bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Shared Populations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infecting Microglia and Tissue Macrophages outside the Central Nervous System
Authors: Wang T. H. , Donaldson Y. K. , Brettle R. P. , Bell J. E. , Simmonds P. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTInfection of microglia and other cells of the macrophage/monocyte lineage in the central nervous system (CNS) by human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) underlies the development of giant cell encephalitis (GCE). It is currently unknown whether GCE depends on the emergence of virus populations specifically adapted to replicate in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and whether this also leads to the specific targeting of macrophages in other nonlymphoid tissues. Autopsy samples from lymph node, brain (frontal region), lung, and full-thickness colon sections were obtained from nine study subjects with GCE and from nine without. The two groups showed no significant differences in CD4 counts, disease progression, or treatment history before death. Genetic relatedness between variants recovered from lymph node and nonlymphoid tissues was assessed by sequence comparison of V3 and p17gagregions using a newly developed method that scores the sample composition at successive nodes in a neighbor-joining tree. The association index enabled objective, numerical comparisons on the degree of tissue compartmentalization to be made. High proviral loads and p24 antigen expression in the brain were confined to the nine individuals with GCE. GCE was also associated with significantly higher proviral loads in colon samples (median of the GCE+group: 1,010 copies/106cells; median of GCE−group, 10/106cells;P= 0.006). In contrast, there were no significant differences in proviral load between the GCE+and GCE−groups in lymph node or lung samples, where HIV infection was manifested predominantly by infiltrates of lymphoid cells. V3 sequences from brain samples of individuals with GCE showed the greatest compartmentalization from those of lymph node, although samples from other tissues, particularly the colon, frequently contained variants phylogenetically related to those found in brain. The existence of shared, distinct populations of HIV specifically distributed in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage was further indicated by immunocytochemical detection of CD68+, multinucleated giant cells expressing p24 antigen in samples of lung and colon in two individuals with GCE. This study provides the basis for future investigation of possible phenotypic similarities that underline the shared distributions of HIV variants infecting microglia and tissue macrophages outside the CNS.
Construction and Manipulation of an Infectious Clone of the Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Genome Maintained as a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome
Authors: Mahony Timothy J. , McCarthy Fiona M. , Gravel Jennifer L. , West Lani , Young Peter L. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The complete genome of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) strain V155 has been cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Following electroporation into
Escherichia coli
strain DH10B, the BoHV-1 BAC was stably propagated over multiple generations of its host. BAC DNA recovered from DH10B cells and transfected into bovine cells produced a cytopathic effect which was indistinguishable from that of the parent virus. Analysis of the replication kinetics of the viral progeny indicated that insertion of the BAC vector into the thymidine kinase gene did not affect viral replication. Specific manipulation of the BAC was demonstrated by deleting the gene encoding glycoprotein E by homologous recombination in DH10B cells facilitated by GET recombination. These studies illustrate that the propagation and manipulation of herpesviruses in bacterial systems will allow for rapid and accurate characterization of BoHV-1 genes. In turn, this will allow for the full utilization of BoHV-1 as a vaccine vector.
Role of Recycling Endosomes and Lysosomes in Dynein-Dependent Entry of Canine Parvovirus
Authors: Suikkanen Sanna , Sääjärvi Katja , Hirsimäki Jonna , Välilehto Outi , Reunanen Hilkka , Vihinen-Ranta Maija , Vuento Matti 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a nonenveloped virus with a 5-kb single-stranded DNA genome. Lysosomotropic agents and low temperature are known to prevent CPV infection, indicating that the virus enters its host cells by endocytosis and requires an acidic intracellular compartment for penetration into the cytoplasm. After escape from the endocytotic vesicles, CPV is transported to the nucleus for replication. In the present study the intracellular entry pathway of the canine parvovirus in NLFK (Nordisk Laboratory feline kidney) cells was studied. After clustering in clathrin-coated pits and being taken up in coated vesicles, CPV colocalized with coendocytosed transferrin in endosomes resembling recycling endosomes. Later, CPV was found to enter, via late endosomes, a perinuclear vesicular compartment, where it colocalized with lysosomal markers. There was no indication of CPV entry into the trans-Golgi or the endoplasmic reticulum. Similar results were obtained both with full and with empty capsids. The data thus suggest that CPV or its DNA was released from the lysosomal compartment to the cytoplasm to be then transported to the nucleus. Electron microscopy analysis revealed endosomal vesicles containing CPV to be associated with microtubules. In the presence of nocodazole, a microtubule-disrupting drug, CPV entry was blocked and the virus was found in peripheral vesicles. Thus, some step(s) of the entry process were dependent on microtubules. Microinjection of antibodies to dynein caused CPV to remain in pericellular vesicles. This suggests an important role for the motor protein dynein in transporting vesicles containing CPV along the microtubule network.
Occupational exposure to solvents and male infertility
Authors: Cherry N , Labrèche F , Collins J , Tulandi T 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo determine whether, in a case-referent study of infertility patients, cases with low motile sperm count were more likely than referents to have had exposure to organic solvents.METHODSOccupations of men attending fertility clinics in Canada were assigned codes reflecting probable exposure to organic solvents, at four grades of intensity, using a job exposure matrix previously developed. A case referent design was used, with cases being defined as men with <12×106/ml motile sperm. Information from 656 men in manual work attending a single clinic in Montreal in 1972–91 was used for the main study. A separate analysis was conducted with information for 574 men in manual work attending 10 further clinics across Canada in 1984–7.RESULTSIn the Montreal series a significant association was found between intensity of exposure to solvents and clinical findings of <12×106/ml motile sperm. Odds ratios (ORs), after allowing for confounding, were 2.07 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.24 to 3.44) for moderate exposure to solvents and 3.83 (95% CI 1.37 to 10.65) for high exposure. In the second series of 568 men, the effect was confirmed at high exposure to solvents (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.01 to 8.34) but not at moderate exposure (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.92).CONCLUSIONSExposure to organic solvents is common both at work and in recreational pursuits. The results of this study suggest that efforts should be made to identify the compounds hazardous to male fertility, and if the risk is confirmed, to regulate their use.
Quasivectors and Tomita–Takesaki Theory for Operator Algebras on Π1-Spaces
Authors: Shulman Victor S. 
Published: July 2002

We consider operator algebras, which are symmetric with respect to an indefinite scalar product. It is shown, that in the case when the rank of indefiniteness is equal to 1 there exists a working modular theory, and in particular a precise analogue of the Fundamental Tomita's Theorem holds: For any weakly closed J-symmetric operator algebra [Formula: see text] with identity on a Π1-space H which has a cyclic and separating vector, there is an antilinear J-involution j : H→H such that [Formula: see text]. The paper also contains a full proof of the Double Commutant Theorem for J-symmetric operator algebras on Π1-spaces.
Mixed integer programming methods for computing nonmonotonic deductive databases
Authors: Bell Colin , Nerode Anil , Ng Raymond T. , Subrahmanian V. S. 
Published: July 2002

Though the declarative semantics of both explicit and nonmonotonic negation in logic programs has been studied extensively, relatively little work has been done on computation and implementation of these semantics. In this paper, we study three different approaches to computing stable models of logic programs based on mixed integer linear programming methods for automated deduction introduced by R. Jeroslow. We subsequently discuss the relative efficiency of these algorithms. The results of experiments with a prototype compiler implemented by us tend to confirm our theoretical discussion. In contrast to resolution, the mixed integer programming methodology is both fully declarative and handles reuse of old computations gracefully.
We also introduce, compare, implement, and experiment with linear constraints corresponding to four semantics for “explicit” negation in logic programs: the four-valued annotated semantics [Blair and Subrahmanian 1989], the Gelfond-Lifschitz semantics [1990], the over-determined models [Grant and Subrahmanian 1989], the Gelfond-Lifschitz semantics [1990], the over-determined models [Grant and Subrahmanian 1990], and the classical logic semantics. Gelfond and Lifschitz[1990] argue for simultaneous use of two modes of negation in logic programs, “classical” and “nonmonotonic,” so we give algorithms for computing “answer sets” for such logic programs too.
A trade-off between information and communication in broadcast protocols
Authors: Awerbuch Baruch , Goldreich Oded , Vainish Ronen , Peleg David 
Published: July 2002

This paper concerns the message complexity of broadcast in arbitrary point-to-point communication networks.Broadcastis a task initiated by asingleprocessor that wishes to convey a message to all processors in the network. The widely accepted model of communication networks, in which each processor initially knows the identity of its neighbors but does not know the entire network topology, is assumed. Although it seems obvious that the number of messages required for broadcast in this model equals the number of links, no proof of this basic fact has been given before.It is shown that the message complexity of broadcast depends on the exact complexity measure. If messages of unbounded length are counted at unit cost, then broadcast requires Θ(↿V↾) messages, whereVis the set of processors in the network. It is proved that, if one counts messages ofbounded length, then broadcast requires Θ(↿E↾) messages, whereEis the set of edges in the network.Assuming an intermediate model in which each vertex knows the topology of the network in radiusρ≥ 1 from itself, matching upper and lower bounds of Θ(min{↿E↾, ↿V↾1+Θ(l)/ρ}) is proved on the number of messages of bounded length required for broadcast. Both the upper and lower bounds hold for both synchronous and asynchronous network models.The same results hold for the construction of spanning trees, and various other global tasks.
EARLIEST CHRISTIANITY IN COUNTERFACTUAL FOCUS
Authors: Crossan John Dominic 
Published: July 2002

AbstractGranted that the historical Jesus existed and was confessed as Christ and Lord, what might have changed earliest Christianity utterly or even stopped it completely? I propose four events which would have altered Christianity beyond at least my capacity to imagine. What if all of earliest Christianity had stayed among the small hamlets of rural Galilee rather than some of it moving immediately to great cities like Jerusalem, Damascus, and Antioch? What if earliest Christianity had not accepted pagans alongside Jews within the new eschatological community of God? What if three revolts within seventy years, inside and outside the Jewish homeland, had not brought down upon it the destructive vengeance of the Roman empire? What if that same empire had not adopted a "don't ask, don't tell" attitude towards earliest Christianity but made it immediately a forbidden superstition?
Le Principe Du Beau Chez Plotin: Réflexions sur Enneas VI.7.32 et 33
Authors: Stern-Gillet Suzanne 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe status of beauty in Plotinus' metaphysics is unclear: is it a Form in Intellect, the Intelligible Principle itself, or the One? Basing themselves on a number of well-known passages in the Enneads, and assuming that Plotinus' Forms are similar in function and status to Plato's, many scholars hold that Plotinus theorized beauty as a determinate entity in Intellect. Such assumptions, it is here argued, lead to difficulties over self-predication, the interpretation of Plotinus's rich and varied aesthetic terminology and, most of all, the puzzling dearth of references, in the whole of the Enneads, to a Form of Beauty. A detailed reading of VI.7.32 and 33 reveals that, in these two crucial passages at least, Plotinus adopts an aesthetic approach to the One and that, far from confining Beauty to Intellect, he equates the One, the Good and the Beautiful. This reading is here supported not only by an analysis of the text but also by a consideration of the semantic differences between μορη and ειδος, the inter-relatedness, in Plotinus' philosophy, of the concepts of love and value, and the exclusion of beauty from the πρωτα γενη. In turn, the exegesis of VI.7.32 and 33 raises the issue of the significance for aesthetics understood in the narrow sense of the word, of Plotinus's ontology of beauty. It is here claimed that in so far as sensible beauty, both artistic and natural, can be nothing else than an effect of the shaping action of the Forms and a reflection of their radiance, singular or global, it should not be held that Plotinus had an aesthetics in the modern sense of this term.
Distribution, natural history and morphometrics of the critically endangered Coluber hippocrepis populations of Sardinia: a review, with additional data and conservation implications
Authors: Filippi Ernesto , Luiselli Luca , Capula Massimo , Corti Claudia 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract. The horseshoe snake (Coluber hippocrepis) is one of the most threatened Italian snakes, especially in Sardinia where its present occurrence was unclear. This paper reviews the current distribution of C. hippocrepis in Sardinia, and confirms that this species is still found in a limited number of sites of Cagliari province. Its actual presence in Oristano province, on the contrary, is still in doubt. Statistical analyses on several morphometric measurements taken from museum specimens suggest that snakes from the central Mediterranean area (Sardinia, Pantelleria, and Tunisia) are distinguished from those of the western Mediterranean area (Portugal and Morocco) by having significantly higher numbers of ventrals. A few natural-history notes on Sardinian specimens are presented, and a rationale for an urgent conservation plan is given.
HUMAN SCIENCE RESEARCH AS THE EMBODIMENT OF OPENNESS: SWIMMING UPSTREAM IN A TECHNOLOGICAL CULTURE
Authors: Halling Steen , Dahlberg Karin 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe principle of openness is central to human science (e.g., phenomenological and hermeneutical) approaches to research where the researcher becomes closely involved with the phenomenon under study. This article addresses both the practical and theoretical challenges that confront the researcher who seeks to be open. It also clarifies the meaning of the concept of openness and considers its relationship to the ideal of objectivity. Openness, it is argued, is neither an enduring state nor a trait but requires an ongoing struggle and has different forms at various stages in the research process. Integral to this process is the experience of "being in the dark" which makes it especially difficult for the researcher to remain open. Various ways of managing this experience are presented.
Fusion AML1 transcript in a radiation-associated leukemia results in a truncated inhibitory AML1 protein
Authors: Hromas Robert , Busse Tracey , Carroll Audra , Mack David , Shopnick Rinah , Zhang Dong-Er , Nakshatri Harikrishna , Richkind Kathleen 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
AML1 is a transcription factor that is essential for normal hematopoietic development. It is the most frequent target for translocations in acute leukemia. Recently, fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to identify a novel syndrome of radiation-associated secondary acute myelogenous leukemia that had AML1 translocations. Using polymerase chain reaction, the AML1 fusion transcript was isolated from the patient who had a t(19;21) radiation-associated leukemia. The AML1gene is fused out of frame to chromosome 19 sequences, resulting in a truncated AML protein bearing the DNA binding domain but not the transcriptional activation domain. This fusion AML1 protein functions as an inhibitor of the normal AML1 protein.
Regulation of fetal versus embryonic gamma globin genes: appropriate developmental stage expression patterns in the presence of HS2 of the locus control region
Authors: Yu Timothy , Thomas David M. , Zhu Wei , Goodman Morris , Gumucio Deborah L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The γ genes provide the major contribution to beta-like globin chain production in the fetal liver of humans. However, the expression of γ genes in the fetus is a recent evolutionary trend seen only in the primate lineage. In a previous study, it was shown that galago and human γ genes retain their characteristic stage-specific expression patterns in transgenic mice (galago γ is expressed exclusively in the embryo, whereas human γ is expressed in the fetus). In that experiment, human and galago γ genes were linked to hypersensitive site 3 (HS3) of the locus control region. To rule out the possibility that HS3 is required for these differential expression profiles, additional transgenic lines were tested in which human or galago γ genes were linked to HS2. Once again, the galago γ gene was embryonic and the human γ gene was fetal, indicating that the stage specificity of these genes is driven by elements located within the 4-kb fragments that contain the human and galago γ genes proper.
Versatile Nanolights From Silicon, Carbon and Oxygen Hybrid System for Optical Applications
Authors: Song Bin , Cui Mingyue , Ji Yujin , He Yao , Kang Zhenhui , Lee Shuit‐Tong 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSilicon, carbon and oxygen hybrid nanomaterials (i.e., SiCOHNs) have recently drawn extensive attention as versatile photoluminescence (PL) nanosystems. The collective advantages of silicon‐ and carbon‐based nanostructures have resulted in SiCOHNs with tunable and photostable PL properties, abundant possibilities for surface modification, and low biotoxicity. Although SiCOHNs have shown great potential in diverse applications, such as bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery and information encryption, discovering novel SiCOHNs with explicit nanostructures and elucidating the fundamental mechanisms of their PL properties for bioapplications are highly desirable. In this review, on the preparation of SiCOHNs on the basis of the synthesis conditions and precursors are first focused. Next, the manipulation of the emission wavelength, quantum yield and RTP of SiCOHNs is discussed. On the basis of previous reports and the recent experimental/theoretical results, the primary structure of SiCOHNs is clarified and deduced their possible PL mechanism. SiCOHNs possess bacterial uptake efficiency and/or anticancer capacity, promoting various biomedical applications and proof‐of‐concept applications in anti‐counterfeiting. Finally, current challenges and future trends are summarized as a roadmap for the development of SiCOHNs‐based optical applications.
Exploring Mechanoluminescence of Zinc Alkaline Earth Metal Oxysulfides from Fundamentals to Advanced Applications
Authors: Li Wei , Cai Yiyu , Chang Jianqing , Liu Jianjun , Wang Shanshan , Zhang Jun‐Cheng 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMechanoluminescent (ML) materials convert mechanical stimuli into light emission, enabling applications in stress distribution visualization, structural health monitoring, biomechanical imaging, and sono‐optogenetics. Achieving efficient and full‐spectrum ML materials represents a long‐standing challenge. Zinc alkaline earth metal oxysulfides, namely CaZnOS, SrZnOS, BaZnOS, and SrZn2S2O, have emerged as prominent contenders in this field due to their exceptional ML properties. These materials feature low‐stress thresholds for emission activation, high ML intensity without the need for irradiation charging, and tunable spectra ranging from visible to near‐infrared, thus advancing ML research and broadening application possibilities. Here, a comprehensive review of the significant advancements made in ML research on zinc alkaline earth metal oxysulfides over the past decade, encompassing synthesis, characterization, mechanisms, and promising applications is presented. Special attention is focused on addressing conflicting reports on ML generation conditions, recent progress in accurately characterizing ML performance, and understanding mechanical‐to‐optical conversion processes. Future directions in fundamental ML research and the challenges in translating these advancements into practical applications are also discussed.
In situ Triggered Rich‐LiF/Mg Multifunctional Passivation Layer for Modifying the Anode Interface of All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Chengdeng , Wu Jun , Hao Jiamao , Shi Haofeng , Yang Lu , Wang Jiashuai , Wang Zhi , Chen Xiangrui , Li Jinpeng , Gao Yan , Yan Xiaoqin , Gu Yousong 
Published: October 2024

AbstractLithium (Li) is a promising anode material for all‐solid‐state Li metal batteries (ASSLMBs) due to its high energy density. However, the interface incompatibility of Li/solid electrolyte and uneven Li deposition induces the penetration of Li dendrites. Herein, a multifunctional rich‐LiF/Mg artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer is constructed from a MgF2‐PVDF‐HFP film to passivate the Li anode and achieve effective inhibition of Li dendrites. Notably, the triggered LixMg alloys rivet the Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) electrolyte and Li anode together well, producing satisfactory interface contact and reducing overpotential. The mechanism of LiF and LixMg alloys to enhance the stability of the Li/LPSCl interface is further elucidated by density functional theory (DFT). Moreover, the synergistic interaction of LiF with high interfacial energy and LixMg alloys with low diffusion barrier promotes uniform deposition of Li during plating/stripping and structural stability. Therefore, the modified Li‐symmetric cell exhibits ultra‐high critical current density (2.0 mA cm−2) and considerable cyclic stability (more than 1000 h at 0.5 mA cm−2). Remarkably, NCM//LPSCl//3% MgF2‐PVDF‐HFP@Li ASSLMBs exhibit considerable long‐term cycle stability (86.9% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.2 C). This work highlights the critical role of the intermediate passivating layer in mitigating side reactions and preventing Li penetration.