bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shrinkage potential and pore shrinkage capacity of differently developed volcanic ash soils under pastures in southern Chile
Authors: Beck‐Broichsitter Steffen , Fleige Heiner , Goebel Marc‐Oliver , Dörner José , Bachmann Jörg , Horn Rainer 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe drying process of volcanic ash soils often results in the formation of shrinkage cracks with consequences for their physical properties (i.e., decrease of water retention capacity) and land use management. This study presents the soil water characteristics and shrinkage behaviour (shrinkage phases in terms of void and moisture ratio), the shrinkage potential (COLE index), and the pore shrinkage capacity (PSI) for 5 and 20 cm depth of a Haplic Arenosol (tephric) and two Silandic Andosols under pasture management along a soil gradient from the Andean mountains to the coastal range in southern Chile. The main focus of the presented study is on the effect of soil development in conjunction with the weathering of volcanic ash soils on the shrinkage properties. The water retention and shrinkage curves were continuously determined for undisturbed soil samples (100 cm3) during a drying process under laboratory conditions. In addition, the shrinkage curve data were modelled to distinguish different shrinkage zones. The results suggest that the investigated soil properties vary depending on soil development. The more developed Andosols had higher total porosities (up to 70 cm3 cm−3) than the less developed Arenosol. The shrinkage behaviour of the Haplic Arenosol showed a wide structural shrinkage phase, whereas the Silandic Andosols revealed a more pronounced proportional shrinkage phase, which is related to the pore size distribution. In addition, wide and narrow coarse pores of the Haplic Arenosol and medium and fine pores of the Silandic Andosols determine the shrinkage potential (COLE) and the pore shrinkage capacity, respectively. The finer‐grained and organic matter‐rich Andosols indicate a higher COLE index (> 0.03–0.09) compared to the Arenosol (≤ 0.03). The pore shrinkage index (PSI) of the total pores (TP) varied significantly (P < 0.05) with values of 0.042–0.149 in 5 cm depth and 0.04–0.091 in 20 cm depth of sites 1–3, respectively.In summary, the shrinkage potential and pore shrinkage capacity are positively correlated to the organic carbon content and decrease with increasing dry bulk density. The study points out a higher risk of soil degradation due to irreversible drying processes for the more clayey and allophane containing Andosols than the Arenosol.
Assessment of ochratoxin A occurrence in Argentine red wines using a novel sensitive quechers‐solid phase extraction approach prior to ultra high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry methodology
Authors: Mariño‐Repizo Leonardo , Gargantini Raquel , Manzano Humberto , Raba Julio , Cerutti Soledad 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe assessment of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine is relevant for food safety and its continuous control allows to reduce the risk of intake. Thus, a novel sensitive QuEChERS‐SPE (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe – Solid Phase Extraction) pretreatment prior to liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of OTA in red wine samples from different grape‐growing regions in Argentine.RESULTSA sensitive methodology was achieved and thus the limits of detection and quantification were 0.02 and 0.05 µg L−1, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 89.0% to 105.3%. The method was applied to 136 red wine samples (Argentina's flagship varieties: Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon) from ten grape‐growing regions, during vintages 2013–2015. Although all of the samples investigated were contaminated with OTA (concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.98 µg L−1), the levels detected were lower than the maximum allowable concentration limit of 2.0 µg L−1 established by international regulations.CONCLUSIONThe methodology proposed is suitable for reliable OTA analysis in red wines. Similarly, the values obtained from the samples analyzed were in accordance with the current regulations and, as a consequence, preventive actions to reduce this mycotoxin incidence can be undertaken. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of two doses of urea foliar application on leaves and grape nitrogen composition during two vintages
Authors: Pérez‐Álvarez Eva P , Garde‐Cerdán Teresa , García‐Escudero Enrique , Martínez‐Vidaurre José María 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDNitrogen affects grapevine growth and also yeast metabolism, which have a direct influence on fermentation kinetics and the formation of different volatile compounds. Throughout the grapevine cycle, soil nitrogen availability and grape nitrogen composition can vary because of different factors. Nitrogen foliar applications can contribute toward enhancing grapevine nitrogen status and minimize the problem of leaching that traditional nitrogen‐soil applications can provoke. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of urea foliar applications on grapevine nitrogen status and grape amino acid content. Accordingly, two different doses of urea were applied over the leaves of a ‘Tempranillo’ vineyard.RESULTSThe highest urea doses affected nitrogen content on blade leaf tissues after veraison. Must amino acid profiles were modified by urea application and some of the compounds increased their concentrations. The effect of year on the increase of must total amino acid concentrations was more important than the effect of the doses applied.CONCLUSIONUrea foliar applications can be an interesting tool for decreasing grapevine nitrogen deficiencies. This method of nitrogen implementation in the vineyard could avoid sluggish fermentation problems during winemaking, enhance must nitrogen composition, and contribute to improving wine quality. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Above‐Ground and Below‐Ground Ecosystem Biomass Accumulation and Carbon Sequestration with Caragana korshinskii Kom Plantation Development
Authors: Deng Lei , Han Qi‐sheng , Zhang Chao , Tang Zhuang‐sheng , Shangguan Zhou‐ping 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEnsuring ecological sustainability in fragile ecosystems has always been a top priority in China. Under the ‘Grain for Green’ Program (GGP), Caragana korshinskii Kom plantations are valued for their important use in soil and water conservation efforts on the Loess Plateau. This study was to estimate biomass increment and carbon accumulation in five different age classes [young age (YO), middle age (MI), pre‐mature (PR), mature (MA) and post‐mature (PO)], as well as the distribution of carbon stock among the various biomass components and soil depths. The results showed afforestation with C. korshinskii resulted in a significant increase in plant biomass and carbon stock, and soil organic carbon stocks. The total ecosystem carbon stock showed a notable carbon sink increase rate of 1.33 Mg ha−1 yr−1 from the YO to the MA stage, and then slightly decreased. The total biomass carbon of the understory plants represented only a relatively small fraction in the ecosystem, accounting for 2.4%–8.7% (median 3.8%). The proportion of ligneous components (roots, stems and branches) of C. korshinskii was increased following stand development. Our study suggested that C. korshinskii plantations should be harvested and revegetated following the MA stage (~35 years). Continuation of the GGP on the Loess Plateau, together with maturation of C. korshinskii trees over the next few years, will increase carbon sequestration in the medium term. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Six‐wave mixing induced by free‐carrier plasma in silicon nanowire waveguides
Authors: Zhou Heng , Liao Mingle , Huang Shu‐Wei , Zhou Linjie , Qiu Kun , Wong Chee Wei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNonlinear wave mixing in mesoscopic silicon structures is a fundamental nonlinear process with broad impact and applications. Silicon nanowire waveguides, in particular, have large third‐order Kerr nonlinearity, enabling salient and abundant four‐wave‐mixing dynamics and functionalities. Besides the Kerr effect, in silicon waveguides two‐photon absorption generates high free‐carrier densities, with corresponding fifth‐order nonlinearity in the forms of free‐carrier dispersion and free‐carrier absorption. However, whether these fifth‐order free‐carrier nonlinear effects can lead to six‐wave‐mixing dynamics still remains an open question until now. Here we report the demonstration of free‐carrier‐induced six‐wave mixing in silicon nanowires. Unique features, including inverse detuning dependence of six‐wave‐mixing efficiency and its higher sensitivity to pump power, are originally observed and verified by analytical prediction and numerical modeling. Additionally, asymmetric sideband generation is observed for different laser detunings, resulting from the phase‐sensitive interactions between free‐carrier six‐wave‐mixing and Kerr four‐wave‐mixing dynamics. These discoveries provide a new path for nonlinear multi‐wave interactions in nanoscale platforms.
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Structural Analysis and Application of n‐Alkyl Cyanoacrylate Surgical Adhesives to the Fixation of Meshes for Hernia Repair
Authors: Fernández‐Gutiérrez Mar , Rodriguez‐Mancheño Marta , Pérez‐Köhler Bárbara , Pascual Gemma , Bellón Juan Manuel , Román Julio San 
Published: October 2016

The article deals with a comparative analysis of the parameters of the polymerization in physiological conditions of three commercially available alkyl cyanoacrylates, n‐butyl cyanoacrylate (GLUBRAN 2), n‐hexyl cyanoacrylate (IFABOND), and n‐octyl cyanoacrylate (EVOBOND), the cell behavior of the corresponding polymers and the application of these adhesives in the fixation of surgical polypropylene meshes for hernia repair in an animal model of rabbits. The results obtained demonstrate that the curing process depends on the nature of the alkyl residue of the ester group of cyanoacrylate molecules, being the heat of polymerization lower for the octyl derivative in comparison with the hexyl and butyl, and reaching a maximum temperature of 35 °C after a time of mixing with physiological fluids of 60–70 s. The cell behavior demonstrates that the three systems do not present toxicity for fibroblasts and low adhesion of cells, which is a positive result for application as tissue adhesives, especially for the fixation of abdominal polypropylene meshes for hernia repair. The animal experimentation indicates the excellent tolerance of the meshes fixed with the cyanoacrylic adhesives, during at least a period of 90 d, and guarantees a good adhesion for the application of hernia repair meshes.
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Heterostereocomplex‐ and Homocrystallization and Thermal Properties and Degradation of Substituted Poly(lactic acid)s, Poly(l‐2‐hydroxybutanoic acid) and Poly(d‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutanoic acid)
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Hayakawa Tomohiro 
Published: October 2016

Heterostereocomplex‐ and homocrystallization behavior, thermal properties and degradation of neat poly(l‐2‐hydroxybutanoic acid) [P(l‐2HB)], poly(d‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutanoic acid) [P(d‐2H3MB)], and their equimolar blend are first investigated. Regime I and II kinetics are observed for neat P(l‐2HB), whereas regime II and III kinetics are seen for the blend. The growth geometry of the neat P(l‐2HB) is linear and circular while that of the blend is spherical, whereas that of the neat P(d‐2H3MB) changes from linear to spherical, depending on crystallization temperature (T
c). The main crystalline species is heterostereocomplex (HTSC) in the blend for a wide T
c range of 0–180 °C and a very small amount of P(d‐2H3MB) homocrystallites form for melt‐crystallization at T
c below 70 °C and solution‐crystallization. The equilibrium melting temperature of P(l‐2HB)/P(d‐2H3MB) HTSC crystallites (234.5 °C) is higher than those of P(l‐2HB) and P(d‐2H3MB) homocrystallites (114.9 and 208.6 °C, respectively). The activation energy values for thermal degradation of the P(l‐2HB)/P(d‐2H3MB) blend (190–219 kJ mol−1) are between those of neat P(l‐2HB) and P(d‐2H3MB) (164–180 and 210–380 kJ mol−1, respectively), reflecting that the interaction between the polymers with opposite configurations is similar to or lower than that between the polymers with the same configurations at a high temperature in the melt.image
The free medial sural artery perforator flap: Versatile option for soft tissue reconstruction in small‐to‐moderate size defects of the foot and ankle
Authors: Jandali Zaher , Lam Martin C. , Aganloo Kiomars , Merwart Benedikt , Buissink Jouke , Müller Klaus , Jiga Lucian P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe medial sural artery perforator (MSAP) flap shows advantages for reconstruction in the foot and ankle, where bulk is a liability. We evaluated the versatility of this flap and provide further evidence on its use for covering small‐to‐moderate size defects by comparing the outcome depending on the region of reconstruction.MethodsTwenty‐two patients with variable defects of 4 × 4 to 18 × 7 cm underwent MSAP flap reconstruction. Final outcomes of all patients were evaluated 12‐months postoperatively using the AOFAS ankle‐hindfoot, midfoot and hallux scale for clinical‐functional evaluation, and the SF‐36 health survey for quality‐of‐life measurement. The scores were compared in three groups according to the anatomic region of MSAP flap reconstruction.ResultsThe flap size ranged between 6 × 4 and 21 × 9 cm. One venous congestion was salvaged by venous thrombectomy and reanastomosis, and one marginal flap necrosis healed by secondary intention. All flaps survived, and all patients returned to ambulation. Patients with reconstruction of the ankle‐hindfoot or hallux showed significantly lower AOFAS ankle‐hindfoot (P = 0.021) or hallux scores (P = 0.034), whereas reconstruction of the midfoot led to equal AOFAS midfoot scores (P = 0.265) as compared with patients without reconstruction in the respective region. Comparison of SF‐36 physical (P = 0.936) and mental (P = 0.855) scores of all three regions remained insignificant.ConclusionThe MSAP flap provides thin soft tissue coverage, enabling good functional recovery after defect reconstruction all around the foot and ankle, with evident advantages in the midfoot. However, the functional outcomes after reconstruction of the ankle‐hindfoot or hallux region depend on the preexistent functional impairment.
Buckwheat bioactive compounds, their derived phenolic metabolites and their health benefits
Authors: Giménez‐Bastida Juan Antonio , Zielinski Henryk , Piskula Mariusz , Zielinska Danuta , Szawara‐Nowak Dorota 
Published: October 2016

ScopeBuckwheat (BW) consumption has been associated with a broad range of health benefits: antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and anticancer. These beneficial effects have been partially related to the presence of flavonoids. However, some of these compounds (i.e., rutin and quercetin) are metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract generating derived phenolic metabolites. In this study, we investigated the biological activity of rutin (Ru), quercetin (Q) an their derived phenolic metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (3,4‐DHPAA), 3‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3‐HPAA), and 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid, HVA).Methods and resultsQ showed the highest antioxidant and reducing activity, and Ru the maximum chelating activity (85.33%). Antioxidant activity of 3,4‐DHPAA was 5‐fold higher than that of HVA, whereas their reducing activity was similar. The formation of methylglyoxal (MGO)‐BSA and glucose‐BSA (advanced glycation end products) was inhibited by Ru (98.5 and 92.7%), Q (95.6 and 89.1%) and 3,4‐DHPPA (84.4.6 and 77.5%). Furthermore, Q (10–50 μM) and Ru (1–50 μM) downregulated the release of PGE2, IL‐8 and MCP‐1, molecules involved in the inflammatory response, in IL1β‐inflamed myofibroblasts of colon CCD‐18Co.ConclusionThis study suggests that BW phytochemicals and their phenolic metabolites may be responsible for the beneficial effects against chronic diseases attributed to BW consumption.
Dependence of Propagation Rate Coefficients in Radical Polymerization on Solution Properties
Authors: Deglmann Peter , Hungenberg Klaus‐Dieter , Vale Hugo M. 
Published: October 2016

The effect of solvents and monomer concentration on rate coefficients of propagation in radical polymerization has received tremendous interest during recent years, but a quantitative explanation and method of prediction of the medium effect is still missing. In this paper, it is shown that the thermodynamic formulation of the transition state theory is able to explain such effects almost quantitatively for a wide variety of monomers and solvents, including not only organic solvents but also less common solvents like ionic liquids or water, and monomers ranging from styrene to water‐soluble monomers like acrylic acid or N‐vinylformamide and also bulky monomers like isobornyl methacrylate. The medium effect is dictated by the activity coefficient of the monomer as well as by the ratio of the activity coefficients of the growing chain and the transition state. The solvent and concentration effects are, thus, a consequence of the degree of nonideality of the system. This interpretation based on the thermodynamics of real solutions offers for the first time a straightforward method to estimate the propagation rate coefficient of a given monomer in various solvents once the corresponding coefficient in bulk monomer is known.
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Higher‐order multi‐resolution topology optimization using the finite cell method
Authors: Groen Jeroen P. , Langelaar Matthijs , Sigmund Ole , Ruess Martin 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThis article presents a detailed study on the potential and limitations of performing higher‐order multi‐resolution topology optimization with the finite cell method. To circumvent stiffness overestimation in high‐contrast topologies, a length‐scale is applied on the solution using filter methods. The relations between stiffness overestimation, the analysis system, and the applied length‐scale are examined, while a high‐resolution topology is maintained. The computational cost associated with nested topology optimization is reduced significantly compared with the use of first‐order finite elements. This reduction is caused by exploiting the decoupling of density and analysis mesh, and by condensing the higher‐order modes out of the stiffness matrix. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An o(n) complexity recursive algorithm for multi‐flexible‐body dynamics based on absolute nodal coordinate formulation
Authors: Hu Jingchen , Wang Tianshu 
Published: October 2016

SummaryA new algorithm called recursive absolute nodal coordinate formulation algorithm (REC‐ANCF) is presented for dynamic analysis of multi‐flexible‐body system including nonlinear large deformation. This method utilizes the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) to describe flexible bodies, and establishes a kinematic and dynamic recursive relationship for the whole system based on the articulated‐body algorithm (ABA). In the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) obtained by the REC‐ANCF, a simple form of the system generalized Jacobian matrix and generalized mass matrix is obtained. Thus, a recursive forward dynamic solution is proposed to solve the ODEs one element by one element through an appropriate matrix manipulation. Utilizing the parent array to describe the topological structure, the REC‐ANCF is suitable for generalized tree multibody systems. Besides, the cutting joint method is used in simple closed‐loop systems to make sure the O(n) algorithm complexity of the REC‐ANCF. Compared with common ANCF algorithms, the REC‐ANCF has several advantages: the optimal algorithm complexity (O(n)) under limited processors, simple derivational process, no location or speed constraint violation problem, higher algorithm accuracy. The validity and efficiency of this method are verified by several numerical tests. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 11C‐labeled Sulfonyl Carbamates through a Multicomponent Reaction Employing Sulfonyl Azides, Alcohols, and [11C]CO
Authors: Stevens Marc Y. , Chow Shiao Y. , Estrada Sergio , Eriksson Jonas , Asplund Veronika , Orlova Anna , Mitran Bogdan , Antoni Gunnar , Larhed Mats , Åberg Ola , Odell Luke R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe describe the development of a new methodology focusing on 11C‐labeling of sulfonyl carbamates in a multicomponent reaction comprised of a sulfonyl azide, an alkyl alcohol, and [11C]CO. A number of 11C‐labeled sulfonyl carbamates were synthesized and isolated, and the developed methodology was then applied in the preparation of a biologically active molecule. The target compound was obtained in 24±10 % isolated radiochemical yield and was evaluated for binding properties in a tumor cell assay; in vivo biodistribution and imaging studies were also performed. This represents the first successful radiolabeling of a non‐peptide angiotensin II receptor subtype 2 agonist, C21, currently in clinical trials for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Microgels based on isotactic poly(styrene): Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Tschage Marie , Beckerle Klaus , Rahimi Khosrow , Jung Seungwhan , Chang Stefan S.‐H. , Stellbrink Jörg , Okuda Jun 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(styrene) microgels are known, but the influence of tacticity on particle formation and behavior has not been investigated yet. Isotactic poly(styrene) (iPS) with Mn = 15–120 kg/mol is synthesized by coordinate polymerization and cross‐linked by Friedel–Crafts alkylation in a miniemulsion. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, light microscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and wide‐angle powder diffraction are applied to understand the structure of microgels obtained. Typically, spherical microgels with overall diameter of 40–500 nm are found. Isotacticity of the polymer is retained during microgel formation. Increase of cross‐linker content leads to partial crystallinity inside the microgel. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 175–180
Microstructural PALS study of regulated dimethacrylates: Thiol‐ versus β‐allyl sulfone‐based networks
Authors: Švajdlenková Helena , Šauša Ondrej , Steindl Johannes , Koch Thomas , Gorsche Christian 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTRadical photocuring of multifunctional (meth)acrylates is lacking control over the irregular chain growth process yielding highly crosslinked, inhomogeneous networks. Chain transfer agents (CTAs, e.g., thiols or β‐allyl sulfones) have been widely used to modify this curing process, thus reducing shrinkage stress and increasing the toughness of the formed photopolymers. Resulting photopolymer networks exhibit higher bulk density, lower crosslinking density, and narrow glass transitions. Consequently, a more homogeneous network structure was postulated for those networks. Whereas macroscopic properties of the modified final materials have already been studied, herein the microstructural arrangement of such modified networks has also been evaluated with the help of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). A more homogenous network structure with a decreased average free‐volume void size was confirmed for CTA‐based dimethacrylate networks. A sharper distribution of the ortho‐positronium (o‐Ps) lifetime, mainly for the β‐allyl sulfone‐based photopolymers, hints toward a more regulated network structure. Moreover, the combination of PALS, DMTA, density and swelling experiments elucidates relations between void formation, crosslinking density and macroscopic characteristics such as shrinkage stress and mechanical properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 2476–2484