bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of tailorable pH responsive cationic amphiphilic microgels on a microfluidic device for drug release
Authors: Lu Bingyuan , Tarn Mark D. , Pamme Nicole , Georgiou Theoni K. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTCationic, amphiphilic microgels of differing compositions based on hydrophilic, pH, and thermoresponsive 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and hydrophobic, nonionic n‐butyl acrylate (BuA) are synthesized using a lab‐on‐a‐chip device. Hydrophobic oil‐in‐water (o/w) droplets are generated via a microfluidic platform, with the dispersed (droplet) phase containing the DMAEMA and BuA, alongside the hydrophobic cross‐linker, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and a free radical initiator in an organic solvent. Finally, the hydrophobic droplets are photopolymerized via a UV light source as they traverse the microfluidic channel to produce the cationic amphiphilic microgels. This platform enables the rapid, automated, and in situ production of amphiphilic microgels, which do not match the core‐shell structure of conventionally prepared microgels but are instead based on random amphiphilic copolymers of DMAEMA and BuA between the hydrophobic cross‐links. The microgels are characterized in terms of their swelling and encapsulation abilities, which are found to be influenced by both the pH response and the hydrophobic content of the microgels. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 59–66
Norbornene‐functionalized PEO‐b‐PCL: A versatile platform for mikto‐arm star, umbrella‐like, and comb‐like graft copolymers
Authors: N'Guyen Duc Anh , Montembault Véronique , Piogé Sandie , Pascual Sagrario , Fontaine Laurent 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTWell‐defined in‐chain norbornene‐functionalized poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) copolymers (NB‐PEO‐b‐PCL) were synthesized from a dual clickable containing both hydroxyl‐ and alkyne‐reactive groups, namely heterofunctional norbornene 3‐exo‐(2‐exo‐(hydroxymethyl)norborn‐5‐enyl)methyl hexynoate. A range of NB‐PEO‐b‐PCL copolymers were obtained using a combination of orthogonal organocatalyzed ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) and click copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of NB‐PEO‐b‐PCL macromonomers using ruthenium‐based Grubbs’ catalysts provides comb‐like and umbrella‐like graft copolymers bearing both PEO and PCL grafts on each monomer unit. Mikto‐arm star A2B2 copolymers were obtained through a new strategy based on thiol–norbornene photoinitiated click chemistry between 1,3‐propanedithiol and NB‐PEO‐b‐PCL. The results demonstrate that in‐chain NB‐PEO‐b‐PCL copolymers can be used as a platform to prepare mikto‐arm star, umbrella‐, and comb‐like graft copolymers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 4051–4061
Designing catechol‐end functionalized poly(DMAm‐co‐NIPAM) by RAFT with tunable LCSTs
Authors: Oyeneye Olabode O. , Xu William Z. , Charpentier Paul A. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTProviding catechol‐end functionality to controlled structure lower critical solution temperature (LCST) copolymers is attractive, given the versatility of catechol chemistry for tethering to nanostructures. Controlled polymer chain lengths with catechol RAFT end groups are of interest to provide tunable LCST behavior to nanoparticles, although these polymerizations are relatively unexplored. Herein, the reactivity ratios for the RAFT copolymerization of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAm) and N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) pairs based on catechol‐end RAFT agents using an in situ NMR technique were first determined. Several catechol‐end poly(DMAm‐co‐NIPAM) samples were then prepared using the RAFT agent to provide copolymer. The reactivity ratios for the DMAm‐NIPAM pair were rDMAm = 1.28–1.31 and rNIPAM = 0.48–0.51. All the poly(DMAm‐co‐NIPAM) samples were found to have Mn values ≤ 26 kDa and Ð < 1.08 with LCST values ranging from 31 to 92°C, while maintaining a short range of glass transition temperature (Tg = 118–137°C). The difference in LCST values for the catechol functionalized poly(DMAm‐co‐NIPAM) based on 0.5 wt% aqueous buffered solutions at pH 5.5 and 8.5 was found to be <3.0°C. These conditions are suitable for subsequent catechol‐induced coordination and nucleophilic addition chemistry for covalent and noncovalent linkages during subsequent post‐modification. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 4062–4070
Semi‐perfluoroalkylated perylene diimides for conjugated polymers with high molecular weight and high electron mobility
Authors: Cai Chunsheng , Wan Ji , Zhang Youdi , Yuan Zhongyi , Huang Qingfang , Xu Guodong , Hu Yu , Zhao Xiaohong , Chen Yiwang 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTPerylene diimides (PDIs) and their derivatives are excellent semiconductors, while conjugated polymers based on PDIs have limited applications because of their low electron mobility (μe) derived from low molecular weight. The reported maximum number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of related polymers is only 21 kDa because PDIs have very poor solubility due to strong π–π stacking of their big planar conjugated cores. Herein, it is found that suitable semi‐perfluoroalkyl groups could enhance the solubility of PDIs significantly, and a series of semi‐perfluoroalkyl modified conjugated polymers with high molecular weight and electron mobility were synthesized. The maximum Mn reaches 94.8 kDa [P(4CF8CH‐PDI‐T2)HW]. In their space‐charge‐limited current (SCLC) devices, all polymers exhibit typical characters of electron transporting semiconductors, and the highest μe is up to 8.40 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 [P(4CF8CH‐PDI‐T2)HW], which is similar as that of widely used electron transporting semiconductor PC61BM (6.41 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1). © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 116–124
Synthesis, characterization, and electrogenerated chemiluminescence of deep blue emitting eumelanin‐inspired poly(indoylenearylene)s for polymer light emitting diodes
Authors: Sachinthani K. A. Niradha , Kaneza Nelly , Kaudal Rajiv , Manna Eeshita , Eastman Margaret A. , Sedai Bhishma , Pan Shanlin , Shinar Joseph , Shinar Ruth , Nelson Toby L. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTDeep blue emitting copolymers were synthesized by uniting the Eumelanin‐inspired indole core with fluorene and carbazole units via Suzuki polymerization. The resulting polymers, PIF and PIC, showed deep blue emission in the range of 416–418 nm and quantum yields of 0.39–0.60. Both polymers exhibited an intense and stable electrogenerated chemiluminescence. Interestingly, deep HOMO levels of −5.71 and −5.61 eV were observed for PIF and PIC, respectively. Solution processed polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) were fabricated using the PIF as a guest. PLEDs emitted deep blue light at 418 nm, with the luminous efficiency peaking at 1 Cd/A, given that the photopic response at that wavelength is 0.0151. The electroluminescence of PIF displayed a Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates of (0.16, 0.07) with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.1%. Hence, these materials prove to be promising candidates for the fabrication of deep blue PLEDs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 125–131
Structural diversity in poly(disulfide)s
Authors: Bej Raju , Sarkar Jayita , Ghosh Suhrit 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTThis article reports a synthetic methodology for single step preparation of telechelic poly(disulfide)s (PDS) by step‐growth polymerization between a di‐thiol and a commercially available monomer 2,2′‐dithiodipyridine in presence of a functional group appended pyridyl disulfide moiety as the “mono‐functional impurity” (MFI). Redox‐destructible well‐defined segmented PDSs with functional chain terminal, predicted and tunable degree of polymerization and narrow polydispersity index (<2.0) could be synthesized under a mild reaction condition. Using an appropriate MFI, PDS could be synthesized with trithiocarbonate chain terminals in a single step, which could be further used as macro chain‐transfer agent (CTA) for chain growth polymerization under RAFT mechanism producing ABA type tri‐block copolymer wherein the B block consists of the degradable PDS chain. By copolymerization between a hydrophobic di‐thiol monomer and a hydroxyl group appended di‐thiol monomer, PDS could be prepared with pendant hydroxyl functional group which was utilized to initiate ring opening polymerization of cyclic lactide monomers producing well‐defined degradable graft‐copolymer. The pendant hydroxyl groups were further utilized to anchor a polar carboxylic group to the degradable PDS backbone which under basic condition showed aqueous self‐assembly generating micelle‐like structure with hydrophobic guest encapsulation ability and glutathione responsive sustained release. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 194–202
Measurement and approximation of the age spectra of rocks and minerals during 40Ar/39Ar dating
Authors: Alekseev D.V. , Travin A.V. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
During 40Ar/39Ar dating, the age spectrum of the sample can be seriously distorted due to averaging of its Ar isotope composition over the fraction of gas released during the measurements. New methods of age spectrum approximation with suppression of distortions have been developed. The efficiency of these methods is experimentally demonstrated. A new high-resolution method for measuring age spectra from the fraction of gas released is proposed. This method is based on experimental data and permits refining the age spectrum or its fragments. The applicability and efficiency of this method are also shown experimentally. The proposed measurement method can be used not only to measure age spectra during 40Ar/39Ar dating but also to measure other isotope characteristics of rock and mineral samples during stepwise separation of analytes.
Compositions of gabbro intrusions in the Krestovsky zone (western Baikal region): A record of plume–suprasubduction mantle interaction
Authors: Lavrenchuk A.V. , Sklyarov E.V. , Izokh A.E. , Kotov A.B. , Sal’nikova E.B. , Fedorovsky V.S. , Mazukabzov A.M. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We provide new geochemical and isotope–geochronological evidence for gabbro intrusions of the Krestovsky zone in the Olkhon composite terrane. The intrusions belong to the Birkhin (~500 Ma) and Ust’-Krestovsky (~470 Ma) complexes, which underwent several pulses of magmatism. Rock structures and textures record magma crystallization in tectonically turbulent conditions. The compositions of gabbro are similar to those of subduction-related basalts, but the Ust’-Krestovsky gabbro is richer in incompatible elements than the Birkhin rocks. A similar composition trend of gabbro is observed in other areas of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB): southeastern Tuva, Gornaya Shoria, and western Mongolia. We suggest a model of regular composition changes in parental magmas during the interaction of a mantle plume with suprasubductional lithospheric mantle.
Error sources in basal yield stress inversions for Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland, derived from residual patterns of misfit to observations
Authors: HABERMANN MARIJKE , TRUFFER MARTIN , MAXWELL DAVID 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTThe basal interface of glaciers is generally not directly observable. Geophysical inverse methods are therefore used to infer basal parameters from surface observations. Such methods can also provide information about potential inadequacies of the forward model. Ideally an inverse problem can be regularized so that the differences between modeled and observed surface velocities reflect observational errors. However, deficiencies in the forward model usually result in additional errors. Here we use the spatial pattern of velocity residuals to discuss the main error sources for basal stress inversions for Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland. Synthetic tests with prescribed patterns of basal yield stress with varying length scales are then used to investigate different weighting functions for the data-model misfit and for the ability of the inversion to resolve details in basal yield stress. We also test real-data inversions for their sensitivities to prior estimate, forward model parameters, data gaps, and temperature fields. We find that velocity errors are not sufficient to explain the residual patterns of real-data inversions. Conversely, ice-geometry errors and especially simulated errors in model simplifications are capable of reproducing similar error patterns and magnitudes. We suggest that residual patterns can provide useful guidance for forward model improvements.
A dynamic linear modelling approach to public policy change
Authors: Loftis Matt W. , Mortensen Peter B. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTheories of public policy change, despite their differences, converge on one point of strong agreement: the relationship between policy and its causes can and does change over time. This consensus yields numerous empirical implications, but our standard analytical tools are inadequate for testing them. As a result, the dynamic and transformative relationships predicted by policy theories have been left largely unexplored in time series analysis of public policy. This article introduces dynamic linear modelling (DLM) as a useful statistical tool for exploring time-varying relationships in public policy. The article offers a detailed exposition of the DLM approach and illustrates its usefulness with a time series analysis of United States defense policy from 1957 to 2010. The results point the way for a new attention to dynamics in the policy process, and the article concludes with a discussion of how this research programme can profit from applying DLMs.
Influenza vaccination status and outcomes among influenza-associated hospitalizations in Columbus, Ohio (2012–2015)
Authors: ZIVICH P. N. , TATHAM L. , LUNG K. , TIEN J. , BOLLINGER C. E. , BOWER J. K. 
Published: October 2017

SUMMARYPrior studies suggest that the influenza vaccine is protective against some outcomes in hospitalized patients infected with influenza despite vaccination. We utilized surveillance data from Columbus, Ohio to investigate this association over multiple influenza seasons and age groups. Data on laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations were collected as a part of the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Project for the 2012–2013, 2013–2014, and 2014–2015 influenza seasons. The association between influenza vaccination status was examined in relation to the outcomes of severe influenza and diagnosis of pneumonia among patients receiving antiviral treatment. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. We observed no overall association between influenza vaccination status and severe influenza among hospitalized patients. During the 2013–2014 season, those who were vaccinated were 41% less likely to be diagnosed with pneumonia compared with those who were unvaccinated (OR = 0·59 95% CI 0·41–0·86). The influenza vaccine may provide a secondary preventive function against pneumonia among influenza cases requiring hospitalization. However, a protective effect was only observed in 2013–2014, an influenza H1N1 dominant year. Differences in circulating influenza virus strains and vaccine matching to the circulating strains during influenza seasons may impact this association.
Amphetamine Modestly Improves Conners’ Continuous Performance Test Performance in Healthy Adults
Authors: MacQueen David A. , Minassian Arpi , Henry Brook L. , Geyer Mark A. , Young Jared W. , Perry William 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectives: Amphetamine improves vigilance as assessed by continuous performance tests (CPT) in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Less is known, however, regarding amphetamine effects on vigilance in healthy adults. Thus, it remains unclear whether amphetamine produces general enhancement of vigilance or if these effects are constrained to the remediation of deficits in patients with ADHD. Methods: We tested 69 healthy adults (35 female) on a standardized CPT (Conner’s CPT-2) after receiving 10- or 20-mg d-amphetamine or placebo. To evaluate potential effects on learning, impulsivity, and perseveration, participants were additionally tested on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). Results: Participants receiving placebo exhibited the classic vigilance decrement, demonstrated by a significant reduction in attention (D’) across the task. This vigilance decrement was not observed, however, after either dose of amphetamine. Consistent with enhanced vigilance, the 20-mg dose also reduced reaction time variability across the task and the ADHD confidence index. The effects of amphetamine appeared to be selective to vigilance since no effects were observed on the IGT, WCST, or response inhibition/perseveration measures from the CPT. Conclusions: The present data support the premise that amphetamine improves vigilance irrespective of disease state. Given that amphetamine is a norepinephrine/dopamine transporter inhibitor and releaser, these effects are informative regarding the neurobiological substrates of attentional control. (JINS, 2018, 24, 283–293)
Ultra-processed foods, protein leverage and energy intake in the USA
Authors: Martínez Steele Euridice , Raubenheimer David , Simpson Stephen J , Baraldi Larissa Galastri , Monteiro Carlos A 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveExperimental studies have shown that human macronutrient regulation minimizes variation in absolute protein intake and consequently energy intake varies passively with dietary protein density (‘protein leverage’). According to the ‘protein leverage hypothesis’ (PLH), protein leverage interacts with a reduction in dietary protein density to drive energy overconsumption and obesity. Worldwide increase in consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been hypothesized to be an important determinant of dietary protein dilution, and consequently an ecological driving force of energy overconsumption and the obesity pandemic. The present study examined the relationships between dietary contribution of UPF, dietary proportional protein content and the absolute intakes of protein and energy.DesignNational representative cross-sectional study.SettingNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010.SubjectsParticipants (n 9042) aged ≥2 years with at least one day of 24 h dietary recall data.ResultsWe found a strong inverse relationship between consumption of UPF and dietary protein density, with mean protein content dropping from 18·2 to 13·3 % between the lowest and highest quintiles of dietary contribution of UPF. Consistent with the PLH, increase in the dietary contribution of UPF (previously shown to be inversely associated with protein density) was also associated with a rise in total energy intake, while absolute protein intake remained relatively constant.ConclusionsThe protein-diluting effect of UPF might be one mechanism accounting for their association with excess energy intake. Reducing UPF contribution in the US diet may be an effective way to increase its dietary protein concentration and prevent excessive energy intake.
Has iodized salt reduced iodine-deficiency disorders among school-aged children in north-west Iran? A 9-year prospective study
Authors: Nouri Saeidlou Sakineh , Babaei Fariba , Ayremlou Parvin , Entezarmahdi Rasoul 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveLow iodine intakes are associated with goitre and other iodine-deficiency disorders (IDD) that have affected billions of people worldwide. We aimed to assess total goitre rate (TGR) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in schoolchildren between 2007 and 2015, percentage of iodized salt consumption by households, and salt iodine content at production, distribution and household levels in north-west Iran.Design/Setting/SubjectsUIC assessed among schoolchildren in nine consecutive years; 240 schoolchildren aged 8–10 years selected by systematic random sampling each year in the West Azerbaijan Province.ResultsMedian UIC was &gt;100 μg/l in all years. More than 50 % of children had iodine deficiency (UIC≤99 μg/l) in 2010 and 2011, while this rate was approximately 15–35 % in other years. Proportion with UIC below 50 μg/l was &lt;20 % in all years except 2010 and 2011. Excessive UIC (≥300 μg/l) rate was between 5·4 and 27·5 %. TGR decreased from 44 % in 1996 to 7·6 % and 0·4 % in 2001 and 2007, respectively. Regular surveys from 2002 to 2015 showed that 98 % or more of households consumed iodized salt. Iodine level ≥20 ppm was observed in 87·5, 83 and 73 % of salt at production, distribution and household level, respectively (data from national study in 2007). The last national study in 2014 showed that median iodine level in household salt was 27 ppm.ConclusionsOur focused data suggest that the universal salt iodization programme is improving the iodine status of schoolchildren in the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Reduction of TGR to less than 5 % in schoolchildren indicates successful elimination of IDD as a major public health problem.
Formative qualitative research to develop community-based interventions addressing low birth weight in the plains of Nepal
Authors: Morrison Joanna , Dulal Sophiya , Harris-Fry Helen , Basnet Machhindra , Sharma Neha , Shrestha Bhim , Manandhar Dharma , Costello Anthony , Osrin David , Saville Naomi 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the factors affecting intra-household food allocation practices to inform the development of interventions to prevent low birth weight in rural plains of Nepal.DesignQualitative methodology using purposive sampling to explore the barriers and facilitating factors to improved maternal nutrition.SettingRural Dhanusha District, Nepal.SubjectsWe purposively sampled twenty-five young daughters-in-law from marginalised groups living in extended families and conducted semi-structured interviews with them. We also conducted one focus group discussion with men and one with female community health volunteers who were mothers-in-law.ResultsGender and age hierarchies were important in household decision making. The mother-in-law was responsible for ensuring that a meal was provided to productive household members. The youngest daughter-in-law usually cooked last and ate less than other family members, and showed respect for other family members by cooking only when permitted and deferring to others’ choice of food. There were limited opportunities for these women to snack between main meals. Daughters-in-law’ movement outside the household was restricted and therefore family members perceived that their nutritional need was less. Poverty affected food choice and families considered cost before nutritional value.ConclusionsIt is important to work with the whole household, particularly mothers-in-law, to improve maternal nutrition. We present five barriers to behaviour change: poverty; lack of knowledge about cheap nutritional food, the value of snacking, and cheap nutritional food that does not require cooking; sharing food; lack of self-confidence; and deference to household guardians. We discuss how we have targeted our interventions to develop knowledge, discuss strategies to overcome barriers, engage mothers-in-law, and build the confidence and social support networks of pregnant women.