bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Media Campaigning: Mobilization and Fundraising on Facebook
Authors: Auter Zachary J. , Fine Jeffrey A. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveWe investigate why certain candidates for the U.S. Senate are more likely to use social media for mobilization and fundraising.MethodsThrough content analysis of nearly 15,000 Facebook posts made by candidates for the U.S. Senate, we examine how candidate and campaign characteristics shape social media use.ResultsWe find this type of campaigning is most common among challengers and Tea Party candidates who lack the name recognition and resources of more established candidates. Additionally, race characteristics, such as competitiveness and the relative positioning of candidates, influence social media posting strategies, with candidates in competitive races and candidates trailing their opponent more actively engaging in social media campaigning.ConclusionsWhile nearly all candidates engage in some level of campaigning on social media, candidates in competitive races, challengers, and underdog candidates adopt these types of strategies most frequently on Facebook.
Does targeting children with hygiene promotion messages work? The effect of handwashing promotion targeted at children, on diarrhoea, soil‐transmitted helminth infections and behaviour change, in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Watson Julie A. , Ensink Jeroen H. J. , Ramos Monica , Benelli Prisca , Holdsworth Elizabeth , Dreibelbis Robert , Cumming Oliver 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo synthesise evidence on the effect of handwashing promotion interventions targeting children, on diarrhoea, soil‐transmitted helminth infection and handwashing behaviour, in low‐ and middle‐income country settings.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was performed by searching eight databases, and reference lists were hand‐searched for additional articles. Studies were reviewed for inclusion according to pre‐defined inclusion criteria and the quality of all studies was assessed.ResultsEight studies were included in this review: seven cluster‐randomised controlled trials and one cluster non‐randomised controlled trial. All eight studies targeted children aged 5–12 attending primary school but were heterogeneous for both the type of intervention and the reported outcomes so results were synthesised qualitatively. None of the studies were of high quality and the large majority were at high risk of bias. The reported effect of child‐targeted handwashing interventions on our outcomes of interest varied between studies. Of the different interventions reported, no one approach to promoting handwashing among children appeared most effective.ConclusionOur review found very few studies that evaluated handwashing interventions targeting children and all had various methodological limitations. It is plausible that interventions which succeed in changing children's handwashing practices will lead to significant health impacts given that much of the attributable disease burden is concentrated in that age group. The current paucity of evidence in this area, however, does not permit any recommendations to be made as to the most effective route to increasing handwashing with soap practice among children in LMIC.
Translation regulation in plants: an interesting past, an exciting present and a promising future
Authors: Merchante Catharina , Stepanova Anna N. , Alonso Jose M. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryChanges in gene expression are at the core of most biological processes, from cell differentiation to organ development, including the adaptation of the whole organism to the ever‐changing environment. Although the central role of transcriptional regulation is solidly established and the general mechanisms involved in this type of regulation are relatively well understood, it is clear that regulation at a translational level also plays an essential role in modulating gene expression. Despite the large number of examples illustrating the critical role played by translational regulation in determining the expression levels of a gene, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind such types of regulation has been slow to emerge. With the recent development of high‐throughput approaches to map and quantify different critical parameters affecting translation, such as RNA structure, protein–RNA interactions and ribosome occupancy at the genome level, a renewed enthusiasm toward studying translation regulation is warranted. The use of these new powerful technologies in well‐established and uncharacterized translation‐dependent processes holds the promise to decipher the likely complex and diverse, but also fascinating, mechanisms behind the regulation of translation.
Resolving fine‐grained dynamics of retrotransposons: comparative analysis of inferential methods and genomic resources
Authors: Choudhury Rimjhim Roy , Neuhaus Jean‐Marc , Parisod Christian 
Published: February 2017

SummaryTransposable elements support genome diversification, but comparison of their proliferation and genomic distribution within and among species is necessary to characterize their role in evolution. Such inferences are challenging because of potential bias with incomplete sampling of repetitive genome regions. Here, using the assembled genome as well as genome skimming datasets in Arabis alpina, we assessed the limits of current approaches inferring the biology of transposable elements. Long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR‐RTs) identified in the assembled genome were classified into monophyletic lineages (here called tribes), including families of similar copies in Arabis along with elements from related Brassicaceae. Inference of their dynamics using divergence of LTRs in full‐length copies and mismatch distribution of genetic variation among all copies congruently highlighted recent transposition bursts, although ancient proliferation events were apparent only with mismatch distribution. Similar inferences of LTR‐RT dynamics based on random sequences from genome skimming were highly correlated with assembly‐based estimates, supporting accurate analyses from shallow sequencing. Proportions of LTR‐RT copies next to genes from both assembled genomes and genome skimming were congruent, pointing to tribes being over‐ or under‐represented in the vicinity of genes. Finally, genome skimming at low coverage revealed accurate inferences of LTR‐RT dynamics and distribution, although only the most abundant families appeared robustly analysed at 0.1X. Examining the pitfalls and benefits of approaches relying on different genomic resources, we highlight that random sequencing reads represent adequate data suitably complementing biased samples of LTR‐RT copies retrieved from assembled genomes towards comprehensive surveys of the biology of transposable elements.
The enchanted path: magic and modernism in psychogeographical walking
Authors: Bonnett Alastair 
Published: February 2017

Geographers have a developing interest in the place of enchantment and the ‘extra‐ordinary’ in the modern city. The paper shows that magic has a significant role in the work of many psychogeographical writers, artists and activists, and argues that this phenomenon needs to be understood in the context of the wider use of magic as a site and symbol of creativity and subversion in modernist cultural expression. Drawing on a survey of British psychogeographical forms and a more detailed study of three London literary examples, it examines how psychogeographical walkers have expanded and developed ‘magical modernism’. Across the varied terrain of psychogeographical walking, magic is used to conjure an openness and vulnerability to voices ‘hidden’ in the landscape. As well as providing more in‐depth discussion of these themes, the three examples of London psychogeography that I explore complicate them by illustrating further specific and diverse uses of magic – namely, magic as environmentalist critique, magic as humour/humour as magic and magic as activism.
Assessment of the Pitting Corrosion Degradation Lifetime: A Case
Study of Boiler Tubes
Authors: Moghanlou Lida Naseh , Pourgol-Mohammad Mohammad 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Corrosion degradation is a common problem for boiler tubes in power plants, resulting in an unscheduled plant shutdown. In this research, degradation of the corrosion is investigated for boiler tubes by estimating the corrosion lifetime. A special focus is made on the corrosion failures, important failure modes, and mechanisms for the metallic boiler tubes via failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA) method, thereby evaluating the pitting corrosion as the most common failure mode in the tubes. Majority of the available approaches estimates lifetime of the pitting corrosion by deterministic approaches, in which the results are valid only for limited conditions. In order to improve deficiencies of available models, a stochastic method is proposed here to study the corrosion life. The temporal behavior of the metal degradation is analyzed in different conditions through the developed approach, and a proper degradation model is selected. Uncertainty intervals/distributions are determined for some of the model parameters. The deterministic model is converted to a probabilistic model by taking into account the variability of the uncertain input parameters. The model is simulated using Monte Carlo method via simple sampling. The result of the life estimation is updated by the Bayesian framework using Monte Carlo Markov Chain. Finally, for the element that is subjected to the pitting corrosion degradation, the life distribution is obtained. The modeling results show that the pitting corrosion has stochastic behavior with lognormal distribution as proper fit for the pitting corrosion behavior. In order to validate the results, the estimations were compared with the power plant field failure data.
Single‐isocenter hybrid IMRT plans versus two‐isocenter conventional plans and impact of intrafraction motion for the treatment of breast cancer with supraclavicular lymph nodes involvement
Authors: Amoush Ahmad , Murray Eric , Yu Jennifer S. , Xia Ping 
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare the single‐isocenter, four‐field hybrid IMRT with the two‐isocenter techniques to treat the whole breast and supraclavicular fields and to investigate the intrafraction motions in both techniques in the superior direction. Fifteen breast cancer patients who underwent lumpectomy and adjuvant radiation to the whole breast and supraclavicular (SCV) fossa at our institution were selected for this study. Two planning techniques were compared for the treatment of the breast and SCV lymph nodes. The patients were divided into three subgroups according to the whole breast volume. For the two‐isocenter technique, conventional wedged or field‐within‐a‐field tangents (FIF) were used to match with the same anterior field for the SCV region. For the single‐isocenter technique, four‐field hybrid IMRT was used for the tangent fields matched with a half blocked anterior field for the SCV region. To simulate the intrafraction uncertainties in the longitudinal direction for both techniques, the treatment isocenters were shifted by 1 mm and 2 mm in the superior direction. The average breast clinical tumor volume (CTV) receiving 100% () of the prescription dose (50 Gy) was and for the for two‐isocenter and single‐isocenter plans (), respectively. The breast CTV receiving 95% of the prescription dose () was close to 100% in both techniques. The average breast CTV receiving 105% () of the prescription dose was and (). The percentage volume of the breast CTV receiving 110% of the dose was in the two‐isocentric technique vs. in the single‐isocentric technique. The average uniformity index was vs. in both techniques (), but had no clinical impact. The percentage volume of the contralateral breast receiving a dose of 1 Gy was less than 2.3% in small breast patients and insignificant for medium and large breast sizes. The percentage of the total lung volume receiving () and the heart receiving () were 13.6% vs. 14.3% () and 1.25% vs. 1.2% (), respectively. Shifting the treatment isocenter by 1 mm and 2 mm superiorly showed that the average maximum dose to 1 cc of the breast volume was Gy and Gy in the two‐isocentric technique vs. Gy and Gy in the single‐isocentric technique (, 0.87), respectively. The single‐isocenter technique using four‐field hybrid IMRT approach resulted in comparable plan quality as the two‐isocentric technique. The single‐isocenter technique is more sensitive to intrafraction motion in the superior direction compared to the two‐isocentric technique. The advantages of the single‐isocenter include elimination of isocentric errors due to couch and collimator rotations and reduction in treatment time. This study supports consideration of a single‐isocenter four‐field hybrid IMRT technique for patients undergoing breast and supraclavicular nodal irradiation.PACS number: 87.55.D, 87.55.de, 87.55.dk,
Characterization of MOSFET dosimeters for low‐dose measurements in maxillofacial anthropomorphic phantoms
Authors: Koivisto Juha H. , Wolff Jan E. , Kiljunen Timo , Schulze Dirk , Kortesniemi Mika 
Published: February 2017

The aims of this study were to characterize reinforced metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) dosimeters to assess the measurement uncertainty, single exposure low‐dose limit with acceptable accuracy, and the number of exposures required to attain the corresponding limit of the thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). The second aim was to characterize MOSFET dosimeter sensitivities for two dental photon energy ranges, dose dependency, dose rate dependency, and accumulated dose dependency. A further aim was to compare the performance of MOSFETs with those of TLDs in an anthropomorphic phantom head using a dentomaxillofacial CBCT device. The uncertainty was assessed by exposing 20 MOSFETs and a Barracuda MPD reference dosimeter. The MOSFET dosimeter sensitivities were evaluated for two photon energy ranges (50–90 kVp) using a constant dose and polymethylmethacrylate backscatter material. MOSFET and TLD comparative point‐dose measurements were performed on an anthropomorphic phantom that was exposed with a clinical CBCT protocol. The MOSFET single exposure low dose limit (25% uncertainty, ) was 1.69 mGy. An averaging of eight MOSFET exposures was required to attain the corresponding TLD (0.3 mGy) low‐dose limit. The sensitivity was independently of the photon energy used. The MOSFET dosimeters did not present dose or dose rate sensitivity but, however, presented a 1% decrease of sensitivity per 1000 mV for accumulated threshold voltages between 8300 mV and 17500 mV. The point doses in an anthropomorphic phantom ranged for MOSFETs between 0.24 mGy and 2.29 mGy and for TLDs between 0.25 and 2.09 mGy, respectively. The mean difference was −8%. The MOSFET dosimeters presented statistically insignificant energy dependency. By averaging multiple exposures, the MOSFET dosimeters can achieve a TLD‐comparable low‐dose limit and constitute a feasible method for diagnostic dosimetry using anthropomorphic phantoms. However, for single in vivo measurements () the sensitivity is too low.PACS number: 87.50.wj
Influence of internal fixation systems on radiation therapy for spinal tumor
Authors: Li Jingfeng , Yan Lei , Wang Jianping , Cai Lin , Hu Dongcai 
Published: February 2017

In this study, the influence of internal fixation systems on radiation therapy for spinal tumor was investigated in order to derive a theoretical basis for adjustment of radiation dose for patients with spinal tumor and internal fixation. Based on a common method of internal fixation after resection of spinal tumor, different models of spinal internal fixation were constructed using the lumbar vertebra of fresh domestic pigs and titanium alloy as the internal fixation system. Variations in radiation dose in the vertebral body and partial spinal cord in different types of internal fixation were studied under the same radiation condition (6 MV and 600 mGy) in different fixation models and compared with those irradiated based on the treatment planning system (TPS). Our results showed that spinal internal fixation materials have great impact on the radiation dose absorbed by spinal tumors. Under the same radiation condition, the influence of anterior internal fixation material or combined anterior and posterior approach on radiation dose at the anterior border of the vertebral body was the greatest. Regardless of the kinds of internal fixation method employed, radiation dose at the anterior border of the vertebral body was significantly different from that at other positions. Notably, the influence of posterior internal fixation material on the anterior wall of the vertebral canal was the greatest. X‐ray attenuation and scattering should be taken into consideration for most patients with bone metastasis that receive fixation of metal implants. Further evaluation should then be conducted with modified TPS in order to minimize the potentially harmful effects of inappropriate radiation dose.PACS number: 87.55.D‐
Analysis of direct clinical consequences of MLC positional errors in volumetric‐modulated arc therapy using 3D dosimetry system
Authors: Nithiyanantham Karthikeyan , Mani Ganesh K. , Subramani Vikraman , Mueller Lutz , Palaniappan Karrthick K. , Kataria Tejinder 
Published: February 2017

In advanced, intensity‐modulated external radiotherapy facility, the multileaf collimator has a decisive role in the beam modulation by creating multiple segments or dynamically varying field shapes to deliver a uniform dose distribution to the target with maximum sparing of normal tissues. The position of each MLC leaf has become more critical for intensity‐modulated delivery (step‐and‐shoot IMRT, dynamic IMRT, and VMAT) compared to 3D CRT, where it defines only field boundaries. We analyzed the impact of the MLC positional errors on the dose distribution for volumetric‐modulated arc therapy, using a 3D dosimetry system. A total of 15 VMAT cases, five each for brain, head and neck, and prostate cases, were retrospectively selected for the study. All the plans were generated in Monaco 3.0.0v TPS (Elekta Corporation, Atlanta, GA) and delivered using Elekta Synergy linear accelerator. Systematic errors of were introduced in the MLC bank of the linear accelerator and the impact on the dose distribution of VMAT delivery was measured using the COMPASS 3D dosimetry system. All the plans were created using single modulated arcs and the dose calculation was performed using a Monte Carlo algorithm in a grid size of 3 mm. The clinical endpoints , and , D50% were taken for the evaluation of the target and critical organs doses, respectively. A significant dosimetric effect was found for many cases even with 0.5 mm of MLC positional errors. The average change of dose to PTV for , and was 5.15%, 2.58%, and 0.96% for brain cases; 7.19%, 3.67%, and 1.56% for head and neck cases; and 8.39%, 4.5%, and 1.86% for prostate cases, respectively. The average deviation of dose was 5.4%, 2.8%, and 0.83% for brainstem in brain cases; 8.2%, 4.4%, and 1.9% for spinal cord in H&N; and 10.8%, 6.2%, and 2.1% for rectum in prostate cases, respectively. The average changes in dose followed a linear relationship with the amount of MLC positional error, as can be expected. MLC positional errors beyond showed a significant influence on the intensity‐modulated dose distributions. It is, therefore, recommended to have a cautious MLC calibration procedure to sufficiently meet the accuracy in dose delivery.PACS number: 87.56
Adaptive optimization by 6 DOF robotic couch in prostate volumetric IMRT treatment: rototranslational shift and dosimetric consequences
Authors: Chiesa Silvia , Placidi Lorenzo , Azario Luigi , Mattiucci Gian Carlo , Greco Francesca , Damiani Andrea , Mantini Giovanna , Frascino Vincenzo , Piermattei Angelo , Valentini Vincenzo , Balducci Mario 
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude and dosimetric relevance of translational and rotational shifts on IGRT prostate volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) using Protura six degrees of freedom (DOF) Robotic Patient Positioning System. Patients with cT3aN0M0 prostate cancer, treated with VMAT simultaneous integrated boost (VMAT‐SIB), were enrolled. PTV2 was obtained adding 0.7 cm margin to seminal vesicles base (CTV2), while PTV1 adding to prostate (CTV1) 0.7 cm margin in all directions, except 1.2 cm, as caudal margin. A daily CBCT was acquired before dose delivery. The translational and rotational displacements were corrected through Protura Robotic Couch, collected and applied to the simulation CT to obtain a translated CT (tCT) and a rototranslated CT (rtCT) on which we recalculated the initial treatment plan (TP). We analyzed the correlation between dosimetric coverage, organs at risk (OAR) sparing, and translational or rotational displacements. The dosimetric impact of a rototranslational correction was calculated. From October 2012 to September 2013, a total of 263 CBCT scans from 12 patients were collected. Translational shifts were in 81% of patients and the rotational shifts were in 93% of patient scans. The dosimetric analysis was performed on 172 CBCT scans and calculating 344 VMAT‐TP. Two significant linear correlations were observed between yaw and the V20 femoral heads and between pitch rotation and V50 rectum (); rototranslational correction seems to impact more on PTV2 than on PTV1, especially when margins are reduced. Rotational errors are of dosimetric significance in sparing OAR and in target coverage. This is relevant for femoral heads and rectum because of major distance from isocenter, and for seminal vesicles because of irregular shape. No correlation was observed between translational and rotational errors. A study considering the intrafractional error and the deformable registration is ongoing.PACS number: 87.55.de
Geometric error of cervical point A calculated through traditional reconstruction procedures for brachytherapy treatment
Authors: Chang Liyun , Ho Sheng‐Yow , Yeh Shyh‐An , Lee Tsair‐Fwu , Chen Pang‐Yu 
Published: February 2017

Brachytherapy used in local cervical cancer is still widely based on 2D standard dose planning with the prescription to point A, which is invisible on imaging and located at a high‐dose gradient. In this study, the geometric location error of point A was investigated. It is traditionally reconstructed in the treatment planning system after carefully digitizing the point marks that were previously drawn on the orthogonal radiographs into the system. Two Cartesian coordinates of point A were established and compared. One was built up based on the geometric definition of point A and would be taken as the true coordinate, while the other was built up through traditional clinical treatment procedures and named as the practical coordinate. The orthogonal film reconstruction technique was used and the location error between the practical and the true coordinate introduced from the variations of, first, the angle between the tandem and the simulator gantry rotation axis, and second, the interval between the tandem flange and the simulator isocenter, was analyzed. The location error of point A was higher if the tandem was rotated away from the gantry rotation axis or if the location of the tandem flange was set away from the isocenter. If a tandem with a 30° curvature was rotated away from the gantry rotation axis 10° in the anterior–posterior (AP) view, and there was an 8.7 cm interval between the flange and the isocenter, the location error of point A would be 3 mm without including other errors from simulator calibration, data input, patient setup, and movements. To reduce the location error of point A calculated for traditional reconstruction procedures, it is suggested to move the couch or patient to make the mid‐point of two points A near the isocenter and the tandem in the AP view parallel to the gantry rotation axis as much as possible.PACS number: 87.55.km