bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical structure of boundary layer convection during cold‐air outbreaks at Barrow, Alaska
Authors: Wang Yonggang , Geerts Bart , Chen Yaosheng 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBoundary layer convection (BLC) is common over high‐latitude oceans and adjacent coastal regions when a cold airmass becomes exposed to a sufficient fetch of open water. The vertical structure of mixed‐phase BLC clouds and precipitation is examined using the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program data set collected at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site at Barrow, Alaska. BLC may occur at this location in autumn, when cold air masses originating at higher latitudes advect southward over the still ice‐free coastal waters north of Alaska. This study identifies such BLC and documents its occurrence and characteristics. Instruments used for this study include profiling Ka band radars, a depolarization backscatter profiling lidar, a scanning X band radar, a microwave radiometer, a ceilometer, surface meteorological probes, and radiosondes. Six criteria are applied to objectively identify the BLC events, using data collected between 2004 and 2013. BLC episodes are relatively common at the NSA site, but almost exclusively in the month of October, and most episodes are relatively short, less than 10 h in duration. Liquid water is commonly found in these mixed‐phase BLC clouds, with a typical liquid water path of 150 g/m2, and snowfall rates average ~3 mm h−1 (water equivalent), in some cases over 10 mm h−1, notwithstanding the low cloud echo tops (~1.0–1.5 km). In one rather weak but persistent episode fall speed estimates derived from the profiling Ka band radar indicates the presence of rimed particles, confirming the convective nature of this precipitation.
Mid‐Holocene permafrost: Results from CMIP5 simulations
Authors: Liu Yeyi , Jiang Dabang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDistribution of frozen ground and active layer thickness in the Northern Hemisphere during the mid‐Holocene (MH) and differences with respect to the preindustrial (PI) were investigated here using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models. Two typical diagnostic methods, respectively, based on soil temperature (Ts based; a direct method) and air temperature (Ta based; an indirect method) were employed to classify categories and extents of frozen ground. In relation to orbitally induced changes in climate and in turn freezing and thawing indices, the MH permafrost extent was 20.5% (1.8%) smaller than the PI, whereas seasonally frozen ground increased by 9.2% (0.8%) in the Northern Hemisphere according to the Ts‐based (Ta‐based) method. Active layer thickness became larger, but by ≤ 1.0 m in most of permafrost areas during the MH. Intermodel disagreement remains within areas of permafrost boundary by both the Ts‐based and Ta‐based results, with the former demonstrating less agreement among the CMIP5 models because of larger variation in land model abilities to represent permafrost processes. However, both the methods were able to reproduce the MH relatively degenerated permafrost and increased active layer thickness (although with smaller magnitudes) as observed in data reconstruction. Disparity between simulation and reconstruction was mainly found in the seasonally frozen ground regions at low to middle latitudes, where the reconstruction suggested a reduction of seasonally frozen ground extent to the north, whereas the simulation demonstrated a slightly expansion to the south for the MH compared to the PI.
Assessment of OMI near‐UV aerosol optical depth over Central and East Asia
Authors: Zhang Wenhao , Gu Xingfa , Xu Hui , Yu Tao , Zheng Fengjie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSeveral essential improvements have been made in recent Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) near‐ultraviolet (UV) aerosol retrieval algorithm version (OMAERUV version 1.4.2), but few regional validations for its aerosol optical depth (AOD) product are conducted. This paper assessed the OMAERUV AOD product over Central and East Asia. The OMAERUV Level 2.0 AOD product was compared with Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Level 2.0 direct Sun AOD measurement over 10 years (2005–2014) at 27 selected AERONET sites. A combined comparison of OMAERUV‐AERONET AOD at 25 (2) sites was carried out and yielded correlation coefficient (ρ) of 0.63 (0.77), slope of 0.53 (0.57), y intercept of 0.18 (0.13), and 50.71% (57.24%) OMAERUV AOD fall within the expected uncertainty boundary (larger by 0.1 or ±30%) at 380 nm (440 nm). The more accurate (ρ > 0.70) OMAERUV retrievals are reported over eastern and northern China and South Korea. The two primary reasons for the underestimation of OMAERUV AOD over China are as follows: (1) the use of single‐channel (388 nm) retrieval method retrieves scattering AOD and not total AOD, and (2) the spectral dependence of the imaginary part of the refractive index in the near‐UV region assumed in the algorithm may not be representative of aerosols found over China. The comparisons for three predominant aerosol types indicate that smoke aerosol exhibits the best performance, followed by dust and nonabsorbing aerosol. It is consistent with the characteristic of near‐UV wavelength that it is more sensitive to absorbent particles. The comprehensive yearly (2005–2014) comparison at 25 sites and comparison between two periods (2005–2006 and 2009–2014) at selected four sites show no discernible decrease of temporal trend, which indicates that the OMAERUV algorithm successfully maintains its quality of aerosol product despite post‐2008 row anomaly instrument problem.
Crustal thickening, Barrovian metamorphism, and exhumation of midcrustal rocks during doming and extrusion: Insights from the Himalaya, NW India
Authors: Jessup M. J. , Langille J. M. , Cottle J. M. , Ahmad T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRocks exposed in NW India constrain the burial, partial melting, and exhumation history of the Himalayan crust. New microscale and mesoscale structural analysis, combined with pressure‐temperature estimates from the Haimanta Group exposed in the Sutlej Valley, indicate that the rocks were folded by two generations of NW trending folds. Barrovian metamorphism culminated at ~30 Ma with staurolite and kyanite overgrowths of F2 folds. Crustal thickening created a metamorphic field gradient that increases from the garnet zone (499 ± 99°C and 4.5 ± 1.4 kbar to 571 ± 92°C and 7.8 ± 1.4 kbar) to the staurolite‐kyanite zone (567 ± 105°C and 6.7 ± 1.6 kbar). These data are combined with previous studies to modify a two‐stage conceptual model for the thermal and deformation conditions of the middle and upper crust during the Eocene‐Miocene, excluding the late Miocene to recent. In the Miocene (~23 Ma), Barrovian metamorphism was overprinted by decompression during coeval south directed extrusion of the Greater Himalayan Series beneath the Sangla detachment in the foreland and doming during top‐down‐to‐the‐west displacement along the Leo Pargil shear zone in the hinterland. These data demonstrate that shear zones and detachments, such as the South Tibetan detachment that initially formed during crustal thickening (e.g., Eocene‐Oligocene), contributed to the subsequent distribution of rocks that experienced different pressure‐temperature‐time paths, degrees of partial melting, and exhumation histories during the Miocene.
Application of acoustic tomography to reconstruct the horizontal flow velocity field in a shallow river
Authors: Razaz Mahdi , Kawanisi Kiyosi , Kaneko Arata , Nistor Ioan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA novel acoustic tomographic measurement system capable of resolving sound travel time in extremely shallow rivers is introduced and the results of an extensive field measurements campaign are presented and further discussed. Acoustic pulses were transmitted over a wide frequency band of 20–35 kHz between eight transducers for about a week in a meandering reach of theBāsen River, Hiroshima, Japan. The purpose of the field experiment was validating the concept of acoustic tomography in rivers for visualizing current fields. The particular novelty of the experiment resides in its unusual tomographic features: subbasin scale (100 m × 270 m) and shallowness (0.5–3.0 m) of the physical domain, frequency of the transmitted acoustic signals (central frequency of 30 kHz), and the use of small sampling intervals (105 s). Inverse techniques with no a priori statistical information were used to estimate the depth‐average current velocity components from differential travel times. Zeroth‐order Tikhonov regularization, in conjunction with L‐curve method deployed to stabilize the solution and to determine the weighting factor appearing in the inverse analysis. Concurrent direct environmental measurements were provided in the form of ADCP readings close to the right and left bank. Very good agreement found between along‐channel velocities larger than 0.2 m/s obtained from the two techniques. Inverted quantities were, however, underestimated, perhaps due to vicinity of the ADCPs to the banks and strong effect of river geometry on the readings. In general, comparing the visualized currents with direct nodal measurements illustrate the plausibility of the tomographically reconstructed flow structures.
Critical Appraisal of the Quality of Literature Evaluating Psychometric Properties of Arthritis Work Outcome Assessments: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alheresh Rawan , Vaughan Molly , LaValley Michael P. , Coster Wendy , Keysor Julie J. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo systematically rate the evidence on the measurement properties of work functioning instruments for people with arthritis and other rheumatologic conditions.MethodsA systematic review was conducted through a structured search to identify the quality of articles describing studies of assessment development and studies of their psychometric properties. The Consensus‐Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist was used to appraise the included studies. Finally, an evidence synthesis was performed to combine findings.ResultsNine arthritis‐specific work outcome assessments were identified; 17 articles examining the psychometric properties of these instruments were identified and their quality was reviewed. Quality of studies was highly variable. The evidence synthesis showed that the Work Limitations Questionnaire had the strongest quality evidence of internal consistency and content validity (including structural validity and hypothesis testing), followed by the Work Instability Scale. None of the instruments had strong quality evidence of criterion validity or responsiveness.ConclusionConsidering the high variability and the low quality of the literature, we recommend that instrument developers integrate a full psychometric assessment of their instruments, including responsiveness and criterion validity, and consult guidelines (i.e., COSMIN) in reporting their findings.
Robust Silver(I) Catalyst for the Carboxylative Cyclization of Propargylic Alcohols with Carbon Dioxide under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Song Qing‐Wen , He Liang‐Nian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInspired by the bulkier bis(triphenylphosphine)–silver cation‐induced mechanism of propargylic alcohols and carbon dioxide through the alkyl carbonate intermediate, a robust dual‐component catalytic system consisting of silver acetate and tetraheptylammonium bromide was rationally developed for the synthesis of α‐methylene cyclic carbonates under ambient conditions without employing any additional organic base and ligand. This is one of the most effective catalysts reported to date for this conversion, with a very high turnover number of up to 6024, probably due to the synergistic effect of Lewis basic and Lewis acidic species for the activation of both propargylic alcohol and carbon dioxide by the formation of the alkyl carbonate with a bulkier counterion. Notably, this catalyst also worked well for the carboxylative cyclization of propargylic amines with carbon dioxide with the highest turnover number of 544.magnified image
Analysis of the population genetic structure of Hb D‐Los Angeles [β121 (GH4) Glu→Gln GAA→CAA] in Denizli, Turkey; genetic diversity, historical demography and estimation of the mutation rates based on haplotype variation
Authors: Ozturk Onur , Arikan Sanem , Atalay Ayfer , Atalay Erol O. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveUnderstanding the genetic origin of the Hb D‐Los Angeles hemoglobin may elucidate population interactions such as movements, migrations, and environmental effects on mutation mechanisms in human biology throughout history. Our study aimed to understand the genetic origin of Hb D‐Los Angeles based on haplotype data, observed in the Denizli province of Turkey.MethodsWe studied DNA samples from 40 unrelated patients with abnormal hemoglobin Hb D‐Los Angeles and 59 unrelated healthy subjects from our DNA bank. Possible associated haplotypes, HWE, genetic diversity and population differentiation, population genetic structure analysis and historical‐demographic analysis for the two populations were determined by Arlequin ver. 3.5.ResultsMolecular diversity results from the two populations show that both populations are genetically similar as far as development and expansion during the historical period. Historical gene flow results show high gene flow between the two populations. SSD and rg tests failed to reject the null hypothesis of population expansion which is consistent with unimodal distribution. Our estimated τ values show that the average time since the demographic expansion for normal and Hb D‐Los Angeles populations ranged from approximately 42,000–38,000 ybp, respectively.ConclusionsOur data suggest that the Hb D‐Los Angeles population originated within the normal population in Denizli, Turkey. Our results support the hypothesis that the Hb D‐Los Angeles mutation may have originated in the Mediterranean area, independent from other populations such as India and China. The evaluation of such data may contribute valuable information to anthropological, paleoclimatic, archaeological, and phylogeographical approaches to human biology throughout the historical period. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:476–483, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BaAka women's health and subsistence practices in transitional conservation economies: Variation with age, household size, and food security
Authors: Jost Robinson Carolyn A. , Remis Melissa J. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesUsing ethnographic interviews and biological measures, this article investigates changing health and nutrition of a hunter‐gatherer population transitioning from a forest‐based subsistence system to a horticultural and market‐driven lifestyle.MethodsThis study represents biological and dietary recall data for adult female foragers (18+; n = 60) across two villages, Mossapoula (MS) and Yandoumbé (YDBE), in the Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas (APDS), Central African Republic (CAR). Standard anthropometric measurements (height, weight, skinfolds) and hemoglobin values were collected to assess short‐term nutritional status.ResultsBMI was similar across all three age classes in YDBE, but differed amongst women of MS (ANOVA; F = 6.34, df = 30, P = 0.005).Values were lowest among the older women in older age class 3 who also had the greatest number of dependents. Overall SS values were significantly negatively correlated with the number of biological children (r = −0.33, P = 0.01) in both villages.ConclusionsHere, we identify older BaAka women, caring for their own children and grandchildren, as particularly vulnerable to economic changes and food insecurity. We found older women, especially those in a community with greater restrictions on access to forest resources to have more dependents, reduced market integration, and low BMI relative to younger women in the population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:453–460, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Work‐related injuries to animal care workers, Washington 2007–2011
Authors: Fowler Heather , Adams Darrin , Bonauto David , Rabinowitz Peter 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundFor workers engaged in animal care, workplace hazards are common and may outnumber those experienced by human healthcare workers.MethodsWe used accepted Washington State workers' compensation claims for the period from January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2011 to compare injury rates and types of injuries across animal care occupations.ResultsWork‐related injuries frequently affect veterinary support staff and those working in pet stores, shelters, grooming facilities and kennels. Animal‐related injuries were the most commonly reported injury type experienced by all groups, though the animal source of injury appears to differ by work setting.ConclusionsWorkplace related injuries among animal care workers are common and most often caused by physical insults resulting from worker‐animal interaction. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:236–244, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fighting sinus‐derived Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in vitro with a bacteriophage‐derived muralytic enzyme
Authors: Drilling Amanda J. , Cooksley Clare , Chan Chun , Wormald Peter‐John , Vreugde Sarah 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundStaphylococcus aureus biofilms are a nidus for exacerbation of infectious conditions including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Resistance of biofilms to current therapeutics stresses the need for the development of novel anti‐biofilm strategies. The chimeric muralytic enzyme P128 was specifically engineered to target Staphylococcal sp. by combining the cell wall binding domain of lysostaphin and the peptidoglycan‐degrading murein hydrolase derived from phage K. This study assessed the anti‐biofilm activity of P128 against sinus‐derived S. aureus.MethodsBiofilms from S. aureus ATCC 25923 and 3 sinus‐derived methicillin‐sensitive and methicillin‐resistant CRS clinical isolates were grown for 48 hours and treated with various concentrations of P128 (0 to 100 μg/mL) for 2 and 24 hours, using the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assay and Alamar Blue (AB) assay. Biofilm present on the MBEC pegs was stained with LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain, imaged using confocal scanning laser microscopy and biomass determined by COMSTAT2 computation. In the AB assay, biofilm was measured by assessing the cell viability. Results were assessed using a Kruskal‐Wallis test, with a Wilcoxon post hoc test and Bonferroni correction.ResultsBoth the MBEC and AB assay indicated that P128 was effective against in vitro S. aureus biofilms with significant reductions in biofilm of up to 95.5% at concentrations ≥12.5 μg/mL for all tested strains.ConclusionThe engineered chimeric endolysin P128 was observed to be an effective anti‐biofilm agent against S. aureus. Further study will proceed into the appropriate application of P128 to ensure both an economically and clinically feasible preparation.
Improvements in sleep‐related symptoms after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: El Rassi Edward , Mace Jess C. , Steele Toby O. , Alt Jeremiah A. , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundSleep impairment is highly prevalent in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Although endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has been shown to improve overall patient‐reported sleep quality, the postoperative impact on individual sleep symptoms remains unclear.MethodsPatients with medically‐recalcitrant CRS who elected to undergo ESS were prospectively enrolled into a multi‐institutional, observational cohort study. Sleep‐related symptom severity and treatment outcomes were assessed using the sleep domain questions within the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22).ResultsA total of 334 participants met criteria and were followed postoperatively for an average of 14.5 ± 4.9 months (mean ± standard deviation [SD]). Mean SNOT‐22 sleep domain scores improved from 13.7 ± 6.8 to 7.7 ± 6.6 (p < 0.001). Significant mean relative improvements were reported for “difficulty falling asleep” (45%; p < 0.001), “waking up at night” (40%; p < 0.001), “lack of a good night's sleep” (43%; p < 0.001), “waking up tired” (40%; p < 0.001), and “fatigue” (42%; p < 0.001) scores. A total of 66% of study participants reported postoperative improvement in “lack of a good night's sleep,” “waking up tired,” and “fatigue”; 62% reported improvement in “waking up at night”; and 58% reported improvement in “difficulty falling asleep.”ConclusionPatients with CRS report significant and sustained improvements following ESS in common sleep‐related symptoms as assessed by the SNOT‐22 sleep domain. Despite these significant improvements, some degree of persistent postoperative sleep impairment was reported. Further study is necessary to determine what factors are associated with continued sleep dysfunction after sinus surgery.
Fabrication of mPEGylated graphene oxide/poly(2‐dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) nanohybrids and their primary application for small interfering RNA delivery
Authors: Sun Yu , Zhou Junhui , Cheng Qiang , Lin Daoshu , Jiang Qian , Dong Anjie , Liang Zicai , Deng Liandong 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTGraphene oxide (GO)‐based nanohybrids were designed for small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery for their high water dispensability, good biocompatibility, easily tunable surface functionalization, and particular optical properties. In this study, novel nanohybrids based on GO were fabricated. Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) was covalently conjugated to GO via amide bonds. Then, poly(2‐dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), which was synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) with 2‐(dodecyl thiocarbonothioyl thio)‐2‐methyl propionic acid (DTM) as the RAFT agent, was attached onto GO via physical interaction between DTM and GO. Compared with Lipofectamine 2000, the novel mPEG–GO/PDMAEMA nanohybrids showed comparable gene transfection efficiency and a low cytotoxicity. Moreover, the mPEG–GO/PDMAEMA nanohybrids showed enhanced optical properties compared to the original GO because of the presence of mPEG and PDMAEMA. Our work encouraged further exploration of the novel nanovector for combined photothermal and siRNA delivery. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43303.
Nasal Septal Deviation and Facial Skeletal Asymmetries
Authors: Hartman Christopher , Holton Nathan , Miller Steven , Yokley Todd , Marshall Steven , Srinivasan Sreedevi , Southard Thomas 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTDuring ontogeny, the nasal septum exerts a morphogenetic influence on the surrounding facial skeleton. While the influence of the septum is well established in long snouted animal models, its role in human facial growth is less clear. If the septum is a facial growth center in humans, we would predict that deviated septal growth would be associated with facial skeletal asymmetries. Using computed tomographic (CT) scans of n = 55 adult subjects, the purpose of this study was to test whether there is a correlation between septal deviation and facial asymmetries using three‐dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric techniques. We calculated deviation as a percentage of septal volume relative to the volume of a modeled non‐deviated septum. We then recorded skeletal landmarks representing the nasal, palatal, and lateral facial regions. Landmark data were superimposed using Procrustes analysis. First, we examined the correlation between nasal septal deviation and the overall magnitude of asymmetry. Next, we assessed whether there was a relationship between nasal septal deviation and more localized aspects of asymmetry using multivariate regression analysis. Our results indicate that while there was no correlation between septal deviation and the overall magnitude of asymmetry, septal deviation was associated with asymmetry primarily in the nasal floor and the palatal region. Septal deviation was unassociated with asymmetries in the lateral facial skeleton. Though we did not test the causal relationship between nasal septal deviation and facial asymmetry, our results suggest that the nasal septum may have an influence on patterns of adult facial form. Anat Rec, 299:295–306, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.