bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Grade Repetition on the Academic Performance of Infants and Primary Students
Authors: Kenny Dianna 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the effects of repetition on the academic performance of students in grades one to five. Subjects (n = 122) were all selected by their schools for repetition at the end of the school year. Of these, 74 repeated the grade and the remaining 48 proceeded to the next grade because these students' parents rejected the schools' recommendations to repeat their children. All children were pre- and post-tested on a range of standardized, class-based and criterion-referenced tests to determine the academic effects of repetition and promotion on students.Although the repeated group showed a significant improvement in place in grade, analysis of variance yielded very few differences between repeated and promoted students on the standardized academic measures, although trends favoured the promoted group. It was concluded that repetition is of limited benefit in enhancing academic performance, although the gains were sufficient to allow favourable comparisons of repeated students with their new peer groups, as measured by their place in grade, leading teachers to conclude that substantial improvements had occurred.
Biblical Influences on the Medieval and Early Modern English Law of Sanctuary
Authors: Field Teresa 
Published: August 2016

In Act Three of Shakespeare's King Richard III the Duke of Buckingham asks Cardinal Bourchier to try and persuade Elizabeth Woodville to release the young Duke of York from sanctuary at Westminster. In the event of such tactics failing, Buckingham wishes Lord Hastings to accompany the Cardinal to Westminster and ‘… from her jealous arms pluck him perforce.’ The Cardinal's initial reaction is one of horror:‘…if she be obdurateTo mild enteraties god in heaven forbidWe should infringe the holy privilgeOf blessed sanctuary not for all this landWould I be guilty of so deep a sin.’
What is the Place of Custom in English Canon Law?
Authors: Bursell Rupert 
Published: August 2016

It is now generally recognised that as a matter of history the canon law was applied, subject to variations by local custom, in pre-Reformation England just as much as throughout the rest of Western Christendom. Indeed such local variations were permitted by the canon law itself. As Professor Brooke concluded in The English Church and The Papacy From The Conquest To The Reign of King John:“The English Church recognised the same law as the rest of the Church; it possessed and used the same collections of Church law that were employed in the rest of the Church. There is no shred of evidence to show that the English Church in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was governed by laws selected by itself.”The same was also true until the Reformation.
Behavioral Manifestations of Frontal Lobe Seizures
Authors: Riggio Silvana 
Published: August 2016

Patients with seizure of frontal lobe origin can present with bizarre behavior. At times, this bizarre behavior can be unrecognized or confused with seizure of other origin with nonepileptic events or with psychiatric disorder.I recently saw a patient who began to experience events that were characterized by terrible fear which was followed by irritability. It was as if she could not stand in place where she was at and felt like running away. She was referred to a psychiatrist who diagnosed her to have panic disorder. She was subsequently treated for panic disorder. Her symptoms did not improve; therefore, she came to see me for a second opinion. Upon asking, the patient reported that the episodes were always the same and that they lasted approximately seconds to minutes. Due to the stereotypicity of the event and a normal routine electroencephalography (EEG), we requested that she would undergo a 24-hour video-monitoring EEG. Stereotypicity can help the physician in the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorder versus a seizure disorder. During 24-hour video-monitoring EEG, she experienced several of these events. Also, a computer tomography scan was performed, which showed a small meningioma in the orbital frontal region.
Cross-Cultural Studies and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Rapoport Judith L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDespite increased attention to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in recent years, relatively little work has focused on cross-cultural issues. This paper reports on current thinking in this area, and considers ways of advancing the field.An important theoretical distinction in medical anthropology is that between “disease” and “illness.” This distinction was employed to help review past cross-cultural studies of OCD and to consider further questions for empirical research. Several studies indicate that the medical disease of OCD is found in a range of cultures, with no apparent need for modification of diagnostic criteria. However, there is almost no work on how OCD as an illness—its subjective perception and experience—varies across cultures. Given the possibility that such variations may influence course and outcome, it is important to attend to them in future work. Further research on OCD needs to address unanswered questions about the epidemiology of the disease and to focus on neglected questions about variations in the subjective illness experience. Cross-cultural variations in illness experience are likely to lead to differences in the path of presentation, and may even result in variations in course and outcome.
Current Issues in Behavior and Cognitive Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Neziroglu Fugen , Hoffman Jonathan , Yaryura-Tobias Jose A. , Veale David , Cottraux Jean 
Published: August 2016

AbstractExposure and response prevention (ERP), a form of behavior therapy, is widely recognized as the most effective psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cognitive therapy (meaning rational emotive behavior therapy [REBT], or the Salkovskis model for this article) has received increased attention as an effective method for OCD treatment. These methods have renewed hope for patients suffering with what had long been thought to be a treatment refractory condition. Yet many important issues require further discussion and investigation. At the Second International Conference on OCD, which was held in Guadeloupe, February 14–16, 1996, the following issues were highlighted:1. Which psychotherapies are effective in the treatment of OCD?2. What psychological strategies may be used to increase patient motivation during treatment?3. Are relapse prevention strategies necessary after improvement?4. How do economic factors affect the use of behavior therapy? How is OCD treatment uniform or varying from specialty providers to mental health generalists to primary care physicians? How do self-administered and therapist-administered ERP compare?5. How does the efficacy of ERP or cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy (either alone or in combination) compare?6. Is ERP effective for complex forms of OCD?7. In OCD treatment, is medication compliance improved if ERP or cognitive therapy is also used, and vice versa? How does this affect relapse rates? In addition, can doses of medications be lowered with the addition of ERP or cognitive therapy?8. What is known about the brain function and biological changes associated with ERP and cognitive therapy?
Electrophysiology in Neuropsychiatric Research: A Network Perspective
Authors: Winterer Georg , Herrmann Werner M. , Coppola Richard 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTA growing number of anatomic and physiologic studies have shown that parallel sensory and motor information processing occurs in multiple cortical areas. These findings challenge the traditional model of brain processing, which states that the brain is a collection of physically discrete processing modules that pass information to each other by neuronal impulses in a stepwise manner. New concepts based on neural network models suggest that the brain is a dynamically shifting collection of interpenetrating, distributed, and transient neural networks. Neither of these models is necessarily mutually exclusive, but each gives different perspectives on the brain that might be complementary. Each model has its own research methodology, with functional magnetic resonance imaging supporting notions of modular processing, and electrophysiology (eg, electroencephalography) emphasizing the network model. These two technologies might be combined fruitfully in the near future to provide us with a better understanding of the brain. However, this common enterprise can succeed only when the inherent limitations and advantages of both models and technologies are known. After a general introduction about electrophysiology as a research tool and its relation to the network model, several practical examples are given on the generation of pathophysiologic models and disease classification, intermediate phenotyping for genetic investigations, and pharmacodynamic modeling. Finally, proposals are made about how to integrate electrophysiology and neuroimaging methods.
Predictors of Therapeutic Response to Treatments for Depression: A Review of Electrophysiologic and Dichotic Listening Studies
Authors: Bruder Gerard E. , Tenke Craig E. , Stewart Jonathan W. , McGrath Patrick J. , Quitkin Frederic M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThere are few clinical or biologic predictors of response to treatments for depression. This article reviews growing evidence that electrophysiologic and neurocognitive measures of brain function may be of value as predictors of therapeutic response to antidepressants. Initial studies using dichotic listening, quantitative electroencephalography, or event-related brain potential measures have found differences between treatment responsive and nonresponsive subgroups of depressed patients. The neurophysiologic basis for these differences and the potential clinical utility of electrophysiologic and dichotic predictors of treatment out come remain to be determined in future studies.
Effects of LY354740, a Novel Glutamatergic Metabotropic Agonist, on Nonhuman Primate Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Noradrenergic Function
Authors: Coplan Jeremy D. , Mathew Sanjay J. , Smith Eric L.P. , Trost Ronald C. , Scharf Bruce A. , Martinez Jose , Gorman Jack M. , Monn James A. , Schoepp Darryle D. , Rosenblum Leonard A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe search for novel anxiolytics and antidepressants has focused on compounds with the potential to reduce excessive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. L-glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter ubiquitously present within the central nervous system, conceivably plays an important role in activating the neural sites involved in stress modulation. Deactivation of the HPA axis by glutamatergic neurotransmission modulation may represent a novel therapeutic approach. Accordingly, the acute intravenous effects of the novel metabotropic (mGlu2/3) agonist LY354740 were tested on bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) undergoing acute infusions of yohimbine, a noradrenergic stimulant. Dependent measures were the magnitude of the increase of plasma cortisol and plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) customarily elicited by yohimbine. Next, the effects of 6 weeks of chronic oral administration of LY354740 on baseline (postcapture) plasma cortisol and MHPG levels in comparison to the identical measure in untreated controls were assessed. Subjects chronically treated with LY354740 received yohimbine infusions which were compared to yohimbine infusions and saline infusions in non-LY354740-treated subjects. Preliminary evidence supports the view that acute LY354740 infusion resulted in a marked diminution of yohimbine-induced stress response, as manifest by a substantial attenuation of cortisol and MHPG response observed in comparison to the saline-treated yohimbine condition. Chronic oral administration of LY354740 led to postcapture baseline cortisol levels which were markedly reduced (∼50%) in comparison to untreated control subjects; however, there were no significant parallel differences in MHPG levels. Yohimbine infusions elicited an increase in cortisol and MHPG levels in both LY354740-treated and non-LY354740-treated subjects, in comparison to declines in cortisol values observed following vehicle infusions (group X time interaction; P<.0001). Chronic LY354740-treated subjects failed to achieve cortisol levels comparable in range to those of untreated subjects primarily because of their low baseline cortisol levels. In contrast, despite equivalent baselines, yohimbine-induced MHPG values were increased overall in the chronically treated group compared to the saline and yohimbine-alone groups. Thus, LY354740 markedly reduced the acute corticoid and noradrenergic response elicited by yohimbine infusion. Chronic administration of LY354740 appears to present a safe and effective mechanism to markedly down-modulate the HPA axis while retaining noradrenergic responsivity.
Long-Term Cardiovascular Effects of Mixed Amphetamine Salts Extended Release in Adults With ADHD
Authors: Weisler Richard H. , Biederman Joseph , Spencer Thomas J. , Wilens Timothy E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjective: To assess long-term cardiovascular effects of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (MAS XR) in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) combined subtype.Methods: 223 otherwise healthy adults (≥18 years of age) with ADHD combined subtype were exposed to ≤24 months of MAS XR (20–60 mg/day). Resting sitting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressur (SBP) and pulse were measured at baseline and weekly, then monthly during long-term treatment. Twelve-lead electrocardiograms were obtained at screening/baseline, weekly, then at 3-and 6-month intervals up to 24 months.Findings: With MAS XR 20–60 mg/day, mean changes in DBP (1.3±9.2 mm Hg; P=.O42), SBP (2.3±12.5 mmHg; P=.OO6), and pulse (2.1±13.4 bpm; P=.019) were small and not clinically significant. A clinically insignificant increase in QTcB (corrected by Bazett's formula) interval (7.2 msec; P<.001) was observed at 24 months. No subject exhibited QTcB interval >480 msec (QTcF [corrected by Fridericia's formula] >454 msec). Seven subjects discontinued due to a car-diovascular adverse event (hypertension, n=5, palpitation/tachycardia, n=2); none of these events was reported as serious. Few subjects with normal baseline vital signs (using approved parameters at the time of study initiation) exhibited clinically significant abnormalities at end point; several subjects with borderline baseline values exhibited shifts to abnormal values during MAS XR therapy.Conclusion: Cardiovascular effects of long-term MAS XR (≤60 mg/day) were minimal in otherwise healthy adults with ADHD. Nevertheless, vital signs should be monitored prior to and during treatment with any stimulant.
ADHD in Adults — A Familiar Disease with Unfamiliar Challenges
Authors: Faraone Stephen V. 
Published: August 2016

What exactly is known today about the impact of the adult form of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in society?:In a recent study to examine the societal impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 500 patients diagnosed with ADHD and 501 participants with no substantial signs or symptoms of ADHD were studied. Subjects were asked several questions about their quality of life, employment, job satisfaction, and other aspects of their well-being and functionality. Income, which is an important marker for the degree of productivity for an individual in society, was also assessed. ADHD can profoundly affect the performance of individuals in the workplace (Slide 1), and this study found that having ADHD reduced an individual's income by an average of ∼$10,000 per year. If that loss of income is extrapolated to all adults in the United States who have ADHD, it suggests that the economy is losing around $70 billion a year to $115 billion a year in productivity, as measured by loss of income. The range was broad because different models with varying assumptions were applied to project income loss over time. Nevertheless, based on these numbers, it is reasonable to estimate that the population is losing ∼$100 billion annually in productivity due to ADHD.Income loss was found at all levels of education, but it was greatest among patients who had advanced degrees of education; so it seems that the disease may have a more pronounced impact on income among those in the higher income brackets.
Altered Immune Function In Autism
Authors: Delgiudice-Asch Gina , Hollander Eric 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent studies of the pathogenesis of autism have suggested that this disorder may have an autoimmune basis in some patients. Observations have been made regarding cellular and humoral immune dysfunction, abnormalities associated with the complement system and major histocompatibility complex gene expression, differences in soluble mediators of the immune response, and the presence of antibrain and antimyelin autoantibodies. In this article, we review these experimental and clinical observations, and examine preliminary efforts using immunomodulatory therapies to treat autism.
Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia and Implications of Atypical Neuroleptic Treatment
Authors: Harvey Philip D. , Keefe Richard S. E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCognitive impairment is considered a central feature of schizophrenia. Many aspects of cognition are impaired in schizophrenia. Careful evaluation of the relationship between cognitive impairment and the other symptoms of schizophrenia has revealed several important findings. In this article, we discuss these findings, the effects of typical neuroleptic therapy on cognitive impairment, and important issues to address in cognitive enhancement studies in schizophrenia.
Molecular Biology and Psychiatry: New Methodologies and Techniques
Authors: Marracci Silvia , Marazziti Donatella , Ori Michela , Nardi Irma 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMolecular biology techniques are used widely in the study of central nervous system structures and functions. The possibilities offered by such methodologies are attracting an increasing number of researchers for their versatility and for their promise to permit the investigation of different proteins, step by step, from gene transcription to posttranscriptional processes. Of particular interest is the study of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and catabolism of neurotransmitters, as well as neuroreceptors.Today, a general knowledge of such methods and of how they can be used in CNS studies is fundamental for psychiatrists, even if not directly involved in basic research, since it can be easily predicted that the next century will be characterized by an increasing application of these approaches to biological psychiatry. In this article, we describe gene expression methods and the aim of gene expression studies. We also present some general information on the various steps and techniques used for different purposes in biological psychiatry.
A Selective Pattern of Neuropsychological Dysfunction in Patients With Panic Disorder-Agoraphobia
Authors: Toni Cristina , Cappa Stefano , Perugi Giulio , Boldrini Maura , Frare Franco , Pedri Simone , Medda Pierpaolo , Cassano Giovanni B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe neuropsychological performance of 19 unmedicated patients with panic disorder (PD) was compared with 15 age- and education-matched control subjects. The test results indicate a selective pattern of neuropsychological dysfunctions in patients with PD, suggestive of an involvement of the right frontal and temporoparietal brain areas.
Is Lifetime Separation Anxiety a Manifestation of Panic Spectrum?
Authors: Fagiolini Andrea , Shear M. Katherine , Cassano Giovanni B. , Frank Ellen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSeparation anxiety has long been of interest in psychiatry. The term refers to both a phenomenon of normal psychological development and to the symptoms of a common childhood psychiatric disorder, classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Edition (ICD 10), as separation anxiety disorder. Available epidemiological studies suggest a prevalence rate of this disorder of about 4%. Treatment studies using cognitive behavioral therapy and/or medication are reported in the literature. There is also evidence that symptoms of separation anxiety may occur in adulthood, though this is far less widely known. We consider childhood and adult separation anxiety to be a component of panic spectrum, described in other papers of this issue.A small and somewhat confusing literature addresses the question of outcome of childhood separation anxiety disorder, with support for a weak association between childhood separation anxiety and adult panic disorder. We believe there is a suggestion of a stronger association of the childhood condition with persistence of a similar syndrome of adult separation anxiety. Symptoms of adult separation anxiety may be a manifestation of panic spectrum, as we suggest. Such symptoms may represent a separate, specific clinical entity, or symptomatic separation anxiety may occur as a manifestation of a range of Axis I disorders, and may respond to treatment of these disorders. In any case, we urge researchers and clinicians to begin to attend to the possibility that adult psychiatric patients may suffer from clinically significant symptoms of adult separation anxiety.
The Role of 5-HT1B/1D Receptors in the Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Waeber Christian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOf all known neurotransmitters, 5-HT is the one most frequently mentioned in the pathophysiology of migraine. This review focuses on the relationship between the efficacy of sumatriptan and other migraine agents and their effects on specific 5-HT receptors in rodent models. These agents are seen to have effects on vascular constriction and the release of vasoactive and inflammatory peptides from trigeminovascular sensory neurons. Specific subtypes of the 5-HT1 receptors appear to mediate these effects.
Pharmacology of 5-HT1AReceptors: Critical Aspects
Authors: Borsini Franco 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMyriad difficulties exist in analyzing the pharmacology of the serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor. The receptor may demonstrate a different activity depending on the tissue or species used for analysis, the agent used, laboratory conditions, and differences between in vitro and in vivo effects of compounds. Affinity for 5-HT receptors also varies widely, presenting difficulties in drawing definitive conclusions on affinity values for various compounds. At least two possibilities exist to explain the diversity of pharmacology of 5-HT receptors. First, it is possible that different 5-HT1Areceptor subtypes exist. Second, the 5-HT1Areceptors may play a far more complex role than previously believed.
Psychogenic Cough and Laryngeal Tics Involving Cough: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Gómez-Gil Esther , Sanz Pilar , Toro Josep , de Pablo Joan , Cirera Esteban 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present the case of a 27-year-old man treated unsuccessfully for 1 year for chronic cough, who was thought to suffer from psychogenic cough. Vocal tic was suspected by a liaison psychiatry service, and treatment with low-dose haloperidol was successful. This case suggests that more attention to tic syndromes is needed before qualifying persistent idiopathic cough as psychogenic.