bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free Sorting and Association Task: A Variant of the Free Sorting Method Applied to Study the Impact of Dried Sourdough as an Ingredienton the Related Bread Odor
Authors: Pétel Cécile , Courcoux Philippe , Génovesi Noémie , Rouillé Jocelyn , Onno Bernard , Prost Carole 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper presents a new variant of the free sorting method developed to analyze the relationship between dried sourdough (DSD) and corresponding DSD‐bread (bread) odors. The comparison of DSD and bread sensory characteristics is complicated due to their specific features (for example, acidity for DSD and a characteristic “baked bread” aroma for breads). To analyze them at the same time, this study introduces a new variant of the free sorting method, which adds an association task between DSD and bread after those of free sorting and verbalization. This separation makes it possible to change the product between tasks. It was applied to study the impact of 6 European commercial DSDs on their related DSD‐bread. According to our results, this methodology enabled an association between different kinds of products and thus underlined the relationship between them. Moreover, as this methodology contains a verbalization task, it provides product descriptions. Compared with the standard free sorting method, free sorting with an association task gives the distance (i) between DSDs, (ii) between breads, and (iii) between DSDs and breads. The separation of product assessment through sorting and association avoids the separation of products according to their category (DSD or bread).
Are Risk Management Disclosures Informative or Tautological? Evidence from the U.S. Banking Sector
Authors: Jizi Mohammad I. , Dixon Robert 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBanks experienced increasing risk levels during the latest financial crisis. Investors’ confidence was shaken by the effectiveness of bank risk management practices, which has opened new challenges for bank management in approaching its risk. Understanding and communicating adopted risk management mechanisms is likely to provide insights and enable diagnosis on firm risk exposure. Conveying data that reduces information asymmetry might be reflected on stock performance. Investigating the impact of risk management disclosures content on stock price change and return volatility, using a sample of U.S. national commercial banks during 2009–2010, shows that informative risk management disclosures seems to be valued by investors. This is reflected on current‐year stock prices and reduces the subsequent‐year return variances.
Military Shooter Video Games and the Ontopolitics of Derivative Wars and Arms Culture
Authors: Mantello Peter 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe “military shooter” (MS) video game is the latest in a long line of video games that immerse the player in a fantasy world. Although the MS video game was once regarded as excessively violent, it has now become socially acceptable, as the virtues of military life have become incorporated in popular culture. That transition has taken place in part because the military has begun to work closely with the producers of MS video games, such as the “Call of Duty” series, to imagine and prepare for future military threats, both on virtual battlefields and on actual terrain. The increasing use of highly paid corporate mercenaries in actual war zones has also influenced game play by introducing players to the potential for large financial rewards by becoming experts in virtual combat. Thus, MS video games incorporate players not only into the technological domain of modern warfare but also into the economic domain of fighting war for profit. In the post 9/11 era, warfare has increasingly become a strategy of risk management, in which the battlefield is less a physical space than a semiotic landscape of conflicting loyalties and financial incentives. The MS shooter game is conditioning the soldiers of the future to fight in this shadowy world that lies between the virtual and the real. All of these changes have political ramifications. In the long run, constant exposure to these games is creating a subculture that is not only immersed in an armament culture but also increasingly allied with current patterns of geopolitical domination and subordination.
Two‐year results of microcatheter‐assisted trabeculotomy in paediatric glaucoma: a randomized controlled study
Authors: El Sayed Yasmine , Gawdat Ghada 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPurposeTo compare the outcomes of microcatheter‐assisted circumferential trabeculotomy to standard rigid probe trabeculotomy in childhood glaucomas.MethodsEyes of children requiring trabeculotomy for primary congenital or secondary paediatric glaucoma were randomized to undergo either trabeculotomy using the Glaucolight illuminated microcatheter, or a rigid probe trabeculotomy. Complete success was defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) of <18 mmHg without medications.ResultsA total of 62 eyes of 62 patients were included. Of these 30 eyes of 30 patients aged 5.6 ± 4.8 months underwent microcatheter‐assisted trabeculotomy, with 15 eyes (50%) having a complete 360° cut, while 15 eyes (50%) had an incomplete cut ranging from 250 to 350 degrees. The rigid probe trabeculotomy group included 32 eyes of 32 patients aged 4.4 ± 3.8 months. At the end of the 2‐year follow‐up period, the complete success and the failure rates were 67% and 15%, respectively, in the microcatheter‐assisted group versus 47% and 50% in the rigid probe trabeculotomy group (p = 0.006). There was a tendency towards lower IOP in the microcatheter group at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively, with the difference in IOP reaching statistical significance at 6 months (p = 0.004). The mean survival time was significantly longer for the microcatheter group (p = 0.01).ConclusionAt 2 years postoperatively, microcatheter‐assisted trabeculotomy still yielded superior results in terms of IOP control and success rates in children with primary congenital glaucoma. The need for reoperation for glaucoma was significantly lower in the microcatheter group.
Risk‐stratification based on magnetic resonance imaging and prostate‐specific antigen density may reduce unnecessary follow‐up biopsy procedures in men on active surveillance for low‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Alberts Arnout R. , Roobol Monique J. , Drost Frank‐Jan H. , van Leenders Geert J. , Bokhorst Leonard P. , Bangma Chris H. , Schoots Ivo G. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesTo assess the value of risk‐stratification based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and prostate‐specific antigen density (PSA‐D) in reducing unnecessary biopsies without missing Gleason pattern 4 prostate cancer in men on active surveillance (AS).Patients and MethodsIn all, 210 men on AS with Gleason score 3 + 3 prostate cancer received a first MRI and if indicated [Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) score ≥3] targeted biopsy (TBx) using MRI‐transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) fusion. The MRI was performed 3 months after diagnosis (group A: n = 97), at confirmatory biopsy (group B: n = 39) or at surveillance biopsy after one or more repeat TRUS‐guided systematic biopsies (TRUS‐Bx) (group C: n = 74). The primary outcome was upgrading to Gleason score ≥3 + 4 prostate cancer based on MRI ± TBx in groups A, B and C. Biopsy outcomes were stratified for the overall PI‐RADS score and PSA‐D to identify a subgroup of men in whom a biopsy could have been avoided as no Gleason score upgrading was detected.ResultsIn all, 134/210 (64%) men had a positive MRI and 51/210 (24%) men had Gleason score upgrading based on MRI‐TBx. The percentage of Gleason score upgrading based on MRI‐TBx was 23% (22/97), 23% (9/39) and 27% (20/74) in respectively groups A, B and C. Additional Gleason score upgrading detected by TRUS‐Bx occurred in 8% (3/39) of men in group B and 6% (1/17) of men who received TRUS‐Bx in group C. No Gleason score upgrading was detected by MRI‐TBx in men with a PI‐RADS score of 3 and a PSA‐D of <0.15 ng/mL2(n = 15), nor by TRUS‐Bx in men with a PI‐RADS score of 1–3 and a PSA‐D of <0.15 ng/mL2 (n = 15).ConclusionAt least one out of five men on AS with Gleason score 3 + 3 prostate cancer at diagnostic TRUS‐Bx show Gleason score upgrading based on first MRI ± TBx at baseline, confirmatory or surveillance biopsy. Men with a PI‐RADS score of 1–3 and PSA‐D of <0.15 ng/mL2 did not show Gleason score upgrading at MRI ± TBx or TRUS‐Bx at each time point of surveillance. Thus risk‐stratification based on PI‐RADS and PSA‐D may reduce unnecessary follow‐up biopsy procedures in men on AS.
Insights into the function of opioid receptors from molecular dynamics simulations of available crystal structures
Authors: Marino Kristen A , Shang Yi , Filizola Marta 
Published: March 2017

The opioid receptors are key targets in the treatment of acute and chronic pain, and the development of novel analgesics with reduced side effects is crucial in the search for more effective medications. The crystal structures of opioid receptors have provided a wealth of knowledge on many aspects of opioid receptor pharmacology and function, including ligand binding poses, location of the sodium allosteric binding site, conformational changes associated with activation and putative dimeric interfaces. These crystal structures also offer a starting point for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to capture one aspect of drug design that static structures cannot resolve, namely protein dynamics. With the increase in computing power, MD simulations of crystal structures have become an influential tool in understanding the function of GPCRs in general. Here, we discuss lessons learned from MD simulations of opioid receptor crystal structures with reference to (i) the binding pathway of sodium to its crystallographic allosteric site, (ii) the dynamics of ligand–receptor and receptor–receptor interactions, both at the ligand‐ and G protein‐binding sites, (iii) the binding pathway and binding pose of novel ligands, and (iv) opioid receptor oligomerization.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc
Gender Education Gaps among Indigenous and Non‐Indigenous Groups in Bolivia
Authors: Reimão Maira Emy , Taş Emcet O. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThis article studies gender education gaps among indigenous and non‐indigenous groups in Bolivia. Using the National Census of Population and Housing 2012 and an estimation method analogous to difference‐in‐differences, the study finds that the intersection of gender and indigenous identity confers cumulative disadvantage for indigenous women in literacy, years of schooling and primary and secondary school completion. While gender education gaps have become narrower across generations, there remain significant differences within indigenous groups. The Aymara have the largest gender gap in all outcomes, despite having high overall attainment rates and mostly residing in urban centres with greater physical access to schools. The Quechua have relatively smaller gender gaps, but these are accompanied by lower attainment levels. The article discusses the possible sources of these differentials and highlights the importance of taking gender dynamics within each indigenous group into greater consideration.
The Government Has Long Hands: Institutionalized Arbitrariness and Local Security Initiatives in Northern Uganda
Authors: Tapscott Rebecca 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThis article examines the relationship between the state security apparatus and local security initiatives in Gulu District, northern Uganda. It draws from more than 200 interviews and seven months of qualitative field research from February 2014 to December 2015. Although the central Ugandan state is believed to be weak or absent in the post‐conflict north, the article finds that in the area of security, the state is ever‐present in citizens' imaginations. This study makes two interrelated arguments. First, perceived state presence is a result of seemingly arbitrary and harsh interventions on the part of central government, which the author termsinstitutionalized arbitrariness. Second, in Gulu District, institutionalized arbitrariness is an effective and efficient mode of governance. This is due to civilian imaginations of state violence, shaped by the two‐decade long conflict, as well as the power of the central state, reinforced administratively and through an elaborate intelligence network. Thus, institutionalized arbitrariness allows the central state to fragment political and social resistance to its rule and undermine the ability of citizens to make meaningful claims on the state.
Better than Cash, but Beware the Costs: Electronic Payments Systems and Financial Inclusion in Developing Economies
Authors: dos Santos Paulo L. , Harvold Kvangraven Ingrid 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThis article considers current proposals for using electronic payments systems to promote financial inclusion — that is, to widen the availability of financial and monetary services in developing countries. While such systems can generate significant savings in the operation of monetary systems, payment services markets are typically uncompetitive and require regulatory and broader state interventions to ensure those savings are widely distributed. The use of those systems to broaden the reach of for‐profit lenders raises a number of concerns, as a growing literature has documented how microcredit initiatives in developing countries have resulted primarily in expansions in consumption credit to households, often under predatory terms. The authors advance two original arguments in this connection. First, the perverse results of many microcredit initiatives reflect the underdevelopment of the areas concerned: without broader development strategies, potentially transformative productive projects are rare and unprofitable to finance. In contrast, widespread unmet consumption needs ensure consumption credit offers lenders a profitable alternative business orientation. Second, and in light of this, electronic payments platforms can contribute to economic development by enabling the establishment of well‐regulated or public systems of electronic ‘narrow banks’ restricted from lending, but capable of widening access to affordable payments, savings and insurance services.
Transitional Justice and Political Economies of Survival in Post‐conflict Northern Uganda
Authors: Macdonald Anna 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThis article explores the interplay between transitional justice and ‘everyday’ political economies of survival in post‐conflict Acholiland, northern Uganda. It advances two main arguments. First, that transitional justice — as part and parcel of conventional liberal peacebuilding packages — promotes a repertoire of normatively driven policies that have little bearing on lived realities of social accountability in post‐conflict settings. Second, that in transcending the epistemological and ontological boundaries of transitional justice and using concepts developed in the critical peacebuilding literature — the ‘everyday’ and ‘hybridity’ — a nuanced understanding of this dissonance emerges. Based on extensive fieldwork in Acholiland in the period 2012–14, using a range of qualitative research methods, the author examines the means through which people negotiate social and moral order in the context of post‐conflict life and analyses the tensions between these forms of ‘everyday’ activity and current transitional justice policy and programming in the region.
Left ventricular myocardial function assessed by three‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kobayashi Yukari , Okura Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Yuhei , Fukuda Shuichiro , Hirohata Atsushi , Yoshida Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate left ventricular (LV) functional recovery in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) using three‐dimensional (3D) speckle tracking echocardiography.MethodsTwenty‐one patients with TC who underwent routine and 3D echocardiography as well as electrocardiography were enrolled. 3D images were analyzed to measure 3D radial strain and area tracking (area change of each LV segment). Postsystolic shortening (PSS) or thickening (PST) was defined as a further shortening or thickening occurred after the end‐systole. 3D echocardiography and ECG were repeated at 4 weeks and 6 months later.ResultsMean age was 70.9±11.1 years, and 18 (86%) patients were female. All patients presented classical type of TC with apical ballooning. LV ejection fraction (EF) improved from 49.9±7.2 to 64.9±6.0% (P<.001) at 4 weeks without segmental wall‐motion abnormality. However, PSS or PST still existed in 43% of LV segments, and electrocardiographic abnormality was also observed in 51% at 4 weeks and disappeared at 6 months. Mean 3D radial strain decreased from baseline to 6 months at base (36.1±19.6 vs 28.0±12.6%, P=.04), whereas it increased at mid (16.2±7.2 vs 28.7±9.1%, P=.03) and the apex (8.0±4.4 vs 21.2±7.9%, P<.001). Mean area tracking increased from baseline to 6 months at mid and apex (−28.5±9.5 vs −44.5±9.6%, P<.001 for mid, and −24.2±13.0 vs −42.9±16.8%, P=.002 for the apex), while it did not change at base (−37.0±8.9 vs −41.9±9.6%, P=NS).ConclusionsPatients with TC show abnormal wall motion during acute phase. Even after LV wall‐motion recovery, subtle abnormalities of regional LV function appear to persist at 4 weeks followed by normalization at 6 months.
Quarantining behaviour of ants towards infected aphids as an antifungal mechanism in ant–aphid interactions
Authors: Novgorodova Tatiana A. , Kryukov Vadim Yu. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe ecological success of social insects, including ants, is tightly connected with their ability to protect themselves and their food resources. In exchange for energy‐rich honeydew, ants protect myrmecophilous aphids from various natural enemies. Fungal infection can have disastrous consequences for both mutualist partners, wherein aphids can be disease vectors. Behavioural responses towards fungus‐infected aphids of ant species in nature have scarcely been studied. Here, we studied the behaviour of honeydew foragers of four ant species – Formica polyctena Foerster, Formica rufa L., Formica pratensis Retzius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Formicini), and Lasius niger (L.) (Formicidae, Lasiini) – towards Symydobius oblongus (von Heyden) aphids contaminated with the generalist fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo‐Crivelli) Vuillemin in the field. Aphid milkers from Formica spp. quickly detected and removed infected aphids from the host plant (Betula pendula Roth., Betulaceae). Neither ant species, the degree of aphid‐milker specialization (medium or high), nor the number of honeydew foragers had significant effects on the behaviour of Formica milkers towards infected aphids. Unlike Formica ants, L. niger usually displayed non‐aggressive behaviour (tolerance, antennation, honeydew collection, grooming). By the immediate removal of infected insects, Formica ants seem to minimize the probability of infection of symbionts as well as themselves. Quarantining behaviour may play an important role in ant–aphid interactions as a preventive antifungal mechanism formed under parasite pressure and thus contributing to the ecological success of ants.
Systemic immune mechanisms in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis with implications for treatment
Authors: Guttman‐Yassky Emma , Krueger James G. , Lebwohl Mark G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are inflammatory skin diseases that negatively affect patients’ quality of life. Although distinctions exist between these diseases, both are characterized by erythematous, thickened epidermal lesions that vary in intensity and affected body surface area. Early models of aetiology attributed symptoms of both diseases to cutaneous inflammation at lesion sites, but recent studies have established that activated immune mediators in the circulation drive disease severity. Activation of T helper 2 (Th2) and Th22 cells in the circulation appears to be the principal initiator of acute AD pathology, with the emergence of Th1 and Th17/interleukin (IL)‐23 pathway activation marking the transition to a chronic state. The Th17/IL‐23 pathway also has an important role in psoriasis. The role of systemic inflammation in AD and psoriasis is supported by the occurrence of non‐cutaneous comorbidities that affect patients, most of which intensify morbidity and disability associated with lesional skin. Atopic dermatitis is associated with allergic disorders consisting of the “atopic march,” whereas psoriasis is frequently accompanied by psoriatic arthritis. Patients with both disorders are at significantly higher risk of obesity, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases, all of which feature inflammatory components in their pathology models. These insights have led to novel therapeutics aimed at addressing psoriasis by targeting tumor necrosis factor‐ and Th17‐related cytokine pathways. The success of these agents in psoriasis management is driving new therapeutic approaches for moderate‐to‐severe AD, including agents targeting the Th2 and Th17/Th22 cytokine pathways.
LOSING THE PLOT? KLEIST, KAFKA, AND DISAPPEARING GRAND NARRATIVES
Authors: Boa Elizabeth 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTDrawing on the narrative theories of E. M. Forster, Paul Ricoeur and others, this essay explores structural affinities in fiction by Kleist and Kafka. Kafka's ‘Kleine Fabel’ serves as a miniature model of the interplay of time and space in story (fabula) and plot (syuzhet). The analysis uncovers a hermeneutic gap, which, despite the clear ending, leaves readers with the feeling of losing the plot; the minimally consolatory close of Kleist's ‘Das Erdbeben in Chili’ is comparably disconcerting. Drawing on Yuri Lotman's literary semiotics, I also explore a tension between mythic cyclicity and linear historical time, first in ‘Das Erdbeben in Chili’ and then through comparative readings of ‘Die Marquise von O…’ and Der Proceß. ‘Die Marquise von O…’ has a euphoric close, Der Proceß ends dysphorically, but an underlying vein of obscenely comic blasphemy in both texts unsettles the seeming clarity of the plot and its outcome.Mithilfe der narratologischen Theorien von E. M. Forster und Paul Ricoeur unter anderen untersucht dieser Essay vergleichbare Erzählstrukturen in Texten von Kleist und Kafka. Die Analyse von Kafkas ‘Kleiner Fabel’ als Modell des Zusammenspiels von Zeit und Raum in der Gestaltung von Story (fabula) und Plot (syuzhet) deckt eine Leerstelle auf, die trotz des eindeutigen Ausgangs das Kausalitätsgefüge in Frage stellt und den Leser mit dem Gefühl zurücklässt, den Faden zu verlieren; der nur minimal tröstliche Ausgang von Kleists ‘Das Erdbeben in Chili’ wirkt auf ähnliche Weise verunsichernd. Ausgehend von Yuri Lotmans Literatursemiotik untersuche ich darüber hinaus eine Spannung zwischen mythischer Zyklizität und der Linearität von historischer Zeit in ‘Das Erdbeben in Chili’, dann in ‘Die Marquise von O…’ und Der Proceß. In den beiden letzten Beispielen stellt ein unterschwelliger Zug komisch‐obszöner Blasphemie den euphorisch anmutenden Schluss des ersteren sowie das extrem pessimistische Ende des letzteren in Frage.