bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Michael Stone Inquiry – A Reflection
Authors: Francis Robert 
Published: December 2015

<p>On 9th July 1996 Lin Russell and her two young daughters, Megan and Josie, were subjected to an horrific assault in broad daylight in a peaceful country lane. Over a year later, Michael Stone, a man with a history of mental disorder, drug abuse and violence was arrested, following information passed to the police by his psychiatrist in response to a Crimewatch reconstruction.</p><p>This article examines the details of the case and considers the varying application of the clinical and criminal systems to dangerously disordered individuals.</p>
Casenotes: The Incompatible Burden of Proof at Mental Health Review Tribunals
Authors: Eldergill Anselm 
Published: December 2015

<em><em></em></em><p align="LEFT">R v Mental Health Review Tribunal, on the application of H [2001] EWCA Civ 415</p><p>Court of Appeal (28th March 2001)</p><p>Lord Phillips MR, Kennedy and Dyson LJJ</p><p align="LEFT"> </p>
Flow Behavior Through Porous Media and Microdisplacement Performances of Hydrophobically Modified Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide
Authors: Guo Yongjun , Hu Jun , Zhang Xinmin , Feng Rusen , Li Huabing 
Published: December 2015

Summary
To investigate the relationship between the flow behavior and microdisplacement performance and the molecular structures, especially associating monomer content, of hydrophobically modified partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HMHPAMs) with varied associating monomer content, compared with that of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), a series of experiments were conducted that involved the filtration through screen viscometer, nucleopore membrane, and series-connection microporous membranes; the flow through three serial mounted artificial cores; and the displacement in the microetching model. The screen factors and the hydrodynamic sizes of polymers were obtained by screen viscometer and nucleopore membrane, respectively. The results show that the screen factors and hydrodynamic sizes of HMHPAMs were much-more sensitive to the polymer concentration, filtration pressure, and associating monomer content than HPAM. Moreover, the filtration experiment through series-connection microporous membranes indicates that there were moderate associating monomer content or greater flow pressure or pore size for HMHPAMs to easily pass and obtain equivalent differential pressure between membranes, which implies that the compatibility between the pore size and the hydrodynamic sizes of the microstructures is the most-important factor for the injectivity of HMHPAMs. The resistance factor (RF) established by HMHPAMs through three serial mounted artificial cores notably tended to be higher than HPAMs, and the HMHPAMs with higher associating monomer content could generate a greater RF. In contrast, when the associating monomer content was low enough and the permeability was high enough, the flow could obtain equilibrium easily and the RFs were almost in accordance, which indicate there was moderate associating monomer content for HMHPAMs to propagate deep into the cores. At the same viscosity, HMHPAMs had better microdisplacement efficiency than glycerol (no effect) and HPAM (a small portion) for displacing the residual oil trapped in the “dead” ends of flow channel. The pilot tests of the associative polymer AP-P4, which was developed for Bohai oil fields, have demonstrated the great application potential of HMHPAMs for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
Investigation Of Helium Implanted Fe–Cr Alloys By Means Of X–Ray Diffraction And Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy
Authors: Novák Patrik , Gokhman Aleksandr , Dobročka Edmund , Bokor Jozef , Pecko Stanislav 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
X-ray diffraction (XRD) and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) have been used for the characterization of the two binary alloys Fe-Cr with Cr content 2.36 and 8.39 wt%. The influence of ion implantation on these alloys was studied. Different implantation doses of helium, up to 0.5 C/cm2, were used to simulate neutron-induced damage in a sub-surface region. To characterize the damage, a lattice parameter, coherent domain size, residual stress and a crystallographic texture have been studied by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). It was found out that these parameters showed a similar dependence on the implantation dose as the positron lifetime determined by positron annihilation spectroscopy.
Fracture of fusion mass after hardware removal in patients with high sagittal imbalance
Authors: Sedney Cara L. , Daffner Scott D. , Stefanko Jared J. , Abdelfattah Hesham , Emery Sanford E. , France John C. 
Published: December 2015

OBJECT
As spinal fusions become more common and more complex, so do the sequelae of these procedures, some of which remain poorly understood. The authors report on a series of patients who underwent removal of hardware after CT-proven solid fusion, confirmed by intraoperative findings. These patients later developed a spontaneous fracture of the fusion mass that was not associated with trauma. A series of such patients has not previously been described in the literature.

METHODS
An unfunded, retrospective review of the surgical logs of 3 fellowship-trained spine surgeons yielded 7 patients who suffered a fracture of a fusion mass after hardware removal. Adult patients from the West Virginia University Department of Orthopaedics who underwent hardware removal in the setting of adjacent-segment disease (ASD), and subsequently experienced fracture of the fusion mass through the uninstrumented segment, were studied. The medical records and radiological studies of these patients were examined for patient demographics and comorbidities, initial indication for surgery, total number of surgeries, timeline of fracture occurrence, risk factors for fracture, as well as sagittal imbalance.

RESULTS
All 7 patients underwent hardware removal in conjunction with an extension of fusion for ASD. All had CT-proven solid fusion of their previously fused segments, which was confirmed intraoperatively. All patients had previously undergone multiple operations for a variety of indications, 4 patients were smokers, and 3 patients had osteoporosis. Spontaneous fracture of the fusion mass occurred in all patients and was not due to trauma. These fractures occurred 4 months to 4 years after hardware removal. All patients had significant sagittal imbalance of 13–15 cm. The fracture level was L-5 in 6 of the 7 patients, which was the first uninstrumented level caudal to the newly placed hardware in all 6 of these patients. Six patients underwent surgery due to this fracture.

CONCLUSIONS
The authors present a case series of 7 patients who underwent surgery for ASD after a remote fusion. These patients later developed a fracture of the fusion mass after hardware removal from their previously successfully fused segment. All patients had a high sagittal imbalance and had previously undergone multiple spinal operations. The development of a spontaneous fracture of the fusion mass may be related to sagittal imbalance. Consideration should be given to reimplanting hardware for these patients, even across good fusions, to prevent spontaneous fracture of these areas if the sagittal imbalance is not corrected.
Return to the emergency department after ventricular shunt evaluation
Authors: Sarda Samir , Simon Harold K. , Hirsh Daniel A. , Wang Andrew , Shane Tubbs R. , Chern Joshua J. 
Published: December 2015

OBJECT
Patients with CSF shunts are medically complex and frequently present to the emergency department (ED) with suspected shunt malfunction. After adequate evaluation in the ED and proper disposition, some patients return to the ED within a short period of time. In this study, the authors examined the reasons for ED revisits within 7 days of the index ED visit to discern possible preventable returns.

METHODS
There were 3080 index ED visits made by patients with shunted hydrocephalus between 2010 and 2013. Index ED visits preceded by another ED visit or neurosurgical procedure within 60 days were excluded. Index ED visits for reasons unrelated to shunt function and those that led directly to admissions and shunt revision surgeries were also excluded. The remaining 1509 ED visits were eligible for analysis in this study. Final dispositions from the index ED visit included home (1176 cases), admission to the neurosurgery service for observation (134 cases), and admission to other services (199 cases). Subsequent events within 7 days, including ED revisits, hospital admissions, and shunt-related surgery were recorded, and reasons for the ED revisits were categorized based on whether the visit was related to shunt function concerns. Clinical and socioeconomic factors were analyzed for their association with ED revisits by using statistical methods.

RESULTS
Of the 1176 patients discharged home from the ED after shunt function evaluation, 101 (8.6%) returned to the ED within 7 days. Of the 134 patients admitted to the neurosurgery service for observation only, 8 (6.0%) returned to the ED within 7 days of discharge. Of the 199 patients admitted to hospital services other than neurosurgery, 13 (6.5%) returned to the ED within 7 days of discharge. The reasons for ED revisits vary (total of 122 visits combining the 3 groups), but at least 60% of the revisits were clearly unrelated to shunt function. A younger age, daytime arrival to the ED, and living within the metropolitan area were identified as risk factors for ED revisits.

CONCLUSIONS
Children with CSF shunts are medically complex and use ED services often. After an index ED visit at which shunt function was deemed to be the chief concern, the purpose of the subsequent return to the ED within 7 days was often for complaints unrelated to shunt function. Caution is warranted when attempting to classify these complex patients as having potential preventable return-to-system events.
La COP21 : une chance à saisir pour l’Afrique
Authors: Diop Makhtar 
Published: December 2015

Pour l’Afrique, plus que tout autre continent, l’enjeu de la COP21 est fondamental. La raison est simple : si l’Afrique est la région qui contribue le moins aux émissions totales de gaz à effet de serre dans le monde, les pays africains subissent de plein fouet les effets dévastateurs de conditions climatiques de plus en plus extrêmes. Pour relever ce défi, l’Afrique doit accélérer sa transition vers la croissance verte. Mais le développement des énergies renouvelables en Afrique ne pourra se faire sans le soutien financier de la communauté internationale. C’est tout l’objet de l’Africa Climate Business Plan de la Banque Mondiale qui sera lancé à l’occasion de COP21. Énergies renouvelables, agro-écologie, finance climatique... Makhtar Diop, Vice-Président de la Banque pour l’Afrique nous présente les contours de ce plan ambitieux.
L’évaluation des politiques publiques en Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Gambotti Christian 
Published: December 2015

Après plus d’une décennie d’errance, liée aux crises successives, la Côte d’Ivoire a, depuis avril 2011, choisi d’adosser son cheminement sur une véritable culture de l’évaluation des politiques publiques. Historiquement, l’État ivoirien s’est doté très tôt d’institutions susceptibles de mesurer l’impact réel des politiques conduites, mais ces institutions n’ont jamais pu remplir véritablement leur rôle, dès l’instant qu’il n’existait pas de véritable volonté politique pour appliquer les principes de « bonne gouvernance ». Or, selon le Président Alassane Ouattara, il existe un lien entre la « bonne gouvernance » et l’épanouissement même de la démocratie. Après dix années d’improvisations politiques et économiques, qui ont eu des conséquences désastreuses pour le pays et la population, le contexte est historique pour la Côte d’Ivoire et il appartient aux nouveaux dirigeants d’installer définitivement leur légitimité en faisant du mouvement que provoque l’articulation entre la « bonne gouvernance » et la démocratisation, le vecteur du développement.
Neuroendoscopic treatment of idiopathic occlusion of unilateral foramen of Monro presenting as chronic headache
Authors: Shukla Dhaval 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTAsymmetric ventriculomegly due to idiopathic occlusion of the foramen of Monro is rare. Such patients present with clinical features of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Presentation as chronic headache has not been previously described. In the absence of raised ICP, pursuing surgical treatment raises a clinical dilemma as the headache may be a primary headache with no improvement after surgery. A 21-year-old woman presented with chronic headache. She was found to have asymmetric ventriculomegaly due to the occlusion of the foramen of Monro. She underwent endoscopic septostomy and widening of the foramen of Monro. Her headache subsided after surgery. At 15 months of follow-up, she was free from headache without medications. Unilateral occlusion of the foramen of Monro can present with asymmetric ventriculomegaly resulting in chronic headache. Though the symptoms of raised ICP may not be present, still endoscopic relief of ventriculomegaly leads to cure of headache.
Stereotactic radiosurgery in hemangioblastoma: Experience over 14 years
Authors: Goyal Nishant , Agrawal Deepak , Singla Raghav , Kale Shashank Sharad , Singh Manmohan , Sharma Shankar Bhawani 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
Background: Although gamma knife has been advocated for hemangioblastomas, it is not used widely by neurosurgeons. Objective: We review our experience over 14 years in an attempt to define the role of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the management of hemangioblastomas. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on all patients of hemangioblastoma who underwent SRS at our institute over a period of 14 years (1998–2011). Gamma knife plans, clinical history, and radiology were reviewed for all patients. Results: A total of 2767 patients underwent gamma knife during the study period. Of these, 10 (0.36%) patients were treated for 24 hemangioblastomas. Eight patients (80%) had von Hippel-Lindau disease while two had sporadic hemangioblastomas. The median peripheral dose (50% isodose) delivered to the tumors was 29.9 Gy. Clinical and radiological follow-up data were available for eight patients. Of these, two were re-operated for persisting cerebellar symptoms. The remaining six patients were recurrence-free at a mean follow-up of 48 months (range 19–108 months). One patient had an increase in cyst volume along with a decrease in the size of the mural nodule. Conclusions: SRS should be the first option for asymptomatic hemangioblastomas. Despite the obvious advantages, gamma knife is not widely used as an option for hemangioblastomas.
Perturbations of Von Neumann Subalgebras With Finite Index
Authors: Ino Shoji 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we study uniformperturbations of von Neumann subalgebras of a von Neumann algebra. Let M and N be von Neumann subalgebras of a von Neumann algebra with finite probabilistic index in the sense of Pimsner and Popa. If M and N are sufficiently close, then M and N are unitarily equivalent. The implementing unitary can be chosen as being close to the identity
Ética en la investigación científica, en el área de las Ciencias Sociales, en Universidades del Paraguay
Authors: Estigarribia Marta Isabel Canese de 
Published: December 2015

Esta investigación analiza las bases teóricas y principios éticos de la investigación social a fin de aportar al fortalecimiento de las prácticas actuales en las universidades del Paraguay. La metodología tuvo un alcance exploratorio, cualitativo, mediante una revisión bibliográfica y documental de las declaraciones, guías y códigos de ética científica publicados por organizaciones internacionales y nacionales. Los resultados señalan que la preocupación sobre la ética en la investigación científica comenzó en las Ciencias de la Salud, siendo aplicada a toda investigación con personas. A partir de 1980, se cuenta a nivel internacional con guías éticas específicas para la investigación social, que destacan la importancia de la empatía, del diálogo permanente y la negociación con la comunidad participante. Para fortalecer las prácticas éticas en la investigación social en las universidades del Paraguay, este estudio considera que mas allá de los requisitos burocráticos, debe basarse en una ética dialógica y situacional, que promueva una actitud y un proceso de investigación auténticamente ético, respetuoso de la dignidad de las personas, sus diferencias y su autonomía, y que contribuya a la justicia y a la equidad.
Synthesis of nitrogen-containing carbon by solution plasma in aniline with high-repetition frequency discharges
Authors: Hyun Koangyong , Ueno Tomonaga , Saito Nagahiro 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Nitrogen-containing carbon nanoparticles were synthesized in aniline by solution plasma with high-repetition frequency discharges. We developed a bipolar pulsed power supply that can apply high-repetition frequencies ranging from 25 to 200 kHz. By utilizing high-repetition frequencies, conductive carbons were directly synthesized. The crystallinity was increased and H/C ratio of carbon was decreased. Furthermore, nitrogen atoms were simultaneously embedded in the carbon matrix. Due to the presence of nitrogen atoms, the conductivity and electrocatalytic activity of the samples were remarkably improved compared to that of a pure carbon matrix synthesized from a benzene precursor.
Bulk Solids Handling
Authors: Marinelli Joseph , Carson John W. , McGlinchey Don , Cowell Andrew 
Published: December 2015

The field of bulk solids flow has been developed considerably since the development of the theory of bulk solids flow began in early 1950s, which allowed the design of equipment and testing methods. More recent advances in numerical modeling have had a significant impact on the design methodology of bulk solids handling equipment.In this article, bulk flow patterns, measurement, and their simulation, as well as equipment design and maintenance are described. Special considerations including sifting, and mixing and blending, are also discussed.
Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization
Authors: Klumperman Bert 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP), formerly known as living radical polymerization (LRP), is the general name for a family of polymerization techniques. The techniques have in common that the propagating species is a free radical and that an equilibrium exists between active (free radical) species and dormant species. Because of this equilibrium (nearly), all chains grow throughout the polymerization reaction. This leads to polymers with predetermined degree of polymerization and (usually) narrow molar mass distribution. A historical overview of the development of RDRP is provided, and the three most important techniques are discussed in more detail. These three techniques are (1) nitroxide‐mediated polymerization, (2) transition metal‐mediated radical polymerization techniques, such as atom transfer radical polymerization, (3) reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer–mediated polymerization, with most emphasis on the latter two. The general kinetics and some boundary conditions for obtaining low molar mass dispersities (
Đ
) polymers are discussed. Furthermore, the scope and limitations of the three major polymerization techniques are outlined.

Apart from the predetermined molar mass and the
Đ
, RDRP is of particular interest in the synthesis of advanced architectures. These architectures include block copolymers, star‐branched polymers, telechelic polymers, gradient or tapered copolymers, etc. Among the major advantages of RDRP is the fact that most of the benefits of free‐radical polymerization (FRP) are retained. Thus, the possibility to (co)polymerize functional monomers (hydroxyl, epoxy, amide, anhydride, etc) and the possibility to polymerize under nondemanding conditions are typical for FRP as well as for RDRP.
Analytic radiative‐advective equilibrium as a model for high‐latitude climate
Authors: Cronin Timothy W. , Jansen Malte F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe propose radiative‐advective equilibrium as a basic‐state model for the high‐latitude atmosphere. Temperature profiles are determined by a competition between stabilization by atmospheric shortwave absorption and advective heat flux convergence, and destabilization by surface shortwave absorption. We derive analytic expressions for temperature profiles, assuming power law atmospheric heating profiles as a function of pressure and two‐stream windowed‐gray longwave radiative transfer. We discuss example profiles with and without an atmospheric window and show that the sensitivity of surface temperature to forcing depends on the nature of the forcing, with greatest sensitivity to radiative forcing by increased optical thickness and least sensitivity to increased atmospheric heat transport. These differences in sensitivity of surface temperature to forcing can be explained in terms of a forcing‐dependent lapse‐rate feedback.
Ion‐driven instabilities in the solar wind: Wind observations of 19 March 2005
Authors: Gary S. Peter , Jian Lan K. , Broiles Thomas W. , Stevens Michael L. , Podesta John J. , Kasper Justin C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntervals of enhanced magnetic fluctuations have been frequently observed in the solar wind. But it remains an open question as to whether these waves are generated at the Sun and then transported outward by the solar wind or generated locally in the interplanetary medium. Magnetic field and plasma measurements from the Wind spacecraft under slow solar wind conditions on 19 March 2005 demonstrate seven events of enhanced magnetic fluctuations at spacecraft‐frame frequencies somewhat above the proton cyclotron frequency and propagation approximately parallel or antiparallel to the background magnetic field Bo. The proton velocity distributions during these events are characterized by two components: a more dense, slower core and a less dense, faster beam. Observed plasma parameters are used in a kinetic linear dispersion equation analysis for electromagnetic fluctuations at k x Bo = 0; for two events the most unstable mode is the Alfvén‐cyclotron instability driven by a proton component temperature anisotropy T⊥/T|| > 1 (where the subscripts denote directions relative to Bo), and for three events the most unstable mode is the right‐hand polarized magnetosonic instability driven primarily by ion component relative flows. Thus, both types of ion anisotropies and both types of instabilities are likely to be local sources of these enhanced fluctuation events in the solar wind.