bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum simulations
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter covers the introduction of quantum mechanics into computer simulation methods. The chapter begins by explaining how electronic degrees of freedom may be handled in an ab initio fashion and how the resulting forces are included in the classical dynamics of the nuclei. The technique for combining the ab initio molecular dynamics of a small region, with classical dynamics or molecular mechanics applied to the surrounding environment, is explained. There is a section on handling quantum degrees of freedom, such as low-mass nuclei, by discretized path integral methods, complete with practical code examples. The problem of calculating quantum time correlation functions is addressed. Ground-state quantum Monte Carlo methods are explained, and the chapter concludes with a forward look to the future development of such techniques particularly to systems that include excited electronic states.
Introduction
Authors: Levin Frank S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
By surveying aspects of the book, the Introduction invites readers to prepare their mental surfboards for surfing the challenging waves of the quantum world. Max Planck’s weird use of the quantum concept is identified as the origin of the quantum revolution of the first part of the twentieth century. It is pointed out that mental muscles will be stretched by a variety of mind-bending quantum concepts and phenomena, both microscopic and macroscopic. These include the analogy between the behavior of a particle in a so-called quantum box and the vibrations of a musical string, and the role of quantum mechanics in determining the maximum heights of mountains. It is noted that the fundamental principles of quantum theory are the underpinning for explaining the mystery with two-slit experiments, while the book’s final chapters explore two features that have been referred to in non-scientific contexts: entanglement and Schrödinger’s cat.
Quantum Theory
Authors: Levin Frank S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The subject of Chapter 8 is the fundamental principles of quantum theory, the abstract extension of quantum mechanics. Two of the entities explored are kets and operators, with kets being representations of quantum states as well as a source of wave functions. The quantum box and quantum spin kets are specified, as are the quantum numbers that identify them. Operators are introduced and defined in part as the symbolic representations of observable quantities such as position, momentum and quantum spin. Eigenvalues and eigenkets are defined and discussed, with the former identified as the possible outcomes of a measurement. Bras, the counterpart to kets, are introduced as the means of forming probability amplitudes from kets. Products of operators are examined, as is their role underpinning Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. A variety of symbol manipulations are presented. How measurements are believed to collapse linear superpositions to one term of the sum is explored.
Entropy Maximization
Authors: Golan Amos 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this chapter I develop the essential maximum entropy procedure, which is an inversion procedure for inferring an unknown probability distribution function from incomplete information. The formulation here is the root of info-metrics and is grounded in the motivations provided in Chapter 2 and the metrics defined in Chapter 3. Once the basic maximum entropy problem is defined and the solution is derived via the method of Lagrange multipliers, I derive and discuss its dual formulation. I then define and discuss the concept of conjugate variables, which is related to the Lagrange multipliers. Throughout, the mathematical derivations are supported by graphical illustrations and supplemented with heuristic arguments and with numerous examples in ideal settings.
Prior Information
Authors: Golan Amos 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this chapter I introduce and quantify prior information and show how to incorporate it into the info-metrics framework. The priors developed arise from fundamental properties of the system, from logical reasoning, or from empirical observations. I start the chapter with the derivation of priors for discrete distributions, which can be handled via the grouping property, and a detailed derivation of surprisal analysis. Constructing priors for continuous distributions is more challenging. That problem is tackled via the method of transformation groups, which is related to the mathematical concept of group theory. That method works for both discrete and continuous functions. The last approaches I discuss are based on empirical information. The close relationship between priors, treatment effects, and score functions is discussed and demonstrated in the last section. Visual illustrations of the theory and numerous theoretical and applied examples are provided.
New Applications Across Disciplines
Authors: Golan Amos 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this chapter I provide four detailed, cross-disciplinary case studies, developed for this book. The case studies are from the medical sciences, political science, and finance. In each case, I discuss the empirical background, the input information, the necessary analytics, the inferred solution, and a brief summary of its implications. Each problem highlights one basic issue and demonstrates the advantage and applicability of the info-metrics framework. In each one of the problems analyzed, the constraints are specified as stochastic. Thus, the inference tolerates possible misspecification in the constraints or other possible uncertainties in the data or the model. This chapter demonstrates that the info-metrics framework is general enough to tackle problems across the scientific spectrum, can accommodate all types of uncertainties, can solve problems that other methods are unable to solve, and always allows the use of priors.
Maternal Pulse Pressure and the Risk of Postepidural Complications
Authors: Lappen Justin R. , Myers Stephen A. , Bolen Norman , Mercer Brian M. , Chien Edward K. S. 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:
To test the hypothesis that increasing the intravenous fluid bolus volume at the time of epidural placement in women with narrow pulse pressure would reduce postepidural fetal heart rate (FHR) abnormalities, hypotension, and resuscitative obstetric interventions.

METHODS:
We performed a single-center randomized controlled trial. Eligible participants were normotensive with a nonanomalous singleton gestation at or after 35 weeks and with a narrow pulse pressure (less than 45 mm Hg) on admission. Enrolled patients remained eligible for randomization at epidural request if they were within 6 hours of admission and the FHR remained category 1. Patients were allocated to a 500-mL (institutional standard) or 1,500-mL intravenous fluid bolus at epidural placement. A reference group with admission pulse pressure 50 mm Hg or greater was also evaluated. The primary outcome was a category 2 or 3 FHR pattern within 60 minutes after the epidural test dose. Evaluated secondary outcomes included maternal hypotension and composite resuscitative interventions to correct FHR abnormalities or hypotension. We calculated that 276 women (138/group) would provide 80% power to detect a relative 50% reduction in the occurrence of the primary outcome from 27% in the 500-mL group to 13.5% in the 1,500-mL group (two-sided α=0.05).

RESULTS:
From October 2015 to November 2016, 276 women were allocated to receive a 500-mL (n=139) or 1,500-mL (n=137) fluid bolus. One hundred thirty-eight women were evaluated in the reference group. Demographic, obstetric, and labor characteristics were similar between groups. The 1,500-mL group had significantly fewer postepidural FHR abnormalities (38.0% compared with 51.8%, relative risk 0.73, 95% CI 0.56–0.96, P=.02). Maternal systolic hypotension (10.2% compared with 34.5%, relative risk 0.30, 95% CI 0.17–0.51, P<.001) and composite postepidural interventions (18.3% compared with 44.2%, relative risk 0.42, 95% CI 0.28–0.62, P<.001) were also less frequent in the 1,500-mL group. Fetal heart rate abnormalities remained significantly less frequent in the reference group than among women with a narrow pulse pressure on admission for delivery.

CONCLUSION:
A 1,500-mL intravenous fluid bolus in women with a narrow pulse pressure decreases the risk of postepidural FHR abnormalities (number needed to treat=7), results in less frequent postepidural hypotension, and reduces the need for resuscitative interventions. Admission pulse pressure may be used to individualize intrapartum fluid management at the time of initiation of neuraxial labor analgesia.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02565485.
Opioid Prescribing Patterns, Patient Use, and Postoperative Pain After Hysterectomy for Benign Indications
Authors: As-Sanie Sawsan , Till Sara R. , Mowers Erika L. , Lim Courtney S. , Skinner Bethany D. , Fritsch Laura , Tsodikov Alex , Dalton Vanessa K. , Clauw Daniel J. , Brummett Chad M. 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:
To quantify physician prescribing patterns and patient opioid use in the 2 weeks after hysterectomy at an academic institution and to determine whether patient factors predict postsurgical opioid use and pain recovery.

METHODS:
We conducted a prospective quality initiative study by recruiting all English-speaking patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign, nonobstetric indications at a university hospital between August 2015 and December 2015, excluding those with major medical morbidities or substance abuse. Before hysterectomy, patients completed the Fibromyalgia Survey, a validated measure of centralized pain. After hysterectomy, opioid use (converted to oral morphine equivalents) and pain scores (0–10 numeric rating scale) were collected by a daily diary and a structured telephone interview 14 days after surgery. Primary outcomes were total opioid prescribed and consumed in the 2 weeks after hysterectomy. Secondary outcomes included daily opioid use and daily pain severity for 14 days after hysterectomy.

RESULTS:
Of 103 eligible patients, 102 (99%) agreed to participate, including 44 (43.1%) laparoscopic, 42 (41.2%) vaginal, and 16 (15.7%) abdominal hysterectomies. Telephone surveys were completed on 89 (87%) participants; diaries were returned from 60 (59%) participants. Diary nonresponders had different baseline characteristics than nonresponders. Median amount of opioid prescribed was 200 oral morphine equivalents (interquartile range 150–250). Patients reported using approximately half of the opioids prescribed with a median excess of 110 morphine equivalents (interquartile range 40–150). The best fit model of total opioid consumption identified preoperative Fibromyalgia Survey Score, overall body pain, preoperative opioid use, prior endometriosis, abdominal hysterectomy (compared with laparoscopic), and uterine weight as significant predictors. Highest tertile of Fibromyalgia Survey Score was associated with greater daily opioid consumption (13.9 [95% CI 3.0–24.8] greater oral morphine equivalents at baseline, P=.02).

CONCLUSION:
Gynecologists at a large academic medical center prescribe twice the amount of opioids than the average patient uses after hysterectomy. A personalized approach to prescribing opioids for postoperative pain should be considered.
Multiparous Ewe as a Model for Teaching Vaginal Hysterectomy Techniques
Authors: Kerbage Yohan , Cosson Michel , Hubert Thomas , Giraudet Géraldine 
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND:
Despite being linked to improving patient outcomes and limiting costs, the use of vaginal hysterectomy is on the wane. Although a combination of reasons might explain this trend, one cause is a lack of practical training. An appropriate teaching model must therefore be devised. Currently, only low-fidelity simulators exist. Ewes provide an appropriate model for pelvic anatomy and are well-suited for testing vaginal mesh properties. This article sets out a vaginal hysterectomy procedure for use as an education and training model.

METHOD:
A multiparous ewe was the model. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia. The ewe was in a lithotomy position resembling that assumed by women on the operating table.

EXPERIENCE:
Two vaginal hysterectomies were performed on two ewes, following every step precisely as if the model were human. Each surgical step of vaginal hysterectomy performed on the ewe and on a woman were compared side by side. We identified that all surgical steps were particularly similar. The main limitations of this model are costs ($500/procedure), logistic problems (housing large animals), and public opposition to animal training models.

CONCLUSION:
The ewe appears to be an appropriate model for teaching and training of vaginal hysterectomy.
VITREOUS TREPONEMAL ANTIBODY AS A SUPPLEMENTARY TEST TO SEROLOGY FOR THE CONFIRMATION OF SYPHILITIC CHORIORETINITIS
Authors: Silpa-Archa Sukhum , Preble Janine M. , Foster C. Stephen 
Published: November 2017

Purpose:
To report the novel application of nontreponemal and treponemal antibody to confirm diagnosis of ocular syphilis from vitreous samples.

Methods:
Two distinct case reports emphasizing the importance of confirmatory vitreous treponemal antibody. Multimodal imaging of patients was also applied.

Results:
We report two distinct cases with positive serum treponemal antibody but opposing vitreous treponemal antibody results. One case with a positive vitreous test responded well to antisyphilitic treatment. By contrast, a case with a negative vitreous result was changed to serpiginous choroiditis, eventually cured by immunomodulatory treatment.

Conclusion:
Intraocular fluid analysis of nontreponemal and treponemal antibody may play an important role in ruling out suspected ocular syphilis in settings without a polymerase chain reaction facility, especially immunocompromised patients who are at risk of multiple infections. Further studies are needed to establish the sensitivity and specificity of nontreponemal and treponemal antibody test on vitreous samples.
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY WITH VERTEPORFIN PLUS INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB FOR CIRCUMSCRIBED CHOROIDAL HEMANGIOMA: 4 YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP
Authors: Lasave Andres F. , Serrano Martin A. , Arevalo J. Fernando 
Published: November 2017

Purpose:
To report the anatomical and functional response of combined photodynamic therapy and intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in a patient with symptomatic circumscribed choroidal hemangioma.

Methods:
The patient received a single-session full-fluence photodynamic therapy immediately followed by an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 mL).

Results:
One week after combined therapy, an improvement of best-corrected visual acuity from count fingers to 20/60 and a significant decrease in subretinal fluid were noted. One month later, we observed decreased leakage on fluorescein angiography in all phases of the study. Three months after treatment, the best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/25 and spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans showed return to normal foveal architecture with no subretinal fluid and completely flat tumor. These findings were maintained during 4 years of follow-up.

Conclusion:
Combination therapy was associated with a rapid and persistent resolution of subretinal fluid, improvement of best-corrected visual acuity, and visual stability at 4 years of follow-up.
High-Energy Collimator Is Preferable to Medium-Energy Collimator for Evaluating 223Ra Uptake in Bone Metastasis at 2 Weeks Postinjection
Authors: Ichimura Akira , Nakahara Tadaki , Owaki Yoshiki , Nakajima Kiyotaka , Jinzaki Masahiro 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
An 80-year-old man with castration-resistant prostate cancer received 223Ra injection to treat bone metastases. Two weeks after the injection, the patient underwent static 223Ra scan of the chest with medium-energy and high-energy collimators for 30 minutes each. Images obtained with the 2 collimators showed that uptake in metastatic lesions was visually clearer and semiquantitatively higher with the high-energy collimator. The use of HE collimator for 223Ra imaging in the early phase has been reported, and the present case suggests that in the late phase HE collimator would also be preferable to medium-energy collimator in terms of lesion-based evaluation.
The Impact of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Oxidative Stress in Subjects With Medication-Resistant Depression
Authors: Durmaz Onur , İspir Emre , Baykan Hayriye , Alişik Murat , Erel Özcan 
Published: November 2017

Objectives
Recent studies have shown that oxidative stress is involved in the neurobiology of depression. We investigated the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on a novel oxidative stress marker, thiol-disulfide homeostasis, in subjects with medication-resistant major depression (MRD).

Methods
Twenty-six subjects with MRD underwent 15 rTMS sessions. Sociodemographic and baseline and post-rTMS Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) data were collected. Serum levels of native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide and their pairwise ratios were measured in baseline and post-rTMS blood samples.

Results
Serum levels of native and total thiol were significantly decreased after rTMS treatment (P < 0.05). Serum levels of thiol-disulfide and their ratios did not significantly differ (P > 0.05) between rTMS treatment responders (>50% reduction in MADRS score, n = 11) and rTMS treatment nonresponders (n = 15). The percentage MADRS score changes did not correlate with the changes in the levels of serum thiol-disulfide from baseline to post-rTMS treatment in any subject (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
Our results showed that rTMS treatment was effective in subjects with MRD and was associated with changes in serum thiol levels regardless of improvement in depression severity. Thus, the results did not support a possible therapeutic relationship between rTMS and thiol-disulfide homeostasis in subjects with MRD.
Salvaging mortgage loans and land title redemption with revolving funds in Thailand
Authors: Suwansin Ravivan , Kuwornu John K.M. , Datta Avishek , Jourdain Damien , Shivakoti Ganesh P. 
Published: November 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of the revolving fund (RF) regarding the ability of smallholder debtors to retrieve land title deeds, and also to examine the factors influencing the outstanding debts and percentage of outstanding interest of the smallholders in the Central and Northeastern regions of Thailand.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data were collected from 430 debtors in the Central and Northeastern regions of Thailand in order to compare the differences in livelihood assets as well as their opinions on benefits derived from the operation of the RF. Secondary data were also collected from the RF administration, in order to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the fund. Heteroskedasticity-corrected ordinary least squares and Tobit regression models were employed to examine the factors influencing the outstanding debts and percentage of outstanding interest of the smallholders, respectively. Furthermore, the student’st-test was used to examine the differences in the livelihood assets among debtors in the two regions; and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine differences in livelihood indicator scores among the three types of debtors.FindingsThe empirical results revealed that the RF is effective as the fund could provide loan to smallholders to enable them redeem their land title deeds from their previous creditors. Thet-test results reveal significant differences in the livelihood assets among debtors in the two regions. One-way ANOVA indicates differences in livelihood indicator scores among the three types of debtors. The results of the heteroskedasticity-corrected ordinary least squares regression revealed that being married, low frequency of floods and less influence of third parties significantly reduced the outstanding debts. The results of the censored Tobit regression revealed that increased frequency of meeting with the RF administration, less influence of third parties, high land potential and interaction of age and experience significantly decreased the percentage of outstanding interest.Practical implicationsIt is imperative to intensify information and education regarding the regulations, payment terms and modalities to clients in order to facilitate repayments of the loans disbursed. The organization of the RF should pay particular attention to the role of the committees involved, information administration and loan repayment monitoring. The RF should increase the frequency of meetings with smallholders, minimize the influence of third parties and give priority to old and experienced smallholders who possess land with high potential for earning incomes to enable them repay the loans.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that examined the effectiveness of the RF to enable smallholders retrieve their land title deeds.
Investigation of stretch on air permeability of knitted fabric part I: effect of spinning system
Authors: K.V. Kumar , V.R. Sampath , C. Prakash 
Published: November 2017

Purpose
Air permeability of knitted fabrics is normally measured for the samples in their unstretched state. But, this air permeability values indicate the ability of these garments to allow air through them when they are not in use. But, the real-time condition is different and certainly the knitted garments mentioned above will subject to a degree of stretch during their usage. So, the measurement of air permeability under stretch and the fabric properties which would influence the air permeability of weft-knitted fabrics in their stretched state is of paramount importance. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
The aim of this research work is to investigate the change in air permeability values under the incremental extension of cotton tubular weft-knitted fabrics produced from the yarns of different spinning systems.

Findings
From the results, it is evident that the pique fabric samples of compact spun yarn displayed the highest air permeability values during the incremental stretch at all the three relaxation states. It is followed by the pique samples of ring spun yarn. Next to pique samples, the jersey samples made from the compact yarn and ring spun yarn revealed more air permeability, respectively. The core spun pique samples and core spun jersey samples displayed the least air permeability values, respectively. But, the pique and jersey samples made up of ring yarn and compact yarn showed gradual reduction in their air permeability towards the incremental stretch and the core spun pique samples and core spun jersey samples were uniformly seen with gradual increase in their air permeability during the incremental stretch.

Originality/value
Very limited quantity of research has been carried out in this area. So, a novel attempt has been made in this research work to investigate the influence of incremental stretch on air permeability of single knit structures.