bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Steel Catenary Riser (
SCR
)
Authors: Sharma Partha , Stanton Paul 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The steel catenary riser (SCR) is the preferred riser solution for the cost‐effective development of deepwater fields and has been successfully adapted to a variety of floaters including spars, tension leg platforms (TLPs), semi‐submersibles, and floating production storage and offloading vessels (FPSOs). This article presents an overview of the design, fabrication, installation, commissioning, and operational aspects of SCRs. The American Petroleum Institute has issued a new riser code “Dynamic Risers for Floating Production Systems API Standard 2RD, Second Edition”. This article summarizes four design methods. SCR design is often driven by the fatigue damage considerations at the floater hang‐off location and the touchdown zone (TDZ). The fatigue at the hand‐off region can be mitigated using specialty joints such as flex joint and stress joint. TDZ fatigue is more complicated due to uncertainty associated with pipe–soil interaction process. Finally, installation using different pipe‐laying methods such as S‐lay, J‐lay, and reeling are discussed.
Riser Design
Authors: Thomas William 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The general elements and step‐by‐step procedure for designing riser systems will be described. The variety of configurations of subsea riser systems is broad, and thus, the detailed design procedure must adapt to the specific issues. Every element covered in this article should nonetheless be considered all for all types of risers. The concept of a global riser analysis is presented. Key failure modes are listed along with failure criteria. The key design parameters are numerous, and thus, with any open‐ended problem, the design procedure can be iterative and fraught with missteps. A rational step‐by‐step design procedure is shown to help ensure a straightforward process with minimal iterations.
Flexible Pipes
Authors: Shen Yijun , Hill Tricia 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFlexible pipes have been used in the offshore oil and gas industry since 1970s, when Coflexip was awarded a patent to build a high pressure, flexible steel pipe. Flexible pipes rely upon their deformation of the pipe from imposed loads to mobilize the support of embedment materials on both sides of the pipe.Flexible pipes are already used for versatile offshore oil and gas applications including production, gas lift, gas injection, water injection, and various ancillary lines including potable water and liquid chemical lines, and so on.Compared with traditional rigid pipes, flexible pipes have the following key advantages: (i) It follows the contours of the seabed and has not large spans; (ii) Good insulation properties and excellent corrosion properties; (iii) It can be made with enhanced flow characteristics; (iv) Diverless installation is possible without metrology necessary; (v) Load‐out and installation is safer, easier, faster, and cheaper than any other pipe application.As the offshore oil and gas production enters the deepwater fields, flexible pipes get more and more widely application, for example, they can used for the dynamic risers from a subsea pipeline end manifold (PLEM) or riser tower to a floating production system; they are also used for the static risers, static flowlines, subsea jumpers, topside jumpers, and expansion joints.
Top Tensioned Risers (
TTRs
)
Authors: Kakar Karan , Padelopoulos Peter 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Top tensioned risers (TTRs) have been used for deepwater applications in the Gulf of Mexico, offshore West Africa, and offshore Southeast Asia. Dry tree riser systems attached to floating production units such as spars, tension leg platforms (TLPs), and deep‐draft semisubmersibles are continually being considered for future developments, and designs have been developed for ultradeepwater. TTRs are complex dynamic structures, and the design of these riser systems is primarily governed by loading from the environment and the floater motions. This article presents the TTR system configuration for production and drilling applications and briefly describes the different components that comprise the TTR stack‐up. The design and functionality of different tensioner systems used to provide top tension is presented in detail. Aspects of TTR design, fabrication, installation, and commissioning are discussed to highlight the key considerations in progressing TTR design from concept to service.
Seabed Gas Hydrates
Authors: Sultan Nabil , Ruffine Livio , Garziglia Sébastien , Ker Stéphan , Vanneste Maarten , Humphrey Gary D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGas hydrates in marine sediments are considered to be a potent source of greenhouse gases and also an unconventional energy resource. Central to both of these topics is the understanding and mitigation of the consequences of the decomposition of these solid compounds in response to changes in pressure and temperature conditions. Their destabilisation is indeed recognised as a factor increasing the susceptibility of submarine slopes to deform and ultimately to fail. This article aims at proposing practical approaches and theories needed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the geohazard potential associated to gas hydrate‐bearing sediments.
Geotechnical Investigation andIn SituTesting
Authors: Ramsey Nick 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGeotechnical investigation, comprising sampling andin situtesting, provides ground truthing at specific locations and is, therefore, a key input into ground model development. This article presents the author's perspective on keyin situand sampling developments, in chronological order. These geotechnical investigation developments, which have been primarily driven by oil and gas companies, are discussed in the context of their contribution to the four key development drivers, which are “reducing time and cost,” “improving quality,” “increasing capability and durability,” and “improving safety.” The article concludes with summaries of “game changers” and “useful developments that, for assorted reasons, are not currently mainstream.”
Laboratory Testing
Authors: Carraro J. Antonio H. , Boukpeti Nathalie , Guadalupe‐Torres Yaurel , Joer Hackmet 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOffshore infrastructure is extremely costly to design and build. Advanced and scientifically sound testing programs can yield substantial savings to overall infrastructure costs due to the improved reliability that results from better and more accurate characterization of offshore sediments. Well‐designed and carefully executed laboratory tests are paramount to the successful design and construction of offshore infrastructure. A variety of laboratory tests are available to the twenty‐first century engineer to characterize the physical properties and mechanical response of offshore sediments and derive design parameters for offshore geomechanics analyses. To be competitive, engineers must be equally familiar with cutting‐edge testing tools and conventional methods used in practice for decades. The most common and relevant laboratory tests available to assess fundamental aspects related to the composition and mechanical behavior of offshore sediments are discussed. These include basic characterization, soil fabric analyses, and mechanical tests. Particular emphasis is placed on the underlying background and rationale associated with each test discussed.
Pile Foundations: Design for Axial and Lateral Loading
Authors: Randolph Mark , Schneider James 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article summarizes design methods for pile foundations subjected to axial and lateral loading. It addresses the main factors that need to be considered in a basis of design, focusing on driven steel pipe piles, which are almost universally used in offshore practice. The response of less frequently used piles grouted into stronger sediments, such as calcarenite and other weak rock, is also considered. Modern design approaches based on data from cone penetration testing are outlined. For lateral response, the main focus is on load transfer methods. Reference is also made to elastic solutions that can provide a useful approach for operational loading, particularly for large diameter monopiles such as are used in the offshore wind industry. Just as for axial loading, the potential use of cone penetration data as the basis for deriving lateral load transfer curves is also discussed. Underlying principles of the effects of cyclic loading are presented. The article concludes with brief comments on scour and seismic design, two other considerations for the design of offshore piles.
Pipe Manufacture and Fabrication
Authors: O'Donnell Jeffrey R. , Zeng Qiang 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Manufacturers of pipes to be used for offshore and subsea pipe systems must take into account the specific demands for each of the various pipe systems. Pipes must have the necessary mechanical properties, in terms of strength and toughness, and must be reliably weldable. Fracture and fatigue critical systems, such as risers, must have strict tolerances on end geometry to ensure good fit‐up for pipe‐to‐pipe welding to minimize stress concentrations. Pipes to be induction bent or welded to heavy forgings, such as stress joints requiring postweld heat treatment (PWHT) must be able to tolerate such processes without substantial degradation.
This article is divided into three sections: (i) service requirements for offshore and subsea pipe systems; (ii) common types of steels used to manufacture pipes, including benefits and limitations of each, and (iii) types of pipes used, including the benefits and drawback for each. There is no perfect steel, and there is no perfect pipe. By understanding the specific service requirements, available materials, and pipe manufacturing methodologies, the offshore and subsea engineer can best design and manufacture reliable offshore and subsea systems.
Inspection, Monitoring, Maintenance, and Repair
Authors: Hassanin Ahmed , Jukes Paul 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSeveral activities must be planned and undertaken throughout a project's life cycle to ensure the integrity of the subsea systems, especially subsea pipelines. Inspection, monitoring, maintenance, and repair procedures must be well defined in an IMMR plan to ensure that there is no degradation to the pipeline during operation. These procedures are typically conducted by the operators to ensure that the operability level of the subsea systems is within a safe limit. Inspection refers to activities that determine the effect of the environment and operation on the status of the system, and it is done regularly based on the criticality of the pipeline component. Monitoring refers to the activities that are frequently done to measure and record specific readings about the integrity of the pipeline and the flow. Maintenance refers to the activities undertaken to maintain the integrity of the subsea system based on the severity of damage or failure. Repair refers to fixing components that have failed over time due to wear or external factors. An IMMR plan should account for all the stages to ensure containment of the fluid and longevity of the pipeline.
Classification and Certification
Authors: Carlsen Henning , van der Geest Michiel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article deals with the history of classification societies from their early establishment covering the needs of marine insurers to assess the condition of ship hulls to their current role within the maritime and offshore industry. Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping was reconstituted as a self‐standing “classification society” in 1834. Following the recommendations of the International Load Line Convention of 1930 for class societies to collaborate, a major Class Society Conference in 1955 led to the creation of Working Parties on specific topics and, in 1968, to the formation of International Association of Class Societies (IACS) by seven leading societies.
“Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping” was reconstituted as a self‐standing “classification society” in 1834. Following the recommendations of the International Load Line Convention of 1930 for class societies to collaborate, a major class society conference in 1955 led to the creation of working parties on specific topics and, in 1968, to the formation of International Association of Class Societies (IACS) by seven leading societies.
The classification is a system for safeguarding life and property at sea and the environment due to operational consequences, having a ‘cradle‐to‐grave’ approach, with an involvement starting during the design phase, continuing during the building at the yard and production of the installed machinery and systems, and with a follow‐up during the operational use of the unit.
The class societies' involvement is expected take a third‐party role and thus to be impartial and independent from owner, yard, and other commercial interests.
Seakeeping: Physical Aspects
Authors: Carlton John 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article discusses the nature of fore‐body, after‐body, and bow flare slamming; parametric rolling; broaching; and tank sloshing. Model testing is introduced into the discussion as is the concept of response amplitude operators (RAO) before moving the discussion toward the issues surrounding the weather routing of ships and added resistance in seaways. Some consideration is also given to deck wetness as well as methods of stabilization.
COMP report: CPQR technical quality control guidelines for treatment planning systems
Authors: Villarreal‐Barajas Jose E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists (COMP), in close partnership with the Canadian Partnership for Quality Radiotherapy (CPQR) has developed a series of Technical Quality Control (TQC) guidelines for radiation treatment equipment. These guidelines outline the performance objectives that equipment should meet in order to ensure an acceptable level of radiation treatment quality. The TQC guidelines have been rigorously reviewed and field tested in a variety of Canadian radiation treatment facilities. The development process enables rapid review and update to keep the guidelines current with changes in technology. This article contains detailed performance objectives and safety criteria for Treatment Planning Systems (TPS) for External Beam Radiotherapy.
Exploiting Anisotropy of Plasmonic Nanostructures with Polarization Modulation Infrared Linear Dichroism Microscopy (µPM‐IRLD)
Authors: Wallace Gregory Q. , Read Stuart T. , McRae Danielle M. , Rosendahl Scott M. , Lagugné‐Labarthet François 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMetallic nanostructures that exhibit plasmon resonances in the mid‐infrared range are of particular interest for a variety of optical processes where the infrared excitation and/or emission can be enhanced. This plasmon‐mediated enhancement can potentially be used toward highly sensitive detection of an analyte(s) by techniques such as surface‐enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA). To maximize the SEIRA enhancement, it is necessary to prepare highly tuned plasmonic resonances over a defined spectral range that can span over several microns. Noteworthy, nanostructures with anisotropic shapes exhibit multiple resonances that can be exploited by controlling the polarization of the input light. This study demonstrates the role of polarization‐modulation infrared linear dichroism coupled to microscopy measurements (µPM‐IRLD) as a powerful means to explore the optical properties of anisotropic nanostructures. Quantitative µPM‐IRLD measurements are conducted on a series of dendritic fractals as model structures to explore the role of structural anisotropy on the resulting surface‐enhanced infrared absorption and sensing application. Once functionalized with an analyte, the µPM‐IRLD SEIRA results highlight that it is possible to selectively enhance further vibrational modes of analytes making use of the structural anisotropy of the metallic nanostructure.
Copper‐catalyzed Intramolecular Carbotrifluoromethylation of Ene‐Imines for the Construction of 3‐(2,2,2‐Trifluoro)ethylated 4‐Amino‐Chromans
Authors: Ye Qin , Jiang Min , Deng Qing‐Hai , Liu Jin‐Tao 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA mild and efficient copper‐catalyzed intramolecular carbotrifluoromethylation of ene‐imines with Togni reagent as a trifluoromethylating reagent was realized. The reaction tolerates a range of substrates to give the corresponding 3‐trifluoroethylated 4‐amino‐chromans in moderate to good yields. A possible mechanism was proposed based on the experimental results.magnified image
Pd‐PEPPSI: Water‐Assisted Suzuki−Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Esters at Room Temperature using a Practical Palladium‐NHC (NHC=N‐Heterocyclic Carbene) Precatalyst
Authors: Li Guangchen , Shi Shicheng , Lei Peng , Szostak Michal 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA Pd‐PEPPSI‐catalyzed (Pd=Palladium, PEPPSI=pyridine‐enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation) Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling of aryl esters via selective C−O cleavage at room temperature is reported. The developed catalyst system displays broad substrate scope with respect to both components under practical ambient reaction conditions using readily‐available, cheap, modular, air‐ and moisture‐stable Pd‐NHC precatalyst (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene). The use of water proved crucial for achieving high reactivity in this coupling. The catalyst system represents the mildest conditions for the Suzuki−Miyaura cross‐coupling of aryl esters reported to date. The protocol also allowed for achieving TON >1,000 (TON=turnover number) in the Suzuki−Miyaura ester coupling for the first time.magnified image
Cation Substitution in Earth‐Abundant Kesterite Photovoltaic Materials
Authors: Li Jianjun , Wang Dongxiao , Li Xiuling , Zeng Yu , Zhang Yi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAs a promising candidate for low‐cost and environmentally friendly thin‐film photovoltaics, the emerging kesterite‐based Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells have experienced rapid advances over the past decade. However, the record efficiency of CZTSSe solar cells (12.6%) is still significantly lower than those of its predecessors Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and CdTe thin‐film solar cells. This record has remained for several years. The main obstacle for this stagnation is unanimously attributed to the large open‐circuit voltage (VOC) deficit. In addition to cation disordering and the associated band tailing, unpassivated interface defects and undesirable energy band alignment are two other culprits that account for the large VOC deficit in kesterite solar cells. To capture the great potential of kesterite solar cells as prospective earth‐abundant photovoltaic technology, current research focuses on cation substitution for CZTSSe‐based materials. The aim here is to examine recent efforts to overcome the VOC limit of kesterite solar cells by cation substitution and to further illuminate several emerging prospective strategies, including: i) suppressing the cation disordering by distant isoelectronic cation substitution, ii) optimizing the junction band alignment and constructing a graded bandgap in absorber, and iii) engineering the interface defects and enhancing the junction band bending.
Recent Progress on Multimetal Oxide Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Kim Ju Seong , Kim Byunghoon , Kim Hyunah , Kang Kisuk 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHydrogen is a promising alternative fuel for efficient energy production and storage, with water splitting considered one of the most clean, environmentally friendly, and sustainable approaches to generate hydrogen. However, to meet industrial demands with electrolysis‐generated hydrogen, the development of a low‐cost and efficient catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical, while conventional catalysts are mostly based on precious metals. Many studies have thus focused on exploring new efficient nonprecious‐metal catalytic systems and improving the understandings on the OER mechanism, resulting in the design of catalysts with superior activity compared with that of conventional catalysts. In particular, the use of multimetal rather than single‐metal catalysts is demonstrated to yield remarkable performance improvement, as the metal composition in these catalysts can be tailored to modify the intrinsic properties affecting the OER. Herein, recent progress and accomplishments of multimetal catalytic systems, including several important groups of catalysts: layered hydroxide, spinel, and amorphous metal oxides along with the theoretical principles of activity enhancement in multimetal systems are reviewed. Finally, this is concluded by discussing remaining challenges to achieve further improvements of OER catalyst activities.
“Think Like a Man”: How Sexual Cultural Scripting and Masculinity Influence Changes in Men's Use of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Willie Tiara C. , Khondkaryan Enna , Callands Tamora , Kershaw Trace 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to (a) explore the relationship between sexual cultural scripting and traditional masculine norms on changes in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, and (b) examine traditional masculine norms as an effect modifier among young heterosexual men. This study is a secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study of 119 young heterosexual men who were followed for 6 months. The adjusted logistic regression results revealed that sexual cultural scripting norms were associated with an increased odds of emotional IPV perpetration and traditional masculine norms were associated with an increased odds of physical IPV perpetration in the past 6 months. There were no significant interaction effects between sexual cultural scripting and traditional masculine norms on IPV perpetration. These findings suggest that socially constructed norms and beliefs surrounding masculinity, femininity, and how women and men interact in sexual relationships are important constructs for understanding the etiology of young men's use of violence against a female partner. While primary IPV interventions targeting young men do address masculinity, sexual cultural scripting is an additional concept that should also be addressed.
Incorporation of Non‐canonical Amino Acids into 2,5‐Diketopiperazines by Cyclodipeptide Synthases
Authors: Canu Nicolas , Belin Pascal , Thai Robert , Correia Isabelle , Lequin Olivier , Seguin Jérôme , Moutiez Mireille , Gondry Muriel 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe manipulation of natural product biosynthetic pathways is a powerful means of expanding the chemical diversity of bioactive molecules. 2,5‐diketopiperazines (2,5‐DKPs) have been widely developed by medicinal chemists, but their biological production is yet to be exploited. We introduce an in vivo method for incorporating non‐canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into 2,5‐DKPs using cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs), the enzymes responsible for scaffold assembly in many 2,5‐DKP biosynthetic pathways. CDPSs use aminoacyl‐tRNAs as substrates. We exploited the natural ability of aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases to load ncAAs onto tRNAs. We found 26 ncAAs to be usable as substrates by CDPSs, leading to the enzymatic production of approximately 200 non‐canonical cyclodipeptides. CDPSs constitute an efficient enzymatic tool for the synthesis of highly diverse 2,5‐DKPs. Such diversity could be further expanded, for example, by using various cyclodipeptide‐tailoring enzymes found in 2,5‐DKP biosynthetic pathways.