bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotional awareness and expression training improves irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Thakur E. R. , Holmes H. J. , Lockhart N. A. , Carty J. N. , Ziadni M. S. , Doherty H. K. , Lackner J. M. , Schubiner H. , Lumley M. A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundCurrent clinical guidelines identify several psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS patients, however, have elevated trauma, life stress, relationship conflicts, and emotional avoidance, which few therapies directly target. We tested the effects of emotional awareness and expression training (EAET) compared to an evidence‐based comparison condition—relaxation training—and a waitlist control condition.MethodsAdults with IBS (N=106; 80% female, Mean age=36 years) were randomized to EAET, relaxation training, or waitlist control. Both EAET and relaxation training were administered in three, weekly, 50‐minute, individual sessions. All patients completed the IBS Symptom Severity Scale (primary outcome), IBS Quality of Life, and Brief Symptom Inventory (anxiety, depressive, and hostility symptoms) at pretreatment and at 2 weeks posttreatment and 10 weeks follow‐up (primary endpoint).Key ResultsCompared to waitlist controls, EAET, but not relaxation training, significantly reduced IBS symptom severity at 10‐week follow‐up. Both EAET and relaxation training improved quality of life at follow‐up. Finally, EAET did not reduce psychological symptoms, whereas relaxation training reduced depressive symptoms at follow‐up (and anxiety symptoms at posttreatment).Conclusions & InferencesBrief emotional awareness and expression training that targeted trauma and emotional conflicts reduced somatic symptoms and improved quality of life in patients with IBS. This emotion‐focused approach may be considered an additional treatment option for IBS, although research should compare EAET to a full cognitive‐behavioral protocol and determine which patients are best suited for each approach. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01886027).
The impact of alternative trait‐scaling hypotheses for the maximum photosynthetic carboxylation rate (Vcmax) on global gross primary production
Authors: Walker Anthony P. , Quaife Tristan , van Bodegom Peter M. , De Kauwe Martin G. , Keenan Trevor F. , Joiner Joanna , Lomas Mark R. , MacBean Natasha , Xu Chongang , Yang Xiaojuan , Woodward F. Ian 
Published: June 2017

Summary

The maximum photosynthetic carboxylation rate (Vcmax) is an influential plant trait that has multiple scaling hypotheses, which is a source of uncertainty in predictive understanding of global gross primary production (GPP).

Four trait‐scaling hypotheses (plant functional type, nutrient limitation, environmental filtering, and plant plasticity) with nine specific implementations were used to predict global Vcmax distributions and their impact on global GPP in the Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (SDGVM).

Global GPP varied from 108.1 to 128.2 PgC yr−1, 65% of the range of a recent model intercomparison of global GPP. The variation in GPP propagated through to a 27% coefficient of variation in net biome productivity (NBP). All hypotheses produced global GPP that was highly correlated (r = 0.85–0.91) with three proxies of global GPP.

Plant functional type‐based nutrient limitation, underpinned by a core SDGVM hypothesis that plant nitrogen (N) status is inversely related to increasing costs of N acquisition with increasing soil carbon, adequately reproduced global GPP distributions. Further improvement could be achieved with accurate representation of water sensitivity and agriculture in SDGVM. Mismatch between environmental filtering (the most data‐driven hypothesis) and GPP suggested that greater effort is needed understand Vcmax variation in the field, particularly in northern latitudes.
Recent origin and rapid speciation of Neotropical orchids in the world's richest plant biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Pérez‐Escobar Oscar Alejandro , Chomicki Guillaume , Condamine Fabien L. , Karremans Adam P. , Bogarín Diego , Matzke Nicholas J. , Silvestro Daniele , Antonelli Alexandre 
Published: June 2017

SummaryThe Andean mountains of South America are the most species‐rich biodiversity hotspot worldwide withc. 15% of the world's plant species, in only 1% of the world's land surface. Orchids are a key element of the Andean flora, and one of the most prominent components of the Neotropical epiphyte diversity, yet very little is known about their origin and diversification.We address this knowledge gap by inferring the biogeographical history and diversification dynamics of the two largest Neotropical orchid groups (Cymbidieae and Pleurothallidinae), using two unparalleled, densely sampled orchid phylogenies (including more than 400 newly generatedDNAsequences), comparative phylogenetic methods, geological and biological datasets.We find that the majority of Andean orchid lineages only originated in the last 20–15 million yr. Andean lineages are derived from lowland Amazonian ancestors, with additional contributions from Central America and the Antilles. Species diversification is correlated with Andean orogeny, and multiple migrations and recolonizations across the Andes indicate that mountains do not constrain orchid dispersal over long timescales.Our study sheds new light on the timing and geography of a major Neotropical diversification, and suggests that mountain uplift promotes species diversification across all elevational zones.
The potassium battery: a mobile energy source for transport processes in plant vascular tissues
Authors: Dreyer Ingo , Gomez‐Porras Judith Lucia , Riedelsberger Janin 
Published: June 2017

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
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II.
The ‘normal’ phloem (re)loading mechanism
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III.
A futile cycling of potassium?
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IV.
Potassium channels of the AKT2‐type are involved in sugar retrieval by the transport phloem
1050

V.
The role of the K+ battery in phloem reloading
1051

VI.
Remote control of phloem reloading
1051

VII.
Regulation of AKT2
1052

VIII.
Conclusions and future outlook
1052

Acknowledgements
1053

References
1053

SummaryPlant roots absorb potassium ions from the soil and transport them in the xylem via the transpiration stream to the shoots. There, in source tissues where sufficient chemical energy (ATP) is available, K+ is loaded into the phloem and then transported with the phloem stream to other parts of the plant; in part, transport is also back to the roots. This, at first sight, futile cycling of K+ has been uncovered to be part of a sophisticated mechanism that (1) enables the shoot to communicate its nutrient demand to the root, (2) contributes to the K+ nutrition of transport phloem tissues and (3) transports energy stored in the K+ gradient between phloem cytosol and the apoplast. This potassium battery can be tapped by opening AKT2‐like potassium channels and then enables the ATP‐independent energization of other transport processes, such as the reloading of sucrose. Insights into these mechanisms have only been possible by combining wet‐lab and dry‐lab experiments by means of computational cell biology modeling and simulations.
A review of craniofacial and dental findings of the RASopathies
Authors: Cao H. , Alrejaye N. , Klein O. D. , Goodwin A. F. , Oberoi S. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectivesThe RASopathies are a group of syndromes that have in common germline mutations in genes that encode components of the Ras/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and have been a focus of study to understand the role of this pathway in development and disease. These syndromes include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML or LEOPARD syndrome), neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Costello syndrome (CS), cardio‐facio‐cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1‐like syndrome (NFLS or Legius syndrome) and capillary malformation‐arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM‐AVM). These disorders affect multiple systems, including the craniofacial complex. Although the craniofacial features have been well described and can aid in clinical diagnosis, the dental phenotypes have not been analysed in detail for each of the RASopathies. In this review, we summarize the clinical features of the RASopathies, highlighting the reported craniofacial and dental findings.MethodsReview of the literature.ResultsEach of the RASopathies reviewed, caused by mutations in genes that encode different proteins in the Ras pathway, have unique and overlapping craniofacial and dental characteristics.ConclusionsCareful description of craniofacial and dental features of the RASopathies can provide information for dental clinicians treating these individuals and can also give insight into the role of Ras signalling in craniofacial development.
Whole‐exome sequencing identified a variant in EFTUD2 gene in establishing a genetic diagnosis
Authors: Rengasamy Venugopalan S. , Farrow E. G. , Lypka M. 
Published: June 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesCraniofacial anomalies are complex and have an overlapping phenotype. Mandibulofacial Dysostosis and Oculo‐Auriculo‐Vertebral Spectrum are conditions that share common craniofacial phenotype and present a challenge in arriving at a diagnosis. In this report, we present a case of female proband who was given a differential diagnosis of Treacher Collins syndrome or Hemifacial Microsomia without certainty. Prior genetic testing reported negative for 22q deletion and FGFR screenings. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the critical role of whole‐exome sequencing in establishing a genetic diagnosis of the proband.Setting and Sample PopulationThe participants were 14½‐year‐old affected female proband/parent trio.Materials and MethodsProband/parent trio were enrolled in the study. Surgical tissue sample from the proband and parental blood samples were collected and prepared for whole‐exome sequencing. Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument was used for sequencing (125 nucleotide reads/84X coverage). Analyses of variants were performed using custom‐developed software, RUNES and VIKING.ResultsVariant analyses following whole‐exome sequencing identified a heterozygous de novo pathogenic variant, c.259C>T (p.Gln87*), in EFTUD2 (NM_004247.3) gene in the proband. Previous studies have reported that the variants in EFTUD2 gene were associated with Mandibulofacial Dysostosis with Microcephaly.ConclusionPatients with facial asymmetry, micrognathia, choanal atresia and microcephaly should be analyzed for variants in EFTUD2 gene. Next‐generation sequencing techniques, such as whole‐exome sequencing offer great promise to improve the understanding of etiologies of sporadic genetic diseases.
Gene/environment interactions in craniosynostosis: A brief review
Authors: Durham E. L. , Howie R. N. , Cray J. J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIt is suggested that craniosynostosis is caused by a heterogeneous set of effects including gene mutations, teratogenic exposure during critical periods of development and gene/environment interactions. Distinguishing between sufficient, additive and interactive effects is important to the study of gene/environment interactions and allows for segregation of environmental exposures effecting susceptible populations. Through the identification of sufficient and interactive effects, efforts in prevention of craniosynostosis may be successful. Here, we provide a brief review focusing on defining these categorized exposures and relevant literature that has interrogated gene/environment interactions for craniosynostosis.
PTH [1‐34]‐induced alterations predispose the mandibular condylar cartilage to mineralization
Authors: Dutra E. H. , O'Brien M. H. , Gutierrez T. , Lima A , Nanda R. , Yadav S. 
Published: June 2017

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo study the effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH [1‐34]) on the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and subchondral bone in adult female mice.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐two, 20‐week‐old female mice were used for in vivo experiments. The experimental mice (n=11) received daily intraperitoneal injections of PTH [1‐34] for 3 weeks, while control mice (n=11) received intraperitoneal injections of 0.9% saline solution. Mice were euthanized and then micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT); histology and immunostaining were carried out to assess the response.ResultsIntermittent PTH [1‐34] led to early MCC breakdown and surface irregularities. Micro‐CT analyses indicated that PTH [1‐34] treatment led to increased bone volume fraction, tissue density and trabecular thickness, while decreasing the trabecular spacing. Histological analyses showed decreased proteoglycan secretion, increased bone turnover (TRAP staining) and increased mineralization. Furthermore, PTH [1‐34] treatment showed increased apoptosis of the cells. Our immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of pSMAD158 in the MCC and subchondral bone with PTH administration, whereas sclerostin (SOST) expression was decreased.ConclusionsIntermittent PTH [1‐34] results in early mineralization of the MCC, which may result in cartilage degeneration. Our results identified a novel mechanism by which PTH [1‐34] induces alteration in the microarchitecture of the MCC and the subchondral bone.
Analysis of polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via precision extrusion deposition for control of craniofacial tissue mineralization
Authors: Fedore C. W. , Tse L. Y. L. , Nam H. K. , Barton K. L. , Hatch N. E. 
Published: June 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesRecurrence of cranial bone fusion following surgical resection in craniosynostosis patients commonly requires additional surgical procedures. Surgical implantation of engineered 3D scaffolds that control tissue mineralization could be utilized to diminish recurrence of fusion. This study investigated the ability of composite scaffolds to control tissue mineralization when cultured in vitro.Setting and Sample PopulationPrecision‐engineered scaffolds with calvarial cells were cultured in vitro at the Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan.Material & MethodsPolycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds were fabricated using a novel precision extrusion deposition technique. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel was coated onto select scaffolds to inhibit mineralization. MC3T3E1(C4) calvarial cells were cultured with scaffolds in media containing ascorbate and phosphate to promote osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Scaffolds were assayed for osteoblast differentiation by alkaline phosphatase assay. Scaffolds were assayed for mineralization by nano‐computed tomography (nano‐CT) and by von Kossa staining of histologic sections.ResultsMC3T3E1(C4) cells differentiated into osteoblasts and formed mineral when cultured on uncoated PCL scaffolds. MC3T3E1(C4) cells were significantly diminished in their ability to differentiate into osteoblasts when cultured on hydrogel‐coated scaffold.ConclusionResults of this study indicate that this novel printing technology can be used to fabricate 3D scaffolds to promote and inhibit tissue mineralization in a region‐specific manner. Future studies are needed to establish utility of such scaffolds in vivo.
Speed of human tooth movement in growers and non‐growers: Selection of applied stress matters
Authors: Iwasaki L. R. , Liu Y. , Liu H. , Nickel J. C. 
Published: June 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo test that the speed of tooth translation is not affected by stress magnitude and growth status.Setting and Sample PopulationAdvanced Education Orthodontic clinics at the Universities of Nebraska Medical Center and Missouri‐Kansas City. Forty‐six consenting subjects with orthodontic treatment plans involving maxillary first premolar extractions.Materials and MethodsThis randomized split‐mouth study used segmental mechanics with definitive posterior anchorage and individual vertical‐loop maxillary canine retraction appliances and measured three‐dimensional tooth movements. Height and cephalometric superimposition changes determined growing (G) and non‐growing (NG) subjects. Subjects were appointed for 9‐11 visits over 84 days for maxillary dental impressions to measure three‐dimensional tooth movement and to ensure retraction forces were continuously applied via calibrated nitinol coil springs. Springs were custom selected to apply two different stresses of 4, 13, 26, 52 or 78 kPa to maxillary canines in each subject. Statistical analyses (α=0.050) included ANOVA, effect size (partial η2) and Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) and two‐group t tests.ResultsDistolateral translation speeds were 0.034±0.015, 0.047±0.019, 0.066±0.025, 0.068±0.016 and 0.079±0.030 mm/d for 4, 13, 26, 52 and 78 kPa, respectively. Stress significantly affected speed and partial η2=0.376. Overall, more distopalatal rotation was shown by teeth moved by 78 kPa (18.03±9.50º) compared to other stresses (3.86±6.83º), and speeds were significantly higher (P=.001) in G (0.062±0.026 mm/d) than NG subjects (0.041±0.019 mm/d).ConclusionsStress magnitude and growth status significantly affected the speed of tooth translation. Optimal applied stresses were 26‐52 kPa, and overall speeds were 1.5‐fold faster in G compared to NG subjects.
Diverse contribution of Col2a1‐expressing cells to the craniofacial skeletal cell lineages
Authors: Sakagami N. , Ono W. , Ono N. 
Published: June 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesCraniofacial skeletal development requires deliberate coordination of two distinct mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Col2a1‐expressing cells encompass growth‐associated skeletal progenitors in endochondral bones of the limb. The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of Col2a1‐expressing cells to the craniofacial skeletal cell lineages. We hypothesize that Col2a1‐expressing progenitors significantly contribute to various modes of ossification associated with the craniofacial development.MethodsCellular fates of Col2a1‐expressing cells were studied based on a cre‐loxP system using a Col2a1‐cre transgene and an R26R‐tdTomato reporter allele. We analysed three distinct locations of the craniofacial skeletal complex representing unique ossification mechanisms: the cranial base, the calvaria and the mandibular condyle.ResultsCol2a1‐cre consistently marked a majority of skeletal cells in the cranial base. Interestingly, Col2a1‐cre also marked a large number of osteoblasts and suture mesenchymal cells in the calvaria, in addition to chondrocytes in the underlying transient cartilage. In the mandibular condyle, Col2a1‐cre marked chondrocytes and osteoblasts only during the growth phase.ConclusionsCol2a1 is expressed by progenitors of the skeletal lineage in canonical endochondral bone formation occurring in the cranial base. In contrast, other ossification mechanisms of the craniofacial complex utilize Col2a1‐expressing cells in a different manner, whereby Col2a1 may be expressed in more differentiated or transient cell types of the skeletal lineage.
Preface to COAST 2016 innovators’ workshop on personalized and precision orthodontic therapy
Authors: Nickel J. C. , Covell D. A. , Frazier‐Bowers S. A. , Kapila S. , Huja S. S. , Iwasaki L. R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveA second focused workshop explored how to transfer novel findings into clinical orthodontic practice.Setting and Sample PopulationParticipants met in West Palm Beach (Florida, USA), on 9‐11 September 2016 for the Consortium for Orthodontic Advances in Science and Technology 2016 Innovators’ Workshop (COAST). Approximately 65 registered attendees considered and discussed information from 27 to 34 speakers, 8 to 15 poster presenters and four lunch‐hour focus group leaders.Material and MethodsThe innovators’ workshops were organized according to five themed sessions. The aims of the discussion sessions were to identify the following: i) the strength and impact of the evidenced‐based discoveries, ii) required steps to enable further development and iii) required steps to translate these new discoveries into orthodontic practice.ResultsThe role of gene‐environment interactions that underlie complex craniofacial traits was the focus of several sessions. It was agreed that diverse approaches are called for, such as (i) large‐scale collaborative efforts for future genetic studies of complex traits; (ii) deep genome sequencing to address the issues of isolated mutations; (iii) quantifying epigenetic‐environmental variables in diverse areas myofascial pain, alveolar remodelling and mandibular growth. Common needs identified from the themed sessions were multiscale/multispecies modelling and experimentation using controlled and quantified mechanics and translation of the findings in bone biology between species. Panel discussions led to the consensus that a consortium approach to establish standards for intra‐oral scanning and 3D imaging should be initiated.ConclusionsCurrent and emerging technologies still require supported research to translate new findings from the laboratory to orthodontic practice.
In vitro evaluation of surface properties of Pro Seal® and Opal® SealTM in preventing white spot lesions
Authors: Premaraj T. S. , Rohani N. , Covey D. , Premaraj S. 
Published: June 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the surface properties of two commercially available sealants (Pro Seal® (PS) and Opal® SealTM (OS)) in terms of fluoride(F) release, biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus and the ability to resist acid penetration.SettingUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center.Material & MethodsDiscs of similar diameter and thickness were made from OS and PS. Discs were soaked in double‐distilled water, and F released was measured with fluoride meter daily for 14 consecutive days, then at 21 and 28 days. Biofilm formation was evaluated with Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli grown on sealant discs using confocal microscopy. Extracted human teeth (n=8) with sealant‐coated buccal surfaces and untreated lingual surfaces were exposed to 0.1M lactic acid(pH=4.5) to test the acid penetration. After 1‐4 weeks of exposure, teeth were subjected to microhardness testing and SEM microscopy.ResultsPS released significantly higher levels of F than OS. PS showed more S. mutans adherence than OS, whereas Lactobacillus did not show any differences in adherence. Both sealants protected enamel surfaces, showing statistically significant difference in the depth of acid penetration compared to their unsealed control sides.ConclusionF release was adequate to aid in remineralization, although clinically it would not likely aid in preventing demineralization as there was no prolonged release of F by both sealants tested. S. mutans adherence to OS surface was less compared to PS surface, which could be of relevance in biofilm formation and white spot lesions. Both sealants protected enamel surfaces from acid penetration.
Reason and Pareto‐Optimization
Authors: Browne Katharine 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper takes up David Gauthier's most recent (2013) defense of the rationality of cooperation in prisoner's dilemmas. In that defense, Gauthier argues for a Pareto‐optimizing theory of rational choice. According to Gauthier, rational action should sometimes aim at Pareto‐optimization, and cooperation in prisoner's dilemmas is rational because it is Pareto‐optimizing. I argue that Pareto‐optimization cannot justify cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma in a manner that is also consistent with Gauthier's other desiderata. Either: (1) the rationality of cooperation must derive from what is beneficial for the group rather than what is beneficial for the individual, leaving the individual qua individual without any reason to cooperate, or (2) Gauthier cannot explain why defecting in prisoner's dilemmas is not also rational.