bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of initial current pulses in negative rocket‐triggered lightning with sensitive magnetic sensor
Authors: Lu Gaopeng , Zhang Hongbo , Jiang Rubin , Fan Yanfeng , Qie Xiushu , Liu Mingyuan , Sun Zhuling , Wang Zhichao , Tian Ye , Liu Kun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe report the new measurement of initial current pulses in rocket‐triggered lightning with a broadband magnetic sensor at 78 m distance. The high sensitivity of our sensor makes it possible to detect weak ripple deflections (as low as 0.4 A) that are not readily resolved in the typical measurements of channel‐base current in rocket‐triggered lightning experiments. The discernible magnetic pulses within 1 ms after the inception of a sustained upward positive leader from the triggering wire can be classified into impulsive pulses and ripple pulses according to the discernibility of separation between individual pulses. The time scale (usually >20 µs) of ripple pulses is substantially longer than the leading impulsive pulses (with time scales typically <10 µs), and the amplitude is significantly reduced, whereas there is no considerable difference in the interpulse pulse. Along with our previous finding on the burst of magnetic pulses during the initial continuous current in rocket‐triggered lightning, the new measurements suggest that the stepwise propagation might be a persistent feature for the upward positive leader in rocket‐triggered lightning, and the stepping of positive leader early in triggered lightning could be characterized with the observation of ripple pulses. The precedence of impulsive magnetic pulse measured at 78 m range relative to the arrival of corresponding current pulse at the channel base indicates that the ionization wave launched by individual stepping of positive leader propagates downward along the triggering wire at a mean velocity of 1.23 × 108 m/s to 2.25 × 108 m/s.
Application of the Solvent Dimethyl Sulfoxide/Tetrabutyl‐Ammonium Acetate as Reaction Medium for Mix‐Acylation of Pulp
Authors: Yu Yongqi , Jiang Zeming , Miao Jiaojiao , Liu Yang , Zhang Liping 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn important cellulose mixed ester, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), was successfully prepared in tetrabutylammonium acetate (TBAA)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) system. The structure of the cellulose derivative was characterized with a Fourier Transform IR spectrometer and analyzed using 13C cross‐polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. The degree of substitution (DS) of the samples prepared was calculated according to 1H‐NMR analysis. And the solubility of CAB was investigated in a wide range of traditional organic solvents such as 2‐methyl‐ethyl ketone, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The thermal properties of the product were analyzed by TGA analysis. The surface morphology of the esters was characterized with a field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). The relationship among surface morphology, solubility, and DS of the cellulose mixed ester was discussed. Moreover, TBAA and DMSO were recovered by vacuum distillation, which was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by Chiral Cobalt Complexes Containing PNNP Ligand
Authors: Zhang Dong , Zhu En‐Ze , Lin Zhi‐Wei , Wei Zan‐Bin , Li Yan‐Yun , Gao Jing‐Xing 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNovel chiral cobalt complexes containing a PNNP‐type ligand were synthesized using a straightforward method. The structures of the cobalt complexes have been fully characterized by X‐ray crystallography, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Using H2 as the hydrogen source, the cobalt‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of various ketones was investigated, and the corresponding chiral alcohols were afforded with up to 99 % yield and 95 % ee. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a cobalt‐catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of ketones with molecular hydrogen.
Escherichia coli–derived and Staphylococcus aureus–derived extracellular vesicles induce MUC5AC expression via extracellular signal related kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase in human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Bae Chang Hoon , Choi Yoon Seok , Song Si‐Youn , Kim Yoon‐Keun , Kim Yong‐Dae 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundEscherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) release extracellular vesicles (EVs). E. coli–derived and S. aureus–derived EVs are associated with neutrophilic respiratory inflammation. In neutrophilic respiratory inflammation of human, expression of mucin is increased in airway epithelial cells and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality of the affected patients. However, no study on the effects of EVs on expression of mucin genes has been reported in airway epithelial cells. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to examine the effects and the brief signaling pathways of E. coli–derived and S. aureus–derived EVs on MUC5AC expression in human airway epithelial cells.MethodsIn mucin‐producing human NCI‐H292 airway epithelial cells and primary cultures of normal nasal epithelial cells, the effects and signaling pathways of E. coli–derived and S. aureus–derived EVs on MUC5AC expression were examined using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), real‐time PCR, enzyme immunoassay, and immunoblot analysis with several specific inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA).ResultsE. coli–derived and S. aureus–derived EVs induced MUC5AC expression. E. coli–derived and S. aureus–derived EVs significantly activated phosphorylation of extracellular signal related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 MAPK. ERK1/2 MAPK inhibitor, p38 MAPK inhibitor, ERK1/2 MAPK siRNA, and p38 MAPK siRNA significantly blocked E. coli–derived and S. aureus–derived EVs induced MUC5AC messenger RNA (mRNA) expression.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that E. coli–derived and S. aureus–derived EVs induced MUC5AC expression via ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in human airway epithelial cells.
In Situ Observation of Hydrogen‐Induced Surface Faceting for Palladium–Copper Nanocrystals at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Jiang Ying , Li Hengbo , Wu Zhemin , Ye Wenying , Zhang Hui , Wang Yong , Sun Chenghua , Zhang Ze 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNanocrystal (NC) morphology, which decides the number of active sites and catalytic efficiency, is strongly determined by the gases involved in synthesis, treatment, and reaction. Myriad investigations have been performed to understand the morphological response to the involved gases. However, most prior work is limited to low pressures, which is far beyond realistic conditions. A dynamic morphological evolution of palladium–copper (PdCu) NC within a nanoreactor is reported, with atmospheric pressure hydrogen at the atomic scale. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) videos reveal that spherical PdCu particles transform into truncated cubes at high hydrogen pressure. First principles calculations demonstrate that the surface energies decline with hydrogen pressure, with a new order of γH‐001<γH‐110<γH‐111 at 1 bar. A comprehensive Wulff construction based on the corrected surface energies is perfectly consistent with the experiments. The work provides a microscopic insight into NC behaviors at realistic gas pressure and is promising for the shaping of nanocatalysts by gas‐assisted treatments.
Combining Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Sheets and MoS2: A Unique Film–Foam–Film Structure for Enhanced Lithium Storage
Authors: Shan Ting‐Tian , Xin Sen , You Ya , Cong Huai‐Ping , Yu Shu‐Hong , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWith a notable advantage in terms of capacity, molybdenum disulfide has been considered a promising anode material for building high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries. However, its intrinsically low electronic conductivity and unstable electrochemistry lead to poor cycling stability and inferior rate performance. We herein describe the scalable assembly of free‐standing MoS2–graphene composite films consisting of nitrogen‐doped graphene and ultrathin honeycomb‐like MoS2 nanosheets. The composite has a unique film–foam–film hierarchical top‐down architecture from the macroscopic to the microscopic and the nanoscopic scale, which helps rendering the composite material highly compact and leads to rapid ionic/electronic access to the active material, while also accommodating the volume variation of the sulfide upon intercalation/deintercalation of Li. The unique structural merits of the composite lead to enhanced lithium storage.
Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Oxidation of Indolines and Other Heterocycles
Authors: Maier Alexander F. G. , Tussing Sebastian , Schneider Tobias , Flörke Ulrich , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Grimme Stefan , Paradies Jan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn acceptorless dehydrogenation of heterocycles catalyzed by frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) was developed. Oxidation with concomitant liberation of molecular hydrogen proceeded in high to excellent yields for N‐protected indolines as well as four other substrate classes. The mechanism of this unprecedented FLP‐catalyzed reaction was investigated by mechanistic studies, characterization of reaction intermediates by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystal analysis, and by quantum‐mechanical calculations. Hydrogen liberation from the ammonium hydridoborate intermediate is the rate‐determining step of the oxidation. The addition of a weaker Lewis acid as a hydride shuttle increased the reaction rate by a factor of 2.28 through a second catalytic cycle.
Morphologically dependent alternating‐current and direct‐current breakdown strength in silica–polypropylene nanocomposites
Authors: Krentz Timothy , Khani Mohammad M. , Bell Michael , Benicewicz Brian C. , Nelson J. Keith , Zhao Su , Hillborg Henrik , Schadler Linda S. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article, we report the synthesis of a new bimodal surface ligand morphology on silica nanoparticles. Combining grafting‐to and grafting‐from approaches, in this study, we demonstrated the efficacy of anthracene surface modification for improving the dielectric breakdown strength (DBS) under alternating‐current and direct‐current conditions and that of a matrix‐compatible polymer brush for controlling the nanofiller (NF) dispersion. Ligand‐modified spherical colloidal SiO2 nanoparticles (∼14 nm in diameter) were mixed into polypropylene, and the resulting dispersion was improved over the unmodified particles, as shown with transmission electron microscopy. The results suggest that the electronic structure of the anthracene‐modified particle surface was critical to the improvement in DBS. In addition, the DBS of the composite was shown to depend on the dispersion state of the filler and the mode of stress; this indicated that the individually dispersed nanoparticles were not necessarily the optimal morphology for all stress conditions. Additionally, the precise nature of the matrix‐compatible brush was less important than the NF dispersion it produced. The bimodal grafted architectural design has provided a promising solution for the control of the dispersion and surface properties, especially for high‐molecular‐weight polymer matrices. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44347.
Gold nanoparticle patterned on PANI nanowire modified transducer for the simultaneous determination of neurotransmitters in presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid
Authors: Sadanandhan Neethu K. , Devaki Sudha J. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIn the present work, we have electrochemically deposited polyaniline nanowires (PANIS) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) from its monomer liquid crystalline template of anilinium‐3‐pentadecyl phenyl sulphonic acid (An+ PDPSA−). Further, electrode was modified by the electrochemical patterning of gold nanoparticles on the PANIS/GCE (PANIS/Au/GCE) by electrodeposition through chronoamperometry. Modified electrode characterized by electrochemical impedance, morphology, XRD, electroactive surface area, and later demonstrated its efficacy for the individual and simultaneous sensing of dopamine, ascorbic acid, serotonin, and uric acid. Finally, its performance in the real sample (blood serum) was evaluated. The superior electrocatalytic performance with higher sensitivity suggested that the modified electrode can be used as an excellent transducer for the sensing of neurotransmitters. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44351.
A study of mechanical properties of biobased epoxy network: Effect of addition of epoxidized soybean oil and poly(furfuryl alcohol)
Authors: Mashouf Roudsari Ghodsieh , Misra Manjusri , Mohanty Amar K. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTA novel biobased thermoset interpenetrating network was introduced in this study. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) were added to a commercial biobased epoxy resin. It was hypothesized that addition of ESO and PFA can decrease brittleness of bioepoxy resin and also increase biobased content. Mechanical properties of samples were evaluated using tensile and impact test. It was found that the addition of ESO and PFA increased notched Izod impact energy by 76.6%. This significant increase was related to incorporation of long flexible chains of ESO into the matrix. Hybridization of ESO and PFA in bioepoxy reduced tensile strength (around 70%), tensile modulus (around 90%), and glass transition temperature in comparison to neat bioepoxy. Tensile strength and modulus of hybridized system can be further improved by addition of natural fibers and the resultant composite may be considered as a good candidate for applications in which damping properties are important. Crosslink density was calculated using dynamic mechanical analysis and a decrease in crosslink density was observed in hybridized system. PFA domains were observed in the matrix using atomic force microscopy in peak force quantitative nano‐mechanical mode and it revealed inhomogeneity in the crosslinked structure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44352.
A Robust Fault Estimation Scheme for a Class of Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Chua W. S. , Tan C. P. , Aldeen M. , Saha S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper presents an observer‐based robust fault estimation scheme for a class of nonlinear systems. We consider the system where the fault enters both the state and output equations via unmeasurable nonlinear functions, for which currently no fault estimation scheme exists. The proposed scheme exploits the special structures and information embedded in the fault‐dependent nonlinear functions. We propose a design method to minimize the ℒ2 gain from the disturbances to the fault estimation, and provide conditions for the existence of such observers. The effectiveness of this scheme is demonstrated on a nonlinear single‐link flexible joint robot system with disturbances.
Orographic effect on tropical rain physics in the Asian monsoon region
Authors: Harikumar R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEffect of orography on tropical rain drop size distribution (DSD), which was not well known, is evidenced through the present study. DSD is the number of raindrops/unit volume/diameter interval, which tells about the underlying physics of rainfall process. Rain DSD was studied, using a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer, at three coastal and a hill station in the Tropics. The variation in the characteristics of three physically significant parameters derived from the DSD with rain rate clearly unraveled the effect of orography on rain physics. The orographic rain appears to have larger drops compared with nonorographic rains when rain rate is high.
Verpacken, verkaufen, verschenken: Hans Sauters entomologische Praktiken zwischen Formosa und Europa, 1902–1914
Authors: Pannhorst Kerstin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractParcels, Sales and Gifts: Hans Sauter's Entomological Practices between Formosa and Europe, 1902–1914. The exploration of global biodiversity is a form of knowledge production that is necessarily specimen‐based. In the endeavor to chart the natural world, not only ideas and writings travelled across the oceans, but also a flood of scientific objects. The German entomologist Hans Sauter (1871–1943) spent most of his life in Formosa, then a Japanese colony. His pronounced aim was to complete an inventory of the entire fauna of Formosa. He aimed for the mass production of knowledge, becoming a collecting‐entrepreneur who employed scores of local collectors. Between 1902 and 1914, they amassed large quantities of insects, which required specialized practices in collecting, preserving, documenting, and packaging. Sauter sent these insects, but also hundreds of reptiles, mammals, birds, fish etc., to zoologists all over Europe who identified and published hitherto undescribed species. At first, Sauter sold his finds. Later, he stopped asking for money – pushing instead for speed in publication and making demands about the content and naming of these articles. His demands were met, especially by the Deutsches Entomologisches Museum in Dahlem. Despite almost no publications to his name, Sauter quickly gained considerable influence in the world of entomological research. In this paper, the circulation of these scientific objects serves as a focal point in order to embed local circumstances in the process of knowledge production in a global context. The practices associated with the specimens illustrate the economic, political and social dimensions of the formation of knowledge. Hans Sauter's case defies traditional dichotomies as it illustrates the interdependence of practical and theoretical knowledge, of science and trade and of center and periphery. Practical knowledge gained in a local setting in Formosa allowed Sauter to amass large amounts of insect specimens, a resource he used to steer the course of scientific practice in Europe.
Correlating blood and urinary concentrations of clobazam doses in Japanese children and adolescents with intractable epilepsy
Authors: Iwasaki Toshiyuki , Nonoda Yutaka , Ishida Tomoya , Toki Taira , Ishii Masahiro 
Published: September 2016

AbstractClobazam (CLB) is an antiepileptic drug that is metabolized to the major metabolite N‐desmethylclobazam (N‐CLB). Our aim was to evaluate the utility of corrected urinary concentrations of CLB and N‐CLB in Japanese children and adolescents with epilepsy. Blood and urinary concentrations of CLB and N‐CLB were evaluated in 42 patients. The urinary and peak blood concentrations were measured 2–3 h after the last dose. The ratio of the blood and urinary creatinine concentrations was used to calculate the corrected urinary concentrations. A moderate correlation was found between the CLB dose and the CLB serum concentration, but this correlation was not found for N‐CLB. Patients were dichotomized based on two regression lines, which were detected by statistical analyses with a cumulative distribution function: the lower ratio group (CLB/N‐CLB < 0.275) and the higher ratio group (≥0.275). Moderate correlations were observed between the CLB dose and the serum concentration or the corrected value of CLB for the lower ratio group, and moderate to strong correlations were observed for the higher ratio group. The corrected urinary concentration of CLB correlates to the CLB dose when stratified by the CLB/N‐CLB ratio and may prove practical for clinical estimation of the CLB serum concentration.
Cultivating Ecological Knowledge for Corporate Sustainability: Barilla's Innovative Approach to Sustainable Farming
Authors: Pogutz Stefano , Winn Monika I. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we link three theoretical perspectives – organizational knowledge, ecological knowledge and social–ecological systems – to derive new conceptions of multi‐disciplinary, multi‐tier, sustainability‐oriented knowledge. Our study examines how collaboration between pasta‐producer Barilla, the farmers/smallholders supplying the firm and scientists generated sustainability practices in the agri‐food industry by creating transformative ecological, technical and scientific knowledge. In 2010, Barilla initiated a sustainable farming project to significantly reduce the environmental impact of cultivating durum wheat, its most important raw material. Core components included replacing monoculture with crop rotation, collectively creating innovative approaches that support farmers’ decision making and generating widely accessible guidelines for sustainability‐oriented cropping knowledge and practices. These collaborative efforts initiated profound transformations within and beyond the organization's boundaries via increased production yields, reduced environmental impacts and improved sustainability of farming practices, which generated economic, social and ecological benefits for farmers, surrounding communities and the firm. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Up‐regulation of mir‐10b predicate advanced clinicopathological features and liver metastasis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Jiang Hong , Liu Jijun , Chen Yingtao , Ma Chong , Li Baosong , Hao Tao 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGiven the emerging role of microRNA in tumor disease progression, we investigated the association between miRNA 10b expression, liver metastasis, and clinicopathological of colorectal cancer (CRC). Two hundred and forty‐six pairs of samples (including CRC samples and normal adjacent tissues) from CRC patients were collected from May 2004 to May 2009. All samples verified to contain at least 80% tumor cells, and were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C or fixed in 10% formalin for paraffin embedding. The expression of miRNA‐10b in CRC tissues was evaluated using a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction RT‐PCR. Correlation between miR‐10b expression and poor clinicopathological of CRC patients were analyzed using Student's t‐tests and Chi‐square tests. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve was generated following a log‐rank test. miR‐10b expression was up‐regulated in CRC tissues (P < 0.0001) and in patients diagnosed as colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) at initial involvement or during follow‐up. When the Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) stage was taken into consideration, the expression levels of miR‐10b were positively correlated with advanced TNM stages. In addition, the miR‐10b expression of patients diagnosed as CLM at initial involvement was significantly higher than those without liver metastasis (nCLM). Similarly, those patients developed with CLM during follow‐up (FCLM) was also markedly higher than those with nCLM. miR‐10b expression was also found correlated with advanced stage (P < 0.0001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.025), venous infiltration (P = 0.007), poorer differentiation (P = 0.002), and served as an independent prognostic factor of poor overall survival (P < 0.0001). This study demonstrated the expression of miR‐10b had strong potential to serve as a noninvasive biomarker for CRC prognosis and predicting liver metastasis.
Metabolic Incorporation of Azide Functionality into Cellular RNA
Authors: Nainar Sarah , Beasley Samantha , Fazio Michael , Kubota Miles , Dai Nan , Corrêa Ivan R. , Spitale Robert C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractReal‐time tracking of RNA expression can provide insight into the mechanisms used to generate cellular diversity, as well as help determine the underlying causes of disease. Here we present the exploration of azide‐modified nucleoside analogues and their ability to be metabolically incorporated into cellular RNA. We report robust incorporation of adenosine analogues bearing azide handles at both the 2′‐ and N6‐positions; 5‐methylazidouridine was not incorporated into cellular RNA. We further demonstrate selectivity of our adenosine analogues for transcription and polyadenylation. We predict that azidonucleosides will find widespread utility in examining RNA functions inside living cells, as well as in more complex systems such as tissues and living animals.