bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Metal Copper Concentration at Candy using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
Authors: Rahmawati Eny , Dewi Diana Candra , Fasya Ahmad Ghanaim , Fauziyah Begum 
Published: December 2015

<p class="BodyAbstract">Candy sold in the market could be containing a heavy metals like copper. In this study, candy was destructed with HNO3, HNO3/H2SO4 (3:1) dan HNO3/H2SO4/H2O2 (6:2:1) to know the best matter oxidixer for copper. Then, evaluated the levels of copper using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The one way anove result with F test showed that the best oxidizer for copper in candy is HNO3/H2SO4. The average concentration of Copper in candy coded A, B, C, D, and E were 1. 72 mg/Kg; 1.69 mg/Kg; 1.57 mg/Kg; 1.71 mg/Kg; and 1.69 mg/Kg respectively. The content of copper in candies were the under daily dietary recommended limit based on SNI regulation.</p><p class="BodyAbstract"> </p><p class="BodyAbstract"><em><strong>Key Words:</strong> Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, candy, matter oxidizer, time stability, wet destruction</em></p><p class="BodyAbstract"><em> </em></p>
Identifikasi Senyawa Flavonoid dan Efek Terapi Ekstrak Etanol 70 % Umbi Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah dan Aktifitas SOD (Superoksida dismutase) Jantung Tikus yang Diinduksi Aloksan
Authors: Andrieyani Andrieyani , Hanapi Ahmad , Fasya Ahmad Ghanaim , Hasanah Hafidatul 
Published: December 2015

<p>The aims of this research was to identify the flavonoid content in binahong tuber and determine the effect of 70 % ethanol extract of binahong tuber on blood glucose level and SOD activity in rats (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>) induced alloxan. The extract was maceration and then used to test the classes of its compound content using phytochemical test, the flavonoid compound contained in the extract was separated by analytic thin layer chromatography (TLC) and antidiabetic effect against rats induced alloxan with dose of alloxan was 32 mg / 200 g BW. The results showed that the 70 % ethanol extract of binahong tuber contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and terpenoids. Butanol: acetic acid: water (4: 1: 5) was the best eluent for separation of flavonoid compound in extract and binahong tuber extracts treatment with variation of extract dose, 25, 60 and 75 mg/kg BW, reduced the blood glucose levels and increased the SOD (<em>Superoxide dismutase</em>) activity of rat, that are 5,511 ; 5,217 and 4,942 u/mL respectively.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><em><strong>Keywords</strong>: alloxan, antidiabetic, flavonoids, binahong tubers, SOD</em></p>
Economics Of Steam Generation For Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Chaar Marwan , Venetos Milton , Dargin Justin , Palmer Daniel 
Published: December 2015

Summary
The thermal-enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) steam-generation projects in Persian Gulf oil fields are on such a large scale that they affect an entire country's economic position. As such, the policies related to oilfield steam generation should be decided at the national level by use of the cost of the marginal fuel. This paper calculates the steam cost for three methods: once-through steam generator, once-through heat-recovery steam generator, and solar steam generator. Detailed performance and economic models of the steam-generation methods were created and used to calculate the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the fuel break-even (FBE) price. The environmental and economic burdens on the cost of steam generation are explored. The effect of fuel price on the cost of steam is also analyzed, with a focus on the marginal fuel price. Finally, the limitation of cogeneration in an isolated oil field, where the energy demand necessitates electricity-matched cogeneration, was analyzed. This limitation, along with the steam cost at the marginal fuel price, provides the decision maker with a steam-supply curve.
For the case analyzed in this paper, the cost of solar steam is lower than that of cogeneration or a simple boiler for fuel prices greater than USD 5/million Btu.
Sources of Soybean Aphid Resistance in Early‐Maturing Soybean Germplasm
Authors: Hanson Anthony A. , Orf James H. , Koch Robert L. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTSoybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a non‐native and damaging pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the north central United States. We screened 78 soybean lines (maturity groups 000 to I) for resistance to soybean aphid and categorized resistance (i.e., antibiosis or antixenosis) in lines that showed putative resistance. Selected lines were also included in field trials at Rosemount and St. Paul, MN, in 2014. We detected antibiosis in PI 639534A, PI 639537, and PI 605765B and antixenosis in PI 507713. PI 605765B and PI 639537 performed better than susceptible varieties in both field trials with natural infestations of soybean aphid. We also documented antixenosis within IA3027, a line previously assumed to be susceptible to soybean aphid, which underscores the importance of including multiple susceptible and resistant controls for comparison in resistance screening studies. These additional sources of resistance may provide soybean breeders more options for incorporating resistance into early‐maturing soybean varieties and allow different types of host plant resistance to be pyramided into varieties for growers.
Gender/Class Intersections and African Women's Rights
Authors: Davies Carole Boyce 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
African women's rights, in its early expressions, was linked to the critique of particular economic/class systems which disempowered the majority of women in contemporary Africa. However, the discourse was subsequently dominated by a move towards feminist politics as cultural politics. The way gender and class intersect in an African context continues to be an ongoing critical lever of analysis, despite some recent turns in the study of African gender systems that have evaded class as a critical variable.
Decolonizing Britain and Domesticating Women
Authors: Noble Denise 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article deploys an intersectional, transnational, and postcolonial approach to uncovering what is repressed and connoted in recent pronouncements that multiculturalism in Britain has failed and that it is time for Britain to return to a lost, indigenous, “active, muscular liberalism,” one that must now reassert its authority at home and abroad. To grasp what is at stake in calls for the reinvigoration of an active, muscular liberalism as simultaneously the indigenous personality and identity of not only the British “people” and nation, but indelibly of the West, they must be located within the history of British colonialism and its intersections with white, Western, imperial patriarchy. This article does so by explicating the intersections of gender, race, and class in the post-1945 double-inscription of metropole and colony in British liberalizing social reform and national reconstruction projects, symbolized by two major British government reports published in the 1940s. These are the Moyne Report (GBCO 1945), which shaped the transition of Britain's Caribbean territories from colonial to independent nations, and the Beveridge Report (Beveridge 1942), which shaped the modern British welfare state. What becomes apparent in both reports is how ethnically and racially differentiated categories of women were produced, targeted, and deployed in British metropolitan and colonial state discourses concerning the management of women and reform of racial rule at home and abroad.
Thermodynamic, structural, transport and surface properties of Pb-Tl liquid alloy
Authors: Yadav SK , Jha LN , Adhikari D 
Published: December 2015

Thermodynamic properties, such as free energy of mixing, heat of mixing, entropy of mixing, activities and the microscopic structural properties, such as concentration fluctuation in long-wavelength limit and chemical short-range order parameter of Pb-Tl liquid alloy at 773 K have been studied on the basis of regular associated solution model. We have estimated the mole fractions of the complex and the unassociated atoms assuming the existence of complex as energetically favoured in the liquid state. The compositional contributions of the heat of mixing of the species Pb and Tl and the heat of formation of the compound to the net enthalpy change have also been studied. The transport properties such as, viscosity and the ratio of mutual and intrinsic coefficients have been studied using different approaches. The surface concentration of Tl atoms has been computed and it has been employed to calculate the surface tension of Pb-Tl liquid alloy. Both the theoretical and the experimental values of the concentration fluctuation in long-wavelength limit are found to be less than the ideal value, revealing that the concerned system is hetero-coordinating in nature. The interaction energies are found to be temperature dependent and respective alloy is found to be weakly interacting system. BIBECHANA 13 (2016) 100-113
Nepal’s Free Health Care Policy in Practice: Perspectives from Community Stakeholders, Providers and Users of Health Services in Myagdi District
Authors: Subedi Shiva 
Published: December 2015

Government of Nepal has introduced Free Health Care Policy (FHCP) through different tiers of health delivery system in 2007. With the objective of understanding the perspectives of community stakeholders, health service providers, and the services users towards free care policy, a qualitative-quantitative study was conducted in selected communities of Myagdi district from December 2010 to January 2011. Although the majority of user group thought that free care service is good but only two-third of them had received free care. Shortage of free essential drugs at health facility centers, absence of health workers and lack of clear information about free services or counseling on free services available at health facility centers are the most repeated issues raised by the service users. Similarly, the service providers had similar experiences and perceptions on FHCP. The majority of the community stakeholders also had positive perception on this implemented policy. They have observed that many facilities had shortage of drugs and people are not having free health care. Many health facilities lacked interaction on FHCP, and service users did not have equitable access to the services provided. Overall, though the free care was perceived to be good policy, its satisfactory implementation remains one of the challenges. Many of the areas relating to service delivery need to be strengthened. A reliable supply system of drugs and its regular monitoring mechanism can ensure the effective implementation of free health care services.
Thermodynamic properties over (Ni2Te3O8 + NiTe2O5) in the Ni–Te–O system: Transpiration thermogravimetric and Knudsen effusion mass spectrometric studies
Authors: Narasimhan Tiruppatur Subramaniam Lakshmi , Nalini Seshadreesan , Manikandan Palraj , Trinadh Vinjavarapu Venkata , Baba Magapu Sai 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Vaporisation studies over (Ni2Te3O8 + NiTe2O5) in the Ni–Te–O system were carried out by means of transpiration thermogravimetry (TTG) and Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry (KEMS) in the temperature ranges of 950 – 1 060 K and 850 – 950 K respectively. The transpiration measurements were performed for the first time. Comparison of total pressures obtained by TTG with that deduced using partial pressures of vaporising species from KEMS showed a good agreement providing reliable vapour pressures over this phase region. From vapour pressures, enthalpies of solid–gas and gas-phase equilibria and subsequently enthalpy and Gibbs free energies of formation of NiTe2O5(s) were derived. A thermochemical calculation was performed to assess the possibility of formation of the ternary NiTe2O5(s) phase on stainless steel clad of mixed-oxide fuelled fast breeder nuclear reactors.
Incidental 99mTc MDP uptake in the intestines and intravenous CT contrast
Authors: Kim Soo , Lee Joo , Hyun Seung , Cho Young , Moon Seung , Choe Yearn , Lee Kyung-Han , Kim Byung-Tae , Choi Joon 
Published: December 2015

SummaryAim: We evaluated the association between intestinal visualization on bone scintigraphy and IV CT contrast in patients with breast cancer. Patients, methods: 452 patients with breast cancer underwent a 99mTc methylene diphosphonate (MDP) bone scan for surveillance of bone metastasis. Presence, site and intensity of intestinal uptake were visually assessed. For patients with intestinal visualization, medical records were reviewed to identify the alleged potential causes. When IV CT contrast was administrated on the same day as bone scan, the time between IV CT contrast injection, 99mTc MDP administration and bone scan was assessed. Results: Intestinal 99mTc MDP uptake was observed in 44 of the 452 patients (9.7%). Bone scans showed no thyroid or gastric uptake that suggested free pertechnetate. There were no patients with documented causes of intestinal uptake except for one patient with vesicoenteric fistula. Of the 452 patients, 149 (33.0%) underwent IV contrast-enhanced CT on the same day as bone scan. Forty of the 44 patients (90.9%) with intestinal uptake on bone scan underwent IV contrast-enhanced CT on the same day, whereas 109 of 408 (26.7%) patients without intestinal uptake on bone scintigraphy underwent IV contrast-enhanced CT on the same day (p < 0.001). The patients who underwent IV contrast injection between Tc-99m MDP administration and acquisition of bone scans had significantly more frequent intestinal uptake than patients who underwent IV contrast injection either before 99mTc MDP administration or after bone scanning (42.4% vs. 1.8%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: IV CT contrast injection administered on the same day as bone scintigraphy is significantly associated with 99mTc MDP uptake in the intestines among patients with breast cancer.
Throughfall nutrients in a degraded indigenous Fagus orientalis forest and a Picea abies plantation in the of North of Iran
Authors: Abbasian Parisa , Attarod Pedram , Sadeghi Seyed M.M. , Van Stan II John T. , Hojjati Seyed M. 
Published: December 2015

Aim of study: The objective of this study was to compare the quantity and quality of TF (throughfall) in an indigenous, but degraded, stand of Fagus orientalis and Picea abies plantation.Area of study: Forests of Kelar-Dasht region located in Mazandaran province, northern Iran.Material and Methods: TF measured by twenty collectors that were distributed randomly underneath each stand. For 21 storms sampled in 2012 (August-December) and 2013 (April-June), we analyzed pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NO3-, and P of gross rainfall (GR) and TF.Main results: Cumulative interception (I) for F. orientalis and P. abies were 114.2 mm and 194.8 mm of the total GR, respectively. The amount of K+ (13.4 mg L-1) and Ca2+ (0.9 mg L-1) were higher (for both elements, p = 0.001) in the TF of P. abies compared to those of F. orientalis (6.8 and 0.5, mg L-1, respectively) and GR (3.2 and 0.37 mg L-1, respectively). Conversely, mean P concentration was doubled (p = 0.022) in the TF of F. orientalis (11.1 mg L-1) compared to GR (5.8 mg L-1).Research highlights: P. abies plantations may provide a solution for reforestation of degraded F. orientalis forests of northern Iran, yet how P. abies plantations differentially affect the quality and quantity of rainfall reaching subcanopy soils (TF) compared to F. orientalis is unknown. Understanding the connection between hydrological processes and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems is crucial for choosing the appropriate species to rehabilitate the degraded indigenous forests with nonindigenous species. Keywords: concentration; hydrological process; interception; reforestation.
Soil compaction of various Central European forest soils caused by traffic of forestry machines with various chassis
Authors: Allman Michal , Jankovský Martin , Messingerová Valéria , Allmanová Zuzana , Ferenčík Michal 
Published: December 2015

Aim of study: The primary objective of this paper was to compare the effects of different types of forestry machine chassis on the compaction of the top layers of soil and to define the soil moisture content level, at which machine traffic results in maximum compaction.Area of study: Measurements were conducted in eight forest stands located in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The soil types in the stands subjected to the study were luvisols, stagnosols, cambisols, and rendzinas.Material and Methods: The measurements were focused on tracked and wheeled (equipped with low pressure tyres) cut-to-length machines, and skidders equipped with wide and standard tyres. The bulk density of soil was determined from soil samples extracted from the ruts, the centre of the skid trail, and the undisturbed stand. To determine soil moisture content, at which the soil is the most susceptible to compaction, the Proctor standard test was employed.Main results: The moisture content for maximal compaction fluctuated from 12% to 34.06%. Wheeled machines compacted the soil to 1.24 – 1.36 g.cm-3 (30.3 – 35.4 % compaction) in dried state. Bulk density of soil in stands where tracked machine operated was lower, ranging from 1.02 to 1.06 g.cm-3 (25.3 % compaction).Research highlights: All wheeled machines caused the same amount of soil compaction in the ruts, despite differences in tyres, machine weight, etc. Maximum compaction caused by forestry machines occurred at minimal moisture contents, easily achievable in European climatic conditions. Keywords: soil compaction; bulk density; soil moisture content limits; cut-to-length machines; skidders.
Bending of Pinus jeffreyi in response to wind
Authors: Bullock Stephen H. , Martínez-Osuna J. Francisco , López-Reyes Eulogio , Rodríguez-Navarro José L. 
Published: December 2015

Aim of study: To evaluate the degree of trunk sway in relation to wind velocity, with varying temporal integration and to compare this relation among seasons.Area of study: Sierra de Juárez, Baja California, MéxicoMaterials and Methods: Displacements of a 19 m tall Jeffrey pine tree were recorded at 6 m from a three dimensional digital compass during one year, at c. 4 Hz. Adjacent wind speed at 6 m was recorded at 1 Hz.Main results: Sway was essentially unaffected by wind in the same second but increasing dependence of cumulative displacement on average sustained wind speed was found for intervals of 1 to 60 minutes (r2 up to 0.89). The relation is generally log-linear but apparently differs in parameters between seasons.Research highlights: Wind-sway relations are clear from integration of several-to-many minutes. However, to estimate cumulative stress, sub-second data on sway are essential. Sub-second, precision measurements of sway can be registered from small, inexpensive sensors.Keywords: biomechanics; Pinus jeffreyi; seasonality; stress accumulation; time series; tree bending.
Mechanism of the activation process for the formation of a surface-conduction electron-emitter
Authors: Tsukamoto Takeo , Okuda Masahiro , Arai Yutaka , Miyata Hirokatsu 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The major role of the chemical reaction between a silica substrate and deposited carbon in the activation process for the formation of a surface-conduction electron emitter (SCE) is investigated. The SCE emits electrons by the tunneling effect when an electric field is applied across a nanoscale gap. The nanogap is spontaneously formed by the activation process, wherein a pulse voltage is applied between a pair of electrodes, which are separated by a narrow gap inside a vacuum chamber in the presence of hydrocarbons. At the gap, two elemental processes compete; the deposition of carbon by the electron-induced decomposition of hydrocarbons and the consumption of carbon by reaction with the silica substrate. The balance of the dynamics of the two processes, which simply depends on the temperature at the gap, is responsible for the spontaneous determination of the width of the nanogap. The calculation based on the model that involves the two competitive processes agrees with the experimental results on the activation process.
AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor with distributed gate grown on stripe-patterned Si(111) substrate
Authors: Lin Jyun-Hao , Huang Shyh-Jer , Lai Chao-Hsing , Su Yan-Kuin 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We have successfully fabricated an AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor with a distributed gate (DG-HEMT) on a stripe-patterned Si substrate. With the help of the stripe pattern, GaN film with low defect density could be deposited by two-step growth. The striped AlGaN/GaN structure could be obtained naturally by stopping the epitaxy process before coalescence. The DG-HEMT fabricated on the striped pattern layout shows good performance. The output characteristics were enhanced from 297 to 337 mA/mm, because the high quality of GaN grown on the patterned substrate can reduce the number of defects. In addition, the drain current was not decreased because the heat problem was reduced in the DG structure.
Electroless Ni alloy plating as a diffusion barrier for through silicon vias in three-dimensional packaging
Authors: Kim Taeyoo , Ahn Byungwook , Lim SeungKyu , Son Hwajin , Suh Sujeong 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Ni- and Co-based amorphous films are alternative diffusion barrier materials for Cu interconnection in three-dimensional (3D) packaging applications. In this paper, electroless Ni–P and Ni–W–P films deposited in through-silicon vias (TSVs) were prepared as a diffusion barrier and seed layer of Cu filling by using Sn–Pd activation pretreatment. The thermal stability of the electroless Ni alloy films subjected to rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in H2 atmosphere was investigated. The barrier properties of the electroless Ni alloy films were evaluated over a range of temperatures using auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line-scan. The microstructures, crystal structures and electrical resistivity were also examined. It was found that Ni alloy films are amorphous as deposited, that the films retain amorphous or amorphous-like structures after undergoing annealing at 400 °C for 1 h, and that they are feasible for the diffusion barrier layer for 3D Cu interconnect technology.
Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations along the Silk Road; and Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations along the Silk Road
Authors: Harvey Paul B. 
Published: December 2015

Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations along the Silk Road. Edited by Joan Aruz and Elisabetta Valtz Fino. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Symposia. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012. Pp. viii + 134, illus. $35 (paper). [Distributed by Yale University Press]
Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations along the Silk Road. By Frank L. Holt. Hellenistic Culture and Society, vol. 53. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2012. Pp. xxi + 343, illus. $39.95.
Les étymons en arabe: Analyse formelle et sémantique. By Georges Bohas and Karim Bachmar
Authors: Edzard Lutz 
Published: December 2015

Les étymons en arabe: Analyse formelle et sémantique. By Georges Bohas and Karim Bachmar. Recherches, vol. 23. Beirut: Dar El-Machreq Éditeurs, 2013. Pp. 214.