bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-26 Effects of particle size and enzyme supplementation on the energy value of field peas fed to growing pigs
Authors: Olivo Alicia , Patel Shiven , Patterson Rob , Nyachoti C Martin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine if particle size and enzyme supplementation affects the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy (NE) contents in field peas fed to growing pigs. Male weaned pigs [n = 30; TN70 × TN Tempo; body weight (BW) = 16.5 ± 0.4 kg] were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: 4 consisting of 50% peas and a corn-soybean meal basal diet. The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, based on two particle sizes (500μm, 700μm) and two levels of carbohydrase supplementation (0 g/mt, 1,000 g/mt) to give 6 replicates per treatment. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) requirements. The study was carried out in 3 consecutive periods, each consisting of 15 d; the first 10 d were for adaptation, followed by 5 d of total fecal and urine collection (marker to marker procedure) to calculate DE and ME of diets. The energy content of peas was determined using the difference method. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The model included the particle size, enzyme supplementation, and their interaction as a fixed effect. The period was included as a random effect. Least squares means for each treatment were adjusted using Tukey post-hoc test. Dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, gross energy, starch, ash, crude protein, and ether extract contents were analyzed to allow for the prediction of NE content of peas. There were no interactions between particle size and enzyme supplementation on dietary energy values. Also, no main effects of particle size and enzyme supplementation were observed. The average DE, ME, and predicted NE contents for peas were determined to be 3,848, 3,735, and 2,691 kcal/kg DM, respectively. In conclusion, enzyme supplementation and particle size did not influence the DE, ME, and NE contents of the peas.
PSII-18 Prematurity alters nutrient signaling and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal piglets
Authors: Jang Ki Beom , Suryawan Agus , Fiorotto Marta L , Davis Teresa A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Extrauterine growth restriction is common in infants born preterm, and negatively affects lean mass accretion and health. Prematurity has been shown to inhibit the feeding-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that nutrient signaling, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and protein synthesis in the muscle are limited in preterm infants which negatively impacts muscle growth. The objective of this study was to examine how prematurity influences the mechanisms involved in insulin- and amino acid-induced signaling and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of piglets delivered either 9 d preterm (104 d, n = 25) or at term (112 d, n = 26) by cesarean section. After resuscitation, they were surgically implanted with jugular vein and carotid artery catheters and placed in individual incubators. They were randomly allotted to one of three treatments within each preterm and term birth groups: euaminoacidemic-euglycemic (FAST), hyperinsulinemic-euaminoacidemic-euglycemic (INS), or euinsulinemic-hyperaminoacidemic-euglycemic (AA) clamps on 4 d after birth. After the clamp procedure, the piglets were euthanized to collect longissimus dorsi muscle for estimating in vivo fractional protein synthesis rates and the abundance and activation of components related to insulin and amino acid signaling. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The leucine sensor, Sestrin1 bound to GATOR2 (P &lt; 0.05) was reduced in response to AA whereas the abundance of the mTOR-RagA and mTOR-RagC complexes increased (P &lt; 0.05). The phosphorylation of Akt was increased (P &lt; 0.05) in response to INS and the phosphorylation of mTORC1 and protein synthesis increased (P &lt; 0.05) in response to both AA and INS. Prematurity did not affect the protein abundances of the AA transporters for glutamine (SLC38A2), leucine (SLC7A5), and arginine (SLC38A9). However, prematurity reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the abundances of the leucine sensors SAR1B, the Sestrin1-GATOR complex, the AA sensor, RAB1A, and the threonine sensor, TARS2 (P &lt; 0.05). The abundances of the glutamine sensor, ARF1, the arginine sensor, CASTOR, and the methionine-SAMTOR GATOR complex were similar. Prematurity reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the abundance of the mTOR-RagA and mTOR-RagC complexes, the phosphorylation of mTORC1 and muscle protein synthesis (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, prematurity negatively affects protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal preterm piglets by blunting anabolic pathways responsible for nutrient-sensing and mTORC1 activation. The reduced anabolic response likely contributes to reduced lean growth and extrauterine growth restriction following preterm birth.
PSII-26 Effects of diquat injection on growth performance and blood and liver redox status in growing pigs
Authors: Liao Shengfa , Oladejo Emmanuel O , Htoo John K 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Oxidative stress, caused by excessive reactive oxygen species generation, impairs health and production performance of pigs. A number of nutrients and feed additives have antioxidative property. Our current research project is to study the antioxidative roles of methionine (a sulfur-containing amino acid) in pigs, and this abstract is to report our setup of an oxidative-stressed model by injection of diquat (dibromide monohydrate), a bipyridyl herbicide, to the pig. Barrows [n = 20, body weight (BW) = 21.5 ± 2.50 kg] were randomly allotted to two treatment groups fed a corn-and-soybean-meal-based diet that met or slightly exceeded the NRC (2012) recommended requirements of nutrients and energy. After 3 wk of feeding (Phase 1), while Group-1 pigs were intraperitoneally injected with 10 mL saline, Group-2 pigs were injected with 10 mg/kg BW diquat in 10 mL saline. After the injection, pigs were continually fed for 7 d more (Phase 2). At the end of Phases 1 and 2, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed (G:F) ratios were respectively determined. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 22, and 29 of the experiment, and liver samples were collected on d 29. Commercial assay kits were used to determine the blood and liver redox status, for which the malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. The data was statistically analyzed using Student’s t-test. During Phase 1, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in initial BW, final BW, ADFI, ADG, and G:F ratio. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in the serum MDA contents, the serum GPX, SOD, and CAT activities, and the serum TAC and GSH contents between the two dietary treatment groups. By the end of Phase 2, however, the AFDI and ADG in Group 2 were less (P &lt; 0.001) than that in Group 1. The serum MDA content in Group 2 was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in Group 1, the serum GPX activity and liver SOD activity in Group 2 was less (P &lt; 0.05) than in Group 1, and the liver GPX activity in Group 2 tended to be greater (P = 0.10) than in Group 1, although there were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in serum SOD activity, serum TAC, and serum and liver CAT activities between the two treatment groups. In conclusion, the results of this study confirmed that young growing pigs intraperitoneally injected with diquat can lead to oxidative stress and serve as a model for studying antioxidant nutrients or feed additives in pigs.
PSII-21 Metabolites of Kazachstania slooffiae reduce tight junction integrity in piglet intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Harlow KaLynn , Summers Katie , Rivera Israel , Postnikova Olga , Ramsay Timothy , Davies Cary P 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The weaning transition is an inherently stressful event and can cause considerable growth reductions. Kazachstania slooffiae, a fungus identified as a prominent commensal microbe in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets during weaning, has beneficial interactions with other microbial community members associated with piglet health. To test if K. slooffiae may also contribute to host health through direct means, the supernatant fraction or cellular debris fraction of heat-killed K. slooffiae grown in vitro using yeast-peptone dextrose (YPD) was administered to swine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells from the Leibniz Institute DSMZ). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured before treatment, and then at 4 h, 12 h, and 24 h post-treatment using transwell plates to assess the integrity of tight junctions. After 24 h, FITC-dextran was also used to assess permeability. Lactate dehydrogenase was assayed to measure cell viability, and media and cells were collected for cytokine release and gene expression, respectively. Cells were subjected to one of six treatments: control media (CM), a 1:1 mixture of YPD and CM (MIX), a high dose of YPD culture media from K. slooffiae mixed 1:1 with CM (high media – HM), a 1:100 dilution of HM mixed with CM (low media – LM), a high concentration (1x106 CFU/mL) of heat-killed cellular debris in CM (high cells – HC), or a 1:100 dilution of HC in CM (low cells – LC). When subjected to either MIX or HM, TEER decreased and did not recover relative to cells grown in CM, LM, HC, or LC (P &lt; 0.05). However, permeability of FITC-dextran was greatest in HM relative to all other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Cell viability was comparable between groups after 24 H (P &gt; 0.05), indicating cell death did not contribute to increases in permeability. Results are pending for cytokine release and gene expression. Together with past data, results shown here with this model suggest that metabolites generated from K. slooffiae growth may positively impact microbial community members rather than support intestinal epithelial cells in the piglet during the weaning transition. Moreover, without a protective mucosal barrier, heat-stable metabolites from K. slooffiae may lead to reductions in tight-junction integrity in the piglet.
PSII-27 Dietary fiber fractions supplementation modulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, hindgut ammonia-nitrogen concentration, and diarrhea severity of nursery pigs
Authors: Erinle Taiwo J , Babatunde Olufemi O , Htoo John K , Mendoza Maria , Columbus Daniel A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Dietary fiber may functionally modulate the intestinal health of pigs depending on the content of dietary fiber fraction (DFF). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of DFF based on soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) ratio on growth performance, blood parameters, hindgut ammonia-nitrogen concentrations, and diarrhea severity (fecal consistency score, FCS) of nursery pigs. Mixed-sex pigs (n = 200) with an average body weight (BW) of 7.56 ± 0.86 kg were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design, with 5 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Pigs were fed a basal diet (BD, containing 8.80% IDF and 0.70% SDF), or the BD diet supplemented with dietary fiber to provide an additional 2% DFF to provide SDF and IDF, from inulin and lignocellulose, respectively, in ratios of 1:1 (DFF1), 1:3 (DFF2), 1:5 (DFF3), and 1:7 (DFF4) for 28 d. Overall, there were no dietary effects on ADFI, ADG, and F:G (P &gt; 0.05). Compared with the BD diet, there was no overall effect of DFF on blood parameters, except for reduced plasma interleukin (IL) -6 and IL-1β concentrations (P &lt; 0.05). Plasma IL-6 was reduced in DFF1 by 20.1%, while plasma IL-1β was reduced in DFF2, DFF3, and DFF4 by average 20% (P &lt; 0.05). Decreasing SDF:IDF ratio increased plasma urea nitrogen (P &lt; 0.05) and tended to decrease plasma myeloperoxidase (P &lt; 0.10) in a quadratic manner. Amongst all treatments, pigs fed DFF1 or DFF2 diet had the least plasma content of superoxide dismutase while pigs fed DFF3 had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05). Pigs fed DFF, regardless of SDF:IDF ratio, had reduced cecal and colonic ammonia-nitrogen compared with BD (P &lt; 0.01). Overall, FCS was reduced by DFF compared with BD (P &lt; 0.001). Decreasing SDF:IDF ratio reduced FCS in a quadratic manner (P &lt; 0.05). The results indicate that 2% DFF supplementation with inulin and lignocellulose, regardless of the SDF:IDF, modulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, hindgut ammonia-nitrogen concentration, and diarrhea severity in nursery pigs.
PSII-20 Effect of increasing glycine equivalent in low crude protein diets on growth performance in broiler chickens raised under multiple stress conditions
Authors: Lee Ji Hye , Kim Hyun Woo , Kim Deok Yun , Kil Dong Yong 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of the current experiment was to investigate the effects of increasing glycine (Gly) equivalent in low crude protein (LCP) diets on growth performance in broiler chickens raised under multiple stress (MS) conditions. Ross 308 broiler chickens (n = 450; 22 d of age) were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments with 6 replicates in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. The first factor included two different environmental conditions (normal condition vs. MS condition) and the second factor included three dietary treatments (CON, control diets; LCP, low crude protein diets; LCP+Gly, LCP diets with Gly supplementation). Birds in normal conditions were raised under recommended environmental conditions (22 ± 0.9°C and 53.6 ± 5.99 %) with low stock density (SD; 16.9 birds/m2). Birds in MS conditions were exposed to a cyclic heat stress condition (32 ± 0.1°C for 8 h/d and 26°C ± 0.3°C for the remaining time) with high SD (25.3 birds/m2). The average relative humidity was 37.9 ± 4.94%. In addition, 15 birds per cage were assigned in MS conditions to increase SD, whereas 10 birds per cage were assigned in normal conditions. The treatment diets included CON diets with adequate energy, crude protein (19.50% CP and 1.15% Gly equivalents), and other nutrients recommended for growing broiler chickens and LCP diets with low CP content (16.50% CP and 1.15% Gly equivalents) but adequate other nutrients. The LCP+Gly diets had increasing concentrations of Gly equivalents (17.19% CP and 1.73% Gly equivalents) by Gly supplementation to LCP diets. The diets and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. Experiment lasted for 16 d from 22 d to 37 d of age. At the conclusion of the study, growth performance including body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was determined. All data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA in a completely randomized design using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Results indicated that no interactions between environmental conditions and dietary treatments were observed for all growth performance measurements (Table 1). For the main effects, as expected, MS conditions decreased (P &lt; 0.001) growth performance of broiler chickens, regardless of dietary treatments. The LCP diets increased (P &lt; 0.05) FI and FCR as compared with CON diets, regardless of environmental conditions. However, LCP+Gly diets decreased FI (P &lt; 0.05) and tended to decrease FCR (P = 0.076) as compared with LCP diets. In conclusion, either MS conditions or LCP diets impair growth performance in broiler chickens with no significant interaction. However, increasing Gly equivalents by Gly supplementation to LCP diets are likely to improve feed efficiency in broiler chickens regardless of stress environments.
PSVI-26 The benefits of probiotics (L. plantarum and L. acidophilus) supplement in growth performance, egg production, gas emission and gut microbiome diversity in Hy-Line brown laying hens
Authors: Lim Chai Bin , Cho Sungbo , Jeong Youn Jae , Kim In Ho 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
During the past few decades, antibiotics have been widely used at subtherapeutic doses to improve growth rates and performance in the poultry industry. However, antibiotics can result in side effects including bacterial resistance; these side effects often have detrimental consequences for human health. Thus, the poultry sector was urged to seek alternative strategies to promote animal performance. One environmentally friendly approach to growth promotion involves the use of probiotics, which have been used in the poultry industry for decades. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus spp. (L. plantarum and L. acidophilus) on growth performance, egg production, gas emission and gut microbiota diversity in laying hens. A total of 192 Hy-Line brown laying hens were randomly divided into four groups and assigned to one of four dietary treatments for 12 wk. The test treatments were basal diet (TRT1), basal + 0.25% antibiotic (TRT2), and basal + 0.1% probiotics (TRT3), and basal + 0.2% probiotics (TRT4). Laying hens fed a diet supplemented with 0.2% probiotics showed increased (P &lt; 0.05) egg production in wk 9, 10, and 12. Moreover, fecal ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in the probiotic groups. Microbiome analysis showed increased (P &lt; 0.05) species richness in the probiotic groups, as indicated by Chao1 and Shannon indices, but a decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in species diversity according to the Simpson index, suggesting a specific microbial community development due to probiotic supplementation. In conclusion, this study provides us with an insight into the potential use Lactobacillus spp. probiotic as a food supplement in the laying hen industry also provides us with a better understanding of the interplay between Lactobacillus spp. and the gut microbiome diversity in laying hens.
PSVI-30 Comparative analysis on partial replacement of soybean meal with various plant sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in finishing pigs
Authors: Zhao Weihan , Lee Kye Jin , Kim In Ho 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is a high-protein plant product commonly used as a primary protein source in pig diets. However, its price has been steadily increasing. Concurrently researchers were prompted to search for cost-effective, high-yield protein sources. In the earlier studies palm kernel meal (PKM), distillers dried grains solubles (DDGS), and rapeseed meal (RSM) were potentially used as substitutes for SBM. Still, no study exists on conducting a comparative analysis of replacing soybean meal with various plant extracts. Therefore, we aimed to analyze whether replacing SBM with various plant extracts could reveal comparable effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in finishing pigs. For 10 wk, n = 200 [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] finishing pigs [body weight (BW) = 57.07 ± 3.18 kg] were assigned to one of five dietary treatments. The test treatments were control (CON) corn-SBM-based diet, and the CON diet replaced with 10% of PKM, lupin Kernel (LK), RSM, and DDGS, respectively. Each treatment has 10 replicates with 4 (2 barrows and 2 gilts) pigs/pen. The dietary treatments were as follows control (CON), a corn-SBM-based diet; and the SBM diet replaced with 10% of each PKM, Lupin Kernel (LK), RSM, and DDGS. The partial replacement of SBM with various plants reveals neither significant nor adverse effects on the overall performance in finishing pigs. In summary, we concluded that partially replacing SBM with various plant sources would serve as a better option for small farm owners to save their feed costs.
PSVI-29 Effect of pig weight and exogenous enzyme supplementation on ileal endogenous amino acid losses and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of soybean meal produced from Kentucky-grown soybeans
Authors: Adedokun Sunday , Lindemann Merlin D , Pescatore Anthony , Harmon David L , Paczosa Duncan B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
There is increasing interest in using locally sourced soybeans and soybean meal. Ileal amino acid digestibility (IAAD) of soybean meal from Kentucky-grown soybeans was evaluated in 25- and 50-kg cannulated pigs. The experiment used sixteen pigs in a randomized complete block design consisting of four treatments with 4 pigs per treatment. This was repeated in time resulting in eight replicates per treatment for both body weight (BW)groups. After cannulation at about 20 kg BW, all pigs were allowed to recover from the surgery and were fed a corn-SBM-based diet that met all nutrient and energy requirements. The experimental diets consisted of two nitrogen-free diets [NFD] with or without exogenous enzyme supplementation (phytase and a combination of phytase and carbohydrase enzymes) and two semi-purified diets containing soybean meal from Kentucky-grown soybeans as the only source of protein with or without exogenous enzyme supplementation. Each diet was fed for 7 consecutive d with 10-h ileal digesta collection on d 6 and 7. The same diets were fed to the same set of pigs at about 50 kg BW. Data were analyzed as a factorial arrangement of treatments (BW x diet) for ileal endogenous amino acid losses (IEAAL), apparent IAAD and standardized IAAD (SIAAD). Data from the NFD were used to determine the SIAAD from the AIAAD values. Exogenous enzyme supplementation increased (P &lt; 0.05) IEAAL except for Gly and Pro while samples collected during phase 2 had greater (P &lt; 0.05) IEAAL (10 amino acids). Pig BW did not influence IEAAL. Enzyme supplementation did not increase AIAAD except for Arg, Ala, Gly, N, and total AA while apparent ileal N, Met, Thr, and Val digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in 50 kg pigs. Interactions between BW and diets showed that 50 kg pigs fed the SBM diet containing enzyme supplementation had greater (P &lt; 0.05) N, Arg, and total AA digestibility compared with 50 kg pigs without enzyme supplementation. Digestibility of Val and Asp was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in samples collected during phase 2. After correction for basal IEAAL, 50 kg pigs had greater (P &lt; 0.05) SIAAD values for 12 of the AA analyzed while exogenous enzyme supplementation resulted in greater (P &lt; 0.05) SIAAD for 9 of the AA analyzed. The SIAAD values for four AA (His, Phe, Val, and Asp) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for samples collected in phase 2. Results from this study showed that exogenous enzyme supplementation increased IEAAL and that IAAD of SBM produced from Kentucky-cultivated soybeans was high and that exogenous enzyme supplementation improved the SIAAD values of several amino acids. The IAAD values of SBM produced from soybeans cultivated in KY was high and are similar to values reported in the literature.