bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypofractionated radiotherapy for complicated bone metastases in patients with poor performance status: a phase II international trial
Authors: Silva Mauricio F. , Marta Gustavo N. , Lisboa Felipe P.C. , Watte Guilherme , Trippa Fabio , Maranzano Ernesto , da Motta Neiro W. , Popovic Marko , Ha Tuan , Burmeister Bryan , Chow Edward 
Published: June 2017

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of hypofractionated radiotherapy (16 Gy in 2 fractions, 1 week apart) in patients with complicated bone metastases and poor performance status. Methods: A prospective single-arm phase II clinical trial was conducted from July 2014 to May 2016. The primary endpoint was pain response as defined in the International Consensus on Palliative Radiotherapy Endpoints. Secondary endpoints included quality of life as measured by quality of life questionnaire (QLQ) PAL-15 and QLQ-BM22 European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer guidelines, pain flare, adverse events, re-irradiation, and skeletal complications. Results: Fifty patients were enrolled. There were 23 men with a median age of 58 years (range 26-86). Of the 50 patients, 38 had an extraosseous soft tissue component, 18 needed postsurgical radiation, 3 had neuropathic pain, and 3 had an impending fracture in a weight-bearing bone. At 2 months, 33 patients were alive (66%). Four (12.5%) had a complete response and 12 (37.5%) had a partial response. A statistically significant improvement was seen in the functional interference (p = 0.01) and psychosocial aspects (p = 0.03) of the BM22. No patient had spinal cord compression. One patient required surgery for pathologic fracture, and another re-irradiation. Conclusions: Hypofractionated radiotherapy (16 Gy in 2 fractions of 8 Gy 1 week apart) achieved satisfactory pain relief and safety results in patients with complicated bone metastases and poor performance status.
The CJEU as an Innovator – a New Perspective on the Development of Internet Related Case-law
Authors: Maunsbach Ulf 
Published: June 2017

In this paper I will use concepts from innovation theory to analyse the work of the Court of Justice of the European Union in its important role as sole interpreter of EU law. In that regard, I define ‘innovator’ as one that facilitates use of new or existing inventions. Thus innovation is portrayed as a process in which several actors may contribute and where it all starts with an invention (the solution) and it ends with the innovation (the process of making use of the invention). The Court of Justice of the European Union may be an inventor in as much as it is allowed to invent solutions in order to solve new or existing problems, and it may be innovative in as much as it hands down judgments that shall be followed (i.e. it makes use of the invention).The substance of the paper deals with case-law from the Court of Justice of the European Union in the field of cross-border infringements. The cases will be analysed in relation to the idea that legal decision-making can be described as an innovative process. An approach like this makes it possible to draw conclusions regarding the Court of Justice of the European Unions ability to innovate. It will be apparent that the Court is primarily concerned with so called reactive innovation (i.e. innovation that builds on existing knowledge). Only in exceptional circumstances do we find examples where the Court has proved to conduct in proactive innovation (i.e. inventing and applying new solutions) and this may, according to the author, prove to be a preferred standard. Better to drive safely than to drive in the ditch.
Patentovateľnosť výsledkov biotechnologického výskumu
Authors: Nagy Zoltán , Zoláková Zuzana 
Published: June 2017

Predkladaný článok sa zaoberá podmienkami patentovateľnosti vynálezov v oblasti medicínskych biotechnológií. Článok je rozdelený na dve časti. V úvode článku autori približujú európsku právnu úpravu udeľovania patentov a analyzujú judikatúru Súdneho dvora Európskej únie v oblasti biotechnológií. V druhej časti sa venujú právnej úprave udeľovania patentov v Spojených štátoch amerických a podrobujú analýze najvýznamnejšie rozhodnutia Najvyššieho súdu Spojených štátov. Analýzou súdnych rozhodnutí sa autori snažia dospieť k identifikovaniu prístupov spomínaných súdov k riešeniu patentovej ochrany v tejto špecifickej a rýchlo sa vyvíjajúcej oblasti výskumu. V závere autori sumarizujú problematické aspekty patentovania vynálezov v oblasti biotechnológií.
FLUME EXPERIMENTS ON SAND TRANSPORT BY WAVES AND CURRENTS
Authors: Inman Douglas L. , Bowen Anthony J. 
Published: June 2017

Measurements were made of the sand transport (solid discharge) caused by waves and currents traveling over a horizontal sand bed in water 50 cm deep. The waves had heights of 15 cm, and periods of 1.4 and 2.0 sec. The sand transport was measured first in the presence of waves only, then in the presence of waves superimposed on currents. The currents flowed in the direction of wave travel, with steady uniform velocities of 2, 4, and 6 cm/sec.
Since sand moves to and fro under the influence of waves, sand traps were placed flush with the surface at either end of the bed. The net sand transport was determined by subtracting the amount of sand trapped at the upwave end of the bed, from that trapped at the downwave end. The total amount of sand caught in both traps was greatest with waves of 2.0 sec period, while the net sand transport was greatest with waves of 1.4 sec period. Super position of waves on currents of 2 cm/sec produced a two-fold increase in the sand transport for both wave types. Surprisingly, faster currents of 4 and 6 cm/sec caused the discharge to decrease somewhat.
Estimates of the power expended by waves was obtained from the decrement in wave height as the wave traveled over the sand bed. The decrement in wave height was found to be about I0--5 per unit of distance traveled. Certain calculations show that about one tenth of the total power expended by the waves was used in transporting sediment.
Biochemical characterization of microalgae collected from north east region of India advancing towards the algae‐based commercial production
Authors: Ghosh Ashmita , Khanra Saumyakanti , Mondal Madhumanti , Devi Thingujam Indrama , Halder Gopinath , Tiwari O.N. , Bhowmick Tridib Kumar , Gayen Kalyan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSelection of suitable strain of microalgae is the crucial factor for large‐scale production of algae‐based products. Efforts have been made here for isolation, identification and biochemical characterization of five microalgae strains collected from Tripura (a small state in north‐eastern region of India). Two Chlorococcum sp. (NITAAP008 and NITAAP019) demonstrate their high lipid (15–24%), equal amounts of carbohydrate and protein (35–40%), with specific growth rate of 0.13 day−1. These strains are potential resource for biofuel production. After lipid extraction, remaining biomass can be used as source of carbohydrate for the production of other biofuels. One isolated strain is identified as Chlorella sp. (NITAAP009) and shows 22–33% carbohydrate, 41–50% protein and 5% chlorophyll with specific growth rate of 0.125 day−1. Another Chlorella sp. (NITAAP011) isolated from lake area exhibits significant chlorophyll (5–6.4%), 30–50% carbohydrate, 48–60% protein and low lipid (1–10%) with lower specific growth rate (0.10 day−1). Both strains are having industrial competence for chlorophyll production due to their synthesizing ability of significant amount of chlorophyll (5–6.4%). The last one, Korshikoviella sp. (NITAAP017), has 15–18% lipid, 22–34% carbohydrate, 30–43% protein and 3–4% chlorophyll with specific growth rate of 0.12 day−1 and can be used for food supplement production or lipid synthesis. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Berücksichtigung von Grundwasserströmungskräften beim Nachweis von Uferspundwänden
Authors: Odenwald Bernhard , Ratz Kerstin 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEin großer Teil der Kanalstrecken der Bundeswasserstraßen ist durch Uferspundwände gesichert. Für deren Bemessung stellen neben den Erddrücken die auf die Wand wirkenden Wasserdrücke die entscheidenden Einwirkungen dar. Hinweise für den Ansatz von Wasserdrücken bei Uferspundwänden gibt die Empfehlung E 106 der EAU. Dabei wird von einem ausgeglichenen Kanal‐ und Grundwasserstand ausgegangen, bei dem keine relevante Strömung zwischen Kanal und Grundwasser erfolgt. Die häufig praktizierte direkte Übertragung dieser Wasserdruckansätze der EAU auf Damm‐ und Einschnittstrecken kann jedoch zu einer deutlichen Über‐ bzw. Unterdimensionierung der Uferspundwände führen. Daher wurden im BAWBrief 03/2015 ergänzende Empfehlungen zum Ansatz von Wasserdrücken für die statische Bemessung von Uferspundwänden an Kanälen gegeben. Für Einschnittstrecken wurde dabei ein Wasserdruckansatz zur vereinfachten Berücksichtigung der aus der Zuströmung zum Kanal auf die Spundwand einwirkenden Strömungskräfte angegeben, der die statische Bemessung der Uferspundwand mit üblichen Bemessungsprogrammen ermöglicht. In diesem Beitrag werden die Berechnungsergebnisse für Wasserdruckansätze, die auf vereinfachten Annahmen sowie auf einer numerischen Strömungsberechnung basieren, verglichen. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist die Beurteilung, ob der im BAWBrief empfohlene Wasserdruckansatz einerseits eine auf der sicheren Seite liegende und andererseits eine wirtschaftliche Bemessung der Uferspundwand ermöglicht.
Tuning the Composition of Electrodeposited Bimetallic Tin–Lead Catalysts for Enhanced Activity and Durability in Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction to Formate
Authors: Moore Colin E. , Gyenge Előd L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBimetallic Sn–Pb catalysts with five different Sn/Pb atomic ratios were electrodeposited on Teflonated carbon paper and non‐Teflonated carbon cloth using both fluoroborate‐ and oxide‐containing deposition media to produce catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 (ERC) to formate (HCOO−). The interaction between catalyst composition, morphology, substrate, and deposition media was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry and constant potential electrolysis at −2.0 V versus Ag/AgCl for 2 h in 0.5 m KHCO3. The catalysts were analyzed before and after electrolysis by using SEM and XRD to determine the mechanisms of Faradaic efficiency loss and degradation. Catalysts that are mainly Sn with 15–35 at % Pb generated Faradaic efficiencies up to 95 % with a stable performance. However, pure Sn catalysts showed high initial stage formate production rates but experienced an extensive (up to 30 %) decrease of the Faradaic efficiency. The XRD results demonstrated the presence of polycrystalline SnO2 after electrolysis using Sn–Pb catalysts with 35 at % Pb and its absence in the case of pure Sn. It is proposed that the presence of Pb (15–35 at %) in mainly Sn catalysts stabilized SnO2, which is responsible for the enhanced Faradaic efficiency and catalytic durability in the ERC.
Impact of Macroporosity on Catalytic Upgrading of Fast Pyrolysis Bio‐Oil by Esterification over Silica Sulfonic Acids
Authors: Manayil Jinesh C. , Osatiashtiani Amin , Mendoza Alvaro , Parlett Christopher M.A. , Isaacs Mark A. , Durndell Lee J. , Michailof Chrysoula , Heracleous Eleni , Lappas Angelos , Lee Adam F. , Wilson Karen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFast pyrolysis bio‐oils possess unfavorable physicochemical properties and poor stability, in large part, owing to the presence of carboxylic acids, which hinders their use as biofuels. Catalytic esterification offers an atom‐ and energy‐efficient route to upgrade pyrolysis bio‐oils. Propyl sulfonic acid (PrSO3H) silicas are active for carboxylic acid esterification but suffer mass‐transport limitations for bulky substrates. The incorporation of macropores (200 nm) enhances the activity of mesoporous SBA‐15 architectures (post‐functionalized by hydrothermal saline‐promoted grafting) for the esterification of linear carboxylic acids, with the magnitude of the turnover frequency (TOF) enhancement increasing with carboxylic acid chain length from 5 % (C3) to 110 % (C12). Macroporous–mesoporous PrSO3H/SBA‐15 also provides a two‐fold TOF enhancement over its mesoporous analogue for the esterification of a real, thermal fast‐pyrolysis bio‐oil derived from woodchips. The total acid number was reduced by 57 %, as determined by GC×GC–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–ToFMS), which indicated ester and ether formation accompanying the loss of acid, phenolic, aldehyde, and ketone components.
Quantifying the impacts of river hydrology on riparian vegetation spatial structure: Case study in the lower basin of the Tarim River, China
Authors: Zhu Xuchao , Yuan Guofu , Yi Xiaobo , Du Tao 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRiver hydrology largely determines the species composition and spatial distribution of riparian vegetation. However, it is difficult to determine the riparian vegetation spatial pattern that is only influenced by river hydrology due to the complex impacts of other influencing factors in field environments. We investigated the spatial structure of riparian vegetation in the lower basin of the Tarim River in hyper‐arid western China, where distinct geomorphic and climatic features exclude the influences of factors other than river hydrological factors on the spatial structure of riparian vegetation. Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager remotely sensed data were used to identify the different vegetation types and obtain the vegetation leaf area index (LAI) in the study area. Our results showed that the overall vegetation LAI exhibited a negative exponential declining trend with distance from the river, but this relationship was different for the different vegetation types, exhibiting a negative exponential relationship for the Populus woodlands and a Gaussian‐type relationship for the Tamarix shrublands. The average width of the riparian vegetation decreased along the river by a negative power function. The average vegetation LAI decreased linearly along the river. The quantitative data we obtained regarding the river‐induced variation in the riparian vegetation cover with the distance from the river channel would particularly be useful for modelling riparian vegetation dynamics and distributions.
Within‐lake habitat heterogeneity mediates community response to warming trends
Authors: Hovel Rachel A. , Thorson James T. , Carter Jackie L. , Quinn Thomas P. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractClimate change is rapidly altering many aquatic systems, and life history traits and physiological diversity create differences in organism responses. In addition, habitat diversity may be expressed on small spatial scales, and it is therefore necessary to account for variation among both species and locations when evaluating climate impacts on biological communities. Here, we investigated the effects of temperature and spatial heterogeneity on long‐term community composition in a large boreal lake. We used a five‐decade time series of water temperature and relative abundance of fish species captured in the littoral zone throughout the summer at 10 discrete locations around the lake. We applied a spatial dynamic factor analysis (SDFA) model to this time series, which estimates the sensitivity of each species to changing water temperature while accounting for spatiotemporal variation. This analysis described the trend in community composition at each sampling location in the lake, given their different trends in temperature over time. The SDFA indicated different magnitude and direction of species responses to temperature; some species increased while others decreased in abundance. The model also identified five unique trends in species abundance across sites and time, indicating residual dynamics in abundance after accounting for temperature effects. Thus, different regions in the lake have experienced different trajectories in community change associated with different rates of temperature change. These results highlight the importance of considering habitat heterogeneity in explaining and predicting future species abundances, and our model provides a means of visualizing spatially‐explicit temporal variation in species' dynamics.
RECOGNIZING INFANTS’ EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS: ARE ADOLESCENTS LESS SENSITIVE TO INFANTS’ CUES?
Authors: Niessen Anke , Konrad Kerstin , Dahmen Brigitte , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate , Firk Christine 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that adolescent mothers interact less sensitively with their infants than do adult mothers. This difference might be due to developmental difficulties in the recognition of infants’ emotional states in adolescents. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to explore differences in the recognition of infant signals between nonparous adolescent girls and boys as compared to female and male adults. To this end, we examined 54 childless adolescents and 54 childless adults (50% female). Participants were shown a series of 20 short videos of infants aged 3 to 6 months presenting different emotional states ranging from very distressed to very happy. In addition, participants were asked to report their own parental experiences using the German version, Fragebogen zum erinnerten elterlichen Erziehungsverhalten (J. Schumacher, M. Eisemann, & E. Brähler, ), of the Egna Minnen Befräffande Uppfostran (Own Memories of Parental Rearing Experiences in Childhood; C. Perris, L. Jacobsson, H. Lindstrom, L. von Knorring, & H. Perris, ). Adolescents rated distressed infants as more distressed than did the adults. Furthermore, female participants rated the very distressed infants as more distressed than did male participants. These data suggest that adolescents, in general, are not impaired in recognizing infant emotional states, as compared to adults. Thus, we suggest that more extreme ratings of infant signals of discomfort together with immature sociocognitive regulation processes during adolescence might contribute to reduced sensitivity observed in adolescent mothers.
TeachingTo Kill a MockingbirdToday: Coming to Terms With Race, Racism, and America's Novel
Authors: Macaluso Michael 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article urges educators to responsibly teach, discuss, and read againstTo Kill a Mockingbirdby Harper Lee for fear that it may otherwise perpetuate subtle racist ideologies in generations of students who continue to read it in schools. One way to do this is through a comparative lens of old and new racism.
D‐psicose 3‐epimerase secretory overexpression, immobilization, and d‐psicose biotransformation, separation and crystallization
Authors: Li Can , Lin Jianqun , Guo Qingqing , Zhang Chengjia , Du Kai , Lin Huibin , Lin Jianqiang 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDD‐psicose is a rare sugar and exists in extremely small quantities in nature. It has important physiological functions and is allowed to be used as an ingredient in foods and dietary supplements. The aim of this study is to develop the biotransformation, separation and purification methods for highly efficient mass production of d‐psicose.RESULTSFirst, the gene of d‐psicose 3‐epimerase (DPE) from Ruminococcus sp. was cloned and overexpressed in the food‐grade microorganism Bacillus pumilus, and the recombinant protein was soluble, bioactive, and secretory overexpressed at a high level. The substrate specificity and metal ion effects of DPE were investigated. The recombinant DPE was immobilized onto anion exchange resin matrix, and the enzymatic properties and rounds of reuses of the immobilized DPE were investigated. Then, d‐psicose was produced using the immobilized enzyme, separated by simulated moving bed chromatography (SMB), and finally purified by crystallization. The purity of the d‐psicose crystal reached 99.1%.CONCLUSIONFood grade high purity d‐psicose can be efficiently produced and purified using the methods developed in this research, which can be easily scaled up for industrial‐scale mass production. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Malnutrition among vaccinated children aged 0‐5 years in Batouri, Republic of Cameroon
Authors: Nagahori Chikako , Kinjo Yoshihide , Tchuani Jean Paul , Yamauchi Taro 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectivesMalnutrition continues to contribute to a high infant mortality rate. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and its potential association with the time at which complementary feeding was introduced among children aged 0‐5 years in Batouri, Republic of Cameroon.MethodsMothers (n=212) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Child height or length, and weight measurements were determined and the appropriate Z‐scores calculated. Multiple regression analysis was performed with the values of all nutritional status indicators as dependent variables and the time of commencing complementary feeding, and the child's age and sex, as independent variables.ResultsThe prevalence of stunting (height/length for age<−2 standard deviation [SD]), underweight (weight for age<−2SD), and wasting (weight for height/length<−2SD) was 45.8%, 30.2%, and 11.3%, respectively. Even taking into consideration the biological variables, there was a significant association in the effects of time of starting complementary foods on the nutritional status indicators. Furthermore, adding socio‐economic variables did not produce a rise in adjusted R2 values for all age group models concerned.ConclusionsApproximately 30% of the children in the study region were underweight, and approximately half of the children exhibited stunting, indicating chronic malnutrition. Commencing complementary feeding at an appropriate time had a positive effect on nutritional status from approximately 2 years of age.
Proof‐of‐concept prototype time‐of‐flight PET system based on high‐quantum‐efficiency multianode PMTs
Authors: Son Jeong‐Whan , Kim Kyeong Yun , Yoon Hyun Suk , Won Jun Yeon , Ko Guen Bae , Lee Min Sun , Lee Jae Sung 
Published: June 2017

PurposeTime‐of‐flight (TOF) information in positron emission tomography (PET) scanners enhances the diagnostic power of PET scans owing to the increased signal‐to‐noise ratio of reconstructed images. There are numerous additional benefits of TOF reconstruction, including the simultaneous estimation of activity and attenuation distributions from emission data only. Exploring further TOF gains by using TOF PET scanners is important because it can broaden the applications of PET scans and expand our understanding of TOF techniques. Herein, we present a prototype TOF PET scanner with fine‐time performance that can experimentally demonstrate the benefits of TOF information.MethodsA single‐ring PET system with a coincidence resolving time of 360 ps and a spatial resolution of 3.1/2.2 mm (filtered backprojection/ordered‐subset expectation maximization) was developed. The scanner was based on advanced high‐quantum‐efficiency (high‐QE) multianode photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The impact of its fine‐time performance was demonstrated by evaluating body phantom images reconstructed with and without TOF information. Moreover, the feasibility of the scanner as an experimental validator of TOF gains was verified by investigating the improvement of images under various conditions, such as the use of joint estimation algorithms of activity and attenuation, erroneous data correction factors (e.g., without normalization correction), and incompletely sampled data.ResultsThe prototype scanner showed excellent performance, producing improved phantom images, when TOF information was employed in the reconstruction process. In addition, investigation of the TOF benefits using the phantom data in different conditions verified the usefulness of the developed system for demonstrating the practical effects of TOF reconstruction.ConclusionsWe developed a prototype TOF PET scanner with good performance and a fine‐timing resolution based on advanced high‐QE multianode PMTs and demonstrated its feasibility as an experimental validator of TOF gains, suggesting its usefulness for investigating new applications of PET scans and clarifying TOF techniques in detail.