bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Change
Authors: Fuerstein Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers and rejects “power-sharing” conceptions of democracy and deliberative democracy as models of social progress. According to power-sharing models, democracy promotes progress by dispersing power among rival groups, thereby encouraging attention to diverse interests in decision-making. According to deliberative models, democracy promotes progress through mutual education, as citizens refine their attitudes through reciprocal dialogue. On their own, these models cannot explain social progress because political power and deliberation are themselves vulnerable to the consequences of structural oppression. A large body of empirical research suggests that the key to changing moral minds is transforming social emotions and identities. We need to introduce a further factor which explains how democracy does this.
What Is the Lesson of Donald Trump for Democracy?
Authors: Fuerstein Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the proper response to Trumpian populism and other similar movements is not technocratic or “epistocratic” reforms but, instead, to strengthen democratic community. Epistocracy fails to accommodate the radically egalitarian nature of moral insight, which is widely and unpredictably distributed across society. In focusing narrowly on the question of voter “competence,” it also mistakes the symptom of a problem for its cause. A large body of social science suggests that voter incompetence is driven by partisan tribal motivations and that those motivations, in turn, are linked to increasing social segregation and status inequality. A path forward requires social interventions that reduce negative social emotions and polarizing conceptions of social identity. Three potential experiments in living are sketched which could lead to progress of that kind.
Implementation
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 describes resistance during the fourth phase in the policy process: implementation. The one-shot quota law adopted in 2009 was implemented in the 2014 parliamentary elections. Drawing on candidate lists presented for the 2014 parliamentary elections and interview data, this chapter shows how the main parties and party factions implemented the quota law in a minimalist fashion and exploited loopholes to minimize its effects further. Resistance to quotas is evident in all three major parties, yet manifested in different ways. Party elites operate under different constraints related to ideology, voter support, and internal rules regulating candidate selection procedures—something that shapes their resistance strategies. While status quo defenders had lost the discursive battle over quotas, in this battle over positions, they are back on a playing field where they enjoy an advantage.
Conclusion
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 outlines the book’s main findings: how resistance strategies are adapted across time and space over the policy process and across political parties; why gender quotas are resisted and how party structures may foster different forms of resistance; and finally, how gender equity entrepreneurs can use ideas and international norms to bring about gender-equitable policy change even in cases characterized by strong resistance and stark power asymmetries. The chapter highlights the book’s contributions to the literatures on gender and politics, public policy, and feminist institutionalism and discusses the broader applicability of the resistance stage framework. The chapter ends by pointing to avenues for future research.
Hume and the Regularity View of Causation
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract‘Hume and the Regularity View of Causation’ examines Hume’s arguments about causation, and the so-called ‘regularity view of causation’ (RVC), with which he is closely associated, seeking to derive lessons for causal inquiry in International Relations (IR). Although Hume is, in one important sense, a regularity theorist, he does not in fact endorse the versions of the RVC which are most often attributed to him. Moreover, although Hume is often identified as being a causal idealist, and hence as espousing a view that causal realists must reject, his arguments are more subtle than this. Indeed, he does not subscribe either to causal idealism or to causal realism, but rather espouses causal agnosticism. He also offers some important, though under-appreciated, insights into the significance of observed regularities as evidence for the presence of causal relations. Understanding Hume’s thinking accurately helps to correct numerous common misunderstandings about causation in IR.
Bhaskar, Causal Realism, and the Conduct of Causal Inquiry
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract‘Bhaskar, Causal Realism, and the Conduct of Causal Inquiry’ examines Bhaskar’s influential argument for causal realism, showing it to be unconvincing and explaining why this is important for debates about causation and causal inquiry in International Relations. Although he provides some valuable insights into scientific practice, especially concerning the aims and uses of controlled experiments, Bhaskar does not succeed in demonstrating that causal powers are a real feature of the world existing independently of human thought. Nevertheless, some important conceptual and methodological principles can be extracted from his arguments and used as a basis for thinking about the conduct of causal inquiry. These concern (i) the importance of the distinction between open systems and closed systems, (ii) the importance of controlled experiments in generating evidence for causal claims, and (iii) the importance of recognizing that causal theories describe causal propensities.
Causal Statements
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract‘Causal Statements’ distinguishes between the principal kinds of causal statements, showing why this distinction matters for debates about causation and causal inquiry in International Relations and setting the scene for a fuller discussion of the logic of causal inquiry in the next chapter. The two main kinds of causal statements are often classified as being either ‘singular’ or ‘general’, but these terms are misleading. What distinguishes statements of these two kinds is not the number of events to which they relate—that is, whether they refer to single events or many events. Rather, what is crucial is that some causal statements refer, concretely, to specific events, located in space and time, while others abstract from specific events to describe causal propensities. Moreover, and contrary to common supposition, neither kind of statement implies a corresponding regularity statement. These points are crucial for understanding the logic of causal inquiry.
Causal Explanation
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract‘Causal Explanation’ provides a review and critique of how ‘causal explanation’ is understood in the discipline of International Relations, informed by the account of the logic of causal inquiry provided in Chapter 5. Causal explanations identify the causes of events which have already occurred. In order for a causal explanation to be satisfactory, the information it provides about the causes of an event of interest must be reliable. This information must also be relevant, helping to resolve whatever puzzle motivated the request for an explanation. Recognizing the importance of this ‘pragmatic’ component of causal explanation helps to resolve a series of confusions about whether causal explanations can be complete, the form in which they should be presented, and whether they should identify causal mechanisms. The relationship between causal explanations and causal theories, the covering-law model of explanation, and the relationship between causal and constitutive explanation are also considered.
Causal Reasoning
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract‘Causal Reasoning’ explores the kind of reasoning which can persuasively support claims (i) that a given causal statement should be accepted on the basis of the available evidence and (ii) that a given causal relation, shown to unfold fully in one situation, will also unfold fully in some other situation. These issues are usually discussed, in International Relations and in the broader social sciences, under the headings ‘internal validity’ and ‘external validity’. However, existing discussions rest on misunderstandings concerning the logic of causal inquiry, outlined in Chapter 5. Contrary to common supposition, the reasoning required to support substantive causal claims is neither inductive, nor deductive, but abductive. Generating reliable knowledge of how causal relations will unfold in situations which have not yet been studied is also more difficult than is commonly supposed. It can be achieved only through systematic theory testing, supported by sound judgement.
Examples
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract‘Examples’ is a study of four high-quality examples of causal inquiry in International Relations, demonstrating how the analysis developed in Causal Inquiry in International Relations can be drawn upon to illuminate the strengths and occasional weaknesses of the causal reasoning which these studies employ. It demonstrates how reliable causal conclusions may be reached by applying a range of different methods for generating and analysing empirical evidence: randomized controlled trials, natural experiments, process tracing, and historical analysis. However, it also emphasizes the need for greater clarity about how causal reasoning proceeds, for greater precision in how causal language is employed, and for more critical and detailed discussion of questions of external validity.
The Poetics of Childhood
Authors: Karanika Andromache 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the elusive returns that the wedding repertoire enables through content and theme, arguing that surviving wedding-related material preserves a desire to remain a child—it is a force against maturation. The first section examines typified features—salutations, praise of the bride and groom, blessings—as they can be reconstructed primarily from Homer and Sappho. It explores the weaving motif in Sappho fr. 102 and compares wedding song imagery with epigrams and children’s lore perspectives as they have survived in ancient lexicography and other sources. It argues for an inherent ludic element and a performance setting that resembles ancient games as we know them. This chapter further explores the elusive genres, namely hymenaios, paeans, and ululations as aspects that define a nuptial performance and revisits Theocritus’s Idyll 18, an epithalamion that presents the interweaving of orality and literacy in the wedding song tradition.
Learning in a Black Box
Authors: Young H. Peyton , Nax Heinrich H. , Burton-Chellew Maxwell N. , West Stuart A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies strategic behavior when agents have no information about the structure of the underlying game and they cannot observe other agents’ actions or payoffs. Even when players have no such information, there are simple payoff-based learning rules that lead to Nash equilibrium in many types of games, as shown in Chapter 8. A key feature of these trial-and-error rules is that subjects search differently depending on whether their payoffs increase, stay constant, or decrease. This chapter analyzes learning behavior in a laboratory setting and finds strong empirical confirmation for these asymmetric search behaviors in the context of voluntary contribution games. By varying the amount of information, we show that these behaviors are also present even when subjects have full information about the game.
Costs
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines detailed provisions in relation to costs that are contained in the Practice Direction (Costs in Criminal Proceedings) 2015 EWCA Crim 1568 (as amended) and in Crim PR Part 45. It recounts the case of R (Spiteri) v Basildon Crown Court [2009] EWHC 665 (Admin), which indicated that a costs order could not be refused on the sole ground that the applicant had brought the proceedings upon himself. The court ruled that courts should give reasons for the refusal contemporaneously with the ruling. The chapter emphasizes that a court should not limit the amount of costs recoverable from central funds to those of the final hearing where the Crown would not have discontinued the proceedings. A magistrates’ court may order the payment of any costs incurred as a result of any unnecessary or improper act or omission by or on behalf of any party to the proceedings.
Pre-Charge Hearings
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines advocacy assistance that is available for all the hearings without a means test. Pre-charge detention in police custody can be extended by issuing a warrant for further detention if the magistrates’ court is satisfied if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the further detention of the person to whom the application relates is justified. A court may not hear an application for a warrant of further detention unless the person to whom the application relates has been furnished with a copy of the information.
Remand Periods
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the power under section 128(7) and (8) MCA 1980 to remand to police custody, which does not arise until the court has decided that bail cannot be granted and must relate to allegations that are not already before the court. The court should consider whether the remand should be to custody or to a police station, depending on whether further evidence is likely to be obtained. Under section 152 Criminal Justice Act 1988, the courts have power to commit a person facing certain drugs offences to police custody for up to 192 hours. The chapter indicates how a defendant may be remanded to custody for up to 28 clear days, provided the next stage in the proceedings will be dealt with. After a case has been sent to the Crown Court, the magistrates have the power to adjourn for a period up to the date of trial.
Transfer/Remittal of Criminal Cases
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter cites section 27A MCA 1980 which provides for transfer between magistrates’ courts. A magistrates’ court adjourning a case and remanding the accused in custody may order that he be brought up for any subsequent remands before an alternate magistrates’ court nearer to the prison where he is to be confined while on remand. The order will require the accused to be brought before the alternate court at the end of the period of remand or at such earlier time as the alternate court may require. The chapter discusses the alternate court that may require the accused to be brought before the court. Provision is made for the remittal of convicted defendants by section 28 of the Sentencing Act 2020.
Age of Offender and the Position of Those Attaining 18
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the age of the offender and the position of those people attaining 18 years of age. It clarifies that the age of the offender is important in relation to the court’s power to impose different types of sentences. Thus, the court holds the duty to determine the offender's age when a young person is brought before the court. The chapter explains the circumstances wherein the youth becomes an adult amidst the course of court proceedings. It also details the definitive guidelines and principles in sentencing children and young people, which includes the significant age threshold between the commission of offence and sentence.
Bail
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the extent of bail when the defendant is a child or a young person. It explains the provisions under Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 that revolve around circumstances when a child is refused bail or remanded to local authority accommodation and youth detention accommodation. However, section 6 of the Bail Act 1976 will apply if a child, who is remanded on bail, fails to surrender to court without reasonable cause. The chapter also looks into different provisions that attend to the remands of children on bail or otherwise than on bail. It details the conditions for a remand to youth detention accommodation.
Breach of Orders, and New Offences Committed during an Order
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the key concepts of breach of orders and new offences committed during an order. It explains the general limitation on re-sentencing and referral orders as per the provisions of the Sentencing Act 2020. The court must be satisfied that the youth offender panel was entitled to make the finding of breach of the referral order, or that any discretion was exercised reasonably. Moreover, the court sentencing for the new offence may extend the compliance period of the referral order, which will not exceed over 12 months. The chapter also examines the extent of youth rehabilitation orders and youth rehabilitation orders made in the Crown Court under the provisions of the Sentencing Act 2020.
Summary Trials Involving Children
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on summary trials involving youths. The youth's intellectual capacity to understand proceedings must be considered due to several circumstances such as an abuse of process to continue on the ground of an unfair trial. The court has the power to allow a vulnerable young defendant to give evidence via live link, which is only made on the basis that the defendant’s ability to participate effectively is compromised by his level of intellectual ability or social functioning. The chapter considers the proceedings that involve the examination of the accused through an intermediary. It mentions how the Criminal Practice Directions give further assistance in such proceedings.
Prosecution Costs
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the provision on prosecution costs. Compensation, victim surcharge, and fines take priority over prosecution costs when the offender had insufficient means to meet all such liabilities. The chapter then looks at the principles that may be derived from the Criminal Practice Direction Divisions and R v Northallerton Magistrates’ Court, ex p Dove [2000] 1 Cr App R (S) 136. In determining the amount of costs to be paid by an offender, consideration should be given to any time that the offender has spent in custody on remand, if the court is to go on to impose any further punishment. The costs of housing an animal pending appeal cannot be classified as prosecution costs but the powers under section 41 of Animal Welfare Act 2006 are wide enough to make such a provision.
Middleton’s Deep
Authors: Publicover Laurence 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The final chapter examines images of depth across three plays authored or co-authored by Thomas Middleton. While resembling in several respects those found in Kyd, Shakespeare, and Webster, I argue, such images are in Middleton put to different purpose: rather than deployed to indicate uncertainties concerning the operations of the cosmos or the structure of the afterlife, they hint instead at poorly understood human desires, and they are therefore bound up in social rather than cosmological matters. Beginning with brief discussions of The Lady’s Tragedy and of a single character from Women Beware Women, the chapter then offers an extended analysis of the castle plot of The Changeling, illustrating how the play’s language of depth, staging of deep architectural spaces, and allusions to Macbeth allow Middleton to suggest the unfathomable nature of Beatrice-Joanna’s relationship with De Flores.
The Victorian Novel On File
Authors: Jacob Priyanka Anne 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This book argues that the ample, cluttered Victorian novel was formally shaped by the nineteenth-century information explosion—and, specifically, by the pressure to store unprecedented amounts of data. Treating the novel itself as a storage medium and an information system, this book argues that the novel’s many details are untapped bits of information: as such, they defer action, sow the novel’s pages with potential, and point to futures that may or may not arrive. The capacious Victorian novel accommodates more than it can use, declining to turn every detail to account and leaving many of its secrets intact. It thus illustrates the tension between preservation and legibility that haunts any archival project. Through an emphasis on storage, this book intervenes in literary approaches to media and information that tend to prioritize transmission and organization; likewise, the book’s emphasis on the hoard as an interruption to circulation complicates existing scholarship on material objects in Victorian fiction. Finally, this book articulates the novel’s aesthetics of deferral, using the model of the container to highlight how the novel produces layered temporalities, spatial depth, and a sense of future potential. The Victorian Novel on File includes readings of works by Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, and Rudyard Kipling, tracking residual objects like the file, the remnant, the secret, and the paper packet.
Temperance, Continence, Weakness, Indulgence, Compulsion
Authors: Bloomfield Paul 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Temperance is presented as the virtue by which non-cognitive conations—urges, appetites, desires, emotions, passions, etc.—are managed excellently: temperate conations are justified by their fittingness to their circumstances. Instead of being self-indulgent or wanton slaves of passion, temperate people master their conations, virtuously curating and integrating them into their well-lived lives. Continence, understood using Sripada’s (2021) model of self-control, is a developmental step toward temperance, and incontinence or weakness of will is modeled on failures of cognitive control, as found in phenomena such as the Stroop effect (1932). Contra Davidson, irrationality does not cause weakness of will, but rather weakness of will causes us to act irrationally. Finally, a Platonic model of temperance is introduced in which a temperate person’s relations to their conations can be understood through the symbiotic relations between human and canine shepherds.