bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass Extinctions as Statistical Phenomena: An Examination of the Evidence Using χ2 Tests and Bootstrapping
Authors: Hubbard Alan E. , Gilinsky Norman L. 
Published: July 2016

Although much natural historical evidence has been adduced in support of the occurrence of several mass extinctions during the Phanerozoic, unambiguous statistical confirmation of the mass extinction phenomenon has remained elusive. Using bootstrapping techniques that have not previously been applied to the study of mass extinction, we have amassed strong or very strong statistical evidence for mass extinctions (see text for definitions) during the Late Ordovician, Late Permian, and Late Cretaceous. Bootstrapping therefore verifies three of the mass extinction events that were proposed by Raup and Sepkoski (1982). A small amount of bootstrapping evidence is also presented for mass extinctions in the Induan (Triassic) and Coniacean (Cretaceous) Stages, but high overall turnover rates (including high origination) in the Induan and uncertain estimates of the temporal duration of the Coniacean force us to conclude that the evidence is not compelling.We also present the results of more liberal X2 tests of the differences between expected and observed numbers of familial extinctions for stratigraphic stages. In addition to verifying the mass extinctions identified using bootstrapping, these analyses suggest that several stages that could not be verified as mass extinction stages using bootstrapping (including the last three in the Devonian, and the Norian Stage of the Triassic) should still be regarded as candidates for mass extinction. Further analysis will be required to test these stages in more detail.
Time and taphonomy: quantitative estimates of time-averaging and stratigraphic disorder in a shallow marine habitat
Authors: Flessa Karl W. , Cutler Alan H. , Meldahl Keith H. 
Published: July 2016

We examined the radiocarbon age, taphonomic condition and stratigraphic position of shells of the venerid bivalveChionespp. from the tidal flats of Bahia la Choya, Sonora, Mexico. Shells in Bahia la Choya are time-averaged. Thirty shells yielded radiocarbon dates from modern (A.D. 1950 or younger) to 3569 years before present. The median calendar age of inner flat shells is 483 years; the median age of tidal channel shells is 427 years. We interpret such long shell survival to be the result of frequent shallow burial. Such burial retards bioerosion of shells.The taphonomic condition of shells varied with environment. Shells from the surface of the inner flats were better preserved than shells from the tidal channel. Shells are more likely to be physically worn and biologically degraded in the waters of the channel than on the quieter and more frequently exposed inner tidal flat. Taphonomic condition is an unreliable indicator of a shell's time-since-death. Poorly-preserved shells on the inner flats tended to be old, but in general shell condition was much more variable than shell age. A shell's condition is more likely the result of its total residence time on the surface than its time-since-death (surface time plus burial time).Two composite short (44 cm and 50 cm) cores revealed varying degrees of stratigraphic disorder (the departure from perfect correlation between relative stratigraphic position and relative age). One of eight shells in the inner flats core was disordered; four of nine shells in the tidal channel were disordered. The actual age range of surface shells approximates the age range of shells in cores. Stratigraphic disorder is a consequence of both time-averaging and physical and biogenic mixing.Time-averaging controls the degree of precision possible in paleoecological studies. Environmental changes and ecological phenomena occurring within a span of 3500 years would not be recognized in deposits like those of Bahia la Choya. Time-averaging and stratigraphic disorder also constrain the temporal resolution possible in microstratigraphic studies of evolution. The extent of time-averaging and stratigraphic disorder will dictate an appropriate sample interval. In order to prevent temporal overlap between successive samples in deposits like Bahia la Choya, sample spacing should not be less than approximately 0.5 m.
On discerning the cause of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions
Authors: Beck Michael W. 
Published: July 2016

I examine the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions by testing the only extinction model with strong a priori predictions, the blitzkrieg model (Martin 1973; Mosimann and Martin 1975). I first test an assumption of the blitzkrieg and other extinction models that the megafaunal extinctions occurred in the terminal Wisconsin (12-10 Ka). This assumption has been disputed by Grayson (1989, 1991), but I find that both a reanalysis of Grayson's data and an analysis of new reliable data support a terminal Wisconsin extinction.The blitzkrieg model predicts that the ranges of megafauna in North America were constricted as the semicircular front of hunters moved southeastward; hence the extinctions should be time-transgressive from northwest to southeast. I test this prediction in three separate analyses that examine (1) the location of terminal sites for each taxon relative to all their other late Wisconsin fossil sites, (2) the location of terminal sites for each taxon relative to all their other reliably dated late Wisconsin fossil sites, and (3) the spatio-temporal pattern of all the reliably dated terminal Wisconsin sites without regard to taxonomy. The geographic distribution of the megafaunal remains does not support the blitzkrieg hypothesis in any of the three analyses. Moreover, all of the patterns in the data are in a direction opposite to that predicted by the blitzkrieg hypothesis. I examine how these conclusions affect both climatic and predation models, particularly in relation to the testability of other extinction hypotheses.
Locomotion in non-avian dinosaurs: integrating data from hindlimb kinematics, in vivo strains, and bone morphology
Authors: Carrano Matthew T. 
Published: July 2016

Analyses of non-avian dinosaur locomotion have been hampered by the lack of an appropriate locomotor analog among extant taxa. Birds, though members of the clade Dinosauria, have undergone significant modifications in hindlimb osteology and musculature. These changes have resulted in a uniquely developed system of limb kinematics (involving a more horizontal femoral posture and knee-dominated limb motion), which precludes the direct use of extant birds as models for non-avian dinosaur locomotion. Analyses of locomotor data from extant birds and mammals suggest a causal link between general hindlimb kinematics, bone strains, and limb bone morphology among these taxa. A model is proposed that relates the amount of torsional loading in femora to bone orientation, such that torsion is maximal in horizontal femora and minimal in vertical femora. Since bone safety factors are lower for torsional shear strains than for longitudinal axial strains, an increase in torsion can potentially affect bone morphology dramatically over evolutionary time. Interpreting the nearly identical limb bone dimensions and limb element proportions of non-avian dinosaurs and mammals in the light of this relationship supports the prediction of similar vertical femoral postures and hip-driven limb kinematics in these two groups.This information can be used to interpret patterns of locomotor evolution within Dinosauria. The evolution of quadrupedalism with large body size and the acquisition of cursorial or graviportal limb morphologies occurred repeatedly but did not affect the underlying uniformity of dinosaur locomotor morphology. Only derived coelurosaurian theropods (paravians) developed significant modifications of the basic dinosaurian patterns of limb use. Changes in theropod hindlimb kinematics and posture apparently began shortly prior to the origin of flight, but did not acquire a characteristically modern avian aspect until after the later acquisition of derived flight characteristics.
The stratigraphic distribution of graptolites in the classic upper Middle Ordovician Utica Shale of New York State: an evolutionary succession or a response to relative sea-level change?
Authors: Goldman Daniel , Mitchell Charles E. , Joy Michael P. 
Published: July 2016

The stratigraphic distribution of graptoloid species within the upper Middle Ordovician strata of New York State represents a complex pattern of origination, extinction, faunal migration, and fluctuating relative abundances. In particular, the observed patterns of species turnover at graptolite biozone boundaries are apparently strongly correlated with lithofacies, sampling strategies, and the depositional effects of relative sea-level change.Vertical facies changes that occur within third-order depositional sequences and fourth- or fifth-order parasequences are mirrored by changes in the graptoloid faunal composition. Large-scale faunal turnovers at biozone boundaries tend to occur either at sequence boundaries or at flooding surfaces within sequences (e.g., the base of Highstand System Tracts). The base of theCorynoides americanusandClimacograptus (D.) spiniferusZones coincide with major onlap events, and theOrthograptus ruedemanniZone fauna appears just below a Lowstand Systems Tract. Within individual biozones, smaller-scale changes such as the fluctuating relative abundances of graptoloid species coincide with higher-order parasequence cyclicity. These distribution patterns resemble recent computer-generated models for the sequence stratigraphic distribution of hypothetical taxa.By combining good biogeographic control with a detailed sampling program, we are able to see through the patterns attributable to depositional cyclicity and identify the different components of faunal turnover (migration, speciation, and extinction).
Direct measurement of age in fossil Gryphaea: the solution to a classic problem in heterochrony
Authors: Jones Douglas S. , Gould Stephen Jay 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe have known since Trueman's classic work of 1922 that the Lower Jurassic Gryphaea of Britain exhibit phyletic size increase and heterochronic change in shape. Since Hallam's revisionary work in the 1960s, we have recognized that pronounced and generalized juvenilization of form accompanied this increasing size. This extensive literature provides invertebrate paleontology's most famous example of a biometrically documented, continuous anagenetic trend within a discrete lineage. But Gryphaea has also provoked great frustration because a key datum, required for a full solution, had been theoretically recognized but practically unavailable. We could identify the evolution of shape as paedomorphic, but could not specify the mode of heterochrony for this paedomorphic result because we could not standardize samples by common age or developmental stage.In this paper, we provide sclerochronological data on sizes and shapes at specified ages marked by annual growth bands in two Jurassic sequences of Gryphaea: the classic Lower Jurassic series showing phyletic size increase with paedomorphosis, and an independent Middle–Upper Jurassic series illustrating neither size increase nor heterochrony. We prove that size increase in the classic series occurs entirely by faster growth (larger descendant sizes at the same ages as ancestors), and not by extended age (for descendants lived no longer than ancestors). The well-marked paedomorphosis of form probably arose as a correlated consequence of growing larger by extending and maintaining rapid juvenile growth rates—thus marking the heterochronic mode as a case of neoteny. The independent upper sequence, acting as a different replicate in a natural experiment, shows neither size increase nor heterochrony but does exhibit (in contrast with the classic sequence) evolution toward greater longevity.Hallam's flow tank experiments indicated a strong adaptive advantage in shell stability for both larger size and paedomorphic form. Neotenous development provides an evolutionary pathway to the simultaneous acquisition of both favored traits—thus showing that “constraints” due to “correlations of growth” (Darwin's own phrase for the phenomenon) may be positive in promoting joint evolutionary advantages, and not only neutral (in carrying spandrels along with primary adaptations), or negative (by imposing inadaptive “baggage” upon trends in form through developmental correlation with selected traits).
XVI. Observations in a Tour through South Wales, Shropshire, &c. By Owen Salusbury Brereton, Esq.
Authors: Brereton Owen Salusbury 
Published: July 2016

Meeting with some few matters of Antiquity, in a journey last summer from Stockton in Shropshire through South Wales, I think it my duty to offer them, such as they are, to the Society.Bridgenorth, the ancient Brugge, was built in the tenth century, by Ethelfleda, widow of Ethelred, earl of Mercia. The castle has been very strong, not only by its walls and baslions, but also by its situation on a rock, very steep on three sides, over the river Severn.
XXV. Observations on the Inscriptions upon three ancient Marbles, said to have been brought from Smyrna, and now in the British Museum. In a Letter from Thomas Tyrwhitt, Esq; to Matthew Duane, Esq. Communicated by Mr. Duane
Authors: Tyrwhitt Thomas 
Published: July 2016

The first of these inscriptions, which is as follows,has been published by Montfaucon, Suppl. T.v. p. 25, and is thus translated by him: Populus Isiadem Metrodori filiam Laodicenam hoc monumento donavit. He supposes, that the words Ο ΔΗΜΟΣ, encircled by a crown of laurel, signify that the monument was erected at the public expence; but they probably mean no more than that the deceased had, upon some occasion or other, had a crown voted to her by the people. They certainly mean no more upon the following monument, where the inscription testifies that the monument was erected at the expence of the family, and not of the public.
XIII. Communication of an inedited Fragment of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, in a Letter from the Rev. J.J. Conybeare, M.A. Anglo Saxon Professor in the University of Oxford, to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. and S.A.
Authors: Conybeare J.J. 
Published: July 2016

If the inedited fragment of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, which accompanies this letter, appear to you worthy of being submitted to the Society of Antiquaries it is entirely at your disposal.It occurs towards the conclusion of a Manuscript Volume of Homilies contained in the Bodleian Library, and supposed by Wanley (who notices it in his catalogue affixed to Hicke's Thesaurus, page 15.) to have been written about the time of King Henry the second.
XVII. Account of an Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase of the Phœnix attributed to Lactantius, contained in the Exeter Manuscript, in a third Letter from the Rev. J.J. Conybeare, M.A. to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. and S.A.
Authors: Conybeare J.J. 
Published: July 2016

One of the Anglo-Saxon poems contained in the Exeter MS. is remarkable as being a translation or rather Paraphrase of a Latin Original still in existence; the “Phœnix” (attributed by some to Lactantius, and printed at the end of the Variorum Edition of Claudian) commencingEst locus in primo felix Oriente remotus.
XXI. Copy of an Indenture of Retainer, relating to the Expedition against France in the 19thyear of King Henry VI. With a Letter from the King to the Bishop of Bath his Chancellor. Communicated by Samuel Lysons, Esq. V.P. F.R.S. Keeper of the Records in the Tower, in a Letter to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary
Authors: Lysons Samuel 
Published: July 2016

Enclosed is the Copy of an Indenture of Retainer preserved in this Office, whereby Sir James Ormond Kt retains Mr. James Skidmore, a Herefordshire Gentleman, to serve under him in the Expedition against France under Richard Duke of York in the 19th year of King Henry the sixth:And of a Letter from King Henry VI. to the Bishop of Bath his Chancellor, on the subject of the same Expedition, which you will be so good as to lay before the Society of Antiquaries the first convenient opportunity.
XV. Extracts from a MS. Book of Accounts, entitled “Le Livre des Acconts pour Chevalier Jean Francklyn en son Maison au Wilsden;” [a] belonging to Sir John Chardin Musgrave, Bart. F.A.S. and by him communicated to the Society
Authors: Musgrave John Chardin 
Published: July 2016

[a] Some particulars of the character of this worthy baronet may be learned from the following inscription on his monument in Wilsden church.“Here lyeth this body of Sir John Francklyn, late of Wilsden in the countie of Middlesex, knt. who had to wife Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of George Purefoy, of Wadley in the county of Berks, Esq. It was her happiness to make him the joyful father of ten sons and seven daughters, and it is her pietie to dedicate this monument to the preservation of his memory. He died in the 48th yeare of his age, March the 24th, 1647.
XLIII. A Description of an ancient Pitcher, discovered in the parish of Lismahago. By the Rev. — Dow. Communicated by Robert Blair, D. D. Rector of Barton St. Andrew
Authors: Dow  
Published: July 2016

The antient Pitcher, of which the drawing hereunto annexed is a most correct picture and representation, was found about a twelve-month ago in a very wild and uncultivated part of the county of Lanark, and parish of Lesmahago.The particular spot where it was taken up is in a farm called Sadlerhead, about half-way between the parish church and Douglas Miln Inn, and only a mile distant in a S. W. direction from the post road.
XXII. Observations on the Indian method of Picture-Writing by William Bray, Esq. In a Letter to the Secretary
Authors: Bray William 
Published: July 2016

In a memoir lately communicated to the Society by governor Pownall on the origin and nature of picture and elementary writing he observes that he has heard of painting on trees by the Indians in North America, but that he never saw any of them.Recollecting that a gentleman of my acquaintance had shewed me in his journal a copy of an historical painting in figures which he had taken from a tree in North America, I wrote to him, and have been favored with the annexed sketch and interpretation of it.
VIII. Dr. Glass's Letter to William Marsden, Esq. on the Affinity of certain Words in the Language of the Sandwich and Friendly Isles in the Pacific Ocean, with the Hebrew
Authors: Glass  
Published: July 2016

You know my opinion as to the originality of the Hebrew language: to this you must attribute the trouble I am now giving you.If there was a time when all the inhabitants of the world spoke Hebrew, then we are justified in our attempts at tracing to that primary source any word in any language spoken on the habitable globe: and an argument connected with these data, though it may not carry conviction with it, will not, I hope, be considered, primâ facie, as absurd and impossible.
XIV. Observations on the Dundalk Ship Temple. By Thomas Pownall, Esq. In a Letter to the Rev. Mr. Norris, Secretary
Authors: Pownall Thomas 
Published: July 2016

Inclosed I send to you for the inspection and amusement of the Society four drawings, viz. two views, a plan, and a section of the ruins of a very uncommon building, near Dundalk in Ireland. I had seen in Mr. Wright's Louthiana a neat plan of this building, he calls a ship-temple: he however says, that the name it goes by in the country, isFags na ain eighe, orThe one night's work.
XXI. Observations on a Crystal Vase in the possession of the Earl of Besborough. By Thomas Pownall, Esq.
Authors: Pownall Thomas 
Published: July 2016

Introduction, giving an account of the antique cup, the subject of this paper.§ 1. Of the nature and ceremony of the convivial libations.§ 2. Of the Deities to whom these libations were made at the convivial table, the Trina Numina. An inquiry who these were.The causes of the confusion in this point even amongst the early Roman antiquaries.Inquiry into the particular idea annexed by the ancients to the word Numen, and of the word Genius.Close of this section of the Trina Numina. That Mercury, according to the original ancient idea of this God and his Numen, always was one.And the two Lares, under the same original idea, the other two of these Trina Numina.The cup described: and by the ideas above suggested and premised.An attempt to show that this cup was one of those three, which used to be set on the table after the eatables were removed, and used in this ceremony of the Convivial Libation.
VIII. Copy of an Original Manuscript entitled “Instructionns for every Centioner to observe duringe the continuance of the Frenche Fleet uppon this Cost untill knowlege shal be had of ther dispercement, given by Sir George Carye, Captein, this fyrst of September, 1586.” Communicated by Sir William Musgrave, Bart. F.R.S. and F.A.S.
Authors: Musgrave William 
Published: July 2016

The subsequent extract from Strype's Annals, A. D. 1586, contains the history of this event.“The queen this year had enemies on all hands of her, and continual apprehensions of invasion, especially from Spain, now that the queen had taken the people of the Low Countries under her protection. And to secure herself by sea sir Francis Drake was sent out with forty gallies, for defence and offence, and did notable execution, which our historians mention: and of this sir George Carew, governor of the Isle of Wight, gave intelligence from thence unto the earl of Sussex, lord lieutenant of the county of Southampton, upon occasion of the strong report that came to court, that they were all up in that Isle of Wight, which, as things then stood abroad, inclined men to believe.
XXIV. A short Chronological Account of the Religious Establishments made by English Catholics on the Continent of Europe. By the Abbé Mann
Authors: Mann  
Published: July 2016

If the subject which I take in hand appears little interesting at a time when the reigning spirit of several nations is far more disposed to destroy all the monuments of the piety of their ancestors, than to preserve any memory of them, and has already destroyed the greatest part of these I am going to mention; I hope it will appear in a different light to the learned Society of Antiquaries, whose chief care is to collect and preserve to futurity a faithful remembrance of whatever concerns former ages.If a time should ever come when an exact account of this small part of the British nation shall be found interesting, the following lists of these establishments, collected with care and exactness, may not prove unwelcome, as they may lead to sources where a complete account of each of them may be found.I shall make no farther apology for this essay than to beg it may be considered rather as a testimony of my profound respect for the learned Society to which I have the honour of presenting it, than for any intrinsic value which I attribute to it.
The international role of special libraries
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: July 2016

Definitions are suggested of the nature and role of the special library, and reasons outlined for the need for international cooperation. In particular it is suggested that the heterogeneous formats and wide subject fields embraced in art literature inevitably compel libraries to seek co-operation. Parallel developments in the field of music literature are mentioned. In conclusion the moves towards art library co-operation started in 1976 are seen as exemplifying the dual role that special libraries can play both through subject expertise and by virtue of their contribution to international librarianship.Acknowledgements are due to Trevor Fawcett, University of East Anglia Library, who kindly allowed the writer to draw on material published in a report presented to the British Library, Research and Development Department, and also from certain articles written by him.