bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global‐scale patterns of nutrient density and partitioning in forests in relation to climate
Authors: Zhang Kerong , Song Conghe , Zhang Yulong , Dang Haishan , Cheng Xiaoli , Zhang Quanfa 
Published: August 2017

AbstractKnowledge of nutrient storage and partitioning in forests is imperative for ecosystem models and ecological theory. Whether the nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) stored in forest biomass and their partitioning patterns vary systematically across climatic gradients remains unknown. Here, we explored the global‐scale patterns of nutrient density and partitioning using a newly compiled dataset including 372 forest stands. We found that temperature and precipitation were key factors driving the nutrients stored in living biomass of forests at global scale. The N, K, and Mg stored in living biomass tended to be greater in increasingly warm climates. The mean biomass N density was 577.0, 530.4, 513.2, and 336.7 kg/ha for tropical, subtropical, temperate, and boreal forests, respectively. Around 76% of the variation in biomass N density could be accounted by the empirical model combining biomass density, phylogeny (i.e., angiosperm, gymnosperm), and the interaction of mean annual temperature and precipitation. Climate, stand age, and biomass density significantly affected nutrients partitioning at forest community level. The fractional distribution of nutrients to roots decreased significantly with temperature, suggesting that forests in cold climates allocate greater nutrients to roots. Gymnosperm forests tended to allocate more nutrients to leaves as compared with angiosperm forests, whereas the angiosperm forests distributed more nutrients in stems. The nutrient‐based Root:Shoot ratios (R:S), averaged 0.30 for R:SN, 0.36 for R:SP, 0.32 for R:SK, 0.27 for R:SCa, and 0.35 for R:SMg, respectively. The scaling exponents of the relationships describing root nutrients as a function of shoot nutrients were more than 1.0, suggesting that as nutrient allocated to shoot increases, nutrient allocated to roots increases faster than linearly with nutrient in shoot. Soil type significantly affected the total N, P, K, Ca, and Mg stored in living biomass of forests, and the Acrisols group displayed the lowest P, K, Ca, and Mg.
Catching the bus: A call for critical geographies of education
Authors: Nguyen Nicole , Cohen Dan , Huff Alice 
Published: August 2017

AbstractInformed by recent struggles over schooling, this article proceeds from the premise that education is a deeply geographic and urgently political problem increasingly engaged by a wide range of scholars and activists. We argue that the current political moment demands increasing geographic attention to the confluence of social processes that shape schooling arrangements. We contend that this attention also must address how people involved in collective action understand and enact alternatives and how these mobilizations may articulate with other social movements. Although existing geographers of education have studied schooling in relation to other processes such as gentrification and citizenship, we argue that centering schooling as an object of study can enliven important disciplinary conversations. In light of these arguments, we call on geographers to advance geographic scholarship on education by creating a cohesive critical geographies of education subfield. Drawing from intensified interest in the geographies of education, this subfield can contribute to broader geographic debates by centering schooling in theory generation, rather than only studying education as a site of test cases for existing geographic theories. Given this call, this review highlights how the existing literature on schooling signals the potential of geographic work on education and marks considerations for the development of future research.
Blinded histopathological characterisation of POLE exonuclease domain‐mutant endometrial cancers: sheep in wolf's clothing
Authors: Van Gool Inge C , Ubachs Jef E H , Stelloo Ellen , de Kroon Cor D , Goeman Jelle J , Smit Vincent T H B M , Creutzberg Carien L , Bosse Tjalling 
Published: August 2017

AimsPOLE exonuclease domain mutations identify a subset of endometrial cancer (EC) patients with an excellent prognosis. The use of this biomarker has been suggested to refine adjuvant treatment decisions, but the necessary sequencing is not widely performed and is relatively expensive. Therefore, we aimed to identify histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics to aid in the detection of POLE‐mutant ECs.Methods and resultsFifty‐one POLE‐mutant endometrioid, 67 POLE‐wild‐type endometrioid and 15 POLE‐wild‐type serous ECs were included (total N = 133). An expert gynaecopathologist, blinded to molecular features, evaluated each case (two or more slides) for 16 morphological characteristics. Immunohistochemistry was performed for p53, p16, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. POLE‐mutant ECs were characterised by a prominent immune infiltrate: 80% showed peritumoral lymphocytes and 59% showed tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes, as compared with 43% and 28% of POLE‐wild‐type endometrioid ECs, and 27% and 13% of their serous counterparts (P < 0.01, all comparisons). Of POLE‐mutant ECs, 33% contained tumour giant cells; this proportion was significantly higher than that in POLE‐wild‐type endometrioid ECs (10%; P = 0.003), but not significantly different from that in serous ECs (53%). Serous‐like features were as often (focally) present in POLE‐mutant as in POLE‐wild‐type endometrioid ECs (6–24%, depending on the feature). The majority of POLE‐mutant ECs showed wild‐type p53 (86%), negative/focal p16 (82%) and normal mismatch repair protein expression (90%).ConclusionsA simple combination of morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics (tumour type, grade, peritumoral lymphocytes, MLH1, and p53 expression) can assist in prescreening for POLE exonuclease domain mutations in EC, increasing the probability of a mutation being detected from 7% to 33%. This facilitates the use of this important prognostic biomarker in routine pathology.
CD274 (PDL1) and JAK2 genomic amplifications in pulmonary squamous‐cell and adenocarcinoma patients
Authors: Clavé Sergi , Pijuan Lara , Casadevall David , Taus Álvaro , Gimeno Javier , Hernández‐Llodrà Silvia , Rodríguez‐Rivera María , Lorenzo Marta , Menéndez Silvia , Albanell Joan , Espinet Blanca , Arriola Edurne , Salido Marta 
Published: August 2017

AimsCD274 (PDL1) and JAK2 (9p24.1) gene amplifications have been recently described in pulmonary carcinomas in association with programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression. Furthermore, PTEN loss has been explored preclinically in relation to PD‐L1 expression. Our aim was to determine whether these genomic alterations affect PD‐L1 expression levels in non‐small‐cell lung cancer.Methods and resultsPD‐L1 and PTEN expression determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and CD274, JAK2 and PTEN copy number alterations (CNAs) determined by fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation, were studied in 171 pulmonary carcinoma specimens. PD‐L1 expression was positive in 40 cases (23.3%), and CD274 amplification was present in 14 tumours (8.8%). Concordance between both events was found in 12 of 14 amplified cases (P = 0.0001). We found nine JAK2‐amplified cases (5.7%), seven with PD‐L1 expression (P = 0.0006). Moreover, six of the seven cases had JAK2 and CD274 coamplification (9p24.1 genomic amplification). Remarkably, the average PD‐L1 IHC score was higher in these amplified cases (230 versus 80; P = 0.001). Non‐statistical associations were observed between PD‐L1 expression and PTEN loss and PTEN deletions.ConclusionsWe describe a subset of patients (8.2%) who had 9p24.1 amplifications resulting in high expression of PD‐L1. Our results provide evidence for genomic up‐regulation of PD‐L1 expression in non‐small‐cell lung cancer.
Punch ‘scoring’: a technique that facilitates melanoma diagnosis of clinically suspicious pigmented lesions
Authors: Grogan Judith , Cooper Caroline L , Dodds Tristan J , Guitera Pascale , Menzies Scott W , Scolyer Richard A 
Published: August 2017

AimsEarly recognition and accurate diagnosis underpins melanoma survival. Identifying early melanomas arising in association with pre‐existing lesions is often challenging. Clinically suspicious foci, however small, must be identified and examined histologically. This study assessed the accuracy of punch biopsy ‘scoring’ of suspicious foci in excised atypical pigmented skin lesions to identify early melanomas.Methods and resultsForty‐one excised pigmented skin lesions with a clinically/dermoscopically focal area of concern for melanoma, with the suspicious focus marked prior to excision with a punch biopsy ‘score’ (a partial incision into the skin surface), were analysed. Melanoma was diagnosed in nine of 41 cases (22%). In eight of nine cases (89%) the melanoma was associated with a naevus, and in seven of nine (88%) cases the melanoma was identified preferentially by the scored focus. In six of nine cases (67%), the melanoma was entirely encompassed by the scored focus. In one case of melanomain situ, the diagnostic material was identified only on further levelling through the scored focus. In 28 of 32 of non‐melanoma cases (88%), the scored focus identified either diagnostic features of a particular lesion or pathological features that correlated with the clinical impression of change/atypia including altered architecture or distribution of pigmentation, features of irritation or regression.ConclusionsThe ‘punch scoring technique’ allows direct clinicopathological correlation and facilitates early melanoma diagnosis by focusing attention on clinically suspicious areas. Furthermore, it does not require special expertise inex‐vivoclinical techniques for implementation. Nevertheless, in some cases examination of the lesion beyond the scored focus is also necessary to make a diagnosis of melanoma.
Fracture of nickel titanium rotary instrument during root canal treatment and re‐treatment: a 5‐year retrospective study
Authors: Alfouzan K. , Jamleh A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimTo evaluate retrospectively the incidence of K3 nickel titanium rotary instrument fracture in referred cases during root canal treatment and re‐treatment.MethodologyClinical and radiographic reports of 12 867 endodontic cases treated at the King Abdulaziz medical city between January 2010 and November 2015 were reviewed to obtain information on intracanal fractured instruments with respect to the treatment performed, tooth type and the size and at what level the instrument fractured (coronal, middle or apical). The degree of canal curvature was classified into mild (<10°), moderate (10–25°) or severe (>25°). Logistic regression was used to test the incidence of instrument fracture in relation to the root canal treatment performed and tooth type. Chi‐square tests were used to analyse the fracture incidence in the treated teeth in respect to fracture level and fractured file diameter. The level of significance was set at 0.05.ResultsRoot canal treatment was performed on 8946 cases, whilst re‐treatment was performed on 3921 cases. The fracture incidence was higher during re‐treatment cases (2.96%) than in primary root canal treatment (0.74%) (P < 0.001) with a 1.41% incidence overall. There was a trend for more fractures in maxillary (1.68%) and mandibular (1.35%) molar teeth. Moreover, 56.6% of the fractured instruments occurred in severely curved canals, and the apical third of the root canal was the most common site for instrument fracture (85.7%), followed by middle (13.2%), and coronal (1.1%) thirds, mostly with file sizes 20 and 25 (59.9% and 25.27%, respectively).ConclusionThe fracture incidence of K3 instruments was significantly greater during root canal re‐treatment than root canal treatment, mainly with small instruments and in the apical third of the canals.
Investigation of microstructure and thermoelectric properties of p‐type BiSbTe/ZnO composites
Authors: Madavali Babu , Lee Chul‐Hee , Kim Hyo‐Seob , Lee Kap‐Ho , Hong Soon‐Jik 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this research work, p‐type BiSbTe/ZnO (2 wt%) nanocomposite powders were fabricated by high‐energy ball milling at different milling times, and subsequently, powders were consolidated by spark plasma sintering at 673 K temperature. The existence of nanoinclusions was confirmed by SEM‐EDS mapping. Vickers hardness values greatly improved due to reduction in grain size which prevents the crack propagation and dispersion strengthening mechanism. The decrease in carrier density, which plays a critical role in thermoelectrics, dramatically increases the Seebeck coefficient, and subsequently, decreases the electrical conductivity upon the dispersion of ZnO nanorods into the BiSbTe matrix. The thermal conductivity was noticeably reduced by ~13% in BiSbTe/ZnO composites for 5‐minute samples due to blocking of carriers/phonons at interfaces, and/or grain boundaries. The peak ZT of 0.92 was obtained for BiSbTe matrix, and 0.91 for BiSbTe/ZnO (5 minutes) composites at room temperatures.
Electrical and dielectric analysis of lithium chloride mixed sodium and lithium phosphate glasses
Authors: Attafi Yosra , Melo Bruno Miguel Gonçalves , Ben Haj Amara Abdesslem , Soreto Teixeira Silvia , Costa Luis Cadillon , Valente Manuel Almeida , Graça Manuel Pedro Fernandes 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGlasses with molar composition 2xLiCl–(40−x)Na2O–(40−x)P2O5–20Li2O, where 0 ≤ 2x≤7 (mol%), were prepared by the melt‐quenching method. The synthesized glasses were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, which confirmed their amorphous nature. The glass transition temperature and crystallization temperature of the samples were determined by differential thermal analysis. The density of the samples was measure using Archimedes principle, and the structural analysis was further investigated using infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The dc conductivity of the samples was investigated, along with their dielectric properties using impedance spectroscopy, in the frequency range 100 Hz to 1 MHz, which showed a maximum of conductivity for the sample with 7 mol% of LiCl. The results were correlated to the increased number of lithium ions and to the chloride ions which can either form P–Cl bonds or occupy the interstitial sites of the glass network.
A cross-sectional evaluation of the prevalence and detection of predictors of polypharmacy amongst adult in Spain
Authors: Niclós Gracia , Olivar Teresa , Rodilla Vicent 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the association between polypharmacy and sociodemographic factors as well as health status, determinants of health and healthcare use, illness and use of prescribed medicines amongst adults in Spain.

Methods
Data from the 2009 European Health Interview Survey in Spain which included 22 188 subjects were used. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of five or more prescribed medicines. The association between polypharmacy and several variables was assessed by means of bivariate analysis and logistic regression analysis (adjusted by age and gender).

Key findings
Amongst study participants, 15.8% were on prescribed polypharmacy (19.3%, women; 10.3%, men (P &lt; 0.001)). A number of sociodemographic factors (e.g. age, gender, educational level), health status factors (e.g. limitation in daily activities, self-perception of health, presence of chronic disease) and other health-related factors (e.g. smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity) have been studied and have been found to play a role in polypharmacy. Logistic regression analysis provided three variables which together with age could be used to predict polypharmacy.

Conclusion
In Spain, approximately 16% of people who take medicines are on polypharmacy and this is more frequent in women and amongst older adults. From our study, we can conclude that the variables which can predict a higher likelihood of polypharmacy are, together with age, prescribed antidepressants, and prescribed medicines for back/neck pain and joint pain. This may provide a tool for health professionals to readily assess polypharmacy appropriateness in polymedicated patients.
How do people conceptualise the reuse of medicines? An interview study
Authors: Alhamad Hamza , Patel Nilesh , Donyai Parastou 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Objectives
To capture people’s beliefs about medicines reuse and to map the determinants of intentions to reuse medicines in the future.

Methods
Participants were recruited through an advert placed in the university’s community newsletter reaching 15 000 households. Adults wishing to participate were interviewed using convenience sampling, with recruitment continuing until data saturation. Participants were interviewed face-to-face by two researchers using a semi-structured interview schedule based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Interview transcripts were analysed by thematic analysis, with the themes classified according to the TPB. The University’s research ethics committee approval was obtained.

Key findings
Nineteen participants were interviewed. The potential economic and environmental benefits of medicines reuse were juxtaposed with stability and safety worries. Participants trusted pharmacists to quality-assure returned medicines, but wondered if they had the time and storage space to dedicate to medicines reuse. Environmentalists were seen as the main proponents of medicines reuse with drug manufacturers, some taxpayers and parents seen as the main opponents. The physical characteristics of reused medicines, and quality assurance and logistics of reuse processes were seen to enable/obstruct engagement in medicines reuse. A working definition of medicines reuse as a behaviour was developed.

Conclusions
People could potentially agree to reuse medicines if their concerns are addressed and the process is well defined and managed. This is a qualitative study with a small number of participants meaning the results may not be generalisable. The themes generated will enable a structured questionnaire to be developed for quantifying broader views.
High‐performance varistors prepared by hot‐dipping tin oxide thin films in Sb2O3 powder: Influence of temperature
Authors: Wang Qi , Peng Zhijian , Lv Changchun , Fu Xiuli 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA series of SnOx–Sb2O3 thin film varistors were fabricated through hot‐dipping tin oxide films deposited by radio‐frequency magnetron sputtering in Sb2O3 powder at varied temperatures in air. With the increase in hot‐dipping temperature (HDT) from 200°C to 600°C, the nonlinear coefficient (α) of the samples increased first and then decreased, reaching the maximum at 500°C, which was mainly determined by the completeness of high‐resistant Sb2O3 layer at tin oxide grain boundary and the chemical composition of tin oxide films. Correspondingly, the leakage current (IL) decreased first and increased later. The breakdown electric field (E100 mA) decreased constantly with increasing HDT. The SnOx–Sb2O3 film varistors prepared at 500°C exhibited the optimum nonlinear properties with the maximum α of 10.88, the minimum IL of 36.3 mA/cm2, and an E100mA of 0.0188 V/nm. The obtained nanoscaled film varistors would be promising in electrical/electronic devices working in low voltage.
Electrospun Fe2O3 nanotubes and Fe3O4 nanofibers by citric acid sol‐gel method
Authors: Li Jianjun , Wu Yanfeng , Yang Minglong , Yuan Ye , Yin Weilong , Peng Qingyu , Li Yibin , He Xiaodong 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCitric acid‐based sol‐gel method has been used to synthesize metal oxides widely. Iron‐based one‐dimensional nanostructured materials, including Fe2O3 nanotubes and Fe3O4 nanofibers, have been successfully prepared by directly annealing electrospun citric acid‐based precursor fibers under different atmospheres in this study. Thermo‐gravimetric and differential thermal analyses were carried out from room temperature to 800°C under air and argon atmosphere, respectively. The results reveal the formation mechanisms for Fe2O3 nanotube and Fe3O4 nanofiber. Fe2O3 tubular structures with average inner diameter about 500 nm and wall thickness about 20 nm were obtained. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were self‐assembled along the one dimensional orientation to form Fe3O4 nanofibers with average diameter around 500 nm. The reflection losses as a function of frequency for the samples with 23 and 33 wt% Fe3O4 nanofibers in paraffin were examined. The frequency dependence of reflection losses under various matching thicknesses (2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 mm) was simulated. The as‐fabricated Fe3O4 nanofibers can be believed to be promising candidates as highly effective microwave absorbers.
Architectural design and cryogenic synthesis of Si3N4@(TiN–Si3N4) for high conductivity
Authors: Yang Mei , Lv Mingli , Wang Qi , Zhu Hongmin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSi3N4@(TiN–Si3N4) composites with heteroshelled structure were designed for enhanced conductivity and successfully synthesized through the simultaneous reduction and in‐situ cocoating process in liquid ammonia at around −40°C. The heteroshells were composed of nanosized TiN and Si3N4 particles, which were amorphous with the size ranging from 10 to 40 nm. Using spark plasma sintering, dense bulk composite with >98.1% relative density of theoretical value were obtained and their electrical conductivity were increased to an adequate value (6.62 × 102 S·cm−1) for electrical discharge machining by compositing 15 vol% TiN to Si3N4, which is superior to the previous reports. The excellent electric performance could be attributed to the heteroshelled structure which guarantees the conductive network can be formed and kept with minimal TiN content. The nanosized Si3N4 powders in the shells reduce the content of conductive powders and limit the growth of TiN particles.
Nursing lives in the blogosphere: A thematic analysis of anonymous online nursing narratives
Authors: Castro Aimee , Andrews Gavin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to explore the work‐life narratives of nurses through a thematic analysis of the nursing accounts they post in their publicly accessible, anonymous blogs.BackgroundMany nurses participate on social media. Blogs have been advocated as a self‐reflective tool in nursing practice, yet as far as the authors are aware, no previous studies have explored nurses’ individual blogs for their potential to reveal nurses’ perceptions of nursing work.DesignThe research design was qualitative description.MethodsBetween May–August 2015, Internet search engines were used to discover lists of nursing blogs recommended by organizations representing nurses’ interests. Recommended blogs were purposively sampled. Four anonymous blogs written by nurses from different nursing specialties met the sampling criteria. All 520 of their entries from 2014 were read and copied into NVivo 10, where an inductive coding process was followed.FindingsThree major themes arose in these nurses’ online discussions of their work lives: they truly care about and value their nursing work, but they are feeling stressed and burnt out and they are using their anonymous blogs to share factors that frustrate them in their nursing work. Three main areas of frustration were revealed: teamwork problems, challenging patients and families, and management issues.ConclusionAnonymous nursing blogs offer valuable, longitudinal insights into nurses’ perceptions of their work lives. Nursing blogs should be further explored for ongoing insights into nurses’ experiences of nursing work, as well as nurses’ recommendations for addressing issues causing them to feel frustrated in their work environments.