bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La influencia de la experiencia en las competencias investigadoras del profesor universitario
Authors: Mas-Torelló Òscar 
Published: January 2016

Las instituciones universitarias están en un proceso de transformación, entre otros motivos por la implementación del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Estos cambios provocan alteraciones en el trabajo que desarrolla el profesor universitario, ello conlleva la necesidad de adquirir y/o desarrollar nuevas competencias para atender correctamente las nuevas funciones y tareas profesionales demandadas. Para diseñar planes de formación adecuados a las nuevas necesidades formativas y establecer referentes en los protocolos de acreditación, selección y promoción, es necesario delimitar el nuevo perfil competencial que debe atesorar este profesional para desarrollar convenientemente sus funciones docente, investigadora y gestora, considerando sus diferentes escenarios de actuación profesional y momentos de desarrollo profesional. Para delimitar el perfil competencial del profesor universitario se ha realizado una investigación fundamentalmente descriptiva que combina metodologías cuantitativas y cualitativas, triangulándose diferentes técnicas (cuestionarios, entrevistas y grupos de discusión) y fuentes de información (profesorado, expertos y alumnos). Por las lógicas limitaciones de espacio en este artículo únicamente aportamos los datos obtenidos, desde el propio profesor universitario (experto y novel) de las 4 competencias investigadoras delimitadas (diseño, desarrollo y evaluación de proyectos; organización y gestión de eventos científicos; elaboración de material científico; comunicación y difusión de conocimientos científicos) y analizamos los datos más significativos de las 30 unidades competenciales que las componen. Los resultados presentan diferencias significativas en la autopercepción del dominio competencial actual entre profesorado novel y el experimentado. Estos resultados nos ayudan a establecer áreas prioritarias de formación para el profesorado según su etapa de desarrollo profesional.
3x4: fotografia de prisão contemporânea e as representações do corpo encarcerado em duas prisões femininas de Moçambique
Authors: Martins Abranches de Sousa Camila Maissune , Monteiro Rosana Horio 
Published: January 2016

No presente artigo discutimos os modos de representação do corpo encarcerado, através da fotografia contemporânea, buscando compreender como tais representações têm dialogado com os atuais sistemas de punição prisional e, consequentemente, impulsionado uma série de discussões relativas à autoridade e ética fotográficas. Em diálogo com as visualidades prisionais do século XIX, e orientando-nos pelo conceito de performatividade fotográfica, exploramos as potencialidades interpretativas que a fotografia oferece em relação ao corpo prisional, tomando como ponto de partida algumas das imagens que compõem o projeto fotográfico 3x4, realizado em duas prisões femininas de Moçambique, em 2011. Palavras-chave:fotografia, prisão, corpo
Acceleration of degradation by highly accelerated stress test and air-included highly accelerated stress test in crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules
Authors: Suzuki Soh , Tanahashi Tadanori , Doi Takuya , Masuda Atsushi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We examined the effects of hyper-hygrothermal stresses with or without air on the degradation of crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) modules, to shorten the required duration of a conventional hygrothermal-stress test [i.e., the “damp heat (DH) stress test”, which is conducted at 85 °C/85% relative humidity for 1,000 h]. Interestingly, the encapsulant within a PV module becomes discolored under the air-included hygrothermal conditions achieved using DH stress test equipment and an air-included highly accelerated stress test (air-HAST) apparatus, but not under the air-excluded hygrothermal conditions realized using a highly accelerated stress test (HAST) machine. In contrast, the reduction in the output power of the PV module is accelerated irrespective of air inclusion in hyper-hygrothermal test atmosphere. From these findings, we conclude that the required duration of the DH stress test will at least be significantly shortened using air-HAST, but not HAST.
Structural, optical and dispersion properties of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphyrin zinc thin films
Authors: Zeyada Hamdy M. , Makhlouf Mohamed M. , Ali Mohamed A. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The thin films of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphyrin zinc, ZnTPP, were successfully prepared by the thermal evaporation technique. The structure formation and optical properties of ZnTPP thin films were studied. The surface morphology and structural characteristics of ZnTPP thin films were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. The optical constants of ZnTPP films were measured by spectrophotometer measurements of the transmittance and reflectance at a normal incidence of light in the spectral wavelength range from 200 to 2500 nm. The absorption spectrum of ZnTPP films showed four absorption bands, namely, the Q, B, N, and M bands. Anomalous dispersion was observed in the absorption region and normal dispersion occurred in the transparent region of the spectrum. We adopted the multi-oscillator and the single-oscillator models to interpret the results of anomalous and normal dispersion characteristics, respectively. The energy band gap of ZnTPP films was measured and the type of electron transition was determined to be the indirect allowed transition. The annealing process had an obvious effect on the morphology, structure, optical constants, and spectral dispersion parameters of ZnTPP thin films.
An ocean bottom seismic observatory with near real‐time telemetry
Authors: Berger J. , Laske G. , Babcock J. , Orcutt J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe describe a new technology that can provide near real‐time telemetry of sensor data from the ocean bottom without a moored buoy or a cable to shore. The breakthrough technology that makes this system possible is an autonomous surface vehicle called a Wave Glider developed by Liquid Robotics, Inc. of Sunnyvale, CA, which harvests wave and solar energy for motive and electrical power. We present results from several deployments of a prototype system that demonstrate the feasibility of this concept. We also demonstrated that a wave glider could tow a suitably designed ocean bottom package with acceptable loss of speed. With further development such a system could be deployed autonomously and provide real‐time telemetry of data from seafloor sensors.
Estimating time‐dependent connectivity in marine systems
Authors: Defne Zafer , Ganju Neil K. , Aretxabaleta Alfredo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHydrodynamic connectivity describes the sources and destinations of water parcels within a domain over a given time. When combined with biological models, it can be a powerful concept to explain the patterns of constituent dispersal within marine ecosystems. However, providing connectivity metrics for a given domain is a three‐dimensional problem: two dimensions in space to define the sources and destinations and a time dimension to evaluate connectivity at varying temporal scales. If the time scale of interest is not predefined, then a general approach is required to describe connectivity over different time scales. For this purpose, we have introduced the concept of a “retention clock” that highlights the change in connectivity through time. Using the example of connectivity between protected areas within Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, we show that a retention clock matrix is an informative tool for multitemporal analysis of connectivity.
A revised picture of the atmospheric moisture residence time
Authors: Läderach Alexander , Sodemann Harald 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRefined Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics are applied on an air mass transport climatology covering the period 1979–2013 to provide an estimate of the atmospheric moisture residence time. Our diagnostics yield an estimate of about 4–5 days for the global mean residence time, which is about half compared to depletion times that are commonly interpreted as proxies for the residence time. The discrepancies to depletion times are mainly explained by the fact that these are based on simplified representations of precipitation processes. The revised picture given by our results is supported by the overall consistency with the footprints of precipitation producing weather systems in different regions of the Earth.
Bias characterization of CrIS shortwave temperature sounding channels using fast NLTE model and GFS forecast field
Authors: Yin Mengtao 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe strong nonlocal thermal equilibrium (NLTE) emission in the upper atmosphere impedes the usage of Cross‐track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) temperature channels near 4.3 µm in the operational data assimilation. This study explores the bias characteristics of those temperature channels near 4.3 µm with and without a fast NLTE model implemented in the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM). It is shown that the biases of those temperature channels can reach up to 12 K and are dramatically reduced to below 4 K during daytime by the fast NLTE model with small differences from the nighttime biases. However, the biases after applying the NLTE correction remain large for CrIS upper atmospheric temperature channels during both daytime and nighttime. A further investigation suggests that the remaining biases in those temperature channels mainly originate from the cold biases in the stratospheric temperature profiles of National Center for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) forecasts as input to CRTM. The cold biases reach the maximum of about 8 K near the tropics at about 1 hPa, decreasing toward higher latitudes and lower altitudes.
The sensitivity of carbon exchanges in Great Plains grasslands to precipitation variability
Authors: Petrie M. D. , Brunsell N. A. , Vargas R. , Collins S. L. , Flanagan L. B. , Hanan N. P. , Litvak M. E. , Suyker A. E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn the Great Plains, grassland carbon dynamics differ across broad gradients of precipitation and temperature, yet finer‐scale variation in these variables may also affect grassland processes. Despite the importance of grasslands, there is little information on how fine‐scale relationships compare between them regionally. We compared grassland C exchanges, energy partitioning and precipitation variability in eight sites in the eastern and western Great Plains using eddy covariance and meteorological data. During our study, both eastern and western grasslands varied between an average net carbon sink and a net source. Eastern grasslands had a moderate vapor pressure deficit (VPD = 0.95 kPa) and high growing season gross primary productivity (GPP = 1010 ± 218 g C m−2 yr−1). Western grasslands had a growing season with higher VPD (1.43 kPa) and lower GPP (360 ± 127 g C m−2 yr−1). Western grasslands were sensitive to precipitation at daily timescales, whereas eastern grasslands were sensitive at monthly and seasonal timescales. Our results support the expectation that C exchanges in these grasslands differ as a result of varying precipitation regimes. Because eastern grasslands are less influenced by short‐term variability in rainfall than western grasslands, the effects of precipitation change are likely to be more predictable in eastern grasslands because the timescales of variability that must be resolved are relatively longer. We postulate increasing regional heterogeneity in grassland C exchanges in the Great Plains in coming decades.
Combustion Synthesis
Authors: Liu Guanghua , Li Jiangtao , Chen Kexin 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Combustion synthesis is used to synthesize useful materials via combustion reactions. Compared to many other material synthesis approaches, combustion synthesis is furnace‐free and more efficient, with negligible energy consumption, short processing times, large productivities, and low costs of production. The unique conditions of combustion synthesis, characterized by extremely high temperatures and rapid heating/cooling rates, offers tremendous possibilities for controlling the microstructure and synthesis of novel materials. To date, combustion synthesis has been used to produce a wide variety of inorganic materials, including metals, ceramics, and metal–ceramic composites, in different forms of powders, coatings, and bulks. Today, combustion synthesis is associated with many scientific disciplines, is applied to various industrial fields, and represents a promising branch of modern science and technology with an ever‐growing influence. In this chapter, a comprehensive introduction to combustion synthesis, from theory to practice, is provided. Initially, some basic concepts and fundamentals of the process are elucidated, with the essential parameters of combustion reactions, including adiabatic temperature, propagation velocity and stability of combustion wave, being explained based on homogeneous models. Heterogeneous and discrete combustion models are then described for heterogeneous reaction media. Finally, the reaction mechanism of combustion synthesis is discussed, along with improvements in experimental skills. The processing of combustion synthesis (and materials thus created) are also reviewed. The effects of the main parameters in routine processing of combustion synthesis are discussed for solid–solid and solid–gas reactions. Details of various hybrid processes based on combustion synthesis are then presented, with high‐gravity combustion synthesis as a particular example. Finally, solution combustion synthesis and gas combustion synthesis are introduced, with emphasis placed on the preparation of nanosized particles.
Scale‐Up in Combustion
Authors: Bolhàr‐Nordenkampf Markus 
Published: January 2016

AbstractScale‐up in combustion has been a fundamental driver in the past to utilize the economy of scale effect in industrial combustion plants. Several scaling methods have been used successfully in engineering applications to transfer the properties of smaller equipment onto larger equipment. Today, fluid dynamic scaling based on scaling criteria derived from fundamental fluid dynamic equations, describing the movement of the two‐phase medium in a fluidized bed reactor, can be performed with sufficient accuracy, using cold flow models. However, combustion scaling using laboratory data obtained from a small‐scale boiler inherits the difference that complete fluid dynamic similarity can never be obtained. In complete boiler design the main problem is the scale‐up of known features to very large sizes; scaling can then use elements already developed in similar size and employ them in multiple numbers to reach the required throughput. In bubbling fluidized bed technology the upscaling has reached a limit, while in circulating fluidized bed boilers the strong upscaling tendency shows a slower movement. The main challenges today are the substitution of an existing fuel with a more challenging counterpart, or the use of low‐grade fuel. This can cause severe problems in industrial‐sized plants, mainly in terms of fuel feeding, ash discharge, and the erosion and corrosion behaviors of the flue gases. Further challenges of today exists in the increase in pressure on the return of investment ofR&Dprojects, the high requirements on plant availability, even on prototypes, and the constant reduction inR&Dbudgets.
Smog Formation
Authors: Brimblecombe Peter 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe historic transition from wood to coal as a fuel leads to primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and soot. In addition, the Zeldovich cycle adds nitric oxides, while impurities in coal produce sulfur dioxide. By the late 19th century, winter smogs dominated the air of many cities where coal was used as a domestic fuel, and this sulfur dioxide was oxidized, acidifying the fog droplets. By contrast, modern winter smogs are often dominated by nitrogen oxides, although 21st century Northern China suffers severe winter pollution where coal makes a contribution, along with petroleum. A novel form of smog became evident in mid‐20th century Los Angeles, and involves nitrogen oxide chemistry promoted by the presence of volatile organic matter resulting from the use of petroleum‐based fuels in automobiles. As the formation of Los Angeles smog is complex, rather than to control emissions an improvement in air quality requires an understanding of atmospheric chemistry. In the past, pollution episodes have provided epidemiological evidence for enhanced death rates and respiratory complaints. However, in modern cites, fine particles that deposit deep into the lung alveoli can increase the risk of stroke or heart attack. Air pollutants can also damage building materials.
Gas Turbine Combustors
Authors: Kushari Abhijit 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGas turbine engines are widely used for power generation and aircraft propulsion due to their better efficiency, thrust‐to‐weight ratio, ease of startup and operation, and compactness. The basic gas generator, consisting of a compressor, a combustor and a turbine, is in the heart of every gas turbine engine. The compressor compresses the incoming air to which fuel is added and burned in the combustor. The turbine provides the power to operate the compressor. The design of a gas turbine combustor ensures that quite stringent and varied operational requirements are met efficiently for a wide range of operating conditions. The design also ensures complete combustion of the fuel inside a very short combustor, as well as substantially low levels of emissions per unit flow rate with respect to other engines. The basic operation of a gas turbine engine and its variants, the unique features of a gas turbine combustor and the emissions from gas turbine engines, with their dependence on operating conditions, are discussed in this chapter.
Fundamentals and Technology of Oxy‐Coal Combustion
Authors: Fujimori Toshiro , Ito Takamasa , Zhang Juwei 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAs one of the most attractive technologies for carbon capture, oxy‐fuel combustion of coal has been studied worldwide. Some important results of fundamental studies and practical systems of oxy‐fuel combustion are introduced in this chapter. According to the results of fundamental experiments, a slower flame propagation velocity in a O2/CO2atmosphere requires a higher O2concentration to obtain a stable combustion in oxy‐fuel mode compared to air mode. CO2and H2O gasification each have effects on reducing the char particle temperature and increasing the char consumption rate. In oxy‐fuel mode, gasification reactions between char and CO2or H2O can result in a high devolatilization rate and a clearly different char structure. As with simulations of heat transfer in the boiler for oxy‐fuel combustion, the new weighted sum of gray‐gases model for calculating gas radiation properties should be developed to adapt to very high concentrations of CO2and H2O in the flue gas. However, particle radiation generally plays a more important role than gas radiation. Computational fluid dynamics simulation data obtained with the Callide furnace have shown an oxy‐fuel combustion of 27 vol.% O2with flue gas recycling to have a similar heat absorption to air combustion. Fundamental and applications research are still required, however, to optimize boiler design and system configurations.
Adaptive model‐based event‐triggered sliding mode control
Authors: Incremona Gian Paolo , Ferrara Antonella 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThis paper addresses the design of a model‐based event‐triggered sliding mode control strategy of adaptive type. The overall proposal can be regarded as a networked control scheme, because one of the design objectives is to reduce the number of transmissions of the plant state over the network used to construct the control loop. The key idea consists in using the actual plant state or the state of a suitably updated nominal model of the plant to generate the control variable, depending on the magnitude of the sliding variable. The proposed adaptive control scheme proves to be capable of steering the sliding variable to a boundary layer of the sliding manifold in finite time, in spite of the presence of bounded uncertainties with unknown bounds. When the sliding variable is confined within the boundary layer, the nominal model state is used to compute the control variable. Then, a continuous control can be analytically determined and applied, which provides a beneficial chattering alleviation effect. The proposed networked control scheme is theoretically analyzed and assessed in simulation with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of New pH‐Sensitive Hydrogels Based on Poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride)
Authors: Shohraty Farhad , Moghadam Peyman Najafi , Fareghi Amir Reza , Movagharnezhad Nasim , Khalafy Jabbar 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn the present study, two new kinds of modified poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride) hydrogels have been prepared and studied as pH‐sensitive drug carriers. At first, poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride) (PGMA‐co‐MA) was prepared via free‐radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and maleic anhydride in the presence of benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. Then the copolymer was modified with two different kinds of amino‐containing compounds, 2‐aminopyridine and 4‐aminobutyric acid. Samples were characterized by FT‐IR and TGA analysis. Besides, the water‐swelling behavior was studied to determine the approximate swelling capacity. Then as a model, Cefotaxime drug was loaded on both hydrogels, and the release studies were carried out at different pH values (3, 7, and 8, respectively). It was concluded from the results that the amino acid–modified hydrogel has a more controlled release rate than the aminopyridine‐modified hydrogel. But generally, both of these hydrogels showed acceptable response to different pH values and can be employed as pH‐sensitive drug carriers.
Katalytische enantioselektive Funktionalisierung von nichtaktivierten terminalen Alkenen
Authors: Coombs John R. , Morken James P. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTerminale Alkene sind leicht verfügbare Verbindungen, die in der chemischen Industrie in Form von α‐Olefinen sowie als Produkte vieler gängiger Synthesereaktionen anfallen. Die organischen Transformationen solcher Alkene gehören zu den am besten untersuchten Reaktionen in der chemischen Synthese, allerdings kennt man nur relativ wenige Reaktionen, in denen nichtaktivierte terminale Alkene katalytisch und enantioselektiv umgesetzt werden. In diesem Kurzaufsatz stellen wir diejenigen Fälle vor, in denen die Stereokontrolle in katalytischen Reaktionen von 1‐Alkenen ausreicht, um sie für asymmetrische Synthesen nutzbar zu machen.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bromo‐ and Fluorodanicalipin A
Authors: Fischer Stefan , Huwyler Nikolas , Wolfrum Susanne , Carreira Erick M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe disclose the syntheses of (+)‐bromodanicalipin A as well as (±)‐fluorodanicalipin A. The relative configuration and ground‐state conformation in solution of both molecules was secured by J‐based configuration analysis which revealed that these are identical to natural danicalipin A. Furthermore, preliminary toxicological investigations suggest that the adverse effect of danicalipin A may be due to the lipophilicity of the halogens.