bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Algebraic Approach to Unital Quantities and their Measurement
Authors: Domotor Zoltan , Batitsky Vadim 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The goals of this paper fall into two closely related areas. First, we develop a formal framework for deterministic unital quantities in which measurement unitization is understood to be a built-in feature of quantities rather than a mere annotation of their numerical values with convenient units. We introduce this idea within the setting of certain ordered semigroups of physical-geometric states of classical physical systems. States are assumed to serve as truth makers of metrological statements about quantity values. A unital quantity is presented as an isomorphism from the target system’s ordered semigroup of states to that of positive reals. This framework allows us to include various derived and variable quantities, encountered in engineering and the natural sciences. For illustration and ease of presentation, we use the classical notions of length, time, electric current and mean velocity as primordial examples. The most important application of the resulting unital quantity calculus is in dimensional analysis. Second, in evaluating measurement uncertainty due to the analog-to-digital conversion of the measured quantity’s value into its measuring instrument’s pointer quantity value, we employ an ordered semigroup framework of pointer states. Pointer states encode the measuring instrument’s indiscernibility relation, manifested by not being able to distinguish the measured system’s topologically proximal states. Once again, we focus mainly on the measurement of length and electric current quantities as our motivating examples. Our approach to quantities and their measurement is strictly state-based and algebraic in flavor, rather than that of a representationalist-style structure-preserving numerical assignment.
Experimental Study on EHD Flow Transition in a Small Scale Wire-plate ESP
Authors: Wang Chuan , Xie Zhenqiang , Xu Binggui , Li Jun , Zhou Xu 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow induced by the corona discharge was experimentally investigated in an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The ESP was a narrow horizontal Plexiglas box (1300 mm×60 mm×60 mm). The electrode set consisted of a single wire discharge electrode and two collecting aluminum plate electrodes. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method was used to visualize the EHD flow characteristics inside the ESP seeded with fine oil droplets. The influence of applied voltage (from 8 kV to 10 kV) and primary gas flow (0.15 m/s, 0.2 m/s, 0.4 m/s) on the EHD flow transition was elucidated through experimental analysis. The formation and transition of typical EHD flows from onset to the fully developed were described and explained. Experimental results showed that the EHD flow patterns change depends on the gas velocity and applied voltage. EHD flow starts with flow streamlines near collecting plates bending towards the wire electrode, forming two void regions. An oscillating jet forming the downstream appeared and moved towards the wire electrode as voltage increased. For higher velocities (≥0.2 m/s), the EHD transition became near wire phenomenon with a jet-like flow structure near the wire, forming a void region behind the wire and expanding as voltage increased. Fully developed EHD secondary flow in the form of counter-rotating vortices appeared upstream with high applied voltage.
A Method for Optimizing Lightweight-Gypsum Design Based on Sequential Measurements of Physical Parameters
Authors: Vimmrová Alena , Kočí Václav , Krejsová Jitka , Černý Robert 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A method for lightweight-gypsum material design using waste stone dust as the foaming agent is described. The main objective is to reach several physical properties which are inversely related in a certain way. Therefore, a linear optimization method is applied to handle this task systematically. The optimization process is based on sequential measurement of physical properties. The results are subsequently point-awarded according to a complex point criterion and new composition is proposed. After 17 trials the final mixture is obtained, having the bulk density equal to (586 ± 19) kg/m3 and compressive strength (1.10 ± 0.07) MPa. According to a detailed comparative analysis with reference gypsum, the newly developed material can be used as excellent thermally insulating interior plaster with the thermal conductivity of (0.082 ± 0.005) W/(m·K). In addition, its practical application can bring substantial economic and environmental benefits as the material contains 25 % of waste stone dust.
Parent-Pressure
Authors: Strandgaard Jensen Helle 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this article, I examine change and continuity in conceptions of parental agency in public debates about children’s media consumption in Scandinavia, 1945-1975. During this period, public debates about the various kinds of media products children consumed were dominated by different groups of professionals: first, by teachers and librarians in the mid-fifties and, then, by intellectuals and performing artists in the late sixties. With a radically changed professional hegemony and a shifting media landscape, the role of media in children’s lives was described very differently during the period. However, a strong continuity in the debates was the negative influence parents were seen as having on children’s media consumption due to their lack of insight and interest in the topic. Drawing upon recent works on children’s media, consumption and enculturation, I analyse why the negative description of parents as co-consumers prevailed despite radical changes in views on children’s media consumption. In particular, I examine the shared inter-Scandinavian socio-cultural contexts that structured the changing professional and political groups’ pressure on parents to perform according to their norms and values.
The Dynamics of Sensemaking and Information Seeking in a Crisis Situation
Authors: Vigsø Orla , Odén Tomas 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The present article investigates two questions: What determines citizens’ use of different media to seek information in a crisis situation, and what influences their evaluation of the information found. The case analysed is a major fire at a chemical storage facility in the harbour of Halmstad in Sweden, where there was a risk of toxic fumes reaching the city and its approximately 60,000 inhabitants. The study is part of a larger project, financed by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, and in this part, focus group interviews are analysed. The results point to an interaction between citizens’ perception of the world, the perceived information, and the development of how the situation is regarded, where sensemaking is the pivotal concept.
Aporetic Apparatus
Authors: Seppänen Janne , Herkman Juha 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this article, we examine the epistemology of the camera today. In order to answer this question, we concentrate on three social and technological forms: the camera obscura, the photographic camera, and the digital camera.
On the one hand, the camera extends our human sensibilities and helps us to obtain knowledge of the world. On the other hand, it works as a device for delusion, bodily vision and spectacle. Historically, these two functions are meshed together in complicated ways and this establishes the paradoxical epistemology of the camera.
We argue that, even if contemporary debates about the truthfulness of the photographic image have persistently been tied to the digitisation of the photographic process, the very origin of these debates actually lies in the camera itself and its contradictory epistemology. The camera has worked, and still works, as an apparatus that relentlessly produces irresolvable ambiguity, aporia, between true knowledge and illusory vision.
Return of the Talking Heads
Authors: Hansen Kenneth Reinecke , Bro Peter , Andersson Ralf 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The present article suggests that the brief history of Western television news dramaturgy can be expounded as three major waves: from the early days of the talking heads in the studio, over the narrativization of the field report to a (re-)current studio- and field-based talking heads format. In order to analyze the latest development entering the third wave, we propose a theoretically based dramaturgical model for the television news item. The analysis concludes that, with the current ‘return’ of the talking heads format, the pre-produced and pre-packaged bulletin program about past events is dissolving and transforming into an evaluative present- and future-oriented update format that resembles the 24-hour newsonly channels. Production time merges with broadcast time so that the uncertainty of live spreads to the dramaturgy.
Multi-energy ion implantation from high-intensity laser
Authors: Cutroneo Mariapompea , Torrisi Lorenzo , Ullschmied Jiri , Dudzak Roman 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The laser-matter interaction using nominal laser intensity above 1015 W/cm2 generates in vacuum non-equilibrium plasmas accelerating ions at energies from tens keV up to hundreds MeV. From thin targets, using the TNSA regime, plasma is generated in the forward direction accelerating ions above 1 MeV per charge state and inducing high-ionization states. Generally, the ion energies follow a Boltzmann-like distribution characterized by a cutoff at high energy and by a Coulomb-shift towards high energy increasing the ion charge state. The accelerated ions are emitted with the high directivity, depending on the ion charge state and ion mass, along the normal to the target surface. The ion fluencies depend on the ablated mass by laser, indeed it is low for thin targets. Ions accelerated from plasma can be implanted on different substrates such as Si crystals, glassy-carbon and polymers at different fluences. The ion dose increment of implanted substrates is obtainable with repetitive laser shots and with repetitive plasma emissions. Ion beam analytical methods (IBA), such as Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) and proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) can be employed to analyse the implanted species in the substrates. Such analyses represent ‘off-line’ methods to extrapolate and to character the plasma ion stream emission as well as to investigate the chemical and physical modifications of the implanted surface. The multi-energy and species ion implantation from plasma, at high fluency, changes the physical and chemical properties of the implanted substrates, in fact, many parameters, such as morphology, hardness, optical and mechanical properties, wetting ability and nanostructure generation may be modified through the thermal-assisted implantation by multi-energy ions from laser-generated plasma.
Desorption/ablation of lithium fluoride induced by extreme ultraviolet laser radiation
Authors: Blejchař Tomáš , Nevrlý Václav , Vašinek Michal , Dostál Michal , Kozubková Milada , Dlabka Jakub , Stachoň Martin , Juha Libor , Bitala Petr , Zelinger Zdeněk , Pira Peter , Wild Jan 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The availability of reliable modeling tools and input data required for the prediction of surface removal rate from the lithium fluoride targets irradiated by the intense photon beams is essential for many practical aspects. This study is motivated by the practical implementation of soft X-ray (SXR) or extreme ultraviolet (XUV) lasers for the pulsed ablation and thin film deposition. Specifically, it is focused on quantitative description of XUV laser-induced desorption/ablation from lithium fluoride, which is a reference large band-gap dielectric material with ionic crystalline structure. Computational framework was proposed and employed here for the reconstruction of plume expansion dynamics induced by the irradiation of lithium fluoride targets. The morphology of experimentally observed desorption/ablation craters were reproduced using idealized representation (two-zone approximation) of the laser fluence profile. The calculation of desorption/ablation rate was performed using one-dimensional thermomechanic model (XUV-ABLATOR code) taking into account laser heating and surface evaporation of the lithium fluoride target occurring on a nanosecond timescale. This step was followed by the application of two-dimensional hydrodynamic solver for description of laser-produced plasma plume expansion dynamics. The calculated plume lengths determined by numerical simulations were compared with a simple adiabatic expansion (blast-wave) model.
Plasma characterization of the gas-puff target source dedicated for soft X-ray microscopy using SiC detectors
Authors: Torrisi Alfio , Wachulak Przemysław , Torrisi Lorenzo , Bartnik Andrzej , Węgrzyński Łukasz , Fiedorowicz Henryk 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
An Nd:YAG pulsed laser was employed to irradiate a nitrogen gas-puff target. The interaction gives rise to the emission of soft X-ray (SXR) radiation in the ‘water window’ spectral range (λ= 2.3÷4.4 nm). This source was already successfully employed to perform the SXR microscopy. In this work, a Silicon Carbide (SiC) detector was used to characterize the nitrogen plasma emission in terms of gas-puff target parameters. The measurements show applicability of SiC detectors for SXR plasma characterization.
Evolution of the small ball-like structures in the plasma focus discharge
Authors: Cikhardtova Balzhima , Kubes Pavel , Cikhardt Jakub , Paduch Marian , Zielinska Ewa , Kravarik Josef , Rezac Karel , Kortanek Jiri 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The experiments were carried out in the PF-1000 plasma-focus device at the maximum current reaching about 2 MA, at the deuterium or neon filling and with deuterium injected from a gas-puff nozzle placed on the axis of the anode face. Ball-like structures of diameters of 1-12 mm were identified in interferometric and XUV pinhole camera frames. We made the statistical description of their parameters. A lifetime of the ball-like structures was in the range from 30 to 210 ns, and in some cases even more. These structures appeared mostly at the surface of the imploding plasma shell and they did not change their position in relation to the anode end. During the evolution of these structures, interferometric fringes were observed near the surfaces of the structures only, and their internal parts were initially chaotic (without noticeable) fringes. Subsequently the number of interferometric fringes increased (the internal ‘chaotic’ area was filled with fringes too) and later on it decreased. The radii of the ball-like structures were mostly increasing during their existence. The maximum electron density reached the value of 1024 to 1025 m-3. The ball-like structures decayed by absorption inside the expanded pinch column and/or gradually expired in rare plasma outside of the dense plasma column.
Measurements of fast electron beams and soft X-ray emission from plasma-focus experiments
Authors: Surała Władysław , Sadowski Marek J. , Kwiatkowski Roch , Jakubowski Lech , Żebrowski Jarosław 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The paper reports results of the recent experimental studies of pulsed electron beams and soft X-rays in plasma-focus (PF) experiments carried out within a modified PF-360U facility at the NCBJ, Poland. Particular attention was focused on time-resolved measurements of the fast electron beams by means of two different magnetic analyzers, which could record electrons of energy ranging from about 41 keV to about 715 keV in several (6 or 8) measuring channels. For discharges performed with the pure deuterium filling, many strong electron signals were recorded in all the measuring channels. Those signals were well correlated with the first hard X-ray pulse detected by an external scintillation neutron-counter. In some of the analyzer channels, electron spikes (lasting about dozens of nanoseconds) and appearing in different instants after the current peculiarity (so-called current dip) were also recorded. For several discharges, fast ion beams, which were emitted along the z-axis and recorded with nuclear track detectors, were also investigated. Those measurements confirmed a multibeam character of the ion emission. The time-integrated soft X-ray images, which were taken side-on by means of a pinhole camera and sensitive X-ray films, showed the appearance of some filamentary structures and so-called hot spots. The application of small amounts of admixtures of different heavy noble gases, i.e. of argon (4.8% volumetric), krypton (1.6% volumetric), or xenon (0.8% volumetric), decreased intensity of the recorded electron beams, but increased intensity of the soft X-ray emission and showed more distinct and numerous hot spots. The recorded electron spikes have been explained as signals produced by quasi-mono-energetic microbeams emitted from tiny sources (probably plasma diodes), which can be formed near the observed hot spots.
The experimental and theoretical investigations of damage development and distribution in double-forged tungsten under plasma irradiation-initiated extreme heat loads
Authors: Väli Berit , Laas Tõnu , Paju Jana , Shirokova Veroonika , Paduch Marian , Gribkov Vladimir A. , Demina Elena V. , Pimenov Valeri N. , Makhlaj Vadym A. , Antonov Maksim 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The influence of extreme heat loads, as produced by a multiple pulses of non-homogeneous fl ow of slow plasma (0.1-1 keV) and fast ions (100 keV), on double-forged tungsten (DFW) was investigated. For generation of deuterium plasma and fast deuterons, plasma-focus devices PF-12 and PF-1000 are used. Depending on devices and conditions, the power flux density of plasma varied in a range of 107-1010 W/cm2 with pulse duration of 50-100 ns. Power flux density of fast ions was 1010-1012 W/cm2 at the pulse duration of 10-50 ns. To achieve the combined effect of different kind of plasmas, the samples were later irradiated with hydrogen plasma (105 W/cm2, 0.25 ms) by a QSPA Kh-50 plasma generator. Surface modification was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microroughness measurements. For estimation of damages in the bulk of material, an electrical conductivity method was used. Investigations showed that irradiation of DFW with multiple plasma pulses generated a mesh of micro- and macrocracks due to high heat load. A comparison with single forged tungsten (W) and tungsten doped with 1% lanthanum-oxide (WL10) reveals the better crack-resistance of DFW. Also, sizes of cells formed between the cracks on the DFW’s surface were larger than in cases of W or WL10. Measurements of electrical conductivity indicated a layer of decreased conductivity, which reached up to 500 μm. It depended mainly on values of power flux density of fast ions, but not on the number of pulses. Thus, it may be concluded that bulk defects (weakening bonds between grains and crystals, dislocations, point-defects) were generated due to mechanical shock wave, which was generated by the fast ions flux. Damages and erosion of materials under different combined radiation conditions have also been discussed.
Salt tolerance assessment of barley (Hordeum
vulgare L.) genotypes at germination stage by tolerance indices
Authors: Askari Hossein , Kazemitabar Seiyed Kamal , Zarrini Hamid Najafi , Saberi Mohammd Hossein 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This study was performed to assess several indices for identifying genotypes at germination stage
with the best performance in salinity conditions. In order
to evaluate the seed germination of barley genotypes in
different levels of salt conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement with a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The effect of salinity
treatments was studied through an analysis of the germination, yielding results that show significant differences
among genotypes. Stress tolerance index, stress tolerance, stress susceptibility index, germination reduction
ratio, mean productivity and geometric mean productivity were used. The majority of used indices indicated that
ESBYTM8910, 4 Shori and MBS8715 were the best barley
genotypes showing the highest stress resistance for the
greatest NaCl concentration. This result was similar to
those obtained from the analysis of variance and statistical comparison of means of genotypes germination percentages. There were positive and strong correlations of
germination percentage in normal and stress condition
with STI in high levels of salinity. Thus, this correlation
seems to be a useful indicator of tolerant genotypes at this
stage.
Meottomyces dissimulans (Agaricales, Basidiomycota), new for Poland
Authors: Halama Marek , Rutkowski Ryszard 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper reports the first sites of Meottomyces dissimulans (Berk. & Broome) Vizzini in Poland. About a dozen basidiomata in all stages of development were observed in poplar and alder-willow thickets. The macro- and micromorphological characters of the Polish specimens are described and illustrated, and the distribution of the species in Poland is given.
Squamanita odorata (Agaricales, Basidiomycota), new mycoparasitic fungus for Poland
Authors: Halama Marek 
Published: June 2016

Abstract The rare and interesting fungus Squamanita odorata (Cool) Imbach, a parasite on Hebeloma species, is reported for the first time from Poland, briefly described and illustrated based on Polish specimens. Its taxonomy, ecology and distribution are discussed.
Hieracia balcanica XIII. Typification of the Hieracium (Asteraceae) names described by Josif Pančić from Montenegro
Authors: Szeląg Zbigniew 
Published: June 2016

Abstract The names Hieracium naegelianum Pančić, H. myriocephalum Pančić and H. thapsiforme R. Uechtr. are lectotypified using specimens stored at WRSL. Hieracium myriocephalum is recognized as conspecific with H. bupleurifolium Tausch. Hieracium thapsiforme R. Uechtr. is recognized as conspecific with H. plumulosum A. Kern. The authorship of the name H. thapsiforme is ‘R. Uechtr.’ and not ‘Asch. & Kanitz’. All discussed species are illustrated with photos of original specimens.
Amauroascus kuehnii and other fungi isolated from a deer horn in Poland
Authors: Chlebicki Andrzej , Spisak Wojciech 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Four keratinophilic fungi isolated from deer horn collected in Gorce National Park (Poland) are reported: Amauroascus kuehnii Arx with its malbranchea-like anamorph, Isaria fumosorosea Wize, Mortierella elongata Linnem., and Penicillium spinulosum Thom s.l. The record of Amauroascus kuehnii is its second locality in Europe, and keratin deer horn is a new substrate for this fungus.
Rediscovery of the epiphytic moss Ulota coarctata (Orthotrichaceae) in Poland
Authors: Plášek Vítězslav , Smoczyk Michał , Ochyra Ryszard 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Ulota coarctata (P. Beauv.) Hammar was recently collected in Poland after more than half a century. This epiphytic moss was found at four localities in the Pojezierze Lubuskie lakeland in the western part of the country. Its diagnostic features are briefly presented, its habitat requirements are considered, the historical and recent findings of the species in Poland are discussed, and its distribution is mapped. It is suggested that the species status should be changed from ‘endangered’ to ‘critically endangered’ on the red list of mosses in Poland.