bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Device-Associated Infection Rates in 20 Cities of India, Data Summary for 2004–2013: Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium
Authors: Mehta Yatin , Jaggi Namita , Rosenthal Victor Daniel , Kavathekar Maithili , Sakle Asmita , Munshi Nita , Chakravarthy Murali , Todi Subhash Kumar , Saini Narinder , Rodrigues Camilla , Varma Karthikeya , Dubey Rekha , Kazi Mohammad Mukhit , Udwadia F. E. , Myatra Sheila Nainan , Shah Sweta , Dwivedy Arpita , Karlekar Anil , Singh Sanjeev , Sen Nagamani , Limaye-Joshi Kashmira , Ramachandran Bala , Sahu Suneeta , Pandya Nirav , Mathur Purva , Sahu Samir , Singh Suman P. , Bilolikar Anil Kumar , Kumar Siva , Mehta Preeti , Padbidri Vikram , Gita N. , Patnaik Saroj K. , Francis Thara , Warrier Anup R. , Muralidharan S. , Nair Pravin Kumar , Subhedar Vaibhavi R. , Gopinath Ramachadran , Azim Afzal , Sood Sanjeev 
Published: November 2015

OBJECTIVETo report the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium surveillance data from 40 hospitals (20 cities) in India 2004–2013.METHODSSurveillance using US National Healthcare Safety Network’s criteria and definitions, and International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium methodology.RESULTSWe collected data from 236,700 ICU patients for 970,713 bed-daysPooled device-associated healthcare-associated infection rates for adult and pediatric ICUs were 5.1 central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs)/1,000 central line–days, 9.4 cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAPs)/1,000 mechanical ventilator–days, and 2.1 catheter-associated urinary tract infections/1,000 urinary catheter–daysIn neonatal ICUs (NICUs) pooled rates were 36.2 CLABSIs/1,000 central line–days and 1.9 VAPs/1,000 mechanical ventilator–daysExtra length of stay in adult and pediatric ICUs was 9.5 for CLABSI, 9.1 for VAP, and 10.0 for catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Extra length of stay in NICUs was 14.7 for CLABSI and 38.7 for VAPCrude extra mortality was 16.3% for CLABSI, 22.7% for VAP, and 6.6% for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in adult and pediatric ICUs, and 1.2% for CLABSI and 8.3% for VAP in NICUsPooled device use ratios were 0.21 for mechanical ventilator, 0.39 for central line, and 0.53 for urinary catheter in adult and pediatric ICUs; and 0.07 for mechanical ventilator and 0.06 for central line in NICUs.CONCLUSIONSDespite a lower device use ratio in our ICUs, our device-associated healthcare-associated infection rates are higher than National Healthcare Safety Network, but lower than International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium Report.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(2):172–181
Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in Patients on Emergent Hemodialysis
Authors: Rojas-Moreno Christian A. , Spiegel Daniel , Yalamanchili Venkata , Kuo Elizabeth , Quinones Henry , Sreeramoju Pranavi V. , Luby James P. 
Published: November 2015

OBJECTIVEThis study had 2 objectives: (1) to describe the epidemiology of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who have no access to scheduled dialysis and (2) to evaluate whether a positive culture of the heparin-lock solution is associated with subsequent development of bacteremia.DESIGNRetrospective observational cohort design for objective 1; and prospective cohort design for objective 2.SETTING AND PARTICIPANTSThe study was conducted in a 770-bed public academic tertiary hospital in Dallas, Texas. The participants were patients with ESRD undergoing scheduled or emergent hemodialysis.METHODSWe reviewed the records of 147 patients who received hemodialysis between January 2011 and May 2011 and evaluated the rate of CRBSI in the previous 5 years. For the prospective study, we cultured the catheter heparin-lock solution in 62 consecutive patients between June 2012 and August 2012 and evaluated the incidence of CRBSI at 6 months.RESULTSOf the 147 patients on emergent hemodialysis, 125 had a tunneled catheter, with a CRBSI rate of 2.61 per 1,000 catheter days. The predominant organisms were Gram-negative rods (GNR). In the prospective study, we found that the dialysis catheter was colonized more frequently in patients on emergent hemodialysis than in those on scheduled hemodialysis. Colonization with GNR or Staphylococcus aureus was associated with subsequent CRBSI at 6 months follow-up.CONCLUSIONSPatients undergoing emergent hemodialysis via tunneled catheter are predisposed to Gram-negative CRBSI. Culturing the heparin-lock solution may predict subsequent episodes of CRBSI if it shows colonization with GNR or Staphylococcus aureus. Prevention approaches in this population need to be studied further.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(3):301–305
The consequences of introducing stochasticity in nutrient utilisation models: the case of phosphorus utilisation by pigs
Authors: Symeou V. , Leinonen I. , Kyriazakis I. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSimulation models of nutrient utilisation ignore that variation in pig system components can influence the predicted mean and variance of the performance of a group of pigs. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to investigate how variation in feed composition would (a) affect the outputs of a nutrient utilisation model and (b) interact with variation that arises from the traits of individual pigs. We used a P intake and utilisation model to address these characteristics. Introduction of stochasticity gave rise to a number of methodological challenges – for example, how to generate variation in both feed composition and pigs and account for correlations between ingredients when modelling variation associated with feed mixing efficiency. Introducing variation in feed composition and pig phenotype resulted in moderate decreases in mean digested, retained and excreted P predicted for a population of pigs and an increase in their associated CV. A lower percentage of pigs in the population were predicted to meet their requirements during the feeding period considered, by comparison with the no-variation scenario. Variation in feed ingredient composition contributed more to performance variation than variation due to mixing efficiency. When variations in both feed composition and pig traits were considered, it was the former rather than the latter that had the dominant influence on variability in pig performance. The developed framework emphasises the consequences of random variability on the predictions of nutrient utilisation models. Such consequences will have a significant impact on decisions about management strategies such as feeding that are subject to variation.
Utility of transcervical management of Zenker's diverticulum
Authors: Jackson B , Ahmad Z , Morton R P 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjective:To evaluate our results in treating Zenker's diverticulum via the transcervical approach, and to compare our experiences with a recent systematic review of both open and endoscopic approaches to the pharyngeal pouch.Method:An audit yielded 41 consecutive cases of Zenker's diverticulum treated between 2003 and 2013.Results:All 41 patients underwent transcervical cricopharyngeal myotomy; 29 sacs also required ‘inversion’. The median and mean length of hospital stay was 1 night and 2.5 nights respectively. The recurrence rate was 2.4 per cent and the complication rate was 9.8 per cent.Conclusion:When compared to reported endoscopic techniques, transcervical cricopharyngeal myotomy (with or without inversion) in our unit resulted in: shorter hospital stay, a comparable complication rate and fewer recurrences.
Are you really Financially Excluded if you Choose not to be Included? Insights from Social Exclusion, Resilience and Ecological Systems
Authors: SALIGNAC FANNY , MUIR KRISTY , WONG JADE 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAround one in five people in developed countries are ‘financially excluded’. But how meaningful is this when the current definition does not differentiate between those who choose to be excluded and those who are forced to be? This conceptual paper draws on frameworks from social exclusion, resilience and ecological systems theory to critique the current definition of financial exclusion and to introduce an alternative concept. The paper argues that the emphasis of extant literature on an access-point approach has isolated the context surrounding financial exclusion and contributed to simplifying the phenomenon. It puts forward the need for a change in the way financial exclusion is conceptualised in developed countries to take broader contextual settings and a more holistic approach into account and it suggests that a shift to financial resilience may be a way forward.
Street-level Practice of Russia's Social Policymaking in Saint Petersburg: Federalism, Informal Politics, and Domestic Violence
Authors: JOHNSON JANET ELISE , KULMALA MERI , JÄPPINEN MAIJA 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDespite the growth in studies of Russian social policy, the reality of the social policy process – most of which is regionally based – remains a puzzle. In this article, we stake a claim for the importance of studying street-level social service provision in Russia's regions to advance the understanding of social policymaking in authoritarian-leaning regimes. We show that – albeit in small ways in only some places – Russia has expanded its welfare state, taking on an issue neglected by the Soviet regime in response to activism. Using the lens of work against domestic violence, we conduct a case study of women's crisis centres in Saint Petersburg. We show the limitations of the two usual state-society frameworks – those looking at civil society and at the welfare state. Building on their strengths, we construct a de facto feminist framework that focuses on how much and what kind of help citizens receive from both state and societal actors. In Russia's social policymaking, shaped by federalism, we find mixed success –civic organizations have weakened, but the state has taken on civic initiatives at local levels – and point to the importance of the informal politics of speaking in code and navigating elite networks.
SPURIOUS UNANIMITY AND THE PARETO PRINCIPLE
Authors: Mongin Philippe 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Pareto principle states that if the members of society express the same preference judgement between two options, this judgement is compelling for society. A building block of normative economics and social choice theory, and often borrowed by contemporary political philosophy, the principle has rarely been subjected to philosophical criticism. The paper objects to it on the ground that it applies indifferently to those cases in which the individuals agree both on their expressed preferences and on their reasons for entertaining them, and those cases in which they agree on their expressed preferences while differing on their reasons. The latter are cases of ‘spurious unanimity’, and it is normatively inappropriate, or so the paper argues, to defend unanimity preservation at the social level for such cases: thus the Pareto principle is formulated much too broadly. The objection seems especially powerful when the principle is applied in an ex ante context of uncertainty, in which individuals can disagree on both their probabilities and utilities, and nonetheless agree on their preferences over prospects.
Environmental factors and public health policy associated with human and rodent infection by leptospirosis: a land cover-based study in Nan province, Thailand
Authors: DELLA ROSSA P. , TANTRAKARNAPA K. , SUTDAN D. , KASETSINSOMBAT K. , COSSON J.-F. , SUPPUTAMONGKOL Y. , CHAISIRI K. , TRAN A. , SUPPUTAMONGKOL S. , BINOT A. , LAJAUNIE C. , MORAND S. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYLeptospirosis incidence has increased markedly since 1995 in Thailand, with the eastern and northern parts being the most affected regions, particularly during flooding events. Here, we attempt to overview the evolution of human prevalence during the past decade and identify the environmental factors that correlate with the incidence of leptospirosis and the clinical incidence in humans. We used an extensive survey of Leptospira infection in rodents conducted in 2008 and 2009 and the human incidence of the disease from 2003 to 2012 in 168 villages of two districts of Nan province in Northern Thailand. Using an ad-hoc developed land-use cover implemented in a geographical information system we showed that humans and rodents were not infected in the same environment/habitat in the land-use cover. High village prevalence was observed in open habitat near rivers for the whole decade, or in 2008–2009 mostly in rice fields prone to flooding, whereas infected rodents (2008–2009) were observed in patchy habitat with high forest cover, mostly situated on sloping ground areas. We also investigated the potential effects of public health campaigns conducted after the dramatic flood event of 2006. We showed that, before 2006, human incidence in villages was explained by the population size of the village according to the environmental source of infection of this disease, while as a result of the campaigns, human incidence in villages after 2006 appeared independent of their population size. This study confirms the role of the environment and particularly land use, in the transmission of bacteria, emphasized by the effects of the provincial public health campaigns on the epidemiological pattern of incidence, and questions the role of rodents as reservoirs.
Whole-exome and targeted sequencing identify ROBO1 and ROBO2 mutations as progression-related drivers in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Xu Feng , Wu Ling-Yun , Chang Chun-Kang , He Qi , Zhang Zheng , Liu Li , Shi Wen-Hui , Guo Juan , Zhu Yang , Zhao You-Shan , Gu Shu-Cheng , Fei Cheng-Ming , Wu Dong , Zhou Li-Yu , Su Ji-Ying , Song Lu-Xi , Xiao Chao , Li Xiao 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe progressive mechanism underlying myelodysplastic syndrome remains unknown. Here we identify ROBO1 and ROBO2 as novel progression-related somatic mutations using whole-exome and targeted sequencing in 6 of 16 (37.5%) paired MDS patients with disease progression. Further deep sequencing detects 20 (10.4%) patients with ROBO mutations in a cohort of 193 MDS patients. In addition, copy number loss and loss of heterogeneity (LOH) of ROBO1 and ROBO2 are frequently observed in patients with progression or carrying ROBO mutations. In in vitro experiments, overexpression of ROBO1 or ROBO2 produces anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in leukaemia cells. However, this effect was lost in ROBO mutants and ROBO-SLIT2 signalling is impaired. Multivariate analysis shows that ROBO mutations are independent factors for predicting poor survival. These findings demonstrate a novel contribution of ROBO mutations to the pathogenesis of MDS and highlight a key role for ROBO-SLIT2 signalling in MDS disease progression.
Thermodynamic controls of the Atlantic Niño
Authors: Nnamchi Hyacinth C. , Li Jianping , Kucharski Fred , Kang In-Sik , Keenlyside Noel S. , Chang Ping , Farneti Riccardo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPrevailing theories on the equatorial Atlantic Niño are based on the dynamical interaction between atmosphere and ocean. However, dynamical coupled ocean-atmosphere models poorly simulate and predict equatorial Atlantic climate variability. Here we use multi-model numerical experiments to show that thermodynamic feedbacks excited by stochastic atmospheric perturbations can generate Atlantic Niño s.d. of ∼0.28±0.07 K, explaining ∼68±23% of the observed interannual variability. Thus, in state-of-the-art coupled models, Atlantic Niño variability strongly depends on the thermodynamic component (R2=0.92). Coupled dynamics acts to improve the characteristic Niño-like spatial structure but not necessarily the variance. Perturbations of the equatorial Atlantic trade winds (∼±1.53 m s−1) can drive changes in surface latent heat flux (∼±14.35 W m−2) and thus in surface temperature consistent with a first-order autoregressive process. By challenging the dynamical paradigm of equatorial Atlantic variability, our findings suggest that the current theories on its modelling and predictability must be revised.
Rapid Holocene thinning of an East Antarctic outlet glacier driven by marine ice sheet instability
Authors: Jones R. S. , Mackintosh A. N. , Norton K. P. , Golledge N. R. , Fogwill C. J. , Kubik P. W. , Christl M. , Greenwood S. L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractOutlet glaciers grounded on a bed that deepens inland and extends below sea level are potentially vulnerable to ‘marine ice sheet instability’. This instability, which may lead to runaway ice loss, has been simulated in models, but its consequences have not been directly observed in geological records. Here we provide new surface-exposure ages from an outlet of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet that reveal rapid glacier thinning occurred approximately 7,000 years ago, in the absence of large environmental changes. Glacier thinning persisted for more than two and a half centuries, resulting in hundreds of metres of ice loss. Numerical simulations indicate that ice surface drawdown accelerated when the otherwise steadily retreating glacier encountered a bedrock trough. Together, the geological reconstruction and numerical simulations suggest that centennial-scale glacier thinning arose from unstable grounding line retreat. Capturing these instability processes in ice sheet models is important for predicting Antarctica’s future contribution to sea level change.
Adaptation to acetaminophen exposure elicits major changes in expression and distribution of the hepatic proteome
Authors: Eakins R. , Walsh J. , Randle L. , Jenkins R. E. , Schuppe-Koistinen I. , Rowe C. , Starkey Lewis P. , Vasieva O. , Prats N. , Brillant N. , Auli M. , Bayliss M. , Webb S. , Rees J. A. , Kitteringham N. R. , Goldring C. E. , Park B. K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAcetaminophen overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure. One dose of 10–15 g causes severe liver damage in humans, whereas repeated exposure to acetaminophen in humans and animal models results in autoprotection. Insight of this process is limited to select proteins implicated in acetaminophen toxicity and cellular defence. Here we investigate hepatic adaptation to acetaminophen toxicity from a whole proteome perspective, using quantitative mass spectrometry. In a rat model, we show the response to acetaminophen involves the expression of 30% of all proteins detected in the liver. Genetic ablation of a master regulator of cellular defence, NFE2L2, has little effect, suggesting redundancy in the regulation of adaptation. We show that adaptation to acetaminophen has a spatial component, involving a shift in regionalisation of CYP2E1, which may prevent toxicity thresholds being reached. These data reveal unexpected complexity and dynamic behaviour in the biological response to drug-induced liver injury.
Isocaloric Pair-Fed High-Carbohydrate Diet Induced More Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation than High-Fat Diet Mediated by miR-34a/SIRT1 Axis in Mice
Authors: Li Xinli , Lian Fuzhi , Liu Chun , Hu Kang-Quan , Wang Xiang-Dong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTo investigate the different effects of isocaloric high-fat diet (HFD) and high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) on hepatic steatosis and the underlying mechanisms, especially the role of microRNA-34a/silent information regulator T1 (SIRT1) axis, C57BL/6J mice (n = 12/group) were isocaloric pair-fed with Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing either high fat (HFLD) or high carbohydrate (HCLD) for 16 weeks. As compared to the HFLD fed mice, despite the similar final body weights, HCLD feeding: (1) induced more severe hepatic steatosis; (2) up-regulated hepatic expression of miR-34a accompanied with significant decrease of SIRT1 and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), SIRT1 activity and phosphorylation of AMPK; (3) up-regulated de novo lipogenesis (DNL) related proteins expression (ACC, SCD1) and down-regulated expressions of miR-122, miR-370 and miR-33; (4) decreased mRNA expressions of genes Cpt1, Pparα and Pgc1α related to fatty acid oxidation; (5) increased hepatic total cholesterol concentration and decreased expression of cholesterol metabolism related genes Abcg5, Abcg8, Abcg11, Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1; and (6) induced higher hepatic inflammatory response accompanied with significant increased mRNA expressions of Il1β, Tnfα and Mcp1. Thus, isocaloric HCLD feeding induced greater severity in hepatic steatosis and inflammatory response than HFLD feeding, potentially through miR-34a/SIRT1 axis mediated promotion of DNL, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol metabolism.
Cognitive requirements of cumulative culture: teaching is useful but not essential
Authors: Zwirner Elena , Thornton Alex 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe cumulative nature of human culture is unique in the animal kingdom. Progressive improvements in tools and technologies have facilitated humanity’s spread across the globe and shaped human evolution, but the cognitive mechanisms enabling cultural change remain unclear. Here we show that, contrary to theoretical predictions, cumulative improvements in tools are not dependent on specialised, high-fidelity social learning mechanisms. Participants were tasked with building a basket to carry as much rice as possible using a set of everyday materials and divided into treatment groups with differing opportunities to learn asocially, imitate, receive teaching or emulate by examining baskets made by previous chain members. Teaching chains produced more robust baskets, but neither teaching nor imitation were strictly necessary for cumulative improvements; emulation chains generated equivalent increases in efficacy despite exhibiting relatively low copying fidelity. People used social information strategically, choosing different materials to make their baskets if the previous basket in the chain performed poorly. Together, these results suggest that cumulative culture does not rest on high-fidelity social learning mechanisms alone. Instead, the roots of human cultural prowess may lie in the interplay of strategic social learning with other cognitive traits including the ability to reverse engineer artefacts through causal reasoning.
High-Performance Wrap-Gated InGaAs Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors with Sputtered Dielectrics
Authors: Shen Li-Fan , Yip SenPo , Yang Zai-xing , Fang Ming , Hung TakFu , Pun Edwin Y.B. , Ho Johnny C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAlthough wrap-gated nanowire field-effect-transistors (NWFETs) have been explored as an ideal electronic device geometry for low-power and high-frequency applications, further performance enhancement and practical implementation are still suffering from electron scattering on nanowire surface/interface traps between the nanowire channel and gate dielectric as well as the complicated device fabrication scheme. Here, we report the development of high-performance wrap-gated InGaAs NWFETs using conventional sputtered Al2O3 layers as gate dielectrics, instead of the typically employed atomic layer deposited counterparts. Importantly, the surface chemical passivation of NW channels performed right before the dielectric deposition is found to significantly alleviate plasma induced defect traps on the NW channel. Utilizing this passivation, the wrap-gated device exhibits superior electrical performances: a high ION/IOFF ratio of ~2 × 106, an extremely low sub-threshold slope of 80 mV/decade and a peak field-effect electron mobility of ~1600 cm2/(Vs) at VDS = 0.1 V at room temperature, in which these values are even better than the ones of state-of-the-art NWFETs reported so far. By combining sputtering and pre-deposition chemical passivation to achieve high-quality gate dielectrics for wrap-gated NWFETs, the superior gate coupling and electrical performances have been achieved, confirming the effectiveness of our hybrid approach for future advanced electronic devices.