bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Different Puff Profiles on Yield and Composition of Mainstream Smoke of Cigarettes Smoked on a Smoking Machine/Einfluss verschiedener Zugvolumenprofile auf Ausbeute und Zusammensetzung des Rauches beim maschinellen Abrauchen von Cigaretten
Authors: Seehofer F. , Wennberg D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA study was made of the effect of the puff profile on yield and composition of the mainstream smoke of cigarettes smoked on a RM 20/68 smoking machine producing three different puff profiles (square-shaped profile, early peak and late peak profiles). The smoke was precipitated in an electrostatic trap. Crude condensate, dry condensate, smoke nicotine, phenols, puff number, and draw resistance were determined. Significant differences were found between the dry condensate yields of two puff profiles and between the nicotine and phenol yields of all the three puff profiles.
Automatic Dropping-Applicator for Epicutaneous Tests with Mice in Combination with a Capillary Press - Applikationsautomatik für Epikutanversuche an Mäusen als Zusatzgerät zur Seehofer'schen Kapillarpresse
Authors: Brune H. , Burghart H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn automatic dropping-applicator for fresh cigarette smoke condensate is described. The new applicator makes it possible to apply separately a solvent and the smoke condensate produced by a capillary press. 15 animals can be treated simultaneously
Chromatographic Examinations on the Separation of the Alkylating Fractions of Cigarette Tobacco and Smoke/Chromatographische Untersuchungen zur Auftrennung alkylierender Fraktionen des Cigarettentabaks und des Cigarettenrauches
Authors: Norpoth K. , Papatheodorou T. , Venjakob G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn order to obtain information about number and origin of compounds which may contribute to the alkylating activity of tobacco smoke condensate identifiable in the methanol extract of the condensate of commerciaI cigarettes by means of 4-(4'-nitrobenzyI)pyridine, spectroscopic as well as thin-layer- and column-chromatographic procedures were used. Two compounds of the water- or methanoI-soluble fraction were separated and proved to be resorbed during inhalation and dissolved in saliva. During the process of conventional condensate treatment, further five less polaric compounds were found to remain in the cyclohexane fraction, whereas the resulting nitromethane fraction contains the carcinogenic activity almost totally. These compounds can also be extracted from unsmoked tobacco. The role they possibly play in respiratory carcinogenesis is discussed on the basis of the results obtained by the present study with regard to carcinogenic constituents of tobacco extracts.
Composition Studies on Tobacco: XLV. Use of Cigarette Additives to Alter the Composition and Reducing Properties of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Lakritz L. , Strange E.D. , Bailey D.G. , Stedman R.L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe reducing potential of fresh cigarette smoke can be modified by the use of certain oxidants and reductants. The influence of these additives on smoke may be monitored by employing a system which measures changes in EMF on a puff by puff basis. The addition of the oxidant 1,4-benzoquinone to tobacco eliminates the rapid reduction in potential which normally takes place when an untreated cigarette is smoked. The addition of the benzoquinone alters the composition of the smoke by increasing the levels of the total particulate matter and possibly the phenols, while decreasing the nicotine content without affecting the amount of benzo[a]pyrene formed. The addition of sodium thiosulfate to tobacco causes a significant increase in the reducing capacity of cigarette smoke. It also brings about increases in the smoke BAP, phenols and TPM. The level of nicotine in these cigarettes, however, is lowered.
The Determination of Menthol in Tobacco, in Filters and in the Smoke of Mentholated Cigarettes/Untersuchungen über die Verteilung des Menthols auf Tabak, Filter und Rauch von Mentholcigaretten
Authors: Brozinski M. , Dölberg U. , Lipp G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method for the determination of menthol in tobacco, in filters before and after smoking as well as in the smoke of mentholated cigarettes is presented which is based on the combination of steam distillation and liquid-Iiquid partition followed by gas chromatography on polypropylene glycol in the presence of benzylpropionate as an internal standard. The procedure also permits menthone to be quantitatively determined as a characteristic constituent of peppermint oils. Analytical results concerning reproducibility, recovery and sensitivity of the method are detailed. The transfer of menthol from the tobacco rod to the acetate filter and vice versa as a function of the storing period of mentholated cigarettes has been investigated as well as the menthol distribution due to the smoking process. A considerable selective retention of menthol by cellulose acetate filters could be demonstrated. Various mentholated cigarettes of different origin and of different menthol contents have comparatively been analysed.
Characteristic Products from Pyrolysis of Nitrogenous Organic Substances
Authors: Schmeltz I , Schlotzhauer W.S. , Higman E.B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe products resulting from the pyrolysis of tobacco and a number of nitrogenous organic compounds similar, if not identical, to those found in tobacco have been compared. Similarities have been noted in the composition of the various pyrolyzates, but essentially no physiologically active materials were found. Generalities with regard to pyrolysis of nitrogenous organic substances have been suggested by the data assembled.
Systematic Studies on the Breakdown of p,p’-DDT in Tobacco Smokes: III. Isolation and Identification of the Non-Volatile Degradation Products of p,p’-DDT in p,p’-DDT-Treated Tobacco Smokes
Authors: Chopra N.M. , Domanski J.J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper describes the methods used in smoking p,p'-DDT-treated tobacco, collecting the smoke condensate, chromatographing the condensate on activated Florisil and deactivated alumina columns, and finally identifying the non-volatile p,p'-DDT pyrolysis products in the tobacco smoke condensate. The pyrolysis products identified were: p,p'-DDT, p,p'- DDE, p,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDM, trans-p,p'-dichlorostilbene, bis-(p-chlorophenyI)methane, and p,p'-dichlorobenzophenone.
Method for the Rapid Determination of Acetic and Higher Acids in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Morie G.P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method for the rapid determination of acetic and higher aliphatic acids in cigarette smoke is described. Cigarette smoke is collected on a Cambridge filter, which is followed by a carbon disulfide scrubber. The total particulate matter (TPM) on the Cambridge filter is dissolved in carbon disulfide, and the acids are then extracted from this solution into an aqueous sodium borate solution (pH 8). An aliquot of this extract is injected onto a gas chromatographic column containing Chromosorb 101 column packing. The determination of acetic acid requires the smoke of 5 cigarettes and is completed in 15 min (10 min for extraction and 5 min for chromatographic separation). The coefficient of variation of the method is 3.8 %. The determination of acetic through hexanoic acid requires the smoke of 20 cigarettes and is completed in 20 min. The amounts of acetic acid delivered from cigarettes of various types were determined. Commercial cellulose acetate filters removed a slightly higher percentage of acetic acid than dry TPM from the smoke of a domestic cigarette
The Use of Cryogenic Temperature Gas Chromatography for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Morie G.P. , Sloan C.H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA gas chromatographic method for the determination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in cigarette smoke was developed. A column containing Porapak Q packing and a cryogenic temperature programmer which employed liquid nitrogen to cool the column to subambient temperatures was used. The separation of N
RM 20 - A Smoking Machine for Routine Analysis of Tobacco Smoke/Die RM 20 - eine Rauchmaschine für analytische Untersuchungen
Authors: Lorenz H.W. , Kirchner H. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA smoking machine for the routine analysis of tobacco smoke is described. The machine is equipped with special controls for parameters such as puff duration interval between puffs, number of puffs, automatic interruption of the puffs at a given butt length, expulsion of the butt, control of puff volume by a soap film burette. By these devices the various conditions of machine smoking can easily be set up. At the same time up to twenty cigarettes from different samples can be smoked into separate traps (glass fibre filters). For the simultaneous smoking of twenty cigarettes into one common trap, a large glass fibre filter or an electrostatic trap can be joined. For the application of a vacuum a rotary pump (rectangular puff profile) as well as a piston pump (either rectangular or bell-shaped puff profile) can be used. The machine is suitable for both restricted and free smoking and a change between these two conditions can mechanically be achieved in a few seconds
Further Fractionations of Cigarette Smoke Condensate for Bioassays: Weak Acid and Neutral Subfractions and Combinations of Active
Authors: Swain A.P. , Bock F.G. , Cooper J.E. , Chamberlain W.J. , Strange E.D. , Lakritz L. , Stedman R.L. , Schmeltz I. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCigarette smoke condensate (CSC) was fractionated for biological experiments examining tumorigenic activity on mouse skin. The active fractions were combined in various ways in order to determine their additive effects. Steam distillation of the ether-soluble weak acid fraction (WA
Tobacco Chemistry: 17: Evaluation of Two Methods for the Collection of Tobacco Head Space Volatiles
Authors: Austin D.J. , Roeraade J. , Kimland B. , Aasen A.J. , Enzell C.R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA vacuum distillation method, using carbon dioxide as a transport medium, was applied to tobacco and compared with a charcoal trapping technique with the ultimate aim of studying the alterations of tobacco volatiles during curing and ageing. Examination by gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry of the four samples obtained after concentration in three stages showed that they were qualitatively similar, especially with respect to the more abundant constituents. The relative concentration of certain more volatile substances was, however, higher in the case of charcoal trapping, primarily because water-soluble components were not completely recoverable after carbon dioxide distillation. Evaluation of each method at two temperature levels showed that the yields increased markedly with temperature, mainly arising from unproportionally large increases in the concentrations of the major components, nicotine and neophytadiene. Thus, precise operation temperature controI is required, especially in terms of reproducibility. The total yield for the carbon dioxide distillation procedure (85°C) was greater than that for the charcoal trapping (40°C), due to the higher yields of both nicotine and neophytadiene in the former case. Notably because of the greater ease with which the method could be scaled up to allow trace component studies, charcoal trapping at 40°C was accepted as the method of choice for further work.
Altering of Cigarette Smoke Condensate: Quantitative Determination of the Formation of Artifacts Produced by Gas-Phase and Particulate Phase Reactions/Alterung von Cigarettenrauchkondensat: Quantitative Untersuchungen der Artefaktbildung durch Gas- und Partikelphasenreaktionen
Authors: Schönherr H. , Klimisch H.J. , Harke H.P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA formation of artifacts, produced by secondary reactions of compounds of cigarette smoke condensate, was determined quantitatively on reactions of the so-called gaseous phase and particulate phase. It was demonstrated that there was a continuously increasing yield of the dry total particulate matter in acetonic solutions of the condensate from cooled traps, depending on storage time and increasing temperature. There were linear correlations between the dry total particulate matter and storage time or storage temperature when one of these parameters was kept constant. Responsible for the increasing yield of the dry total particulate matter may be reactions among the constituents of the gaseous phase (about 7.5 %) and reactions between constituents of the gaseous phase and the particulate phase (more than 90 %). In another examination reactions of the particulate phase were analysed by quantitative determinations of pigments of a condensate fraction. These substances were fractionated and the distribution of their molecular weight was determined by a gelchromatographic method. The increasing yield and the tendency to form particles of higher molecular weight are depending on the storage temperature and storage time.
Determination of N-Nitrosodimethylamine in the Smoke of High-Nitrate Tobacco Cigarettes
Authors: Morie G.P. , Sloan C.H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA gas chromatographic method was developed for the determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in cigarette smoke. The NDMA in the smoke of 200 cigarettes was trapped in a solution of sodium hydroxide and separated from most of the smoke components by distillation from acidic and basic solutions. The aqueous solution was extracted for 8 hr. into ethyl ether in a Dean Stark apparatus. To concentrate the solution of NDMA, the ether was distilled until only 5 ml of the solution remained. An aliquot of this solution was analysed by means of a gas chromatograph equipped with a 200-ft. glass capillary column coated with Carbowax 20-M poly(ethylene glycoI). An alkali metal flame ionization detector with a selectivity of 10*/1 for nitrogen compounds to normal hydrocarbons was used. Small amounts (2 ng) of nitrosamines in the presence of large amounts of other compounds were easily detected. N-nitrosodimethylamine-C
The Combustibility of Tobacco/Über die Brennfähigkeit von Tabak
Authors: Ivanov N.G. , Gyuzelev L. , Boneva A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOn the basis of an improved method of determining the combustibility of tobacco comprehensive investigations were carried out of factors which influence combustibility. On the strength of statistical studies of the correlations, the following conclusions were drawn:1. The most precise unit of measurement of the combustion of tobacco leaf is the product of “duration of combustion” and “amount of substances burnt” (secs. × mg).2. The mineral components influence combustibility variously, K2O positively, Cl-, Na3. The coefficients of combustibility suggested up till now, which are based solely on the composition of the mineral components, demonstrate only a very weak correlation.4. Isolated groups of organic substances demonstrate no incisive correlation to combustibility.5. The concentration of all organic substances in the volume unit, the “substance density”, shows a high, negative correlation to combustibility; the “porosity” of the leaf is also clearly correlated to combustibility.6. Combustibility is influenced by the combined action of part of the inorganic components, the concentration of organic substances in the volume unit and the porosity of the leaf. The combustibility index (C.I.), which was ascertained on the strength of these combined actions, seems to be the most suitable indicator of combustibility.
X-Ray Study of Cigarette Structure
Authors: Goldring L.S. , Fiore J.V. , Gadziala A.C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFrom an investigation of a variety of methods for visualisation of the shred structure in a cigarette, it has been shown that two optical and one x-radiographic method produce useful information. It is concluded that the x-radiographic method, especially by the use of stereo views, provides the most information; it is a convenient and easily utilized method. Examination of a limited number of commercial cigarettes did not show any recognizable structural differences beyond fluctuations in rod density. Novel structures utilizing low-density materials can be readily distinguished.
Studies of Cigarette Smoke Transfer Using Radioisotopically Labelled Tobacco Constituents
Authors: Houseman T.H. , Heneage E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn apparatus for the preparation of radiolabelled cigarettes is described. The apparatus dispensed a fixed volume of liquid from a hypodermic syringe, the volume being controlled by a gear-driven micrometer assembly. The liquid was deposited along the axis of an intact cigarette as the latter was withdrawn from the syringe needle at a uniform rate. The distribution of added radioactive materiaI within the tobacco rod was checked and shown to be uniform.
Studies of Cigarette Smoke Transfer Using Radioisotopically Labelled Tobacco Constituents: Part II: The Transference of Radioisotopically Labelled Nicotine to Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Houseman T.H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe construction and evaluation of equipment for smoking a cigarette and collecting all the products of combustion is described. The apparatus was designed to permit the quantitative puff-by-puff collection of mainstream TPM. It has been used to study the transference of nicotine-2'-
Methods for the Quantitative Determination of Biocides in Tobacco and Tobacco Products. Part IV: A Method for the Determination of Maleic Hydrazide in Tobacco/Methoden zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Bioziden in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen. IV. Mitteilung: Eine Methode zur Bestimmung von Maleinsäurehydrazid
Authors: Nesemann E. , Rabitz H. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe author's method (developed in 1966) for the determination of maleic hydrazide in tobacco has been improved by the introduction of a purification step using activated carbon. Interferences produced by reactive compounds other than maleic hydrazide can thus be eliminated. The procedure proved to be suitable for routine analysis. The coefficient of variation was found to range from 1 to 7 %. Added amounts of maleic hydrazide have been recovered at the 90-105 % level. The accuracy of the procedure could be confirmed by results comparatively obtained in three laboratories
Contribution to Defining Pressure Drop/Zur Definition des Zugwiderstandes
Authors: Gehring M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWith constant volumetric flow rate F at the end of the test specimen the pressure drop is dependent on the absolute pressure under which the volumetric flow rate is measured. The correlation between pressure drop Dp at the test specimen and volumetric flow rate F can be adequately described byin which k is a constant for a certain object measured and p* designates the pressure under which the volumetric flow rate F is measured. p1 and p2 are the absolute pressures at the test specimen entrance and exit respectively. For the definition of draw resistance it results from this that the Coresta suggestion that p1 = 1 atm 760 Torr be determined as reference pressure is inexpedient for practical purposes. It would be more expedient to determine p* = p2 = 1 atm 760 Torr, i. e. that pressure is determined as reference pressure under which the volumetric flow rate F is measured at the end of the test specimen. The simple correction formulae resulting for this with fluctuating atmospheric pressure are quoted.
The Formation of the Oxides of Carbon by the Pyrolysis of Tobacco
Authors: Baker R. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFlue-cured Virginia tobacco has been heated in nitrogen and nitrogen/oxygen mixtures under flow conditions, and the rate of formation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide has been determined as a function of temperature, heating rate, and proportion of oxygen in the gas. When the tobacco is heated in nitrogen at heating rates comparable to those in a smouldering cigarette, 27 % of the carbon content of the tobacco is converted to carbon oxides. Both carbon oxides show two distinct formation regions: a low-temperature region (about 100°-450°C), and a high-temperature region (about 550°-900°C). These temperature limits are almost identical to those predicted from studies on the combustion coal of a cigarette burning in air. When tobacco, or the carbonaceous residue remaining after the pyrolysis experiments, is heated in nitrogen / oxygen mixtures, the total amount of carbon converted to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide is independent of heating rate, but the relative proportions of the two oxides are strongly dependent on heating rate. At the lower heating rate, proportionally less carbon monoxide, and more carbon dioxide, is produced. Under oxidation conditions, about 70 % of both carbon oxides formed in the low-temperature region (100°-450°C) are produced by tobacco decomposition reactions, whereas in the high-temperature region about 10-20 % of the carbon monoxide, and 2-9 % of the carbon dioxide, are produced by tobacco decomposition.
A Thirty-Port Smoking Machine for Continuous Smoke Generation
Authors: Schultz F. J. , Wagner J. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExperience gained from a recent evaluation of smoking machines has been applied in the design of a sophisticated automatic smoking machine. Utilizing a reverse puff mechanism, a continuous or intermittent smoke stream is generated, diluted to selected concentration levels and channelled to multiple exposure apparatus. AlI functions are completely controlled by digital electronics as is the detection of faults in the system. Analysis of the smoke produced indicates that it is not chemically different from the smoke delivered by other types of apparatus
Multiple Capillary Pressure Drop Standards
Authors: Keith C. H. , Corbin J. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper describes a simple device, consisting of a collection of glass capillary tubes, which can be used as a stable, pressure insensitive standard for calibrating pressure drop machines. For air flowing through a single capillary tube of the proper dimensions to give a pressure drop similar to that of a filter rod, the Reynolds number is about 2000, the boundary between laminar and turbulent flow. Since turbulent flow gives pressure drops which vary with atmospheric pressure, it is desirable to reduce this quantity to a level where laminar flow is always present. This can be accomplished by distributing the flow among 10 parallel capillaries of very small diameter. The capillaries were formed by drawing pyrex tubing on a Hupe glass drawing machine to a finished internaI diameter of .44 mm. Ten Iengths of this capillary were mounted in 8 mm tubing and were encased in a clear resin. After polymerization of the resin, the composite rod was sawed into appropriate lengths and cleaned in an ultrasonic bath. Microscopic examination of the finished tubes showed that each capillary was a clean, smooth-walled tube with a sharp entrance and exit. Calculation of the Reynolds number for the composite capillary gave a value of 314, which is well within the Iaminar flow region. The agreement between measured pressure drops of these standards and those calculated using Poiseuille's Iaw with an entry and exit correction is excellent. Daily measurements of the pressure drop of these standard tubes for a period of a month were conducted, and the random variability was found to be 1 % or Iess. Measurements of the pressure drop of these tubes at various pressures and temperatures covering the range of normaI laboratory conditions also demonstrated a lack of significant variability. Fouling of the tubes from atmospheric dust was not found to be a significant factor