bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anti‐angiogenic Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice
Authors: Kang S. , Rho C.R. , Cho W.K. , Roh Y.J. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo evaluate the anti‐angiogenic effect of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on experimental choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice.MethodsCNV was induced by rupturing Bruch's membrane using laser photocoagulation in C57BL/6 mice. The following day, intravitreal AuNPs injections were administered. Two weeks after laser injury, CNV lesions were evaluated by examination of choroidal flat‐mounts using fluorescein‐labeled dextran and immunofluorescence staining with isolectin B4. The effects of AuNPs on endothelial cell tube formation, proliferation, and cytotoxicity were evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or human retinal pigment epithelial cells (PRE). The activity of ERK1/2, Akt, and FAK signaling pathways were also analyzed.ResultsAuNPs reduced the extent of CNV. Mice treated with intravitreal AuNPs injections exhibited a 67.9% reduction in the extent of CNV lesions compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The size of the isolectin B4‐labeled area was also significantly smaller in AuNP‐treated groups (p < 0.001). AuNPs decreased vascular endothelial growth factor‐induced HUVEC tube formation and proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner, but showed no cytotoxicity with the treatment doses administered. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt, and FAK were also suppressed by AuNPs.ConclusionsAuNPs can inhibit laser‐induced CNV in mice and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of CNV development secondary to neovascular AMD.
Nonlinear microscopy for quantification of riboflavin diffusion in the cornea
Authors: Heisterkamp A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryImaging methods are a central part of diagnostics and therapeutic procedures at the anterior segment of the eye. Due to the good accessibility, even high resolution laser scanning technologies are applicable, delivering cellular resolution images of living cells and tissues of the cornea. Using different nonlinear imaging modalities, even diffusion processes at the cornea can be monitored.Using a scanning laser microscope in combination with a tunable optical parametric oscillator, nonlinear images by two‐photon excitation and second‐harmonic generation can be acquired. Further contrast modalities, such as higher harmonics or four‐wave mixing are investigated.Several tissue layers and cellular structures can be visualized in living tissue (mouse model) and ex vivo tissue (pig eyes). Cellular structures as epithelium, endothelium and keratocytes, as well as the lens capsule and cells were imaged, by using second‐harmonic generation and four‐wave mixing, collagen was imaged within the cornea and the transition from cornea to sclera could be studied.Furthermore, diffusion of molecules through the cornea at different concentrations could be monitored as well, for applications such as corneal crosslinking.Nonlinear laser microscopy is a well‐suited method for non‐invasive, staining free imaging of the anterior segment of the eye.
Assessment of choroidal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness before and after G training using swept‐source optical coherence tomography
Authors: Kim D.Y. , Song J.H. , Kim J.H. , Hyung S. , Choi K. , Kim J.Y. , Chae J.B. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo evaluate changes in choroidal thickness before and after gravity resistance training (GRT) by using swept‐source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) data with automated segmentation software.MethodsThe eyes of 14 healthy volunteers who planned to do gravity resistance training enrolled this study. A three‐dimensional wide scanning protocol with SS‐OCT examination was done at baseline, immediately after gravity resistance training and 15, 30 and 60 min after gravity resistance training. Refractive error and axial length measurement was also done.ResultsMean choroidal thickness significantly and transiently decreased immediately (246.22 ± 64.98 μm, p < 0.001), 15 min (244.65 ± 62.88 μm, p = 0.001) and 30 min (243.08 ± 61.45, p = 0.001) after GRT, relative to baseline (251.18 ± 63.12 μm). However, decreased choroidal thickness was increased 1 h after GRT (256.51 ± 9.20 μm, p = 0.437). Choroidal volume was also transiently decreased after GRT. Mean retinal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were not changed after GRT.ConclusionsChoroidal thickness significantly but transiently decreased after GRT, which meant choroidal perfusion was transiently decreased. Therefore, the effect of high gravity exposure to choroidal circulation over long period time must be further evaluated.
Analysis of choroidal folds in acute Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada disease using high‐ penetration optical coherence tomography
Authors: Nakai K. , Tsuboi K. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo characterize patients with Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada (VKH) disease with choroidal folds (CFs) and determine how the foveal choroidal thickness changes after initial treatment using high‐penetration optical coherence tomography (HP‐OCT).MethodsIn this retrospective observational study, we analyzed 42 eyes of 21 patients with new‐onset VKH disease to determine the demographic and clinical differences between patients with and without CFs.ResultsTwenty‐four (57.1%) eyes of 13 patients with VKH disease had CFs. The mean age of patients with CFs was significantly (p = 0.0009) higher than that of those without CFs (49.1 vs. 39.4 years, respectively). The frequency of disc swelling was significantly (p = 0.0001) higher in eyes with CFs than in those without CFs (95.8 vs. 38.9%). The choroidal thickness at the first visit was significantly (p = 0.0011) greater in eyes with CFs than in those without CFs (794 ± 144 μm vs. 649 ± 113 μm). The choroid 6 months after the initial treatment was significantly (p = 0.0118) thinner in eyes with CFs than in those without CFs (270 ± 92 μm vs. 340 ± 80 μm). The frequency of sunset glow fundus at 6 months in eyes with CFs was significantly (p = 0.0334) higher than in those without CFs (62.5 vs. 27.8%).ConclusionsThe development of CFs in patients with VKH disease was significantly correlated with age, disc swelling, and choroidal thickness. The eyes with CFs frequently developed a sunset glow fundus. The findings suggested that patients with CFs might have severe and longstanding inflammation of choroidal tissues.
Ocular drug delivery and pharmacokinetics: influence of drug properties and delivery systems
Authors: Kompella U.B. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAlthough the eye is readily accessible for drug dosing, drug delivery to the eye remains a major challenge due to multiple static and dynamic barriers. After topical administration, much <10% of the drug in the dosage form reaches intraocular tissues, primarily those in the anterior segment. No topical dosage form is currently approved for back of the eye drug therapy due to inadequate drug delivery. Topical dosing is currently viable only for small molecule drugs since macromolecules are not delivered adequately by this route of administration to be therapeutically effective. Intravitreal dosing through injections and surgical means, while allowing 100% dose delivery to the back of the eye, poses multiple challenges including rapid clearance of small molecules in solution, necessitating the use of slow release delivery systems. Macromolecules are cleared more slowly from the vitreous humor of the eye, allowing drug dosing once every month or two. Currently efforts are underway to reduce dosing frequencies for macromolecules as well. The purpose of this presentation is to describe mechanisms of topical and intravitreal drug delivery, with a key focus on drug and delivery system properties. Also, emerging routes of administration including suprachoroidal and transscleral routes will be discussed.
Incidence and risk factors of elevated intraocular pressure following deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty
Authors: Huang O. , Mehta J. , Htoon H. , Tan D. , Wong T. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo report the rates of elevated IOP following deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK).MethodsA retrospective study investigating the 5‐year incidence of raised IOP following DALK cases performed from 2004 to 2008 in a tertiary centre. Patients with less than 6 months of follow‐up were excluded. Elevated IOP was defined as IOP > 21 mmHg.ResultsAn episode of elevated IOP occurred in 36.1% (n = 44) of 122 cases, 11.4% (n = 5) occurring within the first week. The average duration of raised IOP was 48.9 (SD: 65.5) days. Causes included pupil block from air, swollen grafts, and corticosteroid response. Surgical intervention to lower IOP was required in 3 (6.8%) cases. In multivariate analyses, the use of patanol 0.1% or the use of ciclosporin eyedrops before DALK (OR = 14.51, 95%CI = 1.43–147.23) and the type of topical corticosteroid use post‐DALK (OR = 4.79, 95%CI = 0.73–31.52) were found to be associated with higher rates of elevated IOP post DALK. At 5 years post DALK, 3/71 cases (4.48%) developed de novo glaucomatous field defects, and 1 case with pre‐existing glaucoma had progression of glaucomatous field defect.ConclusionsDALK was associated with a significant incidence of transiently elevated IOP post‐operatively, but had a low incidence of de novo glaucoma at 5 years in our study. Risk factors for elevated IOP post DALK included the prior use of patanol 0.1% or ciclosporin eyedrops and the type of topical corticosteroid used following DALK.
An analysis of IgG4‐related ocular disease among idiopathic orbital inflammations and mucosa‐ associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
Authors: Sohn E.J. , Roh M.S. , Kwon Y.H. , Ahn H. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo determine the proportion of idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI) and mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma accounted for by immunoglobulin (Ig) G4‐related orbital disease (ROD) using domprehensive criteria and To report the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with ocular MALT lymphoma with IgG4‐positive ells.MethodsA retrospective histopathological review and clinical case series. 49 patients from January 2005 through August 2015 were included. 20 cases of biopsy‐confirmed IOI, 29 cases of biopsy‐confirmed MALT lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry with IgG and IgG4 immunostaing. MALT lymphoma with IgG4 positive plasma cells were included when the IgG4/IgG ratio was 40% and IgG4 count was over 10/HPF. Histopathologic features, demographic and clinical data, radiologic findings, treatment and follow‐up information for each patient were analysed.ResultsPossible IgG4‐ROD accounted for 50.0% of cases originally diagnosed as IOI and 41.38% of cases originally diagnosed as MALT lymphoma. IgG4 positive MALT lymphoma group has contralateral IgG4 positive chronic inflammation lesion (p = 0.007). Relapse rate is higher than IgG4‐ unrelated group (p = 0.05) but not significantly.ConclusionsOf the MALT lymphoma cases, 12 cases were diagnosed as having possible IgG4‐ROD. Our result have demonstrated that ocular IgG4‐ROD can predispose to the development of ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma. However, further longitudinal observations during the course of disease are needed to confirm whether B‐cell lymphoma originate from IgG4‐ROD.
Comparison of efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab and aflibercept in eyes with diabetic macular edema
Authors: Oshitari T. , Shimizu N. , Tatsumi T. , Takatsuna Y. , Arai M. , Sato E. , Yamamoto S. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo compare the efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) and intravitreal aflibercept injection (IVA) injections on diabetic macular edema (DME).MethodsThe medical records of 49 eyes of 36 patients who were diagnosed with DME and had received IVR treatment from March to December 2014 and 46 eyes of 40 patients who had received IVA treatment from December 2014 to October 2015 were reviewed. The IVR and IVA were injected pro re nata. The central macular thickness and best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured at 1, 3, and 6 months after the IVR or IVA. The mean number of injections of IVR injections was 2.6 ± 1.1 and of IVA was 2.7 ± 1.4. None of the clinical data, e.g., sex, age, HbA1c, BCVA, and CMT before treatment were significantly different between the IVR and IVA groups.ResultsThe CMT was significantly thinner at 6 months after the IVR and the IVA (p < 0.05). The mean BCVA was significantly better only at 3 months after the IVR and at 1 and 6 months after the IVA (p < 0.05). The CMT of eyes with serous retinal detachment (SRD) was significantly thinner at 1 and 3 months after IVA, and at only at 6 months after IVR (p < 0.05). The BCVA of eyes with a SRD was significantly thinner at 6 months after the IVR, and at 1 and 6 months after the IVA (p < 0.05). In eyes with the previous IVR treatment, the CMT was significantly thinner during the observation period after the IVA but the BCVA was not significantly improved at any time after the IVA.ConclusionsThe effectiveness of IVA persists longer than that of IVR. The effectiveness of both IVR and IVA was not dependent on the presence of a SRD. We conclude that IVA may be effective in reducing the CMT in DM eyes refractory to IVR.
Itraconazole inhibits laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization in rats by suppressing VEGFR2 expression
Authors: Bae J.H. , Kim S.H. , Lee J.H. , Kim D.Y. , Kim H.T. , Lee S.C. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo demonstrate the anti‐angiogenic effect of itraconazole on laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in rats.MethodsSix laser burns were induced in the peripapillary area of each eye of male Brown Norway rats (200–250 g) to cause CNV. Right eyes were administered intravitreal injections of 1 μg/10 μl itraconazole; left eyes received 10 μl balanced salt solution (BSS) as controls. On day 14 after laser induction, fluorescein angiography (FA) was used to assess abnormal vascular leakage. Flattened retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)‐choroid tissue complex was stained with Alexa Fluor 488‐conjugated isolectin B4 to measure the CNV area with an image analysis program. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) mRNA and protein expression were determined by quantitative RT‐PCR or Western blot.ResultsIntravitreal itraconazole significantly reduced leakage from CNV as assessed by FA and CNV area on flat mounts of the RPE‐choroid complex when compared with intravitreal BSS on day 14 after laser induction (p = 0.002 for CNV leakage, p < 0.001 for CNV area). Quantitative RT‐PCR showed significantly lower expression of VEGFR2 mRNA in RPE‐choroid complexes from itraconazole‐injected eyes than from BSS‐injected eyes (p < 0.001). Western blots indicated that VEGFR2 was downregulated after 14 days of itraconazole treatment.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that intravitreal itraconazole significantly inhibited the development of laser‐induced CNV in rats. Itraconazole had anti‐angiogenic activity by reducing VEGFR2 expression. Itraconazole may prove beneficial for treating CNV as an alternative or adjunct to other therapies.
The Effect of Sports Participation on Quality of Life in Subjects with Low Vision
Authors: Ilhan B. , Idil A. , Ilhan İ. , Erkan Turan K. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of sports on quality of life in subjects with low vision. It was also aimed to determine the effects of various sociodemographic variables on the quality of life in subjects with visual disability.MethodsOne hundred athletes with visual loss sampled from those who participated in national games for people with visual disability and 100 subjects who did not participate in sports matched to athletes according to age, gender and visual level were included in the study. All subjects had best corrected visual acuity less than 6/60 or visual field less than 10 degrees in the better eye. Sociodemographic variables were recorded and ophthalmic examinations were performed. The Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) was applied.ResultsAge, gender, marital status, working status, the age of visual loss and visual level were similar in groups. Athletes had a higher level of education (p = 0.049). Scores of all dimensions of the SF‐36 were higher among athletes compared to controls. The scores of vitality and mental health were higher among men (p = 0.017, p = 0.008). Subjects who had a job had higher vitality scores (p = 0.026).ConclusionsSports participation improves scores of all dimensions of the SF‐36 in subjects with visual disability. Success of the rehabilitation and quality of life would improve if appropriate sports are included in the rehabilitation program. Increase of the educational level and having a job improves quality of life in these subjects. Scores of some dimensions of quality of life are lower in women with visual disability. This indicates that support and rehabilitation programs for women with visual disability should be developed specifically.
Silicone oil tamponade in the treatment of persistent macular holes
Authors: Grajewski L. , Carstens J. , Krause L. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeSeveral studies have shown that a pars plana vitrectomy with ILM‐ Peeling and SF6‐gas tamponade can close most of the macular holes. Yet some persist so that it is necessary to perform a pars plana vitrectomy again.MethodsA retrospective study of 36 eyes of 34 patients with a persistent full thickness macular hole after initial pars plana vitrectomy with ILM‐ Peeling and SF6‐gas tamponade who were retreated with silicone oil. Patients were followed for anatomical and functional outcomes.ResultsMean age was 73 years. Twenty‐seven women and seven men were included. Anatomical closure of the macular hole was found in 86% after silicone oil tamponade. A significant improvement of the visual acuity was noticed comparing the visual acuity before and after silicone oil. The mean follow up time was 15 months.ConclusionsA retreatment with silicone oil in patients with persistent full thickness macular holes can lead to a high closure rate and improvement of visual acuity.
Comparison of several transport activities of lens epithelial cells from cataract and healthy dog
Authors: Ochiai H. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe aim of this study is to compare the transport activities between normal and cataract lens epithelial cells.MethodsThe primary lens epithelial cells of healthy and cataract dog were transfected with the expression plasmid DNA of large T antigen from replication origin‐defective simian virus 40 (SV40), then cloned using a glass cylinder. The transport activities of glycine, cysteine, glutamate, arginine, leucine, carnitine, ascorbic acid and glutathione were investigated using two cell lines.ResultsThere was no significant difference in transport activity between the two cells lines except for glutamate. Glutamate transport activity was 20% lower in cells from cataract than healthy one.ConclusionsReduced glutamate transport activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of canine cataract.
Comparison of autologous platelet‐rich plasma with autologous serum eye drop in corneal epithelial disorder
Authors: Shirzadeh S. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo compare Autologous Platelet‐Rich Plasma (PRP) with Autologous Serum Eye Drop(ASED)in corneal persistent epithelial defect.Methods35 eyes of 32 patients with persistent epithelial defect at the Khatam_AL_Anbia eye hospital of Mashhad medical science university between 2012 and 2014 enrolled in the study, randomly. Nineteen eyes treated by PRP and 16 eyes treated by ASED 20%. The treatment applied for patients with persistent epithelial defect that didn't respond to any other conventional therapy. Patients examined before, 1 week and 1 month after the treatment. Examination include BCVA, symptoms pain and photophobia), and slit lamp examination including defect size.ResultsIn PRP‐treated group, 9 patients had complete healing, 6 eyes had partial healing and treatment failed in two patients (4 eyes). In ASED group, 6 patients healed completely, 10 patients partially healed and no patient was failed to treat. There was no significant difference in BCVA, pain, photophobia and slit lamp parameters between two groups before and after treatment. The healing rate was faster in PRP group.ConclusionsASED and PRP both are effective in corneal epithelial defect. This study showed no significant difference between these two medications.
Free living amoebae (FLA) keratitis
Authors: Pinna A. , Porcu T. , Boscia F. , Cano A. , Erre G. , Mattana A. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo describe the clinical features and treatment results in 41 consecutive patients with microbiologically proven free‐living amoebae (FLA) keratitis.MethodsCorneal scrapings from patients with suspected amoebic keratitis were plated on non‐nutrient agar. Amoebic isolates were identified morphologically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All patients were treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) 0.02% eye‐drops.Results41 corneal scrapings from 41 patients were found to be culture‐positive for FLA; 39 (95%) were from contact lens (CL) wearers, 2 (5%) from non‐CL wearers. Microscopic examination identified 3 Acanthamoeba spp, 23 Hartmannella spp, 12 Vahlkampfiidae, and 3 mixed infections with Hartmannella/Vahlkampfiidae. Morphological results were confirmed by PCR. Patients with Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella and Vahlkamfiidae keratitis had indistinguishable clinical features. In 37 eyes with keratitis at an early stage, treatment with PHMB 0.02% eye‐drops was fully successful. In 4 patients with advanced keratitis, topical PHMB 0.02% controlled the infection, but all of them developed a central corneal scar with visual deterioration.ConclusionsAcanthamoeba is not the only cause of amoebic keratitis, because this condition may also be caused by other FLA, such as Hartmannella and Vahlkampfiidae. This finding is epidemiologically interesting, suggesting a possible different geographical prevalence of the different FLA responsible for keratitis. Early diagnosis and proper anti‐amoebic treatment are crucial to yield a cure.
Transcorneal electrical stimulation prevents secondary retinal ganglion cell death after acute ocular hypertensive injury through modulation of microglia‐mediated local inflammatory response
Authors: Shih K.C. , Fu L. , Lo A.C.Y. , Lai J.S.M. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo investigate neuroprotective effect of transcorneal electrical stimulation (TcES) on retinal ganglion cells (RGC) after acute ocular hypertension related retinal injury in gerbils.MethodsThe right eye of each gerbil was used for experiments. Acue ocular hypertensive injury was induced via intracameral infusion of basic salt solution. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was adjusted by changing the bottle height position. For all gerbis, right eye IOP was elevated to 85 mmHg for 1 h. In the treatment group, TcES was applied to the surgical eye immediately and then twice weekly for a total of 1 month. In the control group, sham TcES was given to the surgical eye during the same time points. Retinal function was assessed and compared between groups using a full field flash electroretinogram and a light/dark transition box test. For histological analysis, the number of RGCs, astrocytes and microglial cells were counted by immunofluorescence staining after the gerbils were sacrificed on day 7 and day 28. Real time PCR and western blot analysis were conducted to compare expression of IL‐10, IL‐6, Cox‐2, TNF‐α and NFκB phorsphorylation between groups.ResultsTcES treated eyes had significantly higher RGC survival at 1 month compared to controls. This was associated with improved RGC function and vision‐related behaviour. Furthermore TcES treated eyes were shown to have increased IL‐10 expression, with a corresponding reduction in IL‐6 and COX‐2 expression as well as reduction in NF‐kB phosphorylation. This was associated with a suppression in microglial cell activation in TcES treated eyes.ConclusionsEarly treatment with TcES in gerbils protected the RGCs from damage and preserved retinal function in acute ocular hypertensive injury through modulation of the microglial‐cell activated local inflammatory response.