bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Clinical Patterns and Causative Agents of Adverse Cutaneous Drug Reactions
Authors: Mahatme Nilesh , Narasimharao R 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Cutaneous eruptions are the most frequently reported adverse reactions to drugs. The pattern of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) and the causative drugs keeps changing every year.

Objective:
The study was designed to ascertain the different clinical patterns of CADRs and to determine the causative agents.

Materials and Methods:
A prospective observational nonrandomized hospital-based study was carried out over a period of 6 months. The CADRs as observed in the outpatient and inpatient Departments of Dermatology were recorded. Naranjo's algorithm was used to determine the causality assessment. Clinical pattern of these adverse drug cutaneous reactions was studied. Causality assessment was done with the help of Naranjo's algorithm.

Results:
A total of fifty patients diagnosed to have CADRs were included in the study. The most common type of CADRs was urticaria (30%) followed by fixed drug eruption (FDE) (24%) and maculopapular eruption (12%). Antimicrobial agents (AMAs) (48%) were responsible for majority of the detected reactions, followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (24%), antihypertensives (8%), and antiepileptics (4%). A total of 41 reactions (82%) showed probable causal association, 4 reactions had possible association (8%), and 5 cases of cutaneous drug reaction (10%) showed definite causal association with the drug.

Conclusion:
A wide clinical spectrum of CADRs ranging from FDE to mild maculopapular rash to serious Stevens–Johnson syndrome was observed. Most of these drug eruptions were caused by AMAs. The occurrence of CADRs in the present study was in concurrence to various studies conducted in India.
Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Viral Warts
Authors: Nimbalkar Ajay , Pande Sushil , Sharma Ramesh , Borkar Milind 
Published: June 2016

Introduction:
Viral warts are caused by human papillomavirus. Although various treatment modalities are available, many of them result in the partial clearance of warts or recurrence. Immunotherapy has been tried in the recent times with variable success rates. We undertook a study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy using tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) for the treatment of viral warts.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 45 patients were included in the study. Each patient was injected with 10 TU of tuberculin PPD (0.1 ml) intralesionally in the largest wart at 2 weekly interval. A total of maximum six treatment sessions were conducted. Resolution of viral warts was considered as the clinical end point of the study. The clinical assessment was done by photographic measurements at baseline, before each treatment session, and 3 weeks after the completion of treatment.

Results:
A total of 62.2% patients (28 out of 45) showed complete clearance at injected and distant warts, eight patients (17.8%) showed partial clearance, and nine patients (20%) showed no improvement. No significant side effects were observed except for localized hair loss around injected viral wart over the scalp.

Conclusion:
Tuberculin PPD immunotherapy was found to be a safe and effective treatment modality for the treatment of viral warts.
Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on nitrous oxide emission in a nitrogen-rich and two nitrogen-limited tropical forests
Authors: Zheng Mianhai , Zhang Tao , Liu Lei , Zhu Weixing , Zhang Wei , Mo Jiangming 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) deposition is generally considered to increase soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission in N-rich forests. In many tropical forests, however, elevated N deposition has caused soil N enrichment and further phosphorus (P) deficiency, and the interaction of N and P to control soil N2O emission remains poorly understood, particularly in forests with different soil N status. In this study, we examined the effects of N and P additions on soil N2O emission in an N-rich old-growth forest and two N-limited younger forests (a mixed and a pine forest) in southern China to test the following hypotheses: (1) soil N2O emission is the highest in old-growth forest due to the N-rich soil; (2) N addition increases N2O emission more in the old-growth forest than in the two younger forests; (3) P addition decreases N2O emission more in the old-growth forest than in the two younger forests; and (4) P addition alleviates the stimulation of N2O emission by N addition. The following four treatments were established in each forest: Control, N addition (150 kg N ha−1 yr−1), P addition (150 kg P ha−1 yr−1), and NP addition (150 kg N ha−1 yr−1 plus 150 kg P ha−1 yr−1). From February 2007 to October 2009, monthly quantification of soil N2O emission was performed using static chamber and gas chromatography techniques. Mean N2O emission was shown to be significantly higher in the old-growth forest (13.9 ± 0.7 µg N2O-N m−2 h−1) than in the mixed (9.9 ± 0.4 µg N2O-N m−2 h−1) or pine (10.8 ± 0.5 µg N2O-N m−2 h−1) forests, with no significant difference between the latter two. N addition significantly increased N2O emission in the old-growth forest but not in the two younger forests. However, both P and NP addition had no significant effect on N2O emission in all three forests, suggesting that P addition alleviated the stimulation of N2O emission by N addition in the old-growth forest. Although P fertilization may alleviate the stimulated effects of atmospheric N deposition on N2O emission in N-rich forests, this effect may only occur under high N deposition and/or long-term P addition, and we suggest future investigations to definitively assess this management strategy and the importance of P in regulating N cycles from regional to global scales.
Ecohydrological effects of stream–aquifer water interaction: a case study of the Heihe River basin, northwestern China
Authors: Zeng Yujin , Xie Zhenghui , Yu Yan , Liu Shuang , Wang Linying , Jia Binghao , Qin Peihua , Chen Yaning 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. A scheme describing the process of stream–aquifer interaction was combined with the land model CLM4.5 to investigate the effects of stream water conveyance over riparian banks on ecological and hydrological processes. Two groups of simulations for five typical river cross sections in the middle reaches of the arid-zone Heihe River basin were conducted. The comparisons between the simulated results and the measurements from water wells, the FLUXNET station, and remote sensing data showed good performance of the coupled model. The simulated riparian groundwater table at a propagation distance of less than 1 km followed the intra-annual fluctuation of the river water level, and the correlation was excellent (R2  =  0.9) between the river water level and the groundwater table at the distance 60 m from the river. The correlation rapidly decreased as distance increased. In response to the variability of the water table, soil moisture at deep layers also followed the variation of river water level all year, while soil moisture at the surface layer was more sensitive to the river water level in the drought season than in the wet season. With increased soil moisture, the average gross primary productivity and respiration of riparian vegetation within 300 m from the river in a typical section of the river increased by approximately 0.03 and 0.02 mg C m−2 s−1, respectively, in the growing season. Consequently, the net ecosystem exchange increased by approximately 0.01 mg C m−2 s−1, and the evapotranspiration increased by approximately 3 mm day−1. Furthermore, the length of the growing season of riparian vegetation also increased by 2–3 months due to the sustaining water recharge from the river. Overall, the stream–aquifer water interaction plays an essential role in the controlling of riparian hydrological and ecological processes.
Modelling the socio-economic impact of river floods in Europe
Authors: Alfieri Lorenzo , Feyen Luc , Salamon Peter , Thielen Jutta , Bianchi Alessandra , Dottori Francesco , Burek Peter 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. River floods generate a large share of the socio-economic impact of weather-driven hazards worldwide. Accurate assessment of their impact is a key priority for governments, international organization, reinsurance companies and emergency responders. Yet, available databases of flood losses over large domains are often affected by gaps and inconsistencies in reported figures. In this work, a framework to reconstruct the economic damage and population affected by river floods at continental scale is applied. Pan-European river flow simulations are coupled with a high-resolution impact assessment framework based on 2-D inundation modelling. Two complementary methods are compared in their ability to estimate the climatological average flood impact and the impact of each flood event in Europe between 1990 and 2013. The event-based method reveals key features, such as the ability to include changes in time of all three components of risk, namely hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Furthermore, it skilfully reproduces the socio-economic impact of major flood events in the past two decades, including the severe flooding hitting central Europe in June 2013. On the other hand, the integral method is capable of reproducing the average flood losses which occurred in Europe between 1998 and 2009. Strengths and limitations of the proposed model are discussed to stress the large potential for filling in the gaps of current datasets of flood impact.
An intercomparison of tropical cyclone best-track products for the southwest Pacific
Authors: Magee Andrew D. , Verdon-Kidd Danielle C. , Kiem Anthony S. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Recent efforts to understand tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the southwest Pacific (SWP) have led to the development of numerous TC databases. The methods used to compile each database vary and are based on data from different meteorological centres, standalone TC databases and archived synoptic charts. Therefore the aims of this study are to (i) provide a spatio-temporal comparison of three TC best-track (BT) databases and explore any differences between them (and any associated implications) and (ii) investigate whether there are any spatial, temporal or statistical differences between pre-satellite (1945–1969), post-satellite (1970–2011) and post-geostationary satellite (1982–2011) era TC data given the changing observational technologies with time. To achieve this, we compare three best-track TC databases for the SWP region (0–35° S, 135° E–120° W) from 1945 to 2011: the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) and the Southwest Pacific Enhanced Archive of Tropical Cyclones (SPEArTC). The results of this study suggest that SPEArTC is the most complete repository of TCs for the SWP region. In particular, we show that the SPEArTC database includes a number of additional TCs, not included in either the JTWC or IBTrACS database. These SPEArTC events do occur under environmental conditions conducive to tropical cyclogenesis (TC genesis), including anomalously negative 700 hPa vorticity (VORT), anomalously negative vertical shear of zonal winds (VSZW), anomalously negative 700 hPa geopotential height (GPH), cyclonic (absolute) 700 hPa winds and low values of absolute vertical wind shear (EVWS). Further, while changes in observational technologies from 1945 have undoubtedly improved our ability to detect and monitor TCs, we show that the number of TCs detected prior to the satellite era (1945–1969) are not statistically different to those in the post-satellite era (post-1970). Although data from pre-satellite and pre-geostationary satellite periods are currently inadequate for investigating TC intensity, this study suggests that SPEArTC data (from 1945) may be used to investigate long-term variability of TC counts and TC genesis locations.
An analysis of the readability of patient information materials for common urological conditions
Authors: Dalziel Katie , Leveridge Michael J. , Steele Stephen S. , Izard Jason P. 
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Health literacy has been shown to be an important determinant of outcomes in numerous disease states. In an effort to improve health literacy, the Canadian Urological Association (CUA) publishes freely accessible patient information materials (PIMs) on common urological conditions. We sought to evaluate the readability of the CUA’s PIMs.Methods: All PIMs were accessed through the CUA website. The Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), and the number of educational graphics were determined for each PIM. Low FRES scores and high FKGL scores are associated with more difficult-to-read text. Average readability values were calculated for each PIM category based on the CUA-defined subject categorizes. The five pamphlets with the highest FKGL scores were revised using word substitutions for complex multisyllabic words and reanalyzed. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify readability differences between PIM categories and paired t-tests were used to test differences between FKGL scores beforeand after revisions.Results: Across all PIMs, FRES values were low (mean 47.5, standard deviation [SD] 7.47). This corresponded to an average FKGL of 10.5 (range 8.1‒12.0). Among PIM categories, the infertility andsexual function PIMs exhibited the highest average FKGL (mean 11.6), however, differences in scores between categories were not statistically significant (p=0.38). The average number of words persentence was also highest in the infertility and sexual function PIMs and significantly higher than other categories (mean 17.2; p=0.01). On average, there were 1.4 graphics displayed per PIM (range 0‒4), which did not vary significantly by disease state (p=0.928). Simple words substitutions improved the readability of the five most difficult-to-read PIMs by an average of 3.1 grade points (p<0.01).Conclusions: Current patient information materials published by the CUA compare favourably to those produced by other organizations, but may be difficult to read for low-literacy patients. Readability levels must be balanced against the required informational needs of patients, which may be intrinsically complex.
Accurate evaluation of viscoelasticity of radial artery wall during flow-mediated dilation in ultrasound measurement
Authors: Sakai Yasumasa , Taki Hirofumi , Kanai Hiroshi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In our previous study, the viscoelasticity of the radial artery wall was estimated to diagnose endothelial dysfunction using a high-frequency (22 MHz) ultrasound device. In the present study, we employed a commercial ultrasound device (7.5 MHz) and estimated the viscoelasticity using arterial pressure and diameter, both of which were measured at the same position. In a phantom experiment, the proposed method successfully estimated the elasticity and viscosity of the phantom with errors of 1.8 and 30.3%, respectively. In an in vivo measurement, the transient change in the viscoelasticity was measured for three healthy subjects during flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The proposed method revealed the softening of the arterial wall originating from the FMD reaction within 100 s after avascularization. These results indicate the high performance of the proposed method in evaluating vascular endothelial function just after avascularization, where the function is difficult to be estimated by a conventional FMD measurement.
Estimation of size of red blood cell aggregates using backscattering property of high-frequency ultrasound: In vivo evaluation
Authors: Kurokawa Yusaku , Taki Hirofumi , Yashiro Satoshi , Nagasawa Kan , Ishigaki Yasushi , Kanai Hiroshi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We propose a method for assessment of the degree of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation using the backscattering property of high-frequency ultrasound. In this method, the scattering property of RBCs is extracted from the power spectrum of RBC echoes normalized by that from the posterior wall of a vein. In an experimental study using a phantom, employing the proposed method, the sizes of microspheres 5 and 20 µm in diameter were estimated to have mean values of 4.7 and 17.3 µm and standard deviations of 1.9 and 1.4 µm, respectively. In an in vivo experimental study, we compared the results between three healthy subjects and four diabetic patients. The average estimated scatterer diameters in healthy subjects at rest and during avascularization were 7 and 28 µm, respectively. In contrast, those in diabetic patients receiving both antithrombotic therapy and insulin therapy were 11 and 46 µm, respectively. These results show that the proposed method has high potential for clinical application to assess RBC aggregation, which may be related to the progress of diabetes.
Production characteristics of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in water using atmospheric pressure discharge plasmas
Authors: Takahashi Kazuhiro , Satoh Kohki , Itoh Hidenori , Kawaguchi Hideki , Timoshkin Igor , Given Martin , MacGregor Scott 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A pulsed discharge, a DC corona discharge, and a plasma jet are separately generated above a water surface, and reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in the water are investigated. ROS/RNS in water after the sparging of the off-gas of a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge (PB-DBD) are also investigated. H2O2, NO2
−, and NO3
− are detected after plasma exposure and only NO3
− after off-gas sparging. Short-lifetime species in plasma are found to play an important role in H2O2 and NO2
− production and long-lifetime species in NO3
− production. NO
x
may inhibit H2O2 production through OH consumption to produce HNO2 and HNO3. O3 does not contribute to ROS/RNS production. The pulsed plasma exposure is found to be effective for the production of H2O2 and NO2
−, and the off-gas sparging of the PB-DBD for the production of NO3
−.
Size dependence of switching behavior in single epitaxial Co/Pt multilayer nanodots
Authors: Lao Bin , Okamoto Satoshi , Kikuchi Nobuaki , Kitakami Osamu 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We have studied the magnetization switching behavior in single nanodots of an epitaxially grown Co/Pt multilayer with various dot diameters (d) ranging from 120 to 1600 nm. The switching behaviors in all the dots used in this study are considered to be of the nucleation type from the angular dependence of the switching field. However, detailed analysis of the thermally activated magnetization switching reveals that there is a critical diameter (d
c) of 400 nm above which the switching process changes. For d < d
c, the switching behavior of the dot is well explained by the nucleation process based on the single-energy barrier model. On the other hand, the switching behavior for d ≥ d
c obviously deviates from that for d < d
c and can be plausibly explained by the multi-barrier model.
Recent tectonic activity on Pluto driven by phase changes in the ice shell
Authors: Hammond Noah P. , Barr Amy C. , Parmentier Edgar M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe New Horizons spacecraft has found evidence for geologic activity on the surface of Pluto, including extensional tectonic deformation of its water ice bedrock see Moore et al. (2016). One mechanism that could drive extensional tectonic activity is global surface expansion due to the partial freezing of an ocean. We use updated physical properties for Pluto and simulate its thermal evolution to understand the survival of a possible subsurface ocean. For thermal conductivities of rock less than 3 W m−1 K−1, an ocean forms and at least partially freezes, leading to recent extensional stresses in the ice shell. In scenarios where the ocean freezes and the ice shell is thicker than 260 km, ice II forms and causes global volume contraction. Since there is no evidence for recent compressional tectonic features, we argue that ice II has not formed and that Pluto's ocean has likely survived to present day.
Impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño on the California Current System: Early assessment and comparison to past events
Authors: Jacox Michael G. , Hazen Elliott L. , Zaba Katherine D. , Rudnick Daniel L. , Edwards Christopher A. , Moore Andrew M. , Bograd Steven J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe 2015–2016 El Niño is by some measures one of the strongest on record, comparable to the 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 events that triggered widespread ecosystem change in the northeast Pacific. Here we describe impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño on the California Current System (CCS) and place them in historical context using a regional ocean model and underwater glider observations. Impacts on the physical state of the CCS are weaker than expected based on tropical sea surface temperature anomalies; temperature and density fields reflect persistence of multiyear anomalies more than El Niño. While we anticipate El Niño‐related impacts on spring/summer 2016 productivity to be similarly weak, their combination with preexisting anomalous conditions likely means continued low phytoplankton biomass. This study highlights the need for regional metrics of El Niño's effects and demonstrates the potential to assess these effects before the upwelling season, when altered ecosystem functioning is most apparent.
Nonlinear and minor ocean tides in the Bay of Biscay from the strain tides observed by two geodetic laser strainmeters at Canfranc (Spain)
Authors: Amoruso Antonella , Crescentini Luca 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis work presents and discusses the tidal analysis of about 2.5 years of strain data recorded by two 70 m‐long high‐resolution laser strainmeters, which are operating in the Canfranc underground laboratory (Central Pyrenees, Spain). Spectra show clear tidal peaks whose frequencies range from the diurnal band to at least 8 cycles per day; strain amplitudes (relative change in length for each strainmeter) range from few
to
. The reliability of observations and corrections for local distortions are testified by the excellent agreement between measurements and computations for all the diurnal and semidiurnal tides included in the TPXO8 and FES2012 tidal atlases, with the exception of L2. Observed higher‐frequency strain tides are mostly attributed to loading by nonlinear shallow‐water constituents in the Bay of Biscay, more than 120 km from the measurement site. The signals are quantitatively compared with computations using TPXO8 (MN4, M4, and MS4) and FES2012 (M3, N4, MN4, M4, MS4, and M6). Computations fully agree with M4 observations for one strainmeter, overestimate M4 by about 30% for the other strainmeter and M6 by about a factor of two, and underestimate the other tides. This work shows that data from high‐sensitivity strainmeters installed in high‐quality sites may provide valuable additional information for studying the nonlinear tidal dynamics and energetics of coastal waters and minor ocean tides, at spatial resolutions of tens to thousands square kilometers, depending on the strainmeter location with respect to the coastline.