bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TGF-β1 Upregulates the Expression of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 1 in Murine Lungs
Authors: Peng Li , Zhou Yong , Dong Liang , Chen Rui-Qi , Sun Guo-Ying , Liu Tian , Ran Wen-Zhuo , Fang Xiang , Jiang Jian-Xin , Guan Cha-Xiang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTriggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) increases the expression of TGF-β family genes, which are known as profibrogenic cytokines in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we determined whether TGF-β1 regulated the expression of TREM-1 in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. The expression of TGF-β1 and TREM-1 was increased on day 7, 14 and 21 after single intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM). And there was positive correlation between the expression of TGF-β1 and TREM-1. TGF-β1 increased expression of TREM-1 mRNA and protein in a time- and dose-dependent manner in mouse macrophages. The expression of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) was increased in lung tissues from mouse after BLM injection and in mouse macrophages after TGF-β1 treatment, respectively. TGF-β1 significantly increased the relative activity of luciferase in the cells transfected with plasmid contenting wild type-promoter of TREM-1. But TGF-β1 had no effect on the activity of luciferase in the cells transfected with a mutant-TREM1 plasmid carrying mutations in the AP-1 promoter binding site. In conclusion, we found the expression of TREM-1 was increased in lung tissues from mice with pulmonary fibrosis. TGF-β1 increased the expression of TREM-1 in mouse macrophages partly via the transcription factor AP-1.
Earliest tea as evidence for one branch of the Silk Road across the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Lu Houyuan , Zhang Jianping , Yang Yimin , Yang Xiaoyan , Xu Baiqing , Yang Wuzhan , Tong Tao , Jin Shubo , Shen Caiming , Rao Huiyun , Li Xingguo , Lu Hongliang , Fuller Dorian Q. , Wang Luo , Wang Can , Xu Deke , Wu Naiqin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPhytoliths and biomolecular components extracted from ancient plant remains from Chang’an (Xi’an, the city where the Silk Road begins) and Ngari (Ali) in western Tibet, China, show that the tea was grown 2100 years ago to cater for the drinking habits of the Western Han Dynasty (207BCE-9CE) and then carried toward central Asia by ca.200CE, several hundred years earlier than previously recorded. The earliest physical evidence of tea from both the Chang’an and Ngari regions suggests that a branch of the Silk Road across the Tibetan Plateau, was established by the second to third century CE.
Self-assembled nanostructured resistive switching memory devices fabricated by templated bottom-up growth
Authors: Song Ji-Min , Lee Jang-Sik 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMetal-oxide-based resistive switching memory device has been studied intensively due to its potential to satisfy the requirements of next-generation memory devices. Active research has been done on the materials and device structures of resistive switching memory devices that meet the requirements of high density, fast switching speed and reliable data storage. In this study, resistive switching memory devices were fabricated with nano-template-assisted bottom up growth. The electrochemical deposition was adopted to achieve the bottom-up growth of nickel nanodot electrodes. Nickel oxide layer was formed by oxygen plasma treatment of nickel nanodots at low temperature. The structures of fabricated nanoscale memory devices were analyzed with scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope (AFM). The electrical characteristics of the devices were directly measured using conductive AFM. This work demonstrates the fabrication of resistive switching memory devices using self-assembled nanoscale masks and nanomateirals growth from bottom-up electrochemical deposition.
Transverse electron momentum distribution in tunneling and over the barrier ionization by laser pulses with varying ellipticity
Authors: Ivanov I. A. , Kheifets A. S. , Calvert J. E. , Goodall S. , Wang X. , Xu Han , Palmer A. J. , Kielpinski D. , Litvinyuk I. V. , Sang R. T. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe study transverse electron momentum distribution in strong field atomic ionization driven by laser pulses with varying ellipticity. We show, both experimentally and theoretically, that the transverse electron momentum distribution in the tunneling and over the barrier ionization regimes evolves in a qualitatively different way when the ellipticity parameter describing polarization state of the driving laser pulse increases.
Effect of calcium cyanamide, ammonium bicarbonate and lime mixture and ammonia water on survival of Ralstonia solanacearum and microbial community
Authors: Liu Lijuan , Sun Chengliang , Liu Xingxing , He Xiaolin , Liu Miao , Wu Hao , Tang Caixian , Jin Chongwei , Zhang Yongsong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe inorganic nitrogenous amendments calcium cyanamide (CC), ammonia water (AW) and a mixture of ammonium bicarbonate with lime (A+L) are popularly used as fumigants to control soil-borne disease in China. However, it is unclear which of these fumigants is more effective in controlling R. solanacearum. This present study compared the efficiencies of the three nitrogenous amendments listed above at four nitrogen levels in suppressing the survival of R. solanacearum in soil. The CC showed the best ability to suppress R. solanacearum due to its highest capacity to increase soil "Equation missing" and NO2− contents and pH. However, AW was more suitable to controlling bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum because it had a lower cost and its application rate of 0.25 g N kg−1 soil could effectively suppress the survival of R. solanacearum. Additionally, soil microbial activity and community populations were restored to their initial state four weeks after the application of each fumigant, indicating that the three fumigants had few detrimental impacts on soil microbial activity and community structure with an exception of the suppression of R. solanacearum. The present study provides guidance for the selection of a suitable alkaline nitrogenous amendment and its application rate in controlling bacterial wilt.
Clinical features, Outcomes and Molecular Profiles of Drug Resistance in Tuberculous Meningitis in non-HIV Patients
Authors: Zhang Jingya , Hu Xuejiao , Hu Xin , Ye Yuanxin , Shang Mengqiao , An Yunfei , Gou Haimei , Zhao Zhenzhen , Peng Wu , Song Xingbo , Zhou Yanhong , Kang Mei , Xie Yi , Chen Xuerong , Lu Xiaojun , Ying Binwu , Wang Lanlan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTuberculous meningitis continues to be a serious problem for physicians because it is difficult to make an early diagnosis and the consequences of delaying treatment are severe. The objective of this study is to provide data for the optimization of diagnostic and timely treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Of the 401 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative tuberculous meningitis patients in our study, 332 were found to have an impaired blood brain barrier (82.8%). Nearly 17.0% of patients failed to be timely diagnosed. Headache (53.6%) and fever (48.6%) were the most common features and Computed Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CT/MRI) detected 96 patients (23.9%) with abnormal meningeal imaging. Cerebrospinal fluid real-time polymerase chain reaction was positive in 73.8% of the tuberculous meningitis patients, whereas, smears and cultures detected only 6.7% and 5.2%, respectively. Further analysis identified striking differences between drug-resistant and drug-susceptible tuberculous meningitis. Patients with drug resistance correlated with grave prognosis. Tuberculous meningitis diagnosis should overall embody clinical symptoms, laboratory and cerebral imaging findings and more sensitive diagnostic approaches are still warranted. Our data suggest cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction for mycobacterial DNA and molecular drug susceptibility testing as routine assays for suspected tuberculous meningitis patients and observation of the blood brain barrier function could be performed for individual management.
Extracellular ATP mediates inflammatory responses in colitis via P2 × 7 receptor signaling
Authors: Wan Ping , Liu Xiaopeng , Xiong Yan , Ren Yuping , Chen Jiang , Lu Nonghua , Guo Yuan , Bai Aiping 
Published: January 2016

AbstractExtracellular purinergic products, particularly ATP, have recently been implicated to regulate immune cell functions and contribute to aberrant inflammatory responses of immune diseases. However, regulation of immune responses of colitis by extracellular ATP and its main receptor, P2 × 7, remains to be elucidated. In the study, we induced murine colitis by feeding mice with 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and noted dramatically heightened extracellular ATP levels in colon tissues during the progression of experimental colitis. Blockade of ATP release by carbenoxolone (CBX) treatment, or promoting ATP degradation by ATP diphosphohydrolase (apyrase), decreased extracellular ATP levels in colon tissues, attenuated DSS-induced colitis, whereas inhibition of extracellular ATP degradation by sodium metatungstate (POM-1) exacerbated tissue damage in the mice with colitis. Moreover, treatment with inhibitor of P2 × 7 receptor, A438079, decreased NFκB activation and active caspase-1 expression in lamina propria immune cells, downregulated proinflammatory cytokine production in colon tissues and attenuated murine colitis. Collectively, these data suggest extracellular ATP participates in regulation of inflammatory responses of experimental colitis, through P2 × 7 receptor and inflammasome and NFκB signaling, which provides potential alternatives to the current clinical approaches to suppress extracellular ATP-mediated immune responsiveness.
Sn‐doped ZnO thin‐film transistors with AZO, TZO and Al heterojunction source/drain contacts
Authors: Zhang Yi , Han Dedong , Huang Lingling , Dong Junchen , Cong Yingying , Cui Guodong , Zhang Xiaomi , Zhang Xing , Zhang Shengdong , Wang Yi 
Published: January 2016

Bottom gate, top contact thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with transparent Sn‐doped zinc oxide as the active layer have been fabricated on glass substrate at room temperature. Indium tin oxide, alumni zinc oxide (AZO) and Al thin films serve as the source/drain (S/D) electrode. It turns out that devices with AZO S/D electrodes exhibit preferable properties such as a saturation mobility of 13.6 cm2/Vs, a subthreshold slope of 381 mV/decade, a Vth of 3.47 V and an on/off current ratio of 3.1 × 107. Moreover, the superior output characteristic and lower parasitic resistance demonstrate the excellent contact performance of the tin‐zinc oxide TFTs with AZO S/D electrodes.
Highly linear VCO for use in VCO‐ADCs
Authors: Babaie‐Fishani A. , Rombouts P. 
Published: January 2016

A very simple ring‐oscillator voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) structure for use in VCO‐ADC applications is presented. It has a greatly improved linearity compared with previously published VCOs. Measurement results of a 1 V, 65 nm CMOS prototype confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Tandem photoaffinity labeling of a target protein using a linker with biotin, alkyne and benzophenone groups and a bioactive small molecule with an azide group
Authors: Anabuki Tomoaki , Tsukahara Miu , Matsuura Hideyuki , Takahashi Kosaku 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A novel linker containing biotin, alkyne and benzophenone groups (1) was synthesized to identify target proteins using a small molecule probe. This small molecule probe contains an azide group (azide probe) that reacts with an alkyne in 1 via an azide–alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition. Cross-linking of benzophenone to the target protein formed a covalently bound complex consisting of the azide probe and the target protein via 1. The biotin was utilized via biotin–avidin binding to identify the cross-linked complex. To evaluate the effectiveness of 1, it was applied in a model system using an allene oxide synthase (AOS) from the model moss Physcomitrella patens (PpAOS1) and an AOS inhibitor that contained azide group (3). The cross-linked complex consisting of PpAOS1, 1 and 3 was resolved via SDS–PAGE and visualized using a chemiluminescent system. The method that was developed in this study enables the effective identification of target proteins.
Realist Foundations of Measurement
Authors: Byerly Henry C. 
Published: January 2016

A not uncommon conclusion of philosophers studying the conceptual foundations of measurement is that scales of measurement, though subject to requirements of consistency, convenience, and simplicity, are essentially based upon conventions, and thus cannot be said to refer to relationships among existing quantities. Brian Ellis, for example, in one of. the most searching contemporary analyses of measurement concepts, claims thatcertain metaphysical presuppositions made by positivists and nonpositivists alike, have played havoc with our understanding of many of the basic concepts of measurement, and concealed the existence of certain more or less arbitrary conventions. ([4], p. 3)Some aspects of measurement are clearly conventional in the strong sense of resting on essentially arbitrary agreements. Thus to ask which of the scales of temperature, Centigrade or Fahrenheit, is the ‘true’ scale would be like asking which are the true words for the first three integers - ‘one, two, three’ or ‘eins, zwei, drei’.
Metaphorical Models of Mastery: or, How to Learn to do the Problems at the End of the Chapter of the Physics Textbook
Authors: Petrie Hugh G. 
Published: January 2016

Without question, one of the most important cluster of issues in recent philosophy of science has centered around the attack on the rigid positivist distinction between theory and observation or between a theoretical language and an observational language. Kuhn, Feyerabend, Hanson, Toulmin, and Polanyi are all names closely associated with one version or another of this attack. All have argued that observational categories are essentially theory-determined and there is no determinate observational base, or neutral observational language. Thus at least the positivist account of the objectivity of scientific knowledge would seem to be seriously threatened by the thesis of the theory-ladenness of observation. For without an independently accessible observational base against which to test scientific theories, wherein would objectivity consist ?A number of philosophers of science have rallied to the defense of objectivity against the threat posed by the thesis of the theory-ladenness of observation. One of the earliest defenses and still one of the most reasonable and persuasive was offered by Israel Schemer in his book, Science and Subjectivity.
Integrating the Philosophy and the Social Psychology of Science or a Plague on Two Houses Divided
Authors: Mitroff Ian I. 
Published: January 2016

A few years ago at the conclusion to one of his papers, Norwood Russell Hanson wrote:… scientific observation and scientific interpretation need neither be joined nor separated. They are never apart, so they need not be joined. They cannot, not even in principle, be separated, and it is conceptually idle to make the attempt. Observation and interpretation are related symbiotically so that each conceptually sustains the other, while separation kills both. This will not be news to any practicing scientist, but it may seem heretical indeed to certain philosophers of science for whom Analysis has, alas, become indistinguishable from Division (1967, p. 99).While not everyone would agree with Hanson regarding the role of observation and interpretation, I have often wondered what would have happened had Hanson attempted to make the same argument regarding the philosophy and the social psychology of research, if indeed he would have been inclined to attempt such an argument at all.
The Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Hardegree Gary M. 
Published: January 2016

In the present paper I describe a general formal semantic scheme for the interpretation of quantum mechanics (QM) , and on the basis of this scheme I examine the modal interpretation of QM — both the Copenhagen and the anti-Copenhagen variants — proposed by van Fraassen [19, 20, 21], This is intended to be a fragment of a larger work [12] which additionally investigates a number of closely related interpretations, including ones proposed by Bub and Demopoulos [1, 2, 3, 4], Fine [5, 6], and Krips [16, 17].Formal semantically speaking (see, e.g., Thomason [18]), a logic L may be characterized as an ordered pair <SYN,SEM>, where SYN is the underlying syntax (language) of L, and SEM is the semantics of L, which consists of a class of semantic assignments on SYN.
Ayer and Russell on Naive Realism
Authors: Bradie Michael 
Published: January 2016

In his book, Russell and Moore: The Analytic Heritage, A. J. Ayer takes issue with Russell's defense of scientific realism and his rejection of naive realism. ([1], pp. 126f.) Russell's position is succinctly stated in An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth ([3], p. 13) as follows:Scientific scripture, in its most canonical form is embodied in physics ( including physiology). Physics assures us that the occurrences which we call ‘perceiving objects’ are at the end of a long causal chain which starts from the objects, and are not likely to resemble the objects except, at best, in certain very abstract ways. We all start from ‘naive realism, i. e. , the doctrine that things are what they seem. We think that grass is green, that stones are hard, and that snow is cold.
How to Begin Again: Medical Therapies for the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Wartofsky Marx W. 
Published: January 2016

The philosophy of medicine has been granted a temporary visiting pass to the hallowed halls of the philosophy of science. The visitor is bound by rules, of course: e.g., visiting hours must not interfere with the working hours of the staff; proper decorum must be observed at all times—no loud or disturbing noises are allowed; above all, no kibitzing!Such cautions, I would agree, are most appropriate. For the visitor is obstreporous, ill-mannered and even subversive. Moreover, the visitor has a history of being recalcitrant to the imposition of laws, and can't be trusted to abide by the house rules. Therefore, one should be wary of such a guest in the house of philosophy of science. For though its halls are hallowed, we have discovered that its walls are hollowed, and may not long continue to bear the weight put upon them.
The Philosophical Richness of Technology
Authors: Bunge Mario 
Published: January 2016

Headline, 20th July, 1976: VIKING I LANDS ON MARS. Certainly a triumph of space technology. But philosophically significant? Doubtful, but then we should not look for philosophy in material objects other than human brains. If we look for philosophy at the right spots in the technological process we are bound to find some, for there is philosophy in or behind every piece of human knowledge and in or behind every step of rational action.We shall find philosophy, for instance, in the policy making that ended up in the decision to build and send off Viking I, as well as in the technological research that went into the implementation of that decision—and I am using the term ‘philosophy’ in its technical acceptation not in the popular one. Indeed one of the assumptions in planning the Viking I venture was that there might be life on Mars after all.
Comments on the Papers of Brush and Tisza
Authors: Shimony Abner 
Published: January 2016

Most of what I have to say concerns Tisza's conceptual analysis [12], but I should like to begin with an appreciation of Brush's historical essay [2], Accurate historical information about a science is usually illuminating not only about the process of discovery but also about the subject matter itself. I think that this statement is especially true for statistical mechanics, in which the problems that the founding fathers were concerned with are still not completely solved, and I certainly feel that this historical essay has helped me to understand the subject matter of statistical mechanics better than before.There are several remarks in Brush's essay concerning epistemology and methodology, some of which seem to me correct but others not.
Non-local Hidden Variable Theories and Bell's Inequality
Authors: Bub Jeffrey , Shiva Vandana 
Published: January 2016

The conceptually puzzling features of quantum mechanics as a statistical theory all have their source in the impossibility of relating the probability assignments defined by the quantum state to distributions over determinate values of the physical magnitudes. While some interpretations of quantum mechanics, as well as “hidden variable” modifications of the theory, have proposed several constructions for assigning values to magnitudes (beyond the value assignments defined by the quantum state alone), a variety of theorems exist which impose severe restrictions on such theoretical constructions.This note will deal with Bell's proof (in [2]), that any hidden variable theory satisfying a physically reasonable locality condition is characterized by an inequality which is inconsistent with the quantum statistics. Bell's result has initiated a series of experiments designed to refute the entire class of local hidden variable theories. We show that Bell's inequality actually characterizes a feature of hidden variable theories which is much weaker than locality in the sense considered physically motivated.
Four Basic Concepts of Medical Science
Authors: Whitbeck Caroline 
Published: January 2016

It might be thought that the basic concept in medical science is that of health. However, as it turns out, medicine has little or nothing to say about health. (This is less true of some of the other health sciences and health professions, notably nursing and public health.) Instead it is diseases, injuries, impairments, and, to a lesser extent, symptoms which are the focus of concern in medicine. It is a generally recognized and frequently bemoaned fact that in this country, contemporary medicine and medical education largely ignore, not only the promotion of health, but even the prevention of disease and injury. (Medical educators are among those most acutely aware of this situation.) Instead, medicine is principally concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of medical crisis.It is small wonder that in explicating the concept of health as it is found in the theories which inform the practice of medicine, Boorse arrives at a negative notion, viz., health as the absence of disease and injury.
Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience
Authors: Thagard Paul R. 
Published: January 2016

Most philosophers and historians of science agree that astrology is a pseudoscience, but there is little agreement on why it is a pseudoscience. Answers range from matters of verifiability and falsifiability, to questions of progress and Kuhnian normal science, to the different sorts of objections raised by a large panel of scientists recently organized by The Humanist magazine. Of course there are also Feyerabendian anarchists and others who say that no demarcation of science from pseudoscience is possible. However, I shall propose a complex criterion for distinguishing disciplines as pseudoscientific; this criterion is unlike verificationist and falsificationist attempts in that it introduces social and historical features as well as logical ones.I begin with a brief description of astrology. It would be most unfair to evaluate astrology by reference to the daily horoscopes found in newspapers and popular magazines.