bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiences of Lighter-Than-Air
Authors: Best F. A. 
Published: July 2016

My interest in Aviation first developed in 1914 when I was living in Frankfurt opposite the aerodrome learning German. I often witnessed the landings of the German Zeppelin airship, the “Viktoria Louise”, which used to return there from numerous commercial flights throughout Germany. Even in those days sightseers could journey up and down the Rhine in this stately airship, in which every comfort was provided, including a first class dining saloon.The day before war was declared I returned home and joined the Royal Naval Air Service and was eventually commissioned as Flight Sub-Lieutenant in October 1915. I was posted to the Airship Section which had recently been taken over from the Army by the Royal Navy to work in conjunction with destroyers in submarine spotting.
Propulsion for Space Flight
Authors: Hoffman S. K. 
Published: July 2016

For centuries, scientists and engineers dreamed of going to the moon or the planets, but the more they learned about the problems involved, the more improbable space flight appeared.While there were many difficult questions, the principal problem overshadowing all others was how to propel the vehicle free of the earth's gravitation.When serious attention finally was devoted to the magnitude of the thrust required and the means for obtaining it, space flight became a real possibility. This assurance of adequate propulsion marked the true beginning of the space age, and continues to be the prerequisite for the more ambitious space flights planned for the future.
The Design and Development of the Thiokol XLR99 Rocket Engine for the X-15 Aircraft
Authors: Davies Harold 
Published: July 2016

This paper describes the design and development of the Thiokol XLR99-RM-1 rocket engine for the North American X-15 research aircraft. The engine is a turbopump-driven unit of 58,000 lb. thrust at vacuum conditions utilising liquid oxygen as the oxidiser and anhydrous liquid ammonia as the fuel. The design is notable for a number of features incorporated into a rocket engine of this size, in that it is primarily an aircraft engine with all of the control and safety attributes pertaining to conventional manned flight.The general development of the engine is reviewed on a component basis with brief digressions into the historical and political background.
Survey Research in Disaster Public Health
Authors: Shoaf Kimberley I. , Peek-Asa Corrinne 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:While much has been learned during the past three decades of research in the disaster field, there still are some major gaps in knowledge. The need for more and better research on the health aspects of disasters is especially noted. Often, research into the health aspects has been anecdotal in nature and suffers from poor documentation of human losses. However, there are valid research methodologies that can be adapted to better document losses, evaluate interventions, and set priorities for investments to reduce the burden on the health of the population caused by disasters.Methods:A number of data sources are used to demonstrate the potential uses of surveys in disaster health. The majority of the examples reflect data collected by telephone interviews following earthquakes in California.Results:By using comparable instruments, it is possible to track the changes in preparedness levels across time. Similarly, it is possible to compare injury rates or other health impacts across time, place, and disaster type. In addition, risk factors can be identified for health outcomes. For example, in the Northridge earthquake, those over age 60 years were three times more likely to be hospitalized or die as a result of injuries than were those aged 20–59 years. Interventions can be evaluated. Slightlyless than half of the respondents of the El Niño study had heard messages about preparing for the on-coming weather and their preparedness levels were not significantly different from those who had not heard about preparing for the weather.Conclusion:Surveys are useful tools for identifying and evaluating the health impacts of disasters.
Principles of Disaster Management Lesson 7: Management Leadership Styles and Methods
Authors: Cuny Fred C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis lesson explores the use of different management leadership styles and methods that are applied to disaster management situations. Leadership and command are differentiated. Mechanisms that can be used to influence others developed include: 1) coercion; 2) reward; 3) position; 4) knowledge; and 5) admiration. Factors that affect leadership include: 1) individual characteristics; 2) competence; 3) experience; 4) self-confidence; 5) judgment; 6) decision-making; and 8) style. Experience and understanding the task are important factors for leadership. Four styles of leadership are developed: 1) directive; 2) supportive; 3) participative; and 4) achievement oriented. Application of each of these styles is discussed. The styles are discussed further as they relate to the various stages of a disaster. The effects of interpersonal relationships and the effects of the environment are stressed. Lastly, leadership does not just happen because a person is appointed as a manager – it must be earned.
Analysis of Medical Needs on Day 7 after the Tsunami Disaster in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Asari Yasushi , Koido Yuichi , Nakamura Ken , Yamamoto Yasuhiro , Ohta Muneo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Because of great intervening distances, international medical relief activities in catastrophic, sudden-onset disasters often do not begin until days 5–7 after the precipitating event. The medical needs of those affected and what public health problems exist in the community in the week after the tsunami disaster in Papua New Guinea(PNG) were investigated.Methods:The Japan Medical Team for Disaster Relief (JMTDR) conducted investigative hearings at the District Office responsible for the management of the disaster, the Care Center, and the Hospitals in Aitape, Vanimo, and Wewak in PNG.Results:The numbers of in-patients in the Aitate, Vanimo, and Wewak Hospitals, and in the Care Center in Aitape were 291, >300, 68, and 104, respectively. The exact number of people affected was unknown at the Aitape District Office. There ivas no lack of medical supplies and drugs in the hospital, but the Care Center in Aitape did not have sufficient quantities of antibiotics. No outbreak of communicable disease occurred, despite the presence of risk factors such as the dense concentration of affected people and the constant prevalence of malaria and diarrhea. The water at Wewak General Hospital contained chlorine and was suitable for drinking, but that elsewhere contained bacteria.Conclusions:On about the 7th day after the event, the available information still was incomplete, and it was a time to shift from initial emergency activities to specialized medical care. Although no outbreak of communicable disease actually occurred, there was much anxiety about it because of the risk factors present. For effective medical care at this stage, it is essential to conduct a survey of actual medical needs that also include epidemiological factors.
Principles of Management Lesson 8. Motivation
Authors: Cuny Fred C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMotivation is the art of getting people to do things or to do things more efficiently or quickly. Motivation of personnel involved in relief activities differs substantially from similar activities in the business sector as such persons may be: 1) part-time staff without a long-term commitment; 2) volunteers; 3) part of the affected population;Finnish National Training and/or 4) assigned from other organizations. Motivation entails goal-directed behaviors directed at satisfaction of individual needs.This lesson addresses the hierarchical pyramid of motivation including: 1) physiological; 2) safety; 3) social; 4) esteem; and 5) self-actualization and how an individual's personality affects their level of motivation. In addition, personal goals play an important role in determining a persons behavior. Management programs that can be used to increase motivation are discussed including the use of re-wards for good performance. Lastly, methods for behavior modification are included.
Bogus Doctor Deceptions during Multi-Casualty Events and Disasters
Authors: Nocera Antony , Newton Anne M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBogus doctors pose a threat to public health and safety, and they present a security threat at disaster and multi-casualty event sites. A “bogus doctor” is an individual who misrepresents him/herself as a registered medical practitioner by their demeanour, actions, dress, or surroundings, while not entitled to be on a register of medical practitioners. There are very few reports in the medical literature, but practitioners have encountered them at the site of a disaster or multi-casualty event. This paper examines the five cases identified in the literature. Secure systems that confirm a health professional's identity and qualifications are required to avoid unnecessary delays and to protect the victims and health professionals providing the care.
Non-Institutional Sources of Assistance following a Disaster: Potential Triage and Treatment Capabilities of Neighborhood-based Preparedness Organizations
Authors: Simpson David M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe following paper presents an argument for enhancing and encouraging the development of neighborhood-based disaster preparedness organizations, particularly as a potential medical triage and treatment resource following a disaster. First, theresearch context for the utility of non-institutional sources of post-disaster assistance is outlined, followed by the more specific instance of medical triage and treatment. An emerging model of community disaster preparedness training is described, noting the modules that address disaster medicine. Positive contributions and limitations are addressed looking to disaster and non-disaster experiences. While the potential for non-traditional resources to aid immediate post-disaster response is becoming both more common and more accepted, there are a number of recommendations that would improve the usefulness and value, including: 1) integration with existing emergency care infrastructure; 2) standardization of training; 3) use of coordinated drills between public safety organizations, hospitals, and voluntary sectors; and 4) dedication of more funding to assist in the creation and maintenance of programs. Because of the relative infancy of these community-based programs, and the infrequency of large-scale disasters, there is little, if any, pre-post research that can demonstrate a measured impact on response. More pre-disaster baseline data-gathering efforts are needed, combined with post-disaster evaluative research to understand the utility of these non-traditional resources in terms of overall response, and in particular the ability to assist in areas of disaster medicine practice. One also expects that under these kinds of [disaster] conditions, family members, fellow employees, and neighbors will spontaneously try to help each other. This was the case following the Mexico City earthquake where untrained, spontaneous volunteers saved 800 people. However, 100people lost their lives while attempting to save others. This is a high price to pay and is preventable through training.
The Ice Storm in Eastern Canada 1998 KAMEDO-Report No. 74
Authors: Riddex Louis , Dellgar Uno 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis is a report of the impact of the ice storm that struck eastern Canada on 04–09 January 1998. The storm deposited ice some 100 mm thick on the ground and on the electric power lines and eventually left 1.4 million households and much of the infrastructure without electrical power.Data were obtained through non-structured interviews of those involved. Most of the larger hospitals were equipped with emergency generating equipment and were able to provide most essential services. For most hospitals, non-emergency services were compromised. Many other medical facilities, including clinics had to be shut down, and smaller hospitals were forced to transfer some patients to larger institutions. In addition, hospitals experienced a marked increase in the number of emergency department visits including an increase in the number of persons with injuries, respiratory tract infections, or heart problems. A marked increase in carbon-monoxide intoxication was observed: 50 persons required the use of hyperbaric oxygen and six persons died of CO poisoning.Prehospital services not only experienced a marked increase in the number of emergency responses, but also were utilized to provide transportation of non-ill or injured persons, equipment, and supplies. Home care was interrupted and many patients dependent upon power had to be transported to hospitals. Many hospitals opened their buildings to provide shelter to the families of many of their employees and medical staff. This helped to keep staffing at a better level than if they had to find shelter and essential services elsewhere.The transmission and sharing of information was severely limited due in part to the loss of power and inability to access television. This led to the distribution of misleading or incorrect information.This storm was exemplary of our dependence upon electrical power and that we are not prepared to cope with the loss of electricity.
Principles of Disaster Management Lesson 13. Organizational Development
Authors: Cuny Fred C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractChange in any organization is difficult. Relief organizations constantly are evolving and changing form to adapt to different needs, demands, and environment. As the phases of a disaster evolve, adjustments must be made by relief organizations to meet the changing needs. The sequential processes used to manage change include recognition and diagnosis of the problem, identification of alternatives, recognition of limiting conditions, selection of a strategy for change, and implementing and monitoring the change. The techniques used to effect change may be classified as structural, management, or technological. Changes can occur in division of labor, content of the work, relationships with other workers, supervisory and/or technical skills, operations, and decision-making hierarchy. Approaches can be mandated from the top, worked out jointly by management and personnel, or implemented by the affected personnel. Implementation of changes has two dimensions: timing and scope. Whenever changes are implemented, the impact of the changes must be monitored and the effects compared with what was expected.
Assessment of the EMT-P Medications Used by Baltimore County Fire Department EMS Supervisors/EMT-Ps
Authors: Cohen Harold C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMany authorities in EMS have cited the lack of data concerning the efficacy of medications administered by prehospital providers. This paper reports the results of a prospective assessment of the efficacy and safety of certain medications used by emergency medical technician-paramedics (EMT-Ps) in a three-tiered response system. Data were collected for six months using forms that were completed by the EMT-P at the conclusion of an incident. Medication efficacy was measured for: bretylium tosylate, 14 patients/3 conversions to a sustaining rhythm (21 %); diazepam, 20 patients/17 stopped seizing or converted to focal motor seizure (85 %); dopamine hydrochloride, 14 patients/9 experiencing increase of blood pressure (64%); furosemide, 49 patients/28 instances of decreased respiratory distress (57%); and terbutaline sulfate, 46 patients/34 instances of decreased respiratory distress (74%). Serious side effects were rare and well managed by the EMT-Ps. These data indicate that these medications are effective and safe when used in the prehospital environment. Analysis of more data from different delivery profiles is necessary prior to drawing appropriate scientific conclusions. Data collected should include patient follow-up through hospital discharge.
A Prospective Evaluation of Prehospital Patient Assessment by Direct In-field Observation: Failure of ALS Personnel to Measure Vital Signs
Authors: Spaite Daniel W. , Criss Elizabeth A. , Valenzuela Terence D. , Meislin Harvey W. , Hinsberg Paul 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe prospectively evaluated the frequency with which advanced life support (ALS) personnel fail to attempt to measure blood pressure (BP) and/or pulse (P) during prehospital patient assessment. A single in-field observer rode on ALS rescue vehicles from 20 Emergency Medical Services (EMS) agencies throughout Arizona during a one-year study (1/89–12/89). Data were collected from urban, suburban, and rural systems. Statistical evaluation was performed by Chi Square analysis with p <0.05 considered significant.Among 227 patient encounters, BP and/or P measurements were omitted in 84 cases (37.0%). BP and/or P were omitted in 50.0% of children (age <18 years) compared to 26.5% of adults (p=0.023). Among patients who were transported to a hospital, 19.4% had BP omitted compared to 49.1% of those not transported (p=0.00003). Seven of 58 patients in whom TVs were attempted (12.1 %) had BP omitted compared to 54 of 169 patients without IV attempts (32.0%, p=0.0055). Blood Pressure was omitted in 21.9% of patients transported Code 3 and in 24.2% of patients with Glasgow Coma Scale ≤13. Omission of BP occurred more frequently in non-urban agencies (33.9%) than in urban ones (20.0%, p=0.027).In a statewide evaluation of prehospital patient assessment, failure to measure vital signs (VS) occurred on a frequent basis. Our data indicate that a concerning lack of attention to the most basic details of patient assessment is common. It is possible that failure to measure VS might even happen more frequently during routine patient encounters without an observer present. Medical control physicians must emphasize to EMS personnel the paramount importance of careful assessment to ensure optimal patient care.
The Role of Aeromedical Transportation in Global Disaster Health Care
Authors: Yancey Arthur H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThere are several unique aspects of aeromedical transportation that render it vital to the overall management of disaster emergencies. Valuable time can be saved in moving medical expertise, supplies, and equipment into the disaster area as well as in moving victims out of the hazardous area quickly and in large numbers. Chaotic ground traffic at and near the disaster scene as well as environmental obstacles en route often may be avoided. Large numbers of disaster victims can be cared for efficiently en route by proportionately fewer health care personnel than is possible using traditional land carriers due to the concentration of many patients in one aircraft. Patients with similar injuries (e.g., burns) can be routed to and concentrated in centralized institutions that specialize in the care of those specific injuries. The plans for execution of the foregoing should include the use of military troop-transport aircraft that may be converted easily for patient transport. Also, military personnel should be involved, as they are part of a highly organized structure that can be mobilized more easily and swiftly than can most civilian organizations. The United States Air Force aeromedical evacuation policies and management structure is reviewed with attention directed toward additions and adaptations of this system needed to allow it to serve global disaster response. Such a highly evolved system will require a governing body with global reach for purposes of coordination and management. The resources for such a system currently exist but such an organization has yet to be formed.
Hospital Disaster and Evacuation Planning
Authors: Smith J. Stanley 
Published: July 2016

The world population is becoming increasingly reliant upon nuclear fission for the generation of electric power. In the wake of this activity, there have been two major accidents: Three Mile Island (TMI), near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States, in 1979; and Chernobyl, near Kiev, Ukraine, Soviet Union, in 1986. It is noteworthy that both of these accidents were related to human error and not to malfunction of the emergency back-up systems. So far, nuclear energy production plant accidents have occurred when either the data were misinterpreted or systems misguided by human function.The major problem associated with a nuclear energy generating plant accident is the release of radiation. Even though the medical facilities may not be destroyed physically, they may be rendered useless because of contamination by radiation. Unfortunately, in the event of such an accidental release of radiation, all of the health-care facilities in the area will be contaminated. Therefore, all patients in hospitals and nursing homes will need to be evacuated to facilities outside of the contaminated area and not just relocated within the contaminated area.
Short-Term Crystalloid Fluid Resuscitation in Uncontrolled Intra-abdominal Bleeding in Swine
Authors: Riddez Louis , Hjelmqvist Hans , Suneson Anders , Hahn Robert G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Fluid therapy in uncontrolled bleeding is controversial. In a previously used experimental animal model of aortic injury, the outcome often was impaired by re-bleeding that began at least 20 minutes after crystalloid fluid resuscitation was initiated. Therefore, it was hypothesized that re-bleeding might be avoided if volume loading is carried out for 20 minutes and then disconstinued.Methods:Ten minutes after a 5 mm laceration was produced in the infra-renal aorta on eight anesthetized pigs, they received a 20-minute intravenous infusion of Ringer's solution in the ratio of 1:1 to the expected blood loss. Hemodynamics were studied for 120 minutes using arterial and pulmonary artery catheters and blood flow probes placed proximal and distal to the aortic lesion and around the left renal artery and portal vein.Results:The bleeding stopped between three and four minutes after the onset of bleeding. The blood flow rate dropped to 38% (mean) of baseline in the splanchnic region, to 31% in the upper aorta, and to 13% in the kidney. The flow rates and the oxygen consumption increased transiently during fluid resuscitation, but never reached baseline levels. Re-bleeding amounted to about 15% of the initial bleeding and occurred in only three of the animals. Four of the pigs died of shock within 90 minutes (range 47–85 minutes) after the aortic injury.Conclusion:Short-term crystalloid fluid therapy in uncontrolled aortic hemorrhage transiently improved the hemodynamic status and the oxygen consumption following the initial bleeding. Furthermore, the infusion did not cause re-bleeding of more than 100 ml, which occurred in previously conducted experiments when the infusion was continued for more than 20 minutes.
Methodological Aspects of the Medical Examination of Special Contingents in the All Russian Service of Disaster Medicine
Authors: Preobrazhenskij Victor N. , Matveyev A. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe tasks required for the preservation of the health of rescuers can be accomplished with the creation of a system for medical examinations and rehabilitation that functions with commonly used methodological and organizational principles. Absence of such a common methodological platform often results in the disqualification of members of the special contingent and a mistake in the evaluation process that gives birth to serious medical and social problems. The specific character of the rescuers' activities during conditions associated with extraordinary situations necessitates the development of criteria-based evaluation systems for determining the prognosis, and the clinical, diagnostic, normative, and legal, medical, and social criteria that include methodological approaches that define the criteria to be used in the examinations. We propose that the concept of the professional health examinations becomes the methodological basis used for the medical examinations and rehabilitation of the rescuers.