bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential visual ornamentation between brood parasitic and parental cuckoos
Authors: Hasegawa M. , Arai E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe evolution of brood parasitism should affect adult phenotypic traits due to sexual selection as well as the parasite–host interactions, although it is rarely focused on. Sexual selection theory predicts extravagant secondary sexual characteristics in brood parasites whereas immature‐like modest sexual characteristics in parental species. This is because juvenile‐like immature traits can attract mates by exploiting parental care for young (i.e. attraction to young), and because the good parent process, which favours traits that signal parental care ability, would constrain the evolution of costly secondary sexual characteristics due to evolutionary trade‐offs between parental investment and sexually selected traits. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we studied plumage and bare‐part characteristics of adults in relation to brood parasitism in cuckoos (family Cuculidae), in which brood parasitism together with loss of parental care has evolved three times. As predicted, we found that nonparasitic cuckoos had plumage more similar to the juveniles than did brood parasitic cuckoos. Furthermore, nonparasitic cuckoos had a higher probability of having additional bare skin, that is a seemingly less costly, hatchling‐like trait, than did brood parasitic cuckoos. This finding further supports the link between parental care and sexual selection, although the influence of a parasite–host interaction cannot be excluded. The analysis of evolutionary pathways suggested interdependent evolution of additional bare skin and brood parasitism. Brood parasitism together with the loss of parental care may prevent the maintenance of a modest phenotype similar to the young, and vice versa in some cases.
Sappinia sp. (Amoebozoa: Thecamoebida) and Rosculus sp. (SAR: Cercozoa) Isolated From King Penguin Guano Collected in the Subantarctic (South Georgia, Salisbury Plain) and their Coexistence in Culture
Authors: Tyml Tomáš , Dyková Iva 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTwo amoeboid organisms of the genera Sappinia Dangeard, 1896 and Rosculus Hawes, 1963 were identified in a sample containing king penguin guano. This sample, collected in the Subantarctic, enlarges the list of fecal habitats known for the presence of coprophilic amoebae. The two organisms were co‐isolated and subcultured for over 6 mo, with continuous efforts being invested to separate each one from the mixed culture. In the mixed culture, Rosculus cells were fast growing, tolerated changes in culturing conditions, formed cysts, and evidently were attracted by Sappinia trophozoites. The separation of the Rosculus strain was accomplished, whereas the Sappinia strain remained intermixed with inseparable Rosculus cells. Sappinia cell populations were sensitive to changes in culturing conditions; they improved with reduction of Rosculus cells in the mixed culture. Thick‐walled cysts, reportedly formed by Sappinia species, were not seen. The ultrastructure of both organisms was congruent with the currently accepted generic characteristics; however, some details were remarkable at the species level. Combined with the results of phylogenetic analyses, our findings indicate that the ultrastructure of the glycocalyx and the presence/absence of the Golgi apparatus in differential diagnoses of Sappinia species require a critical re‐evaluation.
Environmental Sequencing Fills the Gap Between Parasitic Haplosporidians and Free‐living Giant Amoebae
Authors: Ward Georgia M. , Neuhauser Sigrid , Groben René , Ciaghi Stefan , Berney Cédric , Romac Sarah , Bass David 
Published: January 2018

AbstractClass Ascetosporea (Rhizaria; Endomyxa) comprises many parasites of invertebrates. Within this group, recent group‐specific environmental DNA (eDNA) studies have contributed to the establishment of the new order Mikrocytida, a new phylogeny and characterization of Paramyxida, and illuminated the diversity and distribution of haplosporidians. Here, we use general and lineage‐specific PCR primers to investigate the phylogenetic “gap” between haplosporidians and their closest known free‐living relatives, the testate amoeba Gromia and reticulate amoeba Filoreta. Within this gap are Paradinium spp. parasites of copepods, which we show to be highly diverse and widely distributed in planktonic and benthic samples. We reveal a robustly supported radiation of parasites, ENDO‐3, comprised of Paradinium and three further clades (ENDO‐3a, ENDO‐3b and SPP). A further environmental group, ENDO‐2, perhaps comprising several clades, branches between this radiation and the free‐living amoebae. Early diverging haplosporidians were also amplified, often associated with bivalves or deep‐sea samples. The general primer approach amplified an overlapping set of novel lineages within ENDO‐3 and Haplosporida, whereas the group‐specific primer strategy, targeted to amplify from the earliest known divergent haplosporidians to Gromia, generated greater sequence diversity across part of this phylogenetic range.
Facility and State Variation in Hip Fracture in U.S. Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Zullo Andrew R. , Zhang Tingting , Banerjee Geetanjoli , Lee Yoojin , McConeghy Kevin W. , Kiel Douglas P. , Daiello Lori A. , Mor Vincent , Berry Sarah D. 
Published: January 2018

ObjectivesTo quantify the variation in hip fracture incidence across U.S. nursing home (NH) facilities and states and examine how hip fracture incidence varies according to facility‐ and state‐level characteristics.DesignRetrospective cohort using linked national Minimum Data Set assessments; Online Survey, Certification and Reporting records; and Medicare claims.SettingU.S. NHs with 100 or more beds.ParticipantsLong‐stay NH residents between May 1, 2007, and April 30, 2008, from 1,481 facilities and 46 U.S. states (N = 201,892).MeasurementsIncident hip fractures were ascertained using Medicare Part A diagnostic codes. Each resident was followed for up to 2 years.ResultsThe mean adjusted incidence rate of hip fractures for all facilities was 3.13 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.01–3.26) per 100 person‐years (range 1.20, 95% CI = 1.15–1.26 to 6.40, 95% CI = 6.07–6.77). Facilities with the highest rates of hip fracture had greater percentages of residents taking psychoactive medications (top tertile 27.2%, bottom tertile 24.8%), and fewer nursing (top tertile 3.43, bottom tertile 3.53) and direct care (top tertile 3.22, bottom tertile 3.29) hours per day per resident. The combination of state and facility characteristics explained 6.7% of the variation in hip fracture, and resident characteristics explained 7.6%.ConclusionMuch of the variation in hip fracture incidence remained unexplained, although these findings indicate that potentially modifiable state and facility characteristics such as psychoactive drug prescribing and minimum staffing requirements could be addressed to help reduce the rate of hip fracture in U.S. NHs.
Expression of the purine biosynthetic enzyme phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase in neurons
Authors: Mangold Colleen A. , Yao Pamela J. , Du Mei , Freeman Willard M. , Benkovic Stephen J. , Szpara Moriah L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPurines are metabolic building blocks essential for all living organisms on earth. De novo purine biosynthesis occurs in the brain and appears to play important roles in neural development. Phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase (FGAMS, also known as PFAS or FGARAT), a core enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of purines, may play alternative roles in viral pathogenesis. To date, no thorough investigation of the endogenous expression and localization of de novo purine biosynthetic enzymes has been conducted in human neurons or in virally infected cells. In this study, we characterized expression of FGAMS using multiple neuronal models. In differentiated human SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, primary rat hippocampal neurons, and in whole‐mouse brain sections, FGAMS immunoreactivity was distributed within the neuronal cytoplasm. FGAMS immunolabeling in vitro demonstrated extensive distribution throughout neuronal processes. To investigate potential changes in FGAMS expression and localization following viral infection, we infected cells with the human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1. In infected fibroblasts, FGAMS immunolabeling shifted from a diffuse cytoplasmic location to a mainly perinuclear localization by 12 h post‐infection. In contrast, in infected neurons, FGAMS localization showed no discernable changes in the localization of FGAMS immunoreactivity. There were no changes in total FGAMS protein levels in either cell type. Together, these data provide insight into potential purine biosynthetic mechanisms utilized within neurons during homeostasis as well as viral infection.
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Cover Image for this Issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14169.
The cognitive profile of Sotos syndrome
Authors: Lane Chloe , Milne Elizabeth , Freeth Megan 
Published: January 2018

Sotos syndrome is a congenital overgrowth disorder, associated with intellectual disability. Previous research suggests that Sotos syndrome may be associated with relative strength in verbal ability and relative weakness in non‐verbal reasoning ability but this has not been explicitly assessed. To date, the cognitive profile of Sotos syndrome is unknown. Cognitive abilities of a large and representative sample of individuals with Sotos syndrome (N = 52) were assessed using the British Ability Scales (BAS3). The majority of participants had intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning. The cluster score profile analysis revealed a consistent verbal ability > non‐verbal reasoning ability profile. Four specific criteria were proposed as the Sotos syndrome cognitive profile (SSCP): verbal ability > non‐verbal reasoning ability; quantitative reasoning T‐score or matrices T‐score <20th percentile; quantitative reasoning T‐score < mean T‐score; recognition of designs T‐score or recognition of pictures T‐score > mean T‐score. Of the 35 participants included in the profile analysis, 28 met all four SSCP criteria, yielding a sensitivity of 0.8. The sensitivity of each of the SSCP criteria was >0.9. Individuals with Sotos syndrome display a clear and consistent cognitive profile, characterized by relative strength in verbal ability and visuospatial memory but relative weakness in non‐verbal reasoning ability and quantitative reasoning. This has important implications for the education of individuals with Sotos syndrome.
Small‐scale commodity frontiers: The bioeconomy value chain of castor oil in Madagascar
Authors: Neimark Benjamin D. , Healy Timothy M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe European Commission defines the bioeconomy as a “transition economy which seeks to increase efficiency, optimize use and decrease environmental impact through the reduction of waste and greenhouse gas emissions.” However, attempts to substitute or control nature through efficient bio‐based technology have not lived up to expectations and much of the industry still relies on globally sourced biomass to drive the bioeconomy. This article examines the social and political economic relations surrounding small‐scale production of the feedstock castor oil plant (castor,Ricinus communis) in the deep south of Madagascar. Theorizing the bioeconomy through the lens of a “small‐scale commodity frontier,” it builds from recent injunctions by Jason Moore to show how the appropriation of cheap nature (including paid and unpaid labour) is both historically and geographically co‐produced. The castor value chain is held up as a way to transform regional economies and a “silver bullet” to alleviate poverty and address food security in some of the most economically marginal areas of Madagascar. We adopt a regional and feminist political ecology approach to illustrate what is behind this discursive cloak of “development imaginaries,” making visible the social relations surrounding castor production and demonstrating the historical marginalization involved in producing the frontier.
Is there an association of ABO blood groups and Rhesus factor with alopecia areata?
Authors: İslamoğlu Zeynep Gizem Kaya , Unal Mehmet 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBackground/ObjectivesAlopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by noncicatricial hair loss localized on hair, beard, mustache, eyebrow, eyelash, and sometimes on the body. Although etiopathogenesis is not fully understood, many studies show remarkable associations between various diseases and ABO blood groups. However, there is no study with AA and blood groups.MethodsHealthy people and patients with AA were included in this study. A total of 155 patients with AA and 299 healthy controls were included in the study.ResultsABO blood group distribution in patients with AA and distribution of healthy donors were similar. However, Rhesus factor positivity in the AA group was significantly higher than in healthy donors. The relationship between stress and AA was high as known. But, ABO blood group and Rhesus factor were not in a significant connection with stress.ConclusionWe conclude that there was no association between ABO blood group and AA, but the observed distribution of Rhesus blood group differed slightly but significantly from that of the healthy population. The result of the study shows a small but statistically significant difference in the Rh blood group between patients with AA and the healthy population blood groups. This result is important because it suggests that genetic factors may influence the development of AA. The role of blood groups in the development of AA remains to be determined. We believe that the studies which will be carried out in other centers with wider series will be more valuable to support this hypothesis.
School Lunch Consumption Among 3 Food Service Providers in New Orleans
Authors: Canterberry Melanie , Francois Samantha , van Hattum Taslim , Rudov Lindsey , Carton Thomas W. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDLouisiana has one of the highest rates of overweight and obese children in the United States. The Healthy School Food Collaborative (HSFC) was created to allow New Orleans's schools to select their own healthy school Food Service Provider (FSP) with requirements for higher nutritional standards than traditional options. The goal of this cross‐sectional study was to examine whether HSFC membership was associated with lunch consumption rates in elementary school children.METHODSAn 8‐week plate waste study examining 18,070 trays of food among fourth and fifth graders was conducted. Participants included 7 schools and the 3 FSPs (2 HSFC and 1 non‐HSFC member) that serviced them. Mixed models analysis examined whether consumption rates of food items differed among FSPs.RESULTSOn average, students consumed 307 cal during lunch. Analyses showed significant differences in consumption rates of entrée, vegetables, fruit, and milk between the 3 FSPs (p < .01). The highest consumption rate was among entrées at 65%. One HSFC provider had consumption levels consistent with the non‐HSFC FSP.CONCLUSIONSOverall, students consumed less than 60% of the US Department of Agriculture recommended calories for school lunch. While overall caloric consumption was higher among the non‐HSFC schools, interventions to increase lunch consumption across all schools are needed.
Physical and Social Contexts of Physical Activity Behaviors of Fifth and Seventh Grade Youth
Authors: Saunders Ruth P. , Dowda Marsha , Mciver Kerry , McDonald Samantha M. , Pate Russell R. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe purpose of this study was to characterize the temporal, social, and physical contexts for physical activities commonly reported in a diverse cohort of 753 boys and girls from fifth to seventh grade.METHODSData were obtained from a multilevel longitudinal study, the Transitions and Activity Changes in Kids. The Physical Activity Choices instrument assessed previous 5‐day participation in specific physical activities and their temporal, social, and physical contexts. Mixed model repeated measure analyses of variance and multinomial analyses examined sex differences and change over time.RESULTSFifth grade boys and girls reported participation in similar activities at similar frequencies, which declined significantly by seventh grade. One temporal pattern, playing with younger children, changed over time from “both inside/outside” to “outside” school. Boys and females reported more activities performed in class/team groups over time. Most activities took place primarily at home for all participants in both grades.CONCLUSIONSBoys and girls reported declines in the variety and frequency of activities from fifth to seventh grade. There were sex‐specific patterns in physical activities and groups; however, all participants reported home as the primary location and a shift to class/team groups over time. Schools are well‐positioned to provide additional physical activity opportunities.
How Healthy Is Homeschool? An Analysis of Body Composition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Authors: Kabiri Laura S. , Mitchell Katy , Brewer Wayne , Ortiz Alexis 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPublic school children regularly participate in school‐based physical activity, physical education, and fitness testing. However, almost 2 million American children are homeschooled. The purpose of this research was to assess the body composition of elementary school‐aged homeschool children and their corresponding cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.METHODSThis research explored the body composition and CVD risk of 145 homeschool children aged 5–11 years using body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, and waist circumference. Chi‐square and Mann‐Whitney U tests examined differences in CVD risk within the homeschool population.RESULTSOverall, homeschool children had average BMI z‐scores (SD [range]) with a mean of −0.11 (0.97 [−3.47 to 2.53]). Unhealthy classifications were seen in 11.2% of the sample by BMI, 19.6% by percent body fat, and 49.7% by waist circumference. Statistical analysis revealed no difference in CVD risk between sexes (χ2(1) = 0.062, p = .804) or ethnicities (χ2(1) = 0.927, p = .336) but increased prevalence in children aged 5–9 years (U = 1427, z = −4.559, p < .001).CONCLUSIONSAlmost half of elementary school‐aged homeschool children showed increased risk for CVD and need regular assessment of central adiposity.
Examining Predictors of Breakfast Skipping and Breakfast Program Use Among Secondary School Students in the COMPASS Study
Authors: Godin Katelyn M. , Patte Karen A. , Leatherdale Scott T. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDMany Canadian schools offer breakfast programs; however, students' engagement in these programs is low, while breakfast skipping is highly prevalent among youth. This study examined whether the availability of breakfast programs supports adolescents' regular breakfast eating, and identified characteristics of breakfast skippers who are not using these programs.METHODSData from 30,771 secondary school students from Ontario and Alberta, Canada, participating in Year 3 (2014‐2015) of the COMPASS study were used for descriptive and logistic regression analyses. Participants were categorized by self‐reported breakfast eating and school breakfast program use.RESULTSSixteen percent of participants reported using school breakfast programs. Breakfast skipping was highly prevalent among participants, regardless of their breakfast program use. Characteristics significantly associated with program use included traveling to school via public transit or a school bus, being a bullying victim, and having a high school connectedness score. A desire to lose weight and non‐involvement in school sports were significantly associated with being a “breakfast skipper/nonprogram user.”CONCLUSIONSSchool breakfast programs do not consistently support regular breakfast eating, even among adolescents actively engaged in these programs. Future research should identify and evaluate practices to bolster participation in breakfast programs and promote regular breakfast eating among adolescents.
Comparative analysis of microbial diversity and bacterial seedling disease‐suppressive activity in organic‐farmed and standardized commercial conventional soils for rice nursery cultivation
Authors: Takahashi Hideki , Matsushita Yuko , Ito Toyoaki , Nakai Yutaka , Nanzyo Masami , Kobayashi Takashi , Iwaishi Shinji , Hashimoto Tomoyoshi , Miyashita Shuhei , Morikawa Toshiyuki , Yoshida Shigenobu , Tsushima Seiya , Ando Sugihiro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe outbreak of rice plant diseases can be effectively suppressed in organic farming systems. However, the mechanisms of disease suppression by organic farming systems are not well understood. When Burkholderia‐infected rice seeds were sown and cultivated on nine organic‐farmed soils which were supplied by nine independent organic rice farmers or standardized commercial conventional soils, the emergence of bacterial seedling diseases was suppressed to equivalent degrees in nine organic‐farmed soils, whereas the diseases occurred in two commercial conventional soils. In any organic or commercial conventional soil sown with healthy rice seeds as a control, the diseases did not appear. Upon physicochemical analysis of the nine organic‐farmed soils, component common to these organic‐farmed soils seemed to not be directly associated with disease‐suppressive activity. However, microbiome analyses indicated that the bacterial population in these nine organic‐farmed soils was more diverse than those in commercial conventional soils. Intriguingly, the diverse bacterial population structures of organic‐farmed soils were preserved after irrigating and sowing rice seeds, but that of commercial conventional soils was clearly changed by them. Thus, organic‐farmed soils seem to maintain robust bacterial populations despite the irrigation and seedling growth. Indeed, pathogenic Burkholderia in infected rice seeds also did not proliferate in the seedling grown on organic‐farmed soils. Taken together, the common feature of organic‐farmed soils might be the correlation between bacterial seedling disease‐suppressive activity and higher robustness of the diversified microbiome.
Nutrient concentrations in the surface sediments of Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe: A shallow, hypereutrophic, subtropical artificial lake
Authors: Tendaupenyu P. , Magadza C. H. D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA lake‐wide survey in Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe, was performed to (i) examine the spatial distribution of three sediment grain sizes; (ii) determine their nutrient concentrations; and (iii) analyse the relationships between the measured surface sediment variables in the three sediment grain sizes. The results of this study indicated sand, silt and mud sediments occupied about 24, 22 and 54%, respectively, of the lake area. All the measured physicochemical variables varied significantly among the three sediment grain sizes (P < 0.05, anova). High values for pH, dissolved oxygen and NO3 were observed in the sand sediments, while water depth, electrical conductivity, soluble reactive phosphorus, NH4, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and total organic carbon were observed in the mud sediments. In the silt sediments, most measured variables showed intermediate values. Intervariable correlation indicated varied correlation patterns among the three sediment grain sizes. Information generated in this study is essential for an accurate delineation of the spatial extent of nutrient and contaminant distribution in the sediment of Lake Chivero and will facilitate the ability of lake managers to derive a comprehensive nutrient budget of the lake as a means of establishing realistic target conditions for lake restoration.