bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traveling Light: Pilgrim Law and the Nexus between Law, Politics and Catholic Social Teaching
Authors: Uelmen Amelia J. 
Published: February 2016

Coming out of a church whose marks of identity include unity, holiness, and universality, it is ironic—and painful—that the “Catholic vote” has become a “metaphor” for polarization in United States culture and politics. As one reporter described the scene in the weeks before the 2004 presidential election:
Some rail against their own bishops, while others cheer what they see as a long-awaited stand of conscience. The tension seemed to reach a peak yesterday, when the Vatican felt compelled to publicly dismiss the claims of a Catholic lawyer who said he had Vatican support to seek [Senator] Kerry's excommunication.Tensions have also manifested themselves in the variety of Catholic “voter's guides.” Some list a limited number of “non-negotiable” issues—particular actions that are identified in Catholic moral theology as “intrinsic evil” and suggest that candidates be evaluated according to their stand on these particular issues. For example, the Catholic Answers Voter's Guide for Serious Catholics, first distributed prior to the 2004 election, named “five non-negotiables”: abortion, euthanasia, embryonic stem-cell research, human cloning and homosexual marriage. As these moral principles “do not admit of exception or compromise,” the Guide reasoned that political consequences should be clear: “You should avoid to the greatest extent possible voting for candidates who endorse or promote intrinsically evil policies.”In the interim between the 2004 and 2006 elections, a few organizations congealed to formulate competing guides. Others rallied around Faithful Citizenship, the United States Bishop's long-standing official commentary on the nexus between the principles of Catholic social teaching and political participation. Others directly challenged the Catholic Answers guide as a distortion of Catholic social teaching and argued that its partisan activities were a potential threat to the Roman Catholic Church's tax-exempt status.
Pluralism, Dialogue, and Freedom: Professor Robert Rodes and the Church-State Nexus
Authors: Garnett Richard W. 
Published: February 2016

President George H.W. Bush caused a few chuckles—and, more than likely, a few groans—when, out on the trail during the 1988 presidential campaign, he recalled being shot down over the South Pacific in World War II:Was I scared floating in a little yellow raft off the coast of an enemy-held island, setting a world record for paddling? Of course I was. What sustains you in times like that? Well, you go back to fundamental values. I thought about Mother and Dad and the strength I got from them—and God and faith and the separation of Church and State.Mother, Dad, God, faith—“and the separation of church and state.” This train of thought probably strikes us as a bit absurd. And yet, it is entirely American. That “God” and “faith” could not be invoked by the future President, as “fundamental values,” without the addition of “the separation of church and state” speaks volumes about how we Americans think about the content and implications of religious freedom, our “first freedom.” Indeed, Professor Daniel Dreisbach observed not long ago that “[n]o metaphor in American letters has had a greater influence on law and policy than Thomas Jefferson's ‘wall of separation between church and state.’” For many Americans, this metaphor supplies—in Professor Philip Hamburger's words—the “authoritative interpretation” of the First Amendment's Religion Clauses; and “vast numbers of [us] have come to understand [our] religious freedom in terms of Jefferson's phrase. As a result, Jefferson's words often seem more familiar than the words of the First Amendment itself.”
Editor's Preface to the AALS Section on Professional Responsibility 2006 Annual Meeting Papers
Authors: Failinger Marie A. 
Published: February 2016

On January 5, 2006, the American Association of Law Schools Section on Professional Responsibility hosted a section meeting on the Professional Responsibility and the Religious Traditions. The purpose of the meeting was to introduce law professors to a deeper understanding of the influence of religious traditions on the shaping of the modern understanding of the role of the lawyer in social life, their viability as traditions for critique of professional norms and practices, and the expectations these traditions set for the ethical behavior of lawyers, particularly those who come out of these traditions.The conference began with the assumption that, before secular rules of professional responsibility came to regulate American lawyers, their religious traditions provided a rich body of narratives, values and rules about the nature of the lawyer's calling, his or her role in society, and expectations for ethical conduct. The organizing assumption of the program was that these traditions of professional responsibility, while they share many common assumptions, also interpret the lawyer's role and responsibilities in distinctive ways.
Roman Catholic Lawyers in the United States of America
Authors: Shaffer Thomas L. 
Published: February 2016

My agenda here is Roman Catholics in the American legal profession, from George Higgins's Jerry Kennedy to Judge Samuel Alito's joining the four other Catholics to make a majority on the federal Supreme Court. (I thought, as I said this in Washington, just before the Senate confirmation hearings in January 2006, that some in attendance may not have thought about this, and may have wanted to leap to their feet and phone their senators.)Begin with ethnographic narrowing: When I talk about Catholic lawyers in the U.S., I mean to talk about descendants of the late immigrants—that is, people whose ancestors came here between the end of the Civil War and the end of World War I, when Congress stifled European immigration. I am talking, closer to home, about the twenty-five or thirty American law schools that were set up to provide vertical mobility to the children and grandchildren of the late immigrants. There were, to be sure, Catholic lawyers in this country before the late immigrants and the Catholic law schools. Roger Taney was a Catholic, although we don't brag about him much. Lord Baltimore no doubt had a few Catholic lawyers in tow when the Carrolls and the Calverts came to Maryland in 1734. But the immigrants and the Catholic law schools have provided most of the numbers; they are at the heart of the lawyers I am thinking about here. “A people within a people,” as David Gregory puts it.
Symposium Editor's Introduction
Authors: Albrecht Lawrence G. 
Published: February 2016

Valparaiso University School of Law and the Christian Legal Society annually present a symposium on a critical public issue which is examined from a variety of perspectives. Between October 28-31, 1987, a major symposium was held entitled: “Perspectives on South African Liberation.” In the light of press and other media restrictions in effect since a state of emergency was declared in South Africa on June 12, 1986, and the banning of all political activity by 17 anti-apartheid organizations on February 24, 1988, it is crucial that the world community have access to current information and analysis concerning developments in that tragic land.The Pretoria regime has renewed the state of emergency for a third year following an unprecedented three-day nationwide protest strike on June 6-8 by more than two million black workers mobilized by the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and other anti-apartheid groups to protest the recent bannings, a proposed restrictive labor bill, the continuation of apartheid and the regime's violence. These comments are written on June 16, the 12th anniversary of the Soweto student uprising (now commonly known as South African Youth Day) as several million black workers again defied the regime by staying away from work in honor of the hundred of blacks killed following the 1976 protests against apartheid education.
Influence of observable and unobservable exposure on the patient's risk of acquiring influenza-like illness at hospital
Authors: PAYET C. , VOIRIN N. , ECOCHARD R. , VANHEMS P. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYDuring outbreaks of hospital-acquired influenza-like illness (HA-ILI) healthcare workers (HCWs), patients, and visitors are each a source of infection for the other. Quantifying the effects of these various exposures will help improve prevention and control of HA-ILI outbreaks. We estimated the attributability of HA-ILI to: (1) exposure to recorded or unrecorded sources; (2) exposure to contagious patient or contagious HCW; (3) exposure during observable or unobservable contagious period of the recorded sources; and, (4) the moment of exposure. Among recorded sources, 59% [95% credible interval (CrI) 34–83] of HA-ILI of patients was associated with exposure to contagious patients and 41% (95% CrI 17–66) with exposure to contagious HCWs. Exposure during the unobservable contagiousness period of source patients accounted for 49% (95% CrI 19–75) of HA-ILI, while exposure during the unobservable contagiousness period of source HCWs accounted for 82% (95% CrI 51–99) of HA-ILI. About 80% of HA-ILIs were associated with exposure 1 day earlier. Secondary cases of HA-ILI might appear as soon as the day after the detection of a primary case highlighting the explosive nature of HA-ILI spread. Unobservable transmission was the main cause of HA-ILI transmission suggesting that symptom-based control measures alone might not prevent hospital outbreaks. The results support the rapid implementation of interventions to control influenza transmission.
Joint trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Vaillancourt Tracy , Haltigan John D. , Smith Isabel , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Szatmari Peter , Fombonne Eric , Waddell Charlotte , Duku Eric , Mirenda Pat , Georgiades Stelios , Bennett Teresa , Volden Joanne , Elsabbagh Mayada , Roberts Wendy , Bryson Susan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe co-occurring development of internalizing and externalizing problems were examined in an inception cohort of 392 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder at age 3 who were assessed on four occasions. Results indicated that internalizing and externalizing problems were stable over time and highly comorbid. Joint trajectory analysis suggested that 13% of the sample followed a dual high-risk trajectory. High risk was not found to be associated with intellectual ability or autism spectrum disorder symptom severity but was linked to lower income and gender: more girls than boys were found in the high/stable internalizing problems trajectory. The results suggest that 1 in 4 preschoolers followed a trajectory of internalizing or externalizing problems (or a combination of the two) that could be characterized as clinically elevated.
Continued improvement in survival of acute myeloid leukemia patients: an application of the loss in expectation of life
Authors: Bower H , Andersson T M-L , Björkholm M , Dickman P W , Lambert P C , Derolf Å R 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe evaluated temporal trends in survival of Swedish acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients diagnosed between 1973 and 2011 using relative survival ratios (RSRs) and a measure called the loss in expectation of life (LEL). RSRs increased most for patients <60 years at diagnosis during the first calendar periods, but between 1997–2005 and 2006–2011 the most pronounced increase was for those aged 61–70 years at diagnosis; RSR changed from 0.16 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13–0.19) to 0.28 (95% CI: 0.23–0.33), respectively. The LEL for males aged 35 years at diagnosis was 41.0 (95% CI: 40.1–41.8) years in 1975 and 19.5 (95% CI: 16.4–22.5) years in 2011. For males aged 65 years, the corresponding figures were 13.8 (95% CI: 13.7–14.0) and 12.0 (95% CI: 11.3–12.8). Conditional LEL estimates suggested that patients who survive 5 years postdiagnosis have shorter remaining lifespan than the general population. The proportion of expected life lost (PELL) suggested that male 65-year-old patients lost 75% of their life expectancy in 2005 and 66% if they were diagnosed in 2011. Survival continued to increase to 2011, with larger improvements in those aged 61–70 years at diagnosis. The LEL and PELL are intuitive measures that may be useful in communicating survival statistics to patients, clinicians and health-care providers.
Contributions of ancestral inter-species recombination to the genetic diversity of extant Streptomyces lineages
Authors: Andam Cheryl P , Choudoir Mallory J , Vinh Nguyen Anh , Sol Park Han , Buckley Daniel H 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Streptomyces species produce many important antibiotics and have a crucial role in soil nutrient cycling. However, their evolutionary history remains poorly characterized. We have evaluated the impact of homologous recombination on the evolution of Streptomyces using multi-locus sequence analysis of 234 strains that represent at least 11 species clusters. Evidence of inter-species recombination is widespread but not uniform within the genus and levels of mosaicism vary between species clusters. Most phylogenetically incongruent loci are monophyletic at the scale of species clusters and their subclades, suggesting that these recombination events occurred in shared ancestral lineages. Further investigation of two mosaic species clusters suggests that genes acquired by inter-species recombination may have become fixed in these lineages during periods of demographic expansion; implicating a role for phylogeography in determining contemporary patterns of genetic diversity. Only by examining the phylogeny at the scale of the genus is apparent that widespread phylogenetically incongruent loci in Streptomyces are derived from a far smaller number of ancestral inter-species recombination events.
Iron-catalysed cross-coupling of organolithium compounds with organic halides
Authors: Jia Zhenhua , Liu Qiang , Peng Xiao-Shui , Wong Henry N. C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn past decades, catalytic cross-coupling reactions between organic halides and organometallic reagents to construct carbon–carbon bond have achieved a tremendous progress. However, organolithium reagents have rarely been used in cross-coupling reactions, due mainly to their high reactivity. Another limitation of this transformation using organolithium reagents is how to control reactivity with excellent selectivity. Although palladium catalysis has been applied in this field recently, the development of an approach to replace catalytic systems of noble metals with nonprecious metals is currently in high demand. Herein, we report an efficient synthetic protocol involving iron-catalysed cross-coupling reactions employing organolithium compounds as key coupling partners to unite aryl, alkyl and benzyl fragments and also disclose an efficient iron-catalysed release-capture ethylene coupling with isopropyllithium.
Modulation of Endothelial Injury Biomarkers by Traditional Chinese Medicine LC in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Receiving Standard Treatments
Authors: Chang Hen-Hong , Luo Shue-Fen , Hsue Yin-Tzu , Chang Ching-Mao , Lee Tzung-Yan , Huang Yu-Chuen , Hsu Ming-Ling , Chen Yu-Jen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLC is an herbal remedy effectively reduced therapeutic dosage of glucocorticoid for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in clinical trial (ISRCTN81818883). This translational research examined the impact of LC on biomarkers of endothelial injury in the enrolled subjects. Fifty seven patients with SLE were randomized to receive standard treatment without or with LC supplements. Blood samples were taken serially for quantification of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and serological factors. The proportion of EPCs in the placebo group continued to increase during trial and was further elevated after withdrawal of standard treatment. The EPC ratio of LC group remained stationary during the entire observation period. The CEC ratio in placebo group exhibited an increasing trend whereas that in LC group declined. The ratio of apoptotic CECs had an increasing trend in both groups, to a lesser extent in LC group. After treatment, the levels of VEGF and IL-18 have a trend declined to a level lower in the LC group than the placebo group. No significant alteration was noted in serum levels of IFN-α, IL-1β and IL-6. The reduction of the steroid dosage by adding LC might be correlated with less extensive endothelial injury in SLE patients.
Amino acid changes in PB2 and HA affect the growth of a recombinant influenza virus expressing a fluorescent reporter protein
Authors: Katsura Hiroaki , Fukuyama Satoshi , Watanabe Shinji , Ozawa Makoto , Neumann Gabriele , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInfluenza viruses that express reporter proteins are useful tools, but are often attenuated. Recently, we found that an influenza virus encoding the Venus fluorescent protein acquired two mutations in its PB2 and HA proteins upon mouse adaptation. Here, we demonstrate that the enhanced viral replication and virulence in mice of this Venus-expressing influenza virus are primarily conferred by the PB2-E712D mutation, with only a minor contribution by the HA-T380A mutation.
An accelerated miRNA-based screen implicates Atf-3 in Drosophila odorant receptor expression
Authors: Bhat Shreelatha , Jones Walton D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Drosophila olfactory system is highly stereotyped in form and function; olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing a specific odorant receptor (OR) always appear in the same antennal location and the axons of OSNs expressing the same OR converge on the same antennal lobe glomeruli. Although some transcription factors have been implicated in a combinatorial code specifying OR expression and OSN identity, it is clear other players remain unidentified. In hopes of mitigating the challenges of genome-wide screening, we examined the feasibility of a two-tiered approach comprising a primary “pooling” screen for miRNAs whose tissue-specific over-expression causes a phenotype of interest followed by a focused secondary screen using gene-specific RNAi. Since miRNAs down-regulate their targets, miRNA over-expression phenotypes should be attributable to target loss-of-function. It is the sequence-dependence of miRNA-target pairing that suggests candidates for the secondary screen. Since miRNAs are short, however, miRNA misexpression will likely uncover non-biological miRNA-target relationships. Rather than focusing on miRNA function itself where these non-biological relationships could be misleading, we propose using miRNAs as tools to focus a more traditional RNAi-based screen. Here we describe such a screen that uncovers a role for Atf3 in the expression of the odorant receptor Or47b.
Multimodality hard-x-ray imaging of a chromosome with nanoscale spatial resolution
Authors: Yan Hanfei , Nazaretski Evgeny , Lauer Kenneth , Huang Xiaojing , Wagner Ulrich , Rau Christoph , Yusuf Mohammed , Robinson Ian , Kalbfleisch Sebastian , Li Li , Bouet Nathalie , Zhou Juan , Conley Ray , Chu Yong S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe developed a scanning hard x-ray microscope using a new class of x-ray nano-focusing optic called a multilayer Laue lens and imaged a chromosome with nanoscale spatial resolution. The combination of the hard x-ray’s superior penetration power, high sensitivity to elemental composition, high spatial-resolution and quantitative analysis creates a unique tool with capabilities that other microscopy techniques cannot provide. Using this microscope, we simultaneously obtained absorption-, phase- and fluorescence-contrast images of Pt-stained human chromosome samples. The high spatial-resolution of the microscope and its multi-modality imaging capabilities enabled us to observe the internal ultra-structures of a thick chromosome without sectioning it.
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of 2707 Hyper-Duplex Stainless Steel by Marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm
Authors: Li Huabing , Zhou Enze , Zhang Dawei , Xu Dake , Xia Jin , Yang Chunguang , Feng Hao , Jiang Zhouhua , Li Xiaogang , Gu Tingyue , Yang Ke 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMicrobiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a serious problem in many industries because it causes huge economic losses. Due to its excellent resistance to chemical corrosion, 2707 hyper duplex stainless steel (2707 HDSS) has been used in the marine environment. However, its resistance to MIC was not experimentally proven. In this study, the MIC behavior of 2707 HDSS caused by the marine aerobe Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. Electrochemical analyses demonstrated a positive shift in the corrosion potential and an increase in the corrosion current density in the presence of the P. aeruginosa biofilm in the 2216E medium. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis results showed a decrease in Cr content on the coupon surface beneath the biofilm. The pit imaging analysis showed that the P. aeruginosa biofilm caused a largest pit depth of 0.69 μm in 14 days of incubation. Although this was quite small, it indicated that 2707 HDSS was not completely immune to MIC by the P. aeruginosa biofilm.
Evidence for Rhythmicity Pacemaker in the Calcification Process of Scleractinian Coral
Authors: Gutner-Hoch Eldad , Schneider Kenneth , Stolarski Jaroslaw , Domart-Coulon Isabelle , Yam Ruth , Meibom Anders , Shemesh Aldo , Levy Oren 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReef-building scleractinian (stony) corals are among the most efficient bio-mineralizing organisms in nature. The calcification rate of scleractinian corals oscillates under ambient light conditions, with a cyclic, diurnal pattern. A fundamental question is whether this cyclic pattern is controlled by exogenous signals or by an endogenous ‘biological-clock’ mechanism, or both. To address this problem, we have studied calcification patterns of the Red Sea scleractinian coral Acropora eurystoma with frequent measurements of total alkalinity (AT) under different light conditions. Additionally, skeletal extension and ultra-structure of newly deposited calcium carbonate were elucidated with 86Sr isotope labeling analysis, combined with NanoSIMS ion microprobe and scanning electron microscope imaging. Our results show that the calcification process persists with its cyclic pattern under constant light conditions while dissolution takes place within one day of constant dark conditions, indicating that an intrinsic, light-entrained mechanism may be involved in controlling the calcification process in photosymbiotic corals.
Ultraviolet Laser-induced ignition of RDX single crystal
Authors: Yan Zhonghua , Zhang Chuanchao , Liu Wei , Li Jinshan , Huang Ming , Wang Xuming , Zhou Guorui , Tan Bisheng , Yang Zongwei , Li Zhijie , Li Li , Yan Hongwei , Yuan Xiaodong , Zu Xiaotao 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe RDX single crystals are ignited by ultraviolet laser (355 nm, 6.4 ns) pulses. The laser-induced damage morphology consisted of two distinct regions: a core region of layered fracture and a peripheral region of stripped material surrounding the core. As laser fluence increases, the area of the whole crack region increases all the way, while both the area and depth of the core region increase firstly and then stay stable over the laser fluence of 12 J/cm2. The experimental details indicate the dynamics during laser ignition process. Plasma fireball of high temperature and pressure occurs firstly, followed by the micro-explosions on the (210) surface and finally shock waves propagate through the materials to further strip materials outside and yield in-depth cracks in larger surrounding region. The plasma fireball evolves from isotropic to anisotropic under higher laser fluence resulting in the damage expansion only in lateral direction while maintaining the fixed depth. The primary insights into the interaction dynamics between laser and energetic materials can help developing the superior laser ignition technique.