bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real‐time resource efficiency indicators for monitoring and optimization of batch‐processing plants
Authors: Kalliski Marc , Engell Sebastian 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a framework for the definition and calculation of Real‐Time Resource Efficiency Indicators (REIs) for batch processes. The indicators are based on the allocation of resource and energy inputs to the individual batches and recipe operations as the basis for a comprehensive analysis and representation of the overall resource efficiency.The framework structures REIs into three categories describing (1) the efficiency of key unit operations, (2) the efficiency of the production of an individual batch, and (3) the overall system performance. Indicators from the last two categories can be propagated along the production process and can be aggregated vertically from units to sections and complete production sites. Chemical production processes often involve batch blending and splitting, separation processes, and continuous production steps. The framework allocates the contributions of the continuous steps to the batches and considers merging and splitting of batches. Thus, it yields a reliable and commensurate set of indicators that can be used to monitor and to optimize the resource efficiency of batch processing plants in real‐time in order to support the decision making process in daily operations. To demonstrate the approach, it is applied to a sugar production process that integrates batch and continuously operated unit operations.
Multi‐institutional experience of stereotactic body radiotherapy for large (≥5 centimeters) non–small cell lung tumors
Authors: Verma Vivek , Shostrom Valerie K. , Kumar Sameera S. , Zhen Weining , Hallemeier Christopher L. , Braunstein Steve E. , Holland John , Harkenrider Matthew M. , S. Iskhanian Adrian , Neboori Hanmanth J. , Jabbour Salma K. , Attia Albert , Lee Percy , Alite Fiori , Walker Joshua M. , Stahl John M. , Wang Kyle , Bingham Brian S. , Hadzitheodorou Christina , Decker Roy H. , McGarry Ronald C. , Simone Charles B. 
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUNDStereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is the standard of care for patients with nonoperative, early‐stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) measuring < 5 cm, but its use among patients with tumors measuring ≥5 cm is considerably less defined, with the existing literature limited to small, single‐institution reports. The current multi‐institutional study reported outcomes evaluating the largest such population reported to date.METHODSClinical/treatment characteristics, outcomes, toxicities, and patterns of failure were assessed in patients with primary NSCLC measuring ≥5 cm without evidence of distant/lymph node metastasis who underwent SBRT using ≤5 fractions. Statistics included Kaplan‐Meier survival analyses and univariate/multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.RESULTSA total of 92 patients treated from 2004 through 2016 were analyzed from 12 institutions. The median follow‐up was 12 months (15 months in survivors). The median age and tumor size among the patients were 73 years (range, 50‐95 years) and 5.4 cm (range, 5.0‐7.5 cm), respectively. The median dose/fractionation was 50 Gray/5 fractions. The actuarial local control rates at 1 year and 2 years were 95.7% and 73.2%, respectively. The disease‐free survival rate was 72.1% and 53.5%, respectively, at 1 year and 2 years. The 1‐year and 2‐year disease‐specific survival rates were 95.5% and 78.6%, respectively. The median, 1‐year, and 2‐year overall survival rates were 21.4 months, 76.2%, and 46.4%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, lung cancer history and pre‐SBRT positron emission tomography maximum standardized uptake value were found to be associated with overall survival. Posttreatment failures were most commonly distant (33% of all disease recurrences), followed by local (26%) and those occurring elsewhere in the lung (23%). Three patients had isolated local failures. Grade 3 to 4 toxicities included 1 case (1%) and 4 cases (4%) of grade 3 dermatitis and radiation pneumonitis, respectively (toxicities were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 4.0]). Grades 2 to 5 radiation pneumonitis occurred in 11% of patients. One patient with a tumor measuring 7.5 cm and a smoking history of 150 pack‐years died of radiation pneumonitis.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study, which is the largest study of patients with NSCLC measuring ≥5 cm reported to date, indicate that SBRT is a safe and efficacious option. Cancer 2017;123:688–696. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Carbon Nanodots with Sub‐Nanosecond Spontaneous Emission Lifetime
Authors: Liu Cheng‐Wei , Lin Tzu‐Neng , Chang Li‐Yun , Jiang Zh‐Cheng , Shen Ji‐Lin , Chen Po‐Wen , Wang Jyh‐Shyang , Yuan Chi‐Tsu 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCompared with most mature cadmium‐containing quantum dots (QDs), carbon nanodots (CNDs) are a new class of colloidal nanomaterials that exhibit unique photoluminescence (PL) properties while being nontoxic and easily manufactured using low‐cost precursor materials. However, solid‐state CNDs exhibit poor PL quantum yields (PL‐QYs) and inefficient radiative transition, which significantly hinders their practical use in optoelectronic devices. To address this issue, plasmonic nanoantennas consisting of Au nanorods (Au‐NRs) deposited on a flat Au film with inserted dielectric layers were used to enhance the spontaneous emission of solid‐state CNDs with broad spectral linewidth. Using steady‐state, time‐resolved, and spatial‐resolved PL measurements, we found that after coupling to plasmonic nanogaps (PNGs), the PL emission was significantly enhanced, accompanied by a PL lifetime shortening to the sub‐nanosecond range (≈140 ps). According to the experimental data, the radiative transition is strongly accelerated and can thus overcome the metal loss, leading to a large PL enhancement. Our demonstration can pave the way to the design of eco‐friendly nanoemitters with sub‐nanosecond PL lifetime for promising applications in light‐emitting devices.
An Integrative Bio‐Psycho‐Social Theory of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Munro Calum , Randell Louise , Lawrie Stephen M 
Published: October 2016

The need for novel approaches to understanding and treating anorexia nervosa (AN) is well recognized. The aim of this paper is to describe an integrative bio‐psycho‐social theory of maintaining factors in AN.We took a triangulation approach to develop a clinically relevant theory with face validity and internal consistency. We developed theoretical ideas from our clinical practice and reviewed theoretical ideas within the eating disorders and wider bio‐psycho‐social literature. The synthesis of these ideas and concepts into a clinically meaningful framework is described here.We suggest eight key factors central to understanding the maintenance and treatment resistance of anorexia nervosa: genetic or experiential predisposing factors; dysfunctional feelings processing and regulation systems; excessive vulnerable feelings; ‘feared self’ beliefs; starvation as a maladaptive physiological feelings regulation mechanism; maladaptive psychological coping modes; maladaptive social behaviour; and unmet physical and psychological core needs. Each of these factors serves to maintain the disorder.The concept of universal physical and psychological core needs can provide an underpinning integrative framework for working with this distinctly physical and psychological disorder. This framework could be used within any treatment model. We suggest that treatments which help address the profound lack of trust, emotional security and self‐acceptance in this patient group will in turn address unmet needs and improve well‐being. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner MessageThe concept of unmet physical and psychological needs can be used as an underlying integrative framework for understanding and working with this patient group, alongside any treatment model.A functional understanding of the neuro‐biological, physiological and psychological mechanisms involved in anorexia nervosa can help patients reduce self‐criticism and shame.Fears about being or becoming fat, greedy, needy, selfish and unacceptable (‘Feared Self’) drive over‐compensatory self‐depriving behaviour (‘Anorexic Self’).Psychological treatment for anorexia nervosa should emphasize a focus on feelings and fostering experiences of acceptance and trust.Treatment for patients with anorexia nervosa needs to be longer than current clinical practice.
Electronic Coupling of Cobalt Nanoparticles to Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions
Authors: Xu Chaohe , Lu Meihua , Yan Binggong , Zhan Yi , Balaya Palani , Lu Li , Lee Jim Yang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe rational design of nonprecious‐metal electrocatalysts with activities comparable to or greater than that of platinum is extremely valuable to the development of high energy density metal–air batteries. Herein, the two‐step preparation of a highly active oxygen electrocatalyst based on ultrasmall cobalt nanoparticles stabilized in a nitrogen‐doped graphene matrix is reported. The catalyst performs as well as the commercial Pt/C catalyst in the oxygen reduction reaction, and better than the Pt/C catalyst in the oxygen evolution reaction. This particular electrocatalyst could significantly lower the overpotentials of oxygen electrochemical reactions in aqueous lithium–air batteries to attain a round‐trip efficiency of about 79.0 % at a current density of 0.1 mA cm−2, thereby surpassing the performance of the commercial Pt/C catalyst. The good performance may be attributed to strong metal–support interactions, maximized by a high dispersion of ultrasmall cobalt nanocrystals in a nitrogen‐doped graphene matrix, which yields electrocatalytic properties greater than the sum of its parts.
Mode dynamics in fourth‐order LC oscillators
Authors: Buonomo Antonio , Lo Schiavo Alessandro 
Published: October 2016

SummaryWe present a complete analysis of single and concurrent modes in fourth‐order LC‐voltage‐controlled oscillators (VCOs), which are increasingly applied in dual‐band communication systems. We give a procedure based on the averaging method that simplifies the derivation of the abridged equations, which are derived without resorting to a change of co‐ordinates. The amplitudes of the oscillatory modes in steady state and in transient are found in explicit form. Conditions for the stability of the single and concurrent modes are derived, which apply to any active one‐port dual‐band LC‐VCO and allow one to predict the nonlinearities ensuring the occurrence of a stable concurrent mode. Numerical and experimental results show a good accuracy of the presented formulas. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latitudinal variation in nematode diversity and ecological roles along the Chinese coast
Authors: Wu Jihua , Chen Huili , Zhang Youzheng 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimTo test changes in the phylogenetic relatedness, niche breadth, and life‐history strategies of nematodes along a latitudinal gradient.LocationSixteen wetland locations along the Pacific coast of China, from 20°N to 40°N.MethodsLinear regression was used to relate nematode phylogenetic relatedness (average taxonomic distinctness (AvTD) and average phylogenetic diversity [AvPD]), life‐history group (based on “c‐p” colonizer–persister group classification), and dietary specificity (based on guild classification of feeding selectivity) to latitude.ResultsWetland nematode taxonomic diversity (richness and Shannon diversity indices) decreased with increasing latitude along the Chinese coast. Phylogenetic diversity indices (AvTDand AvPD) significantly increased with increasing latitude. This indicates that at lower latitudes, species within the nematode community were more closely related. With increasing latitude, the nematode relative richness and abundance decreased for selective deposit feeders but increased for nonselective deposit feeders. The proportion of general opportunists decreased with increasing latitude, but persisters showed the opposite trend. The annual temperature range and thepHof sediments were more important than vegetation type in structuring nematode communities.Main conclusionNematode niche breadth was narrower at lower latitudes with respect to dietary specificity. Higher latitudes with a more variable climate favorroverKlife‐history strategists. Nematode communities at lower latitudes contained more closely related species.
Scaling up movements: from individual space use to population patterns
Authors: Allen Andrew M. , Månsson Johan , Sand Håkan , Malmsten Jonas , Ericsson Göran , Singh Navinder J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractStudying multiple individuals from multiple populations would add knowledge about the proportion of different movement strategies (migratory vs. resident) and how space use patterns vary within and across populations. This allows for effective conservation or management of partially migratory animal populations by identifying the appropriate size of management units and temporal interventions. However, this knowledge is often lacking as only a few individuals from a single population are tracked in space and time. To understand the drivers of intraspecific variation in movement patterns across a broad scale, we analyzed the multiannual space use of 307 moose (Alces alces), containing 544 single‐year trajectories, from 10 study areas that are spread over a 1500‐km latitudinal gradient. Using a novel approach, we quantified within‐ and among‐population variation in movement and space use patterns. We identified the movement strategy (migratory, sedentary, nomadic, or dispersal) of moose and computed annual and seasonal home ranges. Individuals demonstrated variable movement strategies from migration to year‐round residence. Summer home ranges were larger in northern study areas, whereas no geographical trends were detected among populations in winter home ranges. Individual‐level traits, such as sex and age, along with factors related to the landscape, such as land use and habitat, explained variation within populations, whereas climatic factors such as temperature and vegetative productivity explained variation among populations. Importantly, the variables that explained individual‐level variation in space use within populations were different for all our populations. We demonstrate the intricate interplay between individual life history and landscape scale variables and how they may determine the observed movement patterns and influence the scale of management.
Prescriptions of analgesics during complete disease trajectories in patients who are diagnosed with and die from cancer within the five‐year period 2005–2009
Authors: Fredheim O.M.S. , Brelin S. , Hjermstad M.J. , Loge J.H. , Aass N. , Johannesen T.B. , Skurtveit S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundEven though validation studies of the WHO analgesic ladder have indicated that the simple approach of the analgesic ladder can provide adequate pain control in most patients, prevalence studies have documented a high prevalence of pain in cancer patients. Little is known about how analgesics are actually prescribed for cancer pain. The aim of the study was to study prescriptions of analgesics during the entire disease trajectory in patients dying from cancer within five years of diagnosis.MethodsComplete national data from the Norwegian Cancer Registry, the Norwegian Prescription Database, the Cause of Death Registry and Statistics Norway were used to study prescriptions of analgesics in a complete study population of all patients dying from cancer within five years of diagnosis in Norway from 2005 to 2009.ResultsOf a total of 10,977 subjects who received prescriptions for analgesics between diagnosis and death, 56% started analgesic treatment at step I of the analgesic ladder, 29% started at step II and 14% started at step III. Of the patients starting at step I, 28% continued to step II, 37% bypassed step II and moved directly to step III whereas the remaining 35% remained at step I. Approximately 60% received one or more dispensed prescription of a step III analgesic during the disease trajectory, whereas nearly 20% remained at step I and 20% at step II respectively.ConclusionThe study indicates that clinicians seem to individually tailor analgesic treatment instead of applying the stepwise approach in the WHO analgesic ladder.SignificanceComplete national data covering the complete disease trajectory in cancer patients dying within five years of diagnosis. The majority of patients do not receive treatment in concordance with the stepwise approach suggested by the WHO analgesic ladder.
Pain expectations in neuropathic pain: Is it best to be optimistic?
Authors: Bostick G.P. , Kamper S.J. , Haanstra T.M. , Dick B.D. , Stitt L.W. , Morley‐Forster P. , Clark A.J. , Lynch M.E. , Gordon A. , Nathan H. , Smyth C. , Ware M.A. , Toth C. , Moulin D.E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundPain expectancy may be an important variable that has been found to influence the effectiveness of treatments for pain. Much of the literature supports a self‐fulfilment perspective where expectations for pain relief predict the actual pain experienced. However, in conditions such as neuropathic pain (NeP) where pain relief is difficult to attain, expectations for pain relief could be unrealistic. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between realistic/unrealistic expectations and 6‐month, post‐treatment outcomes.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of a large cohort of patients with NeP (n = 789) attending tertiary care centres to determine the association between unrealistic (both positive and negative) and realistic expectations with outcomes after multidisciplinary treatment. An expectation variable with three categories was calculated: realistic expectations were those whose expected reduction in pain was similar to the observed mean group reduction in pain, while optimistic and pessimistic expectations were those who over‐ or under‐estimated the expected response to treatment, respectively. The association between baseline realistic/unrealistic expectations and 6‐month pain‐related disability, catastrophizing and psychological distress was assessed.ResultsUnivariable analyses suggested that realistic expectations were associated with lower levels of disability, catastrophizing and psychological distress, compared to unrealistic expectations. However, after adjustment for baseline symptom severity, multivariable analysis revealed that patients with optimistic expectations had lower levels of disability, than those with realistic expectations. Those with pessimistic expectations had higher levels of catastrophizing and psychological distress at follow‐up.ConclusionsThese findings are largely congruent with the self‐fulfilment perspective to expectations.SignificanceThis study defined realistic pain expectations with patient data. Examining the relationship between expectations between pain and disability in a large cohort of patients with neuropathic pain.
Cogasification of Crude Glycerol and Black Liquor Blends: Char Morphology and Gasification Kinetics
Authors: Kirtania Kawnish , Häggström Gustav , Broström Markus , Umeki Kentaro , Furusjö Erik 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this study, we assessed the feasibility of black liquor/glycerol blends as a potential gasification feedstock. The char gasification reactivity and kinetics were studied at T=750, 800, 850, and 900 °C for 20 and 40 % blends of glycerol with black liquor. Three qualities of glycerol were used including two industrial‐grade crude glycerols. The gasification rates were similar for all blends; therefore, the alkali‐metal catalysis is also sufficient for the char blends (alkali/C atomic ratio between 0.45 and 0.55). The blends with the most impure glycerol (containing K) had the lowest activation energies (∼120 kJ mol−1) and reaction times for char gasification and, therefore, had fuel properties suitable for gasification. The char particles from different blends showed surface morphologies similar to those of black liquor chars with an even surface distribution of alkali elements. A loss of alkali (mainly K) from the fuel blends during pyrolysis indicated the necessity to perform gas‐phase studies of alkali release. Overall, these results encourage the use of glycerol as a potential gasification feedstock for catalytic‐gasification‐based biorefineries.
Communicating geomorphology through International English
Authors: Lewin John 
Published: October 2016

AbstractInternational English has come to dominate science publication. For both first and second language speakers, the constraints of language for communication in geomorphology are reviewed, including uncertainties with terminology, subtleties of qualification and explanation in the written presentation of arguments, and formalities in the rhetorical structuring of published papers. Distinctive qualities of style and presentation need to be recognized because, in geomorphology as generally, full qualitative meanings may passlingua francaor second language speakers by, whilst formulaic discourse may disguise shortcomings. The alternative of language simplification for international usage may not be wholly desirable if valued functions are lost. Language is also increasingly being coupled with visual devices, pictorial and diagrammatic images and data tables, which are internationally intelligible. These can leave viewers with greater hermeneutic (text interpretation) freedom, and therefore a variety of outcomes in understanding. Mathematical treatments, with their precision and predictive utility, have great universal value and they leave readers with rather less interpretive freedom. Debate is due, both by first and by second English language geomorphologists, as to how well developing presentation styles in international English suit scientific purposes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The toxicity of creosote-treated wood to Pacific herring embryos and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near creosoted pilings in Juneau, Alaska
Authors: Duncan Danielle L. , Carls Mark G. , Rice Stanley D. , Stekoll Michael S. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from creosote exposure in the laboratory resulted in deleterious effects in developing Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) embryos, and potentially toxic concentrations of PAHs were measured using passive water samplers at 1 of 3 harbor field sites in Juneau, Alaska, USA. Aqueous total PAH concentrations of 4.6 μg/L and 8.4 μg/L from creosote exposure resulted in skeletal defects and ineffective swimming in hatched larvae in the laboratory (10% effective concentrations) and were the most sensitive parameters measured. Hatch rates also suffered from creosote exposure in a dose-dependent manner: at exposures between 5 μg/L and 50 μg/L total PAH, 50% of the population failed to hatch. Comparisons between laboratory and field deployed passive samplers suggested that for at least 1 harbor in Juneau, concentrations sufficient to induce teratogenic effects were found directly on creosoted pilings, within 10 cm of them, and sometimes at a distance of 10 m. Total PAH concentrations generally decreased with distance from creosoted pilings. Creosote pilings contribute to the PAH load within a marina and can rise to PAH concentrations that are harmful to fish embryos, but at a scale that is localized in the environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1261–1269. © 2016 SETAC