bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training and Career Development in Clinical and Translational Science: An Opportunity for Rehabilitation Scientists
Authors: Kelly Thomas H. , Mattacola Carl G. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The National Institutes of Health's Clinical and Translational Science Award initiative is designed to establish and promote academic centers of clinical and translational science (CTS) that are empowered to train and advance multi- and interdisciplinary investigators and research teams to apply new scientific knowledge and techniques to enhance patient care. Among the key components of a full-service center for CTS is an educational platform to support research training in CTS. Educational objectives and resources available to support the career development of the clinical and translational scientists, including clinical research education, mentored research training, and career development support, are described.Objective:The purpose of the article is to provide an overview of the CTS educational model so that rehabilitation specialists can become more aware of potential resources that are available and become more involved in the delivery and initiation of the CTS model in their own workplace. Rehabilitation clinicians and scientists are well positioned to play important leadership roles in advancing the academic mission of CTS. Rigorous academic training in rehabilitation science serves as an effective foundation for supporting the translation of basic scientific discovery into improved health care. Rehabilitation professionals are immersed in patient care, familiar with interdisciplinary health care delivery, and skilled at working with multiple health care professionals.Conclusion:The NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award initiative is an excellent opportunity to advance the academic development of rehabilitation scientists.
A Kinematic Comparison of Spring-Loaded and Traditional Crutches
Authors: Seeley Matthew K. , Hunter Iain , Bateman Thomas , Roggia Adam , Larson Brad J. , Draper David O. 
Published: August 2016

Context:A novel spring-loaded-crutch design may provide patients additional forward velocity, relative to traditional axillary crutches; however, this idea has not yet been evaluated.Objective:To quantify elastic potential energy stored by spring-loaded crutches during crutch–ground contact and determine whether this energy increases forward velocity for patients during crutch ambulation. Because elastic potential energy is likely stored by the spring-loaded crutch during ambulation, the authors hypothesized that subjects would exhibit greater peak instantaneous forward velocity during crutch–ground contact and increased preferred ambulation speed during spring-loaded-crutch ambulation, relative to traditional-crutch ambulation.Design:Within-subject.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:10 healthy men and 10 healthy women.Interventions:The independent variable was crutch type: Subjects used spring-loaded and traditional axillary crutches to ambulate at standardized and preferred speeds.Main Outcome Measures:The primary dependent variables were peak instantaneous forward velocity and preferred ambulation speed; these variables were quantified using high-speed videography and an optoelectronic timing device, respectively. Between-crutches differences for the dependent variables were evaluated using paired t tests (α = .05). Elastic potential energy stored by the spring-loaded crutches during crutch–ground contact was also quantified via videography.Results:Peak forward velocity during crutch–ground contact was 5% greater (P < .001) for spring-loaded-crutch ambulation than for traditional-crutch ambulation. Preferred ambulation speed, however, did not significantly differ (P = .538) between crutch types. The spring-loaded crutches stored an average of 2.50 ± 1.96 J of elastic potential energy during crutch–ground contact.Conclusions:The spring-loaded crutches appear to have provided subjects with additional peak instantaneous forward velocity. This increased velocity, however, was relatively small and did not increase preferred ambulation speed.
Rotator-Cuff Muscle-Recruitment Strategies During Shoulder Rehabilitation Exercises
Authors: Swanik Kathleen A. , Bliven Kellie Huxel , Swanik Charles Buz 
Published: August 2016

Context:There are contradictory data on optimal muscle-activation strategies for restoring shoulder stability. Further investigation of neuromuscular-control strategies for glenohumeral-joint stability will guide clinicians in decisions regarding appropriate rehabilitation exercises.Objectives:To determine whether subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor (anteroposterior force couple) muscle activation differ between 4 shoulder exercises and describe coactivation ratios and individual muscle-recruitment characteristics of rotator-cuff muscles throughout each shoulder exercise.Design:Crossover.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:healthy, physically active men, age 20.55 ± 2.0 y.Interventions:4 rehabilitation exercises: pitchback, PNF D2 pattern with tubing, push-up plus, and slide board.Main Outcomes Measures:Mean coactivation level, coactivation-ratio patterns, and level (area) of muscle-activation patterns of the subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor throughout each exercise.Results:Coactivation levels varied throughout each exercise. Subscapularis activity was consistently higher than that of the infraspinatus and teres minor combined at the start of each exercise and in end ranges of motion. Individual muscle-recruitment levels in the subscapularis were also different between exercises.Conclusion:Results provide descriptive data for determining normative coactivation-ratio values for muscle recruitment for the functional exercises studied. Differences in subscapularis activation suggest a reliance to resist anteriorly directed forces.
Relationships Between Eccentric Hip Isokinetic Torque and Functional Performance
Authors: de Marche Baldon Rodrigo , Lobato Daniel Ferreira Moreira , Carvalho Lívia Pinheiro , Wun Paloma Yan Lam , Presotti Cátia Valéria , Serrão Fábio Viadanna 
Published: August 2016

Context:Recently, attention in sports has been given to eccentric hip-muscle function, both in preventing musculoskeletal injuries and improving performance.Objective:To determine the key isokinetic variables of eccentric hip torque that predict the functional performance of women in the single-leg triple long jump (TLJ) and the timed 6-m single-leg hop (TH).Design:Within-subject correlational study.Setting:Musculoskeletal laboratory.Participants:32 healthy women age 18–25 y.Intervention:The participants performed 2 sets of 5 eccentric hip-abductor/adductor and lateral/medial-rotator isokinetic contractions (30°/s) and 3 attempts in the TLJ and TH.Main Outcome Measurements:The independent variables were the eccentric hip-abductor and –adductor and medial- and lateral-rotator isokinetic peak torque, normalized according to body mass (Nm/kg). The dependent variables were the longest distance achieved in the TLJ normalized according to body height and the shortest time spent during the execution of the TH.Results:The forward-stepwise-regression analysis showed that the combination of the eccentric hip lateral-rotator and -abductor isokinetic peak torque provided the most efficient estimate of both functional tests, explaining 65% of the TLJ variance (P < .00l) and 55% of the TH variance (P < .001).Conclusions:Higher values for eccentric hip lateral-rotator and hip-abductor torques reflected better performance. Thus, the eccentric action of these muscles should be considered in the development of physical training programs that aim to increase functional performance.
Production of Consistent Pain by Intermittent Infusion of Sterile 5% Hypertonic Saline, Followed by Decrease of Pain With Cryotherapy
Authors: Long Blaine C. , Knight Kenneth L. , Hopkins Ty , Parcell Allen C. , Feland J. Brent 
Published: August 2016

Context:It is suggested that postinjury pain is difficult to examine; thus, investigators have developed experimental pain models. To minimize pain, cryotherapy (cryo) is applied, but reports on its effectiveness are limited.Objective:To investigate a pain model for the anterior knee and examine cryo in reducing the pain.Design:Controlled laboratory study.Setting:Therapeutic modality laboratory.Participants:30 physically active healthy male subjects who were free from any lower extremity orthopedic, neurological, cardiovascular, or endocrine pathologies.Main Outcome Measures:Perceived pain was measured every minute. Surface temperature was also assessed in the center of the patella and the popliteal fossa.Results:There was a significant interaction between group and time (F68,864 = 3.0, P = .0001). At the first minute, there was no difference in pain between the 3 groups (saline/cryo = 4.80 ± 4.87 mm, saline/sham = 2.80 ± 3.55 mm, no saline/cryo = 4.00 ± 3.33 mm). During the first 5 min, pain increased from 4.80 ± 4.87 to 45.90 ± 21.17 mm in the saline/cryo group and from 2.80 ± 3.55 to 31.10 ± 20.25 mm in the saline/sham group. Pain did not change within the no-saline/cryo group, 4.00 ± 3.33 to 1.70 ± 1.70 mm. Pain for the saline/sham group remained constant for 17 min. Cryo decreased pain for 16 min in the saline/cryo group. There was no difference in preapplication surface temperature between or within each group. No change in temperature occurred within the saline/sham. Cooling and rewarming were similar in both cryo groups. Ambient temperature fluctuated less than 1°C during data collection.Conclusion:Intermittent infusion of sterile 5% hypertonic saline may be a useful experimental pain model in establishing a constant level of pain in a controlled laboratory setting. Cryotherapy decreased the induced anterior knee pain for 16 min.
Alterations in Peak Ground-Reaction Force During 60-cm Drop Landings Caused by a Single Session of Repeated Wingate Anaerobic Tests
Authors: Dominguese David J , Seegmiller Jeff , Krause B. Andrew 
Published: August 2016

Context:Lower extremity injury is prevalent among individuals participating in sports. Numerous variables have been reported as predisposing risk factors to injury; however, the effects of muscle fatigue on landing kinetics are unclear.Objectives:To investigate the effects of a single session of repeated muscle fatigue on peak vertical ground-reaction force (GRF) during drop landings.Design:Mixed factorial with repeated measures.Setting:Controlled laboratory.Participants:10 female and 10 male healthy recreational athletes.Intervention:Subjects performed 3 fatigued drop landings (60 cm) after four 20-s Wingate anaerobic tests (WATs) with 5 min of active recovery between fatigued conditions.Main Outcome Measures:Kinetic data of peak forefoot (F1) force, peak rear-foot (F2) force, and anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) forces at both F1 and F2.Results:A significant main effect was observed in the nonfatigued and fatigued drop landings in respect to peak F2 force. The greatest significant difference was shown between the first fatigued drop-landing condition and the last fatigued drop-landing condition. No significant difference was observed between genders for all GRF variables across fatigue conditions.Conclusion:A single session of repeated conditions of anaerobic muscle fatigue induced by WATs caused an initial reduction in peak F2 force followed by an increase in peak F2 force across conditions. Muscle fatigue consequently alters landing kinetics, potentially increasing the risk of injury.
Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy Combined With an Exercise Program to Reduce Pain and Increase Function in Adults With Shoulder Pain: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Thornton Aimee L. , McCarty Cailee W. , Burgess Mollie-Jean 
Published: August 2016

Clinical Scenario:Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal condition that affects up to 25% of the general population. Shoulder pain can be caused by any number of underlying conditions including subacromial impingement syndrome, rotator-cuff tendinitis, and biceps tendinitis. Regardless of the specific pathology, pain is generally the number 1 symptom associated with shoulder injuries and can severely affect daily activities and quality of life of patients with these conditions. Two of the primary goals in the treatment of these conditions are reducing pain and increasing shoulder range of motion (ROM).3 Conservative treatment has traditionally included a therapeutic exercise program targeted at increasing ROM, strengthening the muscles around the joint, proprioceptive training, or some combination of those activities. In addition, these exercise programs have been supplemented with other interventions including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injections, manual therapy, activity modification, and a wide array of therapeutic modalities (eg, cryotherapy, EMS, ultrasound). Recently, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used as an additional modality in the conservative management of patients with shoulder pain. However, the true effectiveness of LLLT in decreasing pain and increasing function in patients with shoulder pain is unclear.Focused Clinical Question:Is low-level laser therapy combined with an exercise program more effective than an exercise program alone in the treatment of adults with shoulder pain?
Lack of Effect of Superficial Heat to the Knee on Quadriceps Function in Individuals With Quadriceps Inhibition
Authors: Warner Brandon , Kim Kyung-Min , Hart Joseph M. , Saliba Susan 
Published: August 2016

Context:Quadriceps function improves after application of focal joint cooling or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to the knee in patients with arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), yet it is not known whether superficial heat is able to produce a similar effect.Objective:To determine quadriceps function after superficial heat to the knee joint in individuals with AMI.Design:Single blinded randomized crossover.Setting:Laboratory.Patients:12 subjects (4 female, 8 males; 25.6 ± 7.7 y, 177.2 ± 12.7 cm, 78.4 ± 18.2 kg) with a history of knee-joint pathology and AMI, determined with a quadriceps central activation ratio (CAR) of <90%.Intervention:3 treatment conditions for 15 min on separate days: superficial heat using a cervical moist-heat pack (77°C), sham using a cervical moist pack (room temperature at about 24°C), and control (no treatment). All subjects received all treatment conditions in a randomized order.Main Outcome Measures:Central activation ratio and knee-extension torque during maximal voluntary isometric contraction with the knee flexed to 60° were collected at pre, immediately post, 30 min post, and 45 min posttreatment. Skin temperature of the quadriceps and knee and room temperature were also recorded at the same time points.Results:Three (treatment conditions) by 4 (time) repeated ANOVAs found that there were no significant interactions or main effects in either CAR or knee-extension torque (all P > .05). Skin-temperature 1-way ANOVAs revealed that the skin temperature in the knee during superficial heat was significantly higher than other treatment conditions at all time points (P < .05).Conclusions:Superficial heat to the knee joint using a cervical moist-heat pack did not influence quadriceps function in individuals with AMI in the quadriceps.
Difference in Ratio of Evertor to Invertor Activity Between the Dominant and Nondominant Legs During Simulated Lateral Ankle Sprain
Authors: Knight Adam C. , Weimar Wendi H. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The dominant and nondominant legs respond asymmetrically during landing tasks, and this difference may occur during an inversion perturbation and provide insight into the role of ankle-evertor and -invertor muscle activity.Objective:To determine if there is a difference in the ratio of evertor to invertor activity between the dominant and nondominant legs and outer-sole conditions when the ankle is forced into inversion.Design:Repeated-measures single-group design.Setting:University laboratory.Participants:15 physically active healthy volunteers with no previous history of an ankle sprain or lower extremity surgery or fracture.Interventions:An outer sole with fulcrum was used to cause 25° of inversion at the subtalar joint after landing from a 27-cm step-down task. Participants performed 10 fulcrum trials on both the dominant and nondominant leg.Main Outcome Measures:The ratio of evertor to invertor muscle activity 200 ms before and 200 ms after the inversion perturbation was measured using electromyography. This ratio was the dependent variable. Independent variables included outer-sole condition (fulcrum, flat), leg (dominant, nondominant), and time (prelanding, postlanding). The data were analyzed with separate 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA, 1 for the prelanding ratios and 1 for the postlanding ratios.Results:For the postlanding ratios, the fulcrum outer sole had a significantly greater (P < .05) ratio than the flat outer sole, and the nondominant leg had a significantly greater (P < .05) ratio than the dominant leg.Conclusions:These results indicate that a greater evertor response is produced when the ankle is forced into inversion, and a greater response is produced for the nondominant leg, which may function better during a postural-stabilizing task than the dominant leg.
The Effectiveness of a Gastrocnemius–Soleus Stretching Program as a Therapeutic Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Garrett Troy R. , Neibert Peter J. 
Published: August 2016

Clinical Scenario:Injury to the plantar fascia, whether acute or chronic, is common among many populations. A conventional multiple-treatment approach is commonly administered by health care providers, consisting of controlling inflammation, managing pain, and promoting healing. Frequently, the initial treatment for plantar fasciitis is targeted at increasing dorsiflexion range of motion by stretching the gastroc-soleus musculature. It has been theorized that inflexibility of the gastroc-soleus complex can lead to excessive pronation and overcompensation of the plantar fascia at the first metatarsal phalangeal joint, therefore increasing the stress at the medial calcaneal insertion. Therefore, it is deemed that gastrocnemius–soleus stretches are a beneficial treatment in the initial stage of a plantar fasciitis treatment or rehabilitation program.Focused Clinical Question:Is a gastrocnemius–soleus stretching program, as a stand-alone treatment variable, effective in the treatment of plantar fasciitis?
The Sacroiliac Joint as a Factor in Low Back Pain: A Review
Authors: Cappaert Thomas A. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:To review the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and the pathological changes that occur to them and to determine whether SIJ dysfunction is a factor in idiopathic low back pain.Data Sources:Articles containing information on the anatomy, biomechanics, and dysfunction of the SIJ. The databases searched were MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and SPORTDiscus.Studies Used:Those found using the search terms sacroiliac joint and injury and sacroiliac joint and athletes. Additional sources were gathered from the reference lists of these initial sources.Data Exfraction:Data found pertinent to understanding the anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology of the SIJ region were used, as well as data on the existence and prevalence of SU dysfunction and its relation to low back pain.Conclusions:The literature provides strong evidence that SIJ dysfunction should be considered a major factor in the etiology of idiopathic low back pain.
Sport Physiotherapists' Perceptions of Psychological Strategies in Sport Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Ninedek Alana , Kelt Gregory S. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Recent literature has focused on the role of physiotherapists in addressing psychological sequelae of sport injury and rehabilitation.Objective:The study investigated sports physiotherapists' views of psychological characteristics that distinguished athletes who cope well with injury from those who cope poorly. Physiotherapists' opinions on the role of psychological skills in rehabilitation were also examined.Design:A questionnaire-based study.Participants:Participants were 150 physiotherapists who had completed, or were completing, a postgraduate sports physiotherapy program.Main Outcome Measures:The test instrument used was the Sports Physiotherapists' Views on Psychological Strategies questionnaire (adapted from Wiese et al1).Results:The physiotherapists reported communication skills, a positive attitude, intrinsic motivation, and realistic goal setting as important aspects of effective rehabilitation.Conclusions:The findings are discussed in relation to physiotherapists' roles in addressing basic psychological aspects of injury.
Effects of Acute and Chronic Pathomechanics on the Normal Histology and Biomechanics of Tendons: A Review
Authors: Sandrey Michelle A. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To present the basic concepts of normal composition and structure of tendons and indicate how they are affected by acute and chronic tendon-injury pathomechanics.Data Sources:MEDLINE (1970-1999) and SPORTDiscus (1970-1999) were searched using the key words pathoanatomic, tendinitis, tendinosis, biomechanics, pathomechanics, histology, chronic, and mechanical behavior.Data Synthesis:Acute loading modes to tendons are based on the response of tendons to tensile and compressive stress. Chronic loading modes are based on frictional forces and repetitive movement.Conclusions and Recommendations:With an appreciation of the pathologic changes in acute tendon injuries, the clinician can better understand injury mechanics and the healing process. Until we know more about what is happening in and around the tendon, principally in the early and late phases of chronic injury we will not be able to adequately address injury classification of structures and, hence, the pathomechanics of chronic injury
Retrieval and Review
Authors: Locke Lawrence F. 
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this new section is uncomplicated and direct. Abstracts are presented here as a means of bringing materials to the attention of JTPE readers that they would have missed if this were the only journal they read. The domain of interest will include teaching, teachers, and teacher development in physical education. You already may have seen some or all of the items presented here, but over time we hope to provide the occasional happy surprise. To the extent that the section serves to ease the burden of monitoring the literature, its basic objective will be achieved. If in the process we also can introduce new resources for retrieval of useful material, so much the better.Most of the abstracts will be based on items appearing in scholarly journals, professional magazines, and retrieval systems such as ERIC and Dissertation Abstracts International. When appropriate manuscripts become available, however, the section also will include abstracts of unpublished documents generated by ongoing research projects. As long as such reports are available from authors or can be retrieved from archival systems, they constitute valuable resources for scholars working in the same or contiguous areas of inquiry.Selection of items for inclusion in Retrieval and Review will be based both on general interest and our intention to display a wide range of retrieval sources for research reports, research reviews, and research based articles of interest to JTPE readers. Suggestions concerning articles and reports that might be abstracted for subsequent issues are welcome, as are nominations involving unpublished work (as long as full manuscript copies are available on request to the author).