bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illusion et désillusion dans l'Émigré de Sénac de Meilhan
Authors: Laforge François 
Published: June 2016

François Laforge : Illusion and disillusion in Sénac de Meilhan's «L'Émigré ».
L'Émigré, which dates from the same period as Bonald's and J. de Maistre's theoretical texts, is part of a general critical reflexion on the Enlightenment and the Revolution. The choice of a fictional form reflects Sénac's two-fold ideological aim. He wished, first, to show the Enlightenment's true character, which was illusion and the imaginary, and which made the novel the perfect instrument for a rigorous critique of the ' enlightened ' aristocracy's different myths. Secondly, he wanted to exorcise contemporary history, by denying the Revolution any reality. Here again, as the Revolution is no longer part of reality but of fiction, the only appropriate form is that of the novel.
A propos des fausses adresses
Authors: Weil Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Françoise Weil : On false imprints.
This article proposes a new classification of books published with a false imprint and considers whether there is a link between the publisher's imprint on the original edition and the false one on the pirated edition. It emphasizes the complexity of the problem, for one must distinguish between forbidden, tolerated and pirated books. Above all the article insists on the necessity for a corpus of typographical ornaments, in one form or another.
La lecture dans les petites écoles
Authors: Sonnet Martine 
Published: June 2016

Martine Sonnet : Reading in French Village Schools.
Reading was the main subject taught in village schools, and the teaching methods used can be studied in the extant pedagogical literature and text-books. The learner is led over a series of strictly graded thresholds, from the recognition of letters to syllables, words and whole lines, first in printed characters and then in handwriting. For exercises, the pupils used mainly alphabets inspired by pious works such as the famous Cross of Jesus. Such textbooks were published by printers specialising in popular editions and their use prepared the children for their later reading of chapbooks. As these schools produced readers with different levels of competence according to how much of the course they finished, they led to collective reading practices, as the less expert often sought the help of more learned neighbours.
Culture populaire et création littéraire. Le cas de Rétif de la Bretonne
Authors: Testud Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Testud : Popular culture and literary creation — the case of Rétif
de la Bretonne.
Thanks to his peasant origins and his experience of working-class life, Rétif may appear to be an author who represents the true voice of the people. In fact, despite his populist claims, he adopts the social and cultural ideology of the ruling class. His literary works are nevertheless distinguished by three characteristics which betray the influence of popular culture, namely : veneration for the printed word ; the narrative structure, which is that of almanachs ; and the inclusion of oral communication in which the narrator's power is particularly clear. The works' freedom and originality come from the failure of Rétifs double attempt at a new departure and cultural aspirations.
L'image et la Bibliothèque bleue normande
Authors: Le Men Ségolène 
Published: June 2016

Ségolène Le Men : Illustration in the Bibliothèque bleue in Normandy.
This article studies the function of the few pictures to be found in these chap-books, which is not that of modern illustration. Full-page illustrations and vignettes are distinguished from ornaments, which show a certain technical mastery. Despite the unchanging subject-matter, the type and position of illustrations evolve ; in the 18th Century, they tend to be found mainly on the title-page in the form of a vignette indicating the literary genre, a part of the reading public or the region. In books with several illustrations there is a greater use of specially-adapted woodcuts. After the upheavals of the Revolution, the genre reemerges, and the collections made at the end of the 19th Century form the basis for our present knowledge.
La roue de la Fortune dans les livrets de colportage anglais
Authors: Duval Gilles 
Published: June 2016

Gilles Duval : The Wheel of Fortune in English chap-literature.
Despite its relatively unobstrusive nature, the topos of the Wheel of Fortune plays an important role in English chap-literature. It is at the basis of both books of magic and astrology and also many biographies (such as Elizabeth I and the Earl of Essex, Moll Flanders, etc...). Its importance springs from its malleability and its kinship with other commonplaces (notably ' The World Turned Upside Down ') ; together they reveal some of the more secret aspects of these texts.
Livres populaires français et allemands dans l'Europe du Sud-Est
Authors: Duju Alexandre 
Published: June 2016

Alexandru Dutu : French and German popular books in south east
Europe.
In the second half of the 18th Century, popular books were often published in Serbian, Greek and Romanian, and an even greater variety of titles is to be found in manuscript form. Both those who ordered the manuscripts and those who subscribed to the books preferred entertaining works, recounting amazing adventures, which were also educational. At the same time, translators often collaborated in towns such as Vienna, Budapest or Bucarest. A ' middle-brow Culture ' was thus formed, comprising traditional popular works, such as Paris et Vienne or Till Eulenspiegel, and texts by Wieland, Campe, August Lafontaine, Gessner, Fénelon, Florian, Marmontel, Ducray-Duminil. During this period popular books broadened their range and appealed to all tastes, but their composite character was a sign of the future separation of cultural levels.
Les agents nationaux en Bretagne
Authors: Tripier Yves 
Published: June 2016

Yves Tripier : National Agents in Britanny during the Revolution.
National agents in each of the local councils created by the Montagnard Convention (Decree dated 14 Frimaire, an II, 4 December 1793) were charged, under the authority of visiting representatives, with the excution of revolutionary laws and the encouragement of the local authorities who were often considered by the Paris committees to be too moderate and thus likely to hinder the Convention's actions. The task of these important instruments of the Montagnard government was to ' republicanise ' Britanny, which was strongly Catholic and attached to its traditional rights and liberties. This article shows how a revolutionary government, imposed by the capital and threatened from both inside and outside the country, defended itself and extended its control over distant and recalcitrant provinces.
Euler lecteur de Descartes
Authors: Costabel Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Cost ab el : Euler and Descartes.
Euler's writings provide a typical illustration of the way in which Cartesianism was considered in the mid-Eighteenth Century. A systematic inventory of direct quotations made by Euler shows that he had in fact read the available texts by Descartes which concerned his own interests ; in general however he had misunderstood some of the subtleties of Descartes's analyses, in particular concerning the concept of laws of nature.
Une contradiction chez Helvétius : l'herbivore et le carnassier
Authors: Dion Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Françoise Dion-Sigoda : The herbivore and the carnivore, a contradiction in Helvétius.
Helvétius defines man by his physical sensitivity and his passivity in the face of external determinism. At the same time, he uses the state of nature in De l'Homme to show that man is both a herbivorous and a carnivorous animal. This definition, using Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau, should be taken as both moral (the herbivore as good, the carnivore as cruel) and political (sociable versus unsociable). By associating these contradictory ideas, Helvétius wishes to emphasize man's malleability in the hands of the legislator ; but the bitterness caused by the condemnation of De l'Esprit led him more and more to consider man as a wild beast whose cruel drives must be repressed by the legislator. This contradiction between Helvétius the man and his system can be seen clearly in De l'Homme.
Casanova/Fellini ou le bel infidèle
Authors: Mimoso-Ruiz Duarte , Rustin Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Duarte Mimoso-Ruiz and Jacques Rustin : Casanova-Fellini.
Fellini always showed a certain contempt for Casanova di Seingalt, even claiming not to have read his memoirs in order to film his famous Casanova. However, a close study of the 1977 film and the work reveals, behind this apparent contempt and derisive parody, a remarkable study of the text. The ten episodes are well chosen and allow a subtle play on the order of events, which are always traceable (with one exception ?), even if the story tends ever more towards a typically Fellinian free fantasy. The screen-writers' aim was obviously to de-mythify the hero, who is reduced to the level of a stud or a puppet ; one could however argue that in this unequal (and unfair) fight, the very brutality of the film's caricature makes the true Casanova appear in a more favourable light.
Franc-maçonnerie et Église catholique. Motivations politiques des premières condamnations papales
Authors: Ferrer-Benimeli José 
Published: June 2016

Jose A. Ferrer Benimeli : Freemasonry and the Catholic Church. Political motives for the first papal condemnations.
There are two crucial moments in the relations between the Catholic Church and Freemasonry in the 18th Century, namely the condemnations by Clement XII in 1738 and Benedict XIV in 1751. There were obviously political as well as religious reasons for condemning Freemasonry. Rome was merely following the example of other governments who were worried by the atmosphere of secrecy and conspiracy surrounding it. In addition, they did not know exactly what it was or what it involved. However, the immediate reason for Clement XII's condemnation must be sought in Florence, and Benedict XIV's in Naples. In this connection, the voluminous correspondence kept in the Florence and Naples national archives, and in the Vatican's Secret Archives, enables us to follow the development of the two affairs.
La maçonnerie en Autriche
Authors: Reinalter Helmut 
Published: June 2016

Helmut Reinalter : Austrian Freemasonry.
Freemasonry in Austria had a chequered history. After arriving gradually via England and France, it reached its high point with the prestigious lodge «True Concord », directed by Ignaz von Born. However, Joseph II decreed severe restrictions on its activities and development, as he was afraid that Freemasonry would encroach upon his authority. It apparently limited his authority and the central government's control, over some of his subjects. In view of the danger from local nationalisms, this was too great a risk for the monarchy to take. Under the reactionary Franz II, a certain number of supporters of enlightened constitutional monarchy formed a Jacobin movement and many of the Freemasons joined this political opposition.
La musique maçonnique
Authors: Autexier Philippe A. 
Published: June 2016

Philippe Autexier : Masonic music.
There are two criteria which define a piece of music as Masonic, namely the adaptation of the profane repertory to the needs and customs of the lodges (especially the ad notam device) and the presence of typical ritual elements (mainly the words and batteries). Thanks to the latter means, Mozart introduced a Masonic content into works specifically destined for the profane. However, concerts organised by «musical » lodges contained only few works which could be classified as Masonic.
Nouvelles lumières sur la Société olympique
Authors: Chevallier Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Chevallier : New light on the Olympic Society.
Until 1986 the only list of the Olympic Society was the one dating from 1786 in the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris. Thanks to Ms Morillon, of the Manuscript Department of the Bibliothèque nationale, a second copy of this list has been found in the B.N.'s Department of Printed Books. In addition the classification of the Baylot collection brought to light an unknown copy of the 1788 list. A comparison of the two lists indicated 194 hitherto unknown Masons. The most important are the Marquess of Bouillé, the Marquess of Dreux-Brézé, the Prince de Conti, the Baron Ménou, Rochambeau's father and son and the abbé de Véri, confidant of Maurepas, Louis XVI's minister.
L'Art royal dans le Val-de-Loire
Authors: Feneant Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Feneant : Royal art in the Loire valley.
The appearance of Freemasonry in the Loire Valley did not occur early, as the first traces of lodges date from 1744. Then they were rapidly set up in Orléans, Saumur, Tours, Blois and finally Angers, but in the absence of any documents prior to their affiliation to a central Masonic organisation, we can only conjecture as to their origins. After the creation of the Grand Orient, Masonry in the region entered a «golden age », while avoiding excessive Illuminism. In 1789 there were 16 active lodges in 9 towns, not including the chapters of the higher degrees. Their members were merchants, lawyers, government officials, nobles and clerics. They were, however, richer and more aristocratic than the national average. The late 18th-century vogue for Freemasonry shows their desire to meet discreetly and form a miniature ideal society.
Les aspirations féministes dans les loges d'adoption
Authors: Vigni Francesca 
Published: June 2016

Francesca Vigni : Feminist ideals in adoptive lodges.
«Loges d'adoption », which came into existence in France in 1774, were female lodges with a rather superficial ritual and frivolous activities. They were nevertheless important for their ideals, which foreshadowed later female Masonry, and for the interesting problems they posed for 18th-century Freemasonry. The very initiation of these aristocratic women called into question the traditional religious conception of women's inferiority and showed that women were autonomous, free individuals on the same footing as men, sisters sharing human qualities. The female lodges therefore challenged the social order and stood for the ideals of female emancipation.
Polyphème mangeant les compagnons d'Ulysse : une image politique de Diderot
Authors: Goggi Gianluigi 
Published: June 2016

Gianluigi Goggi : Polyphemus eating Ulysses' companions : an image in
Diderot's political language.
The image of Polyphemus eating Ulysses' companions takes on, in Diderot's political language, a metaphorical connotation. This article, by comparing the three occurrences of the image, tries to discover its significance. This is clarified by a comparison with a passage in Locke's Second Treatise (§ 228) and a chapter in Rousseau's Social Contract (I, 4) : the Cyclops is a metaphor for Hobbes's Leviathan, used to criticize the latter's theory of an absolute state. In the intertextual relationship of Diderot's image with Locke's and Rousseau's texts, we can recognize the rhetorical figure called «metaphorical syllepsis ». The polysémie nature of the image is a good example of Diderot's antisystematic writing, sometimes based on «cue-signs » which summarize a whole argument for readers who can grasp their meaning.
Le thème des croisades et l'héritage des Lumières au début du 19e siècle
Authors: Denby David J. 
Published: June 2016

David J. Denby : The theme of the crusades and the enlightenment's
legacy in the early 19th century.
The true horizon of the debate in three little-known texts on the Crusades from the period 1805-1822 is the historical importance of Enlightenment values in the post-Revolutionary world. Mme Cottin's Mathilde dramatises a conflict between love and religion, happiness and renunciation, which remains unresolved and ideologically undetermined. In Michaud's Histoire des croisades, an ultra reading of the Crusades, a dichotomy emerges between a nostalgic, reactionary absorption in the past and an anachronistic, critical presentation of past values. Vernes's explicit rewriting of Cottin reveals the persistence and adaptation of 18th-century models : the love-story is the bearer of values of democracy, laicity and happiness, and the novel functions as a novel af education.
Le roman en France en 1789
Authors: Cook Malcolm 
Published: June 2016

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Long novels, popular as they were in 1789, did not portray a precise revolutionary reality. The most striking novel of 1789, Lavallée's Le Nègre comme il y a peu de blancs is an effective example of political propaganda in fiction. It is analysed here in relation to the political pamphlets of the period which dealt specifically with the slave trade. Many short political pamphlets used fictional allegorical forms. Three are studied here : Le Royaume de Naudelit ; Le Rêve philosophique de Bryltophend ; and Une nuit de Babylone. Using allegorical veils, these works offer transpositions of the revolutionary reality but tend, as do the majority of short contemporary fictional works, to favour a conservative view.
Chronologie posthume, Montesquieu 1755-1961
Authors: Benrekassa Georges 
Published: June 2016

Georges Benrekassa : Montesquieu, 1755-1961.
This chronological essay lists the main events, publications, and political and intellectual developments, from the time of Montesquieu's death up until R. Shackleton's critical biography, which show the continuing influence of his work.
Fallait-il brûler L'Esprit des lois ?
Authors: Duranton Henri 
Published: June 2016

Henri Duranton : Should the Esprit des lois have been burnt ?
In the months preceding the meeting of the Estates General Montesquieu's popularity, which was at first great, rapidly slumped. From being the chief reference in political pamphlets, he became a dangerous author who was refuted and later forgotten. This strange destiny parallels that of the Parlements, which were feted in early 1788 as the «fathers of the country » and considered a few months later as enemies to be fought. The relationship between these two developments is not merely symmetrical or one of cause and effect ; instead, they both reveal a form of political reasoning. The defeat of Montesquieu and the Parlements is not only related to events of the moment, but also indicates the emergence of a new ideology.
Montesquieu républicain ? De l'interprétation universitaire pendant la IIIe République
Authors: Larrère Catherine 
Published: June 2016

Catherine Larrère : Was Montesquieu a republican ?
This article attempts to define the relationship between Montesquieu the republican who was considered as one of the founding fathers of the Third Republic, and Montesquieu the sociologist on whom Durkheim wrote his Latin thesis. This Montesquieu, concerned with facts and their relationships rather than with ideal essences, conforms to the scientific model which suited the Republic, namely positive science in which modern scientific culture should replace traditional literary rhetoric. But between scientia politico, to which Montesquieu still belonged, and sociology, whose precursor Durkheim wanted to be, politics has vanished. This does not however apply to morality, which Durkheim reworks as the science of morals. This still comes down to founding the Republic on virtue.
Table ronde : Montesquieu et la culture politique d'aujourd'hui
Authors: Benrekassa Georges 
Published: June 2016

Montesquieu and political culture today (Round Table).
This is a synopsis of a round table in which some of the authors in this issue and other Montesquieu specialists participated. They were concerned to analyse how Montesquieu's thought has withstood the test of history and in particular the Revolution (the idea of a constitution, individual rights, and the influence of events in America and other European countries). In addition they discussed the difficulty of reading Montesquieu today, beyond rigid constitutional interpretations and cultural differences, precisely because of his thought processes, and they emphasized his importance in the awareness of the autonomy (but not independence) of politics.
Le livre embastillé
Authors: Rogers Rebecca 
Published: June 2016

Rebecca Rogers : Books in the Bastille.
This article describes the characteristics and circulation of forbidden books in Paris in the final decade of the Old Regime. Drawing on the archives of the Bastille, of the library corporation and of Anisson Duperron, the author brings to light the transformations which occur in the administrative repression of censored books in this period. Suspensions become less frequent as do jail sentences for their production and circulation. The second part of the article deals with the books actually imprisoned in the Bastille. The type of book, author and number of suspensions are all examined in an effort to understand the literature which served to undermine the Old Regime.
L'Affaire Milscent (1794)
Authors: Bénot Yves 
Published: June 2016

Yves Benot : The Milscent affair (1794).
This article studies the circumstances in which the Creole revolutionary Milscent was condemned to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal for alleged perjury. This investigation came up against certain problems due to the strange disappearance of documents. It did however turn up three hitherto unknown numbers of Milscent's paper Le Créole Patriote, which was denounced by the colonial landowners. They throw light on the fateful trial itself. In appendix we provide a preliminary inventory of the three incomplete collections of Le Créole Patriote to be found in Paris.
La galerie du marquis de Sade au Château de La Coste
Authors: Champarnaud François 
Published: June 2016

François Champarnaud : The Marquis de Sade's art gallery' in the château de La Coste.
The Marquis de Sade's paintings hanging in the château de La Coste in Provence are known from two inventories, in 1769 and 1778. This article first tries to indicate the genres preferred by the owner and his family and then tries to place them in the house. This short study shows that they can be divided into three categories : the «grand genre » (copies of Raphael, Le Sueur, etc.), engravings from the beginning of the century (in the style of Boucher, Nattier or Lancret) and paintings related to the Sade family (in particularly his father's diplomatic career). This study is a first step towards a more complete evaluation of the influence of painting in Sade's literary work.
L'activité d'une loge de Bordeaux entre 1780 et 1782
Authors: Coutura Johel 
Published: June 2016

Johel Coutura : The activities of a Bordeaux masonic lodge (1780-82).
The acquisition by the Grand Orient de France library of the registers of one of the numerous Bordeaux lodges, L'Étoile Flamboyante aux Trois Lys, gives us a rare chance to study the everyday workings of a lodge, despite covering only three years. This small lodge of about twenty members, mainly traders, suffered from their frequent absences and serious financial difficulties. The registers give information about the running of the lodge, the organisation of banquets, the rites used, the officers and ceremonial. Unfortunately the details of the accounts are not known, nor is the work in the meetings, which would have shown how far they were influenced by new ideas. We do however find quite a large number of visitors, including several foreigners.