bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Character Education in Madrasah Aliyah in Era 5. 0
Authors: Patty Elyakim Nova Supriyedi , Sunardin Sunardin , Sutrisno Sutrisno , Ilmi Darul 
Published: September 2024

Background. The 5.0 era generation is a generation that has developed knowledge of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Some of the skills that students must have are: Productive thinking, innovative, artistic, mastery of communication and mastery of cooperation. Strengthening character education certainly needs to be realized, this aims to instill moral traits (ethical character) which makes morals an individual characteristic.
Purpose. The aim of this research is to understand the outline and system for determining character education for students at Madrasah Aliyah. Apart from that, this research also aims to explain to students what character education looks like in passing through the 5.0 education era.
Method. The method used is a quantitative survey model, a survey using online-based Google Form and in-depth interviews with students.
Results. The results of the research can explain that the implementation of character education is actually very important to equip students for the future. Character education is implemented with a system that utilizes information technology available in schools, so that morals can be formed and at the same time can also develop mastery of skills in the field of ICT, think productively, innovatively and can be achieved by students in the future in the 5.0 era.
Conclusion. Research limitations that is, researchers cannot explain the overall implementation of character education for students at Madrasah Aliyah in depth and effectively. Researchers hope that future research can handle the implementation of character education for Madarasah Aliyah students in the 5.0 era well and more thoroughly.
Innovation in Qur'an Hadith Learning Media Through Audio Visual Media
Authors: Priyatno Dwi , Taufik Muhamad , Siregar Syahruddin , Syafiuddin Fauzan Azima , Guilin Xie 
Published: September 2024

Background. Education is very important for all humans. There are so many learning media available for teachers and students. Educators and students can use one of these media, one of which is audio visual media. However, educators and students have not been able to use this audio visual media properly. Which by applying this audio visual media students are easier to understand learning.
Purpose. This study aims to find out how to use this audio visual media for learning Al Qur'an hadith.
Method. This research method uses quantitative methods and in-depth interviews. The results of this study are to find out the existence of teachers who apply audio visual media in learning Qur'an hadith, and there is an increase in student learning outcomes after the teacher applies this audio visual media.
Results. This study explains that the role of audio-visual media in learning is very important, especially in learning Qur'an hadith.
Conclusion. Because the existence of audio-visual media is very helpful for teachers in learning Qur'an hadith so that students easily understand the lesson, and also improve student achievement.
The Impact of Covid-19 on Student Achievement in Higher Education
Authors: Hidajad Arif , Cale Woolnough , Jonathan Bouyea 
Published: September 2024

Background. The Covid-19 pandemic has a huge impact on various fields, especially in the world of education. Learning that was originally carried out face-to-face becomes learning that is carried out online or online.
Purpose. Online learning has been approved by the government because it is one of the solutions to overcome the spread of the covid-19 virus. The purpose of this study is to be able to test the hypothesis regarding the impact of covid-19 on student achievement.
Method. The method used in this research is quantitative method, the data obtained through distributing questionnaires by utilising google from.
Results. he results of this study indicate that lectures conducted online during covid-19 have a huge impact on the achievements obtained by students.
Conclusion. The conclusion of the study shows that there is a significant relationship between learning conducted online during the covid-19 pandemic and the learning achievements obtained by students.
Evaluation of the Effect of Using Educational Games on Early Childhood Learning Achievement
Authors: Nurteti Lilis , Srisudarso Mansyur , Wahyuni Annisa , Ramadhan Mariatul Kamila , Ananta Maulana Paramaditya 
Published: September 2024

Background. Early childhood from 3-5 years old is classified as a digital native generation. This is triggered by the dependence of individuals on technology. The ease of access in the form of videos and other entertainment will trigger children to do activities. This aspect will help in providing stimulation for children while parents are busy with work. The use of educational games is one form of the role of technology use on the motor and cognitive development of children.
Purpose This study aims to investigate how influential the use of educational games is. Looking for shortcomings and advantages in the use of educational games to be evaluated. Educational games that present interesting animations and images will captivate children when they see them. This will make children enthusiastic and easy to remember things.
Method. The method used in this research is a qualitative method. This method is a way of research that uses numbers. The data collected comes from a questionnaire distributed to teachers at an early age level. The statements presented are loaded on Google from to facilitate access from teachers without taking time. The statements presented are related to evaluating the effect of using educational games on early childhood achievement. The collected data will later be transferred to Excel. After that the data will be inputted into spss to do the oneway anova test.
Results. The result of this research is the use of technology in the form of educational games will help optimize the development and growth of early childhood. However, not all educational games are able to accommodate balanced and comprehensive development. It takes the role of parents and teachers to control the use of technology in early childhood so as not to get addicted.
Conclusion This research can be concluded that the use of technology in the form of content, educational games and other things in proportion will help improve the learning achievement of children. Proper use according to portions will help without replacing the role of parents and teachers.
Prospek Bengkel Sepeda Motor untuk Usaha Kecil dan Menengah (PkM di SMK Dharma Karya Kecamatan Beringin Kabupaten Deli Serdang)
Authors: Ronald Naibaho  , Napitupulu Abidan , Habibullah  
Published: September 2024

SMK Dharma Karya yang ada di Desa Sidodadi Kecamatan Beringin Kabupaten Deli Serdang adalah Sekolah Kejuruan tingkat atas yang memiliki Program Studi Teknik Bisnis Sepeda Motor (TBSM). Dengan melakukan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat kepada siswa kelas XI melalui dialog, motivasi dan diskusi terbuka terhadap permasalahan lapangan pekerjaan dan tantangan perekonomian Indonesia umumnya dan khususnya Sumatera Utara yang dihadapi saat ini dan dimasa yang akan datang sesuai dengan peluang alumni SMK Prodi TBSM maka setelah tamat adik adik siswa SMK Dharma Karya diharapkan tidak hanya untuk bekerja tetapi mau dan berani membuka lapangan kerja dengan mendirikan bengkel sepeda motor. Dengan semakin banyaknya produksi sepeda motor dan semakin murah nya Down payment (DP) atau uang muka untuk membeli sepeda motor maka masyarakat akan semakin terrangsang untuk memiliki sepeda motor yang nantinya tentu akan semakin membutuhkan jasa service dan penggantian spare part sepeda motor. Adapun tujuan PkM ini adalah untuk memotivasi siswa SMK Dharma Karya Program Studi Teknik Bisnis Sepeda Motor (TBSM) memahami peluang membuka bengkel sepeda motor yang akan semakin menjajnjikan sebagai sebuah usaha kecil dan menengah (UMK) yang modalnya tidak terlalu besar. Dengan adanya dialog, memberikan motivasi dan diskusi maka pengetahuan siswa bertambah dan semakin termotivasi untuk mendirikan bengkel sepeda motor setelah tamat. Dengan metode pendekatan yang partisipatif dan kolaborasi beberapa siswa ternyata memberikan dampak yang positif. Hal ini terlihat dari adanya respon siswa dan komitmen untuk berwiraswata setelah siswa tamat dari SMK Dharma Karya.
Pengenalan Pajak dan Pelatihan Perhitungan Pajak Penghasilan (PPh) untuk Para Petani di Desa Pardugul Lumban Binanga Kabupaten Samosir
Authors: Sinurat Windo , Silitonga Manaor , Gultom Josua Alex , Sitohang Andar 
Published: September 2024

Pajak merupakan salah satu penerimaan Negara terbesar. Penerimaan Negara menentukan pembangunan di seluruh pelosok negeri Indonesia. Menurut undang-undang pajak sifat nya memaksa tetapi sistem Perpajakan Indonesia adalah Self assessment yaitu wajib pajak akan berinisiatif dalam kegiatan menghitung dan memungut pajaknya sendiri. Akan tetapi masih banyak masyarakat Indonesia yang tidak paham akan pajak terkhususnya pajak penghasilan. Maka dengan ini kami pihak dosen dari Teknik Akadeni Deli Serdang Lubuk Pakam melakukan pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PKM) ini dalam rangka menjalankan slaah satu Darma dari Tri Darma Perguruan Tinggi. Dengan melakukan sosialisi ini tentu akan berdampak baik bagi masyarakat dan Negara. Adapun tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalah dengan semakin banyak nya masyarakat yang paham akan pajak maka di harapkan akan semakin tinggi juga kesadaran masyarakat dalam hal penyetoran pajak ke Negara. Hal ini secara tidak langsung akan mengakibatkan semakin banyak nya pembangunan fasilitas-fasilitas untuk membantu masyarakat juga. Dengan adanya dialog dengan masyarat diharapkan dapat memotivasi masyarakat untuk sadar akan pajak. Pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PKM) ini di sambut hangat oleh masyarakat Desa Pardugul, Lumban Binanga Kabupaten Samosir.
Walking Bike as an Effective Tool to Reduce Plantar Peak Pressure in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Illgner Ulrich , Mehlhorn Alexander , Osada Nani , Krenn Veit , Landauer Franz 
Published: September 2024

Background: Foot ulcers and infections are a major and costly problem in patients with diabetes and a major cause of amputations. Plantar peak pressure plays an essential role in plantar ulceration. Off-loading is a common tool to reduce plantar peak pressure and risk of ulceration. The goal of this study was to determine whether reduction of plantar peak pressure can be achieved using a walking bike (a bike without pedals) compared with walking.
Methods: The study starts with a PubMed literature review. In a blinded prospective protocol, 14 healthy individuals (seven men, seven women; mean ± SD age, 39.5 ± 11.3 years) are included. In-shoe pedobarography sensors were attached between the skin and the standardized shoes, then participants walked 10 m three times and then moved over the same distance using a walking bike without removal of the sensor (three times) in a gait laboratory (84 measurements).
Results: In this single-blinded prospective study, mean ± SD plantar peak pressure was significantly reduced from 49.4 ± 12.9 N/cm2 with walking to 35.2 ± 14.6 N/cm2 using a walking bike (P = .003). Mean ± SD step length increased significantly from 0.68 ± 0.13 m to 0.91 ± 0.19 m (P < .001) due to a significantly reduced number of steps (from 7.7 ± 1.4 steps per 10 m of walking to 5.7 ± 1.1 steps per 10 m of using a walking bike; P < .001).
Conclusions: Plantar peak pressure is a risk factor for ulceration in diabetes. Herein, a significant reduction of plantar peak pressure was seen using a walking bike compared with walking (P = .003). Walking bikes may be a tool for off-loading for diabetic patients, especially if both feet are ulcerated. Additional studies to validate these findings in patient care are planned.
Effect of combined application of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus to an organic-matter poor soil on soil organic matter cycling
Authors: Anwar Faiza , Sanaullah Muhammad , Ali Hayssam M. , Hussain Sabir , Mahmood Faisal , Zahid Zubda , Shahzad Tanvir 
Published: September 2024

Background
Sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) in agricultural soils promises climate change mitigation as well as sustainable ecosystem services. In order to stabilize crop residues as soil carbon (C), addition of mineral nutrients in excess to crop needs is suggested as an inevitable practice. However, the effect of two macronutrients i.e., nitrogen (N) & phosphorus (P), on C cycling has been found contradictory. Mineral N usually decreases whereas mineral P increases the soil organic C (SOC) mineralization and microbial biomass. How the addition of these macronutrients in inorganic form to an organic-matter poor soil affect C cycling remains to be investigated.

Methods
To reconcile this contradiction, we tested the effect of mineral N (120 kg N ha−1) and/or P (60 kg N ha−1) in presence or absence of maize litter (1 g C kg−1 soil) on C cycling in an organic-matter poor soil (0.87% SOC) in a laboratory incubation. Soil respiration was measured periodically during the incubation whereas various soil variables were measured at the end of the incubation.

Results
Contrary to literature, P addition stimulated soil C mineralization very briefly at start of incubation period and released similar total cumulative CO2-C as in control soil. We attributed this to low organic C content of the soil as P addition could desorb very low amounts of labile C for microbial use. Adding N with litter built up the largest microbial biomass (144% higher) without inducing any further increase in CO2-C release compared to litter only addition. However, adding P with litter did not induce any increase in microbial biomass. Co-application of inorganic N and P significantly increased C mineralization in presence (19% with respect to only litter amended) as well as absence (41% with respect to control soil) of litter. Overall, our study indicates that the combined application of inorganic N and P stabilizes added organic matter while depletes the already unamended soil.
A unified engineering model of the first stroke in downward negative lightning
Authors: Nag Amitabh , Rakov Vladimir A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEach stroke in a negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash is composed of downward leader and upward return stroke processes, which are usually modeled individually. The first stroke leader is stepped and starts with preliminary breakdown (PB) which is often viewed as a separate process. We present the first unified engineering model for computing the electric field produced by a sequence of PB, stepped leader, and return stroke processes, serving to transport negative charge to ground. We assume that a negatively charged channel extends downward in a stepped fashion during both the PB and leader stages. Each step involves a current wave that propagates upward along the newly formed channel section. Once the leader attaches to ground, an upward propagating return stroke neutralizes the charge deposited along the channel. Model‐predicted electric fields are in reasonably good agreement with simultaneous measurements at both near (hundreds of meters, electrostatic field component is dominant) and far (tens of kilometers, radiation field component is dominant) distances from the lightning channel. Relations between the features of computed electric field waveforms and model input parameters are examined. It appears that peak currents associated with PB pulses are similar to return stroke peak currents, and the observed variation of electric radiation field peaks produced by leader steps at different heights above ground is influenced by the ground corona space charge.
The upward branch of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation quantified by tropical stratospheric water vapor and carbon monoxide measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder
Authors: Minschwaner K. , Su H. , Jiang J. H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe vertical distributions of water vapor (H2O) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the tropical lower stratosphere are controlled largely by their mixing ratios near the tropopause and by ascending motions as part of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC). The upward propagation of seasonal variations imprinted on H2O and CO vertical profiles, often referred to as the tropical “tape recorder,” can be used to derive the mean vertical velocity,
, in this region of the lower stratosphere where quasi‐horizontal mixing is not strong enough to erase the seasonal tape recorder signals. We used Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations of the tropical tape recorders from 2004 to 2014 to derive values of
at pressures between 90 and 16 hPa (about 18 to 28 km altitude). Mean vertical profiles of
are consistent with calculated velocities derived from net radiative heating rates based on observed temperature, humidity, cloud, and trace gas amounts. Temporal variations in
are dominated by a quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) and seasonal cycles, with maximum upwelling coinciding with easterly phases of the QBO in zonal wind shear and during the November–December period of the seasonal cycle. Both the QBO and annual modes emphasize the importance of wave phenomena in modulating the strength of tropical upwelling in the BDC. Interannual anomalies in
are correlated with variations in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with enhanced stratospheric upwelling during El Niño phases and reduced upwelling during La Niña. A small decreasing linear trend (~6%/decade) in
is observed from 2005 to 2014, although confidence is low in identifying such a trend as part of a long‐term change due to the influence of ENSO over this period.
The influence of winter cloud on summer sea ice in the Arctic, 1983–2013
Authors: Letterly Aaron , Key Jeffrey , Liu Yinghui 
Published: February 2016

AbstractArctic sea ice extent has declined dramatically over the last two decades, with the fastest decrease and greatest variability in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and East Siberian Seas. Thinner ice in these areas is more susceptible to changes in cloud cover, heat and moisture advection, and surface winds. Using two climate reanalyses and satellite data, it is shown that increased wintertime surface cloud forcing contributed to the 2007 summer sea ice minimum. An analysis over the period 1983–2013 reveals that reanalysis cloud forcing anomalies in the East Siberian and Kara Seas precondition the ice pack and, as a result, explain 25% of the variance in late summer sea ice concentration. This finding was supported by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer cloud cover anomalies, which explain up to 45% of the variance in sea ice concentration. Results suggest that winter cloud forcing anomalies in this area have predictive capabilities for summer sea ice anomalies across much of the central and Eurasian Arctic.
Inhomogeneous radiative forcing of homogeneous greenhouse gases
Authors: Huang Yi , Tan Xiaoxiao , Xia Yan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRadiative forcing of a homogeneous greenhouse gas (HGG) can be very inhomogeneous because the forcing is dependent on other atmospheric and surface variables. In the case of doubling CO2, the monthly mean instantaneous forcing at the top of the atmosphere is found to vary geographically and temporally from positive to negative values, with the range (−2.5–5.1 W m−2) being more than 3 times the magnitude of the global mean value (2.3 W m−2). The vertical temperature change across the atmospheric column (temperature lapse rate) is found to be the best single predictor for explaining forcing variation. In addition, the masking effects of clouds and water vapor also contribute to forcing inhomogeneity. A regression model that predicts forcing from geophysical variables is constructed. This model can explain more than 90% of the variance of the forcing. Applying this model to analyzing the forcing variation in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models, we find that intermodel discrepancy in CO2 forcing caused by model climatology leads to considerable discrepancy in their projected change in poleward energy transport.
Definition of a quality factor for single site location estimates
Authors: Coetzee Petrus J. , du Plessis Warren P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA technique to estimate the performance of single site location (SSL) based on high‐frequency direction finding for reigning ionospheric propagation conditions is described. This technique is based on classic propagation information (maximum useable frequency, frequency for optimum traffic, optimum working frequency, highest possible frequency, lowest possible frequency, etc.) which can be deduced by ray tracing through an ionospheric model such as the International Reference Ionosphere. The correlation between the elevation angle measured by an interferometric direction finder and the angles corresponding to the propagation conditions is used to assign a quality factor to the calculated SSL ground range result.
Assimilative modeling of ionospheric dynamics for nowcasting of HF propagation channels in the presence of TIDs
Authors: Nickisch L. J. , Fridman Sergey , Hausman Mark , Kraut Shawn , Zunich George 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe ionospheric data assimilation algorithm called GPS Ionospheric Inversion (GPSII; pronounced “gypsy”) has been extended and employed to model the dynamic ionosphere, including medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MS‐TIDs). MS‐TIDs are characterized by periods of 10–30 min. GPSII can assimilate many forms of ionospheric‐related data, including ionogram data and GPS L1/L2 beacon data. For this present effort, GPSII was extended to assimilate propagation time delay, integrated Doppler shift, and angle‐of‐arrival (AoA) measurements of HF transmissions from known reference points (KRPs). GPSII applies a regularization technique that constrains the solver to find the smoothest 3‐D ionosphere model that still reproduces the input data to within their respective errors of measurement. A companion paper documents the development of the assimilation capability for KRPs. In this paper we show test results of the model's performance in reproducing measured AoA variations in the presence of medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MS‐TIDs) using near vertical incidence skywave data collected at White Sands Missile Range by the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity HFGeo Program Government team. We find that using three KRPs within approximately 50 km of reference/check/nonassimilated transmitters, we can reproduce the measured AoAs of the nonassimilated transmitters to within 1.9° with 90% confidence even in the presence of highly dynamic MS‐TIDs.
Design and Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Segments
Authors: Segawa Yasutomo , Yagi Akiko , Matsui Katsuma , Itami Kenichiro 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe selective and predictable synthesis of structurally uniform carbon nanotubes (CNTs) represents a long‐standing goal in both nanocarbon science and synthetic organic chemistry. This Review focuses on synthetic studies toward the controlled synthesis of CNTs with single chirality through the organic synthesis of CNT segments and the organic template assisted growth of CNTs.