bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public risk perception of non-prescription medicines and information disclosure during consultations: a suitable target for intervention?
Authors: Fielding Shona , Slovic Paul , Johnston Marie , Lee Amanda J , Bond Christine M , Watson Margaret C 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectiveOptimisation of non-prescription medicine (NPM) supply from community pharmacies could reduce demand on other healthcare providers, including general practitioners and emergency department personnel. Outcomes can be maximised if patients disclose relevant information, for example concomitant medication, during pharmacy-based consultations. Strategies to promote information disclosure are needed. This study used the psychometric paradigm of risk to explore whether the public's risk perception of NPMs was associated with information disclosure.MethodsThis national, cross-sectional population study used a random sample of 3000 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) from the Scottish Electoral register. Postal questionnaires collected data on risk perceptions, information disclosure and demographic information. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine constructs to which the risk questions could be grouped. Factors were scored and the scores compared across demographics.Key findingsJust over half (57%) of the 927 respondents perceived NPMs to be associated with low general risk. For 19 of the 23 statements (83%), respondents indicated general agreement, that is low-risk perception of NPMs. Individuals with higher risk perception of NPMs were less likely to disclose information during consultations compared with respondents with lower risk perception.ConclusionThere is general low public risk perception of NPMs. Individuals with higher risk perception are less likely to disclose information. Interventions that raise risk perception are unlikely to enhance the safe and effective supply of NPMs.
Differential signaling pathways are initiated in macrophages during infection depending on the intracellular fate of Chlamydia spp.
Authors: Nagarajan Uma M , Tripathy Manoj , Kollipara Avinash , Allen John , Goodwin Anna , Whittimore Judy , Wyrick Priscilla B , Rank Roger G 
Published: January 2018

AbstractChlamydia muridarum and Chlamydia caviae have equivalent growth rates in mouse epithelial cells but only C. muridarum replicates inside mouse macrophages, while C. caviae does not. Macrophages infected with C. muridarum or C. caviae were used to address the hypothesis that the early signaling pathways initiated during infection depend on the fate of chlamydiae in the host cell. Transmission electron microscopy of C. muridarum‐infected macrophages showed intact chlamydial elementary bodies and reticulate bodies 2 h postinfection in compact vacuoles. Conversely, in macrophages infected with C. caviae, chlamydiae were observed in large phagocytic vacuoles. Furthermore, C. caviae infections failed to develop into inclusions or produce viable bacteria. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL‐1β and MMP13 was similar in C. caviae‐ or C. muridarum‐infected macrophages at 3 h postinfection, indicating that chlamydial survival is not required for initiation of these responses. IL‐1β secretion, dependent on inflammasome activation, occurred in C. caviae‐infected macrophages despite no chlamydial growth. Conversely, IFNβ mRNA was observed only in C. muridarum‐ but not in C. caviae‐infected macrophages. These data demonstrate that differential signaling events are initiated during a productive versus nonproductive chlamydial infection in a macrophage.
Diabetic ketoacidosis in adult patients: an audit of factors influencing time to normalisation of metabolic parameters
Authors: Lee Melissa H. , Calder Genevieve L. , Santamaria John D. , MacIsaac Richard J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute life‐threatening metabolic complication of diabetes that imposes substantial burden on our healthcare system. There is a paucity of published data in Australia assessing factors influencing time to resolution of DKA and length of stay (LOS).AimsTo identify factors that predict a slower time to resolution of DKA in adults with diabetes.MethodsRetrospective audit of patients admitted to St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne between 2010 to 2014 coded with a diagnosis of ‘Diabetic Ketoacidosis’. The primary outcome was time to resolution of DKA based on normalisation of biochemical markers. Episodes of DKA within the wider Victorian hospital network were also explored.ResultsSeventy‐one patients met biochemical criteria for DKA; median age 31 years (26–45 years), 59% were male and 23% had newly diagnosed diabetes. Insulin omission was the most common precipitant (42%). Median time to resolution of DKA was 11 h (6.5–16.5 h). Individual factors associated with slower resolution of DKA were lower admission pH (P < 0.001) and higher admission serum potassium level (P = 0.03). Median LOS was 3 days (2–5 days), compared to a Victorian state‐wide LOS of 2 days. Higher comorbidity scores were associated with longer LOS (P < 0.001).ConclusionsLower admission pH levels and higher admission serum potassium levels are independent predictors of slower time to resolution of DKA. This may assist to stratify patients with DKA using markers of severity to determine who may benefit from closer monitoring and to predict LOS.
Acute stimulation generates Tim‐3‐expressing T helper type 1 CD4 T cells that persist in vivo and show enhanced effector function
Authors: Gorman Jacob V. , Colgan John D. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryT‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim‐3) is a surface receptor expressed by T helper type 1 (Th1) effector CD4 T cells, which are critical for defence against intracellular pathogens and have been implicated in autoimmune disease. Previous studies showed that Tim‐3 expression makes Th1 cells more susceptible to apoptosis and also marks functionally impaired T cells that arise due to chronic stimulation. However, other studies suggested that Tim‐3‐expressing Th1 cells do not always have these properties. To further define the relationship between Tim‐3 and Th1 cell function, we analysed the characteristics of Th1 cells that expressed Tim‐3 in response to brief stimulation in vitro or an acute viral infection in vivo. As expected, cultured CD4 T cells began expressing Tim‐3 during Th1 differentiation and secondary stimulation generated Tim‐3− and Tim‐3+ fractions that were separated and further analysed. When injected into naive mice, Tim‐3+ cells down‐regulated Tim‐3 and survived equally well compared with Tim‐3‐ cells. Further, Tim‐3− and Tim‐3+ Th1 cells had similar functional responses when transferred into naive mice that were subsequently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Cultured Th1 cells that expressed Tim‐3 following T‐cell receptor stimulation had a greater capacity to express signature Th1 cytokines than their Tim‐3− counterparts and showed differential expression of genes that regulate CD4 T‐cell function. Consistent with these findings, Tim‐3+ Th1 cells generated in response to LCMV infection displayed augmented effector function relative to Tim‐3− cells. These results suggest that Tim‐3 expression by Th1 cells responding to acute stimulation can mark cells that are functionally competent and have an augmented ability to produce cytokines.
Understanding patients and spouses experiences of patient education following a cardiac event and eliciting attitudes and preferences towards incorporating cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: A qualitative study
Authors: Cartledge Susie , Feldman Susan , Bray Janet E. , Stub Dion , Finn Judith 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to gain a comprehensive perspective about the experience of patient and spousal education following an acute cardiac event. The second objective was to elicit an understanding of patient and spousal attitudes, preferences and intentions towards future cardiopulmonary resuscitation training.BackgroundPatients with cardiovascular disease require comprehensive patient and family education to ensure adequate long‐term disease management. As cardiac patients are at risk of future cardiac events, including out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest, providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation training to patients and family members has long been advocated.DesignWe conducted a qualitative study underpinned by phenomenology and the Theory of Planned Behaviour.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with cardiac patients and their spouses (N = 12 patient‐spouse pairs) between March 2015–April 2016 purposively sampled from a cardiology ward. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis undertaken.FindingsNine male and three female patients and their spouses were recruited. Ages ranged from 47‐75 years. Four strongly interrelated themes emerged: the emotional response to the event, information, control and responsibility. There was evidence of positive attitudes and intentions from the TPB towards undertaking cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in the future. Only the eldest patient spouse pair were not interested in undertaking training.ConclusionsFindings suggest cardiac patients and spouses have unmet education needs following an acute cardiac event. Information increased control and decreased negative emotions associated with diagnosis. Participants’ preferences were for inclusion of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in cardiac rehabilitation programs.
The island rule: An assessment of biases and research trends
Authors: Lokatis Sophie , Jeschke Jonathan M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimThe island rule has been widely applied to a range of taxonomic groups, with some studies reporting supporting evidence but others questioning this hypothesis. To bring more clarity to this debate, we conducted a comparative analysis of the available literature, focussing on potential biases.LocationWorldwide.MethodsWe performed a systematic review to identify studies testing the island rule and translated these studies’ outcomes, so that they follow a consistent approach. The studies were assessed for differences in their analysis of the island rule. We created an authorship network showing who published studies with whom on the topic and weighted the data based on co‐authorship and number of publications.ResultsWe identified 143 relevant studies, finding a significantly lower frequency of supporting studies according to our consistent approach (50%) than the authors’ own statements (59%). Two core‐author groups could be identified with a strong publication record on the island rule. The first group has predominately published studies supporting the rule, whereas the other group has mainly published studies questioning it. According to a subsequent analysis excluding studies with a high risk of HARKing (hypothesizing after the results are known), the frequency of studies supporting the rule further dropped to 42%.Main conclusionsEmpirical support for the island rule is low, especially for non‐mammalian taxa and when using a consistent evaluation approach. Differences among studies in supporting versus questioning this hypothesis seem to be partly due to author‐related biases. Methods to address potential biases in studying ecological hypotheses are urgently needed. We offer such a method here.
Do functional groups of planktonic copepods differ in their ecological niches?
Authors: Benedetti Fabio , Vogt Meike , Righetti Damiano , Guilhaumon François , Ayata Sakina‐Dorothée 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimTo assess the degree of overlap between the environmental niches of marine planktonic copepods and test if the distribution of copepod functional groups differs across environmental gradients.LocationThe Mediterranean Sea.MethodsFunctional groups were defined based on clustering of functional traits in 106 marine copepod species using a multivariate ordination analysis. Functional traits included maximum body length, feeding mode, spawning strategy and trophic group. Simultaneously, the global distribution of the species was used to model their environmental niches with six environmental variables. For each of these predictors, four niche parameters were derived from the univariate response curve of each species to summarise their environmental preferences and ordinate the species in niche space through a PCA. Finally, the differences in the position in niche space of functional groups were tested with variance analysis.ResultsWe identified seven copepod functional groups with different distributions along the environmental gradients covered by our study. While carnivorous functional groups were affiliated with oligotrophic and tropical conditions, large and small current‐feeding herbivores are associated with colder, more seasonally varying and productive conditions. Small cruising detritivores and other small current‐feeding herbivores were not affiliated with specific conditions as their constituting species were scattered in niche space.Main conclusionsSince copepod functional groups occupy distinct ecological niches, ecosystem processes related to these groups are expected to vary across environmental gradients. Conditions favouring large current‐feeding herbivores should allow for enhanced fluxes of energy and nutrients through Mediterranean Sea ecosystems, while such fluxes should be weakened where large carnivores and small passive ambush‐feeding copepods dominate. Our study supports the development of trait‐based zooplankton functional groups in marine ecosystem models.
Postmortem ICD interrogation in mode of death classification
Authors: Nikolaidou Theodora , Johnson Miriam J. , Ghosh Justin M. , Marincowitz Carl , Shah Saumil , Lammiman Michael J. , Schilling Richard J. , Clark Andrew L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe definition of sudden death due to arrhythmia relies on the time interval between onset of symptoms and death. However, not all sudden deaths are due to arrhythmia. In patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), postmortem device interrogation may help better distinguish the mode of death compared to a time‐based definition alone.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the proportion of “sudden” cardiac deaths in patients with an ICD that have confirmed arrhythmia.MethodsWe conducted a literature search for studies using postmortem ICD interrogation and a time‐based classification of the mode of death. A modified QUADAS‐2 checklist was used to assess risk of bias in individual studies. Outcome data were pooled where sufficient data were available.ResultsOur search identified 22 studies undertaken between 1982 and 2015 with 23,600 participants. The pooled results (excluding studies with high risk of bias) suggest that ventricular arrhythmias are present at the time of death in 76% of “sudden” deaths (95% confidence interval [CI] 67–85; range 42–88).ConclusionPostmortem ICD interrogation identifies 24% of “sudden” deaths to be nonarrhythmic. Postmortem device interrogation should be considered in all cases of unexplained sudden cardiac death.
Lipid profile and cytokines in hypertension of pregnancy: A comparison of preeclampsia therapies
Authors: Wang Yong , Shi Dandan , Chen Ling 
Published: January 2018

Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy can be classified as gestational hypertension, mild preeclampsia, and severe preeclampsia. It is necessary to evaluate and predict the grade in advance. The first study comprised 40 healthy pregnancies, 40 gestational hypertension, 40 mild preeclampsia, and 40 severe preeclampsia cases. The participants’ lipid profile and cytokine levels were statistically compared. The efficacy and safety of oral nifedipine (n = 71) and intravenous labetalol (n = 72) for the treatment of severe preeclampsia were evaluated in the next study according to maternal and neonatal outcomes. The levels of lipid profile and cytokines were linked with the presence and severity of hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy. Both oral nifedipine and intravenous labetalol are effective for safely reducing blood pressure to target levels in patients with severe preeclampsia. Our study suggests that lipid profile and cytokines can be used in the evaluation of the severity of hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy, and oral nifedipine requires more study.
Prehypertension is a comorbid state with autonomic and metabolic dysfunction
Authors: Jung Mi‐Hyang , Ihm Sang‐Hyun , Lee Dong‐Hyeon , Choi Young , Chung Woo‐Baek , Jung Hae Ok , Hong Kyung‐Soon , Youn Ho‐Joong 
Published: January 2018

We aimed to elucidate the role of autonomic dysfunction in the context of complex metabolic and cardiovascular changes in subjects with prehypertension. We identified 556 asymptomatic subjects without hypertension who underwent comprehensive cardiovascular exams. We obtained heart rate recovery (HRR) after peak exercise to quantitatively measure autonomic dysfunction. Of the 556 participants, 279 individuals had prehypertension and the remaining 277 had optimal BP. HRR was significantly lower in the prehypertension group (36.0 ± 14.5 bpm) than in the optimal BP group (39.3 ± 14.7 bpm, P = .009). The prehypertension group more frequently demonstrated features of metabolic disturbances and subclinical target organ damage. Among the various baseline cardiovascular and metabolic factors assessed, resting systolic BP and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level were independent determinants of HRR (both P < .05). Autonomic dysfunction coexists with prehypertension and is closely linked to changes in systolic BP and lipid metabolism.
Transdiagnostic pathways from early social stress to psychopathology: a 20‐year prospective study
Authors: Conway Christopher C. , Raposa Elizabeth B. , Hammen Constance , Brennan Patricia A. 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundAdverse family environments confer susceptibility to virtually all psychiatric problems. This study evaluated two possible models to explain this diversity of associations. Stressful family circumstances during childhood could either activate general, transdiagnostic liabilities to mental disorder or promote numerous disorder‐specific liabilities.MethodsWe recruited a high‐risk sample of 815 mother‐offspring pairs and assessed social stressors in the family context prospectively from the perinatal period through offspring age 5. We factor analyzed offspring mental disorder diagnoses at age 20 to parse transdiagnostic and disorder‐specific dimensions of psychopathology.ResultsStructural analyses revealed nearly equivalent prospective effects of early family stress on overarching Internalizing (β = .30) and Externalizing (β = .29) dimensions. In contrast, there was no evidence of disorder‐specific effects.ConclusionsSocial stressors early in life activate transdiagnostic, and not disorder‐specific, liabilities to psychopathology. A focus on higher‐order dimensions of psychopathology could accelerate etiological research and intervention efforts for stress‐linked mental disorders.
Navigating on a chemical radar: Usage of root exudates by foragingDiabrotica virgifera virgiferalarvae
Authors: Schumann M. , Ladin Z. S. , Beatens J. M. , Hiltpold I. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn the darkness of the soil matrix, the larva of the western corn rootworm (WCR)Diabrotica virgifera virgiferaLeConte relies on chemical cues to locate and accept its host plant roots. For almost 40 years, entomologists and chemical ecologists have tackled the challenge of isolating and identifying active chemical compounds emitted by host plant roots (most of the research has been conducted on maizeZea maysL.) and used by the foraging insect pest larvae. A number of molecules of interest have been documented but have so far only been implemented with little success in the current arms race to manageWCR(and soil‐dwelling pests). An in‐depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying the insect foraging behaviour is certainly critical to the development of highly effective and sustainable pest control strategies. This contribution reviews the progress and highlights the gaps in our current knowledge on the chemical ecology ofWCRlarvae. An individual‐based model of the larval behaviour in response to root volatiles has been developed based on data from the literature. It also proposes avenues (tested or theoretical) to eventually implement this knowledge in integrated pest management of this major maize pest, a critical approach asWCRhas evolved resistance to several control strategies.
Lethal and sublethal effects ofEmbelia ribesand two commercial pesticides on a generalist predator
Authors: Košulič O. , Vichitbandha P. , Pung T. , Michalko R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractEven as new substances show promise as biopesticides for controlling pests due to their natural properties and high effectiveness in inhibiting pests, their side effects on non‐target organisms must nevertheless be evaluated before they can be included into integrated pest management systems. In this study, a crude extract from dried leaves ofEmbelia ribeswas evaluated together with two commercial pesticides: azadirachtin (a natural product) and amitraz (a synthetic acaricide). We examined both lethal and sublethal effects on the predatory potential of the lynx spiderOxyopes lineatipes, which is among the most dominant predator in tropical agricultural agroecosystems. We found that the spider's mortality increased with rising concentration of both commercial products, azadirachtin and amitraz, but not with rising concentration of the extracts fromE. ribes. The greatest mortality occurred when amitraz was used. That material caused almost 100% spider mortality in the doses recommended for field spraying. Azadirachtin significantly reduced the rate at whichO. lineatipescaptured prey, while there was no significant difference in capture rates among spiders exposed to a control treatment and theE. ribestreatment. Considering its absence of unfavourable impacts onO. lineatipesin terms of mortality and predatory activity, the plant extract fromE. ribesshows promise as a new biopesticide material. In contrast, azadirachtin, which has been considered as safe for non‐target organisms, exhibited slight lethal effect only in higher concentrations and strong sublethal effect by reducing spiders’ predation rate.
Redescription of Tintinnopsis everta Kofoid and Campbell 1929 (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Tintinnina) Based on Taxonomic and Genetic Analyses—Discovery of a New Complex Ciliary Pattern
Authors: Gruber Michael S. , Strüder‐Kypke Michaela , Agatha Sabine 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe about 1,000 species of tintinnid ciliates are identified and classified almost exclusively based on their lorica features, although the shortcomings of this structure are well‐known, e.g. causing uncertain species limitations and nonmonophyletic taxa. Hence, the present redescription of Tintinnopsis everta Kofoid and Campbell, 1929 considers not only the lorica characteristics, but focuses on cell and genetic features. The species is redescribed from the North Atlantic and adjacent sea areas, namely the east coast of the USA, using live observation, protargol‐stained material, scanning electron microscopy, and genetic analyses. The main stages of cell division are described, and the species’ phylogenetic relationships are inferred from morphological data and the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence. The estimates of its biogeographical distribution and autecology are based on a literature survey. The species is characterised by a complex somatic ciliary pattern with a unique position of the posterior kinety and a conspicuously large distance between the somatic ciliary fields and the collar membranelles. The phylogenetic relationships of Tintinnopsis everta vary in the molecular trees depending on the algorithms used and are, therefore, regarded as unresolved. Nevertheless, the new kind of complex somatic ciliary pattern distinctly contributes to a better understanding of the tintinnid biodiversity and evolution and provides features for a future split of the nonmonophyletic genus Tintinnopsis.