bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The linguistic and interactional factors impacting recognition and dispatch in emergency calls for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a mixed-method linguistic analysis study protocol
Authors: Riou Marine , Ball Stephen , Williams Teresa A , Whiteside Austin , O’Halloran Kay L , Bray Janet , Perkins Gavin D , Cameron Peter , Fatovich Daniel M , Inoue Madoka , Bailey Paul , Brink Deon , Smith Karen , Della Phillip , Finn Judith 
Published: July 2017

IntroductionEmergency telephone calls placed by bystanders are crucial to the recognition of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), fast ambulance dispatch and initiation of early basic life support. Clear and efficient communication between caller and call-taker is essential to this time-critical emergency, yet few studies have investigated the impact that linguistic factors may have on the nature of the interaction and the resulting trajectory of the call. This research aims to provide a better understanding of communication factors impacting on the accuracy and timeliness of ambulance dispatch.Methods and analysisA dataset of OHCA calls and their corresponding metadata will be analysed from an interdisciplinary perspective, combining linguistic analysis and health services research. The calls will be transcribed and coded for linguistic and interactional variables and then used to answer a series of research questions about the recognition of OHCA and the delivery of basic life-support instructions to bystanders. Linguistic analysis of calls will provide a deeper understanding of the interactional dynamics between caller and call-taker which may affect recognition and dispatch for OHCA. Findings from this research will translate into recommendations for modifications of the protocols for ambulance dispatch and provide directions for further research.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HR128/2013) and the St John Ambulance Western Australia Research Advisory Group. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and communicated to key audiences, including ambulance dispatch professionals.
Geochemical and Sm–Nd isotopic constraints on the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Proterozoic mafic magmatism of the Gwalior Basin, central India: the influence of Large Igneous Provinces on Proterozoic crustal evolution
Authors: Samom Jwellys D. , Ahmad Talat , Choudhary A. K. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Palaeoproterozoic mafic magma intruded the Gwalior Group of sediments in the form of gabbroic sills. Huge sills extending more than 120 m in depths are exposed in quarries. They are coarse to medium grained, massive and have chilled margins. They predominantly consist of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene with accessory quartz, iron oxides and apatite. Ophitic to sub-ophitic, porphyritic and intergrowth textures are common. These are tholeiitic, sub-alkaline magma types which have been generated by varying degrees of partial melting and have experienced fractionation of dominantly pyroxene + olivine ± plagioclase. They are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs), and exhibit negative Nb and P anomalies and positive Pb anomalies. A mineral–whole-rock Sm–Nd isochron corresponds to an age of 2104 ± 23 Ma with an initial
143
Nd/
144
Nd = 0.509938 ± 0.000023 and ϵNd

t

= −0.9 (
t
= 2000). Model ages (2.6–1.7 Ga) indicate that their mantle sources had a protracted evolution. Mantle source melting may have been triggered by mantle plume in an extensional intra-continental rift tectonic setting, facilitating emplacement of a Large Igneous Province (LIP) in the northern Indian Shield. Thus, Gwalior mafic magmatism represented by the studied sills is the manifestation of one such LIP in the northern Indian Shield. These magmatic activities are contemporaneous with the widespread mafic magmatic activities concomitant with the development of supra-crustal basins on Archaean cratons worldwide and the Indian Shield in particular, where upwelling plumes triggered large-scale crustal extension, breaking-up of supercontinents and emplacement of LIPs.
Myocardial Upregulation of Cathepsin D by Ischemic Heart Disease Promotes Autophagic Flux and Protects Against Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure
Authors: Wu Penglong , Yuan Xun , Li Faqian , Zhang Jianhua , Zhu Wei , Wei Meng , Li Jingbo , Wang Xuejun 
Published: July 2017

Background
Lysosomal dysfunction is implicated in human heart failure for which ischemic heart disease is the leading cause. Altered myocardial expression of CTSD (cathepsin D), a major lysosomal protease, was observed in human heart failure, but its pathophysiological significance has not been determined.

Methods and Results

Western blot analyses revealed an increase in the precursor but not the mature form of CTSD in myocardial samples from explanted human failing hearts with ischemic heart disease, which is recapitulated in chronic myocardial infarction produced via coronary artery ligation in
Ctsd
+/+
but not
Ctsd

+/−

mice. Mice deficient of
Ctsd
displayed impaired myocardial autophagosome removal, reduced autophagic flux, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. After induction of myocardial infarction, weekly serial echocardiography detected earlier occurrence of left ventricle chamber dilatation, greater decreases in ejection fraction and fractional shortening, and lesser wall thickening throughout the first 4 weeks; pressure–volume relationship analyses at 4 weeks revealed greater decreases in systolic and diastolic functions, stroke work, stroke volume, and cardiac output; greater increases in the ventricular weight to body weight and the lung weight to body weight ratios and larger scar size were also detected in
Ctsd

+/−

mice compared with
Ctsd

+/+

mice. Significant increases of myocardial autophagic flux detected at 1 and 4 weeks after induction of myocardial infarction in the
Ctsd

+/+

mice were diminished in the
Ctsd

+/−

mice.

Conclusions
Myocardial CTSD upregulation induced by myocardial infarction protects against cardiac remodeling and malfunction, which is at least in part through promoting myocardial autophagic flux.
Streptocephalus sangoensis n. sp. (Anostraca, Streptocephalidae), a new large branchiopod species for southern Africa
Authors: Nhiwatiwa Tamuka , Dalu Tatenda , Brendonck Luc 
Published: July 2017

Recent collections from the south-eastern Lowveld of Zimbabwe yielded an undescribed species of the freshwater branchiopod genus Streptocephalus. The species was formerly published as Streptocephalus cf. bidentatus by Brendonck & Riddoch (1997), indicating that more research was needed to prove its valid species status, distinct from S. bidentatus sensu stricto. The new species can be distinguished from S. bidentatus sensu stricto, mainly by its cercopods. The cercopods of S. bidentatus sensu stricto have spines in the distal third region of the furcal rami, while those of S. sangoensis n. sp. are setiferous up to the tips. All other morphological features are the same. The occurrence of the two species in syntopy further validates that they are different species. As with S. bidentatus sensu stricto, the new species S. sangoensis n. sp. was collected from ephemeral habitats. This region is a hotspot of large branchiopod diversity with a total of 16 known species occurring there.
Optimization of Formulations Based on HFC-365mfc and Blends Thereof
Authors: Dournel Pierre , Zipfel Lothar , BarthéLemy Pierre 
Published: July 2017

As already mentioned in our last SPI publications, HFC-365mfc has to be considered as a key building block for a new generation of blowing agents. Interesting blends have been identified in order to answer the demand of the various segments of the rigid foam market. New PU formulations based on HFC-365mfc and blends have now been developed for the laboratory scale. Whilst the use of HCFC-141b was found to be easy thanks to its good solubility characteristics in standard polyols, the use of HFCs, notably HFC-365mfc is more difficult. Indeed, because of their low polarity, the solubility of HFCs in most standard polyols is limited. This is advantageous for dimensional stability but means that the systems that are being used now will need to be adapted in order to obtain a homogeneous polyol blend. In this paper, we report on ways to increase the compatibility of HFC-365mfc and blends thereof with polyol systems. The evaluation of foams obtained from these new systems has also been performed in order to allow the selection of the most appropriate combination for a given application. Foaming trials using the non flammable blend HFC-365mfc/HFC-134a will be presented, especially for spray foam, and one trial using the azeotrope HFC-365mfc/n-pentane for PIR laminates. The main properties being reported are notably the resulting pressure above system premixes, the dimensional stability and the foam thermal conductivity. SOLVAY have taken the decision to start a pilot plant for HFC-365 mfc in September 1999, and commercial production is planned to come on stream in the year 2002.
Cyclopentane-Blown Rigid Foams for Refrigerators
Authors: Volkert O. 
Published: July 2017

Following an intermediate period using HCFCs (R-22, R-142b or R-141b), the next generation for replacing CFCs in appliance-applications is believed to be fluorinated compounds. However, per fluorinated substances have the problem of their high GWPs. Partly fluorinated, liquid compounds (e.g., R-356) are ex-pensive, and their toxicity is not yet completely understood. Partly fluorinated gaseous products (R-134a, R-227) have rather high thermal conductivities. For these reasons, there is a tendency-at least in Europe-to go straight to an optimum solution and use blowing agents free of halogens. Extensive studies have shown that hydrocarbons are most suitable, because they have the lowest solubility in the PUR-matrix. As a consequence, they have the best blowing efficiency and the minimum loss of mechanical properties in the foam. It was found that cycloalkanes have a surprisingly low thermal conductivity compared to normal hydrocarbons and-because of its appropriate boiling point-cyclopentane was chosen as the best candidate. Optimized formulations yield foams with k-factors similar to the present R-11 system. The diffusion of cyclopentane through the PUR-matrix was found to be as slow as with R-11. The disadvantage of cyclopentane is its flammability. However, this problem can be solved.
Key Aspects of Novel Catalyst Systems in all-Water Blown Integral Skin Foams-Related Catalytic Activities in the Isocyanate Reaction
Authors: Okuzono S. , Kisaka H. , Tamano Y. , Lowe D. W. 
Published: July 2017

This paper will focus on the generalization of catalytic activities of a variety of typical amine and tin catalysts in the isocyanate reaction of gelation, blowing and crosslinking Secondly the relationship between catalytic activities and foaming behavior, as well as foam properties, will be discussed from the stand-point of developing novel catalyst systems for all-water blown integral skin foams (ISF). Catalysts play an important role in the control and balance between the gelation and blowing reactions. Especially in ISF systems, this control becomes increasingly important for the improvement of surface skin formation in all-water blown systems, which are now required for eliminating CFC. That is to say, skin formation and cure become inferior when using water as a blowing agent, primarily because the role of CFC is to aid in skin formation. Moreover, other than the two primary reactions, it will be considered that the catalytic activity of the crosslinking reactions such as allophanate, biuret and isocyanurate formation will have some effect on foaming behavior as well as foam properties. Therefore, it will be important to know the crosslinking activities for the design of novel catalyst systems. Concerning the catalytic activities for the primary gelation and blowing reactions, many reports have been presented in the past where the relationships between catalytic activities and foaming behaviors, as well as foam properties, have been reported. On the other hand, several reports have been recently presented on the crosslinking activities, based on the method using HPLC analysis techniques in a model reaction. Few reports, however, describe the reaction kinetic analysis of the catalytic crosslinking activities and the systematic examination of its relation to foaming behavior and foam properties. In this paper, the catalytic activity of a variety of typical amine and tin catalysts will be generalized with a review on gelation and blowing activities and a reaction kinetic analysis of the crosslinking activities using HPLC analysis in a model reaction. In addition, the relationship between these catalytic activities and foaming behaviors, as well as foam properties, will be discussed in an all-water blown ISF system. As to the foaming reaction, the relationship between viscosity rise profiles, which may have a large relation to cure, will also be discussed. Concerning foam properties, the relation to cure and skin formation will be discussed. As a result, it will be shown that strong gelling catalysts with high crosslinking activities provide improvement in skin formation. This report will intro-duce novel catalyst systems in all-water blown ISF systems by suggesting the effectiveness of catalytic activities in the selection of a suitable catalyst system.
Evaluation of HFC 245ca and HFC 236ea as Foam Blowing Agents
Authors: Sharpe J. , MacArthur D. , Liu M. , Kollie T. , Graves R. , Hendriks R. 
Published: July 2017

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have been widely adopted as an interim blowing agent in urethane insulations. Due to their scheduled phase-out, research efforts are being devoted to the identification and development of alternatives with zero ozone depletion potential. Physical blowing agents identified have included hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, hydrofluoroethers, and more predominantly, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). The majority of the HFC evaluations have focused on the more readily available, low boiling candidates such as HFC 134a. Higher boiling HFC candidates that could be handled at ambient conditions and use current processing equipment would be more desirable. This paper will describe results from a research program of two such candidate HFCs performed as a cooperative effort between the Environmental Protection Agency, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Manned Space Systems. The purpose of this effort was to perform a limited evaluation of the developmental HFCs 245ca and 236ea as blowing agents in urethane based insulations. These two materials were selected from screening tests of 37 C2, C3 and C4 isomers based on physical properties, atmospheric lifetime, flammability, estimated toxicity, difficulty of synthesis, suitability for dual use as a refrigerant and other factors. Solubility of the two materials in typical foam components was tested, pour foaming trials were performed and preliminary data were gathered regarding foam insulation performance.
HFC-356, a Zero ODP Blowing Agent Candidate for North American Appliance Foam Formulations
Authors: Ball E. E. , Lamberts W. M. 
Published: July 2017

The household refrigeration industry in the U.S. is being challenged on two issues. These issues are depletion of the ozone layer by CFCs and federally mandated energy consumption standards for the products sold in the U.S. The global issue of ozone depletion affects all domestic appliance producers in North America. The energy consumption issue, however, only affects those producers who desire to sell their products in the U.S. In addressing the ozone depletion issue, the North American manufacturers of household refrigerators and freezers have accepted HCFCs as the most promising available blowing agent substitutes for CFCs in their polyurethane foam insulations. Over the past few years a great deal of effort has gone into the development of polyurethane foam insulations blown with HCFCs which have the properties required by the North American household refrigeration industry. Between now and 1995 we expect a conversion of the industry from CFC to HCFC blown polyurethane foam insulations. HCFCs, however, are only transition materials. Since their ozone depletion potentials are not zero, they too are scheduled for production caps and phaseout under the provisions of the amendments to the Montreal Protocol. Thus, it is necessary to begin the development now on the next generation of North American appliance foam formulations which do not use ozone depleting substances as blowing agents. Our previous work has shown the ability to develop appliance foams blown with HFC-356 which satisfactorily meet the technical requirements of the European appliance industry in many important areas. The design and construction differences between European and North American refrigerated appliances, however, does not allow direct translation of appliance foam technology. The foam flowability, k-factor, density and demold requirements are not the same. Consequently, our development effort has now expanded to address the needs of the North American domestic appliance producer. Results of work done with HFC-356-based foam systems engineered for the North American appliance insulation market are presented with comparisons to known CFC and HCFC blown appliance foams.
Low Permeability Polyols for Rigid Foam Applications
Authors: Moore D. R. , Kaplan W. A. , Tabor R. L. 
Published: July 2017

The decreased emphasis on the use of CFC blowing agents for rigid foam has placed a greater demand on the performance of the polymer in the foam. One area where higher performance is needed is in permeability. In order for non-CFC foam to retain its insulation performance the permeation of low k-factor blowing agent out of the foam and the permeation of high k-factor air into the foam must be minimized. This paper will present data on several new types of polyols which have been designed specifically to give lower permeability than conventional rigid foam polyols. Data on the permeability of both air and carbon dioxide for these polyols was developed on both compression molded thermoset polymer films and foam samples. These polyols gave significant improvement in both carbondioxide retention and air exclusion which lead to improved k-factor aging in the foam samples.
New Polyurethane Energy Management Foams for Improved Auto Interior Safety
Authors: Naik B. G. 
Published: July 2017

New and upcoming federal standards for occupant safety in automobiles and trucks have increased the need for impact energy management in automotive interiors. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) regulations continue to promote improvements in the areas of head, knee, and side impact. Materials being used or considered for managing occupant safety have included steel, glass-reinforced polypropylene, ABS, polycarbonate, and expanded bead foam such as polypropylene or SMA. As requirements increase and applications become more sophisticated, the benefits of polyurethane technology have made PU the top candidate for many of these applications. Increasingly, polyurethane foams are used because of their energy-absorbing properties over a wide temperature range, moldability, design flexibility, and low weight. Recent studies have focused on rigid crushable polyurethane foam, primarily for the knee impact application. However, polyurethanes can provide a broad range of foam types that offer energy management potential for a wide spectrum of design intents. ICI Polyurethanes has developed a portfolio of new energy management (EM) polyurethane foam systems which are CFC-free, water-blown, and low density. These products range from rigid to semi-rigid to viscoelastic foams. Each type of foam offers unique properties for various automotive interior applications. Rigid foams absorb energy primarily through a non-recoverable, physical crushing of the foam cells. On the other hand, semi-rigid and viscoelastic foams provide a viscous dissipation of energy with a slow shape recovery. This paper describes the development, static/dynamic impact properties, and processing of these new polyurethane EM foams.
1,1,2-Trifluoroethane (HFC-143):Zero-ODP Blowing Agent for Rigid Polyurethane Foams Using Conventional Dispensing Equipment
Authors: Barthelemy P. P. , Leroy A. , Franklin J. A. , Zipfel L. , Krücke W. 
Published: July 2017

For the time being, it is indisputable that the prime blowing agent for rigid polyurethane foams is HCFC-141b. Nevertheless, this transitional substance is already subject to growing political pressure which will lead to restriction of its use early in the 21st century. Additional efforts are needed to identify zero-ODP blowing agents. Solvay has undertaken a thorough screening of 1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HFC-143), a compound which probably represents the best compromise among zero-ODP fluorocarbons for blowing rigid PUR foams. In this contribution we present evidence for the environmental acceptability of HFC-143, and we discuss its suitability as a PUR blowing agent; in both cases advantages over other possible alternatives are stressed. Results more specifically pertinent to rigid polyurethane foam blowing indicate that under given conditions and for a given formulation, HFC-143 can be processed much more easily than HFC-134a. In this regard, whilst HFC-134a requires a completely new technology, HFC-143 can be considered to be a practically drop-in substitute for HCFC-22/HCFC-142b blends.
Cyclopentane Blown Foam Systems for Domestic Appliances Application
Authors: Bazzo W. , Cappella A. , Talbot S. 
Published: July 2017

During the last year all major European Appliance Manufacturers have chosen the cyclopentane options as blowing agent for polyurethane insulation as the optimum solution for the phase-out of CFCs. The reason for this choice is due to several factors, including: zero-ODP, environmental acceptance, reasonable low initial thermal conductivity, appropriate boiling point and proven availability. These factors outweighed the disadvantage of cyclopentane flammability and the related safety problems. This paper presents the results of ICI Polyurethanes studies with cyclopentane foam in terms of: • processing and safety, including engineering advice for the modification of existing equipment, storage facilities and handling procedures • the VOC emission during handling and foaming process • the exothermicity of the reaction, overpack and pressure generation • the initial properties of the foam: thermal conductivity and thermal insulation efficiency on the cabinets, mechanical properties, dimensional stability, blowing efficiency and foam flowability • anticipation of long term performances, including diffusion and condensation phenomena, identification of accelerated method for the prediction of aged foam physical properties • the performances in domestic appliances in terms of the aging phenomena, the solubility of the cyclopentane in the PU foam and compatibility with plastic liners • the plasticizing effect on the PU matrix • the aspect related to the environmental impact This paper also addresses the further developments being carried out with leading appliance manufacturers towards the improvement of key requirements, such as thermal conductivity, foam morphology and mechanical properties.
Influence of the Void Fraction on the Mechanical Compression Properties of Foams
Authors: Bledzki A. K. , Gassan J. , Kurek K. 
Published: July 2017

Epoxy and polyurethane foams with different content of voids were tested under compression. Thereby, the epoxy foam showed a simple correlation between the fraction of the foaming agent and the density and void fraction. In contrast to this foam, the density and void fraction of the polyurethane system is additionally dependent on the position in the body of the foam. The empirical classic correlation and the mechanical modified Gent-Thomas model as models for the calculation of the compression properties of foams showed good agreement between the measured and the calculated values. The empirical model with its materials parameters showed a bigger flexibility.