bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rational Explanation for the Redistribution Paradox. Theory and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Antonietti Roberto , Farina Francesco , Fontini Fulvio 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe paper provides a rational explanation for the redistribution paradox, whereby low‐income individuals seeking more social security prefer a lower taxation although this might imply a reduced welfare. A simple model of tax transfer and redistribution is presented, with various agents facing two different unemployment probabilities. We investigate how the preferred tax rate changes with the probability of being unemployed. We show that, when the probability of unemployment for the less‐skilled correlates negatively with that of the highly skilled, the relationship with the tax rate is not monotonic and depends on the level of risk aversion. This theoretical framework is confirmed in an empirical investigation based on microeconomic data, and in a robustness test based on macroeconomic data.
Putting Parasemia in its phylogenetic place: a molecular analysis of the subtribe Arctiina (Lepidoptera)
Authors: RÖNKÄ KATJA , MAPPES JOHANNA , KAILA LAURI , WAHLBERG NIKLAS 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDespite being popular among amateur and professional lepidopterologists and posing great opportunities for evolutionary research, the phylogenetic relationships of tiger moths (Erebidae: Arctiinae) are not well resolved. Here we provide the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the subtribe Arctiina with the basic aim of clarifying the phylogenetic position of the Wood Tiger Moth Parasemia plantaginis Hübner, a model species in evolutionary ecology. We sampled 89 species in 52 genera within Arctiina s.l., 11 species of Callimorphina and two outgroup species. We sequenced up to seven nuclear genes (CAD, GAPDH, IDH, MDH, Ef1α, RpS5, Wingless) and one mitochondrial gene (COI) including the barcode region (a total of 5915 bp). Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference resulted in a well‐resolved phylogenetic hypothesis, consisting of four clades within Arctiina s.s. and a clade comprising spilosomine species in addition to Callimorphina and outgroups. Based on our results, we present a new classification, where we consider the Diacrisia clade, Chelis clade, Apantesis clade, Micrarctia Seitz and Arctia clade as valid genera within Arctiina s.s., whereas Rhyparia Hübner syn.n. and Rhyparioides Butler syn.n. are synonymized with Diacrisia Hübner; Neoarctia Neumoegen & Dyar syn.n., Tancrea Püngeler syn.n., Hyperborea Grum‐Grshimailo syn.n., Palearctia Ferguson syn.n., Holoarctia Ferguson syn.n., Sibirarctia Dubatolov syn.n. and Centrarctia Dubatolov syn.n. are synonymized with Chelis Rambur; Grammia Rambur syn.n., Orodemnias Wallengren syn.n., Mimarctia Neumoegen & Dyar syn.n., Notarctia Smith syn.n. and Holarctia Smith syn.n. are synonymized with Apantesis Walker; and Epicallia Hübner syn.n., Eucharia Hübner syn.n., Hyphoraia Hübner syn.n., Parasemia Hübner syn.n., Pericallia Hübner syn.n., Nemeophila Stephens syn.n., Ammobiota Wallengren syn.n., Platarctia Packard syn.n., Chionophila Guenée syn.n., Eupsychoma Grote syn.n., Gonerda Moore syn.n., Platyprepia Dyar syn.n., Preparctia Hampson syn.n., Oroncus Seitz syn.n., Acerbia Sotavalta syn.n., Pararctia Sotavalta syn.n., Borearctia Dubatolov syn.n., Sinoarctia Dubatolov syn.n. and Atlantarctia Dubatolov syn.n. are synonymized with Arctia Schrank, leading to 33 new genus‐level synonymies. Our focal species Arctia plantaginis comb.n. is placed as sister to Arctia festiva comb.n., another widespread aposematic species showing wing pattern variation. Our molecular hypothesis can be used as a basis when adding more species to the tree and tackling interesting evolutionary questions, such as the evolution of warning signalling and mimicry in tiger moths.
Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Polysphincta group of genera (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae)
Authors: MATSUMOTO RIKIO 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships between genera of the Polysphincta group of Pimplinae (Ichneumonidae) were surveyed using molecular markers, partial sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), 28S rRNA and elongation factor 1α, and maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches to obtain a robust phylogenetic hypothesis to understand the evolution of the group. The Polysphincta group was recovered as monophyletic, although relationships between genera were different from previous hypotheses based on morphological data. Within the Polysphincta group, three major clades were recognized and phylogenetic relationships among them were well resolved as (Schizopyga subgroup + (Acrodactyla subgroup + Polysphincta subgroup)). The Schizopyga subgroup consisted of the genera Piogaster, Schizopyga, Zabrachypus and Brachyzapus. As the genus Schizopyga was found to be polyphyletic, the genus Dreisbachia, which had been synonymized under Schizopyga, was resurrected and Iania gen.n. is proposed for Dreisbachia pictifrons, to maintain monophyletic genera. Species of the Schizopyga subgroup utilize spiders constructing egg‐laying chambers or funnel webs as hosts. The genus Piogaster was not recovered as the sister to all other members of the genus group, unlike previous hypotheses, but was nested in this clade as (Zabrachypus + ((Brachyzapus + Schizopyga) + (Dreisbachia + (Iania + Piogaster)))). Members of the Acrodactyla and Polysphincta subgroups attack spiders that weave aerial webs. The host range of the former is centred on tetragnathid and linyphiid spiders, the host range of the latter seems to centre mainly on orb‐weaving araneids and partly on theridiids weaving three‐dimensional (3D) irregular webs. Based on the obtained phylogeny of the group, the evolution of larval and cocoon morphology, and the mode of parasitism are discussed. Acrodactyla varicarinata Uchida & Momoi and A. inoperta Kusigemati are transferred to the genus Megaetaira (comb.n.).This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0AB1086F‐9F23‐4057‐B7ED‐3A3943E19C61.
Modeling spatiotemporal pattern of agriculture‐feasible land in China
Authors: Guan Weihe Wendy , Wu Kang , Carnes Fei 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study applies a spatial fuzzy multi‐criteria evaluation model to determine agricultural feasibility in China based on physical variables (accumulated temperature, sunshine, precipitation, hydrology, elevation and soil properties). The resulting agricultural feasibility index layer is combined with nightlight images (1992‐2013) to determine the spatiotemporal variation of urban encroachment on feasible agriculture land. It reveals the severity of agricultural land losses to urbanization.
Rhinovirus species and clinical features in children hospitalised with pneumonia from Mozambique
Authors: Annamalay Alicia A. , Lanaspa Miguel , Khoo Siew‐Kim , Madrid Lola , Acácio Sozinho , Zhang Guicheng , Laing Ingrid A. , Gern James , Goldblatt Jack , Bizzintino Joelene , Lehmann Deborah , Le Souëf Peter N. , Bassat Quique 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the prevalence of human rhinovirus (RV) species in children hospitalised with pneumonia in Manhiça, Mozambique, and the associations between RV species and demographic, clinical and laboratory features.MethodsNasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children 0 to 10 years of age (n = 277) presenting to Manhiça District Hospital with clinical pneumonia. Blood samples were collected for HIV and malaria testing, blood culture and full blood counts, and a chest X‐ray was performed. A panel of common respiratory viruses was investigated using two independent multiplex RT‐PCR assays with primers specific for each virus and viral type. RV species and genotypes were identified by seminested PCR assays, sequencing and phylogenetic tree analyses.ResultsAt least one respiratory virus was identified in 206 (74.4%) children hospitalised with clinical pneumonia. RV was the most common virus identified in both HIV‐infected (17 of 38, 44.7%) and HIV‐uninfected (74 of 237, 31.2%; P = 0.100) children. RV‐A was the most common RV species identified (47 of 275, 17.0%), followed by RV‐C (35/275, 12.6%) and RV‐B (8/275, 2.9%). Clinical presentation of the different RV species was similar and overlapping, with no particular species being associated with specific clinical features.ConclusionsRV‐A and RV‐C were the most common respiratory viruses identified in children hospitalised with clinical pneumonia in Manhiça. Clinical presentation of RV‐A and RV‐C was similar and overlapping.
How do we approach dilemmas in red cell testing?
Authors: Nadarajan V. S. 
Published: June 2016

Despite the large number of serologically identified red cell antigens to date, it is reassuring to note that in the common clinical scenario, the transfusion laboratory would only likely deal with a narrow range of clinically significant antibodies to specific antigens of blood group systems. AccurateABOand RhD typing still remains the most crucial step in pretransfusion testing followed by the antibody screen. The correct identification of single antibodies or multiple antibodies and whether they are alloantibodies or autoantibodies is necessary so that corresponding antigen‐negative red cells can be supplied. Clinically insignificant antibodies or what some would denote as ‘nuisance’ antibodies would need to be differentiated from clinically significant antibodies.When discrepancies occur between forward and reverseABOtyping, it is crucial that laboratories resolve the discrepancy before a specificABOblood group is assigned. The inclusion of O cells in reverse grouping, anti‐H and anti‐A1 lectins in the forward, performing the typing on a range of temperatures using washed red cells and careful interpretation of agglutination patterns, would usually provide an answer. On occasions, a saliva test may be necessary and rarely molecular typing. With regard to RhD typing, test systems should identify RhD‐negative and D‐variant individuals so that D‐negative units can be issued to them. Testing with antisera from different clones, the use of adsorption–elution techniques and RhD.CcEe typing aids in coming to a conclusion, before molecular testing becomes necessary. Extended red cell phenotyping is indicated if the patient is at risk for developing a red cell antibody.
Clinical Resistance to Velpatasvir (GS-5816), a Novel Pan-Genotypic Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein
Authors: Lawitz Eric J. , Dvory-Sobol Hadas , Doehle Brian P. , Worth Angela S. , McNally John , Brainard Diana M. , Link John O. , Miller Michael D. , Mo Hongmei 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Velpatasvir (VEL, GS-5816) is a novel pan-genotypic hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor with activity against genotype 1 (GT1) to GT6 HCV replicons. In a phase 1b 3-day monotherapy study, patients treated with a 150-mg dose of GS-5816 had a mean maximal HCV RNA decline of ≥3.3 log
10
IU/ml in GT1a, -1b, -2, -3, and -4. This report characterizes virologic resistance to VEL in these patients. NS5A resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) were detected by deep sequencing (1% cutoff) pretreatment in 22/70 patients, i.e., 10/35 (29%) patients with GT1a, 1/8 (13%) with GT1b, 4/8 (50.0%) with GT2, 5/17 (29.4%) with GT3, and 2/2 (100.0%) with GT4. In GT1a and GT3 patients, pretreatment RASs were associated with a slightly reduced HCV RNA response compared to that of patients without pretreatment RASs; among patients with GT1b, GT2, and GT4, no significant difference in response was observed in those with or without pretreatment RASs. Following treatment, the pattern of emergent RASs was more complex for GT1a than for the other genotypes. In GT1a, substitutions emerged at positions M28, Q30, L31, P32, H58, E92, and Y93, with the most prevalent substitutions at positions Y93, M28, and L31. RASs were observed at two positions in GT1b and GT2 (Y93 and L31), three positions in GT3 (Y93, L31, and E92), and four positions in GT4 (L28, M31, P32L, and Y93). RASs that were present pretreatment persisted through the 48-week follow-up period; however, RASs emerging during treatment were more likely to decline both in prevalence and in frequency within the viral population during follow-up. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01740791.)
Identification of Signaling Pathways by Which CD40 Stimulates Autophagy and Antimicrobial Activity against Toxoplasma gondii in Macrophages
Authors: Liu Elizabeth , Lopez Corcino Yalitza , Portillo Jose-Andres C. , Miao Yanling , Subauste Carlos S. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTCD40 is an important stimulator of autophagy and autophagic killing ofToxoplasma gondiiin host cells. In contrast to autophagy induced by nutrient deprivation or pattern recognition receptors, less is known about the effects of cell-mediated immunity on Beclin 1 and ULK1, key regulators of autophagy. Here we studied the molecular mechanisms by which CD40 stimulates autophagy in macrophages. CD40 ligation caused biphasic Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. The second phase of JNK phosphorylation was dependent on autocrine production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). TNF-α and JNK signaling were required for the CD40-induced increase in autophagy. JNK signaling downstream of CD40 caused Ser-87 phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and dissociation between Bcl-2 and Beclin 1, an event known to stimulate the autophagic function of Beclin 1. However, TNF-α alone was unable to stimulate autophagy. CD40 also stimulated autophagy via a pathway that included calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and ULK1. CD40 caused AMPK phosphorylation at its activating site, Thr-172. This effect was mediated by CaMKKβ and was not impaired by neutralization of TNF-α. CD40 triggered AMPK-dependent Ser-555 phosphorylation of ULK1. CaMKKβ, AMPK, and ULK1 were required for CD40-induced increase in autophagy. CD40-mediated autophagic killing ofToxoplasma gondiiis known to require TNF-α. Knockdown of JNK, CaMKKβ, AMPK, or ULK1 preventedT. gondiikilling in CD40-activated macrophages. The second phase of JNK phosphorylation—Bcl-2 phosphorylation—Bcl-2–Beclin 1 dissociation and AMPK phosphorylation-ULK1 phosphorylation occurred simultaneously at ∼4 h post-CD40 stimulation. Thus, CaMKKβ and TNF-α are upstream molecules by which CD40 acts on ULK1 and Beclin 1 to stimulate autophagy and killing ofT. gondii.
A Commensal Bacterium Promotes Virulence of an Opportunistic Pathogen via Cross-Respiration
Authors: Stacy Apollo , Fleming Derek , Lamont Richard J. , Rumbaugh Kendra P. , Whiteley Marvin 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Bacteria rarely inhabit infection sites alone, instead residing in diverse, multispecies communities. Despite this fact, bacterial pathogenesis studies primarily focus on monoculture infections, overlooking how community interactions influence the course of disease. In this study, we used global mutant fitness profiling (transposon sequencing [Tn-seq]) to determine the genetic requirements for the pathogenic bacterium
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
to cause disease when coinfecting with the commensal bacterium
Streptococcus gordonii
. Our results show that
S. gordonii
extensively alters
A. actinomycetemcomitans
requirements for virulence factors and biosynthetic pathways during infection. In addition, we discovered that the presence of
S. gordonii
enhances the bioavailability of oxygen during infection, allowing
A. actinomycetemcomitans
to shift from a primarily fermentative to a respiratory metabolism that enhances its growth yields and persistence. Mechanistically, respiratory metabolism enhances the fitness of
A. actinomycetemcomitans in vivo
by increasing ATP yields via central metabolism and creating a proton motive force. Our results reveal that, similar to cross-feeding, where one species provides another species with a nutrient, commensal bacteria can also provide electron acceptors that promote the respiratory growth and fitness of pathogens
in vivo
, an interaction that we term cross-respiration.

IMPORTANCE
Commensal bacteria can enhance the virulence of pathogens in mixed-species infections. However, knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this clinically relevant phenomenon is lacking. To bridge this gap, we comprehensively determined the genes a pathogen needs to establish coinfection with a commensal. Our findings show that the metabolism of the pathogen is low-energy-yielding in monoinfection, but in coinfection, the commensal improves the fitness of the pathogen by increasing the bioavailability of oxygen, thereby shifting the pathogen toward a high-energy-yielding metabolism. Similar to cross-feeding, this interaction, which we term cross-respiration, illustrates that commensal bacteria can provide electron acceptors that enhance the virulence of pathogens during infection.
Minority ethnicity patient satisfaction and experience: results of the National Cancer Patient Experience Survey in England
Authors: Pinder Richard J , Ferguson Jamie , Møller Henrik 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesThis study sought to explore the differential patient satisfaction reported by patients with cancer who are from ethnic minority backgrounds, examining patient-reported experience of interacting with medical and nursing staff.SettingAs a secondary analysis, we collated data collected over two consecutive annual rounds of the National Cancer Patient Experience Survey (NCPES) from September 2012 to November 2013.ParticipantsThere were 138 878 responses from 155 hospital trusts across the National Health Service in England, representing a response rate of 63.9% based on the total identified cohort of patients receiving cancer care over those 2 years.OutcomesWe used the results of the annual survey, which sought to assess overall patient satisfaction along with patient experience of interacting with clinical nurse specialists, hospital doctors and ward nurses.ResultsEthnic minority patients reported lower satisfaction and less positive experiences of care overall. While some of this difference appeared related to demographic and socioeconomic variation, ethnic minority patients remained less positive than those in the White British group, after statistical adjustment. Ethnic minority patients also reported lower confidence in, and less understanding of, healthcare professionals, including clinical nurse specialists, doctors and ward nurses.ConclusionsGiven the diversity of the British population, as well as the clustering of ethnic minority patients in certain urban areas, a better understanding of the expectations and additional needs of ethnic minority patients is required to improve their experience of and satisfaction with cancer care.
An economic evaluation of the costs of training a medical scribe to work in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Walker Katherine J , Dunlop Will , Liew Danny , Staples Margaret P , Johnson Matt , Ben-Meir Michael , Rodda Hamish Gordon , Turner Ian , Phillips David 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo undertake a cost analysis of training medical scribes in an ED.MethodsThis was a pilot, observational, single-centre study at Cabrini ED, Melbourne, Australia, studying the costs of initiating a scribe programme from the perspective of the hospital and Australian Health sector. Recruitment and training occurred between August 2015 and February 2016 and comprised of a prework course (1 month), prework training sessions and clinical training shifts for scribe trainees (2–4 months, one shift per week) who were trained by emergency physicians. Costs of start-up, recruitment, administration, preclinical training, clinical training shifts and productivity changes for trainers were calculated.Results10 trainees were recruited to the prework course, 9 finished, 6 were offered clinical training after simulation assessment, 5 achieved competency. Scribes required clinical training ranging from 68 to 118 hours to become competent after initial classroom training. Medical students (2) required 7 shifts to become competent, premedical students (3) 8–16 shifts, while a trainee from an alternative background did not achieve competency. Based on a scribe salary of US$15.91/hour (including 25% on-costs) plus shift loadings, costs were: recruitment and start-up US$3111, education US$1257, administration US$866 and clinical shift costs US$1137 (overall cost US$6317 per competent scribe). Physicians who trained the clinical trainee scribes during shifts did not lose productivity.ConclusionsTraining scribes outside the USA is feasible using an on-line training course and local physicians. It makes economic sense to hire individuals who can work over a long period of time to recoup training costs.Trial registration numberACTRN12615000607572.
Diagenesis, plagioclase dissolution and preservation of porosity in Eocene and Oligocene sandstones at the Greeley oil field, southern San Joaquin basin, California, USA
Authors: Nguyen D. T. , Horton R. A. , Kaess A. B. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

The Vedder (Oligocene) and Kreyenhagen (Eocene) sandstones at the Greeley oil field consist of arkosic to subarkosic arenites and wackes deposited in shallow marine environments. Burial depths of the Vedder sandstones exceed 3150 m and the reservoir temperature is 124°C. The Kreyenhagen sandstones are buried to greater than 3920 m and the reservoir temperature is estimated to be
c.
135°C. These sandstones are currently at or very near their deepest burial depths.

The textural relationships of the diagenetic minerals suggest syndepositional formation of glauconite, phosphate and pyrite, followed by early precipitation of pore-lining clay coatings and carbonate cements along with framework-grain fracturing and possibly dissolution. With increasing burial, dissolution of the framework grains continued, accompanied by the albitization of feldspars, the formation of K-feldspar and quartz overgrowths, the precipitation of kaolinite and other clays and possibly the precipitation of late carbonate cements. Finally, hydrocarbon migration and the formation of pyrite occurred during late diagenesis.
Porosity preservation and reservoir quality are primarily the result of plagioclase dissolution occurring as the strata approached their current burial depths. Mass balance calculations indicate the significant export of aluminium out of the sands. Thus secondary porosity produced by plagioclase dissolution has replaced the primary porosity destroyed by compaction, and now accounts for the majority of the porosity in these rocks.