bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speciated atmospheric mercury on haze and non-haze days in an inland city in China
Authors: Hong Qianqian , Xie Zhouqing , Liu Cheng , Wang Feiyue , Xie Pinhua , Kang Hui , Xu Jin , Wang Jiancheng , Wu Fengcheng , He Pengzhen , Mou Fusheng , Fan Shidong , Dong Yunsheng , Zhan Haicong , Yu Xiawei , Chi Xiyuan , Liu Jianguo 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Long-term continuous measurements of speciated atmospheric mercury were conducted from July 2013 to June 2014 in Hefei, a midlatitude inland city in eastern central China that experiences frequent haze pollution. The mean concentrations (±standard deviation) of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and particle-bound mercury (PBM) were 3.95 ± 1.93 ng m−3, 2.49 ± 2.41 and 23.3 ± 90.8 pg m−3, respectively, on non-haze days, and 4.74 ± 1.62 ng m−3, 4.32 ± 8.36 and 60.2 ± 131.4 pg m−3, respectively, on haze days. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis suggested that atmospheric mercury pollution on haze days was caused primarily by local emissions, instead of via long-range transport. The poorer mixing conditions on haze days also favored the accumulation of atmospheric mercury. Compared to GEM and GOM, PBM was especially sensitive to haze pollution. The mean PBM concentration on haze days was 2.5 times that on non-haze days due to elevated concentrations of particulate matter. PBM also showed a clear seasonal trend; its concentration was the highest in fall and winter, decreased rapidly in spring and was the lowest in summer, following the same order in the frequency of haze days in different seasons. On both non-haze and haze days, GOM concentrations remained low at night, but increased rapidly just before sunrise, which could be due to diurnal variation in air exchange between the boundary layer and free troposphere. However, non-haze and haze days showed different trends in daytime GEM and GOM concentrations. On non-haze days, GEM and GOM declined synchronously through the afternoon, probably due to the retreat of the free tropospheric air as the height of the atmospheric boundary layer increases. In contrast, on haze days, GOM and GEM showed opposite trends with the highest GOM and lowest GEM observed in the afternoon, suggesting the occurrence of photochemical oxidation. This is supported by simple box-model calculations, which showed that oxidation of GEM to GOM does occur and that the transport of free tropospheric GOM alone is not large enough to account for the observed increase in daytime GOM. Our results further postulate that NO2 aggregation with the HgOH intermediate may be a potential mechanism for the enhanced production of GOM during daytime.
The Journey through the Judgment: Affective Viewing and the Monstrous in Bosch's Vienna Last Judgment Triptych
Authors: Kagan-Moore Hannah 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Hieronymus Bosch's Vienna The Last Judgment is notable not only for his characteristic monsters; it also alters the “choice” narrative typical of Last Judgments. Ordinarily, the action of a Last Judgment triptych moves from the center of the image outward, with Christ in Judgment at the center and Heaven and Hell on either side. Yet the Vienna triptych presents a lopsided focus on the inevitability of Hell—leaving the viewer entangled with the monstrous, lascivious, violent, and immoral. Medieval and early modern Christian European audiences would have interpreted Bosch's The Last Judgment as part of an existing cultural framework that defined humanity and Christian morality against monstrosity as a vehicle for sinful behavior. Using theoretical models that deal with affect, landscape, and medieval meditation strategies, this paper will explore possible visual passages through Bosch's The Last Judgment and the resulting messages the painting provides about sin, salvation, humanity, and monstrosity.
Extent of Staff Professional Ethical on Customers' Commitment in Hotel Industry: An Empirical Study - Three-star Hotels in Jordan
Authors: Al-Juboori Nouria Fleah 
Published: November 2016

<p>The aim of this study is to understand the practical situation of work ethics in hospitality industry organizations in Jordan by focusing on professional ethics in relation to employees and managers. It also focuses on how such professional ethics prevail in hospitality industry facilities and affect customers’ commitment‏. The study used primary data by distributing a questionnaire to staff in three-star hotels. The results revealed a positive relationship between the dependent and independent variables from the staffs' point of view by using simple regression. It is also concluded that professional ethical principles can be applied in hospitality facilities, primarily in dealing with customers and maintaining ethical trust; and that the staff (employees and managers) understands and appreciates the importance of having professional ethics in their organizations, as they lead to customer satisfaction and increases the level of commitment.</p>
Assessment of Drug Sensitivity in Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells from Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome Ex Vivo
Authors: Knorr Katherine L.B. , Finn Laura E. , Smith B. Douglas , Hess Allan D. , Foran James M. , Karp Judith E. , Kaufmann Scott H. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Current understanding suggests that malignant stem and progenitor cells must be reduced or eliminated for prolonged remissions in myeloid neoplasms such as acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Multicolor flow cytometry has been widely used to distinguish stem and myeloid progenitor cells from other populations in normal and malignant bone marrow. In this study, we present a method for assessing drug sensitivity in MDS and AML patient hematopoietic stem and myeloid progenitor cell populations ex vivo using the investigational Nedd8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 and standard-of-care agent cytarabine as examples. Utilizing a multicolor flow cytometry antibody panel for identification of hematopoietic stem cells, multipotent progenitors, common myeloid progenitors, granulocyte-monocyte progenitors, and megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors present in mononuclear cell fractions isolated from bone marrow aspirates, we compare stem and progenitor cell counts after treatment for 24 hours with drug versus diluent. We demonstrate that MLN4924 exerts a cytotoxic effect on MDS and AML stem and progenitor cell populations, whereas cytarabine has more limited effects. Further application of this method for evaluating drug effects on these populations ex vivo and in vivo may inform rational design and selection of therapies in the clinical setting.
Amnion Epithelial Cells Promote Lung Repair via Lipoxin A4
Authors: Tan Jean L. , Tan Yan Z. , Muljadi Ruth , Chan Siow T. , Lau Sin N. , Mockler Joanne C. , Wallace Euan M. , Lim Rebecca 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) have been shown to possess potent immunomodulatory properties across a number of disease models. Recently, we reported that hAECs influence macrophage polarization and activity, and that this step was dependent on regulatory T cells. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of hAEC-derived proresolution lipoxin-A4 (LXA4) on T-cell, macrophage, and neutrophil phenotype and function during the acute phase of bleomycin-induced lung injury. Using C57Bl6 mice, we administered 4 million hAECs intraperitoneally 24 hours after bleomycin challenge. Outcomes were measured at days 3, 5, and 7. hAEC administration resulted in significant changes to T-cell, macrophage, dendritic cell, and monocyte/macrophage infiltration and phenotypes. Endogenous levels of lipoxygenases, LXA4, and the lipoxin receptor FPR2 were elevated in hAEC-treated animals. Furthermore, we showed that the effects of hAECs on macrophage phagocytic activity and T-cell suppression are LXA4 dependent, whereas the inhibition of neutrophil-derived myleoperoxidase by hAECs is independent of LXA4. This study provides the first evidence that lipid-based mediators contribute to the immunomodulatory effects of hAECs and further supports the growing body of evidence that LXA4 is proresolutionary in lung injury. This discovery of LXA4-dependent communication between hAECs, macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils is important to the understanding of hAEC biodynamics and would be expected to inform future clinical applications.
Mercator—Independent rover localization using stereophotoclinometry and panoramic images
Authors: Palmer Eric E. , Head James N. , Gaskell Robert W. , Sykes Mark V. , McComas Brian 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe present a navigation technique for a lunar vehicle based upon matching horizon imagery with a database of synthetic panoramas generated from ultrahigh‐resolution topographic models created by stereophotoclinometry. We conducted two tests, one with lunar topography and fully synthetic panoramas, and another using Earth‐based data and actual panoramic images. We have shown that the horizon‐matching technique can search a wide area for a vehicle's location and determine that location to within 6 m using readily available imagery.
Large Saharan dust storms: Implications for chlorophyll dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Gallisai Rachele , Volpe Gianluca , Peters Francesc 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe investigate the large (LDE) and very large (VLDE) Saharan dust deposition events that occurred between 2000 and 2007 and their short‐term impact on the dynamics of marine phytoplankton in the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 153 LDE were identified unevenly distributed over the years. Events were more frequent during winter, in the eastern Mediterranean, and autumn, when they affected both the western and the central Mediterranean. Most of the 31 VLDE occurred during winter and autumn in the central Mediterranean. The dynamics of chlorophyll after VLDE were studied as a proxy for phytoplankton response to atmospheric dust. A significant response of chlorophyll to dust addition was evident; this appeared to be especially true for the western Mediterranean where a chlorophyll increase of up to 345% was recorded, whereas in the central Mediterranean it was up to 146% and in the eastern Mediterranean up to 121%. Chlorophyll response behavior was quite heterogeneous probably as a result of the uniqueness of each VLDE, the differences between Mediterranean areas, the community structure of phytoplankton, and the interaction between bacteria and phytoplankton for new resources. An eastward decreasing trend in chlorophyll response was observed, which is in accordance with the relative importance of bacterial activity with respect to phytoplankton. The increase in mineral aerosols with increased aridity in the region together with the decrease in the depth of the mixed layer of the oceans should boost the importance of aerosols fueling marine production.
Identification of OSSO as a near‐UV absorber in the Venusian atmosphere
Authors: Frandsen Benjamin N. , Wennberg Paul O. , Kjaergaard Henrik G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe planet Venus exhibits atmospheric absorption in the 320–400 nm wavelength range produced by unknown chemistry. We investigate electronic transitions in molecules that may exist in the atmosphere of Venus. We identify two different S2O2 isomers, cis‐OSSO and trans‐OSSO, which are formed in significant amounts and are removed predominantly by near‐UV photolysis. We estimate the rate of photolysis of cis‐ and trans‐OSSO in the Venusian atmosphere and find that they are good candidates to explain the enigmatic 320–400 nm near‐UV absorption. Between 58 and 70 km, the calculated OSSO concentrations are similar to those of sulfur monoxide (SO), generally thought to be the second most abundant sulfur oxide on Venus.
Present‐day zonal wind influences projected Indian Ocean Dipole skewness
Authors: Ng Benjamin , Cai Wenju 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA prominent feature of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is its positive skewness, where positive phases tend to be stronger in amplitude than the negative phase. Positive IOD events are associated with devastating floods over parts of East Africa and India, while Australia and Indonesia experience dry conditions. Under greenhouse warming, climate models project a weakening of the positive IOD skewness, but their simulation of present‐day skewness is too weak. Here we show that this bias and the projected skewness change are related to the simulation of the climatological zonal wind in the central equatorial Indian Ocean. In particular, models with overly weak present‐day westerlies, which is a common model bias, generate overly weak present‐day skewness and a smaller projected reduction in skewness. Improving the ability of models in simulating stronger westerly winds may lead to stronger present‐day simulated skewness and a larger skewness reduction in a warmer climate.
Void structure of O+ ions in the inner magnetosphere observed by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Nakayama Y. , Ebihara Y. , Ohtani S. , Gkioulidou M. , Takahashi K. , Kistler L. M. , Tanaka T. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Van Allen Probes Helium Oxygen Proton Electron instrument observed a new type of enhancement of O+ ions in the inner magnetosphere during substorms. As the satellite moved outward in the premidnight sector, the flux of the O+ ions with energy ~10 keV appeared first in the energy‐time spectrograms. Then, the enhancement of the flux spread toward high and low energies. The enhanced flux of the O+ ions with the highest energy remained, whereas the flux of the ions with lower energy vanished near apogee, forming what we call the void structure. The structure cannot be found in the H+ spectrogram. We studied the generation mechanism of this structure by using numerical simulation. We traced the trajectories of O+ ions in the electric and magnetic fields from the global magnetohydrodynamics simulation and calculated the flux of O+ ions in the inner magnetosphere in accordance with the Liouville theorem. The simulated spectrograms are well consistent with the ones observed by Van Allen Probes. We suggest the following processes. (1) When magnetic reconnection starts, an intensive equatorward and tailward plasma flow appears in the plasma lobe. (2) The flow transports plasma from the lobe to the plasma sheet where the radius of curvature of the magnetic field line is small. (3) The intensive dawn‐dusk electric field transports the O+ ions earthward and accelerates them nonadiabatically to an energy threshold; (4) the void structure appears at energies below the threshold.
Glycoproteins
Authors: Brooks Susan A 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain covalently bound oligosaccharides (glycans) which may be N‐ or O‐linked to the protein. The interacting factors controlling glycosylation are complex and include the protein sequence and structure, specificity of relevant glycosyltransferases, availability of donor sugars and other environmental factors. There is therefore, unsurprisingly, great variety in glycosylation, and a single protein may be synthesised in a variety of glycoforms with glycosylation influencing activity and properties of the protein. Glycosylation provides a means of modifying the function of proteins that is not directly dependent on their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) template. Some aspects of glycosylation are common to all eukaryotes, but evolution has led to species‐specific features. Glycans function in development, cell–cell recognition, identity, interaction with pathogens and are altered in some diseases such as cancer. Interest in the field is growing, and advances in analytical technology now make the field accessible to a wider community.

Key Concepts

Proteins are frequently modified post‐translationally, the most frequent modification being glycosylation.

Glycosylation may play an important role in protein folding through interaction with the chaperones calnexin and calreticulin.

As many as 70% of all proteins may be glycosylated.

The glycosylation of a protein may vary extensively depending on the cell in which it is produced which may enable the same protein to function in different ways depending where it is expressed.

On the cell surface, glycoprotein glycans are frequently involved in cell–cell interactions.

Glycosylation of the same protein may change during development or in maturation, for example, in cells of the immune system.

Glycosylation differs between species even if they are closely related, for example, between great apes and man.

There are many common features in glycosylation in bacteria, parasites, insects, plants and mammals, but also differences. This has implications for the biotechnology industry when recombinant proteins destined for human use are expressed in non‐human cells.

In spite of recent advances, glycan analysis remains a complex and specialist field.

Particular features of glycosylation may only have functional significance in a particular time and place but can be widely distributed which can make assignment of function to glycan structure difficult.
Small Regulatory
RNAs
in Bacteria
Authors: Delihas Nicholas 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Intergenic regions of bacteria contain small regulatory ribonucleic acid (sRNA) genes whose transcripts control expression of distal genes. These transcripts, referred to as sRNAs, primarily act at the level of translation where they bind messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) and inhibit or activate a target mRNA. Base pairing with mRNAs is generally imperfect and can include noncanonical base pairs. The RNA chaperone protein Hfq is involved in many RNA/RNA interactions and ribonucleases RNase E and RNase III have been implicated in destabilisation of target mRNAs. Many sRNAs can inhibit multiple mRNAs; however, some sRNAs bind proteins and can regulate transcription or translation indirectly. Some act like ‘sponges’ that bind and sequester proteins involved in global gene regulation. Many sRNA genes are activated by environmental stress factors, and the sRNA genes have complex upstream regulatory sites. Further insight into broad functions of sRNAs comes from human host cells infected by pathogenic bacteria, which reveals a role of sRNA in both virulence and response in human host cell molecular functions, for example changes in long noncoding RNAs and microRNAs. Bacterial regulatory RNAs are proving to be remarkable factors in both cell physiology and bacterial pathogenesis and these RNAs have opened a new world in molecular biology.

Key Concepts

Small regulatory RNA genes have been found in most bacterial species. sRNA transcripts are generally less than 200 nt.

sRNAs can control gene expression at the level of translation or transcription.

sRNAs respond to environmental or internal stress conditions.

sRNAs generally form small and imperfect RNA/RNA base pairing with target mRNA; noncanonical base pairs can also be present.

sRNAs can inhibit translational and/or induce degradation of target mRNA.

Many sRNAs regulate multiple target mRNAs.

sRNAs can indirectly regulate the expression of global genes, some by binding proteins that control gene expression.

sRNAs can play a major role in bacterial pathogenicity and influence eukaryotic host molecular functions such as levels of host cell microRNA and long noncoding RNA.
Chromatin Diminution
Authors: Streit Adrian , Davis Richard E 
Published: November 2016

AbstractChromatin diminution is defined as chromosomal fragmentation, followed by the elimination of part of the chromosome during mitosis. The process was first observed in early cleavage divisions of the parasitic nematodeParascaris equorumembryo by Boveri in 1887. It was later found to also occur in some other parasitic nematodes, as well as a number of unicellular and metazoan species in diverse taxonomic groups. While chromatin diminution occurs in diverse higher order taxa, within individual taxa, it occurs only in a rather small number of species. The process appears to play different biological roles in different organisms, may use different mechanisms and is likely to have arisen multiple times during evolution.Key ConceptsThe term ‘chromatin diminution’ describes the programmed elimination of parts of chromosomes during mitotic divisions and is distinguished from chromosome elimination, during which entire chromosomes are eliminated.Chromatin diminution, like chromosome elimination, can affect both copies of a chromosome leading to the complete removal of the corresponding genetic information.Alternatively, chromatin diminution or chromosome elimination can affect only one of the two homologous chromosomes leading to a reduction in gene dose. In other systems such a state where in one cell different regions of the genome are present at different copy numbers can be achieved by differential amplification of various regions of the genome.If chromatin diminution occurs only in some of the cells of an individual, it leads to a deviation from the dogma that all cells in an organism contain equal genetic information.In most known cases, chromatin diminution creates a difference between somatic and germ line cells or between the sexes.Chromatin diminution is a mechanism to silence genes (throwing them away approach to gene regulation) or reduce gene dosage.Chromatin diminution may also serve to reduce the burden of ‘selfish DNA’ in somatic cells while maintaining it in the gem line.Chromatin diminution has arisen independently multiple times during evolution (convergent evolution) and its mechanisms likely differ.
Blood Groups and Transfusion Science
Authors: Reid Marion E , Lomas‐Francis Christine 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Determination of blood group antigens is an integral part of safe blood transfusion and the management of pregnancy. The antigens are carried on proteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of erythrocytes and, thus, can elicit an immune response in a recipient who has a different profile of antigens (only identical twins will have erythrocytes with the same profile). Traditionally, haemagglutination has been used to determine blood group antigen profiles on erythrocytes and to detect and identify blood group antibodies. In current transfusion medicine practice, haemagglutination and deoxyribonucleic acid testing are adjuncts. There are 36 blood group systems that harbour 308 antigens. Blood group antigens and antibodies are clinically important in blood transfusion, maternofoetal blood group incompatibility, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and organ transplants.

Key Concepts

Blood group antigens are carried on proteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of erythrocytes.

Blood group antigens can elicit an immune response in a recipient who has a different profile of antigens.

Blood group antibodies are important in blood transfusion, maternofoetal blood group incompatibility, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and organ transplants.

The determination of blood group antigen profiles and the detection and identification of blood group antibodies is achieved by a combination of haemagglutination and DNA testing.

A group of antigens encoded by alleles at a single gene locus or at gene loci so closely linked that crossing over does not occur or is very rare, constitute a blood group system.

ABO grouping is the single most important test performed in the transfusion service because it is the fundamental basis for determining blood compatibility.

Immune antibodies most often are IgG but may be IgM; they mostly react at body temperature (37°C) and most are considered clinically significant.