bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unanimity, Anonymity, and Immunity: Thomas Haxey and the Form of the Common Petition in 14th-Century England
Authors: Dodd Gwilym 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how power was negotiated between subjects and their rulers in the Middle Ages. Petitions were not necessarily acts of subservience from supplicants. In 14th-century England a new form of ‘political’ petition – the common petition – emerged. This provided the political community with the means of exerting pressure on the king, who was not always able to resist, especially when the petition’s successful outcome was directly linked to the granting of taxation. Moreover, common petitions made a claim to speak for the whole community of the realm. This fiction was maintained by the unanimity that was implied by ‘common/Commons’, the anonymity that the sponsors of such petitions enjoyed, and the consequent immunity from reprisals that this afforded them. In this context, the processes governing the presentation of petitions became almost as important as the content of the petitions in determining outcomes. These themes are explored through the case study of the Haxey incident in 1397, when Richard II tried to curtail dissident petitioning, and in a wider context by a consideration of the development of the form of common petitions across the period. The discussion highlights the complex political landscape that shaped the petitionary culture of late medieval England.
Conclusion: And Your Petitioners, &c.
Authors: Miller Henry 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This conclusion summarises the key arguments from the volume relating to the definition, chronology, and impacts of petitions and petitioning. The longevity and ubiquity of petitionary practices in Europe and North America can be broadly explained by the adaptability, mutability, and ambiguity of these genres, which have been an enduringly unstable, dynamic, and unpredictable form of interaction between people and power across the centuries. The conclusion then pivots to considering possible future directions for studies of petitions and petitioning. The studies in the volume should be placed in a broader global context, enabling comparison and contrast with petitions and related practices from other parts of the globe. The role of petitions within and between empires would be another promising line of research, including the transition from imperial petition systems to the use of petitioning in newly independent postcolonial states. Conceptually, it might be fruitful to think of petitions as a ‘technology’, while new methodologies enabling the linguistic analysis, spatial mapping, or quantification of petitions on a large scale might be usefully employed. Finally, while this volume has focused on petitions and petitioning, we should not forget the importance of petitioners and their ‘voice’, which echoes down the ages.
ТАУ-КЕН КӘСІПОРЫНДАРЫНЫҢ ЖҰМЫСКЕРЛЕРІНДЕ КӘСІПТІК АУРУЛАРДЫҢ ДАМУЫНЫҢ ӨНДІРІСТІК ҚАУІП ФАКТОРЛАРЫ
Authors: Құрманов А.М. , Рахметова А.М. , Құлмағамбетова Э.А. , Әбдрахманова Н.Б. , Сағындықова Н.Т. 
Published: October 2024

Мақалада кәсіптік аурулардың даму факторы ретінде тау-кен кәсіпорны қызметкерлерінің денсаулығына зиянды және қауіпті өндірістік факторлардың әсер ету проблемасының қазіргі жағдайы қарастырылған.
Салыстыру топтары ретінде өндіріс қызметкерлері мен Қосалқы персонал зерттелді, авторлар өндірістік объектілерді аттестаттау, сауалнама деректерін талдады.
Еңбек қызметі процесінде зиянды және қауіпті өндірістік-кәсіптік факторлардың тұрақты және қарқынды әсеріне ұшыраған қызметкерлердің еңбек жағдайлары кәсіптік аурулардың жоғары таралуына және даму қаупінің жоғарылауына ықпал ететіні анықталды. Өндіріс қызметкерлерінде кәсіптік аурулардың даму қаупін төмендетудің кешенді тәсілі үшін санитарлық-гигиеналық еңбек жағдайларын жақсарту, зиянды және қауіпті өндірістік факторлардың әсерінен ұжымдық және жеке қорғаныс құралдарын жетілдіру, алдын алу шараларын әзірлеу қажет.
Effect of Organizaional Development Towards Organizational Commitment: Moderating Role of Personality
Authors: Hamza Mubarak , Yusuf Aminu Dikko 
Published: October 2024

The current economic landscape has presented many challenges, leading to heightened employee mobility as individuals seek better opportunities and working conditions. This study examines the relationship between organizational development and employee commitment with reference to seven (7) general hospitals in Katsina State. The study is quantitative and simple random sampling technique was utilized. Three hundred and fifty (350) copies of questionnaire were administered to staff of seven general hospitals in Katsina State. Data collected were analysed using SPSS and SMART-PLS. The findings of the study revealed that reward system, career growth and customer service have significant relationship with organizational commitment. Moreover, the study also revealed that personality moderate the relationship of reward systems and career growth towards organizational commitment. While there is no moderation effect of personality on customer service towards organizational commitment. This means that, employees that enjoys effective reward system, having chances to achieve their career aspiration tend to show high level of commitment to the commitment, which in turn ensure retention and organizational effectiveness. The research recommends that organisations should design and ensure effective implementation of organizational development strategies in order to enhance the commitment of workers, ensure retention and organizational effectiveness.
Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja dan Stres Kerja terhadap Produktivitas Kerja dengan Variabel Moderating Kepuasan Kerja
Authors: Istiqomah Hindun , Suji’ah Uju 
Published: October 2024

This research aims to determine the influence of the work environment and work stress on work productivity with the moderating variable job satisfaction. The total sample was 81 employees with a saturated sampling technique. The data collection method uses a questionnaire. Data testing uses validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression tests, hypothesis tests, coefficient of determination tests, and absolute difference tests. The research results show that 1) the work environment has a significant influence on work productivity. 2) work stress has a significant influence on work productivity. 3) the work environment and work stress have a significant influence on work productivity. 4) job satisfaction does not moderate the influence of the work environment on work productivity. 5) job satisfaction does not moderate the influence of work stress on work productivity. 6) the results of the coefficient of determination test (R2) of the work environment and work stress have an influence on work productivity of 97. 4 percent, while the remaining 2. 6 percent is influenced by other factors not examined in this research.
A IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE CÍRCULOS DE JUSTIÇA RESTAURATIVA E CONSTRUÇÃO DE PAZ COMO ESTRATÉGIAS DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS PARA REDUZIR A VIOLÊNCIA ESCOLAR: UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO PARA ALCANÇAR OS ODS 4 E 16
Authors: Silva Clécia Ribeiro da , Júnior Edson José de Souza , Ferreira Stéphany Gutierrez Costa 
Published: October 2024

Este artigo propõe uma análise aprofundada da problemática da violência escolar, com foco no bullying e cyberbullying, e explora as possibilidades de intervenção por meio dos Círculos de Justiça Restaurativa e Construção de Paz. Com o intuito de demonstrar a relevância dessas práticas como políticas públicas colaborativas, a pesquisa concentra-se na criação de um ambiente escolar seguro e propício ao desenvolvimento humano integral, alinhado com as metas dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) 4 (Educação de Qualidade) e 16 (Paz, Justiça e Instituições Eficientes). O presente artigo visa responder a seguinte questão: Como a aplicação dos Círculos de Justiça Restaurativa e Construção de Paz pode ser configurada como uma política pública eficaz para a redução da violência no ambiente escolar? O objetivo geral é demonstrar a importância de prevenir e reprimir o bullying e o cyberbullying nas relações no sistema de educação básica, visando criar um ambiente escolar seguro que favoreça o desenvolvimento humano integral e o cumprimento das metas da Agenda 2030, em especial as metas vinculadas aos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) 4 e 16. A metodologia adotada consiste em uma revisão bibliográfica e para a construção do corpus teórico, foram privilegiados autores que discutem a aplicação dos círculos de justiça restaurativa e construção de paz, tais como Evans e Vaandering (2018), Felizardo (2017), Moreira (2024), Moreira e Souza Júnior (2024), Neves (2016), Pranis (2010), Santos e Souza Júnior (2023), Silva (2017), Souza (2020) e Zehr (2008), dentre outros. Na seção de análise e discussão dos resultados, são descritas as políticas públicas colaborativas existentes e é examinada a implementação dos Círculos de Justiça Restaurativa em escolas, avaliando seus impactos na redução da violência e na promoção de um ambiente mais pacífico e seguro. Também são discutidas a necessidade de articulação entre o Poder Judiciário Goiano e a sociedade civil, o que está acontecendo a partir do projeto Pilares. Por fim, são consideradas algumas ações que podem contribuir para o alcance dos ODS 4 e 16, e são sugeridas recomendações para a formulação de políticas públicas preventivas na prevenção e redução da violência no ambiente escolar. O artigo conclui com sugestões para futuras pesquisas e o desenvolvimento contínuo de práticas restaurativas e cultura de paz, dentro e fora do contexto educacional.
Furan
Authors: Arican Yagmur Emre 
Published: October 2024

Furan, a volatile compound with a strong etheric odor and flammability, is a crucial component in the industrial context, producing various chemicals such as pyrrole, thiophene, tetrahydrofuran, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. It is also used as a solvent for resins in organic synthesis and is present in many foods, including carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamin C, and amino acids, due to thermal processes and high-energy radiation used in the food manufacturing industry. Furan and its derivatives are utilized in the refining of tobacco and as flavoring agents in specific products.
Furan can be generated and emitted into the environment due to human activities like combustion, fire, exhaust, and cigarette smoke. When heated, it enhances oxidative processes in lipids and proteins, impacting free radicals and antioxidant defense. Furan is a toxic substance that can cause skin irritation, burns, headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, and loss of consciousness. Its vapor is narcotic and acts as a central nervous system depressant, leading to pulmonary edema and potentially death. Both acute oral or dermal exposure and chronic exposure are linked to significant toxicity.
Furan is present in both professionally produced and handmade meals, contributing to their taste. In adults, susceptibility to furan exposure is due to coffee, while grains are considered the largest contributor to furan exposure in children and adolescents. High concentrations of furans are found in roasted coffee, heat-treated foods, and crispy and dry products like toast or bread crusts. Health institutions are apprehensive about furan’s deleterious characteristics, as studies conducted on rodents have demonstrated its toxicity primarily impacts the liver.
Pharynx
Authors: Dogru Yuvarlakbas Semahat 
Published: October 2024

The pharynx, which has a musculomembranous structure, is an organ belonging to both respiratory and digestive systems. It is divided into three regions considering the oral cavity, nasal cavity and larynx that it neighbors. These are nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx; this section forms the anterior and upper part of the pharynx. The pharynx opens into the nasal cavity with choanae. Its anterior lower part is connected to the pars oralis pharyngis by the isthmus pharyngis.
In addition to functioning as part of the respiratory system, the nasopharynx is also associated with structures involved in hearing. This part of the pharynx is connected to the middle ear by a hole called the Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube. This hole is where the Eustachian tube opens into the pharynx.
Orapharynx opens to the oral cavity with the isthmus faucium on the anterior side. On the posterior side, it is a short section neighboring the 2nd and 3rd cervical vertebrae.
The laryngopharynx is located behind the larynx and terminates between the lower half of the third cervical vertebra above and the sixth cervical vertebra below. It is connected to the larynx via the aditus laryngis.
The pharynx is a special organ that also provides the delivery of food to the esophagus through the muscles in its structure.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Electrical and Lightning Injuries
Authors: Ozdal Emine 
Published: October 2024

Abstract: Electric and lightning strikes are significant health concerns requiring prompt intervention in emergency medicine situations. Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) is crucial in such scenarios. In electrical injuries, serious conditions like cardiac rhythm disturbances and respiratory arrest may occur due to the effect of electric current on the body. Similarly, lightning strikes can induce sudden and severe cardiac arrhythmias.
ACLS should be applied rapidly and effectively following electric and lightning strikes. Key objectives include maintaining respiration and circulation, ensuring oxygenation, and correcting cardiac rhythm. However, specific considerations must be taken into account in these types of injuries. For instance, high levels of tissue damage and burns may result from electrical shocks, making airway management and respiratory support challenging.
Electric and lightning strikes require prompt treatment and monitoring. In addition to ACLS, the patient’s overall condition and potential complications should be considered. Depending on the severity of the injury, fluid therapy and other supportive measures should be implemented.
In conclusion, ACLS in electric and lightning strikes is a vital emergency medicine procedure. Swift and effective intervention can improve the patient’s chances of survival and help prevent long-term complications. Therefore, continuous education and updating of knowledge on electric and lightning strikes are essential for emergency medicine teams.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (Ecmo) and Assistant Tools in Resuscitation
Authors: Sanalp Menekse Tugba 
Published: October 2024

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides blood flow and extracorpore al gas exchange by resting the heart and lungs in patients who develop respiratory and circulatory failure or are waiting for a heart-lung organ transplant. It is a temporary method that can provide short-term mechanical support to the heart and/or lungs in life-threatening situations. ECMO is a smaller, closed and portable version of the standard cardiopulmonary bypass device. There are 2 types of ECMO: Veno-venous (V-V) and Veno-arterial (V-A). Veno-venous (V-V) ECMO provides oxygenation in respiratory failure that does not respond to me chanical ventilation. It provides an important hemod ynamic contribution, such as allowing the right ventricle to work with less volume load and improving right ventricular functions and hypoxia. Veno-arterial (V-A) ECMO; Blood drains from the venous system and returns to the arterial system. It supports the treat ment of both respiratory and cardiac failure. The use and effectiveness of ECMO is gradually increasing in parallel with advancing technology and the increase in devices that can be easily placed on the patient and come into play quickly. ECMO is a multidisciplinary team work that requires experience, good training and knowledge. Interventional radiology, cardiovascular surgery, cardiology, intensive care team and an esthesiology clinics, as well as emergency medicine, have recently started to be on the agenda.
The main assistant devices used in resuscitation are: Defibrillator, Mechanical Chest Compression Device, Capnography, Airway Equipment, Ultrasonography, Echocardiography. The gold standard treatment for patients with ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia is rapid defibrillation. Mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation devices can be used to provide cardiac compression. Capnography provides information about ventilation, perfusion and metabolism in intubated or spontaneously breathing patients. Having key equipment at the bedside is a basic requirement for proper airway management. Ultrasonography can be used to visualize veins for central venous catheterization, identify elevated carotid artery pressure and measure central venous pressure noninvasively. Wall motion disorders are evaluated by echocardiography in patients with hemodynamic instability without a differential diagnosis, termination of resuscitation, or in patients in whom spontaneous circulation is restored.
Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Diabetics
Authors: Kiran Tugba Raika , Bay Karabulut Aysun 
Published: October 2024

In diabetics, there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress, a condition characterized by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired antioxidant defenses. Free radicals, such as superoxide anion (O2•−), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are generated as by-products of normal cellular metabolism and play a role in cell signaling and immune response. However, excessive ROS production in diabetes, exacerbated by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, overwhelms antioxidant defenses, which include enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione.
Oxidative stress in diabetics contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications by damaging cellular proteins, lipids, and DNA, thereby impairing cellular function and promoting inflammation. Moreover, oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and damage to pancreatic beta cells further exacerbate insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Antioxidant therapies, either through dietary supplementation or pharmacological interventions, aim to restore redox balance and mitigate the detrimental effects of oxidative stress in diabetes. Understanding the intricate interplay between free radicals and antioxidants is essential for developing targeted strategies to prevent and manage diabetic complications effectively.
Treatment of Extrapulmonary Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt 
Published: October 2024

Extrapulmonary sarcoidosis presents a diverse array of clinical challenges, involving multiple organs and systems beyond the lungs. Effective management requires a tailored approach to address organ-specific symptoms, prevent complications, and preserve overall health.
This chapter explores the therapeutic strategies for extrapulmonary sarcoidosis, encompassing the use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, and targeted therapies. It highlights the importance of multidisciplinary care and individualized treatment plans based on the specific organs affected and the severity of disease manifestations. By navigating through these treatment modalities, we aim to optimize outcomes and improve quality of life for patients grappling with the complexities of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.
Introduction
Authors: Can Gulbeyaz 
Published: October 2024

A “health assessment” refers to the process of evaluating a person’s overall health and well-being. This assessment is usually performed by health care professionals, such as physicians, nurses, or other health care professionals. The goal of health assessment is to gather information about various aspects of a person’s health in order to make informed decisions about his or her medical care, develop care plans, take appropriate action, or monitor the patient’s progress.
Nursing assessment usually includes two main components of health assessment: Interview and physical examination. Nurses interview patients to gather information about their medical history, current health problems, medications, allergies, and lifestyle habits. This helps establish a good rapport with the patient and provides valuable information for assessing their health.
Nurses perform a physical examination to assess the patient’s overall health. The physical examination of the patient begins with the measurement of vital signs (such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature). Body systems such as the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and musculoskeletal system are then examined. Observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation are the four assessment methods used in the physical evaluation of systems.
Health assessments by nurses occur not only at a patient’s initial presentation, but also at regular intervals throughout the patient’s care. Regular health assessments help monitor changes in the patient’s health, evaluate the eﬀ ectiveness of interventions, and adjust the plan of care accordingly.
Health assessment is a fundamental aspect of nursing practice because it enables nurses to provide patient-centered care and contribute to a positive patient outcome.
Palliative Care for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Suceken Ferhat Yakup , Tahra Ahmet 
Published: October 2024

Happiness is one of the oldest and most intriguing topics in human history. The definition of happiness and how to achieve it have been questioned since ancient times. Research shows that the foundation of happiness lies in the level of social communication and interaction. The most basic area of interaction and communication for individuals is their family. Therefore, individuals who are happy in their family life tend to reflect this happiness in their work and other social relationships. Thus, by following certain rules and taking necessary precautions during the process of establishing and maintaining a family through marriage, we can achieve a happy family life and, consequently, a happy life.
If marriage and family life bring us so much joy, we need to appreciate their value. Imagine having a latest model luxury car; you would enjoy driving it, right? But first and foremost, you must have a driver’s license. Similarly, before getting married, we must receive education on marriage and obtain a marriage license. Governments should ensure that those without a marriage license are not allowed to marry. If you neglect your vehicle’s monthly and annual maintenance and do not comply with traffic rules, an accident is inevitable. We take our damaged vehicle to a repair shop. Likewise, in marriages, it is necessary to attend marriage therapy sessions periodically and seek expert support for problems encountered during disagreements. Just as polishing and washing our car from time to time improves its appearance and provides satisfaction, spending quality and special time as a family is essential for relief and peace within the family.
Achieving happiness within the family is possible by taking advantage of the wonderful opportunities offered by marriage. The most important aspects include not only dedicating special time for each other and the children but also getting to know oneself, making time for self-care, understanding the partner’s expectations through empathy, and ultimately fostering a sense of ""us."" While achieving all these, it is crucial to recognize sexuality as a beautiful fruit of marriage and to regularly enjoy this aspect.
In this book, we share the secrets of how to achieve a happy family and marriage with a team of family and marriage counselors. I wish you a pleasant reading experience.