bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are all runoff processes the same? Numerical experiments comparing a Darcy‐Richards solver to an overland flow‐based approach for subsurface storm runoff simulation
Authors: Ameli A. A. , Craig J. R. , McDonnell J. J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHillslope runoff theory is based largely on the differentiation between infiltration excess overland flow, saturation excess overland flow, and subsurface stormflow. Here we explore to what extent a 2‐D friction‐based overland flow model is useful for predicting hillslope‐scale subsurface stormflow, posited here as phenomenologically the same as infiltration excess at depth. We compare our results to a 3‐D variably saturated Darcy‐Richards subsurface solver for individual rainfall runoff events. We use field data from the well‐studied Panola Mountain Experimental hillslope in Georgia USA. Our results show that the two models are largely indistinguishable in terms of their ability to simulate the hillslope hydrograph magnitude and timing for a range of slopes and rainfall depths. Furthermore, we find that the descriptive ability of the overland flow model is comparable to the variably saturated subsurface flow model in terms of its ability to represent the spatial distribution of subsurface stormflow and infiltration across the soil‐bedrock interface. More importantly, these results imply that the physics of infiltration excess subsurface stormflow at the soil‐bedrock interface is similar to infiltration excess overland flow at the soil surface, in terms of detention storage, loss along the lower boundary, and threshold‐like activation at the larger hillslope scale. Given the phenomenological similarity of overland flow and subsurface stormflow and the fact that overland flow model predictions are considerably faster to run (particularly as slope and rainfall depth increase), these findings imply that new forms of hillslope‐scale subsurface storm runoff predictions may be possible with the knowledge of bedrock permeability and limited soil information. Finally, this work suggests that the role of soil mantle vis‐à‐vis subsurface stormflow is mainly as a filter that delays the development of patches of saturation along the bedrock surface. Our model results show that simple realizations of soil based on a few soil depth measurements can possibly be enough to characterize this filtering effect.
The Theoretical Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Tooby John , Cosmides Leda 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The human brain is the most highly organized system yet identified, and natural selection is the only physical process capable of pushing the designs of species uphill against entropy.Consequently, all functional mechanisms present in our species' neural architecture were constructed by selection acting on our ancestors.The design features of our psychological mechanisms are therefore linked directly as cause and effect to the specific structure of ancestral adaptive problems, allowing models of the adaptive problems identified by biologists and anthropologists to serve as maps that accelerate the discovery of previously unknown psychological mechanisms.The brain's function is specifically computational: to regulate behavior, development, and the body in ways that would have produced responses likely to have promoted genetic propagation under ancestral conditions.Evolutionary psychologists and allies are working toward two goals: The first is the progressive mapping of the program architectures (circuit logics) of the neurocomputational adaptations designed to solve ancestral adaptive problems. The second is the reformulation and theoretical unification of the social sciences made possible by an accurate, natural‐science‐based model of human nature.Here we sketch the discipline's theoretical foundations together with illustrative empirical discoveries (in reasoning, emotion and motivational programs, and parametric coordinative adaptations).
Life History Theory and Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Giudice Marco Del , Gangestad Steven W. , Kaplan Hillard S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this chapter we present an overview of life history theory and review its main psychological applications. We first discuss basic trade‐offs in life history allocations and introduce the concept of life history strategies. We then consider the evolution of life history strategies at the population level and their development at the individual level. Next, we explore the question of which physiological and psychological mechanisms mediate the development and organization of life history strategies. Finally, we review current applications of life history theory to human growth and development, individual differences in developmental trajectories, personality, and psychopathology. We conclude with a summary of the theoretical and empirical challenges facing future research in this area.
Spatial Navigation and Landscape Preferences
Authors: Silverman Irwin , Choi Jean 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis chapter reviews evolutionary‐based theories and data on the nature and origins of spatial behaviors, mainly in regard to navigation, in both humans and animals. Comparisons are made between the computational‐representational model of traditional cognitive psychology and evolutionary psychology's competing theory of domain‐specific cognitive mechanisms, as these are applied to navigation. Navigation strategies of various species are defined as eitherEuclideanorgeometric, and the presumed evolutionary bases for these differences are described. Gender differences in the development and use of these strategies in the human case are also described, with competing theories of their evolutionary bases and supporting data. Finally, having discussed the evolutionary origins of navigational strategies, we consider their outcome,that is, the evolutionary bases of landscape preferences and habitat selection in humans and other species.
Adaptations to Dangers From Humans
Authors: Duntley Joshua D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractKilling, raping, assaulting, abusing, cuckolding, humiliating, derogating, demeaning, and a host of other cost‐inflicting behaviors were recurrent features of human ancestral environments. Converging evidence from a range of disciplines suggests that our ancestors recurrently faced myriad adaptive problem contexts for which cost‐inflicting behavioral solutions could benefit genetic fitness.Through argument or omission, it is sometimes assumed that the victims of cost‐inflicting behavior passively accept it. This is unlikely. When individuals inflicted costs on their victims recurrently in specific ancestral contexts, it created heavy selection pressure on the victims for the evolution of defenses to avoid the costs. The evolution of victim defenses created selection pressure for refinements in strategies of costinfliction, which created new selection pressure for better victim defenses: adaptation and counteradaptationad infinitum. A perpetual antagonistic coevolutionary arms race propelled through the deep time of human evolutionary history by the powerful fitness gains and losses associated with the success or failure of cost‐inflicting strategies on one side and victim defenses on the other has led to the evolution of increasingly complex, interrelated adaptations on both sides. Adaptations that inflict costs and evolved victim defenses can be fully understood only when illuminated by knowledge of their coevolved design features.
Human Sperm Competition
Authors: Shackelford Todd K. , Goetz Aaron T. , LaMunyon Craig W. , Pham Michael N. , Pound Nicholas 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSperm competition occurs when a female copulates with two or more males within a sufficiently brief time period, resulting in the sperm of the different males competing to fertilize ova. In this chapter, we present the evidence of sperm competition in humans. We review the literature indicating anatomical, psychological, and physiological adaptations to human sperm competition. These adaptations include traits that produce prudent sperm allocation, copulatory interest, forced in‐pair copulation, sexual fantasy, female orgasm, and semen‐displacing copulatory behavior. Given the evidence of apparently convergent adaptations to sperm competition in humans and nonhumans, we conclude that sperm competition has been a important selection pressure that shaped human nature.
Human Sexuality and Inbreeding Avoidance
Authors: Lieberman Debra , Antfolk Jan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss the logic driving the evolution of inbreeding avoidance systems. In addition, we review literature regarding the negative effects of inbreeding, discuss how disparate opportunity costs shaped sex differences regarding the avoidance of inbreeding, and briefly discuss recent research on the information‐processing architecture of systems that evolved to identify and sexually avoid close genetic relatives. Last, we discuss the possible origins of the incest taboo. In particular, we question whether attitudes regarding third‐party inbreeding are evolved adaptations to regulate the behavior of others or merely by‐products of systems designed to guide personal mating decisions.
Kin Selection
Authors: Hames Raymond 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe concept of inclusive fitness or kin selection developed by W.D. Hamilton in 1964 has provided evolutionary researchers with an important and productive theory for understanding cooperation and putatively altruistic behaviors that characterize so much of human social life. In dealing with the complexity of kin‐based altruism, researchers in evolutionary psychology have tended to focus on kin recognition and emotional valence toward kin, while evolutionary anthropologists research actuarial and field‐based observational models of kin investment. There is now clear evidence of the utility and broad scope of kinship in understanding a variety of behaviors ranging from alloparenting to coalitionary politics. This chapter reviews well‐supported findings, charts the division of labor in examining proximate and ultimate causes of kin biases, and outlines problematic areas ripe for future investigation.
Evolution of Paternal Investment
Authors: Geary David C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMale parental investment is unusual in mammals, occurring in less than 5% of species, including humans. The chapter reviews the cost–benefit trade‐offs that likely contributed to the evolution and maintenance of human paternal investment and the proximate mechanisms that influence individual differences in the expression of this investment. The latter include biological (e.g., hormones), social (e.g., quality of the marital relationship), and wider cultural (e.g., rules for polygynous marriages) mechanisms.
Hunter‐Gatherer Families and Parenting
Authors: Apicella Coren L. , Crittenden Alyssa N. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Our species is characterized by extraordinary biological success, which we owe, in large part, to our ability to cooperate. This cooperation extends beyond the pair bond to extended kin, affines, and even unrelated individuals. It has been suggested that one primary factor motivating such widespread cooperation in humans is the need to care for overlapping, energetically expensive offspring with long periods of development and dependency. For this reason, we situate the study of hunter‐gatherer families and parenting within the larger context of human life history and cooperative networks. We argue that large, extended cooperative networks not only aid in meeting the demands of rearing hunter‐gatherer children, but are also deeply rooted in our history.
The Evolutionary Foundations of Status Hierarchy
Authors: van Vugt Mark , Tybur Joshua M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis chapter explores the origins, evolution, and psychology of status and social hierarchy. Given the ubiquitous nature of status hierarchies in both human and nonhuman groups, and the fitness consequences associated with position in hierarchies, natural selection likely favored psychological mechanisms specialized for navigating status hierarchies. This chapter explores these status‐relevant mechanisms in several ways. First, we define and distinguish between relevant concepts, such as status, power, dominance, prestige, and leadership. Then we discuss the selection pressures that might have favored the evolution of specific status strategies and psychologies. We do this partially through using the logic of game theory, which can model status competition. Third, we review the existence of various external and internal cues that allow individuals to (a) assess their relative standing vis‐à‐vis others, (b) make status gains, (c) manage status losses, and (d) convert status into reproductive benefits. We also pay attention to evolved sex differences in status psychologies. Finally, we investigate the origins and evolutionary psychology of one specific high‐status position in human societies, leadership.
The Origins of Religion
Authors: Norenzayan Ara 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBringing insights from the cognitive science of religion and cultural evolution together, this chapter describes a process of coevolution between escalating societal size and complexity on one hand, and devotional practices to increasingly powerful and interventionist deities, credible displays of faith, and rituals and practices that promote ingroup solidarity and intergroup competition and conflict. Cultural traditions with such features spread at the expense of rival ones, giving shape to the world religions of today. A variety of empirical evidence is discussed in relation to several hypotheses that are guided by this theoretical synthesis.
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Authors: Bjorklund David F. , Blasi Carlos Hernández , Ellis Bruce J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

We explore the field of
evolutionary‐developmental psychology
, the application of the basic principles of evolution to explain contemporary human development. Human infants are “prepared” by evolution to process some information more readily than others, and natural selection has shaped adaptations of infancy and childhood, adapting young organisms to the niche of childhood and disappearing when they were no longer needed (
ontogenetic adaptations
) and/or preparing them for future environments (
deferred adaptations
). Examples of infant and childhood adaptations are provided from the social domain, including infants' biases to orient to social stimuli and view others as intentional agents, social learning, and prosociality. We discuss the role of
developmental plasticity and adaptive individualdifferences
and how such plasticity can serve to anticipate future environments, entraining development that reliably matches those features during a species' natural selective history (
conditional adaptations
). We discuss developmental plasticity from the perspective of
life history theory
, examining environmental factors that influence the adoption of different life history strategies. We argue that “development matters,” and this should be reflected in how evolutionary psychologists theorize about what is inherited and how.
The Evolution of Cognitive Bias
Authors: Haselton Martie G. , Nettle Daniel , Murray Damian R. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

On the surface, cognitive biases appear to be puzzling when viewed through an evolutionary lens. Because they depart from standards of logic and accuracy, they appear to be design flaws instead of examples of good evolutionary engineering. Biases are often ascribed to cognitive “constraints” or flaws in the design of the mind that were somehow not overcome by evolution. To the evolutionary psychologist, however, evolved psychological mechanisms are expected to solve particular problems well, in ways that contributed to fitness ancestrally. Viewed in this way, cognitive biasescould have evolved because they positively impacted fitness. They are, then, not necessarily
designflaws
—instead, they could be
design features
. This chapter describes research documenting adaptive biases across many domains. These include inferences about danger, the cooperativeness of others, and the sexual and romantic interests of prospective mates. This chapter also addresses the question of why biases often seem to be implemented at the cognitive level, producing genuine misperceptions, rather than merely biases in enacted behavior.
Evolutionary Psychology and Evolutionary Anthropology
Authors: Fessler Daniel M. T. , Clark Jason A. , Clint Edward K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis chapter offers a selective survey of the contributions that evolutionary anthropology (EA) can make to research in evolutionary psychology (EP). Drawing on paleoanthropology, we underscore the importance of phylogeny in understanding adaptations, including the kludgy nature of many, and the conflicts that arise among them. This approach underscores the trait‐specific nature of environments of evolutionary adaptedness (EEAs), directing attention to the differential phylogenetic depth of different adaptations. Paleoanthropology is complemented by studies of small‐scale societies, demonstrating, for example, that social dynamics in such groups indicate that mechanisms governing human cooperation likely did not stem from kin selection and reciprocal altruism. Central to anthropology is the recognition of the variation in ecologies and social structures characteristic of humans. Such variation selects for adaptations that either facultatively adjust output in light of local environment, or facilitate cultural acquisition. We examine the parasite‐stress theory (PST) account of cross‐cultural variation in light reconstructions of past societies, arguing against a strong evoked‐culture explanation, and in favor of a transmitted‐culture account wherein learning mechanisms are hijacked by cultural evolution. We close by discussing (a) ways to interpret cross‐cultural variation or uniformity; and (b) contributions of EP to EA. Finally, we offer a brief roadmap for applying EA in EP.
Evolutionary Genetics
Authors: Arslan Ruben C. , Penke Lars 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Evolutionary forces of selection, mutation, migration, and genetic drift interact to maintain heritable individual differences. Resolving the ostensible paradox posed by the fact that heritable differences in personality and intelligence, in spite of their links to mortality and fertility, have not been driven to fixation, is within the purview of evolutionary genetics. We introduce the tool kit available to psychologists who want to understand these forces. It assembles complementary tools from molecular and behavior genetics, as well as classical evolutionary psychology, including the study of genome‐wide associations, paternal age effects, inbreeding depression, developmental stability, and of course twins and families. We identify an unfortunate lack of cross‐pollination, but map ways in which these disciplines, which share a common evolutionary metatheory, could test the tacit assumptions inherent in much of our work. Although it may take some time and may in some cases be impossible to identify the causative genes behind individual differences, we make the case that understanding the evolutionary forces involved in their maintenance is a worthy task in its own right, permitting us to understand and predict the effects of changing mores, policy, and demographic trends.
Organocatalyzed Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition of in situ Generated Azoalkenes with Arylacetic Acids: An Efficient Approach to the Synthesis of 4,5‐Dihydropyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones
Authors: Li Xuanyi , Gai Kuo , Yuan Zhenbo , Wu Jie , Lin Aijun , Yao Hequan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAn unprecedented [4+2] cycloaddition of in situ generated azoalkenes with arylacetic acids has been developed under the catalysis of isothiourea. The reaction provided an efficient approach to the synthesis of 4,5‐dihydropyridazin‐3(2H)‐one derivatives in moderate to good yields (up to 95%).magnified image
Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling of Tertiary Amines and Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by Copper Nanoparticles on Zeolite
Authors: Alonso Francisco , Arroyo Adrián , Martín‐García Iris , Moglie Yanina 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA wide range of catalysts based on supported copper nanoparticles have been prepared and tested in the cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of tertiary amines and terminal alkynes. Copper nanoparticles on zeolite Y were found to be the most effective catalyst in the presence of tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant. Contrary to the previously reported methodologies involving copper catalysts, reactions have been accomplished without the need of an inert atmosphere and in the absence of solvent, using 1.5 mol% catalyst. A variety of tertiary amines, including aromatic, benzylic and aliphatic ones, have been coupled with both aromatic and aliphatic alkynes to furnish the corresponding propargylamines in moderate‐to‐excellent yields. The procedure has been successfully scaled‐up to 12 mmol with a high conversion (93%). Moreover, the catalyst has been reused in seven cycles maintaining a good performance. Its catalytic activity has been compared with that of an array of commercial copper catalysts, being superior as regards the conversion and minimizing the alkyne homocoupling as a side reaction. The negative filtration test points to a heterogeneous nature of the process. Based on compelling experimental evidence, a novel reaction mechanism has been delineated which outlines the essential role of free radicals and the couple copper(I)/copper(II).magnified image
Highly Efficient Far Red/Near‐Infrared Solid Fluorophores: Aggregation‐Induced Emission, Intramolecular Charge Transfer, Twisted Molecular Conformation, and Bioimaging Applications
Authors: Lu Hongguang , Zheng Yadan , Zhao Xiaowei , Wang Lijuan , Ma Suqian , Han Xiongqi , Xu Bin , Tian Wenjing , Gao Hui 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe development of organic fluorophores with efficient solid‐state emissions or aggregated‐state emissions in the red to near‐infrared region is still challenging. Reported herein are fluorophores having aggregation‐induced emission ranging from the orange to far red/near‐infrared (FR/NIR) region. The bioimaging performance of the designed fluorophore is shown to have potential as FR/NIR fluorescent probes for biological applications.
A Rhodium Nanoparticle–Lewis Acidic Ionic Liquid Catalyst for the Chemoselective Reduction of Heteroarenes
Authors: Karakulina Alena , Gopakumar Aswin , Akçok İsmail , Roulier Bastien L. , LaGrange Thomas , Katsyuba Sergey A. , Das Shoubhik , Dyson Paul J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe describe a catalytic system composed of rhodium nanoparticles immobilized in a Lewis acidic ionic liquid. The combined system catalyzes the hydrogenation of quinolines, pyridines, benzofurans, and furan to access the corresponding heterocycles, important molecules present in fine chemicals, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. The catalyst is highly selective, acting only on the heteroaromatic ring, and not interfering with other reducible functional groups.
Efficient Room‐Temperature, Au+‐Mediated Coupling of a Carbene Ligand with Methane To Generate C2Hx (x=4, 6)
Authors: Zhou Shaodong , Li Jilai , Wu Xiao‐Nan , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe thermal reactions of the closed‐shell, “naked” gold–carbene complex [Au(CH2)]+ with methane have been explored by using FTICR mass spectrometry complemented by quantum chemical (QC) calculations at the CCSD(T)//BMK level of theory. Mechanistic aspects for this unprecedentedly efficient carbene insertion in the CH bond of methane have been addressed and the origin of the counterintuitive high reactivity of [Au(CH2)]+ towards this most inert hydrocarbon is discussed.