bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Administration of branched‐chain amino acids alters the balance between pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines
Authors: Rosa Luciana , Scaini Giselli , Furlanetto Camila B. , Galant Leticia S. , Vuolo Francieli , Dall'Igna Dhébora M. , Schuck Patrícia F. , Ferreira Gustavo C. , Dal‐Pizzol Felipe , Streck Emilio L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAcute leucine intoxication and neurologic deterioration can develop rapidly at any age as a result of net protein degradation precipitated by infection or psychological stress in patients with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). Here, we investigated the effects of acute and chronic Hyper‐BCAA (H‐BCAA) administration on pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in the brains of rats. For acute administration, Wistar rats (10 and 30 days) received three injections of BCAA pool (15.8 μL/g at 1‐h intervals) or saline, subcutaneously. For chronic administration, Wistar rats (7 days) received of BCAA pool or saline twice a day for 21 days, subcutaneously. Our results showed that acute administration of H‐BCAA increased IL‐1β (∼78%; p ≤ 0.009) and TNF‐α (∼155%; p ≤ 0.026) levels in the cerebral cortex but not in the hippocampus of infant rats. Moreover, IL‐6 levels were increased in the hippocampus (∼135%; p ≤ 0.009) and cerebral cortex (∼417%; p ≤ 0.008), whereas IL‐10 levels were decreased only in the hippocampus (∼42%; p ≤ 0.009). However, repeated administration of H‐BCAA decreased IL‐1β (∼59%; p ≤ 0.047), IL‐6 (∼70%; p ≤ 0.009) and IFN‐γ (∼70%; p ≤ 0.008) levels in the cerebral cortex, whereas the IL‐6 (∼67%; p ≤ 0.009), IL‐10 (∼58%; p ≤ 0.01) and IFN‐γ (∼67%; p ≤ 0.009) levels were decreased in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that a better understanding of the inflammatory response in MSUD patients may be useful to develop therapeutic strategies to modulate the hyperinflammatory/hypoinflammatory axis.
Metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib kimberlite pipe (Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province, Russia)
Authors: Shchukina E.V. , Agashev A.M. , Kostrovitsky S.I. , Pokhilenko N.P. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
New data on metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle in the central part of the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province (ADP) are presented. We studied the major- and trace-element compositions of minerals of 26 garnet peridotite xenoliths from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe; 17 xenoliths contained phlogopite. Detailed mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical studies of peridotite minerals (garnet, clinopyroxene, and phlogopite) have revealed two types of modal metasomatic enrichment of the lithospheric-mantle rocks: high temperature (melt) and low-temperature (phlogopite). Both types of modal metasomatism significantly changed the chemical composition of the peridotites. Low-temperature modal metasomatism manifests itself as coarse tabular and shapeless phlogopite grains. Two textural varieties of phlogopite show significant differences in chemical composition, primarily in the contents of TiO2, Cr2O3, FeO, Ba, Rb, and Cs. The rock-forming minerals of phlogopite-bearing peridotites differ in chemical composition from phlogopite-free peridotites, mainly in higher FeO content. Most garnets and clinopyroxenes in peridotites are the products of high-temperature mantle metasomatism, as indicated by the high contents of incompatible elements and REE pattern in these minerals. Fractional-crystallization modeling gives an insight into the nature of melts (metasomatic agents). They are close in composition to picrites of the Izhmozero field, basalts of the Tur’ino field, and carbonatites of the Mela field of the ADP. The REE patterns of the peridotite minerals make it possible to determine the sequence of metasomatic enrichment of the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib kimberlite pipe.
Placer-forming flows and mudflows as viscous fluids in river valleys
Authors: Buiskikh A.A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The paper is concerned with geologic processes in river valleys, such as the movement of alluvial placers and mudflows, regarded as viscous fluids. The dynamics of distribution of the placer mineral and mud-and-gravel material in a river valley was studied by modeling. Moving material was examined as an independent flow of solid particles (solid flow), free of the enclosing rocks. The flow–environment interaction was specified by mass forces, friction forces, and substance sources (drains). For the mathematical description of a solid flow, a set of viscous-liquid equations was used. The placer and mudflow parameters obtained during the numerical experiments agree satisfactorily with the full-scale data for real objects.
Application of the Debye decomposition approach to analysis of induced-polarization profiling data (Julietta gold-silver deposit, Magadan Region)
Authors: Gurin G.V. , Tarasov A.V. , Il’in Yu.T. , Titov K.V. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Time-domain induced polarization (IP) data are used for approach to ore prospecting problems on the flanks of the Julietta gold-silver deposit. IP time-domain data are analyzed on the basis of the Debye decomposition, which allows reconstruction of the relaxation time distribution. Experimental dependences of the IP parameters on the main petrophysical properties of disseminated ores were used to interpret field data. The Debye decomposition helped to identify zones of hydrothermally and metasomatically altered rocks containing finely disseminated sulfide minerals, which were missed when using the standard procedure for the analysis of IP data. The estimated content of sulfide minerals in the altered rocks agrees with geological data.
Paleoseismogenic dislocations in the Upper Kerulen basin (southern Henteyn–Daurian mega-arch)
Authors: Smekalin O.P. , Chipizubov A.V. , Imaev V.S. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In recent years, the Hustai, Gunji, and Kerulen paleoseismogenic structures have been discovered and examined within the Henteyn uplift. Their investigations revealed zones of probable earthquake foci, presenting a seismic hazard for Ulaanbaatar. We report the first data on the quantitative parameters of prehistoric earthquakes in the Meso–Cenozoic Upper Kerulen basin. The absolute age of two paleoevents determined by radiocarbon dating is within 1152–1702 BC and 5466–7201 BC. Seismogeological study of dislocations made it possible to estimate the type of tectonic stress during the formation of structures within the Henteyn uplift and to explain their nature. The horizontal-compression stress is mostly due to endogenous processes, which lead to the enlargement of the uplift area at the expense of the peripheral Mesozoic sedimentary basins.
Rheology of a dense suspension of spherical capsules under simple shear flow
Authors: Matsunaga D. , Imai Y. , Yamaguchi T. , Ishikawa T. 
Published: November 2015

We present a numerical analysis of the rheology of a dense suspension of spherical capsules in simple shear flow in the Stokes flow regime. The behaviour of neo-Hookean capsules is simulated for a volume fraction up to${\it\phi}=0.4$by graphics processing unit computing based on the boundary element method with a multipole expansion. To describe the specific viscosity using a polynomial equation of the volume fraction, the coefficients of the equation are calculated by least-squares fitting. The results suggest that the effect of higher-order terms is much smaller for capsule suspensions than rigid sphere suspensions; for example,$O({\it\phi}^{3})$terms account for only 8 % of the specific viscosity even at${\it\phi}=0.4$for capillary numbers$Ca\geqslant 0.1$. We also investigate the relationship between the deformation and orientation of the capsules and the suspension rheology. When the volume fraction increases, the deformation of the capsules increases while the orientation angle of the capsules with respect to the flow direction decreases. Therefore, both the specific viscosity and the normal stress difference increase with volume fraction due to the increased deformation, whereas the decreased orientation angle suppresses the specific viscosity, but amplifies the normal stress difference.
Secondary necrotic neutrophils release interleukin-16C and macrophage migration inhibitory factor from stores in the cytosol
Authors: Roth S , Agthe M , Eickhoff S , Möller S , Karsten C M , Borregaard N , Solbach W , Laskay T 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNeutrophils harbor a number of preformed effector proteins that allow for immediate antimicrobial functions without the need for time-consuming de novo synthesis. Evidence indicates that neutrophils also contain preformed cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1ra, CXCL8 and CXCL2. In the search for additional preformed cytokines, a cytokine array analysis identified IL-16 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as preformed cytokines in lysates from human primary neutrophils. Both IL-16 and MIF are unconventional cytokines because they lack a signal sequence. Using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy as well as western blot analysis of subcellular fractions, IL-16 and MIF were found to be stored in the cytosol rather than in the granules of human neutrophils, which implies an unconventional secretion mechanism for both cytokines. IL-16 is synthesized and stored as a precursor (pre-IL-16). We present evidence that the processing of pre-IL-16 to the biologically active IL-16C is mediated by caspase-3 and occurs during both spontaneous and UV-induced apoptosis of human neutrophils. Although IL-16 processing occurs during apoptosis, IL-16C and MIF release was observed only during secondary necrosis of neutrophils. Screening a panel of microbial substances and proinflammatory cytokines did not identify a stimulus that induced the release of IL-16C and MIF independent of secondary necrosis. The data presented here suggest that IL-16 and MIF are neutrophil-derived inflammatory mediators released under conditions of insufficient clearance of apoptotic neutrophils, as typically occurs at sites of infection and autoimmunity.
Necrotic enlargement of cone photoreceptor cells and the release of high-mobility group box-1 in retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Murakami Y , Ikeda Y , Nakatake S , Tachibana T , Fujiwara K , Yoshida N , Notomi S , Nakao S , Hisatomi T , Miller J W , Vavvas DG , Sonoda KH , Ishibashi T 
Published: November 2015

AbstractRetinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a group of inherited retinal degenerations resulting form rod and cone photoreceptor cell death. The rod cell death due to deleterious genetic mutations has been shown to occur mainly through apoptosis, whereas the mechanisms and features of the secondary cone cell death have not been fully elucidated. Our previous study showed that the cone cell death in rd10 mice, an animal model of RP, involves necrotic features and is partly mediated by the receptor interacting protein kinase. However, the relevancy of necrotic cone cell death in human RP patients remains unknown. In the present study, we showed that dying cone cells in rd10 mice exhibited cellular enlargement, along with necrotic changes such as cellular swelling and mitochondrial rupture. In human eyes, live imaging of cone cells by adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy revealed significantly increased percentages of enlarged cone cells in the RP patients compared with the control subjects. The vitreous of the RP patients contained significantly higher levels of high-mobility group box-1, which is released extracellularly associated with necrotic cell death. These findings suggest that necrotic enlargement of cone cells is involved in the process of cone degeneration, and that necrosis may be a novel target to prevent or delay the loss of cone-mediated central vision in RP.
A distributed cell division counter reveals growth dynamics in the gut microbiota
Authors: Myhrvold Cameron , Kotula Jonathan W. , Hicks Wade M. , Conway Nicholas J. , Silver Pamela A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMicrobial population growth is typically measured when cells can be directly observed, or when death is rare. However, neither of these conditions hold for the mammalian gut microbiota, and, therefore, standard approaches cannot accurately measure the growth dynamics of this community. Here we introduce a new method (distributed cell division counting, DCDC) that uses the accurate segregation at cell division of genetically encoded fluorescent particles to measure microbial growth rates. Using DCDC, we can measure the growth rate of Escherichia coli for >10 consecutive generations. We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that DCDC is robust to error across a wide range of temperatures and conditions, including in the mammalian gut. Furthermore, our experimental observations inform a mathematical model of the population dynamics of the gut microbiota. DCDC can enable the study of microbial growth during infection, gut dysbiosis, antibiotic therapy or other situations relevant to human health.
Alternative splicing of Drosophila Nmnat functions as a switch to enhance neuroprotection under stress
Authors: Ruan Kai , Zhu Yi , Li Chong , Brazill Jennifer M. , Zhai R. Grace 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) is a conserved enzyme in the NAD synthetic pathway. It has also been identified as an effective and versatile neuroprotective factor. However, it remains unclear how healthy neurons regulate the dual functions of NMNAT and achieve self-protection under stress. Here we show that Drosophila Nmnat (DmNmnat) is alternatively spliced into two mRNA variants, RA and RB, which translate to protein isoforms with divergent neuroprotective capacities against spinocerebellar ataxia 1-induced neurodegeneration. Isoform PA/PC translated from RA is nuclear-localized with minimal neuroprotective ability, and isoform PB/PD translated from RB is cytoplasmic and has robust neuroprotective capacity. Under stress, RB is preferably spliced in neurons to produce the neuroprotective PB/PD isoforms. Our results indicate that alternative splicing functions as a switch that regulates the expression of functionally distinct DmNmnat variants. Neurons respond to stress by driving the splicing switch to produce the neuroprotective variant and therefore achieve self-protection.
Capture Hi-C reveals novel candidate genes and complex long-range interactions with related autoimmune risk loci
Authors: Martin Paul , McGovern Amanda , Orozco Gisela , Duffus Kate , Yarwood Annie , Schoenfelder Stefan , Cooper Nicholas J. , Barton Anne , Wallace Chris , Fraser Peter , Worthington Jane , Eyre Steve 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGenome-wide association studies have been tremendously successful in identifying genetic variants associated with complex diseases. The majority of association signals are intergenic and evidence is accumulating that a high proportion of signals lie in enhancer regions. We use Capture Hi-C to investigate, for the first time, the interactions between associated variants for four autoimmune diseases and their functional targets in B- and T-cell lines. Here we report numerous looping interactions and provide evidence that only a minority of interactions are common to both B- and T-cell lines, suggesting interactions may be highly cell-type specific; some disease-associated SNPs do not interact with the nearest gene but with more compelling candidate genes (for example, FOXO1, AZI2) often situated several megabases away; and finally, regions associated with different autoimmune diseases interact with each other and the same promoter suggesting common autoimmune gene targets (for example, PTPRC, DEXI and ZFP36L1).
Endothelial Gata5 transcription factor regulates blood pressure
Authors: Messaoudi Smail , He Ying , Gutsol Alex , Wight Andrew , Hébert Richard L. , Vilmundarson Ragnar O. , Makrigiannis Andrew P. , Chalmers John , Hamet Pavel , Tremblay Johanne , McPherson Ruth , Stewart Alexandre F. R. , Touyz Rhian M. , Nemer Mona 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDespite its high prevalence and economic burden, the aetiology of human hypertension remains incompletely understood. Here we identify the transcription factor GATA5, as a new regulator of blood pressure (BP). GATA5 is expressed in microvascular endothelial cells and its genetic inactivation in mice (Gata5-null) leads to vascular endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Endothelial-specific inactivation of Gata5 mimics the hypertensive phenotype of the Gata5-null mice, suggestive of an important role for GATA5 in endothelial homeostasis. Transcriptomic analysis of human microvascular endothelial cells with GATA5 knockdown reveals that GATA5 affects several genes and pathways critical for proper endothelial function, such as PKA and nitric oxide pathways. Consistent with a role in human hypertension, we report genetic association of variants at the GATA5 locus with hypertension traits in two large independent cohorts. Our results unveil an unsuspected link between GATA5 and a prominent human condition, and provide a new animal model for hypertension.
Adaptive immunity increases the pace and predictability of evolutionary change in commensal gut bacteria
Authors: Barroso-Batista João , Demengeot Jocelyne , Gordo Isabel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCo-evolution between the mammalian immune system and the gut microbiota is believed to have shaped the microbiota’s astonishing diversity. Here we test the corollary hypothesis that the adaptive immune system, directly or indirectly, influences the evolution of commensal species. We compare the evolution of Escherichia coli upon colonization of the gut of wild-type and Rag2−/− mice, which lack lymphocytes. We show that bacterial adaptation is slower in immune-compromised animals, a phenomenon explained by differences in the action of natural selection within each host. Emerging mutations exhibit strong beneficial effects in healthy hosts but substantial antagonistic pleiotropy in immune-deficient mice. This feature is due to changes in the composition of the gut microbiota, which differs according to the immune status of the host. Our results indicate that the adaptive immune system influences the tempo and predictability of E. coli adaptation to the mouse gut.
Fasting and postprandial regulation of the intracellular localization of adiponectin and of adipokines secretion by dietary fat in rats
Authors: Olivares-García V , Torre-Villalvazo I , Velázquez-Villegas L , Alemán G , Lara N , López-Romero P , Torres N , Tovar A R , Díaz-Villaseñor A 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background/Objective:
Dietary fat sources modulate fasting serum concentration of adipokines, particularly adiponectin. However, previous studies utilized obese animals in which adipose tissue function is severely altered. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the postprandial regulation of adipokine secretion in nonobese rats that consumed high-fat diet (HFD) composed of different types of fat for a short time.

Methods:
The rats were fed a control diet or a HFD containing coconut, safflower or soybean oil (rich in saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid or polyunsaturated fatty acid, respectively) for 21 days. The serum concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, retinol, retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4), visfatin and resistin were determined at fasting and after refeeding. Adiponectin multimerization and intracellular localization, as well as the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones and transcriptional regulators, were evaluated in epididymal white adipose tissue.

Results:
In HFD-fed rats, serum adiponectin was significantly decreased 30 min after refeeding. With coconut oil, all three multimeric forms were reduced; with safflower oil, only the high-molecular-weight (HMW) and medium-molecular-weight (MMW) forms were decreased; and with soybean oil, only the HMW form was diminished. These reductions were due not to modifications in mRNA abundance or adiponectin multimerization but rather to an increment in intracellular localization at the ER and plasma membrane. Thus, when rats consumed a HFD, the type of dietary fat differentially affected the abundance of endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 44 kDa (ERp44), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) mRNAs, all of which are involved in the post-translational processing of adiponectin required for its secretion.
Leptin, RBP-4, resistin and visfatin serum concentrations did not change during fasting, whereas modest alterations were observed after refeeding.

Conclusions:
The short-term consumption of a HFD affected adiponectin localization in adipose tissue, thereby decreasing its secretion to a different magnitude depending on the dietary fat source. Evaluating the fasting serum concentration of adipokines was not sufficient to identify alterations in their secretion, whereas postprandial values provided additional information as dynamic indicators.
The need to redefine age- and gender-specific overweight and obese body mass index cutoff points
Authors: Nevill A M , Metsios G S 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFor convenience, health practitioners and clinicians are inclined to classify people/patients as overweight or obese based on body mass index (BMI) cutoff points of 25 and 30 kg m−2 respectively, irrespective of age and gender. The purpose of the current study was to identity whether, for the same levels of adiposity, BMI is the same across different age groups and gender. A two-way ANCOVA revealed significant differences in BMI between different age groups and gender (plus an interaction), using body fat (%) as the covariate, data taken from a random sample of the English population (n=2993). Younger people had greater BMI than older people for the same levels of adiposity (differences ranged by 4 BMI units for males, and 3 BMI units for females). In conclusion, if BMI thresholds for overweight (BMI=25 kg m−2) and obese (BMI=30 kg m−2) are to reflect the same levels of adiposity across all gender and age groups within a population, then age- and gender-specific BMI adjustments outlined here are necessary to more accurately/fairly reflect the same critical levels of adiposity.