bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Blockwise Approach to the Synthesis of (1→2)‐Linked Oligosac­char­ides Corresponding to Fragments of the Acid‐Stable β‐Mannan from the Candida albicans Cell Wall
Authors: Karelin Alexander A. , Tsvetkov Yury E. , Paulovičová Ema , Paulovičová Lucia , Nifantiev Nikolay E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOligomannosides comprising short β‐(1→2)‐oligomannosyl blocks attached through a glycoside bond to an α‐(1→2)‐linked oligomannoside are a constituent of side chains of the mannan from the Candida cell wall. This type of oligomannoside is known as an acid‐stable β‐mannan and corresponds to the antigenic factor 6. In this communication, we report a convergent blockwise synthesis of four spacer‐armed oligomannosides of this type including from 1 to 4 β‐mannosyl and 2–3 α‐mannosyl residues. β‐(1→2)‐Oligomannosyl thioglycosides and sulfoxides containing up to four mannose units were employed for introduction of β‐oligomannoside sequences. The efficiency of β‐mannosylation with mono‐ and oligomannoside donors was shown to depend more on the structure of the reaction partners than on the applied activation protocol. The oligomannosides obtained will be used to prepare various molecular tools for investigation of the Candida cell wall.
Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Quinazolinone Derivatives through Copper Catalyzed C–H Amidation Reactions
Authors: Kotipalli Trimurtulu , Kavala Veerababurao , Janreddy Donala , Bandi Vijayalakshmi , Kuo Chun‐Wei , Yao Ching‐Fa 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives was achieved from 2‐iodobenzamide derivatives and various benzylamines, allylamine, and cinnamylamine derivatives through a one‐pot copper‐catalyzed reaction. In this reaction, the amine component (benzylamine/allylamine/cinnamylamine) is N‐arylated with 2‐iodobenzamide derivatives through Ullman coupling, followed by an intramolecular C–H amidation in the presence of copper catalyst.
High‐Precision Modeling and Optimization of Cogeneration Plants
Authors: Chen Stephanie , Wassel Dennis , Büskens Christof 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCogeneration is important to help save on the use of conventional energy resources because it reduces the primary energy consumption for generating useful energy. However, cogeneration plants can be even more efficient if mathematical optimization is used, based on a very precise simulation of the behavior of the plant. We present a new method to model cogeneration plants. It is very precise, and the evaluations of the models are very fast, which enables the use of sequential quadratic programming (SQP)‐based optimization algorithms, and reduces operational costs and emission of CO2. Additionally, the method can be used on different plants and the models can be adapted to the current situation of the plant in real time. Furthermore, an input data reduction has been developed to improve the computational time even further. It also gives a quick overview of the correlations over large amounts of data, which can have 100 000×300 and more data points.
Geomorphic influence on small glacier response to post‐Little Ice Age climate warming: Julian Alps, Europe
Authors: Colucci Renato R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe evolution of glaciers and ice patches, as well as the equilibrium‐line altitude (ELA) since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maximum were investigated in the Julian Alps (south‐eastern European Alps) including ice masses that were previously unreported. Twenty‐three permanent firn and ice bodies have been recognized in the 1853 km2 of this alpine sector, covering a total area in 2012 of 0.385 km2, about one‐fifth of the area covered during the LIA (2.350 km2). These features were classified as very small glaciers, glacierets or ice patches, with major contribution to the mass balance from avalanches and wind‐blown snow. Localized snow accumulation is also enhanced in the area due to the irregular karst topography. The ice masses in the region are at the lowest elevations of any glaciers in the Alpine Chain, and are characterized by low dynamics. The ELAs of the two major LIA glaciers (Canin and Triglav) have been established at 2275 ± 10 m and 2486 ± 10 m, respectively, by considering the reconstructed area and digital elevation model (DEM) and using an accumulation area ratio (AAR) of 0.44 ± 0.07, typical of small cirque glaciers. Changes in the ELA and glaciers extension indicate a decoupling from climate. This is most evident in the smallest avalanche‐dominated ice bodies, which are currently controlled mainly by precipitation. The damming effect of moraine ridges and pronival ramparts at the snout of small ice bodies in the Julian Alps represents a further geomorphological control on the evolution of such ice masses, which seem to be resilient to recent climate warming instead of rapidly disappearing as should be expected. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicological and ecotoxicological risk-based prioritization of pharmaceuticals in the natural environment
Authors: Guo Jiahua , Sinclair Chris J. , Selby Katherine , Boxall Alistair B.A. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Approximately 1500 active pharmaceutical ingredients are currently in use; however, the environmental occurrence and impacts of only a small proportion of these have been investigated. Recognizing that it would be impractical to monitor and assess all pharmaceuticals that are in use, several previous studies have proposed the use of prioritization approaches to identify substances of most concern so that resources can be focused on these. All of these previous approaches suffer from limitations. In the present study, the authors draw on experience from previous prioritization exercises and present a holistic approach for prioritizing pharmaceuticals in the environment in terms of risks to aquatic and soil organisms, avian and mammalian wildlife, and humans. The approach considers both apical ecotoxicological endpoints as well as potential nonapical effects related to the therapeutic mode of action. Application of the approach is illustrated for 146 active pharmaceuticals that are used either in the community or in hospital settings in the United Kingdom. Using the approach, 16 compounds were identified as a potential priority. These substances include compounds belonging to the antibiotic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and estrogen classes as well as associated metabolites. In the future, the prioritization approach should be applied more broadly around the different regions of the world. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1550–1559. © 2016 SETAC
Formation mechanism of the global Dupal isotope anomaly
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Li Sanzhong , Suo Yanhui , Somerville I. D. , Li Xiyao 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe Dupal anomaly has been a frequently discussed feature since it was first proposed three decades ago. We here limit the distribution of the Dupal anomaly based on more than 10 000 Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic composition analyses and classify the anomaly into three types, located in three different oceans and with different mechanisms of formation. The Dupal anomaly in the East Asian Continental Margin subduction zone is related to enriched mantle II, which may originate from the recycling of the subducting plate or continental mantle. The high μ and enriched mantle I are the reason for the Dupal anomaly in the Pacific Ocean, which is related to the superplume. However, the source of the Dupal anomaly in the Indian Ocean and the Southern Atlantic Ocean is a mixture of enriched mantle I and enriched mantle II, and they come from the African superplume and the recycling of subcontinental mantle or continental crust of Gondwana. In consideration of all the above factors, we suggest that the superplume from the core–mantle boundary, the recycling subducting plate and continental mantle are the main characteristics of the global Dupal anomaly. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health service utilization and access to medicines among Syrian refugee children in Jordan
Authors: Doocy Shannon , Lyles Emily , Akhu‐Zaheya Laila , Burton Ann , Weiss William 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBackgroundWith over one million Syrian refugee children in the region, we undertook this study to characterize care‐seeking behaviors and health service utilization for child refugees with the aim of informing humanitarian programming for non‐camp settings in Jordan.MethodsA survey of Syrian refugees living outside of camps in Jordan was conducted using a 125 × 12 cluster design with probability proportional to size sampling to obtain a representative sample. The questionnaire focused on access to health services, including a module on care seeking for children.ResultsCare seeking was high with 90.9% of households with a child less than 18 years seeking medical care the last time it was needed. Households most often sought care for children in the public sector (54.6%), followed by private (36.5%) and charity sectors (8.9%). Among child care seekers, 88.6% were prescribed medication during the most recent visit, 90.6% of which obtained the medication. Overall, 49.4% of households reported out‐of‐pocket expenditures for either the consultation or prescribed medications at the most recent visit (mean $US21.1 and median $US0).ConclusionsSyrian refugees had good access to care for their sick children at the time of the survey; however, this has likely deteriorated since the survey because of the withdrawal of free access for refugees. The number of refugees in Jordan and relative accessibility of care has resulted in a large burden on the health system; the Jordanian government will require additional support if current levels of health access are to be maintained for Syrian refugees. © 2016 The Authors. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Suitability of North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) output for hydrologic modelling and analysis in mountainous terrain
Authors: Trubilowicz Joel W. , Shea J. M. , Jost G. , Moore R. D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMeteorological observations at high elevations in mountainous regions are often lacking. One opportunity to fill this data gap is through the use of downscaled output from weather reanalysis models. In this study, we tested the accuracy of downscaled output from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) against high‐elevation surface observations at four ridgetop locations in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. NARR model output was downscaled to the surface observation locations through three‐dimensional interpolation for air temperature, vapour pressure and wind speed and two‐dimensional interpolation for radiation variables. Accuracy was tested at both the 3‐hourly and daily time scales. Air temperature displayed a high level of agreement, especially at the daily scale, with root mean square error (RMSE) values ranging from 0.98 to 1.21 °C across all sites. Vapour pressure downscaling accuracy was also quite high (RMSE of 0.06 to 0.11 hPa) but displayed some site specific bias. Although NARR overestimated wind speed, there were moderate to strong linear relations (r2 from 0.38 to 0.84 for daily means), suggesting that the NARR output could be used as an index and bias‐corrected. NARR output reproduced the seasonal cycle for incoming short‐wave radiation, with Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiencies ranging from 0.78 to 0.87, but accuracy suffered on days with cloud cover, resulting in a positive bias and RMSE ranged from 42 to 46 Wm− 2. Although fewer data were available, incoming long‐wave radiation from NARR had an RMSE of 19 Wm− 2 and outperformed common methods for estimating incoming long‐wave radiation. NARR air temperature showed potential to assist in hydrologic analysis and modelling during an atmospheric river storm event, which are characterized by warm and wet air masses with atypical vertical temperature gradients. The incorporation of a synthetic NARR air temperature station to better represent the higher freezing levels resulted in increased predicted peak flows, which better match the observed run‐off during the event. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The multiple stressor ecological risk assessment for the mercury-contaminated South River and upper Shenandoah River using the Bayesian network-relative risk model
Authors: Landis Wayne G , Ayre Kimberley K , Johns Annie F , Summers Heather M , Stinson Jonah , Harris Meagan J , Herring Carlie E , Markiewicz April J 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

We have conducted a regional scale risk assessment using the Bayesian Network Relative Risk Model (BN-RRM) to calculate the ecological risks to the South River and upper Shenandoah River study area. Four biological endpoints (smallmouth bass, white sucker, Belted Kingfisher, and Carolina Wren) and 4 abiotic endpoints (Fishing River Use, Swimming River Use, Boating River Use, and Water Quality Standards) were included in this risk assessment, based on stakeholder input. Although mercury (Hg) contamination was the original impetus for the site being remediated, other chemical and physical stressors were evaluated. There were 3 primary conclusions from the BN-RRM results. First, risk varies according to location, type and quality of habitat, and exposure to stressors within the landscape. The patterns of risk can be evaluated with reasonable certitude. Second, overall risk to abiotic endpoints was greater than overall risk to biotic endpoints. By including both biotic and abiotic endpoints, we are able to compare risk to endpoints that represent a wide range of stakeholder values. Third, whereas Hg reduction is the regulatory priority for the South River, Hg is not the only stressor driving risk to the endpoints. Ecological and habitat stressors contribute risk to the endpoints and should be considered when managing this site. This research provides the foundation for evaluating the risks of multiple stressors of the South River to a variety of endpoints. From this foundation, tools for the evaluation of management options and an adaptive management tools have been forged. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:85–99. © 2016 SETAC

Key Points
Both chemical and ecological stressors influenced the spatial patterns of risk, which varied among regions according to location, type and quality of habitat, and exposure to stressors within the landscape. Overall risk to abiotic endpoints was greater than overall risk to biotic endpoints, and by including both categories, we were are able to compare risks that represent a wide range of stakeholder values. Though Hg reduction is the regulatory priority for the South River, ecological and habitat stressors also contribute risk to the endpoints and should be considered when managing this site. This assessment has provided a framework for evaluating management activities and long-term monitoring goals for the South River Study Area and similarly contaminated sites.
New i‐Perfect Cycle Decompositions via Vertex Colorings of Graphs
Authors: Buratti Marco , Costa Simone , Wang Xiaomiao 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGeneralizing a result by Buratti et al.[M. Buratti, F. Rania, and F. Zuanni, Some constructions for cyclic perfect cycle systems, Discrete Math 299 (2005), 33–48], we present a construction for i‐perfect k‐cycle decompositions of the complete m‐partite graph with parts of size k. These decompositions are sharply vertex‐transitive under the additive group of with R a suitable ring of order m. The construction works whenever a suitable i‐perfect map exists. We show that for determining the set of all triples for which such a map exists, it is crucial to calculate the chromatic numbers of some auxiliary graphs. We completely determine this set except for one special case where is the product of two distinct primes, is even, and . This result allows us to obtain a plethora of new i‐perfect k‐cycle decompositions of the complete graph of order (mod 2k) with k odd. In particular, if k is a prime, such a decomposition exists for any possible i provided that .
Metal distribution in the process of lignocellulosic ethanol production from heavy metal contaminated sorghum biomass
Authors: Vintila Teodor , Negrea Adina , Barbu Horia , Sumalan Radu , Kovacs Kornel 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this work was to process the sorghum biomass obtained from crops cultivated on heavy metals polluted soil, for the production of lignocellulosic ethanol and to determine the amount of toxic metals in the intermediary, byproducts, and final products.RESULTSIn the process of cellulolytic enzymes production by fungi using sorghum bagasse as substrate, a small amount of heavy metals passed into the liquid phase. During pretreatment by steam and alkali, the concentration of metals increased in the solid phase, while in the liquid phase the metals were not detected. After hydrolysis and fermentation of the pretreated biomass, the metals concentration in the solid fraction of the liquid increased, due to dissolution of the main fraction of the organic solids, although a fraction of the metals was found in the liquid fraction of the fermentation medium. During the distillation, some Pb and Cu were extracted into the distillate. Zn and Cd accumulated in the distillation residue.CONCLUSIONThe highest amounts of heavy metals accumulate in the solid residue, a small part is retained in the distillation residue, with traces of Pb and Cu potentially occurring in the distilled ethanol. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Repeatability and sensitivity of measurements in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma at 3T
Authors: Panek Rafal , Welsh Liam , Dunlop Alex , Wong Kee H. , Riddell Angela M. , Koh Dow‐Mu , Schmidt Maria A. , Doran Simon , Mcquaid Dualta , Hopkinson Georgina , Richardson Cheryl , Nutting Christopher M. , Bhide Shreerang A. , Harrington Kevin J. , Robinson Simon P. , Newbold Kate L. , Leach Martin O. 
Published: January 2016

PurposeTo determine whether quantitation of
is sufficiently repeatable and sensitive to detect clinically relevant oxygenation levels in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) at 3T.Materials and MethodsTen patients with newly diagnosed locally advanced HNSCC underwent two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans between 24 and 168 hours apart prior to chemoradiotherapy treatment. A multiple gradient echo sequence was used to calculate
maps. A quadratic function was used to model the blood transverse relaxation rate as a function of blood oxygenation. A set of published coefficients measured at 3T were incorporated to account for tissue hematocrit levels and used to plot the dependence of fractional blood oxygenation (Y) on
values, together with the corresponding repeatability range. Repeatability of
using Bland–Altman analysis, and calculation of limits of agreement (LoA), was used to assess the sensitivity, defined as the minimum difference in fractional blood oxygenation that can be confidently detected.Results
LoA for 22 outlined tumor volumes were 13%. The
dependence of fractional blood oxygenation increases monotonically, resulting in increasing sensitivity of the method with increasing blood oxygenation. For fractional blood oxygenation values above 0.11, changes in
were sufficient to detect differences in blood oxygenation greater than 10% (Δ
> LoA for ΔY > 0.1).ConclusionQuantitation of
at 3T can detect clinically relevant changes in tumor oxygenation within a wide range of blood volumes and oxygen tensions, including levels reported in HNSCC. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:72–80.
A person‐centered approach to commitment research: Theory, research, and methodology
Authors: Meyer John P. , Morin Alexandre J.S. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThere has been a recent increase in the application of person‐centered research strategies in the investigation of workplace commitments. To date, research has focused primarily on the identification, within a population, of subgroups presenting different cross‐sectional or longitudinal configurations of commitment mindsets (affective, normative, and continuance) and/or targets (e.g., organization, occupation, and supervisor), but other applications are possible. In an effort to promote a substantive methodological synergy, we begin by explaining why some aspects of commitment theory are best tested using a person‐centered approach. We then summarize the results of existing research and suggest applications to other research questions. Next, we turn our attention to methodological issues, including strategies for identifying the best profile structure, testing for consistency across samples, time, culture, and so on, and incorporating other variables in the models to test theory regarding profile development, consequences, and change trajectories. We conclude with a discussion of the practical implications of taking a person‐centered approach to the study of commitment as a complement to the more traditional variable‐centered approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian geoadditive modelling of climate extremes with nonparametric spatially varying temporal effects
Authors: Yang Chi , Xu Jing , Li Yang 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTNon‐stationary modelling of climate extremes has attracted significant attention in recent years. Generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is the standard approach for modelling block extremes. The non‐stationary form of GEV distribution with location and scale parameters linearly regressing to time has been widely used for single‐site time series of climate extremes. In the present paper, such a model is extended to be geoadditive for regional climate extremes with nonparametric spatially varying temporal effects. The model is implemented through the Bayesian hierarchical approach and is applied to the annual minimum surface air temperature in Mainland China as a demonstration. The five bivariate functions representing the regional regression parameters in the model are approximated by low‐rank thin plate regression splines. All the necessary software tools for producing a thin plate regression spline basis and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling can be seamlessly integrated and called through the R software environment. Results show that the model can capture the spatial inhomogeneity and temporal non‐stationarity features of regional climate extremes. Expressions for return levels with different return periods and their trends are also derived accordingly. Trends in different return levels, especially those in the ‘extreme state’ (e.g., 50‐year return level) that cannot be inferred by usual observational trend analysis, can also be derived through samples drawn from posterior predictive distributions. The regional trend in a 50‐year return level is quite different to that in a 2‐year return level. More attention should be paid to trends in the extreme state of climate under climate change.