bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Study of Directional Drilling Systems in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Salamah F. W. , Oliveira V. C. , Martinez M. A. , Zahrani B. S. , Abouelnaaj K. K. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In the present paper, directional drilling job failures were carefully analyzed for the period 2014 and 2015 in wells drilled in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The focus of the study was to evaluate the performance and efficiency of the Positive Displacement Motors (PDM) and Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS) during drilling operations.
The data was collected from Saudi Aramco database and limited to wells that used PDM and RSS as a directional drilling system. A total of 7772 runs were reviewed and the information was classified according to tool size, number of runs, operating time, lost time, number of failures and hole size. A detailed and comprehensive study was conducted individually for each run that a PDM and RSS was used, reviewing daily drilling reports and analyzing the performance and efficiency of the PDM and RSS in drilling operations across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Focusing on PDM failures, it was observed that 45.41% of the problems occurred before 50 hours of operating time. In the case of RSS, the study revealed that 49.59% of the failures occurred before 50 hours of operating time. The causes of the failures were a combination of different factors such as vibration, temperature, type of drilling fluids used and reservoir properties such as H2S and CO2 content. The PDM average operating time remained almost the same (77 hours to 78 hours from 2014 to 2015), moreover the efficiency improved from 95.37% to 96.94% (1.64% improvement). The RSS average operating time dropped from 103 hours to 97 hours from 2014 to 2015, a reduction of 5.83%. The efficiency improved from 88.78% to 90.83% (2.30% improvement). The study concluded that the reduction of the operating time can lead to a higher efficiency on the PDM and RSS and this can be achieved by replacing these tools on every trip and performing preventive maintenance after each run. Also, improving the drilling parameters and durability of the directional drilling system will improve their performance and efficiency.
The research became a useful reference to analyze the performance and efficiency of PDM and RSS Systems across Saudi Arabia's drilling operations. Directional Drilling Service Companies are encouraged and challenged to improve the performance, efficiency, and durability of their drilling tools.
Calculating Casing Leak Cross Flow Rate Using Surface Injection Data
Authors: Al-Hajri Nasser M. , Al-Ajmi Mohammed D. , Al-Meshal Fahad M. , Al-Shammari Nayef S. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This paper will present calculation techniques to predict the cross flow rate resulting from a casing leak in a water injection well. The techniques do not require the conventional use of downhole flowmeter (spinner) to obtain the flow rate. Rather, continuous surface injection data prior to leak development and shut-in well data are used to estimate the casing leak cross flow rate. Well performance modeling and nodal analysis techniques were deployed to carry out the computations associated with the proposed method.
The case study of this paper is a tubingless water injector. The well was identified with an upward cross flow by a sudden drop of wellhead pressure to zero psi. To quantify the leak cross flow rate, the following calculation methodology was applied:
Generating a well performance model using pre-leak injection data: The case study's physical dimensions, most recent static bottomhole pressure, and injection pressures and rates are all used to build the inflow performance model (IPR). The calculated IPR is then calibrated using the wellhead (surface) injection pressures and rates data. Generating an imaginary production well model: A production well mimicking the flow characteristics and properties of the case study is envisioned to simulate leak cross flow at shut-in conditions. The imaginary production well has the same reservoir pressure of the injection well and the productivity index of the imaginary well is assumed to be equal to the injectivity index of the injector. The imaginary production well's system node is selected to be at the leak point and performance curves are generated at different system's node pressures. Calculating the system's node pressure of the imaginary production well: The pressure across the leak point is needed as an input to the production well model (which simulate the cross flow rate). The leak zone and water level depths were identified using a gauge ring survey. Hence, the system's node pressure was calculated using Bernoulli energy balance equation.
The results of this numerical methodology was verified by running an e-line deployed flowmeter (spinner survey). The results of the numerical methodology was 1.37 % over the actual spinner rate measurement.
Improving Wellbore Economics and Long Term Integrity by Optimizing the Design and Evaluation of Annular Sealants for Hydraulically Fractured Wells: A Case Study
Authors: Jimenez Walmy Cuello , Pereira Joel , Matzar Luis 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The rapid increase in oil and gas shale exploration has shifted industry dynamics by generating substantial unconventional resources. Advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have played important roles in enabling unconventional developments. However, high-pressure cycles from fracturing and stimulation operations can result in cement failure, which compromises well integrity because cement acts as the annular barricade, protecting and supporting the casing while preventing unwanted fluid communication. To address the relationship between cement performance during fracturing and wellbore integrity, this paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for designing and evaluating cement systems for improved integrity during stimulation and production cycles. A life-of-the-well design approach, comprised of computational modeling of both cement placement and its capacity to withstand long-term temperature/pressure cycles, is coupled with frequent cement-evaluation techniques (e.g., sonic/ultrasonic tools) to help ensure an optimum seal behind casing throughout the well's life.
The methodology was tested and/validated in field applications. The proposed methodology includes identifying the purpose of the cement operation, the cement system to accomplish that purpose, the type of evaluation technique(s) to be used, and the recommended evaluation frequency. The field test was performed in a horizontal well, where 23 fracturing stages were planned with a maximum pressure of 7,000 psi; production was intended to last 10 years, with maximum pressure differentials of 500 psi. These operational loads and others experienced during the wellbore construction were also considered to determine which cement system had sufficient capacity to withstand the predefined loads and provide long-term wellbore integrity. Results indicated that elastic cements are more suitable for cyclic loads attained during fracturing and production operations because of their higher strength-to-elastic modulus ratio. Finally, ultrasonic tools were used to diagnose the cement integrity after cementing was completed and before fracturing and production operations, and annually after production began, particularly if additional fracturing stages were considered. Initial integrity diagnostics indicated that ultrasonic logs showed optimum performance of the cement sheath before and after stimulation/production operations.
This methodology helps reduce the operational risks associated with poor sealant design and inadequate cement evaluation, which can result in performing unnecessary repair work, production of unwanted fluids, and premature well abandonment. Moreover, as a result of the cement's enhanced integrity and capability to withstand fracturing loads, it was determined that not using a fracturing string could result in significant economic gains to the operator.
Application of Geomechanics and Hybrid Metaheuristics in Designing an Optimized Well Path
Authors: Salman Mohamad , Joshi Deep , Samuel Robello 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A key challenge in developing brown fields is identifying a strategy that enables placement of horizontal wells in a field riddled with existing, depleted wells. These wells have drained multiple reservoirs in proximity to current target intervals, resulting in altered in-situ pressures that may impose additional technical and economic drilling risks. This work presents a new technique which optimizes well path design by combining hybrid nature-based metaheuristics with spline curvature to navigate around depleted zones. The proposed method is validated by testing on synthetic and actual well cases.
The nature-based metaheuristic method employed is a modified firefly algorithm with hybrid implementations of mutation and annealing. It considers a potential well's starting coordinates, target coordinates, possible obstructions, subsurface stress distribution, an RSS tool's dogleg limitation range, kick off depth limitation, and required length of lateral section to optimize overall wellbore length, all of which can directly be linked to the economics behind drilling a well.
The functionality of the designed algorithm is examined with both synthetic data and publically available field data. Further complexity is added in the model by including geomechanical stresses in the model when available. Comparisons of overall wellbore length, wellbore orientation, and wellbore profile energy are also provided for a case in the Wattenberg basin derived from public data. Using sparse information, the algorithm was able to automatically design entire well paths in a relatively short period for all cases and the final solutions resembled industry solutions based on minimum design constraint. The uniqueness of the work is highlighted by the algorithm's ability to converge towards optimal solutions which can help the operator shift work load from well design to more critical tasks.
Does Total Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio Predict Nitrogen or Sulfur Requirement for Corn?
Authors: Sutradhar Apurba K. , Kaiser Daniel E. , Fernández Fabián G. 
Published: June 2017

Core Ideas
Nitrogen and sulfur can interact within the plant and affect the concentration of each other in corn plant tissue.
Nitrogen concentration in plant tissue has a greater impact on the N/S ratio than S which was found to not affect the N/S ratio in corn ear leaf tissue and grain.
Individual sufficiency of N and S in plant tissue is a better predictor of corn yield response versus the ratio of N/S in the plant tissue.
The accumulation of nitrate–N in the base of the corn stalk assessed at maturity is decreased when sulfur fertilizer is applied.
Excess sulfate can accumulate in the base of the plant at maturity but the amount of sulfate–S cannot be used to predict the sufficiency of S.
Nitrogen and S can interact within the corn (Zea mays L.) plant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate in corn (i) the effect of N and S on nutrient uptake and grain yield, (ii) use of tissue total N/S ratio to predict grain yield, and (iii) the impact of applied SO4–S on basal stalk NO3–N concentration. Treatments were applied as a factorial design. Factor 1 consisted of 0 or 28 kg S ha‐1. Factor 2 consisted of 0, 56, 112, 168, 224, and 280 kg N ha‐1. Fertilizer N increased the concentration of N and S in corn R1 leaf tissue, N concentration in grain, relative grain yield, grain removal of N and S, and NO3–N in the basal stalk. Fertilizer S increased R1 leaf N and S concentration, decreased basal stalk NO3–N, and increased corn grain yield when N was applied at a rate that maximized corn grain yield. The total N/S ratio in corn R1 leaf and harvested grain were affected by N application but not by S addition. Basal stalk N/S ratio was affected by both N and S. A critical N/S ratio could not be identified to predict corn grain yield response. While the data support a general effect of N and S on the uptake of each other, fertilization with N or S should be based on potential for increased grain yield from either nutrient. Based on results, optimal N rates for corn are not affected if S is also applied.
Study of Diseases Associated ESR above 100 among the Patients who Visited Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in the Second half of 2013
Authors: Sharifi Mohammad-Reza , Forat yazdi Mohammad , Amooghadiri Mina , Heidari Hamideh , Shaker Marzie , Zeinolabedin Mona 
Published: June 2017

Introduction: ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) is the sedimentation rate of red blood cells per unit of time that is expressed in millimeters. ESR test is simple and inexpensive and fast and can be somewhat diagnostic manual to confirm the diagnosis, rule out the diagnosis, follow-up course of the disease and so on, so it is of interest to practitioners.Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study on 124 patients in all wards of Shahid Sadooghi hospital in the second 6 months of 1393, that had raised ESR of 100 at least one time. All information including gender, age, diagnosis of the presence or absence of fever and indigenous of them cases in the archive hospital patients were taken.Results: 56% female and 44% were male. 16% of patients in the age range 0-19 years, 56% aged 20-64 years and 28% were aged over 64 years. 41% of patients were admitted with fever. 59% were native and 41 % were non-native. Infectious causes (45.9%), malignancy (14.5%), collagen vascular disease (16.9%), internal disease and hematology (16.9%) and other causes (5.6%) were formed cases. Diabetic foot (7%), pneumonia (7%), RA (6%), ESRD (5.6%), metastatic lung cancer (4%), TB (3%) formed the majority of cases.In feverish cases pneumonia (11.5%), diabetic foot (7.6%), tuberculosis (5.7%), pyelonephritis (5.7%) and RA (5.7%) were the most frequent form. Infectious causes of fever (65.3%), collagen vascular (13.4%), malignancies (5.7%) and other causes (15.6%).conclusion: In patients with extremely high sediment in terms of gender segregation is almost the same of hospital commiunity.
Open reduction and cranial bone plate fixation of fractures involving the distal aspect of the radius and ulna in miniature- and toy-breed dogs: 102 cases (2008–2015)
Authors: De Arburn Parent Rebecca , Benamou Jérôme , Gatineau Matthieu , Clerfond Pierre , Planté Jérôme 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine outcomes and complication rates of open reduction and cranial bone plate fixation of fractures involving the distal aspect of the radius and ulna in miniature- and toy-breed dogs.
DESIGN Retrospective case series.
ANIMALS 102 miniature- and toy-breed dogs (105 fractures) weighing ≤ 7 kg (15.4 lb) that had undergone open reduction and cranial bone plate fixation of a fracture involving the distal aspect of the radius and ulna from 2008 through 2015.
PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed and information extracted regarding dog and fracture characteristics, surgical variables, and follow-up examination data (including postoperative complications). Postoperative radiographs were examined for distal fragment size, implant placement, apposition, alignment, and healing stage. A long-term follow-up questionnaire was completed by telephone interview with dog owners at least 6 months after surgery.
RESULTS Mean length of the distal bone fragment in all fractures was 19.2 mm, with a mean distal-to-total radial length ratio of 0.21. At last follow-up examination (typically 6 weeks after surgery), 97 (95%) dogs had no signs of lameness; minor lameness was identified in 5 (5%) dogs. Complications developed in 26 (25%) fractures (23 [22%] minor and 3 [3%] major complications). Sixty-eight of 71 (96%) owners rated the overall and long-term outcome as excellent and 3 (4%) as good; 68 of 71 (96%) dogs reportedly had no signs of residual lameness.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Open reduction and cranial bone plate fixation for the treatment of radius-ulna fractures in miniature- and toy-breed dogs provided an excellent outcome with a low complication rate.
NOTES ABOUT THE WIVES OF CHRIST (SPONSAE CHRISTI) AND THE MARRIED WOMEN IN DE HABITU VIRGINUM OF CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE
Authors: Mentxaka Rosa 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFollowing a brief introduction, this paper will then focus on Cyprian’s comments regarding the behaviour of Virgins in De Habitu Virginum. Cyprian of Carthage argues with the adulterium, a category of Roman criminal law which was particularly important in contemporary society, in order to justify the requirement for Virgins to adopt a way of life and behaviour that would be described today as ‘well-behaved and discreet’. Although fully aware that married women had a different way of life to sponsae Christi, he was inclined to impose the same rules on allChristian Women.Key words: Cyprian of Carthage, the Dress of Virgins, sponsae Christi, adulterium, Virgins, Christian women.Título en español: Nota mínima sobre las esposas de Cristo (Sponsae Christi) y las mujeres casadas en el De habitu virginum de Cipriano de CartagoResumen El trabajo, tras una primera parte introductoria, se centra en el comentario de algunos párrafos dedicados al comportamiento de las vírgenes. Cipriano no pudo resistir la tentación de argumentar con una categoría jurídica penal romana, particularmente grave en la sociedad laica de la época, el adulterium, para justificar la necesidad de que las vírgenes adoptaran una forma de vivir, de estar en sociedad, que podríamos calificar de recatada y discreta; tampoco dudó en extender estas pautas a todas las mujeres cristianas, si bien fue plenamente consciente de que las mujeres casadas desarrollaron formas de vida distintas de las vírgenes.Palabras clave: Cipriano de Cartago, De habitu virginum, sponsae Christi, adulterium, vírgenes, mujeres cristianas.
DESARROLLO DE LAS DETECTIVES EN LA LITERATURA CONTEMPORÁNEA
Authors: Suárez Lafuente Socorro 
Published: June 2017

ResumenLa novela de detectives es el marco idóneo para las características arquetípicas de las mujeres. Tradicionalmente las mujeres han sido culpadas por su curiosidad, atentas siempre a la vida de los demás; se les desea silenciosas y capaces de aguantar sin perder la calma los rigores de confinamientos prolongados. Paciencia, quietud y curiosidad construyen la perfecta detective, capaz de observar en las circunstancias más adversas a los sospechosos. En Inglaterra, donde surgieron las primeras detectives literarias, éstas han nacido prácticamente con el propio género policiaco. Se analiza su devenir con referencia a las autoras más significativas a lo largo de la historia.Palabras clave: mujeres, detectives, novela inglesa, novela nórdica, novela española.English Title: Development of Women Detectives in Contemporary LiteratureAbstract: Taking into account the archetypal characteristics attributed to women, the role of detective appears to be eminently suited to them: women were traditionally considered as gossips; moreover, for centuries, men have wanted women to be quiet, calm and somewhat confined. That combination of patience, calm and curiosity makes for the perfect detective, capable of surveillance of suspects even in difficult circumstances. Women detectives surfaced in English Literature from the outset of the genre. This paper outlines their evolution and also refers to the most famous women crime writers and their fictional detectives.Key words: women, detectives, English novels, Nordic novels, Spanish novels.La novela de detectives es el marco idóneo para las características arquetípicas de las mujeres. Tradicionalmente las mujeres han sido culpadas por su curiosidad, atentas siempre a la vida de los demás; se les desea silenciosas y capaces de aguantar sin perder la calma los rigores de confinamientos prolongados. Paciencia, quietud y curiosidad construyen la perfecta detective, capaz de observar en las circunstancias más adversas a los sospechosos. En Inglaterra, donde surgieron las primeras detectives literarias, éstas han nacido prácticamente con el propio género policiaco. Se analiza su devenir con referencia a las autoras más significativas a lo largo de la historia.
THE LESBIAN BILDUNGSROMAN: THE PROCESS OF SELF-DISCOVERY IN JEANETTE WINTERSON’S ORANGES ARE NOT THE ONLY FRUIT (1985)
Authors: Morera Lucía 
Published: June 2017

Debido a la proliferación de editoriales de carácter feminista, a finales de los años ochenta muchos colectivos de mujeres lograron finalmente visibilidad gracias a la literatura postmoderna. Autoras feministas y lesbianas como Jeanette Winterson utilizaron la escritura como un marco artístico donde exponer sus propios procesos de identificación e individualización al rebelarse contra la feminidad heterosexual y normativa impuesta por la sociedad. El objetivo de este artículo es ilustrar como la novela de Winterson Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985) reelabora el concepto original de la novela de aprendizaje y desarrolla una perspectiva lésbica de la novela de formación.Palabras clave: lésbico, Bildungsroman, identidad, homosexual, autobiográfico, autodescubrimiento, Winterson, postmodernismo. The Lesbian Bildungsroman: The Process of Self-discovery in Jeanette Winteson’s Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985)Abstract: Due to the proliferation of feminist publishing houses, such as Pandora Press or Virago, during the late eighties many oppressed female groups finally achieved visibility by means of postmodern literature. Female lesbian and feminist authors, like Jeanette Winterson, used their texts as an artistic framework in which they described their own processes of identification and individuation while rebelling against normative heterosexual femininity as imposed in Western societies. The aim of this paper is to illustrate how Winterson’s novel Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985) reworked the original genre of the “coming-out” novel and developed the concept and practice of the “lesbian Bildungsroman”.Keywords: lesbian, Bildungsroman, identity, homosexual, autobiographical, self-discovery, Winterson, postmodernism.
Networks and Patchworks: Communication, Identities, Mediators
Authors: Leerssen Joseph Theodoor 
Published: June 2017

Netwerken en lappendekens : communicatie, identiteiten, mediatoren
Recentelijk is een modulair model van internationale literaire verhoudingen (waarbij men uitging van op zichzelf staande literaire tradities, waartussen vervolgens in tweede instantie de connecties werden bestudeerd) aan het verschuiven ten voordele van een netwerk-model (waarbij de literaire communicatielijnen voorop staan en de samenhang van ‘ een’ literaire traditie wordt bepaald door de relatieve communicatieve dichtheid van dergelijke lijnen). In het licht van die verschuiving biedt dit artikel enkele beschouwingen over de opkomst van het modulaire model en het concept van de interculturele bemiddelaar.
Petite agriculture familiale et agriculture d’entreprise en Argentine : politiques d’encadrement et rationalités antagonistes
Authors: Gisclard Marie , Guibert Martine 
Published: June 2017

Le secteur agricole argentin est animé depuis une quinzaine d’années par des processus souvent présentés comme antagonistes : alors qu’un modèle entrepreneurial, moteur de la croissance productive du pays, se consolide, en même temps, le gouvernement reconnaît l’agriculture familiale et son rôle pour la souveraineté alimentaire. Cet article propose une interprétation des ressorts de la coexistence de ces modèles pluriels de développement agricole et de sa mise en question. Ainsi, en retraçant leurs trajectoires socio-économiques et les mécanismes de légitimation politique, la réflexion explore les techniques d’encadrement qui ont joué comme des points d’inflexion vers la bifurcation puis la reconnaissance politique conjointe de ces modèles.