bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Energy Release Rate of the Fiber/Polymer Matrix Interface: Measurement and Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Hampe A. , Marotzke C. 
Published: July 2017

A new method for the experimental determination of the fracture toughness in the fiber/matrix interface by means of the single fiber pull out test is presented. To achieve this aim, two problems had to be overcome: the measurement of the compliance of a partial debonded fiber, which necessitates a stable crack propagation, and the determination of the corresponding crack length. Stable crack propagation along the interface of a single fiber is achieved using an advanced test equipment exhibiting an extremely high stiffness. This is obtained by using a piezo translator and a piezo force cell in combination with a very short free fiber length. The experimental data and a theoretical analysis of the pull out process under these conditions reveal that the commonly used compliant pull out equipment is hiding important details of the force displacement trace and, thus, leading to a wrong interpretation and wrong results. The most important result is that in the case of a brittle interfacial fracture the maximal force cannot be used for the determination of an interfacial strength as it is common practise till now. The crack length is measured with the aid of a polarisation microscope. A combination of the advanced pull out experiment with a simultaneous monitoring of the photoelastic patterns of the embedded fiber enables the determination of G -values as a function of the crack length. For the calculation of G, the compliance data are obtained by the force displacement trace and the crack length data by the correlated photo-elastic patterns. The discrimination between the failure modes is obtained by finite element analysis. The energy release rates for different fiber/matrix combinations are presented. In addition the photoelastic patterns give evidence, that in the case of a glass fiber the crack starts at the matrix surface and in the case of a carbon fiber with an embedded length < 150 jAm the crack starts at the fiber tip.
The Breaking Down and Agglomerating of Fillers in Polymer Melt: A Physical Model for Mathematical Description
Authors: Potente H. , Flecke J. 
Published: July 2017

The filling and reinforcement of polymers represents an essential process task in manufacturing technology. For this reason, in the course of working in the filling substances, the distribution should also be accompanied by a break down of agglomerates. A description of the dispersion process during manufacture is of great importance for the design of process zones in a production machine. In addition to the basic principles, a mathematical description of the dispersion of additives in a polymer melt will be presented. Here, because of the complexity of the dispersion process, the form of the model assumes simple physical theorems for description of the problem. This procedure leads to a description employing mathematical relationships, with the help of which the agglomerate size can be calculated in relation to material and process values.
Damage Development in GF/PET Composite Sheets with Different Fabric Architecture Produced of a Commingled Yarn
Authors: Czigany T. , Ostgathe M. , Karger-Kocsis J. 
Published: July 2017

Glass fiber (GF) fabric-reinforced poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) composite sheets with various reinforcement architecture were produced by the autoclave bagging technique from a commingled yarn with a GF content of 65 wt% (-50 vol%). The composite sheets were reinforced by swirl mat (SM), plane weft knitted (WK) and woven fabrics (WF), respectively, all of them containing continuous GF. The damage development and growth in the composites were studied on single-edge notched tensile loaded specimens (SEN-T) by location of the acoustic emission (AE) and by infrared thermography (IT). Both techniques are suitable to conclude the damage zone and assess the fiber structuring caused mechanical anisotropy. SM and WF proved to be isotropic reinforcements, whereas WK exhibited a strong dependence on the loading direction. The damage zone derived from the AE study was considerably larger than that from IT inspection. It was argued that the latter technique is sensitive only for detection of the process zone, which is a part of the overall damage. Assuming that the mechanical strength correlates with the size of the damage zone, the following ranking was concluded for the textile reinforcements incorporated: WK in course direction (90°) ≤ SM < WK in wale direction (0°) < WF.
Runner Design with Minimum Volume for Multicavity Injection Molds: Part I. Runner Sizing
Authors: Lee Ching-Chih , Stevenson James F. 
Published: July 2017

A design procedure has been developed which guarantees the minimum volume for a balanced runner system filling an injection mold with identical cavities. The procedure is based on a mathematically rigorous derivation for the power-law model under conditions where viscosity is not significantly altered by temperature variations. The design rule for runner sizing to minimize volume is unexpectedly simple: The diameter of any runner downstream from ajunction is determined by dividing the diameter of the upstream runner by the cube root of the number of downstream branches at thejunction. This applies to any runner length, number of branches, power-law index, and location within the runner system. The rule has been extended to noncircular runners.
Impact Transverse Shear Properties in CFRP Laminates
Authors: Byon (Goichi Ben) O-Il , Hashimoto Miho 
Published: July 2017

Transverse mechanical properties of CFRP laminates have been studied by use of our proposed method and its validity first obtaining the static transverse shear modulus and strain has been able to confirm our former paper (Byon, Tanimoto and Hashimoto, 1997). In this paper, the proposed method is applied to obtaining the impact transverse shear properties in CFRP laminate under impact load owing to a drop weight. Then, the curves of the impact transverse shear modulus and failure strain to the fiber orientation angle are obtained as well as the static load. Both curves have a maximum at 0 = 00 and decrease nonlinearly with increasing 0. They have an inflection point near 300 and the failure mode is expected to change from transverse shear failure to the flexural one at this angle. These experimental results are compared with ones obtained by a 3D Finite Element Code.
Toward Sustainable Energy Futures
Authors: Pasztor Janos 
Published: July 2017

All energy systems have adverse as well as beneficial impacts on the environment. They vary in quality, quantity, in time and in space. Environmentally sensitive energy management tries to minimize the adverse impacts in an equitable manner between different groups, in the most cost-effective ways. Many of the environmental impacts of energy continue to be externalized. Consequently, those energy systems which can externalize their impacts more easily are favoured, while others remain relatively expensive. The lack of full integration of environmental factors into energy policy and planning is the overriding problem to be resolved before a transition towards sustainable energy futures can take place. The most pressing problem in the developing countries relates to the unsustainable and inefficient use of biomass resources, while in the industrialized countries, the major energy-environment problems arise out of the continued intensive use of fossil fuel resources. Both of these resource issues have their role to play in climate change. Although there has been considerable improvement in pollution control in a number of situations, most of the adverse impacts will undoubtedly increase in the future. Population growth will lead to increased demand, and there will also be greater use of lower grade fuels. Climate change and the crisis in the biomass resource base in the developing countries are the most critical energy-environment issues to be resolved in the immediate future. In both cases, international cooperation is an essential requirement for successful resolution.
Twenty-First Century Power Generation - Fuel Cells, A Review
Authors: Fry Martin R. 
Published: July 2017

This Paper describes the principles of the fuel cell as a power (and usually heat) generation device, including a discussion of the supporting system, or Balance of Plant - an essential necessity for commercial applications. It goes on to describe the variety of fuel cell types, their status and potential applications. Reference is then made to the major international participants in fuel cell R&D and the rapidly growing UK programme, supported both by the DTI and EPSRC. Finally, an attempt is made to project timescales for the emergence of commercial products, with due recognition for the barriers to development and the rapid progress towards reduced environmental impact being made by conventional alternative power sources.
Risks of Seven UK Electricity Generation Options Part 1: Routine Operation
Authors: Ball D. J. , Roberts L. E. J. 
Published: July 2017

This paper examines, on a full fuel cycle basis, routine operational risks associated with the generation of electricity by seven options available to the United Kingdom. These options are tidal power, on-shore and off-shore wind, nuclear power, and coal, oil and gas-fired power. To facilitate comparison, risk estimates are normalised per GWa of electricity produced. Risks to the workforce and the public are considered as distinct items. So far as occupational risks are concerned, it is concluded that when such risks are combined for each cycle, they range from about 0.1 to 0.2 to a maximum of about 1 to 2 fatalities per GWa, with tidal power and gas lying at the lower end of this range, and coal and off-shore wind at the higher end. With the exception of the renewable cycles, for which significant public health risks of the type included within the remit of this project were not identified, the estimation of risks to the public presents many challenges. For example, while individual radiation doses to the public from the nuclear (and fossil) cycles are found to be insignificant compared to those from natural background radiation, collective doses may appear otherwise when integrated over thousands of years and continental or global populations. However, the meaning of such estimates in terms of health cannot be assessed, and in any event the estimates pale into insignificance when compared with those resulting from exposure to natural radiation were this to be calculated on the same basis. The problem of comparing public risks associated with the nuclear and fossil cycles is further compounded on considering the copious quantities of solid, liquid and gaseous waste products which are generated, particularly by the fossil cycles. These waste streams contain heavy metals, carcinogens and known respiratory irritants, but neither the short-term nor long-term public health implications can be quantified at present with confidence. Despite the uncertainties, our broad conclusion is that the routine operational risks of all these cycles are comparatively modest for modern, well-run systems and that the more important factors in energy choice are likely to entail considerations of security of supply, employment, optimum utilisation of the nation's resources and wider environmental considerations.
A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kato Donald B. 
Published: July 2017

A case report of a patient who developed water intoxication during carbamazepine therapy is described. The discontinuation of carbamazepine, along with supportive care, resulted in spontaneous diuresis and the resolution of both the laboratory and clinical signs and symptoms of water intoxication. A review of the literature regarding carbamazepine-associated water intoxication and a discussion of the mechanism of its antidiuretic effect is presented.
Hand hygiene in local primary school children — an infection control and health promotion initiative
Authors: Baxter A , Cleary V 
Published: July 2017

A small collaborative infection control pilot project to help promote hand hygiene in local primary schools was designed by Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth (MSW) and Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham (LSL) Health Authorities in London. The pilot consisted of a selection of four primary schools in two London Boroughs being encouraged to use fun frothy liquid soap in dispensers over the 2001 summer term. Pre- and post-intervention questionnaires were used with a selected number of staff members to ascertain actual/perceived knowledge and behaviour changes in both staff and children. All schools stated that handwashing increased during the pilot study and children actually looked forward to using the dispensers. Six of the eight schools in the pilot have agreed to expand the use of liquid soap dispensers as a result. Liquid soap was recognised as being a safe, effective and acceptable handwashing solution in communal settings, particularly when compared with bar soap, which can result in contamination with skin bacteria and Gram-negative bacilli (Reybrouck, 1986). The challenge for all schools is to ensure the message is continually reinforced for hand washing to be effective and sustainable, helped by the provision of adequate facilities.
Rationalisation of non-sterile latex disposable gloves in clinical settings – a brief study using the purchase of expertise consultancy model
Authors: V Duncanson 
Published: July 2017

T his article describes a small study aimed at making a purchasing recommendation to the purchasing manager, providing a cost-benefit analysis of the most commonly used brands of non-sterile latex examination gloves. One of the nine makes of glove tested remained consistent with the agreed criteria for assessment and, if introduced as the only option available, would result in a saving of $15,150 per annum on Site A of a recently merged secondary care Trust. Also, the importance of the consultancy role of the clinical nurse specialist in improving practice was demonstrated.
A survey of 554 peripheral intravenous catheters: infection, duration of cannulation and documentation issues
Authors: Creamer E , McCarthy G , Tighe I , Smyth E 
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this survey was to improve nursing care of patients with peripheral intravenous catheters (PVCs), focusing on duration of cannulation. The survey was conducted in 20 general wards recording data on the duration of cannulation, site-infection, dating of PVC dressing and documentation in nursing notes. Nursing staff were interviewed on duration of the PVC and a documentation form was introduced during the survey. A total of 554 PVCs in 397 patients were surveyed. Duration of cannulation ranged from one to ten days, with 402 (73%) of PVCs removed by day three. The site-infection rate was 28 (5%) with no cases of blood stream infection. Most site infection (20 of 28 (71%)) occurred within the first three days. The duration of cannulation, from interview, was known by nurses in 416 (75%) of cases and documented in 208 (40%) of cases. Eighteen months after its introduction, the PVC documentation form was in use in 19 of 20 wards for 60 (76%) PVCs. While the infection rate was low and nurses were generally aware of the duration of cannulation, inadequate documentation by nursing and medical staff was a cause for concern. Information on PVCs should be included in standard documentation on all wards and in relevant departments to assist nurses and others in the provision of quality care to patients.
Befriending: active placebo or effective psychotherapy?
Authors: Turkington Douglas , Spencer Helen , Lebert Latoyah , Dudley Robert 
Published: July 2017

SummaryBefriending allows for control of the non-specific factors of the therapist–patient interaction in psychosocial research. Manualised befriending is at the very least an active placebo and potentially an effective intervention. Befriending now merits increased research attention to determine indications for use and to elucidate mechanisms of action.
Cerebrospinal fluid markers to distinguish bacterial meningitis from cerebral malaria in children
Authors: Njunge James M. , Oyaro Ian N. , Kibinge Nelson K. , Rono Martin K. , Kariuki Symon M. , Newton Charles R. , Berkley James A. , Gitau Evelyn N. 
Published: July 2017

Background. Few hospitals in high malaria endemic countries in Africa have the diagnostic capacity for clinically distinguishing acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) from cerebral malaria (CM). As a result, empirical use of antibiotics is necessary. A biochemical marker of ABM would facilitate precise clinical diagnosis and management of these infections and enable rational use of antibiotics. Methods. We used label-free protein quantification by mass spectrometry to identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers that distinguish ABM (n=37) from CM (n=22) in Kenyan children. Fold change (FC) and false discovery rates (FDR) were used to identify differentially expressed proteins. Subsequently, potential biomarkers were assessed for their ability to discriminate between ABM and CM using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results. The host CSF proteome response to ABM (Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae) is significantly different to CM. Fifty two proteins were differentially expressed (FDR<0.01, Log FC≥2), of which 83% (43/52) were upregulated in ABM compared to CM. Myeloperoxidase and lactotransferrin were present in 37 (100%) and 36 (97%) of ABM cases, respectively, but absent in CM (n=22). Area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were assessed for myeloperoxidase (1, 1, and 1; 95% CI, 1-1) and lactotransferrin (0.98, 0.97, and 1; 95% CI, 0.96-1). Conclusion. Myeloperoxidase and lactotransferrin have a high potential to distinguish ABM from CM and thereby improve clinical management. Their validation requires a larger cohort of samples that includes other bacterial aetiologies of ABM.
Heat ball formulæ for k-forms on evolving manifolds
Authors: Afuni Ahmad 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
We establish a local monotonicity identity for vector bundle-valued differential k-forms on superlevel sets of appropriate heat kernel-like functions.
As a consequence, we obtain new local monotonicity formulæ for the harmonic map and Yang–Mills heat flows on evolving manifolds.
We also show how these methods yield local monotonicity formulæ for the Yang–Mills–Higgs flow.
Electromagnetic fields at a mobile phone frequency (900 MHz) trigger the onset of general stress response along with DNA modifications in Eisenia fetida earthworms
Authors: Bourdineaud Jean-Paul , Šrut Maja , Štambuk Anamaria , Tkalec Mirta , Brèthes Daniel , Malarić Krešimir , Klobučar Göran I .V. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed to electromagnetic field (EMF) at a mobile phone frequency (900 MHz) and at field levels ranging from 10 to 120 V m-1 for a period of two hours (corresponding to specific absorption rates ranging from 0.13 to 9.33 mW kg-1). Potential effects of longer exposure (four hours), field modulation, and a recovery period of 24 h after two hours of exposure were addressed at the field level of 23 V m-1. All exposure treatments induced significant DNA modifications as assessed by a quantitative random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR. Even after 24 h of recovery following a two hour-exposure, the number of probe hybridisation sites displayed a significant two-fold decrease as compared to untreated control earthworms, implying a loss of hybridisation sites and a persistent genotoxic effect of EMF. Expression of genes involved in the response to general stress (HSP70 encoding the 70 kDa heat shock protein, and MEKK1 involved in signal transduction), oxidative stress (CAT, encoding catalase), and chemical and immune defence (LYS, encoding lysenin, and MYD, encoding a myeloid differentiation factor) were up-regulated after exposure to 10 and modulated 23 V m-1 field levels. Western blots showing an increased quantity of HSP70 and MTCO1 proteins confirmed this stress response. HSP70 and LYS genes were up-regulated after 24 h of recovery following a two hour-exposure, meaning that the effect of EMF exposure lasted for hours.
Consumer knowledge and attitudes toward healthy eating in Croatia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ljubičić Marija , Sarić Marijana Matek , Barić Irena Colić , Rumbak Ivana , Komes Draženka , Šatalić Zvonimir , Guiné Raquel P. F. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Unlike fast and restaurant food, diet rich in fibre is known to contribute significantly to health. The aim of our study was to assess eating habits such as consumption of fibre-rich, fast, and restaurant food of the general population in Croatia. For this purpose we used a validated survey designed by the Polytechnic Institute Viseu in Portugal, which includes questions about demographics, good eating habits related to the consumption of the main sources of dietary fibre (fruit, vegetables, and whole grains), and unhealthy eating habits related to the consumption of fast food and restaurant meals. Between October 2014 and March 2015 we received answers from 2,536 respondents aged between 18-70 years, of whom 67.4 % were women and 32.6 % were men. Most respondents reported consuming one serving of vegetables and one piece of fruit a day, and whole grains every other day. Women and urban residents reported consuming larger amounts of fruit, vegetables, and whole grains than men (p<0.001). Men, in turn, reported eating out and eating fast food more often than women (p<0.001). Eating out highly correlated with eating fast food, which translates to lower consumption of dietary fibre (p<0.001). Higher education correlated positively with the consumption of fibre-rich food, but it also correlated positively with the consumption of fast and restaurant food (p<0.001). While eating fast food is not the predominant dietary practice in Croatia, over 50 % of respondents have reported eating fast food at least once a week. Our data also indicate that consumption of fruit, vegetables, and whole grains falls below the national and international dietary recommendations.
The Use of Acoustic Vectors Decomposition of Sound Fields to Vibroacoustic Protection on Ships
Authors: Weyna Stefan 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In this paper, numerous examples will be illustrated as principles of applying the sound intensity measurements to practical problems at the noise abatement on ships and offshore constructions. The paper presents the results of transmission loss measurements together with flanking transmission for ship bulkheads and partitions with doors and windows. Investigations carried out with sound intensity measurement techniques will be compared against those made by classical methods. Finally for a few examples, the graphic presentation of spatial distribution of sound intensity vectors risen close to vibrating ship cabin partitions and inside the cabin will be shown in 2D and 3D graphical form. As a result, a two-dimensional acoustic wave flow map of time-averaged active intensity vectors propagated along curved streamlines and a vector perpendicular to measured plane are graphically illustrated. The technique of acoustic vectors decomposition of sound fields described, can enrich the knowledge of the mechanism of acoustic energy flux through ship partitions.