bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remittal to the Youth Court for Trial/Sentence
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the remittal to the youth court for trial or sentence. It highlights the good practice to remit the sentence to the young person's local court. A power to remit to the youth court for trial is granted under the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 where there will be no effective trial of an adult in relation to a joint charge either because the adults plead guilty or are sent to the Crown Court. Meanwhile, section 25 of the Sentencing Act 2020 contains provisions on the duty to remit about sentencing where the adult court's limited powers are not sufficient. The chapter also details the power and duty to remit offenders aged under 18 years to youth courts for sentence.
Reporting Restrictions
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The chapter explains the reporting restrictions, especially when discretionary provisions apply in the adult court, unlike the youth court. The court must specifically apply the restrictions which relate to the identification of victims, other witnesses, and defendants by stating in open court that it is doing so. The power to restrict reporting of criminal proceedings involving persons under 18 years old applies to any court in England and Wales. However, this power to restrict does not apply to any proceedings to which section 49 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 applies. The chapter cites the relevant provisions within the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999.
Education Act
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the key concepts of the Education Act 1996. Section 444 of the Education Act 1996 primarily revolves around the offence of the failure to secure regular attendance at school of registered pupils. If a child of compulsory school age who is a registered pupil at a school fails to attend regularly at the school, his parent is guilty of an offence. A parent is also guilty of an offence if a school attendance order is breached. The chapter explains that the court may direct that the school attendance order shall cease to be in force if the parent is acquitted.
Harassment Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the offences concerned with harassment. It explains that the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 includes the prohibition of harassment, which correlates the notion of racially or religiously aggravated offences and non-aggravated offences. Additionally, complaints to a victim’s employer and/or professional regulator can amount to harassment or stalking, but appropriate complains will nearly always fall under the defence of reasonableness. Meanwhile, section 4 of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 revolves around harassment of putting people in fear of violence. The chapter also provides an overview of the offences and sentencing of stalking that involves fear of violence or serious alarm or distress.
Immigration and Document Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the offences surrounding immigration and identity documents. Several provisions of the Immigration Act 1971 concern illegal entry. The chapter also considers the offences concerned with assisting unlawful entry as per sections 25 and 25A of the Immigration Act 1971. Entering the UK without proper documentation is an offence under the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004, while possessing false identity documents without reasonable excuse is an offence under the provision of the Identity Documents Act 2010.
Weapons Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter relates to weapons offences including firearms, offences weapons, and bladed articles. Section 57(1) of the Firearms Act 1968 defines the term firearm, which exempts airsoft guns because they are considered to discharge a small plastic missile. The chapters elaborates further on the offences in relation to corrosive substances under the Offensive Weapons Act 2019.
Alteration of Sentence
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses section 142 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980, which gives the court power to reopen sentence. It provides that ‘a magistrates’ court may vary or rescind a sentence or other order imposed or made by it when dealing with an offender if it appears to the court to be in the interests of justice to do so’. According to section 142(1), ‘this power extends to replacing a sentence or order which for any reason appears to be invalid by another which the court has power to impose or make’. The procedure for reopening sentence is set out in the Criminal Procedure Rules 2020. There are no time restrictions, but a court must have regard to the principle of finality of sentence, meaning that in many cases it will not be proper to interfere.
Banning Orders (Football)
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines banning orders, which are imposed under section 14A of the Football Spectators Act 1989. Banning orders must be imposed when an offender is convicted of a relevant offence, unless the court considers that there are particular circumstances relating to the offence or to the offender which would make it unjust in all the circumstances to do so. The core requirements of such an order are to prohibit the offender from attending regulated football matches in England and Wales. In sentencing for breach of an order, the court should refer to the sentencing approach in step one of the guideline for breach of a criminal behaviour order to determine culpability and harm and determine an appropriate sentence, bearing in mind the maximum penalty for the offence. An appeal lies to the Crown Court in respect to the making of a banning order or dismissal of prosecution application.
Compensation Order
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by assessing the provisions on compensation orders under sections 133–138 of the Sentencing Act 2020. A magistrates’ court can order compensation for each offence without limit, and may also award compensation in relation to offences taken into consideration. If there is a compensation order, a victim surcharge is not obligatory. In determining whether to make a compensation order against any person, and in determining the amount to be paid by any person under such an order, the court shall have regard to their means so far as they appear or are known to the court. An order made in the absence of a means inquiry is at risk of being ruled unlawful. The chapter then looks at the time for payment and the suggested levels of compensation.
Dangerous Offenders
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the provision on dangerous offenders. Generally speaking, the dangerous offender provisions are of concern to the magistrates’ court only when determining venue. The only sentence now available is an extended sentence, and this is available for those who commit a specified violent, sexual, or terrorist offence, where the court is of the opinion that ‘there is a significant risk to members of the public of serious harm occasioned by the commission by him of further specified offences’. If new information becomes available during a summary trial, there is a residuary power to commit for sentence under these dangerous offender provisions. Specified offences are those listed in Schedule 14 of the Sentencing Act 2020.
Minimum Sentences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the provision on minimum sentences. It looks at the criteria for minimum sentencing for burglary, drug trafficking, possession of firearms, and aggravated possession of weapons under the Sentencing Act 2020. The court must impose a mandatory minimum sentence unless there are exceptional circumstances which (a) relate to the offence or to the offender, and (b) justify not doing so. The exceptional circumstances test applies to all offences committed on or after 28 June 2022. Meanwhile, the interests of justice test still applies to offences committed prior to 28 June 2022. In both scenarios, the correct approach to minimum sentencing provision is to apply the relevant sentencing guidelines without reference to the applicable minimum sentencing provisions and to then increase the sentence to comply with the minimum sentence if necessary.
Suspended Sentences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the provision on suspended sentences. The Sentencing Council’s definitive guideline on the imposition of community and custodial sentences confirms that ‘a suspended sentence must not be imposed as a more severe form of community order. A suspended sentence is a custodial sentence. Sentencers should be clear that they would impose an immediate custodial sentence if the power to suspend were not available. If not, a non-custodial sentence should be imposed.’ A magistrates’ court may suspend a sentence of not less than 14 days and not more than six months. A custodial sentence that is suspended should be for the same term that would have applied if the sentence was to be served immediately. The chapter then looks at section 287 of the Sentencing Act 2020, which provides for requirements that may be imposed as part of a suspended sentence. It also considers the breach of suspended sentence orders.
Fathoming the Deep in English Renaissance Tragedy
Authors: Publicover Laurence 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This book demonstrates how a group of tragedies by Shakespeare and his contemporaries stage the fear and exhilaration generated by encounters with the unknown and the extraordinary. Arguing that the maritime art of fathoming—that is, dropping a lead and line into water to measure its depth—operates as a master-image for these plays, it illustrates how they create sublime horror through intuitions of mysterious more-than-human agencies and of worlds beyond the visible. Though tightly focused on a specific body of imagery, the book strikes up dialogue with a number of critical fields, including theories and histories of tragedy; ecocriticism and the environmental humanities; oceanic studies; and work on early modern ideas about the body, madness, and language. Countering a tendency within tragic theory to value the textual over the dramatic, it also demonstrates how the tragic effects to which it points are created through specific theatrical strategies, including the use of offstage space, intertheatricality, and the violation of dramatic conventions. Situating its arguments within recent criticism on these plays and on tragedy more generally, and pushing back against scholarship that regards the genre in Shakespeare’s time as concerned more with pity than with fear, the book offers fresh and detailed readings of some of the most frequently studied plays in the English canon, including Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, The Duchess of Malfi, and The Changeling.
The Horror of Macbeth
Authors: Publicover Laurence 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Working outwards from Lady Macbeth’s injunction that her husband should not ‘consider […] deeply’ the implications of King Duncan’s murder, this chapter explores Macbeth’s fascination with the mysterious operations of the cosmos. Drawing on recent work in ecocriticism and adjacent fields, and challenging approaches to the play that understand it purely in social and political terms, the chapter argues that Macbeth’s tragic status derives from his willingness to dive deeper than those around him into murky questions surrounding more-than-human agencies and the relations between minds, bodies, and the environment. In witnessing Macbeth’s confrontation with such questions (and with the weird sisters in whom they are concentrated), the chapter suggests, we find our own ethical responses unsettled. It concludes with a section focused on the Thane of Ross, through whom we can register Shakespeare’s interest in how the actions of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth affect those around them.
Tragedy, History, and Ecological Thought
Authors: Publicover Laurence 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A brief conclusion moves off a short passage from Massinger’s The Unnatural Combat to reflect on how images of watery depth might articulate English attitudes towards oceanic voyages in the early modern period. Reading the sea’s vertical axis against the familiar metaphor linking voyaging and the acquisition of knowledge, I suggest that tragedy—like the deep ocean—can be considered a rebuke to the new philosophy that would (in the words of Shakespeare’s Lafeu) ‘make modern and familiar things supernatural and causeless’. Noting that discussions of tragedy often deem the genre instructive, I then ask what value, if any, can be drawn from the form of the genre I have outlined over previous chapters, focusing especially on recent claims concerning literature’s capacity to illuminate—and even help resolve—our environmental crisis.
Groups
Authors: Meer Marcus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Groups like guilds and the municipal body of the citizenry, represented by the urban government, believed their collective identities to be closely linked to their heraldic signs. As the iconographic choices of seals, the rhetoric of grants of arms, and their discussion in chronicles suggest, corporate and municipal arms were perceived and fashioned as expressions of the symbolic capital of honour and seen as reminders of shared norms, values, and histories—like the arms of individual burgesses. Heraldic signs were hoped to strengthen a sense of unity within the occasionally divided corporate bodies of guilds and cities, whose members jealously guarded a sense of social distinction. In this context, corporate heraldry was relied upon to negotiate guilds’ place and precedence within the urban hierarchy, just as cities set themselves apart from other cities and related themselves to the powers that surrounded and controlled them through their municipal heraldry.
The non-aliquid Christology (2)
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The fullest account of the non-aliquid Christology can be found in the Summa ‘Breves dies hominis’, once wrongly attributed to Stephen Langton. In addition, the author makes a number of important innovations: in particular, a discussion of the possible ways in which the human nature might be united to the divine person (by a created relation, by a created quality, by the person itself, or by nothing at all). All of these turn out to be important in later medieval Christology. By 1170, the theory was felt in many quarters to be inadequate, both on the grounds that it seems to entail that Christ is not genuinely human (since he is not a composite of body and soul) and on the grounds that a merely accidental union such as habitus is not sufficiently tight for personal unity. The second part of the chapter traces the ways in which the theory was criticized and ultimately condemned by Pope Alexander III in 1170 and 1177.
Afterword
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by offering an account of the ways in which ideas from the theologians who accepted the homo assumptus theory and the non-aliquid theory were adopted by later adherents of the subsistence theory. For instance, there is a line of thinking, in Alexander of Hales, Albert (perhaps), and Aquinas, that has a strong role for the communication of divine esse to the human nature. This seems to emerge from the homo assumptus theory in its more sophisticated iterations. And there is an opposed line of thinking, in Peter Chanter, William of Auxerre, and Albert (perhaps), according to which the union is analogous to the dependence-relation between a substance and an accident. And this evidently emerges from the non-aliquid theory. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of the Christologies of Aquinas and Bonaventure: Aquinas accepts the communication of divine esse to the human nature; and Bonaventure accepts the explanatory priority of a dependence-relation.
Cyrene
Authors: Schaus Gerald P. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Greek migrants arrived in North Africa in the third quarter of the seventh century and established themselves at what became the polis of Cyrene, which was ruled by a hereditary monarchy until the mid-fifth century. The tribulations in establishing the settlement and arriving at a working relationship with the indigenous Libyans are documented in rare detail by a variety of textual sources. While Cyrene remained part of the larger Greek world, its monarchs and inhabitants found their interactions with the neighboring Egyptians and the Persians who ruled Egypt after c. 525 to be pressing concerns. Careful study of Cyrene thus offers important insights into the nature and diversity of Greek history during the Archaic period.
Delphi
Authors: Aurigny Hélène , Scott Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Delphi is known in the present day almost exclusively as a religious sanctuary, and it is undoubtedly true that in the ancient world, Delphi’s fame derived primarily from its cultic significance. However, the Sanctuaries of Apollo and Athena formed part of a thriving community that, over the course of the Archaic period, came to control much of the surrounding landscape. Approaching Delphi in a holistic fashion makes it possible to tell a new and more nuanced story of the development of one of the most famous places in the Greek world.
Phase equilibrium constraints on the pre-eruptive conditions of alkaline basalts of the Main Ethiopian Rift and their bearing on the production of peralkaline rhyolites
Authors: Sauvalle Romain , Scaillet Bruno , Prouteau Gaëlle , Scaillet Stéphane , Cioni Raffaello , Franceschini Zara , Frascerra Diletta , Sani Federico , Corti Giacomo , Melaku Abate A , Andujar Joan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Bimodal magmatism is characteristic of the geodynamic evolution of the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), which is a reference area for the study of the processes leading to continental break-up before seafloor spreading. There are abundant emissions of basalts and rhyolites, which are in possible parent-daugther relationships. However, the P-T-H2O conditions of production and storage of the basaltic end member remain unclear. Crystallization experiments have been conducted on an alkali basalt from the MER to define its pre-eruptive conditions and shed light on the compositional evolution of derivative liquids and source conditions. The experiments were performed at 100-200 MPa, 975-1080°C, varying H2O/CO2 ratios, corresponding to melt water contents of 1-5 wt%, at fO2 slightly lower than the Fayalite-Magnetite-Quartz (FMQ) solid buffer. Comparison between the petrological attributes of the starting rock and the experiments shows that the basaltic magma was stored at 150-200 MPa, 1050 ± 10°C, with 1-2 wt% H2O in melt, with fO2 near FMQ prior to eruption. Geochemical modelling shows that the corresponding mantle source contained about 0.1 wt% H2O, reflecting a metasomatized source. Extensive crystallization of such basalts produces SiO2-rich liquids, which are not yet peralkaline, however. This underscores that extreme fractionation (&gt;90 wt%) is required in order to produce peralkaline derivatives from mildly alkaline basalts. This extreme fractionation and the water-rich nature of the starting basalt readily explain the H2O-rich condition of peralkaline rhyolites that have fueled caldera forming eruptions in the Rift.
A review of Peyronie’s disease insurance coverage
Authors: Hricz Nicholas , Schlidt Kevin , Ha Michael , Er Seray , Stark Katarina , Jung Esther , Liang Fan , Rasko Yvonne M 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a fibroproliferative disorder that causes an abnormal curve of the penis resulting in pain, discomfort, and erectile dysfunction with management options including correctional surgery, penile external/internal devices, shock wave therapy (SWT), intralesional Verapamil (IV), and collagenase Clostridium histolyticum injections.

Aim
To investigate the insurance coverage of these treatment options.

Methods
The authors performed a cross-sectional analysis of the top US insurance policies for coverage of PD. Companies were chosen based on their market share and enrollment. Their policies were identified through a Web-based search and telephone interviews, and the companies’ medical necessity criteria were defined. The online policies were then re-examined for interval change 3 years later.

Outcomes
There are significant discrepancies for in coverage for the different modalities of Peyronie’s treatment.

Results
Of the 100 companies examined, only 54% of companies had a policy that directly addressed the treatment coverage for PD. The most covered treatment was CCH injections with 37 companies providing unanimous coverage (n = 37, 100%). Within this category, all companies required a palpable plaque as a requirement. Additionally, external/internal devices were unanimous covered by 18 companies (n = 18, 100%). Surgical treatment was covered by eight companies with six companies denying coverage (n = 8 vs. n = 6, 57.1% vs. 42.9%). IV was covered by two companies. The least covered treatment option was SWT which was universally denied by 19 companies (n = 19, 100%).

Clinical Implications
Insurance coverage of PD should be aligned with current medical literature to better increase access to care.

Strengths & Limitations
This study is limited by the updated policies of insurance companies and future applicability. Additionally, this study assumes that a written policy will provide coverage and may overestimate the actual extent of coverage. Finally, this study only addressed some of the common treatment options of PD and did not expand on all possible treatment options.

Conclusion
Differing rates for modalities of treatment may present a barrier for patients to receive individualized and adequate treatment for PD.