bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Landsat‐7 and Landsat‐8 Data Using Image Processing Methods for Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping
Authors: Masoumi Feizollah , Eslamkish Taymour , Honarmand Mehdi , Abkar Ali Akbar 
Published: December 2016

AbstractComparing spaceborne satellite images of Landsat‐8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Landsat‐7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) was undertaken to investigate the relative accuracy of mapping hydrothermal alteration minerals. The study investigated the northern part of Rabor, which contains copper mineralization occurrences, and is located in the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic assemblage (KCMA), Iran. Image processing methods of band ratio, principal component analysis (PCA), and spectral angle mapper (SAM) were used to map the distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks associated with the porphyry copper mineralization. The band ratio combination of both sensors for mapping altered areas showed similar outcomes. PCA exposed variations in the spatial distribution of hydroxyl‐bearing minerals. The representation of hydrothermal areas using OLI data was more satisfactory than when using ETM+ data. SAM analysis found similar results for mapping hydroxyl‐bearing zones. Verification of the results came through ground investigation and laboratory studies. Rock samples (n = 56) were collected to validate results using thin sections, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and spectral analyses. Field observations and laboratory analysis revealed that phyllic and propylitic alterations dominate the alteration zones in the study area. Argillic and iron oxides/hydroxides alterations were observed to a lesser degree. The results indicate that alteration maps prepared by OLI data using PCA for visual interpretation are more suitable than those of ETM+ due to a higher radiometric resolution and lower interference between vegetation and altered areas. As the spectral bandwidth of ETM+ band 7 covers absorption feature of propylitic alteration, better mapping of propylitic alterations is achieved using ETM+ data.
Dependency of Crop Production between Global Breadbaskets: A Copula Approach for the Assessment of Global and Regional Risk Pools
Authors: Gaupp Franziska , Pflug Georg , Hochrainer‐Stigler Stefan , Hall Jim , Dadson Simon 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAs recent events have shown, simultaneous crop losses in different parts of the world can cause serious risks to global food security. However, to date, little is known about the spatial dependency of lower than expected crop yields from global breadbaskets. This especially applies in the case of extreme events, i.e., where one or more breadbaskets are experiencing far below average yields. Without such information, risk management approaches cannot be applied and vulnerability to extremes may remain high or even increase in the future around the world. We tackle both issues from an empirical perspective focusing on wheat yield. Interdependencies between historically observed wheat yield deviations in five breadbaskets (United States, Argentina, India, China, and Australia) are estimated via copula approaches that can incorporate increasing tail dependencies. In doing so, we are able to attach probabilities to interregional as well as global yield losses. To address the robustness of our results, we apply three different methods for constructing multivariate copulas: vine copulas, ordered coupling using a minimax approach, and hierarchical structuring. We found interdependencies between states within breadbaskets that led us to the conclusion that risk pooling for extremes is less favorable on the regional level. However, notwithstanding evidence of global climatic teleconnections that may influence crop production, we also demonstrate empirically that wheat production losses are independent between global breadbaskets, which strengthens the case for interregional risk pooling strategies. We argue that through interregional risk pooling, postdisaster liabilities of governments and international donors could be decreased.
Screw migration in a 14-year-old boy with hip osteotomy; a rare cause of upper thigh hematoma
Authors: Ünal Emre 
Published: December 2016

Soft tissue injury due to orthopedic hardware migration is an uncommon complication. However particularly patients who have routine physical therapy sessions for extremity contractures are at risk for vascular injury in the setting of migrated screws. Ultrasound is an efficient modality to evaluate migrated screws and adjacent soft tissue structures. As a consequence of repetitive trauma a migrated screw would eventually result in injury. Herein a case of upper thigh hematoma due to screw migration in a patient with hip osteotomy is reported.
A rare retrovesical hydatid cyst and value of transrectal ultrasonography in diagnosis: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Unal Emre , Keles Meryem , Yazgan Sibel , Karcaaltincaba Musturay 
Published: December 2016

We present a large hydatid cyst located midline and posterior to prostatic gland and seminal vesicles in an asymptomatic patient. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a large retrovesical mass and the transrectal ultrasonography idetified a degenerated hydatid cyst with “ball of wool’’ appearance. Although extremely rare, hydatid disease should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of pelvic particularly retrovesical midline masses.
Understanding the Demographic Differences in Neighborhood Walking Supports
Authors: Carlson Susan A. , Watson Kathleen B. , Paul Prabasaj , Schmid Thomas L. , Fulton Janet E. 
Published: December 2016

Background:Information about how presence and usefulness of neighborhood supports for walking differs by demographic characteristics can help guide community strategies to promote walking.Methods:Reported presence and usefulness of neighborhood supports (shops, transit stops, sidewalks, parks, interesting things to look at, well-lit at night, low crime rate, and cars following speed limit) were examined in 3973 U.S. adults who completed the 2014 SummerStyles survey.Results:Percentage reporting neighborhood supports as present ranged from 25.3% (SE = 0.8) for interesting things to 55.8% (SE = 1.0) for low crime rate. Percentage who reported a support as useful ranged from 24.6% (SE = 1.4) for transit stops to 79.0% (SE = 1.1) for sidewalks among those with the support. This percentage ranged from 13.4% (SE = 0.8) for transit stops to 52.8% (SE = 1.1) for shops among those without the support. One or more demographic differences were observed for the presence of each support, and the presence of all supports differed by education and metro status. Demographic patterns were less clear when examining usefulness and patterns often differed by support type and presence.Conclusions:Presence and usefulness of neighborhood supports for walking can differ by type and demographic characteristics. Recognizing these difference can help communities plan and implement strategies to promote walking.
Active Classrooms: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effects of a Movement Integration Intervention on the Physical Activity Levels of Primary School Children
Authors: Martin Rosemarie , Murtagh Elaine 
Published: December 2016

Background:A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the Active Classrooms intervention, which integrates movement into academic lessons, on the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels (MVPA) of primary school children during class-time and throughout the school day.Methods:Ten classroom teachers and their students aged 8 to 12 years were recruited and randomized into the Active Classrooms intervention group (n = 131students, n = 5teachers) or a delayed-treatment controlled group (n = 117students, n = 5teachers). The intervention group participated in active academic lessons taught by the classroom teacher over an 8 week period. Accelerometers were used to gather physical activity data at baseline, postintervention and at 4 months follow-up. Teachers completed a questionnaire to evaluate the program.Results:A significant difference for change in daily class time MVPA levels was identified between the treatment (n = 95) and control (n = 91) groups from pre- to postintervention (P < .001) and this difference was maintained at follow-up (P < .001). No significant difference emerged between the treatment and control groups for change in school day MVPA levels from pre- to postintervention (P = .52) or follow-up (P = .09). Teachers reported that they were highly satisfied with the program.Conclusions:Movement integration has the potential to improve physical activity levels of primary school children in the classroom.
In Vitro
Activity of Posaconazole against Talaromyces marneffei by Broth Microdilution and Etest Methods and Comparison to Itraconazole, Voriconazole, and Anidulafungin
Authors: Lau Susanna K. P. , Lo George C. S. , Lam Clare S. K. , Chow Wang-Ngai , Ngan Antonio H. Y. , Wu Alan K. L. , Tsang Dominic N. C. , Tse Cindy W. S. , Que Tak-Lun , Tang Bone S. F. , Woo Patrick C. Y. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

We determined the susceptibilities of 57
Talaromyces marneffei
strains to anidulafungin, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole with MICs of 2 to 8, 0.002 to 0.004, 0.016 to 0.063, and 0.001 to 0.002 μg/ml by broth microdilution and >32, ≤0.002 to 0.008, ≤0.002 to 0.008, and ≤0.002 μg/ml by Etest, respectively, at yeast phase; MICs at mycelial phase for anidulafungin and posaconazole were 1 to 2 and 0.004 to 0.063 μg/ml, respectively. The results suggest promising activities of posaconazole. Etest can be used for testing of azoles against
T. marneffei
.
Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Pulmonary Delivery of Colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Mouse Lung Infection Model
Authors: Lin Yu-Wei , Zhou Qi Tony , Cheah Soon-Ee , Zhao Jinxin , Chen Ke , Wang Jiping , Chan Hak-Kim , Li Jian 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Colistin is often administered by inhalation and/or the parenteral route for the treatment of respiratory infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. However, limited pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data are available to guide the optimization of dosage regimens of inhaled colistin. In the present study, PK of colistin in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and plasma was determined following intratracheal delivery of a single dose of colistin solution in neutropenic lung-infected mice. The antimicrobial efficacy of intratracheal delivery of colistin against three
P. aeruginosa
strains (ATCC 27853, PAO1, and FADDI-PA022; MIC of 1 mg/liter for all strains) was examined in a neutropenic mouse lung infection model. Dose fractionation studies were conducted over 2.64 to 23.8 mg/kg of body weight/day. The inhibitory sigmoid model was employed to determine the PK/PD index that best described the antimicrobial efficacy of pulmonary delivery of colistin. In both ELF and plasma, the ratio of the area under the unbound concentration-time profile to MIC (
f
AUC/MIC) was the PK/PD index that best described the antimicrobial effect in mouse lung infection (
R
2
= 0.60 to 0.84 for ELF and 0.64 to 0.83 for plasma). The
f
AUC/MIC targets required to achieve stasis against the three strains were 684 to 1,050 in ELF and 2.15 to 3.29 in plasma. The histopathological data showed that pulmonary delivery of colistin reduced infection-caused pulmonary inflammation and preserved the integrity of the lung epithelium, although colistin introduced mild pulmonary inflammation in healthy mice. This study showed pulmonary delivery of colistin provides antimicrobial effects against MDR
P. aeruginosa
lung infections superior to those of parenteral administrations. For the first time, our results provide important preclinical PK/PD information for optimization of inhaled colistin therapy.
Emergence of Ceftazidime-Avibactam Resistance Due to Plasmid-Borne
bla
KPC-3
Mutations during Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections
Authors: Shields Ryan K. , Chen Liang , Cheng Shaoji , Chavda Kalyan D. , Press Ellen G. , Snyder Avin , Pandey Ruchi , Doi Yohei , Kreiswirth Barry N. , Nguyen M. Hong , Clancy Cornelius J. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Ceftazidime-avibactam is a novel β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor with activity against carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
(CRE) that produce
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase (KPC). We report the first cases of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance to develop during treatment of CRE infections and identify resistance mechanisms. Ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant
K. pneumoniae
emerged in three patients after ceftazidime-avibactam treatment for 10 to 19 days. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of longitudinal ceftazidime-avibactam-susceptible and -resistant
K. pneumoniae
isolates was used to identify potential resistance mechanisms. WGS identified mutations in plasmid-borne
bla
KPC-3
, which were not present in baseline isolates.
bla
KPC-3
mutations emerged independently in isolates of a novel sequence type 258 sublineage and resulted in variant KPC-3 enzymes. The mutations were validated as resistance determinants by measuring MICs of ceftazidime-avibactam and other agents following targeted gene disruption in
K. pneumoniae
, plasmid transfer, and
bla
KPC
cloning into competent
Escherichia coli
. In rank order, the impact of KPC-3 variants on ceftazidime-avibactam MICs was as follows: D179Y/T243M double substitution > D179Y > V240G. Remarkably, mutations reduced meropenem MICs ≥4-fold from baseline, restoring susceptibility in
K. pneumoniae
from two patients. Cefepime and ceftriaxone MICs were also reduced ≥4-fold against D179Y/T243M and D179Y variant isolates, but susceptibility was not restored. Reverse transcription-PCR revealed that expression of
bla
KPC-3
encoding D179Y/T243M and D179Y variants was diminished compared to
bla
KPC-3
expression in baseline isolates. In conclusion, the development of resistance-conferring
bla
KPC-3
mutations in
K. pneumoniae
within 10 to 19 days of ceftazidime-avibactam exposure is troubling, but clinical impact may be ameliorated if carbapenem susceptibility is restored in certain isolates.
Low Frequency of Ceftazidime-Avibactam Resistance among Enterobacteriaceae Isolates Carrying
bla
KPC
Collected in U.S. Hospitals from 2012 to 2015
Authors: Castanheira Mariana , Mendes Rodrigo E. , Sader Helio S. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase (KPC)-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates have been increasingly reported worldwide, and therapeutic options to treat infections caused by these organisms are limited. We evaluated the activity of ceftazidime-avibactam and comparators against 456
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates carrying
bla
KPC
collected from 79 U.S. hospitals during 2012 to 2015. Overall, ceftazidime-avibactam (MIC
50/90
, 0.5/2 μg/ml; 99.3% susceptible) and tigecycline (MIC
50/90
, 0.5/1 μg/ml; 98.9% susceptible at ≤2 μg/ml) were the most active agents. Only 80.5% and 59.0% of isolates were susceptible to colistin and amikacin, respectively. All three isolates (0.7%) displaying resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam (
K. pneumoniae
; MICs, ≥16 μg/ml) were evaluated using whole-genome sequencing analysis and relative quantification of expression levels of porins and efflux pump. Two isolates carried metallo-β-lactamase genes,
bla
NDM-1
or
bla
VIM-4
, among other β-lactam resistance mechanisms, and one displayed a premature stop codon in
ompK35
and decreased expression of
ompK36
. Ceftazidime-avibactam was active against 100.0 and 99.3% of isolates carrying
bla
KPC-3
(
n
= 221) and
bla
KPC-2
(
n
= 145), respectively. Isolates carrying
bla
KPC
were more commonly recovered from pneumonia (
n
= 155), urinary tract (
n
= 93), and skin/soft tissue (
n
= 74) infections. Ceftazidime-avibactam (97.8 to 100.0% susceptible) was consistently active against isolates from all infection sites.
K. pneumoniae
(83.3% of the collection) susceptibility rates were 99.2% for ceftazidime-avibactam, 98.9% for tigecycline, and 80.1% for colistin. Ceftazidime-avibactam susceptibility did not vary substantially when comparing isolates from intensive care unit (ICU) patients to those from non-ICU patients. Ceftazidime-avibactam was active against this large collection of isolates carrying
bla
KPC
and represents a valuable addition to the armamentarium currently available for the treatment of infections caused by KPC-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Interaction between SWP9 and Polar Tube Proteins of the Microsporidian Nosema bombycis and Function of SWP9 as a Scaffolding Protein Contribute to Polar Tube Tethering to the Spore Wall
Authors: Yang Donglin , Pan Lixia , Peng Pai , Dang Xiaoqun , Li Chunfeng , Li Tian , Long Mengxian , Chen Jie , Wu Yujiao , Du Huihui , Luo Bo , Song Yue , Tian Rui , Luo Jie , Zhou Zeyang , Pan Guoqing 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTAll microsporidia possess a unique, highly specialized invasion mechanism that involves the polar tube and spore wall. The interaction between spore wall proteins (SWPs) and polar tube proteins (PTPs) in the formation, arrangement, orderly orientation, and function of the polar tube and spore wall remains to be determined. This study was undertaken to examine the protein interactions ofNosema bombycisSWP7 (NbSWP7), NbSWP9, and PTPs. Coimmunoprecipitation, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and yeast two-hybrid data demonstrated that NbSWP9, but not NbSWP7, interacts with NbPTP1 and NbPTP2. Furthermore, immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) showed that NbSWP9 was localized mainly in the developing polar tube of sporoblasts, while NbSWP7 was found randomly in the cytoplasm. However, both NbSWP9 and NbSWP7 were located in the polar tube and spore wall ofN. bombycismature spores. The reason why NbSWP7 was localized to the polar tube may be due to the interaction between NbSWP9 and NbSWP7. Interestingly, the majority of NbSWP9, but not NbSWP7, accumulated in the beginning part of the extruded polar tube and the ruptured spore wall called the anchoring disk (AD) when the mature spores germinated under weak-alkaline environmental stimulation. Additionally, anti-NbSWP9 antibody reduced spore germination in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our study further confirmed that NbSWP9 is a scaffolding protein that not only anchors and holds the polar tube but also tethers the polar tube to the spore wall.
Diversification of the AlpB Outer Membrane Protein of Helicobacter pylori Affects Biofilm Formation and Cellular Adhesion
Authors: Yonezawa Hideo , Osaki Takako , Fukutomi Toshiyuki , Hanawa Tomoko , Kurata Satoshi , Zaman Cynthia , Hojo Fuhito , Kamiya Shigeru 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter pylori
is one of the most common causes of bacterial infection in humans, and it forms biofilms on human gastric mucosal epithelium as well as on
in vitro
abiotic surfaces. Bacterial biofilm is critical not only for environmental survival but also for successful infection. We previously demonstrated that strain TK1402, which was isolated from a Japanese patient with duodenal and gastric ulcers, has high biofilm-forming ability
in vitro
relative to other strains. In addition, we showed that outer membrane vesicles (OMV) play an important role in biofilm formation. The aim of this study was to analyze which protein(s) in the OMV contributes to biofilm formation in TK1402. We obtained a spontaneous mutant strain derived from TK1402 lacking biofilm-forming ability. The protein profiles of the OMV were compared between this mutant strain and the wild type, and it was found that AlpB, an outer membrane protein in the OMV of the mutant strain, was markedly decreased compared to that of the wild type. Restoration of TK1402
alpB
to the mutant strain fully recovered the ability to form biofilm. However, restoration with
alpB
from other strains demonstrated incomplete recovery of biofilm-forming ability. We therefore inferred that the variable region of AlpB (amino acid positions 121 to 146) was involved in TK1402 biofilm formation. In addition, diversification of the AlpB sequence was shown to affect the ability to adhere to AGS cells. These results demonstrate a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of host colonization by
H. pylori
.

IMPORTANCE
Bacterial biofilm is critical not only for environmental survival but also for successful infection. The mechanism of
Helicobacter pylori
adherence to host cells mediated by cell surface adhesins has been the focus of many studies, but little is known regarding factors involved in
H. pylori
biofilm formation. Our study demonstrated that AlpB plays an important role in biofilm formation and that this property depends upon the specific sequence of
alpB
. This in turn was shown to be important in the ability to adhere to gastric cells. We anticipate that these results will provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of
H. pylori
colonization.
Comparison of Phenotypic Tests and an Immunochromatographic Assay and Development of a New Algorithm for Detection of OXA-48-like Carbapenemases
Authors: Koroska Florian , Göttig Stephan , Kaase Martin , Steinmann Jörg , Gatermann Sören , Sommer Julian , Wille Thorsten , Plum Georg , Hamprecht Axel 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

OXA-48 is the most prevalent carbapenemase in
Enterobacteriaceae
in Europe and the Middle East, but it is frequently missed because many isolates display low MICs for carbapenems. Furthermore, in contrast to metallo-β-lactamases or
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemases (KPC), no specific inhibitor is available for the phenotypic detection of OXA-48. Molecular detection of
bla
OXA-48
is the “gold standard” but is not available in many laboratories. A few phenotypic assays have been described but have not been independently evaluated. The aim of this study was the systematic comparison of phenotypic tests and an immunochromatographic assay (ICT) for the detection of OXA-48/OXA-48-like carbapenemases and the development of an algorithm for reliable phenotypic detection of OXA-48. Four phenotypic tests (temocillin disk test, faropenem disk test, OXA-48 disk test, and high-inoculum [HI] OXA-48 disk test) and a new ICT (OXA-48
K
-SeT) were compared by using a set of 166
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates, including isolates producing OXA-48/OXA-48-like carbapenemases (
n =
84) or Ambler class A and B carbapenemases (
n =
41) and carbapenemase-negative isolates (
n =
41). The sensitivity and specificity for the different assays were 100% and 43.9% for temocillin, 57.1% and 98.8% for faropenem, 53.6% and 100% for the OXA-48 disk test, 98.8% and 97.6% for the HI OXA-48 disk test, and 100% and 100% for the ICT, respectively. The ICT displayed the highest sensitivity and specificity and was the most rapid assay, but it is more costly than phenotypic assays. Based on these results, a new algorithm incorporating temocillin, faropenem, and ICT which allows cost-effective detection of OXA-48 with 100% sensitivity and specificity was developed.
Implementation of Rapid Molecular Infectious Disease Diagnostics: the Role of Diagnostic and Antimicrobial Stewardship
Authors: Messacar Kevin , Parker Sarah K. , Todd James K. , Dominguez Samuel R. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
New rapid molecular diagnostic technologies for infectious diseases enable expedited accurate microbiological diagnoses. However, diagnostic stewardship and antimicrobial stewardship are necessary to ensure that these technologies conserve, rather than consume, additional health care resources and optimally affect patient care. Diagnostic stewardship is needed to implement appropriate tests for the clinical setting and to direct testing toward appropriate patients. Antimicrobial stewardship is needed to ensure prompt appropriate clinical action to translate faster diagnostic test results in the laboratory into improved outcomes at the bedside. This minireview outlines the roles of diagnostic stewardship and antimicrobial stewardship in the implementation of rapid molecular infectious disease diagnostics.