bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The stability of baseline‐defined categories of alcohol consumption during the adult life‐course: a 28‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Knott Craig S. , Bell Steven , Britton Annie 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground and aimsStudies that report the relationship between alcohol consumption and disease risk have predominantly operationalized drinking according to a single baseline measure. The resulting assumption of longitudinal stability may be simplistic and complicate interpretation of risk estimates. This study aims to describe changes to the volume of consumption during the adult life‐course according to baseline categories of drinking.DesignA prospective observational study.SettingUnited Kingdom.ParticipantsA cohort of British civil servants totalling 6838 men and 3372 women aged 34–55 years at baseline, followed for a mean 19.1 (standard deviation = 9.5) years.MeasurementsThe volume of weekly alcohol consumption was estimated from data concerning the frequency and number of drinks consumed. Baseline categories were defined: non‐current drinkers, infrequent drinkers, 0.1–50.0 g/week, 50.1–100.0 g/week, 100.1–150.0 g/week, 150.1–250.0 g/week and >250.0 g/week. For women, the highest category was defined as > 100.0 g/week. Baseline frequency was derived as ‘daily or almost daily’ and ‘not daily or almost daily’. Trajectories were estimated within baseline categories using growth curve models.FindingsTrajectories differed between men and women, but were relatively stable within light‐to‐moderate categories of baseline consumption. Drinking was least stable within the highest categories of baseline consumption (men: > 250.0 g/week; women: > 100.0 g/week), declining by 47.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 40.7, 53.2] and 16.8 g/week (95% CI = 12.6, 21.0), respectively, per 10‐year increase in age. These declines were not a consequence of sudden transitions to complete abstention. Rates of decline appear greatest in older age, with trajectories converging toward moderate volumes.ConclusionAmong UK civil servants, consumption within baseline drinking categories is generally stable during the life‐course, except among heavier baseline drinkers, for whom intakes decline with increasing age. This shift does not appear to be driven by transitions to non‐drinking. Cohorts of older people may be at particular risk of misclassifying former heavy drinkers as moderate consumers of alcohol.
Extended‐release naltrexone for methamphetamine dependence among men who have sex with men: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Coffin Phillip O. , Santos Glenn‐Milo , Hern Jaclyn , Vittinghoff Eric , Santos Deirdre , Matheson Tim , Colfax Grant , Batki Steven L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground and aimsMethamphetamine use is increasingly prevalent and associated with HIV transmission. Early‐phase human studies suggested naltrexone reduced amphetamine use among dependent individuals. We tested if extended‐release naltrexone (XRNTX) reduces methamphetamine use and associated sexual risk behaviors among high‐risk methamphetamine‐dependent men who have sex with men (MSM).DesignDouble‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial of XRTNX versus placebo over 12 weeks from 2012 to 2015.SettingSan Francisco Department of Public Health, California, USA.ParticipantsOne hundred community‐recruited, sexually‐active, actively‐using methamphetamine‐dependent MSM. Mean age was 43.2 years; 96% were male, 3% transfemale, and 1% transmale; 55.0% were white, 19.0% African American, and 18.0% Latino.InterventionsXRNTX 380 mg (n = 50) or matched placebo (n = 50) administered by gluteal injection at 4‐week intervals.MeasurementsRegression estimated average level and change in level of positive urines during the period 2–12 weeks (primary outcomes) and sexual risk behaviors (secondary outcome).FindingsNinety per cent of visits were completed. By intent‐to‐treat, participants assigned to XRNTX had similar differences during 2–12 weeks in methamphetamine‐positive urines as participants assigned to placebo [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.76–1.20; Bayes factor < 0.3]. Observed urine positivity declined from 78 to 70% in the XRNTX arm and 74 to 64% in the placebo arm. Adherence to injections was 96.7% in the XRNTX arm and 91.3% in the placebo arm. Sexual risk behaviors declined similarly among participants in both arms (all P > 0.05). There were no serious adverse events related to study drug and no differences in frequency of adverse events by treatment arm.ConclusionsNotwithstanding very high medication adherence for this study, extended‐release naltrexone does not appear to reduce methamphetamine use or sexual risk behaviors among methamphetamine‐dependent men who have sex with men compared with placebo.
Prediction of alcohol use disorder using personality disorder traits: a twin study
Authors: Rosenström Tom , Torvik Fartein Ask , Ystrom Eivind , Czajkowski Nikolai Olavi , Gillespie Nathan A. , Aggen Steven H. , Krueger Robert F. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground and AimsThe DSM‐IV personality disorders (PDs) are comorbid with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and with each other. It remains unclear which PD criteria are most likely to drive onset and recurrence of AUD and which are merely confounded with those criteria. We determine which individual PD criteria predict AUD and the degree of underlying genetic and/or environmental aetiology.DesignA prospective observational twin study.SettingNorway 1999–2011.ParticipantsA total of 2528 and 2275 Norwegian adult twins in waves 1 and 2 variable‐selection analyses, and 2785 in biometric analyses.MeasurementsDSM‐IV PDs and their 80 criteria were assessed using a structured personal interview, and AUD using the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview.FindingsIn a variable‐selection analysis, two PD criteria were associated with AUD even after taking all the other criteria into account: criterion 8 of antisocial PD (childhood conduct disorder) and criterion 4 of borderline PD (self‐damaging impulsive behaviours). Adjusting for each other, their respective odds ratios were 3.4 [confidence interval (CI) = 2.1–5.4] and 5.0 (CI = 3.3–7.7). Endorsement strength of the criteria was associated with AUD in a dose–response manner and they explained 5.5% of variation in AUD risk—more than the full diagnoses of antisocial and borderline PDs together (0.5%). The association between borderline criterion 4 and AUD 10 years later derived mainly from their overlapping genetic factors, whereas the association between antisocial criterion 8 and AUD 10 years later was due to both genetic and non‐genetic factors.ConclusionsConduct disorder and self‐harming impulsivity are the foremost risk traits for alcohol use disorder among the 80 personality disorder criteria of DSM‐IV, predicting alcohol use disorder more effectively than personality disorder diagnoses. The twin‐study analysis suggested that conduct disorder represents a joint genetic and developmental risk for alcohol use disorder and that impulsivity is a genetic risk.
Adult interest in using a hypothetical modified risk tobacco product: findings from wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2013–14)
Authors: Pearson Jennifer L. , Johnson Amanda L. , Johnson Sarah E. , Stanton Cassandra A. , Villanti Andrea C. , Niaura Raymond S. , Glasser Allison M. , Wang Baoguang , Abrams David B. , Cummings K. Michael , Hyland Andrew 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground and aimsThe US Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act provides a pathway for manufacturers to market a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP). This study examines socio‐demographic and tobacco use correlates of interest in a hypothetical MRTP in a nationally representative sample of US adults.DesignCross sectional wave 1 data from the 2013–14 Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.SettingHousehold Audio‐Computer Assisted Self‐Interviews of US adults conducted in 2013–14.ParticipantsA total of 32 320 civilian, non‐institutionalized adults in the United States.MeasurementsInterest in using a hypothetical MRTP (‘If a tobacco product made a claim that it was less harmful to health than other tobacco products, how likely would you be to use that product?’), socio‐demographics, tobacco use history and mental health and substance use problems. All estimates were weighted.FindingsOverall, 16.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 16.28, 17.18] of US adults reported interest in a hypothetical MRTP. Tobacco use was associated significantly with interest in a hypothetical MRTP, with interest most common among current established smokers (54.4%; 95% CI = 53.31, 55.39) and least common among never tobacco users (3.0%; 95% CI = 2.49, 3.55). Interest in a hypothetical MRTP was associated with experimental e‐cigarette use among current experimental, current established and former smokers. Among non‐smokers, race, age, education and substance use were associated with interest in using a hypothetical MRTP.ConclusionsAmong adults in the United States, interest in using a hypothetical modified risk tobacco product is low overall, and highest among current experimental and established smokers. A small percentage of non‐smokers are interested in using a hypothetical hypothetical modified risk tobacco product.
Moving alcohol prevention research forward—Part I: introducing a complex systems paradigm
Authors: Apostolopoulos Yorghos , Lemke Michael K. , Barry Adam E. , Lich Kristen Hassmiller 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground and aimsThe drinking environment is a complex system consisting of a number of heterogeneous, evolving and interacting components, which exhibit circular causality and emergent properties. These characteristics reduce the efficacy of commonly used research approaches, which typically do not account for the underlying dynamic complexity of alcohol consumption and the interdependent nature of diverse factors influencing misuse over time. We use alcohol misuse among college students in the United States as an example for framing our argument for a complex systems paradigm.MethodsA complex systems paradigm, grounded in socio‐ecological and complex systems theories and computational modeling and simulation, is introduced. Theoretical, conceptual, methodological and analytical underpinnings of this paradigm are described in the context of college drinking prevention research.ResultsThe proposed complex systems paradigm can transcend limitations of traditional approaches, thereby fostering new directions in alcohol prevention research. By conceptualizing student alcohol misuse as a complex adaptive system, computational modeling and simulation methodologies and analytical techniques can be used. Moreover, use of participatory model‐building approaches to generate simulation models can further increase stakeholder buy‐in, understanding and policymaking.ConclusionsA complex systems paradigm for research into alcohol misuse can provide a holistic understanding of the underlying drinking environment and its long‐term trajectory, which can elucidate high‐leverage preventive interventions.
German EstSmoke: estimating adult smoking‐related costs and consequences of smoking cessation for Germany
Authors: Sonntag Diana , Gilbody Simon , Winkler Volker , Ali Shehzad 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimsWe compared predicted life‐time health‐care costs for current, never and ex‐smokers in Germany under the current set of tobacco control polices. We compared these economic consequences of the current situation with an alternative in which Germany were to implement more comprehensive tobacco control policies consistent with the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC) guidelines.DesignGerman EstSmoke, an adapted version of the UK EstSmoke simulation model, applies the Markov modelling approach. Transition probabilities for (re‐)currence of smoking‐related diseases were calculated from large German disease‐specific registries and the German Health Update (GEDA 2010). Estimations of both health‐care costs and effect sizes of smoking cessation policies were taken from recent German studies and discounted at 3.5%/year.SettingGermany.ParticipantsGerman population of prevalent current, never and ex‐smokers in 2009.MeasurementLife‐time cost and outcomes in current, never and ex‐smokers.FindingsIf tobacco control policies are not strengthened, the German smoking population will incur €41.56 billion life‐time excess costs compared with never smokers. Implementing tobacco control policies consistent with WHO FCTC guidelines would reduce the difference of life‐time costs between current smokers and ex‐smokers by at least €1.7 billion.ConclusionsModelling suggests that the life‐time healthcare costs of people in Germany who smoke are substantially greater than those of people who have never smoked. However, more comprehensive tobacco control policies could reduce health‐care expenditures for current smokers by at least 4%.
A randomised controlled trial of oral chloral hydrate vs. intranasal dexmedetomidine before computerised tomography in children
Authors: Yuen V. M. , Li B. L. , Cheuk D. K. , Leung M. K. M. , Hui T. W. C. , Wong I. C. , Lam W. W. , Choi S. W. , Irwin M. G. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryChloral hydrate is commonly used to sedate children for painless procedures. Children may recover more quickly after sedation with dexmedetomidine, which has a shorter half‐life. We randomly allocated 196 children to chloral hydrate syrup 50 mg.kg−1 and intranasal saline spray, or placebo syrup and intranasal dexmedetomidine spray 3 μg.kg−1, 30 min before computerised tomography studies. More children resisted or cried after drinking chloral hydrate syrup than placebo syrup, 72 of 107 (67%) vs. 42 of 87 (48%), p = 0.009, but there was no difference after intranasal saline vs. dexmedetomidine, 49 of 107 (46%) vs. 40 of 87 (46%), p = 0.98. Sedation was satisfactory in 81 of 107 (76%) children after chloral hydrate and 64 of 87 (74%) children after dexmedetomidine, p = 0.74. Of the 173 children followed up for at least 4 h after discharge, 38 of 97 (39%) had recovered normal function after chloral hydrate and 32 of 76 (42%) after dexmedetomidine, p = 0.76. Six children vomited after chloral hydrate syrup and placebo spray vs. none after placebo syrup and dexmedetomidine spray, p = 0.03.
Long‐term effectiveness of the preoperative smoking cessation programme at Western Health
Authors: Taylor Hugh , Karahalios Amalia , Bramley David 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundSmoking is associated with adverse effects in the perioperative period, including elevated risk of death. The perioperative period provides an opportunity to engage with patients who are smokers to encourage smoking cessation, often referred to as a ‘teachable moment’. We developed a smoking intervention model for the pre‐admission clinic (PAC) at Western Health, Victoria, Australia. This case series aimed to assess the impact of the smoking intervention model, which is standard of care, on the participant's smoking habits over four time points.MethodsWe enrolled 50 consecutive participants for elective surgery who were smokers and had attended PAC at Western Health, Footscray. All smokers were offered a standard intervention package to address their smoking. Participants underwent a brief interview to elicit their current smoking behaviour on their day of surgery, 3 and 12 months post‐operatively.ResultsWe found a reduction at each time point post‐intervention in the average number of cigarettes smoked per day by all participants with a 43% reduction at 12 months compared with PAC. We found that the number of participants who had quit increased at each time point, with 29% abstinent at 12 months post‐operatively. At 12 months, we found 71% of participants had either quit or reduced the number of cigarettes smoked compared with the amount reported at PAC.ConclusionThis study adds to the evidence that a simple intervention preoperatively can contribute to long‐term changes in smoking behaviour.
Sense organs in Pycnogonida: A review
Authors: Lehmann Tobias , Heß Martin , Melzer Roland R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe Pycnogonida or sea spiders are exclusively marine invertebrates, numbering about 1,300 described species worldwide. Given their remarkable position in phylogeny as basal chelicerates or even basal euarthropods, the structure of their sense organs can reveal important characters, which—in a comparative framework—provide arguments to phylogenetic discussions and help to develop scenarios of evolutionary transformations. This review summarizes current knowledge and presents new original data on the sense organs in pycnogonids, that is, the eyes, the lateral sense organs and the ciliary or sensillar sense organs. Except for the eyes, there are not many detailed studies available. The ultrastructure of the R‐cells of the four eyes located on the ocular tubercle is described as “pseudoinverted”. The eyes are innervated to two visual neuropils located in the protocerebrum. The features of the lateral sense organ, also located on the ocular tubercle, are hitherto not conclusively resolved, a chemo‐ or thermoreceptive function is suggested. Finally, an overview of the various ciliary or sensillar sense organs distributed all over the body is given and the fine structure of branched setae is shown for the first time. The morphology of the sense organs of pycnogonids is compared with that of other arthropod taxa and assessed against the background of current theories of arthropod evolution.
Population pharmacokinetics and exposure–response of trastuzumab emtansine in advanced breast cancer previously treated with ≥2 HER2‐targeted regimens
Authors: Chen Shang‐Chiung , Quartino Angelica , Polhamus Daniel , Riggs Matthew , French Jonathan , Wang Xin , Vadhavkar Shweta , Smitt Melanie , Hoersch Silke , Strasak Alexander , Jin Jin Yan , Girish Sandhya , Li Chunze 
Published: July 2017

AimsWe conducted population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) and exposure–response analyses for trastuzumab emtansine (T‐DM1), to assess the need for T‐DM1 dose optimization in patients with low exposure by using TH3RESA [A Study of Trastuzumab Emtansine in Comparison With Treatment of Physician's Choice in Patients With human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive Breast Cancer Who Have Received at Least Two Prior Regimens of HER2‐directed Therapy] study data (NCT01419197). The randomized phase III TH3RESA study investigated T‐DM1 vs. treatment of physician's choice (TPC) in patients with heavily pretreated HER2‐positive advanced breast cancer.MethodsWe compared a historical T‐DM1 PopPK model with T‐DM1 pharmacokinetics in TH3RESA and performed exposure–response analyses using model‐predicted cycle 1 maximum concentration (Cmax), cycle 1 minimum concentration (Cmin) and area under the concentration–time curve at steady state (AUCss). Kaplan–Meier analyses [overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS)] and logistic regression [overall response rate (ORR), safety] were stratified by T‐DM1 exposure metrics. Survival hazard ratios (HRs) in the lowest exposure quartile (Q1) of cycle 1 Cmin were compared with matched TPC‐treated patients.ResultsT‐DM1 concentrations in TH3RESA were described well by the historical PopPK model. Patients with higher cycle 1 Cmin and AUCss exhibited numerically longer median OS and PFS and higher ORR than patients with lower exposure. Exposure–response relationships were less evident for cycle 1 Cmax. No relationship between exposure and safety was identified. HRs for the comparison of T‐DM1‐treated patients in the Q1 subgroup with matched TPC‐treated patients were 0.96 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63, 1.47] for OS and 0.92 (95% CI 0.64, 1.32) for PFS.ConclusionsExposure–response relationships for efficacy were inconsistent across exposure metrics. HRs for survival in patients in the lowest T‐DM1 exposure quartile vs. matched TPC‐treated patients suggest that, compared with TCP, the approved T‐DM1 dose is unlikely to be detrimental to patients with low exposure.
Incorporating Patient Preferences into Estimation of Optimal Individualized Treatment Rules
Authors: Butler Emily L. , Laber Eric B. , Davis Sonia M. , Kosorok Michael R. 
Published: July 2017

Summary
Precision medicine seeks to provide treatment only if, when, to whom, and at the dose it is needed. Thus, precision medicine is a vehicle by which healthcare can be made both more effective and efficient. Individualized treatment rules operationalize precision medicine as a map from current patient information to a recommended treatment. An optimal individualized treatment rule is defined as maximizing the mean of a pre-specified scalar outcome. However, in settings with multiple outcomes, choosing a scalar composite outcome by which to define optimality is difficult. Furthermore, when there is heterogeneity across patient preferences for these outcomes, it may not be possible to construct a single composite outcome that leads to high-quality treatment recommendations for all patients. We simultaneously estimate the optimal individualized treatment rule for all composite outcomes representable as a convex combination of the (suitably transformed) outcomes. For each patient, we use a preference elicitation questionnaire and item response theory to derive the posterior distribution over preferences for these composite outcomes and subsequently derive an estimator of an optimal individualized treatment rule tailored to patient preferences. We prove that as the number of subjects and items on the questionnaire diverge, our estimator is consistent for an oracle optimal individualized treatment rule wherein each patient's preference is known a priori. We illustrate the proposed method using data from a clinical trial on antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia.