bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-1 Signaling Prevents Alveolar Macrophage Depletion during Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae Coinfection
Authors: Bansal Shruti , Yajjala Vijaya Kumar , Bauer Christopher , Sun Keer 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Influenza and bacterial coinfection is a significant cause of hospitalization and death in humans during influenza epidemics and pandemics. However, the fundamental protective and pathogenic mechanisms involved in this complex virus–host–bacterium interaction remain incompletely understood. In this study, we have developed mild to lethal influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection models for comparative analyses of disease pathogenesis. Specifically, wild-type and IL-1R type 1–deficient (Il1r1−/−) mice were infected with influenza virus and then superchallenged with noninvasive S. pneumoniae serotype 14 (Spn14) or S. pneumoniae serotype 19A (Spn19A). The coinfections were followed by comparative analyses of inflammatory responses and animal protection. We found that resident alveolar macrophages are efficient in the clearance of both pneumococcal serotypes in the absence of influenza infection; in contrast, they are essential for airway control of Spn14 infection but not Spn19A infection. In agreement, TNF-α and neutrophils play a compensatory protective role in secondary bacterial infection associated with Spn19A; however, the essential requirement for alveolar macrophage–mediated clearance significantly enhances the virulence of Spn14 during postinfluenza pneumococcal infection. Furthermore, we show that, although IL-1 signaling is not required for host defense against pneumococcal infection alone, it is essential for sustaining antibacterial immunity during postinfluenza pneumococcal infection, as evidenced by significantly aggravated bacterial burden and animal mortality in Il1r1−/− mice. Mechanistically, we show that through preventing alveolar macrophage depletion, inflammatory cytokine IL-1 signaling is critically involved in host resistance to influenza and pneumococcal coinfection.
Role of ambient ammonia in particulate ammonium formation at a rural site in the North China Plain
Authors: Meng Zhaoyang , Xu Xiaobin , Lin Weili , Ge Baozhu , Xie Yulin , Song Bo , Jia Shihui , Zhang Rui , Peng Wei , Wang Ying , Cheng Hongbing , Yang Wen , Zhao Huarong 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The real-time measurements of NH3 and trace gases were conducted, in
conjunction with semi-continuous measurements of water-soluble ions in
PM2.5 at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) from May to
September 2013 in order to better understand chemical characteristics of
ammonia and the impact of secondary ammonium aerosols on formation in the
NCP. Extremely high NH3 and NH4+ concentrations were observed
after a precipitation event within 7–10 days following urea application.
Elevated NH3 levels coincided with elevated NH4+,
indicating that NH3 likely influenced particulate ammonium mass. For the
sampling period, the average conversion ∕ oxidation ratios for NH4+ (NHR), SO42- (SOR), and NO3- (NOR) were estimated to be
0.30, 0.64, and 0.24, respectively. The increased NH3 concentrations,
mainly from agricultural activities and regional transport, coincided with
the prevailing meteorological conditions. The high NH3 level with NHR of
about 0.30 indicates that the emission of NH3 in the NCP is much higher
than needed for aerosol acid neutralisation, and NH3 plays an important
role in the formation of secondary aerosols as a key neutraliser. The hourly
data obtained were used to investigate gas–aerosol partitioning
characteristics using the thermodynamic equilibrium model ISORROPIA-II.
Modelled SO42-, NO3-, and NH3 values agree well with
the measurements, while the modelled NH4+ values largely underestimate the
measurements. Our observation and modelling results indicate that strong
acids in aerosol are completely neutralised. Additional NH4+ exists
in aerosol, probably a result of the presence of a substantial amount of oxalic and
other diacids.
A reference data set for validating vapor pressure measurement techniques: homologous series of polyethylene glycols
Authors: Krieger Ulrich K. , Siegrist Franziska , Marcolli Claudia , Emanuelsson Eva U. , Gøbel Freya M. , Bilde Merete , Marsh Aleksandra , Reid Jonathan P. , Huisman Andrew J. , Riipinen Ilona , Hyttinen Noora , Myllys Nanna , Kurtén Theo , Bannan Thomas , Percival Carl J. , Topping David 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. To predict atmospheric partitioning of organic compounds between gas and aerosol particle phase based on explicit models for gas phase chemistry, saturation vapor pressures of the compounds need to be estimated. Estimation methods based on functional group contributions require training sets of compounds with well-established saturation vapor pressures. However, vapor pressures of semivolatile and low-volatility organic molecules at atmospheric temperatures reported in the literature often differ by several orders of magnitude between measurement techniques. These discrepancies exceed the stated uncertainty of each technique which is generally reported to be smaller than a factor of 2. At present, there is no general reference technique for measuring saturation vapor pressures of atmospherically relevant compounds with low vapor pressures at atmospheric temperatures. To address this problem, we measured vapor pressures with different techniques over a wide temperature range for intercomparison and to establish a reliable training set. We determined saturation vapor pressures for the homologous series of polyethylene glycols (H − (O − CH2 − CH2)n − OH) for n = 3 to n = 8 ranging in vapor pressure at 298 K from 10−7 to 5×10−2 Pa and compare them with quantum chemistry calculations. Such a homologous series provides a reference set that covers several orders of magnitude in saturation vapor pressure, allowing a critical assessment of the lower limits of detection of vapor pressures for the different techniques as well as permitting the identification of potential sources of systematic error. Also, internal consistency within the series allows outlying data to be rejected more easily. Most of the measured vapor pressures agreed within the stated uncertainty range. Deviations mostly occurred for vapor pressure values approaching the lower detection limit of a technique. The good agreement between the measurement techniques (some of which are sensitive to the mass accommodation coefficient and some not) suggests that the mass accommodation coefficients of the studied compounds are close to unity. The quantum chemistry calculations were about 1 order of magnitude higher than the measurements. We find that extrapolation of vapor pressures from elevated to atmospheric temperatures is permissible over a range of about 100 K for these compounds, suggesting that measurements should be performed best at temperatures yielding the highest-accuracy data, allowing subsequent extrapolation to atmospheric temperatures.
Influence of temperature fluctuations on equilibrium ice sheet volume
Authors: Mikkelsen Troels Bøgeholm , Grinsted Aslak , Ditlevsen Peter 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Forecasting the future sea level relies on accurate modeling of the response of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to changing temperatures. The surface mass balance (SMB) of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has a nonlinear response to warming. Cold and warm anomalies of equal size do not cancel out and it is therefore important to consider the effect of interannual fluctuations in temperature. We find that the steady-state volume of an ice sheet is biased toward larger size if interannual temperature fluctuations are not taken into account in numerical modeling of the ice sheet. We illustrate this in a simple ice sheet model and find that the equilibrium ice volume is approximately 1 m SLE (meters sea level equivalent) smaller when the simple model is forced with fluctuating temperatures as opposed to a stable climate. It is therefore important to consider the effect of interannual temperature fluctuations when designing long experiments such as paleo-spin-ups. We show how the magnitude of the potential bias can be quantified statistically. For recent simulations of the Greenland Ice Sheet, we estimate the bias to be 30 Gt yr−1 (24–59 Gt yr−1, 95 % credibility) for a warming of 3 °C above preindustrial values, or 13 % (10–25, 95 % credibility) of the present-day rate of ice loss. Models of the Greenland Ice Sheet show a collapse threshold beyond which the ice sheet becomes unsustainable. The proximity of the threshold will be underestimated if temperature fluctuations are not taken into account. We estimate the bias to be 0.12 °C (0.10–0.18 °C, 95 % credibility) for a recent estimate of the threshold. In light of our findings it is important to gauge the extent to which this increased variability will influence the mass balance of the ice sheets.
Compreendendo a dinâmica assistencial do serviço de emergência psiquiátrica utilizando a avaliação de quarta geração
Authors: Buriola Aline Aparecida , Marcon Sonia Silva , Kantorski Luciane Prado , Matsuda Laura Misue 
Published: January 2018

Estudo que objetivou compreender as reivindicações, preocupações e questões construídas por profissionais acerca da dinâmica assistencial de um serviço de emergência psiquiátrica. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso, por meio da avaliação de Quarta Geração, com 15 participantes. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de análise documental, entrevista semiestruturada e observação, e a análise pelo método comparativo constante. Assim emergiram dois eixos temáticos: a) Compreendendo a dinâmica assistencial do serviço de emergência Psiquiátrica e; b) A desarticulação da rede de atenção psicossocial como entrave para a satisfação sobre a assistência na emergência psiquiátrica. Considera-se que a dinâmica assistencial na Emergência Psiquiátrica extrapola o mero caráter de unidade de estabilização de pacientes com quadros de agudização do transtorno mental, uma vez que esta direciona o fluxo de usuários para o tratamento adequado na rede de atenção psicossocial.
The Policy Research for the Improvement of Excessive Marriage Expense in South Korea
Authors: Yoon Donghun 
Published: January 2018

Excessive marriage-related expenses have become a serious social problem in South Korea. This has led to marriage delay, a low birthrate, the acceleration of an aging society, decreased national economic growth, and employment problems, among others. In South Korea, the young unmarried men and women cannot adequately prepare to shoulder the excessive expenses related to getting married in the future, as well as the high cost of purchasing a house. In fact, almost all of them are being supported by their parents in their marriage preparations or have secured a loan for such purposes. Small weddings and desirable consumption are thus aggressively being promoted for the prevention of excessive marriage-related expenses in South Korea. The reality, however, is very different. In this study, 1,000 persons (500 men, 500 women) in Seoul, South Korea with less than 5 years of marriage were surveyed for the analysis of excessive marriage-related expenses. The analysis results show that marriage expense support has long-term reciprocity and is statistically significant. The economic support beneficiary model is statistically significant both among the men and the women for childcare, housework, and economic support provision. The economic support provision model, on the other hand, is statistically significant among both the men and the women in terms of housework support.This paper discusses and presents the policy direction for addressing the problem of excessive marriage-related expenses in South Korea. It is believed that the policy direction proposed by this study will also have global implications and will become useful for addressing the problem of excessive marriage-related expenses through research result sharing.
COGNITIVE SCIENCE: FROM MULTIDISCIPLINARITY TO INTERDISCIPLINARITY
Authors: Bogdanova Marina 
Published: January 2018

Cognitive science is a network of interrelated scientific disciplines engaged in researching human cognition and its brain mechanisms. The birth of cognitive science has been the result of numerous integrated processes. Cognitive science is made up of experimental psychology cognition, philosophy consciousness, neuroscience, cognitive anthropology, linguistics, computer science and artificial intelligence. In recent years, a number of other research areas have been added to the body of cognitive science. Among researchers there have been discussions about whether cognitive science is a separate research area or it consists of a series of specialized areas. In fact, the point at issue is whether cognitive science is still a multidisciplinary project or already an interdisciplinary one. P. Thagard believes that cognitive science has reached the level of interdisciplinarity and explains the advances in this area through the metaphor of “trading zones”. The success elements of cognitive science are: fruitful unification of scientific interests of cognitive science founders; organizational structure of the scientific community – universities, where a special interdisciplinary intellectual environment has been created; a large number of joint research projects supported by governments and business; integrated use of scientific methods and fundamental ideas. D. Sperber and J. Miller prefer to talk not about a unified cognitive science but cognitive sciences, i.e., the commonwealth of sciences working together on the study of a single object - human cognition, however, the extent of their interactive communication is still small. Thus, we should speak about multidisciplinarity rather than genuine interdisciplinarity of the joint research of separate sciences.
A Morte de Maria Theresia.relatada por Dona Leonor de Almeida Portugal. Um olhar português sobre a soberania feminina
Authors: Anastacio Vanda 
Published: January 2018

This article takes as a point of departure a letter, published here for the first time, written in Viena in 1780, by Leonor de Almeida Portugal (1750-1839), who was then Countess of Oeynhausen and would later became the 4rth Marchioness of Alorna. In this document, Leonor de Almeida describes the death of Empress Maria Theresia of Habsburg. The analysis of the letter and of the context in which it was written, suggest the existence of an underlying political agenda consisting in the legitimation of the presence of a woman in the Portuguese throne by publicizing the image of the Austrian Empress as a role model.
Medical Student Decision-Making: Standard Surgical Excision or Mohs Micrographic Surgery to Manage Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Mancuso Christopher , Morris Jeffrey B. , Hernandez Nilda , Fernandez M. Isabel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Context
As future physicians, osteopathic medical students will play a critical role in helping patients make informed decisions regarding treatment options.

Objective
To examine the influence that the time, cost, and cosmetic effects associated with treatment options for basal cell carcinoma (BCC), along with students’ demographic characteristics, have on treatment decision-making. The influence that different sources of information have on students was also studied.

Methods
Medical students were recruited from the Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine for this cross-sectional study. Students were presented with a case scenario in which they were a patient with primary nodular BCC in a low-risk zone, and they were asked to select standard surgical excision (SSE) or Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) as a treatment option. They also completed an anonymous survey that assessed the way that factors associated with the treatment options (time, cost, and cosmetic effects) influenced their treatment choice, along with the influence that different sources of information have. Measures of central tendency, frequencies, and other descriptive analyses were used to define the characteristics of the sample. χ2 analysis, correlational analysis, and t tests were used to examine the associations between the treatment decision, treatment-related factors (time, cost, cosmetics), and year in medical school. Statistical significance was set at P≤.05.

Results
A total of 450 students completed the survey and were included in the bivariate analysis. Three hundred forty-five students (76.7%) selected MMS as a treatment option and 105 (23.3%) selected SSE. Significant differences were found in the influence of time, cost, and cosmetic effects associated with treatment between students who selected MMS and those who selected SSE (P<.001). Cost played a more influential role in treatment decision-making for students who selected SSE than for those who selected MMS. Time and cosmetic effects played a more influential role in treatment choice for those who selected MMS. The most influential sources of information were health care professionals and medical literature, with 398 (88.4%) and 313 (69.6%) students, respectively, indicating that these sources were highly influential when making medical treatment decisions. The internet had a low influence over students’ treatment decision-making (238 [52.9%]).

Conclusions
This study represents an initial step toward understanding factors that influence patients’ treatment decision-making in a situation in which there is no medically preferred treatment option. The findings point to the importance of time, cost, and cosmetics as influential factors for patients choosing between different treatment options.
Effect of Ultrasonography on Student Learning of Shoulder Anatomy and Landmarks
Authors: de Vries Kristen D. , Brown Rebecca , Mazzie Joseph , Jung Min-Kyung , Yao Sheldon C. , Terzella Michael J. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Context
Ultrasonography is becoming more common in clinical use, and it has been shown to have promising results when introduced into medical school curricula.

Objective
To determine whether the use of ultrasonography as an educational supplement can improve osteopathic medical students’ confidence and ability to locate 4 specific shoulder anatomical landmarks: the coracoid process, the transverse process of T1, the long head of the biceps within the bicipital groove, and the supraspinatus tendon.

Methods
In this randomized controlled study, first-year osteopathic medical students aged 18 years or older were recruited and randomly assigned to a group with exposure (ultrasonography group) or without exposure (control group) to an ultrasonography machine. First, a survey was administered to measure students’ baseline knowledge of shoulder anatomy, confidence in palpation skills, and opinion on anatomical landmark identification teaching methods. Next, students were shown presentations on shoulder anatomy and allowed to practice locating and palpating the specified landmarks. Students in the ultrasonography group were also given instruction on the use of ultrasonography. All students were asked to locate each of the 4 specified anatomical landmarks and then given a follow-up survey. A Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the confidence of the students before and after the intervention. A secondary analysis was performed to compare the degree of deviance from the correct position of the specified anatomical landmark between the ultrasonography and control groups. P values less than .05 were considered statistically significant.

Results
Sixty-four students participated. Compared with the control group, students in the ultrasonography group had a greater increase in confidence after the session in their ability to locate the coracoid process, bicipital tendon, and supraspinatus tendon (P=.022, P=.029, P=.44, respectively). Students in the ultrasonography group were also able to more accurately palpate the landmarks than those in the control group, with a significant difference in accurate palpation of the bicipital tendon (P=.024). The ultrasonography group showed less deviation with palpation of the other 3 landmarks compared with the control group, but these results were not significant (P=.50, P=.82, P=.29, respectively).

Conclusion
Ultrasonography in the preclinical curriculum may improve medical students' confidence in and accuracy of palpation.
Low‐Frequency Extensions of the Saturn Kilometric Radiation as a Proxy for Magnetospheric Dynamics
Authors: Reed J. J. , Jackman C. M. , Lamy L. , Kurth W. S. , Whiter D. K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSaturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR) is an auroral radio emission which can be detected quasi‐continuously by the Cassini spacecraft. It has been shown to respond to magnetotail reconnection and to changes in solar wind conditions and thus offers the potential to be used as a remote proxy for magnetospheric dynamics. This work has developed criteria for the selection of low‐frequency extensions (LFEs), powerful intensifications of the main SKR emission, accompanied by an expansion of the SKR to lower frequencies. Upon examination of data from the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument, we detect 282 LFE events which are further grouped into two categories. Shorter events (<20 h) associated with tail reconnection have a median waiting time of ∼10 h, a median duration of 3.1 h and a strong correlation with the northern and southern SKR phase systems. The 60% of the short LFEs have a reconnection event within the preceding 6 h. Longer events (>20 h), associated with increases in solar wind dynamic pressure, can last multiple planetary rotations, have a median waiting time of ∼20 days, and show no relationship with SKR phase. An analysis of the power emitted during LFEs suggests that tail reconnection is not always observed or detected in situ which may partially explain the low correlation between LFEs and tail reconnection. We conclude that short LFEs are a good proxy for reconnection in the tail.
Geophysical Signatures of Shear‐Induced Damage and Frictional Processes on Rock Joints
Authors: Hedayat Ahmadreza , Haeri Hadi , Hinton John , Masoumi Hossein , Spagnoli Giovanni 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this study, ultrasonic waves recorded during direct shear experiments on rock joints were employed to investigate the shear failure processes. Three types of wave attributes were systematically observed prior to the shear failure of the rock joints: (a) maximum in the amplitude of the transmitted wave, (b) maximum in the dominant frequency of the transmitted wave, and (c) maximum in the velocity of the wave. Different processes occurring during both frictional sliding and stick‐slip oscillations were identified in this study: (a) interseismic phase and (b) preseismic phase. The interseismic phase is associated with elastic loading, very small local slip rate, and increasing ultrasonic transmission along the contact surfaces. The rock joint is considered locked, and the increase in ultrasonic transmission represents an increase in the real (true) area of contact because of interlocking and contact aging. The start of the preseismic phase is marked by the onset of precursors for different regions of the rock joint. Following the interseismic and preseismic phases, coseismic phase occurs. The coseismic phase begins with the reduction in the applied shear stress and is associated with an abrupt increase in the local slip rate. The reductions in transmitted amplitude, wave velocity, and dominant frequency all indicate the preseismic phase when the asperity contacts begin to fail before macroscopic frictional sliding. The observation of the preseismic phase in both the loading phase leading to stable sliding and stick‐slip failure modes suggests that microphysical processes of fault weakening may share key features for these two failure modes.