bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chamorro Verb according to Diego Luis de Sanvitores (1627–1672)
Authors: Winkler Pierre 
Published: January 2016

SummaryIn 1668, enroute from Mexico to the Mariana islands, Father Diego Luis de Sanvitores, S.J. (1627–1672) wrote a description of Chamorro, assisted by a Filipino who had lived on the islands for 17 years. This ‘grammar’ has never been studied, primarily because it was written in Latin in a complicated style and because it has received unjustified criticism for applying Latin case names to a language without case. However, a thorough analysis of this treatise is of great historical interest, for several reasons. In the paper the author, after offering a sketch of the origin of Sanvitores’ mission and some details about the manuscript, places the text in its historical context and discusses its reception. After a description of the general structure the focus is on the main part of the grammar, the section treating the verb. It is shown that Sanvitores has, overall, an accurate understanding of the Chamorro verb, including its tense-less structure, the central role of the root, the pragmatic effect of affixes, and antipassive and ergative constructions. Sanvitores also takes a clear stand with regard to the current debate about word classes in Chamorro. The analysis demonstrates that Sanvitores did not stick to Nebrija’s grammatical template, but rather tapped concepts and terminology from contemporary sources known as theGrammaticae Proverbiandi. Furthermore, the article attends to changes in forms and meanings of Chamorro words and closely analyzes Sanvitores’ dissection of the roots and affixes for clues to help us understand the language’s complex system of affixation, which even today is still not fully understood.
Wittgenstein and the Context of Rationality
Authors: Grimmel Andreas 
Published: January 2016

Rationality as a central concept in occidental philosophy and social sciences never seemed to spark the interest of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Here it will be argued that – although “rationality” does not explicitly show up in his works – Wittgenstein not only deals with questions definitively ascribed to the conceptual history of the term, but he also works towards a transformation of the concept. Wittgenstein’s efforts were aimed at showing that there is nothing within human nature that defines what is perceived as rational, irrational, or non-rational, but that the differences are produced in human language and action. The necessity of such a transformative perspective on rationality, however, can only be adequately captured by recognizing the taxonomy of some of Wittgenstein’s best-known concepts. It will be argued that this systematic arrangement has to be completed by another concept: the context.
Temporal plus epilepsy is a major determinant of temporal lobe surgery failures
Authors: Barba Carmen , Rheims Sylvain , Minotti Lorella , Guénot Marc , Hoffmann Dominique , Chabardès Stephan , Isnard Jean , Kahane Philippe , Ryvlin Philippe 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
See Engel (doi:10.1093/awv374) for a scientific commentary on this article.
Reasons for failed temporal lobe epilepsy surgery remain unclear. Temporal plus epilepsy, characterized by a primary temporal lobe epileptogenic zone extending to neighboured regions, might account for a yet unknown proportion of these failures. In this study all patients from two epilepsy surgery programmes who fulfilled the following criteria were included: (i) operated from an anterior temporal lobectomy or disconnection between January 1990 and December 2001; (ii) magnetic resonance imaging normal or showing signs of hippocampal sclerosis; and (iii) postoperative follow-up ≥ 24 months for seizure-free patients. Patients were classified as suffering from unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy, bitemporal epilepsy or temporal plus epilepsy based on available presurgical data. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to calculate the probability of seizure freedom over time. Predictors of seizure recurrence were investigated using Cox proportional hazards model. Of 168 patients included, 108 (63.7%) underwent stereoelectroencephalography, 131 (78%) had hippocampal sclerosis, 149 suffered from unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (88.7%), one from bitemporal epilepsy (0.6%) and 18 (10.7%) from temporal plus epilepsy. The probability of Engel class I outcome at 10 years of follow-up was 67.3% (95% CI: 63.4–71.2) for the entire cohort, 74.5% (95% CI: 70.6–78.4) for unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy, and 14.8% (95% CI: 5.9–23.7) for temporal plus epilepsy. Multivariate analyses demonstrated four predictors of seizure relapse: temporal plus epilepsy (P < 0.001), postoperative hippocampal remnant (P = 0.001), past history of traumatic or infectious brain insult (P = 0.022), and secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (P = 0.023). Risk of temporal lobe surgery failure was 5.06 (95% CI: 2.36–10.382) greater in patients with temporal plus epilepsy than in those with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Temporal plus epilepsy represents a hitherto unrecognized prominent cause of temporal lobe surgery failures. In patients with temporal plus epilepsy, anterior temporal lobectomy appears very unlikely to control seizures and should not be advised. Whether larger resection of temporal plus epileptogenic zones offers greater chance of seizure freedom remains to be investigated.
Investing in Immunity: Prepandemic Immunization to Combat Future Influenza Pandemics
Authors: Goodman Jesse L. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We are unlikely, with current technologies, to have sufficient pandemic influenza vaccine ready in time to impact the first wave of the next pandemic. Emerging data show that prior immunization with an immunologically distinct hemagglutinin of the same subtype offers the potential to “prime” recipients for rapid protection with a booster dose, years later, of a vaccine then manufactured to match the pandemic strain. This article proposes making prepandemic priming vaccine(s) available for voluntary use, particularly to those at high risk of early occupational exposure, such as first responders and healthcare workers, and to others maintaining critical infrastructure. In addition to providing faster protection and potentially reducing social disruption, being able, early in a pandemic, to immunize those who had received prepandemic vaccine with one dose of the pandemic vaccine, rather than the 2 doses typically required, would reduce the total doses of pandemic vaccine then needed, extending vaccine supplies.
Neuronal Oxidative Stress Precedes Amyloid-β Deposition in Down Syndrome
Authors: Nunomura Akihiko , Perry George , Pappolla Miguel A. , Friedland Robert P. , Hirai Keisuke , Chiba Shigeru , Smith Mark A. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The predictable chronological sequence of pathological events in Down syndrome (DS) provides the opportunity to rigorously investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. In this study, we report a marked accumulation of oxidized nucleic acid, 8-hydroxyguanosine (8OHG), and oxidized protein, nitrotyrosine, in the cytoplasm of cerebral neurons in DS with the levels of nucleic acid and protein oxidation paralleling each other. Relative density measurements of neuronal 8OHG immunoreactivity showed that there was a significant increase (p &lt; 0.02) in DS (n = 22, ages 0.3–65 yr) compared with age-matched controls (n = 10, ages 0.3–64 yr). As a function of age, 8OHG immunoreactivity increased significantly in the teens and twenties (p &lt; 0.04), while Aβ burden only increased after age 30 (p &lt; 0.0001). In 9 cases of DS bearing Aβ deposition, the extent of deposits of Aβ ending at amino acid 42 (Aβ42) was actually associated with a decrease in relative 8OHG (r = −0.79, p &lt; 0.015) while Aβ40 was not. These findings suggest that in brains of patients with DS, increased levels of oxidative damage occur prior to the onset of Aβ deposition.
On the nature of magnetic turbulence in rotating, shearing flows
Authors: Walker Justin , Lesur Geoffroy , Boldyrev Stanislav 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The local properties of turbulence driven by the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in rotating, shearing flows are studied in the framework of a shearing-box model. Based on numerical simulations, we propose that the MRI-driven turbulence comprises two components: the large-scale shear-aligned strong magnetic field and the small-scale fluctuations resembling magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. The energy spectrum of the large-scale component is close to k−2, whereas the spectrum of the small-scale component agrees with the spectrum of strong MHD turbulence k−3/2. While the spectrum of the fluctuations is universal, the outer-scale characteristics of the turbulence are not; they depend on the parameters of the system, such as the net magnetic flux. However, there is remarkable universality among the allowed turbulent states – their intensity v0 and their outer scale λ0 satisfy the balance condition v0/λ0 ∼ dΩ/dln r, where dΩ/dln r is the local orbital shearing rate of the flow. Finally, we find no sustained dynamo action in the Pm = 1 zero net-flux case for Reynolds numbers as high as 45 000, casting doubts on the existence of an MRI dynamo in the Pm ≤ 1 regime.
Resource based view of internationalization: evidence from Indian commercial banks
Authors: Panda Debadutta , Reddy Sriharsha 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to understand the influence of internal resource drivers on internationalization of commercial banks.Design/methodology/approach– Panel data on 46 Indian commercial banks from 2008 to 2012 were collected from secondary sources to measure how assets size, human resources, branding and advertising, ownership and age influence the international diversification of the commercial bank. Internationalization of the commercial bank was measured in terms of international advances intensity, international borrowing intensity and number of countries served. Regression models were designed with controlled multicolinearity, heterogeneity and exogeneity.Findings– Higher assets’ size, higher human resources, private ownership and higher organizational age led to internationalization of Indian commercial banks. However, higher branding and advertisement expenses and state ownership were found to be negatively related to international diversification.Originality/value– Internationalization is one of the growth strategies of a firm which cannot be unified and generalized due to resource heterogeneity. So this necessitates a large number of studies sector-wise, sub-sector-wise, product-wise, industry-wise and region-wise. There is a dearth of literature on resource view of internationalization of commercial banks. So, this Indian study adds a new finding on resource-based view of internationalization to the existing body of knowledge.
Integrating experiences into your business model: five approaches
Authors: Pine II B. Joseph , Gilmore James 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– In little more than a decade, experience thinking has influenced the development of new business models in a wide variety of enterprises.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors describe best practices for five approaches Five approaches are noteworthy: Experiential marketing (EM or XM). Digital experiences using the Internet and other electronic platforms to create new technology interfaces focused on the user experience (UX). The application of experience-staging to enhance interactions with customers. Experiences as a distinct economic offering. Designing transformational business models that allows the company to charge for the demonstrated outcomes customers achieve.

Findings
– Companies can innovate by recognizing trends in customer needs and aspirations that provide opportunities to develop business models that offer high value experiences or even customer transformations.

Originality/value
– To truly pursue experiences as a distinct form of economic output, companies must design a business model that involves charging for the time customers spend engaging with the business, such as an admission or membership fee of some sort.
Why a CEO should think like a Scrum Master
Authors: Davidson Alistair , Klemme Laura 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– One approach for CEOs seeking to improve the effectiveness of their company’s innovation initiatives is to imitate the role that a “Scrum Master” has in high speed software development projects. Fundamentally, a Scrum Master is in the business of speeding up the rate of innovation in a software project.

Design/methodology/approach
– By championing Agile methodology, CEOs can focus innovation initiatives upon developing what customers prioritize and value. Pushing the organization to involve customers, and in some cases suppliers, increases the value added and value creation of the project.

Findings
– When a CEO practices acting like a Scrum Master, he or she does so by pursuing four goals: Keeping innovation work cycles or “Sprints” short. Focusing upon value creation and customer involvement throughout the development process. Removing barriers to development that prevent the software programmers from doing their job. Attempting to shelter developers from counterproductive interventions by external managers.

Practical implications
– By championing Agile teams, the CEO can communicate his or her expectation that innovations will be tested on clients and be available as a “court of last resort” to cut through the barriers and delays that prevent a development team from moving forward.”

Originality/value
– This article is unconventional in that it suggests that CEOs need to be particularly aware of how their actions in support of Agile teams can build medium and long term organizational capabilities. Top management oversight of Agile teams can strengthen strategic relationships with internal stakeholders, customers and suppliers.
Stress relaxation/creep compliance behaviour of kashar cheese: Scanning electron microscopy observations
Authors: Karaman Safa , Yilmaz Mustafa Tahsin , Toker Omer Said , Dogan Mahmut 
Published: January 2016

In this study, uniaxial and creep analyses were used to characterise stress relaxation and creep compliance behaviour of kashar cheese as a function of different compression (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 mm) and stress (12.25, 24.50, 36.75, 49.00 and 61.25 kPa) levels. For this purpose, mechanical simulation models, namely generalised Maxwell, Nussinovitch, Peleg and Burger models were used to simulate the viscoelastic behaviour of kashar cheese as a function of different compression and stress levels. The results revealed that the compression levels could remarkably change internal structure and deformation properties of kashar cheese. Stress relaxation test demonstrated that kashar cheese showed more elastic behaviour, namely higher resistance to deformation at higher compression levels. Creep tests showed that rigidity of kashar cheese decreased as the stress level applied increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that compression resulted in a less homogeneous protein matrix, an interrupted casein/fat network, and destroyed fat globules by forcing them to exude from the cheese surface. These results should be useful for dairy industry.
Topiramate and motivational enhancement therapy for cannabis use among youth: a randomized placebo‐controlled pilot study
Authors: Miranda Robert , Treloar Hayley , Blanchard Alexander , Justus Alicia , Monti Peter M. , Chun Thomas , Swift Robert , Tidey Jennifer W. , Gwaltney Chad J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCannabis misuse accounts for nearly all of the substance abuse treatment admissions among youth in the United States. Most youth do not experience sustained benefit from existing psychosocial treatments; however, medication development research for treating adolescent cannabis misuse is almost nonexistent. We conducted a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, pilot study to test the potential efficacy of topiramate plus motivational enhancement therapy (MET) for treating cannabis use among adolescents. Sixty‐six heavy cannabis users, ages 15 to 24 years, were randomized to one of two 6‐week treatment conditions: topiramate plus MET or placebo plus MET. Topiramate was titrated over 4 weeks then stabilized at 200 mg/day for 2 weeks. MET was delivered biweekly for a total of three sessions. Only 48 percent of youths randomized to topiramate completed the 6‐week trial (n = 19), compared with 77 percent of youths in the placebo condition (n = 20). Adverse medication side effects were the most common reason for withdrawal among participants in the topiramate group. Latent growth models showed that topiramate was superior to placebo for reducing the number of grams smoked per use day, but it did not improve abstinence rates. The same pattern of results was found when values for missing outcomes were imputed. We show that topiramate combined with MET demonstrated efficacy for reducing how much cannabis adolescents smoked when they used but did not affect abstinence rates. The magnitude of this effect was modest, however, and topiramate was poorly tolerated by youths, which calls into question the clinical importance of these findings.
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase regulates binge‐like drinking and dopamine receptor sensitivity in the ventral tegmental area
Authors: Dutton John W. , Chen Hu , You Chang , Brodie Mark S. , Lasek Amy W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAnaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase associated with alcohol dependence in humans and behavioral responses to ethanol in mice. To characterize the ability of ALK to control ethanol consumption, we treated mice with the ALK inhibitors TAE684 or alectinib before testing them for binge‐like drinking using the drinking in the dark protocol. Mice treated with ALK inhibitors drank less ethanol than controls. In addition, TAE684 treatment abolished ethanol conditioned place preference, indicating that ALK regulates the rewarding properties of ethanol. Because the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a key brain region involved in the rewarding effects of ethanol, we determined if Alk expression in the VTA is important for binge‐like ethanol consumption. Mice expressing a short hairpin ribonucleic acid targeting Alk in the VTA drank less ethanol compared with controls. ALK is expressed on dopamine (DA) neurons in the VTA, suggesting that ALK might regulate their firing properties. Extracellular recordings of putative DA neurons in VTA slices demonstrated that ALK inhibition did not affect the ability of ethanol to stimulate, or DA to inhibit, the firing of DA neurons. However, inhibiting ALK attenuated the time‐dependent reversal of inhibition produced by moderate concentrations of DA, suggesting that ALK affects DA D2 autoreceptor (D2R) desensitization. Altered desensitization of the D2R changes the firing of DA neurons and is predicted to affect DA levels and alcohol drinking. These data support the possibility that ALK might be a novel target of pharmacotherapy for reducing excessive alcohol consumption.
The antihypertensive drug pindolol attenuates long‐term but not short‐term binge‐like ethanol consumption in mice
Authors: Patkar Omkar L. , Belmer Arnauld , Holgate Joan Y. , Tarren Josephine R. , Shariff Masroor R. , Morgan Michael , Fogarty Matthew J. , Bellingham Mark C. , Bartlett Selena E. , Klenowski Paul M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlcohol dependence is a debilitating disorder with current therapies displaying limited efficacy and/or compliance. Consequently, there is a critical need for improved pharmacotherapeutic strategies to manage alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Previous studies have shown that the development of alcohol dependence involves repeated cycles of binge‐like ethanol intake and abstinence. Therefore, we used a model of binge–ethanol consumption (drinking‐in‐the‐dark) in mice to test the effects of compounds known to modify the activity of neurotransmitters implicated in alcohol addiction. From this, we have identified the FDA‐approved antihypertensive drug pindolol, as a potential candidate for the management of AUDs. We show that the efficacy of pindolol to reduce ethanol consumption is enhanced following long‐term (12 weeks) binge–ethanol intake, compared with short‐term (4 weeks) intake. Furthermore, pindolol had no effect on locomotor activity or consumption of the natural reward sucrose. Because pindolol acts as a dual beta‐adrenergic antagonist and 5‐HT1A/1B partial agonist, we examined its effect on spontaneous synaptic activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain region densely innervated by serotonin and norepinephrine‐containing fibres. Pindolol increased spontaneous excitatory post‐synaptic current frequency of BLA principal neurons from long‐term ethanol‐consuming mice but not naïve mice. Additionally, this effect was blocked by the 5‐HT1A/1B receptor antagonist methiothepin, suggesting that altered serotonergic activity in the BLA may contribute to the efficacy of pindolol to reduce ethanol intake following long‐term exposure. Although further mechanistic investigations are required, this study demonstrates the potential of pindolol as a new treatment option for AUDs that can be fast‐tracked into human clinical studies.
Rotigaptide protects the myocardium and arterial vasculature from ischaemia reperfusion injury
Authors: Pedersen Christian M. , Venkatasubramanian Sowmya , Vase Henrik , Hyldebrandt Janus A. , Contractor Hussain , Schmidt Michael R. , Bøtker Hans Erik , Cruden Nicholas L. , Newby David E. , Kharbanda Rajesh K. , Lang Ninian N. 
Published: January 2016

AimIschaemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) causes impaired endothelial function and is a major component of the adverse effects of reperfusion following myocardial infarction. Rotigaptide increases gap junction conductance via connexin‐43. We tested the hypothesis that rotigaptide reduces experimental myocardial infarction size and ameliorates endothelial IRI in humans.MethodsMyocardial infarction study: porcine myocardial infarction was achieved by catheter‐induced occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. In a randomized double‐blind study, rotigaptide (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10) was administered intravenously as a 10 min bolus prior to reperfusion and continuously during 2 h of reperfusion. Myocardial infarction size (IS) was assessed as proportion of the area at risk (AAR). Human translational study: forearm IRI was induced in the presence or absence of intra‐arterial rotigaptide. In a randomized double‐blind study, forearm arterial blood flow was measured at rest and during intra‐arterial infusion of acetylcholine (5–20 μg min–1; n = 11) or sodium nitroprusside (2–8 mg min–1; n = 10) before and after intra‐arterial infusion of placebo or rotigaptide, and again following IRI.ResultsMyocardial infarction study: Rotigaptide treatment was associated with a reduction of infarct size (IS/AAR[%]: 18.7 ± 4.1 [rotigaptide] vs. 43.6 ± 4.2 [placebo], P = 0.006). Human translational study: Endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation to acetylcholine was attenuated after ischaemia‐reperfusion in the presence of placebo (P = 0.007), but not in the presence of rotigaptide (P = NS). Endothelium‐independent vasodilatation evoked by sodium nitroprusside was unaffected by IRI or rotigaptide (P = NS).ConclusionsRotigaptide reduces myocardial infarction size in a porcine model and protects from IRI‐related endothelial dysfunction in man. Rotigaptide may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of myocardial infarction.