bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of early influenza diagnosis through point‐of‐care testing in children presenting to an emergency department
Authors: Li‐Kim‐Moy Jean , Dastouri Fereshteh , Rashid Harunor , Khandaker Gulam , Kesson Alison , McCaskill Mary , Wood Nicholas , Jones Cheryl , Zurynski Yvonne , Macartney Kristine , Elliott Elizabeth J , Booy Robert 
Published: May 2016

AimInfluenza causes a large burden of disease in children. Point‐of‐care testing (POCT) can rapidly diagnose influenza with the potential to reduce investigation and hospital admission rates, but information on its use in an Australian setting is limited.MethodsThrough a retrospective review of laboratory‐confirmed influenza cases presenting at a paediatric emergency department (ED) in 2009, we evaluated children diagnosed by POCT versus standard testing (direct fluorescent antibody, polymerase chain reaction or viral culture) and assessed differences in investigations, admission requirements, length‐of‐stay (LOS) in ED/hospital and antibiotic/antiviral prescription. The rate of serious bacterial infection was examined.ResultsCompared with standard testing (n = 65), children diagnosed by positive POCT (n = 236) had a shorter median hospital LOS by 1 day (P = 0.006), increased antiviral prescription (odds ratio 3.31, P < 0.001) and a reduction in the time to influenza diagnosis (2.4 vs. 24.4 h, P < 0.001); however, a negative POCT result (n = 63) resulted in delayed diagnosis (44.0 h, P = 0.001). POCT did not decrease LOS in ED. Interpretation of reductions in admission and investigations with POCT may be limited by possible confounding. Approximately 4% of influenza patients had a serious bacterial infection; urinary tract infections were commonest (2.7%), but no cerebrospinal fluid cultures were positive. A single positive blood culture was seen among 332 immunocompetent influenza patients.ConclusionsInfluenza diagnosis by POCT was quicker and reduced LOS of hospitalised children, whereas negative results delayed diagnosis. Negative POCT should not alter usual investigations if influenza remains suspected. A controlled prospective study during the influenza season is needed to clarify the direct benefits of POCT.
Health service use and costs for infant behaviour problems and maternal stress
Authors: Le Ha N D , Gold Lisa , Mensah Fiona K , Cook Fallon , Bayer Jordana K , Hiscock Harriet 
Published: May 2016

AimWe aim to describe health service (HS) use in the first 6 months post‐partum and to examine the associations between service costs, infant behaviour and maternal depressive symptoms.MethodsParticipants were 781 infants and mothers in Melbourne, Australia. Mothers reported infant feeding, sleeping and crying problems, depressive symptoms and health service use. Costs were valued in 2012 Australian dollars.ResultsThe most common services used were maternal child health nurses, general practitioners (GP) and allied health. Infant feeding problems were associated with increased costs for services relevant to infant behaviour including maternal child health nurses (P = 0.007), GP (P = 0.008) and paediatricians (P = 0.03). Maternal depressive symptoms were associated with increased costs for services relevant to depressive symptoms including parenting centres (P = 0.04), GP (P = 0.004), psychiatrists (P = 0.02) and psychologists (P = 0.001). Mothers who completed high school had higher service costs for infant problems than those with lower education (P = 0.02). Single mothers had higher costs for services used for their depressive symptoms than partnered mothers (P < 0.001). Mothers with English as a second language had lower service costs for their depressive symptoms (P = 0.02).ConclusionsInfant feeding problems and maternal depressive symptoms are associated with higher costs for health services relevant to these conditions. Cost‐effective strategies to manage these conditions are needed with accessibility being ensured for mothers who are experiencing social adversity.
Urethrocutaneous fistulae after hypospadias repair: When do they occur?
Authors: Liao Adelene Y , Smith Grahame HH 
Published: May 2016

AimThe aim is to determine the incidence and timing of urethrocutaneous fistula diagnosis after hypospadias surgery.MethodsA retrospective review of all patients who had both initial hypospadias surgery and subsequent fistula repair from 1995 to 2012. A comparison was made between patients who had an initial onlay island flap procedure and those who had a tubularised incised plate repair.ResultsPatient age at initial surgery ranged from 6 months to 16 years of age. The median time to fistula presentation was 8.5 months with a range of less than 1 month to 13.9 years post‐hypospadias surgery. The median time to fistula repair was 17 months. The overall fistula rate was 8%. There was no significant difference between the rates of fistulae for onlay island flap (9%) versus tubularised incised plate procedure (7%).ConclusionsUrethrocutaneous fistulae can present many years after the original hypospadias repair. The majority are diagnosed within the first year after surgery. Rates of fistulae are probably underreported due to short follow‐up, but more importantly, due to patients transferring to other surgeons for fistula repair.
Factors associated with parents' attitudes to unhealthy foods and beverages
Authors: Pettigrew Simone , Jongenelis Michelle , Quester Pascale , Chapman Kathy , Miller Caroline 
Published: May 2016

AimPrevious research has identified convenience, enjoyment, value for money and perceived goodness as primary dimensions of parents' attitudes to foods and beverages. The aim of the present study was to examine the factors associated with parents' scores on each of these attitudinal dimensions to identify key issues for future interventions designed to improve parents' food provision behaviours and children's diets.MethodsA sample of 1302 Australian parents of children aged 8 to 14 years completed an online survey relating to their food‐related beliefs. Linear regression analyses were undertaken to examine factors associated with parents' attitudes to soft drinks and energy‐dense nutrient‐poor foods.ResultsConsistent factors were identified for both energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor foods and soft drinks, indicating that similar approaches could be adopted in interventions for both product categories. The primary factors were social norms, child pestering, television viewing and exposure to food advertising.ConclusionsFood advertising represents a common link between the primary factors, indicating that it constitutes a critical component of future interventions designed to modify parents' attitudes to unhealthy food products and to reduce the frequency with which these foods are consumed by children.
Influence of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Physiological Response of Juvenile Turbot, Scophthalmus maximu, Reared in Land‐based Recirculating Aquaculture System
Authors: Jia Rui , Liu Bao‐Liang , Han Cen , Huang Bin , Lei Ji‐Lin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the effects of stocking density on the growth, antioxidant status, and physiological response of juvenile turbot. Turbot (average initial weight 70.0 ± 5 g) were reared at three different initial densities (low density [LD], 5.13 ± 0.03 kg/m2; medium density [MD], 7.71 ± 0.11 kg/m2; and high density [HD], 10.8 ± 0.12 kg/m2) for 80 d. At the end of this trial, the final densities were 13.2 ± 0.10, 19.9 ± 0.15, and 25.7 ± 0.12 kg/m2 in the LD, MD, and HD groups, respectively. The growth performances were adversely influenced by a high stocking density. Levels of cortisol, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and glutamate oxalate transaminase in the plasma significantly increased in HD treatment. Results of oxidative stress analyses showed that there was a clear decrease in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity, and an obvious increase in malondialdehyde in plasma and/or liver of turbot reared in HD group (P < 0.05). Overall, the results indicated that increasing stocking density reduced the growth performance, modulated the physiological response, and induced oxidative stress in turbot.
A scaffold protein connects type IV pili with the Chp chemosensory system to mediate activation of virulence signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Inclan Yuki F. , Persat Alexandre , Greninger Alexander , Von Dollen John , Johnson Jeffery , Krogan Nevan , Gitai Zemer , Engel Joanne N. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryType IV pili (TFP) function as mechanosensors to trigger acute virulence programs in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On surface contact, TFP retraction activates the Chp chemosensory system phosphorelay to upregulate 3′, 5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production and transcription of virulence‐associated genes. To dissect the specific interactions mediating the mechanochemical relay, we used affinity purification/mass spectrometry, directed co‐immunoprecipitations in P. aeruginosa, single cell analysis of contact‐dependent transcriptional reporters, subcellular localization and bacterial two hybrid assays. We demonstrate that FimL, a Chp chemosensory system accessory protein of unknown function, directly links the integral component of the TFP structural complex FimV, a peptidoglycan binding protein, with one of the Chp system output response regulators PilG. FimL and PilG colocalize at cell poles in a FimV‐dependent manner. While PilG phosphorylation is required for TFP function and mechanochemical signaling, it is not required for polar localization or binding to FimL. Phylogenetic analysis reveals other bacterial species simultaneously encode TFP, the Chp system, FimL, FimV and adenylate cyclase homologs, suggesting that surface sensing may be widespread among TFP‐expressing bacteria. We propose that FimL acts as a scaffold enabling spatial colocalization of TFP and Chp system components to coordinate signaling leading to cAMP‐dependent upregulation of virulence genes on surface contact.
Analysis of the interacting partners eIF4F and 3′‐CITE required for Melon necrotic spot virus cap‐independent translation
Authors: Miras Manuel , Truniger Verónica , Querol‐Audi Jordi , Aranda Miguel A. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryWe have shown previously that the translation of Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV, family Tombusviridae, genus Carmovirus) RNAs is controlled by a 3′‐cap‐independent translation enhancer (CITE), which is genetically and functionally dependent on the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4E. Here, we describe structural and functional analyses of the MNSV‐Mα5 3′‐CITE and its translation initiation factor partner. We first mapped the minimal 3′‐CITE (Ma5TE) to a 45‐nucleotide sequence, which consists of a stem‐loop structure with two internal loops, similar to other I‐shaped 3′‐CITEs. UV crosslinking, followed by gel retardation assays, indicated that Ma5TE interacts in vitro with the complex formed by eIF4E + eIF4G980–1159 (eIF4Fp20), but not with each subunit alone or with eIF4E + eIF4G1003–1092, suggesting binding either through interaction with eIF4E following a conformational change induced by its binding to eIF4G980–1159, or through a double interaction with eIF4E and eIF4G980–1159. Critical residues for this interaction reside in an internal bulge of Ma5TE, so that their mutation abolished binding to eIF4E + eIF4G1003–1092 and cap‐independent translation. We also developed an in vivo system to test the effect of mutations in eIF4E in Ma5TE‐driven cap‐independent translation, showing that conserved amino acids in a positively charged RNA‐binding motif around amino acid position 228, implicated in eIF4E–eIF4G binding or belonging to the cap‐recognition pocket, are essential for cap‐independent translation controlled by Ma5TE, and thus for the multiplication of MNSV.
Challenges in linking trait patterns to niche differentiation
Authors: D'Andrea Rafael , Ostling Annette 
Published: May 2016

Among approaches to establish the importance of niche differentiation for species coexistence, the use of functional traits is attractive for its potential to suggest specific coexistence mechanisms. Recent studies have looked for trait patterns reflective of niche differentiation, building on a line of research with a deep but somewhat neglected history. We review the field from its foundation in limiting similarity theory in the 1960s to its resurgence in 2000s, and find the theory of trait patterning still in a stage of development. Elements still to be accounted for include environmental fluctuations, multidimensional niche space, transient dynamics, immigration, intraspecific variation, evolution and spatial scales. Recent empirical methods are better than early approaches, but still focus on patterning arising in simplistic models, and should rigorously link niche space with trait space, use informative null models, and adopt new metrics of pattern as theory develops. Because tests based on overly simplistic expectations of trait pattern are of little value, we argue that progress in the field requires theory development, which should entail exploring patterns across a set of conceptual and system‐specific models of competition along trait axes.SynthesisTraits relate to ecological performance and are easy to measure. Trait patterns can thus be a practical tool for inferring community assembly processes, and have been extensively used for this purpose. Classical trait patterning theory dates back to the 1960s, and despite heavy criticism still persists in empirical studies. Here we highlight steps needed for traits to realize their potential. These include firmly linking them to niche axes, and updating pattern expectations to consider recent results from models of niche dynamics, such as the emergence of species clusters. Further theory development should reveal whether there is a common traits‐based signature across different niche mechanisms.
Regulation of Black Pepper Inflorescence Quantity by Shading at Different Growth Stages
Authors: Zu Chao , Wu Guiping , Li Zhigang , Yang Jianfeng , Wang Can , Yu Huan , Wu Huasong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBlack pepper is a perennial plant that can bloom throughout the year. It is generally expected that pepper inflorescence quantity could be minimized at the nonfull‐bloom stage. The objective of this study was to find an appropriate shading measure that could inhibit blooming at other growing stages except the full‐bloom stage and did not cause any reduction in pepper yield and quality. In this study, pepper trees were shaded up to 15%, 30%, 60% and 75%, respectively, and the inflorescence quantity, photosynthetic characteristics, pepper yield and quality traits were investigated at every growing stage. The results showed that the effect of shading on pepper yield decreased as time progressed. Shading treatment did not alter the composition of piperine and volatile oil, but reduced the moisture content. Based on the correlation between photosynthetic parameter and inflorescence number, the appropriate shading intensities for regulating inflorescence quantity at different phenological stages were determined. Moreover, it was found that the regulation of inflorescence quantity could be achieved by controlling leaf temperature during recovery to filling period. This research outcome also will give us some guidelines to develop other management strategies that control leaf temperature and regulate inflorescence quantity to consequently improve pepper yield.
Gender Inequality Across the Academic Life Course
Authors: Winslow Sarah , Davis Shannon N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRecent decades have witnessed increasing scholarly and public attention to the status of women in academia. Although women are now the majority of degree recipients and their share of initial academic appointments approximates their representation among degree recipients, substantial gender inequality persists. In this article, we review existing research on this topic, focusing on how gender inequality manifests and unfolds throughout the academic career life course, from graduate school experiences, through initial academic appointments, into the associate professor years, and, finally, to women's experiences as full professors and administrators. Throughout, we emphasize how institutionalized policies and subtle biases, rather than overt discrimination, perpetuate gender inequality. We conclude with suggested areas for future research.
Volk oder Parlament: Wer entscheidet nachhaltiger? Eine vergleichende Untersuchung von Nachhaltigkeitsabstimmungen in der Schweiz
Authors: Rohm Christian , Wurster Stefan 
Published: May 2016

SummaryDieser Artikel beschäftigt sich am Beispiel der halbdirekten Demokratie der Schweiz mit der Frage, wie sehr Stimmbevölkerung und Parlament dazu neigen, sich bei Abstimmungen über inter‐ und intragenerationelle Nachhaltigkeitsbelange für die zukunftsverantwortlichere Variante zu entscheiden. Die vergleichende empirische Analyse von 109 nachhaltigkeitsrelevanten Abstimmungsvorlagen, die gleichermaßen der Schweizer Stimmbevölkerung und dem Schweizer Nationalrat in den Jahren 1980 bis 2014 vorgelegt wurden, fördert dabei drei Hauptbefunde zutage. Erstens: Entgegen der theoretischen Erwartung votierte sowohl das Schweizer Volk als auch das Schweizer Parlament bei der Mehrzahl der Nachhaltigkeitsabstimmungen für die „nachhaltigere” Alternative. Zweitens: Im direkten Vergleich der beiden Entscheidungsebenen zeigte das Parlament eine deutlich höhere Bereitschaft, im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit abzustimmen. Drittens: Das Parlament stimmte insbesondere bei Abstimmungen über intragenerationelle Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte – und hier wiederum besonders bei Abstimmungen über die Rechte von Fremdgruppen (Ausländer, Asylsuchende) – nachhaltigkeitsaffiner ab als die Stimmbevölkerung. Eine nähere Analyse der jüngsten Nachhaltigkeitsabstimmungen unter Berücksichtigung kantonaler Unterschiede macht darüber hinaus darauf aufmerksam, dass seitens der Stimmbevölkerung neben dem ökonomischen Entwicklungsstand auch die Altersstruktur des Wohnkantons einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf das Abstimmungsergebnis ausübte.
The evolutionary history of Biston suppressaria (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) related to complex topography and geological history
Authors: CHENG RUI , JIANG NAN , XUE DAYONG , LI XINXIN , BAN XIAOSHUANG , HAN HONGXIANG 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Mountains of Southwest China (MSC) – the most important mountain system in East Asia – creates physical barriers to migration and isolates organisms in different regions. In this study, we explored the genetic structure and phylogeography of Biston suppressaria, a moth species widely distributed in MSC and south China, based on three mtDNA and three ncDNA loci. MtDNA revealed high genetic differentiation among the geographical populations and divided B. suppressaria into five phylogroups (A–E). With the exception of phylogroups B and E which are sympatric, the other three phylogroups have their own distinct distribution areas. Four population differentiations occurred, and the divergence time was consistent with the three phases of the Qinghai–Tibet Movement and Kunhuang Movement, respectively. In contrast, ncDNA did not reveal any phylogeographical structure. Incomplete lineage sorting is considered the most plausible cause of the discordance between mtDNA and ncDNA genes, after excluding secondary admixture and Wolbachia infection. A complex combination of topography and geological movements of south China and MSC contributes to the complex evolutionary history of B. suppressaria.
Mapping‐by‐sequencing in complex polyploid genomes using genic sequence capture: a case study to map yellow rust resistance in hexaploid wheat
Authors: Gardiner Laura‐Jayne , Bansept‐Basler Pauline , Olohan Lisa , Joynson Ryan , Brenchley Rachel , Hall Neil , O'Sullivan Donal M. , Hall Anthony 
Published: May 2016

SummaryPreviously we extended the utility of mapping‐by‐sequencing by combining it with sequence capture and mapping sequence data to pseudo‐chromosomes that were organized using wheat–Brachypodium synteny. This, with a bespoke haplotyping algorithm, enabled us to map the flowering time locus in the diploid wheat Triticum monococcum L. identifying a set of deleted genes (Gardiner et al., 2014). Here, we develop this combination of gene enrichment and sliding window mapping‐by‐synteny analysis to map the Yr6 locus for yellow stripe rust resistance in hexaploid wheat. A 110 MB NimbleGen capture probe set was used to enrich and sequence a doubled haploid mapping population of hexaploid wheat derived from an Avalon and Cadenza cross. The Yr6 locus was identified by mapping to the POPSEQ chromosomal pseudomolecules using a bespoke pipeline and algorithm (Chapman et al., 2015). Furthermore the same locus was identified using newly developed pseudo‐chromosome sequences as a mapping reference that are based on the genic sequence used for sequence enrichment. The pseudo‐chromosomes allow us to demonstrate the application of mapping‐by‐sequencing to even poorly defined polyploidy genomes where chromosomes are incomplete and sub‐genome assemblies are collapsed. This analysis uniquely enabled us to: compare wheat genome annotations; identify the Yr6 locus – defining a smaller genic region than was previously possible; associate the interval with one wheat sub‐genome and increase the density of SNP markers associated. Finally, we built the pipeline in iPlant, making it a user‐friendly community resource for phenotype mapping.
Attenuation of PAMP‐triggered immunity in maize requires down‐regulation of the key β‐1,6‐glucan synthesis genes KRE5 and KRE6 in biotrophic hyphae of Colletotrichum graminicola
Authors: Oliveira‐Garcia Ely , Deising Holger B. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn plants, pathogen defense is initiated by recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via plasma membrane‐localized pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs). Fungal structural cell wall polymers such as branched β‐glucans are essential for infection structure rigidity and pathogenicity, but at the same time represent PAMPs. Kre5 and Kre6 are key enzymes in β‐1,6‐glucan synthesis and formation of branch points of the β‐glucan network. In spite of the importance of branched β‐glucan for hyphal rigidity and plant–fungus interactions, neither the role of KRE5 and KRE6 in pathogenesis nor mechanisms allowing circumventing branched β‐glucan‐triggered immune responses are known. We functionally characterized KRE5 and KRE6 of the ascomycete Colletotrichum graminicola, a hemibiotroph that infects maize (Zea mays). After appressorial plant invasion, this fungus sequentially differentiates biotrophic and highly destructive necrotrophic hyphae. RNAi‐mediated reduction of KRE5 and KRE6 transcript abundance caused appressoria to burst and swelling of necrotrophic hyphae, indicating that β‐1,6‐glucosidic bonds are essential in these cells. Live cell imaging employing KRE5:mCherry and KRE6:mCherry knock‐in strains and probing of infection structures with a YFP‐conjugated β‐1,6‐glucan‐binding protein showed expression of these genes and exposure of β‐1,6‐glucan in conidia, appressoria and necrotrophic, but not in biotrophic hyphae. Overexpression of KRE5 and KRE6 in biotrophic hyphae led to activation of broad‐spectrum plant defense responses, including papilla and H2O2 formation, as well as transcriptional activation of several defense‐related genes. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that down‐regulation of synthesis and avoidance of exposure of branched β‐1,3‐β‐1,6‐glucan in biotrophic hyphae is required for attenuation of plant immune responses.