bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Downscaling of monthly precipitation using CMIP5 climate models operated under RCPs
Authors: Okkan Umut , Kirdemir Umut 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTDownscaling of general circulation model (GCM) outputs extracted from CMIP5 datasets to monthly precipitation for the Gediz Basin, Turkey, under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) was performed by statistical downscaling models, multi‐GCM ensemble and bias correction. The output databases from 12 GCMs were used for the projections. To determine explanatory predictor variables, the correlation analysis was applied between precipitation observed at 39 meteorological stations located over the Basin and potential predictors of ERA‐Interim reanalysis data. After setting both artificial neural networks and least‐squares support vector machine‐based statistical downscaling models calibrated with determined predictor variables, downscaling models producing the most suitable results were chosen for each meteorological station. The selected downscaling model structure for each station was then operated with historical and future scenarios RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5. Afterwards, the monthly precipitation forecasts were obtained from a multi‐GCM ensemble based on Bayesian model averaging and bias correction applications. The statistical significance of the foreseen changes for the future period 2015–2050 was investigated using Student's t test. The projected decrease trend in precipitation is significant for the RCP8.5 scenario, whereas it is less significant for the RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 scenarios.
Portion‐size preference as a function of individuals' body mass index
Authors: Reily N. M. , Herman C. P. , Vartanian L. R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryObjectiveLarge portions of food are often blamed for rising rates of obesity. We tested the possibility that people who are heavier may tend to select or prefer larger portions than do people who are lighter.MethodsParticipants (total N = 798) were asked to choose between a small and larger portion of pasta for a hypothetical meal (Studies 1, 2 and 4), to indicate their ideal portion from a range of portion‐size options (Study 2), or to select their preferred portion size from each of 28 portion pairs (Study 3).ResultsAcross all studies, there were no significant differences between heavier and lighter participants in their portion‐size selection (effect sizes ranged from d = −0.06 to 0.33). The pattern was the same regardless of whether we grouped participants as having a body mass index (BMI) <25 vs. ≥25, as having a BMI of <30 vs. ≥30, or treated BMI as a continuous predictor.ConclusionsGiven the lack of association between BMI and portion‐size preference, we suggest that factors other than portion size, such as differences in meal frequency, food type, plate clearing or compensation at subsequent meals, may need to be considered in order to explain the increasing prevalence of obesity.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Tests on Explosively‐Induced Water Jet Phenomena
Authors: Enache Constantin , Trană Eugen , Rotariu Traian , Rotariu Adrian , Ţigănescu Viorel Tudor , Zecheru Teodora 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study addresses some aspects regarding water jet propulsion during high explosives detonation. A number of theoretical and experimental studies have shown that using Gurney equation and the relationships derived, one can provide fair results regarding initial velocity of metallic fragments for explosively‐driven metal casings. However, an investigation on Gurney equations utilization for the prediction of water velocity has not been performed yet. By carrying out simple experimental tests and numerical simulations, water has been investigated in terms of total mass average velocity and tip velocity. Based on the available data, the findings indicate that Gurney equations overestimate the water mass average velocity. For water tip velocity evaluation, further studies should be made.
Mn+Sb2O3 Thermite/Intermetallic Delay Compositions
Authors: Montgomery Yolandi C. , Focke Walter W. , Atanasova Maria , Del Fabbro Olinto , Kelly Cheryl 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe binary Mn+Sb2O3 pyrotechnic composition was investigated for mining detonator time delay applications. EKVI thermodynamic modelling predicted two maxima in the adiabatic reaction temperature. The local maximum, at a manganese fuel content of ca. 36 wt‐%, corresponds to a pure thermite‐type redox reaction: 3 Mn+Sb2O3→3 MnO+2Sb. The overall maximum in the adiabatic reaction temperature (ca. 1640 K), at the fuel‐rich composition of 49 wt‐% Mn, is consistent with the reaction 5 Mn+Sb2O3→3 MnO+2 MnSb, i.e. a combination of the standard thermite with an additional exothermic intermetallic reaction. XRD analysis of combustion residues confirmed the formation of MnSb and Mn2Sb for fuel‐rich compositions. Burn rates were measured using delay elements assembled into commercial detonators. The d50 particle sizes were 23.4 and 0.92 μm for the Mn fuel and Sb2O3 oxidant powders, respectively. The delay elements comprised rolled lead tubes with a length of 44 mm and an outer diameter of 6.4 mm. The rolling action compacted the pyrotechnic compositions to 74 ± 2 % theoretical maximum density. The burning rate increased linearly from 4.2 to 9.4 mm s−1 over the composition range 25–50 wt‐% Mn.
On the Origin and Use of the Emissivity Approximations for Alumina Particles
Authors: Kalman Joseph , Hedman Trevor 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe commonly used spectral dependences for the emissivity of aluminum oxide particles are investigated. Theoretical considerations from Mie theory and the optical properties of alumina give rise to inverse wavelength and λ−2 dependences when particles fall within the Rayleigh scattering regime. Analysis of particles of an arbitrary size (i.e. outside the Rayleigh regime) demonstrates that no general relationship exists between the wavelength and the spectral emissivity of these particles contrary to what has been routinely applied in the literature. This result was attributed to the dependence of both the spectral dependence and magnitude of the complex refractive index on the spectral emissivity. The significance of these results to applications (e.g. aluminized propellants) is discussed.
Spin‐glass state induced low field magnetization‐step effect in a Hg1−xMnxTe single crystal
Authors: Zhu Liangqing , Shao Jun , Zhu Liang , Chen Xiren , Lin Tie , Zhang Yuanyuan , Li Yanqiu , Qi Zhen , Bai Wei , Tang Xiaodong , Chu Junhao 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe low field magnetization‐step effect was observed in the spin‐glass (SG) regime of p‐type single crystal when the temperature was less than about 3 K. The main features of this effect were (i) the magnetic susceptibility suddenly reduced to almost zero as the magnetic field decreased below a critical value; (ii) the critical magnetic field correlated reversely to temperature. In addition, X‐ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and temperature‐dependent Hall measurements manifested this effect was the intrinsic nature of the single crystal. Qualitative theoretical analysis suggests that the possible mechanism of low field magnetization‐step effect is the combined effect of SG transition and (long‐range) antiferromagnetic interactions among ions in randomly frustrated spins system.
One Size Care Does Not Fit All Patients Undergoing a Spinal Fusion
Authors: McMullan Taralyn 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Purpose:
Spinal fusion (SF) surgery is a complex procedure that affects children with and without underlying disabilities. The purpose of this article was to describe the necessary steps when preparing a child, specifically with cerebral palsy (CP), and family for an SF, while also emphasizing the postoperative care during discharge planning.

Design:
Literature review on pediatric patients undergoing SF and those who have CP.

Methods:
Literature was searched using the CINAHL database, from 2009 to 2016. Key terms included spinal fusion, cerebral palsy, pediatrics, orthopedic surgery, team approach, management and developmental disability, or disability. Literature was reviewed to provide recommendations on caring for children undergoing an SF who also have CP as little literature supports exact care measures on this cohort of patients.

Findings:
Variations exist in the surgery type, specification, and approach, as well as history, growth, and developmental capabilities of the child and caregiver’s expectations. Nurses must be aware of all of these factors to promote safe, effective, timely, and patient-centered care. In particular, patients with an underlying condition of CP may be more likely to experience complications that make understanding these processes essential to the surgery itself.

Conclusions:
Although an SF may be a necessary surgery to correct a curve or spine deformity, there are many complications that a child with CP might encounter. The health care team must work closely with the child and the family to ensure that all treatment recommendations are met to minimize any unnecessary complications. Each surgery must focus specifically on meeting the child’s and family’s needs to ensure success while incorporating the health care team’s approach.

Clinical Relevance:
Providing patient and family-centered care for children having an SF is essential to optimize outcomes and improve quality of life for patients and caregivers.
Is it Worth the Money? The Functionality of Engineered Shallow Stream Banks as Habitat for Juvenile Fishes in Heavily Modified Water Bodies
Authors: Pander J. , Mueller M. , Knott J. , Egg L. , Geist J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHeavily modified water bodies (HMWB) are characterized by monotonous and straightened channel morphologies with high degrees of bank enforcement. They often lack shallow bank habitats, which are considered important for critical life stages of fishes. In this study, three principle options to engineer shallow stream zones were assessed concerning the value of the created habitats for larval, juvenile and adult stages of fishes in 30 sites from three HMWB. The construction scheme of the juvenile habitats comprised different degrees of embankment ranging from rip‐rap structures with steep bank angles to almost nature‐like construction schemes with very flat river‐banks and sparing usage of structural enrichment such as boulders and dead wood. In general, the differences between the three habitat types were more pronounced in density of different life stages than in the presence or absence of species or certain life stages. A steep bank angle and a high degree of engineering such as placement of rip‐rap embankment, boulders or dead wood structure in the habitats were hardly accepted by early larval and juvenile stages of rheophilic fishes. In contrast, the construction scheme of a nature‐like habitat with a flat bank angle (<10%), low water depth (mean = 24 cm) and a sparing usage of coarse woody debris (CWD) and boulders had the highest success. Other investigated habitat types did not provide additional benefit, neither in terms of supporting additional species and life stages, nor in high individual numbers and should thus only be implemented when land for restoration is scarce and nature‐like habitats cannot be realized. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation‐based cell search method for a mobile relay deployed on a moving network
Authors: Go Kwang‐Chun , Lee Hyun‐Jin , Kim Jae‐Hyun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMobile relay (MR) can be deployed in many scenarios for a promising solution to extend a capacity in moving networks. The cell search is important for the mobility management. The cell search of the MR may cause two problems. First, all the mobile stations (MSs) connected via the MR experience service interruption during the cell search of the MR. Second, the wireless resources allocated to the MR is wasted during the cell search of the MR. To solve these problems, we propose an estimation‐based cell search method (ECSM) for the MR. The ECSM exploits the signal quality information measured by the MSs to detect the neighbor base stations (BSs) and to estimate the signal quality between the detected neighbor BSs and the MR. We verified the performance of ECSM in terms of estimation error, cell detection probability, and network overhead. Unlike the conventional estimation method, the estimation error of ECSM rapidly converges and attains to less than 1 dB when the number of measurements is 4. The ECSM can improve the cell detection probability at the expense of a relatively small amount of the signaling overhead. Therefore, the proposed method can be applied to a next‐generation relay‐enhanced cellular network. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DiscoverFriends: secure social network communication in mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Joy Joshua , Chung Eric , Yuan Zengwen , Li Jiayao , Zou Leqi , Gerla Mario 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a secure communication application called DiscoverFriends. Its purpose is to securely communicate to a group of online friends while bypassing their respective social networking servers under a mobile ad hoc network environment. DiscoverFriends leverages Bloom filters and a hybrid encryption technique with a self‐organized public‐key management scheme to securely identify friends and provide authentication. Additionally, DiscoverFriends enables anonymous location check‐ins by utilizing a new cryptographic primitive called function secret sharing. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, DiscoverFriends implements and evaluates the first Android multi‐hop WiFi direct protocol using IPv6. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection Rate, Recall Rate, and Positive Predictive Value of Digital Compared to Screen-Film Mammography in the Quebec Population-Based Breast Cancer Screening Program
Authors: Théberge Isabelle , Vandal Nathalie , Langlois André , Pelletier Éric , Brisson Jacques 
Published: July 2016

Purpose The study sought to compare performance indicators of computed radiography (CR) using different plate readers, digital direct radiography (DR), and screen-film mammography (SFM) in a population-based screening program. Methods This analysis involved women 50-69 years of age who participated in the breast screening program of Quebec (Canada) and who had screening mammogram between January 1, 2007, and September 30, 2012. The detection rate, recall rate, and positive predictive value of CR (n = 672,125 mammograms) and DR (n = 60,023) were compared to SFM (n = 782,894) using mixed-effect logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. No institutional review board approval was required. Results CR was not associated with change in cancer detection rate (odds ratio [OR]: 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88-1.03), but with a small increase in recall rate (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06) compared to SFM. The association of CR with recall rate varies with the CR plate reader manufacturer ( P < .0001). DR was not associated with change in detection rate (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.89-1.25), but with an increase in the recall rate (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.19-1.30) compared to SFM. Conclusions In our screening program, digital mammograms gave detection rates equivalent to those of SFM, but with an increase of recall rate, particularly for DR. If this situation persists, the adoption of DR may increase the adverse effects of screening with little or no benefit for women.
Why Firms Perform Differently in Corporate Social Responsibility? Firm Ownership and the Persistence of Organizational Imprints
Authors: Han Yi , Zheng Enying 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the effects of firms’ founding ownership in shaping their corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance in China. Drawing on a nationwide survey of 1,037 representative manufacturing firms in 12 cities, we specify the imprinting effects of firms’ founding ownership on labor and environmental protections, two important CSR practices. Our results show that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) founded during the state socialist period, regardless of their restructuring experience in the market reform era, continued to implement pro-labor practices. Moreover, even the SOEs founded in the market reform era provided better labor protection than non-SOEs founded during the same time. In contrast, the founding imprints of environmentalism in the reform era for non-SOEs, especially thede novoprivate firms, explain why they spent more than SOEs in environmental protection. We extend the organizational imprinting theory by highlighting the importance of firms’ founding ownership imprints and in shaping their current CSR performance.
Closeness centralization measure for two-mode data of prescribed sizes
Authors: KRNC MATJAŽ , SERENI JEAN-SÉBASTIEN , ŠKREKOVSKI RISTE , YILMA ZELEALEM B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe confirm a conjecture by Everett et al. (2004) regarding the problem of maximizing closeness centralization in two-mode data, where the number of data of each type is fixed. Intuitively, our result states that among all networks obtainable via two-mode data, the largest closeness is achieved by simply locally maximizing the closeness of a node. Mathematically, our study concerns bipartite graphs with fixed size bipartitions, and we show that the extremal configuration is a rooted tree of depth 2, where neighbors of the root have an equal or almost equal number of children.
Tea green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis, chooses suitable host plants by detecting the emission level of (3Z)-hexenyl acetate
Authors: Xin Z.-J. , Li X.-W. , Bian L. , Sun X.-L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGreen leaf volatiles (GLVs) have been reported to play an important role in the host-locating behavior of several folivores that feed on angiosperms. However, next to nothing is known about how the green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis, chooses suitable host plants and whether it detects differing emission levels of GLV components among genetically different tea varieties. Here we found that the constitutive transcript level of the tea hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) gene CsiHPL1, and the amounts of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and of total GLV components are significantly higher in tea varieties that are susceptible to E. vitis (Enbiao (EB) and Banzhuyuan (BZY)) than in varieties that are resistant to E. vitis (Changxingzisun (CX) and Juyan (JY)). Moreover, the results of a Y-tube olfactometer bioassay and an oviposition preference assay suggest that (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and (Z)-3-hexenol offer host and oviposition cues for E. vitis female adults. Taken together, the two GLV components, (Z)-3-hexenol and especially (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, provide a plausible mechanism by which tea green leafhoppers distinguish among resistant and susceptible varieties. Future research should be carried out to obtain the threshold of the above indices and then assess their reasonableness. The development of practical detection indices would greatly improve our ability to screen and develop tea varieties that are resistant to E. vitis.
Imazamox dissipation in two rice management systems
Authors: MILAN M. , FERRERO A. , FOGLIATTO S. , DE PALO F. , VIDOTTO F. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYThe current study focuses on the dissipation pattern of imazamox (2-[(RS)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl]-5-methoxymethylnicotinic acid) in a soil–water environment under the two most adopted rice management systems in Europe, conventional water seeding and dry-seeding. Changes in imazamox concentrations were studied over time in topsoil, field water, irrigation water, outlet water and ground water. The study was performed from 2010 to 2011 in one of the most important rice growing areas of Europe (Vercelli, Northwest Italy). Imazamox dissipated rapidly in both the water and soil environments. In soil, imazamox half-life ranged from 2·2 to 3·3 days in 2010 and from 2·2 to 3·1 days in 2011. In paddy water, imazamox dissipated rapidly and no important differences among the management systems were found. In addition, the study showed that despite the short half-life of imazamox, the herbicide might be transported from treated fields in outlet waters by means of floodgates. The highest concentrations in outlet waters were found in the conventional water-seeded system, at the sampling site close to herbicide spraying. Imazamox residues were even found in inlet waters, suggesting discharge of the herbicide from paddies located upstream or drift during spraying. Imazamox residues in ground waters were always below the quantification limit. Overall, the low imazamox persistence observed during the 2-year study did not allow important differences between the two systems to be revealed. To reduce imazamox discharge from treated fields in the first days after spraying, a useful practice might be to keep water inside the fields for at least a week after spraying.
English and the transnational Ismaili Muslim community: Identity, the Aga Khan, and infrastructure
Authors: Bolander Brook 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe adoption of English as the official language of the transnational Ismaili Muslim community has its roots in the British Raj, which provides the backdrop for recent Ismaili history. Yet it is the Aga Khan IV, spiritual leader of the community since 1957, who has most avidly pushed English as part of a ‘language policy’. Drawing on Ismaili discourse published online, historical sources, secondary literature, and data collected during ethnographic fieldwork in Northern Pakistan and Eastern Tajikistan, this article addresses how English emerged as the community's official language, how and why it was made integral to the community's transnational infrastructure, and what English means to Ismailis living in a village in Hunza, Northern Pakistan and the city of Khorog, Eastern Tajikistan. It thereby underscores that identity and infrastructure emerge as entangled, and it reflects upon the implications of this relationship for research on English and Islam, and language and transnationalism. (Transnationalism, English, Ismaili, Pakistan, Tajikistan, identity, infrastructure, Islam)*
Tail modulation suppression in the process of high-energy stimulated Brillouin scattering pulse compression
Authors: Liu Z.H. , Wang Y.L. , Wang H.L. , Yuan H. , Liu R. , Li S.S. , Bai Z. , Fan R.Q. , He W.M. , Lu Z.W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe report that the tail modulation of Stokes pulses in the high-energy stimulated Brillouin scattering pulse compression can be suppressed by controlling effective pulse width of the pump. It is shown through numerical simulations and validated experimentally that the effective pulse width is an appropriate parameter, which determines the generation of tail modulation. The effective pulse width broaden as the increase of energy. This mechanism leads to the amplification of Stokes tail edge and it is the cause of tail modulation.
Optimized stability of a modulated driver in a plasma wakefield accelerator
Authors: Martorelli R. , Pukhov A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe analyze the transverse stability for a configuration of multiple Gaussian bunches subject to the self-generated plasma wakefield. Through a semi-analytical approach we first study the equilibrium configuration for the modulated beam and then we investigate the evolution of the equilibrium configuration due to the emittance-driven expansion of the beam front that results in a rigid backward shift. The rear-directed shift brings the modulated beam out of the equilibrium, with the possibility for some of the bunch particles to be lost with a consequent deterioration of the driver. We look therefore for the proper position of the single bunches that maximize the stability without severely affecting the accelerating field behind the driver. We then compare the results with three-dimensional particle in cell simulations.