bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetry as an Instrument of Differentiated Integration
Authors: Martinico Giuseppe 
Published: January 2017

Asymmetry as an Instrument of Differentiated Integration. The Case of the European Union
This article offers a reflection on asymmetry as an instrument of differentiated integration in the current phase of the EU integration process. As for the structure, this work is divided into four parts: First, I shall clarify what I mean by asymmetry as an instrument of integration relying on comparative law. This comparative exercise is particularly useful because it allows us to acknowledge the strong integrative function performed by asymmetry in contexts different from but comparable to the EU system. Second, I shall look at EU law and recall the main features of asymmetry in this particular legal system. In the third part of the article I shall look at the implications of the financial crisis, which has increased the resort to asymmetric instruments. In the last part I shall deal with some recent proposals concerning the differentiated representation of the Eurozone. The idea of differentiated integration and that of asymmetry have been extended and adapted to many different processes by scholars over the years, but to avoid misunderstandings I would like to make clear that in this work I shall analyse those forms of asymmetries that are allowed and carried out only when respect for an untouchable core of integration is guaranteed. This is crucial to conceive asymmetry as an instrument of integration.
Responses to Climate Change in Bangladesh
Authors: Mohammad Nour 
Published: January 2017

Responses to Climate Change in Bangladesh: An Appraisal
Climate change is a global problem. The impacts of climate change are worldwide. It’s not only detrimental for developing countries but also harmful for developed countries. Bangladesh is recognized as one of the countries most vulnerable to and affected by the impacts of climate change and global warming. This is due to its geographical location, geo-morphological conditions, low elevation from the sea, density of population, poverty, and remarkable dependence on nature, as well as its resources and services. As a developing country, Bangladesh is least responsible for the GHGs emission and an innocent victim of adverse impacts of climate change. This article explores the situation of climate change, its various causes and the impacts faced by the developing countries, in particular Bangladesh. The author aims to highlight how to reduce the causes of climate change for developing countries and the obligations of developed countries to combat the climate change under the existing international legal framework.
De burgemeester als crisismanager
Authors: Schat Patricia , Prins Ruth 
Published: January 2017

The Dutch Mayor as a crisis manager – The implications of the decentralization of youth care for leadership styles in crisis management
Dutch mayors are confronted with various crises differing from a deadly incident with a monster truck to societal unrest due to convicted sex offenders returning to local society. This article presents the results of a research about the role of the mayor in so-called ‘youth crises’. The ‘big decentralization operation’ of January 1, 2015 resulted in new tasks and responsibilities for local governments regarding youth care. This research focuses on the implications of this decentralization for the leadership style of the mayor when a youth related crisis causes societal unrest. The way in which mayors deal with such a crisis was studied by means of in-depth interviews and a vignette study before and after the decentralization. This research concludes that the leadership style of the mayor did not change after the decentralization. Mayors consistently show two dominant leadership styles when managing a youth crisis: ‘First Civilian’ and ‘Peer Governor.’ As a ‘First Civilian’ the mayor’s crisis management actions focuses primarily on the community and the affected family. The style ‘Peer Governor’ is all about gathering relevant information and consultation with various partners, such as youth care organizations and aldermen. More interestingly, the results show that decentralization of youth care redefines the relationship between the local alderman responsible for youth care and the mayor as a crisis manager safeguarding local order and public safety. This relationship is currently under construction and could grow either competitive or fruitful.
Quantitative Determination of Anthraquinones and Resveratrol in Polygonum Cillinerve (Nakai) Ohwi by HPLC-PAD
Authors: Wu Yanfang , Wang Xinsheng , Liu Pu , Niu Qingshan , Wu Qinan 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and validated high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array method has been established for the simultaneous determination of anthraquinones and resveratrol in Polygonum Cillinerve (Nakai) Ohwi (Zhushaqi in Chinese). The evaluation was performed using a Sunfire C18 reversed-phase column with 30°C column temperature. The mobile phase was composed of a gradient elution of 0.5% acetic acid (solvent A) and methanol (solvent B) with flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was at 254nm. The method developed and validated is simple, shows good linearity, sensitivity, precision, and recovery, and is applied to analyze anthraquinones and resveratrol in 13 batches of Zhushaqi. The results show that the target compounds of Zhushaqi are significantly different among these samples. Based on results of the statistical analysis, the samples collected from Funiu Mountain were clustered together, and the samples obtained fromBozhou Market were close together. The developed method can be a useful tool in quality control and used to evaluate difference and to identify the geographical area of Zhushaqi, and also to provide technical support for the pharmacological and clinical research of related drugs.
Fremmedsprogspædagogikken - eksemplificeret ved 4 forskningsområder
Authors: Henriksen Birgit 
Published: January 2017

The paper gives a brief introduction to Foreign Language Pedagogy. In order to show the wide scope in research interests and methodology within this field of research 4 specific areas of study are outlined: 1) cross-cultural pragmatics 2) lexical inferencing strategies 3) text quality in written texts and 4) classroom research within the action research paradigm. For each of the fields of study the research design, the results and possible pedagogical implications are outlined. Finally, the implications of the results in relation to the teaching of Greenlandic in secondary education in Greenland are discussed.
Relationship between harmonic spectra and coercive field of immobilized magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Sasayama Teruyoshi , Yoshida Takashi , Enpuku Keiji 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We studied the AC hysteresis loop and the harmonic spectra of samples containing immobilized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) at different values of the excitation field frequency f and amplitude H
0. First, we measured the dependences of the coercive field 〈H
c〉 on f and H
0. The measured dependences agreed qualitatively with the numerically predicted values. Next, we studied the relationship between 〈H
c〉 and the harmonic spectra, and found strong correlation between 〈H
c〉 and the attenuation rate of these harmonic spectra. We obtained an empirical expression for the harmonic spectra using 〈H
c〉 and a static magnetization curve for the immobilized MNPs. The expression obtained explained the experimental data well. Finally, the harmonic spectra were measured for two MNP samples with different distributions of the magnetic moment m. The MNP sample with the lower m distribution produces richer harmonic spectra for use in magnetic particle imaging.
Coseismic ruptures of the 24 August 2016, Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake (central Italy)
Authors: Pucci S. , De Martini P. M. , Civico R. , Villani F. , Nappi R. , Ricci T. , Azzaro R. , Brunori C. A. , Caciagli M. , Cinti F. R. , Sapia V. , De Ritis R. , Mazzarini F. , Tarquini S. , Gaudiosi G. , Nave R. , Alessio G. , Smedile A. , Alfonsi L. , Cucci L. , Pantosti D. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractOn 24 August 2016, a Mw 6.0 normal‐faulting earthquake struck central Italy, causing about 300 fatalities and heavy damage. A geological survey collected the coseismic effects observed at the surface in order to evaluate two competing hypotheses about their nature: surface faulting versus gravitational deformation. We find that the most significant geological effect is a 5.2 km long alignment of ground ruptures along the Mount Vettore Fault System. These ruptures are independent from lithology, topography, morphology, and change in slope and exhibit an average dip‐slip displacement of ~13 cm. Geometry, kinematics, and dimensional properties of this zone of deformation strongly lead us to favor the primary surface faulting hypothesis that fits well the predicted estimates from experimental scaling law relationships. Our study provides relevant hints for surface faulting in extensional domains, contributing to implement the worldwide database of the moderate earthquakes.
An analysis of the nonlinear magma‐edifice coupling at Grimsvötn volcano (Iceland)
Authors: Got Jean‐Luc , Carrier Aurore , Marsan David , Jouanne François , Vogfjörd Kristin , Villemin Thierry 
Published: January 2017

AbstractContinuous monitoring of seismicity and surface displacement of active volcanoes can reveal important features of the eruptive cycle. Here high‐quality GPS and earthquake data recorded at Grimsvötn volcano by the Icelandic Meteorological Office during the 2004–2011 intereruptive period are analyzed. These showed a characteristic pattern, with an initial ∼2 year long exponential decay followed by ∼3 year long constant surface displacement inflation rate. We model it by using a one magma reservoir model in an elastic damaging edifice, with incompressible magma and constant pressure at the base of the magma conduit. Seismicity rate and damage were first modeled, and simple analytical expressions were derived for the magma reservoir overpressure and surface displacement as functions of time. Very good fits of the seismicity and surface displacement data were obtained by fitting only three phenomenological parameters. Characteristic time and power strain show maxima from which reference times were inferred that split the intereruptive period into five periods. After the pressurization periods, damage occurring in the third period induced weakly nonlinear variations in magma overpressure and flow, and surface displacement. During the fourth period, the damage dominated and variations became more strongly nonlinear, the reservoir overpressure decreased, and magma flow increased. This process lasted until the power strain reached its second maximum, where instability was generalized. This maximum is a physical limit, the occurrence of which shortly precedes rupture and, eventually, eruption. This analysis allows characterization of the state of the volcanic edifice during the intereruptive period and supports medium‐term prediction of rupture and eruption.
Dynamic regimes of neocortical activity linked to corticothalamic integrity correlate with outcomes in acute anoxic brain injury after cardiac arrest
Authors: Forgacs Peter B. , Frey Hans‐Peter , Velazquez Angela , Thompson Stephanie , Brodie Daniel , Moitra Vivek , Rabani Leroy , Park Soojin , Agarwal Sachin , Falo Maria Cristina , Schiff Nicholas D. , Claassen Jan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveRecognition of potential for neurological recovery in patients who remain comatose after cardiac arrest is challenging and strains clinical decision making. Here, we utilize an approach that is based on physiological principles underlying recovery of consciousness and show correlation with clinical recovery after acute anoxic brain injury.MethodsA cohort study of 54 patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit after cardiac arrest who underwent standardized bedside behavioral testing (Coma Recovery Scale – Revised [CRS‐R]) during EEG monitoring. Blinded to all clinical variables, artifact‐free EEG segments were selected around maximally aroused states and analyzed using a multi‐taper method to assess frequency spectral content. EEG spectral features were assessed based on pre‐defined categories that are linked to anterior forebrain corticothalamic integrity. Clinical outcomes were determined at the time of hospital discharge, using Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC).ResultsTen patients with ongoing seizures, myogenic artifacts or technical limitations obscuring recognition of underlying cortical dynamic activity were excluded from primary analysis. Of the 44 remaining patients with distinct EEG spectral features, 39 (88%) fit into our predefined categories. In these patients, spectral features corresponding to higher levels of anterior forebrain corticothalamic integrity correlated with higher levels of consciousness and favorable clinical outcome at the time of hospital discharge (P = 0.014).InterpretationPredicted transitions of neocortical dynamics that indicate functional integrity of anterior forebrain corticothalamic circuitry correlate with clinical outcomes in postcardiac‐arrest patients. Our results support a new biologically driven approach toward better understanding of neurological recovery after cardiac arrest.
Cancer incidence among capacitor manufacturing workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls
Authors: Ruder Avima M. , Hein Misty J. , Hopf Nancy B. , Waters Martha A. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundWe evaluated cancer incidence in a cohort of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposed workers.MethodsIncident cancers, identified using state registries, were compared to those in a national population using standardized incidence ratios. Trends in prostate cancer incidence with cumulative PCB exposure were evaluated using standardized rate ratios and Cox regression models. For selected sites, cumulative PCB exposure was compared between aggressive (fatal/distant stage) and localized/regional cancers.ResultsWe identified 3,371 invasive first primary cancer diagnoses among 21,317 eligible workers through 2007. Overall relative incidence was reduced. Elevations were only observed for respiratory cancers and among women, urinary organ cancers. Among men, prostate cancer incidence was reduced and not associated with cumulative PCB exposure although median exposures were significantly higher for aggressive compared to localized/regional prostate cancers.ConclusionPreviously observed associations between cumulative PCB exposure and prostate cancer mortality were not confirmed in this analysis; prostate cancer stage at diagnosis may explain the discrepancy. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:198–207, 2017. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Comparative behavior of in situ silica generation in saturated rubbers: EPDM and hydrogenated natural rubber
Authors: Ongwongsakul Kitti , Rempel Garry L. , Poompradub Sirilux , Hinchiranan Napida 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTRole of carbon‐carbon double (CC) bonds content and their position in ethylene‐propylene diene ter‐polymer (EPDM), hydrogenated natural rubber (HNR) and natural rubber (NR) on in situ silica formation using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as a silica precursor is comparatively investigated. Glass transition temperature (Tg) reflecting rubber chain flexibility is found as an important factor for in situ silica generation via swelling method. Despite of similar solubility parameters, NR has higher TEOS‐swelling degree resulting in the higher in situ silica content (30.8 phr) than EPDM (3.50 phr) and HNR (10.4–17.6 phr) due to the higher Tg of EPDM and HNR providing the less chain flexibility to be swollen in TEOS solution. The morphological analysis implies that CC bonds in saturated rubbers may be agglomeration sites for in situ silica particles. For practical applications, saturated rubbers containing in situ silica/NR vulcanizates showed the improvement of mechanical properties and resistance of thermal and ozone degradation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44748.
Study of solubility and swelling ratio in polymer‐CO2 systems using the PC‐SAFT equation of state
Authors: Gong Kai , Panuganti Sai R. , Chapman Walter G. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTWe use the PC‐SAFT equation of state to model the solubility of CO2 in various homopolymers. We also model the swelling ratio of the PP (polypropylene)‐CO2 mixture using PC‐SAFT and then compare the results with Sanchez‐Lacombe (S‐L) and Simha‐Somcynsky (S‐S) equations. The results show that PC‐SAFT can describe the solubility of CO2 in polymers very well. We compare two sets of parameters in the PC‐SAFT equation, Gross et al.'s and Chen et al.'s. As for the swelling ratio, PC‐SAFT using Chen et al. parameters is better than S‐L equation, which is commonly used by early researchers in studying the solubility of CO2 in polymers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44804.
Crossed Synchronization of Multiple Subnets Complex Network System with Time‐Varying Delay
Authors: Bi‐feng Zhou , Yi‐ping Lou , Yao‐xiang Zhong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA dual‐time varying delay complex network system is formed by a plurality of sub‐networks. This paper discusses the crossed synchronization stability of such systems on the basis of crossed synchronization definition between the sub‐nets. By the Lyapunov stability theory with the Zero Theorem, we obtained a sufficient condition that a synchronization exponentially stable controller exists in the complex network system, with characteristic variable delay. The relationship between the complex network nodes are discussed, and the two nodes must be connected and can interact with each other so it has the actual coupling strength. Finally, combining the given conditions, a numerical simulation illustrates its effectiveness.
Model Reduction of Large Scale Descriptor Systems Using Time Limited Gramians
Authors: Haider Khawaja Shafiq , Ghafoor Abdul , Imran Muhammad , Malik Fahad Mumtaz 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA new technique for model order reduction of large scale continuous linear time invariant descriptor systems in limited time interval is proposed. The concept of time limited Gramians for descriptor systems is introduced for applications involving analysis, design or optimization in specific time interval. Balanced truncation based on magnitudes of Hankel singular values of the computed Gramians is performed to obtain the reduced order models in limited time interval. An approximate solution of time limited projected Lyapunov equations is developed and Cholesky factorisation of time limited Gramians is performed. Moreover, stability conditions for reduced order system are stated and two algorithms for stability preservation of reduced order models are presented. Results certify the successful application of the proposed techniques.
Promoting active learning of graduate student by deep reading in biochemistry and microbiology pharmacy curriculum
Authors: Peng Ren 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTo promote graduate students' active learning, deep reading of high quality papers was done by graduate students enrolled in biochemistry and microbiology pharmacy curriculum offered by college of life science, Jiangxi Normal University from 2013 to 2015. The number of graduate students, who participated in the course in 2013, 2014, and 2015 were eleven, thirteen and fifteen, respectively. Through deep reading of papers, presentation, and group discussion in the lecture, these graduate students have improved their academic performances effectively, such as literature search, PPT document production, presentation management, specialty document reading, academic inquiry, and analytical and comprehensive ability. The graduate students also have increased their understanding level of frontier research, scientific research methods, and experimental methods. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(4):305–312, 2017.
Untargeted metabolomic profiling of seminal plasma in nonobstructive azoospermia men: A noninvasive detection of spermatogenesis
Authors: Gilany Kambiz , Mani‐Varnosfaderani Ahmad , Minai‐Tehrani Arash , Mirzajani Fateme , Ghassempour Alireza , Sadeghi Mohammed Reza , Amini Mehdi , Rezadoost Hassan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMale factor infertility is involved in almost half of all infertile couples. Lack of the ejaculated sperm owing to testicular malfunction has been reported in 6–10% of infertile men, a condition named nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). In this study, we investigated untargeted metabolomic profiling of the seminal plasma in NOA men using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and advance chemometrics. In this regard, the seminal plasma fluids of 11 NOA men with TESE‐negative, nine NOA men with TESE‐positive and 10 fertile healthy men (as a control group) were collected. Quadratic discriminate analysis (QDA) technique was implemented on total ion chromatograms (TICs) for identification of discriminatory retention times. We developed multivariate classification models using the QDA technique. Our results revealed that the developed QDA models could predict the classes of samples using their TIC data. The receiver operating characteristic curves for these models were >0.88. After recognition of discriminatory retention time's asymmetric penalized least square, evolving factor analysis, correlation optimized warping and alternating least squares strategies were applied for preprocessing and deconvolution of the overlapped chromatographic peaks. We could identify 36 discriminatory metabolites. These metabolites may be considered discriminatory biomarkers for different groups in NOA.
Electronic Tuning of Zinc Porphyrin Catalysts for the Conversion of Epoxides and Carbon Dioxide into Cyclic Carbonates
Authors: Maeda Chihiro , Sasaki Sota , Ema Tadashi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBifunctional ZnII porphyrin catalysts bearing tributylammonium bromide groups at the meta positions of the meso‐phenyl groups showed high catalytic activity for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2. Herein, several substituents with different electronic properties were introduced at the para positions. Introduction of electron‐donating groups decreased the catalytic activity, whereas the introduction of electron‐withdrawing groups increased the activity. The substituents modulated the Lewis acidity of the zinc center, which was confirmed by binding constant experiments. The bifunctional catalyst bearing cyano groups showed the highest catalytic activity with a turnover frequency of up to 42 000 h−1.