bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Inducible Proteins
Authors: Satoh Takashi , Akira Shizuo 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Studies that bridge innate immunity and various diseases are making rapid advances. Macrophages and dendritic cells play a leading role in innate immunity, using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense both pathogen invasion and danger signals. Among these PRRs, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in the immune response by recognizing not only pathogen-associated molecular patterns from bacteria and viruses but also damage-associated molecular patterns from dying or injured cells. These TLR family molecules facilitate not only the elimination of pathogens but also the development of various disorders, including arteriosclerosis, cancer, and metabolic syndrome. TLRs activate signaling pathways that result in the production of cytokines, chemokines, and various inducible molecules associated with the immune response. Although most components of the innate immune signaling pathways, such as the TLR family and its downstream signaling, have been identified, the physiological roles of many TLR signal-inducible proteins remain unclear. Recent studies have shown that some TLR-inducible proteins are critical in the immune response and the development of various disorders. In this review, we focus on the TLR signaling pathways and the roles of some TLR-inducible proteins.
Eatwell Guide: modelling the dietary and cost implications of incorporating new sugar and fibre guidelines
Authors: Scarborough Peter , Kaur Asha , Cobiac Linda , Owens Paul , Parlesak Alexandr , Sweeney Kate , Rayner Mike 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesTo model food group consumption and price of diet associated with achieving UK dietary recommendations while deviating as little as possible from the current UK diet, in order to support the redevelopment of the UK food-based dietary guidelines (now called the Eatwell Guide).DesignOptimisation modelling, minimising an objective function of the difference between population mean modelled and current consumption of 125 food groups, and constraints of nutrient and food-based recommendations.SettingThe UK.PopulationAdults aged 19 years and above from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2011.Main outcome measuresProportion of diet consisting of major foods groups and price of the optimised diet.ResultsThe optimised diet has an increase in consumption of ‘potatoes, bread, rice, pasta and other starchy carbohydrates’ (+69%) and ‘fruit and vegetables’ (+54%) and reductions in consumption of ‘beans, pulses, fish, eggs, meat and other proteins’ (−24%), ‘dairy and alternatives’ (−21%) and ‘foods high in fat and sugar’ (−53%). Results within food groups show considerable variety (eg, +90% for beans and pulses, −78% for red meat). The modelled diet would cost £5.99 (£5.93 to £6.05) per adult per day, very similar to the cost of the current diet: £6.02 (£5.96 to £6.08). The optimised diet would result in increased consumption of n-3 fatty acids and most micronutrients (including iron and folate), but decreased consumption of zinc and small decreases in consumption of calcium and riboflavin.ConclusionsTo achieve the UK dietary recommendations would require large changes in the average diet of UK adults, including in food groups where current average consumption is well within the recommended range (eg, processed meat) or where there are no current recommendations (eg, dairy). These large changes in the diet will not lead to significant changes in the price of the diet.
How to communicate effectively in graduate advising
Authors: Wagner H.H. , Temple S. , Dankert I. , Napper R. 
Published: December 2016

This paper completes a two-part series on graduate advising that integrates concepts from adult learning, leadership, and psychology into a conceptual framework for graduate advising. The companion paper discussed how to establish a learning-centered working relationship where advisor and graduate student collaborate in different roles to develop the student’s competence and confidence in all aspects of becoming a scientist. To put these ideas into practice, an advisor and a student need to communicate effectively. Here, we focus on the dynamics of day-to-day interactions and discuss (1) how to provide feedback that builds students’ competence and confidence, (2) how to choose the way we communicate and avoid a mismatch between verbal and nonverbal communication, and (3) how to prevent and resolve conflict. Miscommunication may happen out of a lack of understanding of the psychological aspects of human interactions. Therefore, we draw on concepts from Educational Transactional Analysis to provide advisors and students with an understanding of the psychological aspects of graduate advising as a basis for effective communication. Case studies illustrate the relevance of the concepts presented, and four worksheets ( Supplementary Material ) support their practical implementation.
How we teach CS2All, and what to do about database decay
Authors: Barr Valerie , Stonebraker Michael , Fernandez Raul Castro , Deng Dong , Brodie Michael 
Published: December 2016

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Valerie Barr considers how to make computer science education meaningful and relevant to all, while a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory offers strategies to counter database decay.
Dorsal vs. ventral differences in fast Up-state-associated oscillations in the medial prefrontal cortex of the urethane-anesthetized rat
Authors: Gretenkord Sabine , Rees Adrian , Whittington Miles A. , Gartside Sarah E. , LeBeau Fiona E. N. 
Published: December 2016

Cortical slow oscillations (0.1–1 Hz), which may play a role in memory consolidation, are a hallmark of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and also occur under anesthesia. During slow oscillations the neuronal network generates faster oscillations on the active Up-states and these nested oscillations are particularly prominent in the PFC. In rodents the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) consists of several subregions: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), prelimbic (PrL), infralimbic (IL), and dorsal peduncular cortices (DP). Although each region has a distinct anatomy and function, it is not known whether slow or fast network oscillations differ between subregions in vivo. We have simultaneously recorded slow and fast network oscillations in all four subregions of the rodent mPFC under urethane anesthesia. Slow oscillations were synchronous between the mPFC subregions, and across the hemispheres, with no consistent amplitude difference between subregions. Delta (2–4 Hz) activity showed only small differences between subregions. However, oscillations in the spindle (6–15 Hz)-, beta (20–30 Hz), gamma (30–80 Hz)-, and high-gamma (80–150 Hz)-frequency bands were consistently larger in the dorsal regions (ACC and PrL) compared with ventral regions (IL and DP). In dorsal regions the peak power of spindle, beta, and gamma activity occurred early after onset of the Up-state. In the ventral regions, especially the DP, the oscillatory power in the spindle-, beta-, and gamma-frequency ranges peaked later in the Up-state. These results suggest variations in fast network oscillations within the mPFC that may reflect the different functions and connectivity of these subregions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate, in the urethane-anesthetized rat, that within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) there are clear subregional differences in the fast network oscillations associated with the slow oscillation Up-state. These differences, particularly between the dorsal and ventral subregions of the mPFC, may reflect the different functions and connectivity of these subregions.
Fractionation of muscle activity in rapid responses to startling cues
Authors: Dean Lauren R. , Baker Stuart N. 
Published: December 2016

Movements in response to acoustically startling cues have shorter reaction times than those following less intense sounds; this is known as the StartReact effect. The neural underpinnings for StartReact are unclear. One possibility is that startling cues preferentially invoke the reticulospinal tract to convey motor commands to spinal motoneurons. Reticulospinal outputs are highly divergent, controlling large groups of muscles in synergistic patterns. By contrast the dominant pathway in primate voluntary movement is the corticospinal tract, which can access small groups of muscles selectively. We therefore hypothesized that StartReact responses would be less fractionated than standard voluntary reactions. Electromyogram recordings were made from 15 muscles in 10 healthy human subjects as they carried out 32 varied movements with the right forelimb in response to startling and nonstartling auditory cues. Movements were chosen to elicit a wide range of muscle activations. Multidimensional muscle activity patterns were calculated at delays from 0 to 100 ms after the onset of muscle activity and subjected to principal component analysis to assess fractionation. In all cases, a similar proportion of the total variance could be explained by a reduced number of principal components for the startling and the nonstartling cue. Muscle activity patterns for a given task were very similar in response to startling and nonstartling cues. This suggests that movements produced in the StartReact paradigm rely on similar contributions from different descending pathways as those following voluntary responses to nonstartling cues. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that the ability to activate muscles selectively is preserved during the very rapid reactions produced following a startling cue. This suggests that the contributions from different descending pathways are comparable between these rapid reactions and more typical voluntary movements.
Co-occurring Mutations of Tumor Suppressor Genes, LATS2 and NF2, in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Tranchant Robin , Quetel Lisa , Tallet Anne , Meiller Clement , Renier Annie , de Koning Leanne , de Reynies Aurelien , Le Pimpec-Barthes Francoise , Zucman-Rossi Jessica , Jaurand Marie-Claude , Jean Didier 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Purpose: To better define malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) heterogeneity and identify molecular subtypes of MPM, we focus on the tumor suppressor gene LATS2, a member of the Hippo signaling pathway, which plays a key role in mesothelial carcinogenesis.
Experimental Design: Sixty-one MPM primary cultures established in our laboratory were screened for mutations in LATS2. Gene inactivation was modeled using siRNAs. Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and reverse phase protein array. Cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis, mobility, and invasion were determined after siRNA knockdown or YAP (verteporfin), mTOR (rapamycin), and mTOR/PI3K/AKT (PF-04691502) inhibitor treatment.
Results: The LATS2 gene was altered in 11% of MPM by point mutations and large exon deletions. Genetic data coupled with transcriptomic data allowed the identification of a new MPM molecular subgroup, C2LN, characterized by a co-occurring mutation in the LATS2 and NF2 genes in the same MPM. MPM patients of this subgroup presented a poor prognosis. Coinactivation of LATS2 and NF2 leads to loss of cell contact inhibition between MPM cells. Hippo signaling pathway activity, mTOR expression, and phosphorylation were altered in the C2LN MPM subgroup. MPMs of this new subgroup show higher sensitivity to PF-04691502 inhibitor. The MOK gene was identified as a potential biomarker of the C2LN MPM subgroup and PF-04691502 sensitivity.
Conclusions: We identified a new MPM molecular subgroup that shares common genetic and transcriptomic characteristics. Our results made it possible to highlight a greater sensitivity to an anticancer compound for this MPM subgroup and to identify a specific potential biomarker. Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 3191–202. ©2016 AACR.
The Economic History of Manipur: Some Explorations
Authors: Singh K. Gyanendra 
Published: December 2016

Manipur, an erstwhile princely state of northeastern India, suffered in the hands of Burmese during 1819-25 and again in the hands of British in 1891. Since 1891, the state had been under the control of the British government of India. With the change in hands of the seat of administration, the economy of the state underwent drastic changes.
Following pure economic history approach, we analyse the salient features of the economy of Manipur during the feudal and colonial era. It was observed that the otherwise self-sufficient food economy of the feudal era was distorted during the colonial period. The colonial policy not only robbed the rice economy but also shunned the paths of industrialisation, thus preventing the natural transition of an economy. The policy of monetisation and commercialisation of agriculture led to export-led-retardation of the people and de-industrialisation of the economy with feeble trends towards tertiarisation of the economy.
Are Zoroastrians a Nation? Different Identity Formations/Patterns of Iranian and Indian Zoroastrians
Authors: Niechciał Paulina , Kłagisz Mateusz M. 
Published: December 2016

The article contributes to the debate on the modern transformations of collective identities and nation-building processes. We compare different identity patterns of Zoroastrians in Iran and India and answer the question whether one can consider them as a nation or as separate ethno-religious communities. The paper is an answer to a suggestion made by Rashna Writer about national ties linking Zoroastrians worldwide. Basing on field research of Zoroastrians in Iran and India, we argue that among them there are no visible traits regarding the construction of a national identity, only certain trends to remember ties with their diasporas. We believe that among the factors shaping rather a sense of belonging to a local ethno-religious community, are the concept of local ethnohistory, the usage of the Zoroastrian Dari language, strong Iranian nationalism based on a common Iranian history and a culture effectively separating Iranian Zoroastrians from their Indian coreligionists.The focus of the article is collective identity understood as something socially constructed mainly by local community’s leaders. We compare the process of identity construction of Iranian and Indian Zoroastrians, considering it as something rooted in different historical, as well as sociocultural and political contexts.
On the Shi‘a Constituent in the Yezidi Religious Lore
Authors: Asatrian Garnik , Arakelova Victoria 
Published: December 2016

Built on the Islamic, primarily Sufi substrate, the religious beliefs of the Yezidis incorporate Gnostic, Christian, local pagan elements, and primitive beliefs. If certain parallels between Yezidism and the heterodox Shi‘ism are mainly part of common shibboleths typical of Near Eastern non-dogmatic milieu, the existence of key Shi‘a figures as objects of veneration and respect in the Yezidi religious lore seems to be a really enigmatic phenomenon. Proper Shi‘a elements in Yezidism have never been particularly discussed.This paper focuses on the analysis of Shi‘a characters in the Yezidi religious folklore.
A New Look to the Generalized CAPE
Authors: Steinacker Reinhold 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
A determination of the generalized CAPE (GCAPE) is suggested where instead of an adiabatic reversible vertical redistribution of air in a conditionally unstable atmosphere, irreversible processes with regard to the water cycle are taken into account. Irreversible processes like entrainment or atmospheric dissipation due to precipitation generally reduce the generation of kinetic energy. Irreversible pseudoadiabatic processes, in contrast, increase the availability of convective potential energy considerably. It is further increased significantly when an irreversible redistribution of water in the atmosphere due to precipitation and its corresponding evaporation is considered. Finally, the contributions of the ice phase in clouds and solid precipitation evaporation to GCAPE are investigated. The second aim of this paper is to compare CAPE and GCAPE in an unstable atmosphere. As an important result, it is shown that CAPE and GCAPE are inequivalent metrics of stability. It is even possible that an atmospheric profile with a considerable GCAPE shows a zero CAPE value. With the aid of different models with increasing complexity of thermodynamic processes, comparisons of numerical values of CAPE and GCAPE for an idealized and a real atmospheric profile are carried out. Although the mechanism and fraction of realization of convective available potential energy may be very different in individual weather systems, the pseudoadiabatic GCAPE arguably seems to be the better quantity than CAPE to compare or calibrate energy conversions in the atmosphere during organized deep convection with precipitation, because convection requires GCAPE but not necessarily CAPE. Evaluations have shown that on all days with thunderstorms in Vienna during a 9-yr period, GCAPE was positive, while a considerable fraction of these days showed zero CAPE.
Quantifying the Snowfall Detection Performance of the GPM Microwave Imager Channels over Land
Authors: You Yalei , Wang Nai-Yu , Ferraro Ralph , Rudlosky Scott 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This study uses Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) and Ka-precipitation radar observations to quantify the snowfall detection performance for different channel (frequency) combinations. Results showed that the low-frequency-channel set contains limited snow detection information with a 0.34 probability of detection (POD). Much better performance is evident using the high-frequency channels (i.e., POD = 0.74). In addition, if only one high-frequency channel is allowed to be added to the low-frequency-channel set, adding the 183 ± 3 GHz channel presents the largest POD improvement (from 0.34 to 0.50). However, this does not imply that the water vapor is the key information for snowfall detection. Only using the high-frequency water vapor channels showed poor snowfall detection with POD at 0.13. Further analysis of all 8191 possible GMI channel combinations showed that the 166-GHz channels are indispensable for any channel combination with POD greater than 0.70. This suggests that the scattering signature, not the water vapor effect, is essential for snowfall detection. Data analysis and model simulation support this explanation. Finally, the GPM constellation radiometers are grouped into six categories based on the channel availability and their snowfall detection capability is estimated, using channels available on GMI. It is found that type-4 radiometer (all channels) has the best snowfall detection performance with a POD of 0.77. The POD values are only slightly smaller for the type-3 radiometer (high-frequency channels) and type-5 radiometer (all channels except 183 channels).
EBI2 overexpression in mice leads to B1 B-cell expansion and chronic lymphocytic leukemia–like B-cell malignancies
Authors: Niss Arfelt Kristine , Barington Line , Benned-Jensen Tau , Kubale Valentina , Kovalchuk Alexander L. , Daugvilaite Viktorija , Christensen Jan Pravsgaard , Thomsen Allan Randrup , Egerod Kristoffer L. , Bassi Maria R. , Spiess Katja , Schwartz Thue W. , Wang Hongsheng , Morse Herbert C. , Holst Peter J. , Rosenkilde Mette M. 
Published: December 2016

Key PointshEBI2 (GPR183) expression in mice leads to an abnormally expanded CD5+ B1a B-cell subset. Mice expressing hEBI2 develop late-onset lymphomas similar to CLL.
Improving Prediction of Postoperative Myocardial Infarction With High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T and NT-proBNP
Authors: Kopec Michael , Duma Andreas , Helwani Mohammad A. , Brown Jamie , Brown Frank , Gage Brian F. , Gibson David W. , Miller J. Philip , Novak Eric , Jaffe Allan S. , Apple Fred S. , Scott Mitchell G. , Nagele Peter 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND:
This study sought to determine whether preoperatively measured high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) improve cardiac risk prediction in patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery compared with the standard risk indices.

METHODS:
In this ancillary study to the Vitamins in Nitrous Oxide trial, patients were included who had preoperative hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP measured (n = 572). Study outcome was the incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction (MI) within the first 3 postoperative days. hs-cTnT was considered elevated if >14 ng/L and NT-proBNP if >300 ng/L. Additional cutoff values were investigated on the basis of receiver operating characteristic statistics. Biomarker risk prediction was compared with Lee’s Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) with the use of standard methods and net reclassification index.

RESULTS:
The addition of hs-cTnT (>14 ng/L) and NT-proBNP (>300 ng/L) to RCRI significantly improved the prediction of postoperative MI (event rate 30/572 [5.2%], Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve increased from 0.590 to 0.716 with a 0.66 net reclassification index [95% confidence interval 0.32–0.99], P < .001). The use of 108 ng/L as a cutoff for NT-proBNP improved sensitivity compared with 300 ng/L (0.87 vs 0.53). Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value for hs-cTnT were 0.70, 0.60, 0.09, and 0.97 and for NT-proBNP were 0.53, 0.68, 0.08, and 0.96.

CONCLUSIONS:
The addition of cardiac biomarkers hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP to RCRI improves the prediction of adverse cardiac events in the immediate postoperative period after major noncardiac surgery. The high negative predictive value of preoperative hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP suggest usefulness as a “rule-out” test to confirm low risk of postoperative MI.
Shaping an Ear for Climate Change
Authors: Chisholm Dianne 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
How does contemporary music cultivate ecological thinking and climate-change awareness in our era of global warming? This essay investigates how the music of Pulitzer Prize–winning Alaskan composer John Luther Adams incites ecological listening and shapes an ear for climate change. It examines Adams’s evolving signature style of composing and/or performing with climatic elements and natural forces, and it further examines how this style effectively attunes audiences to ongoing environmental events that weather the world outside the concert hall. In other words, it investigates the idea and play of “Sila” in Adams’s work, Sila being a concept that Adams derives from the Inuit to signify in the largest possible sense the weather, its cosmic and chaotic modalities, and the wisdom that attends to them.
Problematics, Tasks and Prospects of Education Development in the Corporate Governance Area in the Russian High School
Authors: Кириллова  , Kirillova O. 
Published: December 2016

This article discusses the problematic of educational institutions management systems in higher education.
On example of the main educational program - Corporate Governance – the author shows the competencies
relationship acquired during training, educational paths and work functions of professional standards
underpinning training in a given subject area.