bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sem pai, sem mãe
Authors: Couto Gustavo Belisário d'Araújo 
Published: December 2017

Este artigo busca fazer uma análise de um capítulo do romance de JorgeAmado Capitães da Areia à luz das teorias do parentesco. A situação criada naobra entre as personagens Sem-Pernas e Dona Ester suscita uma discussão sobreo papel da criança nas relações familiares e, mais especificamente, nas relaçõesde filiação. Pensando a família a partir da ótica da personagem criança, a filiaçãopode ser entendida pela chave bourdiesiana da estratégia ou pela chave maussianada reciprocidade. Seja pela reciprocidade ou pela estratégia, a inegável agência dacriança na constituição de relações gera reflexões interessantes sobre o que significa ser pai ou mãe. A escrita de Jorge Amado convida a pensar as categorias mãe e pai menos como um ser e mais como um tornar-se.
Multiplicidades do movimento: um experimento etnográfico sobre duas caminhadas quilombolas
Authors: Alves Yara de Cássia , Costa Pedro Henrique Mourthé de Araújo 
Published: December 2017

O objetivo central do artigo é analisar o movimento, nas diversas dimensõesque a categoria pode tomar, em dois contextos quilombolas: a comunidadeBrejo dos Crioulos e a comunidade Pinheiro, situadas no norte e nordestede Minas Gerais. Como ponto de conexão entre duas pesquisas e duas realidadessociais, o movimento se relaciona com tipos variados de conhecimento, dentreeles, o conhecimento político. Tentaremos explorar, como esses cotidianos sãopermeados por circulações de pessoas, animais, informações, notícias, ideias, papéis, ou seja, humanos e não humanos, e como essas circulações promovem umuniverso muito mais móvel que a burocracia estatal ou jurídica. Enveredando nasteias diárias de idas e vindas, pretendemos iluminar as lutas destes quilombolas,suas caminhadas e andanças, que se fazem em meio ao esforço de promoção dascausas de suas comunidades.
Por uma antropologia de varanda reversa: Etnografando um encontro entre índios e crianças em uma escola no Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Fians Guilherme Moreira 
Published: December 2017

Este trabalho se baseia na etnografia de um encontro entre criançasem uma escola no Rio de Janeiro e dois ex-moradores da Aldeia Maracanã. Umdos pontos centrais da proposta pedagógica dessa escola em questão é a “valorização da cultura brasileira”, levando em consideração suas diversas manifestações e invocando principalmente elementos de culturas indígenas. Como parte desse projeto, uma das iniciativas tomadas pela escola foi convidar dois defensores da causa indígena para “apresentarem seu povo e sua cultura” para as crianças do segundo ano do ensino fundamental. Minha intenção neste artigo é explorar as aproximações, os afastamentos e os questionamentos gerados durante esse contato – no qual, tal como em uma antropologia de varanda, os índios vêm até o meio dos brancos para explicar sua cultura.
Impaired Protein Quality Control During Left Ventricular Remodeling in Mice With Cardiac Restricted Overexpression of Tumor Necrosis Factor
Authors: Hartupee Justin , Szalai Gabor D. , Wang Wei , Ma Xiucui , Diwan Abhinav , Mann Douglas L. 
Published: December 2017

Background:
Sustained inflammation in the heart is sufficient to provoke left ventricular dysfunction and left ventricular remodeling. Although inflammation has been linked to many of the biological changes responsible for adverse left ventricular remodeling, the relationship between inflammation and protein quality control in the heart is not well understood.

Methods and Results:

To study the relationship between chronic inflammation and protein quality control, we used a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy driven by cardiac restricted overexpression of TNF (tumor necrosis factor;
Myh6
-sTNF).
Myh6
-sTNF mice develop protein aggregates containing ubiquitin-tagged proteins within cardiac myocytes related to proteasome dysfunction and impaired autophagy. The 26S proteasome was dysfunctional despite normal function of the core 20S subunit. We found an accumulation of autophagy substrates in
Myh6
-sTNF mice, which were also seen in tissue from patients with end-stage heart failure. Moreover, there was evidence of impaired autophagosome clearance after chloroquine administration in these mice indicative of impaired autophagic flux. Finally, there was increased mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation, which has been linked to inhibition of both the proteasome and autophagy.

Conclusions:

Myh6
-sTNF mice with sustained inflammatory signaling develop proteasome dysfunction and impaired autophagic flux that is associated with enhanced mTORC1 activation.
Cardiac Insulin Signaling Regulates Glycolysis Through Phosphofructokinase 2 Content and Activity
Authors: Bockus Lee B. , Matsuzaki Satoshi , Vadvalkar Shraddha S. , Young Zachary T. , Giorgione Jennifer R. , Newhardt Maria F. , Kinter Michael , Humphries Kenneth M. 
Published: December 2017

Background
The healthy heart has a dynamic capacity to respond and adapt to changes in nutrient availability. Diabetes mellitus disrupts this metabolic flexibility and promotes cardiomyopathy through mechanisms that are not completely understood. Phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK‐2) is a primary regulator of cardiac glycolysis and substrate selection, yet its regulation under normal and pathological conditions is unknown. This study was undertaken to determine how changes in insulin signaling affect PFK‐2 content, activity, and cardiac metabolism.

Methods and Results
Streptozotocin‐induced diabetes mellitus, high‐fat diet feeding, and fasted mice were used to identify how decreased insulin signaling affects PFK‐2 and cardiac metabolism. Primary adult cardiomyocytes were used to define the mechanisms that regulate PFK‐2 degradation. Both type 1 diabetes mellitus and a high‐fat diet induced a significant decrease in cardiac PFK‐2 protein content without affecting its transcript levels. Overnight fasting also induced a decrease in PFK‐2, suggesting it is rapidly degraded in the absence of insulin signaling. An unbiased metabolomic study demonstrated that decreased PFK‐2 in fasted animals is accompanied by an increase in glycolytic intermediates upstream of phosphofructokianse‐1, whereas those downstream are diminished. Mechanistic studies using cardiomyocytes showed that, in the absence of insulin signaling, PFK‐2 is rapidly degraded via both proteasomal‐ and chaperone‐mediated autophagy.

Conclusions
The loss of PFK‐2 content as a result of reduced insulin signaling impairs the capacity to dynamically regulate glycolysis and elevates the levels of early glycolytic intermediates. Although this may be beneficial in the fasted state to conserve systemic glucose, it represents a pathological impairment in diabetes mellitus.
Determination of the Ice Particle Size Distributions Using Observations as the Integrated Constraints
Authors: Yano Jun-Ichi , Heymsfield Andrew J. , Bansemer Aaron 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The possibility is suggested of estimating particle size distributions (PSD) solely based on the bulk quantities of the hydrometeors. The method, inspired by the maximum entropy principle, can be applied to any predefined general PSD form as long as the number of the free parameters is equal to or less than that of the bulk quantities available. As long as an adopted distribution is “physically based,” these bulk characterizations can recover a fairly accurate PSD estimate.
This method is tested for ice particle measurements from the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4). The total particle number, total mass, and mean size are taken as bulk quantities. The gamma distribution and two distributions obtained under the maximum entropy principle by taking the size and the particle mass, respectively, as a restriction variable are adopted for fit. The fitting error for the two maximum entropy–based distributions is comparable to that of a standard direct fitting method with the gamma distribution. The same procedure works almost equally well when the mean size is removed from the constraint, especially for an exponential distribution.
The results suggest that the total particle number and the total mass of the hydrometeors are sufficient for determining the PSD to a reasonable accuracy when a “physically based” distribution is assumed. In addition to the in situ cloud measurements, remote sensing measurements such as those from radar as well as satellite can be adopted as physical constraints. Possibilities of exploiting different types of measurements should be further pursued.
Calculating State-Dependent Noise in a Linear Inverse Model Framework
Authors: Martinez-Villalobos Cristian , Vimont Daniel J. , Penland Cécile , Newman Matthew , Neelin J. David 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The most commonly used version of a linear inverse model (LIM) is forced by state-independent noise. Although having several desirable qualities, this formulation can only generate long-term Gaussian statistics. LIM-like systems forced by correlated additive–multiplicative (CAM) noise have been shown to generate deviations from Gaussianity, but parameter estimation methods are only known in the univariate case, limiting their use for the study of coupled variability. This paper presents a methodology to calculate the parameters of the simplest multivariate LIM extension that can generate long-term deviations from Gaussianity. This model (CAM-LIM) consists of a linear deterministic part forced by a diagonal CAM noise formulation, plus an independent additive noise term. This allows for the possibility of representing asymmetric distributions with heavier- or lighter-than-Gaussian tails. The usefulness of this methodology is illustrated in a locally coupled two-variable ocean–atmosphere model of midlatitude variability. Here, a CAM-LIM is calculated from ocean weather station data. Although the time-resolved dynamics is very close to linear at a time scale of a couple of days, significant deviations from Gaussianity are found. In particular, individual probability density functions are skewed with both heavy and light tails. It is shown that these deviations from Gaussianity are well accounted for by the CAM-LIM formulation, without invoking nonlinearity in the time-resolved operator. Estimation methods using knowledge of the CAM-LIM statistical constraints provide robust estimation of the parameters with data lengths typical of geophysical time series, for example, 31 winters for the ocean weather station here.
Surface Moistening Trends in the Northern North American Great Plains Increase the Likelihood of Convective Initiation
Authors: Gerken Tobias , Bromley Gabriel T. , Stoy Paul C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Land management impacts atmospheric boundary layer processes, and recent trends reducing the practice of summer fallow have led to increases in precipitation and decreases in temperature in the Canadian Prairie provinces during summer. It is unclear if such trends also impact the hydrometeorology of the adjacent U.S. northern Great Plains, parts of which have seen similar changes in land management. Here, MERRA-2 reanalysis data, eddy covariance observations, and a mixed-layer (ML) atmospheric modeling framework are combined to demonstrate that the likelihood of convectively preconditioned conditions has increased by approximately 10% since the mid-1980s and is now more sensitive to further decreases in the Bowen ratio (Bo) and maximum daily net radiation in northeastern Montana. Convective season Bo in the study area has decreased from approximately 2 to 1 from the 1980s until the present, largely due to simultaneous increases in latent heat flux and decreases in sensible heat flux, consistent with observed decreases of summer fallow and increases in cropping. Daily net radiation has not changed despite a significant decrease in May and June humidity lapse rates from the 1980s to present. Future research should determine the area of the U.S. Great Plains that has seen changes in the dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer height and lifted condensation level and their crossings as a necessary condition for convective precipitation to occur and ascertain if ongoing changes in land management will lead to future changes in convective outcomes.
Probabilistic Verification of Storm Prediction Center Convective Outlooks
Authors: Herman Gregory R. , Nielsen Erik R. , Schumacher Russ S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Eight years’ worth of day 1 and 4.5 years’ worth of day 2–3 probabilistic convective outlooks from the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) are converted to probability grids spanning the continental United States (CONUS). These results are then evaluated using standard probabilistic forecast metrics including the Brier skill score and reliability diagrams. Forecasts are gridded in two different ways: one with a high-resolution grid and interpolation between probability contours and another on an 80-km-spaced grid without interpolation. Overall, the highest skill is found for severe wind forecasts and the lowest skill is observed for tornadoes; for significant severe criteria, the opposite discrepancy is observed, with highest forecast skill for significant tornadoes and approximately no overall forecast skill for significant severe winds. Highest climatology-relative skill is generally observed over the central and northern Great Plains and Midwest, with the lowest—and often negative—skill seen in the West, southern Texas, and the Atlantic Southeast. No discernible year-to-year trend in skill was identified; seasonally, forecasts verified the best in the spring and late autumn and worst in the summer and early autumn. Forecasts are also evaluated in CAPE-versus-shear parameter space; forecasts struggle most in very low shear but also in high-shear, low-CAPE environments. In aggregate, forecasts for all variables verified more skillfully using interpolated probability grids, suggesting utility in interpreting forecasts as a continuous field. Forecast reliability results depend substantially on the interpretation of the forecast fields, but day 1 and day 2–3 tornado outlooks consistently exhibit an underforecast bias.
Language Policies in American Education
Authors: Brisk Maria Estela Allende 
Published: December 2017

This paper outlines the historical evolution of language policies in American education. It traces the multilingual history of the United States, citing several cases where children were taught in their native language, thus belying the myth that bilingual education is a new phenomenon in this country. While multilingual education and cultural diversity were accepted during the 19th century, the massive immigration of Eastern and Southern Europeans from the 1880's until the first World War created a sharp reaction on the part of educational policymakers, and the trend turned sharply in favor of assimilation and against cultural and linguistic pluralism. From the end of the 19th century until the 1950's, English was strictly imposed as the national language and the mandatory language of instruction. It is only in the last two decades that linguistic minorities have asserted their right to cultural and linguistic maintenance. The paper further discusses the important state and federal court cases which have had an effect on present bilingual education legislation, and the enforcement of that legislation. It points out some of the major questions which need to be addressed in the development of a national language policy. The case made for introducing literacy in the native language for linguistic minority children should serve as a guideline for future language policy in the United States.
The Politics of Middle-Class Success in an Inner-City Public School
Authors: Sieber R. Timothy 
Published: December 2017

Recent ethnography of minority and working-class schooling has shown how wider structural factors like class stratification, poverty, and racism influence observable patterns of failure and under achievement in the classroom. In contrast, ethnography in middle-class schools and classrooms has not seriously probed similar structural bases of middle-class children's success, instead attributing this success to a presumed equivalence between the “middle-class culture” of the children's homes and the culture of the school and its staff. This study traces the history and effects of middle-class involvement in the public elementary school of a gentrifying inner-city neighborhood in New York City. Segregated into their special classrooms with distinctive curriculum and organization, the school's middle-class children were more successful than their poor and working-class peers. Their success was not the result, in Bourdieu's terms, of the “cultural capital” afforded by their middle-class upbringing. The school staff, in fact, disapproved of many elements of the children's class culture. Rather, the children's successful standing within the school had been the object, and achievement, of their parents' long-standing political struggles against the school's staff and other parents. This case illustrates that school success is as much an active social construction—both inside and outside the school—as school failure has been shown to be.
Self-Contained Ethnography or a Science of Phenomenal Forms and Inner Relations
Authors: Sharp Rachel 
Published: December 2017

This article develops a critique of ethnography in educational research. It is argued that ethnography concerns the study of the phenomenal forms of everyday life. Beyond these phenomenal forms are inner relations, causal processes, and generative mechanisms which are often invisible to the actors. A science of social totalities, deriving from Marx, is advocated which can elaborate the relationship between phenomenal forms, the world of appearances, and deeper social structural causal mechanisms. This science cannot be generated by ethnography alone but only through historical and comparative analyses of modes of production in history. The argument is illustrated by an imaginary ethnographic study of a typical “fascist” school in Germany and by a discussion of developments taking place in schooling systems in the contemporary world. A theory of reproduction is required which locates the analysis of capitalist schooling systems in a broader theory of the reproduction of all the economic, political, and ideological requirements for capitalist accumulation and the role of the state in this process. Ethnography carried out in schools informed by such a theory has a political rationale. It can lay the foundations for a critique of the world of appearances in everyday life, a necessary part of any political practice designed to produce a society in which essence and appearance are at one.
Towards a Theory of Knowledge Acquisition for Black Children
Authors: Gordon Beverly M. 
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this paper is twofold. Initially, the paper describes the impact of educational research and theory on the policies and practices implemented in elementary schools, and the potentially devastating effects such practices can have on the student clientele. It is argued that the perceptions of Black children as portrayed in educational theory have been misguided, based on the assumptions, theories, and research studies that have questionable historical premises. As a result of these theoretical misconceptions, schooling practices are inappropriate and stifle the intellectual growth and development of these children. The focus then shifts to the main thesis which describes the early and advanced psycho-motor development of Black children and the need for a socially interactive knowledge acquisition pattern compatible with their learning needs. The social interactive learning style in elementary curriculum theory formation is an important but relatively unexplored aspect of social science research.
Pedagogy, Special Education, and the Lives of Young Children: A Critical and Futuristic Perspective
Authors: Heshusius Lous 
Published: December 2017

A critical view is taken of the predominant positivist-empiricist assumptions that underlie most theories in the social sciences and which have had enormous influence on special education. These mechanistic assumptions (which include linearity, predictability, quantification, fact/value separation, stimulus-response model, and fragmentation) form the foundation for textbooks in early childhood special education, screening tests, and early identification measures. In the United States they have been solidified under Public Law 94–142. Against this backdrop, contemporary theoretical developments are noted as they provide us with more adequate principles by which to guide our work. Holism, phenomenology, and social constructionism offer valuable support to the concepts of all children as meaning makers, of growth through transformations, and of the socially constructed nature of knowing and of knowledge. Implications for early childhood education are drawn.
The Case of the Missing Brackets: Teachers and Social Reproduction
Authors: Mickelson Roslyn Arlin 
Published: December 2017

Researchers have established the existence of class-based hidden curricula and their role in social reproduction. However, critics of reproduction theories argue that models of reproduction are often mechanistic and that they overlook the resistance and contradiction in schools. Previous research on social reproduction in the schools, by and large, described teacher practices, classroom relationships, and curricula-in-use, leaving the reader to infer the influence of these forces on student behavior. This essay joins the debate by offering a small but dramatic example of how the hidden curriculum penetrates a student's consciousness. In the course of conducting research on another topic, the author observed several unexpected but vivid examples of classroom behavior which reflect the ways that students from various tracks and class backgrounds are socialized for their likely destination in the workforce. Students' reactions to missing brackets on a questionnaire followed definitive patterns predicted by reproduction theory. Observations were made in over 60 classrooms in nine comprehensive public high schools in the Los Angeles area. This article reports these observations and draws upon relevant literature, as well as the author's teaching experiences, to discuss the implications of these findings.
Toward Communication Praxis: Reflections on the Pedagogy of Paulo freire and Educational Change in Grenada
Authors: Hickling-Hudson Anne 
Published: December 2017

In February 1980, Paulo Freire and four other educators led a two-week seminar for 55 Grenadian teachers to consider how to implement one of the important principles of the Grenada Revolution: the integration of work and study. At first the teachers understood work-study as being essentially a school program of timetabled practical subjects such as agriculture and handicraft. Through dialogue the seminar participants redefined work-study as an approach or philosophy that should unify and mutually enrich the activities of school and community. Together they wrote a booklet that synthesized their reflections and set out implementation strategies that seemed feasible in the supportive environment of the Revolution. In the three and a half remaining years of the Revolution, Grenadian teachers worked in many education projects which had been established to launch the concept of work-study. However, most of these projects did not seem to embody the integrated approach to community development put forward in the Freire seminar. It is suggested that the seminar participants may not have fully carried out their potential for helping other groups develop toward this ideal. The paper explores possible factors which may have hindered the transition from radical communication to radical action.