bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo sedative and hypnotic activities of methanol extract from the leaves of Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm.f.) Hallier f. in Swiss Albino mice
Authors: Jakaria Md. , Clinton Chayan Dhar , Islam Mukimul , Talukder Mohammad Belal , Shariful Islam Md. , Tareq Syed Mohammed , Uddin Shaikh Bokhtear 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Background:
The superior genus Jacquemontia belongs to Convolvulaceae, with around 120 species, and is also considered taxonomically difficult. The aim of this experiment was to assess the sedative and hypnotic activities of methanol extract from the leaves of Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.

Methods:
The sedative and hypnotic activities were evaluated by hole-cross, open field, hole-board, elevated plus maze (EPM), and thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time determination tests in mice at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg.

Results:
In this investigation, we found that methanol extract of Jacquemontia paniculata (MEJP) produced a significant dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous activity of mice both in hole-cross and open field tests. In addition, it also decreased the number of head dips in hole-board test. In the case of EPM test, this crude extract induced an anxiogenic-like effect rather than anxiolytic effect in mice. Moreover, MEJP significantly decreased the induction time to sleep and prolonged the duration of sleeping, induced by thiopental sodium.

Conclusions:
To conclude, these results suggest that the MEJP leaves possess potent sedative and hypnotic activities, which supported its therapeutic use for sleep disorders like insomnia.
Paternalism and Evaluative Shift
Authors: Davies Ben 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Many people feel that respecting a person’s autonomy is not sufficiently important to obligate us to stay out of their affairs in all cases; but the ground for interference may often turn out to be a hunch that the agent cannot really be competent, or cannot really know what her decision implies; for if she were both of these things, surely she would not make such a foolish decision. This paper suggests a justification of paternalism that does not rely on such appeals. I argue that in cases where an agent will undergo a significant alteration in their evaluative outlook – ‘evaluative shift’ – three central, persuasive objections to paternalism lose their force, and offer a prima facie case for paternalism in some of these cases. I then suggest that we can extend this argument to some cases where evaluative alteration is not predictable, but where the risk and harm are both significant. In such cases, paternalism may be justified.
Crystal structure of (Z)-1-(1,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-hydroxy-3-(p-toly)prop-2-en-1-one, C15H16N2O2
Authors: Radi Smaail , Tighadouini Said , Eddike Driss , Tillard Monique , Mabkhot Yahia N. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
C15H16N2O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 10.8334(5) Å, b = 11.7225(5) Å, c = 12.6861(6) Å, β = 123.417(5)°, V = 1344.73(1) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0607 , wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1662, T = 297 K.
NMR analysis of compositional heterogeneity in polysaccharides
Authors: Cheng H. N. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Many copolysaccharides are compositionally heterogeneous, and the composition determined by the usual analytical or spectroscopic methods provides only an average value. For some polysaccharides, the NMR data contain copolymer sequence information, such as diad, triad, and tetrad sequence intensities. In such cases, it is possible to estimate the extent of compositional heterogeneity through NMR. Two general types of methodologies can be used: perturbed Markovian and discrete component approaches. The theoretical bases for these approaches are reviewed in this work, and three examples are shown of the application of these NMR methodologies to copolysaccharides.
Semiotic modeling and education
Authors: Yu Hongbing 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWithin the rich legacy left by Thomas Sebeok, there is a critical concept of semiotic modeling that directly addresses the core of the philosophy of education in the light of semiotics and affords valuable implications for the nascent interdisciplinary field of inquiry ofedusemioticsoreducational semiotics, essentially a philosophy of human knowing. The present paper argues that the concept of modeling as in Modeling Systems Theory has elevated us above the long-standing debate over nature versus nurture in the discussions of education and sheds light on the dynamic co-shaping relationship between the modeling subject and its models, as well as the fact that human brain function bio-culturally, as is evidenced by a crucial concept in the field of neurophysiology known as “neuroplasticity” and relevant experiment findings from neurophysiological and cognitive researches over the past few decades. It further claims that life-long education is not just something educators and educatees should keep advocating, but more of ade factostate of human existence. It concludes by confirming that in future edusemiotic studies more attention can and should be directed to the determination of the subject’s semiosic stage, for which the semiosic capacities of the subject are to be further explored, tested and facilitated.
Code-switching and emotions display in Spanish/Galician bilingual conversation
Authors: Acuña Ferreira A. Virginia 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis paper aims to contribute to recent research on bilingualism and emotions from a discourse approach, analyzing extracts taken from a spontaneous conversation between two Spanish/Galician female bilinguals. Spanish is the base language of this interaction and the dominant language of the speakers, but the extracts selected correspond to sequences of gossip and complaints about third parties including switches into Galician. The analysis reveals that these Spanish/Galician bilingual uses contribute towards the structure of the conversational activity and to foreground different affective stances. Spanish is employed to signal indignation at the arrogant attitude of the people talked about, while Galician is selected in producing a derogatory discourse on their social status or moral condition which displays contempt for them. While previous research on code-switching and emotions has linked the affective functions with the dominant language(s), this paper highlights the relevance of both the dominant language and the less dominant language in displaying affective stances. It is proposed that the specific emotive role of Galician in the contextualization of contempt could be related to the external symbolism of this language and its traditional lack of prestige.
The sequential organization of text and speech in multimodal synchronous computer-mediated communication
Authors: Nguyen Hanh thi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study uses conversation analysis to describe the sequential and functional relationship between text and speech turns in an English conversational lesson conducted in multimodal synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) involving text and speech modes. Focusing on repair sequences, I examine the relative timing of turns in each mode, the interactional practices that participants employed to handle timing discrepancy, and how both modes were utilized to maintain the pedagogical and interpersonal purposes of the encounter. The analysis shows that synchronous timing between text and speech turns was rare. In time lags between text and speech turns, if the repair was a self-initiated other-repair initiated by the tutee, speech turns did not seem to orient to the time lag. In other types of repair, the tutor utilized a range of practices to accommodate for the time lags, such as extreme slow speech tempo, pivot turns, and topic pursuits. The tutor also used the silent and visual features of text to insert and project an upcoming teaching episode in the midst of unfolding topical talk. The findings suggest that multimodal SCMC is a holistic process in which the affordances of modes can be employed dynamically and integratively to achieve social actions.
Van der Waals Force Assisted Heat Transfer
Authors: Sasihithlu K. , Pendry J.B. , Craster R.V. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Phonons (collective atomic vibrations in solids) are more effective in transporting heat than photons. This is the reason why the conduction mode of heat transport in nonmetals (mediated by phonons) is dominant compared to the radiation mode of heat transport (mediated by photons). However, since phonons are unable to traverse a vacuum gap (unlike photons), it is commonly believed that two bodies separated by a gap cannot exchange heat via phonons. Recently, a mechanism was proposed [J. B. Pendry, K. Sasihithlu, and R. V. Craster, Phys. Rev. B 94, 075414 (2016)] by which phonons can transport heat across a vacuum gap – through the Van der Waals interaction between two bodies with gap less than the wavelength of light. Such heat transfer mechanisms are highly relevant for heating (and cooling) of nanostructures; the heating of the flying heads in magnetic storage disks is a case in point. Here, the theoretical derivation for modelling phonon transmission is revisited and extended to the case of two bodies made of different materials separated by a vacuum gap. Magnitudes of phonon transmission, and hence the heat transfer, for commonly used materials in the micro- and nano-electromechanical industry are calculated and compared with the calculation of conduction heat transfer through air for small gaps as well as the heat transfer calculation due to photon exchange.
Advances in Measuring Air-Void Parameters in Hardened Concrete Using a Flatbed Scanner
Authors: Song Y. , Zou R. , Castaneda D. I. , Riding K. A. , Lange D. A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEntrained air bubbles in concrete improve the freeze–thaw resistance by alleviating stresses caused by freezing water within the microstructure. It is necessary to achieve a uniform distribution of entrained air bubbles in the paste to achieve optimal freeze–thaw performance. The technique of measuring the air-void system parameters in hardened concrete is specified by ASTM C457/C457M-12. In this standard testing procedure, the freeze–thaw parameters of interest are determined by optically observing and measuring the traversal lengths of air voids, paste, and aggregate particles along straight lines across the polished surface of the concrete specimen. ASTM C457/C457M-12 has been criticized as time-consuming and expensive, and so there has been a concerted effort by the research community to develop improved methods. Automated methods that use digital images to measure freeze–thaw parameters exist, but they require operator-selected threshold levels and significant sample preparation time and labor. To address these shortcomings, this paper presents an automated method to measure freeze–thaw parameters using a high-resolution flatbed scanner, automated image segmentation, and short sample preparation time and labor. Polished concrete surfaces are treated with phenolphthalein and a florescent chalk powder to distinguish phases of interest. The surfaces are scanned using a flatbed scanner, and spectral–spatial analysis is used to identify the individual phases of aggregates, paste, and air voids. The ternary images are used to measure parameters of the air-void system. To validate the rigor of this automated method, six groups of concrete specimens provided by a commercial laboratory were tested using the proposed automated method and manual ASTM C457/C457M-12. This comparison was conducted in a “blind” fashion, so as to avoid potential biases. A fair agreement is found for normal concrete specimens, but not for concrete containing lightweight aggregates.
Nanoscale Molecular Reorganization of the Inhibitory Postsynaptic Density Is a Determinant of GABAergic Synaptic Potentiation
Authors: Pennacchietti Francesca , Vascon Sebastiano , Nieus Thierry , Rosillo Christian , Das Sabyasachi , Tyagarajan Shiva K. , Diaspro Alberto , Del Bue Alessio , Petrini Enrica Maria , Barberis Andrea , Cella Zanacchi Francesca 
Published: January 2017

Gephyrin is a key scaffold protein mediating the anchoring of GABAA receptors at inhibitory synapses. Here, we exploited superresolution techniques combined with proximity-based clustering analysis and model simulations to investigate the single-molecule gephyrin reorganization during plasticity of inhibitory synapses in mouse hippocampal cultured neurons. This approach revealed that, during the expression of inhibitory LTP, the increase of gephyrin density at postsynaptic sites is associated with the promoted formation of gephyrin nanodomains. We demonstrate that the gephyrin rearrangement in nanodomains stabilizes the amplitude of postsynaptic currents, indicating that, in addition to the number of synaptic GABAA receptors, the nanoscale distribution of GABAA receptors in the postsynaptic area is a crucial determinant for the expression of inhibitory synaptic plasticity. In addition, the methodology implemented here clears the way to the application of the graph-based theory to single-molecule data for the description and quantification of the spatial organization of the synapse at the single-molecule level.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mechanisms of inhibitory synaptic plasticity are poorly understood, mainly because the size of the synapse is below the diffraction limit, thus reducing the effectiveness of conventional optical and imaging techniques. Here, we exploited superresolution approaches combined with clustering analysis to study at unprecedented resolution the distribution of the inhibitory scaffold protein gephyrin in response to protocols inducing LTP of inhibitory synaptic responses (iLTP). We found that, during the expression of iLTP, the increase of synaptic gephyrin is associated with the fragmentation of gephyrin in subsynaptic nanodomains. We demonstrate that such synaptic gephyrin nanodomains stabilize the amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic responses, thus identifying the nanoscale gephyrin rearrangement as a key determinant for inhibitory synaptic plasticity.
Metformin prevents metabolic side effects during systemic glucocorticoid treatment
Authors: Seelig Eleonora , Meyer Stefanie , Timper Katharina , Nigro Nicole , Bally Martina , Pernicova Ida , Schuetz Philipp , Müller Beat , Korbonits Marta , Christ-Crain Mirjam 
Published: January 2017

Objectives
Patients receiving glucocorticoid treatment are prone to develop metabolic complications. In preclinical studies, metformin prevented the development of the metabolic syndrome during glucocorticoid excess. We herein investigated the metabolic effect of metformin during glucocorticoid treatment in non-diabetic patients.

Methods
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients starting glucocorticoid treatment (prednisone, prednisolone or methylprednisolone) for four weeks were randomised to concomitantly receive metformin (850 mg once daily for one week followed by 850 mg twice daily for three weeks) or placebo. All patients underwent a standardised oral glucose tolerance test at baseline and after four weeks. The primary endpoint was change in the 2-h area under the curve (AUC) of glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test between baseline and four weeks.

Results
29 of 34 randomised non-diabetic patients completed the trial (17 metformin and 12 placebo). In patients allocated to placebo, median glucose 2-h AUC increased from baseline to four weeks (836 (IQR 770–966) to 1202 (1009–1271) mmol/L per min; P = 0.01). In contrast, glucose levels remained similar to baseline in the metformin group (936 (869–1003) to 912 (825–1011) mmol/L per min; P = 0.83). This change within four weeks was different between both groups (P = 0.005). Glucocorticoid equivalent doses were similar in both groups (placebo: 980.0 (560.0–3259.8) mg/28 days; metformin: 683.0 (437.5–1970.5) mg/28 days; P = 0.26).

Conclusions
In this first randomised controlled trial of metformin targeting metabolic complications in patients needing glucocorticoid therapy, we observed a beneficial effect of metformin on glycaemic control. Metformin thus seems to be a promising drug for preventing metabolic side effects during systemic glucocorticoid treatment.
The neuroendocrine sequelae of paediatric craniopharyngioma: a 40-year meta-data analysis of 185 cases from three UK centres
Authors: Tan Timothy Shao Ern , Patel Leena , Gopal-Kothandapani Jaya Sujatha , Ehtisham Sarah , Ikazoboh Esieza Clare , Hayward Richard , Aquilina Kristian , Skae Mars , Thorp Nicky , Pizer Barry , Didi Mohammed , Mallucci Conor , Blair Joanne C , Gaze Mark N , Kamaly-Asl Ian , Spoudeas Helen , Clayton Peter E 
Published: January 2017

Objectives
The management of paediatric craniopharyngiomas was traditionally complete resection (CR), with better reported tumour control compared to that by partial resection (PR) or limited surgery (LS). The subsequent shift towards hypothalamic sparing, conservative surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) to any residual tumour aimed at reducing neuroendocrine morbidity, has not been systematically studied. Hence, we reviewed the sequelae of differing management strategies in paediatric craniopharyngioma across three UK tertiary centres over four decades.

Methods
Meta-data was retrospectively reviewed over two periods before (1973–2000 (Group A: n = 100)) and after (1998–2011 (Group B: n = 85)) the introduction of the conservative strategy at each centre.

Results
Patients had CR (A: 34% and B: 19%), PR (A: 48% and B: 46%) or LS (A: 16% and B: 34%), with trends reflecting the change in surgical approach over time. Overall recurrence rates between the two periods did not change (A: 38% vs B: 32%). More patients received RT in B than A, but recurrence rates were similar: for A, 28% patients received RT with 9 recurrences (32%); for B, 62% received RT with 14 recurrences (26%). However, rates of diabetes insipidus (P = 0.04), gonadotrophin deficiency (P < 0.001) and panhypopituitarism (P = 0.001) were lower in B than those in A. In contrast, post-operative obesity (BMI SDS >+2.0) (P = 0.4) and hypothalamic (P = 0.1) and visual (P = 0.3) morbidity rates were unchanged.

Conclusion
The shift towards more conservative surgery has reduced the prevalence of hormone deficiencies, including diabetes insipidus, which can be life threatening. However, it has not been associated with reduced hypothalamic and visual morbidities, which remain a significant challenge. More effective targeted therapies are necessary to improve outcomes.
O CONFLITO COMO FATOR AGREGADOR
Authors: Fernandes Luiz Carlos do Carmo 
Published: January 2017

RESUMO: o contexto de extremismo político no Brasil tem levando muitos analistas a duvidarem do futuro da incipiente
democracia nacional. A polarização esquerda direita, estimulado na campanha eleitoral 2014, cresceu com o
radicalismo conservador de direita ganhando elementos de ódio nas redes sociais online. Tal cenário de disputa,
ao contrário do que possa parecer, pode ser salutar e funcionar como um fator agregador e de manutenção
dos grupos na perspectiva sociológica de George Simmel e de autores da ciência política que são adeptos da
teoria formal da democracia ou democracia como procedimento. O presente artigo tem por objetivo relacionar
a discussão do sociólogo e filósofo alemão, George Simmel a respeito da Natureza Sociológica do Conflito e a
Competição com as teorias democráticas contemporâneas e o atual momento nacional.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Democracia. Competição e Clivagem. Conflito Agregador.
Sink or Swim: Water Immersion for Labor and Birth in a Tertiary Maternity Unit in Australia
Authors: Plint Elke , Davis Deborah 
Published: January 2017

PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe and compare the attitudes and practices of midwives and obstetric doctors in a tertiary setting regarding water immersion for labor and birth and to identify strategies for improving bath usage in the facility.DESIGN: A questionnaire consisting of 47 multiple choice and 2 open-ended questions was distributed to midwives and obstetric doctors providing labor care in the facility.FINDINGS: Obstetric doctors were unsupportive. Birth suite midwives, despite assigning value to it, rarely facilitated water immersion. Only continuity midwives routinely facilitated water immersion. The main identified strategies for increasing bath usage in labor were staff training and support, antenatal education, and increased access to continuity of care.CONCLUSION: Providing bath access and supporting guidelines is not sufficient to increase water immersion for labor and birth in a tertiary setting. Additional strategies are needed to incorporate this practice into standard care in the birth suite.
La visión de Laṅkā en el Rāmāyaṇa de Vālmīki: una poética de la vida secular
Authors: Figueroa Óscar 
Published: January 2017

Este artículo estudia la descripción de Laṅkā, la capital del reino demoníaco, en el libro quinto del Rāmāyaṇa. Aun subrayando la importancia del ethos y los valores brahmánicos, esta descripción introduce una especie de consagración poética de la vida secular que sugiere una dinámica social más heterogénea. Se ofrecen, además, ejemplos de versiones posteriores del Rāmāyaṇa donde esa heterogeneidad se contrae a favor de una visión puramente religiosa.
Uso de agregados monetarios como indicadores de la evolución futura de los precios al consumidor: crecimiento monetario y meta de inflación
Authors: Ramos-Francia Manuel , Noriega Antonio E. , Rodríguez-Pérez Cid Alonso 
Published: January 2017

Antecedentes: Recientemente, los agregados monetarios han desempeñado un papel menor en las deliberaciones de política monetaria en la mayoría de los bancos centrales. Esto es debido a que los modelos utilizados se concentran en las desviaciones de la inflación respecto a un nivel de estado estacionario dado exógenamente. La cantidad de dinero en la economía determina el nivel de precios en el largo plazo, pero no necesariamente influye en las desviaciones respecto a dicho nivel. Por lo tanto, los agregados monetarios han perdido relevancia en el análisis de corto plazo. Métodos: Se realiza un extenso análisis econométrico de la demanda de dinero a largo plazo para México utilizando el agregado monetario M1. Se estima la demanda del agregado monetario M1 mediante un modelo autorregresivo de rezagos distribuidos, con datos trimestrales para México para el periodo 2001-2014. El modelo se somete a una variedad de pruebas de especificación y diagnóstico, además se realiza un profundo análisis de la estabilidad de los parámetros. Con base en dicha demanda se calculan dos indicadores de presiones inflacionarias: la brecha del dinero y el indicador m*. Resultados: Este artículo muestra cómo se puede utilizar a los agregados monetarios como indicadores de presiones inflacionarias. Esto es posible ya que existe una relación a largo plazo entre dichos agregados y los precios. Específicamente, se obtienen dos indicadores. Por un lado, la brecha del dinero, la cual mide la desviación de M1 real de su relación con sus determinantes a largo plazo. Por otro lado, el indicador m* se basa en la estimación del índice de precios que es congruente con la cantidad de M1 en la economía, una vez que ésta se ajusta por la tendencia de largo plazo de sus determinantes tomando en cuenta sus coeficientes de largo plazo. Así, respecto a la tendencia a largo plazo de la inflación, el indicador m* sugiere que el crecimiento del dinero durante el régimen de metas de inflación: fue congruente con un importante esfuerzo de desinflación, y posteriormente converger a un crecimiento aproximado de 3%; esto es, hacia condiciones inflacionarias congruentes con la meta de inflación. Conclusiones: La política monetaria ha sido congruente con el objetivo de inflación del Banco de México.