bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not so fast: Speed-related conceptsin Chinese music and beyond
Authors: Tien Adrian 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
While speed as a sonic and musical experience may be a universal phenomenon, concepts referring to kinds of speed are language-specific and culture-dependent. This paper focuses on the notion of speed in Chinese and concepts associated with speed in Chinese, especially in relation to music. Five speed-related concepts in Chinese are subjected to scrutiny: kuai, ji, su, man and huan. These concepts are scrutinised in traditional musical, contemporary musical and general contemporary contexts. The musical genres in which these concepts present themselves are the music of guqin (a seven-stringed zither) and Peking Opera. Semantic analyses adopting the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach are utilised in order to explicate these concepts.
Preliminary findings demonstrate that, unlike in some other musical traditions in which one might expect the capacity to play at markedly contrastive speeds in a musical performance to be aesthetically desirable or even essential, as the meanings of the speed-related concepts in Chinese reveal, the ability to play fast is not necessarily aesthetically praiseworthy in at least traditional Chinese music, nor is speed necessarily a major consideration as one executes speed in a Chinese musical interpretation.
Learning Mandarin in Singapore Preschools: Laying the Foundation for Multilingualism
Authors: Lee Cher Leng 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSingapore’s multilingual and multicultural sociolinguistic ecology probably makes it one of the best places in the world to nurture strong bilingualism. However, English is fast becoming the mother tongue of Singapore Chinese children. This is due to the fact that over the years of building the country’s economy, English has taken over as the medium of instruction in schools and the working language of the society, as well as the main language spoken in the homes. This paper examines the Chinese language education in Singapore preschools and explains how a change in preschool education policy can help children lay a better foundation for bilingualism, giving them a higher chance of success in later years (Yip and Matthews 2007.The bilingual child: early development and language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). This paper will address the issue of Mandarin in particular, although it is true for other ‘mother tongues’ (Malay and Tamil) as well.
海峡两岸同素异序词历时考察————以“熊猫” 和 “猫熊” 为例
Authors: 贞 邹 
Published: September 2016

摘要
本文以 “熊猫” 和 “猫熊” 为例，从历时的角度梳理这组同素异序词的产生过程，并以大规模语料为基础描述二者在大陆和台湾两个言语社区的发展情况。在二十世纪上半叶，“熊猫” 和 “猫熊” 处于共用状态，二者当中，又以前者为多；两岸隔离之后，大陆延续了这一用法，而台湾则是 “熊猫” 与 “猫熊” 并用，但以 “猫熊” 的使用为多。
普通话叙事语篇中复句的凸显度
Authors: 晋霞 李 , 云 刘 
Published: September 2016

摘要
从篇章语法入手分析复句, 是复句研究的一种思路。本文考察普通话叙事语篇中复句的功能与分布。叙事语篇是按时间顺序记叙过去事件的一种语篇类型。在叙事语篇内部组织规律与复句自身特点的双重制约下, 不同复句在叙事语篇中的地位也不相同。文章在普通话叙事语篇结构分析的基础上, 尝试性地得出了普通话叙事语篇中复句的凸显度等级：顺承 > 转折/递进 > 并列 > 目的/因果/条件/假设。该序列中, 越凸显的复句类型, 越有能力占据叙事主线, 反之则越与叙事主线相疏离。
Factorial study to assess an ultrasonic methodology for the allylation of 4-chloroaniline
Authors: Nascimento Lillian Ferreira Santos , Fernandes João Paulo Santos 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

N-allylanilines are important compounds that are used to access several bioactive compounds containing indole and dihydroindole nucleus. However, their preparation through allylation can lead to the undesirable N,N-diallyl byproduct. In this work, the N-allylation of 4-chloroaniline was studied. In order to accelerate the process and maximize the monoallylated:diallylated ratio, we reported two full factorial studies to transpose the conventional synthetic procedure to an ultrasound (US) methodology. The evaluated factors were temperature, quantity of reagents (allyl bromide and K2CO3), reaction time, and methodology (conventional or US). The results showed that US did not change the monoallylated:diallylated ratio, but significantly improved the reaction rate, giving increased average monoallylated and total yields of 11.4% and 18.1%, respectively (p<0.05). The proposed US methodology gave the same yields and product ratio in a 4-h reaction time than the conventional 24-h procedure, without heating and using only an inexpensive US bath to conduct the reactions.
To date the greenest method for the preparation of α-hydroxyphosphonates from substituted benzaldehydes and dialkyl phosphites
Authors: Keglevich György , Rádai Zita , Kiss Nóra Zsuzsa 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Recent synthetic methods for α-hydroxyphosphonates comprise a green, solvent-free accomplishment of the Pudovik reaction that was typically followed by extractions and recrystallization, or even by chromatography, or other operations. We now developed a general procedure applying 10% of triethylamine as the catalyst and a minimum quantity of acetone as the solvent, giving the products in a pure form after a reflux of 5–120 min following the addition of some n-pentane and crystallization on cooling.
The Reciprocal of MacPherson v. Buick Motor Company
Authors: Bernstein Anita 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMacPherson v. Buick Motor Company won fame for taking down a privity barrier that stood between consumers and manufacturers of products that cause injury. Privity had offered liability-shelter to remote vendors; MacPherson destroyed that shelter when it held that nonprivy vendees have an entitlement to care and vigilance. In this relation of mutually constituted security and danger, privity and MacPherson are each the other’s reciprocal. This article, written to celebrate the centenary of a great decision, explores the reciprocity path that MacPherson helped to build by considering instances of law-mandated care and vigilance that came after it. Broadly worded obligations as provisioned in MacPherson function to support, or at least are consistent with, entitlements and shelters that business entities now receive from American consumers.
Adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of Azure C dye from aqueous solution onto activated charcoal
Authors: Al-Rufaie M. M. , Alsultani Z. T. A. , Waheed A. S 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of Azure C and from the aqueous solution on activated charcoal was examined. The charcoal was activated by concentrated sulphuric acid and the adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic was tested in batch experiment. An experiments used the adsorption batch method to observe the effect of the variable parameters, i.e. concentration of dye, time of contact, pH, temperature and adsorbent dose. The ideal dosage of adsorbent was 0.3 g for Azure C. The equilibrium state was reached within 60 min for dye Azure C at activated charcoal. The isotherms of equilibrium were investigated to characterize the adsorption operation. The data for the kinetics study were adjusted utilizing the equation of pseudo- second-order and the model of diffusion (intra-particle). All data were evaluated by means of equilibrium Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm on activated charcoal surface. Based on the adsorption isotherm evaluation on activated charcoal the result was 4S by using Giles classification. The thermodynamic factors like ΔH, ΔG and ΔS were estimated.
How (Not) To Argue Against Vague Object
Authors: Abasnezhad Ali 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In a series of papers, Elizabeth Barnes and Robert Williams have developed a theory of metaphysical vagueness in which they argue for legitimacy of vague object and indeterminate identity. In his recent paper, Ken Akiba raises two objections against Barnes-Williams theory, concluding that it is ill-conceived and wrong-headed. In one objection, he argues that the theory implies indeterminate identity between referentially determinate objects to which λ-abstraction is applicable, and hence Evans’ argument ultimately goes through. In the other, he objects that Barnes-Williams theory also fails to block Salmon’s argument. This paper discusses the two objections. It argues that there are legitimate reasons for rejecting both, and hence to revive Barnes-Williams theory. Furthermore, it is shown that the objections, while unsuccessful, are helpful in revealing the limitations of Barnes-Williams theory.
Lost in Translation: Discussing the Positive Contribution of Hobbyist Metal Detecting
Authors: Ferguson Natasha 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper will consider the positive contribution from hobbyist metal detecting from both the
perspective of the archaeological and metal detecting community. Are we currently opting for a path of
least resistance with a ‘better than nothing’ approach to encourage reporting and to maintain good working
relationships, even if it risks the loss of valuable archaeological information? Using selected case studies, as
well as the results of a recent research project, this paper will draw on the perspective of both archaeologists
and hobbyist metal detectorists to further understand what it is to have a responsible and constructive nonprofessional
interaction with the archaeological record.
A simulation framework for correlated count data of features subsets in high-throughput sequencing or proteomics experiments
Authors: Kruppa Jochen , Kramer Frank , Beißbarth Tim , Jung Klaus 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
As part of the data processing of high-throughput-sequencing experiments count data are produced representing the amount of reads that map to specific genomic regions. Count data also arise in mass spectrometric experiments for the detection of protein-protein interactions. For evaluating new computational methods for the analysis of sequencing count data or spectral count data from proteomics experiments artificial count data is thus required. Although, some methods for the generation of artificial sequencing count data have been proposed, all of them simulate single sequencing runs, omitting thus the correlation structure between the individual genomic features, or they are limited to specific structures. We propose to draw correlated data from the multivariate normal distribution and round these continuous data in order to obtain discrete counts. In our approach, the required distribution parameters can either be constructed in different ways or estimated from real count data. Because rounding affects the correlation structure we evaluate the use of shrinkage estimators that have already been used in the context of artificial expression data from DNA microarrays. Our approach turned out to be useful for the simulation of counts for defined subsets of features such as individual pathways or GO categories.
Rethinking the Peircean trichotomy of icon, index, and symbol
Authors: Ding Ersu 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Classification of signs into various kinds is a vital enterprise in semiotic research. As early as over a century ago, the American semiotician Charles Sanders Peirce laid down a solid foundation for this work by proposing his famous trichotomy of signs. Later scholars have been mostly applying Peirce’s theory to their own semiotic studies rather than challenging the inadequacies that exist therein, thus giving rise to a great number of confusions or even contradictions. The present article modifies Peirce’s theory from the perspective of sign emergence and evolution and emphasizes the importance of understanding sign transformations.
Magnus Expansion Approach to Parametric Oscillator Systems in a Thermal Bath
Authors: Zhu Beilei , Rexin Tobias , Mathey Ludwig 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We develop a Magnus formalism for periodically driven systems which provides an expansion both in the driving term and in the inverse driving frequency, applicable to isolated and dissipative systems. We derive explicit formulas for a driving term with a cosine dependence on time, up to fourth order. We apply these to the steady state of a classical parametric oscillator coupled to a thermal bath, which we solve numerically for comparison. Beyond dynamical stabilisation at second order, we find that the higher orders further renormalise the oscillator frequency, and additionally create a weakly renormalised effective temperature. The renormalised oscillator frequency is quantitatively accurate almost up to the parametric instability, as we confirm numerically. Additionally, a cut-off dependent term is generated, which indicates the break down of the hierarchy of time scales of the system, as a precursor to the instability. Finally, we apply this formalism to a parametrically driven chain, as an example for the control of the dispersion of a many-body system.
Schwann Cells in Neuromuscular Junction Formation and Maintenance
Authors: Barik Arnab , Li Lei , Sathyamurthy Anupama , Xiong Wen-Cheng , Mei Lin 
Published: September 2016

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a tripartite synapse that is formed by motor nerve terminals, postjunctional muscle membranes, and terminal Schwann cells (TSCs) that cover the nerve-muscle contact. NMJ formation requires intimate communications among the three different components. Unlike nerve-muscle interaction, which has been well characterized, less is known about the role of SCs in NMJ formation and maintenance. We show that SCs in mice lead nerve terminals to prepatterned AChRs. Ablating SCs at E8.5 (i.e., prior nerve arrival at the clusters) had little effect on aneural AChR clusters at E13.5, suggesting that SCs may not be necessary for aneural clusters. SC ablation at E12.5, a time when phrenic nerves approach muscle fibers, resulted in smaller and fewer nerve-induced AChR clusters; however, SC ablation at E15.5 reduced AChR cluster size but had no effect on cluster density, suggesting that SCs are involved in AChR cluster maturation. Miniature endplate potential amplitude, but not frequency, was reduced when SCs were ablated at E15.5, suggesting that postsynaptic alterations may occur ahead of presynaptic deficits. Finally, ablation of SCs at P30, after NMJ maturation, led to NMJ fragmentation and neuromuscular transmission deficits. Miniature endplate potential amplitude was reduced 3 d after SC ablation, but both amplitude and frequency were reduced 6 d after. Together, these results indicate that SCs are not only required for NMJ formation, but also necessary for its maintenance; and postsynaptic function and structure appeared to be more sensitive to SC ablation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are critical for survival and daily functioning. Defects in NMJ formation during development or maintenance in adulthood result in debilitating neuromuscular disorders. The role of Schwann cells (SCs) in NMJ formation and maintenance was not well understood. We genetically ablated SCs during development and after NMJ formation to investigate the consequences of the ablation. This study reveals a critical role of SCs in NMJ formation as well as maintenance.
Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Nicotine Preference Requires Dynorphin/Kappa Opioid Activity in the Basolateral Amygdala
Authors: Nygard Stephanie K. , Hourguettes Nicholas J. , Sobczak Gabe G. , Carlezon William A. , Bruchas Michael R. 
Published: September 2016

The dynorphin (DYN)/kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) system plays a conserved role in stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking for prototypical substances of abuse. Due to nicotine's high propensity for stress-induced relapse, we hypothesized that stress would induce reinstatement of nicotine seeking-like behavior in a KOR-dependent manner. Using a conditioned place preference (CPP) reinstatement procedure in mice, we show that both foot-shock stress and the pharmacological stressor yohimbine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) induce reinstatement of nicotine CPP in a norbinaltorphimine (norBNI, a KOR antagonist)-sensitive manner, indicating that KOR activity is necessary for stress-induced nicotine CPP reinstatement. After reinstatement testing, we visualized robust c-fos expression in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), which was reduced in mice pretreated with norBNI. We then used several distinct but complementary approaches of locally disrupting BLA KOR activity to assess the role of KORs and KOR-coupled intracellular signaling cascades on reinstatement of nicotine CPP. norBNI injected locally into the BLA prevented yohimbine-induced nicotine CPP reinstatement without affecting CPP acquisition. Similarly, selective deletion of BLA KORs in KOR conditional knock-out mice prevented foot-shock-induced CPP reinstatement. Together, these findings strongly implicate BLA KORs in stress-induced nicotine seeking-like behavior. In addition, we found that chemogenetic activation of Gαi signaling within CaMKIIα BLA neurons was sufficient to induce nicotine CPP reinstatement, identifying an anatomically specific intracellular mechanism by which stress leads to reinstatement. Considered together, our findings suggest that activation of the DYN/KOR system and Gαi signaling within the BLA is both necessary and sufficient to produce reinstatement of nicotine preference.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTConsidering the major impact of nicotine use on human health, understanding the mechanisms by which stress triggers reinstatement of drug-seeking behaviors is particularly pertinent to nicotine. The dynorphin (DYN)/kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) system has been implicated in stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking for other commonly abused drugs. However, the specific role, brain region, and mechanisms that this system plays in reinstatement of nicotine seeking has not been characterized. Here, we report region-specific engagement of the DYN/KOR system and subsequent activation of inhibitory (Gi-linked) intracellular signaling pathways within the basolateral amygdala during stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine preference. We show that the DYN/KOR system is necessary to produce this behavioral state. This work may provide novel insight for the development of therapeutic approaches to prevent stress-related nicotine relapse.
Validating genetic markers of response to recombinant human growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency and Turner syndrome: the PREDICT validation study
Authors: Stevens Adam , Murray Philip , Wojcik Jerome , Raelson John , Koledova Ekaterina , Chatelain Pierre , Clayton Peter , _ _ 
Published: September 2016

Objective
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the response to recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH) have previously been identified in growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and Turner syndrome (TS) children in the PREDICT long-term follow-up (LTFU) study (Nbib699855). Here, we describe the PREDICT validation (VAL) study (Nbib1419249), which aimed to confirm these genetic associations.

Design and methods
Children with GHD (n = 293) or TS (n = 132) were recruited retrospectively from 29 sites in nine countries. All children had completed 1 year of r-hGH therapy. 48 SNPs previously identified as associated with first year growth response to r-hGH were genotyped. Regression analysis was used to assess the association between genotype and growth response using clinical/auxological variables as covariates. Further analysis was undertaken using random forest classification.

Results
The children were younger, and the growth response was higher in VAL study. Direct genotype analysis did not replicate what was found in the LTFU study. However, using exploratory regression models with covariates, a consistent relationship with growth response in both VAL and LTFU was shown for four genes – SOS1 and INPPL1 in GHD and ESR1 and PTPN1 in TS. The random forest analysis demonstrated that only clinical covariates were important in the prediction of growth response in mild GHD (>4 to <10 μg/L on GH stimulation test), however, in severe GHD (≤4 μg/L) several SNPs contributed (in IGF2, GRB10, FOS, IGFBP3 and GHRHR).

Conclusions
The PREDICT validation study supports, in an independent cohort, the association of four of 48 genetic markers with growth response to r-hGH treatment in both pre-pubertal GHD and TS children after controlling for clinical/auxological covariates. However, the contribution of these SNPs in a prediction model of first-year response is not sufficient for routine clinical use.
Sertoli cell tumour in a neonate calf: an unusual congenital tumour
Authors: Kilic Ergin , Schmidt Thomas , Dänicke Sven , Schmicke Marion , Schneider Eckard , Vissiennon Théophile , Freick Markus 
Published: September 2016

SummaryCongenital testicular tumours are seldom reported in bovine species. This case report describes the clinical, sonographical, haematological, pathomorphological and immunohistological features of a Sertoli cell tumour in a neonatal German Holstein calf. Microscopically, the enlarged testicle was composed of neoplastic cells, which were packed in well-formed tubules. The mostly polygonal shaped cells had round to elongated nuclei and a scanty eosinophilic cytoplasm. Some cells were arranged perpendicularly to the light PAS-positive basement membrane. These cells were packed in broad sheets separated by dense fibrous stroma. Mitotic figures were present. The features described above are indicative of a Sertoli cell tumour. The contralateral testicle showed a well formed rete testis, fusiform cells and a dense central capillary convolute and haemorrhagic foci. The features are indicative of an extensive fibrosis and older haemorrhage. The neoplasia was immunopositive for vimentin, α-oestrogen receptor, α-inhibin and S-100 protein, but immunonegative for cytokeratine, CD30, progesterone receptor, α-fetoprotein, SALL4, OCT4 and glypican-3. The myco - toxicological investigations revealed the presence of residues of zea - ra lenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, HT2 toxin and their metabolites in feeds and urine of heavily pregnant cows of the herd. Furthermore, information is provided about oestrogen and testosterone levels of the affected and healthy neonatal calves. A possible influence of mycotoxins on the cancerogenesis is discussed.
Revisión bibliográfica sobre la eficacia terapéutica de la crioterapia y el laser en el tratamiento de la verruga plantar provocada por el virus del papiloma humano.
Authors: Sánchez Gómez Rubén , Flores Olavarría Macarena 
Published: September 2016

La crioterapia y el láser son dos de las técnicas físicas más usadas actualmente para el tratamiento no quirúrgico del virus del papiloma humano causante de las verrugas plantares (verruca pedis).El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar estas dos técnicas para evaluar cuál es la que mejor tasa de curación posee en el tratamiento de la verruga plantar.Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en el portal científico PubMed, con los términos “plantar wart”, “verruca plantar” y “plantar papilloma” en combinación con los descriptores “cryotherapy”, y “laser”, que engloban tanto los tratamientos únicos mediante estas dos técnicas como los combinados con otros, tales como el ácido salicílico y la fotodinámica, acotando los años de búsqueda al periodo que comprende desde el 1 de enero de 2005 a octubre de 2015.De los resultados obtenidos, los 19 artículos que recogen tasas de curación muestran la superioridad terapéutica del láser frente a la crioterapia en el tratamiento de la verruga plantar, siendo las tasas de curación más elevadas en el láser YAG de Erbio combinado con fotodinámica y en el láser de dióxido de carbono.Por tanto, con el presente estudio queda demostrada la mayor tasa de curación del láser frente a la crioterapia para el tratamiento de las verrugas plantares.