bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of remote screening for dental caries by mid‐level dental providers using a mobile teledentistry model
Authors: Estai Mohamed , Kanagasingam Yogesan , Huang Boyen , Checker Hellen , Steele Lesley , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to determine whether intraoral photographic assessment by mid‐level dental providers (MLDPs) offers a valid and reliable means of dental caries screening.MethodsA mobile teledentistry model was developed to facilitate the acquisition of dental images, and transmission and reviewing of data. One hundred regularly attending patients at a dental clinic participated in the study. Following an on‐site clinical examination by a senior dentist, photographs of participants' teeth were taken by a teledental assistant, using a smartphone camera. These intraoral photographs were directly uploaded from an Android App to a cloud‐based server, ‘Remote‐i’, using an encrypted store‐and‐forward telemedicine technology. The photographic assessment carried out by two independent screeners (MLDPs), was compared to the visual oral examination scores of a benchmark examiner.ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity values for the photographic assessment method (assessed by screeners) as compared to the direct visual examination ranged from 60% to 68%, and 97% to 98%, respectively. The intra‐rater reliability for the photographic assessment was almost perfect, with a kappa score of 0.89. The inter‐rater reliability between the photographic and visual oral assessments ranged from moderate to substantial agreement, with kappa scores ranging from 0.57 to 0.61.ConclusionA new smartphone‐based mobile teledentistry model used by mid‐level dental providers shows potential for remote screening of dental caries.
TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics
Authors: Goloboff Pablo A. , Catalano Santiago A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractVersion 1.5 of the computer program TNT completely integrates landmark data into phylogenetic analysis. Landmark data consist of coordinates (in two or three dimensions) for the terminal taxa; TNT reconstructs shapes for the internal nodes such that the difference between ancestor and descendant shapes for all tree branches sums up to a minimum; this sum is used as tree score. Landmark data can be analysed alone or in combination with standard characters; all the applicable commands and options in TNT can be used transparently after reading a landmark data set. The program continues implementing all the types of analyses in former versions, including discrete and continuous characters (which can now be read at any scale, and automatically rescaled by TNT). Using algorithms described in this paper, searches for landmark data can be made tens to hundreds of times faster than it was possible before (from T to 3T times faster, where T is the number of taxa), thus making phylogenetic analysis of landmarks feasible even on standard personal computers.
Giant taxon‐character matrices: quality of character constructions remains critical regardless of size
Authors: Simões Tiago R. , Caldwell Michael W. , Palci Alessandro , Nydam Randall L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGiant morphological data matrices are increasingly common in cladistic analyses of vertebrate phylogeny, reporting numbers of characters never seen or expected before. However, the concern for size is usually not followed by an equivalent, if any, concern for character construction/selection criteria. Therefore, the question of whether quantity parallels quality for such influential works remains open. Here, we provide the largest compilation known to us of character construction methods and criteria, as derived from previous studies, and from our own de novo conceptualizations. Problematic character constructions inhibit the capacity of phylogenetic analyses to recover meaningful homology hypotheses and thus accurate clade structures. Upon a revision of two of the currently largest morphological datasets used to test squamate phylogeny, more than one‐third of the almost 1000 characters analysed were classified within at least one of our categories of “types” of characters that should be avoided in cladistic investigations. These characters were removed or recoded, and the data matrices re‐analysed, resulting in substantial changes in the sister group relationships for squamates, as compared to the original studies. Our results urge caution against certain types of character choices and constructions, also providing a methodological basis upon which problematic characters might be avoided.
Mitoxantrone‐Induced Cardiotoxicity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia—A Velocity Vector Imaging Analysis
Authors: Shaikh Amir Y. , Suryadevara Sourabh , Tripathi Abhishek , Ahmed Mohamed , Kane Jennifer L. , Escobar Jorge , Cerny Jan , Nath Rajneesh , McManus David D. , Shih Jeffrey , McGuiness Matthew E. , Tighe Dennis A. , Meyer Theo E. , Ramanathan Muthalagu , Aurigemma Gerard P. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundThe purpose of this investigation was to: (1) determine incidence and predictors of mitoxantrone‐induced early cardiotoxicity and (2) study left ventricular mechanics before and after receiving mitoxantrone.Method and ResultsWe retrospectively analyzed 80 subjects diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who underwent chemotherapy with bolus high‐dose mitoxantrone. Echocardiographic measurements were taken at baseline and at a median interval of 55 days after receiving mitoxantrone. Thirty‐five (44%) of the patients developed clinically defined early cardiotoxicity, 29 (36%) of which developed heart failure. There was a significant decrease in the ejection fraction (EF) not only in the cardiotoxicity group (17.6 ± 14.8%, P < 0.001) but also in the noncardiotoxicity group (5.3 ± 8.4%, P < 0.001). Decrease in global longitudinal strain (GLS) (−3.7 ± 4.5, P < 0.001 vs. −2.4 ± 4.3, P = 0.01) and global circumferential strain (GCS) (−5.6 ± 9, P = 0.003 vs. −5.3 ± 8.7, P < 0.001) was significant in both the cardiotoxicity and noncardiotoxicity group, respectively. A multivariate model including baseline left ventricular end‐systolic diameter, baseline pre‐E/A ratio, and baseline pre‐E/e′ ratio was found to be the best‐fitted model for prediction of mitoxantrone‐induced early clinical cardiotoxicity.ConclusionHigh‐dose mitoxantrone therapy is associated with an excellent remission rate but with a significantly increased risk of clinical and subclinical early cardiotoxicity and heart failure. Mitoxantrone‐induced systolic dysfunction is evident from reduction in EF, increase in Tei index, and significant reduction in GLS and GCS. Baseline impaired ventricular relaxation evident from higher E/e′ ratio and lower E/A ratio independently predicts increased risk of mitoxantrone‐induced early cardiotoxicity.
Transgenerational plasticity of reproduction depends on rate of warming across generations
Authors: Donelson Jennifer M. , Wong Marian , Booth David J. , Munday Philip L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPredicting the impacts of climate change to biological systems requires an understanding of the ability for species to acclimate to the projected environmental change through phenotypic plasticity. Determining the effects of higher temperatures on individual performance is made more complex by the potential for environmental conditions experienced in previous and current generations to independently affect phenotypic responses to high temperatures. We used a model coral reef fish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus) to investigate the influence of thermal conditions experienced by two generations on reproductive output and the quality of offspring produced by adults. We found that more gradual warming over two generations, +1.5°C in the first generation and then +3.0°C in the second generation, resulted in greater plasticity of reproductive attributes, compared to fish that experienced the same increase in one generation. Reproduction ceased at the projected future summer temperature (31.5°C) when fish experienced +3.0°C for two generations. Additionally, we found that transgenerational plasticity to +1.5°C induced full restoration of thermally affected reproductive and offspring attributes, which was not possible with developmental plasticity alone. Our results suggest that transgenerational effects differ depending on the absolute thermal change and in which life stage the thermal change is experienced.
Effects of land use on the structure and function of leaf‐litter microbial communities in boreal streams
Authors: Emilson Caroline E. , Kreutzweiser David P. , Gunn John M. , Mykytczuk Nadia C. S. 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Microbial communities associated with leaf litter in streams provide key ecosystem services through the cycling of energy and nutrients that can be influenced by environmental factors.

We examined the effects of land use on leaf‐litter microbial communities in boreal streams by comparing the structural (i.e. fungal and bacterial biomass and community composition by next generation sequencing) and functional (i.e. decomposition, and extracellular enzyme activities) characteristics of the microbial communities. Streams draining watersheds with histories of fire, logging, industrial‐mining and urban watershed activity were compared to reference streams.

The most severely disturbed industrial and industrial‐urban streams had the lowest rates of microbial litter decomposition, greatly decreased fungal biomass and lacked the ubiquitous bacterial genera Pseudomonas, and Amantichitinum. Hydrolase activity was lowered in all streams with a history of disturbance, with potential adverse effects on energy and nutrient cycling.

Our findings demonstrate that the microbial cycling of energy and nutrients in the boreal aquatic ecosystem is affected by land‐use disturbance and illustrate the excellent potential of using microbial communities to track the effects of watershed disturbance and restoration efforts on boreal shield aquatic ecosystems.
Equatorial range limits of an intertidal ectotherm are more linked to water than air temperature
Authors: Seabra Rui , Wethey David S. , Santos António M. , Gomes Filipa , Lima Fernando P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAs climate change is expected to impose increasing thermal stress on intertidal organisms, understanding the mechanisms by which body temperatures translate into major biogeographic patterns is of paramount importance. We exposed individuals of the limpet Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758, to realistic experimental treatments aimed at disentangling the contribution of water and air temperature for the buildup of thermal stress. Treatments were designed based on temperature data collected at the microhabitat level, from 15 shores along the Atlantic European coast spanning nearly 20° of latitude. Cardiac activity data indicated that thermal stress levels in P. vulgata are directly linked to elevated water temperature, while high air temperature is only stressful if water temperature is also high. In addition, the analysis of the link between population densities and thermal regimes at the studied locations suggests that the occurrence of elevated water temperature may represent a threshold P. vulgata is unable to tolerate. By combining projected temperatures with the temperature threshold identified, we show that climate change will likely result in the westward expansion of the historical distribution gap in the Bay of Biscay (southwest France), and northward contraction of the southern range limit in south Portugal. These findings suggest that even a minor relaxing of the upwelling off northwest Iberia could lead to a dramatic increase in thermal stress, with major consequences for the structure and functioning of the intertidal communities along Iberian rocky shores.
Suppressor of hairy‐wing, modifier of mdg4 and centrosomal protein of 190 gene orthologues of the gypsy insulator complex in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles stephensi
Authors: Carballar‐Lejarazú R. , Brennock P. , James A. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDNA insulators organize independent gene regulatory domains and can regulate interactions amongst promoter and enhancer elements. They have the potential to be important in genome enhancing and editing technologies because they can mitigate chromosomal position effects on transgenes. The orthologous genes of the Anopheles stephensi putative gypsy‐like insulator protein complex were identified and expression characteristics studied. These genes encode polypeptides with all the expected protein domains (Cysteine 2 Histidine 2 (C2H2) zinc fingers and/or a bric‐a‐brac/poxvirus and zinc finger). The mosquito gypsy transcripts are expressed constitutively and are upregulated in ovaries of blood‐fed females. We have uncovered significant experimental evidence that the gypsy insulator protein complex is widespread in vector mosquitoes.
Dinosaur biogeographical structure and Mesozoic continental fragmentation: a network‐based approach
Authors: Dunhill Alexander M. , Bestwick Jordan , Narey Holly , Sciberras James 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimTo reconstruct dinosaur macro‐biogeographical patterns through the Mesozoic Era using a network‐based approach. We test how continental fragmentation affected dinosaur macro‐biogeographical structure and evolutionary rates.LocationA global occurrence database of dinosaur families from the Late Triassic to the end‐Cretaceous was used for this study.MethodsBiogeographical and geographical network models were constructed. Continental landmasses were linked by direct continental contact and sea level (SL)‐conditioned connections in geographical networks, and by shared dinosaur families in biogeographical networks. Biogeographical networks were run with raw, novel and first‐step connections for all dinosaur, ornithischian, theropod, and sauropodomorph taxa.ResultsGeographical connectedness declines through time, from peak aggregation in the Triassic–Jurassic to complete separation in the latest Cretaceous. Biogeographical connectedness shows no common trend in the raw and novel connection network models, but decreases through time while showing some correlation with continental fragmentation in most of the first‐step network models. Despite continental isolation and high SLs, intercontinental faunal exchange continued right up to the end of the Cretaceous. Continental fragmentation and dinosaurian macro‐biogeographical structure do not share a common pattern with dinosaurian evolutionary rates, although there is evidence that increased continental isolation resulted in increased origination rates in some dinosaurian lineages. Spatiotemporal sampling biases and early Mesozoic establishment of family‐level distribution patterns are important drivers of apparent dinosaur macro‐biogeographical structure.Main conclusionsThere is some evidence to suggest that dinosaur macro‐biogeographical structure was influenced by continental fragmentation, although intercontinental exchange of dinosaur faunas appears to have continued up to the end of the Cretaceous. Macro‐biogeographical patterns are obscured by uneven geographical sampling through time and a residual earlier Mesozoic distribution which is sustained up to the end of the Cretaceous.
Nail–patella syndrome: report of 11 pediatric cases
Authors: Figueroa‐Silva O. , Vicente A. , Agudo A. , Baliu‐Piqué C. , Gómez‐Armayones S. , Aldunce‐Soto M.J. , Inarejos Clemente E.J. , Navallas Irujo M. , Gutiérrez de la Iglesia D. , González‐Enseñat M.A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundNail–patella syndrome (NPS) is an inherited disease produced by mutations in the LMX1B gene. It is characterized by fingernail dysplasia, hypoplastic or absent patella, dysplasia of the elbows and iliac horns on X‐ray. It is useful to know this syndrome since some patients develop nephropathy and eye abnormalities. There are very few accurate descriptions related to this syndrome in the literature.ObjectiveDescribe the features of 11 patients with NPS in a paediatric hospital.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed our clinical database of 11 patients with proven diagnosis of NPS from 1977 to 2014. Clinical and radiological features were assessed.ResultsEleven children (seven male/four female) were included in the study. Mean age at the time of diagnosis was 6.54 years (range 0–11 years). Five patients had a family history of NPS. All patients had nail abnormalities (100%), the most frequent finding being hyponychia. Triangular lunulae were observed in four patients. The knee was the most commonly affected joint, aplasia or hypoplasia of the patella being the most usual findings. Only one patient presented renal involvement. The genetic study revealed three different LMX1B mutations.ConclusionNail–patella syndrome is a rare disorder. The aim of the present study is to highlight the importance of nail examination in children with skeletal dysplasias, in order to diagnose the NPS.
The Inhibitory Effects of Varying Water Activity, pH, and Nisin Content on Staphylococcus Aureus Growth and Enterotoxin a Production in Whipping Cream
Authors: Wang Tong , Lin Lu , Ou Jie , Chen Min , Yan Weiling 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTo determine the appropriate method to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth in whipping cream, enterotoxin A‐producing S. aureus strain was inoculated into whipping cream and stored at 36 ± 1°C for 36 h under varying water activity (Aw), pH, and nisin content. Duplicate samples were analyzed every 3 h to count the number of colonies by 3M Petrifilm™ Staph Express Count Plate, and the S. aureus enterotoxin A (SEA) was detected using ELISA kit (Tecra™). The modified Gompertz model was used to describe the S. aureus growth in whipping cream under various conditions. The results indicated that with the reduced Aw of whipping cream after adding sorbitol, S. aureus growth and SEA production was more effectively inhibited compared with other methods. Compared with the cream with pH 5.5 or containing 0.5 g/kg nisin, SEA production appeared later in the cream containing 7% sorbitol. The cream containing 14% and 21% sorbitol could markedly inhibit S. aureus growth and no SEA could be detected during 36 h. The results from this study may be beneficial for cream manufacturers to improve the safety of their products.Practical ApplicationsThe purpose of this study is to find an appropriate method to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth and SE production whenever the whipping cream is contaminated with S. aureus during whipping, piping, and storage. The result showed that the water activity of the cream reduced by adding sorbitol had better effect against the S. aureus growth and SE production. The application of the result may be beneficial for manufacturers to formulate whipping cream that limit the ability of S. aureus to produce SE, thereby reducing the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning.
Comparative histology of some craniofacial sutures and skull‐base synchondroses in non‐avian dinosaurs and their extant phylogenetic bracket
Authors: Bailleul Alida M. , Horner John R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSutures and synchondroses, the fibrous and cartilaginous articulations found in the skulls of vertebrates, have been studied for many biological applications at the morphological scale. However, little is known about these articulations at the microscopic scale in non‐mammalian vertebrates, including extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians). The major goals of this paper were to: (i) document the microstructure of some sutures and synchondroses through ontogeny in archosaurs; (ii) compare these microstructures with previously published sutural histology (i.e. that of mammals); and (iii) document how these articulations with different morphological degrees of closure (open or obliterated) appear histologically. This was performed with histological analyses of skulls of emus, American alligators, a fossil crocodilian and ornithischian dinosaurs (hadrosaurids, pachycephalosaurids and ceratopsids). Emus and mammals possess a sutural periosteum until sutural fusion, but it disappears rapidly during ontogeny in American alligators. This study identified seven types of sutural mineralized tissues in extant and extinct archosaurs and grouped them into four categories: periosteal tissues; acellular tissues; fibrous tissues; and intratendinous tissues. Due to the presence of a periosteum in their sutures, emus and mammals possess periosteal tissues at their sutural borders. The mineralized sutural tissues of crocodilians and ornithischian dinosaurs are more variable and can also develop via a form of necrosis for acellular tissues and metaplasia for fibrous and intratendinous tissues. It was hypothesized that non‐avian dinosaurs, like the American alligator, lacked a sutural periosteum and that their primary mode of ossification involved the direct mineralization of craniofacial sutures (instead of intramembranous ossification found in mammals and birds). However, we keep in mind that a bird‐like sutural microstructure might have arisen within non‐avian saurichians. While synchondroseal histology is relatively similar in archosaurs and mammals, the microstructural differences between the sutures of these two clades are undeniable. Moreover, the current results suggest that the degree of sutural closure can only accurately be known via microstructural analyses. This study sheds light on the microstructure and growth of archosaurian sutures and synchondroses, and reveals a unique, undocumented histological diversity in non‐avian dinosaur skulls.
Investigating the relationship among transformational leadership, interpersonal interaction and mentoring functions
Authors: Huang Ching‐Yuan , Weng Rhay‐Hung , Chen Yi‐Ting 
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectivesThis study aims to ascertain the relationship between transformational leadership, interpersonal interaction and mentoring functions among new staff nurses.BackgroundMentoring functions could improve the job performance of new nurses, provide them with support and thus reduce their turnover rate.DesignA cross‐sectional study was employed.MethodsA questionnaire survey was carried out to collect data among a sample of new nurses from three hospitals in Taiwan. After gathering a total of 306 valid surveys, multiple regression analysis was applied to test the hypothesis.ResultsInspirational motivation, idealised influence and individualised consideration had positive correlations with the overall mentoring function, but intellectual stimulation showed a positive association only with career development function. Perceived similarity and interaction frequency also had positive correlations with mentoring functions. When the shift overlap rate exceeded 80%, mentoring function showed a negative result.ConclusionThe transformational leadership of mentors would improve the mentoring functions among new staff nurses. Perceived similarity and interaction frequency between mentees and mentors also had positive correlations with mentoring functions.Relevance to clinical practiceIt is crucial for hospitals to redesign their leadership training and motivation programmes to enhance the transformational leadership of mentors. Furthermore, nursing managers should promote interaction between new staff nurses and their mentors; however, the shift overlap rate should not be too high.