bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communal Coping
Authors: Afifi Tamara D. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
When people experience something stressful, they often turn to others for social support. But, what happens when an entire group, community, or couple experiences the same stressful situation? Many times people experience stressful situations with others. For example, natural disasters have become increasingly common across the world, forcing entire communities to address the uncertainty and stress that comes in their wake. People living in war inflicted countries and refugee camps experience chronic stress and uncertainty and must learn to adapt. Family members experience numerous other stressful situations together, including divorce, the loss of a home or job, and illness. When several individuals experience a stressful situation together and a stressor is appraised and active upon as “our problem and our responsibility,” it is referred to as communal coping.
Parental Conflict and Child Functioning
Authors: Afifi Tamara D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractParents’ conflict can have a profound impact on children—in good and bad ways. There are parental conflict patterns that can be debilitating for children, but effective conflict management skills can also facilitate problem‐solving, cohesion, resilience, and other adaptive family dynamics. Conflict is a natural part of relationships and can be an opportunity for growth. How the conflict is managed is what is really important. This entry outlines what constitutes destructive and constructive conflict, and discusses some of the research on the impact of parental conflict on children.
Humor
Authors: DiDomenico Sara R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The study of humor is an interdisciplinary one, but as humor is essentially communicative, the field of interpersonal communication is uniquely suited to explore the many facets of humor as it relates to interaction. To facilitate a review of humor, it is useful to regard it as a process, beginning with the origination of humor (individual motivation); detecting a purpose in the communication (social function); and exploring the effects of a message as it relates to the individual, the audience, and their relationship (others’ impressions and individual and relationship outcomes). In addition to close relationships research, communication scholars have investigated humor use within workplace, healthcare, and classroom settings, and continue to identify the positive and negative effects of humorous communication in everyday life.
Communication in Immigrant Communities
Authors: Kam Jennifer A. , Wang Ningxin 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Interpersonal communication plays a crucial role in migrants’ ongoing and heterogeneous cultural adaptation processes. Migrants experience enculturation, acculturation, deculturation, assimilation, and/or biculturalism through interpersonal communication with people and exposure to media from their country of origin and receiving country. When residing in another country or region, many migrants may encounter several key family communication experiences, which include family separation and reuinification, acculturation gaps, and language brokering. Interpersonal communication has profound implications for the behavioral, relational, and psychological well‐being of migrant families in the process of cultural adaptation.
Emotional Appraisal/Reappraisal in Social Support
Authors: Holmstrom Amanda J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Emotional appraisal refers to processes by which individuals’ cognitions about events predict their emotional reactions to those events. Reappraisal refers to changing the way that one thinks about events and their relationship to the self, which may then alter emotional reactions. Based on appraisal theories, social support scholars forward a theoretical explanation for why some supportive messages are more effective than others: they help recipients work through the reappraisal process, which in turn improves recipients’ emotional state. Stemming from the appraisal theory forwarded by Lazarus, theories of supportive communication processes have been proposed and tested, including the theory of conversationally induced reappraisals and the cognitive‐emotional theory of esteem support messages.
Violence, Aggression, and Abuse
Authors: Olson Loreen N. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInterpersonal aggression takes many forms, including, but not limited to, acts of physical violence, emotional/psychological abuse, verbal aggression, rape, battering, bullying, incest, neglect, stalking, coercion, entrapment, and harassment. While varied in type and context, all of these behaviors can be considered examples of the dark side of interpersonal communication. Communication is the means by which aggression is enacted. Often, the terms abuse, aggression, and violence are used interchangeably. However, researchers have noted important distinctions among them. This entry examines the different ways in which scholars conceptualize aggression, violence, and abuse. Moreover, various typologies of violent couples and male batterers are reviewed as well as a summary of interaction‐based, communication‐focused theories that have been created to explain different relationships characterized by aggression, violence, and abuse.
Facework
Authors: Samp Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFacework reflects the communication strategies that people use to establish, sustain, or restore a preferred social identity to others during interaction. Concerns for positive versus negative face and speaker versus hearer concerns motivate different strategies by which to manage or repair desired identities via communication. Thus, face management and negotation is not a static process, but is rather dependent on the dynamics of the individuals and experience of interaction.
Social Networks and Relationships
Authors: Parks Malcolm R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Individual social relationships are embedded in larger social networks whose structure both reflects and influences basic interpersonal processes. Individuals vary in terms of their reach and centrality within networks and networks vary in size and the degree of connectedness. Variations in these parameters play a role in shaping personal attitudes such as prejudice, how innovative people are, how their personal relationships develop, and how much social support is available to them. Interpersonal networks are being reshaped by technologies such as the internet, mobile telephones, and social network applications.
Emotion and Negotiation
Authors: Olekalns Mara 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Emotion is influential in shaping negotiation outcomes. Positive emotions increase trust and cooperation and, when conveyed to opponents, facilitate deal‐making and agreement, and build stronger relationships between negotiators. In disputes, the reciprocation of positive affect is critical to settlement. Negative emotions decrease trust and encourage a competitive approach. Anger, when conveyed to opponents, elicits greater concessions in negotiations but elicits anger and delays settlement in disputes. Anger expressions are most effective when they are perceived as authentic (rather than strategic), and when they occur early and are followed by expressions of happiness. Anger also spills over from one negotiation to the next, continuing to elicit concessions. In multi‐party negotiations, anger blocks coalition formation, thereby reducing negotiators’ outcomes. The impact of emotional expressions is influenced by context. Anger expressions are less effective in eliciting concessions when behavioral norms emphasize social relationships, for example in Asian cultures or when negotiators are female.
Information Manipulation Theory
Authors: McCornack Steven 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInformation manipulation theory (IMT) is a theory of deceptive discourse design, authored by interpersonal communication scholar Steven McCornack. IMT argues that when deceiving others, people play with or “manipulate” relevant information in myriad ways within their discourse. According to IMT, the particular ways in which people manipulate information align with the conversational maxims suggested by philosopher Paul Grice, in his theory of conversational implicature. Although influential in impacting subsequent research, IMT also has drawn criticism, most notably for not being a testable theory. In response to this criticism, McCornack presented an elaboration of IMT, IMT2. IMT2 is a propositional theory of deceptive discourse production that is rooted in cognitive neuroscience, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, and speech production. IMT2 consists of a central premise and 11 propositions deriving from this premise, grouped into three propositional sets: intentional states, cognitive load, and information manipulation.
Communication in Stepfamilies
Authors: Johnson Amy Janan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A stepfamily is a family unit in which at least one child is not the biological or adopted child of one member of the married (or cohabiting) couple. Stepfamilies often have to negotiate such complexities as being spread across multiple households, dealing with stigma, clarifying unclear roles for family members, and negotiating a lack of legal status between the stepparent and stepchildren. The ways that stepfamilies develop, co‐parent, and self‐disclose have been found to be affected by these factors and often differ from nuclear family dynamics. Less is currently known concerning how stepfamily members communicate with individuals outside the stepfamily system.
Communication among Coworkers
Authors: Fonner Kathryn L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article provides an overview of communication among peer coworkers, or employees with no formal control over one another. It provides a history of scholarly research on coworker communication and outlines the four primary theoretical approaches in coworker communication research. The article highlights how uncertainty reduction theory, social exchange theory, and relational dialectics theory can be used to frame research on coworker communication. Finally, key topics of information exchange, social support, mentorships, close relationships, self‐managed teams, and negative coworker interactions are discussed, along with future directions for research on communication among peer coworkers.
Communication in Adoptive Families
Authors: M. Galvin Kathleen , Colaner Colleen Warner 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Members of families formed through adoption rely extensively on communication practices to construct and maintain their relational ties even as they confront numerous challenges to their identity. Many contemporary adoptive families maintain connections with one of more sets of the children's biological parents, a significant communication challenge; other families confront external challenges to their family identity due to visible differences among members. Because of the major role that communication plays in managing family identity, both internally and externally, a growing body of research addresses these communicative practices. This entry focuses on the issues of openness, visibility, and flexibility that are managed communicatively by adoptive family members.
Relationship Transgressions
Authors: Dillow Megan R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Relationship transgressions, or violations of relationally relevant rules, occur frequently and are often harmful to close relationships. Four major transgressions are here considered in the context of romantic relationships: infidelity (sexual, emotional, and communicative), jealousy, deception, and hurtful communication. Predictors and outcomes of these relationship transgressions are discussed, and other transgressions are briefly considered. Although these violations are typically aversive in nature, they may have positive consequences as well. Future research is encouraged to more closely examine the intricacies of the interplay among constructive and destructive elements of relational transgressions.
Mediation and Moderation Analysis
Authors: Hamilton Mark A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The nature of mediated and moderated relationships between variables is described and demonstrated with examples. Three features of mediated relationships are detailed. An example involving interpersonal conflict is used to illustrate the three features and forms of mediation. Moderator variables are examined as contingent relationships. Patterns of findings within regression analysis are offered to show the difference between simple and severe contingent relationships. Competing process models that explain how source credibility moderates the effect of language intensity on attitudes are used to exemplify simple and severe contingency.
Sexual Communication
Authors: Metts Sandra 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Sexual communication is a broad construct that has received interdisciplinary attention from scholars who highlight various factors of sexual communication such as gender roles, individual differences, dyadic interaction patterns, and relationship qualities. Script theory, and more specifically sexual script theory, provides a useful framework for synthesizing the empirical and theoretical information available. The cultural level sexual script provides a commonly shared schema for strangers or acquaintances to sequence and interpret behaviors that achieve the goal of sexual gratification. However, in developed romantic relationships, an interpersonal level sexual script emerges as partners coordinate and integrate their individual intrapsychic level sexual scripts. Sexual communication facilitates this process and contributes to the positive outcomes associated with both sexual and relational satisfaction. In addition, for nontraditional relationships which are sexual, but not framed by the romantic relationship script, sexual communication is typically more restricted, but varies in form and function within each type of relationship, including hookups, booty call relationships, and friends with benefits relationships.
Bargaining Goals and Plans
Authors: Liu Meina 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Negotiation scholars commonly agree that strategic goal‐setting and goal‐planning are the most critical precursor for effective negotiation. Although ample research demonstrates the strong effects of goals and plans on negotiation performance, our understanding of the planning process remains fragmented and incomplete. Conceptualization of bargaining goals and plans has shifted from a focus on pre‐determined commodity goals, to social motives that derive from both stable characteristics of negotiators and their perceptions of and responses to bargaining situations, and to interaction goals that encompass both commodity and socioemotional goals that are contextually determined and reflect conflicting motives. Scholars have yet to develop a coherent structure that connects various elements to guide the study and practice of negotiation planning.
Inter‐Racial and Multiethnic Communication
Authors: Soliz Jordan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Research on inter‐racial and interethnic communication has primarily focused on interactions with non‐intimate others. However, a growing body of literature has called attention to the fact that many of our personal relationships—including family—are composed of individuals with divergent racial/ethnic backgrounds. Scholars have recognized that multiracial/ethnic families and individuals with mixed backgrounds have
unique
experiences compared to what has historically been present in the landscape of family communication scholarship. Scholarship on communication in multiracial/ethnic families has centered on two areas: spousal communication and identity development of children with parents from different racial/ethnic groups.
Affectionate Communication and Personal Outcomes
Authors: Myers Scott A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Engaging in affectionate communication is perhaps one of the more salient communication behaviors that individuals can use to develop and maintain their relationships. Across a host of relationships, several positive personal outcomes are associated with the expression of affectionate communication. These outcomes include enhanced relational perceptions, more positive and fulfilling personal relationships, and greater mental and physical health. At the same time, when individuals engage in affectionate communication, they run several risks, which include nonreciprocity, misinterpretation, social censure, and disease transmission.
Group Argument Structure
Authors: Seibold David R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Group argument involves patterns of interaction reflecting members’ efforts to influence each other through argument acts that cohere as structures. These argument structures are produced through group members’ more or less conscious appropriation of rules and resources for argumentation and arguing, and they are reproduced in members’ single or joint efforts at influencing others toward group choices and preferred outcomes. The study of group argument is centered in communication and is relatively recent. Much of that work has been in the tradition of Structuration Argument Theory. Findings reveal descriptions of group argument acts, structures and strategies in face‐to‐face and computer‐mediated groups, as well as the power of features of group argument to predict group decision‐making outcomes.
Problematic Integration Theory
Authors: Babrow Austin S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Problematic integration (PI) theory is concerned with situations in which forming and integrating (or synthesizing) knowledge and values is troublesome: those involving uncertainty, ambivalence, and clashing expectations and desires. In these contexts, probabilistic and evaluative orientations are formed in, sustained by, and transformed through communication processes. In other words, PI is at once an individual psychological process, but it is also inherently a communicative phenomenon. Communication fosters reappraisal of probability and value, or more holistic reframing which recasts trouble into more comfortable understanding (e.g., reinterpreting painful impossibility as a test of faith or character; embracing uncertainty as the fundamental truth of existence). In these struggles, individuals and groups draw on, reinforce, challenge, and at times transform sociocultural resources. Such resources are themselves the residue of the ongoing, shared search for often elusive, troubling, or otherwise problematic meaning.
Online Dating
Authors: Toma Catalina L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Online dating is the process of initiating romantic relationships using dating Web sites. Online dating services require users to describe themselves through profiles, and either allow users to contact potential mates directly, or use proprietary algorithms to match them with suitable partners. Research shows that about a third of recently formed romantic relationships originate from online dating, suggesting that online dating has become a mainstream modality for initiating romantic relationships. This research also shows that relationships originating from online dating are more successful than their offline counterparts, although effect sizes are small. The scholarly literature has focused on the demographic and personality factors that predict usage of online dating sites, self‐presentation and deception in online dating profiles, mate selection through online dating, and the factors that may be responsible for the success of online dating.
Deceptive Message Production
Authors: McCornack Steven 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Although hundreds of studies have examined the cues associated with deceptiveness and the factors that impact ability to detect such cues, comparatively little work has been done exploring the processes antecedent to such behaviors and judgments. As a consequence, most deception research has been guided by presumptions regarding production, rather than valid theoretical models. New work in this domain, however, has finally begun to shed light on what previously was a process shrouded in mystery and mythos.
Uncertainty Management Theory
Authors: Stone Anne M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Uncertainty management theory provides principles to understand the role of information‐seeking and information‐avoiding in a variety of interpersonal communication contexts. Research framed with uncertainty management theory seeks to understand how individuals use communication to cope with the various questions encountered on a daily basis. Scholars using uncertainty management theory focus on how people appraise uncertainty and the impact that appraisal has on communication strategies.
Apologies/Forgiveness and Conflict
Authors: Waldron Vincent R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Forgiving communication is a constructive response to hurtful acts that inevitably occur in personal relationships. Forgiveness can be facilitated by apology, an expression of remorse by an offender. Although much studied by theologians and clinical psychologists, forgiveness has only recently been conceptualized as a process of relational communication. In addition to relational history and the nature of the offense, forgiveness‐seeking and forgiveness‐granting behavior has relational consequences. Explicit acknowledgment of misbehavior and offers of compensation are most appreciated by wounded partners. Conditional offers of forgiveness increase predictability but they are associated with relational deterioration. Forgiveness is a complex process that often unfolds over long periods of time as partners negotiate their conflicting commitments to mercy and justice, risk‐taking and vulnerability, and forgiving and forgetting. Forgiving communication may facilitate reconciliation but serves other purposes as well, including reinforcing the moral standards of relationships and communities.
Proxemics
Authors: Guerrero Laura K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractProxemics, which is the study of space as communication, covers a wide range of topics, including personal space, territory, crowding, and conversational distance. Privacy and environmental features are also central to proxemics. After reviewing ideas from three books that helped launch the study of proxemics, this entry focuses on general findings related to territory, crowding, and conversational distance, followed by a brief discussion of two theories that examine how people respond to violations of personal space in interpersonal interaction.
Implicit Theories
Authors: Kim Min‐Sun 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Human beings, acting as naive scientists, construct theories about social reality. Implicit theories are defined as tacit knowledge, or “common‐sense beliefs” about particular phenomena that reside in the minds of individuals and that are used in social perception and interaction. Implicit theories about phenomena are influenced, in part, by cultural traditions, norms, and expectations and are found to be highly stable over time. Accounting for the implicit theories of human communication behavior, judgments of communication behaviors have been shown to be structured similarly to overall social judgments.