bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (E-CPR) During Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest Is Associated With Improved Survival to Discharge
Authors: Lasa Javier J. , Rogers Rachel S. , Localio Russell , Shults Justine , Raymond Tia , Gaies Michael , Thiagarajan Ravi , Laussen Peter C. , Kilbaugh Todd , Berg Robert A. , Nadkarni Vinay , Topjian Alexis 
Published: December 2015

Background—
Although extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) can result in survival after failed conventional CPR (C-CPR), no large, systematic comparison of pediatric E-CPR and continued C-CPR has been reported.

Methods and Results—

Consecutive patients <18 years old with CPR events ≥10 minutes in duration reported to the Get With the Guidelines–Resuscitation registry between January 2000 and December 2011 were identified. Hospitals were grouped by teaching status and location. Primary outcome was survival to discharge. Regression modeling was performed, conditioning on hospital groups. A secondary analysis was performed with the use of propensity score matching. Of 3756 evaluable patients, 591 (16%) received E-CPR and 3165 (84%) received C-CPR only. Survival to hospital discharge and survival with favorable neurological outcome (Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category score of 1–3 or unchanged from admission) were greater for E-CPR (40% [237 of 591] and 27% [133 of 496]) versus C-CPR patients (27% [862 of 3165] and 18% [512 of 2840]). Odds ratios (ORs) for survival to hospital discharge and survival with favorable neurological outcome were greater for E-CPR versus C-CPR. After adjustment for covariates, patients receiving E-CPR had higher odds of survival to discharge (OR, 2.80; 95% confidence interval, 2.13–3.69;
P
<0.001) and survival with favorable neurological outcome (OR, 2.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.91–3.64;
P
<0.001) than patients who received C-CPR. This association persisted when analyzed by propensity score–matched cohorts (OR, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.33–2.18;
P
<0.001; and OR, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.31–2.41;
P
<0.001, respectively].

Conclusion—
For children with in-hospital CPR of ≥10 minutes duration, E-CPR was associated with improved survival to hospital discharge and survival with favorable neurological outcome compared with C-CPR.
Seasonal and inter-species comparison of asymmetry in the genital system of some species of the oceanic copepod genus Metridia (Copepoda, Calanoida)
Authors: Arima Daichi , Matsuno Kohei , Yamaguchi Atsushi , Nobetsu Takahiro , Imai Ichiro 
Published: December 2015

The seasonal and inter-annual changes in the asymmetry of female insemination and the male leg 5 of the planktonic calanoid copepods Metridia okhotensis and M. pacifica were investigated in the Okhotsk Sea. An inter-species comparison of both parameters was also carried out on seven Metridia species collected from oceans throughout the world. For M. okhotensis from the Okhotsk Sea, most of the females showed left-side insemination (annual average: 95.7%) and most of the males showed left-side asymmetry (99.7%) of the long inner process of the second exopodal segment in the fifth leg throughout the year. However, sympatric M. pacifica showed different ratios of asymmetry for female insemination and male morphotypes with a left : right = 1 : 2 ratio throughout the year. For the seven Metridia species from the global oceans treated in this study, ratios of asymmetry for female insemination and male morphotypes were correlated with each other. One-sided insemination (i.e., only left or only right insemination) was a common pattern for various Metridia species from global oceans, but their ratios varied by species. Previously, low hatching rates (29-68%) of eggs were reported for various Metridia spp. in laboratory experiments, but the reasons for these low rates were unclear. Because each spermatheca of Metridia spp. is connected to the oviduct on the same side, either left or right, this suggests that half of the eggs produced by unilaterally inseminated females remain unfertilized. The morphology of the genital structures and literature data of the egg hatching rates of Metridia spp. indicate that almost half of the eggs produced by females are not viable and are, thus, wasted.
A new species of the genus Diogenes (Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae) from the South China Sea
Authors: Xiao Li-Chan , Wang Yong-Liang , Sha Zhong-Li 
Published: December 2015

A new species of Diogenes Dana, 1851, Diogenes bispinatus sp. nov., is described from the South China Sea. It is closely allied to Diogenes dorotheae Morgan & Forest, 1991 and D. patae Asakura & Godwin, 2006, but it morphologically differs from the latter in the length of the antennular peduncle, the number of spines on the ocular acicle, the shape of the antennal acicle and the number of spines, the shape of the palm of left cheliped and telson. A key to the species of Diogenes from China seas is provided.
Mechanical Engineering Design Tuition at Universities
Authors: de Malherbe M. C. , Solomon P. J. B. 
Published: December 2015

Methods of design tuition at universities are described and a brief comparison is drawn between British, Continental and American methods, emphasizing their essential differences. It is accepted that the limitation of British undergraduate courses to three years' duration is unlikely to alter and that a sound understanding of the meaning and purpose of design must somehow be instilled during this period. The aim of the courses at present developing at Imperial College, London, is shown to be directed at giving the students practice in the solution of real contemporary engineering problems. A short section is devoted to the role of engineering drawing. This is followed by an outline of the actual courses at present being given at Imperial College during each of the three undergraduate years. Closer co-operation with industry is advocated and design studies undertaken during both second and third year are included, some of which are corporate projects carried out in collaboration with industry.
Marine Propulsion, with Special Reference to the Transmission of Power
Authors: Archer Simon 
Published: December 2015

The author first presents an analysis of the world merchant fleet, some 11 000 ships, classified with Lloyd's Register of Shipping on 31st December 1962, with respect to such variables as type of prime mover, horsepower range, number of screws, engine location, and type of transmission. This is compared with a similar analysis of the classed fleet as it was on 31st December 1957; the comparison reveals some interesting trends. The principal categories of transmission system are then broadly discussed with brief historical notes and illustrative examples from modern practice. The lecture concludes with some general remarks on systems of automatic and remote control of marine propulsion machinery with illustrated descriptions of several recent examples.
An Approach to a General Theory of Surface Condensers
Authors: Silver R. S. 
Published: December 2015

The main objective of the paper is to investigate the phenomena governing the rates of condensation in surface condensers. Analytical methods were devised by which modern concepts in heat and mass transfer can conveniently be applied to such an investigation. The effects of actual gross rate of condensation on the heat transfer, the influence of the mode of drainage (whether by film or by drops), the effect of steam velocity, the axial variation of heat transfer along condenser tubes, the effects of air or other non-condensable gas concentration and the interaction of these various phenomena were studied not only with regard to heat transfer but also flow resistance and pressure drop. Some of the concepts and techniques are novel and some original theory is developed in appendixes by way of explanation and justification. These methods have the advantage of being convenient for design calculations and for determining parameters on the basis of experimental results. It is admitted that some of the ideas put forward are not yet proven but it is hoped that, in view of their convenience for practical use, they will stimulate research and design investigation.
Mixing of Miscible but Dissimilar Liquids in Serial Flow in a Pipeline
Authors: Austin J. E. , Palfrey J. R. 
Published: December 2015

New formulae for determining the length of an interface that occurs during consecutive flow of fluids through a single pipeline are deduced in this paper. They result from an analysis carried out using data obtained from pipes varying from 1/8 inch to 40 inches in diameter, and from a few feet to hundreds of miles in length. Whilst previous theory, that the volume of mixing varies to an extent with diameter of pipe and distance travelled by the interface, is confirmed, it is also shown that there are two distinct regions of commingling in turbulent flow for each pipe diameter. The transition from one region to the other occurs quite sharply at different Reynolds number for each diameter of pipe. Below these critical values for Reynolds number commingling will increase rapidly as the Reynolds number decreases, even though flow may nominally still be well within the turbulent range. An explanation for this phenomenon—which hitherto appears to have received little or no attention—is attempted. The work is of practical significance for the oil industry in the field of ‘products pipelines' design.
Some Effects of Cavitation and Flow Forces in the Electro-Hydraulic Servomechanism
Authors: McCloy D. , Martin H. R. 
Published: December 2015

Linearized analysis has already been used to demonstrate the de-stabilizing effect of valve flow forces. In this paper an analogue simulation of an electro-hydraulic servomechanism is described and flow force effects are discussed. The results are compared with the linearized analysis. Various types of load and damping are considered. When large accelerations are demanded, the pressure in the actuating cylinder falls to zero and cavitation occurs. During the time this condition exists cylinder pressures in excess of supply pressure occur. A digital computer is used to analyse the performance of a hydraulic servomotor when cavitation exists and the results are presented in dimensionless form. Experimental results are presented for comparison with the theoretical results.
Robust effects of genetic background on responses to subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice
Authors: D'Abbondanza Josephine A , Ai Jinglu , Lass Elliot , Wan Hoyee , Brathwaite Shakira , Tso Michael K , Lee Charles , Marsden Philip A , Macdonald R Loch 
Published: December 2015

Outcome varies among patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage but known prognostic factors explain only a small portion of the variation in outcome. We hypothesized that individual genetic variations influence brain and vascular responses to subarachnoid hemorrhage and investigated this using inbred strains of mice. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced in seven inbred and a chromosome 7 substitution strain of mouse. Cerebral blood flow, vasospasm of the middle cerebral artery, and brain injury were assessed. After 48 h of subarachnoid hemorrhage, mice showed significant middle cerebral artery vasospasm that correlated positively with reduction in cerebral blood flow at 45 min. Mice also had increased neuronal injury compared to sham controls; A/J and C57BL/6 J strains represented the most and least severe, respectively. However, brain injury did not correlate with cerebral blood flow reduction at 45 min or with vasospasm at 48 h. Chromosome 7 substitution did not influence the degree of vasospasm or brain injury. Our data suggested that mouse genetic background influences outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Investigations into the genetic factors causing these inter-strain differences may provide insight into the etiology of the brain damage following subarachnoid hemorrhage. These findings also have implications for animal modeling of disease and suggest that genetic differences may also modulate outcome in other cardiovascular diseases.
Cilostazol ameliorates collagenase-induced cerebral hemorrhage by protecting the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Takagi Toshinori , Imai Takahiko , Mishiro Keisuke , Ishisaka Mitsue , Tsujimoto Masanori , Ito Hideki , Nagashima Kazunori , Matsukawa Haruka , Tsuruma Kazuhiro , Shimazawa Masamitsu , Yoshimura Shinichi , Kozawa Osamu , Iwama Toru , Hara Hideaki 
Published: December 2015

Intracranial hemorrhage remains a devastating disease. Among antiplatelet drugs, cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, was recently reported to prevent secondary hemorrhagic stroke in patients in a clinical trial. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether pre-treatment with cilostazol could decrease the intracranial hemorrhage volume and examine the protective mechanisms of cilostazol. We evaluated the pre-treatment effects of the antiplatelet drug cilostazol on the collagenase-induced intracranial hemorrhage volume and neurological outcomes in mice. To estimate the mechanism of collagenase injury, we evaluated various vascular components in vitro, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and a blood–brain barrier model. Cilostazol pre-treatment reduced the intracranial hemorrhage volume with sufficient inhibition of platelet aggregation, and motor function was improved by cilostazol treatment. Blood–brain barrier permeability was increased by collagenase-induced intracranial hemorrhage, and cilostazol attenuated blood–brain barrier leakage. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling and western blot analysis showed that cilostazol prevented pericyte cell death by inducing cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein phosphorylation. Cilostazol also prevented endothelial cell death and protected collagen type 4, laminin, and vascular endothelial- and N-cadherins from collagenase injury. In conclusion, cilostazol reduced collagenase-induced intracranial hemorrhage volume by protecting the blood–brain barrier.
Association of depressive symptoms with allodynia in patients with migraine: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Mendonça Marcelo D , Caetano André , Viana-Baptista Miguel ,   for the CHLO Headache Study Group
Published: December 2015

Aims Migraine and depression have a strong association. We aimed to determine whether this relationship was particularly evident in migraineurs with allodynia. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out of 98 consecutive patients with episodic migraine presenting for their first evaluation in an outpatient clinic. The participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Allodynia Symptom Checklist and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results Among the migraineurs, 75 (77%) reported allodynia. Allodynia was associated with higher median HADS-Anxiety (9 vs. 6, p = 0.038) and HADS-Depression (6 vs. 4, p = 0.014) scores. In a multiple regression model, the HADS-Depression scores were independently associated with allodynia (odds ratio 1.236, 95% confidence interval 1.046–1.461). An increased severity of allodynia correlated with higher depression scores ( r = 0.224; p = 0.027). Conclusion Anxious and depressive symptoms are more common in migraineurs with allodynia than in those without allodynia. Further studies are necessary to clarify the relationship between depressive symptoms and allodynia, as well as its therapeutic implications in migraine.
Computer Simulation of Thermoregulatory Responses to Heat Stress: A Future Work Design and Training Tool
Authors: Duncan Jerry R. 
Published: December 2015

A mathematical model of human thermoregulation was developed to simulate thermoregulatory responses of man exposed to heat stress environments. The model was validated with experimental results of a man pedalling in environments of 35 and 45°C dry-bulb and 33 mm Hg water vapor pressure. The model inputs of body segment temperatures, thermal characteristics, basal blood flows, basal heat production, and of environmental and task characteristics permitted the model to be “individualized” for a specific subject, environment, and task. The model outputs of body segment temperatures, blood flows, and sweat loss at designated intervals permitted observation of the dynamic thermoregulatory responses over a 60 minute exposure period. The model was successful in predicting the change in thermal responses of a clothed man working in heat stress environments. Over the 60 minute exposure at 45°C the mean absolute difference between experimental and simulated values of head skin temperature was 0.28°C. The difference for trunk mean skin temperature was 0.12°C; for body mean skin temperature, 0.29°C; and for internal body temperature, 0.53°C.
Auditory and Biomechanical Performance Requirements for Motorcycle Helmets
Authors: Purswell Jerry L. , Dorris Alan L. 
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the problems presented by the wearing of a helmet in the sensing of information necessary for safe operation of a motorcycle. The paper is organized into three major areas. One area is concerned with a laboratory study of simulated motorcycle operation and the sensing of sirens and horns of motor vehicles at various distances for subjects wearing helmets and subjects who served as control that wore no helmets. The second study reported is a parallel to the laboratory study but it was conducted in an outdoor setting. The third area considered is a biomechanical analysis of the head and neck of a motorcyclist who sustains a blow to the head in an accident. The independent variables investigated in the two studies of auditory sensing were the type of helmet worn, the type of auditory information being presented to the subject, and the direction from which the auditory signal was presented to the subject. A motorcycle helmet with a full face shield and one without a full face shield were compared with a control level of a subject wearing no helmet. A warning siren and a motor vehicle horn were the two types of auditory signals presented to the subjects. The four directions of presentation of the auditory signal were front, rear, left and right. Both of these tests of the ability of the motorcyclist to detect the two auditory signals indicated that the helmet did significantly attenuate the signal and that the emergency vehicle siren or horn would have to be dangerously close to the cyclist before it could be heard as compared to the cyclist under the same conditions who was not wearing a helmet. The alleged problem of motorcycle helmets producing injuries to the cervical spine in certain types of impact situations was analyzed from a biomechanical standpoint. Some helmet designs were found to be capable of producing an injury to the neck for certain crash configurations between the helmet and a solid object. Suggestions are presented for modification of helmet design to significantly reduce the injury potential of the helmet for this type of injury, while at the same time protect the head from other types of injury.
The Assessment of Rotary Wing Aviator Precision Performance during Extended Helicopter Flights
Authors: Lees Michael A. , Kimball Kent A. , Stone Lewis W. 
Published: December 2015

To insure the most effective utilization of his aviation resources, the rotary wing flight commander requires information which describes how extended flight time affects the operational capability of his flight crews. In response to this requirement, the US Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory has conducted an investigation of the man-helicopter system performance during five days of extended flight. The current report describes the changes in pilot performance and aircraft stability on one of the maneuvers performed during the large scale fatigue investigation, the stabilized three-foot (.91 meter) precision hover. The results obtained during the current examination strongly suggest the occurrence of a learning effect across the first day of extended flight. The most stable hover performance was observed during the second flight day. By the third flight day, pilots attempted to maintain high quality precision hovers through an increase in the number of control inputs. Results obtained on the fourth day of flight suggest that the pilots have shifted their control technique from active control of the helicopter to a more passive strategy of responding to observed error.
Vibration, Performance, and Personality
Authors: Hunt Bonnie 
Published: December 2015

The present study was conducted using 16 Subjects, two test sites and two levels of vibration to investigate the “Fatigue Decreased Proficiency Boundary (FDPB) set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The Subjects were qualified physically fit for exposure to whole-body, z-axis vibration. The Subject's seat was a rigid, tractor-type, unpadded seat mounted on a base plate which carried footrests and handgrips. The test sites were in the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, and were selected to accommodate all the vibration frequencies used in an entire series of studies conducted by the University of Dayton Research Institute in conjunction with the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Performance, physiological, and subjective measurements were taken in five test sessions for each subject individually. The physiological measure was heart rate. The subjective measures were ratings of motion severity and task difficulty. The Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (IPAT 16 PF) was administered. It was concluded that vibration induced at the level of the ISO FDPB did not affect human performance. Motion severity and task difficulty were rated significantly higher under the 8 Hz condition than under the 0 Hz condition and were significantly correlated to each other. No differences emerged between the two different vibration sites. The introversion vs. extraversion scale was not significantly correlated to the motion severity nor the task difficulty scale as hypothesized. The introversion vs. extraversion scale was significantly correlated with all the measures of heart rate. That is, the Subjects who exhibited highest heart rates tended to score on introversion end of the Factor QIscale.
Non-surgical interventions for pelvic organ prolapse in rural Nepal: a prospective monitoring and evaluation study
Authors: Fitchett Joseph R , Bhatta Surya , Sherpa Tenzing Y , Malla Bishwo S , A Fitchett Elizabeth J , Samen Arlene , Kristensen Sibylle 
Published: December 2015

Objectives Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a major cause of morbidity in Nepal, particularly affecting women in the rural communities. Women with POP in Nepal may suffer from symptoms for decades. At present, the Government of Nepal advocates surgical intervention but access to surgical care is inadequate. This report evaluated the feasibility of a non-surgical public health programme in rural Nepal, and describes risk factors associated with POP in this setting. Design Prospective monitoring and evaluation study of a new public health programme. Setting Baglung district, rural Nepal. Participants Women with gynaecological symptoms of POP. Main outcome measures Risk factors for disease progression were assessed using Fisher’s exact test, Pearson’s χ2-test and logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 74 women included in this analysis, 70.8% were diagnosed with stage 2 POP or greater. The majority of women did not have any further children following the onset of POP symptoms (63.5%). Duration of symptoms ranged from 2 months to 60 years, with 73.4% of women suffering for over 5 years and 28.4% suffering for over 20 years. Univariate analyses identified age at screening, age at onset of symptoms, the duration of symptoms and an associated rectocele as factors associated with increasing POP severity ( p < 0.05). Kegel exercises were taught to 25 (33.8%) women with POP and ring pessaries were offered to 47 (63.5%) women with POP. Conclusions Non-surgical interventions may provide an opportunity to address the significant burden of POP in rural Nepal.