bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the influence of lipid‐induced optical anisotropy for the bioimaging of exo‐ or endocytosis with interference microscopic imaging
Authors: MARQUES D. , MIRANDA A. , SILVA A.G. , MUNRO P.R.T. , DE BEULE P.A.A. 
Published: January 2018

SummarySome implementations of interference microscopy imaging use digital holographic measurements of complex scattered fields to reconstruct three‐dimensional refractive index maps of weakly scattering, semi‐transparent objects, frequently encountered in biological investigations. Reconstruction occurs through application of the object scattering potential which assumes an isotropic refractive index throughout the object. Here, we demonstrate that this assumption can in some circumstances be invalid for biological imaging due to the presence of lipid‐induced optical anisotropy. We show that the nanoscale organization of lipids in the observation of cellular endocytosis with polarized light induces a significant change in far‐field scattering. We obtain this result by presenting a general solution to Maxwell's equations describing light scattering of core–shell particles near an isotropic substrate covered with an anisotropic thin film. This solution is based on an extension of the Bobbert–Vlieger solution for particle scattering near a substrate delivering an exact solution to the scattering problem in the near field as well as far field. By applying this solution to study light scattering by a lipid vesicle near a lipid bilayer, whereby the lipids are represented through a biaxial optical model, we conclude through ellipsometry concepts that effective amounts of lipid‐induced optical anisotropy significantly alter far‐field optical scattering in respect to an equivalent optical model that neglects the presence of optical anisotropy.
Bi‐Morphemic Virtual Length in Yiddish
Authors: Faust Noam 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper examines three apparent exceptions to general processes in the phonology and morphology of standard Yiddish. These are 1) the resistance of several potentially syllabic final consonants to syllabication; 2) the insertion of an extra consonant [n] in some infinitives; and 3) the absence of some diminutive patterns from some nouns. All three cases are resolved by showing that some phonetically short segments are in fact underlyingly long ones, created by morpheme concatenation. The analysis, conducted within Strict CV (Lowenstamm 1996), thus argues for virtual, or “non surface‐true” length.
Performance/Cost Assessment of a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) Control Applied to a Brazilian Long Pipeline
Authors: Federico Heitor Honda , Bassetto Izeds , Módica José Eduardo 
Published: January 2018

All through the last decade, the Brazilian pipeline industry has invested heavily in controlling long pipeline’s inventory, leak detection systems and in energy efficiency, the latter being object of study of this paper. A sensitive area to such investments can be perceived in the efforts made to control the energy supply to pumping stations. Nevertheless, one can clearly observe the weight of tradition pending over Brazilian projects resulting in a tendency toward the use of control valves as means of pump controlling. This solution is generally believed to be simpler, more reliable and less costly than the common alternatives. Still and all, as the Brazilian pipeline industry modernizes its facilities and procedures, particularly due to economic and environmental concerns, new strategies for traditional problems are considered and assessed in engineering projects.
Throughout this paper, the authors assess one such project in which the engineering staff chose to apply a variable frequency drive (VFD) instead of the traditional process automated control valve. The company that operates the system made available the necessary process data and project parameters in order to conduct a thorough assessment both from the financial and the technical points of view. Hydraulic data as well as electrical motor parameters were made available to this research as well as a yearlong worth of process instrumentation data. Brazil has a long history investing and developing technology to replace gasoline for ethanol as automotive fuel. The pumps studied, located at the city of Ribeirão Preto, are responsible for pushing ethanol through a pipeline all the way to the Refinery of Paulínia, delivering fuel to be consumed in São Paulo’s metropolitan area, the most populated location in the country. As a basis of comparison, the authors estimated the capital and operational expenditure as well as the energy consumption of a fictional control valve system for the same pipeline and then put them against actual data made available by the company.
As a conclusion, the paper brings to light that, although variable frequency drive systems indeed demand a higher capital expenditure, when the operational costs are considered, they can compensate that initial investment by presenting the facility with more energy efficient operation. Furthermore, after carefully assessing the provided data, the variable frequency drive seems to result in a more continuous and smooth operation maintaining a higher occupation rate of the pipeline. Suggestions are also proposed and assessed as a guide to further investments and operational procedure changes aiming at optimizing the company’s process.
Minimizing the Heat Transfer Effect on a Laser Robotic End of Arm Tooling During Manufacturing Process
Authors: Hamieh Abdallah , Jawad Badih , Liu Liping , Fernandez Vernon 
Published: January 2018

Heat dissipation is considered as a challenging task in the manufacturing field. The main objective of this study is to design a new pressure wheel assembly of a laser weld system to maximize heat dissipation in order to endorse a better performance of the wheel and help achieve a long lasting cycle of life. In this study transient thermal and structural analysis of the pressure wheel is conducted by using ANSYS workbench. The work will examine the effects of geometrical parameters on the thermal performance of pressure wheel assembly during a period of time. Different design models and numerical simulations are performed in investigating the effects of geometrical holes and ventilated discs on the disk on the thermal performance, which include the shape, size, and distribution of pillar posts. The analysis will support the design process in monitoring different models in terms of performance, heat loss and manufacturing cost.
A comparison is made for three different designs and the best design is selected. The calculated results estimated in a period of time of 50 seconds show that the temperature drops with the 3rd design from T = 500 K to 453 K. Also under giving limitations the design with enhanced heat transfer has a better heat dissipation and the temperature decreases to T = 399 K. The present work will help improve the performance of pressure wheel in the welding industry by providing computational results for successive design testing and data validation.
Development of a Motorcycle Food Delivery System From an International Perspective
Authors: Vallee Glenn E. , Eheander Jonathan 
Published: January 2018

An investment firm located in Peru has partnered with Western New England University to develop a novel, motorcycle mounted fast food delivery system for international markets. The project afforded students the opportunity to work on an international product development team, exposing them to the design requirements and constraints of international customers and companies. The often damp and cool climate in many countries makes food prone to becoming soggy during delivery as the moisture escaping from the hot food quickly fills the food containers and delivery box mounted to the back of the motorcycle, saturating the food. Delivery times, often in excess of 45 minutes, can also cause the food to become cold, resulting in decreased customer satisfaction, product returns and lost business.
The project was conducted over a three year period using nine mechanical engineering students. The project began in 2014 when a team of two students was tasked with developing a benchtop method of keeping food hot and preventing it from becoming soggy while being delivered. They determined that the use of ceramic heaters and small fans effectively kept the food warm and dry. In 2015, two teams of two students competed to develop a box design with integrated heaters and fans which could be powered using an alternator mounted to a delivery motorcycle. While effective fans and heating elements were found, it was decided that the mounting of an additional alternator was cumbersome and motorcycle dependent, rendering the concept poorly suited for field installations. In 2016 another team of two students integrated a hand-made lithium ion Battery pack and two 300W ceramic heaters and computer fans into a production delivery box. While the system maintained food quality for up to 50 minutes, the battery pack was unable to reliably provide the required power to the system. Finally, in the fall of 2016, a student improved this design by improving the heater and fan performance while adding urethane insulation into the box. Temperature was controlled using a commercially available thermistor, and all components were integrated into a retrofit kit which could be installed by a technician in the field. The power requirement was reduced by over 50% and the system operated for 110 minutes using two, commercially available 27 Ah lithium iron phosphate batteries.
Students gained global perspective of the product development process as they experienced the effects of various cultures on the requirements of customers and the international design and marketing team.
Development of a Computational Model to Visualize Air Flow Into Surrogate Ballistic Wounds
Authors: Ziadat John , Muci-Küchler Karim H. 
Published: January 2018

In addition to the direct mechanical damage that takes place during a ballistic injury, the formation of the temporary wound cavity creates a suction effect capable of introducing debris, particles, and bacteria from the environment into the wound track. This introduction of bacterial contamination into the wound can give rise to infections which may delay healing or result in more serious problems. Various authors have conducted controlled ballistics experiments placing bacterial contamination on the surface of ballistics gelatin targets to study the effect of parameters such as projectile caliber and speed on the distribution of bacteria along the permanent cavity. The results reported in the literature showed that bacteria were present along the entire surrogate wound track. Understanding the contribution that the formation of the temporary cavity has on the number and distribution of bacteria along the surrogate wound requires the development of experiments to visualize the flow of air during the transient phase of target deformation and the use of numerical simulations to predict variables associated with the flow of air, like pressure-time histories along the projectile path, that cannot be directly measured during experiments.
This paper discusses the development of a finite element model using ANSYS Autodyn for the simulation of a small caliber projectile traveling at moderate speeds penetrating a soft tissue surrogate target made of ballistics gelatin. The model uses a Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation and discretization scheme, which allows for the analysis of not only the deformation of the solid bodies, but also of the flow of air into the wound track. For model validation, the numerical results are compared to spatial data extracted from high speed video recorded during experiments matching key model parameters. Comparisons of the numerical and experimental results indicate that the model is providing reasonable results for the deformations and overall air flow. The predicted pressure dynamics within the simulated wound track clearly suggest that areas of partial vacuum exist within the cavity, which is consistent with the suction effect mentioned by several researchers.
An Effective Parameter Screening Strategy for High Dimensional Models
Authors: Chitale Janhavi , Khare Yogesh , Muñoz-Carpena Rafael , Dulikravich George S. , Martinez Christopher 
Published: January 2018

The method of Elementary Effects (EE) is a parameter screening type sensitivity analysis technique that combines advantages of inexpensive one-at-a time methods and expensive variance decomposition based global Sensitivity Analysis (SA) techniques. Most of the sampling strategies for EE either use random sampling or maximize sample spread through oversampling. The Sampling for Uniformity (SU) is the only available strategy that combines the principle of sample spread with the principle of uniformity.
In this work, we proposed modifications to SU (eSU) to further improve sample uniformity. Performance of eSU was compared to that of SU based on uniformity, sample spread, sample generation time, and screening efficiency. Importance of the concept of uniformity was strengthened as eSU outperformed SU across all evaluation criteria. Further, it was found that eSU does not need oversampling and can result in better screening with relatively few trajectories indicating significantly reduced requirement on computational resources.
A Survey of Approaches for the Design of the Suspension of an Off-Road Vehicle
Authors: Maradey Lázaro Jessica Gissella , Roa Prada Sebastián , Rivera Cabezas Juan Sebastián , Castellanos Hernández Jonatan Fernando 
Published: January 2018

The suspension is a very influential system in the performance of the vehicle, giving safety and maneuverability to the passengers in the usual movements (acceleration, braking, curves, irregular path, etc.). Since there are different types of suspension systems, a criterion must be stablished to determine which is the best or most suitable type for a given vehicle.
This article aims to review and analyze the different approaches, methodologies and design-performance criteria to be taken into account for the design of the off-road vehicle suspension; including the study of dynamics, geometric and dimensional factors, as well as the importance of the availability of components in the spare parts market, and some progress made in optimization, taking into account the feasibility of its implementation.
The results of this research provide guidelines for selecting some criteria and show the methodologies to achieve good suspension design and to help reduce the execution time and / or launch of an automotive project.
CNT Bucky Paper Enhanced Sandwich Composites for In-Situ Load Sensing
Authors: Luo Wenyuan , Liu Yingtao , Saha Mrinal 
Published: January 2018

The objective of this paper is to develop in-situ structural health monitoring in polymer matrix composites using embedded bucky paper. Bucky paper based sandwich composites has been used for damage and load sensing in aerospace and defense applications due to high electrical conductivity, low density, and outstanding load sensitivity. Recent research focuses on improving mechanical, electrical, thermal properties of certain composites with improved gauge factor for sensing applications. To better understand certainly quantity strain change effects, it is essential to design composite materials and sensors for in-situ and embedded strain monitoring in composites using piezoresistance feedback.
In this paper nanocomposite bucky papers are manufactured to monitor the load and damage condition in fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. We first investigated the fabrication of bucky papers using different nanomaterials. Then the micro-scale morphology and structures are characterized using a scanning electron microscopy. The sensing function is achieved by correlating the piezoresistance variations to the stress or strain applied on the sensing area. Due to the conductive network formed and the tunneling resistance change in neighboring nanoparticles, the electrical resistance is able to show a good correlation with the load conditions. The prepared bucky papers are embedded in composites and the sensing capability is experimentally characterized under three-point bending experiments. The characterized membrane structures have the potential to be further applied to in-situ structural health monitoring and structural state awareness during their entire service lives.
The Significance of Hair Thermal Diffusivity on Melanoma Incidence
Authors: Huang Xiyong , Protheroe Michael D. , Al-Jumaily Ahmed M. , Paul Sharad P. 
Published: January 2018

There is an increased risk of melanoma in adulthood when a child (pre-puberty) has been exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). It has also been hypothesized that the childhood body air (vellus hair) plays a role in the increased incidence of melanoma later in life. This is attributed to the fact that the vellus hair has properties and physiology which encourage the transmission of harmful energy into the follicle of the hair and ultimately cause damage to the stem cells in residence there. Later in life these damaged stem cells become involved in the generation of melanomas in the epidermis.
It has been debated whether the UVR or the heat generated by it is the main contributor to melanoma occurrence. This research is the first step in investigating this phenomenon by focusing on the contribution of changes in thermal characteristics on the incidence of melanoma. To test the hypothesis that child hair can transmit energy more easily than adult hair the transient electro-thermal technique is used to determine the thermal diffusivity of the hair. This involved subjecting platinum coated hair samples to a current pulse and measuring the subsequent voltage response in the sample. Results show that the child hair has a thermal diffusivity around two times higher than adult hair, thus supporting the hypothesis. Further research will be needed, in particular, quantifying the optical transmission characteristics of child hair compared to adult hair.
Mechanical Behavior of Bio-Inspired Wavy Adhesive Bonding Under Shear
Authors: Nash Richard , Pruyn Timothy , Chaput Heather , Li Yaning 
Published: January 2018

Inspired by biological suture joints with wavy morphology, wavy adhesive joints were designed and the shear resistance of the designs were explored via finite element (FE) simulations. The influences of waviness and material properties of the layer on the mechanical behaviors of the adhesive joints were quantified. Both adhesive and cohesive failure mechanisms were explored: (1) delamination along the interface between the softer layer and the harder substrates, and (2) layer material failure.
In the FE models, both cohesive interaction and ductile damage mechanics models were used to capture the two failure mechanisms. The effects of Young’s modulus and damage evolution parameters on the force-displacement relation were studied. Both failure mechanisms were observed by varying the material properties in the adhesive layer. It was found that, the stiffness, strength and the failure mechanisms of the wavy adhesive joints are largely dependent on the geometry and material properties of the layer.
Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Different Work Distributions on the Performance of Axial Fans for Automotive Cooling Applications
Authors: Epple Philipp , Porzelt Alexander , Gast Stefan 
Published: January 2018

In this work the influence of different radial work distributions on the performance of low pressure axial fans for automotive cooling purposes was investigated. The general standard solution in the design of axial fans is to assume constant work distribution (free vortex design). This also leads to a constant meridional flow velocity and thus makes the calculations for the design rather simple. To fulfill the constant work assumption, however, a high swirl component of the absolute outlet flow velocity results near the hub. Assuming the incoming airflow to be swirl-free, this means that the flow near the hub must be strongly deflected, leading to a very high blade load in this area and to very long chords. Thus, the assumption of constant radial work distribution leads to a high risk of flow separation near the hub, especially for low pressure cooling fans, where a small hub to shroud diameter ratio is needed in order to achieve higher flow rates.
Furthermore, in fan applications, often the total-to-static pressure and total-to-static efficiency are the relevant design parameters, and not the total-to-total pressure and the total-to-total efficiency. In order to address these issues, linear and parabolic non-constant work distributions were investigated. These distributions were parametrized and for each work distribution a series of designs was created with the airfoil theory method. These designs were computed with the commercial Navier-Stokes-Solver STAR CCM+ and the results were analyzed in detail. As an application example a series of fans for a Formula Student racing cars cooling applications was developed.
With this method, it was possible to achieve smaller hub to shroud diameter ratios, higher flow rates and better total-to-static efficiencies. The result was a new series of fans with improved cooling properties for automotive applications. These new fans, the design method and the results are presented in detail in this work.
Study of a Woman Athlete’s Knee to Prevent Valgus
Authors: Mohacsi Paulette , Piccorelli Lorraine , Watroba Kathryn , Weiss Daniel , Saboori Parisa , Toscano Lisa 
Published: January 2018

After the introduction of Title IX, a federal law prohibiting discrimination based on gender, the number of women involved in high school and collegiate level sports has significantly increased. Increasing the number of female athletes has a direct correlation with the amount of injuries experienced by these women. One of the most common injuries to female athletes is a sprain or a tear in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) located in the knee. The ACL is one of the main components in the stabilization of the knee. A strain or tear to the ACL causes everyday life to be impacted significantly. ACL injuries are not only debilitating, but are expensive and have long term effects including arthritis.
Women have an increased chance of injuring their ACL for three main reasons: anatomical, hormonal, and biomedical. Statistically, women have wider hips and weaker inner thigh muscles than men. Additionally, women experience changes in hormonal imbalance which contributes to their cyclic changes in ligament strength. Lastly, knees can experience a bio-medical condition known as valgus. The presence of extreme valgus typically indicates a high risk of future ACL injury due to the increased stress on the ligament. Due to these factors, this study involved designing three prophylactic braces to be used as part of a training program to help strengthen the muscles surrounding the knee.