bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterologous expression of a cytochrome P450 from Turkey liver that activates aflatoxin B1.
Authors: Coulombe R. A., Jr. , Yip S. S. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to clone, express and partially characterize the gene product P-450 from turkey liver to gain an insight on its role in the sensitivity of this species to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). We identified a novel P-450, which we designated as CYP1A5 based on the nucleic and amino acid sequence similarities with the chicken CYP1A5. The gene was heterologously expressed in sufficient quantities in Escherichia coli. It oxidized AFB1 to form 2 metabolites with kinetic properties largely similar to the human CYP1A2, the P-450 isoform principally responsible for metabolizing AFB1 in the liver and lungs. Because of the importance of these metabolites in the toxicity of AFB1, we conclude that this P-450 probably plays a role in the hypersensitivity of turkeys to AFB1.
Lupine-induced crooked calf diseases: plasma disposition of lupine alkaloids following repeated challenge in cattle that have given birth to affected calves or those that have borne normal calves.
Authors: Gay C. C. , Tibary A. , Panter K. E. , Mealey K. L. , Gay J. M. , Hjartarson S. W. , Motteram E. , Wierenga T. , James L. F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In this study, a hypothesis that the pharmacokinetic disposition of anagyrine following repeated challenge, and the response of the fetus, is different in cows that give birth to calves with lupine-induced arthrogryposis than in those that give birth to clinically normal calves was examined. 12 mature cows were obtained from ranches on which calves with lupine-induced arthrogryposis had been born. The cows were challenged with 2 g of dried lupine per kg body weight between 46 and 51 days of the gestation period for the first challenge, and 2.5 g/kg body weight for the 2nd and 3rd challenge between day 60 to 63 and day 68 to 75 respectively. Results: plasma alkaloid concentrations are shown from the two groups of cattle. For the three outcome variables, the differences between the two groups over the three time periods were not statistically significant. Whereas a significant decrease in fetal activity was observed in all cows 4 hours and 12 hours after challenged both at 60 and on the 70th day of pregnancy. There is no evidence in this study to support the differences in metabolism and disposition of anagyrine as a reason for differing birth outcomes in cows under the same lupine-exposure risk. It is probable that this difference between cows reflects differences in amount and timing of lupine consumption.
ARGT-related inhibition of GlcNAc-1-P transferase activity in different tissues of sheep and rats.
Authors: Stewart P. L. , Greenwood J. , Michalewicz A. , Colegate S. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The inhibition of the enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (GPT) by corynetoxins (CTs) is a primary biochemical lesion associated with Annual Ryegrass Toxicity (ARGT) and its tunicamycins (TMs)-based experimental model. The determination of microsomal GPT activity in different tissues provides an indirect way to assess the toxicodynamics of TMs. However, this can be subject to variation depending on the conditions of the collection and storage prior to analysis. This study was conducted to determine the stability of enzyme in sheep and rat liver tissue stored at -80°C. The presence of CTs/TMs in tissues other than the liver which can adversely affect the endogenous microsomal GPT was also determined along with the native GPT activity for rough and total microsomal fractions from various tissues of sheep. Liver samples were collected from four male rats and three 18-month-old ewes. The GPT activity of the rough microsomal fraction was determined in fresh tissue samples and samples stored for 4 months at -80°C. To determine the effects of CTs/TMs on the GPT of different tissues, the specific GPT activities for the total, smooth and rough microsomal fractions isolated from liver, kidney, heart, lung, muscle and brain were assessed. Groups of 5 sheep were also exposed to 40.5 to 4.5 µg TMs/kg/bw/day in their diet over a 12-month period while groups of 20 mice were similarly exposed to 121.5 or 13.5 µg TMs/kg/bw/day in their diet over a 9- and 12-month period, respectively. The results showed that liver samples can be successfully stored at -80°C for at least 4 months without any adverse effect on the GPT activity. However, the GPT stability of freeze-stored liver microsomes is not so reliable but does increase if the protein concentration is greater than 3 mg/ml, resulting in a loss of less than 10% of initial activity over a 4-week period. The GPT activity in sheep liver microsomes was affected to a far greater extent in vivo by TMs than activity in other tissues and is therefore the tissue of choice as an indicator of tunicaminyluracil glycolipid exposure. A dose-dependent effect on liver rough microsomal GPT activity was observed in rats and sheep in both genders when exposed to low levels of dietary TMs. There was no evidence of any compensating upregulation of GPT activity back to levels consistent with untreated animals in either study.
Effects on bodyweight of rats and sheep due to exposure to tunicamycins: implications for annual ryegrass toxicity.
Authors: Anderton N. , Cao Y. , Darcy C. , Ford M. , Greenwood J. , Knill A. , Michalewicz A. , Stewart P. L. , Wilson S. , Colegate S. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Eight studies were conducted to determine the weight-related effects and feed intake levels for rats and sheep given tunicamycin (TMs) as single parenteral doses or exposed to different levels of dietary TMs for varying lengths of time: 75 and 300 µg/kg bw single SC for 72 h (study 1); 100 and 200 µg/kg bw single SC for one day to 20 weeks (study 2); 294 and 800 µg/kg bw/day oral for 2 weeks (study 3); 800 µg/kg bw/day oral for one week (study 4); 108 µg/kg bw/day oral for 6 months (study 5); 40 µg/kg bw/day oral for 6 months (study 6) and 121.5 and 40.5 µg/kg bw/day oral for 12 and 9 months, respectively (study 7). The last study utilized sheep given 40.5 µg/kg bw/day oral for 12 months. It was found that in studies 1 and 2, involving single subcutaneous injections of TMs to adult rats, a reduction in body weight was observed, whereas in studies 3 to 7, involving total exposure of young growing rats to TMs, a reduction in weight gain was observed. The studies in rats indicated at least two mechanisms (related to feed intake and utilization) for adverse impact on body weight. It is not known whether these mechanisms are sequentially related via dose level. Actual loss of body weight, in contrast to a reduction in body weight, only occurred in the immediate aftermath (about one week) of a single subcutaneous dose equivalent to about 50-70% of a subcutaneous LD5. Significant reduction in weight gain was observed in rats receiving non-lethal amounts of dietary TMs but concomitant adverse effects required euthanasia or death after 9 months. Assuming that a bacterial gall on annual ryegrass contains about 1-2 µg of CTs and a single sheep ingests about 1 kg feed/day, study 8 implies that no adverse effect on body weight or feed intake is expected with sheep ingesting the equivalent of 800-1620 bacterial galls/kg/day for 12 months.
Dose response of tunicamycins in sheep following intra-duodenal administration.
Authors: Hauptli S. L. , Colegate S. M. , Glover S. , McClure S. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the minimum single, intra-duodenal dose of tunicamycins that would significantly alter serum biochemistry (liver enzymes, albumin, total protein and total bilirubin) but would not induce overt clinical signs of the disease. This dose would subsequently be used as a challenge dose in the mucosal vaccination experiments. Six- to 12-month-old fine wool Merino wethers were given single doses of tunicamycins dissolved in 0.05 M aqueous NaOH at 12.5, 18.75, 25, 31.25, 37.5, 50, 62.5, 100, 150, 200, 250 or 1000 µg TMs/kg body weight. After 16 days or when clinical signs were observed, the sheep were euthanized and liver samples were taken for histopathology. Blood from each animal were collected from the jugular vein at 08.00-09.00 h each day and immediately prior to euthanasia for biochemical examination. Sheep that received doses less than 150 µg TMs/kg bw showed no evidence of neurological signs. At 150 µg TMs/kg bw, one sheep from the group showed episodes of moderate to severe tremor and ataxia after stimulation on Day 3 and was later euthanized. One case of mild neurological signs was seen following a dose of 200 µg TMs/kg bw; however, full recovery was seen once stimulation had ceased and no further periods of neurological signs were presented. A dose of 250 µg TMs/kg bw caused periods of lateral recumbency and convulsions in one sheep at Day 2.5 post-dosing and moderate stimulation-initiated tremor and ataxia in another at Day 4.5 post-dosing. All sheep given 1000 µg TMs/kg bw presented spontaneous, repeated episodes of lateral recumbency, severe tremor and convulsions on Day 3. While there were statistically significant differences between the levels of some serum liver enzymes and haematology parameters even between lower dose groups, the relevance of these differences is difficult to judge without further studies. The levels remained within normal ranges expected for sheep and the apparent differences persisted throughout the 16 days. Histopathological assessment revealed liver changes characteristic of tunicaminyluracil toxicity in sheep exposed to a single, intra-duodenal dose of 1000 µg TMs/kg bw. Diffuse mild lipidosis and hydrophic degeneration of hepatocytes were observed along with occasional hepatocytes that were undergoing coagulative necrosis accompanied by cytoplasmic changes. The results of this experiment indicate that further studies need to be conducted to establish the relevance of lower dosage results, and to therefore establish whether serum liver enzymes or haematological parameters are of any value in detecting subclinical toxicity resulting from intraduodenal administration of tunicamycins. However, whilst the data indicated that a study of the efficacy of mucosal vaccination is best assessed by challenging with doses of tunicamycins that cause overt clinical signs, regular assessment of LDH and TBIL during a challenge study may yet reveal a lessened impact at lower doses following vaccination.
Toxigenic Fusarium species on annual medic pastures and reduced feed intake by sheep in Western Australia.
Authors: Barbetti M. J. , Allen J. G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This paper reports a preliminary study of the toxigenicity of the Fusarium spp. and Gibberella spp. isolated from annual Medicago pods associated with reduced feed intakes by sheep and 4 additional isolates collected from Trifolium subterraneum and Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum in Western Australia. For each isolate, 1 ml, 1 ml of a 1:2 dilution, or 1 ml of a 1:10 dilution of the concentrated extract was injected intraperitoneally into each of 3 rats. The rats were observed regularly, and those convulsing or moribund were euthanized. Control rats were also maintained for comparison. All isolates of F. aveanaceum, F. chlamydosporum, F. equiseti, G. acuminate and G. zeae were toxigenic to rats, except for one isolate of G. zeae. Overall, 77% of rats injected with the highest dose died. Many of the rats that survived appeared depressed for several hours after injection.
Recently encountered poisonous plants of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil.
Authors: Riet-Correa F. , Medeiros R. M. T. , Pimentel L. A. , Santos J. C. A. , Araújo J. A. S. de , Oliveira O. F. de , Dantas A. F. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter reports plant intoxications observed between 2001 and 2004 in Paraiba, Brazil. Brief descriptions of nitrite poisoning in cattle (three outbreaks, one caused by Echinochloa polystachya and two by Pennisetum purpureum), intoxication by Ipomoea riedelii and Ipomoea sericophylla in goats, intoxication by Marsdenia spp. in cattle, sheep and goats, intoxication by Leucaena leucocephala in sheep, intoxication by Centratherum brachylepis in cattle, goats and sheep, intoxication by Tephrosia cinerea in sheep and malformations in goats, sheep and cattle associated with Mimosa tenuiflora, are provided.
Heart failure, abortion and neurological signs in cattle and sheep induced by Ateleia glazioviana and Tetrapterys spp. in Brazil.
Authors: Schild A. L. , Raffi M. B. , Riet-Correa G. , Barros C. S. L. , Riet-Correa F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter describes the epidemiology and clinical signs of A. glazioviana, T. acutifolia and T. multiglandulosa poisoning in cattle and sheep in Brazil.
Ergot toxins and animal disease in Australia.
Authors: Cawdell-Smith A. J. , Bakau W. J. K. , Scrivener C. J. , Reed K. F. M. , Blaney B. J. , Bryden W. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter focuses on ergot alkaloids which have caused significant losses in both grazing and grain-fed animals in Australia. The ergot toxins, the effects of which in general result from their actions as partial agonists or antagonists at adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotogenic receptors, are produced by members of the fungal family Claviciptaceae, including species of the genus Claviceps and the endophyte genus Neotyphodium. The major Claviceps species causing animal disease in Australia include Claviceps paspali which produce the tremorgenic mycotoxin paspalitrem, C. purpurea which produces ergotamine alkaloid, and C. africana which produces dihydroergosine. Neotyphodium lolii produces the tremorgenic mycotoxin lolitrem B and various ergot alkaloids including ergovaline. The article reports outbreaks of the diseases in Australia and its impact on the animal industry.
Products.
Authors: Buckley R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter outlines some of the components that a typical ecotourism product contains, and some of the key issues in designing such products. In particular, ecotourism and related industry sectors rely almost entirely on relatively undisturbed outdoor natural environments to provide the primary tourism product and attraction. It is indicated that the particular components that form the attraction, the ways in which they are used, and the ways in which they are packaged as tourism products, can vary enormously.
Accounting.
Authors: Buckley R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Practical protocols for individual ecotourism enterprises to carry out routine triple-bottomline accounting, in the same way as they currently carry out routine financial accounting, are not yet available. This chapter examines the issues involved in producing such protocols, and suggests what factors ecotourism operators, tourism ecocertification programmes and other relevant stakeholders can consider meanwhile in attempting to generate triple-bottom-line accounts for ecotourism. For each issue, analogies are drawn with corresponding issues in financial accounting to illustrate the complexities. Triple-bottom-line approaches attempt to calculate net environmental, social and financial performance independently but concurrently.
Conclusions.
Authors: Buckley R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This concluding chapter identifies and examines four major trends in ecotourism and related sectors, and uses these projections to predict ecotourism business opportunities, policy implications and research priorities for the next decade or so. The four main trends may be summarized as follows. Continuing global urbanization drives continuing growth in outdoor tourism, but the principal focus is on the outdoors as part of tourism products. There is lots of rhetoric about environmental management, but little has changed in reality. Few tour operators currently contribute to conservation, but the number of private reserves is increasing. Links between the outdoor tourism industry and the property, equipment, clothing and entertainment sectors are increasing.
International fisheries governance.
Authors: Meltzer E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter provides a brief historical overview of the governance framework for regulating straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. To this end, it examines the establishment of regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs), recognizing that while there are many bilateral arrangements and understandings in place, implementation under the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) is primarily through RFMOs.
The nature of tourism research.
Authors: Smith S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces some of the ways that social scientists think about tourism and how they ask questions about it. A core message of this chapter is that there is no single 'right' way of doing tourism research. However, research can be done well or not so well. Understanding some of the key perspectives (what social scientists call 'paradigms') is important to help one pose questions that can be answered by research and to design a research plan to provide those answers.
How to design a questionnaire.
Authors: Smith S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter covers some of the basic skills associated with designing a questionnaire for tourism research. It considers different types of questions and when to use each. It considers question format in some detail, as well as overall questionnaire structure. It also looks at tactics associated with coding the results from questionnaires for statistical analysis. Finally, it examines the relative merits of different ways of administering surveys and distributing questionnaires.
Food and wine tourism best practice: case studies from around the world.
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter is dedicated to looking at a selection of food and wine enterprises that have successfully incorporated tourism hospitality into their product. The case studies set out in this chapter range from large international brands to small producers and have been selected by the authors based on their own personal experience of the producer's professional approach and efficient organization. Food and wine producers in particular (but also students of gastronomic tourism and other operators in the sector) will find in this chapter many new ideas to help them plan, develop and organize tours to welcome visitors to their wineries, farms and other food or wine enterprises. For those who already organize and manage gastronomic tours, it is hoped that the cases will serve as a valuable benchmark. In the analyses, each production sector (winery, dairy farm, brewery, olive mill, and distillery) is represented by at least one case study with an explanation of how each different phase of the tour is organized. In some cases, alternative ideas for tours have been added to increase tourism potential and to give a more complete idea of possible visitor management and organization.
Supply operators in the food and wine tourism industry.
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

It is not just food and wine producers who are involved in the organization and management of gastronomic tourism. There are many operators in the tourism sector who find they can increase business and professional satisfaction by stretching their core business to include services for food and wine tourists. Operators discussed in this chapter include: accommodation and hospitality; eating establishments; tourist information centres and bureaus; tour operators; tour guides; and gastronomic culture centres. A number of suggestions are presented that may help these operators in the food and wine tourism business.
Proposal writing.
Authors: Kline S. F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces the importance of writing a research proposal and discusses the elements of a good proposal for scientific inquiry, in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism research. It stresses that research proposals must contain extensive literature reviews and offer convincing support of a need for the research study being proposed. It covers several steps of writing a proposal. The areas such as identification of a research topic, conducting a relevant literature review on the topic, developing propositions and hypotheses, data analysis and designing data collection instruments, reporting and citation styles and related issues are also introduced as elements of writing a research proposal. A short proposal example is also provided.
Genome sequence of the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus
Authors: Zhu Junjie , Jiang Feng , Wang Xianhui , Yang Pengcheng , Bao Yanyuan , Zhao Wan , Wang Wei , Lu Hong , Wang Qianshuo , Cui Na , Li Jing , Chen Xiaofang , Luo Lan , Yu Jinting , Kang Le , Cui Feng 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Background
Laodelphax striatellus Fallén (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is one of the most destructive rice pests. L. striatellus is different from 2 other rice planthoppers with a released genome sequence, Sogatella furcifera and Nilaparvata lugens, in many biological characteristics, such as host range, dispersal capacity, and vectoring plant viruses. Deciphering the genome of L. striatellus will further the understanding of the genetic basis of the biological differences among the 3 rice planthoppers.

Findings
A total of 190 Gb of Illumina data and 32.4 Gb of Pacbio data were generated and used to assemble a high-quality L. striatellus genome sequence, which is 541 Mb in length and has a contig N50 of 118 Kb and a scaffold N50 of 1.08 Mb. Annotated repetitive elements account for 25.7% of the genome. A total of 17 736 protein-coding genes were annotated, capturing 97.6% and 98% of the BUSCO eukaryote and arthropoda genes, respectively. Compared with N. lugens and S. furcifera, L. striatellus has the smallest genome and the lowest gene number. Gene family expansion and transcriptomic analyses provided hints to the genomic basis of the differences in important traits such as host range, migratory habit, and plant virus transmission between L. striatellus and the other 2 planthoppers.

Conclusions
We report a high-quality genome assembly of L. striatellus, which is an important genomic resource not only for the study of the biology of L. striatellus and its interactions with plant hosts and plant viruses, but also for comparison with other planthoppers.
The Integral Quantum Loop Algebra of $\mathfrak {gl}_{n}$
Authors: Du Jie , Fu Qiang 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
We will construct the Lusztig form for the quantum loop algebra of $\mathfrak {gl}_{n}$ by proving the conjecture [4, 3.8.6] and establish partially the Schur–Weyl duality at the integral level in this case. We will also investigate the integral form of the modified quantum affine $\mathfrak {gl}_{n}$ by introducing an affine stabilisation property and will lift the canonical bases from affine quantum Schur algebras to a canonical basis for this integral form. As an application of our theory, we will also discuss the integral form of the modified extended quantum affine $\mathfrak {sl}_{n}$ and construct its canonical basis to provide an alternative algebra structure related to a conjecture of Lusztig in [29, §9.3], which has been already proved in [34].