bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral cell line suppression in dengue infection in relation to serological status
Authors: Krishnamurthy Vani , Rajashekar Rajalakshmi , Doreswamy Srinivasa Murthy 
Published: August 2016

Background: Dengue infection occurs in epidemic and can be fatal. Bleeding due to thrombocytopenia and hypovolemic shock due to capillary leak is the predominant clinical feature. Bone marrow suppression as a cause of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia is well documented. This is generally recognised as decrease in the count of formed elements in the peripheral blood. However, relation of such a phenomenon with the serological stage of the disease is less studied. Aims and Objectives:We aimed to quantify the magnitude of peripheral cell line suppression in relation to serological status of dengue illness.Materials and Methods:This was a retrospective study. Dengue infection was diagnosed by clinical and serological parameters. The proportion of patients with peripheral cell line suppression and their association with the different serological phases was described.Results:Records of 219 Dengue positive patients were analysed retrospectively. Most common serological status was positive IgG which was noted in 68.9%, this was followed by NS1 antigen positivity in 39.7% of the patients. Around 40% of the patients had peripheral cell line suppression of two or more formed elements at the time of diagnosis. Sixty-four percent of them had low platelet and WBC counts. All the three formed elements were decreased in 14% of our patients. Of these , 23% were in the initial phase of the illness and 33.3% during post primary phase.Conclusion: Decrease in the formed elements in the peripheral blood suggesting bone marrow suppression is seen in nearly 40% of the patients with Dengue infection at the time of diagnosis. This was highest during post primary phase followed by initial phase of the illness.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 52-55
Sickle cell disease: Awareness, knowledge and attitude among undergraduate students of a Nigerian tertiary educational institution
Authors: Ugwu Ngozi Immaculata 
Published: August 2016

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited abnormality of the red blood cell characterized by chronic haemolytic anemia with numerous clinical consequences.Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the level of awareness, knowledge and attitude to people living with SCD among undergraduate students of a tertiary educational institution in Abakaliki, South eastern, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out was carried out, and participants were selected using multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software, version 20.Results: A total of 329 participants were studied, made up of 158 (48%) males and 171 (52%) females. Mean age of the participants was 22.3± 2.7years. All the participants (100%) were aware of the existence of SCD with lectures (35%) and health workers (19.1%) being the most common sources of information. One hundred and ninety one (58.1%) participants showed adequate knowledge about SCD but many of them showed some misconceptions. This study also found that majority of the participants, 291 (88.4%) have positive attitude towards people living with SCD. Majority of those who have adequate knowledge about SCD showed positive attitude while the reverse is the case for those who have inadequate knowledge.Conclusion: This study found knowledge gaps about SCD among the participants. Health education should be intensified to impact sufficient comprehensive knowledge about SCD to enable the students take informed decision about their marriage so as to prevent procreation of children affected with SCD.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 87-92
Revealing Detergent Efficiency and Mechanism by Real-Time Measurement Using a Novel and Tailored QCM-D methodology
Authors: Olesen Kenneth , van Leeuwen Caspar , Andersson Fredrik I. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Currently there is a lack of knowledge on how to scientifically and rapidly screen new detergent formulations. To address this, we employed the Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation technique which allows real-time acquisition of the cleaning process. Using an automated multichannel setup enabled rapid, simultaneous screening of eight formulations in regard to cleaning rate, soil swelling and soil removal. Herein, 9 commercially available dishwashing formulations are screened and ranked based on their ability to remove/swell standardized cooking grease soiled onto a silica surface. Moreover, we observed that soil swelling can be monitored via the dissipation factor. In summary, we present a real-time in-situ method for detergent formulation screening during the R&D phase of new detergents.
Understanding Interactions of Surfactants and Enzymes: Impact of Individual Surfactants on Stability and Wash Performance of Protease Enzyme in Detergents
Authors: Hellmuth Hendrik , Dreja Michael 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Enzymes and surfactants are both essential ingredients that determine the performance of modern laundry detergents. We have conducted an investigation of the interaction of surfactants and enzymes under laundry detergent application conditions in order to understand the influence of individual ingredients and to optimize detergent performance. We can show that for a given protease enzyme, individual surfactants in a constant detergent matrix have a significant impact on relevant stability and performance parameter. While certain anionic surfactants like e.g. linear alkylbenzene sulfonate show strong protease inactivation, nonionic surfactants did only show slight inactivation over time. On the other hand, proteolytic performance of protease on test stains was most driven by fatty alcohol ether sulfate. Knowledge about the impact of individual surfactants on proteases will enable the best choice of ingredients for mixed surfactant systems with optimized enzyme performance and stability.
Potentials and Impacts of Low Temperature Electric Household Dishwashing
Authors: Gorny Susanne , Bichler Sandra , Seifert Monika , Kessler Arnd , Stamminger Rainer , Wrubbel Noelle 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
To further reduce energy consumption of dishwashing programmes and still obtain satisfying cleaning results, water temperatures in the programme steps are decreased and running times are prolonged. To which extent the cleaning factor duration is able to compensate for temperature has been insufficiently researched until now. This study quantifies the effects of a pre-rinse step, of the duration and water temperatures in different dishwashing programme steps on the cleaning performance and energy consumption in mathematical models. Using those models it is shown that even a (cold) pre-rinse step increases the cleaning performance and that energy consumption is reduced by 25–28% and the cleaning performance decreases, especially on heavily soiled load items and of fatty soilings on plastic surfaces, if the water temperature in the cleaning step is lowered to 30°C.
Effects of Relevant Detergent Components on the Cleaning Performance in Low Temperature Electric Household Dishwashing
Authors: Gorny Susanne , Bichler Sandra , Stamminger Rainer , Seifert Monika , Kessler Arnd , Wrubbel Noelle 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Lowering water temperatures in the cleaning step of a dishwashing program to 30°C leads to reduced energy consumption and decreased cleaning performances on persistently soiled dish- and cookware and of fatty soilings on hydrophobic surfaces. This study focusses on the question if the observed decline of the cleaning performance can be compensated for by aligning the formulation of the dishwashing detergent. A Design of experiments-method is used to quantify the effects of detergent components on the cleaning performance in mathematical models. The calculated models are used to adjust the amount of those components in a detergent formulation that increases the cleaning performance in low temperature electric household dishwashing. The modeled formulation has been verified in practical experiments.
Stock Model Based Bottom-up Accounting for Washing Machines: Worldwide Energy, Water and Greenhouse Gas Saving Potentials 2010–2030
Authors: Götz Thomas , Tholen Lena 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Washing laundry is one of the most widespread housework tasks in the world. Washing machines, performing this task already in many private households, are now responsible for about 2% of the global electricity consumption. Worldwide, more than 840 million domestic washing machines are in use, with an annual consumption exceeding 92 TWh of electricity and 19 billion m3 of water as well as causing emissions of more than 62 megatons CO2eq. In North America, Western Europe and Pacific OECD countries, most households own a washing machine. In these economies standard and label policy programs already addressed and reduced the specific electricity and water consumption of washing machines per wash cycle. Nevertheless, in other world regions, the level of ownership for washing machines is still well below saturation and high growth rates can be observed in developing and newly industrialising countries. As washing machines use water, electricity, chemical substances and process time as resources, also the absolute worldwide resource consumption and emissions of these appliances are still on the rise. Due to different washing habits and practices as well as types of washing machines in different world regions, the specific consumption of resources for doing the laundry is varying to a large extent. On that score, this paper presents an overview of the current situation worldwide as well as respective saving potentials. Bottom-up scenario calculations, carried out for the 11 world regions according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change classification, show that large energy, water and greenhouse gas savings are possible with the ‘Best Available Technologies’ today, and even higher savings will be possible with next generation ‘Best Not yet Available Technologies’. According to model results, these savings are usually also very cost-effective. Following these calculations, it is highly advisable for policymakers world-wide to pay even more attention to improvement options in order to implement ambitious and product-specific policy packages, including minimum performance standards and labelling schemes.
Differentiated Evaluation of Washing Performance in Washing Machines of Test Stain Strips as a Function of Temperature, Washing Duration and Load Size
Authors: Lambert Edith , Maitra Writi , Scheid Frederik , Niestrath Marina , Gorny Susanne , Stamminger Rainer 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Since the washing performance of household washing machines must comply with certain limit values, like the ecodesign requirements in Europe, the method of washing performance evaluation is crucial. Today, the washing performance is defined as an overall washing performance in IEC 60456:2010, constituting an calculation of the average sum of reflectance values of five different stain monitors. As a result, the different washing characteristics of each individual stain are totally neglected. This study investigates how the washing cycle affects the individual stains, when washing temperature, washing time and load size are varied systematically. The results show individual stains contribute differently to the overall washing performance. For a proper assessment of the washing performance, the individual stains’ contributions to the overall washing performance are required to be considered. A supplement of temperature sensitive stain monitors is suggested. E.g., as tea has a crucial contribution at higher temperature, this stain should have a higher influence in washing performance assessment when good bleaching or hygiene performance is requested.
TIG deposition of Ti on steel substrates using Cu as interlayer
Authors: Mitelea Ion , Uţu Ion Dragoş , Cutean Simona , Crăciunescu Corneliu Marius 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The deposition of Ti on steel substrates using a Cu interlayer was experimentally investigated using the tungsten inert gas technique with a mechanized feeding system. First, a Cu layer was deposited on the steel surface before the coating process for the production of the Ti layer. The resulting depositions exhibit a good penetration following the occurrence of two heat affected zones with a dense, compact and free-of-cracks microstructure. The investigations by scanning electron microscopy and by X-ray diffraction showed the formation of compounds in the Ti-Cu system and the absence of chemical combinations between Ti and Fe that can strongly affect the toughness characteristics of the deposited layer. The measurement of the cross-sectional hardness shows a significant increase in the surface compared to that of the substrate.
Effect of Al addition on microstructure and properties of an Fe-B-Al alloy
Authors: Ju Jiang , Fu Hanguang , Lei Yongping 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The Fe-B-Al alloy containing 0 to 10.0 wt.-% Al was melted in a vacuum induction furnace. Effects of the aluminum addition on the microstructure and properties of Fe-B-Al alloys were studied by means of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), hardness testing and MMG-500 type pin-on-disk high temperature vacuum wear testing. The results showed that the as-casted microstructure of the aluminum-free Fe-B alloy consisted of α-Fe, Fe2(B,C), and Fe23(B,C)6 type borocarbides. However, the as-casted microstructure of the Fe-B-Al alloy consists of a Fe3Al type intermetallic compound when the aluminum content is more than 6.0 wt.-%. Compared with the aluminum-free Fe-B alloy, parts of the borocarbide networks are broken, and the fracture tendency became more obvious with the increase of the aluminum content. Boron is mainly distributed over the borocarbide. Aluminum is mainly distributed over the matrix and Fe3Al type intermetallic compound. Compared with the aluminum-free Fe-B alloy, the addition of a small amount of aluminum reduces slightly the hardness. The hardness gradually increased with the further increasing of the aluminum content. The hardness reached 48.1 HRC when aluminum content was 10.0 wt.-%. The high temperature wear resistance of Fe-B-Al alloy gradually increased with the increase of the aluminum content. When the aluminum content reached 10.0 wt.-%, the high temperature wear resistance of the alloy was the best.
Wear behavior of multilayer coated carbide tools in finish dry hard turning
Authors: Cakan Ahmet 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore wear behaviors of carbide tools with a multilayer TiCN + Al2O3 + TiN coating on AISI-4340 and AISI-52100 hardened steel substrates generated by the medium temperature chemical vapor deposition (MTCVD) method in finish dry hard turning. Microscopic and microstructural wear aspects of multilayer-coated carbide tips were quantified at three cutting speeds using a constant feed rate of 0.027 mm × rev−1 and a constant cutting depth of 0.2 mm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to investigate worn tool surfaces, wear products and wear mechanisms. Wear mechanisms observed involved abrasion, adhesion, plastic flow, material transfer and tribochemical effects depending on mechanical and thermal conditions generated on the wear zones. Transfer layer formation with different morphologies was distinguished to occur at the rake-chip interface.
Analyzing the diffusion weldability of copper and porcelain
Authors: Tolun Fatmagul , Celik Sare 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Diffusion welding is one of the exclusive welding methods that provides a perfect material interface after joining of different materials and results in high mechanical properties at high temperatures. In particular, this technique can be used for joining porcelain and metal that have distinctly different features. In this study, diffusion welding of copper to porcelain has been investigated. After the diffusion welding with different parameters, shear tests have been applied to the samples in order to investigate the weld properties and the changes in hardness in the weld region. In order to elucidate the changes in microstructure and composition in the weld region, SEM, EDX and XRD analyses were performed on the samples. As a result, the joining of copper and porcelain materials can successfully be performed by diffusion welding. Samples have the highest weld strength, if they are joined by diffusion welding at 900 °C for 60 min and at 4.5 MPa.
Application of micro-magnetic testing systems for non-destructive analysis of wear progress in case-hardened 16MnCr5 gear wheels
Authors: Tenkamp Jochen , Haack Matthias , Walther Frank , Weibring Max , Tenberge Peter 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Micro-magnetic testing methods are qualified for non-destructive quantification of hardness, hardness depth and residual stresses. Among others they are applied for detection of grinding burn in gear wheels, but an application for wear condition monitoring has not yet been published. In this paper, results of initial research of determination of wear condition in gear wheels by application of micro-magnetic testing systems are presented. For comparison of different wear conditions, gears were loaded for increasing numbers of cycles in a test rig based on FVA information sheet 54/7 and DIN ISO 14635 part 1. Operating conditions were altered by usage of different lubricants. Afterwards, wear conditions were determined by conventional techniques, i. e., measuring change in profile and loss of material. Four measurement principles were evaluated for change in micro-magnetic properties determination, magnetic Barkhausen noise analysis, permeability and eddy-current measurements, as well as harmonic analysis of tangential field strength. A general suitability of micro-magnetic testing approach for characterization of wear condition of gear wheels could be demonstrated by comparison of micro-magnetic properties with common wear indicators. Micro-magnetic properties were not solely influenced by wear condition, as the selected oil, and hence the tribochemical conditions in contact also showed a significant effect on measured values. Therefore, further survey is required for direct correlation of micro-magnetic properties with (micro-)structural material changes.
Effects of temperature on fatigue limits and fracture morphologies of 40Cr steels formed by warm extrusion
Authors: Wei Liu , Dejun Kong 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA 40Cr steel was formed with warm extrusion under different temperatures, and the tensile fatigue limits after the warm extrusion were calculated according to the Roca rule. The metallographic microstructure and chemical compositions of the extrusion samples were analyzed with an optical microscope and photoelectric direct-reading spectrometer, respectively; the residual stress and residual austenite were investigated on a stress tester. The fracture morphologies were analyzed with a field-emission scanning electron microscope, and the mechanism by which the warm extrusion temperatures affected the fatigue fracture of the 40Cr steel was discussed. The results show that the grains are refined by warm extrusion at 550°C, the C weight fraction on the sample surface is 0.39%, and the compressive residual stress and content of residual austenite are −297 MPa and 5.3%, respectively, increasing the fatigue life of the samples. The grain sizes of the extrusion samples at 650 and 750°C are larger than those at 550°C, the corresponding C content of the sample surface is 0.39% and 0.38%, respectively, and the compressive residual stresses and contents of residual austenite decrease, leading to a decrease in the fatigue life. The fatigue strength of the samples by warm extrusion at 550, 650, and 750°C is 382, 412, and 385 MPa, respectively. The fracture morphology of the sample at 550°C is a dimple, while that at 650 and 750°C is a cleavage step and river pattern, respectively.
Floral scent of Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia sensu lato): Divergence in scent profiles between species but breakdown of signal integrity in a narrow hybrid zone
Authors: Svensson Glenn P. , Raguso Robert A. , Flatz Ramona , Smith Christopher I. 
Published: August 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The role of floral scent in facilitating reproductive isolation between closely related plants remains poorly understood. Yucca brevifolia and Yucca jaegeriana are pollinated by different moth species in allopatry, but in a narrow contact zone, pollinator–host specificity breaks down, resulting in hybridization between species. We explored the chemical basis for reproductive isolation and hybridization in these Joshua trees by characterizing the floral scent of each species in allopatry, analyzing scent profiles from trees in the contact zone, and matching these data with genotypic and phenotypic data.METHODS:We analyzed floral volatiles using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, tested for species divergence of scent profiles and classified trees in the contact zone as hybrid or either parental species. We used floral and vegetative morphological data and genotypic data to classify trees and analyzed whether certain trait combinations were more correlated than others with respect to assignment of trees and whether frequencies of classified tree types differed depending on which data set was used.KEY RESULTS:The Joshua tree floral scent included oxygenated 8‐carbon compounds not reported for other yuccas. The two species differed (P < 0.001) in scent profiles. In the contact zone, many hybrids were found, and phenotypic traits were generally weakly correlated, which may be explained by extensive gene flow between species or by exposure to different selection pressures.CONCLUSIONS:Although the two Joshua tree species produce distinct floral scent profiles, it is insufficient to prevent attraction of associated pollinators to both hosts. Instead, floral morphology may be the key trait mediating gene flow between species.