bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Black Cutworm With Bifenthrin, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Eight treatments were applied 16 Aug to a bentgrass nursery at the Hanover Country Club for control of BCW. Cutworms were predominantly instar stage 3 and 4. Plots were 7 X 7 ft, replicated 4 times, in an RCB design. Sprays were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 2 gal water per 10002. Plots were rated 2 DAT by flushing larvae with a soap solution. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 84.4°F; wind, calm; sky, cloudy, soil temperature, 84°F; thatch depth, 1.0 inch; soil pH, 7.6; soil texture, sandy loam, sand 58%, silt 39%, clay 3%; soil organic matter, 5%; soil moisture 22.8%; post treatment precipitation, daily irrigation; mowing height 0.125 inch.
Black Cutworm Control on a Golf Course Green, Wv, 1995
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Farren James C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatment plots were 8 X 8 ft, arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a sprinkling can in 1 liter of water per plot and irrigated with the golf course system with about 1/4 inch of water about 80 min after last treatment applied. Water pH was 8.02. Environmental conditions at start (1:35 pm) and finish (2:45 pm) of treatment applications were, respectively: air temperature, 36°C and 36°C; RH, 52.5% and 42.5%; sky clear; soil temperatures, (surface) 37°C and 37°C, (1 inch) 36°C and 37.5°C; soil moist from regular irrigation. Efficacy was evaluated at 7 DAT by treating the entire green with Tempo 2 at the rate of 0.04 lb (AI)/acre, syringing the green for about 8 min, then counting the no. of larvae flushed to the surface of each plot after about 30 min. Cutworm larvae at evaluation time ranged in size from 3-25 mm in length with 88.5% being in the range of 5-11 mm long.
Annual Bluegrass Weevil Management on a Golf Course Fairway With Formulations of Rh0345, Imi-Dacloprid, and Chlorpyrifos in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Applications were made when flowering dogwood was in full bloom. Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 908 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 5 gal water/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (16 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: application time, late morning; air temperature, 70°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 48%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inches; soil textural class, clay loam; soil particle size analysis: 21.2% sand, 45.1% silt, 33.7% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 50.1%; organic matter, 7.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; application time, mid-morning; and skies were clear. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.0588 inch of water/48 square feet. Posttreatment counts were made 37 d later (22 Jun). Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing four 4 inch cupcutter sod samples from each replicate, and recording the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) per cupcutter sample. Totals were then converted to a ft2 count.
Chinch Bug Control With Pyrethroids, Nh, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Small plot efficacy trials were conducted on a lawn at Londonderry High School, Londonderry, NH. Plots were 5 X 5 ft replicated 4 times in an RCB design. Sprays were applied on 24 Aug to a mixed population of adults and nymphs. Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer in 4 gal water/1000 ft2. There was no post treatment irrigation. Plots were rated 7 DAT using three 0.23 ft2 cylinders per plot. The number of live chinch bugs which floated to the surface after several minutes was recorded. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 81°F; wind, 1 mph; sky, clear; soil surface temperature, 83°F; thatch depth, 0.25 inch; soil pH, 6.0; slope, 0%; soil texture, loam; soil organic matter, 4.2%; soil moisture, 18.53%; post treatment precipitation, 0.2 inch 2 days after treatment; mowing height 2.0 inch.
Efficacy of Several Turf Insecticides Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1995
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Merit, Oftanol, Tempo, Turcam, and Triumph were tested for efficacy against annual bluegrass weevil larvae on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, New York. The fairway consisted of 60% creeping bentgrass, 30% annual bluegrass, 10% perennial ryegrass, and was mowed at ca. 0.8 inches. Treatment plots were 7 ft by 7 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a RCB. All applications were made between 9:15 and 10:45 AM on 17 Apr 95. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with a watering can, 3 liters per plot. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temp. 55° F, sunny, calm; soil temp. (2 inch), 48° F; forsythia at peak blossom; soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.5; water pH, 7.4; thatch 0.6 inch thick with moderate density. The trial was irrigated with 0.1 inch water 90 min after application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 30 May (43 DAT) by inspecting 12 cores (2.1 inch diam) from near the center of each plot, and recording the number of small (1st, 2nd, or 3rd instar), medium (4th instar), and large (5th instar) larvae, pupae, and adults. At the time of sampling, the population was: 60% small larvae, 25% medium larvae, 15% large larvae. Each observation consisted of 3 cores, and there were 4 observations per plot.
Control of Hairy Chinch Bug with Pyrethroids, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ten treatments were applied to an athletic field in Londonderry, NH. Plots were 7 X 7 ft, replicated 4 times, in an RCB design. Treatments were applied 13 Jul and rated 7 days later. Granular treatments were applied with a salt shaker. Broadcast treatments were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 4 gal water per 1000 ft2. After sprays dried, all plots were lightly watered. Plots were rated by floating bugs in 3 (0.23 ft2) cylinders per plot. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 89.7°F; wind, calm; sky, clear, soil temperature, 88.0°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch slope, 0%; soil pH, 5.2; slope, 0%; soil texture, sandy loam, sand 53%, silt 30%, clay 17%; soil organic matter, 6.3%; soil moisture, 21.9%; post treatment precipitation, none.
Persistence of Foliar-Applied Insecticides for Elm Leaf Beetle Control, Trial Two, 1995
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The mortality of elm leaf beetle larvae to foliar-applied insecticides sprayed on different dates was assessed. Three different insecticides were examined for differences in performance. Siberian elm foliage was treated with foliar-applied insecticides on each of 4 different dates. Treatments were applied with a pump-mister sprayer to the point of run-off. All foliage was collected and bagged on 24 Jul. In the laboratory, 10 larvae were placed in a petri dish and treated foliage was introduced for consumption. Mortality was assessed at 48 and 96 h after exposure by counting the number of dead, live, moribund and pupated larvae present in a petri dish at a given time interval. A few larvae in the petri dishes became infected with the fungus Beauvaria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and subsequently died during the course of the experiment. For this reason, only dead, uninfected larvae were used to calculate percent mortality estimates. The experiment was analyzed as a CRD with 8 replications per treatment.
Hawthorn Insect Control, Trial One, Ft. Collins, Colorado, 1995
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were established at the WD. Holley Plant Environmental Research Center located on the campus of Colorado State University. Two trees, approximately 8-20 ft (4 inch dbh) and established at the site for approximately 10 years were utilized in the experiment. Individual branches were sprayed with different compounds to run-off. Each branch was treated as a single experimental unit, with a complete replication being a group of branches with similar orientation on the tree. Plot design was a RCB with 5 replications. Treatments were applied on 5 May by spraying terminal branch segments with a pump-mister sprayer to the point of run-off. Although weather was clear at the time of application, soil moisture was high at the site due to prior rainfall and VS inch of rain fell at the site within 24 h of application. Treatments were evaluated on 7 Jun by counting the number of mealybugs present on 19.5 inches of terminal branch segment. Aphid ratings were taken on the same date by assessing the damage and curling caused by an infestation of a woolly aphid. An eleven point rating system was used to rate leaf curling damage by the aphids per 19.5 inches of terminal branch segment. The rating scale was as follows: 0 = No leaves curled, 1 = 1-5 leaves with light curling, 2 = 6-10 leaves with light curling, 3 = 10+ leaves with light curling, 4 = 1-5 leaves with moderate curling, 5 = 1-5 leaves with moderate curling, 6 = 6-10 leaves with moderate curling, 7 = 10+ leaves with moderate curling, 8 = 1-5 leaves with severe curling, 9 = 6-10 leaves with severe curling, 10 = 10+ leaves with severe curling.
Control of Cynipid Galls on Pin Oak Trees With Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Johnson Monte , Sloughfy S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Four treatments were applied to pin oak trees (16 replicates for each treatment) on the following dates: Merit 75WP at 0.75 g Al/inch DBH (21 Mar), Merit 75 WP at 1.0 g AI/DBH (21 Mar, 24 May, 9 Jun), NTN 33893 5% RTU (22 Mar), and Sevin 4F (11 May). The Merit 75 WP 0.75 and 1.0 g AI/DBH treatments were applied by using standard soil injection techniques. NTN 33893 5% RTU was applied to the bottom 5 ft of the trunk to runoff. The Sevin 4L treatment was a foliar spray. Rainfall, which can affect the soil injected application of Merit, was recorded in inches for each of the following months: 20-31 Mar-0.55, Apr-3.39, May-9.75, Jun^l.75, Jul-3.32, Aug^4.61, Sept-2.68, Oct-3.06. Gall diameters in mm were measured each month for 8 months during the growing season. Pretreatment samples were obtained the day before or on the same day of the first treatment, with the exception of the Sevin foliar spray in which the first samples were taken 4 days after the first application.
Long-Term Lufenuron Residual Study, 1994-1995
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Bennett Gary W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Laboratory tests determined the contact activity and residual persistence of the chitin inhibiting benzoylphenyl urea, lufenuron, applied to tempered Masonite, oily-frass masonite (1 g cockroach frass per 100 cm2 of Masonite treated with 1 g of vegetable oil), and unpainted plywood panels. Applications were made at 0.5 and 1.25 ml/103 cm2 panels (10 and 25 mg/m2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems TeeJet 800IE, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. Treated panels were stored in vertical racks in the laboratory (constant temperatures and dark conditions) or a greenhouse (high temperatures and exposed to sunlight) for residual aging. Aging periods evaluated were 0, 1,2, 3, 6, and 12 months. Test insects were reared in 7- by 5- by 3.5-inch plastic boxes that had sides lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral oil and that were equiped with ventilated, friction fitted lids to prevent escape. A treated panel was placed on the bottom at one end of the box with a water vial placed on the top of the treated panel; the food (Wayne™ rodent blox) was positioned beneath a 20-inch2 cardboard tent harborage, placed at the other end of the box, to perclude possible direct ingestion of lufenuron if food was placed directly on the treated panel. This design offered the test insects a choice of harborage areas, but assured exposure to lufenuron residues during their trips to the water vial. At each aging period, 15 early fifth (final) stage nymphs were released into the confined area with the appropriate panel type. The insects were maintained in confinement until all had reached adulthood or died. Insects that survived the adult molt were observed for an additional 7-10 d to record sublethal effects. Four response variables evaluated in this study were: 1) % molt inhibition (insects dying during a molt event); 2) % affected adults (insects surviving the molt to adulthood but affected by exposure to the chitin inhibitor); 3) overall % mortality (combined mortality from molt inhibition and those adults dying within 1 wk of eclosion); and 4) mean effects rating (score derived from a qualitative scale of 1 to 5 that expresses the overall lufenuron activity). Each surface type, environment, rate, and aging period combination was replicated 4 times, for a total of 60 insects/treatment combination. For each aging period, the experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design. Analyses of the four response variables were accomplished through the use of factorial analysis-of-variance models followed by LSD test (P = 0.05).
Effect of Registered and Experimental Aphicides on Aphis Pomi, 1995
Authors: Beers E. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a first leaf commercial ‘Scartlet’ orchard on M.7 rootstock near Malaga, WA. Plots consisted of single trees, with buffer trees between trees. Two shoots per tree were tagged, and all counts were taken from tagged shoots. The aphid population on the shoot was assessed by counting individual aphids on the most infested leaf on the shoot. Pre-treatment counts were used as a blocking factor for randomization. Treatments were applied with a handgun to the point of drip on 25 Jul. Post-treatment counts were taken ca. weekly until late Aug.
Apple, Comparison of Insecticides Against Oblr, 1995
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer to 0.25 acre plots of apple trees in two orchards: (1) ‘Idared’, ‘Cortland’ and ‘Empire’ trees (VanFleet orchard), which were ca. 4 years old, 5 ft high, and planted 8 by 12 ft apart; (2) ‘Idared’ (Nesbitt orchard), which were ca. 8.0 ft high and planted 15 by 18 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated twice in each orchard. Complete seasonal schedules of Asana, Dipel, Lorsban, and Confirm were compared in which the first spray was applied at the estimated first OBLR egg hatch (21-23 June), followed by 2 more protective sprays at 14-d intervals. Early schedules of Asana and Confirm were compared in which only 1 spray was applied at the estimated first egg hatch (21-23 June). Also, a 2-spray schedule of Asana was tested in which the first spray was applied at the estimated first egg hatch (21-23 June) followed by one more spray 14 d later. Application volume was 100 gpa. Summer populations of larvae were compared by examining 20-50 growing terminals from each of 5 randomly selected trees/plot for live larvae on 11-12 Jul and on 25-26 Jul. Fruit damage from the first summer generation of larvae was estimated on 6-7 Aug and on 21-22 Aug by sampling 100-150 apples from each of 5 randomly selected trees/plot. Similar fruit samples were collected at harvest in each plot and classified in USDA grades of Fancy, #1, and culls.
Tart Cherry, Control of American Plum Borer and Sesiid Borers with Chemical Insecticides and an Entomopathogenic Nematode, 1995
Authors: Kain D. P. , Agnello A. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Control was tested in an 18-year-old commercial block of tart cherries that was severely damaged by APB. Bark was split open and widely separated from wood, which is especially conducive to APB infestation. Five single-tree replicates of each treatment were selected based on likelihood of borer infestation. Checks were selected last from the remaining trees and tended to be less severely damaged. All materials were applied as a coarse spray with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi. The spray stream was directed into openings in the bark, as well as covering the entire trunk, from ground level up to, but not including, the first scaffold limbs. Spray dates for Lorsban were 6 Jun (petal fall) or 6 Jun + 12 Jul (APB 2nd flight start). Spray dates for Asana were 6 Jun, or 6 Jun + 12 Jul + 15 Aug (postharvest). The nematode tested was Steinernema carpocapsae (Scanmask). Spray dates for Scanmask were 28 Jun (1st generation larvae present) or 28 Jun + 15 Aug (2nd generation larvae present). Trunks were sampled in the fall (19-27 Sep) by peeling back bark with a hammer and long screwdriver to slightly beyond the edge of the living cambium and counting all living larvae. A number of trees died during the course of the study due to borer damage and drought. APB pressure was high, but sesiids were practically absent, and are not reported. Only the 6 Jun + 12 Jul Lorsban treatment gave acceptable control.
Apple, Obliquebanded Leafroller Control with Azadirachtin, Bacillus Thuringiensis and Chlorpyrifos in Spring, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Neemix, Dipel 2X, and Lorsban 4E were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in apple orchards at Milton-Freewater, OR and Mattawa, WA. Trees were 3-yr-old Fuji on dwarfing roots at Milton-Freewater and 3-yr-old Delicious on dwarfing roots at Mattawa. Treatments were applied to 3-tree plots replicated 5 times at Milton-Freewater and 12-tree plots replicated 5 times at Mattawa in a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Application dates at Milton-Freewater were 5 Apr (pink) and 25 Apr (petal fall), and at Mattawa they were 5 Apr (pink) and 9 May (petal fall). The approximate application timings with regard to plant development stage are shown in the table. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 8 May in Milton-Freewater and the total number of live OBLR larvae found in a 2-min timed sample recorded. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 24 May in Mattawa and total number of live OBLR larvae on all trees of a treatment replication counted and collected to observe sublethal effects. Surviving larvae were reared on artificial leafroller diet in 3.25 oz portion cups until death or adult emergence. Any deformities possibly resulting from exposure to an insect growth regulator were recorded. A significant rainfall occurred less than 2 h after the pink application at Milton-Freewater. Weather was good during and after the other applications; however, spring weather in general was cooler and wetter than normal.
Efficacy of Experimental Insecticides to Citrus Thrips on Arizona Lemons, 1995
Authors: Kerns D. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Seven yr old lemon trees owned by Glen Curtis Inc. in Yuma, AZ were treated with experimental insecticides for control of citrus thrips. The test was a RCB design consisting of four replicates. Each plot (30 ft by 90 ft) consisted of three trees in a row spaced 30 ft apart. Applications were made using a backpack air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Applications were initiated approximately seven d after petal fall. All treatment applications except Agri-Mek included Kinetic spreader-sticker at 0.1% v/v. Agri-Mek was applied with NR-415 petroleum spray oil at 1.0% v/v. Treatments were applied on Mar 27, Apr 29 and May 15. Evaluations were made on Mar 29, Apr 3, Apr 10, Apr 17, Apr 24, May 1, May 5, May 12, May 17 and May 22. Percent infested fruit were estimated by sampling ten fruit per tree for the presence or absence of immature CT. On May 22, TSM densities were estimated by counting the number of TSM infesting 10 fruit per tree. Fruit damage was estimated on Jul 22 by rating the degree of scarring on the rind. Scarring was rated as 1 = no scarring, 2 = slight scarring around the calyx, 3 = significant scarring around the calyx, 4 = slight scarring on the side of the fruit and 5 = major scarring on the side of the fruit. Percentage fruit infested with immature CT were transformed using a square-root transformation for analysis, percentage values are presented in the tables. Differences among treatments were separated using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
California Red Scale Pesticide Efficacy Trials, 1994
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy of two insect growth regulators (IGR) for the control of California red scale (CRS) were compared to an organophosphate insecticide. Additionally, the effects of the treatments on parasitism by Aphytis melinus and Comperiella bifasciata were evaluated. Insecticides were applied to CRS infested 11 yr old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, California. Seven treatments included a water control, Supracide 2E applied once, CGA 59205 (an IGR) applied once at 20.0 gm(ai), and applied twice at 30.0 gm(ai), S-71639 (an IGR) applied twice both alone and in combination with 0.5% Volck Supreme Spray oil, and 0.5% Volck Supreme Spray oil applied twice. Treatments were assigned based on laboratory evaluation of population densities of live 1st and second instar males and females as well as third instar and gravid females on five randomly selected twig samples (2nd year growth) per tree. Treatments were applied to single trees and replicated 10 times. All treatment applications were timed for emergence of 1st generation CRS crawlers; four of the treatments were reapplied when the 2nd generation of crawlers emerged. Insecticides were applied on 12-13 May and 19 Jul with a Bean hand-sprayer at 450 psi and approximately 1000 gpa (11-12 gal/tree). After treatment, twig samples were evaluated in the same manner as the pretreatment samples. Additionally, we evaluated scale densities on five randomly selected fruit per tree. Sample collections were completed at approximately 30 d intervals after the first treatment. Pretreatment sampling was conducted on 13 Apr. Post treatment counts were conducted on twigs on 13 Jun and 12 Jul and both twigs and fruit on 17 Aug, and 27 Sep. We evaluated the percentage of fruit infested with &gt;10 CRS per fruit in each of the treatments at harvest on 6-7 Dec. Concurrently we determined the percentage of parasitism by A. melinus and C. bifasciata of scale on fruit by evaluating live CRS for the presence of the parasitoids or evidence of host feeding by A. melinus.