bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Biostatistical Concepts for the Fetal Physician—I: The 2 ⅹ 2 Table and Its Derivatives
Authors: Manikandan K. , Suresh Sudarshan , Seshadri Suresh 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn the field of fetal medicine, correct interpretation and optimal utilization of diagnostic tests and signs have a major impact on the pregnancy outcome. The attributes of a diagnostic test, such as sensitivity and specificity, and the attributes of a test result such as positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios are important yet poorly utilized concepts in clinical practice. This paper explains these concepts using simple language and examples from the fetal medicine literature.
Neuropsychological Outcome and its Predictors Across the First Year after Ischaemic Stroke
Authors: Barker-Collo Suzanne , Krishnamurthi Rita , Feigin Valery , Jones Amy , Theadom Alice , Barber P. Alan , Starkey Nicola , McPherson Kathryn , Rush Elaine , Bennett Derrick 
Published: August 2016

Background: Neuropsychological deficits occur in over half of the stroke survivors and are associated with the reduced functioning and a decline in quality of life. However, the trajectory of recovery and predictors of neuropsychological outcomes over the first year post stroke are poorly understood.Method: Neuropsychological performance, assessed using the CNS-Vital signs, was examined at 1 month, 6 months and 12 months after ischaemic stroke (IS) in a sample drawn from a population-based study (N = 198).Results: While mean scores across neuropsychological domains at each time-point fell in the average range, one in five individuals produced very low-range scores for verbal memory, attention and psychomotor speed. Significant improvements were seen for executive functioning, psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility within 6 months post stroke, but no gains were noted from 6 to 12 months. Stroke-related neurological deficits and depression at baseline significantly contributed to the prediction of neuropsychological function at 12 month follow-up.Conclusions: In a significant minority of IS survivors, focal deficits are evident in psychomotor speed, verbal memory, executive functions and attention. Significant improvements in these domains were only evident in the first 6 months post stroke. Initial stroke-related neurological deficits and concurrent depression may be the best predictors of later cognitive functioning.
Clinical Update on Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika: What We Know at the Time of Article Submission
Authors: Liu Liang E. , Dehning Meaghan , Phipps Ashley , Swienton Ray E. , Harris Curtis A. , Klein Kelly R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveMosquito-borne diseases pose a threat to individual health and population health on both a local and a global level. The threat is even more exaggerated during disasters, whether manmade or environmental. With the recent Zika virus outbreak, it is important to highlight other infections that can mimic the Zika virus and to better understand what can be done as public health officials and health care providers.MethodsThis article reviews the recent literature on the Zika virus as well as chikungunya virus and dengue virus.ResultsThe present findings give a better understanding of the similarities and differences between the 3 infections in terms of their characteristics, clinical presentation, diagnosis methodology, and treatment and what can be done for prevention. Additionally, the article highlights a special population that has received much focus in the latest outbreak, the pregnant individual.ConclusionEducation and training are instrumental in controlling the outbreak, and early detection can be lifesaving. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:290–299).
Research Methods in Healthcare Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Stewardship: Use of Administrative and Surveillance Databases
Authors: Drees Marci , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Morgan Daniel J. , Lee Grace M. 
Published: August 2016

Administrative and surveillance data are used frequently in healthcare epidemiology and antimicrobial stewardship (HE&AS) research because of their wide availability and efficiency. However, data quality issues exist, requiring careful consideration and potential validation of data. This methods paper presents key considerations for using administrative and surveillance data in HE&AS, including types of data available and potential use, data limitations, and the importance of validation. After discussing these issues, we review examples of HE&AS research using administrative data with a focus on scenarios when their use may be advantageous. A checklist is provided to help aid study development in HE&AS using administrative data.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–10
Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections Following Adult Spine Operations
Authors: Haleem Ambar , Chiang Hsiu-Yin , Vodela Ravindhar , Behan Andrew , Pottinger Jean M. , Smucker Joseph , Greenlee Jeremy D. , Clark Charles , Herwaldt Loreen A. 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVETo identify risk factors for surgical site infections (SSIs) after spine operations.DESIGNCase-control study of SSIs among patients undergoing spine operations.SETTINGAn academic health center.PATIENTSWe studied patients undergoing spinal fusions or laminectomies at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics from January 1, 2007, through June 30, 2009. We included patients who acquired SSIs meeting the National Healthcare Safety Network definition. We randomly selected controls among patients who had spine operations during the study period and did not meet the SSI definition.RESULTSIn total, 54 patients acquired SSIs after 2,309 spine operations (2.3 per 100 procedures). SSIs were identified a median of 20 days after spinal fusions and 17 days after laminectomies; 90.7% were identified after discharge and 72.2% were deep incisional or organ-space infections.Staphylococcus aureuscaused 53.7% of SSIs. Of patients with SSIs, 64.9% (fusion) and 70.6% (laminectomy) were readmitted and 59.5% (fusion) and 64.7% (laminectomy) underwent reoperation. By multivariable analysis, increased body mass index, Surgical Department A, fusion of 4–8 vertebrae, and operation at a thoracic or lumbar/sacral level were significant risk factors for SSIs after spinal fusions. Lack of private insurance and hypertension were significant risk factors for SSIs after laminectomies. Surgeons from Department A were more likely to use nafcillin or vancomycin for perioperative prophylaxis and to do more multilevel fusions than surgeons from Department B.CONCLUSIONSSSIs after spine operations significantly increase utilization of healthcare resources. Possible remediable risk factors include obesity, hypertension, and perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2016;1458–1467
Impact of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Care Bundle to Improve the Management of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Collins Curtis D. , Kabara Jared J. , Michienzi Sarah M. , Malani Anurag N. 
Published: August 2016

Implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program bundle for urinary tract infections among 92 patients led to a higher rate of discontinuation of therapy for asymptomatic bacteriuria (52.4% vs 12.5%; P =.004), more appropriate durations of therapy (88.7% vs 63.6%; P =.001), and significantly higher overall bundle compliance (75% vs 38.2%; P < .001).Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1499–1501
Supercritical dead water: effect of nonlinearity and comparison with observations
Authors: Grue John , Bourgault Daniel , Galbraith Peter S. 
Published: August 2016

Supercritical ship internal wave wakes with$Fr=U/c_{0}\sim 4{-}12$(where$U$is the ship speed and$c_{0}$is the linear internal long-wave speed) are calculated by a strongly nonlinear two-layer model in three dimensions, accounting for the complex ship geometry, and compared with field measurements. The degree of nonlinearity, defined by the ship draught ($d_{0}$) to average depth of pycnocline ($h_{0}$) ratio, is explored in the range$d_{0}/h_{0}\sim 0.1{-}1.2$, comparing nonlinear and linear calculations. For$d_{0}/h_{0}\sim 1$, the wave amplitude far downstream is overpredicted by up to 50 % by the linear method. The nonlinear trough amplitudes decay algebraically in the lateral coordinate with decay exponents in the range 0.16–0.61. The nonlinear leading trough is systematically somewhat ahead of the classical asymptotic pattern, and its amplitude and forerunning slope are appreciable, while the linear counterparts are very small. The calculated and asymptotic patterns are close for large$Fr$. Field measurements in a Canadian fjord of the internal wave wake of a 221 m long cargo ship of dead weight 43 000 tonnes moving at$Fr=6.6$document a series of waves of 1–2 m isopycnal displacements at an off-track distance of 700 m. The nonlinear computations of a similar ship predict a wave train of height 1.5 m at a similar position, matching the field observation, whereas linear calculations give a wave train of height 2.3 m. Two- and three-layer theoretical models predict speeds that match the observed speeds of the second and third wave troughs. The observed leading signature of the diverging wave wake is moving at supercritical speed. This may be explained by the position and speed of the nonlinear wave slope moving ahead of the leading trough. Nonlinear computations of the surface velocity and strain rate compare well with measurements in the Loch Linnhe experiment of Watsonet al.(J. Geophys. Res., vol. 97 (C6), 1992, pp. 9689–9703). The calculated nonlinear wave resistance of the observed cargo ship is comparable to the frictional force for$Fr\sim 4{-}6$, exceeds the surface wave resistance and increases the total drag by 40 %. A linear force prediction is useless when$d_{0}/h_{0}\sim 1$. The results show that nonlinearity of the dead water wake depends on the relative ship volume as well as the relative ship draught, with the pycnocline depth as the relevant length scale.
Getting the ball rolling: the cross-linguistic conceptualization of caused motion
Authors: MONTERO-MELIS GUILLERMO , BYLUND EMANUEL 
Published: August 2016

abstractDoes the way we talk about events correspond to how we conceptualize them? Three experiments (N= 135) examined how Spanish and Swedish native speakers judge event similarity in the domain of caused motion (‘He rolled the tyre into the barn’). Spanish and Swedish motion descriptions regularly encode path (‘into’), but differ in how systematically they include manner information (‘roll’). We designed a similarity arrangement task which allowed participants to give varying weights to different dimensions when gauging event similarity. The three experiments progressively reduced the likelihood that speakers were using language to solve the task. We found that, as long as the use of language was possible (Experiments 1 and 2), Swedish speakers were more likely than Spanish speakers to base their similarity arrangements on object manner (rolling/sliding). However, when recruitment of language was hindered through verbal interference, cross-linguistic differences disappeared (Experiment 3). A compound analysis of all experiments further showed that (i) cross-linguistic differences were played out against a backdrop of commonly represented event components, and (ii) describing vs. not describing the events did not augment cross-linguistic differences, but instead had similar effects across languages. We interpret these findings as suggesting a dynamic role of language in event conceptualization.
Personality traits as an endophenotype in genetic studies on suicidality in bipolar disorder
Authors: Pawlak J. , Dmitrzak-Węglarz M. , Maciukiewicz M. , Kapelski P. , Czerski P. , Leszczyńska-Rodziewicz A. , Zaremba D. , Hauser J. 
Published: August 2016

IntroductionThe influence of personality traits on suicidal behaviour risk has been well documented. Personality traits and suicidal behaviour are partially genetically determined and personality has been described as an endophenotype of suicidal behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association between personality traits with suicidal behaviour and selected serotonergic gene polymorphisms.MethodsIn the study we included 156 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder (BP) and 93 healthy controls. The personality dimensions were assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). We genotyped two selected polymorphisms of the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) gene (rs1800532 218A>C and rs1799913 779A>C) and polymorphism in the promoter region of serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR, rs25531) related to serotoninergic neurotransmission. Multiple poisson regression, logistic regression and Kruskal–Wallis tests were applied.ResultsWe found numerous differences between the BP patients and the control group in terms of their TCI dimensions/subdimensions. Significant differences were found between patients with, and without, suicidal attempts in fatigability and asthenia (Ha4), as well as in harm avoidance (Ha). We also found that the interactions between TCI subdimensions (the interaction of disordiness (Ns4) and spiritual acceptance (St3), disordiness (Ns4) and integrated conscience (C5), extravagance (Ns3) and resourcefulness (Sd3)) were significantly contributing for suicidal behaviour risk. We found association between all studied genetic polymorphisms and several TCI dimensions and subdimensions.ConclusionOur results confirm that personality traits are partially determined by genes. Both personality traits and the interactions between temperament and character traits, may be helpful in predicting suicidal behaviour.
Carotenoids as biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake in men and women
Authors: Couillard Charles , Lemieux Simone , Vohl Marie-Claude , Couture Patrick , Lamarche Benoît 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHigh fruit and vegetable (FAV) intake is associated with a lower prevalence of chronic diseases. Identifying the ideal number of FAV servings needed to reduce chronic disease risk is, however, difficult because of biases inherent to common self-report dietary assessment tools. The aim of our study was to examine the associations between daily FAV intake and plasma carotenoid concentrations in men and women enrolled in a series of fully controlled dietary interventions. We compiled and analysed data from a group of 155 men and 109 women who participated in six fully controlled dietary interventions and compared post-intervention fasting plasma carotenoid (α-carotene,β-carotene,β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin) concentrations with regard to the daily FAV servings consumed by the participants. We found that plasmaβ-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations were positively associated with daily FAV servings (P≤0·005). However, daily FAV intake was negatively associated with plasmaα-carotene (P<0·0005) and lycopene (P<0·0001) concentrations, whereas no association was noted with plasmaβ-carotene. When men and women were analysed separately, we found that for any given number of FAV servings consumed women had higher circulating lutein concentrations compared with men (P<0·01). Significant sex×FAV (P<0·0001) and sex×dietaryβ-cryptoxanthin (P<0·0005) interactions were also noted favouring higher plasmaβ-cryptoxanthin concentrations in women than in men for a given FAV consumption. Results from these fully controlled dietary feeding studies indicate that plasmaβ-cryptoxanthin and lutein concentrations can be used as robust biomarkers of FAV consumption. They also suggest the existence of sex differences influencing circulatingβ-cryptoxanthin and lutein concentrations following FAV consumption.
Polyandry increases reproductive performance but does not decrease survival in female Brontispa longissima
Authors: Kawazu K. , Sugeno W. , Mochizuki A. , Nakamura S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe costs and benefits of polyandry are still not well understood. We studied the effects of multiple mating on the reproductive performance of female Brontispa longissima (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), one of the most serious pests of the coconut palm, by using three experimental treatments: (1) singly-mated females (single treatment); (2) females that mated 10 times with the same male (repetition treatment); and (3) females that mated once with each of 10 different males (polyandry treatment). Both multiple mating treatments resulted in significantly greater total egg production and the proportion of eggs that successfully hatched (hatching success) than with the single mating treatment. Furthermore, the polyandry treatment resulted in greater total egg production and hatching success than with the repetition treatment. Thus, mate diversity may affect the direct and indirect benefits of multiple mating. Female longevity, the length of the preoviposition period, the length of the period from emergence to termination of oviposition, and the length of the ovipositing period did not differ among treatments. The pronounced fecundity and fertility benefits that females gain from multiple mating, coupled with a lack of longevity costs, apparently explain the extreme polyandry in B. longissima.
Spread and global population structure of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its larval parasitoids Diadegma semiclausum and Diadegma fenestrale (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) based on mtDNA
Authors: Juric I. , Salzburger W. , Balmer O. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe diamondback moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella) is one of the main pests of brassicaceous crops worldwide and shows resistance against a wide range of synthetic insecticides incurring millions of dollars in control costs every year. The DBM is a prime example of the introduction of an exotic species as a consequence of globalization. In this study we analyzed the genetic population structure of the DBM and two of its parasitic wasps, Diadegma semiclausum and Diadegma fenestrale, based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. We analyzed DBM samples from 13 regions worldwide (n = 278), and samples of the two wasp species from six European and African countries (n = 131), in an attempt to reconstruct the geographic origin and phylogeography of the DBM and its two parasitic wasps. We found high variability in COI sequences in the diamondback moth. Haplotype analysis showed three distinct genetic clusters, one of which could represent a cryptic species. Mismatch analysis confirmed the hypothesized recent spread of diamondback moths in North America, Australia and New Zealand. The highest genetic variability was found in African DBM samples. Our data corroborate prior claims of Africa as the most probable origin of the species but cannot preclude Asia as an alternative. No genetic variability was found in the two Diadegma species. The lack of variability in both wasp species suggests a very recent spread of bottlenecked populations, possibly facilitated by their use as biocontrol agents. Our data thus also contain no signals of host-parasitoid co-evolution.
The effect of lime pre-treatments of date palm leaves on delignification and in vitro rumen degradability
Authors: GHORBANI M. , AHMADI F. , RAJAEE RAD A. , ZAMIRI M. J. , CONE J. W. , POLIKARPOV I. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYExperiments were conducted to determine the effect of lime pre-treatment on the chemical composition and in vitro rumen degradability of date palm leaves (DPL). Lime pre-treatments, with or without oxygen supply, were applied for 1, 2 and 3 weeks at 25 and 40 °C. Lime was neutralized by the Calcium-Capturing-by-Carbonation process. Delignification and in vitro rumen gas production were significantly influenced by duration, temperature and oxygen. At 40 °C, oxygen presence stimulated more delignification and subsequently increased in vitro rumen degradability. Lime pre-treatment with 0·2 g calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)/g dry biomass for 3 weeks at 40 °C in the presence of oxygen resulted in a 3-fold increase in gas production after 24 h of incubation, compared with untreated biomass. Lime treatment of DPL with aeration resulted in higher lignin removal and subsequent rumen degradability than without aeration. A techno-economic analysis is needed to select the most efficient and economically feasible pre-treatment procedure.
ENDOGAMY, CONSANGUINITY AND THE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGING MARITAL CHOICES IN THE UK PAKISTANI COMMUNITY
Authors: Small Neil , Bittles Alan H. , Petherick Emily S. , Wright John 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe biraderi(brotherhood) is a long-established, widely prevalent dimension of social stratification in Pakistani communities worldwide. Alongside consanguinity, it offers a route for cementing social solidarities and so has strong socio-biological significance. A detailed breakdown ofbiraderiaffiliation among participants in an ongoing birth cohort study in the northern English city of Bradford is presented. There is historical resilience of intra-biraderimarriage, but with a secular decline in prevalence across allbiraderiand considerable reductions in some. While a majority of marriages in allbiraderiare consanguineous the prevalence varies, ranging from over 80% to under 60%. In consanguineous unions, first cousin marriages account for more than 50% in five of the fifteenbiraderiand >40% in six others. Within-biraderimarriage and consanguinity enhance genetic stratification, thereby increasing rates of genomic homozygosity and the increased expression of recessive genetic disorders. The trends reported constitute putative signals of generational change in the marital choices in this community.
CAN BODY PROPORTIONS SERVE AS A PREDICTOR OF RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOURS IN WOMEN AND MEN?
Authors: Kasielska-Trojan Anna , Stabryła Piotr , Antoszewski Bogusław 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is claimed to be a biomarker of prenatal sex steroids. This study compared 2D:4D and waist–hip ratio (WHR) in men and women with nose deformity caused by injuries suggesting risky behaviour with those of unaffected controls. This kind of facial trauma was accepted as an indicator of risk-taking behaviour. The study involved 100 patients (50 women aged 30.74±8.09 years and 50 men aged 30.98±10.86 years) who underwent rhinoplasty due to nose trauma in a hospital in Łódź, Poland, in 2015. For comparison purposes, a control sample of 70 women (aged 23.03±3.36 years) and 70 men (aged 22.87±3.46 years) was recruited. In both groups the following measurements were taken: body height, waist and hip circumferences, II and IV digit lengths and body weight. The results showed that women and men who had suffered nose injury had significantly higher values of WHR than controls. The 2D:4D in women with post-traumatic nose deformity was significantly different than the ratio in control women (p<0.0001) and presented the male pattern. It is concluded that in women risky behaviours seem to be associated with prenatal sex hormone influence, while differences in WHR suggest that this tendency is also related to postnatal hormonal factors. Risky behaviours in men should be linked to postnatal hormonal changes rather than to increased prenatal androgen exposure.
SEX DIFFERENCES ON THE WISC-III AMONG CHILDREN IN SUDAN AND THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Bakhiet Salaheldin F. , Albursan Ismael S. , Al Qudah Mohammad F. , Abduljabbar Adel S. , Aljomaa Suliman S. , Toto Howida Sirelkhatim Abdalrahim , Lynn Richard 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe sex differences on the WISC-III are reported for the thirteen subtests, the Verbal and Performance IQs, the four Index IQs and the Full Scale IQs in Sudan and the United States. The sex differences are closely similar in the two samples with a correlation of 0.878 (p<0.001) for the thirteen subtests. Males obtained significantly higher Full Scale IQs in the two samples of 0.23d and 0.11d, respectively.