bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The City and Inland Trittyes of Phyle VIII Hippothontis
Authors: Bicknell P.J. 
Published: July 2016

ΔεȖρ’ [’ Eλευσινίον [τριττύς τελ[ευτāɩ, Περαιõν δἑ τριττύς ἄρχεταιThusIGI2897, a trittys marker from the Peiraieus. It is likely that I2885, a horos from the Agora with the same formula, listed the same two trittyes in the same order.IGI2901, a Peiraieus marker of earlier date and written from right to left, also names a trittys of Hippothontis. Wade-Gery restored the first four lines as follows.ΔεȖρε Η[ɩπποθον[τί]ς φυ[λέ τελευτᾱι Τε (or Ζε) [---ο[ν] δέ τριτ[τύςEleusis was the largest coastal deme of Hippothontis and Peiraieus the largest city deme. Therefore the trittyes Eleusis and Peiraieus must be coastal and city respectively. Accordingly, it was taken for granted by Wade-Gery thatIGI2901 contained the name of Hippothontis’ inland trittys. Since no deme of Hippothontis starts with either zeta or with tau, it apparently follows, if Wade-Gery’s restoration is correct, that inland Hippothontis was not named after one of its constituent demes. Nor, like some other trittyes, can it have been named after one of the twelve poleis settled, according to Athenian tradition, by Kekrops. Although a parallel would exist (the inland trittys of the phyle Oineis was called Pedieis) an appropriate or even remotely plausible name for inland Hippothontis does not readily come to mind and one is puzzled thatDekeleia, the name both of the tribe’s largest inland deme and one of Kekrops’ poleis, was not chosen.
Emerging Agricultural Problems for the Decade Ahead
Authors: Maddox James G. 
Published: July 2016

Perhaps the first important question is, “Will the next few years be significantly different from those of the past decade”? Assuming that the world is not again engulfed in a war of major magnitude, it is probably safe to conclude that many of the agricultural problems of the 1960's will continue to be of importance well into the 1970's. The problems associated with a highly competitive industry in which output per man-hour of labor is increasing rapidly while the demand for its output is both inelastic and expanding slowly are not likely to disappear at an early date.First let us focus attention on problem areas which may not be “new” in any basic sense of that word, but which are likely to be of increasing importance in the years immediately ahead.
Toward Farm Policy Requirements for the 1970's to Improve the Well-Being of Rural America
Authors: Schaller W. Neill , Hildreth R. J. 
Published: July 2016

In past decades, agricultural policy was always thought of as policy toward farmers who produce our food and fiber or other rural people who depend on farmers for their livelihood. Accordingly, past policies were translated into programs of research, education, electrification, price supports, and related commodity programs.After a time, it was realized that many farmers did not benefit from price and income programs in particular. They lacked the resources to enter the commercial market through which price programs operated. It was decided that the problems facing these people called for credit and other special programs to help them graduate into the commercial field.
Morphology, Modes of Behavior, and Measures of Market Power: A Framework for Evaluating the Impact of Industrialization of Southern Agriculture on Markets and Market Structure
Authors: King Richard A. 
Published: July 2016

In spite of the volume of literature produced over the years reflecting concern over the present state of the arts, the situation is likely to continue. However, there are several new ideas that offer some promise for improving our understanding and ability to project new relationships in the agribusiness sector of the Southern region.Although the title of this article implies a one-way set of forces working from agricultural industrialization to market structure, some of our colleagues regard this relationship as a two way process with forces at work in each sector having strong impacts on the other. It is these interdependencies that make the task of model building so difficult and empirical analysis so complex.
General Cropland Retirement: Effects on the South of Retiring Low-Net-Return Acreage vs. Retiring High-Cost Production
Authors: Zepp Glenn A. , Sharples Jerry A. 
Published: July 2016

Recently renewed interest has been shown in new programs for United States Agriculture. Long-term cropland retirement is one of the proposals that has received serious consideration.This report presents for consideration some insight gained on only one facet of general cropland retirement. Selecting which cropland to retire and its effect on the South in particular, have been considered under two different criteria. Both criteria retire cropland and production but the emphases differ.
Quarterly Egg Production Estimators
Authors: Hoffman Robert G. 
Published: July 2016

Egg production is a continuous process determined by the number of layers in the nation's flock and the rate at which they produce. Annual production usually varies little from year to year. However, economic and biological factors with accompanying management considerations cause production to vary seasonally with peaks usually occurring in the second quarter.Total egg production statistics include eggs produced for human consumption as well as hatching purposes. The impact of changes in total egg production on farm prices is difficult to assess since eggs used for hatching (primarily broilers) and table eggs are influenced by different economic and structural factors.
The Incompatibility of the Average Investment Method for Calculating Interest Costs with the Principle of Alternative Opportunities
Authors: Walrath Arthur J. 
Published: July 2016

“The rate of interest charged should be … the amount the money could earn in an alternative investment. Interest is commonly charged at 6 percent on the average value of the machinery. …” This is a quotation taken from a bulletin published in 1965. Similar statements can be found in many publications. That bulletin has recently been revised. In the revision, the first part of that statement is still recognized, but the average investment method is not used to calculate interest costs.In the first sentence, the principle of alternative opportunities is accepted, i.e., the minimum acceptable rate of return is that which the investor can obtain in an alternative investment that he would be willing to make. In general, economists agree that this is the rate that should be used in analyzing investment opportunities.
An Economic Analysis of Policies Protecting Small Business in the Milk Industry
Authors: Harris H. M. , Knutson R. D. , French C. E. 
Published: July 2016

Regulatory activity to maintain the status of the independent milk company as a viable competitive force in the milk industry has been a central focus of regulatory policy since the 1930's. Some authorities question the degree of emphasis on preservation under the law, but most feel that there is an important element of protection embodied in regulatory activity affecting the industry. We feel that this aspect of the law is important and is the focus of this article.Legal protection of the independent dairy is afforded from three sources. The Robinson-Patman Act, which prohibits firms from discriminating in price where the effect may be to substantially lessen competition, has been enforced extensively by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) on behalf of independent milk companies. For example, of 53 complaints filed by the FTC from June 1950 to June 1964, nine were against dairy companies. Independent firms have protected their own position under the law in treble damage private litigation. As a group, the national and regional dairy concerns have been involved in almost continuous treble damage litigation on charges of discriminatory pricing in recent years.
Interregional and Interseasonal Competition in the U. S. Beef Industry: An Application of Reactive Programming
Authors: Pendse Dilip , Youde James 
Published: July 2016

Interregional and interseasonal competition in the U.S. beef industry have been studied extensively during the past decade. Linear programming, quadratic programming, simulation, and various other econometric models have formed the analytical frameworks in these studies.Reactive programming was first introduced as a useful tool in analyzing interregional competition problems by Tramel and Seale in 1959. Since that time, it has been utilized on a limited basis in spatial analyses in general, and the beef sector in particular. Goodwin used reactive programming in analyzing feeder cattle distribution patterns in the Southwest. In 1972, King and Ho reported a revised reactive programming algorithm and three illustrations of its applicability.
Determining Locations for Rural Medical Clinics: A Model and Its Use
Authors: Hardy William E. , Marshall J. Paxton , Faris J. Edwin 
Published: July 2016

One of the nation's most serious problems is the lack of uniform access to health and medical care for all members of the population. This problem is most prominent in inner city and rural areas.The existing inequities in the health care system are often blamed on a national shortage of medical manpower and associated facilities. The distribution of these limited resources intensifies this apparent shortage. For example, the doctor per person ratio is 1:518 in New York, 1:1,340 in Mississippi, and 1:1,448 in Arkansas. Even wider differences exist within some state boundaries. In Virginia, the ratio is 1:558 in metropolitan areas and 1:2,243 in rural areas.
Rural Industrialization: A Local Income Analysis
Authors: Shaffer Ron E. 
Published: July 2016

Rural industrial development is advocated as a means of improving the economic status of residents in lagging rural areas. A recent USDA report stated, “One of the main problems in Rural America is the lack of employment opportunities. With advances in agricultural technology, farm-related jobs are decreasing and other forms of employment must be found”.The purpose of this paper is to examine the economic impact of industrial expansion in rural areas. The specific emphasis will be the potential effect on locally disadvantaged people – the poor and underemployed. The question is not are jobs and income opportunities created, but for whom are they created. Ideally, those who benefit are the underemployed, poor and near poor; but this need not be the case.
Analysis of Innovations: Dairy and Exotic Crossbreeds for Beef Production
Authors: Shumway C. R. , Bentley Ernest 
Published: July 2016

Crossing of breeds traditionally has been viewed skeptically by cattle producers. Although there has been some crossbreeding between traditional beef breeds, little use of dairy-beef crosses in commercial beef herds has been made. Often such calves have been inferior in quality and have yielded a lower return than the standard beef breeds.Recently, however, considerable research attention has focused on crossbreeds – crossing standard beef breeds, dairy and beef, and standard and exotic (or new) beef breeds. When all three genetic types are crossed, several positive features have been identified: (1) quality is good – few animals grade prime but most finish at satisfactory weights as high good or choice; (2) greater milking capacity of the part-dairy cow increases the potential for rapid gains, thus permitting more beef to be raised per cow, and (3) genetic growth capability of some exotic breeds is greater so such crosses can take advantage of additional milk.
Regional Gains and Losses for Consumers and Producers from Changes in Fluid Milk Prices
Authors: Blakley Leo V. , Riley John B. 
Published: July 2016

Equilibrium in a free market can result in prices and quantities which maximize society welfare for a given resource distribution. Departures from equilibrium of the competitive model will involve changes in net social gains and losses not only for the national economy as an aggregate, but also for particular groups or regions. The trade-offs between groups or regions, in fact, may be much larger than the aggregate changes averaged over all groups.Departures from equilibrium under restricted pricing conditions, such as exist with the federal order marketing system in the fluid milk industry, also will involve social gains and losses on national, regional, and local levels. Given the rapid decline in Grade B or manufacturing grade milk production, the concern about equity, and the evolution of new institutions in the milk market, conditions affecting equilibrium in the fluid milk industry also must change. The nature of these changes can have marked effects on the benefits received by the participants in the industry.
Production Theory and Community Services Planning: Application to Solid Waste Disposal
Authors: Knutson Marlys , Boehlje Michael , Schreiner Dean 
Published: July 2016

A basic management responsibility in community service planning is to evaluate alternative methods of providing various public goods and services such as transportation services, sewage and solid waste disposal, and water for home and industry. These alternative methods frequently involve new or different technologies and various combinations of inputs such as capital and labor.For example, in the disposal of solid waste, the use of different sizes and types of bulldozers, compactors and cranes may lead to significantly different combinations of capital and labor resources. For accurate analysis, the quality and quantity of the service that can be provided with limited amounts of the various resources or inputs must be considered. Thus, the basic concepts that have been used in private business to allocate limited resources to obtain the desired output are equally applicable to the management and planning of community services.
Allocation of Agricultural Production Capacity Among Commercial Markets, Food Aid, and Production Control
Authors: White Fred , Tweeten Luther , Pinstrup-Andersen Per 
Published: July 2016

Intermittent periods of excess supply as well as excess demand are likely to characterize American agriculture in the years ahead. Government again may choose to intervene to clear the market at acceptable prices during periods of excess supply. The principal means of removing excess capacity has been to restrain output through voluntary programs which pay farmers to divert cropland to soil-conserving uses and through aid programs which dispose of surpluses in needy countries, presumably in ways that do not interfere with commercial exports. But have these programs provided (a) maximum net farm income, (b) maximum real foreign aid, or (c) minimum U.S. Treasury Cost?This study reports a model to estimate the most efficient allocation of agricultural capacity with a domestic general land retirement program and food aid to foreign nations.
On Part-Time Farming
Authors: Bateman W. Lanny , Walker Odell L. , Jobes Raleigh A. 
Published: July 2016

Economic logic and empirical observation suggest that increasing numbers of part-time farms can have important implications for organization of agricultural production and development of rural areas. Production relationships on part-time farms may differ because:1) Farm operators working off the farm may organize resources and respond to price changes differently than full-time operators;2) Part-time operators may have different demand functions for production inputs, particularly land and labor, and3) Part-time operators may achieve different levels of efficiency than their full-time counterparts.
A Quarter Century of Agricultural Economics in Retrospect and in Prospect
Authors: Halvorson Lloyd C. 
Published: July 2016

A philosopher once said that history should be studied because the past repeats itself, but I prefer the statement that those who do not sudy history are condemned to repeating it. I also like the quote at the National Archives: The past is “prologue.” When a tourist asked what this meant, a Washington taxi driver said, “It means you ain't seen nothing yet.” That was in 1950. He was right. Who in 1950 expected to see sputniks, satellites, and men walking on the moon?We entered the 1950–1975 era thinking that agricultural economics consisted of: (1) production economics, (2) marketing, (3) price analysis, (4) agricultural policy, and (5) land economics. We are leaving it thinking that it covers: (1) commercial agriculture, (2) natural resources development, and (3) human and community development.
The USDA Firm Enterprise Data System: Capabilities and Applications
Authors: Krenz Ronald D. 
Published: July 2016

The Economic Research Service of USDA has initiated a systematic approach to the development and maintenance of farm enterprise budgets. This paper will describe this system, our expectations for it, and planned uses of the data.Many are familiar with regional adjustment studies such as S-42 or GP-5, where the objective was to estimate supply functions using linear programming on representative farms. Those who worked on these projects recall the tremendous effort needed to develop enterprise budget data.Many are also familiar with the National Model work during the 1960s in ERS. In that project, estimates were made of year to year changes in crop production, using an LP model.
The Influence of Farm Mortgage Loan Terms on Farm Real Estate Values
Authors: Herr William McD. 
Published: July 2016

The influence of credit terms on farm real estate values is a subject on which there are divergent views. Some suggest that readily available credit and liberal terms contributed to the strong gain in farm real estate values in recent years. Credit terms frequently cited as contributing to this situation are increases in Federal Land Bank loan limits from 65 percent of normal agricultural value to a maximum of 85 percent of appraised value of real estate and FHA loan participations with up to 100 percent financing.A number of analysts support the view that financing terms affect farmland values. For example, Gale indicates that low equity financing increases effective demand for farmland, Atkinson includes new regulations permitting increased lending by Federal Land Banks as one of the factors causing “recent big increases in land values”, and Francl commenting on the same regulation says, “A farmer with a given amount of investment capital, therefore, can bid more for farmland and still finance the loan under the revised downpayment provisions”.
Food Stamp Participation Among Low-Income Households: Theoretical Considerations of the Impact on the Demand for Food
Authors: Mittelhammer Ron , West Donald A. 
Published: July 2016

The USDA's Food Stamp Program (FSP) is a major item in the department's budget. In effect from 1939 to 1943 and revived as a pilot program in 1961, FSP has grown until, in 1973, it provided nearly $4 billion in food stamps to an average of 12 million persons per month. About 55 percent of the $4 billion is federal subsidy. The program is continuing to expand as a result of a congressional mandate that FSP be in effect nationwide after June 30, 1974. Because of the FSP's growth, questions are now being asked about the program's impact on demand for food in the United States.In its pre-World War II inception, FSP was developed as an alternative to direct distribution of commodities to relief families. Although the objective of improving food consumption among needy households was recognized, FSP was viewed primarily as a method for stimulating demand for farm products.
The Potential Labor Supply: A Cross-Sectional Estimation Method
Authors: Stoll John R. 
Published: July 2016

This paper addresses conceptual inadequacies of standard labor force and unemployment statistics for the purpose of representing relative stocks of available labor among regions. It attempts to rectify some of these inadequacies by applying relatively simple statistical adjustments. These are based on secondary data relating to local population characteristics and national participation rate norms.Current criteria used to determine labor force participation depend on solicited statements regarding attempts of an individual to secure employment, or his current status as a gainfully employed person. Using labor force participation as defined by these criteria, it has been observed that labor-force size varies directly with level of economic activity and demand for labor over time. During periods in which unemployment rises, the size of the labor force normally declines.
Income Effects of Reducing Agricultural Pollution
Authors: Wade James C. , Nicol Kenneth J. , Heady Earl O. 
Published: July 2016

The value and quantity of agricultural commodity production in various regions of the United States determines farmers' income in each region. Many farmers, businessmen, policy makers and administrators are concerned with the problem of change in farm income resulting from water quality restraints placed on cropland agriculture. This study evaluates the income change from a series of hypothetical national water quality policies by examining the changes in national and regional gross farm income. Long-run changes in total national income of controlling water pollution from farmland by soil loss restraints are relatively small, as aggregate gross income increases by four to six percent depending on the level of control studied.The changes in regional gross farm income are more extreme since various regions of the country, including the southern states, are affected differently by potential water quality control. This study utilizes a national modeling system to examine these variables and reports an analysis of potential changes in gross farm income caused by environmental restraints placed on agriculture. Environmental goals analyzed are national soil conservation ones, with implications for national and regional farm incomes.
An Analysis of Producers' Year-to-Year Changes in Slaughter Hog Marketings
Authors: Raikes Ronald , Trampel Michael 
Published: July 2016

Much effort is devoted to explaining and forecasting changes in marketings of agricultural commodities. The usual procedure involves formulating hypotheses about behavior of individual producers, then testing them and quantifying relationships by using aggregate data. The purpose of this paper is to suggest and illustrate a procedure that may provide a foundation for improved explanation and prediction of period-to-period changes in marketings.The procedure uses data obtained from individual producers to test hypotheses about period-to-period changes. Results obtained from an application of this procedure (to analysis of year-to-year changes in hog marketings) suggest that expected profitability alone is unlikely to provide either a very complete explanation or accurate predictions of year-to-year changes.
Combining Regression and Factor Analysis for Use in Agricultural Economics Research
Authors: Scott John T. 
Published: July 2016

While ordinary least squares regression has become a standard statistical technique, there are problems frequently overlooked or ignored by researchers in applying this statistical method. Two basic assumptions of the OLS regression model—(1) that the explanatory variables are independent of each other and (2) that the explanatory variables are known, fixed numbers—do not hold for most economic data, particularly time series data. This has been a consternation for econometricians, if not for the general researcher, for many years.In the case of nonindependence of explanatory variables (multicollinearity), signs of the regression coefficients often are inconsistent with economic theory and with correlation coefficients calculated from the data. Also, variances of the estimated regression coefficients are inconsistent. In practice for prediction equations, multicollinearity can usually be sufficiently reduced by either dropping one or more multicollinear variables or by indexing them and using the index as a regressor, thus circumventing the assumption regarding independence of the explanatory variables. A chi-square test for multicollinearity is available, and can be used as a guide to alert a researcher to the problem.