bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of consumer standards and market facilitation in Korea.
Authors: Kim GiHun Kim GiHun 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Interest in sustainable/organic agriculture in Korea has increased significantly in the last few years. Sustainable/organic agriculture is still a small but growing part of the agricultural industry, and has now become one of the important elements of consumer choice. The production and distribution of agricultural products are increasing by 30-40% every year. The government is promoting a sustainable agriculture that uses a minimum amount of chemicals and chemical fertilizers, and organic agriculture that does not use any chemical resources such as agricultural chemicals and chemical fertilizers. An Agricultural Product Quality Certification System has been developed to assist the supply of sustainable/organic agricultural products to consumers. In 2001, a survey on Consumer Inclination Analysis towards Sustainable/Organic Agricultural Products indicated that 88% had purchased sustainable/organic agricultural products. Vegetables turned out to be the most commonly purchased item category. The biggest reason for purchasing these products was for health and the prevention of chronicle diseases. However, the majority of consumers complained about the high price. By building consumer confidence towards sustainable/organic products through the establishment of the Agricultural Product Quality Certification System, reducing the product cost, and diversifying the distribution channel, we expect the consumption of sustainable/organic agricultural products in Korea to continuously expand in the coming years.
Organic farming in Poland: past, present and future perspectives.
Authors: Tyburski J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In this paper, the development of organic farming in Poland is presented from its original phase in the 1930s, through the period of abandonment, i.e. the outbreak of the Second World War, up until the beginning of the 1980s, when the organic farming movement was reborn. A more detailed description is devoted to the period since 1990, when for the first time inspection and certification took place. The development of formal structures is pointed out, i.e.: the establishment of organic farming associations and the inspection bodies of the Department of Organic Farming in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; the creation of a supervising office in the form of the Office of Purchase and Processing of Agricultural Products; the parliamentary acceptance of the organic farming regulation; as well as the introduction of subsidies for organic farmers. The potential of organic farming is evaluated by comparing average yields of organic crops with intensive conventional farms. The main obstacles to the dynamic development of the organic sector are identified: (1) the insufficient number of well-qualified advisers; (2) the insufficient number of veterinary doctors trained in organic farming healing methods; (3) the scarcity of applied experiments that are much expected by farmers; (4) the scarcity of biological pesticides and mineral fertilizers approved of by the organic standards; (5) the limited demand for organic products in the country; and (6) hindrances in the development of export. In the final section, the friction caused by different development tendencies in Polish farming is discussed, namely the still worsening economic situation of agriculture, and the ageing of farming machinery and buildings on the majority of farms, but also the growth in the number of intensive conventional farms. In the plans made by the government and the president, growth of the organic sector is forecast to increase from 0.2% at present to 3-5% in 2010.
Do support payments for organic farming achieve environmental goals efficiently?
Authors: Jacobsen L. B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Concerns about the impact of modern agriculture on the environment have in the past few decades resulted in strict legislation concerning the leaching of nitrogen from Danish farms and their use of pesticides. An often-heard argument in recent years is that conversion to organic farming is a solution to many environmental problems. Hence, in the late 1990s several initiatives to support the development of organic farming have been taken, including permanent direct support for producing organically. This was made possible by the 1992 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that allowed for specific subsidies for environmentally friendly production. This paper discusses the cost efficiency of two alternative policy measures for obtaining an overall reduction in the use of nitrogen and pesticides in Danish agriculture. The first policy measure is a subsidy for producers who produce organically and thus reduces the use of nitrogen and abandons the use of pesticides. The other policy measure is the use of taxes levied on fertilizers and pesticides. Using an applied general equilibrium model, the two policy measures are compared. The paper concludes that an overall reduction in the use of pesticides and fertilizers is most efficiently obtained by taxing those agents using these inputs. The size of the organic sectors should be determined by consumers' willingness to pay for organic products.
New Zealand's organic agriculture: the government's role.
Authors: Kettle P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The New Zealand government views organic agriculture as one of the paths towards sustainable production systems. It does not subsidize any form of agriculture but is assisting the organic sector through initiatives aimed at developing a national organic standard, a strategy for the sector and a scheme that will enable small-scale organic producers to have their produce certified as organic in a cost-effective manner. The New Zealand government is supportive of the organic agriculture sector, but is committed to encouraging all forms of sustainable farming.
INRA and organic farming: towards a research programme.
Authors: Sylvander B. , Bellon S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper sets out the way in which the French Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA) intends to develop its research into organic farming through a commitment to both pluridisciplinary and partnership-based studies wherein organic farming is considered an agricultural "prototype". Although this starting point still leaves scope for analytical research, it is also likely to reinforce the systemic approach. It leads to an understanding of the processes employed in production under the constraints of regulatory standards. The basic principles of partnership-based research presuppose that programmes are to be developed through consultation with organic farmers' representatives. Those principles therefore combine academic criteria and compliance with the requirements of organic farming. So far work has begun on compiling a database of scientific literature, scientific seminars on specific questions have been held in association with organic farming organizations (ITAB) and non-INRA researchers and practitioners, and a research programme is under development (by organizing an in-house call-to-tender, in accordance with the applicable regulations). INRA allocates EUR 5.5 million annually to this programme. So far 55 projects have been assessed and 20 are on-going. About 32 full-time researchers work on those projects. The first subjects addressed relate to organic farming and: nutrition and health; crop protection; genetic resources; animal health; animal welfare; and the environment. The following questions are crucial to the research programme: what are the specific features of research into organic farming? Subsequently, does research need to change its objectives and approaches (increasing specialization versus cross-disciplinary research)?
Organic food for public institutions.
Authors: Rech T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The structure of the Austrian 'eating out' sector is first examined, focusing on industrial and institutional catering as opposed to the gastronomic sector. Reasons for using organic food in industrial kitchens are then outlined, and examples of the use of organic products in Austrian public institutions (hospitals, residential homes, and schools) are discussed. Practical tips on using organic foods in public institutions are then presented.
On censusing lianas: a review of common methodologies.
Authors: Parren M. P. E. , Bongers F. , Caballé G. , Nabe-Nielsen J. , Schnitzer S. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Methodologically, the study of lianas is currently in disarray, as researchers are trying to determine the most appropriate ways to census lianas. Stem measurement location, the decision to include or exclude ramets, plot shape, and the criteria of what constitutes a liana differ among studies. In this chapter the authors compare and contrast the different methods that have been used and discuss the potential variations of these methods. Some of the problems incurred when including lianas in forest censuses are also considered.
Taxonomic diversity of climbers of riparian forests in Benin.
Authors: Natta A. K. , Sinsin B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Savannahs occupy 72% of Benin's area while dense semi-deciduous upland forests and riparain forests stretching along waterways occupy only 1 and 2.3% respectively. These marginal forests islands and corridors contain many humid forest species among which climbers are key elements. A complete floristic inventory of the riparian forests yielded 1003 species of which 237 (23.6%) were climbers. These climber species belonged to 117 genera and 38 families. Floristic analysis based on climbers resulted in discrimination of 10 plant communities.
Climbing plants of the Haut-Sassandra forest: species and biomorphology.
Authors: Etien D. T. , Traoré D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In the Haut-Sassandra forest in the southwest of Côte d'Ivoire, climbing plants have been inventoried and comprised 30% of the species found. The present study aimed to characterise the climbers of the Haut-Sassandra forests, describing those present, linking them with the different environments present, and their biomorphological characteristics were described in relation to the various biotopes explored.
Mass media and entertainment management.
Authors: Watson B. , Horne J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter focuses on mass media and offers a critical account of media-entertainment interrelationships that can usefully inform the broad contexts within which entertainment managers operate. The chapter outlines definitions of mass media and new media, and assesses changes and continuities between and across these to highlight some of the key ways in which mass media are theorized and explained. An extended case study of the Olympics provides an illustration of change and continuity and of competing views on the role and purpose of mass media.
Management in entertainment organizations.
Authors: Gorton L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces and discusses the nature of management in today's entertainment industries. This snapshot of entertainment management is developed by considering the following four key questions. (1) What is management and what do managers actually do? (2) What changes in business and wider society have led to changes in the way we manage? (3) What characterizes management in the entertainment industries? (4) And to what extent do the above considerations impact upon the skills required to be an accomplished manager within the entertainment industries?
Enterprise, creativity and small business.
Authors: Rundshagen V. , Sommer G. , Moss S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter focuses on entrepreneurship in the entertainment sector. Sections cover: the socio-cultural influences upon entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial motivation; the Timmons theory of entrepreneurship; the key components of a business plan; and the financing and funding of a business start-up. A case study illustrates how best-practice management techniques have contributed to the success of entrepreneurs at Jever Skihalle Neuss, a ski-slope visitor attraction in Germany.
Managing strategic and financial performance.
Authors: Piber M. , Walmsley B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The key question explored in this chapter is how arts and entertainment organizations ensure the sustainable survival of their organizations by managing the quality of their performance effectively. This chapter is organized as follows: first, it outlines the management cycle and discusses its relationship with performance management. Second, it addresses the key issues and challenges of financial accounting in arts and entertainment organizations. The role of financial planning and budgeting is then studied, focusing briefly on the acquired art of managing production and exhibition budgets. Finally, the chapter moves on to critically explore more holistic ways of managing and measuring organizational performance and considers a range of tools and frameworks that are particularly useful for evaluating the strategic performance of arts and entertainment organizations.
Visitor attraction management.
Authors: Dewhurst P. D. , Thwaites E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses: the definition and categorization of visitor attractions; the visitor attraction offering; and the pressures facing visitor attractions, including changing leisure patterns, rising consumer expectations, increasing competition for reducing leisure spend, and the multiple expectations of different stakeholder groupings. Best-practice management solutions to these challenges are then identified, including: product development, diversification and differentiation; strategic partnerships, marketing and promotion; revenue management; managing visitor experience and improving service quality.
Feasibility studies for THE facilities.
Authors: Hassanien A. , Dale C. , Hawela M. F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses the purpose, components and limitations of a feasibility study for tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facilities. The facility manager and operator should use the feasibility study for their decision making on whether to proceed with any development. This can only be accomplished successfully if the respective stages of the feasibility study are addressed comprehensively. Though it can be a time-consuming and costly exercise, if conducted appropriately it will act as an excellent foundation for the future success of the THE facility.
Outsourcing and THE facilities.
Authors: Hassanien A. , Dale C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explores the concept of outsourcing in facilities and how this can be used as a means of not only reducing costs but also as a means of generating further value for the customer experience within the facility. The chapter acknowledges the different levels of outsourcing and why it may be used within tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facilities. It proposes financial, physical, human, operational and strategic factors that should be considered, as well as a range of hard and soft criteria that should be considered when conducting an outsourcing assessment. Central to this is the decision matrix, which could be used as a basis for classifying any outsourcing decision. It is suggested that facility managers and operators should determine to what extent any outsourcing would affect the development of the facilities resources and core competencies. This is crucial when considering the future strategic direction of the facility.
Cost management.
Authors: Alonso A. D. , O'Shea M. , Krajsic V. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explores the concept of cost management in the tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facilities context. The chapter notes the importance of costs at both a tangible and intangible level. This includes the cost of physical resources such as equipment and materials, in addition to the opportunity cost of pursuing a particular course of action in the development of a facility. In this respect, the chapter proposes a scenario planning approach to understanding cost management. Key to this is understanding the financial issues of selecting different alternatives. This is in terms of the break-even point and overall projected financial performance.
Environmental management.
Authors: Alonso A. D. , O'Shea M. , Krajsic V. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter investigates environmental management in tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facilities. It recognizes the essential requirement for facilities to incorporate environmental management practices in light of global demographic and infrastructural pressures. The chapter notes the challenges for THE facilities in embedding environmental practices. This includes the individualistic, fragmented and relatively small-sized composition of facilities in the THE industries. Financial pressures and consumer sensitivity towards balancing environmental concerns with service quality further compound this issue. The chapter notes the continuous need to enlighten facility managers, operators, developers and users of the benefits and consequences of engaging in environmental management practices.
Waste and energy management.
Authors: Özgen I. , Yağcı K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter addresses waste and energy management in tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facilities. It discusses the implementation of energy and waste management in the design, construction and operation of THE facilities with the driver to generate resource and cost efficiencies. This includes a THE waste management programme that requires THE facilities to embrace the preparation, implementation and evaluation phases in their practices. The chapter also provides a range of examples for renewable energy management and efficiency.
Knowledge management.
Authors: Hawela M. F. , Hassanien A. , Dale C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explores the concept of knowledge management and explains its significance and types within the context of tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facilities. It looks at the internal and external sources of knowledge within organizations. It also examines the processes of knowledge creation/acquisition; knowledge storage, identification, sharing and retrieval processes; and knowledge sharing, transfer and utilization.
Travel intermediaries and information technology.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Sheldon P. J. , Fesenmaier D. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

To exist and thrive in an information-intensive industry, travel intermediaries must learn about and embrace all aspects of IT. Travel intermediaries now rely on computerized reservation terminals, and must now learn other hardware and software applications. This requires careful analysis of when and how IT can offer value-added services to their clients. The development and marketing of those services will redefine the role of the travel intermediary in the future. In particular, the major challenge is to use emerging Internet and mobile technologies to their advantage. IT, when used appropriately, will assist in developing new strengths and managing weaknesses. As we have seen, IT can also turn threats into opportunities.
Social media and tourism.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Sheldon P. J. , Fesenmaier D. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter has provided several frameworks to help readers understand the social media landscapes and the functions of social media platforms. We have explored the importance and features of eWOM as an influential source of information for travelers. Our discussion of the social media platforms has highlighted opportunities for travel organizations. In the final part of this chapter we emphasize that despite all the hype surrounding social media, travel organizations need a strategic approach to these technologies. Planning is required to integrate social media with other marketing channels, to monitor the results of social media efforts and to help the organization to capitalize on the opportunities provided by these new media.
Destination management and information technology.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Sheldon P. J. , Fesenmaier D. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter examined the role of IT in destinations. It describes the importance of a DMS in destination management organization and the various dimensions that need to be considered in its design. It analyses how the web has changed the way tourists search for destination information using search engines and recommender systems and an array of Web 2.0 travel sites. The impact of social media both within the DMS and in other travel firms is explained, and the challenges that DMOs have in attracting visitors to their sites is explained. The need to train staff in new technologies and incorporate social media into their strategies is stressed. The chapter then explained how IT could be used for market research and data collection to assist the DMO in its market intelligence. Two very important responsibilities of DMOs in today's world are managing risk and crisis, and becoming learning destinations with all stakeholders connected. The chapter ends by explaining how IT can assist with both.
Sustainable tourism and information technology.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Sheldon P. J. , Fesenmaier D. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The process for tourism destinations and travel enterprises to become more sustainable requires constant education, monitoring and collaboration. This chapter has identified some of the technologies for environmental, cultural and economic sustainability, and the issues surrounding their implementation in the quest for sustainability. The advancement of networks for collaboration, to build social capital and environmental integrity are necessary for a destination to move more towards sustainability. Many applications of technology including the Internet, handheld devices, GPS, GIS, location-based services and environmental management systems, and how they can be harnessed to enhance destination sustainability, are described in this chapter. Technologies that educate tourists and assist them in making more sustainable and responsible choices are also important to reduce the negative impacts of tourism. More creative ways to use IT for sustainability goals in the future will undoubtedly emerge as systems become more intelligent and affordable.
Trends and developments: consumers' pursuit of happiness.
Authors: Rooijackers M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The experience economy no longer centres on products and services but on authentic emotions and experiences. Pine and Gilmore (2000) distinguish four economic stages, which are the agrarian economy, the industrial economy, the service economy and the experience economy. In the experience economy, aggregate experiences are pursued. Events in which the boundaries between the real and the virtual world are fading are consistent with this. All this is made possible by technological advancements. In this respect, co-creation is an interesting development too, with secret events as a distinctive component. The risk of a too great emphasis on experiences is that organizers sometimes raise too many expectations among potential critical visitors who want a true experience for their money. In positive psychology, with Martin Seligman as the leading spokesman, happiness is regarded as being enabling. In the future, the happiness economy - which is all about inspiring permanent changes in the lives of consumers - will gain ground as a fifth economic stage. The progression from experience economy to happiness economy presents opportunities for innovation. Events can be used, for instance, as a tool to promote social cohesion and personal well-being. The experience is no longer an isolated phenomenon, as it generates meaning and purpose. After a study of four possible scenarios for the future, this was also the challenge with which Rotterdam Festivals found itself confronted.