bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns Seen During Electrode Insertion Using Intracochlear Electrocochleography Obtained Directly Through a Cochlear Implant
Authors: Harris Michael S. , Riggs William J. , Giardina Christopher K. , O’Connell Brendan P. , Holder Jourdan T. , Dwyer Robert T. , Koka Kanthaiah , Labadie Robert F. , Fitzpatrick Douglas C. , Adunka Oliver F. 
Published: September 2017

Hypothesis:
Intraoperative, intracochlear electrocochleography (ECochG) will provide a means to monitor cochlear hair cell and neural response during cochlear implant (CI) electrode insertion. Distinct patterns in the insertion track can be characterized.

Background:
Conventional CI surgery is performed without a means of actively monitoring cochlear hair cell and neural responses. Intracochlear ECochG obtained directly through the CI may be a source of such feedback. Understanding the patterns observed in the “insertion track” is an essential step toward refining intracochlear ECochG as a tool that can be used to assist in intraoperative decision making and prognostication of hearing preservation.

Methods:
Intracochlear ECochG was performed in 17 patients. During electrode insertion, a 50-ms tone burst acoustic stimulus was delivered with a frequency of 500 Hz at 110 dB SPL. The ECochG response was monitored from the apical-most electrode. The amplitude of the first harmonic was plotted and monitored in near real time by the audiologist-surgeon team during CI electrode insertion.

Results:
Three distinct patterns in first harmonic amplitude change were observed across subjects during insertion: Type A (52%), overall increase in amplitude from the beginning of insertion until completion; Type B (11%), a maximum amplitude at the beginning of insertion, with a decrease in amplitude as insertion progressed to completion; and Type C (35%), comparable amplitudes at the beginning and completion of the insertion with the maximum amplitude mid-insertion.

Conclusion:
Three ECochG patterns were observed during electrode advancement into the cochlea. Ongoing and future work will broaden our scope of knowledge regarding the relationship among these patterns, the presence of cochlear trauma, and functional outcomes related to hearing preservation.
Risk Factors of Recurrence in Pediatric Congenital Cholesteatoma
Authors: Morita Yuka , Takahashi Kuniyuki , Izumi Shuji , Kubota Yamato , Ohshima Shinsuke , Yamamoto Yutaka , Takahashi Sugata , Horii Arata 
Published: September 2017

Objective:
To examine the risk factors of recurrence in pediatric congenital cholesteatoma.

Study Design:
Retrospective chart review.

Setting:
University hospital.

Patients:
Sixty-seven patients having tympanic type of congenital cholesteatoma under 15-years old at surgery.

Interventions:
Canal wall-up tympanomastoidectomy (n = 30) or transcanal atticotomy/tympanoplasty (n = 37) was performed depending on cholesteatoma extension, 16 of which were followed by second-look surgery. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) before second-look surgery or follow-up CT was performed to detect residual recurrence 1 year after the surgery. Cholesteatoma found at the second surgery was also included in the recurrence. All patients had no recurrent cholesteatoma at the last follow-up (median, 61 mo after surgery).

Main Outcome Measures:
Possible predictive factors were compared between the groups.

Results:
Residual cholesteatoma and retraction cholesteatoma occurred in 21 and 6%, respectively. There was no significant difference in age, sex, and type of cholesteatoma (open or closed) between the groups; however, Potsic stage and status of stapes involvement were more advanced in the residual cholesteatoma group. All residual lesions could be detected by follow-up CT or by second-look surgery. All of four retraction cholesteatoma patients were male, young at the surgery and in stage IV.

Conclusion:
Recurrence mostly occurred as residual cholesteatoma, suggesting that CT is recommended as a follow-up tool for congenital cholesteatoma. Advanced lesions had the risk of residual cholesteatoma, suggesting that complete removal of epithelium is important. Although rare, young advanced-stage patients had risk of retraction cholesteatoma and therefore normal mucosa should be preserved as much as possible for these patients.
Drug-induced kidney disease in the ICU: mechanisms, susceptibility, diagnosis and management strategies
Authors: Awdishu Linda 
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in the critically ill population, is multifactorial and associated with increased mortality. Drug-induced kidney injury is a significant contributor to the development of AKI. The purpose of this review is to provide updates in the epidemiology, susceptibility and management of drug-induced kidney disease (DIKD).

Recent findings
Recent changes in guidelines for the management of serious infections in the critically ill have resulted in an increased frequency of DIKD. Varying definitions employed in clinical trials has complicated the awareness of this adverse event. Causality assessment is often missing from studies as it is complicated by the need to evaluate competing AKI risk factors. This has led to uncertainty in the nephrotoxic risk of commonly used drugs.

Summary
Standard criteria for DIKD should be applied in clinical trials to improve our understanding of the frequency of these events. Adjudication of these events will improve the clinician's ability to evaluate the causal relationship and relative contribution of specific drugs to the AKI event.
Novel concepts for damage control resuscitation in trauma
Authors: Van Philbert Y. , Holcomb John B. , Schreiber Martin A. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review
Traumatic injuries are a major cause of mortality worldwide. Damage control resuscitation or balanced transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells for the management of exsanguinating hemorrhage after trauma has become the standard of care. We review the literature regarding the use of alternatives to achieve the desired 1 : 1:1 ratio as availability of plasma and platelets can be problematic in some environments.

Recent findings
Liquid and freeze dried plasma (FDP) are logistically easier to use and may be superior to fresh frozen plasma. Cold storage platelets (CSPs) have improved hemostatic properties and resistance to bacterial contamination. Low titer type O whole blood can be transfused safely in civilian patients.

Summary
In the face of hemorrhagic shock from traumatic injury, resuscitation should be initiated with 1 : 1 : 1 transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells with limited to no use of crystalloids. Availability of plasma and platelets is limited in some environments. In these situations, the use of low titer type O whole blood, thawed or liquid plasma, cold stored platelets or reconstituted FDP can be used as substitutes to achieve optimal transfusion ratios. The hemostatic properties of CSPs may be superior to room temperature platelets.
Does the Degree of Cystocele Predict De Novo Stress Urinary Incontinence After Prolapse Repair? Further Analysis of the Colpopexy and Urinary Reduction Efforts Trial
Authors: Davenport Michael T. , Sokol Eric R. , Comiter Craig V. , Elliott Christopher S. 
Published: September 2017

Introduction
Cystoceles may cause urethral obstruction by altering the vesicourethral angle. Restoration of normal anatomy after pelvic organ prolapse (POP) repair can relieve this obstruction but may unmask stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The association between the severity of cystocele and developing de novo SUI after prolapse repair, however, is poorly understood. We hypothesized that, in women undergoing prolapse repair, increasing degrees of bladder prolapse would be associated with increasing rates of postoperative de novo SUI.

Materials and Methods
We performed a secondary analysis of the Colpopexy and Urinary Reduction Efforts (CARE) trial data. Using the control arm (women undergoing prolapse repair without a prophylactic SUI procedure), we identified de novo SUI using a composite definition based on original trial criteria. We performed logistic regression to evaluate the relationship between the degree of cystocele and the development of new SUI.

Results
Of the 164 women who underwent abdominal sacrocolpopexy alone, 54% developed de novo postoperative SUI. Stratifying by the degree of anterior prolapse (point Ba), we found a linear increase in the rate of SUI with worsening preoperative cystocele. The incidence of de novo SUI based on the POP Quantification stage of anterior prolapse was 41.3%, 52.5%, and 66.1%, for stage 2, early stage 3, and advanced stage 3 or stage 4, respectively. Point Ba was found to be significantly associated with de novo SUI on both univariate (odds ratio = 1.17, P = 0.015) and multivariate analysis (odds ratio = 1.16, P = 0.04).

Conclusions
The incidence of de novo SUI after prolapse repair directly correlates to the degree of cystocele on preoperative examination. This simple yet novel relationship should further guide discussions about potential postoperative incontinence.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated resistance to cauliflower mosaic virus
Authors: Liu Haijie , Soyars Cara L. , Li Jianhui , Fei Qili , He Guijuan , Peterson Brenda A. , Meyers Blake C. , Nimchuk Zachary L. , Wang Xiaofeng 
Published: September 2017

SummaryViral diseases are a leading cause of worldwide yield losses in crop production. Breeding of resistance genes (Rgene) into elite crop cultivars has been the standard and most cost-effective practice. However,Rgene-mediated resistance is limited by the availableRgenes within genetic resources and in many cases, by strain specificity. Therefore, it is important to generate new and broad-spectrum antiviral strategies. The CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat, CRISPR-associated) editing system has been employed to confer resistance to human viruses and several plant single-stranded DNA geminiviruses, pointing out the possible application of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for virus control. Here we demonstrate that strong viral resistance to cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), a pararetrovirus with a double-stranded DNA genome, can be achieved through Cas9-mediated multiplex targeting of the viral coat protein sequence. We further show that small interfering RNAs (siRNA) are produced and mostly map to the 3' end of guide RNAs (gRNA), although very low levels of siRNAs map to the spacer region as well. However, these siRNAs are not responsible for the inhibited CaMV infection because there is no resistance if Cas9 is not present. We have also observed edited viruses in systematically infected leaves in some transgenic plants, with short deletions or insertions consistent with Cas9-induced DNA breaks at the gRNA target sites in coat protein coding sequence. These edited coat proteins, in most cases, led to earlier translation stop and thus, non-functional coat proteins. We also recovered wild-type CP sequence in these infected transgenic plants, suggesting these edited viral genomes were packaged by wild-type coat proteins. Our data demonstrate that the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used for virus control against plant pararetroviruses with further modifications.
Contribution of the β-glucosidase BglC to the Onset of the Pathogenic Lifestyle ofStreptomyces scabies
Authors: Jourdan Samuel , Francis Isolde M. , Deflandre Benoit , Tenconi Elodie , Riley Jennifer , Planckaert Sören , Tocquin Pierre , Martinet Loïc , Devreese Bart , Loria Rosemary , Rigali Sébastien 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCommon scab disease on root and tuber plants is caused byStreptomyces scabiesand related species which use the cellulose synthase inhibitor thaxtomin A as main phytotoxin. Thaxtomin production is primarily triggered by the import of cello-oligosaccharides. Once inside the cell, the fate of the cello-oligosaccharides is dichotomized into i) fueling glycolysis with glucose for the saprophytic lifestyle through the action of β-glucosidase(s) (BG), and ii) eliciting the pathogenic lifestyle by inhibiting the CebR-mediated transcriptional repression of thaxtomin biosynthetic genes. Here we investigated the role ofscab57721encoding a putative BG (BglC) in the onset of the pathogenicity ofS. scabies. Enzymatic assays showed that BglC was able to release glucose from cellobiose, cellotriose and all other cello-oligosaccharides tested. Its inactivation resulted in a phenotype opposite to what was expected as we monitored reduced production of thaxtomin when the mutant was cultivated on media containing cello-oligosaccharides as unique carbon source. This unexpected phenotype could be attributed to the highly increased activity of alternative intracellular BGs, probably as a compensation ofbglCinactivation, which then prevented cellobiose and cellotriose accumulation to reduce the activity of CebR. In contrast, when thebglCnull mutant was cultivated on media devoid of cello-oligosaccharides it instead constitutively produced thaxtomin. This observed hypervirulent phenotype does not fit with the proposed model of the cello-oligosaccharide-mediated induction of thaxtomin production and suggests that the role of BglC in the route to the pathogenic lifestyle ofS. scabiesis more complex than currently presented.
Extracting Evidence Fragments for Distant Supervision of Molecular Interactions
Authors: Burns Gully A , Dasigi Pradeep , Hovy Eduard H. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract.We describe a methodology for automatically extracting ‘evidence fragments’ from a set of biomedical experimental research articles. These fragments provide the primary description of evidence that is presented in the papers’ figures. They elucidate the goals, methods, results and interpretations of experiments that support the original scientific contributions the study being reported. Within this paper, we describe our methodology and showcase an example data set based on the European Bioinformatics Institute’s INTACT database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/). Using figure codes as anchors, we linked evidence fragments to INTACT data records as an example ofdistant supervisionso that we could use INTACT’s preexisting, manually-curated structured interaction data to act as a gold standard for machine reading experiments. We report preliminary baseline event extraction measures from this collection based on a publicly available, machine reading system (REACH). We use semantic web standards for our data and provide open access to all source code.
Award or Reward? Which comes first, NIH funding or research impact?
Authors: Parra Lucas C. , Hirsch Lukas 
Published: September 2017

SummaryWhich comes first, funding or research impact? We use causal inference to determine the direction of influence in a record of 70,000 NIH-funded investigators, which was recently released. Contrary to the basic premise of many funding policies, we find that the number of citations of an investigator determine funding levels, but not the other way around.
A parallel partition of unity method for the unsteady Stokes equations
Authors: Zhao Xiaoying , Hou Yanren , Du Guangzhi 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose a parallel partition of unity method to solve the time-dependent Stokes problems.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper solved the time-dependent Stokes equations using the finite element method and the partition of unity method.

Findings
The proposed method in this paper obtained the same accuracy as the standard Galerkin method, but it, in general, saves time.

Originality/value
Based on a combination of the partition of unity method and the finite element method, the authors, in this paper, propose a new parallel partition of unity method to solve the unsteady Stokes equations. The idea is that, at each time step, one need to only solve a series of independent local sub-problems in parallel instead of one global problem. Numerical tests show that the proposed method not only reaches the same convergence orders as the fully discrete standard Galerkin method but also saves ample computing time.
Mentally disordered young offenders in transition from child and adolescent to adult mental health services across England and Wales
Authors: Livanou Maria I. , Furtado Vivek , Singh Swaran P. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
This paper provides an overview of transitions across forensic child and adolescent mental health services in England and Wales. The purpose of this paper is to delineate the national secure services system for young people in contact with the youth justice system.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper reviews findings from the existing literature of transitions across forensic child and adolescent mental health services, drawing attention to present facilitators and barriers to optimal transition. The authors examine the infrastructure of current services and highlight gaps between child and adult service continuity and evaluate the impact of poor transitions on young offenders’ mental health and wellbeing.

Findings
Young offenders experience a broad range of difficulties, from the multiple interfaces with the legal system, untreated mental health problems, and poor transition to adult services. Barriers such as long waiting lists, lack of coordination between services and lack of transition preparation impede significantly smooth transitions.

Research limitations/implications
The authors need to develop, test and evaluate models of transitional care that improve mental health and wellbeing of this group.

Practical implications
Mapping young offenders’ care pathway will help to understand their needs and also to impact current policy and practice. Key workers in forensic services should facilitate the transition process by developing sustainable relationships with the young person and creating a safe clinical environment.

Originality/value
Transition of care from forensic child and adolescent mental health services is a neglected area. This paper attempts to highlight the nature and magnitude of the problems at the transition interface in a forensic context.
Hague Securities Convention goes into effect in the United States
Authors: Barreras Bryan L. , Goodstein Barbara M. , McDonald Kevin C. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
To explain the Hague Securities Convention in the context of secured financing transactions in the US and to discuss the implications of the Convention on new and existing transactions, as well as on market practice going forward.

Design/methodology/approach
This article provides a broad overview of the Hague Securities Convention and the impact of the Convention’s choice of law rules on secured financing transactions in the US involving intermediated securities, including how this deviates from previously applicable laws (such as the Uniform Commercial Code), and provides practical considerations with respect to secured financing transactions.

Findings
While in most circumstances the Convention provides for the same choice of law as previously applicable laws, there are certain scenarios where the Convention will produce a different result. Market practice with respect to perfecting security interests will likely change to take account of the Convention and to provide the parties with certainty regarding the law applicable to secured transactions.

Practical implications
The Convention calls for increased diligence with respect to the law governing the account agreement between the debtor and the securities intermediary and whether the securities intermediary has a qualifying office in that jurisdiction.

Originality/value
Practical guidance from experienced finance lawyers.
SEC permits all issuers to submit confidential draft registration statements
Authors: Brady Andrew , Breheny Brian , Gasaway Michelle , Kanter Stacy , Zeidel Michael , Zhou Monika 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
To explain the US Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC’s) June 29, 2017 announcement (as updated August 17, 2017) that the staff of its Division of Corporation Finance will accept draft registration statement submissions from all companies for nonpublic review, thereby expanding a popular benefit previously available only to emerging growth companies (ECGs) under the JOBS Act and, in limited circumstances, to certain foreign private issuers under historical Staff practices.

Design/methodology/approach
Explains the rationale and limitations of the new policy, the existing confidential submission process, the expanded class of issuers and transactions that now qualifies for the nonpublic review process, and content and staff processing details.

Findings
Recognizing that the confidential submission process for EGCs proved highly popular and quickly became standard practice for eligible companies seeking to conduct an IPO, the SEC has made the nonpublic review process available to an expanded class of issuers and transactions. The expanded confidential submission process for IPOs addresses some of the typical concerns associated with engaging in the IPO process by giving a company more time and flexibility to determine whether it actually will be able to achieve the benefits of going public before it incurs the burdens and expenses of doing so.

Originality/value
Practical guidance from experienced securities and corporate finance lawyers.
Reforming EU securities laws: the new EU Prospectus Regulation
Authors: Fischer-Appelt Dorothee 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
To analyse the changes brought about by the new EU Prospectus Regulation, which replaced the EU Prospectus Directive, which has been the cornerstone of EU securities regulation for over a decade. The Regulation is part of the EU Commission’s plans for a Capital Markets Union launched in September 2015, which is intended to achieve a true single market for capital across the EU and allow companies to access the capital markets in a more cost efficient way.

Design/methodology/approach
This article discusses the key changes to the European prospectus regime included in the new EU Prospectus Regulation and highlights the changes compared to the old prospectus regime.

Findings
The new Prospectus Regulation will change current prospectus rules and practice for both equity and debt issuances in several areas and will contribute to a more uniform European prospectus regime. For EU Member States, the format of a regulation (rather than directive) that the new Prospectus Regulation has taken means that there will be much less room for divergence of prospectus rules across its member states. The Regulation’s success in making EU capital markets more uniform will depend to a great extent on whether the application of the new rules by member states’ regulators will be more consistent.

Originality/value
Key EU securities law changes are explained by an experienced EU and US securities lawyer practising in London.