bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of integrated transformational leadership on achievement
Authors: Boberg John Eric , Bourgeois Steven J. 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
Greater understanding about how variables mediate the relationship between leadership and achievement is essential to the success of reform efforts that hold leaders accountable for student learning. This multi-source, quantitative study tests a model of integrated transformational leadership including three important school mediators.

Design/methodology/approach
5,392 students provided data on student engagement, and 569 teachers provided survey data on principal leadership and the collective teacher efficacy and extra effort of their colleagues. Data were analyzed at the school-level (N = 51) using mediation analysis with the PROCESS macro to calculate the direct and indirect effects of all of the variables in the serial multiple mediator model.

Findings
The model explained a significant amount of variance in both reading (38%) and mathematics (35%). Collective teacher efficacy and student engagement mediated all of the leadership effects, demonstrating the importance of teacher and student relations in school improvement. The combined effect sizes are significantly greater than the effects of earlier TL models.

Originality/value
This study contributes to “leadership for learning” research by demonstrating that refining TLBs to include instructional management can enhance a leader's impact on achievement. As one of the few studies to examine student engagement as a mediator along with teacher mediators, the current study highlights the importance of teacher-student relations in school improvement. While collective efficacy mediated all of the effects of leadership on achievement, student emotional engagement also contributed to mathematics achievement. The study’s findings advance research into mutual influence processes, indicating that reciprocity may extend throughout the leader-teacher-student loop.
Fabrication and characterization of Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu interconnection microstructure for electromigration studies in 3D integration
Authors: Xiao Ming , Munief Walid Madhat , Wu Fengshun , Lilischkis Rainer , Oberbillig Tobias , Saumer Monika , Xia Weisheng 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to fabricate a new Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu interconnection microstructure for electromigration studies in 3D integration.

Design/methodology/approach
The Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu interconnection microstructure is fabricated by a three-mask photolithography process with different electroplating processes. This microstructure consists of pads and conductive lines as the bottom layer, Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu pillars with the diameter of 10-40 μm as the middle layer and Cu conductive lines as the top layer. A lift-off process is adopted for the bottom layer. The Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu pillars are fabricated by photolithography with sequential electroplating processes. To fabricate the top layer, a sputtered Cu layer is introduced to prevent the middle-layer photoresist from being developed. With the final Cu electroplating processes, the Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu interconnection microstructure is successfully achieved.

Findings
The surface morphology of Cu-Sn pillars consists of densely packed clusters which are formed by an ordered arrangement of tetragonal Sn grains. The diffusion of Cu atoms into the Sn phases is observed at the Cu/Sn interface. Furthermore, the obtained Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu pillars have a flat surface with an average roughness of 13.9 nm. In addition, the introduction of Ni layer between the Sn and the top Cu layers in the Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu pillars can mitigate the diffusion of Cu atoms into Sn phases. The process is verified by checking the electrical performance using four-point probe measurements.

Originality/value
The method described in this paper which combined a three-mask photolithography process with sequential Cu, Sn, Ni and Cu electroplating processes provides a new way to fabricate the interconnection microstructure for future electromigration studies.
A conceptual model of critical success factors for Indian social enterprises
Authors: Satar Mir Shahid , John Shibu 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
There have been global upsurge in the social enterprise research & practice considering social enterprise as a rapidly growing thought worldwide. The renewed significance of social enterprises (SE’s) has arisen primarily on account of their assumed potential in solving a range of social problems. The evidences supporting the budding role of SE’s in fostering sustained socio-economic development of regions & communities across globe are evolving continuously.
Even though, social entrepreneurship & SE’s have remained central thought provoking domain in the realm of scholarly investigation for a past couple of decades, the emerging literature on SE’s & their role in economic development is riddled with theoretical inconsistencies & definitional controversies. Thus, very little is known about functioning & management of SE’s. For the sake of advancing the field, the purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the critical success factors (CSF’s) of SE’s operating in different social settings in India. Further, a conceptual model is developed incorporating different factors of social enterprise operation in an integrated framework.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on the review of the extant literature, three categories of success factors comprising a total of 38 success factors for SE’s were initially identified. Under each category, the success factors were then classified and reduced to appropriate numbers based upon their importance to SE’s and their repeated manifestations in the literature, making a total of 13 CSF’s under all 3 categories. Based on these 3 categories of CSF’s, a conceptual model was developed.

Findings
The study determines thirteen critical factors as contributing to the success of social enterprises: (1) Business planning skills (2) entrepreneurship orientation; (3) leadership; (4) networking; (5) Innovative financing (6) triple bottom line planning; (7) social enterprise marketing; (8) community engagement; (9) human capital; (10) organizational culture; (11) Social Impact Evaluation (12) Frugal innovation & (13) Government support.

Originality/value
The paper presents a theoretical research model incorporating factors and determinants of social enterprise success to direct a future research agenda. The paper can further be used by researchers to empirically test critical success factors of social enterprises. Moreover, practitioners can also gain benefits from the conceptual framework & promote social entrepreneurship.
Antibacterial Constituents of Hainan Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Leaves
Authors: Zhang Wei‐Min , Wang Wei , Zhang Jing‐Jing , Wang Zhi‐Rong , Wang Yu , Hao Wang‐Jun , Huang Wu‐Yang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNoni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is an edible and medicinal plant distributed in Hainan, China. The antibacterial activities of the extracts of water (WE), petroleum ether (PEE), ethyl acetate (EAE), chloroform (CE), and n‐butanol (BE) were assayed by the disk diffusion method. The results showed that the extracts from Noni leaves possessed antibacterial effects against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus aureus. Among 5 different extracts, the BE produced the best antibacterial activity. The samples were first extracted by ethanol, and the primary compounds in the BE fraction of ethanol extract was further isolated and identified. Six phenolic compounds, including 5, 15‐dimethylmorindol, ferulic acid, p‐hydroxycinamic acid, methyl 4‐hydroxybenzoate, methyl ferulate, and methyl 4‐hydroxycinnamate, were identifiedby NMR. The results indicated that the phenolic compounds might significantly contribute to antibacterial activities of Noni leaves.
Acoustic identification of Mexican bats based on taxonomic and ecological constraints on call design
Authors: Zamora‐Gutierrez Veronica , Lopez‐Gonzalez Celia , MacSwiney Gonzalez M. Cristina , Fenton Brock , Jones Gareth , Kalko Elisabeth K. V. , Puechmaille Sebastien J. , Stathopoulos Vassilios , Jones Kate E. 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Monitoring global biodiversity is critical for understanding responses to anthropogenic change, but biodiversity monitoring is often biased away from tropical, megadiverse areas that are experiencing more rapid environmental change. Acoustic surveys are increasingly used to monitor biodiversity change, especially for bats as they are important indicator species and most use sound to detect, localise and classify objects. However, using bat acoustic surveys for monitoring poses several challenges, particularly in megadiverse regions. Many species lack reference recordings, some species have high call similarity or differ in call detectability, and quantitative classification tools, such as machine learning algorithms, have rarely been applied to data from these areas.

Here, we collate a reference call library for bat species that occur in a megadiverse country, Mexico. We use 4685 search‐phase calls from 1378 individual sequences of 59 bat species to create automatic species identification tools generated by machine learning algorithms (Random Forest). We evaluate the improvement in species‐level classification rates gained by using hierarchical classifications, reflecting either taxonomic or ecological constraints (guilds) on call design, and examine how classification rate accuracy changes at different hierarchical levels (family, genus and guild).

Species‐level classification of calls had a mean accuracy of 66%, and the use of hierarchies improved mean species‐level classification accuracy by up to 6% (species within families 72%, species within genera 71·2% and species within guilds 69·1%). Classification accuracy to family, genus and guild‐level was 91·7%, 77·8% and 82·5%, respectively.

The bioacoustic identification tools we have developed are accurate for rapid biodiversity assessments in a megadiverse region and can also be used effectively to classify species at broader taxonomic or ecological levels. This flexibility increases their usefulness when there are incomplete species reference recordings and also offers the opportunity to characterise and track changes in bat community structure. Our results show that bat bioacoustic surveys in megadiverse countries have more potential than previously thought to monitor biodiversity changes and can be used to direct further developments of bioacoustic monitoring programs in Mexico.
A novel transgenic rabbit model with reduced repolarization reserve: long QT syndrome caused by a dominant‐negative mutation of the KCNE1 gene
Authors: Major Péter , Baczkó István , Hiripi László , Odening Katja E. , Juhász Viktor , Kohajda Zsófia , Horváth András , Seprényi György , Kovács Mária , Virág László , Jost Norbert , Prorok János , Ördög Balázs , Doleschall Zoltán , Nattel Stanley , Varró András , Bősze Zsuzsanna 
Published: April 2016

Background and purposeThe reliable assessment of proarrhythmic risk of compounds under development remains an elusive goal. Current safety guidelines focus on the effects of blocking the KCNH2/HERG ion channel‐in tissues and animals with intact repolarization. Novel models with better predictive value are needed that more closely reflect the conditions in patients with cardiac remodelling and reduced repolarization reserve.Experimental ApproachWe have developed a model for the long QT syndrome type‐5 in rabbits (LQT5 ) with cardiac‐specific overexpression of a mutant (G52R) KCNE1 β‐subunit of the channel that carries the slow delayed‐rectifier K+‐current (IKs). ECG parameters, including short‐term variability of the QT interval (STVQT), a biomarker for proarrhythmic risk, and arrhythmia development were recorded. In vivo, arrhythmia susceptibility was evaluated by i.v. administration of the IKr blocker dofetilide. K+ currents were measured with the patch‐clamp technique.Key ResultsPatch‐clamp studies in ventricular myocytes isolated from LQT5 rabbits revealed accelerated IKs and IKr deactivation kinetics. At baseline, LQT5 animals exhibited slightly but significantly prolonged heart‐rate corrected QT index (QTi) and increased STVQT. Dofetilide provoked Torsade‐de‐Pointes arrhythmia in a greater proportion of LQT5 rabbits, paralleled by a further increase in STVQT.Conclusion and ImplicationsWe have created a novel transgenic LQT5 rabbit model with increased susceptibility to drug‐induced arrhythmias that may represent a useful model for testing proarrhythmic potential and for investigations of the mechanisms underlying arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death due to repolarization disturbances.
Comparison of von Willebrand factor (VWF) activity levels determined by HemosIL AcuStar assay and HemosIL LIA assay with ristocetin cofactor assay by aggregometry
Authors: Sagheer S. , Rodgers S. , Yacoub O. , Dauer R. , Mcrae S. , Duncan E. 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionDiagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) requires quantitative as well as qualitative determination of von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels. For functional assessment of VWF, ristocetin cofactor assay by aggregometry is considered to be the gold standard. However, need for technical expertise, labour intensiveness, difficult standardization and high intra‐ and inter‐ assay variabilities are some of the limitations of this methodology. Various assays for determination of VWF adhesive function using different methodologies have been developed in recent years.AimTo evaluate the HemosIL AcuStar chemiluminescence assay (VWF:RCo[Acu]) and the HemosIL latex immunoassay (VWF:act) as diagnostic tests for VWD and identification of type 2 VWD in comparison with the ristocetin cofactor assay performed by aggregometry (VWF:RCo[Agg]).MethodsResults from 96 samples analysed by VWF:RCo[Acu] and 128 samples by VWF:act were compared with VWF:RCo[Agg]. Sixty of these samples (25 normal, 17 type 1 and 18 type 2) were analysed by all three assays.ResultsVWF:RCo[Acu] showed excellent agreement with VWF:RCo[Agg], and readily identified all type 2 VWD samples tested. VWF:act showed reasonable agreement with VWF:RCo[Agg] for most patients, but had a slightly lower sensitivity for detection of type 2 VWD.ConclusionVWF:RCo[Acu] assay has the potential to replace VWF:RCo[Agg] for the diagnosis of VWD.
Waste Generation Flows and Tourism Growth: A STIRPAT Model for Mallorca
Authors: Arbulu Italo , Lozano Javier , Rey‐Maquieira Javier 
Published: April 2016

SummarySeveral studies have examined the relationship between environmental degradation and population growth. However, most of them do not take into account the difference between local population and tourist arrivals, which is considerably important for mature tourist destinations. This article contributes to the literature by separating these two groups within the framework of IPAT‐based models to measure the impact of tourist arrivals in terms of municipal solid waste generation for Mallorca. The model leads to a stochastic differential equations system, which shows that this mature tourist destination has higher population elasticity than industrial economies. Moreover, the model allowed us to measure the elasticity of substitution between lower‐ and higher‐income tourists. Results showed that an increase of 1% on tourist arrivals growth rate would generate an increase in waste disposal generation of 1.25%. Furthermore, an increase of tourist expenditures by 1% on the destination would lead to an increase of municipal solid waste generation of 0.51%.
A new microscopic method to analyse desiccation‐induced volume changes in aeroterrestrial green algae
Authors: LAJOS K. , MAYR S. , BUCHNER O. , BLAAS K. , HOLZINGER A. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryAeroterrestrial green algae are exposed to desiccation in their natural habitat, but their actual volume changes have not been investigated. Here, we measure the relative volume reduction (RVRED) in Klebsormidium crenulatum and Zygnema sp. under different preset relative air humidities (RH). A new chamber allows monitoring RH during light microscopic observation of the desiccation process. The RHs were set in the range of ∼4 % to ∼95% in 10 steps. RVRED caused by the desiccation process was determined after full acclimation to the respective RHs. In K. crenulatum, RVRED (mean ± SE) was 46.4 ± 1.9%, in Zygnema sp. RVRED was only 34.3 ± 2.4% at the highest RH (∼95%) tested. This indicates a more pronounced water loss at higher RHs in K. crenulatum versus Zygnema sp. By contrast, at the lowest RH (∼4%) tested, RVRED ranged from 75.9 ± 2.7% in K. crenulatum to 83.9 ± 2.2% in Zygnema sp. The final volume reduction is therefore more drastic in Zygnema sp. These data contribute to our understanding of the desiccation process in streptophytic green algae, which are considered the closest ancestors of land plants.
Product R&D Investment Policies in an International Duopoly
Authors: Taba Yumiko , Ishii Yasunori 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis study analyzes the optimal product R&D investment policies of a developed and a developing country in an international Cournot duopoly where firms from these two countries compete through endogenous quality–quantity decisions. We explore a new international trade model by using demand functions derived from utility functions. We find that the optimal product R&D investment policies for both countries are subsidies. This study counters a finding that used Hotelling‐type demand functions and it partially modifies another result that adopted the same demand functions but with an international Bertrand duopoly.
Technology Transfer, Welfare, and Wage Inequality
Authors: Wang Yuntong , Yin Xiaopeng 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe use a linear two‐country, two‐factor, two‐product, two‐different technologies (2×2×2×2) model to study technology transfer and its effects on each country's welfare and factor prices. We demonstrate that technology transfer could benefit both the recipient and the transferring countries. For the recipient country, technology transfer increases the price of the factor that is more intensively used and decreases the price of the other factor. Our results provide an alternative explanation of a trend observed in the past half century: a rise in real wage inequality between relatively skilled workers and less‐skilled workers because of technological progress in numerous countries.
The Impact of 2007/08 Financial Crisis on the Stability and Enlargement of the EMU
Authors: Lin Ya‐Chi , Yeh Kuo‐Chun 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBefore 2007/08, the European Monetary Union (EMU) was expected to be enlarged on schedule, but the European sovereign debt problem, triggered by the exogenous US sub‐prime crisis, not only has revealed the EMU's fiscal coordination failure, but also has weakened regional financial integration. The stagnation of financial integration will therefore increase the cost of sustaining a monetary union, which in turn slows EMU enlargement and ruins the reputation of the euro. This paper aims to measure the damage to financial integration and to provide a more precise answer on real interest rate parity (RIP) convergence. Our estimation indicates that RIP between the EMU and some accession candidates is still valid after the interruptions of the financial crises. However, convergence of real interest rates cannot be achieved until 2030. This implies the EMU authority must strengthen regional financial integration to solidify the EMU and then be able to re‐start enlargement.
Spatial Modelling of Emergency Service Response Times
Authors: Taylor Benjamin M. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The paper concerns the statistical modelling of emergency service response times. We apply advanced methods from spatial survival analysis to deliver inference for data collected by the London Fire Brigade on response times to reported dwelling fires. Existing approaches to the analysis of these data have been mainly descriptive; we describe and demonstrate the advantages of a more sophisticated approach. Our final parametric proportional hazards model includes harmonic regression terms to describe how the response time varies with the time of day and shared spatially correlated frailties on an auxiliary grid for computational efficiency. We investigate the short-term effect of fire station closures in 2014. Although the London Fire Brigade are working hard to keep response times down, our findings suggest that there is a limit to what can be achieved logistically: the paper identifies areas around the now closed Belsize, Bow, Downham, Kingsland, Knightsbridge, Silvertown, Southwark, Westminster and Woolwich fire stations in which there should perhaps be some concern about the provision of fire services.
A novel placement technique for nasogastric and nasoesophageal tubes
Authors: Herring Jennifer M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundEarly enteral nutrition in dogs and cats can have significant benefit in the therapeutic management of critical illness. Blind placement of nasogastric or nasoesophageal feeding tubes to accomplish this goal has become standard practice. However, complications from tube misdirection into the tracheobronchial tree can lead to significant patient morbidity and mortality. Safe and consistent alternatives are desirable to minimize these risks.Key ConceptsA modified method for placement of nasoenteric tubes is described. The main variation from standard procedure involves a second tube measurement, with the distal tip of the tube positioned at the thoracic inlet and measured to the nostril. The tube is advanced to this level and tested for negative pressure using a 12 mL syringe attached to the end of the feeding tube. This improves confidence in esophageal positioning before complete advancement of the tube to its distal endpoint.SignificanceThis procedural adaptation to feeding tube placement has the potential to reduce bronchopulmonary trauma from intratracheal misdirection by providing an early safety check to identify malpositioning. Prospective validation studies are needed to support its advantages over standard tube placement techniques.
Prediction of the anti‐RhD donor population size for managerial decision‐making
Authors: van Hoeven L. R. , Berkowska M. A. , Verhagen O. J. H. M. , Koffijberg H. , van der Schoot C. E. , Janssen M. P. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundRhesus D (RhD)‐negative women pregnant with a RhD‐positive child receive prophylactic injections to prevent haemolytic disease of the newborn. Because of the success of the prophylaxis, the number of naturally immunized women has decreased, thereby also decreasing the number of potential donors who provide the plasma from which the prophylaxis is made. As the current donor pool is ageing, the availability of the prophylaxis is threatened.ObjectivesObjectives are to investigate whether the anti‐D population and the changes therein can be described by a relatively simple model, to determine the impact of ageing of the anti‐D donors on the decline of the population and how many new donors should be recruited to meet future supply demand.MethodsData on Dutch anti‐D donors in 1994–2013 were used to simulate the donor population size and age composition for various donor recruitment scenarios.ResultsWith a continuous influx of 27 new donors per year and a donor stopping rate of 10% per year, the population size will stabilize at 195 donors, with 2·3% of donors stopping annually due to reaching the donor age limit. A formula is derived to estimate which donor recruitment and retention efforts are required to maintain a prespecified donor pool.ConclusionA relatively simple model can already describe and predict the size of the anti‐D donor population and the impact of ageing accurately.