bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
External validity and anchoring heuristics: application of DUNDRUM-1 to secure service gatekeeping in South Wales
Authors: Lawrence Daniel , Davies Tracey-Lee , Bagshaw Ruth , Hewlett Paul , Taylor Pamela , Watt Andrew 
Published: January 2018

Aims and methodStructured clinical judgement tools provide scope for the standardisation of forensic service gatekeeping and also allow identification of heuristics in this decision process. The DUNDRUM-1 triage tool was completed retrospectively for 121 first-time referrals to forensic services in South Wales. Fifty were admitted to medium security, 49 to low security and 22 remained in open conditions.ResultsDUNDRUM-1 total scores differed appropriately between different levels of security. However, regression revealed heuristic anchoring on the ‘legal process’ and ‘immediacy of risk due to mental disorder’ items.Clinical implicationsPatient placement was broadly aligned with DUNDRUM-1 recommendations. However, not all triage items informed gatekeeping decisions. It remains to be seen whether decisions anchored in this way are effective.Declaration of interestDr Mark Freestone gave permission for AUC values from Freestoneet al. (2015) to be presented here for comparison.
Neurologists' detection and recognition of mental disorder in a tertiary in-patient neurological unit
Authors: Dawood Samr , Poole Norman , Fung Robert , Agrawal Niruj 
Published: January 2018

Aims and methodPsychiatric disorders are common in neurological in-patients, but they are under-recognised and undertreated. We investigated the frequency of detection of mental disorder and referral to psychiatric services in a regional neuroscience centre. The results were compared with the expected prevalence. All in-patient referrals received in 2014 from the in-patient wards of the regional neuroscience centre and acute neurological unit were reviewed.ResultsA total of 129 ward referrals were identified; of these, 78 were from the regional in-patient neurological unit, which comprised 11.4% of the total of 679 admissions to that unit.Clinical implicationsA spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions were recognised by neurologists, but overall rates of recognition were low. To address the problem of under-recognition, routine screening with validated assessment tools can represent a cost-effective and acceptable method to detect psychiatric disorders in an in-patient neurological setting.Declaration of InterestNone.
Effectiveness of automated appointment reminders in psychosis community services: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kravariti Eugenia , Reeve-Mates Christopher , Da Gama Pires Rafaela , Tsakanikos Elias , Hayes Daniel , Renshaw Siobhan , McAllister Sarah , Bhavsar Vishal , Patterson Pam , Daley Emily , Stewart Jane , Pritchard Megan , Shetty Hitesh , Ramsay Rosalind , Perez-Iglesias Rocio , McGuire Philip 
Published: January 2018

SummaryWe report on the first open-label, parallel group randomised controlled trial of automated appointment reminders in a psychosis community service in the UK. Ninety-five patients were randomly allocated to receiving/not receiving automated messaging reminders 7 days and 1 day before appointments. All ‘Attended’ and ‘Missed’ appointment outcomes over 6 months were analysed using cluster regression analysis. Reminded appointments were significantly more frequently attended than non-reminded appointments (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.54, 95% CI 1.36–9.22, P = 0.01; adjusted OR = 2.95, 95% CI 1.05–8.85, P < 0.05). Automated messaging reminders can provide a robust strategy for promoting engagement with psychosis services.Declaration of interestThe authors have no competing financial interests to declare in relation to the current work. Sarah McAllister was supported by a King's Undergraduate Research Fellowship.
Selective Inhibition of Nuclear Export With Oral Selinexor for Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Vogl Dan T. , Dingli David , Cornell Robert Frank , Huff Carol Ann , Jagannath Sundar , Bhutani Divaya , Zonder Jeffrey , Baz Rachid , Nooka Ajay , Richter Joshua , Cole Craig , Vij Ravi , Jakubowiak Andrzej , Abonour Rafat , Schiller Gary , Parker Terri L. , Costa Luciano J. , Kaminetzky David , Hoffman James E. , Yee Andrew J. , Chari Ajai , Siegel David , Fonseca Rafael , Van Wier Scott , Ahmann Gregory , Lopez Ilsel , Kauffman Michael , Shacham Sharon , Saint-Martin Jean-Richard , Picklesimer Carla D. , Choe-Juliak Cassandra , Stewart A. Keith 
Published: January 2018

Purpose Selinexor, a first-in-class, oral, selective exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibitor, induces apoptosis in cancer cells through nuclear retention of tumor suppressor proteins and the glucocorticoid receptor, along with inhibition of translation of oncoprotein mRNAs. We studied selinexor in combination with low-dose dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma refractory to the most active available agents. Patients and Methods This phase II trial evaluated selinexor 80 mg and dexamethasone 20 mg, both orally and twice weekly, in patients with myeloma refractory to bortezomib, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide (quad-refractory disease), with a subset also refractory to an anti-CD38 antibody (penta-refractory disease). The primary end point was overall response rate (ORR). Results Of 79 patients, 48 had quad-refractory and 31 had penta-refractory myeloma. Patients had received a median of seven prior regimens. The ORR was 21% and was similar for patients with quad-refractory (21%) and penta-refractory (20%) disease. Among patients with high-risk cytogenetics, including t(4;14), t(14;16), and del(17p), the ORR was 35% (six of 17 patients). The median duration of response was 5 months, and 65% of responding patients were alive at 12 months. The most common grade ≥ 3 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (59%), anemia (28%), neutropenia (23%), hyponatremia (22%), leukopenia (15%), and fatigue (15%). Dose interruptions for adverse events occurred in 41 patients (52%), dose reductions occurred in 29 patients (37%), and treatment discontinuation occurred in 14 patients (18%). Conclusion The combination of selinexor and dexamethasone has an ORR of 21% in patients with heavily pretreated, refractory myeloma with limited therapeutic options.
Bisphosphonate Combination Therapy in the Management of Postchemotherapy Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Retrospective Study From India
Authors: Agarwala Sanjay , Banavali Shripad D. , Vijayvargiya Mayank 
Published: January 2018

Purpose With improved survival after chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), it is imperative to maintain good quality of life as part of the management of post-therapy adverse effects. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVNFH) is one such adverse effect. A need exists for a therapy that ameliorates discomfort, provides a productive life, is cost effective, and is joint preservative. We conducted the current study to evaluate the response to bisphosphonate in the nonsurgical management of AVNFH in adolescents and young adults (AYA) who receive treatment for ALL. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study of 20 AYA patients—34 affected hips—who received zolendronic acid 5 mg intravenously each year along with oral alendronate 70 mg weekly for 3 years. Clinical evaluation was performed by using the Visual Analog Scale and the Harris Hip Score. Radiographs were used to classify the Ficat-Arlet stage, monitor radiologic collapse, and evaluate the rate of progression. Results Pain relief with a drop in the Visual Analog Scale score was observed at a mean duration of 5.2 weeks (range, 3 weeks to 11 weeks) after the start of therapy. Radiologic progression by one grade was observed in 12 hips (35.3%), and only one hip (2.94%) showed progression by two grades. At a mean follow-up of 50.3 months, 31 affected hips (91.1%) had a satisfactory clinical outcome and had not required any surgical intervention. The proportion of hips that required total hip arthroplasty were 0%, 5%, and 22.2% in Ficat-Arlet stage I, II, and III, respectively. Conclusion The combination of intravenous zolendronic acid and oral alendronate provides a pragmatic solution for the management of AVNFH after therapy for ALL in AYA patients. This therapy is safe, effective, and well tolerated.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Human Pancreas
Authors: Fowler Jonas L , Lee Steve Seung-Young , Wesner Zachary C , Olehnik Scott K , Kron Stephen J , Hara Manami 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Pancreatic islets are endocrine micro-organs scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas. Islets are surrounded by a network of vasculature, ducts, neurons, and extracellular matrix. Three-dimensional imaging is critical for such structural analyses. We have adapted transparent tissue tomography to develop a method to image thick pancreatic tissue slices (1 mm) with multifluorescent channels. This method takes only 2 to 3 days from specimen preparation and immunohistochemical staining to clearing tissues and imaging. Reconstruction of the intact pancreas visualizes islets with β, α, and δ cells together with their surrounding networks. Capturing several hundred islets at once ensures sufficient power for statistical analyses. Further surface rendering provides clear views of the anatomical relationship between islets and their microenvironment as well as the basis for volumetric quantification. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we show an islet size–dependent increase of intraislet capillary density and an inverse decrease in sphericity.
Adding Dopamine to Proxymetacaine or Oxybuprocaine Solutions Potentiates and Prolongs the Cutaneous Antinociception in Rats
Authors: Chen Yu-Wen , Chiu Chong-Chi , Lin Heng-Teng , Wang Jhi-Joung , Hung Ching-Hsia 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND:
We evaluated the interaction of dopamine–proxymetacaine and dopamine– oxybuprocaine antinociception using isobolograms.

METHODS:
This experiment uses subcutaneous drug (proxymetacaine, oxybuprocaine, and dopamine) injections under the skin of the rat’s back, thus simulating infiltration blocks. The dose-related antinociceptive curves of proxymetacaine and oxybuprocaine alone and in combination with dopamine were constructed, and then the antinociceptive interactions between the local anesthetic and dopamine were analyzed using isobolograms.

RESULTS:
Subcutaneous proxymetacaine, oxybuprocaine, and dopamine produced a sensory block to local skin pinpricks in a dose-dependent fashion. The rank order of potency was proxymetacaine (0.57 [0.52–0.63] μmol/kg) > oxybuprocaine (1.05 [0.96–1.15] μmol/kg) > dopamine (165 [154–177] μmol/kg; P < .01 for each comparison) based on the 50% effective dose values. On the equianesthetic basis (25% effective dose, 50% effective dose, and 75% effective dose), the nociceptive block duration of proxymetacaine or oxybuprocaine was shorter than that of dopamine (P < .01). Oxybuprocaine or proxymetacaine coinjected with dopamine elicited a synergistic antinociceptive effect and extended the duration of action.

CONCLUSIONS:
Oxybuprocaine and proxymetacaine had a higher potency and provoked a shorter duration of sensory block compared with dopamine. The use of dopamine increased the quality and duration of skin antinociception caused by oxybuprocaine and proxymetacaine.
A Systematic Review of Outcomes Associated With Withholding or Continuing Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Before Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Hollmann Caryl , Fernandes Nicole L. , Biccard Bruce M. 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND:
The global rate of major noncardiac surgical procedures is increasing annually, and of those patients presenting for surgery, increasing numbers are taking either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). The current recommendations of whether to continue or withhold ACE-I and ARB in the perioperative period are conflicting. Previous meta-analyses have linked preoperative ACE-I/ARB therapy to the increased incidence of postinduction hypotension; however, they have failed to correlate this with adverse patient outcomes. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether continuation or withholding ACE-I or ARB therapy in the perioperative period is associated with mortality and major morbidity.

METHODS:
This meta-analysis was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42017055291). A comprehensive search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL (EBSCO host), ProQuest, Cochrane database, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted on December 6, 2016. We included adult patients >18 years of age on chronic ACE-I or ARB therapy who underwent noncardiac surgery in which ACE-I or ARB was either withheld or continued on the morning of surgery. Primary outcomes included all-cause mortality and major cardiac events (MACE). Secondary outcomes included the risk of congestive heart failure, acute kidney injury, stroke, intraoperative/postoperative hypotension, and the length of hospital stay.

RESULTS:
After abstract review, the full text of 25 studies was retrieved, of which 9 fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 5 were randomized control trials, and 4 were cohort studies. These studies included a total of 6022 patients on chronic ACE-I/ARB therapy before noncardiac surgery. A total of 1816 patients withheld treatment the morning of surgery and 4206 continued their ACE-I/ARB. Preoperative demographics were similar between the 2 groups. Withholding ACE-I/ARB therapy was not associated with a difference in mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62–1.52; I
2 = 0%) or MACE (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.82–1.52; I
2 = 0%). However, withholding therapy was associated with significantly less intraoperative hypotension (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.47–0.85; I
2 = 71%). No effect estimate could be pooled concerning length of hospital stay and congestive heart failure.

CONCLUSIONS:
This meta-analysis did not demonstrate an association between perioperative administration of ACE-I/ARB and mortality or MACE. It did, however, confirm the current observation that perioperative continuation of ACE-I/ARBs is associated with an increased incidence of intraoperative hypotension. A large randomized control trial is necessary to determine the appropriate perioperative management of ACE-I and ARBs.
Indian Colonial Actors in the Lawmaking of the Spanish Empire in Peru
Authors: Dueñas Alcira 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe foundations of the “Republic of the Indians” in the New World rested on a legal substratum that took more solid shape in the everyday interaction between indigenous subjects and the Spanish courts. Grounded in the local cabildos of some pueblos de indios in cosmopolitan areas of late colonial Peru, a higher level of legal activism that emerged was engaged in the production of laws seeking to modify well-established imperial practices of protección originally intended to assist Indian cases in courts. This essay reconstructs the genealogy of the process of law formation based on a crucial legal campaign led by Indian leaders of El Cercado in 1735 Lima aimed at substituting Spanish protectores de naturales for indigenous ones. The long-awaited legal victory of El Cercado’s native authorities demonstrates that the “República de indios” was shaped legally from below, instead of being overdetermined by the laws emanating from Madrid or the audiencias. Strategizing for the production of a real cédula, the cabildo leaders also manipulated imperial legal history and its rhetoric of “protección” as well as operated within social networks of Indians and other allies on both sides of the Atlantic and regionally in Peru.
Cheval Bonnet: A Crow Calling Card in the Blackfeet Homeland
Authors: Keyser James D. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Cheval Bonnet, a small petroglyph site located along Cut Bank Creek in northern Montana, contains coup-counting and horse-raiding narratives from the early 1800s. By careful comparison to known Crow-style rock art and robe art imagery, most of the petroglyphs at the site can be identified as Crow drawings, begging the question of why they are located here, so far from Crow country and in the heart of Historic Blackfeet tribal territory. Detailed ethnohistoric research shows that one aspect of Historic Plains Indian warfare was the leaving of such drawings as “calling cards” by war parties who entered enemy territory and wished to taunt their adversaries by illustrating deeds that they had executed against them. Understanding this site as such a calling card enables us to identify other similar ones elsewhere on the northern Plains.
Chromosomal instability during neurogenesis in Huntington's disease
Authors: Ruzo Albert , Croft Gist F. , Metzger Jakob J. , Galgoczi Szilvia , Gerber Lauren J. , Pellegrini Cecilia , Wang Hanbin , Fenner Maria , Tse Stephanie , Marks Adam , Nchako Corbyn , Brivanlou Ali H. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntingtin gene (HTT). Neither its pathogenic mechanisms nor the normal functions of HTT are well understood. To model HD in humans, we engineered a genetic allelic series of isogenic human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines with graded increases in CAG repeat length. Neural differentiation of these lines unveiled a novel developmental HD phenotype: the appearance of giant multinucleated telencephalic neurons at an abundance directly proportional to CAG repeat length, generated by a chromosomal instability and failed cytokinesis over multiple rounds of DNA replication. We conclude that disrupted neurogenesis during development is an important, unrecognized aspect of HD pathogenesis. To address the function of normal HTT protein we generated HTT+/− and HTT−/− lines. Surprisingly, the same phenotype emerged in HTT−/− but not HTT+/− lines. We conclude that HD is a developmental disorder characterized by chromosomal instability that impairs neurogenesis, and that HD represents a genetic dominant-negative loss of function, contrary to the prevalent gain-of-toxic-function hypothesis. The consequences of developmental alterations should be considered as a new target for HD therapies.
Ammonia excretion in aquatic invertebrates: new insights and questions
Authors: Weihrauch Dirk , Allen Garett J. P. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Invertebrates employ a variety of ammonia excretion strategies to facilitate their survival in diverse aquatic environments, including freshwater, seawater and the water film surrounding soil particles. Various environmental properties set innate challenges for an organism's ammonia excretory capacity. These include the availability of NaCl and the respective ion-permeability of the organism's transport epithelia, and the buffering capacity of their immediate surrounding medium. To this end, some transporters seem to be conserved in the excretory process. This includes the Na+/K+(NH4+)-ATPase (NKA), the NH3/CO2 dual gas-channel Rhesus (Rh)-proteins and novel ammonia transporters (AMTs), which have been identified in several invertebrates but appear to be absent from vertebrates. In addition, recent evidence strongly suggests that the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated K+ channel (HCN) plays a significant role in ammonia excretion and is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Furthermore, microtubule-dependent vesicular excretion pathways have been found in marine and soil-dwelling species, where, unlike freshwater systems, acid-trapping of excreted ammonia is difficult or absent owing to the high environmental buffering capacity of the surroundings. Finally, although ammonia is known to be a toxic nitrogenous waste product, certain marine species readily maintain potentially toxic hemolymph ammonia as a sort of ammonia homeostasis, which suggests that ammonia is involved in physiological processes and does not exist simply for excretion. Such findings are discussed within this Commentary and are hypothesized to be involved in acid–base regulation. We also describe excretory organs and processes that are dependent on environmental constraints and indicate gaps in the current knowledge in these topics.
Green Synthesis of Magnetite Nanostructures from Naturally Available Iron Sands via Sonochemical Method
Authors: Rahmawati Retno , Kaneti Yusuf Valentino , Taufiq Ahmad , Sunaryono  , Yuliarto Brian , Suyatman  , Nugraha  , Kurniadi Deddy , Hossain Md Shahriar A , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Herein, we report the green synthesis of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanostructures (including flower-like nanosheets and cube-like particles) with large surface areas ranging from 127 to 318 m2 g−1 from naturally available iron sands using a facile sonochemical method, with the assistance of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal that the Fe3O4 nanostructures obtained from these iron sands are of good purity and crystallinity and are polycrystalline with an inverse cubic spinel structure. The increased addition of PEG 6000 from 5 to 25% v/v is found to result in larger crystallite size and improved crystallinity. Furthermore, the Fe3O4 nanostructures synthesized by our proposed method have a tendency to form flower-like structures composed of thin nanosheets when the amount of PEG 6000 is low (5–10% v/v), although their morphology gradually changes to cube-like particles at 15% PEG, before finally being converted to spherical nanoparticles with relatively good dispersity at high PEG contents (above 15%). More importantly, the specific surface area of the obtained Fe3O4 nanostructures decreases with increased addition of PEG due to the increased agglomeration of the particles. The magnetic properties characterization of the as-prepared Fe3O4 samples via vibrating sample magnetometer revealed that they exhibit superparamagnetism at room temperature and that their saturation magnetization values are strongly affected by the crystallite size of the Fe3O4 phase as Fe3O4 nanoparticles with larger crystallite size exhibit higher saturation magnetization (Ms) values. The presented work may encourage the use of naturally available resources rather than laboratory-made chemical reagents for the synthesis of iron oxide and other metal oxide nanostructures in the future.
Anna Karakatsouli, «Μαχητές της ελευθερίας» και 1821: Η ελληνική επανάσταση στη διεθνική της διάσταση [“Freedom Fighters” and 1821: The Greek Revolution in its transnational dimension]
Authors: Tzourmana Yanna 
Published: January 2018

Anna Karakatsouli. «Μαχητές της ελευθερίας» και 1821: Η ελληνική επανάσταση στη διεθνική της διάσταση [“Freedom Fighters” and 1821: The Greek Revolution in its transnational dimension]. Athens: Pedio, 2016. 344 pp.
The forms of history in the nineteenth century: the regimes of autonomy in Brazilian historiography
Authors: Araujo Valdei , Cezar Temístocles 
Published: January 2018

The forms of history is not a neutral expression. It alludes to the more general questions about the forms that history can take, in disciplinary terms, to the content of its discourse, or to the design, structure and physical ontology of historical material (form before content). In other words, the forms of history lead the historian to self-reflection in relation to the modalities of the research (the institutional situation, concerns and methods), the writing and the dissemination of history. The connection between nation and the forms of history seems indisputable and indissoluble. Our proposal is to go beyond this axiomatic formulation. Therefore, we propose an inversion of its assumptions and ask when was a conception of history founded in Brazil and how history becomes a knowledge of itself, that is, a subjective category of awareness, to then become the depository of knowledge about the nation, its primordial or most visible object throughout the nineteenth century.