bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
255 Awardee Talk: Nutritional management to optimize cow-calf production in Southeast
Authors: Izquierdo Vinicius S , Vendramini Joao M B , Moriel Philipe 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Nearly one-half of beef cows in the United States are located in southern states where cow-calf operations predominate. Grazing management in cow-calf systems can be affected by environmental and seasonal conditions, often leading to nutrient deficiency, particularly during late gestation of beef females. Maternal nutrition during the last trimester of gestation can influence offspring development and health, and can be explored to optimize maternal and progeny performance. The objective of this presentation is to share nutritional and management strategies for pregnant beef cows and their long-term effects on offspring growth and physiology. Study 1 investigated the effects of timing of maternal protein supplementation during all last trimester of gestation (LATE84), only the first 42 d of last trimester of gestation (LATE42), or no prepartum supplementation (NOSUP) on offspring pre- and post-weaning performance. At weaning, LATE84 calves were the heaviest, followed by LATE42, and NOSUP (P ≤ 0.05). Steer serum parainfluenza-3 titers were greater (P = 0.03) for LATE42 vs. NOSUP and tended to be greater for LATE84 (P = 0.10) vs. NOSUP steers. Marbling and the proportion of steers grading choice were greater (P ≤ 0.04) for LATE42 vs. NOSUP, and intermediate for LATE84. Study 2 evaluated the effects of frequency of maternal protein supplementation on offspring pre-weaning growth. Cows received the same weekly amount of supplement (7 kg·cow⁻¹·wk⁻¹) but with different frequencies: once a week (1X), three times per week (3X), every day (7X), or no prepartum supplementation (NOSUP) during the last 80 d of gestation. At weaning, calves born from 7X cows were the heaviest (P ≤ 0.05), followed by 3X and 1X, which did not differ between them (P = 0.54), and NOSUP calves were the lightest (P ≤ 0.05). Study 3 evaluated the use of monensin supplementation during the last 77 d of gestation and its impacts on offspring performance. Treatments consisted of no prepartum supplementation (NOSUP), supplementation of dried distillers grains at 1 kg·cow⁻¹·d⁻¹ added with 0 (SUP) or 200 mg/d of monensin (SUPMO). At weaning, SUPMO calves were the heaviest (P ≤ 0.05), SUP intermediate, and NOSUP were the lightest. Experiment 4 consisted of pregnant heifers receiving the supplementation of 1 kg/d of soybean hulls dry matter added (BAC) or not (CON) with a Bacillus-based DFM mixture during late gestation (d 0 to 139) and early lactation (d 139 to 242). Post-weaning body weight gain and indicators of humoral immune response post-vaccination were greater for BAC vs. CON calves (P ≤ 0.05). Therefore, changing the time and frequency of supplementation, and the use of additives and probiotics during late gestation of beef females are effective alternatives to improve offspring pre- and post-weaning growth and immune response.
249 Effects of sorghum silage kernel processing on growth performance and blood metabolites of beef heifers
Authors: Podversich Federico , Abdelhadi Leandro O , Sanchez Federico , Angeli Emmanuel , Hein Gustavo J , Ortega Hugo H , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Our previous studies suggested that using a shredlage (SHRD) processor or a conventional (CONV) sorghum kernel processor leads to similar apparent total tract nutrient digestibility of whole plant sorghum silage (WPSS). This study evaluated the effects of feeding WPSS harvested using different kernel processors (CONV vs. SHRD), on growth performance of beef heifers. Grain sorghum (ADV2450IG; Advanta Seeds, Argentina) was harvested at the hard-dough stage with a Class Jaguar 950 (Harsewinkel, Germany), switching the kernel processor to generate the forage material for the two treatments: CONV and SHRD. The material was bagged in two 2.7 m diameter bags and allowed to ferment for 3 mo. Black Angus heifers [n = 96; body weight (BW) = 15 ± 1 mo, 249.6 ± 28.6 kg] were blocked by initial BW, and randomly assigned to pens (8 heifers/pen, 6 pens/treatment). Diets consisted, all in DM basis, of WPSS of each respective type (SHRD or CONV) at 90.5%, expeller soybean meal at 7.0%, and a vitamin-mineral-NNP concentrate at 2.5%. The experiment consisted of a 14-d adaptation period, followed by a 56-d growing period; and feed was offered once daily. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design, using pen as the experimental unit, with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of block. No differences were observed (P &gt; 0.10) for final BW, dry matter intake, and residual feed intake. However, CONV fed heifers tended to gain more BW per day (ADG, 0.83 vs. 0.77 kg/d; P = 0.07) and had greater gain to feed ratio (GF, 0.083 vs. 0.075 kg/kg; P = 0.05) and greater Kleiber ratio (KR, 12.1 vs 11.2 g/kg; P = 0.05) as compared with SHRD fed heifers. Furthermore, performance calculated dietary Net Energy of gain (NEg) in CONV fed heifers tended to be greater than that for SHRD (0.70 vs. 0.65 Mcal/kg of diet DM, respectively; P = 0.06). Moreover, blood serum from CONV fed heifers had 16% greater total bilirubin (P = 0.04), 12% greater cholesterol (P = 0.02), and slightly greater non esterified fatty acids (P = 0.03) concentrations. Noteworthy, serum concentrations of total bilirubin were correlated (P ≤ 0.03) with ADG, GF, KR and NEg. In conclusion, the type of kernel processor utilized for the harvest of sorghum silage may have an impact on feed efficiency of beef cattle. These differences could be related to changes on the site of utilization of nutrients, particularly starch; what could also explain the differences on blood metabolites. However, further research is needed to help explain these findings.
245 The influence of deferment and season of use on beef cattle diet quality and composition following a rangeland wildfire
Authors: Kluth Janessa A , Davis Noah G , Wyffels Samuel , Marlow Clayton , Vermeire Lance , Van Emon Megan L , Nack Makae , Sitz Taylre , Hamilton Thomas , Peterson Jeremiah , DelCurto Timothy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Research has shown that forage quality increases after a fire. Greater crude protein content in forage can be beneficial for livestock, and even attract herbivores to recently burned areas. However, there has been little research into how forage quality changes within the first 2 yr after a fire and how it affects livestock diet quality or composition. Therefore, this project was conducted within a burn area of an August 2020 wildfire to evaluate the effect of seasonal deferment and annual rest on diet quality, botanical composition, and foraging efficiency of beef cattle grazing burned rangeland. A randomized complete block design was used comparing June grazing versus September grazing with cow/calf pairs, and no deferment versus a 1 yr deferment of grazing. Sixteen 4-hectare pastures were used, with eight being grazed in 2021 and 2022, and eight only grazed in 2022. Pastures were grazed in either June or September by cow-calf pairs for 2 d at a time. In June, 20 cow/calf pairs were used, and 16 pairs were used in September to account for calf growth/intake. Cattle diet composition and masticate samples were collected during 20-min bite-count periods using six ruminally cannulated cows in each pasture prior to and after 2 d grazing periods. Composition of diets upon pasture entry differed among treatments (P &lt; 0.01) with June diets in greater proportions of forbs than September diets. In addition, June diets with no deferment had greater forb composition than June diets with 1 yr deferment (P &lt; 0.01). Crude protein in June diets were substantially greater than September diets (P &lt; 0.01) and within the June grazing period, greatest for the non-deferred treatment (P &lt; 0.01). June diets had decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations than September diets (P &lt; 0.01) and within the June grazing treatments, the first year after burning was least in NDF content (P &lt; 0.01). There was no difference in ash concentration for all treatments and years (P ≥ 0.07) averaging 16.46% ash content. There was no effect of grazing treatment on grams per bite (P ≥ 0.34) averaging 1.36 grams per bite for pre- and post-grazing treatments. In summary, season of use and timing of grazing following a wildfire has an impact on cattle diet composition and quality with the greatest impact in the spring following a wildfire.
362 Nutrikinetic evaluation and modeling of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in beef cattle
Authors: Weigand Macie C , Duncan Zach M , Schwandt Erin , Ellis William , Weir Colton , Levy April , Gott Paige , Martinez Stephanie E , Tarpoff Anthony J , Blasi Dale A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] status in beef cattle when 1) fed diets with supplemental 25(OH)D3 or calcidiol (HyD, dsm-firmenich, Plainsboro, NJ), and 2.) a single dose of calcidiol was administered to cannulated heifers on nutrikinetic evaluation and predictive modeling simulations. In experiment 1, crossbred heifer calves [n = 96, initial body weight (BW) = 222 ± 12.4 kg] were assembled from auction markets near Dickson, TN and transported ~1,069 km to Manhattan, KS. Heifers (n = 12 per pen) were stratified by BW and randomly allocated to a corn-based receiving diet with one of four dietary treatments: 1) No supplemental D3 or calcidiol (CON, n = 24), 2) 3,000 IU supplemental D3·heifer⁻¹·d⁻¹ (D3, n = 24), 3.) 0.5 mg calcidiol/h/d (Hy D Low, n = 24), or 4.) 1.0 mg calcidiol·heifer⁻¹·d⁻¹ (Hy D High, n = 24) for 60 d. Blood samples were collected from each heifer prior to transport (d -1), on arrival (d 0) and on d 14, 31, and 60 of dietary treatment period. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS using animal as experimental unit and treatment as fixed effect. HyD High calves had greater (P &lt; 0.001) serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations than HyD Low at d 14 and 31 (Figure 1 and 2). At d 14, 31 and 60, HyD High and HyD Low calves had greater (P &lt; 0.001) serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations than CON or D3 treatments. In experiment 2, cannulated crossbred heifers (n = 8, initial BW = 289 ± 44.9 kg were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1.) 3 mg/272 kg BW calcidiol, or 2.) 5 mg/272 kg BW calcidiol in a single dose administered via rumen cannula at h 0. Serial blood samples were collected at baseline out to 70 d post-dose. Serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were analyzed via HPLC coupled with tandem MS (dsm-firmenich, Belvidere, NJ). Predictive modeling simulations of serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations used non-parametric superposition (Certara Phoenix WinNonlin 64, St. Louis, MO) from applying non-compartmental analysis with the assumptions of linearity, independent calcidiol dose response, and the rate of absorption and the average systemic clearance were consistent for each calcidiol dosing interval. The elimination half-life (t1/2) of calcidiol was determined to be an average of 7.1 d and area under change in concentration-time curve time 0 to the last time point that measured above baseline concentration post dose (AUC0-last) averaged of 32.6 d (Table 1). Non-parametric dosing simulations using nutrikinetic parameters from experiment 2 suggest that administration of two 5 mg oral doses of calcidiol with daily feeding of 1 mg would result in a rapid and sustained increase in serum 25(OH)D3. However, simulations should be confirmed in vivo before implementation.
356 Exploring the manganese requirement of feedlot steers
Authors: Smerchek Dathan T , Eekohff Marissa K , Rients Emma L , McLaughlin Amy M , Henderson Jacob A , Ortner Brock M , McGill Jodi , Thornton-Kurth Kara J , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Angus-cross steers [n = 144; body weight (BW) = 359 kg ± 13.4] were used to assess the effect of dietary Mn and steroidal implants on trace mineral (TM) status, and liver and serum metabolites related to N metabolism. Steers (n = 6/pen) were stratified by BW in a 3 × 2 factorial. GrowSafe bunks recorded individual feed intake (experimental unit = steer; n = 24/treatment). Dietary treatments included (MANG; 8 pens per treatment; Mn as MnSO4): 1) no supplemental Mn (analyzed 14 mg Mn/kg DM; Mn0); 2) 20 mg supplemental Mn/kg DM (Mn20); 3) 50 mg supplemental Mn/kg DM (Mn50). Within MANG, steers received a steroidal implant treatment (IMP) on d 0: 1) no implant; NO; or 2) combination implant (Revalor-200; REV). Liver biopsies for TM analysis and qPCR, and blood for serum urea-N (SUN) analysis were collected on d 0, 20, 40, and 77. Liver TM, serum metabolite, enzyme activity, and gene expression data were analyzed as repeated measures using PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4. The Correlation Procedure of SAS 9.4 was utilized to assess correlations between liver arginase activity, SUN concentrations, and liver Mn concentrations. No MANG × IMP effects were noted (P ≥ 0.12) for growth or carcass measures. Steroidal implants increased final BW (FBW), overall average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed (G:F; P ≤ 0.01). Dietary Mn did not influence FBW, overall ADG, or overall G:F (P ≥ 0.14). Liver Mn concentration increased with supplemental Mn (P = 0.01). An IMP × DAY effect was noted for liver Mn (P = 0.01) where NO and REV were similar on d 0 but NO cattle increased liver Mn from d 0 to 20 while REV liver Mn decreased. Relative expression of liver Mn transporter ZnT10 tended to be least (MANG; P = 0.10) in Mn20 while Mn0 and Mn100 were similar. Relative expression of liver Mn transporter ZIP8 was not influenced by MANG, IMP, or MANG × IMP (P ≥ 0.23). Liver arginase activity was not influenced by MANG, IMP, MANG × DAY, IMP × DAY, or MANG × IMP (P ≥ 0.15) but tended to decrease over time (DAY; P = 0.10). On d 0, 20, and 40, arginase activity was correlated (r ≤ 0.33; P ≤ 0.01) with SUN and liver Mn. Relative expression of MnSOD in the liver was greater in REV (P = 0.03) compared with NO and within a MANG × IMP effect (P = 0.01) REV increased liver MnSOD activity. This study indicates current NASEM Mn recommendations are adequate to meet demands of finishing beef cattle given a steroidal implant. This study also reveals how implants and supplemental Mn influence liver enzyme activity and genes related to arginine metabolism, urea synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and TM homeostasis.
361 Evaluating the effect of liver copper concentration on lubabegron fumarate-induced performance and carcass characteristics of finishing steers
Authors: Henderson Jacob A , McGill Jodi , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper (Cu) status on response to lubabegron fumarate (Experior, Elanco, Greenfield, IN). Angus crossbred steers [n = 48; body weight (BW) = 469 ± 31 kg] were enrolled in a 77-d finishing study, housed in pens of 6, with a GrowSafe bunk (GrowSafe Systems, Ltd, Airdire, AB, Canada) in each pen and implanted (Revalor-200, Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ; 200 mg TBA + 20 mg E2) on d 0. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was applied to Cu status (deficient, DEF, no supplemental Cu; or adequate, ADE, 10 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM as CuSO4) and Experior (36 mg·steer⁻¹·d⁻¹, EXP; or no Experior, NOEXP). A prior trial resulted in steers with distinct liver Cu (DEF and ADE were 42 ± 21 and 193 ± 31 mg Cu/kg DM, respectively). Experior was fed from d 37 to d 73, and cattle harvested on d 78. Body weights were collected on d -1, 0, 37, 55 (mid-Experior), 76 and 77. Blood was collected on d 0, 37, 55, and 76 for serum urea nitrogen (SUN), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, and insulin. Data were analyzed in Proc Mixed of SAS as a factorial design, with steer as the experimental unit (n = 12 per treatment). From d 0-37, DEF daily gain and feed efficiency (G:F) were greater than ADE (P &lt; 0.01), while dry matter intake (DMI) did not differ (P = 0.36). Overall DMI was greater in ADE than DEF (P = 0.04) and not affected by Experior (P = 0.13). Carcass-adjusted average daily gain was not affected by Cu or Experior (P ≥ 0.21). Deficient steers had greater carcass-adjusted G:F than ADE (P = 0.02). Hot carcass weight was greater in EXP (P = 0.04), but post-hoc analysis of the Cu x Experior effect (P = 0.2) reveals this was driven by DEF-EXP (15 kg over DEF-NOEXP) rather than ADE-EXP (4 kg over ADE-NOEXP). Marbling tended to be greater in ADE (P = 0.06) and was unaffected by Experior (P = 0.14). The revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index displayed an EXP x Day effect (P &lt; 0.01) where NOEXP was consistent across days and EXP had greater insulin sensitivity during the Experior period. Serum urea nitrogen was affected by Cu × Experior × Day (P = 0.01), where DEF-NOEXP had lesser d 0 SUN than all others, and EXP decreased on d 55 while NOEXP increased steadily during the finishing phase; by d 76 DEF-EXP remain lesser than NOEXP treatments with ADE-EXP being similar to all others. These data suggest Cu concentration influences steer response to lubabegron fumarate, and more research is needed to determine the cause of this.
401 Effect of protein and starch supplementation level on intake and digestibility by steers consuming low-quality forage: I. Bos taurus
Authors: Cox Jodi R , Wickersham Tryon A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A deficiency of ruminally available N (RAN) caused by a basal diet of low-quality forage depresses forage utilization. Supplemental protein improves forage utilization by increasing RAN, resulting in increased intake and potentially improving digestion. Addition of starch to a supplement can increase total digestible organic matter (OM) intake (TDOMI); however, too much starch decreases RAN and pH potentially decreasing forage utilization. Our objective was to determine the effect of starch supplementation on intake and digestion in Bos taurus indicus steers. Accordingly, five ruminally cannulated Brahman steers [body weight (BW) = 420 ± 55 kg) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to evaluate the effect of decreasing supplemental starch when consuming King Ranch Bluestem hay (3.5% CP, 73% NDF). Steers received four isonitrogenous (130 mg N/ kg BW) supplements providing increasing levels of starch (2% starch = 100% soybean meal; 20% starch = 26.3% corn, 73% soybean meal, 0.7% urea; 38% starch = 51.6% corn, 47% soybean meal, 1.4% urea; 56% starch = 78.6% corn, 19% soybean meal, 2.4% urea). Five 14-d periods were conducted, consisting of 9 d adaptation and 4 d to measure intake and digestion, and 1 d for ruminal fermentation. As designed, supplement OM intake (SOMI) increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) as starch level increased. Other measures of intake, including forage OM intake (FOMI), total OM intake (TOMI), and total neutral detergent fiber intake (TNDFI) decreased in a cubic manner in response to increasing starch (P ≤ 0.04). Forage OMI also responded with a cubic decrease (72.2, 68.9, and 69.5 g/kg BW0.75) when the protein supplement contained 2, 20, and 38% starch, respectively, but decreased to 61.2 g/kg BW0.75 when the 56% starch supplement was provided. Similarly, TOMI decreased 5.3% when starch inclusion increased from 38 to 56%. Total tract OM digestion and NDF digestion were not significantly affected (P ≥ 0.86) by starch level in the supplement; therefore, despite TOMI and TNDFI decreasing, there was no effect on total digestible OM intake and (TDOMI) and total digestible NDF intake (TDNDFI). In conclusion, providing supplemental starch over 38% decreased forage utilization. Decreases in FOMI with starch inclusion may be attributed to competition for RAN between fiber fermenting and starch fermenting bacteria.
155 Modulating silage fermentation with microbial inoculants
Authors: Ferraretto Luiz 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Silage is a vital feed ingredient for beef and dairy cattle diets in many areas worldwide. Even though ensiling is a well-established method of forage preservation, producers face a myriad of challenges to produce, harvest, and store forages optimally. Challenging circumstances like these create difficulties for proper silage fermentation, increase dry matter (DM) losses and silage contamination with mycotoxins, and reduce the nutritive value of ensiled forages. Losses of DM and nutrients occur during production, fermentation, and feeding of silage. Although some losses are unavoidable, poor management may increase DM losses up to 60% which may eventually lead to decreased feed efficiency, as each percentage-unit lost as DM is a percentage-unit of feed that cannot be converted into animal products. Loss of DM during forage production and preservation is estimated to cost beyond a billion dollars worldwide. Even in well-managed silages, yeasts and molds that survive anaerobic fermentation may grow rapidly and reduce aerobic stability after silo opening, and mold count in silage is positively related to DM loss. The use of silage microbial inoculants is a key strategy to modulate silage fermentation and preserve forage successfully. This presentation will discuss microbial inoculant strategies to optimize silage fermentation and minimize silage losses. Homofermentative bacterial inoculants, which contain bacteria that almost exclusively produce lactic acid, have been shown to effectively reduce silage pH and improve DM recovery. The use of homofermentative microbial inoculants have been shown to attenuate DM loss during ensiling and to increase dry matter intake and hence lactation performance by dairy cows. Heterofermentative bacterial inoculants, which contain bacteria capable of producing both lactic and acetic acids, reduce mold and yeast counts and improve silage aerobic stability.
Exploring a novel direct-fed microbial for ruminants to mitigate in vitro Salmonella invasion and infection
Authors: Copani Giuseppe , Knudsen Tine Thorup Moeller , Capern Lena Catrine , Gresse Raphaele , Cappellozza Bruno Ieda 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Managing bacterial infections is of great importance in cattle production, particularly those caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium or Dublin, which can impact both animal health and human food safety. Direct-fed microbial (DFM) can support gastrointestinal health and alleviate potential bacterial infections. In the present study, the capacity of a bacteria-based DFM product [BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus; BDP; Novonesis, Denmark (BDP)] containing Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus licheniformis, and B. subtilis to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC14028 invasion was investigated using the HT29-MTX cell line (Exp. 1) and also to evaluate the possible antagonistic effect against S. Dublin using an in vitro agar well diffusion method (Exp. 2). Briefly, in Exp. 1, after a 30 min pre-incubation with 1.0 ×108 CFU of BDP and/or 2.5 × 106 CFU of S. Typhimurium were added to each transwell. The quantity of S. Typhimurium invading the cells was measured after 90 min of co-incubation using CFU counts. As a control, the viability of the total S. Typhimurium was assessed to confirm the mode of action of BDP targets the pathogen invasion properties. In Exp. 2, the antagonistic efficacy of BDP against S. Dublin CHCC41286, isolated from cattle, was tested by adding BDP to wells in CLED agar plates casted with the pathogen above, zones of inhibition measured after 48 h incubation. In Exp. 1, BDP significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced by 80.6 % the invasion of S. typhimurium into HT-29-MTX cells as well as from 16 % the viability of the pathogen. The antagonistic properties of BDP towards S. Dublin were confirmed by clear inhibition zones (8.6 mm). These two in vitro findings set the stage for exploring the potential benefits of using a novel DFM as a promising tool and strategy to mitigate Salmonella infections in ruminants and improve animal health, food safety, and public health. Further in vivo confirmation needs to be developed to validate these preliminary in vitro results.