bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incapacitation
Authors: Auerhahn Kathleen 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe practice of penal confinement is usually justified by one of four rationales: rehabilitation, retribution, deterrence, or incapacitation. The idea of incapacitation rests on the premise that crime can be prevented by incapacitating (through incarceration) dangerous offenders. Selective incapacitation is the idea that crime control can be achieved most efficiently by selecting those offenders predicted to be the most dangerous for lengthy incarceration. However, there are numerous operational, ethical, and jurisprudential obstacles to implementing the theory of selective incapacitation in practice.
Overcrowding in Prisons
Authors: Lugo Melissa A. , Wooldredge John 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Prison crowding in the United States poses problems for effective management of offender populations, the safety of both staff and inmates, availability of re‐entry programs, and the costs of incarceration in general. This entry describes the evolution of crowded prisons in the US, the more specific problems posed by crowded facilities from both policy and academic perspectives, and possible solutions to the problem.
Manson,Charles
Authors: Williams Fay V. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCharles Manson is one of the America's most notorious offenders. He has been described as a mass murderer and a serial killer, based on his involvement with several murders. Manson lived a life of criminality, which began in his youth and continued during his adult life. Manson founded a hippie cult type group that was called “the Family.” It is believed that he manipulated cult members to kill on his behalf. Manson has been convicted jointly of several murders. He was found guilty of first‐degree murder, and sentenced to death, which was commuted to life without parole. Manson has continued to offend, even while behind bars, and has been in frequent conflicts with prison officials and other inmates. Manson has made several applications for parole, but this has been denied more than 10 times. He will next be eligible for parole in 2027.
H
ong
K
ong, Corrections in
Authors: Hui Cora Y. T. , Wing Lo T. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This entry discusses the historical and latest trends in the development of correctional services and penal population in Hong Kong. It first describes the five main custodial regimes for young and adult offenders: detention centers, rehabilitation centers, training centers, drug addiction treatment centers, and prison. Emphasis is placed on the use of supervision schemes and rehabilitation as approaches to help offenders become law‐abiding citizens. The effectiveness of the correctional services will also be discussed.
N
ew
Y
ork (
A
uburn) Prison System
Authors: Rubin Ashley 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The New York, or Auburn, system was a distinctive plan for prison organization developed early in the nineteenth century. Under this plan, prisoners worked in factory‐like settings during the day and retreated to solitary cells at night. The collection of prisoners in large rooms led some commentators to call it the “congregate system,” in contrast to its main competitor, the Pennsylvania System, which kept prisoners in solitary or “separate” confinement for the duration of their sentence. Other commentators called the Auburn System the “silent system” because prisoners were forbidden from talking with, or even looking at, one another during the work day. Emerging in the early 1820s in response to a rash of prison riots and chaos, the Auburn system came to dominate American prisons by the time of the Civil War. Although the postwar period experienced some fracturing of penal facilities, some version of the Auburn System continued to dominate and even formed the basis for the Big House prisons of the 1920s and 1930s, forever shaping America's imagination of what prisons look like until, perhaps, recently.
Developing and Refining New Candidate Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Classification: An International Collaboration
Authors: Tedeschi Sara K. , Johnson Sindhu R. , Boumpas Dimitrios , Daikh David , Dörner Thomas , Jayne David , Kamen Diane , Lerstrøm Kirsten , Mosca Marta , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Sinnette Corine , Wofsy David , Smolen Josef S. , Naden Raymond P. , Aringer Martin , Costenbader Karen H. 
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveTo define candidate criteria within multiphase development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) classification criteria, jointly supported by the American College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism. Prior steps included item generation and reduction by Delphi exercise, further narrowed to 21 items in a nominal group technique exercise. Our objectives were to apply an evidence‐based approach to the 21 candidate criteria, and to develop hierarchical organization of criteria within domains.MethodsA literature review identified the sensitivity and specificity of the 21 candidate criteria. Data on the performance of antinuclear antibody (ANA) as an entry criterion and operating characteristics of the candidate criteria in early SLE patients were evaluated. Candidate criteria were hierarchically organized into clinical and immunologic domains, and definitions were refined in an iterative process.ResultsBased on the data, consensus was reached to use a positive ANA of ≥1:80 titer (HEp‐2 cells immunofluorescence) as an entry criterion and to have 7 clinical and 3 immunologic domains, with hierarchical organization of criteria within domains. Definitions of the candidate criteria were specified.ConclusionUsing a data‐driven process, consensus was reached on new, refined criteria definitions and organization based on operating characteristics. This work will be followed by a multicriteria decision analysis exercise to weight criteria and to identify a threshold score for classification on a continuous probability scale.
Charge Transport in Pure and Mixed Phases in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Melianas Armantas , Pranculis Vytenis , Spoltore Donato , Benduhn Johannes , Inganäs Olle , Gulbinas Vidmantas , Vandewal Koen , Kemerink Martijn 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn organic solar cells continuous donor and acceptor networks are considered necessary for charge extraction, whereas discontinuous neat phases and molecularly mixed donor–acceptor phases are generally regarded as detrimental. However, the impact of different levels of domain continuity, purity, and donor–acceptor mixing on charge transport remains only semiquantitatively described. Here, cosublimed donor–acceptor mixtures, where the distance between the donor sites is varied in a controlled manner from homogeneously diluted donor sites to a continuous donor network are studied. Using transient measurements, spanning from sub‐picoseconds to microseconds photogenerated charge motion is measured in complete photovoltaic devices, to show that even highly diluted donor sites (5.7%–10% molar) in a buckminsterfullerene matrix enable hole transport. Hopping between isolated donor sites can occur by long‐range hole tunneling through several buckminsterfullerene molecules, over distances of up to ≈4 nm. Hence, these results question the relevance of “pristine” phases and whether a continuous interpenetrating donor–acceptor network is the ideal morphology for charge transport.
Hydroxamsäuren als chemoselektive (ortho‐Amino)arylierungsreagenzien durch sigmatrope Umlagerung
Authors: Shaaban Saad , Tona Veronica , Peng Bo , Maulide Nuno 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDie Verwendung leicht zugänglicher Hydroxamsäuren als Reagenzien für die chemoselektive (ortho‐Amino)arylierung von Amiden wird vorgestellt. Die Reaktion verläuft unter milden Bedingungen und zeigt eine breite Substratpalette. Somit kann diese Transformation als direkter und Metallkatalysator‐freier Zugang zur Einführung von Anilin‐Motiven in Carbonylverbindungen gesehen werden.
Cascades in Compartments: En Route to Machine‐Assisted Biotechnology
Authors: Rabe Kersten S. , Müller Joachim , Skoupi Marc , Niemeyer Christof M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBiological compartmentalization is a fundamental principle of life that allows cells to metabolize, propagate, or communicate with their environment. Much research is devoted to understanding this basic principle and to harness biomimetic compartments and catalytic cascades as tools for technological processes. This Review summarizes the current state‐of‐the‐art of these developments, with a special emphasis on length scales, mass transport phenomena, and molecular scaffolding approaches, ranging from small cross‐linkers over proteins and nucleic acids to colloids and patterned surfaces. We conclude that the future exploration and exploitation of these complex systems will largely benefit from technical solutions for the integrated, machine‐assisted development and maintenance of a next generation of biotechnological processes. These goals should be achievable by implementing microfluidics, robotics, and added manufacturing techniques supplemented by theoretical simulations as well as computer‐aided process modeling based on big data obtained from multiscale experimental analyses.
Crystalline Neutral Allenic Diborene
Authors: Lu Wei , Li Yongxin , Ganguly Rakesh , Kinjo Rei 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA zwitterionic boraalkenyl boronium 3 was synthesized by reduction of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (cAAC) and trimethylphosphine (PMe3)‐coordinated tetrabromodiborane 2 with KC8 in the presence of PMe3. Further reduction of 3 led to the formation of neutral allenic diborene 4. X‐ray diffraction and computational studies revealed that 4 features the cumulated C=B and B=B double bonds. The reaction of 4 with four isonitrile molecules afforded a heterocycle 5 with the B2C3 five‐membered ring, via a complete scission of the B=B bond of 4.
Tuning the Selectivity of Catalytic Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation over Iridium/Cerium Oxide Catalysts with a Strong Metal–Support Interaction
Authors: Li Siwei , Xu Yao , Chen Yifu , Li Weizhen , Lin Lili , Li Mengzhu , Deng Yuchen , Wang Xiaoping , Ge Binghui , Yang Ce , Yao Siyu , Xie Jinglin , Li Yongwang , Liu Xi , Ma Ding 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA one‐step ligand‐free method based on an adsorption–precipitation process was developed to fabricate iridium/cerium oxide (Ir/CeO2) nanocatalysts. Ir species demonstrated a strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) with the CeO2 substrate. The chemical state of Ir could be finely tuned by altering the loading of the metal. In the carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation reaction it was shown that the chemical state of Ir species—induced by a SMSI—has a major impact on the reaction selectivity. Direct evidence is provided indicating that a single‐site catalyst is not a prerequisite for inhibition of methanation and sole production of carbon monoxide (CO) in CO2 hydrogenation. Instead, modulation of the chemical state of metal species by a strong metal–support interaction is more important for regulation of the observed selectivity (metallic Ir particles select for methane while partially oxidized Ir species select for CO production). The study provides insight into heterogeneous catalysts at nano, sub‐nano, and atomic scales.
Production of bulk chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass via thermochemical conversion and syngas fermentation: a comparative techno‐economic and environmental assessment of different site‐specific supply chain configurations
Authors: Benalcázar Eduardo Almeida , Deynoot Baudine Gevers , Noorman Henk , Osseweijer Patricia , Posada John A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study presents the design and assessment of site‐specific supply chains and related manufacturing processes for the production of bio‐based chemicals from the syngas platform and via gasification of lignocellulosic biomass followed by syngas fermentation. The supply chains include feedstocks production and collection, biomass gasification, syngas fermentation, and downstream processing. For each of these stages, different alternatives were considered: four feedstocks (pine, corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, and eucalyptus), three products (ethanol, 2,3‐butanediol and hexanoic acid), and three geographical locations (the Netherlands, the USA, and Brazil). Conceptual development and analysis of the supply chains were done through the combination of different design and assessment tools, namely biomass supply chains design, fermentation process design (based on thermodynamics and transport), process simulation, and economic and environmental assessments. The minimum selling price (MSP) and two environmental impact categories, i.e., global warming potential (GWP) and non‐renewable energy use (NREU), were used as performance indicators. These were compared to data reported in scientific literature and commercial sources for similar processes and ­products. The best overall performance was obtained for the production of 2,3‐butanediol from pine sourced in the USA. In the cases of ethanol and hexanoic acid, the syngas fermentation stage had significant contributions to MSP, GWP, and NREU, due mainly to its high energy requirements. Regarding the geographical location, the best economic performance was obtained for the USA followed by the Netherlands and Brazil respectively. Furthermore, operation in Brazil led to the lowest environmental impacts, followed by the Netherlands and the USA. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Metabolic modeling to identify engineering targets for Komagataella phaffii: The effect of biomass composition on gene target identification
Authors: Cankorur‐Cetinkaya Ayca , Dikicioglu Duygu , Oliver Stephen G. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGenome‐scale metabolic models are valuable tools for the design of novel strains of industrial microorganisms, such as Komagataella phaffii (syn. Pichia pastoris). However, as is the case for many industrial microbes, there is no executable metabolic model for K. phaffiii that confirms to current standards by providing the metabolite and reactions IDs, to facilitate model extension and reuse, and gene‐reaction associations to enable identification of targets for genetic manipulation. In order to remedy this deficiency, we decided to reconstruct the genome‐scale metabolic model of K. phaffii by reconciling the extant models and performing extensive manual curation in order to construct an executable model (Kp.1.0) that conforms to current standards. We then used this model to study the effect of biomass composition on the predictive success of the model. Twelve different biomass compositions obtained from published empirical data obtained under a range of growth conditions were employed in this investigation. We found that the success of Kp1.0 in predicting both gene essentiality and growth characteristics was relatively unaffected by biomass composition. However, we found that biomass composition had a profound effect on the distribution of the fluxes involved in lipid, DNA, and steroid biosynthetic processes, cellular alcohol metabolic process, and oxidation‐reduction process. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of biomass composition on the identification of suitable target genes for strain development. The analyses revealed that around 40% of the predictions of the effect of gene overexpression or deletion changed depending on the representation of biomass composition in the model. Considering the robustness of the in silico flux distributions to the changing biomass representations enables better interpretation of experimental results, reduces the risk of wrong target identification, and so both speeds and improves the process of directed strain development.
Mechanistic insights into the liquefaction stage of enzyme‐mediated biomass deconstruction
Authors: van der Zwan Timo , Hu Jinguang , Saddler Jack N. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEffective enzyme‐mediated viscosity reduction, disaggregation, or “liquefaction,” is required to overcome the rheological challenges resulting from the fibrous, hygroscopic nature of lignocellulosic biomass, particularly at the high solids loadings that will be required for an economically viable process. However, the actual mechanisms involved in enzyme‐mediated liquefaction, as determined by viscosity or yield stress reduction, have yet to be fully resolved. Particle fragmentation, interparticle interaction, material dilution, and water‐retention capacity were compared for their ability to quantify enzyme‐mediated liquefaction of model and more realistic pretreated biomass substrates. It was apparent that material dilution and particle fragmentation occurred simultaneously and that both mechanisms contributed to viscosity/yield stress reduction. However, their relative importance was dependent on the nature of the biomass substrate. Interparticle interaction and enzyme‐mediated changes to these interactions was shown to have a significant effect on slurry rheology. Liquefaction was shown to result from the combined action of material dilution, particle fragmentation, and alteration of interactions at particle surfaces. However, the observed changes in water retention capacity did not correlate with yield stress reduction. The relative importance of each mechanism was significantly influenced by the nature of the biomass substrate and its physicochemical properties. An ongoing challenge is that mechanisms, such as refining, which enhance enzyme accessibility to the cellulosic component of the substrate, are detrimental to slurry rheology and will likely impede enzyme‐mediated liquefaction when high substrate concentrations are used.
Diruthenium Diacetate Catalysed Aerobic Oxidation of Hydroxylamines and Improved Chemoselectivity by Immobilisation to Lysozyme
Authors: Lupi Flavia , Marzo Tiziano , D'Adamio Giampiero , Cretella Sara , Cardona Francesca , Messori Luigi , Goti Andrea 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA new green method for the preparation of nitrones through the aerobic oxidation of the corresponding N,N‐disubstituted hydroxylamines has been developed upon exploring the catalytic activity of a diruthenium catalyst, that is, [Ru2(OAc)4Cl]), in aqueous or alcoholic solution under mild reaction conditions (0.1 to 1 mol % catalyst, air, 50 °C) and reasonable reaction times. Notably, the catalytic activity of the dimetallic centre is retained after its binding to the small protein lysozyme. Interestingly, this new artificial metalloenzyme conferred complete chemoselectivity to the oxidation of cyclic hydroxylamines, in contrast to the diruthenium catalyst.
Dissociative Ionization and Thermal Decomposition of Cyclopentanone
Authors: Pastoors Johan I. M. , Bodi Andras , Hemberger Patrick , Bouwman Jordy 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDespite the growing use of renewable and sustainable biofuels in transportation, their combustion chemistry is poorly understood, limiting our efforts to reduce harmful emissions. Here we report on the (dissociative) ionization and the thermal decomposition mechanism of cyclopentanone, studied using imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. The fragmentation of the ions is dominated by loss of CO, C2H4, and C2H5, leading to daughter ions at m/z 56 and 55. Exploring the C5H8O.+ potential energy surface reveals hydrogen tunneling to play an important role in low‐energy decarbonylation and probably also in the ethene‐loss processes, yielding 1‐butene and methylketene cations, respectively. At higher energies, pathways without a reverse barrier open up to oxopropenyl and cyclopropanone cations by ethyl‐radical loss and a second ethene‐loss channel, respectively. A statistical Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus model is employed to test the viability of this mechanism. The pyrolysis of cyclopentanone is studied at temperatures ranging from about 800 to 1100 K. Closed‐shell pyrolysis products, namely 1,3‐butadiene, ketene, propyne, allene, and ethene, are identified based on their photoion mass‐selected threshold photoelectron spectrum. Furthermore, reactive radical species such as allyl, propargyl, and methyl are found. A reaction mechanism is derived incorporating both stable and reactive species, which were not predicted in prior computational studies.
Decreased pulmonary arterial proportional pulse pressure is associated with increased mortality in group 1 pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Mwansa Hunter , Bilchick Kenneth C. , Parker Alex M. , Harding William , Ruth Benjamin , Kennedy Jamie L. W. , Mysore Manu , Kwon Younghoon , Mihalek Andrew , Mazimba Sula 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundThis study evaluated the utility of a novel index, pulmonary arterial (PA) proportional pulse pressure (PAPP; range 0–1, defined as [PA systolic pressure – PA diastolic pressure] / PA systolic pressure), in predicting mortality in patients with World Health Organization group 1 pulmonary hypertension (PH).HypothesisLow PAPP is associated with increased 5‐year mortality independent of a validated contemporary risk‐prediction equation (Pulmonary Hypertension Connection [PHC] equation).MethodsIn a group of 262 patients in the National Institutes of Health Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (NIH‐PPH) Registry, PAPP and the PHC risk equation were used to predict mortality during 5 years of follow‐up using Cox proportional hazards models. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to compare mortality among PAPP quartiles, and significance was tested using the log‐rank test.ResultsPatients in the lowest quartile (PAPP ≤0.47) had a significantly higher 5‐year mortality than did patients in higher quartiles (log‐rank P = 0.016). In a Cox model adjusted for the PHC equation, PAPP remained significantly associated with 5‐year mortality (hazard ratio: 0.74 per 0.10 increase in PAPP, 95% confidence interval: 0.61‐0.90). The χ2 statistic for the single PAPP covariate in this model was 8.8 (P = 0.003), which compared favorably with the χ2 statistic of 15.2 (P < 0.0001) for the multivariable PHC equation.ConclusionsPAPP, an index of ventricular‐arterial coupling, is independently associated with survival in World Health Organization group 1 PH. The use of this easily measurable index for guiding risk stratification needs further investigation.
Cancer risk among Holocaust survivors in Israel—A nationwide study
Authors: Sadetzki Siegal , Chetrit Angela , Freedman Laurence S. , Hakak Nina , Barchana Micha , Catane Raphael , Shani Mordechai 
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUNDHolocaust survivors during World War II were exposed to various factors that are associated with cancer risk. The objective of this study was to determine whether Holocaust survivors had an increased risk for developing cancer.METHODSThe study population included 152,622 survivors. The main analysis was based on a comparison between individuals who were entitled to compensation for suffering persecution during the war and individuals who were denied such compensation. A complementary analysis compared survivors who were born in countries governed by Nazi Germany with survivors born in nonoccupied countries. A Cox proportional hazards model was used, with the time at risk of cancer development starting on either January 1, 1960, or the date of immigration to the date of cancer diagnosis or death or the date of last follow‐up (December 31, 2006).RESULTSCancer was diagnosed in 22.2% of those who were granted compensation versus 16% of those who were denied compensation (P < .0001). Adjusting for birth cohort, sex, country of origin, and period of immigration, both analyses revealed significant increased risks of developing cancer in those who were exposed. For those who were granted versus denied compensation, the hazard ratios were 1.06 (P < .001) for all sites, 1.12 (P = .07) for colorectal cancer, and 1.37 (P = .008) for lung cancer. For those born in occupied countries versus nonoccupied countries, the hazard ratios were 1.08 (P < .001), 1.08 (P = .003), and 1.12 (P = .02), respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe current results, based on a large cohort of Holocaust survivors who were exposed to a variety of severe deprivations, add to the conflicting and sparse knowledge on this issue and support the notion that this group has a small but consistent increase in cancer development. Cancer 2017;123:3335‐45. © 2017 American Cancer Society.