bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pasta quality as impacted by the type of flour and starch and the level of egg addition
Authors: Saleh Mohammed , Al‐Ismail Khalid , Ajo Radwan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of substituting wheat flour with fractions of different starch types and egg levels on pasta quality. First order mixture response surface model was used where the effects of various starch types and egg levels on pasta quality were evaluated. Coefficients of estimation were determined and fractional contribution of wheat, starch type and egg levels were evaluated. Egg levels negatively (p < .05) impacted treatments pasting viscosities, except in potato starch and rice flour. Stabilized rice bran peak viscosity increased from 215.0 to 3420.0 cP with decrease in egg level from 33 to 0%. Flow behavior index of treatments solution with various fractions of starch types and egg level ranged from 0.34 to 1.42 and was significantly (p < .05) lower than control (i.e., 2.15) indicating a better fit as a shear thinning model. Water holding capacity values of acorn starch and lupine flour were the greatest among treatment ranging from 86.8% to 176.0% and from 83.3% to 152.0%, respectively. Results also showed a possible modification of cooked pasta quality including firmness, stickiness, cooking loss, and water uptake, keeping with consumer acceptability through varying starch type and egg level.Practical applicationsResults show that flour and starch type and egg level interaction play significant role in pasta blends formulation. Moreover, substitution of wheat flour with acorn, native or modified corn and potato starches fractions, as well as with lupine, rice, tapioca, and stabilized rice bran flours would have significant effects on the physical properties and acceptability of various cereal products. For instance, the use of rice bran in potentially developed products would enhance the consumption of whole grain foods, resulting in improved intake of fiber and other healthy components.
Comparison of Survival Times for Dogs with Pituitary‐Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism in a Primary‐Care Hospital: Treated with Trilostane versus Untreated
Authors: Nagata N. , Kojima K. , Yuki M. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundAlthough pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) is one of the most common endocrinopathies in dogs, the effects of withholding treatment on survival time in dogs withPDHremain unclear.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of treatment in dogs withPDHby comparing survival times between dogs treated with trilostane and untreated dogs.AnimalsForty‐three dogs diagnosed withPDHat a primary‐care hospital in Japan between June 2009 and January 2014.MethodsRetrospective cohort study. The medical records of dogs withPDHtreated with trilostane (n = 17) or left untreated (n = 26) were reviewed retrospectively. Survival analysis at 2 years after diagnosis ofPDHwas performed.ResultsMedian survival time for the trilostane group was not reached (95% confidence interval [CI], 443 days–not applicable) and was significantly longer than the 506 days (95%CI, 292–564 days;P= .016) for the untreated group. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis (including age at diagnosis, basal cortisol concentration at diagnosis, and treatment group) only identified assignment to the untreated group (hazard ratio, 5.01; 95%CI, 1.63–15.44) as associated with increased mortality.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe results of this retrospective cohort study suggest that withholding treatment for dogs withPDHmight be associated with a higher risk of death. This represents the largest study to date to report survival times of untreated dogs withPDH.
Vaccination mitigates the impact of PRRSv infection on the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur crystalline‐free acid in pigs
Authors: Sparks J. W. , Karriker L. A. , Day D. N. , Wulf L. W. , Zhang J. , Stock M. L. , Bates J. L. , Gehring R. , Coetzee J. F. 
Published: November 2016

The pharmacokinetics of intramuscularly administered ceftiofur crystalline‐free acid (CCFA) were determined in pigs that were clinically healthy (n = 8), vaccinated with a Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome modified live virus (PRRS MLV) (n = 10), challenged with wild‐type porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) VR‐2385 (n = 10), or vaccinated with PRRS MLV and later challenged with wild‐type PRRSv VR‐2385 (n = 10). Animals were given a single dose of CCFA intramuscularly at 5 mg/kg body weight. Blood was collected at 0 (pretreatment), 0.25, 0.5, 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, 192, and 240 h postinjection. Plasma was analyzed using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Plasma concentration–time curves for each group were evaluated with noncompartmental modeling. When compared to control animals, those receiving the PRRSv wild‐type challenge only had a lower AUC0‐last, higher Cl/F, and higher Vz/F. The PRRSv wild‐type challenge only group had the longest T1/2λ. The Cmax did not differ among all four treatments. Control animals had no statistically significant differences from animals vaccinated with PRRS MLV alone or animals vaccinated with PRRS MLV and later challenged with wild‐type PRRSv. Our results suggest that PRRSv wild‐type infection has the potential to alter CCFA pharmacokinetics and PRRS MLV vaccination may attenuate those changes.
The coffee leaf rust pathogen Hemileia vastatrix: one and a half centuries around the tropics
Authors: Talhinhas Pedro , Batista Dora , Diniz Inês , Vieira Ana , Silva Diogo N. , Loureiro Andreia , Tavares Sílvia , Pereira Ana Paula , Azinheira Helena G. , Guerra‐Guimarães Leonor , Várzea Vítor , Silva Maria do Céu 
Published: November 2016

SummaryTaxonomy and HistoryHemileia vastatrix Berk. and Broome (Basidiomycota, Pucciniales) was described in 1869 in eastern Africa and Ceylon as the agent of coffee leaf rust and has spread to all coffee cultivation areas worldwide. Major disease outbreaks in Asia, Africa and America caused and continue to cause severe yield losses, making this the most important disease of Arabica coffee, a cash crop for many tropical and sub‐tropical countries.Life cycle and Disease symptomsHemileia vastatrix is a hemicyclic fungus with the urediniosporic life cycle as its most important (if not only) source of inoculum. Chlorotic spots are the first macroscopic symptoms, preceding the differentiation of suprastomatal, bouquet‐shaped, orange‐coloured uredinia. The disease can cause yield losses of up to 35% and have a polyetic epidemiological impact on subsequent years.Disease controlAlthough the use of fungicides is one of the preferred immediate control measures, the use of resistant cultivars is considered to be the most effective and durable disease control strategy. The discovery of ‘Híbrido de Timor’ provided sources of resistance that have been used in several breeding programmes and that have been proven to be effective and durable, as some have been in use for more than 30 years.Genetic diversity and Molecular pathogenicityAlthough exhibiting limited genetic polymorphism, the very large genome of H. vastatrix (c. 797 Mbp) conceals great pathological diversity, with more than 50 physiological races. Gene expression studies have revealed a very precocious activation of signalling pathways and production of putative effectors, suggesting that the plant–fungus dialogue starts as early as at the germ tube stage, and have provided clues for the identification of avr genes.
Development of rubber‐enriched dandelion varieties by metabolic engineering of the inulin pathway
Authors: Stolze Anna , Wanke Alan , van Deenen Nicole , Geyer Roland , Prüfer Dirk , Schulze Gronover Christian 
Published: November 2016

SummaryNatural rubber (NR) is an important raw material for a large number of industrial products. The primary source of NR is the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, but increased worldwide demand means that alternative sustainable sources are urgently required. The Russian dandelion (Taraxacum koksaghyz Rodin) is such an alternative because large amounts of NR are produced in its root system. However, rubber biosynthesis must be improved to develop T. koksaghyz into a commercially feasible crop. In addition to NR, T. koksaghyz also produces large amounts of the reserve carbohydrate inulin, which is stored in parenchymal root cell vacuoles near the phloem, adjacent to apoplastically separated laticifers. In contrast to NR, which accumulates throughout the year even during dormancy, inulin is synthesized during the summer and is degraded from the autumn onwards when root tissues undergo a sink‐to‐source transition. We carried out a comprehensive analysis of inulin and NR metabolism in T. koksaghyz and its close relative T. brevicorniculatum and functionally characterized the key enzyme fructan 1‐exohydrolase (1‐FEH), which catalyses the degradation of inulin to fructose and sucrose. The constitutive overexpression of Tk1‐FEH almost doubled the rubber content in the roots of two dandelion species without any trade‐offs in terms of plant fitness. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that energy supplied by the reserve carbohydrate inulin can be used to promote the synthesis of NR in dandelions, providing a basis for the breeding of rubber‐enriched varieties for industrial rubber production.
Barriers to live donor kidney transplants in the pediatric population: A single‐center experience
Authors: Taormina Shibany P. , Galloway Matthew P. , Jain Amrish 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA decrease in live donor pediatric kidney transplants has occurred in the United States. This study investigates barriers that may influence access to live donor kidney transplants in children. Retrospective chart review was conducted for 91 children (69% male, mean age 11.9 years) who underwent pretransplant workup from 2005 to 2015 at an urban pediatric hospital. Fifty‐four percent were African American, 32% Caucasian, 8% Arabic, 3% Hispanic, and 3% Others. Government‐sponsored insurance (Medicaid/Medicare) was utilized by 73%, and 54% had dual caregivers. Only nine of 68 kidney transplants were live donor transplants. Live donor transplants (11%) were significantly (P=.008) lower than deceased donor transplants (59%) in African Americans. Private insurance was reported by 56% of live donor recipients and 25% of deceased donor recipients. Among live donor recipients, 78% were from dual caregiver families. Caregiver, health‐related, financial, and religious/cultural barriers to live donor transplants were reported, several of which may be amenable to positive intervention.
Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for a case with X‐linked chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: Zhou Ling , Dong Lu‐Jia , Gao Zhi‐Yong , Yu Xin‐Jian , Lu Dao‐Pei 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCGD is a rare primary immunodeficiency with high mortality rates when treated conventionally, especially for the X‐chromosome‐linked form. HSCT is the only curative therapy for CGD; however, haploidentical transplantation in CGD is rare. Here, we report a case of X‐linked CGD treated successfully by haploidentical HSCT. The patient showed a positive result with full donor chimerism, good quality of life, and the absence of recurrent infectious diseases at follow‐up (68 months). Thus, haploidentical HSCT may serve as an acceptable treatment approach for patients who have CGD, but no HLA‐matched related or unrelated donor.
A retrospective clinical study of endoscopic‐assisted transcervical insemination in the bitch with frozen–thawed dog semen
Authors: Mason SJ 
Published: November 2016

ContentsSince the conclusion of data collation from previously published work, a further 352 inseminations using frozen–thawed dog semen by endoscopic‐assisted transcervical insemination (EIU) have been performed by the author. Insemination was performed on the second day in which crenulation of the anterior vagina was detected in conjunction with a progesterone concentration of >10 ng/ml. All semen samples were analysed for total number of sperm, total motility and progressive motility using computer‐assisted semen analysis (CASA). The insemination dose was based on the progressively motile normal spermatozoa (PMNS). Insemination was performed on all bitches as previously described using a ureterorenoscope. Additional extender was inseminated subsequent to the semen to expand and fill the uterus. The semen and additional extender were inseminated slowly over a period of 15–20 min. Pregnancy was determined by B‐mode ultrasound equipped with a 7.5‐MHz probe whilst standing and/or via the whelping rate. The number of sperm inseminated ranged from 9 × 106 PMNS to 519 × 106 PMNS, with progressive motility values ranging between 20% and 80%. The overall pregnancy rate was 68% (238/352). When stratified by PMNS, pregnancy rates were as follows: >150 × 106 PMNS ‐ 76% (110/145), 100–150 × 106 ‐ 68% (87/128) and <100 × 106 PMNS ‐ 52% (41/79). Pregnancy rate was significantly higher when >150 × 106 PMNS (p = .003) or 100–150 ×106 PMNS (p = .027) were inseminated compared to <100 × 106 PMNS. These data are concordant with previous reports recommending the insemination of >150 × 106 PMNS to maximize pregnancy rate. These results indicate that one optimally timed EIU insemination results in similar pregnancy rates to previous publications of one optimally timed, or two or more non‐optimally timed inseminations using the Norwegian catheter.
Immunological Tolerance. Part I of a Report of a Workshop on Foundational Concepts of Immune Regulation
Authors: Anderson C. C. , Bretscher P. , Corthay A. , Dembic Z. , Havele C. , Nagy Z. A. , Øynebråten I. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis report, the first of two, arose from a one‐week workshop directed at discussing concepts of immune regulation, and focuses on immunological tolerance. We first outline the major ideas we thought sufficiently plausible to provide a context for discussing more controversial issues around tolerance. We then report on our discussion of different experiments that appear paradoxical in terms of the different, contemporary models of CD4 T cell inactivation/activation, and how such observations might be resolved in terms of insights provided by these contemporary models. These discussions bear on the plausibility of the Pathogen‐Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP), Danger and Two Step, Two Signal Models for the activation of naïve CD4 T cells. Some of the observations considered appear paradoxical in terms of the PAMP and Danger Models, but not with the Two Step, Two Signal Model. For example, genetically immunodeficient mice have been given foreign, sterile ectopic grafts, and the immune system allowed to develop once these grafts were well‐healed in, and so in the absence of PAMPs or danger. The grafts were rejected, unexpected on the PAMP or Danger Models. We also discussed considerations and observations bearing on the widely held idea that antigen must crosslink the membrane Ig receptors of a B cell to initiate the generation of signal 1, or the alternative possibility that monovalent binding by antigen can do so. We favored the latter possibility, and discussed a particular model, “the Elbow Model,” for how this might be achieved.
Esophageal tuberculosis with coexisting opportunistic infections in a renal allograft transplant recipient
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Minz Mukut , Sinha Saroj K. , Vaiphei Kim , Sharma Ashish , Singh Sarbpreet , Kenwar Deepesh B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe report a renal allograft transplant recipient with esophageal tuberculosis (TB) coinfected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Candida. The patient presented with oropharyngeal candidiasis and was started on fluconazole. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed whitish patches with mucosal ulcers in the esophagus. Histopathological examination confirmed TB and HSV infection. The patient recovered after antiviral, antifungal, and anti‐tubercular therapy with reduction in immunosuppression. In a TB‐endemic zone, TB can coexist with opportunistic infections in an immunocompromised host.
Factors that hinder or enable maternal health strategies to reduce delays in rural and pastoralist areas in Ethiopia
Authors: Jackson Ruth , Tesfay Fisaha Haile , Gebrehiwot Tesfay Gebregzabher , Godefay Hagos 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo document factors that hinder or enable strategies to reduce the first and second delays of the Three Delays in rural and pastoralist areas in Ethiopia.MethodsA key informant study was conducted with 44 Health Extension Workers in Afar Region, Kafa Zone (Southern Nation, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region), and Adwa Woreda (Tigray Region). Health Extension Workers were trained to interview women and ask for stories about their recent experiences of birth. We interviewed the Health Extension Workers about their experiences referring women for Skilled Birth Attendance and Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThemes related to reducing the first delay, such as the tradition of home birth, decision‐making, distance and unavailability of transport, did not differ between the three locations. Themes related to reducing the second delay differed substantially. Health Extension Workers in Adwa Woreda were more likely to call ambulances due to support from the Health Development Army and a functioning referral system. In Kafa Zone, some Health Extension Workers were discouraged from calling ambulances as they were used for other purposes. In Afar Region, few Health Extension Workers were called to assist women as most women give birth at home with Traditional Birth Attendants unless they need to travel to health facilities for Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care.ConclusionsInitiatives to reduce delays can improve access to maternal health services, especially when Health Extension Workers are supported by the Health Development Army and a functioning referral system, but district (woreda) health offices should ensure that ambulances are used as intended.
Assessing healthcare quality using routine data: evaluating the performance of the national tuberculosis programme in South Africa
Authors: McLaren Zoë M. , Sharp Alana R. , Zhou Jifang , Wasserman Sean , Nanoo Ananta 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the performance of healthcare facilities by means of indicators based on guidelines for clinical care of TB, which is likely a good measure of overall facility quality.MethodsWe assessed quality of care in all public health facilities in South Africa using graphical, correlation and locally weighted kernel regression analysis of routine TB test data.ResultsFacility performance falls short of national standards of care. Only 74% of patients with TB provided a second specimen for testing, 18% received follow‐up testing and 14% received drug resistance testing. Only resistance testing rates improved over time, tripling between 2004 and 2011. National awareness campaigns and changes in clinical guidelines had only a transient impact on testing rates. The poorest performing facilities remained at the bottom of the rankings over the period of study.ConclusionThe optimal policy strategy requires both broad‐based policies and targeted resources to poor performers. This approach to assessing facility quality of care can be adapted to other contexts and also provides a low‐cost method for evaluating the effectiveness of proposed interventions. Devising targeted policies based on routine data is a cost‐effective way to improve the quality of public health care provided.
Small acidic protein 1 and SCFTIR1 ubiquitin proteasome pathway act in concert to induce 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid‐mediated alteration of actin in Arabidopsis roots
Authors: Takahashi Maho , Umetsu Kana , Oono Yutaka , Higaki Takumi , Blancaflor Elison B. , Rahman Abidur 
Published: November 2016

Summary2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D), a functional analogue of auxin, is used as an exogenous source of auxin as it evokes physiological responses like the endogenous auxin, indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA). Previous molecular analyses of the auxin response pathway revealed that IAA and 2,4‐D share a common mode of action to elicit downstream physiological responses. However, recent findings with 2,4‐D‐specific mutants suggested that 2,4‐D and IAA might also use distinct pathways to modulate root growth in Arabidopsis. Using genetic and cellular approaches, we demonstrate that the distinct effects of 2,4‐D and IAA on actin filament organization partly dictate the differential responses of roots to these two auxin analogues. 2,4‐D but not IAA altered the actin structure in long‐term and short‐term assays. Analysis of the 2,4‐D‐specific mutant aar1‐1 revealed that small acidic protein 1 (SMAP1) functions positively to facilitate the 2,4‐D‐induced depolymerization of actin. The ubiquitin proteasome mutants tir1‐1 and axr1‐12, which show enhanced resistance to 2,4‐D compared with IAA for inhibition of root growth, were also found to have less disrupted actin filament networks after 2,4‐D exposure. Consistently, a chemical inhibitor of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway mitigated the disrupting effects of 2,4‐D on the organization of actin filaments. Roots of the double mutant aar1‐1 tir1‐1 also showed enhanced resistance to 2,4‐D‐induced inhibition of root growth and actin degradation compared with their respective parental lines. Collectively, these results suggest that the effects of 2,4‐D on actin filament organization and root growth are mediated through synergistic interactions between SMAP1 and SCFTIR1 ubiquitin proteasome components.