bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Impaired Host Immunity in HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Walter Nicholas D. , de Jong Bouke C. , Garcia Benjamin J. , Dolganov Gregory M. , Worodria William , Byanyima Patrick , Musisi Emmanuel , Huang Laurence , Chan Edward D. , Van Tran T. , Antonio Martin , Ayorinde Abigail , Kato-Maeda Midori , Nahid Payam , Leung Ann M. , Yen Andrew , Fingerlin Tasha E. , Kechris Katerina , Strong Michael , Voskuil Martin I. , Davis J. Lucian , Schoolnik Gary K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground.  It is unknown whether immunosuppression influences the physiologic state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vivo. We evaluated the impact of host immunity by comparing M. tuberculosis and human gene transcription in sputum between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected and uninfected patients with tuberculosis.Methods.  We collected sputum specimens before treatment from Gambians and Ugandans with pulmonary tuberculosis, revealed by positive results of acid-fast bacillus smears. We quantified expression of 2179 M. tuberculosis genes and 234 human immune genes via quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. We summarized genes from key functional categories with significantly increased or decreased expression.Results.  A total of 24 of 65 patients with tuberculosis were HIV infected. M. tuberculosis DosR regulon genes were less highly expressed among HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis than among HIV-uninfected patients with tuberculosis (Gambia, P < .0001; Uganda, P = .037). In profiling of human genes from the same sputa, HIV-infected patients had 3.4-fold lower expression of IFNG (P = .005), 4.9-fold higher expression of ARG1 (P = .0006), and 3.4-fold higher expression of IL10 (P = .0002) than in HIV-uninfected patients with tuberculosis.Conclusions.  M. tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients had lower expression of the DosR regulon, a critical metabolic and immunomodulatory switch induced by NO, carbon monoxide, and hypoxia. Our human data suggest that decreased DosR expression may result from alternative pathway activation of macrophages, with consequent decreased NO expression and/or by poor granuloma formation with consequent decreased hypoxic stress.
The impact of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations on patterns of disease recurrence after chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced non–small cell lung cancer: a literature review and pooled analysis
Authors: Ochiai Satoru , Nomoto Yoshihito , Watanabe Yui , Yamashita Yasufumi , Toyomasu Yutaka , Kawamura Tomoko , Takada Akinori , Noriko  , Sakuma Hajime 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this review was to evaluate the impact of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status on disease recurrence in patients treated with chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for locally advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A literature search was conducted and a total of three studies were analyzed. There was no significant difference in the objective response rate between the EGFR mutation group and the EGFR wild-type group (odds ratios [OR] 1.46, 95% CI, 0.79–2.70, P = 0.228), and there was no significant difference in the incidence of disease recurrence (OR 1.37, 95% CI, 0.68–2.75, P = 0.379) between the two groups. There were significant difference in the incidence of local/locoregional progression (LP) (OR 0.35, 95% CI, 0.18–0.71, P = 0.003) and distant progression (DP) (OR 2.97, 95% CI, 1.59–5.54, P &lt; 0.001). Brain metastasis (BM) was one of the main recurrence patterns of DP, and the incidence was significantly higher in the EGFR mutant group (OR 2.75, 95% CI, 1.43–5.31, P = 0.003). There were no statistically significant heterogeneities in these pooled analyses. The patterns of recurrence after CRT for locally advanced NSCLC were different according to EGFR mutation status. LP after CRT in patients with EGFR mutation was less frequent, but the high incidence of DP, especially BM, continued to be the major problem. On the other hand, LP continued to be the major problem in EGFR wild-type patients. In multimodality treatment for inoperable locally advanced NSCLC, we may need to consider different treatment strategies according to EGFR mutation status.
Characterization of histone modifications associated with DNA damage repair genes upon exposure to gamma rays in Arabidopsis seedlings
Authors: Mondal Suvendu , Go Young Sam , Lee Seung Sik , Chung Byung Yeoup , Kim Jin-Hong 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Dynamic histone modifications play an important role in controlling gene expression in response to various environmental cues. This mechanism of regulation of gene expression is important for sessile organisms, like land plants. We have previously reported consistent upregulation of various marker genes in response to gamma rays at various post-irradiation times. In the present study, we performed various chromatin modification analyses at selected loci using the standard chromatin immunoprecipitation procedure, and demonstrate that upregulation of these genes is associated with histone H3 lysine 4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) at the gene body or transcription start sites of these loci. Further, at specific AtAgo2 loci, both H3K4me3 and histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) are important in controlling gene expression in response to gamma irradiation. There was no change in DNA methylation in these selected loci. We conclude that specific histone modification such as H3K4me3 and H3K9ac may be more important in activating gene expression in these selected loci in response to gamma irradiation than a change in DNA methylation.
Slow CD4+ T-Cell Recovery in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatitis B Virus-Coinfected Patients Initiating Truvada-Based Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Botswana
Authors: Anderson Motswedi , Gaseitsiwe Simani , Moyo Sikhulile , Thami Kerapetse P. , Mohammed Terence , Setlhare Ditiro , Sebunya Theresa K. , Powell Eleanor A. , Makhema Joseph , Blackard Jason T. , Marlink Richard , Essex Max , Musonda Rosemary M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Background.  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection has emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality. We determined the response to Truvada-based first-line combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV/HBV-coinfected verus HIV-monoinfected patients in Botswana.
Methods.  Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), HBV e antigen (HBeAg), and HBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) load were determined from baseline and follow-up visits in a longitudinal cART cohort of Truvada-based regimen. We assessed predictors of HBV serostatus and viral suppression (undetectable HBV DNA) using logistic regression techniques.
Results.  Of 300 participants, 28 were HBsAg positive, giving an HIV/HBV prevalence of 9.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.3–13.2), and 5 of these, 17.9% (95% CI, 6.1–36.9), were HBeAg positive. There was a reduced CD4+ T-cell gain in HIV/HBV-coinfected compared with HIV-monoinfected patients. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen and HBeAg loss was 38% and 60%, respectively, at 24 months post-cART initiation. The HBV DNA suppression rates increased with time on cART from 54% to 75% in 6 and 24 months, respectively.
Conclusions.  Human immunodeficiency virus/HBV coinfection negatively affected immunologic recovery compared with HIV-1C monoinfection. Hepatitis B virus screening before cART initiation could help improve HBV/HIV treatment outcomes and help determine treatment options when there is a need to switch regimens.
Incorporating Cutaneous and Wound Bacterial Bioburden Biomarkers into Clinical Research: A Review of Best Practices
Authors: Honaker Jeremy , Ammons Christie , Kelechi Teresa 
Published: August 2016

PURPOSE:
To provide information about initiating interdisciplinary research related to microbiomes and their role in human immunity, disease, and metabolic processes.

TARGET AUDIENCE:
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

OBJECTIVES:
After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:
1. Describe techniques to identify and characterize bacterial bioburden.
2. Identify optimal collection, transport, and storage of samples.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to provide a roadmap for clinical scientists interested in integrating bacterial bioburden (BB) biomarkers into the next generation of cutaneous or wound disease research studies.

DISCUSSION: Complex relationships exist between humans and their microbiome. Until now, clinical scientists have been limited in fully characterizing relationships between humans and their microbiome. Recent technological innovations, such as next-generation DNA sequencing, also known as deep sequencing or pyrosequencing, have enhanced clinicians’ capacity to identify, characterize, and elucidate the role of BB (ie, bacterial load, diversity, pathogenicity) in human immunity, disease, and metabolic processes. The understanding of common terminology, intervening variables that influence BB, limitations of next-generation DNA sequencing, and specimen selection, collection, transport, and storage practices are needed to support interdisciplinary communication, research design, and integrity of the specimen.

CONCLUSION: This review serves as a primer for building foundational knowledge in microbiome research, which will aid clinical scientists with initiating interdisciplinary communication necessary for scientific team building.
Assessment of the Combined Efficacy of Needling and the Use of Silicone Gel in the Treatment of C-Section and Other Surgical Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids
Authors: Fabbrocini Gabriella , Marasca Claudio , Ammad Sadia , Brazzini Benedetta , Izzo Rosanna , Donnarumma Marianna , Monfrecola Giuseppe 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the individual effectiveness of needling therapy using the Dermapen (Dermapen, Salt Lake City, Utah) and topical therapy with silicone gel (Kelo-cote, Sinclair Pharma, London, England), and their combined effectiveness for the treatment of linear surgical scars, hypertrophic scars, and keloids.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Twenty patients were randomly selected and equally divided into 2 groups (A and B), with each group of 10 including 6 patients with keloids and 4 with hypertrophic scars. Treatment assignments were random. In group A, the entire scar was treated by skin needling, with silicone gel applied to half of the scar. Patients in group B were treated with silicone gel on the whole scar, with only half of the scar also treated with skin needling. During follow-up visits, clinical photographs, evaluation of the scars’ thickness, skin ultrasound, and modified Vancouver Scar Scale were performed.

RESULTS:
Group A showed an average improvement of 68% (P < .01) on the half of the scar with the combination treatment (skin needling plus silicone gel) compared with a 52% improvement on the half of the scar that was treated with only skin needling. Group B showed an average improvement of 63% (P < .01) where the combination treatment was performed, compared with 47% improvement on the area treated with only the silicone gel.

CONCLUSIONS:
In conclusion, the combination of these 2 treatments is safe and effective for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. These modalities achieved favorable results with each patient adhering to the study paramenters.
Epidemiology of sporadic inclusion body myositis
Authors: Molberg Øyvind , Dobloug Cecilie 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
In this review, we describe recent progress in the clinical epidemiology of sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM).

Recent findings
In a population-based, retrospective study from Norway, performed with a denominator population of 2.6 million; and with cases defined by the 1997 and/or 2011 European Neuro-Muscular Centre Research Diagnostic criteria, the estimated point prevalence of IBM was 3.3/100 000. Mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 5.6 years, longer than in earlier studies. The male to female ratio was 3 : 2, and the mean age at diagnosis 67 years, very similar to figures reported this year from a nationwide, Dutch myopathy registry. Coexisting rheumatic diseases were recorded in 25% of Norwegian IBM cases, with Sjøgren's syndrome as the most commonly encountered. Mortality was increased in IBM, with a standardized mortality rate of 1.7, but there was no indication of increased cancer risk.

Summary
Population-based data indicate that the prevalence of IBM in Europe is higher than expected from previous studies. Diagnostic delay appears to be a persisting problem in IBM; a major challenge with promising new therapies on the horizon.
The Usefulness of Continuously Variable View Rigid Endoscope in Lacrimal Surgeries: First Intraoperative Experience
Authors: Ali Mohammad Javed , Singh Swati , Naik Milind N. 
Published: August 2016

Aims:
The aims of this study were to illustrate the techniques and usefulness of a new rigid, variable-view endoscope in lacrimal surgeries.

Methods:
A 4-mm continuously variable view rigid endoscope (EndoCAMeleon) was used to assess 4 intraoperative scenarios in lacrimal surgeries. The endoscope offers variable views from 15° to 90° in one single plane while remaining shape invariant. Multiple planes were assessed after changing the direction of the endoscopic shaft. The ease of handling and optical performance was noted in each plane.

Results:
Enhanced visualization over a wide angle range without moving the endoscope was found to be very beneficial intraoperatively. Accurate assessment of extent of cicatrization or synechiae causes of dacryocystorhinostomy failure, monitoring of internal common opening during trephination, and postoperative ostium evaluation was possible with wider and superior visualization. A complete endoscopic overview in one plane without the need of multiple angled endoscopes made the inspections detailed and less time consuming. Because the tip of the endoscope does not move, it was found to be effective in narrow working spaces without causing any collision with the tissues in the vicinity.

Conclusion:
Enhanced field of vision, quicker assessment, and ability to optimize visualization in a continuous mode are advantages of using a variable-view endoscope in lacrimal surgeries.
Parabrachial complex links pain transmission to descending pain modulation
Authors: Roeder Zachary , Chen QiLiang , Davis Sophia , Carlson Jonathan D. , Tupone Domenico , Heinricher Mary M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) has a well-documented role in pain modulation and exerts antinociceptive and pronociceptive influences mediated by 2 distinct classes of neurons, OFF-cells and ON-cells. OFF-cells are defined by a sudden pause in firing in response to nociceptive inputs, whereas ON-cells are characterized by a “burst” of activity. Although these reflex-related changes in ON- and OFF-cell firing are critical to their pain-modulating function, the pathways mediating these responses have not been identified. The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that nociceptive input to the RVM is relayed through the parabrachial complex (PB). In electrophysiological studies, ON- and OFF-cells were recorded in the RVM of lightly anesthetized male rats before and after an infusion of lidocaine or muscimol into PB. The ON-cell burst and OFF-cell pause evoked by noxious heat or mechanical probing were substantially attenuated by inactivation of the lateral, but not medial, parabrachial area. Retrograde tracing studies showed that neurons projecting to the RVM were scattered throughout PB. Few of these neurons expressed calcitonin gene-related peptide, suggesting that the RVM projection from PB is distinct from that to the amygdala. These data show that a substantial component of “bottom-up” nociceptive drive to RVM pain-modulating neurons is relayed through the PB. While the PB is well known as an important relay for ascending nociceptive information, its functional connection with the RVM allows the spinoparabrachial pathway to access descending control systems as part of a recurrent circuit.
Involvement of the NADPH Oxidase NOX2–Derived Brain Oxidative Stress in an Unusual Fatal Case of Cocaine-Related Neurotoxicity Associated With Excited Delirium Syndrome
Authors: Schiavone Stefania , Riezzo Irene , Turillazzi Emanuela , Trabace Luigia 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHere, we investigated the possible role of the Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate oxidase NOX2–derived brain oxidative stress in a fatal case of cocaine-related neurotoxicity, associated to excited delirium syndrome. We detected a strong NOX2 immunoreactivity, mainly in cortical GABAergic neurons and astrocytes, with a minor presence in microglia, glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurons as well as a significant immunostaining for other markers of oxidative stress (8OhDG, HSP70, HSP90, and NF-κB) and apoptotic phenomena. These results support a crucial role of NOX2-derived brain oxidative stress in cocaine-induced brain dysfunctions and neurotoxicity.
Effect of inflammatory mediators on cardiovascular function
Authors: Müller-Werdan Ursula , Prondzinsky Roland , Werdan Karl 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Inflammatory mediators can interfere with cardiovascular system. This article describes some recent findings in this field.

Recent findings
In septic cardiomyopathy, direct and indirect interactions of endotoxin with the pacemaker current contribute to cardiac autonomic dysfunction and inadequately high heart rate, worsening prognosis. In myocardial infarction, inflammatory blood cells correlate with impaired coronary microvascular reperfusion. In cardiogenic shock, systemic inflammation and development of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome have a major impact on mortality. Shock patients have low levels of activated protein C and high levels of the endogenous danger signal molecule peroxiredoxin 1; both conditions might represent further therapeutic targets. As major cause of cytopathic hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction has also been identified in mitochondria from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in paediatric septic shock. Transcatheter aortic valve endocarditis, a new endocarditis entity after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in old and very old patients, needs our special attention, because immunosenescence may modify the clinical course in a negative sense. Systemic spreading of endocarditis to septic shock adds to the local valve infection the problem of septic shock.

Summary
Not only in septic shock, but also in classic heart diseases like cardiogenic shock and endocarditis, the detrimental role of inflammatory mediators becomes more and more evident, whereas effective anti-inflammatory treatment concepts are still missing.
Transplantation for thalassemia major: alternative donors
Authors: Locatelli Franco , Merli Pietro , Strocchio Luisa 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Lack of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched family donor is a major obstacle limiting the use of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to cure thalassemia major. Use of alternative donors, if found well tolerated enough, may be a viable option for transplantation in this setting, allowing to expand the number of patients treatable by HSCT. This review will provide an overview of alternative HSCT approaches in thalassemia major.

Recent findings
With the introduction of high-resolution molecular HLA-typing techniques, the outcome of matched unrelated donor HSCT recipients has become comparable with that of patients given matched family donor HSCT. On the contrary, the use of unrelated cord blood transplantation has been limited by the risk of graft failure and slow hematopoietic recovery, although novel techniques of ex vivo graft manipulation are emerging as promising strategies for overcoming these obstacles. Although experience with haploidentical HSCT in thalassemia major is still limited, currently explored platforms hold the potential to extend the access to HSCT to thalassemia major patients lacking an HLA-matched either related or unrelated donor.

Summary
The significant advances achieved in transplantation techniques, both in the matched unrelated and in the haploidentical setting, are expected to significantly broaden the applicability of HSCT to patients with thalassemia major.
Changes in Weight and Body Composition Among Women With Breast Cancer During and After Adjuvant Treatment
Authors: Pedersen Birgith , Delmar Charlotte , Bendtsen Mette Dahl , Bosaeus Ingvar , Carus Andreas , Falkmer Ursula , Groenkjaer Mette 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Antineoplastic adjuvant treatment for breast cancer can cause changes in women’s weight and body composition and influence their general health and survival.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to investigate the extent and patterns of change in weight and body composition after current standard adjuvant antineoplastic treatment for breast cancer.

Methods:
Data on weight and body composition from 95 women with breast cancer Stage I to III were obtained during 18 months on a bioelectric impedance analyzer. Changes and odds ratio (OR) were calculated by a linear mixed model and logistic regression.

Results:
At 18 months, there was an increase in weight of 0.9 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3–1.5; P = .003) and an average positive association of 0.35 kg/cm increased waist circumference (95% CI, 0.29–0.42 kg; P < .0001). Relative weight changes ranged from −12.7% to 20.5%. Weight gains related to increased body fat were observed mainly in premenopausal women receiving chemotherapy (1.4 kg; 95% CI, 0.4–2.4; P = .007). For menopausal status, OR was 2.9 (95% CI, 1.14–7.1; P = .025), and for chemotherapy, OR was 2.6 (95% CI, 1.03–6.41; P = .043). The OR for weight loss in Stage III breast cancer was 12.5 (95% CI, 1.21–128.84; P = .034) and 4.3 (CI, 1.07–17.24; P = .40) for comorbidity.

Conclusions:
Results demonstrate that weight changes in a pooled sample are overestimated. However, premenopausal women receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy show a tendency toward a body composition with increasing fat mass.

Implications for Practice:
A scheduled assessment of changes in weight and body composition is relevant at 18 months after treatment. To compare future studies, common measuring and cutoff points are needed.