bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modified Zeolites in Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Air Pollutants
Authors: Banakh O.S. , Baranskyi R.I. , Rogovyk V.J. , Zybak I.M. 
Published: January 2017

Based on zeolites of types X, Y and M, with and without binding clay, ion-exchange modifications containing alkali and alkaline earth cations (silver and copper) and different quantities of water have been prepared. Data obtained with these zeolites have enabled their retention volumes and selectivities towards low boiling hydrocarbons and oxide gases to be calculated. Sharp changes were observed in these parameters when the chromatography of ethane and other gases was conducted on such zeolites with up to 10% K+, Rb+ and Cs+ cations replaced, i.e. when low replacement of exchangable cations had been effected. The same effect was encountered with CO and olefins when 0.08CuNaY zeolite was employed. An increase in temperature and the introduction of water into the system caused a decrease in the effect. These observations have prove useful in the construction of chromatographic columns and adsorption filters for the extraction and concentration of certain pollutants.
Quality of life and the ICIDH: towards an integrated conceptual model for rehabilitation outcomes research
Authors: Post Marcel WM 
Published: January 2017

Objective: The development of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) has led to the assessment of a wider range of relevant rehabilitation outcomes, but a need for a further broadening exists. In this article, a new proposal for an extended ICIDH is made. Method: Review of the literature on quality of life and of attempts to integrate the World Health Organization (WHO) biopsychosocial model and the ICIDH. Results: Our review shows three operationalizations of the concept of quality of life: as health, as well-being and, preferably, as a superordinate construct. None of the attempts to integrate the WHO biopsychosocial model have been entirely successful. Our new proposal is characterized by (a) incorporation of the organ, person and social levels of the ICIDH, (b) distinction between objective and subjective aspects of quality of life as a second axis in the model, resulting in somatic sensations as the subjective part of the organ level, perceived health as the subjective part of the person level and domain- specific life satisfaction as the subjective part of the social level, and (c) separation of the concept of general well-being or happiness as being distinct from the ICIDH. The proposal model is intended to serve as a framework in which different outcomes can be positioned in relation to each other. Conclusion: Our model is intuitively appealing and remains close to familiar concepts and models. However, it is as yet far from perfect, and we hope to provoke discussion to help further refinement.
Shared responsibility for ongoing rehabilitation: a new approach to home-based therapy after stroke
Authors: Baskett Jonathan J , Broad Joanna B , Reekie Gabrielle , Hocking Clare , Green Geoff 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To assess the efficacy of a programme of continuing self-directed exercises for people discharged home after a stroke, supervised once a week by therapists. Design: A randomized controlled trial of 100 patients discharged from hospital after a stroke, requiring ongoing therapy. The control group received outpatient or day hospital therapy; the experimental group were visited once a week by an occupational and/or physiotherapist who prescribed a programme of exercises and activities for the following week. Subjects were studied for the first three months after discharge from hospital. Setting: A district general hospital, or the homes of subjects randomized to the experimental group, in New Zealand. Main outcome measures: (1) Characteristics of the groups, (2) gait speed, limb function, activities of daily living, (3) time with therapists, (4) mood of both subjects and caregivers, (5) anticipation of outcome at entry, compared with perceived outcome at exit. Results: No statistical differences between the control and experimental groups in characteristics, or in any outcomes measured, except that the contact time period, but not the number of visits, was longer in the experimental group (p = 0.003). Conclusions: A supervised home-based programme is as effective as outpatient or day hospital therapy.
Morphological Distribution of the Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine in Patients With and Without Hip Impingement: Reliability, Validity, and Relationship to the Intraoperative Assessment
Authors: Balazs George C. , Williams Benjamin C. , Knaus Christopher M. , Brooks Daniel I. , Dickens Jonathan F. , McCabe Michael P. , Anderson Terrence D. 
Published: January 2017

Background: Subspinous impingement of the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) on the femoral head-neck junction is increasingly recognized as a source of hip impingement. A classification system of AIIS morphology has previously been proposed that correlates with reduced hip motion and may predispose patients to subspinous hip impingement. Purpose: To examine the morphological distribution of AIIS types in patients with and without diagnosed hip impingement and correlate AIIS morphology to intraoperative findings at the time of surgery. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Three-dimensional reconstructed pelvic computed tomography scans were generated for a stratified sample of 449 hips in patients without a history of hip pain or hip impingement and 59 hips in patients with a diagnosis of hip impingement. Three blinded assessors classified the AIIS for each hip twice. The morphological distribution between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients was compared, controlling for age, sex, and affected side. Within the symptomatic cohort, AIIS morphology was compared with the intraoperative assessment of a low-lying AIIS using the Fisher exact test. Results: The intraobserver reliability of the classification system in our cohort was substantial (κ = 0.68-0.77). The interobserver reliability was moderate (κ = 0.50). The morphological distribution between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients was similar, with 75% of patients in the asymptomatic group and 80% of the patients in the symptomatic group having a type 2 or type 3 AIIS. When matched for age, sex, and affected side, there was no significant difference in the assessed classification type between the groups ( P = .55). Within the symptomatic group, there was no significant correlation between the surgeon assessment of a low-lying AIIS and a type 2 or type 3 radiographic classification ( P = .10). The positive predictive value of a type 2 or type 3 AIIS classification for hip impingement symptoms was 10%, and the negative predictive value was 91%. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a high percentage of patients with AIIS morphology associated with subspinous impingement are, in fact, asymptomatic. The current radiographic classification scheme should not be used exclusively for clinical decision making.
Clinical and Educational Telepsychiatry Applications: A Review
Authors: Hilty Donald M , Marks Shayna L , Urness Doug , Yellowlees Peter M , Nesbitt Thomas S 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Telepsychiatry in the form of videoconferencing brings enormous opportunities for clinical care, education, research, and administration. Focusing on videoconferencing, we reviewed the telepsychiatry literature and compared telepsychiatry with services delivered in person or through other technologies. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of telepsychiatry literature from January 1, 1965, to July 31, 2003, using the terms telepsychiatry, telemedicine, videoconferencing, effectiveness, efficacy, access, outcomes, satisfaction, quality of care, education, empowerment, and costs. We selected studies for review if they discussed videoconferencing for clinical and educational applications. Results: Telepsychiatry is successfully used for various clinical services and educational initiatives. Telepsychiatry is feasible, increases access to care, enables specialty consultation, yields positive outcomes, allows reliable evaluation, has few negative aspects in terms of communication, generally satisfies patients and providers, facilitates education, and empowers parties using it. Data are limited with regard to clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Conclusions: Telepsychiatry is effective. More short- and long-term quantitative and qualitative research is warranted on clinical outcomes, predictors of satisfaction, costs, and educational outcomes.
Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Comorbid Major Depressive Episodes and Alcohol Dependence in the General Population
Authors: Wang JianLi , El-Guebaly Nady 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To estimate the 12-month prevalence of alcohol dependence (AD) among subjects with major depressive episodes (MDEs) and the 12-month prevalence of MDEs among those with AD; to investigate the associations between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and comorbid MDE and AD, based on established theoretical models; and to compare the rates of mental health service use between groups having high and low risk for comorbid conditions. Methods: We used data from the 1996–1997 Canadian National Population Health Survey. MDE and AD were measured using the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI-SF). We calculated the 12-month prevalence of MDEs among participants with AD and of AD among those with MDEs. The associations between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and comorbidity were investigated. Results: Of participants with MDEs, 8.6% had AD; 19.6% of participants with AD reported having at least 1 MDE in the past 12 months. Being young (aged 12 to 24 years); being divorced, separated, or widowed; and having low family income level were positively associated with MDE, AD, and comorbidity. Among participants with comorbid MDE and AD, those who were aged 12 to 24 years were less likely to have used any mental health services in the past 12 months than were others. Conclusions: Young age, single marital status, and low family income may be potential risk factors for comorbid MDE and AD. Although AD is rare in the general population, public health interventions that target the groups identified as at risk may help to prevent MDE, AD, and comorbidity.
Detecting Women at Risk for Postnatal Depression Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 2 to 3 Days Postpartum
Authors: Teissèdre Frédérique , Chabrol Henri 
Published: January 2017

Objective: This study evaluates the capacity of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) implemented in the first days postpartum to detect women who will suffer from postnatal depression. Method: A sample of 1154 women completed the EPDS at 2 to 3 days postpartum and again at 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. Results: There was a highly significant positive correlation between EPDS scores on both occasions (Spearman rank correlation: r = 0.59, P < 0.0001). The cut-off scores of 10 and 11 for EPDS administered at 2 to 3 days obtained good specificity, sensitivity, and positive predictive values for the cut-off scores proposed for the diagnosis of postnatal depression at 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. Conclusion: The EPDS completed at 2 to 3 days postpartum is a useful means of detecting women at risk of postnatal depression.
Is Neuroleptic Dysphoria a Variant of Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Side Effects?
Authors: Voruganti Lakshmi P , Awad A George 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Neuroleptic drugs induce psychological side effects such as dysphoria, cognitive impairment, and loss of motivation. These side effects were largely underrecognized and trivialized in the past as variants of extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs). We review the recent literature on the subject and clarify the relation between neuroleptic-induced dysphoria and EPSEs. Methods: We critically examined clinical, interventional, neuroimaging, and basic science studies published in the past 10 years, delineating the temporal, phenomenological, biochemical, and neuroanatomical relation between dysphoria and EPSEs. Results: Subjective responses occur within 4 to 6 hours of neuroleptic use, whereas acute dystonia is often observed within 24 hours and parkinsonian syndrome after 5 to 7 days. Neuroleptic-induced dopaminergic blockade mediates both dysphoria and EPSEs. However, impaired dopamine function in the nucleus accumbens seems to give rise to dysphoria, whereas blockade of D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal system is responsible for EPSEs. Conclusion: The earlier notion that neuroleptic dysphoria is a variant of EPSEs was simplistic and speculative. Exploring the differences rather than dwelling on the similarities will likely enhance our understanding of dopamine's role in the origin of varied side effects and in their distinctive characteristics.
Major Depression and Mental Health Care Utilization in Canada: 1994 to 2000
Authors: Patten Scott B , Beck Cynthia A 
Published: January 2017

Background: Major depression makes an important contribution to disease burden in Canada. In principle, the burden of major depression can be reduced by the provision of treatment within the health care system. In a previous data analysis, the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) reported an increase in antidepressant (AD) use between 1994 and 1998. In this paper, the analysis is extended to 2000, and additional aspects of health care utilization are described. Methods: The NPHS provides a unique source of longitudinal data concerning major depression and its treatment in Canada. In this survey, probable cases of major depression were identified using a brief predictive instrument; health care utilization was evaluated using additional survey items; and the latest data release from Statistics Canada (that is, 2000) was used to make weighted estimates of the frequency of health care utilization in relation to major depression status. Results: The use of ADs has continued to escalate. These increases have been largest in men and in persons aged under 35 years. There has been an increase in polypharmacy: in 2000, almost 9% of persons taking an AD reported taking more than 1 AD medication—a tripling since 1994. The frequency of consultations with alternative practitioners has also grown. Although the overall proportion of persons with major depression who report consulting with health professionals about their mental health has not increased, the number of persons with major depressive disorder reporting 6 or more visits to nurses, social workers, and psychologists may have. Conclusion: The provision of AD treatment continues to expand in Canada. This probably represents a changing pattern of practice, because the frequency of professional consultation has not increased. More detailed data are required to evaluate the extent to which treatment needs are being met.
Experimental Affective Symptoms in Panic Disorder Patients
Authors: Overbeek Thea , Schruers Koen , van Leeuwen Ine Docters , Klaassen Tineke , Griez Eric 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To date, carbon dioxide (CO2) challenge tests in panic disorder (PD) patients have focused on anxiety as the sole outcome measure. This study assesses a broader range of symptoms in patients with PD. Method: We administered a gas mixture of 35% CO2 and 65% oxygen (O2) to 25 patients with PD. Nine patients met the criteria for a comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD), and 16 did not. We assessed not only subjects' symptoms of anxiety but also their symptoms of depression and aggression. Results: Baseline ratings did not differ across the 2 subgroups. Postchallenge ratings were higher for PD and MDD patients on all the assessed affective symptoms, except for specific panic symptoms. Conclusion: These findings suggest that, in addition to anxiety, CO2 challenge induces depressive and aggressive symptoms, specifically in PD patients with comorbid depression.
Psychiatry in the Nazi Era
Authors: Seeman Mary V 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To update Canadian psychiatrists on recent information from newly discovered Berlin archives about the actions of physicians, especially psychiatrists, during the era of National Socialism in Germany and to encourage introspection about the role of the medical profession, its relationship with government, and its vulnerability to manipulation by ideology and economic pressures. Method: This is a selective review of the literature on the collaboration of physicians, especially psychiatrists, in the sterilization, experimentation, and annihilation of patients with mental illness before and during World War II. Results: Directed to value the health of the nation over the care of individual patients and convinced that a hierarchy of worth distinguished one person from another, German psychiatrists were enlisted to commit atrocities during the Nazi period. Conclusions: The values of care and compassion can be eroded; this knowledge demands constant vigilance.
Prevalence of Pathological Gambling in Quebec in 2002
Authors: Ladouceur Robert , Jacques Christian , Chevalier Serge , Sévigny Serge , Hamel Denis 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To assess gambling behaviours and the problems associated with pathological gambling among the adult population of Quebec in 2002. Method: In Phase 1 of this 2-phase study, a total sample of 8842 adults was assessed. We used the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), adapted for telephone interview, to assess one-half of the sample; the other one-half was evaluated with the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI). In the study's second phase, we compared the classifications obtained from these screening instruments with classifications obtained by a psychologist using a semistructured clinical telephone interview. Results: The results indicate that the prevalence of pathological gambling in 2002 (at which time 0.8% of the adult population were classified as probable pathological gamblers) did not differ from the proportion obtained in 1996 (1.0%), despite the significant decrease in gambling participation in 2002 (81% vs 90% in 1996). The most popular gambling activities were buying lottery tickets (68%), participating in fundraising draws (40%), gambling in casinos (18%), playing cards with family or with friends (10%), playing bingo (9%), and playing video lotteries (8%). The findings obtained from the SOGS and the CPGI revealed that the 2 instruments perform similarly when identifying pathological gambling prevalence. However, the results of the semistructured clinical telephone interviews differed from the results obtained with the screening instruments: 82% of the gamblers initially identified as probable pathological gamblers by the SOGS or the CPGI were not confirmed by a clinical interview. Conclusion: The discrepancy between the results of the screening questionnaires and the clinical evaluation is significant, and this difference needs to be addressed before further cross-sectional or longitudinal studies are conducted.
Treatment Response to Olanzapine and Haloperidol and its Association with Dopamine D2 Receptor Occupancy in First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Zipursky Robert B , Christensen Bruce K , Daskalakis Zafiris , Epstein Irvin , Roy Paul , Furimsky Ivana , Sanger Todd , Kapur Shitij 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Response to typical antipsychotic medication has been associated with achieving a level of striatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in the range of 65% to 70%. We undertook this study to determine whether response to the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine occurs at lower levels of D2 receptor occupancy. Method: Eighteen patients who presented with a first episode of psychosis were randomized to receive olanzapine 5 mg daily or haloperidol 2 mg daily in a double-blind design. We acquired positron emission tomography (PET) scans using the D2 ligand [11C]raclopride within the first 15 days of treatment to determine the percentage of D2 receptors occupied by the medication. According to response, dosage was then adjusted to a maximum dosage of 20 mg daily of either drug. PET scans were repeated after 10 to 12 weeks of treatment. Results: At the first PET scan, the 8 olanzapine-treated patients had significantly lower D2 receptor occupancies (mean 63.4%, SD 7.3) than those observed in the 10 patients treated with haloperidol (mean 73.0%, SD 6.1). When patients were rescanned following dosage adjustment, mean D2 receptor occupancies were greater than 70% in both groups. D2 receptor occupancies did not differ significantly between the olanzapine-treated group (mean 72.0%, SD 5.7) and the haloperidol-treated group (mean 78.7%, SD 7.6). Conclusions: These results suggest that, in patients being treated for a first episode of psychosis, olanzapine has its antipsychotic effect at approximately the same levels of D2 receptor occupancy as are achieved with low dosages of haloperidol.
Preventing Suicidal Behaviour in a General Hospital Psychiatric Service: Priorities for Programming
Authors: Links Paul S , Hoffman Brian 
Published: January 2017

Purpose: General hospital psychiatric services are able to provide leadership and coordinate the development of suicide prevention programs for individuals serviced in general hospital settings. We completed this literature review to suggest priorities for programming. Methods: Our procedure was to update the review by Gunnell and Frankel that guided priorities for Health of the Nation, the national suicide prevention strategy in the UK. We completed a search, using the terms suicide prevention and control, of all English-language research and clinical trials conducted between January 1, 1994, and May 1, 2004. Results: We identified 82 papers. Of these, 48 were excluded and the remaining 34 were grouped by secondary care setting categories. We found no articles on screening tools for predicting risk of suicide, 16 articles on interventions for individuals with suicidal behaviour, 14 articles on the treatment of major psychiatric disorders, 1 article and 1 published abstract ondischarge from hospital, and 2 articles on reducing access to means. Conclusions: Based on a review of each category, we make several program and policy recommendations, including regularly updating clinical assessment skills, using guidelines for assessment of patients following a suicide attempt, assessing the risk of suicide 24 to 48 hours before discharge from hospital, and incorporating education about reducing access to means into routine psychiatric care.
Informed Consent and Adolescents
Authors: Schachter Debbie , Kleinman Irwin , Harvey William 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To explore the doctrine of informed consent and the development of capacity in adolescents with psychiatric problems to help clinicians better reflect on the relevant ethical issues. Method: We discuss the relevant literature and explore the role of psychiatric impairment in adolescents' ability to consent. Results: In common law, there is no minimum age at which individuals are able to consent to medical treatment and no age below which they are unable to consent. Adolescents' right to self-determination is based on their ability to understand and appreciate the information relevant to the medical decision and on their ability to consent voluntarily and freely. There is a consensus in the literature that, around age 14 years, adolescents have the cognitive ability to understand information necessary for consent. However, there are limited empirical data regarding adolescents' ability to appreciate the information and to make a voluntary decision. Conclusion: Clinicians need to involve adolescents in the consent process to the extent possible and assess the elements of capacity to consent to treatment on an individual case basis, recognizing that capacity may evolve as adolescents' cognitive capacities and values mature.