bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Community-Based Prevention and Care on Ebola Transmission in Sierra Leone
Authors: Pronyk Paul , Rogers Braeden , Lee Sylvia , Bhatnagar Aarunima , Wolman Yaron , Monasch Roeland , Hipgrave David , Salama Peter , Kucharski Adam , Chopra Mickey ,   on behalf of the UNICEF Sierra Leone Ebola Response Team
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To examine the acceptability, use, effects on early isolation, and contribution to Ebola virus disease (EVD) transmission of Community Care Centers (CCCs), which were rapidly deployed in Sierra Leone during an accelerated phase of the 2014–2015 EVD epidemic. Methods. Focus group discussions, triads, and key informant interviews assessed acceptability of the CCCs. Facility registers, structured questionnaires, and laboratory records documented use, admission, and case identification. We estimated transmission effects by comparing time between symptom onset and isolation at CCCs relative to other facilities with the national Viral Hemorrhagic Fever data set. Results. Between November 2014 and January 2015, 46 CCCs were operational. Over 13 epidemic weeks, 6129 patients were triaged identifying 719 (12%) EVD suspects. Community acceptance was high despite initial mistrust. Nearly all patients presented to CCCs outside the national alert system. Isolation of EVD suspects within 4 days of symptoms was higher in CCCs compared with other facilities (85% vs 49%; odds ratio = 6.0; 95% confidence interval = 4.0, 9.1), contributing to a 13% to 32% reduction in the EVD reproduction number (Ro). Conclusions. Community-based approaches to prevention and care can reduce Ebola transmission.
Evaluation of the Evidence Base for the Alcohol Industry’s Actions to Reduce Drink Driving Globally
Authors: Esser Marissa B. , Bao James , Jernigan David H. , Hyder Adnan A. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To evaluate the evidence base for the content of initiatives that the alcohol industry implemented to reduce drink driving from 1982 to May 2015. Methods. We systematically analyzed the content of 266 global initiatives that the alcohol industry has categorized as actions to reduce drink driving. Results. Social aspects public relations organizations (i.e., organizations funded by the alcohol industry to handle issues that may be damaging to the business) sponsored the greatest proportion of the actions. Only 0.8% (n = 2) of the sampled industry actions were consistent with public health evidence of effectiveness for reducing drink driving. Conclusions. The vast majority of the alcohol industry’s actions to reduce drink driving does not reflect public health evidenced–based recommendations, even though effective drink-driving countermeasures exist, such as a maximum blood alcohol concentration limit of 0.05 grams per deciliter for drivers and widespread use of sobriety checkpoints.
Guest Editorial: A Balancing Act
Authors: Torstad Elisabeth 
Published: February 2016

Guest Editorial
The inherent volatility in the oil and gas industry came into full force in 2014, with the culmination of increasing complexity, rising operating costs, and a rapid fall in oil prices. Getting through this latest downturn will require a balancing act between short-term measures to reduce costs while maintaining a long-term perspective on growth.
While the cyclical rise and fall of the oil price hardly comes as a surprise, there is an obvious correlation between confidence in the industry and the price of a barrel of oil. In tandem with identifying the priorities and strategies for the year ahead, this was very much demonstrated in the findings of our fifth annual industry benchmark study, A Balancing Act: The Outlook for the Oil and Gas Industry in 2015.*
Unlike in previous years, we felt the need to carry out the survey on industry confidence twice, three months apart, as we believed that the rapid drop in oil price at the end of 2014 may have skewed the results. We did indeed see a sharp drop in confidence between October 2014 and January 2015, from 62% being confident to hit their revenue targets down to 32%. The sharpest drop in confidence was seen in Asia, which dropped from 72% to 33%. The research not only compared results across a quarter of the year, but also from DNV GL’s 2014 industry outlook report, providing a snapshot of sentiment and a look ahead.
A Test of Confidence
Ongoing rises in operating costs colliding with a dramatic fall in oil prices made operators across the industry respond with further cutbacks in their capital expenditure plans and cost-cutting measures across their operations.
Overall, 28% of respondents remain confident about the oil and gas industry going forward, down from 88% in 2014 and a high of 89% in 2013. The speed of the downturn inevitably hit home in several key areas: far fewer are confident of their capacity to meet revenue and profit targets this year. Less than one-third predict they will hit their revenue (32%) and profit goals (30%), and these percentages have more than halved from last year (70% on both). Low oil prices are now the biggest barrier to growth in 2015, cited by 68% of respondents, followed by weak global economy (35%), and uneconomic gas prices (20%) as well as tougher competition. The industry’s skills shortage, which has been the largest barrier to growth for the past 2 years, has fallen to 10th place (14%), jointly with geopolitical instability in key markets.
It is concerning for the long-term health of the industry to see behavior so tightly bound to oil-price fluctuations. We essentially need to heed lessons learned from previous downturns and avoid repeating mistakes.
Limited-Entry Liner With Retrievable Ball-Drop Diversion System in a Deepwater Brazil Field
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: February 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 18113, “Unconventionals Meet Deep Water: Lower-Completion Limited- Entry Liner With Retrievable Ball-Drop Diversion System Applied in a Deepwater Brazil Carbonate Field,” by M.A. Fowler, R.D. Gdanski, P. Campbell, W. Bode, J.M. Baima, and S. Hensgens, Shell, prepared for the 2014 International Petroleum Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur, 10–12 December. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper describes the design, testing, and execution of a unique deepwater completion system that adapts a known multistage ball-drop system used in onshore unconventional reservoirs—for example, in the US and Canada—to a known horizontal openhole sand-control system to matrix acidize a 2000-m horizontal open hole effectively through a limited-entry liner with reservoir segmentation. The system uses a retrievable ball-drop diversion system (RBDDS) consisting of multistage fracture sleeves run on wash pipe.
Introduction
Low-permeability deepwater carbonate reservoirs have presented many challenges for economical production. The wells typically require extensive reservoir contact that must be stimulated in order to achieve an acceptable productivity index. Field A of the Albian carbonate in the Campos basin offshore Brazil falls into this challenging category (Fig. 1). The field is mature, having been on production since the early 1990s from various Eocene sandstone reservoirs. Initially, the field was produced under depletion by an early production system up to the late 1990s. Then, in the early 2000s, a field redevelopment was performed and production was restarted in 2003 to a floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO), now with water-injection support. The Quissama member of the Al bian Macae formation in the Campos basin underlies the existing Eocene reservoirs but has not been produced to date. To help extend field life and to evaluate the production potential of this formation, a development/appraisal well was planned to be completed and hooked up to the FPSO and the subsea infrastructure. The Albian carbonate below Fields A and B lies in 769 m of water and exhibits low permeability.
For a detailed discussion of the well’s functional specifications and requirements, please see the complete paper.
Probabilistic Reservoir-Property Modeling Jointly Constrained by 3D-Seismic Data and Hydraulic-Unit Analysis
Authors: Niri M. Emami , Lumley D. E. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryWe present a new method for seismic reservoir characterization and reservoir-property modeling on the basis of an integrated analysis of 3D-seismic data and hydraulic flow units, and apply it to an example of a producing reservoir offshore Western Australia. Our method combines hydraulic-unit analysis with a set of techniques for seismic reservoir characterization including rock-physics analysis, Bayesian inference, prestack seismic inversion, and geostatistical simulation of reservoir properties. Hydraulic units are geologic layers and zones characterized by similar properties of fluid flow in porous permeable media, and are defined at well locations on the basis of logs, core measurements, and production data. However, the number of wells available for hydraulic-unit analysis is often extremely limited. In comparison, the lateral coverage and resolution of 3D-seismic data are excellent, and can thus be used to extend hydraulic-unit analysis away from well locations into the full 3D reservoir volume. We develop a probabilistic relationship between optimal 3D-seismic-data attributes and the hydraulic units that we determine at well locations. Because porosity and permeability distributions are estimated for each hydraulic flow unit as part of the process, we can use the 3D-seismic probabilistic relationships to constrain geostatistical realizations of porosity and permeability in the reservoir, to be consistent with the flow-unit analysis. Reservoir models jointly constrained by both 3D-seismic data and hydraulic flow-unit analysis have the potential to improve the processes of reservoir characterization, fluid-flow performance forecasting, and production data or 4D-seismic history matching.
Treatment of Condensate and Water Blocks in Hydraulic-Fractured Shale-Gas/Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Ganjdanesh Reza , Rezaveisi Mohsen , Pope Gary A. , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: February 2016

Summary
The accumulation of condensate in fractures is one of the challenges of producing gas from gas/condensate reservoirs. When the bottomhole pressure drops to less than the dewpoint, condensate forms in and around fractures and causes a significant drop in the gas relative permeability, which leads to a decline in the gas-production rate. This reduction of gas productivity is in addition to the reduction because of water blocking by the fracturing water. Solvents can be used to remove liquid blocks and increase gas- and condensate-production rates. In this paper, dimethyl ether (DME) is introduced as a novel solvent for this purpose. In addition to good partitioning into condensate/gas/aqueous phases, DME has a high vapor pressure, which improves the flowback after the treatment. We compare its behavior with both methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH) solvents.
Identifying Field Attributes that Predict Soybean Yield Using Random Forest Analysis
Authors: Smidt Ethan R. , Conley Shawn P. , Zhu Jun , Arriaga Francisco J. 
Published: February 2016

Until recently, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields were often seeded at a single rate. Advances in GPS and variable rate technology (VRT) are allowing growers to use variable rate planting prescriptions to optimize yields and input costs. This study was conducted to find the key predictors for characterizing soybean seed yield from commonly collected precision agriculture data layers. Research was conducted in 11 unique fields both in 2013 and 2014 in Wisconsin and all 22 site‐years were following corn [Zea mays (L.)]. Seeding rate, soil sampling, yield, and soil survey data were gathered from each site for analysis. A statistical procedure used in the determination of key prediction parameters, random forest analysis, was used and identified soil map unit as the most important variable when predicting soybean seed yield for the pooled data sets in both 2013 and 2014. The next most important factors were, in order of importance, soil P, soil organic matter, soil available water supply in the upper 100 cm, soil K, and elevation in 2013 and soil P, elevation, soil K, soil organic matter, and soil available water supply in the upper 150 cm during 2014. Individual field random forest analyses determined elevation was the most important predictor of soybean yield, on average, for 2013 and 2014 followed by organic matter, K, P, and pH in 2013 and pH, K, organic matter, and P in 2014.Core Ideas

Commonly accessed soybean yield predictors can vary depending on scale.
Soil pH, organic matter, P, and K are good predictors of soybean yield in Wisconsin.
Random forest and decision tree analyses are useful and accurate analysis tools.
Prohexadione–Calcium Improves Stand Density and Yield of Alfalfa Interseeded into Silage Corn
Authors: Grabber John H. 
Published: February 2016

Interseeded alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) could serve as a dual‐purpose crop to provide groundcover for silage corn (Zea mays L.) and forage during subsequent years of production, but interspecific competition often leads to poor stands of alfalfa and unsatisfactory yields of corn. Four experiments evaluated whether interspecific competition could be alleviated by application of plant growth retardants (PGRs) on alfalfa interseeded at corn planting. In three experiments, foliar application of prohexadione‐calcium (PHD) on seedlings approximately doubled stand density of interseeded alfalfa during establishment in corn and following 1 yr of alfalfa forage production. Untimely PHD application in one experiment, however, failed to prevent stand failure of alfalfa growing under warm and damp conditions that favored vigorous growth of corn. When successfully established without PHD, average dry matter yield (DMY) of interseeded alfalfa the year following corn was 85% greater than conventionally spring‐seeded alfalfa; prior year PHD application further increased DMY of interseeded alfalfa by 15%. When tested with PHD in two experiments, seed soaking or coating with uniconazole (UCZ) or paclobutrazol (PBZ) reduced stand density and had neutral or adverse impacts on DMY of alfalfa following corn. Interseeding reduced silage corn DMY by an average of 10% compared to monoculture corn and PGR treatment of alfalfa usually failed to alleviate yield depression in corn. Overall, PHD shows promise for enhancing the establishment and subsequent yield of interseeded alfalfa, but further work is needed to refine this production system for farm use.Core Ideas

Interseeded alfalfa can serve as a cover and forage crop
Interseeding alfalfa in corn can double first year yields of alfalfa
Prohexadione doubles seedling survival of interseeded alfalfa
Prohexadione increases first year yield of interseeded alfalfa
Prohexadione does not alleviate corn yield depression due to interseeding
Viscous‐Flow Approach to In Situ Infiltration and In Vitro Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Determination
Authors: Germann Peter F. , Karlen Michel 
Published: February 2016

Core Ideas
Viscous film flow can explain non‐equilibrium in the Richards equation.
Parameters of viscous flow were determined in situ and in vitro.
If macropore‐flow restriction applies, then kinematic wave theory is applicable.
Infiltration is dominantly gravity driven, and a viscous‐flow approach was developed. Laminar film flow equilibrates gravity with the viscous force and a constant flow velocity evolves during a period lasting 3/2 times the duration of a constant input rate, qS. Film thickness F and the specific contact area L of the film per unit soil volume are the key parameters. Sprinkler irrigation produced in situ time series of volumetric water contents, θ(z,t), as determined with TDR probes. The wetting front velocity v and the time series of the mobile water content, w(z,t) were deduced from θ(z,t). In vitro steady flow in a core of saturated soil provided volume flux density, q(z,t), and flow velocity, v, as determined from a heat front velocity. The F and L parameters of the in situ and the in vitro experiments were compared. The macropore‐flow restriction states that, for a particular permeable medium, the specific contact area L must be independent from qS i.e., dL/dqS = 0. If true, then the relationship of qS ∝ v3/2 could scale a wide range of input rates 0 ≤ qS ≤ saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ksat, into a permeable medium, and kinematic‐wave theory would become a versatile tool to deal with non‐equilibrium flow. The viscous‐flow approach is based on hydromechanical principles similar to Darcy's law, but currently it is not suited to deduce flow properties from specified individual spatial structures of permeable media.
Mechanisms of Early Microbial Establishment on Growing Root Surfaces
Authors: Dupuy Lionel X. , Silk Wendy K. 
Published: February 2016

Core Ideas
Models for bacterial colonization of root tips require root growth kinematics.
Rates of root elongation and bacterial attachment affect exposure to root exudates.
Microbial attachment to roots contributes to dispersion of microbes in soil.
The root cap may play a role in the maintenance of bacteria at the tip.
Microbial activity in the soil surrounding plant roots contributes to nutrient bioavailability, crop growth, and soil biodiversity and fertility. Colonization of the rhizosphere and the rhizoplane in particular requires early establishment on root surfaces where sources of nutrients are abundant. In this study, we investigated the physical interactions taking place between bacteria and the root surface when a root tip enters unexplored regions of soil. We developed a theoretical framework that generalizes the prevailing approaches for describing root growth kinematics and bacterial growth and adhesion on root surfaces. We found that the root elongation rate, bacterial attachment rate, and root cap carrying capacity are key traits for successful establishment. Models also indicate that chemotaxis is more important for radial transport and adhesion than for longitudinal movement of bacteria. Controls on bacterial attachment are required for both efficient root colonization and subsequent dispersal of bacteria in soil. The findings of this study help to understand the establishment of the structure and composition of microbial communities in soil.
Granular biomass capable of partial nitritation and anammox
Authors: Vlaeminck S. E. , Cloetens L. F. F. , Carballa M. , Boon N. , Verstraete W. 
Published: February 2016

Water Science and Technology 58(5) 1113–1120
Publisher's note. We regret that an outdated version of this article was used in production; the correct final version, which incorporates several amendments and different authorship, is printed below.
The Fate of Chlorpyrifos on Tobacco during Smoking
Authors: Chopra NM , Zuniga TH 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Cigarettes made from flue-cured tobacco, treated with different amounts of chlorpyrifos, were smoked according to Federal Trade Commission specifications, and the chlorpyrifos levels in the butts, various ashes, and mainstream and sidestream smokes were determined. Of all the chlorpyrifos in a cigarette, 28 % to 29.5 % was left in the butts, 13.5 % to 15 % and 2.0 % to 4.6 % were transferred into mainstream and sidestream smokes, respectively, and about 52 % to 55 % was either combusted or decomposed into unknown fragments. The various ashes did not show any detectable amount of chlorpyrifos.
Can Macroeconomic Variables Explain Long Term Stock Market Movements? A Study of Nepali Capital Market
Authors: Phuyal Niranjan 
Published: February 2016

The quest of whether there is a long-run relation between macroeconomic variables and stock prices has found significant place in literature of finance. An existence of such relation would assure long-term investors a confidence in the market as long as the macroeconomic environment is sound. This study investigated using Johansen’s cointegration method, whether a long-term association of selected macroeconomic variables existed with stock prices in the emerging market like Nepali stock market. For this objective, monthly data from January 2003 to December 2012 were used with a set of six macroeconomic variables and stock market return. The results indicated that the Nepali stock market had a long run equilibrium relationship with a set of macroeconomic variables, like inflation rate, interest rate and remittance flow with the short term disequilibrium corrected by 1.79% on monthly basis. It further showed that there was Granger causality between them. In the short run, the stock market index was affected by the lag values of NEPSE index up to six levels and remittance income, as shown by Wald test. These findings hold practical implications for policy makers, stock market regulators, investors and stock market analysts.Journal of Business and Management Studies Vol.1(1) 2016: 26-38
Swallowing in primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Marin Sheilla de Medeiros Correia , Bertolucci Paulo Henrique Ferreira , Marin Luis Fabiano , de Oliveira Fabricio Ferreira , Wajman Jose Roberto , Bahia Valéria Santoro , Mansur Letícia Lessa 
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND: Few studies have described characteristics of swallowing in primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and its variants. OBJECTIVE: To describe and characterize swallowing and eating behaviors of patients with PPA, as well as their correlates with neuropsychiatric symptoms and patterns of communication. METHODS: We studied 16 patients with PPA and 16 their caregivers. PPA was subdivided in agrammatic variant (PPA-G), semantic variant (PPA-S) and logopenic variant (PPA-L). All patients and their caregivers were screened with the following scales: “Assessment of Feeding and Swallowing Difficulties in Dementia”, “Neuropsychiatric Inventory”, and “Functional Outcome Questionnaire for Aphasia”. RESULTS: Patients with PPA-S had diverse swallowing problems such as drooling of saliva or food, multiple swallows, delayed swallow and choking, all of which correlated with anxiety, apathy and aberrant motor behavior. Patients with PPA-G and PPA-L had choking and delayed swallow, respectively. Disturbances in eating behaviors were more frequent in the group with PPA-L, and they correlated with difficulties in patterns of communication. CONCLUSIONS: All variants showed swallowing difficulties and they were more frequent in PPA-S. Further studies with larger samples of patients are needed to better characterize swallowing problems and their consequences in the different variants of PPA.