bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Ultrasonographic Measurements of Adrenal Glands in Dogs: Comparison with Necroscopic Findings
Authors: Pagani E. , Tarducci A. , Borrelli A. , Iotti B. , Tursi M. , Zanatta R. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryUltrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands was performed in 85 dogs, followed by macroscopic and histopathological examination either post‐mortem or after adrenalectomy. This retrospective cross‐sectional study evaluated the difference between gross and ultrasonographic measurements to determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in the evaluation of canine adrenal gland size. The differences were assessed for gland length, thickness at cranial, middle and caudal regions, and surface area. In our sample, ultrasound error accuracy ranged between 0% in measurement of the right adrenal gland surface area and 25.21% for left cranial pole thickness. The parameters with minor errors were caudal pole thickness (3.64% right side and 3.49% left side) and length (5.75% right side and 2.19% left side). The ultrasonographic measurements generally underestimated the actual size of the adrenal glands. No statistically significant differences were observed for measurement errors between normal and pathological adrenal glands. This study confirmed that the caudal pole of both glands is the best parameter for ultrasonographic evaluation of normal and pathological adrenal glands size in dog. Furthermore, the surface area could be considered as a dimensional parameter for better assessment of the complex shape and the global aspect of the adrenal glands, while standardize ultrasonographic projections are needed to measure the cranial pole of both adrenal glands.
Gross Anatomy of Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758) Mouth and Pharynx
Authors: Pérez W. , Vazquez N. , Ungerfeld R. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe aims of this study were to describe the anatomy of the mouth and pharynx of the pampas deer, and to consider its evolutionary feeding niche according to those characteristics. Gross dissections of the mouth and pharynx were performed in 15 animals, 10 adult females and five young animals under 1 year (three males and two females), all dead by causes unrelated to this anatomical region. The upper lip entered in the constitution of a pigmented nasolabial plane. The masseter muscles weighed 43.8 ± 3.5 g and represented 0.23% of body weight, which corresponds to ruminants of feeders intermediate to grazers and browsers. Parotid glands represented 0.08% of the body weight, characteristic that also categorize the pampas deer as belonging to the intermediate feeding group. The dental formula was the same of the domestic ruminants. The upper incisors and canines were absent, and instead of them, there was a dental pad (Pulvinus dentalis). The upper canine teeth were present only in the deciduous dentition. The existence of a brachydont dentition turns Ozotoceros very vulnerable to continuous use as there is no compensatory teeth growth. The particular anatomy of the mouth and lips of this animal was adapted to a very selective feeding, taking highly nutritious sprouts beyond plant category. In conclusion and in addition to previous studies of anatomy of the digestive organs in this species, pampas deer may be categorized as belonging to the intermediate type of feeding.
Contentious space and scale politics: Planning for intercity railway in China's mega‐city regions
Authors: Xu Jiang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOver the past three decades, we have seen a flourishing of scholarship which explores the emerging political spaces and variegated scales of governance in China. This research draws on political economic tradition to argue that the way in which cities and regions are governed is indeed infused with socio‐political struggles which are proliferating at a range of spatial scales. Such theoretical interpretation is illuminating, but it has been subject to increasing criticism from the poststructuralist approach that views scale as an epistemological construct. This paper uses the Pearl River Delta Intercity Railway System (PRD‐ICRS) as a case study to challenge the onesidedness of both the political economy tradition and the poststructuralist approach in reading scale. It employs the “scale politics” thesis to argue that scale is more than a material existence (or institutionalised structure) that represents a particular arrangement of political power, being subject to perpetual transformation through regulatory projects and strategies. It is also a “representation trope” deployed in political discourses to acquire persuasive power to frame and legitimise these projects and strategies. Scale is thus both material and discursive. Understanding the two moments of scale enables a fuller dissection of political transformation.
Body condition and stage of seasonal anestrus interact to determine the ovulatory response after male biostimulation in anovulatory Criollo × Nubian goats
Authors: Vera‐Avila Hector R. , Urrutia‐Morales Jorge , Espinosa‐Martinez Mario A. , Gamez‐Vazquez Hector G. , Jimenez‐Severiano Hector , Villagomez‐Amezcua Eugenio 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe effect of goat nutritional condition on the response to biostimulation with sexually active males during different stages of anestrus was determined. Fifty‐eight Criollo × Nubian females on high and low body mass index (BMI) diets were used. Each BMI group was divided into two for biostimulation with sexually active males during May (mid‐anestrus) or July (transition period). Ovulatory responses to biostimulation were characterized from serum progesterone, as well as the delay for response (first and second ovulations followed by a normal length luteal phase, O‐WNLP). The percentage of goats showing one O‐WNLP was greater in the high BMI group than in the low BMI group and greater during the transition period than in the mid‐anestrus. However, the interaction between factors revealed that the difference between BMI groups was only significant in the transition period and the difference between stages was only significant in goats with high BMI. Occurrence of a second O‐WNLP tended to be greater in the high BMI group than in the low BMI group. Response delay was shorter in the transition period than in mid‐anestrus. In conclusion, female nutritional status interacting with the stage of anestrus determined the ovulatory response to male biostimulation in crossbred Criollo goats.
Modelling Mutation Spectra of Human Carcinogens Using Experimental Systems
Authors: Zhivagui Maria , Korenjak Michael , Zavadil Jiri 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMutation spectra in cancer genomes provide information on the disease aetiology and the causality underlying the evolution and progression of cancer. Genome‐wide mutation patterns reflect the effects of mutagenic insults and can thus reveal past carcinogen‐specific exposures and inform hypotheses on the causative factors for specific cancer types. To identify mutation profiles in human cancers, single‐gene studies were first employed, focusing mainly on the tumour suppressor gene TP53. Furthermore, experimental studies had been developed in model organisms. They allowed the characterization of the mutation patterns specific to known human carcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or ultraviolet light. With the advent of massively parallel sequencing, mutation landscapes become revealed on a large scale, in human primary tumours and in experimental models, enabling deeper investigations of the functional and structural impact of mutations on the genome, including exposure‐specific base‐change fingerprints known as mutational signatures. These studies can now accelerate the identification of aetiological factors, contribute to carcinogen evaluation and classification and ultimately inform cancer prevention measures.
Distance Sampling Detection Functions: 2D or Not 2D?
Authors: Borchers David Louis , Cox Martin James 
Published: October 2016

SummaryConventional distance sampling (CDS) methods assume that animals are uniformly distributed in the vicinity of lines or points. But when animals move in response to observers before detection, or when lines or points are not located randomly, this assumption may fail. By formulating distance sampling models as survival models, we show that using time to first detection in addition to perpendicular distance (line transect surveys) or radial distance (point transect surveys) allows estimation of detection probability, and hence density, when animal distribution in the vicinity of lines or points is not uniform and is unknown. We also show that times to detection can provide information about failure of the CDS assumption that detection probability is 1 at distance zero. We obtain a maximum likelihood estimator of line transect survey detection probability and effective strip half-width using times to detection, and we investigate its properties by simulation in situations where animals are nonuniformly distributed and their distribution is unknown. The estimator is found to perform well when detection probability at distance zero is 1. It allows unbiased estimates of density to be obtained in this case from surveys in which there has been responsive movement prior to animals coming within detectable range. When responsive movement continues within detectable range, estimates may be biased but are likely less biased than estimates from methods that assuming no responsive movement. We illustrate by estimating primate density from a line transect survey in which animals are known to avoid the transect line, and a shipboard survey of dolphins that are attracted to it.
The magic of magic: The effect of magic tricks on subsequent engagement with lecture material
Authors: Moss Simon A. , Irons Melanie , Boland Martin 
Published: October 2016

Background and aimsLecturers often present entertaining videos, or organize a variety of amusing demonstrations, to foster student engagement or to encourage critical analysis. Magic tricks, in particular, have been shown to activate neural circuits that underpin motivation or problem‐solving and, therefore, could be beneficial during lectures. Nevertheless, we hypothesize that, unless the method that underpins these tricks is revealed, students may ruminate over possible explanations, distracting attention from the lecture material.Sample and methodsTo test these arguments, in this study, 224 participants watched a video of a magic performance, watched a video of a circus act, or watched no video at all. In half the participants who watched the magic performance, the secret that underpinned the trick was disclosed. Next, participants watched a psychology tutorial, before answering questions that assessed engagement, need for cognition, and comprehension of the material.ResultsIf the secret was withheld, magic tricks diminished subsequent need for cognition but did not affect comprehension. Furthermore, magic tricks tended to diminish engagement with the subsequent tutorial. These effects, however, were small.ConclusionFuture research is warranted to ascertain whether information that is embedded within a magic trick, rather than presented after the trick, is more likely to be remembered or understood later. This research could clarify when performance can enhance or disrupt student engagement.
Long‐term utility of adjuvant hormonal and radiation therapy for patients with seminal vesicle invasion at radical prostatectomy
Authors: Moschini Marco , Sharma Vidit , Gandaglia Giorgio , Dell'Oglio Paolo , Fossati Nicola , Zaffuto Emanuele , Montorsi Francesco , Briganti Alberto , Karnes Robert Jeffrey 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the long‐term utility of adjuvant therapy after radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer with seminal vesicle invasion (SVI; pT3b), as the published data are conflicting.Patients and MethodsPatients with SVI during RP and pelvic lymph node dissection at two major referral centres from 1986 to 2014 were included. Kaplan–Meier analyses and multivariable Cox regressions were used to determine if adjuvant radiotherapy (aRT) and adjuvant hormonal therapy (aHT) were predictors of biochemical recurrence (BCR), cancer‐specific mortality (CSM) and overall mortality (OM). Subset analyses were performed for pN0 patients and pN+ patients.ResultsOverall, 3 279 patients with prostate cancer and SVI were included with a median follow‐up of 148 months. Considering the whole SVI population, 1 387 (42%) received no adjuvant therapy, 1 179 (36%) received aHT, 461 (14.1%) received aRT, while 252 (7.7%) received both aHT and aRT. The 10‐year BCR, CSM, and OM rates were 64%, 14%, and 27%, respectively. In the overall population, aRT and aHT were predictors of BCR, CSM and OM (all P < 0.04). When only pT3bN0 patients were considered, aHT was a significant multivariate predictor of BCR [hazard ratio (HR) 0.50, P < 0.001), CSM (HR 0.62, P = 0.01) and OM (HR 0.75, P = 0.004). Conversely, aRT was not associated with survival outcomes (all P > 0.05). When only the subgroup pT3bN+ was considered, the use of aRT was related to an improvement in CSM (HR 0.65, P = 0.03) and OM (HR 0.78, P = 0.03).ConclusionsaHT + aRT seems to be effective in pT3b patients. However, when stratified according to the presence of nodal metastases, aHT remains effective only in the node‐negative subgroup, while aRT remains effective only in the node‐positive subgroup. Further data including prospective trials are warranted to study the utility of adjuvant therapies in this setting.
Factors associated with regional recurrence after lymph node dissection for penile squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Reddy Jay P. , Pettaway Curtis A. , Levy Lawrence B. , Pagliaro Lance C. , Tamboli Pheroze , Rao Priya , Jayaratna Isuru , Hoffman Karen E. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo identify factors associated with regional recurrence after lymph node dissection (LND) for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to determine which patients might benefit from adjuvant therapy.Patients and MethodsMen who underwent LND for penile SCC from 1977 to 2014 were identified from an institutional database. Kaplan–Meier curves estimated recurrence‐free survival (RFS) calculated from the date of LND. Cox regression models evaluated the association between RFS and patient and tumour characteristics.ResultsIn all, 182 men who underwent LND for penile SCC were identified. The median patient age was 62 years and the median follow‐up was 4.2 years. After LND 34 men had regional recurrence, of which 24 developed isolated regional recurrences without distant metastasis. The median RFS was 5.7 months, and the 3‐year RFS rate was 70%. On univariate analysis, lymphovascular invasion, clinical and pathological nodal stage, pathological inguinal laterality, pelvic nodal involvement, lymph node density ≥5.2%, ≥3 pathologically involved lymph nodes, and extranodal extension (ENE) were associated with worse RFS (all P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, clinical N3 disease [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR)] 3.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.68–7.45; P = 0.001), ≥3 pathologically involved lymph nodes (AHR 3.78, 95% CI 2.12–6.65; P < 0.001), and ENE (AHR 3.32, 95% CI 1.93–5.76; P < 0.001) were associated with worse RFS. The 3‐year RFS for patients with cN0, cN1, cN2, and cN3 disease was 91.7%, 64.5%, 54.7%, and 38.3%, respectively. For men with ≥3 involved nodes, the 3‐year RFS was 17% vs 82.4% in men with <3 involved nodes. The 3‐year RFS was 29.7% in men with ENE and 85.7% in men without ENE.ConclusionThe presence of clinical N3 disease, ≥3 pathologically involved lymph nodes, and ENE was associated with worse RFS. As regional recurrence portends a dismal prognosis with few salvage options, adjuvant therapies should be developed for men with the aforementioned adverse factors.
Integrated Structural–Architectural Design for Interactive Planning
Authors: Steiner B. , Mousavian E. , Saradj F. Mehdizadeh , Wimmer M. , Musialski P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTraditionally, building floor plans are designed by architects with their usability, functionality and architectural aesthetics in mind; however, the structural properties of the distribution of load‐bearing walls and columns are usually not taken into account at this stage. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for the design of architectural floor plans by integrating structural layout analysis directly into the planning process. In order to achieve this, we introduce a planning tool which interactively enforces checks for structural stability of the current design, and which on demand proposes how to stabilize it if necessary. Technically, our solution contains an interactive architectural modelling framework as well as a constrained optimization module where both are based on respective architectural rules. Using our tool, an architect can predict already in a very early planning stage whose designs are structurally sound such that later changes due to stability reasons can be prevented. We compare manually computed solutions with optimal results of our proposed automated design process in order to show how much our proposed system can help architects to improve the process of laying out structural models optimally.
Sleep Problems in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Study of Parenting Stress, Mothers' Sleep‐Related Cognitions, and Bedtime Behaviors
Authors: Levin Anat , Scher Anat 
Published: October 2016

SummaryIntroductionDisrupted sleep is common among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).AimsOur goal was to (1) examine the contribution of sleep problems to parenting stress in children with ASD as compared to typically developing (TD) and (2) to address maternal sleep‐related cognitions and behaviors in both groups.MethodsMothers of 34 ASD (mean age = 39.29 months, SD = 5.22) and 31 TD children (mean age = 36.23 months, SD = 5.75) completed questionnaires measuring maternal stress, sleep‐related cognitions and settling to sleep interactions, and the child's sleep problems; mothers in the ASD group completed a symptom severity questionnaire.ResultsIn accord with previous research, children with ASD had more sleep problems compared to the TD group, and their mothers reported higher levels of stress. In the ASD group, sleep problems contributed to the experience of maternal stress, over and above symptom severity. Across groups, maternal cognitions and bedtime interactions were significantly associated with children's sleep problems.ConclusionThe results highlight the interplay between sleep‐related cognitions, bedtime interactions, and sleep problems and underscore the contribution of disrupted sleep to mothers' experience of parenting stress. As sleep problems in ASD children are common, clinicians are advised to include sleep in consultations with parents.
Myocardial scintigraphy – a method for detecting cardiac comorbidity in psoriasis patients?
Authors: Zutt Markus , Rudolph Hagen , Kaune Kjell Matthias , Wosniok Werner , Gärtner Ulrich , Linke Rainer 
Published: October 2016

SummaryBackgroundIn recent years, cardiac comorbidities in psoriasis patients have increasingly moved into the focus of clinical research. The objective of the present study was to evaluate myocardial scintigraphy as a screening method in patients with psoriasis.Patients and methodsAssessment of various comorbidities in 50 psoriasis patients without clinical symptoms of cardiac disease. Myocardial scintigraphy was employed to detect cardiac risk/exercise‐induced ischemia.ResultsTwenty‐eight patients (56 %) had pathological findings on myocardial scintigraphy. Fourteen individuals showed evidence of small‐vessel disease (cardiac syndrome X). Other comorbidities included obesity, arterial hypertension, nicotine and alcohol abuse, as well as elevated CRP levels. Frequencies largely corresponded to those reported in the recent literature. There was no significant correlation between the severity of psoriasis or any comorbidities and pathological findings on myocardial scintigraphy.ConclusionsMyocardial scintigraphy seems to be a very sensitive, noninvasive method for the early detection of cardiac comorbidities in psoriasis patients. However, determining its true diagnostic value will require larger studies with control subjects and control methods such as coronary angiography.
Oculomotor atypicalities in Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Sumner Emma , Hutton Samuel B. , Kuhn Gustav , Hill Elisabeth L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractChildren with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) fail to acquire adequate motor skill, yet surprisingly little is known about the oculomotor system in DCD. Successful completion of motor tasks is supported by accurate visual feedback. The purpose of this study was to determine whether any oculomotor differences can distinguish between children with and without a motor impairment. Using eye tracking technology, visual fixation, smooth pursuit, and pro‐ and anti‐saccade performance were assessed in 77 children that formed three groups: children with DCD (aged 7–10), chronologically age (CA) matched peers, and a motor‐match (MM) group (aged 4–7). Pursuit gain and response preparation in the pro‐ and anti‐saccade tasks were comparable across groups. Compared to age controls, children with DCD had deficits in maintaining engagement in the fixation and pursuit tasks, and made more anti‐saccade errors. The two typically developing groups performed similarly, except on the fast speed smooth pursuit and antisaccade tasks, where the CA group outperformed the younger MM group. The findings suggest that children with DCD have problems with saccadic inhibition and maintaining attention on a visual target. Developmental patterns were evident in the typically developing groups, suggesting that the pursuit system and cognitive control develop with age. This study adds to the literature by being the first to systematically identify specific oculomotor differences between children with and without a motor impairment. Further examination of oculomotor control may help to identify underlying processes contributing to DCD. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/NinXa2KlB4M. [Correction added on 27 January 2017, after first online publication: The video abstract link was added.]