bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography
Authors: Lewis Donald M. 
Published: July 2017

The original idea for this work was suggested in the early 1960s by Andrew Walls, and a considerable amount of effort was put into the production of a Biographical Dictionary of the Earlier Evangelical Movement. This work, however, foundered in the mid-1970s. In 1985 it was suggested to Donald Lewis that he attempt to revive the project. This was done in consultation with Walls following a reconceptualization of the project and the overcoming of various logistical (and financial) barriers. The resulting publication provides coverage of both major and minor figures associated in some way with the evangelical movement throughout the English-speaking world (broadly conceived to include areas of British missionary activity). Some 3,500 entries were written by over 360 different historians.
Oman: Current Status, Upstream and Export Developments, Investment Opportunities
Authors: Skeet Ian 
Published: July 2017

Oman is an attractive and welcoming country, well-ordered and unpretentious. It has benefited from remarkable achievements of economic and social development since 1970. It now has a resource base that should be sufficient to keep it on a continuing path of further development. However, the second 20-years of modern Oman will inevitably contain some testing challenges. These are centred in two main areas – the economic, where expenditure has already outstripped revenue and where firm controls are needed to maintain a reasonable balance; and the social, where the pressures from an increasingly literate and numerous population will demand changes to the autocratic traditional system of government.
The Influence of the Chemistry of an Organosilica Surface on the Adsorption of Proteins from Water—Salt Solutions
Authors: Denisova T.I. , Karpenko G.F. , Khalyavka T.A. , Shvetz D.I. 
Published: July 2017

A two-component organosilica/protein system was investigated by adsorption methods using as an example the interaction of silicopolymethylsiloxane (SG-PMS) and its Cuπ ion-modified forms with the basic protein trypsin and the acidic protein albumin in water–salt solutions. It has been shown that the principal surface chemical features of the organosilica which influence the adsorption of protein molecules on its surface are the ratio of alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups present, the ampholitic character of the silanol groups, the pH value of the point of zero charge (pzc), the pH of the medium, the concentration of the modifying reagent (Cuπ ion) employed, the contact time and the solid/liquid phase ratio of the system. Sorption equilibrium was achieved within 60 min for trypsin and within 180 min for albumin for the organosilicas employed. The symbiotic nature of the contact time, solid/liquid phase ratio and the quantity of Cuπ ions involved in the modification of the organosilica was demonstrated for the adsorption of both trypsin and albumin while the opposite effect was found for pH (linear adsorption for trypsin but exhibiting a maximum for albumin at a pH value near its isoelectric point of 4.7) and for the concentration of adsorbates employed, particularly for albumin where the structure of the amino acid influenced the pH value of its isoelectric point.
Influence of Heat Transfer on the Kinetic Process Involved during the Adsorption of Soluble Organic Substances on to Porous Polymeric Sorbents
Authors: Pidlisnyuk Valentina V. , Marutovsky Ruslan M. , Hradil Jiri 
Published: July 2017

During adsorption from the gaseous phase on to solid sorbents, it is known that heat transfer generally induces a mass transfer process. The present investigation was concerned with the solution of some questions relating to the heat transfer phenomenon during adsorption from the aqueous phase. In so doing, the thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of the adsorption of benzene derivatives from aqueous solution by polymeric sorbents, i.e. Polysorb 60/100 and sample G-5, have been studied using the method of statistical moments for calculating the heat diffusion contribution to the general mass diffusion process. This method consists of the mathematical analysis of the temperature dependence of the kinetic diffusion curves on the basis of a linear adsorption isotherm. The contribution of the kinetics of heat transfer to the first sum of the moment of the kinetic curve may be defined as: [Formula: see text] where Mlq is that part of the first moment which represents heat diffusion and MID is the diffusion part of the first moment. The results obtained for the different systems investigated show the existence of a heat transfer effect on the kinetic adsorption process. This effect which retards the heat transfer process may be expressed in terms of the final rate of heat dispersion. The external contribution of heat transfer to the general mass transfer has been evaluated as 3–11% for various research systems. It has been shown that the evaluated contribution of the heat transfer is larger during adsorption by hydrophilic polymeric sorbents than when hydrophobic ones are employed. This fact may be connected with the different chemical composition and density of the sorbents.
Towards the Prediction of the Remaining Lifetime of a Carbon Filter Bed on Hydrogen Cyanide Challenge Using in-Bed Sensors and a Neural Network: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Anstice P.J.C. , Alder J.F. 
Published: July 2017

The residual lifetime of an activated carbon filter bed challenged by hydrogen cyanide, a chemisorbing gas, has been successfully predicted on one occasion using transducers embedded within the filter bed. No thermostatting nor relative humidity control of the bed or influent challenge was imposed. Four thermocouples and a fibre optic pH probe, sensitised to HCN by the addition of cobalt(II) chloride, were used to measure the progress along the filter bed of the adsorption front resulting from intermittent HCN challenges of 0.9 mg/dm3. Twenty randomised neural networks for cyanogen breakthrough prediction were created. These were based on a simple system, with the occurrences of maximum temperatures around two thermocouples at the front of the filter bed providing the input variables and the cyanogen breakthrough time (BT) being the response variable. Temperature maxima were thought to be due to cyanogen hydrolysis. Each network was trained with the data from four completed challenges and then interrogated with the input variables from a fifth. The mean response variable produced was 36.5 d (± 2.1 d standard deviation). This represented 94% of the actual observed time to breakthrough which occurred on challenge day 39. Averaging of network responses was required because four training examples only loosely map the possible variable space such that the potential error in any one network prediction is large. This preliminary set of experiments is most encouraging, having successfully predicted the lifetime of the bed whilst it was only half exhausted. The fact that, with no climatic control, simple sensors still permitted this achievement under realistic conditions of intermittent, long-term exposure illustrates the potential of this approach to residual lifetime monitoring. Further studies to repeat this success and extend the work to other challenge gases are now required.
Experimental Study and Simple Failure Analysis of Stitched J-Stiffened Composite Shear Panels
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Yang , Chen Victor L. 
Published: July 2017

Two fuselage type, stitched composite shear panels with J-shape stiffeners manufactured through the process of Resin Transfer Molding technique were tested. Through the diagonal tension tests, it was found that failure of each panel occurred at approximately 3.5 times its initial buckling load, indicating significant diagonal tension strength. Neither of the panels failed by stiffener “pop-off,” showing that the stitching helps to inhibit this failure mode. No other damage or delamination of the panel was visible as well. The newly developed generalized Yeh-Stratton (Y-S) failure criterion was used to evaluate the failure of these composite panels. Compared with several other failure criteria, the calculated failure loads are quite close to experimental results and all are conservative. The Y-S criterion is the most conservative for this case.
Water Intrusion in Graphite/Epoxy Sandwich Panels Subjected to Low Level Impact Damage
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Yang , Nelsen Eric B. 
Published: July 2017

Due to the increasing use of graphite/epoxy sandwich panels on the exterior surface of aircraft, it is necessary to determine the ability of the panels to resist potential damage caused by runway debris. There have been numerous studies on the abilities of composite panels to resist the damage due to low level impact; however, the ability of an impacted panel to resist water intrusion needs to be studied. Impact by runway debris can damage panels and allow water intrusion to the core of the panels. Water will damage the core and reduce the load carrying capabilities of the panels. In this paper the theory of impact damage of composite laminates will be applied to graphite/epoxy sandwich panels and the predictions will be compared to experimental results. The panels will be subjected to falling weight impact tests and then tested for water intrusion.
Numerical Predictions of Progressive Damage Evolution in Particulate Composites
Authors: Kwon Y. W. , Baron D. T. 
Published: July 2017

A method is presented for calculating stresses and strains in a loaded particulate composite structure (specimen) as damage initiates and grows. Load is incrementally applied to a numerically simulated specimen. For every load increment, a finite element method model is used to calculate the composite stresses and strains at each point. A micromechanical model uses the composite strains to calculate the stresses and strains in the composite's component materials, the particles and matrix. A damage model uses the matrix strains to determine values for local matrix damage, and to set reductions in the stiffnesses of damaged matrix material regions, each of which is proportional to the associated damage value. At damaged locations, the micromechanical model uses the reduced matrix stiffnesses to calculate reduced composite stiffnesses. All reduced matrix and composite stiffnesses calculated during a load increment are used in the next load increment. Matrix strain values are set which determine damage initiation, growth, and saturation. Damage saturation indicates matrix material failure, and for saturation the composite stiffness approaches zero. At a specimen point, a matrix crack will form or extend when the point becomes saturated with damage. Numerical simulation predictions are presented, and compared to experimental data. Plots are included showing stress and strain variation, and crack growth.
The Effect of Fibre Orientation and Distribution on the Tooth Stiffness of a Polymer Composite Gear
Authors: Weale D. J. , White J. , Walton D. 
Published: July 2017

Polymer composite gears can provide a performance increase over gears made from a plain polymer. However, the moulding process leaves a complex fibre orientation and distribution (FOD) resulting in large variations in material properties. Accurate estimates of material properties are required for detennining load sharing, Hertzian and bending stresses, and for tooth correction. Computational imaging techniques are providing means to determine the FOD in moulded gears. For the first time, these techniques are providing reliable estimates of the elastic constants throughout the gear and have been applied in detail to a 2D finite element model This paper compares predicted stiffnesses of gear teeth using this detailed technique with stiffnesses predicted by materials suppliers' data and simple rule of mixtures.
Experimental investigation on a three-fluid absorption refrigeration machine
Authors: Vicatos G 
Published: July 2017

This paper investigates the performance of a domestic-size three-fluid absorption refrigeration system. The boiler, lift tube, vapour-liquid separator and the heat exchanger were modified, while maintaining the same principle of operation. The unit was charged with a recommended concentration of 34 per cent aqueous ammonia solution containing the right amounts of sodium dichromate and caustic soda. Hydrogen was charged, the pressure of which was increased from the lowest of 7.5 bar to the highest of 27.5 bar in steps of 2.5 bar. For each of these hydrogen pressures, data were recorded using different power supplies of 260, 315 and 370 W. The data recorded were in the form of total pressure in the system and temperatures taken from strategic points on the unit. The data collected from the experiment are shown in the form of temperature response graphs to facilitate easy comparison within the various working conditions. Although there are no performance characteristics available from the manufacturer, it is believed that the modified components have improved the time response of the unit.
America's Policy towards Iraq
Authors: Fabian K.P. 
Published: July 2017

“I had been instructed to implement a policy that satisfies the definition of genocide, a deliberate policy that has effectively killed well over a million individuals, children and adults.” (Dennis Halliday, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Iraq, 1997–98). “More than one million Iraqis have died −500,000 of them children as a direct consequence of economic sanctions. As many as 12% of the children surveyed in Baghdad are wasted, 28% stunted, and 29% underweight”. (Morbidity and Mortality among Iraqi Children, 1990–98, FAO, December 1999).
India-China Relations: A Positive Frame
Authors: Mohanty Manoranjan 
Published: July 2017

Pronouncements both by the Indian and Chinese governments after the inauguration of the Rajiv Gandhi administration reflect more than diplomatic niceties. They manifest a positive frame which has emerged in the recent years for a steady development of India-China relations. The pace at which the economic, scientific and cultural exchange programmes have expanded provides some ground for optimism for the sixth round of talks on the border scheduled for later this year in New Delhi. Though there is no indication of an emerging settlement on the border, still the stage is getting set for a serious progress on this issue. Addressing the Congress Parliamentary Party on the eve of the first session of the new Lok Sabha, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi expressed his satisfaction over the progress made in the talks with China, but he also cautioned that the way towards a full agreement was very long. The President's address to Parliament on 17 January 1985 also indicated the same situation.' He said, “Our relations with China have shown improvement. We shall persevere in seeking a solution to the boundary question.” The Chinese have warmly reciprocated these feelings. Attending the Republic Day reception given by the Indian Ambassador A.P. Venkateswaran in Beijing, the Chinese Foreign Minister Wu Xueqian said that he saw no real conflict of fundamental interests between India and China and there were bright prospects for bilateral cooperation in the future. There are several factors contributing to the emerging positive frame for Sino-Indian relations. The strategic shift in China's South Asia policy, the overall orientation of China's “independent foreign policy,” and increasing exchange between India and China, are important among them. The new factors facilitating this trend are the assertion of technological management approaches to the problems of development of the two countries by the current leaders and the extrems care with which China covers Indian developments in its press; this is evident from the Chinese reports on the Punjab issue.
India's Africa Policy
Authors: Chhabra Hari Sharan 
Published: July 2017

Soon after assuming office Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi announced a donation of 100,000 tons of wheat to the famine-stricken countries of Africa. The government also announced that it would be sending a team of doctors and medical supplies to some needy countries on the African continent. That the new government responded to the urgent needs of Africa shows what great regard it has for the suffering masses of the neighbouring continent. This gesture has been greatly appreciated in Africa, even if the Indian help is rather modest. In view of the old, historic and friendly relations with peoples of Africa, it is now India's desire to strengthen these relations with the present 50-odd newly independent countries of the African continent. These countries no doubt present an untapped opportunity for trade and technical collaboration, but for the success of our foreign policy the numerical strength of Africa— nearly one-third the United Nations- is immensely important. It is, indeed, a worthwhile gathering of friends to have in international forums. India's Africa policy has two facets: its role as an uncompromising fighter against colonialism and racialism and its strong faith in South-South cooperation.
Foreign Policy Coordination in the European Community
Authors: Bhattacharya Purusottam 
Published: July 2017

One of the corner stones of the European Economic Community since its inception in 1958 has been the concept of political cooperation among the member states. Despite its economic character the founding fathers envisaged an essentially political community to be brought about by greater functional cooperation through Community organs such as the Commission, the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament.1 Greater harmony was also to be brought about in the conduct of Member States' foreign relations and the Community was increasingly to speak with one voice in international affairs.2 Although the necessity to impart a more formal character to the process of consultations on foreign policy issues was felt during the decade following the establishment of the Community the first concrete steps in this regard were initiated only in 1969 which resulted in the so-called ‘Davignon Report’ in 1970.3 Following its recommendation for a common European diplomatic effort European Political Cooperation (EPC) was set up in 1970. The process which was to consist of foreign policy coordination among the Member States of the European Community was to be conducted outside the framework of the treaties establishing the Community and thus not to be governed by the decision-making rules that applied to the meetings of the EEC Council of Ministers.4
Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Healing Rate and Safety of the Profore™ Extra Four-Layer Bandage System in Patients with Venous Leg Ulceration
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , De Koven Joel , Lester Robert , Shear Neil H. , Sauder Daniel N. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Venous ulcers are increasing in prevalence, especially since these are observed more frequently in the elderly, and the number of individuals in this age group is becoming a larger portion of the population. Objective: To determine the healing rate and safety of the Profore™ Extra Four-Layer Bandage System in the management of venous leg ulcers. Methods: In an open-label study, patients aged 18 years or older with venous leg ulcers were treated with a high compression four-layer bandage system in which a hydrocellular dressing was placed in contact with the wound. The combination is designated the “Profore Extra Four-Layer Bandage System.” Follow-up visits took place weekly unless there was heavy exudation from the ulcer or if there was marked edema of the leg at the start of the study requiring reapplication of the bandage system. Results: Fifteen patients were entered into the study (men 8, women 7, mean age 66 years, mean duration of ulcers 1.3 years). Thirteen of the 15 patients completed the study, with two withdrawals. In one patient who withdrew, the ulcer became infected and required treatment with antibiotics. The other termination from the study occurred for reasons unrelated to treatment. The ulcer in this patient healed in 7 weeks. Ten of the 13 patients (77%) who completed the study, and 10 (67%) of 15, who had enrolled experienced complete (100%) healing. Healing of > 80% of the ulcers occurred in 11 of 13 patients (85%) who completed the study and in 12 (80%) of 15 enrolled patients. No patient experienced a study-related adverse event. One patient developed contact dermatitis and was later found to have stasis dermatitis. It is unclear whether the initial event was contact or stasis dermatitis. Conclusion: In this open-label study, a high compression system, using the Profore Extra Four-Layer Bandage with a hydrocellular dressing in contact with the wound, was found to be effective and safe for the treatment of venous leg ulcers.
The Interpretation of Test Results
Authors: Binder Michael , Dreiseitl Stephan 
Published: July 2017

Background: Dermatologists need to interpret an increasing number of research studies and diagnostic tests. Understanding the techniques for interpreting test results and making decisions based upon those tests represent important tools for decision making for both clinicians and researchers. Objective: This article focuses briefly on the key parameters of diagnostic tests: sensitivity, specificity, prevalence, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and the concept of receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves. A simple example is presented in a step-by-step manner. Conclusion: The principles of interpreting test results are easy to learn and applicable in daily clinical routine. Therefore, dermatologists should be familiar with the concepts outlined in this paper.
Delay in Diagnosis: Indeterminate Leprosy Presenting with Rheumatic Manifestations
Authors: Sadeghi Parrish , Dupree Marsha , Carlson J. Andrew 
Published: July 2017

Background: Rheumatic complications are common in leprosy (Hansen's disease) and can be the primary complaint delaying accurate diagnosis. Objective: Such a case is reported here: a 61-year-old woman with indeterminate leprosy presented with symmetric arthritis and purpura. Despite biopsy and evaluation by several physicians, leprosy was not suspected. After 2 years of progressive symptoms, a second biopsy revealed lepromatous leprosy. Conclusion: In this case, lack of clinical suspicion and unfamiliarity with the histology of indeterminate leprosy delayed diagnosis and treatment. Leprosy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with unusual rheumatic and persistent cutaneous manifestations.
Treatment of Vascular Lesions in Pigmented Skin with the Pulsed Dye Laser
Authors: Garrett Algin B. , Shieh Sherry 
Published: July 2017

Background: Vascular lesions occurring in African-American patients are often not treated because of the risk of local side effects. Objective: The study was to determine the efficacy of the flashlamp-pumped dye (FLPD) laser in the treatment of vascular malformations in African-American patients. Methods: All lesions in three patients were treated with the FLPD laser using a 585 nm wavelength, 5 mm spot size, 450 pulse width, and fluences ranging from 6.5 to 8.5J per cm2. Conclusion: The FLPD was effective in treating vascular malformations. Transient changes in colour and skin texture occurred at the treated sites.
Sporotrichosis Infection on Mines of the Witwatersrand
Authors: Quintal Diane 
Published: July 2017

Background: Our knowledge of skin disease is often based on fortuitous situations that have provided opportunities for observation and study of the disease. One of these diseases is sporotrichosis. Objective: This article examines a symposium published in 1947 by the Transvaal Chamber of Mines in South Africa. It reviews the approach taken in the investigation of a large outbreak of sporotrichosis in the mine workers. Conclusion: The investigation of this outbreak has contributed significantly to our present day knowledge of sporotrichosis, the causative organism, its mode of spread, and its clinical features. It is also a striking example of meticulous scientific research and observation.