bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient Climate Sensitivity Depends on Base Climate Ocean Circulation
Authors: He Jie , Winton Michael , Vecchi Gabriel , Jia Liwei , Rugenstein Maria 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
There is large uncertainty in the simulation of transient climate sensitivity. This study aims to understand how such uncertainty is related to the simulation of the base climate by comparing two simulations with the same model but in which CO2 is increased from either a preindustrial (1860) or a present-day (1990) control simulation. This allows different base climate ocean circulations that are representative of those in current climate models to be imposed upon a single model. As a result, the model projects different transient climate sensitivities that are comparable to the multimodel spread. The greater warming in the 1990-start run occurs primarily at high latitudes and particularly over regions of oceanic convection. In the 1990-start run, ocean overturning circulations are initially weaker and weaken less from CO2 forcing. As a consequence, there are smaller reductions in the poleward ocean heat transport, leading to less tropical ocean heat storage and less moderated high-latitude surface warming. This process is evident in both hemispheres, with changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the Antarctic Bottom Water formation dominating the warming differences in each hemisphere. The high-latitude warming in the 1990-start run is enhanced through albedo and cloud feedbacks, resulting in a smaller ocean heat uptake efficacy. The results highlight the importance of improving the base climate ocean circulation in order to provide a reasonable starting point for assessments of past climate change and the projection of future climate change.
Surface Wave Impact When Simulating Midlatitude Storm Development
Authors: Wu Lichuan , Sproson David , Sahlée Erik , Rutgersson Anna 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSurface gravity waves, present at the air–sea interface, can affect the momentum flux and heat fluxes by modifying turbulence in the lower layers of the atmosphere. How to incorporate wave impacts into model parameterizations is still an open issue. In this study, the influence of a dynamic roughness length (considering instantaneous wave-induced stress), horizontal resolution, and the coupling time resolution between waves and the atmosphere on storm simulations are investigated using sensitivity experiments. Based on the simulations of six midlatitude storms using both an atmosphere–wave coupled model and an atmospheric stand-alone model, the impacts are investigated. Adding the wave-induced stress weakens the storm intensity. Applying a roughness length tuned to an average friction velocity is not enough to capture the simulation results from “true” wave-related roughness length. High-horizontal-resolution models intensify the simulation of storms, which is valid for both coupled and uncoupled models. Compared with the atmospheric stand-alone model, the coupled model (considering the influence of dynamic roughness length) is more sensitive to the model horizontal resolution. During reasonable ranges, the coupling time resolution does not have a significant impact on the storm intensity based on the limited experiments used in this study. It is concluded that the dynamic wave influence (instantaneous wave influence) and the model resolution should be taken into account during the development of forecast and climate models.
Verification of Convection-Allowing Model Ensemble Analyses of Near-Storm Environments Using MPEX Upsonde Observations
Authors: Kerr Christopher A. , Stensrud David J. , Wang Xuguang 
Published: November 2016

The Mesoscale Predictability Experiment (MPEX) conducted during the spring of 2013 included frequent coordinated sampling of near-storm environments via upsondes. These unique observations were taken to better understand the upscale effects of deep convection on the environment, and are used to validate the accuracy of convection-allowing (Δ x = 3 km) model ensemble analyses. A 36-member ensemble was created with physics diversity using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, and observations were assimilated via the Data Assimilation Research Testbed using an ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. A 4-day sequence of convective events from 28 to 31 May 2013 in the south-central United States was analyzed by assimilating Doppler radar and conventional observations. No MPEX upsonde observations were assimilated. Since the ensemble mean analyses produce an accurate depiction of the storms, the MPEX observations are used to verify the accuracy of the analyses of the near-storm environment. A total of 81 upsondes were released over the 4-day period, sampling different regions of near-storm environments including storm inflow, outflow, and anvil. The MPEX observations reveal modest analysis errors overall when considering all samples, although specific environmental regions reveal larger errors in some state fields. The ensemble analyses underestimate cold pool depth, and storm inflow meridional winds have a pronounced northerly bias that results from an underprediction of inflow wind speed magnitude. Most bias distributions are Gaussian-like, with a few being bimodal owing to systematic biases of certain state fields and environmental regions.
Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase: the ultimate oncogene and therapeutic target
Authors: Werner Michael T. , Zhao Chen , Zhang Qian , Wasik Mariusz A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase physiologically expressed by fetal neural cells. However, aberrantly expressed ALK is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse malignancies, including distinct types of lymphoma, lung carcinoma, and neuroblastoma. The aberrant ALK expression in nonneural cells results from chromosomal translocations that create novel fusion proteins. These protein hybrids compose the proximal part of a partner gene, including its promoter region, and the distal part of ALK, including the coding sequence for the entire kinase domain. ALK was first identified in a subset of T-cell lymphomas with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) morphology (ALK+ ALCL), the vast majority of which harbor the well-characterized nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK fusion protein. NPM-ALK co-opts several intracellular signal transduction pathways, foremost being the STAT3 pathway, normally activated by cytokines from the interleukin-2 (IL-2) family to promote cell proliferation and to inhibit apoptosis. Many genes and proteins modulated by NPM-ALK are also involved in evasion of antitumor immune response, protection from hypoxia, angiogenesis, DNA repair, cell migration and invasiveness, and cell metabolism. In addition, NPM-ALK uses epigenetic silencing mechanisms to downregulate tumor suppressor genes to maintain its own expression. Importantly, NPM-ALK is capable of transforming primary human CD4+ T cells into immortalized cell lines indistinguishable from patient-derived ALK+ ALCL. Preliminary clinical studies indicate that inhibition of NPM-ALK induces long-lasting complete remissions in a large subset of heavily pretreated adult patients and the vast majority of children with high-stage ALK+ ALCL. Combining ALK inhibition with other novel therapeutic modalities should prove even more effective.
Genome-wide minor histocompatibility matching as related to the risk of graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Martin Paul J. , Levine David M. , Storer Barry E. , Warren Edus H. , Zheng Xiuwen , Nelson Sarah C. , Smith Anajane G. , Mortensen Bo K. , Hansen John A. 
Published: November 2016

Key PointsVariable mismatching for minor histocompatibility antigens correlates with the risk of severe GVHD after HCT with sibling donors. HLA-mismatching likely explains most of the increased risk of GVHD after HCT with unrelated donors.
Healthcare in the light of the concept of welfare state regimes – comparative analysis of EU member states
Authors: Kawiorska Dorota 
Published: November 2016

This paper addresses issues related to health care in the context of the debate about the typology of welfare state regimes and comparative studies conducted in reference to the debate. Particular attention has been paid to the phenomenon of decommodification as one of the key dimensions that define welfare regimes identified in the literature associated with this debate. The study presents a health decommodification index, on the basis of which an attempt has been made to assess the decommodification potential of health care, taking into account the situation in the 28 EU Member States in 2012. The identification of a widely understood accessibility of publicly funded health care as a basic measure for assessing the decommodifying features of health programs is an important result of the empirical analysis. The study has also confirmed the views expressed in the literature about the existence of practical obstacles standing in the way of developing a universal typology of welfare states.
The deconstruction of two maternal figures – the lunatic of the house and Medea in Crímenes Domésticos (Family Crimes) by Vanessa Vilches Norat
Authors: Fuentes-Rivera Ada G. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The order and tensions of the intimate space that make up a home hide controversial meanings from which we can interpret culture, family and particularly the mother figure in the family. Vanessa Vilches Norat uses family domesticity as a starting point to question western and Puerto Rican culture in her book, Crímenes domésticos (Family Crimes, 2007). Even from its title, the reader faces violence as the main signifier of the Puerto Rican culture. However, it is not a reference to the violence we read about every day in the national newspapers, but to a subtle violence – the one that happens behind closed doors, the one not expressed, the one hidden in our homes … the violence that tattoos and shapes our feminine bodies. In this article, I will examine the mother figure as it appears in two short stories: ‘Del hilo de su voz’ and ‘Monstruosa sororidad’ (‘About the thread of her voice’ and ‘Monstrous sorority’). This article is divided into three sections: a theoretical introduction, contextualization and discussion of the stories.
A screech in the dark
Authors: Anim-Addo Joan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
On a Caribbean island where both tradition and the very modern shape everyday lives, Carole and Monica’s best friend Ruthie has been murdered. The gossips emerge to heap blame. Did the screech owls in any way signify Ruthie’s murder? The friends, trying to come to terms with their own feelings, avoid each other. Unknown to each other, instead of going to the wake, they head for the same concert. When Carole discovers Monica at the concert, feelings run high and their questions raise the tension between them until an older woman persuades them to return to the wake and the more traditional way of remembering their friend.
The girl who looks like a boy
Authors: Barker Heather 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The short story ‘The girl who looks like a boy’ examines the evolving and transforming relationship between a young daughter and her father around defining moments in their lives. It takes place in the context of the silences and mystery that surround sexuality and sensuality in Caribbean communities and families even in the diaspora. The story’s title declares the protagonist’s strong identification with the male or father figure and is a nod to the tomboy, ‘George’, in Enid Blyton’s Famous Five adventure stories.
‘My voice shall ring in your ears’: The acousmatic voice and the timbral sublime in the Gothic romance
Authors: Foley Matt 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Many studies of the Gothic romance have argued for the importance of sight and obscurity to its aesthetic forms; however, its soundscapes have been considered more scarcely, with only Dale Townshend reading, in any extended sense, the sonic dimensions of the originate Gothic of the late eighteenth century. As this article argues by drawing from Mladen Dolar’s psychoanalytic formulations of the object voice, the obscured or sourceless voice as a means of auditory persecution is an important mechanism in both horror Gothic and in the Radcliffean school of terror. An example of the horror or ‘male’ Gothic of the early nineteenth century, Charles Maturin’s Melmoth the Wanderer (1820) stages a series of persecutory voices that invoke the negative, timbral sublime – an overwhelming textual/auditory excess and a representation of what, theoretically, Dolar has described as ‘the voice beyond logos, the voice beyond law’. It is precisely through such an invocation of a negative sublime that the interrogative voices of Melmoth attempt to dominate those to whom they call. Yet, in Ann Radcliffe’s literature of terror, the disembodied voice is shown, consistently, to lack the authority of law: it is often mistrusted and its source misplaced. Thus the acoustic dimensions of the Gothic romance, I argue in this article, are shaped in part by the distinctive ways in which the terror and horror literatures of the period negotiate and stage the inherent alterity of the troubled and troubling voices that echo throughout their pages.
Sound and silence: The aesthetics of the auditory in the novels of Ann Radcliffe
Authors: Passey Joan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Ann Radcliffe’s Gothic novels are rich with visual imagery, but their use of sound is largely overlooked. While there is significant research into eighteenth century music, little has been said about Radcliffe’s use of atmospheric sound. This article proposes that Radcliffe uses sound to generate terror in response to eighteenth century concepts of sensibility and permeability of the self. In Radcliffe’s novels sound has an obscurity image does not, and penetrates the body, representative of larger anxieties over the degeneration of society.
Media and popular education: Views and policies on radio broadcasting in Republican China, 1920s–30s
Authors: De Giorgi Laura 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This article focuses on the views and policies about the use of radio broadcasting for popular modern education in Republican China in the 1920s and 1930s. The development of radio technology for broadcasting in China during the first half of the twentieth century has been often justified on the ground of its importance as a tool for mass education. After the establishment of the Nanjing government in 1927, and especially in the second half of the 1930s, efforts were made by the Nationalist Party to advance the use of broadcasting for modern education. This cultural agenda partially reflected an international trend, but it was mainly just one aspect of a more general understanding about which should be the proper role of the media in a modern society. Although in China the use of radio broadcasting as a tool of popular education was hindered by many factors, the assumption of a strong nexus among progress, mass education and media technology shaped both the public opinion’s perception of the medium and the Chinese State radio policies.
Beyond propaganda: The role of radio in modernizing China in the socialist era, 1949–76
Authors: Lei Wei 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
When socialist China was founded in 1949, led by the Chinese Communist Party and with Mao Zedong as the leader, radio was the most technologically viable medium with little presence of television. As propaganda is the dominant conception mobilized to interpret the role of media in Mao-era China (1949–76), radio is no exception. However, we still do not fully understand how radio worked and the degree to which programming shaped both public and individual life during this era. Addressing these questions is crucial if we are to explore the involvement of radio in modernizing Mao-era China beyond propaganda. Drawing largely upon Chinese material available pertinent to radio in Mao-era China, this article starts by examining the circumstances in which a state-owned radio system was constructed. It then moves on to scrutinize the materiality and forms of listening exercised in Chinese everyday lived reality. It investigates: several radio genres that were prominent during the Maoist era; and; the multiple dimensions that guided radio’s production of a socialist subject. Taking the historical context and specific radio practices into account, this article aims to address issues – both theoretical and empirical – to localize the relationship between radio and modernization in socialist China.
Copyright, media and modernization in China: A historical review, 1890–2015
Authors: Ren Xiang 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This article understands the history of copyright and media in China as co-evolution between two conflicting paradigms. One builds on the Confucian and Communist systems, where cultural production and knowledge creation are collective and commons-based, while the other is similar to the western copyright practices characterized by the legal protection and commercial exploitation of proprietary ownership rights of creative works. The article reviews the complex interplay between the two opposed paradigms in different historical periods and explores the tension between the ‘western’ models and the ‘Chinese’ traditions and characteristics in the modernization of copyright and media.
A short history of new media studies in China: Practices and identity construction, 1980s–today
Authors: Wei Fang , Jianbin Jin 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This article examines studies surrounding Chinese new media and identity construction from a historical perspective. More specifically, this article examines the dynamism of Chinese individuals’ practices surrounding various new media that emerged and evolved at different times from the 1990s to the present, with a particular focus on identity construction within a theoretical framework of individualization. Drawing upon a review of previous studies and analysis of a new case, this article discusses how identities are negotiated and created through the consumption of new media products and services, the expression of selves, interactions with others and participation in political events. Lastly, this article addresses the changes and continuities in Chinese individuals’ practices of identity construction accompanied with the evolution of different new media throughout the last two decades.
The Invention of Corruption: Political Malpractice and Selective Prosecution in Colonial Northern Nigeria
Authors: Pierce Steven 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Although corruption is overwhelmingly important in Nigerian political discourse and studies of contemporary politics, the topic has received surprisingly little attention from historians. This article considers an instance of corruption that took place in Kano emirate, Northern Nigeria, in 1924. The government’s response to the case was instructive: although the likeliest reconstruction of events suggested wide-ranging, severe political malpractice, the official inquiry took only the most moderate of steps, all the while avoiding the language of “corruption” or indeed of official criminality. Although more recent forms of corruption are profoundly different from this case, they are the recognizable inheritors of some of the politics of corruption that originated nearly a century ago.
Selecting Those “Worthy” of Remembering: Memorialization in Early Lagos Newspapers
Authors: Sawada Nozomi 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, in order to highlight the significance of the lives of the now deceased to society, African-owned newspapers in Lagos began publishing newspaper articles on memorial campaigns, which were organized for the purpose of perpetuating the memory of “great men and women.” By examining descriptive patterns of memorialization and tracing the trajectories of selective remembering and forgetting in the early Lagos press, this article elucidates the way in which the Lagos press sought to materialize memories of chosen figures and construct a shared history in the society, demonstrating how newspapers could be used as a source to illuminate the cultural values and practices of the urban educated Africans at the time. This article also argues that Lagos newspapers could be identified not only as a medium of social memory, but also as memorial objects, which were essential for formulating the ideas of the future.
Evidence for the Dual Role of Floral Secretory Cells in Bulbophyllum
Authors: Stpiczyńska Małgorzata , Davies Kevin L. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Floral epidermal cells of most species of Bulbophyllum Thouars studied to date produce both lipid-rich food-rewards and fragrance. Since fragrances largely consist of terpenoids and have an affinity for lipophilic stains, the simultaneous presence of lipid-rich food-rewards frustrates identification of fragrance-secreting cells by conventional histochemistry. Furthermore, since both lipid-rich food-rewards and fragrances are probably synthesized by a similar complement of organelles, interpretation of TEM images can prove difficult. All members of section Racemosae Benth. & Hook. f. investigated to date, however, are unusual in their secretion of a predominantly proteinaceous food-reward, and lipids are seemingly absent. This might enable their use as models for the identification and characterization of fragrance-secreting tissues and organelles.
Three members of sect. Racemosae were chosen, namely Bulbophyllum dissitiflorum Seidenf., B. lilacinum Ridl. and B. tricorne Seidenf. & Smitinand. All produced food-rewards. Of these, one (B. dissitiflorum) lacked fragrance and was used as a control, whereas the remaining two species produced fragrance. Having established that the food-reward was mainly proteinaceous in each case, and did not test positively for lipid, we undertook further histochemical investigations, as well as light microscopy, SEM and TEM. Specialized palisade-like epidermal cells of all species contained protein bodies and rough endoplasmic reticulum consistent with the production and secretion of a protein-rich food-reward. Cuticular pores were also present. In fragrant species, these cells also contained abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, oil droplets and many, well-developed, spherical plastids with numerous plastoglobuli, similar to those found in the osmophores (fragrance-producing structures) of other orchids. Indeterminate, osmiophilic cytoplasmic inclusions were also present. By contrast, the non-fragrant species lacked oil droplets and other osmiophilic inclusions and the plastids were scant, poorly developed, often elongate or irregular in shape and contained few plastoglobuli. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum was also less frequent. Since food-rewards tested negatively for lipid, it is probable that any oil droplets present were involved in fragrance production, especially since they were absent from the non-fragrant species. Thus, the unusual absence of lipids from the food-rewards of sect. Racemosae provided a rare opportunity, permitting, for the first time, the unraveling of these two secretory processes (food-reward and fragrance) in Bulbophyllum and clearly demonstrating the plasticity of these cells and their dual role in secretion.