bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Gaps in Educational Outcomes Among Children of New Migrants: The Role of Social Integration from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Escandell Xavier , Marí‐Klose Marga , Marí‐Klose Pau 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article reviews current research on gender gaps in educational outcomes among children of new migrants (first, 1.5, and second generations) from a comparative cross‐national perspective. The article examines potential explanations for why gendered differences in educational outcomes among immigrants (vis‐à‐vis non‐migrants) continue to occur, focusing on individual, schooling, and institutional factors. For example, while gender gaps in expectations and aspirations as well as some cognitive outcomes are increasing (reading ability is considerably higher among females) and shrinking in specific subjects (e.g. math and science ability is slightly higher among boys), that process often has been less explored within and across immigrant vis‐à‐vis non‐immigrant students. We show that in some countries, gender gaps among disadvantaged ethnic minorities (in relation to other groups) continue to persist and are exacerbated by institutional factors. These disadvantages vary not only across different educational systems and at different rates over time but also are based on students' social background. Overall, we argue that these educational inequalities are key to understanding not only the socioeconomic and future political adaptation of migrants and their children but also future social policy developments in the European Union context.
“Female Sports as Non‐Movement Resistance in the Middle East and North Africa”
Authors: Harkness Geoff , Hongsermeier Natasha 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOpen social movements and intentional resistance can be dangerous activities in some parts of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), particularly for women. In this setting, female activism often takes place as non‐movements – mundane, collective actions taken by individuals rather than cohesive groups. Non‐movements for women in this region consist of commonplace activities such as working, attending college, or participating in sports. This article examines how athletic participation serves as a form of resistance for women in the MENA. To augment and expand upon the concept of non‐movements, we consider five non‐movement resistance strategies used by women in many parts of the MENA to counter barriers to female sports participation. These strategies address cultural and religious concerns over the role of women in the MENA region by merging athletics with longstanding religious customs and cultural traditions. In doing so, these strategies reduce the potential for criticism and enable greater opportunities for female athletic participation. Ultimately, these strategies may engender opportunities for women beyond the realm of sports.
What Social Psychology Can Contribute to the Study of Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Mize Trenton D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe concepts of sex and gender have received increasing attention in sociology in recent years, with social psychologists providing many of the key insights. Issues of sexual orientation and sexuality have received comparably less attention, although many of the tools social psychologists use could be fruitfully applied to better understand sex, gender, sexual orientation, and the intimate connections between the three. In particular, I outline the perspectives of doing gender, stereotyping, and status and suggest possible ways to incorporate these frameworks into intersectional examinations of sex, gender, and sexual orientation. I argue that to fully understand sex, gender, or sexual orientation, researchers should consider all three and recognize the highly interconnected nature of each.
“Inequality in Work Time: Gender and Class Stratify Hours and Schedules, Flexibility, and Unpredictability in Jobs and Families”
Authors: Gerstel Naomi , Clawson Dan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWork time is deeply stratified by gender and class. In this review, we first summarize the research discussing the number of hours that people work, the scheduling or timing of those hours as well as the flexibility and unpredictability of work time, discussing the ways all three are stratified. Second, we examine research on the ways work time is mandated, negotiated and contested. This part focuses on the processes, institutions and relations that explain inequality in hours and schedules—beginning with a discussion of relations at the work place, then turning to relations outside the workplace, especially family dynamics, and finally examining policies and politics about work time.
Low‐income and Middle‐class Mothers Gendered Work and Family Schemas
Authors: Hennessy Judith 
Published: December 2015

AbstractConflict between the demands of paid work and motherhood has been studied primarily from the experience of middle‐class and professional mothers in dual‐earner families. Recently, with the reform of welfare, a number of studies have focused on the problems of poor mothers in meeting the demands of paid employment and caring for children. This article explores the moral discourse of judgments about paid work and motherhood and how this differs for low‐income and married middle‐class women. It reviews research that considers why poor single mothers are seen as irresponsible when they leave work due to family demands when professional and middle‐class married mothers are seen as acting selflessly. It examines how gendered schema differentially influences the work and family choices of married middle‐class and professional mothers compared to poor and low‐income mothers.
Genomic full‐length sequence of two HLA‐A alleles, A*23:01:01 and A*24:02:01:01, identified by cloning and sequencing
Authors: Wang S. X. , Xu Y. P. , Zhang H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGenomic full‐length sequences of HLA‐A*23:01:01 and A*24:02:01:01, identified by cloning and sequencing from Chinese donors.
Divisões na Igreja: desafios para o ecumenismo hoje
Authors: Wolff Elias 
Published: December 2015

<p>O artigo faz uma análise da divisão dos cristãos, num resgate histórico e teológico dos fatos que a causaram, das motivações e da dinâmica dos acontecimentos. Propõe uma releitura desses elementos como caminho para a superação do seu<br />potencial divisionista para o presente e o futuro da Igreja. Conclui que o caminho para a superação da divisão dos cristãos exige um redimensionamento da identidade cristã e eclesial, a cura da memória e uma revisão estrutural na organização da Igreja.</p>
Resistir a los violentos y tejer sociedad desde la fe: El Garzal (Colombia)
Authors: Plata William Elvis , Cáceres Mateus Sergio 
Published: December 2015

<p>Rescata la memoria histórica de una comunidad cristiana evangélica que, ante los embates de la violencia, decide organizarse y resistir pacíficamente, fundamentada en su fe. A partir de ahí reflexiona sobre el rol que las iglesias y las organizaciones religiosas tienen y pueden tener en la superación del conflicto armado, en la generación de procesos de desarrollo y en la construcción de una cultura de paz y reconciliación.</p>
Teología de la historia como teología de la acción
Authors: López Edgar Antonio 
Published: December 2015

<p>Se propone comprender la teología de la historia a partir de la teología de la acción. La aplicación del método de interpretación textual a la acción humana permite establecer un paralelo entre la acción orientada significativamente y la interpretación de textos desde tres criterios: la fijación del significado en el tiempo, la autonomía semántica y la intencionalidad trascendente que se abre universalmente a insospechadas interpretaciones. Estos permiten aproximarse teológicamente a la acción humana atendiendo los resultados históricos en los que ella se revela como acción liberadora de Dios.</p>
Risk factors for musculoskeletal injury in preprofessional dancers: a systematic review
Authors: Kenny Sarah J , Whittaker Jackie L , Emery Carolyn A 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundPreprofessional dancers partake in rigorous training and have high injury prevalence. Attempts to identify risk factors for dance injuries have focused on a diversity of intrinsic and extrinsic factors.ObjectiveTo identify and evaluate the evidence examining risk factors for musculoskeletal injury in preprofessional ballet and modern dancers.MethodsFifteen electronic databases were systematically searched to October 2015. Studies selected met a priori inclusion criteria and investigated musculoskeletal injury risk factors in preprofessional (elite adolescent, student, young adult) ballet and modern dancers. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality and level of evidence using the Downs and Black (DB) criteria and a modified Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine 2009 model, respectively.ResultsOf 1364 potentially relevant studies, 47 were included and scored. Inconsistent injury definition and methodology precluded meta-analysis. The most common modifiable risk factors investigated were anthropometrics (ie, body mass index, adiposity), joint range of motion (ie, lower extremity), dance exposure (ie, years training, exposure hours) and age. The median DB score across studies was 8/33 (range 2–16). The majority of studies were classified as level 3 evidence and few considered risk factor inter-relationships. There is some level 2 evidence that previous injury and poor psychological coping skills are associated with increased injury risk.ConclusionsBecause of the lack of high-quality studies, consensus regarding risk factors for musculoskeletal injury in preprofessional dancers remains difficult. There is a need for injury definition consensus and high-quality prospective studies examining the multifactorial relationship between risk factors and injury in preprofessional dance.
Assessing the effects of the Spanish partial smoking ban on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases: methodological issues
Authors: Galán Iñaki , Simón Lorena , Flores Víctor , Ortiz Cristina , Fernández-Cuenca Rafael , Linares Cristina , Boldo Elena , José Medrano María , Pastor-Barriuso Roberto 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveRecent research has assessed the impact of tobacco laws on cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity. In this study, we also examined whether the association between the implementation of the 2005 Spanish smoking ban and hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases varies according to the adjustment for potential confounders.DesignEcological time series analysis.SettingResidents of Madrid and Barcelona cities (Spain).OutcomeData on daily emergency room admissions for acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma derived from the 2003–2006 Spanish hospital admissions registry.MethodsChanges in admission rates between 2006 and the 2003–2005 period were estimated using additive Poisson models allowing for overdispersion adjusted for secular trend in admission, seasonality, day of the week, temperature, number of flu and acute respiratory infection cases, pollution levels, tobacco consumption prevalence and, for asthma cases, pollen count.ResultsIn Madrid, fully adjusted models failed to detect significant changes in hospital admission rates for any disease during the study period. In Barcelona, however, hospital admissions decreased by 10.2% (95% CI 3.8% to 16.1%) for cerebrovascular diseases and by 16.0% (95% CI 7.0% to 24.1%) for COPD. Substantial changes in effect estimates were observed on adjustment for linear or quadratic trend. Effect estimates for asthma-related admissions varied substantially when adjusting for pollen count in Madrid, and for seasonality and tobacco consumption in Barcelona.ConclusionsOur results confirm that the potential impact of a smoking ban must be adjusted for the underlying secular trend. In asthma-related admissions, pollen count, seasonality and tobacco consumption must be specified in the model. The substantial variability in effects detected between the two cities of Madrid and Barcelona lends strong support for a nationwide study to assess the overall effect of a smoking ban in Spain and identify the causes of the observed heterogeneity.
Associations between exemption and survival outcomes in the UK's primary care pay-for-performance programme: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kontopantelis Evangelos , Springate David A , Ashcroft Darren M , Valderas Jose M , van der Veer Sabine N , Reeves David , Guthrie Bruce , Doran Tim 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesThe UK's Quality and Outcomes Framework permits practices to exempt patients from financially-incentivised performance targets. To better understand the determinants and consequences of being exempted from the framework, we investigated the associations between exception reporting, patient characteristics and mortality. We also quantified the proportion of exempted patients that met quality targets for a tracer condition (diabetes).DesignRetrospective longitudinal study, using individual patient data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.Setting644 general practices, 2006/7 to 2011/12.ParticipantsPatients registered with study practices for at least one year over the study period, with at least one condition of interest (2 460 341 in total).Main outcome measuresException reporting rates by reason (clinical contraindication, patient dissent); all-cause mortality in year following exemption. Analyses with logistic and Cox proportional-hazards regressions, respectively.ResultsThe odds of being exempted increased with age, deprivation and multimorbidity. Men were more likely to be exempted but this was largely attributable to higher prevalence of conditions with high exemption rates. Modest associations remained, with women more likely to be exempted due to clinical contraindication (OR 0.90, 99% CI 0.88 to 0.92) and men more likely to be exempted due to informed dissent (OR 1.08, 99% CI 1.06 to 1.10). More deprived areas (both for practice location and patient residence) were non-linearly associated with higher exception rates, after controlling for comorbidities and other covariates, with stronger associations for clinical contraindication. Compared with patients with a single condition, odds ratios for patients with two, three, or four or more conditions were respectively 4.28 (99% CI 4.18 to 4.38), 16.32 (99% CI 15.82 to 16.83) and 68.69 (99% CI 66.12 to 71.37) for contraindication, and 2.68 (99% CI 2.63 to 2.74), 4.02 (99% CI 3.91 to 4.13) and 5.17 (99% CI 5.00 to 5.35) for informed dissent. Exempted patients had a higher adjusted risk of death in the following year than non-exempted patients, regardless of whether this exemption was for contraindication (hazard ratio 1.37, 99% CI 1.33 to 1.40) or for informed dissent (1.20, 99% CI 1.17 to 1.24). On average, quality standards were met for 48% of exempted patients in the diabetes domain, but there was wide variation across indicators (ranging from 8 to 80%).ConclusionsOlder, multimorbid and more deprived patients are more likely to be exempted from the scheme. Exception reported patients are more likely to die in the following year, whether they are exempted by the practice for a contraindication or by themselves through informed dissent. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between exception reporting and patient outcomes.
Last Glacial Cycle and seismic stratigraphic sequences offshore western Hainan Island, NW South China Sea
Authors: Chen Hongjun , Harff Jan , Qiu Yan , Osadczuk Andrzej , Zhang Jinpeng , Tomczak Michal , Cui Zhaoguo , Cai Guangqiang , Wen Mingming , Li Liqing 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In order to investigate the relationship between sea-level changes during the Last Glacial Cycle (LGC) and seismic stratigraphic sequences on the NW continental shelf of the South China Sea, a sparker single-channel high-resolution seismic profiling was correlated with a sediment core taken offshore western Hainan Island. Interpretation of the seismic stratigraphy in relation to local and global sea-level changes could be refined.

According to the age model, developed from AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry)-
14
C and OSL (optically stimulated luminescence) dates, and δ
18
O (oxygen isotope) stratigraphy, the 88.3 m sediment core reflects environmental change since 110 ka. Correlation with a sediment core in the adjacent basin based on stable oxygen isotope records allows a zonation of the top 15 m of the sediment core and the identification of marine isotope stages (MIS) 1–5e.

Seven seismic reflectors interpreted as unconformities were identified. These erosional surfaces have been dated by interpolation using an age–depth model compared to global eustatic curves. The results indicate that seven sea-level cycles can be distinguished in the study area during the LGC, and these are correlated with regional and global sea-level change models. Further research confirms that seismic stratigraphy in the NW South China Sea can be intimately related to LGC sea-level changes associated with regional surface uplift and sediment supply.
Dependence Receptors and Cancer: Addiction to Trophic Ligands
Authors: Gibert Benjamin , Mehlen Patrick 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Data accumulating over the last 20 years support the notion that some transmembrane receptors are activated not only by their respective ligands but also, differentially, by the withdrawal or absence of these same ligands. In this latter setting, these receptors actively trigger apoptosis. They have been dubbed dependence receptors because their expression confers a state of ligand dependence for survival on the expressing cells. Twenty of these receptors have been identified to date, and several have been shown to inhibit tumor progression by inducing apoptosis. As a corollary, these receptors, or their transduced death signals, are frequently silenced in cancer cells as a selective mechanism to prevent cell death, allowing invasion and metastasis. Drugs aimed at inducing programmed cell death in neoplastic cells by re-engaging the proapoptotic activity induced by unliganded dependence receptors are in late-stage preclinical tests, poised for clinical evaluation. This approach may offer novel opportunities for patient treatments. In this review, we discuss the implications of dependence receptors in limiting cancer progression and address the therapeutic perspectives brought to light by this paradigm. Cancer Res; 75(24); 5171–5. ©2015 AACR.
Providing Rapid Out of Hospital Acute Cardiovascular Treatment 4 (PROACT‐4)
Authors: Ezekowitz Justin A. , Welsh Robert C. , Weiss Dale , Chan Michael , Keeble William , Khadour Fadi , Sharma Sanjay , Tymchak Wayne , Sookram Sunil , Brass Neil , Knapp Darren , Koshy Thomas L. , Zheng Yinggan , Armstrong Paul W. 
Published: December 2015

Background

Whether prehospital point‐of‐care (
POC
) troponin further accelerates the time to diagnosis in patients with chest pain (
CP
) is unknown. We conducted a randomized trial of
POC
‐Troponin testing in the ambulance.

Methods and Results

Patients with chest pain presenting by ambulance were randomized to usual care (
UC
) or
POC
‐Troponin;
ST
‐elevation myocardial infarction patients or those with noncardiovascular symptoms were excluded. Pre‐hospital high‐sensitivity troponin was analyzed on a
POC
device and available to the paramedic and emergency department (
ED
) staff. The final diagnosis was centrally adjudicated. The primary endpoint was time from first medical contact to discharge from
ED
or admission to hospital. We randomized 601 patients in 19 months; 296 to
UC
and 305 to
POC
‐Troponin. After ambulance arrival, the first troponin was available in 38 minutes in
POC
‐Troponin and 139 minutes in
UC
. In
POC
‐Troponin, the troponin was >0.01 ng/mL in 17.4% and >0.03 ng/mL in 9.8%. Patients spent a median of 9.0 hours from first medical contact to final disposition, and 165 (27.4%) were admitted to the hospital. The primary endpoint was shorter in patients randomized to
POC
‐Troponin (median 8.8 hours [6.2–10.8] compared to
UC
(median 9.1 hours [6.7–11.2];
P
=0.05). There was no difference in the secondary endpoint of repeat
ED
visits, hospitalizations, or death in the next 30 days.

Conclusions

In this broad population of patients with
CP
, ambulance
POC
‐Troponin accelerated the time to final disposition. Enhanced and more cost‐effective early
ED
discharge of the majority of patients with
CP
calling 911 is an unrealized opportunity.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
https://www.ClinicalTrials.gov/
. Unique identifier:
NCT
01634425.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome as an Overlooked Complication of Induced Hypertension for Cerebral Vasospasm
Authors: Muhammad Sajjad , Güresir Ági , Greschus Susanne , Scorzin Jasmin , Vatter Hartmut , Güresir Erdem 
Published: December 2015

Background and Purpose—
Delayed cerebral ischemia associated with cerebral vasospasm is a common cause of secondary neurological decline after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Triple-H therapy, induced hypertension, hypervolemia, and hemodilution, is often used to treat cerebral vasospasm. However, hypertensive treatment may carry significant medical morbidity, including cardiopulmonary, renal, and intracranial complications. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a reversible intracranial complication that has rarely been reported in the setting of induced hypertension.

Methods—
We present an illustrative case of PRES in a patient with induced hypertension for SAH-related cerebral vasospasm and performed a systematic review. Furthermore, the electronic database MEDLINE was searched for additional data in published studies of PRES after induced hypertension.

Results—
Overall, 7 case reports presenting 10 patients who developed PRES secondary to induced hypertension were found. Eighty-two percent of the patients were women. In all cases, the clinical symptoms were attributed to cerebral vasospasm before the diagnosis of PRES. The time from onset of induced hypertension to the development of PRES was 7.8±3.8 days. After the diagnosis of PRES and careful taper down of the blood pressure, the neurological symptoms resolved almost completely within a few days in all patients.

Conclusions—
PRES in the setting of SAH is an overlooked complication of hypertensive therapy for the treatment of vasospasm. However, the diagnosis of this phenomenon is crucial given the necessity to reverse hypertensive therapy, which is contrary to the usual management of patients with vasospasm.