bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The simple query “Do you want more pain medication?” is not a reliable way to assess acute pain relief in patients in the emergency department
Authors: Chauny Jean-Marc , Marquis Martin , Paquet Jean , Lavigne Gilles , Cournoyer Alexis , Manzini Christiane , Daoust Raoul 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe management of acute pain constitutes an essential skill of emergency department (ED) physicians. However, the accurate assessment of pain intensity and relief represents a clinically challenging undertaking. Some studies have proposed to define effective pain relief as the patient’s refusal for additional analgesic administration. The aim of this study was to verify whether such a refusal is effectively indicative of pain relief.MethodsThis prospective cohort study included ED patients who received single or multiple doses of pain medication for an acute pain problem. Patients were evaluated for pain relief using one Likert scale and two dichotomous questions: Is your pain relieved? and Do you want more analgesics? Non-relieved patients were further analysed using a checklist as to the reasons behind their refusal for supplemental pain medication.ResultsWe have recruited 378 adult patients with a mean age of 50.3 years (±19.1); 60% were women and had an initial mean pain level of 7.3 (±2.0) out of 10. We observed that 68 out of 244 patients who were adequately relieved from pain asked for more analgesics (28%), whereas 51 out of 134 patients who were not relieved from pain refused supplemental drugs (38%). Reasons for refusal included wanting to avoid side effects, feeling sufficiently relieved, and disliking the medication’s effects.ConclusionOver a third of ED patients in acute pain were not relieved but refused supplemental pain medication. Patients have reported legitimate reasons to decline further analgesics, and this refusal cannot be used as an indication of pain relief.
De la variation lexicale en franco-ontarien: les données du corpus de Casselman (Ontario)
Authors: Bigot Davy 
Published: March 2017

RésuméNotre étude traite de l'alternance des formes exprimant les notions de « véhicule automobile » et de « travail rémunéré » dans un corpus d'entrevues recueillies dans le village franco-ontarien de Casselman. Après avoir présenté les études antérieures portant sur la variation lexicale en français laurentien, nous exposons nos hypothèses, les principales caractéristiques de la communauté de Casselman, la méthodologie, puis nos résultats analysés à la lumière des recherches publiées jusqu’à maintenant. Notre objectif est de fournir des données provenant d'entrevues récentes, réalisées auprès d'adultes et d'adolescents franco-ontariens, afin de : 1) dégager les points de convergence et de divergence dans les pratiques linguistiques des Franco-Ontariens observés jusqu’à présent, 2) fournir des preuves supplémentaires appuyant la thèse de l'unité des variétés de français laurentien, et plus globalement, 3) illustrer à nouveau l'intérêt des études lexicales en linguistique variationniste.
St’át'imcets intonation contours: a preliminary study
Authors: Caldecott Marion 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAcoustic research on the prosody and intonation of Northwest Coast languages has until recently been under-researched. This paper joins the growing body of research on the subject and reports on the results of the first study of intonation in St’át'imcets (Lillooet Salish; Northern Interior Salish). It tests the generalization proposed by Davis (2007) that information structure is not correlated with prosody in Salish languages by comparing the intonation contours of declaratives and yes/no questions. Specifically, I ask two questions: is nuclear accent rightmost? And are yes/no questions associated with higher pitch, as predicted by the Universality of Intonational Meaning? Results are comparable to those reported for other Salish languages, namely Koch (2008, 2011) on Nɬeʔkepmxcín, Jacobs (2007) on Skwxwú7mesh and Benner (2004, 2006) and Leonard (2011) on SENĆOŦEN. Nuclear accent is associated with the rightmost stressed vowel, regardless of focus, and while no speaker signals yes/no questions with a final rise, each has higher pitch within typologically common parameters.
The Shona reflexive as covert anaphora
Authors: Storoshenko Dennis Ryan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of reflexives in Shona. Taking seriously the observation that the reflexive morphemezvi-is homophonous with one of Shona's object markers, I argue that this homophony is not accidental. Rather, the morpheme that emerges in reflexive contexts is object marking triggered by a covert anaphor. The analysis rests on two planks: first, establishing thatzvi-is the default agreement form in the language generally; and second, establishing that a covert anaphor may trigger such an agreement. In so doing, a treatment of object marking as the exponence of discourse-givenness is advanced. The analysis is compatible with treatments of object marking in Shona as either an agreement affix or a clitic. Theoretical issues related to default agreement, covert anaphors, and distinctions between discourse-givenness and topicality are also discussed, along with an alternative account treatingzvi-as a valence-reducing derivational affix.
Basque ideophones from a typological perspective
Authors: Ibarretxe-Antuñano Iraide 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIdeophones are described as expressive marked linguistic units with a dramaturgic depictive function. Although commonly regarded in traditional general linguistics as rare and marginal, recent research on this topic has shown that these elements are pervasive in all languages and that they might share some linguistic characteristics across languages. This article analyses Basque ideophones from a typological perspective. The main goal is to describe the structure, meaning and function of Basque ideophones and to discuss how the Basque ideophonic system fits into the cross-linguistic characterisation of these linguistic units.
‘Make the Economy Scream’? Economic, Ideological and Social Determinants of Support for Salvador Allende in Chile, 1970–3
Authors: NAVIA PATRICIO , OSORIO RODRIGO 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWith polling and municipal level data, we analyse the determinants of Salvador Allende's presidential election victory in 1970 and the change in political and electoral support for his government (1970–3). Support for Allende is explained by ideology more than by social class, socio-demographic variables or the economic performance of the country. Allende won in 1970 as an opposition candidate when the outgoing Frei administration enjoyed high approval and the country was experiencing favourable economic conditions. In 1973, when Allende had 49.7% approval, ideology remained the strongest determinant of presidential approval. Economic variables and social class are less important in explaining electoral support for Allende and for his Popular Unity coalition.
Impacts of ambient temperature on the burden of bacillary dysentery in urban and rural Hefei, China
Authors: CHENG J. , XIE M. Y. , ZHAO K. F. , WU J. J. , XU Z. W. , SONG J. , ZHAO D. S. , LI K. S. , WANG X. , YANG H. H. , WEN L. Y. , SU H. , TONG S. L. 
Published: March 2017

SUMMARYBacillary dysentery continues to be a major health issue in developing countries and ambient temperature is a possible environmental determinant. However, evidence about the risk of bacillary dysentery attributable to ambient temperature under climate change scenarios is scarce. We examined the attributable fraction (AF) of temperature-related bacillary dysentery in urban and rural Hefei, China during 2006–2012 and projected its shifting pattern under climate change scenarios using a distributed lag non-linear model. The risk of bacillary dysentery increased with the temperature rise above a threshold (18·4 °C), and the temperature effects appeared to be acute. The proportion of bacillary dysentery attributable to hot temperatures was 18·74% (95 empirical confidence interval (eCI): 8·36–27·44%). Apparent difference of AF was observed between urban and rural areas, with AF varying from 26·87% (95% eCI 16·21–36·68%) in urban area to −1·90% (95 eCI −25·03 to 16·05%) in rural area. Under the climate change scenarios alone (1–4 °C rise), the AF from extreme hot temperatures (>31·2 °C) would rise greatly accompanied by the relatively stable AF from moderate hot temperatures (18·4–31·2 °C). If climate change proceeds, urban area may be more likely to suffer from rapidly increasing burden of disease from extreme hot temperatures in the absence of effective mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Relative palaeointensity and reservoir effect on Lake Esmeralda, Antarctica
Authors: Irurzun M.A. , Chaparro M.A.E. , Sinito A.M. , Gogorza C.S.G. , Nuñez H. , Nowaczyk N.R. , Böhnel H.N. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFour cores from the bottom sediments of Lake Esmeralda, Vega Island, Antarctica (60°48'S, 57°37'W) were studied. Analysis of rock magnetics indicates that the main carriers of magnetization are ferrimagnetic minerals, predominantly pseudo-single-domain (titano-) magnetite with a small proportion of paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic minerals. The magnetic grain size of the samples is in the range of 1–5 μm and the variation of the interparametric ratios is less than one order of magnitude. Demagnetization of the natural remanent magnetization shows a stable remanent magnetization in most of the samples. Thus, the samples fulfil the necessary conditions to calculate relative palaeointensity (RPI) and the curves obtained correlated with global models enabling dating of the cores. The 250 cm of sediment recovered spans the last 10 200 yr bp. Finally, some samples with high organic matter content were dated by accelerator mass spectrometry 14C. By comparison with the age defined by the RPI curves, a reservoir effect of c. 5200 years is suggested for this region of Vega Island.
Media audit reveals inappropriate promotion of products under the scope of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in South-East Asia
Authors: Vinje Kristine Hansen , Phan Linh Thi Hong , Nguyen Tuan Thanh , Henjum Sigrun , Ribe Lovise Omoijuanfo , Mathisen Roger 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo review regulations and to perform a media audit of promotion of products under the scope of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) in South-East Asia.DesignWe reviewed national regulations relating to the Code and 800 clips of editorial content, 387 advertisements and 217 Facebook posts from January 2015 to January 2016. We explored the ecological association between regulations and market size, and between the number of advertisements and market size and growth of milk formula.SettingCambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.ResultsRegulations on the child’s age for inappropriate marketing of products are all below the Code’s updated recommendation of 36 months (i.e. 12 months in Thailand and Indonesia; 24 months in the other three countries) and are voluntary in Thailand. Although the advertisements complied with the national regulations on the age limit, they had content (e.g. stages of milk formula; messages about the benefit; pictures of a child) that confused audiences. Market size and growth of milk formula were positively associated with the number of newborns and the number of advertisements, and were not affected by the current level of implementation of breast-milk substitute laws and regulations.ConclusionsThe present media audit reveals inappropriate promotion and insufficient national regulation of products under the scope of the Code in South-East Asia. Strengthened implementation of regulations aligned with the Code’s updated recommendation should be part of comprehensive strategies to minimize the harmful effects of advertisements of breast-milk substitutes on maternal and child nutrition and health.
Left Pessimism and Political Science
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer L. 
Published: March 2017

I examine why contemporary social scientists on the political left are relatively pessimistic about the public arena and its trajectory. To develop an answer, I explore subsidiary questions: What is the evidence of social scientists’ left pessimism? Why is left pessimism not the only plausible stance? Why is left pessimism problematic, and surprising? Why does it nonetheless occur? How can social scientists counter left pessimism?My evidence comes mainly from research on American racial and ethnic politics, and on the societal use of genomic science. I explain left pessimism as a result largely of the trajectory of social science research since the 1960s, and of the loss of faith in revolutionary inspiration after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. I call on social scientists to reinvigorate optimistic visions, perhaps especially in a political era fraught with dangers to liberal democracy.
Identifying health system value dimensions: more than health gain?
Authors: Costa-Font Joan , Sato Azusa , Rovira Forns Joan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPublicly funded health system reforms increasingly require the evaluation of competing programmes. However, programmes are made of multi-dimensional attributes of value (where value refers to latent expectations of health system improvement). This paper identifies the design, implementation and validation of a methodology to elicit health system values to guide health care priority setting. The exercise suggests that the proposed methodology is suitable for eliciting and validating health system values, and its findings show that pursuing health gain alone does not fully capture the dimensions of health system value. More specifically, we identify a list of health system values (elicited by both potential and actual users) and classify them in terms of process-related values (e.g., shorter waiting lists, greater choice, etc.) and improvements in health system equity in addition to value derived from health gain.
Complex picture for likelihood of ENSO-driven flood hazard
Authors: Emerton R. , Cloke H. L. , Stephens E. M. , Zsoter E. , Woolnough S. J. , Pappenberger F. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractEl Niño and La Niña events, the extremes of ENSO climate variability, influence river flow and flooding at the global scale. Estimates of the historical probability of extreme (high or low) precipitation are used to provide vital information on the likelihood of adverse impacts during extreme ENSO events. However, the nonlinearity between precipitation and flood magnitude motivates the need for estimation of historical probabilities using analysis of hydrological data sets. Here, this analysis is undertaken using the ERA-20CM-R river flow reconstruction for the twentieth century. Our results show that the likelihood of increased or decreased flood hazard during ENSO events is much more complex than is often perceived and reported; probabilities vary greatly across the globe, with large uncertainties inherent in the data and clear differences when comparing the hydrological analysis to precipitation.
Whole-exome sequencing identifies a novel de novo mutation in DYNC1H1 in epileptic encephalopathies
Authors: Lin Zhongdong , Liu Zhenwei , Li Xiucui , Li Feng , Hu Ying , Chen Bingyu , Wang Zhen , Liu Yong 
Published: March 2017

AbstractEpileptic encephalopathies (EE) are a group of severe childhood epilepsy disorders characterized by intractable seizures, cognitive impairment and neurological deficits. Recent whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies have implicated significant contribution of de novo mutations to EE. In this study, we utilized WES for identifying causal de novo mutations in 4 parent-offspring trios affected by West syndrome. As a result, we found two deleterious de novo mutations in DYNC1H1 and RTP1 in two trios. Expression profile analysis showed that DYNC1H1 and RTP1 are expressed in almost all brain regions and developmental stages. Interestingly, co-expression and genetic interaction network analyses suggested that DYNC1H1 and RTP1 are tightly associated with known epilepsy genes. Furthermore, we observed that the de novo mutations of DYNC1H1 were identified in several different neuropsychiatric disorders including EE, autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities by previous studies, and these mutations primarily occurred in the functional domain of the protein. Taken together, these results demonstrate DYNC1H1 as a strong candidate and RTP1 as a potential candidate on the onset of EE. In addition, this work also proves WES as a powerful tool for the molecular genetic dissection of children affected by sporadic EE.
Experimental evidence suggests that specular reflectance and glossy appearance help amplify warning signals
Authors: Waldron Samuel J. , Endler John A. , Valkonen Janne K. , Honma Atsushi , Dobler Susanne , Mappes Johanna 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSpecular reflection appears as a bright spot or highlight on any smooth glossy convex surface and is caused by a near mirror-like reflectance off the surface. Convex shapes always provide the ideal geometry for highlights, areas of very strong reflectance, regardless of the orientation of the surface or position of the receiver. Despite highlights and glossy appearance being common in chemically defended insects, their potential signalling function is unknown. We tested the role of highlights in warning colouration of a chemically defended, alpine leaf beetle,Oreina cacaliae. We reduced the beetles’ glossiness, hence their highlights, by applying a clear matt finish varnish on their elytra. We used blue tits as predators to examine whether the manipulation affected their initial latency to attack, avoidance learning and generalization of warning colouration. The birds learned to avoid both dull and glossy beetles but they initially avoided glossy prey more than dull prey. Interestingly, avoidance learning was generalized asymmetrically: birds that initially learned to avoid dull beetles avoided glossy beetles equally strongly, but notvice versa.We conclude that specular reflectance and glossiness can amplify the warning signal ofO. cacaliae, augmenting avoidance learning, even if it is not critical for it.
Environmental filtering triggers community assembly of forest understorey plants in Central European pine stands
Authors: Ulrich Werner , Sewerniak Piotr , Puchałka Radosław , Piwczyński Marcin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHabitat filtering models predict ecologically similar plant species to jointly colonize sites due to comparable environmental characteristics leading to an aggregated pattern of species spatial occurrence. Models focused on interspecific competition expect species with similar ecological requirements to be spatially segregated. While both models are corroborated by field work, few empirical studies have tried to infer under which habitat conditions these patterns of co-occurrence prevail. Here we use an exceptional data set on central European pine forest understorey plant communities to assess the change in community structure along gradients of soil productivity and heterogeneity. We found all understorey communities to be significantly nested. The degree of segregation increased with increasing soil Ca and Mg content, as well as with increasing pH, nutrient availability, and moisture. However, variability in soil characteristics did not significantly influence the pattern of species co-occurrence. We also found an intimate link between productivity, species richness, and species segregation making any causal inference challenging. These results point to possible misinterpretations and pitfalls in studies on community assembly. Finally our results demonstrate that managed forests provide a natural experiment of understorey community assembly under controlled conditions, an experiment that deserves further attention.
Temperature fluctuations in a changing climate: an ensemble-based experimental approach
Authors: Vincze Miklós , Borcia Ion Dan , Harlander Uwe 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThere is an ongoing debate in the literature about whether the present global warming is increasing local and global temperature variability. The central methodological issues of this debate relate to the proper treatment of normalised temperature anomalies and trends in the studied time series which may be difficult to separate from time-evolving fluctuations. Some argue that temperature variability is indeed increasing globally, whereas others conclude it is decreasing or remains practically unchanged. Meanwhile, a consensus appears to emerge that local variability in certain regions (e.g. Western Europe and North America) has indeed been increasing in the past 40 years. Here we investigate the nature of connections between external forcing and climate variability conceptually by using a laboratory-scale minimal model of mid-latitude atmospheric thermal convection subject to continuously decreasing ‘equator-to-pole’ temperature contrast ΔT, mimicking climate change. The analysis of temperature records from an ensemble of experimental runs (‘realisations’) all driven by identical time-dependent external forcing reveals that the collective variability of the ensemble and that of individual realisations may be markedly different – a property to be considered when interpreting climate records.
Exploring the diversity of blood-sucking Diptera in caves of Central Africa
Authors: Obame-Nkoghe Judicaël , Rahola Nil , Ayala Diego , Yangari Patrick , Jiolle Davy , Allene Xavier , Bourgarel Mathieu , Maganga Gael Darren , Berthet Nicolas , Leroy Eric-Maurice , Paupy Christophe 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCaves house pathogenic microorganisms, some of which are transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods. In Africa, previous studies identified mosquitoes, sand flies and biting midges as the main potential vectors of cave-dwelling pathogens. However, to understand their involvement in pathogen spillover, it is crucial to characterize their diversity, community composition and dynamics. Using CDC light traps, we collected hematophagous Diptera in six caves of Gabon during one-shot or longitudinal sampling, and investigated their species diversity and dynamics in relation with external rainfall. Overall, we identified 68 species of mosquitoes, sand flies and biting midges, including 45 new records for Gabon. The dominant species were:Uranotaenia nigromaculata, Anopheles smithii s.l., Culex. rimagroup andCulex quasiguiartifor mosquitoes,Spelaeophlebotomus gigasandSpelaeomyia emiliifor sand flies and theCulicoides trifasciellusgroup andCulicoides fulvithoraxfor biting midges. The survey revealed that species assemblages were cave-specific and included mainly troglophilous and trogloxenous species. Both diversity and abundance varied according to the cave and sampling time, and were significantly associated with rainfall. These associations were modulated by the cave specific environmental conditions. Moreover, the presence of trogloxenous and troglophilous species could be of high significance for pathogen transfers between cave and epigeous hosts, including humans.