Direction modulated brachytherapy (DMBT) for treatment of cervical cancer: A planning study with 192Ir, 60Co, and 169Yb HDR sources
Authors: Safigholi Habib , Han Dae Yup , Mashouf Shahram , Soliman Abraam , Meigooni Ali S. , Owrangi Amir , Song William Y. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeTo evaluate plan quality of a novel MRI‐compatible direction modulated brachytherapy (DMBT) tandem applicator using 192Ir, 60Co, and 169Yb HDR brachytherapy sources, for various cervical cancer high‐risk clinical target volumes (CTVHR).Materials and MethodsThe novel DMBT tandem applicator has six peripheral grooves of 1.3‐mm diameter along a 5.4‐mm thick nonmagnetic tungsten alloy rod. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were used to benchmark the dosimetric parameters of the 192Ir, 60Co, and 169Yb HDR sources in a water phantom against the literature data. 45 clinical cases that were treated using conventional tandem‐and‐ring applicators with 192Ir source (192Ir‐T&R) were selected consecutively from intErnational MRI‐guided BRAchytherapy in CErvical cancer (EMBRACE) trial. Then, for each clinical case, 3D dose distribution of each source inside the DMBT and conventional applicators were calculated and imported onto an in‐house developed inverse planning optimization code to generate optimal plans. All plans generated by the DMBT tandem‐and‐ring (DMBT T&R) from all three sources were compared to the respective 192Ir‐T&R plans. For consistency, all plans were normalized to the same CTVHR D90 achieved in clinical plans. The D2 cm3 for organs at risk (OAR) such as bladder, rectum, and sigmoid, and D90, D98, D10, V100, and V200 for CTVHR were calculated.ResultsIn general, plan quality significantly improved when a conventional tandem (Con.T) is replaced with the DMBT tandem. The target coverage metrics were similar across 192Ir‐T&R and DMBT T&R plans with all three sources (P > 0.093). 60Co‐DMBT T&R generated greater hot spots and less dose homogeneity in the target volumes compared with the 192Ir‐ and 169Yb‐DMBT T&R plans. Mean OAR doses in the DMBT T&R plans were significantly smaller (P < 0.0084) than the 192Ir‐T&R plans. Mean bladder D2 cm3 was reduced by 4.07%, 4.15%, and 5.13%, for the 192Ir‐, 60Co‐, and 169Yb‐DMBT T&R plans respectively. Mean rectum (sigmoid) D2 cm3 was reduced by 3.17% (3.63%), 2.57% (3.96%), and 4.65% (4.34%) for the 192Ir‐, 60Co‐, and 169Yb‐DMBT T&R plans respectively. The DMBT T&R plans with the 169Yb source generally resulted in the greatest OAR sparing when the CTVHR were larger and irregular in shape, while for smaller and regularly shaped CTVHR (<30 cm3), OAR sparing between the sources were comparable.ConclusionsThe DMBT tandem provides a promising alternative to the Con.T design with significant improvement in the plan quality for various target volumes. The DMBT T&R plans generated with the three sources of varying energies generated superior plans compared to the conventional T&R applicators. Plans generated with the 169Yb‐DMBT T&R produced best results for larger and irregularly shaped CTVHR in terms of OAR sparing. Thus, this study suggests that the combination of the DMBT tandem applicator with varying energy sources can work synergistically to generate improved plans for cervical cancer brachytherapy.