bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zika clinical updates: implications for pediatrics
Authors: Adachi Kristina , Nielsen-Saines Karin 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has gained recognition over the past few years as an important new cause of congenital infection. As a result, it is critical that pediatricians understand its epidemiology, clinical presentation, clinical sequelae, and management.

Recent findings
The recent ZIKV epidemiology, clinical presentation of acute infection in children and complications, perinatal infection, and congenital infection will be summarized in this ZIKV review. This will be followed by a brief summary on ZIKV diagnosis, management, treatment, and prevention.

Summary
The field of clinical research in ZIKV has rapidly evolved over recent months. It is critical that pediatricians continue to stay up-to-date with the continuously evolving understanding of the clinical aspects of ZIKV to ensure optimal identification and management of affected infants and children. Given the recent changes in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines to limit screening of asymptomatic pregnant women in the United States with possible ZIKV exposure, comprehensive ZIKV clinical knowledge becomes even more crucial.
Exercise as an Intervention to Mitigate Decreased Cognitive Function From Cancer and Cancer Treatment
Authors: Myers Jamie S. , Erickson Kirk I. , Sereika Susan M. , Bender Catherine M. 
Published: November 2017

Background:Decreased cognitive function associated with non–central nervous system cancers and cancer treatment significantly affects cancer survivors’ quality of life. Exercise may be an effective intervention to mitigate decreased cognitive function.Objective:The aim of this article is to conduct an integrative review to summarize and critique the available evidence related to the use of exercise as a potential intervention for decreased cognitive function from cancer and cancer treatment.Methods:We conducted an integrative review through January 2016 utilizing PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Broad inclusion criteria included any quantitative study in which cognitive outcomes were reported in relationship to any type of exercise for adult cancer survivors. Effect sizes were calculated when possible based on available data.Results:Twenty-six studies were included for review. The majority of studies (including aerobic or resistance exercise as well as mindfulness-based exercise) were associated with some improved cognitive outcomes. However, studies varied significantly in levels of evidence, cognitive domains assessed, and types of cognitive measures. Less than half of the studies included objective measures of cognitive function.Conclusions:The evidence shows promising trends for the use of exercise as a potential intervention for improving cognitive function following cancer and cancer treatment, but questions remain concerning exercise type, timing of initiation, intensity, frequency, and duration.Implications for Practice:Additional research is warranted to understand how various types of exercise influence cognitive function in the cancer survivor population and to better understand the mechanisms driving these effects. Trial designs that include both objective and subjective measures of cognitive function are needed.
Agreement Among Clinician, Patient, and Independent Interviewer Ratings of Adaptive Functioning
Authors: Nakash Ora , Nagar Maayan , Westen Drew 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We examined the interrater reliability and diagnostic efficiency of clinician report (both the treating clinician and independent expert clinical interviewer) and patient self-report of clinically meaningful information pertaining to adaptive functioning. A convenience sample of clinicians (N = 80) and patients (N = 170) from eight community mental health clinics in Israel participated in the study. Our findings suggest that clinicians overall reliably report on adaptive functioning of patients (overall correct classification rates range, 0.74–0.98). Yet, in some areas, they may fail to collect necessary information such as self-mutilation history, loss of job in the past 5 years, and adult physical abuse. The patterns of higher versus lower diagnostic efficiency suggest that both treating clinicians and independent clinician interviewers tend to make judgments conservatively, essentially sacrificing sensitivity for specificity, not diagnosing events unless they were certain, thus maximizing false-negatives and minimizing false-positives.
Addressing unhealthy alcohol use among people living with HIV: recent advances and research directions
Authors: Edelman E. Jennifer , Williams Emily C. , Marshall Brandon D.L. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
Unhealthy alcohol use is prevalent among people living with HIV (PLWH). We sought to identify the most current literature examining the impact of unhealthy alcohol on health outcomes and latest developments on how to best intervene.

Recent findings
New research shows that PLWH have heightened morbidity and mortality at lower levels of alcohol consumption compared with HIV-uninfected persons. Studies published since 2016 have further elucidated the effects of persistent unhealthy alcohol use on HIV treatment outcomes over time. Screening and brief interventions, as well as pharmacologic treatment, can reduce unhealthy alcohol use among PLWH.

Summary
Unhealthy alcohol use is an important and modifiable risk factor for poor health and HIV treatment outcomes among PLWH. More research is needed to encourage and maintain engagement in alcohol-related interventions and improve implementation.
The Modified Caldwell-Luc Approach in Retrieval of Accidentally Displaced Root into the Maxillary Sinus
Authors: Asmael Huda M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This clinical study presents a case of root displacement into the maxillary sinus that is associated with oroantral communication. A modified Caldwell-Luc procedure was performed successfully for the retrieval of the displaced root from the maxillary sinus. The aim of this article was to highlight the principles and advantages of the modified approach in the management of such a case compared with the standard Caldwell-Luc approach.
A Clinical Photographic Method to Evaluate the Need for Helmet Therapy in Deformational Plagiocephaly
Authors: Cho In Kook , Eom Jeung Ryeol , Lee Jeong Woo , Yang Jung Dug , Chung Ho Yun , Cho Byung Chae , Choi Kang Young 
Published: November 2017

Purpose:
With an increase in positional plagiocephaly patients, various therapy methods have been researched and helmet therapy is the most widely used and effective treatment method. To devise a method that would allow medical professionals and patients’ parents to more easily identify the shape and outcomes before and after the therapy.

Methods:
This study included 399 patients who had helmet therapy from November 2014 to February 2016. Patients wore a cast helmet for more than 20 hours per day. A cranial caliper was used to measure their head before they wore the helmet (prehelmet), once a month during outpatient visits, and 6 months after they stopped wearing the helmet (posthelmet). Clinical photographs were taken on a transparent acrylic sheet with a grid of 5-mm intervals to measure cranial vault asymmetry (CVA), cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI), and symmetry ration (SR). The patients’ photographs were then measured twice: first against the background without the grid and then against the background with the grid.

Results:
Average age at prehelmet was 20 weeks while their average therapy period was 12 weeks. Patients’ prehelmet CVA was 13.3 mm, and their posthelmet CVA was 3.1 mm. Their prehelmet CVAI was 10.1%, and their posthelmet CVAI was 2.1% (P < 0.001). Their overall prehelmet and posthelmet SRs were 0.820 and 0.969, respectively (P < 0.001). In addition, the measurements based on clinical photographs with and without the grid were compared using Fleiss kappa. The results showed κ = 0.847 and 0.956 when the patient was mild, κ = 0.744 and 0.919 when it was moderate, and κ = 0.767 and 0.924 when it was severe (P < 0.001). In all 3 patients, the consistency was higher with the grid.

Conclusion:
Since cast helmet manufacturing for positional plagiocephaly therapy does not require computed tomography scanning, there is no need to administer a sedative, nor does it pose any radiation exposure risk. Since the cast helmet is easier to manufacture and operate and is more cost effective, it could be used to treat more people. In addition, it would be useful for both medical professionals and patients’ guardians to use clinical photographs with the acrylic sheet with the grid as a method to analyze shapes and outcomes before and after therapy, along with traditional CVA and CVAI.
The Value of a Photobook in Informing Families About the Cosmetic Results of Surgery in Craniosynostosis
Authors: Care Helen , Dalton Louise , Johnson David 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This paper outlines the development and evaluation of a photobook resource to support parents’ decision making regarding potential craniofacial surgery for their child. The photobook was developed at a UK Craniofacial Unit and consisted of preoperative and postoperative photographs of patients with craniosynostosis. It was intended to act as a visual adjunct to detailed verbal discussion of surgical treatment options. No changes in the uptake rate of surgery were detected following the introduction of the photobook. An evaluation of parents’ views of the photobook indicates that families generally welcomed the resource and did not report any adverse responses. Ethical considerations of the use of such a resource cannot be discounted, and careful presentation of such a resource in the context of a specialist team is recommended.
Application of YL-1 Needle in Chronic Subdural Hematoma Treatment for Super-Aged Patients
Authors: Fei Xifeng , Wan Yi , Wang Zhimin , Chen Hanchun , Jiang Dongyi 
Published: November 2017

Objective:
The proportion of the super-aged population (at the age of 80 or above) in patients with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) and the incidence of CSDH of the population have been increasing. Since it is widely accepted that YL-1 needle is effective in CSDH treatment, this paper aimed to probe into the efficacy of YL-1 needle in minimally invasive surgery for super-aged (at the age of 80–90) CSDH patients.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis on the clinical information of 17 super-aged CSDH patients having received the YL-1 needle puncture treatment provided by the hospital from May 2012 to December 2016 was performed. At the same time, another 19 CSDH patients (ages 60–79) who were hospitalized during the same period were randomly selected to form a control group. The same surgical treatment was provided for both groups to observe and compare the treatment efficacy.

Results:
The patients of both groups were cured and discharged. Among the super-aged patients, there was 1 patient with postoperative hematoma recurrence, 1 patient with pneumocephalus, and 1 patient with wound infection; among the aged patients, 1 reported postoperative recurrence and 2 had pneumocephalus; The average length of stay of the super-aged group was 9.235 ± 2.948 days while that of the aged group was 7.316 ± 3.660 days, which showed no statistical difference.

Conclusion:
The YL-1 needle puncture treatment is safe and efficacious for both the super-aged and the aged CSDH patients.
Symptom cluster among patients with advanced heart failure: a review of its manifestations and impacts on health outcomes
Authors: Yu Doris Sau-fung , Li Polly Wai-chi , Chong Sherry On-ki 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
Assessment of symptom clustering is effective in enhancing care planning for symptom palliation in life-limiting disease. This review was aimed at identifying symptom cluster manifestation among advanced heart failure patients and to investigate the prognostic impact of the identified symptom clusters.

Recent findings
A systematic search of the literature identified 10 relevant articles. Two approaches were undertaken based on: correlations between symptoms and shared characteristics of patients’ symptom profiles, to identify the symptom clusters. By comparing the findings for heart failure patients at an advanced disease stage and those who were not, the symptom clusters of advanced heart failure were found to have unique characteristics. In particular, the typical symptoms associated with cardiac decompensation are not clustered together. Instead, dyspnoea is clustered with emotional symptoms indicating that a distressing dyspnoeic attack may reinforce awareness of the life-limiting nature of the disease and arouse negative emotions. In addition, the debilitating heart failure-specific symptoms share the cause of the life-limiting aspects in compromising patient vitality. The strong positive association between symptom burden and cardiac event prompts the need for effective intervention to palliate not only typical but also atypical and emotional symptoms of advanced heart failure.

Summary
This review provides insight on potentially effective interventions for symptom palliation in advanced heart failure.
Human VMPFC encodes early signatures of confidence in perceptual decisions
Authors: Gherman Sabina , Philiastides Marios G. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChoice confidence, an individual’s internal estimate of judgment accuracy, plays a critical role in adaptive behaviour. Despite its importance, the early (decisional) stages of confidence processing remain underexplored. Here, we recorded simultaneous EEG/fMRI while participants performed a direction discrimination task and rated their confidence on each trial. Using multivariate single-trial discriminant analysis of the EEG, we identified a stimulus- and accuracy-independent component encoding confidence, appearing prior to subjects’ choice and explicit confidence report. The trial-to-trial variability in this EEG-derived confidence signal was uniquely associated with fMRI responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), a region not typically associated with confidence for perceptual decisions. Furthermore, we showed that the VMPFC was functionally coupled with regions of the prefrontal cortex that support neural representations of confidence during explicit metacognitive report. Our results suggest that the VMPFC encodes an early confidence readout, preceding and potentially informing metacognitive evaluation and learning, by acting as an implicit value/reward signal.
Common risk variants identified in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Grove Jakob , Ripke Stephan , Als Thomas D. , Mattheisen Manuel , Walters Raymond , Won Hyejung , Pallesen Jonatan , Agerbo Esben , Andreassen Ole A. , Anney Richard , Belliveau Rich , Bettella Francesco , Buxbaum Joseph D. , Bybjerg-Grauholm Jonas , Bækved-Hansen Marie , Cerrato Felecia , Chambert Kimberly , Christensen Jane H. , Churchhouse Claire , Dellenvall Karin , Demontis Ditte , De Rubeis Silvia , Devlin Bernie , Djurovic Srdjan , Dumont Ashle , Goldstein Jacqueline , Hansen Christine S. , Hauberg Mads Engel , Hollegaard Mads V. , Hope Sigrun , Howrigan Daniel P. , Huang Hailiang , Hultman Christina , Klei Lambertus , Maller Julian , Martin Joanna , Martin Alicia R. , Moran Jennifer , Nyegaard Mette , Nærland Terje , Palmer Duncan S. , Palotie Aarno , Pedersen Carsten B. , Pedersen Marianne G. , Poterba Timothy , Poulsen Jesper B. , St Pourcain Beate , Qvist Per , Rehnström Karola , Reichenberg Avi , Reichert Jennifer , Robinson Elise B. , Roeder Kathryn , Roussos Panos , Saemundsen Evald , Sandin Sven , Satterstrom F. Kyle , Smith George D. , Stefansson Hreinn , Stefansson Kari , Steinberg Stacy , Stevens Christine , Sullivan Patrick F. , Turley Patrick , Walters G. Bragi , Xu Xinyi ,   Autism Spectrum Disorders Working Group of The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, BUPGEN, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 23andMe Research Team, Geschwind Daniel , Nordentoft Merete , Hougaard David M. , Werge Thomas , Mors Ole , Mortensen Preben Bo , Neale Benjamin M. , Daly Mark J. , Børglum Anders D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable and heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental phenotypes diagnosed in more than 1% of children. Common genetic variants contribute substantially to ASD susceptibility, but to date no individual variants have been robustly associated with ASD. With a marked sample size increase from a unique Danish population resource, we report a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 18,381 ASD cases and 27,969 controls that identifies five genome-wide significant loci. Leveraging GWAS results from three phenotypes with significantly overlapping genetic architectures (schizophrenia, major depression, and educational attainment), seven additional loci shared with other traits are identified at equally strict significance levels. Dissecting the polygenic architecture we find both quantitative and qualitative polygenic heterogeneity across ASD subtypes, in contrast to what is typically seen in other complex disorders. These results highlight biological insights, particularly relating to neuronal function and corticogenesis and establish that GWAS performed at scale will be much more productive in the near term in ASD, just as it has been in a broad range of important psychiatric and diverse medical phenotypes.
Static and dynamic measures of human brain connectivity predict complementary aspects of human cognitive performance
Authors: Ramos-Nuñez Aurora I. , Fischer-Baum Simon , Martin Randi , Yue Qiuhai , Ye Fengdan , Deem Michael W. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn cognitive network neuroscience, the connectivity and community structure of the brain network is related to cognition. Much of this research has focused on two measures of connectivity – modularity and flexibility – which frequently have been examined in isolation. By using resting state fMRI data from 52 young adults, we investigate the relationship between modularity, flexibility and performance on cognitive tasks. We show that flexibility and modularity are highly negatively correlated. However, we also demonstrate that flexibility and modularity make unique contributions to explain task performance, with modularity predicting performance for simple tasks and flexibility predicting performance on complex tasks that require cognitive control and executive functioning. The theory and results presented here allow for stronger links between measures of brain network connectivity and cognitive processes.
The standard genetic code facilitates exploration of the space of functional nucleotide sequences
Authors: Tripathi Shubham , Deem Michael W. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe standard genetic code is well known to be optimized for minimizing the phenotypic effects of single nucleotide substitutions, a property that was likely selected for during the emergence of a universal code. Given the fitness advantage afforded by high standing genetic diversity in a population in a dynamic environment, it is possible that selection to explore a large fraction of the space of functional proteins also occurred. To determine whether selection for such a property played a role during the emergence of the nearly universal genetic code, we investigated the number of functional variants of theEscherichia coliPhoQ protein explored at different time scales under translation using different genetic codes. We found that the standard genetic code is highly optimal for exploring a large fraction of the space of functional PhoQ variants at intermediate time scales as compared to random codes. Environmental changes, in response to which genetic diversity in a population provides a fitness advantage, are likely to have occurred at these intermediate time scales. Our results indicate that the ability of the standard code to explore a large fraction of the space of functional sequence variants arises from a balance between robustness and flexibility and is largely independent of the property of the standard code to minimize the phenotypic effects of mutations. We propose that selection to explore a large fraction of the functional sequence space while minimizing the phenotypic effects of mutations contributed towards the emergence of the standard code as the universal genetic code.
A Computational Model for the Evaluation of Complement System Regulation under Homeostasis, Disease, and Drug Intervention
Authors: Zewde Nehemiah , Morikis Dimitrios 
Published: November 2017

HighlightsComputational model describing dynamics of complement system activation pathwaysComplement dysregulation leads to deviation from homeostasis and to inflammatory diseasesModel identifies biomarkers to quantify the effects of complement dysregulationKnown drugs restore impaired dynamics of complement biomarkers under dysregulationDisease-specific models are suitable for diagnosis and patient-specific drug treatmentAbstractThe complement system is a part of innate immunity that rapidly removes invading pathogens and impaired host-cells. Activation of the complement system is balanced under homeostasis by regulators that protect healthy host-cells. Impairment of complement regulators tilts the balance, favoring activation and propagation that leads to inflammatory diseases. The most potent regulator of the complement system is Factor H (FH), and its impairment induces improper complement activation that leads to inflammatory diseases, such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and age related macular degeneration. To understand the dynamics involved in the pivotal balance between activation and regulation, we have developed a comprehensive computational model of the alternative and classical pathways of the complement system. The model is composed of 290 ordinary differential equations with 142 kinetic parameters that describe the state of complement system under homeostasis and disorder through FH impairment. We have evaluated the state of the system by generating concentration-time profiles for the biomarkers C3, C3a-desArg, C5, C5a-desArg, Factor B (FB), Ba, Bb, and fC5b-9 that are influenced by complement dysregulation. We show that FH-mediated disorder induces substantial levels of complement activation compared to homeostasis, by generating reduced levels of C3 and FB, and to a lesser extent C5, and elevated levels of C3a-desArg, Ba, Bb, C5a-desArg, and fC5b-9. These trends are consistent with clinically observed biomarkers associated with complement-mediated diseases. Furthermore, we introduced therapy states by modeling known drugs of the complement system, a compstatin variant (C3 inhibitor) and eculizumab (a C5 inhibitor). Compstatin demonstrates strong restorative effects for early-stage biomarkers, such as C3a-desArg, FB, Ba, and Bb, and milder restorative effects for late-stage biomarkers, such as C5a-desArg and fC5b-9, whereas eculizumab has strong restorative effects on late-stage biomarkers, and negligible effects on early-stage biomarkers. These results highlight the need for patient-specific therapies that target early complement activation at the C3 level, or late-stage propagation of the terminal cascade at the C5 level, depending on the specific FH-mediated disease and the manifestations of a patient’s genetic profile in complement regulatory function.