bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Return stroke current reflections in rocket‐triggered lightning
Authors: Caicedo J. A. , Biagi C. , Uman M. A. , Jordan D. M. , Hare B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTen upward propagating return stroke currents in eight triggered lightning flashes have been observed to reflect downward from 140 to 300 m altitude by way of measurements of the channel base current, close electric field and electric field derivative, and high‐speed video. The current reflections appear as dips in the measured channel base current and in the electric fields and as bipolar pulses in the electric field derivative waveforms. The current dips occur 2.7 to 13.9 μs after the initiation of the return stroke current at ground. The observed phenomenon results from a portion of the upward propagating return stroke current wave being reflected from a channel impedance discontinuity apparently associated with an isolated section of unexploded triggering wire, as inferred from high‐speed video records. A transmission line model is used to model the close electric field and electric field derivative of the postulated initial and reflected current waves, starting with the measured channel base current, and the results are compared favorably with measurements made at 92 to 326 m. From the measured time between the return stroke current initiation at the ground and the time the current reflection reaches the channel base and produces the current dip, along with the reflection height inferred from the video records, we find the average of the upward and downward reflected return stroke current speed for each of the 10 strokes to be between 0.81 and 2.06 × 108 m s−1.
Horizontal distributions of sprites derived from the JEM‐GLIMS nadir observations
Authors: Sato M. , Mihara M. , Adachi T. , Ushio T. , Morimoto T. , Kikuchi M. , Kikuchi H. , Suzuki M. , Yamazaki A. , Takahashi Y. , Inan U. , Linscott I. , Ishida R. , Sakamoto Y. , Yoshida K. , Hobara Y. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGlobal Lightning and Sprite Measurements on Japanese Experiment Module (JEM‐GLIMS) started the nadir observations of lightning discharges and transient luminous events (TLEs) from the International Space Station (ISS) since November 2012. In the nadir observations, JEM‐GLIMS optical instruments have to simultaneously detect incomparably intense lightning emissions and weak TLE emissions. To distinguish TLEs, especially sprite events, from lightning events, combined data analytical methods are adopted: (1) a subtraction of the wideband camera image from the narrowband camera image, (2) a calculation of the intensity ratio between different photometer channels, and (3) an estimation of the polarization and charge moment changes for the TLE‐producing lightning discharges. We succeeded in identifying numbers of sprite events using the combined analytical methods, and here we report three sprite events detected by JEM‐GLIMS as a case study. In the subtracted images, sprite emissions are located over the area of the sprite‐producing lightning emissions. However, these sprites and sprite‐producing lightning discharges did not occur at the nadir point of the ISS. For this reason, the geometry conversion of the sprite and sprite‐producing lightning emissions as observed from the point just over the sprite‐producing lightning discharges is performed. In the geometry‐converted images, the locations of the sprite emissions are clearly displaced by 8–20 km from the peak positions of the sprite‐producing lightning emissions. Thus, the first quantitative spatial distributions of sprites and sprite‐producing lightning discharges from the JEM‐GLIMS nadir observations are revealed.
Ethnoscapes
Authors: Chun Allen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEthnoscape is a term coined by Arjun Appadurai in his essay “Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy” (1990). One of five such terms, ethnoscape is defined as “the landscape of persons who constitute the shifting world in which we live: tourists, immigrants, refugees, exiles, guest workers, and other moving groups and individuals constitute an essential feature of the world and appear to affect the politics of (and between) nations to a hitherto unprecedented degree.” As Appadurai continues to explain, “This is not to say that there are no relatively stable communities and networks of kinship, friendship, work, and leisure, as well as of birth, residence, and other filial terms. But it is to say that the warp of these stabilities is everywhere shot through with the woof of human motion, as more persons and groups deal with the realities of having to move or the fantasies of wanting to move …. And as international capital shifts its needs, as production and technology generate different needs, as nation‐states shift their policies on refugee populations, these moving groups can never afford to let their imaginations rest too long, even if they wish to.” Ethnoscapes by nature refer to people in flux.
International surveys, educational
Authors: Rutkowski Leslie , Rutkowski David 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
International large‐scale assessments (ILSAs) are educational tests and auxiliary questionnaires that measure educational achievement and its context in select content domains for prespecified samples of students enrolled in educational systems around the world. In addition to ILSAs, international educational surveys are administered that collect information on contexts, experiences, attitudes, and beliefs but do not measure achievement. The results of both types of studies are used to compare educational systems and to inform policy, practice, and educational research both nationally and internationally.
Poly(phenylen) und m‐Terphenyl als starke Schutzgruppen zur Herstellung von stabilen organischen Hydroxiden
Authors: Wright Andrew G. , Weissbach Thomas , Holdcroft Steven 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVier Benzimidazoliumhydroxide mit einem C2‐Phenylsubstituenten, der an seinen ortho‐Positionen Wasserstoff‐ oder Bromatome sowie Methyl‐ oder Phenylgruppen trägt, wurden hergestellt, und ihre Hydroxidstabilität wurde quantitativ analysiert. Die Unterschiede der Schutzgruppen hinsichtlich ihrer Stabilität in alkalischen Lösungen wurden mit Kristallstrukturen und Dichtefunktionalrechnungen erklärt. Die höchste Stabilität wurde für m‐Terphenyl‐geschütztes Benzimidazolium ermittelt, das eine Halbwertszeit von 3240 h in 3 m NaOD/CD3OD/D2O bei 80 °C aufwies. Ein Polymeranalog dieser Verbindung mit hohem Molekulargewicht wurde hergestellt, das exzellente mechanische Eigenschaften, eine hohe Ionenaustauschkapazität sowie eine bemerkenswerte Hydroxidstabilität in alkalischen Lösungen aufweist: Nach 168 h in 2 m KOH bei 80 °C wurde nur 5 % Zersetzung ermittelt. Dies ist das bis jetzt stabilste hydroxidleitende Benzimidazoliumpolymer.
A Facile Method for the Synthesis of Binary Tungsten Iodides
Authors: Ströbele Markus , Castro Cristina , Fink Reinhold F. , Meyer H.‐Jürgen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe preparation of tungsten iodides in large quantities is a challenge because these compounds are not accessible using an easy synthesis method. A new, remarkably efficient route is based on a halide exchange reaction between WCl6 and SiI4. The reaction proceeds at moderate temperatures in a closed glass vessel. The new compounds W3I12 (W3I8⋅2 I2) and W3I9 (W3I8⋅
I2) containing the novel [W3I8] cluster are formed at 120 and 150 °C, and remain stable in air. W3I12 is an excellent starting material for the synthesis of other metal‐rich tungsten iodides. At increasing temperature these trinuclear clusters undergo self‐reduction until an octahedral tungsten cluster is formed in W6I12. The synthesis, structure, and an analysis of the bonding of compounds containing this new trinuclear tungsten cluster are presented.
Poly(phenylene) and m‐Terphenyl as Powerful Protecting Groups for the Preparation of Stable Organic Hydroxides
Authors: Wright Andrew G. , Weissbach Thomas , Holdcroft Steven 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFour benzimidazolium hydroxide compounds, in which the C2‐position is attached to a phenyl group possessing hydrogen, bromine, methyl groups, or phenyl groups at the ortho positions, are prepared and investigated for stability in a quantitative alkaline stability test. The differences between the stability of the various protecting groups in caustic solutions are rationalized on the basis of their crystal structures and DFT calculations. The highest stability was observed for the m‐terphenyl‐protected benzimidazolium, showing a half‐life in 3 m NaOD/CD3OD/D2O at 80 °C of 3240 h. A high‐molecular‐weight polymer analogue of this model compound is prepared that exhibits excellent mechanical properties, high ionic conductivity and ion‐exchange capacity, as well as remarkable hydroxide stability in alkaline solutions: only 5 % degradation after 168 h in 2 m KOH at 80 °C. This is the most stable hydroxide‐conducting benzimidazolium polymer to date.
Dienamine Activation of Diazoenals: Application to the Direct Synthesis of Functionalized 1,4‐Oxazines
Authors: Kalepu Jagadeesh , Katukojvala Sreenivas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA novel rhodium‐catalyzed dienamine activation of diazoenals resulted in a new class of γ‐functionalized donor–acceptor dienamines. The synthetic utility of these dienamines has been demonstrated in a cooperative rhodium(II)/Brønsted acid and gold(I)‐catalyzed direct [3+3] annulation of enaldiazo ketones with N‐propargyl anilines, thus leading to highly substituted enal‐functionalized 1,4‐oxazines. The reaction is proposed to involve dienamine activation through the diacceptor rhodium enalcarbenoid NH‐insertion and a gold‐catalyzed intramolecular site‐selective 6‐exo‐dig heterocyclization. The methodology was applied to the efficient synthesis of structurally complex [1,4]oxazino[4,3‐a]quinolone, which is present in the antibacterial agent PNU‐286607.
Patterns of Cranial Development in Larval Rana macrocnemis: Chondrocranial Size and Shape Relationship With Pelophylax bedriagae (Anura: Ranidae)
Authors: Yildirim Elıf , Kaya Uğur 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTNotwithstanding the abundance of amphibians, there are few descriptions about ranid cranial development. Herein, larval chondrocranial development of Uludağ frog, Rana macrocnemis (Boulenger, 1885), is described on cleared and double‐stained specimens. Descriptions are related with the ontogeny of the chondrocranium and osteogenesis of the cranial skeleton. The larval chondrocranial development of R. macrocnemis is compared to those of Rana and Pelophylax larvae (Pelophylax bedriagae, Rana pipiens, R. palustris, R. sphenocephala, R. catesbeiana, R. clamitans and R. sylvatica). In R. macrocnemis, the first bones to ossify are the parasphenoid and exoccipital (Stage 33), followed by the frontoparietal and prootic (stages 35 and 40, respectively). The major reconstruction of the chondrocranium begins at Stage 41. The ossification sequence of R. macrocnemis is distinguished from other ranids. Adult cranial osteology of R. macrocnemis is compared to that of P. bedriagae. Osteologically, R. macrocnemis is different from P. bedriagae by the shape and size of the vomer and number of teeth. Additionally, geometric morphometric methods are used to analyze chondrocranial size and shape changes of ranid larva of R. macrocnemis and P. bedriagae. Anat Rec, 299:711–721, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Techno‐economic analysis of biodiesel and ethanol co‐production from lipid‐producing sugarcane
Authors: Huang Haibo , Long Stephen , Singh Vijay 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBiodiesel production from vegetable oils has progressively increased over the past two decades. However, due to the low amounts of oil produced per hectare from temperate oilseed crops (e.g. soybean), the opportunities for further increasing biodiesel production are limited. Genetically modified lipid‐producing sugarcane (lipid‐cane) possesses great potential for producing biodiesel as an alternative feedstock because of sugarcane's much higher productivity compared with soybean. In this study, techno‐economic models were developed for biodiesel and ethanol coproduction from lipid‐cane, assuming 2, 5, 10, or 20% lipid concentration in the harvested stem (dry mass basis). The models were compared with a conventional soybean biodiesel process model to assess lipid‐cane's competiveness. In the lipid‐cane process model, the extracted lipids were used to produce biodiesel by transesterification, and the remaining sugar was used to produce ethanol by fermentation. The results showed that the biodiesel production cost from lipid‐cane decreased from $0.89/L to $0.59 /L as the lipid content increased from 2 to 20%; this cost was lower than that obtained for soybeans ($1.08/L). The ethanol production costs from lipid‐cane were between $0.40/L and $0.46/L. The internal rate of return (IRR) for the soybean biodiesel process was 15.0%, and the IRR for the lipid‐cane process went from 13.7 to 24.0% as the lipid content increased from 2 to 20%. Because of its high productivity, lipid‐cane with 20% lipid content can produce 6700 L of biodiesel from each hectare of land, whereas soybean can only produce approximately 500 L of biodiesel from each hectare of land. This would indicate that continued efforts to achieve lipid‐producing sugarcane could make large‐scale replacement of fossil‐fuel‐derived diesel without unrealistic demands on land area. © 2016 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual Differences in Delay Discounting: Differences are Quantitative with Gains, but Qualitative with Losses
Authors: Myerson Joel , Baumann Ana A. , Green Leonard 
Published: March 2016

AbstractResearch on delay discounting and inter‐temporal choice has yielded significant insights into decision making. Although research has focused on delayed gains, the discounting of losses is potentially important in precisely those areas where the discounting of gains has proved informative (e.g., substance use and abuse). Participants in the current study completed both a questionnaire consisting of choices between immediate and delayed gains and an analogous questionnaire consisting of choices between immediate and delayed losses. For almost all participants, the likelihood of choosing the delayed gain decreased with increases in the wait until it would be received. In contrast, when losses (i.e., payments) were involved, different participants showed quite different patterns of choices. More specifically, although the majority of the participants became increasingly likely to choose to pay later as the delay was increased, some participants appeared to be debt averse, in that they were more likely to choose the immediate payment option when the delay was long than when it was brief. These debt‐averse participants also were more likely to choose to wait for a larger delayed gain than other participants and scored lower on Impulsiveness than those who showed the typical pattern of discounting delayed losses. Taken together, these results suggest that in the case of delayed gains, people differ only quantitatively (i.e., in how steeply they discount), whereas in the case of delayed losses, people differ qualitatively as well as quantitatively, contrary to the common assumption that a single impulsivity trait underlies choices between immediate and delayed outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chimeric spider silk proteins mediated by intein result in artificial hybrid silks
Authors: Lin Senzhu , Chen Gefei , Liu Xiangqin , Meng Qing 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTHybrid silks hold a great potential as specific biomaterials due to its controlled mechanical properties. To produce fibers with tunable properties, here we firstly made chimeric proteins in vitro, called W2C4CT and W2C8CT, with ligation of MaSp repetitive modules (C) with AcSp modules (W) by intein trans splicing technology from smaller precursors without final yield reduction. Intein mediated chimeric proteins form fibers at a low concentration of 0.4 mg/mL in 50 mM K3PO4 pH 7.5 just drawn by hand. Hybrid fibers show smoother surface, and also have stronger chemical resistance as compared with fibers from W2CT (W fibers) and mixture of W2CT/C8CT (MHF8 fibers). Fibers from chimeric protein W2C4CT (HFH4) have improved mechanical properties than W fibers; however, with more C modules W2C8CT fibers (HFH8) properties decreased, indicates the length proportion of various modules is very important and should be optimized for fibers with specific properties. Generally, hybrid silks generated via chimeric proteins, which can be simplified by intein trans splicing, has greater potential to produce fibers with tunable properties. Our research shows that intein mediated directional protein ligation is a novel way to make large chimeric spider silk proteins and hybrid silks. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 385–392, 2016.
Antioxidant Properties and Flavonoid Profile in Leaves of Calabrian Lavandula multifida L., an Autochthon Plant of Mediterranean Southern Regions
Authors: Panuccio Maria Rosaria , Fazio Angela , Papalia Teresa , Barreca Davide 
Published: March 2016

Lavandula multifida is a rare short‐lived plant characteristic of Mediterranean basin able to survive in hot and arid climatic conditions on poorly evolved limestone soils. In this work, we characterize the enzymatic antioxidant system and phenolic composition, as well as the antioxidant properties of L. multifida fresh leaves. Enzymatic patterns show high level of peroxidases, ascorbate peroxidase, and dehydroascorbate reductase activities, when compared with L. angustifolia. The same trend is evident in total carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and reduced glutathione, and in the total antioxidant capacity assay. Moreover, RP‐DAD‐HPLC analyses of EtOH extract, obtained from fresh leaves, reveal main components, carvacrol, vitexin, and 7‐ or 8‐glucoside derivatives of hypolaetin, scutellarein, luteolin, isoscutellarein, apigenin, and chrysoeriol. The analysis of this autochthon plant depicted a series of strategies adopted by L. multifida to survive in its stressful natural habitat and richness in health‐promoting compounds that can be a resource for the preservation of this variety in dangerous of extinction.
Second vs. First generation drug eluting stents in multiple vessel disease and left main stenosis: Two‐year follow‐up of the observational, prospective, controlled, and multicenter ERACI IV registry
Authors: Haiek Carlos , Fernández‐Pereira Carlos , Santaera Omar , Mieres Juan , Rifourcat Ignacio , Lloberas Juan , Larribau Miguel , Pocoví Antonio , Rodriguez‐Granillo Alfredo M. , Sarmiento Ricardo A. , Antoniucci David , Rodriguez Alfredo E. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo compare second generation drug eluting stents (2DES) with first generation (1DES) for the treatment of patients (pts) with multiple coronary vessel disease (MVD).BackgroundAlthough 2DES improved safety and efficacy compared to 1DES, MVD remains a challenge for percutaneous coronary interventions.MethodsERACI IV was a prospective, observational, and controlled study in pts with MVD including left main and treated with 2DES (Firebird 2, Microport). We included 225 pts in 15 sites from Argentina. Primary endpoint was the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACCE) defined as death, myocardial infarction (MI), cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and unplanned revascularization; and to compare with 225 pts from ERACI III study (1DES). PCI strategy was planned to treat lesions ≥70% in vessels ≥ 2.00 mm, introducing a modified Syntax score (SS) where severe lesions in vessels < 2.0 mm and intermediate lesions were not scored.ResultsBaseline characteristics showed that compared to ERACI III, ERACI IV pts had higher number of diabetics (P = 0.02), previous revascularization (P = 0.007), unstable angina IIb/IIIc (P < 0.001) and three vessels/left main disease (P = 0.003). Modified SS was 22.2 ± 11. At 2 years of follow‐up ERACI IV group had significantly lower incidence of death+ MI + CVA, (P = 0.01) and MACCE (P = 0.001). MACCE rate was similar in diabetics, (5.8%) and nondiabetics (7.0%). After performing a matched propensity score, MACCE remain significantly lower in ERACI IV (P = 0.005).ConclusionThis registry showed that 2DES in MVD has a remarkable low incidence of MACCE in unadjusted and adjusted analysis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A case of mantle cell lymphoma presenting with ascites
Authors: Al‐Nabulsi Majdi , Basnet Alina , Salerno Vincent , Cholankeril Michelle 
Published: March 2016

Key Clinical MessageAscites with the finding of peritoneal carcinomatosis is considered an unusual presentation for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and has been rarely described in literature. This case reflects the importance of cytological analysis of peritoneal fluid in a patient with intractable ascites not contributing from other comorbidities. In the event a bone marrow (BM) analysis cannot be made, this may serve as an alternative method for diagnosing MCL taking into consideration the good concordance between peritoneal fluid and BM cytological markers.
Use of Mesoporous Molecular Sieves in the Production of Fine Chemicals: Preparation of Dihydroquinolinones of Pharmaceutical Interest From 2′‐Aminochalcones
Authors: Climent María J. , Corma Avelino , Iborra Sara , Martí Laura 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSolid catalysts can be an alternative to homogeneous mineral Brønsted and Lewis acids for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals provided that the diffusional and adsorption properties of the reactants and products can be controlled. Structured micro and especially monolayered zeolites and mesoporous materials can be active and selective for intramolecular cyclization reactions and, more specifically, for intramolecular aza‐Michael cyclizations of 2′‐aminochalcones to yield aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4(1 H)‐quinolinones of pharmaceutical interest. However, the catalyst deactivates by strong adsorption of the basic quinolinone product. Product desorption has been controlled by optimizing catalyst pore structure and surface composition, together with a proper selection of solvent and reaction temperature. Process intensification for the synthesis of aryl‐2,3‐4(1 H)‐quinolinones of pharmaceutical interest has been achieved by preparing catalysts that allow the one‐pot synthesis of the dihydroquinolinones starting from 2′‐nitrochalcones with excellent yields.