bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Formaldehyde‐Free Water‐Resistant Soy Flour‐Based Adhesive for Plywood
Authors: Damodaran Srinivasan , Zhu Dan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe phasing out of the use of urea–formaldehyde adhesive in the fabrication of interior‐used hardwood plywood requires development of environmentally friendly bio‐based wood adhesives. We recently reported that phosphorylation of soy flour (SF) using phosphoryl chloride (POCl3) greatly improved the moisture resistance of soy flour adhesive. In the present study, we investigated the effects of inorganic oxidizing agents, such as NaClO2 and Ca(NO2)2, to further improve the wet bonding strength of phosphorylated SF (PSF) wood adhesive. We report that addition of 1.8 % (wet weight basis) Ca(NO2)2 to phosphorylated SF (PSF) adhesive formulation containing 25 % soy flour solids increased the wet bonding strength to greater than 3 MPa at 140 °C hot‐press temperature. The water resistance testing of the glued three‐ply hardwood plywood panels passed the three‐cycle soak/dry test recommended by the American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood/Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association protocol (ANSI/HPVA HP‐1‐2004). Since the process involves only inorganic chemistry and no petroleum‐based chemicals such as formaldehyde or polyamidoamine–epichlorohydrin are used, the PSF + Ca(NO2)2 adhesive is non‐toxic and environmentally safe.
The effects of Ca++ on the strength of polycrystalline ice
Authors: HAMMONDS KEVIN , BAKER IAN 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTRecent studies have suggested a physical link between Ca++ ions and an increase in the ductility or ‘softening’ of polycrystalline ice. In order to investigate the potential effects of Ca++ on deformation, we created sets of both undoped and CaSO4-doped specimens of polycrystalline ice for testing in uniaxial tension or compression. Deformation tests in tension were carried out under a constant load at an initial stress of 0.75 MPa and a temperature of −6°C. Compression tests were carried out at −10 and −20°C at constant strain rates of 1×10−4 s−1, 1 × 10−5 s−1 and 1 × 10−6 s−1 and taken to 5% strain. Our results show that CaSO4 increases the strength of polycrystalline ice at higher strain rates and lower temperatures, an effect that decreases with decreasing strain rate and higher temperatures. A microstructural analysis of the post-test compression specimens reveals mean grain diameters much larger in the CaSO4-doped specimens tested at the lowest applied strain rate of 1 × 10−6 s−1. Precipitates were found to have formed along grain boundaries in some doped specimens and evidence of intergranular fracture was observed in all specimens tested at 1 × 10−4 and 1 × 10−5 s−1. In tension-tested specimens, there was no difference in the mean grain diameter between doped and undoped specimens at 25% strain.
Evaluating the impact of interdisciplinary research: A multilayer network approach
Authors: OMODEI ELISA , DE DOMENICO MANLIO , ARENAS ALEX 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNowadays, scientific challenges usually require approaches that cross traditional boundaries between academic disciplines, driving many researchers towards interdisciplinarity. Despite its obvious importance, there is a lack of studies on how to quantify the influence of interdisciplinarity on the research impact, posing uncertainty in a proper evaluation for hiring and funding purposes. Here, we propose a method based on the analysis of bipartite interconnected multilayer networks of citations and disciplines, to assess scholars, institutions, and countries interdisciplinary importance. Using data about physics publications and US patents, we show that our method allows to reward, using a quantitative approach, scholars and institutions that have carried out interdisciplinary work and have had an impact in different scientific areas. The proposed method could be used by funding agencies, universities and scientific policy decision makers for hiring and funding purposes, and to complement existing methods to rank universities and countries.
Host choice, settling and folding leaf behaviors of the larval rice leaf folder under heat stress
Authors: Bodlah M.A. , Zhu A.-X. , Liu X.-D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExtreme high-temperature events are the key factor to determine population dynamics of the rice leaf folder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée), in summer. Although we know that adult of this insect can migrate to avoid heat stress, the behavioral response of larva to high temperature is still unclear. Therefore, impacts of high temperature on behavioral traits ofC. medinalisincluding host choice, settling and folding leaf were observed. The results revealed that these behavioral traits were clearly influenced by high temperature. The larvae preferred maize leaves rather than rice and wheat at normal temperature of 27°C, but larvae experienced a higher temperature of 37 or 40°C for 4 h preferred rice leaves rather than maize and wheat. Capacity of young larvae to find host leaves or settle on the upper surface of leaves significantly reduced when they were treated by high temperature. High temperature of 40°C reduced the leaf-folding capacity of the third instar larvae, but no effects were observed on the fourth and fifth instar larvae. Short-term heat acclimation could not improve the capacity of the third instar larvae to make leaf fold under 40°C.
Qualitative Sybr Green real-time detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms responsible for target-site resistance in insect pests: the example of Myzus persicae and Musca domestica
Authors: Puggioni V. , Chiesa O. , Panini M. , Mazzoni E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractChemical insecticides have been widely used to control insect pests, leading to the selection of resistant populations. To date, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have already been associated with insecticide resistance, causing reduced sensitivity to many classes of products. Monitoring and detection of target-site resistance is currently one of the most important factors for insect pest management strategies. Several methods are available for this purpose: automated and high-throughput techniques (i.e. TaqMan or pyrosequencing) are very costly; cheaper alternatives (i.e. RFLP or PASA–PCRs) are time-consuming and limited by the necessity of a final visualization step. This work presents a new approach (QSGG, Qualitative Sybr Green Genotyping) which combines the specificity of PASA–PCR with the rapidity of real-time PCR analysis. The specific real-time detection of Cq values of wild-type or mutant alleles (amplified used allele-specific primers) allows the calculation of ΔCqW–M values and the consequent identification of the genotypes of unknown samples, on the basis of ranges previously defined with reference clones. The methodology is applied here to characterize mutations described in Myzus persicae and Musca domestica and we demonstrate it represents a valid, rapid and cost-effective technique that can be adopted for monitoring target-site resistance in field populations of these and other insect species.
The rediscovery of malaria parasites of ungulates
Authors: TEMPLETON THOMAS J. , MARTINSEN ELLEN , KAEWTHAMASORN MORAKOT , KANEKO OSAMU 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYOver a hundred years since their first description in 1913, the sparsely described malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) of ungulates have been rediscovered using molecular typing techniques. In the span of weeks, three studies have appeared describing the genetic characterization and phylogenetic analyses of malaria parasites from African antelope (Cephalophus spp.) and goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), and North American white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Here we unify the contributions from those studies with the literature on pre-molecular characterizations of ungulate malaria parasites, which are largely based on surveys of Giemsa-reagent stained blood smears. We present a phylogenetic tree generated from all available ungulate malaria parasite sequence data, and show that parasites from African duiker antelope and goat, Asian water buffalo and New World white-tailed deer group together in a clade, which branches early in Plasmodium evolution. Anopheline mosquitoes appear to be the dominant, if not sole vectors for parasite transmission. We pose questions for future phylogenetic studies, and discuss topics that we hope will spur further molecular and cellular studies of ungulate malaria parasites.
Introducing the White Noise task in childhood: associations between speech illusions and psychosis vulnerability
Authors: Rimvall M. K. , Clemmensen L. , Munkholm A. , Rask C. U. , Larsen J. T. , Skovgaard A. M. , Simons C. J. P. , van Os J. , Jeppesen P. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundAuditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are common during development and may arise due to dysregulation in top-down processing of sensory input. This study was designed to examine the frequency and correlates of speech illusions measured using the White Noise (WN) task in children from the general population. Associations between speech illusions and putative risk factors for psychotic disorder and negative affect were examined.MethodA total of 1486 children aged 11–12 years of the Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000 were examined with the WN task. Psychotic experiences and negative affect were determined using the Kiddie-SADS-PL. Register data described family history of mental disorders. Exaggerated Theory of Mind functioning (hyper-ToM) was measured by the ToM Storybook Frederik.ResultsA total of 145 (10%) children experienced speech illusions (hearing speech in the absence of speech stimuli), of which 102 (70%) experienced illusions perceived by the child as positive or negative (affectively salient). Experiencing hallucinations during the last month was associated with affectively salient speech illusions in the WN task [general cognitive ability: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–3.93]. Negative affect, both last month and lifetime, was also associated with affectively salient speech illusions (aOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.05–3.83 and aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.11–2.89, respectively). Speech illusions were not associated with delusions, hyper-ToM or family history of mental disorders.ConclusionsSpeech illusions were elicited in typically developing children in a WN-test paradigm, and point to an affective pathway to AVH mediated by dysregulation in top-down processing of sensory input.
A developmental model for alcohol use disorders in Swedish men
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Ohlsson H. , Edwards A. C. , Sundquist J. , Sundquist K. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is a classic multifactorial syndrome and it is critical to understand the diversity of the relevant risk factors and how they inter-relate over development.MethodWe examined 21 risk factors for AUD in four developmental tiers reflecting (i) birth, (ii) childhood and early adolescence, (iii) late adolescence, and (iv) early adulthood in 47 414 Swedish men of whom 3907 (8.2%) were registered for AUD at or after age 25 with a mean length of follow-up of 33.9 (6.6) years. Structural equational model fitting was performed using Mplus.ResultsThe best-fitting model provided a good fit to the data and explained 23.4% of the variance in AUD. The five strongest predictors were: externalizing behaviors, criminal behavior, father's alcohol consumption, genetic risk, and low educational attainment. Two developmentally early familial/genetic risk factors had substantial direct paths to AUD: father's alcohol consumption and genetic liability. Other broad developmental pathways to risk for AUD were evident: externalizing, psychosocial and internalizing. Overall, the externalizing pathway to AUD was the strongest. However, these pathways were substantially interwoven over time such that risk factors from one domain were commonly predicted by and/or predicted risk factors from the other broad domains of risk.ConclusionAUD in men is an etiologically complex syndrome influenced by familial-genetic, psychosocial, internalizing, and especially externalizing risk factors that act and interact over development and have complicated mediational pathways.
Hipsters in the hood: Authenticating indexicalities in young men's hip-hop talk
Authors: Pichler Pia , Williams Nathanael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this article we explore the relationship between authentication and identification in the spontaneous hip-hop talk of four young London men from multi-ethnic working-class backgrounds. Whereas sociolinguistic studies of authentication and/or hip hop have frequently focused on the linguistic style of hip hoppers, this article explores hip-hop talk with a specific interest in ‘cultural concepts’ (Silverstein 2004). This focus allows us to discuss how the young men authenticate themselves in relation to a range of other identity performances they discuss, including the ‘white posh girl's’ appropriation of ‘world star’ hip-hop culture or the local South London gang's display of violent gangsta personas. These cultural concepts not only index various aspects of hip-hop culture but also need to be understood in relation to various aspects of larger-scale discourses, practices, and structures. (Hip hop, authentication, indexicalities, cultural concepts)*
Prevalence and molecular characterization ofSalmonella entericaisolates throughout an integrated broiler supply chain in China
Authors: REN X. , LI M. , XU C. , CUI K. , FENG Z. , FU Y. , ZHANG J. , LIAO M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYA total of 1145 samples were collected from chicken breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, a slaughterhouse and retail refrigerated chicken stores in an integrated broiler supply chain in Guangdong Province, China, in 2013. One-hundred and twoSalmonella entericastrains were isolated and subjected to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, virulence profile determination and molecular subtyping by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The contamination rates in samples from breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, the slaughterhouse and retail stores were 1·46%, 4·31%, 7·00%, 62·86% and 54·67%, respectively. The isolated strains ofS. entericabelonged to 10 serotypes; most of them wereS. Weltevreden (46·08%, 47/102) andS. Agona (18·63%, 19/102). Isolates were frequently resistant to streptomycin (38·2%), tetracycline (36·3%), sulfisoxazole (35·3%) and gentamicin (34·3%); 31·4% of isolates were multidrug resistant. The isolates were screened for 10 virulence factors. TheSalmonellapathogenicity island genesavrA, ssaQ, mgtC, siiD, andsopBand the fimbrial genebcfCwere present in 100% of the strains. PFGE genotyping of the 102S. entericaisolates yielded 24 PFGE types at an 85% similarity threshold. The PFGE patterns show that the genotypes ofS. entericain the production chain are very diverse, but some strains have 100% similarity in different parts of the production chain, which indicates that someS. entericapersist throughout the broiler supply chain.
Clinical characteristics, virulence factors and molecular typing of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusinfections in Shenzhen City, China
Authors: HU L. , LI Y. , LU Y. , KLENA J. D. , QIU Y. , LIN Y. , JIANG M. , SHI X. , CHEN L. , LIU X. , MA H. , CHENG J. , WU S. , KAN B. , HU Q. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYMethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) has emerged as a serious hospital and community-acquired infection and some strains are associated with greater severity. We investigated the clinical variability and molecular characteristics of MRSA infections in Shenzhen, China through a study at nine sentinel hospitals from January to December 2014. MRSA infections were classified as community-associated (CA-MRSA), healthcare-associated (HA-MRSA), and healthcare-associated community-onset (HACO-MRSA). In total, 812 MRSA isolates were collected and 183 of these were selected for further study. Patients with HA-MRSA infections were generally of greater age compared to other groups. Distinct body site and clinical presentations were evident in infected patients, e.g. CA-MRSA (skin and soft tissue, 53%), HA-MRSA (respiratory tract, 22%; surgical site, 20%; trauma wounds, 20%) and HACO-MRSA (mastitis, 47%). In contrast to HA-MRSA, other categories of strains were significantly more susceptible to gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and tetracycline. No resistance to vancomycin or linezolid was recorded. The predominant clonal lineage within each strain category was CC59-t437-SCCmecIV/V-agrI (CA, 51·4%; HA, 28·9%; HACO, 52·9%) which exhibited characteristics of a traditional CA clone together withagrI which is more often associated with HA clones. In conclusion, for the three categories of MRSA infections, there were significant differences in clinical characteristics of patients, but the predominant clone in each category shared a similar genetic background which suggests that transmission of MRSA strains has occurred between the community and hospitals in Shenzhen.
XVIII.Essay on the Life and Writings of Ferishta
Authors: Briggs John 
Published: July 2016

During our last session I did myself the pleasure of presenting to the Society an autobiographical sketch of Nana Farnevis; and of elucidating the character of Madhu Rao the Great, the prince of Poona, from a series of original letters, principally in his own handwriting.The interest which those papers excited fully proves, that the biography of celebrated men is an object not only deserving your attention, but, I may venture to say, is also one of the most pleasing forms in which information regarding the inhabitants of the East can well be conveyed to the learned of the West. It is this conviction that has induced me to submit to you the following sketch of the life of the great Muhamedan historian of India, commonly known by the name of Ferishta, with some account of his writings; and I feel assured that your attention will be more completely roused, when you know that his work, now lying before me, has lately been translated, and will in a few days, I trust, be open to your inspection, and submitted for your judgment and approval.
Evaluation of the delirium early monitoring system (DEMS)
Authors: Rippon Daniel , Milisen Koen , Detroyer Elke , Mukaetova-Ladinska Elizabeta , Harrison Beth , Schuurmans Marieke , Pryor Claire , Teodorczuk Andrew 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTBackground:Despite awareness of the negative health and financial outcomes of delirium, systems to routinely assess and manage the condition are absent in clinical practice. We report the development and pilot evaluation of a Delirium Early Monitoring System (DEMS), designed to be completed by non-medical staff to influence clinical processes within inpatient settings. Two versions of the DEMS are described based on a modified Confusion Assessment Method (DEMS-CAM) and Delirium Observation Screening Scale (DEMS-DOSS).Methods:Both versions of DEMS were piloted on a 20-bedded Psychogeriatric ward over 6 weeks. Training was administered to ward staff on the use of each version of the DEMS and data were collected via electronic medical records and completed assessment sheets. The primary outcome was patterns of DEMS use and the secondary outcome was the initiation of delirium management protocols. Data regarding the use of the DEMS DOSS and DEMS CAMS were analyzed using χ2 tests.Results:Completion rates for the DEMS CAM and DEMS DOSS were 79% and 68%, respectively. Non-medical staff were significantly more likely to use the DEMS-CAM as part of daily practice as opposed to the DEMS-DOSS (p<0.001). However, there was no difference between the use of the DEMS-CAM and DEMS-DOSS in triggering related actions such as documentation of assessment scores in patients’ medical records and implementation of delirium management protocols.Conclusions:This real world evaluation revealed that non-medical staff were able to incorporate delirium monitoring into their practice, on the majority of occasions, as part of their daily working routine. Further research is necessary to determine if the routine use of the DEMS can lead to improved understandings and practice of non-medical staff regarding delirium detection.
Standardization of screening technique and evaluation of muskmelon genotypes for drought tolerance
Authors: Pandey Sudhakar , Ansari Waquar Akhter , Atri Neelam , Singh Bijendra , Gupta Sunil , Bhat Kangila Venkataraman 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA five-point drought stress screening methodology for muskmelon based on visual observation has been standardized by modifying an earlier field screening method. The scale (1 to 5), were categorized into five groups, namely, highly drought tolerant (1), drought tolerant (2), average drought tolerant (3), drought susceptible (4) and highly drought susceptible (5). To validate and standardized the technique, 48 genotypes of muskmelon were evaluated for two successive years. Important physiological parameters, i.e.: relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll concentration index (CCI), root and shoot length were measured and correlated to make screening results more reliable. Drought tolerance efficiency of genotypes was calculated based on yield, and drought-tolerant genotypes were identified with better yield efficiency and ranking on visual scale. Whereas, yield efficiency of some drought-tolerant genotypes were less, althouth they came under drought-tolerant scale. Being a tolerant genotype, these may not be economical for commercial cultivation. Under water-deficit condition a significant positive correlation was observed between drought tolerance efficiency, and RWC, Fv/Fm, CCI and root length. Out of 48 genotypes, 14 genotypes were came under highly drought-tolerant category based on 5 point scale.
Culture all around? Contextualising anthropological expertise in European courtroom settings
Authors: Vetters Larissa , Foblets Marie-Claire 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper contributes to the debate on the role of anthropological expertise in the legal sphere by broadening the analytical field of vision. Rather than focusing on the anthropologist, his or her positionality, the epistemic status of anthropological knowledge or the ensuing ethical questions – as the other contributions to this themed section do – we turn the question around. Based on empirical data from a survey conducted among European judges on judiciary practice and sociocultural diversity, our focus here is on the question of how judges perceive, assess and accommodate sociocultural diversity in their daily decision-making. We furthermore investigate the conditions under which external expertise is called upon in specific legal settings and situations. We develop a conceptual argument for rethinking the role of anthropological knowledge and research in legal practice and argue for the need to pursue new forms of collaborative ethnography with judges that go beyond participant observation of their courtroom interactions. Working together with the judges who give decisions on cases, we claim, can provide scope for both critical reflection and applied problem-solving.