bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Reward Prediction Errors: Human Striatum Updates Rule Values During Learning
Authors: Ballard Ian , Miller Eric M , Piantadosi Steven T , Goodman Noah D , McClure Samuel M 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Humans naturally group the world into coherent categories defined by membership rules. Rules can be learned implicitly by building stimulus-response associations using reinforcement learning or by using explicit reasoning. We tested if the striatum, in which activation reliably scales with reward prediction error, would track prediction errors in a task that required explicit rule generation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a categorization task, we show that striatal responses to feedback scale with a “surprise” signal derived from a Bayesian rule-learning model and are inconsistent with RL prediction error. We also find that striatum and caudal inferior frontal sulcus (cIFS) are involved in updating the likelihood of discriminative rules. We conclude that the striatum, in cooperation with the cIFS, is involved in updating the values assigned to categorization rules when people learn using explicit reasoning.
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Collagen/Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose/Silver to Standard of Care in the Management of Venous Leg Ulcers
Authors: Cullen Breda M. , Serena Thomas E. , Gibson Molly C. , Snyder Robert J. , Hanft Jason R. , Yaakov Raphael A. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
To assess healing outcomes in venous leg ulcers (VLUs) treated with a combination of collagen, oxidized regenerated cellulose, and silver in conjunction with standard of care (SOC; intervention group) compared with SOC alone (control group). Standard of care included ADAPTIC nonadhering dressing (Acelity, San Antonio, Texas) and compression.

DESIGN AND SETTING:
Randomized controlled trial that followed patients in 3 US facilities for 12 weeks or until complete healing.

PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION:
Forty-nine patients with VLUs were randomized to either the intervention group (n = 22) or the control group (n = 27).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:
Wound healing over 12 weeks.

MAIN RESULTS:
Intent-to-treat analysis showed a mean percentage wound area reduction at 12 weeks of 85.6% (SD, 28.6%) for the intervention group and 72.5% (SD, 77.8%) for the control group. There was a higher healing rate in the intervention group compared with patients who received SOC only at both week 4 (23% vs 11%) and week 12 (64% vs 59%). There were no adverse events related to the study therapy.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although the results were not significant, there was a trend toward faster healing in the intervention group. The results of this study indicate that collagen/oxidized regenerated cellulose/silver is a suitable and safe adjunctive intervention for use with SOC to manage VLUs.
Mental Health Service Use Among Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comparison of Two Age Groups
Authors: Ryan Stephanie , Lai Jonathan , Weiss Jonathan A. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
Although youth with autism have elevated rates of mental health problems compared to typically developing youth, little is known about the mental health services that they receive. The current study examines predisposing, enabling, and clinical need factors as they relate to mental health service use in youth with autism.

Methods:
The current study surveyed parents of 2337 children and adolescents with autism, compared their access to behavioral management and mental health treatment (MHT), and isolated the correlates of such receipt.

Results:
Children used behavioral management more than adolescents, whereas the opposite was true for MHT. Mental health treatment receipt was associated with caregiver-related and mental health problems in both age groups, with routine health service use in children and with behavioral problems in adolescents. Behavioral management was correlated with caregiver-related services and behavioral problems in both age groups, and with sex and intellectual disability in adolescents.

Conclusion:
Clinical needs and caregiver service use are consistently associated with mental health care across ages, whereas the role of youth characteristics is particularly relevant when considering service use for adolescents.
Effect of Time to Operative Intervention on Motility Outcomes Following Orbital Floor Fracture Repair in Children
Authors: Mehta Viraj J. , Chelnis James G. , Chen Qingxia , Mawn Louise A. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose:
To evaluate the relationship between time to surgical intervention and extraocular motility outcomes in children following repair of an orbital floor fracture with inferior rectus entrapment.

Methods:
After institution review board’s approval, a retrospective, consecutive case series of 28 children with unilateral orbital floor fractures entrapping the inferior rectus muscle was conducted. Clinical examinations and CT images were performed on all children. The main outcomes measures were postoperative motility measurements.

Results:
Eleven patients underwent surgery within 24 hours of reported injury, while 17 patients underwent surgery after 24 hours. There was no statistically significant difference in average age at the time of surgery (p = 0.47) or average preoperative motility scores (p = 1.0) between the 2 groups. Patients who underwent surgery within 24 hours of reported injury had an improved likelihood of recovery (log hazard ratio = 0.469; 95% confidence interval, −0.42 to 1.36).

Conclusions:
Our exploratory study suggests that surgical reduction of inferior rectus entrapment in pediatric orbital floor fractures within 24 hours from the time of injury shows an improved, but nonstatistically significant, likelihood of recovery in motility deficits with earlier surgical intervention.
Psychometric Properties of Physical Function Measures Used in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review
Authors: Peterson Michelle L. , Lukens Katherine , Fulk George 
Published: September 2017

Background:
A comprehensive physical function outcome measure provides information that assists and guides the therapist in developing a plan of care and in decision making for disposition. Since physical therapists are held accountable for using evidence-based practice, the use of measures appropriate to their settings is paramount in providing those skilled recommendations.

Objective:
The purpose of this systematic review was to appraise and synthesize psychometric properties of outcome measures used in the intensive care unit that assess physical function and to identify gaps in those psychometric properties and their overall assessment of function.

Methods:
Eight electronic databases were systematically searched. Studies were considered eligible if (1) the setting was adult intensive care unit (ICU), (2) the measure was a physical functional measure, (3) psychometric properties were reported, (4) written in English, and (5) published in a peer-reviewed journal. The initial search was conducted by a single reviewer and then 2 reviewers independently reviewed the articles to score them according to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurements INstruments.

Results:
Review of the 34 articles revealed 14 physical function measures that had psychometric testing completed in the ICU setting. The Chelsea Critical Care Physical Assessment tool, Perme mobility score, De-Morton Mobility Index, Functional Status Score for the ICU, and Acute Care Index of Function are the most comprehensive. However, none of these measures examine all aspects of physical function. COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurements INstruments scores for these measures were classified in the range of poor to fair with few obtaining a score of good or excellent.

Limitations:
The limitations are sole inclusion of English articles and the exclusion of abstracts, conference presentations, thesis, or dissertation papers.

Conclusion:
This study identified 14 physical function measures currently in use, with psychometric testing available within the ICU setting. More testing is needed on many of these measures to further validate their use. The current lack of a clearly comprehensive outcome measure tool limits the validity and reliability of assessment and guidance for appropriate recommendations.
Male hepatitis C patients’ sexual functioning and its determinants
Authors: Triantos Christos K. , Tsintoni Aggeliki , Karaivazoglou Katerina , Grigoropoulou Xristina , Tsolias Chrysostomos , Diamantopoulou Georgia , Iconomou Gregoris , Thomopoulos Konstantinos , Labropoulou-Karatza Chrisoula , Assimakopoulos Konstantinos 
Published: September 2017

Objective
The aim of the study was to detect sexual impairment in male hepatitis C virus patients and determine its associations.

Patients and methods
A total of 61 male hepatitis C virus patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Sexual functioning was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was evaluated using the Greek version of the Short Form 36 Health Survey, and the presence and severity of anxiety and depression were assessed using the Greek version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Results
Noncirrhotic patients showed clinically significant dysfunction, mainly in intercourse (59.6%) and overall satisfaction (57.4%). Erectile functioning and desire were correlated with depression (r=−0.520, P=0.000 and r=−0.473, P=0.000), anxiety (r=−0.443, P=0.000 and r=−0.428, P=0.001), physical (r=0.427, P=0.001 and r=0.329, P=0.012), and mental (r=0.379, P=0.003 and r=0.432, P=0.001) HRQOL, platelet count (r=−0.357, P=0.012 and r=0.366, P=0.010), and international normalized ratio (INR) levels (r=−0.373, P=0.013 and r=−0.440, P=0.003). Erection was also correlated with albumin levels (r=0.310, P=0.032). Orgasmic functioning was associated significantly with platelet count (r=0.322, P=0.024) and INR levels (r=−0.425, P=0.004). Intercourse satisfaction was significantly related to depression (r=−0.435, P=0.001) and anxiety (r=−0.335, P=0.008) levels, physical (r=0.374, P=0.004) and mental (r=0.300, P=0.022) HRQOL, platelet count (r=0.333, P=0.020), and INR levels (r=−0.373, P=0.013), and overall satisfaction was significantly correlated with depressive (r=−0.435, P=0.001) and anxiety (r=−0.278, P=0.033) symptoms, mental HRQOL (r=0.340, P=0.010), platelet count (r=0.316, P=0.029), and INR levels (r=−0.332, P=0.030).

Conclusion
Hepatitis C is accompanied by poor sexual functioning even in the absence of cirrhosis and different correlations emerge for distinct subdomains of male sexuality.
Distribution Patterns of the Vulnerable Vessels Around Cervical Nerve Roots
Authors: Park Donghwi 
Published: September 2017

Objective
The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of vulnerable vessels around the target of cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection at the C3-C7 cervical nerve root levels in a clinical setting.

Design
Retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted.

Participants
Patients complaining of neck or arm pain with no previous surgical history and who had undergone both precontrast and contrast-enhanced neck computed tomography were included retrospectively.

Results
In 26 (21.0%) of 124 patients, none of the vulnerable vessels around the target of cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection around both sides of the C3-C7 nerve roots were observed. Of 248 cervical root levels, the C3 level had 103 vessels (41.5%), the C4 level had 110 vessels (44.4%), the C5 level had 98 vessels (39.5%), the C6 level had 59 vessels (23.8%), and the C7 level had 34 vessels (13.7%) close to each target nerve root. In addition, variations of the vertebral artery at the C4-C7 level were observed in 11 (8.9%) of 124 patients.

Conclusions
To prevent unexpected critical complications involving injury to vulnerable vessels during cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection, it is recommended to routinely evaluate the vulnerable vessels around the cervical nerve root with computed tomography or Doppler ultrasound before cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection, especially for the upper cervical nerve root level.
Machine learning: novel bioinformatics approaches for combating antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Macesic Nenad , Polubriaginof Fernanda , Tatonetti Nicholas P. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to global health and new approaches to combating AMR are needed. Use of machine learning in addressing AMR is in its infancy but has made promising steps. We reviewed the current literature on the use of machine learning for studying bacterial AMR.

Recent findings
The advent of large-scale data sets provided by next-generation sequencing and electronic health records make applying machine learning to the study and treatment of AMR possible. To date, it has been used for antimicrobial susceptibility genotype/phenotype prediction, development of AMR clinical decision rules, novel antimicrobial agent discovery and antimicrobial therapy optimization.

Summary
Application of machine learning to studying AMR is feasible but remains limited. Implementation of machine learning in clinical settings faces barriers to uptake with concerns regarding model interpretability and data quality.
Future applications of machine learning to AMR are likely to be laboratory-based, such as antimicrobial susceptibility phenotype prediction.
Tissue Engineering Strategies for Auricular Reconstruction
Authors: Schroeder Michael J. , Lloyd Mark S. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Simulating natural characteristics and aesthetics in reconstructed ears has provided a complex 3-dimensional puzzle for those treating patients with microtia. Costochondral grafts remain the gold standard for autologous reconstruction. However, other options such as Medpor and prosthetics are indicated depending on patient circumstances and personal choice. Research into tissue engineering offers an alternative method to a traditional surgical approach that may reduce donor-site morbidity. However, tissue engineering for microtia reconstruction brings new challenges such as cell sourcing, promotion of chondrogenesis, scaffold vascularization, and prevention of scaffold contraction. Advancements in 3D printing, nanofiber utilization, stem cell technologies, and decellularization techniques have played significant roles in overcoming these challenges. These recent advancements and reports of a successful clinical-scale study in an immunocompetent animal suggest a promising outlook for future clinical application of tissue engineering for auricular reconstruction.
Implications of weight loss for cancer patients receiving radiotherapy
Authors: Lau Steven Kai Ming , Iyengar Puneeth 
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review
Cancer-associated weight loss is a common comorbid condition best described among patients with advanced malignancy receiving systemic therapy, but its relationship to patients undergoing radiation treatment is less well described. We review the interaction between cancer-associated weight loss and radiation treatment as well as its prognostic significance.

Recent findings
Multiple studies demonstrate a consistent detrimental effect of cancer-associated weight loss either existing prior to treatment or developing during radiotherapy. Emerging data suggest cancer-associated weight loss independently contributes to an aggressive malignant phenotype rather than simply reflecting a consequence of disease. Novel therapies are urgently needed to address the unmet burden of cancer-associated weight loss.

Summary
Consideration of cancer-associated weight loss is important among patients receiving radiotherapy. Further study will further characterize the relationship and identify targetable biologic mechanisms of cancer cachexia.
Genetic analysis of very obese children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Cortes Herman D. , Wevrick Rachel 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by the triad of deficits in social interactions, deficits in communication, and repetitive behaviors. Common co-morbidities in syndromic forms of ASD include intellectual disability, seizures, and obesity. We asked whether very obese children with ASD had different behavioral, physical and genetic characteristics compared to children with ASD who were not obese. We found that very obese children with ASD had significantly poorer scores on standardized behavioral tests. Very obese boys with ASD had lower full scale IQ and increased impairments with respect to stereotypies, communication and social skills. Very obese girls with ASD had increased impairments with respect to irritability and oppositional defiant behavior. We identified genetic lesions in a subset of the children with ASD and obesity and attempted to identify enriched biological pathways. Our study demonstrates the value of identifying co-morbidities in children with ASD as we move forward towards understanding the biological processes that contribute to this complex disorder and prepare to design customized treatments that target the diverse genetic lesions present in individuals with ASD.
KoVariome: Korean National Standard Reference Variome database of whole genomes with comprehensive SNV, indel, CNV, and SV analyses
Authors: Kim Jungeun , Weber Jessica A. , Jho Sungwoong , Jang Jinho , Jun JeHoon , Cho Yun Sung , Kim Hak-Min , Kim Hyunho , Kim Yumi , Chung OkSung , Kim Chang Geun , Lee HyeJin , Kim Byung Chul , Han Kyudong , Koh InSong , Chae Kyun Shik , Lee Semin , Edwards Jeremy S. , Bhak Jong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHigh-coverage whole-genome sequencing data of a single ethnicity can provide a useful catalogue of population-specific genetic variations. Herein, we report a comprehensive analysis of the Korean population, and present the Korean National Standard Reference Variome (KoVariome). As a part of the Korean Personal Genome Project (KPGP), we constructed the KoVariome database using 5.5 terabases of whole genome sequence data from 50 healthy Korean individuals with an average coverage depth of 31×. In total, KoVariome includes 12.7M single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), 1.7M short insertions and deletions (indels), 4K structural variations (SVs), and 3.6K copy number variations (CNVs). Among them, 2.4M (19%) SNVs and 0.4M (24%) indels were identified as novel. We also discovered selective enrichment of 3.8M SNVs and 0.5M indels in Korean individuals, which were used to filter out 1,271 coding-SNVs not originally removed from the 1,000 Genomes Project data when prioritizing disease-causing variants. CNV analyses revealed gene losses related to bone mineral densities and duplicated genes involved in brain development and fat reduction. Finally, KoVariome health records were used to identify novel disease-causing variants in the Korean population, demonstrating the value of high-quality ethnic variation databases for the accurate interpretation of individual genomes and the precise characterization of genetic variations.
Findings of a retrospective, controlled cohort study of the impact of a change in Nature journals' editorial policy for life sciences research on the completeness of reporting study design and execution
Authors: Macleod Malcolm Robert ,   The NPQIP Collaborative group
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether a change in editorial policy, including the implementation of a checklist, has been associated with improved reporting of measures which might reduce the risk of bias.MethodsThe study protocol has been published at DOI: 10.1007/s11192-016-1964-8.DesignObservational cohort study.PopulationArticles describing research in the life sciences published in Nature journals, submitted after May 1st 2013.InterventionMandatory completion of a checklist at the point of manuscript revision.Comparators(1) Articles describing research in the life sciences published in Nature journals, submitted before May 2013; (2) Similar articles in other journals matched for date and topic.Primary OutcomeChange in proportion of Nature publications describing in vivo research published before and after May 2013 reporting the Landis 4 items (randomisation, blinding, sample size calculation, exclusions).We included 448 NPG papers (223 published before May 2013, 225 after) identified by an individual hired by NPG for this specific task, working to a standard procedure; and an independent investigator used Pubmed Related Citations to identify 448 non-NPG papers with a similar topic and date of publication in other journals; and then redacted all publications for time sensitive information and journal name. Redacted manuscripts were assessed by 2 trained reviewers against a 74 item checklist, with discrepancies resolved by a third.Results394 NPG and 353 matching non-NPG publications described in vivo research. The number of NPG publications meeting all relevant Landis 4 criteria increased from 0/203 prior to May 2013 to 31/181 (16.4%) after (2-sample test for equality of proportions without continuity correction, X2= 36.2, df = 1, p = 1.8 x 10-9). There was no change in the proportion of non‐ NPG publications meeting all relevant Landis 4 criteria (1/164 before, 1/189 after). There were more substantial improvements in the individual prevalences of reporting of randomisation, blinding, exclusions and sample size calculations for in vivo experiments, and less substantial improvements for in vitro experiments.ConclusionsThere was a substantial improvement in the reporting of risks of bias in in vivo research in NPG journals following a change in editorial policy, to a level that to our knowledge has not been previously observed. However, there remain opportunities for further improvement.
CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell morphologies under Alzheimer’s disease Amyloid beta interaction
Authors: Rodrigues Yuri Elias , da Silva Freitas Josiane 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder, which imposes a growing burden on society and health systems worldwide. Remarkable, computational models for AD are rare in comparison to epilepsy and other neuropathologies. Also, neuromorphologi-cal variability in the available models is usually neglected. Here, we evaluated geometrically detailed CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons from rat’s hippocampus and its firing probability face to Amyloid-β (Aβ), a pre-plaque soluble confirmation. Such comparison is invaluable since the hippocampus acts as a structural predictor of AD progression. A stimulation protocol designed to elicit a single spike is used to access neuronal vulnerability against the Aβ oligomers. Our experiment shows that under the same conditions there is a firing facilitation for CA3 neurons in comparison to CA1.