bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF INCUBATION OF NORMAL PLATELETS WITH PLASMA FROM PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA ON THE PLATELET'S LIFE SPAN
Authors: PENNY R. , ROZENBERG M. C. , FIRKIN B. G. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYNormal 51Cr‐labelled platelets were incubated in plasma from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and the survival of these platelets in the normal subject was determined. In two of eight patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, a factor which reduced platelet survival was clearly demonstrated. As all eight patients had shortened platelet survival, the possibility that there may be two groups of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was discussed.
MEASUREMENT OF CALCIUM‐47 ABSORPTION BY WHOLE‐BODY GAMMA SPECTROMETRY
Authors: DELLER D. J. , WORTHLEY B. W. , MARTIN HEATHER 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYAbsorption of calcium from the gastro‐intestinal tract was studied by a new and simple method, combining the use of Ca47, a gamma‐emitting isotope of calcium, and a whole‐body counter. The physical characteristics of the isotope and the design and efficiency of the whole‐body counter are described. The results of 86 studies carried out on 53 subjects with normal or disturbed calcium metabolism are presented. Absorption of Ca47 as estimated by whole‐body counting correlated well with the clinical state and experimental condition. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are briefly discussed.
CHANGES IN NUCLEOTIDES FOLLOWING THE ADDITION OF ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE TO PLATELET SUSPENSIONS
Authors: TURTLE J. R. , FIRKIN B. G. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe presence of adenylic kinase has been demonstrated in the intact platelet and in platelet‐poor plasma. The addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to platelet suspensions results in further release of ADP by the platelet. Subtle changes of nucleotide concentrations induced in this way may be important in platelet aggregation.
THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS AND IRON ABSORPTION
Authors: BIGGS J. C. , DAVIS A. E. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYWe have studied the uptake of iron in loops of small intestine in the rat. Pure sheep pancreatic juice has been shown to inhibit iron uptake by such loops, an effect we had observed previously with a commercial pancreatic extract. This inhibiting effect on iron uptake is not shared by lyophilized human gastric juice and could not be produced with crystallized trypsin. After dialysis of the pancreatic juice, an effect on iron uptake was produced by both the dialysate and diffusate; this suggests that the factor involved is capable of partial diffusion through the dialysis tubing, or alternatively, that more than one factor is involved.These experiments provide further evidence that pancreatic secretions play a role in the absorption of iron.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS IN HUMAN LIVER DISEASE
Authors: THORPE M. E. C. , SHOREY C. D. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYFourteen liver biopsy specimens from patients with fatty liver were studied histologically and with the electron microscope, together with four biopsy specimens from non‐fatty livers. Cellular inclusions visible with the light microscope were able to be identified under the electron microscope and their fine structure elaborated. The electron microscope also permitted a study of organellar morphology and pathology.Difficulty was encountered in correlating the appearance of the cytoplasmic ground substance with the histological findings. The apparent variability of cellular degeneration was confirmed and emphasized at the ultrastructural level and was usually seen as alterations to the endoplasmic reticulum. No consistent ultrastructural alteration was seen which could explain the variability of lipid deposition in the degenerating cell. A degenerative cell type in fatty livers was described which was not seen to contain lipid. A very similar degenerative cell type was seen in infectious hepatitis. Alcoholic hyalin bodies were present in 25% of the alcoholic fatty livers. No other ultrastructural alteration was detected to implicate alcohol or poor nutrition as the ætiological agent. A biopsy specimen with features of alcoholic hepatitis is described.The findings are discussed in relation to our present understanding of liver structure and function.
PITUITARY DEFICIENCY IN PATIENTS WITH PITUITARY TUMOURS
Authors: MARTIN F. I. R. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYIn 44 cases of tumours of the pituitary gland, the incidence of pituitary deficiency was determined; eight patients were severely hypopituitary, 16 had partial pituitary deficiency, and in 20 there was no evidence of loss of endocrine function. There was an increased incidence of hypopituitarism in patients with purely chromophobe tumours and in those with an upward extension above the diaphragma sellæ of more than 1·5 cm. There was no relation between the incidence of hypopituitarism and the size of the pituitary fossa on X‐ray examination.In the 28 patients explored by transfrontal craniotomy, there was a close association between the development of both severe hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus and damage to the median eminence of the hypothalamus or the infundibulum.Despite some difficulty in the accurate classification of pituitary function, this investigation has demonstrated the importance of the integrity of the hypothalamic‐hypophyseal neuro‐vascular connections in the maintenance of pituitary function, even in the presence of a pituitary tumour. It is hoped that this will be of value in the management of patients undergoing operations for pituitary tumours, and in rare cases may influence the type of surgical procedure employed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: SCHWARTZ C. J. , ARDLIE N. G. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe prevalence, distribution and severity of the macroscopic types of coronary artery lesions found in 206 subjects comprising an unselected necropsy series have been described. It was found that the total coronary artery area increases with age in both men and women. No significant relationship between coronary artery area and diastolic blood pressure levels was found, but coronary artery area was found to show a significant correlation with heart weight.Fatty streaking was found to have almost a 100% prevalence in all age and sex groups studied. The prevalence of raised sudanophilic plaques was considerable, even in adults before middle age, and under 45 years only 20% of men and 30% of women were free of this type of lesion. In this Australian study, raised fibrous plaques showed a prevalence not dissimilar to that of their American counterparts, a prevalence which rose with age, and which was greater in males than in females, particularly in the younger age groups. Complicated plaques showed a progressive age‐dependent increase in prevalence in both men and women, with no consistent sex difference.Both the prevalence of raised lesions and their extent were greater in the left anterior and right coronary arteries than in the left circumflex artery, an anatomical localization which suggests that local hæmodynamic factors may play a role in plaque development. This study has revealed that mural coronary disease is practically ubiquitous in an Australian necropsy series, except for the very young.
EXPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF 6‐MERCAPTOPURINE AND “IMURAN” IN THE TREATMENT OF PROGRESSIVE HEPATITIS (ACTIVE CHRONIC HEPATITIS)
Authors: ARTER W. J. , PERKINS K. W. , BLACKBURN C. R. B. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe cytotoxic agents 6‐mercaptopurine and azothioprine (“Imuran”) were used in the treatment of six young women with progressive hepatitis. Effective suppression of clinical and biochemical evidence of activity of the disease was not associated with histopathological improvement. These drugs may be particularly suited to the treatment of progressive hepatitis when corticosteroid therapy has failed to exert control or has caused prohibitive complications.
ALDOSTERONE METABOLISM IN CARDIAC FAILURE
Authors: HICKIE JOHN B. , LAZARUS L. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe place of aldosterone in the pathogenesis of cardiac failure remains controversial. In order to clarify this problem, aldosterone metabolism has been studied before and after therapy in 11 cases of untreated cardiac failure, and repeatedly during therapy in seven others. The studies, which have included measurement of the aldosterone secretion rate, plasma metabolic clearance rate, ratio of the urinary metabolites and calculation of the plasma aldosterone content, have been correlated with sodium and potassium balance measurements.The aldosterone secretion rate and plasma aldosterone levels are normal in untreated cardiac failure, but are abnormally elevated during successful therapy. Digitalis may not cause a significant change in these levels, but diuretic therapy causes a marked rise. The metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone is impaired in cardiac failure, and this may contribute to a raised plasma level. The secretion rate and plasma levels are particularly related to sodium status.These observations suggest that aldosterone plays little part in the renal conservation of sodium in cardiac failure, and that hyperaldosteronism, when present, is secondary to therapy.
THE EFFECT OF TWO DIFFERENT GASTRONES ON ACID SECRETION BY THE RAT IN VIVO AND BY ISOLATED RAT GASTRIC MUCOSA
Authors: BAUME PETER E. , NICHOLLS ANNETTE 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA number of substances (“gastrones”) found in gastro‐intestinal mucous secretions inhibit gastric acid secretion when given by intravenous injection in vivo. The mode of this action is unknown. The present experiments have defined the effect of two potent gastrones on acid secretion by isolated rat gastric mucosa. In each instance the addition of the gastrone preparation to the solution bathing the in‐vitro mucosal preparation resulted in significant extra secretion of acid, although the same gastrone preparations had inhibited acid secretion in the intact animal. This paradoxical stimulant effect of gastrone on isolated gastric mucosa has not previously been described. Its demonstration is evidence that the inhibitory action of these substances in the intact animal is exerted at a more proximal site than the parietal cell.
ARTERITIS OF THE AORTA AND ITS MAJOR BRANCHES
Authors: SCHRIRE V. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe clinical spectrum of diffuse arteritis of the aorta and its main branches has been reviewed in a series of 34 patients.The inflammatory process leads to intimal proliferation, atheroma and superimposed thrombosis, with the result that the lumina of the aorta or its branches are narrowed or even blocked. Weakening of the vessel wall with aneurysm formation is less common. The lesion is diffuse but patchy, so that several vascular territories are simultaneously affected, but to different degrees. Combinations of stenosis and aneurysm formation are also encountered.The commonest symptoms are cardiac, mainly secondary to hypertension, but coronary arterial and myocardial factors also play a part. Mitral and aortic incompetence occurs, but has no hæmodynamic significance. Involvement of the main branches of the aorta is the hallmark of the disease, resulting in pulse abnormalities and vascular murmurs. When the upper limb vessels are involved, the anastomotic circulation is usually adequate, but the blood pressure is difficult to record with the sphygmomanometer, so that central aortic pressure tends to be underestimated. Involvement of the lower limbs gives rise to claudication and nutritional disturbances of the affected members. Involvement of the carotid arteries and of the mesenteric and the renal vessels produces symptoms due to ischæmia of the organs supplied by these channels. Renal involvement results in hypertension which aggravates the disease, but other factors contribute to the hypertension.The angiographic appearances in 27 cases are described. A new entity, the so‐called “coronary steal” syndrome, has been found in two cases. A rich anastomosis between the coronary arteries and the diseased part of the descending thoracic aorta acts as a potential diversion of blood from the heart to the aorta.
PIG‐BEL—EPIDEMIC AND SPORADIC NECROTIZING ENTERITIS IN THE HIGHLANDS OF NEW GUINEA
Authors: MURRELL T. G. C. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryPig‐bel is a severe necrotizing enteritis which is probably caused by Clostridium welchii type C. The patient may present with the clinical features of enteritis, an acute surgical abdomen or malabsorption syndrome. The epidemiology of the disease is associated with the periodic consumption of pork by the New Guinea Highlander. Pigs play a vital role in the cultural life of these Melanesian peoples.
LUPOID HEPATITIS: COMPUTER ANALYSIS DEFINING “HEPATITIS” AND “CIRRHOSIS” PHASES AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE AND IMMUNE REACTIONS IN THE LIVER
Authors: GOLDSTEIN GIDEON , MACKAY IAN R. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe interrelationships between histopathological, clinical, biochemical, and serological indices in 30 patients with lupoid hepatitis were analysed by a digital computer which was used to calculate 225 correlation coefficients.First, the study defined two groups of significantly interrelated histological indices corresponding to “hepatitis” and “cirrhosis” phases of the disease. The hepatitis phase comprised liver cell necrosis, Kupffer cell hyperplasia and plasma cell accumulation, and the cirrhosis phase comprised loss of architecture, fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, and lymphocyte and plasma cell accumulation.Secondly, the study defined significant interrelationships in the hepatitis phase between hepatocellular damage and an immune reaction as shown by plasma cell accumulation in the liver, gamma globulin increase in the serum and lupus erythematosus (LE) cell positivity.The immune reaction is, in part at least, to antigens of damaged liver cells; it may be entirely a consequence of damage from a primary process, such as a virus infection, or it may be an autoimmune cause of continuing cell injury. The analysis did not discriminate between these two possibilities.
TAKAYASHU'S DISEASE WITH GASTRO‐INTESTINAL SYMPTOMS
Authors: KATER R. M. H. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA case of Takayashu's disease occurring in Sydney is reported. Cœliac axis ischæmia, in the presence of a patent superior mesenteric artery, may have been the cause of a syndrome with the features of pyloric stenosis.The primary cause of death was perforation of the bowel due to ischæmic enterocolitis.
THE THYROID AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN MAN : EVALUATION BY CALCIUM INFUSION
Authors: IBBERTSON H. K. , ROCHE A. H. G. , PYBUS J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryNine normal subjects, and five patients with primary thyroid failure, were infused with calcium gluconate solution (0.6 mEq of calcium per kilogram of body weight) for three hours. Serum calcium and magnesium levels were measured during the next 24 hours. The mean rise in serum calcium level in both treated and untreated patients with thyroid failure was significantly greater than the mean control levels after the fourth hour, and the elevation persisted at 24 hours. No additional abnormality was seen in subjects who also lacked parathyroid tissue, although in one patient with primary hypoparathyroidism alone a similar rise was seen. There were no significant changes in serum magnesium level in any of the patients studied.The results suggest that thyrocalcitonin normally acts in man to restore the serum calcium to normal after its experimental elevation. The clinical implications of this are discussed.
SOME CLINICAL AND CHEMICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ALCOHOL‐INDUCED HYPERLIPÆMIA
Authors: NESTEL P. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummarySome of the clinical features and the values of the plasma lipids of 10 subjects with alcohol‐induced hyperlipæmia are presented. The finding of lactescence in samples of fasting plasma from subjects who had been drinking heavily led to the establishment of the diagnosis.The presenting symptoms were abdominal pain in seven cases, coronary heart disease in two and recurrent xanthomatosis in one cases. Pancreatitis was found in three cases, marked hepatomegaly subsiding rapidly after admission of the subjects to hospital in seven, and transient hyperglycæmia in four. The very high concentrations of plasma triglyceride and cholesterol fell rapidly when alcohol intake was stopped. The frequency of finding and the pathogenesis of this disorder are discussed.
SMALL BOWEL TUMOURS
Authors: MIDDLETON W. R. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryPrimary tumours of the small bowel have been reviewed over a 16 year period; 58 tumours were found in 55 patients.The sex incidences were equal, and the peak age at presentation was in the seventh decade. Sixteen (28%) of the tumours were benign and 42 (72%) malignant. Carcinoma accounted for 57% of the malignant growths, and carcinoid for 29%. The average duration of symptoms was 21·4 months and 7·8 months for benign and malignant tumours respectively.Forty‐nine of the 58 tumours caused symptoms, and 14 of these (29%) presented as surgical emergencies. Benign tumours usually cause obstructive symptoms, whereas malignant tumours frequently present with weight loss, anæmia or changed bowel habit in addition to pain and vomiting.Diagnostic methods and their shortcomings are considered. Clinical suspicion is the most important single factor in making the diagnosis.
AN EVALUATION OF SCREENING PROCEDURES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF RENO‐VASCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: MORGAN TREFOR , STEPHEN D. , MCRAE J. , COOREY G. , SANDS JOHN 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA functional renal artery stenosis was present in 15 of 166 hypertensive patients examined. The relative values of clinical criteria, an assessment of renal length, the results of intravenous pyelography, the response to angiotensin infusion and the results of 203Hg‐labelled “Neohydrin” renal scan and and accumulation tests in identifying these patients were compared. No test was found to be an ideal screening procedure, but the most satisfactory was the rapid sequence and water load intravenous pyelogram.Retrograde arteriography should not be performed on all hypertensive patients.
AN ASSESSMENT OF RED CELL SURVIVAL IN IDIOPATHIC UNCONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINÆMIA (GILBERT'S SYNDROME) BY THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE DIISOPROPYLFLUOROPHOSPHATE AND CHROMIUM
Authors: POWELL L. W. , BILLING BARBARA H. , WILLIAMS H. S. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYRed cell survival was determined in 20 patients with idiopathic unconjugated hyperbilirubinæmia without overt signs of hæmolysis (Gilbert's syndrome) by means of a double isotope technique with the use of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DF32P) and chromium (51Cr) simultaneously. Red cell life span was significantly reduced in 42% of patients. However, the degree of hæmolysis was not sufficient to produce hyperbilirubinæmia in persons with normal hepatic function. The incidence of familial involvement in patients with reduced red cell survival was not significantly different from that in patients with normal red cell survival. Similarly, there was no difference between the groups with respect to symptomatology, age of onset of jaundice, or results of laboratory investigations.It is concluded that the hyperbilirubinæmia in this syndrome is more likely to be due to a defect in hepatic handling of bilirubin than to compensated hæmolysis. This defect appears to occur whether or not there is a reduced red cell survival. It remains to be shown why some patients with this syndrome have a reduced red cell survival while others do not.
PERNICIOUS ANIEMIA: INCIDENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES TO INTRINSIC FACTOR AND TO PARIETAL CELLS
Authors: UNGAR BERTA , WHITTINGHAM SENGA , FRANCIS C. M. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYIntrinsic factor antibody was present in 54% and parietal cell antibody in 91% of 95 patients (26 men and 69 women) with Addisonian pernicious anæmia.The incidence of intrinsic factor antibody of 82% in 17 patients tested more than 10 years after diagnosis was significantly higher than the incidence of 47% in 78 patients tested within 10 years of diagnosis. The incidence of parietal cell antibody showed no significant variation with the duration of diagnosed pernicious anæmia.It is suggested that given sufficient time all patients with pernicious anæmia may develop detectable circulating antibody to intrinsic factor.
PROBLEMS OF THE SYNDROME OF FAMILIAL MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE ADENOMAS
Authors: STOCKS A. E. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA study is presented of two families with the syndrome of multiple endocrine adenomas (MEA).In the literature, only 21% of reported patients had affected relatives, which is much less than expected in a disorder thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant. It is suggested that many isolated cases result from spontaneous mutations which are not transmitted further.An attempt is made to define the limits of the syndrome, and it is proposed that involvement of any two of the following structures be required for the diagnosis of MEA: pituitary, parathyroids, and pancreatic islets.A simple scheme for the investigation of relatives of patients with MEA is presented, and the problems of management of these difficult cases are discussed.
INSULIN SENSITIVITY AND 131I INSULIN METABOLISM IN JUVENILE‐TYPE DIABETICS
Authors: MARTIN F. I. R. , STOCKS A.E. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARY1. The acute response of blood glucose levels to insulin, and the half‐time of disappearance and degree of protein binding of 131I‐labelled insulin as determined by electrophoresis, have been studied in 43 insulin‐dependent diabetics with disease of long duration. Of the patients studied, 21 (50%) had a blood glucose response to insulin which was within normal limits. The remaining 22 patients were insensitive, showing both a delay in response and a significantly decreased rate of fall of blood glucose levels after insulin administration.2. A weak correlation was observed between insulin sensitivity and both the half‐time of disappearance and the degree of protein binding of radioactive insulin, but no relationship was found between any of these parameters and the somatic index, the degree of “brittleness” of individual patients, the dose of insulin required or the duration of diabetes.3. It is proposed that there may be two populations of juvenile‐type diabetics, one sensitive and one insensitive to the acute effects of insulin, which cannot adequately be explained by the effects of heterologous antibody formation on injected insulin.
THE TREATMENT OF ACTIVE CHRONIC HEPATITIS WITH 6‐MERCAPTOPURINE AND AZATHIOPRINE
Authors: MISTILIS STEVEN P. , BLACKBURN C. R. B. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARY6‐Mercaptopurine (6‐MP) or azathioprine was given to 17 patients with active chronic hepatitis. In eight cases toxic reactions were observed, and these included anorexia, jaundice, hepatic coma, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Toxicity appeared to be related to both the dose of the drug and the severity of the underlying liver disease, assessed by the extent of parenchymal necrosis. Although 100 to 125 mg. of 6‐MP is well below the accepted toxic dose in leukæmia, it appears to be excessive for many patients with active chronic hepatitis.6‐MP or azathioprine at a lower dose range was used in 14 cases for periods of up to four and a half years with complete freedom from toxicity. Our data suggest that at the present time 6‐MP or azathioprine is the drug of choice for patients in whom complications to steroids develop, or when “control” of the disease cannot be achieved with steroid therapy. Although the clinical and biochemical indices of activity can be more adequately “controlled”, and the time spent in hospital markedly reduced when compared with steroid treated cases, drug therapy does not appear to be effective in altering long‐term survival or arresting the progressive fibrosis in the liver. Used judiciously in the dose levels indicated, azathioprine and 6‐MP appear to be the most effective drugs to suppress the activity of active chronic hepatitis, and are free of complications when used for long periods of time.