bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammaglobin and DOG‐1 expression in polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma: an appraisal of its origin and morphology
Authors: Montalli Victor Angelo Martins , Passador‐Santos Fabricio , Martinez Elizabeth Ferreira , Furuse Cristiane , Aguiar Maria Cássia , Soares Fernando Augusto , Soares Andresa Borges , Brown Amy Louise , de Araújo Ney Soares , de Araújo Vera Cavalcanti 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundPolymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) remains a diagnostic challenge for most pathologists due to its large spectrum of histological patterns. In this study, the expression of two new markers recently described for salivary gland tumors was studied in PLGA.MethodsThe morphology of 33 cases of PLGA was carefully evaluated using hematoxylin‐and‐eosin‐stained sections and confirmed by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 7, vimentin, and S‐100. Periodic acid–Schiff with diastase digestion was also used. The expression of mammaglobin and DOG‐1 was carried out using the EnVision System. Mammaglobin was assessed according to the percentage of positively stained tumor cells, while DOG‐1 was evaluated according to its presence and site. For MCM‐2 and Ki‐67, markers of proliferation, the labeling index of cell nuclei positivity was evaluated using total cell number. The ETV6‐NTRK3 fusion was examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis.ResultsThe histological patterns of the tumor were classified as lobular or non‐lobular. For the non‐lobular pattern, tubular, cribriform, glomeruliform, trabecular, and papillary patterns were observed. Mammaglobin was present in all PLGA cases, and its expression was stronger (P = 0.01) in the lobular than in the non‐lobular pattern. The expression of DOG‐1 was present in the apical portion and cytoplasm of the cells. Proliferation markers were low for all cases independent of histological pattern.ConclusionsPolymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma has been confirmed to originate from the intercalated duct and to feature high expression of mammaglobin in its lobular pattern resembling that of mammary secretory analogue carcinoma, except for the ETV6 gene rearrangement.
Non‐cannibalistic tumor cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma can express phagocytic markers
Authors: Sarode Sachin C. , Sarode Gargi S. , Chuodhari Shakira , Patil Shankargouda 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundCD68 and lysozyme expression in cannibalistic tumor cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is well established. Transformation of cancer cells into cannibalistic cells is a process involving sequential events. Initial event could be genetic expression of proteins that is required for execution of cannibalism. Hence, it is quite possible that some non‐cannibalistic tumor cells can also show expression of cannibalistic markers (CD68 and lysozyme).MethodologyFormalin‐fixed tissues of 30 OSCC cases with cellular cannibalism (CC) (positive control), 30 OSCC cases without CC, and 17 normal oral epithelium specimens (negative control) were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for CD68 and lysozyme expression.ResultsOSCC with CC showed CD68 and lysozyme expression in 30 (100%) cases each {CD68: [weak: 21 (70%), strong: 9 (30%)]; lysozyme: [weak: 24 (80%), strong: 6 (20%)]}. In OSCCs without CC, CD68‐positive tumor cells were present in 13 (43.33%) cases [weak: 10 (33.33%); strong: 3 (10%)] and lysozyme expression was present in 13 (43.33%) cases [weak: 12 (40%); strong: 1 (3.33%)]. Control group showed negative expression for CD68 and lysozyme in the oral epithelium. The CD68 and lysozyme expression in OSCCs without CC, OSCCs with CC, and control group showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.001). Significant correlation was also observed between CD68 and lysozyme expression and different grades of OSCC.ConclusionCD68 and lysozyme expression in non‐cannibalistic tumor cells of OSCC can be related to CC.
Use of dual‐phase contrast computed tomography for evaluation of the normal canine male genital tract
Authors: Dirrig H. , Drees R. , Lam R. 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the use of dual‐phase contrast‐enhanced computed tomography for the depiction of the features of the male genital tract, highlighting differences between entire and neutered dogs.MethodsComputed tomography exams of 23 entire and 23 neutered male dogs with no history of urogenital disease were included in this retrospective study, with exams acquired pre‐, 30 and 98·9 ±27·4 seconds after intravenous contrast administration. The genital structures were subjectively evaluated for visibility, contrast enhancement and enhancement pattern and differences between entire and neutered dogs were described. Objective measurements of attenuation and size of the prostatic tissue were acquired.ResultsThe root, body and glans of the penis could be evaluated in all dogs and appeared larger in entire dogs, though objective measurements could not be reliably made because these structures are small and curved. There was contrast enhancement of the cavernous structures, most reliably in the bulb and corpus spongiosum and most frequently in entire dogs in the delayed post‐contrast phase. In entire dogs, the small testicular vessels most commonly had a vermiform shape in the early post‐contrast phase, and a homogeneous appearance in the delayed phase. Sternal recumbency with the coxofemoral joints extended improved visibility of the genital structures.Clinical SignificanceDual‐phase contrast‐enhanced computed tomography is useful for depiction of the structures of the male genital tract, with the early phase especially highlighting the vascular and the delayed phase the cavernous structures.
Early gut colonization byBifidobacterium breveandB. catenulatumdifferentially modulates eczema risk in children at high risk of developing allergic disease
Authors: Ismail Intan H. , Boyle Robert J. , Licciardi Paul V. , Oppedisano Frances , Lahtinen Sampo , Robins‐Browne Roy M. , Tang Mimi L.K. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundAn altered compositional signature and reduced diversity of early gut microbiota are linked to development of allergic disease. We investigated the relationship between dominantBifidobacteriumspecies during the early post‐natal period and subsequent development of allergic disease in the first year of life.MethodsFaecal samples were collected at age 1 week, 1 month and 3 months from 117 infants at high risk of allergic disease.Bifidobacteriumspecies were analysed by quantitativePCRand terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. Infants were examined at 3, 6 and 12 months, and skin prick test was performed at 12 months. Eczema was diagnosed according to theUKWorking Party criteria.ResultsThe presence ofB. catenulatumat 3 months was associated with a higher risk of developing eczema (ORadj= 4.5; 95%CI: 1.56–13.05, padj= 0.005). Infants colonized withB. breveat 1 week (ORadj= 0.29; 95%CI: 0.09–0.95, padj= 0.04) and 3 months (ORadj= 0.15; 95%CI: 0.05–0.44, padj= 0.00001) had a reduced risk of developing eczema. Furthermore, the presence ofB. breveat 3 months was associated with a lower risk of atopic sensitization at 12 months (ORadj= 0.38; 95%CI: 0.15–0.98, padj= 0.05).B. brevecolonization patterns were influenced by maternal allergic status, household pets and number of siblings.ConclusionsTemporal variations inBifidobacteriumcolonization patterns early in life are associated with later development of eczema and/or atopic sensitization in infants at high risk of allergic disease. Modulation of the early microbiota may provide a means to prevent eczema in high‐risk infants.
Serum biomarkers for allergy in children
Authors: Knipping Karen , Knippels Léon M.J. , Dupont Christophe , Garssen Johan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA large number of studies investigating various biomarkers for allergy have been published over the past decades. The aim of this review was to evaluate these biomarkers on their diagnostic and/or predictive value. To this date, no single or specific biomarker for allergy has been identified. As allergy is not one disease, but a collection of a number of allergic conditions, it is more plausible a combination of clinical history, clinical readouts, and diagnostic markers will be needed.
The prevalence of atopic diseases and the patterns of sensitization in adolescence
Authors: Christiansen Elisabeth Soegaard , Kjaer Henrik Fomsgaard , Eller Esben , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Høst Arne , Mortz Charlotte Gotthard , Halken Susanne 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundAtopic diseases are among the most common chronic diseases in adolescents, and it is uncertain whether the prevalence of atopic diseases has reached a plateau or is still increasing. The use of the ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood) questionnaire has provided comparable prevalence rates from many countries, whereas studies including clinical examinations and strict diagnostic criteria are scarce. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of atopic diseases, the pattern of sensitization, and comorbidities at 14 years in a prospective birth cohort.MethodsThe children were examined eight times from birth to 14 years. Visits included questionnaire‐based interviews, clinical examination, skin prick test, and specific IgE.ResultsFollow‐up rate at 14 years was 66.2%. The 12‐month prevalence of any atopic disease was high (40.3%) mostly due to a high prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis (32.8%), whereas the prevalence of asthma was 12.9% and of atopic dermatitis 8.1%. In children with at least one atopic disease, 60% were sensitized, while only 16% of those without atopic diseases were sensitized. The frequency of sensitization depended on the phenotype. Among children with rhinoconjunctivitis only, rhinoconjunctivitis with concomitant asthma or atopic dermatitis or both 62.5%, 81.5%, 70%, and 100%, respectively, were sensitized, whereas it was 7.7% and 33.3% of children with only asthma or atopic dermatitis.ConclusionThe prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis was high in adolescence. Children with rhinoconjunctivitis with and without comorbidities were frequently sensitized. Children with asthma without concomitant allergic rhinoconjunctivitis were rarely sensitized.
Seasonal Changes in Central England Temperatures
Authors: Proietti Tommaso , Hillebrand Eric 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe aim of the paper is to assess how climate change is reflected in the variation of the seasonal patterns of the monthly central England temperature time series between 1772 and 2013. In particular, we model changes in the amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle. Starting from the seminal work of Thomson, various studies have documented a shift in the phase of the annual cycle, implying an earlier onset of the spring season at various European locations. A significant reduction in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle is also documented. The literature so far has concentrated on the measurement of this phenomenon by various methods, among which complex demodulation and wavelet decompositions are prominent. We offer new insight by considering a model that allows for seasonally varying deterministic and stochastic trends, as well as seasonally varying auto-correlation and residual variances. The model can be summarized as containing a permanent and a transitory component, where global warming is captured in the permanent component, on which the seasons load differentially. The phase of the seasonal cycle, in contrast, seems to be following the trend that was identified by Thomson with Earth's precession in a stable manner. We identify the reported fluctuations as transitory.
Health Losses at The End of Life: A Bayesian Mixed Beta Regression Approach
Authors: Gheorghe Maria , Picavet Susan , Verschuren Monique , Brouwer Werner B. F. , Baal Pieter H. M. 
Published: September 2016

Summary
The relationship between aging, health and healthcare expenditures is of central importance to academics and public policy makers. Generally, it is observed that, with advancing age, health deteriorates and healthcare expenditures increase. This seems to imply that increases in life expectancy would strongly increase both the demand for healthcare expenditures and the number of years lived in poor health. Previous research has shown that such straightforward conclusions may be flawed. For example, it has been established that not age but ‘time to death’ is the main driver of increased healthcare expenditures at advanced ages. The paper extends this line of research by investigating the relationship between age, time to death and health, the last being longitudinally measured via a health-related quality-of-life questionnaire. We propose an approach for modelling the health-related quality-of-life outcome that accounts for both the non-standard nature of this response variable (e.g. bounded, left skewed or heteroscedastic) and the panel structure of the data. Analyses were performed within a Bayesian framework. We found that health losses are centred in the final phase of life, which indicates that future increases in longevity will not necessarily increase life years spent in poor health. This may alleviate the consequences of population aging.
On Estimation of Optimal Treatment Regimes for Maximizingt-Year Survival Probability
Authors: Jiang Runchao , Lu Wenbin , Song Rui , Davidian Marie 
Published: September 2016

SummaryA treatment regime is a deterministic function that dictates personalized treatment based on patients’ individual prognostic information. There is increasing interest in finding optimal treatment regimes, which determine treatment at one or more treatment decision points to maximize expected long-term clinical outcomes, where larger outcomes are preferred. For chronic diseases such as cancer or human immunodeficiency virus infection, survival time is often the outcome of interest, and the goal is to select treatment to maximize survival probability. We propose two non-parametric estimators for the survival function of patients following a given treatment regime involving one or more decisions, i.e. the so-called value. On the basis of data from a clinical or observational study, we estimate an optimal regime by maximizing these estimators for the value over a prespecified class of regimes. Because the value function is very jagged, we introduce kernel smoothing within the estimator to improve performance. Asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators of value functions are established under suitable regularity conditions, and simulation studies evaluate the finite sample performance of the regime estimators. The methods are illustrated by application to data from an acquired immune deficiency syndrome clinical trial.
Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Shiga Toxin Type 2 Phage Induction and Shiga Toxin Type 2 Production in Escherichia coli O157:H7
Authors: Sheng Lina , Rasco Barbara , Zhu Mei-Jun 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of cinnamon oil against
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 Shiga toxin (Stx) production and further explored the underlying mechanisms. The MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cinnamon oil against
E. coli
O157:H7 were 0.025% and 0.05% (vol/vol), respectively. Cinnamon oil significantly reduced Stx2 production and the
stx
2
mRNA expression that is associated with diminished Vero cell cytotoxicity. Consistently, induction of the Stx-converting phage where the
stx
2
gene is located, along with the total number of phages, decreased proportionally to cinnamon oil concentration. In line with decreased Stx2 phage induction, cinnamon oil at 0.75× and 1.0× MIC eliminated RecA, a key mediator of SOS response, polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), and poly(A) polymerase (PAP I), which positively regulate Stx-converting phages, contributing to reduced Stx-converting phage induction and Stx production. Furthermore, cinnamon oil at 0.75× and 1.0× MIC strongly inhibited the
qseBC
and
luxS
expression associated with decreased AI-2 production, a universal quorum sensing signaling molecule. However, the expression of oxidative stress response genes
oxyR
,
soxR
, and
rpoS
was increased in response to cinnamon oil at 0.25× or 0.5× MIC, which may contribute to stunted bacterial growth and reduced Stx2 phage induction and Stx2 production due to the inhibitory effect of OxyR on prophage activation. Collectively, cinnamon oil inhibits Stx2 production and Stx2 phage induction in
E. coli
O157:H7 in multiple ways.

IMPORTANCE
This study reports the inhibitory effect of cinnamon oil on Shiga toxin 2 phage induction and Shiga toxin 2 production. Subinhibitory concentrations (concentrations below the MIC) of cinnamon oil reduced Stx2 production,
stx
2
mRNA expression, and cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Subinhibitory concentrations of cinnamon oil also dramatically reduced both the Stx2 phage and total phage induction in
E. coli
O157:H7, which may be due to the suppression of RNA polyadenylation enzyme PNPase at 0.25× to 1.0× MIC and the downregulation of bacterial SOS response key regulator RecA and RNA polyadenylation enzyme PAP I at 0.75× or 1.0× MIC. Cinnamon oil at higher levels (0.75× and 1.0× MIC) eliminated quorum sensing and oxidative stress. Therefore, cinnamon oil has potential applications as a therapeutic to control
E. coli
O157:H7 infection through inhibition of bacterial growth and virulence factors.
Lack of Overt Genome Reduction in the Bryostatin-Producing Bryozoan Symbiont “Candidatus Endobugula sertula”
Authors: Miller Ian J. , Vanee Niti , Fong Stephen S. , Lim-Fong Grace E. , Kwan Jason C. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

The uncultured bacterial symbiont “
Candidatus
Endobugula sertula” is known to produce cytotoxic compounds called bryostatins, which protect the larvae of its host,
Bugula neritina
. The symbiont has never been successfully cultured, and it was thought that its genome might be significantly reduced. Here, we took a shotgun metagenomics and metatranscriptomics approach to assemble and characterize the genome of “
Ca
. Endobugula sertula.” We found that it had specific metabolic deficiencies in the biosynthesis of certain amino acids but few other signs of genome degradation, such as small size, abundant pseudogenes, and low coding density. We also identified homologs to genes associated with insect pathogenesis in other gammaproteobacteria, and these genes may be involved in host-symbiont interactions and vertical transmission. Metatranscriptomics revealed that these genes were highly expressed in a reproductive host, along with
bry
genes for the biosynthesis of bryostatins. We identified two new putative
bry
genes fragmented from the main
bry
operon, accounting for previously missing enzymatic functions in the pathway. We also determined that a gene previously assigned to the pathway,
bryS
, is not expressed in reproductive tissue, suggesting that it is not involved in the production of bryostatins. Our findings suggest that “
Ca
. Endobugula sertula” may be able to live outside the host if its metabolic deficiencies are alleviated by medium components, which is consistent with recent findings that it may be possible for “
Ca
. Endobugula sertula” to be transmitted horizontally.

IMPORTANCE
The bryostatins are potent protein kinase C activators that have been evaluated in clinical trials for a number of indications, including cancer and Alzheimer's disease. There is, therefore, considerable interest in securing a renewable supply of these compounds, which is currently only possible through aquaculture of
Bugula neritina
and total chemical synthesis. However, these approaches are labor-intensive and low-yielding and thus preclude the use of bryostatins as a viable therapeutic agent. Our genome assembly and transcriptome analysis for “
Ca
. Endobugula sertula” shed light on the metabolism of this symbiont, potentially aiding isolation and culturing efforts. Our identification of additional
bry
genes may also facilitate efforts to express the complete pathway heterologously.
Longer Contact Times Increase Cross-Contamination of Enterobacter aerogenes from Surfaces to Food
Authors: Miranda Robyn C. , Schaffner Donald W. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Bacterial cross-contamination from surfaces to food can contribute to foodborne disease. The cross-contamination rate of
Enterobacter aerogenes
on household surfaces was evaluated by using scenarios that differed by surface type, food type, contact time (<1, 5, 30, and 300 s), and inoculum matrix (tryptic soy broth or peptone buffer). The surfaces used were stainless steel, tile, wood, and carpet. The food types were watermelon, bread, bread with butter, and gummy candy. Surfaces (25 cm
2
) were spot inoculated with 1 ml of inoculum and allowed to dry for 5 h, yielding an approximate concentration of 10
7
CFU/surface. Foods (with a 16-cm
2
contact area) were dropped onto the surfaces from a height of 12.5 cm and left to rest as appropriate. Posttransfer, surfaces and foods were placed in sterile filter bags and homogenized or massaged, diluted, and plated on tryptic soy agar. The transfer rate was quantified as the log percent transfer from the surface to the food. Contact time, food, and surface type all had highly significant effects (
P
< 0.000001) on the log percent transfer of bacteria. The inoculum matrix (tryptic soy broth or peptone buffer) also had a significant effect on transfer (
P
= 0.013), and most interaction terms were significant. More bacteria transferred to watermelon (∼0.2 to 97%) than to any other food, while the least bacteria transferred to gummy candy (∼0.1 to 62%). Transfer of bacteria to bread (∼0.02 to 94%) was similar to transfer of bacteria to bread with butter (∼0.02 to 82%), and these transfer rates under a given set of conditions were more variable than with watermelon and gummy candy.

IMPORTANCE
The popular notion of the “five-second rule” is that food dropped on the floor and left there for <5 s is “safe” because bacteria need time to transfer. The rule has been explored by a single study in the published literature and on at least two television shows. Results from two academic laboratories have been shared through press releases but remain unpublished. We explored this topic by using four different surfaces (stainless steel, ceramic tile, wood, and carpet), four different foods (watermelon, bread, bread with butter, and gummy candy), four different contact times (<1, 5, 30, and 300 s), and two bacterial preparation methods. Although we found that longer contact times result in more transfer, we also found that other factors, including the nature of the food and the surface, are of equal or greater importance. Some transfer takes place “instantaneously,” at times of <1 s, disproving the five-second rule.