bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pilot‐scale supercritical CO2 extraction of edible insect oil from Tenebrio molitor L. larvae – Influence of extraction conditions on kinetics, defatting performance and compositional properties
Authors: Purschke Benedict , Stegmann Tobias , Schreiner Matthias , Jäger Henry 
Published: May 2016

In view of industrial fractionation processes for edible insects, supercritical CO2 extraction of Tenebrio molitor larval oil was studied. The influence of extraction parameters on defatting of larvae was investigated using a full factorial design. Furthermore, the effect of operating conditions on extraction kinetics, fatty acid composition, and acidity of mealworm oil was evaluated. Pressure, time, and their interaction showed the most significant effects on defatting. Maximal defatting (95%) was achieved at 400/250 bar, 45°C, and 105 min. Extraction kinetics revealed that incrementing pressure increased the solubility of mealworm oil in SC–CO2 enabling faster extraction. Extracted oils contained 72% unsaturated fatty acids, and oleic acid accounted for 42% of total FAME. Oil composition and acidity were found to be affected by extraction parameters showing the highest amount of low molecular and free fatty acids after slow extraction at 250 bar and 65°C. Use of selective extraction conditions enabled simple time‐dependent fractionation and deacidification yielding fractions with tailored fatty acid profiles or facilitating subsequent refining processes, respectively. Defatting performance and oil composition were not substantially different when using hexane as a solvent in comparison to SC–CO2. Mealworm larvae can be effectively defatted using SC–CO2 at high pressure and moderate temperature, yielding two valuable fractions: oil‐ and protein‐rich residue.Practical applications: Mealworm larvae are promising candidates for the inclusion of edible insects in the western food and feed industry due to modest breeding demands, existing rearing knowledge, and high contents of protein and fat. The development of fractionation processes for the production of standardized insect bulk materials and incorporation in feed or food in analogy to soy and other plant raw materials rich in fat and protein will help gain industrial applicability and enhance consumer acceptance. Depending on the processing approach, a defatting step is crucial prior to protein extraction. The results of this study indicate that SC–CO2 extraction is suitable for achieving a high yield of solvent‐free oil and a protein‐enriched, solvent‐free residue at low extraction temperatures. Both fractions can be further refined and purified in order to achieve valuable intermediates for food and feed applications.The SC–CO2 extraction of mealworms yielded highly unsaturated oil and a defatted residue containing protein and chitin. The operating parameters clearly affected the defatting performance and the extraction rate.
Anxiety Impacts Cognitive Inhibition in Remitted Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Ely Alice V. , Wierenga Christina E. , Kaye Walter H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveEating disorders are complex psychiatric disorders, associated with alterations in neural and cognitive functioning. Research suggests inhibition and set‐shifting deficits in anorexia nervosa (AN), but less is known about the persistence of these deficits after recovery, or their relationship to comorbid psychiatric symptoms.MethodWomen aged 19–45 remitted from AN (RAN, N = 47) and controls (CW, N = 24) completed the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System Color‐Word Interference Test. It was hypothesized that RAN, and those with higher anxiety or depression, would demonstrate worse Inhibition and Switching task performance than CW.ResultsDifferences in performance between groups trended toward significance on Inhibition Ratio (p = 0.08) but were nonsignificant on Inhibition/Switching Ratio (p = 0.93). A model including State Anxiety and diagnosis revealed a significant independent effect of State Anxiety (p = 0.026), but not of diagnosis nor their interaction. Regressing State Anxiety on Color‐Word Interference Test Inhibition among just the RAN group was significant [β = 0.37, t(46) = 2.63, p = 0.012] but among just CW was not (p = 0.54).DiscussionInterference control for neutral stimuli is influenced by anxiety in women with a history of AN. Anxiety is linked with greater symptom severity among AN individuals, and state anxiety may account for larger deficits seen on tasks using disorder‐specific stimuli. Future research is warranted to elucidate the nature of neuropsychological deficits in eating disorders. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association
Bioaccumulation of hexachlorobenzene in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber
Authors: Kampe Sebastian , Schlechtriem Christian 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

A test system to investigate the biomagnification of organic chemicals in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber was developed and validated. Adult isopods were fed on alder leaf powder (Alnus glutinosa) spiked with [14C]hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Test animals, sampled regularly during the uptake (16 d) and depuration phases (16 d), were analyzed, and the kinetics of tissue concentrations were determined. Uptake (k1) and depuration rates (k2) were calculated to estimate kinetic biomagnification factors (BMFs). In addition, the effect of coprophagy on the uptake and accumulation of HCB as well as the tissue distribution of HCB in P. scaber was investigated. The test system was shown to be suitable for investigations into the terrestrial bioaccumulation of chemicals. Coprophagy had no effect on the bioaccumulation of HCB in P. scaber. The hepatopancreas was identified as the main target tissue for HCB accumulation. The low BMF of 0.057 resulted from an assimilation efficiency (α) of 31.42%, a low uptake rate k1 (0.009 d−1), and a high depuration rate k2 (0.164 d−1). The results indicate that the terrestrial bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in P. scaber might not represent a worst-case scenario for biomagnification, limiting the value of the test system for the regulatory assessment of organic chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2867–2873. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
The Effects of Home Country Political and Legal Institutions on Firms' Geographic Diversification Performance
Authors: Tan Brian Roy , Chintakananda Asda 
Published: May 2016

Plain language summaryManagers of multinational firms often view the political and legal environment as an important driver of international performance. However, this view is normally directed toward the host country rather than the political and legal environment within the home country. This study focuses on the home country environment and finds that a stable political environment increases the effectiveness of a firm's overseas expansion efforts, even as it reduces overall firm performance. Meanwhile, an effective legal environment at home strengthens the effectiveness of a firm's overseas expansion efforts and overall firm performance. As such, the origin of a firm matters, as it influences a firm's ability to be successful. This has broad implications for managers and policy makers.Technical summaryThis study proposes that we need to examine jointly the direct and indirect effects of home country political and legal institutions on the performance of geographically diversified firms. We contend that home country political stability and regulatory effectiveness work through different mechanisms in influencing firms' performance directly and indirectly through their geographical diversification strategies. Specifically, we hypothesize that home country political stability directly reduces firm performance, but positively moderates the relationship between geographic diversification and performance. Meanwhile, we hypothesize that home country regulatory effectiveness directly enhances firm performance and positively moderates the relationship between geographic diversification and performance. The findings, based on more than 33,000 firm‐year observations from 33 home countries, support our hypotheses on home country political stability and regulatory effectiveness.Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
Reduced global functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder
Authors: Murrough James W. , Abdallah Chadi G. , Anticevic Alan , Collins Katherine A. , Geha Paul , Averill Lynnette A. , Schwartz Jaclyn , DeWilde Kaitlin E. , Averill Christopher , Jia‐Wei Yang Genevieve , Wong Edmund , Tang Cheuk Y. , Krystal John H. , Iosifescu Dan V. , Charney Dennis S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundMajor depressive disorder is a disabling neuropsychiatric condition that is associated with disrupted functional connectivity across brain networks. The precise nature of altered connectivity, however, remains incompletely understood. The current study was designed to examine the coherence of large‐scale connectivity in depression using a recently developed technique termed global brain connectivity. Methods: A total of 82 subjects, including medication‐free patients with major depression (n = 57) and healthy volunteers (n = 25) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging with resting data acquisition for functional connectivity analysis. Global brain connectivity was computed as the mean of each voxel's time series correlation with every other voxel and compared between study groups. Relationships between global connectivity and depressive symptom severity measured using the Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Rating Scale were examined by means of linear correlation. Results: Relative to the healthy group, patients with depression evidenced reduced global connectivity bilaterally within multiple regions of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex. The largest between‐group difference was observed within the right subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, extending into ventromedial prefrontal cortex bilaterally (Hedges' g = −1.48, P < 0.000001). Within the depressed group, patients with the lowest connectivity evidenced the highest symptom severity within ventromedial prefrontal cortex (r = −0.47, P = 0.0005). Conclusions: Patients with major depressive evidenced abnormal large‐scale functional coherence in the brain that was centered within the subgenual cingulate cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex more broadly. These data extend prior studies of connectivity in depression and demonstrate that functional disconnection of the medial prefrontal cortex is a key pathological feature of the disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3214–3223, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐order resting‐state functional connectivity network for MCI classification
Authors: Chen Xiaobo , Zhang Han , Gao Yue , Wee Chong‐Yaw , Li Gang , Shen Dinggang ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2016

AbstractBrain functional connectivity (FC) network, estimated with resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS‐fMRI) technique, has emerged as a promising approach for accurate diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the conventional FC network is essentially low‐order in the sense that only the correlations among brain regions (in terms of RS‐fMRI time series) are taken into account. The features derived from this type of brain network may fail to serve as an effective disease biomarker. To overcome this drawback, we propose extraction of novel high‐order FC correlations that characterize how the low‐order correlations between different pairs of brain regions interact with each other. Specifically, for each brain region, a sliding window approach is first performed over the entire RS‐fMRI time series to generate multiple short overlapping segments. For each segment, a low‐order FC network is constructed, measuring the short‐term correlation between brain regions. These low‐order networks (obtained from all segments) describe the dynamics of short‐term FC along the time, thus also forming the correlation time series for every pair of brain regions. To overcome the curse of dimensionality, we further group the correlation time series into a small number of different clusters according to their intrinsic common patterns. Then, the correlation between the respective mean correlation time series of different clusters is calculated to represent the high‐order correlation among different pairs of brain regions. Finally, we design a pattern classifier, by combining features of both low‐order and high‐order FC networks. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the high‐order FC network on disease diagnosis.Hum Brain Mapp 37:3282–3296, 2016. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brain GABA levels across psychiatric disorders: A systematic literature review and meta‐analysis of 1H‐MRS studies
Authors: Schür Remmelt R. , Draisma Luc W.R. , Wijnen Jannie P. , Boks Marco P. , Koevoets Martijn G.J.C. , Joëls Marian , Klomp Dennis W. , Kahn René S. , Vinkers Christiaan H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe inhibitory gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) system is involved in the etiology of most psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). It is therefore not surprising that proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) is increasingly used to investigate in vivo brain GABA levels. However, integration of the evidence for altered in vivo GABA levels across psychiatric disorders is lacking. We therefore systematically searched the clinical 1H‐MRS literature and performed a meta‐analysis. A total of 40 studies (N = 1,591) in seven different psychiatric disorders were included in the meta‐analysis: MDD (N = 437), schizophrenia (N = 517), ASD (N = 150), bipolar disorder (N = 129), panic disorder (N = 81), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (N = 104), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (N = 173). Brain GABA levels were lower in ASD (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.74, P = 0.001) and in depressed MDD patients (SMD = −0.52, P = 0.005), but not in remitted MDD patients (SMD = −0.24, P = 0.310) compared with controls. In schizophrenia this finding did not reach statistical significance (SMD = −0.23, P = 0.089). No significant differences in GABA levels were found in bipolar disorder, panic disorder, PTSD, and ADHD compared with controls. In conclusion, this meta‐analysis provided evidence for lower brain GABA levels in ASD and in depressed (but not remitted) MDD patients compared with healthy controls. Findings in schizophrenia were more equivocal. Even though future 1H‐MRS studies could greatly benefit from a longitudinal design and consensus on the preferred analytical approach, it is apparent that 1H‐MRS studies have great potential in advancing our understanding of the role of the GABA system in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3337–3352, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficiency of Health Investment: Education or Intelligence?
Authors: Bijwaard Govert e. , Van Kippersluis Hans 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn this paper, we hypothesize that education is associated with a higher efficiency of health investment, yet that this efficiency advantage is solely driven by intelligence. We operationalize efficiency of health investment as the probability of dying conditional on a certain hospital diagnosis and estimate a multistate structural equation model with three states: (i) healthy, (ii) hospitalized, and (iii) death. We use data from a Dutch cohort born around 1940 that links intelligence tests at age 12 years to later‐life hospitalization and mortality records. The results indicate that intelligent individuals have a clear survival advantage for most hospital diagnoses, while the remaining disparities across education groups are small and not statistically significant. © 2016 The Authors. Health Economics Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Endoscopy versus imaging: Analysis of surveillance methods in sinonasal malignancy
Authors: Khalili Sammy , Worrall Douglas M. , Brooks Steve , Morris Shane M. , Farquhar Douglas , Newman Jason G. , Learned Kim O. , Ahn Peter H. , Craig John , Kennedy David W. , O'Malley Bert W. , Palmer James N. , Adappa Nithin D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to assess the utility of imaging and endoscopy in posttreatment surveillance of sinonasal malignancies.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of primary sinonasal malignancies diagnosed between 2000 and 2014. Posttreatment surveillance included nasal endoscopy and imaging (MRI, CT, and positron emission tomography [PET]/CT). Positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), specificity, and sensitivity were calculated for each modality and compared.ResultsOne hundred nine sinonasal malignancies were identified with 30 recurrences. Endoscopy showed a sensitivity and specificity of 24% and 89%, respectively, whereas imaging was 76% and 90%, respectively. Identifying suspicious symptoms significantly improved the PPV of both endoscopy and imaging. MRI demonstrates the highest PPV when compared with other imaging modalities.ConclusionBoth modalities are necessary in posttreatment surveillance. MRI shows the highest PPV, whereas endoscopy trends toward a higher specificity. PET/CT scans have a high false‐positive rate and should be reserved for tumors with a high propensity for distant metastases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38:1229–1233, 2016
Where there is no policy: governing the posting and transfer of primary health care workers in Nigeria
Authors: Abimbola Seye , Olanipekun Titilope , Schaaf Marta , Negin Joel , Jan Stephen , Martiniuk Alexandra L. C. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe posting and transfer of health workers and managers receives little policy and research attention in global health. In Nigeria, there is no national policy on posting and transfer in the health sector. We sought to examine how the posting and transfer of frontline primary health care (PHC) workers is conducted in four states (Lagos, Benue, Nasarawa and Kaduna) across Nigeria, where public sector PHC facilities are usually the only form of formal health care service providers available in many communities. We conducted in‐depth interviews with PHC workers and managers, and group discussions with community health committee members. The results revealed three mechanisms by which PHC managers conduct posting and transfer: (1) periodically moving PHC workers around as a routine exercise aimed at enhancing their professional experience and preventing them from being corrupted; (2) as a tool for improving health service delivery by assigning high‐performing PHC workers to PHC facilities perceived to be in need, or posting PHC workers nearer their place of residence; and (3) as a response to requests for punishment or favour from PHC workers, political office holders, global health agencies and community health committees. Given that posting and transfer is conducted by discretion, with multiple influences and sometimes competing interests, we identified practices that may lead to unfair treatment and inequities in the distribution of PHC workers. The posting and transfer of PHC workers therefore requires policy measures to codify what is right about existing informal practices and to avert their negative potential. © 2016 The Authors The International Journal of Health Planning and Management Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
How informative are stream level observations in different geographic regions?
Authors: Seibert Jan , Vis Marc J. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSimple runoff models with a low number of model parameters are generally able to simulate catchment runoff reasonably well, but they rely on model calibration, which makes their use in ungauged basins challenging. In a previous study it has been shown that a limited number of streamflow measurements can be quite informative for constraining runoff models. In practice, however, instead of performing such repeated flow measurements, it might be easier to install a stream level logger. Here, a dataset of 600+ gauged basins in the USA was used to study how well models perform when only stream level data, rather than streamflow data, are available. A runoff model (the HBV model) was calibrated assuming that only stream level observations were available, and the simulations were evaluated on the full observed streamflow record. The results indicate that stream level data alone can already provide surprisingly good model simulation results in humid catchments, whereas in arid catchments some form of quantitative information (e.g. a streamflow observation or a regional average value) is needed to obtain good results. These results are encouraging for hydrological observations in data scarce regions as level observations are much easier to obtain than streamflow measurements. Based on runoff modelling, it might even be possible to derive streamflow time series from the level data obtained from loggers, satellites or community‐based approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using high resolution tracer data to constrain water storage, flux and age estimates in a spatially distributed rainfall‐runoff model
Authors: van Huijgevoort M. H. J. , Tetzlaff D. , Sutanudjaja E. H. , Soulsby C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractModels simulating stream flow and conservative tracers can provide a representation of flow paths, storage distributions and mixing processes that is advantageous for many predictive purposes. Compared with models that only simulate stream flow, tracer data can be used to investigate the internal consistency of model behaviour and to gain insight into model performance. Here, we examine the strengths and weaknesses of a data‐driven, spatially distributed tracer‐aided rainfall‐runoff model. The model structure allowed us to assess the influence of landscape characteristics on the routing and mixing of water and tracers. The model was applied to a site in the Scottish Highlands with a unique tracer data set; ~4 years of daily isotope ratios in stream water and precipitation were available, as well as 2 years of weekly soil and ground water isotopes. The model structure was based on an empirically based, lumped tracer‐aided model previously developed for the catchment. The best model runs were selected from Monte Carlo simulations based on dual calibration criteria using objective functions for both stream isotopes and discharge at the outlet. Model performance for these criteria was reasonable (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies for discharge and isotope ratios were ~0.4–0.6). The model could generally reproduce the variable isotope signals in the soils of the steeper hill slopes where storage was low, and damped isotope responses in valley bottom cells with high storage. The model also allowed us to estimate the age distributions of internal stores, water fluxes and stream flow. Average stream water age was ~1.6 years, integrating older groundwater in the valley bottom and dynamic younger soil waters. By tracking water ages and simulating isotopes, the model captured the changes in connectivity driven by distributed storage dynamics. This has substantially improved the representation of spatio‐temporal process dynamics and gives a more robust framework for projecting environmental change impacts. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Hydrological Processes Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.