bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zur propositionalen Realisierung der Aufforderungsintention in der Indirekten Rede am Beispiel des modernen Arabischen
Authors: Wittig Sabine 
Published: November 2016

Summary
This article is intended to be a contribution to the problem of reported speech in Arabic. A command can be presented as a locutionary or illocutionary act of utterance. The reporter’s interpretation of the speaker’s intention can only be described if one distinguishes the grammatically determined meaning from the utterance meaning and the communicative sense. This paper examines linguistic and semantic changes due to reported speech depending on the different structures of the original sentences. It becomes evident in which way reported speech is related on the one hand to the propositional content of the original utterance and on the other to the phrases indicating its illocutionary force. A special aim is to explain how focussing the locutionary reap, illocutionary act results in certain verbs and related that-clauses being used.
LC/ESI-MS/MS profiling of Ulmus parvifolia extracts and evaluation of its anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities
Authors: Mina Suzan A. , Melek Farouk R. , Adeeb Rania M. , Hagag Eman G. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this study, a comparative liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/ESI-MS/MS) profiling of different fractions of Ulmus parvifolia leaves and stems was performed. Identification of compounds was based on comparing the mass spectrometric information obtained including m/z values and individual compound fragmentation pattern to tandem mass spectral library search and literature data. Eleven compounds were tentatively identified in the different analyzed fractions. One of the major constituents of this plant was isolated and identified as Icariside E4 [dihydro-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-4-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside] (5). The evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of the total methanolic extract using nitric oxide inhibition on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells model strong anti-inflammatory activity with 17.5% inhibition of nitric oxide production versus 10% inhibition for dexamethasone. The cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extract and Icariside E4 was evaluated against four types of human cell lines using MTT assay. Icariside E4 showed cytotoxic effect against Hep-G2, MCF-7, and CACO-2 cell lines compared to a negligible activity for the total extract. The same extract showed a moderate antioxidant activity with SC50=362.5 μg/mL.
Solvent Radical Anions in Irradiated Aliphatic Ketones and Esters as Observed Using Time-Resolved Magnetic Field Effects in the Recombination Fluorescence
Authors: Borovkov Vsevolod , Taratayko Andrey , Bessmertnykh Alena , Bagryansky Victor , Molin Yuriy 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
It has been found that addition of alcohols (~0.1 M) to some liquid ketones and esters results in well-pronounced oscillations in the decay of the delayed fluorescence intensity from irradiated solutions. The analysis of the time-resolved magnetic field effects (TR MFEs) in the recombination fluorescence has shown that these oscillations are a manifestation of singlet-triplet transitions in spin-correlated radical ion pairs (RIPs) created by irradiation. Comparison with literature data indicates that the transitions are due to hyperfine couplings (HFCs) in the solvent radical anion (RA), stabilized due to the presence of alcohol molecules. In acetone, this stabilization effect has been observed for methanol, ethanol, 2- propanol, and, to a smaller extent, for tert-butanol. Similar effects have also been observed in diethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, and methyl propionate but not in methyl tert-butyl ketone and ethyl trimethylacetate. The results obtained indicate that the interaction between the radical anions (RAs) of carbonyl compounds and alcohol molecules is of importance in pulse radiolysis studies of organic liquids and their mixtures.
Increase in the Age of Olympic Swimmers in Modern Times
Authors: Mazzilli Facundo M. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Mazzilli, FM. Increase in the age of Olympic swimmers in modern times. J Strength Cond Res 31(8): 2208–2215, 2017—Anecdotal data suggest an increase in the age of Olympic swimmers, but scientific studies in this regard are scarce, despite the importance for coaches of the confirmation of this increase in different styles. To ascertain the reality of this increase, this study focused on the analysis of the data contained in the reports of the Internal Olympic Games Association, covering different events and styles throughout the history of the Games. Starting with the 1908 Games, a total of 806 swimmers (436 men and 370 women) were included in the study. Of them, 137 men and 135 women had won 2 or more medals. Plots of the age of the swimmer at the time a gold, silver, or bronze medal was granted versus year of competition elicited statistical significant increases in 3 events in men and 9 events in women. Interestingly, significant increases were regularly observed in the styles introduced in the 60s, and a kind of V-shaped distribution was observed in some of the long established competitions, namely in the 100, 400 and 1,500 m freestyle in men, where the point of inflexion seems to occur around 1960. Overall, there is a continuing increase in the age of swimmers of ages over 24 years mirrored by a decrease of those younger than 20 years, and this is accompanied by the increased presence of swimmers that have won medals in 2 or 3 different Games.
A Performance Analysis of a Stand-Up Paddle Board Marathon Race
Authors: Schram Ben L. , Hing Wayne A. , Climstein Mike , Furness James W. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Schram, BL, Hing, WA, Climstein, M, and Furness, JW. A performance analysis of a stand-up paddle board marathon race. J Strength Cond Res 31(6): 1552–1556, 2017—Stand-up paddle boarding (SUP) is a rapidly growing sport and recreational activity in which little scientific research exists. A review of the literature failed to identify a single article pertaining to the physiological demands of SUP competition. The purpose of this study was to conduct a performance analysis of a national-level SUP marathon race. Ten elite SUP athletes (6 male and 4 female athletes) were recruited from the Stand Up Paddle Surfing Association of Australia to have their race performance in the Australian Titles analyzed. Performance variables included SUP speed, course taken, and heart rate (HR), measured with a 15-Hz global positioning system unit. Results demonstrated that there was a variation in distance covered (13.3–13.9 km), peak speed (18.8–26.4 km·h−1), and only moderate correlations (r = 0.38) of race result to distance covered. Significantly greater amounts of time were spent in the 5- to 10-km·h−1 speed zones (p ≤ 0.05) during the race. Peak HR varied from 168 to 208 b·min−1 among the competitors with the average HR being 168.6 ± 9.8 b·min−1. Significantly higher durations were spent in elevated HR zones (p ≤ 0.05) with participants spending 89.3% of their race within 80–100% of their age-predicted HRmax. Marathon SUP races seem to involve a high aerobic demand, with maintenance of near-maximal HRs required for the duration of the race. There is a high influence of tactical decisions and extrinsic variables to race results. These results provide a greater understanding of the physiological demands of distance events and may assist in the development of specialized training programs for SUP athletes.
Niacin‐mediated Tace activation ameliorates CMT neuropathies with focal hypermyelination
Authors: Bolino Alessandra , Piguet Françoise , Alberizzi Valeria , Pellegatta Marta , Rivellini Cristina , Guerrero‐Valero Marta , Noseda Roberta , Brombin Chiara , Nonis Alessandro , D'Adamo Patrizia , Taveggia Carla , Previtali Stefano Carlo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCharcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) neuropathies are highly heterogeneous disorders caused by mutations in more than 70 genes, with no available treatment. Thus, it is difficult to envisage a single suitable treatment for all pathogenetic mechanisms. Axonal Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) type III drives Schwann cell myelination and determines myelin thickness by ErbB2/B3‐PI3K–Akt signaling pathway activation. Nrg1 type III is inhibited by the α‐secretase Tace, which negatively regulates PNS myelination. We hypothesized that modulation of Nrg1 levels and/or secretase activity may constitute a unifying treatment strategy for CMT neuropathies with focal hypermyelination as it could restore normal levels of myelination. Here we show that in vivo delivery of Niaspan, a FDA‐approved drug known to enhance TACE activity, efficiently rescues myelination in the Mtmr2−/− mouse, a model of CMT4B1 with myelin outfoldings, and in the Pmp22+/− mouse, which reproduces HNPP (hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies) with tomacula. Importantly, we also found that Niaspan reduces hypermyelination of Vim (vimentin)−/− mice, characterized by increased Nrg1 type III and Akt activation, thus corroborating the hypothesis that Niaspan treatment downregulates Nrg1 type III signaling.
Hyponatraemia secondary to nivolumab-induced primary adrenal failure
Authors: Trainer Harris , Hulse Paul , Higham Claire E , Trainer Peter , Lorigan Paul 
Published: November 2016

Summary
Checkpoint inhibitors, such as ipilimumab and pembrolizumab, have transformed the prognosis for patients with advanced malignant melanoma and squamous non-small-cell lung cancer, and their use will only expand as experience is gained in a variety of other malignancies, for instance, renal and lymphoma. As the use of checkpoint inhibitors increases, so too will the incidence of their unique side effects, termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can affect dermatological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, endocrine and other systems. Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the human programmed death receptor-1 ligand (PD-L1) found on many cancer cells and is licensed for the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma. We describe the first case of nivolumab-induced adrenalitis resulting in primary adrenal failure presenting with hyponatraemia in a 43-year-old man with malignant melanoma. The case highlights the potentially life-threatening complications of checkpoint inhibitors and the need for patient education and awareness of irAEs among the wider clinical community because such side effects require prompt recognition and treatment.

Learning points:

Nivolumab can cause primary adrenal insufficiency.
Not all cases of hyponatraemia in patients with malignancy are due to SIADH.
Any patient on a checkpoint inhibitor becoming unwell should have serum cortisol urgently measured and if in doubt hydrocortisone therapy should be initiated.
Although hyponatraemia can occur in patients with ACTH deficiency, the possibility of primary adrenal failure should also be considered and investigated by measurement of renin, aldosterone and ACTH.
Patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors require education on the potential risks of hypocortisolaemia.
PET imaging demonstrated bilateral increased activity consistent with an autoimmune adrenalitis.
Ovarian function and reproductive senescence in the rat: role of ovarian sympathetic innervation
Authors: Cruz Gonzalo , Fernandois Daniela , Paredes Alfonso H 
Published: November 2016

Successful reproduction is the result of a myriad interactions in which the ovary and the ovarian follicular reserve play a fundamental role. At present, women who delay maternity until after 30 years of age have a decreased fertility rate due to various causes, including damaged follicles and a reduction in the reserve pool of follicles. Therefore, the period just prior to menopause, also known as the subfertile period, is important. The possibility of modulating the follicular pool and the health of follicles during this period to improve fertility is worth exploring. We have developed an animal model to study the ovarian ageing process during this subfertile period to understand the mechanisms responsible for reproductive senescence. In the rat model, we have shown that the sympathetic nervous system participates in regulating the follicular development during ovarian ageing. This article reviews the existing evidence on the presence and functional role of sympathetic nerve activity in regulating the follicular development during ovarian ageing, with a focus on the subfertile period.Free Spanish abstract: A Spanish translation of this abstract is freely available athttp://www.reproduction-online.org/content/153/2/R59/suppl/DC1.
A Reimagined Response to Drug Offenses in the Western World
Authors: Kinghorn Ryan 
Published: November 2016

<em>A Reimagined Response to Drug Offenses in the Western World </em><span>is an essay regarding the ineffective responses currently employed to deal with non-violent drug offenses in both Canada and the United States. The essay identifies many of the major issues attributed to the current neo-liberal response to such crimes, and suggests alternative ways of dealing with this very prominent societal issue. Furthermore, this essay explores a new perspective on non-violent drug offenses - as being more of a medical issue than criminal, and how this perspective can influence changes in the current criminal procedures associated with the war on drugs.</span>
Mexico’s Living Dead
Authors: Fregoso Rosa-Linda 
Published: November 2016

In September 2014, I was as a judge for the Hearing on Feminicide and Gender Violences organized by the Permanent People’s Tribunal in Chihuahua, Mexico. Although the levels of social violence and insecurity have touched the lives of everyone, the impact has been most devastating for women. For three days we heard testimonies from victims of feminicide, disappearances and trafficking, structural violence, forced exile, domestic violence, sexual violence, and persecution as human-rights defenders. We heard repeated references to the police’s and military’s long history of violating human rights with impunity, to the complicity of the state authorities with organized crime, to cartel infiltration at all levels of government, to a <i>narco-maquina</i> (narco-machine) currently ruling Mexico. It became exceedingly difficult to determine whether it was agents of the state or organized crime groups that were perpetrating these crimes against humanity.
Timing of Circumcision and Breastfeeding Initiation Among Newborn Boys
Authors: Mondzelewski Lisa , Gahagan Sheila , Johnson Christine , Madanat Hala , Rhee Kyung 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Newborn circumcision, particularly in the first 24 hours of life, has been thought to adversely affect breastfeeding initiation. However, no studies specifically support an association between early circumcision and difficulty with breastfeeding initiation or maintenance. This study was designed to determine whether timing of newborn circumcision affects rates of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 2 weeks of life.METHODS:A retrospective study of 797 newborn boys and their mothers was conducted at a large military hospital. Exclusion criteria included gestational age &lt;38 weeks, multiple delivery, NICU admission, and absence of maternal intention to breastfeed. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the relationship between time of elective circumcision and exclusive breastfeeding at 3 time points: hospital discharge and the newborn and 2-week outpatient visits.RESULTS:Mean infant age at circumcision was 29.7 hours. Thirty-one percent were circumcised at &lt;24 hours of age. Rates of exclusive breastfeeding were 66.8%, 64.1%, and 63.7% at hospital discharge and the newborn and 2-week outpatient visits, respectively. In the multivariable model, time of circumcision was not significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge (odds ratio [OR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–1.00; P = .54), the newborn outpatient visit (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.99–1.02; P = .84), or the 2-week outpatient visit (OR, 0.99; 95% CI 0.98–1.01; P = .44).CONCLUSIONS:There was no significant association between timing of elective newborn circumcision and exclusive breastfeeding in the first 2 weeks of life. In this setting, early circumcision of otherwise healthy, term boys had no deleterious effects on breastfeeding initiation or maintenance.
Factors Associated With the Prophylactic Prescription of a Bowel Regimen to Prevent Opioid-Induced Constipation
Authors: Chen Nancy Y. , Nguyen Eugene , Schrager Sheree M. , Russell Christopher J. 
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVE:
Identify factors associated with the prophylactic prescription of a bowel regimen with an inpatient opioid prescription.

METHODS:
This was a retrospective cohort study from June 1, 2013, to October 31, 2014 of pediatric inpatients prescribed an oral or intravenous opioid on the general medical/surgical floors. We identified patients with or without a prophylactic prescription of a bowel regimen. We obtained patient demographics, prescriber training level and service and used multivariate logistic regression to analyze the factors associated with prophylactic bowel regimen and opioid prescription.

RESULTS:
Of the 6682 encounters that met study criteria, only 966 (14.5%) encounters had prophylactic prescriptions. Patient factors associated with prophylactic prescription include increasing age (per year; odds ratio [OR] = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.07) and sickle cell diagnosis (OR = 3.19, 95% CI 2.08–4.91). Medication factors associated with prophylactic prescription include a scheduled opioid prescription (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.46–2.1) and a prescription for oxycodone (OR = 3.59, 95% CI 2.57–5.00) or morphine (OR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.39–2.44), compared with acetaminophen-hydrocodone. Compared with medical providers, surgeons were less likely (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.35–0.53) and pain service providers were more likely to prescribe a prophylactic bowel regimen (OR = 4.12, 95% CI 3.13–5.43).

CONCLUSIONS:
More than 85% of inpatient opioid prescriptions did not receive a prophylactic bowel regimen. Future research should examine factors (eg, clinical decision support tools) to increase prophylactic prescription of bowel regimens with opioids for populations found to have lower rates.
ANÁLISE ENTONACIONAL DA LEITURA DE TELEJORNAIS CHILENOS E ESPANHÓIS COM BASE NA TEORIA DA LÍNGUA EM ATO
Authors: De Pinho José Ricardo Dordron 
Published: November 2016

<span>Este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma descrição entonacional do fonoestilo leitura de notí<span>cias de telejornais em língua espanhola por apresentadores homens e mulheres das variedades <span>chilena e espanhola. Para tanto, aplicamos aos dados uma análise das funções informativas, <span>segundo a Teoria da Língua em Ato. De acordo com a mesma, em nosso <span><em>corpus</em><span>, poderíamos encontrar 6 de suas unidades de informação; no entanto, apenas 4 foram efetivamente observadas: <span>tópico, comentário, apêndice de tópico e apêndice de comentário. As duas últimas são bastante <span>raras. Ainda que o comentário seja um elemento obrigatório e o tópico não, para a Teoria da <span>Língua em Ato, a frequência de ocorrência dessa segunda função informativa é bastante alta em <span>nossos enunciados, o que indica um alto grau de topicalização que caracterizaria o fonoestilo <span>em questão. Para o tópico, foram identificados os mesmos 3 perfis melódicos descritos para o <span>italiano, com foco à direita. Para o comentário, encontramos movimentos de F<span>0 <span>que caracterizam um comentário ligado não final, um comentário ligado não final mas final de sequência e <span>um comentário em final de leitura. Os correlatos morfossintáticos do tópico tendem a ser substantivos e os do comentário, verbos. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span>
PROSÓDIA E SINTAXE: UM ESTUDO PERCEPTIVO SOBRE ESTRUTURAS DE TÓPICO E SUJEITO NO PORTUGUÊS BRASILEIRO
Authors: Fonseca Aline Alves , Brandão Ana Carolina Monteiro , Da Silva Andressa Christine Oliveira 
Published: November 2016

<span>No presente estudo, investigamos se as características prosódicas de um Sintagma Nominal <span>(SN), na posição de tópico de argumento interno ou de sujeito não topicalizado em uma oração, <span>são suficientes e informativas para ouvintes distinguirem essas duas categorias sintáticas. Para <span>tanto, aplicamos uma tarefa de completar frases, com itens experimentais gravados com as propriedades prosódicas de sintagmas entoacionais (IP) para tópicos, nos termos de Nespor e Vogel <span>(2007) e Pierrehumbert (1980), e com as características prosódicas de sintagmas fonológicos <span>(PhP) para sujeitos. Os participantes, após ouvirem o item experimental, com estrutura prosódica de tópico ou de sujeito, deveriam completar a frase, utilizando a estrutura ouvida, de maneira <span>que todo o conjunto fizesse sentido. Analisamos o tempo de resposta gasto pelos participantes <span>entre o fim da audição do item experimental e o início da completação da frase e ainda o tipo de <span>elemento sintático que iniciava a completação. Mais precisamente, dividimos a completação em <span>4 categorias: a) nomes ou pronomes, b) verbos em 1ª pessoa, c) verbos de ligação e d) verbos em <span>3ª pessoa. Os resultados de tempo de resposta apontam para uma identificação, pelos ouvintes, <span>das características prosódicas das condições de Tópico e de Sujeito no Português Brasileiro (PB).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>
Language and Power: The Use of Persuasive Techniques in Iran and U.S. President Speeches
Authors: Rezaei Sohrab , Nourali Niloofar 
Published: November 2016

The present article is about language and power, focuses on the speechmaking skills, and using persuasive techniques such as Simile and metaphor, Mixed metaphor or simile, Extended metaphor, Allusion, Lists of three, Repetition, Parallelism, Puzzled or redundant questions, Alliteration and Wordplay. For the sake of better analysis certain elements of this ability, a comparison between Iran President Mr. Rouhani and U. S. President Mr. Obama is made. Two speeches of two presidents are selected. The first two are in the same topic and the second two are in different topics. Each president is a strong personality in his own right, both leaders have manifested this ability and managed to persuade the masses about the correctness of their political steps; however their using of persuasive techniques differ dramatically, as it is attempted to support by analysis in this article. The results show that, usually they use the same techniques but Dr. Rouhani use more persuasive techniques than President Obama does. Dr. Rouhani uses Alliteration and President Obama uses Metaphor more than other techniques in their speeches. It can be said that using persuasive techniques is culture based.