bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renal blood flow in dogs during diffusion respiration
Authors: Stone Joseph E. , Irwin Richard L. , Wood Charles D. , Draper William B. , Whitehead Richard W. 
Published: December 2017

Two series of experiments were performed with appropriate controls on dogs in which respiratory arrest was produced and maintained by the injection of an overdose of thiopental or by administration of decamethonium, respectively. Renal blood flow was measured by a modification of the method of Selkurt ( Methods in Medical Research, vol. 1). A marked fall in renal blood flow coincident with apnea and anuria was found to occur consistently with diffusion respiration under thiopental. Both the renal ischemia and the anuria were preventable by renal denervation (pharmacological block). During diffusion respiration experiments in which decamethonium was used to cause and maintain apnea, a marked decline in renal blood flow or urine secretion did not occur during the first 15 minutes of apnea. It is concluded that the prompt onset of anuria in diffusion respiration under thiopental is due to a central synergism between thiopental and endogenous carbon dioxide. Further, it is reasoned that the delayed fall in renal blood flow and attendant anuria which occurred under decamethonium represent the central effects of increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the absence of thiopental. Submitted on November 5, 1958
Determination of pulmonary parenchymal tissue volume and pulmonary capillary blood flow in man
Authors: Cander Leon , Forster Robert E. 
Published: December 2017

The rates of disappearance of SF6, N2O, C2H2, diethyl ether and acetone from alveolar air during breath holding, following a single deep inspiration of a mixture containing one of these gases and about 15% helium, was studied in five normal seated subjects. SF6 is so insoluble that no significant change in its concentration relative to helium was found. Ether and acetone are so soluble that they dissolve in the tissues around the respiratory dead space during inspiration and evaporate during expiration, contaminating the expired alveolar gas to such an extent that the exchange of these gases cannot be properly measured at the alveolar level. N2O and C2H2 showed a) a rapid (less than 1.5 sec.) initial fall in relative alveolar concentration and b) a subsequent more gradual decrease; a) presumably results from the solution of the foreign gas in the pulmonary parenchymal tissues and can be used to calculate the pulmonary parenchymal tissue volume (Vt); b) can be used to calculate the pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc), provided observations are not extended beyond 21 sec. The average values obtained were 3.31 l/min/m2 and 606 ml for Qc and Vt, respectively. Submitted on December 4, 1958
Digestion of irradiated fat in vivo
Authors: Schreiber Manuel , Nasset E. S. 
Published: December 2017

Lard and lean beef were irradiated separately in a beam of accelerated electrons (6 million rep in a Van de Graaff apparatus). Test meals were fed to dogs, using combinations of irradiated and unirradiated lard and beef. On the average irradiated lard, whether fed by itself or with meat, was retained in the stomach to a greater extent than normal lard (65% vs. 47%), filled the small intestine to a smaller extent (8% vs. 11%), and was less readily absorbed (27% vs. 42%) in a specified time. The difference in absorption can be accounted for by the difference in gastric evacuation. The peroxide value of lard rose abruptly on radiation from 1–2 to 176 and in 14 months of cold storage continued to rise to approximately twice this value. It is concluded that irradiation of lard is detrimental to its digestion in the dog. Submitted on December 22, 1958
Relation of volume history of lungs to respiratory mechanics in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Mead Jere , Collier Clarence 
Published: December 2017

When anesthetized dogs were allowed to breathe spontaneously or were paralyzed and ventilated in the resting tidal range by means of a pump, pulmonary compliance fell progressively. These changes were immediately reversed following forced inflations of the lungs, while forced deflations caused further compliance reductions. The appearance of the lungs post mortem suggested that closure of air-spaces was at least in part responsible for the compliance reductions. Evidence from measurements of total and ventilatory lung gas volumes indicated that the closed spaces were essentially atelectatic. These findings have been related to other observations made in experimental animals and in man. Submitted on December 29, 1958
Mechanism of pulmonary gas exchange and CO2 transport during breath holding
Authors: Mithoefer John C. 
Published: December 2017

Experiments describe the changes in PaCOCO2 and lung volume shrinkage during breath holding with O2 in man and the PaCOCO2, pH and CO2 content of arterial and mixed venous blood during breath holding in the dog. An explanation is offered for the aberrations in CO2 transport and exchange which occur during apnea. A self-perpetuating cycle is established during breath holding which is initiated by the arrest of the ventilatory output of Co2. The arterial PaCOCo2 rises rapidly as a result of decreased clearance of Co2 from venous blood, the concentrating effect of lung volume shrinkage and the Haldane effect from oxygenation of hemoglobin. The venous PaCOCO2 rises more slowly because of the uptake of Co2 by the tissues and the Haldane effect from reduction of oxyhemoglobin. By this mechanism the Co2 output into the lungs progressively falls and eventually stops. The cycle then is reversed and Co2 moves from lungs to arterial blood. Submitted on March 2, 1959
Body temperature and heat exchange during treadmill running in dogs
Authors: Young D. R. , Mosher R. , Erve P. , Spector H. 
Published: December 2017

Body temperature during treadmill running was studied in six dogs at seven different grades from 0–22 degrees of inclination. The replicate variability in the work rectal, skin and fur temperature was ±0.5℉, ±1.4℉ and ±1.3℉, respectively. At grades up to 12 degrees of inclination there is a prolonged steady state in the rectal temperature. At higher grades there is a progressive increase in rectal temperature with running time. Body surface temperatures show little affect at the lower grades. At higher work intensities there is an increase in skin and fur temperature. Maximum heat storage varied from 21.3–41.3 Cal. during short term exhaustive work. This type of calculation is discussed critically. The relationship between rate of rise in rectal temperature and maximum performance time was studied. Without regard to work load a product-moment correlation coefficient of +0.991 was found. Submitted on September 17, 1958
Incidence of ulceration in the pylorus-ligated mouse
Authors: Ogawa Tokuo , Necheles H. 
Published: December 2017

Optimal conditions for ulcer production in the pylorus-ligated mouse seem to be the following: the use of animals between 9 and 11 weeks of age, a preoperative starvation period of 15 hours, an experimental period of 8 hours, and an ambient temperature of 28℃. Under these conditions, ulcers are produced in nearly all animals. It appears that gastric acidity in ulcer formation in the mouse may be secondary to gastric distention and interference with circulation. Submitted on December 1, 1958
Red blood cell distribution in the hypothermic ground squirrel
Authors: Lynch H. F. 
Published: December 2017

The quantity and distribution of the circulating red blood cell mass were studied in the ground squirrel during immersion hypothermia of 2°–4°C esophageal temperature. Mixing of isotopically tagged erythrocytes within the total red cell mass, as determined by comparison with euthermic values, was essentially complete within 10 minutes, so that little, if any, sequestration of blood occurred. The hematocrit ratio of blood within the heart lumina was maintained throughout this cold stress. Complete mixing of Cr51-tagged red blood cells took place within 1 hour in the erythrocytes of the kidney, cardiac muscle, diaphragm and leg muscles. The liver of the cold animal picked up radioactivity, perhaps due to damage of erythrocytes in the labeling process. Splenic contraction within 2 hours of acute hypothermia was indicated by a sharp decrease in its circulating red blood cell mass and by visual observation. The total erythrocyte mass in the cheek pouch of the hypothermic ground squirrel required about 3 hours to equilibrate with labeled cells, so that a small region of very slowly flowing blood did exist in this tissue. Maintenance of red blood cell flow to tissues indicated that some vasomotor control was intact during this acute cold stress. Submitted on January 27, 1959
Aortic grafts of polyurethane in dogs
Authors: Dreyer Barend , Akutsu Tetsuzo , Kolff Willem J. 
Published: December 2017

Membranes and abdominal aortic grafts made of Polyurethane VC and of polyurethane foam were inserted in 35 dogs. The reaction of the tissues to polyurethane was studied and the functioning of the aortic grafts with smooth internal surfaces (membrane form of polyurethane) was compared to that of those with spongy internal surfaces (foam form of polyurethane). Polyurethane VC membrane became encapsulated by an envelope of fibrous tissue and appeared to lose some strength inside the body, but fibrous tissue grew into polyurethane foam, strengthening it. The nine smooth grafts made of Polyurethane VC membrane all thrombosed, but 80% of the foam grafts remained open. This confirmed the observations of other workers that a smooth internal surface is undesirable in arterial transplants. The grafts of polyurethane foam functioned well as aortic replacements. They have many of the requirements of an ideal arterial transplant and are being studied further. Submitted on April 1, 1959
Relation of arterial pressure to spontaneous variations in digital volume
Authors: Burch G. E. , DePasquale N. 
Published: December 2017

Simultaneous digital plethysmographic and brachial arterial pressure recordings in 11 normal subjects at rest in bed in a comfortable atmosphere showed that the spontaneous variations in digital volume (alpha and beta deflections) were independent of variations in arterial blood pressure. This indicates that the regulation of the caliber of the peripheral blood vessels as well as the spontaneous variations in the volume of the digital vessels is not passively produced by fluctuations in arterial blood pressure, including the Traube-Hering waves, but must be controlled by different centers and pathways of the sympathetic nervous system. Submitted on July 27, 1959
Spontaneous variations in venous tone in man
Authors: Quiroz Antonio C. , Burch George E. , Malaret German E. 
Published: December 2017

Using the intact isolated venous segment technique, Statham strain-gauge pressure transducers and a multichannel direct recorder, spontaneous changes in venous tone were recorded in human subjects with and without congestive heart failure. Evidence was presented to show the existence of spontaneous variations in venous tone. Specific venous pressure deflections were described similar to, if not identical with, the alpha and beta deflections described in digital plethysmography. Venous pressure deflections associated with respiration and with transmitted arterial pulsations were also described. The effect of Cheyne-Stokes respiration on systemic venous pressure was observed fortuitously in one subject. It was noted that during sleep venous pressure usually decreased but occasionally increased. This increase is probably associated with dreams or other disturbances. Spontaneous venomotor changes were found equally in subjects with and those without congestive heart failure. Submitted on September 14, 1959
Tongue, hyoid and larynx displacement in swallow and phonation
Authors: Shelton Ralph L. , Bosma James F. , Sheets Boyd V. 
Published: December 2017

Cinefluorographic observations of the pharyngeal portion of the tongue and of the hyoid and larynx of 10 persons were reported during the following physiological acts: deglutition while in upright and in supine positions, phonation of the sound m and phonation of the sound m in the falsetto voice. The patterns of displacement in deglutition were found to be consistent among and within subjects for the 10 subjects. Consistent patterns were not found in the phonation series, but various similarities of phonation and deglutition were noted. The conclusions were reached that performance of swallow may be used to evaluate motor performance in the pharyngeal region and that understanding of pharyngeal physiology requires a multistructural approach. The concept of a unified tongue-hyoid-larynx column was endorsed. Submitted on November 9, 1959>
Effect of CO2 inhalation on arterial pressure, ECG and plasma catecholamines and 17-OH corticosteroids in normal man
Authors: Sechzer P. H. , Egbert L. D. , Linde H. W. , Cooper D. Y. , Dripps R. D. , Price H. L. 
Published: December 2017

Twelve male volunteers inspired concentrations of carbon dioxide in oxygen ranging from 7% to 14% for periods of 10– 20 minutes. Respiratory minute volume, arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine and 17-OH corticosteroids were increased in every subject during hypercarbia. Abnormal cardiac rhythm was infrequently observed. Following substitution of oxygen for the carbon dioxide-oxygen mixture, the altered measurements returned to normal over a period of roughly 10 minutes. Neither marked hypotension nor cardiac arrhythmia was observed after correction of hypercarbia. Submitted on January 8, 1960
Common carotid blood temperature
Authors: Rubenstein Edward , Meub Daniel W. , Eldridge Frederic 
Published: December 2017

Common carotid artery blood temperature was measured by means of a needle thermistor in seven subjects under thiopental-nitrous oxide anesthesia. In each subject the blood temperature was within 0.2°C of the oral temperature. In the one subject so tested, the breathing of air chilled to 4°C had no effect on the common carotid blood temperature. In four out of five subjects the common carotid artery temperature was lowered (0.2°–0.5°C) by applying cold packs to the homolateral side of the anterior aspect of the face and forehead for 5–20 minutes. In the fifth subject there was no change. The probable mechanism of this cooling is heat exchange between the artery and the internal jugular vein which drains the chilled structures through the common facial vein. Rewarming the face and forehead had no significant effect on the common carotid blood temperature. Submitted on July 8, 1959
Hand circulation in the cold of Lapps and North Norwegian fishermen
Authors: Krog J. , Folkow B. , Fox R. H. , Andersen K. Lange 
Published: December 2017

The hand blood flows of Norwegian Lapps and North Norwegian fishermen were compared with those of a group of control subjects to determine whether habituation to cold alters the local vascular response. Blood flow was measured using venous occlusion plethysmographs with local temperatures of 40°, 20°, 10°C and a few degrees above zero. In further experiments using Dewar-flask calorimeters, the rate of heat elimination and rapidity of onset of the cold vasodilatation response on immersing the hand in water at 0°C were also recorded. The subjects were kept warm in order to remove as far as possible the effects of differing degrees of vasoconstrictor fiber activity. The onset of the cold vasodilatation was found to be more rapid in the cold-habituated subjects than in the control subjects. The levels of hand blood flow were, however, the same in all three groups of subjects, implying that habituation to cold does not alter the local vascular response to temperature. It is suggested that the difference reported by other workers in similar studies are probably found only when subjects examined are partially vasoconstricted, and reflect a more general process of adaptation to cold which results in a reduced vasoconstrictor fiber activity on exposure to a given thermal environment. Submitted on August 19, 1959
Circulation of heat to the hands of Arctic Indians
Authors: Elsner Robert W. , Nelms John D. , Irving Laurence 
Published: December 2017

Nine Indian men of an arctic village and eight urban white men have been compared in their responses to hand immersion in cold water. Following a 30-minute immersion in warm water (30°C) the hands were placed in cold water in an insulated bath (initially 5°C) for an additional 30 minutes. The rate of heat transfer to the water, finger skin temperatures and skin temperatures over a wrist vein were measured. All subjects were tested in this manner in two environmental situations: clothed in a warm room and unclothed in a cool room. In another experiment six Indians and five whites immersed their right hands in ice water while sitting confortably warm. Generally, the Indians showed a markedly superior ability to maintain hands warm in cold water. Their hands transferred more heat to the water whether the subjects were comfortably warm or chilly. In the cool environment hand heat loss was reduced in both groups, but the calculated heat transfer from circulation alone was still about twice as great in the Indians. The skin temperature measurements reflected the general trends of hand cooling and rewarming. The Indians withstood the hand immersion in ice water with quicker rewarming and less pain than the whites. Although their response is not conserving of metabolic heat, the loss is apparently trivial. The warming of the Indians' hands appears therefore to be adaptive in nature. Submitted on November 12, 1959
Mechanism of action of insulin hypoglycemia on gastric secretion in man
Authors: Sun David C. H. , Shay Harry 
Published: December 2017

The effect of insulin hypoglycemia on acid output of gastric secretion over 5-hour periods was studied in eighteen patients with duodenal ulcer, five patients before and after vagotomy and two patients before and after bilateral total adrenalectomy. Results of this study show three components of the mechanism of action of insulin hypoglycemia on gastric secretion, an initial inhibitory effect on basal gastric secretion, a stimulating effect mediated through the vagus nerve responsible for the early phase of secretion (1st and 2nd hr.) and. a gastric secretory response mediated through the adrenal glands manifested in the late phase of secretion (3rd–5th hr.). However, the magnitude of this late phase of gastric secretion was considerably less pronounced after vagotomy. It appears that a maximal response of this phase of gastric secretion following insulin hypoglycemia dependent on the adrenal gland is also dependent upon an intact vagal mechanism. A significant hypoglycemia of 40 mg % or less was necessary to produce the late phase of gastric secretion. The adrenal phase can contribute to the potential for ulcer occurrence or reactivation, not so much through the increase in secretion it alone might induce, since this is small, but of greater importance in its synergistic action with the vagal mechanism. Submitted on December 9, 1959
External work in level and grade walking on a motor-driven treadmill
Authors: Snellen J. W. 
Published: December 2017

When studying a walking subject's thermal exchange with the environment, it is essential to know whether in level walking any part of the total energy expenditure is converted into external mechanical work and whether in grade walking the amount of the external work is predictable from physical laws. For this purpose an experiment was set up in which a subject walked on a motor-driven treadmill in a climatic room. In each series of measurements a subject walked uphill for 3 hours and on the level for another hour. Metabolism was kept equal in both situations. Air and wall temperatures were adjusted to the observed weighted skin temperature in order to avoid any heat exchange by radiation and convection. Heat loss by evaporation was derived from the weight loss of the subject. All measurements were carried out in a state of thermal equilibrium. In grade walking there was a difference between heat production and heat loss by evaporation. This difference equaled the caloric equivalent of the product of body weight and gained height. In level walking the heat production equaled heat loss. Hence it was concluded that in level walking all the energy is converted into heat inside the body. Submitted on April 26, 1960
Influence of state of inflation of the lung on pulmonary vascular resistance
Authors: Whittenberger James L. , McGregor Maurice , Berglund Erik , Borst Hans G. 
Published: December 2017

The relationship between the degree of pulmonary inflation and the pulmonary vascular resistance was studied in an open-chested dog preparation. It was possible to control the state of inflation and the blood flow to the lung under study. Vascular resistance could then be observed under controlled conditions. In most cases the resistance at complete collapse was very slightly higher than at moderate levels of inflation. In a few instances collapse was associated with a more marked elevation of resistance. Higher levels of inflation resulted in elevation of vascular resistance. At high levels of pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary arterial pressure, the flow resistance curve is lower than at low levels of blood flow. The resistance values obtained during deflation of the lung were consistently different at equal transpulmonary pressures from those obtained during inflation. The possible reasons for this hysteresis are discussed. Evidence is presented that the increased resistance at high levels of lung inflation is due to the effect of transpulmonary pressure on the vessels surrounding the alveoli. Submitted on January 11, 1960
Energy expenditure in level and grade walking
Authors: Bobbert A. C. 
Published: December 2017

An empirical formula was developed from which mean values for energy expenditure per kilogram of body weight (Ew) can be calculated for groups of normal adult males, walking on a motor-driven treadmill with speeds in the range of 35–115 m/min. and gradients in the range of 0–12 degrees. The formula was derived from experiments with two subjects. From the results it appears that Ew increases with the square of speed both in level and grade walking and that log Ew increases linearly with the geometric angle (in degrees). The validity of the formula was tested by experiments with 4 other subjects and experimental data from the literature. A close agreement between actual and predicted values was found. Factors influencing individual values for Ew are discussed. A diagram is presented from which Ew may be read off for various combinations of gradient and speed. Submitted on September 17, 1959
Effect of training on eosinophil response of exercised rats
Authors: Keeney Clifford E. 
Published: December 2017

The eosinophil count of 10 rats decreased from a mean resting count of 435.5 cells/cu mm-233.2, 4 hours after swimming to exhaustion (mean swimming time 66.2 min.). After submaximal swimming (mean swimming time 33.1 min.) the mean eosinophil count was 275.3. Following a 6-week period of daily swimming the mean eosinophil count after exhaustive swimming was 114.4 cells/cu mm (mean swimming time 126.5 min.). After submaximal swimming (mean swimming time 63.2 min.) the mean eosinophil count was 143.6 cells/cu mm. Eight days after the termination of training the eosinophil response was measured after swimming bouts of the same duration as the pretraining periods (66.2 and 33.1 min.). The eosinophil counts were 261.2 and 270.0, respectively. Eosinophil counts immediately following training were statistically significantly lower than pretraining counts or counts made 8 days after termination of training. Counts after exhaustive swimming were significantly lower than after submaximal swimming. It was concluded that training increases the magnitude of the eosinophil response to exercise. Submitted on November 13, 1959