bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Aliphatic α‐Tertiary Aminonitriles via Organocatalytic Isomerization of Cyanoketimines
Authors: Xu Ling , Luo Jisheng , Deng Li 
Published: September 2024

Comprehensive SummaryChiral α‐tertiary aminonitriles are valuable synthetic intermediates. They are also found in various structures of biologically active molecules. Therefore, numerous reports of catalytic asymmetric synthesis of chiral α‐aminonitriles continuously emerged during the past few decades. Great strides have been made for the synthesis of chiral α‐aryl and α‐branched alkyl aminonitriles. However, efficient methods for catalytic asymmetric synthesis of chiral α‐linear alkyl aminonitriles remain limited. We herein report a new synthetic approach to chiral α‐tertiary alkyl aminonitriles via catalytic asymmetric isomerization of cyanoketimines. The synthetic value of this method was illustrated by application to a concise catalytic asymmetric synthesis of vildagliptin.
New insights into the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Zell Lukas , Oetken Marco 
Published: September 2024

AbstractUm das Themenfeld der Katalyse im Chemieunterricht zu erarbeiten, eignet sich besonders der katalytische Zerfall von Wasserstoffperoxid durch Molybdat‐Ionen. Dieses Experiment zeigt den alternative Reaktionsweg einer katalytischen Reaktion und das Produkt Sauerstoff kann beobachtet und nachgewiesen werden. Der Nachweis des zweiten Produkts, Wasser, ist durch die Verwendung wässriger Wasserstoffperoxidlösungen unmöglich. Durch einen experimentellen Kniff gelingt der Nachweis: anstelle einer Wasserstoffperoxidlösung verwendet man ein festes Wasserstoffperoxid‐Harnstoff‐Addukt, das macht es erstmals möglich Wasser als Produkt nachzuweisen.
Concurrent validity, cut‐offs and ability to change of patient‐reported outcome measures for rhinitis and asthma in MASK‐air®
Authors: Bousquet Jean , Sousa‐Pinto Bernardo , Anto Josep M. , Bedbrook Anna , Czarlewski Wienczyslawa , Ansotegui Ignacio J. , Bergmann Karl‐C. , Braido Fulvio , Brussino Luisa , Cecchi Lorenzo , Loureiro Claudia Chaves , Cruz Alvaro A. , Devillier Philippe , Fiocchi Alessandro , Gemicioglu Bilun , Haahtela Tari , Ivancevich Juan Carlos , Klimek Ludger , Kulus Marek , Kuna Piotr , Kupczyk Maciej , Kvedariene Violeta , Larenas‐Linnemann Desiree E. , Louis Gilles , Louis Renaud , Makris Michael , Morais‐Almeida Mario , Niedoszytko Marek , Ohta Ken , Ollert Markus , Papadopoulos Nikolaos , Patella Vincenzo , Pétré Benoit , Pfaar Oliver , Puggioni Francesca , Quirce Santiago , Regateiro Frederico S. , Roche Nicolas , Rouadi Philip W. , Samolinski Boleslaw , Sastre Joaquin , Schleich Florence , Scichilone Nicola , Taborda‐Barata Luis , Toppila‐Salmi Sanna , Valiulis Arunas , Vardaloglu Koyuncu Ilgim , Ventura Maria Teresa , Yorgancioglu Arzu , Fonseca Joao A. , Zuberbier Torsten 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPatient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used to assess a patient's health status at a particular point in time. They are essential in the development of person‐centred care. This paper reviews studies performed on PROMs for assessing AR and asthma control, in particular VAS scales that are included in the app MASK‐air® (Mobile Airways Sentinel networK) for asthma and rhinitis. VASs were initially developed on paper and pencil and tested for their criterion validity, cut‐offs and responsiveness. Then, a multicentric, multinational, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomised control trial (DB‐PC‐RCT) using an electronic VAS form was carried out. Finally, with the development of MASK‐air® in 2015, previously validated VAS questions were adapted to the digital format and further methodologic evaluations were performed. VAS for asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, work and EQ‐5D are included in the app. Additionally, two control‐medication scores for allergic symptoms of asthma (e‐DASTHMA) were validated for their criterion validity, cut‐offs and responsiveness.
Aerodynamic breakup of emulsion droplets in airflow
Authors: Xu Zhikun , Liu Jinzhao , Zhang Houpeng , Wang Tianyou , Che Zhizhao 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAerodynamic breakup refers to the process where large droplets are fragmented into small droplets by the aerodynamic force in airflow, which plays a vital role in fluid atomization and spray applications. Previous research has primarily concentrated on the aerodynamic breakup of single‐component droplets, but investigations into the breakup of emulsion droplets are limited. This study experimentally investigated the aerodynamic breakup of water‐in‐oil emulsions in airflow, utilizing high‐speed photography to observe the breakup process and digital in‐line holography to measure fragment sizes. Comparative analyses between emulsion droplets and single‐component droplets are conducted to examine the breakup morphology, breakup regime, deformation characteristics, and fragment size distributions. The emulsion droplets exhibit higher apparent viscosity and shorter stretching lengths of the bag film and peripheral rim due to the presence of a dispersed phase. The breakup regime transitions of emulsions are modeled by integrating the viscosity model of emulsions and the transition model of the pure fluid. The fragment sizes of emulsion droplets are larger due to the shorter lengths of the bag film and peripheral rim.
Analyzing eight Turkish macroalgae: Fatty acids, proteins, and in silico biological activity profiles
Authors: Naz Mehmet , Şenol Halil , Okudan Emine Şükran , Sayın Selin , Konuklugil Belma , Topçu Gülaçtı 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis study investigated the fatty acid (FA) compositions and proteins’ molecular weight profiles (MWP) of eight macroalgae species collected from the Antalya and Çanakkale in Turkiye: three red (Liagora viscida, Laurencia obtusa, Palisada perforata), three brown (Stypopodium schimperi, Cladostephus spongiosus, Halopteris scoparia), and two green (Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Penicillus capitatus). The potential bioactivities of the FAs were evaluated by in silico studies, focusing on anti‐cholinesterase, antioxidant, and cardioprotective effects. The predominant FA across all species was palmitic acid comprising over 50% of total FAs in most species. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was abundant in seven of the eight species. Significant variations in MWPs were observed among species, with values ranging from <2532 to >67 000 Da. Brown algae generally exhibited higher MWP levels compared to red and green algae which showed distinctive profiles. In silico studies revealed that DHA exhibited the strongest binding affinity toward lipoxygenase acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes with −8.829, −10.636, and −7.984 kcal mol−1 docking scores, respectively. DHA demonstrated significant interactions with key residues, forming hydrogen bonds critical for enzymatic inhibition and potential therapeutic effects. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of DHA–protein complexes with low root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation values. This comprehensive analysis underscores the nutritional richness and potential bioactivity of macroalgae, particularly in terms of FA composition and protein profiles. The findings suggest that macroalgae, rich in DHA and other beneficial FAs, hold promise for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications, warranting further exploration into their therapeutic potential.Practical Applications: This study explores the fatty acid compositions and protein MWPs of eight macroalgae from Turkey's coasts. The findings suggest potential applications in aquaculture feeds and functional foods. Notably, DHA stands out for its antioxidant, cardioprotective, and cholinesterase inhibitor properties, making these macroalgae promising sources for obtaining DHA. The research supports practical applications in developing nutritional supplements, pharmaceuticals, and aquaculture practices, harnessing the bioactive potential of these marine resources for human health and industry.
Long‐term exposure of sucralose induces neuroinflammation and ferroptosis in human microglia cells via SIRT1/NLRP3/IL‐1β/GPx4 signaling pathways
Authors: Hacioglu Ceyhan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMicroglia serve as the primary defense mechanism in the brain. Artificial sweeteners are widely used as dietary supplements, though their long‐term effects remain uncertain. In this study, we investigated the effects of sucralose on microglia during prolonged exposure via the neuroinflammatory and ferroptosis pathways. Initially, human microglial clone 3 (HMC3) cells were exposed to sucralose (0–50 mM) for 24, 48, and 72 h to investigate the short‐term effects. Subsequently, HMC3 cells were treated with 1 mM sucralose for 7, 14, and 21 days to examine long‐term effects. We measured levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), NOD‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), Sirtuin‐1 (SIRT1), glutathione peroxidase‐4 (GPx4), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), ferrous iron (Fe2+), and caspase 3/7. Additionally, we analyzed the impact of sucralose on cell morphology, migration, and expression levels of IL‐1β, NLRP3, SIRT1, and GPx4. Sucralose inhibited cell viability and proliferation in HMC3 cells in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner and induced membrane and nuclear abnormalities. Moreover, sucralose significantly reduced the cell migration rate. Long‐term sucralose treatment decreased Fe2+, GPx4, GSH, and SIRT1 levels in HMC3 cells while increasing IL‐1β, MDA, NLRP3, 8‐OHdG, and caspase 3/7 activity. Sucralose treatment also enhanced microglial activation and neuroinflammation by upregulating IL‐1β and NLRP3 and downregulating SIRT1 and GPx4, thereby inducing ferroptosis and suppressing cell viability. Consequently, high concentrations or long‐term sucralose treatment may induce neuroinflammation and ferroptosis by targeting the SIRT1/NLRP3/IL‐1β/GPx4 pathway in HMC3 cells.
Revolutionizing Colon Histopathology Glandular Segmentation Using an Ensemble Network With Watershed Algorithm
Authors: Roy Bijoyeta , Gupta Mousumi , Goswami Bidyut Krishna 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTColorectal adenocarcinoma, the most prevalent form of colon cancer, originates in the glandular structures of the intestines, presenting histopathological abnormalities in affected tissues. Accurate gland segmentation is crucial for identifying these potentially fatal abnormalities. While recent methodologies have shown success in segmenting glands in benign tissues, their efficacy diminishes when applied to malignant tissue segmentation. This study aims to develop a robust learning algorithm using a convolutional neural network (CNN) to segment glandular structures in colon histology images. The methodology employs a CNN based on the U‐Net architecture, augmented by a weighted ensemble network that integrates DenseNet 169, Inception V3, and Efficientnet B3 as backbone models. Additionally, the segmented gland boundaries are refined using the watershed algorithm. Evaluation on the Warwick‐QU dataset demonstrates promising results for the ensemble model, by achieving an F1 score of 0.928 and 0.913, object dice coefficient of 0.923 and 0.911, and Hausdorff distances of 38.97 and 33.76 on test sets A and B, respectively. These results are compared with outcomes from the GlaS challenge (MICCAI 2015) and existing research findings. Furthermore, our model is validated with a publicly available dataset named LC25000, and visual inspection reveals promising results, further validating the efficacy of our approach. The proposed ensemble methodology underscores the advantages of amalgamating diverse models, highlighting the potential of ensemble techniques to enhance segmentation tasks beyond individual model capabilities.
CafeNet: A Novel Multi‐Scale Context Aggregation and Multi‐Level Foreground Enhancement Network for Polyp Segmentation
Authors: Ji Zhanlin , Li Xiaoyu , Wang Zhiwu , Zhang Haiyang , Yuan Na , Zhang Xueji , Ganchev Ivan 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTThe detection of polyps plays a significant role in colonoscopy examinations, cancer diagnosis, and early patient treatment. However, due to the diversity in the size, color, and shape of polyps, as well as the presence of low image contrast with the surrounding mucosa and fuzzy boundaries, precise polyp segmentation remains a challenging task. Furthermore, this task requires excellent real‐time performance to promptly and efficiently present predictive results to doctors during colonoscopy examinations. To address these challenges, a novel neural network, called CafeNet, is proposed in this paper for rapid and accurate polyp segmentation. CafeNet utilizes newly designed multi‐scale context aggregation (MCA) modules to adapt to the extensive variations in polyp morphology, covering small to large polyps by fusing simplified global contextual information and local information at different scales. Additionally, the proposed network utilizes newly designed multi‐level foreground enhancement (MFE) modules to compute and extract differential features between adjacent layers and uses the prediction output from the adjacent lower‐layer decoder as a guidance map to enhance the polyp information extracted by the upper‐layer encoder, thereby improving the contrast between polyps and the background. The polyp segmentation performance of the proposed CafeNet network is evaluated on five benchmark public datasets using six evaluation metrics. Experimental results indicate that CafeNet outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art networks, while also exhibiting the least parameter count along with excellent real‐time operational speed.
Enhancement of Semantic Segmentation by Image‐Level Fine‐Tuning to Overcome Image Pattern Imbalance in HRCT of Diffuse Infiltrative Lung Diseases
Authors: Ham Sungwon , Park Beomhee , Yun Jihye , Lee Sang Min , Seo Joon Beom , Kim Namkug 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTDiagnosing diffuse infiltrative lung diseases (DILD) using high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is challenging, even for expert radiologists, due to the complex and variable image patterns. Moreover, the imbalances among the six key DILD‐related patterns—normal, ground‐glass opacity, reticular opacity, honeycombing, emphysema, and consolidation—further complicate accurate segmentation and diagnosis. This study presents an enhanced U‐Net‐based segmentation technique aimed at addressing these challenges. The primary contribution of our work is the fine‐tuning of the U‐Net model using image‐level labels from 92 HRCT images that include various types of DILDs, such as cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, usual interstitial pneumonia, and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. This approach helps to correct the imbalance among image patterns, improving the model's ability to accurately differentiate between them. By employing semantic lung segmentation and patch‐level machine learning, the fine‐tuned model demonstrated improved agreement with radiologists' evaluations compared to conventional methods. This suggests a significant enhancement in both segmentation accuracy and inter‐observer consistency. In conclusion, the fine‐tuned U‐Net model offers a more reliable tool for HRCT image segmentation, making it a valuable imaging biomarker for guiding treatment decisions in patients with DILD. By addressing the issue of pattern imbalances, our model significantly improves the accuracy of DILD diagnosis, which is crucial for effective patient care.
Noninvasive Detection of the Skin Structure and Inversed Retrieval of Chromophore Information Based on Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Jinyao , Li Dong , Chen Bin 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTThe detection of skin's structure lays the foundation for personalized laser surgery of vascular skin disease, which can be noninvasively achieved by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). A two‐step inverse Monte Carlo radiation method based on DRS under two source‐detector separations was proposed to quantify the skin structure, including chromophore concentration (melanin f
m and hemoglobin f
b), epidermal thickness t
epi, average vessel diameter D
ves, depth d
pws and thickness t
pws of the vascular layer for diseased skin. The method fitted the simulated DRS to the measured DRS iteratively, differences between which were described by a specific objective function to amplify blood absorption at 500–600 nm, and D
ves, d
pws, and t
pws were estimated based on f
m, f
b, and t
pws fitted in the first step. The results showed that the two‐step method dramatically improve the inversion accuracy with mean errors of f
m, f
b, t
pws, and d
pws less than 5%.
Optical Transparency Windows in Near‐Infrared and Short‐Wave Infrared for the Skin, Skull, and Brain: Fluorescence Bioimaging Using PbS Quantum Dots
Authors: Qu Jinghan , Golovynska Iuliia , Liu Jiantao , Qu Junle , Golovynskyi Sergii 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTFluorescence imaging (FI) employing near‐infrared (NIR) light within the range of ~750–1350 nm enables biomedical imaging several millimeters beneath the tissue surface. More recent investigations into the short‐wave IR (SWIR) transparency windows between ~1550–1870 and 2100–2300 nm highlight their superior capabilities. This research presents a comparison of IR‐FI of PbS quantum dots, emitting at 990, 1310, and 1580 nm, through the mouse scalp skin, skull, and brain. The SWIR fluorescence is the most effectively transmitted signal, showing particularly significant enhancement when passing through the skull, which causes high light scattering. For the analysis of the imaging results and light propagation through the organs, their spectra of attenuation, absorption, and scattering coefficients are measured. In view of biomedical imaging, attenuation due to light scattering is a more destructive factor. Hence, the spatial resolution and imaging contrast can be improved by operating in SWIR due to decreased light scattering.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms in siblings of children with Tourette syndrome in the EMTICS study
Authors: Sidiropoulou Olga , Glaus Jennifer , Hagstrøm Julie , Ranjbar Setareh , Rizzo Renata ,   EMTICS collaborative group, Hoekstra Pieter J. , Dietrich Andrea , Plessen Kerstin J. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundTourette syndrome (TS) is associated with neuropsychiatric comorbidities, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Even though comorbidities are the main source of impairment in individuals with TS, family aggregation between TS and other neuropsychiatric disorders has been little explored. We therefore investigated associations of tic severity in probands with symptoms of ASD, ADHD, and ODD in their siblings and the influence of tic severity, age, and sex.MethodsThe sample of the present study stems from the European Multicenter Tics in Children Study (EMTICS), a longitudinal observational study, with the present subsample of 196 probands with TS and their 220 full siblings (54.1% girls). We analyzed associations of probands’ tic severity with ASD, ADHD, and ODD symptoms in their siblings using generalized linear mixed‐effect negative binomial regression models.ResultsHigher tic severity in probands was associated with higher scores of ASD symptoms in their siblings (IRR = 1.48, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.03–2.12, p = 0.034); after excluding the three items in the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire linked to stereotypies (that may be misinterpreted as tic‐like behaviors; IRR = 1.44 [95% CI] 0.99–2.09, p = 0.057) the effect size remained similar, yet reaching only near‐significance. Moreover, we demonstrated a significant interaction between probands’ tic severity and sex upon siblings’ symptoms of ADHD and ODD. Female siblings of probands with higher tic severity displayed more symptoms of ADHD and ODD, whereas this effect was absent in male siblings.ConclusionsThis multicenter study demonstrated a link between probands’ current tic severity and siblings’ neuropsychiatric symptoms. Our study suggests a familial link between TS and ASD‐like symptoms, competencies as well as sex‐specific associations with ADHD and ODD symptoms in female siblings. The current study sheds light on a broader family tendency and highlights the need for targeted prevention in this vulnerable population. Our findings, however, call for further studies to better understand the genetic and environmental aggregation of influences between individuals with TS, ADHD, and ODD and their siblings.
Biomechanical analysis of four different meniscus suturing techniques for posterior meniscal root pull‐out repair: A human cadaveric study
Authors: Chang Ting‐Yu , Yang Tai‐Hua , Lin Kuan‐Yu 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPurposeTo compare the biomechanical properties of the slip‐knot technique with three other transtibial pullout suture repair constructs for meniscal root tears.MethodThirty‐two fresh‐frozen cadaveric menisci were randomly allocated to four meniscus‐suture fixation constructs: Two simple‐sutures (TSS), two slip‐knot (TSK) sutures, two cinch‐loop (TCL) sutures, and two modified Mason–Allen (TMMA) sutures. Cyclic loading from 5 to 20 N was conducted for 1000 cycles at 0.5 Hz, and then loaded to failure at 0.5 mm/s. Parametric data (displacement during cyclic loading, ultimate load, yield load, and displacement at failure) were analysed using a one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), whereas nonparametric data (stiffness) were analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test.ResultsAfter 1000 cycles, the TCL construct significantly displaced the most (mean ± SD, 6.78 ± 1.32 mm; p < 0.001), followed by the TMMA (2.83 ± 0.90 mm), TSK (2.33 ± 0.57 mm), and TSS (2.03 ± 0.62 mm) groups. On ultimate failure load, there was no significant difference between the TSK group (123.48 ± 27.24 N, p > 0.05) and the other three groups (TSS, 94.65 ± 25.33 N; TMMA, 168.38 ± 23.24 N; TCL, 170.54 ± 57.32 N); however, it exhibited the least displacement (5.53 ± 1.25 mm) which was significantly shorter than those of the TCL (11.82 ± 4.25 mm, p < 0.001) and TMMA (9.53 ± 2.18 mm, p = 0.03) constructs. No significant difference in stiffness was observed among the four meniscus‐suture constructs.ConclusionThe slip‐knot technique has proven to be a simple, yet robust and stable meniscal root fixation option; moreover, it exhibited superiority over the more complex modified Mason–Allen suture construct in resisting displacement at the ultimate failure load.Level of EvidenceNot applicable.