bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in plastic
Authors: Shao Mingwu , Jiang Jie , Li Ming , Wu Lijie , Hu Mingzhu 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), heavily used as flame retardant in plastics, are harmful to environment and human health. It is of great importance for method development to determine PBDEs and PBBs in plastics. A review of developments on the analysis of PBDEs and PBBs in plastics is presented in this paper. The analytical procedures including sample pretreatment, extraction, clean-up/fractionation, and detection are carefully discussed. The drawbacks and merits of each method are summarized. The aim of this review is to improve the analytical accuracy, and precision for the determination of PBDEs and PBBs in plastics on the basis of the published papers.
Regulation of the MEI-1/MEI-2 Microtubule-Severing Katanin Complex in EarlyCaenorhabditis elegansDevelopment
Authors: Beard Sarah M , Smit Ryan B , Chan Benjamin G , Mains Paul E 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAfter fertilization, rapid changes of the Caenorhabditis elegans cytoskeleton occur in the transition from meiosis to mitosis, requiring precise regulation. The MEI-1/MEI-2 katanin microtubule-severing complex is essential for meiotic spindle formation but must be quickly inactivated to allow for proper formation of the mitotic spindle. MEI-1/MEI-2 inactivation is dependent on multiple redundant pathways. The primary pathway employs the MEL-26 substrate adaptor for the CUL-3/cullin-based E3 ubiquitin ligase, which targets MEI-1 for proteosomal degradation. Here, we used quantitative antibody staining to measure MEI-1 levels to determine how other genes implicated in MEI-1 regulation act relative to CUL-3/MEL-26. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome, APC/C, the DYRK (Dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase), MBK-2, and the CUL-2-based E3 ubiquitin ligase act together to degrade MEI-1, in parallel to MEL-26/CUL-3. CUL-2 is known to keep MEL-26 low during meiosis, so CUL-2 apparently changes its target from MEL-26 in meiosis to MEI-1 in mitosis. RFL-1, an activator of cullin E3 ubiquitin ligases, activates CUL-2 but not CUL-3 for MEI-1 elimination. HECD-1 (HECT/Homologous to the E6AP carboxyl terminus domain) E3 ligase acts as a MEI-1 activator in meiosis but functions as an inhibitor during mitosis, without affecting levels of MEI-1 or MEI-2. Our results highlight the multiple layers of MEI-1 regulation that are required during the switch from the meiotic to mitotic modes of cell division.
Global Fitness Profiling Identifies Arsenic and Cadmium Tolerance Mechanisms in Fission Yeast
Authors: Guo Lan , Ganguly Abantika , Sun Lingling , Suo Fang , Du Li-Lin , Russell Paul 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHeavy metals and metalloids such as cadmium [Cd(II)] and arsenic [As(III)] are widespread environmental toxicants responsible for multiple adverse health effects in humans. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying metal-induced cytotoxicity and carcinogenesis, as well as the detoxification and tolerance pathways, are incompletely understood. Here, we use global fitness profiling by barcode sequencing to quantitatively survey the Schizosaccharomyces pombe haploid deletome for genes that confer tolerance of cadmium or arsenic. We identified 106 genes required for cadmium resistance and 110 genes required for arsenic resistance, with a highly significant overlap of 36 genes. A subset of these 36 genes account for almost all proteins required for incorporating sulfur into the cysteine-rich glutathione and phytochelatin peptides that chelate cadmium and arsenic. A requirement for Mms19 is explained by its role in directing iron–sulfur cluster assembly into sulfite reductase as opposed to promoting DNA repair, as DNA damage response genes were not enriched among those required for cadmium or arsenic tolerance. Ubiquinone, siroheme, and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate biosynthesis were also identified as critical for Cd/As tolerance. Arsenic-specific pathways included prefoldin-mediated assembly of unfolded proteins and protein targeting to the peroxisome, whereas cadmium-specific pathways included plasma membrane and vacuolar transporters, as well as Spt–Ada–Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA) transcriptional coactivator that controls expression of key genes required for cadmium tolerance. Notable differences are apparent with corresponding screens in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, underscoring the utility of analyzing toxic metal defense mechanisms in both organisms.
Sporadic Gene Loss After Duplication Is Associated with Functional Divergence of Sirtuin Deacetylases Among Candida Yeast Species
Authors: Rupert Christopher B , Heltzel Justin M H , Taylor Derek J , Rusche Laura N 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Gene duplication promotes the diversification of protein functions in several ways. Ancestral functions can be partitioned between the paralogs, or a new function can arise in one paralog. These processes are generally viewed as unidirectional. However, paralogous proteins often retain related functions and can substitute for one another. Moreover, in the event of gene loss, the remaining paralog might regain ancestral functions that had been shed. To explore this possibility, we focused on the sirtuin deacetylase SIR2 and its homolog HST1 in the CTG clade of yeasts. HST1 has been consistently retained throughout the clade, whereas SIR2 is only present in a subset of species. These NAD+-dependent deacetylases generate condensed chromatin that represses transcription and stabilizes tandemly repeated sequences. By analyzing phylogenetic trees and gene order, we found that a single duplication of the SIR2/HST1 gene occurred, likely prior to the emergence of the CTG clade. This ancient duplication was followed by at least two independent losses of SIR2. Functional characterization of Sir2 and Hst1 in three species revealed that these proteins have not maintained consistent functions since the duplication. In particular, the rDNA locus is deacetylated by Sir2 in Candida albicans, by Hst1 in C. lusitaniae, and by neither paralog in C. parapsilosis. In addition, the subtelomeres in C. albicans are deacetylated by Sir2 rather than by Hst1, which is orthologous to the sirtuin associated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae subtelomeres. These differences in function support the model that sirtuin deacetylases can regain ancestral functions to compensate for gene loss.
Preservation Analysis of Macrophage Gene Coexpression Between Human and Mouse Identifies PARK2 as a Genetically Controlled Master Regulator of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Humans
Authors: Codoni Veronica , Blum Yuna , Civelek Mete , Proust Carole , Franzén Oscar ,   Cardiogenics Consortium,   IDEM Leducq Consortium CADGenomics, Björkegren Johan L M , Le Goff Wilfried , Cambien Francois , Lusis Aldons J , Trégouët David-Alexandre 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Macrophages are key players involved in numerous pathophysiological pathways and an in-depth characterization of their gene regulatory networks can help in better understanding how their dysfunction may impact on human diseases. We here conducted a cross-species network analysis of macrophage gene expression data between human and mouse to identify conserved networks across both species, and assessed whether such networks could reveal new disease-associated regulatory mechanisms. From a sample of 684 individuals processed for genome-wide macrophage gene expression profiling, we identified 27 groups of coexpressed genes (modules). Six modules were found preserved (P &lt; 10−4) in macrophages from 86 mice of the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel. One of these modules was significantly [false discovery rate (FDR) = 8.9 × 10−11] enriched for genes belonging to the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. This pathway was also found significantly (FDR &lt; 10−4) enriched in susceptibility genes for Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases. We further conducted an expression quantitative trait loci analysis to identify SNP that could regulate macrophage OXPHOS gene expression in humans. This analysis identified the PARK2 rs192804963 as a trans-acting variant influencing (minimal P-value = 4.3 × 10−8) the expression of most OXPHOS genes in humans. Further experimental work demonstrated that PARK2 knockdown expression was associated with increased OXPHOS gene expression in THP1 human macrophages. This work provided strong new evidence that PARK2 participates to the regulatory networks associated with oxidative phosphorylation and suggested that PARK2 genetic variations could act as a trans regulator of OXPHOS gene macrophage expression in humans.
Cryptic Genetic Variation for Arabidopsis thaliana Seed Germination Speed in a Novel Salt Stress Environment
Authors: Yuan Wei , Flowers Jonathan M , Sahraie Dustin J , Purugganan Michael D 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The expansion of species ranges frequently necessitates responses to novel environments. In plants, the ability of seeds to disperse to marginal areas relies in part to its ability to germinate under stressful conditions. Here we examine the genetic architecture of Arabidopsis thaliana germination speed under a novel, saline environment, using an Extreme QTL (X-QTL) mapping platform we previously developed. We find that early germination in normal and salt conditions both rely on a QTL on the distal arm of chromosome 4, but we also find unique QTL on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, and 5 that are specific to salt stress environments. Moreover, different QTLs are responsible for early vs. late germination, suggesting a temporal component to the expression of life history under these stress conditions. Our results indicate that cryptic genetic variation exists for responses to a novel abiotic stress, which may suggest a role of such variation in adaptation to new climactic conditions or growth environments.
Evaluation of Ligand-Inducible Expression Systems for Conditional Neuronal Manipulations of Sleep inDrosophila
Authors: Li Qiuling , Stavropoulos Nicholas 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDrosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for dissecting the molecular mechanisms that regulate sleep, and numerous studies in the fly have identified genes that impact sleep–wake cycles. Conditional genetic analysis is essential to distinguish the mechanisms by which these genes impact sleep: some genes might exert their effects developmentally, for instance by directing the assembly of neuronal circuits that regulate sleep; other genes may regulate sleep in adulthood; and yet other genes might influence sleep by both developmental and adult mechanisms. Here we have assessed two ligand-inducible expression systems, Geneswitch and the Q-system, for conditional and neuronally restricted manipulations of sleep in Drosophila. While adult-specific induction of a neuronally expressed Geneswitch transgene (elav-GS) is compatible with studies of sleep as shown previously, developmental induction of elav-GS strongly and nonspecifically perturbs sleep in adults. The alterations of sleep in elav-GS animals occur at low doses of Geneswitch agonist and in the presence of transgenes unrelated to sleep, such as UAS-CD8-GFP. Furthermore, developmental elav-GS induction is toxic and reduces brood size, indicating multiple adverse effects of neuronal Geneswitch activation. In contrast, the transgenes and ligand of the Q-system do not significantly impact sleep–wake cycles when used for constitutive, developmental, or adult-specific neuronal induction. The nonspecific effects of developmental elav-GS activation on sleep indicate that such manipulations require cautious interpretation, and suggest that the Q-system or other strategies may be more suitable for conditional genetic analysis of sleep and other behaviors in Drosophila.
Seizure Suppression by High Temperature via cAMP Modulation inDrosophila
Authors: Saras Arunesh , Tanouye Mark A 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBang-sensitive (BS) Drosophila mutants display characteristic seizure-like activity (SLA) and paralysis after mechanical shock . After high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) of the brain, they generate robust seizures at very low threshold voltage. Here we report an important phenomenon, which effectively suppresses SLA in BS mutants. High temperature causes seizure suppression in all BS mutants (parabss1, eas, sda) examined in this study. This effect is fully reversible and flies show complete recovery from BS paralysis once the temperature effect is nullified. High temperature induces an increase in seizure threshold after a brief pulse of heat shock (HS). By genetic screening, we identified the involvement of cAMP in the suppression of seizures by high temperature. We propose that HS induces adenylyl cyclase which in turn increases cAMP concentration which eventually suppresses seizures in mutant flies. In summary, we describe an unusual phenomenon, where high temperature can suppress SLA in flies by modulating cAMP concentration.
Growth Coordination During Drosophila melanogaster Imaginal Disc Regeneration Is Mediated by Signaling Through the Relaxin Receptor Lgr3 in the Prothoracic Gland
Authors: Jaszczak Jacob S , Wolpe Jacob B , Bhandari Rajan , Jaszczak Rebecca G , Halme Adrian 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Damage to Drosophila melanogaster imaginal discs activates a regeneration checkpoint that (1) extends larval development and (2) coordinates the regeneration of the damaged disc with the growth of undamaged discs. These two systemic responses to damage are both mediated by Dilp8, a member of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor/relaxin family of peptide hormones, which is released by regenerating imaginal discs. Growth coordination between regenerating and undamaged imaginal discs is dependent on Dilp8 activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the prothoracic gland (PG), which slows the growth of undamaged discs by limiting ecdysone synthesis. Here we demonstrate that the Drosophila relaxin receptor homolog Lgr3, a leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor, is required for Dilp8-dependent growth coordination and developmental delay during the regeneration checkpoint. Lgr3 regulates these responses to damage via distinct mechanisms in different tissues. Using tissue-specific RNA-interference disruption of Lgr3 expression, we show that Lgr3 functions in the PG upstream of NOS, and is necessary for NOS activation and growth coordination during the regeneration checkpoint. When Lgr3 is depleted from neurons, imaginal disc damage no longer produces either developmental delay or growth inhibition. To reconcile these discrete tissue requirements for Lgr3 during regenerative growth coordination, we demonstrate that Lgr3 activity in both the CNS and PG is necessary for NOS activation in the PG following damage. Together, these results identify new roles for a relaxin receptor in mediating damage signaling to regulate growth and developmental timing.
The Four-Sided Triangle of Ethics in Bioprospecting: Pharmaceutical Business, International Politics, Socio-Environmental Responsibility and the Importance of Local Stakeholders
Authors: Rose Janna , Quave Cassandra L , Islam Gazi 
Published: August 2016

Bioprospecting, a vital step in the pharmaceutical production process, is also one of the most controversial and socially complex aspects in the pharmaceutical industry. The current conceptual paper reviews and theorizes this controversial sector by laying out the key elements of social, political and economic conflict involved in bioprospecting, from the point of view of the diverse stakeholders involved in the activity. First, we discuss the bioprospecting phenomenon as a high-risk, initial-stage research and development (R&D) activity that involves ethical, legal and economic uncertainties. After describing these uncertainties, we show how they are exacerbated by the unique cognitive frames that the main actors in this area – private companies, government actors, social and environmental activists, and local communities – use in framing the motives, norms, and rights surrounding bioprospecting. Juxtaposing actors in this way allows an opening for potential dialogue among the different stakeholders, and we follow our exposition by sketching a model for increased cooperation. Our model highlights the unique contributions of each actor, suggesting that a socially responsible form of natural resource use can promote both local and global benefits. Lastly, we discuss how bioprospecting can be utilized as a key tool in ethnobiological conservation efforts by aiding local stakeholders in the creation of economic value for their traditional knowledge and environmental assets.
Nationalities in a Class War: «Foreign» Soldiers in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War
Authors: Whitewood Peter 
Published: August 2016

Nationalities in a Class War: «Foreign» Soldiers in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War This article examines Bolshevik attitudes towards the «foreign» soldiers who served in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. It focuses on the treatment of non-Russian soldiers from Europe and Asia, as well as the national minorities of the former Russian Empire, by the Bolshevik Party elite, the Red Army leadership and the political police. It concludes that while «foreign» soldiers were recognised for bringing professionalism to the newly formed and disorganised Red Army, these troops were never properly integrated into the ranks, even though class position assumed greater significance than nationality during the Russian Civil War. The soldiers continued to be faced with the same barriers to integration that had existed under the Russian Imperial Regime. Finally, the article argues that the Bolsheviks’ early experience of using «foreign» soldiers in the Red Army influenced the evolution of Soviet national policy and played a part in the shift towards Russification under Iosef Stalin.
Recognition, Immigration and Divergent Expectations: The Reception of Foreign Volunteers in Israel during and after the Wars of 1948 and 1967
Authors: Arielli Nir 
Published: August 2016

Recognition, Immigration and Divergent Expectations: The Reception of Foreign Volunteers in Israel during and after the Wars of 1948 and 1967 This article examines two instances where thousands of foreigners - predominantly, though not exclusively, Jews - offered their services to the Israeli state in the context of a military conflict. It assesses wartime encounters between the volunteers and their Israeli hosts in 1948 and 1967. After each of these conflicts, the state sought to incorporate as many foreign volunteers as possible into Israeli society. However, the majority of the volunteers saw their mobilisation as temporary and chose to return to their countries of origin. Furthermore, they expected the Israelis to do more to acknowledge their contribution. Yet, as the article shows, official recognition emerged gradually over the course of several decades.
Risk Factors of Transient Early Wheezing in Infants below 2 years in Fayoum City
Authors: Esam Eldin Gad-El-Rab Ahmad  , Hanaa Hassan Mahmoud El-Dash  , Ashraf Sayed Kamel  
Published: August 2016

The three different phenotypes of wheezing in infants and children are transient early wheezing, non-atopic preschool wheezing and atopic or asthmatic wheezing. Early transient wheezers suffer from wheezing only during the first two years of life due to small airways caliber being more likely to narrow and obstruct. The main phenomena are the absence of personal history and/or family of atopy, so they are born with lung deficiency. Transient early wheezing to represent about 60% among children. There are many risk factors, which predispose to transient early wheezing such as: maternal complications during pregnancy, type of delivery, type of feeding during infancy, overweight infants, passive smoking and day care attendance during infancy. The previous risk factors were studied well in many developed countries but not in our communities including Egypt. Study these risk factors among infants between two months and two years of age and this is the first study done for this common problem among Egyptian children. The study included 160 infants between 2 months and two years, 80 of them were diagnosed as TEW (group 1) and another 80 healthy infants as a control group. Infants were subjected to the following: Detailed history with special emphasize on gestational age -infant gender-infant weight-prenatal and natal history- history of smoking in family- type of delivery -type of feeding. History of recurrent wheezing, need for hospitalization. Full Clinical Examination 3-Investigations: chest x ray and Laboratory tests: Full picture analysis and IgE total enzyme assay. The study revealed that TEW was encountered with large percentage among infants with history of: maternal disease during pregnancy (diabetes, hypertension and urinary tract infection), caesarian section delivery, over weight infants, family history of smoking, artificial feeding, consuming cow milk during first year of life and attendance to daycare during infancy. Overweight is a new risk factor that was observed in our study. Most of the noted risk factors are similar to that reported in studies done in developed countries in addition to overweight infants are associated.
Hematoma of the Flexor Tendon Sheath Mimicking Acute Septic Tenosynovitis
Authors: Slaughter Jonathan B. , Pulos Nicholas , Lim Daniel P. , Bozentka David J. 
Published: August 2016

Case:
We report a case of a 65-year-old woman receiving chronic anticoagulation who presented with acute onset of severe long finger pain and was supratherapeutic on Coumadin. Her examination was consistent with early septic flexor tenosynovitis. She was treated with antibiotics and tendon sheath incision and drainage. Intraoperatively, she was found to have a hematoma in the flexor tendon sheath with no purulence. Her symptoms resolved with decompression. After 2 months, she had regained full range of motion with no deficits.

Conclusion:
Flexor tendon sheath hematoma warrants consideration in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with the signs and symptoms of acute septic flexor tenosynovitis.
Large Skin Ulcer Due to a Subcutaneous Orthopaedic Implant After Bevacizumab Therapy
Authors: Suehara Yoshiyuki , Osawa Hideomi , Kubota Daisuke , Kato Shunsuke , Akaike Keisuke , Tanabe Yu , Saito Tsuyoshi , Kaneko Kazuo 
Published: August 2016

Case:
Bevacizumab is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor that is involved in the inhibition of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. We report the case of a patient who developed a severe skin ulcer at the site of the surgical incision 5 years after clavicular fracture fixation with a titanium plate. This ulcer represents an adverse event of bevacizumab therapy for sigmoid colon cancer.

Conclusion:
Bevacizumab therapy is widely used, particularly for the treatment of metastatic colon cancer and other solid tumors, although it is associated with several adverse events, including delayed wound-healing and skin ulcers. However, to our knowledge, orthopaedic-related adverse events have not previously been reported.