bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaling Deposition Behavior in Sieve Tubes of Produced Water Filter in Polymer Flooding
Authors: Wang Zhihua , Li Jiexun , Yu Xueying , Wang Mingxin , Le Xinpeng , Yu Tianyu 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
A green field development might face many challenges such as water source shortage, wastewater accumulation, discharging pollution, and purifying effect. The polymer flooding produced water (PFPW) with complex characteristics would lead to scaling deposition behavior, and the sediment compaction even appears in sieve tubes when filtering. Overall consideration of prevention and removal to scale in sieve tubes is an effective method to address the challenges. An investigation of produced water scaling and depositing in sieve tubes of sand filter in Daqing Oilfield was recently carried out, and a laboratory test was performed for characterizing the properties of scaling sediments. The scaling deposition behavior occurring in sieve tubes was identified and simulated, and the mechanism was discussed. The methods of scale prevention and removal were screened in consideration of operational feasibility and economical justification, and then the field practice effect was presented and assessed.
The results show that the filter of disposing PFPW is mainly destroyed by the pressure locking which originates from the occurrence of scaling deposition in water collecting sieve tubes. The sediments are accumulated with sulphides, carbonate scale, silicate scale, dirty oil and degradable polymer. The deposition in sieve tubes is affected by the residual polymer in a great degree. The major impact of temperature threshold value is facilitating under-deposit corrosion. It is beneficial for the scaling deposition prevention by utilizing the anti-wear ceramics materials to replace carbon steel. The acid pickling operation could realize the effective removal to scale by integrating the dispersing, stripping, dissolving, deactivating, flushing, carrying and discharging mechanisms, and the acid fluid system is screened with which primary solvent is 10% hydrochloric acid. Furthermore, the field practice case indicates that the oil and suspended solids content of purified water reduced by 21.71% and 26.58%, respectively, the water consumption in backwashing process was multiplied, and the accumulation of sediments dropped by more than 50% in same running period. This study is significant to the understanding of scaling behavior in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) surface facilities, and it is also beneficial to provide an auxiliary technology of disposing PFPW.
Quantifying Anisotropy for Completion Optimization in Shale Using Dipole Sonic Logging
Authors: Kinoshita Toshihiro , Wago Toshimichi , Tohda Masahide , Sakiyama Naoki , Kajikawa Yohei , Endo Takeshi , Bammi Sachin , Wells Peter , Velez Edgar , Shigekane Akito , Wada Yuichiro 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The quantification of anisotropy in horizontal wells, common in shale reservoirs, with dipole sonic featuring a unique through-the-bit conveyance is presented. Anisotropy and fracture evaluation with multipole sonic logging provides essential information for designing completions and optimizing perforation performance. Multiple case studies demonstrate the contribution of measurements for optimized completion quality and increased production.
The small-diameter logging tool can be conveyed through the drillstring using mud pump flow to deliver the tool out through a specialized bit to the open borehole. The formation survey is conducted in memory mode while the drillpipe is tripped out of the hole. Based on intensive numerical modeling, the tool structure has been optimized to sufficiently suppress the tool-borne acoustic waves and allow measurements in fast formations. The tool is designed to be well-centralized in horizontal and highly deviated wells to ensure robust cross-dipole measurements for the estimation of anisotropic stress and orientation.
The tool characterization in reference formations with known characteristics indicates that the logging tool response is in agreement with the model predictions; therefore, the tool presence effect can be fully compensated for in the processing as a function of borehole size, formation and mud properties. More than 100 field jobs have verified high-quality, cross-dipole measurements in unconventional horizontal and high-angle wells, from 4 1/2-in. to 8 3/4-in. borehole. Detailed analysis of the measured data confirmed that the tool is well-centralized in real logging conditions of horizontal wells. It was also confirmed that the transmitters generating monopole and dipole waves provide sufficiently wide frequency band excitation to extract information from the borehole signal. Case studies show that anisotropy ranging from 3% to 40% was extracted reliably as later verified with other measurements. Incorporating the anisotropy of the rock into the horizontal stress estimation enabled the operator to optimize engineered completions. The substantially greater confidence in the accuracy and reliability of the completion directly impacted the perforation efficiency and ultimately the well production.
The new tool is an enabler for quantifying anisotropy with cross-dipole as well as fracture analysis with Stoneley to evaluate horizontal and high-angle wells with minimal cost, leveraging a unique low-risk and driller-friendly conveyance system. It can easily be included into existing drilling and tripping plans.
Ensemble-Based Assisted History Matching With Rigorous Uncertainty Quantification Applied to a Naturally Fractured Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Maucec Marko , De Matos Ravanelli Fabio M. , Lyngra Stig , Zhang Shu J. , Alramadhan Aymen A. , Abdelhamid Osama A. , Al-Garni Saad A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This paper presents an ensemble-based computer Assisted History Matching (AHM) of a real life carbonate oil field. The field-level reservoir pressures were matched with a fine-scale Dual-Porosity DualPermeability (DPDP) model spanning a long production history under primarily peripheral water injection pressure support.
The well-level AHM workflow presented was validated with a DPDP high-resolution sector model of a fracture dominated carbonate reservoir. This sector model was ~17 million active grid cells with no application of simulation grid upscaling. The AHM workflow integrates probabilistic Bayesian inference using Ensemble Smoother with Multiple Data Assimilation (ES-MDA), which simultaneously assimilates the data and generates maximum a-posteriori updates of reservoir model parameters in a variance- minimizing update scheme. A detailed uncertainty matrix was built with ensemble of sensitivity scenarios, based on varying free water level, corresponding matrix porosity and the initial water saturation combined with geostatistical realizations of dynamic permeability derived from dynamic PLT logs and fracture characterization, where the varied parameters were the variogram attributes in terms of correlation length and geometric anisotropy.
Five data assimilation iterations with ES-MDA method were required to achieve acceptable convergence and minimization of objective function, defined as a joint misfit of well-level static pressures and watercut for the key producing wells. Practical DPDP model simulation times were achieved through utilization of Massive Parallel Processing technology.
This study presents the first ensemble-based approach to integrated reservoir modeling for a mature oil field with the objective to deliver geologically-constrained history matched models with better predictive value for production optimization and forecasting.
An Investigation on Propagation Mechanisms of Steam Chamber during Expanding Solvent SAGP ES-SAGP in Thin Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Pang Zhanxi , Wang Lei , Lv Xiaocong , Liu Yongge , Wu Guanghuan , Wei Tao 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Steam assisted steam drainage (SAGD) or steam and gas push (SAGP) is commercially utilized to recover bitumen from oil sands. It produces higher oil rate and ultimate recovery than the other thermal recovery methods. But for thin heavy oil reservoirs, the recovery is lower resulting from larger heat losses through cap-rock and poorer oil mobility under reservoir conditions. A new EOR method, ES-SAGP, is introduced to develop this kind of reservoir. That is to say, non-condensate gas and vaporizable solvent is injected with steam into steam chamber during SAGD. The scaled 3D physical simulation was employed to examine the effectiveness of ES-SAGP and analyze propagation mechanisms of steam chamber. Under the same experimental conditions, a contrast analysis about the expanding characteristics of steam chamber, the swept efficiency of steam chamber and the ultimate oil recovery were carried out between SAGP and ES-SAGP. The experimental results shows that the steam chamber gradually becomes an ellipse shape during SAGP; However, during ES-SAGP, non-condensate gas and vaporizable solvent gather at reservoir top to decrease heat losses, and oil viscosity near condensate layer of steam chamber is largely decreased both by hot steam and solvent, which makes the boundary of steam chamber vertical and gradually become a shape of similar rectangle. During ES-SAGP in thin reservoir, the expanding processes of steam chamber can be divided three stages including ascent stage, horizontal expanding stage and decline stage. During the ascent stage of steam chamber, the needed time is shorter than SAGP. The stages of horizontal expanding and decline consume more time during injecting nitrogen, solvent and steam to enlarge cross-section area of steam chamber bottom. When the instantaneous oil-steam ratio is lower than 0.1, the swept efficiency of steam chamber is over 75% and the ultimate oil recovery is 45.7%, which is 7.4% higher than SAGP. Therefore, during ES-SAGP, not only the volume of steam chamber is largely enlarged, but also the swept efficiency and the ultimate oil recovery are remarkably improved.
Workover Operations Optimized in Tubingless Water Injectors through Comprehensive Analysis of Rigless Well Securement Practices
Authors: Al-Hajri Nasser M. , Al-Subaie Fehead M. , Al-Ajmi Mohammed D. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This paper will present the results of a dedicated analysis, which includes 56 case studies with the purpose of optimizing workover operations by assessing rigless well securement practices. The scope of work is concentrated on the evaluation of two industry-known plugs, utilized to secure tubingless water injectors. The two plugs were cast iron bridge plugs and high expansion slim plugs capped with cement. The main areas of study were as follows: rigless deployment, durability and reliability, removal during workover operations, and economic feasibility.
The rigless deployment of each plug was contrasted with regards to testing requirements, setting time, and capping with cement requirements. The reliability of each plug was scrutinized by reviewing 24 wells secured under cross flow dynamic conditions which is one of the most challenging aspects of securing tubingless water injectors. This dedicated review was aimed at ensuring safety of the well and the subsequent workover, preventing environmental impacts, and making proper conclusions with regards to plug reliability.
The milling performance of each plug was analyzed using three criteria: 1) plug milling time 2) plug chasing to plug-back total depth (PBTD) 3) number of additional trips required to mill the plug completely. Based on the plugs performances during workover operations, the relevant cost statistics were generated.
Additionally, an economic feasibility study was performed, bearing in mind the cost environments associated with workover rigs. The specifications of the plugs under study and corresponding pressure ratings were taken into consideration in this work. The development of this paper is aimed at reviewing current practices through available statistical and engineering tools, and to ultimately enhance the operational process and improve its quality.
Well Performance Calculations for Artificial Lift Screening
Authors: Kefford P. A. , Gaurav M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Having the means to efficiently evaluate different forms of artificial lift early in the planning cycle significantly improves the ability to influence other planning decisions (well count, well design, facility capacities etc.) and to realise the potential upsides made available by new artificial lift technologies. Artificial lift screening involves evaluating multiple criteria including rate, well design, cost, reliability, environmental impact, flow assurance, solids handling, operability etc. This paper focusses on a fit-for-purpose methodology to evaluate well production performance for a wide range of artificial lift techniques including Electric Submersible Pumps, Gas Lift, Sucker Rod Pumps, Progressing Cavity Pumps, Jet Pumps, Hydraulic Submersible Pumps and Hydraulic Piston Pumps. The five important attributes of the methodology presented are: Consistency: To ensure a fair comparison is made when evaluating each lift technique, the same assumptions about reservoir performance, fluid properties, multi-phase flow behaviour, geomechanics etc. are used.Auditability: Later in the development planning process, decisions and assumptions will inevitably change, and it is important that there is a proper audit trail regarding how artificial lift screening had been performed to help understand the potential impact of these changes.Efficiency: Early in the field planning cycle, many alternative well counts, well designs and facility configurations will be under evaluation, and assumptions about reservoir and fluid properties will be changing as new data become available. It is therefore important that the artificial lift screening method can be readily applied to accommodate the many scenarios.Technical Rigour: While detailed artificial lift design is not required (or desired) at the screening stage, it is important that the screening methodology applies a fit-for-purpose level of technical rigour to ensure reliable results are achieved and opportunities are not missed through the misapplication of various industry ‘rules of thumb’.Vendor Independence: While sufficient industry research is required to understand the available technologies and new innovations, the screening process should be independent of any particular equipment vendor to prevent any undue bias.
The well performance calculations use a nodal analysis approach to develop inflow and outflow curves at the depth of the artificial lift equipment. Then, using knowledge of the fundamental operating principals of the artificial lift techniques, calculations are performed to determine the range of production rates achievable based on constraints including power, flow capacity and gas handling ability.
The paper will also present a range of real field cases where these screening calculations have been applied to deep water subsea, onshore conventional and coalbed methane (CBM) developments.
Modeling of Wormhole Propagation During Matrix Acidizing of Carbonate Reservoirs by Organic Acids and Chelating Agents
Authors: Akanni Olatokunbo O. , Nasr-El-Din Hisham A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Numerous carbonate matrix acidizing models have been developed to study the flow and reaction of Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in calcite, but there is a significant gap in the literature for models built to investigate wormhole propagation by alternative acidizing fluids such as organic acids and chelants. In this work, a model is developed to study wormhole propagation by these alternative fluids, using the two-scale carbonate acidizing model approach with Navier-Stokes formulation for fluid-flow description.
The reaction kinetics used for acetic acid (HAc) in the model is modified to account for the slight dissociation of the weak acid in aqueous solution and a fractional order of reaction. The output from the model is compared with available experimental data in the literature for qualitative and quantitative validation. This study extends the linear first-order reaction kinetics used for HCl in previous two-scale models for the chelating agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), with updated dissolution rate constants and dispersion coefficients, and the output compared with experimental data for qualitative validation.
The acid efficiency curves generated from the model for acetic acid compares qualitatively and quantitatively with reported experimental data, and the numerical simulations show that a higher amount of acid will be required to reach breakthrough for acetic acid than for HCl, as expected. The model output for the chelating agents does not match quantitatively with experimental data, but the qualitative trend can be observed from the numerical simulation results. The updated reaction kinetics for acetic acid is extendable to formic acid, which is the other commonly used organic acid in carbonate matrix acidizing, to obtain an equally dependable model output. However, a more complex reaction kinetics will be required to model the multi-step chemistry that occurs in the dissolution of carbonate by chelating agents.
The model developed in this study accurately captures the wormholing phenomena by acetic acid, and it can also be used to predict optimum injection rates for organic acids. The simulation results also show that the model, based on Navier-Stokes momemtum formulation, is computationally less expensive than previous models with the Darcy-Brinkman formulation, and simulations at very high injection rates with this model require less computational time than models developed with the Darcy formulation.
Mismanagement of Oil and Gas Rents in "Oil and Gas Rich Countries": Lessons for Ghana's Nascent Industry – Case Study: Norway and Angola
Authors: Opong Riverson , Klaas Olga , Benson Lamidi Abdul-Latif 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Oil wealth can either be a curse or a blessing. However with prudent management oil wealth becomes a primary source for economic transformation. The purpose of this research is to investigate the management of oil revenue in some oil rich countries specifically Angola, Nigeria and Norway and draw some lessons for Ghana's nascent oil industry. These factors were identified in the main work and later categorised under three variables namely; stability, dependency and corruption. Using a qualitative study approach, the effects of these factors on the four countries being studied were analysed using the assessments of working papers by the World Bank, CIDCM and the Corruption Perception Index by the Transparency International. The study revealed that the main cause of mismanagement of oil revenue in Nigeria and Angola was the overdependence of the economies of both countries on their oil revenue, diminishing the effectiveness of good governance in both countries. Norway, on the other hand was successful in managing their resources because of good governance, strengthening their long and stable democracy. It concluded that, though the right policies have been put in place to regulate Ghana's petroleum industry, the judiciary system must be empowered to effectively enforce these policies, and the Government must look at investing its oil rent in sustainable developments. This will help the country in achieving their positive targets and not go down the same lane as the other unsuccessful countries in managing their oil revenue.
First Dual Zone Drillstem Test With Acoustic Telemetry Using Multiple Retrievable Packers for Single Trip Testing of Two Independent Reservoirs
Authors: Dolciani Gregory , Tiwari Shrikant , Adewuya Opeyemi , Mousa Ali , Osaimi Falah , Al-Gannas Musab , Gill Harmohan , Martin Adam , Azhar Sheikh Saqib , Zeller Vince 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Although the main objectives of drillstem testing (DST) have remained largely unchanged over the years, operators are continuously seeking a means of improving operational efficiency (time/cost savings) while maintaining the highest level of operational standards, with safety and the environment being paramount. This paper presents a case history of the first retrievable dual packer testing string used to independently test two reservoirs in a single trip (toolstring conveyance into and out of the hole), which enhances operational efficiency.
This case history is from an offshore exploratory well in Saudi Arabia in which a dual retrievable packer test string was deployed with a real-time telemetry system to successfully test two independent reservoirs in a single trip. Throughout the operation, real-time telemetry data above and below each packer enabled real-time understanding of the operational process and provided assurance of equipment/process integrity before proceeding with the next sequence of well testing operations. In this manner, operations were safely performed step-by-step, ensuring that the well test objectives and zonal isolation were met to determine the individual reservoir evaluation integrity.
With the application of acoustic telemetry technology, the ability to acoustically communicate with and control downhole tools in real time is achieved. Communication to and from the downhole tools also provides the status of the downhole equipment in real time. In addition, knowledge gained from the real-time data enhances the ability of the operators to perform well tests with reduced uncertainties. The early availability of reservoir knowledge enables operational efficiencies, ensuring that test objectives are met, and may reduce the overall test period and significantly reduce well testing costs. The direct result of eliminating multiple trips is that operational efficiency is achieved, enabling the operator to save time and money without compromising data quality or health, safety, and environment standards.
This case history represents a milestone for the industry, demonstrating the successful deployment of multizone testing, and serves as a stepping stone for even greater efficiencies by using real-time telemetry technology. This paper also discusses lessons learned and plans for additional well testing process efficiencies, enhanced with well application selection and DST toolstring acoustic control devices and technology.