bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of wind‐driven flows in the Yellow Sea during winter
Authors: Tak Yong‐Jin , Cho Yang‐Ki , Seo Gwang‐Ho , Choi Byoung‐Ju 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTo examine the evolution of the wind‐driven flows in the Yellow Sea (YS) during winter, ocean circulation was simulated using a three‐dimensional ocean model with realistic topography and atmospheric forcing. The simulated sea surface temperature, ocean currents, and path of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) agreed with observations. Southward currents along the Korean coast and the Chinese coast in winter were also effectively identified. Spectra of the daily mean winds and the YSWC velocities in the subsurface layer had dominant peaks at 12 and 20 day periods. Time‐lagged correlation analysis suggested that the downwind flow in the surface layer reacts concurrently to the northwesterly wind in winter whereas the subsurface layer responds with a delay. One day after the wind burst, an upwind current in the subsurface layer appeared in the center of the trough, whereas the downwind flow in the surface layer decreased significantly. Two days later, the upwind flow in the subsurface layer shifted to the west of the trough while the downwind flow along the Korean coast strengthened. These flow responses to the wind variations resulted in a clockwise circulation in the YS during winter.
Zapatistas
Authors: Dinerstein Ana 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Zapatistas are an armed revolutionary movement that represents the voice of indigenous people of Chiapas, Southeast Mexico. The “Zapatistas” came to light on January 1, 1994, when the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) occupied several counties of Chiapas, an economic strategic area where abundant natural resources (biodiversity, oil, waterfalls) coexist with extreme poverty and social exclusion. The entrance of the Mexican state to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) demanded a reform of Article 27 of the National Constitution – which would facilitate the opening up of indigenous lands (ejidos) to large agrobusiness. On January 1, 1994, the first day of NAFTA, the Chiapas peasants, represented by the EZLN ski‐masked leaders, exclaimed “Enough is enough!” (Ya basta!), declaring war on the Mexican state and characterizing globalization as “a war against humanity.”
United Nations
Authors: Boulden Jane 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe United Nations (UN) is an international organization that was created in 1945 at the end of World War II. At the time of its creation there were 51 member states; today there are 193. Only states may be members of the UN although nongovernmental organizations, civil society organizations, and other bodies (such as the Vatican or the Palestinian Liberation Organization, for example) may be granted observer status and participate in various meetings.
Child labor
Authors: Cigno Alessandro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe common perception of child labor is that children work because their family is very poor. This approach clashes with evidence that children work even when family income is well above subsistence level, but it has been shown that the effect decreases as income increases. In countries with per‐capita GDP below 1,000 dollars a year, a 1 percent increase in per‐capita GDP is associated with a 10 percent reduction in child labor. For countries with per‐capita GDP between 1,000 and 4,000 dollars, the effects are less than 5 percent. For those with per‐capita GDP above 4,000 dollars, the reduction is less than 4 percent. For higher income countries, the reduction in child labor is about 2 percent. Therefore, the association between child labor and per‐capita GDP loses importance as the latter becomes larger. If we want to explain child labor in countries other than those with less than 1,000 dollars of GDP per capita, we must then look for different mechanisms.
Grignard Reactions in Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether
Authors: Kobayashi Shoji , Shibukawa Keisuke , Miyaguchi Yuta , Masuyama Araki 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe undertook a systematic study of Grignard reactions using cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) as a reaction solvent. Diisobutylaluminum hydride was found to be the most appropriate activator of magnesium and a number of Grignard reagents could be prepared as homogeneous or heterogeneous solutions in CPME. The CPME used in the Grignard reaction was efficiently recycled without affecting the reaction yield of the second experiment. GC–MS analysis of the recovered solvent revealed that CPME was stable under the Grignard conditions. Some of the Grignard reagents in CPME were stable for at least several months and therefore these solutions could replace existing commercial reagents. Tramadol hydrochloride, an analgesic that is used worldwide, and tamoxifen, an anti‐estrogenic drug for estrogen‐receptor‐positive breast cancer were synthesized using Grignard reactions in CPME.
A Metal–Organic Framework with a Pore Size/Shape Suitable for Strong Binding and Close Packing of Methane
Authors: Lin Jiao‐Min , He Chun‐Ting , Liu Yan , Liao Pei‐Qin , Zhou Dong‐Dong , Zhang Jie‐Peng , Chen Xiao‐Ming 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMuch effort has been devoted to develop new porous structures for methane storage. We report a new porous coordination framework showing exceptional methane uptakes (e.g. 263 v/v at 298 K and 65 bar) and adsorption enthalpies (21.6 kJ mol−1) as high as current record holders functionalized by open metal sites. Computational simulations demonstrated that the hierarchical pore structure consisting of single‐wall nanocages has suitable sizes/shapes and organic binding sites to enforce not only strong host–methane and methane–methane interactions but also dense packing of methane molecules.
Catalytic Hypervalent Iodine Promoters Lead to Styrene Dimerization and the Formation of Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Cyclobutanes
Authors: Colomer Ignacio , Coura Barcelos Rosimeire , Donohoe Timothy J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractReported herein is that the use of catalytic quantities of hypervalent iodine reagents (phenyliodine diacetate or Dess–Martin periodinane) allows the rapid and stereoselective formation of cyclobutanes under very mild reaction conditions. The presence of a fluorinated solvent is essential for the success of these reactions which form unsymmetrical tri‐ and tetrasubstituted cyclobutanes through a heterodimerization process involving two different alkenes.
Eye Histology and Ganglion Cell Topography of Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris)
Authors: Smodlaka Hrvoje , Khamas Wael A. , Palmer Lauren , Lui Bryan , Borovac Josip A. , Cohn Brian A. , Schmitz Lars 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTNorthern elephant seals are one of the deepest diving marine mammals. As northern elephant seals often reach the bathypelagic zone, it is usually assumed that their eyes possess evolutionary adaptations that provide better ability to see in dim or scotopic environments. The purpose of this study was to carefully describe anatomical and histological traits of the eye that may improve light sensitivity. Northern elephant seals have large, somewhat elliptical eyes, with equatorial and anteroposterior diameters of 5.03 and 4.4 cm, respectively. The cornea is large in diameter and the lens is completely spherical. The iris has pronounced constrictor and dilator muscles, whereas the ciliary muscle is notably less developed. The tapetum lucidum is more prominent than in other pinnipeds, making up about 63% of retinal thickness in the posterior aspect of the globe. Within the retina, the pigmented epithelium lacks pigment except for the region close to the ora serrata. Parts of the photoreceptor and outer nuclear layers are folded. Although the photoreceptor layer is composed predominantly of rods, cone photoreceptors were also observed. Cells within the retinal ganglion cell layer are arranged in a single level. Ganglion cells reach their maximum density (∼1,300 cells per mm2) dorsal to the optic disc, whereas the periphery of the retina is sparsely populated (<100 cells per mm2). All above mentioned features are consistent with the predicted evolutionary adaptations to the photic environment of the bathypelagic zone. Anat Rec, 299:798–805, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimation of economic impacts of cellulosic biofuel production: a comparative analysis of three biofuel pathways
Authors: Zhang Yimin , Goldberg Marshall , Tan Eric , Meyer Pimphan Aye 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe development of a cellulosic biofuel industry utilizing domestic biomass resources is expected to create opportunities for economic growth resulting from the construction and operation of new biorefineries. We applied an economic input‐output model to estimate potential economic impacts, particularly gross job growth, resulting from the construction and operation of biorefineries using three different technology pathways: (i) cellulosic ethanol via biochemical conversion in Iowa, (ii) renewable diesel blendstock via biological conversion in Georgia, and (iii) renewable diesel and gasoline blendstock via fast pyrolysis in Mississippi. Combining direct, indirect (revenue‐ and supply‐chain‐related), and induced effects, capital investment associated with the construction of a biorefinery processing 2000 dry metric tons of biomass per day (DMT/day) could yield between 5960 and 8470 full‐time equivalent (FTE) jobs during the construction period, depending on the biofuel pathways. Fast pyrolysis biorefineries produce the most jobs on a project level thanks to the highest capital requirement among the three pathways. Normalized on the scale of $1 million of capital investment, the fast pyrolysis biorefineries are estimated to yield slighter higher numbers of jobs (12.1 jobs) than the renewable diesel (11.8 jobs) and the cellulosic ethanol (11.6 jobs) biorefineries. While operating biorefineries is not labor‐intensive, the annual operation of a 2000 DMT/day biorefinery could support between 720 and 970 jobs when the direct, indirect, and induced effects are considered. The major factor, which results in the variations among the three pathways, is the type of biomass feedstock used for biofuels. Unlike construction jobs, these operation‐related jobs are necessary over the entire life of the biorefineries. Our results show that indirect effects stimulated by the operation of biorefineries are the primary contributor to job growth. The agriculture/forest, services, and trade industries are the primary sectors that will benefit from the ongoing operation of biorefineries. Copyright © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Construction of a Graphene/Au‐Nanoparticles/Cucurbit[7]uril‐Based Sensor for Pb2+ Sensing
Authors: Shi Xinhao , Gu Wei , Zhang Cuiling , Zhao Longyun , Li Li , Peng Weidong , Xian Yuezhong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe development of highly sensitive and selective methods for the detection of lead ion (Pb2+) is of great scientific importance. In this work, we develop a new surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐based sensor for the selective trace measurement of Pb2+. The SERS‐based sensor is assembled from gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and graphene using cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) as a precise molecular glue and a local SERS reporter. Upon the addition of Pb2+, CB[7] forms stronger complexes with Pb2+ and desorbs from AuNPs, resulting in a sensitive “turn‐off” of SERS signals. This SERS‐based assay shows a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 nm and a linear detection range from 1 nm to 0.3 μm for Pb2+. The feasibility of the assay is further demonstrated by probing Pb2+ in real water samples. This SERS‐based analytical method is highly sensitive and selective, and therefore holds promising applications in environmental analysis.
Inhibition of para‐Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase by Analogues of the Herbicide Nitisinone As a Strategy to Decrease Homogentisic Acid Levels, the Causative Agent of Alkaptonuria
Authors: Laschi Marcella , Bernardini Giulia , Dreassi Elena , Millucci Lia , Geminiani Michela , Braconi Daniela , Marzocchi Barbara , Botta Maurizio , Manetti Fabrizio , Santucci Annalisa 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAlkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare multisystem metabolic disease caused by deficient activity of homogentisate 1,2‐dioxygenase (HGD), which leads to the accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA). Currently, there is no treatment for AKU. The sole drug with some beneficial effects is the herbicide nitisinone (1), an inhibitor of p‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4‐HPPD). 1 has been used as a life‐saving drug in infants with type I tyrosinemia despite severe side effects due to the buildup of tyrosine. Four clinical trials of nitisinone to treat AKU have shown that 1 consistently decreases HGA levels, but also caused the accumulation of tyrosine in blood serum. Moreover, the human preclinical toxicological data for 1 are incomplete. In this work, we performed pharmacodynamics and toxicological evaluations of 1, providing the first report of LD50 values in human cells. Intracellular tyrosinemia was also evaluated. Three additional 4‐HPPD inhibitors with a more favorable profile than that of 1 in terms of IC50, LD50, and tyrosine accumulation were also identified among commercially available compounds. These may be promising starting points for the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AKU.
Redox Polypharmacology as an Emerging Strategy to Combat Malarial Parasites
Authors: Sidorov Pavel , Desta Israel , Chessé Matthieu , Horvath Dragos , Marcou Gilles , Varnek Alexandre , Davioud‐Charvet Elisabeth , Elhabiri Mourad 
Published: March 2016

Abstract3‐Benzylmenadiones are potent antimalarial agents that are thought to act through their 3‐benzoylmenadione metabolites as redox cyclers of two essential targets: the NADPH‐dependent glutathione reductases (GRs) of Plasmodium‐parasitized erythrocytes and methemoglobin. Their physicochemical properties were characterized in a coupled assay using both targets and modeled with QSPR predictive tools built in house. The substitution pattern of the west/east aromatic parts that controls the oxidant character of the electrophore was highlighted and accurately predicted by QSPR models. The effects centered on the benz(o)yl chain, induced by drug bioactivation, markedly influenced the oxidant character of the reduced species through a large anodic shift of the redox potentials that correlated with the redox cycling of both targets in the coupled assay. Our approach demonstrates that the antimalarial activity of 3‐benz(o)ylmenadiones results from a subtle interplay between bioactivation, fine‐tuned redox properties, and interactions with crucial targets of P. falciparum. Plasmodione and its analogues give emphasis to redox polypharmacology, which constitutes an innovative approach to antimalarial therapy.
Albumin Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery: A Comparison of Chemical versus Thermal Methods and in vivo Behavior
Authors: Bergonzi Maria C. , Guccione Clizia , Grossi Cristina , Piazzini Vieri , Torracchi Andrea , Luccarini Ilaria , Casamenti Fiorella , Bilia Anna R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHuman serum albumin nanoparticles (NPs) have gained considerable attention owing to their high loading capacity for various drugs and the fact that they are well tolerated. The aim of this work was to investigate two different methods to produce NPs without the use of organic solvents and to obtain useful drug‐delivery systems to cross the blood–brain barrier. NPs were obtained by coacervation, using both chemical and thermal cross‐linking processes. They were developed and optimized to target brain tissues after parenteral administration in healthy rats. Furthermore, their distribution, cellular uptake, and fate were investigated in vivo after intracerebral injection in healthy rats. The toxicity of the developed carriers was estimated by behavioral tests. All NPs were chemically and physically characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and fluorimetric detectors. Their distribution and fate in the brain were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. NPs were observed to be located in different brain tissues depending on the mode of injection, and did not induce an inflammatory response. Behavioral tests demonstrated no locomotor, explorative, or cognitive function impairment induced by the NPs.
Extracellular matrix protein expression is brain region dependent
Authors: Dauth Stephanie , Grevesse Thomas , Pantazopoulos Harry , Campbell Patrick H. , Maoz Ben M. , Berretta Sabina , Parker Kevin Kit 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIn the brain, extracellular matrix (ECM) components form networks that contribute to structural and functional diversity. Maladaptive remodeling of ECM networks has been reported in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, suggesting that the brain microenvironment is a dynamic structure. A lack of quantitative information about ECM distribution in the brain hinders an understanding of region‐specific ECM functions and the role of ECM in health and disease. We hypothesized that each ECM protein as well as specific ECM structures, such as perineuronal nets (PNNs) and interstitial matrix, are differentially distributed throughout the brain, contributing to the unique structure and function in the various regions of the brain. To test our hypothesis, we quantitatively analyzed the distribution, colocalization, and protein expression of aggrecan, brevican, and tenascin‐R throughout the rat brain utilizing immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry analysis and assessed the effect of aggrecan, brevican, and/or tenascin‐R on neurite outgrowth in vitro. We focused on aggrecan, brevican, and tenascin‐R as they are especially expressed in the mature brain, and have established roles in brain development, plasticity, and neurite outgrowth. The results revealed a differentiated distribution of all three proteins throughout the brain and indicated that their presence significantly reduces neurite outgrowth in a 3D in vitro environment. These results underline the importance of a unique and complex ECM distribution for brain physiology and suggest that encoding the distribution of distinct ECM proteins throughout the brain will aid in understanding their function in physiology and in turn assist in identifying their role in disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1309–1336, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Glycemic Effect and Safety of a Systemic, Partial Glucokinase Activator, PF‐04937319, in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Metformin—A Randomized, Crossover, Active‐Controlled Study
Authors: Denney William S. , Denham Douglas S. , Riggs Michael R. , Amin Neeta B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGlucokinase enhances glucose conversion to glucose‐6‐phosphate, causing glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells and increased hepatic glucose uptake. PF‐04937319 is a partial glucokinase activator designed to maintain efficacy with reduced hypoglycemia risk. In this randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy, 3‐period crossover phase 1b study, patients aged 18–70 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus and on metformin received once‐daily PF‐04937319 (300 mg), split‐dose PF‐04937319 (150+100 mg; breakfast+lunch), or sitagliptin (100 mg once daily). The primary end point was day 14 weighted mean daily glucose (WMDG) change from period‐specific baseline. Secondary end points included change from baseline in fasting plasma glucose, premeal C‐peptide and insulin, and safety, including hypoglycemia frequency. Mean decrease from baseline in observed WMDG (mg/dL) was greater for PF‐04937319 (split‐dose, −31.24; once daily, −31.33) versus sitagliptin (−19.24). Using the integrated glucose red‐cell HbA1c model, the observed WMDG effect with both PF‐04937319 dosing regimens was projected to yield a clinically superior effect on mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; split‐dose, −0.88%; once daily, −0.94%) compared with sitagliptin (−0.63%). There was no difference in premeal C‐peptide or insulin levels, and although the effect on WMDG with both PF‐04937319 regimens was similar, the split‐dose regimen appeared to offer some advantage in safety and tolerability.
Catalytic Isomerization of Biomass‐Derived Aldoses: A Review
Authors: Delidovich Irina , Palkovits Regina 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSelected aldohexoses (d‐glucose, d‐mannose, and d‐galactose) and aldopentoses (d‐xylose, l‐arabinose, and d‐ribose) are readily available components of biopolymers. Isomerization reactions of these substances are very attractive as carbon‐efficient processes to broaden the portfolio of abundant monosaccharides. This review focuses on the chemocatalytic isomerization of aldoses into the corresponding ketoses as well as epimerization of aldoses at C2. Recent advances in the fields of catalysis by bases and Lewis acids are considered. The emphasis is laid on newly uncovered catalytic systems and mechanisms of carbohydrate transformations.
Thymus medulla under construction: Time and space oddities
Authors: Alves Nuno L. , Ribeiro Ana R. 
Published: March 2016

The development of effective T‐cell‐based immunotherapies to treat infection, cancer, and autoimmunity should incorporate the ground rules that control differentiation of T cells in the thymus. Within the thymus, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) provide microenvironments supportive of the generation and selection of T cells that are responsive to pathogen‐derived antigens, and yet tolerant to self‐determinants. Defects in TEC differentiation cause syndromes that range from immunodeficiency to autoimmunity, which makes the study of TECs of fundamental and clinical importance to comprehend how immunity and tolerance are balanced. Critical to tolerance induction are medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), which purge autoreactive T cells, or redirect them to a regulatory T‐cell lineage. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, studies by Baik et al. and Mayer et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2016. 46: XXXX‐XXXX and 46: XXXX‐XXXX]) document novel spatial–temporal singularities in the lineage specification and maintenance of mTECs. While Baik et al. define a developmental checkpoint during mTEC specification in the embryo, Mayer et al. reveal that the generation and maintenance of the adult mTEC compartment is temporally controlled in vivo. The two reports described new developmentally related, but temporally distinct principles that underlie the homeostasis of the thymic medulla across life.
Synthesis of Cu2O@Ag Polyhedral Core–Shell Nanoparticles by a Thermal Decomposition Approach for Catalytic Applications
Authors: Kandula Syam , Jeevanandam Pethaiyan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCu2O@Ag polyhedral core–shell nanoparticles with different morphologies (rhombicuboctahedral, cuboctahedral, truncated octahedral, and octahedral) have been successfully synthesized by a thermal decomposition approach. The Cu2O@Ag polyhedral core–shell nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, surface‐area analysis, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The XRD results confirm the presence of Cu2O and silver in the Cu2O@Ag samples. Electron microscopy studies prove the formation of a shell of silver nanoparticles on the polyhedral Cu2O microcrystals. The diffuse reflectance spectra of the Cu2O@Ag polyhedral core–shell nanoparticles show band‐gap absorption owing to Cu2O as well as surface plasmon resonance owing to silver nanoparticles. The catalytic activities of the Cu2O@Ag polyhedral core–shell nanoparticles were explored for the reductions of 4‐nitrophenol and methylene blue in aqueous solutions. The Cu2O@Ag core–shell nanoparticles with octahedral morphology show higher catalytic activity than the other Cu2O@Ag samples. The core–shell nanoparticles show a higher turnover frequency (TOF) and activity parameter (kact) for 4‐nitrophenol reduction and a higher apparent rate constant (kapp) for methylene blue reduction compared to the previously reported values. The reusability of the Cu2O@Ag polyhedral core–shell nanoparticles was also tested, and they show stability for up to five cycles without loss of efficiency.