bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RETRACTED: Literacy lessons learnt from parents after attending a seven-week Home-School Partnership Programme
Authors: Cozett Dawn , Condy Janet 
Published: June 2016

<p><strong></strong>No abstract available.</p><p><strong>Editorial expression of concern:</strong> The editor and publisher express a note of concern regarding this article “Literacy lessons learnt from parents after attending a seven-week Home-School Partnership Programme,” by Dowan Cozett and Janet Condy. It appears to be a duplicate publication triggered in the editorial office.</p><p>Kindly note that a retraction notice has been published for this article. See here; <a id="pub-id::doi" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v6i1.474">http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v6i1.474</a></p><p> </p>
Employing a multifocal view of ECD curriculum development at a rural settlement community in South Africa: Themes from a ‘design by implementation’ early childhood education programme
Authors: Brink Sonja 
Published: June 2016

<p>Early childhood curriculum development is challenged by the vast contextual variability of sites in South Africa. In this article, the author reports on the implementation of an early childhood development programme at an informal rural settlement community by an external societal agent. The article looks at the complex dynamics at play within such an early education development situation and examines the main themes that emerged from the process. Referring to the tensions that emanated from the implementation of this programme as a positive driver for change, it concludes that the employment of participatory methodologies could be utilised as a curriculum development tool and calls for the employment of a less formulaic and more holistic view of early childhood development.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Participatory action research; rural community development; curriculum development</p>
Strategies for the implementation of mathematics in Grade R: Teachers’ beliefs and practices
Authors: Barnard Elna , Braund Martin 
Published: June 2016

<p>Concerns have been expressed about the quality of teaching and learning in Grade R (reception) classrooms in South Africa. In mathematics, learning outcomes are said to be particularly limited, especially in poorer provinces of the country (Department of Performance, Monitoring and Evaluation [DPME] 2012). The study reported in this article explored the perceptions and beliefs on teaching mathematics in Grade R, compared with actual classroom practices, of selected teachers in a range of schools and Early Childhood Development Centres in the Eastern Cape. Sixteen teachers took part in focus group meetings, and outcomes were analysed according to Northcutt and McCoy’s ‘Interactive Qualitative Analysis’ method (2004). Themes emerging from analysis were used to construct interview questions and guide observations of Grade R mathematics teaching for nine selected teachers. Findings show that teachers from different contexts have similar perceptions and beliefs about teaching mathematics in grade R but that often their observed practices do not match how they perceive and value Grade R teaching. In the analysis of lesson videos, we identify a number of ‘silent themes’ revealing teachers’ true actions, enabling us to comment on development and training needed to reach the goals of the intended mathematics curriculum for Grade R.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Grade R Mathematics; play; developmentally appropriate; intended curriculum; enacted curriculum</p>
Interpreting the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Authors: Goldman Lee 
Published: June 2016

Computers play an integral role in today’s society. While computers provide many benefits, they are increasingly used as tools for wrongdoing, causing estimated losses of billions of dollars each year. Computer hackers can, among other things, fraudulently alter accounts, steal business or personal information, and corrupt or disable computer systems. Congress enacted and has repeatedly amended the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (“CFAA”) to combat the increasing proliferation of computer crimes. This article argues that the Courts of Appeals have not adequately interpreted the foundational terms of the Act and recommends an interpretation of the Act that builds upon the narrower definitions to comprehensively define the scope of the Act’s coverage.
Respuestas frente a la crisis en clave de género: migración circular y retorno entre familias ecuatorianas en España y Ecuador
Authors: Herrera Mosquera Gioconda 
Published: June 2016

Este artículo analiza el impacto de la crisis en las estrategias de cuidado y reproducción social de familias migrantes ecuatorianas en Madrid y Quito. El artículo analiza las experiencias de migración circular y los retornos más permanentes de hombres y mujeres en los últimos cinco años. Se argumenta que estas estrategias y la mayor o menor capacidad de movilidad entre distintos destinos migratorios presentan importantes diferencias entre los géneros. Por un lado, existe un uso diferenciado entre hombres y mujeres de su condición migratoria para desplegar estrategias transnacionales y potenciar su capacidad de movilidad. Por otro lado, el grado de movilidad y flexibilidad frente al mercado laboral y la reproducción social transnacionalizada responde a un determinado orden de género y división sexual del trabajo.
Editorial
Authors: Figueroa Sarriera Heidi , Gray Chris H. 
Published: June 2016

Este editorial establece las coordenadas de contenido del presente monográfico donde se sugieren dos rutas de lectura y formas posibles de desplazamiento. Una de éstas rutas muestra las asimetrías, las formas de exclusión y al mismo tiempo las formas de apropiación de las tecnologías desde América Latina y España. La segunda opta por trabajos provocadores que sugieren nuevas metáforas y aproximaciones conceptuales para repensar la contemporaneidad.
Detecting a Feminist Reading Model:
Authors: Kuhlemann Alma 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT:
This article demonstrates how Chilean Marcela Serrano's fiction posits a political value for women readers in bonding through texts. It argues there is clear evidence of a project to model text-mediated relationships with and among her readers that can encourage women to construct more rewarding self-definitions. This project's logistical hub resides in Serrano's Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (1999), a novel that features a female detective and exhibits for women readers a step-by-step approach toward establishing empowering connections. This article examines this process of reading-to-connect as instantiating the feminist model of reading based on intersubjective encounters among woman reader, text, and woman writer discussed in Schweickart (1986), drawing on Adrienne Rich's search for connection with Emily Dickinson. To provide insight into the dynamics of cultivating reading-based bonds, both within and beyond Serrano's text, this articles uses conceptual tools from Italian feminism's practice of relations. To assess Serrano's putative project of connecting women through the writing and reading of female characters' life stories, it adduces results from a reader response questionnaire conducted with a sample of Serrano's readers. Their responses indicate that reading Serrano's fiction can open up for women readers a space of female sociality that validates and encourages female desires.
How Much?: Understanding Money in Major Barbara
Authors: Dukore Bernard F. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
From the nineteenth century to World War I, Thomas Piketty demonstrates in Capital in the Twenty-First Century, inflation was virtually zero. Reflecting the fiscal stability of that era, money in earlier novels and plays had a concrete, specific meaning. Income and wealth established a character's social status that readers understood. Following the drums of August 1914 markers of money became unstable, even volatile, and currency rates fluctuated, sometimes greatly. Twenty-first-century audiences no longer understand, as nineteenth- and early twentieth-century audiences did, these monetary markers, which bear no relationship to today's quantities. For today's readers, teachers, directors, and actors, it is important to know more precisely, in today's terms, the wealth or poverty—reflective of the standard of living—of Shaw's characters. This essay focuses on Major Barbara, written more than a century ago, in which money is a significant factor. It aims to formulate the monetary allusions and the present-day incomes of the play's onstage and offstage characters in the lower classes and upper classes, even in the topmost classes, including what is now called “the 1 percent.” It does so in both British pounds sterling and U.S. dollars.
Landlord–Tenant (Non)Relations in the Work of Bernard Shaw
Authors: Clare David 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
As a child, Shaw was horrified by the appalling poverty of the Dublin slums, and, while working in a Dublin estate office as a teenager, he actually had to collect slum rents. On a more personal level, both sides of Shaw's family were tied to the Protestant Ascendancy, possessing land throughout Leinster and Munster. Although Shaw himself was raised in “shabby genteel poverty,” he was taught to take pride in his family's exalted social connections. He gradually came to realize, however, that his revered relations were complicit in the unjust land distribution prevalent in Ireland prior to the Land War. The unjust relations between landlords and tenants that Shaw witnessed in Ireland cast a shadow over not only his politics (leading him to embrace socialism as a young man) but also his drama. As this article demonstrates, Shaw deals with Irish landlord-tenant relations directly in his three plays set in Ireland: John Bull's Other Island, O'Flaherty, V.C., and Tragedy of an Elderly Gentleman. In addition, his exposure to Dublin slums as a child and teenager informs Widowers' Houses, and his numerous visits to Irish (and not simply English) Big Houses were a clear influence on Heartbreak House.
Estrategias de recuperación de territorios con presencia pandilleril y sus efectos en la convivencia de los habitantes de la residencial Los Chorros, cantón Las Angosturas, municipio de Colón, departamento de La Libertad, año 2015
Authors: Cabrera Soriano José Jaime , Vega Palacios Miguel Felipe , Delgado Juárez Miguel Ángel 
Published: June 2016

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 6(1) 2016: 341-386
ANÁLISE DOS EFEITOS DO DÉFICIT HÍDRICO NA RESPOSTA TEMPORAL DO ÍNDICE DE VEGETAÇÃO POR DIFERENÇA NORMALIZADA (NDVI) NO ESTADO DO AMAZONAS
Authors: Paiva Célia Maria , Jesus Alice Da Silva Gonçalves de 
Published: June 2016

Vegetation indices derived by remote sensing can help identify occurrence of drought on a regional scale. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been widely used in vegetation monitoring, with promising results. This study aims to identify the patterns of temporal response of NDVI in relation to occurrence of deficit/surplus water to different regions of the Amazon biome, as well as understand its seasonal and inter-annual cycles. Therefore, data from five weather stations of the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) and a set of orbital data of EFAI-NDVI were used. The study period covers the years 1982 to 1990. The results indicate that the response of NDVI to the occurrence of drought is one month in all regions. In the case of water surplus, that response varies from one to four months. Seasonally, the highest NDVI values occur after the rainy season in the region and the lowest values occurring after the dry season. On inter-annual behavior, the NDVI decreases in El Niño years and rises in La Niña years.
A INFLUÊNCIA DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS E DOS ASPECTOS FÍSICO-GEOGRÁFICOS NA CONFIGURAÇÃO TERRITORIAL DA AMÉRICA DO SUL
Authors: Venturi Luis Antonio Bittar 
Published: June 2016

South America’s territorial arrangement – a big country surrounded by smaller ones – is clarified by historical factors, as due to the fact that Brazil has become a viceroyalty. The Royal family’s presence in the colony would have favoured its integrity. Normally, the geographic factors are neglected in this explanation, especially those related to natural resources as physical aspects of the landscape. Here we intend to fill this thematic gap applying the geographic facts to the explanatory analysis of the South-American territory. Methodologically, the comparative analysis between The Spanish America and the Portuguese was conducted by two variables: the nature of the explored natural resources and the physical features of the territory. Our main idea is founded on four premises: 1 –Moving through the territory as a condition to assure domination. 2 - Biomass natural resources lead to farther moving. 3 - Considering that mining activities are local they beget urban development and consequently became a fertile ground for revolutionary movements. 4 – Flat relief, large rivers and mild temperatures encourage the development of farming activities and therefore the occupation of territory. We conclude that the combination of these variables and premises may throw new light on comprehending South America’s territorial arrangement
The 90 90 90 strategy to end the HIV Pandemic by 2030: Can the supply chain handle it?
Authors: Jamieson David , Kellerman Scott E 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionUNAIDS “90‐90‐90” strategy calls for 90% of HIV‐infected individuals to be diagnosed by 2020, 90% of whom will be on anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) and 90% of whom will achieve sustained virologic suppression. Reaching these targets by 2020 will reduce the HIV epidemic to a low‐level endemic disease by 2030. However, moving the global response towards this universal test and treat model will pose huge challenges to public health systems in resource‐limited settings, including global and local supply chain systems. These challenges are especially acute in Africa, which accounts for over 70% of the persons affected by HIV.DiscussionFrom a supply chain perspective, each of the “90's” has possible complications and roadblocks towards realizing the promise envisioned by 90‐90‐90. For instance, ensuring that 90% of HIV‐infected persons know their status will require a large increase in access to HIV tests compared with what is currently available. To ensure that there are enough anti‐retrovirals available to treat the nearly 25 million people that will require them by 2020 represents a near doubling of the ARV supplied to treat the 13 million currently on treatment. Similarly, to monitor those on treatment means an unprecedented scale‐up of viral load testing throughout Africa.ConclusionsLarger issues include whether the capacity exists at the local level to handle these commodities when they arrive in the most severely affected countries, including considerations of the human resources and costs needed to make this strategy effective. We believe that such “real world” analysis of proposed strategies and policies is essential to ensure their most effective implementation.
Direct growth of densely aligned ZnO nanorods on graphene
Authors: Honda Mitsuhiro , Okumura Ryuji , Ichikawa Yo 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Densely aligned ZnO nanorods were directly grown on graphene sheets. On graphene prepared via a chemical vapor deposition technique, ZnO nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The rod density was ∼1.4 × 109/cm2 and the nanorods were observed to be well aligned on graphene by scanning electron microscopy. The formation of such ZnO structures is considered to be induced by carbon vacancies in graphene in accordance with Raman spectroscopic results.
Silicon waveguide polarization rotation Bragg grating with phase shift section and sampled grating scheme
Authors: Okayama Hideaki , Onawa Yosuke , Shimura Daisuke , Yaegashi Hiroki , Sasaki Hironori 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We describe a Bragg grating with a phase shift section and a sampled grating scheme that converts input polarization to orthogonal polarization. A very narrow polarization-independent wavelength peak can be generated by phase shift structures and polarization-independent multiple diffraction peaks by sampled gratings. The characteristics of the device were examined by transfer matrix and finite-difference time-domain methods.
Effect of GeO2 deposition temperature in atomic layer deposition on electrical properties of Ge gate stack
Authors: Kanematsu Masayuki , Shibayama Shigehisa , Sakashita Mitsuo , Takeuchi Wakana , Nakatsuka Osamu , Zaima Shigeaki 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We investigated the effect of GeO2 deposition temperature (T
depo) on electronic properties of Al/Al2O3/GeO2/Ge MOS capacitors. Capacitance–voltage characteristics show frequency dispersions under depletion and strong inversion conditions, which can be attributed from the interface states at the atomic layer deposition (ALD)-GeO2/Ge interface and from the defect states in the quasi-neutral region in the Ge substrate, respectively. We found that the interface state density (D
it) shows similar values and energy distributions as T
depo decreases to 200 from 300 °C, while a higher D
it is observed at a T
depo of 150 °C. Also, from the temperature dependence of conductance, the frequency dispersion under the strong inversion condition can be related to the minority carrier diffusion to the quasi-neutral region of the Ge substrate. The frequency dependence of conductance reveals that the undesirable increment of the bulk defect density can be suppressed by decreasing T
depo. In this study, the bulk defect density in a MOS capacitor prepared at a T
depo of 200 °C decreases one tenth compared with that at a T
depo of 300 °C. The ALD of GeO2 at a low temperature of around 200 °C is effective for both obtaining a low D
it and preventing the undesirable introduction of bulk defect density.
A theory of scintillation for two‐component power law irregularity spectra: Overview and numerical results
Authors: Carrano Charles S. , Rino Charles L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe extend the power law phase screen theory for ionospheric scintillation to account for the case where the refractive index irregularities follow a two‐component inverse power law spectrum. The two‐component model includes, as special cases, an unmodified power law and a modified power law with spectral break that may assume the role of an outer scale, intermediate break scale, or inner scale. As such, it provides a framework for investigating the effects of a spectral break on the scintillation statistics. Using this spectral model, we solve the fourth moment equation governing intensity variations following propagation through two‐dimensional field‐aligned irregularities in the ionosphere. A specific normalization is invoked that exploits self‐similar properties of the structure to achieve a universal scaling, such that different combinations of perturbation strength, propagation distance, and frequency produce the same results. The numerical algorithm is validated using new theoretical predictions for the behavior of the scintillation index and intensity correlation length under strong scatter conditions. A series of numerical experiments are conducted to investigate the morphologies of the intensity spectrum, scintillation index, and intensity correlation length as functions of the spectral indices and strength of scatter; retrieve phase screen parameters from intensity scintillation observations; explore the relative contributions to the scintillation due to large‐ and small‐scale ionospheric structures; and quantify the conditions under which a general spectral break will influence the scintillation statistics.
Reforestation in a high‐CO2 world—Higher mitigation potential than expected, lower adaptation potential than hoped for
Authors: Sonntag Sebastian , Pongratz Julia , Reick Christian H. , Schmidt Hauke 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe assess the potential and possible consequences for the global climate of a strong reforestation scenario for this century. We perform model experiments using the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM), forced by fossil‐fuel CO2 emissions according to the high‐emission scenario Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, but using land use transitions according to RCP4.5, which assumes strong reforestation. Thereby, we isolate the land use change effects of the RCPs from those of other anthropogenic forcings. We find that by 2100 atmospheric CO2 is reduced by 85 ppm in the reforestation model experiment compared to the reference RCP8.5 model experiment. This reduction is higher than previous estimates and is due to increased forest cover in combination with climate and CO2 feedbacks. We find that reforestation leads to global annual mean temperatures being lower by 0.27 K in 2100. We find large annual mean warming reductions in sparsely populated areas, whereas reductions in temperature extremes are also large in densely populated areas.
Cosmogenic 32Si as a tracer of biogenic silica burial and diagenesis: Major deltaic sinks in the silica cycle
Authors: Rahman S. , Aller R. C. , Cochran J. K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMeasurements of natural cosmogenic 32Si (t1/2 ~ 140 years) in tropical deltaic sediments demonstrate for the first time that most 32Si is present in rapidly formed authigenic clays and not biogenic opaline silica (bSi). The burial of bSi in deltaic and continental margin sediments has likely been greatly underestimated because of diagenetic alteration of bSi to clay, little of which dissolves in the classically used operational bSi leach. Rapid reverse weathering reactions during early diagenesis must be considered as a significant pathway of reactive Si storage in deltaic deposits. Based on 32Si, actual storage may be 2–3 times the best recent estimates extrapolated from diagenetic models or attempts to modify operational bSi methods to include authigenic clay (~900 µmol/g versus ~250 µmol/g). Measurements of natural 32Si inventories in sediments and initial specific activities in biogenic silica provide a means to independently constrain the marine Si cycle.
Geomagnetic disturbance intensity dependence on the universal timing of the storm peak
Authors: Katus R. M. , Liemohn M. W. , Keesee A. M. , Immel T. J. , Ilie R. , Welling D. T. , Ganushkina N. Yu. , Perlongo N. J. , Ridley A. J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe role of universal time (UT) dependence on storm time development has remained an unresolved question in geospace research. This study presents new insight into storm progression in terms of the UT of the storm peak. We present a superposed epoch analysis of solar wind drivers and geomagnetic index responses during magnetic storms, categorized as a function of UT of the storm peak, to investigate the dependency of storm intensity on UT. Storms with Dst minimum less than −100 nT were identified in the 1970–2012 era (305 events), covering four solar cycles. The storms were classified into six groups based on the UT of the minimum Dst (40 to 61 events per bin) then each grouping was superposed on a timeline that aligns the time of the minimum Dst. Fifteen different quantities were considered: seven solar wind parameters and eight activity indices derived from ground‐based magnetometer data. Statistical analyses of the superposed means against each other (between the different UT groupings) were conducted to determine the mathematical significance of similarities and differences in the time series plots. It was found that the solar wind parameters have no significant difference between the UT groupings, as expected. The geomagnetic activity indices, however, all show statistically significant differences with UT during the main phase and/or early recovery phase. Specifically, the 02:00 UT groupings are stronger storms than those in the other UT bins. That is, storms are stronger when the Asian sector is on the nightside (American sector on the dayside) during the main phase.