bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a Single Baseline Versus Multiyear 24-Hour Urine Collection for Estimation of Long-Term Sodium Intake and Associated Cardiovascular and Renal Risk
Authors: Olde Engberink Rik H.G. , van den Hoek Thomas C. , van Noordenne Nicky D. , van den Born Bert-Jan H. , Peters-Sengers Hessel , Vogt Liffert 
Published: June 2017

Background:
A decrease in sodium intake has been shown to lower blood pressure, but data from cohort studies on the association with cardiovascular and renal outcomes are inconsistent. In these studies, sodium intake was often estimated with a single baseline measurement, which may be inaccurate considering day-to-day changes in sodium intake and sodium excretion. We compared the effects of single versus repetitive follow-up 24-hour urine samples on the relation between sodium intake and long-term cardiorenal outcomes.

Methods:

We selected adult subjects with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >60 mL/min/1.73m
2
, an outpatient 24-hour urine sample between 1998 and 1999, and at least 1 collection during a 17-year follow-up. Sodium intake was estimated with a single baseline collection and the average of samples collected during a 1-, 5-, and 15-year follow-up. We used Cox regression analysis and the landmark approach to investigate the relation between sodium intake and cardiovascular (cardiovascular events or mortality) and renal (end-stage renal disease: dialysis, transplantation, and/or >60% estimated glomerular filtration rate decline, or mortality) outcomes.

Results:

We included 574 subjects with 9776 twenty-four–hour urine samples. Average age was 47 years, and 46% were male. Median follow-up was 16.2 years. Average 24-hour sodium excretion, ranging from 3.8 to 3.9 g (165–170 mmol), was equal among all methods (
P
=0.88). However, relative to a single baseline measurement, 50% of the subjects had a >0.8-g (>34-mmol) difference in sodium intake with long-term estimations. As a result, 45%, 49%, and 50% of all subjects switched between tertiles of sodium intake when the 1-, 5-, or 15-year average was used, respectively. Consequently, hazard ratios for cardiorenal outcome changed up to 85% with the use of sodium intake estimations from short-term (1-year) and long-term (5-year) follow-up instead of baseline estimations.

Conclusions:
Relative to a single baseline 24-hour sodium measurement, the use of subsequent 24-hour urine samples resulted in different estimations of an individual’s sodium intake, whereas population averages remained similar. This finding had significant consequences for the association between sodium intake and long-term cardiovascular and renal outcomes.
Acute Kidney Injury After Primary Angioplasty: Is Contrast‐Induced Nephropathy the Culprit?
Authors: Caspi Oren , Habib Manhal , Cohen Yuval , Kerner Arthur , Roguin Ariel , Abergel Eitan , Boulos Monther , Kapeliovich Michael R. , Beyar Rafael , Nikolsky Eugenia , Aronson Doron 
Published: June 2017

Background

Acute kidney injury (
AKI
) following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (
pPCI
) is frequently interpreted as contrast‐induced
AKI
but may result from other insults. We aimed to determine the causal association of contrast material exposure and the incidence of AKI following p
PCI
using a control group of propensity score–matched patients with ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction who were not exposed to contrast material.

Methods and Results

We studied 2025 patients with ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction who underwent
pPCI
and 1025 patients receiving fibrinolysis or no reperfusion who were not exposed to contrast material during the first 72 hours of hospital stay (control group).
AKI
was defined as creatinine of ≥0.5 mg/dL or >25% rise within 72 hours.
AKI
rates were similar in the
pPCI
and control groups (10.3% versus 12.1%, respectively;
P
=0.38). Propensity score matching resulted in 931 matched pairs with
PCI
and no
PCI,
with balanced baseline covariates (standardized difference <0.1). Among propensity score–matched patients,
AKI
rates were not significantly different with and without
PCI
(8.6% versus 10.9%,
P
=0.12). In the
pPCI
cohort, independent predictors of
AKI
included age ≥70 years, insulin‐treated diabetes mellitus, diuretic therapy, anterior infarction, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, and variables related to the presence of pump failure (higher Killip class, intra‐aortic balloon pump use) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction but not contrast material dose. A risk score based on the
PCI
cohort had similar discriminatory capacity for
AKI
in the control group (C statistic 0.81±0.02 and 0.78±0.02, respectively;
P
=0.26).

Conclusions

The development of
AKI
in patients with ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction undergoing
pPCI
is mainly related to older age, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, heart failure, and hemodynamic instability. Risk for
AKI
is similar among ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients with and without contrast material exposure.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation With or Without Percutaneous Coronary Artery Revascularization Strategy: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Kotronias Rafail A. , Kwok Chun Shing , George Sudhakar , Capodanno Davide , Ludman Peter F. , Townend Jonathan N. , Doshi Sagar N. , Khogali Saib S. , Généreux Philippe , Herrmann Howard C. , Mamas Mamas A. , Bagur Rodrigo 
Published: June 2017

Background
Recent recommendations suggest that in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation and coexistent significant coronary artery disease, the latter should be treated before the index procedure; however, the evidence basis for such an approach remains limited. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to study the clinical outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease who did or did not undergo revascularization prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Methods and Results

We conducted a search of Medline and Embase to identify studies evaluating patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation with or without percutaneous coronary intervention. Random‐effects meta‐analyses with the inverse variance method were used to estimate the rate and risk of adverse outcomes. Nine studies involving 3858 participants were included in the meta‐analysis. Patients who underwent revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention had a higher rate of major vascular complications (odd ratio [OR]: 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33–2.60;
P
=0.0003) and higher 30‐day mortality (OR: 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08–1.87;
P
=0.01). There were no differences in effect estimates for 30‐day cardiovascular mortality (OR: 1.03; 95% CI, 0.35–2.99), myocardial infarction (OR: 0.86; 95% CI, 0.14–5.28), acute kidney injury (OR: 0.89; 95% CI, 0.42–1.88), stroke (OR: 1.07; 95% CI, 0.38–2.97), or 1‐year mortality (OR: 1.05; 95% CI, 0.71–1.56). The timing of percutaneous coronary intervention (same setting versus a priori) did not negatively influence outcomes.

Conclusions
Our analysis suggests that revascularization before transcatheter aortic valve implantation confers no clinical advantage with respect to several patient‐important clinical outcomes and may be associated with an increased risk of major vascular complications and 30‐day mortality. In the absence of definitive evidence, careful evaluation of patients on an individual basis is of paramount importance to identify patients who might benefit from elective revascularization.
Neurovascular Unit Protection From Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury by Radical-Containing Nanoparticles in Mice
Authors: Hosoo Hisayuki , Marushima Aiki , Nagasaki Yukio , Hirayama Aki , Ito Hiromu , Puentes Sandra , Mujagic Arnela , Tsurushima Hideo , Tsuruta Wataro , Suzuki Kensuke , Matsui Hirofumi , Matsumaru Yuji , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Matsumura Akira 
Published: June 2017

Background and Purpose—
Reperfusion therapy by mechanical thrombectomy is used to treat acute ischemic stroke. However, reactive oxygen species generation after reperfusion therapy causes cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury, which aggravates cerebral infarction. There is limited evidence for clinical efficacy in stroke for antioxidants. Here, we developed a novel core-shell type nanoparticle containing 4-amino-4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (nitroxide radical-containing nanoparticles [RNPs]) and investigated its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and confer neuroprotection.

Methods—
C57BL/6J mice underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and then received RNPs (9 mg/kg) through the common carotid artery. Infarction size, neurological scale, and blood-brain barrier damage were visualized by Evans blue extravasation 24 hours after reperfusion. RNP distribution was detected by rhodamine labeling. Blood-brain barrier damage, neuronal apoptosis, and oxidative neuronal cell damage were evaluated in ischemic brains. Multiple free radical-scavenging capacities were analyzed by an electron paramagnetic resonance–based method.

Results—

RNPs were detected in endothelial cells and around neuronal cells in the ischemic lesion. Infarction size, neurological scale, and Evans blue extravasation were significantly lower after RNP treatment. RNP treatment preserved the endothelium and endothelial tight junctions in the ischemic brain; neuronal apoptosis, O
2
−
production, and gene oxidation were significantly suppressed. Reactive oxygen species scavenging capacities against OH, ROO, and O
2
−
improved by RNP treatment.

Conclusions—
An intra-arterial RNP injection after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury reduced blood-brain barrier damage and infarction volume by improving multiple reactive oxygen species scavenging capacities. Therefore, RNPs can provide neurovascular unit protection.
Rates of Spinal Cord Infarction After Repair of Aortic Aneurysm or Dissection
Authors: Gialdini Gino , Parikh Neal S. , Chatterjee Abhinaba , Lerario Michael P. , Kamel Hooman , Schneider Darren B. , Navi Babak B. , Murthy Santosh B. , Iadecola Costantino , Merkler Alexander E. 
Published: June 2017

Background and Purpose—
The rate of spinal cord infarction (SCI) after surgical or endovascular repair of an aortic aneurysm or dissection is unclear.

Methods—
Using administrative claims data, we identified adult patients discharged from nonfederal acute care hospitals in California, New York, and Florida who underwent surgical or endovascular repair of an aortic aneurysm or dissection between 2005 and 2013. Patients with SCI diagnosed before the aortic repair were excluded. Our primary outcome was an SCI during the index hospitalization for aortic repair. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate crude rates of SCI. Analyses were stratified by whether the aneurysm or dissection had ruptured and by type of repair (surgical versus endovascular).

Results—

We identified 91 212 patients who had repair of an aortic aneurysm or dissection. SCI occurred in 235 cases (0.26%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22%–0.29%). In patients with ruptured aneurysm or dissection, the rate of SCI was 0.74% (95% CI, 0.60%–0.88%) compared with 0.16% (95% CI, 0.13%–0.19%) with unruptured aneurysm. In secondary analyses, rates of SCI were similar after endovascular repair (0.91%; 95% CI, 0.62%–1.19%) compared with surgical repair (0.68%; 95% CI, 0.53%–0.83%;
P
=0.147) of ruptured aortic aneurysm or dissection; however, rates of SCI were higher after surgical repair (0.20%; 95% CI, 0.15%–0.25%) versus endovascular repair (0.11%; 95% CI, 0.08%–0.14%;
P
<0.001) of unruptured aneurysm.

Conclusions—
SCI occurs in ≈1 in 130 patients undergoing aortic dissection or ruptured aortic aneurysm repair and in 1 in 600 patients undergoing unruptured aortic aneurysm repair.
What Do We Know about *Čьrnobogъ and *Bělъ Bogъ?
Authors: Gorbachov Yaroslav 
Published: June 2017

As attested, the Slavic pantheon is rather well-populated. However, many of its numerous members are known only by their names mentioned in passing in one or two medieval documents. Among those barely attested Slavic deities, there are a few whose very existence may be doubted. This does not deter some scholars from articulating rather elaborate theories about Slavic mythology and cosmology.
The article discusses two obscure Slavic deities, “Black God” and “White God,” and, in particular, reexamines the extant primary sources on them. It is argued that “Black God” worship was limited to the Slavic North-West, and “White God” never existed.
Mutual comprehension of urological abbreviations
Authors: Macneil James WH , Bariol Simon 
Published: June 2017

Objective: To establish the comprehension of urological abbreviations by non-urologists, and evaluate the awareness of urologists to this issue. Subjects and methods: This study involved complimentary surveys to non-urologists and urologists in the same area. The non-urologist survey was distributed to three groups: medical students, junior doctors, GPs and GP trainees. It assessed the comprehension of 24 commonly used urological abbreviations. The urologists’ survey assessed the urologists’ expectations of comprehension by each of the non-urologist groups. A total of 196 non-urologists (19 medical students, 35 junior doctors and 142 GPs and GP trainees), and 11 urologists and urological trainees participated. Results: On average the junior doctors and GPs understood approximately the same number of abbreviations (9.86 and 9.62 correct, respectively), with the medical students understanding fewer (7.89 correct). While this difference was statistically significant (F2,193df=3.875, P=0.022), gender, number of years post-graduation and completion of a urology term were not shown to have an impact on the comprehension of urological abbreviations. Of the 24 abbreviations, nine were correctly understood by more than 50% of non-urologists. The urologists did not expect non-urologists to understand a majority of the abbreviations; however, most also reported not using abbreviations routinely in communications with non-urologists. Conclusions: These results suggest that caution must be used when using abbreviations in communication with non-urologists as there is a high chance of the recipient not understanding the abbreviations. This is particularly pertinent given the current rollout of electronic medical records across Australia.
Cementless femoral components in bicondylar hybrid knee arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A 10-year survivorship analysis
Authors: Hotfiel Thilo , Carl Hans-Dieter , Eibenberger Teresa , Gelse Kolja , Weiß Julian , Jendrissek Andreas , Swoboda Bernd 
Published: June 2017

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been established as a successful surgical treatment in the late stages of rheumatoid joint destruction. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical outcome and survivorship in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients undergoing TKA in hybrid technique with a cementless fixation of the femoral component. Methods: We analysed retrospectively 66 RA patients who underwent 72 TKAs (P.F.C. Sigma®). Mean follow-up time was 124 ± 41 months. To evaluate postoperative clinical outcome, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) and Oxford knee score (OKS) were assessed. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to calculate survivorship. The primary outcome was revision for any reason. Results: Thirty-four patients (36 knees) died and two patients (2 knees) were lost to follow-up. Three patients (four knees) did not agree to participate. Twenty-seven patients (30 knees) were available for assessing clinical scores. The average scores were 85 ± 14 for KOOS and 34 ± 10 for OKS. In three patients (three knees), revision was necessary, including restricted range of motion ( n = 1), instability ( n = 1), and infection ( n = 1). There were no cases of loosening in this cohort study. The survival rates were 100% at 5 years, 97.1% at 10 years (95% CI 89.0–99.2%) and 95.6% at 15 years (95% CI 86.9–98.5%). Conclusions: This study confirms that excellent clinical results and a good 10-year survivorship can be obtained with hybrid fixation technique in TKA in the unique population of RA patients.
Trends in Surgical Management of Shoulder Instability
Authors: Bonazza Nicholas A. , Liu Guodong , Leslie Douglas L. , Dhawan Aman 
Published: June 2017

Background: Optimal surgical management of anterior shoulder instability remains controversial. There is a need to assess the most recent trends for primary and revision shoulder stabilization surgery using a national database significantly larger than those previously utilized. Hypothesis: Most shoulder stabilization procedures are performed arthroscopically. Examining revision procedures, we hypothesized that open procedures would result in decreased revision stabilizations compared with arthroscopic procedures and that most revision procedures would be open Bankart or bone transfer procedures regardless of the index procedure technique. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The MarketScan Database was searched using International Classification of Diseases–Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes to identify patients who underwent any shoulder stabilization procedure between 2008 and 2012. Regression analysis was used to evaluate trends between patient groups. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to identify differences in trends seen yearly. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to compare the likelihood of undergoing a revision stabilization procedure. Results: A total of 66,564 shoulder stabilization procedures were identified from 2008 through 2012: 60,248 arthroscopic stabilization procedures (90.5%) and 6316 open stabilization procedures (9.5%), including 1623 bone block procedures. Arthroscopic stabilization procedures increased in total number and percentage of all procedures in each year of the study. Bone block procedures increased in number each year, although other open procedures decreased during the study period. Males underwent more stabilization procedures, while patients between the ages of 10 and 19 years were most likely to undergo any procedure. Patients who underwent bone block stabilization were significantly less likely to undergo a second stabilization procedure during the study period when compared with open Bankart repair (OR, 0.582; 95% CI, 0.405-0.836; P < .05) and arthroscopic Bankart repair (OR, 0.587; 95% CI, 0.418-0.824; P < .05). No statistically significant difference in revision stabilization was seen when comparing arthroscopic versus open Bankart repair (OR, 0.934; 95% CI, 0.863-1.139). Conclusion: Although the number of arthroscopic shoulder stabilization surgeries continues to increase, our data show a consistent increase, not seen in prior studies, in the number of bone block procedures. Contrary to some studies, there was no significant difference in the likelihood of a second procedure between patients initially undergoing arthroscopic compared with open Bankart repair.
The employability of ex-offenders: a field experiment in the Swedish labor market
Authors: Ahmed Ali M. , Lång Elisabeth 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the findings of a field experiment on hiring discrimination against ex-offenders in the Swedish labor market. Matched pairs of written job applications for fictitious male and female applicants with and without a past conviction of assault were sent to employers for nine different occupations. Results show that discrimination against ex-offenders exists, but the extent of it varies across occupations. The past conviction of assault was associated with 7–18 percentage point lower probability of receiving a positive employer response. Discrimination against ex-offenders was pronounced in female-dominated and high-skilled occupations. The magnitude of discrimination against ex-offenders did not vary by applicants’ sex.
What do hypnotics cost hospitals and healthcare?
Authors: Kripke Daniel F. 
Published: June 2017

Hypnotics (sleeping pills) are prescribed widely, but the economic costs of the harm they have caused have been largely unrecognized. Randomized clinical trials have observed that hypnotics increase the incidence of infections. Likewise, hypnotics increase the incidence of major depression and cause emergency admissions for overdoses and deaths. Epidemiologically, hypnotic use is associated with cancer, falls, automobile accidents, and markedly increased overall mortality. This article considers the costs to hospitals and healthcare payers of hypnotic-induced infections and other severe consequences of hypnotic use. These are a probable cause of excessive hospital admissions, prolonged lengths of stay at increased costs, and increased readmissions. Accurate information is scanty, for in-hospital hypnotic benefits and risks have scarcely been studied -- certainly not the economic costs of inpatient adverse effects. Healthcare costs of outpatient adverse effects likewise need evaluation. In one example, use of hypnotics among depressed patients was strongly associated with higher healthcare costs and more short-term disability. A best estimate is that U.S. costs of hypnotic harms to healthcare systems are on the order of $55 billion, but conceivably might be as low as $10 billion or as high as $100 billion. More research is needed to more accurately assess unnecessary and excessive hypnotics costs to providers and insurers, as well as financial and health damages to the patients themselves.
Sanger sequencing as a first-line approach for molecular diagnosis of Andersen-Tawil syndrome
Authors: Totomoch-Serra Armando , Marquez Manlio F. , Cervantes-Barragán David E. 
Published: June 2017

In 1977, Frederick Sanger developed a new method for DNA sequencing based on the chain termination method, now known as the Sanger sequencing method (SSM). Recently, massive parallel sequencing, better known as next-generation sequencing (NGS), is replacing the SSM for detecting mutations in cardiovascular diseases with a genetic background. The present opinion article wants to remark that “targeted” SSM is still effective as a first-line approach for the molecular diagnosis of some specific conditions, as is the case for Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS). ATS is described as a rare multisystemic autosomal dominant channelopathy syndrome caused mainly by a heterozygous mutation in the KCNJ2 gene. KCJN2 has particular characteristics that make it attractive for “directed” SSM. KCNJ2 has a sequence of 17,510 base pairs (bp), and a short coding region with two exons (exon 1=166 bp and exon 2=5220 bp), half of the mutations are located in the C-terminal cytosolic domain, a mutational hotspot has been described in residue Arg218, and this gene explains the phenotype in 60% of ATS cases that fulfill all the clinical criteria of the disease. In order to increase the diagnosis of ATS we urge cardiologists to search for facial and muscular abnormalities in subjects with frequent ventricular arrhythmias (especially bigeminy) and prominent U waves on the electrocardiogram.
Performing partnership: The possibilities of decentring the expertise of international practitioners in international Theatre for Development partnerships
Authors: Smith Bobby 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Building effective global partnerships are a key focus of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which will shape how international development looks until 2030. This article explores how international partnerships in applied theatre/Theatre for Development (TfD) initiatives are performed, and draws on the author’s own experience of being employed on a freelance basis by a non-governmental organization (NGO) to build on the skills of a Ugandan team to utilize theatre. Throughout the article, key moments during a month-long period of training are reflected upon and analyzed with reference to debates within international development, postcolonial studies and applied theatre. Through synergizing these debates, it is suggested that a decentring of Western ‘expertise’ enables more effective partnerships to emerge.