bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of warming on predator–prey interactions – a resource‐based approach and a theoretical synthesis
Authors: Uszko Wojciech , Diehl Sebastian , Englund Göran , Amarasekare Priyanga 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe theoretically explore consequences of warming for predator–prey dynamics, broadening previous approaches in three ways: we include beyond‐optimal temperatures, predators may have a type III functional response, and prey carrying capacity depends on explicitly modelled resources. Several robust patterns arise. The relationship between prey carrying capacity and temperature can range from near‐independence to monotonically declining/increasing to hump‐shaped. Predators persist in a U‐shaped region in resource supply (=enrichment)‐temperature space. Type II responses yield stable persistence in a U‐shaped band inside this region, giving way to limit cycles with enrichment at all temperatures. In contrast, type III responses convey stability at intermediate temperatures and confine cycles to low and high temperatures. Warming‐induced state shifts can be predicted from system trajectories crossing stability and persistence boundaries in enrichment‐temperature space. Results of earlier studies with more restricted assumptions map onto this graph as special cases. Our approach thus provides a unifying framework for understanding warming effects on trophic dynamics.
CO‐CREATING CHARACTERS WITH EMPATHY: FONTANE'S UNWIEDERBRINGLICH
Authors: Taylor Nadine 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on how readers create characters in their imagination by drawing both on the information provided by the text and on their own emotional reactions to the story. Building on the theory of the ‘New Reader’, as well as drawing from other disciplines such as cognitive science, the effect of textual elements on the reader is examined. A reading of Fontane's Unwiederbringlich, a novel that tells the story of two spouses who fail to bridge the gulf that opens between them, exemplifies this approach. Christine and Holk increasingly fail to understand and relate to one another with empathy, while readers are trying to comprehend, alongside them, who these characters are, why they act the way they do, and how to feel about both. The novel plays with our expectations and sympathies, subtly recreating in its readers the emotions felt by its main characters. If readers remain aware of their own process of characterisation as well as their emotional responses, they can maintain empathy with both characters instead of being drawn into identifying with only one of them. This leads to a much richer and more nuanced reading of Unwiederbringlich.Dieser Artikel untersucht, wie Leser, mithilfe der Informationen des Textes und ihren eigenen emotionalen Reaktionen darauf, fiktionale Charaktere zum Leben erwecken. Der Effekt verschiedener Textelemente wird analysiert, aufbauend auf der ‘New Reader’ Theorie sowie den Erkenntnissen anderer Disziplinen wie der Psychologie. Theodor Fontanes Roman Unwiederbringlich, in welchem ein Ehepaar versucht, wieder zueinander zu finden, veranschaulicht diese Herangehensweise. Christine und Holk fällt es zunehmend schwer, einander zu verstehen und miteinander zu fühlen, während die Leser, genau wie die Protagonisten selbst, versuchen zu begreifen, wer diese Charaktere sind, was ihre Handlungen motiviert und was sie als Leser darüber denken und fühlen. Der Roman spielt mit unseren Erwartungen und Sympathien; die Emotionen der Charaktere werden geschickt in der Leseerfahrung gespiegelt. Wenn es den Lesern gelingt, sich ihres eigenen kognitiven sowie emotionalen Charakterisierungsprozesses bewusst zu werden, können sie sich beiden Hauptfiguren empathisch nähern, anstatt sich mit nur einer von ihnen zu identifizieren. Dieser Ansatz eröffnet eine reichere und differenziertere Leseerfahrung von Unwiederbringlich.
‘MICH SCHWINDELT VOR FARBE UND DUFT’: NATURE AND SUBJECTIVITY IN SARAH KIRSCH'S LANDAUFENTHALT
Authors: Stokes Anne 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThere appears to be a critical consensus that the poetry of Sarah Kirsch revealed from the outset a tension between the individual and society, between the poet's private experiences and those of the socialist collective. This essay argues, however, that sustained critical focus on implicit political opposition to travel restrictions and the inequality of the sexes in a handful of Kirsch's poems from the late sixties has resulted in a lack of attention to the main concern of her debut solo collection Landaufenthalt, namely the poet's questioning and eventual abandoning of the dictates of socialist realism regarding the role of nature in poetry, and the pivotal role played by her personal interaction with nature in this process, as signalled in the title. The essay discusses the depiction of nature in allegedly dissident poems involving travel that are situated at the start of the collection before considering poems about features of the natural landscape that appear after the title poem. It outlines the evolution of Kirsch's questioning of official cultural policy within the context of the lyric poetry debate in Forum in the sixties and her decisive departure from socialist realism in the final poem of the collection.Es besteht ein allgemeines Einvernehmen darüber, dass Sarah Kirschs Lyrik von Anfang an durch die Spannung zwischen dem Individuum und der Gesellschaft oder genauer, zwischen den eigenen Erfahrungen und denen des sozialistischen Kollektivs geprägt war. Entgegen dieser Meinung wird im vorliegenden Beitrag behauptet, dass die andauernde Fokussierung auf implizite politische Opposition gegen Reisebeschränkungen und die Ungleichheit der Geschlechter in einigen Gedichten Kirschs aus den späten 1960er Jahren das Hauptanliegen ihres Erstlingswerks Landaufenthalt übersieht, nämlich wie Kirsch den Sozialistischen Realismus in Frage stellt und die entscheidende, im Titel signalisierte Zwiesprache der Dichterin mit der Natur in diesem Prozess. Der Beitrag erläutert zunächst die Darstellung der Natur in den vermeintlich regimekritischen und sich mit Reisen beschäftigenden Gedichten am Anfang des Gedichtbandes und danach die Beschäftigung der Dichterin mit der Naturlandschaft, die nach dem Titelgedicht immer deutlicher in den Vordergrund tritt. Die Analyse verdeutlicht, wie Kirsch im Rahmen der Forum‐Lyrikdebatte der sechziger Jahre die offizielle Kulturpolitik über die Verwendung von Naturphänomenen in lyrischen Versen in Frage stellt, um sich dann schließlich im letzten Gedicht des Bandes vom Sozialistischen Realismus entschieden abzuwenden.
Ageing, dental caries and periodontal diseases
Authors: López Rodrigo , Smith Patricio C , Göstemeyer Gerd , Schwendicke Falk 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimTo review the burden of caries and periodontitis in the elderly, changes with age that can explain this burden, and the vulnerability to disease of elderly populations.MethodsAn assessment of surveys in two populations was conducted. Indicators for caries were identified by updating a systematic review. Secular trends for smoking and type 2 diabetes were discussed.ResultsChanges in the susceptibility to periodontitis with age may be explained by exposure to pro‐inflammatory conditions and changes in the healing capacity of cells and tissues. Due to accumulated periodontal destruction, the number of surfaces at risk for caries increases. The sequels of restorative treatment contribute to an increased susceptibility for caries development. Population‐based surveys in the United States and Germany demonstrate a high caries experience among elderly people. A comparison of surveys demonstrates a relative improvement of periodontal health among elderly during the last few decades. Nevertheless, prevalence estimates for periodontitis remain high. Risk indicators for root caries include caries experience, the number of surfaces at risk and poor oral hygiene. Secular trends of main risk factors for periodontitis and their likely influence on the future periodontitis burden in the elderly are discussed.ConclusionCaries and periodontitis burden in the elderly remain high.
Peripheral neuropathy in prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Stino Amro M , Smith Albert G 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPeripheral neuropathy is a major cause of disability worldwide. Diabetes is the most common cause of neuropathy, accounting for 50% of cases. Over half of people with diabetes develop neuropathy, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a major cause of reduced quality of life due to pain, sensory loss, gait instability, fall‐related injury, and foot ulceration and amputation. Most patients with non‐diabetic neuropathy have cryptogenic sensory peripheral neuropathy (CSPN). A growing body of literature links prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome to the risk of both DPN and CSPN. This association might be particularly strong in type 2 diabetes patients. There are no effective medical treatments for CSPN or DPN, and aggressive glycemic control is an effective approach to neuropathy risk reduction only in type 1 diabetes. Several studies suggest lifestyle‐based treatments that integrate dietary counseling with exercise might be a promising therapeutic approach to early DPN in type 2 diabetes and CSPN associated with prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Forkhead box class O family member proteins: The biology and pathophysiological roles in diabetes
Authors: Tsuchiya Kyoichiro , Ogawa Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2017

AbstractForkhead box class O family member proteins (FoxOs) of transcription factors are essential regulators of cellular homeostasis, including glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress response and redox signaling, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Altered FoxO1 expression and activity have been associated with glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and complications of diabetes. In the liver, they direct carbons to glucose or lipid utilization, thus providing a unifying mechanism for the two abnormalities of the diabetic liver: excessive glucose production, and increased lipid synthesis and secretion. In the pancreas, FoxO1 is necessary to maintain β‐cell differentiation, and could be promising targets for β‐cell regeneration. In endothelial cells, FoxOs strongly promote atherosclerosis through suppressing nitric oxide production and enhancing inflammatory responses. In the present review, we summarize the basic biology and pathophysiological significance of FoxOs in diabetes.
The effects of major U.S. domestic airline code sharing and profit sharing rule
Authors: Shen Caixia 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper presents a structural model of code sharing among major U.S. domestic airlines and estimates a profit‐sharing rule. The profit‐sharing rule between partner firms in code sharing is estimated at 0.92, which suggests that the operating carrier acquires around 92% of profits from a round‐trip, and the marketing carrier retains 8% as a commission fee. Meanwhile, the economies of code sharing reduces marginal cost, and firms are able to price at higher markups. This implies that demand increases and consumers have larger surplus if code sharing creates new products.
Microtubule dynamics and the neurodegenerative triad of Alzheimer's disease: The hidden connection
Authors: Brandt Roland , Bakota Lidia 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and is, on a histopathological level, characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques composed of the protein fragment Aβ, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, which contain the microtubule‐associated protein tau in a hyperphosphorylated state. In AD defects in microtubule (MT) assembly and organization have also been reported; however, it is unclear whether MT abnormalities have a causal and early role in the disease process or represent a common end point downstream of the neurodegenerative cascade. Recent evidence indicates that microtubule‐stabilizing drugs prevent axonopathy in animal models of tauopathies and reverse Aβ‐induced loss of synaptic connectivity in an ex vivo model of amyloidosis. This could suggest that MT dysfunction connects some of the degenerative events and provides a useful target to simultaneously prevent several neurodegenerative processes in AD. Here, we describe how changes in the structure and dynamics of MTs are involved in the different aspects of the neurodegenerative triad of AD. We discuss evidence that MTs are affected both by tau‐dependent and tau‐independent mechanisms but appear to be regulated in a distinct way in different neuronal compartments. We argue that modulation of MT dynamics could be of potential benefit but needs to be precisely controlled in a cell and compartment‐specific manner to avoid harmful side effects.This article is part of the series “Beyond Amyloid”.
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Quality control of Hypericum perforatum L. analytical challenges and recent progress
Authors: Agapouda Anastasia , Booker Anthony , Kiss Tivadar , Hohmann Judit , Heinrich Michael , Csupor Dezső 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Objectives
The most widely applied qualitative and quantitative analytical methods in the quality control of Hypericum perforatum extracts will be reviewed, including routine analytical tools and most modern approaches.

Key findings
Biologically active components of H. perforatum are chemically diverse; therefore, different chromatographic and detection methods are required for the comprehensive analysis of St. John's wort extracts. Naphthodianthrones, phloroglucinols and flavonoids are the most widely analysed metabolites of this plant. For routine quality control, detection of major compounds belonging to these groups seems to be sufficient; however, closer characterization requires the detection of minor compounds as well.

Conclusions
TLC and HPTLC are basic methods in the routine analysis, whereas HPLC-DAD is the most widely applied method for quantitative analysis due to its versatility. LC-MS is gaining importance in pharmacokinetic studies due to its sensitivity. Modern approaches, such as DNA barcoding, NIRS and NMR metabolomics, may offer new possibilities for the more detailed characterization of secondary metabolite profile of H. perforatum extracts.
Life cycle size dynamics inDidymosphenia geminata(Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Bishop Ian W. , Spaulding Sarah A. 
Published: March 2017

Didymosphenia geminatahas received a great deal of attention in the last 25 years, and considerable effort has gone into determining the origin, ecological impact, and economic consequences of its invasive behavior. While environmental conditions are a controlling influence in distribution, the extreme success of the species may be tied to its basic biology and life history. Little is known, however, about population dynamics, size restoration and reproduction ofD. geminata. The objective of this study was to determine the temporal patterns in cell size frequency, size restoration strategy, and synchronization of life cycles between populations in close proximity. We implemented FlowCam technology to measure the length of more than 100,000D. geminatacells from two sites in South Boulder Creek, Colorado over 1 year. We applied finite mixture modeling to uncover temporal patterns in size distribution. Our results show that collections ofD. geminataexhibited a complex, multimodal size distribution, almost always containing four overlapping age cohorts. We failed to observe direct visual evidence of the sexual phase. Multiple abrupt and directional shifts in size distribution, however, were documented providing conclusive evidence of cell size restoration. Lastly, nodules in close proximity were asynchronous with respect to size frequency profiles and size diminution, highlighting the relevance of spatial heterogeneity in in situ diatom size dynamics. This study is the first to document the complexity of diatom cell size distribution in a lotic system, size restoration inD. geminata, and the variability in rates of size reduction at microhabitat spatial scales.
Enhanced liver fibrosis test predicts transplant‐free survival in primary sclerosing cholangitis, a multi‐centre study
Authors: de Vries Elisabeth M.G. , Färkkilä Martti , Milkiewicz Piotr , Hov Johannes R. , Eksteen Bertus , Thorburn Douglas , Chazouillères Olivier , Pares Albert , Nygård Ståle , Gilja Odd H. , Wunsch Ewa , Invernizzi Pietro , Carbone Marco , Bernuzzi Francesca , Boberg Kirsten M. , Røsjø Helge , Rosenberg William , Beuers Ulrich H. , Ponsioen Cyriel Y. , Karlsen Tom H. , Vesterhus Mette 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground & AimsBiomarkers reflecting disease activity and prognosis in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have not been firmly established. Enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test was previously reported to predict outcome in PSC. We aimed to validate the prognostic utility of ELF test in an independent, multi‐centre, retrospective PSC study population.MethodsWe collected serum samples from PSC patients from seven countries. We estimated rates of transplant‐free survival by the Kaplan‐Meier method, used Cox proportional hazards regression to explore the association between ELF test and clinical outcome and determined prognostic performance of ELF test by computing the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC‐ROC) curve.ResultsThe final analysis included 534 PSC patients (61% males). Features of autoimmune hepatitis or concomitant inflammatory bowel disease affected 44 (8%) and 379 (71%) patients respectively. ELF test levels were higher in patients reaching the combined endpoint liver transplantation or death (median 10.9 [Interquartile range (IQR): 9.8‐12.1]; n=24 deaths, 79 liver transplantations) compared to those censored (8.8 [IQR: 8.0‐9.8]); P<.001. ELF test expressed as mild, moderate and severe fibrosis was significantly associated with the risk of reaching the endpoint (P<.001). ELF test independently predicted clinical outcome (Hazard ratio 1.31; 95% confidence interval [1.05‐1.65]; P=.018), and enabled good discrimination between PSC patients with and without endpoint (AUC‐ROC: 0.79).ConclusionOur retrospective data validates the predictive utility of ELF test for clinical outcomes in PSC. The clinical utility of biomarkers for fibrosis in patients with PSC should be assessed in prospective patient cohorts.
Primary non‐function is frequently associated with fatty liver allografts and high mortality after re‐transplantation
Authors: Kulik Ulf , Lehner Frank , Klempnauer Jürgen , Borlak Jürgen 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground & AimsThe shortage of liver donations demands the use of suboptimal grafts with steatosis being a frequent finding. Although ≤30% macrovesicular steatosis is considered to be safe the risk for primary non‐function (PNF) and outcome after re‐transplantation (re‐OLT) is unknown.MethodsAmong 1205 orthotopic liver transplantations performed at our institution the frequency, survival and reason of re‐OLT were evaluated. PNF (group A) cases and those with initial transplant function but subsequent need for re‐OLT (group B) were analysed. Histopathology and clinical judgement determined the cause of PNF and included an assessment of hepatic steatosis. Additionally, survival of fatty liver allografts (group C) not requiring re‐OLT was considered in Kaplan‐Meier and multivariate regression analysis.ResultsA total of 77 high urgency re‐OLTs were identified and included 39 PNF cases. Nearly 70% of PNF cases were due to primary fatty liver allografts. The 3‐month in‐hospital mortality for PNF cases after re‐OLT was 46% and the mean survival after re‐OLT was 0.5 years as compared to 5.2 and 5.1 years for group B, C, respectively, (P<.008). In multivariate Cox regression analysis only hepatic steatosis was associated with an inferior survival (HR 4.272, P=.002). The MELD score, donor BMI, age, cold ischaemic time, ICU stay, serum sodium and transaminases did not influence overall survival.ConclusionsOur study highlights fatty liver allografts to be a major cause for PNF with excessive mortality after re‐transplantation. The findings demand the development of new methods to predict risk for PNF of fatty liver allografts.
Reframing the Aura: Digital Photography in Ancestral Worship
Authors: Müller Katja 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAnthropological archives employ norms of originality and authenticity that digital reproduction may undermine. Digitization offers new prospects for appropriating a shared cultural heritage. The stark contrasts that evolve through multiple re‐readings of anthropological archives call into question hegemonic discourses about the authenticity of the original and its value as historic material. In an Indian case study, digitization forms the basis for a performative interpretation of visual archives. The perceivers foreground ancestral worship and the mnemonic characteristics of the photographs. Reaching beyond intercultural encounters, preservation, and accessibility, they challenge the institutionalized foundations of interpreting and making meaning out of anthropological records.
Race‐related differences in tissue dielectric constant measured noninvasively at 300 MHz in male and female skin at multiple sites and depths
Authors: Mayrovitz H. N. , Mahtani S. A. , Pitts E. , Michaelos L. 
Published: March 2017

Background/PurposeWe hypothesized that reported race‐related differences in skin properties cause skin and skin‐to‐fat water differences among races that are measureable by skin tissue dielectric constant (TDC) values that depend strongly on water content. Our first aim was to test this hypothesis. Also, since inter‐side TDC ratios are used to assess edema and lymphedema, the second aim was to test if TDC ratios are race‐dependent. The third aim was to determine the extent to which TDC depends on total body water (TBW) and fat (TBF).MethodsTissue dielectric constant was measured to 1.5 or 5.0 mm depths bilaterally on chest, forearm and ankle in 100 young (19‐39 years) adults with 10 male and 10 female per self‐expressed race. Races were African‐American, Asian, Asian‐Indian, Caucasian and Hispanic groups. TBW and TBF were measured using bioimpedance.ResultsTissue dielectric constant values decreased from chest to forearm to ankle (P<.001) independent of race with most values greater for males but with inter‐arm TDC ratios independent of gender, site, depth, or race. For females, forearm TDC values differed among races (P<.01) with Asian and Asian‐Indian values tending to be least. For males, chest TDC values differed among races (P<.01) mainly due to large African‐American TDC values. For the composite group, TDC was strongly (P<.001) positively correlated with TBW and negatively correlated with TBF.ConclusionsTissue dielectric constant dependence on race of the type herein uncovered should be considered in assessing skin hydration comparisons that include different race or ethnic subjects. Further, the demonstrated relationship between TDC and body composition should be considered as an important covariate. However, despite these variations, the inter‐arm TDC ratio remains robust as a potential indicator of unilateral tissue water changes.