bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Take the strain: materials from molecules
Authors: Ball Philip 
Published: April 2017

Abstract‘Take the strain: materials from molecules’ examines the molecular basis of materials science. Nature can perform countless tasks by employing many intricate molecular structures. This hierarchical structure allows the same molecules to display very different properties. In the human body, for example, collagen can be found as a tangle of fibres in the skin, or as a neatly ordered, uniform layer in the cornea. Spiders vary their silk to perform different tasks. Even at a cellular level, tubulin forms cytoskeletal superstructures involved in cell growth and division. Modern synthetic techniques are currently nowhere near nature's complexity, but research into carbon nanotubules may yield exciting results.
Pharaoh: Alexander and Egypt
Authors: Bowden Hugh 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Pharaoh: Alexander and Egypt’ chronicles Alexander's journey into Egypt, which was the first of the major Near Eastern kingdoms to come under his control. Egypt had a system of government that had been in existence for over two-and-a-half millennia. Two events are important for Alexander's time in Egypt: the foundation of the city of Alexandria and the visit to the oracle of Amun at Siwa. Ancient writers disagree about the relative chronology of the two events. This adds mystery to the first of the two stories. Ancient Alexander Historians all emphasize the personal involvement of Alexander in the construction of Alexandria. They also provide versions of a prophetic story about the foundation. What did the Egyptians think of their new ruler?
King of the world: Alexander and Persia
Authors: Bowden Hugh 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘King of the World: Alexander and Persia’ examines where the title ‘King of the World’ to describe Alexander came from and his image as a ‘King of the World’. It first appears in the narrative of Alexander's campaign in the story of the Gordian knot. Babylonians had no distinct concept of ‘Asia’, and ‘King of the World’ may have been a Babylonian way of rendering the term ‘King of Asia’. The issue that most concerned ancient writers, and many modern scholars, is the question of whether Alexander wanted his companions to prostrate themselves in his presence. Alexander historians seem to have believed that it was normal for Persians to do so, but in fact only defeated enemies were required to do this.
Doomed to die: Alexander in Babylon
Authors: Bowden Hugh 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Doomed to Die: Alexander in Babylon’ looks at the final chapter in Alexander's life, which was set in Babylon. When Alexander entered Babylon after his victory at Gaugamela, he was following a long line of previous victors. None of the surviving narratives mentions a coronation of Alexander in Babylon, but he was definitely recognized as king from the point of his arrival and described as such since. What do we know about the end of Alexander's life? Plutarch and Arrian both give detailed accounts of the last days of his life. They describe how he caught a fever, his health gradually declined, he lost the power of speech, and died. He was only 32. Shortly after, stories circulated claiming that he was poisoned.
The spread of the Industrial Revolution abroad
Authors: Allen Robert C. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The Industrial Revolution may have ended for Britain in 1867, but it had only just begun elsewhere. ‘The spread of the Industrial Revolution abroad’ charts the different regions’ share of world manufacturing. The second industrial revolution was in Western Europe, whose share of world manufacturing increased from 12 per cent in the 18th century to 28 per cent in 1913. Even more dramatic was the rise of the North American share: from less than 1 per cent in the 18th century to a peak value of 47 per cent in 1953. Other regions experiencing industrial revolutions in the 20th century were the former USSR, East Asia, and China.
The religions of Abraham
Authors: Bowker John 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The religions of Abraham: Christian understandings of God’ looks at Christianity beginning with its development from its Jewish Bible roots. Christianity began as one interpretation among many at that time of what it should mean to live in the Covenant relationship with God. Jesus' followers believed that Jesus, with whom they had lived and knew so well, was God in their midst. The Jewish understanding of God as One, the Creator of all things and of all people, did not change, but what did was their understanding of who God is and of how God is related to the world. The questions of Christology, Atonement, and the Trinity are then discussed.
Planet Earth
Authors: McGuire Bill 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Earth is the most dynamic planet in our solar system, but the very same geophysical features that make our world so life-giving and life-preserving also make it dangerous. ‘Planet Earth: in a nutshell’ provides a potted biography of the Earth’s 4.6 billion years of history describing the major natural hazards—storms, floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and asteroid and comet collisions—that have assaulted our planet. Floods constitute the greatest of all natural hazards—at least 100 million people a year are affected—and this situation is likely to continue given a future of rising sea levels and more extreme precipitation.
Global warming
Authors: McGuire Bill 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Global warming’ explains that the Earth is now warmer than it has been for over 90 per cent of its 4.6 billion year history and is heating up faster than at any time in the last 11,500 years. In 2013, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide exceeded 400ppm, the highest level for at least 15 million years. The 2013 IPCC 5th Assessment Report forecasts that global average temperatures could be 5°C higher and sea levels 1m higher by 2100. No one can escape the effects of anthropogenic climate change, but unless there is a widespread adoption of sustainable development, urgent action to seriously tackle climate change may only happen if there is an Earth-shattering climate catastrophe that no one can ignore.
The enemy within
Authors: McGuire Bill 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The Enemy Within’ begins with volcanic super-eruptions and their devastating consequences such as the 1815 eruption of volcano Tambora in Indonesia, and ancient eruptions in Yellowstone, USA, and Toba, northern Sumatra. Volcanic explositivity index, eruption magnitude, and eruption intensity are explained. Volcanic landslides in Hawaii and the Canary Islands will, in the future, result in giant tsunamis wreaking havoc around the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean rims. But when will they happen? Finally, the fate of industrial cities, such as Tokyo, located near active fault-lines and in earthquake zone, and the resultant effects on the world economy are considered.
What is climate change?
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘What is climate change?’ examines the role of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in moderating past global climate; why they have been rising since the industrial revolution; and why they are now considered dangerous pollutants. It considers which countries have produced the most GHGs and how this is changing with rapid global development. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change regularly collates and assesses the most recent key research and evidence for climate change. Its assessments have a profound influence on the negotiators of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). As more carbon is emitted into the atmosphere the effects of climate change will increase, which will threaten and challenge human society.
Politics of climate change
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Climate change can only be solved by having binding international agreements to cut global greenhouse gas emissions. ‘Politics of climate change’ reviews the role of the UNFCC and the regular ‘Conference of the Parties’ (COPs) climate change negotiations beginning with the Kyoto Protocol, which was signed in 1997 by over 190 countries. Failures at COP15 in Copenhagen (2009) due to the introduction by the US and BASIC countries of voluntary pledges set back negotiations. COP18 in Doha (2012) reinstated the Kyoto mechanisms and accounting rules, and encouraged parties to review and, if possible, increase their commitments. It is hoped that a timetable for a binding climate agreement can be finalized at COP21 in Paris in 2015.
Writing, scribes, and literature
Authors: Bryce Trevor 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
By the beginning of the Old Babylonian Kingdom, Sumerian and its cuneiform alphabet was a dead language, but it acquired a revered status in educated and cultured circles in Babylonian society. Young men were trained in the Sumerian language at scribal schools and often progressed to careers in palace administration or divination, which played a major role in shaping the lives, the plans, and the activities of the peoples who inhabited the Babylonian world. ‘Writing, scribes, and literature’ considers three of the most important surviving examples of Babylonian literature, copied and sometimes adapted by many generations of scribes: the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Epic of Creation, and the Atrahasis Epic.
How HIV and AIDS work and scientific responses
Authors: Whiteside Alan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘How HIV and AIDS work and scientific responses’ explains how HIV operates and is transmitted, and how science has progressed in the discovery and delivery of practical treatments and prevention measures. HIV attacks the immune system, leaving the victim susceptible to other illnesses. The WHO outlines four stages of HIV from asymptomatic infection to full blown AIDS. Transmission occurs through all bodily fluids—with blood carrying the most risk—and most commonly during sexual intercourse. The gap between infection and illness is around eight years, but healthy lifestyles can prolong this. Antiretroviral therapy is expensive, the drugs complex and toxic. Affordability and access remain a life or death issue.
The greatest manuscript discovery
Authors: Lim Timothy H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Are the Dead Sea Scrolls the greatest manuscript discovery of the 20th century? The public perception of this question differs greatly from the scholarly view. ‘The greatest manuscript discovery’ concludes that, for Jewish studies of the Second Temple period and biblical studies, they are. The Dead Sea Scrolls provide the earliest Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts of almost all the biblical books—illuminating the canonical process; dual pattern of scripture and tradition; and graded authority of compositions: biblical, non-biblical, and sectarian. The scrolls are the oldest examples of Old Testament texts, but they also act as a foil bringing out new insights into the early Christian church and New Testament.
What international law does well
Authors: Lowe Vaughan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
States cooperate in making and applying international law in circumstances where they are agreed upon the goals to be pursued, so that the law is employed to express a willing cooperation between them rather than to force rules upon them. ‘What international law does well’ considers the mechanisms of why and how States cooperate. Some arrangements are designed to facilitate transactions rather than to prescribe rules or standards. Examples include cooperation between legal systems and the United Nations. Key areas where international law has had success are in the international economy, through the World Trade Organization; humanitarian law and human rights; environmental protection; and the repression of criminal activity.
Deterrence and coercion
Authors: Echevarria Antulio J. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Coercion simply means compelling adversaries to do something, while deterrence is dissuading opponents from doing something. Together, these strategies constitute the fundamental dynamic driving most peacetime and wartime situations, at the highest echelons of diplomacy as well as the lowest levels of tactics. From the standpoint of military strategy, it is rarely sufficient to compel one’s foes to do something; usually one must also deter them from doing something else. Both strategies require similar conditions for success: reliable knowledge of one’s opponent, credible military power, active monitoring, and some shared communications and expectations. Without the latter two especially, both deterrence and coercion are vulnerable to unanticipated events.
Environmental futures
Authors: Dobson Andrew 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Environmental politics is a feature of the political landscape, which, now that it is established, is likely to persist well into the future. In part this is because the problems that have given rise to it are not likely to be solved any time soon. Global warming is at present the most obvious example, but other environmental issues such as species loss, deforestation, and urban pollution are also proving long-lasting. ‘Environmental futures’ also shows that environmental politics has a future because of the way in which it is tied up with livelihoods, particularly in poor and vulnerable communities. The different approaches of reform and radicalism in environmental politics are also discussed.
Iran and Islam
Authors: Ansari Ali M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In 1979 the Islamic Revolution overthrew the monarchy and transformed Iran’s relations with the outside world. Iranian history was reassessed along with the importance of Islam to Iranian identity. ‘Iran and Islam’ outlines the history of Iranians beginning with the wars between Sasanian Iran and its western Roman/Byzantine rival in the 6th century ce. It charts the fall of the Sasanian Empire to the Muslim Caliphate; the new Umayyad overlords; the Abbasid revolution in the 8th century ce; the rise of the New Persian language; the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries and integration with Turanians; and the importance of Shi’ism to the Iranian people.
Prospects and reflections
Authors: Moon Jeremy 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
How should corporate social responsibility (CSR) develop? Can or should other non-market institutions interpose? ‘Prospects and reflections’ looks at the clues to CSR’s future. Despite the growing significance of non-market institutions for framing CSR, it remains a ‘business-oriented’ phenomenon and thus business circumstances will be critical to CSR’s future. At an individual business level, these circumstances can depend on numerous factors, including leadership, commercial fortunes, social impacts, and stakeholder relations. Firstly, the broader factors of economic, business and environmental and social futures are considered. Then the societal expectations of business, in particular the issue of extending CSR to companies and their political engagement are reviewed.
Microbial genetics and molecular microbiology
Authors: Money Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Cell structures and metabolic processes are specified by genes. The genomes of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microorganisms are encoded in double-stranded helices of DNA. ‘Genetics and molecular microbiology’ explains that advances in sequencing techniques and the development of automated sequencing methods have allowed scientists to sequence the genomes of 4,000 bacterial genomes, 200 archaea, and 200 eukaryotes. Genome sizes vary a great deal within each category of microorganism and the largest prokaryote genomes overlap the smallest eukaryote genomes. Natural mutations in microorganisms play a primary role in evolution. Reproduction in prokaryotes is always asexual, whereas mechanisms of sexual reproduction have been studied in eukaryotic microorganisms belonging to all of the supergroups.
Ancient reefs and islands
Authors: Sheppard Charles 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Ancient reefs and islands’ illustrates that the present day ecology and organization of species on a reef and their behaviour—basically how a reef works—is the result of a very long heritage. Limestone-deposited structures of the Pre-Cambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous periods, the organisms that created them (including ancestors of today’s sponges and corals), and key extinctions are described along with the three different kinds of coral islands seen around the tropical world: coral cays, islands with a solid limestone core, and volcanic or basaltic islands fringed with coral reef. The future of current reef systems, the effects of ocean changes, and the resulting impact on humanity are considered.
The first casualty: journalists at war
Authors: Hargreaves Ian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
It was in the ‘Balkan wars’ of the 1990s that the news media and the military started to understand the extent to which digital media were reshaping the craft of war reporting. Journalists were now able to report from behind enemy lines. War has always delivered the most severe test to journalistic independence. What are the challenges to journalists reporting news in a war situation? How objective can they be? ‘The first casualty: journalists at war’ charts the impact of the digital era on war reporting in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the rise of the Arabic television channel Al Jazeera.
Christianity in the modern world
Authors: Woodhead Linda 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
During the modern period, Christianity has changed in rapid and unprecedented ways. Church, Biblical, and Mystical Christianity can still be discerned, but they flow together in new combinations, taking shape not in new churches and denominations, but in movements that flow through them and mould their agendas—most importantly Christian liberalism, evangelicalism and fundamentalism, Pentecostalism, and Charismatic revival. ‘Christianity in the modern world’ describes these movements and concludes that the late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen the ties between Christianity and the west loosening and secularism and ‘non-religion’ growing. The most vital and fast-growing forms of Christianity have flourished outside the west, taking the religion’s agenda in many new directions.
Introduction
Authors: Cronin Mike 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
What is ‘sport’ and why has the urge to run or jump, to wrestle, or master a moving ball individually, or in a team, been part of human culture for so long? The ‘Introduction’ explains that sport has a socio-cultural presence resulting from its daily performance on the pitch, the television screen, in print and online, and has also been reimagined in literary and artistic form throughout history. Sport is currently a predominantly male world of million-dollar salaries and endorsement packages. It is a business that struggles to balance its core historical and philosophical messages, the spirit of fair play, and the heroism of athletic endeavour, with underlying violence, cheating, and corruption.
Conclusion
Authors: Cronin Mike 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Sport is a physical activity still enjoyed as a natural expression of athleticism and energy, in many different forms and settings, by millions of people around the globe. At the elite level, sport is a multi-billion dollar global business. The Conclusion shows that the 19th-century idea of fair play and sportsmanship still shapes the way in which sport is thought about. But at the core, much of the practice and business of sport is rotten, and does not conform to the ethical and moral ideals that it was founded on. It also concludes that sport, despite all its rules, is not an equal competition.
World War II begins
Authors: Weinberg Gerard L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The German attack on Poland began on September 1 1939, and triggered the declaration of war on Germany by Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa. Germany and the Soviet Union were agreed on a dual attack on Poland from the West and East, which left Poland unable to defend itself. An important aspect of the war between Germany and the Allies was the war of the oceans. The battles between warships, targets on merchant ships, and the use of submarines in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans continued from 1939 up until Germany's surrender in May 1945 and drew in many Baltic and Scandinavian countries.
Developments on the home front and in technical and medical fields
Authors: Weinberg Gerard L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Developments on the home front and in technical and medical fields’ describes the social, political, and economic impacts of World War II on each of the countries that participated. There was severe war rationing in Germany and programs of compulsory sterilization continued until the latter stages of the war; Poland was the most dramatically changed country; the European Jewish population was decimated; Fascism was defeated in Italy; Britain lost its colonial powers; and in Russia, Stalin was transformed from being a feared and hated dictator into the benign saviour of his people. There were significant developments in military technology and medical practices applied during the war that had considerable post-war importance.
Influenza
Authors: Wayne Marta L. , Bolker Benjamin M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Influenza, or flu, has caused more deaths than any single disease outbreak since the 14th-century bubonic plague. Twenty to fifty million people worldwide died from the 1918 Spanish Flu, which was an H1N1 strain similar to the 2009 pandemic. ‘Influenza’ considers the attempts to control transmission of flu by reducing encounters, by reducing compatibility (through vaccination), or ideally by a combination of both. The unique evolutionary potential of flu means that both vaccinated people and unvaccinated people who contract flu naturally tend to lose their immunity after a few years. General principles of evolutionary biology, as well as intriguing particulars of flu evolution, are introduced. The politics of research and risk assessment are also discussed.
Changing the state of matter
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Changing the state of matter’ considers the transformations states of matter undergo from one form to another during the processes of freezing, boiling, dissolving, and mixing. All such transformations and the corresponding equilibria that are reached in state transitions can be expressed in terms of the chemical potential and the pushing power it represents. Changes in temperature and pressure can lower or raise boiling and freezing points. Josiah Gibbs' phase rule is concerned with the equilibria between various forms of matter. Phase diagrams help chemists draw conclusions about the compositions of mixtures, minerals, and alloys. Transitions in solutions, including osmosis, and solid-to-solid phase transitions are also discussed.
Markets
Authors: Dixit Avinash 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Markets’ focuses on the supply-and-demand nature of markets. The supply–demand mechanism produces just the quantity that contributes positive social surplus, and no more. The outcome maximizes the total social surplus; it is economically efficient. If underlying conditions of demand and supply change, market equilibrium will shift. Whether the product price and the quantity produced increase or decrease depends on the type of shift of demand and supply that has occurred. One cause of equilibrium shift is the imposition of a tax. Cycles of booms and busts in housing and mining sectors are discussed along with price floors and ceilings.