bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Basit Abdul , Basit Khalid Abdul , Fawwad Asher , Shaheen Fariha , Fatima Nimra , Petropoulos Ioannis N , Alam Uazman , Malik Rayaz A 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of high-dose vitamin D in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy.MethodsA single intramuscular dose of 600 000 IU vitamin D was administered, and the effects on metabolic parameters and neuropathic pain assessed over 20 weeks.Results143 participants with predominantly type 2 diabetes, aged 52.31±11.48 years, with a Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) score (3.0±1.8), total McGill pain score (21.2±14.9), and Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SFMPQ) score (2.1±0.9), were enrolled. The baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level was 31.7±23.3 ng/mL and 58 (40.5%) patients showed evidence of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D<20 ng/mL). Intramuscular administration of vitamin D resulted in a significant increase in 25(OH)D (46.2±10.2 ng/mL, p<0.0001) and a reduction in positive symptoms on the DN4 (p<0.0001), total pain score (p<0.0001), and SFMPQ (p<0.0001).ConclusionsTreatment with a single intramuscular dose of 600 000 IU of vitamin D in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy is associated with a significant decrease in the symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy.Trial registration numberBIDE-12/2014.
Are adolescent orphans more likely to be HIV-positive? A pooled data analyses across 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Kidman Rachel , Anglewicz Philip 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundDespite extensive resources and numerous programmes directed towards orphans in sub-Saharan Africa, evidence of their disadvantage is surprisingly limited. While initial research suggests that orphans are at greater risk of being HIV-positive, the evidence is limited in geographic scope.MethodsTo rigorously test disparities in HIV prevalence related to orphanhood and parental HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa, we used Demographic and Health Survey data from 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted pooled multilevel logistic regression on adolescents aged 15–17 years with HIV test results (N=22 837 girls and 20 452 boys).ResultsRegardless of their gender, orphans who lost their mother, lost both parents or had an HIV-infected mother were two to three times more likely to test positive for HIV infection (ORs 1.87–3.17). The loss of a father was also associated with HIV infection risk for females, but of slightly lower magnitude (OR 1.63).ConclusionsTo better inform interventions, future research is needed to quantify the relative contribution of perinatally-acquired and sexually-acquired infections, and to investigate the specific mechanisms that may account for disparities in the latter. In the meantime, programmes serving HIV-infect adults as well as those serving orphaned and vulnerable children should invest in family-based HIV testing in order to identify adolescents in need of treatment.
Comparison of commercial type 1 and type 2 PRRSV vaccines against heterologous dual challenge
Authors: Choi K. , Park C. , Jeong J. , Kang I. , Park S.‐J. , Chae C. 
Published: February 2016

This study was to compare the effect of vaccination of pigs with either type 1 or type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) against heterologous dual challenge of both genotypes. Pigs were administered type 1 (UNISTRAIN PRRS) or type 2 (Fostera PRRS) PRRSV vaccine at 28 days of age and inoculated intranasally with both genotypes at 63 days of age. Vaccination of pigs with type 1 PRRSV was able to reduce the levels of type 1 but not type 2 PRRSV viraemia, whereas vaccination of pigs with type 2 PRRSV was able to reduce the levels of type 1 and type 2 PRRSV viraemia against a dual challenge. Vaccination of pigs with type 2 PRRSV significantly reduced lung lesions after dual challenge compared with vaccination of pigs with type 1 PRRSV. Vaccination of pigs with type 2 PRRSV induced higher numbers of type 1 and type 2 PRRSV‐specific interferon‐γ secreting cells compared with vaccination of pigs with type 1 PRRSV after dual challenge. The results of this study demonstrated that vaccination of pigs with type 2 PRRSV is efficacious in protecting growing pigs from respiratory disease after heterologous dual type 1 and type 2 PRRSV challenge compared with vaccination of pigs with type 1 PRRSV.
Interactions between alluvial fans and axial rivers in Yukon, Canada and Alaska, USA
Authors: Giles Philip T. , Whitehouse Bryce M. , Karymbalis Efthimios 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In contrast with the archetypal definition of an alluvial fan, this study shows that fans interacting with axial rivers in Yukon and Alaska commonly exhibit asymmetrical morphology in planform. Hypothesis tests relating to the geomorphological characteristics of these alluvial fans were conducted on a dataset of 63 fluvial-dominated fans. A significant relationship existed between fan asymmetry and the direction of axial river flow, which was attributed to two factors supported by examples: (1) axial rivers have a propensity to trim the toes on the up-valley sides of fans; and (2) axial river channels are deflected across the broad valley floors, which allows the profiles on the down-valley sides of fans to be longer than on the up-valley sides. However, an asymmetrical planform morphology does not lead to a significant bias in the spatial distribution of surface streams towards the up-valley sides of fans, which typically have shorter profiles from apex to boundary. If the asymmetry in fan morphology is preserved in the sedimentary record, then the interpretation of fan deposits that developed in broad valleys and that interacted with axial rivers would be improved by understanding this modern analogue.
CD44+ Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Suppress T-Cell–Mediated Immunity by Selective Constitutive and Inducible Expression of PD-L1
Authors: Lee Yunqin , Shin June Ho , Longmire Michelle , Wang Hua , Kohrt Holbrook E. , Chang Howard Y. , Sunwoo John B. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Human tumors consist of heterogeneous populations of cells with distinct marker expression and functional properties. In squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), CD44 is a well-characterized marker of a resilient subpopulation of cells associated with increased tumorigenesis, radioresistance, and chemoresistance. Evidence indicates that these cells have an immunosuppressive phenotype; however, mechanisms have been elusive.
Experimental Design: Using primary human SCCHN tumor samples and patient-derived xenografts, we examined the phenotypes of subsets of tumor cells and investigated mechanisms regulating their immunogenicity.
Results: CD44+ cells in primary human SCCHN were found to have an epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) phenotype and were less immunogenic than CD44− cells when cultured with autologous CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T cells. Selective expression of the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was observed on CD44+ cells compared with CD44− cells and was associated with constitutive phosphorylation of STAT3 on CD44+ cells. Importantly, inhibition of STAT3 decreased expression of PD-L1 on CD44+ cells. IFNγ treatment preferentially induced even further PD-L1 expression on CD44+ cells and was associated with enhanced IFNγ receptor expression and phosphorylation of STAT1. Finally, the decreased immunogenicity of CD44+ cells was partially reversed by antibody blockade of the programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor, indicating that the differences in PD-L1 expression between CD44+ and CD44− cells are biologically and clinically relevant.
Conclusions: Our findings provide a mechanism by which long-lived CD44+ tumor-initiating cells can selectively evade host immune responses and provide rationale for targeting the PD-1 pathway in the adjuvant therapy setting of SCCHN. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3571–81. ©2016 AACR.
Printing and Instrument Making in the Early Modern Atlantic, 1520–1600
Authors: Gulizia Stefano 
Published: February 2016

This essay addresses printing and instrument making as crucial features in the accumulation and dissemination of cosmographical knowledge; as a corollary, it also frames the avalanche of data from the New World as a problem of ‘information management’. In this respect, while standard treatments of the topic emphasize the epistemological gathering directed by royal institutions, I maintain that armchair erudition and discovery were still coessential, if not overlapping. My discussion pursues a specific case study – the use of Pedro de Medina’s nautical tract in Seville, Venice and Antwerp – aiming to rewrite some aspects of network theory in terms of translation. Simultaneously, it tracks epistemological changes taking place within the cognitive jurisdictions of the printing house, and examines descriptions of instruments, woodcuts, and diagrams, to visualize how historical actors used to communicate with patrons, mathematicians, and craftsmen.
A Landsat-Era Sierra Nevada Snow Reanalysis (1985–2015)
Authors: Margulis Steven A. , Cortés Gonzalo , Girotto Manuela , Durand Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA newly developed state-of-the-art snow water equivalent (SWE) reanalysis dataset over the Sierra Nevada (United States) based on the assimilation of remotely sensed fractional snow-covered area data over the Landsat 5–8 record (1985–2015) is presented. The method (fully Bayesian), resolution (daily and 90 m), temporal extent (31 years), and accuracy provide a unique dataset for investigating snow processes. The verified dataset (based on a comparison with over 9000 station years of in situ data) exhibited mean and root-mean-square errors less than 3 and 13 cm, respectively, and correlation greater than 0.95 compared with in situ SWE observations. The reanalysis dataset was used to characterize the peak SWE climatology to provide a basic accounting of the stored snowpack water in the Sierra Nevada over the last 31 years. The pixel-wise peak SWE volume over the domain was found to be 20.0 km3 on average with a range of 4.0–40.6 km3. The ongoing drought in California contains the two lowest snowpack years (water years 2014 and 2015) and three of the four driest years over the examined record. It was found that the basin-average peak SWE, while underestimating the total water storage in snowpack over the year, accurately captures the interannual variability in stored snowpack water. However, the results showed that the assumption that 1 April SWE is representative of the peak SWE can lead to significant underestimation of basin-average peak SWE both on an average (21% across all basins) and on an interannual basis (up to 98% across all basin years).
Impact of Thermally Driven Turbulence on the Bottom Melting of Ice
Authors: Keitzl T. , Mellado J. P. , Notz D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDirect numerical simulation and laboratory experiments are used to investigate turbulent convection beneath a horizontal ice–water interface. Scaling laws are derived that quantify the dependence of the melt rate of the ice on the far-field temperature of the water under purely thermally driven conditions. The scaling laws, the simulations, and the laboratory experiments consistently yield that the melt rate increases by two orders of magnitude, from ⋍101 to ⋍103 mm day−1, as the far-field temperature increases from 4° to 8°C. The strong temperature dependence of the melt rate is explained by analyzing the vertical structure of the flow: For far-field temperatures below 8°C, the flow features a stably stratified, diffusive layer next to the ice that shields it from the warmer, turbulent outer layer. The stratification in the diffusive layer diminishes as the far-field temperature increases and vanishes for far-field temperatures far above 8°C. Possible implications of these results for ice–ocean interfaces are discussed. The drastic melt-rate increase implies that turbulence needs to be considered in the analysis of ice–water interfaces even in shear-free conditions.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to treat respiratory distress in newborns in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Dewez Juan Emmanuel , van den Broek Nynke 
Published: February 2016

Severe respiratory distress is a serious complication common to the three major causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity (prematurity, intra-partum-related hypoxia and infections). In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), 20% of babies presenting with severe respiratory distress die. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), is an effective intervention for respiratory distress in newborns and widely used in high-income countries. Following the development of simple, safe and relatively inexpensive CPAP devices, there is potential for large-scale implementation in the developing world. In this article, we describe existing CPAP systems and present a review of the current literature examining the effectiveness of CPAP compared to standard care (oxygen) in newborns with respiratory distress. We also discuss the evidence gap which needs to be addressed prior to its integration into health systems in LMICs.
Arthroscopic Implant-Free Bone Grafting for Shoulder Instability With Glenoid Bone Loss
Authors: Anderl Werner , Pauzenberger Leo , Laky Brenda , Kriegleder Bernhard , Heuberer Philipp R. 
Published: February 2016

Background: Posttraumatic anteroinferior shoulder dislocations with concomitant glenoid bone loss show high recurrence rates. The open J-bone graft technique for implant-less anatomic restoration of bony glenoid structure has previously been described, whereas results of arthroscopic techniques are currently not available. Purpose: To evaluate clinical and radiological outcome after arthroscopic anatomic reconstruction of the glenoid for recurrent anteroinferior glenohumeral instability. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Fifteen shoulders of 14 patients with recurrent anteroinferior shoulder instability were prospectively followed after glenoid reconstruction with a modified arthroscopic, implant-free J-bone graft. Preoperatively, the instability severity index score was documented. Patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years using the Rowe score and the Constant score. Subjective outcome was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and the subjective shoulder value for sports (SSVS); satisfaction with procedure outcome was also rated. Range of motion was recorded. Incidence of recurrent instability, defined as dislocation, subluxation, or persistent apprehensiveness, was documented. Pre- and postoperative (1 day and 3, 12, and 24 months) computed tomographic images were used to evaluate glenoid bone loss, reconstruction of the glenoid, and graft remodeling. Results: All preoperative scores (Rowe score: 57.6 ± 14.4; Constant score: 70.9 ± 8.9; VAS: 4.4 ± 2.6; SSVS: 31.4% ± 19.5%) were significantly ( P ≤ .02) improved at final follow-up (Rowe score: 98.6 ± 1.5; Constant score: 96.3 ± 3.9; VAS: 0.2 ± 0.6; SSVS: 95.6% ± 3.8%). The preoperative glenoid area (82.1% ± 4.5%) was significantly increased immediately after surgery to 99.2% ± 6.6% ( P < .001). After a physiological remodeling process, the glenoid area remained significantly increased at the latest follow-up (89.5 ± 3.2%, P < .001). J-bone grafting successfully restored glenoid concavity by significantly increasing concavity extent and depth from preoperative (19.8 ± 2.1 and 0.9 ± 0.6 mm, respectively) to postoperative (24.0 ± 2.1 and 2.1 ± 0.8 mm, respectively) ( P < .001). There were no recurrent instabilities. One traumatic graft fracture occurred during the follow-up period. Conclusion: The arthroscopic J-bone graft technique permits minimally invasive reconstruction of anteroinferior glenoid defects and provided excellent early clinical outcome without recurrent instability in posttraumatic shoulder dislocations. A physiological remodeling process leads to restoration of a more natural glenoid anatomy.
Relation of Plasma Fibrinogen Level With the Presence, Severity, and Complexity of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Tabakcı Mehmet Mustafa , Gerin Fethullah , Sunbul Murat , Toprak Cuneyt , Durmuş Halil İbrahim , Demir Serdar , Arslantaş Uğur , Cerşit Sinan , Batgerel Ulaankhuu , Kargın Ramazan 
Published: February 2016

Background: Relation of plasma fibrinogen levels with extent, severity, and complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) has not been adequately investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether plasma fibrinogen level is associated with coronary complexity, severity, and extent assessed by SYNTAX (Synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery) score (SS). Methods: We enrolled 134 consecutive patients with SAP who underwent coronary angiography. Baseline serum fibrinogen levels were measured, and SS was calculated from the study population. The patients were classified into 3 groups by tertiles of SS (SS, control group = 0; intermediate group < 22; and high group ≥ 22). Results: Plasma fibrinogen levels demonstrated a stepwise increase from control group to high SS group. There was a strong correlation between fibrinogen and the SS ( r = .535, P < .001). Area under the receivers operating characteristic curve of fibrinogen was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61-0.82; < .001) for predicting a high SS. Fibrinogen value higher than 411 mg/dL has a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 64% in prediction of high SS. In multivariate analyses, plasma fibrinogen was observed to be an independent predictor for high SS in patients with stable CAD (odds ratio [OR] 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01-1.02; P < .001). Conclusion: Plasma fibrinogen is a readily measurable systemic inflammatory marker and is independently associated coronary severity and complexity in patients with CAD.
Crosslinguistic influence of wh-in-situ questions by Korean-English bilingual children
Authors: Park-Johnson Sunny K 
Published: February 2016

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study investigates wh-in-situ transfer for sequential bilingual children whose first language (L1) is Korean and early second language (L2) is English. Previous research has shown evidence that bilingual children who speak one in-situ language and one wh-movement language often show transfer from the dominant language to the weaker language, and from the in-situ language to the wh-movement language. The purpose of this study is to explore whether wh-in-situ is transferred to English, under the influence of Korean. The research questions are as follows: Do K-E bilingual children produce more wh-in-situ questions in English than their monolingual counterparts? If so, do these wh-in-situ questions appear in illicit constructions? Design/Methodology: The design of this study is longitudinal in nature, in order to best capture a holistic picture of the children’s productions of English over time. Seven K-E children spanning ages 2;4 to 7;11 were observed in their spontaneous play interactions over approximately two years. Data/Analysis: The data consists of 120 recordings, which were transcribed and coded in ELAN. Monolingual comparison data were obtained from the CHILDES database. Findings/Conclusions: Results show no instances of wh-in-situ in the children’s English; the bilingual children pattern similarly to English-monolingual children in wh-in-situ production. No direct influence from Korean to English for wh-in-situ formation was found, contrary to what has been found in studies with other language pairs. Originality: This paper provides new evidence from a language pairing that has not been previously explored for crosslinguistic influence of wh-in-situ questions. Significance/Implications: The findings suggest that a dominance approach or structural complexity approach to predicting crosslinguistic influence for bilingual speakers may not fully capture the conditions for such influence to occur and may require some modification.
The acquisition of different types of definite noun phrases in L2-English
Authors: Cho Jacee 
Published: February 2016

Aims and research questions: This study aims to investigate second language (L2) learnability in article acquisition from a feature-based contrastive approach by examining L1-Korean speakers’ comprehension of different types of definites in L2-English: anaphoric and non-anaphoric definites. English does not morphologically distinguish different kinds of definites but some languages do (e.g., Fering) (Schwarz, 2013). Korean, an article-less language, differentiates between the two types of definites by marking only one type (i.e., anaphoric) with the demonstrative ku ‘that’ (Chang, 2009). That is, the English definite article ‘ the’ encodes [+definite, ±anaphoric] and the Korean demonstrative ‘ ku’ encodes [+definite, +anaphoric]. Within the feature reassembly model (Lardiere, 2009), this difference in feature combinations between Korean and English is expected to influence L1-Korean learners’ interpretation of English articles. Methodology: An acceptability judgment task was used to assess L1-Korean L2-English learners (22 intermediate and 15 advanced) and 26 English native-speaker controls’ comprehension of different types of definites. Data: The intermediate group rated definites significantly higher than indefinites in anaphoric definite contexts but not in non-anaphoric definite contexts, indicating L1 influence. The advanced group rated definites higher than indefinites in non-bridging anaphoric contexts but not in bridging (anaphoric and non-anaphoric) contexts. This suggests that they have re-assembled the features associated with the definite article but have difficulty in accommodating unmentioned propositions for bridging definites. Conclusion: These findings suggest that presupposition accommodation for bridging definites may be another hurdle in article acquisition beyond feature reassembly. Originality/Significance: By focusing on the acquisition of the semantics of definites, exclusively, this study provides new data and information which enable us to come to a more precise and fine-grained understanding of learnability in article acquisition. Thus, the results of the study bring out new and insightful conceptual issues that open up new directions for future research on the acquisition of definiteness.
Gender Inequality Issues in India
Authors: Batra Renu , Reio Thomas G. 
Published: February 2016

The Problem India struggles with gender inequality issues beyond just equal economic growth and access to educational resource opportunities. Gender inequality exists in the form of socially constructed, predefined gender roles firmly anchored in India’s sociocultural fabric that has deep cultural and historical roots. Sociocultural influences have spillover effects across all domains, including the organizational workforce, and social and political contexts. This unquestionable influence is still accepted as the norm within the societal and familial periphery. The Solution The purpose of this article is to provide an analysis of the causes of gender inequality in India. A secondary purpose is to outline the possible policies and practices, within a human resource development (HRD) framework, that could be implemented as productive steps toward reducing gender inequality in the Indian workplace. The Stakeholders This article will be of interest to individuals who conduct research, teach, and practice HRD. It will assist researchers in their understanding of how social, cultural, and historical contexts must be considered when studying gender inequality in India. Information gained from this article will help curriculum developers understand the importance of social and cultural influences in developing HRD courses for use not only in higher education institutions but also in workplace settings.