bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD8+ T Cells Lack Local Signals To Produce IFN-γ in the Skin during Leishmania Infection
Authors: Novais Fernanda O. , Wong Andrea C. , Villareal Daniel O. , Beiting Daniel P. , Scott Phillip 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Resolution of leishmaniasis depends upon parasite control and limiting inflammation. CD4+ Th1 cells are required to control parasites, whereas CD8+ T cells play a dual role: they promote Th1 cell differentiation but can also increase inflammation at the site of infection as a consequence of cytolysis. Although CD8+ T cells taken from leishmanial lesions are cytolytic, in this study, we showed that only a few CD8+ T cells produced IFN-γ. Correspondingly, only low levels of IL-12 and/or IL-12 mRNA were present in lesions from infected mice, as well as patients. Addition of IL-12 increased IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells isolated from leishmanial lesions, suggesting that a lack of IL-12 at the site of infection limits IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells. To determine whether CD8+ T cells could promote resistance in vivo if IL-12 was present, we administered IL-12 to Leishmania-infected RAG mice reconstituted with CD8+ T cells. IL-12 treatment increased the ability of CD8+ T cells to make IFN-γ, but CD8+ T cells still failed to control the parasites. Furthermore, despite the ability of CD8+ T cells to promote immunity to secondary infections, we also found that CD8+ T cells from immune mice were unable to control Leishmania in RAG mice. Taken together, these results indicate that lesional CD8+ T cells fail to make IFN-γ because of a deficit in IL-12 but that, even with IL-12, CD8+ T cells are unable to control Leishmania in the absence of CD4+ T cells.
« Ce qui est à écrire violence »
Authors: Landry Iraïs , Leguerrier Louis-Thomas 
Published: January 2018

Dans cet article nous explorons l’idée que le roman Les guérillères de Monique Wittig, publié un an après mai 68, représente cet événement de manière indirecte, sinon implicite. C’est à travers la structure narrative de l’oeuvre, le montage romanesque, que s’opère la dialectisation de deux problématiques qui se cristallisent lorsque les ouvriers en grève se joignent aux étudiants au mois de mai 1968 : d’une part, celle de la fragmentation sociale, et, d’autre part, celle de l’autorité. La violence que l’écrivaine fait subir aux catégories langagières dans son oeuvre théorique comme fictionnelle se voit contrebalancée dans Les guérillères par la mise en scène (au sens brechtien du terme) des différents cycles d’une vie commune réellement libre. Plus largement, nous montrons que c’est la question du sujet qui est mise à l’honneur chez la féministe radicale : entre un structuralisme triomphant et un humanisme qui fait retour, entre le caractère actuel de la littérature engagée et le formalisme revendicateur du Nouveau roman, l’oeuvre de Wittig se positionne comme le troisième terme dialectique grâce auquel la réification d’une série d’oppositions est désignée comme « l’ennemi principal » du sujet humain collectif.
Crustal Structure of the Andean Foreland in Northern Argentina: Results From Data‐Integrative Three‐Dimensional Density Modeling
Authors: Meeßen C. , Sippel J. , Scheck‐Wenderoth M. , Heine C. , Strecker M. R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPrevious thermomechanical modeling studies indicated that variations in the temperature and strength of the crystalline crust might be responsible for the juxtaposition of domains with thin‐skinned and thick‐skinned crustal deformation along strike the foreland of the central Andes. However, there is no evidence supporting this hypothesis from data‐integrative models. We aim to derive the density structure of the lithosphere by means of integrated 3‐D density modeling, in order to provide a new basis for discussions of compositional variations within the crust and for future thermal and rheological modeling studies. Therefore, we utilize available geological and geophysical data to obtain a structural and density model of the uppermost 200 km of the Earth. The derived model is consistent with the observed Bouguer gravity field. Our results indicate that the crystalline crust in northern Argentina can be represented by a lighter upper crust (2,800 kg/m3) and a denser lower crust (3,100 kg/m3). We find new evidence for high bulk crustal densities >3,000 kg/m3 in the northern Pampia terrane. These could originate from subducted Puncoviscana wackes or pelites that ponded to the base of the crystalline crust in the late Proterozoic or indicate increasing bulk content of mafic material. The precise composition of the northern foreland crust, whether mafic or felsic, has significant implications for further thermomechanical models and the rheological behavior of the lithosphere. A detailed sensitivity analysis of the input parameters indicates that the model results are robust with respect to the given uncertainties of the input data.
Mantle Lithosphere Rheology, Vertical Tectonics, and the Exhumation of (U)HP Rocks
Authors: Bodur Ömer F. , Göğüş Oğuz H. , Pysklywec Russell N. , Okay Aral I. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNumerical modeling results indicate that mantle lithosphere rheology can influence the pressure‐temperature‐time (P‐T‐t) trajectories of continental crust subducted and exhumed during the onset of continental collision. Exhumation of ultrahigh‐pressure (~35 kbar)/high‐temperature (~750°C) metamorphic rocks is more prevalent in models with stronger continental mantle lithosphere (e.g., dry), whereas high‐pressure (~9–22 kbar)/low‐temperature (350°C–630°C) metamorphic rocks occur in models with weaker rheology (e.g., hydrated) for the same layer. In the latter case, the buried crustal rocks can remain encased in ablatively subducting mantle lithosphere, reach only moderate temperatures, and exhume by dripping/detachment of the lithospheric root. In this transition from subduction to a dripping style of “vertical tectonics,” burial and exhumation of crustal rocks are driven without imposed far‐field plate convergence. The model results are compared against thermobarometric P‐T estimates from major (ultra)high‐pressure metamorphic terranes. We propose that the exhumation of high‐pressure/low‐temperature metamorphic rocks in Tavşanlı and Afyon zones in western Anatolia may be caused by viscous dripping of mantle lithosphere suggesting a weaker continental mantle lithosphere, whereas (ultra)high‐pressure exhumation (e.g., Dabie Shan‐eastern China and Dora Maira‐western Alps) may be associated with plate‐like subduction. In the latter case, the slab is much stronger and deformation is localized to the subduction interface along which rocks are buried to >100 km depth before they are exhumed to the near surface.
Spatiotemporal Variations in Slow Earthquakes Along the Mexican Subduction Zone
Authors: Maury J. , Ide S. , Cruz‐Atienza V. M. , Kostoglodov V. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSlow earthquakes in Mexico have been investigated independently in different areas. Here we review differences in tremor behavior and slow slip events along the entire subduction zone to improve our understanding of its segmentation. Some similarities are observed between the Guerrero and Oaxaca areas. By combining our improved tremor detection capabilities with previous results, we suggest that there is no gap in tremor between Guerrero and Oaxaca. However, some differences between Michoacan and Guerrero are seen (e.g., SSE magnitude, tremor zone width, and tremor rate), suggesting that these two areas behave differently. Tremor initiation shows clear tidal sensitivity along the entire subduction zone. Tremor in Guerrero is sensitive to small tidal normal stress as well as shear stress, suggesting that the subduction plane may include local variations in dip. Estimation of the energy rate shows similar values along the subduction zone interface. The scaled tremor energy estimates are similar to those calculated in Nankai and Cascadia, suggesting a common mechanism. Along‐strike differences in slow deformation may be related to variations in the subduction interface that yield different geometrical and temperature profiles.
Influence of Normal and Shear Stress on the Hydraulic Transmissivity of Thin Cracks in a Tight Quartz Sandstone, a Granite, and a Shale
Authors: Rutter Ernest H. , Mecklenburgh Julian 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTransmissivity of fluids along fractures in rocks is reduced by increasing normal stress acting across them, demonstrated here through gas flow experiments on Bowland shale, and oil flow experiments on Pennant sandstone and Westerly granite. Additionally, the effect of imposing shear stress at constant normal stress was determined, until frictional sliding started. In all cases, increasing shear stress causes an accelerating reduction of transmissivity by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude as slip initiated, as a result of the formation of wear products that block fluid pathways. Only in the case of granite, and to a lesser extent in the sandstone, was there a minor amount of initial increase of transmissivity prior to the onset of slip. These results cast into doubt the commonly applied presumption that cracks with high resolved shear stresses are the most conductive. In the shale, crack transmissivity is commensurate with matrix permeability, such that shales are expected always to be good seals. For the sandstone and granite, unsheared crack transmissivity was respectively 2 and 2.5 orders of magnitude greater than matrix permeability. For these rocks crack transmissivity can dominate fluid flow in the upper crust, potentially enough to permit maintenance of a hydrostatic fluid pressure gradient in a normal (extensional) faulting regime.
Mass Addition at Mount St. Helens, Washington, Inferred From Repeated Gravity Surveys
Authors: Battaglia M. , Lisowski M. , Dzurisin D. , Poland M. P. , Schilling S. , Diefenbach A. , Wynn J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRelative gravity measurements were made at 12 sites on Mount St. Helens and 4 sites far afield during the summers of 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016. Positive residual gravity changes of 0.05–0.06 ± 0.01 mGal from 2010 to 2016—a sign of mass addition—remain at proximal sites after accounting for the effects of changes in Crater Glacier shape and mass. Modeling of the 2010–2016 monitoring data indicates mass addition in the volcano magma reservoir, the volcano conduit, and/or the shallow hydrothermal aquifer. Magma intrusion in the volcano's known reservoir is suggested by the joint inversion of GPS and gravity data (d = 5800 ± 710 m below sea level,ΔVm = 49.8 ± 8.6 × 106m3,ρ = 1930 ± 300 kg/m3); the modeled depth and location are consistent with that of the reservoir that fed the 2004–2008 eruption, and its mass change can explain up to 19% of the residual gravity. The other two potential sources—the conduit and shallow aquifer—are not well constrained. Magma addition along the volcano conduit can explain up to 62% of the residual gravity (ΔVm ≅ 31 × 106m3,  ρm ≅ 2, 300 kg/m3). However, such an intrusion should have produced a measurable surface deformation, which is not observed in the GPS time series. Changes in the level of the volcano's shallow hydrothermal system (ρw = 1, 000 kg/m3) can explain 17% (ΔVrecharge ≅ 9 × 106m3) to 61% (ΔVrecharge ≅ 30 × 106m3) of the residual gravity. It would therefore seem that the bulk of the mass change measured at Mount St. Helens during 2010–2016 was caused by shallow accumulation of water beneath the floor of the crater.
Separation of Migration and Tomography Modes of Full‐Waveform Inversion in the Plane Wave Domain
Authors: Yao Gang , da Silva Nuno V. , Warner Michael , Kalinicheva Tatiana 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFull‐waveform inversion (FWI) includes both migration and tomography modes. The migration mode acts like a nonlinear least squares migration to map model interfaces with reflections, while the tomography mode behaves as tomography to build a background velocity model. The migration mode is the main response of inverting reflections, while the tomography mode exists in response to inverting both the reflections and refractions. To emphasize one of the two modes in FWI, especially for inverting reflections, the separation of the two modes in the gradient of FWI is required. Here we present a new method to achieve this separation with an angle‐dependent filtering technique in the plane wave domain. We first transform the source and residual wavefields into the plane wave domain with the Fourier transform and then decompose them into the migration and tomography components using the opening angles between the transformed source and residual plane waves. The opening angles close to 180° contribute to the tomography component, while the others correspond to the migration component. We find that this approach is very effective and robust even when the medium is relatively complicated with strong lateral heterogeneities, highly dipping reflectors, and strong anisotropy. This is well demonstrated by theoretical analysis and numerical tests with a synthetic data set and a field data set.
Do Changing Weather Types Explain Observed Climatic Trends in the Rhine Basin? An Analysis of Within‐ and Between‐Type Changes
Authors: Murawski Aline , Vorogushyn Sergiy , Bürger Gerd , Gerlitz Lars , Merz Bruno 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFor attributing hydrological changes to anthropogenic climate change, catchment models are driven by climate model output. A widespread approach to bridge the spatial gap between global climate and hydrological catchment models is to use a weather generator conditioned on weather patterns (WPs). This approach assumes that changes in local climate are characterized by between‐type changes of patterns. In this study we test this assumption by analyzing a previously developed WP classification for the Rhine basin, which is based on dynamic and thermodynamic variables. We quantify changes in pattern characteristics and associated climatic properties. The amount of between‐ and within‐type changes is investigated by comparing observed trends to trends resulting solely from WP occurrence. To overcome uncertainties in trend detection resulting from the selected time period, all possible periods in 1901–2010 with a minimum length of 31 years are analyzed. Increasing frequency is found for some patterns associated with high precipitation, although the trend sign highly depends on the considered period. Trends and interannual variations of WP frequencies are related to the long‐term variability of large‐scale circulation modes. Long‐term WP internal warming is evident for summer patterns and enhanced warming for spring/autumn patterns since the 1970s. Observed trends in temperature and partly in precipitation are mainly associated with frequency changes of specific WPs, but some amount of within‐type changes remains. The classification can be used for downscaling of past changes considering this limitation, but the inclusion of thermodynamic variables into the classification impedes the downscaling of future climate projections.
Probabilistic distribution estimation of residual deformation by numerical simulation considering variation and directivity of plastic deformations: Study on distribution of residual deformation after earthquakes, part 3
Authors: Iyama Jun , Shimokawa Hiroaki 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper discusses a method to estimate the probability density function of the residual deformation of a bilinear single‐degree‐of‐freedom system with isotropic hardening or kinematic hardening; this method is more detailed compared to the “random walk”‐assuming methods proposed in previous reports. In this study, 2 parameters representing the difference between “random walk” and actual behaviors are utilized to estimate the standard deviation of residual deformations after earthquakes. A comparison of response analyses shows that the proposed method is more accurate in estimating the standard deviation of residual deformations, compared to methods assuming the “random walk” hypothesis.
Comparing comprehension and perception for alternative speed‐of‐ageing and standard hazard ratio formats
Authors: Heard Claire Louise , Rakow Tim , Spiegelhalter David 
Published: January 2018

SummaryA hazard ratio presents one benefit of exercise as reducing annual mortality risk by 19%. Alternatively, speed‐of‐ageing metaphors present this as adding 2.5 years to one's life expectancy—equating to 1 extra hour each day—or taking 2.5 years off one's “effective age.” Few studies compare these (increasingly popular) metaphors. Study 1 compared perception and comprehension between speed‐of‐ageing metaphors and hazard ratios. Study 2 compared the hazard ratio with 3 versions of effective age (change‐in‐age, personal, and age‐matched age). Results revealed a disadvantage to the change‐in‐age format (behaviour X makes someone Y years older), with unhealthy behaviours perceived as less risky and healthy behaviours as less beneficial, information judged less likely to affect behaviour and harder to understand. The personal format (behaviour makes your effective age X) shows no such disadvantage and is objectively better understood than are hazard ratios. These results support the use of personalised effective ages in health and risk communication.
Evolution of Structural DNA Nanotechnology
Authors: Nummelin Sami , Kommeri Juhana , Kostiainen Mauri A. , Linko Veikko 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe research field entitled structural DNA nanotechnology emerged in the beginning of the 1980s as the first immobile synthetic nucleic acid junctions were postulated and demonstrated. Since then, the field has taken huge leaps toward advanced applications, especially during the past decade. This Progress Report summarizes how the controllable, custom, and accurate nanostructures have recently evolved together with powerful design and simulation software. Simultaneously they have provided a significant expansion of the shape space of the nanostructures. Today, researchers can select the most suitable fabrication methods, and design paradigms and software from a variety of options when creating unique DNA nanoobjects and shapes for a plethora of implementations in materials science, optics, plasmonics, molecular patterning, and nanomedicine.
Defective Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Dissegna Stefano , Epp Konstantin , Heinz Werner R. , Kieslich Gregor , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe targeted incorporation of defects into crystalline matter allows for the manipulation of many properties and has led to relevant discoveries for optimized and even novel technological applications of materials. It is therefore exciting to see that defects are now recognized to be similarly useful in tailoring properties of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs). For instance, heterogeneous catalysis crucially depends on the number of active catalytic sites as well as on diffusion limitations. By the incorporation of missing linker and missing node defects into MOFs, both parameters can be accessed, improving the catalytic properties. Furthermore, the creation of defects allows for adding properties such as electronic conductivity, which are inherently absent in the parent MOFs. Herein, progress of the rapidly evolving field of the past two years is overviewed, putting a focus on properties that are altered by the incorporation and even tailoring of defects in MOFs. A brief account is also given on the emerging quantitative understanding of defects and heterogeneity in MOFs based on scale‐bridging computational modeling and simulations.
Defining a Materials Database for the Design of Copper Binary Alloy Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Conversion
Authors: Lee Chan Woo , Yang Ki Dong , Nam Dae‐Hyun , Jang Jun Ho , Cho Nam Heon , Im Sang Won , Nam Ki Tae 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWhile Cu electrodes are a versatile material in the electrochemical production of desired hydrocarbon fuels, Cu binary alloy electrodes are recently proposed to further tune reaction directionality and, more importantly, overcome the intrinsic limitation of scaling relations. Despite encouraging empirical demonstrations of various Cu‐based metal alloy systems, the underlying principles of their outstanding performance are not fully addressed. In particular, possible phase segregation with concurrent composition changes, which is widely observed in the field of metallurgy, is not at all considered. Moreover, surface‐exposed metals can easily form oxide species, which is another pivotal factor that determines overall catalytic properties. Here, the understanding of Cu binary alloy catalysts for CO2 reduction and recent progress in this field are discussed. From the viewpoint of the thermodynamic stability of the alloy system and elemental mixing, possible microstructures and naturally generated surface oxide species are proposed. These basic principles of material science can help to predict and understand metal alloy structure and, moreover, act as an inspiration for the development of new binary alloy catalysts to further improve CO2 conversion and, ultimately, achieve a carbon‐neutral cycle.
Nitrogen‐Coordinated Single Cobalt Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Wang Xiao Xia , Cullen David A. , Pan Yung‐Tin , Hwang Sooyeon , Wang Maoyu , Feng Zhenxing , Wang Jingyun , Engelhard Mark H. , Zhang Hanguang , He Yanghua , Shao Yuyan , Su Dong , More Karren L. , Spendelow Jacob S. , Wu Gang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDue to the Fenton reaction, the presence of Fe and peroxide in electrodes generates free radicals causing serious degradation of the organic ionomer and the membrane. Pt‐free and Fe‐free cathode catalysts therefore are urgently needed for durable and inexpensive proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, a high‐performance nitrogen‐coordinated single Co atom catalyst is derived from Co‐doped metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) through a one‐step thermal activation. Aberration‐corrected electron microscopy combined with X‐ray absorption spectroscopy virtually verifies the CoN4 coordination at an atomic level in the catalysts. Through investigating effects of Co doping contents and thermal activation temperature, an atomically Co site dispersed catalyst with optimal chemical and structural properties has achieved respectable activity and stability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in challenging acidic media (e.g., half‐wave potential of 0.80 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The performance is comparable to Fe‐based catalysts and 60 mV lower than Pt/C ‐60 μg Pt cm−2). Fuel cell tests confirm that catalyst activity and stability can translate to high‐performance cathodes in PEMFCs. The remarkably enhanced ORR performance is attributed to the presence of well‐dispersed CoN4 active sites embedded in 3D porous MOF‐derived carbon particles, omitting any inactive Co aggregates.