bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thematic mapping of the Flemish forest cover using aerial photography
Authors: Coppin P. , Goossens R. , Dewispelaere W. 
Published: July 2016

As old forest inventory methods, based on questionnaires, become obsolete, a new procedure using remote sensing techniques has been developed. The objectives are fourfold: 1. Analysis of the forest situation in Flanders 2. Forest inventory methodology development 3. Creation of a forest management data bank 4. Production of base maps with high planimetric accuracy Basic material consists of colour infrared 1/30000 transparencies. Photo interpretation and processing is carried out using a Wild Aviopret APT-1 stereoscope and a Bausch &amp; Lomb Zoom Transfer Scope. The legend features species composition, development stage, ground cover percentage, management practice and ownership. Data from interpretation, field work and supplemental sources are presented as a series of thematic overlays on a 1/5000 colour infrared orthophotomap. Numerical processing is executed on a PDP 11/44 microcomputer. A Wild interactive graphic system (Synercom) is used for digitizing and area calculation. Automatic map production is performed on a Wild TA 2 drawing table. Availability of stand boundaries in digital form enables generation of thematic computer maps.
An analysis of a spontaneous ingrowth of deciduous trees in 70 year old stands of Scots pine
Authors: Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

In 70 years old homogeneous Scots pine stands, bordered by a hardwood belt, an analysis was made about the spontaneous ingrowth of natural seedlings. The analysis involved especially the following points: species and stem number, influence of the hardwood belts, diameter and height distribution, age, growth and structure. From the age of 30 years, a spontaneous regeneration of hardwoods established in Scots pine stands. There are on average 7,000 plants per ha, 80 % of which are black cherry and another fair number are red oak and pedunculate oak. The regeneration has an average age of 25 to 30 years, it is uneven aged, contains several diameter and height classes and has already partially penetrated the upper stratum. The spontaneous ingrowth allows to convert in a simple way the homogeneous coniferous stands into mixed hardwood stands.
The evolutionary learning algorithm in processing of ecological data, case-study: poplar tree-ring analysis
Authors: Beeckman H. , Vander Mijnsbrugge K. 
Published: July 2016

(1) Tree-rings are a challenge for modern ecological research dealing with 'time' and 'complexity'. (2) Machine learning appears to be an efficient tool to extract knowledge from data sets showing a high degree of complexity. (3) The software package PC/BEAGLE, using the evolutionary learning algorithm, is able to find some high quality rules for Nelder design poplar plantations. (4) Poplar trees growing in thin stands show a strong negative temperature signal. (5) 'Beaupré' trees are almost always more massive than 'Unal' trees, except for the first years after planting in the wider planting distances.
Growth table for Corsican pine in Flanders (Belgium)
Authors: Meuleman B. 
Published: July 2016

After its introduction at the start of this century, the Corsican pine has become an important forest tree in Flanders (Belgium). The total area covered by Corsican pine is about 11.000 ha. Due to climatological factors it is virtually absent from the Walloon part of Belgium. Despite the crisis in 1984 - 1986, practical experiences with its vitality and disease resistance are generally positive. Compared to Scots pine which is native to Belgium, its productivity and insensitivity for insect pests is large. To quantify the productivity of Corsican pine, a growth table was constructed using a method developed by PALM and DAGNELIE. It was based on data from 321 temporarily and 80 permanent plots distributed over Flanders. Five yield classes were distinguished according to dominant height at 50 years. For each yield class, a series of tables as a function of treatment was constructed. Treatments were characterized by the mean annual circumference increment. These tables allow to predict the growth of Corsican pines. Such predictions for the whole range of species are necessary for the development of a good forestry policy and for timber industries. The tables also provide information for any given Corsican pine stand that is helpful in practice: expected productivity, stand density, determination of the felling quantum. The data show that the productivity of Corsican pine is very high. The very early culmination of the current annual volume increment and the rather constant level of the mean annual volume increment after culmination are interesting new findings. It is also shown that it is possible to work with long rotation periods. This offers good opportunities for the production of high quality wood and is also important for the social and ecological role of the forest. Productivity is lowest on very dry and sandy soils. A high productivity on moderately dry sand and loamy sand soils and loamy soils make the Corsican pine one of the most valuable tree species for the Kempen in Flanders. Although productivity is very high on well drained sandy loam and loam soils, plantation of Corsican pine on these locations is not advised.
Redundancy analysis and the evolutionary learning algorithm as complementary processing tools for dendrochronological data
Authors: Beeckman H. , Vander Mijnsbrugge K. 
Published: July 2016

To process dendrochronological data sets, mathematical techniques that can handle complexity are needed. Two methods from the field of numerial ecology are introduced in tree ring analysis: redundancy analysis (an eigenvector method) and the evolutionary learning algorithm (a machine learning tool). Both methods show to be appropriate for a stringent test case. Redundancy analysis explains variance in tree ring data by environmental date revealing main trends. The evolutionary learning algorithm can be applied to look for unexpected strong environmental signals possibly departing from main trends.
Waldwirtschaft und Naturschutz auf Weltveranstaltungen und in der Praxis
Authors: Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Die U.N. Konferenz über Umwelt und Entwicklung hat nicht nur den Wald sondern auch die Biodiversität stark betont. Die Fragen stellen sich wie das Verhältnis zwischen Forstwirtschaft und Biodiversität aussieht und in welchem Mass die Forstleute die Biodiversität in der Praxis berücksichtigen. Biodiversität ist ein Schlagwort des Naturschutzes, aber nicht der Forstwirtschaft. Diese Tatsache erklärt grösstenteils die Spannungsfelder zwischen beiden Bereichen. Die Gemeinschaft erfordert eine grössere Biodiversität im Wald. Das zu realisieren ist der künftige Auftrag der Waldwirtschaft. Es gibt zweifellos noch viele Möglichkeiten um die Biodiversität im Wald zu erhöhen und um die Harmonie zwischen Naturschutz und Waldwirtschaft wiederherzustellen. Die künftige Waldwirtschaft soll naturgemäss sein, ohne ihren besonderen Auftrag zu vernachlässigen.
Nachhaltigkeit und biodiversität von Strassburg über Rio nach Helsinki
Authors: Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Es wird analysiert wie die Begriffe nachhaltige Waldbewirtschaftung und Biodiversität sich in den letzten Jahren entwickelt haben und wie sie auf drei sehr wichtigen Waldveranstaltungen, nämlich Strassburg (1990), Rio (1992) und Helsinki (1993), dargestellt wurden. Strassburg war rein forstwissenschaftlich, mit dem Themenschwerpunkt Waldsterben infolge Luftverschmutzung und hauptsächlich auf Forschung ausgerichtet. Rio war eine Weltkonferenz nicht nur über Umwelt aber auch über Entwicklung, in der die Waldwirtschaft eine eher unerwartet gros se Rolle gespielt hat. Beabsichtigt war den tropischen Wald in dem Mittelpunkt zu stellen, aber schliesslich wurden alle Waldtypen behandelt. Es war eine politische und keine technische Versammlung, grösstenteils von Nichtwaldbauexperten dominiert. Die Meinungsverschiedenheiten, hauptsächlich zwischen Norden und Süden, waren sehr gross. Helsinki kann eher als die Europäische Antwort auf Rio, dann als die Nachfolge von Strass burg betrachtet werden. Nachhaltige Waldbewirtschaftung ist ohne Zweifel das Schlüsselwort. Dieser Begriff wurde auf diese Weise in Strassburg noch nicht verwendet. Auch der Inhalt und die Näherung des Begriffes Biodiversität differiert stark von Strassburg zu Helsinki.
Evolution of biodiversity in homogeneous Scots pine stands by an ecologically diversified management
Authors: Lust N. , Muys B. 
Published: July 2016

This study evaluates three important parameters of biodiversity in first generation Scots pine forests on sandy soils: herbal layer, natural regeneration and stand structure. The research was undertaken in the Belgian Campine Region, where the original oak-birch forest had been destroyed in the course of time and finally been replaced by monocultures of Scots pine. These pine forests are characterised by a low biodiversity. In maturing stands of this type, however, a spontaneous increase of biodiversity is noticed. Herbal species diversity is very limited in all age classes. Spontaneous establishment of Scots pine seedlings is presently a widespread phenomenon in aging stands. Different regeneration patterns are found. Mainly due to the lengthening of the rotation in combination with the ingrowth of several hardwood species, the homogeneous Scots pine stands are gradually and spontaneously transformed into heterogeneous mixed stands, featuring a noticeable increase of biodiversity. Nevertheless, selected human interventions may further increase biodiversity. The fundamental management principles are discussed: avoidance of big disturbances, lengthening of the rotation period, use of native tree species, utilization of natural regeneration, protection of small valuable biotopes and permanent monitoring.
Towards the challenge of biodiversity in forests and forestry
Authors: Lust N. , Nachtergale L. 
Published: July 2016

The UNCED Convention on Biodiversity commits governments to report regularly on the state of forest biodiversity. This includes the development of a system of indicators. For indicators to be useful they should constitute a feedback mechanism in the decision-making process. They should form a comprehensive and integrated system. Much of the discussions on possible forestry indicators revolve around the identification of species-based and system-based indicators. The former category includes the use of endangered or flagship species as well as indicators of intraspecific variation. The latter category is intended to cover measures of forest structure and composition, the use of vegetation associations and ecological regionalizations, and measures of soil erosion or nutrient loss. From those two long lists of biodiversity indicators, a short list can be distilled, referring to the two major elements of the model framework, viz. Drivers of Change and Attributes Inventoried and Monitored. Despite the general objective of forest biodiversity conservation, it is important to look closely at some of the current challenges that exists for the future in forest management. In summary, changes in forestry practices are heavily influenced by economic realities, particularly the supply/demands variables. The shortage of information and knowledge implies that it will take time and effort and many iterative revisions to improve and refine the array of indicators that are required.
Root length and distribution in the mineral soil of a mixed deciduous forest (experimental forest Aelmoeseneie)
Authors: Vande Walle L. , Willems S. , Lemeur R. 
Published: July 2016

Root length and root mass were studied in two different forest stands: an oak-beech and an ash stand, both in the 'Aelmoeseneie' experimental forest at Gontrode, Belgium. In the oak-beech stand, the length of the finest roots &lt; 1 mm) was significantly higher than the length of the other diameter classes (1-2 and 2-5 mm) in the upper 60 cm of the mineral soil. Because of large variances, this significance could not be found in the ash forest. In this ash forest type, the length of the finest roots in the upper mineral soil layer (0-15 cm) was higher than all the other lengths, both considering the vertical root length distribution within the ash plot, and comparing the ash plot to the oak-beech stand. For the root mass, only the amount of roots with a diameter between 2 and 5 mm in the upper mineral soil layer of the ash plot was significantly higher than the others. SpecifiC root length (m root/g D.M.) is calculated for both the oak-beech and the ash plot. These values can be used to convert biomass data into root length data, which gives a better indication of the water uptake capacity of the forest stand.
Effect of light and humus on survival and height growth of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) seedlings
Authors: Tabari M. , Lust M. , Neirynck J. 
Published: July 2016

In 1997, 300 3-month-old ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) seedlings were removed out of the three different humus types (100 seedlings from each humus type) in the experimental forest of Aelmoeseneie (University of Ghent) with a closed canopy, in north of Belgium. Humus types were described as active mull with pH of 5.3-6.5, acid mull with pH of 4.4-5.2 and moder mull with pH of 3.8-4.3. Seedlings were transplanted in plastic pots, filled by the original soil, and placed under five levels of light intensity (2.5, 10, 18,28 and 92%), inside and outside the forest. Only with 92% light intensity seedlings were watered as necessary to avoid any appreciable water deficit. The results after 1 growing season revealed that seedlings attained a very high survival rate (95.3%). Survival was the highest when seedlings grew under semi-closed canopy (10, 18, and 28%) and also outside the forest at the 92% light intensity, compared with those under closed canopy (2.5%). It also confirmed that ash seedlings are shade tolerant, but with little growth. Height growth indicated an increasing growth response to nutrient availability with increasing light intensity. In fact, minimum height growth was observed in lower light intensities (2.5 and 10%) and the maximum value in higher light intensities (28 and 92%). Height growth of ash seedlings increased at humus types of active and acid mull, compared with moder mull. At the end of the first growing season, lack of differences in survival rate and height growth, produced under 18, 28 and 92% light intensity, revealed that training the seedlings under semiclosed canopy (18 and 26%) has a preference to those under relatively full daylight (92%) associated with watering. Therefore, the first year observations showed that ash seedlings, either in view of stem quality and growth or with regard to the facilities of maintenance, are preferable to be trained under intermediate light intensities (preferably 28%), at the high nutritional humus (active and acid mull).
Implementation of criteria for sustainable forest management
Authors: Lust N. , Nachtergale L. 
Published: July 2016

Resolution H1 of the Second Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe defined sustainable forest management. Resolution L2 of the third conference in Lisbon adopted the Pan-European operational level guidelines for sustainable forest management. These guidelines are designed for sub-national applications at a practical level. They should be applied in the context of, and in full respect to, national and/or regional instruments and actions. They are directly based on the resolutions H1 and H2 and they follow the structure of the six pan-European criteria that were identified as the core elements of sustainable forest management. The paper implements the six criteria by proposing and developing for each criteria a number of key issues that should be kept in mind for the realization of sustainable forestry at the field level. Altogether, 39 items are presented, such as forest maintenance, profitability, exploitation techniques, enhancement of biodiversity, native tree species, dead wood and old trees, participation, etc. The major problem remains the assessment of sustainable forest management. There is a lack of knowledge. Sustainable forest management requires that no big shortcomings on a large area occur for each of the criteria. Sustainable forest management is a process of continuous improvement.
Involving private forest owners in the sustainable use of forests: a case study for Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Van der Aa B. , Huvenne P. , Muys B. , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

The main features of the forest landscape in Flanders (Belgium) are the relative small area forested (only 10% of the land), the large proportion of privately owned forests (70%) and the high degree of fragmentation of these forests (average owned area of 1 ha). This situation makes the implementation of a policy aiming at the promotion of sustainable management and conservation of natural values in Flemish private forests extremely difficult. The Flemish forest administration prepared a concrete strategy towards a close to nature type of management in public forests. It was decided to promote this type of forest management also in private forests, but without making it compulsory. As a consequence, other strategies had to be found to involve private forest owners into a more sustainable forest management. The aim of this paper is to show some examples of such strategies, their success and their failure. The findings might be inspiring for regions with recently privatized forest resources. In this regard, the specific opportunities of both private and public initiatives should be stressed. Effective sustainability of forest resources will be reached in those circumstances where initiatives are based on trust, communication and stakeholder management. Valuable bottom-up approaches arising from the private owners themselves should be especially strenghtened.
Regeneration dynamics in an alluvial dense ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) stand
Authors: Tabari M. , Lust N. , Nachtergale L. 
Published: July 2016

Broadleaves regeneration dynamics and the succession mechanism were studied within a transect of 14 m x 56 m in a dense 80-year-old ash stand situated on an alluvial soil. For this purpose, abundance and height of all naturally regenerated species at different development stages were analyzed and their distribution over the juvenile and older growth stages determined. The study reveals that from the main broadleaved tree species, Quercus robur and Fagus sylvatica regeneration scarcely occur at any growth stages. No Fraxinus excelsior regeneration, except 1 unit, taller than sapling (1.5-4 m) can be found on this soil type. On the contrary, Acer pseudoplatanus represents different development stages (seedling, sapling, thicket, small pole and large pole) and in stand patches where an understorey is practically lacking, its regeneration is well developed. Results generally show that at the juvenile and older growth stages Acer proceeds Fraxinus and regeneration is largely dominated by the invasive Acer. It is expected that this succession process will continue and that Acer will overcome in the overstorey and even gradually form an almost single-species dominating stage. Direct interventions are unavoidable in order to regulate the primary mixture patterns.
Results of a forest species trial in an arboretum of North Greece
Authors: Zagas T. D. , Ganatsas P. P. 
Published: July 2016

This study deals with the survival, growth and silvicultural characteristics of some exotic, Mediterranean and native species planted in the Vassilika Arboretum, North Greece (South Europe) under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The results obtained 25 years after trial establishment showed that, from the ten species planted only the native species Pinus halepensis, Pinus brutia, Cupressus sempervirens and to a lesser extent Pinus pinea and one east Mediterranean but not native in Greece Cedrus libani, managed to show a good result. The fast growing exotic species (Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus globulus) showed good growth in the early years, but a low survival rate after 25 years. Species outside of the floristic zone Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris presented very low growth and finally died due to harsh climatic conditions.
Experiences with participatory approaches in the forestry field in Flanders
Authors: Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Participation into the forestry decision making is in Flanders not to be considered as a real new fact. A number of important forestry topics can be mentioned; whereby participation played a role: (1) forest legislation and forest policy; (2) management plans; (3) National Forest Plan; (4) criteria for sustainable forestry; (5) the Spatial Structure Plan Flanders; (6) establishment of urban forests. The Forest administration, the Flemish Supreme Forestry Council, forest owners, forest associations and scientific institutes are well known internal actors, whereas the agricultural sector and the nature conservation sector are the most salient external actors. However, a distinction must be made between participation and external pressure. Real participation supposes that it is institutionalized and that it is considered as a normal fact. Today, the pressure behind the screen is very great and the real decision making obviously occurs there. At least the impression exists that external actors such as the economic sector, the nature sector and the agricultural sector, which are often not directly involved in the forest decision making, pIesently ore determine many forest policy topics than the forestry sector itself. Besides, participation is not a priori a basis of success.
A bankválságok szerepe a külföldi bankok terjeszkedésében
Authors: Papp Istvan 
Published: July 2016

Az 1990-es években a külföldi bankok jelenléte látványosan növekedett világszerte, s különösen azokban az országokban volt dinamikus a terjeszkedésük, amelyek korábban nem képezték empirikus kutatások tárgyát. Tanulmányunk a világ 77 országában vizsgálta meg a külföldi bankok jelenlétét befolyásoló tényezőket. Empirikus eredményeink azt mutatják, hogy a külföldi bankok terjeszkedésében fontos szerepe van az adott országban eszközölt FDI nagyságának, valamint a helyi piaci lehetőségeknek. Elemzésünkben empirikusan teszteltünk egy új magyarázóváltozót (bankválság), amelynek bevezetésével kiterjesztettük a korábbi kutatások eredményeit, ugyanis számításaink arra engednek következtetni, hogy azokban az országokban, amelyekben előfordult bankválság a 90-es évtizedben, ott magasabb a külföldi bankok aránya a helyi bankszektorban. Éppen ezért, ennek az új magyarázóváltozónak az alkalmazását célszerű megfontolni minden olyan esetben, amikor a külföldi bankok terjeszkedésének okait vizsgáljuk.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: G21.