bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cascade of destabilizations: Combining Wolbachia and Allee effects to eradicate insect pests
Authors: Blackwood Julie C. , Vargas Roger , Fauvergue Xavier 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

The management of insect pests has long been dominated by the use of chemical insecticides, with the aim of instantaneously killing enough individuals to limit their damage. To minimize unwanted consequences, environmentally friendly approaches have been proposed that utilize biological control and take advantage of intrinsic demographic processes to reduce pest populations.

We address the feasibility of a novel pest management strategy based on the release of insects infected with Wolbachia, which causes cytoplasmic incompatibilities in its host population, into a population with a pre‐existing Allee effect. We hypothesize that the transient decline in population size caused by a successful invasion of Wolbachia can bring the population below its Allee threshold and, consequently, trigger extinction.

We develop a stochastic population model that accounts for Wolbachia‐induced cytoplasmic incompatibilities in addition to an Allee effect arising from mating failures at low population densities. Using our model, we identify conditions under which cytoplasmic incompatibilities and Allee effects successfully interact to drive insect pest populations towards extinction. Based on our results, we delineate control strategies based on introductions of Wolbachia‐infected insects.

We extend this analysis to evaluate control strategies that implement successive introductions of two incompatible Wolbachia strains. Additionally, we consider methods that combine Wolbachia invasion with mating disruption tactics to enhance the pre‐existing Allee effect.

We demonstrate that Wolbachia‐induced cytoplasmic incompatibility and the Allee effect act independently from one another: the Allee effect does not modify the Wolbachia invasion threshold, and cytoplasmic incompatibilities only have a marginal effect on the Allee threshold. However, the interaction of these two processes can drive even large populations to extinction. The success of this method can be amplified by the introduction of multiple Wolbachia cytotypes as well as the addition of mating disruption.

Our study extends the existing literature by proposing the use of Wolbachia introductions to capitalize on pre‐existing Allee effects and consequently eradicate insect pests. More generally, it highlights the importance of transient dynamics, and the relevance of manipulating a cascade of destabilizatons for pest management.
Fast‐growing oysters show reduced capacity to provide a thermal refuge to intertidal biodiversity at high temperatures
Authors: McAfee Dominic , O'Connor Wayne A. , Bishop Melanie J. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Ecosystem engineers that modify the thermal environment experienced by associated organisms might assist in the climate change adaptation of species. This depends on the ability of ecosystem engineers to persist and continue to ameliorate thermal stress under changing climatic conditions—traits that may display significant intraspecific variation.

In the physically stressful intertidal, the complex three‐dimensional structure of oysters provides shading and traps moisture during aerial exposure at low tide. We assessed variation in the capacity of a faster‐ and slower‐growing population of the Sydney Rock Oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, to persist, form three‐dimensional structure and provide a cool microhabitat to invertebrates under warmer conditions.

The two populations of oysters were exposed to a temperature gradient in the field by attaching them to passively warmed white, grey and black stone pavers and their growth, survivorship and colonisation by invertebrates was monitored over a 12‐month period.

Oysters displayed a trade‐off between fast growth and thermal tolerance. The growth advantage of the fast‐growing population diminished with increasing substrate temperature, and at higher temperatures, the faster‐growing oysters suffered greater mortality, formed less habitat, and were consequently less effective at ameliorating low‐tide air temperature extremes than slower‐growing oysters. The greater survivorship of slower‐growing oysters, in turn, produced a cooler microclimate which fed back to further bolster oyster survivorship. Invertebrate recruitment increased with habitat cover and was greater among the slower than the faster‐growing population.

Our results show that the capacity of ecosystem engineers to serve as microhabitat refugia to associated organisms in a warming climate displays marked intraspecific variation. Our study also adds to growing evidence that fast growth may come at the expense of thermal tolerance.
Emerging citizen responses to disasters in Germany. Disaster myths as an impediment for a collaboration of unaffiliated responders and professional rescue forces
Authors: Lorenz Daniel F. , Schulze Katja , Voss Martin 
Published: September 2017

Combating disasters necessitates taking advantage of all means and resources that are available. A number of events in recent years have demonstrated the necessity, as well as the potential of well‐integrated and coordinated action between unaffiliated and professional responders. Nevertheless, in practical situations this potential remains largely untapped. This article investigates the case in Germany and asks to which extent known and researched disaster myths impede the cooperation between unaffiliated and professional responders. We combine data from observations of a full‐scale exercise, a representative population survey (N = 1.006), and expert interviews with professional rescue workers to answer our research question. With the results of our research, we have deduced that these disaster myths still significantly influence the perceptions and practical actions of the various involved actors and, as such, that approaches aiming to improve the various forms of cooperation between all available forces must take these underlying assumptions into account.
Optimisation of Bacillus cereus biofilm removal in the dairy industry using an in vitro model of cleaning‐in‐place incorporating serine protease
Authors: Kumari Sarita , Sarkar Prabir K 
Published: September 2017

This article addresses a major hygienic issue in the dairy industry, namely biofilm removal. Response surface methodology was deployed to optimise Bacillus cereus biofilm removal conditions using serine protease. The currently practiced alkali cleaning‐in‐place (CIP) method was also optimised, and while the optimised protease CIP resulted in complete removal of biofilm cells, the reference CIP (with alkali) resulted in a reduction of 4.08 log biofilm cells/cm2 and the optimised alkali CIP resulted in a reduction of ∼4.92 log biofilm cells/cm2. Furthermore, the amount of the biofilm matrix removed in the optimised protease CIP was significantly higher than that of alkali CIP. It was concluded that the optimised protease CIP has better applicability.
Dairy technology: A UK perspective on its past, present and future
Authors: Wilbey R Andrew 
Published: September 2017

The past 70 years have seen a dramatic change in the structure of the dairy industry, driven by socio‐economic changes and by the dramatic improvements in knowledge of the physicochemical and microbiological state of milk and milk products. Production processes have been revolutionised by improvements to process hygiene and by automation. Energy efficiency will continue to have a major influence on manufacture and distribution.
Regional autocratic linkage and regime survival
Authors: SCHMOTZ ALEXANDER , TANSEY OISÍN 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this article, the effects of regional autocratic linkage on the survival of autocratic regimes are analysed. Scholars have suggested that regional factors shape regime survival through processes of diffusion. However, in most accounts, diffusion is simply derived from characteristics of the region, such as the number or proportion of regional autocracies. In contrast, it is argued here that it is the actual linkages between countries that must be examined. Regional political, economic and social ties between autocratic regimes create domestic and external stakes in the regime, counterweigh democratisation pressure and facilitate autocratic learning. The study employs the average volume of trade, migration and diplomatic exchanges between autocratic regimes within a region as proxies for regional autocratic linkage, and asserts that regional autocratic linkage is on the rise. Applying Cox survival models on a dataset of regional autocratic linkage and regime survival between 1946 and 2009, it is found that regional autocratic linkage significantly reduces the likelihood of autocratic regime breakdown. These effects hold when the proportion of autocratic regimes within a region is controlled for, suggesting that one must look beyond the characteristics of the countries within a region and focus on the ties and linkages between them.
Impact of ladder‐related falls on the emergency department and recommendations for ladder safety
Authors: Cabilan CJ , Vallmuur Kirsten , Eley Rob , Judge Chantelle , Cochrane Sarah , Reed Connie , Riordan Jessica , Roberts Kym , Thom Ogilvie , Wood Gabriella 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the characteristics of patients who presented to the ED from a ladder‐related fall and their injuries, highlight the impact of ladder‐related falls on the ED, identify contributing factors of ladder falls and draw recommendations to improve ladder safety.MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted in two EDs. Patients’ demographics and ED services used were obtained from medical records. A 53‐item questionnaire was used to gather information about the type of ladder used, ladder activity, circumstances of the fall, contributing factors and future recommendations.ResultsA total of 177 patients were recruited for this study. The typical patient was male, over the age of 50 and using a domestic ladder. The ED length of stay was between 30 min and 16 h, and was longer if patients were transferred to the short stay unit. Services most utilised in the ED included diagnostic tests, procedures and referrals to other healthcare teams. Most falls occurred because of ladder movement and slips or misstep. The major contributing factors identified were a combination of user features and flaws in ladder setup.ConclusionsLadder‐related falls carry a considerable burden to the ED. Recommendations include ladder safety interventions that target ladder users most at risk of falls: men, ≥50 years old and performing domestic tasks. Safety interventions should emphasise task avoidance, education and training, utilisation of safety equipment and appropriate ladder setup.
Preoperative nutritional management of bariatric patients in Australia: The current practice of dietitians
Authors: Bourne Ruth , Tweedie Judith , Pelly Fiona 
Published: September 2017

AimThe aim of this observational study was to investigate the reported practices of Australian dietitians managing bariatric surgery patients in the preoperative stage.MethodsAn online survey of dietitians providing nutritional care to bariatric patients was developed for the purpose of this investigation. The survey questions were guided by the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Perioperative Nutritional, Metabolic and Nonsurgical Support of the Bariatric Surgery Patient guidelines and current literature.ResultsNinety‐nine dietitians completed the survey. Most participants recommended one to two different medical nutrition therapy strategies for preoperative weight loss (n = 69, 74%), with a very‐low‐energy diet exclusively from liquid meal replacements being the most frequently prescribed (n = 62, 69%). A significantly higher proportion of dietitians working privately reported the involvement of a bariatric surgeon in the multidisciplinary team (P = 0.002). More private practitioners also reported providing education on the nutritional consequences of the different types of bariatric procedures (P = 0.005) and postoperative vitamin and mineral supplementation (P = 0.013), as well as the use of the guidelines to guide their practice (P = 0.014), compared to dietitians who worked in the public sector. A higher proportion of dietitians working in metropolitan areas reported that screening occurred more frequently for vitamin D (P = 0.008), fasting blood lipids (P = 0.03) and glycated haemoglobin (P = 0.003) compared to those in regional/rural/remote areas.ConclusionsReported preoperative screening practices were not consistent with the recommendations from the literature and current American guidelines. Further investigation into the difference in the nutritional management strategies and work environments is warranted.
High nutrition risk is associated with higher risk of dysphagia in advanced age adults newly admitted to hospital
Authors: Popman Amy , Richter Marilize , Allen Jacqueline , Wham Carol 
Published: September 2017

AimTo establish the prevalence of nutrition risk and associated risk factors among adults of advanced age newly admitted to hospital.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was undertaken in adults aged over 85 years admitted to one of two hospital wards in Auckland within the previous 5 days. An interviewer‐administered questionnaire was used to establish participant's socio‐demographic and health characteristics. Markers of body composition and muscle strength were collected. Nutrition risk was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment‐Short Form (MNA‐SF), dysphagia risk using the 10‐Item Eating Assessment Tool (EAT‐10) and level of cognition using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.ResultsA total of 88 participants with a mean age of 90.0 ± 3.7 years completed the assessments. A third (28.4%) of the participants were categorised by the MNA‐SF as malnourished and 43.2% were classified at risk of malnutrition. A third (29.5%) were at risk of dysphagia as assessed by EAT‐10. Malnourished participants were more likely to be at risk of dysphagia (P = 0.015). The MNA‐SF score was positively correlated with body mass index (r = 0.484, P < 0.001) and grip strength (r = 0.250, P = 0.026) and negatively correlated with risk of dysphagia (r = −0.383, P < 0.001).ConclusionsAmong newly hospitalised adults of advanced age, over two thirds were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition, and a third were at risk of dysphagia. Nutrition risk was positively correlated with low BMI and grip strength and negatively correlated with dysphagia risk. Findings highlight the importance of screening for dysphagia risk, especially in those identified to be malnourished or at nutrition risk.
Optimizing Agricultural Best Management Practices in a Lake Erie Watershed
Authors: Pyo Jongcheol , Baek Sang‐Soo , Kim Minjeong , Park Sanghun , Lee Hyuk , Ra Jin‐Sung , Cho Kyung Hwa 
Published: September 2017

AbstractImplementing agricultural best management practices (BMPs) is influenced by a balance of desired environmental outcomes, economic feasibility, and stakeholder familiarity, the latter taken to be related to BMP acceptability. To explore this balance, we developed a multi‐objective decision support system for allocating BMP type and placement by coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool with a nondominated sorted genetic algorithm that minimizes total phosphorus (TP) yields from agricultural hydrologic response units (HRUs) and costs, while using stakeholder BMP familiarity as a constraint; conventional tillage, no tillage, nutrient management, riparian buffers, and contour cropping were explored. Using constraints representing current conditions, the optimization resulted in 59.6 to 81.0% reduction in agricultural TP yield from HRUs at costs ranging between US $0.8 and US $5.3 million. The constrained optimization tended to select mostly single BMPs or at most two BMPs for a given HRU due to these BMPs having higher acceptability to stakeholders. In contrast, the unconstrained case, representing full familiarity, selected 2‐ and 3‐BMP applications. There was little difference in costs between the constrained and unconstrained cases below an 80% TP yield reduction; however, significant differences were found at larger reductions, supporting the value of stakeholder education and extension efforts. Editor's note: This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.
nirS‐type denitrifying bacterial assemblages respond to environmental conditions of a shallow estuary
Authors: Lisa Jessica A. , Jayakumar Amal , Ward Bess B. , Song Bongkeun 
Published: September 2017

SummaryMolecular analysis of dissimilatory nitrite reductase genes (nirS) was conducted using a customized microarray containing 165 nirS probes (archetypes) to identify members of sedimentary denitrifying communities. The goal of this study was to examine denitrifying community responses to changing environmental variables over spatial and temporal scales in the New River Estuary (NRE), NC, USA. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed three denitrifier assemblages and uncovered ‘generalist’ and ‘specialist’ archetypes based on the distribution of archetypes within these assemblages. Generalists, archetypes detected in all samples during at least one season, were commonly world‐wide found in estuarine and marine ecosystems, comprised 8%–29% of the abundant NRE archetypes. Archetypes found in a particular site, ‘specialists’, were found to co‐vary based on site specific conditions. Archetypes specific to the lower estuary in winter were designated Cluster I and significantly correlated by sediment Chl a and porewater Fe2+. A combination of specialist and more widely distributed archetypes formed Clusters II and III, which separated based on salinity and porewater H2S respectively. The co‐occurrence of archetypes correlated with different environmental conditions highlights the importance of habitat type and niche differentiation among nirS‐type denitrifying communities and supports the essential role of individual community members in overall ecosystem function.
Female reproductive system morphology of crab‐eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and cryopreservation of genetic material for animal germplasm bank enrichment
Authors: Machado L. C. , Roballo K. C. S. , Cury F. S. , Ambrósio C. E. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe sprawl of the urbanization and road network process without building ecological corridors contributes to the high mortality rates and a threat to the population decline of wild species such as the crab‐eating fox. A strategy for the ex situ conservation is the study of the reproductive biology of the species and cryopreservation of their genetic heritage through the formation of an animal germplasm bank. This research is in accordance with the principles adopted by Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation. Reproductive systems of Cerdocyon thous females (n = 7) were examined macroscopically and microscopically by histological techniques and scanning electron microscopy. Gross features showed the shape of the ovaries was similar to a bean, and the elongated oviducts lengths were between 5 and 8 cm, with body of the uterus (3 cm) with long and narrow uterine horns (9–11 cm). The cervix was as a single annular conformation carrying out communication between the uterus and the vagina. The vagina has lengthened and circular muscle and the vulva with dense anatomical conformation with a quite pronounced clitoris. In addition, with regard to the establishment of a cell line (fibroblasts) for the gene bank enrichment, cells showed a low clonogenic capacity, especially when compared to domestic dogs, which can be explained by “in vitro” environment, age and diet of the animal. However, it was possible to create a bank of limited cell number. This study had morphological and preservationist character and aimed to help at long term in the conservation of wild animal's genetic resources.
Mucocutaneous inflammation in the Ikaros Family Zinc Finger 1‐keratin 5–specific transgenic mice
Authors: Ueta M. , Hamuro J. , Nishigaki H. , Nakamura N. , Shinomiya K. , Mizushima K. , Hitomi Y. , Tamagawa‐Mineoka R. , Yokoi N. , Naito Y. , Tokunaga K. , Katoh N. , Sotozono C. , Kinoshita S. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundOur genomewide association study documented an association between cold medicine‐related Stevens‐Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (CM‐SJS/TEN) and Ikaros Family Zinc Finger 1 (IKZF1). Few studies examined biological and pathological functions of IKZF1 in mucosal immunity. We hypothesized that IKZF1 contributes to the mucocutaneous inflammation.MethodsHuman skin and conjunctival tissues were obtained for immunohistological studies. Primary human conjunctival epithelial cells (PHCjECs) and adult human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) also used for gene expression analysis. We also generated K5‐Ikzf1‐EGFP transgenic mice (Ikzf1 Tg) by introducing the Ik1 isoform into cells expressing keratin 5, which is expressed in epithelial tissues such as the epidermis and conjunctiva, and then examined them histologically and investigated gene expression of the epidermis. Moreover, Ikzf1 Tg were induced allergic contact dermatitis.ResultsWe found that human epidermis and conjunctival epithelium expressed IKZF1, and in PHCjECs and HEKa, the expression of IKZF1 mRNA was upregulated by stimulation with polyI:C, a TLR3 ligand. In Ikzf1 Tg, we observed dermatitis and mucosal inflammation including the ocular surface. In contact dermatitis model, inflammatory infiltrates in the skin of Ikzf1 Tg were significantly increased compared with wild type. Microarray analysis showed that Lcn2, Adh7, Epgn, Ifi202b, Cdo1, Gpr37, Duoxa1, Tnfrsf4, and Enpp5 genes were significantly upregulated in the epidermis of Ikzf1 Tg compared with wild type.ConclusionOur findings support the hypothesis that Ikaros might participate in mucocutaneous inflammation.
A lotic‐breeding salamander (Hynobius kimurae) modifies physiological and morphological traits during wintering
Authors: Kakegawa Masaichi , Hasumi Masato 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUnlike other migratory salamanders, Hynobius kimurae moves to aquatic hibernacula during fall. Does submergence into water during fall induce changes in physiological and morphological traits? We investigated whether such changes occur in both sexes from the entrance into the water (November) to the exit from the water (May) in the laboratory. Mean duration of stay in the water was 21.7 weeks in males and 19.0 weeks in females. Spermiation began 13.8 weeks after the males entered the water. Sperm storage lasted for 6.3 weeks. Spawning occurred 18.3 weeks after the females entered the water. Cloacae swelled greatly soon after the sexes entered the water. In males after entering the water, tail shape changed from sticklike to finlike. Although physiological and morphological traits in other species change simultaneously in both the submergence into water and the onset of breeding activity only during spring, such changes occurred in individual H. kimurae firstly during fall (shortly after entering the water) and secondly during spring (shortly after awaking from hibernation). This difference suggests that these two‐step changes during a prolonged period (fall–spring) are concentrated in a short period of aquatic‐breeding activity during spring in other species with terrestrial hibernation and associated reproductive cycles.