bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significant augmentation of regulatory T cell numbers occurs during the early neonatal period
Authors: Hayakawa S , Ohno N , Okada S , Kobayashi M 
Published: July 2017

Summary
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control immune responses by suppressing various inflammatory cells. Tregs in newborn babies may play an important role in preventing excessive immune responses during their environmental change. We examined the number and phenotype of Tregs during the neonatal period in 49 newborn babies. Tregs were characterized by flow cytometry using cord blood (CB) and peripheral blood (PB) from the early (7–8 days after birth) and late (2–4 weeks after birth) neonatal periods. CD4+forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+) T cells were classified into resting Tregs (CD45RA+FoxP3low), activated Tregs (CD45RA– FoxP3high) and newly activated T cells (CD45RA– FoxP3low). Compared with CB and PB during the late neonatal period, the percentage of Tregs and all Treg subpopulations in the CD4+ lymphocyte population were increased significantly during the early neonatal period. Furthermore, the proportion and absolute number of activated Tregs were increased markedly compared with other Treg subpopulations, such as resting Tregs and newly activated T cells (non-Tregs), in the early neonatal period. Increased Tregs concomitantly expressed the suppressive molecule cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). The up-regulated expression of chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) and down-regulated expression of CCR7 were also observed in expanded Tregs. When cord blood cells were cultured in vitro with CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for 5 days, CD4+CD45RA–FoxP3high cells were increased significantly during the culture. Thus, the presence of increased activated Tregs in early neonates may play an important role in immunological regulation by suppressing excessive T cell activation caused by the immediate exposure to ubiquitous antigens after birth.
Evaluating the impact of optical coherence tomography in diabetic retinopathy screening for an Aboriginal population
Authors: O'Halloran Richard A , Turner Angus W 
Published: July 2017

AbstractImportanceOptical coherence tomography is used routinely in management of diabetic eye disease but has not been evaluated in Australian outreach settings for screening programmes.BackgroundThe study aims to evaluate the use of optical coherence tomography combined with a fundus camera compared with a fundus camera only in a telehealth diabetic retinopathy screening programme for Aboriginal Australians.DesignRetrospective comparative study was used.ParticipantsThe study included patients with diabetes at two Aboriginal Health Services.MethodsAn intervention group was studied in 2015 using a Topcon 3D optical coherence tomography‐1 Maestro combined with optical coherence tomography/fundus camera. A control group was studied in 2014 using a DRS non‐mydriatic fundus camera. Fundus photographs were emailed to trained retinal graders for review. Optical coherence tomography scans were graded by ophthalmologists via remote TeamViewer access.Main Outcome MeasureReferral rates to an eye health professional and the rate of inadequate photographs.ResultsTwo hundred and twenty‐two patients were included, with 80 in the control group and 142 in the intervention group. There was a significantly higher rate of inadequate fundus photographs in the intervention group (31.0% vs. 13.8%). Although there was a higher rate of referral to an eye health professional in the intervention group (39.6% vs. 30.0%), this was not significant. Diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy was evident in 32.3% and 12.0% of adequate fundus photographs, respectively. Diabetic macular oedema was present in 3.6% of optical coherence tomography scans.Conclusions and RelevanceThe combined optical coherence tomography fundus camera provided no advantage for diabetic retinopathy screening compared with fundus photography in an Australian programme. The rate of referral to an eye health professional was not reduced with a higher rate of inadequate fundus photographs.
Attribute‐preserving gamut mapping of measured BRDFs
Authors: Sun Tiancheng , Serrano Ana , Gutierrez Diego , Masia Belen 
Published: July 2017

AbstractReproducing the appearance of real‐world materials using current printing technology is problematic. The reduced number of inks available define the printer's limited gamut, creating distortions in the printed appearance that are hard to control. Gamut mapping refers to the process of bringing an out‐of‐gamut material appearance into the printer's gamut, while minimizing such distortions as much as possible. We present a novel two‐step gamut mapping algorithm that allows users to specify which perceptual attribute of the original material they want to preserve (such as brightness, or roughness). In the first step, we work in the low‐dimensional intuitive appearance space recently proposed by Serrano et al. [SGM*16], and adjust achromatic reflectance via an objective function that strives to preserve certain attributes. From such intermediate representation, we then perform an image‐based optimization including color information, to bring the BRDF into gamut. We show, both objectively and through a user study, how our method yields superior results compared to the state of the art, with the additional advantage that the user can specify which visual attributes need to be preserved. Moreover, we show how this approach can also be used for attribute‐preserving material editing.
Line Integration for Rendering Heterogeneous Emissive Volumes
Authors: Simon Florian , Hanika Johannes , Zirr Tobias , Dachsbacher Carsten 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEmissive media are often challenging to render: in thin regions where only few scattering events occur the emission is poorly sampled, while sampling events for emission can be disadvantageous due to absorption in dense regions. We extend the standard path space measurement contribution to also collect emission along path segments, not only at vertices. We apply this extension to two estimators: extending paths via scattering and distance sampling, and next event estimation. In order to do so, we unify the two approaches and derive the corresponding Monte Carlo estimators to interpret next event estimation as a solid angle sampling technique. We avoid connecting paths to vertices hidden behind dense absorbing layers of smoke by also including transmittance sampling into next event estimation. We demonstrate the advantages of our line integration approach which generates estimators with lower variance since entire segments are accounted for. Also, our novel forward next event estimation technique yields faster run times compared to previous next event estimation as it penetrates less deeply into dense volumes.
Examining the relationship between local extinction risk and position in range
Authors: Boakes Elizabeth H. , Isaac Nicholas J.B. , Fuller Richard A. , Mace Georgina M. , McGowan Philip J.K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOver half of globally threatened animal species have experienced rapid geographic range loss. Identifying the parts of species’ distributions most vulnerable to local extinction would benefit conservation planning. However, previous studies give little consensus on whether ranges decline to the core or edge. We built on previous work by using empirical data to examine the position of recent local extinctions within species’ geographic ranges, address range position as a continuum, and explore the influence of environmental factors. We aggregated point‐locality data for 125 Galliform species from across the Palearctic and Indo‐Malaya into equal‐area half‐degree grid cells and used a multispecies dynamic Bayesian occupancy model to estimate rates of local extinctions. Our model provides a novel approach to identify loss of populations from within species ranges. We investigated the relationship between extinction rates and distance from range edge by examining whether patterns were consistent across biogeographic realm and different categories of land use. In the Palearctic, local extinctions occurred closer to the range edge than range core in both unconverted and human‐dominated landscapes. In Indo‐Malaya, no pattern was found for unconverted landscapes, but in human‐dominated landscapes extinctions tended to occur closer to the core than the edge. Our results suggest that local and regional factors override general spatial patterns of recent local extinction within species’ ranges and highlight the difficulty of predicting the parts of a species’ distribution most vulnerable to threat.
Redistribution of benefits but not detection in a fisheries bycatch‐reduction management initiative
Authors: McClanahan T.R. , Kosgei J.K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractReducing the capture of small fish, discarded fish, and bycatch is a primary concern of fisheries managers who propose to maintain high yields, species diversity, and ecosystem functions. Modified fishing gear is one of the primary ways to reduce by‐catch and capture of small fish. The outcomes of gear modification may depend on competition among fishers using other similar resources and other gears in the same fishing grounds and the subsequent adoption or abandonment of modified gears by fishers. We evaluated adoption of modified gear, catch size, catch per unit effort (CPUE), yield, and fisher incomes in a coral reef fishery in which a 3‐cm escape gap was introduced into traditional traps. There were 26.1 (SD 4.9) fishers who used the experimental landing sites and 228(SD 15.7) fishers who used the control landing sites annually over 7 years. The size of fish increased by 10.6% in the modified traps, but the catch of smaller fish increased by 11.2% among the other gears. There was no change in the overall CPUE, yields, or per area incomes; rather, yield benefits were redistributed in favor of the unmodified gears. For example, estimated incomes of fishers who adopted the modified traps remained unchanged but increased for net and spear fishers. Fishers using escape‐gap traps had a high proportion of income from larger fish, which may have led to a perception of benefits, high status, and no abandonment of the modified traps. The commensal rather than competitive outcome may explain the continued use of escape‐gap traps 3 years after their introduction. Trap fishers showed an interest in negotiating other management improvements, such as increased mesh sizes for nets, which could ultimately catalyze community‐level decisions and restrictions that could increase their profits.
Immunological, chemical and clinical aspects of exposure to mixtures of contact allergens
Authors: Bonefeld Charlotte M. , Geisler Carsten , Gimenéz‐Arnau Elena , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre , Uter Wolfgang , Johansen Jeanne D. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryAllergic contact dermatitis is one of the most frequent forms of skin inflammation. Very often, we are exposed to mixtures of allergens with varying potencies, doses/areas, and exposure times. Therefore, improved knowledge about immune responses to combinations of contact allergens is highly relevant. In this article, we provide a general introduction to immune responses to contact allergens, and discuss the literature concerning immune responses to mixtures of allergens. According to the existing evidence, increased responses are induced following sensitization with combinations of allergens as compared with single allergens. The response to a mixture of allergens can be both additive and synergistic, depending on the dose and combination of allergens. Importantly, sensitization with combinations of either fragrance allergens or metal salts can result in increased challenge responses to specific allergens within the mixture. Taken together, the immune responses to mixtures of allergens are complex, and further studies are required to obtain the necessary knowledge to improve consumer safety.
Prognostic impact and risk factors of low body mass index in patients undergoing liver transplantation
Authors: Lee Jin‐Chiao , Doush Wael M. A. , Wang Yu‐Chao , Cheng Chih‐Hsien , Wu Tsung‐Han , Chen Yi‐Chan , Soong Ruey‐Shyang , Wu Ting‐Jung , Chou Hong‐Shiue , Chan Kun‐Ming , Lee Wei‐Chen , Lee Chen‐Fang 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe aimed to investigate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the overall survival rates and to identify the risk factors associated with adverse outcomes. A total of 381 adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantations performed were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were classified according to the BMI categories established by the World Health Organization: The underweight group (BMI<18.5 kg/m2) and the non‐underweight group (BMI≥18.5 kg/m2). The underweight group had significantly worse outcomes, compared with that of the non‐underweight group (5‐year overall survival: 45.6% vs 74.6%, P<.001). Underweight patients with CD4/CD8 ratio <1.4 had a significant worse prognosis, compared with those with CD4/CD8 ratio ≥1.4. (The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year overall patient survival rates in both groups were 71.0% vs 20%, 58.9% vs 0%, and 53.6% vs 0%, respectively, P=.002.) In the multivariate analysis, only CD4/CD8 ratio <1.4 was an independent poor prognostic factor (hazard ratio=7.063, 95% confidence interval=1.329‐37.547, P=.022).ConclusionsPre‐operative CD4/CD8 ratio <1.4 is an independent poor prognostic indicator for underweight patients undergoing liver transplantation. Early intervention in replenishing the nutrient deficit and cautious use of immunosuppressive regimens are essential to prepare this high‐risk population for a more successful liver transplantation.
Coagulation profile in patients with chronic kidney disease before and after kidney transplantation: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Cho Jinbeom , Jun Kang Woong , Kim Mi Hyeong , Hwang Jeong Kye , Moon In Sung , Kim Ji Il 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundPatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) tend to experience both thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications; however, the pathophysiology remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the underlying mechanisms and characteristics of hemostatic problems in patients with CKD and to demonstrate the role of kidney transplantation (KT) in correcting these hemostatic abnormalities.MethodsIn this retrospective observational study, 557 KT recipients who did not receive perioperative plasmapheresis and who did not exhibit graft failure within 1 month after KT were included.ResultsKT recipients demonstrated increased levels of homocysteine and D‐dimer. A total of 80.9% of patients exhibited ≥1 thrombophilic factor at pre‐transplantation, and the proportion of these patients decreased to 47% at 28th post‐operative day (P<.001). The renal function of patients with no thrombophilic factors was better than that of patients with ≥1 thrombophilic factor at all post‐operative assessments (P<.001). The duration of pre‐operative dialysis significantly correlated with the thrombotic tendency of patients with CKD before and after KT.ConclusionPatients with CKD can exhibit hypercoagulability, which might be caused by reduced renal function per se. Both HD and PD can aggravate the prothrombotic tendency of patients with CKD via different mechanisms. Most thrombophilic factors in patients with CKD were corrected after KT.
Acne
Authors: Degitz Klaus , Ochsendorf Falk 
Published: July 2017

SummaryAcne is a chronic disease with a high prevalence among adolescents. Key pathogenetic factors (and their clinical correlates) are increased sebum production (seborrhea), follicular hyperkeratosis (comedones), and perifollicular inflammation (papules and pustules). The disease is modulated by a variety of endogenous (androgens, IGF‐1, neuroendocrine factors) and exogenous (Propionibacterium acnes, diet, friction, ingredients of medical or cosmetic topical products) triggers. Acne is associated with high morbidity, and even mild manifestations may potentially cause considerable impairment in quality of life. Effective topical and systemic treatments are available. Optimal therapeutic results require continuous patient management over the course of the entire treatment period as well as adjustment of treatment modalities based on symptoms and disease severity.
Akne
Authors: Degitz Klaus , Ochsendorf Falk 
Published: July 2017

ZusammenfassungAkne ist eine chronische Erkrankung mit hoher Prävalenz unter Jugendlichen. Pathogenetische Hauptfaktoren (und ihre klinischen Korrelate) sind gesteigerte Talgproduktion (Seborrhoe), follikuläre Hyperkeratose (Komedonen) und perifollikuläre Entzündungsvorgänge (Papulopusteln). Die Krankheit wird von endogenen (Androgene, IGF‐1, neuroendokrine Faktoren) und exogenen (Propionibacterium acnes, Diät, mechanische Irritation, Inhaltsstoffe medizinischer oder kosmetischer Externa) Einflüssen moduliert. Akne geht mit zum Teil hoher Morbidität einher und kann bereits bei leichter Ausprägung eine erhebliche Verschlechterung der Lebensqualität bewirken. Zu Therapie stehen wirksame topische und systemische Behandlungsverfahren zur Verfügung. Eine optimale Behandlung erfordert eine stadiengerechtes Management und kontinuierliche ärztliche Begleitung der Patienten über den erforderlichen Behandlungszeitraum.
The roles of history: age and prior exploitation in aquatic container habitats have immediate and carry‐over effects on mosquito life history
Authors: WESTBY KATIE M. , JULIANO STEVEN A. 
Published: July 2017

1. Per‐capita resource availability in aquatic habitats is influenced directly by consumer density via resource competition and indirectly via delayed resource competition when temporally non‐overlapping cohorts of larvae exploit the same resources. In detritus‐based systems, resources are likely to be influenced by the age of the aquatic habitat, as detritus changes in quality over time and may be replenished by new inputs.2. For aquatic insects that exploit detritus‐based habitats, feeding conditions experienced during immature stages can influence fitness directly via effects on development and survivorship, but also indirectly by influencing adult traits such as fecundity and longevity.3. Larval habitat age and prior resource exploitation were manipulated in a field experiment using the container mosquito Aedes triseriatus.4. It was found that A. triseriatus from older habitats had greater larval survival, faster development and greater adult longevity. Exploitation of larval habitats by a prior cohort of larvae had a significant negative effect on subsequent cohorts of larvae by delaying development.5. It is suggested that extended conditioning of detritus probably resulted in conversion of recalcitrant resources to more available forms which improved the quality of the habitat.6. In a parallel study, evidence was found of carry‐over effects of habitat age and prior exploitation on adult longevity for A. triseriatus and Aedes japonicus collected from unmanipulated aquatic habitats.7. These results indicate the importance of detritus dynamics and the discontinuous nature of resource competition in these mosquito‐dominated aquatic systems.
The role of environmental filtering in the functional structure of fish communities in tropical wetlands
Authors: Córdova‐Tapia Fernando , Hernández‐Marroquín Víctor , Zambrano Luis 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms that structure communities has been a major challenge in ecological theory. In wetlands with a clear seasonal hydroperiod (wet and dry seasons), such as Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve (SKBR), Mexico, fish communities experience successive habitat contraction/expansion, with a high mortality rate during the dry season. In this study, we tested the role of environmental filtering in structuring fish communities along an environmental gradient in permanent pools, during three consecutive stages of the dry season. We analysed fish communities using a functional dispersion index weighted by the relative abundance compared against a null model. While the concentration of dissolved oxygen remained low throughout the season, depth and temperature showed a gradient as the season progressed. Independently of their starting composition, at the end of the dry season the communities were dominated by a combination of the same three species. For the key function of locomotion, the functional dispersion was significantly lower at the end of the season in three of the five pools. For food acquisition, no significant differences were found. When the overall functional variation was considered, at the beginning of the dry season no single community differed significantly compared to the random models. However, as the season progressed, significant differences were recorded in four of the five pools. Our study supports the hypothesis that environmental filters have a major role in community structure in severe environmental conditions. Furthermore, our results show that the role of environmental filters gain importance as the dry season progresses.
Everyday memory: towards a translationally effective method of modelling the encoding, forgetting and enhancement of memory
Authors: Nonaka Mio , Fitzpatrick Richard , Lapira Jennifer , Wheeler Damian , Spooner Patrick A. , Corcoles‐Parada Marta , Muñoz‐López Mónica , Tully Tim , Peters Marco , Morris Richard G. M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe testing of cognitive enhancers could benefit from the development of novel behavioural tasks that display better translational relevance for daily memory and permit the examination of potential targets in a within‐subjects manner with less variability. We here outline an optimized spatial ‘everyday memory’ task. We calibrate it systematically by interrogating certain well‐established determinants of memory and consider its potential for revealing novel features of encoding‐related gene activation. Rats were trained in an event arena in which food was hidden in sandwells in a different location everyday. They found the food during an initial memory‐encoding trial and were then required to remember the location in six alternative choice or probe trials at various time‐points later. Training continued daily over a period of 4 months, realizing a stable high level of performance and characterized by delay‐dependent forgetting over 24 h. Spaced but not massed access to multiple rewards enhanced the persistence of memory, as did post‐encoding administration of the PDE4 inhibitor Rolipram. Quantitative PCR and then genome‐wide analysis of gene expression led to a new observation – stronger gene‐activation in hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex following spaced than massed training. In a subsidiary study, a separate group of animals replicated aspects of this training profile, going on to show enhanced memory when training was subject to post‐encoding environmental novelty. Distinctive features of this protocol include its potential validity as a model of memory encoding used routinely by human subjects everyday, and the possibility of multiple within‐subject comparisons to speed up assays of novel compounds.