bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Ability of Great Tits to Discriminate Similarly Inconspicuous Edible and Inedible Prey
Authors: Karlíková Zuzana , Veselý Petr , Beránková Jana , Fuchs Roman 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNumerous studies have shown warning coloration to facilitate the discrimination of edible and inedible prey. However, inedible insect species may possess cryptic coloration as well. It has been shown that some other visual features (especially characteristic body shape) are sufficient for the recognition of some insect taxa (e.g. ladybirds, ants, wasps). We tested the ability of wild‐caught great tits (Parus major) to discriminate between the identically coloured edible (roach – Blaptica dubia) and the inedible (firebug – Pyrrhocoris apterus) as prey according to subtle peripheral visual traits (shape of legs and antennae, body posture, and means of locomotion). Both prey species were offered either simultaneously or alternately. The ability of the birds to learn was tested by means of fourteen trial repetitions in two sessions. In general, great tits were not able to learn to discriminate between firebugs and roaches by subtle shape cues alone during the two sessions. However, multivariate analysis of individual bird behaviour showed that they adopted one of three different attitudes to the presented prey. Most of the birds never attacked any or always attacked both prey. In addition, a small proportion of the birds was able to discriminate between the two prey types and attacked only roaches. Nevertheless, firebugs survived most of the attacks, which suggests that in case of chemically protected prey, the evolution of conspicuous coloration is not always the best/only option.
Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies
Authors: Smith Pete 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDespite 20 years of effort to curb emissions, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions grew faster during the 2000s than in the 1990s, which presents a major challenge for meeting the international goal of limiting warming to <2 °C relative to the preindustrial era. Most recent scenarios from integrated assessment models require large‐scale deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs) to reach the 2 °C target. A recent analysis of NETs, including direct air capture, enhanced weathering, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and afforestation/deforestation, showed that all NETs have significant limits to implementation, including economic cost, energy requirements, land use, and water use. In this paper, I assess the potential for negative emissions from soil carbon sequestration and biochar addition to land, and also the potential global impacts on land use, water, nutrients, albedo, energy and cost. Results indicate that soil carbon sequestration and biochar have useful negative emission potential (each 0.7 GtCeq. yr−1) and that they potentially have lower impact on land, water use, nutrients, albedo, energy requirement and cost, so have fewer disadvantages than many NETs. Limitations of soil carbon sequestration as a NET centre around issues of sink saturation and reversibility. Biochar could be implemented in combination with bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. Current integrated assessment models do not represent soil carbon sequestration or biochar. Given the negative emission potential of SCS and biochar and their potential advantages compared to other NETs, efforts should be made to include these options within IAMs, so that their potential can be explored further in comparison with other NETs for climate stabilization.
Morphological and dietary responses of chipmunks to a century of climate change
Authors: Walsh Rachel E. , Aprígio Assis Ana Paula , Patton James L. , Marroig Gabriel , Dawson Todd E. , Lacey Eileen A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPredicting how individual taxa will respond to climatic change is challenging, in part because the impacts of environmental conditions can vary markedly, even among closely related species. Studies of chipmunks (Tamiasspp.) in Yosemite National Park provide an important opportunity to explore the reasons for this variation in response. While the alpine chipmunk (T. alpinus) has undergone a significant elevational range contraction over the past century, the congeneric and partially sympatric lodgepole chipmunk (T. speciosus) has not experienced an elevational range shift during this period. As a first step toward identifying the factors underlying this difference in response, we examined evidence for dietary changes and changes in cranial morphology in these species over the past century. Stable isotope analyses of fur samples from modern and historical museum specimens of these species collected at the same localities indicated that signatures of dietary change were more pronounced inT. alpinus, although diet breadth did not differ consistently between the study species. Morphometric analyses of crania from these specimens revealed significant changes in cranial shape forT. alpinus, with less pronounced changes in shape forT. speciosus; evidence of selection on skull morphology was detected forT. alpinus,but not forT. speciosus. These results are consistent with growing evidence thatT. alpinusis generally more responsive to environmental change thanT. speciosus,but emphasize the complex and often geographically variable nature of such responses. Accordingly, future studies that make use of the taxonomically and spatially integrative approach employed here may prove particularly informative regarding relationships between environmental conditions, range changes, and patterns of phenotypic variation.
Synergies and trade‐offs between renewable energy expansion and biodiversity conservation – a cross‐national multifactor analysis
Authors: Santangeli Andrea , Di Minin Enrico , Toivonen Tuuli , Pogson Mark , Hastings Astley , Smith Pete , Moilanen Atte 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIncreased deployment of renewable energy can contribute towards mitigating climate change and improving air quality, wealth and development. However, renewable energy technologies are not free of environmental impacts; thus, it is important to identify opportunities and potential threats from the expansion of renewable energy deployment. Currently, there is no cross‐national comprehensive analysis linking renewable energy potential simultaneously to socio‐economic and political factors and biodiversity priority locations. Here, we quantify the relationship between the fraction of land‐based renewable energy (including solar photovoltaic, wind and bioenergy) potential available outside the top biodiversity areas (i.e. outside the highest ranked 30% priority areas for biodiversity conservation) within each country, with selected socio‐economic and geopolitical factors as well as biodiversity assets. We do so for two scenarios that identify priority areas for biodiversity conservation alternatively in a globally coordinated manner vs. separately for individual countries. We show that very different opportunities and challenges emerge if the priority areas for biodiversity protection are identified globally or designated nationally. In the former scenario, potential for solar, wind and bioenergy outside the top biodiversity areas is highest in developing countries, in sparsely populated countries and in countries of low biodiversity potential but with high air pollution mortality. Conversely, when priority areas for biodiversity protection are designated nationally, renewable energy potential outside the top biodiversity areas is highest in countries with good governance but also in countries with high biodiversity potential and population density. Overall, these results identify both clear opportunities but also risks that should be considered carefully when making decisions about renewable energy policies.
Developing nursing leadership in social media
Authors: Moorley Calvin , Chinn Teresa 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimA discussion on how nurse leaders are using social media and developing digital leadership in online communities.BackgroundSocial media is relatively new and how it is used by nurse leaders and nurses in a digital space is under explored.DesignDiscussion paper.Data sourcesSearches used CINAHL, the Royal College of Nursing webpages, Wordpress (for blogs) and Twitter from 2000–2015. Search terms used were Nursing leadership + Nursing social media.Implications for nursingUnderstanding the development and value of nursing leadership in social media is important for nurses in formal and informal (online) leadership positions. Nurses in formal leadership roles in organizations such as the National Health Service are beginning to leverage social media. Social media has the potential to become a tool for modern nurse leadership, as it is a space where can you listen on a micro level to each individual. In addition to listening, leadership can be achieved on a much larger scale through the use of social media monitoring tools and exploration of data and crowd sourcing. Through the use of data and social media listening tools nursing leaders can seek understanding and insight into a variety of issues. Social media also places nurse leaders in a visible and accessible position as role models.ConclusionSocial media and formal nursing leadership do not have to be against each other, but they can work in harmony as both formal and online leadership possess skills that are transferable. If used wisely social media has the potential to become a tool for modern nurse leadership.
Development of competence in the first year of graduate nursing practice: a longitudinal study
Authors: Lima Sally , Newall Fiona , Jordan Helen L. , Hamilton Bridget , Kinney Sharon 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimTo determine the extent to which competence develops in the first year of nursing practice in a paediatric setting.BackgroundAmong all the literature related to nursing competence, there have been few studies that have used a standardized tool to determine the development of professional nursing competence in the first year of practice.DesignA quantitative longitudinal design was applied as part of a mixed methods study.MethodsForty seven nurses commencing a 12‐month graduate nurse programme were invited to undertake a self‐assessment of their level of competence at four time points; commencement, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months, between January 2013–February 2014. The assessment was completed using the Nurse Competence Scale; a questionnaire with 73 items across seven domains of competence. Each item is scored along a visual analogue scale (0‐100). Response rates varied from 100% at commencement to 68% at 12 months.ResultsAt commencement, the self‐assessed level of overall competence was 41·4, 61·1 at 3 months, 72·9 at 6 months and 76·7 at 12 months. Similar patterns were seen for each domain. Mixed effects model analysis for longitudinal data revealed gains in competence for each of the domains and overall, was statistically significant from commencement to 3 months and 3 months to 6 months. While gains were made between 6‐12 months, the results were not statistically significant.ConclusionGraduate nurses showed significant gains in competence in the first 6 months of transition from nursing students to Registered Nurses.
Perceptions matter: faculty caring, campus racial climate and academic performance
Authors: Torregosa Marivic B. , Ynalvez Marcus Antonius , Morin Karen H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimExamine the influence of students’ perception of faculty caring on academic performance and the moderating role of students’ perceptions of campus racial climate.BackgroundThere is limited knowledge on how students’ perceptions of faculty caring, campus racial climate and academic performance are linked. Understanding this nexus is crucial to improving nursing education.DesignSecondary analysis of a cross‐sectional data obtained from seven undergraduate nursing programs in Texas, USA.MethodData were from 385 students enrolled in Medical‐Surgical 1 over three semesters (March 2010 ‐ December 2010). Six sets of factor analytic scores derived from 31 original perceptions of faculty caring items served as predictors; one set of scores derived from seven original perceptions of campus racial climate items served as moderating variable in a regression model. Numeric grade was the outcome variable.Results/findingsPerception of faculty having a positive outlook/compassion had an enhancing effect on performance. As students’ perceptions of campus racial climate became increasingly discriminating, the positive association between perceptions of faculty's trust in students’ judgment and academic performance became increasingly strong.ConclusionResults highlight ways by which students’ perception of micro‐level social reality (dyadic interaction) might interact with their perception of meso‐level social reality (social environment) to influence their academic performance.
Integrative review: postcraniotomy pain in the brain tumour patient
Authors: Guilkey Rebecca Elizabeth , Von Ah Diane , Carpenter Janet S. , Stone Cynthia , Draucker Claire B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimTo conduct an integrative review to examine evidence of pain and associated symptoms in adult (≥21 years of age), postcraniotomy, brain tumour patients hospitalized on intensive care units.BackgroundHealthcare providers believe craniotomies are less painful than other surgical procedures. Understanding how postcraniotomy pain unfolds over time will help inform patient care and aid in future research and policy development.DesignSystematic literature search to identify relevant literature. Information abstracted using the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms’ concepts of influencing factors, symptom clusters and patient performance. Inclusion criteria were indexed, peer‐reviewed, full‐length, English‐language articles. Keywords were ‘traumatic brain injury’, ‘pain, post‐operative’, ‘brain injuries’, ‘postoperative pain’, ‘craniotomy’, ‘decompressive craniectomy’ and ‘trephining’.Data sourcesMedline, OVID, PubMed and CINAHL databases from 2000–2014.Review methodCooper's five‐stage integrative review method was used to assess and synthesize literature.ResultsThe search yielded 115 manuscripts, with 26 meeting inclusion criteria. Most studies were randomized, controlled trials conducted outside of the United States. All tested pharmacological pain interventions. Postcraniotomy brain tumour pain was well‐documented and associated with nausea, vomiting and changes in blood pressure, and it impacted the patient's length of hospital stay, but there was no consensus for how best to treat such pain.ConclusionThe Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms provided structure to the search. Postcraniotomy pain is experienced by patients, but associated symptoms and impact on patient performance remain poorly understood. Further research is needed to improve understanding and management of postcraniotomy pain in this population.
A combined coalescence gene‐dropping tool for evaluating genomic selection in complex scenarios (ms2gs)
Authors: Pérez‐Enciso M. , Legarra A. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryWe present ms2gs, a combined coalescence – gene dropping (i.e. backward–forward) simulator for complex traits. It therefore aims at combining the advantages of both approaches. It is primarily conceived for very short term, recent scenarios such as those that are of interest in animal and plant breeding. It is very flexible in terms of defining QTL architecture and SNP ascertainment bias, and it allows for easy modelling of alternative markers such as RADs. It can use real sequence or chip data or generate molecular polymorphisms via the coalescence. It can generate QTL conditional on extant molecular information, such as low‐density genotyping. It models (simplistically) sequence, imputation or genotyping errors. It requires as input both genotypic data in plink or ms formats, and a pedigree that is used to perform the gene dropping. By default, it compares accuracy for BLUP, SNP ascertained data, sequence, and causal SNPs. It employs VanRaden's linear (GBLUP) and nonlinear method for incorporating molecular information. To illustrate the program, we present a small application in a half‐sib population and a multiparental (MAGIC) cross. The program, manual and examples are available at https://github.com/mperezenciso/ms2gs.
Did a Miocene–Pliocene island isolation sequence structure diversification of funnel web spiders in the Taiwan‐Ryukyu Archipelago?
Authors: Su Yong‐Chao , Brown Rafe M. , Chang Yung‐Hau , Lin Chung‐Ping , Tso I‐Min 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimWe tested the competing hypotheses concerning the relative importance of Pleistocene versus Miocene–Pliocene geological events for the formation of endemism in an Asian archipelago using the Macrothele taiwanensis (Hexathelidae) species group.LocationTaiwan‐Ryukyu Archipelago.MethodsWe estimated phylogenetic trees from cytochrome oxidase I subunit (COI) and 16S rRNA (16S) gene regions and employed Bayesian ancestral range reconstructions to investigate previously debated models of lineage diversification in the Taiwan‐Ryukyu Archipelago. To evaluate alternative geological timeframes for their importance in shaping the genetic structure of funnel web spiders, we used five time calibration schemes to estimate timing of divergence, infer ancestral distributions, and to reconstruct historical demographic changes in each lineage. We tested taxonomic boundaries with two species delimitation procedures.ResultsOur results indicate a north‐to‐south isolation sequence of the M. taiwanensis group: the Amami lineage diverged first, then Yaeyama, and finally the Taiwanese lineages. Divergence time estimation and population demographic change analyses indicate that Pleistocene climate fluctuations minimally impacted the genetic structure of these spiders. Instead, estimated divergence events correspond to Miocene–Pliocene geological events, strongly supporting a much older timeframe for diversification. The results of species delimitation analyses coincide well with morphological differences observed among the island populations, reinforcing inferred species boundaries, and at least three potential cryptic species were statistically detected within Taiwan.Main conclusionsMiocene–Pliocene geological events appear to have contributed disproportionately to diversification in the M. taiwanensis species group. The clear association between geographical area, genetic structure and statistical species delimitation strongly supports an interpretation of allopatric speciation. We advocate comparing our results with those derived from additional study organisms with similar life histories to further explore the Miocene–Pliocene diversification hypothesis.
Can radiological assessment of abdominal computerized scans diagnose encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in long‐term peritoneal dialysis patients?
Authors: Stuart Sam , Stott David , Goode Antony , Cash Charlotte J , Davenport Andrew 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimEncapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare but potentially devastating complication of long‐term peritoneal dialysis (PD). Changes to the peritoneal membrane occur with duration of PD therapy. To determine the potential effect of prospective computerized tomography (CT) scanning, we reviewed the scans of patients who had developed EPS compared with those without EPS.MethodsWe retrospectively compared CT scans that had been prospectively performed in a screening program for PD patients after 4 years of PD and compared scans from 18 patients with confirmed EPS and 26 vintage matched controls without EPS. Anonymized scans were reported independently by two blinded experienced radiologists.ResultsPeritoneal thickening, calcification, bowel tethering, thickening and dilatation were significantly more commonly reported in the EPS group. Total combined radiological scores, also including septation within peritoneal fluid, were significantly higher in the EPS group and the greatest for those who died as a consequence of EPS. Simplified scoring based on presence or absence, then for a score of ≥3.0, gave a receiver operating characteristic value of 0.87 for EPS, with a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 85%, respectively. Inter‐observer agreement varied from poor to good, being the greatest for calcification and bowel dilatation and the lowest for peritoneal thickening.ConclusionCT scan reporting can differentiate EPS from peritoneal changes associated with duration of PD therapy. Severity of abnormalities was associated with clinical outcomes. However, inter‐observer agreement varies with different radiological appearances, and future studies are required to determine weighting of radiological changes to provide prognostic information for clinicians and patients.
Central venous catheter‐related blood stream infection with pyomyositis due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a patient with aplastic anemia
Authors: Kodama Yuichi , Okamoto Yasuhiro , Tanabe Takayuki , Nishikawa Takuro , Abematsu Takanari , Nakagawa Shunsuke , Kurauchi Koichiro , Shinkoda Yuichi , Ikeda Naohiro , Seki Shunji , Wakiguchi Hiroyuki , Miyazono Akinori , Kawano Yoshifumi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractStenotrophomonas maltophilia causes pneumonia and CVC‐CRBSI in HSCT. However, there are few reports of pyomyositis due to S. maltophilia. We report a patient with CRBSI and pyomyositis due to S. maltophilia after allogeneic HSCT who was successfully treated by removing the CVC and antibiotics without surgical drainage. Removing the CVC and the combined antibiotics without preventing the neutrophil engraftment could avoid surgical drainage in pyomyositis due to S. maltophilia when detected in an early stage.
Regular and moderate aerobic training before allergic asthma induction reduces lung inflammation and remodeling
Authors: de Araújo C. C. , Marques P. S , Silva J. D. , Samary C. S. , da Silva A. L. , Henriques I. , Antunes M. A. , de Oliveira M. V. , Goldenberg R. C. , Morales M. M. , Abreu I. , Diaz B. L. , Rocha N. N. , Capelozzi V. L. , Rocco P. R. M. 
Published: January 2016

Experimental studies have reported that aerobic exercise after asthma induction reduces lung inflammation and remodeling. Nevertheless, no experimental study has analyzed whether regular/moderate aerobic training before the induction of allergic asthma may prevent these inflammatory and remodeling processes. For this purpose, BALB/c mice (n = 96) were assigned into non‐trained and trained groups. Trained animals ran on a motorized treadmill at moderate intensity, 30 min/day, 3 times/week, for 8 weeks, and were further randomized into subgroups to undergo ovalbumin sensitization and challenge or receive saline using the same protocol. Aerobic training continued until the last challenge. Twenty‐four hours after challenge, compared to non‐trained animals, trained mice exhibited: (a) increased systolic output and left ventricular mass on echocardiography; (b) improved lung mechanics; (c) decreased smooth muscle actin expression and collagen fiber content in airways and lung parenchyma; (d) decreased transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood; (e) increased interferon (IFN)‐γ in BALF and interleukin (IL)‐10 in blood; and (f) decreased IL‐4 and IL‐13 in BALF. In conclusion, regular/moderate aerobic training prior to allergic asthma induction reduced inflammation and remodeling, perhaps through increased IL‐10 and IFN‐γ in tandem with decreased Th2 cytokines.