bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐control, peer preference, and loneliness in Chinese children: A three‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Liu Junsheng , Xiao Bowen , Hipson Will E. , Coplan Robert J. , Li Dan , Chen Xinyin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the longitudinal links among Chinese children's self‐control, social experiences, and loneliness, largely from a developmental cascades perspective (which postulates mechanisms about how effects within a particular domain of functioning can impact across additional domains over time). Participants were N = 1,066 primary school students in Shanghai, P. R. China, who were followed over three years from Grade 3 to Grade 5. Measures of children's behavioral self‐control, peer preference, and loneliness were obtained each year from peer nominations and child self‐reports. Results indicated that as compared with the unidirectional and bidirectional models, the developmental cascade model represented the best fit for the data. Within this model, a number of significant direct and indirect pathways were identified among variables and over time. For example, self‐control was found to indirectly contribute to later decreases in loneliness via a pathway through peer preference. As well, peer preference both directly and indirectly contributed to later increases in self‐control. Finally, loneliness directly led to decreases in self‐control from Grade 3 to Grade 4, but not from Grade 4 to Grade 5. Results are discussed in terms of the implications of self‐control for Chinese children's social and emotional functioning over time.
A Capability Approach to Unemployed Young People's Voice and Agency in the Development and Implementation of Employment Activation Policies
Authors: Egdell Valerie , Graham Helen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the UK, current approaches to employment activation are primarily concerned with rapid labour market entry, with jobseekers compelled to engage in activities or be sanctioned. The Capability Approach (CA) has been proposed as an alternative framework to measure successful employment activation. It is concerned with what people can do rather than what they actually do, together with their substantive freedom of choice. In applying the CA, attention is drawn to the need for jobseekers to have a voice in the design and implementation of employment activation programmes. Drawing on in‐depth qualitative research, this article uses the CA to explore the voice and agency of unemployed young people (aged 16–24) in the development and implementation of employment activation policies. It analyses how far, and in what ways, young people's ideas, experiences and voices are included in policy development and implementation. Reflections and conclusions are made about how the policy discourse which has stressed the importance of centring services on the needs of users is reflected in employment activation policy.
Workfare under Ontario Works: Making Sense of Jobless Work
Authors: Pennisi Sarah , Baker Collins Stephanie 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOntario Works is a provincial income assistance programme of last resort, operating under a workfare policy structure. Based on interviews with clients and staff (case managers, supervisors, managers and administrators), as well as an examination of policy directives, this article explores the work of workfare including claims making, training and resocialization, and employment internships. This article asks particularly how the work of workfare and the complex and costly workfare infrastructure is justified in the face of its failure to lead to employment. Findings include a contrast between the official story of an employment‐focused programme and workers' reports of spending far more time on eligibility than employment readiness. In addition, applying Gramsci's notion of ‘common sense’, an argument is developed that the normative justification for workfare is based not on the effectiveness of workfare programmes, but on the belief that clients need to exchange their work for welfare and self‐improvement so that they appear ‘employment ready’ even if not employed.
Cryptic diversity in the long‐horn moth Nemophora degeerella (Lepidoptera: Adelidae) revealed by morphology, DNA barcodes and genome‐wide ddRAD‐seq data
Authors: KOZLOV MIKHAIL V. , MUTANEN MARKO , LEE KYUNG MIN , HUEMER PETER 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe growth of DNA barcode libraries has now revealed many cases of potentially cryptic diversity in various groups of generally well‐studied European Lepidoptera. In this paper, we revise a complex of cryptic species, which were formerly all classified as one species, Nemophora degeerella (Linnaeus, 1758). We found that this complex consists of three taxa: N. degeerella (Linnaeus, 1758), which is widely distributed across temperate Europe north of the Alps, from Portugal to Finland, Central Russia and Ukraine; N. scopolii sp.n., which inhabits central and southern Europe (Slovakia, southern Germany, Austria, Slovenia and Italy); and N. deceptoriella sp.n. from the Caucasus (Russia and Georgia). These species are separated by subtle but stable external morphological characters (forewing size and pattern, relative size of the labial palpus, scapus and compound eyes) and divergent cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) lineages, with at least one geographical region (Austria to southern Germany and Slovakia) where two of these species (N. degeerella and N. scopolii) co‐occur. The characters of the male genitalia and four nuclear markers (CAD, EF‐1a, MDH and MDH; available for two of the three taxa) did not support the separation of the taxa, but data derived from 1363 and 390 restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing (RAD) loci (altogether consisting of 259 311 and 71 778 bp) of four specimens of each N. degeerella and N. scopolii, which were collected mostly from the contact zone strongly supported their distinctiveness as independent lineages. Our study is one of the still quite few cases where morphological and COI analyses are supplemented with nuclear data, and one of the very first cases where next‐generation sequencing based on double‐digest RAD sequencing (ddRAD‐seq) methods have been applied to address taxonomic questions in insects.This published work has been registered in ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FBA1953A‐412E‐4395‐BB36‐B650621DD0D0.
Draft genome assembly and annotation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, a medicinal legume
Authors: Mochida Keiichi , Sakurai Tetsuya , Seki Hikaru , Yoshida Takuhiro , Takahagi Kotaro , Sawai Satoru , Uchiyama Hiroshi , Muranaka Toshiya , Saito Kazuki 
Published: October 2016

SummaryChinese liquorice/licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) is a leguminous plant species whose roots and rhizomes have been widely used as a herbal medicine and natural sweetener. Whole‐genome sequencing is essential for gene discovery studies and molecular breeding in liquorice. Here, we report a draft assembly of the approximately 379‐Mb whole‐genome sequence of strain 308‐19 of G. uralensis; this assembly contains 34 445 predicted protein‐coding genes. Comparative analyses suggested well‐conserved genomic components and collinearity of gene loci (synteny) between the genome of liquorice and those of other legumes such as Medicago and chickpea. We observed that three genes involved in isoflavonoid biosynthesis, namely, 2‐hydroxyisoflavanone synthase (CYP93C), 2,7,4′‐trihydroxyisoflavanone 4′‐O‐methyltransferase/isoflavone 4′‐O‐methyltransferase (HI4OMT) and isoflavone‐7‐O‐methyltransferase (7‐IOMT) formed a cluster on the scaffold of the liquorice genome and showed conserved microsynteny with Medicago and chickpea. Based on the liquorice genome annotation, we predicted genes in the P450 and UDP‐dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT) superfamilies, some of which are involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, and characterised their gene expression with the reference genome sequence. The genome sequencing and its annotations provide an essential resource for liquorice improvement through molecular breeding and the discovery of useful genes for engineering bioactive components through synthetic biology approaches.
Genome resources for climate‐resilient cowpea, an essential crop for food security
Authors: Muñoz‐Amatriaín María , Mirebrahim Hamid , Xu Pei , Wanamaker Steve I. , Luo MingCheng , Alhakami Hind , Alpert Matthew , Atokple Ibrahim , Batieno Benoit J. , Boukar Ousmane , Bozdag Serdar , Cisse Ndiaga , Drabo Issa , Ehlers Jeffrey D. , Farmer Andrew , Fatokun Christian , Gu Yong Q. , Guo Yi‐Ning , Huynh Bao‐Lam , Jackson Scott A. , Kusi Francis , Lawley Cynthia T. , Lucas Mitchell R. , Ma Yaqin , Timko Michael P. , Wu Jiajie , You Frank , Barkley Noelle A. , Roberts Philip A. , Lonardi Stefano , Close Timothy J. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryCowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) is a legume crop that is resilient to hot and drought‐prone climates, and a primary source of protein in sub‐Saharan Africa and other parts of the developing world. However, genome resources for cowpea have lagged behind most other major crops. Here we describe foundational genome resources and their application to the analysis of germplasm currently in use in West African breeding programs. Resources developed from the African cultivar IT97K‐499‐35 include a whole‐genome shotgun (WGS) assembly, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) physical map, and assembled sequences from 4355 BACs. These resources and WGS sequences of an additional 36 diverse cowpea accessions supported the development of a genotyping assay for 51 128 SNPs, which was then applied to five bi‐parental RIL populations to produce a consensus genetic map containing 37 372 SNPs. This genetic map enabled the anchoring of 100 Mb of WGS and 420 Mb of BAC sequences, an exploration of genetic diversity along each linkage group, and clarification of macrosynteny between cowpea and common bean. The SNP assay enabled a diversity analysis of materials from West African breeding programs. Two major subpopulations exist within those materials, one of which has significant parentage from South and East Africa and more diversity. There are genomic regions of high differentiation between subpopulations, one of which coincides with a cluster of nodulin genes. The new resources and knowledge help to define goals and accelerate the breeding of improved varieties to address food security issues related to limited‐input small‐holder farming and climate stress.
Form And Substance In Islamic Finance: Analysis of Deferred Payment Sales
Authors: Shamsudin Mohidin Yahya , Salamon Hussin , Abu-Hussin Mohd Fauzi 
Published: October 2016

Deferred payment contracts involving use of al-bai’ bithaman ajil, al-murabahah and bai’ al-inah have been extensively used in design of Malaysian in Islamic financial products. It is widely argued that Islamic banking is the replication of conventional system by imitating the conventional banking products excepting that they are presented in syariah compliance mechanism. The deferred payment sales are one of the example. The issues of form and substance in Islamic banking products and instruments has been frequently debated. Therefore, this paper endeavour to analyse the nature and content of Islamic financial products with particular reference to the debt-based transactions of Al-Bai’ Bithaman Ajil, Al-Murabahah and bai’ al-inah as practiced in the Malaysian Islamic banking. By analysing legal documents, reports, fiqh and Islamic jurisprudence’s views, this paper suggests that the debt-based transactions have been proven to be a reliable and efficient way of conducting commercial transactions which are in conformity with the syariah. Nevertheless, the practice of these modes of transactions ought to be enhanced and perfected to avoid intentional or unintentional deception in its implementation. Keywords: Islamic Finance, Deferred payment sales, Analysis.
Kredibiliti Dan Kontroversi Tokoh Sahabat Ibn Masʻud r.a
Authors: Abdul hadi Ahmad Zulfiqar Shah , Abd Latif Mohd Abdul Nasir 
Published: October 2016

Ibn Masʻud was a leading figure among the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. He was recognized as a credible scholar in the sciences of Al-Qur’an, Hadith (traditions of the Prophet SAW) and attained high reputations among the Companions and the Tabiʻin. Nevertheless, there were some allegations hurled against him that includes his omission of al-Muʻawwidhatayn and al-Fatihah as parts of al-Qur’an; his rejection of the al-Qur’an compilation committee; his different arrangement of chapters in al-Qur’an and his refusal to hand over his copies of al-Qur’an to be burnt. Analysis has been made based on various documentary resources from the books of tafsir, Qiraat, Hadith and history. From the analysis, those allegations were false, with malicious intent and those who made it clearly wanted to take advantage on his reputation. It can be concluded that the originality of al-Qur’an was undermined by certain quarters while the Shiites’ claims were made to justify their religious doctrines using his name.
SIMPTOM MIMPI HISTERIA RASUKAN JIN DALAM PERSPEKTIF PESAKIT, PERAWAT DAN HADIS
Authors: Rafiq Ezwan , Junoh Husin , Nizar Tamar Jaya , Md. Jidi Kamarolzaman 
Published: October 2016

This study aims at specifying nightmares symptom of hysteria under evil possession from the perspectives of patients, therapists and Islamic Tradition of the Prophet P.B.U.H. Cases studied is on the common hysteria incidents including type of hysteria like normal possession al-sar’ or al-mass, saka and withcraft hysteria. An interview survey and observation were carried out towards patients and therapists in gathering informations. The result of qualitative study is analysed thematically after a coding was done using Atlas ti. 7 Software. Experts agree to carry out on stated theme using Cohen Kappa’s calculation method. Content analysis also was done to evaluate nightmare symptom of evil possession on Islamic tradition perspective. Finding shows that there were specific forms of nightmare as an evil possession symptom. This characteristic of nightmares causes sense of pain at the whole body in the next morning. Patients having nightmares before ruqyah treatment. Beside that, patients’ nightmare lessens and disappears after receiveing ruqyah treatment. Symptom of behavior, physical and experience during treatment such as screaming, trembling, eyes shaking, and delusion also differentiate between hysteria evil possession from hysteria psychological disorder and evil temptation. This is due to the ruqyah treatment from al-Quran and prophet’s recitement affected towards evil. It is too difficult to differentiate nightmare simptom among normal evil possession, saka and witchcraft because the most of nightmare symptom were the same as hysterical evil possession symptom.
New perspectives on the development of muscle contractures following central motor lesions
Authors: Pingel J. , Bartels E. M. , Nielsen J. B. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMuscle contractures are common in patients with central motor lesions, but the mechanisms responsible for the development of contractures are still unclear. Increased or decreased neural activation, protracted placement of a joint with the muscle in a short position and muscle atrophy have been suggested to be involved, but none of these mechanisms are sufficient to explain the development of muscle contractures alone. Here we propose that changes in tissue homeostasis in the neuromuscular–tendon–connective tissue complex is at the heart of the development of contractures, and that an integrated physiological understanding of the interaction between neural, mechanical and metabolic factors, as well as genetic and epigenetic factors, is necessary in order to unravel the mechanisms that result in muscle contractures. We hope thereby to contribute to a reconsideration of how and why muscle contractures develop in a way which will open a window towards new insight in this area in the future.
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Nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase modulate β‐adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in young men
Authors: Fujii Naoto , McNeely Brendan D. , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: October 2016

Key points
β‐Adrenergic receptor agonists such as isoproterenol induce cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in humans, but the mechanisms underpinning this response remain unresolved.
Using intradermal microdialysis, we evaluated the roles of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) in β‐adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating elicited by administration of isoproterenol.
We show that while NOS contributes to β‐adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation, COX restricts cutaneous vasodilatation.
We also show that combined inhibition of NOS and COX augments β‐adrenergic sweating
These new findings advance our basic knowledge regarding the physiological control of cutaneous blood flow and sweating, and provide important and new information to better understand the physiological significance of β‐adrenergic receptors in the skin.
Abstractβ‐Adrenergic receptor agonists such as isoproterenol can induce cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in humans, but the mechanisms underpinning this response remain unresolved. We evaluated the hypotheses that (1) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) contributes to β‐adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation, whereas cyclooxygenase (COX) limits the vasodilatation, and (2) COX contributes to β‐adrenergic sweating. In 10 young males (25 ± 5 years), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were evaluated at four intradermal forearm skin sites infused with (1) lactated Ringer solution (control), (2) 10 mm Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine (l‐NNA), a non‐specific NOS inhibitor, (3) 10 mm ketorolac, a non‐specific COX inhibitor, or (4) a combination of l‐NNA and ketorolac. All sites were co‐administered with a high dose of isoproterenol (100 μm) for 3 min to maximally induce β‐adrenergic sweating (β‐adrenergic sweating is significantly blunted by subsequent activations). Approximately 60 min after the washout period, three incremental doses of isoproterenol were co‐administered (1, 10 and 100 μm each for 25 min). Increases in CVC induced by the first and second 100 μm isoproterenol were attenuated by l‐NNA alone, and those in response to all doses of isoproterenol were reduced by l‐NNA with co‐infusion of ketorolac (all P ≤ 0.05). Ketorolac alone augmented increases in CVC induced by 10 μm and by the second 100 μm isoproterenol (both P ≤ 0.05). While isoproterenol‐induced sweating was not affected by the separate administration of l‐NNA or ketorolac (all P > 0.05), their combined administration augmented sweating elicited by the first 3 min of 100 μm isoproterenol (P = 0.05). We show that while NOS contributes to β‐adrenergic cutaneous vasodilatation, COX restrains the vasodilatation. Finally, combined inhibition of NOS and COX augments β‐adrenergic sweating.
A volume‐equivalent spherical necrosis‐tumor‐normal liver model for estimating absorbed dose in yttrium‐90 microsphere therapy
Authors: Wu Chin‐Hui , Liao Yi‐Jen , Lin Tzung‐Yi , Chen Yu‐Cheng , Sun Shung‐Shung , Liu Yen‐Wan Hsueh , Hsu Shih‐Ming 
Published: October 2016

PurposePrimary hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver tumors are highly malignant tumors in Asia. The incidence of fatal liver cancer is also increasing in the United States. The aim of this study was to establish a spherical tumor model and determine its accuracy in predicting the absorbed dose in yttrium‐90 (Y‐90) microsphere therapy for liver cancer.MethodsLiver morphology can be approximated by a spherical model comprising three concentric regions representing necrotic, tumor, and normal liver tissues. The volumes of these three regions represent those in the actual liver. A spherical tumor model was proposed to calculate the absorbed fractions in the spherical tumor, necrotic, and normal tissue regions. The THORplan treatment planning system and Monte Carlo N‐particle extended codes were used for this spherical tumor model. Using the volume‐equivalent method, a spherical tumor model was created to calculate the total absorbed fraction [under different tumor‐to‐healthy‐liver ratios (TLRs)]. The patient‐specific model (THORplan) results were used to verify the spherical tumor model results.ResultsThe results for both the Y‐90 spectrum and the Y‐90 mean energy indicated that the absorbed fraction was a function of the tumor radius and mass. The absorbed fraction increased with tumor radius. The total absorbed fractions calculated using the spherical tumor model for necrotic, liver tumor, and normal liver tissues were in good agreement with the THORplan results, with differences of less than 3% for TLRs of 2–5. The results for the effect of TLR indicate that for the same tumor configuration, the total absorbed fraction decreased with increasing TLR; for the same shell tumor thickness and TLR, the total absorbed fraction was approximately constant; and for tumors with the same radius, the total fraction absorbed by the tumor increased with the shell thickness.ConclusionsThe results from spherical tumor models with different tumor‐to‐healthy‐liver ratios were highly consistent with the reference results (THORplan). These findings indicate that a spherical tumor model can provide good estimates of Y‐90 doses in microsphere therapy and can be considered a first approximation for dose estimation in Y‐90 microsphere therapy.
Effect of atelectasis changes on tissue mass and dose during lung radiotherapy
Authors: Guy Christopher L. , Weiss Elisabeth , Jan Nuzhat , Reshko Leonid B. , Christensen Gary E. , Hugo Geoffrey D. 
Published: October 2016

PurposeTo characterize mass and density changes of lung parenchyma in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients following midtreatment resolution of atelectasis and to quantify the impact this large geometric change has on normal tissue dose.MethodsBaseline and midtreatment CT images and contours were obtained for 18 NSCLC patients with atelectasis. Patients were classified based on atelectasis volume reduction between the two scans as having either full, partial, or no resolution. Relative mass and density changes from baseline to midtreatment were calculated based on voxel intensity and volume for each lung lobe. Patients also had clinical treatment plans available which were used to assess changes in normal tissue dose constraints from baseline to midtreatment. The midtreatment image was rigidly aligned with the baseline scan in two ways: (1) bony anatomy and (2) carina. Treatment parameters (beam apertures, weights, angles, monitor units, etc.) were transferred to each image. Then, dose was recalculated. Typical IMRT dose constraints were evaluated on all images, and the changes from baseline to each midtreatment image were investigated.ResultsAtelectatic lobes experienced mean (stdev) mass changes of −2.8% (36.6%), −24.4% (33.0%), and −9.2% (17.5%) and density changes of −66.0% (6.4%), −25.6% (13.6%), and −17.0% (21.1%) for full, partial, and no resolution, respectively. Means (stdev) of dose changes to spinal cord Dmax, esophagus Dmean, and lungsDmean were 0.67 (2.99), 0.99 (2.69), and 0.50 Gy (2.05 Gy), respectively, for bone alignment and 0.14 (1.80), 0.77 (2.95), and 0.06 Gy (1.71 Gy) for carina alignment. Dose increases with bone alignment up to 10.93, 7.92, and 5.69 Gy were found for maximum spinal cord, mean esophagus, and mean lung doses, respectively, with carina alignment yielding similar values. 44% and 22% of patients had at least one metric change by at least 5 Gy (dose metrics) or 5% (volume metrics) for bone and carina alignments, respectively. Investigation of GTV coverage showed mean (stdev) changes in VRx,Dmax, and Dmin of −5.5% (13.5%), 2.5% (4.2%), and 0.8% (8.9%), respectively, for bone alignment with similar results for carina alignment.ConclusionsResolution of atelectasis caused mass and density decreases, on average, and introduced substantial changes in normal tissue dose metrics in a subset of the patient cohort.