bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF TETRACYCLO(5,3,1,0(3,5),0(4,9))UNDECAN‐2‐ONE AND THE ACID‐CATALYSED AND REDUCTIVE CLEAVAGES OF THE CYCLOPROPYL RING
Authors: HAMON DAVID P. G. , TAYLOR GARRY F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDas aus der Säure (Ia) über das Chlorid (Ib) erhältliche Diazoketon (Ic) wird zur Titelverbindung (II) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTED ENDO‐TRICYCLO(3.2.1.0(2,4))OCT‐6‐ENES 1. MITT. PREPARATION BY THE DIELS‐ALDER REACTION BETWEEN CYCLOPROPENE AND SUBSTITUTED CYCLOPENTADIENES
Authors: KAGI ROBERT I. , JOHNSON BRIAN L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDiels‐Alder‐Reaktion der Cyclopentadiene (I) mit Cyclopropen (II) führt zu den Tricyclooctenen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF TERT‐BUTYL PEROXY ESTERS PART 14, FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE PREPARATION OF DIALKYL TERT‐BUTYLPEROXY PHOSPHATES
Authors: SOSNOVSKY G. , ZARET E. H. 
Published: March 2016

Abstracttert.‐Butyl‐peroxy‐phosphate wie (Va) können zwar durch Umsetzung von Chlorphosphaten wie (IVa) mit dem Hydroperoxid (I) in Gegenwart von Pyridin oder wäßriger KOH erhalten werden, sie sind jedoch mit den ebenfalls gebildeten Pyrophosphaten wie (II), die sich mit üblichen Methoden nicht abtrennen lassen, verunreinigt.
ChemInform Abstract: ENAMINE‐ALKENEPHOSPHONATE CYCLOADDITIONS, CYCLOBUTENEPHOSPHONATES
Authors: DARLING S. D. , SUBRAMANIAN N. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDiäthoxy‐phosphinyl‐äthylen (I) reagiert mit dem Enamin (II) über die Zwischenstufe (III) zum kondensierten Cyclobutylamin (IV), das mit NaH zum kondensieaten Cyclobuten (V) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTERACTION OF DIARYLAMINES AND ARSENIC TRICHLORIDE
Authors: FREEDMAN L. D. , STYLES V. L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBei der Umsetzung zwischen Diphenylamin (I) oder auch seinen Derivaten mit l Arsentrichlorid (II) erhält man ausschließlich das Cyclisierungsprodukt (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PLATINUM 6‐THIOPURINE RIBOSIDE COMPLEXES
Authors: HADJILIADIS N. , THEOPHANIDES T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion der Liganden mit Tetrahalogenoplatinat liefert in neutralem wäßrigen Medium die trans‐Chelat‐Komplexe (I) und in stark saurer Lösung die Verbindungen (II), für die polymere Struktur mit einer schwachen Wasserstoffbrückenbindung zwischen dem protonierten Stickstoff in 1‐Stellung des Purins und dem Halogenatom eines benachbarten Moleküls angenommen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOSIDES PART 92, A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF 5‐(BETA‐D‐RIBOFURANOSYL)‐ISOCYTOSINE(PSI‐ISOCYTIDINE)
Authors: CHU C. K. , WATANABE K. A. , FOX J. J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus der Ribofuranose (I) erhält man mit dem Phosphoran (II) das Kondensat (III), das zu (IV) formyliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON (6Z)‐4‐HYDROXY‐6‐DODECENSAEURE‐LACTON UND 4‐HYDROXYDODECANSAEURELACTON
Authors: SUCROW WOLFGANG , KLEIN UWE 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDas aus dem Enin (I) erhältliche Epoxid (II) wird mit dem Amid (III) zum Hydroxyamid (IV) umgesetzt, das mit saurem Ionenaustauscher in Aceton in das Butyrolacton (V) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC ALKYLATION REACTION BY MEANS OF A CHIRAL PHASE TRANSFER CATALYST
Authors: FIAUD J. C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCyclohexanon‐2‐carbonsäureester (Ia) bzw. 2‐Acetyl‐cyclohexanon (Ib) werden in Gegenwart von optisch aktivem Ephbdrin‐ammoniumsalz (III) mit den Alkylierungsmitteln (II) zu (IV) alkyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: EINE NEUE REAKTION UNTER BILDUNG VON CYCLOPROPANEN
Authors: BARREAU M. , BOST M. , JULIA M. , LALLEMAND J. Y. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Methylenverbindungen (Ia), (Ib) werden in Gegenwart von Cu(II)‐halogenid mit Olefinen (III) behandelt, wobei über die Zwischenstufen (II) Cyclisierungsprodukte (IV) sowie die Addukte (V) bzw, (VI) in unterschiedlichenAnteilen entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF THE STEREOISOMERIC DIETHYL 6‐AMINOCYCLOHEXANE‐1,3‐DICARBOXYLATES
Authors: SKARIC VINKO , DJURAS BLANKA , TURJAK‐ZEBIC VERA 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie katalytische Hydrierung der Cyclohexanonoxime (I) an Raney‐Ni liefert die vier stereoisomeren Amine (II).
ChemInform Abstract: AROMATIC NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION PART 5, CONFIRMATION OF THE SPIRO JANOVSKY COMPLEX IN BASE‐CATALYZED REARRANGEMENT OF N‐ACETYL‐BETA‐AMINOETHYL‐2,4‐DINITROPHENYL ETHER WITH SIMULTANEOUS MIGRATION OF ACETYL GROUP
Authors: SEKIGUCHI S. , OKADA K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBei der Behandlung mit tert.‐Butylat erhält man aus dem basischen Dinitrophenyläther (I) über Zwischenstufen wie (II) die Verbindungen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTION VON N,N‐DIMETHYLACETAMID‐DIAETHYLACETAL MIT BENZOYLCHLORID
Authors: GRANIK V. G. , MARCHENKO N. B. , BUDANOVA L. I. , KUZOVKIN V. A. , VLASOVA T. F. , ANISIMOVA O. S. , GLUSHKOV R. G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBei Reaktionen des Acetals (I) mit Benzoylchlorid (II) entstehen in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin in Chloroform bei 25°C das Benzoyloxyzimtsäureamid (IV), in Benzol bei 30°C das Benzoylacetamid (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A LOW‐PRESSURE, PALLADIUM‐CATALYZED N,N′‐DIARYLUREA SYNTHESIS FROM NITRO COMPOUNDS, AMINES, AND CARBON MONOXIDE
Authors: DIECK H. A. , LAINE R. M. , HECK R. F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Herstellung von N,N′‐Diarylharnstoffen (III) aus den Aminen (I) und den Nitroverbindungen (II) in Gegenwart von CO, organischen Phosphinen, basischen tertiären Aminen, Tetraäthylammoniumchlorid und katalytischen Anteilen an Palladiumsalzen wie (IV) wird ausführlich untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2,3,3‐TETRAPHENYLBUTANE, A TRUE HEAD‐TO‐HEAD ′ETHANE′ DIMER
Authors: HOOK S. C. W. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract1,1‐Diphenyl‐äthylchlorid (I) reagiert mit Lithium über das Radikal (II) zum 2,2,3,3‐Tetraphenyl‐butan (III).
ChemInform Abstract: NITRIERUNG VON HALOGENPHENYLCYCLOPROPANEN
Authors: SHABAROV YU. S. , MOCHALOV S. S. , NOVOKRESHCHENNYKH V. D. , VOLKOV E. M. , ERMISHKINA S. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBei Nitrierungen der Halogenphenylcyclopropane (I) mit konz. HNO3 in Acetanhydrid bei ‐50 bis ‐40°C erhält man Gemische der Mononitroderivate (II) und (III), bei der Nitrierung der o‐Jod‐Verbindung (Ic) außerdem das Nitrophenylcyclopropan (IV) (Ausbeute 53%).
ChemInform Abstract: EINE NEUE SYNTHESE DES Z,Z‐ UND E,E‐TETRABENZO(A,C,G,I)CYCLODODECENS
Authors: BESTMANN H. J. , SCHAPER W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus 2,2′‐Bis‐brommethyl‐biphenyl (I) und dem entsprechenden Dimercaptan (II) entstehen die isomeren Kondensate (IIIa) und (IVa), deren Sulfone (IIIb) bzw. (IVb) thermisch die stereoisomere Olefine (V) bzw‐.
ChemInform Abstract: ENAMINE CHEMISTRY PART 20, REACTIONS OF ALPHA,BETA‐UNSATURATED ACID CHLORIDES, SYNTHESIS OF ALKYL 2,6‐DIOXOBICYCLO(3,3,1)NONANE‐1‐CARBOXYLATES, ALKYL 2,9‐DIOXOBICYCLO(3.3.1)NONANE‐7‐CARBOXYLATES, AND 2,9‐DIOXOBICYCLO(3.3.1)NONANE‐7‐CARBONITRILES
Authors: HICKMOTT PETER W. , WOODWARD KEVIN N. , URBANI RAYMOND 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Reaktionen der Pyrrolidinenamine (IIIa) von Dialkyl‐cyclohexanondicarboxylaten mit Acrylsäurechlorid (IIa) führt zu den 2,6‐Dioxobicyclononan‐1‐carboxylaten (I).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2‐1′,2′‐TETRATHIAFULVALENE (3‐(1,2‐DITHIOL‐3‐YLIDEN)‐1′,2′‐DITHIOLE)
Authors: BEHRINGER H. , MEINETSBERGER E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus den Dithiolium‐Salzen (Ia) und (Ib)erhält man bei der kathodischen Reduktion Dimere (II), während mit Zink in aprotischen Medien die Tetrathiafulvalene (III) bzw. (IV) gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 3‐AMINO‐3‐PYRAZOLIN‐5‐ONES
Authors: GAVRILENKI B. B. , MILLER S. I. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTrichloracetonitril (I) reagiert in Gegenwart von Na mit Malonsäureester (II) zum Kondensat (III), das mit Hydrazin über die bei niederen Temperaturen isolierbare Zwischenstufe (IV) zum Pyrazolinon (V) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION IN THE SERIES OF SYDNONIMINE N‐EXO‐CARBAMOYL DERIVATIVES
Authors: OLOVYANISHNIKOVA Z. A. , BRYANTSEV B. I. , SLYUSARENKO I. S. , YASHUNSKII V. G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWährend die Bromierung der Carbamoylsydnonimine (I) und (V) in Essigsäure oder Äther im heterocyclischen Ring und danach im Phenylrest des Carbamoylsubstituenten erfolgt und die Verbindungen (II) bis (IV) und (VI) erhalten werden, bilden sich bei der Nitrierung von (I) und (V) nur phenylsubstituierte Derivate.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTITUMOR‐VERBINDUNGEN 12. MITT. DIREKTE SYNTHESE VON 2‐SULFANILAMIDO‐PYRIMIDINEN DURCH REAKTION VON SULFAGUANIDIN MIT EINIGEN SAUERSTOFF‐HETEROCYCLEN
Authors: PENE CECILE , HUBERT‐HABART MICHEL , ROYER RENE 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBeim Erhitzen von Sulfaguanidin (II) mit den Sauerstoff‐Heterocyclen (I), (IV) bzw. (VI) mit einem Überschuß Na‐äthylat in Äthanol bilden sich die N‐Pyrimidinyl‐sulfanilamide (III), (V) bzw. (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE UND PHARMAKOLOGIE DER METABOLITE VON CINPROPAZIDMALEAT UND VERWANDTER VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: FAURAN CLAUDE , TURIN MICHEL , RAYNAUD GUY , POURRIAS BERNARD , RUCH ANNE‐MARIE 
Published: March 2016

AbstractProdukte (IV) und (V) (isoliert überwiegend als Oxalate) synthetisiert, wobei (IVa) im Urin des Menschen und Hundes und (Va) nur im Urin des Hundes als Metabolite vorkommen.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF 1H‐1,2‐BENZODIAZEPINES
Authors: GARANTI L. , SCANDROGLIO A. , ZECCHI G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus den Anilinen (I) erhält man über die Diazoniumsalze mit α‐Chlor‐acetessigester (III) die Hydrazone (IV), die mit Triäthylamin über die Zwischenstufen (V) zu den IH‐1,2‐Benzodiazepinen (VI) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: CATALYSIS BY METAL COMPLEXES PART 32, HYDROSILYLATION OF 1,3‐BUTADIENE CATALYSED WITH A NICKEL(II) SALT ‐ SODIUM BIS(2‐METHOXYETHOXY)ALUMINIUM HYDRIDE SYSTEM
Authors: CAPKA M. , HETFLEJS J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Hydrosilylierung von Butadien (I) mit den Silanen (I′I) in Gegenwart von NiCl2 oder NiBr2 oder des Ni(II)‐Triphenylphosphin‐Systems und des Hydrids (III) als Katalysatorsystemen wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORYLIERTE UND THIOPHOSPHORYLIERTE BENZAZOLYLIDEN‐ UND BENZAZOLYLHARNSTOFFE
Authors: GRAPOV A. F. , ARIPOV A. , GALUSHINA V. V. , MEL'NIKOV N. N. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDurch Umsetzung der Isocyanato(thio)‐phosphate und Isocyanato(thio)‐phosphonate (II) mit den 2‐Aminoazolen (I) entstehen die Hanrstoffe (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIVITAET VON HARZSAEUREN AUS DER PIMAR‐GRUPPE, EPOXIDIERUNG VON SANDARACOPIMARSAEUREMETHYLESTER
Authors: DELMOND BERNARD , PINTO GEORGES , VALADE JACQUES 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Oxidation des Titelesters (I) mit p‐Nitro‐perbenzoesäure in CHCl3 ergibt die 8,14‐isomeren Epoxide (II) und (III) und nur Spuren des Epoxids (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: STEROIDTRIENE ALS ANDROGENE UND ANABOLICA
Authors: AZADIAN‐BOULANGER GENEVIEVE , BUCOURT ROBERT , NEDELEC LUCIEN , NOMINE GERARD 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDer Einfluß chemischer Veränderungen auf die androgene und anabolische Wirkung ungesättigter 19‐Norsteroide vom Typ (I) und (II) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STEROIDS AND RELATED NATURAL PRODUCTS PART 92, CONVERSION OF CANARIGENONE(14‐HYDROXY‐3‐OXO‐14BETA‐CARDA‐4,20(22)‐DIENOLIDE) INTO PERIPLOGENIN (3BETA,5,14‐TRIHYDROXY‐5BETA,14BETA‐CARD‐20(22)‐ENOLIDE)
Authors: KAMANO YOSHIAKI , PETTIT GEORGE R. , TOZAWA MACHIKO 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDas aus Digitoxigenin zugängliche Canarigenon (I) wird über das Ketoepoxid (II) und das Hydroxyketon (III) in Periplogenin (IV) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUR SYNTHESE VON PEPTIDEN UNTER VERWENDUNG VON TRIPHENYLPHOSPHIT UND IMIDAZOL
Authors: GUDKOV A. T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBei der Umsetzung von Acylaminosäuren (I) mit salzsauren Aminosäureestern (II) in Gegenwart von Imidazol erhält man die Peptide (III) in reinerer Form und mit besserer Ausbeute als bei Verwendung von Triäthylamin.
Sex Differences in the Association Between Regular Physical Activity and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Meta‐analysis of 13 Prospective Studies
Authors: Zhu Wen‐Gen , Wan Rong , Din Ying , Xu Zhenyan , Yang Xiaohui , Hong Kui 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTSeveral studies investigated the role of physical activity in atrial fibrillation (AF), but the results remain controversial. We aimed to estimate the association between physical activity and incident AF, as well as to determine whether a sex difference existed. We systematically retrieved relevant studies from Cochrane Library, PubMed, and ScienceDirect through December 1, 2015. Data were abstracted from eligible studies and effect estimates pooled using a random‐effects model. Thirteen prospective studies fulfilled inclusion criteria. For primary analysis, neither total physical activity exposure (relative risk [RR]: 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90‐1.06, P = 0.62) nor intensive physical activity (RR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.93‐1.25, P = 0.41) was associated with a significant increased risk of AF. In the country‐stratified analysis, the pooled results were not significantly changed. However, in the sex‐stratified analysis, total physical activity exposure was associated with an increased risk of AF in men (RR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02‐1.37), especially at age <50 years (RR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.28‐1.95), with a significantly reduced risk of AF in women (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87‐0.97). Additionally, male individuals with intensive physical activity had a slightly higher (although statistically nonsignificant) risk of developing AF (RR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.99‐1.28), but there was a significantly reduced risk of incident AF in women (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86‐0.98). Published literature supports a sex difference in the association between physical activity and incident AF. Increasing physical activity is probably associated with an increased risk of AF in men and a decreased risk in women.
Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions in the HIF System
Authors: Wilkins Sarah E. , Abboud Martine I. , Hancock Rebecca L. , Schofield Christopher J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAnimals respond to chronic hypoxia by increasing the levels of a transcription factor known as the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF). HIF upregulates multiple genes, the products of which work to ameliorate the effects of limited oxygen at cellular and systemic levels. Hypoxia sensing by the HIF system involves hydroxylase‐catalysed post‐translational modifications of the HIF α‐subunits, which 1) signal for degradation of HIF‐α and 2) limit binding of HIF to transcriptional coactivator proteins. Because the hypoxic response is relevant to multiple disease states, therapeutic manipulation of the HIF‐mediated response has considerable medicinal potential. In addition to modulation of catalysis by the HIF hydroxylases, the HIF system manifests other possibilities for therapeutic intervention involving protein–protein and protein–nucleic acid interactions. Recent advances in our understanding of the structural biology and biochemistry of the HIF system are facilitating medicinal chemistry efforts. Herein we give an overview of the HIF system, focusing on structural knowledge of protein–protein interactions and how this might be used to modulate the hypoxic response for therapeutic benefit.
Meta‐analysis indicates that oxidative stress is both a constraint on and a cost of growth
Authors: Smith Shona M. , Nager Ruedi G. , Costantini David 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOxidative stress (OS) as a proximate mechanism for life‐history trade‐offs is widespread in the literature. One such resource allocation trade‐off involves growth rate, and theory suggests that OS might act as both a constraint on and a cost of growth, yet studies investigating this have produced conflicting results. Here, we use meta‐analysis to investigate whether increased OS levels impact on growth (OS as a constraint on growth) and whether greater growth rates can increase OS (OS as a cost of growth). The role of OS as a constraint on growth was supported by the meta‐analysis. Greater OS, in terms of either increased damage or reduced levels of antioxidants, was associated with reduced growth although the effect depended on the experimental manipulation used. Our results also support an oxidative cost of growth, at least in terms of increased oxidative damage, although faster growth was not associated with a change in antioxidant levels. These findings that OS can act as a constraint on growth support theoretical links between OS and animal life histories and provide evidence for a growth–self‐maintenance trade‐off. Furthermore, the apparent oxidative costs of growth imply individuals cannot alter this trade‐off when faced with enhanced growth. We offer a starting platform for future research and recommend the use of oxidative damage biomarkers in nonlethal tissue to investigate the growth–OS relationship further.
Photophysical Properties of Oligo­(phenylene ethynylene) Iridium(III) Complexes Functionalized with Metal‐Anchoring Groups
Authors: Ponce Julia , Aragó Juan , Vayá Ignacio , Magenti Jorge Gómez , Tatay Sergio , Ortí Enrique , Coronado Eugenio 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe electrochemical and photophysical properties of a family of conjugated ligands and their iridium(III) cyclometallated complexes are described. They consist of a series of monocationic IrIII bis‐2‐phenylpyridine complexes with p‐phenylethynyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline ligands of different length. The structure of these ligands includes terminal acetylthiol or pyridine groups, which can provide good electrical contacts between metal electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry, absorption and emission spectroscopy, laser flash photolysis and density functional theory calculations reveal that the high conjugation of the diimine ligand affords small energy gaps between the frontier orbitals. Nevertheless, the nature of the terminal substituents and the extent of the conjugation in the diimine ligand have little influence on the photophysical features at room temperature. The spectroscopic data and theoretical calculations agree that the charge‐transfer nature of the emitting excited state is maintained along the series at room temperature, whereas in rigid matrices ligand‐centred states also contribute to the low‐temperature emission. The good conducting features of the diimine ligands, the small dependence of the HOMO–LUMO (HOMO = highest occupied molecular orbital, LUMO = lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) gaps of these complexes on the ligands and the charge‐transfer nature of the emitting excited state make these complexes promising test beds for the study of photoconducting phenomena in molecular junctions.
Organocatalytic 1,3‐Dipolar Cyclo­addition Reaction of β‐Keto Amides with Azides – Direct Access to 1,4,5‐Trisubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazole‐4‐carb­oxamides
Authors: Zhou Xiao , Xu Xianhong , Liu Kun , Gao Hua , Wang Wei , Li Wenjun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOrganocatalytic [3+2] 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of β‐keto amides with azides catalyzed by 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) have been developed. This strategy generates 1,4,5‐trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carboxamides in high yields and regioselectivities at room temperature. The reaction conditions have been optimized, and the scope of the β‐keto amide and azide have been investigated. A mechanism for the reaction is also proposed.
Four‐dimensional live imaging of hemodynamics in mammalian embryonic heart with Doppler optical coherence tomography
Authors: Wang Shang , Lakomy David S. , Garcia Monica D. , Lopez Andrew L. , Larin Kirill V. , Larina Irina V. 
Published: March 2016

Hemodynamic analysis of the mouse embryonic heart is essential for understanding the functional aspects of early cardiogenesis and advancing the research in congenital heart defects. However, high‐resolution imaging of cardiac hemodynamics in mammalian models remains challenging, primarily due to the dynamic nature and deep location of the embryonic heart. Here we report four‐dimensional micro‐scale imaging of blood flow in the early mouse embryonic heart, enabling time‐resolved measurement and analysis of flow velocity throughout the heart tube. Our method uses Doppler optical coherence tomography in live mouse embryo culture, and employs a post‐processing synchronization approach to reconstruct three‐dimensional data over time at a 100 Hz volume rate. Experiments were performed on live mouse embryos at embryonic day 9.0. Our results show blood flow dynamics inside the beating heart, with the capability for quantitative flow velocity assessment in the primitive atrium, atrioventricular and bulboventricular regions, and bulbus cordis. Combined cardiodynamic and hemodynamic analysis indicates this functional imaging method can be utilized to further investigate the mechanical relationship between blood flow dynamics and cardiac wall movement, bringing new possibilities to study biomechanics in early mammalian cardiogenesis.
Four‐dimensional live hemodynamic imaging of the mouse embryonic heart at embryonic day 9.0 using Doppler optical coherence tomography, showing directional blood flows in the sinus venosus, primitive atrium, atrioventricular region and vitelline vein.magnified imageFour‐dimensional live hemodynamic imaging of the mouse embryonic heart at embryonic day 9.0 using Doppler optical coherence tomography, showing directional blood flows in the sinus venosus, primitive atrium, atrioventricular region and vitelline vein.
Can Climate Finance Contribute to Gender Equity in Developing Countries?
Authors: Wong Sam 
Published: March 2016

AbstractClimate finance helps mobilise additional development funds to help developing countries reduce CO2 emissions and local communities adapt to changing climate. Increasingly, however, concerns have been raised about the implications of climate finance on gender equity. Drawing on the ‘contextual‐procedural‐distributive’ equity framework, this paper conducts an extensive review of literature on forest sequestration, climate‐smart agriculture and disaster management. It indicates that the effectiveness of climate finance is constrained from a lack of awareness of the gender gap in access to land and capital. To maximise the impact of climate finance, it urges policy makers to tackle deeply rooted structural inequalities. © 2016 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of anti‐tuberculosis drug concentration and distribution from sustained release microspheres in the vertebrae of a spinal tuberculosis rabbit model
Authors: Liu Peng , Jiang Hui , Li Shijun , Lin Zhen , Jiang Jianming 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThere have been several sustained‐release materials containing anti‐tuberculosis drug to enhance concentration in foci of spinal tuberculosis but what map by which composite drug delivery system is released is not known. Isoniazid (INH) lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA) and INH hydroxyapatite (HA) microspheres were prepared, respectively. The rabbits were modeled by tuberculosis strains and sustained‐release microspheres were incubated in the foci. INH concentrations in the HA group were higher than those of INH and PLGA groups at L3, L4, and L5 vertebra 2 days after the drugs were embedded (p < 0.05). INH concentrations in the HA group were higher than those of INH and PLGA groups in L3 vertebra 4 days after the drugs were embedded (p < 0.05). INH concentrations in the PLGA group were higher than those of INH and HA groups in L5 vertebra; INH concentrations of the HA group were higher than those of INH and PLGA groups in L4 vertebra 6 days after the drugs were embedded (p < 0.05). These microspheres can enhance INH concentration in the foci. Furthermore, HA microspheres elicit osteogenic effects. HA is better than PLGA in terms of infiltration, but PLGA is better than HA in terms of distribution. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:200–208, 2017.