bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ice Age cometh
Authors: McGuire Bill 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
What turns ice ages on and off? ‘The Ice Age cometh’ considers the potential impact global warming may have on the arrival of the next expected Ice Age. Will global warming fend it off or will it accelerate the onset of the next big freeze? Conditions on Earth during the great freezes of the Cryogenian and the most recent Quaternary ice ages are described and what triggers them considered, including the Croll–Milankovitch astronomical theory. The Little Ice Age (c.ad 1450–1850) and the Medieval Warm Period (c.ad 1000–1300) are discussed along with the role ocean circulation (especially the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) has to play.
Evidence for climate change
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Evidence for climate change’ considers both past and recent climate change through changes in temperature, precipitation, and relative global sea level to show that significant changes in climate have been recorded. These include a 0.85°Celsius (C) increase in average global temperatures over the last 150 years, sea-level rise of over 20 cm, significant shifts in the seasonality and intensities of precipitation, changing weather patterns, and significant retreat of Arctic sea ice and nearly all continental glaciers. The IPCC 2013 report states that the evidence for global warming is unequivocal and that there is very high confidence that this warming is due to human emissions of greenhouse gases.
Freedom’s ferment, 1750–1848
Authors: Ware Susan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Freedom's ferment, 1750–1848’ asks what slavery meant for women, white and black. What would it take to win the freedom of both slaves and women, and who would plead their cause? It describes the story of Sally Hemings, a slave in the household of Thomas Jefferson who went on to bear his children. The American Revolution did not radically reshape women's lives, especially when it came to political rights and legal status, but it did provide openings, especially for elite white women, to play larger roles in the new democracy. Women increased participation in religious benevolence, antislavery activism, and women's rights. It also saw the resumption of an expansive westward movement of peoples.
Co-evolution and the formation of niches
Authors: Holland John H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
What is a niche? ‘Co-evolution and the formation of niches’ explains that the term ‘niche’ is widely used to describe an important part of the hierarchical organization of complex adaptive systems: local use of signals and resources. Using Markov processes, a mathematical theory of niches can be formed that allows for multiple species with interaction networks that involve loops and recirculation. When realistic niches are considered, the diversity of the niche dwellers stands out. We see a complicated recirculation of resources and signals. How did this complex network of interactions evolve? The short answer is co-evolution through recombination of building blocks, often accompanied by an exaggeration of some of the resulting characteristics.
Hormones, history, and the shoulders of giants
Authors: Luck Martin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Hormones, history, and the shoulders of giants’ begins with accounts of extreme human growth: William Rice, a 7 feet 4 inches tall ‘giant’ who died in 1773, and the Efe people of Northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo who are the shortest of any human population. These accounts illustrate how an understanding of hormones permeates our view of how the body works. Hormones are chemicals that coordinate bodily functions. They are secreted in one location and act in another. They move around in the blood and other fluids, and their effects can last for a few seconds or several weeks. Hormone science began with the discovery of secretin by Ernest Starling and William Bayliss in 1902 and has since advanced rapidly.
The mysteries of reproduction
Authors: Luck Martin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The mysteries of reproduction’ begins with Pergonal (human menopausal gonadotrophin), a hormone preparation extracted from urine which contains pituitary hormones crucial to the reproductive cycle. Prolactin, another anterior pituitary hormone, affects fertility in women, but is also found in many different kinds of animal and has more than 300 different actions. Prolactin has the general effect of controlling the movement of salts and water across membranes, especially in tissues related to the skin. The important roles of hormones—progesterone, chorionic gonadotrophin, prostaglandin, oxytocin, oestrogen, and testosterone—in the reproductive cycle, human and gender development, the menopause, and the ageing process are also described.
Water, salt, and blood pressure
Authors: Luck Martin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Water, salt, and blood pressure’ describes how the balance of water in the body is controlled by several hormones, including vasopressin (arginine vasopressin (AVP)). AVP reduces urine production by the kidneys and also causes small blood vessels to contract, raising blood pressure. Blood volume and pressure are also adjusted by changing the amount of sodium ions reclaimed by kidney nephrons. The renin–Ang-II–aldosterone hormone system balances blood volume and circulatory space to keep pressure stable when the volume and dilution of the blood change. But what happens if the concentration of salt (sodium and other ions) in the blood starts to rise? Is there a direct way to get rid of excess salt? A hormone secreted by the heart, called ANP, does exactly this.
The hard stuff: calcium, cells, bones, and cancer
Authors: Luck Martin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The hard stuff: calcium, cells, bones, and cancer’ considers calcium and the hormone systems that regulate it. These hormones keep the correct balance between the highly reactive Ca2+ ions, which are essential for many life processes, and the precipitating salts like carbonates and phosphates. Controlled precipitation builds bones that defy the pull of gravity and hard materials that protect against predators. Bone formation and recycling take energy, as well as calcium and phosphorus, and all aspects of skeletal development are affected by the hormones of growth and metabolism. There are connections between bone development and appetite which work through serotonin, leptin, insulin, and hormones produced by the gut, in addition to calcitonin.
Genes as markers
Authors: Slack Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Genes as markers’ shows that most genetic variation does not affect gene function or activity, but it is still of enormous interest. Notably it enables the identification of individual people, useful in forensics in the form of DNA fingerprinting, the establishment of paternity, and other information about family relationships. It also provides some evidence about the migration of human populations in historic and prehistoric times. Genetic variation has also enabled biologists to examine the thorny issue of human racial differences and establish the degree to which there is any biological basis for perceived race.
Why eat?
Authors: Bender David A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A healthy adult eats about a tonne of food a year. ‘Why eat?’ explores the need for food and the uses to which it is put in the body. We eat because we are hungry, but why have we evolved complex physiological and psychological mechanisms to control hunger, satiety, and our appetite for different types of food? Why are meals such an important part of our life? There is an obvious need for energy from food to perform physical work. Fats, carbohydrates, protein, and alcohol all provide metabolic fuels. In addition, the body requires two groups of nutrients—minerals and vitamins—but most important is the need for water.
Energy nutrition
Authors: Bender David A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Apart from water, the body’s first requirement under all conditions is for an energy source to perform physical and chemical work. ‘Energy nutrition’ explains that the metabolic fuels to provide this energy are derived from fats, carbohydrates, protein, and alcohol in the diet. The constituents of a meal provide these fuels directly for a few hours. Simultaneously, reserves of fat and carbohydrate are laid down for use during fasting between meals. Only about one-third of the average person’s energy expenditure is for voluntary activity; two-thirds is required for maintenance of the body’s functions, metabolic integrity, and homeostasis of the internal environment. Energy expenditure, energy balance, and physical activity are all discussed.
Protein nutrition
Authors: Bender David A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
About 14 per cent of the human body is protein, so a growing child, or pregnant woman must have protein intake to increase the total amount of protein in the body, or foetus, as it grows. But why does an adult, whose body weight does not change, require protein in the diet? ‘Protein nutrition’ explains that proteins contain the element nitrogen in their constituent amino acids. Nitrogen balance is the difference between the intake of nitrogen-containing compounds in the diet and the excretion of nitrogen-containing compounds from the body. There is a requirement for dietary protein as the continual breakdown of tissue proteins in the body needs replacement by newly synthesized protein.
Vitamins and minerals
Authors: Bender David A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Along with energy and protein, the body needs two further groups of nutrients in the diet, in relatively small amounts: mineral salts and vitamins. ‘Vitamins and minerals’ explains how these micro-nutrients are essential for maintenance of normal health, growth, and metabolic integrity. Vitamin D and niacin are the only vitamins that can be synthesized by the body; all other vitamins must be provided in the diet. The most important minerals are iron and calcium, but other trace elements are required in small amounts. Iron is needed for synthesis of the protein haemoglobin, which transports oxygen in red blood cells, and calcium is required for bone formation and regulating the activity of muscle.
Introduction: waiting for the endgame
Authors: Hargreaves Ian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In the first few years of the 21st century, the digital ‘communications revolution’ provided entirely new global platforms capable of delivering online news, in all media. The ‘Introduction’ explains the difficulties associated with such changes. Can journalists be trusted? We need competing cultures of ownership and practice if our news media are to be truly diverse and widely trusted. We need journalism that does not seek power on its own account, but which has the explicit goal of empowering others. Journalism’s job is to provide the information and argument that enable societies to establish facts, to work through disagreements, to test moral boundaries, and to know their priorities.
Born free: a brief history of news media
Authors: Hargreaves Ian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In the last decade almost 600 journalists have been killed, chiefly in wars, in acts of political assassination, or by gangsters. ‘Born free: a brief history of news media’ charts the danger journalists face when reporting from war zones and from countries facing dramatic political upheaval. The growth of new media has also triggered a repressive backlash by authoritarian regimes. A brief history of journalism is provided: from the invention of printing by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, through the birth of the news industry in the 18th century, to the impact of radio and television in the 20th century, and to the age of the Internet.
Church and biblical Christianity
Authors: Woodhead Linda 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
What is meant by ‘Church Christianity’ and ‘Biblical Christianity’ and where do they come from? ‘Church and Biblical Christianity’ explains that ‘Church Christianity’ is centred around the institution of the church, whereas for ‘Biblical Christianity’ the scriptures have the equivalent position of authority. Both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches belong to Church Christianity and are the most enduring and extensive types of Christianity having been in existence since the 3rd century. Biblical Christianity can trace its roots to the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century when the Bible became widely accessible. Its sectarian nature and desire to shelter from wider society in order to retain Godly purity limited its growth.
Origins
Authors: Cronin Mike 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The Sumerians were some of the first humans to record their sporting activity, as wrestlers, around 3000 bc. Wrestling and other early activities appear recognizable to us as sports or forms of play, but are radically different from what we now understand as modern sport. ‘Origins’ shows that over the centuries sport has progressed from what has been described as a physical form of ritual, to the modern sporting era where tightly ruled contests rely on records and measurement. Sport history is not a simple progression from Ancient Greece to the stadia of contemporary sport, but rather a complex narrative of non-lineal changes that were constantly fractured by time and place.
Modern
Authors: Cronin Mike 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The late 19th century was a period of huge innovation and social change across a range of areas. Sport was a by-product of the industrial, transport, and urbanizing revolutions of the period. ‘Modern’ explains that once codified, rationalized, and organized, sports were dispersed on the lines of travel that linked cities with towns, colonies with the home nation, and marketplaces with the suppliers of raw materials. Games such as soccer, rugby, cricket, and baseball were commercialized and professionalized, but in all the changes and transformations as sport modernized and spread, key foundation ethics remained at the heart of what was meant and embodied by playing sport.
Introduction
Authors: Weinberg Gerard L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The enormous loss of life and physical destruction caused by the First World War led people to hope that there would never be another such catastrophe. How then did it come about that there was a Second World War causing twice the 30 million deaths and many times more destruction as had been caused in the previous conflict? The ‘Introduction’ poses several questions: why did this war start so soon after World War I? Why was it considered a world war and not just European? What triggered the involvement of various nations? How did the Allies win? These questions are considered in subsequent chapters.
The turning tide: autumn 1942–spring 1944
Authors: Weinberg Gerard L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The turning tide: autumn 1942 – spring 1944’ describes the key war strategies and battle results around the world that contributed to the Axis downfall. The Germans were spread too thinly in their battles in the Soviet Union, on the Western front, in the Mediterranean, and in North Africa. The fall of Mussolini in 1943, subsequent surrender of Italy, and rise in resistance movements in territories held by the Germans, Italians, and Japanese, all helped boost the Allied war effort, but the willingness of the Allies to coordinate their efforts was critical. While the Allies at times even shared secret intelligence, the Axis powers did nothing of the sort.
Conclusion
Authors: Weinberg Gerard L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The ‘Conclusion’ shows how the world was changed forever by World War II, during which around sixty million people had been killed, the majority of them civilians. There were huge losses in the Soviet Union and China, but the country most damaged was Poland. Massive destruction and economic dislocation characterized much of Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and portions of North Africa. The war and its ending also brought about enormous population movements. Countries faced massive reconstruction, the defeated had reparations to pay, and war criminals had to be dealt with. The war also provided new developments in technology and medicine, which transformed post-war life.
Introduction
Authors: Wayne Marta L. , Bolker Benjamin M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The ‘Introduction’ explains what infectious diseases are: diseases that are transmitted from one person to another. For most of human history, diseases could only be controlled at the population level, using quarantines to separate uninfected from infected people. The discovery of immunization, and later the invention of disease treatments like antibiotics, allowed individual-level infectious disease control. Individual-level control can filter up to the population level: if enough of the population are vaccinated, we can reduce transmission enough to stamp out a local epidemic, or even to wipe a disease out globally. But both humans and infectious disease agents are living organisms that undergo ecological and evolutionary change, making infectious disease a moving target.
Susceptibility of Trichophyton mentagrophytes to Visible Light Wavelengths
Authors: Guffey J. Stephen , Payne William , Buchanan Ben , Daugherty Jessie , Meurer; Logan , Hensley Patricia 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
To determine whether a blue light (405 nm) could inhibit the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes without using a photosensitizing material as part of the treatment protocol.

DESIGN:
Basic physiologic randomized trial using laboratory specimens (T mentagrophytes).

INTERVENTIONS/METHODS:
Plated on a growth medium, T mentagrophytes were exposed to 3 to 5 administrations of blue light at 20 J/cm2 over 28 hours. Following 7 days of incubation, colony-forming units were counted and compared with nonirradiated controls.

RESULTS:
The study found 3, 4, and 5 administrations of blue light produced significant inhibition of T mentagrophytes (P < .05); 4 and 5 applications produced the greatest inhibition of growth (84.7% and 93.6% kill rates, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:
The application of 405-nm light at a dose of 20 J/cm2 is an effective in vitro inhibitor of T mentagrophytes. To give results similar to those seen when a photosensitizing material is included, 3 to 5 applications of this wavelength and dose condition delivered over 28 hours is likely needed.
The “ological-triad”: considerations for construction management research
Authors: Holt Gary D. , Goulding Jack S. 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to consider an “-ological” (ontological, epistemological and methodological) triad in the context of construction management (CM) research, and to explore the triad in terms of ontological/epistemological viewpoints, paradigmatic approaches to CM research and, ultimately, CM methodological decisions.

Design/methodology/approach
Derivation of critical narrative and graphical models using literature synthesis combined with experiential, methodological views of the authors.

Findings
Conceptions of ontology, epistemology and methodology (the “ological-triad”) demonstrate high variability – resultantly, their use in CM research is equally inconsistent, sometimes questionable and, in the extreme, sometimes overlooked. Accordingly, this study concludes that greater recognition of the “ological-triad” is called for in CM research, especially at the design stage. A framework for doing this is proffered.

Originality/value
Combined study of the “ologies” within CM research uniquely consolidates previous disparate knowledge into a single, cogent, subject-specific discourse that, inter-alia, both informs and illuminates CM research challenges. It also encourages critical debate on the issues highlighted.
Use of the HCR-20 for violence risk assessment: views of clinicians working in a secure inpatient mental health setting
Authors: Dickens Geoffrey L. , O’Shea Laura E. 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore how raters combine constituent components of Historical Clinical Risk-20 (HCR-20) risk assessment, and how relevant they rate the tool to different diagnostic and demographic groups.

Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional survey design of n=45 mental health clinicians (psychiatrists, psychologists, and others) working in a secure hospital responded to an online survey about their risk assessment practice.

Findings
HCR-20 Historical and Clinical subscales were rated the most relevant to violence prediction but four of the five items rated most relevant were Historical items. A recent history of violence was rated more important for risk formulation than Historical and Risk management items, but not more important than Clinical items. While almost all respondents believed predictive accuracy would differ by gender, the tool was rated similarly in terms of its relevance for their client group by people working with men and women, respectively.

Research limitations/implications
This was an exploratory survey and results should be verified using larger samples.

Practical implications
Clinicians judge recent violence and Clinical items most important in inpatient violence risk assessment but may overvalue historical factors. They believe that recent violent behaviour is important in risk formulation; however, while recent violence is an important predictor of future violence, the role it should play in SPJ schemes is poorly codified.

Social implications
It is important that risk assessment is accurate in order to both protect the public and to protect patients from overly lengthy and restrictive detention.

Originality/value
Despite the vast number of studies examining the predictive validity of tools like HCR-20 very little research has examined the actual processes and decision-making behind formulation in clinical practice.
Marine, seabed, and land seismic equipment for broadband acquisition: a review
Authors: Mougenot Denis 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTThe broadband capabilities of marine, seabed, and land seismic equipment are reviewed with respect to both the source and the receiver sides. In marine acquisition, the main issue at both ends of the spectrum relates to ghosts occurring at the sea surface. Broadband deghosting requires towing at variable depth to introduce notch diversity or using new equipment like multi‐component and/or low‐noise streamers. As a result, a doubling of the bandwidth from about three to six octaves (2.5–200 Hz) has been achieved. Such improvement is not yet observed for seabed surveys in spite of deghosting being a standard process on the receiver side. One issue may be related to the coupling of the particle motion sensor, particularly at high frequencies.For land acquisition, progress came from the vibrators. New shakers and control electronics using broadband sweeps made it possible to add two more octaves to the low‐frequency signal (from 8 to 2 Hz). Whereas conventional 10 Hz geophones are still able to record such low frequencies, 5 Hz high gain geophones or digital accelerometers enhance them to keep the signal above the noise floor. On the high end of the bandwidth, progress is not limited by equipment specifications. Here, the issue is related to a low signal‐to‐noise ratio due to the strong absorption that occurs during signal propagation. To succeed in enlarging the bandwidth, these improved equipment and sweeps must be complemented by a denser spatial sampling of the wavefield by point–source and point–receiver acquisition.