bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dialogue and advocacy initiatives for reforming the business environment of the tourism and hospitality sector in Tanzania
Authors: Anderson Wineaster , Busagara Theresia , Mahangila Deogratious , Minde Maria , Olomi Donath , Bahati Victor 
Published: May 2017

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the nature of the public–private dialogue (PPD) initiatives and how PPDs are being used in the tourism and hospitality sector as the tool for reforming the business environment (e.g. set policy priorities, inform policy design, improve legislative proposals and incorporate feedback into regulatory implementation).Design/methodology/approachThe study adapted a descriptive-qualitative method through desk research and in-depth interviews based on the explorative research design. The respondents included tourism and hospitality stakeholders from the public and private sectors in the Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Dar es Salaam tourist destinations in Tanzania.FindingsThe findings revealed numerous PPD initiatives which various actors in the tourism value chain rely on to address their matters. While some initiatives are not regular forums, few have been institutionalized in the Tourism Act of 2008, while others have been prescribed from the global level (UNWTO). The well-known PPD platforms include the Tourism Facilitation Committee, Technical Advisory Committee to the Minister, Tanzania National Business Council (the Tourism Task Force) and Public–Private Partnership in Tourism under the Ministry. However, most of the existing platforms overlap in terms of subject matter, mandates, participants and timing. The key success stories and factors of the PPD initiatives and the associated challenges have been discussed.Practical implicationsThe study provides insight to the conclusion that public policies that are designed through PPD are better conceived and more effectively implemented because they result from mutual understanding between government and the business community. This knowledge is important to the least developed countries (LDCs), like Tanzania, as research has shown that stronger and more constructive dialogue between government and the private sector leads to better business environment, and countries with better business environments grow faster, attract more investment and reduce poverty more than the opposite.Originality/valueAlthough several PPD initiatives are taking place in the tourism sector in most developing countries, little about them has been documented in the tourism literature. Hence, this study, which focuses on Tanzania, aims to fill this knowledge gap.
Soil microbial community composition in tallgrass prairie restorations converge with remnants across a 27‐year chronosequence
Authors: Barber Nicholas A. , Chantos‐Davidson Karley M. , Amel Peralta Rene , Sherwood Jared P. , Swingley Wesley D. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryRestoration and management of natural ecosystems is a critical strategy in mitigating global biodiversity loss. This is exemplified in the American Midwest by efforts aimed at reclaiming historical grasslands lost to high‐yield agriculture. While restorations traditionally take the form of plant reintroduction and management, advances in microbial analyses suggest that soil communities could be indicators restoration success. However, current understanding of key microbial taxa and functional activities in both natural and restored ecosystems is limited. Here, we investigated the impact of nearly 30 years of carefully managed restoration on soil microbial communities at the Nachusa Grasslands in northern Illinois, USA. We characterized bacterial and archaeal communities in a chronosequence of restored tallgrass prairies ranging from 1 to 27 years old across a growing season and compared them to communities in pre‐restoration agricultural fields and remnant prairies. Results indicate that older restorations harboured communities statistically distinct from newer restorations. These communities converged toward those in local prairie remnants, suggesting that plant‐focussed restoration has yielded soil bacterial communities reflective of a successful restoration. Recovery of microbial clades within the Verrucomicrobia and Acidobacteria are an important feature of this convergence, and these groups could be targeted for future soil‐focussed, bottom‐up restoration studies.
The metabolic potential of the single cell genomes obtained from the Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench within the candidate superphylum Parcubacteria (OD1)
Authors: León‐Zayas Rosa , Peoples Logan , Biddle Jennifer F. , Podell Sheila , Novotny Mark , Cameron James , Lasken Roger S. , Bartlett Douglas H. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryCandidate phyla (CP) are broad phylogenetic clusters of organisms that lack cultured representatives. Included in this fraction is the candidate Parcubacteria superphylum. Specific characteristics that have been ascribed to the Parcubacteria include reduced genome size, limited metabolic potential and exclusive reliance on fermentation for energy acquisition. The study of new environmental niches, such as the marine versus terrestrial subsurface, often expands the understanding of the genetic potential of taxonomic groups. For this reason, we analyzed 12 Parcubacteria single amplified genomes (SAGs) from sediment samples collected within the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, obtained during the Deepsea Challenge (DSC) Expedition. Many of these SAGs are closely related to environmental sequences obtained from deep‐sea environments based on 16S rRNA gene similarity and BLAST matches to predicted proteins. DSC SAGs encode features not previously identified in Parcubacteria obtained from other habitats. These include adaptation to oxidative stress, polysaccharide modification and genes associated with respiratory nitrate reduction. The DSC SAGs are also distinguished by relative greater abundance of genes for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, repair of alkylated DNA and the synthesis of mechanosensitive ion channels. These results present an expanded view of the Parcubacteria, among members residing in an ultra‐deep hadal environment.
The HCUP SID Imputation Project: Improving Statistical Inferences for Health Disparities Research by Imputing Missing Race Data
Authors: Ma Yan , Zhang Wei , Lyman Stephen , Huang Yihe 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo identify the most appropriate imputation method for missing data in the HCUP State Inpatient Databases (SID) and assess the impact of different missing data methods on racial disparities research.Data Sources/Study SettingHCUP SID.Study DesignA novel simulation study compared four imputation methods (random draw, hot deck, joint multiple imputation [MI], conditional MI) for missing values for multiple variables, including race, gender, admission source, median household income, and total charges. The simulation was built on real data from the SID to retain their hierarchical data structures and missing data patterns. Additional predictive information from the U.S. Census and American Hospital Association (AHA) database was incorporated into the imputation.Principal FindingsConditional MI prediction was equivalent or superior to the best performing alternatives for all missing data structures and substantially outperformed each of the alternatives in various scenarios.ConclusionsConditional MI substantially improved statistical inferences for racial health disparities research with the SID.
The Impact of Biofuel Policies on Crop Acreages in Germany and France
Authors: Gardebroek Cornelis , Reimer Jeffrey J. , Baller Lieneke 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA major concern about biofuels is that increasing biofuel feedstock demand reduces availability of crops for food and feed leading to higher food prices. This paper investigates relations between biofuel policies and prices of rapeseed, the major feedstock used for biodiesel production in Europe, and the impact of rapeseed prices on crop acreages in Germany and France. Biodiesel is an important biofuel in Europe, and Germany and France are the largest biodiesel producers in Europe. First, the various biofuel policies in Germany and France are discussed, followed by an analysis of their effects on rapeseed prices. Although theory indicates that such effects exist, we could not find empirical evidence for them. Second, using regional land use panel data from Germany and France we investigate empirically whether crop shares have been affected by rapeseed prices in the period 2000–2015 and whether these price effects changed because of biofuel policy changes. Results show that wheat shares in Germany and France did respond to rapeseed prices, but barley shares did not. Moreover, mandatory blending introduced in Germany in 2007 and production quotas introduced in France in 2005 led to a stronger effect of rapeseed prices on wheat shares, but again did not affect barley shares.
Trichoderma harzianum enhances tomato indirect defense against aphids
Authors: Coppola Mariangela , Cascone Pasquale , Chiusano Maria Luisa , Colantuono Chiara , Lorito Matteo , Pennacchio Francesco , Rao Rosa , Woo Sheridan Lois , Guerrieri Emilio , Digilio Maria Cristina 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMany fungal root symbionts of the genus Trichoderma are well‐known for their beneficial effects on agronomic performance and protection against plant pathogens; moreover, they may enhance protection from insect pests, by triggering plant resistance mechanisms. Defense barriers against insects are induced by the activation of metabolic pathways involved in the production of defense‐related plant compounds, either directly active against herbivore insects, or exerting an indirect effect, by increasing the attraction of herbivore natural enemies. In a model system composed of the tomato plant, the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae and the parasitoid Aphidius ervi, plant metabolic changes induced by Trichoderma harzianum and their effects on higher trophic levels have been assessed. T. harzianum T22 treatments induce a primed state that upon aphid attacks leads to an increased attraction of aphid parasitoids, mediated by the enhanced production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are known to induce Aphidius ervi flight. Transcriptome sequencing of T22‐treated plants infested by aphids showed a remarkable upregulation of genes involved in terpenoids biosynthesis and salicylic acid pathway, which are consistent with the observed flight response of A. ervi and the VOC bouquet profile underlying this behavioral response.
The role of urban‐based agriculture on food security: Kenyan case studies
Authors: Omondi Samuel Onyango , Oluoch‐Kosura Willis , Jirström Magnus 
Published: May 2017

AbstractKenya is rapidly urbanising. In the growing cities and towns, there is an increasing need for food supplies, creating demand for agricultural products. High unemployment rates, urban poverty, and food and nutrition insecurity force some urban dwellers to partly adopt livelihood strategies based on urban agriculture. Presently in Kenya, urban and peri‐urban agriculture plays an important role in urban food system, because it enhances livelihood strategies for urban households, not least the poor. Using a sample of 2,009 households, this study characterised urban farming and urban‐based rural farming in medium‐sized towns of Thika and Kisumu, Kenya. It further assessed food security levels of urban households engaged in farming and households that do not farm. Results demonstrate that more than half of the households produced part of their food, either in urban or rural areas. About 37 per cent and 25 per cent of the respondents produced food in rural and urban areas, respectively. Generally, more of the households engaged in both urban farming and urban‐based rural agriculture are more food secure compared with the non‐farming households. Urban farming has a potential of improving household food security and provision of fungible income; hence, the practice should be included in the urban food policies.
Pathological features of triple‐negative breast cancers that showed progressive disease during neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Tanabe Yuko , Tsuda Hitoshi , Yoshida Masayuki , Yunokawa Mayu , Yonemori Kan , Shimizu Chikako , Yamamoto Seiichiro , Kinoshita Takayuki , Fujiwara Yasuhiro , Tamura Kenji 
Published: May 2017

Clinical progressive disease (cPD) occurs during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in 3%–5% of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. We aimed to identify the histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters that are correlated with the TNBC that showed cPD. We identified 22 TNBCs that showed cPD during NAC (cPD group) and 80 TNBCs that did not receive NAC (control group). Using surgically resected tumor specimens, we performed histopathologic examinations and immunohistochemical analysis of 11 molecules that appeared relevant to epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), and basal‐like, molecular apocrine and other features. Metaplastic carcinomas (MPCs) and high proliferation (≥50 mitoses per 10 high‐power fields or ≥50% Ki‐67 score) were more frequent in the cPD than in the control (41% vs 3%, P < 0.001, and 86% vs 50%, P = 0.0049, respectively). Positive cytokeratin 5/6, ZEB1, TWISTNB, vimentin, and HMGB1 expressions and negative androgen receptor were more frequent in the cPD than in the control. By an unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis incorporating these 11 molecules, the 102 TNBCs were divided into two major clusters and seven subclusters that appeared to correspond to intrinsic subtype, cPD status, histological type, and clinical outcome. In 27% of cPD cases, the MPC component appeared only in the post‐NAC specimens. The combinations of high proliferation, metaplastic features, and immunohistochemical statuses of some EMT and basal‐like markers and androgen receptor appeared to be able to characterize the TNBCs that showed cPD after NAC.
Parasite escape through trophic specialization in a species flock
Authors: Hablützel P. I. , Vanhove M. P. M. , Deschepper P. , Grégoir A. F. , Roose A. K. , Volckaert F. A. M. , Raeymaekers J. A. M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAdaptive radiation occurs when species diversify rapidly to occupy an array of ecological niches. As opportunities for parasite infection and transmission may greatly vary among these niches, adaptive radiation is expected to be associated with a turnover of the parasite community. As major agents of natural and sexual selection, parasites may play a central role in host diversification. The study of parasite turnover may thus be of general relevance and could significantly improve our understanding of adaptive radiation. In this study, we examined the parasite faunas of eleven species belonging to the tribe Tropheini, one of several adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika. The most parsimonious ancestral foraging strategy among the Tropheini is relatively unselective substrate browsing of aufwuchs. Several lineages evolved more specialized foraging strategies, such as selective combing of microscopic diatoms or picking of macro‐invertebrates. We found that representatives of these specialized lineages bear reduced infection with food‐web‐transmitted acanthocephalan helminths, but not with parasites with a direct life cycle. Possibly, the evolution of selective foraging strategies entailed reduced ingestion of intermediate invertebrate hosts of acanthocephalans. We conclude that some species belonging to the Tropheini virtually escape acanthocephalan infection as a by‐product of trophic specialization.
Phenolic metabolism and molecular mass distribution of polysaccharides in cellulose‐deficient maize cells
Authors: de Castro María , Martínez‐Rubio Romina , Acebes José L. , Encina Antonio , Fry Stephen C. , García‐Angulo Penélope 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAs a consequence of the habituation to low levels of dichlobenil (DCB), cultured maize cells presented an altered hemicellulose cell fate with a lower proportion of strongly wall‐bound hemicelluloses and an increase in soluble extracellular polymers released into the culture medium. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative molecular mass distributions of polysaccharides as well as phenolic metabolism in cells habituated to low levels of DCB (1.5 μM). Generally, cell wall bound hemicelluloses and sloughed polymers from habituated cells were more homogeneously sized and had a lower weight‐average relative molecular mass. In addition, polysaccharides underwent massive cross‐linking after being secreted into the cell wall, but this cross‐linking was less pronounced in habituated cells than in non‐habituated ones. However, when relativized, ferulic acid and p‐coumaric acid contents were higher in this habituated cell line. Feasibly, cells habituated to low levels of DCB synthesized molecules with a lower weight‐average relative molecular mass, although cross‐linked, as a part of their strategy to compensate for the lack of cellulose.
An Eocene/Oligocene blueschist‐/greenschist facies P–T loop from the Cycladic Blueschist Unit on Naxos Island, Greece: Deformation‐related re‐equilibration vs. thermal relaxation
Authors: Peillod Alexandre , Ring Uwe , Glodny Johannes , Skelton Alasdair 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGeothermobarometric and geochronological work indicates a complete Eocene/early Oligocene blueschist/greenschist facies metamorphic cycle of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit on Naxos Island in the Aegean Sea region. Using the average pressure–temperature (P–T) method of thermocalc coupled with detailed textural work, we separate an early blueschist facies event at 576 ± 16 to 619 ± 32°C and 15.5 ± 0.5 to 16.3 ± 0.9 kbar from a subsequent greenschist facies overprint at 384 ± 30°C and 3.8 ± 1.1 kbar. Multi‐mineral Rb–Sr isochron dating yields crystallization ages for near peak‐pressure blueschist facies assemblages between 40.5 ± 1.0 and 38.3 ± 0.5 Ma. The greenschist facies overprint commonly did not result in complete resetting of age signatures. Maximum ages for the end of greenschist facies reworking, obtained from disequilibrium patterns, cluster near c. 32 Ma, with one sample showing rejuvenation at c. 27 Ma. We conclude that the high‐P rocks from south Naxos were exhumed to upper mid‐crustal levels in the late Eocene and early Oligocene at rates of 7.4 ± 4.6 km/Ma, completing a full blueschist‐/greenschist facies metamorphic cycle soon after subduction within c. 8 Ma. The greenschist facies overprint of the blueschist facies rocks from south Naxos resulted from rapid exhumation and associated deformation/fluid‐controlled metamorphic re‐equilibration, and is unrelated to the strong high‐T metamorphism associated with the Miocene formation of the Naxos migmatite dome. It follows that the Miocene thermal overprint had no impact on rock textures or Sr isotopic signatures, and that the rocks of south Naxos underwent three metamorphic events, one more than hitherto envisaged.
Foreign Languages and their Impact on Unemployment
Authors: Donado Alejandro 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUsing a large European data set, I investigate the impact of knowing foreign languages on unemployment for the first time. The focus is on natives (not on immigrants). I find that (1) knowing a foreign language reduces the probability of being unemployed by at least 3.4 percentage points; (2) females benefit more than males from learning foreign languages; (3) English and German tend to have a larger and more robust impact on unemployment than French, Spanish, and Italian; (4) but the impact of all these five languages varies considerably across countries.
On American VIX options under the generalized 3/2 and 1/2 models
Authors: Detemple Jérôme , Kitapbayev Yerkin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we extend the 3/2 model for VIX studied by Goard and Mazur and introduce the generalized 3/2 and 1/2 classes of volatility processes. Under these models, we study the pricing of European and American VIX options, and for the latter, we obtain an early exercise premium representation using a free‐boundary approach and local time‐space calculus. The optimal exercise boundary for the volatility is obtained as the unique solution to an integral equation of Volterra type. We also consider a model mixing these two classes and formulate the corresponding optimal stopping problem in terms of the observed factor process. The price of an American VIX call is then represented by an early exercise premium formula. We show the existence of a pair of optimal exercise boundaries for the factor process and characterize them as the unique solution to a system of integral equations.
Caring for a centenarian parent: an exploratory study on role strains and psychological distress
Authors: Brandão Daniela , Ribeiro Oscar , Oliveira Mónica , Paúl Constança 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesThis study examined the main sources of strain and the presence of psychological distress in a sample of centenarians’ children who assumed the role of primary caregivers.MethodA sample of 43 children (M age = 67.10 ± 6.67 years; 90.7% female) caring for a centenarian parent was interviewed and asked about their overall caregiving experience. Information on caregiving burden (Zarit Burden Interview) and psychological distress (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) was also obtained. Several characteristics of the caregiving dyads (e.g. age, co‐residence) were tested to compare caregivers with and without anxiety and depressive symptoms. Qualitative data from the interviews were analysed for recurrent themes using thematic analysis.ResultsMain caregiving impacts concern social and leisure dimensions (role captivity), with important personal mid‐life and late‐life plans needing to be changed or postponed. Centenarians’ children present higher levels of anxiety (M = 6.95 ± 4.7) than depression (M = 6.0 ± 4.1), and psychological distress was found to be significantly associated with high subjective burden, low life satisfaction, poorer perceived health, and perceived income inadequacy.ConclusionThe significant levels of psychological distress, along with the loss of autonomy and incapacity to prosecute plans for retirement, reinforce the psychological demands of late‐life caregiving. Paying attention to these relationships is imperative to promote adequate responses for these caregivers.
Genome Sequence of a Novel Kunsagivirus (
Picornaviridae
:
Kunsagivirus
) from a Wild Baboon (
Papio cynocephalus
)
Authors: Buechler Connor R. , Bailey Adam L. , Lauck Michael , Heffron Anna , Johnson Joshua C. , Campos Lawson Cristine , Rogers Jeffrey , Kuhn Jens H. , O’Connor David H. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

The picornaviral genus
Kunsagivirus
has a single member, kunsagivirus A, which was discovered in migratory bird feces. We report here the discovery of a novel kunsagivirus in wild yellow baboon (
Papio cynocephalus
) blood. The genomic sequence of this virus indicates the probable need for the establishment of a second kunsagivirus species.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Brevundimonas
sp. Strain SH203, Producing Cellouronate (β-1,4-Linked Polyglucuronate) Lyase
Authors: Suzuki Tomohiro , Kikuchi Masako , Konno Naotake , Habu Naoto 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

In this study, we report the draft genome sequence of
Brevundimonas
sp. strain SH203, which was previously isolated from natural soil and has the ability to degrade β-1,4-polygluculonate (cellouronate). This genomic information may provide new insight into the mechanisms by which cellouronate is degraded.
Draft Genome Sequences of Seven 4-Formylaminooxyvinylglycine Producers Belonging to the Pseudomonas fluorescens Species Complex
Authors: Okrent Rachel A. , Manning Viola A. , Trippe Kristin M. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Vinylglycines are nonproteinogenic amino acids that inhibit amino acid metabolism and ethylene production. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of seven isolates of
Pseudomonas
that produce 4-formylaminooxyvinylglycine, a compound known to inhibit the germination of grasses and the growth of specific plant-pathogenic bacteria.