bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A temporally oriented data model
Authors: Ariav Gad 
Published: July 2002

The research into time and data models has so far focused on the identification of extensions to the classical relational model that would provide it with “adequate” semantic capacity to deal with time. The temporally oriented data model (TODM) presented in this paper is a result of a different approach, namely, it directly operationalizes the pervasive three-dimensional metaphor for time. One of the main results is thus the development of the notion of the data cube: a three-dimensional and inherently temporal data construct where time, objects, and attributes are the primary dimensions of stored data. TODM's cube adds historical depth to the tabular notions of data and provides a framework for storing and retrieving data within their temporal context. The basic operations in the model allow the formation of new cubic views from existing ones, or viewing data as one moves up and down in time within cubes.
This paper introduces TODM, a consistent set of temporally oriented data constructs, operations, and constraints, and then presents TOSQL, a corresponding end-user's SQL-like query syntax. The model is a restricted but consistent superset of the relational model, and the query syntax incorporates temporal notions in a manner that likewise avoids penalizing users who are interested solely in the current view of data (rather than in a temporal perspective). The naturalness of the spatial reference to time and the added semantic capacity of TODM come with a price—the definitions of the cubic constructs and basic operations are relatively cumbersome. As rudimentary as it is, TODM nonetheless provides a comprehensive basis for formulating an external data model for a temporally oriented database.
Interpreters of the Court in the Ottoman Empire as seen from the Sharia Court Records of Cyprus
Authors: Çiçek Kemal 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAlthough the question of interpreters (tercüman) in the Ottoman empire has been a popular subject in recent writing on Ottoman history, the interpreters of the courts of the qadi (mahkeme tercümanlarι) have remained a mystery. Pioneering researchers of the sijills have mentioned their presence in court, but have been unable to establish their existence or explain the silence of the records about their position. In this essay, I analyse documents found in the sijills of the province of Nicosia, Cyprus, in order to explore the work of the translators who were charged with helping people on trial who did not know Ottoman Turkish. The court interpreters assisted the qadi and played an important role in the administration of justice, especially with regard to non-Muslims. The presence of interpreters in the qadi court of Nicosia helped the qadi to administer justice among dhimmis and gain their confidence, which may explain the frequency of references to them. Based on some berats (documents issued by the diwans) recorded in the sijills, I examine the identity, appointment, and the legal status of court interpreters.
Caring about Blood, Flesh, and Pain:Women's Standing in the Animal Protection Movement
Authors: Munro Lyle 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUsing the results of a survey of animal rights activists, advocates, and supporters, the paper reveals much more convergence (80%) than divergence (20%) of attitudes and actions by male and female animal protectionists. Analysis of the divergence suggests that the differences between men and women in the movement are contingent upon such things as early socialization, gendered work and leisure patterns, affinity with companion animals, ambivalence about science, and a history of opposition to nonhuman animal abuse by generations of female activists and animal advocates. Aside from the feminist and women's movements and groups like Mothers Against Drunk Driving, it is rare to find a social movement in which the standing of women eclipses those of their male colleagues. The paper suggests that animal protection remains a bastion of female activism and advocacy because women care about blood, flesh, and pain and, unlike earlier generations of animal activists, no longer are seen as a liability to the success of the movement.
JAHWE UND DES MENSCHEN LIEBE ZU IHM ZU DTN. VI 4
Authors: Herrmann Wolfram 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDie Fragen, welche der Wortlaut von Dtn. vi 4f. aufgibt, kann man immer noch nicht als endgültig gelöst betrachten, obwohl das kleine Stück wiederholt erörtert wurde. Denn die vorgetragenen Ausdeutungen blieben relativ divergent, bis hin zu dem Problem, ob beide Verse von Hause aus zusammengehörten. Der Autor behandelt die einzelnen Interpretationsversuche, um schließlich den eigenen Standpunk zu begründen. Im Rückgriff auf ältere Erklärungen sowie unter Einbeziehung rezenter, der Auslegung dienender Erkenntnisse plädiert der Artikel dafür, den bekenntnishaften Satz v. 4 von dem in v. 5 formulierten Liebesgebot her und in enger Verknüpfung mit ihm zu begreifen. Das Zahlwort "eins" in v. 4 ist attributiv gebraucht. Jahwe ist nur eine, will heißen, eine ungeteilte Persönlichkeit, der ebenso ungeteilt die Liebe seines Volkes gelten solle. Dtn. vi 4 enthält demnach keine in sich ruhende Lehrmeinung, vielmehr ist der Satz aus der emotionalen Gottesbeziehung hervorgegangen, welche konzentriert die religio in Form der Gott zugewandten Liebe zum Ausdruck bringt.
Apnoea characteristics across the night in severe obstructive sleep apnoea: influence of body posture
Authors: Oksenberg A. , Khamaysi I. , Silverberg D.S. 
Published: July 2002

Several studies have reported changes in apnoea characteristics across the night in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). However, the effect of body posture on these changes has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to assess how body posture influences sleep apnoea characteristics across the night in severe OSA.Polysomnograms of 30 patients with severe OSA who had ≥30 apnoeic episodes in the lateral position and 30 in the supine position during Stage 2 sleep, in the early, middle and late sleep periods were analysed. For each of the 30 events in each body position, the following variables were evaluated: apnoea duration; minimum saturation; change in saturation; duration of arousal; maximum snoring loudness and change in cardiac frequency.Although at any time during the night, apnoeas in the supine posture were more severe than those in the lateral position, a time effect across the night was found only for apnoea duration, change in cardiac frequency and duration of arousal. Body position did not affect the time trend for these variables across the night. The best fit for the changes of these three variables across the night was a quadratic time trend.It was concluded that in severe obstructive sleep apnoea during Stage 2 sleep, body position does not significantly affect the time trends of apnoea characteristics across the night. These data provide support for the participation of sleep-dependent mechanisms (homeostatic and circadian) in the determination of apnoea characteristics across the night.
Surfactant protein gene A, B, and D marker alleles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of a Mexican population
Authors: Guo X. , Lin H-M. , Lin Z. , Montaño M. , Sansores R. , Wang G. , DiAngelo S. , Pardo A. , Selman M. , Floros J. 
Published: July 2002

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation. It is most likely the result of complex interactions of environmental and genetic factors. Because pulmonary surfactant components play important roles in normal lung function, innate host defence, and inflammation in the lung, this study investigated the hypothesis that the surfactant protein genes are involved in certain cases of COPD.Genotype analysis of surfactant protein (SP)-A, SP-B, SP-B-linked microsatellite, and SP-D marker alleles was performed in patients with COPD (n=97) and smoker (n=82) or nonsmoker (n=99) controls. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed.The regression analysis results between COPD and smokers revealed several COPD susceptibility alleles (AA62_A, B1580_C, D2S388_5), based on an odds ratio (OR >2.5). The predictive ability of this model for developing COPD is good (c=0.926). Allele-allele (B1580_C and D2S388_5) and allele-environment (i.e.smoking) interactions were detected. When smoker controls were compared to nonsmoker controls, marker D2S388_5 appeared to be smoking-independent (p=0.874), whereas marker alleles AA62_A (p=0.045) and B1580_5 (p=0.007) were smoking-dependent. Males were at higher risk (OR=6.05, p=0.001), and smoking (>50 packs·yr−1) increased risk (OR=5.38, p=0.007). Males and alleles of loci flanking SP-B were associated with more severe cases (forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity ⪕40%).The present results indicate that the surfactant protein alleles may be useful in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by either predicting the disease in a subgroup and/or by identifying disease subgroups that may be used for therapeutic intervention. These observations should now be confirmed in a larger study, designed according to strict epidemiological criteria.
Peripheral blood neutrophils are hyperresponsive to IL-8 and Gro-α in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis
Authors: Glynn P.C. , Henney E.M. , Hall I.P. 
Published: July 2002

Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) is characterized by increased pulmonary recruitment of peripheral blood neutrophils (PBNs) by interleukin (IL)-8 and other chemotactic mediators. This study investigated whether, in CFA, the PBN motility response is primed by IL-8 and growth-related oncogene (Gro)-α, as demonstrated in other neutrophilic inflammatory diseases, and whether the motility response of PBNs to IL-8 and Gro-α can be abrogated using a selective antagonist for the neutrophil receptor for IL-8 and Gro-α, CXCR2.The percentage of PBNs to undergo shape change (%SC), spontaneously and in response to IL-8 and Gro-α, was measured in patients with CFA (n=10) and controls (n=10), and the effect of the CXCR2 antagonist SB272844 studied. Plasma levels of IL-8, and Gro-α were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The %SC of unstimulated PBNs and the potency of Gro-α and IL-8 to produce neutrophil polarization was greater in CFA than in controls; dose which produces 50% of maximal effect (EC50) of IL-8 was 3.6±0.7 nM for CFAversus6.3±1.0 nM for controls; p<0.05. SB272844 inhibited Gro-α induced but not IL-8 induced neutrophil shape change (equilibrium constant (KD) 123±18 nM). Plasma concentrations of Gro-α were increased in patients with CFA. PBNs are spontaneously activated and undergo a greater motility response to IL-8 and Gro-α in CFA.Interleukin-8 and growth-related oncogene-α, circulating in substimulatory amounts in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, may prime the peripheral blood neutrophils motility response, thus increasing their capacity for migration to the lung. Selective CXCR2 antagonists may be useful to block the Gro-α-induced priming response whilst preserving neutrophil functions mediated by CXCR1, the alternative neutrophil receptor for interleukin-8.
Markers of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with well-controlled asthma
Authors: Leuppi J.D. , Salome C.M. , Jenkins C.R. , Koskela H. , Brannan J.D. , Anderson S.D. , Andersson M. , Chan H.K. , Woolcock A.J. 
Published: July 2002

In steroid-naïve asthmatics, airway hyperresponsiveness correlates with noninvasive markers of airway inflammation. Whether this is also true in steroid-treated asthmatics, is unknown.In 31 stable asthmatics (mean age 45.4 yrs, range 22–69; 17 females) taking a median dose of 1,000 µg inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) per day (range 100–3,600 µg·day−1), airway responsiveness to the “direct” agent histamine and to the “indirect” agent mannitol, lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF)), exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), and number of inflammatory cells in induced sputum as a percentage of total cell count were measured.Of the 31 subjects, 16 were hyperresponsive to mannitol and 11 to histamine. The dose-response ratio (DRR: % fall in FEV1/cumulative dose) to both challenge tests was correlated (r=0.59, p=0.0004). However, DRR for histamine and DRR for mannitol were not related to basic lung function, eNO, per cent sputum eosinophils and ICS dose. In addition, NO was not related to basic lung function and per cent sputum eosinophils.In clinically well-controlled asthmatics taking inhaled corticosteroids, there is no relationship between markers of airway inflammation (such as exhaled nitric oxide and sputum eosinophils) and airway responsiveness to either direct (histamine) or indirect (mannitol) challenge. Airway hyperresponsiveness in clinically well-controlled asthmatics appears to be independent of eosinophilic airway inflammation.
Bronchodilator responsiveness and atopy in 5–10-yr-old coughers
Authors: McKenzie S.A. , Mylonopoulou M. , Bridge P.D. 
Published: July 2002

Cough-variant asthma is considered by some to be an asthma phenotype. Bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) is an undisputed feature of asthma. Of school-aged wheezers, 90% are atopic. Are school-aged coughers who demonstrate BDR also atopic? If so, then it would be reasonable to reserve the diagnosis cough-variant asthma for this particular group.Airway resistance was measured by the interrupter technique (Rint) before and after salbutamol in controls (n=73), coughers (n=63) and previous wheezers (n=63) aged 5–10 yrs. Immunoglobulin (Ig)-E was measured in coughers and wheezers. BDR was expressed as the ratio baseline:post-salbutamolRint.Groups were of similar age (mean 6.7, range 5–9.9 yrs). Geometric mean baselineRintwas similar in controls and coughers (0.66 and 0.68 kPa·L−1·s), but the baselineRintfor wheezers (0.73 kPa·L−1·s) was greater than that for controls (p=0.05) but not significantly different from coughers (p=0.17). Geometric mean BDR in coughers was 1.22, controls 1.13 and wheezers 1.30 (p=0.01 for coughers and controls; p=0.08 for coughers and wheezers; p<0.001 for controls and wheezers). IgE was lower in coughers than wheezers (geometric means 36 and 364 International Units (IU)·L−1, p<0.001) and was unrelated to BDR in both groups.In summary, atopy, and not bronchodilator responsiveness, distinguishes groups of coughers from groups of wheezers. A diagnosis of cough-variant asthma cannot be reserved for even those school-aged coughers, who demonstrate bronchodilator responsiveness.
Forced oscillation measurements do not affect upper airway muscle tone or sleep in clinical studies
Authors: Badia J.R. , Farré R. , Rigau J. , Uribe M.E. , Navajas D. , Montserrat J.M. 
Published: July 2002

Upper airway obstruction in the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (SAHS) can be easily assessed by measuring respiratory impedance with the forced oscillation technique (FOT). This methodology has been proposed as a useful clinical tool both for the diagnosis of sleep breathing disorders and for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration. However, previous studies suggest that the application of high-frequency pressure oscillation to the upper airway may induce changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) or upper airway muscle function. The effect of FOT measurements on upper airway muscle tone and EEG in clinical sleep studies was examined. Seven patients with moderate SAHS were included (age: 54±11 yrs; apnoea/hypopnoea index: 43±21 events·h−1; body mass index: 30±2 kg·m−2). Genioglossus surface electromyogram activity (EMGgg) and EEG signal were analysed with and without FOT application (frequency: 5 Hz and 30 Hz; peak-to-peak pressure oscillation: 1 cmH2O) during stable sleep. Measurements were carried out in two different situations. Step 1: applying FOT during episodes of obstructive events or flow limitation; and step 2: during prolonged periods of normal breathing at optimal CPAP. The root mean square of EMGgg activity and fast Fourier analysis (alpha and delta bands) of the EEG signal were performed.The application of FOT did not increase EMGgg activity in any of the situations studied. In addition, no evidence of the effects on EEG was found: alpha/delta relationship: awake:0.70, baseline sleep:0.13, FOT(5 Hz):0.18, FOT(30 Hz):0.11.The presented results suggest that the use of forced oscillation technique over the ranges of frequency and amplitude proposed for clinical sleep studies does not induce changes in upper airway muscle activity and neurological variables in patients with sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome.
l-Arginine is not the limiting factor for nitric oxide synthesis by human alveolar macrophagesin vitro
Authors: Muijsers R.B.R. , ten Hacken N.H.T. , Van Ark I. , Folkerts G. , Nijkamp F.P. , Postma D.S. 
Published: July 2002

Unlike murine mononuclear phagocytes, human macrophages do not release high amounts of nitric oxide (NO)in vitrodespite the presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). To determine whether this limited NO synthesisin vitrois due to limited availability of the NOS substrate l-;arginine, and putative NOS inhibiting factors present in foetal serum preparations, both alveolar macrophages (AM) and monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) were incubated in various circumstances.Nitrite production measured using stimulated AM was typically <5 pmol·min−1·10−6cells. A range of stimuli were tested, but without result. Furthermore, incubation of MDMs with normal human serum or purified bovine serum albumin instead of foetal calf serum failed to enhance NO production. Moreover, neither the use of arginase inhibitors nor the addition of surplus l-;arginine resulted in an increased NO synthesis. Interestingly, addition of the NOS intermediateNω-;hydroxy-;l-;arginine (100 µM) to AM led to nitrite release, which was unaffected by the NOS inhibitor amino guanidine showing that this effect is NOS independent.It is concluded that the limited nitric oxide production of human macrophagesin vitrocan neither be explained by limited availability of l-;arginine, nor by nitric oxide synthase inhibiting substances in foetal serum. Furthermore, it is shown that nitrite release fromNω-;hydroxy-;l-;arginine by alveolar macrophages is nitric oxide synthase independent.
Forced expiratory manoeuvres in children: do they meet ATS and ERS criteria for spirometry?
Authors: Arets H.G.M. , Brackel H.J.L. , van der Ent C.K. 
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society criteria for spirometry in children.Maximal expiratory flow/volume (MEFV) measurements from 446 school-age children, experienced in performing MEFV manoeuvres, were studied and acceptability (start-of-test (backward extrapolated volume as a percentage of forced vital capacity (FVC) (Vbe%FVC) or as an absolute value (Vbe), end-of-test (forced expiratory time (FET)) and reproducibility criteria (absolute and percentage difference between best and second-best FVC and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (ΔFVC, ΔFVC %, ΔFEV1and ΔFEV1%)) were applied to these manoeuvres.TheVbe%FVC criterion was met by 91.5%, theVbe<0.15 L criterion by 94.8% and theVbe<0.10 L by 60.1% of children.Vbe<0.15 L appeared to be a more useful parameter thanVbe%FVC. The FET criterion was met by only 15.3% of children. ΔFVC <0.2 L and ΔFEV1<0.2 L were met by 97.1% and 98.4%, and ΔFVC <0.1 L and ΔFEV1<0.1 L by 79.8% and 84.3% of the children, respectively. These criteria appeared to be less useful compared to percentage criteria (ΔFVC % and ΔFEV1%). Even experienced children did not meet all international criteria for spirometry. However, most of their MEFV curves are useful for interpretation.Based on the performance of these children, a re-evaluation of criteria for maximal expiratory flow/volume measurements in children is proposed.
A case-control study of lifestyle risk factors associated with tuberculosis in Liverpool, North-West England
Authors: Tocque K. , Bellis M.A. , Beeching N.J. , Syed Q. , Remmington T. , Davies P.D.O. 
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to identify the subtle influences of exposure and individual lifestyles on the risk of developing tuberculosis.A retrospective case-control study (with matching by sex, age, postcode and ethnicity) of all tuberculosis cases notified over a 7-yr period in Liverpool, UK, was carried out.Multiple logistic regression showed that, before diagnosis, cases were 7.4 times more likely to have had visitors from abroad; 4.0 times more likely to have been born abroad; and 3.8 times more likely to have lived with someone with tuberculosis. Subtle socioeconomic factors were also evident with cases 4.0 times less likely to have additional bathrooms. Lifestyle factors emerged with cases 2.3 times more likely to have smoked for at least 30 yrs, 3.8 times less likely to eat dairy products every week and 2.6 times less likely to have had high blood pressure. At interview, these factors were still evident, but cases, unlike controls, had reduced their smoking and alcohol consumption and were less likely to go out of the home or exercise than before their illness.Within individuals, lifestyle consequences of tuberculosis lead to a “healthier” lifestyle on the one hand (less smoking and alcohol consumption), but a reduced quality of life (social activity) on the other.
Evaluation of the interrupter technique in healthy, unsedated infants
Authors: Hall G.L. , Wildhaber J.H. , Cernelc M. , Frey U. 
Published: July 2002

The interrupter technique may be used to monitor respiratory resistance and does not require active patient cooperation, but has yet to be applied in unsedated, spontaneously breathing infants. The aim of this study was to determine if the interrupter technique is feasible in spontaneously breathing infants and to investigate the influence of facemask types and analysis techniques on the interrupter resistance (Rint).Rintwas measured in 14 healthy, unsedated, sleeping infants (aged 38.4 (31–56) days (mean (range)). Paired measurements were made using large volume, compliant (Mcomp) and small volume, rigid (Mrigid) facemasks. Flow and pressure were measured at the airway opening prior to- and following a brief airway occlusion (500 ms).Rintwas calculated using four previously reported analysis techniques.Rintcould be measured in all infants. Mcomp, independent of the analysis method significantly underestimatedRint(p<0.001). The variability and magnitude ofRintwere significantly influenced by the choice of analysis method.The conclusion is that the interrupter technique is feasible in spontaneously breathing, unsedated infants. Equipment design and analysis method significantly influences interrupter resistance. Studies standardizing equipment and identifying the most appropriate analysis technique in this age group are needed.
Diagnostic strategies for suspected pulmonary embolism
Authors: Donkers-van Rossum A.B. 
Published: July 2002

Pulmonary embolism often remains a difficult diagnosis for the clinician, particularly in patients with comorbidity factors. This is in contrast with the availability of effective treatment, which should be prescribed as soon as possible.To date, there is still no ideal diagnostic test that is accurate, safe, readily available and cost-effective.Recent technical advances in computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory findings have raised new possibilities in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.This review covers the performance of different diagnostic tests, and focuses on the advantages and limitations of single diagnostic tests and the clinical usefulness of these tests in diagnostic strategies.