bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential contributions to the interception of occluded ballistic trajectories by the temporoparietal junction, area hMT/V5+, and the intraparietal cortex
Authors: Delle Monache Sergio , Lacquaniti Francesco , Bosco Gianfranco 
Published: July 2017

The ability to catch objects when transiently occluded from view suggests their motion can be extrapolated. Intraparietal cortex (IPS) plays a major role in this process along with other brain structures, depending on the task. For example, interception of objects under Earth’s gravity effects may depend on time-to-contact predictions derived from integration of visual signals processed by hMT/V5+ with a priori knowledge of gravity residing in the temporoparietal junction (TPJ). To investigate this issue further, we disrupted TPJ, hMT/V5+, and IPS activities with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while subjects intercepted computer-simulated projectile trajectories perturbed randomly with either hypo- or hypergravity effects. In experiment 1, trajectories were occluded either 750 or 1,250 ms before landing. Three subject groups underwent triple-pulse TMS (tpTMS, 3 pulses at 10 Hz) on one target area (TPJ | hMT/V5+ | IPS) and on the vertex (control site), timed at either trajectory perturbation or occlusion. In experiment 2, trajectories were entirely visible and participants received tpTMS on TPJ and hMT/V5+ with same timing as experiment 1. tpTMS of TPJ, hMT/V5+, and IPS affected differently the interceptive timing. TPJ stimulation affected preferentially responses to 1-g motion, hMT/V5+ all response types, and IPS stimulation induced opposite effects on 0-g and 2-g responses, being ineffective on 1-g responses. Only IPS stimulation was effective when applied after target disappearance, implying this area might elaborate memory representations of occluded target motion. Results are compatible with the idea that IPS, TPJ, and hMT/V5+ contribute to distinct aspects of visual motion extrapolation, perhaps through parallel processing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Visual extrapolation represents a potential neural solution to afford motor interactions with the environment in the face of missing information. We investigated relative contributions by temporoparietal junction (TPJ), hMT/V5+, and intraparietal cortex (IPS), cortical areas potentially involved in these processes. Parallel organization of visual extrapolation processes emerged with respect to the target’s motion causal nature: TPJ was primarily involved for visual motion congruent with gravity effects, IPS for arbitrary visual motion, whereas hMT/V5+ contributed at earlier processing stages.
Enhancement of phase-locking in rodents. I. An axonal recording study in gerbil
Authors: Wei Liting , Karino Shotaro , Verschooten Eric , Joris Philip X. 
Published: July 2017

The trapezoid body (TB) contains axons of neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus projecting to monaural and binaural nuclei in the superior olivary complex (SOC). Characterization of these monaural inputs is important for the interpretation of response properties of SOC neurons. In particular, understanding of the sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs) in neurons of the medial and lateral superior olive requires knowledge of the temporal firing properties of the monaural excitatory and inhibitory inputs to these neurons. In recent years, studies of ITD sensitivity of SOC neurons have made increasing use of small animal models with good low-frequency hearing, particularly the gerbil. We presented stimuli as used in binaural studies to monaural neurons in the TB and studied their temporal coding. We found that general trends as have been described in the cat are present in gerbil, but with some important differences. Phase-locking to pure tones tends to be higher in TB axons and in neurons of the medial nucleus of the TB (MNTB) than in the auditory nerve for neurons with characteristic frequencies (CFs) below 1 kHz, but this enhancement is quantitatively more modest than in cat. Stronger enhancement is common when TB neurons are stimulated at low frequencies below CF. It is rare for TB neurons in gerbil to entrain to low-frequency stimuli, i.e., to discharge a well-timed spike on every stimulus cycle. Also, complex phase-locking behavior, with multiple modes of increased firing probability per stimulus cycle, is common in response to low frequencies below CF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Phase-locking is an important property of neurons in the early auditory pathway: it is critical for the sensitivity to time differences between the two ears enabling spatial hearing. Studies in cat have shown an improvement in phase-locking from the peripheral to the central auditory nervous system. We recorded from axons in an output tract of the cochlear nucleus and show that a similar but more limited form of temporal enhancement is present in gerbil.
Differential expression of long-term potentiation among identified inhibitory inputs to dopamine neurons
Authors: Simmons DeNard V. , Petko Alyssa K. , Paladini Carlos A. 
Published: July 2017

The in vivo firing pattern of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons is controlled by GABA afferents originating primarily from the nucleus accumbens (NAc), rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), and local GABA neurons within the VTA. Although different forms of plasticity have been observed from GABA inputs to VTA dopamine neurons, one dependent on cyclic GMP synthesis and the other on adenylyl cyclase activation, it is unknown whether plasticity is differentially expressed in each. Using an optogenetic strategy, we show that identified inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) from local VTA GABA neurons and NAc afferents exhibit a cyclic GMP-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) that is capable of inhibiting the firing activity of dopamine neurons. However, this form of LTP was not induced from RMTg afferents. Only an adenylyl cyclase-mediated increase in IPSCs was exhibited by all three inputs. Thus discrete plasticity mechanisms recruit overlapping but different subsets of GABA inputs to VTA dopamine neurons. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We describe a mapping of plasticity expression, mediated by different mechanisms, among three distinct GABA afferents to ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons: the rostromedial tegmental nucleus, the nucleus accumbens, and the local GABA neurons within the VTA known to synapse on VTA dopamine neurons. This work is the first demonstration that discrete plasticity mechanisms recruit overlapping but different subsets of GABA inputs to VTA dopamine neurons.
Novel channel-mediated choline transport in cholinergic neurons of the mouse retina
Authors: Ishii Toshiyuki , Homma Kohei , Mano Asuka , Akagi Takumi , Shigematsu Yasuhide , Shimoda Yukio , Inoue Hiroyoshi , Kakinuma Yoshihiko , Kaneda Makoto 
Published: July 2017

Choline uptake into the presynaptic terminal of cholinergic neurons is mediated by the high-affinity choline transporter and is essential for acetylcholine synthesis. In a previous study, we reported that P2X2 purinoceptors are selectively expressed in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells of the mouse retina. Under specific conditions, P2X2 purinoceptors acquire permeability to large cations, such as N-methyl-d-glucamine, and therefore potentially could act as a noncanonical pathway for choline entry into neurons. We tested this hypothesis in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells of the mouse retina. ATP-induced choline currents were observed in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells, but not in ON-cholinergic amacrine cells, in mouse retinal slice preparations. High-affinity choline transporters are expressed at higher levels in ON-cholinergic amacrine cells than in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells. In dissociated preparations of cholinergic amacrine cells, ATP-activated cation currents arose from permeation of extracellular choline. We also examined the pharmacological properties of choline currents. Pharmacologically, α,β-methylene ATP did not produce a cation current, whereas ATPγS and benzoyl-benzoyl-ATP (BzATP) activated choline currents. However, the amplitude of the choline current activated by BzATP was very small. The choline current activated by ATP was strongly inhibited by pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-sulfonic acid. Accordingly, P2X2 purinoceptors expressed in HEK-293T cells were permeable to choline and similarly functioned as a choline uptake pathway. Our physiological and pharmacological findings support the hypothesis that P2 purinoceptors, including P2X2 purinoceptors, function as a novel choline transport pathway and may provide a new regulatory mechanism for cholinergic signaling transmission at synapses in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells of the mouse retina. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Choline transport across the membrane is exerted by both the high-affinity and low-affinity choline transporters. We found that choline can permeate P2 purinergic receptors, including P2X2 purinoceptors, in cholinergic neurons of the retina. Our findings show the presence of a novel choline transport pathway in cholinergic neurons. Our findings also indicate that the permeability of P2X2 purinergic receptors to choline observed in the heterologous expression system may have a physiological relevance in vivo.
Aging does not affect the intralimb coordination elicited by slip-like perturbation of different intensities
Authors: Aprigliano Federica , Martelli Dario , Tropea Peppino , Pasquini Guido , Micera Silvestro , Monaco Vito 
Published: July 2017

This study was aimed at verifying whether aging modifies intralimb coordination strategy during corrective responses elicited by unexpected slip-like perturbations delivered during steady walking on a treadmill. To this end, 10 young and 10 elderly subjects were asked to manage unexpected slippages of different intensities. We analyzed the planar covariation law of the lower limb segments, using the principal component analysis, to verify whether elevation angles of older subjects covaried along a plan before and after the perturbation. Results showed that segments related to the perturbed limbs of both younger and older people do not covary after all perturbations. Conversely, the planar covariation law of the unperturbed limb was systematically held for younger and older subjects. These results occurred despite differences in spatio-temporal and kinematic parameters being observed among groups and perturbation intensities. Overall, our analysis revealed that aging does not affect intralimb coordination during corrective responses induced by slip-like perturbation, suggesting that both younger and older subjects adopt this control strategy while managing sudden and unexpected postural transitions of increasing intensities. Accordingly, results corroborate the hypothesis that balance control emerges from a governing set of biomechanical invariants, that is, suitable control schemes (e.g., planar covariation law) shared across voluntary and corrective motor behaviors, and across different sensory contexts due to different perturbation intensities, in both younger and older subjects. In this respect, our findings provide further support to investigate the effects of specific task training programs to counteract the risk of fall. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study was aimed at investigating how aging affects the intralimb coordination of lower limb segments, described by the planar covariation law, during unexpected slip-like perturbations of increasing intensity. Results revealed that neither the aging nor the perturbation intensity affects this coordination strategy. Accordingly, we proposed that the balance control emerges from an invariant set of control schemes shared across different sensory motor contexts and despite age-related neuromuscular adaptations.
The Association of Mammographic Density and Molecular Breast Cancer Subtype
Authors: Edwards Brandy L. , Atkins Kristen A. , Stukenborg George J. , Novicoff Wendy M. , Larson Krista N. , Cohn Wendy F. , Harvey Jennifer A. , Schroen Anneke T. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Background: Mammographic density (MD) is associated with increased breast cancer risk, yet limited data exist on an association between MD and breast cancer molecular subtypes.
Methods: Women ages 18 years and older with breast cancer and available mammograms between 2003 and 2012 were enrolled in a larger study on MD. MD was classified by the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification and by volumetric breast percent density (Volpara Solutions). Subtype was assigned by hormone receptor status, tumor grade, and mitotic score (MS). Subtypes included: Luminal-A (ER/PR+ and grade = 1; ER/PR+ and grade = 2 and MS = 1; ER+/PR− and grade = 1; n = 233); Luminal-B (ER+ and grade = 3 or MS = 3; ER+/PR− and grade = 2; ER/PR+ and grade = 2 and MS = 2; n = 79); Her-2-neu+ (H2P; n = 59); triple-negative (ER/PR−, Her-2−; n = 86). Precancer factors including age, race, body mass index (kg/m2), family history of breast cancer, and history of lobular carcinoma in situ were analyzed.
Results: A total of 604 patients had invasive cancer; 457 had sufficient information for analysis. Women with H2P tumors were younger (P = 0.011) and had the highest volumetric percent density (P = 0.002) among subgroups. Multinomial logistic regression (LA = reference) demonstrated that although quantitative MD does not significantly differentiate between all subtypes (P = 0.123), the association between MD and H2P tumors is significant (OR = 1.06; confidence interval, 1.01–1.12). This association was not seen using BI-RADS classification in bivariable analysis but was statistically significant (P = 0.047) when controlling for other precancer factors.
Conclusions: Increased MD is more strongly associated with H2P tumors when compared with LA.
Impact: Delineating risk factors specific to breast cancer subtype may promote development of individualized risk prediction models and screening strategies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(10); 1487–92. ©2017 AACR.
Targeting AXL and mTOR Pathway Overcomes Primary and Acquired Resistance to WEE1 Inhibition in Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Sen Triparna , Tong Pan , Diao Lixia , Li Lerong , Fan Youhong , Hoff Jennifer , Heymach John V. , Wang Jing , Byers Lauren Averett 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPurpose: Drugs targeting DNA repair and cell-cycle checkpoints have emerged as promising therapies for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Among these, the WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 has shown clinical activity in a subset of SCLC patients, but resistance is common. Understanding primary and acquired resistance mechanisms will be critical for developing effective WEE1 inhibitor combinations.Experimental Design: AZD1775 sensitivity in SCLC cell lines was correlated with baseline expression level of 200 total or phosphorylated proteins measured by reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) to identify predictive markers of primary resistance. We further established AZD1775 acquired resistance models to identify mechanism of acquired resistance. Combination regimens were tested to overcome primary and acquired resistance to AZD1775 in in vitro and in vivo SCLC models.Results: High-throughput proteomic profiling demonstrate that SCLC models with primary resistance to AZD1775 express high levels of AXL and phosphorylated S6 and that WEE1/AXL or WEE1/mTOR inhibitor combinations overcome resistance in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, AXL, independently and via mTOR, activates the ERK pathway, leading to recruitment and activation of another G2-checkpoint protein, CHK1. AZD1775 acquired resistance models demonstrated upregulation of AXL, pS6, and MET, and resistance was overcome with the addition of AXL (TP0903), dual-AXL/MET (cabozantinib), or mTOR (RAD001) inhibitors.Conclusions: AXL promotes resistance to WEE1 inhibition via downstream mTOR signaling and resulting activation of a parallel DNA damage repair pathway, CHK1. These findings suggest rational combinations to enhance the clinical efficacy of AZD1775, which is currently in clinical trials for SCLC and other malignancies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(20); 6239–53. ©2017 AACR.
Phospholipase Cγ1 Mediates Intima Formation Through Akt‐Notch1 Signaling Independent of the Phospholipase Activity
Authors: Jiang Dongyang , Zhuang Jianhui , Peng Wenhui , Lu Yuyan , Liu Hao , Zhao Qian , Chi Chen , Li Xiankai , Zhu Guofu , Xu Xiangbin , Yan Chen , Xu Yawei , Ge Junbo , Pang Jinjiang 
Published: July 2017

Background
Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and dedifferentiation are critical for vascular diseases. Recently, it was demonstrated that Notch receptors have opposing effects on intima formation after vessel injury. Therefore, it is important to investigate the specific regulatory pathways that activate the different Notch receptors.

Methods and Results

There was a time‐ and dose‐dependent activation of Notch1 by angiotensin
II
and platelet‐derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells. When phospholipase Cγ1 (
PLC
γ1) expression was reduced by small interfering RNA, Notch1 activation and Hey2 expression (Notch target gene) induced by angiotensin
II
or platelet‐derived growth factor were remarkably inhibited, while Notch2 degradation was not affected. Mechanistically, we observed an association of
PLC
γ1 and Akt, which increased after angiotensin
II
or platelet‐derived growth factor stimulation.
PLC
γ1 knockdown significantly inhibited Akt activation. Importantly,
PLC
γ1 phospholipase site mutation (no phospholipase activity) did not affect Akt activation. Furthermore,
PLC
γ1 depletion inhibited platelet‐derived growth factor–induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and dedifferentiation, while it increased apoptosis. In vivo,
PLC
γ1 and control small interfering RNA were delivered periadventitially in pluronic gel and complete carotid artery ligation was performed. Morphometric analysis 21 days after ligation demonstrated that
PLC
γ1 small interfering RNA robustly attenuated intima area and intima/media ratio compared with the control group.

Conclusions

PLC
γ1‐Akt–mediated Notch1 signaling is crucial for intima formation. This effect is attributable to
PLC
γ1‐Akt interaction but not
PLC
γ1 phospholipase activity. Specific inhibition of the
PLC
γ1 and Akt interaction will be a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing vascular remodeling.
New Undergraduate Laboratory Experiments on Induction Generators
Authors: Banerjee Soumitro 
Published: July 2017

New undergraduate laboratory experiments on induction generators With the increased importance of induction generators in energy conversion from nonconventional sources, it has become necessary to cover this subject extensively at the undergraduate level and offer experiments on it. This paper presents a few undergraduate experiments on induction generators developed at I.I.T. Kharagpur, India.
Analysis of Self-Excited Induction Generators Using Symbolic Programming
Authors: Chan T. F. 
Published: July 2017

Analysis of self-excited induction generators using symbolic programming Using the symbolic programming language MACSYMA, the self-excited induction generator may be analysed in a straightforward manner with a high degree of accuracy. Very little manual effort need be spent on algebraic manipulation, numerical analysis and computer programming. Typical program sessions are cited to illustrate the elegance of this approach.
Adolescents' Attitudes Towards Electronic Engineering
Authors: Sewell D. F. , Pulko S. H. , Brown Emma 
Published: July 2017

Adolescents' attitudes towards electronic engineering The attitudes of 640 adolescents (aged 16–17) toward Electronic Engineering were surveyed by questionnaire. Students reported a number of negative attitudes in comparison with two other academic disciplines. It is considered that such attitudes originate in childhood and at school and have adverse consequences for recruitment into the subject.
Computer-Controlled Induction Motor Drive for Teaching Purposes
Authors: Gieras J. F. , Buhlmann H. H. 
Published: July 2017

Computer-controlled induction motor drive for teaching purposes A digital-computer-controlled variable-speed drive with 1.5 kW induction motor has been designed. The commercial squirrel cage as well as solid steel rotors have been applied. The load characteristics for speed control (open and closed-loop) have been presented and discussed.
Spreadsheet Demonstrations of Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms
Authors: Chapman David 
Published: July 2017

Spreadsheet demonstration of discrete and fast Fourier transforms The creation of discrete and fast Fourier transforms on a spreadsheet is a simple and informative exercise which graphically illustrates the simplicity and symmetries of the FFT. Experiments with ‘what-if’ exercises on the resulting spreadsheets lead to insight into concepts of the digital time and frequency domains.
A Set of Experiments in Optimal and Predictive Control
Authors: Moreno L. , Acosta L. , Ichaso J. L. , Sánchez J. L. , Piñeiro J. D. 
Published: July 2017

A set of experiments in optimal and predictive control A set of simulation experiments in optimal and predictive control is presented. The paper describes a sequence of eight experiments performed in PASCAL and MATLAB. These experiments have been carried out with the aim of improving the student's understanding of control concepts. A brief discussion of the algorithms and details of each experiment are given.
The Effect That Weighting of Different Stages of a Degree Course has on Degree Classification
Authors: James C. , Hub D. R. 
Published: July 2017

The effect that weighting of different stages of a degree course has on degree classification An investigation is reported on how the degree classifications given to 280 students over a 10-year period would have been changed if the weighting given to various parts of the course were altered. It is found that the percentage overall changes between degree classifications are small, making a difference to about 2 in 100 classifications when the Final Year weight is changed by 10%.
Final Year Project as an Important Component of the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Degree Course at the University of Greenwich
Authors: Vaezi-Nejad S. M. 
Published: July 2017

Final-year project as an important component of the Electrical and Electronic Engineering degree course at the University of Greenwich This paper describes the aims, structure, organisation and assessment of the projects offered to our final year student doing the B. Eng. degree course in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The criteria for project progression and some recent projects are also described.
Method of Circuit Analysis Based on Relaxation of Kirchhoff's Laws and the Cauchy-Riemann Conditions
Authors: Moreno E. , Ares F. , Estévez H. 
Published: July 2017

Method of circuit analysis based on relaxation of Kirchhoff's laws and the Cauchy–Riemann conditions A new method has been developed for analysing electrical circuits which leads to a set of general formulae for the electrical parameters. These equations involve elementary calculations. A numerical example is given to illustrate the speed of the method.
An Analytical Tool for Studying Transformer Inrush Current
Authors: Chakravarthy S. K. , Vasu E. , Nayar C. V. 
Published: July 2017

An analytical tool for studying transformer inrush current An analytical tool for studying transformer inrush current is proposed. The existing approaches dwell at length in solving differential equations which do not provide any insight into the parameters that affect inrush current. A block diagram form of representing the transformer has been proposed and verified based on typical transformer data.
Development of Expert System Course for Electronic Engineering Students
Authors: Jain L. C. , Bowden B. S. 
Published: July 2017

Development of an Expert Systems course for electronics students In 1986, ‘Expert Systems’ was first offered to Computing and Information Systems students. Over time, Business, Management, and Engineering students elected to take this subject. In 1991, ‘Electronic Design with Expert Systems’ was specifically created for Electronic Engineering students. The evolution of both subjects and the lessons learned are discussed.