bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solitary Confinement
Authors: Mazar Laurel 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Solitary confinement is characterized by depriving a person who is incarcerated access to phone calls, family visits, guards, other incarcerated persons, and prison privileges (television time, ability to go outside, and/or religious services). Solitary confinement typically takes place in a small, brightly lit cell with a slot in the door so correctional officers may slide in a meal tray. Correctional personnel argue that solitary confinement helps to protect those incarcerated, corrections officers, and day‐to‐day prison functioning from violent criminals. Human rights activists argue that solitary confinement is a violation of the Eighth Amendment right that protects citizens from cruel and unusual punishment. Activists contend solitary confinement causes undue hardship and mental health issues like psychosis, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Similarly, human rights activists argue that solitary confinement has been used as a tool to segregate jailhouse doctors, lawyers, and civil rights activists, and that it disproportionately affects people of color.
Risk Management
Authors: Cliquennois Gaëtan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn the penal and prison sector, risk management mainly refers to actuarial risks concerning principally the likelihood of reoffending by the already convicted, as well as assignment and security issues in prison. The spreading of actuarial risk management in penal justice called “the new penology” or “actuarial justice” is considered as caused by the development of neoliberal societies and the decline of the welfare state. However, the new penology has raised some critics relating to its lack of historicity, its national perspective, and its macro perspective. Future perspectives could be oriented toward the role of international organizations and courts.
Riots in Prison
Authors: Bieler Sam 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPrison riots are a high profile and destructive threat to the ability of corrections officials to maintain control over their facilities. While early theories of prison riots focused primarily on the social context and relationships in prisons affected by riots, more recent theories have focused on the role of prison leadership in preventing the development of conditions conducive to riots. The development of theories focusing on the role of prison management in preventing riots coincided with a significant decline in rioting in the late 1990s and early 2000s, which followed on the heels of significant episodes of correctional violence in the 1970s and 1980s. Contemporary correctional management seeks to mitigate the likelihood of riots by promoting organizational cohesion and consistency in response to correctional incidents and disturbances.
S
alem Witch Trials
Authors: Marion Nancy E. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In the spring of 1692, a group of young girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, began to act bizarre and experience “fits” that were blamed on the devil. The girls accused several local women of practicing witchcraft and placing curses on them. Over the next few months, more than 200 people were accused of performing the Devil's magic and sent to prison before being tried for their alleged crimes. Following this, 20 colonists were executed; 19 people were hanged at Gallows Hill; and an elderly man was crushed to death by heavy stones. In the end, the colony officials admitted to wrongdoing and financially compensated the heirs of those executed for being a witch.
Prison Architecture
Authors: Hanink Peter A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract]p[Prison architecture has changed over time along with notions about the purpose of incarceration. These changes have influenced both the physical layout of the facility and the deployment of various penal technologies. Perhaps the most significant application of these changes has been the development of distinctive prison designs according to the perceived level of dangerousness of specific types of inmates. While prisons have, in some ways, changed dramatically over the centuries, they are also characterized by remarkable similarities in their physical layout and organizational structure.
Penitentiary System
Authors: Theerathitiwong Sitthana 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
A penitentiary, or prison, was historically used for the primary purpose of detaining individuals awaiting trial or the imposition of their sentences. After the decline of public executions in the eighteenth century, the purpose of prisons shifted to confining those convicted of crimes as a form of punishment. In recent decades, an increasing reliance on imprisonment to incapacitate offenders, coupled with harsh sentencing laws, has resulted in staggering rates of imprisonment. This mass incarceration phenomenon, which is most prevalent in the United States, has exaggerated further the already negative impacts of incarceration. These include the humanitarian effects on individuals and families, mental and physical health issues resulted from imprisonment, and socioeconomic impacts on communities. Owing to these negative consequences, alternative forms of punishment have been proposed to divert individuals away from the penitentiary system as much as possible.
Prison–Industrial Complex
Authors: Green Dari , Jackson Melinda R. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The term “prison–industrial complex” is used to describe a network of individuals, organizations, and social institutions involved with the incarceration of millions of Americans. This term began to be used in the 1970s as a consequence of several public policies, including the “war on drugs” and the “Three Strikes and You're Out” rule. The individuals, organizations, and social institutions involved in the prison–industrial complex include law enforcement officials, courts, and correctional facilities, but also include under‐resourced schools, private corporations, and state and local governments. The prison–industrial complex is a multibillion‐dollar industry that often harms instead of helps efforts to protect individual rights and to maintain public safety and order.
Rehabilitation Act (1973)
Authors: Olaghere Ajima 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is a federal law in the United States that protects people with disabilities, including individuals housed in federal, state, and local correctional facilities. Sections 502 and 504 of the Rehabilitation Act are widely considered as civil rights protections for inmates with mental and physical disabilities. These sections also increase access to services, programs, and activities for disabled prisoners, while also serving as a rubric for physical accommodation and an antidiscrimination policy for incarcerated individuals with disabilities.
Probation for Juveniles
Authors: Hong Chui Wing 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Probation plays a vital role in the criminal justice system because it is the most common disposition imposed on offenders at the present time. Juveniles who are sentenced to probation typically are first‐time and less serious offenders. Probation also has increasingly been used as an alternative to custody for some persistent juvenile offenders. This entry includes an overview of the historical background and aims of probation for juvenile offenders. It also includes examples of how probation is administered and current trends in juvenile probation. Finally, it includes a discussion of why juvenile probation continues to be a court disposition.
Turkey, Corrections in
Authors: Donmez Mustafa 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe Turkish correctional system finds its roots in the late period of the Ottoman Empire. With the new Republic of Turkey established in 1923, the Turkish correctional system continued to use the Ottomans' “ward system” in correctional facilities. Between 1946 and 1970, Turkey constructed modern correctional facilities and enacted new legislation. After 1970, the rehabilitation of offenders became the focal point of the correctional system and Turkey adopted a variety of alternative punitive measures (e.g., short‐term imprisonment, judicial control mechanism/probation, and conditional release/parole). Even though it is less visible in recent years, overcrowding, death in prisons, and poor living conditions are still the main problems of Turkish prisons.
Realizing the Embedded Growth of Large Li2O2 Aggregations by Matching Different Metal Oxides for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Lithium Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhang Shoufeng , He Mu , Lang Junwei , Ren Aimin , Xu Shan , Yan Xingbin 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLarge Li2O2 aggregations can produce high‐capacity of lithium oxygen (Li‐O2) batteries, but the larger ones usually lead to less‐efficient contact between Li2O2 and electrode materials. Herein, a hierarchical cathode architecture based on different discharge characteristics of α‐MnO2 and Co3O4 is constructed, which can enable the embedded growth of large Li2O2 aggregations to solve this problem. Through experimental observations and first‐principle calculations, it is found that α‐MnO2 nanorod tends to form uniform Li2O2 particles due to its preferential Li+ adsorption and similar LiO2 adsorption energies of different crystal faces, whereas Co3O4 nanosheet tends to simultaneously generate Li2O2 film and Li2O2 nanosheets due to its preferential O2 adsorption and different LiO2 adsorption energies of varied crystal faces. Thus, the composite cathode architecture in which Co3O4 nanosheets are grown on α‐MnO2 nanorods can exhibit extraordinary synergetic effects, i.e., α‐MnO2 nanorods provide the initial nucleation sites for Li2O2 deposition while Co3O4 nanosheets provide dissolved LiO2 to promote the subsequent growth of Li2O2. Consequently, the composite cathode achieves the embedded growth of large Li2O2 aggregations and thus exhibits significantly improved specific capacity, rate capability, and cyclic stability compared with the single metal oxide electrode.
NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles on Co,N‐Codoped Carbon Nanoframes as Efficient Bifunctional Catalysts for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Wang Qing , Shang Lu , Shi Run , Zhang Xin , Zhao Yufei , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Wu Li‐Zhu , Tung Chen‐Ho , Zhang Tierui 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe future large‐scale deployment of rechargeable zinc–air batteries requires the development of cheap, stable, and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this work, a highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst is prepared by depositing 3–5 nm NiFe layered double hydroxide (NiFe‐LDH) nanoparticles on Co,N‐codoped carbon nanoframes (Co,N‐CNF). The NiFe‐LDH/Co,N‐CNF electrocatalyst displayed an OER overpotential of 0.312 V at 10 mA cm−2 and an ORR half‐wave potential of 0.790 V. The outstanding performance of the electrocatalyst is attributable to the high electrical conductivity and excellent ORR activity of Co,N‐CNF, together with the strong anchoring of 3–5 nm NiFe‐LDH nanoparticles, which preserves active sites. Inspired by the excellent OER and ORR performance of NiFe‐LDH/Co,N‐CNF, a prototype rechargeable zinc–air battery is developed. The battery exhibited a low discharge–charge voltage gap (1.0 V at 25 mA cm−2) and long‐term cycling durability (over 80 h), and superior overall performance to a counterpart battery constructed using a mixture of IrO2 and Pt/C as the cathode. The strategy developed here can easily be adapted to synthesize other bifunctional CNF‐based hybrid electrodes for ORR and OER, providing a practical route to more efficient rechargeable zinc–air batteries.
Household fear of deportation in Mexican‐origin families: Relation to body mass index percentiles and salivary uric acid
Authors: Martínez Airín D. , Ruelas Lillian , Granger Douglas A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectiveFear of deportation (FOD) is a prevalent concern among mixed‐status families. Yet, our understanding of how FOD shapes human health and development is in its infancy. To begin to address this knowledge gap, we examined the relationship between household FOD, body mass index (BMI) percentiles and salivary uric acid (sUA), a biomarker related to oxidative stress/hypertension/metabolic syndrome, among 111 individuals living in Mexican‐origin families.MethodsParticipants were 65 children (2 months‐17 years, 49% female) and 46 adults (20‐58 years, 71% female) living in 30 Mexican‐origin families with at least one immigrant parent in Phoenix, AZ. We recruited families using cluster probability sampling of 30 randomly selected census tracts with a high proportion of Hispanic/Latino immigrants. The head of household completed a survey containing demographic, FOD, and psychosocial measures. All family members provided saliva (later assayed for sUA) and anthropometric measures. Relationships between household FOD, BMI percentile, and sUA levels were estimated using multilevel models.ResultsHigher levels of household FOD were associated with lower BMI percentiles and lower sUA levels between families, after controlling for social support and socioeconomic proxies.ConclusionKey features of the social ecology in which mixed‐status families are embedded are associated with individual differences in biological processes linked to increased risk for chronic disease.
Novel role of surfactant protein A in bacterial sinusitis
Authors: Noutsios George T. , Willis Amanda L. , Ledford Julie G. , Chang Eugene H. 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disorder of the upper airway characterized by chronic inflammation and significant sinonasal remodeling. CRS is comprised of 2 major subgroups, based on whether polyps are present or absent. In some cases, it is characterized by colonization with opportunistic pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Staphylococcus aureus, and other bacteria. The innate immune system of the sinonasal epithelium is the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Surfactant protein A (SP‐A) is a member of the collectin family secreted by the airway epithelia and plays a critical role in airway innate immunity, as it can aggregate bacteria. We hypothesized that SP‐A plays a role in bacterial CRS.MethodsAir‐liquid interface (ALI) cultures of nasal epithelial cells were derived from human ex‐vivo healthy and CRS sinus tissues (n = 26) and challenged with PA. SP‐A levels were measured with western blot and quantitative reverse transcript‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) in ALI and sinus tissues.ResultsWe determined that SP‐A: (i) mRNA and protein levels are increased significantly in CRS tissues compared with healthy sinuses; (ii) although primarily expressed in the lung, it is also synthesized and expressed in sinonasal epithelia; (ii) is expressed in the sinuses of an SP‐A humanized transgenic mouse but not in SP‐A knockout mice; (iv) mRNA levels are upregulated significantly during PA challenge, but protein levels are downregulated 4 hours postchallenge and upregulated at 12 hours.ConclusionOur data suggest that SP‐A is expressed in the sinuses and that it plays a role in the sinus innate immune responses during bacterial infections.
Positive allergen reaction in allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: a systematic review
Authors: Hamizan Aneeza W. , Rimmer Janet , Alvarado Raquel , Sewell William A. , Kalish Larry , Sacks Raymond , Harvey Richard J. 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundThe diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) is based on cutaneous and serological assessment to determine immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated disease. However, discrepancies between these tests and nasal provocation exist. Patients diagnosed as non‐allergic rhinitis (NAR) but with positive nasal allergen provocation test (NAPT) may represent a local allergic condition or entopy, still suitable to allergy interventions. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of nasal reactivity toward allergens among AR and NAR patients, and to describe the diagnostic characteristics of NAPT methodologies.MethodsEMBASE (1947–) and Medline (1946–) were searched until December 8, 2015. A search strategy was used to identify studies on AR or NAR patients subjected to diagnostic local nasal provocation. All studies providing original NAPT data among the AR or NAR population were included. Meta‐analysis of proportion data was presented as a weighted probability % (95% confidence interval [CI]).ResultsThe search yielded 4504 studies and 46 were included. The probability of nasal allergen reactivity for the AR population was 86.3% (95% CI, 84.4 to 88.1) and in NAR was 24.7% (95% CI, 22.3 to 27.2). Reactivity was high with pollen for both AR 97.1% (95% CI, 94.2 to 99.2) and NAR 47.5% (95% CI, 34.8 to 60.4), and lowest with dust for both AR 79.1% (95% CI, 76.4 to 81.6) and NAR 12.2% (95% CI, 9.9 to 14.7). NAPT yielded high positivity when defined by subjective end‐points: AR 91.0% (95% CI, 86.6 to 94.8) and NAR 30.2% (95% CI, 22.9 to 37.9); and lower with objective end‐points: AR 80.8% (95% CI, 76.8 to 84.5) and NAR 14.1% (95% CI, 11.2 to 17.2).ConclusionLocal allergen reactivity is demonstrated in 26.5% of patients previously considered non‐allergic. Similarly, AR, when defined by skin‐prick test (SPT) or serum specific IgE (sIgE), may lead to 13.7% of patients with inaccurate allergen sensitization or non‐allergic etiologies.
Next‐generation sequencing of cytologic preparations: An analysis of quality metrics
Authors: Hwang David H. , Garcia Elizabeth P. , Ducar Matthew D. , Cibas Edmund S. , Sholl Lynette M. 
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUNDNext‐generation sequencing (NGS) fails for many small biopsies (BXs) because of a low overall DNA concentration or tumor percentage. Cytology smears and liquid‐based preparations (LBPs), or smears/LBPs, often contain abundant tumor cells and may provide adequate material for molecular testing when other materials are insufficient. This study examined the performance of smears/LBPs on a clinical NGS assay.METHODSThis study retrospectively reviewed quality metrics from consecutive smear/LBP, core BX, and cell block (CB) cases run on a hybrid‐capture NGS assay interrogating 309 cancer‐related genes. The following quality metrics were compared: adequacy rate, initial DNA concentration, postshearing fragment size, post–library preparation fragment size, fragment size difference, insert size, total reads, passing‐filter reads aligned, percent passing‐filter unique reads aligned, mean target coverage, percentage of loci with >100× coverage, percent duplication rate, percent selected bases, and percent usable bases on bait.RESULTSTwenty‐three of 26 smears/LBPs (88%) were successfully sequenced, whereas 77 of 87 core BXs (89%) and 29 of 30 CBs (97%) were. The mean target coverage, median insert size, and percent usable bases were significantly higher in the smear/LBP category. The postshearing fragment size and the percent duplication were significantly lower for smears/LBPs.CONCLUSIONSThe adequacy rate of cytology smears/LBPs for NGS is comparable to that of core BXs or CBs. Increased values for the mean insert size, mean target coverage, and percent usable bases, along with a lower duplication rate, suggest that smears/LBPs provide higher quality DNA than formalin‐fixed material. Cytology smears/LBPs can serve as a valuable source of material for molecular testing. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:786‐94. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Using cell nuclei features to detect colon cancer tissue in hematoxylin and eosin stained slides
Authors: Jørgensen Alex Skovsbo , Rasmussen Anders Munk , Andersen Niels Kristian Mäkinen , Andersen Simon Kragh , Emborg Jonas , Røge Rasmus , Østergaard Lasse Riis 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCurrently, diagnosis of colon cancer is based on manual examination of histopathological images by a pathologist. This can be time consuming and interpretation of the images is subject to inter‐ and intra‐observer variability. This may be improved by introducing a computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) system for automatic detection of cancer tissue within whole slide hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. Cancer disrupts the normal control mechanisms of cell proliferation and differentiation, affecting the structure and appearance of the cells. Therefore, extracting features from segmented cell nuclei structures may provide useful information to detect cancer tissue. A framework for automatic classification of regions of interest (ROI) containing either benign or cancerous colon tissue extracted from whole slide H&E stained images using cell nuclei features was proposed. A total of 1,596 ROI's were extracted from 87 whole slide H&E stains (44 benign and 43 cancer). A cell nuclei segmentation algorithm consisting of color deconvolution, k‐means clustering, local adaptive thresholding, and cell separation was performed within the ROI's to extract cell nuclei features. From the segmented cell nuclei structures a total of 750 texture and intensity‐based features were extracted for classification of the ROI's. The nine most discriminative cell nuclei features were used in a random forest classifier to determine if the ROI's contained benign or cancer tissue. The ROI classification obtained an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.96, sensitivity of 0.88, specificity of 0.92, and accuracy of 0.91 using an optimized threshold. The developed framework showed promising results in using cell nuclei features to classify ROIs into containing benign or cancer tissue in H&E stained tissue samples. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Density‐mediated indirect effects from active predators and narrow habitat domain prey
Authors: Rinehart S. A. , Schroeter S. C. , Long J. D. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe hunting‐mode–habitat‐domain‐range framework suggests that the mechanism driving trophic cascades (i.e., trait‐mediated indirect interactions [TMIIs] vs. density‐mediated indirect interactions [DMIIs]) should depend upon the functional traits of predators and prey. For example, trophic cascades containing active, broad habitat domain range (BHDR) predators interacting with narrow habitat domain range (NHDR) prey are predicted to arise primarily viaTMIIs, because these prey should reduce their conspicuous activity in the presence of these predators. Unfortunately, this hypothesis is difficult to test given the strong bias against studies assessing trophic cascades containingNHDRprey. Furthermore, this hypothesis ignores evidence that (1) active predators can have high consumption rates on prey, (2) continuously responding to active predators foraging across broad areas is energetically costly for prey, and (3) cues from active,BHDRpredators may not influence prey density. We examined theTMIIs and total indirect interaction (TII) produced during interactions between an active,BHDRladybeetle predator (Naemia seriata) and itsNHDRprey (scale insects). We exposed scale insects to nonlethal and lethal ladybeetle predators in laboratory mesocosms for 15 weeks. We measured the growth of the scale insect's host plant (cordgrass) and the population density of scale insects. Contrary to theory, nonlethal ladybeetles did not induceTMIIs. However, lethal ladybeetles increased cordgrass total and root dry biomass by 36% and 44%, respectively, suggesting the presence of strongDMIIs. Additionally, both lethal and nonlethal ladybeetles reduced scale insect population density. Our findings suggest thatDMIIs, rather thanTMIIs, can result from interactions between activeBHDRpredators andNHDRprey.