bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional hypoplasia of somatosensory cortex in growth‐retarded mice (grt/grt)
Authors: Sawada Kazuhiko , Saito Shigeyoshi , Sugasawa Akari , Sato Chika , Aoyama Junya , Ohara Naoko , Horiuchi‐Hirose Miwa , Kobayashi Tetsuya 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGrowth‐retarded mouse (grt/grt) is a spontaneous mutant that is known as an animal model for primary congenital hypothyroidism caused by resistance to TSH signaling. The regional pattern of cerebral cortical hypoplasia was characterized ingrt/grtmice.Ex vivocomputed tomography (CT)‐based volumetry was examined in four regions of the cerebral cortex, i.e., prefrontal, frontal, parietal and occipito‐temporal regions, which were demarcated by structural landmarks on coronal CT images. A region‐specific reduced volume of the parietal cortical region covering most of the somatosensory cortex was noted ingrt/grtmice rather than in both heterozygous (grt/+) and wild‐type (+/+) mice. We concluded that the cortical hypoplasia ingrt/grtwas seen in identical cortical regions corresponding to human congenital hypothyroidism.
The P600 in Implicit Artificial Grammar Learning
Authors: Silva Susana , Folia Vasiliki , Hagoort Peter , Petersson Karl Magnus 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe suitability of the artificial grammar learning (AGL) paradigm to capture relevant aspects of the acquisition of linguistic structures has been empirically tested in a number of EEG studies. Some have shown a syntax‐related P600 component, but it has not been ruled out that the AGL P600 effect is a response to surface features (e.g., subsequence familiarity) rather than the underlying syntax structure. Therefore, in this study, we controlled for the surface characteristics of the test sequences (associative chunk strength) and recorded the EEG before (baseline preference classification) and after (preference and grammaticality classification) exposure to a grammar. After exposure, a typical, centroparietal P600 effect was elicited by grammatical violations and not by unfamiliar subsequences, suggesting that the AGL P600 effect signals a response to structural irregularities. Moreover, preference and grammaticality classification showed a qualitatively similar ERP profile, strengthening the idea that the implicit structural mere‐exposure paradigm in combination with preference classification is a suitable alternative to the traditional grammaticality classification test.
Outcomes of dialysis and the transplantation options for patients with diabetic end‐stage renal disease in Korea
Authors: Jeon Hee Jung , Koo Tai Yeon , Han Miyeun , Kim Ha Jin , Jeong Jong Cheol , Park Hyojun , Ha Jongwon , Kim Sung Joo , Ahn Curie , Park Jae Berm , Yang Jaeseok 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe best therapeutic option for diabetic end‐stage renal disease (DMESRD) has not been established among living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT), deceased donor kidney transplantation (DDKT), simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK), and dialysis.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of DMESRD patients at two Korean centers from February 2000 to December 2011.ResultsAmong 674 patients, 295 underwent kidney transplantation (LDKT, 175; DDKT, 72; and SPK, 48), while 379 were still on dialysis. The dialysis group had a higher mortality rate than the transplantation group. From the time after dialysis initiation, LDKT group had a better patient survival rate than DDKT registration group and SPK registration group. From the time after transplantation, LDKT had a better patient survival rate than DDKT; however, there was no significant difference between LDKT and SPK. In SPK, patient survival and kidney or pancreas graft survival rates were not different between types 1 and 2 DMESRD.ConclusionLDKT is better than waiting for SPK/DDKT in DMESRD patients, if a living donor is available, and this conclusion may be unique to Korea where waiting time for SPK is long. SPK can be used in non‐obese Asians with type 2 as well as type 1 DMESRD.
The survival benefit of kidney transplantation in the setting of combined peripheral arterial disease and end‐stage renal failure
Authors: Cassuto James , Babu Sateesh , Laskowski Igor 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGiven the deleterious effects of concomitant peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and severe renal disease, a role for aggressive screening and management of PAD in renal failure patients has been suggested. However, limited data exist detailing the impact of PAD on kidney waitlist survival and the potential benefit of transplantation in PAD. Multivariable COX regression and Kaplan–Meier survival models were fit using UNOS data to assess kidney waitlist and post‐transplant five‐yr survival. Compared to PAD−Dial− (no PAD or dialysis) waitlist survival, PAD+Dial− was associated with a 36%, PAD−Dial+ a 95%, and PAD+Dial+ a 190% increased risk of death. A significant survival benefit of kidney transplantation was identified in the PAD population (p < 0.001, HR = 0.440 comparing post‐transplant to waitlist survival). Time to survival benefit (equal mortality between waitlist and post‐transplant population) of kidney transplantation in PAD+ was realized 2.5 times sooner in pre‐emptive transplantation than transplant after dialysis (154 d vs. 381 d), per unadjusted Kaplan–Meier analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a survival benefit of kidney transplantation in the setting of PAD. Pre‐emptive transplantation with emphasis on living donation prior to dialysis should be advocated to improve outcomes in this high risk patient population.
Establishment of an endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration service with rapid on‐site evaluation: 2 years experience of a single UK centre
Authors: Thiryayi S. A. , Rana D. N. , Narine N. , Najib M. , Bailey S. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveEndobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)‐guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration (TBFNA) is now well established as a minimally invasive, effective investigation which can provide information on both diagnosis and stage of lung cancer and is also useful in the investigation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy of uncertain aetiology. The service can be provided with or without rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) for specimen triage and provisional diagnosis. We outline our experience from the first 2 years of providing an EBUS service with ROSE, highlighting the practicalities of service provision, pitfalls encountered and lessons learned.MethodsAspirates from all EBUS procedures performed during the first 2 years of our service from 16 October 2012 to 15 October 2014 are included. We describe the activities undertaken prior to each EBUS list, the EBUS TBFNA procedure, specimen handling and procedure for ROSE.ResultsA total of 591 aspirates were performed from 352 patients, including 573 (97%) lymph node aspirates, 17 (2.9%) lung mass samples and one aspirate from a retrosternal thyroid cyst (0.1%). There were 498 (84.1%) adequate samples at ROSE, 82 (13.9%) inadequate, one (0.2%) abandoned and 11 (1.9%) where ROSE was not performed. Four hundred and seventy (79.5%) samples showed concordance between the ROSE and final diagnoses. No adequate samples were obtained for 11 patients (3.1%) after final cytological analysis, resulting in a final adequacy rate of 96.9%.ConclusionsIn our experience, ROSE provides a clear advantage in providing a patient‐centred EBUS service by facilitating specimen triage, ensuring adequate sampling and providing a rapid provisional diagnosis, however, there is a learning curve for both the clinicians and cytopathologists involved.
Trouble in paradise: The crime and health outcomes of the Surfers Paradise licensed venue lockout
Authors: de Andrade Dominique , Homel Ross , Townsley Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe lockout intervention has become embedded in Australian alcohol policy with little scientific evidence of its effectiveness in reducing violence and disorder. This paper reports an evaluation of the Queensland lockout pilot in Surfers Paradise. Patrons could not enter or re‐enter licensed venues after 3 am, while patrons inside at this time could stay until close.Design and MethodsUsing police and ambulance data, time series analyses examined the impact of tourism seasons and the lockout on rates of crime, violence, injury and intoxication. Additional analyses were also conducted to show spatial and temporal changes in crime over time.ResultsBoth police and ambulance data showed that the lockout introduction had no statistically significant impact on rates of crime, violence, head and neck injuries, and intoxication over the 2 years following lockout. Hot spot maps indicated limited spatial shift of crime within Surfers Paradise following the lockout introduction, with evidence of a temporary intensification of crime in already established hot spots. We found a moderate statistically significant change in the 24 h distribution of crime after the lockout implementation, suggesting temporal displacement of crime.DiscussionResults support the small existing body of evidence on lockouts that indicates they are largely ineffective in reducing crime and injuries in entertainment districts.ConclusionAs multi‐pronged strategies that include a lockout gain in popularity, further investigation should focus on identifying the key drivers of successful interventions such as the Newcastle strategy, to better refine these interventions for replication and evaluation elsewhere. [De Andrade D, Homel R, Townsley M. Trouble in paradise: The crime and health outcomes of the Surfers Paradise licensed venue lockout. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:564–572]
Iran and Political Dynamism in the Arab World: the Case of Yemen
Authors: Zweiri Mahjoob 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article examines the role of Iran in Yemen within the context of Arab‐Iranian relations. It also examines the debate on the involvement of Iran in the ongoing political developments in Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria. The article focuses on the Houthi Movement in Yemen, its origin, growth and political expansion. It also investigates its relations with Iran and its allies in the region, and discusses other factors that strengthened its political image in Yemen. The article also provides an early assessment of the implication of the Decisive Storm military led by Saudi Arabia.
The Arab Spring: A Fourth Wave of Democratization?
Authors: Abushouk Ahmed Ibrahim 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBetween 1974 and 1990, over 30 countries in southern Europe, Latin America, some parts of Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa made transitions to democracy, nearly doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Samuel Huntington described this global shift as “Democracy's Third Wave” in an article published in 1991, which was later developed in a book titled The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. In these two works, he discusses the causes, features, and transition processes of the third wave of democracy and examines its prospects for sustainability and possible expansion in a nondemocratic world. He argues that the first and second democratic waves “were followed not merely by some backsliding but major reverse waves during which most regime changes throughout the world were from democracy to authoritarianism” (Huntington, 1991a). He also addresses the causative factors of this reverse wave in some countries, and he claims that the third wave of democratization that swept the world in the 1970s and 1980s might become a dominant feature of Middle Eastern and North African politics in the 1990s. The delay in this prophecy for two decades motivates us to question whether the Arab Spring is part of Huntington's third wave of democratization or a new fourth wave of democratization, or even a false start to democracy, as described by Larry Diamond (). The purpose of this article is to examine the causes, features, and transition processes of the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen in correlation with Huntington's theorization on the third wave of democratization which, along with other available literature in the field, will be combined in a theoretical framework that will enable us to discuss the abovementioned elements of the Arab Spring through the lens of the third wave of democratization. Special attention is paid to the question of whether the Arab Spring falls into the framework of Huntington's theory, or whether it can be classified as a new fourth wave of democratization in countries that have unfavorable environments for democracy. The first part of this article highlights the causative factors that eased the emergence of the third wave of democratization in different parts of the world. The second part provides a historical overview of the major events of the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen, while the third and fourth parts analyze the causes, features, and transition processes of the Arab Spring from Huntington's third wave perspective.
The prognostic implication of slug in all tumour patients – a systematic meta‐analysis
Authors: Huang Cheng , Zhang Ping , Zhang Depu , Weng Xisheng 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundE‐cadherin is an invasion suppressor molecule which counteracts tumour metastasis and progression. Slug, one of the crucial transcriptional repressors of E‐cadherin gene, has been widely reported on its prognostic role in patients with carcinoma, but the results are controversial. Thus, it is necessary to conduct a meta‐analysis to draw a convincing conclusion.DesignPubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for studies published until August 1st, 2015. Studies using immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect the protein expression level in tumour tissues were set as protein group, while studies applying real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) to probe mRNA transcriptional level were set as mRNA group. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were extracted to evaluate the prognostic role. Funnel plots, Begg's test and Egger's test were used to evaluate the publication bias. Sensitivity and heterogeneity analysis were also conducted.ResultsThe pooled HR of 23 studies in the protein group was 1·85 (95% CI: 1·51–2·28, I2 = 55·4%, P = 0·001), including 1·98 ((95% CI: 1·53–2·58, I2 = 55·9%, P = 0·004) for overall survival (OS) and 1·46 (95% CI: 1·18–1·82, I2 = 52·0%, P = 0·012) for progression‐free/ recurrence‐free/ disease‐free/ cancer‐free survival (PFS/RFS/DFS/CFS). The high expression of Slug in the protein group indicated poor prognosis of the tumour patients. However, the pooled HR of 6 studies in the mRNA group was 0·85 (95% CI: 0·48–1·53, I2 = 77·2%, P = 0·001), suggesting no statistical significance. Subgroup analysis was performed to avoid heterogeneity caused by tumour types. Besides, publication bias was not observed in all studies except for the mRNA transcription studies.ConclusionsThe protein expression rather than mRNA transcription of Slug should be considered as a potent biomarker for poor prognosis of tumours, particularly head and neck cancer as well as lung and urinary carcinomas.
Pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy modifies histamine turnover and H3 receptor function in the human hippocampus and temporal neocortex
Authors: Bañuelos‐Cabrera Ivette , Cuéllar‐Herrera Manola , Velasco Ana Luisa , Velasco Francisco , Alonso‐Vanegas Mario , Carmona Francia , Guevara Rosalinda , Arias‐Montaño José‐Antonio , Rocha Luisa 
Published: February 2016

SummaryExperiments were designed to evaluate the tissue content of tele‐methylhistamine (t‐MeHA) and histamine as well as H3 receptor (H3Rs) binding and activation of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding αi/o proteins (Gαi/o) coupled to these receptors in the hippocampus and temporal neocortex of patients (n = 10) with pharmacoresistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Patients with MTLE showed elevated tissue content of t‐MeHA in the hippocampus. Analyses revealed that a younger age at seizure onset was correlated with a higher tissue content of t‐MeHA, lower H3R binding, and lower efficacy of Gαi/o protein activation in the hippocampus. We conclude that the hippocampus shows a reduction in the H3R function associated with enhanced histamine. In contrast, the temporal neocortex displayed a high efficacy of H3Rs Gαi/o protein activation that was associated with low tissue contents of histamine and t‐MeHA. These results indicate an overactivation of H3Rs leading to decreased histamine in the temporal neocortex. However, this situation was lessened in circumstances such as a longer duration of epilepsy or higher seizure frequency. It is concluded that decrease in H3Rs function and enhanced levels of histamine may contribute to the epileptic activity in the hippocampus and temporal neocortex of patients with pharmacoresistant MTLE.
Preresection intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) abnormalities predict seizure‐onset zone and outcome in pediatric epilepsy surgery
Authors: Greiner Hansel M. , Horn Paul S. , Tenney Jeffrey R. , Arya Ravindra , Jain Sejal V. , Holland Katherine D. , Leach James L. , Miles Lili , Rose Douglas F. , Fujiwara Hisako , Mangano Francesco T. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryObjectiveThe predictive value of intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) in pediatric epilepsy surgery is unknown. In a population of children undergoing ECoG followed typically by invasive extraoperative monitoring (IEM) and resection, we aimed to determine the relationship between frequent ECoG abnormalities and the seizure onset zone and outcome after resection.MethodsWe retrospectively identified 103 children with preresection ECoG of sufficient technical quality. ECoG records were scored based on electrode location and frequency, blinded to the seizure‐onset zone and outcome. Electrographic seizure and spike locations were identified. Locations of seizures and spike populations were then compared to the location of seizure‐onset zone defined by IEM using subdural electrodes and resection margin.ResultsElectrographic seizures were identified in 11 (11%) of 103 patients. A spike population of one or more was noted in 79 (77%) of 103 patients. In 50 (63%) of 79 patients, spike populations correlated with seizure‐onset zone location. The overall surgical outcome was good (ILAE 1 to 3) in 53 (52%) of 101 patients. Outcome was good in seven (78%) of nine patients when electrographic seizure location was resected. The best outcomes were obtained with resection of both the seizure‐onset zone and ECoG abnormalities to include seizures and spike locations (22/33 good outcome, 67%, p = 0.008). There was a significantly better outcome in children with complete resection of ECoG‐identified spike populations (14/26, 62% good outcome) compared to when none were resected (4/14, 29%, p = 0.043).SignificanceElectrographic seizures and frequent spikes are frequently seen on pre‐resection ECoG in children. The brain locations corresponding to these discharges are highly concordant with the seizure‐onset zone; resection of these regions is correlated with good seizure outcome. Further research is needed to design interventions that increase the reliability of ECoG prediction of the epileptogenic zone and obviate the need for IEM.
Thermal resistance inside an interface crack in the functionally graded sandwich structures
Authors: Zhou Y.‐T. , Kim T.‐W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article proposes a thermal facture model of sandwich structures occupying a functionally graded interlayer with thermal resistance inside the crack region introduced. The crack surfaces are partially thermally insulated with thermally insulated crack and thermally conductive crack as limiting cases. A system of singular integral equations in thermo‐elastic field is reduced and solved numerically by using the collocation methods with higher asymptotic terms in order to improve the convergence and accuracy. For a special case, exact solution is derived to validate the theoretical analysis and numerical computation. Numerical analyses are conducted to reveal the influences of the graded interlayer size, graded parameter and dimensionless thermal resistance on the temperatures along the crack plane and the stress intensity factors.
Contrasting trophic‐cascade effects driven by variation in morphology of the perches used by a larval damselfly
Authors: Zhao Qinghua , Pan YinG , Griffin John N. , Sun Junzhao , Sun Shucun 
Published: February 2016

Summary

The presence of habitat structures (e.g. caves, ledges, branches) has well‐documented ecological effects. However, it remains largely unknown how variation in the morphology of particular habitat structures affects ecological interactions.

Using an algae–cladoceran grazer–larval damselfly food chain as a model in a series of microcosm experiments, we manipulated food‐chain length and the length (long versus short) and diameter (thick versus thin) of vertically orientated damselfly perches (habitat structure) and examined the density of the grazers and algae. Because the larval damselflies are usually more flexible on thinner perches and have broader foraging domains on longer perches, we predicted that when on long and thin perches they would suppress grazer density more efficiently and hence confer a more positive trophic‐cascade effect on algal growth.

As predicted, larval damselflies occupying long and thin perches most strongly reduced grazer density and increased algal density, illustrating a positive trophic cascade. In all other damselfly treatments, and despite reduced grazer density, algal density declined, showing a negative trophic cascade due to an elevation in grazer foraging efficiency under predation risk. This probably resulted from the increased activity of the grazers and their spatial shift to the lower water column where algal density was higher.

In conclusion, perch morphology affected the direction and strength of the trophic cascade by altering both density‐mediated and behaviour‐mediated indirect interactions. Considering that anthropogenic disturbance is dramatically changing the morphological diversity of habitat structures, we call for more research into the ecological consequences of such physical diversity at community and ecosystem levels.