bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
California Red Scale Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1996
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy of two insect growth regulators (IGR) and a new chemical insecticide for the control of California red scale (CRS) were compared with an organophosphate insecticide and an untreated check. The insecticides were applied to 13-year-old ‘Washington’ navel orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, CA. Single insecticide applications were compared with multiple applications of two different insecticides. Treatments were assigned on the basis of pre-treatment densities of CRS and insecticides were applied to ten single-tree replicates in each treatment. Admire was applied to the soil on 29 Apr and the soil was irrigated for 4 hours. Foliar treatments were timed for emergence of 1 st-generation (9, 10 May) and 2nd-generation (8, 9 July) scale crawlers and applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 450 psi and 1200 gpa (14-15 gallons per tree). Five randomly collected two-year-old twigs per tree and five fruit per tree (when they were available) were evaluated at monthly intervals. All live and parasitized 1st- and 2nd-instar scales and 3rd-instar female scales were counted. At harvest (14-22 Jan 1997), the percentage of fruit infested with &gt; 10 CRS was evaluated and the fruit was electronically graded into juice (poorest cosmetic quality), choice, and fancy (best cosmetic quality) categories.
Citricola Scale Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1996
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides alone and in combination with a spray adjuvant were evaluated against the lst-instar nymphal stage of citricola scale on citrus compared with a water application. Treatments were applied to 22-year-old ‘Washington’ navel orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, California. The first application was made 16 Sep 1996 and was timed to cause mortality of 1st-instar nymphs on leaves. A separate application of Lorsban was applied 14 Nov 1996 and targeted lst-instar nymphs after they had begun to move to the twigs. The purpose of testing this later application was to determine if a late spray of a low rate of Lorsban could be efficacious against citricola scale. Growers utilizing an integrated pest management program would like to minimize the negative impact of Lorsban application on parasitism of California red scale by Aphytis melinus. Eight replications of single tree treatments were applied at 300 gpa (3-4 gal/tree), 300 psi using a Bean handsprayer. On 4 Sep and 25 Oct 1996, treatments were evaluated by collecting 10 leaves from the northeast quadrant of each tree and counting the number of live lst-instar nymphs. The following spring, 2 May 1997, citricola scale densities were evaluated by counting the number of life female citricola scale on 10 twigs (approximately 30 cm in length) per tree in each treatment.
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1997
Authors: Morse J. G. , Schweizer H. , Urena A. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for control of citrus thrips during spring, 1997 in Field 41-42 (13-year-old ‘Washington’ navel oranges) at the University of California’s Lindcove Research and Extension Center near Exeter, California. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-267 speed-sprayer pulled behind a tractor. Five treatments were compared against an untreated control using 200 gpa and outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed). The field was divided into 12 plots; treatments were assigned to plots randomly and were replicated twice in each field; each plot was six rows wide and 5-8 trees long. Ten data trees were chosen from the center two rows of each plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row. Citrus thrips infestation due to first- and second-instar immatures was monitored after petal fall by examining 5 fruit randomly selected from each data in each plot (50 fruit per plot, 100 fruit per treatment). Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in September on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Leafminers on Lima Beans, 1997
Authors: Fouche Calvin , Canevari Mick , Cutter Dawn 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Eight treatments were evaluated in a research field near Farmington, CA to determine their efficacy in controlling leafminers. The experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Plots were 2 rows wide (5ft) by 35 ft. long. Research sprays were applied with a backpack CO2-powered sprayer on 31 Jul (A), 7 Aug (B), 13 Aug (C), and 20 Aug (D) in 20 gallons per acre. In early July, maintenance applications of Orthene 75 SP at .66 lb(AI)/acre and Lannate 90 SP at 1.0 lb(AI)/acre were applied to increase leafminer populations. Treatments were evaluated by removing and examining 25 leaves from the top to the interior of the plant in the center of two treated rows. Pupae were collected from two plastic dinner plates, 26-cm dia, placed in the center of the two treated rows at the base of the plants. Pupae were removed from the plates and placed in 165-ml Dixie cups with lids and held in the lab for 3-4 weeks and then evaluated for adult leafminer emergence, natural mortality, and parasite emergence. Rainfall just before the 21 Aug collection date made that week’s data unreliable for number of pupae.
Control of Cabbage Looper, Diamondback Moth, and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage with Mi-Crobial Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Baumann Donna , Parr Annika 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Bravo’ cabbage were planted in 35-ft-long 1-row plots on 19 Aug. Plants were spaced 22 inches apart in the row i with 72 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 2.0 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at j 30 psi. Treatments were applied on 8, 15, and 22 Sep and 1, 7 Oct. Foliage injury was rated on 1-6 scale as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding; 2) minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0-1% leaf area eaten; 3) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with no head damage, 2-leaf area eaten; 4) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf head unmarketable during normal marketing conditions; 5) moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11-30% of leaf area eaten; 6) j considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Control of the Diamondback Moth on Cabbage Under Field Conditions, Spring 1996
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. , McCord Elzie 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Rio Verde’ was transplanted in Rockdale soil on Jan 16, 1996. A RCB design was employed to provide 4 replicates each for 11 treatments comprising a plot size of 4 rows, 25 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated after 10% of the plants were infested with DBM and continued at approximately 7-day intervals beginning 15 Apr. Foliar insecticides were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles per row at 40 PSI delivering 70 gpa. Evaluations were done by counting all larvae on 10 randomly selected center row plants per plot 24 h after each treatment. Cabbage heads were graded for marketability on 1-6 scale: 6 highly marketable, 1 not marketable.
Comparison of Proclaim and Warrior for Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage, 1997
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two trials were conducted. Cabbage was transplanted on 11 Jun for one trial and 20 Jun for the second trial at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A CO2 backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row (one over the top and one drop nozzle on each side) with TXVS-8 hollow cone tips and delivering 31 gpa at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Silwet L-77 spray adjuvant was applied at 0.1% v/v with all treatments. Treatments for the first trial were applied on 22 Jul with evaluations done on 28 Jul. Treatments for the second trial were applied on 19 Aug with evaluations done on 26 Aug. Evaluations were done by selecting three plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera using replicate totals.
Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage with Orthene, Spintor and Warrior, 1997
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two trials were conducted. Cabbage was transplanted on 11 Jun for one trial and 20 Jun for the second trial at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A CO2 backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row (one over the top and one drop nozzle on each side) with TXVS-8 hollow cone tips and delivering 31 gpa at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Silwet L-77 spray adjuvant was applied at 0.1 % v/v with all treatments. The first trial treatments were applied on 22 Jul with evaluations done on 28 Jul. Treatments for the second trial were applied on 18 Aug with evaluations done on 25 Aug. Evaluations were done by selecting three plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera using replicate totals.
Control of European Corn Borer and Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1997
Authors: Burkness E. C. , O'Rourke P. K. , Hutchison W. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Jubilee’ was planted 25 Jun at the Uni-versity of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount, MN. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 25 ft long with 30-inch row spacing. A single skip row separated each plot and 10-ft alleys separated the replications. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using a single nozzle fitted with an XR-Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzle with no screen. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 34 psi, both rows of each 2-row plot were treated. Treatments were applied to the ear zone and began at 50% silk. Three applications were made 31 Aug, 5 and 11 Sep. Treatments were evaluated on 23 Sep by selecting 25 ears at random from each plot (100 per treatment) and recording the total number of larvae, larval size and location, and feeding damage (cm2).
Ear-Infesting Insect Control on Sweet Corn, 1997
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Seneca Daybreak’ sweet corn was planted 10 Jul on the Fry Farm at the OARDC, Wooster, Ohio. Plant spacing was 30 inches between rows and 6-8 inches between plants. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 50 ft in length, with two untreated guard rows between plots and 3 ft of untreated corn at either end of each plot. Treatments were applied during the silking period on 27 Aug, 1, 4, 8, and 12 Sep using a backpack sprayer delivering 30 gpa at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle directed at the ear zone. Plots were evaluated 16 Sep by examining 30 ears from the middle two rows of each plot for any lepidopteran pests infesting the ears and for feeding damage to the kernels.
Foliar Sprays to Control Ear-Invading Insects on Sweet Corn, 1997
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Baumann Donna , Parr Annika 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft in length on 29 May. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Plots consisted of 4 treatment rows with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Plots were replicated 3 times in a RCB design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gpa with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 30% silk 21 Jul, 27 Jul, and 31 Jul, At harvest (8 Aug), 50 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for insect damage for fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All insects found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was Norfolk “A” loamy sand.
Altered Spontaneous Brain Activity in Patients With Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Yuan Jie , Cao Song , Huang Yue , Zhang Yi , Xie Peng , Zhang Yu , Fu Bao , Zhang Tijiang , Song Ganjun , Yu Tian , Zhang Mazhong 
Published: December 2017

Objectives:
To identify the changes of local coherence and intrinsic brain activity in resting-state idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (ITN) patients by using regional homogeneity (ReHo) and fractional aptitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) analysis.

Methods:
ReHo and fALFF were analyzed in 23 ITN patients and 23 age-matched and sex-matched pain-free controls to detect the functional abnormality in the brains of ITN patients. Correlations between ReHo and fALFF were analyses. ITN pain intensity were also assessed in the ITN group.

Results:
Compared with pain-free controls, ITN patients exhibited significantly abnormal ReHo and fALFF in several brain regions, including the cerebellum, cingulate cortex, temporal lobe, putamen, occipital lobe, limbic lobe, precuneus, insula, medial, and superior frontal gyrus compared with healthy controls. Correlation analysis showed that ReHo values of several altered brain areas positively correlated with visual analog scale values. But no correlation was found between fALFF and visual analog scale.

Discussion:
Our results showed that ITN patients exhibited significantly abnormal spontaneous brain activity in several brain regions that are involved in pain modulation and perception. The present study reflects the maladaptive process of daily pain attacks and may enhance the understanding of how chronic pain affects local intrinsic brain activity.
Evaluating the Performance of a Visually Guided Hearing Aid Using a Dynamic Auditory-Visual Word Congruence Task
Authors: Roverud Elin , Best Virginia , Mason Christine R. , Streeter Timothy , Kidd Gerald 
Published: December 2017

Objectives:
The “visually guided hearing aid” (VGHA), consisting of a beamforming microphone array steered by eye gaze, is an experimental device being tested for effectiveness in laboratory settings. Previous studies have found that beamforming without visual steering can provide significant benefits (relative to natural binaural listening) for speech identification in spatialized speech or noise maskers when sound sources are fixed in location. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the VGHA in listening conditions in which target speech could switch locations unpredictably, requiring visual steering of the beamforming. To address this aim, the present study tested an experimental simulation of the VGHA in a newly designed dynamic auditory-visual word congruence task.

Design:
Ten young normal-hearing (NH) and 11 young hearing-impaired (HI) adults participated. On each trial, three simultaneous spoken words were presented from three source positions (−30, 0, and 30o azimuth). An auditory-visual word congruence task was used in which participants indicated whether there was a match between the word printed on a screen at a location corresponding to the target source and the spoken target word presented acoustically from that location. Performance was compared for a natural binaural condition (stimuli presented using impulse responses measured on KEMAR), a simulated VGHA condition (BEAM), and a hybrid condition that combined lowpass-filtered KEMAR and highpass-filtered BEAM information (BEAMAR). In some blocks, the target remained fixed at one location across trials, and in other blocks, the target could transition in location between one trial and the next with a fixed but low probability.

Results:
Large individual variability in performance was observed. There were significant benefits for the hybrid BEAMAR condition relative to the KEMAR condition on average for both NH and HI groups when the targets were fixed. Although not apparent in the averaged data, some individuals showed BEAM benefits relative to KEMAR. Under dynamic conditions, BEAM and BEAMAR performance dropped significantly immediately following a target location transition. However, performance recovered by the second word in the sequence and was sustained until the next transition.

Conclusions:
When performance was assessed using an auditory-visual word congruence task, the benefits of beamforming reported previously were generally preserved under dynamic conditions in which the target source could move unpredictably from one location to another (i.e., performance recovered rapidly following source transitions) while the observer steered the beamforming via eye gaze, for both young NH and young HI groups.
Social Development in Children With Early Cochlear Implants: Normative Comparisons and Predictive Factors, Including Bilateral Implantation
Authors: Sarant Julia Z. , Harris David C. , Galvin Karyn L. , Bennet Lisa A. , Canagasabey Manasi , Busby Peter A. 
Published: December 2017

Objectives:
There are mixed results regarding psychosocial development in children with cochlear implants (CIs) compared with children with normal hearing (NH), and the effect of bilateral CIs has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to investigate whether social development differed between NH children and those with early CIs, and to identify new predictors of psychosocial development in children with early CIs.

Design:
The psychosocial development, cognitive and language abilities of 159 children were measured as part of a longitudinal outcomes study of children with CIs. Parental involvement was also assessed.

Results:
The children in this study did not differ significantly from their peers with NH in terms of their psychosocial development, except with regard to Prosocial Behavior, with parents reporting significantly poorer development in this area. Having bilateral CIs predicted significantly fewer difficulties with psychosocial development, with earlier age at implantation increasing the effect size of the second CI for Emotional Symptoms and Peer Problems. Receptive language ability, higher parent education, later birth order, high parent involvement, and female gender predicted significantly fewer parent reports of psychosocial problems. Higher child cognitive ability and greater screen time predicted significantly greater reported psychosocial difficulties. Marginal effects modeling quantified the effects of changes in the predictive factors examined.

Conclusions:
Psychosocial development in these children with early CIs was found to be similar to that for peers with NH, with the exception of delayed Prosocial Behavior development. Having bilateral CIs predicted significantly better emotional outcomes. A number of new predictive factors were found for psychosocial development. The results of the marginal effects modeling should be shared with parents and professionals to increase their understanding of the impact of changes in predictive factors, particularly in terms of their own contribution to psychosocial outcomes for children with CIs.
Differences in Patient Experience Between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Patients Across U.S. Hospitals
Authors: Figueroa Jose F. , Reimold Kimberly E. , Zheng Jie , Orav Endel John 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Despite the increased emphasis on patient experience, little is known about whether there are meaningful differences in hospital satisfaction between Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites.

Methods:
To determine if satisfaction differs, we used Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey data (2009–2010) reported by hospitals to compare responses between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients. Clustered logistic regression models identified within-hospital and between-hospital differences in satisfaction.

Results:
Of the 3,864,938 respondents, 6.2% were Hispanics, who were more often younger and females and less likely to have graduated from high school. Hispanics were overall more likely to recommend their hospital (74.1% vs. 70.9%, p < .001) and to rate it 9 or 10 (72.5% vs. 65.9%, p < .001) than whites. Increased satisfaction among Hispanics was more pronounced when compared with whites within the same hospitals, with significantly higher ratings on all HCAHPS measures. However, hospitals serving a higher percentage of Hispanics had lower satisfaction scores for both Hispanic and white patients than other hospitals.

Conclusion:
There were significant but only modest-sized differences in patient experience between Hispanic and white patients across U.S. hospitals. Hispanics tended to be more satisfied with their care but received care at lower-performing hospitals.