bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial diversity
Authors: Money Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Microbial diversity’ considers the vast array of microorganisms—the smallest forms of life—which exist everywhere. The three primary groups of microorganisms are bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes with their genetic material held in a single chromosome. In eukaryotes, most of the genome is held in multiple chromosomes. Over 11,000 species of bacteria have been identified using microscopic identification of cell shape and metabolic activity, Gram-staining techniques, and genetic identification of RNA and DNA sequences. There are 500 named species of archaea, divided into two phyla: the euryarchaeota and the crenarchaeota. There are eight supergroupings of eukaryotes, all of them include single-celled organisms, and five are entirely microbial.
How microbes operate
Authors: Money Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘How microbes operate’ considers the mechanisms that sustain prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. All active cells must be supplied with water and an energy source. Absorption of water is essential, even in extremely dry or salty habitats, because the enzymes that catalyse biochemical reactions in cells do not work unless they are hydrated. Sunlight powers the metabolism of photosynthetic microbes and others glean chemical energy from a plenitude of terrestrial sources. Extremes in temperature, acidity, and other environmental variables place additional constraints upon microbial life, but bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microorganisms thrive in most places where liquid water is available.
Microbial ecology and evolution
Authors: Money Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Many ecosystems are wholly microbial and the activities of microorganisms provide the biochemical foundation for plant and animal life. ‘Microbial ecology and evolution’ describes how plants depend upon the complex redox reactions of microbes that fertilize the soil by fixing nitrogen, converting nitrites to nitrates, enhancing the availability of phosphorus and trace elements, and recycling organic matter. Eukaryotic microorganisms are similarly plentiful and essential for the sustenance of plants and animals. Bacteria, archaea, and single-celled eukaryotes are the masters of the marine environment, harnessing the energy that supports complex ecological interactions between aquatic animals. Bacteria and archaea form 90% of the ocean biomass and surface waters are filled with eukaryotic algae.
Diet and health
Authors: Bender David A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Diet and Health’ is concerned with the epidemiological evidence that diet is a factor in the development of chronic non-communicable diseases—especially atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, type II diabetes, and cancer—and how we can use these findings to produce guidelines for a prudent diet and to promote healthy eating. A diet that is associated with reduced risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases provides 30 per cent of energy from fat, with only one-third of the fat as saturated fat and 6 to 10 per cent of the fat as polyunsaturated fat, 55 per cent of energy from carbohydrates (mainly starch, with only 10 per cent of energy from sugars), and 15 per cent of energy from protein.
The fundamentals of financial accounting
Authors: Nobes Christopher 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The fundamentals of financial accounting’ explores the basic ideas of financial accounting: the way accounting actually works, the logic behind the double-entry recording system, and the contents of the basic financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement). The following questions are addressed: What does a balance sheet try to show? Why does it balance? How is it that any one transaction has two accounting effects? Which costs lead to assets and which lead to expenses? How do cash flows fit in? How can a profitable company go bust because of a lack of cash?
Financial reports of listed companies
Authors: Nobes Christopher 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Financial reports of listed companies’ considers the components of an annual report and the types of financial statement that companies generally provide: balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in equity, and cash flow statement. It addresses the following questions: what are assets and how are they measured? What is the difference between depreciation and impairment? Why are various expected expenses and losses not accounted for as liabilities? How can an investor decide which company to lend to or buy shares in? How could managers use accounting to mislead investors? Tangible assets, intangible assets, and financial assets are defined along with liabilities and accounting ratios.
Star-struck: journalism as entertainment
Authors: Hargreaves Ian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Journalism has always entertained as well as informed, but has the recent instinct to amuse driven out the will, and depleted the resource, for serious reporting and analysis? ‘Star-struck: journalism as entertainment’ analyses tabloid reporting, the rise of reality TV, the entertainment and sales potential of celebrity reporting, and the recent blurring of the boundaries between fact and fiction in journalist reporting. Good tabloid journalism can, and does, widen access to politics and other serious subjects, but it’s not funny when high-profile mainstream journalism becomes infected with an easy-going relationship with facts.
Up to a point, Lord Copper’s: who owns journalists?
Authors: Hargreaves Ian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Traditionally, we imagine journalists to be free-spirited mavericks unbound by rules and regulation. However, most modern journalism takes place within a corporate setting. ‘Up to a point, Lord Copper’s: who owns journalists?’ explores issues of news media ownership, noting the decline of the press baron. There are many good political, economic, and cultural reasons to care about who owns the institutions from which we get our journalism. Can any conclusions be drawn about which ownership conditions make for a great newspaper or a great TV news channel? Experience says that the goal should be to achieve the greatest diversity of institutional form possible.
Beliefs, rituals, and narratives
Authors: Woodhead Linda 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Beliefs, rituals, and narratives’ considers the common signs, stories, symbols, and rituals—in particular dealing with sin and salvation—that serve as the basic building blocks of Christianity. The picture that emerges is of a faith with its origins in an explosion of spiritual energy—focused and channelled by Jesus Christ—that empowered his followers to think, feel, and desire in new ways. In early Christian history it gave rise to a wide range of different spiritual movements and to many different versions of the faith. As Christianity developed, its leaders tried to maintain unity not only by creating a canon of scripture, the Bible, but by formulating creeds, theologies, and liturgies.
International
Authors: Cronin Mike 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The first recorded international sporting fixture was a cricket match between the United States and Canada in New York in 1844. ‘International’ shows that once sporting organizations, the media, and even politicians began to realize the value of international competition it spread quickly from sport to sport. Groups of national federations came together to form international federations that governed their particular sport, and arranged and sanctioned international competitions. Such organizations included the International Rugby Board (founded 1886), International Olympic Committee (1894), and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (1904). The history of the IOC, the Olympic Games, and their political and financial aspects are described, including the boycotts of the 1970s and 1980s.
Business
Authors: Cronin Mike 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Business’ describes the commercialization of sport that began in the late 19th century and, with the advent of television, became even greater in the second half of the 20th century. Sport is regularly cited as the third biggest business in the world. The sports business speaks to two separate markets: the players who consume goods and services such as equipment, specialist diets, sports medicine, and affiliation fees; and the spectators of elite sports who avail themselves of stadium tickets, media packages, sporting memorabilia, and various forms of social media as a means of identifying with their sport or team. The role of sponsorship and the media in sport is also explained.
Dark side
Authors: Cronin Mike 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Sport is not simply about who wins or loses the game. While events on the field of play may constitute the limits of the actual physical sporting experience, the impact of sport is felt far wider. Drug taking, gender twisting, match fixing, playing to the referee, all of these issues have plagued modern sport for a century and a half, and none of them have gone away no matter how the purists objected and the rule book adapted. ‘Dark side’ considers the key issues that continue to affect sport: gender equality; sex and sexuality; institutional racism; cheating, including doping to enhance performance; technological advances; and how sport reflects local culture.
War in the West: 1940
Authors: Weinberg Gerard L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘War in the West: 1940’ outlines Germany's plans to invade England and France. The original plan was to strike in late 1939, but the postponement to spring 1940 had three major effects on that offensive. First, the time was utilized by the Germans to remedy some of the problems encountered in the campaign against Poland. Secondly, repeated warnings of the forthcoming offensive by German opponents of the Hitler regime had the unintended effect of having the last—and accurate—warning essentially disregarded. Thirdly, the time was used for a major reorientation of the planned German offensive that interacted fatally with the plans of the French and British to cope with any German attack.
Barbarossa: the German invasion of the Soviet Union
Authors: Weinberg Gerard L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Barbarossa: The German invasion of the Soviet Union’ outlines Germany's attack on the Soviet Union, which began in the early hours of June 22 1941 with an army of over three million men and over six hundred-thousand horses joined by half a million men in the armies of Romania and Finland. The German air force struck Soviet airfields and Soviet planes, destroying several thousand in the first few days and securing control of the air for the early phase of the campaign. Stalin's errors made for easy early German victories. However, the superior Soviet tanks and tenacity of the Red Army resulted in a much longer and, eventually, unsuccessful battle for Germany.
Japan expands its war with China
Authors: Weinberg Gerard L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Japan had been in open war with China since July 1937 and was continuing occasional advances against Chinese resistance. ‘Japan expands its war with China’ describes how German victories in the West in early 1940 suggested an opportunity to close off much of China's outside aid. In July 1941, Japanese forces occupied the southern part of French Indo-China, moving away from war with China to prepare attacks on territories controlled by the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States in East and Southeast Asia as well as the South Pacific. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbour in December 1941 brought the United States fully into the war, in both the Pacific and in Europe.
Allied victory, 1944–5
Authors: Weinberg Gerard L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The Western Allies intended to fight until the Axis powers surrendered unconditionally. ‘Allied victory, 1944–45’ considers the Allied strategy, agreed at a conference in Tehran, that there would be 1944 offensives on all major fronts in Europe, specifically including an invasion across the Channel to be supported by an invasion on the Mediterranean coast of France. The Soviet Union push into Germany met with the Americans in Berlin in April 1945. Hitler committed suicide on April 30, and Germany surrendered on May 8. It took the devastation of the atomic bomb later in the year for Japan to surrender.
Fungi and decomposition
Authors: Money Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Fungi that do not form supportive or parasitic relationships with plants and animals feed on the debris of life. These are saprotrophs that decompose dead roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, twigs, branches, upright tree trunks, and fallen logs. Wood is decomposed by a combination of white rot and brown rot basidiomycetes that produce mushrooms. Other fungi grow on animal faeces and decompose the tissues of dead invertebrates and vertebrates. Fungi also clear up our mess, breaking down every natural product used in a lifetime of consumerism and destroying synthetic materials made by industry. ‘Fungi and decomposition’ describes the saprotrophic fungi and considers their significance in the global carbon cycle.
Edible mushrooms and fungal biotechnology
Authors: Money Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Edible mushrooms and fungal biotechnology’ turns to the ways fungi are used to improve our lives. The pleasure of eating wild mushrooms, tempered with awareness of the poisonous nature of a few species, is an ancient experience born from our prehistory as hunter-gatherers in forest ecosystems. Cultivation of edible mushrooms is one of the oldest biotechnological uses of fungi, although brewing and baking with yeast go back further. In modern times, fungi are used to produce antibiotics, cyclosporin, and other medicines. Fungi are a source of industrial enzymes and acids, and the use of fungi in biofuel production is one of the most exciting ventures in modern biotechnology.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Authors: Wayne Marta L. , Bolker Benjamin M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a fungal pathogen that infects many different amphibian species, driving some of them to extinction. ‘Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis’ considers the physiology and natural history of this emerging pathogen; its discovery in the late 1990s in Australia and Central America; and the concepts and strategies used to try to determine its origins. Has it arrived relatively recently in the communities it was destroying, or did it lie dormant in those communities for millennia before suddenly beginning to cause harm? The debate between the novel pathogen hypothesis and the endemic pathogen hypothesis, versions of which apply to most emerging diseases of wildlife, is ongoing.
Matter from the outside
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Matter from the outside’ focuses on the applications of thermodynamics in physical chemistry. Thermodynamics is the science of energy and the transformations that it can undergo. It plays a central role in understanding chemical reactions. There are four laws of thermodynamics: the Zeroth Law establishes the concept of temperature; the First Law concerns the conservation of energy; the Second Law deals with entropy (a measure of the quality of energy); and the Third Law concerns the absolute zero of temperature. The property enthalpy is explained along with Gibbs energy and free energy. Physical chemists can deploy the laws of thermodynamics, laws relating to matter from the outside, to establish relations between properties and to make important connections.
Bridging matter
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Bridging matter’ introduces statistical thermodynamics, which provides the link between the notional insides and outsides of atoms and molecules. It identifies the bulk properties of a sample with the average behaviour of all the molecules that constitute it. A key concept is the Boltzmann distribution, which shows the exponentially decaying function of the energy of molecules as temperature is increased. It captures two aspects of chemistry: stability and reactivity. Statistical thermodynamics is used by physical chemists to understand the composition of chemical reaction mixtures that have reached equilibrium. It also provides an explanation of Le Chatelier's principle, which states that a system at equilibrium responds to a disturbance by tending to oppose its effect.
Changing the identity of matter
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A great deal of chemistry is concerned with changing the identity of matter by the deployment of chemical reactions. Physical chemists are interested in a variety of aspects of chemical reactions, including the rates at which they take place (chemical kinetics) and the details of the steps involved during the transformation (chemical dynamics). Chemical reactions can be achieved simply by mixing and heating, but some are stimulated by light (photochemistry) and others by electricity (electrochemistry). ‘Changing the identity of matter’ explains the key terms of chemical kinetics and chemical dynamics such as spontaneous reaction, reaction quotient, equilibrium constant, rate law, reaction mechanism, rate-determining step, activation energy, and catalysis.
What and why of microeconomics
Authors: Dixit Avinash 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘What and why of microeconomics’ explains that microeconomics studies how consumers choose what goods and services to buy, how producers make decisions to meet these demands, and how the two sides interact. Mostly the transactions work fairly smoothly, but occasionally things do go wrong. Sometimes failures are drastic, like the gasoline shortages in the 1970s and the housing bubble and its collapse in the 2000s, so a basic understanding of microeconomics is important. When and how do transactions go well? When and why do they fail? What can be done if they fail? Information and incentive mechanisms to coordinate transactions and how prices work are the main subject matter of microeconomics.
Producers
Authors: Dixit Avinash 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Producers’ addresses production, an activity that transforms inputs (raw materials and other produced goods, as well as services of labour, land, and capital) into outputs. Producers must pay attention to the costs of these inputs — the prices of inputs that are used up, as well as wages, rents, and costs of capital — which involves judgement about uncertain prospects. Supply curves, pricing strategies, rivalry between firms, supply chains, and firm organization are considered. Firms buy some inputs to their production from other firms and make some inputs in-house. The choice is theirs. But why not produce each link of the supply chain in a separate firm? Or why not make everything in-house?
What works?
Authors: Dixit Avinash 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Given the long list of defects in markets and governments outlined in this VSI, the world has not fared too badly. ‘What works?’ concludes that a mixed economy — where competitive markets or similar institutions generate information about scarcity and create incentives to alleviate the scarcity in a reasonably efficient manner, where antitrust policies keep the markets open to competition, where the government and other social organizations help overcome the inefficiencies of externalities, and where political competition acts as a corrective mechanism against abuses of power and serious errors of judgement — is the best way of organizing microeconomic activity.
popFBA: tackling intratumour heterogeneity with Flux Balance Analysis
Authors: Damiani Chiara , Di Filippo Marzia , Pescini Dario , Maspero Davide , Colombo Riccardo , Mauri Giancarlo 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Motivation
Intratumour heterogeneity poses many challenges to the treatment of cancer. Unfortunately, the transcriptional and metabolic information retrieved by currently available computational and experimental techniques portrays the average behaviour of intermixed and heterogeneous cell subpopulations within a given tumour. Emerging single-cell genomic analyses are nonetheless unable to characterize the interactions among cancer subpopulations. In this study, we propose popFBA, an extension to classic Flux Balance Analysis, to explore how metabolic heterogeneity and cooperation phenomena affect the overall growth of cancer cell populations.

Results
We show how clones of a metabolic network of human central carbon metabolism, sharing the same stoichiometry and capacity constraints, may follow several different metabolic paths and cooperate to maximize the growth of the total population. We also introduce a method to explore the space of possible interactions, given some constraints on plasma supply of nutrients. We illustrate how alternative nutrients in plasma supply and/or a dishomogeneous distribution of oxygen provision may affect the landscape of heterogeneous phenotypes. We finally provide a technique to identify the most proliferative cells within the heterogeneous population.

Availability and implementation
the popFBA MATLAB function and the SBML model are available at https://github.com/BIMIB-DISCo/popFBA.
Party Polarization in Legislatures with Office-Motivated Candidates*
Authors: Polborn Mattias K. , Snyder James M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe develop a theory of legislative competition in which voters care about local candidate valence and national party positions that are determined by the parties’ median legislators. As long as election outcomes are sufficiently predictable, the only stable equilibria exhibit policy divergence between the parties. If the degree of uncertainty about election outcomes decreases, and if voters place less weight on local candidates’ valence, polarization between the parties increases. Furthermore, a systematic electoral shock makes the party favored by the shock more moderate, while the disadvantaged party becomes more extreme. Finally, we examine data on state elections and the ideological positions of state legislatures and find patterns that are consistent with key predictions of our model.