bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-time aerosol optical properties, morphology and mixing states under clear, haze and fog episodes in the summer of urban Beijing
Authors: Li Rui , Hu Yunjie , Li Ling , Fu Hongbo , Chen Jianmin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Elucidating the relationship between characteristics of aerosol particles and optical absorption is important to deepen the understanding of atmospheric chemistry. Aerosol particles play significant roles in climate forcing via their optical absorption properties. However, the relationship between characteristics of aerosol particles and optical absorption remains poorly understood. Aerosol optical properties and morphologies were measured by a transmission electron microscope (TEM), cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS), a nephelometer and an Aethalometer in a urban site of Beijing from 24 May to 22 June. Five episodes were categorized according to the meteorological conditions and composition. The results showed that the clear episode (EP-2 and EP-4) featured as the low aerosol optical depth (AOD  =  0.72) and fewer pollutants compared with haze (1.14) and fog (2.92) episodes and the particles are mostly externally mixed. The high Ångström exponent (> 2.0) suggests that coarse particles were scarcely observed in EP-2 due to the washout of a previous heavy rain, whereas they were widespread in EP-4 (Ångström exponent  =  0.04), which had some mineral particles introduced from the north. In contrast, industry-induced haze (EP-1) and biomass-burning-induced haze (EP-5) were both affected by the south air mass. Compared with the EP-2 and EP-4, the AOD values and the size distribution of particles during EP-1 and EP-5 were much greater because of relatively high particle concentrations. All of the particles were classified into nine categories, i.e. S-rich, N-rich, mineral, K-rich, soot, tar ball, organic, metal and fly ash, on the basis of TEM analysis. In contrast to the EP-1, a large fraction of soot, which sticks to KCl, sulfate or nitrate particles, was detected during EP-5. Additionally, evident enhancement of light absorption was observed during the EP-5, which was mainly ascribed to both black carbon (BC) acceleration and other absorbing substances. However, soot was found mostly internally mixed with sulfate and nitrate during a soot fog episode (EP-3), resulting in evident enhancement of light absorption. The larger size distribution was likely to be caused by both hygroscopic growth and collision between particles during the aging. About 28 % of particles were internally mixed during the foggy days, which favoured the light absorption. The comparison of all the episodes provides a deeper insight into how mixing states influence the aerosol extinction properties and also a clue as to how to control air pollution in the crop burning seasons.
Inconsistency of ammonium–sulfate aerosol ratios with thermodynamic models in the eastern US: a possible role of organic aerosol
Authors: Silvern Rachel F. , Jacob Daniel J. , Kim Patrick S. , Marais Eloise A. , Turner Jay R. , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Jimenez Jose L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Thermodynamic models predict that sulfate aerosol (S(VI)  ≡  H2SO4(aq) + HSO4−+ SO42−) should take up available ammonia (NH3) quantitatively as ammonium (NH4+) until the ammonium sulfate stoichiometry (NH4)2SO4 is close to being reached. This uptake of ammonia has important implications for aerosol mass, hygroscopicity, and acidity. When ammonia is in excess, the ammonium–sulfate aerosol ratio R =  [NH4+] ∕ [S(VI)] should approach 2, with excess ammonia remaining in the gas phase. When ammonia is in deficit, it should be fully taken up by the aerosol as ammonium and no significant ammonia should remain in the gas phase. Here we report that sulfate aerosol in the eastern US in summer has a low ammonium–sulfate ratio despite excess ammonia, and we show that this is at odds with thermodynamic models. The ammonium–sulfate ratio averages only 1.04 ± 0.21 mol mol−1 in the Southeast, even though ammonia is in large excess, as shown by the ammonium–sulfate ratio in wet deposition and by the presence of gas-phase ammonia. It further appears that the ammonium–sulfate aerosol ratio is insensitive to the supply of ammonia, remaining low even as the wet deposition ratio exceeds 6 mol mol−1. While the ammonium–sulfate ratio in wet deposition has increased by 5.8 % yr−1 from 2003 to 2013 in the Southeast, consistent with SO2 emission controls, the ammonium–sulfate aerosol ratio decreased by 1.4–3.0 % yr−1. Thus, the aerosol is becoming more acidic even as SO2 emissions decrease and ammonia emissions stay constant; this is incompatible with simple sulfate–ammonium thermodynamics. A tentative explanation is that sulfate particles are increasingly coated by organic material, retarding the uptake of ammonia. Indeed, the ratio of organic aerosol (OA) to sulfate in the Southeast increased from 1.1 to 2.4 g g−1 over the 2003–2013 period as sulfate decreased. We implement a simple kinetic mass transfer limitation for ammonia uptake to sulfate aerosols in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and find that we can reproduce both the observed ammonium–sulfate aerosol ratios and the concurrent presence of gas-phase ammonia. If sulfate aerosol becomes more acidic as OA ∕ sulfate ratios increase, then controlling SO2 emissions to decrease sulfate aerosol will not have the co-benefit of suppressing acid-catalyzed secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation.
Technical note: Evaluation of three machine learning models for surface ocean CO2 mapping
Authors: Zeng Jiye , Matsunaga Tsuneo , Saigusa Nobuko , Shirai Tomoko , Nakaoka Shin-ichiro , Tan Zheng-Hong 
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Reconstructing surface ocean CO2 from scarce measurements plays an important role in estimating oceanic CO2 uptake. There are varying degrees of differences among the 14 models included in the Surface Ocean CO2 Mapping (SOCOM) inter-comparison initiative, in which five models used neural networks. This investigation evaluates two neural networks used in SOCOM, self-organizing maps and feedforward neural networks, and introduces a machine learning model called a support vector machine for ocean CO2 mapping. The technique note provides a practical guide to selecting the models.
Self-Selecting Robust Logistic Regression Model
Authors: Gbohounme Idelphonse Leandre  Tawanou , Ngesa Oscar Owino , Eggoh Jude 
Published: April 2017

Logistic regression model is the most common model used for the analysis of binary data. However, the problem of atypical observations in the data has an unduly effect on the parameter estimates. Many researchers have developed robust statistical model to solve this problem of outliers. Gelman (2004) proposed GRLR, a robust model by trimming the probability of success in LR. The trimming values in this model were fixed and the user is required to specify this value well in advance. In particular this study developed SsRLR model by allowing the data itself to select the alpha value. We proposed a Restricted LR model to substitute the LR in presence of outliers. We proved that the SsRLR model is the more robust to the presence of leverage points in the data. Parameter estimations is done using a full Bayesian approach implemented in WinBUGS 14 software.
Veranderingen in de relatie tussen overheid en burger, een uitdaging voor onderzoekers: een verkenning van de VSO-netwerkgroep
Authors: Peters André , Schalk Jan , Meijneken Dymphna , Mensinga Celina , Voutz Hans 
Published: April 2017

Veranderingen in de relatie tussen overheid en burger, een uitdaging voor onderzoekers: een verkenning van de VSO-netwerkgroep
Het overheidsveld en het maatschappelijk veld zijn sterk in beweging. Burgers en organisaties willen meer invloed uitoefenen op beleid en uitvoering. Er is een ontwikkeling naar pluriformiteit, bottom-up sturing, netwerken, met lokale initiatieven. Tegelijkertijd blijft er een grote kloof tussen overheid en burgers bestaan. Het is de vraag hoe gemeentelijke (beleids)onderzoekers het best kunnen reageren op deze ontwikkelingen. Blijven zij top-down werken of gaan ook zij de uitdaging aan en sluiten zij zich aan bij de bottom-up trend? In dit artikel worden ten aanzien van burgerparticipatie en onderzoek enkele ontwikkelingen in beeld gebracht. Nieuwe media en (online) instrumenten spelen een toenemende rol. Het gemeentelijke beleidsveld krijgt te maken met een andere manier van werken. Daaruit komen kansen voor de rol van onderzoek en onderzoekers. Een werkgroep van VSO-onderzoekers heeft verkend wat de consequenties en uitdagingen zijn van de geschetste ontwikkelingen op het gebied van burgerparticipatie en sociale media.
Recht voor de zorgmarkten
Authors: Sijmons J.G. 
Published: April 2017

Recht voor de zorgmarkten. Een overzicht
De wetgever heeft ervoor gekozen om de zorg in te richten als een markt en zij is een aanzienlijk (complex) aandeel van onze economie geworden. De zorgmarkten zijn sterk gereguleerd door de overheid. Niettemin opereren zorginstellingen op de zorgmarkt steeds meer als gewone ondernemingen en zijn recht en financiering van de zorg een deel van het ondernemingsrecht. Dit artikel geeft een overzicht van deze verhoudingen.
Governance in het ziekenhuis
Authors: van den Ende T.A.M. 
Published: April 2017

Governance in het ziekenhuis. Het participatiemodel als Haarlemmerolie?
In deze bijdrage gaat de auteur in op de verhoudingen binnen het ziekenhuis. Belicht worden de door de tijd gewijzigde rol en positie van de medisch specialist en de raad van bestuur van het ziekenhuis in relatie tot de nimmer aflatende beslissingen vanuit de wetgever die invloed uitoefenen op die positie. De auteur schetst een mogelijke invulling van het door de politiek geopperde participatiemodel en gaat in op het op dit moment schaarse aantal praktijkvoorbeelden waarbij bestuurbaarheid en gelijkgerichtheid binnen het ziekenhuis vanuit de hoek van het ondernemingsrecht handen en voeten worden gegeven.
Enige opmerkingen over de nietigheid en vernietigbaarheid van een uiterste wil op grond van vormgebreken
Authors: van Es P.C. 
Published: April 2017

Enige opmerkingen over de nietigheid en vernietigbaarheid van een uiterste wil op grond van vormgebreken
De Wna bepaalt dat wanneer aan bepaalde vormvereisten niet is voldaan, een akte authenticiteit mist en zij niet voldoet aan de voorschriften waarin de vorm van een notariële akte wordt geëist. Boek 4 van het BW geeft in artikel 109 een eigen regeling voor (onder meer) een in een notariële akte gegoten uiterste wil die niet aan bepaalde vormvereisten voldoet. Dit artikel moet worden gezien als een bepaling die een afwijking inhoudt van de hoofdregel van artikel 3:39 BW: op grond van lid 4 van artikel 4:109 BW geldt namelijk dat het niet in acht nemen van bepaalde vormvereisten (waar de Wna wel de sanctie van verlies van authenticiteit op stelt) geen nietigheid, maar vernietigbaarheid van de uiterste wil meebrengt.In deze bijdrage wordt – mede aan de hand van HR 5 oktober 2001, NJ 2002/410 – op zoek gegaan naar de grenzen van de mogelijkheid een vernietigbare uiterste wil te vernietigen.
A Novel Automated Slide-Based Technology for Visualization, Counting, and Characterization of the Formed Elements of Blood: A Proof of Concept Study
Authors: Winkelman James W. , Tanasijevic Milenko J. , Zahniser David J. 
Published: April 2017

Context.—A novel automated slide-based approach to the complete blood count and white blood cell differential count is introduced.Objective.—To present proof of concept for an image-based approach to complete blood count, based on a new slide preparation technique. A preliminary data comparison with the current flow-based technology is shown.Design.—A prototype instrument uses a proprietary method and technology to deposit a precise volume of undiluted peripheral whole blood in a monolayer onto a glass microscope slide so that every cell can be distinguished, counted, and imaged. The slide is stained, and then multispectral image analysis is used to measure the complete blood count parameters. Images from a 600-cell white blood cell differential count, as well as 5000 red blood cells and a variable number of platelets, that are present in 600 high-power fields are made available for a technologist to view on a computer screen. An initial comparison of the basic complete blood count parameters was performed, comparing 1857 specimens on both the new instrument and a flow-based hematology analyzer.Results.—Excellent correlations were obtained between the prototype instrument and a flow-based system. The primary parameters of white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet counts resulted in correlation coefficients (r) of 0.99, 0.99, and 0.98, respectively. Other indices included hemoglobin (r = 0.99), hematocrit (r = 0.99), mean cellular volume (r = 0.90), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (r = 0.97), and mean platelet volume (r = 0.87). For the automated white blood cell differential counts, r values were calculated for neutrophils (r = 0.98), lymphocytes (r = 0.97), monocytes (r = 0.76), eosinophils (r = 0.96), and basophils (r = 0.63).Conclusions.—Quantitative results for components of the complete blood count and automated white blood cell differential count can be developed by image analysis of a monolayer preparation of a known volume of peripheral blood.
Competition and feeding ecology in two sympatric Xenopus species (Anura: Pipidae)
Authors: Vogt Solveig , de Villiers F. André , Ihlow Flora , Rödder Dennis , Measey John 
Published: April 2017

The widespread African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) occurs in sympatry with the IUCN Endangered Cape platanna (Xenopus gilli) throughout its entire range in the south-western Cape, South Africa. In order to investigate aspects of the interspecific competition between populations of X. laevis and X. gilli, an assessment of their niche differentiation was conducted through a comprehensive study on food composition and trophic niche structure at two study sites: the Cape of Good Hope (CoGH) and Kleinmond. A total of 399 stomach contents of X. laevis (n = 183) and X. gilli (n = 216) were obtained together with samples of available prey to determine food preferences using the Electivity index (E*), the Simpson’s index of diversity (1 − D), the Shannon index (H′), and the Pianka index (Ojk). Xenopus gilli diet was more diverse than X. laevis, particularly in Kleimond where the Shannon index was nearly double. Both species were found to consume large amounts of tadpoles belonging to different amphibian species, including congeners, with an overall higher incidence of anurophagy than previously recorded. However, X. laevis also feeds on adult X. gilli, thus representing a direct threat for the latter. While trophic niche overlap was 0.5 for the CoGH, it was almost 1 in Kleinmond, suggesting both species utilise highly congruent trophic niches. Further, subdividing the dataset into three size classes revealed overlap to be higher in small frogs in both study sites. Our study underlines the importance of actively controlling X. laevis at sites with X. gilli in order to limit competition and predation, which is vital for conservation of the south-western Cape endemic.
Distribution and establishment of the alien Australian redclaw crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus, in South Africa and Swaziland
Authors: Nunes Ana L. , Zengeya Tsungai A. , Hoffman Andries C. , Measey G. John , Weyl Olaf L.F. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundThe Australian redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus, von Martens), is native to Australasia, but has been widely translocated around the world due to aquaculture and aquarium trade. Mostly as a result of escape from aquaculture facilities, this species has established extralimital populations in Australia and alien populations in Europe, Asia, Central America and Africa. In South Africa,C. quadricarinatuswas first sampled from the wild in 2002 in the Komati River, following its escape from an aquaculture facility in Swaziland, but data on the current status of its populations are not available.MethodsTo establish a better understanding of its distribution, rate of spread and population status, we surveyed a total of 46 sites in various river systems in South Africa and Swaziland. Surveys were performed between September 2015 and August 2016 and involved visual observations and the use of collapsible crayfish traps.ResultsCherax quadricarinatusis now present in the Komati, Lomati, Mbuluzi, Mlawula and Usutu rivers, and it was also detected in several off-channel irrigation impoundments. Where present, it was generally abundant, with populations having multiple size cohorts and containing ovigerous females. In the Komati River, it has spread more than 112 km downstream of the initial introduction point and 33 km upstream of a tributary, resulting in a mean spread rate of 8 km year−1downstream and 4.7 km year−1upstream. In Swaziland, estimated downstream spread rate might reach 14.6 km year−1. Individuals were generally larger and heavier closer to the introduction site, which might be linked to juvenile dispersal.DiscussionThese findings demonstrate thatC. quadricarinatusis established in South Africa and Swaziland and that the species has spread, not only within the river where it was first introduced, but also between rivers. Considering the strong impacts that alien crayfish usually have on invaded ecosystems, assessments of its potential impacts on native freshwater biota and an evaluation of possible control measures are, therefore, urgent requirements.
Preliminary observations on the age and growth of dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu) and mahogany snapper (Lutjanus mahogoni) from the Southeastern U.S.
Authors: Potts Jennifer C. , Burton Michael L. 
Published: April 2017

Dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu Bloch and Schneider 1801) and mahogany snapper (Lutjanus mahogoni Cuvier 1828) are infrequently caught snappers in the southeastern U.S. primarily occurring off of southern Florida. The species were opportunistically sampled from commercial and recreational fisheries in the southeastern U.S. from 1979 to 2015. Fish were aged (56 dog snapper and 54 mahogany snapper) by counting opaque zones on sectioned sagittal otoliths. Otoliths of both species were easily interpretable and agreement between readers was acceptable. Analysis of otolith edge-type revealed that annuli formed between May and July on both species. Dog snapper ranged from 200–837 mm total length (TL) and ages 2–33, while mahogany snapper ranged from 270–416 mm TL and ages 2–18. The Von Bertalanffy growth equations were Lt = 746(1–e(−0.20(t−0.32))) and Lt = 334(1–e(0.31(t+1.19))) for dog snapper and mahogany snapper, respectively. The weight-length relations were W = 1.31 × 10−5L3.03(n = 78, r2 = 0.99) and W = 5.40 × 10−6L3.15(n = 79, r2 = 0.79) for dog snapper and mahogany snapper, respectively, where W = whole weight in grams.
Successful one-stage operation for ipsilateral, synchronous carcinomas of the breast and lung: A case report
Authors: Meng Liwei , Huang Liming , Xu Yingchun 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The incidence of double primary malignancies is very low, particularly, a case of synchronous carcinomas of the ipsilateral breast and lung. Determining whether to have a one-stage operation for ipsilateral breast cancer and lung cancer is a challenge for the surgeon. The current study presents a case of a 56-year-old female, with a rigid textured mass measuring approximately 18×20 mm above the areola of the right breast and chest CT showing a mass of 20 × 14 mm at the tip segment of right upper lobe of the lung. A diagnosis of a synchronous dual primary carcinoma of the right lung (cT1N0M0) and right breast (cT1N0M0) was made. The patient underwent a right breast-conserving surgery, sentinel node biopsy, and right upper lobectomy and lymphadenectomy with a video-assisted thoracoscopic technique simultaneously. To our knowledge, in the previous literature, there was no one-stage operation for ipsilateral, synchronous carcinomas of the breast and lung and only one reported case with left breast and right lung cancer underwent a one-stage operation. This report first presents the successful treatment of a case with synchronous primary breast and lung carcinomas on the same side of the body with a one-stage operation and therefore is educational.
Spectral scaling technique to determine extreme Carrington‐level geomagnetically induced currents effects
Authors: Winter Lisa M. , Gannon Jennifer , Pernak Rick , Huston Stuart , Quinn Richard , Pope Edward , Ruffenach Alexis , Bernardara Pietro , Crocker Nicholas 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSpace weather events produce variations in the electric current in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere. From these high‐altitude atmospheric regions, resulting geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) can lead to fluctuations in ground currents that affect the electric power grid and potentially overload transformers during extreme storms. The most extreme geomagnetic storm on record, known as the 1859 Carrington event, was so intense that ground‐based magnetometers were saturated at high magnetic latitudes. The most reliable, unsaturated observation is the hour resolution data from the Colaba Magnetic Observatory in India. However, higher‐frequency components—fluctuations at second through minute time cadence—to the magnetic field can play a significant role in GIC‐related effects. We present a new method for scaling higher‐frequency observations to create a realistic Carrington‐like event magnetic field model, using modern magnetometer observations. Using the magnetic field model and ground conductivity models, we produce an electric field model. This method can be applied to create similar magnetic and electric field models for studies of GIC effects on power grids.
Global characterization of surface soil moisture drydowns
Authors: McColl Kaighin A. , Wang Wei , Peng Bin , Akbar Ruzbeh , Short Gianotti Daniel J. , Lu Hui , Pan Ming , Entekhabi Dara 
Published: April 2017

AbstractLoss terms in the land water budget (including drainage, runoff, and evapotranspiration) are encoded in the shape of soil moisture “drydowns”: the soil moisture time series directly following a precipitation event, during which the infiltration input is zero. The rate at which drydowns occur—here characterized by the exponential decay time scale τ—is directly related to the shape of the loss function and is a key characteristic of global weather and climate models. In this study, we use 1 year of surface soil moisture observations from NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive mission to characterize τ globally. Consistent with physical reasoning, the observations show that τ is lower in regions with sandier soils, and in regions that are more arid. To our knowledge, these are the first global estimates of τ—based on observations alone—at scales relevant to weather and climate models.