bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of Vocal Intensity with Velopharyngeal Closing Mechanism in Individuals with and without Complaint of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction
Authors: Girelli Karina , Costa Sady , Collares Marcus , Dornelles Silvia 
Published: November 2015

Introduction Velopharyngeal sphincter is a portion of the muscle of the palatopharyngeal arch that is capable of separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. It has not been determined yet whether voice intensity has an influence on this capacity. Velopharyngeal sphincter closure is accomplished by elevating and retracting the soft palate at the same time as the nasopharyngeal walls are constricted.
Objective This study aims to correlate voice intensity with velopharyngeal sphincter closure in individuals without velopharyngeal dysfunction and patients with cleft lip and palate.
Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, comparative, and contemporary study. The sample consisted of 16 individuals in the control group and 16 individuals in the study group. Patients underwent instrumental assessment, which we subsequently analyzed using a computer program, and a brief medical history review. The mean age of the control group was 27.6 years, whereas the mean age of the case group was 15.6 years.
Results Cases showed higher voice intensity in regular and weak fricative sentences when compared with controls. There was no agreement on the analysis of the instrumental assessment between the assessors and the computer program. Regardless of voice intensity, the computer program demonstrated a similar closure pattern.
Conclusion The computer program showed similar closure pattern for the three levels of intensity. There was no agreement between the three assessors and the closure pattern determined by the computer program. There was no statistically significant correlation between voice intensity and degree of velopharyngeal sphincter closure.
New class of turbulence in active fluids
Authors: Bratanov Vasil , Jenko Frank , Frey Erwin 
Published: November 2015

Significance
It is widely appreciated that turbulence is one of the main challenges of modern theoretical physics. Whereas up to now, most work in this area has been dedicated to the study of Navier–Stokes flows, numerous examples exist of systems that exhibit similar types of spatiotemporal chaos but are described by more complex nonlinear equations. One such problem of quickly growing scientific interest is turbulence in active fluids. We find that such systems can exhibit power-law energy spectra with nonuniversal exponents as a result of nonlinear self-organization, defining a new class of turbulent flows.
Attention searches nonuniformly in space and in time
Authors: Dugué Laura , McLelland Douglas , Lajous Mathilde , VanRullen Rufin 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Visual search is one of the primary tools to study attention in experimental psychology, yet the spatiotemporal behavior of attention during search remains controversial: Does attention focus on one item at a time or several, or even all, items? We used an innovative methodology that relies on simple yet elegant mathematical reasoning and only assumes (like most other attentional studies) that attentional strength is reflected in behavioral performance. We provide evidence against a strict parallel model in space and for an attentional periodicity in time: Attention during a difficult search task was nonuniformly allocated both in space, focusing on one stimulus or subgroup of stimuli at a time, and in time, with this deployment being periodically modulated at ∼7 Hz.
Formamide reaction network in gas phase and solution via a unified theoretical approach: Toward a reconciliation of different prebiotic scenarios
Authors: Pietrucci Fabio , Saitta Antonino Marco 
Published: November 2015

Significance
The qualitative and quantitative description of chemical reactions is a formidable problem. Determining pathways, energetics, and kinetics requires costly accurate quantum approaches. Typically, this amounts to a simplification of gas-phase reactions into elementary steps, which, in turn, are usually directly translated in solution. The topology-based method hereby presented allows instead an unbiased exploration of both gas-phase and aqueous-phase reactions. Its application to formamide, a centerpiece of prebiotic chemistry, unveils very different reaction networks between gas and solution regimes, indicating, in the liquid phase, new pathways, intermediates, and products. The new scheme allows us also to demonstrate the comparable relative stability of formamide, hydrogen cyanide, and formic acid, thus contributing insight to a heated current debate in the prebiotic chemistry community.
Glucocorticoids enhance muscle endurance and ameliorate Duchenne muscular dystrophy through a defined metabolic program
Authors: Morrison-Nozik Alexander , Anand Priti , Zhu Han , Duan Qiming , Sabeh Mohamad , Prosdocimo Domenick A. , Lemieux Madeleine E. , Nordsborg Nikolai , Russell Aaron P. , MacRae Calum A. , Gerber Anthony N. , Jain Mukesh K. , Haldar Saptarsi M. 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Classic physiological studies have documented the endurance-promoting effects of glucocorticoid (GC) hormones on skeletal muscle. Pharmacologic GC therapy also improves muscle function in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a genetic muscle-wasting disease. Despite these well-established physiological and clinical observations, the molecular basis underlying the beneficial effects of GCs in skeletal muscle remains obscure. This study shows that physiological effects of GCs on muscle endurance and their therapeutic effect in DMD are mediated, in part, via activation of a potent metabolic gene called Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15). Importantly, KLF15 does not drive GC-mediated muscle wasting. These data shed light on the poorly understood ergogenic properties of GCs, findings that may inform steroid-sparing therapies for DMD and other muscle diseases.
Subsecond dopamine fluctuations in human striatum encode superposed error signals about actual and counterfactual reward
Authors: Kishida Kenneth T. , Saez Ignacio , Lohrenz Terry , Witcher Mark R. , Laxton Adrian W. , Tatter Stephen B. , White Jason P. , Ellis Thomas L. , Phillips Paul E. M. , Montague P. Read 
Published: November 2015

SignificanceThere is an abundance of circumstantial evidence (primarily work in nonhuman animal models) suggesting that dopamine transients serve as experience-dependent learning signals. This report establishes, to our knowledge, the first direct demonstration that subsecond fluctuations in dopamine concentration in the human striatum combine two distinct prediction error signals: (i) an experience-dependent reward prediction error term and (ii) a counterfactual prediction error term. These data are surprising because there is no prior evidence that fluctuations in dopamine should superpose actual and counterfactual information in humans. The observed compositional encoding of “actual” and “possible” is consistent with how one should “feel” and may be one example of how the human brain translates computations over experience to embodied states of subjective feeling.
Highly efficient Cas9-mediated gene drive for population modification of the malaria vector mosquitoAnopheles stephensi
Authors: Gantz Valentino M. , Jasinskiene Nijole , Tatarenkova Olga , Fazekas Aniko , Macias Vanessa M. , Bier Ethan , James Anthony A. 
Published: November 2015

SignificanceMalaria continues to impose enormous health and economic burdens on the developing world. Novel technologies proposed to reduce the impact of the disease include the introgression of parasite-resistance genes into mosquito populations, thereby modifying the ability of the vector to transmit the pathogens. Such genes have been developed for the human malaria parasitePlasmodium falciparum. Here we provide evidence for a highly efficient gene-drive system that can spread these antimalarial genes into a target vector population. This system exploits the nuclease activity and target-site specificity of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) system, which, when restricted to the germ line, copies a genetic element from one chromosome to its homolog with ≥98% efficiency while maintaining the transcriptional activity of the genes being introgressed.
Cold-gas outflows in typical low-redshift galaxies are driven by star formation, not AGN
Authors: Sarzi Marc , Kaviraj Sugata , Nedelchev Borislav , Tiffany Joshua , Shabala Stanislav S. , Deller Adam T. , Middelberg Enno 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Energetic feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) is an important ingredient for regulating the star formation history of galaxies in models of galaxy formation, which makes it important to study how AGN feedback actually occurs in practice. In order to catch AGNs in the act of quenching star formation, we have used the interstellar Na i λλ5890, 5895(NaD) absorption lines to look for cold-gas outflows in a sample of 456 nearby galaxies for which we could unambiguously ascertain the presence of radio-AGN activity, thanks to radio imaging at milli-arcsecond scales. While compact radio emission indicating a radio AGN was found in 103 galaxies (23 per cent of the sample), and 23 objects (5 per cent) exhibited NaD absorption-line kinematics suggestive of cold-gas outflows, not one object showed evidence of a radio AGN and of a cold-gas outflow simultaneously. Radio-AGN activity was found predominantly in early-type galaxies, while cold-gas outflows were mainly seen in spiral galaxies with central star formation or composite star formation/AGN activity. Optical AGNs also do not seem capable of driving galactic winds in our sample. Our work adds to a picture of the low-redshift Universe, where cold-gas outflows in massive galaxies are generally driven by star formation and where radio-AGN activity occurs most often in systems in which the gas reservoir has already been significantly depleted.
No direct coupling between bending of galaxy disc stellar age and light profiles
Authors: Ruiz-Lara T. , Pérez I. , Florido E. , Sánchez-Blázquez P. , Méndez-Abreu J. , Lyubenova M. , Falcón-Barroso J. , Sánchez-Menguiano L. , Sánchez S. F. , Galbany L. , García-Benito R. , González Delgado R. M. , Husemann B. , Kehrig C. , López-Sánchez Ángel R. , Marino R. A. , Mast D. , Papaderos P. , van de Ven G. , Walcher C. J. , Zibetti S. ,   the CALIFA team
Published: November 2015

Abstract
We study the stellar properties of 44 face-on spiral galaxies from the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area survey via full spectrum fitting techniques. We compare the age profiles with the surface brightness distribution in order to highlight differences between profile types (type I, exponential profile; and II, down-bending profile). We observe an upturn (‘U-shape’) in the age profiles for 17 out of these 44 galaxies with reliable stellar information up to their outer parts. This ‘U-shape’ is not a unique feature for type II galaxies but can be observed in type I as well. These findings suggest that the mechanisms shaping the surface brightness and stellar population distributions are not directly coupled. This upturn in age is only observable in the light-weighted profiles while it flattens out in the mass-weighted profiles. Given recent results on the outer parts of nearby systems and the results presented in this Letter, one of the most plausible explanations for the age upturn is an early formation of the entire disc (∼10 Gyr ago) followed by an inside-out quenching of the star formation.
Avascular Necrosis in the Contralateral Hip in Patients With Congenital Femoral Deficiency: A Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Brown Timothy S. , Wimberly Robert L. , Birch John G. 
Published: November 2015

Background:
Congenital femoral deficiency is an uncommon clinical entity. We report 3 patients who developed avascular necrosis of the hip in the long (normal) leg during longitudinal observation and/or treatment of congenital femoral deficiency.

Methods:
Patients were identified in limb length discrepancy clinic and their charts were retrospectively reviewed for clinical and radiographic data collection.

Results:
We describe the occurrence of idiopathic avascular necrosis in the normal limb in patients being followed for limb length discrepancy.

Conclusions:
Although no conclusion could be drawn about the etiology of the avascular necrosis, we describe a previously undocumented relationship between congenital femoral deficiency and avascular necrosis in the contralateral hip. This occurred in our congenital femoral deficiency population at a rate higher than expected compared with published incidences of avascular necrosis of the hip in children.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—case series.
Vitamin D Insufficiency and Fracture Risk in Urban Children
Authors: Thompson Rachel M. , Dean Daniel M. , Goldberg Sarah , Kwasny Mary J. , Langman Craig B. , Janicki Joseph A. 
Published: November 2015

Background:
Investigation into the role of vitamin D in fractures in the pediatric population has been limited despite estimates that as many as 70% of American children have inadequate vitamin D levels (measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D). The purpose of this study was to evaluate vitamin D’s role in pediatric fracture risk by comparing 25(OH)D between fractured and nonfractured cohorts.

Methods:
A 12-month prospective case-control study was completed in children aged 2 to 14 years in an urban, academic hospital. Sixty fractured children requiring conscious sedation or general anesthesia for management were compared with 60 nonfractured controls. All participants and their guardians were surveyed for low bone density risk factors, and total serum 25(OH)D was measured. Statistical analysis was completed using Student t tests, χ2 tests, analysis of variance, and logistic regression models.

Results:
After controlling for age and daily sun exposure, lower total serum 25(OH)D was associated with higher fracture risk (odds ratio=0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-0.99; P=0.023). In the fractured cohort, 6 (10%) patients were deficient (25(OH)D<20 ng/mL) and 33 (55%) were insufficient (25(OH)D, 20 to 30 ng/mL). Of the nonfractured population, 8 (13%) were deficient and 19 (32%) were insufficient. There were more insufficient patients in the fractured than in the nonfractured cohort (odds ratio=2.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-7.0; P=0.037).

Conclusions:
Higher fracture incidence is associated with serum 25(OH)D insufficiency. Hypovitaminosis D may place the pediatric population at increased risk for fracture. Consideration should be given to routine assessment of vitamin D in fractured children.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic level III—prospective case-control study.
Utilization of processedVigna mungoL. flour in cookies
Authors: Pasha Imran , Hussain Sehrish , Khan Muhammad Issa , Akram Nadia 
Published: November 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is a study designed to utilizeVigna mungoL. (black gram) flour to improve the protein quality of wheat through supplementation. Wheat is utilized as a cereal crop all over the world, but its protein quality is inferior owing to the deficiency of amino acids like lysine.Design/methodology/approach– Black gram seeds were roasted and germinated and then incorporated at 10, 15 and 20 per cent level in wheat flour. The composite flour was evaluated for its chemical composition, physiochemical properties and rheological characteristics, and cookies were developed from the composite flour.Findings– Chemical composition of composite flour revealed significant results (p< 0.05). The level of crude protein increased from 9.69 to 11.79 per cent, while ash and crude fat content enhanced from 0.33 to 1.80 per cent and 1.13 to 2.40 per cent, respectively. There was a significant effect (p< 0.05) on the sedimentation value by the addition of black gram in wheat flour. Water absorption of composite flour was higher than control (52.21 per cent), as maximum value was observed in flour having 15 per cent germinated black gram flour (69.45 per cent). Dough development time also increased from 2.90 min to 4.80 min. The pasting properties revealed significant results for all the parameters. Cookies were developed from composite flour, and sensory evaluation has shown that addition of pulse flour at 15 per cent yields cookies with better hedonic response.Originality/value– The black gram is a locally grown legume crop, but there is a lack of systematic approach for its chemical composition and product development. Scientists are in urge to explore such economical and assessable food ingredients to cope with the nutritional deficiencies prevailing in the developing societies. In this regard, black gram has been recognized as a rich source of nutrients, so it can be exploited to improve wheat protein quality.
Antioxidant properties and consumer acceptability of pearl millet – tiger nut biscuits
Authors: Omoba Olufunmilayo Sade , Dada Oluwadamilola  Olamiiposi , Salawu Sule Ola 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to focus on the antioxidant properties and consumer acceptability of biscuits produced from pearl millet (PM)–tiger nut (TN) composite blends, with the aim of encouraging the use of these under-utilised food crops in producing value-added products with nutraceutical potential.

Design/methodology/approach
– PM grains and TN seeds were processed into flour and blended at ratios: 15:85 (A), 20:80 (B), 25:75 (C), 30:70 (D), 35:65 (E), 40:60 (F), 45:55 (G), of PM to TN using response surface methodology. The antioxidant properties of the biscuits produced from the flour blends were determined using standard methods, and data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA); differences of means were separated using Duncan multiple range test. The biscuits were subjected to sensory evaluation using 50 untrained panellist and results statistically analysed.

Findings
– The total phenolic content (TPC-mg/GAE) of PM–TN flour blends ranged from 2.65-4.95 (A-G), with an average TPC of 3.85. In PM–TN biscuits, total phenolic values ranged from 1.20-3.42 (A-G), with an average of 2.39. The 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activities (μmolTEAC/g) of PM–TN flour blends ranged from 26.7-36.4 (A-G), and the values for biscuits ranged from 28.5-38.6 (A-G). There was a highly significant correlation, r = 0.811(p
<
0.001) and r = 0.913 (p
<
0.001) between phenolic content and antioxidant activity for flour and biscuit, respectively. The effect of in vitro digestion of biscuits on the antioxidant assays viz-a-viz: TPC and ABTS radical scavenging activities were also investigated. The order of phenolic release was enzymic
>
aqueous
>
ethanolic digest for TPC, while for ABTS, the order of release was enzymic
>
ethanolic
>
aqueous. The highest values for antioxidant properties were found in the simulated in vitro enzyme digested biscuits. Consumer acceptability revealed that the overall acceptability scores of the biscuits were not significantly different except for biscuit sample G.

Originality/value
– The paper has demonstrated the antioxidant potentials and consumer acceptability of PM–TN biscuits. It also shows the effect of in vitro digestion on the antioxidant activities of the biscuit and its potential health benefit, as a source of antioxidant.
Effective treatments for paronychia caused by oncology pharmacotherapy
Authors: Goto Hiroyuki , Yoshikawa Shusuke , Mori Keita , Otsuka Masaki , Omodaka Toshikazu , Yoshimi Kosuke , Yoshida Yuichi , Yamamoto Osamu , Kiyohara Yoshio 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCutaneous adverse events are relatively common in patients being treated with molecular‐targeted drugs. Paronychia is one of the cutaneous adverse events that influences the patient's quality of life because of pain, and it often affects anticancer treatments in severe cases. However, there are few effective treatments, especially for severe paronychia. Here, we present our experiences of treatment for paronychia due to oncology pharmacotherapy. Although we treated paronychia with various methods, only corticosteroid ointment and phenol chemical matricectomy significantly improved the paronychia. Dermatologists must perform appropriate and effective treatments for paronychia in order to enable patients to continue anticancer drug treatment without impairing their quality of life.
Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of magnesium sulphate in women with pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia
Authors: Okusanya BO , Oladapo OT , Long Q , Lumbiganon P , Carroli G , Qureshi Z , Duley L , Souza JP , Gülmezoglu AM 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundThe pharmacokinetic basis of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) dosing regimens for eclampsia prophylaxis and treatment is not clearly established.ObjectivesTo review available data on clinical pharmacokinetic properties of MgSO4 when used for women with pre‐eclampsia and/or eclampsia.Search strategyMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, POPLINE, Global Health Library and reference lists of eligible studies.Selection criteriaAll study types investigating pharmacokinetic properties of MgSO4 in women with pre‐eclampsia and/or eclampsia.Data collection and analysisTwo authors extracted data on basic pharmacokinetic parameters reflecting the different aspects of absorption, bioavailability, distribution and excretion of MgSO4 according to identified dosing regimens.Main resultsTwenty‐eight studies investigating pharmacokinetic properties of 17 MgSO4 regimens met our inclusion criteria. Most women (91.5%) in the studies had pre‐eclampsia. Baseline serum magnesium concentrations were consistently <1 mmol/l across studies. Intravenous loading dose between 4 and 6 g was associated with a doubling of this baseline concentration half an hour after injection. Maintenance infusion of 1 g/hour consistently produced concentrations well below 2 mmol/l, whereas maintenance infusion at 2 g/hour and the Pritchard intramuscular regimen had higher but inconsistent probability of producing concentrations between 2 and 3 mmol/l. Volume of distribution of magnesium varied (13.65–49.00 l) but the plasma clearance was fairly similar (4.28–5.00 l/hour) across populations.ConclusionThe profiles of Zuspan and Pritchard regimens indicate that the minimum effective serum magnesium concentration for eclampsia prophylaxis is lower than the generally accepted level. Exposure–response studies to identify effective alternative dosing regimens should target concentrations achievable by these standard regimens.Tweetable abstractMinimum effective serum magnesium concentration for eclampsia prophylaxis is lower than the generally accepted therapeutic level.
Multidetector CT diagnosis of non‐traumatic gastroduodenal perforation
Authors: Lee Dabee , Park Mi‐hyun , Shin Byung Seok , Jeon Gyeong Sik 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroductionTo identify reliable CT features and assess the diagnostic performance of 64‐multidetector CT (MDCT) in diagnosing non‐traumatic gastroduodenal perforation (GDP).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 136 CT scans of patients with surgically proven non‐traumatic gastrointestinal perforation during 7 years. 92 patients had GDP and 44 patients had other sites of perforation. CT features of perforation were evaluated and the sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios of each CT feature were estimated.ResultsThe cause of GDP was peptic ulcer in 90 patients, gastric cancer in one patient, and foreign body of duodenal diverticulum in one patient. Extraluminal gas (97%) was most common CT feature of GDP, following by fluid or fat strand along gastroduodenum (89%), ascites (89%), wall defect and/or ulcer (84%), and wall thickening (72%). Of CT features, wall defect and/or ulcer showed the best positive likelihood ratios for GDP (36.83). Wall thickening also showed high positive likelihood ratios (10.52). Combined, these CT features showed 95% sensitivity and 93% specificity for localization of perforation site of GDP.ConclusionMDCT is useful in diagnosis of presence and site of GDP. Wall defect and/or ulcer and wall thickening have a high positive predictive value for localization of perforation site.