bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses by the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, to conspecific density on resistant and susceptible rice varieties
Authors: Horgan Finbarr G. , Naik Bhaskar S. , Iswanto Eko Hari , Almazan Maria Liberty P. , Ramal Angelee Fame , Bernal Carmencita C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study examines the nature of intraspecific interactions among Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) planthoppers feeding on resistant and susceptible rice varieties. Planthopper nymphs produced less honeydew and gained less weight when feeding on rice variety IR62 (resistant) compared to susceptible rice varieties. A series of bioassays was conducted that varied N. lugens nymph densities on IR62 and IR22 (susceptible). Increasing nymph density facilitated feeding by conspecifics; however, intraspecific competition increased mortality of nymphs on IR62 (but rarely on IR22). Furthermore, nymph weights declined with increasing conspecific density on IR22, and the effects were weak on IR62. More female nymphs than males survived on IR62 but this was not affected by density. Nitrogenous fertilizer increased competition among N. lugens on young plants of IR22, but not on IR62. Results indicate that nymphs have a low efficiency in accessing resources when feeding on IR62, even where the plants have received fertilizer. Female‐biased survival and biomass compensation for mortality may promote population recovery after development on the resistant plant and accelerate adaptation to the resistant variety.
Comparison of transmission efficiency of various isolates of Potato virus Y among three aphid vectors
Authors: Mondal Shaonpius , Wenninger Erik J. , Hutchinson Pamela J.S. , Whitworth Jonathan L. , Shrestha Deepak , Eigenbrode Sanford D. , Bosque‐Pérez Nilsa A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPotato virus Y (PVY) strains are transmitted by different aphid species in a non‐persistent, non‐circulative manner. Green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae Sulzer, is the most efficient vector in laboratory studies, but potato aphid (PA), Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (both Hemiptera: Aphididae, Macrosiphini), and bird cherry‐oat aphid (BCOA), Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae, Aphidini), also contribute to PVY transmission. Studies were conducted with GPA, PA, and BCOA to assess PVY transmission efficiency for various isolates of the same strain. Treatments included three PVY strains (PVYO, PVYN:O, PVYNTN) and two isolates of each strain (Oz and NY090031 for PVYO; Alt and NY090004 for PVYN:O; N4 and NY090029 for PVYNTN), using each of three aphid species as well as a sham inoculation. Virus‐free tissue‐cultured plantlets of potato cv. Russet Burbank were used as virus source and recipient plants. Five weeks post inoculation, recipient plants were tested with quantitative DAS‐ELISA to assess infection percentage and virus titer. ELISA‐positive recipient plants were assayed with RT‐PCR to confirm presence of the expected strains. Transmission efficiency (percentage infection of plants) was highest for GPA, intermediate for BCOA, and lowest for PA. For all aphid species, transmission efficiency did not differ significantly between isolates within each strain. No correlations were found among source plant titer, infection percentage, and recipient plant titer. For both GPA and BCOA, isolates of PVYNTN were transmitted with greatest efficiency followed by isolates of PVYO and PVYN:O, which might help explain the increasing prevalence of necrotic strains in potato‐growing regions. Bird cherry‐oat aphid transmitted PVY with higher efficiency than previously reported, suggesting that this species is more important to PVY epidemiology than has been considered.
The Experience in Personal Social Systems Questionnaire (EXIS.pers): Development and Psychometric Properties
Authors: Hunger Christina , Bornhäuser Annette , Link Leoni , Geigges Julian , Voss Andreas , Weinhold Jan , Schweitzer Jochen 
Published: February 2016

This study presents the theoretical background, development, and psychometric properties of the German and English versions of the Experience in Personal Social Systems Questionnaire (EXIS.pers). It assesses how the members of a personal social system experience their situation within that system. It is designed as a research tool for interventions in which only one member of the system participates (e.g., Family Constellation Seminars). The EXIS.pers was created to measure change on the individual level relating to one's own important personal social system. In Study 1, we used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for latent variable identification of the original German EXIS.pers (n = 179). In Studies 2 and 3, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the dimensionality of the German (n = 634) and English (n = 310) EXIS.pers. Internal consistencies and cross‐cultural structural equivalence were assessed. EFA indicated that a four‐factor model provided best fit for the German EXIS.pers. For both the German and English EXIS.pers, CFA provided the best fit for a five‐factor bi‐level model that included a general factor (Experience In Personal Social Systems) and four dimensions (Belonging, Autonomy, Accord, Confidence). Good internal consistencies, external associations, and cross‐cultural structural equivalence were demonstrated. This study provides first evidence for the German and English EXIS.pers as an economical and reliable measure of an individual's experience within his or her personal social systems.
Fish metacommunity responses to experimental drought are determined by habitat heterogeneity and connectivity
Authors: Driver Lucas J. , Hoeinghaus David J. 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Drought disturbances can have strong but variable effects on aquatic communities and little is understood about the impacts of drought, fragmentation and habitat reconnectivity on the dynamics of intermittent stream fish metacommunities.

We performed two experiments using outdoor stream mesocosms to test the effects of drought‐mediated connectivity and habitat heterogeneity on realistic stream fish assemblages at local (pool/patch) and regional (stream unit) scales under non‐drought versus drought conditions (Exp1) and under drought conditions with ‘pulse’ flow connectivity versus ‘non‐pulse’ (Exp2).

Survivorship, ‐diversity and γ‐diversity differed little at the unit level between treatments and experiments, but significant interactions between treatments and pool position were observed for species richness and abundances at the pool‐level. Specifically, drought (Exp1) and non‐pulse (Exp2) treatments had consistently higher species richness and abundances in deeper downstream pools due to downstream‐biased immigration during the onset of drought and higher residency among fishes in downstream pools. Species‐specific responses in these treatments resulted in downstream pools that were characterised by species pre‐adapted to lentic conditions (e.g. sunfishes), whereas upstream pools were characterised by smaller‐bodied top‐water and pelagic species. Non‐drought (Exp1) and pulse (Exp2) treatments showed no difference in richness or abundances among pool positions and assemblages were generally well‐mixed, indicating that connectivity (even a brief pulse) of pool refugia was important for determining local and regional assemblage structure and mediating the impacts of drought.

These experiments demonstrate that stream fish assemblages responded strongly to reduced flows and fragmentation, and that metacommunity dynamics were structured by differential emigration and immigration rates and directionality among heterogeneous and variably connected pool habitats.
Extending the Contested Spaces of the Modern Kitchen
Authors: Meah Angela 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis essay seeks to broaden understandings of the domestic kitchen in the global North which consign its significance to the preparation or cooking of food, an activity assumed to be undertaken chiefly by women. Here, I take a social practice perspective, examining ‘the kitchen’ not as a monolithic physical ‘site’ (in the spatial sense) occupied primarily by women users, but as one where a range of practices cohere, reflecting multiple meanings and uses among those individuals who inhabit them. Exploring how the domestic kitchen has – over the last century – been conceptualised as a barometer of ideological dialectics, as an orchestrating concept and as the symbolic heart of the home, I reveal how this most humble of domestic spaces is both material and symbolic, figurative and substantive, rendering it a serious – but often neglected – object of academic inquiry.
Evaluating outcome of prophylaxis in haemophilia: objective and self‐reported instruments should be combined
Authors: Fischer K. , Nijdam A. , Holmström M. , Petrini P. , Ljung R. , van der Schouw Y. T. , Berntorp E. 
Published: February 2016

IntroductionRoutine outcome assessment of prophylaxis should use validated tools, while balancing comprehensiveness and burden. Collecting overlapping information should be avoided.AimTo assess correlations between different outcome assessment tools in haemophilia.MethodsFrom an international cross‐sectional study, data on objective outcome (Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS 2.1, range 0–124), radiological Pettersson score) and self‐reported joint bleeding, Haemophilia Activities List (HAL, range 100–0), health‐related quality of life (SF‐36, including five physical and five mental domain scores, range 100–0), and Utility (SF6D and EQ‐5D, range 1.0–0) were extracted. Spearman's correlations were calculated: ≥0.8 very strong, 0.60–0.79 strong, 0.40–0.59 moderate.ResultsNinety patients with severe haemophilia, on prophylaxis since median age 3.4 years, were evaluated at median 25.5 years (range 16.0–37.6). Objective outcome was favourable (median HJHS 2.1 6 points, Pettersson score 9 points). Self‐reported outcome showed a median of 7 joint bleeds in 5 years, median HAL sum 96 points, high scores for physical domains of SF‐36 (median 80–95) and high Utility values (median SF6D 0.87; EQ‐5D 0.84). Physical examination (HJHS 2.1) showed strong correlation with radiological scores, moderate correlation with physical domains of the SF‐36 and Utility, but no correlation with self‐reported bleeding or limitations in activities (HAL). Bleeding was not associated with any other outcome parameter. The HAL was only correlated with the SF36 ‘Physical functioning’ domain.ConclusionFor the evaluation of patients on early prophylaxis, information on bleeding should be complemented by objective joint assessment as well as self‐reported limitations in activities and quality of life.
Elastography of shear wave speed imaging for the evaluation of liver fibrosis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Shan Quan‐Yuan , Liu Bao‐Xian , Tian Wen‐Shuo , Wang Wei , Zhou Lu‐Yao , Wang Yan , Xie Xiao‐Yan 
Published: February 2016

AimA meta‐analysis was carried out to assess the accuracies of shear wave speed imaging (SWSI) in predicting significant fibrosis (stages F2–4) and cirrhosis (stage F4).MethodsA review was performed of relevant studies published until October 2015. A bivariate binomial model was used to combine the sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (AUC), and 95% confidence intervals were derived to indicate the diagnostic accuracy of imaging modalities.ResultsIn total, 10 studies with 2182 patients were included in the analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC (with 95% confidence intervals) of SWSI were: 0.84 (0.81–0.87), 0.83 (0.77–0.88), and 0.88 (0.85–0.90) for significant fibrosis, respectively; and 0.80 (0.66–0.89), 0.93 (0.88–0.96), and 0.95 (0.92–0.96) for cirrhosis, respectively. When SWSI was compared with well‐evaluated transient elastography, the AUCs for the prediction of significant fibrosis were 0.93 and 0.86, respectively. The AUCs for the prediction of cirrhosis were both 0.94.ConclusionShear wave speed imaging is a trustworthy tool for staging hepatic fibrosis, with a high combination of sensitivity and specificity. Compared with transient elastography, SWSI showed better diagnostic performance for the prediction of significant fibrosis.
Indian Slavery: An Atlantic and Hemispheric Problem
Authors: Goetz Rebecca Anne 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIndian slavery was ubiquitous in the Americas and in the Atlantic World. Though Indian slavery varied in its forms and in its destructiveness depending on both time and place, Indian slavery shaped the colonial world, and its deleterious effects continue into the present. The practice of Indian enslavement and the Indian slave trade bound the continents and their islands together – enslavement was constant, and a constant risk; it could affect native peoples in any place, and all the major European colonial powers participated in the Indian slave trade. This article reviews recent literature on Indian slavery in the Atlantic and hemispheric perspectives and suggests questions and problems for further research.
Physical health and well‐being: Experiences and perspectives of young adult mental health consumers
Authors: McCloughen Andrea , Foster Kim , Kerley David , Delgado Cynthia , Turnell Adrienne 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCompromised physical health and raised levels of morbidity and mortality are experienced by young people (16–24 years) with mental illness, and are compounded by psychotropic medication. How this group conceives and experiences physical health is not well understood. We investigated the meanings, beliefs, and endeavours of young people that impact their physical health understandings and behaviours. The present study formed the qualitative phase of a sequential mixed‐methods study, and incorporated semistructured interviews with 12 hospitalized young people. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse data. Participants held a holistic ideal of physical health that they did not meet. Weight change, poor sleep, and limited exercise adversely impacted their lives and self‐image. Sedentary behaviour, reduced energy, and limited health literacy compromised effective management of physical health. Young people needed structure and support to assist them in addressing their physical health needs when amotivation overwhelmed their internal resources. Nurses are well placed to help young people increase their competency for health management. Individualized information and methods to promote good physical health are required for this group in jeopardy from physical morbidity and mortality.
Clinical outcomes in outpatient respiratory syncytial virus infection in immunocompromised children
Authors: Chu Helen Y. , Chin Jennifer , Pollard Jessica , Zerr Danielle M. , Englund Janet A. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundImmunocompromised patients are at high risk for morbidity and mortality due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Increasingly, pediatric patients with malignancy or undergoing transplantation are managed primarily as outpatients. Data regarding the clinical presentation and outcomes of RSV in the outpatient pediatric immunocompromised population are limited.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of children with hematologic malignancy or hematopoietic or solid organ transplant with laboratory‐confirmed RSV infection diagnosed as outpatients at an academic medical center between 2008 and 2013.ResultsOf 54 patients with RSV detected while outpatients, 15 (28%) were hospitalized, 7 (13%) received ribavirin, and one (2%) received intravenous immunoglobulin. One (2%) patient was critically ill, but there were no deaths due to RSV infection. Fever (P < 0·01) was associated with increased risk of hospitalization.ConclusionsMost immunocompromised children with RSV detected while outpatients did not require hospitalization or receive antiviral treatment. Potential studies of RSV therapies should consider inclusion of patients in an ambulatory setting.
Explaining patterns of avian diversity and endemicity: climate and biomes of southern Africa over the last 140,000 years
Authors: Huntley Brian , Collingham Yvonne C. , Singarayer Joy S. , Valdes Paul J. , Barnard Phoebe , Midgley Guy F. , Altwegg Res , Ohlemüller Ralf 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimTest hypotheses that present biodiversity and endemic species richness are related to climatic stability and/or biome persistence.LocationAfrica south of 15° S.MethodsSeventy eight HadCM3 general circulation model palaeoclimate experiments spanning the last 140,000 years, plus a pre‐industrial experiment, were used to calculate measures of climatic variability for 0.5° grid cells. Models were fitted relating distributions of the nine biomes of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland to present climate. These models were used to simulate potential past biome distribution and extent for the 78 palaeoclimate experiments, and three measures of biome persistence. Climatic response surfaces were fitted for 690 bird species regularly breeding in the region and used to simulate present species richness for cells of the 0.5° grid. Species richness was evaluated for residents, mobile species (nomadic or partially/altitudinally migrant within the region), and intra‐African migrants, and also separately for endemic/near‐endemic (hereafter ‘endemic’) species as a whole and those associated with each biome. Our hypotheses were tested by analysing correlations between species richness and climatic variability or biome persistence.ResultsThe magnitude of climatic variability showed clear spatial patterns. Marked changes in biome distributions and extents were projected, although limited areas of persistence were projected for some biomes. Overall species richness was not correlated with climatic variability, although richness of mobile species showed a weak negative correlation. Endemic species richness was significantly negatively correlated with climatic variability. Strongest correlations, however, were positive correlations between biome persistence and richness of endemics associated with individual biomes.Main conclusionsLow climatic variability, and especially a degree of stability enabling biome persistence, is strongly correlated with species richness of birds endemic to southern Africa. This probably principally reflects reduced extinction risk for these species where the biome to which they are adapted persisted.
Old but not ancient: coalescent species tree of New Caledonian geckos reveals recent post‐inundation diversification
Authors: Skipwith Phillip L. , Bauer Aaron M. , Jackman Todd R. , Sadlier Ross A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimNew Caledonia is a remnant of the land mass Tasmantis that harbours high levels of endemism. Two primary hypotheses have been proposed for the origin of such endemic lineages; the first suggests a vicariant origin arising from the sundering of eastern Gondwana in the Cretaceous. The second posits more recent dispersal and colonization. We use concatenated and coalescent time‐calibrated phylogenies to test whether New Caledonian diplodactylid geckos diversified steadily following an ancient vicariance event or experienced an early burst of diversification followed by a decline in net diversification after long‐distance dispersal.LocationNew Caledonia, Gondwana.MethodsPhylogenetic relationships were elucidated from a multilocus DNA data set. Divergence times were inferred using relaxed clock Bayesian methods on the concatenated data set and in a multispecies coalescent framework using *beast. In order to elucidate patterns of diversification for the New Caledonian clade we tested models of diversification using laser and ddd.ResultsThe divergence of the New Caledonian clade from its Australian sister clade occurred well after Gondwanan fragmentation, and the age of the crown clade is younger than the proposed drowning period of the island. Diversification analyses strongly suggest that the group experienced an early burst of diversification, which has slowed towards the present.Main conclusionsWe demonstrate that the species‐rich diplodactylid geckos endemic to New Caledonia are of recent origin and that the diversification of the clade is consistent with the expectations of a recent radiation. Diversification in this clade does not conform to a constant‐rate model, but rather experienced an initial burst followed by a decline in net diversification. This pattern is consistent with a decline in diversification as ecological niche space was filled. Our results add to the growing body of evidence that recent adaptive radiations have contributed to the remarkable endemism of New Caledonia.
Real‐Time MRI‐Guided Cardiac Cryo‐Ablation: A Feasibility Study
Authors: KHOLMOVSKI EUGENE G. , COULOMBE NICOLAS , SILVERNAGEL JOSHUA , ANGEL NATHAN , PARKER DENNIS , MACLEOD ROB , MARROUCHE NASSIR , RANJAN RAVI 
Published: February 2016

Real‐Time MRI Cryo‐AblationIntroductionMRI‐based ablation provides an attractive capability of seeing ablation‐related tissue changes in real time. Here we describe a real‐time MRI‐based cardiac cryo‐ablation system.MethodsStudies were performed in canine model (n = 4) using MR‐compatible cryo‐ablation devices built for animal use: focal cryo‐catheter with 8 mm tip and 28 mm diameter cryo‐balloon. The main steps of MRI‐guided cardiac cryo‐ablation procedure (real‐time navigation, confirmation of tip–tissue contact, confirmation of vessel occlusion, real‐time monitoring of a freeze zone formation, and intra‐procedural assessment of lesions) were validated in a 3 Tesla clinical MRI scanner.ResultsThe MRI compatible cryo‐devices were advanced to the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) and their position was confirmed by real‐time MRI. Specifically, contact between catheter tip and myocardium and occlusion of superior vena cava (SVC) by the balloon was visually validated. Focal cryo‐lesions were created in the RV septum. Circumferential ablation of SVC–RA junction with no gaps was achieved using the cryo‐balloon. Real‐time visualization of freeze zone formation was achieved in all studies when lesions were successfully created. The ablations and presence of collateral damage were confirmed by T1‐weighted and late gadolinium enhancement MRI and gross pathological examination.ConclusionThis study confirms the feasibility of a MRI‐based cryo‐ablation system in performing cardiac ablation procedures. The system allows real‐time catheter navigation, confirmation of catheter tip–tissue contact, validation of vessel occlusion by cryo‐balloon, real‐time monitoring of a freeze zone formation, and intra‐procedural assessment of ablations including collateral damage.