bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chain Sampling
Authors: Balamurali Saminathan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn introduction of the concept of chain sampling is first presented and the operating procedure and the conditions of applications of the ChSP1 plan are also discussed. The designing methodology of chain sampling plan proposed by various authors is reviewed. The concept of chain sampling used in variables inspection is then discussed and its operating procedure is also given. The extended versions of the chain sampling plans such as ChSP‐4, ChSP‐4A, and Bagchi's plan are also reviewed and the modified version of chain sampling plan is also discussed. The two‐stage chain sampling plan and its related literature review are also provided. The application of chain sampling plan in mixed plans and the other variations of chain sampling plan are also discussed.
Annuities
Authors: Macdonald Angus S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn annuity is a regular series of payments made from one party to another party. Payments may be certain, or contingent upon the survival of one or more lives, or upon the performance of an underlying investment portfolio. The International Actuarial Notation includes present values and accumulations of many standard forms of annuity, but does not adequately cover modern developments such as income drawdown, longevity improvements, and cohort effects.
DNA Sequence Evolution
Authors: Pearl Dennis , Kubatko Laura 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDNA molecules carry the hereditary information for nearly all living things. In this entry, we describe the composition of DNA molecules, provide an overview of the laboratory and computational techniques associated with collecting DNA sequences using biological samples from present‐day organisms, and give an overview of evolutionary problems for which DNA sequence data are used. The evolutionary topics discussed are sequence alignment and assembly, models for DNA sequence evolution, estimation of gene‐ and species‐level phylogenetic trees, estimation of parameters associated with evolutionary processes at both the within‐ and between‐population levels, and use of DNA sequences for gene mapping.
Age–Period–Cohort Analysis
Authors: Holford Theodore R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Age–period–cohort analysis refers to the interpretation of temporal trends in disease incidence or mortality rates in terms of the three time scales, age, calendar date (period), and year of birth (cohort). We present graphical and analytic methods for understanding trends in disease rates. A fundamental issue of identifiability arises in some models because of a linear constraint on these time scales: year of birth plus age equals the current calendar year. We review parametric and nonparametric approaches to estimate identifiable aspects of the data, such as the curvature of temporal trends.
Cluster Analysis: Overview
Authors: Lowrimore Gene , Manton Kenneth G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article discusses analysis techniques for clustering objects into hopefully meaningful sets. Hierarchical methods are presented for clustering both variables and cases. Examples are presented for variations on the methods. A nonhierarchical method,k‐means, is discussed for continuous data. An example comparing the results ofk‐means clustering to an ad hoc method using principal components analysis is given. Finally, an example is given usingk‐means clustering in conjunction with a grade of membership fuzzy clustering.
Overdispersion
Authors: Dean Charmaine B. , Lundy Erin R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCount data analyzed under a Poisson assumption or data in the form of proportions analyzed under a binomial assumption often exhibit overdispersion, where the empirical variance in the data is greater than that predicted by the model. This entry illustrates how overdispersion may arise and discusses the consequences of ignoring it, in particular, the underestimation of standard errors of covariate effects. Straightforward methods for ascertaining whether overdispersion is evident are presented. Simple methods for incorporating overdispersion within the framework of quasi‐likelihood estimation are reviewed as well as generalized linear mixed models, which form a broad scheme for model‐based analysis when overdispersion is present.
Optimal Biological Dose for Molecularly Targeted Therapies
Authors: Ahn Chul , Kang Seung‐Ho , Xie Yang , Zhang Song 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPhase I cancer clinical trials are small dose‐finding studies designed to rapidly identify the optimal dose of a new anticancer agent. The optimal dose has been defined as the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for conventional cytotoxic anticancer drugs, and this dose is typically recommended as the phase II dose. In the past two decades, a new approach for cancer treatment has emerged. This approach, now widely referred to asmolecularly targeted therapyis designeda priori, based on the knowledge of various physiological molecules that have been obtained by the development of molecular biology. Most molecularly targeted agents slow or stop the growth of tumors. Such agents are, in general, less toxic than conventional cytotoxic agents; as a result, the maximum therapeutic effect may occur at doses well below the MTD. With the emergence of a growing number of molecularly targeted agents, approaches to early drug development are changing. We present dose‐finding designs for phase I clinical trials of molecularly targeted drugs. There is an increasing need to develop designs to find the optimal biological dose (OBD) for molecularly targeted agents, and the utility of designs needs to be prospectively evaluated in future clinical dose‐finding trials for a variety of molecularly targeted agents.
Bayesian Graphical Models
Authors: Jensen Finn V. , Nielsen Thomas D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMathematically, a Bayesian graphical model is a compact representation of the joint probability distribution for a set of variables. The most frequently used type of Bayesian graphical models are Bayesian networks. The structural part of a Bayesian graphical model is a graph consisting of nodes and edges. The nodes represent variables, which may be either discrete or continuous. An edge between two nodes and indicates a direct influence between the state of and the state of , which in some domains can also be interpreted as a causal relation.The widespread use of Bayesian networks is largely due to the availability of efficient inference algorithms for answering probabilistic queries about the states of the variables in the network. Furthermore, to support the construction of Bayesian network models, learning algorithms are also available. We give an overview of the Bayesian network formalism and some of the algorithmic developments in the area.
Extrapolation, Risk‐Analytic
Authors: Hertzberg Richard C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractQuantitative extrapolation refers to a process where inferences about data‐poor scenarios are developed from studies of data‐rich scenarios. For dose–response relationships in environmental risk assessment, several different kinds of extrapolation are used so that whatever information is available can be incorporated in a reasonable manner to inform risk management decisions. Examples of such extrapolation include estimating human health risk at low doses from rodent toxicology data at high doses, or estimating response to a mixture of chemicals knowing only the dose–response information on the individual chemicals. The examples discussed in this article are for human health risk assessment but most of the principles apply to ecological risk assessment as well.
Predictive Distribution (de Finetti's View)
Authors: Fortini Sandra , Petrone Sonia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn Bayesian statistics, the “predictive distribution” is defined as the conditional distribution of future observations, given past observations. The predictive approach to inference highlights the centrality of predictive distributions, both for model assignment and inference. The relevance of the predictive approach is twofold. Starting from de Finetti, it is a cornerstone of the philosophical foundation of Bayesian statistics. Moreover, it has shown to be extremely fruitful, for model construction, in research areas with strong applied motivation, such as Bayesian nonparametrics and machine learning.
Starting Values
Authors: Deutsch Roland C. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Starting values are an essential component of most optimization problems that use search algorithms. As such algorithms are mostly iterative and deterministic, they require some form of a starting point. In many cases, the choice of the starting point can have great impact on the success of the search algorithm. Common ways of determining starting values are informed guesses, solving systems of linear equations, linearization, and reducing dimensions.
Lower and Upper Specification Limits (
LSL
,
USL
)
Authors: Zappa Diego 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In order to monitor industrial processes, control charts are often employed. They are graphical displays of estimates of a key quality process parameter. It is said that a process is working under control when the estimates fall within the range delimited by control limits, which define feasible process values that guarantee high standard quality levels. In practice, a product may work even if its quality parameters lie outside the control limits, within a range delimited by the so‐called specification limits, that is, those limits that guarantee a product to be delivered and sold to customers. In such cases, the product quality will not be excellent, nevertheless adequate. In this contribution, we will give a definition of specification limits and where they are used in statistical quality control.
Iron‐Catalyzed Regioselective Oxo‐ and Hydroxy‐Phthalimidation of Styrenes: Access to α‐Hydroxyphthalimide Ketones
Authors: Zhang Ji‐zong , Tang Yu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper describes the aerobic oxidation of styrenes catalyzed by iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) to form β‐keto‐N‐alkoxyphthalimides in fair to good yields. This oxidative process employs mild conditions with green and atom efficient dioxygen (O2) as the oxidant.magnified image
In‐situ Synthesis of Stabilizer‐Free Gold Nanocrystals with Controllable Shape on Substrates as Highly Active Catalysts for Multiple Use
Authors: Fu Yanpeng , Lu Yan , Polzer Frank , Lux‐Steiner Martha Ch. , Fischer Christian‐Herbert 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRecyclable gold nanocatalysts with controllable morphology are in‐situ formed on the solid substrate by a facile ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. The Au nanoparticles on Mo substrates form spheres, while on Si icosahedra, or after addition of Cu ions to the precursor solution, decahedra are obtained. The catalytic properties are studied for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol as a model reaction and compared with those of several stabilized colloidal Au catalysts. Due to the absence of any stabilizers on the surface and the good adhesion to the solid support, the substrate‐immobilized Au nanoparticles exhibit excellent catalytic activity and stability as well as simple reuse without activity loss and easy recyclability. Furthermore, it is shown that by this spray pyrolysis process also the inner walls of a tube can easily be coated. The efficiency of this resulting flow‐through reactor is investigated. Finally, naked Au nanoparticle films enable a unique comparative investigation of the catalytic reaction rate in the presence of typical ligands used for the stabilization of colloidal nanoparticle catalysts. Only with the films of naked Au nanoparticles is a constant Au base available, while different ligands lead to different sizes and probably shapes of colloidal particles thus not allowing an exact comparison. It turns out that all investigated stabilizers reduce the catalytic efficiency.magnified image
Cyclische hypervalente Iodreagentien für Atomtransferreaktionen – jenseits der Trifluormethylierung
Authors: Li Yifan , Hari Durga Prasad , Vita Maria Victoria , Waser Jerome 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHypervalente Iodverbindungen nehmen als Reagentien in der organischen Synthese aufgrund ihrer außergewöhnlichen Reaktivität eine Sonderstellung ein. Unter ihnen ragen cyclische Derivate wegen ihrer erhöhten Stabilität heraus. Sie finden zwar weitreichende Anwendung als Oxidationsmittel, die Erforschung ihrer Möglichkeiten zum Transfer funktioneller Gruppen begann jedoch erst kürzlich. Während die Verwendung von Benziodoxol(on)en zur Trifluormethylierung (Togni‐Reagens) schon weitgehend anerkannt ist, erfuhren vor kurzem auch andere Transformationen große Aufmerksamkeit. Der vorliegende Aufsatz bespricht die Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet seit 2011. Nach einer kurzen Zusammenfassung der Methoden zur Synthese von Benziodoxol(on)reagentien wird ihre Verwendung zum Aufbau von Kohlenstoff‐Heteroatom‐ und Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungen diskutiert. Äußerst erfolgreich war die Einführung von Alkinen mithilfe von Ethinylbenziodoxol(on)(EBX)‐Reagentien. Durchbrüche bei der Einführung von Alkoxy‐, Azido‐, Difluormethyl‐ und Cyangruppen werden ebenfalls vorgestellt.
Innovationen im Holzbau – Der Holzhallenbau der Firma Christoph und Unmack/Niesky
Authors: Rug Wolfgang 
Published: February 2016

AbstractZu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts entwickelten mutige Zimmerer, Holzbauunternehmer und holzbauinteressierte Architekten bzw. Ingenieure den Holzbau zu einer leistungsfähigen Bauweise in Europa. Will man die heute noch stehenden Zeugnisse dieser Entwicklung substanzschonend erhalten, so ist das nur bei ausreichender Kenntnis über die konstruktive und technische Entwicklung möglich. Der Autor berichtet in diesem Beitrag über den Hallenbau der Firma Christoph und Unmack.
Development and validation of a reliable and rapid LC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of sacubitril and valsartan in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Chunduri Raja Haranadha Babu , Dannana Gowri Sankar 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA selective, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatographic method with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric detection has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of sacubitril and valsartan in rat plasma using telmisartan as internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted by deprotenization of 50 μL of plasma sample using 200 μL of acetonitrile. In a short chromatographic run of 1.50 min run time, separation was achieved on a Hypersil Gold C18 column using a mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid in Milli‐Q water–0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile in gradient elution mode. The quantification of target compounds was performed in a positive electrospray ionization mode and multiple reaction monitoring. Response was a linear function of concentration in the ranges of 0.5–20,000 ng/mL for both analytes, with r2 > 0.9997. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy results were <15% and acceptable as per US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Stability of compounds were established in a battery of stability studies, i.e. bench‐top, autosampler and long‐term storage stability as well as freeze–thaw cycles. The validated method can be used as a routine method to support pharmacokinetic studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of price discounts on green consumerism behavioral intentions
Authors: Tseng Chung‐Hui 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGreen consumerism encourages consumers to demonstrate environmentally friendly behavior for protecting the environment and health of human beings. For example, if consumers wish to purchase take‐out beverages, they are encouraged to bring their own cups or water bottles rather than use disposable cups. This study, through 2 experiments, discussed the use of price discounts for encouraging green consumerism behavioral intentions. Experiment 1 examined the relationships among a green promotion setting, perceived nonmonetary and monetary sacrifice, and purchase intention toward the list price. The results of hierarchical regression models based on 120 valid questionnaires showed that perceived nonmonetary sacrifice fully mediated the relationship between a green promotion setting and the purchase intention toward the list price. Experiment 2 investigated the relationship between price discount levels and frames and a green or general promotion setting used by take‐out beverage shops. The results of the analysis of variance based on 900 valid questionnaires demonstrated that (i) the variation in consumer purchase intention in response to green consumerism promotion was lower than that in response to general promotion; (ii) the price discount threshold used in green consumerism promotion was 20%, which was higher than that in a general promotion setting; and (iii) consumers preferred a percentage discount offered during green consumerism promotion; however, they preferred a discount with a specific dollar amount in a general promotion setting. These results provide suggestions for improving green marketing and green consumerism. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison between two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional quantitative coronary angiography for the prediction of functional severity in true bifurcation lesions: Insights from the randomized DK‐CRUSH II, III, and IV trials
Authors: Zhang Yao‐Jun , Zhu Hao , Shi Shun‐Yi , Muramatsu Takashi , Pan Dao‐Rong , Ye Fei , Zhang Jun‐Jie , Tian Nai‐Liang , Bourantas Christos V. , Chen Shao‐Liang 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveThis study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of three‐dimensional quantitative coronary angiography (3D‐QCA) compared with conventional 2D‐QCA for predicting functional severity assessed by fractional flow reserve (FFR) for true bifurcation lesions.MethodsBased on pooled data from the randomized DK‐CRUSH II, III, and IV trials, we evaluated the patients with true bifurcation lesions who underwent coronary angiography together with functional evaluations using FFR in both the main vessel and the side branch. Off‐line 2D‐ and 3D‐QCA analyses were conducted using dedicated bifurcation QCA analysis software. Measurements of minimum lumen diameter (MLD), percentage diameter stenosis (% DS), and minimum lumen area (MLA) were compared between 2D‐ and 3D‐QCA, and we evaluated their predictive values of functionally significant FFR.ResultsNinety patients were eligible for enrollment in the present study. In the main vessel, MLA measured by 3D‐QCA was the most accurate predictor of FFR <0.75 (C statistic 0.85, P < 0.001), while MLD measured by 2D‐QCA was a similarly accurate predictor (C statistic 0.85, P < 0.001). In the side branch, the best metrics for predicting FFR <0.75 were % DS measured by 2D‐QCA with a C statistic value of 0.91 (P < 0.001) and MLA measured by 3D‐QCA with a C statistic value of 0.81 (P < 0.001). However, both 2D‐ and 3D‐QCA metrics exhibited low accuracies for predicting FFR <0.75 in intermediate bifurcation lesions.Conclusions3D‐QCA analysis for true bifurcation lesions did not improve the predictive accuracy of functionally significant FFR compared with 2D‐QCA analysis. In lesions with intermediate stenosis, the diagnostic performance of both 2D‐ and 3D‐QCA‐derived measurements in differentiating functional severity is limited. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Restenosis after PCI: Battered but not beaten
Authors: Safian Robert D. 
Published: February 2016

Key Points

In patients with bare‐metal stent (BMS) restenosis, drug‐eluting stents (DES) are superior to vascular brachytherapy (VBT), leading to a lower risk of clinical restenosis and target vessel revascularization, but not to less stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction, or death; these benefits persist for 2–5 years.
The optimal management of DES restenosis is unknown, but recent studies suggest that drug‐eluting balloons (DEB) and DES have similar efficacy and safety.
Since DEB are not commercially available in the United States, VBT may be a reasonable alternative to repeated DES.
The cross‐mammalian neurophenomenology of primal emotional affects: From animal feelings to human therapeutics
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe neuralcorrelatesof human emotions are easy to harvest. In contrast, the neuralconstitutionof emotional feelings in humans has resisted systematic scientific analysis. This review summarizes how preclinical affective neuroscience initiatives are making progress in decoding the neural nature of such feelings in animal brains. This has been achieved by studying the rewarding and punishing effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of subcortical emotional networks (labeled SEEING, RAGE, FEAR, LUST, CARE, PANIC, and PLAY systems) that evoke distinct emotion action patterns, as well as rewarding and punishing effects in animals. The implications of this knowledge for development of new psychiatric interventions, especially depression, are discussed. Three new antidepressive therapeutics arising from this work are briefly noted: 1) DBS of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in humans, 2) reduction of psychological pain that may arise from excessive PANIC arousal, and 3) facilitation of social joy through the study of social play in rats The overall argument is that we may more readily develop new psychiatric interventions through preclinical models if we take animal emotional feelings seriously, as opposed to just behavioral changes, as targets for development of new treatments. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1624–1635, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrolyte and acid‐base abnormalities associated with purging behaviors
Authors: Mehler Philip S. , Walsh Kristine 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveEating disorders that are associated with purging behaviors are complicated by frequent blood electrolyte and acid‐base abnormalities. Herein, we review the major electrolyte and acid‐base abnormalities and their treatment methods. The body of rigorous, eating disorder‐specific literature on this topical area is not robust enough to perform a systematic review as defined by PRISMA guidelines. Therefore, a qualitative review of mostly medical literature was conducted.ResultsHypokalemia, hyponatremia, and sodium chloride‐responsive metabolic alkalosis are the most common serum changes that occur as a result of purging behaviors. They vary depending on the mode and frequency of purging behaviors. They can all potentially cause dangerous medical complications and are in need of definitive medical treatment.DiscussionEating disorders that are associated with purging behaviors are associated with a number of electrolyte and acid‐base changes which are complex in their origin, documented to be medically dangerous and this definitive treatment is necessary to help achieve a successful treatment outcome, and in need of definitive treatment as described herein.