bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Differences in Incidence and Outcomes of Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Banh Tonny H.M. , Hussain-Shamsy Neesha , Patel Viral , Vasilevska-Ristovska Jovanka , Borges Karlota , Sibbald Cathryn , Lipszyc Deborah , Brooke Josefina , Geary Denis , Langlois Valerie , Reddon Michele , Pearl Rachel , Levin Leo , Piekut Monica , Licht Christoph P.B. , Radhakrishnan Seetha , Aitken-Menezes Kimberly , Harvey Elizabeth , Hebert Diane , Piscione Tino D. , Parekh Rulan S. 
Published: July 2016

Background and objectives
Ethnic differences in outcomes among children with nephrotic syndrome are unknown.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We conducted a longitudinal study at a single regional pediatric center comparing ethnic differences in incidence from 2001 to 2011 census data and longitudinal outcomes, including relapse rates, time to first relapse, frequently relapsing disease, and use of cyclophosphamide. Among 711 children, 24% were European, 33% were South Asian, 10% were East/Southeast Asian, and 33% were of other origins.

Results
Over 10 years, the overall incidence increased from 1.99/100,000 to 4.71/100,000 among children ages 1–18 years old. In 2011, South Asians had a higher incidence rate ratio of 6.61 (95% confidence interval, 3.16 to 15.1) compared with Europeans. East/Southeast Asians had a similar incidence rate ratio (0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.13 to 2.94) to Europeans. We determined outcomes in 455 children from the three largest ethnic groups with steroid-sensitive disease over a median of 4 years. South Asian and East/Southeast Asian children had significantly lower odds of frequently relapsing disease at 12 months (South Asian: adjusted odds ratio; 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.39 to 0.77; East/Southeast Asian: adjusted odds ratio; 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.34 to 0.51), fewer subsequent relapses (South Asian: adjusted odds ratio; 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.50 to 0.81; East/Southeast Asian: adjusted odds ratio; 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.24 to 0.91), lower risk of a first relapse (South Asian: adjusted hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 0.83; East/Southeast Asian: adjusted hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.68), and lower use of cyclophosphamide (South Asian: adjusted hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.53 to 1.28; East/Southeast Asian: adjusted hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.41 to 0.71) compared with European children.

Conclusions
Despite the higher incidence among South Asians, South and East/Southeast Asian children have significantly less complicated clinical outcomes compared with Europeans.
Implications of Impairment Decisions and Assets' Cash-Flow Horizons for Conservatism Research
Authors: Banker Rajiv D. , Basu Sudipta , Byzalov Dmitri 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Accountants examine multiple indicators when assessing whether individual assets are impaired. Different indicators predict cash flows over varying time horizons, and their importance varies with how far into the future individual assets are expected to generate cash flows. We predict that earnings exhibits asymmetric timeliness with respect to multiple indicators, including stock return, sales change, and operating cash flow change, which differentially explain write-downs of current assets, long-lived tangible assets, and indefinite-lived goodwill. We predict an interaction effect between indicators, such that the total impact of several consistent indicators is greater than the sum of their individual impacts. Empirical estimates for U.S. firms are consistent with our predictions and yield new insights about the effects of multiple indicators for both conservatism and impairment research. Our multi-indicator asymmetric models also change inferences about the relative explanatory power of economic factors versus reporting incentives in asset impairments.
JEL Classifications: G32; L25; M41; M42.
Synergy between Accounting Disclosures and Forward-Looking Information in Stock Prices
Authors: Arya Anil , Mittendorf Brian , Ramanan Ram N. V. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
It is well recognized that stock prices provide relevant feedback that can guide future firm decisions. This paper develops a model to examine how accounting disclosures affect the decision-usefulness of such stock market reactions. We demonstrate that information in accounting reports can prove useful because it helps observers better interpret and isolate the decision-relevant information embedded in the ensuing stock price reaction. This leads to natural synergies between accounting reports and stock prices in directing firm strategies—the more forward-looking information that can potentially be gleaned from stock prices, the more the firm will invest in improving precision of accounting disclosures even when such disclosures pertain to unrelated current activities.
Spinal cord anomalies in patients with anorectal malformations without severe sacral abnormalities or meningomyelocele: outcomes after expectant, conservative management
Authors: Kyrklund Kristiina , Pakarinen Mikko P. , Taskinen Seppo , Kivisaari Reetta , Rintala Risto J. 
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to determine the significance of spinal cord anomalies (SCAs) in patients with anorectal malformations (ARMs) by comparing the outcomes for bowel function, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and lower-limb neurological abnormalities to these outcomes in patients with similar ARMs and a normal spinal cord.

METHODS
The spinal cord MRI records of female patients treated for vestibular and perineal fistula (VF/PF) and male patients with rectourethral fistula (RUF) at a single center between 1983 and 2006 were reviewed. Bowel function and LUTS were assessed by questionnaire. Patients with extensive sacral anomalies or meningomyelocele were excluded.

RESULTS
Of 89 patients (median age 15 years, range 5–29 years), MRI was available in 90% (n = 80; 40 male patients with RUF), and 80% of patients returned the questionnaire (n = 64; 31 male patients with RUF). Spinal cord anomalies were found in 34%, comprising a filum terminale lipoma in 30%, low conus medullaris in 10%, and thoracolumbar syrinx in 6%. Bowel functional outcomes between patients with SCAs (n = 23) and those with a normal spinal cord (n = 41) were not significantly different for soiling (70% vs 63%), fecal accidents (43% vs 34%), and constipation (57% vs 39%; p = not significant for all). The LUTS, including urge (65% vs 54%), urge incontinence (39% vs 24%), stress incontinence (17% vs 22%), and straining (32% vs 29%) were also comparable between groups (p = not significant for all). No patients developed lower-limb neurological abnormalities.

CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that the long-term functional outcomes for patients with SCAs who had VF/PF and RUF may not differ significantly from patients with the same type of ARMs and a normal spinal cord. The results favor a conservative approach to their management in the absence of abnormal neurological findings in the lower limbs.
Impact of Land Use on Surface Water Quality: A Case Study in the Gin River Basin, Sri Lanka
Authors: Amarathunga A.A.D. , Kazama F. 
Published: July 2016

There has been a considerable amount of research investigating suspended sediment (SS) and water quality in river basins. However, there has been less attention to the suspended sediment behaviour in tropical river basins, especially in Sri Lanka. The Gin river basin is one of the major river basins in Sri Lanka and catchments consist of multi-land use systems. The behaviour of water quality, and suspended sediment with land use pattern is still not well studied in tropical river basin. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate land use effects on suspended sediment and water quality in multi-land use tropical river basins. Elevated nitrate nitrogen concentrations were observed in the upper catchment and greater ammonia nitrogen concentrations were recorded in the lower catchment sampling locations. Also, higher fluxes of nitrate nitrogen and dissolved phosphate were observed during April to June and June to July, respectively. The major land use systems in the upper catchment portion consist of activities related to forest management while the lower catchment region has a higher percentage of agriculture and other land use related functions. Different land use pattern from forest to agriculture was increasing the suspended matter in the river water. Also, there was a very low concentration of suspended sediment and turbidity in the highly forested catchments in upper parts of the basin. This was expected since turbidity and suspended sediments increase with increasing amounts of agriculture and other land use activity. Also, statistical results prove that major physical and chemical water quality parameter means are different with three sub basins. In conclusion, the suspended sediment flux and discharge fits well with the linear regression model ( R2 = 0.97) and would imply that the discharge can be used to predict the SS load from runoff.
Study on the relation between tissues pathologies and traditional chinese medicine syndromes in knee osteoarthritis: Medical image diagnostics by preoperative X-ray and surgical arthroscopy
Authors: Tian Xiangdong , Zhu Guangyu , Wang Jian , Wang Qingfu , Guan Lei , Tan Yetong , Xue Zhipeng , Qin Lina , Zhang Jing 
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate whether integration of traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine has advantage in achieving the improved diagnosis and treatment of knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: 90 patients with knee osteoarthritis were selected from The Department of Minimal Invasive Joint of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from June 2013 to June 2015. They were divided into 3 groups with 30 cases per group in accordance to the syndrome differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine. The patients underwent arthroscopic surgery, and we categorized the patients having the same characterization in each group, and those having distinct difference into the three groups. Based on the arthroscopic analysis, we performed analysis of statistical data in order to analyze the relation between knee osteoarthritis under arthroscope and traditional Chinese medicine syndromes. RESULTS: There are three syndromes according to traditional Chinese medicine that can be categorized into various different groups. The synovial proliferation can be seen mostly in the syndrome of stagnation of blood stasis. The slight damage of knee joint cartilage can be seen in the syndrome of yang deficiency and cold stagnation, the severe one in the syndrome of kidney-marrow deficiency. We found that there are different pathological expressions with the various degree of the tissues damage at the knee and we categorized the knee according to their syndrome. CONCLUSION: For knee osteoarthritis, different syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine presents different tissues pathological changes at the knee joint under arthroscopy, which will provide objective basis for the diagnosis of this medical condition.
Analysis of the setup errors of medical image registration-based cone-beam CT for lung cancer
Authors: Li Jun , Tang Xiao-Bin , Zhang Xi-Zhi , Zhang Xian-Wen , Ge Yun , Chen Da , Chai Lei 
Published: July 2016

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of efficiently using a rigid image registration (RIR) algorithm or a deformable image registration (DIR) algorithm to match medical images and evaluate the impact of setup errors on intensity modulated radiation therapy of lung cancer patients. METHODS: Ten lung cancer patients were chosen randomly each day and were subjected to image-guided radiotherapy. The clinical registration between cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and treatment planning system CT images was performed by applying both RIR and DIR; the clinical registration was evaluated on the basis of the contour index, including dice similarity coefficient, sensitivity, and positive predictive value; the optimal scheme of image registration was selected to ensure that the actual irradiation isocenter was consistent with the treatment planning isocenter. In each patient, the translational errors in the right-left (x), superior-inferior (y), and anterior-posterior (z) directions and the rotational errors in the u, υ, and w directions formed by the x, y, and z directions were calculated and analyzed daily in the whole course of treatment; margins were calculated according to this equation: M = 2.5∑+ 0.7 δ. RESULTS: The tumors and the surrounding soft tissues of the patients are shown more clearly in the CBCT images than in the CT images. DIR can be applied more efficiently than RIR to determine the morphological and positional changes in the organs shown in the images with the same or different modalities in the different period. The setup errors in translation in the x, y and z axes were 0.05±0.16, 0.09±0.32 and –0.02±0.13 cm, respectively; by contrast, the setup errors in rotation in u, υ and w directions were (0.41±0.64)°, (–0.08±0.57)° and (–0.03±0.62)°, respectively. The setup errors in the x, y and z axes of the patients indicated that the margins expansions were 0.82, 1.15 and 0.72 cm, respectively. CONCLUSION: CBCT with DIR can measure and correct the setup errors online; as a result, setup errors in lung cancer treatments can be significantly reduced and the accuracy of radiotherapy can be enhanced.
Modelling the penumbra in Computed Tomography
Authors: Kueh Audrey , Warnett Jason M. , Gibbons Gregory J. , Brettschneider Julia , Nichols Thomas E. , Williams Mark A. , Kendall Wilfrid S. 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND: In computed tomography (CT), the spot geometry is one of the main sources of error in CT images. Since X-rays do not arise from a point source, artefacts are produced. In particular there is a penumbra effect, leading to poorly defined edges within a reconstructed volume. Penumbra models can be simulated given a fixed spot geometry and the known experimental setup. OBJECTIVE: This paper proposes to use a penumbra model, derived from Beer’s law, both to confirm spot geometry from penumbra data, and to quantify blurring in the image. METHODS: Two models for the spot geometry are considered; one consists of a single Gaussian spot, the other is a mixture model consisting of a Gaussian spot together with a larger uniform spot. RESULTS: The model consisting of a single Gaussian spot has a poor fit at the boundary. The mixture model (which adds a larger uniform spot) exhibits a much improved fit. The parameters corresponding to the uniform spot are similar across all powers, and further experiments suggest that the uniform spot produces only soft X-rays of relatively low-energy. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the precision of radiographs can be estimated from the penumbra effect in the image. The use of a thin copper filter reduces the size of the effective penumbra.
A motion algorithm to extract physical and motion parameters of mobile targets from cone-beam computed tomographic images
Authors: Alsbou Nesreen , Ahmad Salahuddin , Ali Imad 
Published: July 2016

PURPOSE: A motion algorithm has been developed to extract length, CT number level and motion amplitude of a mobile target from cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The algorithm uses three measurable parameters: Apparent length and blurred CT number distribution of a mobile target obtained from CBCT images to determine length, CT-number value of the stationary target, and motion amplitude. The predictions of this algorithm are tested with mobile targets having different well-known sizes that are made from tissue-equivalent gel which is inserted into a thorax phantom. The phantom moves sinusoidally in one-direction to simulate respiratory motion using eight amplitudes ranging 0–20 mm. RESULTS: Using this motion algorithm, three unknown parameters are extracted that include: Length of the target, CT number level, speed or motion amplitude for the mobile targets from CBCT images. The motion algorithm solves for the three unknown parameters using measured length, CT number level and gradient for a well-defined mobile target obtained from CBCT images. The motion model agrees with the measured lengths which are dependent on the target length and motion amplitude. The gradient of the CT number distribution of the mobile target is dependent on the stationary CT number level, the target length and motion amplitude. Motion frequency and phase do not affect the elongation and CT number distribution of the mobile target and could not be determined. CONCLUSION: A motion algorithm has been developed to extract three parameters that include length, CT number level and motion amplitude or speed of mobile targets directly from reconstructed CBCT images without prior knowledge of the stationary target parameters. This algorithm provides alternative to 4D-CBCT without requirement of motion tracking and sorting of the images into different breathing phases. The motion model developed here works well for tumors that have simple shapes, high contrast relative to surrounding tissues and move nearly in regular motion pattern that can be approximated with a simple sinusoidal function. This algorithm has potential applications in diagnostic CT imaging and radiotherapy in terms of motion management.
GALACTIC COSMIC-RAY INTENSITY MODULATION BY COROTATING INTERACTION REGION STREAM INTERFACES AT 1 au
Authors: Guo X. , Florinski V. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a new model that couples galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) propagation with magnetic turbulence transport and the MHD background evolution in the heliosphere. The model is applied to the problem of the formation of corotating interaction regions (CIRs) during the last solar minimum from the period between 2007 and 2009. The numerical model simultaneously calculates the large-scale supersonic solar wind properties and its small-scale turbulent content from 0.3 au to the termination shock. Cosmic rays are then transported through the background, and thus computed, with diffusion coefficients derived from the solar wind turbulent properties, using a stochastic Parker approach. Our results demonstrate that GCR variations depend on the ratio of diffusion coefficients in the fast and slow solar winds. Stream interfaces inside the CIRs always lead to depressions of the GCR intensity. On the other hand, heliospheric current sheet (HCS) crossings do not appreciably affect GCR intensities in the model, which is consistent with the two observations under quiet solar wind conditions. Therefore, variations in diffusion coefficients associated with CIR stream interfaces are more important for GCR propagation than the drift effects of the HCS during a negative solar minimum.
STELLAR AND BLACK HOLE MASS DENSITIES AS EMPIRICAL TRACERS OF CO-EVOLUTION SHOW LOCK-STEP GROWTH SINCE Z ∼ 3
Authors: Schindler Jan-Torge , Fan Xiaohui , Duschl Wolfgang J. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
At redshifts beyond

, measuring the black hole (BH) galaxy relations proves to be a difficult task. The bright light of the active galactic nuclei aggravates the deconvolution of BH and galaxy properties. However, high-redshift data on these relations are vital to understand the ways in which galaxies and BHs co-evolve and the ways in which they do not. In this work we use BH and stellar mass densities (BHMDs and SMDs) to constrain the possible co-evolution of BHs with their host galaxies since

. The BHMDs are calculated from quasar luminosity functions using the Soltan argument, while we use integrals over stellar mass functions or the star-formation rate density to obtain values for the SMD. We find that both quantities grow in lock-step below redshifts of

with a non-evolving BHMD to SMD ratio. A fit to the data assuming a power-law relation between the BHMD and the SMD yields exponents around unity (1.0–1.5). Up to

the BHMD to SMD ratio does not show a strong evolution given the larger uncertainty in the completeness of high-redshift data sets. Our results, always applying the same analysis technique, seem to be consistent across all adopted data sets.
A SURVEY FOR Hα EMISSION FROM LATE L DWARFS AND T DWARFS*
Authors: Pineda J. Sebastian , Hallinan Gregg , Kirkpatrick J. Davy , Cotter Garret , Kao Melodie M. , Mooley Kunal 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Recently, studies of brown dwarfs have demonstrated that they possess strong magnetic fields and have the potential to produce radio and optical auroral emissions powered by magnetospheric currents. This emission provides the only window on magnetic fields in the coolest brown dwarfs and identifying additional benchmark objects is key to constraining dynamo theory in this regime. To this end, we conducted a new red optical (6300–9700 Å) survey with the Keck telescopes looking for Hα emission from a sample of late L dwarfs and T dwarfs. Our survey gathered optical spectra for 29 targets, 18 of which did not have previous optical spectra in the literature, greatly expanding the number of moderate-resolution (R ∼ 2000) spectra available at these spectral types. Combining our sample with previous surveys, we confirm an Hα detection rate of 9.2±

% for L and T dwarfs in the optical spectral range of L4–T8. This detection rate is consistent with the recently measured detection rate for auroral radio emission from Kao et al., suggesting that geometrical selection effects due to the beaming of the radio emission are small or absent. We also provide the first detection of Hα emission from 2MASS 0036+1821, previously notable as the only electron cyclotron maser radio source without a confirmed detection of Hα emission. Finally, we also establish optical standards for spectral types T3 and T4, filling in the previous gap between T2 and T5.
POWERFUL ACTIVITY IN THE BRIGHT AGES. I. A VISIBLE/IR SURVEY OF HIGH REDSHIFT 3C RADIO GALAXIES AND QUASARS
Authors: Hilbert B. , Chiaberge M. , Kotyla J. P. , Tremblay G. R. , Stanghellini C. , Sparks W. B. , Baum S. , Capetti A. , Macchetto F. D. , Miley G. K. , O’Dea C. P. , Perlman E. S. , Quillen A. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We present new rest-frame UV and visible observations of 22 high-z (1 < z < 2.5) 3C radio galaxies and QSOs obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Camera 3 instrument. Using a custom data reduction strategy in order to assure the removal of cosmic rays, persistence signal, and other data artifacts, we have produced high-quality science-ready images of the targets and their local environments. We observe targets with regions of UV emission suggestive of active star formation. In addition, several targets exhibit highly distorted host galaxy morphologies in the rest frame visible images. Photometric analyses reveal that brighter QSOs generally tend to be redder than their dimmer counterparts. Using emission line fluxes from the literature, we estimate that emission line contamination is relatively small in the rest frame UV images for the QSOs. Using archival VLA data, we have also created radio map overlays for each of our targets, allowing for analysis of the optical and radio axes alignment.
First Canadian record of the water mite Thermacarus nevadensis Marshall, 1928 (Arachnida: Acariformes: Hydrachnidiae: Thermacaridae) from hot springs in British Columbia
Authors: Heron Jennifer , Sheffield Cory 
Published: July 2016

Thermacarus nevadensis Marshall, 1928 is an uncommonly collected mite associated with hot spring environments in the western United States. Information on its distribution and ecology are incomplete.
In this paper, we report Thermacarus nevadensis from northern British Columbia. These records represent the first of Thermacaridae from Canada, the most northern records of this species in North America, and the most northern records for the family globally. We also provide short notes and images of the habitats in which specimens have been collected in Canada.