bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeted Inactivation of DNA Photolyase Genes in Medaka Fish (Oryzias latipes)
Authors: Ishikawa‐Fujiwara Tomoko , Shiraishi Eri , Fujikawa Yoshihiro , Mori Toshio , Tsujimura Tohru , Todo Takeshi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractProteins of the cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) exhibit sequence and structural conservation, but their functions are divergent. Photolyase is a DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes the light‐dependent repair of ultraviolet (UV)‐induced photoproducts, whereas cryptochrome acts as a photoreceptor or circadian clock protein. Two types of DNA photolyase exist: CPD photolyase, which repairs cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), and 6‐4 photolyase, which repairs 6‐4 pyrimidine–pyrimidone photoproducts (6‐4PPs). Although the Cry‐DASH protein is classified as a cryptochrome, it also has light‐dependent DNA repair activity. To determine the significance of the three light‐dependent repair enzymes in recovering from solar UV‐induced DNA damage at the organismal level, we generated mutants in each gene in medaka using the CRISPR genome editing technique. The light‐dependent repair activity of the mutants was examined in vitro in cultured cells and in vivo in skin tissue. Light‐dependent repair of CPD was lost in the CPD photolyase‐deficient mutant, whereas weak repair activity against 6‐4PPs persisted in the 6‐4 photolyase‐deficient mutant. These results suggest the existence of a heretofore unknown 6‐4PP repair pathway and thus improve our understanding of the mechanisms of defense against solar UV in vertebrates.
Developing manufactured soils from industrial by‐products for use as growth substrates in mine reclamation
Authors: Watkinson Autumn D. , Lock Alan S. , Beckett Peter J. , Spiers Graeme 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSuitable soils for reclamation can be acquired through excavation and translocation of local soils, increasing the industrial footprint on previously undisturbed lands and causing negative environmental impacts. Manufactured soils (Technosols) could be a viable soil source when the availability of suitable natural soils is limited. The purpose of this study was to manufacture a Technosol from an admixture of woody residuals, primary paper sludge, and two subtypes of nonacid generating crushed mine rock, to function as a growth substrate for revegetation of mined land. Technosols manufactured with 0, 25, 50, and 75% organic materials (v/v) were assessed in a 10‐week growth study using annual ryegrass biomass production and allocation as a performance indicator. Technosols containing no organic materials had significantly lower plant nutrient concentrations than Technosols containing an organic constituent and, after 5 weeks of growth, ryegrass grown on nonorganic Technosols had greater root:shoot ratios than ryegrass grown on organic Technosols. Organics increase the water holding capacity and nutrient concentrations of Technosols and should be included in manufacturing Technosols for revegetation. Technosols manufactured with primary paper sludge produced lower shoot biomass than Technosols manufactured with woody residuals, which could be in part due to the higher pH of the paper sludge. Technosols can be manufactured for revegetation purposes and individual components should be assessed before and after mixing. Further development of Technosols should include field testing and amendment or fertilizer use to improve soil nutrient content.
Frailty is common and strongly associated with dyspnoea severity in fibrotic interstitial lung disease
Authors: Milne Kathryn M. , Kwan Joanne M. , Guler Sabina , Winstone Tiffany A. , Le Angela , Khalil Nasreen , Camp Pat G. , Wilcox Pearce G. , Ryerson Christopher J. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Background and objectiveFrailty is the age‐related accumulation of deficits that decrease the ability to respond to biological stress. Patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD) may be frail due to consequences of ILD, age, co‐morbidities and adverse effects of pharmacotherapies. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and predictors of frailty in fibrotic ILD.MethodsFibrotic ILD patients were recruited from a specialized clinic. Patients with ILD secondary to a systemic disease were excluded. Frailty was determined using the Frailty Index based on the presence or absence of multiple deficits, including co‐morbidities, symptoms and functional limitations. The Frailty Index was based on the proportion of deficits present, with frailty defined as a score >0.21. Cronbach's alpha was used to estimate the internal consistency of the Frailty Index. Dyspnoea was measured using the University of California San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis was used to determine independent predictors of frailty.ResultsThe definition of frailty was met in 50% of the 129 patients. Cronbach's alpha for the Frailty Index was 0.87. The Frailty Index was associated with forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1
), diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO
), ILD‐gender, age and physiology (GAP) index, composite physiologic index and dyspnoea score. Dyspnoea severity was the strongest unadjusted predictor (r = 0.65, P < 0.001) and only independent predictor of the Frailty Index (0.034 increase in Frailty Index per 10‐point increase in dyspnoea score; R2
= 0.37; P < 0.001).ConclusionFrailty is highly prevalent and is strongly and independently associated with dyspnoea severity, demonstrating that dyspnoea is a more important determinant of frailty than pulmonary function.
U.K. Foot and Mouth Disease: A Systemic Risk Assessment of Existing Controls
Authors: Delgado João , Pollard Simon , Pearn Kerry , Snary Emma L. , Black Edgar , Prpich George , Longhurst Phil 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article details a systemic analysis of the controls in place and possible interventions available to further reduce the risk of a foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in the United Kingdom. Using a research‐based network analysis tool, we identify vulnerabilities within the multibarrier control system and their corresponding critical control points (CCPs). CCPs represent opportunities for active intervention that produce the greatest improvement to United Kingdom's resilience to future FMD outbreaks. Using an adapted ‘features, events, and processes’ (FEPs) methodology and network analysis, our results suggest that movements of animals and goods associated with legal activities significantly influence the system's behavior due to their higher frequency and ability to combine and create scenarios of exposure similar in origin to the U.K. FMD outbreaks of 1967/8 and 2001. The systemic risk assessment highlights areas outside of disease control that are relevant to disease spread. Further, it proves to be a powerful tool for demonstrating the need for implementing disease controls that have not previously been part of the system.
Devolved Responsibility and On‐Farm Biosecurity: Practices of Biosecure Farming Care in Livestock Production
Authors: Higgins Vaughan , Bryant Melanie , Hernández‐Jover Marta , Rast Luzia , McShane Connar 
Published: November 2016

AbstractInternational efforts to prevent the spread of biological threats to agro‐food production are increasingly being devolved from national governments to farming industries and farmers. Previous research has highlighted the farm‐level and institutional challenges in engaging farmers in biosecurity. However, little is known sociologically about what farmers already know and do to manage disease risk, and specifically how they practice biosecurity. This article addresses this issue through the application of theoretical work on the choreography of care. Drawing from a qualitative study of biosecurity in the Australian beef industry, we argue that farmers’ localised practices of caring for their herd health and farm are crucial in making biosecurity workable. These practices take two key forms: skilled craftwork, through which farmers construct and hold together different objects and elements of care; and fluid engineering, which involves efforts to construct barriers for separating on‐farm practices of care from perceived off‐farm disease risks. In engaging in these care practices, farmers make an important contribution to national livestock biosecurity principles and practices. We argue that greater recognition of localised practices of biosecure care may provide the basis for engaging farmers more effectively in a devolved form of biosecurity governance.
The Specifications Dilemma Posed by Ultra High Toughness Line Pipe Steels
Authors: Leis B. N. , Gray J. M. , Barbaro F. J. 
Published: November 2016

Pipelines transporting compressible hydrocarbons like methane or high-vapor-pressure liquids under supercritical conditions are uniquely susceptible to long-propagating failures in the event that initiation triggers this process. The unplanned release of hydrocarbons from such pipelines poses the risk for significant pollution and/or the horrific potential of explosion and a very large fire, depending on the transported product. Accordingly, the manufacturing procedure specification (MPS) developed to ensure the design requirements are met by the steel and pipe-making process is a critical element of the fracture control plan, whose broad purpose is to protect the environment and ensure public safety, and preserve the operator’s investment in the asset.
This paper considers steel specification to avoid long-propagating shear failures in advanced-design larger-diameter higher-pressure pipelines made of thinner-wall higher-grade steels. Assuming that the arrest requirements can be reliably predicted it remains to specify the steel design, and ensure fracture control can be affected through the MPS and manufacturing procedure qualification testing (MPQT). While standards exist for use in MPQTs to establish that the MPS requirements have been met, very often CVN specimens remain unbroken, while DWTT specimens exhibit features that are inconsistent with the historic response and assumptions that underlie many standards. In addition, sub-width specimens are often used, whereas there is no standardized means to scale those results consistent with the full-width response required by some standards. Finally, empirical models such as the Battelle two curve model (BTCM) widely used to predict required arrest resistance have their roots in sub-width specimens, yet their outcome is widely expressed in a full-size context.
This paper reviews results for sub-width specimens developed for steels in the era that the BTCM was calibrated to establish scaling rules to facilitate prediction in a full-size setting. Thereafter, issues associated with the use of sub-width specimens are reviewed and criteria are developed to scale results from such testing for use in the MPS, and MPQT, which is presented as a function of toughness. Finally, issues associated with the acceptance of data from unbroken CVN specimens are reviewed, as are known issues in the interpretation of DWTT fracture surfaces.
Formulation and Experimental Validation of a New Erosion Flow Model
Authors: Owston Rebecca , McKeon Dalton 
Published: November 2016

In the present work, a multivariable study has been conducted to systematically evaluate the effects of impact angle, material hardness, flow rate, sand concentration, particle size, and fluid viscosity on erosion. Experimental testing consisted of a submerged sand slurry jet impacting a flat plate in different orientations. Weight loss data, as well as profilometer surface scans have been collected on coupons to fully define the erosion. Empirical data trends were evaluated to provide insights into functional relationships between erosion rate and the parameters varied in the study. Interestingly, it was determined that scaling of experimental testing with regard to proppant concentration could be accomplished, since erosion rate normalized by the mass of sand impacting the eroded surface proved to be a constant.
A total of five existing computational erosion models were evaluated against experimental data for both qualitative and quantitative performance. Results indicate that two models achieve relatively good comparison with experimental data without the need for case-specific tuning of model constants. This suggests that the use of these numerical models for erosion prediction in scenarios where tuning is not possible (due to lack of time/data), may still provide a reasonable estimate for the rate of material loss on equipment.
As the culmination of experimental testing and computational benchmarking efforts, a new erosion model was also formulated. This model was based on both the experimental results and behavioral observations from existing submodels. The new model explicitly included contributions to erosion from the following variables: impact velocity, particle size, material hardness, and angle of impact. Improvement in simulated erosion rate agreement with empirical data was observed for all cases over existing submodels. However, those cases with higher particle diameters benefited the most. Using the new model, error compared to experiments was below 50% for all cases except one.
Geotechnical Instrumentation: Monitoring Longitudinal Stress of a High Pressure Pipeline During Longwall Mining Operations — A Case Study in West Virginia
Authors: Derby Martin P. , Saunders Mark D. , Zand Benjamin 
Published: November 2016

Longwall mining operations could compromise the integrity of high pressure pipelines by way of surface subsidence and soil strains. Prior to implementing field programs for monitoring subsidence, a preliminary mitigation/stress analysis study should be designed to determine the possible effects of the longwall mining operations on the pipeline(s). If the stress analysis indicates possible high stresses beyond the allowable limits of a pipeline, then a mitigation plan should be developed and implemented. Regardless of the anticipated stress level in a pipeline, a strain monitoring program is usually recommended.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the design of a pipeline strain monitoring program, which includes the installation of strain gages at critical locations along two adjacent pipelines. The study area includes a 12 inch diameter steel pipeline (for natural gas transport) and a 12 inch HDPE pipeline for water transport. The study area is located in a mountainous region of West Virginia.
Prior to the field program, a laboratory pilot study was performed with strain gages on a test section of HDPE pipe to determine the best mounting procedures. The field implementation program included the installation of strain gages on the gas and water pipelines. Multiplexers, data loggers, a solar array and a satellite modem for 24/7 data transfer were installed, and monitored throughout the study. During the field implementation program several meteorological and geologic events occurred which caused some design changes in the field program.
Full Scale Burst Validation Tests for Crack Arrestor Designs for NPS 48 Grade 550 Rich Gas Pipeline
Authors: Guan Cindy , Rothwell Brian , Kondo Joe , Murata Masahiko , Armstrong Keith 
Published: November 2016

Two full scale burst tests for the assessment of different crack arrestor designs were carried out on the pipes that will be used in the Coastal GasLink (CGL) Pipeline project. The tests supported by LNG Canada and TransCanada Technology Management Program were conducted at the Spadeadam test site of DNV GL, United Kingdom (UK), on 1219 mm (48 inch) outside diameter CSA Z245.1 Category II Grade 550 pipe at a nominal pressure of 13.38 MPa (1,940 psig) with 80% SMYS and temperature of −5°C, and with a gas representative of the richest gas envisaged for transport in the CGL pipeline project.
The reservoirs are spaced with a gap between the reservoir ends of approximately 130 m, where the test section, comprising eleven pipe lengths and a tie-in pup, was installed. The centre of the test section consisted of an 18.5 mm thick low toughness initiation pipe. The remaining pipes were referenced as 1E to 5E in the easterly direction and similarly 1W to 5W in the westerly direction. The propagation pipes (1E and 1W) with 18.5 mm wall thickness, used to establish steady-state propagation, were located immediately either side of the central initiation pipe.
For the first test, two crack arrestor pipes with 29.6 mm wall thickness were installed adjacent to the propagation pipes in the west and east directions, with a lead-in transition of 18.5 mm wall thickness for a distance of 130 mm then a 4:1 taper running back to the full pipe wall thickness. To the east, the first crack arrestor pipe had an average Charpy Vee-notch (CVN) energy of 246 J and to the west it had an average CVN energy of 341 J at the inboard end. In both directions, the fracture propagated from the initiation pipe, through the propagation pipes (1E/1W) before arresting in the first 29.6 mm thick crack arrestor pipes (2E/2W). In both directions, the arrest resulted in the fracture turning at the toe of the tapered transition on the front end of crack arrestor pipes 2E and 2W.
The pipe arrangement for the second test was similar to the first one. In the east direction, in order to optimize crack arrestor design, two 24.7 mm wall thickness pipes replaced the 29.6 mm pipes which were used in the first test. In the west direction, the test section contained four 18.5 mm wall thickness test pipes arranged with a progressively increasing Charpy energy, up to 452 J. A low toughness, 18.5 mm thick pipe (5W), with a 1.8 m long Clock Spring® crack arrestor completed the test section. To the east, the fracture propagated from the initiation pipe through pipe 1E before arresting near the inboard end of the crack arrestor pipe 2E. In the west direction, the fracture was observed to run through all four of the pipes arranged with increasing CVN energy, before being arrested by the Clock Spring® crack arrestor fitted to the fifth pipe.
Double Block Isolation: What Are the Options?
Authors: Whiteis Kyle , Dum Frank 
Published: November 2016

Conventional pipeline maintenance and modification work requires removal of fluids from inside the pipeline section where work will be performed. In order to complete this task, the pipeline must either be depressurized (blown down) or temporarily isolated.
Depressurization can be costly because the pipeline cannot stay in service during the time of decommissioning, intervention and re-commissioning, and depend significantly on factors like pipeline size, length and pressure. As a result, valuable production is lost and downstream customers may be affected. Also, the significant environmental issues associated with the removal of pipeline inventory further escalate the overall costs and complexities of the maintenance/repair process. Depressurization might not even be an option for repair/maintenance work on long pipeline sections.
An alternative to depressurization of the entire pipeline is isolation of the pipeline section requiring maintenance or repair. This method allows the pipeline to stay in service, production downtime and loss of pipeline product are kept to a minimum, with associated environmental and economic benefits.
A wide range of methodologies, both intrusive (such as hot tapping and plugging) and non-intrusive (inline isolation plugs), can be used to isolate in-service pipeline sections. Both approaches are well accepted in the industry, with the choice of one over the other being largely governed by factors such as location and accessibility of the pipeline, operating pressures, pipeline inventory, and costs.
Some maintenance/ repair operations using isolation methods require a facility shutdown. These cases often require double barriers to safeguard personnel and facility equipment during pipeline maintenance. Although the philosophy, definition, and requirements of double barriers have been described in various international codes and standards, certain misconceptions persist surrounding double barrier terminology and its application to pipeline pressure isolation tools. The objective of this paper is to clarify the concepts of double barrier isolation, and to examine how both intrusive and non-intrusive methods can be used to provide double barrier isolation that meets the accepted requirements. The paper also addresses methods that can be used when standard isolation is not practical.
Experimental Validation of a Finite-Element Model to Simulate an Impact on Pipeline due to Vehicles or Heavy Object Fall
Authors: Fernandez Charles , Bertin Maxime , Cardin Philippe 
Published: November 2016

This paper deals in a first part with an experimental program aimed at studying mechanical impacts on pipelines. Tests have been performed at CRIGEN-ENGIE-LAB, the Center of Research and Innovation for Gas and New Energies of ENGIE (previously GDF SUEZ) on pipes under pressure and pipes without internal pressure with an impact tool whom length is greater than the external diameter of the pipes and a tool similar to an excavator tooth.
In a first part, the paper presents the tests which show a very good behavior of the pipelines. None have failed for the large impact-tool, which is equivalent in terms of impact energy to a 1000 kg-vehicle impacting a pipeline at ∼32 km.h−1 (∼20 miles.h−1).
In a second part, the paper deals with existing analytical solutions: the Det Norske Veritas model for dent assessment and the EPRG model for mechanical damage assessment due to an excavator tooth. Comparisons with the CRIGEN tests show that the DNV equation is not always conservative in terms of predicted rupture energy and that the third-party damage EPRG model predicts correctly the rupture for the tooth-like tool but does not seem adapted for the longer tool.
In a third part, an explicit finite-element model (performed with the commercial software Abaqus) has then been used to simulate numerically the tests. Different material behavior laws have been tested: a classical elastic-plastic law and a law with a time-dependence (Cowper-Symonds). The comparison between the final geometry of the impacted pipeline and the computational solution is quite satisfactory. A numerical strain criterion is extrapolated and then applied to some real configurations.
This paper presents the tests, the analytical comparisons, the computational models and some applications to the fall of heavy long objects as well as vehicle impact on pipelines.