bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate and targeted biopsy, Comparison of PIRADS and Gleason grading
Authors: Bastian‐Jordan Matthew 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIntroductionMultiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate has become integral in the investigation of suspected prostate cancer. Regions of interest are graded using the PIRADS scoring system, and in our institution, lesions graded as PIRADS 3–5 undergo sampling by MRI‐guided biopsy. Limited data currently exists on PIRADS grading and biopsy results.MethodsRetrospective review of 343 MRI‐guided biopsies (MRGB) performed between April 2013 and December 2016 was conducted. This included patients irrespective of whether they were biopsy naïve, biopsy negative or known low‐grade malignancy. A Gleason score (G) >= 3+4 was considered to reflect clinically significant disease (CSD).ResultsOf the 18 PIRADS 2 cases (at referrer request) who went to biopsy, 16 were negative and two had small volume Gleason 6 cancer. A total of 75 PIRADS 3 cases were biopsied with 88% negative or small volume Gleason 6 cancer, only 12% yielded ≥ G 3+4. Of the 133 PIRADS 4 lesions, 24% were negative, 25% were G6 and 51% were ≥ G 3+4. A total of 117 PIRADS 5 cases were biopsied with 7% negative, 13% Gleason 6 and 80% considered significant (≥ G 3+4). Of all biopsies, 230 (67%) had a positive result (≥ G6) with 171 of these (75%) being considered CSD, with overall CSD of 50% (171/343).ConclusionsThis paper demonstrates the incidence of CSD for different PIRADS grades. The low incidence of CSD in PIRADS 3 lesions suggests that in low clinical risk men, follow up in priority to biopsy may be an alternative treatment pathway.
MRI findings in deep infiltrating endometriosis: A pictorial essay
Authors: Thalluri Anitha L , Knox Steven , Nguyen Thi 
Published: October 2017

SummaryEndometriosis is an important gynaecological disorder which can impact significantly on an individual's quality of life and has major implications on fertility. Deep infiltrating endometriosis is a severe form of endometriosis which can cause obliteration of anatomic compartments. Laparoscopy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of endometriosis, although is an invasive procedure that has the potential to be hindered by obliterative disease. Ultrasound is often employed as the first‐line imaging modality when endometriosis is suspected, however, MRI is more accurate in assessment of complex disease. Pre‐operative MRI is highly specific in the diagnosis of endometriosis and characterization of disease extent, and plays a key role in guiding surgical management. MRI findings in deep infiltrating endometriosis are described.
Evaluation of kidney motion with and without a pneumatic abdominal compression belt: Considerations for stereotactic radiotherapy
Authors: West Kimberley , Russo Majella , Brown Elizabeth , Barry Tamara , Hargrave Cathy , Pryor David 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe optimal delivery of stereotactic radiotherapy for kidney tumours requires an effective motion management strategy. This study assessed the effectiveness of a pneumatic abdominal compression belt in reducing kidney motion during free breathing.MethodsThirteen patients, with four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) of the abdomen in free breathing with and without a pneumatic abdominal compression belt, were retrospectively reviewed. Points of Interest (POI) were placed on each kidney to determine the greatest magnitude of displacement in all directions.ResultsWithout compression, all patients had >5.0 mm motion in the craniocaudal (CC) direction in at least one kidney. Median CC excursion of the left superior pole was reduced with compression from 8.0 mm (range 2.0 mm–18.0 mm) to 4.0 mm (range 2.0 mm–10.0 mm, P = 0.047) and right superior pole from 10.0 mm (range 4.0 mm–16.0 mm) to 6.0 mm (range 2.0 mm–10.0 mm, P=value 0.051). A benefit was less evident for the left and right inferior poles with median CC excursion of 6.0 mm versus 4.0 mm and 5.0 mm versus 4.0 mm without and with compression, respectively. Median displacement in the anteroposterior direction (≤3.2 mm) and lateral directions (≤1.3 mm) was similar for left and right kidneys and not significantly altered by compression. Overall, seven patients had kidney motion reduced by >5.0 mm with two reduced by 10.0 mm.ConclusionA pneumatic abdominal compression belt reduced kidney motion by >5.0 mm in seven of thirteen patients. The relative benefit is patient and location specific and should be assessed on an individual basis.
AcuityView: An r package for portraying the effects of visual acuity on scenes observed by an animal
Authors: Caves Eleanor M. , Johnsen Sönke 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Visual acuity is one of three basic parameters that characterize a visual system. However, few comparative studies of signals, camouflage and ecology in general have considered visual acuity. This is unfortunate, because humans have high acuity, and thus researchers may focus on visual details of animals and habitats that are not actually visible to the relevant species.

Here we present AcuityView, a package for use in the software r which uses Fourier methods, measures of a viewer's acuity, viewing distance and the size of an image to modify images.

AcuityView renders an image in a way that preserves only the information that an animal with a given visual acuity can detect at a certain distance, thus displaying an image that shows only the visual information available to that viewer.

Ultimately, this will allow for a more informed analysis of what aspects of an animal's visual world may be detectable, and thus relevant to their ecology.
What's Next for Acute Heart Failure Research?
Authors: Collins Sean P. , Levy Phillip D. , Fermann Gregory J. , Givertz Michael M. , Martindale Jennifer M. , Pang Peter S. , Storrow Alan B. , Diercks Deborah D. , Michael Felker G. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Lanfear David J. , Lenihan Daniel J. , Lindenfeld JoAnn M. , Frank Peacock W. , Sawyer Douglas M. , Teerlink John R. , Butler Javed 
Published: October 2017

AbstractEach year over one million patients with acute heart failure (AHF) present to a United States emergency department (ED). The vast majority are hospitalized for further management. The length of stay and high postdischarge event rate in this cohort have changed little over the past decade. Therapeutic trials have failed to yield substantive improvement in postdischarge outcomes; subsequently, AHF care has changed little in the past 40 years. Prior research studies have been fragmented as either “inpatient” or “ED‐based.” Recognizing the challenges in identification and enrollment of ED patients with AHF, and the lack of robust evidence to guide management, an AHF clinical trials network was developed. This network has demonstrated, through organized collaboration between cardiology and emergency medicine, that many of the hurdles in AHF research can be overcome. The development of a network that supports the collaboration of acute care and HF researchers, combined with the availability of federally funded infrastructure, will facilitate more efficient conduct of both explanatory and pragmatic trials in AHF. Yet many important questions remain, and in this document our group of emergency medicine and cardiology investigators have identified four high‐priority research areas.
Behavioral Changes in Children After Emergency Department Procedural Sedation
Authors: Pearce Jean I. , Brousseau David C. , Yan Ke , Hainsworth Keri R. , Hoffmann Raymond G. , Drendel Amy L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of children undergoing procedural sedation for fracture reduction in the emergency department (ED) observed to experience negative postdischarge behaviors. Predictors of negative behaviors were evaluated, including anxiety.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study of children receiving intravenous ketamine sedation for ED fracture reduction. The child's anxiety prior to sedation was measured with the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale. Negative behavioral changes were measured with the Post‐Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire 1 to 2 weeks after discharge. Descriptive statistics and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Chi‐square test was used for comparisons between groups. Multivariable logistic regression models evaluated predictors of negative behavioral change after discharge.ResultsNinety‐seven patients were enrolled; 82 (85%) completed follow‐up. Overall, 33 (40%) children were observed to be highly anxious presedation and 18 (22%) had significant negative behavior changes after ED discharge. Independent predictors for negative behaviors were high anxiety (OR = 9.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3–35.7) and nonwhite race (OR = 6.5, 95% CI = 1.7–25.0).ConclusionFor children undergoing procedural sedation in the ED, two in five children have high preprocedure anxiety and almost one in four have significant negative behaviors 1 to 2 weeks after discharge. Highly anxious and nonwhite children have increased risk of negative behavioral changes that have not been previously recognized in the ED setting.
Impact of Social Cognition on Alcohol Dependence Treatment Outcome: Poorer Facial Emotion Recognition Predicts Relapse/Dropout
Authors: Rupp Claudia I. , Derntl Birgit , Osthaus Friederike , Kemmler Georg , Fleischhacker W. Wolfgang 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundDespite growing evidence for neurobehavioral deficits in social cognition in alcohol use disorder (AUD), the clinical relevance remains unclear, and little is known about its impact on treatment outcome. This study prospectively investigated the impact of neurocognitive social abilities at treatment onset on treatment completion.MethodsFifty‐nine alcohol‐dependent patients were assessed with measures of social cognition including 3 core components of empathy via paradigms measuring: (i) emotion recognition (the ability to recognize emotions via facial expression), (ii) emotional perspective taking, and (iii) affective responsiveness at the beginning of inpatient treatment for alcohol dependence. Subjective measures were also obtained, including estimates of task performance and a self‐report measure of empathic abilities (Interpersonal Reactivity Index). According to treatment outcomes, patients were divided into a patient group with a regular treatment course (e.g., with planned discharge and without relapse during treatment) or an irregular treatment course (e.g., relapse and/or premature and unplanned termination of treatment, “dropout”).ResultsCompared with patients completing treatment in a regular fashion, patients with relapse and/or dropout of treatment had significantly poorer facial emotion recognition ability at treatment onset. Additional logistic regression analyses confirmed these results and identified poor emotion recognition performance as a significant predictor for relapse/dropout. Self‐report (subjective) measures did not correspond with neurobehavioral social cognition measures, respectively objective task performance. Analyses of individual subtypes of facial emotions revealed poorer recognition particularly of disgust, anger, and no (neutral faces) emotion in patients with relapse/dropout.ConclusionsSocial cognition in AUD is clinically relevant. Less successful treatment outcome was associated with poorer facial emotion recognition ability at the beginning of treatment. Impaired facial emotion recognition represents a neurocognitive risk factor that should be taken into account in alcohol dependence treatment. Treatments targeting the improvement of these social cognition deficits in AUD may offer a promising future approach.
Real‐time ultrasound‐guided axillary vein cannulation in children: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kim E.‐H. , Lee J.‐H. , Song I.‐K. , Kim H.‐S. , Jang Y.‐E. , Choi S.‐N. , Kim J.‐T. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryThe axillary vein is a good site for ultrasound‐guided central venous cannulation in terms of infection rate, patient comfort and its anatomical relationship with the clavicle and lungs. We compared real‐time ultrasound‐guided axillary vein cannulation with conventional infraclavicular landmark‐guided subclavian vein cannulation in children. A total of 132 paediatric patients were randomly allocated to either ultrasound‐guided axillary vein (axillary group) or landmark‐guided subclavian vein (landmark group). The outcomes measured were success rate after two attempts, first‐attempt success rate, time to cannulation and complication rate. The success rate after two attempts was 83% in the axillary group compared with 63% in the landmark group (odds ratio 2.85, 95%CI 1.25–6.48, p = 0.010). The first‐attempt success rate was 46% for the axillary group and 40% for the landmark group (p = 0.274) and median time to cannulation was 156 s for the axillary group and 180 s for the landmark group (p = 0.286). There were no differences in complication rates between the two groups, although three episodes of subclavian artery puncture occurred in the landmark group (p = 0.08). We conclude that axillary vein cannulation using a real‐time ultrasound‐guided in‐plane technique is useful and effective in paediatric patients.
Possible involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) and selected NR3C1 gene variants in regulation of human testicular function
Authors: Nordkap L. , Almstrup K. , Nielsen J. E. , Bang A. K. , Priskorn L. , Krause M. , Holmboe S. A. , Winge S. B. , Egeberg Palme D. L. , Mørup N. , Petersen J. H. , Juul A. , Skakkebæk N. E. , Rajpert‐De Meyts E. , Jørgensen N. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryPerceived stress has been associated with decreased semen quality but the mechanisms have not been elucidated. It is not known whether cortisol, the major stress hormone in humans, can act directly via receptors in the testis, and whether variants in the gene encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) can possibly modulate the effect. To address these questions, we investigated the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in human testicular tissue, including adult and fetal samples (n = 20) by immunohistochemical staining, and in silico analysis of publicly available datasets. In the adult testis NR3C1 protein was detected in peritubular cells, a subset of Leydig cells, Sertoli cells (weak), and spermatogonia, but not in spermatids. The NR3C1 expression pattern in fetal testis samples differed by a notably stronger reaction in Sertoli cells, lack of staining in gonocytes but the presence in a subset of pro‐spermatogonia, and the almost absent reaction in nascent peritubular cells. In parallel, we explored the association between adult testicular function and three single nucleotide NR3C1 polymorphisms (BcII [rs41423247], 9β [rs6198], and Tth111I [rs10052957]) affecting glucocorticoid sensitivity. Testicular function was determined by semen analysis and reproductive hormone profiling in 893 men from the general population. The NR3C1 SNP BclI was associated with semen quality in an over‐dominant manner with heterozygotes having better semen parameters compared to both homozygote constellations, and with sperm motility showing the strongest association. This association was supported by a higher inhibin B and inhibin B/FSH ratio, as well as a lower FSH in BclI heterozygotes. The SNPs 9β and Tth111I were not associated with semen parameters. Although the clinical impact of the findings is limited, the results substantiate a suggested link between stress and testicular function. Hence this investigation should be regarded as a discovery study generating hypotheses for future studies.
Norepinephrine infusion improves haemodynamics in the preterm infants during septic shock
Authors: Rizk MY , Lapointe A , Lefebvre F , Barrington KJ 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAimThis study evaluated the clinical and haemodynamic effects of norepinephrine infusion in preterm infants.MethodsThe effects of norepinephrine therapy for refractory hypotension were evaluated in preterm infants between April 2009 and April 2011 at the neonatal intensive care unit of Sainte‐Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec. Changes in haemodynamics and clinical parameters were analysed eight hours before and eight hours after the start of norepinephrine infusion, and eight hours after its cessation.ResultsDuring the study, 30 preterm infants at a mean gestational age of 26.5 ± 2.6 weeks (median: 25.7, 23.4–34) and birthweight of 903 ± 437 g (median 827, 450–2550) received norepinephrine infusion for neonatal septic shock. After eight hours of treatment, mean blood pressure, urine output and FiO2 significantly improved. Eight hours after cessation of norepinephrine infusion, the number of patients treated with other inotropes decreased significantly, 24 patients (80%) had normal mean blood pressure and 27 patients (90%) had normal urine output.ConclusionNorepinephrine therapy could be considered to improve blood pressure and urine output during neonatal septic shock in preterm infants. Further studies are needed to prove the efficacy and safety of norepinephrine infusion in neonates.
Severe obesity is a limitation for the use of body mass index standard deviation scores in children and adolescents
Authors: Júlíusson Pétur B. , Roelants Mathieu , Benestad Beate , Lekhal Samira , Danielsen Yngvild , Hjelmesæth Jøran , Hertel Jens K 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAimWe analysed the distribution of the body mass index standard deviation scores (BMI‐SDS) in children and adolescents seeking treatment for severe obesity, according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), World Health Organization (WHO) and the national Norwegian Bergen Growth Study (BGS) BMI reference charts and the percentage above the International Obesity Task Force 25 cut‐off (IOTF‐25).MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of 396 children aged four to 17 years, who attended a tertiary care obesity centre in Norway from 2009 to 2015. Their BMI was converted to SDS using the three growth references and expressed as the percentage above IOTF‐25. The percentage of body fat was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis.ResultsRegardless of which BMI reference chart was used, the BMI‐SDS was significantly different between the age groups, with a wider range of higher values up to 10 years of age and a more narrow range of lower values thereafter. The distributions of the percentage above IOTF‐25 and percentage of body fat were more consistent across age groups.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that it may be more appropriate to use the percentage above a particular BMI cut‐off, such as the percentage above IOTF‐25, than the IOTF, WHO and BGS BMI‐SDS in paediatric patients with severe obesity.
Effects of Genetic Variants on Carboxylesterase 1 Gene Expression, and Clopidogrel Pharmacokinetics and Antiplatelet Effects
Authors: Neuvonen Mikko , Tarkiainen E. Katriina , Tornio Aleksi , Hirvensalo Päivi , Tapaninen Tuija , Paile‐Hyvärinen Maria , Itkonen Matti K. , Holmberg Mikko T. , Kärjä Vesa , Männistö Ville T. , Neuvonen Pertti J. , Pihlajamäki Jussi , Backman Janne T. , Niemi Mikko 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSeveral single nucleotide variations (SNVs) affect carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) activity, but the effects of genetic variants on CES1 gene expression have not been systematically investigated. Therefore, our aim was to investigate effects of genetic variants on CES1 gene expression in two independent whole blood sample cohorts of 192 (discovery) and 88 (replication) healthy volunteers and in a liver sample cohort of 177 patients. Furthermore, we investigated possible effects of the found variants on clopidogrel pharmacokinetics (n = 106) and pharmacodynamics (n = 46) in healthy volunteers, who had ingested a single 300 mg or 600 mg dose of clopidogrel. Using massively parallel sequencing, we discovered two CES1 SNVs, rs12443580 and rs8192935, to be strongly and independently associated with a 39% (p = 4.0 × 10−13) and 31% (p = 2.5 × 10−8) reduction in CES1 whole blood expression per copy of the minor allele. These findings were replicated in the replication cohort. However, these SNVs did not affect CES1 liver expression, or clopidogrel pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Conversely, the CES1 c.428G>A missense SNV (rs71647871) impaired the hydrolysis of clopidogrel, increased exposure to clopidogrel active metabolite and enhanced its antiplatelet effects. In conclusion, the rs12443580 and rs8192935 variants reduce CES1 expression in whole blood but not in the liver. These tissue‐specific effects may result in substrate‐dependent effects of the two SNVs on CES1‐mediated drug metabolism.
Next‐Generation Magnetic Nanocomposites: Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Coated and Uncoated Ferric Cobalt Boron (FeCoB) Nanoparticles In Vitro
Authors: Netzer Katharina , Jordakieva Galateja , Girard Angelika M. , Budinsky Alexandra C. , Pilger Alexander , Richter Lukas , Kataeva Nadezhda , Schotter Joerg , Godnic‐Cvar Jasminka , Ertl Peter 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMetal nanoparticles (NPs) have unique physicochemical properties and a widespread application scope depending on their composition and surface characteristics. Potential biomedical applications and the growing diversity of novel nanocomposites highlight the need for toxicological hazard assessment of next‐generation magnetic nanomaterials. Our study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of coated and uncoated ferric cobalt boron (FeCoB) NPs (5–15 nm particle size) in cultured normal human dermal fibroblasts. Cell proliferation was assessed via ATP bioluminescence kit, and DNA breakage and chromosomal damage were measured by alkaline comet assay and micronucleus test. Polyacryl acid‐coated FeCoB NPs [polyacrylic acid (PAA)‐FeCoB NPs) and uncoated FeCoB NPs inhibited cell proliferation at 10 μg/ml. DNA strand breaks were significantly increased by PAA‐coated FeCoB NPs, uncoated FeCoB NPs and l‐cysteine‐coated FeCoB NPs (Cys‐FeCoB NPs), although high concentrations (10 μg/ml) of coated NPs (Cys‐ and PAA‐FeCoB NPs) showed significantly more DNA breakage when compared to uncoated ones. Uncoated FeCoB NPs and coated NPs (PAA‐FeCoB NPs) also induced the formation of micronuclei. Additionally, PAA‐coated NPs and uncoated FeCoB NPs showed a negative correlation between cell proliferation and DNA strand breaks, suggesting a common pathomechanism, possibly by oxidation‐induced DNA damage. We conclude that uncoated FeCoB NPs are cytotoxic and genotoxic at in vitro conditions. Surface coating of FeCoB NPs with Cys and PAA does not prevent but rather aggravates DNA damage. Further safety assessment and a well‐considered choice of surface coating are needed prior to application of FeCoB nanocomposites in biomedicine.