bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Dietary Yeast Polysaccharides on the Immune Responses of Apostichopus japonicus to a Sudden Drop in Temperature
Authors: Zhao Wen , Liang Miao , Wei Jie , Wang Shan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe effect of yeast polysaccharides (YSPs) on immune function was evaluated in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, exposed to two protocols of acute decrease in temperature (T5 group: 20 C → 15 C → 10 C → 4 C; T10 group: 20 C → 10 C → 4 C). Juvenile sea cucumbers were fed an artificial diet containing 0.5% YSP. The phagocytic rate and index and the activities of lysozyme, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase were measured 24 h after each drop in temperature. The immune indices generally decreased in animals fed the basal diet (BD) in both temperature‐change protocols. Supplementing the feed of A. japonicus with YSPs led to increases in most indices compared with those fed the BD, except for the phagocytic index at 10 C in the T5 group. Therefore, the addition of YSPs to the BD improves the immunocompetence of A. japonicus during exposure to a rapid decrease in temperature.
Effects of Dietary Soybean Oil Replacement by Silkworm,Bombyx moriL., Chrysalis Oil on Growth Performance, Tissue Fatty Acid Composition, and Health Status of Juvenile Jian Carp,Cyprinus carpiovar. Jian
Authors: Chen Haojie , Tian Jingjing , Wang Yifei , Yang Ke , Ji Hong , Li Jie 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFive triplicate groups containing 15 Jian carp (33.51 ± 1.91 g) were fed five isonitrogenous (30%) and isolipidic (8%) diets, with an increase in silkworm chrysalis oil (SCO) to replace soybean oil (SO) at 0 (SO), 25 (SCO25), 50 (SCO50), 75 (SCO75), or 100% (SCO100) levels for 59 d. Results showed that theSCO50andSCO75groups presented higher thermal growth coefficients than theSOandSCO100groups and lower feed conversion ratios than theSCO100group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the 50%SCO‐supplemented level decreased hepatopancreas lipid content and increased muscle crude protein content (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, α‐linolenic acid, n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, and n‐3/n‐6PUFAratio increased in the hepatopancreas, and intraperitoneal fat and muscle as the replacement ofSOincreased (P < 0.05). No significant differences of the serum biochemical indices and hepatopancreatic malondialdehyde content were found among groups (P > 0.05), but hepatopancreatic superoxide dismutase activities in theSCO25andSCO50groups were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in muscularis coat thickness, fold height, and fold width in the mid‐intestine (P>0.05). Overall, up to 50 or 75% replacement ofSObySCOin the diet of Jian carp could improve growth performance without affecting the health status of the fish.
Genetic structure and diversity of the black and rufous sengi in Tanzanian coastal forests
Authors: Sabuni C. A. , Van Houtte N. , Gryseels S. , Maganga S. L. S. , Makundi R. H. , Leirs H. , Goüy de Bellocq J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe black and rufous sengi Rhynchocyon petersi is restricted to the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests of East Africa and considered vulnerable because of habitat fragmentation and degradation. Coastal forests are believed to have been isolated from each other for thousands of years due to climatic changes. Since R. petersi is described as strongly dependent on its forest habitat, we hypothesized that R. petersi from different forests would show genetic divergence. We investigated the genetic structure and diversity of this species in four coastal forests in Tanzania using eight microsatellites and cytochrome b sequences. In total, 45 individuals were captured after strenuous sampling efforts. For comparative purposes we also sequenced the cytochrome b of 57 individuals from a sympatric rodent forest species, Beamys hindei. The results indicate extant R. petersi have descended from a single population of high effective size (Ne) with no forest‐distinctive signal. In contrast, B. hindei is more genetically structured: Although the most common haplotype is found in the three closest forests, each forest harbours private haplotypes. Moreover, B. hindei Ne appeared 10 times smaller than R. petersi in Zaraninge forest. While B. hindei results are consistent with the scenario of long‐term isolation of coastal forests, the R. petersi are not. We suggest R. petersi may less depend on forest habitat than previously suspected, consistent with anecdotal reports of sengis nesting in intervening agricultural habitat. From a conservation viewpoint, this sengi species therefore appears robust to the current spatial and temporal scale of habitat fragmentation.
Prevalence of Trichinella infection in three sympatric large carnivores: effects of the host's sex and age
Authors: Kojola I. , Holmala K. , Huhta E. , Oksanen A. , Kokko S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIt has been suggested that the higher parasite prevalence for mammalian males might be due to differences in diet between the sexes or a lower immunocompetence of males. We examined how the prevalence of a large intracellular parasite, Trichinella spp., varies by sex and age in the brown bear Ursus arctos, grey wolf Canis lupus and Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in Finland. Data were obtained from 801 bears, 312 wolves and 1958 lynxes killed during licensed hunting in autumn and winter. In all species, the prevalence was higher in males than females and was highest in adults. In bears and lynxes, the difference between the two sexes increased with age. In the brown bear, almost exclusively adults were infected by Trichinella, and prevalence was three times more frequent in adult males than females. In the wolf, prevalence in males was higher in all age classes, but in lynxes <1‐year‐old the prevalence did not differ with sex. According to our macroscopic stomach analysis, raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides and red fox Vulpes vulpes, major reservoirs for Trichinella, were uncommon winter prey for lynx and wolves, but raccoon dogs were more frequently consumed by male than female lynxes. We suggest that differences in feeding habits between sexes might explain higher prevalence in males (at least in lynx and brown bear), though we could not exclude lower the immunocompetence.
The Work of Inscription: Antenatal Care, Birth Documents, and Shan Migrant Women in Chiang Mai
Authors: Seo Bo Kyeong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFor transnational migrant populations, securing birth documents of newly born children has crucial importance in avoiding statelessness for new generations. Drawing on discussions of sovereignty and political subjectivization, I ask how the fact of birth is constituted in the context of transnational migration. Based on ethnographic data collected from an antenatal clinic in Thailand, this article describes how Shan migrant women from Myanmar (also known as Burma) utilize reproductive health services as a way of assuring a safe birth while acquiring identification documents. Paying close attention to technologies of inscription adopted for maternal care and birth registration, I argue that enacting bureaucratic documents offers a chance for migrant women to bridge the interstice between human and citizen. Birth certificates for migrant children, while embodying legal ambiguity and uncertainty, epitomize non‐citizen subjects’ assertion of their political relationship with the state.
Dark‐induced leaf senescence: new insights into a complex light‐dependent regulatory pathway
Authors: Liebsch Daniela , Keech Olivier 
Published: September 2016

SummaryLeaf senescence – the coordinated, active process leading to the organized dismantling of cellular components to remobilize resources – is a fundamental aspect of plant life. Its tight regulation is essential for plant fitness and has crucial implications for the optimization of plant productivity and storage properties. Various investigations have shown light deprivation and light perception via phytochromes as key elements modulating senescence. However, the signalling pathways linking light deprivation and actual senescence processes have long remained obscure. Recent analyses have demonstrated that PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) are major transcription factors orchestrating dark‐induced senescence (DIS) by targeting chloroplast maintenance, chlorophyll metabolism, hormone signalling and production, and the expression of senescence master regulators, uncovering potential molecular links to the energy deprivation signalling pathway. PIF‐dependent feed‐forward regulatory modules might be of critical importance for the highly complex and initially light‐reversible DIS induction.

Contents

Summary
563

I.
Introduction
563

II.
Involvement of light receptors in photoretardation of leaf senescence
564

III.
PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTORS are major players regulating light deprivation‐induced senescence
564

IV.
PIF‐regulated processes during light deprivation
565

V.
Coherent feed‐forward regulation
565

VI.
Light deprivation vs starvation response
567

VII.
Conclusion and future perspectives
567

Acknowledgements
568

References
568
Tibetan Firefly Luciferase with Low Temperature Adaptation
Authors: Mitani Yasuo , Futahashi Ryo , Liu Zichao , Liang Xingcai , Ohmiya Yoshihiro 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFireflies are widespread all over the world and a numerous numbers of luciferases have been isolated and characterized. In this study, we identified and characterized the luciferase and luciferase‐like genes from a Tibetan firefly collected in Shangri‐La, China. The altitude of this area is more than 3300 m. We saw this Tibetan firefly flying with strong luminescence after sunset at ~10°C. We analyzed the transcriptome of Tibetan firefly using head, thorax, abdomen (without light organ), and light organ tissue by RNA sequencing. We identified one luciferase gene, which was almost identical to luciferase from fireflies Pyrocoelia species, and expressed specifically in the light organ. Interestingly, the optimal temperature of the Tibetan firefly recombinant luciferase was 10°C. The Km for D‐luciferin and ATP of the recombinant luciferase was 23 and 154 μm, respectively. The optimal pH was around 7.0–7.5. The emission peak was 556 nm at pH 8.0, while it shifted to 606 nm at pH 6.0. We also found a luciferase‐like gene with 43% identical amino acids to the Tibetan firefly luciferase, which was scarcely expressed in any portion of the adult body. No luciferase activity was detected for this luciferase‐like protein.
Placeholders and Changemakers: Women Farmland Owners Navigating Gendered Expectations
Authors: Carter Angie 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGendered expectations are central to the continuation of agricultural land tenure systems that concentrate land and power in the control of men. These expectations about how land should be used and by whom are communicated through cultural narratives and maintained through social interactions. Through analysis of qualitative data collected through in‐depth interviews with women farmland owners in Iowa, this article identifies a pivotal person without whom the success of these stories is in jeopardy: the “placeholder.” In this article, I identify how cultural narratives place two gendered expectations on women in the placeholder position: (1) that women landowners maintain farmland through the continuance of its use and preexisting land agreements with tenants or co‐owners, and (2) that women landowners defer their authority as landowners to men. Further, I identify the “changemaker” as an emerging character within cultural narratives—one who refuses to fit the expectations of placeholder and whose behavior may or may not be accepted by the community. Finally, I find that alternative social networks provide enabling environments for changemakers as sites of potential narrative revisions or shifts.
Maternal–Foetal Diabetes Modifies Neonatal Fc Receptor Expression on Human Leucocytes
Authors: de Souza E. G. , Hara C. C. P. , Fagundes D. L. G. , de Queiroz A. A. , Morceli G. , Calderon I. M. P. , França E. L. , Honorio‐França A. C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the expression of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in maternal blood, cord blood and placental cells and determined IgG levels in maternal blood and cord blood from diabetic mothers. Peripheral blood, cord blood and placenta samples were collected from 26 mothers with normoglycaemia (non‐diabetic, ND group) and 52 with hyperglycaemia (26 with mild gestational hyperglycaemia, MGH group, and 26 with type 2 diabetes mellitus, DM‐2 group). Cells expressing CD19+ and FcRn were identified by flow cytometry. Total IgG and its subclasses were quantified by ELISA. Maternal blood from DM‐2 and cord blood from MGH exhibited a higher proportion of CD19+ expression by B cells. DM‐2 showed a lower proportion of CD19+ cells in placenta. FcRn expression increased in cells from cord blood and placenta from MGH. Maternal blood, cord blood and placenta cells from DM‐2 showed lower FcRn expression. Blood IgG levels were lower in DM‐2, and cord blood IgG levels were higher in MGH. The highest levels of IgG4 were detected in the blood of hyperglycaemic mothers. The highest IgG3 and IgG4 levels in cord blood were detected in MGH, and the lowest IgG2 and IgG3 levels in DM‐2. Maternal hyperglycaemia compromised placental transfer of IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4. The results suggest that regardless of hyperglycaemia degree, it decreases FcRn expression in placenta and blood cells and compromises the production and transfer of antibodies from maternal blood to newborns.
Bayley‐III: Cultural differences and language scale validity in a Danish sample
Authors: Krogh Marianne T. , Væver Mette S. 
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate cultural differences between Danish and American children at 2 and 3 years as measured with the developmental test Bayley‐III, and to investigate the Bayley‐III Language Scale validity. The Danish children (N = 43) were tested with the Bayley‐III and their parents completed an additional language questionnaire (the MacArthur‐Bates CDI). Results showed that scores from the Danish children did not differ significantly from the American norms on the Cognitive or Motor Scale, but the Danish sample scored significantly higher on the Language Scale. A comparison of the Bayley‐III Language subtests with the CDI showed that the two measures correlated significantly, but the percentile score from the CDI was significantly higher than the percentile score from the Bayley‐III Language subtests. This could be because the two instruments measure slightly different areas of language development, or because the Bayley‐III overestimates language development in Danish children. However, due to the limitations of the current study, further research is needed to clarify this issue.
Hidden in Plain Sight: How Industry, Mass Media, and Consumers’ Everyday Habits Suppress Food Controversies
Authors: Chiles Robert Magneson 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this article, I develop the concept of ‘suppressive synergy’ to explain how meat products retain their everyday legitimacy amongst consumers despite the controversies which surround these products. While sociologists have offered various explanations for and solutions to contemporary food controversies, absent from this literature is a more integrated explanation as to how industry, mass media, and consumers’ everyday habits reciprocally limit the public's engagement with these arguments. I investigated this empirically elusive phenomenon by conducting six focus groups plus follow‐up interviews with urban meat consumers in the US and a content analysis of meat‐related articles in the New York Times (1983–2011). Findings indicate that suppressive synergy occurs on both spatial‐temporal and cognitive‐affective dimensions. The meat and livestock industry enchants consumers with ornate products while sequestering production facilities in remote areas. Consumers, resistant to abandon their everyday habits and the cultural imperative of meat consumption, routinely avoid and dissociate themselves from meat‐related controversies. The mass media further normalises meat culture by infrequently covering these debates. This only reinforces public indifference, as the dearth of controversial stories bolsters the cultural presupposition that meat consumption is a generally benign activity.
Obstetrical transfusion medicine knowledge among faculty and trainee obstetricians: a prospective knowledge assessment study
Authors: Morris S. , Yudin M. H. , Callum J. , Alam A. , Herold J. , Lin Y. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo evaluate the current state of transfusion medicine (TM) knowledge among obstetricians using a valid assessment tool.BackgroundTransfusion issues are common in obstetrical patients.MethodsKnowledge topics were identified and rated by experts in obstetrics, anaesthesia, haematology and TM using a modified Delphi method. A knowledge assessment tool was developed and validated during pilot testing. The assessment tool, consisting of 15 multiple choice questions, was administered electronically to members of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC).ResultsA total of 192 SOGC members completed the assessment tool: 121 faculty obstetricians and 71 trainees. The average score was 65·8% ± 15·5. Scores for faculty were higher than trainees (68·9% ± 13·5 vs 60·6% ± 17·2; P < 0·001). Respondents performed well on questions related to red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and anaemia management but had lower scores on questions related to non‐RBC transfusion and management of alloantibodies and fetomaternal haemorrhage (FMH) testing. There was no improvement in scores with increasing trainee level, years of practice, hours of formal TM training or experience with massive haemorrhage. Only self‐rated knowledge was associated with scores [‘no knowledge’ or ‘beginner’ 63·1% ± 15 vs ‘intermediate’ or ‘advanced’ 68·9% ± 13·3 (P = 0·007)]. Of the respondents, 93·8% felt additional training in TM would be helpful.ConclusionsOverall knowledge assessment scores indicate the need for educational intervention, particularly with respect to non‐RBC blood product use, management of FMH and management of pregnancies complicated by alloantibodies. The study also demonstrated a desire for additional TM training.
The impact of the context and recruitment materials on nondonors' willingness to donate blood
Authors: Masser Barbara M. , France Christopher R. , Himawan Lina K. , Hyde Melissa K. , Smith Geoff 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUNDAnxiety is a frequently cited barrier to blood donor recruitment. Although the mere presence of donation paraphernalia can heighten anxiety for some individuals, such stimuli are a necessary and unavoidable part of donation. Drawing on France and colleagues' research on tailored donor education and coping materials, the current study assessed whether modifying recruitment materials could improve donor recruitment in a context where anxiety is heightened.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA field study comprising a 2 (presence or absence of a mobile blood collection unit [MCU]) × 2 (recruitment brochure: standard, coping) between‐subjects design was conducted with 922 nondonors who believed themselves eligible to donate blood. In either the presence or absence of the MCU, participants received a standard or modified recruitment brochure modeled on France and colleagues' education and coping materials. Donation anxiety, attitude, subjective norm, self‐efficacy, and intention were assessed, and donation behavior was tracked for 30 days.RESULTSParticipants who were assessed in the presence of the MCU reported heightened anxiety, and female participants reported decreased self‐efficacy. The coping brochure improved self‐efficacy, heightened the intention to donate in the presence of the MCU, and promoted blood donation behavior relative to the standard brochure. Path analyses supported a model in which, in the presence of the MCU, the coping brochure boosted self‐efficacy and led to increased donation intention and behavior.CONCLUSIONSIn a context in which donation‐related anxiety is heightened, provision of materials that address prospective donor concerns and suggest coping strategies can bolster self‐efficacy and promote recruitment.
Antibodies to major histocompatibility complex class II antigens directly prime neutrophils and cause acute lung injury in a two‐event in vivo rat model
Authors: Kelher Marguerite R. , Banerjee Anirban , Gamboni Fabia , Anderson Cameron , Silliman Christopher C. 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUNDTransfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a significant cause of mortality, especially after transfusions containing antibodies to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens. We hypothesize that a first event induces both 1) polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to express MHC class II antigens, and 2) activation of the pulmonary endothelium, leading to PMN sequestration, so that the infusion of specific MHC class II antibodies to these antigens causes PMN‐mediated acute lung injury (ALI).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSRats were treated with saline (NS), endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), or cytokines (interferon‐γ [IFNγ], macrophage colony‐stimulating factor [MCSF], tumor necrosis factor‐α [TNFα]); the PMNs were isolated; and the surface expression of the MHC class II antigen OX6 and priming by OX6 antibodies were measured by flow cytometry or priming assays.RESULTSA two‐event model of ALI was completed with NS, LPS, or IFNγ/MCSF/TNFα (first events) and the infusion of OX6 (second event). Compared with NS incubation, rats treated with either LPS or IFNγ/MCSF/TNFα exhibited OX6 PMN surface expression, OX6 antibodies primed the formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl phenylalanine (fMLF)‐activated respiratory burst, and PMN sequestration was increased. OX6 antibody infusion into LPS‐incubated or IFNγ/MCSF/TNFα‐incubated rats elicited ALI, the OX6 antibody was present on the PMNs, and PMN depletion abrogated ALI.CONCLUSIONProinflammatory first events induce PMN MHC class II surface expression, activation of the pulmonary endothelium, and PMN sequestration such that the infusion of cognate antibodies precipitates TRALI.
Soil nitrogen fertilisation as a maternal effect on Buglossoides arvensis seed germinability
Authors: Longas M M , Chantre G R , Sabbatini M R 
Published: September 2016

SummaryDifferent ecological strategies are developed by weed species to improve their fitness under unpredictable environmental conditions. Maternal effects are a way to enhance the performance of progeny. The external ecological environment of mother plants influences phenotypic traits of the progeny, such as seed germinability. Buglossoides arvensis is a facultative winter annual weed species present in cereal crops of the semiarid temperate region of Argentina. Recently, the intensification of agricultural systems has led to a significant increment of external inputs, such as nitrogen fertilisers. In this work, we aimed to determine the effect of different maternal nitrogen fertiliser levels on the germinability of two successive progenies (F1–F2). A population‐based model was used to estimate thermal time parameters. Our results indicated that under field conditions, nitrogen fertilisation produced an increment on the germinability of the progeny. Nitrogen supply promoted a widening of the permissive germination thermal range through an increment in the mean maximum germination temperature. However, different maternal fertilisation levels did not influence germination thermal time requirements either in F1 or F2 progenies. It might be inferred that a significant increment of nitrogen fertiliser supply could increase the probability of occurrence of very early emergence fluxes of B. arvensis. From a weed control perspective, the occurrence of early cohorts during summer may demand a redesign of control tactics, to minimise the potential economic and environmental impact of chemical interventions.