bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Differential Mortality of Undesired Infants in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Flatø Martin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWith high rates of infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, investments in infant health are subject to tough prioritizations within the household, in which maternal preferences may play a part. How these preferences will affect infant mortality as African women have ever-lower fertility is still uncertain, as increased female empowerment and increased difficulty in achieving a desired gender composition within a smaller family pull in potentially different directions. I study how being born at a parity or of a gender undesired by the mother relates to infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and how such differential mortality varies between women at different stages of the demographic transition. Using data from 79 Demographic and Health Surveys, I find that a child being undesired according to the mother is associated with a differential mortality that is not due to constant maternal factors, family composition, or factors that are correlated with maternal preferences and vary continuously across siblings. As a share of overall infant mortality, the excess mortality of undesired children amounts to 3.3 % of male and 4 % of female infant mortality. Undesiredness can explain a larger share of infant mortality among mothers with lower fertility desires and a larger share of female than male infant mortality for children of women who desire 1–3 children. Undesired gender composition is more important for infant mortality than undesired childbearing and may also lead couples to increase family size beyond the maternal desire, in which case infants of the surplus gender are particularly vulnerable.
The do’s, don’t and don’t knows of supporting transition to more independent practice
Authors: Yardley Sarah , Westerman Michiel , Bartlett Maggie , Walton J Mark , Smith Julie , Peile Ed 
Published: January 2018

Introduction Transitions are traditionally viewed as challenging for clinicians. Throughout medical career pathways, clinicians need to successfully navigate successive transitions as they become progressively more independent practitioners. In these guidelines, we aim to synthesize the evidence from the literature to provide guidance for supporting clinicians in their development of independence, and highlight areas for further research.
Methods Drawing upon D3 method guidance, four key themes universal to medical career transitions and progressive independence were identified by all authors through discussion and consensus from our own experience and expertise: workplace learning, independence and responsibility, mentoring and coaching, and patient perspectives. A scoping review of the literature was conducted using Medline database searches in addition to the authors’ personal archives and reference snowballing searches.
Results 387 articles were identified and screened. 210 were excluded as not relevant to medical transitions (50 at title screen; 160 at abstract screen). 177 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility; a further 107 were rejected (97 did not include career transitions in their study design; 10 were review articles; the primary references of these were screened for inclusion). 70 articles were included of which 60 provided extractable data for the final qualitative synthesis. Across the four key themes, seven do’s, two don’ts and seven don’t knows were identified, and the strength of evidence was graded for each of these recommendations.
Psychiatric disorders and compliance with prenatal care: A 10-year retrospective cohort compared to controls
Authors: Ben-Sheetrit Joseph , Huller-Harari Liat , Rasner Michal , Magen Nehemia , Nacasch Nitsa , Torena Paz 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundInadequate prenatal care has been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. We sought to compare compliance with prenatal care visits (PCV), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and serum alfa-fetoprotein (aFP) in women with psychiatric disorders (PD) and healthy controls.MethodsSubjects were 5395 women (1043 PD and 4352 controls), members of Clalit Health Services (Tel-Aviv district, Israel), who gave birth during 2004–2014. We used Generalized Estimating Equations with binary-logistic models, considering consecutive pregnancies as repeated measures with unbalanced design. The diagnostic subgroup was the main independent, assessed once with and once without age, socioeconomic status and multiple gestation variables.ResultsRisk for non-compliance with OGTT was increased in women with depression (aOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.7) and schizophrenia (aOR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1–2.9), but not anxiety. Risk for non-compliance with aFP was decreased in women with anxiety (aOR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.5-0.8), but women with depression and schizophrenia did not differ from controls. PD were at risk for both absence of PCV (aOR = 4.6, 95% CI = 2.7–8.0) and high utilization of PCV (>20 visits, aOR = 2.8, 95% CI = 2.1–3.7). Psychopharmacological treatment during pregnancy was associated with high utilization of PCV (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.7–2.9), increased compliance with aFP tests (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.7) and marginally-significant increased compliance with OGTT (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.67–1.01).ConclusionPD under-utilized tests perceived for the wellbeing of the mother (OGTT) and over-utilize tests for the wellbeing of the fetus (aFP). PD exhibited patterns of both very low and very high utilization of PCV. Psychopharmacological treatment during pregnancy may improve some measures of compliance with prenatal care.
Impulsivity in early psychosis: A complex link with violent behaviour and a target for intervention
Authors: Moulin V. , Golay P. , Palix J. , Baumann P.S. , Gholamrezaeec M-M. , Azzola A. , Gasser J. , Do K.Q. , Alamedae L. , Conus P. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundViolent behaviour (VB) occurs in first episode of schizophrenia and can have devastating impact both on victims and patients themselves. A better knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of VB may pave the way to preventive treatments.Objectives1) To explore the nature of the link between impulsivity and VB in early psychosis (EP) patients; 2) To explore the interactions between impulsivity and substance abuse, insight, and positive symptoms, the main dynamic risk factors of VB described to date.Design and methodsPost hoc analysis of data acquired in the frame of a 36-months EP cohort study. A total of 265 EP patients, aged 18 to 35, treated at TIPP (Treatment and early Intervention in Psychosis Program), at the Department of Psychiatry in Lausanne, Switzerland, were included in the study. Logistic regression analyzes were performed as well as mediation analysis and interaction analysisResultsOur data suggest that impulsivity is a predictor of VB when analyzed independently and as part of a multi-factorial model. Impulsivity continues to differentiate violent patients from non-violent ones at the end of the program. In addition, the relationship between impulsivity and VB is not mediated by substance abuse. Finally, the effect of impulsivity on the probability of VB is potentiated by the interaction of different levels of insight and positive symptoms.ConclusionsEarly intervention strategies in psychotic disorders should include evaluation of impulsivity considering it is linked to increased risk of VB and may respond to treatment.
Performance of an elliptical crystal spectrometer for SGII X-ray opacity experiments
Authors: Wang Ruirong , An Honghai , Xie Zhiyong , Wang Wei 
Published: January 2018

A new crystal spectrometer for application in X-ray opacity experiments is proposed. The conditions necessary to yield broad spectral coverage with a resolution${>}$500, strong rejection of hard X-ray backgrounds and negligible source broadening for extended sources are formulated. In addition, the design, response modeling and reporting of an elliptical crystal spectrometer in conjunction with a linear detector are presented. The measured results demonstrate the performance of the new crystal spectrometer with a broad energy coverage range, high spectral resolution, and high luminosity (good collection efficiency). This spectrometer can be used in combination with point-projection backlighting techniques as utilized in X-ray opacity experiments. Specifically, the X-ray source, transmission and self-emission spectra of the sample can be measured simultaneously in a single shot, which can reduce the experimental uncertainties from shot-to-shot fluctuations. The new crystal spectrometer has been used in the X-ray opacity experiment to precisely measure the aluminum$K$-absorption edge shift in the energy range around 1.560 keV in strongly compressed matter. It is demonstrated that the spectrometer can be used to realize measurements of new and unpredictable physical interactions of interest, as well as basic and applied high-energy-density science.
Population status of the Antarctic shag Phalacrocorax (atriceps) bransfieldensis
Authors: Schrimpf Michael , Naveen Ron , Lynch Heather J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAntarctic shags Phalacrocorax (atriceps) bransfieldensis are the southernmost cormorants in the world and assessment of their conservation status has been complicated by the logistical challenges of obtaining regular estimates of population size, as well as by taxonomic ambiguity of the blue-eyed shag complex. The available information on the taxonomy, distribution and population size of Antarctic shags are reviewed and a refined estimate of the global population is presented: 11 366 breeding pairs, plus an additional 1984 pairs of uncertain taxonomic status in the South Orkney Islands. This analysis suggests a possible spatial shift in the distribution of Antarctic shags similar to that reported for other Antarctic seabirds, which probably reflects a gradient in environmental changes along the western Antarctic Peninsula. This review should aid future conservation and management assessments.
Simulated Complexity: A New Classroom Simulation to Teach about Campaign-Finance Laws
Authors: Carpenter Dick M. , Dunn Joshua M. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTClassroom simulations have become an increasingly popular instructional method in political science to increase student engagement, interest, and learning. This article describes a simulation designed to teach students about the complexities of campaign-finance systems, particularly disclosure requirements. In the simulation, students work in groups to convince others how to vote on a pending ballot measure. After spending more than $200 on materials, groups then must register as ballot-issue committees and comply with state campaign-finance laws, including tracking contributions and expenditures and completing all required forms. The simulation ends with a debrief. Results from several years of debriefs are presented to discuss how students perceive the complexities of campaign-finance laws. Dominant themes include surprise by students in the complexities of these laws and the effects they have on political speech and association.
The Mediterranean diet, an environmentally friendly option: evidence from the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort
Authors: Fresán Ujué , Martínez-Gonzalez Miguel-Angel , Sabaté Joan , Bes-Rastrollo Maira 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectiveHow food is produced and consumed has consequences for ecosystems, such as resource use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission among others. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) was proposed as a sustainable dietary model, due to its nutritional, environmental, economic and sociocultural dimensions. However, further evidence is needed. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the impact on resource (land, water and energy) use and GHG emission of better adherence to the MedDiet in a Mediterranean Spanish cohort.DesignWe analysed the dietary pattern of participants through a validated FFQ. The outcomes were land use, water and energy consumption and GHG emission according to MedDiet adherence. The specific environmental footprints of food item production and processing were obtained from different available life-cycle assessments.SettingSpanish university graduates.SubjectsParticipants (n20 363) in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort.ResultsBetter adherence to the MedDiet was associated with lower land use (−0·71 (95 % CI −0·76, −0·66) m2/d), water consumption (−58·88 (95 % CI −90·12, −27·64) litres/d), energy consumption (−0·86 (95 % CI −1·01, −0·70) MJ/d) and GHG emission (−0·73 (95 % CI −0·78, −0·69) kg CO2e/d). A statistically significant linear trend (P<0·05) was observed in all these analyses.ConclusionsIn this Mediterranean cohort, better adherence to the MedDiet was an eco-friendly option according to resource consumption and GHG emission.
A Simple Method for the Cross-Section Area Determination of Single Profiled Fibers and Its Application
Authors: Peng Zhangchuan , Liu Chun , Zhang Lin , Li Wei , Hu Wenbo , Ma Sanyuan , Xia Qingyou 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOne of the critical prerequisites for accurately measuring the mechanical properties of profiled fibers is the precise determination of their cross-sectional areas (CSAs). In this study, a new method is established for determining a single profiled fibers’ CSA based on the frozen section method and digital photo, pixel-ratio method (FS-DP). FS-DP is used to obtain a transverse section of a fiber, by acquiring an image of the cross section using optical microscopy or scanning electron microscopy, and then calculating the CSA using Photoshop. Using FS-DP, it was found that the shape of a fiber of silk changes little in a range of 50μm, but varies considerably over a range of 1 m, while the CSA of cocoon silk (900 m) first increases and then decreases. Mechanical property tests showed that the elongation, strength, elastic modulus, and toughness values of the cocoon silk are consistent with those reported previously. Additionally, FS-DP was also used to observe other profiled fibers. The application tests indicated that FS-DP can be used to quickly and accurately obtain the CSA of a single profiled fiber, and that it is suitable for the large-scale determination and analysis of the mechanical properties of profiled fibers.
Osteoporosis guideline awareness among Iranian family physicians: results of a knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey
Authors: Mahdaviazad Hamideh , Keshtkar Vahid , Emami Mohammad Jafar 
Published: January 2018

AimThis study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of family physicians in Iran, regarding osteoporosis and their experience with national osteoporosis guideline.BackgroundOsteoporosis is a relatively preventable, chronic and progressive disease. Family physicians play a crucial role in relieving the burden of care.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was addressed at all qualified family physicians who registered at urban family physicians and referral system program. Data collection included demographics, professional experience, and knowledge of guidelines based on a standardized KAP questionnaire. Student’s t-test was used to measure the associations between KAP scores and demographic, professional experience variables.FindingsThe response rate was 72% (540/750). Based on Bloom’s cut off scale, family physicians knowledge and practice scores were in moderate level, and only 14 and 38.5% of them had good knowledge and practice, respectively. Attitude score was in good level, and 64.1% of participants had positive attitude. Mean score of knowledge and practice were higher significantly among family physicians that practice in public settings. Family physicians, who completed osteoporosis training courses, had higher attitude score (P=0.03). Only 23.5% of family physicians were aware of the existence of national osteoporosis guideline.ConclusionAlthough most family physicians believed in the importance of preventive measures, however, limited number of them had good knowledge and practice regarding osteoporosis and less than a quarter were aware of national guideline. This is a clear need to disseminate the guideline more effectively, make greater use of efficient training methods.
Field-deployable rapid multiple biosensing system for detection of chemical and biological warfare agents
Authors: Saito Masato , Uchida Natsuko , Furutani Shunsuke , Murahashi Mizuho , Espulgar Wilfred , Nagatani Naoki , Nagai Hidenori , Inoue Yuki , Ikeuchi Tomohiko , Kondo Satoshi , Uzawa Hirotaka , Seto Yasuo , Tamiya Eiichi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe threat of biological and chemical terror acts remains a growing worldwide concern. There is therefore a need to develop appropriate technology for the detection of chemical and biological warfare agents, with early identification intended for use by first responders. Here, we disclose the developed autonomous air sampling and detection system for evaluation of the presence of chemical and biological warfare agents that can be harmful to the population. The current device utilizes the designed mist generator-assisted air collection system (338 l min−1) and biosensing chip technologies, such as electrochemical measurement, Au nanoparticle-based localized surface plasmon resonance, and rapid microfluidic chip PCR for detection of minute concentrations lower than the mean lethal dose (LD50) of nerve gases (sarin and VX), toxic proteins (BTX/A/Hc and ricin), and pathogens (anthrax simulant). An operation time of only 5–15 min is needed for the collection and detection; sample preparation is already integrated into the system without the need for direct human intervention. In addition to the system’s sensitivity and ease of use, its portability makes it highly beneficial for first responders, which could aid in immediate risk assessment and mitigation of on-site events.
Metabolite identification in fecal microbiota transplantation mouse livers and combined proteomics with chronic unpredictive mild stress mouse livers
Authors: Li Bo , Guo Kenan , Zeng Li , Zeng Benhua , Huo Ran , Luo Yuanyuan , Wang Haiyang , Dong Meixue , Zheng Peng , Zhou Chanjuan , Chen Jianjun , Liu Yiyun , Liu Zhao , Fang Liang , Wei Hong , Xie Peng 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mood disorder. Gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of depression via the microbe–gut–brain axis. Liver is vulnerable to exposure of bacterial products translocated from the gut via the portal vein and may be involved in the axis. In this study, germ-free mice underwent fecal microbiota transplantation from MDD patients and healthy controls. Behavioral tests verified the depression model. Metabolomics using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry determined the influence of microbes on liver metabolism. With multivariate statistical analysis, 191 metabolites were distinguishable in MDD mice from control (CON) mice. Compared with CON mice, MDD mice showed lower levels for 106 metabolites and higher levels for 85 metabolites. These metabolites are associated with lipid and energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Combined analyses of significantly changed proteins in livers from another depression model induced by chronic unpredictive mild stress returned a high score for the Lipid Metabolism, Free Radical Scavenging, and Molecule Transports network, and canonical pathways were involved in energy metabolism and tryptophan degradation. The two mouse models of depression suggest that changes in liver metabolism might be involved in the pathogenesis of MDD. Conjoint analyses of fecal, serum, liver, and hippocampal metabolites from fecal microbiota transplantation mice suggested that aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis significantly changed and fecal metabolites showed a close relationship with the liver. These findings may help determine the biological mechanisms of depression and provide evidence about “depression microbes” impacting on liver metabolism.
Transcriptional decomposition reveals active chromatin architectures and cell specific regulatory interactions
Authors: Rennie Sarah , Dalby Maria , van Duin Lucas , Andersson Robin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTranscriptional regulation is tightly coupled with chromosomal positioning and three-dimensional chromatin architecture. However, it is unclear what proportion of transcriptional activity is reflecting such organisation, how much can be informed by RNA expression alone and how this impacts disease. Here, we develop a computational transcriptional decomposition approach separating the proportion of expression associated with genome organisation from independent effects not directly related to genomic positioning. We show that positionally attributable expression accounts for a considerable proportion of total levels and is highly informative of topological associating domain activities and organisation, revealing boundaries and chromatin compartments. Furthermore, expression data alone accurately predict individual enhancer–promoter interactions, drawing features from expression strength, stabilities, insulation and distance. We characterise predictions in 76 human cell types, observing extensive sharing of domains, yet highly cell-type-specific enhancer–promoter interactions and strong enrichments in relevant trait-associated variants. Overall, our work demonstrates a close relationship between transcription and chromatin architecture.
Tunable metal-insulator transition, Rashba effect and Weyl Fermions in a relativistic charge-ordered ferroelectric oxide
Authors: He Jiangang , Di Sante Domenico , Li Ronghan , Chen Xing-Qiu , Rondinelli James M. , Franchini Cesare 
Published: January 2018

AbstractControllable metal–insulator transitions (MIT), Rashba–Dresselhaus (RD) spin splitting, and Weyl semimetals are promising schemes for realizing processing devices. Complex oxides are a desirable materials platform for such devices, as they host delicate and tunable charge, spin, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedoms. Here, using first-principles calculations and symmetry analysis, we identify an electric-field tunable MIT, RD effect, and Weyl semimetal in a known, charge-ordered, and polar relativistic oxide Ag2BiO3 at room temperature. Remarkably, a centrosymmetric BiO6 octahedral-breathing distortion induces a sizable spontaneous ferroelectric polarization through Bi3+/Bi5+ charge disproportionation, which stabilizes simultaneously the insulating phase. The continuous attenuation of the Bi3+/Bi5+ disproportionation obtained by applying an external electric field reduces the band gap and RD spin splitting and drives the phase transition from a ferroelectric RD insulator to a paraelectric Dirac semimetal, through a topological Weyl semimetal intermediate state. These findings suggest that Ag2BiO3 is a promising material for spin-orbitonic applications.
Disentangling entanglements in biopolymer solutions
Authors: Lang Philipp , Frey Erwin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractReptation theory has been highly successful in explaining the unusual material properties of entangled polymer solutions. It reduces the complex many-body dynamics to a single-polymer description, where each polymer is envisaged to be confined to a tube through which it moves in a snake-like fashion. For flexible polymers, reptation theory has been amply confirmed by both experiments and simulations. In contrast, for semiflexible polymers, experimental and numerical tests are either limited to the onset of reptation, or were performed for tracer polymers in a fixed, static matrix. Here, we report Brownian dynamics simulations of entangled solutions of semiflexible polymers, which show that curvilinear motion along a tube (reptation) is no longer the dominant mode of dynamics. Instead, we find that polymers disentangle due to correlated constraint release, which leads to equilibration of internal bending modes before polymers diffuse the full tube length. The physical mechanism underlying terminal stress relaxation is rotational diffusion mediated by disentanglement rather than curvilinear motion along a tube.