bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐Functionalized Carbon Nano‐onions as Imaging Probes for Cancer Cells
Authors: Frasconi Marco , Marotta Roberto , Markey Lyn , Flavin Kevin , Spampinato Valentina , Ceccone Giacomo , Echegoyen Luis , Scanlan Eoin M. , Giordani Silvia 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCarbon‐based nanomaterials have attracted much interest during the last decade for biomedical applications. Multimodal imaging probes based on carbon nano‐onions (CNOs) have emerged as a platform for bioimaging because of their cell‐penetration properties and minimal systemic toxicity. Here, we describe the covalent functionalization of CNOs with fluorescein and folic acid moieties for both imaging and targeting cancer cells. The modified CNOs display high brightness and photostability in aqueous solutions and their selective and rapid uptake in two different cancer cell lines without significant cytotoxicity was demonstrated. The localization of the functionalized CNOs in late‐endosomes cell compartments was revealed by a correlative approach with confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Understanding the biological response of functionalized CNOs with the capability to target cancer cells and localize the nanoparticles in the cellular environment, will pave the way for the development of a new generation of imaging probes for future biomedical studies.
Liquefaction of Lignocellulose in Fluid Catalytic Cracker Feed: A Process Concept Study
Authors: Kumar Shushil , Lange Jean‐Paul , Van Rossum Guus , Kersten Sascha R. A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe report a process concept for lignocellulose liquefaction in a refinery stream that will be coprocessed with the resulting biocrude and that, therefore, does not require the recovery and recycling of the liquefaction solvent. Light cycle oil and vacuum gas oil were found to be the two most promising solvents. Both refinery streams could provide a liquid yield of 58 C % (64 % energy yield). A techno‐economic assessment indicates that the biocrude could be produced at an energy‐equivalent crude oil price of 51–64 $ per barrel at a wood cost of 85 $ per dry ton.
Anticipatory gene regulation driven by maternal effects in an insect–host system
Authors: Nespolo Roberto F. , Silva Andrea X. , Figueroa Christian C. , Bacigalupe Leonardo D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAdaptive mechanisms involved in the prediction of future environments are common in organisms experiencing temporally variable environments. One of these is AGR (anticipatory gene regulation); in which differential gene expression occur in an individual, triggered by the experience of an ancestor. In this study, we explored the existence of AGR driven by a maternal effect, in an insect–host system. We analyzed gene expression of detoxifying systems in aphids across two generations, by shifting mothers and offspring from chemically defended to nondefended hosts, and vice versa. Then, we measured fitness (intrinsic rate of increase) and the relative abundance of transcripts from certain candidate genes in daughters, using RT‐qPCR (quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR). We found AGR in most cases, but responses varied according to the system being analyzed. For some pathways (e.g., cathepsins), the experience of both mothers and offsprings affected the response (i.e., when both, mother and daughter grew in the defended host, the maximum response was elicited; when only the mother grew in the defended host, an intermediate response was elicited; and when both, mother and daughter grew in a nondefended host, the response was undetectable). In other cases (esterases and GSTs), gene over‐expression was maintained even if the daughter was transferred to the nondefended host. In spite of these changes at the gene‐regulatory level, fitness was constant across hosts, suggesting that insects keep adapted thanks to this fluctuating gene expression. Also, it seems that that telescopic reproduction permits aphids to anticipate stressful environments, by minute changes in the timing of differential gene expression.
Expecting the unexpected: right atrial mass in a transplant patient
Authors: Yousefzai Rayan , Trivedi Setu , Jain Renuka , Cheema Omar M. , Crouch John D. , Thohan Vinay , Khandheria Bijoy K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present a 71‐year‐old male, who had had a heart transplantation 24 years prior, who came to our clinic with a low‐grade fever and a new II/VI holosystolic murmur. Echocardiography showed a large mass in the right atrium with attachment near the junction of the right atrium and superior vena cava. The patient was taken to the operating room for resection of the mass. Microscopic evaluation was consistent with thrombus. Differential diagnosis of cardiac masses after cardiac transplant includes tumour, thrombus, and vegetation. Final diagnosis can be challenging; multimodality imaging and biopsy or resection often are required for final diagnosis.
Nd1–xCaxFeO3 (x = 0, 0.3) Hollow Core–Shell Microspheres for Ethanol Gas Sensing
Authors: Wang You , Wang Yun , Chen Jun , Deng Jinxia , Yu Ranbo , Xing Xianran 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe use of mesoporous and hollow structures is a promising strategy to enhance gas‐sensing properties. The framework of perovskite oxides has the ability to accommodate different cations, which endows it with rich oxygen deficiencies for preferable gas adsorption. Herein, we outline the fabrication of perovskite Nd1–xCaxFeO3 (x = 0, 0.3) hollow core–shell microspheres by using carbonaceous microspheres as templates. The gas‐sensing properties of Nd0.7Ca0.3FeO3 core–shell microspheres were systematically investigated. The response to 500 ppm ethanol was 17 at 140 °C, which is much higher than the response of Nd0.7Ca0.3FeO3 nanoparticles. Also, rapid response and recovery characteristics were achieved. Furthermore, after 50 cyclic tests and 10 testing days, the gas response of the Nd0.7Ca0.3FeO3 hollow core–shell microspheres to 500 ppm ethanol at 140 °C was nearly constant. The long‐term stability, good sensitivity, and rapid response and recovery times demonstrate the potential application of these hollow core–shell microspheres as a sensing material.
Head‐locking durability of fixed and variable angle locking screws under repetitive loading
Authors: Lenz Mark , Wahl Dieter , Zderic Ivan , Gueorguiev Boyko , Jupiter Jesse B. , Perren Stephan M. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTPolyaxial locking screws are increasingly applied in fracture fixation. To investigate the durability of the head‐locking mechanism, the removal torque of variable angle (VA) and fixed angle (FA) stainless steel and titanium locking screws was investigated without and after a cyclic loading test. Stainless steel (St) and titanium (Ti) 2.4 mm orthogonally inserted FA screws and 2.4 mm VA screws inserted in different inclinations (0°–15°) (n = 6 per group) were locked at 0.8 Nm. Removal torque was determined without (W) and after (A) cyclic loading (sinusoidal load, 5 Hz, constant amplitude of 25 N, up to 10′000 cycles, or failure). Significant differences in‐between the groups were detected by Student's t‐test (p < 0.05). Except VA Ti in 0deg and FA, all groups exhibited a drop in removal torque below the insertion torque without and after cyclic testing. The removal torque was (St: FA W:0.81 Nm ± 0.04 A:0.72Nm ± 0.04; VA0deg W:0.73 Nm ± 0.04 A:0.65 Nm ± 0.05; VA15deg W:0.51 Nm ± 0.05 A:0.50 Nm ± 0.08; Ti: FA W:0.82 Nm ± 0.03 A:0.70 Nm ± 0.04; VA0deg W:0.80 Nm ± 0.02 A:0.72 Nm ± 0.05; VA15deg W:0.55 Nm ± 0.03 A:0.54 Nm ± 0.06). In all groups, the removal torque after cyclic testing did not drop below 16% of the removal torque without cyclic testing. No head loosening was observed after cyclic testing. Stainless steel and titanium 2.4 mm fixed and variable angle locking screws provide a stable and lasting head‐locking mechanism. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:949–952, 2016.
Simplifying and expanding the screening for peptides <2 kDa by direct urine injection, liquid chromatography, and ion mobility mass spectrometry
Authors: Thomas Andreas , Görgens Christian , Guddat Sven , Thieme Detlef , Dellanna Frank , Schänzer Wilhelm , Thevis Mario 
Published: November 2015

The analysis of low‐molecular‐mass peptides in doping controls has become a mandatory aspect in sports drug testing and, thus, the number of samples that has to be tested for these analytes has been steadily increasing. Several peptides <2 kDa with performance‐enhancing properties are covered by the list of prohibited substances of the World Anti‐Doping Agency including Desmopressin, LH‐RH, Buserelin, Triptorelin, Leuprolide, GHRP‐1, GHRP‐2, GHRP‐3, GHRP‐4, GHRP‐5,GHRP‐6, Alexamorelin, Ipamorelin, Hexarelin, ARA‐290, AOD‐9604, TB‐500 and Anamorelin. With the presented method employing direct urine injection into a liquid chromatograph followed by ion‐mobility time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, a facile, specific and sensitive assay for the aforementioned peptidic compounds is provided. The accomplished sensitivity allows for limits of detection between 50 and 500 pg/mL and thus covers the minimum required performance level of 2 ng/mL accordingly. The method is precise (imprecision <20%) and linear in the estimated working range between 0 and 10 ng/mL. The stability of the peptides in urine was tested, and –20°C was found to be the appropriate storage temperature for sports drug testing. Finally, proof‐of‐concept was shown by analysing elimination study urine samples collected from individuals having administered GHRP‐6, GHRP‐2, or LHRH.
Environmental temperatures, artificial nests, and incubation of Cassin's auklet
Authors: Kelsey Emma C. , Bradley Russell W. , Warzybok Pete , Jahncke Jaime , Shaffer Scott A. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTHatching success in birds is influenced by the temperature and turning rate of the egg, but our understanding of the environmental factors that effect incubation temperatures and egg turning rates in birds is limited. Especially little is known of these effects for species that nest in burrows or crevices, such as the Cassin's auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus). On Southeast Farallon Island, California, USA, a subset of the Cassin's auklet (hereafter auklet) population nest in artificial nest boxes. The nest boxes are above ground and made out of a single layer of plywood. Temperatures in unshaded nest boxes can increase significantly with high ambient temperatures (to >35° C). Shaded structures put on top of occupied nest boxes help mediate nest box temperatures, but the effects of elevated temperatures on auklet incubation behaviors and egg viability remain equivocal. We used egg data loggers to measure the temperatures and turning rates of auklet eggs in natural burrows, shaded nest boxes, and unshaded nest boxes on Southeast Farallon Island. Nest box (13.93 ± 1.26° C) and egg (37.43 ± 1.92° C) temperatures were highest and most variable in unshaded nest boxes. Mean hourly egg turning rate was 2.11 ± 2.02 turns/hour and turning rates were greater at night. Egg turning rates also varied with fluctuating nest and egg temperatures, being positively correlated with nest temperatures during the day and negatively correlated with egg temperatures during the night. Our results suggest that nest box design can influence incubation behaviors of breeding birds. As seasonal temperatures and the number of extreme heat events rise, understanding the impacts of temperature on auklets nesting in artificial nests can have positive implications for conservation and management of the species, such as implementing improved artificial nest box designs to prevent overheating of burrow nesting seabirds. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Density, distribution, and genetic structure of grizzly bears in the Cabinet‐Yaak Ecosystem
Authors: Kendall Katherine C. , Macleod Amy C. , Boyd Kristina L. , Boulanger John , Royle J. Andrew , Kasworm Wayne F. , Paetkau David , Proctor Michael F. , Annis Kim , Graves Tabitha A. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe conservation status of the 2 threatened grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) populations in the Cabinet‐Yaak Ecosystem (CYE) of northern Montana and Idaho had remained unchanged since designation in 1975; however, the current demographic status of these populations was uncertain. No rigorous data on population density and distribution or analysis of recent population genetic structure were available to measure the effectiveness of conservation efforts. We used genetic detection data from hair corral, bear rub, and opportunistic sampling in traditional and spatial capture–recapture models to generate estimates of abundance and density of grizzly bears in the CYE. We calculated mean bear residency on our sampling grid from telemetry data using Huggins and Pledger models to estimate the average number of bears present and to correct our superpopulation estimates for lack of geographic closure. Estimated grizzly bear abundance (all sex and age classes) in the CYE in 2012 was 48–50 bears, approximately half the population recovery goal. Grizzly bear density in the CYE (4.3–4.5 grizzly bears/1,000 km2) was among the lowest of interior North American populations. The sizes of the Cabinet (n = 22–24) and Yaak (n = 18–22) populations were similar. Spatial models produced similar estimates of abundance and density with comparable precision without requiring radio‐telemetry data to address assumptions of geographic closure. The 2 populations in the CYE were demographically and reproductively isolated from each other and the Cabinet population was highly inbred. With parentage analysis, we documented natural migrants to the Cabinet and Yaak populations by bears born to parents in the Selkirk and Northern Continental Divide populations. These events supported data from other sources suggesting that the expansion of neighboring populations may eventually help sustain the CYE populations. However, the small size, isolation, and inbreeding documented by this study demonstrate the need for comprehensive management designed to support CYE population growth and increased connectivity and gene flow with other populations. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Energetics and Mechanism of Conformational Transitions of Protein‐Like NIPAM‐Sodium Styrene Sulfonate Copolymers in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Grinberg Valerij Y. , Burova Tatiana V. , Grinberg Natalia V. , Dubovik Alexander S. , Plaschina Irina G. , Laptinskaya Tatiana V. , Xiong Yubing , Yao Ping , Khokhlov Alexei R. 
Published: November 2015

Protein‐like and random NIPAM‐sodium styrene sulfonate copolymers of similar composition have been prepared by radical polymerization in water at temperatures above and below the LCST of PNIPAM, respectively. Thermal transitions of the copolymers in aqueous solutions have been studied by means of dynamic light scattering, viscometry, and high‐sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. The phase separation or cooperative conformational transitions without phase separation were observed for the random or the protein‐like copolymers, respectively. Transition temperature, enthalpy, and heat capacity increment of the protein‐like copolymer differed insignificantly from those of the random copolymer of similar composition. The transition heat capacity increments of the protein‐like copolymers revealed that only 10–20% of their NIPAM links participate in the formation of a dense water‐free globule core. The coil–globule transitions of the protein‐like copolymers were described by the thermodynamic three‐state model according to the scheme “random coil↔condensed coil↔globule”, which is known to simulate the folding mechanism of globular proteins.
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Application of NIR and MIR spectroscopy for rapid determination of antioxidant activity of Radix Scutellariae from different geographical regions
Authors: Li Hua , He Jingxia , Li Fajie , Zhang Zhijie , Li Raorao , Su Jianchun , Zhang Jidan , Yang Bin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe beneficial health effects of traditional Chinese medicines are often attributed to their potent antioxidant activities, usually established in vitro. However, these wet chemical methods for determining antioxidant activities are time‐consuming, laborious, and expensive.ObjectivesThis study was conducted to establish a rapid determination of antioxidant activity of Radix Scutellariae using near‐infrared (NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy.Material and methodsAntioxidant capabilities were evaluated using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl hydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The total flavonoid contents (TFCs) of Radix Scutellariae were measured by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The same sample was then scanned using NIR and MIR spectroscopy. Chemometrics analysis using partial least‐squares (PLS) regression was performed to establish the models for predicting the antioxidant activities of Radix Scutellariae.ResultsA better predictive performance was achieved using PLS models based on NIR data. The determination coefficient (R2) and the residual predictive deviation (RPD) for the validation set were 0.9298 and 2.84 for DPPH, and 0.9436 and 2.66 for TFCs, respectively. MIR‐PLS algorithms gave a slightly lower reliability (R2 = 0.9090 and 0.9374, RPD = 2.01 and 2.42, for DPPH and TFC, respectively). Very comparable results for ORAC were obtained with the two methods.ConclusionThe developed spectroscopic method can be successfully applied in high‐throughput screening of the antioxidant capability of Radix Scutellariae samples. It can also be a viable and advantageous alternative to laborious chemical procedures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pilot study of cancer patients' use of traditional healers in the Radiotherapy Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Asuzu C. C. , Elumelu‐Kupoluyi T. , Asuzu M. C. , Campbell O. B. , Akin‐Odanye E. O. , Lounsbury D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectiveThis descriptive cross‐sectional study assessed cancer patients' use of traditional healers, the association between delay in coming to this clinic and patients' use of traditional healers, reasons cancer patients use western medicine after trying traditional treatment and the cost of obtaining traditional treatment.MethodsParticipants were made of 400 consecutive and consenting new patients in the Department of Radiotherapy, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. A validated interviewer‐administered semi‐structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Focus group discussions were held with some of the clients as well as the traditional healers.ResultsIt showed that 34.5% of the patients patronized traditional healers, while 65.5% used only hospitals. The most common reason given among patients who patronized traditional healers for doing so was their desire to be healed and to be rid of pains (45.9%), while the most common reason they opt for western medicine afterwards was lack of improvement in their health condition (70.1%). The cost of traditional treatment for cancer ranged between no cost to N5,000 (that is approximately $31.25 @ $1 = N160) to be treated. The cost of orthodox care would range from a minimum of N40,000 to several millions of naira.ConclusionsPatients patronize traditional healers to be rid of pains; hence physicians should endeavor to control cancer‐related symptoms, especially pains as the patients await diagnosis. Also, the low cost of obtaining traditional treatment, regular assurance of cure and other assistances given to them, could be an enticing factor in its use. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glutathione production by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing bifunctional glutathione synthetase
Authors: Wang Dezheng , Wang Cheng , Wu Hui , Li Zhimin , Ye Qin 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an important bioactive substance applied widely in pharmaceutical and food industries. Due to the strong product inhibition in the GSH biosynthetic pathway, high levels of intracellular content, yield and productivity of GSH are difficult to achieve. Recently, a novel bifunctional GSH synthetase was identified to be less sensitive to GSH. A recombinant Escherichia coli strain expressing gshF encoding the bifunctional glutathione synthetase of Streptococcus thermophilus was constructed for GSH production. In this study, efficient GSH production using this engineered strain was investigated. The cultivation process was optimized by controlling dissolved oxygen (DO), amino acid addition and glucose feeding. 36.8 mM (11.3 g/L) GSH were formed at a productivity of 2.06 mM/h when the amino acid precursors (75 mM each) were added and glucose was supplied as the sole carbon and energy source.
Dark shadows of rumination: Finnish young adults' identity profiles, personal goals and concerns
Authors: Marttinen Elina , Dietrich Julia , Salmela‐Aro Katariina 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTYoung adults actively construct their identity by exploring and committing to opportunities through the setting of personal goals. Typically personal goal contents are related to young adults' developmental tasks but sometimes goals are self‐focused. This longitudinal study explored personal goal and concern contents in relation to identity profiles among young Finns (N = 577) followed from age 23 to 25. Applying the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale, identity formation was measured at age 23. Latent Profile Analysis yielded five profiles: moderate achievement, moderate diffusion, achievement, diffused diffusion, and reconsidering achievement. Two “dark side” identity profiles, characterized by low commitment and high ruminative exploration, were identified: moderate diffusion and diffused diffusion. The moderate diffusion profile seemed to have developmental task‐related personal goals and concerns. In the diffused diffusion profile, self‐focused personal goals and concerns were typical and personal goals and concerns towards relationships atypical. These findings persisted over the two‐year follow‐up.
Five‐year biomarker progression variability for Alzheimer's disease dementia prediction: Can a complex instrumental activities of daily living marker fill in the gaps?
Authors: Tarnanas Ioannis , Tsolaki Anthoula , Wiederhold Mark , Wiederhold Brenda , Tsolaki Magda 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroductionBiomarker progressions explain higher variability in cognitive decline than baseline values alone. This study examines progressions of established biomarkers along with a novel marker in a longitudinal cognitive decline.MethodsA total of 215 subjects were used with a diagnosis of normal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) at baseline. We calculated standardized biomarker progression rates and used them as predictors of outcome within 5 years.ResultsEarly cognitive declines were more strongly explained by fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography, precuneus and medial temporal cortical thickness, and the complex instrumental activities of daily living (iADL) marker progressions. Using Cox proportional hazards model, we found that these progressions were a significant risk factor for conversion from both MCI to AD (adjusted hazard ratio 1.45; 95% confidence interval 1.20–1.93; P = 1.23 × 10−5) and cognitively normal to MCI (adjusted hazard ratio 1.76; 95% confidence interval 1.32–2.34; P = 1.55 × 10−5).DiscussionCompared with standard biological biomarkers, complex functional iADL markers could also provide predictive information for cognitive decline during the presymptomatic stage. This has important implications for clinical trials focusing on prevention in asymptomatic individuals.