bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimodal Imaging in Psychiatry: The Electroencephalogram as a Complement to Other Modalities
Authors: Salisbury Dean F. , O'Donnell Brian F. , Nestor Paul G. , Shenton Martha E. , McCarley Robert W. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe use of different imaging modalities provides the clinician and researcher with different views of anatomy and physiology at unprecedented levels of detail. Multimodal imaging allows for noninvasive measurement of structure and function in humans during complex behavior, and thus provides information about the inner workings of the brain previously unavailable. The present paper examines the various imaging techniques available, and describes their application to the clinic—in the case of epilepsy—and to research—in the case of schizophrenia. Because the electroen-cephalogram has a dynamic response in milliseconds, it provides the best temporal sensitivity of functional measures of brain activity. When coupled with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging measures of brain structure, this multimodal approach provides a powerful tool for understanding brain activity. Clinically, the use of multimodal imaging has provided greater precision in localization of the epileptogenic focus. For researchers attempting to determine the underlying causes of schizophrenia, the use of multimodal imaging has helped lead the field away from a specific lesion view to a more distributed system abnormality view of this disorder.
Do Dual-Action Neurotransmitter Agents Offer an Advantage in Psychiatric Treatment?
Authors: Shelton Richard C. , Charney Dennis S. , Trivedi Madhukar 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTAntidepressant treatments have evolved over the last 20 years, and many new drugs with complex mechanisms of action are available. It has become apparent that mechanism of action is significant in terms of treatment impact. We may have some capacity to predict the potential outcomes of treatment based on what drugs we use. Depression management requires elaborate assessment in order to keep track of treatment progress and know how to move through the sequences of therapy. Many patients with depression who are treated with antidepressants do not experience full remission, and a large number of patients who do recover eventually relapse. Remission as a treatment goal is difficult to achieve. One of the reasons why remission rates are low is that the currently available treatment choices are implemented improperly. Also, our understanding of the neurobiology of depression is still in the early stages. As we gain more knowledge about what this disorder truly entails, we will be able to achieve better treatment outcomes, and we can hope that remission will become the standard of care in treating patients with depression.
Migraine: A Border Between Psychiatry and Neurology
Authors: Marazziti Donatella 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn spite of the fact that migraine seems to have been present throughout the history of man (Areteus of Cappadocia gave a detailed description of it in the first century AD) and has a high prevalence, its pathophysiology is poorly understood. This is probably due to the fact that it is an episodic and self-limiting, although discomforting, disorder.It is only in the last few decades that migraine has undergone systematic investigation exploring possible genetic, hormonal, biochemical, and psychological factors. As a result, its nature is now becoming less enigmatic, and some comprehensive models on the underlying mechanisms are available.We review the most intriguing hypotheses related to the pathophysiology of migraine, focusing especially on theories of serotonin dysfunction, which may also explain the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders detected in migraine patients.
Psychosocial and Economic Implications of Trichotillomania: A Pilot Study in a South African Sample
Authors: Seedat Soraya , Stein Dan J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTrichotillomania (TTM) is increasingly being recognized as a prevalent disorder. Nevertheless, few data are available regarding the effects of TTM on quality of life or the economic costs associated with this disorder. Two hundred members of the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Association of South Africa were surveyed in this pilot study, using a detailed self-report questionnaire. Of the 75 respondents, 27 reported hair pulling as a symptom. Results from this investigation indicate that hair pulling may be associated with substantial morbidity, including significant effects on occupational, academic, social, and family functioning. Additional costs may be incurred by delays in seeking treatment and incorrect diagnoses. While further work in a larger sample of patients is clearly needed, psychoeducation of practitioners and the public on TTM may result in earlier referral, diagnosis, treatment, and greater cost savings in the long term.
Libido and Hormones
Authors: Canale Domenico , Pistoia Stefania 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLibido is the drive to have a sexual activity. Gonadal hormones play a major role in activating and maintaining libido in both men and women. Other hormones, though, interact with them in influencing sexuality, such as prolactin and also brain neurotransmitters. The role of hormones declines with age and sexuality becomes more mind-induced. Nevertheless, some aspects of sexuality remain linked to hormones. For example, a reduction of central arousability is typical of hypogonadal state. However, it is not clear at what level of androgen deficiency the loss of libido begins and if adequate external stimuli can overcome a partial deficiency.
New Developments in Electroconvulsive Therapy and Magnetic Seizure Therapy
Authors: Lisanby Sarah H. , Morales Oscar , Payne Nancy , Kwon Edward , Fitzsimons Linda , Luber Bruce , Nobler Mitchell S. , Sackeim Harold A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTNew findings regarding the mechanisms of action of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have led to novel developments in treatment technique to further improve this highly effective treatment for major depression. These new approaches include novel electrode placements, optimization of electrical stimulus parameters, and new methods for inducing more targeted seizures (eg, magnetic seizure therapy [MST]). MST is the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to induce a seizure. Magnetic fields pass through tissue unimpeded, providing more control over the site and extent of stimulation than can be achieved with ECT. This enhanced control represents a means of focusing the treatment on target cortical structures thought to be essential to antidepressant response and reducing spread to medial temporal regions implicated in the cognitive side effects of ECT. MST is at an early stage of development. Preliminary results suggest that MST may have some advantages over ECT in terms of subjective side effects and acute cognitive functioning. Studies designed to address the antidepressant efficacy of MST are underway. As with all attempts to improve convulsive therapy technique, the clinical value of MST will need to be established through controlled clinical trials. This article reviews the experience to date with MST, and places this work in the broader context of other means of optimizing convulsive therapy in the treatment of depression.
Exploring the Boundaries of Anxiety and Psychosis
Authors: Hollander Eric 
Published: August 2016

This issue of CNS Spectrums explores the boundaries and relationship between anxiety and psychosis from various perspectives. Anxiety may be conceived as being secondary to psychosis, or psychosis emerging from an anxiety disorder. Anxiety might also be a symptom, or part and parcel, of a psychotic illness. Finally, pharmacologic treatment of psychosis might precipitate an anxiety disorder, or psychopharmacologic approaches to anxiety disorders might precipitate psychosis. Thus, the relationship between these two symptom clusters may be complex and multidetermined.First, I would like to thank Stefano Pallanti, MD, of both the Institute of Neurosciences at the University of Florence Medical School and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, for defining the challenge, assembling an international cohort of experts, and guest editing this issue.In this issue, Rossi and colleagues present original research derived from a study of 400 inpatients that examines the pattern of comorbidity among obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and other personality disorders. Of interest, the highest co-occurence of OCPD is with the cluster A disorders (paranoid and schizoid)—the “odd” cluster.Pallanti and colleagues describe the development of social phobia in 12 patients with paranoid schizophrenia during clozapine treatment. Two thirds of these patients had significant improvement of social phobic symptoms with fluoxetine augmentation of clozapine. This new observation is certainly reminiscent of the induction of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology with atypical neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia.
Primary Care Physicians' Attitude Toward Diagnosis and Treatment of Late-life Depression
Authors: Harman Jeffrey S. , Brown Ellen L. , Have Thomas Ten , Mulsant Benoit H. , Brown Greg , Bruce Martha L. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTUnderdiagnosis and undertreatment of late-life depression is common, especially in primary care settings. To help assess whether physicians' attitude and confidence in diagnosing and managing depression serve as barriers to care, a total of 176 physicians employed in 18 primary care groups were administered surveys to assess attitudes towards diagnosis, treatment, and management of depression in elderly patients, (individuals over 65 years of age). Logistic regression was performed to assess the association of physician characteristics on attitudes. Nearly all of the physicians surveyed felt that depression in the elderly was a primary care problem, and 41% reported late-life depression as the most common problem seen in older patients. Physicians were confident in their ability to diagnose and manage depression, yet 45% had no medical education on depression in the previous three years. Physicians' confidence in their ability to diagnose, treat, and manage depression, and their reported adequacy of training, do not appear to correspond to the amount of continuing medical education in depression, suggesting that physician overconfidence may potentially be serving as a barrier to care.
Single Isomer Versus Racemate: Is There a Difference? Clinical Comparisons in Allergy and Gastroenterology
Authors: Flockhart David A. , Nelson Harold S. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTMany commonly prescribed drugs exist as a mixture of two distinct chiral isomer forms (enantiomers), each with its own unique chemistry, receptor affinity, and pharmacokinetic profile. Much is unknown concerning the clinical utility of these single enantiomers. This review of the stereoisomers of two commonly used drugs—albuterol for asthma and omeprazole for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers—examines the improved efficacy, pharmacokinetics, decreased adverse effects, and fewer drug-drug interactions associated with single enantiomers.
New investigational drugs with single-agent activity in multiple myeloma
Authors: Rajan A M , Kumar S 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) is rapidly evolving. In the United States, four drugs (panobinostat, ixazomib, daratumumab and elotuzumab) were approved for the treatment of MM in 2015. As a result of improved diagnosis and therapy, there has been a dramatic improvement in the outcome of MM in the last decade, probably more than any other malignancy. Numerous agents continue to be studied in preclinical models and in clinical trials, with many demonstrating clinical efficacy that appears promising enough to have a trajectory for regulatory approval. The purpose of this article is to summarize the current data and provide perspective on new investigational agents with promising single-agent activity in MM. The agents reviewed include Isatuximab, an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody; marizomib, a new proteasome inhibitor; oprozomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor; filanesib (ARRY-520), a kinesin spindle protein inhibitor; dinaciclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; venetoclax (ABT-199), a selective BCL-2 inhibitor; and LGH-447, pan PIM kinase inhibitor.
Socioeconomic disadvantage and oral-health-related hospital admissions: a 10-year analysis
Authors: Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Objective:
The aim of this Western Australian population study was to assess the relationship of socioeconomic disadvantage and: 1) trends in hospitalisations for oral-health-related conditions over 10 years; 2) insurance status, costs and length of stay in hospital; and 3) specific conditions (principal diagnosis) patients were admitted for.

Methods:
Hospitalisation data (of oral-health-related conditions) were obtained for every episode of discharge from all hospitals in Western Australia for the financial years 1999–2000 to 2008–2009. Area based measures (using the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage) was used to determine relationships between socioeconomic status and other variables.

Results:
The most disadvantaged in the population are being hospitalised at significantly higher rates than other groups, stay in hospital for longer, and at higher costs. This trend remained over a period of 10 years. Those least disadvantaged have the second highest rates of hospitalisation, but the likelihood of being admitted for different procedures differ between these two extremes.

Conclusions:
The importance of socioeconomic determinants of health are evident when analysing these hospitalisations. Recognition that lifestyle choices are severely restricted among the most marginalised and disadvantaged groups in the population can no longer be ignored in attempts to reduce health inequalities.
Springtime precipitation effects on the abundance of fluorescent biological aerosol particles and HULIS in Beijing
Authors: Yue Siyao , Ren Hong , Fan Songyun , Sun Yele , Wang Zifa , Fu Pingqing 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBioaerosols and humic-like substances (HULIS) are important components of atmospheric aerosols, which can affect regional climate by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and some of which can damage human health. Up to date, release of bioaerosols and HULIS initiated by precipitation is still poorly understood. Here we present different release processes for bioaerosols, non-bioaerosols and HULIS during a precipitation event in Beijing, China. Large fungal-spore-like aerosols were emitted at the onset and later weak stage of precipitation, the number concentration of which increased by more than two folds, while the number concentration of bacteria-like particles doubled when the precipitation strengthened. Besides, a good correlation between protein-like substances that were measured simultaneously by on-line and off-line fluorescence techniques consolidated their applications to measure bioaerosols. Furthermore, our EEM results suggest that the relative contribution of water-soluble HULIS to microbial materials was enhanced gradually by the rain event.
CO2 Emission Increases with Damage Severity in Moso Bamboo Forests Following a Winter Storm in Southern China
Authors: Liu Sheng , Xu Hangmei , Ding Jiuming , Chen Han Y. H. , Wang Jiashe , Xu Zikun , Ruan Honghua , Chen Yuwei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDespite the prevalence of disturbances in forests, the effects of disturbances on soil carbon processes are not fully understood. We examined the influences of a winter storm on soil respiration and labile soil organic carbon (SOC) of a Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycle) plantation in the Wuyi Mountains in Southern China from May 2008 to May 2009. We sampled stands that were damaged at heavy, moderate, and light levels, which yielded aboveground biomass inputs to the soil at 22.12 ± 0.73 (mean ± 1 s.e.m.), 10.40 ± 1.09, and 5.95 ± 0.73 Mg per hectare, respectively. We found that soil respiration rate and annual cumulative CO2 emissions were significantly higher in heavily damaged sites than moderately and lightly damaged sites. Soil temperature was the most important environmental factor affecting soil respiration rate across all studied stands. However, soil respiration sensitivity to temperature (Q10) decreased in heavily damaged sites. Microbial biomass carbon and its proportion to total SOC increased with damage intensity. Soil respiration rate was positively correlated to microbial biomass carbon and soil moisture. Our results indicated that the increase of soil respiration following canopy disturbance from winter storm resulted from increased microbial biomass carbon, soil moisture, and temperature.
Structurally-driven Enhancement of Thermoelectric Properties within Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) thin Films
Authors: Petsagkourakis Ioannis , Pavlopoulou Eleni , Portale Giuseppe , Kuropatwa Bryan A. , Dilhaire Stefan , Fleury Guillaume , Hadziioannou Georges 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDue to the rising need for clean energy, thermoelectricity has raised as a potential alternative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Specifically, thermoelectric devices based on polymers could offer an efficient path for near-room temperature energy harvesters. Thus, control over thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers is crucial and, herein, the structural, electrical and thermoelectric properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films doped with p-toluenesulfonate (Tos) molecules were investigated with regards to thin film processing. PEDOT:Tos thin films were prepared by in-situ polymerization of (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) monomers in presence of iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate with different co-solvents in order to tune the film structure. While the Seebeck coefficient remained constant, a large improvement in the electrical conductivity was observed for thin films processed with high boiling point additives. The increase of electrical conductivity was found to be solely in-plane mobility-driven. Probing the thin film structure by Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X-ray Scattering has shown that this behavior is dictated by the structural properties of the PEDOT:Tos films; specifically by the thin film crystallinity combined to the preferential edge-on orientation of the PEDOT crystallites. Consequentially enhancement of the power factor from 25 to 78.5 μW/mK2 has been readily obtained for PEDOT:Tos thin films following this methodology.
Trophoblastic debris modifies endothelial cell transcriptome in vitro: a mechanism by which fetal cells might control maternal responses to pregnancy
Authors: Wei J. , Lau S. Y. , Blenkiron C. , Chen Q. , James J. L. , Kleffmann T. , Wise M. , Stone P. R. , Chamley L. W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe mechanisms by which the fetus induces maternal physiological adaptations to pregnancy are unclear. Cellular debris, shed from the placental syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal blood and phagocytosed by maternal endothelial and immune cells, may be one of these mechanisms. Here we show that trophoblastic debris from normal first trimester placentae induces changes in the transcriptome and proteome of endothelial cells in vitro, which might contribute to the adaptation of the maternal cardiovascular system to pregnancy. Trophoblastic debris also induced endothelial cells to transcribe placenta-specific genes, including the vasodilator hormone CSH1, thereby expanding the effective functional size of the placenta. Our data suggest that the deportation of trophoblastic debris is an important part of the complex network of feto-maternal communication.
Immunogenicity of a novel tetravalent vaccine formulation with four recombinant lipidated dengue envelope protein domain IIIs in mice
Authors: Chiang Chen-Yi , Pan Chien-Hsiung , Chen Mei-Yu , Hsieh Chun-Hsiang , Tsai Jy-Ping , Liu Hsueh-Hung , Liu Shih-Jen , Chong Pele , Leng Chih-Hsiang , Chen Hsin-Wei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe developed a novel platform to express high levels of recombinant lipoproteins with intrinsic adjuvant properties. Based on this technology, our group developed recombinant lipidated dengue envelope protein domain IIIs as vaccine candidates against dengue virus. This work aims to evaluate the immune responses in mice to the tetravalent formulation. We demonstrate that 4 serotypes of recombinant lipidated dengue envelope protein domain III induced both humoral and cellular immunity against all 4 serotypes of dengue virus on the mixture that formed the tetravalent formulation. Importantly, the immune responses induced by the tetravalent formulation in the absence of the exogenous adjuvant were functional in clearing the 4 serotypes of dengue virus in vivo. We affirm that the tetravalent formulation of recombinant lipidated dengue envelope protein domain III is a potential vaccine candidate against dengue virus and suggest further detailed studies of this formulation in nonhuman primates.
Role of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling in depression and dietary intake of glucoraphanin confers stress resilience in mice
Authors: Yao Wei , Zhang Ji-chun , Ishima Tamaki , Dong Chao , Yang Chun , Ren Qian , Ma Min , Han Mei , Wu Jin , Suganuma Hiroyuki , Ushida Yusuke , Yamamoto Masayuki , Hashimoto Kenji 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe transcription factor Keap1-Nrf2 system plays a key role in inflammation which is involved in depression. We found lower expression of Keap1 and Nrf2 proteins in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus in mice with depression-like phenotype compared to control mice. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines inNrf2knock-out (KO) mice were higher than those of wild-type mice, suggestive of enhanced inflammation in KO mice. Decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin-receptor-kinase B (TrkB) signaling in the PFC, CA3 and DG plays a role in the depression-like phenotype ofNrf2KO mice. TrkB agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, but not antagonist ANA-12, produced antidepressant effects inNrf2KO mice, by stimulating TrkB in the PFC, CA3 and DG. Pretreatment with Nrf2 activator sulforaphane (SFN) prevented the depression-like phenotype induced after repeated social defeat stress. Interestingly, dietary intake of 0.1% glucoraphanin (a precursor of SFN) containing food during juvenile and adolescent stages also prevented the depression-like phenotype evoked in adulthood, after repeated social defeat stress. These findings suggest that Keap1-Nrf2 system plays a key role in depression and that dietary intake of SFN-rich food during juvenile stages and adolescence can confer stress resilience in adulthood.