bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wettbewerbsprobleme durch Luftverkehrsallianzen - Marktöffnung ist vordringlich
Authors: Fichert Frank 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The formation of international Airline Alliances can be beneficial to consumers but might also restrict competition in some markets, especially between hub-airports of the Alliance-partners. Competition authorities try to safeguard rivalry, e.g. by restricting the use of frequent-flier programs and by prohibiting predatory behavior. In this paper it is shown that a further opening of airline markets is inevitable. Restrictive bilateral aviation agreements should be replaced by open-skies agreements or a liberal agreement on a multilateral base. Also the “grandfathering” of slots has to be abolished and a market-based allocation mechanism should be established.
Die EWU als Club: Implikationen für die Beitrittstrategie(n) mittel- und osteuropäischer Reformstaaten
Authors: Sell Friedrich L. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The present paper examines the choice of an appropriate exchange rate policy for selected economies in transition (Czech Republic, Hungary, Estonia, Slovenia and Poland) which are interested in becoming soon members of EMU. The approach chosen draws on positive and normative hints from club theory. The paper provides an analytical approach to determine ex-ante the optimal size (“number of participants”) and the optimal monetary conditions (“inflation rate”) of a monetary union. Also, we depart from the incentive structure of the old members to acquire new ones and of the hypothetical candidates to become new members. From this thinking, we have derived criteria (costs and benefits of accession) for the optimal exchange rate strategy approaching the EURO: the idea we come up with ultimately, is to create a new “snake in the tunnel” with a small exchange rate band within the group of candidates, but a large band of the snake vis-a-vis the EURO.
Die Psychologie begrenzt rationaler Wirtschaftspolitik: Das Beispiel des Reformstaus
Authors: Heinemann Friedrich 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Mainstream economists are reluctant to integrate features of bounded rationality into their behavioural assumptions. However, particularly in the field of economic policy the scope for limited rationality is given, since voters lack incentives for rational reasoning concerning their voting decision. The explanatory power of limited rationality is demonstrated for the example of reform resistance. Status quo preferences, endowment effects and loss aversion are typical deviations from full rationality and explain resistance against beneficial reforms even if there is full information and no uncertainty. From this psychological perspective, a major precondition for the implementation of reforms is the loss of status quo as an available option. Test runs of policy options may also be helpful for overcoming psychological reform resistance.
Die Bedeutung der Komplexität ökonomischer Strukturen für die Wahl wirtschaftspolitischer Strategien / Complexity in Economic Structures and its Importance for the Choice of Economic Policy Strategies
Authors: Wrobel Ralph Michael 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
As well interventionist as ordo-liberal strategies have a long tradition in German economic policy. Interventionism is not only supported by Keynesian economics but also by the neo-classical approach. In contrast to the common view in neo-classical mainstream - as comparative-static analysis method - in this paper scientific isolation of economic phenomenon will be rejected. The economic system is very complex. Therefore economists have to discuss appropriate methods to analyse economic policy strategies.
In this paper the problem of complexity in society in common and in economics strictly is discussed. It can be shown that complexity and nonlinearity are main characteristics of dynamic economic processes. An additional problem - resulting from the characteristic of complexity - is the existence of a constitutional lack of knowledge. No one in society, neither a scientist nor an economic policy maker, is able to collect all the necessary knowledge. Therefore interventionist strategies in economic policy are weaker than ordo-liberal ones. Because of the necessity of adaptation-flexibility in dynamic economic systems an “Evolutionary Economic Policy”, characterised by ordo-liberal insights in the importance of economic and political order and evolutionary views on economic processes as discovery procedures, are advocated.
But why interventionist strategies are so successful in economic policy - not only in Germany? By using a neo-classical model of institutional competition, including transaction costs etc, the dominant position of interventionist strategies cannot be explained. Therefore in this paper an analysis, basing on systems theory and the ordo-liberal idea of interdependencies of orders, is used to show the complexity in real society according to the choice of strategies in economic policy. It can be shown that dependencies with the political subsystem are mostly important for this dominant position of interventionist strategies. As Hayek predicted a long time ago, a rise of the welfare state occurred in the western world. But interventionist policies are also supported by the formation of a mainstream in economics, dominated by the neo-classical theory, and by cultural factors, by internal institutions and path-dependency.
The result of this analysis is a paradox: Complexity in society and especially in economics requires ordo-liberal strategies in economic policy. But at the same time the existence of complexity in society is main argument for the problems relative to the introduction of such strategies, which are more adaptive and thereby more useful in economic policy. Hopefully nowadays by the pressure of international institutional competition, called “globalisation”, ordo-liberal and evolutionary strategies will be supported more.
Macroeconomic Determinants of Contingent Protection: The Case of the European Union
Authors: Becker Bettina , Theuringer Martin 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Contingent Protection, and in particular Antidumping (AD), has grown to become an important trade restricting device in the European Union (EU). This paper analyses whether internal and external macroeconomic pressure may contribute to explain the variations in the intensity of AD policy in the EU. The empirical analysis shows that the filing activity is inversely related to the domestic macroeconomic situation. This result suggests that AD is more a tool of protectionism rather than an instrument to countervail alleged unfair import competition.
Lässt sich ein Abbau der öffentlichen Verschuldung politökonomisch erklären?
Authors: Döring Thomas 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Public debt is one of the controversial and therefore most exciting subjects in the field of public finance. Since the 1970s many industrial countries constantly accumulated public dept, and this development was explained mainly from a public choice perspective. In the meantime the trend has reversed. Therefore the paper pursues the question whether this change in the borrowing behavior of government can also be explained from a public choice view. For this purpose and with special focus on Germany, first, the fading away of fiscal illusion is considered, induced by the learning processes which the citizens have undergone in the meantime. In addition, changes in political ideologies and institutions are analyzed as well as the fiscal constraints which result from a permanent high governmental debt. It is argued that the sum of these factors is responsible for the fact that politicians do not pursue their previous fiscal behavior any longer and instead revert to a strategy of budget consolidation.
Die Ministererlaubnis für den Zusammenschluss von Unternehmen - ein Konflikt mit der Wettbewerbsordnung
Authors: Roth Steffen J. , Voigtländer Michael 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
On 5. July 2002 State Secretary Dr. Alfred Tacke gave ministerial approval for the merger of E.ON and Ruhrgas. Previously both the German Cartel Office and the Monopoly Commission had voted against the fusion on the basis of feared restricted competition. According to paragraph 42 § of the GWB Law, the German Economics Ministry may revise the decision of the German Cartel Office, when in the individual case the restricted competition is balanced out by the overall economic advantages of the merger, or the fusion is justified by an overwhelming general interest.
In this article it will be examined, whether there is really a conflict between competition policy and general interest. In the first stage the demands of a ministerial approval are defined from a proper political perspective. In the second stage it is examined whether in the actual process the presented common welfare grounds were tenable. It turns out as a result that the ministerial approval represents a violation of the independence of competition control.
Handelssanktionen gegen Südafrika: Die Rolle der Unternehmen
Authors: Hefeker Carsten , Menck Karl-Wolfgang 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This paper analyzes the role of trade sanctions in the pursuit of political aims. We show that sanctions are mostly ineffective and have adverse distributional consequences. The example of South-Africa, in which case several court processes are pending, serves as an illustration of this general finding. In this particular case, the failure of sanctions can be attributed to the inconsistent policies of the sanctioning countries, rather than to failures of enterprises to adhere to official policies.
Zur Durchführbarkeit einer Devisentransaktionssteuer – Anmerkungen zur Machbarkeitsstudie von Prof. Paul Bernd Spahn
Authors: Fendel Ralf , Stadtmann Georg 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In the context of the discussion of the new financial architecture the idea of a Tobin tax is revived. Mainly due to the pressure of several non-governmental organisations (NGO’s) the Tobin tax is currently discussed seriously in various policy circles. Recently, the German Federal Ministry of Economic Co-Operation and Development has commissioned a feasibility study on the implementation of a Tobin tax. The study was written by Paul S. Spahn (2002). This article discusses the feasibility study critically and points out its main deficiencies.
Der Einfluss der Agenda 2010 auf die Arbeitslosigkeitsdauer
Authors: Christensen Björn 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This paper examines the impacts on reservation wages of unemployed persons and on transition in employment due to the reform of the unemployment insurance system in Germany in the course of the Agenda 2010. An dynamic search-model is developed, on which reservation wages are simulated for different groups of unemployed. Afterwards, increases in the transition rates in employment are forecasted due to the reductions in reservation wages. It is shown that the reform of the unemployment transfer payments mainly affect unemployed persons with a high income before unemployment. For these persons the transition rates in employment are increased by 5% to 9% if they are eligible for social welfare. For unemployed persons without eligibility for social welfare the transition rates in employment are increased by 9% to 22%.
Währungspolitik Im Dienste Von Entwicklung: Immer Noch Ein Forschungsprogramm
Authors: Sell Friedrich L. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we first formulate a number of working hypotheses about the likely contributions of exchange rate policy to economic development on the background of the famous “trilemma” which exchange rate policy has to face. Then, we broadly review experiences made by developing countries with different exchange rate regimes in the past 30 years. We find that in addition to the classical trilemma put forward by Bob Mundell (1968) vis-à-vis the exchange rate system, emerging economies have to solve at least one more trilemma located in their domestic financial markets. We show that the alternatives “flexible” or “fixed” exchange rates can only be chosen based on sound economic reasoning with regard to the stance and control of domestic financial markets. From this perspective, one can expect contributions to economic development and even give some advice to China and its current exchange rate policy.
Politökonomische Erklärungen Zum Abbau Der Staatsverschuldung – Eine Erweiterte Perspektive
Authors: Döring Thomas , Thießen Friedrich 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Since the 1970s many industrial countries constantly accumulated public debt. This was a new phenomenon that had not been observed in the years before. Scientists tried to find explanations and analysed the development mainly from a public choice perspective. In the meantime signs occurred showing that the trend has reversed. Again, it was looked for explanations. Some authors tried to explain the observed shift towards a strategy of budget consolidation with changes in political ideologies and institutions. Others explained the phenomenon with the fiscal constraints which can be a long term consequence of high levels of public debt. However, some important questions remained open. This paper pursues the question whether the change in the public-debt-policy of politicians can be embedded into a broader framework. This broader framework should not only allow to analyze the development of public debt as a result of the debt-related policy of politicians in a narrow sense, but as a result of political decisions relating to government spending and taxation in general, i.e. from a public budget perspective in total.
Patente Aus Hochschulen: Die Intellectual Property Rights-Frage
Authors: Bielig Andreas , Haase Heiko 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
With the topic “patents from universities”, the article deals with a current problem of university policy that up to now only has been discussed in detail and controversially within the political context. It intents an economic analysis of the recent legal changes regarding the abolition of the privilege of full professors on university inventions (Hochschullehrerprivileg). By this, the universities are granted the right of use and exploitation of inventions emanating from such institutions. The article analyses the conflict between the traditional publication as well as the public disposal of research outcomes and the possible exploitation strategies on new findings generated by universities. Based on the Intellectual Property Rights Theory it discusses different uses of university patents and draws conclusions for an university patent policy pointing out implications for research and teaching activities, the financing of universities as well as their role in innovation policy.
Zur Reform der Arbeitslosenversicherung – Markt, Staat oder beides?
Authors: Berthold Norbert , Berchem Sascha von 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Free and competitive insurance markets are not able to provide a system which can be considered economically efficient to deal with the material risks of unemployment. Nor are individual unemployment insurance savings accounts - even when regulated by the state - a superior alternative. If the economic feasibility of an unemployment insurance system is not in itself to be put at risk, coverage must in general be the responsibility of the state. However, the present design of state unemployment insurance can only be regarded as very inefficient and requiring urgent comprehensive reform. An increase in individual freedom and responsibility, as well as more competition are at the heart of a promising modern reform concept which takes into account the specific nature of the risk inherent in unemployment.
Transformation des deutschen Gesundheitssystems Anforderungen und Instrumente
Authors: Sundmacher Torsten 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A rising discussion can be seen concerning a transformation of health care systems. Real system changes have till now strengthened competition predominantly and reduced state interventions. Such a procedure also is probably the right way for the German system. Previous reform trials in Germany have i.e. introduced the Integrated Health Care (Integrierte Versorgung, IV). In this special health care form, single contractual regulations are allowed in the contract relationship between doctors and health insurance companies. These contracts partly take the usual collective agreements off. But, until now, the significance of this special form for the normal health care is minor, though. Whether the IV can be a starting point to a system transformation of the health care system by small steps is the question to be examined here.
Eine Welt voller Clubs
Authors: Zimmermann Klaus W. , Schemm-Gregory Reto 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The economic theory of clubs can offer eminent contributions to an efficient shaping of processes of integration, especially at the level of the European Union. To determine a welfare maximum in a world full of clubs, the distinction between the within-club point of view and the total economy point of view plays a decisive role. The article tackles this conflict in already existing clubs realizing their optimal size in connection with the principle-agent-problem between club members and club managers. Including the indivisibility problem of individuals and clubs in a more realistic perspective leads to a further problem typical for welfare maximization in a world full of full (i.e. optimally sized) clubs: the situation of those who will not be provided with the club goods. Three possible options taking care of those unprovisioned are distinguished, and it is analyzed how these options affect individual and social net benefit. It is shown that the efficiency of these options decisively depends on the within-club or total economy perspective implying specific principal-agent-problems. Some economic policy conclusions are drawn at the end applying the Frey/Eichenberger-Model of Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdiction to the European Integration Process.
Nachhaltige Finanzpolitik unter Berücksichtigung gleichwertiger Lebensverhältnisse
Authors: Heinemann André W. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The concept of fiscal sustainability is a helpful ex-ante instrument to analyse public budgets. The concept addresses the question which extent of public debt can be carried by future generations and states whether the burden of a certain debt is acceptable or not. This instrument is designed for total public budgets including several possible activities of the public sector. However, there are arguments against the one to one transformation of the concept of sustainability to the subnational level. The present paper deals with the argument of “critical minimum levels” of spending in consideration of equivalent living conditions within a federal system.
Was von ausländischen Direktinvestitionen zu erwarten ist: Unbegründete Ängste in den Heimatländern, übertriebene Hoffnungen in den Gastländern?
Authors: Nunnenkamp Peter 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The rise in foreign direct investment flowing to developing countries has created high expectations that, by drawing on this source of external financing, developing countries could initiate or accelerate processes of economic catching-up to advanced industrialized countries. By contrast, the public in advanced countries such as Germany is increasingly concerned that the relocation of production and the outsourcing of inputs by multinational enterprises add significantly to domestic labor market problems. A critical review of the literature and own empirical analyses suggest, however, that both views have to be qualified in major respects. As concerns developing host countries, it appears to be more difficult to derive macroeconomic benefits from foreign direct investment than to attract it. The labor market repercussions in advanced home countries are fairly complex. While relocation and outsourcing are important means to support the international competitiveness of domestic enterprises, the employment prospects and the relative wages of less qualified workers are likely to deteriorate.
Reducing Implicit Liabilities: The New Stability Pact Will (Moderately) Help
Authors: Buti Marco , Martins João Nogueira 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The EU fiscal framework has often been criticised for not providing Member States with the right incentives to adopt structural reforms which would reduce implicit liabilities and improve sustainability. The Pact, as reformed in 2005, now includes a number of provisions that explicitly consider sustainability and the need of Member States of embarking in bold structural measures that contribute to reduce their implicit liabilities. The pressure for short-term consolidation in SGP-I has, in part, shifted towards structural reforms. Overall, the reformed SGP will moderately help Member States in adopting structural reforms and reducing their implicit liabilities.
Sind Finanzmärkte in “Common-law-Ländern” besser entwickelt als in “Civil-law-Ländern”?
Authors: Vollmer Uwe 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Though the idea that formal institutions of corporate governance matter for economic development is widely accepted, it is still a matter of debate why different systems of corporate governance are dominant in different countries. While the “law-and-finance-view” asserts that the country′s affiliation to a certain legal family matters, other authors instead either emphasize the importance of geography, of religion and culture or of the dominance of interest groups for the institutional development of financial markets. This article surveys different views about the causes of financial development and presents empirical evidence on the question whether financial markets are really better developed in “common-lawcountries” than in “civil-law-countries”.
Zur Notwendigkeit des Vorstandsvergütungsoffenlegungsgesetzes
Authors: Stadtmann Georg , Wismann Markus F. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Due to changes in the German Corporate Governance Code the transparency of compensation of the members of the management board has become a central element of the German corporate governance system. We analyze how the new transparency will influence the average compensation level. It can not be ruled out that average compensation levels will increase. By applying the so called unraveling theory we are able to show that a law was not necessary and a trend to a higher degree of transparency was on its way anyway.
Das Personengebundene Budget (PGB) in der Pflege – Eine Governance Analyse
Authors: Meyer Dirk 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The personal budget for persons in need of care is tested currently as large-scale model project. As a hybrid between the benefit in cash and in kind the acceptance as a standard benefit is considered in the discussion about reforming of nursing care insurance. Especially a priority related expenditure of budget and the avoidance of cost intensive stays at nursing homes would be seen as an advantage. Within the score of governance analyses the actors and their roles in the currently corporate influenced system will be analysed so then their interests in an implementation of the PB can be worked out. Opposed to superficial assumptions there seems any serious resistance excluding by the owners of the nursing homes. This is even more remarkable considering that the PB will work as an accelerator for a change of system towards a marked based nursing care system. The corresponding relief of responsibilities of the state and the social insurance offers new opportunities and poses challenges. Therefore the deregulation will have to be accompanied by a re-regulation that focuses the quality assurance.