bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grain‐ to multiple‐grain‐scale deformation processes during diffusion creep of forsterite + diopside aggregate: 1. Direct observations
Authors: Maruyama G. , Hiraga T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe uniaxially deformed fine‐grained (~ 1 μm) forsterite + diopside (5 and 20 vol %) aggregates in the diffusion creep regime. Prior to deformation, line markers were milled on a lateral surface of a cylindrical sample to detect single‐ to multiple‐grain‐scale deformation. We performed deformation experiments and observations of the marker‐etched surface after sample cooling multiple times on the same specimens. The strain measured at the scale of several tens of grains from macroscopic shortening of the markers parallel to the compression axis is consistent with the total strain of the sample. However, microscopically, the markers are intensely segmented and rotated at the grain scale increasing with the sample strain. Meanwhile, essentially, no deformation is observed within the grains in most of the samples. The surface microstructures, including the deformation of the markers, reveal the serial operations of grain boundary migration, grain boundary sliding, rigid body grain rotation, and grain neighbor switching, which correspond well to processes expected in diffusion‐controlled superplasticity. This sequence is commonly observed in both samples consisting of forsterite grains of tabular and equiaxed grain shapes, which have been shown to develop notable crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) and random (or weak) CPO, respectively, during diffusion creep. Intragranular regions of relatively larger forsterite grains in the specimens deformed at stresses near the transition between deformation mechanisms from diffusion creep to dislocation creep reveal marker deformation and formation of surface creases and subgrain boundaries, which indicate intragranular dislocation processes. Overall, the surface microstructures reflect the deformation state of the materials well.
Grain‐ to multiple‐grain‐scale deformation processes during diffusion creep of forsterite + diopside aggregate: 2. Grain boundary sliding‐induced grain rotation and its role in crystallographic preferred orientation in rocks
Authors: Maruyama G. , Hiraga T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPolycrystalline samples composed of either tabular or equiaxed forsterite grains +diopside (5 and 20 vol %) were deformed with a grid etched onto the lateral surface. In Part 1 of this study, we identified grain boundary sliding (GBS) and rigid body‐like grain rotation during deformation by diffusion creep where samples with tabular forsterite grains were shown to develop low‐index plane grain boundaries that result in crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). Here we examine how grain rotation depends on the sample strain, grain size, phases, grain shapes, and orientations relative to the compression axis and long axes of tabular forsterite grains. Based on these results, we model grain rotation due to GBS that occurs preferentially along low‐index plane boundaries. The model reproduces all of the characteristics of grain rotation and together with the observed grain rotation rates in tabular and equiaxed grain samples, we estimate that low‐index plane boundaries have a lower viscosity by a factor of ~3 relative to general grain boundaries, which results in the development of CPO during diffusion creep. The observed constant rotation rate of ~0.4 (radian/strain) in equiaxed‐grain samples and in tabular‐grain samples deformed to a strain of >0.5 is considered to be a minimum and further, a material‐independent rotation rate during diffusion creep, indicating grain rotation as a primary microprocess during diffusion creep. We discuss the possible consequences of GBS‐induced grain rotation and CPO development in rock microstructure and the seismic properties of the Earth's mantle.
Elasticity of superhydrous phase B at the mantle temperatures and pressures: Implications for 800 km discontinuity and water flow into the lower mantle
Authors: Yang Dapeng , Wang Wenzhong , Wu Zhongqing 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe thermodynamic properties and elasticity of superhydrous phase B (ShyB) at high pressure and temperature are calculated using first‐principles calculations based on density functional theory. The velocities and densities of ShyB are significantly lower than those of bridgmanite and periclase, the major minerals in the lower mantle. The anisotropy of ShyB is unremarkable at relevant mantle conditions. The decomposition of ShyB into bridgmanite, periclase, and water, which can occur at a depth around 800 km at a cold slab, will cause an increase of 7.5%, 15.0%, and 12% on shear velocity, compressional velocity, and density, respectively. Thus, the decomposition of a small amount of ShyB can produce a local discontinuity at the depth of ~800 km. The water released from the decomposition of ShyB may rise upward and promote the partial melt, which can further explain the low‐velocity zones just above 800 km discontinuity in Western‐Pacific Subduction Zones.
Comment on “Remagnetization of the Paleogene Tibetan Himalayan carbonate rocks in the Gamba area: Implications for reconstructing the lower plate in the India‐Asia collision” by Huang et al.
Authors: Yi Zhiyu , Appel Erwin , Huang Baochun 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe recent publication of “Remagnetization of the Paleogene Tibetan Himalayan carbonate rocks in the Gamba area: Implications for reconstructing the lower plate in the India‐Asia collision” by Huang et al. [J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 122, doi:10.1002/2016JB013662] argued for a complete chemical remagnetization on the characteristic remanence of carbonate rocks from the Zongpu Formation (Fm) at Gamba, southern Tibet, and discussed its implications for the reconstruction of India‐Asia collision. To support their conclusion, the authors performed nonparametric fold tests on the paleomagnetic data obtained from the Zongpuxi section, we previously published in Yi et al. [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2011, 309 (1–2):153–165] and argued for a synfolding or postfolding origin. In this comment, we demonstrate that their reinterpretation of the fold tests is invalid, and a prefolding origin of the ChRMs from the Zongpu Fm is still supported by the data. We agree that the new rock magnetic and SEM results are robust evidence for a secondary origin of the magnetite fraction in the Zongpu Fm; however, the associated secondary remanence was most likely acquired shortly after deposition of the carbonates, or even in an early diagenetic stage. We conclude that the paleomagnetic results from Gamba area can still be used for reconstructing the precollisional extent of Greater India.
Convict Criminology
Authors: Tietjen Grant 
Published: July 2017

AbstractConvict criminology (CC) is a growing criminological discipline that focuses on an insider and convict perspective of criminal justice and criminology. Members are comprised of ex‐convicts and prisoners in possession of a doctorate, or in the process of attaining one, and enlightened non‐convict scholars and advocates invested in the CC mission. CC's mission is multifaceted, serving to bring an academic voice to both the imprisoned and the formerly incarcerated through production of expert‐driven peer‐reviewed research, providing educational mentorship to convicts and ex‐convicts, and advocating for criminal justice reform.
B
ang
K
wang Central Prison
Authors: Boriboonthana Yossawan , Netrabukkana Pimporn 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Bang Kwang Central Prison is one of the most significant maximum security prisons in Thailand. Apart from the historical fact that it was the facility established by King Rama VII in 1931 for detaining dangerous, long‐term and death row inmates, Bang Kwang Central Prison is currently the only establishment in Thailand responsible for the execution of the death penalty by lethal injection.
Aging Inmates
Authors: Rikard R. V. , Williams Monica E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe number of aging inmates in correctional systems continues to increase. The average prisoner has a reduced health status similar to the health condition of non‐incarcerated individuals who are 10–15 years older. The accelerated aging process is often common among people from poor backgrounds who comprise the majority of the prison population. There is a significant economic cost to providing health care for the increasing number of aging inmates. Compatible correctional policy options address the increasing costs to house and provide health care for the growing aging inmate population.
Deinstitutionalization
Authors: Hartsfield Jennifer M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Deinstitutionalization is the label given to the reduction or elimination of long‐term‐stay psychiatric hospitals, or asylums, during the middle to late 1900s in favor of a community‐based model of care for treating mental illness. Deinstitutionalization is not one event, rather it is a phenomenon that occurred in concert with numerous legal, social, and medical changes of the time. Critics argue that deinstitutionalization occurred without a comprehensive community‐care model in place, which led to the criminalization of persons with mental illness. The largest providers of inpatient mental health services are now seen to be jails and prisons.
F
ederal
P
risons
Authors: Camp Scott D. , Daggett Dawn M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is the largest correctional system in the United States, with more than 200,000 inmates. The BOP transformed from a relatively small federal agency to one of the largest components of the Department of Justice in the period between 1990 and 2010. This entry describes the growth of the BOP and possible future directions. The rapid population expansion caused by the War on Drugs and determinate sentencing peaked in 2013, and the BOP entered the uncharted waters of population contraction in 2014.
Circles of Support for Sex Offenders
Authors: Brown Alan Dudley 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Circles of Support and Accountability (CoSA) is a community‐based restorative approach that focuses on the difficulties associated with sex offenders deemed at high risk for reoffending upon release from prison. At the end of their custodial sentences, many charged with sexual offences find themselves isolated and faced with limited resources to draw upon as they attempt to reintegrate into their communities. The goal of CoSA is to assist individuals who have been charged with sexual offenses in their efforts to lead responsible and productive lives. The mission of the organization is captured by its dual guiding principles: “No more victims” and “No one is disposable.” Through regular contact at circle meetings and other forms of pro‐social interaction, offenders released into the community are able to develop a series of tools to assist them in combating the secrecy and isolation that has been routinely shown to increase recidivism and to decrease community safety.
Boot Camps
Authors: Sherwin Llynea 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Boot camps refer to short‐term or “shock” incarceration programs designed to teach offenders discipline and to provide them with skills necessary to transition back into society. These programs began in the United States during the late 1980s with good intentions and political support, but after failing to produce impressive results, the programs were met with waves of criticism. This entry outlines the history, successes, and failures of this method of incarceration.
Death Row
Authors: Cooper Danielle T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThere is a long‐standing tradition of using the death penalty in the United States, and where there is the death penalty there is death row. The capital felonies that lead to the death penalty vary by state and federal jurisdictions. There are more than 3,000 inmates serving time on death row in state and federal jurisdictions. The highest number of inmates on state death row can be found in California, Florida, Texas, and Pennsylvania. The highest number of inmates on federal death row can be found in Texas and Virginia.
First‐Line, Non‐Criterial Antiphospholipid Antibody Testing for the Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Clinical Practice: A Combination of Anti–β2‐Glycoprotein I Domain I and Anti–Phosphatidylserine/Prothrombin Complex Antibodies Tests
Authors: Nakamura Hiroyuki , Oku Kenji , Amengual Olga , Ohmura Kazumasa , Fujieda Yuichiro , Kato Masaru , Bohgaki Toshiyuki , Yasuda Shinsuke , Atsumi Tatsuya 
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveTo assess the value of a combination of anti–β2‐glycoprotein I (anti‐β2GPI) domain I antibody and anti–phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex (anti‐PS/PT) antibody tests for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).MethodsThis cross‐sectional study involved a cohort of the patients who visited our clinic from April 2005 to March 2013. Tests for anti‐β2GPI domain I antibodies, IgG anti‐PS/PT antibodies, and IgM anti‐PS/PT antibodies, together with tests for criteria‐defined antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), were performed in all patients. The total antiphospholipid score (aPL‐S) was calculated for each patient according to titers of and positivity for aPL.ResultsThe study enrolled 157 patients (51 patients with APS and 106 with non‐APS autoimmune diseases). All 21 patients positive for both anti‐β2GPI domain I antibodies and IgG and/or IgM (IgG/IgM) anti‐PS/PT antibodies had APS with a high total aPL‐S (median 46, range 26–76), as did all of the 10 patients who were positive for anti‐β2GPI domain I antibodies but negative for IgG/IgM anti‐PS/PT antibodies (median 22, range 4–39). Of the 14 patients who were positive for IgG/IgM anti‐PS/PT antibodies but negative for anti‐β2GPI domain I antibodies, 11 (79%) had APS; these individuals also had high total aPL‐S values (median 23, range 11–60). In contrast, only 9 of the 112 patients (8%) with none of these antibodies had APS.ConclusionThe combination of the IgG anti–β2GPI domain I antibody and IgG/IgM anti‐PS/PT antibody tests shows a high positive predictive value for the diagnosis of APS and a strong correlation with the aPL‐S. This combination as the first‐line test for aPL may contribute to the simple and definite identification of APS with a high risk of thrombosis in clinical practice.
Analysis of sticking regions in adaptive systems
Authors: Nouwens Oscar , Annaswamy Anuradha M. , Lavretsky Eugene 
Published: July 2017

SummaryWe examine convergence properties of errors in a class of adaptive systems that correspond to adaptive control of linear time‐invariant plants with state variables accessible. We demonstrate the existence of a sticking region in the error space where the state errors move with a finite velocity independent of their magnitude. We show that these properties are exhibited by adaptive systems with closed‐loop reference models, which have been demonstrated to exhibit improved transient performance. A simulation study is included to illustrate the size of this sticking region and its dependence on various system parameters. With the existence of sticking regions shown for inner‐loop adaptive controllers, its impact on outer‐loop control is demonstrated for systems that implement inner‐loop adaptation. A flight control example is presented to illustrate this impact of sticking in a practical application.
Re2O7‐Mediated Dehydrative Cyclization Reactions: Total Synthesis of Herboxidiene and Its 12‐Desmethyl Analogue
Authors: Rohrs Tyler M. , Qin Qi , Floreancig Paul E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRe2O7 catalysis effects efficient and stereoselective dehydrative cyclization reactions from monoallylic diols, with stereocontrol arising from thermodynamic equilibration. This method was applied to a rapid synthesis of the spliceosome inhibitor herboxidiene. The route was also utilized for the synthesis of an analogue that highlights the importance of a single methyl group in biasing the conformation in the acyclic region of the molecule.
Simultaneous removal of Cu2+ and Cr3+ ions from aqueous solution based on Complexation with Eriochrome cyanine‐R and derivative spectrophotometric method
Authors: Bagheri Ahmad Reza , Ghaedi Mehrorang , Dashtian Kheibar , Hajati Shaaker , Bazrafshan Ali Akbar 
Published: July 2017

TiO2 nanoparticles deposited on activated carbon (TiO2–NP–AC) was prepared and characterized by XRD and SEM analysis. Subsequently, simultaneous ultrasound‐assisted adsorption of Cu2+ and Cr3+ ions onto TiO2‐NPs‐AC after complexation via eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) has been investigated with UV–Vis and FAA spectrophotometer. Spectra overlapping of the ECR‐Cu and ECR‐Cr complex was resolve by derivative spectrophotometric technique. The effects of various parameters such as initial Cu2+ (A) and Cr3+ (B) ions concentrations, TiO2‐NPs‐AC mass (C), sonication time (D) and pH (E) on the removal percentage were investigated and optimized by central composite design (CCD). The optimize conditions were set as: 4.21 min, 0.019 mg, 20.02 and 13.22 mg L−1 and 6.63 for sonication time, TiO2–NP–AC mass, initial Cr3+ and Cu2+ ions concentration and pH, respectively. The experimental equilibrium data fitting to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich models show that the Langmuir model is a good and suitable model for evaluation and the actual behavior of adsorption process and maximum adsorption capacity of 105.26 and 93.46 mg g−1 were obtained for Cu2+ and Cr3+ ions, respectively. Kinetic evaluation of experimental data showed that the adsorption processes followed well pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion models.
Biohybrid based on layered terbium hydroxide and applications as drug carrier and biological fluorescence probe
Authors: Ju Ruijun , Gu Qingyang 
Published: July 2017

Aspirin (abbr. ASA) is intercalated into the layered terbium hydroxide (LTbH) by anion exchange method. Structure, chemical compositions, thermostability, morphology, luminescence property, cytotoxic effects and controlled‐release behaviors have been investigated. The ASA molecules may embed between layers with monolayered vertical arrangement, and the thermal stability of organics was enhanced after intercalation. The Tb3+ luminescence in ASA‐LTbH composites was enhanced compared with LTbH precusor and the luminescence intensity increased with the deprotonation degree. The cytotoxic effect of LTbH was observed with a sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assay, which revealed that the LTbH showed low cytotoxic effects. In addition, the ASA‐LTbH composites exhibited a sustained release of ASA in Na2HPO4‐NaH2PO4 buffer solution at pH 6.86 and 37°C. Construction of LRHs composites with drug molecules provided a beneficial pathway for preparing biohybrid based on LRHs, which may have potential applications in drug delivery carrier and biological fluorescence probe.
Study of crosslinked copolymer nanospheres with temperature resistance, salinity resistance, and deep profile control
Authors: Zhou Ming , Nie Xincheng , Zhou Lei , Hou Liutong , Zhao Jinzhou , Yang Yan 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTThree crosslinked copolymer nanospheres were prepared by inverse microemulsion polymerization. Resistance temperature and resistance salinity of the copolymer CP(AM‐AA‐AMPS) [crosslinked poly(acrylamide‐acrylic acid‐2‐acrylamide‐2‐methylacrylic sulfonic acid)] nano‐spheres were superior to the CPAM (crosslinked polyacrylamide) nano‐spheres and CP(AM‐AA) [crosslinked poly(acrylamide‐acrylic acid)] nano‐spheres. The nanospheres had a tendency to plug the high‐permeability layer and drive crude oil from the low‐permeability layer. Meanwhile, these nanospheres displaced crude oil that existed in the pores or throats when they were conveyed in porous media. Consequently, deep profile control and oil displacement could be entirely actualized, and the ultimate goal of enhanced oil recovery could be achieved for high‐temperature and high‐salinity reservoirs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45131.
Improving the barrier character of polylactide/phenoxy immiscible blend using poly(lactide‐co‐ɛ‐caprolactone) block copolymer as a compatibilizer
Authors: Sangroniz Ainara , Chaos Ana , Garcia Yohana M. , Fernández Jorge , Iriarte Marian , Etxeberria Agustin 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTThe improvement of the barrier character of polylactide by the addition of poly(hydroxy ether) of bisphenol A (Phenoxy) and poly(lactide‐co‐ɛ‐caprolactone) copolymer that acts as a compatibilizer is studied. First, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy show that the addition of the copolymer allows to obtain a miscible ternary system. The permeability of polylactide to water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide is enhanced with the addition of phenoxy but better improvement in its barrier character is obtained with the addition of the compatibilizer. The effects of different factors such as miscibility, glass transition temperature, and crystallinity on the transport properties are analyzed. Several permeability prediction models for heterogeneous systems have been applied obtaining quite good results for water vapor and oxygen permeability. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45396.
Combinatorial genome and protein engineering yields monoclonal antibodies with hypergalactosylation from CHO cells
Authors: Chung Cheng‐yu , Wang Qiong , Yang Shuang , Ponce Sean A. , Kirsch Brian J. , Zhang Hui , Betenbaugh Michael J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOne of the key quality attributes of monoclonal antibodies is the glycan pattern and distribution. Two terminal galactose residues typically represent a small fraction of the total glycans from antibodies. However, antibodies with defined glycosylation properties including enhanced galactosylation have been shown to exhibit altered properties for these important biomedical modalities. In this study, the disruption of two α‐2,3 sialyltransferases (ST3GAL4 and ST3GAL6) from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells was combined with protein engineering of the Fc region to generate an IgG containing 80% bigalactosylated and fucosylated (G2F) glycoforms. Expression of the same single amino acid mutant (F241A) IgG in CHO cells with a triple gene knockout of fucosyltransferase (FUT8) plus ST3GAL4 and ST3GAL6 lowered the galactosylation glycoprofile to 65% bigalactosylated G2 glycans. However, overexpression of IgGs with four amino acid substitutions recovered the G2 glycoform composition approximately 80%. Combining genome and protein engineering in CHO cells will provide a new antibody production platform that enables biotechnologists to generate glycoforms standards for specific biomedical and biotechnology applications.