bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BAG3 (Bcl-2–Associated Athanogene-3) Coding Variant in Mice Determines Susceptibility to Ischemic Limb Muscle Myopathy by Directing Autophagy
Authors: McClung Joseph M. , McCord Timothy J. , Ryan Terence E. , Schmidt Cameron A. , Green Tom D. , Southerland Kevin W. , Reinardy Jessica L. , Mueller Sarah B. , Venkatraman Talaignair N. , Lascola Christopher D. , Keum Sehoon , Marchuk Douglas A. , Spangenburg Espen E. , Dokun Ayotunde , Annex Brian H. , Kontos Christopher D. 
Published: April 2017

Background:

Critical limb ischemia is a manifestation of peripheral artery disease that carries significant mortality and morbidity risk in humans, although its genetic determinants remain largely unknown. We previously discovered 2 overlapping quantitative trait loci in mice,
Lsq-1
and
Civq-1
, that affected limb muscle survival and stroke volume after femoral artery or middle cerebral artery ligation, respectively. Here, we report that a
Bag3
variant (Ile81Met) segregates with tissue protection from hind-limb ischemia.

Methods:
We treated mice with either adeno-associated viruses encoding a control (green fluorescent protein) or 2 BAG3 (Bcl-2–associated athanogene-3) variants, namely Met81 or Ile81, and subjected the mice to hind-limb ischemia.

Results:

We found that the BAG3 Ile81Met variant in the C57BL/6 (BL6) mouse background segregates with protection from tissue necrosis in a shorter congenic fragment of
Lsq-1
(C.B6–
Lsq1-3
). BALB/c mice treated with adeno-associated virus encoding the BL6 BAG3 variant (Ile81; n=25) displayed reduced limb-tissue necrosis and increased limb tissue perfusion compared with Met81- (n=25) or green fluorescent protein– (n=29) expressing animals. BAG3
Ile81
, but not BAG3
Met81
, improved ischemic muscle myopathy and muscle precursor cell differentiation and improved muscle regeneration in a separate, toxin-induced model of injury. Systemic injection of adeno-associated virus–BAG3
Ile81
(n=9), but not BAG3
Met81
(n=10) or green fluorescent protein (n=5), improved ischemic limb blood flow and limb muscle histology and restored muscle function (force production). Compared with BAG3
Met81
, BAG3
Ile81
displayed improved binding to the small heat shock protein (HspB8) in ischemic skeletal muscle cells and enhanced ischemic muscle autophagic flux.

Conclusions:
Taken together, our data demonstrate that genetic variation in BAG3 plays an important role in the prevention of ischemic tissue necrosis. These results highlight a pathway that preserves tissue survival and muscle function in the setting of ischemia.
Determining Tropical Cyclone Surface Wind Speed Structure and Intensity with the CYGNSS Satellite Constellation
Authors: Morris Mary , Ruf Christopher S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) consists of a constellation of eight microsatellites that provide observations of surface wind speed in all precipitating conditions. A method for estimating tropical cyclone (TC) metrics—maximum surface wind speed VMAX, radius of maximum surface wind speed RMAX, and wind radii (R64, R50, and R34)—from CYGNSS observations is developed and tested using simulated CYGNSS observations with realistic measurement errors. Using two inputs, 1) CYGNSS observations and 2) the storm center location, estimates of TC metrics are possible through the use of a parametric wind model algorithm that effectively interpolates between the available observations as a constraint on the assumed wind speed distribution. This methodology has a promising performance as evaluated from the simulations presented. In particular, after quality-control filters based on sampling properties are applied to the population of test cases, the standard deviation of retrieval error for VMAX is 4.3 m s−1 (where 1 m s−1 = 1.94 kt), for RMAX is 17.4 km, for R64 is 16.8 km, for R50 is 21.6 km, and for R34 is 41.3 km (where 1 km = 0.54 n mi). These TC data products will be available for the 2017 Atlantic Ocean hurricane season using on-orbit CYGNSS observations, but near-real-time operations are the subject of future work. Future work will also include calibration and validation of the algorithm once real CYGNSS data are available.
The Teacher-Pupil Relationship as the Basis of Psychiatric Education
Authors: Stokes A. B. 
Published: April 2017

Wherever education is undertaken a teacher-pupil situation is contrived which involves human interaction. The nature of the interaction will depend on the organisational circumstances: appraisal of the interaction will turn on whether the observer is in-group or out-group. The educational occasions therefore can not be thought of in stereotyped terms (although they oftentimes are): they are tremendously varied, each representing a balance of advantage and disadvantage. The relativity of the teacher-pupil relationship is confirmed by a study of the definitions attached to the verb to teach, and the derivations of these definitions as they emerge from ancient languages. Further the long history of the educational process offers an insight into teaching methods ranging from dogma on the one hand to license on the other. Psychiatry as it is taught in the Canadian medical schools is involved in the varying attitudes and circumstances which belong to the various universities. Modern methods of psychiatric education are still attached importantly to older, traditional procedures. An attempt is made here to distinguish the various kinds of teacher-pupil relationship in psychiatry and to effect an integration of them as a firm basis of psychiatric development. All the formal teacher-pupil relationship in a University Department of Psychiatry might be embraced by a simple schema which takes into account theory and practice and the size of the study group. With large groups of say 100, the lecture is contrasted with the case presentation; with medium groups of say 10, the seminar is contrasted with the case conference, with small groups of say one or two, the tutorial is contrasted with case supervision. Each of the named occasions is identified by its special characteristic and special contribution to pupil growth and maturation and teacher implication. Alongside the formal occasions the contribution of informal occasions is considered. In the overall integration a number of currencies were considered—the currency of time, the currency of money and the currency of communication. These currencies when neglected are impediments to the teaching purposes. Finally the break-up of the teacher-pupil relationship is considered in terms of its effect on community psychiatric services. The teacher-pupil relationships must always anticipate nearer separation and later refreshment. A vigilant continuing concern for the teacher-pupil relationship represents a research enquiry of outstanding importance.
The Effects of Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) in Anxiety States: A Multi-Blind Study
Authors: Azima H. , Arthurs Dorothy , Silver A. 
Published: April 2017

1. Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) was studied in a setting which was called “multi-blind” because of the establishment of (a) a pharmacotherapeutic blind unit, and (b) multiple observer assessment. 2. Ninety-two patients (75 neurotics and 17 psychotics) received Librium with an average daily dose of 70 mgm. for an average period of three weeks. A second group of 92 patients (75 neurotics and 17 psychotics) received placebo. The selection of patients was at random. Fifteen additional patients were taken as their own control and received placebo and Librium sequentially. The common major target symptoms in all patients were anxiety and tension, and the aim of the study was to determine the effect of Librium on these symptoms. 3. Out of 75 neurotics receiving Librium, 35 patients (46.3%) showed from marked to moderate improvement, while out of 75 patients receiving placebo, 6 (8%) showed comparable degree of improvement. X2 analysis of the data indicated that the results with Librium were significant at P < 0.001 level. Divided into sub-groups, only anxiety states and mixed states showed statistically significant degree of improvement (0.01 > P > 0.001). Out of 17 psychotics in both categories, the degree of improvement was not significant. In 15 patients taken as their own control, Librium showed a statistically significant superiority over placebo at 0.01 level. 4. Side effects were rather mild in the majority of cases and consisted of head-aches, dizziness, tremors, weakness, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, and palpitations. One patient developed ataxia, which disappeared after the discontinuation of the drug. 5. The general conclusion was that Librium is an adequate anti-anxiety and anti-tension substance in neurotic patients, solely in anxiety reactions and mixed states.
The Mind-Body Relationship
Authors: Yonge K. A. 
Published: April 2017

From as far back as Aristotle, philosophers and, later, scientists have puzzled over the possible mechanisms by which mental and neurological processes interact. The recent developments in the physical sciences, perhaps particularly in the areas of cybernetics and micro-physiology, have made this problem more pertinent than ever. Review of the literature over the past ten years reveals that while some scientists consider that the mental aspects are beyond the scope of Science the concensus of opinion is hopefully towards some enlargement of the boundaries of Natural Science, perhaps particularly in psychology, which might lead to a clearer understanding of the relation of body and mind. The significant developments of the philosophy of Science during the last decade are reviewed as supporting one or another of three basic views: 1) Parallelism, the dualistic view championed by Descartes, rejected by some modern philosophers but finding support among several prominent modern scientists; 2) mind as emergent, although championed by Joad as a modern philosopher this view gains little support from experimental neuro-physiology in the attempts to correlate recorded brain activity with mental activity; 3) the holistic view, which resolves the difference between mind and body into a difference in approach among observers rather than a difference in the object observed, seems to provide the most satisfactory model for operational research while being the least objectionable philosophically. objectionable philosophically.
Marital Problems of the Middle Aged Group
Authors: Prados Miguel 
Published: April 2017

Very frequently the psychiatrist is confronted in his practice with having to deal with marital difficulties that occur during the climacteric and post-climacteric age in marriages that, until then, seem to have been more or less reasonably satisfactory. In many cases, these difficulties are not very serious though troublesome; enough to make the relationship between the spouses unpredictable and shaky. In others, however, the marital relationships are completely disrupted, misunderstanding between husband and wife is complete, every constructive communication and intimacy disappears and they feel that no way out is left for them but separation or divorce, that when really accomplished proves practically always to be catastrophic for both. On the basis of clinical observation, the author tries to show how these difficulties are the expression of inability, in varying degrees, of the ego in both spouses in facing and/or solving successfully the crisis of the typical nuclear conflict of this stage of life: “generativity vs. stagnation”. As a result, a regression occurs that manifests itself in a great impairment and impoverishment of interpersonal relationships and a lack of mutuality. In the individual one observes a diminishing of productivity that often leads him to anger and despair.
Early Infantile Autism in Fraternal Twins
Authors: Ward T. F. , Hoddinott B. A. 
Published: April 2017

A review of the literature concerning “early infantile autism” revealed that very few cases of this syndrome have been reported in twins. For example, such a distinction was not made in Kallman's large scale study of childhood schizophrenia in twins. This case report concerns a set of fraternal female twins who are presented as typical examples of “early infantile autism”. A pregnancy marked by an early threatened abortion was followed by a normal labor and delivery without complications. Early development was normal but before their second birthday they began a gradual withdrawal and loss of most of the speech they had developed. Their subsequent development is traced to their eighth year. The lack of appreciable change in their condition despite vigorous therapeutic efforts is noted. These included placement in a special nursery school, foster home care and psychiatric attention. The latest approach to their difficulty consisting of admission to a children's psychiatric hospital for observation and assessment of their condition is described in some detail. The findings on general physical and neurological examination are described. They were within normal limits aside from a mildly diffusely abnormal E.E.G. in one of the twins. Kanner's clinical picture of autism is related to the symptoms in these children and the close correspondence noted. Continuing, the difficulties in applying psychometric testing to the children is described and the findings concerning the parents are listed. Finally, a picture of the children's behaviour during their stay in hospital, together with a brief description of the methods used to make a tentative analysis of their behaviour, is presented.
Article
Authors: Corman Louis 
Published: April 2017

Sibling rivalry is a natural manifestation based on instinct. It is pathological in two cases only: 1) when it is excessive and dangerous; 2) when it is inhibited. Little study has been made of the latter case. Inhibition of aggressivity suppresses the latter from conscious living, and sibling relationships are then marked either by indifference, a rare occurrence, or much more often by tenderness. But this tenderness, over-compensating for aggressivity persisting in the unconscious, has special characteristics. In the frequent case of rivalry between an elder and a younger child, this tenderness can be seen, a result of ego defence against aggressivity, culminating in a regressive identification with the rival. Such a defence has the advantage of suppressing any aggressive behaviour, but it has the serious disadvantage of impeding progress and, frequently, such children are brought to us due to a stop in their progress at school. In the first place, nothing draws attention to a problem of sibling rivalry. When this rivalry has been suspected, however, behind the defence regression, the whole clinical problem is brought into sharp focus. To achieve such a result, projective exploration through tests and psycho-dramas is more often than not, necessary. Aggressivity until then repressed is then discovered and it is possible to clearly elicit the defence mechanism through regressive identification with the rival. Tests such as Blacky Pictures and especially the PN Test, developed by the author, permit here to throw light on the problem in depth and to bring about some understanding of the dynamic motivation of regression with backwardness at school. The problem is exposed to several paedagogical incidences which the author develops in the latter part of his study.
The Role of the Father with Chronic Schizophrenic Patients: A Study in Group Therapy
Authors: Da Silva Guy 
Published: April 2017

The author accepts the concept of symbiotic identification between the chronic schizophrenics and their mothers. However he feels that the term schizophrenogenic mother is a poor one as it tends to overemphasize the role of the mother alone in producing schizophrenia in her child. He makes the point that the role of the father has been too neglected in the psychiatric literature and agrees with Marie Bonaparte's* comments that “psychiatrists have killed the father in the psychiatric literature.” The role of the father as contributing to the maintenance of the illness of male chronic schizophrenics is studied through a clinical experience in which group psychotherapy is conducted with a group of 23 male chronic schizophrenics and another group with their fathers and mothers. This clinical experience is reported extensively. In the discussion part of this paper, several points are made, with statistical data and review of the literature to support them: a) the absence of the father, whether it is a physical absence (death, divorce, long separation) or an emotional absence (lack of involvement as leader of the family unit) appears to contribute significantly to the illness of the son; b) if the child is to grow up independently, it is necessary that someone, a father substitute, do the specific job of stepping between mother and child to cut the symbiotic umbilical cord uniting them. Neither child nor mother can alone free themselves completely from the ties that join them; c) the point is made also of the necessity, in order to make therapeutic gains, to clarify without doubt the lines of authority among the people caring for the patient so that the confusion of roles could be dispelled and so that the pathological system of interaction going on in the families of schizophrenic patients could not be repeated among the personnel involved in caring for these patients, d) A last point is made concerning the fierce competition between mothers and schizophrenic children. The fathers and the therapist are seen by the schizophrenic children and their mothers as maternal figures, depriving as their own respective mothers were, and a fierce struggle goes on to obtain from these men as much as they can. This competitive struggle is intensified by the feeling that “there will not be enough for everybody around”.It is postulated that if there had been a more present father, such a father could have prevented the mother from becoming so involved in a symbiotic fusion with her schizophrenic child. It is observed that when coping over a long period of time with the fantastic withdrawal and enormous demands of chronic schizophrenics, it is almost impossible to resist the temptation to stop making demands on them for improvement and to capitulate to the illness. Experienced therapists must find new ways to resist this temptation.
The Indications for Abdominal Surgery in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Jensen Sven E. 
Published: April 2017

The paper discusses the problem of patients demanding surgery on little or no indication. A survey of the literature suggests that this is a not infrequent problem, especially in patients of an hysterical make-up. Two cases have been presented in which surgery was deferred because the patients were known in the past to have demanded surgery for symptoms which were, in the one case, self-imposed and, in the other case, psycho-neurotic of nature. In both cases the delay lead to the death of the patient from an initially benign source. It is suggested that in cases of this nature, where it is doubtful whether they are surgical, psychiatric consultation should be requested. It is also suggested that cases of self-inflicted or fictitious disease should receive psychiatric attention before they reach a “chronic state” and a notice with a description of the patient and his behaviour should appear in the local medical journal. Yet in spite of the past history, the physician faced with such a patient should always be prepared to rule out the ever-present possibility of serious physical illness. It is suggested that closer teamwork between surgeon and psychiatrist might result in greater service to the patient, at the same time as it will safeguard the physician. The psychiatric diagnosis must be made on positive criteria, not as is so often done, on the basis of negative physical findings.
Physiological Correlates of Anxiety a Preliminary Investigation of the Orienting Reflex
Authors: Tan B. K. 
Published: April 2017

The orienting reflex (OR) was investigated in 16 anxiety patients (anxiety-group) and 16 normal subjects (control-group), with the aim of measuring internal inhibition by determining the habituation rate and observing the incidence of signs of sleep in the EEG. Recordings were made of the EEG, heart rate, respiration, skin-resistance level and GSR, and the response to 50 sound stimuli was studied. The results of this preliminary investigation have led to the following tentative conclusions: 1. Anxiety has no influence on the OR. No significant difference was found between the two groups as regards the elicitation and habituation of the OR. Cortical function, as measured by the OR, is not impaired in anxiety. 2. A significant difference in mean skin-resistance level at the end of the stimulus period, mean heart rate/min., muscle tension and incidence of signs of sleep in the EEG was found between the two groups. In anxiety, deficiency of inhibitory i.e. negative feedback and synchronizing mechanisms, results in over-activity of the reticular activating system, which is further enhanced by the operation of positive feedback or self-regenerative mechanisms. This over-activity of the reticular activating system is shown by the absence of a “sleep-response” and, in general, by an increase of tonus, i.e. muscle tonus, sympathetic tonus and Bremer's “cortical tonus”. A desynchronized EEG and a low skin-resistance level are not necessary correlates of anxiety. The independence of habituating and synchronizing mechanisms with regard to internal inhibition is mentioned. Support is given for the view of weakened inhibition and also for the concept of “autonomy” in anxiety.
Étude du Fantasme de Viol Chez L'Adolescente
Authors: Bigras Julien 
Published: April 2017

In this paper the author has studied the consequences which sexual trauma effected by the father can produce on the organization of the ego of young girls at the age of puberty. The author arrives at the conclusion that the damage caused is as profoundly severe as if the young girls experienced a bad mother-child relationship. Finally, this article underlines the transference on to the psychotherapist of an ideal father viewed by the adolescent girls as a powerful personage upon whom they can project their Oedipal desires without danger of incestuous complicity. The reference to such an ideal father is equally essential to the liberation from the destructive mother by whom these young girls are more than ever in danger of being engulfed, after a history of rape by the real father.
Scikness and the Social Compact
Authors: Parkin Alan 
Published: April 2017

Epidemiological research in social psychiatry has shown a relationship between the social class of patients and the psychiatric illnesses from which they suffer. It also appears to be true that patients of a particular social class are treated by psychiatrists of a particular social and professional ideology, either physico-medical or analytic-psychological. Thus every doctor-patient relationship may be regarded as a social compact, the implicit terms of which are accepted by each participant as binding upon himself. The terms of expectation and obligation of the traditional medical ideology so encumbers this social compact, when it is joined for psychiatric purposes, that it must inevitably fail by making it either easier to be ill or impossible to be well. The only possible way of proceeding is to open the compact itself for investigation and its terms for negotiation. This procedure, at the same time, brings one to grips with the terms of the illness itself.