bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of once‐daily darunavir/ritonavir in HIV‐1–infected pregnant women
Authors: Crauwels HM , Kakuda TN , Ryan B , Zorrilla C , Osiyemi OO , Yasin S , Brown K , Verboven P , Hillewaert V , Baugh B 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesHIV antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy is recommended to reduce the risk of mother‐to‐child transmission and for maternal care. Physiological changes during pregnancy can affect pharmacokinetics. The impact of pregnancy was evaluated for once‐daily (qd) darunavir/ritonavir.MethodsHIV‐1–infected pregnant women on an antiretroviral regimen that includes darunavir were enrolled in the study and further treated with darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg qd. Plasma concentrations were assessed over 24 h during the second and third trimesters and postpartum using a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for total darunavir and ritonavir, and using 14C‐darunavir–fortified plasma for unbound darunavir. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental analysis. Safety and antiviral response were assessed at all visits.ResultsData were available for 16 women. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC24h) for total darunavir was 34–35% lower during pregnancy vs. postpartum. Unbound darunavir AUC24h was 20–24% lower during pregnancy vs. postpartum. The minimum plasma concentration of total and unbound darunavir was 32–50% and 13–38% lower, respectively, during pregnancy vs. postpartum. The antiviral response (< 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL) was 59% at baseline and increased to 87–100% during the trial; the CD4 count increased over time. One serious adverse event (gestational diabetes) was judged as possibly related to study medication. All 16 infants born to women remaining in the study at delivery were HIV‐1 negative (two were premature).ConclusionsTotal darunavir exposure decreased during pregnancy, but the decrease was less for unbound (active) darunavir. These changes are not considered clinically relevant. Darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg qd may therefore be a treatment option for HIV‐1–infected pregnant women.
Simple and practical screening approach to identify HIV‐infected individuals with depression or at risk of developing depression
Authors: Rodkjaer L , Gabel C , Laursen T , Slot M , Leutscher P , Christensen N , Holmskov J , Sodemann M 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesStudies have shown that depression and other mental illnesses are under‐diagnosed among HIV‐infected individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of mental health history and questionnaire‐based screening instruments to identify HIV‐infected individuals at risk of depression.MethodsThe Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI‐II) was used to assess the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms among HIV‐infected individuals attending two out‐patient clinics in Denmark. HIV‐infected individuals with a BDI‐II score ≥ 20 were offered a clinical evaluation by a consultant psychiatrist. The BDI‐II score was compared to the outcome of mental health history review, and to results obtained using the European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) two‐item depression screening tool.ResultsA total of 501 HIV‐infected individuals were included in the study. Symptoms of moderate/major depression (BDI‐II score ≥ 20) were observed in 111 patients (22%); 65 of these patients consulted a psychiatrist, of whom 71% were diagnosed with a co‐existing disorder. The BDI‐II score was compared to the outcome of a mental health history review, and to results obtained using the European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) two‐item depression screening tool. The two questions showed a sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 68%, respectively, for diagnosis of current depression or risk of depression. A previous psychiatric history and substance abuse were independently associated with an increased risk of depression.ConclusionsWe suggest that the mental health of HIV‐infected individuals should be reviewed and a “risk‐flag” three‐step approach should be used (1) to screen routinely with the two verbal questions suggested by the EACS, (2) to identify whether there is a risk of depression and then screen with the BDI‐II, and (3) to identify whether there is still a risk and then perform a full evaluation and obtain an accurate psychiatric diagnosis by a psychiatrist.
In vitro sensitivity of different activated partial thromboplastin time reagents to mild clotting factor deficiencies
Authors: Toulon P. , Eloit Y. , Smahi M. , Sigaud C. , Jambou D. , Fischer F. , Appert‐Flory A. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIntroductionActivated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a routine clotting assay that is widely used to globally screen for coagulation abnormalities. It is commonly admitted that a prolonged test result, may trigger the need for specific assays to be performed, particularly factor measurement. However, the sensitivity of aPTT reagents to deficiencies of clotting factors varies.MethodsWe evaluated, according to the recommendation of the CLSI H47‐A2 guideline, the responsiveness to single factor levels of five aPTT reagents by using factor‐deficient plasmas spiked with a calibration plasma to produce individual factor activities ranging from <1 to ~100 Unit (U)/dL. Test results were expressed as the sample‐to‐control ratio, the latter was defined as the clotting time obtained in the calibration plasma containing ~100 U/dL factor activity. The factor activity producing a prolongation of aPTT above the upper limit of its specific normal range (in ratio) was assigned as the factor responsiveness in U/dL to that reagent.ResultsResponsiveness ranged from 34 to 47 U/dL to FVIII:C, from 18 to 57 U/dL to FIX, from 38 to 52 U/dL to FXI, from 29 to 50 U/dL to FXII, from 40 and 59 U/dL to FV, from 7.5 to 49 U/dL to FX, and from 9.1 to 10.5 U/dL to FII.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the sensitivity of the tested aPTT reagents to single factor deficiency is highly variable. Moreover, for one given aPTT reagent, its sensitivity was very different depending on the deficient factor. This must be considered when analyzing clinical materials.
Bisphenol A is associated with insulin resistance and modulates adiponectin and resistin gene expression in obese children
Authors: Menale Ciro , Grandone Anna , Nicolucci Carla , Cirillo Grazia , Crispi Stefania , Di Sessa Anna , Marzuillo Pierluigi , Rossi Sergio , Mita Damiano Gustavo , Perrone Laura , Diano Nadia , Miraglia Del Giudice Emanuele 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundBisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been associated with increased incidence of diabetes and obesity in adults.ObjectivesTo evaluate whether an association between BPA urinary levels and insulin resistance as well as adiponectin and resistin production and serum concentrations may occur in obese children.MethodsClinical and biochemical features of 141 obese children were collected. Serum resistin and adiponectin were evaluated. Insulin resistance and urinary BPA levels were assessed. Moreover, the effect of BPA on adiponectin and resistin gene expression in adipocytes from eight normal weight prepubertal children was investigated by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR (qPCR).ResultsDirect association between BPA and homeostasis model assessment (r = 0.23; p: 0.0069) and a strong inverse association between BPA and adiponectin have been found (r = −0.48; p < 0.0001). In adipocytes, resistin expression was detected only after BPA treatment, while adiponectin expression resulted down‐regulated after BPA exposure (p < 0.05 at both 10 and 100 nM BPA concentrations).ConclusionsWe suggest the involvement of BPA in the development of insulin resistance in childhood obesity highlighting that urinary BPA levels are directly associated with insulin resistance regardless of BMI. This association may be explained, at least partly, by the findings that BPA affects resistin and adiponectin production in adipose tissue cultures.
Risk factors of systemic inflammation response syndrome after endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in the modified Valdivia position
Authors: Tabei Tadashi , Ito Hiroki , Usui Kimitsugu , Kuroda Shinnosuke , Kawahara Takashi , Terao Hideyuki , Fujikawa Atsushi , Makiyama Kazuhide , Yao Masahiro , Matsuzaki Junichi 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo identify risk factors of developing systemic inflammation response syndrome after endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in the modified Valdivia position for renal stone treatment.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 370 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery procedures in the modified Valdivia position to treat renal stones. Antibiotic therapy based on preoperative urine cultures was administered to all patients from induction of anesthesia until at least postoperative day 3. Postoperative systemic inflammation response syndrome was diagnosed if the patient met two or more systemic inflammation response syndrome criteria. A multivariate logistic regression model with backward selection was used to evaluate the relationships between the incidence of systemic inflammation response syndrome after endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery and other clinical factors.ResultsOf the 370 patients, 61 patients (16.5%) were diagnosed with systemic inflammation response syndrome after endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery. Significant differences were found between the non‐systemic inflammation response syndrome and systemic inflammation response syndrome groups with regard to female sex (29.8% vs 44.3%, P = 0.027), history of febrile urinary tract infection (16.5% vs 32.8%, P = 0.015) and number of involved calyces (2.68 vs 4.1, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis found three independent predictors of postoperative systemic inflammation response syndrome: the number of involved calyces (P = 0.017), stone surface area (P = 0.021) and history of febrile urinary tract infection (P = 0.005).ConclusionsThe number of involved calyces larger than four, stone surface area >500 mm2 and a history of febrile urinary tract infection independently predicted the development of systemic inflammation response syndrome after endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery. This is the first study to identify the independent predictors of systemic inflammation response syndrome after endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in the modified Valdivia position.
Presidential Approval and Public Security in Mexico's War on Crime
Authors: Romero Vidal , Magaloni Beatriz , Díaz-Cayeros Alberto 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTo fight criminal organizations effectively, governments require support from significant segments of society. Citizen support provides important leverage for executives, allowing them to continue their policies. Yet winning citizens' hearts and minds is not easy. Public security is a deeply complex issue. Responsibility is shared among different levels of government; information is highly mediated by mass media and individual acquaintances; and security has a strong effect on peoples' emotions, since it threatens to affect their most valuable assets—life and property. How do citizens translate their assessments of public security into presidential approval? To answer this question, this study develops explicit theoretical insights into the conditions under which different dimensions of public security affect presidential approval. The arguments are tested using Mexico as a case study.
Mild hyperglycemia triggered islet function recovery in streptozotocin‐induced insulin‐deficient diabetic rats
Authors: Cheng Yu , Shen Jing , Ren Weizheng , Hao Haojie , Xie Zongyan , Liu Jiejie , Mu Yiming , Han Weidong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionModerate elevation of glucose level has been shown to effectively promote β‐cell replication in various models in vitro and in normal rodents. Here, we aimed to test the effect of moderately elevated glucose on β‐cell mass expansion and islet function recovery in diabetic animal models.Materials and MethodsA single high dose of streptozotocin was given to induce insulin‐deficient diabetes in adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. Then, 48 h after streptozotocin injection, newly diabetic rats were randomly divided into three groups: (i) no treatment to maintain hyperglycemia; (ii) daily exogenous long‐acting human insulin analog injection that maintained mild hyperglycemia (15 mmol/L < blood glucose < 18 mmol/L); (iii) daily exogenous long‐acting human insulin analog injection to restore normoglycemia (blood glucose <8 mmol/L) as a control. Islet function, β‐cell regeneration and β‐cell replication were monitored during the entire analysis period.ResultsA single high dose of streptozotocin induced massive loss of β‐cells, resulting in irreversible hyperglycemia. Mild hyperglycemia markedly promoted β‐cell proliferation, leading to robust β‐cell regeneration. Importantly, rats that maintained mild hyperglycemia showed nearly normal glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion, glucose disposal and random blood glucose levels, suggesting almost full restoration of the islet function. Normalization of blood glucose levels profoundly blunted β‐cell replication, regeneration and islet function recovery observed in mild hyperglycemia.ConclusionsOur research provides a feasible approach to stimulate in situ β‐cell regeneration in diabetic rats, offering new perspectives for diabetes therapy.
DISC1, astrocytes and neuronal maturation: a possible mechanistic link with implications for mental disorders
Authors: Xia Meng , Zhu Shanshan , Shevelkin Alexey , Ross Christopher A. , Pletnikov Mikhail 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDisrupted‐In‐Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a genetic risk factor implicated in major mental disorders that involve disrupted neurodevelopment and synaptic signaling. Glial cells such as astrocytes can regulate neuronal and synaptic maturation. Although astrocytes express DISC1, the role of astrocyte DISC1 in synaptic regulation remains unknown. We expressed a pathogenic, dominant‐negative form of DISC1, mutant DISC1, in astrocytes to elucidate the roles of astrocytic DISC1 in maturation of dendrites and excitatory and inhibitory synapses using a co‐culture model. We found that wild‐type primary neurons exhibited less elaborated dendritic arborization when co‐cultured with astrocytes that express mutant DISC1, compared to control astrocytes. We observed significantly decreased density of excitatory but not inhibitory synapses on wild‐type primary neurons that were co‐cultured with astrocytes that express mutant DISC1, compared to control astrocytes. Treatment of co‐cultures with D‐serine restored dendritic development and density of excitatory synapses. Our findings show for the first time that mutant DISC1 diminished the capacity of astrocytes to support dendritic and synaptic maturation in co‐cultured neurons, and that D‐serine can restore the dendritic and synaptic abnormalities. The results provide a new insight into the mechanisms whereby genetic risk factors within astrocytes could contribute the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders.
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Expression of mutant DISC1 (mDISC1) in astrocytes (A) decreases binding of endogenous DISC1 to serine racemase (SR) and production of D‐serine (blue triangles) from L‐serine (red triangles). As a result, neurons co‐cultured with mutant DISC1 astrocytes exhibit diminished dendritic arborization (DIV10) and decreased linear density of VGLUT+(red)/PSD95 + (green) excitatory synapses (DIV14). Filled circles with arrows denote membrane transporters for D‐serine.Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on doi: 10.1111/jnc.13699.
COUNTERFACTUAL SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Carrillo Paul E. , Rothbaum Jonathan L. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTRecent contributions provide researchers with a useful toolbox to estimate counterfactual distributions of scalar random variables. These techniques have been widely applied in the literature. Typically, the dependent variable of interest has been a scalar and little consideration has been given to spatial factors. In this paper we propose a simple method to construct the counterfactual distribution of the location of a variable across space. We apply the spatial counterfactual technique to assess how much changes in individual characteristics of Hispanics in the Washington DC area account for changes in the distribution of their residential location choices.
Improving productive performance and mitigating harmful emissions from laying hen excreta via feeding on graded levels of corn DDGS with or without Bacillus subtilis probiotic
Authors: Abd El‐Hack M. E. , Mahgoub S. A. , Alagawany M. , Ashour E. A. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryAn experiment that included some inclusions of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with or without supplementation of probiotic bacteria to Hi‐sex Brown laying hen diets was conducted to evaluate the impacts on performance, egg quality, blood metabolites and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion in the manure. A total of 216 twenty‐two‐week‐old Hi‐sex Brown laying hens were randomly divided into eight treatment groups in a factorial design (4 × 2) experiment, which included four levels of DDGS (0, 50, 100 and 150 g/kg diet) plus two levels of Bacillus subtilis probiotic (0 or 1000 mg/kg diet, with a concentration of 1.5 × 108 CFU/g of dried product). The experimental period extended from 22 to 34 weeks of age. The results showed that linear increase in DDGS level up to 150 g/kg improved (p ≤ 0.01) the values of feed consumption, egg shape index and yolk colour compared to the control and other treatment groups. Inclusion of dietary DDGS up to 150 g/kg in layer diets led to a significant decrease in egg mass and a significant increase in Haugh unit score compared to other groups. In the bacillus group, the values of feed conversion, egg weight and egg mass enhanced by 6.45, 3.27 and 7.60% respectively compared with the control diet. Total protein, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium and ammonia in serum were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) influenced by DDGS inclusion. The excreted nitrogen decreased by 8.62 and 4.31% in hens fed 50 or 100 g/kg of DDGS respectively, while excreted phosphorous decreased by 3.33, 7.22 and 10.56% in hens fed 50, 100 or 150 g/kg of DDGS respectively as compared to the control group. It could be concluded that increasing DDGS inclusion level in the diet up to 10% and the supplementation of probiotic bacteria improved the productive performance of laying hens and mitigated the harmful emissions from chicken manure; this means better production within environmentally friendly conditions.
Nutritional strategies to cope with reduced litter weight gain and total tract digestibility in lactating sows
Authors: Álvarez‐Rodríguez J. , Mir L. , Seradj A. R. , Morazán H. , Balcells J. , Babot D. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryTwelve lactating sows were used to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) (14% vs. 12%) and increasing neutral detergent fibre (NDF) levels (18% vs. 22%) on litter performance, total tract apparent digestibility and manure composition in a 4 × 4 latin square arrangement during a 36‐day lactation period. Diets were isoenergetic (2.9 Mcal ME/kg) and had similar total lysine content (0.9%). In addition, a second aim was to compare a reference external marker method (Cr2O3) with an internal feed marker [acid‐insoluble ash (AIA)] for the calculation of apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in lactating sows. The reduction of dietary CP level in lactating sows had no effect on either live‐weight or backfat thickness or apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients. However, the piglets' average daily gain (ADG) was reduced in low dietary CP diets, which suggests that sows reduced milk production due to an underestimation of certain essential amino acid requirements (e.g. valine). The increase of dietary NDF level did not affect sow and litter performance. Nevertheless, the total tract apparent digestibility of organic matter, CP and carbohydrates was reduced, and ether extract digestion was increased in high NDF compared to normal NDF diets equally balanced for ME and lysine content. The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients in lactating sows were greater when using AIA compared to Cr2O3 marker, regardless of dietary CP or NDF level, but their coefficients of variation were lower in the former than in the latter. In lactating sows, a trade‐off between litter performance and nutrient digestion is established when reducing dietary CP or increasing NDF levels while maintaining similar lysine content through synthetic amino acids and balancing metabolizable energy through dietary fat sources.
Temporal changes in pelagic copepod assemblages off Ubatuba, Brazil
Authors: Melo Júnior Mauro , Marcolin Catarina R. , Miyashita Leonardo K. , Lopes Rubens M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe inner shelf waters off Southeastern Brazil are periodically enriched by bottom intrusions of the cold and nutrient‐rich South Atlantic Central Water (SACW), which is transported offshore by the Brazil Current. This study examined the temporal contrasts in abundance and structure of pelagic copepod assemblages in a neritic station off Ubatuba, in relation to hydrography and phytoplankton biomass, to investigate the effects of SACW bottom intrusions on copepod population dynamics during three consecutive years. The water‐column characteristics shifted from a well‐mixed, more turbid and phytoplankton‐poor scenario during subsidence conditions to a stratified, less turbid and high Chl‐a concentration scenario during SACW bottom intrusions, leading to increased copepod diversity, abundance, and biomass. The rise in copepod diversity during SACW intrusions was related to the contribution of oceanic species in addition to coastal water species. The copepod community was numerically dominated by small‐sized species, such as Oncaea waldemari, Oithona plumifera, and clausocalanid and paracalanid copepodids, regardless of seasonality and SACW intrusions. Some large calanoid species contributed considerably to the total copepod biomass during intrusions. In addition to confirming that SACW seasonal intrusions play a key role in pelagic processes off Southeast Brazil, this study showed that the multiannual variability of SACW seasonal intrusions is important in regulating the structure and dynamics of copepod communities in this subtropical area.
Childhood stunting: a global perspective
Authors: de Onis Mercedes , Branca Francesco 
Published: May 2016

AbstractChildhood stunting is the best overall indicator of children's well‐being and an accurate reflection of social inequalities. Stunting is the most prevalent form of child malnutrition with an estimated 161 million children worldwide in 2013 falling below −2 SD from the length‐for‐age/height‐for‐age World Health Organization Child Growth Standards median. Many more millions suffer from some degree of growth faltering as the entire length‐for‐age/height‐for‐age z‐score distribution is shifted to the left indicating that all children, and not only those falling below a specific cutoff, are affected. Despite global consensus on how to define and measure it, stunting often goes unrecognized in communities where short stature is the norm as linear growth is not routinely assessed in primary health care settings and it is difficult to visually recognize it. Growth faltering often begins in utero and continues for at least the first 2 years of post‐natal life. Linear growth failure serves as a marker of multiple pathological disorders associated with increased morbidity and mortality, loss of physical growth potential, reduced neurodevelopmental and cognitive function and an elevated risk of chronic disease in adulthood. The severe irreversible physical and neurocognitive damage that accompanies stunted growth poses a major threat to human development. Increased awareness of stunting's magnitude and devastating consequences has resulted in its being identified as a major global health priority and the focus of international attention at the highest levels with global targets set for 2025 and beyond. The challenge is to prevent linear growth failure while keeping child overweight and obesity at bay.