bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissociation of spontaneous seizures and brainstem seizure thresholds in mice exposed to eight flurothyl‐induced generalized seizures
Authors: Kadiyala Sridhar B. , Ferland Russell J. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryObjectiveC57BL/6J mice exposed to eight flurothyl‐induced generalized clonic seizures exhibit a change in seizure phenotype following a 28‐day incubation period and subsequent flurothyl rechallenge. Mice now develop a complex seizure semiology originating in the forebrain and propagating into the brainstem seizure network (a forebrain→brainstem seizure). In contrast, this phenotype change does not occur in seizure‐sensitive DBA/2J mice. The underlying mechanism was the focus of this study.MethodsDBA/2J mice were exposed to eight flurothyl‐induced seizures (1/day) followed by 24‐h video‐electroencephalographic recordings for 28 days. Forebrain and brainstem seizure thresholds were determined in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice following one or eight flurothyl‐induced seizures, or after eight flurothyl‐induced seizures, a 28‐day incubation period, and final flurothyl rechallenge.ResultsSimilar to C57BL/6J mice, DBA/2J mice expressed spontaneous seizures. However, unlike C57BL/6J mice, DBA/2J mice continued to have spontaneous seizures without remission. Because DBA/2J mice did not express forebrain→brainstem seizures following flurothyl rechallenge after a 28‐day incubation period, this indicated that spontaneous seizures were not sufficient for the evolution of forebrain→brainstem seizures. Therefore, we determined whether brainstem seizure thresholds were changing during this repeated‐flurothyl model and whether this could account for the expression of forebrain→brainstem seizures. Brainstem seizure thresholds were not different between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice on day 1 or on the last induction seizure trial (day 8). However, brainstem seizure thresholds did differ significantly on flurothyl rechallenge (day 28), with DBA/2J mice showing no lowering of their brainstem seizure thresholds.SignificanceThese results demonstrate that DBA/2J mice exposed to the repeated‐flurothyl model develop spontaneous seizures without evidence of seizure remission and provide a new model of epileptogenesis. Moreover, these findings indicated that the transition of forebrain ictal discharge into the brainstem seizure network occurs as a result of changes in brainstem seizure thresholds that are independent of spontaneous seizure expression.
Morphodynamics of a bedrock‐alluvial meander bend that incises as it migrates outward: approximate solution of permanent form
Authors: Inoue Takuya , Parker Gary , Stark Colin P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn meandering rivers cut into bedrock, erosion across a channel cross‐section can be strongly asymmetric. At a meander apex, deep undercutting of the outer bank can result in the formation of a hanging cliff (which may drive hillslope failure), whereas the inner bank adjoins a slip‐off slope that connects to the hillslope itself. Here we propose a physically‐based model for predicting channel planform migration and incision, point bar and slip‐off slope formation, bedrock abrasion, the spatial distribution of alluvial cover, and adaptation of channel width in a mixed bedrock‐alluvial channel. We simplify the analysis by considering a numerical model of steady, uniform bend flow satisfying cyclic boundary conditions. Thus in our analysis, ‘sediment supply’, i.e. the total volume of alluvium in the system, is conserved. In our numerical simulations, the migration rate of the outer bank is a specified parameter. Our simulations demonstrate the existence of an approximate state of dynamic equilibrium corresponding to a near‐solution of permanent form in which a bend of constant curvature, width, cross‐sectional shape and alluvial cover distribution migrates diagonally downward at constant speed, leaving a bedrock equivalent of a point bar on the inside of the bend. Channel width is set internally by the processes of migration and incision. We find that equilibrium width increases with increasing sediment supply, but is insensitive to outer bank migration rate. The slope of the bedrock point bar varies inversely with both outer bank migration rate and sediment supply. Although the migration rate of the outer bank is externally imposed here, we discuss a model modification that would allow lateral side‐wall abrasion to be treated in a manner similar to the process of bedrock incision. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Floodplain effects on the transport of dissolved and colloidal trace elements in the East Pearl River, Mississippi
Authors: Shim Moo Joon , Cai Yihua , Guo Laodong , Shiller Alan M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSubstantial work suggests that floodplain wetlands could play a role in modifying fluvial fluxes of dissolved and colloidal trace elements. Yet, few studies have directly addressed this issue. We examined trace elements in the East Pearl River (Mississippi or Louisiana, USA), which is surrounded by wetlands that are temporally more or less connected to the river depending on river stage. Dissolved and colloidal trace element samples, along with ancillary data, including dissolved organic carbon and nutrients, were collected during eight surveys of this system at different flow stages from November 2007 to September 2008. Hydrology of the system is complex due to seasonal changes in water sources as well as potential inputs from the floodplain wetlands and the hyporheic zone. We therefore considered effects including nonconservative mixing of water sources, saltwater intrusion, and floodplain wetland flux requirements needed to support observed downstream concentration changes. During moderately high discharge, fluxes of many elements (e.g., Cd, Fe, Mn, and Zn) increased downstream by 20% or more, with inputs from the floodplain wetlands as the apparent source. At the highest discharge, however, wetland inputs to the river may have been rate‐limited (i.e., the wetland source was flushed faster than biogeochemical processes could regenerate dissolved or colloidal material). At low discharge, other effects, including saltwater intrusion and hyporheic zone interactions, are important. Both redox processes and organic ligands (or dissolved organic carbon), along with the supply of wetland inputs (or removal) relative to river fluxes, appear to be key factors determining floodplain wetland effects. While the behavior of some elements suggests they were dominantly affected by redox processes (Mn and V) or by organic complexation (dissolved Fe and light rare earths), other elements were affected by more than one process in ways that remain obscure (Cu). Overall our results are broadly consistent with previous field, laboratory, and modeling studies and suggest that a better understanding of the sources and transformations of Fe is a key area for future research.
Teaching in the Cracks: Using Familiar Pedagogy to AdvanceLGBTQ‐Inclusive Curriculum
Authors: Page Michelle L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEnglish language arts teachers and other literacy educators have the opportunity to create more positive and more inclusive school experiences for gender‐ and sexual‐minority students, but many hesitate to transform their curricula and practices because of fear of community protest. To support educators who feel vulnerable or constrained, this article summarizes challenges facing gender‐ and sexual‐minority students and then describes the benefits and limitations of a variety of familiar instructional approaches that teachers can use to make curricula more inclusive, ultimately reducing isolation and invisibility ofLGBTQIAstudents and experiences.
“Impossible Is Nothing”: Expressing Difficult Knowledge Through Digital Storytelling
Authors: Johnson Lauren , Kendrick Maureen 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe study focuses on a digital storytelling project conducted in a school district's transition program, in which adolescent refugee and immigrant English learners were invited to share aspects of their identities and social worlds through a range of modes. In this article, the authors look closely at one student's digital story through a multimodal analysis of three slides. The findings show how engaging with nonlinguistic modes provided enhanced opportunities for the student to explore and make visible complex and abstract facets of his life and identity, particularly as they relate to difficult past experiences.
The performance of CPC/PLGA and Bio‐Oss® for bone regeneration in healthy and osteoporotic rats
Authors: van Houdt Claire I. A. , Ulrich Dietmar J. O. , Jansen John A. , van den Beucken Jeroen J. J. P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe current study aimed to evaluate the biological performance of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) with polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA) micro‐particles and Bio‐Oss® in ovariectomized and healthy rats. Thirty‐two Wistar rats received alternating experimental CPC/PLGA and Bio‐Oss® in femoral condyle defects in both femurs 6 weeks after ovariectomy (OVX, n = 16) or sham operation (SHAM, n = 16). Six weeks after OVX or SHAM surgery, bone morphology was analyzed by in vivo computed tomography (CT) to confirm osteoporotic bone condition. Analysis of bone formation and material remnants at 4 and 12 weeks after material implantation was performed by micro‐CT, descriptive histology, histomorphometry and bone dynamics by fluorochrome labeling. The in vivo CT scans showed effective induction of osteoporotic bone condition by ovariectomy. Our data showed CPC/PLGA degraded relatively faster and more steadily. However, Bio‐Oss® had significantly less material remnants and showed significantly more bone formation compared to CPC/PLGA. Overall, our data showed relatively high amounts of CPC/PLGA for each time point, hampering new bone formation within the defect area. Osteoporotic conditions proved to significantly affect degradation rates, but did not significantly influence bone formation. An osteoporotic bone condition affects degradation of CPC/PLGA, which is vital information for its potential use in osteoporotic conditions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 131–142, 2018.
Interaction of HEPES buffer with glass‐ceramic scaffold: Can HEPES replace TRIS in SBF?
Authors: Rohanová Dana , Horkavcová Diana , Paidere Laine , Boccaccini Aldo Roberto , Bozděchová Pavlína , Bezdička Petr 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn international standard (ISO: 23317:2014) exists for the in vitro testing of inorganic biomaterials in simulated body fluid (SBF). This standard uses TRIS buffer to maintain neutral pH in SBF, but in our previous paper, we showed that the interaction of a tested glass‐ceramic material with TRIS can produce false‐positive results. In this study, we evaluated whether the HEPES buffer, which also belongs to the group of Good´s buffers, would be more suitable for SBF. We compared its suitability in two media: SBF with HEPES and demineralized water with HEPES. The tested scaffold (45S5 bioactive glass‐based) was exposed to the media under a static‐dynamic arrangement (solutions were replaced on a daily basis) for 15 days. Leachate samples were collected daily for the analysis of Ca2+ ions and Si (AAS), (PO4)3‐ ions (UV‐VIS), and to measure pH. The glass‐ceramic scaffold was analyzed by SEM/EDS, XRD, and WD‐XRF before and after 0.3, 1, 3, 7, 11, and 15 days of exposure. Our results confirmed the rapid selective dissolution of the glass‐ceramic crystalline phase (Combeite) containing Ca2+ ions due to the presence of HEPES, hydroxyapatite supersaturation being reached within 24 h in both solutions. These new results suggest that, like TRIS, HEPES buffer is not suitable for the in vitro testing of highly reactive inorganic biomaterials (glass, glass‐ceramics). The ISO standard for such tests requires revision, but HEPES is not a viable alternative to TRIS buffer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 143–152, 2018.
Dental ontogeny of a white shark embryo
Authors: Tomita Taketeru , Miyamoto Kei , Kawaguchi Akira , Toda Minoru , Oka Shin‐Ichiro , Nozu Ryo , Sato Keiichi 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTUnlike most viviparous vertebrates, lamniform sharks develop functional teeth during early gestation. This feature is considered to be related to their unique reproductive mode where the embryo grows to a large size via feeding on nutritive eggs in utero. However, the developmental process of embryonic teeth is largely uninvestigated. We conducted X‐ray microcomputed tomography to observe the dentitions of early‐, mid‐, and full‐term embryos of the white shark Carcharodon carcharias (Lamniformes, Lamnidae). These data reveal the ontogenetic change of embryonic dentition of the species for the first time. Dentition of the early‐term embryos (∼45 cm precaudal length, PCL) is distinguished from adult dentition by 1) the presence of microscopic teeth in the distalmost region of the paratoquadrate, 2) a fang‐like crown morphology, and 3) a lack of basal concavity of the tooth root. The “intermediate tooth” of early‐term embryos is almost the same size as the adjacent teeth, suggesting that lamnoid‐type heterodonty (lamnoid tooth pattern) has not yet been established. We also discovered that mid‐term embryos (∼80 cm PCL) lack functional dentition. Previous studies have shown that the maternal supply of nutritive eggs in lamnoid sharks ceases during mid‐ to late‐gestation. Thus, discontinuation of functional tooth development is likely associated with the completion of the oophagous (egg‐eating) phase. Replacement teeth in mid‐term embryos include both embryonic and adult‐type teeth, suggesting that the embryo to adult transition in dental morphology occurs during this period. J. Morphol. 278:215–227, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
Inner ear labyrinth anatomy of monotremes and implications for mammalian inner ear evolution
Authors: Schultz Julia A. , Zeller Ulrich , Luo Zhe‐Xi 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe monophyletic clade Monotremata branches early from the rest of the mammalian crown group in the Jurassic and members of this clade retain many ancestral mammalian traits. Thus, accurate and detailed anatomical descriptions of this group can offer unique insight into the early evolutionary history of Mammalia. In this study, we examine the inner ear anatomy of two extant monotremes, Ornithorhynchus anatinus and Tachyglossus aculeatus, with the primary goals of elucidating the ancestral mammalian ear morphology and resolving inconsistencies found within previous descriptive literature. We use histological serial sections and high‐resolution microcomputed tomography (µCT) for correlating soft tissue features of the vestibule and cochlea to the osseous labyrinth endocast. We found that in both monotremes the scala tympani coils to a lesser degree than scala vestibuli and scala media, although all three scalae show an apical coil inside the osseous cochlear tube. The helicotrema (conduit between scala tympani and scala vestibuli) is in subapical position, and the cochlear and lagenar ganglia and their associated nerve fibers are not enclosed by bone. In comparison, in extant therian mammals (i.e., marsupials and placentals) the helicotrema is located at the apex of the osseous cochlear canal, the three scalae coil to the same degree and the cochlear ganglion is enclosed by the primary bony lamina. Whether the lagenar ganglion is lost in therian mammals or integrated into the cochlear ganglion is still debated. The presence of a sensory lagenar macula at the apex of the membranous cochlear duct, innervated by a separate lagenar nerve and ganglion is a plesiomorphic condition of amniotes that monotremes share. A separate osseous lagenar canaliculus for the lagenar nerve, and the coiling of the distended lagenar sac at the end of the cochlear duct are autapomorphies of monotremes. Based on our findings we hypothesize that the ancestral inner ear of stem mammaliaforms is characterized by a straight or slightly curved osseous cochlear canal, a lagenar macula, lagenar nerve fibers separated from a larger bundle of cochlear nerve fibers, the presence of an organ of Corti and an intra‐otic cochlear ganglion suspended by membranous connective tissue. Among the major Mesozoic clades of crown mammals, cladotherians and gondwanatherians most likely acquired a fully functioning organ of Corti but lost the sensory lagenar macula, like extant therians. However, Mesozoic spalacotherioids, multituberculates and eutriconodonts likely retained the mammaliaform condition. J. Morphol. 278:236–263, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
Carotid artery and lower cranial nerve exposure with increasing surgical complexity to the parapharyngeal space
Authors: Lemos‐Rodriguez Ana M. , Sreenath Satyan B. , Rawal Rounak B. , Overton Lewis J. , Farzal Zainab , Zanation Adam M. 
Published: November 2016

Objectives/HypothesisTo investigate the extent of carotid artery exposure attained, including the identification of the external carotid branches and lower cranial nerves in five sequential external approaches to the parapharyngeal space, and to provide an anatomical algorithm.Study DesignAnatomical study.MethodsSix latex‐injected adult cadaver heads were dissected in five consecutive approaches: transcervical approach with submandibular gland removal, posterior extension of the transcervical approach, transcervical approach with parotidectomy, parotidectomy with lateral mandibulotomy, and parotidectomy with mandibulectomy. The degree of carotid artery exposure attained, external carotid branches, and lower cranial nerves visualized was documented.ResultsThe transcervical approach exposed 1.5 cm (Standard Deviation (SD) 0.5) of internal carotid artery (ICA) and 1.25 cm (SD 0.25) of external carotid artery (ECA). The superior thyroid and facial arteries and cranial nerve XII and XI were identified. The posterior extension exposed 2.9 cm (SD 0.7) of ICA and 2.7 cm (SD 1.0) of ECA. Occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries were visualized. The transparotid approach exposed 4.0 cm (SD 1.1) of ICA and 3.98 cm (SD 1.8) of ECA. Lateral mandibulotomy exposed the internal maxillary artery, cranial nerve X, the sympathetic trunk, and 4.6 cm (SD 2.4) of ICA. Mandibulectomy allowed for complete ECA exposure, cranial nerve IX, lingual nerve, and 6.9 cm (SD 1.3) of ICA.ConclusionApproaches for the parapharyngeal space must be based on anatomic and biological patient factors. This study provides a guide for the skull base surgeon for an extended approach based on the desired anatomic exposure.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 127:585–591, 2017
Outcomes following laryngectomy refusal after insufficient response to induction chemotherapy
Authors: Gorphe Philippe , Matias Margarida , Blanchard Pierre , Even Caroline , Ferte Charles , Tao Yungan , Temam Stéphane , Bidault François , Janot François 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo review patients who refused a total laryngectomy and were treated with radiotherapy (RT) after insufficient response to induction chemotherapy in a larynx preservation protocol for advanced‐stage cancer of the larynx and to compare their outcomes with good responders.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsEighty‐six patients treated with induction chemotherapy followed by RT were included in the analysis: 75 good responders and 11 insufficient responders who refused surgery. We compared overall survival (OS), disease‐free survival (DFS), and laryngo‐esophageal dysfunction‐free survival (LEDFS) of the cohort populations in univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsThe median follow‐up was 44 months. The 2‐year and 5‐year survival rates were respectively 72.2% and 58.8% for OS, 62.8% and 49.4% for DFS, and 59.5% and 44.3% for LEDFS. No survival endpoint was significantly decreased among insufficient responders, contrary to what we expected. When we focused on patients with an initially fixed larynx, the recovery of larynx mobility after induction chemotherapy was not associated with OS (P = 0.6055), DFS (P = 0.459), or LEDFS (P = 0.7403).ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, our study is the first patient treatment evaluation focused on subjects who refused a total laryngectomy after insufficient response to induction chemotherapy in a larynx preservation protocol for advanced‐stage cancer of the larynx. Surprisingly, these patients treated with RT in our cancer center did not experience decreased functional and oncologic outcomes compared to good responders. Further studies will explore the relevance of response criteria and their evaluation methods.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 127:1791–1796, 2017
Response of Terraced Slopes to a Very Intense Rainfall Event and Relationships with Land Abandonment: A Case Study from Cinque Terre (Italy)
Authors: Brandolini Pierluigi , Cevasco Andrea , Capolongo Domenico , Pepe Giacomo , Lovergine Francesco , Del Monte Maurizio 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAgricultural terraces represent one of the best ways to prevent land degradation in hilly and mountainous landscapes. However, it is widely recognized that terraced slopes are threatened by agricultural land abandonment. In the literature, very few studies have quantitatively examined the influence of agricultural abandonment on the stability of terraced slopes. The goal of this research is to investigate the relationships between landslide magnitude and land use conditions of agricultural terraced slopes. In particular, Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) elevation data, coupled with aerial photo interpretation, were used for the computation of shallow landslide mobilized volumes on terraced slopes affected by an intense rainfall event. We performed the analysis within the Vernazza basin, a small Mediterranean coastal catchment located in the “Cinque Terre” area (Liguria, northwestern Italy), comparing pre‐event and post‐event LiDAR datasets. The results revealed that abandoned terraced slopes have been affected by a higher amount of mobilized debris volumes than still‐cultivated terraces. Furthermore, terraces abandoned for a short time (less than 25–30 years) resulted in the most hazardous land use class, showing erosion rates that were approximately 2 and 3 times higher than terraced slopes abandoned a long time ago (more than 25–30 years) and still‐cultivated terraces, respectively. These findings highlight that land abandonment and agricultural mismanagement can intensify the magnitude of rainfall‐induced shallow landslides. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation methods for plankton image classification systems
Authors: González Pablo , Álvarez Eva , Díez Jorge , López‐Urrutia Ángel , del Coz Juan José 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn recent decades, the automatic study and analysis of plankton communities using imaging techniques has advanced significantly. The effectiveness of these automated systems appears to have improved, reaching acceptable levels of accuracy. However, plankton ecologists often find that classification systems do not work as well as expected when applied to new samples. This paper proposes a methodology to assess the efficacy of learned models which takes into account the fact that the data distribution (the plankton composition of the sample) can vary between the model building phase and the production phase. As opposed to most validation methods that consider the individual organism as the unit of validation, our approach uses a validation‐by‐sample, which is more appropriate when the objective is to estimate the abundance of different morphological groups. We argue that, in these cases, the base unit to correctly estimate the error is the sample, not the individual. Thus, model assessment processes require groups of samples with sufficient variability in order to provide precise error estimates.