refugia and main corridors according to current and future connectivity, i.e., resilient units).ResultsModels suggested a marked loss of suitable area for all species by 2050 (ranging from ~50% for pygmy owl and water pipit, to 84% for snowfinch in the worst scenario), and a general loss of connectivity, which was particularly marked for pygmy owl and snowfinch. The approach applied to Alpine birds of different habitats led to a spatially explicit definition of conservation priorities.Main conclusionsThe spatial definition of conservation priorities according to species (regional importance and level of threat), resistance and resilience refines the definition of management/conservation priorities (including protected area definition), complementing the existing approaches to address climate change‐induced threats in planning conservation and ecological networks.
Quakers, coercion, and pre‐modern growth: why Friends’ formal institutions for contract enforcement did not matter for early modern trade expansion
Authors: Sahle Esther 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDuring the late seventeenth century, Atlantic trade grew dramatically. The New Institutional Economists attribute this to institutional developments. During this period, Quakers emerged as the region's most prominent trading community. Some historians explain this achievement as the result of the competitive advantage that Quakers gained from their formal institutions for contract enforcement. This article studies the London Quaker community to show that, in fact, they only began to police the conduct of business regularly after 1750, as part of a wider effort to promote the Society's reputation. Formal institutional advantages cannot explain the Quakers’ early trading success.
The impact of lesion location on dysphagia incidence, pattern and complications in acute stroke. Part 2: Oropharyngeal residue, swallow and cough response, and pneumonia
Authors: Suntrup‐Krueger S. , Kemmling A. , Warnecke T. , Hamacher C. , Oelenberg S. , Niederstadt T. , Heindel W. , Wiendl H. , Dziewas R. 
Published: April 2017

Background and purposeDysphagia is a well‐known complication of acute stroke. Given the complexity of cerebral swallowing control it is still difficult to predict which patients are likely to develop swallowing dysfunction based on their neuroimaging. In Part 2 of a comprehensive voxel‐based imaging study, whether the location of a stroke lesion can be correlated with further dysfunctional swallowing patterns, pulmonary protective reflexes and pneumonia was evaluated.MethodsIn all, 200 acute stroke cases were investigated applying flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing within 96 h from admission. Lesions were mapped using patients’ computed tomography/magnetic resonance images and these were registered to a standard space. The percentage of lesioned volume of 137 anatomically defined brain regions was determined on a voxel basis (FSL5.0). Region‐specific odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with respect to the presence of oropharyngeal residue, delayed swallow response, insufficient cough reflex and occurrence of pneumonia during hospital stay. Colour‐coded lesion location maps of brain regions with significant ORs were created (P < 0.05).ResultsLesion maps for residue and impaired swallow response depicted parietal‐temporal areas of the right hemisphere. Limbic structures in the right hemisphere and sensory regions on the left were associated with cough reflex disturbance. There was no overlap of lesion maps for impaired swallow response and insufficient cough reflex or pneumonia, but substantial overlap between the last two conditions.ConclusionsThis study gives new insights on the cortical representation of single components of swallowing and airway protection behaviours. The lesion model may help to risk‐stratify patients for dysphagia and pneumonia based on their brain scan.
Comparative assessment of statistical and machine learning techniques towards estimating the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications
Authors: Dalakleidi Kalliopi , Zarkogianni Konstantia , Thanopoulou Anastasia , Nikita Konstantina 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to comparatively assess the performance of different machine learning and statistical techniques with regard to their ability to estimate the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (Case 1) and cardiovascular disease complications (Case 2). This is the first work investigating the application of ensembles of artificial neural networks (EANN) towards producing the 5‐year risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease as a long‐term diabetes complication. The performance of the proposed models has been comparatively assessed with the performance obtained by applying logistic regression, Bayesian‐based approaches, and decision trees. The models' discrimination and calibration have been evaluated using the classification accuracy (ACC), the area under the curve (AUC) criterion, and the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit test. The obtained results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed models (EANN) over the other models. In Case 1, EANN with different topologies has achieved high discrimination and good calibration performance (ACC = 80.20%, AUC = 0.849, p value = .886). In Case 2, EANN based on bagging has resulted in good discrimination and calibration performance (ACC = 92.86%, AUC = 0.739, p value = .755).
Prediction of crack initiation plane direction in high‐cycle multiaxial fatigue with in‐phase and out‐of‐phase loading
Authors: Lu C. , Melendez J. , Martínez‐Esnaola J. M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA new method for predicting crack plane direction in high‐cycle multiaxial fatigue is proposed. This method considers material properties and loading conditions. Two situations are considered: (i) in‐phase loading, where the crack plane direction only depends on the loading condition and material properties have little influence on it, and (ii) out‐of‐phase loading, where the crack plane direction is affected by both loading conditions and material properties. The prediction accuracy is assessed by comparison with several experimental results, including different loading conditions and materials. The results show that the proposed method provides a good prediction capability for these experiments.
Rapid thermal adaptation in photosymbionts of reef‐building corals
Authors: Chakravarti Leela J. , Beltran Victor H. , van Oppen Madeleine J. H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractClimate warming is occurring at a rate not experienced by life on Earth for 10 s of millions of years, and it is unknown whether the coral‐dinoflagellate (Symbiodinium spp.) symbiosis can evolve fast enough to ensure coral reef persistence. Coral thermal tolerance is partly dependent on the Symbiodinium hosted. Therefore, directed laboratory evolution in Symbiodinium has been proposed as a strategy to enhance coral holobiont thermal tolerance. Using a reciprocal transplant design, we show that the upper temperature tolerance and temperature tolerance range of Symbiodinium C1 increased after ~80 asexual generations (2.5 years) of laboratory thermal selection. Relative to wild‐type cells, selected cells showed superior photophysiological performance and growth rate at 31°C in vitro, and performed no worse at 27°C; they also had lower levels of extracellular reactive oxygen species (exROS). In contrast, wild‐type cells were unable to photosynthesise or grow at 31°C and produced up to 17 times more exROS. In symbiosis, the increased thermal tolerance acquired ex hospite was less apparent. In recruits of two of three species tested, those harbouring selected cells showed no difference in growth between the 27 and 31°C treatments, and a trend of positive growth at both temperatures. Recruits that were inoculated with wild‐type cells, however, showed a significant difference in growth rates between the 27 and 31°C treatments, with a negative growth trend at 31°C. There were no significant differences in the rate and severity of bleaching in coral recruits harbouring wild‐type or selected cells. Our findings highlight the need for additional Symbiodinium genotypes to be tested with this assisted evolution approach. Deciphering the genetic basis of enhanced thermal tolerance in Symbiodinium and the cause behind its limited transference to the coral holobiont in this genotype of Symbiodinium C1 are important next steps for developing methods that aim to increase coral bleaching tolerance.
Evaluation of agronomic traits of someBrachiariacultivars in the temperate low warm region in Japan
Authors: Nitthaisong Pattama , Ishigaki Genki , Fukuyama Kiichi , Akashi Ryo 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTropical grasses with high forage quality and biomass could be grown as annuals in warm subtropical regions as an additional source of feedstock. For sustainable forage production, it is also vital to know the interactions between plant and weed for the selection of promising alternating forage grass.Brachiariagrass has been used as source of high quality forage in the tropics, and this could be developed as a promising forage grass species in this region. Therefore, this study compared the agronomic traits, productivity, and dominance to weeds in sixBrachiariacultivars with two rhodesgrass cultivars in southwestern Kyushu, Japan. This study was evaluated twice from spring to autumn in 2012. MostBrachiariacultivars grew more vigorously than the two rhodesgrass cultivars during early seedling development in 2012. Except for ‘Llanero’, allBrachiariacultivars had a higher dry matter yield than the two rhodesgrass cultivars. Notably, ‘Kennedy’ had the highest dry matter yield of 9.5 t ha−1at the second cutting, resulting from substantial regrowth after the first cutting. However, twoBrachiariacultivars and one rhodesgrass cultivar evaluated in 2014 were not significantly different. Except ‘Llanero’, biomass percentage in allBrachiariacultivars ranged from 57 to 81% at the first cutting. Subsequently, the value for the second cutting increased more than 90%. There was a significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) between dominance to weeds and growth in the early stage, indicating that the vigorous growth ofBrachiariagrasses, during the early stage was superior to that of weeds in their competition. In addition,Brachiaria ruziziensisandBrachiaria decumbenscould be introduced as new variety in temperate low warm region, Japan.
Effect of moist pre‐chill and dry pre‐heat treatment on the germination of Miscanthus sinensis seed from southwest China
Authors: Nie Gang , Sun Ming , Huang Linkai , Ma Xiao , Zhang Xinquan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMiscanthus × giganteus has been widely cultivated in Europe and North America and is considered a potential biofuel plant. However, a barrier is the lacking establishment of inexpensive and successful stands. As a progenitor of M. × giganteus, M. sinensis could be potentially propagated by seed, with comparable biomass yield in some areas. The germination of seed plays an important role in establishing M. sinensis in the field. However, dormancy may not be advantageous for a seed to germinate freely. It is widely recognized that temperature is a key factor for seed dormancy and germination. In this study, two different temperature methods were hypothesized for promoting the seed germination of M. sinensis. The results showed that both 4°C and 10°C moist pre‐chill treatment for 21 days had a positive effect on breaking dormancy. Nevertheless, 10°C treatment showed the ability to promote germinated seed growth, especially in the radical, which provided a rapid growth for establishment. For dry pre‐heat treatments, 30°C for 30 days was the suitable treatment for increasing overall germination, as well as growth vigor. Furthermore, for saving time and labor, 50°C for 10 days also could be a choice as pre‐treatment before sowing. In addition, there is a possibility that the high temperature sometimes reinforced dormancy or even induced seed death, but could well increase the radical growth, indicating that high temperature could be an unfavorable environment signal to cause the seed self‐protection mechanism to dormancy. Therefore, high temperature level and duration of treatment for pre‐heat seeds is necessary for further field performance studies.
Effect of inoculants and fibrolytic enzymes on the fermentation characteristics, in vitro digestibility and aflatoxins accumulation of whole‐crop corn silage
Authors: Li Ying Han , Borjigin Narisu , Yu Zhu 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTwo additives (bacterial inoculants and fibrolytic enzymes) were tested for their effects on fermentation characteristics, in vitro digestibility, mold counts and aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2) content in corn silages. Whole‐plant corn was harvested with one‐half milk line stage and ensiled after the following treatments: (i) untreated (CON); (ii) bacterial inoculants at 105 CFU g−1 of fresh forage (B); (iii) fibrolytic enzymes at 100 U g−1 of fresh forage (E); and (iv) mixture of bacterial inoculants and enzymes at 105 CFU g−1 and 100 U g−1 of fresh forage, respectively (B+E). All the additives increased the lactic acid content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (P < 0.05), decreased ammonia nitrogen content (P < 0.05). E and B+E decreased the neutral detergent fiber content and increased the crude protein, in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein (P < 0.05). Aflatoxins content and mold counts for treated silage were lower than untreated silage (P < 0.05) throughout the air exposure stages (0, 1, 5, and 10 days). Additionally, the aflatoxins were not detected in B treated silage after 0 day exposure to air and in B+E throughout the air exposure stages.
HIF‐prolyl hydroxylases as therapeutic targets in erythropoiesis and iron metabolism
Authors: Haase Volker H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA classic response to systemic hypoxia is the increase in red blood cell production. This response is controlled by the prolyl hydroxylase domain/hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) pathway, which regulates a broad spectrum of cellular functions. The discovery of this pathway as a key regulator of erythropoiesis has led to the development of small molecules that stimulate the production of endogenous erythropoietin and enhance iron metabolism. This review provides a concise overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern HIF‐induced erythropoietic responses and provides an update on clinical experience with compounds that target HIF‐prolyl hydroxylases for anemia therapy.