bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Navigating troubled waters: bringing the e-democratic ship into safe harbour?
Authors: Jørgensen Andreas Møller , Andersen Kim Normann 
Published: November 2016

PurposeWhereas prior research has conceptualized and empirically investigated reinforcement and amplification mechanisms, this paper aims to propose a framework of power that captures the dynamic ways in which different forms of online political action are structured by disparate mechanisms.Design/methodology/approachThe paper derives a theoretical model of power from Foucault and affiliated governmentality studies, which constructs power as the mechanisms and logics that structure the field of possible actions. This model is grounded in research literature on e-democracy and applied in a study of the mechanisms that structure e-democracy.FindingsThe paper identifies four mechanisms that balance disparate concerns of e-democracy. Monitoring (M) mechanisms apply logics of security and service to weigh anonymity and publicity against each other. The range of participants is determined by Inclusion/exclusion (I) mechanisms which operate through rules of engagement. Moderation (M) mechanisms balance concerns for heterogenic viewpoints and homogeneity according to a logic of uniformity. Logics of profit-making and shared understanding warrant the balance that Exposure (E) mechanisms strike between information abundance and centralized access. The four mechanisms are combined in the MIME framework.Research limitations/implicationsThe MIME framework includes mechanisms that are documented by the English-speaking research community, often with a substantial time lag. Others and potentially forceful mechanisms might not be reported in the research literature.Practical implicationsPractitioners are encouraged to be cognizant of the variety of mechanisms that condition e-democracy; their internal components and external relations of e-democratic practices when designing, building and conducting e-democratic initiatives.Originality/valueInstead of focusing exclusively on the beneficiaries and the possible payoffs from e-democratic practices, the MIME framework developed in the paper focuses on the mechanisms which structure e-democracy.
Common Services Centres (CSCs) as an approach to bridge the digital divide
Authors: Dwivedi Yogesh K. , Sahu Ganesh P. , Rana Nripendra P. , Singh Monika , Chandwani Rajesh K. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
Despite the increasing technological capabilities and its affordability, a significantly large proportion of developing nations’ population are still lacking resources to own basic information and communication technologies such as computer and internet. This suggests that majority of the citizens from developing countries (e.g. India) are also not able to access and use emerging electronic government applications and services. This is leading to a further and bigger digital divide gap that already exists between rural and urban as well as economically less and more able population. To reduce the widening digital divide, India has innovated Common Services Centres (CSCs) as means to deliver public services electronically to citizens at the village level. This viewpoint paper aims to discuss some of the challenges and obstacles of such CSCs and to offer some recommendations for their effective implementations and sustainable operations.

Design/methodology/approach
This is a viewpoint paper that is based on authors’ awareness of the context as well as knowledge and issues relevant to the research topic. A number of appropriate and current citations have been utilised to illustrate the current state on the topic as well as to support authors’ arguments presented in this paper.

Findings
The paper identified a number of key issues relevant for effective implementation and sustainable operation of CSCs. The authors present their views and recommendations related to the following key issues: connectivity problems, lack of or delayed rollout of government to citizen (G2C) services, demotivated village-level entrepreneurs due to lack of G2C services, low computer literacy, lack of awareness about services and facilities, lack of adequate training and support, poor provisioning of an effective infrastructure, lack of support from the concerned government officials, inaccessible locations, burden of high investment, corruption at the government level, lack of skilled manpower to run the CSCs, lack of power supply, language barrier, lack of space, problem with maintenance and management of connectivity network and problem caused by the Naxalite and anarchist activity.

Originality/value
The discussion and recommendations presented in this paper would be valuable to various agencies (both from public and private sectors) as well as policymakers for effective implementation and long-term sustainability of CSCs. The approach discussed in this paper offers an effective way to diffuse e-government applications and services in other developing countries (particularly resource-constrained nations from African, Asian and Latin American regions).
E-voting adoption in a developing country
Authors: Alomari Mohammad Kamel 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present factors that affect e-voting adoption in the Middle East and, in particular, Jordan. Changing the election voting method for the people in Jordan from traditional voting to interactive voting via the web needs exploration to understand the factors affecting e-voting adoption by citizens. Therefore, this paper reports on a study undertaken to identify the main factors that would influence citizens’ intentions to adopt the use of an e-voting system in Jordan, using an established e-government adoption model and a theoretical framework consisting of the diffusion of innovations (DOI) theory and the technology acceptance model (TAM).

Design/methodology/approach
A survey study of 267 Jordanian citizens who were internet users investigated the influence of the aforementioned factors on the adoption and use of e-voting websites. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses.

Findings
Contrary to the previous established e-government adoption model, beliefs and website design were not found to be significant predictors of the intention to use e-voting websites. The paper found that trust in government, attitudes, perceived usefulness and complexity were significant factors in Jordanian citizens’ intentions to use e-voting websites.

Originality/value
This is one of few studies to have used an established e-government adoption model to test the adoption of e-voting as one of the e-government applications. In addition, this paper is one of the few to examine the factors that influence the adoption and use of e-voting systems by citizens in the Middle East. Although the previous e-government adoption model showed the impact of attitude to be non-significant on e-government adoption, this paper shows the significant influence of attitudes on citizens’ intentions to use e-voting websites. On the other hand, this paper supports previous e-government adoption studies in showing the importance of including constructs of the DOI theory (relative advantage and complexity) and those related to TAM (perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use) when considering the topic of e-government adoption in a Middle Eastern country, although previous studies have shown similarities between these constructs.
Facebook usage in a local government
Authors: Bellström Peter , Magnusson Monika , Pettersson John Sören , Thorén Claes 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
To fully grasp the potential of using social media, one must know what governments and citizens are communicating in these media. Despite much statistics published, there is a dearth of research analyzing information content in detail. The purpose of this paper is to identify the kind of information exchange that occurs between a local government and its constituent citizens using social media.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper presents a qualitative single case study of the Facebook presence of the municipality and city of Karlstad, Sweden, one of the most prominent local governments on Facebook in the country. Facebook page data were collected between May 2015 and July 2015. A content analysis was performed on the data to explore new and existing categories that drive the analysis.

Findings
The paper identifies 11 content categories for municipality posts and 13 content categories for user posts (citizen or organization). The frequency for each content category reveals that the page owner is first of all using its Facebook page to promote different happenings in the municipality while the page user is asking questions to the municipality or other users.

Research limitations/implications
The study is limited to one municipality, but achieves analytical generalizability in its findings. In other words, the categories and mode of communication are a finding in and of itself that in future research may be validated in terms of commonality on a national scale.

Practical implications
Management concerns about opening up a municipality Facebook page for user posting may be exaggerated: positive posts are as common as complaints. If an organization wants to use the Facebook page for increased user participation and collaboration, it seems that users, both citizens and organizations, welcome such opportunities. However, such posts are not likely to receive many comments or shares from other users.

Originality/value
The paper is one of the first that uses content analysis to categorize both page owner posts and user posts on a local government Facebook page. The content categories identified in the paper provide novel and detailed insights on what types of information exchange occur on social media between a local government and citizens but also highlight the need to distinguish organizations from citizens among the visitors to the government Facebook page. Different types of user will post different types of content. The identified content categories can serve as a basis for future empirical research within e-government research.
Strains of Group B streptococci from septic patients induce platelet activation via Toll‐like Receptor 2
Authors: Liu Xiaoyan , Liu Hongyun , Luo Xianming , Zhang Ping , Gao Yanmin , Xie Shuangfeng , Xu Kang , Chang Jianxing , Ma Liping 
Published: November 2016

SummaryGroup B Streptococcus (GBS) causes life‐threatening bacterial sepsis, especially in newborns and pregnant women. Patients suffering from sepsis often display low platelet counts, characterized by thrombocytopenia, because of platelet activation. In the present study, the roles of six GBS strains from septic patients in platelet aggregation, as well as the underlying mechanisms, were investigated. Incubation of platelets with three of the strains induced platelet aggregation, increased the secretion of cellular adhesin molecule CD62P and activation of GPIIb/IIIa. Furthermore, the GBS strains that induced platelet activation also caused an increase in the expression of Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 in platelets. Pre‐incubation of platelets with anti‐TLR2 monoclonal antibody, but not anti‐TLR4 monoclonal antibody, inhibited these functional responses induced by GBS. TLR2 stimulation also activated the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3‐K)/Akt signalling pathway in platelets, and inhibition of PI3‐K significantly reduced GBS‐induced platelet responses. Our results indicate that three of the GBS strains from the septic patients can trigger platelet activation by interacting with platelets, which involves the elevation of platelet TLR2 expression.
Cosmopolitanism and the relevance of ‘zombie concepts’: the case of anomic suicide amongst Alevi Kurd youth
Authors: Cetin Umit 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAgainst Beck's claims that conventional sociological concepts and categories are zombie categories, this paper argues that Durkheim's theoretical framework in which suicide is a symptom of an anomic state of society can help us understand the diversity of trajectories that transnational migrants follow and that shape their suicide rates within a cosmopolitan society. Drawing on ethnographic data collected on eight suicides and three attempted suicide cases of second‐generation male Alevi Kurdish migrants living in London, this article explains the impact of segmented assimilation/adaptation trajectories on the incidence of suicide and how their membership of a ‘new rainbow underclass’, as a manifestation of cosmopolitan society, is itself an anomic social position with a lack of integration and regulation.
Clinical practice patterns on the use of magnesium sulphate for treatment of pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia: a multi‐country survey
Authors: Long Q , Oladapo OT , Leathersich S , Vogel JP , Carroli G , Lumbiganon P , Qureshi Z , Gülmezoglu AM ,   the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo characterise the current clinical practice patterns regarding the use of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) for eclampsia prevention and treatment in a multi‐country network of health facilities and compare with international recommendations.DesignCross‐sectional survey.SettingA total of 147 health facilities in 15 countries across Africa, Latin America and Asia.PopulationHeads of obstetric departments or maternity units.MethodsAnonymous online and paper‐based survey conducted in 2015.Main outcome measuresAvailability and use of MgSO4; availability of a formal clinical protocol for MgSO4 administration; and MgSO4 dosing regimens for eclampsia prevention and treatment.ResultsMagnesium sulphate and a formal protocol for its administration were reported to be always available in 87.4% and 86.4% of all facilities, respectively. MgSO4 was used for the treatment of mild pre‐eclampsia, severe pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia in 24.3%, 93.5% and 96.4% of all facilities, respectively. Regarding the treatment of severe pre‐eclampsia, 26.4% and 7.0% of all facilities reported using dosing regimens that were consistent with Zuspan and Pritchard regimens, respectively. Across regions, intramuscular maintenance regimens were more commonly used in the African region (45.7%) than in the Latin American (3.0%) and Asian (22.9%) regions, whereas intravenous maintenance regimens were more often used in the Latin American (94.0%) and Asian (60.0%) regions than in the African region (21.7%). Similar patterns were found for the treatment of eclampsia across regions.ConclusionsThe reported clinical use of MgSO4 for eclampsia prevention and treatment varied widely, and was largely inconsistent with current international recommendations.Tweetable abstractMgSO4 regimens for eclampsia prevention and treatment in many hospitals are inconsistent with international recommendations.
Natural Pigments: Stabilization Methods of Anthocyanins for Food Applications
Authors: Cortez Regina , Luna‐Vital Diego A. , Margulis Daniel , Gonzalez de Mejia Elvira 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe production of natural food pigments continues to grow worldwide. The global market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 6.22%, by revenue, over the period 2015 to 2019. Pigments such as anthocyanins, carotenoids, betalains, and chlorophylls have been used to color foods. However, there are challenges related to color losses during food processing, storage, and commercialization due to a low stability of natural pigments compared to synthetic colorants. This review summarizes the most recent studies and patents aimed at enhancing anthocyanin stability in food systems. The stabilizing methods include additions of copigment compounds, such as polymers, phenolic compounds, and metals. In addition, the exclusion of O2 during processing and storage, hard‐panned candy coating methods for blue, green, and brown colors, and various encapsulation techniques were considered. Combining strategies and evaluating new materials capable of stabilizing anthocyanins will enhance their potential for use as value‐added natural food pigments.
Occult Adrenocortical Carcinoma and Unexpected Early Childhood Death
Authors: Pilla Mark , Gilbert John , Moore Lynette , Byard Roger W. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA four‐year‐old previously well boy collapsed unexpectedly and was taken immediately to hospital, where he developed seizures and cardiogenic shock with lethal, rapidly progressing multi‐organ failure. At autopsy, the height was >90th percentile and there were indications of early virilization. Internally, a friable tumor of the left adrenal gland was identified that had invaded the left renal vein and inferior vena cava. Histology revealed typical features of an adrenocortical carcinoma with aggregated trabeculae of cells containing abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large pleomorphic nuclei. There was strong positive cytoplasmic staining for inhibin; mitochondria were shown on electron microscopy to contain prominent electron‐dense granules. Death was due to massive pulmonary tumor embolism. Although adrenocortical carcinomas are very rare and are more commonly found in adults, the current case demonstrates that they may also occur in childhood and be responsible for unexpected death by the very unusual mechanism of tumor embolism.
Comparing Standard and Selective DegradationDNAExtraction Methods: Results from a Field Experiment with Sexual Assault Kits,
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Pierce Steven J. , Sharma Dhruv B. , Shaw Jessica , Feeney Hannah , Nye Jeffrey , Schelling Kristin , Fehler‐Cabral Giannina 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA growing number of U.S. cities have large numbers of untested sexual assault kits (SAKs) in police property facilities. Testing older kits and maintaining current case work will be challenging for forensic laboratories, creating a need for more efficient testing methods. Methods: We evaluated selective degradation methods forDNAextraction using actual case work from a sample of previously unsubmittedSAKs in Detroit, Michigan. We randomly assigned 350 kits to either standard or selective degradation testing methods and then comparedDNAtesting rates andCODISentry rates between the two groups. Results and conclusions: Continuation‐ratio modeling showed no significant differences, indicating that the selective degradation method had no decrement in performance relative to customary methods. Follow‐up equivalence tests indicated thatCODISentry rates for the two methods could differ by more than ±5%. Selective degradation methods required less personnel time for testing and scientific review than standard testing.
Forensic Investigation of Cooperative Storage Cloud Service: Symform as a Case Study
Authors: Teing Yee‐Yang , Dehghantanha Ali , Choo Kim‐Kwang Raymond , Dargahi Tooska , Conti Mauro 
Published: November 2016

AbstractResearchers envisioned Storage as a Service (StaaS) as an effective solution to the distributed management of digital data. Cooperative storage cloud forensic is relatively new and is an under‐explored area of research. Using Symform as a case study, we seek to determine the data remnants from the use of cooperative cloud storage services. In particular, we consider both mobile devices and personal computers running various popular operating systems, namely Windows 8.1, Mac OS X Mavericks 10.9.5, Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS, iOS 7.1.2, and Android KitKat 4.4.4. Potential artefacts recovered during the research include data relating to the installation and uninstallation of the cloud applications, log‐in to and log‐out from Symform account using the client application, file synchronization as well as their time stamp information. This research contributes to an in‐depth understanding of the types of terrestrial artifacts that are likely to remain after the use of cooperative storage cloud on client devices.
Apophyseal Ossification of the Iliac Crest in Forensic Age Estimation: Computed Tomography Standards for Modern Australian Subadults
Authors: Lottering Nicolene , Alston‐Knox Clair L. , MacGregor Donna M. , Izatt Maree T. , Grant Caroline A. , Adam Clayton J. , Gregory Laura S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis study contrasts the ontogeny of the iliac crest apophysis using conventional radiography and multislice computed tomography (MSCT), providing probabilistic information for age estimation of modern Australian subadults. Retrospective abdominopelvic MSCT data acquired from 524 Australian individuals aged 7–25 and surveillance radiographs of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients included in the Paediatric Spine Research Group Progression Study (n = 531) were assessed. Ossification scoring of pseudo‐radiographs and three‐dimensional (3D) volume‐rendered reconstructions using Risser (1958) quantitative descriptors indicate discrepancies in age estimates, stage allocation, and conflicting morphological progression. To mitigate visualization limitations associated with two‐dimensional radiographs, we provide and validate a modified 3D‐MSCT scoring tier of ossification, demonstrating complete fusion between 17.3–19.2 and 17.1–20.1 years in males and females. Legal demarcation for doli incapax presumption and age of majority (18 years) can be achieved using probability estimates from a fitted cumulative probit model for apophyseal fusion using the recalibrated standards.
Can Cephalometrics Discriminate Between the Sexes in a Diverse Juvenile Sample?
Authors: O'Donnell Alexis , Daneshvari Berry Shamsi , Edgar Heather J.H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA critical component of the biological profile is sex estimation. Methods commonly used for sex estimation in adults do not work well for juveniles. Population‐specific studies have used cephalometrics to estimate juvenile sex with 80–90% accuracy. Our study attempts to estimate sex in individuals less than 18 years of age using a sample of 1618 lateral cephalograms incorporating all three Angle Class occlusions as well as population diversity. For the sample as a whole, 10 skeletal cephalometrics were found to have significant differences between the sexes. Males and females classify correctly about 50% of the time. Dividing the sample by age groups and race/ethnicity improves results for older age groups and Native Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. Our results indicate that cephalometrics are not useful in determining sex of unidentified juveniles when age and race are not known.
Measurement of Postmortem Pupil Size: A New Method with Excellent Reliability and Its Application to Pupil Changes in the Early Postmortem Period
Authors: Fleischer Luise , Sehner Susanne , Gehl Axel , Riemer Martin , Raupach Tobias , Anders Sven 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMeasurement of postmortem pupil width is a potential component of death time estimation. However, no standardized measurement method has been described. We analyzed a total of 71 digital images for pupil–iris ratio using the software ImageJ. Images were analyzed three times by four different examiners. In addition, serial images from 10 cases were taken between 2 and 50 h postmortem to detect spontaneous pupil changes. Intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability of the method was excellent (ICC > 0.95). The method is observer independent and yields consistent results, and images can be digitally stored and re‐evaluated. The method seems highly eligible for forensic and scientific purposes. While statistical analysis of spontaneous pupil changes revealed a significant polynomial of quartic degree for postmortem time (p = 0.001), an obvious pattern was not detected. These results do not indicate suitability of spontaneous pupil changes for forensic death time estimation, as formerly suggested.