bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison Between Carbapenems and β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitors in the Treatment for Bloodstream Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Muhammed Maged , Flokas Myrto Eleni , Detsis Marios , Alevizakos Michail , Mylonakis Eleftherios 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Background
Carbapenems are widely used for the management of bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE). However, the wide use of carbapenems has been associated with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae development.

Methods
We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases (last search date was on June 1, 2016) looking for studies that reported mortality in adult patients with ESBL-PE BSIs that were treated with carbapenems or β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (BL/BLIs).

Results
Fourteen studies reported mortality data in adult patients with ESBL-PE BSI that were treated with carbapenems or BL/BLIs. Among them, 13 studies reported extractable data on empiric therapy, with no statistically significant difference in mortality of patients with ESBL-PE BSI that were treated empirically with carbapenems (22.1%; 121 of 547), compared with those that received empiric BL/BLIs (20.5%; 109 of 531; relative risk [RR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83–1.37; I2 = 20.7%; P = .241). In addition, 7 studies reported data on definitive therapy. In total, 767 patients (79.3%) received carbapenems and 199 patients (20.6%) received BL/BLIs as definitive therapy, and there was again no statistically significant difference (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.25–1.52; I2 = 84.6%; P &lt; .001). Regarding specific pathogens, the use of empiric BL/BLIs in patients with BSI due to ESBL-Escherichia coli was not associated with a statistically significant difference in mortality (RR, 1.014; 95% CI, 0.491–2.095; I2 = 62.5%; P = .046), compared with the use of empiric carbapenems.

Conclusions
These data do not support the wide use of carbapenems as empiric therapy, and BL/BLIs might be effective agents for initial/empiric therapy for patients with BSI caused by likely ESBL-PE, and especially ESBL-E coli.
Pipeline Embolization Device for Pericallosal Artery Aneurysms: A Retrospective Single Center Safety and Efficacy Study
Authors: De Macedo Rodrigues Katyucia , Kühn Anna Luisa , Tamura Takamitsu , Dabus Guilherme , Kan Peter , Marosfoi Miklos G , Lozano J Diego , Perras Mary , Brooks Christopher , Howk Mary C , Hou Samuel Y , Rex David E , Massari Francesco , Gounis Matthew J , Wakhloo Ajay K , Puri Ajit S 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Pericallosal artery aneurysm treatment may be challenging using traditional endovascular techniques.

OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of endovascular treatment of pericallosal artery aneurysm using flow diverters.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of our institutional database from July 2013 through July 2016 and identified 7 subjects with a pericallosal artery aneurysm treated with the Pipeline embolization device (ev3 Neurovascular, Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) and at least 1 follow-up angiogram. Technical feasibility, procedural complication, angiographic results, and clinical outcome were evaluated.

RESULTS
Placement of the Pipeline embolization device was successful in all cases without evidence of procedural complication. Five out of 7 subjects showed a complete aneurysm occlusion at 6- to 12-mo follow-up angiogram. The 2 subjects with persistent aneurysm filling showed decreased aneurysm sac volume on follow-up angiograms (96% and 60%). There was no evidence of in-implant stenosis or intimal hyperplasia. No thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications were seen during the follow-up period. Only 1 patient had a transient change in Modified Rankin scale score from baseline as a result of different unrelated procedure.

CONCLUSION
Our preliminary results demonstrate feasibility of the use of flow diverter stent for treatment of aneurysms of the pericallosal artery with rate of aneurysm occlusion comparable to literature and without evidence of increased procedural or short-term morbidity. A long-term and larger cohort study is needed to validate our findings.
The theory of Prosodically Defective Morphemes
Authors: Zimmermann Eva 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this chapter, the theoretical background for the theory of PDM is presented. PDM is based on the simple insight that if all possible Prosodically Defective Morpheme representations and their potential effects on the phonological structure are taken into account, instances of length-manipulating non-concatenative morphology and length-manipulating morpheme-specific phonology are predicted. The chapter presents the concrete theoretical background assumptions for the proposed theory of PDM: It is an optimality-theoretic system based on containment for phonological primitives and association lines. New theoretical assumptions are made about the linearization of morphemes that in particular implement a severe restriction on the ordering possibilities of morphemic prosodic nodes. This theory correctly predicts that MLM operations can only affect a restricted set of base positions. As an independent argument for containment theory, the issue of opacity problems in the domain of MLM and the solution containment offers are discussed.
Subtractive MLM and Prosodically Defective Morphemes
Authors: Zimmermann Eva 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIt is shown how the theory of PDM accounts for instances of subtractive MLM—the empirical phenomenon that is notoriously challenging for the claim that morphology is additive. Two general mechanisms inside PDM can predict subtractive MLM: usurpation of moras and the defective integration of morphemic prosodic nodes. Usurpation can arise if a segment underlyingly lacks a mora and ‘usurps’ it from a neighbouring segment that is hence deprived of it. In the second scenario, a prosodic node that is underlyingly not integrated into the higher/lower prosodic structure is affixed to a base and remains defectively integrated in the output. Given the standard assumption that only elements properly integrated under the highest prosodic node of the prosodic hierarchy are visible for the phonetics, this affix node and everything it dominates remain phonetically uninterpreted. It is shown how all attested types of subtractive MLM in the representative data set fall out from these two basic mechanisms.
Analyticity Properties of Feynman Diagrams
Authors: Baulieu Laurent , Iliopoulos John , Sénéor Roland 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
General discussion of the analyticity properties of Feynman diagrams. Cutting rules and the Cutkosky unitarity relations. Unstable particles and second sheet singularities. Dispersion relations and the Mandelstam representation. The analytic S-matrix theory and the bootstrap hypothesis.
Varieties of Clean Energy Transitions in Europe
Authors: Ćetković Stefan , Buzogány Aron , Schreurs Miranda 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The chapter adopts a novel approach for classifying different types of national political economies and studying their impact on renewable energy transitions. It analyses in an historical perspective the development of one mature renewable energy sector (onshore wind) and one infant renewable energy sector (offshore wind) across three major types of European economies. The chapter shows that the presence of strategic state–market coordination and the decentralized pluralist polity constitute key enabling factors that drive the development of new renewable energy technologies. The commonalities and differences in the political economy of the onshore and offshore wind sectors are also discussed.
Integrating Clean Energy Use in National Poverty Reduction Strategies
Authors: Ezeanya Chika , Kennedy Abel 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The disappearance of Rwanda’s forests and attendant change in climatic conditions prompted the government to explore clean energy alternatives such as biogas. Unlike at any other time in Rwanda’s history, more and more Rwandans in rural areas are becoming owners of cattle because of the Government of Rwanda’s agricultural direct assistance and poverty reduction programme known as Girinka. This chapter focuses on the various strategies employed by the government of Rwanda in achieving increased biogas use among the rural poor Girinka beneficiaries who use cow dung for their domestic biogas plants. Conditions necessary for successful implementation of clean energy pro-poor reforms in rural communities are explored.
Renewable Energy in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: McCormick Sabrina 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Understanding the political economic drivers of energy planning in the Brazilian Amazon is critical since the forest is increasingly vulnerable to destruction and related, increased poverty. This chapter investigates how political economy affects biomass and hydroelectricity development in that region. It focuses on political economy as characterized by: (1) the needs and agenda of local communities, (2) economic interests and politics at the national level, and (3) international social actors and financial interests. Findings advance our understanding of the political economy of renewable energy by first, focusing on a critical global resource, and second, by implementing a multi-scalar framework that also considers impacts and drivers of climate change.
Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer of Planetary Atmospheres
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This book develops both spectroscopy and radiative transfer for planetary atmospheric composition in a rigorous and quantitative sense for students of atmospheric and/or planetary science. Spectroscopic field measurements including satellite remote sensing have advanced rapidly in recent years, and are being increasingly applied to provide information about planetary atmospheres. Examples include systematic observation of the atmospheric constituents that affect weather, climate, biogeochemical cycles, air quality on Earth, as well as the physics and evolution of planetary atmospheres in our solar system and beyond. Understanding atmospheric spectroscopy and radiative transfer is important throughout the disciplines of atmospheric science and planetary atmospheres to understand principles of remote sensing of atmospheric composition and the effects of atmospheric composition on climate. Atmospheric scientists need an understanding of the details, strength and weaknesses of the spectroscopic measurement sources. Those in remote sensing require an understanding of the information content of the measured spectra that are needed for the design of retrieval algorithms and for developing new instrumentation.
Spectroscopy Fundamentals
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad overview of the spectroscopic principles required in order to perform quantitative spectroscopy of atmospheres. It couples the details of atmospheric spectroscopy with the radiative transfer processes and also with the assessment of rotational, vibrational, and electronic spectroscopic measurements of atmospheres. The principles apply from line-resolved measurements (chiefly microwave through infrared) through ultraviolet and visible measurements employing absorption cross sections developed from individual transitions. The chapter introduces Einstein coefficients before in turn discussing rotational spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, nuclear spin, and electronic spectroscopy.
Modeling Radiative Transfer
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Basic concepts and definitions of radiative transfer modeling are introduced. The applicability of single scattering to aerosol retrievals is demonstrated. A two-stream formulation of radiative transfer is introduced. The two streams, upwelling and downwelling radiation, are selected to angularly represent average atmospheric properties: Relatively simple, two-stream calculations form the basis for much practical calculation, particularly of hemispherical fluxes in stratified atmospheres. Following this development, the most usual method for replacing the general integrodifferential equations obtained when setting up a scattering scenario by a system of linear equations is demonstrated.
Data Fitting
Authors: Chance Kelly , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores several of the most common and useful approaches to atmospheric data fitting as well as the process of using air mass factors to produce vertical atmospheric column abundances from line-of-sight slant columns determined by data fitting. An atmospheric spectrum or other type of atmospheric sounding is usually fitted to a parameterized physical model by minimizing a cost function, usually chi-squared. Linear fitting, when the model of the measurements is linear in the model parameters is described, followed by the more common nonlinear fitting case. For nonlinear fitting, the standard Levenberg-Marquardt method is described, followed by the use of optimal estimation, one of several retrieval methods that make use of a priori information to providing regularization for the solution. In the context of optimal estimation, weighting functions, contribution functions, and averaging kernels are described. The Twomey-Tikhonov regularization procedure is presented. Correlated parameters, with the important example of Earth’s atmospheric ozone, are discussed.
Postscript: Conclusions, Implications, and Comment
Authors: Martin Graham R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The natural world contains a huge amount of constantly changing information but specializations within sensory systems mean that each species receives only a small part of that information. Information is filtered by sensory systems. We cannot assume what a bird can detect–it is important to measure its sensory capacities and to quantify the sensory challenges posed for the conduct of tasks in different environments. No sensory system can function adequately throughout the full ranges of stimuli that are found in the natural world. There have been many trade-offs in the evolution of particular sensory capacities and tradeoffs and complementarity between different sensory capacities within a species. Birds may often be guided by information at the limits of their sensory capacities. Information that guides behaviours may often be sparse and partial. Key behaviours may only be possible because of cognitive abilities which allow adequate interpretation of such partial information.
Can Grants to Consortia Spur Innovation and Science-Industry Collaboration? Regression- Discontinuity Evidence from Poland
Authors: Bruhn Miriam , McKenzie David 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Innovation policy aims to foster collaborations between science and industry in many countries, but there is little evidence for the effectiveness of such efforts in developing countries. We use regression discontinuity to measure the impact of funding from Poland’s In-Tech program on innovation activities carried out by consortia of firms and research entities. A detailed follow-up survey of applicants enables us to measure a wider variety of outcomes than typically used in the literature. We find that the grants increase the probability of a project being completed by almost 60 percentage points, lead to more science-industry collaboration, and increase the probability of domestic patents and publications related to the proposed project. We also find early effects on commercialization of products related to the proposed project.
Combined Spinal Epidural Technique for Labor Analgesia Does Not Delay Recognition of Epidural Catheter Failures: A Single-center Retrospective Cohort Survival Analysis
Authors: Booth J.M. , Pan J.C. , Ross V.H. , Russell G.B. , Harris L.C. , Pan P.H. 
Published: May 2017

(Anesthesiology. 2016;125(3):516–524)
Traditional epidural (EPID) analgesia has long been used for labor analgesia; combined spinal-epidural (CSE) analgesia was initially viewed as a refinement of EPID. Advantages of CSE compared with EPID include faster onset of complete analgesia and a lower incidence of epidural catheter failures. Other possible advantages include a lower incidence of motor blockade and risk of hypotension and reduced duration of first-stage labor in nulliparous parturients. Despite these advantages, most of the current literature and policies recommend using EPID rather than CSE. One reason for this recommendation is the belief that epidural catheter failure will be recognized sooner when analgesia is initiated with an EPID compared with CSE technique. The first several hours of analgesia using CSE rely on the spinal dose; thus the catheter remains “untested.” Experts have suggested that CSE should not be used in patients who are at increased risk of requiring urgent cesarean delivery, when the presence of a functioning epidural catheter is important for safe care. These patients include women with severe preeclampsia, history of placental abruption, abnormal fetal presentation, multiple gestation, fetal macrosomia, and patients with difficult airway indices and morbid obesity. However, differences in the timing of catheter failure between CSE and EPID have not yet been studied and there is no evidence to suggest recognition of epidural catheter failures is delayed with CSE compared with EPID.
Failure to Extend Epidural Labor Analgesia for Cesarean Delivery Anesthesia: A Focused Review
Authors: Mankowitz S.K. , Gonzalez Fiol A. , Smiley R. 
Published: May 2017

(Anesth Analg. 2016;123(5):1174–1180)
Epidural conversion is the process by which cesarean delivery anesthesia is delivered to the patient via an existing in situ labor epidural catheter. It is not always successful. When failure occurs, it often necessitates induction of general anesthesia, which is associated with a higher risk of complications. The epidural conversion rate could potentially be used as a quality measure, and understanding factors associated with epidural conversion failure might help in preventing the need for another mode of surgical anesthesia. In this focused review, authors searched OvidSP and PubMed for studies discussing failed epidural conversion and reviewed factors associated with failure, as well as alternative anesthetic options.
Adjunctive Azithromycin Prophylaxis for Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Tita A.T. , Szychowski J.M. , Boggess K. , Saade G. , Longo S. , Clark E. I , Esplin S. , Cleary K. , Wapner R. , Letson K. , Owens M. , Abramovici A. , Ambalavanan N. , Cutter G. , Andrews W. 
Published: May 2017

(N Engl J Med. 2016;375(13):1231–1241)
A significant cause of maternal deaths in the United States is pregnancy-associated infections postcesarean delivery. Earlier studies proposed that azithromycin-based extended spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis in combination with standard cephalosporin prophylaxis may further reduce the risk of infection following cesarean delivery compared with standard prophylaxis alone. This study aimed to evaluate whether the addition of azithromycin to standard antibiotic prophylaxis beofre skin incision would decrease the occurrence of infection postcesarean delivery without increasing the risk of other adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Authors: Sjaus A. , McKeen D.M. , George R.B. 
Published: May 2017

(Can J Anaesth. 2016;63(9):1075–1097)
Failure of timely diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) contributes significantly to maternal and neonatal morbidities such as neurological complications, pulmonary edema, postpartum hemorrhage; neonatal respiratory and neurological complications and stillbirth. HDP affects 3% to 8% of all pregnancies and special attention to its diagnosis and treatment is needed to curb maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. Hypertension without proteinuria, as well as preexisting hypertension, has been occurring more frequently, specifically in older pregnant women. In Canada, the maternal and infant mortality rates have been controlled with improved medical care to women. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) guidelines on the classification, clinical features, laboratory investigations, diagnosis, and care of HDP, which are outlined in this article and emphasize a multidepartmental team including anesthesiologists, enhance the quality of medical care. The guidelines were published in 2008 and revised in 2014.
Building Comprehensive Strategies for Obstetric Safety: Simulation Drills and Communication
Authors: Austin N. , Goldhaber-Fiebert S. , Daniels K. , Arafeh J. , Grenon V. , Welle D. , Lipman S. 
Published: May 2017

(Anesth Analg. 2016;123(5):1181–1190)
Severe maternal morbidity has steadily increased in the United States. A robust, nonpunitive culture of safety is thus needed to encourage reporting and investigation of adverse events and systems. In addition, a comprehensive strategy to maximize obstetric safety is imperative. Thus, in this study, a multidisciplinary group of authors reviewed simulation and team communication as obstetric patient safety tools to help develop a comprehensive approach to minimizing preventable harm in obstetric patients.
Prospective Risk of Stillbirth and Neonatal Complications in Twin Pregnancies: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Cheong-See F. , Schuit E. , Arroyo-Manzano D. , Khalil A. , Barrett J. , Joseph K.S. , Asztalos E. , Hack K. , Lewi L. , Lim A. , Liem S. , Norman J.E. , Morrison J. , Combs C.A. , Garite T.J. , Maurel K. , Serra V. , Perales A. , Rode L. , Worda K. , Nassar A. , Aboulghar M. , Rouse D. , Thom E. , Breathnach F. , Nakayama S. , Russo F.M. , Robinson J.N. , Dodd J.M. , Newman R.B. , Bhattacharya S. , Tang S. , Mol B.W. , Zamora J. , Thilaganathan B. , Thangaratinam S. 
Published: May 2017

(BMJ. 2016;354:i4353)
Twin pregnancies pose a high risk for stillbirth. Monochorionic twins have been reported to have a 13-fold increase and dichorionic twins a 5-fold increase compared to singleton pregnancies. As a result, it is sometimes decided to deliver uncomplicated twin pregnancies earlier to prevent late stillbirth. However, there is also risk of neonatal complications linked to preterm and early term delivery. The optimal gestational age for delivery of uncomplicated twin pregnancies is unknown. The present study aimed to determine the risks of stillbirth in women with uncomplicated monochorionic and dichorionic twin pregnancies, as well as the risks to the newborn when delivered at various gestational ages.
Vasa Previa: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Swank M.L. , Garite T.J. , Maurel K. , Das A. , Perlow J.H. , Combs C.A. , Fishman S. , Vanderhoeven J. , Nageotte M. , Bush M. , Lewis D. 
Published: May 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(2):223.e1–223.e6)
Data from ultrasound scans and hospital records were examined for patients who gave birth from years 2000 to 2012. Patients with a diagnosis of vasa previa or a suspected vasa previa were considered for inclusion in the study. Only patients in whom the operative, delivery and/or pathology report specifically described a vasa previa met the criteria for a confirmed diagnosis. Among 68 pregnancies, 49 of them were confirmed to have vasa previa, either based on the operative report or the pathology report or both; 47 cases (96%) were diagnosed by antenatal ultrasound scanning, and 2 cases (4%) were documented at delivery. It was found that 86% of the cases had an identifiable placental and/or maternal risk factor. Women who were confirmed to have vasa previa delivered at a mean gestational age of 34.7 weeks. A total of 8 patients needed emergent cesarean delivery at a mean gestational age of 34.6 weeks, while the remaining 41 cases underwent planned cesarean delivery at a mean gestational age of 34.7 weeks. About 20% of the neonates (n=10) were found to have respiratory distress syndrome. However, there was no report of neonatal death or other major neonatal complications.