bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substorm simulation: Quiet and N‐S arcs preceding auroral breakup
Authors: Ebihara Y. , Tanaka T. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAuroral breakup at the onset of substorm expansion is sometimes preceded by auroral forms known as quiet arcs and N‐S arcs. Observations have shown that both the auroral forms tend to move equatorward, and the initial brightening takes place in or near one of the quiet arcs. The auroral forms attract great attention, but generation of auroral forms and their association with the initial brightening are poorly understood. Recent global magnetohydrodynamic simulations are capable of producing upward field‐aligned currents (FACs) that resemble the auroral forms in both shape and temporal evolution. Based on the simulation results, we propose the following scenarios: (1) When the convection electric field is weak (northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)), the high‐pressure region is elongated from the plasma sheet toward higher latitudes and is structured by a coupling between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere (interchange‐like instabilities). (2) When the convection electric field is strong (southward IMF), the structured high‐pressure region moves equatorward (toward the plasma sheet). Upward currents are generated around it, which can be observed as arcs in the ionosphere. The upward current can be tentatively intensified in the course of the equatorward movement before the formation of a near‐Earth neutral line (NENL). (3) The NENL releases magnetic tension and results in the enhancement of plasma pressure at off‐equator in the near‐Earth region. Sudden formation of the off‐equatorial high‐pressure region generates the onset current system that manifests initial brightening. Our scenario can explain the observational fact that poleward arcs remained undisturbed at the onset.
High‐spatial‐resolution velocity measurements derived using Local Divergence‐Free Fitting of SuperDARN observations
Authors: Bristow W. A. , Hampton D. L. , Otto A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA new technique for analysis of Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) line‐of‐sight velocity observations enables resolving plasma convection with unprecedented spatial resolution. The technique, Local Divergence‐Free Fitting (LDFF), can be used to produce maps with a spatial resolution that is determined by the resolution of the observations rather than an arbitrary fit order. Other techniques, which express the potential as a sum of harmonic functions, limit the number of functions in the expansion to the fit order. Doing so imposes a limit on the minimum size of features that will be represented in the results. The LDFF technique is not limited by this constraint. Rather, it is limited by the resolution of the observations and the amount of regularization required by the observed noise level, which generally allows finer‐scale features to be represented. The LDFF technique is described and then applied to a synthetic data set to demonstrate its validity. Then high‐resolution convection maps are presented from an interval during which auroral observations over Alaska showed poleward boundary intensifications (PBIs) and auroral streamers. Overlays of the convection vectors on the auroral images illustrate correspondence between flow features and the auroral luminosity. Detailed comparison between the flows and images showed that the PBIs originated from polar cap boundary arcs that extended away from midnight toward earlier local times. As the arcs extended they were accompanied by enhanced shear flow. The arcs intensified then moved equatorward becoming streamers. As the arcs moved, the region of shear flow followed their motion, indicating a pattern of field‐aligned current associated with the moving arc. The observations are the most comprehensive and detailed known to the authors for such an interval and agree well with the expected plasma flows based upon magnetospheric simulations. Flow vectors generated for the interval by the spherical harmonic fit technique for the most part do not show the direct relationship between the convection and the localized luminosity features nearly as well as the LDFF results. Some of the features found in the LDFF fitting are simply not present in the results from the global fits. The LDFF technique should find application in a variety of studies where high‐spatial‐resolution estimates of plasma flows are required. The example study presented here, which examined the details of flows in the region of auroral arcs, is representative of such problems.
Response of the incompressible ionosphere to the compression of the magnetosphere during the geomagnetic sudden commencements
Authors: Kikuchi T. , Hashimoto K. K. , Tomizawa I. , Ebihara Y. , Nishimura Y. , Araki T. , Shinbori A. , Veenadhari B. , Tanaka T. , Nagatsuma T. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe ionospheric plasma in midlatitude moves upward/downward during the geomagnetic sudden commencement causing the HF Doppler frequency changes; SCF (+ −) and (− +) on the dayside and nightside, respectively, except for the SCF (+ −) in the evening as found by Kikuchi et al. (1985). Although the preliminary and main frequency deviations (PFD, MFD) of the SCF have been attributed to the dusk‐to‐dawn and dawn‐to‐dusk potential electric fields, there still remain questions if the positive PFD can be caused by the compressional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave and what causes the evening anomaly of the SCF. With the HF Doppler sounder, we show that the dayside ionosphere moves upward toward the Sun during the main impulse (MI) of the SC, when the compressional wave is supposed to push the ionosphere downward. The motion of the ionosphere is shown to be correlated with the equatorial electrojet, matching the potential electric field transmitted with the ionospheric currents from the polar ionosphere. We confirmed that the electric field of the compressional wave is severely suppressed by the conducting ionosphere and reproduced the SC electric fields using the global MHD simulation in which the potential solver is employed. The model calculations well reproduced the preliminary impulse and MI electric fields and their evening anomaly. It is suggested that the electric potential is transmitted from the polar ionosphere to the equator by the zeroth‐order transverse magnetic (TM0) mode waves in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide. The near‐instantaneous transmission of the electric potential leads to instantaneous global response of the incompressible ionosphere.
Tropospheric ozonesonde profiles at long‐term U.S. monitoring sites: 1. A climatology based on self‐organizing maps
Authors: Stauffer Ryan M. , Thompson Anne M. , Young George S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSonde‐based climatologies of tropospheric ozone (O3) are vital for developing satellite retrieval algorithms and evaluating chemical transport model output. Typical O3 climatologies average measurements by latitude or region, and season. A recent analysis using self‐organizing maps (SOM) to cluster ozonesondes from two tropical sites found that clusters of O3 mixing ratio profiles are an excellent way to capture O3 variability and link meteorological influences to O3 profiles. Clusters correspond to distinct meteorological conditions, e.g., convection, subsidence, cloud cover, and transported pollution. Here the SOM technique is extended to four long‐term U.S. sites (Boulder, CO; Huntsville, AL; Trinidad Head, CA; and Wallops Island, VA) with 4530 total profiles. Sensitivity tests on k‐means algorithm and SOM justify use of 3 × 3 SOM (nine clusters). At each site, SOM clusters together O3 profiles with similar tropopause height, 500 hPa height/temperature, and amount of tropospheric and total column O3. Cluster means are compared to monthly O3 climatologies. For all four sites, near‐tropopause O3 is double (over +100 parts per billion by volume; ppbv) the monthly climatological O3 mixing ratio in three clusters that contain 13–16% of profiles, mostly in winter and spring. Large midtropospheric deviations from monthly means (−6 ppbv, +7–10 ppbv O3 at 6 km) are found in two of the most populated clusters (combined 36–39% of profiles). These two clusters contain distinctly polluted (summer) and clean O3 (fall‐winter, high tropopause) profiles, respectively. As for tropical profiles previously analyzed with SOM, O3 averages are often poor representations of U.S. O3 profile statistics.
Indirect evidence of the composition of nucleation mode atmospheric particles in the high Arctic
Authors: Giamarelou Maria , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Nyeki Stephan , Tunved Peter , Torseth Kjetil , Biskos George 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPrevious long‐term observations have shown that nanoparticle formation events are common in the summer‐time high Arctic and linked to local photochemical activity. However, current knowledge is limited with respect to the chemical precursors of resulting nanoparticles and the compounds involved in their subsequent growth. Here we report case‐study measurements during new particle formation (NPF) events of the particle size distribution (diameter > 7 nm) and for the first time the volatility of monodisperse particles having diameter ≤40 nm, providing indirect information about their composition. Volatility measurements provide indirect evidence that a predominant fraction of the 12 nm particle population is ammoniated sulfates in the summertime high Arctic. Our observations further suggest that the majority of the sub‐40 nm particle population during NPF events does not exist in the form of sulfuric acid but rather as partly or fully neutralized ammoniated sulfates.
Luminosity in the initial breakdown stage of cloud‐to‐ground and intracloud lightning
Authors: Wilkes R. A. , Uman M. A. , Pilkey J. T. , Jordan D. M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe present simultaneously measured luminosity and electric field data from the initial breakdown (IB) stage in seven cloud‐to‐ground (CG) and eight intracloud (IC) lightning discharges along with, in three cases, radar and Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) data. The data were taken in north‐central Florida in 2013 and 2014. Seven CG discharges had an arithmetic mean (standard deviation, SD) IB stage luminosity pulse train duration of 3 ms (2 ms), and within the seven CG discharges, 30 luminosity pulses had the following means (SD): 10% to 90% risetime 25 µs (16 µs), full width at half maximum 68 µs (21 µs), and delay between onset of the electric field pulse and associated luminosity pulse 8 µs (8 µs). Eight IC discharges had a mean (SD) IB stage luminosity pulse train duration of 11 ms (4 ms), and within the 8 IC discharges, 37 luminosity pulses exhibited mean risetimes, widths, and delays of 59 µs (36 µs), 176 µs (70 µs), and 34 µs (20 µs), all significantly greater than in the CG case. The roughly 10 LMA sources associated with each of the three IB stages in 2014 are grouped horizontally within about 1 km2. The mean altitude (SD) of the LMA points during two CG IB stages is 5 km (600 m) and 4.3 km (250 m) and during one IC discharge is 6.2 km (550 m). We discuss the role of optical scattering in delaying and distorting the observed luminosity waveforms.
Representation of topography by partial steps using the immersed boundary method in a vector vorticity equation model (VVM)
Authors: Chien Mu‐Hua , Wu Chien‐Ming 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this study, representation of surface topography in the vector vorticity equation model (VVM) is updated with a partial step approach using the immersed boundary method. Compared with the full step approach, the partial step approach provides additional topography forcing to represent micro mountains while preserving the same grid structure through interpolating from adjacent grid points. It maintains the characteristics of dynamics and physics of VVM and improves the representation of gentle slope topography without increasing vertical resolution. This approach produces reasonable results on the simulation of classical mountain waves with coarse vertical resolution. Additional experiments are performed to verify our approach including density driven flow using a cold bubble and 3‐D orographic precipitation over a ridge. The results show that vorticity fields in the partial step approach have a smoother response to the gentle slopes due to the improvement in the topography representation.
Safety in Numbers: A Policy‐Capturing Study of the Alibi Assessment Process
Authors: Eastwood Joseph , Snook Brent , Au David 
Published: January 2016

SummaryA policy‐capturing analysis of alibi assessments was conducted. University students (N = 65), law enforcement students (N = 21), and police officers (N = 11) were provided with 32 statements from individuals supporting a suspect's alibi (i.e., alibi corroborators) and asked to assess the believability of the alibi, the suspect's guilt, and whether they would arrest the suspect. Each statement was composed of five binary features (i.e., relationship between corroborator and accused, age of corroborator, amount of available corroborators, alibi corroborator's confidence in their account, and memorability of the target event). Results showed that there was much parity in the type of information used to assess alibis across the samples. Specifically, we found that 90% of participants' decision policies included the amount of corroborators. Participants also relied upon, albeit to a lesser extent, the suspect–corroborator relationship and the age of the corroborator when assessing the alibi. The potential implications of these findings for understanding how people assess alibi corroborators are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Red, Blue, and Green are Affectively Judged
Authors: Briki Walid , Hue Olivier 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe present study aimed at examining how the colors red, blue, and green were affectively judged through three variables: dominance, arousal, and pleasure. All participants were exposed to red, blue, green, and white (control condition), which were created using the hue–saturation–value color model. Then, participants were invited to rate their perceptions using the self‐assessment manikin. Results showed that (a) red was strongly associated with dominance and arousal; (b) blue was moderately and slightly associated with dominance and arousal, respectively; (c) green was slightly associated with arousal; and (d) blue and green were slightly more pleasurable than red. These results provide initial insights into how people perceive colors through the notions of dominance, arousal, and pleasure. Important practical implications for the use of colors are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel treatment adjunct for aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease: the low‐salicylate diet: a multicenter randomized control crossover trial
Authors: Sommer Doron D. , Rotenberg Brian W. , Sowerby Leigh J. , Lee John M. , Janjua Arif , Witterick Ian J. , Monteiro Eric , Gupta Michael K. , Au Michael , Nayan Smriti 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundAspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a clinical triad consisting of aspirin/acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) sensitivity, bronchial asthma, and nasal polyposis. Although respiratory reactions following ingestion of ASA and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered a hallmark of the condition, respiratory inflammation persists despite patients’ avoidance of NSAIDs. Treatment of this condition remains challenging and includes both medical and surgical options.MethodsA prospective crossover single‐blind multicenter study involving 4 tertiary rhinology care centers (n = 30) was conducted in which patients were randomized to start with either 6 weeks of a regular diet or 6 weeks of a low‐salicylate diet and then crossed‐over for a total study duration of 12 weeks. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 6 weeks (at crossover) and 12 weeks using subjective measures (22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test‐22 [SNOT‐22], Nasal Sinus Symptom Scale [NSSS], and 7‐item Asthma Control Questionnaire [ACQ‐7]) and objective outcome instruments (Perioperative Sinus Evaluation [POSE] and Lund‐Kennedy Endoscopic Score [LKES]).ResultsData was analyzed for 30 patients. Wilcoxon rank sum tests determined that patients had improvement in their median difference in scores, which were all statistically significant, when they followed the low‐salicylate diet compared to their regular diet: SNOT‐22: 15 (95% confidence interval [CI], 10 to 23.25), p < 0.001; NSSS: 3 (95% CI, 1.75 to 4), p < 0.001; ACQ‐7: 4.5 (95% CI, 1.5 to 8.5), p < 0.001; POSE 6 (95% CI, 2.5 to 10), p < 0.001; and LKES: 2.5 (95% CI, 1.5 to 4), p < 0.001).ConclusionThe low‐salicylate diet may offer a novel treatment adjunct to the current management of AERD. Clinically and statistically significant improvements on both subjective and objective outcome measures were noted for the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Frontal sinus surgery and sinus distribution of nasal irrigation
Authors: Barham Henry P. , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Knisely Anna , Do Timothy Quy‐Phong , Chan Lyndon S. , Gunaratne Dakshika A. , Weston Jared D. , Seneviratne Sheran , Marcells George N. , Sacks Raymond , Harvey Richard J. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundEffective mucus lavage and delivery of topical pharmaceuticals are central to successful management of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The frontal sinus remains difficult to penetrate with topical therapies. This study evaluates the benefit of Draf III frontal dissection compared to traditional Draf IIa for distribution of topical therapies.MethodsFresh human cadaver heads were dissected sequentially with Draf IIa frontal sinusotomy and then Draf III procedures. Each cavity was irrigated with pediatric (120 mL) and adult (240 mL) irrigation bottles with 1/1000 10% fluorescein‐labeled free water in 2 fixed positions (vertex and Frankfort horizontal). An endoscope at a fixed position within the frontal sinus recorded frontal sinus and frontal recess penetration. The images then underwent blinded evaluation of fluid distribution scored as 0 to 4 (nasal cavity only, frontal recess, medial one‐half, lateral one‐half, and lavage). Ordinal distribution score was analyzed with Kendall's tau‐b.ResultsEight specimens (age 76 ± 11.2 years; 50% female) were assessed. Draf III was superior to Draf IIa in ability to achieve frontal sinus distribution of irrigation (90.6% vs 50.1%, p < 0.001). Vertex head position improved distribution (90.6% vs 50.1%, p < 0.001), was synergistic with Draf III (100% with 87.5% lavage, p < 0.001), but was unable to overcome Draf IIa (81.2% with 25% lavage, p < 0.001). Irrigation volume trended toward improved distribution with larger volume irrigations.ConclusionSuccessful treatment of sinonasal disease may require postoperative delivery of topical therapies. Draf III frontal sinusotomy achieves superior topical access, and access to the frontal sinus with Draf IIa appears limited, despite large volumes and positioning.
Baseline clinical characteristics predict follow‐up clinic attendance in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Lal Devyani , B. Golisch Kimberly , Chang Yu‐Hui , A. Rank Matthew 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThe objective of this work was to describe the association between baseline clinical characteristics and attendance at follow‐up visits after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).MethodsA retrospective review of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients electing ESS at a tertiary‐care center (2011‐2013) was conducted. Baseline characteristics were studied for association with clinic attendance at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post‐ESS.ResultsWe identified 268 patients. Significant decline occurred in the number of patients following up after ESS (3 months: 246 patients [92%]; 6 months: 145 [54%]; 12 months: 94 [35%]; and 24 months: 90 [34%]). Older patients were more likely to follow up at 3 months (mean age 55.7 vs 48.4 years, p = 0.04) and 6 months (57.5 vs 52.3 years; p = 0.01) post‐ESS. Those with higher preoperative sinus computed tomography (CT) (Lund‐Mackay) scores were more likely to follow at 6 months (11.8 vs 10.3, p = 0.01), 12 months (12.6 vs 10.3, p < 0.001), and 24 months (12.2 vs 10.5, p = 0.01). At 12 months having asthma (p = 0.03), previous ESS (p = 0.04), nasal polyps (p < 0.0001), allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) (p = 0.002), and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) (p = 0.01) were associated with clinic attendance. At 24 months asthma status (p = 0.003), previous ESS (p = 0.002), AFS (p = 0.04), GPA (p = 0.001), and aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) (p = 0.006) were associated with higher attendance. Geographical proximity did not impact attendance.ConclusionThe sharpest decline in patient follow‐up occurred between 3–6 months after ESS. Higher preoperative sinus CT scores, previous ESS, presence of asthma, and diagnosis of recalcitrant CRS subtype (nasal polyps, AERD, AFS, GPA) were factors associated with increased long‐term attendance.
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased human sinonasal fibroblast proliferation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Carroll William W. , Schlosser Rodney J. , O'Connell Brendan P. , Soler Zachary M. , Mulligan Jennifer K. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundVitamin D3 (VD3) is a steroid hormone with known antiproliferative properties. Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) have been shown to be VD3‐deficient. Moreover, VD3 deficiency is associated with worse disease in patients with CRSwNP. One cell type thought to play a role in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is the human sinonasal fibroblast (HSNF). The aim of this study was to investigate VD3 deficiency and HSNF proliferation in CRSwNP.MethodsBlood and sinus tissue explants were collected at the time of surgery from patients with CRSwNP (n = 15). Control subjects (n = 12) were undergoing surgery for cerebrospinal fluid leak repair or to remove non–hormone‐secreting pituitary tumors. Ex vivo HSNF proliferation was analyzed with flow cytometry using expression of fibroblast‐specific protein (FSP) and the proliferation marker Ki67. Plasma levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25VD3) were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. In vitro analysis of HSNF proliferation after treatment with calcitriol (1,25VD3) was performed using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and analyzed with flow cytometry.ResultsIn CRSwNP patients there was an inverse correlation between 25VD3 and proliferating HSNFs (p = 0.0135). This correlation was not seen for control patients (p = 0.3869). In vitro analysis showed that HSNFs from patients with CRSwNP had a higher proliferation index at baseline than HSNFs from control patients (p < 0.01). When treated with 1,25VD3, there was a significant decrease in HSNF proliferation index in patients with CRSwNP (p < 0.01), but not control patients.ConclusionVD3 deficiency is associated with increased HSNF proliferation in CRSwNP. Further investigation into how HSNFs and VD3 impact CRSwNP pathophysiology is warranted.