bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mean shape of the human sclera
Authors: Consejo A. , Iskander R.D. , Rozema J.J. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeTo assess the mean shape of the human scleraMethodsThree‐dimensional (3D) maps from the left eye of 27 subjects (26 ± 6 y.o.) were acquired using a corneo‐scleral topographer (Eye Surface Profiler). Subjects were asked to open their eyes wide to ensure 360 degrees scleral coverage. For each 3D map, the sclera (maximum diameter 16 mm) and cornea were automatically separated at the level of the limbus, assuming a mean limbal diameter of 12 mm based on recent work. The remaining 3D scleral ring was further fit to a quadratic function, chosen arbitrarily to account for the bulk of surface data. The elevation difference between the original and fit data was calculated. For statistical analysis, sclera was separated in four disjoint quadrants, superior [60,120]˚, inferior [240,300]˚, nasal [150,210]˚ and temporal [330,30]˚.ResultsAlong the horizontal meridian, the temporal aspect of the sclera showed less elevation (mean ± SD: −240 ± 90 μm) than the nasal aspect (−60 ± 20 μm), being statistically significant different (paired t‐test, P << 0.001). Along the vertical meridian, the inferior aspect of the sclera (−60 ± 110 μm) showed to be less elevated than the superior aspect (50 ± 100 μm), being statistically significant different (paired t‐test, P = 0.002).ConclusionsThe sclera is circularly asymmetric. The nasal sclera is higher/flatter, and the temporal sclera is lower/steeper. The insertion of the eye muscles on the eyeball could justify these differences. Scleral shape affects all contact lens designs that interact with the corneo‐scleral junction and beyond. Thus, these findings have an important potential impact on contact lens fit.
The feasibility and acceptability of nurse‐led chronic disease management interventions in primary care: An integrative review
Authors: Stephen Catherine , McInnes Susan , Halcomb Elizabeth 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimsTo explore the feasibility and acceptability of nurse‐led chronic disease management and lifestyle risk factor reduction interventions in primary care (general practice/family practice).BackgroundGrowing international evidence suggests that interventions delivered by primary care nurses can assist in modifying lifestyle risk factors and managing chronic disease. To date, there has been limited exploration of the feasibility and acceptability of such interventions.DesignIntegrative review guided by the work of Whittemore and Knafl ().Data SourcesDatabase search of CINAHL, Medline and Web of Science was conducted to identify relevant literature published between 2000–2015.Review MethodsPapers were assessed for methodological quality and data abstracted before thematic analysis was undertaken.ResultsEleven papers met the inclusion criteria. Analysis uncovered four themes: (1) facilitators of interventions; (2) barriers to interventions; (3) consumer satisfaction; and (4) primary care nurse role.ConclusionLiterature supports the feasibility and acceptability of nurse‐led interventions in primary care for lifestyle risk factor modification. The ongoing sustainability of these interventions rests largely on organizational factors such as funding, educational pathways and professional support of the primary care nursing role. Further robust research around primary care nurse interventions is required to strengthen the evidence base.
Facial emotion recognition and eye movement behaviour in conduct disorder
Authors: Martin‐Key N.A. , Graf E.W. , Adams W.J. , Fairchild G. 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundConduct Disorder (CD) is associated with impairments in facial emotion recognition. However, it is unclear whether such deficits are explained by a failure to attend to emotionally informative face regions, such as the eyes, or by problems in the appraisal of emotional cues.MethodMale and female adolescents with CD and varying levels of callous‐unemotional (CU) traits and age‐ and sex‐matched typically developing (TD) controls (aged 13–18) categorised the emotion of dynamic and morphed static faces. Concurrent eye tracking was used to relate categorisation performance to participants' allocation of overt attention.ResultsAdolescents with CD were worse at emotion recognition than TD controls, with deficits observed across static and dynamic expressions. In addition, the CD group fixated less on the eyes when viewing fearful and sad expressions. Across all participants, higher levels of CU traits were associated with fear recognition deficits and reduced attention to the eyes of surprised faces. Within the CD group, however, higher CU traits were associated with better fear recognition. Overall, males were worse at recognising emotions than females and displayed a reduced tendency to fixate the eyes.DiscussionAdolescents with CD, and particularly males, showed deficits in emotion recognition and fixated less on the eyes when viewing emotional faces. Individual differences in fixation behaviour predicted modest variations in emotion categorisation. However, group differences in fixation were small and did not explain the much larger group differences in categorisation performance, suggesting that CD‐related deficits in emotion recognition were not mediated by abnormal fixation patterns.
Living with schizophrenia: Health‐related quality of life among primary family caregivers
Authors: Hsiao Chiu‐Yueh , Lee Chun‐Te , Lu Huei‐Lan , Tsai Yun‐Fang 
Published: September 2017

Aims and objectivesTo examine influencing factors of health‐related quality of life in primary family caregivers of people with schizophrenia receiving inpatient psychiatric rehabilitation services.BackgroundFamilies, particularly primary family caregivers, have become more important than ever in mental health care. Yet, research on health‐related quality of life among primarily family caregivers is limited.DesignA correlational study design was used.MethodsA convenience sample of 122 primary family caregivers participated in the study. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, Pearson's product–moment correlation, t test, one‐way analysis of variance and a hierarchical multiple regression analysis.ResultsPrimary family caregivers who were parents, older, less educated, and had a lower monthly household income, increased affiliate stigma and decreased quality of family‐centred care experienced poor health‐related quality of life. Particularly, monthly household income, affiliate stigma and quality of family‐centred care appeared to be the most critical determinants of health‐related quality of life.ConclusionsEfforts to enhance satisfaction of life should focus on reducing affiliate stigma as well as increasing monthly household income and strengthening the quality of family‐centred care.Relevance to clinical practiceFindings may assist in the development of culturally integrated rehabilitation programmes to decrease affiliate stigma and increase family engagement as a means of promoting quality of life for primary family caregivers living with people who have schizophrenia.
Staff awareness of food and fluid care needs for older people with dementia in residential care: A qualitative study
Authors: Lea Emma J , Goldberg Lynette R , Price Andrea D , Tierney Laura T , McInerney Fran 
Published: September 2017

Aims and objectivesTo examine awareness of aged care home staff regarding daily food and fluid care needs of older people with dementia.BackgroundOlder people in residential care frequently are malnourished, and many have dementia. Staff knowledge of the food and fluid needs of people with dementia is limited. Qualitative research on this topic is scarce but can provide insight into how nutrition and hydration care may be improved.DesignQualitative, interview‐based study.MethodsEleven staff in a range of positions at one care home were interviewed regarding their perceptions of current and potential food/fluid care practices. Transcripts were coded and analysed thematically.ResultsKey food and fluid issues reported by these staff members were weight loss and malnutrition, chewing and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), and inadequate hydration. Staff identified a number of current care practices that they felt to be effective in facilitating older people's food and fluid intake, including responsiveness to their needs. Staff suggestions to facilitate food and fluid intake centred on improved composition and timing of meals, enhanced physical and social eating environment, and increased hydration opportunities. Staff commented on factors that may prevent changes to care practices, particularly the part‐time workforce, and proposed changes to overcome such barriers.ConclusionsStaff were aware of key food and fluid issues experienced by the older people in their care and of a range of beneficial care practices, but lacked knowledge of many promising care practices and/or how to implement such practices.Relevance to clinical practiceStaff need to be supported to build on their existing knowledge around effective food and fluid care practices. The numerous ideas staff expressed for changing care practices can be leveraged by facilitating staff networking to work and learn together to implement evidence‐based change.
Person‐centred discharge education following coronary artery bypass graft: A critical review
Authors: Rushton Melanie , Howarth Michelle , Grant Maria J , Astin Felicity 
Published: September 2017

Aims and objectivesTo examine the extent that individualised education helps reduce depression and anxiety and improves self‐care for people who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery.BackgroundIndividualised discharge planning is increasingly important following cardiac surgery due to recurrent admissions as well as the issue of anxiety and depression, often due to lack of preparation. The hospital to home transition is fundamental in the recovery process. Individualised education and person‐centred care ensure that patients’ educational needs are met. This empowers patients, increasing self‐efficacy or confidence, resulting in autonomy, a smoother discharge process and avoiding postdischarge problems and rehospitalisation.DesignA critical review of published peer‐reviewed literature was conducted.MethodsElectronic databases searched included MEDLINE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library and PsychInfo 2009–2015.ResultsEight articles were identified for review, and a Critical Appraisal Skills Programme framework was used to determine the quality of the papers, all of the papers focussed on coronary artery bypass graft. The designs were typically experimental or quasi‐experimental with two reviews.ConclusionA greater understanding of the patients’ needs allows tailored education to be provided, which promotes self‐care management. This level of patient empowerment increases confidence and ultimately minimise anxiety and depression. Despite the varying teaching and learning methods associated with individualised education, patient‐centred education has the potential to assist cardiac nurses in adequately preparing patients for discharge following their coronary artery bypass graft.Relevance to clinical practiceDevelopment of individualised education programmes is crucial in preparing patients for discharge. The reduction in readmission to hospital has a significant effect on already stretched resources, and the reduction in postoperative complications during the recovery period linked with depression and anxiety will have a positive effect on the individuals’ ability to self‐care, health and well‐being.
A Radically Orthodox Reformer: J. G. Hamann as a Metacritic of Enlightenment and Secularization
Authors: Betz John 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to shed light on the mysterious figure of J. G. Hamann and to distill his chief contributions to modern theology. To this end it begins with the puzzling question of his style, which, far from being incidental, leads directly into the core concerns of his authorship. Subsequent sections examine his theological aesthetics, which was appropriated by Hans Urs von Balthasar, and his metacritique of secular reason, which has been appropriated in the English‐speaking world most notably by John Milbank and theologians associated with Radical Orthodoxy. It concludes with a brief portrait of Hamann as an ecumenical sign for the times.
Host‐induced gene silencing of an important pathogenicity factor PsCPK1 in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici enhances resistance of wheat to stripe rust
Authors: Qi Tuo , Zhu Xiaoguo , Tan Chenlong , Liu Peng , Guo Jia , Kang Zhensheng , Guo Jun 
Published: September 2017

SummaryRust fungi are devastating plant pathogens and cause a large economic impact on wheat production worldwide. To overcome this rapid loss of resistance in varieties, we generated stable transgenic wheat plants expressing short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting potentially vital genes of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Protein kinase A (PKA) has been proved to play important roles in regulating the virulence of phytopathogenic fungi. PsCPK1, a PKA catalytic subunit gene from Pst, is highly induced at the early infection stage of Pst. The instantaneous silencing of PsCPK1 by barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)‐mediated host‐induced gene silencing (HIGS) results in a significant reduction in the length of infection hyphae and disease phenotype. These results indicate that PsCPK1 is an important pathogenicity factor by regulating Pst growth and development. Two transgenic lines expressing the RNA interference (RNAi) construct in a normally susceptible wheat cultivar displayed high levels of stable and consistent resistance to Pst throughout the T3 to T4 generations. The presence of the interfering RNAs in transgenic wheat plants was confirmed by northern blotting, and these RNAs were found to efficiently down‐regulate PsCPK1 expression in wheat. This study addresses important aspects for the development of fungal‐derived resistance through the expression of silencing constructs in host plants as a powerful strategy to control cereal rust diseases.
Solvothermal Synthesis of Cs0.33WO3/LDHs Composite as a Novel Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalyst
Authors: Zhang Dan , Ji Taotao , Yu Jingang , Jiang Xinyu , Jiao Feipeng 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA novel Cs0.33WO3/LDHs (CWLDH) composite was synthesized by simple two steps solvothermal method and first investigated as the photocatalyst for tetracycline (TC) and Congo red (CR) degradation under visible light irradiation. The CWLDH heterostructures catalysts were characterized by XRD, UV–Vis, SEM, XPS and BET. The composite CWLDH showed enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with pure Cs0.33WO3 and NiAl‐LDH under identical experimental conditions. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was mainly attributed to the higher visible light‐absorbing ability, efficient electron–hole separation and prolonged lifetimes of photogenerated charges. The photocatalyst presented a high photocatalytic activity (92%) at the optimum of CWLDH‐3 and initial TC concentration of 40 mg L−1. Besides, the degradation efficiency of TC is higher than 75% for reused CWLDH after four cycles, demonstrating that it could be used as a potential catalyst with good photocatalytic activity, stability and reusability. According to the experimental results, a possible photocatalytic mechanism of CWLDH was discussed.
Outcomes of Gallstone Disease during Pregnancy: a Population‐based Data Linkage Study
Authors: Ibiebele Ibinabo , Schnitzler Margaret , Nippita Tanya , Ford Jane B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundGallstone disease is a leading indication for non‐obstetric abdominal surgery during pregnancy. There are limited whole population data on maternal and neonatal outcomes. This population‐based study aims to describe the outcomes of gallstone disease during pregnancy in an Australian setting.MethodsLinked hospital, birth, and mortality data for all women with singleton pregnancies in New South Wales, Australia, 2001–2012 were analysed. Exposure of interest was gallstone disease (acute biliary pancreatitis, gallstones with/without cholecystitis). Outcomes including preterm birth (spontaneous and planned), readmission, morbidity and mortality (maternal and neonatal) were compared between pregnancies with and without gallstone disease. Adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 99% confidence intervals were estimated using modified Poisson regression and adjusted for maternal and pregnancy factors.ResultsAmong 1 064 089 pregnancies, 1882 (0.18%) had gallstone disease. Of these, 239 (12.7%) had an antepartum cholecystectomy and 1643 (87.3%) were managed conservatively. Of those managed conservatively, 319 (19.0%) had a postpartum cholecystectomy. Gallstone disease was associated with increased risk of preterm birth (aRR 1.3, 99% CI 1.1, 1.6), particularly planned preterm birth (aRR 1.6, 99% CI 1.2, 2.1), maternal morbidity (aRR 1.6, 99% CI 1.1, 2.3), maternal readmission (aRR 4.7, 99% CI 4.2, 5.3), and neonatal morbidity (aRR 1.4, 99% CI 1.1, 1.7). Surgery was associated with decreased risk of maternal readmission (aRR 0.4, 99% CI 0.2, 0.7).ConclusionsGallstone disease during pregnancy was associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Most women with gallstone disease during pregnancy are managed conservatively. Surgical management was associated with decreased risk of readmission.
Convergence of fMRI and ERP measures of emotional face processing in combat‐exposed U. S. military veterans
Authors: MacNamara Annmarie , Rabinak Christine A. , Kennedy Amy E. , Phan K. Luan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe late positive potential (LPP) and fMRI blood‐oxygen‐level dependent (BOLD) activity can provide complementary measures of the processing of affective and social stimuli. Separate lines of research using these measures have often employed the same stimuli, paradigms, and samples; however, there remains relatively little understanding of the way in which individual differences in one of these measures relates to the other, and all prior research has been conducted in psychiatrically healthy samples and using emotional scenes (not faces). Here, 32 combat‐exposed U. S. military veterans with varying levels of posttraumatic stress symptomatology viewed affective social stimuli (angry, fearful, and happy faces) and geometric shapes during separate EEG and fMRI BOLD recordings. Temporospatial principal component analysis was used to quantify the face‐elicited LPP in a data‐driven manner, prior to conducting whole‐brain correlations between resulting positivities and fMRI BOLD elicited by faces. Participants with larger positivities to fearful faces (> shapes) showed increased activation in the amygdala; larger positivities to angry and happy faces (> shapes) were associated with increased BOLD activation in the posterior fusiform gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus, respectively. Across all face types, larger positivities were associated with increased activation in the fusiform “face” area. Correlations using mean area amplitude LPPs showed an association with increased activation in the anterior insula for angry faces (> shapes). LPP‐BOLD associations were not moderated by PTSD. Findings provide the first evidence of correspondence between face‐elicited LPP and BOLD activation across a range of (normal to disordered) psychiatric health.
Startle reflex modulation during threat of shock and “threat” of reward
Authors: Bradley Margaret M. , Zlatar Zvinka Z. , Lang Peter J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDuring threat of shock, the startle reflex is potentiated, suggesting modulation by defensive mobilization. To determine whether startle potentiation is specific to aversive anticipation, startle reflexes were measured in the context of either aversive or appetitive anticipation in a between‐subject study. Participants wore a device on the wrist that could deliver electrical shock (n = 49), or vibrotactile stimulation indicating monetary reward (n = 48). Cues signaling “threat” or “safe” periods were presented alone, or accompanied by presentation of affective and neutral pictures on half of the trials. Results indicated that the startle reflex was significantly potentiated when anticipating either shock or reward, compared to safe periods, both when no picture was presented, as well as during picture viewing. The difference between threat and safety in both reflex magnitude and skin conductance changes was larger for those anticipating shock, suggesting that the aversive context was more motivationally engaging. The pattern of reflex modulation as a function of picture valence varied under threat and safety, but was identical in the shock and reward groups, consistent with a hypothesis that anticipation of either aversive or appetitive events prompts heightened perceptual vigilance, potentiating the acoustic startle reflex.
Behavioral Modeling of Adversaries with Multiple Objectives in Counterterrorism
Authors: Mazicioglu Dogucan , Merrick Jason R. W. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAttacker/defender models have primarily assumed that each decisionmaker optimizes the cost of the damage inflicted and its economic repercussions from their own perspective. Two streams of recent research have sought to extend such models. One stream suggests that it is more realistic to consider attackers with multiple objectives, but this research has not included the adaption of the terrorist with multiple objectives to defender actions. The other stream builds off experimental studies that show that decisionmakers deviate from optimal rational behavior. In this article, we extend attacker/defender models to incorporate multiple objectives that a terrorist might consider in planning an attack. This includes the tradeoffs that a terrorist might consider and their adaption to defender actions. However, we must also consider experimental evidence of deviations from the rationality assumed in the commonly used expected utility model in determining such adaption. Thus, we model the attacker's behavior using multiattribute prospect theory to account for the attacker's multiple objectives and deviations from rationality. We evaluate our approach by considering an attacker with multiple objectives who wishes to smuggle radioactive material into the United States and a defender who has the option to implement a screening process to hinder the attacker. We discuss the problems with implementing such an approach, but argue that research in this area must continue to avoid misrepresenting terrorist behavior in determining optimal defensive actions.
The content of nurse unit managers’ work: a descriptive study using daily activity diaries
Authors: Sveinsdóttir Herdís , Blöndal Katrín , Jónsdóttir Heiður Hrund , Bragadóttir Helga 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundNUMs’ job description in Icelandic hospitals has been revised and now also includes managerial and financial responsibilities.AimTo describe the actual work activities of nurse unit managers (NUMs) in surgical and internal medicine services as self‐documented and reflected in their job description.DesignProspective exploratory study.MethodThe study's setting was the largest hospital in Iceland. Data were collected over 7 days from NUMs working on surgical and medical units with an activity diary listing five domains and 41 activities: ‘management and planning’ (seven activities), ‘staff responsibility (seven activities), ‘direct clinical work’ (five activities), ‘service’ (12 activities) and ‘other’ (nine activities).ResultsThe managers’ spent most of their time within the ‘other’ domain (32% of their time), then the next significant amount of time on ‘management and planning’ and ‘clinical nursing’ (19%), and the least amount of time on ‘service’ (14%). All reported working on two or more activities simultaneously. NUMs made erroneous estimations approximately half of the time about the domain they spent most of their time in and their satisfaction with their work each day varied greatly.ConclusionThe work of NUMs is highly diverse, including undefined miscellaneous tasks and clinical work beyond their job description.