bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluvial sediment supply and pioneer woody seedlings as a control on bar‐surface topography
Authors: Diehl Rebecca M. , Wilcox Andrew C. , Stella John C. , Kui Li , Sklar Leonard S. , Lightbody Anne 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPlants influence river channel topography, but our understanding of the interaction among plants, flow, and sediment is limited, especially when sediment supply is variable. Using laboratory experiments in a recirculating flume with live seedlings in a mobile sand bed, we demonstrate how varying the balance between sediment supply and transport capacity shifts the relationship between plants and bar‐surface topography. Each experimental trial contrasted two sediment conditions, in which initially supply was maintained in equilibrium with transport via sediment recirculation, followed by sediment deficit, in which transport capacity exceeded supply, which was set to zero. For both sediment balances, the topographic response was sensitive to plant size, with larger plants inducing greater aggradation relative to a baseline condition. During sediment equilibrium, the positive relationship between plant size and topographic change also depended on species morphology (multi‐stemmed shrubs versus single‐stemmed plants). Plant morphology effects disappeared when the sediment balance shifted to a deficit, but the presence of plants had a greater impact on the magnitude of change compared to the topographic response under sediment equilibrium. Our results suggest that the interactions among sediment supply, plants, and topography may be strongest on rivers with a balance in sediment supply and transport capacity. Because of the large variability in fluvial sediment supply resulting from natural and anthropogenic influences, these interactions will differ spatially (e.g. longitudinally through a watershed) and at different temporal scales, from single flood events to longer time periods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What I Have Learned from Jack Dunitz
Authors: Seebach Dieter 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe lessons taught me by Jack Dunitz about the use of X‐ray crystal structure analysis, far beyond just for determining the structure of an isolated product, are described. The direct and indirect influence Jack had on the way various topics of my synthetic group developed at ETH is demonstrated with selected examples from our various research areas: Li‐enolates, the gem‐diaryl effect and TADDOLs, self‐regeneration of stereocenters, poly(hydroxybutanoates) (PHB), β‐peptides, and mechanistic investigations of organocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, the role Jack plays in the Laboratorium of Organic Chemistry at ETH Zürich is described and appreciated.
Exploring Electron/Proton Transfer and Conformational Changes in the Nitrogenase MoFe Protein and FeMo‐cofactor Through Cryoreduction/EPR Measurements
Authors: Davydov Roman , Khadka Nimesh , Yang Zhi‐Yong , Fielding Andrew J. , Lukoyanov Dmitriy , Dean Dennis R. , Seefeldt Lance C. , Hoffman Brian M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe combine cryoreduction/annealing/EPR measurements of nitrogenase MoFe protein with results of earlier investigations to provide a detailed view of the electron/proton transfer events and conformational changes that occur during early stages of [e−/H+] accumulation by the MoFe protein. This includes reduction of: 1) the non‐catalytic state of the iron‐molybdenum cofactor (FeMo‐co) active site that is generated by chemical oxidation of the resting‐state cofactor (S=3/2) within resting MoFe (E0); and 2) the catalytic state that has accumulated n=1 [e−/H+] above the resting‐state level, denoted E1(1H) (S≥1) in the Lowe‐Thorneley kinetic scheme. FeMo‐co does not undergo a major change of conformation during reduction of oxidized FeMo‐co. In contrast, FeMo‐co undergoes substantial conformational changes during the reduction of E0 to E1(1H), and of E1(1H) to E2(2H) (S=3/2). The experimental results further suggest that the E1(1H)→E2(2H) step involves coupled delivery of a proton and an electron (PCET) to FeMo‐co of E1(H) to generate a nonequilibrium S=
form E2(2H)*. This subsequently undergoes conformational relaxation and attendant change in the FeMo‐co spin state, to generate the equilibrium E2(2H) (S=3/2) state. Unexpectedly, these experiments also reveal conformational coupling between FeMo‐co and the P cluster, and between the Fe protein binding and FeMo‐co, which might play a role in gated electron transfer from reduced Fe protein to FeMo‐co.
Optimal dehydrothermal processing conditions to improve biocompatibility and durability of a weakly denatured collagen scaffold
Authors: Nakada Akira , Shigeno Keiji , Sato Toshihiko , Hatayama Takahide , Wakatsuki Mariko , Nakamura Tatsuo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCollagen scaffolds are essential for tissue regeneration; however, preprocessing of these scaffolds is necessary because of their poor mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal condition for preparing a collagen scaffold with biocompatibility and durability. An atelocollagen fiber suspension was made and stored at −10°C in a container that could be cooled from the bottom to provide an orientation perpendicular to the collagen fiber and facilitate cell infiltration into the scaffold. After freeze‐drying the frozen suspension, various collagen scaffolds were made by dehydrothermal (DHT) treatment under different conditions (processing temperature: 120–160°C for 0–28 h). Sections of the obtained materials were embedded under the back skin of rats, and the thickness and biocompatibility of the residual scaffold were evaluated after 2 weeks. The number of foreign body giant cells was counted to evaluate biocompatibility. Although the residual scaffold was thick, excessive DHT treatment caused a strong foreign body reaction. Weak DHT treatment resulted in a collagen scaffold with good biocompatibility but with reduced thickness. Overall, these results showed the restricted optimal conditions to make a collagen scaffold with good biocompatibility and ability to maintain sufficient space for tissue regeneration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2301–2307, 2017.
Visceral Adipose Tissue Is Associated With Bone Microarchitecture in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study
Authors: Liu Ching-Ti , Broe Kerry E , Zhou Yanhua , Boyd Steven K , Cupples L Adrienne , Hannan Marian T , Lim Elise , McLean Robert R , Samelson Elizabeth J , Bouxsein Mary L , Kiel Douglas P 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Obesity has been traditionally considered to protect the skeleton against osteoporosis and fracture. Recently, body fat, specifically visceral adipose tissue (VAT), has been associated with lower bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk for some types of fractures. We studied VAT and bone microarchitecture in 710 participants (58% women, age 61.3 ± 7.7 years) from the Framingham Offspring cohort to determine whether cortical and trabecular BMD and microarchitecture differ according to the amount of VAT. VAT was measured from CT imaging of the abdomen. Cortical and trabecular BMD and microarchitecture were measured at the distal tibia and radius using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). We focused on 10 bone parameters: cortical BMD (Ct.BMD), cortical tissue mineral density (Ct.TMD), cortical porosity (Ct.Po), cortical thickness (Ct.Th), cortical bone area fraction (Ct.A/Tt.A), trabecular density (Tb.BMD), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), total area (Tt.Ar), and failure load (FL) from micro–finite element analysis. We assessed the association between sex-specific quartiles of VAT and BMD, microarchitecture, and strength in all participants and stratified by sex. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and in women, menopausal status, then repeated adjusting for body mass index (BMI) or weight. At the radius and tibia, Ct.Th, Ct.A/Tt.A, Tb.BMD, Tb.N, and FL were positively associated with VAT (all p-trend &lt;0.05), but no other associations were statistically significant except for higher levels of cortical porosity with higher VAT in the radius. Most of these associations were only observed in women, and were no longer significant when adjusting for BMI or weight. Higher amounts of VAT are associated with greater BMD and better microstructure of the peripheral skeleton despite some suggestions of significant deleterious changes in cortical measures in the non–weight bearing radius. Associations were no longer significant after adjustment for BMI or weight, suggesting that the effects of VAT may not have a substantial effect on the skeleton independent of BMI or weight. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Economic benefits of membrane chromatography versus packed bed column purification of therapeutic proteins expressed in microbial and mammalian hosts
Authors: Muthukumar Sampath , Muralikrishnan Thukkaram , Mendhe Rakesh , Rathore Anurag S 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDMembrane chromatography has been accepted as the polishing step in several commercial processes for production of monoclonal antibody therapeutics over the past decade. This study aims to compare the performance of the traditional column chromatography with membrane chromatography for the two major classes of biotherapeutics, a therapeutic protein expressed in a microbial host and a monoclonal antibody product expressed in mammalian cells.RESULTSIt is observed that membrane chromatography underperforms in applications that require high resolution separation. However, membrane chromatography offers several key advantages for applications that do not require high resolution separation, such as flow through process steps. These advantages include not only the ease of use but also a significantly lower cost (consumables and operating time). Cost advantage is also seen for cases when short manufacturing campaigns (less than 10 lots) are required and the resin will be discarded at the end of the campaign.CONCLUSIONSThis is a first‐of‐a‐kind study with respect to examining applicability of membrane chromatography for purification of a microbial and a mammalian product and also consideration of the process economics. The study demonstrates that membrane chromatography offers significant advantages in certain applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Polyphenol, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of six different white and red wine grape processing leftovers
Authors: Trošt Kajetan , Klančnik Anja , Mozetič Vodopivec Branka , Sternad Lemut Melita , Jug Novšak Katja , Raspor Peter , Smole Možina Sonja 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDDuring winemaking, grape polyphenols are only partly extracted, and consequently unexploited. The main aim was to characterize the phenolic content of freeze‐dried grape skin and seed (FDSS) extracts obtained from Slovenian and international grape varieties and to evaluate their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti‐adhesive activities.RESULTSFDSS of six Vitis vinifera L. grapevine cultivars from Vipava Valley region (Slovenia) underwent extraction and sonification under different conditions. Flavonols were the predominant content of extracts from white ‘Zelen’ and ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ grape varieties, with strong antimicrobial activities against Gram‐negative bacteria. ‘Pinot Noir’ FDSS extracted with 50% aqueous ethanol extraction produced a high phenolic content in the final extract, which was further associated with strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against all tested bacteria. Bacterial adhesion to stainless steel surfaces with minimal and maximal surface roughness was significantly inhibited (up to 60%) across a wide FDSS concentration range, with lower concentrations also effective with two types of stainless steel surfaces.CONCLUSIONFDSS extracts from winery by‐products show interesting phenolic profiles that include flavonols, catechins, anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids, with yields influenced by grapevine cultivar and extraction conditions. The antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti‐adhesive activities of 50% aqueous ethanol ‘Pinot Noir’ FDSS extract reveals potential applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries for these bioactive residues. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Nanostructured Aniline Formaldehyde Resin/Polysilazane Hybrid Materials by Twin Polymerization
Authors: Kaßner Lysann , Knoblauch Anja , Seifert Andreas , Grützner Rolf‐Egbert , Cox Gerhard , Lange Arno , Csihony Szilard , Simon Frank , Anders Susann , Kroll Lothar , Rahaman Mahfujur , Zahn Dietrich , Mertens Lutz , Weber Marcus , Mehring Michael , Spange Stefan 
Published: August 2016

Nanostructured aniline formaldehyde resin/polysilazane hybrid materials are produced by twin polymerization of 2,2′‐spirobi[3,4‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐benzodiazasiline] (1). An alternative synthetic concept for similar hybrid materials, the apparent twin polymerization, is employed by using the combination of the deficient twin monomer tetrakis(phenylamino)silane (2) with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA). Both processes for the synthesis of polysilazane hybrid materials occur under volatilization of byproducts such as ammonia or aromatic nitrogen compounds. The thermal properties of the twin monomer 1 and the combination of 2/HMTA, respectively, are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Aniline‐formaldehyde resin/polysilazane hybrid materials are characterized by solid state 13C‐ and 29Si‐NMR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The inorganic network remains hydrolyzable and can be functionalized after polymerization at temperatures below 500 °C due to residuary reactive Si−N bonds. Thermal treatment at 1100 °C leads to the formation of amorphous Si/C/N hybrid materials.image
Application of randomized response techniques for investigating cannabis use by Spanish university students
Authors: Cobo Beatriz , Rueda Mª Mar , López ‐Torrecillas Francisca 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in developed countries, and has a significant impact on mental and physical health in the general population. Although the evaluation of levels of substance use is difficult, a method such as the randomized response technique (RRT), which includes both a personal component and an assurance of confidentiality, provides a combination which can achieve a considerable degree of accuracy. Various RRT surveys have been conducted to measure the prevalence of drug use, but to date no studies have been made of the effectiveness of this approach in surveys with respect to quantitative variables related to drug use.This paper describes a probabilistic, stratified sample of 1146 university students asking sensitive quantitative questions about cannabis use in Spanish universities, conducted using the RRT.On comparing the results of the direct question (DQ) survey and those of the randomized response (RR) survey, we find that the number of cannabis cigarettes consumed during the past year (DQ = 3, RR = 17 approximately), and the number of days when consumption took place (DQ = 1, RR = 7) are much higher with RRT.The advantages of RRT, reported previously and corroborated in our study, make it a useful method for investigating cannabis use. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging of congenital Zika virus infection: the route to identification of prognostic factors
Authors: Vouga Manon , Baud David 
Published: August 2016

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) has recently emerged as a novel teratogenic agent associated with severe neurological complications. The risk associated with maternal infection remains to be exactly defined but appears to be significant. Like other TORCH agents (toxoplasmosis, other agents, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex), it is unlikely that all affected fetuses will be symptomatic at birth. It is therefore urgent to better define the spectrum of anomalies observed in infected fetuses to provide adequate parental counseling. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of major cases described to date and highlight specific prenatal and postnatal radiological findings of congenital ZIKV infection. A total of 19 reports were included in our analysis. ZIKV seemed to harbor a specific tropism for the central nervous system, and anomalies were mostly limited to the brain. Major radiological findings were ventriculomegaly, diffuse calcifications and signs of abnormal gyration as well as cortical development. In addition, a significant number of fetuses suffered from intra uterine growth restriction. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for adequate radiological monitoring of at‐risk pregnancies. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal phase cloning machine in a three‐dimensional transmon qubit system
Authors: Lan Dong , Tan Xinsheng , Yu Haifeng , Yu Yang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn quantum mechanics, although the no‐cloning theorem forbids us to clone an arbitrary quantum state ideally, it is still possible to partially reproduce an unknown quantum state by using a phase cloning machine. Since the no‐cloning theorem guarantees the safety of quantum key distribution (QKD), resulting in the famous Bennett–Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol, phase cloning of BB84 states increases the probability to eavesdrop the transmitted information between correspondents, forcing us to recheck the security of the QKD protocol. In this work, we realize an optimal phase cloning machine for BB84 states in a superconducting quantum bit (qubit). The lowest three energy levels in this system are exploited as logical qubits to demonstrate this cloning procedure. Two microwaves are used to prepare and clone the states. In order to achieve the maximum fidelity, we use the state tomography to readout the experimental results. It is found that the state information is well preserved during this cloning process. The average fidelity between input and output states is 83.92%, making this a valid quantum cloning machine.
Improving Hydrodynamic Modelling: an Analytical Framework for Assessment of Two‐Dimensional Hydrodynamic Models
Authors: Wright K. A. , Goodman D. H. , Som N. A. , Alvarez J. , Martin A. , Hardy T. B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTwo‐dimensional hydrodynamic models are increasingly common in riverine research and management. However, input data are not standardized among studies, and assessments of model performance are uncommon, which hinder interpretation of model results and comparisons among studies. Herein, we describe a framework for two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model input data collection, model calibration and validation to evaluate model predictions. We present a logical process for the validation of depth and velocity that recognizes the inherent spatial uncertainty in the field measurements and modelling results. The hydrodynamic model we present as an example shows agreement between predicted and observed water surface elevation, area of inundation and spatial distributions of depth and velocity at calibration and independent validation discharges. If this model development and assessment framework was adopted by others, it would allow comparison between studies and provide a foundation for establishing model performance standards. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of antegrade and retrograde laparoscopic radical prostatectomy techniques
Authors: Tugcu Volkan , Sahin Selcuk , Resorlu Berkan , Yigitbasi Ismail , Yavuzsan Abdullah H. , Tasci Ali I. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe evaluated the effect of antegrade and retrograde approaches on functional recovery and surgical outcomes of extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP). We analyzed 135 patients who underwent extraperitoneal LRP, with the retrograde technique performed on 42 (31%; Group 1) and the antegrade technique on 93 (69%; Group 2). Both groups were statistically similar with respect to age, clinical stage, preoperative prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores, prostate volume, and previous surgical history. Mean operative time was significantly longer in Group 1 (244 ± 18.3 vs. 203.3 ± 18.4 min, p < 0.001), whereas mean anastomosis times for both groups were similar (35.8 ± 7.2 vs. 34.7 ± 5.8 min, p = 0.155). Estimated blood loss and transfusion rates were significantly lower in Group 2. A significant difference was observed for both hospitalization (6.79 ± 3.3 vs. 5.46 ± 3.08 days, respectively; p = 0.026) and catheterization times (12.24 ± 2.1 vs. 11 ± 1.08 days, respectively; p = 0.001) for Group 2. The total complication rate was 47.6% in Group 1, and 11.8% in Group 2 (p < 0.01). Rates of positive surgical margins were 14.2% and 15% for Groups 1 and 2, respectively. At the 12‐month interval from operation, similar recoveries in urinary continence were obtained for both groups (81% in Group 1; 91% in Group 2). Upon comparison of the two LRP techniques, we found that both were effective; however, the latter resulted in lower minor complication rate, lower blood loss, shorter operation time, and shorter length of hospital stay.
The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability of a ‘V’ shaped air/ interface
Authors: Luo Xisheng , Dong Ping , Si Ting , Zhai Zhigang 
Published: August 2016

The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability on a ‘V’ shaped air/SF$_{6}$ gaseous interface is experimentally studied in a shock tube. By the soap film technique, a discontinuous interface without supporting mesh is formed so that the initial conditions of the interface can be accurately controlled. Five ‘V’ shaped air/$\text{SF}_{6}$ interfaces with different vertex angles ($60^{\circ }$, $90^{\circ }$, $120^{\circ }$, $140^{\circ }$ and $160^{\circ }$) are created where the ratio of the initial interface amplitude to the wavelength varies to highlight the effects of initial condition on the flow characteristics. The wave patterns and interface morphologies are clearly identified in the high-speed schlieren sequences, which show that the interface deforms in a less pronounced manner with less vortices generated as the vertex angle increases. A regime change is observed in the interface width growth rate near a vertex angle of $160^{\circ }$, which provides an experimental evidence for the numerical results obtained by McFarland et al. (Phys. Scr. vol. T155, 2013, 014014). The growth rate of interface width in the linear phase is compared with the theoretical predictions from the classical impulsive model and a modified linear model, and the latter is proven to be effective for a moderate to large initial amplitude. It is found that the initial growth rate of the interface width is a non-monotone function of the initial vertex angle (amplitude–wavelength ratio), i.e. the interface width growth rate in the linear stage experiences an increase and then a decrease as the vertex angle increases. A similar conclusion was also reached by Dell et al. (Phys. Plasmas, vol. 22, 2015, 092711) numerically for a sinusoidal interface. Finally, the general behaviour of the interface width growth in the nonlinear stage can be well captured by the nonlinear model proposed by Dimonte & Ramaprabhu (Phys. Fluids, vol. 22, 2010, 014104).