bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a root-zone temperature control system using air-source heat pump and its impact on the growth and yield of paprika
Authors: Myung Jeesang , Cui Meiyan , Lee Byungkwan , Lee Hyein , Shin Jaewook , Chun Changhoo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
By developing and implementing a local temperature control system, such as a root zone, with a high energy efficiency heat source, we can ensure both yield and energy efficiency against extreme temperatures. This system, designed with practicality in mind, has a remarkably positive impact on paprika plants’ growth and yield in greenhouse cultivation. In the summer season, paprika plants were grown with no cooling, nutrient solution cooling (NSC) and the combination of NSC and substrate surround cooling (SSC) (NSC + SSC). In the case of SSC, cooled water circulated through the pipe surrounding the substrate to lower the substrate temperature. The cooling system maintains the nutrient solution temperature at 18 °C and the circulating water temperature at the system in the winter season; the paprika plants were grown with no heating (NH), nutrient solution heating (NSH) and the combination of NSH and substrate surround heating (SSH) (NSH + SSH). The heating system maintains the nutrient solution temperature at 25 °C and the circulating water temperature at 30 °C. In the summer, the root fresh and dry weights, stem fresh and dry weights, stem length and node number were increased in the NSC + SSC. In the winter season, the stem fresh and dry weights, leaf area and leaf fresh and dry weights were increased in the NSH + SSH. In both seasons, root-zone temperature control increased the fruit quality and yield. The result indicates that this easy-to-install root-zone temperature control system can be applied to the commercial greenhouse to secure paprika growth and yield in year-round cultivation.
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation reduces belowground biomass carbon costs of nitrogen acquisition under low, but not high, nitrogen availability
Authors: Perkowski Evan A , Terrones Joseph , German Hannah L , Smith Nicholas G 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Many plant species form symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Through this symbiosis, plants allocate photosynthate belowground to the bacteria in exchange for nitrogen fixed from the atmosphere. This symbiosis forms an important link between carbon and nitrogen cycles in many ecosystems. However, the economics of this relationship under soil nitrogen availability gradients is not well understood, as plant investment toward symbiotic nitrogen fixation tends to decrease with increasing soil nitrogen availability. Here, we used a manipulation experiment to examine how costs of nitrogen acquisition vary under a factorial combination of soil nitrogen availability and inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum in Glycine max L. (Merr.). We found that inoculation decreased belowground biomass carbon costs to acquire nitrogen and increased total leaf area and total biomass, but these patterns were only observed under low fertilization and were the result of increased plant nitrogen uptake and no change in belowground carbon allocation. These results suggest that symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria reduce carbon costs of nitrogen acquisition by increasing plant nitrogen uptake, but only when soil nitrogen is low, allowing individuals to increase nitrogen allocation to structures that support aboveground growth. This pattern may help explain the prevalence of plants capable of forming these associations in less fertile soils and provides useful insight into understanding the role of nutrient acquisition strategy on plant nitrogen uptake across nitrogen availability gradients.
How to approach expropriation risk as a controversial component of country risk in investment arbitration
Authors: Havan M Emirhan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Country risk premium is one of the principal factors that affects the value of investments and is based on the assumption that investments located in an unstable country are worth less than similar investments in a stable country. Tribunals impose a discount rate called a country risk premium in accordance with this by assessing the economic and political risks of the host country where the investment is being made. This article discusses whether a state can take advantage of its own unlawful acts that aggravate political risks in order to raise its country risk premium and thus the discount rate on the value of investments.
PGR – 1 Neurorehabilitation of a Pediatric Patient Diagnosed with Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES)
Authors: Anastasiadis William A , Lantagne Ann , Tlustos Sarah J , Wyrwa Jordan M , Colbert Alison M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Given its complexity and rarity, pediatric autoimmune encephalitis (AE) presents a significant challenge to clinicians. AE can precipitate febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES), further complicating a patient’s course. This case study will explore the progression of neurocognitive recovery across inpatient and outpatient settings to inform future research and clinical management of FIRES.

Method
Previously healthy, the current patient was a 6-year-old White non-Hispanic/Latine monolingual English-speaking female who initially presented with status epilepticus in the setting of a fever. Initial electroencephalogram (EEG) captured numerous left temporal focal seizures, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed edema within the fornix-fimbria complex. Unremarkable lumbar puncture and infectious studies suggested her course was most consistent with FIRES.

Results
The patient was administered serial neurocognitive screening measures during her inpatient stay, targeted discharge neuropsychological testing, and comprehensive outpatient follow-up neuropsychological testing (see Appendix). Upon admission, initial screening was consistent with a minimally conscious state. She made gradual progress while inpatient and discharge testing revealed vulnerabilities in attention, executive functioning, and learning/memory. Outpatient testing approximately seven months post-discharge revealed below-average intellectual ability, with impairments in academics, cognitive efficiency, disruptive behavior, and fine motor skills. Diagnostic impressions included attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a mild neurocognitive disorder.

Conclusions
Although the mechanism of neurocognitive difficulties in children with FIRES remains unclear, the current case study highlights the unique benefit of multifaceted rehabilitative care in managing poly-etiologic factors and the progression of recovery in patients with FIRES. Unfortunately, many patients do not return to their premorbid level of functioning; thus, future research is essential.
AGR – 1 Long-term Neuropsychological Follow-up after 7 Years of Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS)
Authors: Cation Bailey , Bezchlibnyk Yarema , Rivera-Cruz Angelica , Leon Yolanda , Schoenberg Michael 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
The current case is a 35-year-old woman with a history of bitemporal lobe epilepsy who has had responsive neurostimulation (RNS) for 7 years and 3 months. The original RNS System Pivotal trial assess neurocognitive outcomes after 2 years (Loring et al., 2015). A more recent study found that self-reported cognitive functioning on the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-89 was improved after 9 years (Nair et al., 2020). The current case adds to the literature by providing objective data for a patient with RNS for over 7 years.

Method
The patient had onset of seizures at age 26 in 2014. Her ongoing epilepsy care has included video EEGs, intracranial monitoring, MRI, PET, two Wadas, and three neuropsychological evaluations (2015, 2021, and 2024). Multiple diagnostic studies confirmed bitemporal epilepsy. She underwent RNS implantation in bilateral mesial temporal lobes in 2016.

Results
The patient’s pre-RNS neuropsychological findings in 2015 included average verbal and visual memory and below average-to-low average language functioning (confrontation naming, letter fluency, verbal abstract reasoning). Her first post-RNS neuropsychological findings in 2021 included average visual memory, below average-to-low average verbal memory, and exceptionally low-to-below average language. The patient noted significant anxiety during her 2021 evaluation. Her second post-RNS neuropsychological findings in 2024 was entirely normal, showing resolution of prior deficits in verbal memory and language.

Conclusions
This case presents objective neuropsychological data for RNS over a longer follow-up interval than was investigated in the original trial. In this patient, there were no persistent cognitive declines associated with RNS for over 7 years.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Incident Dementia: Forensic Applications of Current Research
Authors: Clem Matthew , LoBue Christian , Schaffert Jeff , Cullum Munro 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) has been purported to increase risk for later developing neurodegenerative disorders (ND). Forensic neuropsychologists are frequently asked to opine on risk for ND after an alleged TBI. We provide an evidence-based foundation to aid forensic practice by summarizing the: role of the neuropsychologist in TBI-related litigation, complexities associated with identifying TBIs in forensic cases, science of TBI in relation to incident dementia, and current scientific evidence for chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Data Selection
The most applicable studies to forensic settings are large prospective cohort and population-based cohort studies given their wider generalizability and long periods of follow-up/tracking for outcomes.

Data Synthesis
Developing ND after TBI is the exception rather than the rule. Only a small subset (&lt; 5%) of individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI, and even fewer (&lt; 1%) with mild TBI, appear to develop ND, and the characteristics that place some at risk remain unclear. Positive evidence for risk of ND after mild TBI is weak and mostly consists of observational studies characterized by methodological limitations.

Conclusions
Forensic methods used to establish the likely occurrence of TBI are typically more extensive than those used in clinical evaluations, while TBI definitions used in current research are even more rudimentary and inconsistent. Applying clinical research findings regarding TBI and dementia outcomes to forensic cases at an individual level carries significant limitations. Estimating the contribution of remote TBI/concussion in a causal manner to ND risk is a challenge forensic experts sometimes face, yet at present, the task is impossible beyond correlations and speculation.
Access to Care among Hispanic/Latin American Patients in Neuropsychology: Addressing Potential Barriers to Appointment Adherence
Authors: Perez Marcano Alejandro E , Rosenstein Leslie D , Stagni Alessandra M , Woolsey Alex N , Nieves Emmanuel Rosario 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
We will review barriers impacting access to care among Hispanic/Latin American patients, focusing on factors contributing to no-shows and possible interventions.

Method
We implemented an appointment management system to improve attendance using native Spanish speakers when indicated. We then recorded demographic data and attendance from 211 consecutive Hispanic/Latin American patients (123 females/88 males; mean age = 55 years, SD = 17.3; mean years formal education = 8.7, SD = 4.5). These were from a study of 537 patients in which we conducted MANOVA assessing the relationship between attendance and age, education, proxy income, and prior no-show rate, and Chi-Squares assessing associations between appointment status and gender, payor, race/ethnicity, MyChart Activation, and availability of collaterals. Among Hispanic/Latin American patients, we assessed associations between appointment status and language, MyChart activation, and availability of collaterals.

Results
Our system improved attendance, though no-shows remained high (17% among Latin American/Hispanic patients) with significant associations between attendance and language (χ2 = 9.884, p = 0.007), MyChart access and language (χ2 = 11.315 p = 0.004), and availability of collaterals and language (χ2 = 8.785, p = 0.012). Being monolingual Spanish speaking was associated positively with collateral availability (p &lt; 0.05), while the relationships between language and attendance and between language and MyChart activation were complex. In the larger sample, older age, higher prior no-show rates, and no MyChart activation were associated with poorer appointment attendance; education and availability of collaterals were not.

Conclusion
There are potentially modifiable targets to improve attendance and access to care. We are now developing a health-fair model to teach patients the importance of attendance, assisting them with MyChart, transportation, and other resources.
Childhood Neighborhood Disadvantage and Cognitive Function among Veterans Recovering from Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: O'Connor Victoria , Martindale Sarah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Identifying risk factors and interventions for chronic symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important area of research for Veterans. Growing up in a disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with poorer health outcomes. We examined the relationship between childhood neighborhood disadvantage and cognitive outcomes among symptomatic Veterans with history of mild TBI.

Method
58 Participants completed neuropsychological tests (CVLT-3, TMT A&B, COWA, Category Test), NSI, and PCL-5. The Neighborhood Atlas was used to derive disadvantage scores using childhood addresses. Global deficit scores were calculated as described by Heaton (2004).

Results
Neighborhood disadvantage was significantly correlated with CVLT-3 Total Learning (r = −0.26, p = 0.046), but not the overall global deficit or deficit performance across CVLT-3 Delayed Recall, TMT-A, TMT-B, COWA, and Category Test. There was a significant difference in neighborhood disadvantage between participants scoring in the deficit and normal ranges on CVLT-3 Total Learning (p = 0.046). There were no other differences in neighborhood disadvantage across other neuropsychological tests. There was a significant difference in PTSD symptoms between participants scoring within the deficit and normal ranges on the COWA (p = 0.002). There were no other significant group differences in neuropsychiatric symptoms or PTSD symptom severity.

Conclusions
Among Veterans in this sample, neighborhood disadvantage was not associated with cognitive function or cognitive deficits. Although neighborhood disadvantage is an important psychosocial risk factor for poor outcomes in the civilian literature, these results suggest that it may not be an important contributing factor in recovery from mild TBI for military Veterans.
An Examination of the Impact of Single Errors on Performance Validity Testing on Neuropsychological Performance: a Youth Athlete Cohort Study
Authors: Baldini Daniel , Summers Kiara C , Lakhani Annie , Alvis Wyatt , Eve Henry S , Vang Lillian S , Hirst Rayna B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Performance validity tests (PVT) measure optimal cognitive effort (Sherman et al., 2023). As PVT scores decrease in adults, neuropsychological performance decreases systematically (Green, 2007). Similarly, evidence suggests that even a single error in PVTs influences overall cognitive performance (Erdodi et al., 2017). No studies have investigated this relationship between cognitive performance and PVT performance on multiple PVTs within a large pediatric sample. Youth athletes (n = 174; ages 8–16, M = 12.07) completed the Rey 15-Item test (RFIT), TOMM Trial 1, Reliable Digit Span (RDS), and a thorough neuropsychological battery. T-tests compared neuropsychological performance in youth who scored perfectly on the TOMM (n = 36) and RFIT (n = 90) to youth with single errors (TOMM, n = 28; RFIT, n = 26). A planned contrast analysis of neuropsychological performance was performed for RDS within score levels 6–11. On processing speed, delayed verbal memory, and working memory, the TOMM perfect score group performed better than the single error group (p’s &lt; 0.05). On RFIT, the same relationship was seen on story memory, working memory and simple attention (p’s &lt; 0.05). Perfect score groups scored higher on nearly all subtests (Hedge’s G’s = 0.20–0.60). Scores in perceptual reasoning, cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and visual memory increased as RDS scores increased by one point (p’s &lt; 0.05). This study shows the impact of even subtle differences in effort on cognitive performance in youth. Measuring effort is critical in pediatric neuropsychology, and these results illustrate how important it may be to measure effort on a continuum in pediatrics, as opposed to using pass/fail cutoffs.
The Pattern of Dissociative Symptoms Differs between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and First Esketamine Administration for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Authors: Williamson David , Bremner J D , Vaccarino Viola , Williamson Linda 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Dissociative symptoms are commonly observed during the first administration of esketamine for the treatment of Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) and in a substantial minority of patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We examine differences in the number and pattern of dissociative symptoms (depersonalization, derealization, dissociative amnesia, identity fragmentation) reported by these two groups.

Data Selection
Data for patients diagnosed with PTSD (N = 134) were drawn from studies of individuals with exposure to civilian traumas, childhood abuse or combat trauma. Data for patients with TRD undergoing their first treatment session with ESK (N = 759) were drawn from published results detailing the presentation of dissociative symptoms during FDA registration trials.

Data Synthesis
Dissociative symptoms in general were more prevalent in the ESK group (P &lt; 0.01). However, a significant (p &lt; 0.0001) Group x Item Domain interaction revealed that dissociative amnesia and identity fragmentation were endorsed more frequently relative to the other domains in the PTSD group relative to the ESK group. Depersonalization and derealization were the most prominent dissociative symptoms endorsed by the ESK group, whereas items from the dissociative amnesia domain were endorsed most frequently in the PTSD group.

Conclusions
The pattern of dissociative symptoms endorsed by patients with PTSD differs from that reported by patients with TRD receiving esketamine for the first time, suggesting the possibility that the etiology of “dissociative symptoms” may vary to some degree across therapeutic conditions.
The Association of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease with Cognitive Intra-Individual Variability
Authors: Milam Alicia , Aita Stephen L , Saeed Mubarick , Borgogna Nicholas , Campbell Ivan , Ikonomou Vasilios , Walker Keenan A , Kamath Vidyulata , Visscher Kristina , Murchison Charles , Geldmacher David S , Roberson Erik , Hill Benjamin D , Del Bene Victor 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Cognitive intra-individual variability (IIV) is a sensitive predictor of cognitive decline and disease severity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite its sensitivity, whether IIV is merely a psychometric artifact or disease pathology biomarker remains unknown. The present study evaluated the association between IIV and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of AD.

Method
Participants included 422 individuals from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Unified Dataset 3.0 who completed baseline neuropsychological assessment and had CSF data. All participants were adult monolingual English speakers. Participants with vision or hearing impairments were excluded. Cases were stratified into cognitively normal (n = 267) and AD groups (n = 155; mild cognitive impairment = 50, dementia = 105). Cross-sectional IIV was calculated by obtaining the individual standard deviation (iSD) of ten cognitive tests. Finally, the coefficient of variation (CoV) was computed by dividing iSD by the participant’s overall test battery mean. Non-parametric Spearman-rank correlations were used to assess the relation between CoV and CSF biomarkers, including beta-amyloid 1–42, total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau181).

Results
In the AD group, CoV was positively correlated with p-tau181 (r = 0.285, p = 0.003) and t-tau (r = 0.241, p = 0.009), and negatively correlated with beta-amyloid 1–42 (r = −0.314, p &lt; 0.001). Correlations between CoV and CSF biomarkers were not significant in the cognitively normal group for beta-amyloid 1–42 (r = 0.076, p = 0.215), p-tau181 (r = −0.014, p = 0.840), and t-tau (r = −0.046, p = 0.485).

Conclusions
In people with mild cognitive impairment and dementia of presumed AD etiology, cognitive IIV is associated with CSF biomarkers. These findings provide preliminary evidence that IIV is not merely a statistical artifact, but is associated with AD neuropathology.
The Clinical Utility of Large Language Models in Diagnosing Neurocognitive Disorders among NACC Participants
Authors: Rafiuddin Hanan S , Su Charlie , Dimmick Allan A , Cicero David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Our study aimed to investigate ChatGPT’s ability to diagnose neurocognitive disorders in older adults based on neuropsychological interviews and test results and compare its accuracy with neuropsychologist consensus diagnosis.

Methods
We prompted ChatGPT-4 to provide provisional diagnoses (normal changes, mild cognitive impairment, or dementia) for each case. We also asked ChatGPT to diagnose the underlying etiology. We evaluated interrater reliability (IRR) with Cohen’s kappa and a chi-square test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area-under-the-curve (AUC) values were computed to explore measures predicting diagnostic agreement.

Results
Participants were 15,048 older adults (Mage = 69.13, 56.7% female) assessed in Alzheimer’s Disease Core Centers across the United States. For cognitive diagnoses, Cohen’s kappa demonstrated fair agreement (κ = 0.42; p &lt; 0.001). The chi-square test [χ2 (6) = 7896.51, p &lt; 0.001] revealed a significant and strong association (Cramer’s V = 0.51, p &lt; 0.001) between ChatGPT and clinicians’ diagnoses. For the underlying etiology, Cohen’s kappa demonstrated fair agreement on specific diagnoses (κ = 0.38; p &lt; 0.001). The chi-square test [χ2 (24) = 5353.04, p &lt; 0.001] revealed a significant and strong association (Cramer’s V = 0.30, p &lt; 0.001) between ChatGPT and clinicians’ diagnoses. ROC curves demonstrate that no variables predicted diagnostic agreement at above chance.

Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate the potential clinical utility of integrating LLMs into neuropsychology. While significant IRR was found between ChatGPT and the neuropsychologist diagnosis, further research is needed prior to the adoption of LLMs into clinical practice, given ongoing developments of artificial intelligence in the field of medicine.