bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Gold‐Nanoparticle‐Based SERS Reporter that Rolls on DNA Origami Templates
Authors: Liu Bing , Ren Shaokang , Xing Yikang , Teng Nan , Wang Jun , Zhu Dan , Su Shao , Peng Hongzhen , Wang Lihua , Wang Lianhui , Chao Jie 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPlasmonic nanostructures with distinct spatial configuration and geometry are of considerable significance because of their desired optical response. These optical responses have close relationship with the inter‐particle parameters in plasmonic nanostructures. However, the precise control of the consecutive variation of these parameters remains a formidable challenge. Here, we demonstrate a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) ‐based plasmonic nano‐reporter, in which a AuNP performs as a walker to stepwise roll directionally and progressively on DNA origami. Using another AuNP as a stator, the rolling of the AuNP reporter could generate the inter‐particle distance variation, which would be monitored by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Our method opens up a door to develop an optical reporter that monitors inter‐particle variations in plasmonic nanostructures.
A national survey of nurse training: Confidence and competence in educating patients commencing methotrexate therapy
Authors: Robinson Sandra , Hassell Andrew , Ryan Sarah , Adams Nicola , Walker David 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroductionMethotrexate is routinely used to treat active disease in inflammatory arthritis. There have previously been patient safety concerns associated with methotrexate usage in practice. Most patients commencing methotrexate treatment are seen by the rheumatology nurse, to receive education (often referred to as drug counselling) on this agent prior to starting treatment. Yet, there are no recommended criteria regarding education or experience to ensure minimum competence of the rheumatology nurse. The objectives of the present survey were, firstly, to identify the relevant training experience of rheumatology nurses who provide methotrexate education and, secondly, to explore their confidence and competence in undertaking this role.MethodA national electronic survey of rheumatology nurses, identified via the Royal College of Nursing Rheumatology Forum, national meetings and personal contacts, in order to access nurses who counsel patients on methotrexate, was carried out.ResultsA total of 104 nurses completed the survey. Reported training was highly variable, ranging from very little to having undertaken MSc courses. Knowledge of the drug was rated as the most important requirement. Confidence was largely very good and was reported to develop with experience, with 80% of participants reporting being confident after 1 year in the role. A small number of participants (four) indicated that they were ‘not at all confident’. Aspects of competence and knowledge were assessed using questions on clinical situations; knowledge appeared to be good, with the exception of a question on shingles. Confidence correlated with knowledge (r = 0.21; p = 0.05), amount of training (r = 0.24; p = 0.03) and most strongly with time in the role (r = 0.74; p = 0.00001). The amount of training correlated with confidence but not with knowledge. All participants used written information, often using more than one source, with 87% of participants favouring the Arthritis Research UK information leaflet on methotrexate.ConclusionsThere was a wide variety of training for this role. Confidence seemed to come with experience, training and knowledge, and took many months to develop. A training package in this area may be helpful. Reassuringly, confidence and knowledge were related.
Advances and challenges in the detection of transcriptome‐wide protein–RNA interactions
Authors: Wheeler Emily C. , Van Nostrand Eric L. , Yeo Gene W. 
Published: August 2017

RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play key roles in determining cellular behavior by manipulating the processing of target RNAs. Robust methods are required to detect the numerous binding sites of RBPs across the transcriptome. RNA‐immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (RIP‐seq) and crosslinking followed by immunoprecipitation and sequencing (CLIP‐seq) are state‐of‐the‐art methods used to identify the RNA targets and specific binding sites of RBPs. Historically, CLIP methods have been confounded with challenges such as the requirement for tens of millions of cells per experiment, low RNA yields resulting in libraries that contain a high number of polymerase chain reaction duplicated reads, and technical inconveniences such as radioactive labeling of RNAs. However, recent improvements in the recovery of bound RNAs and the efficiency of converting isolated RNAs into a library for sequencing have enhanced our ability to perform the experiment at scale, from less starting material than has previously been possible, and resulting in high quality datasets for the confident identification of protein binding sites. These, along with additional improvements to protein capture, removal of nonspecific signals, and methods to isolate noncanonical RBP targets have revolutionized the study of RNA processing regulation, and reveal a promising future for mapping the human protein‐RNA regulatory network. WIREs RNA 2018, 9:e1436. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1436This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
Rising Powers and Peacebuilding: India’s Role in Afghanistan
Authors: Sinha Shakti 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The gradual economic and political shift towards the Global South, particularly the Indo-Pacific, is also reflected in the increased role of its regional powers in stabilising countries emerging from conflict. Although countries like China and India are accused of using their assistance to take advantage of natural resources, they do not see themselves as donors or exploiters, but as development partners. This chapter uses the case of Afghanistan to examine India’s role in concrete detail to show how it conforms to key traits: no policy conditions, demand-driven and non-interference in the affairs of partner countries. India has been the fifth largest bilateral donor in Afghanistan, and the largest outside the developed countries. This offers a unique opportunity to study the performance of a non-traditional donor in a conflict-affected country.
Thinking Outside the Compound: Turkey’s Approach to Peacebuilding in Somalia
Authors: Sazak Onur , Woods Auveen Elizabeth 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Turkey’s engagement in Somalia is one of the most visible examples of a rising power’s approach to a conflict-affected country. The “Turkish model” of engagement is characterized by the quick delivery of assistance and programs with Turkish personnel on the ground. It is also noted for its emphasis on soft power attributes such as business interests and cultural affinity such as Turkey’s Muslim identity. This approach is in contrast to other “traditional donors” in Somalia who are often accused of being overly bureaucratic, slow, and isolated, either bunkered in the airport in Mogadishu or providing aid remotely from other neighboring countries. This chapter seeks to shed light on Turkey’s activities in Somalia, particularly its approach to peacebuilding. It draws on interviews with Somalis to explore their perspectives on Turkey’s engagement, while also placing these activities firmly in the context of other external actors in the country and Somalia’s conflict dynamics.
Recent developments in understanding mast seeding in relation to dynamics of carbon and nitrogen resources in temperate trees
Authors: Han Qingmin , Kabeya Daisuke 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMast seeding, the synchronous intermittent production of large seed crops in populations of perennial plants, is a widespread and widely studied phenomenon. Economy of scale has been demonstrated to provide the ultimate selection factor driving the evolution of masting, for example, in terms of the predator‐satiation and pollination‐efficiency hypotheses; however, its physiological mechanism is still poorly understood. The resource budget (RB) model assumes that an individual plant requires more resources to flower and fruit than it gains in a year, and therefore only flowers when a specific threshold amount of stored resources is surpassed. Although the RB models have been well explored theoretically, including for resource depletion and pollen coupling, empirical data to support these assumptions are still disputed. Here, we explore the extent to which the RB model applies to masting tree species, focusing on the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen resources in natural temperate forests. There is little empirical evidence that plants use carbohydrates stored over several years to produce fruits; however, nitrogen stores in temperate trees are more commonly depleted after masting. We review the internal nitrogen cycle including resorption during leaf senescence, storage and remobilization, discussing the effect of masting on these processes. Overall, carbohydrates and nitrogen are clearly involved in the proximate mechanisms driving mast seeding, but the determinant resource seems to be species specific.
Elongation of very Long‐Chain (>C24) Fatty Acids in Clarias gariepinus: Cloning, Functional Characterization and Tissue Expression of elovl4 Elongases
Authors: Oboh Angela , Navarro Juan C. , Tocher Douglas R. , Monroig Oscar 
Published: August 2017

AbstractElongation of very long‐chain fatty acid 4 (Elovl4) proteins participate in the biosynthesis of very long‐chain (>C24) saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA). Previous studies have shown that fish possess two different forms of Elovl4, termed Elovl4a and Elovl4b. The present study aimed to characterize both molecularly and functionally two elovl4 cDNA from the African catfish Clarias gariepinus. The results confirmed that C. gariepinus possessed two elovl4‐like elongases with high homology to two previously characterized Elovl4 from Danio rerio, and thus they were termed accordingly as Elovl4a and Elovl4b. The C. gariepinus Elovl4a and Elovl4b have open reading frames (ORF) of 945 and 915 base pairs, respectively, encoding putative proteins of 314 and 304 amino acids, respectively. Functional characterization in yeast showed both Elovl4 enzymes have activity towards all the PUFA substrates assayed (18:4n‐3, 18:3n‐6, 20:5n‐3, 20:4n‐6, 22:5n‐3, 22:4n‐6 and 22:6n‐3), producing elongated products of up to C36. Moreover, the C. gariepinus Elovl4a and Elovl4b were able to elongate very long‐chain saturated FA (VLC‐SFA) as denoted by increased levels of 28:0 and longer FA in yeast transformed with elovl4 ORF compared to control yeast. These results confirmed that C. gariepinus Elovl4 play important roles in the biosynthesis of very long‐chain FA. Tissue distribution analysis of elovl4 mRNAs showed both genes were widely expressed in all tissues analyzed, with high expression of elovl4a in pituitary and brain, whereas female gonad and pituitary had the highest expression levels for elovl4b.
Linkage disequilibrium based association mapping of micronutrients in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): a collection of Jammu & Kashmir, India
Authors: Mahajan Reetika , Zargar Sajad Majeed , Salgotra R. K. , Singh Ravinder , Wani Aijaz Ahmad , Nazir Muslima , Sofi Parvaze A. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies are of major concern in human health and plant metabolism. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), iodine (I), selenium (Se) are regarded as micronutrients having major impact on human health. More than 50% of populations mainly from developing countries are suffering from one or the other micronutrient malnutrition. Ensuring adequate supply of these micronutrients through diet consisting of staple foods, such as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is must. Here, we evaluated common bean genotypes that were collected from various regions of Jammu and Kashmir, India for Fe, Zn and protein contents and used SSRs to identify the markers associated with these traits. We found significant variation among genotypes for Fe, Zn and protein contents. Genotype R2 was having 7.22 mg 100 g−1 of Fe content, genotype K15 with 1.93 mg 100 g−1 of Zn content and genotype KS6 with 31.6% of protein content. Diversity study was done using both cluster and structure based approach. Further, association mapping analysis using General Linear Method (GLM) approach was done to identify SSRs associated with accumulation of Fe, Zn and protein. 13 SSRs were identified that significantly (p < 0.05) showed association with Fe, Zn and protein contents in common bean. The markers associated with Fe were located on chromosome no. 2, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10, markers associated with Zn were located on chromosome no. 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 whereas only one marker located on chromosome no. 4 was found associated with protein content. These findings will provide potential opportunity to improve Fe and Zn concentrations in common bean, through molecular breeding.
Computational approaches to the in vitro antibacterial activity of Allium hirtifolium Boiss against gentamicin-resistant Escherichia coli: focus on ribosome recycling factor
Authors: Ali Sakar Emad , Chehri Khosrow , Karimi Nasser , Karimi Isaac 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPersian shallot, Allium hirtifolium Boiss. (AH), is an Iranian native medicinal plant belongs to Alliaceae family. Here, we investigated in vitro antibacterial activity of hydro-alcoholic extract derived from bulbs of AH. We also employed in silico molecular docking to decipher mechanisms of its antibacterial effects. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against E. coli ATCC 25922 were determined. Molecular docking was performed for major phytochemicals of AH against ribosome recycling factor (RRF). E. coli ATCC 25922 was gentamicin-resistant while AH showed MIC (42 ± 18 μg/ml) and MBC (106 ± 36 μg/ml) against E. coli. In silico results reported all phytochemicals of AH shown acceptable negative binding affinity (kcal/mol) with RRF. In essence, the binding affinities of alliogenin (−11.6), gitogenin (−11.6), kaempferol (−10.2), linoleic acid (−8.4), oleic acid (−8.0), palmitic acid (−7.4), palmitoleic acid (−8.4), quercetin (−10.8), and shallomin (−13.4) with RRF were comparable to that of gentamicin (−12.6). In sum, hydro-alcoholic extract of bulbs of AH could be considered as a commercial phytobiotics if in-depth antibacterial assays employed in future studies. More interestingly, shallomin showed more promising binding affinity with RRF and can be considered as lead molecule for future drug discovery.
The Natural History of Erectile Dysfunction After Prostatic Radiotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Gaither Thomas W. , Awad Mohannad A. , Osterberg E. Charles , Murphy Gregory P. , Allen Isabel E. , Chang Albert , Rosen Raymond C. , Breyer Benjamin N. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Background
Erectile dysfunction (ED) after treatment for prostate cancer with radiotherapy (RT) is well known, and pooled estimates of ED after RT will provide more accurate patient education.

Aim
To systematically evaluate the natural history of ED in men with previous erectile function after prostate RT and to determine clinical factors associated with ED.

Methods
We performed a review of the PubMed and Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases in April 2016 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. Identified reports included a measurement of ED before and after prostate RT. Two hundred seventy-eight abstracts were screened and 105 publications met the criteria for inclusion. Only men with known erectile function before RT were included in the analysis.

Outcome
ED after RT of the prostate.

Results
In total, 17,057 men underwent brachytherapy (65%), 8,166 men underwent external-beam RT (31%), and 1,046 men underwent both (4%). Seven common instruments were used to measure ED, including 23 different cutoffs for ED. The Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) was used in 31 studies (30%). Pooled estimates of SHIM-confirmed ED (score &lt;10–17) suggested the prevalence of ED after RT is 34% of men (95% CI = 0.29–0.39) at 1 year and 57% (95% CI = 0.53–0.61) at 5.5 years. Compared with brachytherapy, studies of the two types of radiation increased the proportion of new-onset ED found by 12.3% of studies (95% CI = 2.3–22.4). For every 10% who were lost to follow-up, the proportion of ED reported increased by 2.3% (95% CI = 0.03–4.7).

Clinical Implications
ED is common regardless of RT modality and increases during each year of follow-up. Using the SHIM, ED is found in approximately 50% patients at 5 years.

Strengths and Limitations
The strengths of this systematic review include strict inclusion criteria of studies that measured baseline erectile function, no evidence for large effect size bias, and a large number of studies, which allow for modeling techniques. However, all data included in this analysis were observational, which leaves the possibility that residual confounding factors increase the rates of ED.

Conclusion
Definitions and measurements of ED after RT vary considerably in published series and could account for variability in the prevalence of reported ED. Loss to follow-up in studies could bias the results to overestimate ED.
How Global is the Common Law? A Comparative Study of Asian Common Law Systems – Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore
Authors: NG Kwai Hang , JACOBSON Brynna 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis article compares three common law jurisdictions in Asia – Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore. By studying the use of foreign citations in the reported opinions of these jurisdictions, we show that they have acquired a judicial character that is distinctively outward-looking and global. The variety and range of foreign citations suggest that the phenomenon cannot be fully explained as a matter of colonial legacy. The article further discusses the ways in which the use of foreign case citations serve as a means for legal and professional enrichment.
Disaster Mental Health Services Review of Care for Older Persons After Disasters
Authors: Gibson Allison , Walsh Jessica , Brown Lisa M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAs older persons make up an ever greater proportion of the world’s population, a range of concerns are being voiced by policy-makers, program managers, and care providers about best or optimal practices for serving this population’s needs during all stages of disasters. Given that age-related vulnerabilities are common in late life, this article describes existing systems of care in the United States for the provision of disaster mental health services. Second, it evaluates the evidence for disaster treatment interventions with this subgroup of the population. Third, it synthesizes the findings of recent studies focusing on screening, assessment, and treatment approaches. To advance our current system of care and to adequately respond to the mental health needs of older persons, it is advantageous to periodically review progress, identify current gaps and unmet needs, and describe opportunities for improvement. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 366–372)
IT'S OK TO MAKE MISTAKES: AGAINST THE FIXED POINT THESIS
Authors: Field Claire 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTCan we make mistakes about what rationality requires? A natural answer is that we can, since it is a platitude that rational belief does not require truth; it is possible for a belief to be rational and mistaken, and this holds for any subject matter at all. However, the platitude causes trouble when applied to rationality itself. The possibility of rational mistakes about what rationality requires generates a puzzle. When combined with two further plausible claims – the enkratic principle, and the claim that rational requirements apply universally – we get the result that rationality generates inconsistent requirements. One popular and attractive solution to the puzzle denies that it is possible to make rational mistakes about what rationality requires. I show why (contra Titelbaum (2015b), and Littlejohn (2015)) this solution is doomed to fail.
From 2D to 3D in fluid turbulence: unexpected critical transitions
Authors: Ecke R. E. 
Published: August 2017

How do the laws of physics change with changes in spatial dimension? Maybe not at all in some cases, but in important cases, the changes are dramatic. Fluid turbulence – the fluctuating, intermittent and many-degree-of-freedom state of a highly forced fluid – determines the transport of heat, mass and momentum and is ubiquitous in nature, where turbulence is found on spatial scales from microns to millions of kilometres (turbulence in stars) and beyond (galactic events such as supernovae). When the turbulent degrees of freedom are suppressed in one spatial dimension, the resulting turbulent state in two dimensions (2D) is remarkably changed compared with the turbulence in three dimensions (3D) – energy flows to small scales in 3D but towards large scales in 2D. Although this result has been known since the 1960s due to the pioneering work of Kraichnan, Batchelor and Leith, how one transitions between 3D and 2D turbulence has remained remarkably unexplored. For real physical systems, this is a highly significant question with important implications about transport in geophysical systems that determine weather on short time scales and climate on longer scales. Is the transition from 3D to 2D smooth or are there sharp transitions that signal a threshold of the dominance of one type of turbulence over another? Recent results by Benavides & Alexakis (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 822 (2017), pp. 364–385) suggest that the latter may be the case – a surprising and provocative discovery.
Evidence for Holocene sea level and climate change from Almenara marsh (western Mediterranean)
Authors: Blázquez Ana M. , Rodríguez-Pérez Ana , Torres Trinidad , Ortiz José E. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn the Almenara marsh (western Mediterranean), four cores were analyzed to establish the relationship between the marsh record of the Almenara marshlands and the environmental factors responsible for its evolution during the Holocene. One hundred and eighty-six samples were collected for sedimentologic and paleontological study: 63 for biomarker analysis; 5 for amino acid racemization (AAR) dating; and 5 for 14C dating. Litho and biofacies analyses identified distinct paleoenvironments, with the presence of a marsh environment alternating with inputs of alluvial material and marine sediments. Biomarkers indicated the constant presence of terrestrial (herbaceous) plants, together with a variable development of aquatic macrophytes. During the Holocene transgression, the Almenara marsh was occupied by oligohaline marsh facies with an oscillating water level and peat formation, which was established at the bottom of the record at 7570 cal yr BP and persisted until 3100±780 yr (AAR). Maximum surface flooding occurred at 5480 cal yr BP, registered 450m from the current coastline. At least three peat beds (dated with 14C dating and AAR) correlated with Bond (episode 5900 cal yr BP) and Wanner (episodes 4800–4500 and 3300–3500 cal yr BP) cycles and thus correspond to a regional model that affected the Northern Hemisphere.