bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The paleoclimate context and future trajectory of extreme summer hydroclimate in eastern Australia
Authors: Cook Benjamin I. , Palmer Jonathan G. , Cook Edward R. , Turney Chris S. M. , Allen Kathryn , Fenwick Pavla , O'Donnell Alison , Lough Janice M. , Grierson Pauline F. , Ho Michelle , Baker Patrick J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEastern Australia recently experienced an intense drought (Millennium Drought, 2003–2009) and record‐breaking rainfall and flooding (austral summer 2010–2011). There is some limited evidence for a climate change contribution to these events, but such analyses are hampered by the paucity of information on long‐term natural variability. Analyzing a new reconstruction of summer (December–January–February) Palmer Drought Severity Index (the Australia‐New Zealand Drought Atlas; ANZDA, 1500–2012 Common Era), we find moisture deficits during the Millennium Drought fall within the range of the last 500 years of natural hydroclimate variability. This variability includes periods of multidecadal drought in the 1500s more persistent than any event in the historical record. However, the severity of the Millennium Drought, which was caused by autumn (March‐April‐May) precipitation declines, may be underestimated in the ANZDA because the reconstruction is biased toward summer and antecedent spring (September‐October‐November) precipitation. The pluvial in 2011, however, which was characterized by extreme summer rainfall faithfully captured by the ANZDA, is likely the wettest year in the reconstruction for Coastal Queensland. Climate projections (Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 scenario) suggest that eastern Australia will experience long‐term drying during the 21st century. While the contribution of anthropogenic forcing to recent extremes remains an open question, these projections indicate an amplified risk of multiyear drought anomalies matching or exceeding the intensity of the Millennium Drought.
Transport of chemical tracers from the boundary layer to stratosphere associated with the dynamics of the Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Pan Laura L. , Honomichl Shawn B. , Kinnison Douglas E. , Abalos Marta , Randel William J. , Bergman John W. , Bian Jianchun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractChemical transport associated with the dynamics of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) system is investigated using model output from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model run in specified dynamics mode. The 3‐D day‐to‐day behavior of modeled carbon monoxide is analyzed together with dynamical fields and transport boundaries to identify preferred locations of uplifting from the boundary layer, the role of subseasonal‐scale dynamics in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), and the relationship of ASM transport and the stratospheric residual circulation. The model simulation of CO shows the intraseasonal east‐west oscillation of the anticyclone may play an essential role in transporting convectively pumped boundary layer pollutants in the UTLS. A statistical analysis of 11 year CO also shows that the southern flank of the Tibetan plateau is a preferred location for boundary layer tracers to be lofted to the tropopause region. The vertical structure of a model tracer (E90) further shows that the rapid ASM vertical transport is only effective up to the tropopause level (around 400 K). The efficiency of continued vertical transport into the deep stratosphere is limited by the slow ascent associated with the zonal‐mean residual circulation in the lower stratosphere during northern summer. Quasi‐isentropic transport near the 400 K potential temperature level is likely the most effective process for ASM anticyclone air to enter the stratosphere.
An overview of the 29 May 2012 Kingfisher supercell during DC3
Authors: DiGangi E. A. , MacGorman D. R. , Ziegler C. L. , Betten D. , Biggerstaff M. , Bowlan M. , Potvin C. K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOn 29–30 May 2012, the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment observed a supercell thunderstorm on the southern end of a broken line of severe storms in Oklahoma. This study focuses on an approximately 70 min period during which three mobile Doppler radars operated and a balloon‐borne electric field meter, radiosonde, and particle imager flew through the storm. An overview of the relationships among flash rates, very high frequency (VHF) source densities, and Doppler‐radar‐derived storm parameters is presented. Furthermore, the evolution of the flash distribution relative to the midlevel storm's kinematics and microphysics is examined at two times during a period of rapid storm intensification. The timing of increases in VHF counts in the 8–10 km above ground level (agl) layer, which contained the largest VHF source counts, is similar to the timing of increases in updraft mass flux, in updraft volume, and in graupel volume at approximately 5–9 km agl. Although some increases in VHF source counts had little or no corresponding increase in one or more of the other storm parameters, at least one other parameter had an increase near the time of every VHF increase, a pattern which suggests a common dependence on updraft pulses, as expected from the noninductive graupel‐ice electrification mechanism. A classic bounded weak lightning region was observed initially during storm intensification, but late in the period it appeared to be due to a wake in the flow around the updraft, rather than due to a precipitation cascade around the updraft core as is usually observed.
Simultaneous retrieval of aerosol optical thickness and chlorophyll concentration from multiwavelength measurement over East China Sea
Authors: Shi Chong , Nakajima Teruyuki , Hashimoto Makiko 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA flexible inversion algorithm is proposed for simultaneously retrieving aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and surface chlorophyll a (Chl) concentration from multiwavelength observation over the ocean. In this algorithm, forward radiation calculation is performed by an accurate coupled atmosphere‐ocean model with a comprehensive bio‐optical ocean module. Then, a full‐physical nonlinear optimization approximation approach is used to retrieve AOT and Chl. For AOT retrieval, a global three‐dimensional spectral radiation‐transport aerosol model is used as the a priori constraint to increase the retrieval accuracy of aerosol. To investigate the algorithm's availability, the retrieval experiment is conducted using simulated radiance data to demonstrate that the relative errors in simultaneously determining AOT and Chl can be mostly controlled to within 10% using multiwavelength and angle covering in and out of sunglint. Furthermore, the inversion results are assessed using the actual satellite observation data obtained from Cloud and Aerosol Imager (CAI)/Greenhouse gas Observation SATellite GOSAT and MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Aqua instruments through comparison to Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol and ocean color (OC) products over East China Sea. Both the retrieved AOT and Chl compare favorably to the reported AERONET values, particularly when using the CASE 2 ocean module in turbid water, even when the retrieval is performed in the presence of high aerosol loading and sunglint. Finally, the CAI and MODIS images are used to jointly retrieve the spatial distribution of AOT and Chl in comparison to the MODIS AOT and OC products.
Magnetic anomalies in the Imbrium and Schrödinger impact basins: Orbital evidence for persistence of the lunar core dynamo into the Imbrian epoch
Authors: Hood L. L. , Spudis P. D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractApproximate maps of the lunar crustal magnetic field at low altitudes in the vicinities of the three Imbrian‐aged impact basins, Orientale, Schrödinger, and Imbrium, have been constructed using Lunar Prospector and Kaguya orbital magnetometer data. Detectable anomalies are confirmed to be present well within the rims of Imbrium and Schrödinger. Anomalies in Schrödinger are asymmetrically distributed about the basin center, while a single isolated anomaly is most clearly detected within Imbrium northwest of Timocharis crater. The subsurface within these basins was heated to high temperatures at the time of impact and required long time periods (up to 1 Myr) to cool below the Curie temperature for metallic iron remanence carriers (1043 K). Therefore, consistent with laboratory analyses of returned samples, a steady, long‐lived magnetizing field, i.e., a former core dynamo, is inferred to have existed when these basins formed. The asymmetrical distribution within Schrödinger suggests partial demagnetization by later volcanic activity when the dynamo field was much weaker or nonexistent. However, it remains true that anomalies within Imbrian‐aged basins are much weaker than those within most Nectarian‐aged basins. The virtual absence of anomalies within Orientale where impact melt rocks (the Maunder Formation) are exposed at the surface is difficult to explain unless the dynamo field was much weaker during the Imbrian period.
Thermal structure of proglacial lakes in Patagonia
Authors: Sugiyama Shin , Minowa Masahiro , Sakakibara Daiki , Skvarca Pedro , Sawagaki Takanobu , Ohashi Yoshihiko , Naito Nozomu , Chikita Kazuhisa 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCalving glaciers are rapidly retreating in many regions under the influence of ice‐water interactions at the glacier front. In contrast to the numerous researches conducted on fjords in front of tidewater glaciers, very few studies have been reported on lakes in which freshwater calving glaciers terminate. To better understand ice‐water interactions at the front of freshwater calving glaciers, we measured lakewater temperature, turbidity, and bathymetry near Glaciar Perito Moreno, Upsala, and Viedma, large calving glaciers of the Southern Patagonia Icefield. The thermal structures of these lakes were significantly different from those reported in glacial fjords. There was no indication of upwelling subglacial meltwater; instead, turbid and cold glacial water discharge filled the region near the lake bottom. This was because water density was controlled by suspended sediment concentrations rather than by water temperature. Near‐surface wind‐driven circulation reaches a depth of ~180 m, forming a relatively warm isothermal layer (mean temperature of ~5–6°C at Perito Moreno, ~3–4°C at Upsala, and ~6–7°C at Viedma), which should convey heat energy to the ice‐water interface. However, the deeper part of the glacier front is in contact with stratified cold water, implying a limited amount of melting there. In the lake in front of Glaciar Viedma, the region deeper than 120 m was filled entirely with turbid and very cold water at pressure melting temperature. Our results revealed a previously unexplored thermal structure of proglacial lakes in Patagonia, suggesting its importance in the subaqueous melting of freshwater calving glaciers.
Interactions among vegetation, climate, and herbivory control greenhouse gas fluxes in a subarctic coastal wetland
Authors: Kelsey K. C. , Leffler A. J. , Beard K. H. , Schmutz J. A. , Choi R. T. , Welker J. M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHigh‐latitude ecosystems are experiencing the most rapid climate changes globally, and in many areas these changes are concurrent with shifts in patterns of herbivory. Individually, climate and herbivory are known to influence biosphere‐atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange; however, the interactive effects of climate and herbivory in driving GHG fluxes have been poorly quantified, especially in coastal systems that support large populations of migratory waterfowl. We investigated the magnitude and the climatic and physical controls of GHG exchange within the Yukon‐Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska across four distinct vegetation communities formed by herbivory and local microtopography. Net CO2flux was greatest in the ungrazedCarexmeadow community (3.97 ± 0.58 [SE] µmol CO2 m−2 s−1), but CH4flux was greatest in the grazed community (14.00 ± 6.56 nmol CH4 m−2 s−1). The grazed community is also the only vegetation type where CH4was a larger contributor than CO2to overall GHG forcing. We found that vegetation community was an important predictor of CO2and CH4exchange, demonstrating that variation in regional gas exchange is best explained when the effect of grazing, determined by the difference between grazed and ungrazed communities, is included. Further, we identified an interaction between temperature and vegetation community, indicating that grazed regions could experience the greatest increases in CH4emissions with warming. These results suggest that future GHG fluxes could be influenced by both climate and by changes in herbivore population dynamics that expand or contract the vegetation community most responsive to future temperature change.
Experimental tests of truncated diffusion in fault damage zones
Authors: Suzuki Anna , Hashida Toshiyuki , Li Kewen , Horne Roland N. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFault zones affect the flow paths of fluids in groundwater aquifers and geological reservoirs. Fault‐related fracture damage decreases to background levels with increasing distance from the fault core according to a power law. This study investigated mass transport in such a fault‐related structure using nonlocal models. A column flow experiment is conducted to create a permeability distribution that varies with distance from a main conduit. The experimental tracer response curve is preasymptotic and implies subdiffusive transport, which is slower than the normal Fickian diffusion. If the surrounding area is a finite domain, an upper truncated behavior in tracer response (i.e., exponential decline at late times) is observed. The tempered anomalous diffusion (TAD) model captures the transition from subdiffusive to Fickian transport, which is characterized by a smooth transition from power‐law to an exponential decline in the late‐time breakthrough curves.
Genetic Futures and the Media
Authors: Jensen Eric , Price Catherine 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Today, public debate over genetic futures takes place within a new societal context. There is a greater emphasis from policymakers on promoting engagement between sciences and public, and mass media play a key role in this shifting relationship. Media representations of genetic futures are often subject to both positive and negative hypes. This tendency towards ‘genohype’ results from the economic imperative of journalistic and entertainment media production. Moreover, symbolic representations from science fiction continue to influence mainstream news coverage of genetics, present and future and can be effectively used to communicate complex scientific findings. However, social media are altering how audiences engage with discussions concerning genetics. The ways in which media representations of genetic futures influence audiences are only partially known; however, it is clear that there is a complex negotiation between existing attitudes, knowledge and values and the messages communicated about genetic futures by both factual and fictional media.

Key Concepts

Media coverage of genetic futures takes place within a new context for sciences–society relations.

The conventional ‘fact/fiction’ division cannot be consistently upheld in media representations of genetic futures, given the considerable traffic of symbols and ideas across this divide.

The production of media representations of genetic futures relies on information subsidies including press releases, news conferences and other methods of communicating institutionally preferred public relations information directly to the media.

Journalists infer meanings from science fiction literature and films to frame genetic futures news.

Social media enables individuals to share information and discuss genetic futures thereby contributing to the media landscape.

Media can raise the salience of particular issues or aspects of the implications of genetic research, but they cannot consistently or straightforwardly change the opinions that public hold.
Cornification of the Skin: A Non‐apoptotic Cell Death Mechanism
Authors: Candi Eleonora , Knight Richard A , Panatta Emanuele , Smirnov Artem , Melino Gerry 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

The most important function of the epidermis is to form a barrier against the environment by means of several layers of terminally differentiated, dead keratinocytes, the cornified envelope (CE). CEs consist of keratins enclosed within an insoluble amalgam of proteins and lipids. Transglutaminase enzymes catalyse the formation of characteristic cross‐links between structural proteins to form the protein part of the CE. Another form of cell death, which has a completely different molecular mechanism and physiological significance, also occurs in the skin: apoptosis. Defects of apoptosis are related to the development of cancer, whereas CE abnormalities are associated with barrier abnormalities and ichthyosis.

Key Concepts

Keratinocyte apoptosis (occurring in basal layer) is an active and rapid, energy‐dependent, gene‐directed biochemical pathway of defensive cell death that does not require
de novo
protein synthesis and preserves plasma membrane.

Cornification, the keratinocyte differentiation programme (occurring in upper layer), is a slow, coordinated process in space and time that allows the formation of a dead cells (corneocytes) layer to create a physical barrier for the skin.

The stratum corneum is composed of tightly attached corneocytes with mostly keratin intermediate filaments (KIF) embedded into a filaggrin matrix.

The structural proteins of the CE, including involucrin, loricrin, trichohyalin and the class of small proline‐rich proteins (SPRs), constitute about 7–10% of the mass of the epidermis that with a complex series of lipids, ceramides, forms the complete barrier.

Transglutaminases are Ca
2+
‐dependent enzymes that catalyse the formation of
N
ϵ
‐(γ‐glutamyl)lysine bonds between CE structural proteins to confer the characteristic resistance and insolubility to the skin.

The junctions responsible for intercellular adhesion and for cohesion of the stratum corneum of the epidermis are two types: (1) the adherence junctions (connecting the actin cytoskeleton of neighbouring cells); (2) desmosomes (connecting the keratin filament cytoskeleton of adjacent cells).

Proteases are involved in at least three processes in skin differentiation. First, certain cornified‐envelope precursors require proteolytic processing before cornified‐envelope formation occurs. Second, the loss of nuclei and mitochondria requires proteolytic processing. Third, desquamation requires proteolysis of the corneodesmosomes.
Molecular Genetics of Eating Disorders
Authors: Munn‐Chernoff Melissa A , Yilmaz Zeynep , Lin Stacy , Baker Jessica H 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Eating disorders are serious psychiatric disorders that have a significant genetic component. Despite recognising this, researchers have yet to identify the specific genetic factors involved in their aetiology. Early methods, including candidate gene association studies, suggested that genetic factors in the serotonin and dopamine systems, as well as the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene, were relevant. However, sample sizes for many of these studies were small (<1000 individuals) and nonreplication frequently occurred. Furthermore, modern genomic approaches, including genome‐wide association studies of thousands of individuals, have been underpowered to detect true genomic signals. Information gleaned from large‐scale genetic studies of other psychiatric and medical disorders indicate that even larger sample sizes (∼20 000 individuals), as well as use of emerging genomic approaches [e.g. polygenic risk score, copy number variation, epigenetics, RNA (ribonucleic acid) sequencing and high‐throughput DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequencing], in combination with environmental risk factors, are needed to fully elucidate the aetiology of eating disorders.

Key Concepts

Eating disorders have demonstrated a significant genetic component.

Candidate gene studies have found associations between eating disorders and genetic markers in a few genes; however, these have not been consistently replicated.

To date, genome‐wide association studies have only been conducted for anorexia nervosa.

Contemporary genomic approaches, such as polygenic risk scores and epigenetics, are rapidly becoming areas of focus.

Information gathered from these genetic studies must eventually be combined with environmental risk factors in order to provide a comprehensive picture of aetiological risk for eating disorders.
Ecological and Organismic Effects of Light Pollution
Authors: Longcore Travis , Rich Catherine 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Since the invention of the electric light bulb in 1879, a significant portion of the planet has been transformed from experiencing a natural pattern of light and dark determined by the sun, moon, stars and occasional other transient lights to being subjected to intermittent and perpetual illumination from human civilisation that is unprecedented in the history of Earth. The pervasiveness of this phenomenon and its exponential growth has measurable and significant consequences for living organisms. The results of recent research have extended knowledge about the geographic scope and specific impacts of artificial night lighting on animal behaviour, physiological processes and ecological interactions across a range of taxa and its broader ecosystem effects.

Key Concepts

Artificial lighting alters natural patterns of light and dark over large areas of Earth's surface.

Most species have circadian rhythms that are entrained by cycles of light and dark that can be affected by artificial lighting.

Organisms vary widely in their perception of intensity and wavelengths of light; what is perceived as ‘dark’ by humans may be bright to another species.

Many species specialise in activities in particular lighting conditions (either day versus night or illumination levels during a month or during the course of a night) and this temporal partitioning can be disrupted by artificial lighting.

Nocturnal processes of repair and recovery, including production of essential hormones such as melatonin, can be interrupted by artificial night lighting.

Decisions to forage at night are related to lighting levels; species weigh the risk of predation against need to seek food.

Additional light at night tends to favour predators, except when groups of prey species, such as a flock of birds or a school of fish, exhibit a communal vigilance for predators.

Artificial lighting can interfere with spatial orientation of organisms, resulting in direct mortality or unnecessary movements (e.g. migrating birds, hatchling sea turtles, insects at lights).

Adverse effects of artificial night lighting can be reduced through careful consideration of need, spectrum, intensity, direction and duration of light used.