bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syphilis screening in pregnancy in the United Kingdom, 2010–2011: a national surveillance study
Authors: Townsend CL , Francis K , Peckham CS , Tookey PA 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the national antenatal syphilis screening programme and provide evidence for improving screening and management strategies.DesignNational population‐based surveillance.SettingUnited Kingdom (UK).PopulationAll pregnant women screening positive for syphilis, 2010–2011.MethodsDemographic, laboratory and treatment details for each pregnancy were collected from UK antenatal units (~210), along with follow‐up information on all infants born to women requiring syphilis treatment in pregnancy.Main outcome measuresProportion of women with newly or previously diagnosed syphilis among those with positive screening tests in pregnancy; proportion requiring treatment.ResultsOverall, 77% (1425/1840) of reported pregnancies were confirmed syphilis screen‐positive. Of these, 71% (1010/1425) were in women with previously diagnosed syphilis (155 requiring treatment), 26% (374/1425) with newly diagnosed syphilis (all requiring treatment) and 3% (41/1425) required treatment but the reason for treatment was unclear. Thus 40% (570/1425) required treatment overall; of these, 96% (516/537) were treated (missing data: 33/570), although for 18% (83/456), this was not until the third trimester (missing data: 60/537). Follow up of infants born to treated women was poor, with at least a third not followed. Six infants were diagnosed with congenital syphilis; two mothers were untreated, three had delayed treatment and one had incomplete treatment (first trimester).ConclusionOver 2 years, among pregnant women with confirmed positive syphilis screening results in the UK, a quarter had newly diagnosed infections and 40% required treatment. Despite high uptake of treatment, antenatal syphilis management could be improved by earlier detection, earlier treatment, and stronger links between healthcare teams.Tweetable abstract25% of pregnant women screening positive for syphilis in the UK were newly diagnosed and 40% needed treatment.
Exploring nutrition capacity in Australia's charitable food sector
Authors: Wingrove Kate , Barbour Liza , Palermo Claire 
Published: May 2016

AimThe primary aim of this study was to explore the capacity of community organisations within Australia's charitable food sector to provide nutritious food to people experiencing food insecurity. A secondary aim was to explore their capacity to provide food in an environment that encourages social interaction.MethodsThis qualitative research used an exploratory case study design and was informed by a nutrition capacity framework. Participants were recruited through SecondBite, a not‐for‐profit food rescue organisation in Australia. Convenience sampling methods were used. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted to explore the knowledge, attitudes and experiences of people actively involved in emergency food relief provision. Transcripts were thematically analysed using an open coding technique.ResultsNine interviews were conducted. The majority of participants were female (n = 7, 77.8%) and worked or volunteered at organisations within Victoria (n = 7, 77.8%). Results suggest that the capacity for community organisations to provide nutritious food to their clients may be limited by resource availability more so than the nutrition‐related knowledge and attitudes of staff members and volunteers.ConclusionsAustralia's charitable food sector plays a vital role in addressing the short‐term needs of people experiencing food insecurity. To ensure the food provided to people experiencing food insecurity is nutritious and provided in an environment that encourages social interaction, it appears that the charitable food sector requires additional resources. In order to reduce demand for emergency food relief, an integrated policy approach targeting the underlying determinants of food insecurity may be needed.
Association between smoking, glycaemia, blood lipoproteins and risk of oral leukoplakia
Authors: Granero Fernandez M , Lopez‐Jornet P 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundAmong potentially malignant disorders, oral leukoplakia is the most common in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to assess risk factors associated with oral leukoplakia.MethodsThis retrospective study included 142 patients diagnosed with oral leukoplakia according to World Health Organization clinical and histopathological criteria and a control group of healthy subjects matched for age and gender. Sociodemographic data were registered for each patient: age, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption. Leukoplakia characteristics were also registered: size, position, clinical form, and presence or absence of dysplasia; all cases of leukoplakia were classified systematically according to clinicopathological stage. Blood lipid component levels of total cholesterol, high‐density lipoproteins, low‐density lipoproteins and triglycerides were compared between groups.ResultsSmoking had a significant effect on the risk of leukoplakia (P = 0.01, odds ratio (OR) = 8.33). High glucose levels also increased the probability of leukoplakia (P = 0.03, OR = 6.35), as did low‐density lipoproteins (P = 0.049, OR = 5.65). The risk of dysplasia increased among patients presenting the non‐homogeneous form of leukoplakia (P = 0.039, OR = 9.06) and among smokers (P = 0.044, OR = 28.33).ConclusionsSmoking, increased glucose and low‐density lipoproteins in the blood are associated with a risk of oral leukoplakia.
Urachal‐sigmoid fistula managed by laparoscopic assisted high anterior resection, primary anastomosis and en bloc resection of the urachal cyst and involved bladder
Authors: Sakata Shinichiro , Grundy Joshua , Naidu Sanjeev , Gillespie Christopher 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSigmoid‐urachal fistula is exceedingly rare in adults and only a few cases have been reported in the world literature. We present the case of a 54‐year‐old man with symptomatic sigmoid‐urachal fistula managed successfully with a laparoscopic assisted high anterior resection, primary anastomosis and an en bloc resection of the urachal cyst and the involved cuff of bladder.
Adaptive Contrast Weighted Learning for Multi-Stage Multi-Treatment Decision-Making
Authors: Tao Yebin , Wang Lu 
Published: May 2016

Summary
Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) are sequential decision rules that focus simultaneously on treatment individualization and adaptation over time. To directly identify the optimal DTR in a multi-stage multi-treatment setting, we propose a dynamic statistical learning method, adaptive contrast weighted learning. We develop semiparametric regression-based contrasts with the adaptation of treatment effect ordering for each patient at each stage, and the adaptive contrasts simplify the problem of optimization with multiple treatment comparisons to a weighted classification problem that can be solved by existing machine learning techniques. The algorithm is implemented recursively using backward induction. By combining doubly robust semiparametric regression estimators with machine learning algorithms, the proposed method is robust and efficient for the identification of the optimal DTR, as shown in the simulation studies. We illustrate our method using observational data on esophageal cancer.
Fine‐scale habitat heterogeneity explains the local distribution of two Amazonian frog species of concern for conservation
Authors: Jorge Rafael F. , Simões Pedro I. , Magnusson William E. , Lima Albertina P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTo test the hypothesis that subtle differences in abiotic requirements can result in almost total spatial segregation, we sampled two species of diurnal frogs, Atelopus spumarius and Allobates sumtuosus, in a primary forest reserve in central Brazilian Amazonia. We conducted visual and acoustic surveys on three occasions over 2 months, in 40 streamside (riparian) plots distributed throughout the reserve's two major drainage basins, using a grid system that covers 64 km2. On average, drainages differed in the pH of stream water and the number of connected and isolated streamside pools. Differences in abiotic characteristics of drainages were associated with the spatial distribution of frog species. The occurrence and density of Allobates sumtuosus was negatively related to stream pH and discharge and positively related to the number of isolated pools in plots. The occurrence and density of Atelopus spumarius was associated with streams with high discharge and pH near neutral. These results indicate that although very large reserves will probably contain sufficient landscape heterogeneity to accommodate different species of diurnal frogs, due to strongly patchy distributions, in situ studies using fine‐scale species‐distribution models will be necessary to assess the adequacy of small reserves in Amazonia that cover hundreds of square kilometers or less for the conservation of some anuran species.
Dynamics of osseointegration in various human and animal models ‐ a comparative analysis
Authors: Botticelli Daniele , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the sequential events of osseointegration in various model situations.Material and methodsA series of eight recent sequential studies on the early phases of osseointegration performed in various species analyzing new bone apposition and parent bone resorption at the implant surfaces have been studied. One human, six dog and one rabbit studies were analyzed for old and new bone percentages, assessed at least at 4 periods of the early osseointegration. Data on new and old parent bone in contact with the implant surfaces were collected. The interception point of the two proportions of new and old bone was calculated in terms of osseointegration (y; %) and period of the interceptions (x; days).ResultsIt has been shown that the interception point of old and new bone proportions was strongly influenced by the choice of the model adopted (human, dog, rabbit), by the density of the surrounding bone (cortical, spongy, trabecular) and by the implant geometry. Implant surface configuration, time of implantation and load influenced the interception point to a lesser degree. The fastest rate of osseointegration was observed in the rabbit model followed by the dog model. The slowest osseointegration rate was seen in humans. Osseointegration was documented best in spongiosa bone when compared to cortical bone. The moderately rough surfaces gave rise to faster osseointegration than did the turned implant surfaces.ConclusionsThe interception points may provide information on efficacy of early osseointegration. The slope of the line (m) is related to the efficacy of bone appositions.
Prevalence and management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) in the UK: cross‐sectional study
Authors: Donne A. J. , Keltie K. , Cole H. , Sims A.J. , Patrick H. , Powell S. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesTo estimate the number of patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis currently managed in secondary and tertiary health care in the UK and the frequency of its treatment with radiofrequency cold ablation (Coblation™).DesignCross‐sectional survey of ENT consultants in the UK with validation using Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) inpatient data.SettingOnline survey.ParticipantsENT consultants in the UK.Main outcome measuresNumber of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis patients currently managed in acute care in the UK and frequency of use of Coblation.ResultsA total of 283 ENT consultants from 128 UK NHS healthcare trusts and health boards completed the online survey. Responses were received from 86% of surveyed organisations, and an estimated 45% of all ENT consultants in UK. The estimated number of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis patients from the cross‐sectional survey was 918 (at August 2015) which included 730 patients in England. The number of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis patients in England estimated from Hospital Episode Statistics (2014/15 financial year) was up to 741. A total of 42 Coblation procedures conducted in the UK were identified from the cross‐sectional survey; 36 were conducted in England compared with 34 identified from Hospital Episode Statistics.ConclusionsThe numbers of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis patients and Coblation procedures identified in England from a cross‐sectional survey and Hospital Episode Statistics were in broad agreement. Our study estimated 1.42 recurrent respiratory papillomatosis patients per 100 000 in the general UK population. We also estimated that Coblation procedures accounted for 3% of interventional treatments conducted in the UK recurrent respiratory papillomatosis population.
Once daily vs multiple daily mesalamine therapy for mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Li W. , Zhang Z.‐M. , Jiang X.‐L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAim5‐Aminosalicylic acid is the first‐line drug for mild to moderate ulcerative colitis (UC). The most commonly used 5‐aminosalicylic acid is mesalamine. Several systematic reviews have demonstrated that mesalamine is effective in inducing and maintaining remission. Efficacy, safety and adherence to once daily (OD) and multiple daily (MD) dosing of mesalamine for the induction and maintenance of remission in mild to moderate UC were systematically reviewed and compared.MethodPubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to November 2014. Only randomized controlled trials were considered eligible. STATA software (version 12.0) was used to calculate the pooled risk ratios with 95% confidence interval.ResultsSeventeen randomized studies containing 5439 patients were identified. No significant differences were noted in comparisons between OD and MD dosing for maintenance and induction of remission. No significant differences were noted in rates of medication adherence or adverse events between OD and MD dosing. With regard to mesalamine suppository, no significant differences were noted for comparisons between dosing regimens and adverse events for induction of remission.ConclusionOD dose of mesalamine is as effective and safe as MD doses for the induction and maintenance treatment of mild to moderate UC. OD mesalamine given as a suppository can attain the same effect and safety as MD mesalamine in inducing remission of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis.
A two‐centre experience of transanal total mesorectal excision
Authors: Buchs N. C. , Wynn G. , Austin R. , Penna M. , Findlay J. M. , Bloemendaal A. L. A. , Mortensen N. J. , Cunningham C. , Jones O. M. , Guy R. J. , Hompes R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimTransanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) offers a promising alternative to the standard surgical abdominopelvic approach for rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to report a two‐centre experience of this technique, focusing on the short‐term and oncological outcome.MethodFrom May 2013 to May 2015, 40 selected patients with histologically proven rectal adenocarcinoma underwent TaTME in two institutions and were prospectively entered on an online international registry.ResultsForty patients (80% men, mean body mass index 27.4 kg/m2) requiring TME underwent TaTME. Procedures included low anterior resection (n = 31), abdominoperineal excision (n = 7) and proctocolectomy (n = 2). A minimally invasive approach was attempted in all cases, with three conversions. The mean operation time was 368 min and 16 patients (40%) had a synchronous abdominal and transanal approach. There was no mortality and 16 postoperative complications occurred, of which 68.8% were minor. The median length of stay was 7.5 (3–92) days. A complete or near‐complete TME specimen was delivered in 39 (97.5%) cases with a mean number of 20 lymph nodes harvested. R0 resection was achieved in 38 (95%) patients. After a median follow‐up of 10.7 months, there were no local recurrences and six (15%) patients had developed distant metastases.ConclusionTaTME appears to be feasible, safe and reproducible, without compromising the oncological principles of rectal cancer surgery. It is an attractive option for patients for whom laparoscopy is likely to be particularly difficult. These encouraging results should encourage larger studies with assessment of long‐term function and the oncological outcome.
Association between neonatal morbidities and head growth from birth until discharge in very‐low‐birthweight infants born preterm: a population‐based study
Authors: Regev Rivka H , Arnon Shmuel , Litmanovitz Ita , Bauer‐Rusek Sofia , Boyko Valentina , Lerner‐Geva Liat , Reichman Brian ,   In collaboration with the Israel Neonatal Network
Published: May 2016

AimTo evaluate the possible association between major neonatal morbidities and poor head growth from birth to discharge home in very‐low‐birthweight (VLBW) infants born preterm.MethodPopulation‐based observational study comprising 12 992 infants (6340 male, 6652 female) of 24 to 32 weeks' gestation, and birthweight ≤1500g. Severe head growth failure (HGF) was defined as a decrease in head circumference z‐score >2 z‐scores, and moderate HGF as a decrease of 1 to 2 z‐scores. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to determine morbidities associated with HGF.ResultsSevere HGF occurred in 4.5% and moderate HGF in 20.9% of infants. Each unit increase in head circumference z‐score at birth was associated with increased odds for severe and moderate HGF (odds ratios [OR] 5.29, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 4.67–6.00, and OR 2.38, 95% CI 2.23–2.54 respectively). Both severe and moderate HGF were associated with respiratory distress syndrome (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.58–2.62, and OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.48–1.85 respectively); bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR 3.38, 95% CI 2.33–4.91, and OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.52–2.30 respectively); necrotizing enterocolitis (OR 2.89, 95% CI 2.04–4.09, and OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.38–2.16 respectively), and sepsis (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.69–2.50, and OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.24–1.53 respectively).InterpretationMajor neonatal morbidities were associated with HGF in VLBW infants born preterm. Identification of whether this is a direct effect of these morbidities or mediated through nutritional or growth factors may enable interventions to improve postnatal head growth of infants born preterm.
Brain change trajectories that differentiate the major psychoses
Authors: Liberg Benny , Rahm Christoffer , Panayiotou Anita , Pantelis Christos 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundBipolar disorder and schizophrenia are highly heritable, often chronic and debilitating psychotic disorders that can be difficult to differentiate clinically. Their brain phenotypes appear to overlap in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal structural neuroimaging studies, with some evidence to suggest areas of differentiation with differing trajectories. The aim of this review was to investigate the notion that longitudinal trajectories of alterations in brain structure could differentiate the two disorders.DesignNarrative review. We searched MEDLINE and Web of Science databases in May 2016 for studies that used structural magnetic resonance imaging to investigate longitudinal between‐group differences in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Ten studies met inclusion criteria, namely longitudinal structural magnetic resonance studies comparing bipolar disorder (or affective psychosis) and schizophrenia within the same study.ResultsOur review of these studies implicates illness‐specific trajectories of morphological change in total grey matter volume, and in regions of the frontal, temporal and cingulate cortices. The findings in schizophrenia suggest a trajectory involving progressive grey matter loss confined to fronto‐temporal cortical regions. Preliminary findings identify a similar but less severely impacted trajectory in a number of regions in bipolar disorder, however, bipolar disorder is also characterized by differential involvement across cingulate subregions.ConclusionThe small number of available studies must be interpreted with caution but provide initial evidence supporting the notion that bipolar disorder and schizophrenia have differential longitudinal trajectories that are influenced by brain maturation.
The Principle of Sufficient Reason, the Ontological Argument and the Is/Ought Distinction
Authors: Boehm Omri 
Published: May 2016

AbstractKant's attack on metaphysics consists in large part in his attack on a principle that he names the Supreme Principle of Pure Reason. This principle, it is not often noticed, is the Principle of Sufficient Reason [PSR]. In interpreting this principle as such, I argue that Kant's attack on the PSR (and thereby his attack on dogmatic metaphysics as a whole) depends on Kant's claim that existence is not a first‐order predicate. If existence isn't what Kant calls a real predicate, the PSR is false. While this constitutes a powerful Kantian argument against dogmatic rationalism, it also poses a problem for Kant. For, as I argue, if the PSR is true, Kant's argument that existence isn't a first‐order predicate is false. In this sense, Kant's attack on the PSR is begging the question vis‐á‐vis radical metaphysicians (e.g. Spinoza). Concluding the paper I suggest relying on Kant's 'is'/'ought' distinction in avoiding this circularity, thereby reinforcing the Kantian critique.
Cantharidin world on islands: Species diversity of canthariphilous arthropods in the Izu–Ogasawara Arc
Authors: Hashimoto Kosei , Hayashi Fumio 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCantharidin is a defense chemical produced by only two beetle families, Meloidae and Oedemeridae. This compound also functions as an attractant for certain groups of arthropods (canthariphilous arthropods). Cantharidin‐producing beetles and canthariphilous arthropods build a cantharidin‐mediated community, called cantharidin world. In this study, to clarify the canthariphilous arthropod community formed on small islands, the arthropods were collected by cantharidin‐baited traps and compared among the mainland, peninsula and 11 small islands of the Izu–Ogasawara Arc, Japan. Control traps without cantharidin were also used to collect non‐canthariphilous arthropods. Cantharidin‐producing beetles were distributed across the study area, but the number of species was reduced on islands. We identified 10 species of five families as canthariphilous arthropods in this study area: two species of Anthicidae and Pyrochroidae (Coleoptera), four species of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera), three species of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) and one species of Podoctidae (Opiliones). The number of canthariphilous species was not correlated with island size (area) but was negatively correlated with the distance of island from the mainland. These tendencies were also seen in non‐canthariphilous fauna. The canthariphilous arthropods increased with the number of cantharidin‐producing beetle species, but the non‐canthariphilous fauna did not. Thus, the cantharidin world on islands seems to be affected not only by the geographic characteristics of islands, particularly the degree of isolation from the mainland, but also by the diversity of cantharidin‐producing members within it.