bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-situ Polymerization of Styrene to Produce Polystyrene / Montmorillonite Nanocomposites
Authors: Mrah Lahouari , Megabar Rachid , Belbachir Mohammed 
Published: January 2016

A reactive cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was synthesized for intercalation of montmorillonite Mmt, a Maghnite type of clay. The pristine montmorillonite (Mmt) was obtained from Algerian plant with a cation exchange, Organophilic Mmt, was prepared by ion exchange between Na+ ions in the clay. CTAB-intercalated Mmt particles were easily dispersed and swollen in styrene monomer, PS/Mmt-CTAB nanocomposites were synthesized via in-situ polymerization, in-situ polymerization, this method is based on the swelling of the silicate layers with the liquid polymer. The polymer composites were characterized using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), The results were showed that, the basal space of the silicate layer increased, as determined by XRD, from 12.79 to 32.603 Å. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that exfoliation of Mmt was achieved. In this current research, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and force atomic microscopy (AFM) were also studied. Copyright © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Total Oxidation of CO Using Cu & Co Catalyst: Kinetic Study and Calcinations Effect
Authors: Rattan Gaurav , Kaur Rajwant 
Published: January 2016

The present study deals with the oxidation of CO using base metal catalysts. A series of copper cobalt with different mole ratios were prepared by wet-impregnation method calcined at 400 oC for 3 h for the oxidation of CO. The mole ratios were varied from 1:1 to 1:5 by varying the weight of nitrates accord-ingly. It was found that 1:3 and 1:4 are active catalyst among the other prepared catalysts. Further, the two catalysts (1:3 & 1:4) were prepared by co-precipitation and citric sol-gel methods in order to see the effect of preparation method. The results showed that the catalyst prepared by co-precipitation method is good in terms of activity for CO oxidation. The best selected catalyst was characterized by TGA/DSC and XRD. Kinetic study was also performed on the selected catalyst. Copyright © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
The Membrane Marker mCLING Reveals the Molecular Composition of Trafficking Organelles
Authors: Revelo Natalia H. , Rizzoli Silvio O. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractmCLING is a fixable endocytosis marker that can be combined with immunolabeling techniques to study the molecular composition of trafficking organelles. mCLING can be used both in cultured cells and in tissue if critical sample preparation steps, such as fixation, are correctly performed. This unit describes protocols for the application of mCLING and for the subsequent sample processing. We include immunostaining protocols and embedding procedures for confocal and high‐resolution microscopy. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Selective Depletion of Abundant RNAs to Enable Transcriptome Analysis of Low‐Input and Highly Degraded Human RNA
Authors: Munafó Daniela B. , Langhorst Bradley W. , Chater Christine L. , Sumner Christine J. , Rodríguez Deyra N. , Russello Salvatore , Gardner Andrew F. , Slatko Barton E. , Stewart Fiona J. , Sinicropi Dominick , Morlan John , Qu Kunbin , Dimalanta Eileen T. , Davis Theodore B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRibosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are extremely abundant, often constituting 80% to 90% of total RNA. Since rRNA sequences are often not of interest in genomic RNA sequencing experiments, rRNAs can be removed from the sample before the library preparation step, in order to prevent the majority of the library and the majority of sequencing reads from being rRNA. Removal of rRNA can be especially challenging for low quality and formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) RNA samples due to the fragmented nature of these RNA molecules. The NEBNext rRNA Depletion Kit (Human/Mouse/Rat) depletes both cytoplasmic (5 S rRNA, 5.8 S rRNA, 18 S rRNA, and 28 S rRNA) and mitochondrial rRNA (12 S rRNA and 16 S rRNA) from total RNA preparations from human, mouse, and rat samples. Due to the high similarity among mammalian rRNA sequences, it is likely that rRNA depletion can also be achieved for other mammals but has not been empirically tested. This product is compatible with both intact and degraded RNA (e.g., FFPE RNA). The resulting rRNA‐depleted RNA is suitable for RNA‐seq, random‐primed cDNA synthesis, or other downstream RNA analysis applications. Regardless of the quality or amount of input RNA, this method efficiently removes rRNA, while retaining non‐coding and other non‐poly(A) RNAs. The NEBNext rRNA Depletion Kit thus provides a more complete picture of the transcript repertoire than oligo d(T) poly(A) mRNA enrichment methods. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rapid, Efficient, and Modular Generation of Adenoviral Vectors via Isothermal Assembly
Authors: Yang Yong , Chi Yudan , Tang Xinying , Ertl Hildegund C.J. , Zhou Dongming 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAdenoviral vectors have yielded promising results as carriers for gene transfer and vaccines in basic research and clinical applications. However, most common procedures to construct adenoviral vectors and manipulate adenovirus (Ad) genomes are complex and labor‐intensive. An easy and detailed protocol for the rapid, efficient, and modular generation of chimpanzee Ad serotype 68 (AdC68) as a molecular clone via isothermal assembly, which directionally assembles multiple DNA fragments in a single isothermal reaction without restriction enzymes or ligases, is presented. Any serotype of adenovirus with the sequence of genome known can be constructed as a molecular clone by this method. Recombinant adenoviral vectors can be created via one‐step isothermal assembly in <3 days, and recombinant Ads can be rescued within 8 days. This protocol is practical for manipulations of Ad genomes, because an entire Ad genome can be divided into specific fragments within modular plasmids. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trends of daily peak wind gusts in Spain and Portugal, 1961–2014
Authors: Azorin‐Molina Cesar , Guijarro Jose‐A. , McVicar Tim R. , Vicente‐Serrano Sergio M. , Chen Deliang , Jerez Sonia , Espírito‐Santo Fátima 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGiven the inconsistencies of wind gust trends under the widespread decline in near‐surface wind speed (stilling), our study aimed to assess trends of observed daily peak wind gusts (DPWG) across Spain and Portugal for 1961–2014 by analyzing trends of (i) the frequency (90th percentile) and (ii) the magnitude (wind speed maxima) of DPWG. Wind gust series were homogenized on a daily basis, using MM5‐simulated series as reference, resulting in 80 suitable station‐based data sets. The average DPWG 90th percentile frequency declined by −1.49 d decade−1(p < 0.05) annually. This showed marked seasonal differences: decreasing in winter (−0.75 d decade−1;p < 0.05) and increasing in summer (+0.18 d decade−1;p > 0.10). A negligible trend was calculated for the annual magnitude of DPWG (−0.005 m s−1decade−1;p > 0.10), with distinct seasonality: declining in winter (−0.168 m s−1decade−1;p < 0.10) and increasing in summer (+0.130 m s−1decade−1;p < 0.05). Combined, these results reveal less frequent and declining DPWG during the cold semester (November–April) and more frequent and increasing DPWG during the warm semester (May–October). Large‐scale atmospheric changes such as the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (negative correlations ~−0.4–−0.6;p < 0.05) and the Jenkinson and Collison scheme (positive correlations mainly with Westerly regime: ~+0.5–0.6;p < 0.05) partly account for the decadal fluctuations of both frequency and magnitude of DPWG, particularly in winter. However, the North Atlantic Oscillation index‐DPWG relationships are smaller in spring, summer, and autumn (~−0.1–−0.2;p > 0.10), especially for the frequency, suggesting the role of local‐to‐mesoscale drivers.
The Effects of Poly(amide–imide)/SiO2 Nanocomposite Containing N‐Trimellitylimido‐l‐Methionine Diacid as a Filler on the Thermal and Morphological Properties of Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) Composites
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Marefatpour Fateme 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article, a simple ultrasonic irradiation method for preparing novel poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)/poly(amide–imide)‐SiO2 nanocomposites (PVP/PAI‐SiO2 NC)s is reported. For this purpose, PAI‐SiO2 NC as a filler was embedded in PVP. The presence of incorporated filler into the PVP matrix is established by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The filler has an average particle size of 10–20 nm as observed by TEM. The FE‐SEM images show that the filler was uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that the addition of filler favored the enhancement of thermal stability of PVP/PAI‐SiO2 NCs.
Lung transplantation is increasingly common among patients with coal workers’ pneumoconiosis
Authors: Blackley David J. , Halldin Cara N. , Cummings Kristin J. , Laney A. Scott 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThe prevalence of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) in U.S. coal miners has increased, and severe presentations are increasingly common.MethodsWe describe trends in lung transplantation during 1996–2014 for recipients with a primary diagnosis of CWP or pneumoconiosis unspecified, and we summarize recipient characteristics and estimate survival.ResultsA total of 47 transplants were included; nearly three‐quarters were performed during 2008–2014. All recipients were male, 96% were white, and the mean age was 56 years. Mean FEV1% was 35%; mean FVC% was 53%. Mean time on a waitlist was 155 days, and 60% of transplants were bilateral. Median survival was 3.7 years.ConclusionsThese transplants reflect the use of a scarce resource for an entirely preventable disease, and highlight the need for enhanced efforts to reduce coal mine dust exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:175–177, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Serious injury and fatality investigations involving pneumatic nail guns, 1985–2012
Authors: Lowe Brian D. , Albers James T. , Hudock Stephen D. , Krieg Edward F. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThis article examines serious and fatal pneumatic nail gun (PNG) injury investigations for workplace, tool design, and human factors relevant to causation and resulting OS&H authorities' responses in terms of citations and penalties.MethodsThe U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) database of Fatality and Catastrophe Investigation Summaries (F&CIS) were reviewed (1985–2012) to identify n = 258 PNG accidents.Results79.8% of investigations, and 100% of fatalities, occurred in the construction industry. Between 53–71% of injuries appear to have been preventable had a safer sequential trigger tool been used. Citations and monetary penalties were related to injury severity, body part injured, disabling of safety devices, and insufficient personal protective equipment (PPE).ConclusionsDifferences may exist between construction and other industries in investigators interpretations of PNG injury causation and resulting citations/penalties. Violations of PPE standards were penalized most severely, yet the preventive effect of PPE would likely have been less than that of a safer sequential trigger. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:164–174, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Sleep disturbances and neurotoxicity in workers exposed to hydrocarbons. An observational study from Algeria
Authors: Sekkal Samira , Casas Lidia , Haddam Nahida , Bouhacina Linda , Scheers Hans , Taleb Abdesselam , Nemery Benoit 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundOccupational exposure to solvents may lead to neurotoxicity and sleep disturbances. We aimed to investigate the association of occupational exposure to petroleum‐derived hydrocarbons with neurotoxicity and sleep disturbance symptoms.MethodsWe included male workers handling/distributing petroleum products (exposed, n = 250) and electricians (non‐exposed, n = 250) from two companies in Tlemcen (Algeria). Neurotoxicity was evaluated with the Q‐16 questionnaire, and sleep disturbances with the Epworth and the Berlin questionnaires. Multivariable Poisson regression models with robust error variances were applied obtaining risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsOverall, the prevalence of reported neurotoxicity and sleep disturbance symptoms was higher in exposed than in non‐exposed workers. Significant adjusted associations were observed for neurotoxicity, snoring, and excessive sleepiness (RR = 2.2, CI: 1.7–2.8; RR = 1.4; CI: 1.1–1.7; RR = 1.3, CI: 1.2–1.5, respectively). No significant associations were observed with the Epworth score.ConclusionsOur questionnaire‐based cross‐sectional study suggests that exposure to petroleum‐derived hydrocarbons is associated with self‐reported sleep disturbances and neurotoxicity symptoms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:129–136, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grundinstandsetzung der Kaminkühler auf Zollverein
Authors: Fischer Michael , Waßmuth Carl‐Friedrich 
Published: January 2016

AbstractZwei Kaminkühler in Stahlgitterbauweise wiesen nach der Außerbetriebnahme Korrosionschäden auf. In der Folge war für die unter Denkmalschutz stehenden und als Bestandteil des Gesamtensembles Zeche Zollverein in der Liste des UNESCO‐Weltkulturerbes eingetragenen Bauwerke der Abriss beantragt. Mittels einer konstruktiven Bestandsaufnahme konnte jedoch aufgezeigt werden, dass im überwiegenden Teil der Turmwände nur geringe Schädigungen vorlagen. Gemäß einer Berechnung mit verfeinerten Lastansätzen waren die Bauwerke nach der Sanierung einzelner stark geschädigter Teilbereiche grundsätzlich in der Lage, alle auf sie wirkenden Lasten sicher aufzunehmen und abzutragen. Mithilfe von Mitteln aus dem Investitionsprogramm des Bundes “Nationale UNESCO‐Weltkulturerbestätten” konnten beide Kaminkühler saniert sowie an einem Kaminkühler die bauliche Vorbereitung einer Nutzungserweiterung durch eine textile Membran finanziert werden. Herausforderungen der Sanierung waren im Stahlbau insbesondere die schwache Horizontalsteifigkeit der Türme, im Korrosionsschutz der Umgang mit der stark durch polyzyklisch aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe kontaminierten Altbeschichtung sowie der Spaltkorrosion.Overhaul of cooling towers at ZollvereinAfter decommissioning, two steel lattice cooling towers showed corrosion damage. As a result, an application was submitted for the demolition of these two listed buildings, which are also part of the entire ensemble of the Zeche Zollverein UNESCO World Heritage Site. However, a structural analysis proved that the greater parts of the tower walls sustained only minor damage. According to a calculation with more detailed design loads the buildings were generally able to support and to carry reliably all loads after the restoration of seriously damaged individual parts. Thanks to financial funding offered by the investment programme of the German Federal Government “Nationale UNESCO‐Weltkulturerbestätten” (national UNESCO world heritage sites), it was possible to renovate both cooling towers as well as to prepare the later placement of a textile membrane in order to broaden the range of potential uses of the cooling towers. Key challenges faced during the renovation process were twofold: concerning steel construction the weak lateral stiffness of the towers in particular, and concerning corrosion protection how to handle crevice corrosion and PAH‐contaminated old coating.
Mechanische Kennwerte für die Nachrechnung bestehender Massivbauwerke – Vorbereitung neuer Arbeitshilfen
Authors: Weber Michael , Schnell Jürgen , Fingerloos Frank , Zilch Konrad 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDerzeit werden auf europäischer und nationaler Ebene in Deutschland verschiedene neue Regelwerke und Arbeitshilfen zur Nachrechnung bestehender Massivbauwerke vorbereitet, die sich speziell mit der Festlegung mechanischer Kennwerte historischer Baustoffe befassen. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde der neue DAfStb‐Sachstandbericht “Mechanische Kennwerte historischer Betone, Betonstähle und Spannstähle für die Nachrechnung von bestehenden Bauwerken” [1] erstellt, der die Umrechnung von aus der Herstellzeit in Deutschland dokumentierten mechanischen Materialkennwerten auf Größen, wie sie zur Anwendung der aktuell bauaufsichtlich eingeführten Eurocodes benötigt werden, beinhaltet. Der Sachstandbericht ist das Ergebnis eines von der TU Kaiserslautern und Zilch + Müller Ingenieure GmbH, München gemeinsam bearbeiteten und vom Deutschen Ausschuss für Stahlbeton DAfStb finanzierten Verbundprojektes. Der Sachstandbericht [1] wurde im DIN‐Unterausschuss NA 005‐07‐01 UA “Bewertung von Bestandsbauwerken”bearbeitet und erweitert.Zusätzlich wird zurzeit ein weiterer DAfStb‐Sachstandbericht zur Bestimmung charakteristischer Betondruckfestigkeiten im Bestand mittels Bestandsanalyse ausgearbeitet [2].Parallel dazu wird das DBV‐Merkblatt “Bauen im Bestand – Beton und Betonstahl” [4] überarbeitet und ein neues DBV‐Merkblatt “Bewertung der In‐situ‐Druckfestigkeit von Beton” [1] herausgegeben.Mechanical properties for the reanalysis of existing reinforced concrete structures – Preparation of new toolsCurrently, in Germany new technical regulations for the structural reanalysis of existing reinforced concrete structures are being prepared. The new DAfStb‐Report “Mechanical properties of historical concretes, reinforcing steel and prestressing steel for the structural analysis of existing structures” [1] contains the conversion of historical mechanical properties into values, used in Eurocodes. For this purpose, the annex of the new DAfStb‐Report also contains background information on the mathematical conversion.The Report is the result of a study conducted by the TU Kaiserslautern and Zilch + Müller Ingenieure GmbH, München that was financed by the DAfStb. The DIN subgroup NA 005‐07‐01 UA “Bewertung von Bestandsbauwerken” has reviewed it.Furthermore a second report on the determination of characteristic material properties is currently being prepared by DAfStb [2].At the present time the DBV‐Guide‐to‐good‐practice “Existing Structures – Concrete and Reinforcing Steel” [3] has been updated and a new DBV‐Guide‐to‐good‐practice “Assessment of in‐situ Compressive Strength of Concrete” [4] will be published.
Zuschrift zu “Untersuchungen zur Zementfiltration während der Herstellung von Verpressankern in nichtbindigen Böden”
Authors: Incecik Mete 
Published: January 2016

AbstractZuschrift von Prof. Dr. Mete Incecik zum Beitrag “Untersuchungen zur Zementfiltration während der Herstellung von Verpressankern in nicht‐bindigen Böden” von Dr. Xenia Domes und Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Thomas Benz, Bautechnik 92 (2015), Heft 9, und Stellungnahme der Autoren.
Verbund von Beton und Bewehrungsstahl bei hoch‐dynamischer Belastung
Authors: Michal Mathias , Keuser Manfred , Millon Oliver 
Published: January 2016

AbstractVor dem Hintergrund zunehmender terroristischer Bedrohung für Bauwerke in besonderen Gefährdungslagen ist es erforderlich, die Bauteilreaktion bei der Bemessung auch für die hohen Verzerrungsraten, wie sie bei Explosionen und Impakt auftreten, zu berücksichtigen. Voraussetzung hierfür ist eine wirklichkeitsnahe Beschreibung des Materialverhaltens. Dabei wird auf der Mesoebene das Zusammenwirken von Beton und Betonstahl durch die Verbundwirkung beschrieben. Um das Verhalten von Bauteilen, die Einwirkungen mit hohen Belastungsgeschwindigkeiten ausgesetzt sind, richtig beurteilen zu können, ist daher auch die Kenntnis des verzerrungsratenabhängigen Verbundverhaltens erforderlich. Im Rahmen des zur Zeit an der Universität der Bundeswehr München (UniBwM) laufenden Forschungsprojekts RS1510 werden Verbundversuche am Split‐Hopkinson‐Bar (SHB) in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Fraunhofer Institut für Kurzzeitdynamik Ernst‐Mach‐Institut (EMI) durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dienen als Basis für die Entwicklung numerischer Modelle für die Abbildung des Verbunds von Stahl und Beton bei dynamischer Belastung. Nach einem kurzen Überblick zum Verbundverhalten werden die Grundlagen der Versuchstechnik dargestellt und die Besonderheiten bei den Push‐in‐Versuchen erläutert. Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Versuche zeigen eine deutliche Tendenz in Richtung von der Verzerrungsrate im Beton abhängigen Anstieg der Verbundfestigkeit.Bond of concrete and steel under high dynamic loadingAgainst the background of increasing terrorist thread for critical infrastructure, it is necessary to consider the high strain rates related with explosion and impact for the design of structural components. The precondition for this is a realistic characterization of the material behavior. In meso‐level the interaction of steel and concrete is described by bond. In order to assess the behavior of structures exposed to high rate loading correctly, even the knowledge of strain rate dependent bond behavior is required. Within the ongoing research project RS1510 at the University of the Bundeswehr München (UniBwM) tests on bond between steel and concrete with a split‐hopkinson‐bar (SHB) are currently performed in collaboration with the Fraunhofer Institute for High‐Speed Dynamics Ernst‐Mach Institute (EMI). The results will be used as a basis for the development of a numerical model for the simulation of bond between steel and concrete under high loading rates. After a short survey on bond behavior, the theoretical basis for the testing technology is given and the specific characteristics of the performed push‐in tests are explained. The results of the tests show a clear tendency for the rate‐dependent increase in bond strength.
Anesthesia for patients with subglottic cysts
Authors: Vo Daniel N. 
Published: January 2016

Key Clinical MessageAcquired subglottic cysts can cause rapid development of respiratory distress. Subglottic cysts are a disease of premature infants and other pathologies of prematurity should be anticipated. Perioperative success is dependent on communication between surgeon and anesthesiologist. Contingency plans for an emergency surgical airway should be in place in the event of total airway obstruction.
Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Channel with Walls Corrugated in the Orthogonal Directions
Authors: Wang Yongqing , Wang Dan , Jin Zunlong , Liu Minshan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA new chaotic duct is shown to enhance heat transfer at lower Reynolds numbers. The structure can be used as a heat transfer enhancement duct or as a flow channel in compact heat exchangers. The characteristics of the fluid flow and heat transfer in the duct were studied numerically, and the accuracy of the numerical calculations was verified experimentally. An orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the geometric parameters of the duct. The mechanism of heat transfer enhancement in the duct was analyzed. Chaotic advection occurs in the duct at lower Reynolds numbers. By means of chaotic advection, fluid mixing is enhanced and heat exchange is increased between the fluid in the center and that near the duct boundary. The fluid temperature is distributed more uniformly at the cross‐sections of the duct, and heat transfer is apparently enhanced.