bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topic aware probing: From sentence length prediction to idiom identification how reliant are neural language models on topic?
Authors: Nedumpozhimana Vasudevan , Kelleher John D. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTransformer-based neural language models achieve state-of-the-art performance on various natural language processing tasks. However, an open question is the extent to which these models rely on word-order/syntactic or word co-occurrence/topic-based information when processing natural language. This work contributes to this debate by addressing the question of whether these models primarily use topic as a signal, by exploring the relationship between Transformer-based models’ (BERT and RoBERTa’s) performance on a range of probing tasks in English, from simple lexical tasks such as sentence length prediction to complex semantic tasks such as idiom token identification, and the sensitivity of these tasks to the topic information. To this end, we propose a novel probing method which we calltopic-aware probing. Our initial results indicate that Transformer-based models encode both topic and non-topic information in their intermediate layers, but also that the facility of these models to distinguish idiomatic usage is primarily based on their ability to identify and encode topic. Furthermore, our analysis of these models’ performance on other standard probing tasks suggests that tasks that are relatively insensitive to the topic information are also tasks that are relatively difficult for these models.
Style on Trial: The Gendered Aesthetics of Appearance, Corruption, and Piety in Indonesia
Authors: Jones Carla 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn the two decades since the end of Suharto regime in Indonesia, two apparently distinct public industries have emerged in tandem: gendered forms of religious style, glossed as modest fashion, and legal efforts to hold citizens accountable for theft, glossed as corruption. Many of the most high-profile anti-corruption cases in the past decade have brought these two fields into semiotic interaction, as female defendants increasingly deploy forms of facial cover associated with extreme religious piety to signal humility and shame when appearing in court, in the process complicating the relationship between religious semiotics and criminality. Analyzing how and why these two genres of political communication have intersected in the past decade, and to what effects, requires situating these shifts in the context of dense aesthetic archives in which the spectacularity inherent to fashion resonates with the unique impulses of a post-authoritarian political landscape in which uncovering secrets is especially alluring. I argue that the hermeneutic impulses motivating popular fascination with criminal style, often circulated via social media, open new analyses of the ethical relationship between beauty and justice. Building on the scholarship on transparency and on the human face, I argue that putting gendered religious style at the center of the analytical frame—from religious self-fashioning to court appearances, and as forms of political protest—reveals the ethical impulses behind seeing and being seen, and the faciality of scandal.
Mediums, Media, and Mediated “Post”-Truth: Baba Vanga in the Russian Imagination
Authors: Neuburger Mary , Hanzel Adam 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIt is impossible to understand the phenomenon of disinformation without unraveling the more perplexing notion of “truth.” This article explores how a Bulgarian psychic or prophet named Baba Vanga (1911–1996) became one of the most noteworthy mediums of “truth” in twentieth- and twenty-first-century Russian imagination. With Bulgarian-Russian transnational ties as context, we trace how belief in Baba Vanga’s abilities and prophecies was propagated by witnesses via word-of-mouth, newspaper articles, books, TV programming, and the internet. We periodize the ways Vanga secured a place in Russian “truth worlds,” drawing upon both science and religion or a conglomeration of both. We look deeper into the origins and more recent circulation of a purported Vanga prophecy from 1979: namely, that Russia would rise to be the ruler of the world. The dissemination of this message, we argue, is not a Russian state plot to bolster aspirations in Ukraine and its standoff with the West. Instead it has been transmitted in far more fragmented and mediated ways and even countered by the Russian Orthodox Church. A deeper pondering of these mediations of Baba Vanga can help us better understand what we call the “post”-truth world, in which truth is crafted by online “posts.” In contrast to the notion of “post-truth” that posits a dearth of truth, our concept of “post”-truth recognizes that truth is not just in unprecedented excess today but is built through a complex and participatory bricolage that uses science and religion to build shared realities as never before in history.
Beyond Order and Progress: Legitimacy and Nation-Building in Military Brazil
Authors: Monetti Luiza 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBetween 1964 and 1985, a military dictatorship in Brazil combined an arsenal of political instruments—surveillance, violent repression, and propaganda, among others—to justify its illegal rule. How did the Brazilian military regime attempt to justify its claim to power for more than two decades? What discursive strategies did it use to win popular support, despite the violence it perpetrated? This paper investigates how discourse is used to legitimize power and create meaning in authoritarian regimes. Using ethnographic content analysis of archival materials, I pinpoint and analyze three key discursive frames employed in regime propaganda: “defenders of democracy,” “Great Brazil” and “model citizenship.” I argue that the Brazilian military regime used these frames to justify its authority, forge national values and social norms, and redefine the boundaries of the national community. These findings not only contribute to our understanding of authoritarian power that is wielded and legitimized through discourse, but also speak to the enduring consequences of authoritarianism in sociopolitical subjects.
A global reference for black shale geochemistry and the T-OAE revisited: upper Pliensbachian – middle Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) chemostratigraphy in the Cleveland Basin, England
Authors: Jarvis Ian , Atar Elizabeth , Gröcke Darren R. , Herringshaw Liam G. , Trabucho-Alexandre João P. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe Pliensbachian–Toarcian succession of North Yorkshire provides a global reference for the interval incorporating the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, ∼183 Ma). Major and trace element, carbon stable-isotope (δ13Corg) and total organic carbon (TOC) data for the Dove’s Nest core, drilled close to the classic outcrop sections of the Yorkshire coast, demonstrate geochemical, mineralogical and grain-size trends linked to sea level and climate change in the Cleveland Basin. High-resolution correlation between the core and outcrop enables the integration of data to generate a comprehensive chemostratigraphic record. Palaeoredox proxies (Mo, U, V, TOC/P, DOP and Fe speciation) show a progressive shift from oxic bottom waters in the late Pliensbachian through dysoxic–anoxic conditions in the earliest Toarcian to euxinia during the T-OAE. Anoxia–dysoxia persisted into the middle Toarcian. Elemental and isotope data (Re, Re/Mo, δ34SCAS, δ98Mo and ε205Tl) from the coastal sections evidence global expansion of anoxic and euxinic seafloor area driving drawdown of redox-sensitive metals and sulfate from seawater leading to severe depletion in early Toarcian ocean water. The record of anoxia–euxinia in the Cleveland Basin largely reflects global-scale changes in ocean oxygenation, although metal depletion was temporarily enhanced by periods of local basin restriction. Osmium and Sr isotopes demonstrate a pulse of accelerated weathering accompanying the early Toarcian hyperthermal, coincident with the T-OAE. The combined core and outcrop records evidence local and global environmental change accompanying one of the largest perturbations in the global carbon cycle during the last 200 Ma and a period of major biotic turnover.
The anthropomorphism of Hestia: reconsidering the early Greek sources
Authors: Konstantinou Ariadne 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis article revisits the mainstream scholarly view that the Greek Hestia is the least anthropomorphic deity among the Olympians, an idea that owes much to a short reference to her in Plato’s Phaedrus. The analysis is based on textual and visual sources from the Archaic period: I first review two references to Hestia in early hexameter poetry, in Hesiod’s Theogony and in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, before turning to the depiction of her in two early Attic black-figure vases, the Sophilos dinos at the British Museum and the François vase, which have been neglected in discussing Hestia’s anthropomorphic nature in early Greek thought. While the study of individual Greek gods has returned to the fore in the field of Greek religion in the last 20 years, it seems that not enough has changed in the current conceptualization of Hestia.
The evolution problem for the 1D nonlocal Fisher-KPP equation with a top hat kernel. Part 1. The Cauchy problem on the real line
Authors: Needham David John , Billingham John , Ladas Nikolaos Michael , Meyer John 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe study the Cauchy problem on the real line for the nonlocal Fisher-KPP equation in one spatial dimension,\begin{equation*} u_t = D u_{xx} + u(1-\phi *u), \end{equation*}where$\phi *u$is a spatial convolution with the top hat kernel,$\phi (y) \equiv H\left (\frac{1}{4}-y^2\right )$. After observing that the problem is globally well-posed, we demonstrate that positive, spatially periodic solutions bifurcate from the spatially uniform steady state solution$u=1$as the diffusivity,$D$, decreases through$\Delta _1 \approx 0.00297$(the exact value is determined in Section 3). We explicitly construct these spatially periodic solutions as uniformly valid asymptotic approximations for$D \ll 1$, over one wavelength, via the method of matched asymptotic expansions. These consist, at leading order, of regularly spaced, compactly supported regions with width of$O(1)$where$u=O(1)$, separated by regions where$u$is exponentially small at leading order as$D \to 0^+$. From numerical solutions, we find that for$D \geq \Delta _1$, permanent form travelling waves, with minimum wavespeed,$2 \sqrt{D}$, are generated, whilst for$0 \lt D \lt \Delta _1$, the wavefronts generated separate the regions where$u=0$from a region where a steady periodic solution is created via a distinct periodic shedding mechanism acting immediately to the rear of the advancing front, with this mechanism becoming more pronounced with decreasing$D$. The structure of these transitional travelling wave forms is examined in some detail.
Soap ’n’ AI
Authors: Dale Robert 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIt’s less than a year since OpenAI’s board voted to fire Sam Altman as CEO, in a palace coup that lasted just a weekend before Altman was reinstated. That weekend and subsequent events in OpenAI’s storyline provide all the ingredients for a soap opera. So, just in case Netflix is interested, here’s a stab at a synopsis of what might be just the first of many seasons of ‘The Generative AI Wars’.
Persistently Elevated High‐Latitude Ocean Temperatures and Global Sea Level Following Temporary Temperature Overshoots
Authors: Lacroix Fabrice , Burger Friedrich A. , Silvy Yona , Schleussner Carl‐F. , Frölicher Thomas L. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAs exceeding the 1.5°C level of global warming is likely to happen in the near future, understanding the response of the ocean‐climate system to temporarily overshooting this warming level is of critical importance. Here, we apply the Adaptive Emissions Reduction Approach to the Earth System Model GFDL‐ESM2M to conduct novel overshoot scenarios that reach 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0°C of global warming before returning to 1.5°C over the time period of 1861–2500. We also perform a complementary scenario that stabilizes global temperature at 1.5°C, allowing to isolate impacts caused by the temperature overshoots alone, both during their peaks and after their reversals. The simulations indicate that substantial residual ocean surface warming persists in the high latitudes after the overshoots, with most notable regional anomalies occurring in the North Atlantic (up to +3.1°C in the 3°C overshoot scenario compared to the 1.5°C stabilization scenario) and the Southern Ocean (+1.2°C). The residual warming is primarily driven by the recoveries of the Atlantic and Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation and associated increases in ocean heat transport. Excess subsurface heat storage in low and mid‐latitudes prevents steric sea level rise (SLR) from reverting to 1.5°C stabilization levels in any overshoot scenario, with steric sea level remaining up to 32% higher in the 3°C overshoot scenario on centennial time scales. Both peak impacts and persistent changes after overshoot reversal bear significant implications for future assessments of coastlines, regional climates, marine ecosystems, and ice sheets.
Estimating Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Two California Cities Using Bayesian Inversion and Satellite Measurements
Authors: Hamilton Sofia D. , Wu Dien , Johnson Matthew S. , Turner Alexander J. , Fischer Marc L. , Dadheech Nikhil , Jeong Seongeun 
Published: October 2024

AbstractNASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatories (OCO‐2 and OCO‐3) provide measurements of column‐averaged carbon dioxide concentrations (XCO2) with sufficient spatial resolution and precision to constrain bottom‐up estimates of CO2 fluxes at regional scales. We use Bayesian inversion methods assimilating satellite retrievals to improve estimates of CO2 fluxes in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) which surrounds Los Angeles, and in the San Francisco Bay Area Air Basin (SFBA). We study 2020 to understand the impact of the COVID‐19 lockdowns and an active wildfire season. Our results indicated that a 50% (30%) reduction in CO2 emissions relative to 2015 during the COVID‐19 lockdown period was consistent with OCO measurements for SFBA (SoCAB). We find that posterior wildfire emissions differed significantly from the prior at the scale of individual wildfires, though with large uncertainties, and that wildfire emissions in SFBA are significant, attributing 72% of the region's CO2 emissions during August 2020 to wildfires.
Decoding Stress Patterns of the 2023 Türkiye‐Syria Earthquake Doublet
Authors: Chen Jianquan , Liu Chang , Dal Zilio Luca , Cao Jianling , Wang Hui , Yang Guangliang , Göğüş Oğuz H. , Zhang Hang , Shi Yaolin 
Published: October 2024

AbstractEarthquake interaction across multiple time scales can reveal complex stress evolution and rupture patterns. Here, we investigate the role of static stress change in the 2023 Mw 7.8 and 7.6 earthquake doublet along the East Anatolian Fault (EAF), using simulations of 19 historical earthquakes (M ≥ 6.1) and the 2023 earthquake doublet from 1822 to 2023. Focusing on six cascading sub‐events during the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake doublet, we reveal how one sub‐event's stress alteration can impact the emergence and rupture of subsequent sub‐events. Our analysis unveils that the 2023 Mw 7.8 earthquake was delayed due to stress shadow effects from historical events, while the 2023 Mw 7.6 earthquake was accelerated as a result of stress increases from historical events and ultimately triggered by the 2023 Mw 7.8 earthquake. This study underscores the importance of grasping earthquake preparation, rupture initiation, propagation, and termination in the context of intricate fault systems worldwide. Based on these results, we draw attention to increased seismic hazards in the Elazig‐Bingol seismic gap of the EAF and the northern section of the Dead Sea Fault (DSF), necessitating increased monitoring and preparedness efforts.
Long‐Term Variability of Phytoplankton Primary Production in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea/Japan Sea Using Ocean Color Remote Sensing
Authors: Lee Dabin , Lee Dong‐Hun , Joo Huitae , Jang Hyo Keun , Park Sanghoon , Kim Yejin , Kim Sungjun , Kim Jaesoon , Kim Myeongseop , Kwon Jae‐Il , Lee Sang Heon 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn recent years, significant changes in environmental conditions and marine ecosystems have been observed in the East Sea/Japan Sea. This study investigates the long‐term environmental dynamics and phytoplankton responses in the Ulleung Basin, situated in the southwestern East Sea/Japan Sea, utilizing satellite and in situ data from 2002 to 2021. Over this period, there was a noticeable increase in sea surface temperature (SST) (r = 0.5739, p < 0.01), accompanied by decreasing mixed layer depth (MLD) and chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration (r = −0.6193 and −0.6721, respectively; p < 0.01). Nutrient concentrations within the upper 50 m significantly declined for nitrate and phosphate. A reduction in the N:P ratio indicated a shift from phosphorus‐limited to nitrogen‐limited environment. Moreover, primary production (PP) demonstrated a decreasing trend (r = −0.5840, p < 0.01), coinciding with an increase in small phytoplankton contribution (r = 0.6399, p < 0.01). Rising SST potentially altered the water column's vertical structure, hindering nutrient entrainment from the deep ocean. Consequently, this nutrient limitation may increase small phytoplankton contribution, resulting in a decline in total PP. Under the IPCC's SSP5‐8.5 scenario, small phytoplankton contribution in the Ulleung Basin is projected to rise by over 10%, resulting in a 29% average PP decrease by 2100. This suggests a diminishing energy supply to the food web in a warming ocean, impacting higher trophic levels and major fishery resources. These findings emphasize the critical need for understanding and monitoring these environmental shifts for effective fisheries management and marine ecosystem conservation.
Potential Linkages Between Submarine Groundwater (Fresh and Saline) Nutrient Inputs and Eutrophication in a Coastal Aquaculture Bay
Authors: Xu Cheng , Wang Xilong , Zhang Fenfen , Lao Yanlin , Liu Jianan , Du Jinzhou 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSubmarine groundwater discharge (SGD) plays a crucial role in nutrient budgets of coastal systems, encompassing both submarine fresh groundwater discharge (SFGD) and recirculated saline groundwater discharge (RSGD). Despite its significance, the specific importance of these components in mariculture bays has not been thoroughly assessed. Here, utilizing Ra isotopes and water‐salt mass balance model, we show that SFGD flux (1.1 ± 0.4 cm d−1) represented only 17% of the SGD in the Zhenzhu Bay, a typical mariculture bay along the South China Sea. Interestingly, the nutrient contribution from SFGD surpassed that from RSGD, accounting for 82% of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) flux within the SGD. Analysis of the monthly satellite Chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) data confirmed that the decline in phytoplankton biomass can be linked to the limited dissolved silicate (DSi) transported by SFGD. Additionally, the elevated nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (241:1) and reduced silicon to nitrogen ratio (0.5:1) in SFGD compared to the Redfield ratio suggested that SFGD characterized by nitrogen excess and silica deficient, which likely played a role in transitioning from biogenic element constraints in coastal water. This shift may impact the proportions and functionality of the phytoplankton community, potentially mitigating water eutrophication. These findings underscore the significant influence of SGD on nutrient dynamics and the ecological environment in the Zhenzhu Bay.
CO2 Emissions Estimate From Mexico City Using Ground‐ and Space‐Based Remote Sensing
Authors: Che Ke , Lauvaux Thomas , Taquet Noemie , Stremme Wolfgang , Xu Yang , Alberti Carlos , Lopez Morgan , García‐Reynoso Agustín , Ciais Philippe , Liu Yi , Ramonet Michel , Grutter Michel 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) stands as one of the most densely populated urban regions globally. To quantify the urban emissions in the MCMA, we independently assimilated observations from a dense column‐integrated Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) network and OCO‐3 Snapshot Area Map observations between October 2020 and May 2021. Applying a computationally efficient analytical Bayesian inversion technique, we inverted for surface fluxes at high spatio‐temporal resolutions (1‐km and 1‐hr). The fossil fuel (FF) emission estimates of 5.08 and 6.77 Gg/hr reported by the global and local emission inventories were optimized to 4.85 and 5.51 Gg/hr based on FTIR observations over this 7 month period, highlighting a convergence of posterior estimates. The modeled biogenic flux estimate of −0.14 Gg/hr was improved to −0.33 to −0.27 Gg/hr, respectively. It is worth noting that utilizing observations from three primary sites significantly enhanced the accuracy of estimates (13.6 29.2%) around the other four. Using FTIR posterior estimates can improve simulation with the OCO‐3 data set. OCO‐3 shows a similar decreasing trend in FF emissions (from 6.37 Gg/hr to 6.36 and 5.04 Gg/hr) as FTIR, but its correction trends for biogenic sources differ, changing from 0.37 to 0.48 Gg/hr. The primary reason is OCO‐3's lower temporal sampling density. Aligning the FTIR inversion timing with that of OCO‐3 yielded comparable corrections for FF emissions, yet discrepancies in biogenic emissions persisted, which can be attributed to their different sampling locations in the rural region and discrepancy in X observations. Our findings mark a significant step toward validating OCO‐3 and FTIR inversion results in metropolitan region.
High‐Latitude Eddy Covariance Temporal Network Design and Optimization
Authors: Pallandt Martijn M. T. A. , Jung Martin , Arndt Kyle , Natali Susan M. , Rogers Brendan M. , Virkkala Anna‐Maria , Göckede Mathias 
Published: October 2024

AbstractEcosystems at high latitudes are changing rapidly in response to climate change. To understand changes in carbon fluxes across seasonal to multi‐decadal timescales, long‐term in situ measurements from eddy covariance networks are needed. However, there are large spatiotemporal gaps in the high‐latitude eddy covariance network. Here we used the relative extrapolation error index in machine learning‐based upscaled gross primary production as a measure of network representativeness and as the basis for a network optimization. We show that the relative extrapolation error index has steadily decreased from 2001 to 2020, suggesting diminishing upscaling errors. In experiments where we limit site activity by either setting a maximum duration or by ending measurements at a fixed time those errors increase significantly, in some cases setting the network status back more than a decade. Our experiments also show that with equal site activity across different theoretical network setups, a more spread out design with shorter‐term measurements functions better in terms of larger‐scale representativeness than a network with fewer long‐term towers. We developed a method to select optimized site additions for a network extension, which blends an objective modeling approach with expert knowledge. This method greatly outperforms an unguided network extension and can compensate for suboptimal human choices. For the Canadian Arctic we show several optimization scenarios and find that especially the Canadian high Arctic and north east tundra benefit greatly from addition sites. Overall, it is important to keep sites active and where possible make the extra investment to survey new strategic locations.