bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The infra‐red absorption spectra of acetaldehyde, paraldehyde, α‐ and β‐trithioacetaldehyde
Authors: Gerding H. , Lecomte J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe infra‐red absorption spectra of gaseous and liquid acetaldehyde (region 7‐14 μ); liquid paraldehyde (7‐20 μ); solid α‐ and β‐trithioacetaldehyde (7‐14 μ) and solutions of these compounds in CS2 (7‐20 μ) have been determined.A discussion of the vibrations belonging to the frequencies found for acetaldehyde is given.It follows by comparison of the Raman spectrum with the infra‐red absorption spectrum, that the molecule of paraldehyde in the liquid state is not plane. The number of vibrations active in infra‐red absorption and in the Raman effect has been derived for a cis‐configuration (with the three methyl‐groups on the same side of the ring, probable symmetry C3v) and a trans‐configuration (one of the methyl‐groups is on the opposite side of the ring, probable symmetry Ca), separating the modes of vibration of the molecule into those characteristic of the C3O3‐ring, the methyl groups etc.The supposition, that in liquid paraldehyde an inner equilibrium between cis‐ and trans‐molecules exists, with the cis‐form preponderating, seems the more probable one. In absence of a complete set of polarization measurements for the Raman lines of paraldehyde, no definite choice can be made.The molecules, of α‐ and β‐trithioacetaldehyde also possess “staggered” rings. The evidence from the Raman effect and from infra‐red absorption is in favour of ascribing to the β‐form the cis‐configuration, in agreement with the conclusion drawn by Chattaway and Kellett from their experiments on the oxidation of these compounds.The correspondence of the spectra of paraldehyde and the two forms of trithioacetaldehyde in the region from 2600‐3100 cm−1 is good, proving the reliability of the separation ‐ to a first approximation ‐ of the vibrations of these molecules as a whole, into those of the ring, the methyl‐groups etc.
Melanin and its precursors I
Authors: Veer W. L. C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAccording to Raper's hypothesis, the quinone of 5:6‐dihydroxy‐2:3‐dihydroindole‐2‐carboxylic acid is the red coloured precursor of melanin, obtained by the oxidation of tyrosine with tyrosinase. This paper deals with some derivatives of this “red substance”, the structure of which is still unknown, with phenylhydrazine and substituted phenylhydrazines. No reaction products could be isolated, however, with hydroxylamine, or with semicarbazide. In connection with observations of Jacobs and of Breijer attention is drawn to the fact, that the “red substance” may be of importance as an anti‐pernicious principle and that premelanin of the skin‐epidermis possibly plays a rôle in blood formation.
Die Mikrogasschnellanalyse von Edelgas‐Stickstoffmischungen
Authors: van Liempt J. A. M. , van Wijk W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBeschreibung einer Apparatur, mit welcher in 10 Minuten die Mikro‐Analyse von Edelgas‐Stickstoffmischungen durchgeführt werden kann.Beschreibung einer Apparatur, mit der die Mikrogasanalyse von Edelgas‐Stickstoffmischungen in 10 Minuten durchführbar ist. Die Absorption des Stickstoffs wird mit Hilfe flüssigen Lithiums durchgeführt. Genauigkeit ± 0.2% N2. Minimalgasmenge etwa 1 cm3 (1 at).
De la Préparation de Quelques 2‐Sulfanilamido‐Thiazoles et ‐Sélénazoles
Authors: Backer H. J. , de Jonge J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLe présent mémoire décrit la préparation des sulfanilamides qui dérivent de plusieurs 2‐aminothiazoles ayant des groupes alkyle et carboxyle en positions 4 ou 4 et 5.Désireux d'avoir des représentants des dérivés du sélénazole, les auteurs ont étudié deux 2‐sulfanilamido‐4‐alkylsélénazoles.Finalement a été préparé l'acide p‐sulfanilamidobenzène‐arsonique. Une partie des nouveaux composés a été examinée du point de vue chimiothérapeutique.
The Raman spectrum and the molecular structure of phosphorus oxybromide
Authors: Gerding H. , van Driel M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe compound phosphorus oxybromide was prepared by the reaction of phosphorus pentabromide with phosphorus pentoxide at a high temperature. The Raman spectrum of liquid phosphorus oxybromide was determined and the polarization of the Raman lines measured. The symmetry of the molecule is that of the point group C3v. An estimate of the force constants of the molecule is given.
The UV absorption and He1and He11photoelectron spectra of some (E)‐ and (Z)‐α‐oxo oximeO‐methyl ethers and related compounds
Authors: Buys Theo. S. V. , Cerfontain Hans , Stunnenberg Frank , Louwen Jaap N. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe He1and He11photoelectron spectra, as well as the UV absorption spectra, of a series of α‐oxo oximeO‐methyl ethers have been measured and assigned with the help a qualitative molecular orbital model, including through‐bond and through‐space interaction between lone‐pair‐type orbitals on the separate chromophore moieties. The observed dependence of the UV absorption frequency of both then→ π* and π → π* transitions on the intercarbonyl‐iminyl dihedral angle Φ is explained in terms of the angular dependence of occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals.
Contrasting behaviour of (E)‐3‐(trimethylsilyl)‐ and (E)‐3‐phenylpropenoic acids towards n ‐butyl‐ and tert‐butyllithium
Authors: Kruithof K. J. H. , Mateboer A. , Schakel M. , Klumpp G. W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe title compounds 2 and 9 react with tert‐butyllithium to give considerable amounts of ‘anti‐Michael’ adducts 3 and 10, respectively, in which the tert‐butyl group is bonded to C‐2.A single‐electron‐transfer (SET) mechanism is proposed for these reactions. Both compounds behave as Michael acceptors towards n‐butyllithium.
Vapour‐phase chemistry of arenes. Part XII. Reaction of chlorobenzene and derivatives with hydroxyl radicals at approx. 290°C. Hydroxy‐dechlorination
Authors: Mulder Peter , Louw Robert 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHydroxy‐dechlorination, \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm ZC}_6 {\rm H}_4 {\rm Cl} + ^ \bullet{\rm OH}\xrightarrow{{(9)}}{\rm ZC}_6 {\rm H}_4 {\rm OH} + {\rm Cl}^ \bullet $\end{document} is advanced as a straightforward process enabling measurement of structural effects on rates of addition of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ ^ \bullet {\rm OH} $\end{document} to substituted benzenes. Hydroxyl radicals were generated from tert‐butyl hydroperoxide. Under the conditions employed (gas phase, 290°C), reaction (9) with chlorobenzene is 0.3 times as fast as H abstraction to give o/m/p‐\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm ClC}_6 {\rm H}_4 ^ \bullet $\end{document} radicals. Analogous ipso substitution of methyl was not observed; with p‐chlorotoluene, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ ^ \bullet {\rm OH} $\end{document} forms \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm ClC}_6 {\rm H}_4 {\rm CH}_2 ^ \bullet $\end{document} at least 30 times faster than it gives reaction (9); with o‐ and p‐ClC6H4CF3 (2c), both reaction 9 and displacement of CF3 to give ClC6H4OH (reaction 12) occur, the latter ipso substitution being ca. 19 times faster with o‐ than with p‐2c. A thermokinetic rationale is given, for what is apparently a steric effect. Site selectivities for reaction (9), expressed as isomer distribution o/m/p, are: 55/25/20 for Z = Cl and 54/31/15 for Z = Me at 290°C.
Crystal Structure Determination of 8‐(16‐hydroxy‐16‐methylpropyl)‐7,8,14,14a ‐tetrahydro‐pyrrolidino‐[1,2‐c]piperazino‐[1′, 6′‐2,3]‐β‐carboline ‐(5aHα, 8Hβ,14aHα)‐1,6‐dione, C21H25N3O3
Authors: Behm Helmut , Beurskens Paul T. , Plate Ralf , Ottenheijm Harry C. J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe structure of the title compound, C21H25N3O3, was determined by X‐ray analysis. Mr=367.45; orthorhombic; Space group: P21212121; Z=4; a=10.3727 (7), b=11.7659(20), c=15.4711(17) Å, V=1888.16 Å3, D =1.29 Mg/m3. CuKα radiation, graphite crystal monochromator, γ;=1.5418, μ(CuKα)=6.70 cm−1, F(000)=784.00, T=290°K. Final conventional R‐factor=0.0364, RW=0.0396 for 3435 unique reflections and 345 variables. The structure was solved with MULTAN. The absolute configuration was determined.
Reaction of pivaloyl chloride with internucleosidic h‐phosphonate diesters
Authors: Kuyl‐Yeheskiely E. , Spierenburg M. , Tromp M. , van der Marel G. A. , van Boom J. H. , van den Elst H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe coupling reagent pivaloyl chloride reacts slowly with an internucleosidic H‐phosphonate function to afford the corresponding acylphosphonate derivative.
An approach to the preparation of glycosyl phosphates using salicylchlorophosphite as the phosphitylating reagent
Authors: Hermans J. P. G. , de Vroom E. , Elie C. J. J. , van der Marel G. A. , van Boom J. H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe reagent 2‐chloro‐5,6‐benzo‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphin‐4‐one proved to be suitable for the preparation of an anomerically (α) pure hydrogenphosphonate as well as a phosphite‐triester. The former could be applied for the formation of an interglycosidic hydrogenphosphonate linkage.
Beiträge zur analytischen Chemie des Rheniums. V. Die Abtrennung des Rheniums durch Destillation mit Chlorwasserstoff
Authors: Geilmann W. , Weibke F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRhenium läßt sich durch Destillation mit Chlorwasserstoff aus schwefelsaurer Lösung verflüchtigen und im Destillat quantitativ bestimmen.
Zur Kenntnis der Alkalisalze der Kobalticyanwasserstoffsäure
Authors: Meyer Julius , Chao Pieying 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEs wurden die bisher unbekannten kobalticyanwasserstoffsauren Salze Li3Co(CN), ·6 H2O, Rb3Co( CN)6 und Cs3Co(CN), dargestellt und untersucht.
Treatment of resectable intrathoracic sarcomas: a single institution experience over twenty years
Authors: Rainey David , Berriochoa Jacob , Korpak Anna , Zeng Jing , Loggers Elizabeth T. , Jones Robin L. , Patel Shilpen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundThere are very few published data on the management of primary intrathoracic sarcoma, defined as sarcomas arising from the lung, pleura, and mediastinum, excluding the chest wall. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of patients with intrathoracic sarcoma treated at an academic referral center over a 21-year period.MethodsA retrospective search was performed to identify patients with intrathoracic sarcomas treated with surgical resection from January 1990 to November 2011 at the University of Washington Medical Center. Local control and overall survival were analyzed in relation to the treatment received.ResultsThirty-five patients were identified. Hazard ratios for local control, adjusted for tumor margin status, at 5 years were 0.74 (95 % CI [0.21, 2.58]) for the addition of chemotherapy (CT) to surgery, 0.57 (95 % CI [0.15, 2.23]) with the addition of (radiation therapy) RT, and 0.50 (95 % CI [0.06, 4.03]) with the addition of both CT and RT. At 7 years, the ratios for local control were 0.69 (95 % CI [0.20, 2.36]) for CT added to surgery, 0.58 (95 % CI [0.15, 2.27]) for RT, and 0.41 (95 % CI [0.05, 3.33]) with the addition of both CT and RT. Hazard ratios for overall survival, adjusted for sarcoma stage, at 5 years were 0.61 (95 % CI [0.16, 2.39]) for the addition of CT to surgery, 1.03 (95 % CI [0.26, 4.08]) for the addition of RT, and 0.54 (95 % CI [0.11, 2.69]) for the addition of both CT and RT. The 7-year hazard ratios for overall survival were 0.77 (95 % CI [0.23, 2.60]) for CT added to surgery, 0.99 (95 % CI [0.25, 3.84]) for the addition of RT, and 0.42 (95 % CI [0.09, 2.05]) for both CT and RT with surgery. At 10 years, hazard ratios for overall survival were 0.71 (95 % CI [0.21, 2.38]) for added CT, 0.81 (95 % CI [0.21, 3.08]) for added RT, and 0.33 (95 % CI [0.07, 1.65]) for the addition of both CT and RT to surgery.ConclusionsOur series is the largest published study of intrathoracic sarcoma which focuses on the survival benefit of adding RT, chemotherapy or both to surgery in resectable intrathoracic sarcoma. Our data suggest a potential benefit in local control and survival from adjuvant therapy, with the greatest benefit likely to come from combined CT and RT, though none of the results achieved statistical significance. As intrathoracic sarcomas are rare and histologically heterogeneous, larger collaborative studies are necessary to determine treatment efficacy and elucidate which histologic subtypes are likely to benefit most from adjuvant therapy.
Shopping to and fro: Ideomotor compatibility of arm posture and product choice
Authors: Streicher Mathias C. , Estes Zachary 
Published: December 2015

AbstractConsumption often requires flexing arms toward the body and merely inducing such activities has been shown to influence consumption. In three studies we show that the consumption effects from lateral arm movements arise from the fit between cognitions and motor activity. When a shopping situation conceptualizes product acquisition as movement away from the body the effects from priming arm flexion and extension are reversed. The findings prefer an ideomotor compatibility account rather than suggesting hardwired and unmalleable association between arm posture and consumption. The implications of these results for ideomotor research and management practice are discussed.
The Current State of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Education in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Programs
Authors: Siddiqui Imran J. , Luz Jennifer , Borg‐Stein Joanne , O'Connor Kevin , Bockbrader Marcia , Rainey Heather , Way David , Colachis Sam , Bahner David P. , Kohler Minna J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundExposure to musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) is now a mandatory component of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) residency training. However, reports on the extent of the implementation and efficacy of MSUS education are lacking in the literature.ObjectiveTo determine the extent to which PM&R residencies are implementing MSUS education.DesignCross‐sectional.SettingInstitutional.ParticipantsThirty‐six of the 78 United States PM&R residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.MethodsAll 78 programs were solicited with an online survey via the residency program director and coordinator in July 2014. The 25 questions on the survey were aimed at determining program MSUS educational characteristics and their effectiveness.Main Outcome MeasuresDescription of teaching methods used for MSUS, residency demographics, characteristics of MSUS faculty expertise, and faculty‐perceived competency in MSUS examinations and procedures among residents. Data were analyzed using both descriptive statistics and tests for independence to identify correlations between program characteristics and resident MSUS competency.ResultsA response was received from 36 of the 78 residency programs (46.2%). Of the 36 residency programs that responded, 97.2% provide exposure to MSUS (a figure that drops to 44.9% when nonrespondents are included); 61% had mandatory MSUS training (28.2% when including nonrespondents); and 44.4% had a formal curriculum (20.5% when including nonrespondents). The most common MSUS educational tools used were lecture (88.9%), outpatient clinic (86.1%), and hands‐on workshops (86.1%). Sixty‐one percent of responding programs evaluate residents with formal assessment tools. Overall, faculty at 38.8% and 44.4% of programs believed that at least 50% of residents who graduate are competent in diagnostic and interventional MSUS, respectively. These rates were significantly associated with the use of formal assessment.ConclusionMSUS education is growing in PM&R, but many programs still have not adopted a formal educational curriculum. Formal assessment to evaluate resident MSUS skills significantly improves faculty‐perceived MSUS competency.
Isotropic polarization of compressible flows
Authors: Zhu Jian-Zhou 
Published: December 2015

The helical absolute equilibrium of a compressible adiabatic flow presents not only polarization between two purely helical modes of opposite chiralities but also that between vortical and acoustic modes, deviating from the equipartition predicted by Kraichnan (J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 27, 1955, pp. 438–441). Owing to the existence of the acoustic mode, even if all the Fourier modes of one chiral sector in the sharpened Helmholtz decomposition (Moses, SIAM J. Appl. Maths, vol. 21, 1971, pp. 114–130) are thoroughly truncated, leaving the system with positive-definite helicity and energy, negative temperature and the corresponding large-scale concentration of vortical modes are not allowed, unlike in the incompressible case.
Mixed-membership of experts stochastic blockmodel
Authors: WHITE ARTHUR , MURPHY THOMAS BRENDAN 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSocial network analysis is the study of how links between a set of actors are formed. Typically, it is believed that links are formed in a structured manner, which may be due to, for example, political or material incentives, and which often may not be directly observable. The stochastic blockmodel represents this structure using latent groups which exhibit different connective properties, so that conditional on the group membership of two actors, the probability of a link being formed between them is represented by a connectivity matrix. The mixed membership stochastic blockmodel extends this model to allow actors membership to different groups, depending on the interaction in question, providing further flexibility.Attribute information can also play an important role in explaining network formation. Network models which do not explicitly incorporate covariate information require the analyst to compare fitted network models to additional attributes in a post-hoc manner. We introduce the mixed membership of experts stochastic blockmodel, an extension to the mixed membership stochastic blockmodel which incorporates covariate actor information into the existing model. The method is illustrated with application to the Lazega Lawyers dataset. Model and variable selection methods are also discussed.
Framing Immigration in the Canadian and British News Media
Authors: Lawlor Andrea 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDespite an extensive dialogue on the subject of immigration, there has been little systematic cross-national investigation into the framing of immigration in the news media. Understanding the evolution of frames is an important piece of how we conceive of the link between the public's political priorities and policy makers’ responses. While the multi-directional relationships that exist between media, public policy and public opinion often pose challenges to precisely extracting media effects, there is still much that can be said about how the content and tone of immigration frames change over time in response to major policy changes or focusing events. Using automated content analysis (ACA) of print news data from Canada and Britain, I examine immigration framing from 1999 to 2013, identifying immigration-related frames in print news coverage and identifying trends in the volume and tone of frames over time. Results offer insight into striking commonalities in the frames used by each country's print media, and the divergent evolution in the emphasis on certain frames over others, largely predicated on coverage of focusing events.
Between Heimat and Schubsystem: Walking the Homeless to Death in Early Modern Austria
Authors: Rebel Hermann 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBeginning with Ferdinand I's Polizeyordnung of 1552, the Habsburgs’ state inserted itself into the regulation of welfare for the poor. To manage the homeless, there emerged after the 1720s a state-driven but locally administered system (Schubsystem) of police surveillance to discover, arrest, and physically remove those without a provable birth place (or a ten-year residence in one place) to a to-be-determined Heimat, a “home” community declared responsible for their welfare. In practice, the system's specific self-contradictions and conflicted agendas, its brutalization of those who served it, its several social-relational and language figures that emerged as the actualizations of the state's vision, together placed a significant number of the homeless on forced marches toward indeterminate destinations until they collapsed and could be removed from the road to die “in the straw.” The essay suggests that the interplay between Heimat and Schubsystem serves as a foreshadowing dimension in modern Austro-German history.
What Do We Really Know about Protection before the Great Depression: Evidence from Italy
Authors: Federico Giovanni , Vasta Michelangelo 
Published: December 2015

The impact of protection on economic growth has enjoyed a revival in recent times, with the publication of a number of comparative quantitative papers. They all share a common weakness: they measure protection as the ratio of custom revenues to import value, which biases results if demand for imports is not perfectly inelastic. In this article, we show that the measure of protection matters. We estimate the James Anderson and Peter Neary (2005) Trade Restrictiveness Index for Italy from unification to the Great Depression. We suggest a different interpretation of some key moments of Italian trade policy and we show that the aggregate welfare losses were small in the long run and mostly related to protection on sugar in the 1880s and 1890s. We document that using different measures of protection affects results of the causal relation between trade policy on economic growth in Italy and in the United States. Accordingly, we argue that a systematic re-estimating of protection in the economic history of trade policy is needed.
Comparing generativist and constructivist accounts of the use of the past tense form in early child Japanese
Authors: TATSUMI TOMOKO , PINE JULIAN M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe present study investigated children's early use of verb inflection in Japanese by comparing a generativist account, which predicts that the past tense will have a special default-like status for the child during the early stages, with a constructivist input-driven account, which assumes that children's acquisition and use of inflectional forms reflects verb-specific distributional patterns in their input. Analysis of naturalistic data from four Japanese children aged 1;5 to 2;10 showed that there was substantial by-verb variation in the use of inflectional forms from the earliest stages of verb use, and no general preference for past tense forms. Correlational and partial correlational analyses showed that it was possible to predict the proportional frequency with which the child produced verbs in past tense versus other inflectional forms on the basis of differences in the proportional frequency with which the verb occurred in past tense form in the child's input, even after controlling for differences in the rate at which verbs occurred in past tense form in input averaged across the caregivers of the other children in the sample. When taken together, these results count against the idea that the past tense has a special default-like status in early child Japanese, and in favour of a constructivist input-driven account of children's early use of verb inflection.
Stress echocardiography in paediatrics: implications for the evaluation of anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries
Authors: Thompson W. Reid 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStress echocardiography in paediatrics is used to evaluate pre- and post-operative coronary artery conditions, as well as to gain haemodynamic information for a variety of diagnoses, although evidence regarding sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value is lacking. This review will consider the available literature with a focus on anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries and discuss a practical approach to test selection and use.