bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geohazard Risk Assessment and Seismicity
Authors: Hengesh James , Baumont David 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMajor infrastructure projects in marine environments are exposed to a wide range of geological and seismic hazards, and invariably these projects benefit from careful consideration of their unique geological conditions. In offshore projects, it is necessary to characterize hazards during all phases of a project as understanding the nature of a hazard can enable steps to be taken that can reduce the risk to the system.Risk is the product of three important parameters, including geological hazard, structural vulnerability, and consequence. There are five general types of geological or seismic hazards, including (i) surface fault rupture, (ii) strong ground shaking, (iii) liquefaction‐related ground deformation, (iv) seismically induced slope failure, and (v) tsunami. Ground motion hazards can be assessed using the probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (PSHA) approach. This approach is particularly useful in characterizing the hazard because the results are presented in terms of an annual frequency of exceedance, or frequency of occurrence, which is one of the primary factors necessary to consider hazards in a risk‐based framework. Performing a PSHA requires two basic inputs that describe earthquake sources and the transmission of seismic energy through the earth's crust: the seismic source model and the ground motion model. Treatment of uncertainty is a critical part of developing these inputs.
Submarine Landslides—Stability Analysis and Risk Assessment for Offshore Developments
Authors: Puzrin Alexander M. , Rushton David , Mackenzie Brian , Germanovich Leonid N. , Randolph Mark 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAs oil and gas developments move into deeper waters, potential exposure to geohazards becomes an important project risk driver. Landslide deposits and features observed on the seabed in the vicinity of potential future development indicate processes that were active in the geological past and can be expected to continue in the future. Rapid yet spatially extensive analysis of landslide risk is a key requirement of the geohazard assessment for many oil and gas developments, with an aim to provide an estimate of the annual probability of slope failure across the entire proposed development area as an input to the QRA. Well‐established methods exist for probabilistic assessment of slope stability through GIS‐based application of a limit equilibrium infinite slope geomechanical model. Shear band propagation is an effective mechanism to explain large landslides observed in the sediment record that cannot be explained through limit equilibrium alone. A novel GIS‐based probabilistic slope stability assessment using SBP approach allows for improved pixel‐based estimates of the annual probability of failure for a variety of observed landslide mechanisms, such as slab, spreading, ploughing and run‐out failures. This GIS‐based tool has been successfully employed as part of a landslide risk assessment of the ACG development, Caspian Sea, contributing to a landslide risk score for each geohazard province within the area.
The Generation of Tsunamis
Authors: Tappin David R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTsunamis are gravity‐driven water waves. Most are generated by vertical displacement of the seabed that propagates through the water column to the sea surface. The resulting elevated surface wave collapses through gravity and then propagates outward from the source. Dispersion of the initial wave generates a multiple wave train. Tsunamis are mainly (∼80%) generated by earthquakes, but other mechanisms include subaerial and submarine landslides and volcanic collapse and eruption. Other, less frequent, tsunami mechanisms include bolide (asteroid) impact and weather events (meteotsunamis), but these are generated at the water surface, respectively, from external impact and from wind friction.The magnitude of a tsunamigenic earthquake has the main control on the tsunami, although “tsunami” earthquakes generate tsunamis much larger than expected from their earthquake source magnitude. Tsunamigenic earthquake mechanisms include interplate boundary rupture, splay faulting, and intraplate rupture. Landslide tsunami mechanisms include slumps and translational failures that may be initiated from either the bottom or the top. Landslide volume, water depth, and initial acceleration are the main controls on tsunami magnitude, although other factors such as the failure mechanism and the location of initiation are influential.There are three main aspects of a tsunami; (i) initial wave generation, (ii) propagation, and (iii) onland run‐up. Initial wave generation from earthquakes is mainly from seabed vertical displacement, and a rule of thumb suggests that in most instances the maximum initial wave elevation is up to twice this. The maximum initial wave elevation from a landslide tsunami is theoretically determined by the ocean depth and thus could be thousands of meters.Local tsunami run‐up elevations vary with source mechanism and vary considerably. Although dependent on local bathymetry and topography, these are likely to be more elevated and focused from submarine landslides than from earthquakes. The different mechanisms generate different tsunami wave frequencies; these determine travel distances, with the low frequency tsunamis from earthquakes traveling much farther than tsunamis from landslides, which are much higher frequency. Final onland run‐up is mainly dependent on source mechanism as well as local offshore bathymetry and coastal topography.
Hull Coatings, Maintenance, and Repair
Authors: Breglia Joseph 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Hull coatings and general hull maintenance are imperative to ensuring vessel sustainability, longevity and reliability. Each facet of hull maintenance and repair requires deliberate planning and intentions that consider criticality, the hull structure strength and material; type and thickness. Individual components including fittings, tanks (ballast and cargo), rudders, stern areas and all watertight boundaries are also considered by their service and exposure to the elements of stress, corrosion, erosion and their potential to contaminate the environment. Class Societies and Flag States require a minimum standard for good hull condition monitoring and maintenance practices that are intended to mitigate the risks associated with vessel operation. These minimum standards in combination with a commitment by vessel owners and operators to service reliability can be the basis for a sound, effective and lasting maintenance program.
Pipeline Fatigue and Fracture Design
Authors: Bai Qiang , Pan Junhua 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article provides an overview of pipeline fatigue and fracture design that are relevant to design and analysis of subsea pipelines/risers. It focuses on the fundamentals of analysis methodology for fatigue and fracture and provides a general overview of fatigue design standard for offshore engineering, control factors, and improvement techniques.This article includes discussion of some key parameters used in the fracture design, such as crack initiation and propagation, fracture toughness. It also presents information on the engineering critical assessment (ECA) and failure assessment diagram. Finally, the recognized industry codes of ECA are outlined.
CFDModeling of Diesel Combustion
Authors: Vogiatzaki Konstantina 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDiesel engines are the most efficient combustion engines today, playing an important role in transport of goods and passengers on land and on sea. The main drivers for the design of future engines is the control of the emissions without sacrificing their advanced fuel economy. These drivers led to important innovations in multiple components of the engine, which, however, complicated the nature of the processes taking place and increased the need for highly accurate simulation frameworks. In the current article, the focus is on the recent progress of combustion modeling of diesel engines. The major general challenges encountered are first introduced briefly and then the progress in various research areas is reported in more details. Special focus is given to the most commonly used combustion models describing their advantages as well as their shortcomings. In the end, some closing remarks are presented as guidelines for future modeling efforts.
Marine Waste Heat Recovery System
Authors: Suárez de la Fuente Santiago 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe usage of wasted energy in human‐made processes to reduce the need of more energy coming from raw materials has been recorded since the Industrial Revolution. Shipping, being the most energy‐efficient means of transportation, commonly uses waste heat recovery systems on board to further increase its operative efficiency. Waste heat is used to produce steam or electricity which is consumed on board. As main engines' thermal efficiencies start to plateau because they are close to the theoretical maximum efficiencies and as emission regulation becomes more stringent, it is important to look for alternative usages, processes, and designs of waste heat recovery systems.The purpose of this article is to give the reader a broad idea of how the energy on board a ship can be reutilized in order to increase the ship's fuel consumption, hence reducing the emission of noxious gases (e.g., CO2and NOx) into the environment. Also, it explores traditional and alterative waste heat recovery processes, usages, and systems, which are installed on board nowadays or could be in the near future. This work focuses mainly on the use of the ship's prime mover waste heat, but this does not mean that the technologies and approaches described in this article cannot be applied to other systems such as auxiliary engines or electrical generators on board.This article starts with the history of waste recovery systems and then moves for a brief description of different marine CO2‐mitigating strategies and where the available waste heat can be found on board. It then covers what a thermal machine is and how it can be used to produce heating, cooling, and mechanical and electrical power through different thermodynamic and electrical processes. Finally, it concludes that traditional and alternative waste heat recovery systems installed on board are important players in achieving more efficient shipping.
The Second Peloponnesian War, 431–404BC
Authors: Echeverría Fernando 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe most substantial classical Greek war was recorded by the historian Thucydides, who analyzed the downfall of his native Athens at the hands of Sparta and its Peloponnesian League, which were ultimately supported by limitless Persian money. The first decade of the war saw Athens overcome plague and financial shortages to persuade Sparta to abandon the fight. The failure of massive expeditions against Syracuse degraded Athenian resources and then interference in Persian affairs resulted in Persian money flowing to the Spartans, enabling them repeatedly to replace destroyed fleets whereas the Athenians gradually ran out of money, rowers, and ships.
The Gallic Wars, Northern Italy, 225–222BC
Authors: Rawlings Louis 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAlarmed at Roman settlement in formerly Gallic territory, the Boii and Insubres of Cisalpine Gaul hired mercenaries (the Gaesatae) from across the Alps, and with these they crossed the Apennines. A major engagement was fought at Faesulae in 225bc, but, after defeating the Romans, the Gauls decided to turn home with their loot. The Roman survivors were rallied and followed the Gauls up the Italian peninsular while a second Roman army blocked their way north. Trapped between the two armies at Telamon, the Gauls were destroyed. In 223, the Romans invaded Cisalpine Gaul. The Senate refused peace overtures, and the Insubres hired more mercenaries over the winter. After another successful Roman campaign in 222, the Insubres surrendered, and by 219 Cisalpine Gaul appeared sufficiently pacified for the Romans to settle colonists at Placentia and Cremona.
Campaigns against Sertorius, 81–72
BC
Authors: Matyszak Philip 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

The Sertorian War, in Spain, was a continuation of the civil war between the Marians and Sulla. Sertorius, a Marian, went to Spain with an army in 82
bc
to govern the province on behalf of Sulla's opponents. Relying on guerrilla warfare and the support of the local tribes, he inflicted several notable defeats on the regular Roman forces sent to subdue him, including the destruction of three legions at Ilerda in 78. Pompey was appointed to take command of the war in 77, but Sertorius was not finally defeated until the Senate flooded Spain with troops on hearing that he was planning an alliance with Mithridates; he was assassinated in 72 by a disaffected lieutenant, and his forces disintegrated.
The Gallic Wars, 61–51
BC
Authors: Rawlings Louis 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

In 59
bc
, Gaius Julius Caesar secured a five‐year command in Gaul and set about a systematic conquest, first defeating the migrating Helvetii and then provoking the Suebi, friends of Rome, into war. In 57 the northern Belgae and Nervi were conquered, and in 56 the western Veneti and the tribes of Aquitania were subdued. In 55, German tribes crossed the Rhine but were defeated after their leaders were captured by treachery. Caesar bridged the Rhine and made a brief demonstration, but he soon embarked on the first raid of Britain, to which he returned in force in 54. Over the following winter, tribes under the leadership of Ambiorix and the Eburones rebelled, achieving some successes, but Caesar was able to go on the offensive in 53 and crush their resistance. In 52 a general revolt broke out under the supreme command of Vercingetorix. After concentrating his forces, Caesar besieged Vercingetorix in Alesia but was himself surrounded by hostile forces. Attempts to break the Roman ring failed, and Vercingetorix was forced to surrender. Caesar spent the following year mopping up operations. By 50, Gaul was pacified, and Caesar was able to turn his thoughts to the coming showdown with Pompey and the Roman Senate.
The Persian Wars, 572–591
Authors: Whitby Michael 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In 572 Justin II decided to exploit apparent Persian weaknesses to break the 50 years of peace. Disaster soon followed as Dara fell after a long siege; this forced the Romans onto the defensive, although under Maurice's command they managed to stabilize the new frontier. The Romans put the Persians under increasing pressure, though mutiny in the Roman army reduced their offensive capacity. Rivalries at the Persian court led to the overthrow of Hormizd and then to Khusro II's flight to the Roman empire. Emperor Maurice eventually agreed to support his reinstatement, which led to a new peace in 591.
Islamic Conquests, 622–645
Authors: Howard‐Johnston James D. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe first phase in the rise of Islam was the struggle between Muhammad with his allies at Medina and the traditional elite in Mecca. Muhammad's successes persuaded the Meccans to collaborate and their joint energies were directed externally in campaigns against Roman territory in the Levant and Persian territory in Mesopotamia. Neither empire coped with the challenge and by the end of the 630 s Muhammad's successors had captured Jerusalem and Damascus to push the Romans back toward the Anatolian plateau; they had also invaded Egypt and forced the last Sasanid ruler to abandon Mesopotamia.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)‐Mitomycin K by a Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Tandem Cyclization
Authors: Gu Qiang‐Shuai , Yang Dan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe mitomycins, a family of bioactive natural products, feature a compact 6/5/5‐fused polycyclic ring structure densely decorated with highly reactive and/or fragile quinone, amino ketal, and aziridine as well as carbamate moieties. It is this striking feature that has defeated numerous synthetic attempts towards these apparently small molecules, rendering them one of the most formidable targets for total synthesis. We herein report the first enantioselective synthesis of (+)‐mitomycin K, a representative of G series mitomycins. The key step of this synthesis is an enantioselective oxidative cyclization catalyzed by a palladium/(+)‐sparteine system that had previously been developed by our group. The robustness of this method bodes well for further applications in the asymmetric total synthesis of natural products, particularly those with characteristic 6/5/5‐fused pyrroloindole skeletons.
Creating homogenous strain distribution within 3D cell‐encapsulated constructs using a simple and cost‐effective uniaxial tensile bioreactor: Design and validation study
Authors: Subramanian Gayathri , Elsaadany Mostafa , Bialorucki Callan , Yildirim‐Ayan Eda 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTMechanical loading bioreactors capable of applying uniaxial tensile strains are emerging to be a valuable tool to investigate physiologically relevant cellular signaling pathways and biochemical expression. In this study, we have introduced a simple and cost‐effective uniaxial tensile strain bioreactor for the application of precise and homogenous uniaxial strains to 3D cell‐encapsulated collagen constructs at physiological loading strains (0–12%) and frequencies (0.01–1 Hz). The bioreactor employs silicone‐based loading chambers specifically designed to stretch constructs without direct gripping to minimize stress concentration at the ends of the construct and preserve its integrity. The loading chambers are driven by a versatile stepper motor ball‐screw actuation system to produce stretching of the constructs. Mechanical characterization of the bioreactor performed through Finite Element Analysis demonstrated that the constructs experienced predominantly uniaxial tensile strain in the longitudinal direction. The strains produced were found to be homogenous over a 15 × 4 × 2 mm region of the construct equivalent to around 60% of the effective region of characterization. The strain values were also shown to be consistent and reproducible during cyclic loading regimes. Biological characterization confirmed the ability of the bioreactor to promote cell viability, proliferation, and matrix organization of cell‐encapsulated collagen constructs. This easy‐to‐use uniaxial tensile strain bioreactor can be employed for studying morphological, structural, and functional responses of cell‐embedded matrix systems in response to physiological loading of musculoskeletal tissues. It also holds promise for tissue‐engineered strategies that involve delivery of mechanically stimulated cells at the site of injury through a biological carrier to develop a clinically useful therapy for tissue healing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1878–1887. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microsecond Dynamics in Ubiquitin Probed by Solid‐State 15N NMR Spectroscopy R1ρ Relaxation Experiments under Fast MAS (60–110 kHz)
Authors: Lakomek Nils‐Alexander , Penzel Susanne , Lends Alons , Cadalbert Riccardo , Ernst Matthias , Meier Beat H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract15N R1ρ relaxation experiments in solid‐state NMR spectroscopy are sensitive to timescales and amplitudes of internal protein motions in the hundreds of nano‐ to microsecond time window, which is difficult to probe by solution‐state NMR spectroscopy. By using 15N R1ρ relaxation experiments, a simplified approach to detect low microsecond protein dynamics is described and residue‐specific correlation times are determined from the ratio of 15N R1ρ rate constants at different magic angle spinning frequencies. Microcrystalline ubiquitin exhibits small‐amplitude dynamics on a timescale of about 1 μs across the entire protein, and larger amplitude motions, also on the 1 μs timescale, for several sites, including the β1–β2 turn and the N terminus of the α helix. According to the analysis, the microsecond protein backbone dynamics are of lower amplitude than that concluded in previous solid‐state NMR spectroscopy studies, but persist across the entire protein with a rather uniform timescale of 1 μs.
Seizure frequency correlates with loss of dentate gyrus GABAergic neurons in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Buckmaster Paul S. , Abrams Emily , Wen Xiling 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEpilepsy occurs in one of 26 people. Temporal lobe epilepsy is common and can be difficult to treat effectively. It can develop after brain injuries that damage the hippocampus. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms involving the hippocampal dentate gyrus have been proposed. This study evaluated a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy to test which pathological changes in the dentate gyrus correlate with seizure frequency and help prioritize potential mechanisms for further study. FVB mice (n = 127) that had experienced status epilepticus after systemic treatment with pilocarpine 31–61 days earlier were video‐monitored for spontaneous, convulsive seizures 9 hr/day every day for 24–36 days. Over 4,060 seizures were observed. Seizure frequency ranged from an average of one every 3.6 days to one every 2.1 hr. Hippocampal sections were processed for Nissl stain, Prox1‐immunocytochemistry, GluR2‐immunocytochemistry, Timm stain, glial fibrillary acidic protein‐immunocytochemistry, glutamic acid decarboxylase in situ hybridization, and parvalbumin‐immunocytochemistry. Stereological methods were used to measure hilar ectopic granule cells, mossy cells, mossy fiber sprouting, astrogliosis, and GABAergic interneurons. Seizure frequency was not significantly correlated with the generation of hilar ectopic granule cells, the number of mossy cells, the extent of mossy fiber sprouting, the extent of astrogliosis, or the number of GABAergic interneurons in the molecular layer or hilus. Seizure frequency significantly correlated with the loss of GABAergic interneurons in or adjacent to the granule cell layer, but not with the loss of parvalbumin‐positive interneurons. These findings prioritize the loss of granule cell layer interneurons for further testing as a potential cause of temporal lobe epilepsy.
Importance of cytological subclassification of thyroid nodules with Bethesda category III cytology (AUS/FLUS) into architectural atypia only and nuclear atypia: A prospective study
Authors: Rosario Pedro Weslley , Calsolari Maria Regina 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to compare two cytological subcategories of thyroid nodules with Bethesda category III initial cytology.MethodsThis was a prospective study. All patients with thyroid nodules > 1 cm were eligible and 98 patients with category III cytology were selected. Cytology was subcategorized into architectural atypia only (AA, n = 45) and nuclear atypia (NA, n = 53). All patients underwent a second fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Only patients whose second cytology was benign and ultrasonography was non‐suspicious were not referred for surgery. In these patients, the nodules were considered benign.ResultsThe second FNA more frequently revealed “benign cytology” in the AA subcategory (44.4% vs. 24.5% in the NA subcategory). The second cytology suggested “follicular neoplasm” or was “suspicious for follicular neoplasm” (category IV) in 5 patients (11.1%) of subcategory AA and was “suspicious for malignancy” (category V) in 13 (24.5%) of subcategory NA. Finally, malignancy was diagnosed in 15.5% of cases of subcategory AA and in 41.5% of subcategory NA. Follicular carcinoma was more frequent in subcategory AA, while classical papillary carcinoma was more frequent in subcategory NA. Excluding cases of the noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, malignancy was diagnosed in 11.1% of patients of subcategory AA and in 35.8% of subcategory NA.ConclusionsThe results showed that subclassification of the Bethesda category III improves cancer risk prediction, with potential repercussions for clinical practice. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:604–607. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.