bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Border trade and tax-free import of alcohol to Norway
Authors: Nordlund Sturla 
Published: January 2018

Due to the high prices of alcoholic beverages in their home country, Norwegians usually bring alcohol with them when they return from trips abroad. This can be either tax-free alcohol bought at airports or on ferries, or alcohol bought in ordinary shops in foreign countries. The Norwegians quotas for duty-free import are 1 litre of spirits, 1 litre of wine (2 litres if no spirits) and 2 litres of beer. For the Swedes and Finns the quotas have gradually been increased, since they became members of the EU in 1995, and from 1 January 2004 they can import nearly unlimited amounts of alcohol for personal use. As a result the prices have decreased and made it increasingly profitable for Norwegians to buy alcohol in these countries, especially in Sweden, which is nearest to Norway. In this article the development of the total private alcohol import by Norwegian travellers, and especially the border trade from Sweden, is estimated from a series of survey data spanning the years from 1962 to 2002. The total private import of alcohol (spirits, wine and beer) has increased by a factor of 13 during the last 40 years. In 2002 it was estimated at 90 centilitres of pure alcohol per inhabitant 15 years and older. This corresponds to nearly 16% of the officially recorded domestic sale of alcohol. During the whole period the predominant part of private import, in terms of pure alcohol, has been spirits, but the import of wine has increased even more, relatively speaking, and corresponded to about two thirds of the private import of spirits in 2002. The border trade in alcohol from Sweden has increased strongly since 1994, from about 6 centilitres per inhabitant 15 years and older to about 32 centilitres in 2002. In 1994 it represented about 11% of the total private import by travellers, and in 2002 it represented more than a third. Compared to recorded total domestic alcohol sales it represented about 5.5%. The increase was relatively moderate from 1994 to 1999, but from 1999 to 2002 the total border trade from Sweden, in terms of pure alcohol, increased by about 275%. This development has been caused by several concurrent factors. Firstly, the prices in Sweden have been reduced due to the increased availability of cheaper alcohol from Denmark. Secondly, the exchange rate between the Swedish and Norwegian currencies has been profitable for Norwegians, especially after year 2000. Thirdly, the opening hours of the Swedish alcohol monopoly shops were expanded to include Saturdays starting 1 July 2001, after having been closed on Saturdays for nearly 20 years. And fourthly, a strong focus in Norwegian media on the price levels in Sweden has probably also contributed to the strong increase in the border trade in both alcohol and other goods.
Alcohol & drug use among employees in the private business sector in Norway
Authors: Nesvåg Sverre , Lie Terje 
Published: January 2018

Aims The aims of this study were to map the amounts and patterns of alcohol & drug (a&d) use among employees, to analyze the relationships between a&d use and the experienced negative and positive effects of such use, and to analyze how conditions of work and structural and cultural factors in the workplace affect the a&d use of employees. Method A total of 1 245 employees from 74 companies took part in the survey, giving a response rate of 34%. Given this low response rate, the sample was still considered representative, controlling for sex, age, industry, company size and geography. Results 2.6% of the employees had used illegal drugs and 18% had used prescribed drugs the last year. 3% had used prescribed drugs each week. There were strong connections between illegal drug use and negative consequences for the workplace (absenteeism, accidents and intoxication at work), but it seemed that none of the workplace factors affected the use of illegal drugs. Extensive use of prescribed drugs was strongly connected to experiencing bad working conditions and high absenteeism. 95% of the employees had used alcohol the last year. Based on the answers about the amounts of alcohol consumed the last two weeks, 4% of the women and 5% of the men in the sample could be characterized as heavy drinkers (according to WHO gender-specific limit values). High alcohol consumption is shown to be correlated to negative effects such as absenteeism (only short-term), accidents and intoxication at work. Demographic factors such as sex, age, marital status and caring responsibilities played a lesser role in explaining the variation in drinking among employees in this sample, and especially the variation in work-related drinking. Neither did the conditions of work explain the variation in drinking. Instead, such factors as number of work journeys abroad, hours working outside the permanent worksite, norms and beliefs (especially beliefs about alcohol as a strategy for coping with work strain), offer explanations for the variation in drinking among employees. Conclusions Alcohol and drugs use among employees is a twofold challenge to the working life. First, it is a challenge to prevent the negative effects of a&d use on the workplaces and the employees. Second, it is a challenge to prevent the many occasions for drinking in relation to work, and the structural and cultural factors in the workplace, from having a major negative impact on the alcohol and drug use of employees.
Artikel
Authors: Lilja John , Giota Joanna , Larsson Sam 
Published: January 2018

Information-based school programs aimed at reducing alcohol and drug use tend to have limited effects. It is claimed that this is because the aims of such programs are to influence the students' behavior and social life outside the school system. The aim of this article is to describe different views on how to evaluate substance prevention school programs. The analysis is based on publications in the philosophy of science, sociology, psychology, social-psychology and prevention science. There is an ongoing debate about how prevention programs ought to be evaluated. One group of researchers argues that experiments involving control groups is the only reliable way to assess prevention programs. Others maintain that this kind of experimental data to determine the outcomes has to be complemented by process data. This is because we need to know how programs interact with the local environment to optimize their effects. Knowledge about the processes will enable us to develop more effective programs in the future. Based on the analysis presented we conclude that both outcome and process studies are necessary to form a basis for the development of more efficient programs. Such programs must bring about positive interactions among the students and between the students and the instructors, which in turn will affect the outcomes of the prevention programs.
Artikel
Authors: Törrönen Jukka , Maunu Antti 
Published: January 2018

■ Aim Pubs are focal stages of sociability. This article investigates the identifications and distinctions between us and them, made by Finnish people talking about their own behaviour in pubs, and the pubs they like and dislike. The data consists of 117 interviews with 23 to 35-year-old young adults who work in business or administration. ■ Method The method applies classification analysis and is influenced by the structuralist, semiotic, and rhetoric traditions. ■ Results The analysis shows that many of the interviewees' classifications involve distancing themselves from those people that go to ‘superficial' pubs. The interviewees distinguish themselves from those frequenting superficial places by classifying the interactions there as false and stiff, and contrary to a genuine and relaxed sociability. With these distinctions the interviewees do not aim to distinguish themselves as ‘above' others. Instead, they define themselves as ordinary people by separating themselves from people who are fake, pretentious, or too faddish. ■ Conclusions This opposition to superficiality and the emphasis on authenticity is reminiscent of Rousseau's criticism of artificial needs. The Finnish interviewees seem to define sociability in pubs in a way that valorises the virtues of ordinariness and modesty. The results of the study speak for the persistence of the norm of equality, inherited from the peasant culture, rather than for the strength of the middle class culture which emphasises taste hierarchies.
Risk, pleasure and information: notes concerning the discursive space of alcohol prevention
Authors: Bergmark Anders 
Published: January 2018

In this paper the notions of risk, pleasure and information are discussed with reference both to their utilization within the prevention discourse and to their relation to a process of de-traditionalization. It is suggested that the current lack of options for moral discourse directed towards the individual's freedom of choice, restricts the vocabulary of prevention to deal only with the harm produced by alcohol consumption. Prevention discourses cannot address the motivational structure connected to the individual's pursuit for pleasure and self-fulfilling experiences. This constraint can be seen as a contributing factor to the centrality of risk in alcohol prevention discourses. Although risk-information is produced within the scientific community by a logic of its own, it is also related to the individuals expanding menu of choices that follows with subject-centered individualism with little or no room for moral discourse concerning the individual's construction of lifestyle and identity. When morality is no longer present, it is only risk that can fill its traditional role, that of being a reason for renouncing. It is not by chance that the most important actors on the alcohol policy scene in traditional temperance societies now are professionals and bureaucrats and not voluntary temperance organizations and that the latter have increasingly adopted their arguments from the former.
The danger lies in the drink. Early campaigns against alcohol abuse in Sweden
Authors: Björkman Jenny 
Published: January 2018

Between the 1850's and the 1920's the propaganda against alcohol changed in Sweden. At first the state was passive, but as time passed by the state took a great responsibility. In the 1920's almost all information about alcohol was sanctioned by the state. At the same time the strong temperance movement was involved in the propaganda. The message therefore was not only temperance but total sobriety. This connection to the temperance argument was however not debated. The school was early recognised as an ideal place to inform the young citizens about a good behaviour. The pupils should not only learn not to drink alcohol, they should also learn that abstention was the behaviour of a good citizen. In the school it was also easy to reach the children of the working classes. The working class was often regarded as the main problem. They drank more and the problem with a heavy drinking was greater among them. The gradually more intense information and propaganda can be connected to Nikolas Roses ideas about the advanced liberal state, where greater freedom is connected to more restrictions. In order to deserve democratic and liberal rights the citizens must know how to behave, which they learned in the temperence-education.
Diagnostic performances of two rapid tests for detection of feline leukemia virus antigen in sera of experimentally feline leukemia virus-infected cats
Authors: Krecic Matthew R , Velineni Sridhar , Meeus Patrick , Fan Huihao , Loenser Michael 
Published: January 2018

Objectives The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of WITNESS FeLV-FIV (Zoetis) and SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo Test (IDEXX) for the detection of FeLV p27 antigen in the sera of experimentally feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-infected cats. Methods Diagnostic sensitivities of WITNESS and SNAP were determined through testing of 47 serum samples collected from cats day 56 post-experimental infection with a virulent FeLV Rickard strain. Successful experimental infection was confirmed based on observation of FeLV antigen and proviral DNA in anti-coagulated (EDTA) whole-blood samples by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test and PCR, respectively. Diagnostic specificities of both tests were determined through testing of sera of 92 laboratory-housed, non-FeLV-exposed specific pathogen-free (SPF) cats. Results Forty-one of 47 blood samples were IFA positive, whereas all 47 samples were PCR positive. All 92 non-FeLV-infected SPF cats were IFA and PCR negative. In comparison to IFA as the reference method, both WITNESS and SNAP tests yielded equivalent sensitivities and specificities of 100% and 97.8%, respectively. In comparison to PCR as the reference method, both WITNESS and SNAP tests likewise performed equivalently, with sensitivities and specificities of 91.5% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance Sensitivity and specificity of WITNESS FeLV-FIV for identifying FeLV p27 antigen in the sera of these experimentally FeLV-infected and non-FeLV-exposed SPF cats equaled those of the SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo Test. However, all positive results, regardless of the point-of-care test used, should be confirmed before making clinical decisions such as segregation from other cats or euthanasia.
ADCT-402, a PBD dimer–containing antibody drug conjugate targeting CD19-expressing malignancies
Authors: Zammarchi Francesca , Corbett Simon , Adams Lauren , Tyrer Peter C. , Kiakos Konstantinos , Janghra Narinder , Marafioti Teresa , Britten Charles E. , Havenith Carin E. G. , Chivers Simon , D’Hooge Francois , Williams David G. , Tiberghien Arnaud , Howard Philip W. , Hartley John A. , van Berkel Patrick H. 
Published: January 2018

Key Points
ADCT-402 is a CD19-targeted ADC delivering SG3199, a cytotoxic DNA minor groove interstrand crosslinking PDB dimer warhead. ADCT-402 has potent and selective antitumor activity against CD19-expressing hematological malignancies warranting clinical development.
Factor XIII in plasma, but not in platelets, mediates red blood cell retention in clots and venous thrombus size in mice
Authors: Kattula Sravya , Byrnes James R. , Martin Sara M. , Holle Lori A. , Cooley Brian C. , Flick Matthew J. , Wolberg Alisa S. 
Published: January 2018

Key Points
FXIIIplasma, but not FXIIIplt, promotes RBC retention in thrombi and increases thrombus weight. Partial FXIII reduction may reduce venous thrombosis.
Effects of incretin treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic STEMI-patients with culprit obstructive and multivessel non obstructive-coronary-stenosis
Authors: Marfella Raffaele , Sardu Celestino , Balestrieri Maria Luisa , Siniscalchi Mario , Minicucci Fabio , Signoriello Giuseppe , Calabrò Paolo , Mauro Ciro , Pieretti Gorizio , Coppola Antonino , Nicoletti Gianfranco , Rizzo Maria Rosaria , Paolisso Giuseppe , Barbieri Michelangela 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Background
No proper data on prognosis and management of type-2 diabetic ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with culprit obstructive lesion and multivessel non obstructive coronary stenosis (Mv-NOCS) exist. We evaluated the 12-months prognosis of Mv-NOCS-diabetics with first STEMI vs.to non-diabetics, and then Mv-NOCS-diabetics previously treated with incretin based therapy vs. a matched cohort of STEMI-Mv-NOCS never treated with such therapy.

Methods
1088 Patients with first STEMI and Mv-NOCS were scheduled for the study. Patients included in the study were categorized in type 2 diabetics (n 292) and non-diabetics (n 796). Finally, we categorized diabetics in current-incretin-users (n 76), and never-incretin-users (n 180). The primary end point was all cause deaths, cardiac deaths, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 12 months of follow up.

Results
The study results evidenced higher percentage of all cause deaths (2.2% vs. 1.1%, p value 0.05), cardiac deaths (1.6% vs. 0.5%, p value 0.045), and MACE (12.9% vs. n 5.9%), p value 0.001) in diabetic vs. no diabetic patients at 12 months follow up. Among diabetic patients, the current vs never-incretin-users, did not present a significant difference about all cause of deaths, and cardiac deaths through 12-months. The MACE rate at 1 year was 7.4% in diabetic incretin-users STEMI Mv-NOCS patients vs. 12.9% in diabetic never-incretin-users STEMI-Mv-NOCS patients (p value 0.04). In a risk-adjusted hazard analysis, MACE through 12 months were lower in diabetic STEMI-Mv NOCS incretin-users vs never-incretin-users patients (HR 0.513, CI [0.292–0.899], p 0.021). Consequently, lower levels of glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) were predictive of MACE at follow up (HR 1.528, CI [1.059–2.204], p 0.024).

Conclusion
In type 2 diabetic patients with STEMI-Mv-NOCS, we observed higher incidence of 1-year mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, as compared to non-diabetic STEMI-Mv-NOCS patients. In diabetic patients, never-incretin-users have worse prognosis as compared to current-incretin-users.
Trail registration Clinical trial number: NCT03312179, name of registry: clinicaltrialgov, URL: clinicalltrialgov.com, date of registration: September 2017, date of enrollment first participant: September 2009
Association of Cell-Free DNA Tumor Fraction and Somatic Copy Number Alterations With Survival in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Stover Daniel G. , Parsons Heather A. , Ha Gavin , Freeman Samuel S. , Barry William T. , Guo Hao , Choudhury Atish D. , Gydush Gregory , Reed Sarah C. , Rhoades Justin , Rotem Denisse , Hughes Melissa E. , Dillon Deborah A. , Partridge Ann H. , Wagle Nikhil , Krop Ian E. , Getz Gad , Golub Todd R. , Love J. Christopher , Winer Eric P. , Tolaney Sara M. , Lin Nancy U. , Adalsteinsson Viktor A. 
Published: January 2018

PurposeCell-free DNA (cfDNA) offers the potential for minimally invasive genome-wide profiling of tumor alterations without tumor biopsy and may be associated with patient prognosis. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by few mutations but extensive somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs), yet little is known regarding SCNAs in metastatic TNBC. We sought to evaluate SCNAs in metastatic TNBC exclusively via cfDNA and determine if cfDNA tumor fraction is associated with overall survival in metastatic TNBC.Patients and MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, we identified 164 patients with biopsy-proven metastatic TNBC at a single tertiary care institution who received prior chemotherapy in the (neo)adjuvant or metastatic setting. We performed low-coverage genome-wide sequencing of cfDNA from plasma.ResultsWithout prior knowledge of tumor mutations, we determined tumor fraction of cfDNA for 96.3% of patients and SCNAs for 63.9% of patients. Copy number profiles and percent genome altered were remarkably similar between metastatic and primary TNBCs. Certain SCNAs were more frequent in metastatic TNBCs relative to paired primary tumors and primary TNBCs in publicly available data sets The Cancer Genome Atlas and METABRIC, including chromosomal gains in drivers NOTCH2, AKT2, and AKT3. Prespecified cfDNA tumor fraction threshold of ≥ 10% was associated with significantly worse metastatic survival (median, 6.4 v 15.9 months) and remained significant independent of clinicopathologic factors (hazard ratio, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.8; P < .001).ConclusionWe present the largest genomic characterization of metastatic TNBC to our knowledge, exclusively from cfDNA. Evaluation of cfDNA tumor fraction was feasible for nearly all patients, and tumor fraction ≥ 10% is associated with significantly worse survival in this large metastatic TNBC cohort. Specific SCNAs are enriched and prognostic in metastatic TNBC, with implications for metastasis, resistance, and novel therapeutic approaches.
Anti–Ma-1 and Anti–Ma-2 Antibodies in Isolated Fatal Hypothalamitis
Authors: Bustos Mario , Berger Hara , Hannoush Zeina Carolina , Ayala Alejandro , Freire Rochelle , Kargi Atil Yilmaz 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Lymphocytic hypothalamitis (LHT) is a rare disease characterized by pituitary dysfunction, autonomic instability, metabolic disturbances, and neuropsychiatric disorders. We report the case of a 30-year-old man found to have LHT that progressed despite treatment with methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). A literature review was conducted to identify prior studies pertaining to LHT. Our patient presented with several weeks of fatigue, cold intolerance, weight loss, confusion, and headache. Laboratory tests were consistent with panhypopituitarism. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed an infiltrative enhancing mass in the area of the hypothalamus, and stereotactic biopsy findings showed reactive inflammatory changes. A course of hormone replacement (levothyroxine), methylprednisolone, and IVIG was initiated. The patient’s course was complicated by a fatal tonsillar herniation. Autopsy revealed LHT. The diagnosis and management of autoimmune LHT are challenging. The entity should be considered in the setting of panhypopituitarism with a hypothalamic mass. Differentiating paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic hypothalamitis should be established for management and prognosis. Definitive treatment remains unclear; treatment with corticosteroids should be attempted, followed by consideration of other immunosuppressive agents, such as rituximab. If a paraneoplastic syndrome is suspected, management should also be directed toward the primary tumor.
Declining Physical Activity and Motivation from Middle School to High School
Authors: DISHMAN ROD K. , MCIVER KERRY L. , DOWDA MARSHA , PATE RUSSELL R. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine whether naturally occurring changes in intrinsic motivation, behavioral regulation, and goals mitigate declining physical activity among adolescents.

Methods
Latent growth modeling was applied in tests of change in intrinsic motivation, facets of behavioral regulation, and their interactions with goals on change in physical activity measured by accelerometer in a cohort of 260 boys and girls evaluated longitudinally from sixth through ninth grades.

Results
Physical activity declined less in youths who maintained higher intrinsic motivation or integrated regulation, but only when they maintained higher enjoyment goal compared with other students. Physical activity also declined less in students who maintained higher intrinsic motivation or integrated motivation and had bigger declines in appearance goal (or social and competence goals with intrinsic motivation) compared with students who maintained higher levels of those goals. The interactions correspond to 1 to 2 min·h−1 less decrease in physical activity.

Conclusions
Consistent with Self-Determination Theory, the findings encourage interventions that target autonomous motivation among youths. The results extend prior evidence in three ways. First, the cohort was tracked for 3 yr using an objective measure of physical activity. Second, influences of intrinsic motivation and integrated regulation on changing physical activity were not direct. They interacted with changing goals, indicating that interventions should also focus on specific goals for physical activity as effect modifiers. Third, interventions focused on autonomous motivation should consider that controlled, introjected motivation may also interact with goals to influence physical activity during the transition between middle school and high school.