bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying antimicrobial access and practices for paediatric diarrheal disease in an urban community setting in Southeast Asia
Authors: Nhi Le Thi Quynh , de Alwis Ruklanthi , Lam Phung Khanh , Hoa Nguyen Nhon , Nhan Nguyen Minh , Oanh Le Thi Tu , Nam Dang Thanh , Han Bui Nguyen Ngoc , Huyen Hoang Thi , Duong Vu Thuy , Vi Lu Lan , Tien Bui Thi Thuy , Tuyet Hoang Thi Diem , Nha Le Hoang , Thwaites Guy , Dung Do Van , Baker Stephen 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAntimicrobial-resistant infections are increasing across Asia. Aiming to evaluate antimicrobial access and practices in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) of Vietnam, we mapped pharmacy locations and used a simulated client method to calculate antimicrobial sales for paediatric diarrheal disease. We additionally evaluated healthcare choices for parents and caregivers when their children experienced diarrhoea. District 8 (population 396,175) of HCMC had 301 pharmacies (one for every 1,316 people), with a density of 15.8 pharmacies/km2. A wide range of different treatments (n=57) were sold for paediatric diarrheal disease, with 8% (3/37) and 22% (8/37) of the sampled pharmacies selling antimicrobials for watery and mucoid diarrhoea, respectively. Despite the apparent abundance of pharmacies, the majority of caregivers chose to take their child to a specialized hospital, with 81% (319/396) and 88% (347/396) of responders selecting this as their first, second, or third choice for watery and mucoid diarrhoea, respectively. Lastly, by combining denominators derived from caregiver interviews and diarrheal incidence figures, we calculated that 16% (2,359/14,427) of watery or mucoid diarrhoea episodes of the District 8 population aged 1 to <5 years would receive an antimicrobial for diarrhoea annually, but antimicrobial prescribing was almost ten times greater in hospitals than in the community. Our novel mixed-methods approach found that, whilst antimicrobials are commonly available for paediatric diarrhoea in the community of HCMC, usage is greater in hospitals. The observed non-standardized approach to diarrheal treatments is indicative of poor recommendations. We advocate better guidelines, training and dissemination of information regarding antimicrobials and their use in this location.
Engineering Human CNS Morphogenesis: Controlled Induction of Singular Neural Rosette Emergence
Authors: Knight Gavin T. , Lundin Brady F. , Iyer Nisha , Ashton Lydia M.T. , Sethares William A. , Willett Rebecca L. , Ashton Randolph S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHuman pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neural organoids have revolutionized in vitro modelling of human neurological disorders. Cell-intrinsic morphogenesis processes displayed within these tissues could serve as the basis for ex vivo manufacture of brain and spinal cord tissues with biomimetic anatomy and physiology. However, we must first understand how to control their emergent properties starting at the genesis of neural organoid formation, i.e. emergence of polarized neuroepithelium. In vivo, all CNS tissues develop from a singular neuroepithelial tube. Yet, current protocols yield organoids with multiple neuroepithelial rings, a.k.a. neural rosettes, each acting as independent centers of morphogenesis and thereby impeding coordinate tissue development. We discovered that the morphology of hPSC-derived neural tissues is a critical biophysical parameter for inducing singular neural rosette emergence. Tissue morphology screens conducted using micropatterned array substrates and an automated image analysis determined that circular morphologies of 200-250 and 150μm diameter are optimal for inducing singular neural rosette emergence within 80-85% forebrain and 73.5% spinal tissues, respectively. The discrepancy in optimal circular morphology for Pax6+/N-cadherin+neuroepithelial forebrain versus spinal tissues was due to previously unknown differences in ROCK-mediated cell contractility. The singular neuroepithelium induced within geometrically confined tissues persisted as the tissues morphed from a 2-D monolayer to multilayered 3-D hemispherical aggregate. Upon confinement release using clickable micropatterned substrates, the tissue displayed radial outgrowth with maintenance of a singular neuroepithelium and peripheral neuronal differentiation. Thus, we have quantitatively defined a pertinent biophysical parameter for effectively inducing a singular neuroepithelium emergence within morphing hPSC-derived neural tissues.Significance StatementHuman pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neural organoids display emergent properties that, if harnessed, could serve as the basis for ex vivo manufacture of brain and spinal cord tissues with biomimetic macroscale anatomy and physiology. Their chaotic terminal structure arises from uncontrolled morphogenesis at their genesis, resulting in spontaneous induction of multiple neuroepithelial morphogenesis centers,a.k.a. neural rosettes. Here, we determined that neural tissue morphology is a pertinent biophysical parameter for controlling subsequent morphogenesis, and identified discrete circular tissue morphologies as optimal and effective at inducing singular neural rosette emergence within forebrain and spinal neural tissues. Thus, we developed an approach to reproducibly control the initial stage of hPSC-derived neural tissue morphogenesis enabling their manufacture with a biomimetic nascent CNS anatomy.
Molecular Identification and Characterization of Two Rubber Dandelion Amalgaviruses
Authors: Debat Humberto , Luo Zinan , Iaffaldano Brian J. , Zhuang Xiaofeng , Cornish Katrina 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Amalgaviridae family comprise persistent viruses that share the genome architecture of Totiviridae and gene evolutionary resemblance to Partitiviridae. Two genera have been assigned to this family, including genus Amalgavirus consisting in nine recognized species, corresponding to plant infecting viruses with dsRNA monosegmented genomes of ca. 3.4 kb. Here, we present the molecular characterization of two novel viruses detected in rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz). The sequenced viruses are 3,409 and 3,413 nt long, including two partially overlapping ORFs encoding a putative coat protein and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). Phylogenetic insights based on the RdRP suggest them to be members of two new species within the Amalgavirus genus. Multiple independent RNAseq data suggest that the identified viruses have a dynamic distribution and low relative RNA levels in infected plants. Virus presence was not associated with any apparent symptoms on the plant hosts. We propose the names rubber dandelion latent virus 1 & 2 to the detected amalgaviruses; the first viruses to be associated to this emergent and sustainable natural rubber crop.
Distinct chromatin signatures of DNA hypomethylation in aging and cancer
Authors: F. Pérez Raúl , Tejedor Juan Ramón , F. Bayón Gustavo , F. Fernández Agustín , F. Fraga Mario 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundCancer is an aging-associated disease but the underlying molecular links between these processes are still largely unknown. Gene promoters that become hypermethylated in aging and cancer share a common chromatin signature in ES cells. In addition, there is also global DNA hypomethylation in both processes. However, any similarities of the regions where this loss of DNA methylation occurs is currently not well characterized, nor is it known whether such regions also share a common chromatin signature in aging and cancer.ResultsTo address this issue we analysed TCGA DNA methylation data from a total of 2,311 samples, including control and cancer cases from patients with breast, kidney, thyroid, skin, brain and lung tumors and healthy blood, and integrated the results with histone, chromatin state and transcription factor binding site data from the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics and ENCODE projects. We identified 98,857 CpG sites differentially methylated in aging, and 286,746 in cancer. Hyper- and hypomethylated changes in both processes each had a similar genomic distribution across tissues and displayed tissue-independent alterations. The identified hypermethylated regions in aging and cancer shared a similar bivalent chromatin signature. In contrast, hypomethylated DNA sequences occurred in very different chromatin contexts. DNA hypomethylated sequences were enriched at genomic regions marked with the activating histone posttranslational modification H3K4me1 in aging, whilst in cancer, loss of DNA methylation was primarily associated with the repressive H3K9me3 mark.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the role of DNA methylation as a molecular link between aging and cancer is more complex than previously thought.
Barley Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Tissue-Specific Co-expression Pattern with Coding-Transcripts
Authors: Karakülah Gökhan , Unver Turgay 
Published: December 2017

AbstractLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) with non-protein or small peptide-coding potential transcripts are emerging regulatory molecules. With the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies and novel bioinformatics tools, a tremendous number of lncRNAs has been identified in several plant species. Recent reports demonstrated roles of plant lncRNAs such as development and environmental response. Here, we reported a genome-wide discovery of ~8,000 barley lncRNAs and measured their expression pattern upon excessive boron (B) treatment. According to the tissue-based comparison, leaves have a greater number of B-responsive differentially expressed lncRNAs than the root. Functional annotation of the coding transcripts, which were co-expressed with lncRNAs, revealed that molecular function of the ion transport, establishment of localization, and response to stimulus significantly enriched only in the leaf. On the other hand, 32 barley endogenous target mimics (eTM) as lncRNAs, which potentially decoy the transcriptional suppression activity of 18 miRNAs, were obtained. Presented data including identification, expression measurement, and functional characterization of barley lncRNAs suggest that B-stress response might also be regulated by lncRNA expression via cooperative interaction of miRNA-eTM-coding target transcript modules.
Brain networks, dimensionality, and global signal averaging in resting-state fMRI: Hierarchical network structure results in low-dimensional spatiotemporal dynamics
Authors: Gotts Stephen J , Gilmore Adrian W. , Martin Alex 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTOne of the most controversial practices in resting-state fMRI functional connectivity studies is whether or not to regress out the global average brain signal (GS) during artifact removal. Some groups have argued that it is absolutely essential to regress out the GS in order to fully remove head motion, respiration, and other global imaging artifacts. Others have argued that removing the GS distorts the resulting correlation matrices, qualitatively alters the results of group comparisons, and impairs relationships to behavior. At the core of this argument is the assessment of dimensionality in terms of the number of brain networks with uncorrelated time series. If the dimensionality is high, then the distortions due to GS removal could be effectively negligible. In the current paper, we examine the dimensionality of resting-state fMRI data using principal component analyses (PCA) and network clustering analyses. In two independent datasets (Set 1: N=62, Set 2: N=32), scree plots of the eigenvalues level off at or prior to 10 principal components, with prominent elbows at 3 and 7 components. While network clustering analyses have previously demonstrated that numerous networks can be distinguished with high thresholding of the voxel-wise correlation matrices, lower thresholding reveals a lower-dimensional hierarchical structure, with the first prominent branch at 2 networks (corresponding to the previously described “task-positive”/“task-negative” distinction) and further stable subdivisions at 4, 7 and 17. Since inter-correlated time series within these larger branches do not cancel to zero when averaged, the hierarchical nature of the correlation structure results in much lower effective dimensionality. Consistent with this, partial correlation analyses revealed that network-specific variance remains present in the GS at each level of the hierarchy, accounting for at least 18-20% of the overall GS variance in each dataset. These results demonstrate that GS regression is expected to remove substantial portions of neurogenic brain signals along with artifacts. We highlight alternative means of controlling for residual global artifacts when not removing the GS.
Harnessing informal education for community resilience
Authors: Feng Shihui , Hossain Liaquat , Paton Douglas 
Published: December 2017

PurposeDisaster education is considered as a newly emerging area of research and practice, which promotes community-based educational approaches for building resilience. Given the atypical nature of these disturbances, people and communities need to develop the knowledge required to anticipate and understand what they could have to contend with and proactively develop strategies that can minimize their risk and afford ways to cope with and adapt to adverse situations in an effective manner. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that informal education resulting from daily activities related to work, family life, or leisure can be harnessed to develop disaster resilience within community settings.Design/methodology/approachThis conceptual paper provides the discussion and synthesis of literature covering community resilience, disaster risk reduction (DRR) and informal education. In doing so, this study proposes a conceptual framework and implementation strategies for harnessing informal education in building community resilience.FindingsTo harness informal disaster education for community resilience, the authors suggest a conceptual framework and four implementation strategies with the corresponding implications: cultivate social environment for conversations, discussions, reflections and learning; design social activities for promoting and encouraging informal learning; appropriate interventions by informal educators in social activities; and transparent resources and channels for information and social supports. A compilation of a number of community-based DRR practices involving civil society organizations has been incorporated in the proposed framework for exemplifying informal disaster education for community resilience.Originality/valuePromoting informal education in community settings is aimed at building community resilience in a collective way, which is especially important in disaster-prone areas. Informal education for community resilience not only educates individuals how to deal with disasters, but also connects individuals together to be more resilient in their ability to cope or bounce back from adverse events in their life.
University context matter
Authors: Oftedal Elin Merethe , Iakovleva Tatiana A. , Foss Lene 
Published: December 2017

PurposeHow university context (UC) enhances students’ entrepreneurial intentions and opportunity recognition is an emerging topic. It is known that students learn, not only from educational programmes, but also from the context in which they are embedded. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of such context on student’s entrepreneurial intentions and opportunity recognition.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a three-dimensional institutional framework to describe UC including regulative, normative and cognitive structures. Regulative structures refer to rules and regulations, support initiatives in relation to entrepreneurship; normative structures include shared values and norms; while cognitive structures apply to knowledge among students and faculty. A heterogeneous sample of 196 respondents from five countries was used to create reliable measures of UC and to test the hypotheses with the help of regression analysis.FindingsThe findings indicate that two dimensions of UC in particular (regulative and normative) were shown to be of great importance in increasing entrepreneurial intentions and opportunity recognition among students.Originality/valueThe study contributes to this further by suggesting a reliable and theory-grounded scale of UC. Furthermore, this study adds to the discussion on entrepreneurship education by proving evidence of the importance of UC on entrepreneurial intentions. The important contribution is acknowledgement of the fact that social systems both constrain and enable entrepreneurs in their discovery, evaluation and exploitation of opportunities. The authors have established that “would-be student entrepreneurs” do not exist separately from their structural context. Attempts to understand them outside of this context cannot, therefore, fully capture their nature.
“Yes, sir”: Leadership and blind obedience in hierarchal organisations
Authors: Drummond-Smith Ian 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore human issues within subordinate and leader interaction and guide police leaders in how they can achieve success. Although focussed on uniformed services, leaders from all areas will find the arguments presented here useful.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper draws on a number of catastrophic case studies, including the collision of two war ships, two Jumbo Jets, the defeat of the Spanish Armarda and the failure of Hitler’s military to respond effectively to the D-Day landings. It will examine work by Rittel and Webber (1973) and Grint (2005), who propose different styles of leadership for different problems.

Findings
The paper will find that humans are inherently obedient and reluctant obedient, reluctant to challenge authority and introduces the concept of blind obedience into police leadership. A distinction will be drawn between commanding in critical situations, which are rare, and leading in routine situations; the paper will conclude that to lead the police service through the turbulent times ahead, police leaders must be on guard against blind obedience and create an environment where subordinates have a voice and will be heard. The paper also finds that “micro-management” from a remote location is ineffective and that staff must be afforded time and space to undertake tasks and that strategic leaders must allow their subordinates, at the tactical and operational levels, freedom to act with the overall strategy; the paper recommends leaders adopt a mission command approach.

Originality/value
The paper will contribute to understanding how subordinates and leaders interact and will be of value to all who lead, particularly in structured organisations like the police, where rank plays a factor in establishing a strict hierarchy. It introduces the concept of blind obedience into police leadership and warns that police leaders, and indeed leaders in all hierarchal organisations, must be on constant guard against it.
Exploring the micropolitics of principal staffing advocacy
Authors: Lochmiller Chad R. 
Published: December 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the micropolitical strategies principals use to influence school staffing within an urban school district.Design/methodology/approachThe author used a qualitative case study approach drawing upon 47 semi-structured participant interviews with 25 individual research participants, 80 hours of observations, and 36 district artifacts. The author completed an iterative analysis using ATLAS.ti with a coding scheme informed by the educational leadership, human resource management, and micropolitical literatures.FindingsThe findings illustrate that school principals engaged productively within district staffing procedures to influence the allocation and composition of teaching staff within their schools. The iterative analysis identified three micropolitical strategies employed by school principals, including advocacy, acquiring leverage, and networking. First, principals used advocacy to shape personnel staff’s understanding of school needs. Second, principals acquired leverage over staffing by enlisting the support of their school supervisor. Finally, principals networked with colleagues to identify teachers within the district’s transfer system for possible hire.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings have both practical and research significance. Practically, the findings highlight how principals engage in leadership within the context of district staffing processes. With respect to research, the findings address an important gap in the literature as it pertains to principal’s leadership actions in relation to internal district administrative processes.Originality/valueThe findings of this study are unique in that they challenge the conventional view of district staffing procedures, which has typically framed these procedures as barriers to principal leadership. The findings suggest district staffing procedures can be a forum for productive leadership actions.
Non‐invasive prenatal testing for fetal inheritance of maternal β‐thalassaemia mutations using targeted sequencing and relative mutation dosage: a feasibility study
Authors: Xiong L , Barrett AN , Hua R , Ho SSY , Jun L , Chan KCA , Mei Z , Choolani M 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether targeted sequencing and relative mutation dosage can be used to diagnose correctly inheritance of maternal β‐thalassaemia mutations in cell‐free DNA.DesignFeasibility study using samples collected in a prenatal clinic.SettingSouth East Asia.PopulationCouples where both partners were known to be carriers of one of four common β‐thalassaemia mutations or an HbE mutation, and therefore at risk of carrying a fetus affected with β‐thalassaemia.Methods49 samples previously identified as having inherited a paternal β‐thalassaemia mutation were amplified using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then sequencing. Relative mutation dosage was used to classify the fetus as having inherited the wild‐type or mutant maternal allele.Main outcome measuresClassification of the fetus as ‘unaffected’ (if the maternal wild‐type allele was inherited) or ‘affected’ with β‐thalassaemia (if the maternal mutant allele was inherited).ResultsA classification for inheritance of maternal allele was obtained in 48/49 samples (98.0%). A concordant call was made in 44/48 cases (91.7%): one false‐positive and three false‐negatives were obtained. Thus, we had an overall sensitivity of 87.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 67.6–97.3%] and a specificity of 95.8% (95% CI 78.9–99.9%) for inheritance of maternal genotype.ConclusionsRMD for detection of inheritance of maternal β‐thalassaemia mutations has potential for clinical use. Our sequential approach could be applied to other single‐gene disorders.Tweetable abstractNIPT for β‐thalassaemia achieved using nested‐PCR followed by relative mutation dosage.
Inactivation Methods of Trypsin Inhibitor in Legumes: A Review
Authors: Avilés‐Gaxiola Sara , Chuck‐Hernández Cristina , Serna Saldívar Sergio O. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSeed legumes have played a major role as a crop worldwide, being cultivated on about 12% to 15% of Earth's arable land; nevertheless, their use is limited by, among other things, the presence of several antinutritional factors (ANFs ‐ naturally occurring metabolites that the plant produces to protect itself from pest attacks.) Trypsin inhibitors (TIs) are one of the most relevant ANFs because they reduce digestion and absorption of dietary proteins. Several methods have been developed in order to inactivate TIs, and of these, thermal treatments are the most commonly used. They cause loss of nutrients, affect functional properties, and require high amounts of energy. Given the above, new processes have emerged to improve the nutritional quality of legumes while trying to solve the problems caused by the use of thermal treatments. This review examines and discusses the methods developed by researchers to inactivate TI present in legumes and their effects over nutritional and functional properties.