bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Has Euro Area Monetary Policy Become Redistribution by Monetary Means? ‘Unconventional’ Monetary Policy as a Hidden Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Tuori Klaus 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis article takes an unconventional perspective on Eurosystem monetary policy by asking what kind of redistributive effects it might have had. Any monetary policy can have redistributive effects as it alters the environment in which economic agents, households and companies, operate. Some benefit and some stand to lose from decisions by the central bank. However, monetary policy generally does not aim at redistributive implications; indeed, in the Euro area context it does not have a mandate to do so. Against this background it is not irrelevant how the large number of Eurosystem monetary policy measures during crises should be assessed. The article claims that in particular the government bond purchase programmes by the Eurosystem and massive liquidity support to banks could have had redistributive elements even in a prominent role. The Eurosystem has become the final guarantor of Member States in trouble and their banking sectors, even reinforcing the link between the two. This focus has potentially pushed the Eurosystem to neglect its primary objective but also its broader implications for the Euro area economy and societies more generally.
Multi‐scale responses to warming in an experimental insect metacommunity
Authors: Grainger Tess Nahanni , Gilbert Benjamin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn metacommunities, diversity is the product of species interactions at the local scale and dispersal between habitat patches at the regional scale. Although warming can alter both species interactions and dispersal, the combined effects of warming on these two processes remains uncertain. To determine the independent and interactive effects of warming‐induced changes to local species interactions and dispersal, we constructed experimental metacommunities consisting of enclosed milkweed patches seeded with five herbivorous milkweed specialist insect species. We treated metacommunities with two levels of warming (unwarmed and warmed) and three levels of connectivity (isolated, low connectivity, high connectivity). Based on metabolic theory, we predicted that if plant resources were limited, warming would accelerate resource drawdown, causing local insect declines and increasing both insect dispersal and the importance of connectivity to neighboring patches for insect persistence. Conversely, given abundant resources, warming could have positive local effects on insects, and the risk of traversing a corridor to reach a neighboring patch could outweigh the benefits of additional resources. We found support for the latter scenario. Neither resource drawdown nor the weak insect‐insect associations in our system were affected by warming, and most insect species did better locally in warmed conditions and had dispersal responses that were unchanged or indirectly affected by warming. Dispersal across the matrix posed a species‐specific risk that led to declines in two species in connected metacommunities. Combined, this scaled up to cause an interactive effect of warming and connectivity on diversity, with unwarmed metacommunities with low connectivity incurring the most rapid declines in diversity. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of integrating the complex outcomes of species interactions and spatial structure in understanding community response to climate change.
A global geography of synchrony for marine phytoplankton
Authors: Defriez Emma J. , Reuman Daniel C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimSpatial synchrony in plankton is imperfectly understood yet may have far‐reaching implications, for example for carbon export to the deep ocean. Several techniques have been used to describe patterns of spatial synchrony, from correlation coefficients to spectral methods. Some studies have used temporally extensive data sets to identify causes of synchrony. This study instead uses the exceptional spatial extent provided by remotely sensed data to describe, for the first time as far as we know, geographical patterns of synchrony in marine phytoplankton. We use these patterns to illuminate drivers of synchrony and of its geography.LocationThe oceans.Time period2003–2015.Major taxonChlorophyll a‐containing phytoplankton.MethodsSynchrony in chlorophyll a concentrations is mapped globally. Spatial statistics and model selection are used to illuminate main statistical determinants of synchrony and of geographical patterns in synchrony.ResultsThe first main result is that there is a pronounced and previously unmapped geography of synchrony for phytoplankton. For instance, synchrony was highest in the open ocean, specifically in gyres, and lowest in coastal regions. Spatial modelling provided the second main result that synchrony in sea surface temperature (SST) was a major statistical determinant of chlorophyll synchrony in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, indicating a strong Moran effect, although possibly an indirect and/or complex one. In the Pacific Ocean, this effect depended on the time‐scales on which synchrony was assessed, providing our third result, which is that synchrony of phytoplankton and its geography can be time‐scale specific. Synchrony of surface solar irradiance was not associated with synchrony of chlorophyll.Main conclusionsTo our knowledge, this study is the first to map geography of synchrony in marine plankton. We showed that this geography is pronounced. Geographical patterns illuminated determinants of synchrony. The geography of synchrony is a major phenomenon that has been little explored.
Gender violence, poverty and HIV infection risk among persons engaged in the sex industry: cross‐national analysis of the political economy of sex markets in 30 European and Central Asian countries
Authors: Reeves A , Steele S , Stuckler D , McKee M , Amato‐Gauci A , Semenza JC 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesPersons engaged in the sex industry are at greater risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections than the general population. One major factor is exposure to higher levels of risky sexual activity. Expanding condom use is a critical prevention strategy, but this requires negotiation with those buying sex, which takes place in the context of cultural and economic constraints. Impoverished individuals who fear violence are more likely to forego condoms.MethodsHere we tested the hypotheses that poverty and fear of violence are two structural drivers of HIV infection risk in the sex industry. Using data from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the World Bank for 30 countries, we evaluated poverty, measured using the average income per day per person in the bottom 40% of the income distribution, and gender violence, measured using homicide rates in women and the proportion of women exposed to violence in the last 12 months and/or since age 16 years.ResultsWe found that HIV prevalence among those in the sex industry was higher in countries where there were greater female homicide rates (β = 0.86; P = 0.018) and there was some evidence that self‐reported exposure to violence was also associated with higher HIV prevalence (β = 1.37; P = 0.043). Conversely, HIV prevalence was lower in countries where average incomes among the poorest were greater (β = −1.05; P = 0.046).ConclusionsOur results are consistent with the theory that reducing poverty and exposure to violence may help reduce HIV infection risk among persons engaged in the sex industry.
Jingle bells or ‘green’ bells? The impact of socially responsible consumption principles upon consumer behaviour at Christmas time
Authors: Robinot Élisabeth , Ertz Myriam , Durif Fabien 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSocially responsible consumption (SRC) behaviours have progressed over the last few years and appear to show signs of a lasting trend. Situations of atypical consumption such as Christmas time, however, raise an important and as of yet unexplored question: What are the influences of unusual situations upon the relationship between people's socially responsible profile and their socially responsible purchase intentions (SRPI)? The objective of this article is thus to use the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, ) and environment‐based variables, called ‘atmospherics’, to answer to this question. A Web survey on a total sample of 301 Canadian consumers, shows that people's past SRC behaviours are positively related to their SRPI in unusual situations. Moreover, the atmosphere of the place consumers are situated in has a negative moderating influence upon this relationship. This result is explained by a change in people's attitude toward SRC. However, this negative moderating effect of atmosphere is contained and constrained by social desirability in the form of subjective norms on SRC and the level of behavioural control consumers perceive.
Men Doing and Undoing Gender at Work: A Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Kelan Elisabeth K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWhile research on gender in organizations has not only documented sustained gender inequality, it has also offered an understanding of how gender is enacted through doing and undoing gender. An underexplored aspect concerns how men can do and undo gender to support or hinder gender equality processes in organizations. Doing gender is then understood as creating gender difference while undoing gender would conversely mean to reduce gender difference. The former is supporting gender inequality while the latter means moving toward gender equality. This article therefore provides a systematic review of empirical articles that discuss how men are doing and undoing gender within an organizational context. It is shown that undoing gender practices of men in organizations are under‐researched and a research agenda of how men can undo gender at work is thus developed. This article makes a two‐fold contribution: first it offers a refinement of doing and undoing gender approaches and second, it develops a research agenda for exploring how men can undo gender at work.
Lung‐resident γδ T cells and their roles in lung diseases
Authors: Cheng Min , Hu Shilian 
Published: May 2017

Summaryγδ T cells are greatly enriched in mucosal and epithelial sites, such as the skin, respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts, and they are defined as tissue‐resident immune cells. In these tissues, the characteristics and biological roles of γδ T cells are distinguished from each other. The lungs represent the most challenging immunological dilemma for the host, and they have their own effective immune system. The abundance of γδ T cells, an estimated 8–20% of resident pulmonary lymphocytes in the lung, maintains lung tissue homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress regarding lung‐resident γδ T cells, including their development, residency and immune characteristics, and discuss the involvement of γδ T cells in infectious diseases of the lung, including bacterial, viral and fungal infections; lung allergic disease; lung inflammation and fibrosis; and lung cancer.
Intestinal dysbiosis and probiotic applications in autoimmune diseases
Authors: de Oliveira Gislane Lelis Vilela , Leite Aline Zazeri , Higuchi Bruna Stevanato , Gonzaga Marina Ignácio , Mariano Vânia Sammartino 
Published: May 2017

SummaryIn humans, a complex interaction between the host immune system and commensal microbiota is required to maintain gut homeostasis. In this symbiotic relationship, the microbiota provides carbohydrate fermentation and digestion, vitamin synthesis and gut‐associated lymphoid tissue development, as well as preventing colonization by pathobionts, whereas the host offers a niche and nutrients for the survival of the microbiota. However, when this mutualistic relationship is compromised and an altered interaction between immune cells and microorganisms occurs, the gut microbiota may cause or contribute to the establishment of infectious diseases and trigger autoimmune diseases. Researchers have made efforts to clarify the role of the microbiota in autoimmune disease development and find new therapeutic approaches to treat immune‐mediated diseases. However, the exact mechanisms involved in the dysbiosis and breakdown of the gut epithelial barrier are currently unknown. Here, we provide a general overview of studies describing gut microbiota perturbations in animal models of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Moreover, we include the main studies concerning dysbiosis in humans and a critical discussion of the existing data on the use of probiotics in these autoimmune diseases.
Topical treatment of all‐trans retinoic acid inhibits murine melanoma partly by promoting CD8+ T‐cell immunity
Authors: Yin Wei , Song Yan , Liu Qing , Wu Yunyun , He Rui 
Published: May 2017

SummaryAll‐trans retinoic acid (atRA), the main biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, has been implicated in immunoregulation and anti‐cancer. A recent finding that vitamin A could decrease the risk of melanoma in humans indicates the beneficial role of atRA in melanoma. However, it remains unknown whether topical application of atRA could inhibit melanoma growth by influencing tumour immunity. We demonstrate topical application of tretinoin ointment (atRA as the active ingredient) effectively inhibited B16F10 melanoma growth. This is accompanied by markedly enhanced CD8+ T‐cell responses, as evidenced by significantly increased proportions of effector CD8+ T cells expressing granzyme B, tumour necrosis factor‐α, or interferon‐γ, and Ki67+ proliferating CD8+ T cells in atRA‐treated tumours compared with vaseline controls. Furthermore, topical atRA treatment promoted the differentiation of effector CD8+ T cells in draining lymph nodes (DLN) of tumour‐bearing mice. Interestingly, atRA did not affect tumoral CD4+ T‐cell response, and even inhibited the differentiation of interferon‐γ‐expressing T helper type 1 cells in DLN. Importantly, we demonstrated that the tumour‐inhibitory effect of atRA was partly dependent on CD8+ T cells, as CD8+ T‐cell depletion restored tumour volumes in atRA‐treated mice, which, however, was still significantly smaller than those in vaseline‐treated mice. Finally, we demonstrated that atRA up‐regulated MHCI expression in B16F10 cells, and DLN cells from tumour‐bearing mice had a significantly higher killing rate when culturing with atRA‐treated B16F10 cells. Hence, our study demonstrates that topical atRA treatment effectively inhibits melanoma growth partly by promoting the differentiation and the cytotoxic function of effector CD8+ T cells.
A quantitative systematic review of the effects of training interventions on enhancing the competence of nursing staff in managing challenging patient behaviour
Authors: Tölli Sirpa , Partanen Pirjo , Kontio Raija , Häggman‐Laitila Arja 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimsThis systematic quantitative review identifies and summarizes the current knowledge and effects of training interventions for managing patients' challenging behaviour.BackgroundChallenging behaviour is an acknowledged worldwide healthcare problem and its management can have a huge impact on quality of care. Evidence‐based training interventions that focus on managing challenging behaviour are needed, but few tools for the systematic evaluation of these interventions are currently offered.DesignA quantitative systematic review following the 2008 Centre for Reviews and Dissemination guidelines.Data SourcesCINAHL, Scopus, PsycInfo, PubMed and Cochrane were searched using the same terms for papers published in English from 2005–2015.Review MethodsStudies were assessed for quality and risk of bias, according to the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group criteria. A narrative summary was conducted.ResultsWe included 17 studies and evaluated 16 training interventions. Interventions were classified into four key themes: disengagements, communication, controlling behavioural symptoms and restrictive measures. Our review showed that interventions were more likely to decrease violent incident rates and increase staff confidence than change staff attitudes or increase knowledge. The elements of competence used to manage challenging behaviour were measured unilaterally. The evidence provided by studies was largely weak.ConclusionThe variety of measurements used in the studies made comparing the effectiveness of the training interventions difficult. An individual's competence to manage challenging behaviour needs to be defined and a comprehensive scale for evaluating competence is also needed. Patient safety should be included in future evaluations.
Genetic variations at the human growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene locus are associated with idiopathic short stature
Authors: Dias Christel , Giordano Mara , Frechette Rosalie , Bellone Simonetta , Polychronakos Constantin , Legault Laurent , Deal Cheri L , Goodyer Cynthia Gates 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGH plays an essential role in the growing child by binding to the growth hormone receptor (GHR) on target cells and regulating multiple growth promoting and metabolic effects. Mutations in the GHR gene coding regions result in GH insensitivity (dwarfism) due to a dysfunctional receptor protein. However, children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) show growth impairment without GH or GHR defects. We hypothesized that decreased expression of the GHR gene may be involved. To test this, we investigated whether common genetic variants (microsatellites, SNPs) in regulatory regions of the GHR gene region were associated with the ISS phenotype. Genotyping of a GT‐repeat microsatellite in the GHR 5′UTR in a Montreal ISS cohort (n = 37 ISS, n = 105 controls) revealed that the incidence of the long/short (L/S) genotype was 3.3× higher in ISS children than controls (P = 0.04, OR = 3.85). In an Italian replication cohort (n = 143 ISS, n = 282 controls), the medium/short (M/S) genotype was 1.9× more frequent in the male ISS than controls (P = 0.017, OR = 2.26). In both ISS cohorts, logistic regression analysis of 27 SNPs showed an association of ISS with rs4292454, while haplotype analysis revealed specific risk haplotypes in the 3′ haploblocks. In contrast, there were no differences in GT genotype frequencies in a cohort of short stature (SS) adults versus controls (CARTaGENE: n = 168 SS, n = 207 controls) and the risk haplotype in the SS cohort was located in the most 5′ haploblock. These data suggest that the variants identified are potentially genetic markers specifically associated with the ISS phenotype.
The EF‐1α promoter maintains high‐level transgene expression from episomal vectors in transfected CHO‐K1 cells
Authors: Wang Xiaoyin , Xu Zhongjie , Tian Zhengwei , Zhang Xi , Xu Danhua , Li Qin , Zhang Junhe , Wang Tianyun 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn our previous study, we demonstrated that episomal vectors based on the characteristic sequence of matrix attachment regions (MARs) and containing the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter allow transgenes to be maintained episomally in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, the transgene expression was unstable and the number of copies was low. In this study, we focused on enhancers, various promoters and promoter variants that could improve the transgene expression stability, expression magnitude (level) and the copy number of a MAR‐based episomal vector in CHO‐K1 cells. In comparison with the CMV promoter, the eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 α (EF‐1α, gene symbol EEF1A1) promoter increased the transfection efficiency, the transgene expression, the proportion of expression‐positive clones and the copy number of the episomal vector in long‐term culture. By contrast, no significant positive effects were observed with an enhancer, CMV promoter variants or CAG promoter in the episomal vector in long‐term culture. Moreover, the high‐expression clones harbouring the EF‐1α promoter tended to be more stable in long‐term culture, even in the absence of selection pressure. According to these findings, we concluded that the EF‐1α promoter is a potent regulatory sequence for episomal vectors because it maintains high transgene expression, transgene stability and copy number. These results provide valuable information on improvement of transgene stability and the copy number of episomal vectors.
Generation of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 reporter cell lines for the assessment of ammonia metabolism
Authors: Wang Yi , Chang Le , Zhai Jiahui , Wu Qiao , Wang Donggen , Wang Yunfang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBoth primary hepatocytes and stem cells‐derived hepatocyte‐like cells (HLCs) are major sources for bioartificial liver (BAL). Maintenance of hepatocellular functions and induction of functional maturity of HLCs are critical for BAL's support effect. It remains difficult to assess and improve detoxification functions inherent to hepatocytes, including ammonia clearance. Here, we aim to assess ammonia metabolism and identify ammonia detoxification enhancer by developing an imaging strategy. In hepatoma cell line HepG2, and immortalized hepatic cell line LO2, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) gene, the first enzyme of ammonia‐eliminating urea cycle, was labelled with fluorescence protein via CRISPR/Cas9 system. With the reporter‐based screening approach, cellular detoxification enhancers were selected among a collection of 182 small molecules. In both CPS1 reporter cell lines, the fluorescence intensity is positively correlated with cellular CPS1 mRNA expression, ammonia elimination and secreted urea, and reflected ammonia detoxification in a dose‐dependent manner. Surprisingly, high‐level CPS1 reporter clones also reserved many other critical hepatocellular functions, for example albumin secretion and cytochrome 450 metabolic functions. Sodium phenylbutyrate and resveratrol were identified to enhance metabolism‐related gene expression and liver‐enriched transcription factors C/EBPα, HNF4α. In conclusion, the CPS1‐reporter system provides an economic and effective platform for assessment of cellular metabolic function and high‐throughput identification of chemical compounds that improve detoxification activities in hepatic lineage cells.