bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of dew as a night-time reservoir and morning source for atmospheric ammonia
Authors: Wentworth Gregory R. , Murphy Jennifer G. , Benedict Katherine B. , Bangs Evelyn J. , Collett Jr. Jeffrey L. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Several field studies have proposed that the volatilization of NH3 from evaporating dew is responsible for an early morning pulse of ammonia frequently observed in the atmospheric boundary layer. Laboratory studies conducted on synthetic dew showed that the fraction of ammonium (NH4+) released as gas-phase ammonia (NH3) during evaporation is dependent on the relative abundances of anions and cations in the dew. Hence, the fraction of NH3 released during dew evaporation (Frac(NH3)) can be predicted given dew composition and pH. Twelve separate ambient dew samples were collected at a remote high-elevation grassland site in Colorado from 28 May to 11 August 2015. Average [NH4+] and pH were 26 µM and 5.2 respectively and were on the lower end of dew [NH4+] and pH observations reported in the literature. Ambient dew mass (in g m−2) was monitored with a dewmeter, which continuously measured the mass of a tray containing artificial turf representative of the grass canopy to track the accumulation and evaporation of dew. Simultaneous measurements of ambient NH3 indicated that a morning increase in NH3 was coincident in time with dew evaporation and that either a plateau or decrease in NH3 occurred once the dew had completely evaporated. This morning increase in NH3 was never observed on mornings without surface wetness (neither dew nor rain, representing one-quarter of mornings during the study period). Dew composition was used to determine an average Frac(NH3) of 0.94, suggesting that nearly all NH4+ is released back to the boundary layer as NH3 during evaporation at this site. An average NH3 emission of 6.2 ng m−2 s−1 during dew evaporation was calculated using total dew volume (Vdew) and evaporation time (tevap) and represents a significant morning flux in a non-fertilized grassland. Assuming a boundary layer height of 150 m, the average mole ratio of NH4+ in dew to NH3 in the boundary layer at sunrise is roughly 1.6 ± 0.7. Furthermore, the observed loss of NH3 during nights with dew is approximately equal to the observed amount of NH4+ sequestered in dew at the onset of evaporation. Hence, there is strong evidence that dew is both a significant night-time reservoir and strong morning source of NH3. The possibility of rain evaporation as a source of NH3, as well as dew evaporation influencing species of similar water solubility (acetic acid, formic acid, and HONO), is also discussed. If release of NH3 from dew and rain evaporation is pervasive in many environments, then estimates of NH3 dry deposition and NHx ( ≡  NH3 + NH4+) wet deposition may be overestimated by models that assume that all NHx deposited in rain and dew remains at the surface.
Contribution of previous year's leaf N and soil N uptake to current year's leaf growth in sessile oak
Authors: Bazot Stephane , Fresneau Chantal , Damesin Claire , Barthes Laure 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The origin of N which contributes to the synthesis of N reserves of in situ forest trees in autumn and to the growth of new organs the following spring is currently poorly documented. To characterize the metabolism of various possible N sources (plant N and soil N), six distinct 20-year-old sessile oaks were 15N labelled by spraying 15NH415NO3: (i) on leaves in May, to label the N pool remobilized in the autumn for synthesis of reserves, (ii) on soil in the autumn, to label the N pool taken up from soil and (iii) on soil at the beginning of the following spring, to label the N pool taken up from soil in the spring. The partitioning of 15N in leaves, twigs, phloem, xylem, fine roots, rhizospheric soil and microbial biomass was followed during two growing seasons. Results showed a significant incorporation of 15N into the soil–tree system; more than 30 % of the administered 15N was recovered. Analysis of the partitioning clearly revealed that in autumn, roots' N reserves were formed from foliage 15N (73 %) and to a lesser extent from soil 15N (27 %). The following spring, 15N used for the synthesis of new leaves came first from 15N stored during the previous autumn, mainly from 15N reserves formed from foliage (95 %). Thereafter, when leaves were fully expanded, 15N uptake from the soil during the previous autumn and before budburst contributed to the formation of new leaves (60 %).
Technical note: Improving the AWAT filter with interpolation schemes for advanced processing of high resolution data
Authors: Peters Andre , Nehls Thomas , Wessolek Gerd 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Weighing lysimeters with appropriate data filtering yield the most precise and unbiased information for precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (ET). A recently introduced filter scheme for such data is the AWAT (Adaptive Window and Adaptive Threshold) filter (Peters et al., 2014). The filter applies an adaptive threshold to separate significant from insignificant mass changes, guaranteeing that P and ET are not overestimated, and uses a step interpolation between the significant mass changes. In this contribution we show that the step interpolation scheme, which reflects the resolution of the measuring system, can lead to unrealistic prediction of P and ET, especially if they are required in high temporal resolution. We introduce linear and spline interpolation schemes to overcome these problems. To guarantee that medium to strong precipitation events abruptly following low or zero fluxes are not smoothed in an unfavourable way, a simple heuristic selection criterion is used, which attributes such precipitations to the step interpolation. The three interpolation schemes (step, linear and spline) are tested and compared using a data set from a grass-reference lysimeter with 1 min resolution, ranging from 1 January to 5 August 2014. The selected output resolutions for P and ET prediction are 1 day, 1 h and 10 min. As expected, the step scheme yielded reasonable flux rates only for a resolution of 1 day, whereas the other two schemes are well able to yield reasonable results for any resolution. The spline scheme returned slightly better results than the linear scheme concerning the differences between filtered values and raw data. Moreover, this scheme allows continuous differentiability of filtered data so that any output resolution for the fluxes is sound. Since computational burden is not problematic for any of the interpolation schemes, we suggest always using the spline scheme.
A collocation method for solving the fractional calculus of variation problems
Authors: Ahmadi Mohammad Reza , Nasiri Mitra 
Published: June 2016

In this paper we use a family of Muntz polynomials and a computational technique based on the collocation method to solve the calculus variation problem. This approach is utilizedto reduce the solution of linear and nonlinear fractional order dierential equations to the solution of a system of algebraic equations. Thus we can obtain a good approximation evenby using a smaller of collocation points.
Some fixed point results in dislocated probability
Authors: Shams Maryam , Shayanpour Hamid , Ehsanzadeh Fatame 
Published: June 2016

In this work, we shall give some new results about generalized common fixed point theorems for two mappings $ f : X\rightarrow X$ and $ T : X^{k}\rightarrow X$ , where $X$ is dislocated probability quasi Menger metric space (briefly $DP_{q}$M-Space) or dislocated probability Menger metric space (briefly, $DPM$-Space). Our result extends and generalizes many well known results.
On Zweier generalized difference ideal convergent sequences in a locally convex space defined by Musielak-Orlicz function
Authors: Hazarika Bipan , Tamanag Karan 
Published: June 2016

Let $\mathbf{M}=(M_k)$ be a Musielak-Orlicz function. In this article, we introduce a new class of ideal convergent sequence spaces defined by Musielak-Orlicz function, using an infinite matrix, and a generalized difference matrix operator $B_{(i)}^{p}$ in locally convex spaces. We investigate some linear topological structures and algebraic properties of these spaces. We obtainsome relations related to these sequence spaces.
Pathway fractional integral operators of generalized k-wright function and k4-function
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Saxena Ram Kishore , Daiya Jitendra 
Published: June 2016

In the present work we introduce a composition formula of the pathway fractional integration operator with finite product of generalized K-Wright function and K4-function. The obtained results are in terms of generalized Wright function.Certain special cases of the main results given here are also considered to correspond with some known and new (presumably) pathway fractional integral formulas.
Vi trenger longitudinelle epidemiologiske undersøkelser av psykiske lidelser og utviklingsforstyrrelser hos barn
Authors: Gjærum Bente , Nøvik Torunn S. 
Published: June 2016

sAMMENDRAGArtikkelen gjennomgår nyere forekomststudier for utviklings- og atferdsforstyrrelser, nevrologiske og psykiskelidelser hos barn og ungdom. Forfatterne peker på den betydelige komorbiditet som sees for disse grupperav tilstander, og den tverrfaglige bredde som synes nødvendig for å forstå hvilke faktorer og mekanismer sompåvirker barns utvikling og psykiske helse. I tillegg refereres nyere forskning på forløp og varighet vedavvikende utvikling i oppveksten, samt eksempler på undersøkelser av beskyttelsesfaktorer såvel som genetiskefaktorer av betydning for å forstå de typer tilstander som her er fokusert. Til slutt nevnes de muligheteneulike typer prospektiv, epidemiologisk forskning i et utviklingsperspektiv vil gi til en bedret forståelse avårsaks- og utviklingsforhold, samt forløp og prognose for disse tilstandene. Slik kunnskap antas å ville gibedre muligheter til samfunnsmessig planlegging av forebyggende arbeid og individuell behandling.Gjærum B, Nøvik TS. There is a need for longitudinal studies of psychiatric and developmentaldisorders in children. ENGLISH SUMMARYThis article reviews recent prevalence studies of developmental and behavioural disorders, and neurologicaland psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. The authors highlight the degree of comorbidity amongthese conditions and emphasize the complexity of models that should be used in order to understand howdifferent factors and mechanisms affect children's development and mental health. Further, studies of courseand duration of deviant development in childhood, studies of protective factors and contributions frombehavioural genetic studies to the understanding of these conditions, are addressed. Finally, the authorsdiscuss the possibility of using prospective, epidemiological studies in a developmental perspective in order tounderstand etiological and developmental factors, course and prognosis. Such knowledge would lay thefoundations for planning preventive interventions and individual treatment.
Homocystein og livsstil. Resultater fra Homocysteinundersøkelsen i Hordaland 1992-1993
Authors: Nygård Ottar , Refsum Helga , Ueland Per Magne , Tverdal Aage , Vollset Stein Emil 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGTotal homocystein (tHcy) er etablert som risikofaktor for hjerte- og karsykdom. Vi har studert determinanterav plasma tHcy i et utvalg av den voksne norske befolkning basert på undersøkelse utført av Statenshelseundersøkelser i samarbeid med Universitetet i Bergen i 1992-1993. Data ble innhentet ved kliniskundersøkelse, utfylling av tre spørreskjema og ved blodtester. I alt 18 043 personer i alderen 40-67 år møttetil undersøkelse og fikk målt plasma tHcy. Plasma folat, plasma kobalamin og 677C →T mutasjonen i genetfor metylentetrahydrofolatreduktase (MTHFR) er bestemt i et underutvalg på 329 personer og på personermed svært høye tHcy verdier ( ≥ 40 μmol/L). Resultatene fra Homocysteinundersøkelsen i Hordaland harvist at kjønn, alder, folatinntak, røykevaner og kaffeforbruk er de sterkeste determinanter for plasma tHcynivå, mens kobalamininntak, fysisk aktivitet, blodtrykk og kolesterolnivå er mindre sterke determinanter.Bruk av multivitaminer eller B-vitaminer er forbundet med spesielt lave tHcy nivåer. Personer med tHcy ≥40 μmol/L er karakterisert ved høy forekomst (73%) av homozygositet for 677C →T mutasjonen i MTHFRgenet og lavt folatnivå. Vi konkluderer derfor med at livsstil og etablerte risikofaktorer for hjerte- ogkarsykdom er vesentlige for nivået av plasma tHcy i den generelle voksne norske befolkning.Nygård O, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Tverdal A, Vollset SE. Homocysteine and lifestyle. The HordalandHomocysteine Study. Nor J Epidemiol 1997; 7 (2): 221-224.ENGLISH SUMMARYTotal homocysteine (tHcy) concentration is an established cardiovascular risk factor. We have studieddeterminants of plasma tHcy among 18 043 subjects aged 40-67 years from Hordaland county in WesternNorway who participated in a health screening programme in 1992-1993. Gender, age, folate intake,smoking habits and coffee consumption are the strongest determinants of plasma tHcy level, whereascobalamin intake, physical activity, blood pressure and total cholesterol level are weaker determinants. Useof multivitamins or B-vitamin supplements are associated with particularly low tHcy levels. In patients withseverely elevated tHcy ( ≥ 40 μmol/L, n=67), the combination of homozygosity for the 677C→T mutation inthe methylenetetrahydrofolate gene and low plasma folate levels is a dominant finding whereas a minorproportion has overt cobalamin deficiency. We conclude that lifestyle and established cardiovascular riskfactors are important determinants of the plasma tHcy level in an adult Norwegian population.
22 år med hjerte- og karundersøkelser i norske fylker. Bør vi være tilfreds med den utviklingen risikofaktorene har hatt?
Authors: Wøien Gunhild , Øyen Odd , Graff-Iversen Sidsel 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGPå grunnlag av resultater fra Statens helseundersøkelsers hjerte- og karundersøkelser kan vi beskrive utviklingenfor risikofaktorer hos 40-42-åringer i 18 fylker 1974-96. I tre fylker som hadde de første undersøkelsene i1974-76 sank nivået for totalkolesterol med 0,4-0,9 mmol/l til 1993-96. I to av disse tre fylkene inntraff enmidlertidig stigning med 0,1-0,3 mmol/l fra 1980-81 til 1985-86. Systolisk og diastolisk blodtrykk har endretseg lite. Det har vært en reduksjon i andel dagligrøykere blant menn på 10-12 prosentpoeng i perioden 1974-76 til 1993-96, mens kvinner har hatt en økning på 2-5 prosentpoeng. Vekt og kroppsmasseindeks hos mennhar økt i alle fylkene. Hos kvinner var det en nedgang i tiden fra 1970-årene til midten av 1980-årene, mensenere en økning i alle de 18 fylkene. Er dette en utvikling vi bør være tilfreds med? Til sammenligning vardet i Finland fra 1972 til 1992 en noe større reduksjon av kolesterol, betydelige reduksjoner i blodtrykksnivåog større reduksjon i andel røykere blant menn. Vi har noe å lære av forebyggende arbeid i Finland, spesieltnår det gjelder hypertensjon og røyking.Wøien G, Øyen O, Graff-Iversen S. 22 years of cardiovascular surveys in Norwegian counties. Is thedevelopment in risk factors satisfactory? Nor J Epidemiol 1997; 7 (2): 255-266. ENGLISH SUMMARYBased on data from the cardiovascular screening programme performed by the National Health ScreeningService, we can describe the trends in risk factors for men and women age 40-42 in 18 counties during theperiod 1974-96. The total cholesterol level in three counties decreased by 0.4-0.9 mmol/l from 1974-76 to1993-96. Two of the counties that were screened had an increase of 0.1-0.3 mmol/l from 1980-81 to 1985-86,and then levelled out in 1990. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure show small reductions only. There has alsobeen a reduction in percentage male daily smokers of 10-12 percentage points during the period 1974-76 to1993-96. The females have had an increase of 2-5 percentage points. Weight and body mass index increased inmen during the period of examinations. In women, the mean body mass index decreased from the 1970s untilthe middle of the 1980s, but during the last 10 years there has been increasing mean values in all the 18counties. In comparison, Finland had a larger reduction in cholesterol from 1972 to 1992 than Norway, aconsiderable reduction in blood pressure and a higher reduction in smoking among men. We might have somethingto learn from the Finnish preventive strategies, especially when it comes to hypertension and smoking.
The Unexamined Life and Surface Pleasures
Authors: Stuhr John J. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
In this article, I begin by examining critically the Socratic claim that the unexamined life is not worth living. I identify three clusters of problems with this claim. I then consider the consequences of these problems by contemplating a different view of the relation of self-knowledge to the good life. For purposes of illustration, I draw on the film version of the well-known novel Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. In particular, I consider the significance and the limits of a central idea in this film—the notion of an overpaint (literally a painting that has been painted over) and the claim that not knowing what is beneath the overpaint can be enjoyable. I develop this idea with reference to the philosophies of William James and Gilles Deleuze and conclude by describing the ways in which this view reorients the practice of philosophy from wisdom (sophia) to practical intelligence (freeness).
Rapping Honestly: NaS, Nietzsche, and the Moral Prejudices of Truth
Authors: Mubirumusoke Mukasa 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
This article explores a modern manifestation of the will to truth, the artistry of rap music, and their controversial convergence in America. All too often rap lyrics are interpreted as the celebration and even permissible testimony of the presumed criminal lifestyles of black people in America. In particular, the aggressive lyrics expressed in the subgenre “gangsta rap” have been used as confirmation for a singular truth narrative perpetuated by the media that blacks are inherently criminal and violent. However, Friedrich Nietzsche offers a thorough critique of the singular self-sustaining conception of truth and in its place suggests a healthier, more accurate, conception of honesty that embraces the fluctuating and interactive nature of identity, narrative, and life. Using Nietzsche's critique of truth, I argue that traditional interpretations of gangsta rap are buttressed by a singular narrative of truth that aims to perpetuate antiblack racial sentiments and consequently they overlook the nuanced critique of these sentiments that is achieved through alternative narration. Focusing on the rap artist NaS, I argue that the lyrical prowess he displays in his songs ultimately troubles the singular truth narrative in a way that expresses the type of honesty that Nietzsche champions.
Health promotion for young patients with haemophilia
Authors: Stanek Frank-Detlef , Gabriel Holger , Kentouche Karim , Sondermann Judith , Herbsleb Marco 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe haemophilia treatment centre of the Clinic for Children and Youth Medicine in Jena extends medical care by health-promotion measures, namely: health counselling, adjuvant exercise therapy and school sports. In addition to the regular medical checks at the treatment centre patients are examined regarding physical fitness, joint situation, quality of life in general and disease-specific manner, as well as psycho-social and nutritional behaviour. Findings and medical results of the examinations are integrated into an individual advice on therapy, school sports, and health recommendations. This aimed at strengthening health-related resources and minimizing potential injuries. First long-term evaluation shows an increase of activity behaviour and physical fitness without increasing bleeding rate and maintained joint function. Conclusion: Combining functional prevention diagnostics and individual health counselling shows signs of improved patient’s health knowledge, self-competence and physical fitness.
Comparative Study of Univariate Spectrophotometry and Multivariate Calibration for the Determination of Levamisole Hydrochloride and Closantel Sodium in a Binary Mixture
Authors: Abdel-Aziz Omar , Hussien Emad M , El Kosasy Amira M , Ahmed Neven 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Six simple, accurate, reproducible, and selective derivative spectrophotometric and chemometric methods have been developed and validated for the determination of levamisole HCl (Lev) either alone or in combination with closantel sodium (Clo) in the pharmaceutical dosage form. Lev was determined by first-derivative, first-derivative ratio, and mean-centering methods by measuring the peak amplitude at 220.8, 243.8, and 210.4 nm, respectively. The methods were linear over the concentration range 2.0–10.0 μg/mL Lev. The methods exhibited a high accuracy, with recovery data within ±1.9% and RSD &lt;1.3% (n = 9) for the determination of Lev in the presence of Clo. Fortunately, Lev showed no significant UV absorbance at 370.6 nm, which allowed the determination of Clo over the concentration range 16.0–80.0 μg/mL using zero-order spectra, with a high precision (RSD &lt;1.5%, n = 9). Furthermore, principal component regression and partial least-squares with optimized parameters were used for the determination of Lev in the presence of Clo. The recovery was within ±1%, with RSD &lt;1.0% (n = 9) and root mean square error of prediction ≤1.0. The proposed methods were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The proposed methods were used in the determination of Lev and Clo in a binary mixture and a pharmaceutical formulation, with high accuracy and precision.
Determination of Phosphorus and Potassium in Commercial Inorganic Fertilizers by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2015.18
Authors: Thiex Nancy J 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A previously validated method for the determination of both citrate–EDTA-soluble P and K and acid-soluble P and K in commercial inorganic fertilizers by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry was submitted to the expert review panel (ERP) for fertilizers for consideration of First Action Official MethodSM status. The ERP evaluated the single-laboratory validation results and recommended the method for First Action Official Method status and provided recommendations for achieving Final Action. Validation materials ranging from 4.4 to 52.4% P2O5 (1.7–22.7% P) and 3–62% K2O (2.5–51.1% K) were used for the validation. Recoveries from validation materials for citrate-soluble P and K ranged from 99.3 to 124.9% P and from 98.4 to 100.7% K. Recoveries from validation materials for acid-soluble “total” P and K ranged from 95.53 to 99.40% P and from 98.36 to 107.28% K. Values of r for citrate-soluble P and K, expressed as RSD, ranged from 0.28 to 1.30% for P and from 0.41 to 1.52% for K. Values of r for total P and K, expressed as RSD, ranged from 0.71 to 1.13% for P and from 0.39 to 1.18% for K. Based on the validation data, the ERP recommended the method (with alternatives for the citrate-soluble and the acid-soluble extractions) for First Action Official Method status and provided recommendations for achieving Final Action status.