bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Validation of a Mixed-Lubrication Regime Model for Textured Piston-Ring-Liner Contacts
Authors: Profito F. J. , Vladescu S.-C. , Reddyhoff T. , Dini D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Recent experiments have shown that automotive piston-liner friction may be reduced by up to 50 % if the surface of the liner is laser textured with certain configurations of micro-pockets. It is important to model this behavior to understand and optimize the friction reduction mechanisms that are occurring. However, until now, very few models that predict the lubrication performance of textured surfaces have been successfully validated against experimental data. This is because of the requirement for them to: (1) reproduce experimental configurations with a certain degree of fidelity, (2) conserve mass properly, and (3) account for transient, boundary lubrication conditions. To address this, the current paper presents a comparison between the results from a numerical model, which fulfils these criteria, and an experimental test rig operating under the same conditions. The mathematical modeling is based on the averaged Reynolds’ equation with Patir and Cheng’s flow factors and the p − θ Elrod–Adams mass-conserving cavitation model. Simultaneously to the fluid flow solution, the contact pressures that arise from the asperity interactions are also included into the calculations through the well-known stochastic Greenwood and Tripp model for rough contacts. The experimental data is produced using a reciprocating tribometer, whose contact conditions are closely controlled and accurately mimic those found in an automotive piston–liner conjunction. Data is presented in terms of friction force versus stroke angle, and the similarities and differences between the model and experiment are discussed.
Neurocomputational Consequences of Evolutionary Connectivity Changes in Perisylvian Language Cortex
Authors: Schomers Malte R. , Garagnani Max , Pulvermüller Friedemann 
Published: February 2017

The human brain sets itself apart from that of its primate relatives by specific neuroanatomical features, especially the strong linkage of left perisylvian language areas (frontal and temporal cortex) by way of the arcuate fasciculus (AF). AF connectivity has been shown to correlate with verbal working memory—a specifically human trait providing the foundation for language abilities—but a mechanistic explanation of any related causal link between anatomical structure and cognitive function is still missing. Here, we provide a possible explanation and link, by using neurocomputational simulations in neuroanatomically structured models of the perisylvian language cortex. We compare networks mimicking key features of cortical connectivity in monkeys and humans, specifically the presence of relatively stronger higher-order “jumping links” between nonadjacent perisylvian cortical areas in the latter, and demonstrate that the emergence of working memory for syllables and word forms is a functional consequence of this structural evolutionary change. We also show that a mere increase of learning time is not sufficient, but that this specific structural feature, which entails higher connectivity degree of relevant areas and shorter sensorimotor path length, is crucial. These results offer a better understanding of specifically human anatomical features underlying the language faculty and their evolutionary selection advantage.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhy do humans have superior language abilities compared to primates? Recently, a uniquely human neuroanatomical feature has been demonstrated in the strength of the arcuate fasciculus (AF), a fiber pathway interlinking the left-hemispheric language areas. Although AF anatomy has been related to linguistic skills, an explanation of how this fiber bundle may support language abilities is still missing. We use neuroanatomically structured computational models to investigate the consequences of evolutionary changes in language area connectivity and demonstrate that the human-specific higher connectivity degree and comparatively shorter sensorimotor path length implicated by the AF entail emergence of verbal working memory, a prerequisite for language learning. These results offer a better understanding of specifically human anatomical features for language and their evolutionary selection advantage.
Optogenetic Examination of Prefrontal-Amygdala Synaptic Development
Authors: Arruda-Carvalho Maithe , Wu Wan-Chen , Cummings Kirstie A. , Clem Roger L. 
Published: February 2017

A brain network comprising the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and amygdala plays important roles in developmentally regulated cognitive and emotional processes. However, very little is known about the maturation of mPFC-amygdala circuitry. We conducted anatomical tracing of mPFC projections and optogenetic interrogation of their synaptic connections with neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) at neonatal to adult developmental stages in mice. Results indicate that mPFC-BLA projections exhibit delayed emergence relative to other mPFC pathways and establish synaptic transmission with BLA excitatory and inhibitory neurons in late infancy, events that coincide with a massive increase in overall synaptic drive. During subsequent adolescence, mPFC-BLA circuits are further modified by excitatory synaptic strengthening as well as a transient surge in feedforward inhibition. The latter was correlated with increased spontaneous inhibitory currents in excitatory neurons, suggesting that mPFC-BLA circuit maturation culminates in a period of exuberant GABAergic transmission. These findings establish a time course for the onset and refinement of mPFC-BLA transmission and point to potential sensitive periods in the development of this critical network.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHuman mPFC-amygdala functional connectivity is developmentally regulated and figures prominently in numerous psychiatric disorders with a high incidence of adolescent onset. However, it remains unclear when synaptic connections between these structures emerge or how their properties change with age. Our work establishes developmental windows and cellular substrates for synapse maturation in this pathway involving both excitatory and inhibitory circuits. The engagement of these substrates by early life experience may support the ontogeny of fundamental behaviors but could also lead to inappropriate circuit refinement and psychopathology in adverse situations.
Signaling by FGF Receptor 2, Not FGF Receptor 1, Regulates Myelin Thickness through Activation of ERK1/2–MAPK, Which Promotes mTORC1 Activity in an Akt-Independent Manner
Authors: Furusho Miki , Ishii Akihiro , Bansal Rashmi 
Published: February 2017

FGF signaling has emerged as a significant “late-stage” regulator of myelin thickness in the CNS, independent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Therefore, it is critically important to identify the specific FGF receptor type and its downstream signaling molecules in oligodendrocytes to obtain better insights into the regulatory mechanisms of myelin growth. Here, we show that FGF receptor type 2 (FGFR2) is highly enriched at the paranodal loops of myelin. Conditional ablation of this receptor-type, but not FGF receptor type 1 (FGFR1), resulted in attenuation of myelin growth, expression of major myelin genes, key transcription factor Myrf and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activity. This was rescued by upregulating ERK1/2 activity in these mice, strongly suggesting that ERK1/2 are key transducers of FGFR2 signals for myelin growth. However, given that the PI3K/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is also known to regulate myelin thickness, we examined FGFR2-deficient mice for the expression of key signaling molecules in this pathway. A significant downregulation of p-mTOR, p-Raptor, and p-S6RP was observed, which was restored to normal by elevating ERK1/2 activity in these mice. Similar downregulation of these molecules was observed in ERK1/2 knock-out mice. Interestingly, since p-Akt levels remained largely unchanged in these mice, it suggests a mechanism of mTORC1 activation by ERK1/2 in an Akt-independent manner in oligodendrocytes. Taken together, these data support a model in which FGFs, possibly from axons, activate FGFR2 in the oligodendrocyte/myelin compartment to increase ERK1/2 activation, which ultimately targets Myrf, as well as converges with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway at the level of mTORC1, working together to drive the growth of the myelin sheath, thus increasing myelin thickness.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIt is well accepted that myelin is a biologically active membrane in active communication with the axons. However, the axonal signals, the receptors on myelin, and the integration of intracellular signaling pathways emanating downstream from these receptors that drive the growth of the myelin sheath remain poorly understood in the CNS. This study brings up the intriguing possibility that FGF receptor 2, in the oligodendrocyte/myelin compartment, may be one such signal. Importantly, it provides compelling evidence linking FGFR2 with the ERK1/2–MAPK pathway, which converges with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway at the level of mTORC1 and also regulates the transcription factor Myrf, together providing a mechanistic framework for regulating both the transcriptional and translational machinery required for the proper growth of the myelin sheath.
Inference of Gene Flow in the Process of Speciation: An Efficient Maximum-Likelihood Method for the Isolation-with-Initial-Migration Model
Authors: Costa Rui J , Wilkinson-Herbots Hilde 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe isolation-with-migration (IM) model is commonly used to make inferences about gene flow during speciation, using polymorphism data. However, it has been reported that the parameter estimates obtained by fitting the IM model are very sensitive to the model’s assumptions—including the assumption of constant gene flow until the present. This article is concerned with the isolation-with-initial-migration (IIM) model, which drops precisely this assumption. In the IIM model, one ancestral population divides into two descendant subpopulations, between which there is an initial period of gene flow and a subsequent period of isolation. We derive a very fast method of fitting an extended version of the IIM model, which also allows for asymmetric gene flow and unequal population sizes. This is a maximum-likelihood method, applicable to data on the number of segregating sites between pairs of DNA sequences from a large number of independent loci. In addition to obtaining parameter estimates, our method can also be used, by means of likelihood-ratio tests, to distinguish between alternative models representing the following divergence scenarios: (a) divergence with potentially asymmetric gene flow until the present, (b) divergence with potentially asymmetric gene flow until some point in the past and in isolation since then, and (c) divergence in complete isolation. We illustrate the procedure on pairs of Drosophila sequences from ∼30,000 loci. The computing time needed to fit the most complex version of the model to this data set is only a couple of minutes. The R code to fit the IIM model can be found in the supplementary files of this article.
Genetic Basis of Melanin Pigmentation in Butterfly Wings
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Martin Arnaud , Perry Michael W , van der Burg Karin R L , Matsuoka Yuji , Monteiro Antónia , Reed Robert D 
Published: February 2017

AbstractButterfly wing patterns are a model system for studying the evolution and development of adaptive traits. Zhang et al. combine RNA-seq and CRISPR/Cas9...Despite the variety, prominence, and adaptive significance of butterfly wing patterns, surprisingly little is known about the genetic basis of wing color diversity. Even though there is intense interest in wing pattern evolution and development, the technical challenge of genetically manipulating butterflies has slowed efforts to functionally characterize color pattern development genes. To identify candidate wing pigmentation genes, we used RNA sequencing to characterize transcription across multiple stages of butterfly wing development, and between different color pattern elements, in the painted lady butterfly Vanessa cardui. This allowed us to pinpoint genes specifically associated with red and black pigment patterns. To test the functions of a subset of genes associated with presumptive melanin pigmentation, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing in four different butterfly genera. pale, Ddc, and yellow knockouts displayed reduction of melanin pigmentation, consistent with previous findings in other insects. Interestingly, however, yellow-d, ebony, and black knockouts revealed that these genes have localized effects on tuning the color of red, brown, and ochre pattern elements. These results point to previously undescribed mechanisms for modulating the color of specific wing pattern elements in butterflies, and provide an expanded portrait of the insect melanin pathway.
Sequential, Divergent, and Cooperative Requirements ofFoxl2aandFoxl2bin Ovary Development and Maintenance of Zebrafish
Authors: Yang Yan-Jing , Wang Yang , Li Zhi , Zhou Li , Gui Jian-Fang 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFoxl2 is essential for mammalian ovary maintenance. Although sexually dimorphic expression of foxl2 was observed in many teleosts, its role and regulative mechanism in fish remained largely unclear. In this study, we first identified two transcript variants of foxl2a and its homologous gene foxl2b in zebrafish, and revealed their specific expression in follicular layer cells in a sequential and divergent fashion during ovary differentiation, maturation, and maintenance. Then, homozygous foxl2a mutants (foxl2a−/−) and foxl2b mutants (foxl2b−/−) were constructed and detailed comparisons, such as sex ratio, gonadal histological structure, transcriptome profiling, and dynamic expression of gonadal development-related genes, were carried out. Initial ovarian differentiation and oocyte development occur normally both in foxl2a−/− and foxl2b−/− mutants, but foxl2a and foxl2b disruptions result in premature ovarian failure and partial sex reversal, respectively, in adult females. In foxl2a−/− female mutants, sox9a-amh/cyp19a1a signaling was upregulated at 150 days postfertilization (dpf) and subsequently oocyte apoptosis was triggered after 180 dpf. In contrast, dmrt1 expression was greater at 105 dpf and increased several 100-fold in foxl2b−/− mutated ovaries at 270 dpf, along with other testis-related genes. Finally, homozygous foxl2a−/−/foxl2b−/− double mutants were constructed in which complete sex reversal occurs early and testis-differentiation genes robustly increase at 60 dpf. Given mutual compensation between foxl2a and foxl2b in foxl2b−/− and foxl2a−/− mutants, we proposed a model in which foxl2a and foxl2b cooperate to regulate zebrafish ovary development and maintenance, with foxl2b potentially having a dominant role in preventing the ovary from differentiating as testis, as compared to foxl2a.
A política é a guerra continuada por outros meios?
Authors: Rigon Bruno Silveira 
Published: February 2017

O presente artigo busca analisar as dinâmicas atuais das relações de poder no campo jurídico-político brasileiro, problematizando o ambiente histórico atual com a proposta de inversão da clássica tese de Clausewitz (“A guerra não é mais que a continuação da política por outros meios”) que Michel Foucault realiza (“a política é a guerra continuada por outros meios”), bem como investigar o contexto brasileiro marcado pelo fanatismo na polarização política e sua relação com a criminalização da política.
Os 26 anos do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e os desafios da democracia brasileira
Authors: Rodrigues Ellen Cristina Carmo 
Published: February 2017

Passados 26 anos da edição do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA, Lei 8069/1990) observa-se que a realidade brasileira está bem distante do modelo proposto pela referida lei. Ao contrário das propostas isonômicas previstas no ECA, muitas crianças e adolescentes brasileiros não têm acesso aos seus direitos e têm suas trajetórias marcadas pela violência e arbitrariedade das diferentes agências penais. Todavia, é em relação a esse grupo que são direcionados acalorados debates acerca do recrudescimento punitivo. Atentando-se a essa realidade, este trabalho apresenta propostas para uma análise crítica do tema, devidamente comprometida com a contenção do poder punitivo arbitrário.
SIM BERBASIS ICT DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN DIGITAL LIBRARY
Authors: Darmawan Deni 
Published: February 2017

AbstrakDigilib merupakan salah satu alternatif penyelenggaraan perpustakaan secara online yang bisa dikelola oleh setiap lembaga termasuk sekolah dan lembaga pendidikan yang berkepentingan. Dalam mengembangkan Digilib ada beberapa komponen penting yang harus disiapkan yaitu aspek infrastruktur, SDM, sistem jaringan, dan sistem pengelolaan website yang harus dimiliki oleh lembaga yang bersangkutan. Dalam tulisan sederhana ini akan dicoba dipaparkan tentang Pemanfaatan ICT dalam mengembangkan pola pikir, infrastruktur dan sistem yang dibutuhkan dalam sebuah Digilib di lingkungan lembaga pendidikan. Melalui Digilib ini maka orientasi Sekolah Berstandar Nasional maupun Internasional bisa dengancepat mampu memenuhi standar proses penyelenggaraan dan layanan pendidikan bagi semua warga belajarnya dimanapun mereka berada. Kata Kunci: Information and Communication Technology, Digital Library
PUSTAKAWAN, TUNJUKKAN GREGETMU!
Authors: Rosinar Euis 
Published: February 2017

AbstrakEra lama Pustakawan akan segera berakhir. Pustakawan berparadigma baru sudah saatnya menghidup-cerahkan Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 43 Tahun 2007 tentang Perpustakaan. Selama tiga puluh tahun profesi Pustakawan berkiprah, citra melekat yang kurang pas harus bergeser ke arah yang sebenarnya, yaitu pencerahan citra di satu sisi dan pengakuan masyarakat luas di sisi lainnya. Di Negara-negara maju, perpustakaan menjadi satu-satunya cerminan “kelas” sebuah lembaga pendidikan. Di Indonesia, jargon “jantungnya pendidikan” menjadi populer secara terabaikan: jantung yang sakit dan dibiarkan tetap berdenyut seadanya. Era tahun 1980-1990 menandai suramnya Pustakawan dengan citranya yang terpinggirkan. Citra yang berbanding terbalik dengan keadaan dimana Pustakawan adalah bagian elit politik dan berkedudukan sangat strategis sebagai sosok kepercayaan para penguasa pemerintahan. Profesi yang dilabelkan sebagai A Feminine Profession di sebuah Negara adidaya karena 83% Pustakawannya adalah wanita, perlu memanfaatkan peluang untuk justru menampilkan sisi cerdas seorang berprofesi Pustakawan tanpa harus mengusung citra wanita secara universal. Momen penting ini akan berupa semakin banyaknya jumlah Pustakawan di Indonesia karena mulai tahun 2013 seluruh sekolah dari tingkat SD sampai SMA/K harus memiliki perpustakaan yang dikelola dan ditangani Pustakawan murni – seseorang berpendidikan ilmu perpustakaan dan tuntas-fokus didalam pekerjaan profesinya. Seperti Dokter, Guru, dan Dosen, para Pustakawan ini akan bersertifikasi untuk apa yang sepatutnya dilabelkan yaitu berkiprah secara kompeten dan professional seutuhnya. Saatnya sudah tiba untuk para professional yang pernah terpinggirkan ini untuk menunjukkan gregetnya atau “taringnya”. Perlu ditunjukkan bahwa Bunny Watson – Bunny Watson baru akan bermunculan dan mencerahkan. Kata Kunci: Pustakawan
MENJADI PUSTAKAWAN PROFESIONAL BERSAMA IKATAN PUSTAKAWAN INDONESIA (IPI)
Authors: Hapsari Dian 
Published: February 2017

AbstrakSalah satu dampak perkembangan teknologi informasi yang semakin canggih adalah semakin membludaknya arus informasi. Teknologi informasi telah menciptakan era baru dalam masyarakat yakni era masyarakat informasi. Pada era ini, kebutuhan masyarakat terhadap informasi juga semakin meningkat, bahkan bisa diibaratkan bagai udara yang dibutuhkan untuk bernafas. Masyarakat semakin membutuhkan informasi dalam setiap aspek kehidupan. Informasi tidak hanya digunakan sebagai kebutuhan tersier atau sekunder tetapi sudah meningkat menjadi kebutuhan primer, bahkan seringkali informasi digunakan sebagai alat bertahan hidup.. Kata Kunci: Pustakawan Profesional, Ikatan Pustakawan Indonesia
MEMAKNAI KEMISKINAN BERDASARKAN PANDANGAN ORANG MISKIN PEDESAAN
Authors: Silvana Tine , Yusup Pawit M , Subekti Priyo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRural poverty can be understood as a social condition of a person, or a group of people who were associated with aspects of economic and non-economic aspects. Scientific aspects such as social, cultural, health, education, psychology, the environment, law, anthropology, and art, was often associated with poverty. Nevertheless, the notion of poor and rural poverty is, in general, is still viewed by researcher's perspective, rather than emic, ie see something from the perspective of the participant. This study took part of the effort to comprehensively understand the meaning of poor and poverty in the eyes of the poor, especially in rural areas, roomates point is on how to map view of rural poor people in hopes of interpreting experience of livelihood as poor in underlying survival living. By using a qualitative study approach, especially the tradition of phenomenology of Schutz, obtained a description of the results, that the meaning of poor and poverty, in phenomenology, containing context, such as: context ownership; contexts effort and trial and error; contexts powerlessness; contexts outside assistance; independence in the context of compulsion; contexts unattainable expectations; context of the struggle; context of limited access to information; contexts low curiosity; contexts simplicity needs; problems humiliation context; and context sensitivity in social communication.Keywords: Meaning poor, Poverty, Rural AbstrakKemiskinan di pedesaan dapat dipahami sebagai suatu kondisi sosial seseorang, atau sekelompok orang yang terkait dengan aspek-aspek ekonomi dan non-ekonomi. Aspek ilmiah seperti sosial, budaya, kesehatan, pendidikan, psikologi, lingkungan, hukum, antropologi, dan seni, yang sering dikaitkan dengan kemiskinan. Namun demikian, gagasan tentang kemiskinan dan pedesaan, secara umum, masih dilihat dari perspektif peneliti, bukan emik, yaitu melihat sesuatu dari perspektif partisipan. Penelitian ini mengambil bagian dari upaya untuk secara komprehensif memahami makna miskin dan kemiskinan di mata masyarakat miskin, terutama di daerah pedesaan, which titik adalah bagaimana memetakan pandangan masyarakat miskin pedesaan dengan harapan pengalaman yang menafsirkan mata pencaharian sebagai masyarakat miskin untuk bertahan hidup. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan studi kualitatif, khususnya tradisi fenomenologi Schutz, diperoleh gambaran hasil, bahwa makna miskin dan kemiskinan, dalam fenomenologi, mengandung konteks, seperti: kepemilikan konteks; Upaya konteks dan trial and error; Ketidakberdayaan konteks; konteks di luar bantuan; kemerdekaan dalam konteks paksaan; konteks harapan tercapai; konteks perjuangan; konteks terbatasnya akses terhadap informasi; konteks rasa ingin tahu yang rendah; kesederhanaan konteks kebutuhan; konteks masalah penghinaan; dan sensitivitas konteks komunikasi sosial.Kata Kunci : Makna kemiskinan, Kemiskinan, Desa