bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Counselling: Psychological Issues
Authors: Biesecker Barbara B 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Psychological issues in genetic counselling arise from the genetic risk or condition affecting patients. Genetic counselling is psycho‐educational but the practice has a psychotherapeutic approach that attends to the cognitive, affective and behavioural aspects of the genetic information. As such, genetic counselling strives to help clients make informed choices and when there is no choice to make, to cope effectively, and ultimately adapt, to their risk or condition. The psychological issues emanate from the nature of the condition, clients' informational needs and risk perceptions, as well as their lived experiences, personality traits and socioeconomic resources. Overall, evidence suggests that most clients and patients cope with the stress of a risk or condition successfully and adapt over time. Genetic counselling can be instrumental in facilitating that process through helping clients capitalise on their personal strengths and resources. Psychologically vulnerable clients may be referred for longer‐term psychotherapy.

Key Concepts

Genetic counselling is psychoeducational as clients learn how genetics contributes to their health risks and then process what this means and how it feels.

Genetic counselling clients experience genetic conditions or risk according to their own illness perceptions and this predicts their overall quality of life.

Genetic counselling clients often have to make a decision on whether to use genetic testing to help them manage a familial risk for disease.

Shared decision‐making may enhance informed choice among genetic counselling clients.

Genetic counselling aims to help clients adapt to living with a genetic condition or risk, often by enhancing coping effectiveness.
MicroRNAs
(
miRNAs
) and Plant Development
Authors: Blein Thomas , Laufs Patrick 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Development in plants is a continuous process during which new tissues and organs are formed all along its life cycle. Development involves the coordination of both time and space of complex cellular processes such as proliferation, expansion and differentiation following endogenous programmes and in response to environmental signals. Since their discovery in 2002, plant microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small single‐stranded regulatory ribonucleic acids (RNAs) have emerged as important nodes in regulatory networks controlling plant development. For instance, miRNAs play important roles for cell fate determination during the patterning of organs and contribute to the regulation of their growth. In addition, miRNAs integrate different signals to regulate the life cycle of plants. Finally, miRNAs appear as molecular links between environmental signals and plant development and may constitute levers to modify plant development in crops.

Key Concepts

miRNAs are essential for plant development as mutants affecting miRNA biogenesis or function are embryo lethal or show severe pleiotropic defects.

miRNA precursors are mostly produced from independent genetic units and are processed into mature miRNAs via a complex core machinery.

miRNAs can have different effects on the expression of their target genes, controlling their spatial pattern, their level of expression or the timing of their expression.

miRNAs are regulating many different developmental processes, including pattern formation, morphogenesis and differentiation at all stages of a plant's life.

Most of the miRNAs regulating plant development are evolutionary conserved and target evolutionary conserved transcription factors.

miRNAs can act non‐cell‐autonomously, generating a mobile signal that contributes to pattern formation through the regulation of the expression pattern of their targets.

miRNAs are integrated into complex regulatory networks and their expression is regulated by both endogenous and exogenous signals.
TGF
‐β Signalling and Its Role in Cancer Progression and Metastasis
Authors: Santibanez Juan F , Krstic Jelena , Quintanilla Miguel , Bernabeu Carmelo 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Normal body cells grow, proliferate and die in an orderly manner. By contrast, cancer cells grow out of control and can invade other tissues. The process of tumour progression and metastasis results from a complex molecular cascade that allows cancer cells to leave the site of the primary tumour mass and disseminate to distant anatomical sites where they proliferate and form secondary tumour foci. Disseminated disease is the most usual cause of death in cancer patients and is, therefore, a very serious clinical problem. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) has a dual role in tumour progression, acting as a tumour suppressor in early stages of carcinogenesis, and exerting a pro‐oncogenic role in the last steps of metastatic disease. TGF‐β induces the epithelial mesenchymal transition of transformed cells, which contributes to tumour invasion and metastasis, and is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells.

Key Concepts

TGF‐βs and their signalling components are widely expressed in all tissues and play a major role in human diseases.

The canonical signalling pathway triggered by TGF‐βs involves the activation of Smad proteins by the TGF‐β receptors and their translocation into the nucleus. In addition, TGF‐β receptors can activate Smad‐independent (non‐canonical) pathways, including MAPKs and Rho GTPases, among others.

Canonical and noncanonical TGF‐β signal transduction participates in and explains the broad spectrum of TGF‐β effects on tumour progression.

TGF‐β is postulated as a dual factor in cancer since it can act either as a tumour suppressor in early stages of tumourigenesis or as a tumour promoter in late stages of tumour progression.

One of the hallmarks at late stages of tumour progression is that cancer cells become refractory to the TGF‐β cell growth inhibitory response.

Many types of cancer cells leaving primary carcinomas appear to depend on EMT to facilitate execution of most of the steps of the invasion–metastasis process.

TGF‐β affects not only the tumour cells themselves but also the surrounding stroma by inhibiting cell adhesion, inducing immunosuppression and angiogenesis, and by promoting the degradation of the extracellular matrix, further modulating the metastatic process.

Induction of EMT by TGF‐β generates cancer cells with stem‐like properties.

By regulating TGF‐β expression and its canonical and noncanonical intracellular signalling, it may be possible to control the tumour microenvironment, including angiogenesis, immunosurveillance escape and activation of stromal fibroblasts resulting in cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumour‐stroma interactions and EMT.
Genetics of Mathematical Aptitude
Authors: Warrier Varun , Baron‐Cohen Simon 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Normative variation in mathematical aptitude (MA) is relevant to many aspects of societal functioning, in particular for occupations in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Though elements of numerosity have been identified in some animals, complex MA is uniquely human. Several studies, using a variety of designs, have investigated the heritability of MA, and the extreme ends of the dimension of this trait – mathematics learning disability (MLD) and mathematical talent (MT). Initial estimates of the heritability of MA ranged from 0.2 to 0.9, while later studies identify more modest heritabilities for MA. Modest heritabilities have also been identified for MLD and MT. Despite this, genome‐wide association studies have had limited success. Additionally, MA may have similar genetic architectures to MLD and MT. Finally, while existing studies have tried to understand the genetic architecture of MA as a whole, different domains within MA may have different genetic architectures.

Key Concepts

Mathematical aptitude (MA) is important for STEM occupations.

Aspects of MA such as numerosity and conservation are seen in some animals and young infants.

Different researchers use different instruments to measure MA and to define mathematics learning disability (MLD) and mathematical talent (MT).

MA, MLD and MT are all moderately heritable and likely to be polygenic.

It is unclear if MA is genetically distinct from MLD and MT.

Sex‐differences in heritabilities of MA have not been identified.

Genome‐wide association studies of MA have yielded inconsistent results.
Silver‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling (CDC) Strategy for the Construction of Dialkyl/Dibenzyl Dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thia‐/oxazepin‐11‐yl Phosphonates
Authors: Saha Debasmita , Kaur Tanpreet , Sharma Anuj 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn efficient and simple cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) procedure for the synthesis of dialkyl dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin‐11‐yl phosphonates/dialkyl dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepin‐11‐yl phosphonates in high yields has been developed. The reaction employed dibenzothiazepines/dibenzo‐oxazepines as imine counterparts, silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a catalyst, and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) as an oxidant.
Bedside quantitative electroencephalography improves assessment of consciousness in comatose subarachnoid hemorrhage patients
Authors: Claassen Jan , Velazquez Angela , Meyers Emma , Witsch Jens , Falo M. Cristina , Park Soojin , Agarwal Sachin , Michael Schmidt J. , Schiff Nicholas D. , Sitt Jacobo D. , Naccache Lionel , Sander Connolly E. , Frey Hans‐Peter 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveAccurate behavioral assessments of consciousness carry tremendous significance in guiding management, but are extremely challenging in acutely brain‐injured patients. We evaluated whether electroencephalography (EEG) and multimodality monitoring parameters may facilitate assessment of consciousness in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed of 83 consecutively treated adults with subarachnoid hemorrhage. All patients were initially comatose and had invasive brain monitoring placed. Behavioral assessments were performed during daily interruption of sedation and categorized into 3 groups based on their best examination as (1) comatose, (2) arousable (eye opening or attending toward a stimulus), and (3) aware (command following). EEG features included spectral power and complexity measures. Comparisons were made using bootstrapping methods and partial least squares regression.ResultsWe identified 389 artifact‐free EEG clips following behavioral assessments. Increasing central gamma, posterior alpha, and diffuse theta‐delta oscillations differentiated patients who were arousable from those in coma. Command following was characterized by a further increase in central gamma and posterior alpha, as well as an increase in alpha permutation entropy. These EEG features together with basic neurological examinations (eg, pupillary light reflex) contributed heavily to a linear model predicting behavioral state, whereas brain physiology measures (eg, brain oxygenation), structural injury, and clinical course added less.InterpretationEEG measures of behavioral states provide distinctive signatures that complement behavioral assessments of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage shortly after the injury. Our data support the hypothesis that impaired connectivity of cortex with both central thalamus and basal forebrain underlies decreasing levels of consciousness. Ann Neurol 2016;80:541–553
Vacancy‐Induced Electronic Structure Variation of Acceptors and Correlation with Proton Conduction in Perovskite Oxides
Authors: Kim Hye‐Sung , Jang Ahreum , Choi Si‐Young , Jung WooChul , Chung Sung‐Yoon 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn most proton‐conducing perovskite oxides, the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged acceptor dopants and protonic defects having a positive charge is known to be a major cause of retardation of proton conduction, a phenomenon that is generally referred to as proton trapping. We experimentally show that proton trapping can be suppressed by clustering of positively charged oxygen vacancies to acceptors in BaZrO3−δ and BaCeO3−δ. In particular, to ensure the vacancy–acceptor association is effective against proton trapping, the valence electron density of acceptors should not significantly vary when the oxygen vacancies cluster, based on the weak hybridization between the valence d or p orbitals of acceptors and the 2p orbitals of oxygen.
Chemoselective Alternating Copolymerization of Limonene Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide: A New Highly Functional Aliphatic Epoxy Polycarbonate
Authors: Li Chunliang , Sablong Rafaël J. , Koning Cor E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe alternating copolymerization of biorenewable limonene dioxide with carbon dioxide (CO2) catalyzed by a zinc β‐diiminate complex is reported. The chemoselective reaction results in linear amorphous polycarbonates that carry pendent methyloxiranes and exhibit glass transition temperatures (Tg) up to 135 °C. These polycarbonates can be efficiently modified by thiols or carboxylic acids in combination with lithium hydroxide or tetrabutylphosphonium bromide as catalysts, respectively, without destruction of the main chain. Moreover, polycarbonates bearing pendent cyclic carbonates can be quantitatively prepared by CO2 insertion catalyzed by lithium bromide.
Light‐Induced Ambient Degradation of Few‐Layer Black Phosphorus: Mechanism and Protection
Authors: Zhou Qionghua , Chen Qian , Tong Yilong , Wang Jinlan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe environmental instability of single‐ or few‐layer black phosphorus (BP) has become a major hurdle for BP‐based devices. The degradation mechanism remains unclear and finding ways to protect BP from degradation is still highly challenging. Based on ab initio electronic structure calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, a three‐step picture on the ambient degradation of BP is provided: generation of superoxide under light, dissociation of the superoxide, and eventual breakdown under the action of water. The well‐matched band gap and band‐edge positions for the redox potential accelerates the degradation of thinner BP. Furthermore, it was found that the formation of P‐O‐P bonds can greatly stabilize the BP framework. A possible protection strategy using a fully oxidized BP layer as the native capping is thus proposed. Such a fully oxidization layer can resist corrosion from water and leave the BP underneath intact with simultaneous high hole mobility.
Cell‐Permeable Peptides Containing Cycloalanine Residues
Authors: Wu Hao , Mousseau Guillaume , Mediouni Sonia , Valente Susana T. , Kodadek Thomas 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present here an efficient alternative to N‐methylation for the purpose of morphing protein‐binding peptides into more serum‐stable and cell‐permeable compounds. This involves the incorporation of a cycloalanine (CyAla) into a peptide in a way that avoids difficult coupling steps. We demonstrate the utility of this chemistry in creating a cell‐permeable derivative of a high‐affinity HIV Rev protein‐binding peptide.
Selective and Efficient Removal of Mercury from Aqueous Media with the Highly Flexible Arms of a BioMOF
Authors: Mon Marta , Lloret Francesc , Ferrando‐Soria Jesús , Martí‐Gastaldo Carlos , Armentano Donatella , Pardo Emilio 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA robust and water‐stable metal–organic framework (MOF), featuring hexagonal channels decorated with methionine residues (1), selectively captures toxic species such as CH3Hg+ and Hg2+ from water. 1 exhibits the largest Hg2+ uptake capacity ever reported for a MOF, decreasing the [Hg2+] and [CH3Hg+] concentrations in potable water from highly hazardous 10 ppm to the much safer values of 6 and 27 ppb, respectively. Just like with biological systems, the high‐performance metal capture also involves a molecular recognition process. Both CH3Hg+ and Hg2+ are efficiently immobilized by specific conformations adopted by the flexible thioether “claws” decorating the pores of 1. This leads to very stable structural conformations reminiscent of those responsible for the biological activity of the enzyme mercury reductase (MR).
Activation of Dihydrogen by Masked Doubly Bonded Aluminum Species
Authors: Nagata Koichi , Murosaki Takahiro , Agou Tomohiro , Sasamori Takahiro , Matsuo Tsukasa , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: August 2016

AbstractActivation of dihydrogen by masked dialumenes (Al=Al doubly bonded species) is reported. Reactions of barrelene‐type dialumanes, which have the reactivity as masked equivalents of 1,2‐diaryldialumenes ArAl=AlAr, with H2 afforded dihydroalumanes ArAlH2 at room temperature (Ar: bulky aryl groups). These dihydroalumanes form hydrogen‐bridged dimers [ArHAl(μ‐H)]2 in the crystalline state, while a monomer–dimer equilibrium was suggested in solution. The 1,2‐diaryldialumenes generated from the barrelene‐type dialumanes are the putative active species in the cleavage of H2.
Konjugierte Polymere: Katalysatoren für die photokatalytische Wasserstoffentwicklung
Authors: Zhang Guigang , Lan Zhi‐An , Wang Xinchen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractKonjugierte Polymere mit vollständiger π‐Konjugation stellen eine neue Generation heterogener Photokatalysatoren für die Nutzung von Solarenergie dar. Sie zeichnen sich durch drei wesentliche Merkmale aus, die für photokatalytische Prozesse wichtig sind, nämlich Robustheit, Ungiftigkeit und ihre Aktivität bei Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht. Dies macht sie zu attraktiven Kandidaten für die Produktion im Großmaßstab. Dieser Kurzaufsatz gibt eine Zusammenfassung der aktuellen Entwicklung verschiedener vielversprechender Polymerphotokatalysatoren für die Wasserstoffentwicklung aus wässrigen Lösungen und geht dabei auch auf lineare Polymere, planarisierte Polymere, Triazin‐/Heptazin‐Polymere und andere verwandte konjugierte organische Halbleiter ein. Besonderes Augenmerk soll auf die rationale Beeinflussung der Zusammensetzung, der Architektur sowie der optischen und elektronischen Eigenschaften gelegt werden, die für die photophysikalischen und photochemischen Eigenschaften relevant sind. Einige Trends und die Zukunftsaussichten für konjugierte organische Photokatalysatoren in der künstlichen Photosynthese mittels Wasserspaltung werden auch besprochen.
Unique Electronic Structure in a Porous Ga‐In Bimetallic Oxide Nano‐Photocatalyst with Atomically Thin Pore Walls
Authors: Chen Hui , Yu Guangtao , Li Guo‐Dong , Xie Tengfeng , Sun Yuanhui , Liu Jingwei , Li Hui , Huang Xuri , Wang Dejun , Asefa Tewodros , Chen Wei , Zou Xiaoxin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA facile synthetic route is presented that produces a porous Ga‐In bimetallic oxide nanophotocatalyst with atomically thin pore walls. The material has an unprecedented electronic structure arising from its ultrathin walls. The bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band of the material are distributed on two opposite surfaces separated with a small electrostatic potential difference. This not only shortens the distance by which the photogenerated charges travel from the sites where they are generated to the sites where they catalyze the reactions, but also facilitates charge separations in the material. The porous structure within the walls results in a large density of exposed surface reactive/catalytic sites. Because of these optimized electronic and surface structures, the material exhibits superior photocatalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
Conjugated Polymers: Catalysts for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Guigang , Lan Zhi‐An , Wang Xinchen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractConjugated polymers, comprising fully π‐conjugated systems, present a new generation of heterogeneous photocatalysts for solar‐energy utilization. They have three key features, namely robustness, nontoxicity, and visible‐light activity, for photocatalytic processes, thus making them appealing candidates for scale‐up. Presented in this Minireview, is a brief summary on the recent development of various promising polymer photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution from aqueous solutions, including linear polymers, planarized polymers, triazine/heptazine polymers, and other related organic conjugated semiconductors, with a particular focus on the rational manipulation in the composition, architectures, and optical and electronic properties that are relevant to photophysical and photochemical properties. Some future trends and prospects for organic conjugated photocatalysts in artificial photosynthesis, by water splitting, are also envisaged.
Competition of Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, σ‐Bond Metathesis, and syn Hydrometalation in Titanium(III)‐Catalyzed Hydrodefluorination of Arenes
Authors: Krüger Juliane , Leppkes Jakob , Ehm Christian , Lentz Dieter 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSeveral functionalized and non‐functionalized perfluoroarenes were catalytically transformed into their para‐hydrodefluorinated products by using catalytic amounts of titanocene difluoride and stoichiometric amounts diphenylsilane. Turnover numbers of up to 93 were observed. Solution density functional theory calculations at the M06‐2X/TZ(PCM)//M06‐2X/TZ(PCM) level of theory provided insight into the mechanism of TiIII‐catalyzed aromatic hydrodefluorination. Two different substrate approaches, with a Ti–F interaction (pathway A) and without a Ti–F interaction (pathway B), are possible. Pathway A leads to a σ‐bond metathesis transition state, whereas pathway B proceeds by means of a two‐step mechanism through a syn‐hydrometalation intermediate or through a Meisenheimer intermediate. Both pathways are competitive over a broad range of substrates.
Integral Sliding Mode Fault‐Tolerant Control for Spacecraft With Uncertainties and Saturation
Authors: Wenjie Duan , Dayi Wang , Chengrui Liu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn integral sliding mode fault‐tolerant control method is proposed to deal with faults with matched uncertainties, unmatched uncertainties, and input saturation. Integral sliding mode, control allocation, and parameter identification are included in this method. The Lyapunov stability conditions of the integral sliding mode control for uncertainties and input saturation, respectively, are obtained, which denote the robustness extent of the controller. The direct method for control allocation is improved by adding a judgement before calculating for each facet. Finally, the fault‐tolerant scheme is applied to a six‐wheel spacecraft and simulations are given to show its effectiveness.
Lower Eigenvalue Bounds on Summation for the Solution of the Lyapunov Matrix Differential Equation
Authors: Zhang Juan , Liu Jianzhou , Huang Hao 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we offer several lower bounds on eigenvalue summation for the solution of the Lyapunov matrix differential equation applying index matrix eigenvalue inequalities and Hölder inequality. Further, we give a numerical example to illustrate the effectiveness of the derived bounds.
A Parameter Dependent Controller Design Approach for Delayed LPV System
Authors: Yin Hai , Gao Jinwu , Liu Zhiyuan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates the memory state feedback controller synthesis problem for linear parameter‐varying (LPV) systems with time‐varying input delay. A novel state transformation is proposed to reduce the influence of time delay, and two types of Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional are employed to guarantee the stability of the closed‐loop system and induced L2 norm performance. The controller gain is formulated to parameter dependent, and design method is then led to a convex optimization problem and solved by parameter gridding technique. A numerical example is provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.