bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematics and character evolution of Vinceae (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Simões André O. , Kinoshita Luiza S. , Koch Ingrid , Silva Márcio J. , Endress Mary E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractVinceae comprises 9 genera and about 153 species. The genera differ greatly in a number of morphological traits, especially those relating to fruit and seeds, which resulted in their placement in different tribes and/or subtribes by earlier taxonomists. Here, 378 new chloroplast DNA sequences from 98 species from 5 tribes of the rauvolfioid grade were analyzed phylogenetically to test the monophyly of Vinceae, its 6 subtribes, and constituent genera, as well as the sectional treatments of Rauvolfia, and to find morphological synapomorphies for major clades. Vinceae, as currently circumscribed, was found to be monophyletic as were four of the six subtribes. Kopsia and Ochrosia were confirmed as successive sister groups to the rest. All nine genera currently recognized in the tribe were resolved as monophyletic, Laxoplumeria and Tonduzia for the first time. The broad circumscription of Petchia and Ochrosia proposed by previous authors was supported. The pantropical genus Rauvolfia is divided into two major lineages: one comprised entirely of paleotropical species, and the other the neotropical species, a recurring geographic pattern in the family. Surprisingly, the Hawaiian species of Vinceae have probably arisen by two different trans‐oceanic routes, either by long‐distance dispersal from Australasian (Ochrosia spp.) or Caribbean (Rauvolfia sandwicensis) ancestors. Within Rauvolfia, most of the sections, series and subseries recognized in previous classifications are paraphyletic. Only 2 of the 14 sections of Rauvolfia proposed by Pichon and 1 of the 11 sections proposed by Rao that are not monospecific were found to be monophyletic. Mapping of 30 morphological characters onto the molecular tree identified an unlobed upper wreath on the style head as an unambigous synapomorphy characterizing the tribe as well as synapomorphies for each of its genera. The two earliest‐branching genera, Kopsia and Ochrosia, have dextrorse corolla lobe aestivation, in contrast to the sinistrorse corollas of the other Vinceae and the great majority of genera throughout the rauvolfioid grade. Drupes have arisen in parallel at least three times within Vinceae. The adaptations of the endocarp for water dispersal are possibly ancestral in the tribe, and the observed morphological differences between the drupaceous fruits of Kopsia/Ochrosia versus Petchia and Rauvolfia may be due to their abiotic versus biotic dispersal mode, respectively.
Mining Brand Perceptions from Twitter Social Networks
Authors: Culotta Aron , Cutler Jennifer 
Published: February 2016

Consumer perceptions are important components of brand equity and therefore marketing strategy. Segmenting these perceptions into attributes such as eco-friendliness, nutrition, and luxury enable a fine-grained understanding of the brand’s strengths and weaknesses. Traditional approaches towards monitoring such perceptions (e.g., surveys) are costly and time consuming, and their results may quickly become outdated. Extant data mining methods are unsuitable for this goal, and generally require extensive hand-annotated data or context customization, which leads to many of the same limitations as direct elicitation. Here, we investigate a novel, general, and fully automated method for inferring attribute-specific brand perception ratings by mining the brand’s social connections on Twitter. Using a set of over 200 brands and three perceptual attributes, we compare the method’s automatic ratings estimates with directly-elicited survey data, finding a consistently strong correlation. The approach provides a reliable, flexible, and scalable method for monitoring brand perceptions, and offers a foundation for future advances in understanding brand-consumer social media relationships. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2015.0968 .
Mother Knows Best? Evaluating the Roles of Stoic Parents in Gladiator (2000)
Authors: Larson Krysta 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>My paper uses the 2000 Ridley Scott film </span><span>Gladiator </span><span>as a vehicle for exploring Stoicism, specifically the ways that Stoic parents ought to behave in different situations. The film includes a portrayal of the historic emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius and uses Stoic themes. I explore the ways in which two of the main characters, the general Maximus and Marcus Aurelius’ daughter Lucilla, demonstrate Stoic values through their parenting. Through an analysis of the works of Stoic philosophers Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius, I examine these characters’ decisions and ultimately conclude that Maximus upholds Stoic values better than Lucilla. Through my paper I hope to invite a unique perspective on parenting that differs greatly from the modern, Christian-centered tradition and to give readers a clearer understanding of Stoicism. </span></p></div></div></div>
Energy Consumption in Creighton University Residence Halls: Comparing Attitudes and Behaviors
Authors: Kelly Sarah 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>“On U.S. college campuses, growing concerns since the 1960s have demanded that we become more knowledgeable about our impact on the environment.” (Ruckelshaus 455) </span>This research has aimed to understand attitudes and behaviors regarding energy consumption in Creighton University Residence halls by employing quantitative data gathering methods and analysis of campus energy use. The program Stata will be utilized in analysis to allow for a statistical understanding of student attitudes and behaviors regarding their energy consumption. The findings of this research are meant to allow Creighton University officials to understand student energy consumption habits and interest allowing for better energy consumption practices in the future. </p></div></div></div></div>
Christian Base Communities in Peru: Lessons for North America
Authors: Rainwater Conan 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>This research hopes to bridge the gap between the churches of North and South America by advocating for Christian base communities (CEBs) in North America. It is necessary to look at Catholic Action in conjunction with Catholic social thought, as well as the Second Vatican Council. Finally, personal interviews with those involved with CEBs in two districts of Lima, Peru – Villa El Salvador and El Agustino, revealed there is a failure of CEBs to develop in those two respective areas. Despite the failure of CEBs to develop in those areas, CEBs are relevant to North America as they can contribute lessons for parishes in the U.S. The Catholicism in CEBs in Peru is not prevalent in North America because the standard is to focus on individual spirituality and there is a lack of emphasis on social Catholicism. </span></p></div></div></div>
Fishing Slickline Using Wireline-Deployed Robotic Technology for Mechanical Intervention: A Case History
Authors: Champagne Adam , Bueno Demis , Morosov Daniela L. , Batocchio Marcelo 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Over the last two decades, advances in robotic technology in the form of wireline tractor devices, well stroker tools, and well milling and cleaning devices have brought to the industry a broad range of applications in deviated and horizontal wells. These technologies often present cost-effective alternatives to proven methods, providing in many cases more precise control of operational parameters and greater access to highly deviated well configurations.
Slickline cable deployment as a means of well intervention operations has long been an industry standard for a wide range of applications. Bottomhole assemblies (BHA) can be designed and configured to set and retrieve a broad variety of valves and plugs required for numerous completion and well maintenance procedures. In general, the setting and retrieving of such components requires a jarring force be applied, either up or down depending on the particular application, to overcome the shear strength of pins inserted in the valves and running or pulling tools to effect the action. In the case of slickline deployment, this force is applied from surface and transferred downhole via cable tension to the jarring device, which can be mechanical or hydraulic depending on the configuration. In deviated wells, the force that is transferable at depth is reduced because of friction contact between the cable and the casing or tubing and other factors, such as fluid weight and viscosity and wellbore debris can further impede the efficient and safe transfer of this force downhole. These variables are sometimes difficult if not impossible to determine and model for, and changes in downhole or surface conditions during the operation can have substantial impacts on its success.
This paper demonstrates a novel approach to fishing a slickline BHA while maintaining control of the slickline cable at surface. A well stroker tool was deployed by wireline tractor to assert the necessary force required to shear a 5/16-in. brass shear pin on an SB running tool attached to the bottom of a slickline tool string. Several procedural and operational modifications resulted in a successful operation.
Predicting the Extended Reach Capabilities of a Water-Hammer Tool with Variable Bypass Control
Authors: Kolle Jack J. , Theimer Anthony R. , Fraser Andrew W. , Fletcher Scott 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The ability to place coiled tubing into a long horizontal well is limited by friction and buckling. A water-hammer tool incorporates a self-piloted poppet valve that converts the kinetic energy of the fluid moving though the coil into water-hammer pressure pulses that reduce friction and applies an end load that pulls on the coil. Water-hammer tools allow routine entry into horizontal sections over 10,000 feet long, representing a significant increase over operation without these tools. These tools incorporate an internal fluid bypass to control the force applied to the bottomhole assembly. An external bypass may also be provided to allow higher flow rates for well circulation. A numerical model of coiled tubing injector weight for coiled tubing well intervention with a water-hammer tool is presented. The model includes the effects of fluid bypass and calculates the maximum feed rate at which a water hammer will be effective for extending the reach of coil. The model is available in spreadsheet format and may be used for job planning and parameter sensitivity analysis. The predicted effects of water-hammer impulse magnitude, fluid bypass, friction coefficient, flow rate, well inclination, and dogleg severity on horizontal reach are discussed. The results of the numerical model are compared with a sample of case histories from over 12,000 extended reach well interventions. These case histories confirm the extended reach capabilities of water-hammer tools and that reducing feed rate below the predicted maximum allows greater extended reach.
A Hybrid Approach of Coiled Tubing Fatigue Assessment Considering Effects of Localized Damage Based on Magnetic Flux Leakage Measurements
Authors: Liu Zhanke , Kenison Mike , Campbell Greg 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In the coiled tubing (CT) business, it is a common practice to track the fatigue-life of CT strings to help avoid costly failures during operations. Existing fatigue-life tracking models account for parameters such as differential pressure, bending radius, tubing diameter, wall thickness, and materials grade. However, these models do not take into account the effect of localized damage, which is the leading factor contributing to premature failure. In the past years, models have been developed to account for the fatigue effects of mechanical defects. A key input for such models is the geometrical severity parameter, which is defined as a function of the defect geometries (length, width, depth, and shape). Normally, these inputs must come from manual measurements and prove-up. Most recently, a new technique was developed which does not rely on the manual measurements. The new technique utilizes inline magnetic flux leakage (MFL) technology to automatically determine the defect severity in terms of fatigue-life reduction.
The current paper presents new development and results of enhanced fatigue evaluation by virtue of MFL measurements. A hybrid approach is proposed and demonstrated, in which the results of conventional fatigue tracking are coupled with the fatigue-life reduction determined based on MFL measurements on physical defects, to come up with a more comprehensive and accurate fatigue-life assessment. Experimental results are presented to support the validity of this hybrid approach. Also, the new approach is applied on a number of case studies to demonstrate its applicability in real-world CT pipe management.
Defining Operational Limits of a Riser-less CT Intervention System
Authors: Kelleher P. , Newman K. , Crawford N. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The concept of riser-less coiled tubing (CT) interventions in offshore wells promises significant reductions in both cost and non-productive time associated with many offshore well interventions. However, conveying CT from a vessel through the open ocean into a high pressure subsea wellhead without a marine riser package poses several significant technical issues that must be identified and mitigated in system design and pre-job planning. Some of these issues include: High stress to yield ratios in heavy seas.Catastrophic buckling in the water column.Synchronization of tubing payout and wellhead entry rates.Subsea wellhead snubbing at high differential pressures.
This paper will present the overall system design of a riser-less offshore coiled tubing intervention system (slated for full scale testing in late 2016), engineering principles utilized for analysis, and will present an example riser-less CT operational envelope based on CT forces and stress limits. Also discussed is a set of tests performed to validate the forces model.
Dynamic CT Modeling Software – Benefits Delivered to the Bottomline
Authors: Yeung John , Opel Steve , Smalley Ed , Leggett Shawn 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The horizontal well count increase during the past decade and associated surge in coiled tubing intervention services has prompted high-paced research into optimization of coiled tubing (CT) milling efficiency. One of the products produced by this research was a new, state-of-the-art, dynamic CT modeling software module that was aimed at increasing CT plug-milling efficiency in extended-reach wells. This dynamic CT modeling software was introduced last year (Yeung, J. et al. 2015) with the expectation that it would deliver numerous benefits to its users. This paper will focus on the subsequent implementation, lessons-learned and benefits associated with use of this new software module.
Specifically, this paper will analyze case histories of plug-milling operations that utilized the new dynamic software modeling module versus similar operations performed on offset "control wells" where historical plug-milling techniques were applied. Weight on bit (WOB) measurements recorded by a downhole load cell tool are compared to the WOB values predicted by the dynamic modeling software, so that the predicted WOB values from the software can be analyzed.
Following review of the field data from multiple wells, the dynamic modeling software module has proven to significantly enhance the efficiency of CT plug-milling operations. This improvement was a direct result of the CT operator acting on key decision-making data that was provided by the software. In addition, the WOB prediction accuracy of the modeling software was validated against WOB measurements from a downhole tool. During this project it was also observed that proper training and presentation of documented results from use of this new software tool will serve to enhance the adoption rate in the field. Finally, this paper documents the estimated financial benefits that the software can deliver to the bottomline.
While introduction of dynamic CT modeling software provided the potential to enhance CT plug-milling efficiency, there was much speculation as to how well it would actually perform in the field and the actual amount of benefits that could be achieved. There was also a concern regarding the amount of time required for field users to become proficient with use of the software module and how quickly field personnel would adopt it. This paper addresses all of these issues.
High-Strength Coiled Tubing Intervention to Set Sand Plugs in an Extended Reach Well in the Dutch North Sea
Authors: Maxwell Peter , Savenkova Anna , Hampson Richard , van Wonderen Marc 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This paper details the challenges associated with performing a coiled tubing (CT) intervention on a long-reach interventionless well in the Dutch sector of the North Sea.
The well was originally drilled in 2009 as a gas producer. However, in 2012, it was shut in because of excessive liquid loading and salt deposition. Re-assessing the situation, the operator decided to reperforate a 3-m interval and use hydraulic reservoir stimulation (HRS) to help increase production. A 60° deviation of the well design made it essential to seal the bottom 95 m of the 5-in. completion, which proved to be a challenging operation. Additional well parameters, such as a 2.82-in. ID restriction within the 3 1/2-in. tail-end and a bottomhole static temperature (BHST) of 160°C, limited the methodologies that could be used to successfully seal this zone.
The anticipated well conditions required the use of high-yield-strength Grade 130-kpsi CT steel, which at the time was a novelty for most North Sea operating companies. Using this specialist component dictated the handling equipment, such as injector heads, pressure control equipment (PCE), and connectors, be carefully selected and fully tested before mobilization. These downhole conditions were not the only restricting factor within the operational design. The platform had limited deck space, and the well position required the use of a jackup boat on location and manufacture of a specialist CT tower substructure. Despite the additional deck space provided by the jackup boat, equipment selection and layout were carefully considered to incorporate a full well test package throughout the CT spread. This paper also discusses the results and lessons learned from the 16 CT runs performed during the operation. The main issues discussed include the difficulties handling (spotting and cleaning out) sand within the highly deviated tubular completion and ensuring the accuracy of bottomhole assembly (BHA) depth correlation.
The operational results allowed for the review of simulation- and onshore-based testing and trials to be analyzed and reviewed for future CT deployments.
Electric Line Deployment of a Stackable Straddle System for Gas Zone Shutoff in a Highly Deviated Extended Reach Borehole
Authors: Agayev F. , Gathman B. , Bonnett T. , Osugo L. , Bjorn B. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Stackable straddle systems are presented as an effective method of increasing oil production rates in a highly deviated extended reach borehole, by isolating or reducing gas production from high influx zones.
In the case study presented in this paper an openhole gravel pack (OHGP) production well was experiencing a high gas/oil ratio (GOR), with production from the upper gas zone limiting oil production from the lower zones. The borehole was highly deviated with a maximum inclination of 72° and an extended reach of 5800 meters. A gas shut off intervention solution was required.
Tractor conveyance and powered mechanical stroker systems were selected to deploy the stackable straddle system, because they were the most effective and precise method. Gas/oil production data and a distributed temperature sensing (DTS) system log were used as inputs for the optimal straddle length and position.
The stackable straddle system, with a total length of 70.2 meters and isolation length of 64.7 meters, was successfully deployed and sealed off against the OHGP completion in the required position to shut off unwanted gas production. The oil production rate increased by approximately 3,000 stb/D. The GOR decreased from approximately 5,200 to 4,100 scf/bbl.
The Use of Coiled Tubing for Deployment of Electrical Heaters in Downhole Applications
Authors: Sandberg Chet , Thomas Keith , Penny Scott 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Electrical heaters are being used in numerous down-hole applications including flow assurance, viscosity reduction, steam replacement (Cyclic Steam Stimulation and Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) and a process called Insitu Conversion Process (ICP). These applications are described in SPE-165323-MS and SPE-170146-MS. Historically the heater has been attached to a pipe string with clamps. This has proven the technology works on short lengths but is labor intensive at the well site and not suitable for commercial application. This paper will describe an alternative method using coiled tubing for electrical heater deployment.
Historically, long high power, high temperature, Mineral Insulated (MI) Cable heaters (over 300 feet) had to be fabricated with splices that increased the diameter about three times at the location of the splice. Recently an improved ceramic material technology has allowed the heaters to operate at higher voltages. This allows an increase in total heater length and the ability to insert into coiled tubing. Along with the increase in voltage, a new fabrication technique allows "spliceless heaters" to be manufactured in continuous lengths to over 10,000 feet. Given this new manufacturing technology, trials have been performed to place the heater and instrumentation in coiled tubing and deployed with conventional coiled tubing technology.
This paper reviews the improvements in the heater technology that allows spliceless fabrication and medium voltage operation. A review of initial deployment pilots is presented including a 2000 foot heated section installation by Shell in the Grosmont reservoir in Alberta Canada. The initial insertion of the heater in coiled tubing was done on an airstrip in Texas and then the coiled tubing was transported to Alberta Canada for deployment. Numerous pictures and installation caveats are included in the paper.
This system of using coiled tubing for deployment has taken much of the labor from the well site to an off-site manufacturing location, reducing cost and streamlining the deployment at the well site. This process moves deployment of electrical heaters in downhole applications from a one-off pilot installation system to a commercially viable system with greatly improved economics and reliability. While the Grosmont installation used 4.5 inch coiled tubing, new heater designs make it possible to use 2.875 inch coiled tubing with the power and temperature characteristics necessary for technically functional application.