bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved resiliency and well‐being among military personnel in a Swedish Naval Force after a counter‐piracy operation off the coast of Somalia
Authors: Bäccman Charlotte , Hjärthag Fredrik , Almqvist Kjerstin 
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study was to explore: (1) how the psychological health of the members of the first European Union Naval Force (ME01) was affected by international deployment off the coast of Somalia; and (2) if and how organizational and personal factors (e.g., type of personnel category, previous experiences, and resilience) affected their psychological health and well‐being post‐deployment. The study had an exploratory longitudinal design, where the participants were assessed both before and after deployment (i.e., T1 and T2). The participants (n = 129, 120 men, 9 women) were equally distributed between officers (n = 68; 64 men, 4 women) and sailors (n = 61; 56 men, 5 women). The members' average age was 31 years, ranging from 20 to 61. For the majority (78%) ME01 was their first international deployment and officers were, in general, more experienced than sailors. The overall results showed that the members' reported a positive experience with improved resilience and well‐being (e.g., sense of coherence). However, the result also showed that type of personnel category (i.e., officer or sailor) affected their psychological health. Why and how these differences among military personnel arise is discussed, but deserves further attention.
Animal Mindreading and the Principle of Conservatism
Authors: Fagan Tyler K. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTSkeptics about nonlinguistic mindreading often use an inferential rule of thumb—the principle of conservatism—to cast doubt on purported empirical evidence of mindreading abilities in nonlinguistic creatures. This principle, if warranted, would seem to count generally against explanatory hypotheses that posit nonlinguistic mindreading, instead favoring mere behavior‐reading hypotheses. Using a test case from research with chimpanzees, I show that this principle is best understood as an appeal to parsimony; that, regardless of how one conceives of parsimony, the principle is unwarranted; and that, once we put the principle aside, the prospects for nonlinguistic mindreading are brighter than traditionally thought.
Horror, Fear, and the Sartrean Account of Emotions
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPhenomenological approaches to affectivity have long recognized the vital role that emotions occupy in our lives. In this paper, I engage with Jean‐Paul Sartre's well‐known and highly influential theory of the emotions as it is advanced in his Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions. I examine whether Sartre's account offers two inconsistent explications of the nature of emotions. I argue that despite appearances there is a reading of Sartre's theory that is free of inconsistencies. Ultimately, I highlight a novel reading of Sartre's account of the emotions: one that is both phenomenologically accurate and supported by textual evidence.
Kant and Husserl on the Contents of Perception
Authors: van Mazijk Corijn 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the contents of perception in Kant's first Critique and Husserl's later writings. Both Kant and Husserl are known for their appeal to synthesis in their transcendental accounts of perceptual experience and objective judgment. Especially regarding Kant, the precise nature of perceptual synthesis has recently been the cause of much debate. Whereas some argue that for Kant perception must have nonconceptual content, others believe he is a conceptualist. After offering an alternative solution to this interpretative problem in Kant's philosophy, I turn to Husserl's later theory of perception. My main claims here are that Husserl departs from Kant specifically regarding (i) the sort of synthetic contents that govern affective perception and (ii) the role of conceptual capacities in the contents of attentive perception.
Descartes and the Dissolution of Life
Authors: Hutchins Barnaby R. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTI argue that Descartes is not a reductionist about life, but dissolves or eliminates the category entirely. This is surprising both because he repeatedly refers to the life of humans, animals, and plants and because he appears to rely on the category of life to construct his physiology and medicine. Various attempts have been made in the scholarship to attribute a principled concept of life to Descartes. Most recently, Detlefsen (2016) has argued that Descartes “is a reductionist with respect to explanation of life phenomena but not an eliminativist with respect to life itself” (143). I show that all these attempts either result in arbitrariness or force Descartes's wider philosophical project into incoherence. I argue that Descartes's ontological commitments make a principled concept of life impossible, that he does not need such a concept, and that his project ends up more coherent without one.
Conceptualizing Journalistic Careers: Between Interpretive Community and Tribes of Professionalism
Authors: Meyers Oren , Davidson Roei 
Published: June 2016

AbstractProfessionalism is a concept that centers on specialization of labor and control of occupational practice. It has traditionally been used to describe and define individuals who are affiliated with an occupational community that has managed to secure a certain measure of autonomy and jurisdiction over an area of expertise and has a claim to a public service ethos. In this review essay, we consider the changing professional status of journalism. Whether or not journalism is “truly” a profession, it is clear that a discourse of journalistic professionalism plays a crucial role in legitimizing the journalistic occupation. Consequently, this essay explores different approaches towards the professionalization of journalism and positions this discussion within two interrelated contexts: first, it investigates the ramifications of the current crisis in western news media on journalistic professionalism. Next, the essay probes the professional standing of journalism in view of the development of new digital technologies that are re‐shaping essential aspects of journalistic work. We conclude that journalism has lost some of its cohesion and fragmented into tribes of professionalism practiced by a diverse set of actors.
Varieties of Field Theory and the Sociology of the Non‐profit Sector
Authors: Barman Emily 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper reviews the use of field theory in the sociological study of the non‐profit sector. The review first shows how field theory, as a conceptual framework to explain social action, provides a valuable sociological counterweight to prevailing economic and psychological orientations in the interdisciplinary scholarship on the non‐profit sector. However, despite its certain shared assumptions, field theory in sociology encompasses three distinct, albeit interrelated, approaches: the Bourdieusian, New Institutionalist, and Strategic Action Fields perspectives. I comparatively outline the key analytical assumptions and causal claims of each version of field theory, whether and how it recognizes the specificity of the non‐profit sector and then delineate its application by sociologists to the non‐profit sector. I show how scholars' employment of each articulation of field theory to study non‐profit activity has been influenced by pre‐existing scholarly assumptions and normative claims about this third space. The article concludes by summarizing the use of these varieties of field theory in the sociology of the non‐profit sector and by identifying future directions in this line of research.
Association of vitamin D status with incidence of enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli diarrhoea in children of urban Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed A. M. S. , Soares Magalhaes R. J. , Long K. Z. , Ahmed T. , Alam Md. A. , Hossain Md. I. , Islam Md. M. , Mahfuz M. , Mondal D. , Haque R. , Mamun A. A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association between vitamin D status and diarrhoeal episodes by enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enteroaggregative (EAEC) E. coli in underweight and normal‐weight children aged 6–24 months in urban Bangladesh.MethodsCohorts of 446 normal‐weight and 466 underweight children were tested separately for ETEC, EPEC and EAEC from diarrhoeal stool samples collected during 5 months of follow‐up while considering vitamin D status at enrolment as the exposure. Cox proportional hazards models with unordered failure events of the same type were used to determine diarrhoeal risk factors after adjusting for sociodemographic and concurrent micronutrient status.ResultsVitamin D status was not independently associated with the risk of incidence of ETEC, EPEC and EAEC diarrhoea in underweight children, but moderate‐to‐severe retinol deficiency was associated with reduced risk for EPEC diarrhoea upon adjustment. Among normal‐weight children, insufficient vitamin D status and moderate‐to‐severe retinol deficiency were independently associated with 44% and 38% reduced risk of incidence of EAEC diarrhoea, respectively. These children were at higher risk of ETEC diarrhoea with vitamin D deficiency status when adjusted for micronutrient status only.ConclusionThis study demonstrates for the first time that normal‐weight children with insufficient vitamin D status have a reduced risk of EAEC diarrhoea than children with sufficient status. Moderate‐to‐severe deficiency of serum retinol is associated with reduced risk of EPEC and EAEC diarrhoea in underweight and normal‐weight children.
Contribution of polymeric materials to progress in xenotransplantation of microencapsulated cells: a review
Authors: Mahou Redouan , Passemard Solène , Carvello Michele , Petrelli Alessandra , Noverraz François , Gerber‐Lemaire Sandrine , Wandrey Christine 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCell microencapsulation and subsequent transplantation of the microencapsulated cells require multidisciplinary approaches. Physical, chemical, biological, engineering, and medical expertise has to be combined. Several natural and synthetic polymeric materials and different technologies have been reported for the preparation of hydrogels, which are suitable to protect cells by microencapsulation. However, owing to the frequent lack of adequate characterization of the hydrogels and their components as well as incomplete description of the technology, many results of in vitro and in vivo studies appear contradictory or cannot reliably be reproduced. This review addresses the state of the art in cell microencapsulation with special focus on microencapsulated cells intended for xenotransplantation cell therapies. The choice of materials, the design and fabrication of the microspheres, as well as the conditions to be met during the cell microencapsulation process, are summarized and discussed prior to presenting research results of in vitro and in vivo studies. Overall, this review will serve to sensitize medically educated specialists for materials and technological aspects of cell microencapsulation.
Physical Activity and Anthropometric Characteristics Among Urban Youth in Mexico: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Parker Nathan , Atrooshi Darran , Lévesque Lucie , Jauregui Edtna , Barquera Simón , Taylor Juan Lopez y , Lee Rebecca E. 
Published: June 2016

Background:Obesity is a critical problem among Mexican youth, but few studies have investigated associations among physical activity (PA) modes and anthropometrics in this population. This study examined associations among active commuting to school (ACS), sports or other organized PA, outdoor play, and body mass index (BMI) percentile and waist circumference (WC) among Mexican youth.Methods:Parents of school children (N = 1996, ages 6 to 14 years, 53.1% female) in 3 Mexican cities reported PA participation using the (modified) fourth grade School Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey. Trained assessors measured BMI percentile and WC in person.Results:Parents reported that 52.3% of children engaged in ACS, 57.3% participated in sports or organized PA, and a median of 2 days in the previous week with at least 30 minutes of outdoor play. In complete case analyses (n = 857), ACS was negatively associated with BMI percentile, and outdoor play was negatively associated with WC after adjusting for school, age, sex, and income. In analyses incorporating data from multiple imputation (N = 1996), outdoor play was negatively associated with WC (all Ps < . 05).Conclusions:ACS and outdoor play are favorably associated with anthropometrics and may help prevent childhood obesity in Mexico. ACS and outdoor play should be priorities for increasing youth PA in Mexico.
Changes in Policy Maker Attitudes Toward Active Living Communities Issues in Hawaii, 2007–2013
Authors: McGurk Meghan , Maddock Jay 
Published: June 2016

Background:Obesity and lack of physical activity are major public health problems in the United States. Well-designed, active living communities (ALCs) can help support physically active lifestyles. This study assessed attitudes of Hawaii decision makers in 2007 and 2013 to determine if priorities toward ALCs changed. Methods:Elected and appointed state and county officials were mailed surveys both years. Respondents rated the importance of 23 specified problems, which included 1 obesity variable and 5 ALC variables.Results:The survey was completed by 126 (70.4%) respondents in 2007 and 117 (60.9%) in 2013. Among the specific problems, only obesity increased in rank from 14th to ninth place. Three variables fell more than 2 places: increasing traffic (fifth to seventh place), poorly planned development and sprawl (seventh to 11th place) and pedestrian safety (12th to 17th place). The other 2 stayed relatively the same: lack of pedestrian walkways, sidewalks, and crosswalks (16th to 15th place) and lack of recreational activities (22nd to 23rd place).Conclusions:Across years, obesity concerns have increased but do not appear to be tied to increases in concern for ALC variables. More education for policymakers on the link between obesity, physical activity, and the built environment is necessary.
Single-Molecule Sequencing Reveals Complex Genome Variation of Hepatitis B Virus during 15 Years of Chronic Infection following Liver Transplantation
Authors: Betz-Stablein B. D. , Töpfer A. , Littlejohn M. , Yuen L. , Colledge D. , Sozzi V. , Angus P. , Thompson A. , Revill P. , Beerenwinkel N. , Warner N. , Luciani F. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is prevalent worldwide. The infectious agent, hepatitis B virus (HBV), replicates via an RNA intermediate and is error prone, leading to the rapid generation of closely related but not identical viral variants, including those that can escape host immune responses and antiviral treatments. The complexity of CHB can be further enhanced by the presence of HBV variants with large deletions in the genome generated via splicing (spHBV variants). Although spHBV variants are incapable of autonomous replication, their replication is rescued by wild-type HBV. spHBV variants have been shown to enhance wild-type virus replication, and their prevalence increases with liver disease progression. Single-molecule deep sequencing was performed on whole HBV genomes extracted from samples, including the liver explant, longitudinally collected from a subject with CHB over a 15-year period after liver transplantation. By employing novel bioinformatics methods, this analysis showed that the dynamics of the viral population across a period of changing treatment regimens was complex. The spHBV variants detected in the liver explant remained present posttransplantation, and a highly diverse novel spHBV population as well as variants with multiple deletions in the pre-S genes emerged. The identification of novel mutations outside the HBV reverse transcriptase gene that co-occurred with known drug resistance-associated mutations highlights the relevance of using full-genome deep sequencing and supports the hypothesis that drug resistance involves interactions across the full length of the HBV genome.

IMPORTANCE
Single-molecule sequencing allowed the characterization, in unprecedented detail, of the evolution of HBV populations and offered unique insights into the dynamics of defective and spHBV variants following liver transplantation and complex treatment regimens. This analysis also showed the rapid adaptation of HBV populations to treatment regimens with evolving drug resistance phenotypes and evidence of purifying selection across the whole genome. Finally, the new open-source bioinformatics tools with the capacity to easily identify potential spliced variants from deep sequencing data are freely available.
Using the E4orf6-Based E3 Ubiquitin Ligase as a Tool To Analyze the Evolution of Adenoviruses
Authors: Gilson Timra , Blanchette Paola , Ballmann Mónika Z. , Papp Tibor , Pénzes Judit J. , Benkő Mária , Harrach Balázs , Branton Philip E. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTE4orf6 proteins from all human adenoviruses form Cullin-based ubiquitin ligase complexes that, in association with E1B55K, target cellular proteins for degradation. While most are assembled with Cul5, a few utilize Cul2. BC-box motifs enable all these E4orf6 proteins to assemble ligase complexes with Elongins B and C. We also identified a Cul2-box motif used for Cul2 selection in all Cul2-based complexes. With this information, we set out to determine if other adenoviruses also possess the ability to form the ligase complex and, if so, to predict their Cullin usage. Here we report that all adenoviruses known to encode an E4orf6-like protein (mastadenoviruses and atadenoviruses) maintain the potential to form the ligase complex. We could accurately predict Cullin usage for E4orf6 products of mastadenoviruses and all but one atadenovirus. Interestingly, in nonhuman primate adenoviruses, we found a clear segregation of Cullin binding, with Cul5 utilized by viruses infecting great apes and Cul2 by Old/New World monkey viruses, suggesting that a switch from Cul2 to Cul5 binding occurred during the period when great apes diverged from monkeys. Based on the analysis of Cullin selection, we also suggest that the majority of human adenoviruses, which exhibit a broader tropism for the eye and the respiratory tract, exhibit Cul5 specificity and resemble viruses infecting great apes, whereas those that infect the gastrointestinal tract may have originated from monkey viruses that share Cul2 specificity. Finally, aviadenoviruses also appear to contain E4orf6 genes that encode proteins with a conserved XCXC motif followed by, in most cases, a BC-box motif.IMPORTANCETwo early adenoviral proteins, E4orf6 and E1B55K, form a ubiquitin ligase complex with cellular proteins to ubiquitinate specific substrates, leading to their degradation by the proteasome. In studies with representatives of each human adenovirus species, we (and others) previously discovered that some viruses use Cul2 to form the complex, while others use Cul5. In the present study, we expanded our analyses to all sequenced adenoviruses and found that E4orf6 genes from all mast- and atadenoviruses encode proteins containing the motifs necessary to form the ligase complex. We found a clear separation in Cullin specificity between adenoviruses of great apes and Old/New World monkeys, lending support for a monkey origin for human viruses of theHuman mastadenovirus A,F, andGspecies. We also identified previously unrecognized E4orf6 genes in the aviadenoviruses that encode proteins containing motifs permitting formation of the ubiquitin ligase.
Suppression of IRG-1 Reduces Inflammatory Cell Infiltration and Lung Injury in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection by Reducing Production of Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Ren Ke , Lv Yuanzi , Zhuo Yujie , Chen Changmai , Shi Hengfei , Guo Lin , Yang Guang , Hou Yayi , Tan Ren Xiang , Li Erguang 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a common cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and children. RSV is a negative-sense, single-strand RNA (ssRNA) virus that mainly infects airway epithelial cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is a major factor for pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage of RSV disease. We investigated immune-responsive gene-1 (IRG1) expression during RSV infection, since IRG1 has been shown to mediate innate immune response to intracellular bacterial pathogens by modulating ROS and itaconic acid production. We found that RSV infection induced IRG1 expression in human A549 cells and in the lung tissues of RSV-infected mice. RSV infection or IRG1 overexpression promoted ROS production. Accordingly, knockdown of IRG1 induction blocked RSV-induced ROS production and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. Finally, we showed that suppression of IRG1 induction reduced immune cell infiltration and prevented lung injury in RSV-infected mice. These results therefore link IRG1 induction to ROS production and immune lung injury after RSV infection.

IMPORTANCE
RSV infection is among the most common causes of childhood diseases. Recent studies identify ROS production as a factor contributing to RSV disease. We investigated the cause of ROS production and identified IRG1 as a critical factor linking ROS production to immune lung injury after RSV infection. We found that IRG1 was induced in A549 alveolar epithelial cells and in mouse lungs after RSV infection. Importantly, suppression of IRG1 induction reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and lung injury in mice. This study links IRG1 induction to oxidative damage and RSV disease. It also uncovers a potential therapeutic target in reducing RSV-caused lung injury.
To Defend or Not To Defend: That’s the Question
Authors: Varahan Sriram , Hancock Lynn E. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Enterococcus faecalis
is an opportunistic pathogen and is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections.
E. faecalis
harbors a number of antibiotic resistance genes, and most of these are present on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that can be disseminated within the species, as well as to other members of the human microflora. In an article by Price and colleagues [V. J. Price et al., mSphere 1(3):e00064-16, 2016,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00064-16
], the authors demonstrated how
E. faecalis
uses a restriction-modification system along with a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas to function as a bacterial innate and adaptive immune system to regulate the influx of MGEs. The absence of these systems in high-risk hospital-adapted lineages of
E. faecalis
, including the prototypical V583 strain, appears to allow the ready acquisition of new traits that aid in the adaptation to new environmental stresses, including the evolution of resistance to many of our best antibiotics.