bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Manufacturing Through Creation and Governance of
Eco-Industrial Parks
Authors: Farel Romain , Charrière Benoît , Thevenet Charlotte , Yune Jeremy H. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
With the emergence of the concept of industrial ecology (IE) and the first discovery of its practice in an existent park in Kalundborg, the interest from the scientific community as well as from the public and private stakeholders has increased significantly. For more than a decade, a handful of national programs and private initiatives have been initiated worldwide to implement industrial ecology into existent or newly built industrial parks. To date, more than hundreds of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) have been established. However, the relationship between the context and the origin of EIP initiatives with its methodology of development and management is still not clearly defined. Therefore, the aim of this article is to contribute to filling this knowledge gap. The return of experiences of 19 EIPs worldwide, based on bibliographical and empirical research through literature review and field interviews, allows the definition of a trend in the creation and the management of EIPs according to the context of implementation. This investigation exposes the exclusive relationships between trigger factors to develop an EIP either economic, environmental, or a mix according to the bottom-up, top-down, or mixed approach of creation, respectively. Moreover, it highlights the association dependence between the natures of the approach with the coordination structure and consequently the influence of the social context and the presence of a certain gap of cohabitation of the two extreme systems, i.e., public and private.
Sci‐Thur PM – Colourful Interactions: Highlights 02: A deterministic solution to the first order linear Boltzmann transport equation including magnetic fields
Authors: St. Aubin Joel , Keyvanloo Amir , Vassiliev Oleg , Fallone B. Gino 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To develop a novel formalism including magnetic force in the linear Boltzmann transport equation (LBTE) and to solve this equation deterministically by developing a new numerical framework.Methods:The continuity equation in six dimensions was used to derive the magnetic force term in the LBTE. The phase space variables were discretized using the multigroup method for energy variables, the discontinuous finite element method (DFEM) for the spatial variables, and using two approaches for the angular variables: the standard discrete ordinates method (DOM), and a novel angular DFEM. The calculated dose for both techniques was compared to Monte Carlo.Results:It was found that the standard source iteration approach was unstable using the DOM with magnetic fields. The Krylov solver restarted GMRES(m) overcame the instability except for cases characterized by very low media densities and large magnetic fields where convergence stagnated using smaller restart parameters. Our novel angular DFEM framework overcame these instabilities for all cases tested. Comparison with Monte Carlo showed greater than 99% of points passing a 2%/2mm gamma criterion for the DOM, and 99% of points passing for the angular DFEM.Conclusion:A novel formalism to include magnetic force within the LBTE was derived and a new numerical framework to solve the resultant equations was developed and tested using two different angular discretization techniques. Both techniques provided excellent accuracy, but the angular DFEM proved to be more stable. Dose calculations with this formalism were proven to be highly accurate, equivalent to advanced Monte Carlo algorithms.
Sci‐Thur PM ‐ Colourful Interactions: Highlights 08: ARC TBI using Single‐Step Optimized VMAT Fields
Authors: Hudson Alana , Gordon Deborah , Moore Roseanne , Balogh Alex , Pierce Greg 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:This work outlines a new TBI delivery technique to replace a lateral POP full bolus technique. The new technique is done with VMAT arc delivery, without bolus, treating the patient prone and supine. The benefits of the arc technique include: increased patient experience and safety, better dose conformity, better organ at risk sparing, decreased therapist time and reduction of therapist injuries.Methods:In this work we build on a technique developed by Jahnke et al. We use standard arc fields with gantry speeds corrected for varying distance to the patient followed by a single step VMAT optimization on a patient CT to increase dose inhomogeneity and to reduce dose to the lungs (vs. blocks).To compare the arc TBI technique to our full bolus technique, we produced plans on patient CTs for both techniques and evaluated several dosimetric parameters using an ANOVA test.Results and Conclusions:The arc technique is able reduce both the hot areas to the body (D2% reduced from 122.2% to 111.8% p<0.01) and the lungs (mean lung dose reduced from 107.5% to 99.1%, p<0.01), both statistically significant, while maintaining coverage (D98% = 97.8% vs. 94.6%, p=0.313, not statistically significant).We developed a more patient and therapist‐friendly TBI treatment technique that utilizes single‐step optimized VMAT plans. It was found that this technique was dosimetrically equivalent to our previous lateral technique in terms of coverage and statistically superior in terms of reduced lung dose.
Sci‐Thur PM – Brachytherapy 01: Fast brachytherapy dose calculations: Characterization of egs_brachy features to enhance simulation efficiency
Authors: Chamberland Marc , Taylor Randle E.P. , Rogers David W.O. , Thomson Rowan M. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:egs_brachy is a fast, new EGSnrc user‐code for brachytherapy applications. This study characterizes egs_brachy features that enhance simulation efficiency.Methods:Calculations are performed to characterize efficiency gains from various features. Simulations include radionuclide and miniature x‐ray tube sources in water phantoms and idealized prostate, breast, and eye plaque treatments. Features characterized include voxel indexing of sources to reduce boundary checks during radiation transport, scoring collision kerma via tracklength estimator, recycling photons emitted from sources, and using phase space data to initiate simulations. Bremsstrahlung cross section enhancement (BCSE), uniform bremsstrahlung splitting (UBS), and Russian Roulette (RR) are considered for electronic brachytherapy.Results:Efficiency is enhanced by a factor of up to 300 using tracklength versus interaction scoring of collision kerma and by up to 2.7 and 2.6 using phase space sources and particle recycling respectively compared to simulations in which particles are initiated within sources. On a single 2.5 GHz Intel Xeon E5‐2680 processor cor, simulations approximating prostate and breast permanent implant ((2 mm)3 voxels) and eye plaque ((1 mm)3) treatments take as little as 9 s (prostate, eye) and up to 31 s (breast) to achieve 2% statistical uncertainty on doses within the PTV. For electronic brachytherapy, BCSE, UBS, and RR enhance efficiency by a factor >2000 compared to a factor of >104 using a phase space source.Conclusion:egs_brachy features provide substantial efficiency gains, resulting in calculation times sufficiently fast for full Monte Carlo simulations for routine brachytherapy treatment planning.
Sci‐Thur PM – Brachytherapy 02: Positional accuracy in Pd‐103 permanent breast seed implant (PBSI) brachytherapy at the Tom Baker Cancer Centre (TBCC)
Authors: Frederick Amy , Watt Elizabeth , Peacock Michael , Husain Siraj , Meyer Tyler , Roumeliotis Michael 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:This retrospective study aims to quantify the positional accuracy of seed delivery in permanent breast seed implant (PBSI) brachytherapy at the Tom Baker Cancer Centre (TBCC).Methods:Treatment planning and post‐implant CT scans for 5 patients were rigidly registered using the MIM Symphony™ software (MIM Software, Cleveland, OH) and used to evaluate differences between planned and implanted seed positions. Total and directional seed displacements were calculated for each patient in a clinically relevant ‘needle coordinate system’, defined relative to the angle of fiducial needle insertion.Results:The overall average total seed displacement was 10±8 mm. Systematic seed displacements were observed in individual patients and the magnitude and direction of these offsets varied among patients. One patient showed a significant directional seed displacement in the shallow‐deep direction compared with the other four patients. With the exception of this one patient outlier, no significant systematic directional displacements in the needle coordinate system were observed for this cohort; the average directional displacements were −1±5 mm, 2±3 mm, and −2±4 mm in the shallow‐deep, up‐down, and right‐left directions respectively.Conclusion:With the exception of one patient outlier, the magnitude of seed displacements were relatively consistent among patients. The results indicate that the shallow‐deep direction possesses the largest uncertainty for the seed delivery method used at the TBCC. The relatively large uncertainty in seed placement in this direction is expected, as this is the direction of needle insertion. Further work will involve evaluating deflections of delivered needle tracks from their planned positions.
Poster ‐ 09: A MATLAB‐based Program for Automated Quality Assurance of a Prostate Brachytherapy Ultrasound System
Authors: Poon Justin , Sabondjian Eric , Sankreacha Raxa 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:A robust Quality Assurance (QA) program is essential for prostate brachytherapy ultrasound systems due to the importance of imaging accuracy during treatment and planning. Task Group 128 of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine has recommended a set of QA tests covering grayscale visibility, depth of penetration, axial and lateral resolution, distance measurement, area measurement, volume measurement, and template/electronic grid alignment. Making manual measurements on the ultrasound system can be slow and inaccurate, so a MATLAB program was developed for automation of the described tests.Methods:Test images were acquired using a BK Medical Flex Focus 400 ultrasound scanner and 8848 transducer with the CIRS Brachytherapy QA Phantom – Model 045A. For each test, the program automatically segments the inputted image(s), makes the appropriate measurements, and indicates if the test passed or failed. The program was tested by analyzing two sets of images, where the measurements from the first set were used as baseline values.Results:The program successfully analyzed the images for each test and determined if any action limits were exceeded. All tests passed – the measurements made by the program were consistent and met the requirements outlined by Task Group 128.Conclusions:The MATLAB program we have developed can be used for automated QA of an ultrasound system for prostate brachytherapy. The GUI provides a user‐friendly way to analyze images without the need for any manual measurement, potentially removing intra‐ and inter‐user variability for more consistent results.
Poster ‐ 27: Incident Learning Practices in Ontario
Authors: Angers Crystal , Medlam Gaylene , Liszewski Brian , Simniceanu Carina 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:The Radiation Incident and Safety Committee (RISC), established and supported by Cancer Care Ontario (CCO), is responsible for advising the Provincial Head of the Radiation Treatment program on matters relating to provincial reporting of radiation incidents with the goal of improved risk mitigation.Methods:The committee is made up of Radiation Incident Leads (RILs) with representation from each of the 14 radiation medicine programs in the province. RISC routinely meets to review recent critical incidents and to discuss provincial reporting processes and future directions of the committee. Regular face to face meetings have provided an excellent venue for sharing incident learning practices. A summary of the incident learning practices across Ontario has been compiled.Results:Almost all programs in Ontario employ an incident learning committee to review incidents and identify corrective actions or process improvements. Tools used for incident reporting include: paper based reporting, a number of different commercial products and software solutions developed in‐house. A wide range of classification schema (data taxonomies) are employed, although most have been influenced by national guidance documents. The majority of clinics perform root cause analyses but utilized methodologies vary significantly.Conclusions:Most programs in Ontario employ a committee approach to incident learning. However, the reporting tools and taxonomies in use vary greatly which represents a significant challenge to provincial reporting. RISC is preparing to adopt the National System for Incident Reporting – Radiation Therapy (NSIR‐RT) which will standardize incident reporting and facilitate data analyses aimed at identifying targeted improvement initiatives.
Poster ‐ 29: A Review of Patient Specific QA to Enable Program Comparisons Across Centers
Authors: Lamey Michael , Rangel Alejandra , Robertson Merle 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To aid comparison of the performance of patient specific QA (PSQA) programs across centersMethods:Up to 414 VMAT/IMRT plans from various treatment sites (most commonly prostate, prostate bed, lung and lung SBRT) from a year period of ArcCHECK measurements were analysed using a range of acceptance criteria including variations of the following parameters: Gamma or DTA, Relative (RD) or Absolute Dose (AD), Van Dyk and Threshold (TH). A total of 24 different criteria were selected in the SNC Patient software to evaluate each plan and determine all reportable passing rates (PR).Results:The average passing rate (Rateavg) for all plans using all combinations of criteria ranges from about 93% using “3% Dose, 2mm DTA, AD, 10% TH, no Van dyk” criteria to nearly 100% using “Gamma with 3%Dose, 3mm DTA, RD, 10% TH, no Van dyk”. The 90th percentile of passing rates was also quantified and ranges from about 85% to nearly 100%. When analysed by site, prostate and prostate bed plans show the highest Rateavg, while SBRT lung plans shows the widest spread of rates. As expected, Rateavg decreases as the selection of Gamma changes to DTA, AD changes to RD, and “Van dyk” is turned off. Additionally, Rateavg decreases as TH percent selection decreases.Conclusions:The results enable comparisons of PR considering criteria stringency hence enabling better comparison of PSQA programs across centres. The study allows better understanding on how the parameters affect the reported PR and the level of stringency from all combinations.
Poster ‐ 30: Use of a Hazard‐Risk Analysis for development of a new eye immobilization tool for treatment of choroidal melanoma
Authors: van Prooijen Monique , Breen Stephen 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:Our treatment for choroidal melanoma utilizes the GTC frame. The patient looks at a small LED to stabilize target position. The LED is attached to a metal arm attached to the GTC frame. A camera on the arm allows therapists to monitor patient compliance. To move to mask‐based immobilization we need a new LED/camera attachment mechanism. We used a Hazard‐Risk Analysis (HRA) to guide the design of the new tool.Method:A pre‐clinical model was built with input from therapy and machine shop personnel. It consisted of an aluminum frame placed in aluminum guide posts attached to the couch top. Further development was guided by the Department of Defense Standard Practice ‐ System Safety hazard risk analysis technique.Results:An Orfit mask was selected because it allowed access to indexes on the couch top which assist with setup reproducibility. The first HRA table was created considering mechanical failure modes of the device. Discussions with operators and manufacturers identified other failure modes and solutions. HRA directed the design towards a safe clinical device.Conclusion:A new immobilization tool has been designed using hazard‐risk analysis which resulted in an easier‐to‐use and safer tool compared to the initial design. The remaining risks are all low probability events and not dissimilar from those currently faced with the GTC setup. Given the gains in ease of use for therapists and patients as well as the lower costs for the hospital, we will implement this new tool.
Poster ‐ 46: Intra‐fraction tumor position assessment for lung SBRT in patients treated without customized immobilization devices
Authors: Alamri Iqbal , Faria Sergio , Gluszko Jessica , Patrocinio Horacio 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To assess intra‐fraction positional stability of lung cancer tumours in patients treated by kilo‐voltage cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT)‐guided stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) without the use of customized immobilization devices.Material and Methods:Twenty‐two patients underwent 4D‐CT in the supine position with the arms in a wing board but without customized immobilization. The PTV was the internal target volume based on maximum intensity projections and a 5mm symmetric setup margin. Treatments were planned using 7–9 static fields or two volumetric modulated arcs. At treatment, the patient position was adjusted using pre‐treatment CBCT. A post‐treatment CBCT was taken immediately after the treatment ended. The 41 CBCT pairs were automatically matched and the transitional shifts between the two CBCTs recorded. The mean values and standard deviations were calculated for these displacements.Results and conclusions:The mean time between CBCTs (treatment time) was 16.5 ± 6 minutes (range: 10 to 34 minutes). In all cases the tumour remained inside the PTV in the post‐treatment CBCT. The mean shifts between pre and post‐treatment CBCTs were −0.7 ± 1.6 mm (range −5.0 to 3.0 mm) vertically, −0.3 ± 1.7 mm (range −4.8 to 3.0 mm) longitudinally, and −0.4 ± 1.5 mm (range −4.0 to 2.0 mm) laterally. Our results suggest little systematic shifting during treatment, and standard deviations that are consistent with another published report for treatments where customized immobilization was used. This result is encouraging for SBRT programs in clinics with limited resources.
Poster ‐ 47: A parametrized prediction model of rectal toxicity in focal SBRT of low risk prostate cancer
Authors: Stevens Todd , Bauman Glenn 
Published: August 2016

There has been a recent trend towards watchful waiting in place of intervention for early stage prostate cancer (CaP). However, this approach can allow for disease progression, and subsequent whole‐gland therapies such as prostatectomy and whole gland irradiation can result in functional deficits or rectal toxicities or both. A controversial alternative approach for this patient cohort is the use of focal therapy, where the treatment is focussed on an identified dominant index lesion (DIL). This work aims to investigate the treatment parameters for focal SBRT of the prostate under which clinically acceptable rectal NTCP levels can be achieved.For each of 25 low risk CaP patients, a hypothetical 2 cc DIL was modeled in the right‐posterior quadrant of the prostate, and was used to build a PTV as the target for SBRT simulation. An SBRT prescriptions of 41 Gy and 37 Gy in 5 fractions were chosen, corresponding to the boost levels used in previous CaP dose escalation studies. DVH data were exported and used to calculate rectal NTCP values based on the Lyman‐Kutcher‐Burman (LKB) model using the QUANTEC reccommended model parameters. Rectal NTCP dependence on DIL‐to‐rectum separation, dose level, and DIL volume were investigated. The final goal of this ongoing work is to create a map of the maximum allowable prescription dose for a given patient geometry that achieves a clinically acceptable rectal NTCP level.
Sci‐Fri AM: MRI and Diagnostic Imaging ‐ 04: How does prostate biopsy guidance error impact pathologic cancer risk assessment?
Authors: Martin Peter , Gaed Mena , Gomez Jose , Moussa Madeleine , Gibson Eli , Cool Derek , Chin Joseph , Pautler Stephen , Fenster Aaron , Ward Aaron 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:MRI‐targeted, 3D transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)‐guided prostate biopsy aims to reduce the 21–47% false negative rate1 of clinical 2D TRUS‐guided sextant biopsy, but still has a substantial false negative rate. This could be improved via biopsy needle target optimization, accounting for uncertainties due to guidance system errors and image registration errors. As an initial step toward this broader goal, we elucidated the impact of biopsy needle delivery error on the probability of obtaining tumour samples and on core involvement. These are both important parameters to patient risk stratification and treatment decision.Methods:We investigated this for cancer of all grades, and separately for intermediate/high grade (≥Gleason 4+3) cancer. We used expert‐contoured gold‐standard prostatectomy histology to simulate targeted biopsies using an isotropic Gaussian needle delivery error from 1 to 6 mm, and investigated the amount of cancer obtained in each biopsy core as determined by histology.Results:Needle delivery error resulted in core involvement variability that could influence treatment decisions; the presence or absence of cancer in 1/3 or more of each needle core can be attributed to needle delivery error of 4 mm (as observed in practice2).Conclusions:Repeated biopsies of the same tumour target can yield percent core involvement measures with sufficient variability to influence the decision between active surveillance and treatment. However, this may be mitigated by making more than one biopsy attempt at selected tumour targets.
Sci‐Fri AM: MRI and Diagnostic Imaging ‐ 05: Comparison of Input Function Measurements from DCE and MOLLI
Authors: Majtenyi Nicholas , Juma Hanif , Klein Ran , deKemp Robert A. , Cron Greg O. , Nguyen Thanh B. , Cameron Ian G. 
Published: August 2016

Dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI is a technique for obtaining tissue hemodynamic information (e.g. tumours). Despite widespread clinical application of DCE‐MRI, the technique suffers from a lack of standardization and accuracy, especially with respect to the concentration‐versus‐time of gadolinium (Gd) in feeding arteries (the input function, IF). MR phase has a linear quantitative relationship with Gd concentration ([Gd]), making it ideal for measuring the first‐pass of the IF, but is not considered accurate in the steady‐state washout. Modified Look‐Locker Inversion Recovery (MOLLI) is a fast and accurate method to measure T1 and has been validated to quantify typical [Gd] ranges experienced in the washout of the IF.Two different methods to measure the IF for DCE‐MRI were compared: 1) conventional phase‐versus‐time (“Phase‐only”) and 2) phase‐versus‐time combined with pre‐ and post‐DCE MOLLI T1 measurements (“Phase+MOLLI”). The IF obtained from Phase+MOLLI was calculated from MOLLI T1 values and known relaxivity, then added to the Phase‐only acquisition with the washout IF subtracted. A significant difference was observed between IF values for [Gd] between the Phase‐only and Phase+MOLLI acquisitions (P = 0.03). To ensure the IFs from MOLLI T1s were accurate, it was compared to [Gd] obtained from “gold‐standard” inversion recovery (IR). MOLLI showed excellent agreement with IR when imaged in static phantoms (r2 = 0.997, P = 0.001). The Phase+MOLLI IF was more accurate than the Phase‐only IF in measuring the washout. The Phase+MOLLI acquisition may therefore provide a DCE‐MRI reference standard that could lead to better clinical diagnoses.