bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Transport in Expanded Austenite Formed in Stainless Steels and CoCr Base Alloys
Authors: Manova D. , Mändl S. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Expanded austenite is a very hard and wear resistant phase observed after nitrogen insertion into austenitic stainless steels and CoCr alloys and while maintaining their excellent corrosion resistance. Plasma nitriding, plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII), and low energy ion implantation (LEII), among others, are employed to form this phase in the temperature region of 350°C–450°C. The nitrogen supply rate does influence the transport with a transition from a supply limited to a diffusion limited mode is observed. This saturation shifts to higher current densities for higher process temperatures. In saturation, activation energies of 0.8 eV for the nitrogen diffusion is obtained for both classes of alloys. At elevated temperatures, the expanded phase starts to decay into CrN/Cr2N and a Cr-depleted matrix. Initially, a competition between forming these precipitates and long-range diffusion for reduction of concentration gradients is present. Without additional nitrogen insertion from the surface, the gradual decay of expanded austenite leads to very unusual nitrogen depth profiles. The phase transition is initiated from the surface, while the continuing nitrogen redistribution from the expanded phase towards the substrate dominates at the interface. For additional nitrogen insertion from the surface, a much more complex picture emerges. Whereas austenitic steels allow fast nitrogen diffusion with accelerating layer growth for longer times with faster transport through the formed Cr-free FeNi network, no additional nitrogen uptake occurs for CoCr alloys as the Cr-depleted Co matrix does not permit nitrogen transport. Thus, the layer thickness at lower temperatures can be larger than at higher temperatures in this case.
Kinetics of Layers Produced on Niobium by Salt Bath Boriding
Authors: Mariani F. E. , Takeya G. S. , Casteletti L. C. , Lombardi A. N. , Totten G. E. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
In this study, the growth kinetics of NbB2 (niobium boride) layers on pure niobium by boriding was described. The boronizing process was performed in a salt bath composed of borax (sodium borate) and aluminum (10 wt.%). The processing temperatures used were 1123, 1173, 1223, 1273, and 1323 K with residence times in the bath of 2, 4, and 6 h. The borided samples were characterized with respect to hardness and layer kinetics formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XDR), and Vickers hardness tests were performed. The formation of niobium boride on the surface of pure niobium was confirmed by XRD analysis. The value of Vickers hardness of the layer was up to 2700 HV0.5. The growth kinetics were analyzed by measuring the depth of niobium boride layer as a function of time and temperature. The kinetics equation of the treatment has also been determined with Arrhenius equation K = K0 exp(−Q/RT). The results showed that the diffusion coefficient (K) of the process increased with treatment temperature. Activation energy (Q) for boriding treatment was calculated as 362 kJ/mol.
Synaptic Adhesion Molecule Pcdh-γC5 Mediates Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Li Yanfang , Chen Zhicai , Gao Yue , Pan Gaojie , Zheng Honghua , Zhang Yunwu , Xu Huaxi , Bu Guojun , Zheng Hui 
Published: August 2017

Synaptic dysfunction and neuronal excitatory/inhibitory imbalance have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Although intensive studies have been focused on the excitatory synaptic system, much less is known concerning the mechanisms mediating inhibitory synaptic dysfunction in AD. We reported previously that protocadherin-γC5 (Pcdh-γC5), a member of clustered Pcdh-γ subfamily of cadherin-type synaptic adhesion proteins, functions to promote GABAergic synaptic transmission. We reveal here that Pcdh-γC5 is enriched in vesicular GABA transporter-positive synaptic puncta and its expression levels are increased in neuronal hyperexcitation conditions, upon β-amyloid (Aβ) treatment, and in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1)-transgenic mice of both sexes. This is associated with elevated levels of GABAergic proteins and enhanced synaptic inhibition. Genetic knock-down experiments showed that Pcdh-γC5 modulates spontaneous synaptic currents and Aβ-induced synaptic alterations directly. Our results support a model in which Pcdh-γC5 senses neuronal hyperexcitation to augment GABAergic inhibition. This adaptive mechanism may be dysregulated under chronic excitation conditions such as AD, leading to aberrant Pcdh-γC5 expression and associated synaptic dysfunction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSynaptic dysfunction is causal for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we reveal a novel pathway that contributes GABAergic synaptic dysfunction in AD mediated by protocadherin-γC5. Our study not only identifies a new mechanism mediating excitatory/inhibitory balance in AD, but may also offer a new target for potential therapeutic intervention.
Home-made development in Bolivia
Authors: Iamamoto Sue Angélica Serra 
Published: August 2017

Este artigo investiga como o movimento de bairro da cidade de El Alto, um movimento social chave na Bolívia contemporânea, retratou e construiu ideias de desenvolvimento durante os protestos de outubro de 2003, a chamada “Guerra do Gas”. Sua perspectiva era informada por ideologias transnacionais – como o progresso, a modernização e o desenvolvimento – e a memória coletiva profundamente enraizada da Guerra do Pacífico. Diferentemente de outras experiências nacionalistas, esse movimento que “avança enquanto olha para trás” procurou reestabelecer um equilíbrio de poderes em vez de promover a superioridade do grupo. Essa ênfase na igualdade traz possibilidades de diálogo com o paradigma de desenvolvimento emergente de vivir bien. Este artigo contribui para uma discussão mais geral sobre o conflito entre o desenvolvimento e o vivir bien na América Latina. Em vez de descartar rapidamente este novo paradigma como sendo demasiado normativo e distante das realidades das pessoas pobres, identifica os possíveis encontros entre eles.
¿Qué significa ser moderno para un latinoamericano del siglo XXI?
Authors: Arocena Felipe 
Published: August 2017

¿Qué significa ser moderno para un latinoamericano del siglo XXI? La reflexión sobre esta interrogante será el objetivo central de este ensayo, aunque, a medida que avance, aparecerán otras que servirán como punto de apoyo transitorio: ¿qué es lo que suele entenderse por ser moderno hoy? ¿Qué ha significado ser moderno en la historia? ¿Cómo interpretó lo moderno la teoría sociológica latinoamericana? ¿Qué vínculos hay entre lo moderno, el desarrollo y el progreso? La tesis que se sostiene es que la tecnología es la fuerza principal que determina qué es y qué no es moderno o, como lo define el diccionario: qué es y qué no es “de nuestro tiempo”. No obstante, un latinoamericano moderno del siglo XXI es aquél que intenta ser parte del tiempo que le toca vivir y simultáneamente se pregunta por su propia identidad: ¿qué queremos ser?
Clinicopathological features and incidence of micrometastases in the bone marrow and peritoneum in advanced carcinoma of stomach in Indian patients
Authors: Samraj Anita , Mathew George , Nair Aravindan 
Published: August 2017

Background: Gastric cancer is associated with high mortality. The current five-year survival rate is less than 20%. Preventing the development of gastric cancer or finding it at the earliest possible stage is a far more cost-effective way of dealing with this tumour than the treatment of patients with advanced local regional or metastatic disease. The introduction of immunocytological methods that using monoclonal antibodies, sensitive enough to identify even single tumour cells can now be used to detect secondary metastatic sites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the patients with advanced gastric carcinoma using various factors such as presenting symptoms, predisposing risk factors and evidence of micro metastases by analysis of bone marrow and peritoneal cytology and also to identify any specific risk factors in a group of patients and if there were evidence of early micro metastases in these patients.Methods: Around 30 patients with histologically and endoscopically diagnosed gastric carcinoma, admitted in CMCH, surgery unit I was included in the study. All patients with gastric carcinoma had bone marrow smear and biopsy prior to surgery.Results: In all 30 patients, the periperal bone marrow smears and the bone marrow biopsy was negative for malignant cells. Only 1 patient had evidence of atypical cells on examination of the peritoneal fluid for cytology. 14 patients had less than 3 lymph nodes positive. In 7 patients, more than 3 lymph nodes were positive. 23.3% of the patients had H.Pylori associated gastritis.Conclusions: Smoking and alcohol were found to be significant risk factor. There was a significant association of H.pylori infection in the group. There was only one patient detected to have malignant cells in the peritoneal washings analyzed cytologically. In this study, no significant incidence of micro metastases in the bone marrow or elevated CEA levels in the peritoneal fluid were found.
Prospective study to evaluate the risk factors associated with mortality in neonatal septicemia
Authors: Khurana Mandeep Singh , Malik Supriya , Narang Gursharan Singh , Saini Ritish 
Published: August 2017

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of bacteremia characterized by systemic signs and symptoms of infection in the first month of life. Neonatal sepsis refers to infection occuring within the neonatal period i.e. first 28 days of life for a term baby and up to 4 weeks beyond the expected date of delivery in a preterm baby. Neonatal sepsis is one of the major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality.Methods: The present study is a prospective observational study conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (SGRDIMSAR), Sri Amritsar over a period of one year from January 2015 to January 2016. Aim of the study is to know the incidence of neonatal sepsis, to study bacteriology of neonatal septicemia and to evaluate the risk factors associated with mortality in neonatal sepsis in our hospital.Results: During the study period (January 2015 to January 2016), 727 neonates were admitted in NICU of SGRDIMSAR, Sri Amritsar. Out of them, 109 neonates were diagnosed as having septicemia. Incidence of neonatal sepsis in our hospital in this study is 149.9/1000 neonatal admissions. 59 (54.1%) neonates had positive blood culture. Out of 109 septic neonates, 50 died and 59 survived. Mortality observed in the present study is 45.9%.Conclusions: It is concluded from present study that the main factors associated with neonatal mortality are low birth weight, prematurity, positive blood culture, neutropenia and prolonged prothrombin time. Some of the risk factors like low birth weight and prematurity are preventable by proper antenatal check ups and measures can be taken for safe and hygienic delivery. Babies with risk factors should be monitored closely for early detection of sepsis and the neonates with sepsis having abnormal laboratory parameters should be subjected to appropriate therapeutic intervention in order to decrease the mortality.
Evaluation of persistent pneumonia and percutaneous needle aspiration of lung as a tool in the etiological evaluation of children with persistent pneumonia
Authors: Govindaraj Srinivasan , Santhakumaran Perumalpillai , Thirumalaikumarasamy Sivaraman 
Published: August 2017

Background: Persistent pneumonia contributes to a significant proportion of morbidity and mortality due to lower respiratory tract infections. Very few studies have been done in this field worldwide. The present study was aimed at diagnosis of children with persistent pneumonia and the use of percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration of the lung as a tool in the etiological evaluation.Methods: A descriptive study was designed to study the children of one month to twelve years of age with persistent pneumonia admitted in various units and the Department of pulmonology, Institute of child health and hospital for children (ICH and HC), Egmorebetween January 2004-March 2006. The study sample was also obtained from other pediatric teaching hospitals in the city by informing them in advance regarding the nature and aim of study.Results: The common complaints in the children were cough, fever, breathlessness, irritability, poor feeding and failure to thrive. The common clinical features were fever, tachypnea, dyspnea and the presence of crackes on auscultation. Malnutrition was found to be a common accompaniment. Lung aspiration revealed a specific bacterial etiology in 32% of the cases and identified one case of tuberculosis which was not detected in other earlier investigations. This procedure is a simple and the most direct way of obtaining a specimen from lung parenchyma without the risk of contamination from other floras.Conclusions: The lung aspiration should be done if the advantage of a specific etiologic diagnosis outweighs the small risk associated with the procedure.
Opportunistic infections in HIV infected children and its correlation with CD4 count
Authors: K. R. Ravichandra , Praharaj Bikash Ranjan , Agarwalla Sunil 
Published: August 2017

Background: HIV infected children usually have higher viral load, weaker immune system, variable latency period, fewer opportunistic infections and fewer medicines approved for management. Knowledge of the clinical profile in HIV infected children will help in better understanding of the disease and management. The present study was aimed to study the clinical presentation, opportunistic infections, WHO clinical stage, nutritional status and its correlation with CD4 count.Methods: 50 children below 14 years of age and seropositive for HIV were included in this study and were categorized into WHO clinical stages. They were further classified based on CD4 count values in accordance with WHO classification of immunodeficiency.Results: In the study 30% of children were in the age group of 4 to 7 years. The mean age of presentation was 7.12 years. 56% of children presented with WHO clinical stage III and 30% with stage IV at first visit. Vertical transmission was the predominant mode of transmission. Anaemia (48%), fever (42%) and cough (34%) were common symptoms. Pulmonary tuberculosis (28%) was the most common opportunistic infection seen at mean CD4 count of 267±5.37.Conclusions: The manifestations of HIV infection in children mimic a number of other illnesses. Anaemia, fever and cough were the common presenting clinical features. Tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV infected children. As WHO clinical stage and grade of PEM increases CD4 count decreases. CD4 count is a reliable marker of disease progression in HIV infected children.
A study of clinico-immunological response to art in HIV infected children in western Rajasthan
Authors: Verma Suresh Kumar , Mourya Harish Kumar , Mourya Saroj , Nangal Laxman 
Published: August 2017

Background: Study of clinico immunological response to antiretroviral drugs in HIV infected children.Methods: 50 HIV positive children after immunological categorization put on first line pediatric ART treatment according to pediatric ART NACO guideline, side effect, clinical response (in the form of change of WHO clinical staging), and immunological response (in the form of change of CD4 count, and immunological staging) were noted on follow up study.Results: The Correlation between WHO clinical staging and immunological staging was poor so initiating anti retro viral treatment should be preferably based on CD4 count. Children who were initiated on ART have a significant improvement in both WHO clinical and immunological staging at the six and twelve months follow up and ART found to be well tolerated.Conclusions: Significant clinical and immunological improvement occur in the children who were put on ART based on CD4 counts provided if the adherence level is very good.
Clinico-epidemiological features of malaria among children attending a tertiary care hospital: a two year study
Authors: Munagala Venkata Krishna , UmaMahesh Ramisetty M. , Jithendra Kandati , Ponugoti Muni Lakshmi , Nandam Mohan Rao 
Published: August 2017

Background: Malaria caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by Female anopheles mosquito, still remains as a major public health concern around the world. India is one of the major contributors of malaria cases in South East Asia. Malaria accounts for 205,000 deaths with 55,000 deaths occurring in early childhood. In endemic areas, children under 5 years are particularly susceptible to infection, illness and death. The present study was aimed to study the clinical, epidemiological profile of malaria cases among children (<12 years) attending a tertiary care hospital. We also assessed the complications associated with non-severe and severe malaria. Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital for a period of two years and all children <12 years of age diagnosed with malaria were enrolled in the study. The demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were observed and noted. Cases were categorized into severe and non-severe malaria based on the WHO guidelines.Results: A total of 2420 cases were observed and 250 cases of malaria were diagnosed, of which 136 were p. vivax mono infections, 82 falciparum malaria and 32 had evidence of mixed infections. Males were predominant in the study (58.8%) and 1-5 years was the common age group. Fever was the most common symptom (100%) in all cases and pallor, edema was common in falciparum malaria. jaundice was observed in 62% of mixed infections and altered sensorium in 43% of mixed infections. Severe malaria was observed almost equally in vivax and falciparum cases. Hyperparasitemia, cerebral malaria was common in falciparum cases than vivax. Thrombocytopenia, hypoglycemia and impaired consciousness were more common in mixed infections than falciparum and vivax cases.Conclusions: Present study finally concludes that there is a significant change in the trends of vivax malaria in this region where both species coexist. The spectrum of complications seen in vivax and falciparum follow a similar pattern, then mentioned earlier that complications are less frequently seen in vivax than falciparum malaria. Hence more number of studies is required to generate the differing patterns associated with vivax and compare them with different studies from geographic regions.
Profile of children with pleural effusion in an urban tertiary care hospital
Authors: Saliya Maulik P. , Joshi Gurudutt S. 
Published: August 2017

Background: Management of pleural effusions depends on their origin whether exudates or transudates, simple or complicated with septations and pneumonia. A complicated effusion requires longer treatment. This study was carried out to find out types of effusion and their etiology.Methods: A Prospective study of 34 patients was analyzed for clinical and laboratory profile, origin and type of fluid, etiology of pleural effusion in pediatric patients.Results: Majority of the patients were in 6-11 years age group. Fever and cough were most common clinical symptoms in all type of effusion. Parapneumonic effusion was most common type of effusion followed by tuberculosis and empyema. Almost all exudates satisfied Lights criteria.Conclusions: Pleural effusions are mostly exudative in origin in pediatric age and are associated with consolidation and septations especially in empyema. In tubercular Pleural effusion, Sputum for AFB was positive in more number of patients as compared to CBNAAT in this study.
Convulsive status epilepticus in children
Authors: Jagannathan Hemachitra , Palanivelu Senthilkumar 
Published: August 2017

Background: Present study was undertaken to study the clinical profile, immediate outcome and possible risk factors for mortality in children with convulsive status epilepticus, admitted in pediatric intensive care unit in a tertiary care centre.Methods: This retrospective descriptive study included children between 1 month and 12 years of age admitted in pediatric intensive care unit with convulsive status epilepticus from April 2016 to March 2017. They were evaluated for their clinical presentation, laboratory parameters and immediate outcome. Data were gathered on 52 patients with convulsive status epilepticus. Factors were analysed using univariate and multivariate analyses.Results: Among the 52 patients, the observations made were, common age group1-5years (51%), males (63%), wih fever (62%), idiopathic seizures (41.5%), febrile status epilepticus (22.7%) abnormal eeg (9.4%), leuocytosis (54.7%), csf abnormalities (33%), prolonged seizures (33%), need for intubation (31%), shock (29%), mortality (9.4%).Conclusions: Clinical profile of children with convulsive status epilepticus is described. Presence of shock, need for intubation and prolonged seizures are significantly associated with mortality.
At Your Leisure Pilot Project: Providing Leisure Reading Materials to a University Community through an Academic and Public Library Initiative
Authors: Van den Hoogen Suzanne , Fleuren-Hunter Kristel 
Published: August 2017

Leisure reading collections were once as integral to academic libraries as they currently are to public libraries. This article examines the results of a partnership between an academic and a public library to provide access to leisure reading materials to a university community through a one-year pilot project. Data were collected using circulation statistics, gate counts, and comment cards in the form of book inserts. During the pilot, gate counts increased by 6%, and 91% of participants indicated that they would continue to use the collection often or sometimes. The pilot was officially adopted as a new service at the end of the one-year trial period.
Auparavant, les collections de livres de détente faisaient partie intégrante des bibliothèques académiques tout comme elles font présentement partie des bibliothèques publiques. Cet article présente les résultats d’un partenariat entre une bibliothèque académique et une bibliothèque publique cherchant à donner accès à du matériel de lecture de détente à une communauté universitaire par le biais d’un projet pilote d’un an. Les données ont été recueillies en utilisant des statistiques de prêt, le nombre d’entrées et des commentaires reçus sur des formulaires insérés dans les livres. Durant le projet pilote, le nombre d’entrées a augmenté de 6% et 91% des participants ont indiqué qu’ils continueraient d’utiliser la collection souvent ou à l’occasion. Le projet a été adopté officiellement comme nouveau service suite au pilote d’un an.
REVITALISASI ILMU KEUSHULUDDINAN DALAM RANGKA MENGHADAPI PERUBAHAN ZAMAN
Authors: Muhaya Abdul 
Published: August 2017

<em>Historically, the presence of the Islamic science can not be separated from the problems faced by humans, because the presence of knowledge brought by Islamic scholars' were the result of their thinking in order to solve that problems. The different opinion among causes five varieties of Islamic science paradigm; ie textual, theological-ideological, of scientific, philosophical and illuminatif (kasyf). These Five paradigm must be paired and connected with each other. This, Islamic sciences become fresh sciences.</em>