bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Longitudinal Study of Skeletal Histomorphometry at 6 and 24 Months Across Four Bone Envelopes in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis Receiving Teriparatide or Zoledronic Acid in the SHOTZ Trial
Authors: Dempster David W , Zhou Hua , Recker Robert R , Brown Jacques P , Bolognese Michael A , Recknor Christopher P , Kendler David L , Lewiecki E Michael , Hanley David A , Rao Sudhaker D , Miller Paul D , Woodson Grattan C , Lindsay Robert , Binkley Neil , Alam Jahangir , Ruff Valerie A , Gallagher Eileen R , Taylor Kathleen A 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Previously, we reported the effects of teriparatide (TPTD) and zoledronic acid (ZOL) on bone formation based on biochemical markers and bone histomorphometry of the cancellous envelope at month 6 in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who participated in the 12-month primary Skeletal Histomorphometry in Subjects on Teriparatide or Zoledronic Acid Therapy (SHOTZ) study. Patients were eligible to enter a 12-month extension on their original treatment regimen: TPTD 20 μg/day (s.c. injection) or ZOL 5 mg/year (i.v. infusion). A second biopsy was performed at month 24. Here we report longitudinal changes between and within each treatment group in the cancellous, endocortical, intracortical, and periosteal bone envelopes in patients with evaluable biopsies at months 6 and 24 (paired data set: TPTD, n = 10; ZOL, n = 9). Between-group differences are also reported in the larger set of patients with evaluable biopsies at month 6 (TPTD, n = 28; ZOL, n = 30). Data from the cancellous envelope at month 6 or month 24 provided a reference to compare differences across envelopes within each treatment group. The 24-month results extend our earlier report that TPTD and ZOL possess different tissue-level mechanisms of action. Moreover, these differences persisted for at least 2 years in all four bone envelopes. Few longitudinal differences were observed within or across bone envelopes in ZOL-treated patients, suggesting that the low bone formation indices at month 6 persisted to month 24. Conversely, the magnitude of the effect of TPTD on bone formation varied across individual envelopes: median values for mineralizing surface (MS/BS) and bone formation rate (BFR/BS) at month 6 were approximately 3-fold to 5-fold higher in the endocortical and intracortical envelopes compared to the cancellous envelope. Although MS/BS and BFR/BS declined in these envelopes at month 24, median values continued to exceed, or were not significantly different from, those in the cancellous envelope. This study demonstrates for the first time that bone formation indices are higher with TPTD treatment than with ZOL in all four bone envelopes and the difference persists for at least 2 years. Moreover, the magnitude of the effect of TPTD in cortical bone remains robust at 24 months. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Intraretinal variability and specialization of cones in Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus, Engraulidae)
Authors: Kondrashev S.L. , Kornienko M.S. , Gnyubkina V.P. , Frolova L.T. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe retina of anchovies is characterized by an unusual arrangement and ultrastructure of cones. In the retina of Japanese anchovies, Engraulis japonicus, three types of cones are distributed into rows. The nasal, central, temporal, and ventro‐temporal regions of the retina were occupied exclusively by the long and short cones. Triple cones, made up of two lateral components and one smaller central component, were found only in the dorsal and ventro‐nasal retinal regions. In the outer segments of all short and long cones from the ventro‐temporal region, the lamellae were oriented along the cell axis and were perpendicular to the lamellae in the long cones, providing a morphological basis for the detection of polarization. This lamellar orientation is unique to all vertebrates. The cones were examined with respect to regional differentiation in their size and spectral properties via light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and microspectrophotometry. Various dimensions of cones were measured in preparations of isolated cells. The cones from the ventro‐temporal region had different dimensions than cones of the same type located in other retinal regions. Triple cones from the dorsal region were significantly larger than triple cones from the ventro‐nasal region. The spectral absorbance of the lateral components of triple cones in the ventro‐nasal retina was identical to the absorbance of all long and short cones from the ventro‐temporal region. These are shifted to shorter wavelengths relative to the absorbance of the lateral components of the triple cones located in the dorsal retina. Thus, the retina of the Japanese anchovy shows some features of regional specialization common in other fishes that improves spatial resolution for the upwards and forwards visual axis and provides spectral tuning in downwelling light environment. That results from the differentiation of cone types by size and by different spectral sensitivity of various retinal areas. J. Morphol. 277:472–481, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photoinduced Cu(0)‐Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Kork Senem , Ciftci Mustafa , Tasdelen Mehmet Atilla , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: February 2016

Photoinduced Cu(0)‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate is investigated by using Cu(0)/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as the catalyst, ethyl 2‐bromopropionate as the initiator, and dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent. The effect of light on the conventional Cu(0)‐mediated ATRP and molecular weight characteristics of the obtained polymers are described. Although the polymerization can be achieved in the absence of light, low initiation efficiency of the process is observed. By introducing UV light and additional Cu(II) deactivator, not only the rate of polymerization is increased, but also well‐controlled polymers with narrow‐molecular‐weight distributions at ambient conditions are obtained. The chain extension study clearly confirms high end‐group fidelity of the polymer that is active in the further polymerization process.
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A Combined Computational and Experimental Study of Copolymerization Propagation Kinetics for 1‐Ethylcyclopentyl methacrylate and Methyl methacrylate
Authors: Zhang Guozhen , Zhang Lanhe , Gao Hanyu , Konstantinov Ivan A. , Arturo Steven G. , Yu Decai , Torkelson John M. , Broadbelt Linda J. 
Published: February 2016

The crosspropagation of 1‐ethylcyclopentyl methacrylate (ECPMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been studied using a combination of quantum chemistry calculations and experiment. Our computational work utilizes a trimer‐to‐tetramer reaction model, coupled with an ONIOM (B3LYP/6‐31G(2df,p): B3LYP/6‐31G(d)) method for geometry optimization and an M06‐2X/6‐311+G(2df,p) method plus SMD solvation model for single point energy calculations. The results show several trends: the identity of the ultimate unit of a trimer radical affects not only the preferred conformation of the region where the reaction takes place, but also the reactivity of the radical; the addition of an ECPMA monomer to the radicals is generally favored compared to an MMA monomer; the pen‐penultimate unit of a trimer radical shows a nonnegligible entropic effect; the penultimate unit effect is implicit for the ECPMA–MMA copolymer system. Finally, terminal model reactivity ratios fitted based on the explicit rate coefficients calculated from the quantum chemical results are compared with those from experimental measurements. The computations not only agree qualitatively with experimentally derived results in terms of the selectivity of ECPMA–MMA crosspropagation, but also give reasonable quantitative predictions of reactivity ratios.
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Adult‐onset Krabbe disease presenting with an isolated form of peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Adachi Hiroshi , Ishihara Kanako , Tachibana Hisatsugu , Oka Nobuyuki , Higuchi Yujiro , Takashima Hiroshi , Yoneda Yukihiro , Kageyama Yasufumi 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Adult‐onset Krabbe disease is clinically rare and usually affects the pyramidal tracts in the central nervous system. Patients develop a spastic gait, and peripheral neuropathy sometimes occurs simultaneously. Methods: A 55‐year‐old woman with consanguineous parents developed slowly progressive, asymmetric muscle weakness and atrophy in her forearms, while her ability to walk remained unaffected without pyramidal tract signs after onset at age 51 years. Results: Nerve conduction studies demonstrated an asymmetric demyelinating‐type peripheral neuropathy, and sural nerve biopsy documented reduced myelinated nerve fiber density with uniformly thin myelin sheaths, suggesting hypomyelination. Brain MRI demonstrated minor white‐matter injury along the optic radiations, which was associated with asymptomatic, mild, prolonged latency on visual evoked potentials. Laboratory analysis documented low enzyme activity of galactocerebrosidase (GALC) and a known mutation of the GALC gene. Conclusion: Isolated peripheral neuropathy occurs very rarely in adult‐onset Krabbe disease. Muscle Nerve 54: 152–157, 2016
Three‐dimensional superconvergent gradient recovery on tetrahedral meshes
Authors: Chen Jie , Chen Zhangxin 
Published: February 2016

SummaryIn this paper, finite element superconvergence phenomenon based on centroidal Voronoi Delaunay tessellations (CVDT) in three‐dimensional space is investigated. The Laplacian operator with the Dirichlet boundary condition is considered. A modified superconvergence patch recovery (MSPR) method is established to overcome the influence of slivers on CVDT meshes. With these two key preconditions, a CVDT mesh and the MSPR, the gradients recovered from the linear finite element solutions have
superconvergence in the l2 norm at nodes of a CVDT mesh for an arbitrary three‐dimensional bounded domain. Numerous numerical examples are presented to demonstrate this superconvergence property and good performance of the MSPR method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nickel‐catalysed Kumada polycondensation of di‐functionalized Grignard reagent with aryl fluoride
Authors: Han Jianhua , Zong Lishuai , Liu Cheng , Wang Jinyan , Jian Xigao 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA nickel catalyst promoted the polymerization between various Grignard reagents with 2‐phenyl‐4,6‐bi(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine. The reaction scope was thoroughly investigated and fully characterized. The Sp2‐C − F bond was successfully activated by the triazine group in Kumada coupling reactions. Also, di‐Grignard reagents showed higher activity than mono‐Grignard reagents. The reaction scope results reveal that a Grignard reagent with strong nucleophilicity and aryl fluoride with strong electrophilicity are necessary to lead to Kumada polycondensation of oligothiophenes with aryl fluoride. In this work, polymerization between di‐functionalized oligothiophene Grignard reagents with aryl fluoride was first conducted. The weight‐average molecular weight is high, up to 14.8 kDa. The π‐conjugated polymers obtained exhibit emission colours of blue, green and yellow with efficient photoluminescence. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecular dynamics simulations of cation‐controlled aggregation in fluorene–triarylamine copolymers
Authors: Li Meilin , Adams Stefan 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTSystematic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are applied, combining the sulfonated fluorene–triarylamine copolymer anion poly((N‐(4‐butylphenyl)‐diphenylamine)‐alt‐fluorene 9,9'di‐n‐propane sulfonate) with a wide range of monovalent cations of different cation field strengths. The resulting MD trajectories are analyzed for each of the conjugated polyelectrolyte focusing on ion aggregation, and its influence on the static and dynamic polymer morphology as well as on the charge carrier mobilities that are relevant for the use of such hole transporting materials in organic solar cells and organic light emitting devices. A pronounced variation of the degree of cation clustering with the cation field strength is found to control the polymer morphology, cation mobility and thereby the time evolution of the Coulomb energy landscape for hole transport. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 965–974
Recovery stress and work output in hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine)‐modified shape‐memory epoxy polymers
Authors: Santiago David , Fabregat‐Sanjuan Albert , Ferrando Francesc , De la Flor Silvia 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study a series of hyperbranched modified shape‐memory polymers were subjected to constrained shape recoveries in order to determine their potential use as thermomechanical actuators. Materials were synthesized from a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A as base epoxy and a polyetheramine and a commercial hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) as crosslinker agents. Hyperbranched polymers within the structure of the shape‐memory epoxy polymers led to a more heterogeneous network that can substantially modify mechanical properties. Thermomechanical and mechanical properties were analyzed and discussed in terms of the content of hyperbranched polymer. Shape‐memory effect was analyzed under fully and partially constrained conditions. When shape recovery was carried out with fixed strain a recovery stress was obtained whereas when it was carried out with a constraining stress the material performs mechanical work. Tensile tests atTgE′showed excellent values of stress and strain at break (up to 15 MPa and almost 60%, respectively). Constrained recovery performances revealed rapid recovery stress generation and unusually high recovery stresses (up to 7 MPa) and extremely high work densities (up to 750 kJ/m3). The network structure of shape‐memory polymers was found to be a key factor for actuator‐like applications. Results confirm that hyperbranched modified‐epoxy shape memory polymers are good candidates for actuator‐like shape‐memory applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2016,54, 1002–1013
On the different origins of electrical parameter degradation in reverse‐bias stressed AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Authors: Ghosh Saptarsi , Dinara Syed M. , Mahata Mihir , Das Subhashis , Mukhopadhyay Partha , Jana Sanjay Kumar , Biswas Dhrubes 
Published: February 2016

Reverse bias stressing in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) compelled severe degradation of drain current (IDS) whereas gate current (IG) remained largely unaffected. Besides, the response of access region conductivity to pulse drives was found to deteriorate gradually as a result of stress, and an interacting deep level in the form of kink effect was observed. Post degradation, SEM imaging evidenced the field‐induced formation of protruding particles, immediately adjacent to the gate electrode. Auger spectroscopy and elemental mapping chemically identified these insulating particles as gallium oxide. Barrier/channel consumption in the form of electrochemical oxidation is thus held responsible for IDS degradation whereas IG degradation is entirely attributed on the presence of passivation layer.SEM micrographs of the (a) tested, and (b) untested finger of a −80 V bias stressed HEMT. (c) Auger spectra from an insulating particle, whereas (d) and (e) are oxygen and gallium elemental maps of the entire frame (c).
Modulating optical second harmonic generation of impurity‐doped quantum dots in presence of Gaussian white noise
Authors: Ganguly Jayanta , Ghosh Manas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe perform an exhaustive exploration of profiles of second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficient of impurity‐doped quantum dots (QDs) in presence and absence of noise. The quantum dot is doped with Gaussian impurity. Noise has been applied to the system additively and multiplicatively. A perpendicular magnetic field emerges out as a confinement source and a static external electric field has been applied. The SHG profiles have been pursued as a function of incident photon energy when several important parameters such as electric field strength, magnetic field strength, confinement energy, dopant location,Alconcentration, dopant potential, and noise strength assume different values. Moreover, the role of mode of application of noise (additive/multiplicative) on the SHG profiles has also been critically analyzed. The SHG profiles are found to be enriched with interesting observations such asshift of SHG peak positionandmaximization/minimization of SHG peak intensity. Presence of noise alters the features of SHG profiles through some interesting outcomes. Furthermore, the mode of application of noise (additive/multiplicative) also regulates the SHG profiles in diverse as well as often contrasting manners. The observations highlight the possibilities of tuning the SHG coefficient of doped QD systems in presence of noise.
MOCVD growth of ZnO nanowires on Ni–W metallic substrates
Authors: Amiri Gaëlle , Halaoui Mohamed , Montenegro Diana Nathalie , Galtier Pierre , Sallet Vincent 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHere we investigate the possibility to grow ZnO nanowires on (100) textured Ni‐W substrates by MOCVD at 850 °C. Due to the oxidation of Ni, direct growth of ZnO nanowires on those metallic substrates was not achieved whereas it was easily obtained on sapphire in the same conditions. Therefore, a study of a ZnO buffer layer grown at low temperature was performed in order to prevent the NiO formation. The morphology and the crystallographic orientation of the as‐grown interfacial layers were characterized by scanning emission microscopy (SEM) and XRD diffraction, and are shown to depend on the growth temperature. Subsequently, the growth of ZnO nanowires was carried out on ZnO buffer/Ni‐W pseudo‐substrates. The SEM observations reveal the growth is not homogeneous and depends on the grain orientation. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Total robotic radical rectal resection with da Vinci Xi system: single docking, single phase technique
Authors: Tamhankar Anup Sunil , Jatal Sudhir , Saklani Avanish 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to assess the advantages of Da Vinci Xi system in rectal cancer surgery. It also assesses the initial oncological outcomes after rectal resection with this system from a tertiary cancer center in India.IntroductionRobotic rectal surgery has distinct advantages over laparoscopy. Total robotic resection is increasing following the evolution of hybrid technology. The latest Da Vinci Xi system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, USA) is enabled with newer features to make total robotic resection possible with single docking and single phase.Methods and resultsThirty‐six patients underwent total robotic resection in a single phase and single docking. We used newer port positions in a straight line. Median distance from the anal verge was 4.5 cm. Median robotic docking time and robotic procedure time were 9 and 280 min, respectively. Median blood loss was 100 mL. One patient needed conversion to an open approach due to advanced disease. Circumferential resection margin and longitudinal resection margins were uninvolved in all other patients. Median lymph node yield was 10. Median post‐operative stay was 7 days. There were no intra‐operative adverse events.ConclusionThe latest Da Vinci Xi system has made total robotic rectal surgery feasible in single docking and single phase. With the new system, four arm total robotic rectal surgery may replace the hybrid technique of laparoscopic and robotic surgery for rectal malignancies. The learning curve for the new system appears to be shorter than anticipated. Early perioperative and oncological outcomes of total robotic rectal surgery with the new system are promising. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving Representational Competence with Concrete Models
Authors: STIEFF MIKE , SCOPELITIS STEPHANIE , LIRA MATTHEW E. , DESUTTER DANE 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTRepresentational competence is a primary contributor to student learning in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines and an optimal target for instruction at all educational levels. We describe the design and implementation of a learning activity that uses concrete models to improve students’ representational competence and achievement in an undergraduate chemistry course. In the study, we embedded modeling workshops into the normal course of instruction and measured their effectiveness for improving representational competence. The results indicate that, independent of instructor, the learning activity significantly improved students’ ability to identify spatial information in disciplinary diagrams and translate among molecular representations compared to students who did not complete the activity. We also compared the effectiveness of the modeling workshops to improve achievement on summative course assessments. Despite demonstrated improvement in representational competence, students who received the intervention did not perform significantly better than a control group on course assessments. Finally, we surveyed students who completed the workshops to investigate their beliefs about the utility of concrete models for learning chemistry. Students reported that concrete models are useful for a limited range of tasks. We argue that concrete models offer specific advantages to the student that may help improve representational competence, although such improvement may not generalize.
Color images steganalysis using rgb channel geometric transformation measures
Authors: Abdulrahman Hasan , Chaumont Marc , Montesinos Philippe , Magnier Baptiste 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn recent years, information security has received a great deal of attention. To give an example, steganography techniques are used to communicate in a secret and invisible way. Digital color images have become a good medium for digital steganography because of their easy manipulation as carriers via Internet, e‐mails, or used on websites. The main goal of steganalysis is to detect the presence of hidden messages in a digital media. The proposed method is a further extension of the authors' previous work: steganalysis based on color feature correlation and machine learning classification. Fusing features with those obtained from color‐rich models allows increasing the detectability of hidden messages in the color images. Our new proposition uses two types of features, computed between color image channels. The first type of feature reflects local Euclidean transformations, and the second one reflects mirror transformations. These geometric measures are obtained by the sine and cosine of gradient angles between all the color channels. Features are extracted from co‐occurrence correlation matrices of measures. We demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed framework on three steganography algorithms designed to hide messages in images represented in the spatial domain: S‐UNIWARD, WOW, and Synch‐HILL. For each algorithm, we applied a range of different payload sizes. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated by the comparison with the previous authors work and the spatial color‐rich model and color filter array‐aware features for steganalysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.