bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(trimethylene carbonate)/Poly(malic acid) Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers as Biocompatible Nanoparticles
Authors: Barouti Ghislaine , Khalil Ali , Orione Clement , Jarnouen Kathleen , Cammas‐Marion Sandrine , Loyer Pascal , Guillaume Sophie M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAmphiphilic polycarbonate–poly(hydroxyalkanoate) diblock copolymers, namely, poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC)‐b‐poly(β‐malic acid) (PMLA), are reported for the first time. The synthetic strategy relies on commercially available catalysts and initiator. The controlled ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) catalyzed by the organic guanidine base 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD), associated with iPrOH as an initiator, provided iPrO−PTMC−OH, which served as a macroinitiator in the controlled ROP of benzyl β‐malolactonate (MLABe) catalyzed by the neodymium triflate salt (Nd(OTf)3). The resulting hydrophobic iPrO−PTMC‐b‐PMLABe−OH copolymers were then hydrogenolyzed into the parent iPrO−PTMC‐b‐PMLA−OH copolymers. A range of well‐defined copolymers, featuring different sizes of segments (Mn,NMR up to 9300 g mol−1; ÐM=1.28–1.40), were thus isolated in gram quantities, as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and contact angle analyses. Subsequently, PTMC‐b‐PMLA copolymers with different hydrophilic weight fractions (11–75 %) self‐assembled in phosphate‐buffered saline upon nanoprecipitation into well‐defined nano‐objects with Dh=61–176 nm, a polydispersity index <0.25, and a negative surface charge, as characterized by dynamic light scattering and zeta‐potential analyses. In addition, these nanoparticles demonstrated no significant effect on cell viability at low concentrations, and a very low cytotoxicity at high concentrations only for PTMC‐b‐PMLA copolymers exhibiting hydrophilic fractions over 47 %, thus illustrating the potential of these copolymers as promising nanoparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Aryl‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)furan‐3(2H)‐ones and Their Reactions with Aromatic 1,2‐Diamines, Hydrazine and Hydroxylamine.
Authors: Safrygin Alexander V. , Irgashev Roman A. , Slepukhin Pavel A. , Roeschenthaler Gerd‐Volker , Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Y. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA convenient two‐step synthesis of two title substrate (IV) starting from acetophenones is described.
Steam reforming of ethanol over mesoporous Rh/CeZrO2: Mechanistic evaluation using in situ DRIFT spectroscopy
Authors: Sharma Pankaj Kumar , Saxena Navin , Bind Vimlesh Kumar , Roy Prasun Kumar , Bhatt Arti 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMesoporous CeZrO2support was prepared by a homogeneous urea coprecipitation route and loaded with 0.05 g/g (5 wt%) Rh2O3to prepare supported Rh/CeZrO2catalyst. The mesoporous nature of the catalyst was confirmed by N2adsorption‐desorption studies, which revealed a type IV isotherm with a characteristic H2 hysteresis. Rh impregnation led to a decrease in the BET surface area and an increase in the CO uptake, as established by pulse chemisorption studies. Temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR) studies revealed significant alteration in the reducibility of the support due to introduction of the active metal. Catalytic ethanol steam reforming (ESR) over the supported catalyst was performed in a tubular microreactor under varying temperatures and space velocities at a constant ethanol‐to‐water ratio of 1:6. Increasing the temperature was found to positively influence both the conversion and hydrogen selectivity. Mesoporous Rh/CeZrO2catalyst exhibited almost complete ethanol conversion and 62.9 % H2selectivity at 600 °C and 0.3 mL · min−1flow rate. The nature of intermediate species and products formed during ethanol steam reforming was established using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), which brought out the significant role of Rh toward aiding ethanol decomposition. Based on these studies, a plausible mechanism for catalytic ethanol steam reforming over Rh/CeZrO2was proposed. Time‐on‐stream studies revealed the excellent stability of the catalyst over extended periods. Detailed investigations of the spent catalyst revealed the amorphous nature of coke formed on the surface of the catalyst post‐reforming.
How to Train Experienced Therapists in a New Method: A Qualitative Study into Therapists' Views
Authors: ten Napel‐Schutz Marieke C. , Abma Tineke A. , Bamelis Lotte L. M. , Arntz Arnoud 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundImplementation of new effective treatments involves training, supervision and quality control of therapists, who are used to utilize other methods. Not much is known about therapists' views on how new psychotherapy methods should be taught.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to get insight in how experienced therapists experience the training in a new method so that training methods for experienced therapists can be improved.MethodQualitative research using focus groups. For an RCT on the effectiveness of schema therapy (ST) for six personality disorders more than 80 therapists were trained in ST. They applied the ST‐protocol after 4‐day training, with peer supervision and limited expert supervision. Sixteen of these trained ST therapists from seven health institutions participated in the focus groups. The transcripts and records of the focus groups were analyzed on repeating themes and subthemes and in terms of higher order categories.ResultsTherapists appreciated didactical learning methods but particularly valued experiential learning. Especially, novice ST therapists missed role plays, feedback to learn required skills and attitudes, and attention to their resistance to new techniques (e.g., empathic confrontation and imagery). Peer supervision gave emotional recognition, but therapists lacked regular advice from an ST‐expert.ConclusionsIn teaching a new therapeutic method didactic teaching is necessary, but experiential learning is decisive. Experiential learning includes practicing the new therapy and reflecting on one's experiences, including resistance against new methods. Emphatic confrontation, case conceptualization, role play, peer supervision and opportunities to ask an expert supervisor during peer supervision are found to be helpful. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Especially by Eperiential learning besides didactic learning.
By practicing with many role plays including feedback.
By reflecting on one's experiences including resistance against ingredients of the new method.
By peer supervision with opportunities to ask an expert supervisor.
Vaccination with a co‐expression DNA plasmid containing GAD65 fragment gene and IL‐10 gene induces regulatory CD4+ T cells that prevent experimental autoimmune diabetes
Authors: Liu Xinyuan , Zhang Song , Li Xia , Zheng Peilin , Hu Fang , Zhou Zhiguang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a commonly used animal model for studying type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aims of our study were to explore the diabetes‐preventive effect in NOD mice and the potential mechanisms of an optimized co‐expression DNA vaccine containing GAD65 fragment gene with the IL‐10 gene (SGAD65190‐315/IL‐10).MethodsFemale NOD mice at the age of 3–4 weeks old were randomly divided into two groups and received intra‐muscular injection of either blank pBudCE4.l vector (n = 34) or pBudCE4.l carrying the SGAD65190‐315/IL‐10 (n = 32). The incidence of diabetes was monitored up to 30 weeks of age. The severity of insulitis, apoptosis rate of β cells and relevant mechanisms were examined.ResultsAdministration with SGAD65190‐315/IL‐10 blocked the onset of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, significantly suppressed islet inflammation, inhibited the apoptosis of islet β cells, induced immune tolerance to autoantigen GAD65 and proinsulin and shifted the Th1/Th2 balance towards Th2. More importantly, the frequencies of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the spleen and pancreatic lymph nodes in vaccine‐immunized mice were significantly increased, and these Tregs were GAD65‐reactive. In addition, Treg depletion by anti‐CD25 mAb administration abolished the protective effects of SGAD65190‐315/IL‐10 on diabetes and insulitis. Moreover, depletion of CD4+CD25+ T cells using magnetic‐activated cell sorting impaired the protective effect of SGAD65190‐315/IL‐10 vaccination on adoptive transfer of diabetes.ConclusionsOur data suggested that SGAD65190‐315/IL‐10 DNA vaccine had protective effects on T1D by upregulating autoantigen‐reactive Tregs. Our findings may provide a novel preventive therapy for T1D. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of adapted interpersonal psychotherapy versus health education on mood and eating in the laboratory among adolescent girls with loss of control eating
Authors: Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian , Crosby Ross D. , Vannucci Anna , Kozlosky Merel , Shomaker Lauren B. , Brady Sheila M. , Sbrocco Tracy , Pickworth Courtney K. , Stephens Mark , Young Jami F. , Olsen Cara H. , Kelly Nichole R. , Radin Rachel , Cassidy Omni , Wilfley Denise E. , Reynolds James C. , Yanovski Jack A. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveInterpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is aimed at improving negative affect that is purported to contribute to the development and maintenance of loss‐of‐control (LOC) eating. Although youth who report LOC over eating tend to consume more snack‐foods than those without LOC, it is unknown if IPT impacts objective energy intake.MethodsTo test if IPT improves mood and eating in the laboratory, we examined a sample of 88 girls with LOC eating who were randomized to either IPT (n = 46) or a standard‐of‐care health education (HE) group program. At baseline, and 6‐month (follow‐up 1) and 1‐year (follow‐up 2) following the initiation of the groups, girls consumed lunch from a multi‐item meal with an instruction designed to model a LOC episode. Girls also reported mood state immediately before each meal.ResultsGirls in IPT experienced no significant changes in pre‐meal state depressive affect, while girls in HE experienced a non‐significant improvement by follow‐up 1 and then returned to baseline by follow‐up 2 (p < .04). We found no significant group difference for changes in total intake relative to girls' daily energy needs (p's ≥ .25). However, IPT reduced, while HE increased, the percentage of daily energy needs consumed from snack‐foods by follow‐up 2 (p = .04). Within‐groups, HE increased their snack food intake from follow‐up 1 to follow‐up 2 (p = .01).ConclusionsIn adolescent girls with LOC, IPT did not change total intake at the test meal and was associated with reduced snack‐food intake. Data are required to determine if IPT effectively prevents excess weight gain in the longer‐term. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:490–498)
A conserved pattern in plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores
Authors: Lu Jing , Robert Christelle A. M. , Lou Yonggen , Erb Matthias 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPlant‐mediated interactions between herbivores are important determinants of community structure and plant performance in natural and agricultural systems. Current research suggests that the outcome of the interactions is determined by herbivore and plant identity, which may result in stochastic patterns that impede adaptive evolution and agricultural exploitation. However, few studies have systemically investigated specificity versus general patterns in a given plant system by varying the identity of all involved players. We investigated the influence of herbivore identity and plant genotype on the interaction between leaf‐chewing and root‐feeding herbivores in maize using a partial factorial design. We assessed the influence of leaf induction by oral secretions of six different chewing herbivores on the response of nine different maize genotypes and three different root feeders. Contrary to our expectations, we found a highly conserved pattern across all three dimensions of specificity: The majority of leaf herbivores elicited a negative behavioral response from the different root feeders in the large majority of tested plant genotypes. No facilitation was observed in any of the treatment combinations. However, the oral secretions of one leaf feeder and the responses of two maize genotypes did not elicit a response from a root‐feeding herbivore. Together, these results suggest that plant‐mediated interactions in the investigated system follow a general pattern, but that a degree of specificity is nevertheless present. Our study shows that within a given plant species, plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores of the same feeding guild can be stable. This stability opens up the possibility of adaptations by associated organisms and suggests that plant‐mediated interactions may contribute more strongly to evolutionary dynamics in terrestrial (agro)ecosystems than previously assumed.
DNA barcoding sheds light on hidden subterranean boundary between Adriatic and Danubian drainage basins
Authors: Konec Marjeta , Delić Teo , Trontelj Peter 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn principle, the distribution of freshwater fauna follows the extent of drainage basins, but various historical and concurrent factors weaken this correspondence. Subterranean karstic drainages can be particularly baffling as their boundaries are decoupled from the surface relief and change with the level of the karstic groundwater. We explored how the distribution and genetic structure of cave fauna correlate to data obtained by conventional groundwater tracers in the Danubian–Adriatic divide in the classical Karst between Postojna and Trieste. Here, waters from the Pivka Polje drain to either basin, depending on the water level. This ambiguity is reflected by the distribution of several aquatic cave species that disperse from one drainage to the other. However, using DNA barcoding methods, we found a clear‐cut separation between the closely related subterranean aquatic isopods Asellus aquaticus on the Danubian and Asellus kosswigi on the Adriatic side. The boundary between them agrees with the established hydrology at normal water levels. Further phylogeographic and demographic analyses suggest that the superficial concurrent correspondence has a deeper historical component. We inferred that the Adriatic species did not reach its present boundary by recent range dispersal, but rather has remained there as relict from Pleistocene times. Today, dispersal from the lower part of the Adriatic (Reka River) drainage is impossible because of the large altitudinal difference within. These results demonstrate that biological and particularly genetic groundwater tracing have the advantage of being sensitive to both historical and contemporary groundwater connectivity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐evaluation of Sn(II)‐Br− Speciation in Concentrated Bromide Media by Cyclic Voltammetry
Authors: Park Dasom , Chang Jinho 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe report re‐evaluated Sn(II)‐Br− speciation by cyclic voltammetry on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode in concentrated Br− aqueous solutions. Contrary to the previous reports, electrochemical evidences of Sn(II)Br53−, Sn(II)Br64−, Sn(II)Br75−, and Sn(II)Br86− were found in aqueous solutions containing different Br− concentrations with ionic strength, I=6. Formation constants βj of Sn(II)‐Br− speciation reactions and corresponding fractions of Sn(II)Brj2−j fj were evaluated. Compared to fj as a function of Br− concentrations based on the previous report by Fedorov et al., fj measured by our electrochemical measurements were dramatically different. In an aqueous solution with 6 M Br−, 50 % of Sn(II)Br86−, 20 % of each Sn(II)Br64− and Sn(II)Br75− exist in total Sn(II)‐Br−. The diffusion coefficients, D of Sn(II)‐Br− in aqueous solutions containing different Br− concentrations were estimated, and D decreased as a Br− concentration in the solution increased, which is mainly attributed to the enlarged molecular size of Sn(II)‐Br− with more Br− coordination. A nucleation mechanism was also studied as a function of Sn(II)‐Br− speciation. It was found that the nucleation mechanism of an electrodeposited Sn on a GC electrode gradually changed from instantaneous to progressive as j in Sn(II)Brj2−j increases to 8, indicating the electrochemical Sn nucleation on a GC electrode is strongly dependent on Sn(II)‐Br− speciation.
Development of algal interspecies correlation estimation models for chemical hazard assessment
Authors: Brill Jessica L. , Belanger Scott E. , Chaney Joel G. , Dyer Scott D. , Raimondo Sandy , Barron Mace G. , Pittinger Charles A. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Web-based Interspecies Correlation Estimation (ICE) is an application developed to predict the acute toxicity of a chemical from 1 species to another taxon. Web-ICE models use the acute toxicity value for a surrogate species to predict effect values for other species, thus potentially filling in data gaps for a variety of environmental assessment purposes. Web-ICE has historically been dominated by aquatic and terrestrial animal prediction models. Web-ICE models for algal species were essentially absent and are addressed in the present study. A compilation of public and private sector–held algal toxicity data were compiled and reviewed for quality based on relevant aspects of individual studies. Interspecies correlations were constructed from the most commonly tested algal genera for a broad spectrum of chemicals. The ICE regressions were developed based on acute 72-h and 96-h endpoint values involving 1647 unique studies on 476 unique chemicals encompassing 40 genera and 70 species of green, blue-green, and diatom algae. Acceptance criteria for algal ICE models were established prior to evaluation of individual models and included a minimum sample size of 3, a statistically significant regression slope, and a slope estimation parameter ≥0.65. A total of 186 ICE models were possible at the genus level, with 21 meeting quality criteria; and 264 ICE models were developed at the species level, with 32 meeting quality criteria. Algal ICE models will have broad utility in screening environmental hazard assessments, data gap filling in certain regulatory scenarios, and as supplemental information to derive species sensitivity distributions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2368–2378. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Germinated Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan): a novel diet for lowering oxidative stress and hyperglycemia
Authors: Uchegbu Nneka N. , Ishiwu Charles N. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis work studied the antioxidant activity of extract of germinated pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) in alloxan‐induced diabetic rats. Germination was carried out in a dark chamber under room temperature (28°C). The total phenolic, 1,1,diphenyl‐2‐picrylhy‐drazyl free radical (DPPH) scavenging, the inhibition of α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase were done in vitro and blood glucose levels of the animal were investigated. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The total phenolic and DPPH scavenging activity increased by 30% and 63%, respectively, after germinating pigeon pea. Also after germination there was an increase in the inhibitory potential of pigeon pea extract against α‐glucosidase compared with the nongerminated pigeon pea extract. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in fasting blood glucose level of alloxan‐induced rats. Consumption of germinated pigeon pea extract gave rise to a reduced fasting blood glucose level in diabetic rats. On administration of germinated pigeon pea extract, LPO reduced drastically but there was an increase in the level of GSH. This study concluded that intake of germinated pigeon pea is a good dietary supplement for controlling hyperglycemia and LPO.
PEM Fuel Cell Operation under Air and O2 Feed: Analysis of Cell Performance and Liquid Water Distributions
Authors: Iranzo A. , Boillat P. , Salva A. , Biesdorf J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA commercial 50 cm2 PEM (polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cell was operated at 2.0 bara and 60 °C with two different oxidant gases, namely air and oxygen. A 3 × 3 matrix of anode and cathode reactants relative humidity (RHa and RHc) was used for a detailed characterization of the cell behavior. The cell performance and operating data including cell voltage and resistance were measured, and neutron radiographs were recorded during the entire operation to analyze the liquid water distributions within the cell. A quantitative analysis of the results is presented in this work, comparing the cell operation for both gases. The gain in cell voltage observed for the operation with O2, and the differences in the cell resistance and cell water content are quantitatively analyzed and discussed. Despite the differences in cell voltage, when the total volumetric cathode gas flow is maintained for air and oxygen feed, no significant differences are observed in the cell water content and water distribution.
Determining Seasonal Canal Seepage Using Stage–Seepage Relationship
Authors: Luo Yufeng , Bai Kaihua , Traore Seydou , Gu Hong , Sun Yong , Xiong Yujiang , Jiao Xiyun , Fipps Guy 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeasonal time‐dependent seepage data are very useful for irrigation system managers to reduce canal conveyance seepage losses. Determination of canal seepage is complex due to the transient fluctuations in canal stages and other factors. Here we propose an indirect method for estimating seasonal canal seepage using a calibrated stage–seepage relationship and a monitored canal stage. The method was applied to the Nanguan Main Canal (NMC) in Gaoyou Irrigation District, China. The stage–seepage relationship was calibrated using the least squares method and the observed data from a ponding test. We estimated the time‐dependent canal seepage for two irrigation seasons through the canal stage monitored by water‐level loggers installed along the canal. The estimated average seepage rates were consistent with the results from acoustic doppler current profiler tests; and the seasonal seepage losses from the NMC were estimated to be 3.08 million m3 in 2013 and 2.81 million m3 in 2014, accounting for 4.5 and 5.1% of the water diverted to the canal respectively. With the dominant time‐dependent factor influencing canal seepage taken into consideration, the proposed indirect method provides a rapid and timely monitoring of seasonal canal seepage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolving roles and controversies of radiotherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma
Authors: Hau Eric , Shen Han , Clark Catherine , Graham Peter H. , Koh Eng‐Siew , L. McDonald Kerrie 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNumerous randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefit of radiation therapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma and it has been the cornerstone of treatment for decades. The aims of this review are to (1) Briefly outline the historical studies which resulted in radiation being the current standard of care as used in the Stupp et al. trial (2) Discuss the evolving role of radiation therapy in the management of elderly patients (3) Review the current evidence and ongoing studies of radiation use in the recurrent/salvage setting and (4) Discuss the continuing controversies of volume delineation in the planning of radiation delivery.