bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An examinationof fear of crime and perception of risk by gender<p>Suç korkusu ve risk algısının toplumsal cinsiyet açısından incelenmesi
Authors: Öztürk Meral , Kocacık Faruk , Gönültaş Miraç Burak 
Published: March 2016

Fear of crime has become one of the most popular subjects in social sciences in the past fifty years. Primarily an area of interest in criminology, the fear of crime has lately been analysed from a sociological perspective, and personal and environmental factors that generate the fear of victimisation have been examined. Researches conducted so far suggest that the fear of crime has become one of the social problems that modern societies confront and women are more fearful of victimisation when compared to men. This study aims at understanding whether there are any differences on the fear of crime based on gender and what types of precautions females take in order to avoid crime. The survey has been carried out in the city of Mersin. A questionnaire form developed by Ferraro (1995) and adapted to Turkish language by Kul (2009) has been used. The findings obtained from the survey have confirmed the literature. Accordingly, women’s fear of crime has been found to be significantly higher than that of men. Women are most afraid of being exposed to sexual abuse and rape. Additionally, women exhibit more avoidance behaviours in order not to be a victim of crime. ÖzetSuç korkusu son 50 yılda sosyal bilimlerde popüler olan konulardandır. Öncelikle kriminolojinin ilgi alanına girdiği görülen suç korkusu daha sonraları sosyolojik perspektiften de incelenmeye başlanmış, mağduriyet korkusuna neden olan bireysel ve çevresel faktörler incelenmiştir. Yapılan araştırmalar suç korkusunun artık modern toplumların karşılaştığı sosyal sorunlardan birisi olduğunu, kadınların erkeklere kıyasla daha çok mağduriyet korkusu yaşadıklarını göstermektedir. Bu çalışma suç korkusunun cinsiyet açısından farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını, kadınların suçtan korunma amacıyla ne tür önlemler aldığını ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma Mersin’de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada Ferraro (1995) tarafından geliştirilen ve Kul (2009) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan anket formu kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen veriler literatürü desteklemektedir. Buna göre kadınların suç korkuları erkeklerden anlamlı düzeyde yüksektir. Kadınlar en çok cinsel taciz ve tecavüze uğramaktan korkmaktadır. Bunun yanında suç mağduriyeti yaşamamak için daha çok kaçınma davranışı sergilemektedirler.
Specific Targeting of the Basolateral Amygdala to Projectionally Defined Pyramidal Neurons in Prelimbic and Infralimbic Cortex
Authors: Cheriyan John , Kaushik Mahesh K. , Ferreira Ashley N. , Sheets Patrick L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAdjacent prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) regions in the medial prefrontal cortex have distinct roles in emotional learning. A complete mechanistic understanding underlying this dichotomy remains unclear. Here we explored targeting of specific PL and IL neurons by the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a limbic structure pivotal in pain and fear processing. In mice, we used retrograde labeling, brain-slice recordings, and adenoviral optogenetics to dissect connectivity of ascending BLA input onto PL and IL neurons projecting to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) or the amygdala. We found differential targeting of BLA projections to PL and IL cortex. Activating BLA projections evoked excitatory and inhibitory responses in cortico-PAG (CP) neurons in layer 5 (L5) of both PL and IL cortex. However, all inhibitory responses were polysynaptic and monosynaptic BLA input was stronger to CP neurons in IL cortex. Conversely, the BLA preferentially targeted corticoamygdalar (CA) neurons in layer 2 (L2) of PL over IL cortex. We also reveal that BLA input is projection specific by showing preferential targeting of L5 CP neurons over neighboring L3/5 CA neurons in IL cortex. We conclude by showing that BLA input is laminar-specific by producing stronger excitatory responses CA neurons in L3/5 compared with L2 in IL cortex. Collectively, this study reveals differential targeting of the BLA to PL and IL cortex, which depends both on laminar location and projection target of cortical neurons. Overall, our findings should have important implications for understanding the processing of pain and fear input by the PL and IL cortex.
Evolution and Voices of Progressive Catholicism in the Age of the Scopes Trial
Authors: Pavuk Alexander 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBelying assumptions about Catholics and science grounded in the old science-religion warfare model in the 1920s, two liberal Catholic intellectuals contributed in some important but overlooked ways to the discourse where prominent scientist-popularizers and other intellectuals constructed the public understanding of evolution and the Scopes Trial in the mid-1920s US. This article explores publicly-disseminated articles and archival correspondence between Catholics and non-Catholics on these topics, concluding that the manner in which the former supported evolution and opposed the Scopes prosecution may have unintentionally fostered scientism and religious modernism, rather than Catholicism, in the public square. Conditioned by their own Progressive-Era experiences and intellectual training, renowned liberal Catholics Fr. John A. Ryan, board member of the American Civil Liberties Union, and Michael Williams, editor ofCommonwealmagazine, framed their arguments directed at non-Catholic intellectual elites almost exclusively in social and biological science to the exclusion of religion. They did so even as public intellectuals and prominent scientists of modernist faith, like Henry Fairfield Osborn of the Museum of Natural History, constructed a public image of evolution that blended religion, philosophy and science when assigning meaning to the Scopes Trial. This study broadens the view of science-religion conversations surrounding evolution in the 1920s by integrating voices usually omitted from the story while further complicating the still-resonant ‘creationist-' evolutionist’ paradigm.
When Myc's asleep, embryonic stem cells are dormant
Authors: Nakagawa Masato , Karagiannis Peter , Yamanaka Shinya 
Published: March 2016

Myc is one of the original reprogramming factors used to produce induced pluripotent stem cells. However, it is not necessary, instead its main role is to increase the efficiency of the reprogramming. The article by Scognamiglio et al () helps clarify how. The authors show that Myc depletion leads to a reversible dormant state consistent with diapause. In this state, the cell sees its proliferation potential diminished but its pluripotency unchanged. The ability to coordinate the induction of this state should have important implications in cell differentiation.
DNA binding to SMC ATPases—trapped for release
Authors: Schüler Herwig , Sjögren Camilla 
Published: March 2016

The SMC/Rad50/RecN proteins are universal DNA‐associated ABC‐type ATPases with crucial functions in genome maintenance. New insights into Rad50–DNA complex structure and cohesin regulation inspire a speculative look at the entire superfamily. Identification of a continuous DNA binding site across the Rad50 dimer interface (Liu et al, ; Seifert et al, ) suggests a similar site in cohesin. The localization of this site hints a DNA‐activated mechanism for cohesin removal from chromosomes.
Roles of EDNs in regulating oviductal NO synthesis and smooth muscle motility in cows
Authors: Kobayashi Yoshihiko , Yoshimoto Yuka , Yamamoto Yuki , Kimura Koji , Okuda Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEndothelins (EDNs) participate in various physiological events including smooth muscle contraction, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, and embryonic development. In this study, we investigated the regional roles of EDNs produced by bovine oviductal epithelial cells in NO synthesis and smooth muscle motility. Quantification of mRNA expressions indicated that expression of EDN receptor B (EDNRB) in the ampullary region was higher after ovulation than before ovulation, whereas expression ofEDNRAin the isthmic region was higher after ovulation than before ovulation. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the EDN receptors (EDNRA and EDNRB) were expressed in the epithelium, whereas smooth muscle showed positive staining only for EDNRA. The expressionsPlease suggest whether 'NOS2' can be treated as the updated symbol for 'iNOS' as per gene nomenclature. ofinducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein and its mRNA (NOS2)in cultured epithelial cells isolated from the ampulla were stimulated by EDN1, but not by EDN2 or EDN3, after 1h of incubation. In isthmic epithelial cells, none of the EDNs affected the expression ofNOS2. Isometric contraction tests indicated that spontaneous waves were strong in the isthmic region but weak in the ampullary region. EDN1 modulated smooth muscle motility in both the regions. The overall findings suggest that EDN1 plays region-specific roles in smooth muscle motility and epithelial NO synthesis, providing an optimal oviductal microenvironment for transport of gametes, fertilization, and development/transport of early embryo.
Determinants of Non Performing Loans in Commercial Banks
Authors: Nadham Viswa , Nahid B 
Published: March 2016

The study attempts to ascertain the determinants of nonperforming loans in National Bank of Commerce. Data was collected from 152 respondents. Tables, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used to analyze data. Data collection methods adopted for the study were interview, questionnaire and documentary evidence. Interest rate, GDP, concentration of lending activities, bank’s loan supervision capacity and economic condition were investigated, and the results suggest that interest rate, GDP, bank’s loan supervision capacity and economic condition influence the level of NPLs. However, the results did not suggest that concentration of lending activities increase the level of NPLs. The study suggests that banks should put in place a vibrant credit process that ensures proper customer selection and risk identification, robust credit analysis, proactive monitoring and clear recovery strategies for bad loans, formulate clear policy framework that addresses issues of ethical standards and check and balance credit process, organizational capacity enhancement of banks, deliberate effort to develop credit culture for managing loans ,and ensure prudent policies that govern bank loans. Since the results for this study were encouraging, the researcher encourages replicating the study for other lending institutions. In order to extend the literature on non-performing loans, the researcher suggested incorporating models of Golem effect, Social loafing, Inverted pyramid effect, Pollyanna effect and High default culture effect. Also, basing on the merits of the study, the researcher suggests determining relationship between non-performing loans and loan size, collateral, credit culture, and credit management information system.
PROCESS TECHNOLOGY OF FABRICATION NO2 GAS SENSOR DEVICES WITH ACTIVE LAYER In2O3
Authors: Widodo Slamet 
Published: March 2016

This paper discuss the design and fabrication of NO<sub>2 </sub>gas sensor based on metal oxide using thick film technology was described. The design of gas sensor is consisted of components, i.e. heater, electrode (interdigital fingers) and sensitive layer from In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> material. This sensor has been designed as multilayers with heater and both electrodes in one surface, in accordance with miniaturisation aspect, heat distribution and less consumption of energy from the sensor device. The heater and electrode were fabricated on alumina substrate (aluminum oxide/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) with silver paste. The In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>layer provides\ resistance change when it is exposed by NO<sub>2</sub> gas. It indicates that this sensor device has a potency to be used as NO<sub>2 </sub>detector.
BATCH INJECTION POTENTIOMETRY ASAM ASPARTAT, ASAM GLUTAMAT DAN ARGININ MENGGUNAKAN ELEKTRODA TUNGSTEN OKSIDA
Authors: Muflihah Yeni Maulidah , Masruroh Heny , Zulfikar Zulfikar 
Published: March 2016

<p>The presence of aspartic acid, glutamic acid and arginine in solution can be detected by potentiometric method using tungsten oxide electrode in a batch system. Characterization of tungsten oxide electrode used include linear range, limit of detection, sensitivity and reproducibility. Buffer type and concentration effect also studied to optimize the measurement results. Optimum conditions for detecting arginine was at pH 6.0 with a phosphate buffer concentration of 0.5 x 10<sup>-3</sup> M. Correlation coefficient was obtained for 0.9864, the detection limit of 5.24 x 10<sup>-6</sup> M, sensitivity 16.1 mV/decade with reproducibility 0 –7 %. Glutamic acid has a correlation coefficient of 0.9789, the detection limit of 3.80 x 10<sup>-6</sup> M, the sensitivity of 9.2 mV/decade and reproducibility of 0 – 6 %. Aspartic acid has a correlation coefficient of 0.9949, the detection limit of 7.76 x 10<sup>-6</sup> M, sensitivity of 13.4 mV/decade and reproducibility of 0 – 5 %.</p>
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF C-HEXYL CALIX[4]RESORCINARENA FROM RESORCINOL-HEPTANAL CONDENSATION
Authors: Handayani Desi Suci 
Published: March 2016

<p>Synthesis of C-hexyl calix[4]resorcinarene through condensation reaction between resorcinol and heptanal with HCl catalyst has been investigated. Synthesis conducted by the ratio of resorcinol: heptanal (1:1) using reflux for 6 hours in ethanol. Structural analysis of the product was done by FTIR and <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectroscopy, while the characterization was done by determining melting point. The product was golden brown powder with a yield 99.43% and melting point more than 300 °C. Structural analysis with FTIR and <sup>1</sup>H-NMR known vibration and signals characteristic of calix[4]resorcinarena group,the vibrations of the CH bridge. Vibration of CH bridge appearance at wave number 1445 cm<sup>-1</sup> and 1456 cm<sup>-1</sup>, while signal of CH bridge appearance at chemical shifts from 4.17 to 4.21 ppm.</p>
PREPARATION MICRO-FILTRATION CERAMIC MEMBRANE FROM NATURAL ZEOLITE FOR PROCION RED MX8B AND METHYLENE BLUE FILTRATION
Authors: Choiriyah Dyah , Riandini Esfi , Wulandari Arinta 
Published: March 2016

<p>The study of ceramic membrane fabrication from natural zeolite and its utilization for filtration of <em>procion red MX8B</em> and methylene blue has been investigated. The purposes of this study are to determine the effect of pressure on membrane permeability and selectivity and utilize natural zeolite as ceramic membranes <em>procion red MX8B</em> and methylene blue filtration. The membrane was prepared by metide press pellets and then calcined at 850 <sup>o</sup>C. The membranes were characterized by mechanical test, flux and rejection of dye. The compression test of the membrane found the values of 1369.178 psi in dry conditions to 1388.933 psi in wet conditions. The flux test found that the higher the pressure applied, the flux was increase. However, the high pressure also decreased the selectivity. Rejection test found that the rejection of methylene blue filtration up to 70 %. Meanwhile, <em>procion red MX8B</em> filtration has rejectivity less than 20 %.</p>
HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD VALIDATION OF α-MANGOSTIN ASSAY IN MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana L.) FRUIT RIND EXTRACT FORMULATED IN ORAL SOLUTION
Authors: Nurhidayati Liliek , Sofiah Siti , Sumarny Ros , Caesar Kevin 
Published: March 2016

<p>Mangosteen fruit rind extract contain a lot of antioxidants. α-Mangostin is a component in mangosteen fruit rind that has highest antioxidant effect. The oral solution containing mangosteen fruit rind extract is required an assay method for quality assessment. Determination of a very low concentration of analyte in sample with very complex matrix, such as α-mangostin in oral solution, needs a selective and sensitive method, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this study, α-mangostin assay was performed by reverse phase HPLC system using octadecylsilane (C18) as stationary phase, methanol-water (90:10) as mobile phase, the flow rate is 1.0 mL/min, and the UV detector at 316 nm. The retention time of α-mangostin was 9.622 minutes. Peak of α-mangostin was well separated with resolution of 1.725. Linearity was in the range of 1.67-5.01 ppm with correlation coefficient of 0.9986. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.30 %, the recovery was in the range of 95.80-100.76 </p>
STUDY PORE CHARACTERIZATION OF γ-ALUMINA – ACTIVATED CARBON COMPOSITE MADE OF CASSAVA PEELS (Manihot esculenta Cranz)
Authors: Hartini Hartini , Hidayat Yuniawan , Mudjijono Mudjijono 
Published: March 2016

<p>A composite of γ-alumina and activated carbon made of cassava peels was studied in terms of its pore structures and its properties. The objective of this study was to determine the interaction and structure, as well as the character and pore size of γ-alumina – activated carbon composite.</p><p>Carbon made of cassava peels was activated by H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and its activities were tested according to the Indonesian Industrial Standards (SII). The addition of activated carbon into γ-alumina made in variations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 % w/w, of the total weight of 10 grams. The composite of γ-alumina - activated carbon was characterized by FTIR, SAA (Surface Area Analyzer), XRD, and determination of Hysteresis Loop composites.</p>The greater addition of activated carbon to γ-alumina causes intermolecular interactions between –O-H groups form rehydrated hydrogen bonds in the composite is greater. The structure of γ-alumina in the composites remain intact although the percentage of activated carbon in composite is large. The total pore volume and surface area using the BET method of the composite decreases with increasing activated carbon percentage. The greater addition of activated carbon to γ-alumina causes size of mesoporous composites decreased with the characteristic of a composite formed is closer to the activated carbon.
REDUCTION ON THE LEVELS OF TANNINS FROM STEVIA REBAUDIANA EXTRACT USING ACTIVATED CARBON
Authors: Kusumaningsih Triana , Asrilya Nur Jannah , Wulandari Suci , Wardani Dewi Restu Tri , Fatihin Khoirul 
Published: March 2016

<p>Extraction of tannins from leaves of <em>Stevia rebaudiana</em> using ethanol 30% with a temperature variation of 30, 50, 70 and 100<sup>o</sup>C for 3 hours was performed. Reduction on the levels of tannins in <em>stevia</em> extract is done by using activated carbon.<br /> The results showed the greatest weight of the extract at 70<sup>o</sup>C is 1.008 g and extract relatively alkaline pH. Reduction on the levels of tannins on <em>stevia</em> extracts done by passing the extract of <em>stevia</em> in the burette containing activated carbon as much as 4 times the cycle. Tannin concentration was reduced by 39.74%.</p>
BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS OF COTTON SEEDS OIL (CEIBA PENTANDRA) BY CHEMICALLY TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS AND ION FRAGMENTATION OF METHYL ESTER
Authors: Gunawan Erin Ryantin 
Published: March 2016

Fossil fuel is Commercial energy sources in many communities where their abundance progressively reduced and the resulting environmental pollution. Biodiesel is one alternative fuel made from vegetable oils are suitable to replace the function of fossil fuels and environmentally friendly. Synthesis of biodiesel from cotton seeds oil was carried out by chemically transesterification process. Composition of methyl esters in biodiesel and was analyzed by GC-MS are methyl palmitate (16.71 %), methyl 8,11- octadecadienoic (46.45 %) and methyl linoleate (4.21 %). The highest biodiesel produced from the conversion of the cotton seeds oil amounted to 93.7 % in weight ratio of oil and methanol (1:1) with the catalyst KOH 1 % (<sup>w</sup>/<sub>w</sub> of oil). Chemical properties of biodiesel produced meets the standard SNI 04-7182-2006 include saponification value of 120.167 mg KOH / g, acid value of 0.28 mg KOH / g and iod value 55.84 g iod/100g.
Dynamic Stabilization with Active Locking Plates Delivers Faster, Stronger, and More Symmetric Fracture-Healing
Authors: Bottlang Michael , Tsai Stanley , Bliven Emily K. , von Rechenberg Brigitte , Klein Karina , Augat Peter , Henschel Julia , Fitzpatrick Daniel C. , Madey Steven M. 
Published: March 2016

Background:
Axial dynamization of fractures can promote healing, and overly stiff fixation can suppress healing. A novel technology, termed active plating, provides controlled axial dynamization by the elastic suspension of locking holes within the plate. This prospective, controlled animal study evaluated the effect of active plates on fracture-healing in an established ovine osteotomy model. We hypothesized that symmetric axial dynamization with active plates stimulates circumferential callus and delivers faster and stronger healing relative to standard locking plates.

Methods:
Twelve sheep were randomly assigned to receive a standard locking plate or an active locking plate for stabilization of a 3-mm tibial osteotomy gap. The only difference between plates was that locking holes of active plates were elastically suspended, allowing up to 1.5 mm of axial motion at the fracture. Fracture-healing was analyzed weekly on radiographs. After sacrifice at nine weeks postoperatively, callus volume and distribution were assessed by computed tomography. Finally, to determine their strength, healed tibiae and contralateral tibiae were tested in torsion until failure.

Results:
At each follow-up, the active locking plate group had more callus (p < 0.001) than the standard locking plate group. At postoperative week 6, all active locking plate group specimens had bridging callus at the three visible cortices. In standard locking plate group specimens, only 50% of these cortices had bridged. Computed tomography demonstrated that all active locking plate group specimens and one of the six standard locking plate group specimens had developed circumferential callus. Torsion tests after plate removal demonstrated that active locking plate group specimens recovered 81% of their native strength and were 399% stronger than standard locking plate group specimens (p < 0.001), which had recovered only 17% of their native strength. All active locking plate group specimens failed by spiral fracture outside the callus zone, but standard locking plate group specimens fractured through the osteotomy gap.

Conclusions:
Symmetric axial dynamization with active locking plates stimulates circumferential callus and yields faster and stronger healing than standard locking plates.

Clinical Relevance:
The stimulatory effect of controlled motion on fracture-healing by active locking plates has the potential to reduce healing complications and to shorten the time to return to function.
Quel bilan et quel rôle pour les administrations déconcentrees de l’État ?
Authors: Gagneron Werner 
Published: March 2016

Résumé	Mise en place en 2009, la réforme de l’administration territoriale de l’État (RéATE) présente, six ans après, un bilan contrasté. Les objectifs d’une plus grande interministérialité dans la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques et de gains dans les fonctions support n’ont pas été atteints. Il convient désormais de redéfinir le rôle de l’État territorial, en se posant explicitement la question de sa mission et en instaurant des relations nouvelles avec les collectivités territoriales, mais aussi, si le choix des directions départementales interministérielles était maintenu, de leur donner les moyens de fonctionner en construisant de nouvelles filières professionnelles et en les dotant d’un véritable budget de fonctionnement.