bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytophthora infestansArgonaute 1 binds microRNAand smallRNAs from effector genes and transposable elements
Authors: Åsman Anna K. M. , Fogelqvist Johan , Vetukuri Ramesh R. , Dixelius Christina 
Published: March 2016

SummaryPhytophthoraspp. encode large sets of effector proteins and distinct populations of smallRNAs (sRNAs). Recent evidence has suggested that pathogen‐derivedsRNAs can modulate the expression of plant defense genes. Here, we studied thesRNAclasses and functions associated withPhytophthora infestansArgonaute (Ago) proteins.sRNAs were co‐immunoprecipitated with three PiAgo proteins and deep sequenced.Twenty‐ to twenty‐two‐nucleotide (nt)sRNAs were identified as the main interaction partners of PiAgo1 and high enrichment of 24–26‐ntsRNAs was seen in the PiAgo4‐bound sample. The frequencies and sizes of transposable element (TE)‐derivedsRNAs in the different PiAgo libraries suggested diversified roles of the PiAgo proteins in the control of differentTEclasses. We further provide evidence for the involvement of PiAgo1 in theP. infestansmicroRNA(miRNA) pathway. Protein‐coding genes are probably regulated by the shared action of PiAgo1 and PiAgo5, as demonstrated by analysis of differential expression. An abundance ofsRNAs from genes encoding host cell death‐inducing Crinkler (CRN) effectors was bound to PiAgo1, implicating this protein in the regulation of the expandedCRNgene family.The data suggest that PiAgo1 plays an essential role in gene regulation and that at least twoRNAsilencing pathways regulateTEs in the plant‐pathogenic oomyceteP. infestans.
Phylogeny and historical biogeography of leafhopper subfamily Iassinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with a revised tribal classification based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: KRISHNANKUTTY SINDHU M. , DIETRICH CHRISTOPHER H. , DAI WU , SIDDAPPAJI MADHURA H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPhylogenetic relationships among major lineages of the leafhopper subfamily Iassinae were explored by analysing a dataset of 91 discrete morphological characters and DNA sequence data from nuclear 28S rDNA and histone H3 genes and mitochondrial 12S rDNA. Bayesian, maximum‐likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses yielded similar tree topologies that were well resolved with strong branch support except at the base of the tree, resulting in equivocal support for inclusion of Bythoniini as a tribe of Iassinae but strong support for the monophyly of Iassinae (excluding Bythoniini) and most previously recognized iassine tribes. Divergence times for recovered nodes were estimated using a Bayesian relaxed clock method with two fossil calibration points. The results suggest that the deepest divergences coincided with Gondwanan vicariant events but that more recent divergences resulted from long‐range dispersal and colonization. Biogeographical analyses suggest that the group most likely has a Neotropical origin. The following changes to the taxonomic classification are proposed: establishment of three new tribes, Batracomorphini trib.n. (based on type genus Batracomorphus Lewis), Hoplojassini trib.n. (based on type genus Hoplojassus Dietrich and including one other South American genus), Lipokrisnini trib.n. (based on type genus Lipokrisna Freytag and including two other endemic Caribbean genera); Krisnini is redefined to include only the Old World genera Krisna and Gessius; Iassini is redefined to include only the type genus and four endemic Afrotropical genera; Bascarrhinus Fowler and Platyhynna Berg, recently treated as genera incertae sedis, are placed in Hyalojassini; Thalattoscopus Kirkaldy is added to the previously monobasic tribe Trocnadini. Iassinae now includes 12 tribes, all of which appear to be monophyletic. Revised morphological diagnoses of the subfamily and each of the included tribes are provided and a key to tribes is also given.This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:41295B68‐2DAB‐4C4F‐B260‐F7C054922173.
Estimation of HIV-1 DNA Level Interfering with Reliability of HIV-1 RNA Quantification Performed on Dried Blood Spots Collected from Successfully Treated Patients
Authors: Zida Sylvie , Tuaillon Edouard , Barro Makoura , Kwimatouo Lekpa Franchard Arnaud , Kagoné Thérèse , Nacro Boubacar , Ouedraogo Abdoul Salam , Bolloré Karine , Sanosyan Armen , Plantier Jean-Christophe , Meda Nicolas , Sangaré Lassana , Rouzioux Christine , Rouet François , Kania Dramane 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

The impact of HIV-1 DNA coamplification during HIV-1 RNA quantification on dried blood spots (DBS) was explored. False-positive HIV RNA detection (22/62, 35%) was associated with high HIV-1 DNA levels. Specificity of HIV-1 RNA assays on DBS should be evaluated following manufacturer protocols on samples with HIV-1 DNA levels of ≥1,000 copies/10
6
peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Conserved Tryptophan Motifs in the Large Tegument Protein pUL36 Are Required for Efficient Secondary Envelopment of Herpes Simplex Virus Capsids
Authors: Ivanova Lyudmila , Buch Anna , Döhner Katinka , Pohlmann Anja , Binz Anne , Prank Ute , Sandbaumhüter Malte , Bauerfeind Rudolf , Sodeik Beate 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) replicates in the skin and mucous membranes, and initiates lytic or latent infections in sensory neurons. Assembly of progeny virions depends on the essential large tegument protein pUL36 of 3,164 amino acid residues that links the capsids to the tegument proteins pUL37 and VP16. Of the 32 tryptophans of HSV-1-pUL36, the tryptophan-acidic motifs
1766
WD
1767
and
1862
WE
1863
are conserved in all HSV-1 and HSV-2 isolates. Here, we characterized the role of these motifs in the HSV life cycle since the rare tryptophans often have unique roles in protein function due to their large hydrophobic surface. The infectivity of the mutants HSV-1(17
+
)Lox-pUL36-WD/AA-WE/AA and HSV-1(17
+
)Lox-CheVP26-pUL36-WD/AA-WE/AA, in which the capsid has been tagged with the fluorescent protein Cherry, was significantly reduced. Quantitative electron microscopy shows that there were a larger number of cytosolic capsids and fewer enveloped virions compared to their respective parental strains, indicating a severe impairment in secondary capsid envelopment. The capsids of the mutant viruses accumulated in the perinuclear region around the microtubule-organizing center and were not dispersed to the cell periphery but still acquired the inner tegument proteins pUL36 and pUL37. Furthermore, cytoplasmic capsids colocalized with tegument protein VP16 and, to some extent, with tegument protein VP22 but not with the envelope glycoprotein gD. These results indicate that the unique conserved tryptophan-acidic motifs in the central region of pUL36 are required for efficient targeting of progeny capsids to the membranes of secondary capsid envelopment and for efficient virion assembly.

IMPORTANCE
Herpesvirus infections give rise to severe animal and human diseases, especially in young, immunocompromised, and elderly individuals. The structural hallmark of herpesvirus virions is the tegument, which contains evolutionarily conserved proteins that are essential for several stages of the herpesvirus life cycle. Here we characterized two conserved tryptophan-acidic motifs in the central region of the large tegument protein pUL36 of herpes simplex virus. When we mutated these motifs, secondary envelopment of cytosolic capsids and the production of infectious particles were severely impaired. Our data suggest that pUL36 and its homologs in other herpesviruses, and in particular such tryptophan-acidic motifs, could provide attractive targets for the development of novel drugs to prevent herpesvirus assembly and spread.
Speaking out about physical harms from tobacco use: response to graphic warning labels among American Indian/Alaska Native communities
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A , Tovar Molly , Thompson Kellie , Ishcomer Jamie , Kreuter Matthew W , Caburnay Charlene , Boyum Sonia 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveThis study is the first to explore the impact of graphic cigarette labels with physical harm images on members of American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities. The aim of this article is to investigate how AI/AN respond to particular graphic warning labels.MethodsThe parent study recruited smokers, at-risk smokers and non-smokers from three different age groups (youths aged 13–17 years, young adults aged 18–24 years and adults aged 25+ years) and five population subgroups with high smoking prevalence or smoking risk. Using nine graphic labels, this study collected participant data in the field via an iPad-administered survey and card sorting of graphic warning labels. This paper reports on findings for AI/AN participants.ResultsAfter viewing graphic warning labels, participants rated their likelihood of talking about smoking risks to friends, parents and siblings higher than their likelihood of talking to teachers and doctors. Further, this study found that certain labels (eg, the label of the toddler in the smoke cloud) made them think about their friends and family who smoke.ConclusionsGiven the influence of community social networks on health beliefs and attitudes, health communication using graphic warning labels could effect change in the smoking habits of AI/AN community members. Study findings suggest that graphic labels could serve as stimuli for conversations about the risks of smoking among AI/AN community members, and could be an important element of a peer-to-peer smoking cessation effort.
Assessing sociodemographic differences (or lack thereof) in prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects: a population-based study
Authors: Khoshnood Babak , Lelong Nathalie , Andrieu Thibaut , Houyel Lucile , Bonnet Damien , Jouannic Jean-Marie , Goffinet François 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesOur main objective was to assess sociodemographic differences in the probability of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects (CHD); we also looked at differences in termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA).DesignProspective cohort observational study.SettingPopulation-based cohort of CHD (live births, TOPFA, fetal deaths) born to women residing in the Greater Paris area (Paris and its surrounding suburbs, N=317 538 total births).Participants2867 cases of CHD, including 2348 (82%) live births, 466 (16%) TOPFA and 53 (2%) fetal deaths.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDifferences in the probability of prenatal diagnosis by maternal occupation, geographic origin and place of residence; differences in the probability of TOPFA.Results29.1% (95% CI 27.5% to 30.8%) of all CHD were prenatally diagnosed. Probability of prenatal diagnosis was similar by maternal occupation, geographic origin and place of residence. In contrast, there were substantial differences in the probability of TOPFA by maternal geographic origin; differences by maternal occupation and place of residence were generally smaller and not statistically significant.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that an appropriate health system organisation aimed at providing universal, reimbursed specialised services to all women can provide comparable access to prenatal diagnosis for all sociodemographic groups. In contrast, we found substantial differences in TOPFA for women of different geographic origins, which may reflect women's preferences that should be respected, but that can nonetheless lead to the situation where families with fewer resources will be disproportionately responsible for care of newborns with more severe forms of CHD.
Improving the management of behaviour that challenges associated with dementia in care homes: protocol for pharmacy–health psychology intervention feasibility study
Authors: Maidment Ian D , Shaw Rachel L , Killick Kirsty , Damery Sarah , Hilton Andrea , Wilcock Jane , Barnes Nigel , Brown Graeme , Gillespie Sarah , Fox Chris , Barton Garry , Iliffe Steve , Seare Nichola 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionThe inappropriate use of antipsychotics in people with dementia for behaviour that challenges is associated with an estimated 1800 deaths annually. However, solely focusing on antipsychotics may transfer prescribing to other equally dangerous psychotropics. Little is known about the role of pharmacists in the management of psychotropics used to treat behaviours that challenge. This research aims to determine whether it is feasible to implement and measure the effectiveness of a combined pharmacy–health psychology intervention incorporating a medication review and staff training package to limit the prescription of psychotropics to manage behaviour that challenges in care home residents with dementia.Methods/analysis6 care homes within the West Midlands will be recruited. People with dementia receiving medication for behaviour that challenges, or their personal consultee, will be approached regarding participation. Medication used to treat behaviour that challenges will be reviewed by the pharmacist, in collaboration with the general practitioner (GP), person with dementia and carer. The behavioural intervention consists of a training package for care home staff and GPs promoting person-centred care and treating behaviours that challenge as an expression of unmet need. The primary outcome measure is the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home version (NPI-NH). Other outcomes include quality of life (EQ-5D and DEMQoL), cognition (sMMSE), health economic (CSRI) and prescribed medication including whether recommendations were implemented. Outcome data will be collected at 6 weeks, and 3 and 6 months. Pretraining and post-training interviews will explore stakeholders’ expectations and experiences of the intervention. Data will be used to estimate the sample size for a definitive study.Ethics/disseminationThe project has received a favourable opinion from the East Midlands REC (15/EM/3014). If potential participants lack capacity, a personal consultee will be consulted regarding participation in line with the Mental Capacity Act. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences.
How much sugar is hidden in drinks marketed to children? A survey of fruit juices, juice drinks and smoothies
Authors: Boulton Jane , Hashem Kawther M , Jenner Katharine H , Lloyd-Williams Ffion , Bromley Helen , Capewell Simon 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the amount of sugars in fruit juices, juice drinks and smoothies (FJJDS) marketed to children.DesignWe surveyed the sugars content (per 100 ml and standardised 200 ml portion) of all FJJDS sold by seven major UK supermarkets (supermarket own and branded products). Only products specifically marketed towards children were included. We excluded sports drinks, iced teas, sugar-sweetened carbonated drinks and cordials as being not specifically marketed towards children.ResultsWe identified 203 fruit juices (n=21), juice drinks (n=158) and smoothies (n=24) marketed to children. Sugars content ranged from 0 to 16 g/100 ml. The mean sugars content was 7.0 g/100 ml, but among the 100% fruit juice category, it was 10.7 g/100 ml. Smoothies (13.0 g/100 ml) contained the highest amounts of sugars and juice drinks (5.6 g/100 ml) contained the lowest amount. 117 of the 203 FJJDS surveyed would receive a Food Standards Agency ‘red’ colour-coded label for sugars per standardised 200 ml serving. Only 63 FJJDS would receive a ‘green’ colour-coded label. 85 products contained at least 19 g of sugars—a child's entire maximum daily amount of sugars. 57 products contained sugar (sucrose), 65 contained non-caloric sweeteners and five contained both. Seven products contained glucose-fructose syrup.ConclusionsThe sugars content in FJJDS marketed to children in the UK is unacceptably high. Manufacturers must stop adding unnecessary sugars and calories to their FJJDS.
Nongrowing season soil surface nitrate and phosphate dynamics in a corn–soybean rotation in eastern Canada: in situ evaluation using anionic exchange membranes
Authors: Shi Yichao , Ziadi Noura , Messiga Aimé J. , Lalande Roger 
Published: March 2016

Determining how agricultural management practices affect changes in soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) could further our understanding of soil N and P cycle. The main objective of this study was to assess in situ nongrowing season soil nitrate and phosphate dynamics as adsorbed on anionic exchange membranes (AEM-N and AEM-P, respectively). The membranes were buried in the surface horizon (5 cm below the soil surface) over the nongrowing season (mid-November to mid-April) in five consecutive years (2009–2010 to 2013–2014) in a long-term corn–soybean rotation experiment established in 1992 in eastern Canada. The treatments consisted of two tillage systems, namely moldboard plow (MP) and no-till (NT), and nine combinations of fertilizer applications, namely three N rates (0, 80, and 160 kg N ha−1) and three P rates (0, 17.5, and 35 kg P ha−1) in a split-plot design with four replications. The results showed that AEM-N and AEM-P averaged 1.8 µg cm−2 d−1 and 7.4 ng cm−2 d−1 under MP, respectively, and 2.8 µg cm−2 d−1 and 67.8 ng cm−2 d−1 under NT, respectively. Nitrogen application increased AEM-N in 2010–2011, 2011–2012, and 2012–2013, but decreased AEM-P mainly under NT. Phosphorus fertilization had no effect on AEM-N, but increased AEM-P under both MP and NT. We conclude that AEM can be used as a technique to study N and P dynamics under cold winters of eastern Canada.
High Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Detected by Antibodies to Endomysium and Tissue Transglutaminase
Authors: Gillett PM , Gillett HR , Israel DM , Metzger DL , Stewart L , Chanoine J-P , Freeman HJ 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in children with type 1 diabetes in British Columbia.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred thirty-three children with type 1 diabetes were prospectively screened for CD using blind testing with the current 'gold standard', immunoglobulin A endomysium antibody (EmA), and the novel immunoglobulin A tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibody. Those children with positive results were offered small bowel biopsy; a gluten-free diet was recommended if CD was confirmed.RESULTS: Nineteen children were positive for EmA and had an elevated tTG level. One patient from this group was already known to have CD, and the other 18 patients consented to biopsy. One biopsy was normal, three biopsies demonstrated elevated intraepithelial lymphocyte counts with normal morphology and 14 biopsies had morphological changes consistent with CD. Growth parameters were normal in all patients, and nine of 19 children who were positive for EmA were asymptomatic. Seven patients had mild elevation of tTG levels alone. Two children from this latter group had normal biopsies, and five declined biopsy.CONCLUSIONS: At least 14 new cases of CD were detected in addition to four known cases, yielding an overall biopsy-confirmed prevalence of CD of 7.7% (18 of 233). The present study confirms that CD is as prevalent in the pediatric type 1 diabetic population in British Columbia as it is in Europe. Serological screening of these children is important because many children have no symptoms or signs suggestive of CD. This study suggests that tTG serology may also be useful in monitoring response and compliance with a gluten-free diet.
Darwinian Dynamics of Intratumoral Heterogeneity: Not Solely Random Mutations but Also Variable Environmental Selection Forces
Authors: Lloyd Mark C. , Cunningham Jessica J. , Bui Marilyn M. , Gillies Robert J. , Brown Joel S. , Gatenby Robert A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity in tumors is generally thought to result from branching clonal evolution driven by random mutations that accumulate during tumor development. However, this concept rests on the implicit assumption that cancer cells never evolve to a fitness maximum because they can always acquire mutations that increase proliferative capacity. In this study, we investigated the validity of this assumption. Using evolutionary game theory, we demonstrate that local cancer cell populations will rapidly converge to the fittest phenotype given a stable environment. In such settings, cellular spatial heterogeneity in a tumor will be largely governed by regional variations in environmental conditions, for example, alterations in blood flow. Model simulations specifically predict a common spatial pattern in which cancer cells at the tumor–host interface exhibit invasion-promoting, rapidly proliferating phenotypic properties, whereas cells in the tumor core maximize their population density by promoting supportive tissue infrastructures, for example, to promote angiogenesis. We tested model predictions through detailed quantitative image analysis of phenotypic spatial distribution in histologic sections of 10 patients with stage 2 invasive breast cancers. CAIX, GLUT1, and Ki67 were upregulated in the tumor edge, consistent with an acid-producing invasive, proliferative phenotype. Cells in the tumor core were 20% denser than the edge, exhibiting upregulation of CAXII, HIF-1Î±, and cleaved caspase-3, consistent with a more static and less proliferative phenotype. Similarly, vascularity was consistently lower in the tumor center compared with the tumor edges. Lymphocytic immune responses to tumor antigens also trended to higher level in the tumor edge, although this effect did not reach statistical significance. Like invasive species in nature, cancer cells at the leading edge of the tumor possess a different phenotype from cells in the tumor core. Our results suggest that at least some of the molecular heterogeneity in cancer cells in tumors is governed by predictable regional variations in environmental selection forces, arguing against the assumption that cancer cells can evolve toward a local fitness maximum by random accumulation of mutations. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3136–44. ©2016 AACR.
Genetically Engineered Multivalent Proteins for Targeted Immunotherapy
Authors: Talmadge James E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
mAbs initiated the unprecedented breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy and are rapidly evolving with multiple therapeutic platforms. One next-generation strategy engineers multivalent proteins that ligate single-chain variable fragments targeting cellular effectors, tumor-associated antigens, and cytokines. These developing therapeutics target and regulate cellular effector bioactivity and significantly improve clinical outcomes. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3419–21. ©2016 AACR.
See related article by Vallera et al., p. 3440
Human Neural Stem Cells Overexpressing a Carboxylesterase Inhibit Bladder Tumor Growth
Authors: Choi Sung S. , Chi Byung Hoon , Chang In Ho , Kim Kyung Do , Lee Sang-Rae , Kim Seung U. , Lee Hong J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Bladder cancer is a significant clinical and economic problem. Despite intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy, up to 80% of patients with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer develop recurrent tumors, of which 20% to 30% evolve into more aggressive, potentially lethal tumors. Recently, bladder cancer cells are considered to be mediators of resistance to current therapies and therefore represent strong candidates as biologic targets. No effective chemotherapy has yet been developed for advanced bladder cancer. It is desirable that a drug can be delivered directly and specifically to bladder cancer cells. Stem cells have selective migration ability toward cancer cells, and therapeutic genes can be easily transduced into stem cells. In suicide gene therapy for cancer, stem cells carry a gene encoding a carboxylesterase (CE) enzyme that transforms an inert CPT-11 prodrug into a toxic SN-38 product, a topoisomerase 1 inhibitor. In immunodeficient mice, systemically transplanted HB1.F3.CE stem cells migrated toward the tumor implanted by the TCCSUP bladder cancer cell line, and, in combination with CPT-11, the volume of tumors was significantly reduced. These findings may contribute to the development of a new selective chemotherapeutic strategy against bladder cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1201–7. ©2016 AACR.