bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Ocular Disorders in Learning Disabled Children and Their Functional Visual Performance Before and After Providing Spectacle Correction
Authors: Gogate Parikshit , William Jason Raj , Shinde Amit , Bhushan Shashi 
Published: December 2016

Aim:
To determine the prevalence of ocular disorders and the functional visual performance in learning disabled children, before and after providing spectacle correction.

Method:
A prospective, interventional, study was done in five special schools in Pune. A comprehensive ocular examination of children with IQ (Intelligence Quotient) level <70 was done in the mobile eye clinic. Visual acuity was assessed with the help of Cardiff acuity cards. Cycloplegic refraction was performed in all children whose visual acuity was <0.2 Log MAR. Necessary spectacle correction was dispensed to all children with significant uncorrected refractive error. Functional visual performance of the child with refractive error was assessed with the help of modified L.V. Prasad – Functional Vision Questionnaire administered to child’s parents with a set of 10 items and to teachers with a set of 8 items, before and two months after providing spectacles. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS. Wilcoxon sign ranking test was used for the comparison of post vs pre questionnaire scores.

Results:
Out of 254 children examined, 178 (70.1%) were male. They were aged between 8-18 years. 104 children had mild learning disability (IQ of 50-69), 123 children had moderate (IQ of 35-49), 26 children had severe (IQ of 20-34) and one child had profound learning disability (IQ<20). Only 7(2.8%) children were found to be wearing spectacles at the time of examination. 114 (44.9%) had visual acuity <0.2 Log MAR. 11 children were very uncooperative for refraction and three children had no glow on retinoscopy. Among those 100 children (200eyes) who co-operated for refraction, 77 (38%) eyes were hypermetropic, 64 (32%) eyes had astigmatism, 53 eyes (26.5%) were myopic and six (3%) eyes were found to be emmetropic. 57 children (22.4%) had strabismus, while nystagmus was present in 37 children (14.6%), cataract in three children (1.2%) and retinitis pigmentosa in two children (0.8%) (who were siblings). It was found that improvement in functional visual performance post intervention was significant (p <0.0001) for each question.

Conclusions:
There was a high prevalence of ocular disorders among learning disabled children. A comprehensive ocular examination, with refraction, followed by spectacle dispensing improved their visual function significantly.
Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing
Authors: Etminan M. , Myhre G. , Highwood E. J. , Shine K. P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractNew calculations of the radiative forcing (RF) are presented for the three main well‐mixed greenhouse gases, methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. Methane's RF is particularly impacted because of the inclusion of the shortwave forcing; the 1750–2011 RF is about 25% higher (increasing from 0.48 W m−2 to 0.61 W m−2) compared to the value in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2013 assessment; the 100 year global warming potential is 14% higher than the IPCC value. We present new simplified expressions to calculate RF. Unlike previous expressions used by IPCC, the new ones include the overlap between CO2 and N2O; for N2O forcing, the CO2 overlap can be as important as the CH4 overlap. The 1750–2011 CO2 RF is within 1% of IPCC's value but is about 10% higher when CO2 amounts reach 2000 ppm, a value projected to be possible under the extended RCP8.5 scenario.
A new real‐time tsunami detection algorithm
Authors: Chierici Francesco , Embriaco Davide , Pignagnoli Luca 
Published: December 2016

AbstractReal‐time tsunami detection algorithms play a key role in any Tsunami Early Warning System. We have developed a new algorithm for tsunami detection based on the real‐time tide removal and real‐time band‐pass filtering of seabed pressure recordings. The algorithm greatly increases the tsunami detection probability, shortens the detection delay and enhances detection reliability with respect to the most widely used tsunami detection algorithm, while containing the computational cost. The algorithm is designed to be used also in autonomous early warning systems with a set of input parameters and procedures which can be reconfigured in real time. We have also developed a methodology based on Monte Carlo simulations to test the tsunami detection algorithms. The algorithm performance is estimated by defining and evaluating statistical parameters, namely the detection probability, the detection delay, which are functions of the tsunami amplitude and wavelength, and the occurring rate of false alarms. Pressure data sets acquired by Bottom Pressure Recorders in different locations and environmental conditions have been used in order to consider real working scenarios in the test. We also present an application of the algorithm to the tsunami event which occurred at Haida Gwaii on 28 October 2012 using data recorded by the Bullseye underwater node of Ocean Networks Canada. The algorithm successfully ran for test purpose in year‐long missions onboard abyssal observatories, deployed in the Gulf of Cadiz and in the Western Ionian Sea.
Observed mesoscale eddy signatures in Southern Ocean surface mixed‐layer depth
Authors: Hausmann U. , McGillicuddy Dennis J. , Marshall John 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCombining satellite altimetry with Argo profile data a systematic observational estimate of mesoscale eddy signatures in surface mixed‐layer depth (MLD) is provided across the Southern Ocean (SO). Eddy composite MLD anomalies are shallow in cyclones, deep in anticyclones, and increase in magnitude with eddy amplitude. Their magnitudes show a pronounced seasonal modulation roughly following the depth of the climatological mixed layer. Weak eddies of the relatively quiescent SO subtropics feature peak late‐winter perturbations of ±10 m. Much larger MLD perturbations occur over the vigorous eddies originating along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and SO western boundary current systems, with late‐winter peaks of −30 m and +60 m in the average over cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy cores (a difference of ≈ 100 m). The asymmetry between modest shallow cyclonic and pronounced deep anticyclonic anomalies is systematic and not accompanied by corresponding asymmetries in eddy amplitude. Nonetheless, the net deepening of the climatological SO mixed layer by this asymmetry in eddy MLD perturbations is estimated to be small (few meters). Eddies are shown to enhance SO MLD variability with peaks in late winter and eddy‐intense regions. Anomalously deep late‐winter mixed layers occur disproportionately within the cores of anticyclonic eddies, suggesting the mesoscale heightens the frequency of deep winter surface‐mixing events along the eddy‐intense regions of the SO. The eddy modulation in MLD reported here provides a pathway via which the oceanic mesoscale can impact air‐sea fluxes of heat and carbon, the ventilation of water masses, and biological productivity across the SO.
Surface flux and ocean heat transport convergence contributions to seasonal and interannual variations of ocean heat content
Authors: Roberts C. D. , Palmer M. D. , Allan R. P. , Desbruyeres D.G. , Hyder P. , Liu C. , Smith D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe present an observation‐based heat budget analysis for seasonal and interannual variations of ocean heat content (H) in the mixed layer (Hmld) and full‐depth ocean (Htot). Surface heat flux and ocean heat content estimates are combined using a novel Kalman smoother‐based method. Regional contributions from ocean heat transport convergences are inferred as a residual and the dominant drivers of Hmld and Htot are quantified for seasonal and interannual time scales. We find that non‐Ekman ocean heat transport processes dominate Hmld variations in the equatorial oceans and regions of strong ocean currents and substantial eddy activity. In these locations, surface temperature anomalies generated by ocean dynamics result in turbulent flux anomalies that drive the overlying atmosphere. In addition, we find large regions of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans where heat transports combine with local air‐sea fluxes to generate mixed layer temperature anomalies. In all locations, except regions of deep convection and water mass transformation, interannual variations in Htot are dominated by the internal rearrangement of heat by ocean dynamics rather than the loss or addition of heat at the surface. Our analysis suggests that, even in extratropical latitudes, initialization of ocean dynamical processes could be an important source of skill for interannual predictability of Hmld and Htot. Furthermore, we expect variations in Htot (and thus thermosteric sea level) to be more predictable than near surface temperature anomalies due to the increased importance of ocean heat transport processes for full‐depth heat budgets.
Evaluation of a hierarchy of models reveals importance of substrate limitation for predicting carbon dioxide and methane exchange in restored wetlands
Authors: Oikawa P. Y. , Jenerette G. D. , Knox S. H. , Sturtevant C. , Verfaillie J. , Dronova I. , Poindexter C. M. , Eichelmann E. , Baldocchi D. D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWetlands and flooded peatlands can sequester large amounts of carbon (C) and have high greenhouse gas mitigation potential. There is growing interest in financing wetland restoration using C markets; however, this requires careful accounting of both CO2and CH4exchange at the ecosystem scale. Here we present a new model, the PEPRMT model (Peatland Ecosystem Photosynthesis Respiration and Methane Transport), which consists of a hierarchy of biogeochemical models designed to estimate CO2and CH4exchange in restored managed wetlands. Empirical models using temperature and/or photosynthesis to predict respiration and CH4production were contrasted with a more process‐based model that simulated substrate‐limited respiration and CH4production using multiple carbon pools. Models were parameterized by using a model‐data fusion approach with multiple years of eddy covariance data collected in a recently restored wetland and a mature restored wetland. A third recently restored wetland site was used for model validation. During model validation, the process‐based model explained 70% of the variance in net ecosystem exchange of CO2(NEE) and 50% of the variance in CH4exchange. Not accounting for high respiration following restoration led to empirical models overestimating annual NEE by 33–51%. By employing a model‐data fusion approach we provide rigorous estimates of uncertainty in model predictions, accounting for uncertainty in data, model parameters, and model structure. The PEPRMT model is a valuable tool for understanding carbon cycling in restored wetlands and for application in carbon market‐funded wetland restoration, thereby advancing opportunity to counteract the vast degradation of wetlands and flooded peatlands.
Winter respiratory C losses provide explanatory power for net ecosystem productivity
Authors: Haeni M. , Zweifel R. , Eugster W. , Gessler A. , Zielis S. , Bernhofer C. , Carrara A. , Grünwald T. , Havránková K. , Heinesch B. , Herbst M. , Ibrom A. , Knohl A. , Lagergren F. , Law B. E. , Marek M. , Matteucci G. , McCaughey J. H. , Minerbi S. , Montagnani L. , Moors E. , Olejnik J. , Pavelka M. , Pilegaard K. , Pita G. , Rodrigues A. , Sanz Sánchez M. J. , Schelhaas M.‐J. , Urbaniak M. , Valentini R. , Varlagin A. , Vesala T. , Vincke C. , Wu J. , Buchmann N. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAccurate predictions of net ecosystem productivity (NEPc) of forest ecosystems are essential for climate change decisions and requirements in the context of national forest growth and greenhouse gas inventories. However, drivers and underlying mechanisms determining NEPc (e.g., climate and nutrients) are not entirely understood yet, particularly when considering the influence of past periods. Here we explored the explanatory power of the compensation day (cDOY)—defined as the day of year when winter net carbon losses are compensated by spring assimilation—for NEPc in 26 forests in Europe, North America, and Australia, using different NEPc integration methods. We found cDOY to be a particularly powerful predictor for NEPc of temperate evergreen needleleaf forests (R2 = 0.58) and deciduous broadleaf forests (R2 = 0.68). In general, the latest cDOY correlated with the lowest NEPc. The explanatory power of cDOY depended on the integration method for NEPc, forest type, and whether the site had a distinct winter net respiratory carbon loss or not. The integration methods starting in autumn led to better predictions of NEPc from cDOY then the classical calendar method starting 1 January. Limited explanatory power of cDOY for NEPc was found for warmer sites with no distinct winter respiratory loss period. Our findings highlight the importance of the influence of winter processes and the delayed responses of previous seasons' climatic conditions on current year's NEPc. Such carry‐over effects may contain information from climatic conditions, carbon storage levels, and hydraulic traits of several years back in time.
Improving operating policies of large‐scale surface‐groundwater systems through stochastic programming
Authors: Macian‐Sorribes H. , Tilmant A. , Pulido‐Velazquez M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe management of large‐scale water resource systems with surface and groundwater resources requires considering stream‐aquifer interactions. Optimization models applied to large‐scale systems have either employed deterministic optimization (with perfect foreknowledge of future inflows, which hinders their applicability to real‐life operations) or stochastic programming (in which stream‐aquifer interaction is often neglected due to the computational burden associated with these methods). In this paper, stream‐aquifer interaction is integrated in a stochastic programming framework by combining the Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) optimization algorithm with the Embedded Multireservoir Model (EMM). The resulting extension of the SDDP algorithm, named Combined Surface‐Groundwater SDDP (CSG‐SDDP), is able to properly represent the stream‐aquifer interaction within stochastic optimization models of large‐scale surface‐groundwater resource systems. The algorithm is applied to build a hydroeconomic model for the Jucar River Basin (Spain), in which stream‐aquifer interactions are essential to the characterization of water resources. Besides the uncertainties regarding the economic characterization of the demand functions, the results show that the economic efficiency of the operating policies under the current system can be improved by better management of groundwater and surface resources.
Photocatalytic Trifluoromethylthiolation of Aromatic Alkenes Associated with Hydroxylation and Alkoxylation
Authors: Li Yanjie , Koike Takashi , Akita Munetaka 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA photoredox‐catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation process of aromatic alkenes has been developed. A strongly reducing photocatalyst, fac‐[Ir(4‐MeO‐ppy)3] (4‐MeO‐ppy=2‐pyridyl‐5‐methoxyphenyl), and an electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagent, 1‐(trifluoromethylthio)pyrrolidine‐2,5‐dione (1 a), play key roles in the efficient generation of a trifluoromethansulfenyl radical (.SCF3). The well‐designed photoredox system induces a single‐step, regioselective installation of a CF3S and a hydroxy or an alkoxy group onto vicinal carbon atoms through redox‐neutral processes. The present oxytrifluoromethylthiolation features mild reaction conditions without extra additives for the activation of the CF3S reagent, making the present protocol applicable to a wide variety of functionalized aromatic alkenes.
Efficacy of direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber column in miliary tuberculosis
Authors: Kawano Yasumasa , Nagashima Ryotaro , Morimoto Shinichi , Izutani Yoshito , Yamasaki Reiko , Nishida Takeshi , Iwaasa Mitsutoshi , Ishikura Hiroyasu 
Published: December 2016

CaseA 75‐year‐old woman presented with a 10‐day history of intermittent fever, general fatigue, and progressive dyspnea. Although she had a low PaO2/FIO2 ratio, the cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome was not clear until day 9 in hospital.OutcomeWe treated the patient with direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber column incidentally; the PaO2/FIO2 ratio improved following this therapy. Acid‐fast bacilli, which were not seen in the sputum on admission, were detected in cultures from sputum, urine, bone marrow, liver biopsy, and blood samples, with a real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay confirming tuberculosis. She was immediately transferred to a specialized tuberculosis hospital, and after a 3‐month treatment, was discharged.ConclusionTreatment with polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber column may provide good results for pulmonary oxygenation in acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by tuberculosis.
Katalytische enantioselektive und diastereoselektive allylische Alkylierung mit Fluorenolaten: Synthese von C3‐fluorierten und quartären Oxindolen
Authors: Balaraman Kaluvu , Wolf Christian 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSynthetisch vielseitige 3,3‐disubstituierte Fluoroxindole mit benachbarten Chiralitätszentren wurden in hohen Ausbeuten und mit exzellenten Enantio‐, Diastereo‐ und Regioselektivitäten durch katalytische asymmetrische Alkylierung von Fluorenolaten mit Allylacetaten erhalten. Die Reaktion verläuft unter milden Bedingungen und kann in größeren Ansätzen ohne Beeinträchtigung der asymmetrischen Induktion durchgeführt werden. Der präparative Nutzen der Produkte wird durch den Einbau von zusätzlichen Funktionsgruppen und die Bildung von C3‐fluorierten Oxindolen mit vier angrenzenden Chiralitätszentren belegt. Eine neue Methode zur C‐F‐Bindungsfunktionalisierung, die neuartige Möglichkeiten für die stereoselektive Erzeugung eines chiralen quartären Kohlenstoffzentrums im Alkaloidgerüst ermöglicht, wird aufgezeigt.
Aufklärung des Dexter‐Energietransfers in DNA an der Thymin‐Thymin‐Dimerbildung mithilfe von Photosensibilisatoren als artifizielle Nucleoside
Authors: Antusch Linda , Gaß Nadine , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDie C‐Nucleoside von 4‐Methylbenzophenon, 4‐Methoxybenzophenon und 2′‐Methoxyacetophenon wurden als interne Photosensibilisatoren synthetisch in DNA‐Doppelstränge eingebaut. Dieser strukturell neuartige Ansatz erlaubt es, die Distanzabhängigkeit der Thymidin‐Dimerbildung zu untersuchen, weil der Ort der photoinduzierten Injektion der Triplettenergie eindeutig definiert ist. Den Gegensträngen dieser modifizierten Oligonucleotide fehlte die Phosphodiesterbindung zwischen zwei benachbarten Thymidinen, die miteinander reagieren sollten. Deren Dimerisierung konnte durch Gelelektrophorese nachgewiesen werden, weil die kovalente Verbindung durch die Cyclobutanbildung zwischen den zwei Thymidinen die Mobilität verändert. Eine schwache exponentielle Distanzabhängigkeit der Thymidin‐Dimerbildung wurde über bis zu 10 A‐T‐Basenpaare beobachtet, was im Einklang mit einem Dexter‐Triplett‐Triplett‐Energietransfermechanismus steht. Gleichzeitig wurde eine deutliche Menge an photoinduzierten DNA‐Crosslinks beobachtet.
Dipolar Relaxation Dynamics at the Active Site of an ATPase Regulated by Membrane Lateral Pressure
Authors: Fischermeier Elisabeth , Pospíšil Petr , Sayed Ahmed , Hof Martin , Solioz Marc , Fahmy Karim 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe active transport of ions across biological membranes requires their hydration shell to interact with the interior of membrane proteins. However, the influence of the external lipid phase on internal dielectric dynamics is hard to access by experiment. Using the octahelical transmembrane architecture of the copper‐transporting P1B‐type ATPase from Legionella pneumophila as a model structure, we have established the site‐specific labeling of internal cysteines with a polarity‐sensitive fluorophore. This enabled dipolar relaxation studies in a solubilized form of the protein and in its lipid‐embedded state in nanodiscs. Time‐dependent fluorescence shifts revealed the site‐specific hydration and dipole mobility around the conserved ion‐binding motif. The spatial distribution of both features is shaped significantly and independently of each other by membrane lateral pressure.
Catalytic Enantioselective and Diastereoselective Allylic Alkylation with Fluoroenolates: Efficient Access to C3‐Fluorinated and All‐Carbon Quaternary Oxindoles
Authors: Balaraman Kaluvu , Wolf Christian 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSynthetically versatile 3,3‐disubstituted fluorooxindoles exhibiting vicinal chirality centers were obtained in high yields and with excellent enantio‐, diastereo‐, and regioselectivity through catalytic asymmetric fluoroenolate alkylation with allylic acetates. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and can be scaled up without compromising the asymmetric induction. The unique synthetic usefulness of the products is highlighted by the incorporation of additional functionalities and the formation of 3‐fluorinated oxindoles exhibiting an array of four adjacent centers of chirality. A new C−F bond functionalization path that provides unprecedented possibilities for the stereoselective generation of a chiral quaternary carbon center in the alkaloid scaffold is introduced.
Conformational properties and aggregation of homo‐oligomeric β3(R)‐valine peptides in organic solvents
Authors: Vasantha Basavalingappa , Yamanappa Hunashal , Raghothama Srinivasarao , Balaram Padmanabhan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe conformational characteristics of protected homo‐oligomeric Boc‐[β3(R)Val]n‐OMe, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12 have been investigated in organic solvents using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) methods. The detailed 1H NMR analysis of Boc‐[β3(R)Val]12‐OMe reveals that the peptide aggregates extensively in CDCl3, but is disaggregated in 20%, (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in CDCl3 and in CD3OH. Limited assignment of the N‐terminus NH groups, together with solvent dependence of NH chemical shifts and temperature coefficients provides evidence for 14‐helix conformation in the 12‐residue peptide. FTIR analysis in CHCl3 establishes that the onset of folding and aggregation, as evidenced by NH stretching bands at 3375 cm−1 (intramolecular) and 3285 cm−1 (intermolecular), begins at the level of the tetrapeptide. The observed CD bands, 214 nm (negative) and 198 nm (positive), support 14‐helix formation in the 9 and 12 residue sequences. The folding and aggregation tendencies of homo‐oligomeric α‐, β‐, and γ‐ residues is compared in the model peptides Boc‐[ωVal]n‐NHMe, ω = α, β, and γ and n = 1, 2, and 3. Analysis of the FTIR spectra in CHCl3, establish that the tendency to aggregate at the di and tripeptide level follows the order β > α∼γ, while the tendency to fold follows the order γ > β > α.