bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I conti di Galeria (secoli XI–XIII)
Authors: Berardozzi Antonio 
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung
Unter den gräflichen Eliten aus dem römischen Umland, die zu Beginn des 11. Jh. in den Quellen genannt werden, ragen die Grafen vonGaleriahervor. Obgleich sich ihre Geschicke bis in die zweite Hälfte des 13. Jh. verfolgen lassen, gehörten nicht alle Träger dieses Titels zum selben Haus. Graf Gerardo [I], Sohn Ranie- ris, ist die wichtigste Figur unter allen Grafen von Galeria und nimmt im vorliegenden Beitrag den größten Raum ein. Er ist für die Jahre 1040-1060 nachweisbar und spielte in jenen Jahren eine herausragende Rolle in der römischen Politik; er arbeitete mit den Päpsten Benedikt IX. und Benedikt X. zusammen, füllte eine erstrangige Position im römischen Tuszien aus, wo er im übrigen eine Reihe von Schlössern besaß, und war ein enger Verbündeter der Äbte von Farfa. Graf Sassone von Civita Castellana war sein Bruder. Beide hatten Nachkommen. Sehr wahrscheinlich kehrte das Schloss von Galeria nach dem Tod Graf Gerardos [I] in den frühen sechziger Jahren wieder in päpstlichen Besitz zurück. Nach einer Quelle aus dem Archiv von San Paolo fuori le Mura hat Gregor VII. es dem Kloster in der Via Ostiense übertragen. Die Nachkommen Graf Sassones, namentlich dessen Sohn Ranieri [II] und dessen Enkel Sassone [II], behielten die Herrschaft über Civita Castellana fast bis zum Ende des Jahrhunderts. Nichts mehr hört man von ihnen aus den letzten zwanzig Jahren des 11. Jh. Andere römische Häuser griffen ins römische Umland und südliche Tuszien aus, wo sie im Verlaufe eines Jahrhunderts die bisher herrschenden Familien verdrängten. Andere Grafen von Galeria tauchen sporadisch in den Quellen des 12. und 13. Jh. auf. Keiner von ihnen erlangte jedoch die Bedeutung der beiden Brüder Gerardo [II] und Sassone.
L’amministrazione del patrimonio. Un aspetto del diritto canonico poco studiato
Authors: Meyer Andreas 
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung
Das Verbot, Kirchenbesitz zu veräußern, das im Hochmittelalter entstandene kirchliche beneficium sowie das sich im Anschluss an den Investiturstreit herausbildende Patronatsrecht ließen im Abendland eine ökonomische Verfügungsmasse entstehen, die einzigartig war. Wegen des Zölibats konnten an diesem riesigen Vermögen keine Erbansprüche entstehen, so dass die Nutzung daran in jeder Generation neu zugeteilt werden musste. Ein nicht unwesentlicher Teil des spätmittelalterlichen Kirchenrechts befasst sich mit diesem Problem. Dabei kommt dem Liber Cancellariae apostolicae eine zentrale Rolle zu, denn er beinhaltet, was die päpstliche Kurie für ihre Kirchenherrschaft, die weitgehend mittels Urkunden geschah, benötigte, nämlich das Provinziale sowie Amtseide, Konstitutionen, Formulare und Kanzleiregeln. Am Beispiel der Konstitution Execrabilis von Johannes XXII. aus dem Jahr 1317 wird abschließend gezeigt, wie die Kurie das darin enthaltene Kumulationsverbot umsetzte und welche beabsichtigten und unbeabsichtigten Nebenwirkungen es hatte.
Il costo di una carica. Strategie familiari e politiche finanziarie tra Auditor Camerae e famiglia Borghese in alcuni documenti vaticani (1590–1591)
Authors: Cicerchia Andrea 
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung
Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem Verhältnis, das in der Frühen Neuzeit zwischen der Karrieredynamik an der Römischen Kurie einerseits und der Einschatzung des Wertes eines Amtes sowie deren Entwicklung andererseits bestand. Insbesondere wird hier die wirtschaftliche Strategie der Familie Borghese im späten 16. Jh. im wirtschaftlich-rechtlichen Kontext der Römischen Kurie analysiert. Dabei geht es nicht nur um die wirtschaftlichen Aktivitaten der Brüder Borghese, die bereits von Wolfgang Reinhard untersucht worden sind, sondern auch um die aus der Korrespondenz ersichtlichen Bemiihungen um Ämter wie das des Auditor Camerae. Seit der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jh. lag dieses Amt in den Händen eines vom Apostolischen Stuhl unabhängigen Gerichts. Ober die klar definierten Befugnisse in Steuer- fragen hinaus wurden ihm durch päpstliche Bullen weitere spezifische Kompetenzen in civilibus und in criminalibus übertragen. Nach dem Konzil von Trient und in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 16. Jh. erlangte das Amt und sein Gericht zunehmende Bedeutung im Spannungsfeld zwischen den traditionellen Funktionen der Kurie und den neuen Kongregationen Sixtus’ V. Die Rekonstruktion von Familienbeziehungen und Patronage-Netzwerken am Beispiel der Borghese wird dabei in eine historische Perspektive eingeordnet, die dazu dient, die Relevanz des Gerichts im Rahmen der römischen Rechtsordnung herauszuarbeiten.
DIE „ZWEITE“ GRÜNDUNG DES THEATINERORDENS
Authors: Vanni Andrea 
Published: April 2017

RIASSUNTOIl presente saggio intende ricostruire la storia dell’ordine dei chierici regolari teatini nel XVI secolo, focalizzandosi sul passaggio dalla prima alla seconda generazione di confratelli. Istituiti nel 1524 per coadiuvare le attività di riforma di Gian Pietro Carafa (papa Paolo IV), il principale fondatore, dopo la sua morte avvenuta nel 1559 i teatini hanno dovuto mettere in discussione le proprie origini e trovare una nuova collocazione all’interno dell’edificio ecclesiastico modellato dai decreti del concilio tridentino. Nel porre in evidenza la strategia attuata, nonostante una sterile opposizione, da un gruppo di chierici della casa napoletana di San Paolo Maggiore, il saggio illustra il cambiamento dell’identità storica dell’ordine, che nel giro di pochi anni abbandonò l’iniziale vocazione inquisitoriale per dedicarsi alle attività pastorali, alla cura delle anime, all’assistenza di poveri, malati e infermi, risultato di una accesa dimensione caritativa che traeva le sue origini nel mai del tutto sopito insegnamento del cofondatore Gaetano Thiene.
BOTTAIS BERICHT AN DEN DUCE ÜBER SEINE DEUTSCHLANDREISE 0 VOM SEPTEMBER 1933
Authors: D’Elia Nicola 
Published: April 2017

RIASSUNTOIl rapporto che Bottai scrisse a Mussolini nel settembre del 1933, al ritorno dalla sua prima visita in Germania, rappresenta una delle testimonianze più esplicite dei sentimenti di diffidenza e di preoccupazione che si diffusero negli ambienti fascisti nei mesi successivi all’andata al potere di Hitler. Oltre alla scarsa considerazione umana che Bottai nutriva per il Führer e gli altri gerarchi nazisti, la relazione mette in luce soprattutto i suoi timori per il futuro delle relazioni italo-tedesche. Agli occhi di Bottai, il regime hitleriano esibiva chiari segni di non voler seguire l’esempio italiano sul piano dell’organizzazione interna dello Stato, come dimostrava l’atteggiamento di sostanziale indifferenza per il progetto corporativo che si stava tentando di realizzare in Italia. Inoltre, in politica estera il nazionalsocialismo tedesco non nascondeva le sue ambizioni di sottrarre al fascismo italiano la leadership ideologica sui movimenti fascisti europei né le sue aspirazioni pangermanistiche, che minacciavano direttamente gli interessi territoriali dell’Italia.
On computing the location of laminar–turbulent transition in compressible boundary layers
Authors: Boiko Andrey V. , Demyanko Kirill V. , Nechepurenko Yuri M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Evolution equations of small disturbances aimed to compute the location of a laminar–turbulent transition in boundary layers by the e
N
-method taking into account the compressibility and heat transfer are described and justified for aerodynamic applications. The results of computation of N-factors and transition locations with the use of locally-parallel flow assumption for a flat plate exposed to supersonic flow at zero angle of attack are given. The results agree well with known numerical and experimental data.
Diagnostics of a gradient catastrophe for a class of quasilinear hyperbolic systems
Authors: Chizhonkov Eugene V. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A two-stage analysis do detect the appearance of a gradient catastrophe of the solution is proposed for quasilinear systems of hyperbolic equations of special form. Applications of the first stage are considered for the following simple cases: scalar Burgers’ equation and a quasi-orthogonal system generalizing it. The entire two-stage analysis is applied to systems of equations describing one-dimensional electron oscillations in plasma, namely, plane oscillations in the relativistic and non-relativistic cases and also axially symmetric non-relativistic cylindrical oscillations.
Sensitivity with respect to observations in variational data assimilation
Authors: Shutyaev Victor , Le Dimet Francois-Xavier , Shubina Elena 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The problem of variational data assimilation for a nonlinear evolution model is formulated as an optimal control problem to find the initial condition function (analysis). The observation data, and hence the optimal solution, may contain uncertainties. A response function is considered as a functional of the optimal solution after assimilation. Based on the second-order adjoint techniques, the sensitivity of the response function to the observation data is studied. The gradient of the response function is related to the solution of a non-standard problem involving the coupled system of direct and adjoint equations. The solvability of the non-standard problem is studied, based on the Hessian of the original cost function. An algorithm to compute the gradient of the response function with respect to observations is developed and justified.
Linear and nonlinear statistics of extreme waves
Authors: Chalikov Dmitry V. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The probability of extremely high waves is calculated by two methods. The first method is based on the direct numerical simulation of two-dimensional wave field using a three-dimensional nonlinear model. The second method consists in calculation of the probability of wave heights over ensemble of fields representing a superposition of linear waves with random phases and a spectrum similar to that obtained in the nonlinear model. It is shown that the integral probability of extreme waves are very close to each other in both cases. This implies that the role of nonlinearity in the generation of extreme waves is probably not so important as it was assumed in most papers considering this phenomenon.
Introduction of Innovations in the Tourism Industry: Experience of Ukraine
Authors: Alla Donysche-Medyanik , Mykhaylo Klyap 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The article deals with relevance and necessity of studying innovative processes in tourism industry as an important indicator of tourism development in the modern market conditions. Formulated and substantiated directions of innovative technologies introduction in the hospitality industry of Ukraine. Conducted research and substantiated principles of innovations in tourism and the processes in use of advanced services: Sleepbox, multimedia digital technologies Digital Signage, new technologies “Teleport” from the hotel network “Marriott”. Suggested a few ways to improve the service economy.
The impact of key experiences associated with guilt and shame on sports socialization
Authors: Wahnschaffe Kathrin 
Published: April 2017

Summary
This paper rests on the assumption that norms of success and fairness may come into conflict in a variety of situations in competitive soccer, forcing individual actors to weigh and balance the two sets of norms. If established norms of fair play are violated, shame and guilt may result. Based on qualitative interviews with soccer players, the study identified key experiences associated with shame and guilt resulting from harmful actions toward others. In the context of transformative learning processes, the athletes began to question previously unchallenged success-oriented attitudes and to understand them in new ways. Here, individual experiences showed the potential to have a transformative impact on long-term sports-related socialization processes and counteract institutionalized structures of socialization. The study shows that such experiences can become turning points in an athlete’s (sports) biography.
Comparing socialization into club sports among seventh-grade girls by school type
Authors: Zander Benjamin 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThe study used group discussions and a documentary method to investigate which micro-processes at the nexus of family, peer group, and school encouraged and discouraged seventh-grade girls' involvement in club sports, and what collective orientations accompanied these processes. Based on reconstructed micro-processes and orientations, two selected groups of girls in intermediate and upper secondary school (Hauptschule and Gymasium) were compared to determine how involvement in club sports differed by school type. One result was that the upper secondary school students were part of several social reference groups with a sports orientation simultaneously, whereas the intermediate secondary school students were part of fewer social reference groups overall, and the groups they were part of tended to have other orientations than sports. The upper secondary students benefited during their childhood and preteen years from interactions among social reference groups (family, peer group, school) that were conducive to club sports involvement, whereas intermediate secondary students were exposed to interactions that inhibited their involvement in sports. This inhibiting effect results from a lack of family influences, negative sports experiences in school, and in particular the high significance of peer groups that pursue other interests having little to do with club sports.
Nur geringer haushaltspolitischer Spielraum trotz hoher Überschüsse
Authors: van Deuverden Kristina 
Published: April 2017

Abstract:
Public budgets in Germany developed favorable during the last years. Currently there is a broad discussion on how to spend unexpected budget surpluses: tax reductions and a various number of spending purposes are on the agenda. Many of the proposals overlook that existing surpluses partly reflect special developments and are, thus, only temporary. This part of surpluses indicates no scope for tax reductions or lasting expenditure, but it can temporarily be used on investment spending and, thus, can enhance potential growth. In many cases proposals also overlook that the development of public finances in Germany is very heterogeneous. Regarding demographic developments social security systems will face heavy challenges and will have to raise social contribution rates in near future. A medium-term projection indicates an increase of nearly four percentage points till 2025. This dampens economic development and reduces potential growth. Thus, the permanent part of the budget surplus should be used to increase tax transfers to social insurances – especially because a huge volume of non-insurance benefits is still financed within the security system.
Physical Fitness and Body Composition in 8–10-Year-Old Danish Children Are Associated With Sports Club Participation
Authors: Larsen Malte N. , Nielsen Claus M. , Ørntoft Christina Ø. , Randers Morten B. , Manniche Vibeke , Hansen Lone , Hansen Peter R. , Bangsbo Jens , Krustrup Peter 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Larsen, MN, Nielsen, CM, Ørntoft, CØ, Randers, M, Manniche, V, Hansen, L, Hansen, PR, Bangsbo, J, and Krustrup, P. Physical fitness and body composition in 8–10-year-old Danish children are associated with sports club participation. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3425–3434, 2017—We investigated whether physical fitness and body composition in 8–10-year-old Danish children are associated with sports club participation. The study included 423 schoolchildren, comprising 209 girls and 214 boys, of whom 67 and 74%, respectively, were active in sports clubs. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 for children (YYIR1C), balance, jump and coordination tests, together with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, were used to determine exercise capacity and body composition. Children active in sports clubs had better (p < 0.05) YYIR1C (33%, 767 ± 26 vs. 575 ± 29 m), 20-m sprint (3%, 4.33 ± 0.03 vs. 4.48 ± 0.04 seconds), coordination (6%, 68 ± 1 vs. 72 ± 1 second), and balance test performances (9%, 19.3 ± 0.5 vs. 21.2 ± 0.7 falls·min−1) and lower fat mass index (16%, 3.8 ± 0.1 vs. 4.5 ± 0.2 kg[fat]·m−2) than children not active in sports clubs. Ball game players had better (p < 0.05) YYIR1C (38%, 925 ± 39 vs. 671 ± 28 m), 20-m sprint (4%, 4.25 ± 0.03 vs. 4.42 ± 0.04 seconds), and coordination test performances (5%, 65 ± 1 vs. 69 ± 1 second), along with higher (p < 0.05) lean body mass (5%, 24.00 ± 0.22 vs. 22.83 ± 0.25 kg) and whole-body BMD (2%, 0.90 ± < 0.01 vs. 0.88 ± <0.01 g·cm−2) compared with children active in other sports. The study showed that 8‒10-year-old Danish children engaged in sports-club activity, especially ball game players, have better exercise capacity and superior body composition compared with children not active in sports clubs.
Impact of Six Consecutive Days of Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Performance in Competitive Sprint Runners
Authors: Kasai Nobukazu , Mizuno Sahiro , Ishimoto Sayuri , Sakamoto Etsuko , Maruta Misato , Kurihara Toshiyuki , Kurosawa Yuko , Goto Kazushige 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Kasai, N, Mizuno, S, Ishimoto, S, Sakamoto, E, Maruta, M, Kurihara, T, Kurosawa, Y, and Goto, K. Impact of six consecutive days of sprint training in hypoxia on performance in competitive sprint runners. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 36–43, 2019—The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6 successive days of repeated sprint (RS) training in moderate hypoxia on anaerobic capacity in 100–200-m sprint runners. Eighteen male sprint runners (age, 20.0 ± 0.3 years; height, 175.9 ± 1.1 cm; and body mass, 65.0 ± 1.2 kg) performed repeated cycling sprints for 6 consecutive days in either normoxic (NOR; fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2], 20.9%; n = 9) or hypoxic conditions (HYPO; FiO2, 14.5%; n = 9). The RS ability (10 × 6-second sprints), 30-second maximal sprint ability, maximal oxygen uptake (

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max), and 60-m running time on the track were measured before and after the training period. Intramuscular phosphocreatine (PCr) content (quadriceps femoris muscle) was measured by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) before and after the training period. Both groups showed similar improvements in RS ability after the training period (p < 0.05). Power output during the 30-second maximal sprint test and

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max did not change significantly after the training period in either group. Running time for 0–10 m improved significantly after the training period in the HYPO only (before, 1.39 ± 0.01 seconds; after, 1.34 ± 0.02 seconds, p < 0.05). The HYPO also showed a significant increase in intramuscular PCr content after the training period (before, 31.5 ± 1.3 mM; after, 38.2 ± 2.8 mM, p < 0.05). These results suggest that sprint training for 6 consecutive days in hypoxia or normoxia improved RS ability in competitive sprint runners.
Comparison of Training Intensity Patterns for Cardiorespiratory, Speed, and Strength Exercise Programs
Authors: Vetter Rheba E. , Yu Han , Foose Alice K. , Adam Peter J. , Dodd Regan K. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Vetter, RE, Yu, H, Foose, AK, Adam, PJ, and Dodd, RK. Comparison of training intensity patterns for cardiorespiratory, speed, and strength exercise programs. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3372–3395, 2017—Designing effective exercise training programs is important for novice, regular, and elite individuals desiring improvements in physical fitness and performance outcomes without experiencing deleterious physiological or performance effects. The purpose of this research was to understand the impact of training intensity on the effectiveness of training program outcomes. Synthesized analyses of 31 studies provided an overall magnitude for the impact of training program intensity on effect size (ES). Meta-analyses were performed using meta-regression models to assess the impact of training program intensity and the other moderators of training frequency, training weeks, age, ability level, and type of physical exercise training. Inclusion criteria were (a) pretest and posttest outcomes, group size, and mean and SDs were given, (b) only human participants, age 17 or older, and healthy being free of disease, injury, or pregnancy, (c) no supplements or dietary interventions were used, (d) a minimum 4-week training intervention was used, and (e) training protocols included training intensity as its focus. Of the research reviewed, there were 31 studies representing 292 cases used to calculate ES, which met the inclusion criteria. Training frequency, training weeks, age, and ability level did not consistently affect the effectiveness of the different training programs. Intensity level influenced ES across the types of physical training programs: cardiorespiratory, muscular strength, or speed. An aggregated model had a curvilinear effect on training programs with an estimated critical average value of 74%. Muscular strength training using intensities greater than estimated 87.29% resulted in diminishing returns.
Development of system for automatic measurement of transient photocurrent and thermally stimulated current
Authors: Ramirez Botero Asdrubal Antonio , Gordillo Gerardo 
Published: April 2017

This paper presents details of the design and implementation of a system for measuring of thermally stimulated current (TSC) and transient photocurrent (Iph), developed using the Virtual Instrumentation concept. For that we have used National Instrument hardware and the LabView® package as software. The system is controlled by a virtual instrument (VI) which includes facilities to perform measurements of photocurrent keeping the temperature of the sample and the pressure of the chamber of measurement controlled as well as real time display of the Iph vs t and TSC vs T curves. The system was tested by performing transient photocurrent and TSC measurements on CH3NH3PbI3 thin films that are generally used as absorbent layer of solar cells. This type of characterization is very useful to get information of the trapping and recombination processes that affect the transport properties of the devices.
Aesthetic Experience Explained by the Affect-Space Framework
Authors: Schubert Emery , North Adrian C. , Hargreaves David J. 
Published: April 2017

A framework for organizing the semantic structure of aesthetic experience is proposed. The new framework is presented in an 'affect-space' and consists of three sets of dichotomous classifications: (1) internal locus (the felt experience) versus external locus (the description of the object), (2) 'affect-valence' — the attraction to (positive valence, e.g. preference, awe) or repulsion from (negative valence, e.g. hatred, disgust) the artwork/object — versus 'emotion-valence' — the character/contemplation of an emotion (happiness-an example of positive valence, sadness-an example of negative valence), and (3) deep versus shallow hedonic tone—e.g. 'awe' is deep, 'preference' is shallow. Deep hedonic tone is proposed as a better index of aesthetic experience (awe, being moved etc.) than shallow hedonic tone (preference, pleasure, enjoyment). Deep, internal locus, affect-valence during the contemplation of an object amenable to an aesthetic judgement (beautiful, ugly etc.) presents the necessary and sufficient conditions for an aesthetic experience. The framework allows future researchers to consider which aspects of an experience come closest to actual aesthetic experience from an empirical aesthetics perspective. It also highlights the limited value in grouping together so many aesthetic experiences under the rubric of emotion, such as aesthetic emotions, preference, basic emotions and so forth. Our framework paves the way for testing and further development of theory on aesthetic experience.