bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ironia, revolução e literatura
Authors: Duarte Lélia Parreira 
Published: April 2016

Resumo: Considerações sobre as relações entre ironia, revolução e literatura, a partir de reflexões sobre a ironia com forma dialética de produção de sentido, capaz de provocar e dinamizar a leitura crítica, desestabilizar os discursos e relativizar as certezas.Abstract: The relationship between irony, revolution and literature, thinking on irony as a dialetic form of sense production, capable of provoking a critical reading that makes relative all the certainties.
O negro na literatura infantil brasileira
Authors: Gallo Elisa Cristina De Proença Rodrigues 
Published: April 2016

Resumo: Estudo da veiculação, na literatura infantil brasileira, do preconceito racial, através de um negro estereotipado, portador de características negativas e de valores sócio-culturais falsamente atribuídos à sua raça.O trabalho baseia-se em duas lendas nacionais, três livros infantis de autores mineiros e uma publicação da Secretaria de Estado da Educação de Minas Gerais, em comemoração ao centenário da abolição da escravatura.Abstract: A study of the way racial prejudice is conveyed in Brazilianliterature for children, through a stereotyped negro, the prototype of negative characteristics and of socio-cultural values falsely attributed to his race.The paper is based on two Brazilian legends, three books for children by authors from Minas Gerais, and an official issue of Secretaria de Estado da Educação de Minas Gerais, celebrating the centenary of the abolition of slavery.
The effect of rs1421085 polymorphism of FTO gene on progress of hypertension in overweight and obese subjects
Authors: Woźny Łukasz , Wojtas Elżbieta , Chuchmacz Grzegorz , Maciejiczek Justyna , Karon Magdalena , Kandefer Beata , Śnit Mirosław , Grzeszczak Władysław 
Published: April 2016

Cel pracyCelem pracy było znalezienie związku między polimorfizmem rs1421085 genu FTO a występowaniem nadciśnienia tętniczego u osób z nadwagą i otyłością.Materiał i metodykaBadaniem objęto łącznie kolejnych 391 pacjentów z rejonu Polski południowej, którzy zgłaszali się do poradni ogólnej POZ. Badanych podzielono na 3 grupy na podstawie wartości obwodu pasa (grupa kontrolna, grupa z nadwagą, grupa z otyłością). Genotypowanie polimorfizmu FTO rs1421085 prowadzono z wykorzystaniem znakowanych fluorescencyjnie sond, używając gotowych zestawów do oznaczania polimorfizmu pojedynczego nukleotydu – TaqMan Pre-designed SNP Genotyping Assay (Applied Biosystems). Do obliczeń poszczególnych parametrów w ujęciu statystycznym zastosowano program Statistica 9.0.WynikiCzęstość występowania nadwagi i otyłości ocenianej na podstawie obwodu pasa wynosiła w badanej grupie 71,35% (24,04% – nadwaga, 47,31% – otyłość brzuszna). W surowicy osób z nadwagą i otyłych stwierdzono istotnie statystycznie wyższe stężenia glukozy, insuliny, wartości średniego ciśnienia tętniczego i składowych profilu lipidowego w stosunku do osób z grupy kontrolnej (p < 0,001), w której żaden z genotypów nie korelował z wyższym średnim ciśnieniem skurczowym (p ≥ 0,05). W grupach z nadwagą i otyłością osobnicy homozygotyczni względem allelu T wykazują wyższe wartości średniego ciśnienia skurczowego niż inne genotypy (p < 0,05).Wnioski1. Polimorfizm rs1421085 genu FTO nie wykazuje znamiennej statystycznie korelacji z występowaniem nadwagi i otyłości w populacji Polski południowej. 2. Prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia nadciśnienia tętniczego u osoby będącej homozygotą TT w obrębie polimorfizmu rs1421085 jest znamiennie statystycznie wyższe niż w przypadku innych genotypów u osób z nadwagą lub otyłością.
JAPANESE EDUCATION AND JAPANESE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Authors: Aziz Abdul 
Published: April 2016

Pendidikan merupakan jantung kehidupan bagi masyarakat Jepang. Sebagai negara yang miskin sumber daya alam serta rawan bencana alam, bangsa Jepang sangat menggantungkan kepada proses pendidikan dalam memberdayakan sumber daya manusianya untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup bangsa serta bersaing dengan bangsa-bangsa lain di dunia dalam bidang politik, ekonomi, teknologi dan lain-lain. Dibandingkan dengan negara-negara lain terutama dari kelompok G8(kelompok Negara-negara industri maju di dunia,) Jepang mempunyai sistem pendidikan yang unik. Kalau negara industri maju lainnya menitik beratkan dalam pengembangan intelegensi tapi Jepang lebih memberdayakan mental untuk bekerja keras, bergotong royong dan kesetia kawanan sosial, dan pantang menyerah dalam menghadapi setiap permasalahan. Pendidikan Jepang pada awalnya banyak dipengaruhi oleh Cina, namun dalam iperkembangan selanjutnya Jepang juga mengadopsi sistem pendidikan barat dengan tetap mempertahankan ruh pendidikan Jepang sendiri yakni sikap mental pantang menyerah dan menjunjung tinggi gotong royong sesama bangsa Jepang sendiri. Sekolah dasar di Jepang mengutamakan pembentukan sikap dan mental di awal-awal tahun mulai kelas satu sampai kelas tiga kemudian mulai memfokuskan pengkajian ilmu pengetahuan mulai kelas empat sekolah dasar dan seterusnya. Matematika, ilmu pengetahuan(Sain), dan teknologi merupakan aspek penting dalam kurikulum pendidikan di Jepang dalam pembentukan pola pikir yang logis, sistematis dan prosedural bagi bangsa Jepang. Mulai tahun 2002, pelajaran bahasa Inggris resmi masuk dalam kurikulum sekolah dasar di Jepang.<br />Keyword: Japanese education, elementary school curriculum, English subject <br /><br />
Pengertian, Tujuan Dan Ruang Lingkup Strategi Pembelajaran
Authors: Asrori Mohammad 
Published: April 2016

<p><span><em>Untuk menghasilkan pendidikan yang baik, tentunya harus memiliki strategi </em><span><em>dalam proses belajar mengajar (pembelajaran). Oleh karena itu penetapan </em><span><em>strategi yang relevan merupakan suatu keharusan. Strategi pembelajaran</em><br /><span><em>yang tepat akan membina peserta didik (mahasiswa) untuk berfiir mandiri, </em><span><em>kreatif dan sekaligus adaptif terhadap berbagai situasi yang terjadi dan yang </em><span><em>mungkin terjadi. Karena penetapan strategi yang tidak tepat akan berakibat</em><br /><span><em>fatal. Sebab akan terjadi kontraproduktif dan berlawanan dengan apa yang </em><span><em>ingin dicapai, misalnya seorang dosen mengajar agar mahasiswa menjadi </em><span><em>kreatif, akan tetapi mengajar dengan cara-cara otoriter dan kaku. Maka dalam</em><br /><span><em>hal ini yang akan mengakibatkan kefatalan terhadap mahasiwa tersebut. </em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><em></em><span><strong>Key Word: </strong><span><em>Pengertian, Tujuan, Ruang Lingkup, Strategi Pembelajaran</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></p>
Sufrimiento psíquico y toxicomanías
Authors: François Hervé 
Published: April 2016

El presente artículo establece las diferencias entre sufrimiento psíquico y dolor, describiendo su vinculación con las toxicomanías a través de los estudios realizados por numerosos especialistas en el tema. Mientras el sufrimiento psíquico implica una cierta duración y compromiso, el dolor se limita a ser la expresión de una queja. El sufrimiento altera la relación con los demás y la capacidad de actuar. El primer afectado es el propio cuerpo que, a menudo, busca en las drogas legales e ilegales el medio de aliviarlo. Pero también modifica las relaciones con el mundo exterior, pues los problemas de marginación social afectan cada vez más a los toxicómanos. Asimismo, se manifiesta a través de los problemas psicopatológicos en las relaciones interpersonales. La desestructuración temporal y las transformaciones sufridas por el propio cuerpo van marcando la relación del toxicómano con el sufrimiento. Las consecuencias clínicas son muy diversas: psiquiátricas (fármacopsicosis, síndromes confusionales) y psicopatológicas (neurosis, psicosis, estados límite, depresión...). Esta es la razón por la que mejorar el acceso a una atención psíquica adecuada es un importante reto, tal como ha sido señalado en los encuentros nacionales sobre toxicomanías organizados por la Secretaría de Estado para la Salud, en diciembre de 1997.
Drogadicción y Prevención familiar: una política para Europa
Authors: Mendes Fernando J. 
Published: April 2016

Se discute la necesidad de adoptar lo más rápidamente posible una política europea de prevención primaria de las drogadicciones a nivel familiar. El concepto de familia, su organización y estructura son hoy puestos en causa, tal y como los modelos y prácticas educativas. Se apunta hacia un mayor conocimiento y mayor investigación en este campo de la familia que permitirá el delineamiento de programas de prevención más precisos y eficientes en el futuro. Se aborda igualmente la discusión en torno al concepto de prevención primaria y de los modelos teóricos que son la base de las prácticas preventivas, teniendo en cuenta los objetivos a alcanzar y las estrategias a utilizar.Finalmente, a partir del resultado de una investigación del IREFREA en 4 países europeos (Portugal, España, Francia, Italia) se propone la elaboración de un Vademecum europeo sobre prácticas preventivas en Europa.
Scale Formation and Control Under Turbulent Conditions
Authors: Yan Fei , Bhandari Narayan , Zhang Fangfu , Ruan Gedeng , Dai Zhaoyi , Liu Ya , Zhang Zhang , Alsaiari Hamad , Kan Amy , Tomson Mason 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Static jar test and dynamic loop are two major test methods used for study of mineral scale formation and evaluation of scale inhibitors. In both methods, the flow is generally in the regime of laminar condition, which may not be representative of turbulent flow under field conditions. Turbulent flow in oilfield pipes is very common, especially around chokes, tubing joints, and safety values. The objective of this study is to investigate mineral scale formation and control under turbulent conditions.
A novel testing method of rotating cylinder apparatus has been developed for turbulent conditions. In rotating cylinder experiments, highly turbulent flow (up to a Reynolds number of 11,000) was created by a rotating cylinder under field temperature of 70 °C. Barite scale formation and inhibition by several typical inhibitors were investigated under different flow conditions.
During the experiments, barium concentration was measured periodically to determine scale kinetics. Barite precipitate was collected at the end of the experiment and examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Experimental results show no significant difference in precipitation kinetics between laminar and turbulent flow without scale inhibitors. However in the presence of scale inhibitors, precipitation kinetics was slower under high turbulence. SEM images also display major difference in barite size and morphology between different flow conditions. Highly crystalline barite with an average size of 10 µm was found in laminar flow, whereas amorphous or poorly crystalline barite of only sub micrometers was formed in turbulent flow. These results indicate that scale inhibitors may be more effective under some turbulent conditions, as opposed to previous observations.
The insights presented in this work will help to understand scale control in oilfield pipes especially under turbulent conditions, and develop optimal doses of scale inhibitors with regard to flow regimes.
Iron Sulfide and Removal in Scale Formation Sour Gas Wells
Authors: Wang Qiwei , Leal Jairo , Syafii Irfan , Mukhles Amro E. , Chen Tao , Chang Frank , Espinosa Mauricio 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Scale formation has been a persistent challenge in many sour gas wells producing from one of the world's largest gas reservoir in Saudi Arabia. Accumulation of scale deposits on downhole tubular and in wellhead manifold interferes field operation, limits well accessibility and decreases well productivity. Extensive efforts have been devoted to understand the scale formation process and to develop cost-effective mitigation strategy. This paper discusses the up-to-date knowledge on the scale formation in these prolific gas wells and presents the descaling technologies deployed and currently considered.
Scale composition analyses have been performed for a large number of deposits collected during well workovers and interventions. Wide range of mineral phases were identified and their distribution showed significant variations with samples. Scale often consisted of several different mineral phases. Iron sulfides were usually the dominant components, these included pyrrhotite, troilite, mackinawite, pyrite, marcasite and greigite. Ferric iron scales, such as hematite, magnetite, akaganeite, goethite and lepidocrocite, were also common in the scale mixtures. Common mineral scales, especially calcite, were often found. In addition, iron carbonate and other ferrous iron compounds were also identified. The relative abundance of these minerals showed wide-ranging variations from well to wells. Those variations also changed and with depth and time in the given wells. A more interesting phenomenon was the layered structure in the scale deposits, with two distinct layers having very different compositions. These results provided critical information for the understanding of scaling formation process.
Scale removal with chemical method had limited success in past. Scale dissolvers, based on HCl acid, caused severe tubular corrosion and formation damage. Different mechanical techniques have been tested and implemented over the years. These field experiences are reviewed in the paper. Also, challenges and requirements for scale dissolvers are discussed.
The Impact of Vapour-Liquid Equilibria VLE Calculations on Scale Prediction Modelling
Authors: Ribeiro Ayrton S. , Silva Duarte , Mackay Eric J. , Sorbie Ken S. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Vapour-Liquid Equilibria (VLE) calculations, particularly involving the phase behaviour of CO2 and H2S, are used in scale prediction modelling. In this work, the impact of VLE calculations for CO2 and H2S-rich gas phases and for acid and sour gas mixtures on scale prediction calculations is evaluated.
Three Equations of State (EOS), viz. Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK), Peng-Robinson (PR) and Valderrama-Patel-Teja (VPT), are implemented in the Heriot-Watt model and used in VLE calculations. The solubility of single-component CO2 and H2S in water and the solubility of a gas mixture in water were compared with experimental data in terms of the Absolute Relative Deviation (ARD). The solubility data were then used in PHREEQC to calculate the impact of using different EOS on carbonate and sulphide scales, particularly on CaCO3 and FeS.
Average ARDs of 6.04%, 4.10% and 3.77% between experimental and calculated values for CO2 solubility in water were obtained for SRK, PR and VPT EOS, respectively. Similarly for H2S solubility in water, average ARDs of 6.49%, 6.66% and 6.48% were obtained. For the solubility of sour and acid gas mixtures in water, average ARDs of 13.92%, 13.25% and 10.78% were obtained. It has thus been concluded that VPT EOS performs better than SRK and PR in VLE calculations for the analysed data.
The errors introduced in VLE calculations have been found to impact the calculation of the amount of CaCO3 precipitated with consequences for scale inhibitor selection. Higher deviations were found in the amount of CaCO3 precipitation for gas mixtures when compared to single component CO2 rich phase. Furthermore, the large errors occurring in VLE calculations for H2S solubility have not been found to impact the calculation of the amount of FeS precipitated when H2S is in excess with respect to Fe2+.
Scale prediction calculations carried out using PHREEQC demonstrate that VLE calculations can have a high impact on mineral precipitation. Thus, it is recommended that the best VLE model available should always be used for scale prediction modelling, particularly when mixtures of gases are present.
The Solubility and Dissolution of PPCA_Ca Complex in Precipitation Squeeze Processes
Authors: Farooqui Nazia M. , Sorbie K. S. , Boak L. S. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Phosphino poly carboxylic acid (PPCA) is one of the most commonly used polymeric scale inhibitors (SI) for application in precipitation squeeze treatments. Precipitation processes with PPCA generally occur by forming the sparingly soluble SI_Ca complex. The SI return curve in this process is then governed by the solubility (Cs) of this complex and the kinetics of the dissolution. As in all squeeze treatments, the objective is to control the precipitation in a way that leads to optimum squeeze lifetime without causing any significant formation damage.
In this paper, the fundamental mechanism of the precipitation and dissolution of the PPCA_Ca complex is studied in order to help us to design more efficient precipitation squeeze treatments using PPCA and other polymeric scale inhibitors. At high temperature, the precipitated complex separates out and this precipitate is enriched in (less soluble) higher molecular weight (MW) species. The precipitate is then successively exposed to fresh brine samples in a "successive extraction" process in which we observe that the lower MW components are more available for dissolution. We refer to this as a "stripping" dissolution mechanism.
The bulk results from the successive extraction experiments on the PPCA_Ca complex are then compared with dynamic sand pack results. The objective of these floods was to investigate the dynamic precipitation /dissolution characteristics of the precipitate at various flow rates for the PPCA system. These floods can be shown to range from equilibrium to non-equilibrium dissolution conditions. Non-equilibrium experiments were conducted to analyse the effect of multiple flow rates on the precipitated SI effluent concentrations. The cation concentrations were also analysed to investigate their involvement in the retention mechanism.
This study establishes a hypothesis about the dissolution of SI_Ca complex which we believe can be generalised to any polymeric SI which is applied in a precipitation squeeze. These results clearly point to a "stripping" model of the polymer/Ca complex dissolution where the lower MW species are preferentially dissolved into supernatant brine until some equilibrium is reached. This model of dissolution is very different from a normal "solubility product" model as would apply to a sparingly soluble salt of a phosphonate, for example. This should now be taken into account in the modeling of polymeric SI precipitation squeeze processes.
Citrate Assisted Metal Phosphonate Colloidal Scale Inhibitors For Long-Term Squeeze Treatments
Authors: Ruan Gedeng , Kan Amy T. , Yan Fei , Zhang Fangfu , Bhandari Narayan , Alsaiari Hamad A. , Dai Zhaoyi , Liu Ya , Zhang Zhang , Tomson Mason B. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
To overcome the drawbacks of conventional squeeze treatment, such as short lifetime and high initial concentration spike, a new metal phosphonate solid inhibitor has been synthesized and its long-term squeeze performance in different formations has been demonstrated. A combination of cations (Ca, Mg, Zr) and anions (citrate, DTPMP) are used to synthesize the metal phosphonate colloidal inhibitors with high product yield. Compared with amorphous metal phosphonate synthesized by direct precipitation, the solubility of this new metal phosphonate colloidal inhibitor is at least one order of magnitude lower. The proposed mechanism is that due to the formation of metal citrate complex, the initial free cation concentration is low so that the low solubility crystalline metal phosphonate product is formed. This colloidal inhibitor shows good permeability through sand packed columns. Laboratoy squeeze simulation shows low initial inhibitor return percentage and long lifetime of squeeze treatment in different rock formations. The colloidal inhibitor formula can be tailored to different minimum inhibitor concentrations (MIC) to protect the oil wells of different scaling risks. This new colloidal inhibitor will have significant implications in long-term squeeze treatment to lower the cost of overall downhole scale treatment.
The Importance of Scale Inhibitor Analysis in Scale Management - A State of the Art Overview to Provide Cost Effective Scale Control from Simple to Complex Production Scenarios
Authors: Heath Stephen , Ross Gill , Graham Gordon , MacKinnon Kirsty 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The accurate and precise analysis of scale inhibitors can play an important role in conjunction with other field data like ion analysis, total suspended solids and productivity index in making key decisions on the efficiency of scale squeeze and continuous chemical injection treatments. It is essential to have reliable data on scale inhibitor residuals in produced fluids to prevent wells from scaling and to enable maximum lifetime for scale squeeze treatments especially in complex operating environments.
A variety of techniques exist for scale inhibitor analysis including the more simple methods like hyamine, fluorescence and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICPOES) to more complex techniques like high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectroscopy (MS). All of these techniques, including combinations thereof, are currently in use and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique will be compared and contrasted for the different types of scale inhibitor.
The impact of phosphorus speciation in phosphorus tagged polymers and for thermal degradation of phosphonates and phosphate esters will also be considered. Examples will be provided of how the analysis results can be misinterpreted if the wrong analysis techniques are used. In addition, specific scenarios in North Sea fields for treating conventional and co-mingled sub-sea wells will be discussed to highlight the use of scale inhibitor analysis techniques to aid chemical selection based upon chemical retention, minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC), detection limits and well production conditions.
This paper will present a state of the art review of scale inhibitor analysis techniques and describe how these techniques can be used to provide cost effective scale management in simple to complex production scenarios.