bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient origins of caesarean section and contextual rendition of Krishna’s birth
Authors: Bali Sharadendu , Utaal Maneshwar Singh 
Published: October 2016

<p class="abstract">A Caesarean section is defined as “the surgical termination of pregnancy or delivery by operative opening of the uterus”. Caesarean sections ancestory can be traced back to the ancient (Graeco-Roman) world. Though there is very little information still extant about practices of this kind in antiquity, there are many folktales and popular stories from all over the world that tell of people being born in this fashion. Indian religious books describe the birth of Buddha through his mother’s right flank. Brahma was believed to be born through the umbilicus of his mother. Sage Sushruta, a founder of ancient Hindu medicine mentions the importance of performing a post-mortem caesarean section in his medical treatise “Sushruta Samhita”. There is a lot of evidence to suggest that knowledge and practice of this type of procedure was practiced in ancient Greece, ancient Rome and even ancient India. It is these early practices, from this part of the world, which are thought to have formed the foundations for what is known today in the modern Western medicine as the “caesarean section”. Therefore it is paramount to explore the practices and trace the history of this nature in the in more detail<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p>
THE RESULTS OF THE FORENSIC EXPERT PRACTICE IN MOSCOW REGION FOR 2015
Authors: Klevno V. A. 
Published: October 2016

The article presents summary statistics on the results of forensic practice of the Bureau of Forensic Medicine of Moscow region for 2015. Statistics take into account the whole list of forensic examinations, which were conducted for the institutions of inquiry, preliminary investigation and for the courts located in Moscow region – one of the largest in terms of population (7.2 million people) among the regions of Russian Federation.
Anti-oxidant Activity of Novel Compound (AVO) Derived from L-arginine
Authors: Orass S. Kahyoon  , Mohammed A. AL-Diwan  , Wasfi A. Al-Masoudi  
Published: October 2016

The present study aimed to investigate the potential effect of AVO in alleviating Hematological and serum biochemical alterations induced by cadmium chloride toxicity in rats. 32 adult male rats were divided in to 4 groups (8 rats each for each group: Control group received normal saline by i.p injection and served as a control. Treated group I received AVO daily at 72 mg/kg body weight (B.W.) by ip injection. Treated group II administered CdCl2 daily at dose 225 mg/kg B.W. by i.p injection. Treated group III administered of CdCl2 daily at a dose of 225 mg/kg B.W. by i.p injection and after one hour of CdCl2 administration the treated rats given the new compound AVO at dose 72 mg/kg B.W. by i.p injection. The obtained results indicated that cadmium chloride possesses a deleterious effect on blood cytology, induce oxidative damage, hepato-renal dysfunction, increase of MDA and cause clear changes on the sexual hormone. The administration of AVO with cadmium chloride minimized the hazard effects of cadmium chloride, it improved RBCs count, PCV, Hb concentration ,total and differential WBCs count and blood indices Diminished the level of serum malondialdehyde (MDA).Moreover, it ameliorates the activities of AST, ALT, ALP lipid profiles, bilirubin, urea, uric acid, protein and glucose.
Managing Late‐Season Foliar Nitrogen Fertilization to Increase Grain Protein for Winter Wheat
Authors: Dick Curtis D. , Thompson Nathanael M. , Epplin Francis M. , Arnall Daryl B. 
Published: October 2016

Late‐season applications of foliar N have the potential to increase protein content in hard red winter (HRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), but the optimal N management strategy and economics of this decision have yet to be determined for the U.S. southern Great Plains. This study was conducted to determine the expected net return from HRW wheat managed for enhanced protein and marketed to receive a protein premium. Field experiments were conducted during the 2011 to 2013 harvest years at two Oklahoma locations to estimate the grain yield and protein content response of HRW wheat to N source (urea ammonium nitrate [UAN] or a low salt, controlled release [LSCR] specialty N), N timing (flag leaf or post‐flowering), and N rate (0, 7, 13, or 27 kg N ha−1). Late‐season N treatments significantly influenced protein, but did not significantly increase or decrease grain yield. However, the returns to protein management were US$10 to $194 ha−1 less than treatments that did not receive late‐season foliar N. Sensitivity analysis indicated that protein management could be profitable if wheat prices increase, but changes in N prices had only small impacts on net returns. Breakeven protein premiums ranged from $0.014 to $0.020 kg−1 suggesting the need to produce wheat with 12 to 13% protein content. Results from this study indicate that the ability to consistently achieve HRW wheat with this level of protein is limited. Therefore, to economically manage HRW wheat for protein content in the southern Great Plains will likely require within‐year/location‐specific N management.Core Ideas

Late‐season foliar N applications may increase wheat grain protein percentage.
Late‐season foliar N applications are costly.
Southern Plains producers do not routinely receive a premium for high protein wheat.
Additional returns were insufficient to offset the additional cost.
Isorhythmic Atrioventricular Dissociation with haemodynamic instability in a patient with a pacemaker
Authors: Shen Tao , Peterfreund Robert , Charnin Jonathan 
Published: October 2016

SummaryWe report probable isorhythmic atrioventricular dissociation (IRD) causing significant hypotension in a 94 year‐old male with a dual chamber pacemaker undergoing a craniotomy. Poorly responsive to beta‐blockade and escalating doses of vasopressors, hypotension and dysrhythmia were successfully treated with induction of asynchronous atrioventricular (AV) pacing. In patients with reduced cardiac reserve, the loss of coordinated atrial and ventricular activity, as in IRD, can substantially reduce cardiac output. In these patients, methods to restore AV synchrony should be quickly sought.
Transnasal humidified rapid‐insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) for difficult airway management: a trainee perspective
Authors: Aravinth Kavitha , Alder Rachel , Patel Anil 
Published: October 2016

SummaryWe present the case of an 86‐year‐old female with an epiglottic mass causing airway obstruction. The use of transnasal humidified rapid‐insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) to provide apnoeic oxygenation enabled the airway to be safely and successfully managed by an anaesthetic trainee, enhancing their educational experience in difficult airway management.
System code improvements for modelling passive safety systems and their validation
Authors: Buchholz S. , von der Cron D. , Schaffrath A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
GRS has been developing the system code ATHLET over many years. Because ATHLET, among other codes, is widely used in nuclear licensing and supervisory procedures, it has to represent the current state of science and technology. New reactor concepts such as Generation III+ and IV reactors and SMR are using passive safety systems intensively. The simulation of passive safety systems with the GRS system code ATHLET is still a big challenge, because of non-defined operation points and self-setting operation conditions. Additionally, the driving forces of passive safety systems are smaller and uncertainties of parameters have a larger impact than for active systems. This paper addresses the code validation and qualification work of ATHLET on the example of slightly inclined horizontal heat exchangers, which are e. g. used as emergency condensers (e. g. in the KERENA and the CAREM) or as heat exchanger in the passive auxiliary feed water systems (PAFS) of the APR+.
A reverse method for the determination of the radiological inventory of irradiated graphite at reactor scale
Authors: Nicaise G. , Poncet B. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Irradiated graphite waste will be produced from the decommissioning of the six gas-cooled nuclear reactors operated by Electricité De France (EDF). Determining the radionuclide content of this waste is an important legal commitment for both safety reasons and in order to determine the best suited management strategy. As evidenced by numerous studies nuclear graphite is a very pure material, however, it cannot be considered from an analytical viewpoint as a usual homogeneous material. Because of graphite high purity, radionuclide measurements in irradiated graphite exhibit very high discrepancies especially when corresponding to precursors at trace level. Therefore the assessment of a radionuclide inventory only based on few number of radiochemical measurements leads in most of cases to a gross over or under-estimation that can be detrimental to graphite waste management. A reverse method using an identification calculation–measurement process is proposed in order to assess the radionuclide inventory as precisely as possible.
ETSON views on R&D priorities for implementation of the 2014 Euratom Directive on safety of nuclear installations
Authors: Van Dorsselaere J.P. , Mustoe J. , Power S. , Adorni M. , Schaffrath A. , Nieminen A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Following the Fukushima-Daiichi accident in 2011, the Council Directive 2014/87/Euratom has reinforced the previous 2009 Directive that had established a Community framework for the safety of nuclear installations. In particular, one new article introduces a high-level EU-wide safety objective of preventing accidents through defence-in-depth and avoiding radioactive releases outside a nuclear installation. For achieving this objective, the research necessary outcomes are mainly a better knowledge of the involved physical phenomena and its capitalization in methodologies and tools such as simulation codes. ETSON, the European Technical Safety Organisation Network, had already identified in its Position Paper in 2011 the main R&D priorities. The present paper underlines that most of these priorities, with a few updates due to progress of knowledge, remain consistent with the objectives of this new Directive. And it illustrates the ETSON involvement through examples of on-going or planned R&D national and international projects.
The cornea in systemic disease
Authors: Gillan W.D.H. 
Published: October 2016

Systemic disease often results in corneal signs that are easily observable by means of bio-microscopy. Optometry is in a unique position to detect the corneal manifestations of systemic disease. This review presents corneal signs of various systemic diseases. The list is not com-plete but the review rather attempts to empha-size the importance of detection, and referral, of systemic diseases.
An introduction to the mathematics of ocular kinematics
Authors: MacKenzie Graeme E 
Published: October 2016

The research surrounding ocular kinematics has widespread applications including the study of binocular vision, virtual reality and the detec-tion of ocular and neurologic pathologies. This field promises to have a significant impact on optometric diagnostic techniques. This paper in-troduces the terminology used in the description of eye rotations and explores a number of the mathematical approaches pertinent to the topic of ocular kinematics.
Rhino-orbital mucormycosis
Authors: Mathebula S.D. 
Published: October 2016

Rhino-orbital mucormycosis is a rare but life-threatening infection that generally occurs in patients with immune deficiency. As such the condition is a medical emergency. Early rec-ognition and treatment are essential because it may lead to death within a few days. Fungal in-fections of the eye are uncommon but are being seen with increasing frequency in patients with immune deficiency.
An investigation into diabetic patients’ knowl-edge of diabetes and its ocular complications in the Western Cape
Authors: Clarke-Farr P.C. 
Published: October 2016

This paper presents the findings of a study which evaluated the knowledge of a sample of diabetic patients about their disease and its ocular complications. A comprehensive ques-tionnaire was provided to diabetic patients in the Cape Town metropolitan district and its surrounds. Specifically, the questionnaire aimed to determine the patient’s knowledge of diabetes, their knowledge of the ocular complications of diabetes, the options for its management and treatment as well as a section considering other general information relat-ing to diabetes and its ocular complications. Their subject knowledge about diabetes and its ocular complications was relatively limited as only 42% of respondents knew about the exis-tence of two types of diabetes. Twenty nine percent of respondents believed that diabetes would not affect their eyes. Although 76% of the patients felt it very important to measure their blood sugar and 80% rated blood sugar control as very important, only 37% of the respondents measured their blood sugar on a daily basis. A particular concern was that although 96% of the respondents felt that it was important to have their eyes checked regu-larly, only 30% of the respondents stated that they had actually had their eyes checked every year. The results of this investigation support the need for diabetic patients to receive better patient education about diabetes and its ocular complications. Furthermore, attention needs to be paid to expanding patient access to diabetic screenings and ocular examinations in order to manage this condition effectively.
A retrospective analysis of heterophoria values in a clinical population aged 18 to 30 years
Authors: Makgaba N.T. 
Published: October 2016

Information on heterophoria values in South Africans is scanty. The purpose of this paper therefore, is to present information on the distribution of heterophoria in a clinical popula-tion aged 18 to 30 years, which hitherto is not available. The data presented here was obtained from the record cards of 475 black South African patients examined at the Optometry clinic, University of Limpopo (Turfloop cam-pus) between 2000 and 2005. The patients were examined by final year students under the supervision of qualified optometrists. Heterophoria was measured for each patient using the von Graefe method. The horizontal heterophoria for distance vision (6 m) ranged from 16 prism diopters (pd) esophoria to 12 pd exophoria with a mean of 0.74 pd exophoria (SD = ± 2.84 pd). For distance vision, esophoria ranged from 0.5 to 16 pd with a mean of 3.08 pd (SD = ± 3.09), while exophoria ranged from 0.5 pd to 12 pd with a mean of 2.21 pd (SD = 1.82 pd). For near vision (0.4 m), the horizontal phorias ranged from 17 pd esophoria to 15 pd exopho-ria with a mean of 3.84 pd exophoria (SD = ± 4.80 pd). The near esophorias ranged from 0.5 to 17 pd with a mean 4.88 pd (SD = ± 3.41), while the exophorias ranged from 1.0 to 15 pd with a mean of 6.30 pd (SD = ± 2.58). Vertical heterophoria for distance vision ranged from 5 to 3 pd right hyperphoria with a mean of 0.05 pd right hyperphoria (SD = ± 0.76) whereas at near it ranged from 4 to 6 pd right hyperphoria with a mean of 0.08 pd right hypophoria (SD = ± 0.96). The distributions of heterophoria at distance and near were non-normal. There was no significant gender variation in the horizontal values for distance vision and the vertical (distance and near) ones. However, there was a statistically significant gender varia-tion in the near horizontal values (p > 0.05). There was no significant variation in heterophoria values with age. The data presented here will be useful for comparison with simi-lar data from South Africa or other countries.
Transformations of ray transferences of optical systems to augmented Hamiltonian matrices and the problem of the average system
Authors: Cardoso J. R. 
Published: October 2016

The first-order optical nature of an optical system (including an eye) is completely characterized by a 55 × matrix called the ray transference. It is known that the image of a ray transference by the matrix logarithm function is an augmented Hamiltonian matrix. It turns out that there are other ways of transforming transferences into augmented Hamiltonian matrices. They include Cayley transforms and modified Cayley transforms. This paper will describe these transforms with a view to finding the most suitable one for quantitative analyses of eyes and other systems in augmented Hamiltonian spaces. In particular we look at the calculation of average systems.
Quantitative analysis in Hamiltonian space of the transformed ray transferences of a cornea
Authors: Marhebula S. D. 
Published: October 2016

The primary purpose of this paper is to illustrate the quantitative analysis of the linear-optical character of a cornea using transformed ray transferences in a 10-dimensional Hamiltonian linear space. A Pentacam was utilized to obtain 43 successive measurements of the powers of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces and the central corneal thicknesses of the right eye of a single subject. From these measurements 44 × ray transferences were calculated (and principal matrix logarithms for all the transferences were determined). This produced a set of 43 transformed transferences for the cornea which represent 43 points in a 10- dimensional Hamiltonian space. A 10-component mean and 10 10 × variance-covariance matrix were calculated from the transformed transferences. The mean, and variances and covariances represent, in the 10-space, the average and the spread respectively of the measurements characterising the optical nature of the cornea. The matrix exponential of the mean gives a value for the mean transference of the cornea; it represents the average cornea. The analysis described here can be applied to most optical systems including whole eyes and is complete within linear optics. We believe it to be the first such analysis.
A comparative study of autokeratometric and Scheimpflug keratometric measurements of the anterior corneal surface: results for a single subject
Authors: Mathebula S. , Rubin A. 
Published: October 2016

One purpose of the broader study was to determine whether keratometric measurements obtained with an autokeratometer (Nidek ARK-700) would be comparable with those measured using the Oculus Pentacam(model 70700). Ten healthy subjects without ocular abnormality, no previous or current contact lens wear or history of ocular surgery were recruited and at least 43 successive keratometric measurements were obtained for the right eye of each subject using both instruments, namely the autokeratometer and the Pentacam. This paper will concern itself with data from only one of the ten subjects involved, namely Subject 1. The corneal powers were analyzed using multivariate methods for analyzing dioptric power. Scatter plots and meridional profiles of skewness and kurtosis were used to compare the results for the two instruments. Mean dioptric powers in conventional and scientific notation were determined.The results for this subject indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the autokeratometry and the Pentacam. Although the means between the two instruments were found to be significantly different at a 95% level of confidence, there was minimal clinical difference between the means of the two instruments. That is, this preliminary investigation suggests that in normal eyes, clinically, keratometric results obtained by means of an autokeratometer and a Pentacam are reasonably similar and can be used interchangeably.
Short-term variation of autorefraction in Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) *
Authors: Sukha A. Y. , Rubin A. 
Published: October 2016

Very few studies have investigated autorefraction in diabetic subjects presenting either with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and/ or diabetic macular edema (DME). To the best of our knowledge this is the first study using multivariate methods for investigating short-term autorefraction in a small sample of subjects diagnosedwith DME. Forty consecutive autorefractor measurements were taken over a short interval on each of seven diabetic subjects with varying stages of DME, and the results were compared to a smaller group of four diabetic control subjects without DME (reasons for the differences in sample sizes will be explained later). Measurements were obtained from both the right and left eyes of all subjects. Subjects in the two groups were similarly matched according to duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), age and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values. Normality of data distribution was mostly achieved with the removal of outliers (where necessary) until profiles of skewness, kurtosis, and standard mean deviation exhibited near-normal distribution. Thereafter, stereo-pair scatter plots with 95% surfaces of constant probability density (distribution ellipsoids) were generated and compared between the experimental and control subjects.The diabetic subjects with DME demonstrated a larger spread of measurements in the eyes with the more severe DME, with the exception of one subject (subject 5). The volumes and orientation of the distribution ellipsoids also differed between the subject’s eyes. Some eyes with severe DME and poor visual acuitydisplayed more stigmatic variation (for example, subjects 2 and 4), while others (subjects 1 and 3) displayed more ortho-antistigmatic variation or near oblique antistigmatic variation (subject 7). In all experimental subjects, with the exception of subject 5, the eye with the more severe DME had a larger distribution ellipsoidvolume, indicating greater variation in autorefraction and thus it might be surmised that this paper provides some preliminary data to suggest that diabetic subjects with DME display greater short-term variation of refractive behaviour when compared to diabetic subjects without DME. Secondly, in diabetic subjects withDME, eyes with the more severe DME or worse VA also display greater variation of refractive status. However, there seemed to be no distinctive or obvious pattern to the type of variation.In addition, a suitable statistic in terms of a Cubic Root Difference (CRD) was introduced in this study to compare inter-ocular ellipsoidal volumes. This statistic is also useful for comparing variances between eyes, or between means for groups of eyes, and could be used in studies involving anisometropia, et cetera. Nevertheless, this study suggests that further investigation remains necessary before autorefraction can be used effectively in the early diagnosis, monitoring, and assessment of eyes with diabetic-related complications to the macular regions.
Global and local contributions to corneal surface curvature: a simple model
Authors: Harris W. F. 
Published: October 2016

Variations in corneal surface powers reflect variations in the geometry of the cornea. In particular one can regard corneal surface curvature as a combination of local and global effects. A simple mathematical model of the cornea is presented which makes use of measurements of the curvature of the anterior and posterior surfaces to decompose the curvature into global and local contributions. The model gives insight into the source of variations in keratometric measurements, lids and eye turn, perhaps, for global effects and the tear film, perhaps, for local effects. The model also takes account of the thickness of the cornea. A numerical example is presented.