bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and dimensional pharmacotherapy of challenging behaviour in mental retardation
Authors: Verhoeven W.M.A. , Tuinier S. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYClassical psychiatric taxonomy appears to be increasingly inadequate in the diagnostic process of mentally retarded subjects. The reasons for this are the atypical presentation of classical psychiatric disorders, special diagnostic entities like cycloid psychosis and unstable mood disorder and the existence of so-called behavioural phenotypes related to syndromes with a known genetic etiology. In addition, disturbed behaviour may be the result of somatic or neurologic comorbidity and induced to adverse drug events.
The crossroads of anticipatory attention and motor preparation
Authors: Brunia C.H.M. 
Published: July 2016

SamenvattingIn een drietal artikelen wordt de overeenkomst besproken tussen Processen die ten grondslag liggen aan twee verschillende functies: anticipatoire attentie en motorische preparatie. Beide functies zijn van belang voor een optimale afstemming op onze omgeving. Het achterste gedeelte van de hersenschors houdt zieh voornamelijk bezig met binnenkomende informatie uit de buiten-wereld en het eigen lichaam, terwijl het voorste deel essentieel is voor onze acties en readies. Als bekend is wanneer wij met relevante informatie worden geconfronteerd en vermoed kan worden hoe daarop moet worden gereageerd, worden modali-teitsspeeifieke sensorische en motorische kanalen geopend om zo een snelle en adequate reactie te garanderen. In deze tekst wordt gepostuleerd dat de achterste en voorste cortexhelften op vergelijkbare wijze vanuit de thalamus worden geactiveerd als onder-deel van anticipatoire attentie en motorische preparatie. Cruciaal is de inhiberende invloed die de nucleus reticularis (NR) uitoefent op de onderliggende thalamuskernen. De NR staat onder een dubbele controle: exciterend vanuit de prefrontale cortex en inhiberend vanuit het neostriatum. Aangegeven wordt hoe selectie in de informatieverwerking via deze balans kan worden gerealiseerd, zowel in het sensorische als het motorische domein. Nadat in Deel I een overzicht is gegeven van de relevante anatomische structuren, wordt hier het model voor anticipatoire attentie en motorische preparatie gepresenteerd. In het volgende artikel wordt neuropsychologische evidentie gepresenteerd, waarna het psychofysiologisch onderzoek aan de orde komt dat heeft geleid tot de formule ring van het model.
New molecular genetic findings in the genetics of affective disorders
Authors: Souery D. , Mendlewicz J. 
Published: July 2016

Molecular genetics has now been widely incorporated into genetic epidemiological research in psychiatry. Affective disorders and, in particular, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic studies which have covered a large part of the genome. Specific hypotheses such as mutations have also been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several chromosomal regions may be involved in the aetiology of BPAD. These include genes on chromosomes 18, 21, 4, 5, 11 and X. Other studies have reported the presence of anticipation in BPAD and in unipolar affective disorder (UPAD). This phenomenon describes the increase in clinical severity and decrease in age of onset observed in successive generations. This mode of transmission correlates with the presence of specific mutations (trinucleotide repeat sequences). Associations with these mutations have been reported in different populations of BPAD-patients and may represent a genetic factor involved in the transmission of the disorder.These findings are all preliminary and require to be confirmed. Large multi-centres and multi-disciplinary projects are currently underway in Europe and in the US and hopefully will improve our understanding of the genetic factors involved in affective disorders. In addition, genetic approaches used in psychiatry are being combined with an assessment of non-genetic susceptibility factors. The investigation of interactions between gene and environment is one of the most promising areas dealing with complex multi-factorial diseases such as the affective disorders.
New dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic theories in schizophrenia and their therapeutic impact
Authors: Kahn R.S. 
Published: July 2016

The dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia, postulating that schizophrenia is characterized by increased dopamine function, has been the most influential theory on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. It has recently been revised based on the appreciation that the core symptoms of schizophrenia may not be the positive (psychotic) symptoms, but rather the negative symptoms and the cognitive deficits found in schizophrenic patients. This revision has prompted the hypothesis that schizophrenia is characterized by both decreased prefrontal dopamine activity (causing deficit symptoms) and increased dopamine activity in mesolimbic dopamine neurons (causing positive symptoms).Notwithstanding this revision of a role for dopamine in schizophrenia, it has become increasingly evident that dysfunction of other monoaminergic systems may be as important in contributing to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Specifically, the putative role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in schizophrenia is gaining considerable attention. Several observations, such as the ability of the 5-HT antagonist, ritanserin, to alleviate schizophrenic symptoms and, when added to haloperidol (Haldol®), to decrease its extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS), have stimulated studies into a role of 5-HT in schizophrenia. The finding that clozapine (Leponex®), clinically superior to conventional neuroleptics, is a weak DA2 antagonist but a potent 5-HT1c and 5-HT2 antagonist has further stimulated 5-HT-related research in schizophrenia.
Will light brighten the future of the depressed patient?
Authors: Van Den Hoofdakker R.H. , Gordijn M.C.M. 
Published: July 2016

The present explosive growth of interest in the therapeutic possibilities of exposure to light was triggered by a patient, Herbert Kern. He suffered from episodic depressive and manic complaints and discovered, by registering these over the years, a seasonal pattern in their occurrence. Discussions with scientists of the NIMH resulted in his participation in a bright light-treatment experiment when he was depressed in the winter of 1980-1981. He recovered.Next, the same group of investigators defined the criteria for a new syndrome, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): a history of major affective disorder (according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria), at least two consecutive years in which the depressions have occurred during fall or winter and remitted in the following spring or summer, and the absence of any clear-cut seasonally changing psychosocial variable, such as work, stress and so on.
Biological and psychopharmacological aspects of impulse-control disorders
Authors: Verhoeven W.M.A. , Tuinier S. 
Published: July 2016

Over the past decades extensive research has been performed on the presumed relationship between neurotransmitter functionality in the central nervous system and psychopathological states. Originally, in the mid-sixties it was hypothesized that depressive states may be associated with disorders in brain noradrenalin and/or serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) metabolism or function resulting in the socalled monoamine hypothesis of depression. Subsequent investigations revealed that altered 5-HT metabolism is not related to mood disorder per se, but to components of the depressive syndrome and more specifically to increased anxiety and/or signs of dysregulated aggression, including violent suicidal attempts.Concerning aggression and other types of disruptive or impulsive behavior, research on their neurobiological determinants has been focussed mainly on indicators of central 5-HT function.
Is CO2 inhalation a specific marker for panic disorder? An experimental panic model
Authors: Griez E. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryPatients with panic disorder (PD) report a transient feeling of anxiety upon inhalation of CO2 enriched air. They rate this experience as similar to symptoms of a panic attack. This hypersensitivity has been proposed as an experimental disease model. This paper examines the validity of single breath inhalation of 35% CO2 as a model for PD.
Pharmacological treatment strategies in mood, panic and obsessive compulsive disorders
Authors: Verhoeven W.M.A. , Tuinier S. , Noten J.B.G.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySince the introduction of the monoamine oxydase inhibitors and the first tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) imipramine in the late fifties, the treatment of depressive disorders has been changed dramatically. Althought a great variety of antidepressants such as TCA's, selective serotoninte-re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI's) mianserin, trazodone, mirtazapine, moclobemide and venlafaxine has become available, the exact mode of action is not revealed as yet, and classification should be done according to the interference of antidepressants with central monoaminergic processes.As to the potential of causing interactions, special attention has to be given to the SSRI's because of their interference with the CYP450 isozyme system. Therapeutic monotoring is recommended for the TCA's. The choiseforan antidepressant should be based on various factors like symptomatology and severity of the depression, potential interactions and somatic and/or psychiatric comorbidity.Extensive clinical research has demonstrated that TCA's are the most effective for major depression with melancholia (vital depression) and depressive disorders in the elderly.
Autism and autistic-like disorders: the hypothalamic-pituita-ry-adrenal system as a model for research
Authors: Jansen L.M.C. , Wied C.C. Gispen-De , Engeland H. Van 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this article an overview is given of the differential diagnosis of autism and autistic-like disorders. The diagnosis of the so-called ‘Multiple Complex Developmental Disorders’ (MCDD) as a distinct entity is discussed in relation to autism and schizophrenia.Biological research and the relevance of results until recently are discussed. Finally, the importance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system (HPA system) as a model for research is proposed. Research on the flexibility of this system may contribute in understanding the ways of stress processing in disorders like autism, MCDD and schizophrenia.
Ultraviolet irradiation of glycine in presence of pyrite as a model of chemical evolution: an experimental and molecular modelling approach
Authors: de la Cruz-López Azarhel , del Ángel-Meraz Ebelia , Colín-García María , Ramos-Bernal Sergio , Negrón-Mendoza Alicia , Heredia Alejandro 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this work, the molecular interaction of the amino acid glycine and the mineral pyrite was performed to gain insight into the potential role of the mineral as a precursor of chemical complexity in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Glycine samples were self-assembled on pyrite with and without exposure to UV radiation and subsequently characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy (with the second-derivative method), and AM1 and PM3 semi-empirical molecular computational simulations. In this work, our molecular modelling results suggest that pyriteactsas a template for self-assembly of glycine, and it is a potential catalyst for the glycine dimerization of relevance in interstellar space and ancient Earth conditions. A change in the structural complexity of glycine from the α to its γ polymorph when irradiated with UV radiation can be a condition for chemical evolution towards living forms.
Dehydrogenation of anhydrous methanol at room temperature by o-aminophenol-based photocatalysts
Authors: Wakizaka Masanori , Matsumoto Takeshi , Tanaka Ryota , Chang Ho-Chol 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDehydrogenation of anhydrous methanol is of great importance, given its ubiquity as an intermediate for the production of a large number of industrial chemicals. Since dehydrogenation of methanol is an endothermic reaction, heterogeneous or homogeneous precious-metal-based catalysts and high temperatures are usually required for this reaction to proceed. Here we report the photochemical dehydrogenation of anhydrous methanol at room temperature catalysed by o-aminophenol (apH2), o-aminophenolate (apH−) and the non-precious metal complex trans-[FeII(apH)2(MeOH)2]. Under excitation at 289±10 nm and in the absence of additional photosensitizers, these photocatalysts generate hydrogen and formaldehyde from anhydrous methanol with external quantum yields of 2.9±0.15%, 3.7±0.19% and 4.8±0.24%, respectively, which are the highest values reported so far to the best of our knowledge. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the photo-induced formation of hydrogen radicals triggers the reaction.
Magnetic structures and dynamics of multiferroic systems obtained with neutron scattering
Authors: Ratcliff William , Lynn Jeffrey W , Kiryukhin Valery , Jain Prashant , Fitzsimmons Michael R 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMultiferroics are materials that evince both ferroelectric and magnetic order parameters. These order parameters when coupled can lead to both exciting new physics as well as new device applications. Potential device applications include memory, magnetic field sensors, small antennas and so on. Since Kimura’s discovery of multiferroicity in TbMnO3, there has been a renaissance in the study of these materials. Great progress has been made in both materials discovery and in the theoretical understanding of these materials. In type-II systems the magnetic order breaks the inversion symmetry of the material, driving a secondary ferroelectric phase transition in which the ferroelectric polarisation is exquisitely coupled to the magnetic structure and thus to magnetic field. In type-I systems, the magnetic and ferroelectric orders are established on different sublattices of the material and typically are weakly coupled, but electric field can still drive changes in the magnetisation. Besides single-phase multiferroics, there has been exciting progress in composite heterostructures of multiferroics. Here, we review neutron measurements of prototypical examples of these different approaches to achieving multiferrocity.
Genetic architecture dissection by genome-wide association analysis reveals avian eggshell ultrastructure traits
Authors: Duan Zhongyi , Sun Congjiao , Shen ManMan , Wang Kehua , Yang Ning , Zheng Jiangxia , Xu Guiyun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe ultrastructure of an eggshell is considered the major determinant of eggshell quality, which has biological and economic significance for the avian and poultry industries. However, the interrelationships and genome-wide architecture of eggshell ultrastructure remain to be elucidated. Herein, we measured eggshell thickness (EST), effective layer thickness (ET), mammillary layer thickness (MT) and mammillary density (MD) and conducted genome-wide association studies in 927 F2hens. The SNP-based heritabilities of eggshell ultrastructure traits were estimated to be 0.39, 0.36, 0.17 and 0.19 for EST, ET, MT and MD, respectively and a total of 719, 784, 1 and 10 genome-wide significant SNPs were associated with EST, ET, MT and MD, respectively. ABCC9, ITPR2, KCNJ8 and WNK1, which are involved in ion transport, were suggested to be the key genes regulating EST and ET. ITM2C and KNDC1 likely affect MT and MD, respectively. Additionally, there were linear relationships between the chromosome lengths and the variance explained per chromosome for EST (R2 = 0.57) and ET (R2 = 0.67). In conclusion, the interrelationships and genetic architecture of eggshell ultrastructure traits revealed in this study are valuable for our understanding of the avian eggshell and contribute to research on a variety of other calcified shells.
Coastal development and precipitation drive pathogen flow from land to sea: evidence from a Toxoplasma gondii and felid host system
Authors: VanWormer Elizabeth , Carpenter Tim E , Singh Purnendu , Shapiro Karen , Wallender Wesley W. , Conrad Patricia A. , Largier John L. , Maneta Marco P. , Mazet Jonna A. K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRapidly developing coastal regions face consequences of land use and climate change including flooding and increased sediment, nutrient and chemical runoff, but these forces may also enhance pathogen runoff, which threatens human, animal and ecosystem health. Using the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii in California, USA as a model for coastal pathogen pollution, we examine the spatial distribution of parasite runoff and the impacts of precipitation and development on projected pathogen delivery to the ocean. Oocysts, the extremely hardy free-living environmental stage of T. gondii shed in faeces of domestic and wild felids, are carried to the ocean by freshwater runoff. Linking spatial pathogen loading and transport models, we show that watersheds with the highest levels of oocyst runoff align closely with regions of increased sentinel marine mammal T. gondii infection. These watersheds are characterized by higher levels of coastal development and larger domestic cat populations. Increases in coastal development and precipitation independently raised oocyst delivery to the ocean (average increases of 44% and 79%, respectively), but dramatically increased parasite runoff when combined (175% average increase). Anthropogenic changes in landscapes and climate can accelerate runoff of diverse pathogens from terrestrial to aquatic environments, influencing transmission to people, domestic animals and wildlife.
The p-wave superconductivity in the presence of Rashba interaction in 2DEG
Authors: Weng Ke-Chuan , Hu C. D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe investigate the effect of the Rashba interaction on two dimensional superconductivity. The presence of the Rashba interaction lifts the spin degeneracy and gives rise to the spectrum of two bands. There are intraband and interband pairs scattering which result in the coupled gap equations. We find that there are isotropic and anisotropic components in the gap function. The latter has the form of cos φk where "Equation missing". The former is suppressed because the intraband and the interband scatterings nearly cancel each other. Hence, −the system should exhibit the p-wave superconductivity. We perform a detailed study of electron-phonon interaction for 2DEG and find that, if only normal processes are considered, the effective coupling strength constant of this new superconductivity is about one-half of the s-wave case in the ordinary 2DEG because of the angular average of the additional "Equation missing" in the anisotropic gap function. By taking into account of Umklapp processes, we find they are the major contribution in the electron-phonon coupling in superconductivity and enhance the transition temperature Tc.
DisSim: an online system for exploring significant similar diseases and exhibiting potential therapeutic drugs
Authors: Cheng Liang , Jiang Yue , Wang Zhenzhen , Shi Hongbo , Sun Jie , Yang Haixiu , Zhang Shuo , Hu Yang , Zhou Meng 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe similarity of pair-wise diseases reveals the molecular relationships between them. For example, similar diseases have the potential to be treated by common therapeutic chemicals (TCs). In this paper, we introduced DisSim, an online system for exploring similar diseases, and comparing corresponding TCs. Currently, DisSim implemented five state-of-the-art methods to measure the similarity between Disease Ontology (DO) terms and provide the significance of the similarity score. Furthermore, DisSim integrated TCs of diseases from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), which can help to identify potential relationships between TCs and similar diseases. The system can be accessed from http://123.59.132.21:8080/DisSim.
Immune infiltration and PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment are prognostic in osteosarcoma
Authors: Koirala Pratistha , Roth Michael E. , Gill Jonathan , Piperdi Sajida , Chinai Jordan M. , Geller David S. , Hoang Bang H. , Park Amy , Fremed Michael A. , Zang Xingxing , Gorlick Richard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOsteosarcoma patient survival has remained stagnant for 30 years. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed to improve outcomes. We examined the expression of Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) and defined the tumor immune microenvironment to assess the prognostic utility in osteosarcoma. PD-L1 expression in osteosarcoma was examined in two patient cohorts using immunohistochemistry (IHC) (n = 48, n = 59) and expression was validated using quantitative real time PCR (n = 21) and western blotting (n = 9). IHC was used to determine the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the tumor. Expression of PD-L1 was correlated with immune cell infiltration and event-free-survival (EFS). The 25% of primary osteosarcoma tumors that express PD-L1 were more likely to contain cells that express PD-1 than PD-L1 negative tumors (91.7% vs 47.2%, p = 0.002). Expression of PD-L1 was significantly associated with the presence of T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Although all immune cell types examined were present in osteosarcoma samples, only infiltration by dendritic cells (28.3% vs. 83.9%, p = 0.001) and macrophages (45.5% vs. 84.4%, p = 0.031) were associated with worse five-year-EFS. PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with poorer five-year-EFS (25.0%. vs. 69.4%, p = 0.014). Further studies in osteosarcoma are needed to determine if targeting the PD-L1:PD-1 axis improves survival.
Multi-Scale Correlative Tomography of a Li-Ion Battery Composite Cathode
Authors: Moroni Riko , Börner Markus , Zielke Lukas , Schroeder Melanie , Nowak Sascha , Winter Martin , Manke Ingo , Zengerle Roland , Thiele Simon 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFocused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy tomography (FIB/SEMt) and synchrotron X-ray tomography (Xt) are used to investigate the same lithium manganese oxide composite cathode at the same specific spot. This correlative approach allows the investigation of three central issues in the tomographic analysis of composite battery electrodes: (i) Validation of state-of-the-art binary active material (AM) segmentation: Although threshold segmentation by standard algorithms leads to very good segmentation results, limited Xt resolution results in an AM underestimation of 6 vol% and severe overestimation of AM connectivity. (ii) Carbon binder domain (CBD) segmentation in Xt data: While threshold segmentation cannot be applied for this purpose, a suitable classification method is introduced. Based on correlative tomography, it allows for reliable ternary segmentation of Xt data into the pore space, CBD and AM. (iii) Pore space analysis in the micrometer regime: This segmentation technique is applied to an Xt reconstruction with several hundred microns edge length, thus validating the segmentation of pores within the micrometer regime for the first time. The analyzed cathode volume exhibits a bimodal pore size distribution in the ranges between 0–1 μm and 1–12 μm. These ranges can be attributed to different pore formation mechanisms.