bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
V.—On the Magnetism of the Copper-Manganese-Tin Alloys under varying Thermal Treatment
Authors: Ross Alexander D. , Gray Robert C. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. Alloys were prepared containing 14, 16, 18, 30, 38, and 48 per cent, of tin, and the remainder copper and manganese in the ratio 7 : 3.2. Tests were carried out at different temperatures on the materials as cast, normalised, annealed, and quenched.3. At 15° C in the normalised condition the six alloys gave I respectively equal to 55, 77, 82, 0·4, 96, and 1, for H = 100.4. When cooled to −190° C the three alloys poor in tin were much more magnetic.5. Annealing produced no decided improvement.6. The susceptibility diminishes with increase of temperature, and the critical temperatures range from 225° to 275−190° C.8. Reannealing tends to restore the initial susceptibility of the quenched material, but has little influence on the coercive force.9. The magnetic properties are probably due to the formation of solid solutions of certain definite concentrations.
XI.—The Inheritance of Complex Growth Forms, such as Stature, on Mendel's Theory
Authors: Brownlee John 
Published: June 2016

The inheritance of complexes is of great interest. The manner in which this arises on a Mendelian hasis can he most easily seen by the consideration of a simple case. Let two races of different stature mix in equal numbers. Let for simplicity stature depend on two elements (a, a), (c, c) in one race, and on (b, b), (d, d) corresponding elements in the other. Then the permanent race obtained by free mating without any special selection of one parent or another will consist of the following proportions:—Now two factors may come into play: either dominance may not exist and the hybrid be a blend, or, on the other hand, dominance may determine the result of the mating. If dominance does not exist we may rearrange the elements according as they contain one or more element from each original race.
XL.—On Fourier's Repeated Integral
Authors: Young W. H. 
Published: June 2016

§1. Pringsheim has recently reopened the question as to the circumstances under which Fourier's repeated integral exists and represents the function to which it corresponds. In its simplest form the theorem concerning this integral asserts that, with provisos to be specified—ƒ( + 0) being the unique limit, supposed to exist, of ƒ(u) as u approaches the value zero. From this equation, indeed, the remainder of the theory follows immediately. If it is to be true, certain conditions must be satisfied at the origin, at infinity, and in the finite part of the range of values of the independent variable. Till Pringsheim's paper appeared, the only condition known to be sufficient at infinity was of a very special character, requiring no less than the absolute integrability of the function at infinity.
V.—The Distribution of Intensity in the X-ray Spectra of the Normal Saturated Dicarboxylic Acids, their Diethyl, and Mono-Ethyl Esters
Authors: Normand Alexander R. , Ross John D. , Henderson Edward 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe series of normal saturated dicarboxylic acids, their diethyl esters and mono-ethyl esters have been investigated by means of X-rays, and from the measurement of the principal spacings a definite chain structure has been assigned to each series. Mathematical formulæ derived by Shearer for similar series of compounds have been applied to these structures, and the intensity distribution among the several orders of reflection from the principal planes calculated. These calculated results have been compared with those actually observed from the plates, and the agreement was found to be good in every case, thus confirming the chain structures assigned by the authors to the above series of compounds.
VII.—A Study of the Fertilisation Membrane in the Echinoderms
Authors: Hobson A. D. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. The view is confirmed that the zona pellucida is not an essential factor in the formation of the fertilisation membrane (pp. 96–100).2. Partial activation of the eggs of Asterias rubens is described with the formation of Seifriz's “protoplasmic papillæ” (pp. 100, 101).3. Artificial activation of the eggs of Asterias rubens by isotonic solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 is described. It was found that decrease in surface tension is not a necessary factor in causing artificial membrane formation (pp. 102–104).4. The influence of the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium on the degree of extrusion of the fertilisation membrane of Echinus miliaris has been examined, and indicates that osmotic pressure due to the presence of a protein within the membrane is responsible for the extrusion (pp. 105–109).5. From a study of the influence of salt concentration on the extrusion of the fertilisation membrane of Echinus miliaris, it is concluded that the fertilisation membrane is, from the moment of its formation, completely permeable to salts (pp. 109–112).6. The origin of the fertilisation membrane has been examined, but in the absence of critical evidence it is concluded that the question cannot be regarded as settled (pp. 112–114).
XIV.—On the Quantitative Relation of Comb Size and Gonadic Activity in the Fowl
Authors: Greenwood A. W. , Crew F. A. E. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe law of “all-or-nothing” does not hold in the case of comb volume. The comb volume in the two individuals described remained intermediate in size.The degree of development of head furnishings is dependent not upon the amount but on the state of the gonadic tissue. It appears to be related to the spermatogenic activity of the testicular fragment.
XVI.—The Stability of Suspensions. II. The Rate of Sedimentation of Kaolin Suspensions Containing Colloidal Silicic Acid
Authors: Kermack William Ogilvy , Williamson William Turner Horace 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. The experiments previously reported on the effect of salts at various hydrogen ion concentrations on the rate of sedimentation of kaolin suspensions have been extended so as to include the chlorides of the alkali metals, including ammonium but excluding rubidium.In acid suspensions the action in inhibiting sedimentation is least in the case of cæsium and greatest in the case of sodium. The results are discussed in the light of the Gedroiz-Wiegner theory of base exchange in soils and stability of clay suspensions.2. When kaolin suspensions contain a small quantity of colloidal silicic acid the normal effect appears to be one of slight protection.3. Under certain conditions the effect of silicic acid is to produce precipitation of a film of insoluble material over the surface of the particles. In this case an abnormally rapid sedimentation of the particles results, and there ensues an extremely rapid and complete precipitation.4. Under other conditions the presence of the silicic acid prevents the formation of a precipitate, and in this case the abnormal sedimentation occurring in the absence of silicic acid tends to disappear.5. The meaning of the terms “abnormal flocculation” and “anomalous flocculation” is discussed, and it is pointed out that the use of these terms is sometimes attended with ambiguity.
XXV.—The Structure and Movement of the Atmosphere as affected by Diurnal Variations
Authors: Goldie A. H. R. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryA semi-diurnal variation appears to some extent in many meteorological phenomena, in particular in barometric pressure, rainfall, visibility, atmospheric electric potential gradient, and atmospheric pollution, even though the variation of temperature, at least in the lower levels of the atmosphere, is very approximately a purely diurnal variation.The data examined in this paper suggest that, in the forenoon, insolation affecting the ground and the lower layers, and, in the evening, outgoing radiation affecting clouds and the upper part of the troposphere, each lead to a disturbance of the stability of arrangement of the atmosphere in the vertical direction and to a consequent increased mixing of layers. On the other hand, in the late afternoon and in the later part of the night, as the turbulences arising from the above two effects respectively die down, there is an improvement above normal in the laminarity of flow of atmosphere over the earth. The resultant effect is therefore, on the average, a semi-diurnal variation in the vertical structure and horizontal movement of the atmosphere, which variation is reflected in the meteorological phenomena mentioned above. It is shown in the paper that the various individual effects may be greatly exaggerated, or almost eliminated, or accelerated or retarded, at least in temperate latitudes where a suitable variety of types of upper air structure, from which to select, is available.
IV.—The Fulcher Bands of Hydrogen
Authors: Sandeman Ian 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe Fulcher Bands of Hydrogen have recently been arranged by Richardson. An examination of Richardson's arrangement in the light of recent accurate measurements of the hydrogen spectrum by Gale, Monk, and Lee, while strongly confirming Richardson's allocation of the Q branches, has failed to yield confirmation of the remaining branches which he gives.The present paper gives a number of combination relations which have been found to hold between the lines of the Fulcher Bands. These indicate that there are three main branches in each band, designated the R', Q, and P' branches, the Q branch being identical with that of Richardson. The R' and P' branches have a common initial level differing from that of the Q branch, while all three branches have a common final level. The arrangement yields term differences consistent throughout the bands.As far as these term differences have been investigated, they have been found to be in agreement with the new mechanics.The present investigation was suggested to me by Prof. H. Stanley Allen of St Andrews, and my warmest thanks are due to him for constant encouragement and helpful criticisms and suggestions.
XIV.—The Thermal Equilibrium between Ethylene, Iodine, and Ethylene Di-iodide
Authors: Mooney R. B. , Ludlam E. B. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe pressure of ethylene in equilibrium with solid iodine and solid ethylene di-iodide was measured at temperatures between 10°C and 65°C.The vapour pressure of undissociated ethylene di-iodide was measured at four temperatures between 15°C and 55° C.From these results and the known vapour pressure of iodine equilibrium constants were calculated.Some experiments were made on the rate of formation and decomposition of ethylene di-iodide.We desire to thank Professor Sir James Walker and Professor Kendall for their interest in our work, and Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., for a grant towards the cost of apparatus.
XVI.—The Lyotrope Series and the Antagonistic Action of Ions
Authors: Taylor W. W. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. When the univalent anions (of potassium salts) are arranged according to their precipitation concentration for a ferric hydroxide sol the sequence is lyotrope:A, CNS, Cl, Br, NO3, ClO3, I.The concentrations range from 0·01 for acetate to 0·093 for iodide; thiocyanate alone is in an unusual position.The order for kations is also lyotrope:Li, Na, Mg, K, Rb, NH4, Ca. The concentration range is much smaller, from 0·037 for lithium to 0·055 for ammonium.2. The pairs of univalent-bivalent kations—Li. and Mg¨, K. and Ca¨—show no trace of antagonistic action in the precipitation of Fe(OH)3 sol—the results being strictly ADDITIVE.3. The pair of univalent-bivalent anions—ClO3′ and SO4″—on the contrary, show a well-marked ADJUVANT action, which amounts to 50 per cent.4. The effect of salts on the opalescence temperature of a phenol-water system (10 to 11 per cent, phenol) is lyotrope, and is very marked at a concentration of 0·04 n. The order is—Anions … C1, Br, NO3, I, CNSKations ‥ Na, Li, K, NH4The effect of the valency of the ion is slight, or non-existent.5. A preliminary account is given of a method which promises to provide a simple and reliable means of determining the amount of “free” and “bound” water in a solution (applicable to electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, and apparently to colloidal solutions, as e.g. gum arabic).6. An explanation of the Lyotrope Effect is put forward.
XXIII.—On Three Huygens Lenses in the Possession of the Royal Society of London
Authors: Sampson R. A. , Conrady A. E. 
Published: June 2016

The three Huygens lenses in the possession of the Royal Society of London are the most remarkable long-focus lenses that were produced at that epoch; they are described in the Record of the Royal Society (1912) as follows:—3. Huygens's Aerial Telescope.(1) An object-glass of 122 feet focal length, with an eye-glass of 6 inches, and original apparatus for adjustment, made by Huygens, and presented by him to the Royal Society in 1691.(2) The apparatus for using Huygens's object-glass, constructed by Hooke.(3) Additional apparatus, by Dr. Pound. Presented by Dr. Bradley.(4) Ditto, by Mr. Cavendish.4. An object-glass by Huygens, of 170 feet focal length. Presented to the Royal Society by Sir Isaac Newton, P.R.S.5. An object-glass by Huygens, with two eye-glasses by Scarlet, for a telescope of 210 feet. Presented by the Rev. Gilbert Burnet, M.A., F.R.S., in 1724.
2. Note on the recent frequent occurrence of the Lunar Rainbow.
Authors: Buchanan George 
Published: June 2016

The frequent occurrence of this phenomenon lately suggests the idea, whether it be any way connected with the relation of the atmosphere to an electric or other condition.On Thursday evening last, at 7 o'clock, I observed a very beautiful rainbow, from Duke Street, extending in a brilliant and unbroken arch in a westerly direction; the south end springing from the west end of Queen Street, and the north end stretching to the eastern extremity of Abercromby Place, comprising a space in the horizon of 60° or 70°, and rising 16° or 18° in altitude.
3. On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with Numerical Results deduced from Mr Joule's Equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam.
Authors: Thomson William 
Published: June 2016

Sir Humphrey Davy, by his experiment of melting two pieces of ice by rubbing them together, established the following proposition:—“The phenomena of repulsion are not dependent on a peculiar elastic fluid for their existence, or caloric does not exist;” and he concludes that heat consists of a motion excited among the particles of bodies. “To distinguish this motion from others, and to signify the cause of our sensation of heat,” and of the expansion or expansive pressure produced in matter by heat “the name repulsive motion has been adopted.”*
2. Notice of an Antique Marble Bust (with Photographs).
Authors: Coventry Andrew 
Published: June 2016

Mr Coventry read a short notice of an antique marble bust which he had had the good fortune to purchase from a gentleman in Westmoreland, last autumn, and had reason to believe had been brought from Italy.The bust, of which some very fine photographs were exhibited (executed by Mr Tunny of Newington, and Captain Scott, R.N.), Mr Coventry considered to be a portrait, and a work of high Greek art.
2. An Account of some Experiments on the Diet of Prisoners.
Authors: Christison  
Published: June 2016

From careful experiments made, under direction of the Board of Directors of Prisons in Scotland, on 1624 prisoners confined in eight of the principal prisons, for periods not exceeding sixty days; and from an analysis of numerous observations on their weight and general health, the author arrives at the following conclusions:—1. For the average of people whose occupation involves moderate muscular effort and no great exercise, a simple, well-selected sort of food, supplying seventeen ounces of daily real nutriment, of which four ounces are nitrogenous principles, constitutes a sufficient diet for maintaining health, strength, weight, and general condition; but less is not sufficient.
1. On the Red Prominences seen during Total Eclipses of the Sun. Part II.
Authors: Swan William 
Published: June 2016

In the first part of this paper, the author endeavoured to shew, from a comparison of various observations of the red prominences seen at the eclipse of the 28th July 1851, that those objects were not mere optical phenomena, but that they actually existed in the sun.The object of the present communication is to offer some conjectures regarding the nature of the red prominences, and their possible connection with other solar phenomena.
3. On Rifle Cannon.
Authors: Davidson  
Published: June 2016

This paper was written in India as far back as 1839, but many of its suggestions were still untried, and present circumstances seem to urge their importance.The recent improvements in the hand-rifle have so greatly increased the practical range of that instrument, as to have passed and left far behind, in point of range and precision, the heavy field pieces which heretofore have done accurate execution at distances impracticable to small arms. The large guns therefore imperatively require to undergo the same alteration which, by converting the musket into a rifle, has so greatly increased the directness and accuracy of the flight of its ball.
2. On the Absolute Zero of the Perfect Gas Thermometer; being a Note to a Paper on the Mechanical Action of Heat.
Authors: Rankine W. J. Macquorn 
Published: June 2016

Temperature being measured by the pressure of a perfect gas at constant density, the absolute zero of temperature is that point on the thermometric scale at which, if it were possible to maintain a perfect gas at so low a temperature, the pressure would be null.As no gas is entirely devoid of cohesion, the immediate results of experiment give only approximations to the position of this absolute zero. These approximate positions approach nearer to the true position as the gas is rarefied.
Notice of recent Measures of the Ring of Saturn.
Authors: Smyth C. Piazzi 
Published: June 2016

This communication chiefly described the observations made by W. S. Jacob, Esq., of the Madras Observatory, during the last apparition of the planet, with a telescope having a six-inch object-glass, lately completed by Lerebours and Secretan.Previous to its being sent to India, the object-glass had been tested at the Edinburgh Observatory; and its quality, which was then approved, had been more conspicuously brought out in the subsequent trial in a clearer climate.Immediately after the receipt of the object-glass, in September 1852, Mr Jacob directed it to Saturn, then in the zenith, and immediately perceived the “transparency” of the dark ring which has since been discovered independently by Mr Lassel and others; and on very accurately adjusting the focus, he saw a fine division in the outer dark ring.
4. Some Observations on Fish, in relation to Diet.
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

In this communication the attention of the author is chiefly directed to two subjects of inquiry:—1st, The comparative nutritive power of fish, taking the specific gravity of their substance, and the proportion of solid matter left on thorough drying, as a measure of the same. In illustration, two tables are given, containing the results of trials on several kinds of fish and other articles of animal food; from which he deduces that the difference of nutritive power of these several articles, has commonly been overrated.
1. On the Mechanical Action of Heat:—Supplement to the first Six Sections, and Section Seventh.
Authors: Rankine W. J. Macqueen 
Published: June 2016

This paper is written in continuation of a series of papers, of which six sections have already been published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.It commences with some articles supplementary to the first six sections, and intended to apply to the theoretical principles contained in them to the extensive and precise experimental data which have been obtained in the course of the last two years.
1. On Annelid Tracks in the Exploration of the Millstone Grits in the South-west of the County of Clare.
Authors: Harkness Robert 
Published: June 2016

The author remarks that the existence of Annelida during the Palæozoic formations is manifested in two conditions. In the one, we have the shelly envelope which invests the order Tubicola, in the form of Seapolites; and in the other, the tracks of the orders Abranchia and Dorsi-branchiata are found impressed on deposits which were, at one time, in a sufficiently soft state to receive the impressions of the wanderings of these animals.Among the strata which have hitherto afforded annelid tracks, those which, in the county of Clare, represent a portion of the equivalents of the Millstone Grit, contain such tracks, in their most perfect state of preservation in great abundance; and these strata also furnish evidence concerning the circumstances which prevailed during their deposition.
4. On the Volatile Bases produced by Destructive Distillation of Cinchonine.
Authors: Williams C. Greville 
Published: June 2016

In this paper the author shows that Cinchonine by distillation with potash, undergoes a very complex decomposition, and that instead of yielding one base, as has hitherto been supposed, gives at least seven.The mode of research at first adopted was to convert the basic liquid into platinum salt, and separate the bases by fractional crystallization in the manner described in his paper “On the Presence of Pyridine in the Naphtha produced by destructive distillation of the Bituminous shale of Dorsetshire.”
2. On the Geological Relations of the Secondary and Primary Rocks of the Chain of Mont Blanc.
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

This paper is intended to meet the objections taken by Mr D. Sharpe, in a paper published in theQuarterly Journal of the Geological Society for February1855, to the views of the present writer, and those of several eminent geologists, on the structure of the chain of Mont Blane.De Saussure first described the singular superposition of gneiss to limestone which occurs on the south-east side of the valley of Chamouni, a testimony the more clear from its obvious opposition to the Wernerian views of the period.
2. On the Deflection of the Plumb-Line at Arthur's Seat, and on the Mean Density of the Earth.
Authors: James  
Published: June 2016

The author states that the results of the Trigonometrical Survey of Great Britain are nownearly ready for publication, and that he has deduced from them the most probable measures which they afford of the length of a meridian, and the figure of the earth.After determining the most probable spheroid from all the astronomical and geodetical operations in Great Britain, it has been found that the plumb-line is sensibly deflected at several of the trigonometrical stations; but in almost every case the physical cause of such irregularity may be with probability inferred.
5. Analysis of Specimens of Ancient British, of Red Indian, and of Roman Pottery.
Authors: Thomson Murray 
Published: June 2016

The specimen of this pottery was found last spring (1856) on the property of William Stirling, Esq. of Keir, along with the remains of a human skeleton, and so broken into fragments as to be of no archæological valueThe clay, or rather loam, from which this pottery had been made had evidently undergone little or no previous preparation; the fragments were brittle, and had not been highly fired;—in this respect being inferior to the pottery of the Ojibbeway Indians about to be described.