bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A standardized bowling ratio
Authors: Johnson N. L. 
Published: August 2016

When it comes to cricket we are all statisticians. Indeed, a daily paper has only to use the heading ‘The Averages’ for every (male) reader to understand that he will find below the batting and bowling averages of first-class cricketers. Most schoolboys take a keen interest in these figures and many soon begin to realize that they are not an altogether satisfactory means of comparing the prowess of individual players. It is noted, for instance, that an opening batsman has, on the whole, more dangerous bowling to cope with than one who goes in fifth or sixth wicket down; and that a bowler who secures cheap wickets among ‘tail-enders’ is flattered as compared with an opening bowler who has very different opposition.The sales of Wisden bear ample evidence of the fascination of cricket records. Sir William Elderton (1945) and George H. Wood (1945) have published enlightening analyses of batsmen's performances, which are but samples of the delights to be found in browsing among these records. Not only does such work throw new light on the published figures, but it often leads to clearer ideas on statistical analysis and interpretation in general. Understanding of the effects of statistical analysis is much facilitated by the relatively clear-cut nature of the data, which, despite ambiguities and unrecorded factors such as pitch, weather and tactics, are less subject to confusing factors than most statistical data.
The Meaning of Probability
Authors: Perks Wilfred 
Published: August 2016

The following note was written in 1949 as a supplement to the official course of reading for students preparing to take Part IA of the Institute's examinations and is issued in duplicated form to students by the Actuarial Tuition Service. The editors feel that the note may be of interest to many who, like themselves, did not have the opportunity of reading it in the course of their studies; those more recent students who have read the note may like to refresh their memories.Mr Perks has kindly given permission for publication, and wishes to express his thanks to H. W. Haycocks and G. V. Bayley for the helpful criticisms and suggestions that he received from them.
Social Insurance Overseas
Authors: Gilder R. C. 
Published: August 2016

Social insurance is becoming increasingly important in the economic and social life of many countries. In several the expenditure on insurance benefits has been estimated to be over 10% of the national income. About forty-five nations now have insurance schemes in which the state plays a part, and about seventy have compulsory private or state ‘workmen's compensation’ insurance. Others have assistance schemes. There is continual expansion in the number of countries operating schemes and in the scope of these schemes.In this paper a summary is given of the types of benefit commonly found, and the methods used to assess contributions, and financial systems in use, are then discussed. Although Great Britain was one of the pioneers of social insurance, very few schemes have been modelled on ours and it is instructive to examine the differences.
The Actuary in South Africa
Authors: de Smidt H. E. , Schermann H. , Williams D. W. , Rodger G. 
Published: August 2016

The history of the actuarial profession in South Africa starts, as far as is known, during the last decade of the nineteenth century when three actuaries arrived in the Cape Colony from the United Kingdom. Two of these took up positions with the two South African life offices which were then in existence and the third became Government Actuary to the Cape Colony. By the time the Union of South Africa was established in 1910, four more actuaries had arrived from the United Kingdom, and a further four had arrived by 1920. Some of these gentlemen established permanent homes in this country, while others returned overseas after varying periods of time. It was no doubt due to these early beginnings that the actuarial homes of South African actuaries are today London and Edinburgh.The first South African-born actuary qualified as a Fellow of the Faculty in 1921, and since that time increasing numbers of South Africans have become qualified, mostly as Fellows of the Faculty.
Some Aspects of Electronic Data Processing
Authors: Johnson P. D. 
Published: August 2016

The objects of this paper are to consider how a life office in the United Kingdom might approach the question of using electronic data processing equipment and to indicate some of the problems which will be encountered—without, I am afraid, supplying all the answers. There are in fact very few questions on this subject to which a general answer can be given. Although a good deal can be gained from exchanging information and ideas, it will ultimately be up to each individual office to solve its own particular problems.Many of the difficulties one meets in discussing this subject arise from the widely differing circumstances in the various offices. Each person naturally tends to approach the problem from the point of view of his own office, and consequently suggests different answers partly because he is considering different questions. I have therefore felt it desirable to limit the scope of the paper, and since there are important differences between the offices which transact industrial assurance and those which do not, I propose to confine my attention to the problems of an industrial/ordinary office. A further limitation is that group business is not discussed.
The Market Price of Convertible Loan Stocks.
Authors: Moody P. E. 
Published: August 2016

It is not a new idea for debenture or loan stocks to be issued with an option to the lender to convert the whole or part of his holding into ordinary shares at fixed prices on certain future dates or during certain periods. There has in recent years been an increase in the number of these stocks available to the British investor and there is also a substantial number that have been issued in the U.S.A. and Canada. A typical example is the Bowater Paper Corporation Limited 5¾ % Convertible Unsecured Loan Stock 1978–82. In July 1959, holders have the right to convert each £50 of loan stock into twenty-one £1 Ordinary shares; in July 1960, into twenty Ordinary shares; and in July 1961, into nineteen Ordinary shares. There are no conversion rights after July 1961 and any stock not converted by that date will remain as a normal unsecured loan stock redeemable in the period from 1978 to 1982.The existence of this option is, of course, attractive to the investor and this is reflected in the market price of the stock. The problem is how to determine the portion of the market price that represents the cost of the option. Of the many features that, no doubt, affect the position, the most significant seems to be whether the option is remote or not.
The Expected Yield of Ordinary Shares
Authors: Hemsted J. R. 
Published: August 2016

The assessment of ordinary shares is at present the subject of intense activity. A full-scale professional analysis of a particular share can, however, be a most formidable document and one which does not produce the answer to the question ‘What long term return can I expect from my investment?’ On the other hand a simple statement of dividend cover and dividend yield at the current price is clearly insufficient to decide on the merits of a share.This paper describes a method of assessing ordinary shares in terms of ‘expected yield’, i.e. the compound interest return which a long-term buyer would expect to obtain from his investment, and includes a note on a simple way of adjusting a company's published rates of dividend and earnings to produce a consistent growth record suitable for use in estimating the expected yield.
A Quadratic Programming Formulation of the Portfolio Selection Model
Authors: Wegner P. 
Published: August 2016

1. Kennedy &amp; Howroyd (1956) have discussed the application of the Lagrangian multiplier technique to actuarial problems. This technique permits the analytical solution of constrained optimization problems, where both the function to be optimized and the constraints must satisfy stringent analytical conditions. In particular, the first derivatives of all functions must exist.When constraints comprise inequality as well as equation restrictions, as is the case in linear and non-linear programming, then the conditions required for the Lagrangian multiplier technique do not hold. It was therefore found necessary to develop a new body of techniques, known as mathematical programming techniques, for the solution of constrained optimization problems involving inequality constraints.
Maintaining Life Office Records—a Computer Experiment.
Authors: Williams A. J. 
Published: August 2016

There is now no doubt that electronic computers have a wide application in the insurance industry. The main controversy during the next few years is likely to be over fields of application: we find ourselves in the position of a child who, having been presented with a costly and elaborate paint-box, looks around in trepidation for something to adorn which will not turn out to have been irreparably damaged by his efforts. The purpose of this paper is to describe the attempt of one life office, transacting ordinary life business, to sketch a preliminary outline before committing itself to the costly process of wholesale interior decoration.The dispute over fields of application has already been given a rousing send-off by S. Benjamin's assertion that ‘the emphasis on data processing applications… has been an unfortunate mistake’ (Computers and Actuarial Science,J.S.S.17, 93). This paper will be concerned exclusively with such applications; however, it is hoped that this concern will not be regarded as retrogressive. It so happened that the investigation described here developed naturally from existing data processing methods within the office.
Pension Preservation
Authors: Escolme A. R. 
Published: August 2016

1. A great deal of time and energy has been spent over the last twelve months or so on the Government's proposed 1972 State scheme. And rightly so, for the financial implications are substantial while the problems of advising employers and trustees on how or to what extent to adjust their occupational schemes, and on how to operate them thereafter, are formidable.2. As a result, however, there is perhaps a danger of not enough attention being paid to the proposed simultaneous legislation for the preservation of pension rights. The object of this paper is to air some of the problems related to pension preservation and its implications.Some definitions3. The Department of Health and Social Security's latest summary of the Government's three 1969 Social Security White Papers (Cmmd. 3883, 4124 and 4195) were, I suspect, prepared primarily for the benefit of members of the two Houses of Parliament. It seems that many of them have had some difficulty in understanding the complexities of the new earnings related pension proposals. Certainly the Government's spokesman in the House of Lords found quite a few difficulties in presenting the White Paper on abatement to that body.
Recent Changes in the Tax treatment of Occupational Pension Schemes
Authors: Day M. J. 
Published: August 2016

In February of this year (1970) the Inland Revenue published a memorandum giving details of changes they propose to make in the tax treatment of occupational pension schemes. Although these proposals in certam instances were dependent on the existence of the previous Government's National Superannuation Scheme, the Finance Act, 1970, in which the legislation to introduce the changes was incorporated, contains no reference to this Scheme. In the Finance Act, the conditions for automatic Inland Revenue approval are more severe than those announced in the February memorandum The Act does, however, give the Inland Revenue wide discretion to relax these stringent conditions. The Inland Revenue have indicated that they will use these powers of discretion to implement all the proposals in their February memorandum ignoring any reference to the now defunct National Superannuation Scheme.This paper has been based on the Finance Act, 1970 and the Inland Revenue memorandum. However, these documents do not clarify all the points involved and, until the Inland Revenue issue their practice notes, as they intend to shortly, we cannot be certain how the changes will apply in all cases.
Permian Gastropoda of the southwestern United States: Subulitacea
Authors: Erwin Douglas H. 
Published: August 2016

The composition of Permian members of the superfamily Subulitacea is considered, and 12 new species of Subulitacea are described from the silicified fauna of the Permian System of West Texas and New Mexico. Other elements of the gastropod fauna were previously described by Yochelson (1956a, 1960) and Batten (1958).The new genusIschnoptygmais established for subulitaceans possessing a plate-like columellar fold, and includes the new speciesIschnoptygma archibaldiandI. valentinei.The genus is placed within the new family Ischnoptygmidae. New species of Subulitidae areCeraunocochlis deformis, C. elongata, C. kidderi, C. trekensis, Strobeus girtyi, Soleniscus diminutus, S. variabilis, Cylindritopsis hamiltonae, andC. spheroides.The status of the genusLabridensis questioned, but provisionally retained. The assignment of the family Meekospiridae to the Subulitacea is questioned, and a single new species,Meekospira mimiae, is described.
Cephalopods from the late Eocene Hoko River Formation, northwestern Washington
Authors: Squires Richard L. 
Published: August 2016

Rare specimens of the nautiloidsNautilusandAturiaand extremely rare specimens of a sepiamorph sepiid are described from the late Eocene Hoko River Formation, northern Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The well-preserved partial phragmocones are from channel-fill clastics deposited on the inner and middle slopes of a submarine-fan system.TheNautilusspecimen is allied toN. cookanumWhitfield from middle Eocene strata, New Jersey, and is probably conspecific withNautilussp. (Miller) from late Eocene strata, northwestern Oregon, both of which were previously assigned toEutrephoceras.This is the first record ofNautilusin the northeastern Pacific.TheAturiaspecimen is tentatively identified asA.cf.A. alabamensis(Morton), a species previously only known from late Eocene strata in the Atlantic-Gulf Coastal area and northeastern Mexico.Aturia alabamensismay be the same as numerous Eocene North American aturiid species.The two sepiamorph sepiid specimens resembleBelosepiaVoltz but are probably generically distinct. They are only the second record of sepiids in the Eocene of the northeastern Pacific.
New data on the Upper Triassic bivalve Monotis in North America, and the new subgenus Pacimonotis
Authors: Grant-Mackie J. A. , Silberling N. J. 
Published: August 2016

Re-examination of some North American collections of the late middle to early late Norian pterioid bivalve Monotis confirms the separation of M. (M.) alaskana Smith from the European type species M. salinaria (Schlotheim). The related M. (M.) haueri Kittl, as differentiated statistically, is more widely represented in southern Alaska, the Canadian Yukon, and Nevada than was formerly recognized. Species described originally from northeastern USSR and now confirmed as present in rocks from Alaska and western Canada include: M. (Entomonotis) pachypleura (Teller), M. (Eomonotis) daonellaeformis Kiparisova, and M. (E.) anjuensis Bytschkov and Efimova. Monotis subcircularis Gabb and related forms are transferred from the subgenus Entomonotis to the new subgenus Pacimonotis in order to give the former subgenus a more homogeneous morphologic range.Re-evaluation of the stratigraphic occurrences of these species shows that M. alaskana occurs above M. subcircularis and below M. haueri in the Wrangell Mountains, Alaska. Elsewhere in North America, however, Monotis haueri occurs at the same level as M. subcircularis and is thus a long-ranging form. These three taxa, as well as M. pachypleura, are representative of the upper Norian Cordilleranus Zone. Monotis daonellaeformis is among the oldest Monotis species of the middle Norian Columbianus Zone; M. anjuensis in North America is probably also from the Columbianus Zone but could overlap in occurrence with the upper Norian M. subcircularis.
Two new multiarmed Paleozoic (Mississippian) asteroids (Echinodermata) and some paleobiologic implications
Authors: Blake Daniel B. , Guensburg Thomas E. 
Published: August 2016

Lacertasterias elegansandSchondorfia fungosaare new genera and species of multiarmed asteroids described from the Kinderhookian? (Mississippian) Gilmore City Formation of Iowa and the Chesterian (Mississippian) Haney Formation of Illinois, respectively. Based on ambulacral construction, the former belongs to the Paleozoic asteroid stem group whereas the latter is distinct from but closer to post-Paleozoic asteroids.The multiarmed condition is atypical today; nevertheless, multiarmed species are morphologically varied and taxonomically widely distributed. The condition is considered problematic; it is uncertain whether or not multiarmed organization is adaptively neutral. Although only convergent with rather than ancestral to post-Paleozoic multiarmed asteroids, both new genera share important similarities with modern multiarmed predators, implying a predatory life mode for the fossils. The similarity between phylogenetically disparate Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic asteroids implies the multiarmed condition is beneficial, and benefits endured in spite of the major biotic changes that occurred around the end of the Paleozoic.
Trace fossils from marginal marine facies of the Kanawha Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian), West Virginia
Authors: Martino Ronald L. 
Published: August 2016

Seven sedimentary facies have been identified in a 40-m-thick portion of the Kanawha Formation near Chelyan in southern West Virginia. Lithology, sedimentary and biogenic structures, body fossils, paleocurrent patterns, and facies geometry have been used to identify the following paleoenvironments: Facies 1, fluviodeltaic channels represented by thick, cross-stratified channel sandstone; Facies 2, crevasse splays and tidal creeks represented by thin, cross-stratified wedge and channel sandstone; Facies 3, coastal swamps and lakes represented by coal seat and carbonaceous shale; Facies 4, restricted bay and upper tidal flats represented by dark-gray shale, mudstone; Facies 5, interdistributary bays represented by olive-gray siltstone and shale with brachiopods; Facies 6, bay or tidal flat scour fills represented by sandy limestone with brachiopods and pelmatozoans; and Facies 7, low to mid tidal flats and distributary mouth bars represented by thinly interbedded, rippled sandstone and siltstone.Trace fossils representing 17 ichnogenera are present with most being restricted to certain sedimentary facies. Three ichnoassemblages are recognized. 1) An annulated vertical burrow assemblage, consisting of arthropod(?) dwellings, occurs in an abandoned fluvial channel facies. 2) APhycodes–Zoophycosassemblage is associated with dark-gray shales and mudstones of a restricted bay and/or upper tidal flat environment. Additional ichnogenera includePlanolitesand ?Conostichus. 3) AnOlivellitesassemblage with a high abundance and a high diversity of trace fossils occurs within a rippled sandstone/siltstone facies; trace fossils include (in order of abundance)Olivellites, Teichichnus, Planolites, Aulichnites, transversely ridged surface trails,Rosselia, Scolicia, Curvolithus, Helminthopsis, Tasmanadia, Petalichnus, Ancorichnus, and ?Asterosoma. The associated depositional environments are interpreted as low to mid tidal flats and possibly distributary mouth bars.The occurrence of salinity-sensitive trace fossils such as the assemblages described herein within otherwise faunally barren intervals facilitates the recognition of marine-influenced coastal facies in which stenohaline or brackish body fossils are lacking.
Rediagnosis of the genus Amebelodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae), with a new subgenus and species, Amebelodon (Konobelodon) britti
Authors: Lambert W. David 
Published: August 2016

The diagnosis of the shovel-tusked gomphothere genus Amebelodon has been subject to dispute since it was first established by Barbour in 1927. This dispute stems from a failure to evaluate the phylogenetic nature of two characters found in some specimens referred to Amebelodon: four lophs(ids) on some intermediate cheek teeth (M2 and M1) and internal dentinal rods within the lower tusks. These characters are considered diagnostic for the shovel-tusk gomphothere genera Platybelodon and Torynobelodon, and conflict with the traditional diagnosis of Amebelodon. Newly described specimens of Amebelodon and a detailed morphological analysis of one of the disputed characters, dentinal rods, indicate that the character states in the two shovel-tusker groups are analogous. The genus Amebelodon is rediagnosed to take into account this new information.The rediagnosis of Amebelodon is taxonomically recognized by the designation of a new subgenus, Amebelodon (Konobelodon), which includes all Amebelodon specimens convergent with Platybelodon and Torynobelodon. A new species, A. (Konobelodon) britti, is established that includes all specimens of this subgenus from North America. Specimens from the Moss Acres Racetrack site (Hemphillian) in northern Florida are used in the description of this species.
Molluscan biostratigraphy of the lower River Bend Formation at the Martin Marietta Quarry, New Bern, North Carolina
Authors: Rossbach Thomas J. , Carter Joseph G. 
Published: August 2016

The lower River Bend Formation at the Martin Marietta New Bern quarry in Craven County, North Carolina, contains a diverse and abundant moldic molluscan fauna. This fauna, reconstructed by latex casts, suggests a Vicksburgian or a post-Vicksburgian, pre-Chickasawhayan age for the New Bern exposure. Forty-one molluscan species and subspecies are presently identified from the lower River Bend Formation, 11 of which are new: Turritella caelatura alani, Turritella neusensis, Galeodaria britti, Phalium newbernensis, Cymatium planinodum, Oocorys vadosus, Ecphora wheeleri, Lyria concinna, Scaphella saintjeani, Turricula (Orthosurcula) aequa, and Lucina (Stewartia) micraulax. This fauna is virtually identical at the generic level and similar at the species level to the Vicksburgian faunas of the Gulf Coastal Plain. About 37 percent of the New Bern species also occur in the Vicksburgian of Mississippi, although many of these species reach considerably larger sizes at New Bern. Apparent evolutionary transitions between previously known Vicksburgian and Chickasawhayan mollusks suggest a time of deposition intermediate between these two Oligocene stages.Moderately high molluscan diversity, the abundance of characteristically warm-water genera, and associated carbonate-rich sediments suggest that the lower River Bend Formation represents a subtropical, open-marine, predominantly carbonate environment immediately seaward of a nearshore lagoonal or barrier island complex.The lower River Bend Formation at New Bern differs faunally, climatically, and sedimentologically from the upper River Bend Formation in quarry exposures near Belgrade, North Carolina. The upper River Bend Formation contains a lower diversity molluscan fauna with marked dominance diversity and few warm-water taxa. It represents a slightly cooler nearshore, open-marine environment in a transitional siliciclastic-carbonate sedimentary regime. The considerable taxonomic and sedimentologic differences between the lower and upper parts of the River Bend Formation corroborate microfossil evidence suggesting that they represent temporally distinct depositional cycles.