bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeding the Galactic Centre gas stream: gravitational instabilities set the initial conditions for the formation of protocluster clouds
Authors: Henshaw J. D. , Longmore S. N. , Kruijssen J. M. D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Star formation within the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) may be intimately linked to the orbital dynamics of the gas. Recent models suggest that star formation within the dust ridge molecular clouds (from G0.253+0.016 to Sgr B2) follows an evolutionary time sequence, triggered by tidal compression during their preceding pericentre passage. Given that these clouds are the most likely precursors to a generation of massive stars and extreme star clusters, this scenario would have profound implications for constraining the time-evolution of star formation. In this Letter, we search for the initial conditions of the protocluster clouds, focusing on the kinematics of gas situated upstream from pericentre. We observe a highly regular corrugated velocity field in {l, vLSR} space, with amplitude and wavelength A = 3.7 ± 0.1 km s−1 and λvel,i = 22.5 ± 0.1 pc, respectively. The extremes in velocity correlate with a series of massive (∼104 M⊙) and compact (Req ∼ 2 pc), quasi-regularly spaced (∼8 pc), molecular clouds. The corrugation wavelength and cloud separation closely agree with the predicted Toomre (∼17 pc) and Jeans (∼6 pc) lengths, respectively. We conclude that gravitational instabilities are driving the condensation of molecular clouds within the Galactic Centre gas stream. Furthermore, we speculate these seeds are the historical analogue of the dust-ridge molecular clouds, representing the initial conditions of star and cluster formation in the CMZ.
Phase I cancer clinical trials†
Authors: Cabrera Juan R. , Taylor Jennie W. , Molinaro Annette M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
An efficient phase I trial is a crucial step in developing a new drug in a safe and timely manner. The main objective of a phase I trial is to determine the maximum tolerated dose in order to recommend the dose for a phase II trial. There are many designs that are implemented in phase I trials. Rule-based designs such as the traditional 3 + 3 method and rolling six design are easy to implement and assess for safety using a conservative approach. Model-based designs such as the continual reassessment method and the time-to-event continual reassessment method use mathematical models to increase the precision of dose estimation. The advantages and shortcomings of these designs, along with other designs, are reviewed.
Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Major Spinal Surgery: Role of Cerebral Oximetry
Authors: Soh Sarah , Shim Jae-Kwang , Song Jong-Wook , Kim Keung-Nyun , Noh Hyun-Young , Kwak Young-Lan 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Perioperative cerebral hypoperfusion/ischemia is a major inciting factor of postoperative delirium, which is coupled with adverse outcome in elderly patients. Cerebral oximetry enables noninvasive assessment of the regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2). This study aimed to investigate whether perioperative rSO2 variations were linked to delirium in elderly patients after spinal surgery.

Materials and Methods:
Postoperative delirium was assessed for 48 hours postsurgery in 109 patients aged over 60 years without a prior history of cerebrovascular or psychiatric diseases by the Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care unit and the intensive care delirium screening checklist. The rSO2 values immediately before and throughout surgery were acquired. The preoperative cognitive functions, patient characteristics, and perioperative data were recorded.

Results:
During the 48-h postoperative period, 9 patients (8%) exhibited delirium. The patients with delirium showed similar perioperative rSO2 values as those without, in terms of the median lowest rSO2 values (55% vs. 56%; P=0.876) and incidence (22%, both) and duration of decline of rSO2<80% of the baseline values. The serially assessed hemodynamic variables, hematocrit levels, and blood gas analysis variables were also similar between the groups, except for the number of hypotensive events per patient, which was higher in the patients with delirium than in those without (4, interquartile range [IQR] 3 to 6 vs. 2, IQR: 1to 3; P=0.014).

Conclusions:
The degree and duration of decrease of the perioperative rSO2 measurements were not associated with delirium in elderly patients after spinal surgery.
Does Breast Milk Affect Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Severity, the Need for Pharmacologic Therapy, and Length of Stay for Infants of Mothers on Opioid Maintenance Therapy During Pregnancy?
Authors: Cirillo Cheryl , Francis Kim 
Published: August 2016

Background:
The United States is in an opioid crisis with abuse among women on the rise over the past 10 years. Infants of opioid-dependent mothers are at risk for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Neonatal abstinence syndrome can affect multiple systems and disrupt normal growth and development. It is for this reason that strategies to promote health such as breastfeeding need to be explored. This brief evaluates current evidence regarding breast milk and the impact it has on NAS.

Purpose:
The question guiding this brief is: “Does provision of breast milk reduce NAS withdrawal symptoms, decrease length of stay, and decrease the need for pharmacologic therapy for infants whose mothers are maintained on methadone or buprenorphine?”

Search Strategy:
CINHAL/MEDLINE Complete and PubMed databases were searched using key words—NAS and breastfeeding—and the search was limited to 10 years for English studies evaluating the effects of breast milk on severity of NAS, pharmacologic therapy, and length of stay whose mothers received methadone or buprenorphine during pregnancy. The search yielded 10 studies addressing these concerns.

Findings:
Breast milk may be beneficial for decreasing NAS severity, pharmacologic therapy, and length of stay.

Implications for Practice:
Strategies should be developed to support individualized plans based on maternal history, safety, and mother's choice.

Implications for Research:
Further research is needed utilizing matched case-controlled studies regarding breast milk and the influence on severity of NAS, need for pharmacologic therapy, length of stay, and neurologic outcomes. In addition, other factors should be investigated including abrupt weaning, polysubstance use, and readmissions.
Might Hallucinations Have Social Utility?
Authors: Kauffman Paul Richard 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
There are many historical examples of people who heard voices or saw visions but were not classified as having a mental illness and who were supported by a religious community. The article offers a perspective for effective psychosocial supports for schizophrenia. The author analyzes data on 95 people who experienced verifiable persistent non–drug-assisted hallucinations in Europe, North America, and Australasia and discusses the life outcomes of 39 subjects. They include founders of religions, dysfunctional monarchs, persons with cosmological beliefs, and mental health workers. Their psychoses were intrinsic to their personalities and contributions. Hallucinations generated by psychosis were useful for cultural innovation, particularly in religion as many hallucinators were integrated into church history. Community, work, friendship, and supportive practices are discussed. A scientific study of effective psychosocial support to supplement medication for schizophrenia is outlined.
Papilledema as a Diagnostic Sign of Cerebral Edema on Postmortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Neumann Ralph , Abu-Isa Janine , Stamou Stamatios , Gascho Dominic , Thali Michael J. , Ebert Lars C. , Flach Patricia Mildred 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate papilledema (PA) as a diagnostic criterion for the presence of antemortem or agonal cerebral edema despite normal postmortem brain swelling on postmortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR) in comparison with conventional autopsy.One hundred subjects with head PMMR and autopsy were included in this study. The sensitivities, spec icities, positive predictive values (PPVs), negative predictive values (NPVs), and accuracies were calculated in terms of the PA, PMMR, and cerebral edema on autopsy. Spearmanrtests were used to analyze the linear correlations of PA and the radiological and autoptic determination of cerebral edema.In autopsy, the sensitivity regarding the presence of PA and cerebral edema was 66.2% (PPV, 70.5%), and specificity was 48.6% (NPV, 28.3%), with an overall accuracy of 60%. On PMMR, the sensitivity was 86.6% (PPV, 95%). The specificity was 90.9% (NPV, 34%), with an overall accuracy of 88%. The Spearman correlation revealed a statistically significant result (P< 0.001), which indicated a strong linear correlation of the presence of PA and cerebral edema with the autopsy results and the PMMR results.The presence of PA may aid in the diagnoses of cerebral edema despite normal postmortem brain swelling based on PMMR.
Forensic Autopsy of Human Decomposed Bodies as a Valuable Tool for Prevention
Authors: Maujean Géraldine , Vacher Pierrick , Bagur Jacques , Guinet Tiphaine , Malicier Daniel 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Post mortem changes due to putrefaction sometimes make people wrongly consider the autopsy of a decomposed body as unrewarding. A 5-year retrospective study was conducted and included all types of decomposed body subject to medicolegal autopsy, excluding bone remains and charred bodies. Sociodemographic, medical, and forensic data were collected. In the 350 cases included, most were socially isolated mature males discovered at home. The cause of death was determined in 80% of cases, and the manner of death in 86.6%. Identification was considered effective in 99.7% of cases by the chief prosecutor. The authors show that such an autopsy usually answers most questions raised by the investigation but can also be a valuable tool in the prevention, making it possible to define a profile of persons at risk of dying alone. In addition, they underline that forensic scientists should be cautious in their identification of conclusion as diverging views regarding the concept of “presumed identity” may lead to ethical tensions between judiciary and prosecutors as well as the medical community.
Traumatic Brain Injury Due to Screwdriver Assaults
Authors: Pavlidis Pavlos , Karakasi Maria-Valeria , Birbilis Theodossios A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Penetrating head injuries due to the use of screwdrivers as wounding agents in acts of interpersonal violence seldom occur. The aim of this article is to update and summarize the relevant literature on penetrating craniocerebral screwdriver stab wounds and to report a new case of screwdriver assault. A number of studies were reviewed to investigate the incidence, distribution, common findings, mechanism of injury, differential diagnostic criteria, complications, treatment, and prognosis of craniocerebral screwdriver stab injuries. It was observed that the degree of traumatic severity depends on the cross-sectional area of the screwdriver and the anatomical region of injury. Craniocerebral screwdriver injuries are mainly cases of interpersonal violence and the mortality rate is approximately 47.6%. In 23.8% of the incidents, the trauma is overlooked on admission because of the small entry wound and, thus, the severity of the injury is not initially appreciated.
Current Analysis of Hangings That Deviates From Recently Published Studies
Authors: Hlavaty Leigh , Kasper William , Sung LokMan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe constellation of injuries observed in hangings is a subject receiving frequent review in forensic pathology literature. Whereas recent studies have reported high concordance between hangings and internal findings such as strap muscle hemorrhages and hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage fractures, a 2-part study examining autopsied suicidal hangings over a 9-year period at the Wayne County Medical Examiner's Office produced markedly differing results. Retrospectively and prospectively, external and internal autopsy observations were correlated with factors such as age, sex, body height, body mass index, ligature, and height of suspension. In keeping with well-established forensic textbooks, nearly all cases displayed ligature marks and there was strong association between body position and the presence of petechiae. Diverging from contemporary articles, there was a distinctive paucity of internal injuries in both retrospective and prospective portions. Addressing concerns of confirmation bias, assessments confirmed the consistency in identifying and documenting injuries by the pathologists both retrospectively and prospectively.
Characteristics Associated With Successful Fitting of a Vaginal Bowel Control System for Fecal Incontinence
Authors: Matthews Catherine A. , Varma Madhulika G. , Takase-Sanchez Michelle M. , Hale Douglas S. , Van Drie Douglas , Muir Tristi , Wells Ellen , Jannelli Mary , Richter Holly E. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives
We previously showed that management with a novel vaginal bowel control system was efficacious in women with moderate to severe fecal incontinence. The objective of this secondary analysis was to evaluate the clinical characteristics associated with device-fitting success.

Methods
This is a secondary analysis of an institutional review board-approved, multicenter, prospective, open-label clinical study of women aged 19 to 75 years with 4 or more episodes of fecal incontinence recorded on a 2-week baseline bowel diary. Those successfully fitted with the vaginal bowel control device entered a 1-month treatment period, and efficacy was assessed with a repeat bowel diary. Demographic data, medical and surgical history, and pelvic examination findings were compared across women with successful and unsuccessful completion of the fitting period. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed.

Results
Six clinical sites in the United States recruited from August 2012 through October 2013. Overall, 110 women underwent attempted fitting, of which 61 (55.5%) of 110 were successful and entered the treatment portion of the study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that previous prolapse surgery (P = 0.007) and shorter vaginal length (P = 0.041) were independently associated with unsuccessful fitting. Women who have not undergone previous prolapse surgery had 4.7 times the odds (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-14.53) of a successful fit. In addition, for every additional centimeter of vaginal length, women had 1.49 times the odds (95% CI, 1.02-2.17) of a successful fit.

Conclusions
Shorter vaginal length and previous prolapse surgery were associated with an increased risk of fitting failure. These findings may be used to inform patients regarding their expectation of successful fitting.
Sensory neuron fate is developmentally perturbed byGarsmutations causing human neuropathy
Authors: Sleigh James N. , Dawes John M. , West Steven J. , Spaulding Emily L. , Gómez-Martín Adriana , Burgess Robert W. , Cader M. Zameel , Talbot Kevin , Bennett David L. , Schiavo Giampietro 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCharcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D) is a peripheral nerve disorder caused by dominant, toxic, gain-of-function mutations in the widely expressed, housekeeping gene,GARS. The mechanisms underlying selective nerve pathology in CMT2D remain unresolved, as does the cause of the mild-to-moderate sensory involvement that distinguishes CMT2D from the allelic disorder distal spinal muscular atrophy type V. To elucidate the mechanism responsible for the underlying afferent nerve pathology, we examined the sensory nervous system in CMT2D mice. We show that the equilibrium between functional subtypes of sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglia is distorted byGarsmutations, leading to sensory defects in peripheral tissues and correlating with overall disease severity. CMT2D mice display changes in sensory behaviour concordant with the afferent imbalance, which is present at birth and non-progressive, indicating that sensory neuron identity is prenatally perturbed and that a critical developmental insult is key to the afferent pathology. This suggests that both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative mechanisms contribute to CMT2D pathogenesis, and thus has profound implications for the timing of future therapeutic treatments.Significance StatementCharcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a collection of genetically diverse inherited nerve disorders with the unifying feature of peripheral neuron degeneration. The mechanisms triggering this motor and sensory nerve dysfunction remain unresolved, as does the reason for the lack of sensory pathology observed in distal hereditary motor neuropathies, which can be associated with CMT genes. To unravel the mechanisms leading to afferent deterioration, we have studied the sensory nervous system of CMT Type 2D mice. Our work indicates that the specific cellular identity of sensory nerves is perturbed in mutant mice pre-natally. CMT therefore manifests through the complex interplay between malfunctioning developmental, maturation, and survival programs, which has important ramifications for therapeutic timing.
The TAF10-containing TFIID and SAGA transcriptional complexes are dispensable for early somitogenesis in the mouse embryo
Authors: Bardot Paul , Vincent Stéphane D. , Fournier Marjorie , Hubaud Alexis , Joint Mathilde , Tora László , Pourquié Olivier 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDuring development, tightly regulated gene expression programs control cell fate and patterning. A key regulatory step in eukaryotic transcription is the assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC) at promoters. The PIC assembly has mainly been studiedin vitro, and little is known about its composition during development.In vitrodata suggests that TFIID is the general transcription factor that nucleates PIC formation at promoters. Here we show that TAF10, a subunit of TFIID and of the transcriptional co-activator SAGA, is required for the assembly of these complexes in the mouse embryo. We performedTaf10conditional deletions during mesoderm development and show thatTaf10loss in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) does not prevent cyclic gene transcription or PSM segmental patterning, while lateral plate differentiation is profoundly altered. During this period, global mRNA levels are unchanged in the PSM, with only a minor subset of genes dysregulated. Together, our data demonstrate that the TAF10-containing canonical TFIID and SAGA complexes, are dispensable for early paraxial mesoderm development, arguing against the generic role in transcription proposed for these fully assembled holo complexes.
Telomere, epigenetic clock, and biomarker-composite quantifications of biological aging: Do they measure the same thing?
Authors: Belsky D.W. , Moffitt T.E. , Cohen A.A. , Corcoran D. , Levine M.E. , Prinz J. , Schaefer J. , Sugden K. , Williams B. , Poulton R. , Caspi A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe geroscience hypothesis posits that therapies to retard biological processes of aging can prevent disease. To test such “geroprotective” therapies in humans, surrogate endpoints are needed for extension of disease-free lifespan. Methods to quantify biological aging could provide such surrogate endpoints, but different methods have not been systematically evaluated in the same humans. We studied seven measures of biological aging in 964 middle-aged humans in the Dunedin Study: telomere-length, three epigenetic-clocks, and three biomarker-composites. Agreement between these different measures of biological aging was low. We also compared associations between biological aging measures and outcomes that geroprotective therapies will seek to modify: physical functioning, cognitive decline, and subjective signs of aging. The 71-CpG epigenetic clock and the biomarker composites were consistently related to these outcomes. Effect-sizes were modest. Quantification of biological aging is a young field. Next steps are to move toward systematic evaluation and refinement of methods.
Bovine Lactoferrin Activity Against Chikungunya and Zika Viruses
Authors: Carvalho Carlos A. M. , Casseb Samir M. M. , Gonçalves Rafael B. , Silva Eliana V. P. , Gomes Andre M. O. , Vasconcelos Pedro F. C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractChikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses are two arboviruses which have recently broken their sylvatic isolation and gone into a rampant spreading among humans in some urban areas of the world, specially in Latin America. Given the huge burden that Chikungunya and Zika fevers impose to public health in the affected countries and the lack of effective interventions against them, the aim of this work was to evaluate the antiviral potential of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) – an iron-binding glycoprotein with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties – in both CHIKV and ZIKV infections. The general antiviral activity of bLf was assessed by plaque assays, and the inhibitory effects of the protein on specific stages of virus infecion was evaluated by immunofluorescence and nucleic acid quantification assays. Our data show that bLf exerts a dose-dependent strong inhibitory effect on the infection of Vero cells by the aforementioned arboviruses, reducing their infection efficiency in up to nearly 80%, with no significant cytotoxicity, and such antiviral activity occurs at the levels of binding and replication of the virus particles. Taken together, these findings reveal that bLf antimicrobial properties are extendable to CHIKV and ZIKV, underlining a generic inhibition mechanism that can be explored to develop a potential strategy against their infections.
Deep learning based root-soil segmentation from X-ray tomography images
Authors: Douarre Clément , Schielein Richard , Frindel Carole , Gerth Stefan , Rousseau David 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOne of the most challenging computer vision problem in plant sciences is the segmentation of root and soil from X-ray tomography. So far, this has been addressed from classical image analysis methods. In this paper, we address this root/soil segmentation problem from X-ray tomography using a new deep learning classification technique. The robustness of this technique, tested for the first time on this plant science problem, is established with root/soil presenting a very low contrast in X-ray tomography. We also demonstrate the possibility to segment efficiently root from soil while learning on purely synthetic soil and root.