bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgery for pressure ulcers in spinal cord‐injured patients following a structured treatment programme: a 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Ljung Anders C , Stenius Madeleine C , Bjelak Sabahudin , Lagergren Jakob F 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWith the aim to improve the outcomes for spinal cord‐injured patients undergoing surgery for pressure ulcers, a structured treatment programme regulating pre‐ and postoperative care and rehabilitation was introduced in 2002 in Stockholm. Fifty‐one consecutive patients operated on between 2002 and 2007 were included in a 10‐year follow‐up to evaluate the programme regarding initial healing results and long‐term ulcer and health status. At one month postoperatively, 49 out of 51 (96%) patients were completely healed. Five patients (5/44, 11%) developed recurrent or new ulcers within 3 years of surgery. Two patients were re‐operated on (2/44, 5%). Between 3 and 10 years after surgery, 9 patients (9/33, 27%) had a history of recurrent ulcers, and 6 (6/33, 18%) had a history of new ulcers, a total of 15 patients (15/33, 45%). Of these, three needed re‐operation (3/33, 9 %). The health status values using a visual analogue rating scale were 70 (median) at 3 and 10 years compared with 30 (median) preoperatively. The good initial healing, the low ulcer recurrence rate and the raise in health status indicate the value of a structured treatment programme, especially for the first few postoperative years.
First report of a cystic malformation on the upper jaw of hatchery‐reared allis shad Alosa alosa
Authors: Wünnemann H , Bergmann S M , Eskens U , Scharbert A , Hundt M , Lierz M 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe anadromous allis shad Alosa alosa has suffered dramatic population declines throughout Europe and is currently considered as endangered throughout its entire distribution range. In order to reestablish allis shad in the River Rhine, which formerly housed one of the largest and most important populations, an EU‐LIFE Project ‘The re‐introduction of allis shad in the Rhine system’ was started in 2007. In course of the LIFE+ Projects, allis shad larvae bred from genitor fish of the Gironde–Garonne–Dordogne population in France were reared in a pilot ex situ stock plant pilot facility in Aßlar, Germany. At an age of 1–2 months, about 100% of these fish developed approximately 0.5‐ to 0.8‐cm large, fluid‐filled, transparent cysts in conjunction with the upper jaw. The performed microbiological, virological, parasitological and histological examinations did not detect any infectious agents. Possible causative agents are discussed with regard to environmental factors and the nutrition of larvae. In conclusion, the observed malformations are considered a sign for a severe health problem and therefore a risk for the successful breeding of allis shad in aquaculture.
Downscaling Aggregate Urban Metabolism Accounts to Local Districts
Authors: Horta Isabel M. , Keirstead James 
Published: May 2016

SummaryUrban metabolism accounts of total annual energy, water, and other resource flows are increasingly available for a variety of world cities. For local decision makers, however, it may be important to understand the variations of resource consumption within the city. Given the difficulty of gathering suburban resource consumption data for many cities, this article investigates the potential of statistical downscaling methods to estimate local resource consumption using socioeconomic or other data sources. We evaluate six classes of downscaling methods: ratio‐based normalization; linear regression (both internally and externally calibrated); linear regression with spatial autocorrelation; multilevel linear regression; and a basic Bayesian analysis. The methods were applied to domestic energy consumption in London, UK, and our results show that it is possible to downscale aggregate resource consumption to smaller geographies with an average absolute prediction error of around 20%; however, performance varies widely by method, geography size, and fuel type. We also show how mapping these results can quickly identify districts with noteworthy resource consumption profiles. Further work should explore the design of local data collection strategies to enhance these methods and apply the techniques to other urban resources such as water or waste.
Adolescent Conflict Appraisals Moderate the Link Between Marital Conflict and Physiological Stress Reactivity
Authors: Lucas‐Thompson Rachel G. , Lunkenheimer Erika S. , Granger Douglas A. 
Published: May 2016

The goal of this study was to advance understanding of how adolescent conflict appraisals contribute uniquely, and in combination with interparental conflict behavior, to individual differences in adolescent physiological reactivity. Saliva samples were collected from 153 adolescents (52% female; ages 10–17 years) before and after the Trier Social Stress Test. Saliva was assayed for cortisol and alpha‐amylase. Results revealed interactive effects between marital conflict and conflict appraisals. For youth who appraised parental conflict negatively (particularly as threatening), negative marital conflict predicted dampened reactivity; for youth who appraised parental conflict less negatively, negative marital conflict predicted heightened reactivity. These findings support the notion that the family context and youth appraisals of family relationships are linked with individual differences in biological sensitivity to context.
Enterovirus infection in febrile neonates: A hospital‐based prospective cohort study
Authors: Lv Xiao‐Qing , Qian Ling‐He , Wu Tai , Yuan Tian‐Ming 
Published: May 2016

AimThis study aims to investigate clinical characteristics and microbiological results and to assess the predictors for enterovirus infection in febrile neonates.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted on 334 febrile patients (age: 0.33–28 days) in 2011–2012 years. Enterovirus RNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on faeces or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Clinical characteristics were compared, and non‐conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors for enterovirus infection.ResultsThere were 131 episodes of neonatal enterovirus infection (39.22%). Forty‐eight (36.64%) developed respiratory symptoms, 69 (52.67%) had diarrhoea, 22 (16.79%) had poor feeding and 34 (25.95%) had rash. Eighteen (13.74%) had lower platelet counts, and CSF specimens were positive for enterovirus RNA in 44.27% (58/131) whose CSF revealed a mean white blood cell counts of 100.38 ± 147.97 cells/mm3 (range: 2–668 cells/mm3). The positivity of stool 38.92% (130/334) was significantly higher than that of CSF specimens 26.24% (58/221) for enterovirus RNA (P < 0.01). By logistic regression analysis, the following independently predicted enterovirus infection: abnormal CSF test (odds ratio (OR): 12.426, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.633–27.413), thrombocytopenia (OR: 3.647, 95% CI: 1.312–10.136), duration of fever >3.25 (d) (OR: 2.293, 95% CI: 1.279–4.113), highest temperature >38.35 (°C) (OR: 2.094, 95% CI: 1.342–4.123) and negative bacterial culture (OR: 5.073, 95% CI: 1.504–17.114).ConclusionsOur data indicated that enteroviruses should be routinely considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile neonates. The factors, which may predict the risk of neonatal enterovirus infection, were abnormal CSF test, thrombocytopenia, duration of fever >3.25 (d), highest temperature >38.35 (°C) and negative bacterial culture.
Human amygdala activation during rapid eye movements of rapid eye movement sleep: an intracranial study
Authors: Corsi‐Cabrera María , Velasco Francisco , del Río‐Portilla Yolanda , Armony Jorge L. , Trejo‐Martínez David , Guevara Miguel A. , Velasco Ana L. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe amygdaloid complex plays a crucial role in processing emotional signals and in the formation of emotional memories. Neuroimaging studies have shown human amygdala activation during rapid eye movement sleep (REM). Stereotactically implanted electrodes for presurgical evaluation in epileptic patients provide a unique opportunity to directly record amygdala activity. The present study analysed amygdala activity associated with REM sleep eye movements on the millisecond scale. We propose that phasic activation associated with rapid eye movements may provide the amygdala with endogenous excitation during REM sleep. Standard polysomnography and stereo‐electroencephalograph (SEEG) were recorded simultaneously during spontaneous sleep in the left amygdala of four patients. Time–frequency analysis and absolute power of gamma activity were obtained for 250 ms time windows preceding and following eye movement onset in REM sleep, and in spontaneous waking eye movements in the dark. Absolute power of the 44–48 Hz band increased significantly during the 250 ms time window after REM sleep rapid eye movements onset, but not during waking eye movements. Transient activation of the amygdala provides physiological support for the proposed participation of the amygdala in emotional expression, in the emotional content of dreams and for the reactivation and consolidation of emotional memories during REM sleep, as well as for next‐day emotional regulation, and its possible role in the bidirectional interaction between REM sleep and such sleep disorders as nightmares, anxiety and post‐traumatic sleep disorder. These results provide unique, direct evidence of increased activation of the human amygdala time‐locked to REM sleep rapid eye movements.
Effect of zonisamide on post‐traumatic Holmes’ tremor
Authors: Sekimoto Satoko , Oyama Genko , Izawa Nana , Ueno Sinichi , Jo Takayuki , Shimo Yasushi , Nakajima Asuka , Nakajima Madoka , Umemura Atsushi , Arai Hajime , Hattori Nobutaka 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHolmes’ tremor is a rare symptom characterized by a complex combination of resting, postural and intention tremor. A 66‐year‐old right‐handed man post‐traumatically developed severe action tremor in his right hand, which had a component of the re‐emergent type and predominantly involved proximal muscles. He also presented mild resting tremor in his right hand. As the response of levodopa/carbidopa and arotinolol was limited, he started zonisamide, which resulted in dramatic improvement. The Fahn–Tolosa–Marin Tremor Rating Scale motor score improved from 52 points to 24 points. In conclusion, zonisamide could be a therapeutic option for post‐traumatic Holmes’ tremor. Further prospective studies are required.
Heat tolerance in a wild Oryza species is attributed to maintenance of Rubisco activation by a thermally stable Rubisco activase ortholog
Authors: Scafaro Andrew P. , Gallé Alexander , Van Rie Jeroen , Carmo‐Silva Elizabete , Salvucci Michael E. , Atwell Brian J. 
Published: May 2016

Summary

The mechanistic basis of tolerance to heat stress was investigated in Oryza sativa and two wild rice species, Oryza meridionalis and Oryza australiensis. The wild relatives are endemic to the hot, arid Australian savannah.

Leaf elongation rates and gas exchange were measured during short periods of supra‐optimal heat, revealing species differences. The Rubisco activase (RCA) gene from each species was sequenced. Using expressed recombinant RCA and leaf‐extracted RCA, the kinetic properties of the two isoforms were studied under high temperatures.

Leaf elongation was undiminished at 45°C in O. australiensis. The net photosynthetic rate was almost 50% slower in O. sativa at 45°C than at 28°C, while in O. australiensis it was unaffected. Oryza meridionalis exhibited intermediate heat tolerance. Based on previous reports that RCA is heat‐labile, the Rubisco activation state was measured. It correlated positively with leaf elongation rates across all three species and four periods of exposure to 45°C. Sequence analysis revealed numerous polymorphisms in the RCA amino acid sequence from O. australiensis. The O. australiensis RCA enzyme was thermally stable up to 42°C, contrasting with RCA from O. sativa, which was inhibited at 36°C.

We attribute heat tolerance in the wild species to thermal stability of RCA, enabling Rubisco to remain active.
Analgesic management after thoracotomy for decortication in children: a retrospective audit of 83 children managed with a paravertebral infusion‐based regime
Authors: Murphy Tim , McCheyne Alan , Karlsson Jacob 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundIt is important that postoperative analgesic management after thoracotomy is very effective in order to optimize postoperative recovery. A regional technique such as an epidural or a paravertebral catheter with an infusion of local anesthetic may be supplemented with systemically administered analgesic drugs in order to achieve satisfactory analgesia.ObjectiveThe objective of this observational study was to evaluate whether a paravertebral infusion of local anesthetic delivered via a surgically placed catheter together with systemic analgesics is associated with low pain scores and satisfactory analgesia after thoracotomy for decortication in children.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of the notes and charts of 83 children admitted with empyema thoracis and managed with thoracotomy and decortication. We collected data on the doses of analgesic drugs (morphine, paracetamol, and ibuprofen) and details of paravertebral infusions, together with postoperative pain scores for the first 48 h after surgery, or earlier if the paravertebral infusion was stopped within 48 h of surgery. Poor quality analgesia was defined as a score of 7 or more on the Visual Analog/Smiley Faces Scale (‘VAS/SF’).ResultsA total of 81 children were ASA 1 status and two were ASA 3 status. Analgesia comprised intravenous morphine at a mean dose of 20 μg·kg−1·h−1, together with oral paracetamol (62.5 mg·kg−1/24 h) and ibuprofen (14.2 mg·kg−1/24 h). The mean paravertebral bupivacaine dose was 0.29 mg·kg−1·h−1. Sixty‐four patients (77.1%) had good quality analgesia, 17 (20.5%) patients had moderate quality analgesia, and only two patients (2.4%) had poor quality analgesia.ConclusionAnalgesic outcomes with this regimen appear to be very satisfactory. It compares favorably with an epidural‐based regimen.
Cold chain and virus‐free chloroplast‐made booster vaccine to confer immunity against different poliovirus serotypes
Authors: Chan Hui‐Ting , Xiao Yuhong , Weldon William C. , Oberste Steven M. , Chumakov Konstantin , Daniell Henry 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe WHO recommends complete withdrawal of oral polio vaccine (OPV) type 2 by April 2016 globally and replacing with at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). However, high‐cost, limited supply of IPV, persistent circulating vaccine‐derived polioviruses transmission and need for subsequent boosters remain unresolved. To meet this critical need, a novel strategy of a low‐cost cold chain‐free plant‐made viral protein 1 (VP1) subunit oral booster vaccine after single IPV dose is reported. Codon optimization of the VP1 gene enhanced expression by 50‐fold in chloroplasts. Oral boosting of VP1 expressed in plant cells with plant‐derived adjuvants after single priming with IPV significantly increased VP1‐IgG1 and VP1‐IgA titres when compared to lower IgG1 or negligible IgA titres with IPV injections. IgA plays a pivotal role in polio eradication because of its transmission through contaminated water or sewer systems. Neutralizing antibody titres (~3.17–10.17 log2 titre) and seropositivity (70–90%) against all three poliovirus Sabin serotypes were observed with two doses of IPV and plant‐cell oral boosters but single dose of IPV resulted in poor neutralization. Lyophilized plant cells expressing VP1 stored at ambient temperature maintained efficacy and preserved antigen folding/assembly indefinitely, thereby eliminating cold chain currently required for all vaccines. Replacement of OPV with this booster vaccine and the next steps in clinical translation of FDA‐approved antigens and adjuvants are discussed.
Detection of intracellular IFN‐γ and IL‐4 cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum
Authors: Matralis D. , Papadogiannakis E. , Kontos V. , Papadopoulos E. , Ktenas E. , Koutinas A. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryCanine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a systemic zoonotic disease the clinical manifestations of which can range from self‐healing cutaneous lesions to disseminated visceral disease. Effective activation of cellular immunity is the cornerstone of resistance against Leishmania infantum in infected dogs. The aim of this cross‐sectional, controlled study was the intracellular detection of interleukin 4 (IL‐4) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 40 dogs naturally infected with L. infantum by applying flow cytometry. The percentage of CD4+IL‐4+ and CD8+IL‐4+ lymphocytes (with or without immunostimulation) was low in the clinically healthy and subclinically infected dogs in contrast to clinically affected ones. In the same groups of dogs, the percentage of CD4+IFN‐γ+ and CD8+IFN‐γ+ T cells in their resting phase and following specific immunostimulation with Leishmania soluble antigen (LSA) was also low. CD4+IL‐4+ and CD8+IL‐4+ T cell percentage was higher in sick compared to clinically healthy and subclinically infected dogs, after immunostimulation. The corresponding figure of CD8+IL‐4+ cells in sick dogs after LSA immunostimulation was also increased thus underlining the important role these cells may play in humoral immunity and perhaps the progression of CanL.
We Use Permcaths Instead of Peritoneal Catheters for Acute Kidney Injury and Urgent‐Start Dialysis
Authors: Dean Daniel , Cruz Dinna N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe rising tide of severe acute kidney injury requiring dialysis (AKI‐D) and unplanned dialysis initiation for advanced CKD patients remains a major problem for the nephrology community worldwide. Hemodialysis (HD) through a central venous catheter remains the most common practice for both. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains greatly underutilized despite mounting evidence of equipoise with HD for a significant proportion of patients. PD is technically simpler, requires less infrastructure, and costs less. However, the structure of our healthcare system, hospital logistics, and the current state of nephrology training all contribute to the reflexive consult for a central venous catheter. As clinicians, we must ask ourselves if we are doing our patients and our healthcare system a disservice by not offering PD in AKI and urgent‐start situations.
We Give Too Much Intravenous Iron
Authors: Dwyer Jamie P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDialysis patients have absolute and functional iron deficiencies. Traditionally, oral iron preparations have been insufficient to maintain iron stores to support erythropoiesis, especially in the setting of the ubiquitous use of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents. This has led to the widespread adoption of intravenous iron protocols designed to maintain iron stores at levels that are much higher than for patients not on dialysis. These protocols are often developed by dialysis providers and may be largely independent of the treating nephrologist. Concerns about multiple risks associated with the use of intravenous iron persist. Despite this, mean ferritin levels in the United States have risen, partly due to more intravenous iron use and partly due to reduced erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent use. Questions about the relationship of intravenous iron to infection, cardiac, and hepatobiliary risks remain. The failure of oral iron preparations to maintain iron stores continues to prompt the use of intravenous iron. Recently, studies with oral ferric citrate as a phosphate binder have shown improved iron stores and maintenance of hemoglobin, and studies with soluble ferric pyrophosphate added to dialysate have shown both maintenance of iron stores and hemoglobin. With new iron options that affect iron stores in dialysis patients, the use of intravenous iron and its potential risks may wane.
We Underdialyze Women and Smaller Patients
Authors: Daugirdas John T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn women, children, and smaller adults, dialysis adequacy targets based solely on Kt/V might result not only in shorter treatments with inadequate fluid removal and undesirably rapid ultrafiltration rates, but also in less than optimal removal of small and middle molecular weight solutes if fractional removal is considered in relation to body surface area. The outcomes evidence for this is not definitive, but is suggested by a prespecified secondary analysis of the randomized HEMO trial results, and is supported by observational data. Also, there is evidence from normal renal physiology that in healthy humans of different body size, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) scales more closely to body surface area than to total body water. With these factors in mind, time on HD may need to be greater than that predicted by standard KT/V measurements to maximize survival in women and in smaller patients.
Long‐Run Impact of Biofuels on Food Prices
Authors: Chakravorty Ujjayant , Hubert Marie‐Hélène , Moreaux Michel , Nøstbakken Linda 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAbout 40 percent of US corn is now used to produce biofuels, which are used as substitutes for gasoline in transportation. In this paper, we use a Ricardian model with differential land quality to show that world food prices could rise by about 32 percent by 2022. About half of this increase is from the biofuel mandate and the rest is a result of demand‐side effects in the form of population growth and income‐induced changes in dietary preferences, from cereals to meat and dairy products. However, aggregate world carbon emissions would increase, because of significant land conversion to farming and leakage from lower oil prices.
Segregation in Friendship Networks
Authors: de Martí Joan , Zenou Yves 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe analyze a network‐formation model where agents belong to different communities. Both individual benefits and costs depend on direct as well as indirect connections. Benefits of an indirect connection decrease with distance in the network, while the cost of a link depends on the type of agents involved. Two agents from the same community always face a low linking cost, while the cost of forming a relationship between two agents from different communities diminishes with the rate of exposure of each of them to the other community. We find that socialization among the same type of agent can be weak even if the cost of maintaining links within one's own type is very low. Our model also suggests that policies aimed at reducing segregation are socially desirable only if they reduce the within‐community cost differential by a sufficiently large amount.