bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global patterns in lake ecosystem responses to warming based on the temperature dependence of metabolism
Authors: Kraemer Benjamin M. , Chandra Sudeep , Dell Anthony I. , Dix Margaret , Kuusisto Esko , Livingstone David M. , Schladow S. Geoffrey , Silow Eugene , Sitoki Lewis M. , Tamatamah Rashid , McIntyre Peter B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractClimate warming is expected to have large effects on ecosystems in part due to the temperature dependence of metabolism. The responses of metabolic rates to climate warming may be greatest in the tropics and at low elevations because mean temperatures are warmer there and metabolic rates respond exponentially to temperature (with exponents >1). However, if warming rates are sufficiently fast in higher latitude/elevation lakes, metabolic rate responses to warming may still be greater there even though metabolic rates respond exponentially to temperature. Thus, a wide range of global patterns in the magnitude of metabolic rate responses to warming could emerge depending on global patterns of temperature and warming rates. Here we use the Boltzmann–Arrhenius equation, published estimates of activation energy, and time series of temperature from 271 lakes to estimate long‐term (1970–2010) changes in 64 metabolic processes in lakes. The estimated responses of metabolic processes to warming were usually greatest in tropical/low‐elevation lakes even though surface temperatures in higher latitude/elevation lakes are warming faster. However, when the thermal sensitivity of a metabolic process is especially weak, higher latitude/elevation lakes had larger responses to warming in parallel with warming rates. Our results show that the sensitivity of a given response to temperature (as described by its activation energy) provides a simple heuristic for predicting whether tropical/low‐elevation lakes will have larger or smaller metabolic responses to warming than higher latitude/elevation lakes. Overall, we conclude that the direct metabolic consequences of lake warming are likely to be felt most strongly at low latitudes and low elevations where metabolism‐linked ecosystem services may be most affected.
Additive effects of temperature and infection with an acanthocephalan parasite on the shredding activity of Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea: Amphipoda): the importance of aggregative behavior
Authors: Labaude Sophie , Rigaud Thierry , Cézilly Frank 
Published: September 2016

AbstractClimate change can have critical impacts on the ecological role of keystone species, leading to subsequent alterations within ecosystems. The consequences of climate change may be best predicted by understanding its interaction with the cumulative effects of other stressors, although this approach is rarely adopted. However, whether this interaction is additive or interactive can hardly be predicted from studies examining a single factor at a time. In particular, biotic interactions are known to induce modifications in the functional role of many species. Here, we explored the effect of temperature on leaf consumption by a keystone freshwater shredder, the amphipod Gammarus fossarum. This species is found at high densities in the wild and relies on aggregation as an antipredator behavior. In addition, gammarids regularly harbor acanthocephalan parasites that are known to induce multiple effects on their hosts, including modifications on their functional role. We thus assessed the cumulative effect of both intraspecific interactions and parasitism. Consumption tests were conducted on gammarids, either naturally infected with Pomphorhynchus tereticollis or uninfected, feeding alone or in groups. Our results show that increased temperatures induced a significant increase in consumption, but only to a certain extent. Interestingly, consumption at the highest temperature depended on amphipod density: Whereas a decrease was observed for single individuals, no such effect on feeding was observed for individuals in groups. In addition, infection by acanthocephalan parasites per se significantly negatively impacted the shredding role of gammarids. Overall, the combined effects of parasitism and temperature appeared to be additive. Thus, future studies focusing on the impact of climate change on the functional role of keystone species may benefit from a multimodal approach under realistic conditions to derive accurate predictions.
Sensitivity of soil carbon fractions and their specific stabilization mechanisms to extreme soil warming in a subarctic grassland
Authors: Poeplau Christopher , Kätterer Thomas , Leblans Niki I. W. , Sigurdsson Bjarni D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTerrestrial carbon cycle feedbacks to global warming are major uncertainties in climate models. For in‐depth understanding of changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) after soil warming, long‐term responses ofSOCstabilization mechanisms such as aggregation, organo‐mineral interactions and chemical recalcitrance need to be addressed. This study investigated the effect of 6 years of geothermal soil warming on differentSOCfractions in an unmanaged grassland in Iceland. Along an extreme warming gradient of +0 to ~+40 °C, we isolated five fractions ofSOCthat varied conceptually in turnover rate from active to passive in the following order: particulate organic matter (POM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC),SOCin sand and stable aggregates (SA),SOCin silt and clay (SC‐rSOC) and resistantSOC(rSOC). Soil warming of 0.6 °C increased bulkSOCby 22 ± 43% (0–10 cm soil layer) and 27 ± 54% (20–30 cm), while further warming led to exponentialSOCdepletion of up to 79 ± 14% (0–10 cm) and 74 ± 8% (20–30) in the most warmed plots (~+40 °C). Only theSAfraction was more sensitive than the bulk soil, with 93 ± 6% (0–10 cm) and 86 ± 13% (20–30 cm)SOClosses and the highest relative enrichment in13C as an indicator for the degree of decomposition (+1.6 ± 1.5‰ in 0–10 cm and +1.3 ± 0.8‰ in 20–30 cm). TheSAfraction mass also declined along the warming gradient, while theSCfraction mass increased. This was explained by deactivation of aggregate‐binding mechanisms. There was no difference between the responses ofSC‐rSOC(slow‐cycling) andrSOC(passive) to warming, and13C enrichment inrSOCwas equal to that in bulk soil. We concluded that the sensitivity ofSOCto warming was not a function of age or chemical recalcitrance, but triggered by changes in biophysical stabilization mechanisms, such as aggregation.
Liver fibrosis assessment by FibroScan compared with pathological findings of liver resection specimen in hepatitis C infection
Authors: Nakamura Yuki , Aikata Hiroshi , Fukuhara Takayuki , Honda Fumi , Morio Kei , Morio Reona , Hatooka Masahiro , Kobayashi Tomoki , Nagaoki Yuko , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Tsuge Masataka , Hiramatsu Akira , Imamura Michio , Kawakami Yoshiiku , Ochi Hidenori , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Ohdan Hideki , Shiroma Noriyuki , Arihiro Koji , Chayama Kazuaki 
Published: September 2016

AimFibroScan is a tool for the non‐invasive diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis. Previous studies have compared liver stiffness to percutaneous liver biopsy findings, but no study has compared liver stiffness to liver resection specimen findings. The aim of this study was to compare FibroScan measurements to resected liver specimen findings.MethodsFrom April 2011 to November 2015, a total of 114 patients with liver tumor and hepatitis C were enrolled. We divided them into two groups, the training set and validation set. Liver stiffness was measured by FibroScan before surgery, and specimens obtained by liver resection were evaluated according to the METAVIR system.ResultsUsing Spearman's rank correlation analysis, a positive correlation between liver stiffness measurement and liver fibrosis stage was observed (r = 0.786, P ≤ 0.0001). In the training set, the area under receiver operating curves for diagnosis of F ≥ 2 was 0.971 (95% confidence interval, 0.928–1.000; cut‐off value, 5.9), for diagnosis of F ≥ 3 was 0.911 (0.825–0.997, 9.8), and for diagnosis of F = 4 was 0.917 (0.849–0.985, 15.5). In the validation set, at a cut‐off value of 5.9 kPa, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values for F ≥ 2 were 95.7%, 0.0%, 97.8%, and 0.0%, respectively, of 9.8 kPa for F ≥ 3 were 86.2%, 52.6%, 73.5%, and 71.4%, and of 15.5 kPa for F = 4 were 100%, 71.8%, 45.0%, and 100%.ConclusionsThe stage of stiffness graded by FibroScan has a good correlation with the liver fibrosis of resected liver specimens. It has the ability to diagnose fibrosis stage non‐invasively.
Reality of working in a community‐based, recovery‐oriented mental health rehabilitation unit: A pragmatic grounded theory analysis
Authors: Parker Stephen , Dark Frances , Newman Ellie , Korman Nicole , Rasmussen Zoe , Meurk Carla 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn the present study, we explored the experiences of staff working at a recovery‐oriented, community‐based residential mental health rehabilitation unit in Brisbane, Australia, called a ‘community care unit’ (CCU). A pragmatic approach to grounded theory was taken in the analysis of the transcripts of semistructured interviews with eight staff. Convenience sampling was used, and there was representation of junior and senior staff across nursing, allied health, and non‐clinical support roles. Four key themes emerged from the analysis: (i) rehabilitation is different to treatment; (ii) the CCU is a positive transitional space; (iii) they (consumers) have to be ready to engage; and (iv) recovery is central to rehabilitation practice. Staff understandings of recovery in rehabilitation work were complex and included consideration of both personal and clinical recovery concepts. Rehabilitation readiness was considered important to the ability to deliver recovery‐oriented care; however, the shared role of staff in maintaining engagement was acknowledged. Threats to recovery‐oriented rehabilitation practice included staff burnout and external pressure to accept consumers who are not ready. The reality of working at a community‐based recovery‐oriented rehabilitation unit is complex. Active vigilance is needed to maintain a focus on recovery and rehabilitation. Leadership needs to focus on reducing burnout and in adapting these services to emergent needs.
Independent reversals to terrestriality in squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) support ecologically mediated modes of adaptation
Authors: Rocha R. G. , Leite Y. L. R. , Costa L. P. , Rojas D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe family Sciuridae is one of the most widespread and ecologically diverse lineages of rodents and represents an ideal model for investigating the evolution of locomotion modes and the historical biogeography of terrestrial mammals. We used a comprehensive database on locomotion modes, an updated phylogeny and novel biogeographic comparative methods to reassess the evolution of locomotion of squirrels and to investigate whether these locomotion modes evolved convergently in different continents. We found that locomotion changes occurred in different independent lineages of the family, including four reversals to terrestriality and one evolution of gliding. We also found evidence for Eurasia as the centre of origin of Sciuridae, challenging the classification of the oldest squirrel fossil records from the early Oligocene in North America. Additionally, Eurasia is also the possible centre of origin for most of squirrel subfamilies and tribes, and where locomotion changes have occurred. Parallel locomotion shifts could be explained by the adaptation towards different ecological niches followed by colonization of new continents.
Consequences of mating and predation risk for longevity in a freshwater snail: abstinence makes the heart beat longer
Authors: Auld J. R. , Helker A. D. , Kolpas A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSenescence is not a static property of an individual or population, but rather it is a dynamic process that may be influenced by environmental conditions. This can occur in at least two ways: in the long‐term across multiple generations, and in the short‐term via phenotypic plasticity. The former has attracted a lot of attention, both theoretically and empirically; the latter has lagged behind. To determine whether two important environmental variables (predation risk and mate availability) affect the pattern of actuarial senescence (i.e. the increase in mortality with age), we reared 30 full‐sib families of the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta under four different environmental conditions and tracked individuals until death. Individuals were reared in a 2×2 factorial experiment that manipulated the nonlethal presence of chemical cues from predatory crayfish (presence/absence) and the opportunity to mate with an unrelated partner (mated/not mated). Snails that receive a partner reproduce by outcrossing, whereas those that remain in isolation can reproduce by self‐fertilization. We compared the cumulative survival curves to test for an effect of predation risk and mating. The hazard ratio (HR) for the predation risk comparison was 1.042 indicating no significant difference between the curves. However, the HR for the mating comparison was 4.021, reflecting a significant reduction in survival probability for mated snails relative to isolated snails. As such, mating resulted in a much shorter lifespan, an outcome that we interpret in terms of shifting resource allocation.
Prevalence of Frailty and Factors Associated with Frailty in Individuals Aged 90 and Older: The 90+ Study
Authors: Lee David R. , Kawas Claudia H. , Gibbs Lisa , Corrada María M. 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence of frailty and examine factors associated with frailty in the 90+ Study.DesignCross‐sectional.SettingPopulation‐based longitudinal study of people aged 90 and older.Participants90+ Study participants (N = 824).MeasurementsParticipants were assessed at baseline for five components of frailty (low weight, weakness, exhaustion, slowness, low physical activity). Frailty status was defined as meeting the criteria for at least three of the five components of frailty. The prevalence of frailty in people aged 90 and older was estimated according to sex and age (90–94, ≥95). Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the relationship between the prevalence of frailty and sex, age, education level, living situation, and marital status.ResultsThis study estimated the overall prevalence of frailty in people aged 90 and older to be 28.0%. The overall prevalence of frailty was 24% in those aged 90 to 94 and 39.5% in those aged 95 and older. The prevalence of frailty was significantly associated with age in women but not men and with living with relatives or caregiver or in a group setting. Sex, education, and marital status were not significantly associated with frailty.ConclusionThe prevalence of frailty was high in people aged 90 and older and continued to increase with age, particularly for women. As the number of people aged 90 and older continues to increase, it will be increasingly important to identify factors associated with frailty that may provide potential targets for the prevention of adverse health outcomes in this population.
Stability of Geriatric Syndromes in Hospitalized Medicare Beneficiaries Discharged to Skilled Nursing Facilities
Authors: Simmons Sandra F. , Bell Susan , Saraf Avantika A. , Coelho Chris S. , Long Emily A. , Jacobsen J. M. L. , Schnelle John F. , Vasilevskis Eduard E. 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo assess multiple geriatric syndromes in a sample of older hospitalized adults discharged to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) and subsequently to home to determine the prevalence and stability of each geriatric syndrome at the point of these care transitions.DesignDescriptive, prospective study.SettingOne large university‐affiliated hospital and four area SNFs.ParticipantsFifty‐eight hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries discharged to SNFs (N = 58).MeasurementsResearch personnel conducted standardized assessments of the following geriatric syndromes at hospital discharge and 2 weeks after SNF discharge to home: cognitive impairment, depression, incontinence, unintentional weight loss, loss of appetite, pain, pressure ulcers, history of falls, mobility impairment, and polypharmacy.ResultsThe average number of geriatric syndromes per participant was 4.4 ± 1.2 at hospital discharge and 3.8 ± 1.5 after SNF discharge. There was low to moderate stability for most syndromes. On average, participants had 2.9 syndromes that persisted across both care settings, 1.4 syndromes that resolved, and 0.7 new syndromes that developed between hospital and SNF discharge.ConclusionGeriatric syndromes were prevalent at the point of each care transition but also reflected significant within‐individual variability. These findings suggest that multiple geriatric syndromes present during a hospital stay are not transient and that most syndromes are not resolved before SNF discharge. These results underscore the importance of conducting standardized screening assessments at the point of each care transition and effectively communicating this information to the next provider to support the management of geriatric conditions.
Knowledge Translation Strategy to Reduce the Use of Potentially Inappropriate Medications in Hospitalized Elderly Adults
Authors: Cossette Benoit , Bergeron Josée , Ricard Geneviève , Éthier Jean‐François , Joly‐Mischlich Thomas , Levine Mitchell , Sene Modou , Mallet Louise , Lanthier Luc , Payette Hélène , Rodrigue Marie‐Claude , Brazeau Serge 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of a knowledge translation (KT) strategy to reduce potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in hospitalized elderly adults.DesignSegmented regression analysis of an interrupted time series.SettingTeaching hospital.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 75 and older discharged from the hospital in 2013/14 (mean age 83.3, 54.5% female).InterventionThe KT strategy comprises the distribution of educational materials, presentations by geriatricians, pharmacist–physician interventions based on alerts from a computerized alert system, and comprehensive geriatric assessments.MeasurementsRate of PIM use (number of patient‐days with use of at least one PIM/number of patient‐days of hospitalization for individuals aged ≥75).ResultsFor 8,622 patients with 14,071 admissions, a total of 145,061 patient‐days were analyzed. One or more PIMs were prescribed on 28,776 (19.8%) patient‐days; a higher rate was found for individuals aged 75 to 84 (24.0%) than for those aged 85 and older (14.4%) (P < .001), and in women (20.8%) than in men (18.6%) (P < .001). The drug classes most frequently accounting for the PIM were gastrointestinal agents (21%), antihistamines (18%), and antidepressants (17%). An absolute decrease of 3.5% (P < .001) of patient‐days with at least one PIM was observed immediately after the intervention.ConclusionA KT strategy resulted in decreased use of PIM in elderly adults in the hospital. Additional interventions will be implemented to maintain or further reduce PIM use.
Effect of a Home‐Based Palliative Care Program on Healthcare Use and Costs
Authors: Brian Cassel J. , Kerr Kathleen M. , McClish Donna K. , Skoro Nevena , Johnson Suzanne , Wanke Carol , Hoefer Daniel 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the nonclinical outcomes of a proactive palliative care program funded and operated by a health system for Medicare Advantage plan beneficiaries.DesignObservational, retrospective study using propensity‐based matching.SettingA health system in southern California.ParticipantsIndividuals who received the intervention between 2007 and 2014 (n = 368) were matched with 1,075 comparison individuals within each of four disease groups: cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, and dementia. All were known to be dead at the time of the retrospective study, were Medicare Advantage beneficiaries, and had 2 years of usage data before death. Median age at death for each disease group was older than 80.InterventionHome‐ and clinic‐based palliative care (PC) services provided by a multidisciplinary team.MeasurementsOutcomes included hospital costs, other healthcare costs, readmission rates, hospital admissions and bed days, intensive care unit use in final 30 days of life, and death within 30 days of an admission.ResultsIntervention participants in all four disease groups had less hospital use and lower hospital costs nonintervention participants, which drove lower overall healthcare costs. In the final 6 months of life, healthcare costs for the intervention groups stayed largely the same from month to month, whereas costs for comparison participants increased dramatically.ConclusionIn the context of an alternative payment model in which the provider was “at risk” of bearing the costs of care, a proactive PC program helped to avoid the escalation in hospital use and costs commonly seen in the final months of life.
Esthetic perception of smile components by orthodontists, general dentists, dental students, artists, and laypersons
Authors: Sadrhaghighi Hooman , Zarghami Afsaneh , Sadrhaghighi Shahrzad , Eskandarinezhad Mahsa 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimIn the present study, we sought to assess the esthetic perception and level of acceptability of variations in smile components, including dental midline, buccal corridor, vertical lip thickness, and the golden ratio, by orthodontists, general dentists, dental students, artists, and laypersons.MethodsAn attractive female smile was digitally manipulated with regard to four smile components: dental midline, buccal corridor, vertical lip thickness, and the golden ratio. The manipulated photographs (n=27) were randomly arranged in a photo album and scored by five groups of raters (n=50 in each group) from zero to 100 using a horizontal visual analog scale. The acceptability threshold of each component by the five groups was calculated using the Spearman and Wilcoxon tests.ResultsOrthodontists and laypersons had the same perception of midline deviations, with an acceptability threshold lower than that of artists and general dentists. Only orthodontists perceived variations of buccal corridor (by 20%). Changes in vertical lip thickness were not perceived by any group. Orthodontists, general dentists, and laypersons had similar perceptions of variations in the golden ratio. Dental students and artists did not perceive variations in this component.ConclusionProfessional dental training can affect the esthetic judgement of smiles in individuals.