bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree agency and urban forest governance
Authors: Konijnendijk van den Bosch Cecil C. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose– The role of urban forests and urban trees in creating vibrant and resilient cities is widely recognised. Urban forest governance as the strategic decision and rule making for urban tree resources is no longer solely the domain of governmental actors, but occurs rather often as network governance also involving businesses and civic society. However, governance theory usually does not consider the role of non-human agency, which can be considered problematic due to, for example, the important role of urban trees in place making. The purpose of this paper is to provide further insight into the importance of considering tree agency in governance.Design/methodology/approach– Taking an environmental governance and actor network theory perspective, the paper presents a critical view of current urban forest governance, extending the perspective to include not only a wide range of human actors, but also trees as important non-human actors.Findings– Urban forest governance has become more complex and involves a greater range of actors and actor networks. However, the agency of trees in urban forest governance is seldom well developed. Trees, in close association with local residents, create places, something which needs to be better recognised in governance. Case studies show that this type of non-reflexive agency of urban trees often has emerged in the case of acute threats to urban trees or woodlands. New approaches such as those of biophilic urbanism and biocultural diversity can assist with better integration of tree agency in governance.Originality/value– Urban forest governance is an emerging field of research which has seldom addressed tree agency. Thus the perspective on urban forest governance is enriched, beyond the dominant post-neoliberal and anthropocentric perspective.
Numerous intertriginous xanthomas in infant: A diagnostic clue for sitosterolemia
Authors: Yamamoto Takenobu , Matsuda Junko , Dateki Sumito , Ouchi Kazunobu , Fujimoto Wataru 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSitosterolemia is a very rare autosomal recessive lipoprotein metabolic disorder caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in one of the two adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette transporter genes, ABCG5 and ABCG8. Sitosterolemia is clinically characterized by xanthomas and atherosclerosis, arthritis, fever, hemolysis and macrothrombocytopenia even in early childhood. We described a 16‐month‐old girl, who had numerous yellowish‐brown intertriginous xanthomas along the skin creases on the extremities with severe hypercholesterolemia and elevated plant sterol levels. Histopathologically, xanthoma showed aggregation of foam cells in the dermis with a zone of mucin deposits in the dermal papilla. Electron microscopy showed numerous membrane‐bound lipid droplets and multivesicular lipid bodies in the foam cells, a round cell containing lipid droplets in the basal cell layer and abundant mucin deposits just beneath the basal lamina. Diagnosis of sitosterolemia was confirmed by DNA sequencing showing compound heterozygosity for previously reported missense mutations in exon 9 of ABCG5. Infants presenting with multiple xanthomas should be investigated for sitosterolemia, if there is no family history of dyslipidemia.
Shifts and linkages of functional diversity between above‐ and below‐ground compartments along a flooding gradient
Authors: Abgrall Corentin , Chauvat Matthieu , Langlois Estelle , Hedde Mickaël , Mouillot David , Salmon Sandrine , Winck Bruna , Forey Estelle 
Published: July 2016

SummaryTrait‐based approaches have the potential to reveal general and predictive relationships between organisms and ecosystem functioning. However, the mechanisms underlying the functional structure of communities are still unclear. Within terrestrial ecosystems, several studies have shown that many ecological processes are controlled by the interacting above‐ and below‐ground compartments. However, few studies have used traits to reveal the functional relationships between plants and soil fauna. Mostly, research combining plants and soil fauna solely used the traits of one assemblage in predictive studies.Above‐ground (plants) and below‐ground (Collembola) compartments were sampled over a flooding gradient in northern France along the Seine River. First, we measured the effect of flooding on functional and taxonomic assembly within both communities. We then considered the linkages between plant and Collembolan species richness, community traits and assessed whether traits of both compartments converged at high flooding intensity (abiotic filtering) and diverged when this constraint is released (biotic filtering).Species richness of both taxa followed the same bell‐shaped pattern along the gradient, while a similar significant pattern of functional richness was only observed for plants. Further analyses revealed a progressive shift from trait convergence to divergence for plants, but not for Collembola, as constraints intensity decreased. Instead, our results highlighted that Collembola traits were mainly linked to the variations in plant traits. This leads, within Collembola assemblages, to convergence of a subset of perception and habitat‐related traits for which the relationship with plant traits was assessed.Synthesis. Using a trait‐based approach, our study highlighted that functional relationships occur between above‐ and below‐ground compartments. We underlined that functional composition of plant communities plays a key role in structuring Collembola assemblages in addition to the role of abiotic variables. Our study clearly shows that functional diversity provides a new approach to link the above‐ and below‐ground compartments and might, therefore, be further considered when studying ecological processes at the interface between both compartments.
Association of glycaemic index and glycaemic load with metabolic syndrome in an Iranian adult population: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program
Authors: Mohammadifard Noushin , Mansourian Marjan , Sajjadi Firouzeh , Maghroun Maryam , Pourmoghaddas Ali , Yazdekhasti Narges , Sarrafzadegan Nizal 
Published: July 2016

AimThere is controversy around the clinical effects of the dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) on cardiovascular diseases risk factors such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). So, the present study was performed to evaluate the relationship between GI or GL and metabolic syndrome in an Iranian adult population in 2007.MethodsThe study was based on data from a sub‐sample of the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP), collected across three cities in central Iran, in the year 2007. This was a cross‐sectional survey of 1618 randomly selected adults aged ≥19 years. Nutritional assessment was conducted by a single 24‐hour recall questionnaire. Fasting serum lipids, anthropometric indicators and blood pressure were measured by standard methods. Analysis of covariance was used to compare metabolic syndrome components according to energy‐adjusted GI and GL levels. To expose the effect of potential confounders, hierarchical logistic regression models were utilised to determine adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI.ResultsAfter adjustment for age, gender, body mass index and energy intake, high GI was found to be significantly associated with MetS (OR 95% CI) (1.46 (1.01–2.12)). This was attenuated marginally by excluding the confounding effects of dietary fibre intake (1.29 (1.01–1.74)). All hierarchical models illustrated no significant association between energy‐adjusted GL and the risk of MetS adjusted for confounders.ConclusionsThere is a positive relationship between dietary GI, but not GL, and the presence of MetS after adjustment for potential confounders. However, studies with long duration of follow up and experimental studies are still required to confirm this relationship.
vcfr: a package to manipulate and visualize variant call format data in R
Authors: Knaus Brian J. , Grünwald Niklaus J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSoftware to call single‐nucleotide polymorphisms or related genetic variants has converged on the variant call format (VCF) as the output format of choice. This has created a need for tools to work with VCF files. While an increasing number of software exists to read VCF data, many only extract the genotypes without including the data associated with each genotype that describes its quality. We created the r package vcfr to address this issue. We developed a VCF file exploration tool implemented in the r language because r provides an interactive experience and an environment that is commonly used for genetic data analysis. Functions to read and write VCF files into r as well as functions to extract portions of the data and to plot summary statistics of the data are implemented. vcfr further provides the ability to visualize how various parameterizations of the data affect the results. Additional tools are included to integrate sequence (fasta) and annotation data (GFF) for visualization of genomic regions such as chromosomes. Conversion functions translate data from the vcfr data structure to formats used by other r genetics packages. Computationally intensive functions are implemented in C++ to improve performance. Use of these tools is intended to facilitate VCF data exploration, including intuitive methods for data quality control and easy export to other r packages for further analysis. vcfr thus provides essential, novel tools currently not available in r.
Redox stability regulates community structure of active microbes at the sediment–water interface
Authors: Frindte Katharina , Allgaier Martin , Grossart Hans‐Peter , Eckert Werner 
Published: July 2016

SummaryChanges in redox conditions occur in a wide range of microbial habitats, in particular at the sediment–water interface (SWI) of aquatic systems. A mesocosm study using intact sediment cores from Lake Stechlin (Germany) was performed to investigate the impact of redox changes on microbial communities at the SWI. The SWI was exposed to permanent oxic (OX) or anoxic (ANOX) or to variable (VR) redox conditions, and for molecular analysis sediment samples were taken at the start and after seven days of the treatment. We performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to identify redox‐specific changes in the composition of metabolically active microbes. Generally, the community of active microbes in the VR cores was similar to in the OX cores, but differed significantly from the ANOX cores. Interestingly, VR conditions resulted in a high fraction of a Crenothrix‐like microorganism increasing in read abundance from 4 to 5% initially, up to 69% over the experimental period. This implies that periodic redox fluctuations select for specific bacteria in environments such as seiches‐affected sediments of stratified lakes. In Lake Stechlin sediment cores, these redox fluctuations lead to increased activities of specific microorganisms and high organic matter turnover rates with profound implications for aquatic organic matter cycling.
Ecological genetics of Italian peach‐potato aphid (Myzus persicae) populations in relation to geography, dispersal and insecticide resistance as studied using microsatellite and resistance markers
Authors: Monti Valentina , Loxdale Hugh D. , Cesari Michele , Frattini Milo , Panini Michela , Mazzoni Emanuele , Manicardi Gian Carlo 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Eight polymorphic microsatellites and two insecticide resistance markers (kdr and R81T) were used to investigate the population genetics and demography of resistance mechanisms in field populations of the peach‐potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), a global crop pest, in several areas of Italy, notably the north‐east, aiming to determine whether these parameters are linked to population structuring resulting from insecticide selective sweeps.
Individuals collected directly from peach orchards (main primary host) in the spring, especially after control failure, revealed 90 microsatellite alleles, of which approximately one‐third were rare.
Many populations deviated from Hardy–Weinberg expectations, in a few instances as a result of null alleles. FIS values were on average negative (indicating heterozygote excess), whereas FST values (mean = 0.137) reflected moderate interpopulation gene flow, with nonstructured populations having an estimated higher level than insecticide‐treated ones. Population assignment and Mantel testing showed a non‐homogenous pattern, with some populations isolated genetically. Linkage disequilibrium was detected in four of the microsatellites and both resistance markers. Contrasting FST patterns with resistance status supported the view that some populations were indeed structured.
Neighbour‐joining trees revealed some populations to have similar insecticide resistance profiles, independent of geographical origin.
Overall, the findings reveal that the natural M. persicae populations investigated in the present study, living within an intensively cultivated agro‐ecosystem, bear the signature of such management in terms of population structuring, as well as possibly also dynamics.
Effects of the levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device on the immune microenvironment of the human cervix and endometrium
Authors: Shanmugasundaram Uma , Hilton Joan F. , Critchfield J. William , Greenblatt Ruth M. , Giudice Linda C. , Averbach Sarah , Seidman Dominika , Shacklett Barbara L. , Smith‐McCune Karen 
Published: July 2016

ProblemThere is little information regarding the impact of the intrauterine device on immune parameters of the upper female reproductive tract related to risk of HIV acquisition.Method of StudyWe collected cervical and endometrial samples from women using the hormonal intrauterine device to study its effects on endocervical cytokines/chemokine concentrations, phenotypic markers of T cells, responses of endometrial T cells to activation, and alterations of endometrial cellular infiltrates.ResultsHormonal intrauterine device use was associated with: increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (endocervix); increased coexpression of CXCR4 and CCR5 (endocervix and endometrium); increased coexpression of CD38 and HLADR (endocervix and endometrium); increased intracellular IL‐10 production after T‐cell stimulation (endometrium); and increased density of T cells, most notably regulatory T cells (endometrium).ConclusionHormonal intrauterine device use resulted in both inflammatory and immunosuppressive alterations. Further research is needed to determine the significance of these changes for HIV risk.
The Effects of Ambulatory Accelerations on the Stability of a Magnetically Suspended Impeller for an Implantable Blood Pump
Authors: Paul Gordon , Rezaienia Mohammed Amin , Rahideh Akbar , Munjiza Ante , Korakianitis Theodosios 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article describes the effects of ambulatory accelerations on the stability of a magnetically suspended impeller for use in implantable blood pumps. A magnetic suspension system is developed to control the radial position of a magnetic impeller using coils in the pump casing. The magnitude and periodicity of ambulatory accelerations at the torso are measured. A test rig is then designed to apply appropriate accelerations to the suspension system. Accelerations from 0 to 1 g are applied to the suspended impeller with ambulatory periodicity while the radial position of the impeller and power consumption of the suspension system are monitored. The test is carried out with the impeller suspended in air, water, and a glycerol solution to simulate the viscosity of blood. A model is developed to investigate the effects of the radial magnetic suspension system and fluid damping during ambulatory accelerations. The suspension system reduces the average displacement of the impeller suspended in aqueous solutions within its casing to 100 µm with a power consumption of below 2 W during higher magnitude ambulatory accelerations (RMS magnitude 0.3 g). The damping effect of the fluid is also examined and it is shown that buoyancy, rather than drag, is the primary cause of the damping at the low displacement oscillations that occur during the application of ambulatory accelerations to such a suspension system.
Improved Mood State and Absence of Sex Differences in Response to the Stress of Army Basic Combat Training
Authors: Lieberman Harris R. , Karl J. Philip , McClung James P. , Williams Kelly W. , Cable Sonya 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundIt is reported that women are more susceptible to stress than men but they have not been compared in stressful, real‐world, team‐centered, occupational/training environments. This study investigated effects of Army Basic Combat Training (BCT), a structured military training program, on the mood of young adult men and women.MethodsUsing the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire, 169 soldiers (98 men and 71 women) were assessed prior to starting BCT and after each phase of training.ResultsSignificant improvements were found in five of six subscales over the course of BCT. Men and women responded positively and similarly to BCT. POMS scores attributable to an interaction of time and each factor of sex, age group, education level, ethnicity, and race were not significantly different.ConclusionsWhen studied in the same environment and exposed to the same stressors, men and women in this study responded similarly. The positive changes in mood in both sexes during BCT appear to result from the interaction of a structured physical and cognitive training program conducted in a team‐oriented environment, and indicate that BCT enhances soldier mood similarly regardless of sex.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: ondansetron for vomiting in children with acute gastroenteritis
Authors: Tomasik E. , Ziółkowska E. , Kołodziej M. , Szajewska H. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundVomiting in children with acute gastroenteritis is a common symptom, and it is considered to be the main cause of failure of oral rehydration therapy.AimTo systematically update evidence on the effects of ondansetron (5‐HT3 serotonin antagonist) for vomiting in children with acute gastroenteritis.MethodsThe Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched up to April 2016, with no language restrictions, for randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Reference lists of reviews and included studies were examined.ResultsTen RCTs involving 1215 participants were included. Treatment with ondansetron compared with placebo increased the chance for vomiting cessation up to 1 h after drug administration, relative risk, RR, 1.49 (95% confidence interval 1.17–1.89), but there was no difference between the groups after 4, 24 and 48 h. Treatment with ondansetron compared with placebo reduced the risk of failure of oral rehydration therapy, RR 0.5 (0.37–0.69), increased the intake of oral rehydration solution in 1 h and 4 h, mean difference: 43 mL/1 h (15.5–70.5), and 91 mL/4 h (35–147), respectively, reduced the risk of hospitalisation, RR 0.53 (0.29–0.97), and reduced the need for intravenous rehydration, RR 0.45 (0.31–0.63); however, it had no effect on the need for return visits to the emergency department, RR 1.14 (0.72–1.8). Adverse effects were similar in both groups.ConclusionsCompared with placebo, ondansetron administration for vomiting in children with acute gastroenteritis can improve the efficacy of oral rehydration therapy.
Design and synthesis of 4′‐((5‐benzylidene‐2,4‐dioxothiazolidin‐3‐yl)methyl)biphenyl‐2‐carbonitrile analogs as bacterial peptide deformylase inhibitors
Authors: Khan Firoz A. Kalam , Patil Rajendra H. , Shinde Devanand B. , Sangshetti Jaiprakash N. 
Published: July 2016

Herein, we report the synthesis and screening of 4′‐((5‐benzylidene‐2,4‐dioxothiazolidin‐3‐yl)methyl)biphenyl‐2‐carbonitrile analogs 11(a–j) as bacterial peptide deformylase (PDF) enzyme inhibitors. The compounds 11b (IC50 value = 139.28 μm), 11g (IC50 value = 136.18 μm), and 11h (IC50 value = 131.65 μm) had shown good PDF inhibition activity. The compounds 11b (MIC range = 103.36–167.26 μg/mL), 11g (MIC range = 93.75–145.67 μg/mL), and 11h (MIC range = 63.61–126.63 μg/mL) had also shown potent antibacterial activity when compared with standard ampicillin (MIC range = 100.00–250.00 μg/mL). Thus, the active derivatives were not only PDF inhibitors but also efficient antibacterial agents. To gain more insight on the binding mode of the compounds with PDF enzyme, the synthesized compounds 11(a–j) were docked against PDF enzyme of Escherichia coli and compounds exhibited good binding properties. The results suggest that this class of compounds has potential for development and use in future as antibacterial drugs.
Why Children Are Not Always Epistemically Vigilant: Cognitive Limits and Social Considerations
Authors: Jaswal Vikram K. , Kondrad Robyn L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractYoung children are thought to be motivated to avoid individuals who have been wrong in the past so as to minimize the risk of being misinformed. Yet they sometimes act on testimony from formerly inaccurate informants. Most explanations for this behavior have focused on limits in children's ability to process inaccurate testimony, such as difficulty inhibiting the normally appropriate bias to believe what people say. In this article, we argue that children may also use information from formerly inaccurate informants because doing so allows them to achieve other, nonepistemic goals. Testimony not only offers children a way to learn about the world, but it also offers them a way to pursue social goals that may be separate from learning.
Alternative approaches for the treatment of airway diseases: focus on nanoparticle medicine
Authors: Ratemi E. , Sultana Shaik A. , Al Faraj A. , Halwani R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryDespite the various treatment options and international guidelines currently available for the appropriate therapeutic management of asthma, a large population of patients with asthma continues to have poorly controlled disease. There is therefore a need for novel approaches to achieve better asthma control, especially for severe asthmatics. This review discusses the use of nanoparticles for the specific targeting of inflammatory pathways as a promising approach for the effective control of severe persistent asthma as well as other chronic inflammatory diseases.
Interleukin (IL)-39 [IL-23p19/Epstein–Barr virus-induced 3 (Ebi3)] induces differentiation/expansion of neutrophils in lupus-prone mice
Authors: Wang X , Liu X , Zhang Y , Wang Z , Zhu G , Han G , Chen G , Hou C , Wang T , Ma N , Shen B , Li Y , Xiao H , Wang R 
Published: July 2016

Summary
Interleukin (IL)-12 family cytokines play critical roles in autoimmune diseases. Our previous study has shown that IL-23p19 and Epstein–Barr virus-induced 3 (Ebi3) form a new IL-12 family heterodimer, IL-23p19/Ebi3, termed IL-39, and knock-down of p19 or Ebi3 reduced diseases by transferred GL7+ B cells in lupus-prone mice. In the present study, we explore further the possible effect of IL-39 on murine lupus. We found that IL-39 in vitro and in vivo induces differentiation and/or expansion of neutrophils. GL7+ B cells up-regulated neutrophils by secreting IL-39, whereas IL-39-deficient GL7+ B cells lost the capacity to up-regulate neutrophils in lupus-prone mice and homozygous CD19cre (CD19-deficient) mice. Finally, we found that IL-39-induced neutrophils had a positive feedback on IL-39 expression in activated B cells by secreting B cell activation factor (BAFF). Taken together, our results suggest that IL-39 induces differentiation and/or expansion of neutrophils in lupus-prone mice.