bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cleft Lip and Palate Repair Using a Surgical Microscope
Authors: Kato Motoi , Watanabe Azusa , Watanabe Shoji , Utsunomiya Hiroki , Yokoyama Takayuki , Ogishima Shinya 
Published: October 2017

Background Cleft lip and palate repair requires a deep and small surgical field and is usually performed by surgeons wearing surgical loupes. Surgeons with loupes can obtain a wider surgical view, although headlights are required for the deepest procedures. Surgical microscopes offer comfort and a clear and magnification-adjustable surgical site that can be shared with the whole team, including observers, and easily recorded to further the education of junior surgeons. Magnification adjustments are convenient for precise procedures such as muscle dissection of the soft palate.
Methods We performed a comparative investigation of 18 cleft operations that utilized either surgical loupes or microscopy. Paper-based questionnaires were completed by staff nurses to evaluate what went well and what could be improved in each procedure. The operating time, complication rate, and scores of the questionnaire responses were statistically analyzed.
Results The operating time when microscopy was used was not significantly longer than when surgical loupes were utilized. The surgical field was clearly shared with surgical assistants, nurses, anesthesiologists, and students via microscope-linked monitors. Passing surgical equipment was easier when sharing the surgical view, and preoperative microscope preparation did not interfere with the duties of the staff nurses.
Conclusions Surgical microscopy was demonstrated to be useful during cleft operations.
Estimation of Intrinsic Length Scales of Flow in Unsaturated Porous Media
Authors: Assouline Shmuel , Ciriello Valentina , Tartakovsky Daniel M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCharacteristic lengths govern processes related to flow in unsaturated porous media, e.g., during drainage or evaporation. One can estimate these lengths, i.e., air‐entry pressure head and critical capillary head, from either a water retention curve (WRC) or a hydraulic conductivity function (HCF). We provide new analytical expressions for the characteristic lengths based on a linearized analysis of the WRC and HCF curves. These are then used to investigate the impact of model selection on length‐scale estimates, to assess their sensitivity to model parameters, and to provide guidelines for the choice of the alternative expressions under flow scenarios of interest.
Discontinous Quantifiers, Primarily in French
Authors: Puskás Genoveva 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDiscontinuous quantification refers to the phenomenon in which a quantified DP is spelled out as a discontinuous phrase, the quantified expression being stranded from its restriction. The phenomenon includes so‐calledfloating quantificationas well asquantification at a distanceandbinominal quantifiers. The phenomenon is mostly described for French, not necessarily because it is more productive in this language – it turns out, in fact, that many languages exhibit more or less productive instances of the similar constructions – but mainly because, from an early stage in the theory, there has been a continuous, if not intense, interest for the question among researchers working on French.Discontinuous quantification raises several questions that have been addressed in slightly different perspectives by many authors. The first one revolves around the nature of the quantificational element itself. The broad alternative appears to be the following: either the quantifier syntactically modifies in some way the DP that is interpreted as its restriction, or it functions as an adverbial element that modifies some larger constituent and gets interpreted as associated with the DP.A second question, which clearly follows from the first, is the relation between the quantifier and its restriction. Again, proposals range from an analysis in terms of a movement analysis that strands the DP from the quantifier to co‐indexation with the DP via a null element.Discontinuous quantification can be extended, especially in French, to discontinuouswh‐expressions. The relevance of interrogative discontinuous structures lies in the fact that they unveil interesting intervention effects, which also shed light on the nature and internal structure of discontinuous quantified expressions.
Condition C Violations and Strong Crossover
Authors: Lasnik Howard , Funakoshi Kenshi 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis chapter provides historical overview of Condition C and strong crossover (SCO). These conceptions grew out of investigations into studies of conditions on backward pronominalization in English. Central to many of these investigations were developing notions ofcommand(Ross 1967a; Langacker 1969; Culicover 1976; Lasnik 1976). The core idea of the Condition C account of SCO had been developed by Wasow (1972), who proposed reducing SCO to a condition on backward pronominalization. Wasow was revising and refining the account of Postal (1971), who first discussed crossover without distinguishing the weak and strong varieties. Alternative approaches to SCO were subsequently developed, as were attempts to extend the Condition C account to related domains. Some important problems for the Condition C account were raised by Higginbotham (1980; 1983) and Cable (2008).
Quantifier‐Float
Authors: Chocano Gema , Torrego Esther 
Published: October 2017

AbstractQuantifier‐float (‘Alllinguists have readAspects’ to ‘Linguists haveallreadAspects’) has posed many research questions since the mid‐1970s. At the center of debate has been the nature of the syntactic relation between Q and its associate. In Sportiche's influential analysis, QF signals anNP‐trace, the product of A‐movement. Extensive research on QF, initially in French and English (on which Sportiche's proposal is mainly based), but later for other languages as well, reveals a great deal of both cross‐linguistic and intra‐linguistic variation, sometimes in conflict with the stranding approach. Variation in the QF phenomenon includes matters of distribution (floating off a subject versus floating off a complement; floating from finite versus non‐finite clauses). Furthermore, floating is not invariably A‐movement and can have the nominal associate in an apparent island. From a semantic perspective, there are differences in interpretation between split and non‐split quantifier phrases as well as the reason why the inventory of elements that may appear in the split structure is not cross‐linguistically uniform. In the face of these complexities, recent research has taken three main routes. The first one keeps the basic insights in the stranding approach, while crucially introducing refinements necessary for a broader coverage of the available data. The second one, commonly known as theadverbial approach, revives the hypothesis, first defended in the 1980s, that floating quantifiers are VP‐adverbs and, therefore, there is no stranding at all. The third and most recent view is the so‐calledhybrid approach, which contends that languages may use one strategy (stranding), the other (VP‐adverbs), or both, which would explain the wide range of diversity attested. Needless to say, proposals have changed substantially in accord with different theoretical frameworks.
Topicalization in Asian Languages
Authors: Xu Liejiong 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTypologists classify languages as subject‐prominent, topic‐prominent, subject‐prominent and topic‐prominent, and neither subject‐prominent nor topic‐prominent. Some Asian languages that have a large population of speakers, notably Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, are often cited as representatives of topic‐prominent languages. They use topic structures extensively and have a greater variety of them as compared with other languages. A typical topic construction consists of a topic at the left periphery and a comment clause, which is often a full sentence, with or without a gap coreferential with the topic. Where there is no gap, the topic may be semantically or pragmatically related to a certain expression in the comment. The relations are typically those of whole and part, set and member, possessor and possessed, and so on. In some cases, the topic is not related to a particular expression but to the comment as a whole. It is controversial whether gapless topic structures or even gapped ones are formed by movement or by merge, given the fact that island constraints may be violated. Whereas topics are explicitly marked in some topic‐prominent Asian languages like Japanese and Korean, marking is optional in Chinese, so it is debatable whether the sentence‐initial expression is the topic or the subject or other syntactic elements of the sentence. Furthermore, topic also occurs in postsubject and preverbal position in Chinese. Since focus and topic are often not syntactically marked or morphologically distinguishable in Chinese, a nominal expression between the subject and the verb is calledtopicby some linguists andfocusby others. Diagnostic tests are needed to ascertain what it is.
Tough‐Movement
Authors: Hicks Glyn 
Published: October 2017

Abstract“Tough‐movement” describes the putative derivation for a syntactic configuration into which a relatively restricted group of predicates (predominantly in the semantic class ofeasy/a cinch/hard/tough) enter, as inJohn is tough to please. The “tough‐construction” has largely eluded satisfactory analysis through successive transformational generative frameworks, which have typically placed importance on relating its derivation to its analog constructions (e.g.,It is tough to please John;To please John is tough) and sought to achieve this through movement. While thetoughconstruction undoubtedly bears the hallmarks of syntactic movement, much of the theoretical difficulty in its analysis centers on two apparent paradoxes. First,toughconstructions appear to instantiate A‐movement, yet the movement required (to raise an embedded clause object to matrix subject position) violates firmly established constraints on locality. Second,toughconstructions robustly satisfy diagnostics for A′‐movement, while no phrase is easily identified as undergoing this A′‐movement. This chapter reviews classical debates in the generative literature concerning analyses based on raising of the subject and on base‐generation of the subject (the latter also with associated A′‐movement), and the extent to which the different positions can explain the empirical facts particular to the construction. It is shown that developments in the analysis of the construction have proceeded synergistically with developments of various major theoretical concepts, including movement, θ‐theory, and grammatical levels of representation; in some cases the former have been instrumental in supporting the latter. The analysis oftoughconstructions is shown to encounter significant theoretical obstacles, though these are largely overcome by analyses incorporating a combined role for A‐movement and A′‐movement operations. Finally, some challenges for future research intotoughconstructions are identified, with an exposition of how one of these challenges – explaining the set of restrictions ontoughconstructions that are not attested in the analog sentences – can be approached.
Logophoricity
Authors: Reuland Eric 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the main issues in current discussion of logophoricity. Logophoric pronouns and free anaphors with logophoric interpretation give rise to the following questions: (i) How can logophoric interpretation be characterized? (ii) How can free anaphors escape the locality conditions on anaphor binding? (iii) Is long‐distance anaphora a unified phenomenon? (iv) How can free anaphors be interpreted as logophors, althoughprima faciethey have no specific feature composition to impose a logophoric interpretation? (v) What are the principles governing the cross‐linguistic variation observed? In answer to question (i), it is argued that logophoric interpretation expresses event orientation; more specifically, logophors can be viewed as non‐D‐linked first‐person pronouns. In answer to question (ii), it is argued that free anaphors can escape the locality conditions on anaphor binding, since there is no absolute binding requirement on anaphors. Question (iii), of whether long‐distance anaphora is a unified phenomenon, is discussed in two other chapters. The answer is negative for reasons set out there. Although free anaphors appear to have no specific lexical properties imposing a logophoric interpretation, they can nevertheless be interpreted logophorically – which answers question (iv). Due to their poverty of grammatical features, they reflect the unmarked properties of personal pronouns, that is, they express orientation. Quite plausibly it is the grammatical number feature that enables fully specified pronouns to bypass expressing orientation. As for question (v), cross‐linguistic variation in free anaphors is essentially due to the interaction of grammatical features with independent properties of grammatical structure, including patterns of variation in accessing the left periphery. In the end, the logophoric use of pronouns is just a reflection of basic properties of the pronominal system in its relation to independent properties of the structure the pronoun is embedded in.
Logophoric Anaphora in Icelandic
Authors: Reuland Eric 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis chapter reviews the interplay between structural factors and discourse factors in the interpretation of the third‐person anaphorsigin Icelandic. It focuses on the question of whether the interpretation of long‐distancesigin subjunctive and infinitival domains is subject to the same conditions. More specifically, it addresses the roles of c‐command and perspective in the interpretation ofsig. Results from the literature indicate that the c‐command requirement on anaphor binding is strictly enforced in the infinitival domain. Non‐c‐commanding antecedents (or even the absence of a linguistic antecedent) are allowed in the subjunctive domain, but only if the envisaged antecedent is a perspective holder. It appears that the Icelandic data are only consistent with analyses that allow a differentiation between the mechanisms governing long‐distancesigin subjunctives and in infinitives.
Phrasal Stress and Syntax
Authors: Zubizarreta María Luisa , Vergnaud Jean‐Roger 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis article puts forth a proposal for the relation between syntax, prosody, and information structure that accounts for the variability observed in the placement of nuclear stress in different syntactic structures in Germanic and the lack of such variability in Romance. It makes use of a parametrized Nuclear Stress Rule that applies to metrically interpreted syntactic structures, where the (in)visibility of functional categories (in particular Tense) plays a major role.
Memory for Textbook Covers: When and Why We Remember a Book by Its Cover
Authors: Hargis Mary B. , McGillivray Shannon , Castel Alan D. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryThere is an important distinction between seeing something and paying attention to it, and this can influence memory. The current study examined incidental memory for the covers and authors of textbooks used in undergraduate psychology courses. Students in several courses were asked to recall the textbook cover design (Studies 1 and 2) and the name of the author of their textbook (Study 2). When the cover design was explicitly connected to a course concept, memory accuracy was positively related to performance in the course. While people may judge a book by its cover, remembering that cover may depend on how well it reflects a key concept of the book. The findings provide novel insight regarding how students attend to book covers and author information and when and why some students remember information that is not anticipated to appear on real‐world course assessments. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Reported Beliefs About Verbal Cues Correlate with Deception‐Detection Performance
Authors: Bogaard Glynis , Meijer Ewout H. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryIn this study, we investigated whether people who hold more correct beliefs about verbal cues to deception are also better lie detectors. We investigated police officers and undergraduates' beliefs about (i) cues to deception via an open‐ended question and (ii) 17 specific verbal cues, after which participants were asked to judge the truthfulness of eight video fragments. Results showed that undergraduates and police officers still hold wrongful beliefs about nonverbal cues, but have better insight into verbal cues. Moreover, a better insight in verbal cues was related to an increased accuracy for identifying truthful statements, showing that verbal cues do drive credibility judgments to some extent.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association Between Dose of Glucocorticoids and Coronary Artery Lesions in Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Okubo Yusuke , Michihata Nobuaki , Morisaki Naho , Sundel Robert P. , Matsui Hiroki , Fushimi Kiyohide , Yasunaga Hideo 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveSeveral studies revealed the efficacy of glucocorticoids on prevention of coronary artery lesions (CALs) in Kawasaki disease (KD) patients. However, impacts of different doses of glucocorticoids on clinical outcomes ofKDremain unknown.MethodsUsing the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination inpatient database, we evaluatedKDpatients who were treated with normal‐dose (prednisolone 0.5–4.0 mg/kg/day) or high‐dose (methylprednisolone 10–40 mg/kg/day) glucocorticoids. We investigated risks ofCALs and readmission, total hospitalization cost, and length of hospital stay in the acute phase ofKDusing propensity score matching, stabilized propensity‐score inverse probability of treatment weighting, and instrumental variable methods.ResultsWe identified a total of 3,220 patients withKDwho were treated with normal‐dose (n = 2,453) or high‐dose (n = 767) glucocorticoids in addition to intravenous immunoglobulin. One‐to‐one propensity‐matched analyses with 744 pairs demonstrated no significant differences between the normal‐dose and the high‐dose groups in risk ofCALs (risk ratio [RR] 0.83, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.49, 1.40) and risk of readmissions (RR0.85, 95%CI0.65, 1.11). Stabilized propensity‐score inverse probability weighting and instrumental variable analyses showed similar results to the propensity score matching analyses.ConclusionRisks ofCALs and readmissions and total hospitalization costs were similar between the normal‐dose and the high‐dose glucocorticoids groups for patients withKD, whereas total length of hospital stay was shorter in the high‐dose group than that in the normal‐dose group.
Stereoselective One‐Pot Sequential Dehydrochlorination/trans‐Hydrofluorination Reaction of β‐Chloro‐α,β‐unsaturated Aldehydes or Ketones: Facile Access to (Z)‐β‐Fluoro‐β‐arylenals/β‐Fluoro‐β‐arylenones
Authors: Zhang Jingli , Liu Liran , Duan Junxin , Gu Lianghu , Chen Bifeng , Sun Taolei , Gong Yuefa 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe monofluoroalkene substructure shows a high potential as a fluorinated synthon in organic synthesis. However, control of the Z/E stereoselectivity of multi‐substituted monofluoroalkene products in one‐pot reactions still remains a challenge. An unprecedented one‐pot approach for the highly regio‐ and stereoselective preparation of functionalized (Z)‐β‐monofluoro tri‐substituted alkenes from readily available β‐chloro‐α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes or ketones has been explored. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the reaction is initiated by dehydrochlorination of the substrates to give alkynyl aldehydes/ketones, followed by their trans‐hydrofluorination. It is worth mentioning that a fluorinating reagent with suitable basicity and nucleophilicity plays a key role in promoting the formation of (Z)‐β‐fluoro‐β‐aryl tri‐substituted monofluoroalkenes.magnified image
Nonlocal Response in Infrared Detector with Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes and Graphdiyne
Authors: Zheng Zhe , Fang Hehai , Liu Dan , Tan Zhenjun , Gao Xin , Hu Weida , Peng Hailin , Tong Lianming , Hu Wenping , Zhang Jin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSemiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (s‐SWNTs) are regarded as an important candidate for infrared (IR) optical detection due to their excellent intrinsic properties. However, the strong binding energy of excitons in s‐SWNTs seriously impedes the development of s‐SWNTs IR photodetector. This Communication reports an IR photodetector with highly pure s‐SWNTs and γ‐graphdiyne. The heterojunctions between the two materials can efficiently separate the photogenerated excitons. In comparison to device fabricated only with s‐SWNTs, this IR detector shows a uniform response in the whole channel of the device. The response time is demonstrated to be below 1 ms. The optimal responsivity and detectivity approximately reach 0.4 mA W−1 and 5 × 106 cmHz1/2 W−1, respectively.
The Ti3AlC2 MAX Phase as an Efficient Catalyst for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of n‐Butane
Authors: Ng Wesley H. K. , Gnanakumar Edwin S. , Batyrev Erdni , Sharma Sandeep K. , Pujari Pradeep K. , Greer Heather F. , Zhou Wuzong , Sakidja Ridwan , Rothenberg Gadi , Barsoum Michel W. , Shiju N. Raveendran 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDehydrogenation or oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of alkanes to produce alkenes directly from natural gas/shale gas is gaining in importance. Ti3AlC2, a MAX phase, which hitherto had not been used in catalysis, efficiently catalyzes the ODH of n‐butane to butenes and butadiene, which are important intermediates for the synthesis of polymers and other compounds. The catalyst, which combines both metallic and ceramic properties, is stable for at least 30 h on stream, even at low O2:butane ratios, without suffering from coking. This material has neither lattice oxygens nor noble metals, yet a unique combination of numerous defects and a thin surface Ti1−yAlyO2−y/2 layer that is rich in oxygen vacancies makes it an active catalyst. Given the large number of compositions available, MAX phases may find applications in several heterogeneously catalyzed reactions.
The Metal–Support Interaction Concerning the Particle Size Effect of Pd/Al2O3 on Methane Combustion
Authors: Murata Kazumasa , Mahara Yuji , Ohyama Junya , Yamamoto Yuta , Arai Shigeo , Satsuma Atsushi 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe particle size effect of Pd nanoparticles supported on alumina with various crystalline phases on methane combustion was investigated. Pd/θ, α‐Al2O3 with weak metal‐support interaction showed a volcano‐shaped dependence of the catalytic activity on the size of Pd particles, and the catalytic activity of the strongly interacted Pd/γ‐Al2O3 increased with the particle size. Based on a structural analysis of Pd nanoparticles using CO adsorption IR spectroscopy and spherical aberration‐corrected scanning/transmission electron microscopy, the dependence of catalytic activity on Pd particle size and the alumina crystalline phase was due to the fraction of step sites on Pd particle surface. The difference in fraction of the step site is derived from the particle shape, which varies not only with Pd particle size but also with the strength of metal–support interaction. Therefore, this interaction perturbs the particle size effect of Pd/Al2O3 for methane combustion.