bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
European consensus‐based (S2k) Guideline on the Management of Herpes Zoster – guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV), Part 1: Diagnosis
Authors: Werner R.N. , Nikkels A.F. , Marinović B. , Schäfer M. , Czarnecka‐Operacz M. , Agius A.M. , Bata‐Csörgő Z. , Breuer J. , Girolomoni G. , Gross G.E. , Langan S. , Lapid‐Gortzak R. , Lesser T.H. , Pleyer U. , Sellner J. , Verjans G.M. , Wutzler P. , Dressler C. , Erdmann R. , Rosumeck S. , Nast A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHerpes zoster (HZ, shingles) is a frequent medical condition which may severely impact the quality of life of affected patients. Different therapeutic approaches to treat acute HZ are available. The aim of this European project was the elaboration of a consensus‐based guideline on the management of patients who present with HZ, considering different patient populations and different localizations. This interdisciplinary guideline aims at an improvement of the outcomes of the acute HZ management concerning disease duration, acute pain and quality of life of the affected patients and at a reduction of the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia and other complications. The guideline development followed a structured and predefined process, considering the quality criteria for guidelines development as suggested by the AGREE II instrument. The steering group was responsible for the planning and the organization of the guideline development process (Division of Evidence based Medicine, dEBM). The expert panel was nominated by virtue of clinical expertise and/or scientific experience and included experts from the fields of dermatology, virology/infectiology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology and anaesthesiology. Recommendations for clinical practice were formally consented during the consensus conference, explicitly considering different relevant aspects. The guideline was approved by the commissioning societies after an extensive internal and external review process. In this first part of the guideline, diagnostic means have been evaluated. The expert panel formally consented recommendations for the management of patients with (suspected) HZ, referring to the assessment of HZ patients, considering various specific clinical situations. Users of the guideline must carefully check whether the recommendations are appropriate for the context of intended application. In the setting of an international guideline, it is generally important to consider different national approaches and legal circumstances with regard to the regulatory approval, availability and reimbursement of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Causes of Death According to Death Certificates in Individuals with Dementia: A Cohort from the Swedish Dementia Registry
Authors: Garcia‐Ptacek Sara , Kåreholt Ingemar , Cermakova Pavla , Rizzuto Debora , Religa Dorota , Eriksdotter Maria 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesThe causes of death in dementia are not established, particularly in rarer dementias. The aim of this study is to calculate risk of death from specific causes for a broader spectrum of dementia diagnoses.DesignCohort study.SettingSwedish Dementia Registry (SveDem), 2007–2012.ParticipantsIndividuals with incident dementia registered in SveDem (N = 28,609); median follow‐up 741 days. Observed deaths were 5,368 (19%).MeasurementsInformation on number of deaths and causes of mortality was obtained from death certificates. Odds ratios for the presence of dementia on death certificates were calculated. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox hazards regression for cause‐specific mortality, using Alzheimer's dementia (AD) as reference. Hazard ratios for death for each specific cause of death were compared with hazard ratios of death from all causes (P‐values from t‐tests).ResultsThe most frequent underlying cause of death in this cohort was cardiovascular (37%), followed by dementia (30%). Dementia and cardiovascular causes appeared as main or contributory causes on 63% of certificates, followed by respiratory (26%). Dementia was mentioned less in vascular dementia (VaD; 57%). Compared to AD, cardiovascular mortality was higher in individuals with VaD than in those with AD (HR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.64–2.02). Respiratory death was higher in individuals with Lewy body dementia (LBD, including Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies, HR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.71–2.71), and the risk of respiratory death was higher than expected from the risk for all‐cause mortality. Participants with frontotemporal dementia were more likely to die from external causes of death than those with AD (HR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.53–5.32).ConclusionDementia is underreported on death certificates as main and contributory causes. Individuals with LBD had a higher risk of respiratory death than those with AD.
WHEN OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE MATTERS: A REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF INVESTOR HORIZON ON CORPORATE POLICIES
Authors: Garel Alexandre 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper surveys the literature on the impact of investor horizon on corporate policies. While the desire to encourage long‐term investor ownership is shared among managers, boards and policy makers, how greater long‐term investor ownership benefits corporate decisions and ultimately firm performance is still under academic investigation. The contribution of this paper is twofold. The paper's first contribution is providing an up‐to‐date review of theoretical and empirical findings. This paper introduces the groups of long‐term and short‐term investors and the related classification methodologies and investor horizon proxies used to form them. It further reviews the determinants of an investor's horizon. Then, this paper organizes the literature on the impact of investor horizon on corporate policies around three main channels: the short‐term pressure hypothesis, the monitoring hypothesis, and the catering hypothesis. The paper's second contribution is identifying six major challenges ahead that need to be addressed to improve the understanding of the impact of long‐term (short‐term) investor ownership on corporates policies. These challenges represent opportunities for further research.
Benthic megafauna on steep slopes at the Northern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Bell James B. , Alt Claudia H. S. , Jones Daniel O. B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe role of small‐scale (<10 km) habitat availability in structuring deep‐sea hard substratum assemblages is poorly understood. Epibenthic megafauna and substratum availability were studied on steep slopes at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge from May to July 2010 northwest, northeast, southwest and southeast of the Charlie‐Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ; 48–54°N) at between 2095 and 2601 m depth. Megafauna were six times denser north of the CGFZ compared with the south and differences in density were almost entirely driven by sessile fauna. There was no significant difference in habitat availability amongst sites. Rocky substratum made up 48% of the total area surveyed, with individual transects having between 0% and 82% rock. Assemblage structures were different amongst all superstations. The north was dominated by demospongids and hexactinellids, whereas the southern superstations were dominated by anthozoans and hexactinellids. Differences in megafaunal assemblages north and south of the CGFZ primarily reflected variations in demospongid and anthozoan species composition. With 213–1825 individuals·ha−1, and 7–24 species per superstation, hexactinellids were the most species‐rich (36 species) and cosmopolitan taxa at the study site, supporting observations elsewhere along the ridge and in the CGFZ. The absence of significant differences in substrata availability suggested alternative drivers for density or percentage cover. The amount of hard substratum available only limited sessile megafauna density at one transect that was entirely covered with sediments. Species richness was highest for areas with intermediate values of substratum coverage (35–43% rock).
Early post‐transplant hyperbilirubinemia is a possible predictive factor for developing neurological complications in pediatric living donor liver transplant patients receiving tacrolimus
Authors: Sato Kazushige , Kobayashi Yoshinobu , Nakamura Atsushi , Fukushima Daizo , Satomi Susumu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe cause of post‐transplant CNI‐NCs is multifactorial and not ascribed solely to CNI toxicity. A total of 90 children (aged <20 years) who underwent LDLT were evaluated to investigate the predictive factors associated with CNI‐NCs. Twelve patients (13.3%) developed CNI‐NCs after LDLT (age range, 2‐15 years). The symptoms of CNI‐NCs were seizures, VD, and stupor. The median onset of CNI‐NCs was 10 days (range, 5‐30 days) post‐transplant. In the univariate analysis, higher recipient age at LDLT, donor age and recipient's BW, lower actual GV/SLV and TAC dosage/BW, and higher mean T‐Bil and sodium level for 7 days after transplantation were independently significantly associated with TAC‐NCs. Multivariate analysis showed that the T‐Bil level in the first week after LDLT was the only significant independent predictive factor for TAC‐NCs (HR, 1.588; 95% CI, 1.042‐2.358; P=.031). In conclusion, CNI‐NCs occurred most frequently in children over 5 years and were associated with hyperbilirubinemia for 7 days post‐transplant, regardless of TAC levels. The transplant team should refer to a neurologist to define the diagnosis and to collaborate to resolve the neurological problems.
Auditory N1 reveals planning and monitoring processes during music performance
Authors: Mathias Brian , Gehring William J. , Palmer Caroline 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe current study investigated the relationship between planning processes and feedback monitoring during music performance, a complex task in which performers prepare upcoming events while monitoring their sensory outcomes. Theories of action planning in auditory‐motor production tasks propose that the planning of future events co‐occurs with the perception of auditory feedback. This study investigated the neural correlates of planning and feedback monitoring by manipulating the contents of auditory feedback during music performance. Pianists memorized and performed melodies at a cued tempo in a synchronization‐continuation task while the EEG was recorded. During performance, auditory feedback associated with single melody tones was occasionally substituted with tones corresponding to future (next), present (current), or past (previous) melody tones. Only future‐oriented altered feedback disrupted behavior: Future‐oriented feedback caused pianists to slow down on the subsequent tone more than past‐oriented feedback, and amplitudes of the auditory N1 potential elicited by the tone immediately following the altered feedback were larger for future‐oriented than for past‐oriented or noncontextual (unrelated) altered feedback; larger N1 amplitudes were associated with greater slowing following altered feedback in the future condition only. Feedback‐related negativities were elicited in all altered feedback conditions. In sum, behavioral and neural evidence suggests that future‐oriented feedback disrupts performance more than past‐oriented feedback, consistent with planning theories that posit similarity‐based interference between feedback and planning contents. Neural sensory processing of auditory feedback, reflected in the N1 ERP, may serve as a marker for temporal disruption caused by altered auditory feedback in auditory‐motor production tasks.
Europe's Growth Crisis: When and How Will It End?
Authors: Salvatore Dominick 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper analyses Europe's growth problem. Recovery from the recent global financial crisis and ‘great recession’ has been slower than after previous recessions in most advanced countries and areas, especially Europe. But the European growth problem is structural in character and it started much earlier. This paper analyses the structural causes of the European growth problem, evaluates the policies that Europe adopted to overcome it, and concludes that even with the appropriate policies, the prospects for accelerating growth in Europe will be difficult, especially in the context of Brexit and the slowdown of world growth in general.
Numerical Investigation of Novel Design of Savonius Blade Geometries for Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines
Authors: Rahman Mosfequr , Salyers Travis , Maroha Emile , Ahmed Mahbub , Salekeen Sirajus 
Published: November 2016

With the increasing demand for clean, renewable energy sources, vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) research has gained considerable interest. The technology is primarily used for small-scale power applications in environments with unsteady wind conditions, such as urban locations. For this type of turbine the most important features are self-starting characteristics and energy conversion efficiency. For the Savonius type rotor, performance is increased by reducing drag losses on the advancing blades. The present study addresses the numerical verification of the performance of new designs for drag-driven VAWTs.
Two new models were created using SolidWorks along with a standard Savonius model consisting of semicircular blades for benchmarking. All models were designed with the same swept area for comparison. 3D numerical simulation was completed using ANSYS FLUENT. Static conditions were first solved with a moving reference frame (MRF). The results from the MRF simulations were then used to initialize the transient solvers using sliding mesh models (SMM). 3D pressure distributions on the moving blades for each model were analyzed. From inputs of wind and rotational speed, torque values and coefficients of moment were reported. Each model was tested over a range of tip-speed ratios, and power coefficients were calculated. Results were compared to a standard Savonius VAWT, and increased maximum power coefficient was achieved with the new blade geometries.
Gas Turbine Common Issues, Failure Investigations, Root Cause Analyses, and Preventative Actions
Authors: Garner Stephen , Ibrahim Zuhair 
Published: November 2016

Gas turbines are a type of internal combustion engine and are used in a wide range of services powering aircraft of all types, as well as driving mechanical equipment such as pumps, compressors in the petrochemical industry, and generators in the electric utility industry. Similar to the reciprocating internal combustion engine in an automobile, energy (mechanical or electrical) is generated by the burning of a hydrocarbon fuel (i.e., jet fuel, diesel or natural gas). The core of a gas turbine engine is comprised of three main sections: the compressor section, the combustor section, and the turbine section. To ensure that a gas turbine operates safely, reliably, and with optimum performance, all gas turbines are provided with a control system designed either by the OEM or according to the OEM’s specification. The OEM-provided control systems will typically include complex and integrated subsystems such as (but not limited to): a graphic user interface, an engine management system (EMS or ECS), a safety related system (SRS), and a package control system (PCS) that may interface with a facilities’ existing computerized control systems. Any failure of the mechanical systems, electro-mechanical systems, or logic based control systems of a gas turbine can result in forced outage.
A forced outage of a gas turbine, whether in a mechanical service, such as pipelines, or in either a simple cycle or combined cycle power generation installation results in a reduction of system availability and therefore a loss in revenue. The significant capital investment in a gas turbine system necessitates a high degree of reliability and system availability while reducing forced outages. A power plant can minimize occurrences of forced outages and optimize recovery of capacity by effectively combining proactive and reactive solutions.
This paper will discuss both proactive and reactive programs as well as their implementation in order to answer the key questions that often surround an outage: How is outage time minimized while increasing reliability and system availability? What went wrong and who or what is responsible? How soon can the unit or the plant get back online? And what operational or maintenance considerations are needed to prevent a similar recurrence.
Proactive approaches to be discussed include process hazard analyses (PHA) such as hazard and operability studies (HAZOP), hazard identification (HAZID), layer-of-protection analyses (LOPA), what-if analyses, and quantitative risk assessments (QRA) in addition to failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA); and failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA). Reactive approaches to be discussed include various root cause analysis (RCA) and failure analysis (FA) techniques and methodologies such as fault-tree analysis. Case studies and some lessons learned will also be presented to illustrate the methods.
Sodium Nitrite Inhibits Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms by Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Zemke Anna C. , Kocak Brian R. , Bomberger Jennifer M. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Sodium nitrite inhibits bacterial respiration and is in development as an antimicrobial for chronic bacterial infections associated with cystic fibrosis. The goal of the current study was to investigate the interaction between nitrite and ciprofloxacin. Using liquid culture killing assays and a biotic biofilm model, we observed that nitrite induces tolerance of ciprofloxacin.
Frequency of the Paradoxical Effect Measured Using the EUCAST Procedure with Micafungin, Anidulafungin, and Caspofungin against Candida Species Isolates Causing Candidemia
Authors: Marcos-Zambrano Laura Judith , Escribano Pilar , Sánchez-Carrillo Carlos , Bouza Emilio , Guinea Jesús 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

We report data on the frequency of the paradoxical effect of echinocandins against
Candida
spp. (
n
= 602 incident isolates) using the EUCAST definitive document EDef 7.2 procedure. The paradoxical effect for one or more echinocandins was observed in 16% of the isolates. However, differences between species were found, and the paradoxical effect was more common in
Candida tropicalis
(
P
< 0.001). Caspofungin was the drug in which the paradoxical effect was most common, followed by anidulafungin and micafungin (
P
< 0.001).
Borrelia burgdorferi CheY2 Is Dispensable for Chemotaxis or Motility but Crucial for the Infectious Life Cycle of the Spirochete
Authors: Xu Hui , Sultan Syed , Yerke Aaron , Moon Ki Hwan , Wooten R. Mark , Motaleb M. A. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

The requirements for bacterial chemotaxis and motility range from dispensable to crucial for host colonization. Even though more than 50% of all sequenced prokaryotic genomes possess at least one chemotaxis signaling system, many of those genomes contain multiple copies of a chemotaxis gene. However, the functions of most of those additional genes are unknown. Most motile bacteria possess at least one CheY response regulator that is typically dedicated to the control of motility and which is usually essential for virulence.
Borrelia burgdorferi
appears to be notably different, in that it has three
cheY
genes, and our current studies on
cheY2
suggests that it has varied effects on different aspects of the natural infection cycle. Mutants deficient in this protein exhibit normal motility and chemotaxis
in vitro
but show reduced virulence in mice. Specifically, the
cheY2
mutants were severely attenuated in murine infection and dissemination to distant tissues after needle inoculation. Moreover, while Δ
cheY2
spirochetes are able to survive normally in the
Ixodes
ticks, mice fed upon by the Δ
cheY2
-infected ticks did not develop a persistent infection in the murine host. Our data suggest that CheY2, despite resembling a typical response regulator, functions distinctively from most other chemotaxis CheY proteins. We propose that CheY2 serves as a regulator for a
B. burgdorferi
virulence determinant that is required for productive infection within vertebrate, but not tick, hosts.
Unique Regulation of the DosR Regulon in the Beijing Lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Domenech Pilar , Zou Jason , Averback Alexandra , Syed Nishath , Curtis Daniele , Donato Samuel , Reed Michael B. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe DosR regulon, a set of 48 genes normally expressed inMycobacterium tuberculosisunder conditions that inhibit aerobic respiration, is controlled via the DosR-DosS/DosT two-component system. While the regulon requires induction in mostM. tuberculosisisolates, for members of the Beijing lineage, its expression is uncoupled from the need for signaling. In our attempts to understand the mechanistic basis for this uncoupling in the Beijing background, we previously reported the identification of two synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the adjacent Rv3134c gene. In the present study, we have interrogated the impact of these SNPs ondosRexpression in wild-type strains, as well as a range ofdosR-dosS-dosTmutants, for both Beijing and non-BeijingM. tuberculosisbackgrounds. In this manner, we have unequivocally determined that the C601TdosRpromoter SNP is the sole requirement for the dramatic shift in the pattern of DosR regulon expression seen in this globally important lineage. Interestingly, we also show that DosT is completely nonfunctional within these strains. Thus, a complex series of evolutionary steps has led to the present-day Beijing DosR phenotype that, in turn, potentially confers a fitness advantage in the face of some form of host-associated selective pressure.IMPORTANCEMycobacterium tuberculosisstrains of the Beijing lineage have been described as being of enhanced virulence compared to other lineages, and in certain regions, they are associated with the dramatic spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). In terms of trying to understand the functional basis for these broad epidemiological phenomena, it is interesting that, in contrast to the other major lineages, the Beijing strains all constitutively overexpress members of the DosR regulon. Here, we identify the mutational events that led to the evolution of this unique phenotype. In addition, our work highlights the fact that important phenotypic differences exist between distinctM. tuberculosislineages, with the potential to impact the efficacy of diagnosis, vaccination, and treatment programs.