bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy and Repeatability of Automated Injector Versus Manual Administration of an MRI Contrast Agent—Results of a Laboratory Study
Authors: Endrikat Jan , Barbati Ron , Scarpa Marcella , Jost Gregor , (Ned) Uber Arthur E. 
Published: August 2017

Objective
The aim of this study was to compare flow rates over time and the deviations from the target flow rate of a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent achieved by an automated injector versus manual injection.

Materials and Methods
In this laboratory study, the magnetic resonance contrast agent gadobutrol was repeatedly injected by an injector and by 10 experienced technologists. Six scenarios with 2 different target flow rates (1 and 5 mL/s), 2 different contrast volumes (10 and 20 mL), and 2 different intravenous (IV) catheters (22 gauge and 20 gauge) were tested. The flow rates over time were recorded. The target variable was the average absolute deviation and average absolute percentage deviation from the target flow rate.

Results
The flow rates over time achieved by an injector were almost identical. Slight deviations from the target flow rate occurred during ramp-up and ramp-down only. Those of manual injection showed high variability over the whole course of the injection. In the 1 mL/s scenarios, the injector deviated from the target flow rate by 0.06 mL/s or less (≤6%) and in the 5 mL/s scenarios by 1.02 mL/s or less (<20%). For the manual injections at the same flow rates, these figures were 0.35 mL/s or less (≤35%) and 3.1 mL/s or less (≤62%).

Conclusions
Injector administration of a magnetic resonance contrast agent minimally deviated from the target flow rate, whereas manual injection varied widely. Injector administration is more accurate and repeatable.
Climate change and ocean deoxygenation within intensified surface-driven upwelling circulations
Authors: Bakun Andrew 
Published: August 2017

Ocean deoxygenation often takes place in proximity to zones of intense upwelling. Associated concerns about amplified ocean deoxygenation arise from an arguable likelihood that coastal upwelling systems in the world's oceans may further intensify as anthropogenic climate change proceeds. Comparative examples discussed include the uniquely intense seasonal Somali Current upwelling, the massive upwelling that occurs quasi-continuously off Namibia and the recently appearing and now annually recurring ‘dead zone’ off the US State of Oregon. The evident ‘transience’ in causal dynamics off Oregon is somewhat mirrored in an interannual-scale intermittence in eruptions of anaerobically formed noxious gases off Namibia. A mechanistic scheme draws the three examples towards a common context in which, in addition to the obvious but politically problematic remedy of actually reducing ‘greenhouse’ gas emissions, the potentially manageable abundance of strongly swimming, finely gill raker-meshed small pelagic fish emerges as a plausible regulating factor.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.
Photosynthetic oxygen production in a warmer ocean: the Sargasso Sea as a case study
Authors: Richardson Katherine , Bendtsen Jørgen 
Published: August 2017

Photosynthetic O
2
production can be an important source of oxygen in sub-surface ocean waters especially in permanently stratified oligotrophic regions of the ocean where O
2
produced in deep chlorophyll maxima (DCM) is not likely to be outgassed. Today, permanently stratified regions extend across approximately 40% of the global ocean and their extent is expected to increase in a warmer ocean. Thus, predicting future ocean oxygen conditions requires a better understanding of the potential response of photosynthetic oxygen production to a warmer ocean. Based on our own and published observations of water column processes in oligotrophic regions, we develop a one-dimensional water column model describing photosynthetic oxygen production in the Sargasso Sea to quantify the importance of photosynthesis for the downward flux of O
2
and examine how it may be influenced in a warmer ocean. Photosynthesis is driven in the model by vertical mixing of nutrients (including eddy-induced mixing) and diazotrophy and is found to substantially increase the downward O
2
flux relative to physical–chemical processes alone. Warming (2°C) surface waters does not significantly change oxygen production at the DCM. Nor does a 15% increase in re-mineralization rate (assuming
Q
10
= 2; 2°C warming) have significant effect on net sub-surface oxygen accumulation. However, changes in the relative production of particulate (POM) and dissolved organic material (DOM) generate relatively large changes in net sub-surface oxygen production. As POM/DOM production is a function of plankton community composition, this implies plankton biodiversity and food web structure may be important factors influencing O
2
production in a warmer ocean.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.
Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world: introduction and overview
Authors: Shepherd John G. , Brewer Peter G. , Oschlies Andreas , Watson Andrew J. 
Published: August 2017

Changes of ocean ventilation rates and deoxygenation are two of the less obvious but important indirect impacts expected as a result of climate change on the oceans. They are expected to occur because of (i) the effects of increased stratification on ocean circulation and hence its ventilation, due to reduced upwelling, deep-water formation and turbulent mixing, (ii) reduced oxygenation through decreased oxygen solubility at higher surface temperature, and (iii) the effects of warming on biological production, respiration and remineralization. The potential socio-economic consequences of reduced oxygen levels on fisheries and ecosystems may be far-reaching and significant. At a Royal Society Discussion Meeting convened to discuss these matters, 12 oral presentations and 23 posters were presented, covering a wide range of the physical, chemical and biological aspects of the issue. Overall, it appears that there are still considerable discrepancies between the observations and model simulations of the relevant processes. Our current understanding of both the causes and consequences of reduced oxygen in the ocean, and our ability to represent them in models are therefore inadequate, and the reasons for this remain unclear. It is too early to say whether or not the socio-economic consequences are likely to be serious. However, the consequences are ecologically, biogeochemically and climatically potentially very significant, and further research on these indirect impacts of climate change via reduced ventilation and oxygenation of the oceans should be accorded a high priority.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.
Deubiquitylation and stabilization of p21 by USP11 is critical for cell cycle progression and DNA damage responses
Authors: Deng Tanggang , Yan Guobei , Zhou Yu , Hu Xiaoxiao , Li Jianglin , Hu Jun , Zhang Hui , Feng Peifu , Sheng Xunan , Chen Jieying , Ma Hongchang , Sun Yang , Wei Dong , Hu Bin , Liu Jing , Tan Weihong , Ye Mao 
Published: August 2017

Abstractp21WAF1/CIP1is a broad-acting cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Its stability is essential for proper cell cycle progression and cell fate decision. Ubiquitylation by the multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases complex is the major regulatory mechanism of p21, which induces p21 degradation. However, it is unclear whether ubiquitylated p21 can be recycled. In this study, we report USP11 as a deubiquitylase of p21. In the nucleus, USP11 binds to p21, catalyzes the removal of polyubiquitin chains conjugated onto p21 and stabilizes p21 protein. As a result, USP11 reverses p21 polyubiquitylation and degradation mediated by SCFSKP2, CRL4CDT2and APC/CCDT20in a cell cycle-independent manner. Loss of USP11 causes the destabilization of p21 and induces the G1/S transition in unperturbed cells. Furthermore, p21 accumulation mediated by DNA damage is completely abolished in cells depleted of USP11, which results in abrogation of the G2 checkpoint and induction of apoptosis. Functionally, USP11-mediated stabilization of p21 inhibits cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in vivo. These findings reveal an important mechanism by which p21 can be stabilized by direct deubiquitylation and pinpoint a crucial role of the USP11-p21 axis in regulating cell cycle progression and DNA damage responses.
TraPS-VarI: a python module for the identification of STAT3 modulating germline receptor variants
Authors: Kogan Daniel , Ulaganathan Vijay Kumar 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMotivationHuman individuals differ because of variations in the DNA sequences of all the 46 chromosomes. Information on genetic variations altering the membrane-proximal binding sites for signal transducer of transcription 3 (STAT3) is valuable for understanding the genetic basis of cancer prognosis and disease progression (Ulaganathan et al, 2015). In this regard, non-synonymous coding region mutations resulting in the alteration of protein sequence in the juxtamembrane region of the type I membrane proteins are biologically and clinically relevant. The knowledge of such rare cell line- and individual-specific germline receptor variants is crucial for the investigation of cell-line specific biological mechanisms and genotype-centric therapeutic approaches.ResultsHere we present TraPS-VarI (TransmembraneProteinSequenceVariantIdentifier), a python module to rapidly identify human germline receptor variants modulating STAT3 binding sites by using the genetic variation datasets in the variant call format 4.0. For the found protein variants the module also checks for the availability of associated therapeutic agents and ongoing clinical trial studies.AvailabilityThe Source code and binaries are freely available for download athttps://gitlab.com/VJ-Ulaganathan/TraPS-VarIand the documentation can be found athttp://traps-vari.readthedocs.io/.Contactulaganat@biochem.mpg.de&ulaganat@icloud.comSupplementary informationSupplementary data enclosed with the manuscript file.
BLM helicase suppresses recombination at G-quadruplex motifs in transcribed genes
Authors: van Wietmarschen Niek , Merzouk Sarra , Halsema Nancy , Spierings Diana C.J. , Guryev Victor , Lansdorp Peter M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBloom syndrome is a cancer predisposition disorder caused by mutations in theBLMhelicase gene. Cells from persons with Bloom syndrome exhibit striking genomic instability characterized by excessive sister chromatid exchange events (SCEs). We applied single-cell DNA template strand-sequencing (Strand-seq) to map the genomic locations of SCEs at a resolution that is orders of magnitude better than was previously possible. Our results show that, in the absence of BLM, sister chromatid exchanges in human and murine cells do not occur randomly throughout the genome but are strikingly enriched at coding regions, specifically at sites of putative guanine quadruplex (G4) motifs in transcribed genes. We propose that BLM protects against genome instability by suppressing recombination at sites of G4 structures, particularly in transcribed regions of the genome.
Unsafe insurance
Authors: Dalko Viktoria 
Published: August 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study life-loss risk in some life insurance policies and propose solution to the problem found.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes the expected payout for murder-for-insurance. It presents legal evidence of 179 court cases and conducts criminological analysis. It compares the lack of safety regulation in life insurance with regulatory actions in selected food and automobile safety cases.FindingsSome life insurance policies create incentives and, therefore, temptation for murder-for-insurance. The insured can face life-loss risk from not only the beneficiary but also the life insurance agent during the term of the policy.Practical implicationsThis paper proposes that defective life insurance policies should be recalled.Social implicationsThe proposal has a policy implication of eliminating one type of homicide.Originality/valueThis paper is the first study of its kind, as it places the safety of the insurance consumer in the center.
Fortifying a risk-based approach in the South African AML/CFT process
Authors: Henning Johan , Hauman Mignon 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is evaluate the provisions of Financial Intelligence Centre Act Amendment Bill, 2016 which intends to give effect to the implementation of the envisioned risk-based approach in anti-money laundering/combating financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) processes, as well as the extent to which the provisions address certain technical shortcomings elucidated in 2009 Mutual Evaluation Report concerning South Africa’s AML/CFT’s framework.

Design/methodology/approach
Sources of information consisted of scholarly articles, articles retrieved from the Web, news reports, reports published by national and international regulatory bodies, legislation and draft legislation.

Findings
Findings suggest that the South African legislature not only addresses the particular shortcomings specifically highlighted in the 2009 Mutual Evaluation Report comprised by the Financial Action Task Force but also requires the establishment of a framework for the realisation of a risk-based approached in every “risk” scenario and on an on-going basis.

Practical implications
Accountable institutions will be required to establish and implement a Risk Management and Compliance Program which must provide both the framework and the strategy for the execution of the risk-based approach when establishing a business relationship, during the course of administrating the business relationship as well as when concluding any single transaction in pursuit of the business relationship.

Originality/value
This paper serves to alert accountable institutions, compliance and corporate governance professionals and AML and counter-terrorist financing practitioners of the risk-based approach South African accountable institutions will be obliged to implement in their AML/CFT processes, the extent to which a risk-based approach must be incorporated and the aspects that must be provided for in terms of the mandated Risk Management and Compliance Program once the Financial Intelligence Centre Act Amendment Bill, 2016 is signed into law.
Corruption crime and punishment: evidence from China’s state corruption audits
Authors: Liu Guangyou , Liu Siyu 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to answer the following two research questions: Do corruption cases present different features before and since the new administration in China? How are criminal penalties affected by these corruption features?

Design/methodology/approach
The investigation is based on the online disclosure of 269 state corruption audits and their consequences, which have been made public by China’s National Audit Office since 2011. By manual coding, these official reports were analyzed, and an appropriate-sized sample of corruption cases was chosen. The authors then adopted Welch’s t-test and regression model methods to test the research hypotheses relevant to the two research questions.

Findings
The authors find that larger embezzlement or bribery amounts and more organizational corruption cases have been detected and punished since the anti-corruption campaign was launched by the new administration. They also conclude that significantly tougher criminal penalties were given to corruption cases involving large monetary amounts, that bribery cases were more harshly punished compared to other occupational crimes and that individual perpetrators received tougher criminal penalties than organizational criminals. In addition, the authors observe a trend that criminal penalties for corruption have been increasingly harsher in recent years.

Research limitations/implications
The limitations of this study are quite clear as the Chinese corruption cases in this sample only include state corruption audit cases and does not refer to high-profile corruption cases investigated by the Central Commission of Discipline Inspection. However, this study suggests that state corruption audit results are a good research sample, which can be used to extend empirical tests to archival data acquired from state audit practices and can encourage more studies on public sector auditing and occupational financial crime.

Practical implications
State corruption audits can be an effective approach to successful anti-corruption campaigns, and the conclusions can be useful to policy makers and legislators in China and other developing countries.

Originality/value
This paper bridges some gaps in the existing financial crime literature. First, this study on corruption features is located within the context of a political administrative change; second, the state audit is highlighted as a supervising agency in the anti-corruption campaign; and third, the authors’ contribution adds to the empirical testing of data sets of state corruption audits within the existing financial crime literature.
Identifying fraud using restatement information
Authors: BenYoussef Nourhene , Khan Saqib 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the restatement information disclosed in the Form 8K and the Press Release. It examines the relationship between manipulating the quantity, quality, manner and timing of restatement information and the probability of committing fraud.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors used 18 informational indicators developed by BenYoussef and Breton (2016), and applied the prediction methodology based on F-scores, developed by Dechow et al. (2011).

Findings
Results indicate that the information content of restatement announcements provides significant insights into the likelihood of fraud occurrence. A firm that manipulated previous earnings will continue to do so, and will try to mislead investors by releasing inaccurate and incomplete information in the Form 8K and the Press Release. The model helps identify this manipulation and hence can be used as a tool for fraud detection.

Research implications/limitations
This paper applies the constructs drawn from Information Manipulation Theory to restatement contexts to detect fraud.

Practical implications
The paper is of use to regulators, investors and financial crime experts, as it provides insights to better fraud detection.

Originality/value
The paper is based on proprietary data that were hand collected, and is being used first time to predict fraud.
A cross-country study on manipulations in financial statements of listed companies
Authors: Hasan Md Shamimul , Omar Normah , Barnes Paul , Handley-Schachler Morrison 
Published: August 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this study is threefold: first, to detect trends in financial statement manipulation; second, to measure the level of manipulation and to measure the variation in manipulation between countries; and, third, to identify widely used techniques in financial statements manipulation.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses financial data of listed companies from Asia, namely, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong and China. The study adopts financial ratios, financial forensic tool, dichotomous approach and statistical tools to analyze the data (84,000 observations) over a period of four years from 2010 to 2013.FindingsThe results show that 34 per cent of sample companies in selected Asian countries are involved in the manipulation of financial statements; the average level of manipulation (overall manipulation index) is 72 per cent; and there is a significant difference between countries at 5 per cent level. The study also identifies four most commonly used techniques, namely: days’ sales in receivable (DSRI), depreciation (DEPI), assets quality (AQI) and total accruals to total assets (TATA).Research limitations/implicationsAlthough this study found a significant national difference between countries in terms of practicing manipulation in financial statements, it did not address the issue of why some countries have higher level of manipulation and greater fluctuations in manipulation than others. Further study could be conducted to look for the reasons on these issues.Practical implicationsInvestors and other stakeholders are advised to judge the manipulation in financial statements before fixing up for investment. At least they should examine Sales, Accounts Receivable, Depreciation, Value of Fixed Assets and Accruals data before accepting the financial statement in good faith.Social implicationsThe trend of manipulation in financial statements is increasing day by day and that is why it needs to prevent to protect our society from white collar crime. The cost of white collar crime is much higher and key executives are making money at the expense of investors and other stakeholders. This kind of study creates awareness among stakeholders about the manipulation as well as provides techniques to examine the faithfulness of financial statements. Then, managers will not overstate or understate either revenues or expenses easily, as it can damage the goodwill.Originality/valueThis is the first study of its kind addressing measurement of manipulation score, overall manipulation index (OMI) and identification of widely used variables of manipulation in financial statements are new contributions towards existing literature of earnings manipulation.
How stock markets become desensitized to terror
Authors: Ilalan Deniz 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
A widely accepted belief indicates that terror activities have negative impact on stock markets. Contrary to numerous empirical studies, the purpose of this paper is to consider this issue from another point of view in the sense that markets can become desensitized to terror.

Design/methodology/approach
Here, instead of directly analyzing the existing data, the stochastic nature of the events is taken into consideration.

Findings
The author compares three countries and found out that the correlation between terror and stock markets is almost nil when terror events become a commonplace.

Originality/value
This paper applies mean reverting stochastic processes to terror incidents and brings out interesting results.
Reconsidering the effectiveness of an asset confiscation scheme
Authors: Torre Andrew , Vogdanos Dean , Sdraulig Robert 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to suggest how the effectiveness of an asset confiscation scheme might be evaluated by focussing on the currently operating Victorian model in Australia. For illustrative purposes, the offence of trafficking a commercial quantity of cannabis has been chosen. This is a topical and important issue, given two recent reports by the Victorian Auditor-General lamenting the absence of a suitable framework for evaluating the scheme’s performance. Because these programs provide important supplementary punishment tools, it is desirable that methodologies to gauge their efficacy be developed.

Design/methodology/approach
The approach to evaluating effectiveness is a mixture of criminological and economic theory coupled with some basic empirics. Utilising insights from the theories of valuing the social losses of crime and that of penalties provides a backdrop against which actual values of confiscated assets can be compared with ideal ones.

Findings
Comparison of actual and ideal values reveals a very considerable gap between the two, which suggests that the scheme is being underutilised relative to its maximum potential. The value of seized assets is well below the ideal order of magnitude. Even though the data on which this finding is based are sparse, the framework can be replicated as better statistics on the scheme’s operations become available.

Originality/value
The suggested methodology builds on and adds to current knowledge of evaluation techniques for legal system programs. Hopefully, it will provide stakeholders with yet another lens through which to view the operation of an asset confiscation scheme, and provide an impetus for collecting better quality data.