bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commonplace Human Factors Problems Experienced by the Colorblind—A Pilot Questionnaire Survey
Authors: Israelski Edmond W. 
Published: July 2017

The scientific literature on defective color vision contains virtually no studies of the commonplace human factors problems experienced by the “color-blind.” The majority of relevant studies reported, have either been concerned with genetics or with color vision theories. The practical problems involved in human engineering products used by color deficient individuals become more significant, when it is considered that some surveys place the incidence of some form of defective color vision as high as 8 percent of world male population and 2 percent of the female. A pilot questionnaire survey was undertaken to test a proposed methodology for learning about and cataloguing the human factors problems experienced by color deficient individuals in dealing with the natural and man-made worlds.
How Big is Dark?
Authors: Ramkumar Viswanathan , Bennett Corwin A. 
Published: July 2017

Common beliefs of designers and others relate surface colors to their perceived distances and thus to room size. Specifically, it is believed that higher reflectance (lighter) colors appear farther away and as walls make rooms appear larger. It is believed that “cool” colors (blues and greens) appear farther away than “warm” colors (reds and yellows) and as walls make rooms appear larger. While not a commonplace hypothesis, there is a further prediction that the less the saturation, the less distant a cool colored surface would appear and the less close a warm colored surface. Eleven experiments covering the past 60 years were found testing these hypotheses. With the exception of two recent Army studies these results were inconclusive due to several factors. The three dimensions of color-reflectance (“value”), hue (“color”) and saturation (“chroma”) were frequently confounded. Small sample sizes and the absence of significance tests were common. Effects found were sometimes small. Tasks unrelated to interiors were generally used. In this experiment subjects judged the size and distance of human figures in a scale model room. Control was made of the three color dimensions. Statistically significant effects were found supporting all hypotheses. While testing in full-scale rooms would be desirable, this study suggest that these effects may be useful tools of the designer.
Using Existing Anthropometric Data to Design Industrial Workplaces
Authors: Champney Paul C. 
Published: July 2017

Designing industrial workplaces is hampered by the lack of data that describe the potential workforce. The civilian data base is not adequate because it is small, is taken on specific populations, and is not stratified to reveal ethnic and regional differences. Military data are often used as an alternative, but these data also have shortcomings. Among these are the truncation of extremes, a paucity of functional data and the fact that the data are often taken for special purposes. Since Eastman Kodak remains committed to a policy of providing safe workplaces that accommodate females, males, and the various ethnic groups, the lack of adequate data is acute. To fill the need for data, it has been necessary to statistically combine the military data into a single population that is theoretically 50 percent female and 50 percent male. This has been done for forty measurements using the mean standard deviation, and the number of individuals measured. Data on this mixed population are being used to design and redesign workplaces, equipment and product at Eastman Kodak Company. The problems encountered using existing anthropometric data to design a comfortable standing workplace are only one example of what trade-offs must be made and where further data are needed.
Data for Designing Hand Tools for Female Craft Workers
Authors: Hoag LaVerne L. 
Published: July 2017

This paper reviews the anthropometric and strength data collected on women which can be used to redesign tools to permit the female workers to successfully function in the craft areas. Data was collected on women currently working in the craft areas for a large United States corporation. The workers were located at facilities in three major cities. The geographic dispersion of these cities help assure a balance in any regional variations in ethnic groups. The data from this study was compared to data from other studies and it was found that the female craft technicians measured in this study were substantially different than the women measured in the other studies. The craft technicians were taller and stronger than the comparison groups.
Some Effects of Alcohol on Car Driving on Two-Lane and Limited-Access Highways
Authors: Mortimer R. G. , Sturgis S. P. 
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate doses of alcohol on a number of driving skills involved in steering and car-following, and passing decision-making. Forty drivers drove an instrumented vehicle on two-lane and limited-access highways either at night or in the daytime and either when sober or after having consumed alcohol to achieve a mean blood alcohol concentration of 0.085%. Seven tests were conducted with each subject consisting of: passing gap time judgments, car-following with speed of lead-car constant, car-following with speed of lead-car varying, speed judgments, lateral position steering error, speed production, and speed maintenance. It was found that subjects required about double the time gap to make a safe passing judgment at night than in the day, but no effect of alcohol was found. With the speed of a lead-car held constant, drivers under alcohol allowed a significantly greater headway than those of the placebo group. In addition, the variance in headway was significantly greater, both on the secondary road and the freeway, for the drinking drivers. When the speed of the lead-car was purposely varied in car-following, the mean headway and the variance in headway were significantly greater during the daytime than at night. In a limited set of the conditions there was also a significantly greater variance in headway attributable to alcohol. When subjects were requested to maintain the car at a fixed 80km/h over 11.3 km, with the speedometer covered, there was a significantly greater variance in speed for the alcohol group than the placebo group. There were no significant effects of alcohol found in: judgments of the speed of overtaking vehicles, lateral position deviations in steering, speed production without the use of the speedometer and the minimum safe time judged to be required to pass a vehicle ahead of them.
Computer Assisted Instruction Applications in Psychomotor Skill Development
Authors: Berkhout Jan , Breidenbach Steven , Fliehs Dale 
Published: July 2017

Psychomotor coordination and tracking skills can be effectively taught using computerized monitoring techniques, in which a numerical analysis of the student's control outputs is combined with supplemental training displays. Such computer assisted instruction (CAI) can equal one-on-one guidance by an experienced instructor when applied to a simple psychomotor task. In current research a three-limb coordination task involving throttle, clutch and gear shifting controls was used. CAI effectiveness in both rate of learning and in the eventual persistence of learning was affected by the specific types of performance monitoring used, and the specific form of Information feedback employed. It was possible to demonstrate distinctly different learning curves for several alternative feedback and instruction strategies.
An Evaluation of the Strengths, Weaknesses and Uses of Voice Input Devices
Authors: Cochran David J. , Riley Michael W. , Stewart Laura A. 
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the function of systems which are now available for voice input into computer memory. Strengths of present systems are discussed along with their weaknesses. Situations in which a voice data entry system is appropriate are explored as well as those system requirements which make voice input device systems feasible. One voice input device is tested in an industrial situation. The system is compared to two other methods of data entry on the basis of data entry time, total task time, and on error rate. The voice system shows longer entry time when compared with standard keyboarding but with higher accuracy. When the voice system is allowed to function to its potential by eliminating intermediate steps in the process, it is more efficient and more accurate. Tests conducted have shown that the maximum number of entries per minute over a very short duration (10 sec.) was about fifty-five. In an eight-minute sustained test, rates of about forty entries per minute were possible, but in long-term, the rate dropped to about 26 entries per minute. With proper coding and use on tasks where some components can be shortened or eliminated, the voice can be better than the keyboard.
The Assembly of Large Structures in Space: An Evaluation of Hardware Configurations and Assembly Techniques through Neutral Buoyancy Simulation
Authors: Loughead Tomas E. , Pruett Edwin C. 
Published: July 2017

The implementation of NASA's Space Transportation System (STS) presents the opportunity for the on-orbit assembly of structures which, before the advent of multi-launch missions, were not possible because of their physical size. This report presents the results of an eight-month effort in the investigation of assembly techniques and hardware configurations used in assembly of the basic tetrahedral cell by A7LB pressure-suited subjects in Marshall Space Flight Center's Neutral Bouyancy Simulator. Eleven subjects participated in assembly procedures which investigated two types of structural members and two configurations of attachment hardware. The assembly was accomplished through extra-vehicular activity (EVA) only, EVA with simulated manned maneuvering unit (MMU), and EVA with simulated MMU and simulated remote manipulator system (RMS). Assembly times as low as 10.20 minutes per tetrahedron were achieved.
Non-Obtrusive Techniques for Monitoring Operator Performance in Nuclear Power Plant Simulators
Authors: Lund Linda O. , Sherwood Catherine 
Published: July 2017

In order to more completely understand and quantify operator actions in nuclear power plant control rooms, many governmental and industry groups are performing experiments at NPP simulator sites. The variables effecting operator performance at these simulator sites include both observable motor actions, and non-observable cognitive functions. We have been successful in developing non-obtrusive graphic techniques which allow a team of trained observers to monitor operator actions while allowing the operators to use the same “tracking tool” during their training. In open-ended interviews following each training session, operators and teachers compared results and discussed differences. Operator “reasons” were assessed against the recorded graphics with resulting information on both motor and cognitive functioning. This paper will present the concepts used for the development of this and other experimental tools. We will also discuss the need to first perform open-ended interviews and the development of interpretive information. Once this qualitative type of information about the human behavior under study is determined, more direct questioning and descriptive interviews are developed.
Selection of Remotely Labeled Switch Functions During Dual Task Performance
Authors: Hottman Stephen B. 
Published: July 2017

Research was conducted to determine the optimal qualities of a controller to select menus on an interactive display. The menu selection controllers were an eight-position joystick, a 3x3 keyboard and a 2×4 keyboard. The experimental task involved subjects centering a cursor on a CRT display with a joystick while periodically engaged in a menu selection task with the left hand without observing the controllers. The study investigated type of controller and movement position effect on response time and positioning errors when selecting menus. The selection locations on the menu were all sequentially numbered. Results of this study indicate that mean response time did not vary across controllers used or movements performed. However, positioning errors using the joystick was found to be significantly higher than for the keyboards. Results indicate that of the equipment studied in these experiments the 3×3 keyboard should be used and menu positions should be in a sequential order.
Workstation Design Optimization Through a Simulation Model
Authors: Hoffman Mark S. , Cramer Martin L. 
Published: July 2017

A man-machine systems simulation model was developed as a cost-effective marketing tool for systems design in the retail sales environment. SAINT (Systems Analysis Integrated Network of Tasks) modeling technique was chosen because of its capabilities to simulate complex human engineering system performances. Tasks performed at the workstations ranged from an automated real-time inventory control device requiring a high degree of man-machine interactivity to social interactions between the operator and customer. Network parameters were defined from performances observed both in laboratory and field tests. The model included the capability to mix and simulate multiple workstations within a given environment. Work surface dimensions, operator ability levels, and processing strategies were manipulated to maximize productivity. This approach to workstation design proved to be an effective method of systematically reducing the number of alternative configurations. It also reduces the requirement of elaborate time-consuming laboratory experiments to verify a proposed design concept. A conversational interface was developed to encourage its utilization by the untrained user.
Maitre D' Apprenticeship Program
Authors: Calnan Thomas W. 
Published: July 2017

The hospitality industry has historically trained its own employees at the entry and supervisory level. Today, because of the growth of the hospitality industry, even with the proliferation of hospitality education programs, more non-hospitality trained personnel are entering the industry than ever before. The maitre d' apprenticeship program is designed to complement the in-house training programs of hotels and restaurants with a college curriculum leading to an associate degree and national certification in food service management. The maitre d' apprenticeship program is designed as a model for community and junior colleges to provide an alternative to fulltime college programs to meet the needs of front-of-the-house food service employees who wish to develop their basic skills and supervisory talents. The model of the maitre d' apprenticeship curriculum details the course content needed to meet the certification requirements of the International Food Service Executives Association (IFSEA).
Experience And Education: How Are Hospitality Programs Coordinating This Vital Curriculum Interface?
Authors: DeVeau Linsley T. 
Published: July 2017

The work experience requirement of a hospitality management program has long been considered an important component of the curriculum. Designing and administering the work experience component requires a rethinking of the objectives we are setting out to achieve. In the fall of 1986 a survey was conducted of 142 four year baccalaureate hospitality management programs to determine the structure of their work experience curricula. Sixty-eight responses were received. The results of the survey supplied information pertaining to the structure and administration of work experience courses. To ensure that the graduates of our programs are being given the opportunity to practice the theoretical portion of our curriculum, we must support well thought-out, organized and executed work experience course(s). This paper presents a model of work experience courses for a hospitality management program, utilizing what is called the “theory into action” approach to analysis. At the University of New Haven this work experience curricula has been used for two semesters where it has, for the most part, received positive student evaluations.
Guidance for Integrated Care Pathways: A Reference Document for an Acute NHS Trust
Authors: Fox Robert , Moran Sally , MacCormick Angus 
Published: July 2017

A Commission for Health Improvement (CHI) review highlighted the need for integrated care pathways (ICPs) within our Trust and a working party was formed to guide their development. From a survey of current awareness and activity the committee identified several priorities: • creating awareness and interest • initiating learning programmes for interested staff • developing support structure for enthusiasts • defining the process of ratification • formulating Trust style. Leaflets were circulated to all departments to stimulate interest and a seminar programme was introduced with staff from key areas being targeted. An intranet site was authored with lists of support staff, details of in-house resources and links to external agencies. This was backed up with a paper resource folder in central and departmental libraries. A degree of harmonisation of style was seen as being potentially advantageous by facilitating the use of ICPs across directorates. A Trust pro forma style was produced to guide and ease this process. It was suggested that a document that explained the nature of ICPs, detailed Trust policy and provided tips for authorship would be a useful reference for those new to creating ICPs. Guidance for Integrated Care Pathways was written with these aims in mind. It was co-authored by three members of the committee and circulated for comments. After ratification by the Trust board it was posted on the intranet site and included in the resource folder. It is a working document that is reviewed regularly, and is intended to facilitate the process and not to be overly prescriptive. Comments and suggestions from throughout the Trust are welcomed.
Development of the University of Wisconsin Donation after Cardiac Death Evaluation Tool
Authors: Lewis Jonathan , Peltier James , Nelson Helen , Snyder William , Schneider Kristi , Steinberger Dina , Anderson Michael , Krichevsky Alexander , Anderson James , Ellefson Jill , D'Alessandro Anthony 
Published: July 2017

Background Donation after cardiac death is a method by which severely neurologically injured patients not fulfilling brain-death criteria can donate organs. Objective To develop an evaluation tool that can be used to predict if a patient is a suitable candidate for donation after cardiac death. Methods The University of Wisconsin Donation After Cardiac Death Evaluation Tool assigns numeric values to observable clinical parameters to yield an overall predictive score of suitability for donation after cardiac death. This evaluation tool is typically utilized in a critical care unit to evaluate patients with a severe neurological injury, who do not meet brain-death criteria, and for whom the physician and family have chosen to terminally withdraw life support. Each patient is disconnected from a ventilator and observed for up to 10 minutes. Observations are then scored to yield a prediction of suitability for donation after cardiac death. Results Using the University of Wisconsin Donation After Cardiac Death Evaluation Tool, we were able to predict suitability for donation after cardiac death 83.7% of the time, within a 60-minute period and 74.4% of the time within a 120-minute period. The actual results using the tool were higher when clinical observations were included in the donation after cardiac death evaluation—an overall accuracy of 88.4%.
Roles of Sex and Ethnicity in Procurement Coordinator—Family Communication during the Organ Donation Discussion
Authors: Baughn Daniel , Auerbach Stephen M. , Siminoff Laura A. 
Published: July 2017

Context Interpersonal relations with health care providers influence families' decisions to consent to solid-organ donation. However, previous research has been based on retrospective interviews with donation-eligible families and has not directly examined the interpersonal interactions between families and organ procurement coordinators. Objective To increase understanding of the interpersonal interaction between procurement coordinators and families during the organ donation discussion, with special attention to the influence of the sex and race of the procurement coordinator and the race of the potential donor's family. Design A descriptive study in which standardized patients portrayed family members interacting with actual procurement coordinators in simulated donation request scenarios. Setting and Participants Thirty-three videotaped interactions between standardized patients and 17 procurement coordinators involving 2 different scenarios depicting deceased donation were evaluated. Main Outcome Measures Video recordings were rated by independent coders. Coders completed the Impact Message Inventory-Form C, the Participatory Style of Physician Scale, and the Siminoff Communication and Content and Affect Program–Global Observer Ratings scale. Results and Conclusions African American procurement coordinators, particularly African American women, were rated as more controlling and work-oriented than white procurement coordinators. Male procurement coordinators were more affiliative with the white family than the African American family, whereas female procurement coordinators were slightly less affiliative with the white family. African American procurement coordinators expressed more positive affect when interacting with the African American family than the white family, whereas the opposite was true for white procurement coordinators. Research is needed to cross-validate these exploratory findings and further examine cultural mistrust between procurement coordinators and families of ethnic minorities, especially given the negative attitudes of many minorities toward donation.