bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Papillomavirus Status and the Risk of Cerebrovascular Events Following Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Addison Daniel , Seidelmann Sara B. , Janjua Sumbal A. , Emami Hamed , Staziaki Pedro V. , Hallett Travis R. , Szilveszter Bálint , Lu Michael T. , Cambria Richard P. , Hoffmann Udo , Chan Annie W. , Wirth Lori J. , Neilan Tomas G. 
Published: August 2017

Background

Radiation therapy (
RT
) is a standard treatment for head and neck cancer; however, it is associated with inflammation, accelerated atherosclerosis, and cerebrovascular events (
CVEs
; stroke or transient ischemic attack). Human papillomavirus (
HPV
) is found in nearly half of head and neck cancers and is associated with inflammation and atherosclerosis. Whether
HPV
confers an increased risk of
CVE
s after
RT
is unknown.

Methods and Results

Using an institutional database, we identified all consecutive patients treated with
RT
from 2002 to 2012 for head and neck cancer who were tested for
HPV
. The outcome of interest was the composite of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack, and the association between
HPV
and
CVE
s was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models, competing risk analysis, and inverse probability weighting. Overall, 326 participants who underwent
RT
for head and neck cancer were tested for
HPV
(age 59±12 years, 75% were male, 9% had diabetes mellitus, 45% had hypertension, and 61% were smokers), of which 191 (59%) were tumor HPV positive. Traditional risk factors for
CVEs
were similar between HPV‐positive and ‐negative patients. Over a median follow‐up of 3.4 years, there were 18 ischemic strokes and 5 transient ischemic attacks (event rate of 1.8% per year). The annual event rate was higher in the
HPV
‐positive patients compared with the HPV‐negative patients (2.6% versus 0.9%,
P
=0.002). In a multivariable model, HPV‐positive status was associated with a >4 times increased risk of
CVEs
(hazard ratio: 4.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–13.2;
P
=0.008).

Conclusions
In this study, HPV‐positive status is associated with an increased risk of stroke or transient ischemic attack following RT for head and neck cancer.
Ensemble-Based Storm Surge Forecasting Models
Authors: Salighehdar Amin , Ye Ziwen , Liu Mingzhe , Florescu Ionut , Blumberg Alan F. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Accurate prediction of storm surge is a difficult problem. Most forecast systems produce multiple possible forecasts depending on the variability in weather conditions, possible temperature levels, winds, etc. Ensemble modeling techniques have been developed with the stated purpose of obtaining the best forecast (in some specific sense) from the individual forecasts. In this work a statistical methodology of evaluating the performance of multiple ensemble forecasting models is developed. The methodology is applied to predicting storm surge in the New York Harbor area. Data from three hurricane events collected from multiple locations in the New York Bay area are used. The methodology produces three key findings for the particular test data used. First, it is found that even the simplest possible way of creating an ensemble produces results superior to those of any single forecast. Second, for the data used and the events under study the methodology did not interact with any event at any location studied. Third, based on the methodology results for the data studied selecting the best-performing ensemble models for each specific location may be possible.
Updates in the NCEP GFS Cumulus Convection Schemes with Scale and Aerosol Awareness
Authors: Han Jongil , Wang Weiguo , Kwon Young C. , Hong Song-You , Tallapragada Vijay , Yang Fanglin 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The current operational NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) cumulus convection schemes are updated with a scale-aware parameterization where the cloud mass flux decreases with increasing grid resolution. The ratio of advective time to convective turnover time is also taken into account for the scale-aware parameterization. In addition, the present deep cumulus convection closure using the quasi-equilibrium assumption is no longer used for grid sizes smaller than a threshold value. For the shallow cumulus convection scheme, the cloud-base mass flux is modified to be given by a function of mean updraft velocity. A simple aerosol-aware parameterization where rain conversion in the convective updraft is modified by aerosol number concentration is also included in the update. Along with the scale- and aerosol-aware parameterizations, more changes are made to the schemes. The cloud-base mass-flux computation in the deep convection scheme is modified to use convective turnover time as the convective adjustment time scale. The rain conversion rate is modified to decrease with decreasing air temperature above the freezing level. Convective inhibition in the subcloud layer is used as an additional trigger condition. Convective cloudiness is enhanced by considering suspended cloud condensate in the updraft. The lateral entrainment in the deep convection scheme is also enhanced to more strongly suppress convection in a drier environment. The updated NCEP GFS cumulus convection schemes display significant improvements especially in the summertime continental U.S. precipitation forecasts.
Role of Balloon Dilation in the Management of Adult Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis
Authors: Lee Kenneth H. , Rutter Michael J. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives We evaluated the efficacy of balloon dilation for adjunctive and symptomatic management of isolated idiopathic subglottic stenosis in adults. Methods Adults with airway obstruction symptoms classified as idiopathic subglottic stenosis based on history and findings of a single discrete stenotic area on microlaryngoscopy and bronchoscopy were included in this series. Patients who met these criteria underwent dilation with a 10- to 14-mm balloon in a single procedure or in 2 consecutive dilations within 7 days. The patients were followed for up to 30 months after dilation. Results Six patients met the criteria. One of the 6 had prior laser treatments and a cricotracheal resection. One patient had a previous scar band lysis procedure. The remaining 4 patients had no prior procedures. The airway sizes prior to dilation ranged from a 2.5 endotracheal tube to a 5.0 endotracheal tube. In all cases the airway was dilated to 2.0 to 3.5 endotracheal tube sizes larger than the initial size. To date, 4 patients have been followed for 10 to 30 months without symptoms of recurrent airway stenosis. One patient was symptom-free for 22 months, then presented with progressive airway difficulty following an upper respiratory tract infection, and has undergone a repeat dilation. No patients had adverse effects or complications from the procedure. Conclusions Balloon dilation of idiopathic subglottic stenosis in adults is a relatively safe and effective method to manage this disease entity for cases of isolated and discrete lesions. Patients who underwent a single procedure have remained symptom-free for up to 30 months after balloon dilation.
How does Cricotracheal Resection Affect the Female Voice?
Authors: Smith Marshall E. , Roy Nelson , Stoddard Kelly , Barton Michael 
Published: August 2017

Objectives We measured the effects of cricotracheal resection on the adult female voice. Methods Voice recordings of 14 women (mean age, 53 years; range, 35 to 69 years) who underwent cricotracheal resection for chronic airway obstruction associated with idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis were acquired before and after surgery. The recordings were analyzed with voice analysis software. The measures included the mean fundamental frequency of a sustained vowel at a comfortable pitch and loudness (F0), the mean F0 of connected speech (ie, speaking F0), the pitch range (F0 range), and the maximum phonation time. Self-assessment measures of the Voice Handicap Index were taken. Results The mean speaking F0 lowered significantly, by 21 Hz, from 186 Hz to 165 Hz (p = .04). In 7 patients, the speaking F0 was below 160 Hz after the operation. The mean sustained vowel frequency also dropped by 32 Hz (p = .03). The F0 range was reduced by an average of 5.9 semitones, from 21.5 to 15.6 (p = .05). The maximum phonation time did not change significantly. The postoperative mean Voice Handicap Index score was 21.9. Conclusions Cricotracheal resection can significantly impact the adult female voice. It often lowers the pitch of the speaking voice into the male range and reduces the pitch range of the voice. The change in voice that potentially accompanies this procedure should be discussed with patients in preoperative counseling.
Airway Obstruction: A Rare Complication of Benign Vocal Fold Polyps
Authors: Ahmad Sidrah M. , Soliman Ahmed M. S. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives Benign laryngeal polyps usually present with hoarseness and dysphonia. There have been a few reported cases, however, of polyps that caused airway obstruction. Herein we present our series of obstructing laryngeal polyps. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all patients with benign laryngeal lesions treated by the senior author (A.M.S.S.) between 1997 and 2006. Patients who presented with airway obstruction were identified. Detailed information was recorded on the demographics, presenting signs and symptoms, and surgical procedures. Preoperative and postoperative laryngoscopies were reviewed. Results Ten patients were identified. There were 7 women and 3 men. The mean age was 49 years (range, 34 to 64 years). All had a history of vocal abuse and smoking, with a mean of 35.2 pack-years (range, 7.5 to 112.5 pack-years). All underwent microlaryngoscopy with excision of the lesions. Jet ventilation or a small endotracheal tube was used to secure the airway. The mean follow-up of 9 patients was 71.2 days (range, 25 to 208 days); 1 patient was lost to follow-up. An excellent airway and improved voice was achieved in all. Forty-four percent (4 of 9) had persistent dysphonia and a decreased mucosal wave after the operation. Conclusions Benign laryngeal polyps may present with airway obstruction and thus should be included in the differential diagnosis of stridor. Endoscopic treatment can result in an excellent airway, but dysphonia may persist in some cases.
Histologic Review of Cidofovir-Treated Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Authors: Lindsay CDR Fred , Bloom CDR David , Pransky Seth , Stabley CDR Robert , Shick CAPT Paul 
Published: August 2017

Objectives Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is currently the most common lesion of the larynx in children. The course of the disease is variable and often requires repetitive surgical interventions to maintain the airway. The predominant concern for disease progression is the possibility of spread to the tracheobronchial tree, as this increases the rates of morbidity and mortality. Cidofovir is an antiviral drug with activity against members of the DNA virus family. Development of local malignant change secondary to use of cidofovir has been a concern. The histopathologic findings from biopsy specimens from children treated with cidofovir have not been previously reported. Methods We performed a retrospective review of pediatric operative histologic biopsies and charts of patients treated with intralesional cidofovir and untreated study controls from January 1, 1995, through November 1, 2001. Results Ninety-six specimens were evaluated by 2 blinded pathologists. No cases of dysplasia were identified. The most commonly identified finding was an increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio in 8 of 95 cases (8.4%). No cases of abnormal mitoses, prominent nucleoli, or cellular or nuclear enlargement were found. Conclusions This is the first report of pathologically evaluated recurrent respiratory papillomatosis specimens taken before and after treatment with intralesional cidofovir. No dysplasia was identified, and there were no significant dysplastic changes in the specimens analyzed.
Composition of the Endolymphatic Sac Luminal Fluid in a Patient with Mondini Dysplasia
Authors: Couloigner Vincent , Grayeli Alexis Bozorg , Sterkers Olivier , Ferrary Evelyne 
Published: August 2017

Objectives We determined the chemical composition of the human endolymphatic sac luminal fluid in a patient with Mondini dysplasia. Methods Four milliliters of endolymphatic sac luminal fluid was sampled in a 41-year-old patient who presented with bilateral Mondini dysplasia and underwent auditory brain stem implantation. Ion and protein concentrations, as well as the osmolarity of the fluid, were analyzed by means of biochemical automated procedures. Results The sodium, potassium, and protein concentrations and the osmolarity of the sample were 87 mmol/L, 24 mmol/L, 33.5 g/L, and 258 mOsm/L, respectively. Conclusions The composition of the endolymphatic sac luminal fluid found in our patient was similar to that determined in guinea pigs under physiological conditions, and very different from the usual composition of the cochleovestibular endolymph. Contamination of the cochleovestibular endolymphatic compartment by this sodium-rich, potassium-poor, and hypo-osmotic fluid might impair cochleovestibular function by altering the chemical composition of the cochleovestibular endolymph.
Vitamin a Deficiency Causes Metaplasia in Vocal Fold Epithelium: A Rat Study
Authors: Tateya Ichiro , Tateya Tomoko , Surles Rebecca Lynn , Kanehira Kazunori , Tanumihardjo Sherry , Bless Diane M. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives The roles of vitamin A in the vocal fold epithelium are not well documented, although vitamin A has been used as a conservative treatment for laryngeal leukoplakia. The purpose of this study was to analyze the roles of vitamin A in vocal fold epithelial differentiation. Methods Vitamin A–deficient (VAD) rats were generated, and the abnormality of their vocal fold epithelium was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis for keratin 10 and transglutaminase (TGase) 1. Results The VAD experimental rats exhibited orthokeratosis of the vocal fold epithelium. Keratin 10 and TGase 1 were up-regulated in the epithelium of the VAD rats. Conclusions It is suggested that vitamin A suppresses TGase 1 expression in normal vocal folds to inhibit keratinization, and that the TGase 1 up-regulation caused by vitamin A deficiency may be related to the formation of metaplasia in the laryngeal epithelium.
Getting RID of the blues: Formulating a Risk Index for Depression (RID) using structural equation modeling
Authors: Dipnall Joanna F , Pasco Julie A , Berk Michael , Williams Lana J , Dodd Seetal , Jacka Felice N , Meyer Denny 
Published: August 2017

Objective: While risk factors for depression are increasingly known, there is no widely utilised depression risk index. Our objective was to develop a method for a flexible, modular, Risk Index for Depression using structural equation models of key determinants identified from previous published research that blended machine-learning with traditional statistical techniques. Methods: Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (2009–2010, N = 5546) were utilised. Data were split 50:50 into training:validation datasets. Generalised structural equation models, using logistic regression, were developed with a binary outcome depression measure (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ⩾ 10) and previously identified determinants of depression: demographics, lifestyle-environs, diet, biomarkers and somatic symptoms. Indicative goodness-of-fit statistics and Areas Under the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curves were calculated and probit regression checked model consistency. Results: The generalised structural equation model was built from a systematic process. Relative importance of the depression determinants were diet (odds ratio: 4.09; 95% confidence interval: [2.01, 8.35]), lifestyle-environs (odds ratio: 2.15; 95% CI: [1.57, 2.94]), somatic symptoms (odds ratio: 2.10; 95% CI: [1.58, 2.80]), demographics (odds ratio:1.46; 95% CI: [0.72, 2.95]) and biomarkers (odds ratio:1.39; 95% CI: [1.00, 1.93]). The relationships between demographics and lifestyle-environs and depression indicated a potential indirect path via somatic symptoms and biomarkers. The path from diet was direct to depression. The Areas under the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curves were good (logistic:training = 0.850, validation = 0.813; probit:training = 0.849, validation = 0.809). Conclusion: The novel Risk Index for Depression modular methodology developed has the flexibility to add/remove direct/indirect risk determinants paths to depression using a structural equation model on datasets that take account of a wide range of known risks. Risk Index for Depression shows promise for future clinical use by providing indications of main determinant(s) associated with a patient’s predisposition to depression and has the ability to be translated for the development of risk indices for other affective disorders
Securing the “Ontario-Vermont border”
Authors: Whitaker Reg 
Published: August 2017

Question: Mr. President, why did you block the reimportation of safer and inexpensive drugs from Canada which would have cut 40 to 60 percent off of the cost? Bush: I haven't yet. Just want to make sure they're safe. When a drug comes in from Canada, I want to make sure it cures you and doesn't kill you….I've got an obligation to make sure our government does everything we can to protect you. And what my worry is, is that, you know, it looks like it's from Canada, and it might be from a third world.1
Criminal Law Reform Now
Authors: Child John , Rogers Jonathan 
Published: August 2017

The principal aim of this article is to introduce a new criminal law reform initiative: The Criminal Law Reform Now Network (CLRN Network). The article begins in Part 1 by setting the scene for law reform in this jurisdiction, exposing and discussing four major challenges that await any would-be reformer or network: 1) The Political Red Line, 2) The Political Preference for Simple Headlines, 3) The Political Indifference to Principles of Criminalisation, and 4) The Division Between Academics and Practitioners. From here, in Part 2, we introduce the ambitions and processes envisaged for the new CLRN Network. Launched in 2017, the mission of the CLRN Network is to facilitate collaboration between academics and other legal experts to gather and disseminate comprehensible proposals for criminal law reform to the wider community. The aim is to include members of the public and mainstream media as well as legal professionals, police, policymakers and politicians. Proposals from the CLRN Network might require legislation, but will not be restricted to such projects. Reforms which public bodies such as the Home Office, Police or CPS could bring about by internal policies may be included, as well as reforms which require the support of some of the judiciary, bearing in mind the proper judicial constraints on law making. The CLRN Network will be ready to consult with and make suggestions to anyone who has the power to bring about reform.
Degradation due to mining: The Piparwar Case Study and problems of estimating costs of degradation
Authors: Roy Prodipto 
Published: August 2017

Mining has two broad side-effects which may be considered degrading to the environment. The first is the environmental effects of the change on the land-use from forest or cropland to degraded wasteland due to the improper dumping of overburden; and the second, which is partially linked to the first, is the displacement of whole villages comprised of families who have husbanded their crops and animals, and lived symbiotically with the forest for centuries if not millenia. This paper is concerned mainly with the first and only partially with the second as this is the subject of a separate paper. This paper outlines methods of estimation of the quantum of degradation caused by mining taking a long-term perspective of the last 50 (to 100) years and the next 50 years. The types of mines listed include a very wide variety including coal mines, bauxite mines, iron-ore mines, manganese, zinc, chromite, asbestos, granite, sandstone, copper, silver, gold and one uranium mine. Oil drilling maybe considered another form of mining or extracting fossil fuels. All these forms of extracting metals, non-metals, rocks, carbons, and hydro-carbons are included under the broad purview of'mining’. Secondary data will need to be obtained from various governmental departments on the numbers of mines which have been opened both before Independence and after in order to establish parameters. In addition data on families displaced, land acquired, land-use before and after will also be obtained. After making meaningful categories primary data on a parsimonious sample of each category and each type of mining (extraction) will be carried out to use as estimators of the parameters. The case study of the Piparar coal mine illustrates the difficulties and the inaccuracies that may be encountered when using average estimators. Notwithstanding these difficulties, on account of the fact that mining has been the cause for a great deal of the environmental degradation in India, it is important that fresh estimates should be made.
Comparative evaluation of blood salvage techniques in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Gunaydin Serdar , Robertson Craig , Budak Ali Baran , Gourlay Terence 
Published: August 2017

Background: The primary objective of this study was to test and compare the efficacy of currently available intraoperative blood salvage systems via a demonstration of the level of increase in percentage concentration of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells 9WBC) and platelets (Plt) in the end product. Methods: In a prospective, randomized study, data of 80 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in a 6-month period was collected, of which the volume aspirated from the surgical field was processed by either the HemoSep Novel Collection Bag (Advancis Surgical, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Notts, UK) (N=40) (Group 1) or a cell- saver (C.A.T.S Plus Autotransfusion System, Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany) (N=40) (Group 2). Results: Hematocrit levels increased from 23.05%±2.7 to 43.02%±12 in Group 1 and from 24.5±2 up to 55.2±9 in Group 2 (p=0.013). The mean number of platelets rose to 225200±47000 from 116400 ±40000 in the HemoSep and decreased from 125200±25000 to 96500±30000 in the cell-saver group (p=0.00001). The leukocyte count was concentrated significantly better in Group 1 (from 10100±4300 to 18120±7000; p=0.001). IL-6 levels (pg/dL) decreased from 223±47 to 83±21 in Group 1 and from 219±40 to 200±40 in Group 2 (p=0.001). Fibrinogen was protected significantly better in the HemoSep group (from 185±35 to 455±45; p=0.004). Conclusions: Intraoperative blood salvage systems functioned properly and the resultant blood product was superior in terms of red blood cell species. The HemoSep group had significantly better platelet and leukocyte concentrations and fibrinogen content.