bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Midwives’ Management during the Second Stage of Labor in Relation to Second‐Degree Tears—An Experimental Study
Authors: Edqvist Malin , Hildingsson Ingegerd , Mollberg Margareta , Lundgren Ingela , Lindgren Helena 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIntroductionMost women who give birth for the first time experience some form of perineal trauma. Second‐degree tears contribute to long‐term consequences for women and are a risk factor for occult anal sphincter injuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate a multifaceted midwifery intervention designed to reduce second‐degree tears among primiparous women.MethodsAn experimental cohort study where a multifaceted intervention consisting of 1) spontaneous pushing, 2) all birth positions with flexibility in the sacro‐iliac joints, and 3) a two‐step head‐to‐body delivery was compared with standard care. Crude and Adjusted OR (95% CI) were calculated between the intervention and the standard care group, for the various explanatory variables.ResultsA total of 597 primiparous women participated in the study, 296 in the intervention group and 301 in the standard care group. The prevalence of second‐degree tears was lower in the intervention group: [Adj. OR 0.53 (95% CI 0.33–0.84)]. A low prevalence of episiotomy was found in both groups (1.7 and 3.0%). The prevalence of epidural analgesia was 61.1 percent. Despite the high use of epidural analgesia, the midwives in the intervention group managed to use the intervention.ConclusionIt is possible to reduce second‐degree tears among primiparous women with the use of a multifaceted midwifery intervention without increasing the prevalence of episiotomy. Furthermore, the intervention is possible to employ in larger maternity wards with midwives caring for women with both low‐ and high‐risk pregnancies.
The moral dimension of politicized identity: Exploring identity content during the 2012 Presidential Elections in the USA
Authors: Turner‐Zwinkels Felicity M. , van Zomeren Martijn , Postmes Tom 
Published: November 2016

It is well known that politicized identities are especially good predictors of collective action, but very little is known about what these identities are. We propose that moral identity content plays a central role in politicized identities. We examined this among (un)politicized Americans in the 2012 US Presidential Elections. In a longitudinal community sample of US citizens (N = 760), we tracked personal (i.e., unique) and politicized (i.e., party activist) identity content: before, during, and after the election. We compared identity content of individuals who self‐labelled as politicized (i.e., active party promoters) or unpoliticized (i.e., passive party supporters): (1) Democrats (n = 69) longitudinally and (2) Republicans (n = 69) cross‐sectionally to examine three hypotheses: Moral identity content (e.g., trustworthy) would be more prominent in politicized (vs. unpoliticized) identities (H1); moral identity content overlapping politicized and personal identities predict seeing the self as politicized (H2) and engaging in party activism (H3). Results largely supported H1 and H2, but only weakly supported H3. We conclude that politicized identities are moralized identities that have a self‐evaluative, but not strongly action‐motivation, function. We discuss the implications of our findings and method for politicization research.
Utility of patient‐specific silicone renal models for planning and rehearsal of complex tumour resections prior to robot‐assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy
Authors: von Rundstedt Friedrich‐Carl , Scovell Jason M. , Agrawal Smriti , Zaneveld Jacques , Link Richard E. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo describe our experience using patient‐specific tissue‐like kidney models created with advanced three‐dimensional (3D)‐printing technology for preoperative planning and surgical rehearsal prior to robot‐assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RALPN).Patients and MethodsA feasibility study of 10 patients with solid renal masses who underwent RALPN after preoperative rehearsal using 3D‐print kidney models. A single surgeon performed all surgical rehearsals and procedures. Using standard preoperative imaging and 3D reconstruction, we generated pre‐surgical models using a silicone‐based material. All surgical rehearsals were performed using the da Vinci® robotic system (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) before the actual procedure. To determine construct validity, we compared resection times between the model and actual tumour in a patient‐specific manner. Using 3D laser scanning in the operating room, we quantified and compared the shape and tumour volume resected for each model and patient tumour.ResultsWe generated patient‐specific models for 10 patients with complex tumour anatomy. R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry scores were between 7 and 11, with a mean maximal tumour diameter of 40.6 mm. The mean resection times between model and patient (6:58 vs 8:22 min, P = 0.162) and tumour volumes between the computer model, excised model, and excised tumour (38.88 vs 38.50 vs 41.79 mm3, P = 0.98) were not significantly different.ConclusionsWe have developed a patient‐specific pre‐surgical simulation protocol for RALPN. We demonstrated construct validity and provided accurate representation of enucleation time and resected tissue volume. This simulation platform can assist in surgical decision‐making, provide preoperative rehearsals, and improve surgical training.
Viewpoint: Estimating the causal effects of policies and programs
Authors: Smith Jeffrey , Sweetman Arthur 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEstimation, inference and interpretation of the causal effects of programs and policies have all advanced dramatically over the past 25 years. We highlight three particularly important intellectual trends: an improved appreciation of the substantive importance of heterogeneous responses and of their methodological implications, a stronger focus on internal validity brought about by the “credibility revolution,” and the scientific value that follows from grounding estimation and interpretation in economic theory. We discuss a menu of commonly employed partial equilibrium approaches to the identification of causal effects, emphasizing that the researcher's central intellectual contribution always consists of making an explicit case for a specific causal interpretation given the relevant economic theory, the data, the institutional context and the economic question of interest. We also touch on the importance of general equilibrium effects and full cost–benefit analyses.
An amplification mechanism in a model of energy
Authors: Kormilitsina Anna 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates a propagation mechanism of the energy price shock in a model where capital utilization is associated with costly energy consumption. Endogenous depreciation is an important element of the model, as it has been shown to produce a significant negative effect of energy prices on output. I show that the amplifying effect of endogenous depreciation is determined by the choice of the functional form and calibration strategy for the energy cost function. My estimates of the energy cost function allow to conclude that the energy price shock has only a moderate effect on output in this model, while endogenous depreciation mitigates rather than amplifies the effect of the energy price shock.
Poverty‐aware social work practice: service users' perspectives
Authors: Saar‐Heiman Yuval , Lavie‐Ajayi Maya , Krumer‐Nevo Michal 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn recent years, there has been an increase in scholarly writing on the theory and practice of critical social work with people living in poverty. Yet there is a lack of research on the experiences and perspectives of service users regarding this kind of practice. This paper presents a qualitative study that explored the practice of a special poverty‐aware social work programme in Israel, through the experiences of women who took part in it. Using an interpretative interactionist approach, in‐depth interviews with nine women were held three times over a 2‐year period. Findings reveal a high degree of satisfaction with the programme on the part of the women. The satisfaction was derived from four main experiences: the experience of visibility, the experience of the active partnership in the fight against poverty, the experience of close, hierarchy‐challenging relationships, and the experience of responsiveness to material and emotional needs. The findings are discussed in terms of three principles of practice: intervention in a real‐life context, relationship‐based intervention and the focus on both the material and emotional needs and their fulfilment.
Ultrathin versus pediatric instruments for colonoscopy in older female patients: A randomized trial
Authors: Nemoto Daiki , Utano Kenichi , Endo Shungo , Isohata Noriyuki , Hewett David G. , Togashi Kazutomo 
Published: November 2016

Background and AimSmall‐caliber endoscopes such as gastroscopes or pediatric colonoscopes are occasionally required to negotiate fixed or angulated colons. However, the use of a new ultrathin instrument (diameter 7.0 mm) narrower than other conventional colonoscopes has not been evaluated. The aim of the present study was to compare the use compare the use of an ultrathin colonoscope (UTC) with a pediatric colonoscope (PDC) for colonoscopy in older female patients.MethodsA prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in a single academic endoscopy unit. A total of 77 female patients aged ≥70 years undergoing unsedated colonoscopy were randomized to colonoscopy with a UTC (n = 39) or PDC (n = 38). Primary outcome measurement was the degree of pain using a numerical rating scale, and secondary outcomes were cecal intubation rate, ileal intubation rate, time to cecum and adenoma detection rate.ResultsThere was a significant difference in reported pain using the numerical rating scale (median, UTC 1 vs PDC 4, P < 0.0001). Cecal intubation rates were 97.4% in UTC and 92.1% in PDC (P = 0.36), and ileal intubation rates were 82.0% and 89.4% (P = 0.76), respectively. However, median times to cecum were significantly longer using UTC compared with PDC (15.2 min vs 11.1 min, P = 0.022). Adenoma detection rates were 30.7% in UTC and 26.3% in PDC (P = 0.80).ConclusionsColonoscopy using UTC was almost equivalent to that of PDC in older female patients, with significantly less pain compared with PDC. UTC may be an alternative to PDC for the difficult colon.
The development of locomotor kinetics in the foal and the effect of osteochondrosis
Authors: Gorissen B. M. C. , Wolschrijn C. F. , Serra Bragança F. M. , Geerts A. A. J. , Leenders W. O. J. L. , Back W. , van Weeren P. R. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryReason for performing studyFoals stand and walk immediately after birth, but insight into the subsequent longitudinal development of their gait kinetics in the early juvenile phase and the possible influence of osteochondrosis thereon is lacking.ObjectivesTo quantify gait kinetics in foals during the first half year of life, taking into account their osteochondrosis status.Study designProspective, cohort study performed at a single stud farm.MethodsPressure plate measurements at walk and trot from 11 Dutch Warmblood foals during the first 24 weeks of life were used to determine body mass normalised peak vertical force, normalised vertical impulse and stance duration. Coefficients of variation of peak vertical force and stance duration were used as measures for gait maturity. Radiographs of tarsocrural and femoropatellar joints were taken at age 4–6 weeks and after 6 months to check for osteochondrosis. A linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of age, limb, presence of osteochondrosis and speed on gait parameters.ResultsMean walking and trotting velocity increased over time as did stance duration and normalised vertical impulse, normalised peak vertical force values however remained relatively constant. During the first weeks of their life only the coefficient of variation of stance duration decreased significantly, while the coefficient of variation of peak vertical force did not. None of the foals was visibly lame, but the presence of osteochondrosis resulted in a temporarily but significantly reduced normalised peak vertical force.Main limitationsThis study is a relatively small sample size of one breed from a single stud farm. A stand‐alone pressure plate was used and body mass was estimated rather than measured.ConclusionsDespite being precocious, foals need time to mature their gait. During growth, velocity at walk and trot increases, but normalised peak vertical force remains relatively constant. Although not visibly lame, a temporary reduction in normalised peak vertical force was detected in osteochondrosis positive foals using a pressure plate.
Local Groundwater Withdrawal Permitting Laws in the South‐Western U.S.: California in Comparative Context
Authors: Nelson Rebecca Louise , Perrone Debra 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) aims to control, for the first time in California's history, the state's significant use and depletion of groundwater. SGMA gives local agencies a high degree of discretion in relation to a new permitting power, but the discretion is a double‐edged sword: agencies gain maximum flexibility to tailor their regime to local conditions, yet the statute provides no direction on appropriate components of a groundwater permitting regime. We introduce SGMA and the broader legislative context to its permitting power, and we explain the continuing common law context in which the legislation operates. This information is used as the foundation for a comparative legal analysis of fundamental elements of permitting regimes. We compare a selection of six other south‐western permitting regimes established in legislation for areas recognized as requiring intensive management through permitting: “special permitting areas” (SPAs). We find that permitting regimes in south‐western SPAs share a structure containing several almost universal elements, although the policy settings that apply to those elements vary widely. The established permitting regimes in the other south‐western states' SPAs may inform Californian agencies seeking to use their new permitting power for the first time, as well as water agencies further afield, as to important components of a permitting regime, and the different policy settings that could apply to those components. Californian local agencies, and its Department of Water Resources, which is charged with providing local agencies technical advice, should have regard to these permitting possibilities.
Parental reactions to weight screening in young children: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dawson A. M. , Brown D. A. , Williams S. M. , Taylor B. J. , Ross J. , Taylor R. W. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundParental inability to recognize child overweight and physician reluctance to instigate discussion prevents behaviour change.ObjectiveTo evaluate parental acceptance of child overweight status following screening.MethodsInterviewers used motivational interviewing or best practice care to discuss overweight status of 271 young children (BMI ≥ 85th) with parents using simple traffic‐light BMI charts. Follow‐up sessions two weeks later (n = 251, 93%) were coded qualitatively to assess parental reactions to the information (overweight diagnosis) and how it was presented (feedback condition).ResultsEight‐two percent of parents rated the charts positively with few (8–10%) feeling judged. Motivational interviewing parents viewed feedback as more empathetic (relative risk, 95% CI: 4.07, 1.64–10.09), but more uncomfortable (12.2, 1.48–100.1) than best practice care parents. Overall, 65.2% of parents accepted their child was overweight, 22.1% were ambivalent and 12.7% rejected the information. Although motivational interviewing parents were less likely to accept it (OR, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.37–0.64) and more likely to be ambivalent (2.01, 1.17–3.47), the most important predictor of acceptance was a positive experience of feedback (P < 0.001).ConclusionsSimple traffic‐light charts facilitate discussion of child overweight status with parents. Style of feedback is less relevant than ensuring a positive experience for parents to increase acceptance of the weight information.
A brief eHealth tool delivered in primary care to help parents prevent childhood obesity: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Byrne J. L. S. , Cameron Wild T. , Maximova K. , Browne N. E. , Holt N. L. , Cave A. J. , Martz P. , Ellendt C. , Ball G. D. C. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryObjectivesTo determine the feasibility and preliminary impact of an electronic health (eHealth) screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) delivered in primary care to help parents prevent childhood obesity.MethodsParents of children (5–17 years) were recruited from a primary care clinic. Children's measured height and weight were entered into the SBIRT on a study‐designated tablet. The SBIRT screened for children's weight status, block randomized parents to one of four brief interventions or an eHealth control and provided parents with a menu of optional obesity prevention resources. Feasibility was determined by parents' interest in, and uptake of, the SBIRT. Preliminary impact was based on parents' concern about children's weight status and intention to change lifestyle behaviours post‐SBIRT.ResultsParents (n = 226) of children (9.9 ± 3.4 years) were primarily biological mothers (87.6%) and Caucasian (70.4%). The proportion of participants recruited (84.3%) along with parents who selected optional resources within the SBIRT (85.8%) supported feasibility. Secondary outcomes did not vary across groups, but non‐Caucasian parents classified as inaccurate estimators of children's weight status reported higher levels of concern and intention to change post‐SBIRT.ConclusionsOur innovative, eHealth SBIRT was feasible in primary care and has the potential to encourage parents of unhealthy weight children towards preventative action.
Migrants’ Intention to Move or Stay in their Initial Destination
Authors: Sapeha Halina 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe objective of this article is to find out why immigrants intend to stay in or leave their initial destination. The insight into such factors could help develop policy measures to deal with potential out‐migration, especially from the regions that view international migration as a solution to their demographic and economic difficulties. The study uses multinomial logistic regression to estimate the strength of association between migrants' intention to move and immigration category, human capital, economic and social factors. The data come from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia. The findings show that different groups of migrants have different propensities to move or stay in their initial destination. Employer‐sponsored migrants are even less likely to intend to relocate than family class. Highly educated and skilled migrants tend to be more likely to express the intention to move or have doubts. Satisfactory employment has a positive impact on retention.
Heterogeneity of glycometabolism in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: Retrospective study of 1,683 pregnant women
Authors: Yan Yan , Liu Zhou , Liu Daqing 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo evaluate the glycometabolism and outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients according to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) criteria in China.Materials and MethodsAccording to the results of a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test, 1,683 pregnant women were divided into three groups: (i) an increment GDM group (patients meet the IADPSG criteria, but not the previous Chinese criteria); (ii) a stock GDM group (patients meet both criteria); and (iii) a normal glucose tolerance group. Their glycometabolism outcomes, prepregnancy and postpartum body mass index were compared, as were maternal–fetal outcomes.ResultsThe IADPSG and previous Chinese criteria diagnosed 12.4% and 5.5% of women with GDM. Pairwise comparison showed significant differences in 1‐h plasma glucose, 2‐h plasma glucose, HbA1c values and area under curve of glucose among all groups (P < 0.01). The fasting plasma glucose and postpartum body mass index of the stock group were significantly higher than those of the other two groups (P < 0.01). The incidences of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy and cesarean section of the normal glucose tolerance group were significantly lower than those of the other two groups (P < 0.001). No significant differences in patient age, prepregnancy body mass index, duration of pregnancy, prevalence of premature labor, premature rupture of membranes, neonatal jaundice, neonatal asphyxia or Ponderal Index were observed, but significant differences in macrosomia and neonatal hypoglycemia were observed (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe IADPSG criteria doubled the number of GDM patients. The cases of the increment patients were mild. The IADPSG criteria should be discussed fully before implementation in China.
Effects of 0.5% carbon monoxide in modified atmosphere packagings on selected quality attributes of M. Longissimus dorsi beef steaks
Authors: Sakowska Anna , Guzek Dominika , Sun Da‐Wen , Wierzbicka Agnieszka 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of the periods of 0.5% CO exposure in two modified atmosphere packagings (MAP) with gas composition of 0.5% CO, 30% CO2 and 69.5% N2, as compared with conventional vacuum packaging (Vac) on the quality of packaged beef steaks (M. longissimus dorsi) stored for 21 days at 2 °C. In the first MAP solution, the beef steaks were packed in the MAP for 48 hr and then repacked in vacuum packaging (CO‐Vac), while beef steaks were packed in the MAP (CO‐MAP) in the second solution. Results indicated that using CO significantly increased the brightness and the redness of beef steaks in both CO‐Vac and CO‐MAP packaging systems during storage for 21 days and Polish consumers preferred beef steaks in CO‐Vac with a cherry/dark red and purple red. Our result proved that CO‐Vac should have wider applications than MAP on the market.Practical applicationsThe use of 0.5% carbon monoxide for packaging fresh meat has been recognized by the European Scientific Committee on Food as safe for humans; however, the application of the gas in the EU member states is prohibited. On the other hand, in some other countries, such as the USA, Canada and New Zealand, low concentrations of carbon monoxide are used for meat packing. This study evaluated the effects of the periods of 0.5% CO exposure in two modified atmosphere packagings with gas composition of 0.5% CO, 30% CO2, and 69.5% N2, as compared with conventional vacuum packaging on the quality of packaged beef steaks (M. longissimus dorsi) stored for 21 days at 2 °C. The study confirmed that Polish consumers have the greatest desire to purchase the vacuum packed steaks after exposure in carbon monoxide and thus the decision to ban the use of this gas in the EU should be reconsidered.