bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deterministic Tractography of the Descending Tract of the Spinal Trigeminal Nerve Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Burkett Daniel J. , Garst Jonathan R. , Hill Jacquelyn P. , Kam Anthony , Anderson Douglas E. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEPain information from the face enters the pons via the trigeminal nerve before creating an anatomical “elbow” that turns caudally into the spinal trigeminal tract (SpTV). Visualization of the descending tract of the trigeminal nerve as it begins its descent from the nerve root entry zone (NREZ) in the pons would improve the accuracy of current procedures aimed at altering or lesioning the trigeminal nerve within the brainstem. The focus of this study was to develop a standardized protocol using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and deterministic tractography methods to image the SpTV. There are currently no standard techniques used to visualize the trigeminal nerve using DTI.METHODSDTI and tractography were performed on 20 patients: 17 with trigeminal neuralgia (TN), 1 with hemifacial spasm, 1 with a facial nerve tumor, and 1 with an arteriovenous malformation. A standardized protocol was developed using regions of interest (ROIs) located at the SpTV, as determined by a brainstem atlas, and the NREZ.RESULTSUsing our standardized protocol, the descending tract of the trigeminal nerve was successfully visualized in all 20 patients. Trigeminal fibers entered the pons at the NREZ and descended through the SpTV. The accuracy of the visualized tract was confirmed through coregistration with a stereotactic atlas and anatomical scan.CONCLUSIONA successful, robust DTI imaging and postprocessing protocol of the SpTV contributes to our understanding of its anatomical distribution within the brainstem and is a potentially new neurosurgical planning tool.
Human capability in the perception of extensional and shear viscosity
Authors: Lv Zhihong , Chen Jianshe , Holmes Melvin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractShear and extensional deformation are two basic rheological phenomena which occur commonly in our daily life. Because of the very different nature of the two deformations, fluid materials may exhibit significant differences in their responses to shear and extensional forces. This work investigated the human perception of shear and extensional viscosity and tested the hypothesis that human have different discriminatory sensation mechanisms including scaling to the two deformations. A series of fluid samples were prepared using two common food thickeners, guar gum and sodium carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC‐Na). The shear and extensional flow behavior of these fluids were assessed using shear and extensional rheometers and in addition two separate sensory analysis sessions were organized to assess human sensitivity in perceiving the two viscosities. Magnitude estimation was used in the first session to assess human sensitivity in the perception of the shear and extensional viscosities and just‐noticeable‐difference (JND) assessment was used for the second session to identify the typical threshold of viscosity discrimination. For the participants considered, it was found that the perception of both shear and extensional viscosity follow a power law relationship i.e. Steven's law. It was also observed that the human has a greater discriminatory capacity in perceiving extensional viscosity. JND analysis showed that the human threshold in detecting shear viscosity difference was 9.33%, but only 6.20% for extensional viscosity.Practical applicationsShear and extensional deformation are two basic rheological properties which occur during food manipulation, mastication, deglutition executed during oral consumption and also in the processing and packaging of foods. Fluid resistance against shear and extensional deformation differ widely and whilst this has been confirmed theoretically and experimentally, a clear understanding of human perception of these properties will have beneficial returns to the food industry in designing and manufacturing of high quality, nutritious food to suit consumers' need (Laguna, Aktar, Ettelaie, Holmes, & Chen, 2016).
Blood mercury concentrations in common bottlenose dolphins from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida: Patterns of social distribution
Authors: Titcomb Elizabeth Murdoch , Reif John S. , Fair Patricia A. , Stavros Hui‐Chen W. , Mazzoil Marilyn , Bossart Gregory D. , Schaefer Adam M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSocial network analysis has been shown to be effective in studying the social structure of cetacean populations. Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, have among the highest concentrations of total mercury (THg) in blood reported worldwide. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between THg concentrations in IRL dolphins and their social affiliations. Whole blood samples from 98 dolphins with photo‐identification sighting histories were collected between 2003–2007 and 2010–2012. Dolphins were categorized into approximate tertiles of low (mean 199.7 μg/L), medium (mean 366.8 μg/L), and high (mean 990.5 μg/L) THg exposure. Social associations between individual dolphins were defined by the proportion of sightings documented with another known individual. Social network measures of individuals and associations between dyads were examined to determine differences among THg categories. Strong social affiliations of individuals within the highest category of THg were found (P = 0.04), suggesting shared exposures among dolphins foraging in specific areas of the estuary. Network measures of strength and affinity were significantly higher in the highest exposure category. This report used social network analysis as a novel way to examine patterns of exposure to an environmental contaminant in a cetacean population.
Maternal Interpersonal Trauma and Child Social‐Emotional Development: An Intergenerational Effect
Authors: Folger Alonzo T. , Putnam Karen T. , Putnam Frank W. , Peugh James L. , Eismann Emily A. , Sa Ting , Shapiro Robert A. , Van Ginkel Judith B. , Ammerman Robert T. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundEvidence suggests that maternal interpersonal trauma can adversely affect offspring health, but little is known about potential transmission pathways. We investigated whether interpersonal trauma exposure had direct and indirect associations with offspring social‐emotional development at 12‐months of age in an at‐risk, home visited population.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted of 1172 mother‐child dyads who participated in a multi‐site, early childhood home visiting program. Children were born January 2007 to June 2010 and data were collected at enrolment (prenatal/birth) through 12‐months of age. Multivariable path analyses were used to examine the relationship between maternal interpersonal trauma, subsequent psychosocial mediators (maternal depressive symptoms, social support, and home environment), and the outcome of child social‐emotional development measured with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social‐Emotional (ASQ:SE). Maternal interpersonal trauma was characterized as any previous exposure, the level of exposure, and type (e.g. abuse) of exposure.ResultsThe prevalence of maternal interpersonal trauma exposure was 69.1%, and exposures ranged from 1 type (19.3%) to 7 types (2.3%). Interpersonal trauma was associated with a 3.6 point (95% confidence interval 1.8, 5.4) higher ASQ:SE score among offspring and indicated greater developmental risk. An estimated 23.4% of the total effect was mediated by increased maternal depressive symptoms and lower social support. Differential effects were observed by the level and type of interpersonal trauma exposure.ConclusionMaternal interpersonal trauma exposures can negatively impact child social‐emotional development, acting in part through maternal psychosocial factors. Future research is needed to further elucidate the mechanisms of intergenerational risk.
The influence of social stress on time perception and psychophysiological reactivity
Authors: van Hedger Kathryne , Necka Elizabeth A. , Barakzai Anam K. , Norman Greg J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTime perception is a fundamental component of everyday life. Although time can be measured using standard units, the relationship between an individual's experience of perceived time and a standard unit is highly sensitive to context. Stressful and threatening stimuli have been previously shown to produce time distortion effects, such that individuals perceive the stimuli as lasting for different amounts of time as compared to a standard unit. As a highly social species, humans are acutely sensitive to social stressors; however, time distortion effects have not been studied in the context of social stress. We collected psychophysiological (electrocardiogram and impedance cardiography) and time perception data before, during, and after a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test for 42 participants. Based on prior theories and evidence from the time perception literature, we hypothesized that experiencing a stressful event would result in time distortion. This hypothesis was supported by the data, with individuals on average reproducing short and long duration negative and positive stimuli as lasting longer after experiencing social stress, t(41) = −3.55, p = .001, and t(41) = −4.12, p < .001 for negative stimuli, and t(41) = −2.43, p = .02, and t(41) = −3.07, p = .004 for positive stimuli. However, changes in time perception were largely unrelated to psychophysiological reactivity to social stress. These findings are in line with some other studies of time distortion, and provide evidence for the interoceptive salience model of time perception. Implications for mechanisms of time distortion are discussed.
Structuring an Enterprise Risk Assessment Protocol: Traditional Practice and New Methods
Authors: Abkowitz Mark , Camp Janey 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn a world that has become increasingly complex, enterprise risk management (ERM) has emerged as a practice for identifying reasonably foreseeable hazards that pose risks to an organization, both its physical and human assets. Due to the breadth and depth of factors that can impact an organization's risk portfolio, it is incumbent that the underlying risk assessment process that supports ERM embodies a holistic and systematic approach. This is easier said than done, however, as much of the effort in self‐acclaimed ERM programs remain entrenched in compartmentalized parts of the organization or ignore threats that are “outside of the box” of the operating environment to which management is accustomed. This environment therefore creates opportunities for key risks to go unnoticed. The authors propose a comprehensive, yet flexible framework for overcoming this challenge, an approach that can be utilized by both the public and private sector. A sample application is provided, using a free, web‐based tool developed as part of the initiative.
Polysaccharide Utilization Loci: Fueling Microbial Communities
Authors: Grondin Julie M. , Tamura Kazune , Déjean Guillaume , Abbott D. Wade , Brumer Harry 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

The complex carbohydrates of terrestrial and marine biomass represent a rich nutrient source for free-living and mutualistic microbes alike. The enzymatic saccharification of these diverse substrates is of critical importance for fueling a variety of complex microbial communities, including marine, soil, ruminant, and monogastric microbiota. Consequently, highly specific carbohydrate-active enzymes, recognition proteins, and transporters are enriched in the genomes of certain species and are of critical importance in competitive environments. In
Bacteroidetes
bacteria, these systems are organized as polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs), which are strictly regulated, colocalized gene clusters that encode enzyme and protein ensembles required for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates. This review provides historical perspectives and summarizes key findings in the study of these systems, highlighting a critical shift from sequence-based PUL discovery to systems-based analyses combining reverse genetics, biochemistry, enzymology, and structural biology to precisely illuminate the molecular mechanisms underpinning PUL function. The ecological implications of dynamic PUL deployment by key species in the human gastrointestinal tract are explored, as well as the wider distribution of these systems in other gut, terrestrial, and marine environments.
Treatment strategies for women with WHO group II anovulation: systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Rui , Kim Bobae V , van Wely Madelon , Johnson Neil P , Costello Michael F , Zhang Hanwang , Ng Ernest Hung Yu , Legro Richard S , Bhattacharya Siladitya , Norman Robert J , Mol Ben Willem J 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Objective
To compare the effectiveness of alternative first line treatment options for women with WHO group II anovulation wishing to conceive.

Design
Systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Data sources
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, and Embase, up to 11 April 2016.

Study selection
Randomised controlled trials comparing eight ovulation induction treatments in women with WHO group II anovulation: clomiphene, letrozole, metformin, clomiphene and metformin combined, tamoxifen, gonadotropins, laparoscopic ovarian drilling, and placebo or no treatment. Study quality was measured on the basis of the methodology and categories described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. Pregnancy, defined preferably as clinical pregnancy, was the primary outcome; live birth, ovulation, miscarriage, and multiple pregnancy were secondary outcomes.

Results
Of 2631 titles and abstracts initially identified, 54 trials reporting on 7173 women were included. All pharmacological treatments were superior to placebo or no intervention in terms of pregnancy and ovulation. Compared with clomiphene alone, both letrozole and the combination of clomiphene and metformin showed higher pregnancy rates (odds ratio 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.33 to 2.14; 1.71, 1.28 to 2.27; respectively). Letrozole led to higher live birth rates when compared with clomiphene alone (1.67, 1.11 to 2.49). Metformin led to lower multiple pregnancy rates compared with clomiphene alone (0.22, 0.05 to 0.93).

Conclusions
In women with WHO group II anovulation, letrozole and the combination of clomiphene and metformin are superior to clomiphene alone in terms of pregnancy. Compared with clomiphene alone, letrozole is the only treatment showing a significantly higher rate of live birth.

Systematic review registration
PROSPERO CRD42015027579.

Readers’ note
This is the second version of this paper. The original version was corrected following the retraction of two studies and removal of another which were ineligible (references 40, 41, and 75 of the original paper). These studies are not shown in this version. A tracked changes version of the original version is attached as a supplementary file to the correction notice, which explains the issue further.
Efficiency of physical therapy on postural imbalance after stroke: study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hugues A , Di Marco J , Janiaud P , Xue Y , Pires J , Khademi H , Cucherat M , Bonan I , Gueyffier F , Rode G 
Published: January 2017

IntroductionStroke frequently results in balance disorders, leading to lower levels of activity and a diminution in autonomy. Current physical therapies (PT) aiming to reduce postural imbalance have shown a large variety of effects with low levels of evidence. The objectives are to determine the efficiency of PT in recovering from postural imbalance in patients after a stroke and to assess which PT is more effective.Methods and analysisWe will search several databases from inception to October 2015. Only randomised controlled trials assessing PT to recover from poststroke postural imbalance in adults will be considered.Outcome measures will be the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS), the ‘weight-bearing asymmetry’ (WBA), the ‘centre of pressure’ (COP) and the ‘limit of stability’ (LOS). WBA, COP and LOS are measured by a (sitting or standing) static evaluation on force plate or another device.Two independent reviewers will screen titles, abstracts and full-text articles, evaluate the risk of bias and will perform data extraction. In addition to the outcomes, measures of independence will be analysed. This study will aim at determining the effects of PT on the function (WBA, COP, LOS), the activity (BBS, PASS) and the independence of patients. Subgroup analyses will be planned according to the location of brain lesion (hemispheric, brainstem or cerebellum), the time since stroke (early, late, chronic), the PT (type, main aim (direct effect or generalisation), overall duration), the type of approaches (top-down or bottom-up) and the methodological quality of studies.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical statement will be required. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. This meta-analysis aims at managing the rehabilitation after postural imbalance by PT after a stroke.Trial registration numberProsperoCRD42016037966;Pre-results.
Effects of run sprint interval training on healthy, inactive, overweight/obese women: A pilot study
Authors: Rowley Taylor W. , Espinoza Jennifer L. , Akers Jeremy D. , Wenos David L. , Edwards Elizabeth S. 
Published: January 2017

This study examined the effects of a 12 week, treadmill-based, run sprint interval training (SIT) protocol compared with that of a moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocol in healthy, inactive, overweight/obese women, on cardiovascular disease risk factors. After random assignment, the SIT group completed 4–10 × 30 s maximal sprints, with a 4 min active recovery between sprints, and the MICT group completed 30–60 min at moderate intensity (45–55% heart rate reserve (HRR)). The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded for each session, and perceived enjoyment was quantified every 3 weeks. Clinical and fitness testing were completed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Twelve female participants (age: 34.1 ± 6.1; body mass index (BMI): 31.3 ± 6.8; VO2peak: 27.0 ± 6.2) completed the intervention. There were significant main effects for time for VO2peak ( p = 0.001), body fat percentage ( p = 0.001), and session RPE ( p = 0.006). VO2peak improved 20.7% in the SIT group ( n = 5) and 24.4% in the MICT group ( n = 7). Body fat percentage reduced by 1.7% in the SIT group and 2.6% in the MICT group. Perceived enjoyment was similarly high between the groups despite higher session RPE in the SIT group ( p = 0.441). SIT training on a motor-driven treadmill elicits similar improvements in oxygen utilization and body composition as moderate-intensity training in this population.
MET Copy Number Gain Is Associated with Gefitinib Resistance in Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis of EGFR-mutant Lung Cancer
Authors: Nanjo Shigeki , Arai Sachiko , Wang Wei , Takeuchi Shinji , Yamada Tadaaki , Hata Akito , Katakami Nobuyuki , Okada Yasunori , Yano Seiji 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis occurs frequently in EGFR-mutant lung cancer, and develops acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of EGFR-TKI resistance in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis and seek for a novel therapeutic strategy. We examined EGFR mutations, including the T790M gatekeeper mutation, in 32 re-biopsy specimens from 12 leptomeningeal carcinomatosis and 20 extracranial lesions of EGFR-mutant lung cancer patients who became refractory to EGFR-TKI treatment. All the 32 specimens had the same baseline EGFR mutations, but the T790M mutation was less frequent in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis specimens than in extracranial specimens (8% vs. 55%, P &lt; 0.01). To study molecular mechanisms of acquired EGFR-TKI resistance in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, we utilized our previously developed mouse model of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis with the EGFR-mutant lung cancer cell line PC-9/ffluc cells, in which acquired resistance to gefitinib was induced by continuous oral treatment. Compared with subcutaneously inoculated gefitinib-resistant tumors, the T790M mutation was less frequent in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis that acquired resistance to gefitinib. PC-9/LMC-GR cells were established from the gefitinib-resistant leptomeningeal carcinomatosis model, and they were found to be intermediately resistant to gefitinib and osimertinib (third-generation EGFR-TKI). Although EGFR-T790M was negative, gefitinib resistance of PC-9/LMC-GR cells was related to MET copy number gain with MET activation. Moreover, combined use of EGFR-TKI and crizotinib, a MET inhibitor, dramatically regressed leptomeningeal carcinomatosis with acquired resistance to gefitinib or osimertinib. These findings suggest that combination therapy with MET inhibitors may be promising for controlling leptomeningeal carcinomatosis that acquires resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(3); 506–15. ©2017 AACR.
Postmenopausal Women With Greater Paracardial Fat Have More Coronary Artery Calcification Than Premenopausal Women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Cardiovascular Fat Ancillary Study
Authors: El Khoudary Samar R. , Shields Kelly J. , Janssen Imke , Budoff Matthew J. , Everson‐Rose Susan A. , Powell Lynda H. , Matthews Karen A. 
Published: January 2017

Background

Volumes of paracardial adipose tissue (
PAT
) and epicardial adipose tissue (
EAT
) are greater after menopause. Interestingly,
PAT
but not
EAT
is associated with estradiol decline, suggesting a potential role of menopause in
PAT
accumulation. We assessed whether volumes of heart fat depot (
EAT
and
PAT
) were associated with coronary artery calcification (
CAC
) in women at midlife and whether these associations were modified by menopausal status and estradiol levels.

Methods and Results

EAT
and
PAT
volumes and
CAC
were measured using electron beam computed tomography scans.
CAC
was evaluated as (1) the presence of
CAC
(
CAC
Agatston score ≥10) and (2) the extent of any
CAC
(log
CAC
Agatston score >0). The study included 478 women aged 50.9 years (58% pre‐ or early perimenopausal, 10% late perimenopausal, and 32% postmenopausal).
EAT
was significantly associated with
CAC
measures, and these associations were not modified by menopausal status or estradiol. In contrast, associations between
PAT
and
CAC
measures were modified by menopausal status (interaction‐
P
≤0.01). Independent of study covariates including other adiposity measures, each 1‐SD unit increase in log
PAT
was associated with 102% higher risk of
CAC
presence (
P
=0.04) and an 80% increase in
CAC
extent (
P
=0.008) in postmenopausal women compared with pre‐ or early perimenopausal women. Additional adjustment for estradiol and hormone therapy attenuated these differences. Moreover, the association between
PAT
and
CAC
extent was stronger in women with lower estradiol levels (interaction
P
=0.004).

Conclusions

The findings suggest that
PAT
is a potential menopause‐specific coronary artery disease risk marker, supporting the need to monitor and target this fat depot for intervention in women at midlife.