bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Cognitive Load on Driving Performance: The Cognitive Control Hypothesis
Authors: Engström Johan , Markkula Gustav , Victor Trent , Merat Natasha 
Published: February 2017

Objective: The objective of this paper was to outline an explanatory framework for understanding effects of cognitive load on driving performance and to review the existing experimental literature in the light of this framework. Background: Although there is general consensus that taking the eyes off the forward roadway significantly impairs most aspects of driving, the effects of primarily cognitively loading tasks on driving performance are not well understood. Method: Based on existing models of driver attention, an explanatory framework was outlined. This framework can be summarized in terms of the cognitive control hypothesis: Cognitive load selectively impairs driving subtasks that rely on cognitive control but leaves automatic performance unaffected. An extensive literature review was conducted wherein existing results were reinterpreted based on the proposed framework. Results: It was demonstrated that the general pattern of experimental results reported in the literature aligns well with the cognitive control hypothesis and that several apparent discrepancies between studies can be reconciled based on the proposed framework. More specifically, performance on nonpracticed or inherently variable tasks, relying on cognitive control, is consistently impaired by cognitive load, whereas the performance on automatized (well-practiced and consistently mapped) tasks is unaffected and sometimes even improved. Conclusion: Effects of cognitive load on driving are strongly selective and task dependent. Application: The present results have important implications for the generalization of results obtained from experimental studies to real-world driving. The proposed framework can also serve to guide future research on the potential causal role of cognitive load in real-world crashes.
The Ottawa panel clinical practice guidelines for the management of knee osteoarthritis. Part one: introduction, and mind-body exercise programs
Authors: Brosseau Lucie , Taki Jade , Desjardins Brigit , Thevenot Odette , Fransen Marlene , Wells George A , Imoto Aline Mizusaki , Toupin-April Karine , Westby Marie , Gallardo Inmaculada C Álvarez , Gifford Wendy , Laferrière Lucie , Rahman Prinon , Loew Laurianne , Angelis Gino De , Cavallo Sabrina , Shallwani Shirin Mehdi , Aburub Ala’ , Bennell Kim L , Van der Esch Martin , Simic Milena , McConnell Sara , Harmer Alison , Kenny Glen P , Paterson Gail , Regnaux Jean-Philippe , Lefevre-Colau Marie-Martine , McLean Linda 
Published: February 2017

Objective: To identify effective mind-body exercise programs and provide clinicians and patients with updated, high-quality recommendations concerning non-traditional land-based exercises for knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A systematic search and adapted selection criteria included comparative controlled trials with mind-body exercise programs for patients with knee osteoarthritis. A panel of experts reached consensus on the recommendations using a Delphi survey. A hierarchical alphabetical grading system (A, B, C+, C, D, D+, D-) was used, based on statistical significance ( P < 0.5) and clinical importance (⩾15% improvement). Results: The four high-quality studies identified demonstrated that various mind-body exercise programs are promising for improving the management of knee osteoarthritis. Hatha Yoga demonstrated significant improvement for pain relief (Grade B) and physical function (Grade C+). Tai Chi Qigong demonstrated significant improvement for quality of life (Grade B), pain relief (Grade C+) and physical function (Grade C+). Sun style Tai Chi gave significant improvement for pain relief (Grade B) and physical function (Grade B). Conclusion: Mind-body exercises are promising approaches to reduce pain, as well as to improve physical function and quality of life for individuals with knee osteoarthritis.
Balancing Industry and Drug Policy Objectives in the Pharmaceutical Sector
Authors: Chen Piao-piao , Yuan Can-can , Hu Yu-qi , Pei Pei , Jia Shuai-qi , Wang En-Nan , Xi Xiao-yu 
Published: February 2017

Objectives This article assessed the balance between industry and drug policy objectives in the pharmaceutical sector in China. Methods The articles were mainly identified through databases such as Elsevier, Google Scholar, and SpringerLink, among others. Related articles were mainly separated into three categories: studies on drug policies, studies related to China’s new health-care reform policy, and studies concerning patent policies. Results A relatively healthy environment for continuous innovation and drug patent protection in the pharmaceutical industry has been created in China, and the public’s drug benefits have also significantly improved. However, the balance between industrial and drug policy objectives in the pharmaceutical sector in China requires additional attention. Discussion and conclusions The results suggest that the government should pay more attention to incentivizing enterprises’ innovation, but the current Essential Medicines System in China has limited innovation. Hence, the mechanism for selecting essential medicines should be reformed, and certain appropriate and reasonably innovative medicines should be included. Additionally, medicine coverage, especially the coverage of essential drugs for primary care should be expanded to improve public health benefits. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical industry should be incorporated into the prospective National Drug Policy to achieve a balance between public benefits and pharmaceutical industry development in the future.
Defining local nerve blocks for feline distal pelvic limb surgery: a cadaveric study
Authors: Enomoto Masataka , Lascelles B Duncan X , Gerard Mathew P 
Published: February 2017

Objectives Anatomical and methodological detail is lacking regarding local anesthetic peripheral nerve block techniques for distal pelvic limb surgery in cats. The aim of this study was to develop, describe and test nerve block methods based on cadaveric dissections and dye injections. Methods Ten pairs of feline pelvic limbs (n = 20) were dissected and the tibial nerve (T n.), common fibular (peroneal) nerve (CF n., and its two branches, the superficial fibular [peroneal] nerve [SpF n.] and the deep fibular [peroneal] nerve [DpF n.]) and the saphenous nerve (Sa n.) were identified. Based on these dissections, a ‘distal crus block’ (selective blockade of the CF n., T n. and Sa n.) and a ‘distal pes block’ (selective blockade of the SpF n., DpF n., T n. and Sa n.) were developed for surgical procedures in two different regions of the distal pelvic limb. Techniques were tested using new methylene blue (NMB) dye injections in feline pelvic limbs (n = 12). Using a 25 G × 5/8 inch needle and 1 ml syringe, 0.1 ml/kg of NMB dye solution was injected at the site of the CF n., and 0.05 ml/kg was injected at the sites of the SpF n., DpF n., Sa n. and T n. The length and circumference (fully or partially stained) of each stained nerve were measured. Results Positive staining of nerves was observed in 12/12 limbs. The lengths stained for the CF n., DpF n., SpF n., Sa n. and T n. were 27.19 ± 7.13, 20.39 ± 5.57, 22.82 ± 7.13, 30.89 ± 6.99 and 25.16 ± 8.09 mm, respectively. The nerves were fully stained in 12, 12, 10, 11 and 11 out of 12 limbs, respectively. Conclusions and relevance These two, three-point injection methods may be an effective perioperative analgesia technique for feline distal pelvic limb procedures.
Immigration policy as family language policy: Mexican immigrant children and families in search of biliteracy
Authors: Gallo Sarah , Hornberger Nancy H 
Published: February 2017

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: In this article we draw upon the ethnography of language planning and policy (LPP) to examine the complexities of how young Latino children with a recently deported parent engage with family language policies within their routine interactions. We explore the following questions. (1) How do US elementary school-aged children engage with, resist, and refashion family language and literacy policies alongside their parents in the face of parental deportations to Mexico? (2) How do children’s and parents’ experiences with monoglossic ideologies of schooling in the USA and Mexico shape family LPP and migratory decisions? Design/methodology/approach: The data come from a three-year ethnography on Mexican immigrant fathers and their elementary school-aged children conducted within the context of heightened deportations. Data and analysis: We focus on the case of eight-year-old Princess following her father’s deportation to examine how she articulated awareness of their counterpoint lives as she engaged in LPP alongside her mother. Findings/conclusions: Our findings reveal the unintended language education consequences of immigration policy as well as the complex ways that children discursively contribute to family LPP and migration decisions. Originality: This article uniquely highlights the complex interplay between immigration policy and LPP in the daily lives of mixed status Mexican immigrant families and the active roles that children play in shaping family language policy and migratory decisions. Significance/implications: We illustrate how children orient to monoglossic schooling ideologies as they prepare for and contest the possibilities of transnational schooling in Mexico and how limited opportunities to develop dynamic bilingualism or biliteracy in US schools shape families’ decisions. We argue that educational policy and classroom practices that open up ideological and implementational spaces to dynamically develop both languages are needed to better prepare children—especially those from undocumented families within a context of unprecedented deportations—for educational success on both sides of the border.
“No, no Maama! Say ‘Shaatir ya Ouledee Shaatir’!” Children’s agency in language use and socialisation
Authors: Said Fatma , Zhu Hua 
Published: February 2017

Aims and objectives: This paper investigates how children in multilingual and transnational families mobilise their multiple and developing linguistic repertoires creatively to assert their agency in language use and socialisation, and why these acts of agency are conducive to successful maintenance of the so-called “home”, “community” or “minority” language. Methodology: Close, qualitative analysis of mealtime multiparty conversations is carried out to examine children’s agency in language use and socialisation. Data and analysis: Twelve hours of mealtime conversations within one Arabic and English-speaking multilingual family in the UK were recorded over a period of eight months. The excerpts selected for analysis in this paper illustrate how agency is enacted in interaction. Findings: The data analyses of the family’s language practices reveal both their flexible language policy and the importance the family attaches to Arabic. The children in this family are fully aware of the language preferences of their parents and are capable of manipulating that knowledge and asserting their agency through their linguistic choices to achieve their interactional goals. Originality: This paper explores how Arabic is maintained as a minority language by second and third generations of Arabic-speaking immigrants in the UK through close analysis of conversations. Significance: The findings contribute to the current discussions of family language policy and maintenance by demonstrating children’s agentive and creative roles in language use and socialisation. Three factors are identified as the reason for the successful language learning, use and maintenance of Arabic: firstly, a family language policy that has a positive multilingual outlook; secondly, family relationship dynamics that connect and bond family members; and thirdly, the children’s highly developed ability to understand their parents’ language preferences.
Ideologies of language revival: Kazakh as school talk
Authors: Smagulova Juldyz 
Published: February 2017

Aims and objectives: This paper describes the implicit ideologies that undergird a language revival context and addresses the semiotic processes through which ideological dominance is challenged. It demonstrates the role of everyday family interactions in the re-acquisition of a “native” language of one’s ethnic identity. Design/methodology/approach: The paper addresses the role of language ideology and family language practices in language revitalization. It is a mixed-methods study interpreting micro-level interactional data within the macro-level context documented by previously collected survey data. Data and analysis: The paper draws upon 15 hours of audio-recorded interactional data from one urban family of ethnic Kazakhs in which the children, who were brought up speaking Russian, are enrolled in a Kazakh-medium pre-school. This in-depth, micro-level interactional study is informed by a large-scale survey indicating that urban, Russian-speaking Kazakhs are undergoing dramatic changes in their language views, use, and proficiency. Findings: The interactional analysis revealed changes in the conceptualization of Kazakh—from the vernacular associated with low prestige and backwardness to the high prestige language of school. Examinations of codeswitching in adult–child interactions showed that re-imagining of Kazakh is accomplished through four mutually reinforcing metalanguaging practices—limiting Kazakh to pedagogic formats, constructing Kazakh as school talk, confining Kazakh to “prior text,” and the co-occurrence of a shift to Kazakh with a shift to a meta-communicative frame. Originality: These findings expand our understanding of the discursive processes through which the ideology of revival is created and sustained in day-to-day interactions in the family. The study expands the scholarship on family language policy through its contribution with data from Kazakhstan and its focus on current issues related to post-Soviet experiences. Significance: The study adds to current research in family language policy by providing empirical evidence for conceptualizing the family as a dynamic system in which language policies and identity choices are shaped by parental ideologies and by the broader social and cultural context of family life.
Arthroscopic assisted tendon reconstruction for triangular fibrocartilage complex irreparable tears
Authors: Luchetti R. , Atzei A. 
Published: February 2017

We report our 11-year experience of performing arthroscopically assisted triangular fibrocartilage complex reconstruction in the treatment of chronic distal radio-ulnar joint instability resulting from irreparable triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries. Eleven patients were treated. Three skin incisions were made in order to create radial and ulna tunnels for passage of the tendon graft, which is used to reconstruct the dorsal and palmar radio-ulnar ligaments, under fluoroscopic and arthroscopic guidance. At a mean follow-up of 68 months all but one had a stable distal radio-ulnar joint. Pain and grip strength, Mayo wrist score, Disability of the Arm Hand and Shoulder and patient-rated wrist and hand evaluation scores improved. The ranges of forearm rotation remained largely unchanged. Complications included an early tendon graft tear, two late-onset graft ruptures, one ulna styloid fracture during surgery and persistent wrist discomfort during forearm rotation requiring tendon graft revision in one case. An arthroscopic assisted approach for triangular fibrocartilage complex reconstruction appears safe and produces comparable results with the open technique. Level of evidence: IV
Dental Care–Related Fear and Anxiety: Distress Tolerance as a Possible Mechanism
Authors: Addicks S.H. , McNeil D.W. , Randall C.L. , Goddard A. , Romito L.M. , Sirbu C. , Kaushal G. , Metzger A. , Weaver B.D. 
Published: February 2017

Distress tolerance, the degree to which one is able to cope with and endure negative emotional states, has been broadly applied to understand and treat a variety of health (including behavioral) problems, but little is known about its role in oral health care and specifically dental care–related fear and anxiety, making it a novel construct in the oral health care literature. This cross-sectional study examined distress tolerance as a possible predictor of dental fear and anxiety among a sample of adults with and without diagnoses of dental phobia, investigated possible differences in levels of distress tolerance between adults with and without dental phobia, and determined possible associations between distress tolerance and fear of pain, anxiety sensitivity, and depression. Using 52 volunteers ( n = 31, dental phobia group; n = 21, healthy comparison group), this investigation used self-report measures of distress tolerance, fear of pain, anxiety sensitivity, dental fear, and depression. The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule, a semi-structured interview, was used to assess for dental phobia and other psychological disorders. Distress tolerance significantly predicted dental fear and anxiety, even after controlling for age, sex, fear of pain, anxiety sensitivity, and depression. In addition, the dental phobia group had lower distress tolerance than the healthy comparison group. Distress tolerance was significantly associated with fear of pain, anxiety sensitivity, and depression. Findings indicate that low distress tolerance plays a unique and distinct role as a possible mechanism in the genesis of dental care–related fear and anxiety and phobia and may exacerbate the experience of other states, including fear of pain and anxiety sensitivity. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Results indicate that patients who have a lower ability to tolerate emotional and physical distress may have higher levels of dental care–related fear and anxiety and even dental phobia, as well as associated sequelae (e.g., avoidance of dental care). Treatment of highly fearful dental patients may helpfully include a focus on increasing distress tolerance.
Momelotinib inhibits ACVR1/ALK2, decreases hepcidin production, and ameliorates anemia of chronic disease in rodents
Authors: Asshoff Malte , Petzer Verena , Warr Matthew R. , Haschka David , Tymoszuk Piotr , Demetz Egon , Seifert Markus , Posch Wilfried , Nairz Manfred , Maciejewski Pat , Fowles Peter , Burns Christopher J. , Smith Gregg , Wagner Kay-Uwe , Weiss Guenter , Whitney J. Andrew , Theurl Igor 
Published: February 2017

Key Points
MMB ameliorates anemia in a rodent anemia of chronic disease model by inhibiting activin receptor-like kinase-2 activity. Hepcidin-dependent ferroportin degradation is independent of JAK2 phosphorylation.
Coding in Stroke and Other Cerebrovascular Diseases
Authors: Korb Pearce J. , Jones William 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
Accurate coding is critical for clinical practice and research. Ongoing changes to diagnostic and billing codes require the clinician to stay abreast of coding updates. Payment for health care services, data sets for health services research, and reporting for medical quality improvement all require accurate administrative coding. This article provides an overview of coding principles for patients with strokes and other cerebrovascular diseases and includes an illustrative case as a review of coding principles in a patient with acute stroke.
Organelles – understanding noise and heterogeneity in cell biology at an intermediate scale
Authors: Chang Amy Y. , Marshall Wallace F. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
Many studies over the years have shown that non-genetic mechanisms for producing cell-to-cell variation can lead to highly variable behaviors across genetically identical populations of cells. Most work to date has focused on gene expression noise as the primary source of phenotypic heterogeneity, yet other sources may also contribute. In this Commentary, we explore organelle-level heterogeneity as a potential secondary source of cellular ‘noise’ that contributes to phenotypic heterogeneity. We explore mechanisms for generating organelle heterogeneity and present evidence of functional links between organelle morphology and cellular behavior. Given the many instances in which molecular-level heterogeneity has been linked to phenotypic heterogeneity, we posit that organelle heterogeneity may similarly contribute to overall phenotypic heterogeneity and underline the importance of studying organelle heterogeneity to develop a more comprehensive understanding of phenotypic heterogeneity. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the medical challenges associated with phenotypic heterogeneity and outline how improved methods for characterizing and controlling this heterogeneity may lead to improved therapeutic strategies and outcomes for patients.
Calmodulin antagonist affects peroxisomal functionality by disrupting both peroxisomal Ca2+ and protein import
Authors: Corpas Francisco J. , Barroso Juan B. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
Ca2+ is a second messenger in many physiological and phytopathological processes. Peroxisomes are subcellular compartments with an active oxidative and nitrosative metabolism. Previous studies have demonstrated that peroxisomal nitric oxide (NO) generation is dependent on Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM). Here, we used Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic seedlings expressing cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) containing a type 1 peroxisomal-targeting signal motif (PTS1; CFP–PTS1), which enables peroxisomes to be visualized in vivo, and also used a cell-permeable fluorescent probe for Ca2+. Analysis by confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) enabled us to visualize the presence of endogenous Ca2+ in the peroxisomes of both roots and guard cells. The presence of Ca2+ in peroxisomes and the import of CFP–PTS1 are drastically disrupted by both CaM antagonist and glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, the activity of three peroxisomal enzymes (catalase, glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase) containing PTS1 was clearly affected in these conditions, with a decrease of between 41 and 51%. In summary, data show that Ca2+ and CaM are strictly necessary for protein import and normal functionality of peroxisomal enzymes, including antioxidant and photorespiratory enzymes, as well as for NO production.
The Cognitive Screening Scale for Schizophrenia (CSSS). Part 1. Design and structure of the scale
Authors: Mosiołek Anna , Gierus Jacek , Koweszko Tytus , Borkowska Alina , Janus Marta , Szulc Agata 
Published: February 2017

Cel pracyNiniejszy artykuł przedstawia konstrukcję i strukturę czynnikową CSSS (Cognitive Screening Scale for Schizophrenia)– krótkiej przesiewowej skali mającej wykrywać zaburzenia poznawcze u osób ze schizofrenią.Metoda160 osób (124 osoby ze schizofrenią i 36 osób zdrowych) zostało zbadanych za pomocą wstępnej, złożonej z 11 podtestów, wersji skali CSSS. Przeprowadzono analizę korelacji wyników między podtestami, konfirmacyjną analizę czynnikową, analizę zgodności wewnętrznej skali, trudności itemów IRT oraz jej dokładności jako klasyfikatora.Wyniki1 czynnik (ogólna sprawność poznawcza) wyjaśnia 37% zmienności wyników podtestów. Skalę charakteryzuje zadowalająca (Alfa Cronbacha=0,83) zgodność wewnętrzna. Osoby ze schizofrenią uzyskiwały znacząco niższe wyniki niż osoby zdrowe. Obszar pod krzywą ROC w odróżnianiu osób ze schizofrenią od osób zdrowych wyniósł AUC=0,83. Punkt odcięcia 16 pkt. charakteryzuje się czułością 86% i swoistością 70%.WnioskiUzyskany wskutek zaprezentowanych analiz kształt metody sugeruje, że metoda ta ma potencjał spełnienia założeń, które będą testowane w dalszych badaniach walidacyjnych. Charakteryzuje się zadowalającą rzetelnością, a jej struktura jest zgodna z założeniami.