bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do different warm-up protocols affect isometric explosive muscular contraction?
Authors: Dunsky Ayelet , Ben-Sira David 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: There is a general agreement in the physical education and coaching communities on the importance of warm-up (WU) prior to any physical performance. Nevertheless, the value of WU remains controversial among researchers. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of direct, indirect, and combined direct and indirect WU protocols (DWU, IDWU, and CWU, respectively) on knee extension rate of torque development (RTD). METHODS: Twenty-nine physical education students were tested for maximal isometric knee extension tests on an isokinetic machine following each of the WU protocols, as well as following a control condition of no WU. RTD index was calculated for 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms from the initiation of knee extension for each trial. RTD values following the four protocols were compared by repeated measures ANOVA for each of the temporal indices. RESULTS: None of the differences between the protocols' means was statistically significant at any of the temporal indices. Nevertheless, individual responses demonstrated that certain participants exhibited a non-uniform response profile, thus suggesting differential responses to alternate protocols. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the current protocol and outcome measures, it is recommended that practitioners experiment with different WU routines and adjust them on an individual basis.
Effect of age and fall status on lower-extremity muscle activation and joint torque and power in physically active women
Authors: Crozara Luciano F. , Morcelli Mary H. , Hallal Camilla Z. , Marques Nise R. , Spinoso Deborah H. , Goethel Márcio F. , Vieira Edgar R. , Gonçalves Mauro 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Lower-extremity strength and neuromuscular parameters that are more affected with age and in individuals more prone to fall still needs to be identified in healthy physically active adults. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ability of joint torque and muscle activity parameters to differentiate between physically active women, young, older non-fallers and older fallers; and their correlation with the number of falls in older women. METHODS: Measures were taken from concentric contractions during isokinetic sagittal plane movements at 90°/s and 120°/s. EMG from the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, lateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior were recorded. RESULTS: Overall young women were stronger, more powerful and presented lower muscle activation than older women fallers and non-fallers(all p < 0.04). Older women fallers had lower knee flexion and extension peak torque (p < 0.033) and power (p < 0.045), lower ankle dorsiflexion power (p = 0.04) and higher rectus femoris activation (p = 0.033) at 90°/s than older women non-fallers; and all these variables were correlated with the number of falls (r = 0.32-0.49; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS : These findings may be useful for a better understanding of biomechanical risk factors for falls and for exercise-based fall prevention programs development.
Knee extension strength profile of elite Greek soccer players
Authors: Tsiokanos Athanasios , Paschalis Vassilis , Valasotiris Konstantinos 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: The movements that soccer players have to perform during a game depend on lower limb muscles strength and clearly players with higher strength levels are able to perform better turning, sprinting and changing pace. OBJECTIVE: To compare the isokinetic peak torque of the knee extensors in a large number of elite Greek soccer players in relation to their position on the playing field. METHODS: Two-hundred and seventy-five soccer players: goalkeepers(n= 24), fullbacks (n= 67), center backs (n= 59), midfield players (n= 76) and forwards (n= 49) from the first division in Greece participated in this study. All participants performed an isokinetic test of the knee extensors at 30, 60 and 180°/s. RESULTS: In terms of knee extension strength the goalkeepers were the strongest while the fullbacks were the weakest players but strength normalization resulted in uniform knee extension strength irrespective of field position. CONCLUTIONS: The present findings provide a reference system for knee extension strength in soccer players.
La répression du banditisme en Grande-Bretagne aux XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles
Authors: Haem Mark 
Published: March 2016

M. Heam, Repression of banditism in Great Britain in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries.
We have here first a description of the Watchward system in the City of London. Theese watchmen were certainly too oJd and neglectful against to many gangs of criminals, especially in the memorable time of Jonathan Wild.
In the country, the highwayman Act of 1692 and the Tyburn Ticket 'Acts gave new possibilities to arrest bandits and thieves, but in case of riots, authorities were obliged to call for the milice.
In london, we must wait until the second half of the XVIIIth century to see a real municipal police in London. It was the great work of the Heldings brothers and the Bow Street Police Office. The third part of this article looks at the Scottish anarchy and the formation of the six military companies of 1725. Then came the great transformations with general George Wade in Scotland.
Saint-Wasnon et Saint-Vaast : deux remarquables églises de Contant d'Ivry
Authors: Joudiou Gabrielle 
Published: March 2016

Two churchbuildings in the Nord department stand out in the history of neo- classicism. St-Wasnon's is the first example of a church displaying a lightly built vault resting on an entablature and isolated columns, this as early as the middle of the XVIIIth century. St-Vaast's, with the majestic proportions of our Gothic cathedrals, nearly achieves the ideal established by the theoreticians of the so- called Enlightenment age : the blending of Gothic airiness and light with the use of Antique orders.
The Paris architect, Contant d'Ivry, author of both buildings, is bold enough to use brick vaults in large buildings. He is also famous for his contribution to the Valenciennes General Hospital, to the Hermitage Park and to the Lille Government Hall.
THE EXTENDED SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN THE CORE OF THE FORNAX CLUSTER
Authors: D’Abrusco R. , Cantiello M. , Paolillo M. , Pota V. , Napolitano N. R. , Limatola L. , Spavone M. , Grado A. , Iodice E. , Capaccioli M. , Peletier R. , Longo G. , Hilker M. , Mieske S. , Grebel E. K. , Lisker T. , Wittmann C. , Ven G. van de , Schipani P. , Fabbiano G. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of a complex extended density enhancement in the Globular Clusters (GCs) in the central

(

Mpc2) of the Fornax cluster, corresponding to

of the area within 1 core radius. This overdensity connects the GC system of NGC 1399 to most of those of neighboring galaxies within

(

kpc) along the W–E direction. The asymmetric density structure suggests that the galaxies in the core of the Fornax cluster experienced a lively history of interactions that have left a clear imprint on the spatial distribution of GCs. The extended central dominant structure is more prominent in the distribution of blue GCs, while red GCs show density enhancements that are more centrally concentrated on the host galaxies. We propose that the relatively small-scale density structures in the red GCs are caused by galaxy–galaxy interactions, while the extensive spatial distribution of blue GCs is due to stripping of GCs from the halos of core massive galaxies by the Fornax gravitational potential. Our investigations are based on density maps of candidate GCs extracted from the multi-band VLT Survey Telescope (VST) survey of Fornax (FDS), identified in a three-dimensional color space and further selected based on their g-band magnitude and morphology.
New distributional data on ascidian fauna (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from Mandapam coast, Gulf of Mannar, India
Authors: Jaffarali Abdul , Akram Soban , Arshan Kaleem 
Published: March 2016

Ascidians play a key role in the ecology and biodiversity of marine ecosystem. Ascidians can be transported in ship ballast water and while attached to ship and boat hulls. Heavy traffic by domestic and international ships as well as cargo vessels between the major and minor ports warrants continuous monitoring for new introductions of ascidians. The Mandapam coast is situated in the Gulf of Mannar, India, a marine hot spot area in the Indian Ocean which provides an environment suitable for the settlement of ascidians.
A total of 30 species of ascidians were reported from Mandapam coastal waters, of which 26 species were new to the study area and five species: Ecteinascidia turbinata, Eudistoma carnosum, Trididemnum caelatum, T. vermiforme and Didemnum spadix, were new to India.
Quelques observations sur la réception du livre XII de la Métaphysique chez Thomas d’Aquin
Authors: Imbach Ruedi 
Published: March 2016

Cette étude est consacrée à la réception du livre XII de la Métaphysique aristotélicienne dans l’œuvre de Thomas d’Aquin. Après une brève analyse de toutes les références à ce livre chez Thomas, l’auteur compare la manière dont Averroès, Albert le Grand et Thomas d’Aquin structurent leurs Commentaires du livre Lambda. Finalement, l’auteur analyse le commentaire thomasien des chapitres du texte aristotélicien où il est question de la connaissance divine.
Air–snow exchange of nitrate: a modelling approach to investigate physicochemical processes in surface snow at Dome C, Antarctica
Authors: Bock Josué , Savarino Joël , Picard Ghislain 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Snowpack is a multiphase (photo)chemical reactor that strongly influences the air composition in polar and snow-covered regions. Snowpack plays a special role in the nitrogen cycle, as it has been shown that nitrate undergoes numerous recycling stages (including photolysis) in the snow before being permanently buried in the ice. However, the current understanding of these physicochemical processes remains very poor. Several modelling studies have attempted to reproduce (photo)chemical reactions inside snow grains, but these required strong assumptions to characterise snow reactive properties, which are not well defined. Air–snow exchange processes such as adsorption, solid state diffusion or co-condensation also affect snow chemical composition. Here, we develop a model including a physically based parameterisation of these processes for nitrate. Using as input a one-year long time series of atmospheric nitrate concentration measured at Dome C, Antarctica, our process-resolving model reproduces with good agreement the nitrate concentration measured in surface snow. By investigating the relative importance of the main exchange processes, this study shows that, on the one hand, the combination of bulk diffusion and co-condensation incorporation processes allows a good reproduction of the measurements (correlation coefficient r = 0.95), with a correct amplitude and timing of summer peak concentration of nitrate in snow. During wintertime, nitrate concentration in surface snow is mainly driven by thermodynamic equilibrium, whilst the peak observed in summer is explained by the kinetic process of co-condensation. On the other hand, the adsorption of nitric acid on the surface of the snow grains, constrained by an already existing parameterisation for the isotherm, fails to fit the observed variations. During winter and spring, the modelled adsorbed concentration of nitrate is 2.5 and 8.3-fold higher than the measured one, respectively. A strong diurnal variation driven by the temperature cycle and a peak occurring in early spring are two other major features that do not match the measurements. This study clearly demonstrates that the co-condensation process is the most important to explain nitrate incorporation in snow subject to temperature gradients. The parameterisation developed for this process can now be used as a foundation piece in snowpack models to predict the inter-relationship between snow physical evolution and snow nitrate chemistry.
Vascular Access for Elderly Hemodialysis Patients: What Should we Aim for?
Authors: Ferreira Hugo , Coentrao Luis 
Published: March 2016

Purpose Elderly chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are one of the fastest growing groups in hemodialysis (HD). However, overall mortality and arteriovenous fistulae failure are still high in this population. Therefore, a different vascular access policy may be advised for this group of patients. Methods We searched PubMed for relevant articles published in English between the years 2000-2015. Studies investigating vascular access-related outcomes in elderly CKD patients were included. Results The scarce literature on this topic suggests that elderly CKD patients are more likely to undergo unnecessary vascular access procedures. However, with appropriate vascular evaluation, arteriovenous access placement is a viable strategy for this group of patients and dialysis access-related outcomes are superior for arteriovenous access in comparison with dialysis catheters. Conclusions When deciding whether or not to create an arteriovenous vascular access in elderly CKD patients, physicians should consider the probability of CKD progression, the expected life expectancy and quality of life of the patient and the probability of success of an arteriovenous access creation.
The Crusader City of Tyre: A Rich Archaeological Heritage
Authors: Antaki-Masson Patricia 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
The Lebanese coastal town of Tyre was a major Frankish Levantine city. Until recently, the archaeological evidence of this period was neglected in favor of the more impressive Roman and Byzantine monumental ruins. This article attempts to fill this gap by exploring, in light of recent studies, Crusader architectural remains, mainly defensive and religious structures, that are still standing today.
De nieuwe Section 5 Statement – in weiter Ferne, so nah?
Authors: Kreijger Paul 
Published: March 2016

De nieuwe Section 5 Statement – in weiter Ferne, so nah?
Op 13 augustus 2015 publiceerde de Federal Trade Commission een beknopt document met uitgangspunten voor de handhaving van ‘Section 5’ van de Federal Trade Commission Act. Het gaat hier om de handhaving van het verbod op, onder meer, ‘Unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce’, een bepaling die deels, maar zeker niet volledig overlapt met Section 1 en 2 van de Sherman Act, de Amerikaanse versies van ons kartelverbod en misbruikverbod. Deze korte bijdrage schetst het ‘Statement of Enforcement Principles’ en werpt de vraag op of een ‘Europees Section 5’ aantrekkelijk zou zijn.
Development and Validation of a Reversed-Phase HPLC Method for the Quantitative Determination of Ten Polyphenols Extracted from Apple Peel
Authors: Ran Junjian , Sun Huadi , Zhu Mingming , Chen Juan , Zhao Ruixiang 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A method based on a reversed-phase HPLC method was established, optimized, and validated for the separation and quantitation of 10 polyphenols extracted from the peel of apple species. A bidentate reversed-phase C18 column was used as stationary phase, and an acidified water buffer and methanol were used as mobile phase. The polyphenols were well separated and detected using UV at 280 and 320 nm. Validation parameters, such as linearity, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, and precision, were acceptable for all 10 polyphenols. The proposed method has enough linearity with correlation coefficient &gt;0.99 within the investigated range for all tested polyphenols. The LOD was 0.24 μg/mL for ellagic acid and &lt;0.2 μg/mL for all other polyphenols. The LOQ was 9.39 × 10−2 μg/mL for chlorogenic acid, and ellagic acid, 2.82 × 10−2 μg/mL for caffeic acid and &gt;0.1 μg/mL for all other polyphenols. Recovery was within the acceptable range from 98.38 to 100.39% for all polyphenols standards. Satisfactory precision was achieved for both intra- and interday assay, with RSD &lt;2%. The method was successfully applied for simultaneous analysis of polyphenols from apple peel.
Gender, Memory, and Interculturality in Caroline de la Motte Fouqué’s Historical Novel Die Vertriebenen
Authors: Müller-Adams Elisa 
Published: March 2016

<p>Caroline de la Motte Fouqué was one of the most productive women writers of the romantic and early Restoration period in Germany. This author of numerous novels and shorter prose has been re-valued by gender-orientated scholarly research as a writer who ‘transgressed a number of gender and class boundaries’.1 As an observer of the Zeitgeist and as a political writer, Fouqué was concerned with women’s role in society and their contribution to the formation of a possible German nation. These political issues are not only discussed in her so-called Zeitromane, but are also central in her historical fiction, where also national and cultural boundaries are constantly crossed. Focussing on Fouqué’s historical novel Die Vertriebenen (1823) [The displaced], the article combines perspectives on gender and intercultural issues to examine the function of narratives of foreign history in Fouqué’s historiographical writing.</p>
Superior mediastinal masses in children – two cases of lymphoma
Authors: Jeevarathnum A C , Van Niekerk A , Parris D , De Campos K , Wijnant W , Deadren X , Büchner A , Omar F , Reynders D , Green R J 
Published: March 2016

<div><p>The exact incidence of superior mediastinal masses in children is largely unknown. They present as a spectrum of disease ranging from an incidental finding on a Chest X-Ray to being markedly symptomatic with superior vena caval syndrome or obstruction of the upper airways. Lymphomas seem to be the most common causes of superior mediastinal masses in children. We present two cases of confirmed T cell lymphoma in children with superior mediastinal masses. In doing so, we explore a diagnostic approach and visit the complications the physician needs to be aware of when confronted with a child with a superior mediastinal mass.</p></div>
Tumours of the chest in children: A review
Authors: Van Niekerk A , Parris D , De Campos K , Wijnant W , Deadren X , Büchner A , Omar F , Reynders D , Green R J 
Published: March 2016

<p>Tumours of the chest in children constitute an array of pathology and clinical symptomatology. These tumours can be benign or malignant, cystic or solid, primary or as a result of secondary metastases. Collectively, tumours of the chest in children are very rare, the exact incidence of which is largely unknown globally. Non neoplastic lesions of the lung including bronchogenic cysts, sequestrations, congenital pulmonary airway malformations as well as infective and inflammatory disorders are 60 times more common than neoplastic causes.<sup>1</sup></p><p>A tumour of the chest is considerably difficult to diagnose since patients can be asymptomatic for many years before symptoms evolve. Even more so, the symptoms are non-specific and can suggest more common and less sinister pathology.</p><p>Clinically patients present with a variety of symptoms that depend largely on the location of the tumour. Airway tumours can be symptomatic or can present with chronic cough, wheeze, haemoptysis, atelectasis or persistent pneumonia. Secondary malignant parenchymal tumours are likely to be symptomatic from the primary lesion. Anterior mediastinal tumours can cause compression of the large airways or superior vena caval structures. It stands to reason that the physician needs to have a very high index of suspicion when dealing with these non-specific signs and symptoms.</p><p>This article provides an approach to tumours of chest and reviews the common aetiology in the different compartments of the chest. The article will focus on common tumours of the airway, lung parenchyma, mediastinum, cardiac and chest wall pathology. </p>
ON current enhancement of nanowire Schottky barrier tunnel field effect transistors
Authors: Takei Kohei , Hashimoto Shuichiro , Sun Jing , Zhang Xu , Asada Shuhei , Xu Taiyu , Matsukawa Takashi , Masahara Meishoku , Watanabe Takanobu 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Silicon nanowire Schottky barrier tunnel field effect transistors (NW-SBTFETs) are promising structures for high performance devices. In this study, we fabricated NW-SBTFETs to investigate the effect of nanowire structure on the device characteristics. The NW-SBTFETs were operated with a backgate bias, and the experimental results demonstrate that the ON current density is enhanced by narrowing the width of the nanowire. We confirmed using the Fowler–Nordheim plot that the drain current in the ON state mainly comprises the quantum tunneling component through the Schottky barrier. Comparison with a technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulation revealed that the enhancement is attributed to the electric field concentration at the corners of cross-section of the NW. The study findings suggest an effective approach to securing the ON current by Schottky barrier width modulation.
Low-voltage operation of Si-based ferroelectric field effect transistors using organic ferroelectrics, poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene), as a gate dielectric
Authors: Miyata Yusuke , Yoshimura Takeshi , Ashida Atsushi , Fujimura Norifumi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Si-based metal–ferroelectric–semiconductor (MFS) capacitors have been fabricated using poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF–TrFE)] as a ferroelectric gate. The pinhole-free P(VDF–TrFE) thin films with high resistivity were able to be prepared by spin-coating directly onto hydrogen-terminated Si. The capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of the ferroelectric gate field effect transistor (FeFET) using this MFS structure clearly show butterfly-shaped hysteresis originating from the ferroelectricity, indicating carrier modulation on the Si surface at gate voltages below 2 V. The drain current–gate voltage (I
D–V
G) characteristics also show counterclockwise hysteresis at gate voltages below 5 V. This is the first report on the low-voltage operation of a Si-based FeFET using P(VDF–TrFE) as a gate dielectric. This organic gate FeFET without any insulator layer at the ferroelectric/Si interface should be one of the promising devices for overcoming the critical issues of the FeFET, such as depolarization field and a decrease in the gate voltage.
Special features of Fowler–Nordheim stress degradation of SiC-MOSFETs
Authors: Murakami Eiichi , Oda Kazuhiro , Takeshita Tatsuya 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
SiC-MOSFETs have been markedly developed, and the main issues remaining are high-temperature stability and gate-oxide integrity. In this paper, we report special features of I
ds–V
gs and I
g–V
gs characteristics of commercially available SiC-MOSFETs during high-gate-voltage and high-temperature stress. Moreover, we introduce simple analytical models that reveal the effects of the trapped charges on the characteristics. Interface states around the conduction-band edge are suggested to be the key mechanisms of Fowler–Nordheim stress degradation (FN degradation) as well as negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), which affects both mobility and carrier density. Hole trapping is also important in FN degradation as well as NBTI. Near-interfacial electron trapping and detrapping found in positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) is also observed in FN degradation. A continuous I
g increase during FN stress, which is the most specific to SiC-MOSFETs, is related to the observation that near-interfacial electron trapping has little effect on FN tunneling.
Investigation of the optical absorption in Si/SiO2 superlattice for the application to solar cells
Authors: Yamada Shigeru , Konagai Makoto , Miyajima Shinsuke 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The optical properties of the Si/SiO2 superlattice were investigated on the basis of the optical absorption coefficient. We found that the optical bandgap can be tuned from 1.2 to 2.1 eV by adjusting the annealing temperature and Si layer thickness. Careful structural analyses revealed that the change in optical bandgap is due to the quantum confinement effect.