bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ce qui se passe quand on a l’impression qu’il ne se passe rien : les élections des syndics de la République de Genève à la fin du xvii e siècle
Authors: Barat Raphaël 
Published: January 2018

Contrairement à de nombreuses cités-États dans l’Europe du xvii ᵉ siècle, la République de Genève a conservé son assemblée populaire héritée de la commune médiévale, le Conseil général. Mais les élections auxquelles procède cette assemblée deux fois l’an ont souvent été considérées par les historiens genevois comme de simples formalités. Elles serviraient avant tout à entériner l’ordre naturel des choses, plutôt qu’à agréger les préférences personnelles de chacun des citoyens ; à valider la hiérarchie à l’œuvre dans une société genevoise qui est vécue comme une « communauté » plutôt qu’une société d’individus. Cette impression est confirmée par la forte déférence dont font preuve les citoyens dans ces élections, les principes de reconduction des sortants et de respect du rang pesant très fortement dans le comportement électoral.	Néanmoins, il se passe encore quelque chose alors qu’en apparence il ne se passe rien. Dans un régime hybride où le Conseil général reste le souverain de jure de la République, le cérémonial électoral entretient la fiction de la souveraineté populaire. Des grains de sable se glissent aussi parfois dans ces rouages trop bien huilés. Il arrive que des outsiders conquièrent un poste laissé vacant dans la rotation des syndics par un décès ou une décharge d’un des sortants – même si nous verrons que ces conquêtes sont le plus souvent l’effet secondaire d’un manque d’intérêt pour la charge affiché par un prétendant nominé dans une position plus favorable. Si nous savons rétrospectivement que les syndics sortants ont toujours été reconduits jusqu’en 1728, la chose n’était pas pour autant évidente pour les citoyens, qui à plusieurs reprises ont menacé de « faire sauter les vieux », la ville s’agitant alors de rumeurs et de discussions houleuses.
Alcoolisations massives et débordements collectifs dans les grandes écoles : de la contestation à la soumission
Authors: Dejours Roxane 
Published: January 2018

À partir d’une recherche longitudinale menée auprès de 51 étudiants de classe préparatoire, l’article interroge le sens de conduites en apparence subversives constatées une fois les concours passés et la grande école intégrée. Il montre ainsi que sous leurs apparences protestataires, ces comportements ne visent en réalité pas à contester l’ordre établi mais participent bien au contraire de sa consécration et, partant, de la soumission des étudiants aux réquisits de l’institution.
Le « patrimoine soviétique » de l’URSS à la Russie contemporaine
Authors: Deschepper Julie 
Published: January 2018

Cent ans après la révolution d’Octobre 1917, les traces matérielles du passé soviétique restent omniprésentes. Plurielles, protéiformes et dispersées dans un vaste espace géographique, ces traces invitent à mener une réflexion sur le « patrimoine soviétique ». Cet article entend ainsi contribuer à une généalogie de ce concept sur le temps long, en mettant en évidence la trajectoire de ce patrimoine en Russie, depuis sa création jusqu’à son réinvestissement actuel. Il s’agira en ce sens de montrer combien le traitement du patrimoine soviétique s’articule avec des moments charnières de la vie politique et sociale de la Russie soviétique et postsoviétique, et qu’il reste un facteur de légitimation et d’affirmation du pouvoir.
Quelle échelle pour penser l'injustice environnementale ?
Authors: Rey-Coquais Solène 
Published: January 2018

Le projet hydroélectrique Alto Maipo, au cœur de la région métropolitaine de Santiago du Chili, à l'est de l'agglomération urbaine de Santiago, prévoit l'installation de deux centrales au fil de l'eau d'une puissance totale de 531 MW en amont du fleuve Maipo, dont le bassin-versant irrigue l'ensemble de la région et fournit de l'eau potable à plus de 6 millions de personnes. Il est conçu comme un projet d'intérêt général basé sur la production d'énergie à partir d'une ressource renouvelable. Situé dans un espace andin connu comme le Cajón del Maipo, qui fait office d'espace ressource pour la métropole en raison de ses aménités environnementales et écologiques, le projet est confronté, depuis son approbation en 2009, à une importante opposition, menée par deux organisations citoyennes. Celles-ci, par leurs discours, ont réussi à fédérer une grande diversité d'acteurs en effectuant une réévaluation des échelles d'impact du projet hydroélectrique, entraînant la transformation d'un projet d'énergie verte en injustice environnementale d'envergure métropolitaine.
PAD4 Deficiency Leads to Decreased Organ Dysfunction and Improved Survival in a Dual Insult Model of Hemorrhagic Shock and Sepsis
Authors: Biron Bethany M. , Chung Chun-Shiang , Chen Yaping , Wilson Zachary , Fallon Eleanor A. , Reichner Jonathan S. , Ayala Alfred 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Indirect acute respiratory distress syndrome (iARDS) is caused by a nonpulmonary inflammatory process resulting from insults such as nonpulmonary sepsis. Neutrophils are thought to play a significant role in mediating ARDS, with the development of iARDS being characterized by dysregulation and recruitment of activated neutrophils into the lung. Recently, a novel mechanism of microbial killing by neutrophils was identified through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are composed of large webs of decondensed chromatin released from activated neutrophils into the extracellular space; they are regulated by the enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) through mediation of chromatin decondensation via citrullination of target histones. Components of NETs have been implicated in ARDS. However, it is unknown whether there is any pathological significance of NET formation in ARDS caused indirectly by nonpulmonary insult. We subjected PAD4−/− mice and wild-type mice to a “two-hit” model of hypovolemic shock (fixed-pressure hemorrhage [Hem]) followed by septic cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) insult (Hem/CLP). Mice were hemorrhaged and resuscitated; 24 h after Hem, mice were then subjected to CLP. Overall, PAD4 deletion led to an improved survival as compared with wild-type mice. PAD4−/− mice displayed a marked decrease in neutrophil influx into the lung, as well decreased presence of proinflammatory mediators. PAD4−/− mice were also able to maintain baseline kidney function after Hem/CLP. These data taken together suggest PAD4-mediated NET formation contributes to the mortality associated with shock/sepsis and may play a role in the pathobiology of end organ injury in response to combined hemorrhage plus sepsis.
Dynamic Varus and the Development of Iliotibial Band Syndrome
Authors: Stickley Christopher D. , Presuto Melanie M. , Radzak Kara N. , Bourbeau Christina M. , Hetzler Ronald K. 
Published: January 2018

Context:
Although the risk of osteoarthritis development after acute knee injury has been widely studied, the long-term consequences of knee overuse injury are not well understood.

Objective:
To identify the relationship between gait-related risk factors associated with osteoarthritis and the development of iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) in members of a single University Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps unit.

Design:
Prospective cohort study.

Setting:
Biomechanics laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Sixty-eight cadets undergoing standardized physical fitness training.

Intervention(s):
Three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics (240 Hz) and kinetics (960 Hz) were collected for 3 bilateral trials during shod running at 4.0 m/s ± 10%. Injury tracking was conducted for 7 months of training.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Biomechanical variables, including varus thrust and knee-adduction moment, were compared between the injured and control groups.

Results:
Twenty-six cadets with no history of overuse injury served as the control group, whereas 6 cadets (7 limbs) who developed ITBS that required them to modify their training program or seek medical care (or both) served as the injured group. Maximum varus velocity was higher (P = .006) and occurred sooner during stance (P = .04) in the injured group than in the control group, indicating greater varus thrust. Maximum knee-varus angle and maximum knee-adduction moment were higher (P = .02 and P = .002, respectively) and vertical stiffness was lower (P = .03) in the injured group.

Conclusions:
Measures of dynamic varus stability appeared to be altered in individuals who developed ITBS. Biomechanical knee variables previously identified as increasing the risk for knee osteoarthritis were also associated with the development of ITBS in healthy adults.
Athletic Training Service Characteristics for Patients With Ankle Sprains Sustained During High School Athletics
Authors: Simon Janet E. , Wikstrom Erik A. , Grooms Dustin R. , Docherty Carrie L. , Dompier Thomas P. , Kerr Zachary Y. 
Published: January 2018

Context
Limited information exists on the amount and type of care provided by athletic trainers (ATs) treating athletes who sustained ankle sprains in the high school setting.

Objective
To describe AT services provided for patients with ankle sprains injured in high school athletics.

Design
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting
Athletic training facility (ATF) visits and AT services collected from 147 high schools in 26 states.

Patients or Other Participants
High school student-athletes participating in 13 boys' and 14 girls' sports who sustained a diagnosed ankle sprain during the 2011−2012 through 2013−2014 academic years. The ATs documented 3213 ankle sprains.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Number of ATF visits and individual AT services and mean ATF visits (per injury) and AT services (per injury) were calculated by sport and for time-loss injuries (participation-restriction time of at least 24 hours) and non–time-loss injuries (participation-restriction time &lt;24 hours).

Results
During the 3-year period, 19 925 ATF visits were reported, with an average of 6 (interquartile range = 1−7) ATF visits per ankle sprain. Most ATF visits were for non–time-loss injuries (65.1%). Football accounted for the largest proportions of ankle sprains (27.3%) and ATF visits (35.0%). In total, 71 404 AT services were provided for ankle sprains. Therapeutic activities or exercise were the most common AT services (47.4%), followed by neuromuscular reeducation (16.6%), strapping (14.2%), and modalities (11.5%). An average of 22 (interquartile range = 4−28) AT services were reported per ankle sprain. The average number of AT services per injury was higher among patients with time-loss than non–time-loss injuries (35 versus 19; P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
The ATs provided a variety of services to treat high school athletes who had sustained ankle sprains, including therapeutic exercises and neuromuscular reeducation, which were supported by research. However, ATs should consider using manual therapy (use supported by grade B evidence) and therapeutic exercise more (use supported by grade A evidence).
Tecno-adicción al sexo en la población juvenil: Propuesta de ítems para el diseño de una escala de detección y cribado
Authors: Serrano Villalobos Olga , Martínez Martínez Luz , Niño González José Ignacio 
Published: January 2018

No existen muchos cuestionarios que expliquen el uso de Internet centrados en la actividad sexual en la red y en los problemas sexuales que derivan de la misma a partir del uso de la tecnología con fines sexuales, y estos cuestionarios son menos frecuentes si nos referimos a la población infantil, adolescente y juvenil (Stefano Eleuteri, Francesca Tripodi, Irene Petruccelli, Roberta Rossi, Chiara Simonelli, 2014). Objetivo: Presentar unos ítems-parámetros para el diseño de una escala de detección temprana y cribado sobre el uso problemático de Internet para actividades sexuales en los adolescentes y jóvenes, que nos informe si un individuo tiene o no un problema, o riesgo de tenerlo respecto a la actividad sexual en Internet, que luego, dará píe a poder crear en un futuro una herramienta que pueda evaluar el origen-causal de los comportamientos sexuales a través de Internet y su relación con la falta de control de impulsos y la perturbación en la vida diaria. Método: El método empleado para diseñar la escala consistió en la creación de un modelo teórico a parir de un meta-análisis bibliográfico, en la propuesta de factores psicosociales que integran el fenómeno, y en el análisis de las escalas existentes previas en este campo, de lo cual se obtuvieron unos ítems-factores independientes. Para hallar el modelo teórico que se expone se intentó identificar las carencias, entender las coincidencias y buscar el trastorno como origen. Resultados: Como resultado obtenemos a través de unos factores extraídos previamente, así como a partir de modelos teóricos anteriores, unos ítems determinados asentados en el DSM-5 que en el futuro nos ayudarán a construir una escala de detección temprana y cribado para la población juvenil, y basados en el origen-causal del comportamiento cuando un individuo decide “buscar sexo por Internet”. Conclusiones: Se presentan 11 ítems-factores como sólidas propuestas anteriormente no consideradas para la creación de una futura herramienta clínica válida de medición para la problemática del uso de Internet con fines sexuales basados en el DSM-5, y que se fundamentan en: la depresión, la ansiedad, la agresividad, la fobia social, el déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH), la compulsividad, la obsesión y la impulsividad. Al mismo tiempo, en el futuro, se pretenderá poder recoger información sobre la naturaleza del problema.
Regional simulation of Indian summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillations at gray-zone resolution
Authors: Chen Xingchao , Pauluis Olivier M. , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Simulations of the Indian summer monsoon by the cloud-permitting Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at
gray-zone resolution are described in this study, with a particular emphasis
on the model ability to capture the monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs). Five boreal summers are simulated from 2007 to 2011
using the ERA-Interim reanalysis as the lateral boundary forcing data. Our
experimental setup relies on a horizontal grid spacing of 9 km to
explicitly simulate deep convection without the use of cumulus
parameterizations. When compared to simulations with coarser grid spacing
(27 km) and using a cumulus scheme, the 9 km simulations reduce the biases
in mean precipitation and produce more realistic low-frequency variability
associated with MISOs. Results show that the model at the 9 km gray-zone
resolution captures the salient features of the summer monsoon. The spatial
distributions and temporal evolutions of monsoon rainfall in the WRF
simulations verify qualitatively well against observations from the Tropical
Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM), with regional maxima located over Western Ghats, central India, Himalaya foothills, and the west coast of Myanmar. The
onset, breaks, and withdrawal of the summer monsoon in each year are also
realistically captured by the model. The MISO-phase composites of monsoon
rainfall, low-level wind, and precipitable water anomalies in the simulations
also agree qualitatively with the observations. Both the simulations and
observations show a northeastward propagation of the MISOs, with the
intensification and weakening of the Somali Jet over the Arabian Sea during the
active and break phases of the Indian summer monsoon.
A discrete wavelet spectrum approach for identifying non-monotonic trends in hydroclimate data
Authors: Sang Yan-Fang , Sun Fubao , Singh Vijay P. , Xie Ping , Sun Jian 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The hydroclimatic process is changing non-monotonically and
identifying its trends is a great challenge. Building on the discrete
wavelet transform theory, we developed a discrete wavelet spectrum (DWS)
approach for identifying non-monotonic trends in hydroclimate time
series and evaluating their statistical significance. After validating the
DWS approach using two typical synthetic time series, we examined annual
temperature and potential evaporation over China from 1961–2013 and found
that the DWS approach detected both the “warming” and the “warming
hiatus” in temperature, and the reversed changes in potential evaporation.
Further, the identified non-monotonic trends showed stable
significance when the time series was longer than 30 years or so (i.e. the
widely defined “climate” timescale). The significance of trends in
potential evaporation measured at 150 stations in China, with an obvious
non-monotonic trend, was underestimated and was not detected by the
Mann–Kendall test. Comparatively, the DWS approach overcame the problem and
detected those significant non-monotonic trends at 380 stations, which helped
understand and interpret the spatiotemporal variability in the hydroclimatic
process. Our results suggest that non-monotonic trends of
hydroclimate time series and their significance should be carefully
identified, and the DWS approach proposed has the potential for wide use in
the hydrological and climate sciences.
Brief communication: Post-seismic landslides, the tough lesson of a catastrophe
Authors: Fan Xuanmei , Xu Qiang , Scaringi Gianvito 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The rock avalanche that destroyed the village of Xinmo in Sichuan, China, on
24 June 2017, brought the issue of landslide risk and disaster chain
management in highly seismic regions back into the spotlight. The long-term
post-seismic behaviour of mountain slopes is complex and hardly predictable.
Nevertheless, the integrated use of field monitoring, remote sensing and
real-time predictive modelling can help to set up effective early warning
systems, provide timely alarms, optimize rescue operations, and perform
secondary hazard assessments. We believe that a comprehensive discussion on
post-seismic slope stability and on its implications for policy makers can
no longer be postponed.
Treatment of Sinonasal Aspergillosis by Debridement and Sinonasal Deposition Therapy with Clotrimazole Under Rhinoscopic Guidance
Authors: Vedrine Bertrand , Fribourg-Blanc Luc-André 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTRhinoscopy was performed on 10 dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA). Direct access to the sinus via the nasal ostium was possible with a flexible endoscope to allow sinuscopy. Debridement of fungal plaques in the frontal sinus and the nasal cavity was performed, and a sinus and nasal deposition therapy with clotrimazole (1%) cream was made under rhinoscopic guidance. No oral medication was administered following the procedure. A rhinoscopic follow-up was performed monthly until cure. Six of ten (60%) dogs presented fungal plaques in the nasal cavity and in the frontal sinus and 4/10 (40%) dogs presented fungal plaques only in the frontal sinus. Five of ten (50%) dogs were considered to be cured at the first follow-up rhinoscopy, 4/10 (40%) after the second follow-up, and 1/10 (10%) after the third. Two dogs had delayed recurrence of SNA rhinoscopically assessed 12 and 21 mo, respectively, after the last clotrimazole treatment. Endoscopic debridement of fungal plaques and clotrimazole (1%) cream deposition therapy seems to be a valuable minimally invasive technique for SNA treatment in dogs without the use of complementary oral medication. Delayed recurrence is a potential finding following treatment of SNA.
Codification in a Civil Law Jurisdiction: A Northern European Perspective
Authors: Popelier Patricia 
Published: January 2018

Codification in a Civil Law Jurisdiction: A Northern European Perspective
In western civil law jurisdictions, 19th century large-scale codification projects have made way for more specific, technical operations. While several terms for various operations are used – from coordination to consolidation or recasting – they all serve to compile normative texts within one single document for the sake of clarity and legal certainty. A more fundamental distinction can be made between formal and substantial codifications, the one more technical, the other large and fundamental. Substantial law reforms are problematized in this era of multilevel governance and digitalization. Nowadays, substantial codifications are essentially non-exhaustive, inconsistent, and fragmentized. Also, they rely upon formal consolidations, and generate new formal consolidations. While formal consolidations are still treated as logistic projects, more developed ICT tools may enable their transformation into continuous processes.
Codification in a Civil Law Jurisdiction: An Italian Perspective
Authors: Albanesi Enrico 
Published: January 2018

Codification in a Civil Law Jurisdiction: An Italian Perspective
The aim of this article is to describe the mechanism of codification in a civil law jurisdiction. The case study will be based on the Italian system. The history and developments of the Italian codification will also be described here.In Italy codification is called riassetto, it is normally carried out by the government but the changes to existing law must be within the strict boundaries of the principles and criteria set out by the parliament. By contrast, the mechanism to amalgamate existing texts dealing with a single topic without radical changes is called consolidamento. It is carried out by the government as delegated by parliament. However, as the tools to carry out riassetto and consolidamento are the same (decreto legislativo: a decree issued by the government, which is delegated by the parliament), it is not always easy to understand when the government is allowed to carry out consolidamento only or riassetto too. Actually, how fundamentally the government is allowed to change existing legislation depends on what the principles and criteria of the enabling Act of Parliament allows.A decreto legislativo that is not in compliance with the principles and criteria established by the Act of Parliament, could be declared void by the Corte costituzionale (the Italian Constitutional Court). Therefore, if the government exceeds the boundaries of consolidamento or riassetto, the decreto legislativo could be declared void.This essay will also focus on the different drafting techniques of consolidamento and riassetto from a theoretical perspective and from the point of view of the jurisprudence of the Consiglio di Stato and the Corte costituzionale. Finally, it will look at the drafting process for codes in Italy, underlying the differences with systems where law reform agencies have been established.
Inleiding
Authors: Nelen Hans , Moerland Roland 
Published: January 2018

Introduction
In the introductory article of this special issue on the language of denial, some relevant concepts in relation to denial, speech act and discourse theory are explored. Stanley Cohen’s distinction between literal, interpretative and implicatory denial is illuminated, as well as the contribution of various scholars on the performative function of language. At the end of the article the relevance of these concepts for (cultural) criminology is explained.
Hoe IS-glossy Dabiq harten van westerse moslims wint
Authors: Geelhoed Fiore , van Wieringen Layla , van den Akker Kyra , Crolla Fleur , Senatori Irene 
Published: January 2018

How IS-glossy Dabiq is winning the hearts and minds of Western Muslims
IS propaganda is assumed to contribute to radicalization of Western Muslims. How IS propaganda reaches the hearts and minds of Western Muslims and consequently fuels radicalization is nonetheless an understudied topic. Through content analysis of all fifteen issues of IS-glossy Dabiq this article demonstrates how IS propaganda works in Dabiq. First, IS attunes in Dabiq to factors that foster radicalization according to the literature. IS does so by its discussion in Dabiq of injustice done to Muslims worldwide, the image of the Western enemy, and its positive presentation of the individual and group identity of IS fighters. Second, in Dabiq IS paves the way for embracing violent means, such as terrorist attacks on Western civilians through a discourse of ‘denial’.