bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intermediate‐term and long‐term outcome of piggyback drainage: connecting glaucoma drainage device to a device in‐situ for improved intraocular pressure control
Authors: Dervan Edward , Lee Edward , Giubilato Antonio , Khanam Tina , Maghsoudlou Panayiotis , Morgan William H 
Published: April 2017

AbstractImportanceThis study provides results of a treatment option for patients with failed primary glaucoma drainage device.BackgroundThe study aimed to describe and evaluate the long‐term intraocular pressure control and complications of a new technique joining a second glaucoma drainage device directly to an existing glaucoma drainage device termed ‘piggyback drainage’.DesignThis is a retrospective, interventional cohort study.ParticipantsEighteen eyes of 17 patients who underwent piggyback drainage between 2004 and 2013 inclusive have been studied. All patients had prior glaucoma drainage device with uncontrolled intraocular pressure.MethodsThe piggyback technique involved suturing a Baerveldt (250 or 350 mm) or Molteno3 glaucoma drainage device to an unused scleral quadrant and connecting the silicone tube to the primary plate bleb.Main Outcome MeasuresFailure of intraocular pressure control defined as an intraocular pressure greater than 21 mmHg on maximal therapy on two separate occasions or further intervention to control intraocular pressure.ResultsThe intraocular pressure was controlled in seven eyes (39%) at last follow‐up with a mean follow‐up time of 74.2 months. The mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 27.1 mmHg (95% confidence interval 23.8–30.3) compared with 18.4 mmHg (95% confidence interval 13.9–22.8) at last follow‐up. The mean time to failure was 57.1 months (95% confidence interval 32.2–82), and the mean time to further surgery was 72.3 months (95% confidence interval 49.9–94.7). Lower preoperative intraocular pressure was associated with longer duration of intraocular pressure control (P = 0.048). If the intraocular pressure was controlled over 2 years, it continued to be controlled over the long term. Two eyes (11%) experienced corneal decompensation.ConclusionsPiggyback drainage represents a viable surgical alternative for the treatment of patients with severe glaucoma with failing primary glaucoma drainage device, particularly in those at high risk of corneal decompensation.
Short‐term outcomes of small incision cataract surgery provided by a regional population in the Pacific
Authors: Bhikoo Riyaz , Vellara Hans , Lolokabaira Salome , Murray Neil , Sikivou Biu , McGhee Charles 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundThis study aims to describe patient demographics, visual and surgical outcomes of a cohort undergoing small incision cataract surgery at a Pacific regional ophthalmic training facility.DesignThis is a prospective, longitudinal study conducted at the Pacific Eye Institute, Fiji.ParticipantsOne hundred fifty‐six patients underwent small incision cataract surgery.MethodsPreoperatively, a complete ophthalmic examination, including pachymetry and macular optical coherence tomography performed by two independent investigators. Temporal small incision cataract surgery with intraocular lens insertion was performed by ophthalmologists, and trainee ophthalmologists. Follow‐up occurred at day one, four weeks and 3 months.Main Outcome MeasuresPatient characteristics, visual outcomes including surgically induced astigmatism and complications.ResultsNinety‐one per cent (142/156) attended 3‐month follow‐up with median age 63 years (range 19–82), 52% female (81/156) and 58% (90/156) Fijian ethnicity. In 37% (57/156), the contralateral eye was pseudophakic. Mean preoperative best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity was logMAR 1.44 (6/165). At 3 months, 74% (105/142) achieved ≥6/18 unaided vision (94% [133/142] best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity). Mean postoperative spherical equivalent was −0.78 (SD 0.95) D and mean surgically induced astigmatism 1.04 (0.57) D. Complications included posterior capsular rupture with vitreous loss (4% [6/156]), optical coherence tomography confirmed macular oedema (8% [12/152] at 4 weeks), significant posterior capsular opacity (23% [31/136]) and >5% increase in preoperative pachymetry (1% [1/142]) at 3 months. Reduction in preoperative best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity occurred in 2% (3/142). No cases of endophthalmitis.Conclusion and relevanceSmall incision cataract surgery provided to a regional population is effective with 94% achieving the World Health Organisation's definition of ‘Good Vision’ (≥6/18). Refinements in biometric and surgical techniques may allow a greater proportion of patients to achieve good unaided vision.
The hidden stressor of child welfare workers: client confidentiality as a barrier for coping with emotional work demands
Authors: Løvseth Lise Tevik 
Published: April 2017

AbstractStudies show that client confidentiality can inhibit proper adaptation to emotional work stress, which can affect health and well‐being among help service professionals. There is a lack of knowledge on the link between confidentiality and symptoms of ill health. It is likely that confidentiality can be a hidden stressor that modifies coping strategies necessary for healthy adaptation to emotional work demands. The aim of the current paper was to investigate the influence of client confidentiality on different modes of coping among child welfare workers and possible variation according to proximity to clients and years of experience. The study included survey data among all child welfare workers (n = 142) situated at six office locations in a Norwegian city with a population of >150 000. The analyses included descriptive statistics, t‐test, analysis of variance and multiple linear regressions. The results showed that client confidentiality can interfere with a range of coping strategies which are important to reduce stress from emotionally demanding work experiences among child welfare workers. This was prominent among workers with less experience or high proximity to clients. The results imply that confidentiality can interfere with adaptation to work stress, which can affect the health and well‐being of child welfare workers.
Assessing causality in drug policy analyses: How useful are the Bradford Hill criteria in analysing take‐home naloxone programs?
Authors: Olsen Anna , McDonald David , Lenton Simon , Dietze Paul M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe Bradford Hill criteria for assessing causality are useful in assembling evidence, including within complex policy analyses. In this paper, we argue that the implementation of take‐home naloxone (THN) programs in Australia and elsewhere reflects sensible, evidence‐based public health policy, despite the absence of randomised controlled trials. However, we also acknowledge that the debate around expanding access to THN would benefit from a careful consideration of causal inference and health policy impact of THN program implementation. Given the continued debate around expanding access to THN, and the relatively recent access to new data from implementation studies, two research groups independently conducted Bradford Hill analyses in order to carefully consider causal inference and health policy impact. Hill's criteria offer a useful analytical tool for interpreting current evidence on THN programs and making decisions about the (un)certainty of THN program safety and effectiveness.
Places and social contexts associated with simultaneous use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana among young adults
Authors: Lipperman‐Kreda Sharon , Paschall Mallie J. , Robert F. Saltz , Morrison Christopher N. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Little is known about social–ecological correlates of simultaneous use of alcohol with other substances. This study examined places and social contexts associated with simultaneous use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana among young adults. Design and Methods. We used survey data obtained from 1538 young adult recent alcohol drinkers (49% male; 18–30 years old) in 24 non‐contiguous cities in California. Event‐level measures included alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use, drinking places and social characteristics of the event. Individual‐level measures included alcohol expectancies, depression and demographics. Results. Bars and restaurants had less alcohol and marijuana use (odds ratio = 0.34; 95% confidence interval 0.18, 0.62; P < 0.001) and alcohol, marijuana and tobacco use (odds ratio = 0.27; 95% confidence interval 0.14, 0.54; P < 0.001) compared with alcohol use only. Perceived percent of intoxicated people at an event was associated with greater likelihood of using alcohol with tobacco and marijuana at the event. At the individual level, greater age was generally associated with increased odds of simultaneous use. Participants who were male, less educated, more depressed and had positive alcohol expectancies were more likely to simultaneously co‐use alcohol with tobacco and marijuana. Those with negative expectancies were less likely to simultaneously use these substances. Discussion and Conclusions. Social events in private settings with a high percentage of people who are intoxicated had increased likelihood of simultaneous use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. Prevention efforts in these settings may reduce simultaneous use of these substances and related harms. [Lipperman‐Kreda S, Paschall MJ, Saltz RF, Morrison CN. Places and social contexts associated with simultaneous use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana among young adults. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000–000]
Alcohol use of immigrant youths in The Netherlands: The roles of parents and peers across different ethnic backgrounds
Authors: Creemers Hanneke E. , Spanakis Panagiotis , Delforterie Monique J. , Huizink Anja C. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. The aims of this study were to examine the roles of parental permissiveness toward alcohol use and affiliation with alcohol‐using peers in alcohol use in youths from various ethnic backgrounds, and whether the role of peers was moderated by parental permissiveness. In addition, differences in these associations between native Dutch and non‐Western immigrant youths were examined. Design and Methods. Cross‐sectional data of 578 youths with Surinamese, Moroccan, Turkish, Antillean and Asian backgrounds and 81 native Dutch were used, all aged 15–24. Alcohol use, affiliation with alcohol‐using peers and parental permissiveness were measured using self‐report questionnaires. Regression models controlled for age, religiousness, education level and parental alcohol use. Because of very low levels of alcohol use, data from Turkish and Moroccan immigrants were aggregated, and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results. Parental permissiveness and affiliation with alcohol‐using peers were positively related to level of alcohol use in youths with Surinamese, Antillean and Asian backgrounds and played an equally strong role in native Dutch youths with one exception. In Surinamese youths, parental permissiveness was more strongly related to alcohol use than in native Dutch youths. In youths with a Turkish/Moroccan background, parental permissiveness and affiliation with alcohol‐using peers were strongly associated with any (versus no) alcohol use. Only parental permissiveness was, equally strong, associated with any alcohol use in native Dutch youths. Discussion and Conclusions. Irrespective of ethnic background and differences in level of alcohol use, parental permissiveness and affiliation with alcohol‐using peers are related to youth alcohol use. [Creemers HE, Spanakis P, Delforterie MJ, Huizink AC. Alcohol use of immigrant youths in The Netherlands: The roles of parents and peers across different ethnic backgrounds.
Recreational freshwater fishing drives non‐native aquatic species richness patterns at a continental scale
Authors: Davis A. J. S. , Darling J. A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimMapping the geographic distribution of non‐native aquatic species is a critically important precursor to understanding the anthropogenic and environmental factors that drive freshwater biological invasions. Such efforts are often limited to local scales and/or to single species, due to the challenges of data acquisition at larger scales. Here, we map the distribution of non‐native freshwater species richness across the continental United States and investigate the role of human activity in driving macroscale patterns of aquatic invasion.LocationThe continental United States.MethodsWe assembled maps of non‐native aquatic species richness by compiling occurrence data on exotic animal and plant species from publicly accessible databases. Using a dasymetric model of human population density and a spatially explicit model of recreational freshwater fishing demand, we analysed the effect of these metrics of human influence on the degree of invasion at the watershed scale, while controlling for spatial and sampling bias. We also assessed the effects that a temporal mismatch between occurrence data (collected since 1815) and cross‐sectional predictors (developed using 2010 data) may have on model fit.ResultsNon‐native aquatic species richness exhibits a highly patchy distribution, with hotspots in the Northeast, Great Lakes, Florida, and human population centres on the Pacific coast. These richness patterns are correlated with population density, but are much more strongly predicted by patterns of recreational fishing demand. These relationships are strengthened by temporal matching of datasets and are robust to corrections for sampling effort.Main conclusionsDistributions of aquatic non‐native species across the continental US are better predicted by freshwater recreational fishing than by human population density. This suggests that observed patterns are driven by a mechanistic link between recreational activity and aquatic non‐native species richness and are not merely the outcome of sampling bias associated with human population density.
Respacing for Peace? Resistance to Integration and the Ontopolitics of Rural Planning in Post‐War Burundi
Authors: Purdeková Andrea 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the politics and social impact of post‐war ‘respacing for peace’ strategies in Burundi from within a set of contested spatial arrangements — or rather, post‐war socio‐spatial experiments — including peace villages, IDP site clearances and land sharing. The author takes a critical look at these reconfigurations, and the resistances and manipulations that result when people (or their remains) are moved or placed in the name of coexistence, integration and sharing after the war. In this way, the article contributes to a post‐conflict planning literature that is mostly concerned with overcoming segregation and cleansing through integration, by exploring some of the complexities and problems that can arise with unquestioned embrace of the latter. It shows that a very particular and problematic logic of ethnic coexistence and physical integration drives post‐war respacing in Burundi and that people resist it with strategies in both physical and reflexive space. Proceeding through a set of paradoxes — such as the refusal to return and staying put, or re‐emigration as a response to settling — the article explores how and why respacing‐for‐peace might produce, or fail to prevent, the opposite outcome: community conflict, social tension and segregation.
Vertical transmission in feather mites: insights into its adaptive value
Authors: DOÑA JORGE , POTTI JAIME , DE LA HERA IVÁN , BLANCO GUILLERMO , FRÍAS OSCAR , JOVANI ROGER 
Published: April 2017

1. The consequences of symbiont transmission strategies are better understood than their adaptive causes.2. Feather mites are permanent ectosymbionts of birds assumed to be transmitted mainly vertically from parents to offspring. The transmission of Proctophyllodes doleophyes Gaud (Astigmata, Proctophyllodidae) was studied in two European populations of pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas (Passeriformes, Muscicapidae).3. The vertical transmission of this mite species is demonstrated here with an acaricide experiment. This study also compared (for two distant populations during 4 years) patterns in reductions in mite intensity in adult birds, from egg incubation to chick‐rearing periods, with the predictions of three hypotheses on how host survival prospects and mite intraspecific competition might drive feather mites' transmission strategy.4. The results are in agreement with previous studies and show that feather mites transmit massively from parents to chicks.5. The magnitude of the transmission was closer to that predicted by the hypothesis based on intraspecific competition, while a bet‐hedging strategy is also partially supported.
Is There Something in Common? Forms and the Theory of Word Meaning
Authors: Pritchard Timothy 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPlato's reflections on Forms have generally been overlooked, in contemporary Philosophy of Language, as a serious resource for illuminating the notion of word meaning. In part, this is due to the influence of Wittgenstein's critical reflections on looking for ‘something in common’ as explanatory for use of a general term. I argue that, far from being undermined, appeal to Forms can both help explain, and provide corrective critical insight into, Wittgenstein's observations. Plato's reflections provide insight into word meaning that is relevant for contemporary research. Relevant considerations include (1) an explanation as to why an item is F; (2) looking to ‘what something is’; (3) the compresence of opposites; (4) whether participation in a Form involves approximation to the Form.
A novel JAK inhibitor JTE‐052 reduces skin inflammation and ameliorates chronic dermatitis in rodent models: Comparison with conventional therapeutic agents
Authors: Tanimoto Atsuo , Shinozaki Yuichi , Yamamoto Yasuo , Katsuda Yoshiaki , Taniai‐Riya Eriko , Toyoda Kaoru , Kakimoto Kochi , Kimoto Yukari , Amano Wataru , Konishi Noriko , Hayashi Mikio 
Published: April 2017

AbstractJanus kinases (JAKs) are required for several inflammatory cytokine signalling pathways and are implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic dermatitis, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. JAK inhibitors are therefore promising therapeutic candidates for chronic dermatitis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the novel JAK inhibitor JTE‐052 on inflammatory responses associated with chronic dermatitis, and compared its profile with those of conventional therapeutic agents in rodent models of chronic dermatitis. JTE‐052 inhibited the Th1‐, Th2‐ and Th17‐type inflammatory responses of human T cells and mast cells in vitro. Oral administration of JTE‐052 inhibited skin inflammation in hapten‐induced chronic dermatitis in mice, associated with reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines in the skin and immunoglobulin (Ig) E in serum. In contrast, although ciclosporin partly inhibited skin inflammation, it did not reduce interleukin (IL)‐4 production in skin, and enhanced IgE production in serum. Oral administration of JTE‐052 also inhibited skin inflammation in mouse models of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis induced by a mite extract, thymic stromal lymphopoietin or IL‐23. The maximal efficacy of JTE‐052 in these dermatitis models was superior to the conventional therapeutic agents, ciclosporin and methotrexate. Topical application of JTE‐052 ointment ameliorated hapten‐induced chronic dermatitis in rats more effectively than tacrolimus ointment. Furthermore, JTE‐052 ointment did not cause the thinning of normal skin associated with topical corticosteroids. These results indicate that JTE‐052 is a promising candidate as an anti‐inflammatory drug for various types of chronic dermatitis, with a distinctly different profile from conventional therapy following either oral or topical application.
Tracking escaped Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) aggregated around Norwegian farms: Considerations for management strategies
Authors: Hedger R. D. , Serra‐Llinares R. M. , Arechavala‐Lopez P. , Nilsen R. , Bjørn P. A. , Uglem I. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTo examine site fidelity and potential for ecosystem impacts, 20 escapee cod (Gadus morhua L.) from fjord‐based cod farms were tagged with acoustic transmitters, released in the vicinity of the same farm, and their subsequent behaviour and survival monitored using a fixed array of acoustic receivers. Most individuals demonstrated high fidelity to their farm where tagged, and this increased during the polar night. Only five individuals (25%) were occasionally detected at another farm (4 km distance), and only three cod (15%) migrated out of the fjord during the 6‐month study period. Vertical movements were consistently greater in the hours around noon than at night, a behaviour inconsistent with that observed for wild fish. A high mortality rate (40%) was observed during the first 4 months post‐release, and actual mortality may have been even higher, limiting the potential for negative ecosystem effects from cod escapees. Findings from this study are used to discuss the development of recapture strategies for minimising potential impacts from cod escapees to ensure sustainable farming activity.
Geochemical signatures of benthic foraminiferal shells from a heat‐polluted shallow marine environment provide field evidence for growth and calcification under extreme warmth
Authors: Titelboim Danna , Sadekov Aleksey , Almogi‐Labin Ahuva , Herut Barak , Kucera Michal , Schmidt Christiane , Hyams‐Kaphzan Orit , Abramovich Sigal 
Published: April 2017

AbstractShallow marine calcifiers play an important role as marine ecosystem engineers and in the global carbon cycle. Understanding their response to warming is essential to evaluate the fate of marine ecosystems under global change scenarios. A rare opportunity to test the effect of warming acting on natural ecosystems is by investigation of heat‐polluted areas. Here, we study growth and calcification in benthic foraminifera that inhabit a thermally polluted coastal area in Israel, where they are exposed to elevated temperatures reaching up to ~42°C in summer. Live specimens of two known heat‐tolerant species Lachlanella sp. 1 and Pararotalia calcariformata were collected over a period of 1 year from two stations, representing thermally polluted and undisturbed (control) shallow hard bottom habitats. Single‐chamber element ratios of these specimens were obtained using laser ablation, and the Mg/Ca of the most recently grown final chambers were used to calculate their calcification temperatures. Our results provide the first direct field evidence that these foraminifera species not only persist at extreme warm temperatures but continue to calcify and grow. Species‐specific Mg/Ca thermometry indicates that P. calcariformata precipitate their shells at temperatures as high as 40°C and Lachlanella sp. 1 at least up to 36°C, but both species show a threshold for calcification at cold temperatures: calcification in P. calcariformata only occurred above 22°C and in Lachlanella sp. 1 above 15°C. Our observations from the heat‐polluted area indicate that under future warming scenarios, calcification in heat‐tolerant foraminifera species will not be inhibited during summer, but instead the temperature window for their calcification will be expanded throughout much of the year. The observed inhibition of calcification at low temperatures indicates that the role of heat‐tolerant foraminifera in carbonate production will most likely increase in future decades.