bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age and Growth of the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow, an Endangered, Short‐Lived Cyprinid of the North American Southwest
Authors: Horwitz Richard J. , Keller David H. , Overbeck Paul F. , Platania Steven P. , Dudley Robert K. , Carson Evan W. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of age and age–length relationships from an extant population of the federally endangered Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Hybognathus amarus. The surveyed population was from three fragmented reaches within about 290 km of the middle Rio Grande in New Mexico, the last protected population in the historical range of the species. A total of 158 Rio Grande Silvery Minnows were collected in autumn 2009 (n = 83) and spring 2010 (n = 75), with sampling designed to fill six 10‐mm size‐class bins that represent the size range characteristic of the juvenile and adult population. Age was then determined directly for each specimen independently by two investigators, each using otoliths and scales; growth rates were estimated via back‐calculation of length at age from otoliths. The results confirm that individuals in the contemporary population are short‐lived, with very few surviving to their second or third summers. For historical comparison, the ages of a small collection of Rio Grande Silvery Minnows taken in August 1874 were evaluated using scales. The specimens in this historical collection ranged from age 0 to age 2, similar to the age range for the autumn 2009 collection and incongruent with a previously published report of five age‐classes (ages 1–5) for 13 of these specimens. Our results corroborate the age‐structure derived from temporal tracking of length frequency histograms generated under the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Population Monitoring Project and validate current management of the species as short‐lived. Our age range and age–length relationships are also similar to those of other well‐studied Hybognathus spp., and the results from our study may aid management of these closely related, short‐lived pelagophil minnows. While additional research is needed to clarify the areas of age–length overlap, the crucial findings of this study should facilitate implementation of an appropriate management policy for this short‐lived, federally endangered cyprinid.
Evaluation of Effective Number of Breeders and Coancestry among Progeny Produced Using Common Hatchery Mating Strategies
Authors: Bartron Meredith L. , Sard Nicholas M. , Scribner Kim T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHatcheries are used as a conservation strategy to supplement native fish populations. Mating strategies used by hatcheries can employ different numbers of males and females, varying sex ratios, and different strategies to mix gametes. Due to sex ratio skew and variation in reproductive success, the effective number of breeders (Nb) contributing gametes to subsequent generations is often significantly less than the total number spawned. Accordingly, mating strategies can affect levels of genetic diversity, coancestry, and, concomitantly, long‐term fitness of hatchery stocks or natural populations into which hatchery fish are placed. Using steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss, we mimicked six commonly employed hatchery mating regimes. We genotyped both parents and offspring at microsatellite loci and used likelihood‐based estimators implemented in the program COLONY to determine parentage. We calculated the mean and variance in reproductive success for each sex in each mating regime. In addition, we calculated coancestry and the inbreeding effective number of breeding adults for each mating regime to provide guidelines more consistent with the conservation goal of maintaining genetic diversity. Finally, we used the Ryman and Laikre equation to evaluate how estimates of Nb for each mating regime can influence the total effective population size. For all treatments, when gametes from multiple females and/or males were pooled, we found that the mean number of offspring was less for males than females, and there was a significantly higher reproductive variance for males than for females. In addition, when male gametes were pooled, a comparatively lower Nb was estimated. Single‐pair mating regimes and those that limited repeated use of males were most efficient at reducing levels of coancestry and maintaining genetic diversity in a hatchery or other closed populations.
Longitudinal Patterns of Juvenile Coho Salmon Distribution and Densities in Headwater Streams of the Little Susitna River, Alaska
Authors: Foley Kevin M. , Rosenberger Amanda , Mueter Franz J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHeadwater streams contribute to overall production and life history diversity in river systems. These relatively small streams represent an alternative rearing habitat for juvenile fish, including Coho SalmonOncorhynchus kisutch. To determine the extent that juvenile Coho Salmon use headwater habitats, we used a spatially continuous sampling approach to investigate the distribution and density patterns of juvenile Coho Salmon in three headwater streams of the Little Susitna River, Alaska. We related the distribution patterns to environmental and biological variables, which are important for informed management of this species. Juvenile Coho Salmon were continuously distributed along the length of headwater streams, with upstream limits of 4–5 km from the main stem, at about 250 m elevation, with slopes between 4% and 5%. For all juvenile Coho Salmon, elevation and dominant substrate type (e.g., boulders) were negatively related to fish density; both variables may be related to adult spawning habitat and the proximity of juveniles to their point of emergence. Age‐1 Coho Salmon, which overwinter in the Little Susitna River basin before smolting, represented only 2% of all juvenile fish captured; no environmental variables related to age‐1 fish density. Yet, their presence in the headwater streams represented an opportunity to determine what factors relating to conservation and fisheries management (i.e., culverts) may limit their distribution. Headwater stream habitats may increase the variability in life history and juvenile traits, and given ongoing climate change and human development this type of variability is likely to be increasingly important for the persistence and continued productivity of this population of Pacific salmon.
Feeding Interactions between Fishes in a Coastal Ecosystem in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Atlantic Canada
Authors: Hanson John Mark 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDiet composition, diet similarity, and major predator–prey interactions between the 15 most abundant demersal and pelagic fishes (N = 12,163 stomachs) during the period 1999–2003 were described for Northumberland Strait, a semi‐enclosed, marine coastal ecosystem. Of the five pelagic species, Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordax ate benthic prey (shrimps and polychaetes); Atlantic Herring Clupea harengus and American Shad Alosa sapidissima consumed small copepods and crab zoeae; and Atlantic Mackerel Scomber scombrus and Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus ate small copepods and moderate amounts of benthic prey and small fishes. Three demersal species were strongly piscivorous but with minimal diet overlap: Sea Ravens Hemitripterus americanus consumed small benthic fishes (especially flounders); Winter Skate Leucoraja ocellata consumed sand lances Ammodytes sp. and Rainbow Smelt; and White Hake Urophycis tenuis consumed Atlantic Herring and Atlantic Mackerel. Cluster analysis revealed seven feeding guilds, of which four contained a single species; consequently, the potential for compensation of predatory function was nonexistent for these guilds. The three multispecies guilds comprised consumers of (1) small copepods and crab zoeae; (2) small benthic invertebrates and polychaetes; and (3) shrimps and crabs. Based on diets, the principal route of energy transfer seemed to be the benthic–detrital pathway; however, confirmation requires representative abundance estimates for the various fishes. Moreover, abundances of many fish species have changed (i.e., most have decreased) since this study was completed, with unknown consequences for food web structure and functioning.
Thermal Tolerance and Survival of Nile Tilapia and Blue Tilapia under Rapid and Natural Temperature Declination Rates
Authors: Henson Mary Nell , Aday D. Derek , Rice James A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBlue Tilapia Oreochromis aureus and Nile Tilapia O. niloticus are indigenous to Africa and the Middle East but now are globally popular in aquaculture and for private and public stocking as forage fish for sport species and biological control for nuisance vegetation. The invasive nature of these species at a global scale and the lack of recent and applicably tested thermal tolerance methodology require research to assess the current potential for invasion risk in North Carolina and elsewhere. In this thermal tolerance experiment we focused on a moderate declination rate (1°C per 3 d) and a slow declination rate (1°C per week) in water temperature to assess the thermal minima of Blue Tilapia, common Nile Tilapia, and a “white” strain of Nile Tilapia. The moderate rate was used to compare results to previous literature, and the slow rate was used to mimic natural seasonal water temperature decline in North Carolina. As lineage and breeding history may vary by supplier, fish from multiple suppliers within each species group were tested. Our results indicate that in general, these tilapias cannot survive below 8°C. We did not observe differences in temperature at death or survival curves between species in the moderate rate treatment. Under the slow declination rate, we found significant differences in the mean temperatures at death of Blue Tilapia (9.5°C) and white Nile Tilapia (9.3°C) relative to the less‐cold‐tolerant common Nile Tilapia (10.8°C); this result was reflected in statistically different survival curves. In addition, although there was some variation in temperature at death among different supplier groups (0.0–0.6°C) within a species, all fish died at 8°C or above. Our results suggest that selective breeding of white Nile Tilapia may have resulted in increased thermal tolerance during the process of developing this color variant. Furthermore, the minimum lethal temperature of 8°C may explain why these tilapia species have been restricted to reservoirs with heated effluent in North Carolina.
Ear tag and PIT tag retention by white‐tailed deer
Authors: Belser Emily H. , Hewitt David G. , Reitz Ryan L. , Gann Kory R. , Lewis John S. , Hellickson Mickey W. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTWhite‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been marked with various tags for a wide variety of applications, such as longitudinal, movement, disease, and mark–recapture studies. Tag persistence is critical to all these applications. We used nest survival models in Program MARK to estimate tag retention from 1) 832 free‐range white‐tailed deer marked with large plastic ear tags in both ears and Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags in the leg and at the base of the ear, and 2) 412 free‐range deer marked with metal ear tags in both ears, captured in Texas, USA, 1997–2007. We calculated tag retention from 401 captive deer marked with 2 types of Electronic Identification (EID) ear tags (button or combi) in one ear and 36 captive deer marked with small plastic ear tags in one ear. Annual retention rates were greatest for button EID tags (0.992; 0.983–0.998), combi EID tags (0.979; 0.953–0.996), small plastic ear tags (0.978; 0.965–0.995), and large plastic ear tags (0.958; 0.950–0.965). Passive integrated transponder tags at the base of the ear (0.923; 0.910–0.935) and metal tags (0.909; 0.891–0.924) had fair retention rates. Passive integrated transponder tags placed in the leg (0.779; 0.758–0.800) had the lowest retention rate. Although many factors influence tag selection, EID tags and both small and large plastic tags demonstrate the greatest annual retention rates of both captive and free‐range, marked deer. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Labour Law and (In)justice in Workers’ Letters in Vietnam
Authors: NGUYEN Tu Phuong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article explores whether and how labour law matters in factory workers’ grievances and demands in their letters sent to the unions and state authorities in Đồng Nai Province, an industrial hub in the south of Vietnam. An examination of the letters demonstrates that the legalistic language of rights and other provisions in the Labour Code plays little role in shaping workers’ accounts. A majority of letter writers instead referred to moral aspects of subsistence, reciprocity, and their subjective views of fairness to make their claims. Yet the moral constructions of workers’ claims may overlap and derive from values imbricated within the Labour Code. These observations raise the need to consider the subtle way in which law generates workers’ resistance against management and/or the state, as well as the fluid boundary between law and morality in workers’ narratives of (in)justice.
Turbulent bubble fountains
Authors: Lippert Martin C. , Woods Andrew W. 
Published: December 2017

We explore the dynamics of turbulent bubble fountains produced when a descending stream of fresh water and air bubbles issues from a nozzle submerged in a tank of water. The bubbles have diameters of 2 to 5 mm and the fountains have source Froude numbers ranging from 10 to 240. The Reynolds numbers of the bubbly fountains range from 4000 to 24 000. The bubbles, carried into the tank by the downward jet of water, lead to a buoyancy force which reduces the downward momentum of the jet, thus producing a fountain. We find that $H_{F}$, the downward penetration distance of the bubbles into the water reservoir, may be characterised by two parameters: $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$, the ratio of the bubble rise speed to the characteristic fountain velocity, $u_{F}=f_{0}^{1/2}/m_{0}^{1/4}$, and $Fr_{0}$, the source Froude number, given by $m_{0}^{5/4}/(q_{W_{0}}f_{0}^{1/2})$, where $q_{W_{0}}$, $m_{0}$ and $f_{0}$ are the source volume, momentum and buoyancy fluxes. As $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$ increases, $H_{F}$ decreases, a result which is directly analogous to the height of rise of particles in a particle-laden fountain (Mingotti & Woods, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 793, 2016, R1). Also, we find that $H_{F}$ increases as $Fr_{0}$ increases, a result directly analogous to single-phase fountains (Turner, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 26, 1966, pp. 779–792). We present a model for the conservation of volume, momentum and buoyancy fluxes and use this to predict the penetration distance of the bubbles corresponding to that point at which the fountain liquid velocity equals the bubble rise speed. Using the best-fit value for the entrainment coefficient, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=0.04\pm 0.004$, we find that our experimental measurements of the bubble penetration distance are in good accord with the model predictions for $10<Fr_{0}<240$ and $2<\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}<15$. In our experiments the bubble rise speed, $u_{slip}$, is large compared to the entrainment velocity of the descending fountain. Thus, only a small fraction of the rising bubbles are re-entrained, and so the buoyancy flux of the fountain is approximately independent of depth. Flow-visualisation experiments also show that the liquid momentum flux is not exhausted at the point of bubble separation and so the liquid in the fountain continues to travel downward, separated from the bubbles. We use the new theoretical model to estimate the flux of air entrained into plunging water jets.
Dietary phosphatidylcholine impacts on growth performance and lipid metabolism in adult Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) strain of Nile tilapiaOreochromis niloticus
Authors: Tian Juan , Wen Hua , Lu Xing , Liu Wei , Wu Fan , Yang Chang-Geng , Jiang Ming , Yu Li-Juan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the effects of supplementing the diet of adult Nile tilapiaOreochromis niloticuswith phosphatidylcholine (PC) on growth performance, body composition, fatty acid composition and gene expression. Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia fish with an initial body weight of 83·1 (sd2·9) g were divided into six groups. Each group was hand-fed a semi-purified diet containing 1·7 (control diet), 4·0, 6·5, 11·5, 21·3 or 41·0 g PC/kg diet for 68 d. Supplemental PC improved the feed efficiency rate, which was highest in the 11·5 g PC/kg diet. Weight gain and specific growth rate were unaffected. Dietary PC increased PC content in the liver and decreased crude fat content in the liver, viscera and body. SFA and MUFA increased and PUFA decreased in muscle with increasing dietary PC.Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2andsecreted phospholipase A2mRNA expression were up-regulated in the brain and heart in PC-supplemented fish. PC reducedfatty acid synthasemRNA expression in the liver and visceral tissue but increased expression in muscle. Hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase expression increased in the liver with increasing dietary PC.Growth hormonemRNA expression was reduced in the brain andinsulin-like growth factor-1mRNA expression in liver reduced with PC above 6·5 g/kg. Our results demonstrate that dietary supplementation with PC improves feed efficiency and reduces liver fat in adult Nile tilapia, without increasing weight gain, representing a novel dietary approach to reduce feed requirements and improve the health of Nile tilapia.
Nobility or Utility?Zamindars, businessmen, andbhadralokas curators of the Indian nation in Satyajit Ray'sJalsaghar (The Music Room)
Authors: GHOSH GAUTAM 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Bengalibhadralokhave had an important impact on Indian nationalism in Bengal and in India more broadly. Their commitment to narratives of national progress has been noted. However, little attention has been given to how ‘earthly paradise’, ‘garden of delights’, and related ideas of refinement and nobility also informed their nationalism. This article excavates the idea of earthly paradise as it is portrayed in Satyajit Ray's 1958 Bengali filmJalsaghar, usually translated asThe Music Room.Jalsagharis typically taken to depict, broadly, the decadence and decline of aristocratic ‘feudal’ landowners (zamindars) who were granted their holdings and, often, noble rank, such as ‘Lord’ or ‘Raja’, during Mughal or British times, representing the languid past of the nobility, and the ascendance of a restless business-oriented class that represents an emerging present and possible future. Thezamindarsare shown as pursuing aesthetic and spiritual delight, ecstasy, and edification through soirées. These soirées are produced for those among the nobility who are sufficiently cultivated and cosmopolitan to appreciate the finer things in life, such as the classical music and dance showcased in this film. The businessmen, too, aspire to host such exceptional events, but are too crass to do so properly and, moreover, they are motivated by a desire to accrue prestige, thus using soirées as a means to an end, rather than to experience aesthetic and spiritual elevation as an end in itself. I argue that the film calls on thebhadralokto value aesthetic cultivation and to actively counter its evanescence. The film thus beckons and authorizes thebhadralokto sustain the value of the timeless past, including nobility and refinement. Yet thebhadralokare also expected to embody and expand a new, progressive, and utilitarian spirit that would modernize India. With the aristocrats gone, and the entrepreneurs eager to assume authority, the film charges thebhadralokto construct a nationalism in which the immortal, character-building values of classical art, for example, can yet be sutured to utilitarian progressivism. I argue that the film conveys this even though it does not explicitly portray or even mention thebhadralok, or feature uniquely Bengali music and art. Accordingly, this article does not focus on the actual aesthetic and political practices ofbhadraloknationalism. The aim is to shed light on one genealogy through which thebhadraloksanctioned themselves as India's stewards along these lines.
Brain glutamate in medication-free depressed patients: a proton MRS study at 7 Tesla
Authors: Godlewska Beata R. , Masaki Charles , Sharpley Ann L. , Cowen Philip J. , Emir Uzay E. 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundThe possible role of glutamate in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression is of intense current interest. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) enables the detection of glutamate in the living human brain and meta-analyses of previous MRS studies in depressed patients have suggested that glutamate levels are decreased in anterior brain regions. Nevertheless, at conventional magnetic field strengths [1.5–3 Tesla (T)], it is difficult to separate glutamate from its metabolite and precursor, glutamine, with the two often being measured together as Glx. In contrast, MRS at 7 T allows clear spectral resolution of glutamate and glutamine.MethodWe studied 55 un-medicated depressed patients and 50 healthy controls who underwent MRS scanning at 7 T with voxels placed in anterior cingulate cortex, occipital cortex and putamen (PUT). Neurometabolites were calculated using the unsuppressed water signal as a reference.ResultsCompared with controls, depressed patients showed no significant difference in glutamate in any of the three voxels studied; however, glutamine concentrations in the patients were elevated by about 12% in the PUT (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe increase in glutamine in PUT is of interest in view of the postulated role of the basal ganglia in the neuropsychology of depression and is consistent with elevated activity in the descending cortical glutamatergic innervation to the PUT. The basal ganglia have rarely been the subject of MRS investigations in depressed patients and further MRS studies of these structures in depression are warranted.
Executive function and other cognitive deficits are distal risk factors of generalized anxiety disorder 9 years later
Authors: Zainal Nur Hani , Newman Michelle G. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe cognitive model (Hirsch & Mathews, 2012) and attentional control theory (Eysenck & Derakshan, 2011) postulate that compromised executive function (EF) and other cognitive constructs are negatively linked to increased excessive and uncontrollable worry, the core symptom of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, the prospective link between neuropsychological constructs and GAD are not well understood.MethodsA nationally representative sample of 2605 community-dwelling adults whose average age was 55.20 (s.d. = 11.41, range 33–84; 56.31% females) participated at baseline and 9-year follow-up. Baseline neuropsychological function and symptoms were measured using the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone and Composite International Diagnostic Interview – Short Form. Multivariate Poisson and negative binomial regression analyses were conducted with 11 baseline covariates entered simultaneously: age, gender, years of formal education, perceived control, hypertension/diabetes, body mass index, exercise status, as well as GAD severity, panic disorder severity, and depression severity. Those with baseline GAD were also removed.ResultsLower Time 1 composite global cognition z-score independently predicted higher Time 2 GAD severity and diagnosis [odds ratio (OR) 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40–0.89, p = 0.01]. Poor inhibition, set-shifting, working memory (WM) updating, inductive reasoning, and global cognition sequentially forecasted heightened GAD. However, processing speed, verbal WM, verbal fluency, and episodic memory did not predict future GAD.ConclusionGlobal cognition, inductive reasoning, inhibition, set-shifting, and WM updating EF impairments may be distal risk factors for elevated GAD nearly a decade later.