bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep prosthetic joint infection: a qualitative study of the impact on patients and their experiences of revision surgery
Authors: Moore Andrew J , Blom Ashley W , Whitehouse Michael R , Gooberman-Hill Rachael 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesAround 1% of patients who have a hip replacement have deep prosthetic joint infection (PJI) afterwards. PJI is often treated with antibiotics plus a single revision operation (1-stage revision), or antibiotics plus a 2-stage revision process involving more than 1 operation. This study aimed to characterise the impact and experience of PJI and treatment on patients, including comparison of 1-stage with 2-stage revision treatment.DesignQualitative semistructured interviews with patients who had undergone surgical revision treatment for PJI. Patients were interviewed between 2 weeks and 12 months postdischarge. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed, anonymised and analysed using a thematic approach, with 20% of transcripts double-coded.SettingPatients from 5 National Health Service (NHS) orthopaedic departments treating PJI in England and Wales were interviewed in their homes (n=18) or at hospital (n=1).Participants19 patients participated (12 men, 7 women, age range 56–88 years, mean age 73.2 years).ResultsParticipants reported receiving between 1 and 15 revision operations after their primary joint replacement. Analysis indicated that participants made sense of their experience through reference to 3 key phases: the period of symptom onset, the treatment period and protracted recovery after treatment. By conceptualising their experience in this way, and through themes that emerged in these periods, they conveyed the ordeal that PJI represented. Finally, in light of the challenges of PJI, they described the need for support in all of these phases. 2-stage revision had greater impact on participants’ mobility, and further burdens associated with additional complications.ConclusionsDeep PJI impacted on all aspects of patients’ lives. 2-stage revision had greater impact than 1-stage revision on participants’ well-being because the time in between revision procedures meant long periods of immobility and related psychological distress. Participants expressed a need for more psychological and rehabilitative support during treatment and long-term recovery.
A national survey of the provision of ultrasound surveillance for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cross T J S , Villaneuva A , Shetty S , Wilkes E , Collins P , Adair A , Jones R L , Foxton M R , Meyer T , Stern N , Warshow U , Khan N , Prince M , Khakoo S , Alexander G J , Khan S , Reeves H , Marshall Aileen , Williams R 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the sixth most common cancer worldwide and third most common cause of cancer related death, is closely associated with the presence of cirrhosis. Survival is determined by the stage of the cancer, with asymptomatic small tumours being more amenable to treatment. Early diagnosis is dependent on regular surveillance and the primary objective of this survey was to gain a better understanding of the baseline attitudes towards and provision of ultrasound surveillance (USS) HCC surveillance in the UK. In addition, information was obtained on the stages of cancer of the patients being referred to and discussed at regional multidisciplinary team meetings.DesignUK hepatologists, gastroenterologists and nurse specialists were sent a questionnaire survey regarding the provision of USS for detection of HCC in their respective hospitals.ResultsProvision of surveillance was poor overall, with many hospitals lacking the necessary mechanisms to make abnormal results, if detected, known to referring clinicians. There was also a lack of standard data collection and in many hospitals basic information on the number of patients with cirrhosis and how many were developing HCC was not known. For the majority of new HCC cases was currently being made only at an incurable late stage (60%).ConclusionsIn the UK, the current provision of USS based HCC surveillance is poor and needs to be upgraded urgently.
The clinical significance of fibrinogen plasma levels in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Troppan Katharina T , Melchardt Thomas , Wenzl Kerstin , Schlick Konstantin , Deutsch Alexander , Bullock Marc D , Reitz Daniel , Beham-Schmid Christine , Weiss Lukas , Neureiter Daniel , Tränkenschuh Wolfgang , Greil Richard , Neumeister Peter , Egle Alexander , Pichler Martin 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundFibrinogen plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of tumour cell growth, invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of pretreatment plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)MethodsData from 372 patients with DLBCL, diagnosed and treated between 2004 and 2013 at two Austrian centres, were evaluated retrospectively. The prognostic influences of plasma fibrinogen levels and other factors, including age, tumour stage and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network-International Prognostic Index, on 5-year overall survival (OS) and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) were studied using Kaplan–Meier curves as well as univariate and multivariate Cox regression models.ResultsKaplan–Meier analysis revealed that a high fibrinogen plasma level is associated with decreased 5-year OS and 5-year DFS in patients with DLBCL (p<0.001, log-rank test). Furthermore, in multivariate analysis, elevated serum fibrinogen was found to be an independent marker of poor clinical outcome: 5-year OS (HR=1.69, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.72, p=0.029) and 5-year DFS (HR=1.68, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.61, p=0.021).ConclusionsIn the current study, we demonstrate that high plasma fibrinogen levels at diagnosis predict poor outcome in patients with DLBCL.Trial registration number25-434 ex 12713 and 415-EP/73/127-2012.
Loss of PTEN Promotes Resistance to T Cell–Mediated Immunotherapy
Authors: Peng Weiyi , Chen Jie Qing , Liu Chengwen , Malu Shruti , Creasy Caitlin , Tetzlaff Michael T. , Xu Chunyu , McKenzie Jodi A. , Zhang Chunlei , Liang Xiaoxuan , Williams Leila J. , Deng Wanleng , Chen Guo , Mbofung Rina , Lazar Alexander J. , Torres-Cabala Carlos A. , Cooper Zachary A. , Chen Pei-Ling , Tieu Trang N. , Spranger Stefani , Yu Xiaoxing , Bernatchez Chantale , Forget Marie-Andree , Haymaker Cara , Amaria Rodabe , McQuade Jennifer L. , Glitza Isabella C. , Cascone Tina , Li Haiyan S. , Kwong Lawrence N. , Heffernan Timothy P. , Hu Jianhua , Bassett Roland L. , Bosenberg Marcus W. , Woodman Scott E. , Overwijk Willem W. , Lizée Gregory , Roszik Jason , Gajewski Thomas F. , Wargo Jennifer A. , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Radvanyi Laszlo , Davies Michael A. , Hwu Patrick 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
T cell–mediated immunotherapies are promising cancer treatments. However, most patients still fail to respond to these therapies. The molecular determinants of immune resistance are poorly understood. We show that loss of PTEN in tumor cells in preclinical models of melanoma inhibits T cell–mediated tumor killing and decreases T-cell trafficking into tumors. In patients, PTEN loss correlates with decreased T-cell infiltration at tumor sites, reduced likelihood of successful T-cell expansion from resected tumors, and inferior outcomes with PD-1 inhibitor therapy. PTEN loss in tumor cells increased the expression of immunosuppressive cytokines, resulting in decreased T-cell infiltration in tumors, and inhibited autophagy, which decreased T cell–mediated cell death. Treatment with a selective PI3Kβ inhibitor improved the efficacy of both anti–PD-1 and anti–CTLA-4 antibodies in murine models. Together, these findings demonstrate that PTEN loss promotes immune resistance and support the rationale to explore combinations of immunotherapies and PI3K–AKT pathway inhibitors.
Significance: This study adds to the growing evidence that oncogenic pathways in tumors can promote resistance to the antitumor immune response. As PTEN loss and PI3K–AKT pathway activation occur in multiple tumor types, the results support the rationale to further evaluate combinatorial strategies targeting the PI3K–AKT pathway to increase the efficacy of immunotherapy. Cancer Discov; 6(2); 202–16. ©2015 AACR.
See related commentary by Rizvi and Chan, p. 128.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 109
Energia e Sustentabilidade
Authors: Goldemberg José 
Published: December 2015

<p>Na década de 1980, foi criada pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas a Comissão Mundial sobre o Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento (CMMAD), presidida por Gro Harlem Brundtland que, em 1987, lançou o relatório Nosso Futuro Comum (conhecido também como Relatório Brundtland), que definiu o desenvolvimento sustentável da seguinte forma:<br />"O desenvolvimento sustentável é aquele que atende às necessidades do presente sem comprometer a possibilidade de as gerações futuras atenderem a suas próprias necessidades."</p>
Editorial
Authors: Caldas Waldenyr 
Published: December 2015

<p>O tema central deste número da nossa Revista não é novidade nem acontecimento inédito no Brasil. Não é também nada bombástico, porque não se trata de notícia do momento. Dito assim parece até que vamos tratar de um assunto desimportante, mas não é nada disso. Ao contrário, é justamente sua importância que nos fez pensar nele como tema principal desta edição. O prezado leitor, como considerável parcela da população brasileira, tem se preocupado com as relações entre Estado e sociedade, com os direitos e deveres do cidadão e seus respectivos reflexos na reconstrução e consolidação democrática em nosso país. Isso, no entanto, não se conquista da noite para o dia. Justamente por isso, o tema cidadania tem o destaque neste número.</p>
Short‐Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution Is Preferentially Associated With the Risk of ST‐Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Events
Authors: Pope C. Arden , Muhlestein Joseph B. , Anderson Jeffrey L. , Cannon John B. , Hales Nicholas M. , Meredith Kent G. , Le Viet , Horne Benjamin D. 
Published: December 2015

Background

Air pollution is associated with greater cardiovascular event risk, but the types of events and specific persons at risk remain unknown. This analysis evaluates effects of short‐term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution with risk of acute coronary syndrome events, including
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, non–
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and non–
ST
‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

Methods and Results

Acute coronary syndrome events treated at Intermountain Healthcare hospitals in urban areas of Utah's Wasatch Front were collected between September 1993 and May 2014 (N=16 314). A time‐stratified case‐crossover design was performed matching fine particulate matter air pollution exposure at the time of each event with referent periods when the event did not occur. Patients served as their own controls, and odds ratios were estimated using nonthreshold and threshold conditional logistic regression models. In patients with angiographic coronary artery disease, odds ratios for a 10‐μg/m
3
increase in concurrent‐day fine particulate matter air pollution >25 μg/m³ were 1.06 (95%
CI
1.02–1.11) for all acute coronary syndrome, 1.15 (95%
CI
1.03–1.29) for
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, 1.02 (95%
CI
0.97–1.08) for non–
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, 1.09 (95%
CI
1.02–1.17) for unstable angina, and 1.05 (95%
CI
1.00–1.10) for non–
ST
‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome events. Excess risk from fine particulate matter air pollution exposure was not observed in patients without angiographic coronary artery disease.

Conclusions

Elevated fine particulate matter air pollution exposures contribute to triggering acute coronary events, especially
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, in those with existing seriously diseased coronary arteries but not in those with nondiseased coronary arteries.
Damage to the Left Precentral Gyrus Is Associated With Apraxia of Speech in Acute Stroke
Authors: Itabashi Ryo , Nishio Yoshiyuki , Kataoka Yuka , Yazawa Yukako , Furui Eisuke , Matsuda Minoru , Mori Etsuro 
Published: December 2015

Background and Purpose—
Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a motor speech disorder, which is clinically characterized by the combination of phonemic segmental changes and articulatory distortions. AOS has been believed to arise from impairment in motor speech planning/programming and differentiated from both aphasia and dysarthria. The brain regions associated with AOS are still a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to address this issue in a large number of consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients.

Methods—
We retrospectively studied 136 patients with isolated nonlacunar infarcts in the left middle cerebral artery territory (70.5±12.9 years old, 79 males). In accordance with speech and language assessments, the patients were classified into the following groups: pure form of AOS (pure AOS), AOS with aphasia (AOS-aphasia), and without AOS (non-AOS). Voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping analysis was performed on T2-weighted images or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. Using the Liebermeister method, group-wise comparisons were made between the all AOS (pure AOS plus AOS-aphasia) and non-AOS, pure AOS and non-AOS, AOS-aphasia and non-AOS, and pure AOS and AOS-aphasia groups.

Results—
Of the 136 patients, 22 patients were diagnosed with AOS (7 patients with pure AOS and 15 patients with AOS-aphasia). The voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping analysis demonstrated that the brain regions associated with AOS were centered on the left precentral gyrus.

Conclusions—
Damage to the left precentral gyrus is associated with AOS in acute to subacute stroke patients, suggesting a role of this brain region in motor speech production.
Stationary Wave Interference and Its Relation to Tropical Convection and Arctic Warming
Authors: Goss Michael , Feldstein Steven B. , Lee Sukyoung 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The interference between transient eddies and climatological stationary eddies in the Northern Hemisphere is investigated. The amplitude and sign of the interference is represented by the stationary wave index (SWI), which is calculated by projecting the daily 300-hPa streamfunction anomaly field onto the 300-hPa climatological stationary wave. ERA-Interim data for the years 1979 to 2013 are used. The amplitude of the interference peaks during boreal winter. The evolution of outgoing longwave radiation, Arctic temperature, 300-hPa streamfunction, 10-hPa zonal wind, Arctic sea ice concentration, and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index are examined for days of large SWI values during the winter.
Constructive interference during winter tends to occur about one week after enhanced warm pool convection and is followed by an increase in Arctic surface air temperature along with a reduction of sea ice in the Barents and Kara Seas. The warming of the Arctic does occur without prior warm pool convection, but it is enhanced and prolonged when constructive interference occurs in concert with enhanced warm pool convection. This is followed two weeks later by a weakening of the stratospheric polar vortex and a decline of the AO. All of these associations are reversed in the case of destructive interference. Potential climate change implications are briefly discussed.
Moist Process Biases in Simulations of the Madden–Julian Oscillation Episodes Observed during the AMIE/DYNAMO Field Campaign
Authors: Hagos Samson M. , Feng Zhe , Burleyson Casey D. , Zhao Chun , Martini Matus N. , Berg Larry K. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Two Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) episodes observed during the 2011 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program MJO Investigation Experiment (AMIE)/DYNAMO field campaign are simulated using a regional model with various cumulus parameterizations, a regional cloud-permitting model, and a global variable-resolution model with a high-resolution region centered over the tropical Indian Ocean. Model biases in relationships relevant to existing instability theories of MJO are examined and their relative contributions to the overall model errors are quantified using a linear statistical model. The model simulations capture the observed approximately log-linear relationship between moisture saturation fraction and precipitation, but precipitation associated with the given saturation fraction is overestimated especially at low saturation fraction values. This bias is a major contributor to the excessive precipitation during the suppressed phase of MJO. After accounting for this bias using a linear statistical model, the spatial and temporal structures of the model-simulated MJO episodes are much improved, and what remains of the biases is strongly correlated with biases in saturation fraction. The excess precipitation bias during the suppressed phase of the MJO episodes is accompanied by excessive column-integrated radiative forcing and surface evaporation. A large portion of the bias in evaporation is related to biases in wind speed, which are correlated with those of precipitation. These findings suggest that the precipitation bias sustains itself at least partly by cloud radiative feedbacks and convection–surface wind interactions.
Seasonal Forecasts of Tropical Cyclone Activity in a High-Atmospheric-Resolution Coupled Prediction System*
Authors: Manganello Julia V. , Hodges Kevin I. , Cash Benjamin A. , Kinter James L. , Altshuler Eric L. , Fennessy Michael J. , Vitart Frederic , Molteni Franco , Towers Peter 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Seasonal forecast skill of the basinwide and regional tropical cyclone (TC) activity in an experimental coupled prediction system based on the ECMWF System 4 is assessed. As part of a collaboration between the Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies (COLA) and the ECMWF called Project Minerva, the system is integrated at the atmospheric horizontal spectral resolutions of T319, T639, and T1279. Seven-month hindcasts starting from 1 May for the years 1980–2011 are produced at all three resolutions with at least 15 ensemble members. The Minerva system demonstrates statistically significant skill for retrospective forecasts of TC frequency and accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the North Atlantic (NA), eastern North Pacific (EP), and western North Pacific. While the highest scores overall are achieved in the North Pacific, the skill in the NA appears to be limited by an overly strong influence of the tropical Pacific variability. Higher model resolution improves skill scores for the ACE and, to a lesser extent, the TC frequency, even though the influence of large-scale climate variations on these TC activity measures is largely independent of resolution changes. The biggest gain occurs in transition from T319 to T639. Significant skill in regional TC forecasts is achieved over broad areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The highest-resolution hindcasts exhibit additional locations with skill in the NA and EP, including land-adjacent areas. The feasibility of regional intensity forecasts is assessed. In the presence of the coupled model biases, the benefits of high resolution for seasonal TC forecasting may be underestimated.
A Hybrid NWP–Analog Ensemble
Authors: Eckel F. Anthony , Delle Monache Luca 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
An analog ensemble (AnEn) is constructed by first matching up the current forecast from a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model with similar past forecasts. The verifying observation from each match is then used as an ensemble member. For at least some applications, the advantages of AnEn over an NWP ensemble (multiple real-time model runs) may include higher efficiency, avoidance of initial condition and model perturbation challenges, and little or no need for postprocessing calibration. While AnEn can capture flow-dependent error growth, it may miss aspects of error growth that can be represented dynamically by the multiple real-time model runs of an NWP ensemble. To combine the strengths of the AnEn and NWP ensemble approaches, a hybrid ensemble (HyEn) is constructed by finding m analogs for each member of a small n-member NWP ensemble, to produce a total of m × n members.
Forecast skill is compared between the AnEn, HyEn, and an NWP ensemble calibrated using logistic regression. The HyEn outperforms the other approaches for probabilistic 2-m temperature forecasts yet underperforms for 10-m wind speed. The mixed results reveal a dependence on the intrinsic skill of the NWP members employed. In this study, the NWP ensemble is underspread for both 2-m temperature and 10-m winds, yet displays some ability to represent flow-dependent error for the former and not the latter. Thus, the HyEn is a promising approach for efficient generation of high-quality probabilistic forecasts, but requires use of a small, and at least partially functional, NWP ensemble.
Key findings from the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Lawrence David , Hafekost Jennifer , Johnson Sarah E , Saw Suzy , Buckingham William J , Sawyer Michael G , Ainley John , Zubrick Stephen R 
Published: December 2015

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents in Australia, and the severity and impact of those mental disorders. Method: Seven mental disorders were assessed using the parent- or carer-completed version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV, and major depressive disorder was also assessed using the youth self-report version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV. Severity and impact were assessed using an extended version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV impact on functioning questions, and days absent from school due to symptoms of mental disorders. Data were collected in a national face-to-face survey of 6310 parents or carers of children and adolescents aged 4–17 years, with 2969 young people aged 11–17 years also completing a self-report questionnaire. Results: Twelve-month prevalence of mental disorders was 13.9%, with 2.1% of children and adolescents having severe disorders, 3.5% having moderate disorders and 8.3% having mild disorders. The most common class of disorders was attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder followed by anxiety disorders. Mental disorders were more common in step-, blended- or one-parent families, in families living in rented accommodation and families where one or both carers were not in employment. Mental disorders were associated with a substantial number of days absent from school particularly in adolescents. Conclusion: Mental disorders are common in children and adolescents, often have significant impact and are associated with substantial absences from school. Child and adolescent mental disorders remain an important public health problem in Australia. Accurate information about prevalence and severity of child and adolescent mental disorders is an essential prerequisite for effective mental health policy and service planning.