bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of carbon‐hydrogen complexes in n‐ and p‐type silicon
Authors: Stübner Ronald , Kolkovsky Vladimir , Scheffler Leopold , Weber Joerg 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe origin of several deep traps E42, E90, E262, and H180 in hydrogenated n ‐type and p ‐type FZ and CZ Si is investigated. Comparing the depth profiles of these defects in samples with different C, O, H, and shallow donor (acceptor) concentrations we conclude that they belong to carbon‐hydrogen‐related defects consisting of one C and one H atom. The similar annealing behavior and identical depth profiles of E42 and E262 correlate them with two different charge states of the same defect. From a comparison with earlier calculations we attribute E42 to the double acceptor and E262 to the single acceptor state of the CH1AB complex. In good agreement with the results of previous studies E90 is assigned to the acceptor state of the CH1BC complex. Our preliminary Laplace DLTS studies on SiGe with a Ge content <5% show different local Ge environments for E90 and H180 in the nearest and second‐nearest neighborhood. We interpret this as an indication for a different origin of these defects. After annealing the samples under reverse bias at 320 K another CH‐related defect (CHB) can be detected by Laplace DLTS in n ‐type Si. Previously, this defect was often wrongly assigned to the single donor state of CH1BC. The field dependence of the emission rate of CHB identifies the level as a single donor state. However, the depth distribution of CHB differs clearly from that of E90. Our results on the carbon‐hydrogen complex give a conclusive explanation of previously reported controversial experimental data. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Accuracy of handsv. household measures as portion size estimation aids
Authors: Gibson Alice A. , Hsu Michelle S. H. , Rangan Anna M. , Seimon Radhika V. , Lee Crystal M. Y. , Das Arpita , Finch Charles H. , Sainsbury Amanda 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAccurate estimation of food portion size is critical in dietary studies. Hands are potentially useful as portion size estimation aids; however, their accuracy has not been tested. The aim of the present study was to test the accuracy of a novel portion size estimation method using the width of the fingers as a ‘ruler’ to measure the dimensions of foods (‘finger width method’), as well as fists and thumb or finger tips. These hand measures were also compared with household measures (cups and spoons). A total of sixty-seven participants (70 % female; age 32·7 (sd13·7) years; BMI 23·2 (sd 3·5) kg/m2) attended a 1·5 h session in which they estimated the portion sizes of forty-two pre-weighed foods and liquids. Hand measurements were used in conjunction with geometric formulas to convert estimations to volumes. Volumes determined with hand and household methods were converted to estimated weights using density factors. Estimated weights were compared with true weights, and the percentage difference from the true weight was used to compare accuracy between the hand and household methods. Of geometrically shaped foods and liquids estimated with the finger width method, 80 % were within ±25 % of the true weight of the food, and 13 % were within ±10 %, in contrast to 29 % of those estimated with the household method being within ±25 % of the true weight of the food, and 8 % being within ±10 %. For foods that closely resemble a geometric shape, the finger width method provides a novel and acceptably accurate method of estimating portion size.
The agnostoid arthropod Lotagnostus Whitehouse, 1936 (late Cambrian; Furongian) from Avalonian Cape Breton Island (Nova Scotia, Canada) and its significance for international correlation
Authors: WESTROP STEPHEN R. , LANDING ED 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNew and archival collections from the Chelsey Drive Group of the Avalon terrane of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, yield late Cambrian trilobites and agnostoid arthropods with full convexity that contrast with compacted, often deformed material from shale and slate typical of Avalonian Britain. Four species of the agnostoid Lotagnostus form a stratigraphic succession in the upper Furongian (Ctenopyge tumida–Parabolina lobata zones). Two species, L. ponepunctus (Matthew, 1901) and L. germanus (Matthew, 1901) are previously named; L. salteri and L. matthewi are new. Lotagnostus trisectus (Salter, 1864), the type species of the genus, is restricted to compacted material from its type area in Malvern, England. Lotagnostus americanus (Billings, 1860) has been proposed as a globally appropriate index for the base of ‘Stage 10’ of the Cambrian. All four species from Avalonian Canada are differentiated clearly from L. americanus in its type area in Laurentian North America (i.e., from debris flow blocks in Taconian Quebec). In our view, putative occurrences of L. americanus from other Cambrian continents record very different species. Lotagnostus americanus cannot be recognized worldwide, and other taxa should be sought to define the base of Stage 10, such as the conodont Eoconodontus notchhpeakensis.
People and their smartphones – mapping mobile interaction in the modern connected world
Authors: Shen Siu-Tsen 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate how a balanced study group consisting of 152 participants interact with, operate, customize, and control their smartphone applications.

Design/methodology/approach
– This work uses a qualitative research methodology involving an online user study questionnaire, supported by e-mailed user screenshots and online conversations.

Findings
– In terms of smartphone age, 72 per cent of the participants’ smartphones were less than two years old. This high level of churn rate was anticipated and will please retailers and marketers alike. This study found that the majority of smartphone users regularly arrange their app icons and that their categorization principle was based primarily on application associated functionality and frequency of use. This group of users seemed less concerned about the risks of privacy and security, and even when they had lost or had their smartphone stolen, few (5.2 per cent) had suffered from fraud, in contrast to the general perception of risk.

Originality/value
– This is one of the few studies to have investigated the area of smartphone use from the users’ perspective, leading to important insights into application user behaviour and icon arrangement, and as well as alternative possible implications for launcher design.
In their own words: describing Canadian physician leadership
Authors: Snell Anita J. , Dickson Graham , Wirtzfeld Debrah , Van Aerde John 
Published: July 2016

PurposeThis is the first study to compile statistical data to describe the functions and responsibilities of physicians in formal and informal leadership roles in the Canadian health system. This mixed-methods research study offers baseline data relative to this purpose, and also describes physician leaders’ views on fundamental aspects of their leadership responsibility.Design/methodology/approachA survey with both quantitative and qualitative fields yielded 689 valid responses from physician leaders. Data from the survey were utilized in the development of a semi-structured interview guide; 15 physician leaders were interviewed.FindingsA profile of Canadian physician leadership has been compiled, including demographics; an outline of roles, responsibilities, time commitments and related compensation; and personal factors that support, engage and deter physicians when considering taking on leadership roles. The role of health-care organizations in encouraging and supporting physician leadership is explicated.Practical implicationsThe baseline data on Canadian physician leaders create the opportunity to determine potential steps for improving the state of physician leadership in Canada; and health-care organizations are provided with a wealth of information on how to encourage and support physician leaders. Using the data as a benchmark, comparisons can also be made with physician leadership as practiced in other nations.Originality/valueThere are no other research studies available that provide the depth and breadth of detail on Canadian physician leadership, and the embedded recommendations to health-care organizations are informed by this in-depth knowledge.
Collaborating internationally on physician leadership development: why now?
Authors: Chan Ming-Ka , de Camps Meschino Diane , Dath Deepak , Busari Jamiu , Bohnen Jordan David , Samson Lindy Michelle , Matlow Anne , Sánchez-Mendiola Melchor 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to highlight the importance of leadership development for all physicians within a competency-based medical education (CBME) framework. It describes the importance of timely international collaboration as a key strategy in promoting physician leadership development.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper explores published and Grey literature around physician leadership development and proposes that international collaboration will meet the expanding call for development of leadership competencies in postgraduate medical learners. Two grounding frameworks were used: complexity science supports adding physician leadership training to the current momentum of CBME adoption, and relational cultural theory supports the engagement of diverse stakeholders in multiple jurisdictions around the world to ensure inclusivity in leadership education development.

Findings
An international collaborative identified key insights regarding the need to frame physician leadership education within a competency-based model.

Practical implications
International collaboration can be a vehicle for developing a globally relevant, generalizable physician leadership curriculum. This model can be expanded to encourage innovation, scholarship and program evaluation.

Originality/value
A competency-based leadership development curriculum is being designed by an international collaborative. The curriculum is based on established leadership and education frameworks. The international collaboration model provides opportunities for ongoing sharing, networking and diversification.
Salivary cues: simulated roe deer browsing induces systemic changes in phytohormones and defence chemistry in wild‐grown maple and beech saplings
Authors: Ohse Bettina , Hammerbacher Almuth , Seele Carolin , Meldau Stefan , Reichelt Michael , Ortmann Sylvia , Wirth Christian 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Tree saplings in temperate forests world‐wide experience intense browsing from deer and other mammalian herbivores. However, when compared to insect herbivory, our knowledge about the cues that trigger mammalian‐induced defence responses in trees is limited.

We studied responses of field‐grown saplings of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) to simulated browsing by (i) clipping apical buds or leaves and (ii) additionally applying roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) saliva to the cut surface. We analysed induced changes in phytohormones and phenolics in the saplings’ remaining buds or leaves, respectively.

In both species, jasmonates were activated after clipping of buds and leaves. Importantly, additional saliva application activated salicylic acid in beech leaves and led to increases in cytokinins in beech buds. Saliva application also led to an increased biosynthesis of several hydrolysable tannins (mainly ellagitannins) and flavonols in maple leaves. Condensed tannins, the most abundant phenolics in beech buds and leaves, did not change after either clipping or saliva application. However, clipping with additional saliva application decreased levels of phenolic acids (cinnamic acid derivatives) in beech buds.

We conclude that the two tree species perceive and respond to unknown elicitors in the deer saliva, resulting in changes in phytohormone levels and defence‐associated secondary metabolites.

We suggest that variation in induced defence responses between tree species as well as between buds and leaves is related to differences in morphological traits, which interrelate with chemical traits and result in species‐specific strategies to respond to mammalian herbivory.
Neck or groin access for varicocele embolisation: Is it important?
Authors: Riede Philipp , McCarthy Eoghan , Cary Rachel , Boardman Phil , Tapping Charles R 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionVaricocele embolisation is an excellent treatment option for symptomatic scrotal varicosities. The purpose of this study was to assess the current practice of the endovascular treatment of left‐sided varicoceles at our institution, to compare the findings to international standards and to identify which access site reduces screening time and radiation dose.MethodsAll left‐sided varicocele embolisations over a 4‐year period were identified and analysed with regards to technical success, complications and recurrence rates. The results were analysed with regard to the encountered anatomy on a case‐to‐case basis to identify anatomical factors influencing the outcome of the procedure.ResultsDuring the study period 95 primary left‐sided varicocele embolisations were performed by two experienced consultants. Five cases had a normal initial venogram (Type 0) and further five had unsuitable anatomy for embolisation. Eighty‐three of the remaining 85 attempted embolisations were technically successful (98% technical success rate). The clinical success rate was determined by recurrence, which was documented in five cases (mean follow‐up 34.3 month, 6% recurrence rate). Recurrence was associated with more complex local anatomy (Type 3 and Type 4). The overall findings were consistent with international published standards for technical success rate (95–100%) and recurrence rates (1.6–10%). Complication rates were low with extravasation being reported in 4.7% (all self‐limiting) and temporary pain in 3.5% of the cases. There was no significant difference in radiation dose/screening time, success or complications when comparing a groin versus neck approach to the embolisation procedure (P > 0.05).ConclusionsVaricocele embolisation is successful with a low complications rate. Neck and groin access are equally successful with no significant difference in screening time.
Unstructured citizen science data fail to detect long‐term population declines of common birds in Denmark
Authors: Kamp Johannes , Oppel Steffen , Heldbjerg Henning , Nyegaard Timme , Donald Paul F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimLong‐term monitoring of biodiversity is necessary to identify population declines and to develop conservation management. Because long‐term monitoring is labour‐intensive, resources to implement robust monitoring programmes are lacking in many countries. The increasing availability of citizen science data in online public databases can potentially fill gaps in structured monitoring programmes, but only if trends estimated from unstructured citizen science data match those estimated from structured monitoring programmes. We therefore aimed to assess the correlation between trends estimated from structured and unstructured data.LocationDenmark.MethodsWe compared population trends for 103 bird species estimated over 28 years from a structured monitoring programme and from unstructured citizen science data to assess whether trends estimated from the two data sources were correlated.ResultsTrends estimated from the two data sources were generally positively correlated, but less than half the population declines identified from the structured monitoring data were recovered from the unstructured citizen science data. The mismatch persisted when we reduced the structured monitoring data from count data to occurrence data to mimic the information content of unstructured citizen science data and when we filtered the unstructured data to reduce the number of incomplete lists reported. Mismatching trends were especially prevalent for the most common species. Worryingly, more than half the species showing significant declines in the structured monitoring showed significant positive trends in the citizen science data.Main conclusionsWe caution that unstructured citizen science databases cannot replace structured monitoring data because the former are less sensitive to population changes. Thus, unstructured data may not fulfil one of the most critical functions of structured monitoring programmes, namely to act as an early warning system that detects population declines.
Climate change and habitat conversion favour the same species
Authors: Frishkoff Luke O. , Karp Daniel S. , Flanders Jon R. , Zook Jim , Hadly Elizabeth A. , Daily Gretchen C. , M'Gonigle Leithen K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLand‐use change and climate change are driving a global biodiversity crisis. Yet, how species' responses to climate change are correlated with their responses to land‐use change is poorly understood. Here, we assess the linkages between climate and land‐use change on birds in Neotropical forest and agriculture. Across > 300 species, we show that affiliation with drier climates is associated with an ability to persist in and colonise agriculture. Further, species shift their habitat use along a precipitation gradient: species prefer forest in drier regions, but use agriculture more in wetter zones. Finally, forest‐dependent species that avoid agriculture are most likely to experience decreases in habitable range size if current drying trends in the Neotropics continue as predicted. This linkage suggests a synergy between the primary drivers of biodiversity loss. Because they favour the same species, climate and land‐use change will likely homogenise biodiversity more severely than otherwise anticipated.
Extinct or still out there? Disentangling influences on extinction and rediscovery helps to clarify the fate of species on the edge
Authors: Lee Tamsin E. , Fisher Diana O. , Blomberg Simon P. , Wintle Brendan A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEach year, two or three species that had been considered to be extinct are rediscovered. Uncertainty about whether or not a species is extinct is common, because rare and highly threatened species are difficult to detect. Biological traits such as body size and range size are expected to be associated with extinction. However, these traits, together with the intensity of search effort, might influence the probability of detection and extinction differently. This makes statistical analysis of extinction and rediscovery challenging. Here, we use a variant of survival analysis known as cure rate modelling to differentiate factors that influence rediscovery from those that influence extinction. We analyse a global data set of 99 mammals that have been categorized as extinct or possibly extinct. We estimate the probability that each of these mammals is still extant and thus estimate the proportion of missing (presumed extinct) mammals that are incorrectly assigned extinction. We find that body mass and population density are predictors of extinction, and body mass and search effort predict rediscovery. In mammals, extinction rate increases with body mass and population density, and these traits act synergistically to greatly elevate extinction rate in large species that also occurred in formerly dense populations. However, when they remain extant, larger‐bodied missing species are rediscovered sooner than smaller species. Greater search effort increases the probability of rediscovery in larger species of missing mammals, but has a minimal effect on small species, which take longer to be rediscovered, if extant. By separating the effects of species characteristics on extinction and detection, and using models with the assumption that a proportion of missing species will never be rediscovered, our new approach provides estimates of extinction probability in species with few observation records and scant ecological information.
Effects of species diversity on fine root productivity in diverse ecosystems: a global meta‐analysis
Authors: Ma Zilong , Chen Han Y. H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimPositive relationships between plant species diversity and above‐ground productivity have been observed across a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems. Despite a critical contribution of below‐ground productivity to overall terrestrial productivity, no consensus exists about the nature of the relationship between species diversity and below‐ground productivity.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe collected data from published studies conducted in natural and planted forests and experimental grassland, crop and pot systems that were purposely implemented to isolate the effects of plant species diversity from other factors, such as soil conditions and topographic features. We conducted meta‐analyses of 170 observations for root biomass and 23 observations for root production, derived from 48 published studies, using weighted linear modelling with bootstrap procedures to reconcile the effects of diversity on fine root productivity.ResultsWe found that species mixtures had, on average 28.4% higher fine root biomass and 44.8% higher annual production than monocultures. Higher fine root biomass in species mixtures than in monocultures was consistent across natural forests, planted grasslands, croplands and pot systems, except for young planted forests. Transgressive overyielding was only evident for planted grasslands. The log response ratio of fine root biomass in species mixtures to that in respective monocultures increased with species richness across all ecosystem types, and also increased with experiment age in grasslands.Main conclusionsOur meta‐analysis reveals positive effects of species diversity on below‐ground productivity. Despite profound differences in environments among terrestrial ecosystems, our analysis demonstrated that below‐ground productivity responds similarly to variations in species richness. Furthermore, our study also reveals shifts in the effects of diversity over time in both forests and grasslands. Future efforts are needed to further understand below‐ground productivity–diversity relationships.
Long‐term effects of joint bleeding before starting prophylaxis in severe haemophilia
Authors: Nijdam A. , Foppen W. , van der Schouw Y. T. , Mauser‐Bunschoten E. P. , Schutgens R. E. G. , Fischer K. 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionEarly initiation of prophylaxis in severe haemophilia is critical for effective prevention of arthropathy. However, the optimum time for starting prophylaxis has not been established yet.AimThis study assessed long‐term effects of age at starting prophylaxis and joint bleeding before prophylaxis on haemophilic arthropathy.MethodsIn patients with severe haemophilia (FVIII/IX <0.01 IU mL−1), born between 1965 and 2000, haemophilic arthropathy was evaluated on X‐rays. Patient groups were compared by multivariable regression analysis, adjusted for bleeding phenotype and lifetime intensity of prophylaxis.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐four patients were evaluated at a median age of 22 years. When comparing patients according to age at starting prophylaxis, starting before age 6 years was significantly better than starting later (P < 0.01), but no additional benefit of starting before age 3 years was demonstrated. The number of joint bleeds before prophylaxis had a stronger association with arthropathy than age at starting prophylaxis. Starting prophylaxis before the onset of joint bleeding resulted in the best long‐term outcome (P ≤ 0.02); starting after one joint bleed appeared to have acceptable long‐term outcome. The difference between starting after 0–1 and 2–5 joint bleeds was notable, but statistical significance was not reached (P = 0.15).ConclusionFuture research with more patients on early prophylaxis will have to clarify whether starting prophylaxis before joint bleeding is superior.