bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dielectrophoresis‐Based Protein Enrichment for a Highly Sensitive Immunoassay Using Ag/SiO2 Nanorod Arrays
Authors: Cao Zhen , Zhu Yu , Liu Yang , Dong Shurong , Chen Xin , Bai Fan , Song Shengxin , Fu Junxue 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA nanoscale insulator‐based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) technique is developed for rapid enrichment of proteins and highly sensitive immunoassays. Dense arrays of nanorods (NDs) by oblique angle deposition create a super high electric field gradient of 2.6 × 1024 V2 m−3 and the concomitant strong dielectrophoresis force successfully traps small proteins at a bias as low as 5 V. 1800‐fold enrichment of bovine serum albumin protein at a remarkable rate of up to 180‐fold s−1 is achieved using oxide coated Ag nanorod arrays with pre‐patterned sawtooth electrodes. Based on this system, an ultrasensitive immunoassay of mouse immunoglobulin G is demonstrated with a reduction in the limit of detection from 5.8 ng mL−1 (37.6 pM) down to 275.3 fg mL−1 (1.8 f M), compared with identical assays performed on glass plates. This methodology is also applied to detect a cancer biomarker prostate‐specific antigen spiked in human serum with a detection limit of 2.6 ng mL−1. This high sensitivity results from rapid biomarker enrichment and metal enhanced fluorescence through the integration of nanostructures. The concentrated proteins also accelerate binding kinetics and enable signal saturation within 1 min. Given the easy fabrication process, this nanoscale iDEP system provides a highly sensitive detection platform for point‐of‐care diagnostics.
Faster Electron Injection and More Active Sites for Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution in g‐C3N4/MoS2 Hybrid
Authors: Shi Xiaowei , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Kim Sooyeon , Majima Tetsuro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHerein, the structural effect of MoS2 as a cocatalyst of photocatalytic H2 generation activity of g‐C3N4 under visible light irradiation is studied. By using single‐particle photoluminescence (PL) and femtosecond time‐resolved transient absorption spectroscopies, charge transfer kinetics between g‐C3N4 and two kinds of nanostructured MoS2 (nanodot and monolayer) are systematically investigated. Single‐particle PL results show the emission of g‐C3N4 is quenched by MoS2 nanodots more effectively than MoS2 monolayers. Electron injection rate and efficiency of g‐C3N4/MoS2‐nanodot hybrid are calculated to be 5.96 × 109 s−1 and 73.3%, respectively, from transient absorption spectral measurement, which are 4.8 times faster and 2.0 times higher than those of g‐C3N4/MoS2‐monolayer hybrid. Stronger intimate junction between MoS2 nanodots and g‐C3N4 is suggested to be responsible for faster and more efficient electron injection. In addition, more unsaturated terminal sulfur atoms can serve as the active site in MoS2 nanodot compared with MoS2 monolayer. Therefore, g‐C3N4/MoS2 nanodot exhibits a 7.9 times higher photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution (660 µmol g−1 h−1) than g‐C3N4/MoS2 monolayer (83.8 µmol g−1 h−1). This work provides deep insight into charge transfer between g‐C3N4 and nanostructured MoS2 cocatalysts, which can open a new avenue for more rationally designing MoS2‐based catalysts for H2 evolution.
The Effect of Voltage Charging on the Transport Properties of Gold Nanotube Membranes
Authors: Experton Juliette , Martin Charles R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPorous membranes are used in chemical separations and in many electrochemical processes and devices. Research on the transport properties of a unique class of porous membranes that contain monodisperse gold nanotubes traversing the entire membrane thickness is reviewed here. These gold nanotubes can act as conduits for ionic and molecular transports through the membrane. Because the tubes are electronically conductive, they can be electrochemically charged by applying a voltage to the membrane. How this “voltage charging” affects the transport properties of gold nanotube membranes is the subject of this Review. Experiments showing that voltage charging can be used to reversibly switch the membrane between ideally cation‐ and anion‐transporting states are reviewed. Voltage charging can also be used to enhance the ionic conductivity of gold nanotube membranes. Finally, voltage charging to accomplish electroporation of living bacteria as they pass through gold nanotube membranes is reviewed.
Heterogeneous fault prediction with cost‐sensitive domain adaptation
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Jing Xiao‐Yuan , Zhu Xiaoke 
Published: January 2018

SummaryIn the early phases of software testing, projects may have only limited historical defect data. Learning prediction model with such insufficient training data will limit the efficacy of learned predictor. In practice, there are usually many publicly available fault prediction datasets. Recently, heterogeneous fault prediction (HFP) has been proposed. However, existing HFP models do not investigate how to use mixed project data to predict target. Furthermore, defect data are often imbalanced. The imbalanced data distribution of source usually leads to serious misclassification of fault‐prone instances, which will degrade the predictor's performance. Existing HFP methods do not consider the class imbalance problem in the training stages. In this paper, we propose a novel Cost‐sensitive Label and Structure‐consistent Unilateral Projection (CLSUP) approach for HFP. CLSUP can not only make better use of the within‐project and cross‐project data but also alleviate the class imbalance problem by setting different misclassification costs for fault‐prone and non–fault‐prone instances. Extensive experiments on 30 projects demonstrate the effectiveness of CLSUP.
Toxicity and effects of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam on Scaptotrigona bipunctata lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Moreira Daiani Rodrigues , Sinópolis Gigliolli Adriana Aparecida , Falco José Ricardo Penteado , Julio Alison Henrique Ferreira , Volnistem Eduardo Azzolini , Chagas Francieli das , Toledo Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de , Ruvolo‐Takasusuki Maria Claudia Colla 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe neonicotinoid thiamethoxam is widely used in different agricultural crops, and it has a spectrum of action against insects, affecting both pests and pollinators, such as bees. In this study, the effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam on stingless bees Scaptotrigona bipunctata were evaluated. Foragers bees were exposed to the insecticide and subjected to genetic biochemical, histochemical, and morphological analyses after 24, 48, and 72 h of ingestion. Analysis of isoenzyme esterases revealed significant alterations in the relative activity of EST‐4, a type II cholinesterase. Evaluation of the S. bipunctata brain revealed changes in the state of chromatin condensation according to the exposure time and concentration of neonicotinoid compared with the control. Morphological changes were observed in the midgut of this species at all concentrations and exposure times, which may interfere with various physiological processes of these insects. We can conclude that, although thiamethoxam at the concentrations evaluated did not cause high mortality, it induced concentration‐dependent changes in bees by activating enzymes related with the protection for xenobiotic, internal morphology and probably these changes may lead to alterations in the activity of bees.
Community action research track: Community-based participatory research and service-learning experiences for medical students
Authors: Gimpel Nora , Kindratt Tiffany , Dawson Alvin , Pagels Patti 
Published: January 2018

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) and service-learning are unique experiential approaches designed to train medical students how to provide individualized patient care from a population perspective. Medical schools in the US are required to provide support for service-learning and community projects. Despite this requirement, few medical schools offer structured service-learning. We developed the Community Action Research Track (CART) to integrate population medicine, health promotion/disease prevention and the social determinants of health into the medical school curriculum through CBPR and service-learning experiences. This article provides an overview of CART and reports the program impact based on students’ participation, preliminary evaluations and accomplishments. CART is an optional 4‑year service-learning experience for medical students interested in community health. The curriculum includes a coordinated longitudinal program of electives, community service-learning and lecture-based instruction. From 2009–2015, 146 CART students participated. Interests in public health (93%), community service (73%), primary care (73%), CBPR (60%) and community medicine (60%) were the top reasons for enrolment. Significant improvements in mean knowledge were found when measuring the principles of CBPR, levels of prevention, determining health literacy and patient communication strategies (all p’s < 0.05). Most students (73%) were satisfied with CART. Projects were disseminated by at least 65 posters and four oral presentations at local, national and international professional meetings. Six manuscripts were published in peer-reviewed journals. CART is an innovative curriculum for training future physicians to be community-responsive physicians.
Effects of Reynolds number and Stokes number on particle-pair relative velocity in isotropic turbulence: a systematic experimental study
Authors: Dou Zhongwang , Bragg Andrew D. , Hammond Adam L. , Liang Zach , Collins Lance R. , Meng Hui 
Published: January 2018

The effects of Reynolds number ($R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$) and Stokes number ($St$) on particle-pair relative velocity (RV) are investigated systematically using a recently developed planar four-frame particle tracking technique in a novel homogeneous and isotropic turbulence chamber. We compare the measured results with direct numerical simulation (DNS), verifying whether the conclusions of the DNS for simplified conditions and limited $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ are still valid in reality. Two experiments are performed: varying $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ between 246 and 357 at six $St$ values, and varying $St$ between 0.02 and 4.63 at five $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ values. The measured mean inward particle-pair RV $\langle w_{r}^{-}\rangle$ as a function of separation distance $r$ is compared with the DNS under closely matched conditions. At all experimental conditions, an excellent agreement is achieved, except when the particle separation distance $r\lesssim 10\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$ ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$ is the Kolmogorov length scale), where the experimental $\langle w_{r}^{-}\rangle$ is consistently higher, possibly due to particle polydispersity and finite laser thickness in the experiments (Dou et al., arXiv:1712.07506, 2017). At any fixed $St,\langle w_{r}^{-}\rangle$ is essentially independent of $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$, echoing the DNS finding of Ireland et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 796, 2016, pp. 617–658). At any fixed $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$, $\langle w_{r}^{-}\rangle$ increases with $St$ at small $r$, showing dominance of the path-history effect in the dissipation range when $St\gtrsim O(1)$, but decreases with $St$ at large $r$, indicating dominance of inertial filtering. We further compare the $\langle w_{r}^{-}\rangle$ and RV variance $\langle w_{r}^{2}\rangle$ from experiments with DNS and theoretical predictions by Pan & Padoan (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 661, 2010, pp. 73–107). For $St\lesssim 1$, experimental $\langle w_{r}^{-}\rangle$ and $\langle w_{r}^{2}\rangle$ match these values well at $r\gtrsim 10\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$, but they are higher than both DNS and theory at $r\lesssim 10\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$. For $St\gtrsim 1$, $\langle w_{r}^{-}\rangle$ from all three match well, except for $r\lesssim 10\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$, for which experimental values are higher, while $\langle w_{r}^{2}\rangle$ from experiment and DNS are much higher than theoretical predictions. We discuss potential causes of these discrepancies. What this study shows is the first experimental validation of $R_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ and $St$ effect on inertial particle-pair $\langle w_{r}^{-}\rangle$ in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence.
Parametric instability, inverse cascade and the range of solar-wind turbulence
Authors: Chandran Benjamin D. G. 
Published: January 2018

In this paper, weak-turbulence theory is used to investigate the nonlinear evolution of the parametric instability in three-dimensional low-$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ plasmas at wavelengths much greater than the ion inertial length under the assumption that slow magnetosonic waves are strongly damped. It is shown analytically that the parametric instability leads to an inverse cascade of Alfvén wave quanta, and several exact solutions to the wave kinetic equations are presented. The main results of the paper concern the parametric decay of Alfvén waves that initially satisfy $e^{+}\gg e^{-}$, where $e^{+}$ and $e^{-}$ are the frequency ($f$) spectra of Alfvén waves propagating in opposite directions along the magnetic field lines. If $e^{+}$ initially has a peak frequency $f_{0}$ (at which $fe^{+}$ is maximized) and an ‘infrared’ scaling $f^{p}$ at smaller $f$ with $-1<p<1$, then $e^{+}$ acquires an $f^{-1}$ scaling throughout a range of frequencies that spreads out in both directions from $f_{0}$. At the same time, $e^{-}$ acquires an $f^{-2}$ scaling within this same frequency range. If the plasma parameters and infrared $e^{+}$ spectrum are chosen to match conditions in the fast solar wind at a heliocentric distance of 0.3 astronomical units (AU), then the nonlinear evolution of the parametric instability leads to an $e^{+}$ spectrum that matches fast-wind measurements from the Helios spacecraft at 0.3 AU, including the observed $f^{-1}$ scaling at $f\gtrsim 3\times 10^{-4}~\text{Hz}$. The results of this paper suggest that the $f^{-1}$ spectrum seen by Helios in the fast solar wind at $f\gtrsim 3\times 10^{-4}~\text{Hz}$ is produced in situ by parametric decay and that the $f^{-1}$ range of $e^{+}$ extends over an increasingly narrow range of frequencies as $r$ decreases below 0.3 AU. This prediction will be tested by measurements from the Parker Solar Probe.
Thamnolia tundrae sp. nov., a cryptic species and putative glacial relict
Authors: ONUT-BRÄNNSTRÖM Ioana , JOHANNESSON Hanna , TIBELL Leif 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe lichen species of the genus Thamnolia, with their striking wormlike thalli and frequent occurrence in arctic and tundra environments, have often been debated with regard to the use of chemistry in lichen taxonomy. Phylogenetic studies have arrived at different conclusions as to the recognition of species in the genus, but in a recent study based on the analyses of six nuclear markers (genes or noncoding regions) of a worldwide sample of Thamnolia, we showed the existence of three well-supported lineages with two different chemistries and geographical distributions. Here, we present two analyses based on ITS and three markers, respectively, which were extended from the study mentioned above to include type specimens and additional Thamnolia strains and taxa. In these analyses the same three clades were retrieved. A putative DEAD-box helicase is used here for the first time as an informative phylogenetic marker to provide taxonomic resolution at species level. The distribution of morphological and chemical characters across the phylogeny was analyzed and it was concluded that three morphologically cryptic, but genetically well supported, species occur: T. vermicularis s. str., T. subuliformis s. str. and T. tundrae sp. nov. Thamnolia vermicularis s. str. contains individuals with uniform secondary chemistry (producing thamnolic acid) and a rather limited distribution in the European Alps, Tatra Mts and the Western Carpathians, a distribution which might result from glacial survival in an adjacent refugium/refugia. Thamnolia subuliformis s. str. is widely distributed in all hemispheres and the samples contain two chemotypes (either with thamnolic or squamatic acids). Thamnolia tundrae is described as new; it produces baeomycesic and squamatic acids, and has a distribution limited to the arctic tundra of Eurasia extending to the Aleutian Islands in North America. It may have survived the latest glaciation in coastal refugia near its present distribution. Thus, secondary chemistry alone is not suitable for characterizing species in Thamnolia, secondary chemistry and geographical origin are informative, and the ITS region can be confidently used for species recognition. Nomenclatural notes are given on several other names that have been used in Thamnolia.
Bacidina mendax sp. nov., a new widespread species in Central Europe, together with a new combination within the genus Bacidina
Authors: CZARNOTA Paweł , GUZOW-KRZEMIŃSKA Beata 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBacidina mendax, described here as a new lichen species, appears to be common and widespread, at least in Central Europe. Analyses of the ITS rDNA region and the morphology of specimens showed an intraspecific variation in the new taxon. It differs from B. neosquamulosa in the lack of a subsquamulose thallus, and from B. caligans in its longer and only slightly curved to apically hooked conidia and lack of a granular (sorediate) thallus. Since ITS rDNA data support the inclusion of Bacidia pycnidiata Czarnota & Coppins in the genus Bacidina, a new combination is proposed.
Low-light recovery effects on assessment of photoinhibition with chlorophyll fluorescence in lichens
Authors: SOLHAUG Knut Asbjørn 
Published: January 2018

AbstractChlorophyllafluorescence is often used to estimate various types of damage in lichens. In order to optimize the output and improve interpretations of such measurements the protocol for pretreatment and measuring is important. To study the effects of measurement conditions, the lichensLobaria pulmonaria,L. scrobiculata,Xanthoria parietinaandParmelia sulcatawere first stressed by high light intensities at 600 or 1000 µmol photons m−2s−1for 4 h. Then various conditions during recovery or pretreatment were used to optimize the detection of more lasting damage. Recovery from photoinhibition was incomplete in darkness, whereas light as low as 0·2 or 1·0 µmol m−2s−1resulted in complete recovery if the recovery period was long enough. Additionally, low intensity light given for1·5 h after one day in darkness caused rapid and complete recovery. In conclusion, before measuring maximal PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm) with chlorophyll fluorescence, it is important to let lichens recover in low intensity light and not in darkness, to optimize recovery from photoinhibition; dark adaptation can only be recommended if the photoinhibition status of the lichens is of interest.
Myriospora, a genus newly reported for Antarctica with a worldwide key to the species
Authors: PURVIS O. W. , FERNÁNDEZ-BRIME S. , WESTBERG M. , WEDIN M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMyriospora signyensis Purvis, Fdez-Brime, M. Westb. & Wedin is described from Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, where it occurs predominantly on quartz mica schist. This represents the first record of the genus for Antarctica. The distinctive interrupted photobiont arrangement places it within the genus Myriospora (formerly known as the ‘Acarospora’ smaragdula group, or Silobia). The new species is characterized by having large, distinctly elevated, sessile apothecia with a prominent margin and a thallus that is usually lobed at the margins and variously orange-red, rust-coloured or brown-pigmented. Molecular phylogenetic analyses inferred with strong support that M. signyensis is closely related to M. scabrida which is similar in having a lobed, imbricate thallus with large and frequently somewhat raised apothecia, but which differs in never being rusty red, by frequently having a larger number of apothecia per areole/squamule and by having a thick and distinctive thalline epinecral layer. Myriospora signyensis is otherwise most similar to M. dilatata but the thallus of M. dilatata is never imbricate-lobate and the ascomata of M. signyensis have larger and more distinctly raised and sessile apothecia. A worldwide key to the 10 species currently recognized in the genus is presented.
A multi-tool approach to assess microalgal diversity in lichens: isolation, Sanger sequencing, HTS and ultrastructural correlations
Authors: MOLINS Arántzazu , MOYA Patricia , GARCÍA-BREIJO Francisco J. , REIG-ARMIÑANA José , BARRENO Eva 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLichen thalli represent the most conspicuous examples of fungal-algal interactions. Studies that describe phycobiont diversity within entire thalli are based mainly on Sanger sequencing. In some lichen species, this technique could underestimate the intrathalline coexistence of multiple microalgae. In this study different multi-tool approaches were applied to two lichen taxa,Circinaria hispidaandFlavoparmelia soredians, to detect algal coexistence. Here, we combined Sanger sequencing, a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer, 454-pyrosequencing, phycobiont isolation and ultrastructural characterization. Furthermore, we compared pyrenoid ultrastructural features of lichenized phycobionts with microalgae isolated in culture. An improved methodology was used to isolate and propagate phycobionts which, in combination with fast genetic identification, resulted in a considerable reduction in time and cost to complete the process. This isolation method, coupled with a specific PCR primer, allowed for the detection of coexisting algae inC. hispida(fourTrebouxialineages). 454-pyrosequencing detected only a fraction of such diversity, while Sanger sequencing identified only the primary phycobiont. Ultrastructural features of the isolated algae were observed by transmission electron microscopy; the maintenance of the pyrenoid characteristics suggested the existence of differentTrebouxialineages. InF. sorediansa singleTrebouxialineage was identified using all these approaches.In cases of lichens with algal coexistence, a combination of different molecular and ultrastructural approaches may be required to reveal the underlying algal diversity within a single thallus. The approach proposed in this study provides information about the relationship between molecular and ultrastructural data, and represents an improvement in the delimitation of taxonomic features which is needed to recognize intrathallineTrebouxiadiversity.
Differential epitope masking reveals synapse-specific complexes of TRPM1
Authors: AGOSTO MELINA A. , ANASTASSOV IVAN A. , WENSEL THEODORE G. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe transient receptor potential channel TRPM1 is required for synaptic transmission between photoreceptors and the ON subtype of bipolar cells (ON-BPC), mediating depolarization in response to light. TRPM1 is present in the somas and postsynaptic dendritic tips of ON-BPCs. Monoclonal antibodies generated against full-length TRPM1 were found to have differential labeling patterns when used to immunostain the mouse retina, with some yielding reduced labeling of dendritic tips relative to the labeling of cell bodies. Epitope mapping revealed that those antibodies that poorly label the dendritic tips share a binding site (N2d) in the N-terminal arm near the transmembrane domain. A major splice variant of TRPM1 lacking exon 19 does not contain the N2d binding site, but quantitative immunoblotting revealed no enrichment of this variant in synaptsomes. One explanation of the differential labeling is masking of the N2d epitope by formation of a synapse-specific multiprotein complex. Identifying the binding partners that are specific for the fraction of TRPM1 present at the synapses is an ongoing challenge for understanding TRPM1 function.