bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustaining the Resonance
Authors: Calvillo Jonathan E. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The chapter follows the efforts of creatives from Brown Los Angeles to sustain the essence of Hip Hop that they experienced in its early arrival in Los Angeles. In the late 1980s, some creatives felt that they were losing the movement that had motivated them. In working through this sense of loss, many sought other avenues of resonance, in some cases engaging destructive outlets, in other cases traveling to New York to experience what they deemed to be authentic Hip Hop. This chapter spotlights the restorative efforts of various creatives, such as Hex Rios, in reviving the movement. The opening of The Hip Hop Shop in 1990 represents an important site of cultural resonance and crew reconfiguration. Breaking and graffiti culture were reignited through a series of events and drew increasing attention to Los Angeles as a hub of Hip Hop innovation.
Conclusion
Authors: Calvillo Jonathan E. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the tension that existed between innovation and preservation among creatives who identified with the early cohort of West Coast Hip Hop. These creatives’ efforts to resurrect what they previously had, especially in their participation at sites like Radiotron, began to yield positive returns, as new crews began to form. The formation of the Tunnel Rats following an event at Hex’s Hip Hop Shop serves as a case study in collective efforts to sustain the resonance of past sites of Hip Hop sociability. A second case study draws on ethnographic observations of an event called Graffitinspire hosted in 2023. The event demonstrates how numerous creatives from Brown Los Angeles continue to participate in Hip Hop creativity, and collaborate with younger generations to guide an ongoing and evolving resonance of the past.
Introduction
Authors: Armstrong Ryan M. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains why Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland makes a welcome companion to any exploration of Job’s land of Uz. It explores the common literary techniques found in Wonderland and the book of Job: parody, fourth-wall breaks, frame tales, episodic narratives, poetry, debates, legal jargon, abrasive soundscapes, visual jokes, unique orthography, dark humor, over-the-top characters, reappropriated material, and multiple styles of nonce-formation. These produce similar results: subverting expectations of genre and language, along with persistent skepticism of cultural norms. Mediation is a motif found in both works, and it is used to highlight the importance of honesty. Both Job and Alice must undergo character development that pushes them to question their foundational beliefs, but they learn to embrace their curiosity and speak honestly, even when it might be considered out of place.
A Calm Before the Storm
Authors: Armstrong Ryan M. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that Elihu develops a mediation model as an intentional response to Job’s mediation model. Elihu’s episode is often treated as a separate text from the rest of the book, because he is not overtly integrated into the rest of the narrative. But the textual history of Wonderland’s Gryphon raises cautions regarding such treatment. It exists in the earliest draft of the story, despite being the least-integrated, while the most-integrated characters are the later additions. Like the Gryphon in Wonderland, Elihu provides a humorous cliffhanger just before the denouement. Like the Gryphon, Elihu reflects over all the book’s adventures, so the reader is sure to contemplate the stakes before the final confrontation. Elihu appears when Job asks for a “listener,” and demonstrates his listening skills by addressing Job’s mediation model with specificity. In contrast to the three friends, Elihu promises the hope of seeing God directly.
Servitude and Slavery in Antebellum America
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Carruth LaJean Purcell 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the long history of slavery, servitude, and unfree labor in the United States leading up to the Civil War. It establishes broad historical context on issues such as indentured servitude, apprenticeships, slavery, debt peonage, gradual emancipations, abolitionism, and the complex blend of unfree labor in operation in the United States and the ways that various Latter-day Saint leaders interacted with such systems. As important as the abolition of slavery was, it was only part of a more general transition away from all labor relationships considered unfree. In America, this trend was grounded in the liberal values of the Revolution and fueled by the expansion of market capitalism. The chapter also discusses laws and norms about slavery, servitude, and unfree labor in states such as New York, New Jersey, and Illinois.
Slavery among the Latter-day Saints, 1847–1852
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Carruth LaJean Purcell 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
By 1849, after they arrived in the Great Basin, the Latter-day Saints worked out a position of neutrality on the question of slavery, designed to help them cull favor in Congress. They feared alienating lawmakers from both the North and the South were they to adopt a strident position one way or the other. Even though African American and Native American slavery existed among them, they favored allowing those to continue according to local custom but to not sanction them in law. They applied for statehood in 1849 without mentioning slavery. At the same time, territorial leader Brigham Young expressed opposition to holding human beings as property.
The Dawn of Xi Jinping’s Second Decade in Power and the CCP’s 20th Party Congress
Authors: Rudd Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of the 20th Party Congress in October 2022 in further consolidating Xi Jinping’s political position and his ever-widening ideological blueprint for China’s future. It describes how the CCP believed it had successfully navigated the COVID-19 pandemic with a relatively unscathed economy, unlike the United States and the wider West. This gave rise to a series of ideological addresses by Xi in the lead-up to the Congress which explained in unprecedented detail how Mao’s theory of contradiction applied to China’s current domestic and international circumstances, and why strategic and policy change had been necessary to secure both the party’s and the country’s future. At the 20th Congress itself, Xi Jinping Thought (XJPT) was elevated further by embedding its new official status within the text of the CCP constitution, and by requiring the party to uphold Comrade Xi’s position as the party’s ‘core’ leader. The chapter underscores how Xi’s worldview continued to revolve around the Marxist Nationalist ideology underpinning his entire political enterprise, with changes in ideology continuing to provide a leading indicator of broader changes across the political and policy spectrum—both in senior personnel appointments and in China’s overall economic and foreign policy direction.
What Xi Jinping’s Ideology Can Tell Us about China’s Future
Authors: Rudd Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the likely impact of Xi Jinping’s ideology on China’s political and economic future for the decade beyond the 20th party congress out to 2032. It argues that Xi is likely to remain in power for the coming decade, with underlying ideological change remaining consistently close to the centre of China’s political and economic transformation process. China is also likely to become more Leninist given Xi’s underlying predisposition for maximum political control. The chapter also provides an overview of the longer-term economic policy implications of Xi’s ideology of greater state intervention, economic nationalism and social equality becoming consolidated as the longer-term policy norm. While this ideological trend is likely to generate slower levels of economic growth than before, lower growth does not mean that the Chinese economy is necessarily ‘peaking’. Factors such as latent consumer demand still offer considerable growth potential. The chapter nonetheless concludes that Xi’s efforts at policy correction during 2023–2024 appear to have been exercises in double-messaging designed to restore business confidence, rather than a more fundamental change in ideological course.
Selective Publication in the U.S. Courts of Appeals
Authors: Hinkle Rachael K. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This book presents a comprehensive, first of its kind, examination of the theoretical and empirical implications of a key institutional practice in a highly influential set of courts. The U.S. Courts of Appeals both formulate legal policy and provide a forum for losing litigants to pursue an appeal. In order to keep up with an increasing number of appeals, yet still provide quality legal analysis, in the 1970s these courts adopted the practice of designating some decisions as unpublished and declaring that such rulings are not binding precedent. Scholars focused on policy and the lawmaking function of circuit courts understandably avoid the difficult task of grappling with the massive number of unpublished decisions. However, all dispositions impact the lives of those directly involved. And even more importantly, the distinction between published and unpublished rulings creates a breeding ground for disparities in power and privilege that raise serious concerns about social justice. The vast number and relative obscurity of unpublished decisions create substantial barriers to uncovering the nature and extent of the distributional consequences that flow from the selective publication norm. This book sheds light on these consequences by drawing on an original dataset of over two hundred thousand cases. Rigorous empirical examination reveals how the seemingly benign institutional feature of selective publication contributes to problematic differences in the way resources and demographic features shape power and privilege in the circuit courts. In short, selective publication plays a significant role in who gets what, when, and how.
What Comes Next? Publication and Further Review
Authors: Hinkle Rachael K. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A ruling by a three-judge circuit panel is not always the end of the road. The litigants may request review en banc by the full circuit or they may ask the Supreme Court to grant a writ of certiorari. Unsurprisingly, publication status is a key element in which cases get reviewed. This chapter summarizes and evaluates both how often litigants request review of the two types of decisions and how frequently those requests are granted. Both requests and grants are considerably rarer in unpublished cases. Further examination shows that the resources of litigants also affect which cases are reviewed. In this way, disparities generated by selective publication can also create further downstream distributional consequences with respect to review. For example, the haves are not only more likely to win, they are also more likely to get a second bite at the apple in the cases where they lose.
Consent across Private Law
Authors: Gergen Mark P. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The concept of consent does vital work across all private law. The defense of consent in criminal law and tort law requires a person consciously choose, or at least reasonably appear to consciously choose, to allow a boundary crossing that would otherwise be a crime or a tort. The chapter shows the same concept of consent can be found in contract law and property law, if one is attentive to the object of consent (i.e., what an actor must have in mind or appear to have in mind). For example, the most important objects of consent in contract law are to engage in an exchange transaction or to adopt a writing as an expression of contractual terms. Legal obligation and contractual terms can be objects of consent, but typically they are not because people do not have these objects in mind when they make contracts.
Understanding the Rules of Attribution in Private Law
Authors: Penner James 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The attribution of one person’s act to another is a legal phenomenon that occurs across private law. This chapter presents a survey or overview of the rules by which attribution occurs. Because of the variety of these attributions, and the contexts in which they occur, it is not clear that there is a univocal concept of attribution in private law. In particular, the concept of “representation” is shown not to illuminate the concept of attribution in any clear way. Following this survey, the “metaphysics” of attribution in regard to companies as legal personalities is discussed, and it is argued that there is no need to posit metaphysically suspect artificial agents to explain attribution in the company law context. It is argued that what might be called rules of “relationship attribution,” which focus on the particular relationship the parties are in, provide insight into the phenomenon of attribution.
The Threat and Promise of Collateral Benefits for Private Law’s Coherence
Authors: Sinel Zoë 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Pursuant to the collateral source rule, a plaintiff can recover monetary payments in respect of his tort from both his insurer and his tortfeasor. The rule’s operation, therefore, appears to place the plaintiff in a better position than he would have been in had he never been wronged at all. On the basis that it violates the compensatory principle that undergirds all of private law’s remedies, the principle of restitutio in integrum, many have advocated the rule’s abolition. This chapter rejects these abolitionist arguments on the basis that they fundamentally misunderstand the compensatory principle. The articulation of the proper interpretation of the compensatory principle, one which focuses on the correction of wrongful transactions rather than the reparation of wrongful losses, not only reveals the best justification for the collateral source rule but also provides insight into the important interstitial role it plays in private law.
Introduction
Authors: Adelaar Alexander , Schapper Antoinette 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out the scope and rationale for The Oxford Guide to the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia. The volume takes in around 800 members of the Austronesian language family belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian branch, excluding the Malayo-Polynesian languages of the Oceanic branch spoken throughout the Pacific. The Southeast Asian triangle in which the vast majority of these Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken forms an integrated macro-area characterized by an extended history of interaction and exchange as well as by shared waves of cultural and religious change in more recent times. The volume covers all linguistic regions of the MPSEA area, incorporating the many different viewpoints on their history and typology
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
Authors: Smith Alexander D. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter situates the Malayo-Polynesian (MP) languages within the wider Austronesian language family and their development from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP). It focuses on the historical development and interrelatedness of the MP languages of Asia and Madagascar as well as two languages spoken in Micronesia, Chamorro, and Palauan. A history of scholarship on MP subgrouping is given, along with more recent developments which are beginning to reshape standard models of MP subgrouping. It also discusses the reconstruction of PMP, the hypothetical common ancestor language from which all MP languages descend. The chapter highlights the putative properties of PMP, including aspects of its phonology and morphosyntax. It looks at comparative evidence that gives a clear understanding of what PMP was like as a spoken language, although areas of disagreement exist among specialists.
Linguistic approaches to Austronesian culture history
Authors: Blust Robert 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a view into the world of the speakers of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, their culture (houses, village structure), subsistence (agriculture, maritime technology) and social organisation (marriage, kinship relations). It addresses linguistic contributions to the culture history of the Austronesian-speaking peoples of Southeast Asia and Madagascar. Linguistic evidence for human prehistory is based on the reconstruction of vocabulary, which in turn derives from application of the comparative method, a set of procedures for inferring aspects of prehistoric languages from the traces left in their attested descendants. While these procedures are mainly concerned with how to infer the shapes of words, the chapter also refers to Benveniste (1969) and previous work by Blust for a discussion and illustration of the principles of semantic reconstruction, noting inferences about culture history that depend equally on the meaning of reconstructed words.
Human genetic approaches to Malayo-Polynesian prehistory
Authors: Ricaut François-Xavier , Brucato Nicolas , Cox Murray P. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates what is known about the prehistory of Island Southeast Asia from genetics. Traditionally the preserve of linguistics and archaeology, since the 1990s genetics has increasingly shed new light on the population history of this complex region. Advances in high-throughput genomics over the last few years have provided unprecedented levels of resolution. Highlights include identifying an intricate mosaic of populations in Island Southeast Asia prior to the Austronesian expansion, determining that local transitions to the Neolithic were often complex drawn-out processes, and clarifying the role of trading groups in long-distance population dispersals. Coupled with its traditional academic partners, genetics is therefore increasingly placing bounds on the nature of the transition to an Austronesian-speaking Neolithic across Island Southeast Asia.
Historical linguistics of the Philippines
Authors: Zorc R. David , Lobel Jason W. , Hall William 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the various Philippine language groups, some phonological developments relevant to Proto-Philippines and its various daughter languages, and subgrouping issues and controversies. It details the documentation and description of several major Philippine languages. It also reviews contact languages that have contributed the most to Philippine lexicons over the past millennium, which include Malay, Spanish, and English.
Historical linguistics of the Malayic subgroup
Authors: Anderbeck Karl 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Malay is perhaps the best-known and best-studied Malayo-Polynesian language. It rose to prominence in the maritime trade of Island Southeast Asia, and there are currently four countries, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei, that have designated varieties of Malay as national languages. Apart from Standard Malay, here are around fifty Malayic (Malay-related) languages, most of which are relatively unknown to the outside world. This chapter presents a clear definition of the Malayic language family, reviewing reconstructions of Proto-Malayic as well as attempts to both situate Malayic within the larger Malayo-Polynesian language family and subgroup and determine the PM homeland. It documents the lateral influence of Malay on other languages and summarizes aspects of Malayic cultural history and controversies in Malayic historical linguistics.
Historical linguistics of the Chamic languages
Authors: Brunelle Marc 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter is a critical review of previous attempts at classifying and subgrouping Chamic languages. After discussing hypotheses about the place of Chamic within Malayo-Polynesian, arguments for the classification of Acehnese as a Chamic language are reassessed. Proposals for the internal subgrouping of the core Chamic family by Lee (1966), Burnham (1976) and Thurgood (1999) are then re-evaluated and reconsidered in light of evidence accumulated in the past 20 years. The author argues that given the coarse and fragmentary nature of the primary data upon which previous subgrouping attempts have been based, further classification endeavors will require renewed language documentation efforts.
Historical linguistics of the Central Malayo-Polynesian languages
Authors: Zobel Erik 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Central Malayo-Polynesian (CMP), a proposed linguistic subgroup that comprises the Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken in the eastern part of the Lesser Sunda Islands, the central and southern part of the Moluccan Islands, and a few languages spoken at the western coast of New Guinea. It presents a list of the smallest uncontroversial units within CMP and discusses some of the major subgrouping proposals that classify the low-level subgroups into larger ones. It closes with an evaluation of the validity of CMP as a whole, concluding that the concept of CMP cannot be upheld as a subgroup defined by exclusively shared innovations.
Language policy and the politics of language
Authors: Hoogervorst Tom 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with language policy and the politics of language. It juxtaposes a selection of specific case studies that illustrate common developments across the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia, highlighting official or national languages and then regional or minority languages. The chapter brings together a series of case studies highlighting both official language development, and its impact on minority languages, in diverse parts of the region. Focusing on Malagasy, Malay, Indonesian, Tagalog, Tetun, Cham, Javanese, and Kapampangan, it outlines the histories, literary traditions, and the influence of language engineers, education, and media in colonial and postcolonial times. In insular Southeast Asian nations and Madagascar, the elevation of one regional language to the status of national language has often reinforced the marginalization of other languages.
Non-Malayic languages of Borneo
Authors: Kroeger Paul , Smith Alexander D. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The languages of Borneo display remarkable typological diversity, both in their phonology and in their morphosyntax. Phonologically we identify two main types: (a) languages whose phonological patterns resemble those found in mainland SE Asia, including such features as word-final stress and complex syllable structure; and (b) languages whose phonological patterns are similar to those found in other parts of island SE Asia, including such features as trochaic stress patterns and less syllabic complexity. In terms of grammatical features, we identify three main types: (a) the Philippine-type, found in NE Borneo; (b) the Indonesian-type, found throughout the remainder of Borneo; and (c) the Central Bornean grammatical type, which, like the MSEA phonological type, occurs mostly in the central latitudes. Characteristic features of the Central Bornean grammatical type include: a lack of applicative suffixes and pronominal prefixes; simple two-way voice distinctions often involving a periphrastic, rather than morphological, passive or Undergoer Voice; and complex pronominal number systems, with as many as five number distinctions in some languages. The other two types have been widely discussed by other authors. The Philippine-type is characterized by verb-initial word order, rich verbal morphology, and complex voice systems often involving four or more voices. Indonesian-type morphosyntax, characterized by the presence of both pronominal prefixes and applicative suffixes, is described here only briefly.