bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5. Note on a Singular Problem in Kinetics
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

The following problem presented itself to me nearly thirty years ago. I cannot find any notice of it in books, though it must have occurred to every one who has studied the oscillations of a balance:—Two equal masses are attached to the ends of a cord passing over a smooth pulley (as in Attwood's machine). One of them is slightly disturbed, in a vertical plane, from its position of equilibrium. Find the nature of the subsequent motion of the system.The interest of this case of small motions is twofold. From the peculiar form of the equations of motion, it is of exceptional mathematical difficulty. This is probably the reason for its not having been given as an example in Kinetics. And from the physical point of view it presents a very beautiful example of excessively slow, but continued, transformation of mixed potential and kinetic energy into kinetic energy alone.
2. Preliminary Report on the Tunicata of the “Challenger” Expedition. Part IV
Authors: Herdman W. A. 
Published: June 2016

The family Molgulidœ was established by Lacaze-Duthiers in 1877, and distinguished from the Cynthiadœ, with which it had formerly been united by Heller.Lacaze-Duthiers divides the species known to him into four genera,—Anurella, Molgula, Ctenicella, and Eugyra,—of which Anurella forms a sub-family or section the Molgulidœ anurœ, the other three constituting the Molgulidœ urodelœ. The character by which Anurella is distinguished from the other genera is the tail-less amoeboid larva; but this most interesting developmental difference does not seem to be accompanied by any structural features in the adult animal, and consequently it becomes impossible to distinguish the genus unless one examines the animal alive and at the breeding season.
7. On the manner in which Silicon, Phosphorus, Manganese, and other elements exert their influence upon Steel
Authors: Marsden R. Sydney 
Published: June 2016

This paper is a continuation of the author's previous paper on “The state of carbon in iron and steel, a new hypothesis of the hardening of steel” (read on the 19th December 1881, see p. 368), and is an attempt to give an explanation in accordance with the views given out in that paper of the manner in which the various elements most common in steel exert their influence in so materially modifying the properties of the metal.The following are the elements the action of which is considered, viz., silicon, sulphur, phosphorus, manganese, chromium, tungsten, and titanium.
4. A Critical Examination of two cases of unusual Atmospheric Refraction described by Professor Vince
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

The two phenomena, the subjects of the present paper, have found a place in the current popular scientific literature of the day, and exercise a considerable influence on the opinions of the casual votaries of science, and even of some of those who are its regular cultivators. For that reason I shall go more into detail than otherwise would have been needed.In the beginning of the session Professor Tait read a paper on Mirage, and exhibited to the Royal Society of Edinburgh an enlarged representation of an aërial phenomenon described by Professor Vince. The Professor of Mathematics inquired of me my opinion as to the explanation offered; and I now reply to Mr. Chrystal's inquiry indirectly, not by discussing in any way Mr. Tait's analysis, but by examining the major proposition, the reality of the phenomenon.
4. Report on the Fossil Plants collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in Eskdale and Liddesdale
Authors: Kidston Robert 
Published: June 2016

Through the kindness of Professor Geikie, Director-General of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, I have had the pleasure of examining the fossil plants collected by the Scottish Geological Survey in Eskdale and Liddesdale.The collection contains about four hundred and fifty specimens, a number of which, however, were too imperfect for further identification than that of the genus.Eight of the plants I believe to be new species, and a few of the others, as far as I am aware, are now recorded for the first time as occurring in Scottish rocks.
3. Geological Notes
Authors: Heddle  
Published: June 2016

Since the discovery, by His Grace the Duke of Argyll, of the “Leaf-bed” at Ardtun, in Mull, there has not, so far as I am aware, been another found throughout the whole of that extent of land and shore, where we might hope for such a discovery, among the Inner Hebrides.It was my good fortune to light upon one last summer. While lying in the harbour of the island of Canna, during a boulder and mineral hunt, I heard that fuller's earth had been found at the south-western end of the island. Upon being shown samples of this, I noticed among them fissile schists very similar to those of Ardtun. In proceeding, therefore, round the western cliff-girt coast of the island, to visit the fuller's earth locality, we landed at every accessible point under the great line of precipice, and at one, situated almost at the north-west corner, and immediately under the loftiest point,—more than 730 feet in height,—we found a leaf-bed. There is here a cliff foot, running for some little distance along the shore; this is strewed with numberless masses of rock which have fallen from the cliff, and which fragments give shelter to a colony of auks and puffins.
1. Exploration of the Faroe Channel, during the Summer of 1880, in H.M.'s hired ship “Knight Errant.”
Authors: Tizard  , Murray John 
Published: June 2016

The region known as the Faroe Channel is that portion of the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the mainland of Scotland, which is bounded on the N.W. by the Faroe Islands, with their south-west-ward extending fishing-banks, and on the S.E. and S. by the Shetland and Orkney Islands, the shores of Caithness and Sutherland, and the Hebrides.The Faroe Islands are composed of basaltic rocks, while the north of Scotland, and the Scottish Islands, are chiefly made up of Laurentian gneiss, Silurian, and Devonian rocks.
4. Note on the Preceding Paper
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

If we assume the lowering of the temperature of maximum density to be proportional to the pressure, which is the simplest and most natural hypothesis, we may writewhere p is in tons-weight per square inch.Now Thomson's thermodynamic result is of the formThis becomes, with our assumption,As the left-hand member is always very small, no sensible error will result from integrating on the assumption that t is constant on the right (except when the quantity in brackets is very small, and then the error is of no consequence).
The Pallial Complex of Dolabella
Authors: Gilchrist J. D. F. 
Published: June 2016

The following account nf the pallial complex of the Tectibranch Dolabella is, as regards the minuter details, founded on a single specimen (Dolabella rumphii) kindly sent me by Professor M'Intosh of St Andrews. By an examination of the collection in the South Kensington Natural History Museum I was enabled to verify for the genus points which might have been peculiar to this species, and in one point to note an important variation.A few words as to the necessity of an accurate description of the pallial complex or system of organs in the mantle cavity of the Opisthobranchiata, and the inferences that may be drawn, may not be out of place.
Note on the Volume Changes which accompany Magnetisation in Nickel Tubes
Authors: Knott C. G. , Shand A. 
Published: June 2016

In the note which recorded the first observation of the volume effects of magnetisation, the nickel tube experimented with was formed by rolling up a sheet of ordinary commercial nickel to the convenient size.We are now able to record the preliminary results obtained with the nickel tubes described in the preceding Note on Magnetic Induction. Broadly speaking, the behaviour of the nickel resembles the behaviour of certain of the Iron Tubes as described in previous communications.
An Experiment on the Influence of Thyroid Feeding on the Proteid Metabolism in Man
Authors: Douglas J. J. 
Published: June 2016

The peculiar train of symptoms which have been found to follow removal of the thyroid gland in animals, and the connection of myxoedema with changes in the thyroid, have been known for a number of years.The discovery that the onset of the symptoms may be prevented by the grafting of pieces of thyroid, and that myxœdema may be cured by the internal administration of the gland substance, clearly indicates that the thyroid gland forms something which exercises an important influence on the metabolic changes in the body.
Further Note on a Problem of Sylvester's in Elimination
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

A first note on this subject, viz., the elimination of x, y, z from the equationswas communicated to the Society in April 1892. By reason of my immediate departure for South Africa, the manuscript was not prepared for the press, and the paper was consequently not printed until this year. In the meanwhile, both Professor Tait and Lord M'Laren had written notes on the subject, under the impression, I fear, that the object of my original paper was to obtain in any way an easy solution of the problem.
Self-Defence against Non-state Actors: The Interaction between Self-Defence as a Primary Rule and Self-Defence as a Secondary Rule
Authors: TSAGOURIAS NICHOLAS 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article examines the law of self-defence as applied to non-state attacks in light of the coalition air strikes against ISIL in Syria. It critiques the two current interpretations of the law of self-defence – one based on attribution and the other on the ‘unable or unwilling’ test – for failing to address adequately the security threat posed by non-state actors or for not addressing convincingly the legal issues arising from the fact that the self-defence action unfolds on the territory of another state. For this reason, it proposes an alternative framework which combines the primary rule of self-defence to justify the use of defensive force against non-state actors, with the secondary rule of self-defence to excuse the incidental breach of the territorial state's sovereignty.
On naturally continuous non-dcpo domains
Authors: SAZONOV VLADIMIR 
Published: June 2016

After works of Normann and the author on sequentiality (Normann 2006Mathematical Structures in Computer Science16 (2) 279–289; Normann and Sazonov 2012Annals of Pure and Applied Logic163 (5) 575–603; Sazonov 2007Logical Methods in Computer Science3 (3:7) 1–50), the necessity and possibility of a non-dcpo domain theory became evident. In this paper, the category of continuous dcpo domains is generalized to a category of ‘naturally’ continuous non-dcpo domains with ‘naturally’ continuous maps as arrows. A full subcategory of the latter, assuming a kind of bounded-completeness requirement of domains and presence of ⊥ in each, proves to be Cartesian closed and equivalent to a subclass of Ershov's general A-spaces (Ershov 1974Algebra and Logics12 (4) 369–416). This extends a non-dcpo generalization of Scott (algebraic) domains introduced and proved to be equivalent to Ershov's general f-spaces (Ershov 1972Algebra and Logic11 (4) 367–437) in Sazonov (2007 op. cit.; 2009 Annals of Pure and Applied Logic159 (3) 341–355).The current approach to natural domains (v-domains) is different from f-spaces and A-spaces in that it has arisen in Sazonov (2007 op. cit.) in a different way from defining fully abstract models for some versions of the language PCF over Integers, whereas the Ershov's approach was not initially related with full abstraction, and non-dcpo version of f-spaces and A-spaces were originally considered in an abstract (mainly topological) style. In this paper devoted to naturally continuous natural domains (v-continuous v-domains), we also work in an abstract (mainly order-theoretic) style but with the hope to relate it in the future with the ideas of PCF over Reals by exploring and adapting the ideas in Escardó (1996Theoretical Computer Science162 (1) 79–115), Escardó et al. (2004Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 14 (6), Cambridge University Press 803–814), Marcial-Romero and Escardó (2007Theoretical Computer Science379 (1-2) 120–141), Sazonov (2007 op. cit.).
Use of pre-intervention imaging with a novel image fusion software for guidance of cardiac catheterisation in a patient with pulmonary atresia and major aortopulmonary collaterals
Authors: Goreczny Sebastian , Dryzek Pawel , Moszura Tomasz 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe present a 3.5-year-old patient with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collaterals, after repeat implantation of a central shunt, in whom we successfully re-purposed previous imaging scans with a novel image fusion software to guide diagnostic heart catheterisation. The pre-registered CT scan was segmented before the procedure and subsequently manually fused with two-dimensional fluoroscopy images. The overlaid roadmap enhanced selective cannulation of all major vessels originating from the aorta, making aortography unnecessary.
Not Just Language: Persisting Lateralized Visuospatial Impairment after Left Hemisphere Stroke
Authors: Schendel Krista , Dronkers Nina F. , Turken And U. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectives: Imbalances in spatial attention are most often associated with right hemisphere brain injury. This report assessed 25 chronic left hemisphere stroke patients for attentional bias. Methods: Participants were evaluated with a computerized visual search task and a standardized neuropsychological assessment known as the Behavioral Inattention Test (BITC). Twenty age-matched controls were also tested. Results: Although little to no attentional impairment was observed on the BITC, the computerized visual search task revealed statistically significant contralesional attentional impairment in the left hemisphere stroke group. Specifically, these participants required 208 ms more viewing time, on average, to reliably detect visual targets on the right side of the display compared to detection on the left side, while controls showed a difference of only 8 ms between the two sides. Conclusions: The observation of significant leftward visuospatial bias in this chronic stroke group provides further evidence that the left hemisphere also plays a role in the balance of visual attention across space. These results have implications for left hemisphere patients who are often not screened for visuospatial problems, as well as for theories of visual attention which have primarily emphasized the role of the right hemisphere. (JINS, 2016, 22, 695–704)
Influence of orbital symmetry on diffraction imaging with rescattering electron wave packets
Authors: Pullen M. G. , Wolter B. , Le A. -T. , Baudisch M. , Sclafani M. , Pires H. , Schröter C. D. , Ullrich J. , Moshammer R. , Pfeifer T. , Lin C. D. , Biegert J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe ability to directly follow and time-resolve the rearrangement of the nuclei within molecules is a frontier of science that requires atomic spatial and few-femtosecond temporal resolutions. While laser-induced electron diffraction can meet these requirements, it was recently concluded that molecules with particular orbital symmetries (such as πg) cannot be imaged using purely backscattering electron wave packets without molecular alignment. Here, we demonstrate, in direct contradiction to these findings, that the orientation and shape of molecular orbitals presents no impediment for retrieving molecular structure with adequate sampling of the momentum transfer space. We overcome previous issues by showcasing retrieval of the structure of randomly oriented O2 and C2H2 molecules, with πg and πu symmetries, respectively, and where their ionization probabilities do not maximize along their molecular axes. While this removes a serious bottleneck for laser-induced diffraction imaging, we find unexpectedly strong backscattering contributions from low-Z atoms.
Strain-engineered diffusive atomic switching in two-dimensional crystals
Authors: Kalikka Janne , Zhou Xilin , Dilcher Eric , Wall Simon , Li Ju , Simpson Robert E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractStrain engineering is an emerging route for tuning the bandgap, carrier mobility, chemical reactivity and diffusivity of materials. Here we show how strain can be used to control atomic diffusion in van der Waals heterostructures of two-dimensional (2D) crystals. We use strain to increase the diffusivity of Ge and Te atoms that are confined to 5 Å thick 2D planes within an Sb2Te3–GeTe van der Waals superlattice. The number of quintuple Sb2Te3 2D crystal layers dictates the strain in the GeTe layers and consequently its diffusive atomic disordering. By identifying four critical rules for the superlattice configuration we lay the foundation for a generalizable approach to the design of switchable van der Waals heterostructures. As Sb2Te3–GeTe is a topological insulator, we envision these rules enabling methods to control spin and topological properties of materials in reversible and energy efficient ways.
Aviation effects on already-existing cirrus clouds
Authors: Tesche Matthias , Achtert Peggy , Glantz Paul , Noone Kevin J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDetermining the effects of the formation of contrails within natural cirrus clouds has proven to be challenging. Quantifying any such effects is necessary if we are to properly account for the influence of aviation on climate. Here we quantify the effect of aircraft on the optical thickness of already-existing cirrus clouds by matching actual aircraft flight tracks to satellite lidar measurements. We show that there is a systematic, statistically significant increase in normalized cirrus cloud optical thickness inside mid-latitude flight tracks compared with adjacent areas immediately outside the tracks.
IL-6 mediates differentiation disorder during spermatogenesis in obesity-associated inflammation by affecting the expression of Zfp637 through the SOCS3/STAT3 pathway
Authors: Huang Guizhen , Yuan Miao , Zhang Jie , Li Jun , Gong Di , Li Yanyan , Zhang Jie , Lin Ping , Huang Lugang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractZfp637 is a recently identified zinc finger protein and its functions remain largely unknown. Here, we innovatively demonstrate the effects of Zfp637 on the differentiation of mouse spermatogonia and on its downstream target gene SOX2in vitro. Obesity has been recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to decreased sexual function and sexual development disorders. We observed higher levels of IL-6 in serum and testis homogenates from obese mice compared with control mice. We also demonstrated that high levels of IL-6 inhibited Zfp637 expression and we elucidated the underlying mechanisms. SOCS3 overexpression and STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor (AG490) were used to investigate the function of the SOCS3/STAT3 pathway during this process. Our results showed that exposure of mouse spermatogonial cells to high levels of IL-6 inhibited Zfp637 expression by increasing SOCS3 expression and inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3, further reducing cellular differentiation. Consistent with thein vitroresults, we observed increasing expression levels of SOCS3 and SOX2, but a reduction of Zfp637 expression, in obese mouse testes. In conclusion, Zfp637 plays a crucial role in spermatogenesis by downregulating SOX2 expression and IL-6 can decrease the expression of Zfp637 through the SOCS3/STAT3 signaling pathway.
Serum GDF-8 levels change dynamically during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in patients undergoing IVF/ICSI-ET
Authors: Fang Lanlan , Yu Yiping , Zhang Ruizhe , He Jingyan , Sun Ying-Pu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGrowth differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8) is found in the human serum, follicular fluid and granulosa cells. Our previous studies have shown that the human cumulus expansion and steroidogenesis can be regulated by GDF-8. However, thus far, the expression profile of GDF-8 in serum and whether the level of serum GDF-8 influences pregnancy results for patients treated with in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer (IVF/ICSI-ET) is totally unknown. In this study, we showed that GDF-8 had a dynamic trend during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) procedure. On human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration day, patients with a GDF-8 level higher than 4.7 ng/ml had lower progesterone levels and a higher pregnancy rate. From hCG day to oocyte pick-up day, patients with a GDF-8 decrease greater than 1.3 ng/ml had a higher progesterone increase and a higher pregnancy rate. Importantly, the levels of GDF-8 were negatively correlated with progesterone levels. Our findings provide evidences that GDF-8 plays an important role in ensuring successful pregnancy by regulating progesterone levels.
β-Aminopropionitrile monofumarate induces thoracic aortic dissection in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Ren Weihong , Liu Yan , Wang Xuerui , Jia Lixin , Piao Chunmei , Lan Feng , Du Jie 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a catastrophic disease with high mortality and morbidity, characterized by fragmentation of elastin and loss of smooth muscle cells. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms of this disease remain elusive because there are no appropriate animal models, limiting discovery of effective therapeutic strategies. We treated mice on C57BL/6 and FVB genetic backgrounds with β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate (BAPN), an irreversible inhibitor of lysyl oxidase, for 4 wk, followed by angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion for 24 h. We found that the BAPN plus Ang II treatment induced formation of aortic dissections in 100% of mice on both genetic backgrounds. BAPN without Ang II caused dissections in few FVB mice, but caused 87% of C57BL/6 mice to develop TAD, with 37% dying from rupture of the aortic dissection. Moreover, a lower dose of BAPN induced TAD formation and rupture earlier with fewer effects on body weight. Therefore, we have generated a reliable and convenient TAD model in C57BL/6 mice for studying the pathological process and exploring therapeutic targets of TAD.
Plastic-film mulching and urea types affect soil CO2 emissions and grain yield in spring maize on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Liu Qiaofei , Chen Yu , Li Weiwei , Liu Yang , Han Juan , Wen Xiaoxia , Liao Yuncheng 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA 2-year field experiment was conducted on maize (Zea mays L.) to explore effective ways to decrease soil CO2 emissions and increase grain yield. Treatments established were: (1) no mulching with urea, (2) no mulching with controlled release fertiliser (CRF), (3) transparent plastic-film mulching (PMt) with urea, (4) PMt with CRF, (5) black plastic-film mulching (PMb) with urea, and (6) PMb with CRF. During the early growth stages, soil CO2 emissions were noted as PMt > PMb > no mulching, and this order was reversed in the late growth stages. This trend was the result of topsoil temperature dynamics. There were no significant correlations noted between soil CO2 emissions and soil temperature and moisture. Cumulative soil CO2 emissions were higher for the PMt than for the PMb, and grain yield was higher for the PMb treatments than for the PMt or no mulching treatments. The CRF produced higher grain yield and inhibited soil CO2 emissions. Soil CO2 emissions per unit grain yield were lower for the BC treatment than for the other treatments. In conclusion, the use of black plastic-film mulching and controlled release fertiliser not only increased maize yield, but also reduced soil CO2 emissions.