bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Patterns of Dry Deposition at a High‐Elevation Site in the Colorado Rocky Mountains
Authors: Oldani Kaley M. , Mladenov Natalie , Williams Mark W. , Campbell Cari M. , Lipson David A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn the Colorado Rocky Mountains, high‐elevation barren soils are deficient in carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) and enriched in nitrogen (N). The seasonal variability of dry deposition and its contributions to alpine elemental budgets is critical to understanding how dry deposition influences biogeochemical cycling in high‐elevation environments. In this 2 year study, we evaluated dry and wet deposition inputs to the Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research (NWT LTER) site in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. The total organic C flux in wet + dry (including soluble and particulate C) deposition was >30 kg C ha−1 yr−1 and represents a substantial input for this C‐limited environment. Our side‐by‐side comparison of dry deposition collectors with and without marble insert indicated that the insert improved retention of dry deposition by ~28%. Annual average dry deposition fluxes of water‐soluble organic carbon (4.25 kg C ha−1 yr−1) and other water‐soluble constituents, including ammonium (0.16 kg NH4+ha−1 yr−1), nitrate (1.99 kg NO3− ha−1 yr−1), phosphate (0.08 kg PO43− ha−1 yr−1), and sulfate (1.20 kg SO42− ha−1 yr−1), were comparable to those in wet deposition, with highest values measured in the summer. Backward trajectory analyses implicate air masses passing through the arid west and Four Corners, USA, as dominant source areas for dry deposition, especially in spring months. Synchronous temporal patterns of deposition observed at the NWT LTER site and a distant Rocky Mountain National Park Clean Air Status and Trends Network site indicate that seasonal dry deposition patterns are regional phenomena with important implications for the larger Rocky Mountain region.
Optimization of Terrestrial Ecosystem Model Parameters Using Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Data With the Global Carbon Assimilation System (GCAS)
Authors: Chen Zhuoqi , Chen Jing M. , Zhang Shupeng , Zheng Xiaogu , Ju Weiming , Mo Gang , Lu Xiaoliang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe Global Carbon Assimilation System that assimilates ground‐based atmospheric CO2 data is used to estimate several key parameters in a terrestrial ecosystem model for the purpose of improving carbon cycle simulation. The optimized parameters are the leaf maximum carboxylation rate at 25°C (
), the temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration (Q10), and the soil carbon pool size. The optimization is performed at the global scale at 1° resolution for the period from 2002 to 2008. The results indicate that vegetation from tropical zones has lower
values than vegetation in temperate regions. Relatively high values of Q10 are derived over high/midlatitude regions. Both
and Q10 exhibit pronounced seasonal variations at middle‐high latitudes. The maxima in
occur during growing seasons, while the minima appear during nongrowing seasons. Q10 values decrease with increasing temperature. The seasonal variabilities of
and Q10 are larger at higher latitudes. Optimized
and Q10 show little seasonal variabilities at tropical regions. The seasonal variabilities of
are consistent with the variabilities of LAI for evergreen conifers and broadleaf evergreen forests. Variations in leaf nitrogen and leaf chlorophyll contents may partly explain the variations in
. The spatial distribution of the total soil carbon pool size after optimization is compared favorably with the gridded Global Soil Data Set for Earth System. The results also suggest that atmospheric CO2 data are a source of information that can be tapped to gain spatially and temporally meaningful information for key ecosystem parameters that are representative at the regional and global scales.
Shelf Circulation Induced by an Orographic Wind Jet
Authors: Ràfols Laura , Grifoll Manel , Jordà Gabriel , Espino Manuel , Sairouní Abdel , Bravo Manel 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe dynamical response to cross‐shelf wind‐jet episodes is investigated. The study area is located at the northern margin of the Ebro Shelf, in the Northwestern (NW) Mediterranean Sea, where episodes of strong northwesterly wind occur. In this case, the wind is channeled through the Ebro Valley and intensifies upon reaching the sea, resulting in a wind jet. The wind‐jet response in terms of water circulation and vertical density structure is investigated using a numerical model. The numerical outputs agree with water current observations from a high‐frequency radar. Additionally, temperature, sea level, and wind measurements are also used for the skill assessment of the model. For the wind‐jet episodes, the numerical results show a well‐defined two‐layer circulation in the cross‐shelf direction, with the surface currents in the direction of the wind. This pattern is consistent with sea level set‐down due to the wind effect. The comparison of the vertical structure response for different episodes revealed that the increase of stratification leads to an onshore displacement of the transition from inner shelf to mid‐shelf. In general, the cross‐shelf momentum balance during a wind‐jet episode exhibits a balance between the frictional terms and the pressure gradient in shallow waters, shifting to a balance between the Coriolis force and the wind stress terms in deeper waters.
Ground and Airborne U.K. Measurements of Nitryl Chloride: An Investigation of the Role of Cl Atom Oxidation at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory
Authors: Bannan Thomas J. , Bacak Asan , Le Breton Michael , Flynn Michael , Ouyang Bin , McLeod Matthew , Jones Rod , Malkin Tamsin L. , Whalley Lisa K. , Heard Dwayne E. , Bandy Brian , Khan M. Anwar H. , Shallcross Dudley E. , Percival Carl J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNitryl chloride (ClNO2) measurements from the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO) are reported from March to April 2013 using a quadruple chemical ionization mass spectrometer with the I− ionization scheme. WAO is a rural coastal site with generally low NOx concentrations, a type of location poorly studied for ClNO2 production. Concentrations of ClNO2 exceeded that of the limit of detection (0.8 ppt) on each night of the campaign, as did concentrations of N2O5, which was also measured simultaneously with the Cambridge Broadband Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectrometer. A peak concentration of 65 ppt of ClNO2 is reported here. Vertical profiles of ClNO2 from early‐ to middle‐morning flights in close proximity to WAO are also reported, showing elevated concentrations at low altitude. The photolysis of observed ClNO2 and a box model utilizing the Master Chemical Mechanism modified to include chlorine chemistry was used to calculate Cl atom concentrations. This model utilized numerous VOCs from the second Tropospheric Organic Chemistry project in 2004, at the same location and time of year. From this the relative importance of the oxidation of three groups of measured VOCs (alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes) by OH radicals, Cl atoms, and O3 is compared. Cl atom oxidation was deemed generally insignificant at this time and location for total oxidation due to the much lower concentration of ClNO2 observed, even following the night of greatest ClNO2 production.
The Importance of Soil‐Type Contrast in Modulating August Precipitation Distribution Near the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Escarpment in Texas
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Ming , Xue Ming , McPherson Renee A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe Balcones Escarpment in central Texas is a sloped region between the Edwards Plateau and the coastal plain. The metropolitan areas located along the Balcones Escarpment (e.g., San Antonio, Austin, and Dallas‐Fort Worth) are prone to heavy rain and devastating flood events. While the associated hydrological issues of the Balcones Escarpment have been extensively studied, the meteorological impacts of the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Escarpment are not well understood. The indeterminate impacts of the thermal and dynamic effects of the Edwards Plateau on August climatological precipitation are investigated in this study using the multisensor Stage IV precipitation data, high‐resolution dynamic downscaling, and short‐term sensitivity simulations. Analysis results indicate that the total August precipitation east of the Balcones Escarpment is suppressed and precipitation over the eastern part of the Edwards Plateau is enhanced. Locally initiated moist convection in the afternoon contributes most to the total precipitation during August in the region. The dynamic downscaling output captures the spatial pattern of afternoon precipitation, which is well aligned with the simulated upward motions. The clay‐based soil types that dominate the Edwards Plateau have great potential to retain soil moisture and limit latent heat fluxes, consequently leading to higher sensible heat flux than over the plain to the east. As a result, vertical motion is induced, triggering the afternoon moist convection over the Edwards Plateau under favorable conditions. In comparison, the sloping terrain plays a smaller role in triggering the convection. Short‐term sensitivity simulations for a clear day confirm and further prove such a diagnosis.
Chemistry of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Los Angeles basin: Nighttime Removal of Alkenes and Determination of Emission Ratios
Authors: de Gouw J. A. , Gilman J. B. , Kim S.‐W. , Lerner B. M. , Isaacman‐VanWertz G. , McDonald B. C. , Warneke C. , Kuster W. C. , Lefer B. L. , Griffith S. M. , Dusanter S. , Stevens P. S. , Stutz J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe reanalyze a data set of hydrocarbons in ambient air obtained by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry at a surface site in Pasadena in the Los Angeles basin during the NOAA California Nexus study in 2010. The number of hydrocarbon compounds quantified from the chromatograms is expanded through the use of new peak‐fitting data analysis software. We also reexamine hydrocarbon removal processes. For alkanes, small alkenes, and aromatics, the removal is determined by the reaction with hydroxyl (OH) radicals. For several highly reactive alkenes, the nighttime removal by ozone and nitrate (NO3) radicals is also significant. We discuss how this nighttime removal affects the determination of emission ratios versus carbon monoxide (CO) and show that previous estimates based on nighttime correlations with CO were too low. We analyze model output from the Weather Research and Forecasting‐Chemistry model for hydrocarbons and radicals at the Pasadena location to evaluate our methods for determining emission ratios from the measurements. We find that our methods agree with the modeled emission ratios for the domain centered on Pasadena and that the modeled emission ratios vary by 23% across the wider South Coast basin. We compare the alkene emission ratios with published results from ambient measurements and from tunnel and dynamometer studies of motor vehicle emissions. We find that with few exceptions the composition of alkene emissions determined from the measurements in Pasadena closely resembles that of motor vehicle emissions.
High‐Resolution Regional Reanalysis in China: Evaluation of 1 Year Period Experiments
Authors: Zhang Qi , Pan Yinong , Wang Shuyu , Xu Jianjun , Tang Jianping 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGlobally, reanalysis data sets are widely used in assessing climate change, validating numerical models, and understanding the interactions between the components of a climate system. However, due to the relatively coarse resolution, most global reanalysis data sets are not suitable to apply at the local and regional scales directly with the inadequate descriptions of mesoscale systems and climatic extreme incidents such as mesoscale convective systems, squall lines, tropical cyclones, regional droughts, and heat waves. In this study, by using a data assimilation system of Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation, and a mesoscale atmospheric model of Weather Research and Forecast model, we build a regional reanalysis system. This is preliminary and the first experimental attempt to construct a high‐resolution reanalysis for China main land. Four regional test bed data sets are generated for year 2013 via three widely used methods (classical dynamical downscaling, spectral nudging, and data assimilation) and a hybrid method with data assimilation coupled with spectral nudging. Temperature at 2 m, precipitation, and upper level atmospheric variables are evaluated by comparing against observations for one‐year‐long tests. It can be concluded that the regional reanalysis with assimilation and nudging methods can better produce the atmospheric variables from surface to upper levels, and regional extreme events such as heat waves, than the classical dynamical downscaling. Compared to the ERA‐Interim global reanalysis, the hybrid nudging method performs slightly better in reproducing upper level temperature and low‐level moisture over China, which improves regional reanalysis data quality.
Identification and in silico structural analysis of Gallus gallus protein arginine methyltransferase 4 (PRMT4)
Authors: Berberich Hannah , Terwesten Felix , Rakow Sinja , Sahu Peeyush , Bouchard Caroline , Meixner Marion , Philipsen Sjaak , Kolb Peter , Bauer Uta‐Maria 
Published: September 2017

Protein arginine methyltransferase 4 (PRMT4) is an essential epigenetic regulator of fundamental and conserved processes during vertebrate development, such as pluripotency and differentiation. Surprisingly, PRMT4 homologs have been identified in nearly all vertebrate classes except the avian genome. This raises the possibility that in birds PRMT4 functions are taken over by other PRMT family members. Here, we reveal the existence of a bona fidePRMT4 homolog in the chicken, Gallus gallus. Using a biochemical approach, we initially purified a putative chicken PRMT4 protein and thus provided the first evidence for the presence of an endogenous PRMT4‐specific enzymatic activity toward histone H3 arginine 17 (H3R17) in avian cells. We then isolated a G. gallus PRMT4 (ggPRMT4) transcript encompassing the complete open reading frame. Recombinant ggPRMT4 possesses intrinsic methyltransferase activity toward H3R17. CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated deletion of ggPRMT4 demonstrated that the transcript identified here encodes avian PRMT4. Combining protein–protein docking and homology modeling based on published crystal structures of murine PRMT4, we found a strong structural similarity of the catalytic core domain between chicken and mammalian PRMT4. Strikingly, in silico structural comparison of the N‐terminal Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of avian and murine PRMT4 identified strictly conserved amino acids that are involved in an interaction interface toward the catalytic core domain, facilitating for the first time a prediction of the relative spatial arrangement of these two domains. Our novel findings are particularly exciting in light of the essential function of the PH domain in substrate recognition and methylation by PRMT4.
Resting metabolic rate of Indian Junior Soccer players: Testing agreement between measured versus selected predictive equations
Authors: Cherian Keren Susan , Shahkar Faaiza , Sainoji Ashok , Balakrishna Nagalla , Yagnambhatt Venkata Ramana 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesOwing to a dearth of research related to Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) among adolescent athletes in India, our study aimed to document RMR among junior soccer players (JSP) and to identify suitable RMR predictive models for JSP from nine existing equations.MethodsForty Indian JSP (Boys = 21, Girls = 19) representing the under‐12 and under‐16 age categories were assessed for body composition (skinfold technique) and RMR (oxycon mobile). Two‐way ANOVA and ANCOVA were used to examine the differences across age and sex. Bland‐Altman plot was used to test agreement between measured vs. predicted RMR using the equations of Cunningham (, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33), Soares et al. (, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 47; 1998, British Journal of Nutrition, 79), Henry (, Public Health Nutrition, 8), and Patil and Bharadwaj (, Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 59) for non‐athletic populations and the equations of De Lorenzo et al. (, The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 39), Wong et al. (, Singapore Medical Journal, 53), and ten Haaf & Weijs (, PloS One, 9) for adult athletes.ResultsRMR showed significant (P < .01) sex differences (Boys: 1343 ± 297.1; Girls: 1135 ± 116.7 kcal·day−1). While RMR values adjusted for fat‐free mass (FFM) were similar across age and sex. The equation of Soares et al. (, British Journal of Nutrition, 79) for girls and Wong et al. (, Singapore Medical Journal, 53) for boys showed better RMR predictability.ConclusionsFFM explained variation in RMR across age and sex. The FFM‐based Soares et al. (, British Journal of Nutrition, 79) equation for girls and body weight‐based Wong et al. (, Singapore Medical Journal, 53) equation for boys are best suited for predicting RMR.
Stereoselective Direct Chlorination of Alkenyl MIDA Boronates: Divergent Synthesis of E and Z α‐Chloroalkenyl Boronates
Authors: Zeng Yao‐Fu , Ji Wei‐Wei , Lv Wen‐Xin , Chen Yunyun , Tan Dong‐Hang , Li Qingjiang , Wang Honggen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe individual molecules of α‐chloroalkenyl boronates include both an electrophilic C−Cl bond and a nucleophilic C−B bond, which makes them intriguing organic synthons. Reported herein is a stereodivergent synthesis of both E and Z α‐chloroalkenyl N‐methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) boronates through the direct chlorination of alkenyl MIDA boronates using tBuOCl and PhSeCl reagents, respectively. Both reaction processes are stereospecific and the use of sp3‐B MIDA boronate is the key contributor to the reactivity. The synthetic value of the boronate products was also demonstrated.
An Eighteen‐Membered Macrocyclic Ligand for Actinium‐225 Targeted Alpha Therapy
Authors: Thiele Nikki A. , Brown Victoria , Kelly James M. , Amor‐Coarasa Alejandro , Jermilova Una , MacMillan Samantha N. , Nikolopoulou Anastasia , Ponnala Shashikanth , Ramogida Caterina F. , Robertson Andrew K. H. , Rodríguez‐Rodríguez Cristina , Schaffer Paul , Williams Clarence , Babich John W. , Radchenko Valery , Wilson Justin J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe 18‐membered macrocycle H2macropa was investigated for 225Ac chelation in targeted alpha therapy (TAT). Radiolabeling studies showed that macropa, at submicromolar concentration, complexed all 225Ac (26 kBq) in 5 min at RT. [225Ac(macropa)]+ remained intact over 7 to 8 days when challenged with either excess La3+ ions or human serum, and did not accumulate in any organ after 5 h in healthy mice. A bifunctional analogue, macropa‐NCS, was conjugated to trastuzumab as well as to the prostate‐specific membrane antigen‐targeting compound RPS‐070. Both constructs rapidly radiolabeled 225Ac in just minutes at RT, and macropa‐Tmab retained >99 % of its 225Ac in human serum after 7 days. In LNCaP xenograft mice, 225Ac‐macropa‐RPS‐070 was selectively targeted to tumors and did not release free 225Ac over 96 h. These findings establish macropa to be a highly promising ligand for 225Ac chelation that will facilitate the clinical development of 225Ac TAT for the treatment of soft‐tissue metastases.
Semiconductive Copper(I)–Organic Frameworks for Efficient Light‐Driven Hydrogen Generation Without Additional Photosensitizers and Cocatalysts
Authors: Shi Dongying , Zheng Rui , Sun Ming‐Jun , Cao Xinrui , Sun Chun‐Xiao , Cui Chao‐Jie , Liu Chun‐Sen , Zhao Junwei , Du Miao 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAs the first example of a photocatalytic system for splitting water without additional cocatalysts and photosensitizers, the comparatively cost‐effective Cu2I2‐based MOF, Cu‐I‐bpy (bpy=4,4′‐bipyridine) exhibited highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production (7.09 mmol g−1 h−1). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations established the electronic structures of Cu‐I‐bpy with a narrow band gap of 2.05 eV, indicating its semiconductive behavior, which is consistent with the experimental value of 2.00 eV. The proposed mechanism demonstrates that Cu2I2 clusters of Cu‐I‐bpy serve as photoelectron generators to accelerate the copper(I) hydride interaction, providing redox reaction sites for hydrogen evolution. The highly stable cocatalyst‐free and self‐sensitized Cu‐I‐bpy provides new insights into the future design of cost‐effective d10‐based MOFs for highly efficient and long‐term solar fuels production.
Compatibilization and ultraviolet blocking of PLA/PCL blends via interfacial localization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Decol Marindia , Pachekoski Wagner M. , Becker Daniela 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTIn this work, the effect of TiO2 addition over morphological and ultraviolet (UV) blocking properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCL) blends was investigated. The micrographs showed a partially co‐continuous structure in the PLA/PCL blend with 42/58 (wt %/wt %) and the TiO2 nanoparticles addition leads to a structural phase inversion, i.e., continuous PCL and partially continuous PLA with a dispersed portion. TiO2 nanoparticles were observed to be preferably localized at the interface of the two phases due to kinetic effects (large difference between the melting temperatures) and nanoparticle geometry (low aspect ratios). An adhesion improvement between the phases and morphological stability were observed with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles. This behavior indicates that the nanoparticles can act as compatibilizers due to their localization at the interface between the two phases. The UV light absorption and transmission percolation threshold occurred with 1.5% TiO2 in the 42PLA/52PCL blend. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45813.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Different Spatial Constructions Based on Hexaphenylbenzene Derivatives
Authors: Chen Hua , Zhu Haoyun , Huang Yuli , Yang Junwei , Wang Weizhi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn recent years, low‐bandgap polymers have attracted much attention in a wide range of fields. The synthesis of these compounds has been focused on three factors according to the Roncali bandgap theory: 1) the degree of bond‐length alternation (Eδr), 2) the aromatic resonance energy of the cycle (ERes), and 3) the substituted groups (ESub). Herein, we have designed and prepared low‐bandgap polymers in a different way by using the factors Eθ (the deviation from planarity of the polymer chain) and EInt (the interaction of the molecular chains in the solid state). Thus, three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with different spatial constructions, based on hexaphenylbenzene derivatives, were prepared in this work: linear (P1‐OX), V (P2‐OX), and zigzag (P3‐OX) types. These well‐defined polymers exhibited interesting optical and electrochemistry behavior due to their different extents of planarity. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry gave the incremental orderly molecular weight distributions of P1, P2, and P3, the weight‐average molecular weights (
) of which were 9000, 5500, and 69 000, respectively. Their lamellar layer structures and π–π intermolecular stacking were demonstrated by using two‐dimensional grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction, which revealed the edge‐on chain conformation. Finally, the materials were perfectly adapted to fabricate high‐performance organic field‐effect transistor devices, which revealed that these compounds could have great prospects as semiconductors.