bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality in people with intellectual disabilities in England
Authors: Glover G. , Williams R. , Heslop P. , Oyinlola J. , Grey J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundPeople with intellectual disabilities (IDs) die at younger ages than the general population, but nationally representative and internationally comparable mortality data about people with ID, quantifying the extent and pattern of the excess, have not previously been reported for England.MethodWe used data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink database for April 2010 to March 2014 (CPRD GOLD September 2015). This source covered several hundred participating general practices comprising roughly 5% of the population of England in the period studied. General practitioner (GP) records identified people diagnosed by their GP as having ID. Linked national death certification data allowed us to derive corresponding mortality data for people with and without ID, overall and by cause.ResultsMortality rates for people with ID were significantly higher than for those without. Their all‐cause standardised mortality ratio was 3.18. Their life expectancy at birth was 19.7 years lower than for people without ID. Circulatory and respiratory diseases and neoplasms were the three most common causes of death for them. Cerebrovascular disease, thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism all had standardised mortality ratios greater than 3 in people with ID. This has not been described before. Other potentially avoidable causes included epilepsy (3.9% of deaths), aspiration pneumonitis (3.6%) and colorectal cancer (2.4%). Avoidable mortality analysis showed a higher proportion of deaths from causes classified as amenable to good medical care but a lower proportion from preventable causes compared with people without ID. International comparison to areas for which data have been published in sufficient detail for calculation of directly standardised rates suggest England may have higher death rates for people with ID than areas in Canada and Finland, and lower death rates than Ireland or the State of Massachusetts in the USA.ConclusionsNational data about mortality in people with ID provides a basis for public health interventions. Linked data using GP records to identify people with ID could provide comprehensive population‐based monitoring in England, unbiased by the circumstances of illnesses or death; to date information governance constraints have prevented this. However, GPs in England currently identify only around 0.5% of the population as having ID, suggesting that individuals with mild, non‐syndromic ID are largely missed. Notably common causes of death suggest control of cardiovascular risk factors, epilepsy and dysphagia, management of thrombotic risks and colorectal screening are important areas for health promotion initiatives.
Sleep problems and temperament in young children with Down syndrome and typically developing controls
Authors: Lukowski A. F. , Milojevich H. M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundAlthough group differences have been found between children with Down syndrome (DS) and typically developing (TD) children when considering sleep problems and temperament independently, none of the research conducted to date has examined sleep‐temperament associations in children with DS. The present research was conducted to determine (1) whether the sleep problems experienced by children with DS are associated with temperament or (2) if the demonstrated relations between sleep and temperament differ from those that are observed in TD children.MethodThe present study included examination of relations between parent‐reported sleep problems and temperament in 19 children with DS and 20 TD controls matched on developmental age.ResultsThe results revealed group differences in temperament and sleep problems. Mediation models indicated that temperament (effortful control and inhibitory control) mediated the association between group and sleep problems; sleep problems also mediated the association between group and temperament (effortful and inhibitory control).ConclusionFindings indicated that sleep problems may serve as both cause and consequence of variability in effortful and inhibitory control and provide insight as to future experimental studies that should be conducted to better elucidate these relations.
User‐independent EBSD parameters to study the progress of recovery and recrystallization in Cu–Zn alloy during in situ heating
Authors: SHARMA N.K. , SHEKHAR S. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryMicrostructural evolution of cold‐rolled Cu–5%Zn alloy during in situ heating inside field‐emission scanning electron microscope was utilized to obtain user‐independent parameters in order to trace the progress of static recovery and recrystallization. Electron back‐scattered diffraction (EBSD)‐based orientation imaging microscopy was used to obtain micrographs at various stages of in situ heating. It is shown that unlike the pre‐existing methods, additional EBSD‐based parameter can be used to trace the progress of recovery and recrystallization, which is not dependent on user input and hence less prone to error. True strain of 0.3 was imposed during cold rolling of alloy sample. Rolled sample was subjected to in situ heating from room temperature to 500°C (∼0.58 Tm) with soaking time of 10 min, at each of the intermediate temperatures viz. 100, 200, 300, 400 and 450°C. After reaching 500°C, the sample was kept at this temperature for a maximum duration of around 15 h. The sample showed clear signs of recovery for temperature up to 450°C, and at 500°C, recrystallization started to take place. Recrystallization kinetics was moderate, and full recrystallization was achieved in approximately 120 min.We found that EBSD parameter, namely, band contrast intensity can be used as an extra handle to map out the progress of recrystallization occurring in the sample. By contrast, mean angular deviation can be used to understand the evolution of recovery in samples. The parameters mentioned in the current study, unlike other pre‐existing methods, can also be used for mapping local microstructural transformations due to recovery and recrystallization. We discuss the benefits and limitations in using these additional handles in understanding the changes taking place in the material during in situ heating.
Seeing for themselves – healthcare professionals’ views about the presence of family members during brainstem death testing
Authors: Doran Majella , Black Pauline 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo provide an insight into the views of healthcare professionals on the presence of family members during brainstem death testing.BackgroundBrainstem death presents families with a paradoxical death that can be difficult to define. International research suggests families should be given the choice to be present at brainstem death testing, yet it appears few units offer families the choice to be present and little attention has been paid to developing practice to enable effective facilitation of choice.DesignA qualitative, exploratory design was adopted to understand the perceptions of healthcare professionals. Individual semi‐structured interviews were audio‐taped and carried out over two months.MethodsA purposive sample of 10 nurses and 10 doctors from two tertiary intensive care units in the United Kingdom was interviewed, and transcripts were analysed using content analysis to identify emergent categories and themes.ResultsHealthcare professionals indicated different perceptions of death in the context of catastrophic brainstem injury. The majority of participants favoured offering families the choice to be present while acknowledging the influence of organisational culture. Identified benefits included acceptance, closure and better understanding. Suggested challenges involved the assumption of trauma or disruption and sense of obligation for families to accept if choice was offered. Key issues involved improving knowledge and communication skills to individually tailor support for families involved.ConclusionsIf families are to be offered the choice of witnessing brainstem death testing, considering that needs and conventions will differ according to global cultural backgrounds, then key needs must be met to ensure that effective care and support is provided to families and clinicians.Relevance to clinical practiceA proactive approach to facilitating family choice to be present at testing requires the development of guidelines that accommodate cultural and professional variations to provide excellence in end‐of‐life care.
Childhood Family Structure and Early Family Formation in East and West Germany
Authors: Raab Marcel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the association between childhood living arrangements and early family formation in Germany. Drawing on persisting sociocultural differences between East and West Germany, the author examined whether the association of childhood family structure and the transition to adulthood varies in different societal contexts. Data from the German Family Panel showed that children from nontraditional family structures experience important demographic transitions faster than children who were raised by both biological parents. The study revealed considerable context‐specific differences that point to the long‐term consequences of the postwar separation of East and West Germany. Family structure was less predictive for early family formation in the postcommunist East. In addition, this study adds to a growing body of literature indicating that even seemingly similar family‐structure effects might bear very different implications—for example, for status attainment and the reproduction of inequality—depending on the sociocultural context.
The Hysteresis Effect: Theorizing Mismatch in Action
Authors: Strand Michael , Lizardo Omar 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWidespread reliance on representationalist understandings commit social scientists to either partially or totally decouple belief from reality, limiting the domain of phenomena that can be treated by belief as an analytic concept. Developing the contrastive notion of practical belief, we introduce the hysteresis effect as a situational phenomenon involving the systematic production of agent‐environment mismatches and argue for its placement as a central problem for the theory of action. Revealing the dynamic, embodied conservation of belief in the temporality of practice, hysteresis appears when environmental contexts change in a way that leaves actors without an ontologically complicit relationship to institutions as scaffolds of action. Under these circumstances, a past‐inflected reflexiveness replaces a forward‐inflecting practical belief in the actor's temporal relation to the world. Drawing from a variety of historical case studies, we locate hysteresis in routine disjunctures between the temporality of practice and the temporality of environments. Our analysis reveals four distinct types of reflexiveness produced the hysteresis effect, each with a unique dispositional impact on actors and extensions to group‐level phenomena. We conclude the article by emphasizing the non‐eliminativist relationship between belief as disposition and belief as representation.
The contentious politics of nationalism and the anti‐naturalization campaign in Tunisia, 1932–1933
Authors: Barrie Christopher 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis article asks how, when, and why people came to mobilize en masse in the name of the Tunisian nation against French Protectorate rule. Rather than taking anti‐colonial nationalism as an inevitable response to the imposition of colonial rule, the account offered here insists that it is an outcome to be explained. Building on more recent theoretical directions that stress the processual, relational, and eventful dynamics of nationalism, the article shows that nationalism and nationalist mobilization cannot be attributed simply to the workings of nationalist intellectuals, to long‐standing grievances, or to larger macro‐level transformations. Rather, seeing nationalism as part of struggle and as a domain in which various forms of contentious politics are played out, I show how attention to a particular contentious event in the anti‐naturalization campaign can help us to understand how a certain version of the nation becomes salient as a mobilizing rubric for mass‐level mobilization and how various forms of contention coalesce to produce nationalist outcomes.
A meta‐analysis of reflux genome‐wide association studies in 6750 Northern Europeans from the general population
Authors: Bonfiglio F. , Hysi P. G. , Ek W. , Karhunen V. , Rivera N. V. , Männikkö M. , Nordenstedt H. , Zucchelli M. , Bresso F. , Williams F. , Tornblom H. , Magnusson P. K. , Pedersen N. L. , Ronkainen J. , Schmidt P. T. , D'Amato M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), the regurgitation of gastric acids often accompanied by heartburn, affects up to 20% of the general population. Genetic predisposition is suspected from twin and family studies but gene‐hunting efforts have so far been scarce and no conclusive genome‐wide study has been reported. We exploited data available from general population samples, and studied self‐reported reflux symptoms in relation to genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes.MethodsWe performed a GWAS meta‐analysis of three independent population‐based cohorts from Sweden, Finland, and UK. GERD cases (n=2247) and asymptomatic controls (n=4503) were identified using questionnaire‐derived symptom data. Upon stringent quality controls, genotype data for more than 2.5M markers were used for association testing. Bioinformatic characterization of genomic regions associated with GERD included gene‐set enrichment analysis (GSEA), in silico prediction of genetic risk effects on gene expression, and computational analysis of drug‐induced gene expression signatures using Connectivity Map (cMap).Key resultsWe identified 30 GERD suggestive risk loci (P≤5×10−5), with concordant risk effects in all cohorts, and predicted functional effects on gene expression in relevant tissues. GSEA revealed involvement of GERD risk genes in biological processes associated with the regulation of ion channel and cell adhesion. From cMap analysis, omeprazole had significant effects on GERD risk gene expression, while antituberculosis and anti‐inflammatory drugs scored highest among the repurposed compounds.ConclusionsWe report a large‐scale genetic study of GERD, and highlight genes and pathways that contribute to further our understanding of its pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities.
A Typical Vascular and Pigmentary Dermoscopic Pattern of Capillary Malformations in Capillary Malformation–Arteriovenous Malformation Syndrome: Report of Four Cases
Authors: Gandon Claudine , Bonniaud Bertille , Collet Evelyne , Dalac Sophie , Jeudy Géraldine , Vabres Pierre 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe report dermoscopic characteristics of cutaneous capillary malformations in four patients with capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation (CM‐AVM) syndrome. We observed a mixed vascular and pigmentary pattern with branched linear vessels and an underlying homogeneous brown background. Disappearance of the vascular pattern on pressure revealed an underlying faint pigmentary reticular pattern. Our results suggest that this typical biphasic pattern on dermoscopy may be useful for the diagnosis of CM‐AVM syndrome.
Special Needs Under Siege: From Classrooms to Incarceration
Authors: Bell Charles 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSeveral research articles have documented the disproportionate representation of minorities in school discipline and incarceration settings. In the 2009–2010 school year, research shows nationally 17 percent of African‐American, 8 percent of Native American, and 7 percent Latino American students were suspended at least one time (Losen and Gillespie ). In addition, studies show African‐American and Latino males represent the largest percentage of inmates in correctional facilities (i.e. jails and prisons) throughout the United States (Sakala ). While research has documented the relationship between race and the school‐to‐prison pipeline, the relationship between race, intellectual and emotional disabilities, and the school‐to‐prison pipeline has been relatively unexplored. According to Losen and Gillespie (), 25 percent of Black students who were labeled with an intellectual or emotional disability were suspended from school in the 2009–2010 school year compared to 9 percent for White students diagnosed with an intellectual or emotional disability. Furthermore, data show 70 percent of juvenile inmates were diagnosed with learning disabilities and 33 percent were reading below a 4th grade level (Hubner and Wolfson ). The current review seeks to explore the complex relationship between disability, race, and the school‐to‐prison pipeline to highlight how minority students with special needs are placed on a trajectory towards settings of incarceration.
Parenting and Digital Media: From the Early Web to Contemporary Digital Society
Authors: Lupton Deborah , Pedersen Sarah , Thomas Gareth M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractParents have accessed websites, online discussion forums and blogs for advice, information and support since the early days of the World Wide Web. In this article, we review the literature in sociology and related social research addressing the ways in which digital media have been used for parenting‐related purposes. We begin with the longer‐established media of parenting websites, online discussion forums, blogs, email, mobile phones and message and video services and then move on to the newer technologies of social media and apps. This is followed by a section on data privacy and security issues. The concluding section summarises some major issues arising from the review and points to directions for further research.
Spousal Influence on CPAP Adherence: Applications of Health‐related Social Control
Authors: Mead Michael P. , Irish Leah A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders in the United Sates and is a risk factor for poor health outcomes. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is an effective treatment for OSA, but adherence rates are poor. Although the spouses of patients with OSA have high potential to influence adherence, there has been minimal research to date. The purpose of this review is to summarize key findings regarding spousal influence on health‐related behavior change and treatment adherence from other medical fields (e.g., type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease) in which this line of inquiry has been more thoroughly developed. Recommendations are presented to guide future research investigating spousal influence on CPAP adherence based on findings from other patient populations. In particular, we emphasize the use of spousal health‐related social control as it applies to adherence and provide guidance regarding conceptual and methodological moderators.
The impact of mechanical compression on cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis: a quantitative pipeline
Authors: Louveaux Marion , Rochette Sébastien , Beauzamy Léna , Boudaoud Arezki , Hamant Olivier 
Published: August 2016

SummaryExogenous mechanical perturbations on living tissues are commonly used to investigate whether cell effectors can respond to mechanical cues. However, in most of these experiments, the applied mechanical stress and/or the biological response are described only qualitatively. We developed a quantitative pipeline based on microindentation and image analysis to investigate the impact of a controlled and prolonged compression on microtubule behaviour in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem, using microtubule fluorescent marker lines. We found that a compressive stress, in the order of magnitude of turgor pressure, induced apparent microtubule bundling. Importantly, that response could be reversed several hours after the release of compression. Next, we tested the contribution of microtubule severing to compression‐induced bundling: microtubule bundling seemed less pronounced in thekataninmutant, in which microtubule severing is dramatically reduced. Conversely, some microtubule bundles could still be observed 16 h after the release of compression in thespiral2mutant, in which severing rate is instead increased. To quantify the impact of mechanical stress on anisotropy and orientation of microtubule arrays, we used the nematic tensor based FibrilTool ImageJ/Fiji plugin. To assess the degree of apparent bundling of the network, we developed several methods, some of which were borrowed from geostatistics. The final microtubule bundling response could notably be related to tissue growth velocity that was recorded by the indenter during compression. Because both input and output are quantified, this pipeline is an initial step towards correlating more precisely the cytoskeleton response to mechanical stress in living tissues.
Comparing the ratio of mean red blood cell transfusion episode rate of 1 unit versus 2 units in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients
Authors: Avdić Aldijana , Tucker Sharon , Evans Rhonda , Smith Anne , Zimmerman M. Bridget 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUNDTwo units of red blood cells (RBCs) were typically transfused with each transfusion among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients. Concerns regarding this practice are increased morbidity, mortality, hospital‐acquired infections, length of stay (LOS), and transfusion‐related complications. This study compared outcomes of transfusing 1 unit of RBCs per transfusion episode to 2 units of RBCs per episode among HSCT patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA retrospective record review was used to evaluate a practice change of transfusing 1 RBC unit per episode among autologous and allogeneic HSCT patients. Primary endpoints included: 1) mean number of RBC transfusion episodes during the hospital stay, 2) mean number of RBC units transfused adjusted by LOS, and 3) mean LOS.RESULTSAmong autologous patients, the ratio of mean rate of transfusion episodes for transfusing 1 unit versus 2 units per transfusion was 1.24, with a one‐tailed 95% upper limit of 1.42. With a noninferiority upper bound of 1.50, using 1 unit per transfusion episode was noninferior to 2 units per transfusion episode (p = 0.011). Among allogeneic HSCT patients, the ratio of mean transfusion episode rate was 1.26 with a one‐tailed 95% upper limit of 1.52, which was slightly above the 1.50 noninferiority bound (p = 0.061).CONCLUSIONA single‐unit transfusion policy was not inferior to the 2‐unit policy for autologous HSCT patients and trended toward noninferiority for allogeneic transplant patients. The mean volume of blood per LOS was lower for the 1‐unit practice for both groups. The gains from the practice change may outweigh the risks of not changing.