bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The taxation of bonuses and its effect on executive compensation and risk‐taking: Evidence from the UK experience
Authors: von Ehrlich Maximilian , Radulescu Doina 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper explores the effects of a bonus tax adopted in the UK in December 2009 on the compensation structure of executives and on risk‐taking behavior in the financial sector. Excessive bonuses are blamed for encouraging risk taking and are regarded as one of the pull factors of the financial crisis. The British government attempted to reduce bonuses and accordingly bank risk taking by means of a special tax on cash‐based bonuses. Using a comprehensive dataset on executive compensation, we show that the introduction of the bonus tax decreased the net cash bonuses awarded to directors by about 40%, accompanied, however, by a simultaneous increases in other forms of pay leaving total compensation as well as risk levels unaffected.
Development of 2‐phenylethanol plus acetic acid lures to monitor obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) under mating disruption
Authors: Knight A. L. , El‐Sayed A. M. , Judd G. J. R. , Basoalto E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe evaluated the effectiveness of 2‐phenylethanol (PET) in combination with acetic acid (AA) as a binary lure for monitoring male and female obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). Studies were conducted in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen, orchards treated with or without sex pheromone dispensers for mating disruption (MD). Open polypropylene vials, closed membrane cups, and rubber septa loaded with AA and/or PET in varying amounts were first evaluated in a series of trapping experiments. Membrane cups loaded with 800 mg of PET were as effective as 10‐mg septa, but longer lasting, and were comparable to the open vials. A membrane cup AA lure was effective in tests, but further work is needed to increase its release rate and extend its activity. Catches of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and C. rosaceana were unaffected by combining PET with (E,E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol, the sex pheromone of codling moth, pear ester, (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl‐decadienoate and AA lures. Adding (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene to this blend to enhance codling moth catch significantly reduced catches of C. rosaceana. PET + AA was a more attractive binary lure than AA plus phenylacetonitrile (PAN) for C. rosaceana. The addition of PET or PAN to traps already baited with the sex pheromone of C. rosaceana significantly reduced male catches. Traps baited with PET + AA placed in blocks not treated with MD caught significantly fewer C. rosaceana than traps baited with sex pheromone. In comparison, sex pheromone‐baited traps in MD blocks caught ≤1 male moth per season which was significantly lower than total moth (>10) or female moth (≥3) catch in these blocks with PET + AA. A high proportion (>70%) of trapped females were mated in both untreated and MD‐treated orchards. Further refinement of this binary, bisexual lure using membrane cup technology may allow the establishment of action thresholds and improve management timings for C. rosaceana.
Repeated water avoidance stress induces visceral hypersensitivity: Role of interleukin‐1, interleukin‐6, and peripheral corticotropin‐releasing factor
Authors: Nozu Tsukasa , Miyagishi Saori , Nozu Rintaro , Takakusaki Kaoru , Okumura Toshikatsu 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground and AimRepeated water avoidance stress (WAS) induces visceral hypersensitivity. Additionally, it is also known to activate corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), mast cells, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines systems, but their precise roles on visceral sensation have not been determined definitely. The aim of the study was to explore this issue.MethodsAbdominal muscle contractions induced by colonic balloon distention, that is, visceromotor response (VMR) was detected electrophysiologically in conscious rats. WAS or sham stress as control for 1 h daily was loaded, and the threshold of VMR was determined before and at 24 h after the stress.ResultsRepeated WAS for three consecutive days reduced the threshold of VMR, but sham stress did not induce any change. Astressin, a CRF receptor antagonist (50 μg/kg) intraperitoneally (ip) at 10 min before each WAS session, prevented the visceral allodynia, but the antagonist (200 μg/kg) ip at 30 min and 15 h before measurement of the threshold after completing 3‐day stress session did not modify the response. Ketotifen, a mast cell stabilizer (3 mg/kg), anakinra, an interleukin (IL)‐1 receptor antagonist (20 mg/kg) or IL‐6 antibody (16.6 μg/kg) ip for two times before the measurement abolished the response.ConclusionsRepeated WAS for three consecutive days induced visceral allodynia, which was mediated through mast cells, IL‐1, and IL‐6 pathways. Inhibition of peripheral CRF signaling prevented but did not reverse this response, suggesting that peripheral CRF may be an essential trigger but may not contribute to the maintenance of repeated WAS‐induced visceral allodynia.
Dimercaprol is an acrolein scavenger that mitigates acrolein‐mediated PC‐12 cells toxicity and reduces acrolein in rat following spinal cord injury
Authors: Tian Ran , Shi Riyi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAcrolein is one of the most toxic byproducts of lipid peroxidation, and it has been shown to be associated with multiple pathological processes in trauma and diseases, including spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, suppressing acrolein using acrolein scavengers has been suggested as a novel strategy of neuroprotection. In an effort to identify effective acrolein scavengers, we have confirmed that dimercaprol, which possesses thiol functional groups, could bind and trap acrolein. We demonstrated the reaction between acrolein and dimercaprol in an abiotic condition by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Specifically, dimercaprol is able to bind to both the carbon double bond and aldehyde group of acrolein. Its acrolein scavenging capability was further demonstrated by in vitro results that showed that dimercaprol could significantly protect PC‐12 cells from acrolein‐mediated cell death in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, dimercaprol, when applied systemically through intraperitoneal injection, could significantly reduce acrolein contents in spinal cord tissue following a spinal cord contusion injury in rats, a condition known to have elevated acrolein concentration. Taken together, dimercaprol may be an effective acrolein scavenger and a viable candidate for acrolein detoxification.
image
Induction of a transient acidosis in the rumen simulation technique
Authors: Eger M. , Riede S. , Breves G. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryFeeding high concentrate diets to cattle results in an enhanced production of short‐chain fatty acids by the micro‐organisms in the rumen. Excessive fermentation might result in subclinical or clinical rumen acidosis, characterized by low pH, alterations in the microbial community and lactate production. Here, we provide an in vitro model of a severe rumen acidosis. A transient acidosis was induced in the rumen simulation technique by lowering bicarbonate, dihydrogen phosphate and hydrogen phosphate concentrations in the artificial saliva while providing a concentrate‐to‐forage ratio of 70:30. The experiment consisted of an equilibration period of 7 days, a first control period of 5 days, the acidosis period of 5 days and a second control period of 5 days. During acidosis induction, pH decreased stepwise until it ranged below 5.0 at the last day of acidosis (day 17). This was accompanied by an increase in lactate production reaching 11.3 mm at day 17. The daily production of acetate, propionate and butyrate was reduced at the end of the acidosis period. Gas production (methane and carbon dioxide) and NH3‐N concentration reached a minimum 2 days after terminating the acidosis challenge. While the initial pH was already restored 1 day after acidosis, alterations in the mentioned fermentation parameters lasted longer. However, by the end of the experiment, all parameters had recovered. An acidosis‐induced alteration in the microbial community of bacteria and archaea was revealed by single‐strand conformation polymorphism. For bacteria, the pre‐acidotic community could be re‐established within 5 days, however, not for archaea. This study provides an in vitro model for a transient rumen acidosis including biochemical and microbial changes, which might be used for testing feeding strategies or feed additives influencing rumen acidosis.
Guadalupan Devotion as a Moderator of Psychosocial Stress among Mexican Immigrants in the Rural Southern United States
Authors: Read‐Wahidi Mary Rebecca , DeCaro Jason A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis study considers how shared devotion to the Virgin of Guadalupe among Mexican immigrants in rural Mississippi buffers the effects of immigration stress. Rural destinations lacking social services can quickly compound the already stressful experience of immigration. Guadalupe devotion provides a way of coping with the daily life stressors of immigration. We test the hypothesis that high consonance in the cultural model of Guadalupan devotion will moderate the adverse health effects of immigration stress. Results indicate that as exposure to immigration stressors increased, well‐being decreased among those with low consonance, while the effect was eliminated in those with high consonance. Findings demonstrate the advantage of expanding research on coping to incorporate complex models that consider religious and secular elements and also illustrate how a master symbol, characterized as a cultural model of coping with limited local distribution, yields health effects dissimilar to the mediation normally associated with consonance.
Parents' knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and barriers to promoting condom use among their adolescent sons
Authors: Tipwareerom Worawan , Weglicki Linda 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is increasing in Thai youth. Consequently, a school‐based National Condom Strategy program was launched in 2015 to reduce the rate of HIV and sexually transmitted infections. We conducted in‐depth interviews of 31 parents/adoptive guardians of high‐school age Thai boys to explore parents' knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and barriers to promoting condom use and its role in preventing HIV/sexually transmitted infections. A descriptive phenomenological approach and thematic analysis was used. Most participants had knowledge and positive attitudes about condom use. Half disagreed with the National Condom Strategy of placing condom vending machines in schools. More than half did not initiate teaching male youth about condom use until the youth had broached the question or only intended to do so when the youths were older. Barriers included parents' lack of condom experience and knowledge, embarrassment/discomfort when talking about condoms, and belief that youth were not sexually active. Parents are a key factor for supporting condom use in Thailand. This study supports the need for education programs for parents.
Influence of Different Boundary Conditions in Finite Element Analysis on Pelvic Biomechanical Load Transmission
Authors: Hu Pan , Wu Tao , Wang Hui‐zhi , Qi Xin‐zheng , Yao Jie , Cheng Xiao‐dong , Chen Wei , Zhang Ying‐ze 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of boundary conditions and connect conditions on biomechanics predictions in finite element (FE) pelvic models.MethodsThree FE pelvic models were constructed to analyze the effect of boundary conditions and connect conditions in the hip joint: an intact pelvic model assumed contact of the hip joint on both sides (Model I); and a pelvic model assumed the hip joint connecting surfaces fused together with (Model II) or without proximal femurs (Model III). The model was validated by bone surface strains obtained from strain gauges in an in vitro pelvic experiment. Vertical load was applied to the pelvic specimen, and the same load was simulated in the FE model.ResultsThere was a strong correlation between the FE analysis results of Model I and the experimental results (R
2 = 0.979); meanwhile, the correlation coefficient and the linear regression function increased slightly with increasing load force. Comparing the three models, the stress values in the point near the pubic symphysis in Model III were 48.52 and 39.1% lower, respectively, in comparison with Models I and II. Furthermore, the stress values on the dome region of the acetabulum in Models II and III were 103.61 and 390.53% less than those of Model I. Besides, the posterior acetabular wall stress values of Model II were 197.15 and 305.17% higher than those of Models I and III, respectively.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the effect of the connect condition in the hip joint should not be neglected, especially in studies related to clinical applications.
The role of microRNAs in Anopheles biology—an emerging research field
Authors: Lampe L. , Levashina E. A. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryIn the last years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been established as important post‐transcriptional regulators of critical physiological processes in animals and plants. Here, we summarize what is known about miRNA biosynthesis, expression and function in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae with a particular emphasis on the mosquito‐parasite interactions. We discuss the important gaps in the current knowledge, including the potential of miRNA manipulation for future vector control strategies.
Secular and longitudinal physical activity changes in population‐based samples of children and adolescents
Authors: Dalene K. E. , Anderssen S. A. , Andersen L. B. , Steene‐Johannessen J. , Ekelund U. , Hansen B. H. , Kolle E. 
Published: March 2017

The aims of this study were to investigate whether physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) in 9‐ and 15‐year‐olds differed between 2005‐2006 and 2011‐2012 (secular change), and to investigate changes in PA and ST from age 9 to 15 (longitudinal change). In 2005‐2006, we invited nationally representative samples of Norwegian 9‐ (n=1470) and 15‐year‐olds (n=1348) to participate. In 2011‐2012, we invited a new nationally representative sample of 9‐year‐olds (n=1945), whereas 15‐year‐olds (n=1759) were invited to participate either based on previous participation in 2005‐2006 or from a random sample of schools. We assessed PA and ST objectively using accelerometers. In 2011‐2012, both 9‐ and 15‐year‐olds spent more time sedentary (≥35.7 min/d, P<.001) and less time in light PA (≥35.2 min/d, P<.001) compared to their peers in 2005‐2006. Nine‐year‐old girls also spent less time in moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA) (4.2 min/d, P=.041). In both age groups, the proportion accumulating an average of 60 min/d of MVPA did not differ between the two cohorts. From age 9 to 15, girls and boys decreased their time spent in LPA (≥106.7 min/d, P<.001) and in MVPA (≥20.8 min/d, P<.001). During the same period, ST increased by a mean of >2 h/d (P<.011). We observed an adverse secular change in PA from 2005‐2006 to 2011‐2012 among 9‐ and 15‐year‐olds, and a large decline in PA in the participants followed longitudinally from age 9 to 15 years.
Adverse events of cryopreserved hematopoietic stem cell infusions in adults: a single‐center observational study
Authors: Otrock Zaher K. , Sempek Diane S. , Carey Sherry , Grossman Brenda J. 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUNDAutologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation has been used for almost three decades for the management of malignant hematologic diseases and some solid tumors. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used as a cryoprotective agent for hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) collected by apheresis (HPC‐A). We evaluated the factors contributing to the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) of cryopreserved HPC‐A infusion.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSBetween January 2009 and June 2014, a total of 1269 (1191 patients) consecutive HPC‐A infusions were given to adult patients undergoing autologous HSC transplantation at Barnes‐Jewish Hospital. Only infusions on the first day of transplant were included in the analysis.RESULTSAEs were reported in 480 (37.8%) infusions. The most common AEs were facial flushing in 189 (39.4%) infusions, nausea and/or vomiting in 183 (38.1%) infusions, hypoxia requiring oxygen in 139 (29%) infusions, and chest tightness in 80 (16.7%) infusions. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed that female sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40‐2.26; p < 0.0001), diagnosis other than multiple myeloma (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.12‐1.84; p = 0.004), larger volume of infusion per body weight (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.29‐2.15; p < 0.0001), and number of granulocytes infused per body weight (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.67; p = 0.042) were significant predictors of occurrence of AEs during infusion.CONCLUSIONAEs due to HPC‐A infusion occurred in more than one‐third of patients. Interventions need to be instituted to reduce AEs and thus improve the safety of HPC‐A infusion. Many of these toxicities can be attributed to DMSO, and this is reflected in the volume of infusion. It might be warranted to consider implementing DMSO‐reducing protocols before infusion.
Plasmablast Response to Primary Rhesus Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection in a Monkey Model of Congenital CMV Transmission
Authors: Fan Qihua , Nelson Cody S. , Bialas Kristy M. , Chiuppesi Flavia , Amos Joshua , Gurley Thaddeus C. , Marshall Dawn Jones , Eudailey Joshua , Heimsath Holly , Himes Jonathon , Deshpande Ashlesha , Walter Mark R. , Wussow Felix , Diamond Don J. , Barry Peter A. , Moody M. Anthony , Kaur Amitinder , Permar Sallie R. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection worldwide and the leading infectious cause of neurologic deficits and hearing loss in newborns. Development of a maternal HCMV vaccine to prevent vertical virus transmission is a high priority, yet protective maternal immune responses following acute infection are poorly understood. To characterize the maternal humoral immune response to primary CMV infection, we investigated the plasmablast and early antibody repertoire using a nonhuman primate model with two acutely rhesus CMV (RhCMV)-infected animals—a CD4
+
T cell-depleted dam that experienced fetal loss shortly after vertical RhCMV transmission and an immunocompetent dam that did not transmit RhCMV to her infant. Compared to the CD4
+
T cell-depleted dam that experienced fetal loss, the immunocompetent, nontransmitting dam had a more rapid and robust plasmablast response that produced a high proportion of RhCMV-reactive antibodies, including the first identified monoclonal antibody specific for soluble and membrane-associated RhCMV envelope glycoprotein B (gB). Additionally, we noted that plasmablast RhCMV-specific antibodies had variable gene usage and maturation similar to those observed in a monkey chronically coinfected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and RhCMV. This study reveals characteristics of the early maternal RhCMV-specific humoral immune responses to primary RhCMV infection in rhesus monkeys and may contribute to a future understanding of what antibody responses should be targeted by a vaccine to eliminate congenital HCMV transmission. Furthermore, the identification of an RhCMV gB-specific monoclonal antibody underscores the possibility of modeling future HCMV vaccine strategies in this nonhuman primate model.
Cost-Effectiveness Study of Criteria for Screening Cerebrospinal Fluid To Determine the Need for Herpes Simplex Virus PCR Testing
Authors: Hauser Ronald G. , Campbell Sheldon M. , Brandt Cynthia A. , Wang Shiyi 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe absence of markers of inflammation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) commonly predicts the absence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) central nervous system (CNS) infection. Consequently, multiple authors have proposed and validated criteria for deferring HSV PCR testing of CSF in immunocompetent hosts with normal CSF white blood cell and protein levels (≤5 cells/mm3and ≤50 mg/dl, respectively). Hosts are considered immunocompetent if they are ≥2 years old and have not had HIV or an organ transplant. Adoption of the criteria may erroneously exclude HSV-infected persons from a necessary diagnostic test or, alternatively, reduce the costs associated with HSV tests with minimal to no effect on patient care. Little is known about the cost-effectiveness of this approach. A decision analysis model was developed to evaluate the adoption of criteria for screening HSV tests of CSF. Estimates of input parameter values combined available literature with a multiyear multisite review at two of the largest health care systems in the United States. Adoption of criteria to screen for HSV test need proved cost-effective when less than 1 in 200 patients deferred from testing truly had an HSV CNS infection. Similar to prior studies, none of the deferred cases had HSV encephalitis (n= 3120). Adoption of these criteria in the United States would save an estimated $127 million ($95 million to $158 million [±25%]) annually. The model calculations remained robust to variation in test cost, prevalence of HSV infection, and random variation to study assumptions. The adoption of criteria to screen HSV PCR tests in CSF represents a cost-effective approach.
Real-Time Sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Are We There Yet?
Authors: Lee Robyn S. , Pai Madhukar 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Whole-genome sequencing has taken a leading role in epidemiologic studies of tuberculosis, but thus far, its real-time clinical utility has been low, in part because of the requirement for culture. In their report in this issue, Votintseva et al. (A. A. Votintseva, P. Bradley, L. Pankhurst, C. del Ojo Elias, M. Loose, K. Nilgiriwala, A. Chatterjee, E. G. Smith, N. Sanderson, T. M. Walker, M. R. Morgan, D. H. Wyllie, A. S. Walker, T. E. A. Peto, D. W. Crook, and Z. Iqbal, J Clin Microbiol 55:1285–1298, 2017,
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02483-16
) present a new method for extracting
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
DNA directly from smear-positive respiratory samples, making it feasible to generate drug resistance predictions and phylogenetic trees in 44 h with the Illumina MiSeq. They also illustrate the potential for a <24-h turnaround time from DNA extraction to clinically relevant results with Illumina MiniSeq and Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION. We comment on the promise and limitations of these approaches.