bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visionäre und Alltagshelden – Zur kulturellen und technologischen Relevanz des Bauingenieurwesens
Authors: Möller Eberhard 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDas Oskar von Miller Forum in München präsentiert vom 10. November 2017 bis zum 14. Januar 2018 eine Ausstellung mit dem Titel „Visionäre und Alltagshelden. Ingenieure – Bauen – Zukunft” in Kooperation mit dem M:AI Museum für Architektur und Ingenieurkunst NRW. Als Erfinder, Gestalter, Unternehmer und Macher stellen Ingenieurinnen und Ingenieure im Bauwesen die Erfüllung der Grundbedürfnisse der Gesellschaft sicher. Die Ausstellung setzt sich zum Ziel, den Beruf von Bauingenieurinnen und ‐ingenieuren sowie die Bauwirtschaft selbst als eine der Schlüsselindustrien in wirtschaftlicher, sozialer und gesellschaftlicher Hinsicht zu zeigen. Gleichzeitig wird der spannende und vielseitige Leistungsumfang der Ingenieurinnen und Ingenieure und damit auch der Bauwirtschaft in allen Facetten dargestellt: faszinierend, umfassend, innovativ und lösungsorientiert. Von der Historie kommend mit dem Schwerpunkt auf aktuellen Projekten werden Ingenieurpersönlichkeiten, ihre Netzwerke und Innovationen sowie herausragende Bauwerke vor dem Hintergrund der jeweiligen gesellschaftlichen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Einflüsse in Szene gesetzt.
Überblick zur Anwendung reaktiver Brandschutzsysteme auf Stahlzuggliedern
Authors: Häßler Dustin , Hothan Sascha 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDie Feuerwiderstandsdauer von ungeschützten Stahlbauteilen lässt sich durch den Einsatz reaktiver Brandschutzsysteme (RBS) signifikant erhöhen. Durch den profilfolgenden Auftrag der Brandschutzbeschichtung und die hierfür erforderlichen geringen Trockenschichtdicken, welche in der Regel nur wenige Millimeter betragen, können neben den brandschutztechnischen Anforderungen auch die an die Stahlkonstruktion gestellten gestalterischen Ansprüche erfüllt werden. Kommt es zu einem Brand, schäumt das reaktive Brandschutzsystem auf und bildet eine thermische Schutzschicht um das Stahlbauteil aus. Dadurch wird die Erwärmung des Stahls verlangsamt und der Festigkeitsverlust infolge Temperatur wird verzögert. Die Verwendung von reaktiven Brandschutzsystemen auf Stahlbauteilen wird durch Zulassungen geregelt. In Bezug auf den durch die Zulassung geregelten Anwendungsbereich von reaktiven Brandschutzsystemen auf zugbeanspruchten Stahlbauteilen haben sich in den vergangenen Jahren verschiedene Änderungen ergeben. Der nachfolgende Beitrag gibt hierzu einen aktuellen Überblick und beschreibt die Hintergründe, welche zu den neuen Regelungen geführt haben. Ferner erfolgt in diesem Zusammenhang ein Ausblick auf noch zu untersuchende Fragestellungen, welche bisher noch nicht durch die Regelungen in den Zulassungen abgedeckt werden. Bei den nachfolgenden Ausführungen handelt es sich um einen Auszug des Beitrages für die 18. EIPOS‐Sachverständigentage Brandschutz [1].
Concise Review: Optimized Strategies for Stem Cell-Based Therapy in Myocardial Repair: Clinical Translatability and Potential Limitation
Authors: Wu Rongrong , Hu Xinyang , Wang Jian'an 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIschemic heart diseases (IHDs) remain major public health problems with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite significant advances, current therapeutic approaches are unable to rescue the extensive and irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes caused by severe ischemia. Over the past 16 years, stem cell-based therapy has been recognized as an innovative strategy for cardiac repair/regeneration and functional recovery after IHDs. Although substantial preclinical animal studies using a variety of stem/progenitor cells have shown promising results, there is a tremendous degree of skepticism in the clinical community as many stem cell trials do not confer any beneficial effects. How to accelerate stem cell-based therapy toward successful clinical application attracts considerate attention. However, many important issues need to be fully addressed. In this Review, we have described and compared the effects of different types of stem cells with their dose, delivery routes, and timing that have been routinely tested in recent preclinical and clinical findings. We have also discussed the potential mechanisms of action of stem cells, and explored the role and underlying regulatory components of stem cell-derived secretomes/exosomes in myocardial repair. Furthermore, we have critically reviewed the different strategies for optimizing both donor stem cells and the target cardiac microenvironments to enhance the engraftment and efficacy of stem cells, highlighting their clinical translatability and potential limitation.
In this issue of Weather
Authors: Galvin Jim 
Published: January 2018

Although we may have an image of snow as a typical feature of winter in Britain, its occurrence is variable and, of course, few records go back beyond the establishment of formal observation networks, little more than 100 years ago. However, we are fortunate that keen amateur observers, as well as many parish records, included the occurrence of snow. The establishment of a long‐term climatological series is also important to our growing knowledge of climate change. The winter of 1614/15 (new calendar) saw deep snow in many areas, as revealed by Lucy Veale, Georgina Endfield and James Bowen in ‘The “Great Snow” of winter 1614/1615 in England’, beginning on p. 3.Large bodies of water often remain relatively warm well into the winter months – not least the Caspian Sea, the main inland water body of western Asia. The surrounding continent becomes very cold by the end of January, but the southern Caspian Sea may be more than 10 degC warmer, remaining unfrozen. This is a great source of humidity for convection, and potentially unstable northeasterly air masses may bring significant snow to its southwestern coasts. This was the case in winter 2014, as described by Parvin Ghafarian, Nafiseh Pegahfar and Elaheh Owlad in ‘Multiscale analysis of lake‐effect snow over the southwest coast of the Caspian Sea (31 January‐5 February 2014)’ on p. 9.Snowfall is a feature of winter on the slopes of the Himalaya. As elsewhere, accumulations and its significance vary. However, Kashmir experienced significant snowfall, causing loss of life and damage at this time last year. This is described by Mohammd Rafiq and Anoop Kumar Mishra in ‘A study of heavy snowfall in Kashmir, India in January 2017’ on p. 15.On p. 20, we move on to look at the effect of a mid‐latitude storm. Storms bring not only strong winds, but usually, copious rainfall and the associated risk of floods. This was the case from the storm of 22–24 December 2013 in the British Isles. The study by Bruno de Campos and Vanessa Silveira Barreto Carvalho, ‘The effect of the Welsh mountains on rainfall distribution over Wales and England: a case study of a severe extratropical storm’ looks at the role of orography in the development and amount of rainfall.The Yellow River and its tributaries occupy much of northern China, rising high in the mountains of Qing‐Hi, meandering eastwards into the East China Sea. On p. 27, ‘Spatio‐temporal temperature variations in the Chinese Yellow River basin from 1981 to 2013’ by Lei Wu, Xia Liu and Xiaoyi Ma studies this area, mapping temperature changes across the area in recent times.
Enterprise dynamics and employment growth
Authors: Corley‐Coulibaly Marva , Kizu Takaaki , Manrique Elizabeth Echeverria , Hiriyur Salonie 
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates how employment outcomes vary with respect to firm size, age and sector and over time. It provides an in‐depth analysis of formal private sector enterprises in 132 developing, emerging and developed economies by identifying the types of firms (by size and age) that created and destroyed jobs during the pre‐ and post‐crisis periods. The chapter finds that both firm size and age are related to the employment situation. In particular, relative toSMEs, large enterprises are the principal source of employment in the formal private sector. ButSMEs and young firms are more dynamic than large firms, both with respect to employment growth and as an important source of employment and firm ownership, particularly women. Since the crisis, for certain types of employment the contribution of young firms andSMEs has declined, owing in part to the faster rate of job destruction seen inSMEs relative to large enterprises. Finally, region‐specific (and by extension country‐specific) characteristics play a stronger role in influencing firm size than the specific sectoral composition.These findings shed light on the importance of an enabling environment for enterprise survival and growth. Indeed, there is a need for policies to better promoteSMEs’ and young firms’ access to resources, particularly in the post‐crisis era.
Identification as a Mutation Carrier and Effects on Life According to Experiences of Finnish Male BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers
Authors: Kajula Outi , Kuismin Outi , Kyngäs Helvi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractEarlier studies have explored post‐identification experiences of male BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, but more detailed knowledge of both their experiences and effects of identification as a carrier on their lives is required to improve genetic counseling. Thus, the aim of this study was to acquire deeper and broader insights into their experiences. Qualitative data were collected from theme‐based interviews with 31 men carrying BRCA1/2 mutations in Finland, and analyzed using inductive content analysis. Three categories of the participants’ responses to identification as BRCA1/2 mutation carriers were identified (personal, offspring‐related and related to other relatives), mainly concerning issues associated with cancer, hereditary transmission of their mutations, and life decisions. Although there were many neutral responses regarding the issues, there were also strong emotional reactions and cancer worries. Identification as a carrier also had several effects on participants’ lifestyles, including adoption of healthier and disease‐preventing behavior, and social well‐being, such as family planning and attitudes to life. The results provide detailed information about several aspects of male BRCA1/2 mutation carriers’ experiences, which could be used to develop a tentative model of tailored genetic counseling for them.
Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey for an optical counterpart of GW170817
Authors: Tominaga Nozomu , Tanaka Masaomi , Morokuma Tomoki , Utsumi Yousuke , Yamaguchi Masaki S , Yasuda Naoki , Tanaka Masayuki , Yoshida Michitoshi , Fujiyoshi Takuya , Furusawa Hisanori , Kawabata Koji S , Lee Chien-Hsiu , Motohara Kentaro , Ohsawa Ryou , Ohta Kouji , Terai Tsuyoshi , Abe Fumio , Aoki Wako , Asakura Yuichiro , Barway Sudhanshu , Bond Ian A , Fujisawa Kenta , Honda Satoshi , Ioka Kunihito , Itoh Youichi , Kawai Nobuyuki , Kim Ji Hoon , Koshimoto Naoki , Matsubayashi Kazuya , Miyazaki Shota , Saito Tomoki , Sekiguchi Yuichiro , Sumi Takahiro , Tristram Paul J ,   the J-GEM collaboration
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe perform a z-band survey for an optical counterpart of the binary neutron star coalescence GW170817 with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam. Our untargeted transient search covers 23.6 deg2 corresponding to the 56.6% credible region of GW170817 and reaches the 50% completeness magnitude of 20.6 mag on average. As a result, we find 60 candidate extragalactic transients, including J-GEM17btc (also known as SSS17a/DLT17ck). While J-GEM17btc is associated with NGC 4993, which is firmly located inside the 3D skymap of GW170817, the other 59 candidates do not have distance information in the GLADE v2 catalog or NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Among 59 of the candidates, 58 are located at the center of extended objects in the Pan-STARRS1 catalog, while one candidate has an offset. We present location, z-band apparent magnitude, and time variability of the candidates and evaluate the probabilities that they are located within the 3D skymap of GW170817. The probability for J-GEM17btc is 64%, which is much higher than for the other 59 candidates (9.3 × 10−3–2.1 × 10−1%). Furthermore, the possibility that at least one of the other 59 candidates is located within the 3D skymap is only 3.2%. Therefore, we conclude that J-GEM17btc is the most likely and distinguished candidate to be the optical counterpart of GW170817.
The Politics of Narcotic Medicines in Early Twentieth-Century South Africa
Authors: Waetjen Thembisa 
Published: January 2018

Summary
Controls over trade and consumption of narcotic medicines emerged as both a concern and emblem of progressive governance around the turn of the twentieth century. This article traces political struggles over drugs regulation in the case of colonial South Africa. It focuses on two parallel streams of law-making by the British occupation regime in the Transvaal, following the Anglo-Boer war. Controversies over the availability of traditional ‘Dutch medicines’ to Boer farmers and prohibitions of certain patent medicines to African consumers were elements of, and contradictions within, the process of building a modern pharmaceutical economy. An influx to the region of new curatives coincided with the growth of vernacular newspapers as well as temperance campaigns. Working to nurture white national cohesion and support a mining industry premised on unskilled black labour, the South African state created race-based drugs controls. These developments proved significant to regulatory statecraft later in the century.
Genome analysis and data sharing informs timing of molecular events in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour
Authors: Quevedo Rene , Spreafico Anna , Bruce Jeff , Danesh Arnavaz , Giesler Amanda , Hanna Youstina , Have Cherry , Li Tiantian , Yang S.Y. Cindy , Zhang Tong , Asa Sylvia L. , Haibe-Kains Benjamin , Kamel-Reid Suzanne , Krzyzanowska Monika , Smith Adam , Singh Simron , Siu Lillian L. , Pugh Trevor J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNeuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare, slow growing cancers that present in a diversity of tissues. To understand molecular underpinnings of gastrointestinal (GINET) and pancreatic NETs (PNETs), we profiled 45 tumours combining exome, RNA, and shallow whole genome sequencing, as well as fluorescent in situ hybridization. In addition to expected somatic mutations and copy number alterations, we found that PNETs contained a highly consistent copy neutral loss-of-heterozygosity (CN-LOH) profile affecting over half of the genome; a greater percentage than any cancer analyzed to date. Our data indicates that onset of extreme autozygosity may be progressive, associated with metastasis, and initially triggered by the loss ofDAXX/ATRX, and subsequent biallelic loss ofMEN1. We confirmed this molecular timing model using targeted clinical sequencing data from an additional 43 NETs made available by the AACR GENIE project. Against this background of CN-LOH, several chromosomal regions consistently retained heterozygosity, suggesting selection for crucial allele-specific components specific to PNET progression and potential new therapeutic targets.Statement of significanceWe have discovered that pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours contain a characteristic pattern of copy neutral loss-of-heterozygosity affecting the majority of the genome following mutations ofMEN1andATRX/DAXX. Against this background of loss-of-heterozygosity, specific genomic regions are consistently retained and may therefore contain vulnerable therapeutic targets for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.
Massive postglacial gene flow between European white oaks uncovered genes underlying species barriers
Authors: Leroy Thibault , Rougemont Quentin , Dupouey Jean-Luc , Bodénès Catherine , Lalanne Céline , Belser Caroline , Labadie Karine , Le Provost Grégoire , Aury Jean-Marc , Kremer Antoine , Plomion Christophe 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOaks are dominant forest tree species widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, where they constitute natural resources of economic, ecological, social and historical value. Hybridization and adaptive introgression have long been thought to be major drivers of their ecological success. Thus, the maintenance of species barriers remains a key question, given the extent of interspecific gene flow. In this study, we scanned the genomes of four European white oak species for reproductive barriers. We identified the ecological and phylogenic relationships of these species and inferred a long-term strict isolation followed by a recent and extensive postglacial contact. Then, we made use of the tremendous genetic variation among these species (31 million SNPs) to identify genomic regions for reproductive isolation. A literature-based functional annotation of the underlying genes highlighted important functions driving the reproductive isolation between these sister species. These functions were consistent with their ecological preferences and included tolerance to biotic and abiotic constraints. This study holds important implications for the renewal of European forests under global warming.
Systematic Analyses of Autosomal Recombination Rates from the 1000 Genomes Project Uncovers the Global Recombination Landscape in Humans
Authors: Manu Shivakumara , Acharya Kshitish K , Thiyagarajan Saravanamuthu 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTBackgroundMeiotic recombination plays an important role in evolution by shuffling different alleles along the chromosomes, thus generating the genetic diversity across generations that is vital for adaptation. The plasticity of recombination rates and presence of hotspots of recombination along the genome has attracted much attention over two decades due to their contribution to the evolution of the genome. Yet, the variation in genome-wide recombination landscape and the differences in the location and strength of hotspots across worldwide human populations remains little explored.ResultsWe make use of the untapped linkage disequilibrium (LD) based genetic maps from the 1000 Genomes Project (1KGP) to perform in-depth analyses of finescale variation in the autosomal recombination rates across 20 human populations to uncover the global recombination landscape. We have generated a detailed map of human recombination landscape comprising of a comprehensive set of 88,841 putative hotspots and 80,129 coldspots with their respective strengths across populations, about 2/3rd of which were previously unknown. We have validated and assessed the number of historical putative hotspots derived from the patterns of LD that are currently active in the contemporary populations using a recently published high-resolution pedigree-based genetic map, constructed and refined using 3.38 million crossovers from various populations. For the first time, we provide statistics regarding the conserved, shared, and unique hotspots across all the populations studied.ConclusionsOur analysis yields clusters of continental groups, reflecting their shared ancestry and genetic similarities in the recombination rates that are linked to the migratory and evolutionary histories of the populations. We provide the genomic locations and strengths of hotspots and coldspots across all the populations studied which are a valuable set of resources arising out our analyses of 1KGP data. The findings are of great importance for further research on human hotspots as we approach the dusk of retiring HapMap-based resources.
The influence of everyday events on prospective timing “in the moment”
Authors: Bangert Ashley S. , Kurby Christopher A. , Zacks Jeffrey M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe conducted two experiments to investigate how the eventfulness of everyday experiences influences people’s prospective timing ability. Specifically, we investigated whether events contained within movies of everyday activities serve as markers of time, as predicted by Event Segmentation Theory, or whether events pull attention away from the primary timing task, as predicted by the Attentional Gate theory. In the two experiments reported here, we asked participants to reproduce a previously learned 30 second target duration while watching a movie that contained eventful and uneventful intervals. In Experiment 2, reproduction also occurred during “blank movies” while watching a fixation. In both experiments, participants made shorter and more variable reproductions while simultaneously watching eventful as compared to uneventful movie intervals. Moreover, in Experiment 2, the longest reproductions were produced when participants had to watch the blank movies, which contained no events. These results support Event Segmentation Theory and demonstrate that the elapsing events during prospective temporal reproduction appear to serve as markers of temporal duration rather than distracting from the timing task.
Coronavirus S protein-induced fusion is blocked prior to hemifusion by Abl kinase inhibitors
Authors: Sisk Jeanne M. , Frieman Matthew B. , Machamer Carolyn E. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTEnveloped viruses gain entry into host cells by fusing with cellular membranes, a step required for virus replication. Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), fuse at the plasma membrane or use receptor-mediated endocytosis and fuse with endosomes depending on the cell or tissue type. The virus Spike (S) protein mediates fusion with the host cell membrane. We have shown previously that an Abl kinase inhibitor, imatinib, significantly reduces SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viral titers and prevents endosomal entry by HIV SARS S and MERS S pseudotyped virions. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are classified as BSL-3 viruses, which can make experimentation into the cellular mechanisms involved in infection more challenging. Here, we use IBV, a BSL-2 virus, as a model for studying the role of Abl kinase activity during coronavirus infection. We found that imatinib and two specific Abl kinase inhibitors, GNF2 and GNF5, reduce IBV titers by blocking the first round of virus infection. Additionally, all three drugs prevented IBV S-induced syncytia formation prior to the hemifusion step. Our results indicate that membrane fusion (both virus-cell and cell-cell) is blocked in the presence of Abl kinase inhibitors. Studying the effects of Abl kinase inhibitors on IBV will be useful in identifying host cell pathways required for coronavirus infection. This will provide insight into possible therapeutic targets to treat infections by current as well as newly emerging coronaviruses.
Consistency in predicting functions from anatomical and functional connectivity profiles across the cortical cortex
Authors: Wu Dongya , Fan Lingzhong , Jiang Tianzi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMore and more studies had used connectivity profiles to predict functions of the brain. However, whether anatomical connectivity can predict functions consistently with functional connectivity in various functional domains and whether the connectivity-function relationship is universal across the whole cortex are unknown. Using a linear model, we discovered that anatomical connectivity was comparative to functional connectivity in explaining the variance of functions in most cortical regions, with the exception that anatomical connectivity had poor explaining abilities in brain areas which had high individual task variations. In addition, anatomical connectivity were not that good at capturing individual functional differences and had less inter-subject variation than functional connectivity, however anatomical connectivity could be regarded as more stable in the perspective of parcellation. The current results provided the first comprehensive picture of the relationships between functions and connectivity in the whole human cortex at a fine-grained brain atlas.