bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiments in Living Together
Authors: Fuerstein Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a Deweyan model of democratic social progress via experiments in living. It focuses on the history of same-sex marriage in the United States as a detailed illustration of the model. The definitive feature of the same-sex marriage case is that so many citizens had to live in a society reorganized by gay rights before they could recognize the validity of same-sex marriage. In cases such as this, experimental interventions in practice alter patterns of social interaction, and that enables “transformative experiences” that change the values which make us who we are. Those changes, in turn, reshape the background linkages of emotion and identity which enable us to represent the concerns of others through deliberation. Deliberation then enables further expansion of experimental interventions, and the cycle repeats until moral innovations stabilize in social thought and practice.
Traces of the Bombing of the Russian Trade Delegation (April 1971)
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
On 25 April 1971, the seat of the Russian Trade Delegation at Museumplein 1, in Amsterdam, was attacked. Someone had attached an improvised explosive device of twenty-five kilos to the front of an adjacent part of the building. The Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD) launched their own investigation not least because, in addition to finding the perpetrators, this provided them with more information about the organization of Soviet diplomats (and intelligence officers) in the Netherlands. The BVD’s intelligence used all means at their disposal to find information about the attackers and their organization: they met with agents and informants, investigated anonymous postcards, answered telexes from partner services abroad, forensically analyzed parts of the explosive materials, interviewed personnel from the Russian Trade Delegation, checked the hotel control system, employed their mobile and static surveillance teams, and even considered in sending encrypted messages to anonymous tipsters.
The Terrorist Future in the Present
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how the future of terrorism had practically arrived when, in December 1975, South Moluccan youth hijacked a train near Beilen and not long after stormed the Indonesian consulate in Amsterdam, too. These large-scale, long-lasting, and highly violent attacks changed terrorism’s face for good. The Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD)’s role during and in the aftermath of these attacks became increasingly important. While Yugoslavian terrorism, the hijacking of a KLM airplane, and attacks by the Rood Verzetsfront also took place, the South Moluccan attacks of 1977 (a train and a primary school) and 1978 (the Provincial House in Assen) made themselves felt the most. Whereas the outside world increasingly said that the BVD had failed to forewarn and the BVD understood the point, they pushed back, underscoring their advisory, expertise role and pointing out that operational work in South Moluccan circles was extremely challenging.
Introduction
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The topic of this book is universal fatalism, the theory that everything happens out of necessity. There are three historically important forms of it that have the same structure and are all forms of the same problem in the logic of time. Logical fatalism is the position that the truth of propositions about the future entails fatalism. Theological fatalism is the position that God’s infallible knowledge of the future entails fatalism. Causal fatalism is the position that the state of the world in the distant past in conjunction with the laws of nature entails fatalism. Each argument gets its force from the combination of two common principles. One is the principle of the necessity of the past, which we can loosely express as the principle that the past is fixed and beyond anyone’s control. The other is a transfer of necessity principle, the principle that if p is necessary in some sense or other, and p entails q, then q is necessary in the same sense as p.
The (Incoherent) Root of Traditional Fatalist Arguments
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Standard arguments for logical fatalism, theological fatalism, and causal fatalism have been formulated in parallel ways, arising from the combination of the necessity of the past and a transfer of necessity principle. But these arguments have an even deeper structure that is not about fatalism, but about the logic of time. Well-known “solutions” to these arguments that refer to attributes of God, the requirements for free will, or the truth value of future contingents do not touch the deeper problem, which is the inconsistency between a modal arrow of time (the past is necessary, the future is contingent) and the entailment between a proposition about the past and a proposition about the future. Fatalists use a confused notion of the modal arrow at the beginning of their argument in order to reject it at the end. Past/future entailment should lead us to conclude that the modal arrow is incoherent.
Policy Formulation
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores resistance in the policy formulation phase (2002–2003). When Uruguayan quota proponents form a cross-party women’s caucus and make a strategic move that sends a quota bill to plenary debate, status quo defenders are forced to recognize and, for the first time, openly discuss the problem of women’s underrepresentation. Resistance strategies are thus adapted to a changing context: status quo defenders must abandon strategies such as silence and inaction and instead formulate arguments against quotas. This chapter recounts the power struggles leading up to the first quota debate in 2003 and provides an analysis of this debate. Here, open resistance to quotas reaches its high point as openly arguing against the reform is not yet attached to sanctions. Ultimately, the quota proposal failed to reach the required majority, resulting in nonadoption.
Team State versus Outsider State
Authors: Forrat Natalia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays out the evidence highlighting the contrasting views of the state and the different structure of public organizations in the two pairs of regions—Tatarstan and the Kemerovo region, on the one hand, and Altai and the Rostov region, on the other. People in Tatarstan and the Kemerovo region viewed the state and state officials as members of their team and considered cooperation with state officials a part of their civic duty. Such logic of teamwork made it easy for state officials to build centralized organizational structures. In contrast, for the people in Altai and the Rostov region, the state was largely an outsider and a source of perks and punishment. Their goal in relations with the state was to maximize the perks and minimize the punishment. This utility maximization logic, widespread in relations with the state, was a fertile ground for the spread of political clientelism.
Introduction
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Bombing to Provoke puts forward a novel claim, arguing that aerospace weapons provoke and coerce by weaponizing fear and triggering a sense of defenselessness. Historically, aerospace weapons—rockets, missiles, and drones—have proved surprisingly effective in provoking targeted states to engage in an attritional and diversionary military response in the hopes of redressing the threat from the aerospace bombardment. Furthermore, if the targeted state is unable to extinguish the aerospace threat, it may weaken its resolve and lead to political concessions. This book relies on five critical case studies that vary in time, geography, technology, type of government of the targeted state, and military capabilities of warring pairs to illuminate the mechanisms that enable aerospace weapons to manipulate fear, provoke and coerce the targeted states.
Bombing to Provoke
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Bombing to provoke theory postulates that states and their citizens subjected to bombardment with rockets, missiles, and drones experience fear and a sense of defenselessness. Decisionmakers in the target state face political pressure to take military action to redress the threat. In essence, aerospace weapons—rockets, missiles, and drones—weaponize fear and provoke a visceral overreaction, particularly a large diversion of military effort and resources despite the relative inefficiencies of these weapons to cause fatalities. The diversion of military resources may prolong the war effort and increases the cost of prosecuting the war, thereby weakening resolve and coercing the target state to offer concessions to terminate the war.
Hezbollah’s Katyusha Rockets and the Rules of Engagement
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the 2006 Second Lebanon War, Hezbollah’s Katyusha rockets became its most valuable weapons in the war. Israel had hoped to win a decisive war and disarm Hezbollah. It failed. As the rockets kept falling on Israel, Prime Minister Olmert and his cabinet came under increasing pressure to commit more airpower and then ground troops to eradicate the rocket bombardment. It is worthwhile to stress that the provocative and coercive value of the Katyusha rockets did not emerge from their destructive potential. Instead, the rockets weaponized fear and terrorized Israelis. The rockets provoked the Israelis into an attritional and diversionary campaign, exploited Israel’s political vulnerabilities and eventually exhausted the resolve of its decisionmakers. By the end of the war, Israel was coerced to withdraw, unable to accomplish the missions it had embarked upon, including the retrieval of two kidnapped soldiers. The rules of engagement between Israel and Hezbollah were reestablished.
Conclusion
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Bombing to Provoke offers a theory to understand and systematically explore the increasingly dangerous global security threats from rockets, missiles, and drones. It argues that rockets, missiles, and drones remain potent in inducing fear and panicking an adversary. These fears amplify the political vulnerabilities of the target state. The fears and political vulnerabilities provoke the target state to overreact and divert substantial military resources to redress the threat. If the targeted state is unable to extinguish the aerospace threat, it may weaken its resolve and lead to political concessions. The book examined the empirical validity of these arguments using five case studies. The findings that emerge in the book have immediate policy relevance. The findings aid American policymakers’ in better understanding the character of the threat posed by Iranian, North Korean, and Chinese aerospace weapons to the United States and its allies.
The Logic of Causal Inquiry
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract‘The Logic of Causal Inquiry’ lays out the basic logic which underpins all efforts to derive causal knowledge from empirical evidence. Contrary to common supposition, causal inquiry starts with the provision of empirical support for statements, such as ‘the short circuit caused the fire’, concerning specific events located in space and time. If evidence can be found which rules out competing accounts of how ‘the fire’ was brought about, then it follows that there must be a corresponding causal propensity (but not a statistical tendency): ‘short circuits cause fires’. This knowledge can then be applied to generate further causal explanations, predictions, and policy prescriptions. This logic is not well understood either in International Relations or in the broader social sciences, where it is obscured by the predominant ‘culture of generalization’. However, it holds whenever causal inquiry is conducted, regardless of which methods for gathering and analysing empirical evidence are used.
Wedding, Gender, and Performance in Ancient Greece
Authors: Karanika Andromache 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This book traces the wedding song tradition, its imagery, and its tropes as a genre that gets crystallized throughout the ages. It explores how wedding poetics permeates ancient Greek literature. It first analyzes how explicit or implicit matrimonial references shape archaic epic diction and become an integral part of epic discourse; orally circulating texts, such as wedding songs, could have a life of their own but, beyond their original context, could also become an integral part of a different genre, especially epic and drama. This work discusses the multiple platforms that enrich the wedding song tradition, including children’s songs, hymns, paeans, and ululations, arguing for a combination of ritualized discourse with ludic childhood poetics. With an approach from cognitive and trauma studies, such references can be more revealing of the female experience than previously acknowledged. This book resists the idea that a wedding constitutes an initiation ritual, arguing that what on the surface may seem like a transition to a new phase reveals other underlying trends that work against the concept of a passage. It further considers how emotion is staged and revisits the poetics of return by looking at patterns such as the eloping, returning, failed, and dead bride. Finally, the theme of separation and return as an exemplification of a distinct female nostos is revisited in female-authored poetry, which helps us decode the complex interweaving of wedding performances and lamentation, among other types of performance.
Decoding the Nuptial Poetics
Authors: Karanika Andromache 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The fourth and final chapter delves into decoding emotions through the wedding song motifs. It revisits the representation of spinning in ancient Greek literature and art. From Homer to Erinna, spinning is a consistent motif that alludes to a nuptial context mobilizing female social networks as it becomes a coded reference for double entendre, depending on the audience. The chapter then moves to the bodyscape of the nuptial tradition, how certain parts of the body, especially women’s cheeks, become steering focal points for ancient narratives. The following section returns to the notion of materiality and looks at gifts as props in wedding narratives, both visual and literary. The final section examines a famous scene in the Iliad, the Dios Apatē, when Hera tricks Zeus to distract him from the war, and argues that this is an early Ars Amatoria, a didactic type of narrative, remnant of a tradition of sensual discourse.
Conclusions
Authors: Karanika Andromache 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter recaps how nuptial poetics in ancient Greece are stylized, yet easily adapted, appropriated, and utilized in literature in ways that complicate narratives. It reiterates that beyond the more explicit nuptial elements, though, the wedding theme is present in more intriguing and often coded ways and intersects with more extensive narratives that have embraced wedding scenes or performances. The wedding poetics dwell on emotion, even if in elusive ways. Vase iconography and literary narratives point to the centrality of the theme, its flexibility as a distinct feature, and its multiplicity in meaning. Nuptial performances can be light or crude, just as they can be solemn and heavily ritualized representing a diverse poetic tradition.
Polarized Light Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the qualitative and quantitative techniques of polarized light microscopy. It includes a description of the types of polarized light, how polarized light can be created, and how it can be exploited to investigate and identify unknown crystalline samples. The phenomenon of birefringence is defined and discussed. Included is an extensive description of the behavior of linear polarized light as it passes into a birefringent medium. Having described the generation and properties of linear polarized light, the chapter continues on to the concept of polarized light microscopy. This section describes how the addition of polarizing filters can create a qualitative polarized light microscope to easily identify the presence of birefringent substances. The chapter ends with a discussion of quantitative polarized light microscopy, or the identification of birefringent substances through the use of an additional optical device such as a full-wave retardation plate and the Michel-Lévy Color Chart.
Two-Photon Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the phenomenon of two-photon (2P) absorption and fluorescence emission. Included is a thorough discussion of the Göppert Mayer phenomenon, which is the absorption under extraordinary circumstances of two infrared (IR) photons with the emission of a single visible wavelength photon. This has implications for microscopy as IR light scatters less than visible light, and this allows samples to be imaged as far as 1 mm into transparent samples than the usual visible excitation light. The concepts of fluorophore action cross-section and 2P absorption wavelength are discussed. The necessary microscope hardware is presented, including the titanium-sapphire pulse laser for IR excitation and the non-descanned detectors. Lateral and axial resolution is also discussed.
Spontaneous Order
Authors: Young H. Peyton 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This book argues that equilibrium behaviors often coalesce from the interactions and experiences of many dispersed individuals acting with fragmentary knowledge of the world, rather than from the actions of fully rational agents with commonly held beliefs, as is often assumed in economic theory. The book presents a unified and rigorous account of how such “bottom-up” evolutionary processes work using recent advances in stochastic dynamical systems theory. The framework illuminates how social norms and institutions evolve, how social and technical innovations spread in society, and how these processes depend on adaptive learning behavior by human subjects. The theory also has important applications to the design of distributed systems of interacting components in computer science and engineering. The evolutionary framework described here has major ramifications across a wide range of academic disciplines, including economics, sociology, philosophy, biology, computer science, and engineering.
Spontaneous Order
Authors: Young H. Peyton 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of spontaneous order and its antecedents in economics, law, political science, and philosophy. It argues that evolutionary processes in which forms of order coalesce from the actions of many dispersed individuals with partial knowledge and bounded rationality are more plausible than the high-rationality paradigm in economics. It also argues that equilibrium solutions are not meaningful unless they are grounded in a coherent theory of out-of-equilibrium dynamics, which is a core theme of the book.
The Speed of Innovation Diffusion in Social Networks
Authors: Young H. Peyton , Arieli Itai , Babichenko Yakov , Peretz Ron 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
New ways of doing things often get started through the actions of a few innovators, then diffuse rapidly as more and more people come into contact with prior adopters in their social network. Much of the literature focuses on the speed of diffusion as a function of the network topology. In practice, the topology may not be known with any precision, and it is constantly in flux as links are formed and severed. This chapter establishes an upper bound on the expected waiting time until a given proportion of the population has adopted that holds independently of the network structure. The bound holds for directed and undirected networks of arbitrary size and degree distribution, and for multiple competing innovations with different payoffs.
Changing Generations, Changing Styles
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the reaction of Irish playwrights of the 1990s against the tradition of theatrical eloquence pioneered by J. M. Synge, Sean O’Casey, and Brian Friel. By contrast, Martin McDonagh uses a deliberately ungainly dialect in his satiric view of the west of Ireland in The Beauty Queen of Leenane. Billy Roche, with the small-town setting of Poor Beast in the Rain, and Conor McPherson, in the rural pub of The Weir, give their characters a hesitant, low-key realistic voice. Enda Walsh, in the Cork imagined by the two teenagers in Disco Pigs, and Mark O’Rowe, with the Dublin underworld of Howie the Rookie, develop dramatic idiolects to evoke their strangely distorted worlds. Close readings of these five plays tease out the implications of the shift in style in this emerging generation of playwrights.
Patrimonialism and ninth-century government
Authors: Page Edward C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Patrimonialism has a variety of different meanings, and Weber seems to use it to describe many non-bureaucratic systems of government. Looking primarily at the Carolingian empire and the Umayyad emirate, where available detail for ninth-century arrangements is more plentiful, this chapter offers an account of the secretariat, territorial, and service officialdoms that ran these two rather different systems. When looked at through the perspective of our three officialdoms, the similarities between the systems start to appear stronger. What we know about ninth-century England, Sweden, and Hungary fits some of the broad tendencies observed in the Carolingian and Umayyad systems. The conclusion discusses in what senses these systems can be considered ‘patrimonial’ and how far we can detect developments towards functional differentiation, professionalization, formalism, and monocracy in the structure and operation of their officialdoms.
Weber’s scorecard
Authors: Page Edward C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In assessing the scorecard of Weber’s account, we can point to the clear accuracy of two of the four features of development as characterizing the progress towards ‘bureaucratic’ government. The functional division of labour within officialdom and the growth of professionalism seem to be long-running threads through the development of officialdom since the ninth century. The third, formalism, if we are scoring, is probably best attributed as a half mark not least because its impact, though substantial, appears to be very different from the way Weber envisaged. The very patchy progress of monocracy makes it least likely to regard this feature as a trend in bureaucratization. Two and a half ‘correct’ items might not be such a bad scorecard to end with. Yet the one and a half incorrect scores are essential to the whole notion of bureaucracy as ‘domination’.
The Spanish Tragedy and the English Tradition
Authors: Publicover Laurence 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Though moving across several plays, and returning more than once to Hamlet, this chapter focuses on Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy, arguing that its influence on the English tragic tradition can be felt not only in its representation of revenge and madness, but also in its evocation of unfathomable mysteries. The chapter begins by briefly pointing to images of depth in plays by Seneca and Sophocles, showing how these resonate with The Spanish Tragedy, and in particular its Ghost of Andrea, and arguing that what makes this figure especially significant is its association with a deep space to which the play’s protagonist, Hieronimo, appears to gain unusual and inexplicable access. In making this argument, the chapter also explores several concepts relevant to subsequent chapters: the understage; the ‘distraction’ experienced by tragic figures; and tragedy’s moral complications.