bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Analysis of Inertial Waves in Rectangular Basins with One Sloping Boundary
Authors: Troitskaya Saule 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe consider the problem of small oscillations of a rotating inviscid incompressible fluid. From a mathematical point of view, new exact solutions to the two‐dimensional Poincaré–Sobolev equation in a class of domains including trapezoid are found in an explicit form and their main properties are described. These solutions correspond to the absolutely continuous spectrum of a linear operator that is associated with this system of equations. For specialists in Astrophysics and Geophysics, the existence of these solutions signifies the existence of some previously unknown type of inertial waves corresponding to the continuous spectrum of inertial oscillations. A fundamental distinction between monochromatic inertial waves and waves of the new type is shown: usual characteristics (frequency, amplitude, wave vector, dispersion relation, direction of energy propagation, and so on) are not applicable to the last. Main properties of these waves are described. In particular, it is proved that they are progressive. Main features of their energy transfer are described.
From Pressure Group to Political Party: The Case of the American Anti‐Slavery Society and the Liberty Party*
Authors: Chamberlain Adam 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveThis study evaluates how the leaders in the American Anti‐Slavery Society (AASS) either aided or hindered the formation of the Liberty Party, thus building on Bawn et al.’s (2012) theory of political party formation.MethodsRegression models are used to study how the presence of AASS organizations affected Liberty Party voting in the early 1840s.ResultsThe findings show that AASS organizations had little to no effect on Liberty voting in New England, where AASS leadership was opposed to the idea of a third party, but that a stronger AASS group presence helped the Liberty Party form outside New England, where leaders were more supportive of an anti‐slavery third party.ConclusionInterest groups do matter for the formation of political parties, but this is dependent on the support provided by, or the opposition put up by, group leaders.
Control of Elymus repens by rhizome fragmentation and repeated mowing in a newly established white clover sward
Authors: Bergkvist G , Ringselle B , Magnuski E , Mangerud K , Brandsæter L O 
Published: March 2017

SummaryControl of perennial weeds, such as Elymus repens, generally requires herbicides or intensive tillage. Alternative methods, such as mowing and competition from subsidiary crops, provide less efficient control. Fragmenting the rhizomes, with minimal soil disturbance and damage to the main crop, could potentially increase the efficacy and consistency of such control methods. This study's aim was to investigate whether fragmenting the rhizomes and mowing enhance the control of E. repens in a white clover sward. Six field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Uppsala, Sweden, and Ås, Norway. The effect of cutting slits in the soil using a flat spade in a 10 × 10 cm or 20 × 20 cm grid and the effect of repeated mowing were investigated. Treatments were performed either during summer in a spring‐sown white clover sward (three experiments) or during autumn, post‐cereal harvest, in an under‐sown white clover sward (three experiments). When performed in autumn, rhizome fragmentation and mowing reduced E. repens shoot biomass, but not rhizome biomass or shoot number. In contrast, when performed in early summer, rhizome fragmentation also reduced the E. repens rhizome biomass by up to 60%, and repeated mowing reduced it by up to 95%. The combination of the two factors appeared to be additive. Seasonal differences in treatment effects may be due to rhizomes having fewer stored resources in spring than in early autumn. We conclude that rhizome fragmentation in a growing white clover sward could reduce the amount of E. repens rhizomes and that repeated mowing is an effective control method, but that great seasonal variation exists.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Transmission Is Blocked by Type-Specific Immunity in an Infant Mouse Model
Authors: Zangari Tonia , Wang Yang , Weiser Jeffrey N. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Epidemiological studies on
Streptococcus pneumoniae
show that rates of carriage are highest in early childhood and that the major benefit of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is a reduction in the incidence of nasopharyngeal colonization through decreased transmission within a population. In this study, we sought to understand how anti-
S. pneumoniae
immunity affects nasal shedding of bacteria, the limiting step in experimental pneumococcal transmission. Using an infant mouse model, we examined the role of immunity (passed from mother to pup) on shedding and within-litter transmission of
S. pneumoniae
by pups infected at 4 days of life. Pups from both previously colonized immune and PCV-vaccinated mothers had higher levels of anti-
S. pneumoniae
IgG than pups from non-immune or non-vaccinated mothers and shed significantly fewer
S. pneumoniae
over the first 5 days of infection. By setting up cross-foster experiments, we demonstrated that maternal passage of antibody to pups either
in utero
or post-natally decreases
S. pneumoniae
shedding. Passive immunization experiments showed that type-specific antibody to capsular polysaccharide is sufficient to decrease shedding and that the agglutinating function of immunoglobulin is required for this effect. Finally, we established that anti-pneumococcal immunity and anti-PCV vaccination block host-to-host transmission of
S. pneumoniae
. Moreover, immunity in either the donor or recipient pups alone was sufficient to reduce rates of transmission, indicating that decreased shedding and protection from acquisition of colonization are both contributing factors. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the reduced levels of
S. pneumoniae
transmission between hosts immune from prior exposure and among vaccinated children.

IMPORTANCE
Rates of carriage of the bacterial pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
are highest among young children, and this is the target group for the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). Epidemiological studies have suggested that a major benefit of the PCV is a reduction in host-to-host transmission, which also protects the non-vaccinated population (“herd immunity”). In this study, we examined the role of anti-pneumococcal immunity on nasal shedding and transmission of the pathogen using an infant mouse model. We found that shedding is decreased and transmission is blocked by anti-pneumococcal immunity and PCV vaccination. Additionally, transmission rates decreased if either the infected or contact pups were immune, indicating that reduced shedding and protection from the establishment of colonization are both contributing factors. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation for the herd immunity effect seen after the introduction of PCV and identifies potential points of intervention, which may have implications for future vaccine development.
Antibiotic Capture by Bacterial Lipocalins Uncovers an Extracellular Mechanism of Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: El-Halfawy Omar M. , Klett Javier , Ingram Rebecca J. , Loutet Slade A. , Murphy Michael E. P. , Martín-Santamaría Sonsoles , Valvano Miguel A. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

The potential for microbes to overcome antibiotics of different classes before they reach bacterial cells is largely unexplored. Here we show that a soluble bacterial lipocalin produced by
Burkholderia cenocepacia
upon exposure to sublethal antibiotic concentrations increases resistance to diverse antibiotics
in vitro
and
in vivo
. These phenotypes were recapitulated by heterologous expression in
B. cenocepacia
of lipocalin genes from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, and methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
. Purified lipocalin bound different classes of bactericidal antibiotics and contributed to bacterial survival
in vivo
. Experimental and X-ray crystal structure-guided computational studies revealed that lipocalins counteract antibiotic action by capturing antibiotics in the extracellular space. We also demonstrated that fat-soluble vitamins prevent antibiotic capture by binding bacterial lipocalin with higher affinity than antibiotics. Therefore, bacterial lipocalins contribute to antimicrobial resistance by capturing diverse antibiotics in the extracellular space at the site of infection, which can be counteracted by known vitamins.

IMPORTANCE
Current research on antibiotic action and resistance focuses on targeting essential functions within bacterial cells. We discovered a previously unrecognized mode of general bacterial antibiotic resistance operating in the extracellular space, which depends on bacterial protein molecules called lipocalins. These molecules are highly conserved in most bacteria and have the ability to capture different classes of antibiotics outside bacterial cells. We also discovered that liposoluble vitamins, such as vitamin E, overcome
in vitro
and
in vivo
antibiotic resistance mediated by bacterial lipocalins, providing an unexpected new alternative to combat resistance by using this vitamin or its derivatives as antibiotic adjuvants.
Soil transmitted helminthiasis in indigenous groups. A community cross sectional study in the Amazonian southern border region of Ecuador
Authors: Romero-Sandoval Natalia , Ortiz-Rico Claudia , Sánchez-Pérez Héctor Javier , Valdivieso Daniel , Sandoval Carlos , Pástor Jacob , Martín Miguel 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundRural communities in the Amazonian southern border of Ecuador have benefited from governmental social programmes over the past 9 years, which have addressed, among other things, diseases associated with poverty, such as soil transmitted helminth infections. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of geohelminth infection and several factors associated with it in these communities.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study in two indigenous communities of the Amazonian southern border of Ecuador. The data were analysed at both the household and individual levels.ResultsAt the individual level, the prevalence of geohelminth infection reached 46.9% (95% CI 39.5% to 54.2%), with no differences in terms of gender, age, temporary migration movements or previous chemoprophylaxis. In 72.9% of households, one or more members were infected. Receiving subsidies and overcrowding were associated with the presence of helminths.ConclusionsThe prevalence of geohelminth infection was high. Our study suggests that it is necessary to conduct studies focusing on communities, and not simply on captive groups, such as schoolchildren, with the object of proposing more suitable and effective strategies to control this problem.
Examining sufficiency and equity in the geographic distribution of physicians in Japan: a longitudinal study
Authors: Hara Koji , Otsubo Tetsuya , Kunisawa Susumu , Imanaka Yuichi 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to longitudinally examine the geographic distribution of physicians in Japan with adjustment for healthcare demand according to changes in population age structure.MethodsWe examined trends in the number of physicians per 100 000 population in Japan's secondary medical areas (SMAs) from 2000 to 2014. Healthcare demand was adjusted using health expenditure per capita. Trends in the Gini coefficient and the number of SMAs with a low physician supply were analysed. A subgroup analysis was also conducted where SMAs were divided into 4 groups according to urban–rural classification and initial physician supply.ResultsThe time-based changes in the Gini coefficient and the number of SMAs with a low physician supply indicated that the equity in physician distribution had worsened throughout the study period. The number of physicians per 100 000 population had seemingly increased in all groups, with increases of 22.9% and 34.5% in urban groups with higher and lower initial physician supply, respectively. However, after adjusting healthcare demand, physician supply decreased by 1.3% in the former group and increased by 3.5% in the latter group. Decreases were also observed in the rural groups, where the number of physicians decreased by 4.4% in the group with a higher initial physician supply and 7.6% in the group with a lower initial physician supply.ConclusionsAlthough the total number of physicians increased in Japan, demand-adjusted physician supply decreased in recent years in all areas except for urban areas with a lower initial physician supply. In addition, the equity of physician distribution had consistently deteriorated since 2000. The results indicate that failing to adjust healthcare demand will produce misleading results, and that there is a need for major reform of Japan's healthcare system to improve physician distribution.
Inadvertent activation of a PEEP valve leading to potentially severe cardiopulmonary complications in a horse
Authors: Cruz Benedetti Inga‐Catalina , Argano Martina , Küls Nina , Rocchi Attilio 
Published: March 2017

A five‐year‐old Austrian thoroughbred mare underwent anaesthesia and was mechanically ventilated using a Smith respirator L.A.‐90. Shortly after commencing, capnography displayed a curve compatible with airway obstruction and haemoglobin saturation decreased progressively. Unexpectedly, positive‐end expiratory pressure and peak inspiratory pressure reached 20 cm H2O and 50 cm H2O, respectively. The ventilator was disconnected and the patient ventilated manually, promptly correcting capnography and saturation. A later inspection of the ventilator identified two problems. The expiratory flow regulator, made of two overriding metal rings, was inadvertently rotated, preventing gas from escaping the system during expiration. Additionally, the poorly labelled knob limiting PIP had been left on 50 cm H2O. The authors describe a critical incident due to both, some specific features and limitations of the Smith Respirator L.A.‐90, and the lack of familiarity of the anaesthetists with the ventilator. Implementing checklists may guide inexperienced users through the safe use of equipment.
The Host Microbiome Regulates and Maintains Human Health: A Primer and Perspective for Non-Microbiologists
Authors: Thomas Sunil , Izard Jacques , Walsh Emily , Batich Kristen , Chongsathidkiet Pakawat , Clarke Gerard , Sela David A. , Muller Alexander J. , Mullin James M. , Albert Korin , Gilligan John P. , DiGuilio Katherine , Dilbarova Rima , Alexander Walker , Prendergast George C. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHumans consider themselves discrete autonomous organisms, but recent research is rapidly strengthening the appreciation that associated microorganisms make essential contributions to human health and well being. Each person is inhabited and also surrounded by his/her own signature microbial cloud. A low diversity of microorganisms is associated with a plethora of diseases, including allergy, diabetes, obesity, arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and even neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, an interaction of microorganisms with the host immune system is required for a healthy body. Exposure to microorganisms from the moment we are born and appropriate microbiome assembly during childhood are essential for establishing an active immune system necessary to prevent disease later in life. Exposure to microorganisms educates the immune system, induces adaptive immunity, and initiates memory B and T cells that are essential to combat various pathogens. The correct microbial-based education of immune cells may be critical in preventing the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer. This review provides a broad overview of the importance of the host microbiome and accumulating knowledge of how it regulates and maintains a healthy human system. Cancer Res; 77(8); 1783–812. ©2017 AACR.
Aspirin Use Reduces the Risk of Aggressive Prostate Cancer and Disease Recurrence in African-American Men
Authors: Smith Cheryl Jacobs , Dorsey Tiffany H. , Tang Wei , Jordan Symone V. , Loffredo Christopher A. , Ambs Stefan 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Background: Men of African descent experience a disproportionately high prostate cancer mortality. Intratumoral inflammation was found to be associated with aggressive prostate cancer. We and others have shown that prostate tumors in African-American (AA) patients harbor a distinct immune and inflammation signature when compared with European-American (EA) patients. These observations suggest that inflammation could be a driver of aggressive disease in men of African descent, leading to the hypothesis that an anti-inflammatory drug like aspirin could prevent disease progression.
Methods: We examined the relationship between aspirin use and prostate cancer in the NCI-Maryland Prostate Cancer Case-Control Study consisting of 823 men with incident prostate cancer (422 AA and 401 EA) and 1,034 population-based men without the disease diagnosis (486 AA and 548 EA).
Results: We observed a significant inverse association between regular aspirin use and prostate cancer among AA men. Stratification of AA patients by disease stage showed that daily and long-term (&gt;3 years) aspirin use significantly decreased the risk of advanced disease [adjusted ORs for T3/T4 disease: 0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.17–0.73; and 0.22, 95% CI, 0.08–0.60, respectively], but not early-stage disease (T1/T2). Regular aspirin use also reduced disease recurrence in AA men.
Conclusions: Regular aspirin use is associated with a decreased risk of advanced stage prostate cancer and increased disease-free survival in AA men.
Impact: Regular aspirin use before and after a prostate cancer diagnosis may prevent the development of aggressive disease in AA men who are at risk of a lethal malignancy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(6); 845–53. ©2017 AACR.
Predictive Value of Age- and Sex-Specific Nomograms of Global Plaque Burden on Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography for Major Cardiac Events
Authors: Naoum Christopher , Berman Daniel S. , Ahmadi Amir , Blanke Philipp , Gransar Heidi , Narula Jagat , Shaw Leslee J. , Kritharides Leonard , Achenbach Stephan , Al-Mallah Mouaz H. , Andreini Daniele , Budoff Matthew J. , Cademartiri Filippo , Callister Tracy Q. , Chang Hyuk-Jae , Chinnaiyan Kavitha , Chow Benjamin , Cury Ricardo C. , DeLago Augustin , Dunning Allison , Feuchtner Gudrun , Hadamitzky Martin , Hausleiter Joerg , Kaufmann Philipp A. , Kim Yong-Jin , Maffei Erica , Marquez Hugo , Pontone Gianluca , Raff Gilbert , Rubinshtein Ronen , Villines Todd C. , Min James , Leipsic Jonathon 
Published: March 2017

Background—
Age-adjusted coronary artery disease (CAD) burden identified on coronary computed tomography angiography predicts major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) risk; however, it seldom contributes to clinical decision making because of a lack of nomographic data. We aimed to develop clinically pragmatic age- and sex-specific nomograms of CAD burden using coronary computed tomography angiography and to validate their prognostic use.

Methods and Results—

Patients prospectively enrolled in phase I of the CONFIRM registry (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes) were included (derivation cohort: n=21,132; 46% female) to develop CAD nomograms based on age–sex percentiles of segment involvement score (SIS) at each year of life (40–79 years). The relationship between SIS age–sex percentiles (SIS%) and MACE (all-cause death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and late revascularization) was tested in a nonoverlapping validation cohort (phase II, CONFIRM registry; n=3030, 44% female) by stratifying patients into 3 SIS% groups (≤50th, 51–75th, and >75th) and comparing annualized MACE rates and time to MACE using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for Framingham risk and chest pain typicality. Age–sex percentiles were well fitted to second-order polynomial curves (men:
R
2
=0.86±0.12; women:
R
2
=0.86±0.14). Using the nomograms, there were 1576, 965, and 489 patients, respectively, in the ≤50th, 51–75th, and >75th SIS% groups. Annualized event rates were higher among patients with greater CAD burden (2.1% [95% confidence interval: 1.7%–2.7%], 3.9% [95% confidence interval: 3.0%–5.1%], and 7.2% [95% confidence interval: 5.4%–9.6%] in ≤50th, 51–75th, and >75th SIS% groups, respectively;
P
<0.001). Adjusted MACE risk was significantly increased among patients in SIS% groups above the median compared with patients below the median (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.9 [1.3–2.8] for 51–75th SIS% group and 3.4 [2.3–5.0] for >75th SIS% group;
P
<0.01 for both).

Conclusions—
We have developed clinically pragmatic age- and sex-specific nomograms of CAD prevalence using coronary computed tomography angiography findings. Global plaque burden measured using SIS% is predictive of cardiac events independent of traditional risk assessment.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01443637.
Assessment of Diffuse Ventricular Myocardial Fibrosis Using Native T1 in Children With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Yim Deane , Riesenkampff Eugenie , Caro-Dominguez Pablo , Yoo Shi-Joon , Seed Mike , Grosse-Wortmann Lars 
Published: March 2017

Background—
Myocardial fibrosis is linked with adverse clinical outcomes in adults after tetralogy of Fallot repair (rTOF). Native T1 times (T1) by cardiac magnetic resonance have been shown to be a surrogate marker of diffuse myocardial fibrosis. The objective was to quantify native T1 in children post-rTOF and to evaluate their relationship with surgical, imaging, and clinical factors.

Methods and Results—

A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed. Midventricular native T1 were obtained in 100 children post-rTOF using a modified look-locker inversion recovery cardiac magnetic resonance sequence and compared with 35 pediatric controls. rTOF patients, aged 13.0±2.9 years, had higher indexed right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic (range 85–326 mL/m
2
, mean 148 mL/m
2
) volumes, and lower RV and left ventricular (LV) ejection fractions compared with controls. RV, but not LV, T1 were higher in patients than in controls (1031±74 versus 954±32 ms,
P
<0.001) and female patients had higher RV T1 compared with males (1051±79 versus 1017±68 ms,
P
=0.02). LV T1 correlated with RV T1 (
r
=0.45,
P
<0.001), cardiopulmonary bypass (
r
=0.30,
P
=0.007), and aortic cross-clamp times (
r
=0.32,
P
=0.004). RV T1 correlated inversely with RV outflow tract gradient (
r
=-0.28,
P
=0.02). Longer aortic cross-clamp times were independently associated with LV and RV T1 on multivariable analysis. There was no association between exercise intolerance, arrhythmia, and native T1 or LV extracellular volume.

Conclusions—
Children after rTOF do not have elevated LV native T1 or LV extracellular volume, but show evidence of increased RV native T1 suggestive of diffuse RV fibrosis, for which volume loading seems to be a risk factor. Surgical bypass and cross-clamp times are associated with fibrotic remodeling over a decade later.