bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stem Cell‐Based Therapies for Ischemic Stroke: Preclinical Results and the Potential of Imaging‐Assisted Evaluation of Donor Cell Fate and Mechanisms of Brain Regeneration
Authors: Gervois Pascal , Wolfs Esther , Ratajczak Jessica , Dillen Yörg , Vangansewinkel Tim , Hilkens Petra , Bronckaers Annelies , Lambrichts Ivo , Struys Tom 
Published: July 2016

AbstractStroke is the second most common cause of death and is a major cause of permanent disability. Given the current demographic trend of an ageing population and associated increased risk, the prevalence of and socioeconomic burden caused by stroke will continue to rise. Current therapies are unable to sufficiently ameliorate the disease outcome and are not applicable to all patients. Therefore, strategies such as cell‐based therapies with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) pave the way for new treatment options for stroke. These cells showed great preclinical promise despite the fact that the precise mechanism of action and the optimal administration route are unknown. To gain dynamic insights into the underlying repair processes after stem cell engraftment, noninvasive imaging modalities were developed to provide detailed spatial and functional information on the donor cell fate and host microenvironment. This review will focus on MSCs and iPSCs as types of widely used stem cell sources in current (bio)medical research and compare their efficacy and potential to ameliorate the disease outcome in animal stroke models. In addition, novel noninvasive imaging strategies allowing temporospatial in vivo tracking of transplanted cells and coinciding evaluation of neuronal repair following stroke will be discussed.
Single and multidimensional measurements underestimate neuroblastoma response to therapy
Authors: Trout Andrew T. , Towbin Alexander J. , Klingbeil Lindsey , Weiss Brian D. , von Allmen Daniel 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundChanges in three‐dimensional (3D) measurements of neuroblastoma are used to assess response. Linear measurements may not accurately characterize tumor size due to the infiltrative character of these tumors. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of one‐dimensional (1D), two‐dimensional (2D), and 3D measurements in characterizing neuroblastoma response compared to a reference standard of tumor volume.ProcedureWe retrospectively reviewed imaging for 34 patients with stage 3 or 4 neuroblastoma. Blinded readers contoured or made linear measurements of tumors. Correlation coefficients were used to compare linear measurements to volumetric and 3D measurements. Bland–Altman analyses were used to assess bias between measurements. Sensitivity and specificity for patient events and survival were calculated for each measurement technique.ResultsMean patient age was 2.9 ± 3.0 years (range 0–15 years). There was strong correlation between volumetric and 1D (r = 0.78, P < 0.0001), 2D (r = 0.86, P < 0.0001), and 3D (r = 0.88, P < 0.0001) measurements. Mean bias between volumetric measurements and 1D, 2D, and 3D measurements was 37.1% (95% limits: 6.2–67.9%), 16.1% (95% limits: –11.7–43.8%), and 7.7% (95% limits: –19.7–35.1%), respectively. 1D and 2D measurements undercategorized response versus volumetric change in 88.2% (30/34) and 29.4% (10/34) of cases. 3D measurements incorrectly characterized response in 16.7% (4/24) of cases versus volumetric change. 3D measurements were highly sensitive for patient events and survival, but all measurement techniques had poor specificity.Conclusions3D measurements most accurately quantify neuroblastoma size response versus volumetric change in patients with stage 3 and 4 neuroblastoma. 1D and 2D measurements underrepresent tumor response.
Effect of cordocentesis on fetal myocardial performance
Authors: Srisupundit Kasemsri , Tongprasert Fuanglada , Luewan Suchaya , Traisrisilp Kuntharee , Jatavan Phudit , Tongsong Theera 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo compare fetal Tei index before, immediately after and 30 min after cordocentesis for prenatal diagnosis.Patients and methodsPregnant women undergoing prenatal diagnostic cordocentesis in the early mid‐trimester underwent measurement of the fetal Tei index of both right and left ventricles just before cordocentesis, immediately after and at 30 min after the procedure.ResultsA total of 143 singleton women underwent cordocentesis at a median gestational age of 19 weeks (range 16–23). The most common indication was fetal risk of beta‐thalassemia/hemoglobin E disease (42%, 60 cases). Immediately after cordocentesis, fetal Tei index and all its components at both ventricles were significantly altered when compared with the baseline values (p < 0.001). At 30 min after cordocentesis, components of the Tei index had significantly improved but 5/6 had not completely recovered. No serious procedure‐related short‐term complications were observed in the study.ConclusionCordocentesis has a negative impact on fetal hemodynamics as indicated by worsening of the Tei index. Although the adverse effect seems to be temporary, the recovery time may be longer than 30 min. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using semi‐Markov processes to study timeliness and tests used in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected breast cancer
Authors: Hubbard R. A. , Lange J. , Zhang Y. , Salim B. A. , Stroud J. R. , Inoue L. Y. T. 
Published: July 2016

Diagnostic evaluation of suspected breast cancer due to abnormal screening mammography results is common, creates anxiety for women and is costly for the healthcare system. Timely evaluation with minimal use of additional diagnostic testing is key to minimizing anxiety and cost. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian semi‐Markov model that allows for flexible, semi‐parametric specification of the sojourn time distributions and apply our model to an investigation of the process of diagnostic evaluation with mammography, ultrasound and biopsy following an abnormal screening mammogram. We also investigate risk factors associated with the sojourn time between diagnostic tests. By utilizing semi‐Markov processes, we expand on prior work that described the timing of the first test received by providing additional information such as the mean time to resolution and proportion of women with unresolved mammograms after 90 days for women requiring different sequences of tests in order to reach a definitive diagnosis. Overall, we found that older women were more likely to have unresolved positive mammograms after 90 days. Differences in the timing of imaging evaluation and biopsy were generally on the order of days and thus did not represent clinically important differences in diagnostic delay. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic toxicity of zno nanoparticles and dimethoate in mice: Enhancing their biodistribution by synergistic binding of serum albumin and dimethoate to zno nanoparticles
Authors: Yan Xincheng , Xu Xiaolong , Guo Mingchun , Wang Shasha , Gao Shang , Zhu Shanshan , Rong Rui 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe extensive applications of ZnO nanoparticles (nano ZnO) and dimethoate (DM) have increased the risk of humans' co‐exposure to nano ZnO and DM. Here, we report the synergistic effect of nano ZnO and DM on their biodistribution and subacute toxicity in mice. Nano ZnO and DM had a synergistic toxicity in mice. In contrast, bulk ZnO and DM did not cause an obvious synergistic toxicity in mice. Although nano ZnO was low toxic to mice, coexposure to nano ZnO and DM significantly enhanced DM‐induced oxidative damage in the liver. Coadministration of nano ZnO with DM significantly increased Zn accumulation by 30.9 ± 1.9% and DM accumulation by 45.6 ± 2.2% in the liver, respectively. The increased accumulations of DM and Zn in the liver reduced its cholinesterase activity from 5.65 ± 0.32 to 4.37 ± 0.49 U/mg protein and induced hepatic oxidative stress. Nano ZnO had 3‐fold or 2.4‐fold higher binding capability for serum albumin or DM, respectively, than bulk ZnO. In addition, serum albumin significantly increased the binding capability of nano ZnO for DM by approximately four times via the interaction of serum albumin and DM. The uptake of serum albumin‐ and DM‐bound nano ZnO by the macrophages significantly increased DM accumulation in mice. Serum albumins play an important role in the synergistic toxicity of nano ZnO and DM. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1202–1212, 2017.
A review of synchrophasor applications in smart electric grid
Authors: Lee H. , Tushar  , Cui B. , Mallikeswaran A. , Banerjee P. , Srivastava A. K. 
Published: July 2016

The adoption of synchrophasor technology with ongoing smart grid activities has resulted in a transformation of the power system monitoring and control practices. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) synchronized by the global positioning system (GPS) provide time‐stamped voltage and current phasors at faster rate for enhanced situational awareness and decision support compared to existing legacy technology and help in improving the reliability of the power system. The measurements from PMU can be used for number of possible applications and can be classified based on the time criticality requirements (e.g., adaptive protection vs state estimation (SE)), control center versus engineering analysis (e.g., state estimation vs model validation), monitoring versus control (e.g., angle monitoring vs stability control), and existing versus evolving (e.g., state estimation vs transient stability) applications. Some of these synchrophasor applications like monitoring and postmortem studies have been already adopted by power industry, some of the synchrophasor‐based control applications are still being investigated. In this study, various power system applications supported by synchrophasor technology are reviewed and discussed. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e223. doi: 10.1002/wene.223This article is categorized under:

Energy Systems Economics > Systems and Infrastructure
Effect of paliperidone palmitate on hospitalisation in a naturalistic cohort – a four-year mirror image study
Authors: Taylor D.M. , Sparshatt A. , O’Hagan M. , Dzahini O. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundClinical trial outcomes are heavily influenced by the non-naturalistic clinical trial process. Observations of outcomes in clinical practice are a valuable adjunct to clinical trial results.HypothesisOur null hypothesis was that clinically indicated switching to paliperidone palmitate had no effect on hospital admissions or hospital bed days.MethodThis was a part-prospective mirror image study examining outcomes 2 years before starting paliperidone palmitate and 2 years after. Sensitivity analyses examined the effect of different placings of the mirror in the mirror image design.ResultsWe prospectively followed-up 225 patients prescribed paliperidone palmitate in clinical practice. At 2 years, 41.8% of patients were still receiving paliperidone palmitate. In the primary analysis, the mean number of admissions fell from 1.80 in the two years before starting paliperidone palmitate to 0.81 in two years following the drug’s initiation (outpatients) or two years following hospital discharge (inpatients) (P < 0.001). More than half of patients were not admitted to hospital during two years follow-up. Mean total bed days was reduced from 79.6 in the two years before to 46.2 in the two years after paliperidone palmitate initiation or discharge (P < 0.001). Sensitivity analyses gave broadly similar outcomes. Continuers demonstrated better outcomes than discontinuers in sensitivity analyses but not in the primary analysis.ConclusionPaliperidone palmitate initiation is associated with a substantial reduction in hospital admissions and days spent in hospital. The reduction in costs associated with reduced use of health care facilities is likely to exceed the purchase and administration costs of the drug.
Novel p53 therapies for head and neck cancer
Authors: Castellanos Mario R. , Pan Quintin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInactivation of the tumor suppressor p53 is the predominant pathogenetic event in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The p53 pathway in HNSCC can be compromised through multiple mechanisms including gene mutations, hyperactivation of endogenous negative p53 regulators and by the human papillomavirus E6 protein. Inactivation of p53 is associated with poor clinical response and outcome; therefore, restoration of the p53 signaling cascade may be an effective approach to ablate HNSCC cells. Viral approaches to restore p53 activity in HNSCC have been well‐studied and shown modest activity in clinical trials. Recent work has focused on high‐throughput screens and rational designs to identify and develop small molecules to rescue p53 function. Several p53‐targeting small molecules have demonstrated very promising activity in pre‐clinical studies but have yet progressed to the clinical setting. Further development of p53 therapies, in particular chemical approaches, should be prioritized and evaluated in the HNSCC setting.
Science of giants: China and India in the twentieth century
Authors: PHALKEY JAHNAVI , LAM TONG 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHow might one tell the histories of China and India – two countries that have come to be seen as twenty-first-century giants? How might one tell of how they look to the world and to each other? In this issue we juxtapose, connect and compare the two. Ours is an attempt at a historiography of twentieth-century modernity in China and India beyond the encouragement of Euro-American historiography. We seize this opportunity provided by the contemporary engagement and concern with the two countries to reinterpret the narratives of their twentieth-century transformation, which are far from settled at the moment. We bring historical knowledge to speak usefully to the excitement, anxiety and aspiration around science and technology in China and India. We bring the same to speak meaningfully to the cynicism, admonition and expectations that the world has of them. We use China and India as a method of exploring new historiographical questions of science. We are invested in extending the relevance of studying China and India to the world at large through connections, references and juxtaposition, and by raising questions that, on the one hand, expose the limits of the Euro-American experience and, on the other, open up the intellectual and historiographical space for narratives and theoretical frameworks that are not tied to geopolitical significance. This paper sets out these issues and introduces the papers of the collection.
INNER MODEL THEORETIC GEOLOGY
Authors: FUCHS GUNTER , SCHINDLER RALF 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOne of the basic concepts of set theoretic geology is the mantle of a model of set theory V: it is the intersection of all grounds of V, that is, of all inner models M of V such that V is a set-forcing extension of M. The main theme of the present paper is to identify situations in which the mantle turns out to be a fine structural extender model. The first main result is that this is the case when the universe is constructible from a set and there is an inner model with a Woodin cardinal. The second situation like that arises if L[E] is an extender model that is iterable in V but not internally iterable, as guided by P-constructions, L[E] has no strong cardinal, and the extender sequence E is ordinal definable in L[E] and its forcing extensions by collapsing a cutpoint to ω (in an appropriate sense). The third main result concerns the Solid Core of a model of set theory. This is the union of all sets that are constructible from a set of ordinals that cannot be added by set-forcing to an inner model. The main result here is that if there is an inner model with a Woodin cardinal, then the solid core is a fine-structural extender model.
Potential cerebral malaria therapy: intramuscular arteether and vitamin D co-administration
Authors: DWIVEDI HEMLATA , SINGH SUNIL KUMAR , CHAUHAN BHAVANA SINGH , GUNJAN SARIKA , TRIPATHI RENU 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYCerebral malaria (CM) shows lethality rate of 15–25% despite effective antimalarial chemotherapy. The effective adjunct treatment to counteract the CM pathogenesis is urgently required. In murine CM model, most interventions studied till date are administered before the onset of CM symptoms, which belittle its translational value to human. We studied intramuscular arteether–vitamin D (ART–VD) combination treatment for CM outcome improvement after the onset of neurological symptoms. The intramuscular dose of 50 µg kg−1 VD for 3 days combined with a loading dose of 25 mg kg−1α/β arteether followed by 12·5 mg kg−1 dose for two consecutive days led to significant improvement in survival (73% in combination group vs 29 and 0% in arteether and VD monotherapy, respectively) and clinical recovery. The treatment in all the groups partially restored the blood–brain barrier integrity and reduced the level of serum proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. The brain transcripts of inflammatory chemokines viz. CXCL10, CXCL9, CCL4 and CCL5 and T cell migration in the brain microvasculature were significantly diminished in all the treatment groups. ART–VD treatment significantly reduced intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. Taken together, our findings show that coordinated actions of ART–VD improve the outcome of experimental CM.
XXIII.—On the Disruptive Discharge of Electricity: An Experimental Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Science, Department A
Authors: Macfarlane Alexander 
Published: July 2016

The experiments to which I shall refer were carried out in the physical laboratory of the University during the late summer session. I was ably assisted in conducting the experiments by three students of the laboratory,—Messrs H. A. Salvesen, G. M. Connor, and D. E. Stewart. The method which was used of measuring the difference of potential required to produce a disruptive discharge of electricity under given conditions, is that described in a paper communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1876 in the names of Mr J. A. Paton, M. A., and myself, and was suggested to me by Professor Tait as a means of attacking the experimental problems mentioned below.The above sketch which I took of the apparatus in situ may facilitate tha description of the method. The receiver of an air-pump, having a rod capable of being moved air-tight up and down through the neck, was attached to one of the conductors of a Holtz machine in such a manner that the conductor of the machine and the rod formed one conducting system. Projecting from the bottom of the receiver was a short metallic rod, forming one conductor with the metallic parts of the air-pump, and by means of a chain with the uninsulated conductor of the Holtz machine. Brass balls and discs of various sizes were made to order, capable of being screwed on to the ends of the rods. On the table, and at a distance of about six feet from the receiver, was a stand supporting two insulated brass balls, the one fixed, the other having one degree of freedom, viz., of moving in a straight line in the plane of the table. The fixed insulated ball A was made one conductor with the insulated conductor of the Holtz and the rod of the receiver, by means of a copper wire insulated with gutta percha, having one end stuck firmly into a hole in the collar of the receiver, and having the other fitted in between the glass stem and the hollow in the ball, by which it fitted on to the stem tightly. A thin wire similarly fitted in between the ball B and its insulating stem connected the ball with the insulated half ring of a divided ring reflecting electrometer.
III.–Note on the Bifilar Magnetometer
Authors: Broun J. A. 
Published: July 2016

In a paper on “The Bifilar Magnetometer, its Errors and Corrections” &c., which appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. xxii. p. 467; it was shown that, in turning the apparatus which carries the upper extremities of the two wires through an angle exceeding by ν that through which the lower extremities and the magnet are moved, the upper end of each wire is also turned through an angle greater by ν than the lower end. The whole force acting on the magnet, to turn it from the meridian, is compounded of the bifilar and the unifilar torsion—only the former of which had been considered in the method issued by the Committee on Physics of the Royal Society of London for the instruction of directors of observatories.It was sought in the paper cited to show the change that the neglected forces would introduce into the expression for the unit coefficient, which was found to beinstead ofwhere Δν is the arc value ot one scale division of the instrument, and β is the variation of ν due to the unifilar torsion. There were errors of copying, including omissions in the investigation given. I also remarked, after the paper was printed, that the value of k found was less than when the unifilar torsions were neglected (since cot (ν + β) < cot ν); whereas all the determinations by other methods, in which the unifilar torsions were included, had shown a greater coefficient.
V.—Additional Memoir on the Parallel Roads of Lochaber
Authors: Home David Milne 
Published: July 2016

Towards the end of last winter session, a Memoir by me, on the “Parallel Roads of Lochaber,” was read to this Society, and it has since been published in our Transactions. The subject was far from being exhausted. Nevertheless, I had no intention of continuing the inquiry, venturing to think, that enough had been adduced by me to support the conclusions at which I had arrived. But during the course of last summer, Dr Tyndall of London visited Lochaber. He went for the special purpose of studying the “Roads,” and of enabling him to give a public lecture regarding them in the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, on 9th June.In the course of his lecture, Dr Tyndall alluded to my recent Memoir, and also to researches described in a previous Memoir. But he dissented from my solution of the problem, and told his hearers (I quote his words) that they might “with safety dismiss it (the detrital barrier theory) as incompetent to account for the phenomena. The theory which ascribes the Parallel Roads to lakes clammed by barriers of ice, has, in my opinion, an amount of probability on its side, which amounts to a practical demonstration of its truth.”These views having been rested on observations made in the district by Dr Tyndall himself, I felt that it was only due to a person of his scientific reputation, to reconsider my own opinions, and to weigh well his reasons for coming to a different conclusion.
IX.—On the Toothing of Un-round Discs which are intended to Roll upon each other
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: July 2016

The construction of the toothed wheels used in machinery gives rise to some very interesting investigations in the geometry of motion. The general problem is so to shape the contours as that they shall remain in contact while the wheels turn on their centres with uniform angular velocities.The inquiry becomes more extensive when the velocities of the wheels are to be variable; as, for example, when we seek to imitate the revolutions of the planets round the sun, and for that purpose introduce the equation of the centre.In these cases the wheels are supposed to turn on fixed centres; but we may still farther extend the scope of our researches by removing the centres and subjecting the discs to the single condition that they roll upon each other.If two discs A and B touch at the point S, and if they so move as that the point of contact shifts equally along the two boundaries, they are said to roll on each other; that is to say, if we measure equal distances ST, SV along the two boundaries, the points T and V will come together in the course of the movements.