bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Soluble Antigen on the Ellipsoid-Associated Cells of the Chicken's Spleen
Authors: Oláh Imre , Glick Bruce , Taylor Robert L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The ellipsoid-associated cells (EAC) localize on the surface of the ellipsoid. They bind the IV injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), migrate to the red pulp and then enter the systemic circulation. After protein injection, the number of white blood cells increased above the normal level. The highest number of white blood cells occurred between 4 and 6 hr after HRP injection. In this period, the cell enhancement resulted in HRP-positive mononuclear cells which might come from the spleen. This cell population may vary in size and number in the blood and may be identical with the dendritic cell of the chicken. The other type of blood mononuclear cell is histologically identical with the classical monocyte endogenous peroxidase positive type and their number is lower than that of the former. This type of monocytic (MN) cell could be of bone marrow origin.
Metabolism of Glycosylated Human Salivary Amylase: In Vivo Plasma Clearance by Rat Hepatic Endothelial Cells and In Vitro Receptor Mediated Pinocytosis by Rat Macrophages
Authors: Niesen Thomas E , Alpers David H , Stahl Philip D , Rosenblum Jerry L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Salivary-type amylase normally comprises about 60% of the amylase activity in human serum, but only a small fraction is a glycosylated isoenzyme (amylase A). In contrast, 1/3 of amylase in human saliva is glycosylated. Since glycosylate can affect circulatory clearance, we studied the clearance of amylase A in rats and its uptake by rat alveolar macrophages.
Following intravenous injection, 125l-labeled amylase A disappeared rapidly from plasma (t 1/2 = 9 min) and accumulated in the liver. Simultaneous injection of mannose-albumin slowed its clearance to a rate comparable to that of 125l-labeled nonglycosylated salivary amylase (t 1/2=45 min). In contrast, galactose-albumin had no effect. Electron microscope autoradiography of the liver following injection of 125l-labeled amylase A revealed a localization of grains over the hepatic endothelial cells.
In vitro studies indicated that amylase A is taken up by alveolar macrophages via receptor-mediated pinocytosis. Uptake was linear over time, saturable, and inhibited by mannan and mannose-albumin, but not by galactose- albumin. We conclude that amylase A, which is a naturally occurring human glycoprotein with at most three terminal L-fucose residues per molecule, is recognized in rats by a mannose receptor located on hepatic endothelial cells. We speculate that this receptor, by rapidly clearing circulating amylase A, may be responsible for the low level of amylase A in human serum.
The Numerous Postulated Biological Manifestations of Interleukin-1
Authors: Kampschmidt Ralph F 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Over the past 25 years there has been an ever-expanding interest in the mediators that control the immune response [98,133], One of these is produced by macrophages and was first called “lymphocyte activating factor” [49–51] but is now designated “interleukin-1” (IL-1) [118].
As the physical characteristics of IL-1 began to be described, it was noted that they were similar to those of endogenous pyrogen (EP) [128] [151] and leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM) [85]. Since then, many of the biochemical changes that occur in the host during infection, inflammation, or neoplasia have been attributed to this unique family of monokines. In this review, the family of monokines that has similar physical and biological properties will be referred to as EP/LEM/IL-1. When only one biological activity was measured, the designation will be for that activity. It will be the purpose of this review to examine the evidence that suggests that EP/ LEM/IL-1 has numerous biological activites and to describe its chemical and biological properties, species specificity, and possible sites of action. Finally, I will attempt to address the issue of why there might be a closely related group of mediators with such a broad range of biological activities.
Immunological Activation of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils for Fungal Killing: Studies With Murine Cells and Blastomyces dermatitidis In Vitro
Authors: Brummer Elmer , Sugar Alan M , Stevens David A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The interaction of elicited murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and the thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen Blastomyces dermatitidis in vitro was studied. The PMN elicited intraperitonealy with thioglycollate, in normal mice or mice immune to B dermatitidis, failed to reduce colony forming units (CFU) of B dermatitidis in the inoculum in a 4-hr in vitro assay, even in the presence of 10% fresh immune serum. In contrast, PMN elicited intraperitonealy in immune mice by injection of nonviable B dermatitidis cells significantly reduced inoculum CFU (60 ± 5%) under the same conditions. Furthermore, nonviable B dermatitidis intraperitoneally (i.p.) in normal mice or nonviable Candida albicans i.p. in immune mice failed to elicit peritoneal exudate cells that reduced inoculum CFU in this system. These results support the concept that PMN, elicited in a site by means of an immunological reaction, acquired enhanced microbicidal activity. The fungicidal activity of immunologically elicited PMN was shown to be most effective at high effector to target cell ratios (1,000:1), maximal within 2 hr of coculture, and significantly enhanced in the presence of fresh immune serum compared to heat-inactivated immune serum, normal mouse serum, or fetal bovine serum. Such PMN also had significantly enhanced fungicidal activity against C albicans compared to normal PMN. Fungicidal activity was abrogated in the presence of catalase, implicating hydrogen peroxide generation as the killing mechanism in the activated cells.
Relationships Between Oxidative Metabolism, Macrophage Activation, and Antilisterial Activity
Authors: Godfrey R W , Wilder M S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Previous reports from this laboratory have revealed that macrophages obtained from 7-day Listeria-immune mice elicited 15 h before harvest with heat- killed homologous microorganisms were able to kill Listeria monocytogenes while resident or elicited cells were not [14,16]. In the present study, experiments were conducted to determine if phagocytosis-associated oxidative metabolic activity participates in the enhanced destruction of Listeria by activated macrophages. Investigations into production of oxygen radicals by zymosan- stimulated macrophages revealed that Listeria-immune antigen-elicited (LIAE) cells produced significantly more superoxide and hydrogen peroxide than did resident, thioglycolate, or Listeria antigen-elicited macrophages. Additionally, the percentage of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye postitive cells following exposure to zymosan was maximal in the immune-elicited population. Utilizing a luminol-dependent assay, a short-term chemiluminescent (CL) burst was noted in phagocytizing macrophages. This response was greatest in the LIAE population that exhibited a tenfold increase in peak chemiluminescence over other cell types. Prolonged in vitro culture of these cells diminishes their capacity to generate oxygen radicals. Additionally, LIAE macrophages cultured in excess of 38 h exhibited a significant decrease in zymosan-stimulated hydrogen peroxide release while the decline in superoxide generation was minimal. A substantial diminution in the Listeria-stimulated CL response was also noted during this time period. However, phagocytosis of Listeria by LIAE cells failed to induce the level of oxygen metabolites seen when zymosan was used as the particulate stimulant. In addition, scavengers of oxygen radicals were found to be relatively ineffective in reducing the killing of L monocytogenes by immunologically activated macrophages in culture. It therefore appears that toxic oxygen species do not play a major role in the heightened killing of Listeria by activated macrophages.
Interaction of Plasma Fibronectin (pFN) With Membranous Constituents of Peritoneal Exudate Cells and Pulmonary Macrophages
Authors: Rovin Brad , Molnar Janos , Chevalier Donna , Ng Patrick 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The prominent role of plasma fibronectin (pFN) in the host defense system as an opsonin for gelatin (collagen)-coated colloids has been established. In the present study we investigated the interaction of pFN and membrane isolates from cells devoid of collagen, as well as several tissues. In a liver slice assay system it was shown that subcellular membrane fractions from lung macrophages, peritoneal exudate cells, spleen, testes, and liver were able to competitively inhibit the pFN-mediated uptake of 125l-gelatin coated latex beads (gLtx*) at low concentrations. Endocytosis of 125l-labeled membrane isolates by macrophage monolayers was also promoted by addition of pFN. In an attempt to characterize the membrane component(s) interacting with pFN, it was found that mild extraction procedure with 1 M KBr could release a significant amount of this inhibitory activity. Further studies demonstrated that the agent(s) responsible for inhibition of gLtx* uptake was heat sensitive, not altered by trypsin treatment, and did not contain actin, a protein known to interact with pFN. This work indicates that pFN interacts specifically with an as yet unknown membrane component(s) and that such interaction will promote clearance of cellular debris by macrophages. This suggests that pFN may be an important opsonin for the reticuloendothelial system in clearance of collagenous and noncollagenous cellular debris once they are exposed to interact with it.
A Model for the Regulation of Myelopoiesis by Specific Factors
Authors: Bender James G , Van Epps Dennis E , Stewart Carleton C 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Hematopoietic cells originate from stem cells that generate progenitor cells programmed to differentiate along specific cell lineages. Recently, a number of factors have been identified that are involved in regulating the proliferation of myeloid lineage cells. We propose a model in which a hierarchy of specific factors acts sequentially during defined stages of maturation to regulate myelopoiesis. The role of these factors as competence or progression factors in causing cells to enter and traverse the cell cycle is discussed. Experimental evidence supports the model.
Relation of Chemotactic Factor Gradients to Neutrophil Migration and Orientation Under Agarose
Authors: Udén Ann-Mari , Hafström Ingläid , Palmblad Jan 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Chemotactic substances confer a migratory pattern for neutrohil granulocytes under agarose that is characteristic for each agent. To analyse the cause of such differences, we have studied neutrophil migration and orientation with fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and serum as chemoattractants. When these agents were used at optimal concentrations, it was observed that cells stimulated by LTB4 did not start migration as fast and did not migrate as far as those exposed to fMLP, but they maintained a higher degree of orientation. This delay in initiation of migration and maximal degree of orientation was even more marked when serum was the chemoattractant. These migration variables were related to the generation of gradients in the agarose of fML[3H]P, arachidonic-[3H]acid (AA, of which LTB4 is a metabolite), and fluorescein. The curvilinear AA gradient was flatter and more stable than those of fML[3H]P and fluorescein, which were linear. Thus, differences in the development and shape of the gradient of chemoattractant may contribute to differences in migration kinetics.
Studies of Macrophage Function in Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 3. The Nature, Anatomical Location, and Reversibility of the Phagocytic Defect
Authors: Russell Pamela J , Cameron Fiona H 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The defect in phagocytosis and binding of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes (EA) by peritoneal macrophages of (NZB × NZW)F1 or B/W mice is not intrinsic, but is related to the development of the autoimmune disease process. The defect appears to be confined to peritoneal macrophages, since bone marrow (BM)-derived macrophages have normal to elevated activities in vitro. The peritoneal macrophage defect is not due to blockade of Fc receptors in vivo, as shown by long-term culture or recovery of phagocytic and binding activities after removal of Fc receptors by pronase, but represents a reduced number of receptors with slightly delayed turnover. The defect can be reversed by elicitation of activated macrophages with Corynebacterium parvum, thioglycollate, or proteose peptone in vivo. Normal Fc-mediated phagocytosis and binding by BM-derived macrophages cultured from untreated autoimmune mice is enhanced by pretreatment of mice with C. parvum, thioglycollate, or proteose peptone. The cause of the defect in Fc-mediated phagocytosis by resident peritoneal macrophages of autoimmune mice was not ascertained; it may be due to abnormal macrophage kinetics or to the local effects of lymphokines released as a result of other autoimmune changes.
The Significance of Local Resident Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophage Proliferation to Population Renewal
Authors: Sawyer Richard T 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The local proliferative capacity of resident pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) was determined in normal CD-1 (ICR) mice and mice made severely monocytopenic with strontium-89 (89Sr). Intravenous injection of 2 μCi/gm BW 89Sr rendered mice monocytopenic for a 1-month period. During this time, in addition to there being no change in the size of the PAM population, flash 3HTdR labeling studies showed that at any one instant about 8.8 × 103 of PAM in 88Sr-treated controls and 9.2 × 103 PAM in 89Sr-treated mice were in S phase of the cell cycle. Metaphase arrest experiments using vincristine showed that in 88Sr-treated mice PAM entered M phase at a rate (rM) of 0.51%/hr with a duration of M (Tm) of 0.37 hr, whereas rM = 0.23%/hr with Tm = 0.14 hr for PAM in 89Sr-treated mice. These data suggest PAM population half-times of 131 hr in the presence of monocytes and 301 hr in the absence of monocytes. The data show that PAM proliferate locally; moreover, for intervals longer than the estimated half-time, PAM population size was unchanged. By following the accumulation of pulse 3HTdR-labeled mitotic figures it was found that in both 88Sr- and 89Sr-treated mice G2 = 3 hr and Ts = 11 hr. From these data a model of PAM population growth was used to show that PAM renewal may be accounted for by local proliferation alone. Taken together the data show that resident PAM populations may be sustained by local division of cells and that the influx of peripheral blood monocytes was not needed to sustain PAM.
Chemotactic Activity of Collagen-Like Polypeptides for Human Peripheral Blood Neutrophils
Authors: Laskin Debra L , Kimura Terutoshi , Sakakibara Shumpei , Riley David J , Berg Richard A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Damage to interstitial connective tissue is associated with the rapid accumulation of monocytes and neutrophils at the site of injury. To study the role of collagen fragments in neutrophil migration, we analyzed the chemotactic properties of peptide fragments of bovine collagen digested with bacterial collagenase or cyanogen bromide and small molecular weight synthetic polypeptides containing proline (Pro), hydroxyproline (Hyp), and glycine (Gly), the major amino acids that comprise collagen. Using the Boyden chamber and under agarose techniques, we found that collagen fragments were as potent in inducing chemotaxis in neutrophils as the bacterial-derived peptide f-met-leu-phe. The synthetic polytripeptides (Pro-Pro-Gly)5 and (Pro-Hyp-Gly)5 were found to be equipotent in inducing chemotaxis, producing a maximal induction of chemotaxis at 5–10 nM. This suggests that Hyp, the unique imino acid found in collagen, is not required for chemotactic activity. Increasing the length of the synthetic tripeptide from 5 to 10 subunits decreased its chemotactic activity, while the single tripeptide subunit (Pro-Hyp-Gly)1 was the least active peptide, inducing a maximal response at 100 nM. To study the structural requirements for chemotaxis, Pro-Hyp-Gly tripeptides were synthesized with modifications at the N and C terminals ends. Addition of a methyl group to the carboxyl of Gly to form an ester enhanced the chemotactic activity of the peptide by 50%, while substitutions on the amino terminus with an acetyl group decreased the chemotactic activity by 50%. Substitution on the amino terminus with a Boc group decreased the chemotactic activity by 100%. These results indicate that there are specific structural requirements for chemotaxis induced by peptides having a collagen-like sequence of amino acids.
Changes in the Incorporation of Free Fatty Acids Upon the Stimulation of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Phillips Wayne A , Mossmann Horst , Ferber Ernst 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We have investigated the incorporation of free fatty acids into the cellular lipids of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Resting PMN incorporated both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids into triacylglycerol with only small amounts incorporated into the phospholipids. In contrast, PMN stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187 incorporated significantly higher amounts of fatty acids, predominantly those other than arachidonic acid, into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, with reduced incorporation into triacylglycerol. Stimulation of PMN with serum-treated zymosan or the chemotactic peptide f-met-leu-phe but not phorbol myristate acetate, also increased the incorporation of fatty acids into these phospholipids. This stimulation-induced incorporation of fatty acids into cellular phospholipids was directed exlusively into position 2 of the lipid and probably reflects the reacylation of lysophospholipids after the release of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2.
Age Differences in Phagocytosis by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Measured by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Nagel James E , Han Kyungeun , Coon Patricia J , Adler William H , Bender Bradley S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Elderly persons have increased morbidity and mortality due to bacterial infections. Since the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) is a major defense against bacterial infection, we utilized fluorescent microspheres and flow cytometry to examine phagocytosis by PMNs from 55 young and middle-aged adults (mean age 41.5 yrs) and two groups of elderly subjects: one group of 35 healthy individuals (mean age 74.1 years) living at home, and a second group of 11 residents (mean age 83.1 years) with severe mental and physical disabilities, living in a domiciliary care facility. We determined the percent phagocytic PMNs, the number of microspheres per PMN, and the number of microspheres per 100 PMNs. The mean number of microspheres per phagocytic PMN was similar for all groups. Statistically significant differences were found between the young and middle-aged group and the healthy or ill elderly groups for the percent phagocytic PMNs (75.3% vs 51.5% and 43.8%), and the number of microspheres per 100 phagocytic PMNs (197.3 vs 131.4 and 103.2). There were no significant differences in these parameters between healthy and debilitated elderly subjects. These data document that there is an age-related increase in representation of a population of PMNs which have a defect in phagocytic ability.
Kinetics of Macrophage Recruitment and Turnover in Peritoneal Inflammatory Exudates Induced by Salmonella or Thioglycollate Broth
Authors: Hopper K E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Kinetics of peritoneal macrophage turnover during infection of mice with Salmonella enteritidis or following injection with thioglycollate broth or other peritoneal stimulants has been studied. Single intravenous injections of tritiated thymidine were given and the cells were examined by autoradiography. Maximum labelling of small adherent peritoneal macrophages occurred when 3H-thymidine was given 1 d after Salmonella and the cells were harvested 1 d later. Labelled cells decreased at later times despite maintenance of high numbers of macrophages in the exudates. Results from experiments in which labelled peritoneal cells were reinjected indicated that small, monocyte-enriched, labelled cells were not the major source of the large macrophages. Similar labelling at 2 d was observed using heat-killed Corynebacterium parvum or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as ip stimulants.
Following injection of thioglycollate broth, labelled peritoneal macrophages were only detectable if 3H-thymidine was given before the stimulant. These labelled cells remained longer in the peritoneal cavity. Labelling of and numbers of blood monocytes were consistent with the promotion of monocytopoiesis by Salmonella but not by thioglycollate. The response to thioglycollate but not Salmonella was dependent on the age of the mice. Animals injected with thioglycollate 1 d before Salmonella also had decreased resistance to bacteria and low numbers of labelled peritoneal macrophages. We propose that thioglycollate may recruit from a subset of preformed monocytes and temporarily block monocytopoiesis or macrophage bactericidal activity.
Measurement of Active Phagocytosis by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes by Fluorescence Liberation From Phagocytized Microspheres
Authors: Suzuki Kazuo , Uchida Takafumi , Sakatani Tatsuichiro , Sasagawa Sumiko , Hosaka Shuntaro , Fujikura Toshio 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was determined by a newly developed technique based on measurement of liberation of a fluorescence substance from PMN phagosomes; 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (4MUGL), which is a substrate of beta-glucuronidase in lysosome, was conjugated with a microsphere, and 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) liberated from phagocytized 4MUGL-microspheres was measured. The microspheres were composed of glyceryl-methacrylate having a diameter of 2.0 μm. Liberating activity of six kinds of 4MUGL-microspheres containing various amounts of amino and carboxyl groups was compared. Among these six kinds of 4MUGL-microspheres, four kinds showed activity similar to that of morphological phagocytosis. These four kinds of 4MUGL-microspheres liberated 4MU into the extracellular fluid from PMN during phagocytosis. Furthermore, they were recognized as a substrate of purified beta-glucuronidase. 4MUGL-MS610 showed the highest liberating activity among the four kinds of microspheres. Optimal conditions for phagocytosis by PMN were determined using 4MUGL-MS610. Total liberation of 4MU from the microspheres increased almost linearly with incubation time with PMN from 0 to 60 min and was linear with 4MUGL-MS in concentrations up to 4 × 108 microspheres/ml. This liberation was parallel to phagocytosis in a dose-dependent fashion. During 10-min incubation 20.4% of 4MU was liberated from 4MUGL-microspheres with phagocytosis. Seventy-five percent of the liberated 4MU was distributed in the extracellular fluid. 4MU distributed in the extracellular fluid was not attributable to hydrolysis of unphagocytized microspheres by beta-glucuronidase extracellularly leaked from PMN by phagocytosis. Also phagocytized 4MUGL-MS610 by PMN was observed by scanning electron microscopy.
These results indicate that 4MU was liberated from 4MUGL-MS by hydrolysis due to beta-glucuronidase released into phagosomes with phagocytosis by PMN. Sensitivity of this assay was limited to about 50 pmol/ml, being less than 0.5–1 microsphere phagocytized into one cell.