bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endo‐ and epilithic faunal succession in a Pliocene–Pleistocene cave on Rhodes, Greece: record of a transgression
Authors: Steinthorsdottir Margret , Håkansson Eckart 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA fossil cave and associated sediments and fossil fauna located on the Greek island of Rhodes in the eastern Aegean Sea is reported here, and the depositional history discussed. The sediments were deposited during the late Pliocene, in the interstitial space between basement boulders of up to 1500 tons. The depositional history of the cave comprises eight stages. From initial flooding, the basin experienced a continuous transgression with sea‐level rise in excess of 500 m, followed by a rapid, forced regression of similar magnitude. The recognition of a succession of fossil communities illustrates this transgression, with a seemingly abrupt shift from endolithic to epilithic biota dominance late in the transgressive cycle. The communities recording the increasing water depth from 0 to >150 m are: The Gatrochaenolithes torpedo (bivalve boring) and Entobia gonioides (sponge boring) ichnocoenosis, with peak distribution between 0 and 1 m water depth; the E. gonioides – E. magna ichnocoenosis, with 1–5 m depth peak distribution; the exclusive E. magna ichnocoenosis, with 5–40 m depth peak distribution; and the E. gigantea ichnocoenosis, with a peak distribution approaching 150–200 m. Below this depth, an epilithic community without boring organisms takes over, characterized by the calcareous sponge Merlia cf. normani, and the inarticulate brachiopod Novocrania turbinata. Simultaneously with the succession of the endo‐ and epilithic cave wall fossil communities, skeletal calcarenite accumulated on the cave floor; the erosional remnants of this sediment are insufficient to further expand the overall transgression–regression model.
Pulse propagation in turbidity currents
Authors: Ho Viet Luan , Dorrell Robert M. , Keevil Gareth M. , Burns Alan D. , McCaffrey William D. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSubmarine turbidity currents are a key mechanism in the transportation of clastic sediments to deep seas. Such currents may initiate with a complex longitudinal flow structure comprising flow pulses (for example, by being sourced from retrogressive sea floor slope failures) or acquire such structure during run‐out (for example, following flow combination downstream of confluences). A key question is how far along channel pathway complex flow structure is preserved within turbidity currents as they run out and thus if flow initiation mechanism and proximity to source may be inferred from the vertical structure of their deposits. To address this question, physical modelling of saline flows has been conducted to investigate the dynamics of single‐pulsed versus multi‐pulsed density driven currents. The data suggest that, under most circumstances, individual pulses within a multi‐pulsed flow must merge. Therefore, initiation signatures will only be preserved in deposits upstream of the merging point and may be distorted approaching it; downstream of the merging point, all initiation signals will be lost. This new understanding of merging phenomenon within multi‐pulsed gravity currents broadens our ability to interpret multi‐pulsed turbidites.
l‐arginine modulates inflammation and muscle regulatory genes after a single session of resistance exercise in rats
Authors: Morais S. R. L. , Brito V. G. B. , Mello W. G. , Oliveira S. H. P. 
Published: June 2017

We investigated the skeletal muscle adaptation to l‐arginine supplementation prior to a single session of resistance exercise (RE) during the early phase of muscle repair. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into non‐exercised (Control), RE plus vehicle (RE); RE plus l‐arginine (RE+L‐arg) and RE plus aminoguanidine (RE+AG) groups. Animals received four doses of either vehicle (0.9% NaCl), l‐arg (1 g/b.w.), or AG (iNOS inhibitor) (50 mg/b.w.). The animals performed a single RE session until the concentric failure (ladder climbing; 80% overload) and the skeletal muscles were harvested at 0, 8, 24, and 48 hours post‐RE. The RE resulted in increased neutrophil infiltrate (24 hours post‐RE) (3621 vs 11852; P<.0001) associated with enhanced TNF‐α (819.49 vs 357.02; P<.005) and IL‐6 (3.84 vs 1.08; P<.0001). Prior, l‐arginine supplementation attenuates neutrophil infiltration (5622; P<.0001), and also TNF‐α (506.01; P<.05) and IL‐6 (2.51, P<.05) levels. AG pretreatment mediated an inhibition of iNOS levels similar to levels found in RE group. RE animals displayed increased of atrogin‐1 (1.9 fold) and MuRF‐1 (3.2 fold) mRNA levels, reversed by l‐arg supplementation [atrogin‐1 (0.6 fold; P<.001); MuRF‐1 (0.8‐fold; P<.001)] at 24 hours post‐RE. MyoD up‐regulated levels were restricted to l‐arg treated animals at 24 hours (2.8 vs 1.5 fold; P<.005) and 48 hours post‐RE (2.4 vs 1.1 fold; P<.001). AG pretreatment reversed these processes at 24 hours [atrogin‐1 (2.1 fold; P<.0001); MuRF‐1 (2.5 fold; P<.0001); MyoD (1.4 fold)]. l‐arginine supplementation seems to attenuate the resolution of RE‐induced muscle inflammation and up‐regulates MyoD expression during the early phase of muscle repair.
Characteristics of acute groin injuries in the hip flexor muscles — a detailed MRI study in athletes
Authors: Serner A. , Weir A. , Tol J. L. , Thorborg K. , Roemer F. , Guermazi A. , Yamashiro E. , Hölmich P. 
Published: June 2017

Hip flexor injuries account for one‐third of acute groin injuries; however, little is known about specific injury characteristics. The aims of this study were to describe acute hip flexor injuries using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in athletes with acute groin pain and to compare specific muscle injuries with reported injury situations. Male athletes with acute groin pain were prospectively and consecutively included during three sports seasons. MRI was performed within 7 days of injury using a standardized protocol and a reliable assessment approach. All athletes with an MRI confirmed acute hip flexor muscle injury were included. A total of 156 athletes presented with acute groin pain of which 33 athletes were included, median age 26 years (range 18‐35). There were 16 rectus femoris, 12 iliacus, 7 psoas major, 4 sartorius, and 1 tensor fascia latae injury. Rectus femoris injuries primarily occurred during kicking (10) and sprinting (4), whereas iliacus injuries most frequently occurred during change of direction (5). In 10 (63%) rectus femoris injuries, tendinous injury was observed. The iliacus and psoas major injuries were mainly observed at the musculotendinous junction (MTJ), and two included tendinous injury. We have illustrated specific injury locations within these muscles, which may be relevant for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of these injuries. Most proximal rectus femoris injuries included tendinous injury. In contrast, distinct acute iliacus and psoas injuries predominantly occurred at the MTJ. Only the iliacus or psoas major were injured during change of direction, whereas rectus femoris injuries occurred primarily during kicking and sprinting.
JMJ27, an Arabidopsis H3K9 histone demethylase, modulates defense against Pseudomonas syringae and flowering time
Authors: Dutta Aditya , Choudhary Pratibha , Caruana Julie , Raina Ramesh 
Published: June 2017

SummaryHistone methylation is known to dynamically regulate diverse developmental and physiological processes. Histone methyl marks are written by methyltransferases and erased by demethylases, and result in modification of chromatin structure to repress or activate transcription. However, little is known about how histone methylation may regulate defense mechanisms and flowering time in plants. Here we report characterization of JmjC DOMAIN‐CONTAINING PROTEIN 27 (JMJ27), an Arabidopsis JHDM2 (JmjC domain‐containing histone demethylase 2) family protein, which modulates defense against pathogens and flowering time. JMJ27 is a nuclear protein containing a zinc‐finger motif and a catalytic JmjC domain with conserved Fe(II) and α‐ketoglutarate binding sites, and displays H3K9me1/2 demethylase activity both in vitro and in vivo. JMJ27 is induced in response to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pathogens and is required for resistance against these pathogens. JMJ27 is a negative modulator of WRKY25 (a repressor of defense) and a positive modulator of several pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins. Additionally, loss of JMJ27 function leads to early flowering. JMJ27 negatively modulates the major flowering regulator CONSTANS (CO) and positively modulates FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Taken together, our results indicate that JMJ27 functions as a histone demethylase to modulate both physiological (defense) and developmental (flowering time) processes in Arabidopsis.
The human ventilatory response to stress: rate or depth?
Authors: Tipton Michael J. , Harper Abbi , Paton Julian F. R. , Costello Joseph T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMany stressors cause an increase in ventilation in humans. This is predominantly reported as an increase in minute ventilation (). But, the same can be achieved by a wide variety of changes in the depth (tidal volume, VT) and number of breaths (respiratory frequency, ƒR). This review investigates the impact of stressors including: cold, heat, hypoxia, pain and panic on the contributions of ƒR and VT to to see if they differ with different stressors. Where possible we also consider the potential mechanisms that underpin the responses identified, and propose mechanisms by which differences in ƒR and VT are mediated. Our aim being to consider if there is an overall differential control of ƒR and VT that applies in a wide range of conditions. We consider moderating factors, including exercise, sex, intensity and duration of stimuli. For the stressors reviewed, as the stress becomes extreme generally becomes increased more by ƒR than VT. We also present some tentative evidence that the pattern of ƒR and VT could provide some useful diagnostic information for a variety of clinical conditions. In The Physiological Society's year of ‘Making Sense of Stress’, this review has wide‐ranging implications that are not limited to one discipline, but are integrative and relevant for physiology, psychophysiology, neuroscience and pathophysiology.
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Suppression of Arctic Air Formation with Climate Warming: Investigation with a Two-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Model
Authors: Cronin Timothy W. , Li Harrison , Tziperman Eli 
Published: June 2017

AbstractArctic climate change in winter is tightly linked to changes in the strength of surface temperature inversions, which occur frequently in the present climate as Arctic air masses form during polar night. Recent work proposed that, in a warmer climate, increasing low-cloud optical thickness of maritime air advected over high-latitude landmasses during polar night could suppress the formation of Arctic air masses, amplifying winter warming over continents and sea ice. But this mechanism was based on single-column simulations that could not assess the role of fractional cloud cover change. This paper presents two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulations that support the single-column model results: low-cloud optical thickness and duration increase strongly with initial air temperature, slowing the surface cooling rate as the climate is warmed. The cloud-resolving model cools less at the surface than the single-column model, and the sensitivity of its cooling to warmer initial temperatures is also higher, because it produces cloudier atmospheres with stronger lower-tropospheric mixing and distributes cloud-top cooling over a deeper atmospheric layer with larger heat capacity. Resolving larger-scale cloud turbulence has the greatest impact on the microphysics schemes that best represent general observed features of mixed-phase clouds, increasing their sensitivity to climate warming. These findings support the hypothesis that increasing insulation of the high-latitude land surface by low clouds in a warmer world could act as a strong positive feedback in future climate change and suggest studying Arctic air formation in a three-dimensional climate model.
Upscale Impact of Mesoscale Disturbances of Tropical Convection on Synoptic-Scale Equatorial Waves in Two-Dimensional Flows
Authors: Yang Qiu , Majda Andrew J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSuperclusters on the synoptic scale containing mesoscale systems are frequently organized by convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs). Present-day global models struggle to simulate multiscale tropical convection, and the upscale effects of mesoscale systems are not well understood. A simple two-dimensional multiscale model with prescribed two-scale heating and eddy transfer of momentum and temperature drives the synoptic-scale circulation, successfully reproduces key features of flow fields with a front-to-rear tilt, and compares well with results from a cloud-resolving model (CRM). In the scenario with an elevated upright mean heating, the tilted vertical structure of synoptic-scale circulation is still induced by the upscale impact of mesoscale disturbances. In a faster propagation scenario, the upscale impact becomes less important as a result of competing effects of eddy transfer of momentum and temperature, while the synoptic-scale circulation response to mean heating dominates, in agreement with cloud-resolving models. In the unrealistic scenario with upward–westward-tilted mesoscale heating, positive potential temperature anomalies are induced in the leading edge, which will suppress shallow convection in a moist environment.
A Conceptual Model for the Response of Tropical Rainfall to Orbital Variations
Authors: Bischoff Tobias , Schneider Tapio , Meckler Anna Nele 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Tropical rainfall to first order responds to variations in Earth’s orbit through shifts of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and changes in zonally averaged rainfall intensity. Here, a conceptual model is developed that represents both processes and their response to orbital insolation variations. The model predicts the seasonal evolution of tropical rainfall between 30°S and 30°N. Insolation variations impact seasonal rainfall in two different ways: thermodynamically, leading to variations in rainfall intensity through modulation of the water vapor content of the atmosphere; and dynamically, leading to shifts of the ITCZ through modulation of the global atmospheric energy budget. Thermodynamic and dynamic effects act together to shape the annual-mean response of tropical rainfall to changes in Earth’s orbit. The model successfully reproduces changes in annual-mean rainfall inferred from paleo-proxies across several glacial–interglacial cycles. It illuminates how orbital precession and variations of Earth’s obliquity affect tropical rainfall in distinct ways near the equator and farther away from it, with spectral signatures of precession and obliquity variations that shift with latitude. It also provides explanations for the observed different phasings of rainfall minima and maxima near the equator and away from it. For example, the model reproduces a phase shift of ~10 ka between rainfall records from caves in northern Borneo (4°N) and from China (approximately 30°N). The model suggests that such phase shifts arise through a different weighting of ITCZ shifts and variations in rainfall intensity, thus providing insight into the mechanisms that drive tropical rainfall changes on orbital time scales.
Evaluation of a Support Vector Machine–Based Single-Doppler Wind Retrieval Algorithm
Authors: Li Nan , Wei Ming , Yu Yongjiang , Zhang Wengang 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWind retrieval algorithms are required for Doppler weather radars. In this article, a new wind retrieval algorithm of single-Doppler radar with a support vector machine (SVM) is analyzed and compared with the original algorithm with the least squares technique. Through an analysis of coefficient matrices of equations corresponding to the optimization problems for the two algorithms, the new algorithm, which contains a proper penalization parameter, is found to effectively reduce the condition numbers of the matrices and thus has the ability to acquire accurate results, and the smaller the analysis volume is, the smaller the condition number of the matrix. This characteristic makes the new algorithm suitable to retrieve mesoscale and small-scale and high-resolution wind fields. Afterward, the two algorithms are applied to retrieval experiments to implement a comparison and a discussion. The results show that the penalization parameter cannot be too small, otherwise it may cause a large condition number; it cannot be too large either, otherwise it may change the properties of equations, leading to retrieved wind direction along the radial direction. Compared with the original algorithm, the new algorithm has definite superiority with the appropriate penalization parameters for small analysis volumes. When the suggested small analysis volume dimensions and penalization parameter values are adopted, the retrieval accuracy can be improved by 10 times more than the traditional method. As a result, the new algorithm has the capability to analyze the dynamical structures of severe weather, which needs high-resolution retrieval, and the potential for quantitative applications such as the assimilation in numerical models, but the retrieval accuracy needs to be further improved in the future.
Value of intravoxel incoherent motion in assessment of pathological grade of clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Qingqiang , Ye Jing , Zhu Wenrong , Wu Jingtao , Chen Wenxin 
Published: June 2017

Background Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) can provide a unique view of tissue perfusion without the use of exogenous contrast agents. Purpose To investigate the value of IVIM in assessing grades of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CRCC). Material and Methods A total of 107 patients with pathologically proven CRCC were included, 26 with grade I, 27 with grade II, 25 with grade III, and 29 with grade IV. These tumors were divided into low (I + II) and high grades (III + IV). Nine b values (0, 30, 50, 80, 150, 300, 500, 800, and 1500 s/mm2) were used in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The tissue diffusivity (D), pseudodiffusivity (D*), and perfusion fraction (f) were calculated using bi-exponential fitting of the diffusion data. Results The D values of the four groups were 1.83 ± 0.38, 1.23 ± 0.19, 1.07 ± 0.26, and 0.37 ± 0.11 × 10–3 mm2/s ( P < 0.05). The D* values of the four groups were 0.079 ± 0.021, 0.053 ± 0.019, 0.047 ± 0.022, and 0.033 ± 0.017 ( P < 0.05). The f values of the four groups were 0.208 ± 0.09, 0.341 ± 0.12, 0.373 ± 0.15, and 0.461 ± 0.17 ( P < 0.05). Both the D and D* values correlated negatively with CRCC grading ( r = –0.677 and –0.693, P < 0.05). The f values correlated positively with CRCC grading (r = 0.699, P < 0.05). The areas of the D, D*, and f values under the ROC curves to diagnose low and high CRCC grades were 0.934, 0.837, and 0.793, respectively. The cutoff values of D, D*, and f were 1.13, 0.056, and 0.376, respectively; the diagnostic performance for low and high CRCC grading had a sensitivity of 82.0%, 80.7%, and 83.2% and a specificity of 90.8%, 86.3%, and 82.6%. Conclusion IVIM may provide information for differentiating CRCC grades.
Evidence of activation of vagal afferents by non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation: An electrophysiological study in healthy volunteers
Authors: Nonis Romain , D’Ostilio Kevin , Schoenen Jean , Magis Delphine 
Published: June 2017

Background Benefits of cervical non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) devices have been shown in episodic cluster headache and preliminarily suggested in migraine, but direct evidence of vagus nerve activation using such devices is lacking. Vagal somatosensory evoked potentials (vSEPs) associated with vagal afferent activation have been reported for invasive vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS) and non-invasive auricular vagal stimulation. Here, we aimed to show and characterise vSEPs for cervical nVNS. Methods vSEPs were recorded for 12 healthy volunteers who received nVNS over the cervical vagus nerve, bipolar electrode/DS7A stimulation over the inner tragus, and nVNS over the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. We measured peak-to-peak amplitudes (P1-N1), wave latencies, and N1 area under the curve. Results P1-N1 vSEPs were observed for cervical nVNS (11/12) and auricular stimulation (9/12), with latencies similar to those described previously, whereas SCM stimulation revealed only a muscle artefact with a much longer latency. A dose-response analysis showed that cervical nVNS elicited a clear vSEP response in more than 80% of the participants using an intensity of 15 V. Conclusion Cervical nVNS can activate vagal afferent fibres, as evidenced by the recording of far-field vSEPs similar to those seen with iVNS and non-invasive auricular stimulation.
Epicardial, pericardial and total cardiac fat and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients with elevated urinary albumin excretion rate
Authors: Christensen Regitse H , von Scholten Bernt J , Hansen Christian S , Heywood Sarah E , Rosenmeier Jaya B , Andersen Ulrik B , Hovind Peter , Reinhard Henrik , Parving Hans-Henrik , Pedersen Bente K , Jørgensen Marit E , Jacobsen Peter K , Rossing Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Background
We evaluated the association of cardiac adipose tissue including epicardial adipose tissue and pericardial adipose tissue with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality, coronary artery calcium, carotid intima media thickness and inflammatory markers.

Design
A prospective study of 200 patients with type 2 diabetes and elevated urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER).

Methods
Cardiac adipose tissue was measured from baseline echocardiography. The composite endpoint comprised incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Coronary artery calcium, carotid intima media thickness and inflammatory markers were measured at baseline. Cardiac adipose tissue was investigated as continuous and binary variable. Analyses were performed unadjusted (model 1), and adjusted for age, sex (model 2), body mass index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, glycated haemoglobin, and systolic blood pressure (model 3).

Results
Patients were followed-up after 6.1 years for non-fatal cardiovascular disease (n = 29) or mortality (n = 23). Cardiac adipose tissue (p = 0.049) and epicardial adipose tissue (p = 0.029) were associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in model 1. When split by the median, patients with high cardiac adipose tissue had a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality than patients with low cardiac adipose tissue in unadjusted (hazard ratio 1.9, confidence interval: 1.1; 3.4, p = 0.027) and adjusted (hazard ratio 2.0, confidence interval: 1.1; 3.7, p = 0.017) models. Cardiac adipose tissue (p =  0.033) was associated with baseline coronary artery calcium (model 1) and interleukin-8 (models 1–3, all p &lt; 0.039).

Conclusions
In type 2 diabetes patients without coronary artery disease, high cardiac adipose tissue levels were associated with increased risk of incident cardiovascular disease or all-cause mortality even after accounting for traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. High cardiac adipose tissue amounts were associated with subclinical atherosclerosis (coronary artery calcium) and with the pro-atherogenic inflammatory marker interleukin-8.