bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Removal in Permeable Woodchip Filters Affected by Hydraulic Loading Rate and Woodchip Ratio
Authors: Bruun Jacob , Hoffmann Carl Christian , Kjaergaard Charlotte 
Published: August 2016

Unregulated and event‐driven agricultural tile drainage discharge poses several challenges that potentially limit the nitrate (NO3) removal performance of woodchip‐based wetlands constructed to intercept subsurface tile drain flows. Laboratory column tests were conducted to evaluate the biogeochemical response of mixed reactive media (woodchips–seashells and woodchips–Filtralite mixtures) at two woodchip ratios to changes in hydraulic loading rate (HLR). The tests involved continuous loading of aerated artificial drainage water spiked with NO3–N and tritium (3H2O) breakthrough experiments. Flow‐normalized NO3 reduction rates ranged from 0.35 to 3.97 g N m−3 L−1, corresponding to N removal efficiencies of 5 to 64%, depending on HLR and filter mixtures. At high HLRs, oxic conditions prevailed in the woodchip filters, resulting in reduced N removal. At low HLRs, progressively lower pore‐water velocities extended the period for consumption of terminal electron acceptors, increasing N removal. When increasing the content of mineral material, N removal declined, probably due to a lower denitrifying biomass at lower woodchip mass. The effect of woodchip ratios on solute transport characteristics was difficult to assess. However, woodchip media including a mineral fraction of crushed seashells demonstrated the highest N removal rates and efficiencies, most likely due to the alkalizing effect of the seashells. In conclusion, filter mixtures consisting of woodchips and seashells were the most effective material for N removal in subsurface flow–constructed wetlands treating agricultural drainage water.Core Ideas
Nonequilibrium solute transport was found in woodchip media.
Solute diffusion into immobile zones allowed nitrate removal at high oxygen load.
Mixed woodchip media removed 5 to 64% of influent nitrate at continuous loading.
Woodchip media including crushed seashells facilitated higher denitrification rates.
Increasing the woodchip content in filter media increased treatment efficiency.
Nitrogen Management for Corn and Groundwater Quality in Upper Midwest Irrigated Sands
Authors: Struffert Anne M. , Rubin John C. , Fernández Fabián G. , Lamb John A. 
Published: August 2016

Groundwater contamination from NO3–N leaching in corn (Zea mays L.) production with coarse‐textured soils poses an environmental concern. Our objectives were to evaluate NO3–N leaching in continuous corn (CC), corn after soybean (Glycine max L.) (CSb), and soybean after corn (SbC) in irrigated sandy soils in Minnesota related to (i) N rate using best management practices of split‐N application, (ii) a split‐N application and single preplant applications of enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers (EEF), and (iii) residual N treatment in SbC. Urea (0–315 kg N ha−1 in 45‐kg increments) was broadcast as a split application (half at preplant and half at the V4 development stage) and polymer‐coated urea (ESN), ESN/urea, and SuperU at preplant at a rate of 180 kg N ha−1 on an Arvilla sandy loam soil. In May and June, 75% of the total drainage and 73% of the total NO3–N leached occurred. At the economic optimum N rate (EONR), season‐long NO3–N leaching rates were 86 and 106 kg NO3–N ha−1 for CC and CSb, respectively. In CC, reducing the EONR by 20% reduced grain yield by 4% and NO3–N leached by 9%, and a 25% reduction in EONR resulted in an additional 2% reduction for both, whereas no significant reductions occurred for CSb. Similar NO3–N leaching occurred with EEFs and the split‐N application. After 4 yr of no N application, we measured 9 to 20 mg NO3–N L−1 and leaching of 21 to 51 kg NO3–N ha−1, highlighting the difficulty of meeting drinking water quality standards in corn cropping systems.Core Ideas
Enhanced‐efficiency N fertilizers did not reduce nitrate amounts leached.
Suboptimum N fertilizer rates reduce corn yield without enhancing water quality.
Early spring precipitation, when crops are small, drives nitrate amounts leached.
Comparison of visual and electronic devices for individual identification of dromedary camels under different farming conditions
Authors: Caja G. , Díaz-Medina E. , Salama A. A. K. , Salama O. A. E. , El-Shafie M. H. , El-Metwaly H. A. , Ayadi M. , Aljumaah R. S. , Alshaikh M. A. , Yahyahoui M. H. , Seddik M. M. , Hammadi M. , Khorchani T. , Amann O. , Cabrera S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe camel industry uses traditional (i.e., iron brands and ear tags) and modern (i.e., microchips) identification (ID) systems without having performance results of reference. Previously iron-branded (n = 45; 1 yr) and microchipped (n = 59; 7 yr) camels showed problems of healing (8.6% of brands) and reading (only 42.9% of brands and 69.5% of microchips were readable), which made their use inadvisable. With the aim of proposing suitable ID systems for different farming conditions, an on-field study was performed using a total of 528 dromedaries at 4 different locations (Egypt, n = 83; Spain, n = 304; Saudi Arabia, n = 90; and Tunisia, n = 51). The ID devices tested were visual (button ear tags, 28.5 mm diameter, n = 178; double flag ear tags, 50 by 15 mm, n = 83; both made of polyurethane) and electronic (ear tags, n = 90, and rumen boluses, n = 555). Electronic ear tags were polyurethane-loop type (75 by 9 mm) with a container in which a 22-mm transponder of full-duplex technology was lodged. Electronic boluses of 7 types, varying in dimensions (50 to 76 mm length, 11 to 21 mm width, and 12.7 to 82.1 g weight) and specific gravity (SG; 1.49 to 3.86) and each of them containing a 31-mm transponder of half-duplex technology, were all administered to the dromedaries at the beginning of the study. When a low-SG bolus was lost, a high-SG bolus was readministered. Readability rates of each ID system were evaluated during 1 to 3 yr, according to device and location, and yearly values were estimated for comparison. On a yearly basis, visual ear tag readability was not fully satisfactory; it was lower for rectangular ear tags (66.3%) than for button ear tags (80.9%). Yearly readability of electronic ear tags was 93.7%. Bolus readability dramatically varied according to their SG; the SG &lt; 2.0 boluses were fully lost after 8 mo. In contrast, the SG &gt; 3.0 boluses were efficiently retained (99.6 to 100%) at all locations. In conclusion, according to the expected long lifespan of camels, low ID performances were observed for iron brands, injectable microchips, and ear tags (visual and electronic), making their use inadvisable as unique ID systems in camels. The high readability of dense electronic boluses recommended their use as a permanent ID device of reference in camels.
Electrochemical hydrogen storage behaviour of as-cast and as-spun RE–Mg–Ni–Mn-based alloys applied to Ni–MH battery
Authors: Zhang Yanghuan , Hou Zhonghui , Cai Ying , Hu Feng , Qi Yan , Zhao Dongliang 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
La–Mg–Ni–Mn-based AB
2-type La1–

x
Ce
x
MgNi3.5Mn0.5 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) alloys were fabricated by melt spinning. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the experimental alloys consisted of a major phase LaMgNi4 and a secondary phase LaNi5. The Ce substitution for La and melt spinning refined the grains of the alloys clearly. Electrochemical tests showed that the as-cast and as-spun alloys exhibited excellent activation capability. With the increase in the spinning rate and Ce content, the discharge capacities of the alloys initially increased and then decreased, whereas their cycle stabilities always increased. Moreover, the electrochemical kinetics of the alloys initially increased and then decreased with the growth of Ce content and spinning rate. The major reason leading to the capacity degradation of the alloy electrodes was determined to be the pulverisation of the alloy particles and the corrosion and oxidation of the alloy surface.
High frequency cycling behaviour of three AZ magnesium alloys – microstructural characterisation
Authors: Trojanová Zuzanka , Palček Peter , Chalupová Mária , Lukáč Pavel , Hlaváčová Ivana 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Three Mg–Al–Zn alloys, namely AZ31, AZ63 and AZ91, were subjected to high frequency cyclic loading with the aim of revealing their fatigue behaviour. AZ63 and AZ91 alloys contained discontinuous and continuous precipitates and also the intermetallic compound Mg17Al12. Samples were loaded step by step at increasing stress amplitudes at room temperature. Three characteristics of the cycled samples were investigated: the sample surface, the fatigue fracture surface and the fracture surface after the static fracture of samples. Details of the fatigue and fracture behaviour were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The significant roles of twinning and dislocation movement during the high frequency cycling are discussed. The limited plasticity of alloys estimated during the high frequency cycling is due to a decrease in the moving dislocation density entering into the thermally activated process.
Electrochemical behaviour of iron and AISI 304 stainless steel in simulated acid rain solution
Authors: Pilić Zora , Martinović Ivana 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe growth mechanism and properties of the oxide films on iron and AISI 304 stainless steel were studied in simulated acid rain (pH4.5) by means of electrochemical techniques and atomic absorption spectrometry. The layer-pore resistance model was applied to explain a potentiodynamic formation of surface oxides. It was found that the growth of the oxide film on iron takes place by the low-field migration mechanism, while that on the stainless steel takes place by the high-field mechanism. Kinetic parameters were determined. Impedance measurements revealed that Fe surface film has no protective properties at the open circuit potential, while the resistance of stainless steel oxide film is very high. The concentration of the metallic ions released into solution and measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy was in accordance with the results obtained from the electrochemical techniques.
Evaluation of Yield and Quality of Three Jackfruit (<i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i> L.) Genotypes
Authors: Rahman M H , Alam Patwary M M , Barua H , Nahar S , Noman Faruq Ahmmed Abu 
Published: August 2016

Yield and quality performances of three jackfruit genotypes were studied at the Agricultural Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Pahartali, Chittagong during 2013-2014. Age, growth, maturity period, yield potential and also qualitative characteristics were compared among them. Based on overall performance with respect to bearing potential, maturity period, fruit and bulb characters, the genotypes AHPah-1 have been found promising for table purpose followed by AHPah-2 and AHPah-3. Minimum days (117) to 1st harvest were observed in AHPah-1. The number of fruits per plant was exceedingly higher (73) in AHPah-1 whereas minimum number (41) was found in AHPah-2. Maximum weight (8.40 kg) per fruit was observed in AHPah-2 and minimum was in AHPah-1(3.40 kg). The highest single fruit length (37.25cm) was found in AHPah-2 and breadth (27.00cm) was produced by AHPah-3. Maximum number of bulbs (116) was produced in AHPah-1, whereas minimum (63.00) was in AHPah-3. Maximum weight of bulbs per fruit (4.24 kg) was produced in AHPah-2. Individual bulb weight was higher (54.42g) in AHPah -2 whereas, the lowest (16.71) was in AHPah-1. Edible portion was higher (69.27%) in AHPah-1 whereas, the lowest (53.43%) was in AHPah-3. The TSS was the highest (21.00%) in AHPah-1. The highest bulb length and breadth was found in AHPah-3. Highest seeds weight (639g) was produced in AHPah-2. Individual seed weight (8.19 g) was higher in AHPah-2. Therefore, the genotypes can be included in the variety development program after comparing with the already BARI released jackfruit variety.The Agriculturists 2016; 14(1) 107-111
RECENT GALAXY MERGERS AND RESIDUAL STAR FORMATION OF RED SEQUENCE GALAXIES IN GALAXY CLUSTERS
Authors: Sheen Yun-Kyeong , Yi Sukyoung K. , Ree Chang H. , Jaffé Yara , Demarco Ricardo , Treister Ezequiel 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
This study explored the Galaxy Evolution Explorer ultraviolet (UV) properties of optical red sequence galaxies in four rich Abell clusters at

. In particular, we tried to find a hint of merger-induced recent star formation (RSF) in red sequence galaxies. Using the NUV

colors of the galaxies, RSF fractions were derived based on various criteria for post-merger galaxies and normal galaxies. Following k-correction, about 36% of the post-merger galaxies were classified as RSF galaxies with a conservative criterion (NUV

), and that number was doubled (∼72%) when using a generous criterion (NUV

). The trend was the same when we restricted the sample to galaxies within 0.5 × R
200. Post-merger galaxies with strong UV emission showed more violent, asymmetric features in the deep optical images. The RSF fractions did not show any trend along the clustocentric distance within R
200. We performed a Dressler–Shectman test to check whether the RSF galaxies had any correlation with the substructures in the galaxy clusters. Within R
200 of each cluster, the RSF galaxies did not appear to be preferentially related to the clusters’ substructures. Our results suggested that only 30% of RSF red sequence galaxies show morphological hints of recent galaxy mergers. This implies that internal processes (e.g., stellar mass loss or hot gas cooling) for the supply of cold gas to early-type galaxies may play a significant role in the residual star formation of early-type galaxies at a recent epoch.
PANCHROMATIC HUBBLE ANDROMEDA TREASURY. XVI. STAR CLUSTER FORMATION EFFICIENCY AND THE CLUSTERED FRACTION OF YOUNG STARS
Authors: Johnson L. Clifton , Seth Anil C. , Dalcanton Julianne J. , Beerman Lori C. , Fouesneau Morgan , Lewis Alexia R. , Weisz Daniel R. , Williams Benjamin F. , Bell Eric F. , Dolphin Andrew E. , Larsen Søren S. , Sandstrom Karin , Skillman Evan D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We use the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury survey data set to perform spatially resolved measurements of star cluster formation efficiency (Γ), the fraction of stellar mass formed in long-lived star clusters. We use robust star formation history and cluster parameter constraints, obtained through color–magnitude diagram analysis of resolved stellar populations, to study Andromeda’s cluster and field populations over the last ∼300 Myr. We measure Γ of 4%–8% for young, 10–100 Myr-old populations in M31. We find that cluster formation efficiency varies systematically across the M31 disk, consistent with variations in mid-plane pressure. These Γ measurements expand the range of well-studied galactic environments, providing precise constraints in an H i-dominated, low-intensity star formation environment. Spatially resolved results from M31 are broadly consistent with previous trends observed on galaxy-integrated scales, where Γ increases with increasing star formation rate surface density (ΣSFR). However, we can explain observed scatter in the relation and attain better agreement between observations and theoretical models if we account for environmental variations in gas depletion time (τ
dep) when modeling Γ, accounting for the qualitative shift in star formation behavior when transitioning from a H2-dominated to a H i-dominated interstellar medium. We also demonstrate that Γ measurements in high ΣSFR starburst systems are well-explained by τ
dep-dependent fiducial Γ models.
Rpl22 Loss Selectively Impairs αβ T Cell Development by Dysregulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling
Authors: Solanki Nehal R. , Stadanlick Jason E. , Zhang Yong , Duc Ann-Cecile , Lee Sang-Yun , Lauritsen Jens Peter Holst , Zhang Zhiqiang , Wiest David L. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Although ribosomal proteins (RP) are thought to primarily facilitate biogenesis of the ribosome and its ability to synthesize protein, emerging evidence suggests that individual RP can perform critical regulatory functions that control developmental processes. We showed previously that despite the ubiquitous expression of the RP ribosomal protein L22 (Rpl22), germline ablation of Rpl22 in mice causes a selective, p53-dependent block in the development of αβ, but not γδ, T cell progenitors. Nevertheless, the basis by which Rpl22 loss selectively induces p53 in αβ T cell progenitors remained unclear. We show in this study that Rpl22 regulates the development of αβ T cells by restraining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses. In the absence of Rpl22, ER stress is exacerbated in αβ, but not γδ, T cell progenitors. The exacerbated ER stress in Rpl22-deficient αβ T lineage progenitors is responsible for selective induction of p53 and their arrest, as pharmacological induction of stress is sufficient to induce p53 and replicate the selective block of αβ T cells, and attenuation of ER stress signaling by knockdown of protein kinase R–like ER kinase, an ER stress sensor, blunts p53 induction and rescues development of Rpl22-deficient αβ T cell progenitors. Rpl22 deficiency appears to exacerbate ER stress by interfering with the ability of ER stress signals to block new protein synthesis. Our finding that Rpl22 deficiency exacerbates ER stress responses and induces p53 in αβ T cell progenitors provides insight into how a ubiquitously expressed RP can perform regulatory functions that are selectively required by some cell lineages but not others.
Effect of Asymmetrical Load Carrying on Joint Kinetics of the Lower Extremity During Walking in High-Heeled Shoes in Young Women
Authors: Lee Soul , Wang Lin , Li Jing Xian 
Published: August 2016

Background: Carrying a load asymmetrically and walking in high-heeled shoes are common in women. Knowledge of the effects of the two combined conditions on lower-limb kinetics is lacking. We sought to examine the effects of walking in high-heeled shoes and carrying an asymmetrical load on the joint kinetics of the lower extremity in young women.Methods: Fifteen participants were asked to walk in flat-heeled and 9-cm high-heeled shoes and to asymmetrically carry loads of 0% body weight (BW), 5% BW, and 10% BW. The three-dimensional joint moments of the hip, knee, and ankle in each of the walking conditions were studied through ground reaction force measurements and motion analysis.Results: Walking in high-heeled shoes and asymmetrically carrying a load of 5% or 10% BW resulted in significant differences in ankle joint moments of the loaded and unloaded lower limbs. Compared with walking in flat-heeled shoes, walking in high-heeled shoes and carrying a load asymmetrically significantly increased hip extension, hip abduction, knee extension, and knee adduction moments and decreased ankle plantar moment of the loaded leg. Walking in high-heeled shoes carrying a load of 10% BW resulted in greater significant changes in hip abduction, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion moments in the loaded leg than did carrying a load of 5% BW.Conclusions: These findings indicate that walking in high-heeled shoes and asymmetrical load carrying create significant differences in joint loading between the two limbs and alter lower-extremity kinetics.
A Novel Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Fabric Design for the Early Detection of High-Risk Foot Complications
Authors: LeSar Jonathan D. , Rao Nilin M. , Williams Nicholas M. , Pantano Jeffrey P. , Ricci Melissa L. , Osher Lawrence S. , Hetherington Vincent J. , Kawalec Jill S. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
We developed a prototype of a novel thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC)–coated fabric with an extended temperature range and enhanced sensitivity. By incorporating color and pattern recognition into the fabric, rapid determination of the underlying pedal temperature is facilitated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the TLC fabric as a potential diagnostic aid for identifying complications in the high-risk foot.

Methods:
The hands of 100 individuals were used to compare the mean maximum temperatures indicated by the fabric versus standard thermal camera images. Findings were statistically analyzed using a paired t test, with significance defined as P &lt; .05.

Results:
Except for the tip of the thumb and regions in the palm, there were no statistically significant differences between mean maximum temperatures measured with the thermal camera and those detected with the TLC fabric. Minor differences were relatively consistent in all nine regions of the hand and were not considered to be clinically significant.

Conclusions:
Using direct visual analysis, we demonstrated that a novel TLC fabric could accurately map temperatures in the palmar surface of the hand. The findings support the continued development of a temperature-sensitive sock that can be used in the home to monitor for temperature changes that may indicate the onset of complications in the high-risk foot.
Electric field measurement of organic photovoltaic cell model using electrooptic probe
Authors: Saito Ryo , Yabe Yoko , Suzuki Akito , Shinagawa Mitsuru , Sugino Hiroyuki , Katsuyama Jun , Matsumoto Yoshinori 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we describe the use of a transverse electrooptic probe to measure the electric field of an organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell model. It is necessary to measure the voltage of each OPV cell in order to diagnose failure of the OPV. An electric field is generated by the OPV cell voltage, so measuring the electric field is effective for obtaining a failure diagnosis of the OPV. We use a transverse electrooptic probe as an instrumentation tool for measuring the electric field over the OPV. We confirmed the principle of superposition for the electric field strength from each OPV cell model. These results show that the calibration of each OPV cell voltage can be accomplished by measuring the electric field strength over the OPV cells.
Primeval Flood Catastrophe: Origins and Early Development in Mesopotamian Traditions. By Y. S. Chen; and The Ark before Noah: Decoding the Story of the Flood. By Irving Finkel.
Authors: George A. R. 
Published: August 2016

The Primeval Flood Catastrophe: Origins and Early Development in Mesopotamian Traditions. By Y. S. Chen. Oxford Oriental Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xiii + 314, 16 plts. $175.
The Ark before Noah: Decoding the Story of the Flood. By Irving Finkel. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2014. Pp. x + 421, 16 plts. £19.99.
First Islamic Reviver: Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī and His Revival of the Religious Sciences. By Kenneth Garden; and Al-Ghazālī’s Moderation in Belief: Al-Iqtiṣād fī al-iʿtiqād. Translated by Aladdin M. Yaqub
Authors: El-Rouayheb Khaled 
Published: August 2016

The First Islamic Reviver: Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī and His Revival of the Religious Sciences. By Kenneth Garden. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xiii + 238. $65, £41.99.
Al-Ghazālī’s Moderation in Belief: Al-Iqtiṣād fī al-iʿtiqād. Translated by Aladdin M. Yaqub. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2013. Pp. xxvii + 311. $50, £35.