bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meaningful dissemination produces the “long tail” that engenders community impact
Authors: Fenge Lee-Ann , Jones Kip , Gibson Camilla 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
Lack of understanding of the needs of older LGBT individuals is a global issue and their needs are often ignored by health and social care providers who adopt sexuality-blind approaches within their provision. As a result, public services can find it difficult to push the LGBT equalities agenda forward due to resistance to change and underlying discrimination. The aim of this paper is to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
This report considers how a body of participatory research concerning the needs and experiences of older LGBT people was used to create innovatory dissemination tools, which then engaged communities through public engagement to learn about the needs and experiences of older LGBT citizens. Good research has a “long tail” – (in statistics, “a large number of occurrences far from the ‘head’ or central part of the distribution”). The report considers how a film and a method deck of cards, presented to service providers in several workshops over time, offered opportunities to learn and critically reflect upon an informed practice.

Findings
Because of the on-going feedback from our workshops, the authors, in turn, learned the importance of having a champion within a community organisation to take forward the LGBT agenda. A report of one such outreach champion is included here.

Originality/value
Consideration is given to challenges involved in creating impact through research, and how participatory community processes may enhance impact to develop over time.
Intraspecies variation in a widely distributed tree species regulates the responses of soil microbiome to different temperature regimes
Authors: Zhang Cui‐Jing , Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel , Drake John E. , Reich Peter B. , Tjoelker Mark G. , Tissue David T. , Wang Jun‐Tao , He Ji‐Zheng , Singh Brajesh K. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryPlant characteristics in different provenances within a single species may vary in response to climate change, which might alter soil microbial communities and ecosystem functions. We conducted a glasshouse experiment and grew seedlings of three provenances (temperate, subtropical and tropical origins) of a tree species (i.e., Eucalyptus tereticornis) at different growth temperatures (18, 21.5, 25, 28.5, 32 and 35.5°C) for 54 days. At the end of the experiment, bacterial and fungal community composition, diversity and abundance were characterized. Measured soil functions included surrogates of microbial respiration, enzyme activities and nutrient cycling. Using Permutation multivariate analysis of variance (PerMANOVA) and network analysis, we found that the identity of tree provenances regulated both structure and function of soil microbiomes. In some cases, tree provenances substantially affected the response of microbial communities to the temperature treatments. For example, we found significant interactions of temperature and tree provenance on bacterial community and relative abundances of Chloroflexi and Zygomycota, and inorganic nitrogen. Microbial abundance was altered in response to increasing temperature, but was not affected by tree provenances. Our study provides novel evidence that even a small variation in biotic components (i.e., intraspecies tree variation) can significantly influence the response of soil microbial community composition and specific soil functions to global warming.
Exploring microbial N2O reduction: a continuous enrichment in nitrogen free medium
Authors: Conthe Monica , Kuenen J. Gijs , Kleerebezem Robbert , van Loosdrecht Mark C. M. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryN2O is a potent greenhouse gas, but also a potent electron acceptor. In search of thermodynamically favourable – yet undescribed – metabolic pathways involving N2O reduction, we set up a continuous microbial enrichment, inoculated with activated sludge, fed with N2O as the sole electron acceptor and acetate as an electron donor. A nitrogen‐free mineral medium was used with the intention of creating a selective pressure towards organisms that would use N2O directly as source of nitrogen for cell synthesis. Instead, we obtained a culture dominated by microorganisms of the Rhodocyclaceae family growing by N2O reduction to N2 coupled to N2 fixation. Biomass yields of this culture were 40% lower than those of a previously reported culture grown under comparable conditions but with an
‐amended medium, as expected from the extra energy expense of N2 fixation. Interestingly, we found no significant difference in yields whether N2O or acetate was the growth‐limiting substrate in the chemostat in contrast to the study with
‐amended medium, in which biomass yields were roughly 30% lower during acetate limiting conditions.
Generalized nonmotor (absence) seizures—What do absence, generalized, and nonmotor mean?
Authors: Unterberger Iris , Trinka Eugen , Kaplan Peter W. , Walser Gerald , Luef Gerhard , Bauer Gerhard 
Published: January 2018

SummaryObjectiveClinical absences are now classified as “generalized nonmotor (absence) seizures” by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The aim of this paper is to critically review the concept of absences and to put the accompanying focal and motor symptoms into the context of the emerging pathophysiological knowledge.MethodsFor this narrative review we performed an extensive literature search on the term “absence,” and analyzed the plethora of symptoms observed in clinical absences.ResultsArising from the localization and the involved cortical networks, motor symptoms may include bilateral mild eyelid fluttering and mild myoclonic jerks of extremities. These motor symptoms may also occur unilaterally, analogous to a focal motor seizure with Jacksonian march. Furthermore,electroencephalography (EEG)abnormalities may exhibit initial frontal focal spikes and consistent asymmetries. Electroclinical characteristics support thecortical focus theoryof absence seizures. SimultaneousEEG/functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)measurements document cortical deactivation and thalamic activation. Cortical deactivation is related to slow waves and disturbances of consciousness of varying degrees. Motor symptoms correspond to the spike component of the 3/s spike‐and‐wave‐discharges. Thalamic activation can be interpreted as a response to overcome cortical deactivation. Furthermore, arousal reaction during drowsiness or sleep triggers spikes in an abnormally excitable cortex. An initial disturbance in arousal mechanisms (“dyshormia”) might be responsible for the start of this abnormal sequence.SignificanceThe classification as “generalized nonfocal and nonmotor (absence) seizure” does not covey the complex semiology of a patient's clinical events.
Shuffling peptides to create T‐cell epitopes: does the immune system play cards?
Authors: Mannering Stuart I. , So Michelle , Elso Colleen M. , Kay Thomas W. H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFor a long time, immunologists have believed that classical CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognize peptides (referred to as epitopes), derived from protein antigens presented by MHC/HLA class I or II. Over the past 10–15 years, it has become clear that epitopes recognized by CD8+, and more recently CD4+ T cells, can be formed by protein splicing. Here, we review the discovery of spliced epitopes recognized by tumor‐specific human CD8+ T cells. We discuss how these epitopes are formed and some of the unusual variants that have been reported. Now, over a decade since the first report, evidence is emerging that spliced CD8+ T‐cell epitopes are much more common, and potentially much more important, than previously imagined. Recent work has shown that epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells can also be formed by protein splicing. We discuss the recent discovery of spliced CD4+ T‐cell epitopes and their potential role as targets of autoimmune T‐cell responses. Finally, we highlight some of the new questions raised from our growing appreciation of T‐cell epitopes formed by peptide splicing.
Beta‐catenin promotes macrophage‐mediated acute inflammatory response after myocardial infarction
Authors: Huang Ling , Xiang Mei , Ye Ping , Zhou Wei , Chen Manhua 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRegulatory mechanisms for acute inflammatory responses post myocardial infarction (MI) have yet to be fully understood. In particular, the mechanisms by which cardiac macrophages modulate MI‐induced myocardial inflammation remains unclear. In this study, using a mouse MI model, we showed that β‐catenin‐mediated signaling was activated in cardiac macrophages post‐MI, especially in Ly‐6C‐positive proinflammatory macrophages. Using a RAW264.7‐based β‐catenin reporter cell line, we confirmed the presence of active β‐catenin and its downstream signaling in cardiac macrophages after MI. Moreover, lentivirus‐mediated inducible expression of constitutively active β‐catenin revealed that β‐catenin plays a role in promoting the inflammatory response by RAW264.7 cells. Depletion of endogenous macrophages and adoptive transfer of active β‐catenin‐expressing RAW264.7 cells resulted in enhancement of acute myocardial inflammation in recipient mice after MI, as demonstrated by elevated levels of lymphocyte infiltrates and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. However, infarct volume, myocardial tissue repair, and left ventricle function were not influenced by the expression of active β‐catenin in the adoptive transfer assay. Our research has demonstrated that β‐catenin‐mediated signaling is important for cardiac macrophages to modulate post‐MI inflammatory responses. These findings may be valuable for developing novel therapeutic strategies for MI.
Budgeting Rules and Program Outcomes
Authors: Kasdin Stuart 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIt is not efficient for a budget system either to enable excessively frequent changes in programs and tax policies or to be rigid and unresponsive. Program durability is one measure of how a budget system weighs the competing goals of resoluteness and responsiveness. The federal budget has different processes—mandatory and discretionary spending and tax expenditures—each based in separate congressional committees and relying on separate procedures. This article examines the budget systems' durability. One finding is that mandatory spending programs and tax expenditures are more durable than programs backed by discretionary spending. However, while programs targeted to vulnerable populations and supporting long‐term planning, such as in income support and health, might benefit from durability, these programs display shorter durability, not longer. While displaying greater durability, tax expenditures do respond to changes in different economic sectors, based on the changes in spending of other budget systems.
Influence of Pig Farming on the Human Nasal Microbiota: Key Role of Airborne Microbial Communities
Authors: Kraemer Julia G. , Ramette Alban , Aebi Suzanne , Oppliger Anne , Hilty Markus 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTIt has been hypothesized that the environment can influence the composition of the nasal microbiota. However, the direct influence of pig farming on the anterior and posterior nasal microbiota is unknown. Using a cross-sectional design, pig farms (n= 28) were visited in 2014 to 2015, and nasal swabs from 43 pig farmers and 56 pigs, as well as 27 air samples taken in the vicinity of the pig enclosures, were collected. As controls, nasal swabs from 17 cow farmers and 26 non-animal-exposed individuals were also included. Analyses of the microbiota were performed based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and the DADA2 pipeline to define sequence variants (SVs). We found that pig farming is strongly associated with specific microbial signatures (including alpha- and beta-diversity), which are reflected in the microbiota of the human nose. Furthermore, the microbial communities were more similar within the same farm compared to between the different farms, indicating a specific microbiota pattern for each pig farm. In total, there were 82 SVs that occurred significantly more abundantly in samples from pig farms than from cow farmers and nonexposed individuals (i.e., the core pig farm microbiota). Of these, nine SVs were significantly associated with the posterior part of the human nose. The results strongly indicate that pig farming is associated with a distinct human nose microbiota. Finally, the community structures derived by the DADA2 pipeline showed an excellent agreement with the outputs of the mothur pipeline which was revealed by procrustes analyses.IMPORTANCEThe knowledge about the influence of animal keeping on the human microbiome is important. Previous research has shown that pets significantly affect the microbial communities of humans. However, the effect of animal farming on the human microbiota is less clear, although it is known that the air at farms and, in particular, at pig farms is charged with large amounts of dust, bacteria, and fungi. In this study, we simultaneously investigated the nasal microbiota of pigs, humans, and the environment at pig farms. We reveal an enormous impact of pig farming on the human nasal microbiota which is far more pronounced compared to cow farming. In addition, we analyzed the airborne microbiota and found significant associations suggesting an animal-human transmission of the microbiota within pig farms. We also reveal that microbial patterns are farm specific, suggesting that the environment influences animals and humans in a similar manner.
Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: van Duijkeren Engeline , Schink Anne-Kathrin , Roberts Marilyn C. , Wang Yang , Schwarz Stefan 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTDuring the past decades resistance to virtually all antimicrobial agents has been observed in bacteria of animal origin. This chapter describes in detail the mechanisms so far encountered for the various classes of antimicrobial agents. The main mechanisms include enzymatic inactivation by either disintegration or chemical modification of antimicrobial agents, reduced intracellular accumulation by either decreased influx or increased efflux of antimicrobial agents, and modifications at the cellular target sites (i.e., mutational changes, chemical modification, protection, or even replacement of the target sites). Often several mechanisms interact to enhance bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. This is a completely revised version of the corresponding chapter in the bookAntimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Originpublished in 2006. New sections have been added for oxazolidinones, polypeptides, mupirocin, ansamycins, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, and streptomycins, and the chapters for the remaining classes of antimicrobial agents have been completely updated to cover the advances in knowledge gained since 2006.
Treatment Effect of Drug-Coated Balloons Is Durable to 3 Years in the Femoropopliteal Arteries
Authors: Schneider Peter A. , Laird John R. , Tepe Gunnar , Brodmann Marianne , Zeller Thomas , Scheinert Dierk , Metzger Christopher , Micari Antonio , Sachar Ravish , Jaff Michael R. , Wang Hong , Hasenbank Melissa S. , Krishnan Prakash 
Published: January 2018

Background—
Randomized controlled trials have reported favorable 1-year outcomes with drug-coated balloons (DCBs) for the treatment of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease when compared with standard percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Evidence remains limited on the durability of the treatment effect with DCBs in the longer term.

Methods and Results—

IN.PACT SFA is a single-blind, randomized trial (Randomized Trial of IN.PACT Admiral Paclitaxel-Coated Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty [PTA] Balloon Catheter vs Standard PTA for the Treatment of Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Superficial Femoral Artery [SFA] and/or Proximal Popliteal Artery [PPA]) that enrolled 331 patients with symptomatic (Rutherford 2–4) femoropopliteal lesions up to 18 cm in length. Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive treatment with DCB or PTA. The 36-month assessments included primary patency, freedom from clinically driven target lesion revascularization, major adverse events, and functional outcomes. At 36 months, primary patency remained significantly higher among patients treated with DCB compared with PTA (69.5% versus 45.1%; log rank
P
<0.001). The rates of clinically driven target lesion revascularization were 15.2% and 31.1% (
P
=0.002) for the DCB and PTA groups, respectively. Functional outcomes were similarly improved between treatment groups even though subjects in the DCB group required significantly fewer reinterventions versus those in the PTA group (
P
<0.001 for target lesion revascularization,
P
=0.001 for target vessel revascularization). There were no device- or procedure-related deaths as adjudicated by an independent Clinical Events Committee.

Conclusions—
Three-year results demonstrate a durable and superior treatment effect among patients treated with DCB versus standard PTA, with significantly higher primary patency and lower clinically driven target lesion revascularization, resulting in similar functional improvements with reduced need for repeat interventions.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers: NCT01175850 for IN.PACT SFA phase I in the European Union and NCT01566461 for IN.PACT SFA phase II in the United States.
Increased Exhaled H2O2 and Impaired Lung Function in Patients Undergoing Bioincompatible Hemodialysis
Authors: Rysz J. , Stolarek R. A , Pedzik A. , Fijalkowska J. , Luczynska M. , Sarniak A. , Kasielski M. , Makowka A. , Nowicki M. , Nowak D. 
Published: January 2018

Background Chronic renal failure (CRF) and hemodialysis (HD) accumulate an inflammatory milieu, contributing to increased systemic and airway oxidative stress that may lead to lung damage. Objectives This study was designed to assess exhaled hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lung function and whole blood chemiluminescence in HD and CRF patients and healthy controls. Methods The study included 59 patients (Polyamide S™ or Hemophan® membranes-19, cuprophane-16, hemodiafiltration-14, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-10), 16 CRF and 16 healthy controls. The assessment of lung function included FVC (forced vital capacity), FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in the first second) and DLCOc (single breath CO diffusing capacity). Exhaled H2O2 was determined fluorometrically and resting and n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) luminol-dependent whole blood chemiluminescence (LBCL) were measured simultaneously. Results Only cuprophane HD patients presented decreased lung function (FVC 63.8±17.4%, FEV1 55.9±20.3 and DLCOc 72.1± 9.3 % of predicted; p<0.05 vs. controls). These patients exhaled the highest H2O2 levels in comparison to CRF (p<0.01): median 0.36 μM (range R: 0.09–0.56 μM) and controls (p<0.05): 0.17 μM (0.2–17.8 μM). These levels were not decreased during the HD session: preHD 1.25 μM (0.2–16.5μM) and postHD 1.3 μM (0.2–17.8 μM). As a marker of systemic oxidative stress, fMLP-induced LBCL (total light emission) was increased in these patients (1570.6 aUxs /10phagocytes; R: 274.2–8598.9) and in the CRF group (2389.4 aUxs /10phagocytes; R: 491.5–6184; p<0.05 vs. controls). Other patient groups did not express elevated LBCL and revealed decreased exhaled H2O2 after a session. Conclusions An increased oxidative burden in the lungs may contribute to functional lung impairment in patients dialyzed with a cellulose membrane. Biocompatible dialysis with other modalities might reduce airway-borne oxidative stress and is not related with lung damage.
A Novel Rat Tail Collagen Type-I Gel for the Cultivation of Human Articular Chondrocytes in Low Cell Density
Authors: Muller-Rath R. , Gavénis K. , Andereya S. , Mumme T. , Schmidt-Rohlfing B. , Schneider U. 
Published: January 2018

Collagen type-I matrix systems have gained growing importance as a cartilage repair device. However, most of the established matrix systems use collagen type-I of bovine origin seeded in high cell densities. Here we present a novel collagen type-I gel system made of rat tail collagen for the cultivation of human chondrocytes in low cell densities. Rat tail collagen type-I gel (CaReS, Arthro Kinetics, Esslingen, Germany) was seeded with human passage 2 chondrocytes in different cell densities to evaluate the optimal cell number. In vitro, the proliferation factor of low density cultures was more than threefold higher compared with high density cultures. After 6 weeks of in vitro cultivation, freshly prepared chondrocytes with an initial cell density of 2×10 cells/mL showed a proliferation factor of 33. A cell density of 2×10 cells/mL was chosen for in vitro and in vivo cultivation using the common nude mouse model as an in vivo system. Chondrocytes stayed viable as a Live/Dead fluorescence assay and TUNEL staining revealed. During in vitro cultivation, passage 0 cells partly dedifferentiated morphologically. In vivo, passage 0 cells maintained the chondrocyte phenotype and demonstrated an increased synthesis of collagen type-II protein and gene expression compared to passage 2 cells. Passage 2 cells did not redifferentiate in vivo. Cultivating a cell-seeded collagen gel of bovine origin as a control (Atelocollagen™, Koken, Tokyo, Japan) did not lead to superior results with regard to cell morphology, col-II protein production and col-II gene expression. With the CaReS collagen gel system the best quality of repair tissue was obtained by seeding freshly isolated chondrocytes.
Three-Dimensional Growth of Human Hepatoma C3A Cells within Alginate Beads for Fluidized Bioartificial Liver
Authors: Kinasiewicz A. , Gautier A. , Lewińska D. , Śmietanka A. , Legallais C. , Weryński A. 
Published: January 2018

Objectives Alginate beads allow cultivation of cells in a 3-dimensional environment. The aim of our study was to assess the influence of a 3-dimensional culture in alginate microbeads, on hepatic cell metabolism. Methods We used 2 types of alginate: low viscosity (LV) and medium viscosity (MV). The hepatic cell line C3A was encapsulated in alginate beads. Cells were cultured for 2 weeks. Using scanning electron microscopy, the morphology of 3D structures and the surfaces of cells were analyzed. Fluidized bed bioartificial liver experiments were performed 24 hours, 7, and 14 days after bead formation. Results Two different cell growth types in alginate beads were observed: channel-like structures and spherical aggregates characteristic of LV and MV alginate, respectively. A significant increase in albumin synthesis was observed in long-term culture. Formation of characteristic hepatic cell microvilli on cell surfaces was observed under scanning electron microscopy for both types of alginate. Prolonged static cultivation of C3A cells within the alginate beads in both types of alginates caused significant increases in albumin production in the fluidized bioreactor. Conclusions Cultivation of the hepatic C3A cells within the alginate microbeads significantly improved bioreactor effectiveness in albumin production. The presence of extensions of cell membranes on the surface of hepatoma cells in 3-dimensional culture within the alginate beads indicated formation of microvilli-like structures characteristic of normal hepatocytes.