bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The timing and prevalence of intraoperative hypotension in infants undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy at a tertiary pediatric hospital
Authors: Simpao Allan F. , Ahumada Luis M. , Gálvez Jorge A. , Bonafide Christopher P. , Wartman Elicia C. , Randall England William , Lingappan Arul M. , Kilbaugh Todd J. , Jawad Abbas F. , Rehman Mohamed A. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundIntraoperative hypotension may be associated with adverse outcomes in children undergoing surgery. Infants and neonates under 6 months of age have less autoregulatory cerebral reserve than older infants, yet little information exists regarding when and how often intraoperative hypotension occurs in infants.AimsTo better understand the epidemiology of intraoperative hypotension in infants, we aimed to determine the prevalence of intraoperative hypotension in a generally uniform population of infants undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy.MethodsVital sign data from electronic records of infants who underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomy with general anesthesia at a children's hospital between January 1, 1998 and October 4, 2013 were analyzed. Baseline blood pressure (BP) values and intraoperative BPs were identified during eight perioperative stages based on anesthesia event timestamps. We determined the occurrence of relative (systolic BP <20% below baseline) and absolute (mean arterial BP <35 mmHg) intraoperative hypotension within each stage.ResultsA total of 735 full‐term infants and 82 preterm infants met the study criteria. Relative intraoperative hypotension occurred in 77%, 72%, and 58% of infants in the 1–30, 31–60, and 61–90 days age groups, respectively. Absolute intraoperative hypotension was seen in 21%, 12%, and 4% of infants in the 1–30, 31–60, and 61–90 days age groups, respectively. Intraoperative hypotension occurred primarily during surgical prep and throughout the surgical procedure. Preterm infants had higher rates of absolute intraoperative hypotension than full‐term infants.ConclusionsRelative intraoperative hypotension was routine and absolute intraoperative hypotension was common in neonates and infants under 91 days of age. Preterm infants and infants under 61 days of age experienced the highest rates of absolute and relative intraoperative hypotension, particularly during surgical prep and throughout surgery.
A retrospective review of anesthesia and perioperative care in children with medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Allen Claire , Perkins Russell , Schwahn Bernd 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundMedium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is the most common genetically determined disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Decompensation can result in hypoglycemia, seizures, coma, and death but may be prevented by ensuring glycogen stores do not become depleted. Perioperative care is of interest as surgery, fasting, and infection may all trigger decompensation and the safety of anesthetic agents has been questioned. Current guidelines from the British Inherited Metabolic Disease Group advise on administering fluid containing 10% glucose during the perioperative period.AimTo review the management of anesthesia and perioperative care for children with medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and determine the frequency and nature of any complications.MethodA retrospective review of case notes of children with medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency undergoing anesthesia between 1997 and 2014.ResultsFourteen patients underwent 21 episodes of anesthesia. In 20 episodes, the patient received a glucose‐containing fluid during their perioperative fast, of which eight received fluid containing 10% dextrose throughout the entire perioperative period. No episodes of hypoglycemia or decompensation occurred, but perioperative hyperglycemia occurred in five episodes. A propofol bolus was administered at induction in 16 episodes and volatile agents were administered for maintenance of anesthesia in all episodes without any observed complications. In one episode, delayed offset of atracurium was reported.ConclusionsPerioperative metabolic decompensation and hypoglycemia appear to be uncommon in children who are well and receive glucose supplementation. Hyperglycemia may occur as a consequence of surgery and glucose supplementation. Propofol boluses and volatile anesthetic agents were used without any apparent complications. Prolonged action of atracurium was reported in one case, suggesting that nondepolarizing muscle relaxants may have delayed offset in this patient group. We do not recommend any particular approach to anesthesia but would advise administering glucose supplementation according to current guidelines, frequent monitoring of blood glucose perioperatively, and monitoring of neuromuscular blockade.
Transcranial sonography in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Li Xudong , Xue Shuang , Jia Shuhong , Zhou Zhi , Qiao Yanan , Hou Chunlei , Wei Kun , Zheng Wenjing , Rong Pei , Jiao Jinsong 
Published: November 2016

AimWe investigated preclinical abnormalities as revealed by transcranial sonography (TCS) in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) compared with those revealed in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) or Parkinson's disease (PD) and in normal controls.MethodsTwenty‐two patients with iRBD, 21 patients with MSA, 22 patients with PD, and 21 normal controls were included in this study. All participants underwent one night of video‐polysomnography monitoring, and the sleep parameters were analyzed using Polysmith software and by visual analysis. TCS was performed following a standardized procedure. The echogenicity of the substantia nigra and basal ganglia were evaluated.ResultsA greater proportion of PD patients were found to have substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (86.4%) when compared to iRBD patients (31.8%), MSA patients (23.8%), and normal controls (4.8%) (P < 0.001). Fourteen MSA patients (66.7%) and 11 iRBD patients (50.0%) had hyperechogenicity in the basal ganglia, whereas hyperechogenicity in the basal ganglia was less frequent in PD patients (18.2%) and normal controls (9.5%) (P < 0.001). Poor sleep efficiency, less stage II sleep time, and more periodic leg movements were found in MSA and PD patients, whereas iRBD patients had almost normal sleep.ConclusionSome iRBD patients had basal ganglia hyperechogenicity that was similar to that observed in MSA, which may represent another possible convert direction. The present study further confirmed iRBD as a prodromal stage of synucleinopathy. TCS could detect subclinical changes and thus might provide useful markers for identifying individuals at increased risk for developing a synucleinopathy.
Severity of phytophthora root rot and pre‐emergence damping‐off in subterranean clover influenced by moisture, temperature, nutrition, soil type, cultivar and their interactions
Authors: You M. P. , Barbetti M. J. 
Published: November 2016

Studies were carried out in controlled environment rooms reflecting field situations. In the presence of the devastating soilborne pathogen Phytophthora clandestina, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) seedling emergence was significantly affected by moisture, soil type, temperature and cultivar. The level of rotting of tap and lateral roots was significantly affected by nutrition, soil type, temperature and cultivar. There were significant interactions involving temperature, moisture, soil type and cultivar; cultivar resistance, high moisture, high or medium temperature, high nutrition and sand soil all contributed towards less pre‐emergence damping‐off and tap and lateral root disease and to greater clover productivity. Host resistance of subterranean clover cultivars was critical for reducing disease severity and increasing productivity, even when favourable environmental conditions for severe disease occurred. In the presence of P. clandestina, the most resistant cultivar, Seaton Park, performed best under a high temperature, high nutrition and high moisture combination, but showed lower productivity under conditions of low nutrition or lower temperature, even when moisture level was high. In contrast, less resistant cultivars Riverina and Meteora had less disease and greater productivity under low moisture conditions. Findings reflect field observations that pre‐emergence damping‐off and root disease from P. clandestina in subterranean clover is particularly severe under colder conditions and in nutritionally impoverished sandy soils, and demonstrate how variations in soil type, nutrition, moisture, temperature and cultivar have profound effects on the expression and severity of phytophthora pre‐emergence damping‐off and root disease and the productivity of subterranean clover forages.
Recognition and significance of bayhead delta deposits in the rock record: A comparison of modern and ancient systems
Authors: Aschoff Jennifer L. , Olariu Cornel , Steel Ronald J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDespite advances in estuarine facies models, ancient bayhead delta deposits are not widely recognized or utilized, and their facies characteristics are poorly documented. Sedimentology of three well‐exposed, bayhead delta deposits within the well‐known stratigraphic framework of the Book Cliffs, Utah, and comparison to modern bayhead deltas provide insight into their variability, and a model for reservoir prediction. Bayhead deltas develop at the innermost part of bays within wave‐dominated and mixed‐energy estuaries on transgressive coastlines. The deposits of these deltas are valuable because they record the high‐frequency turnaround from transgression to regression; in turn, this delineates the long‐term transgression trajectory and informs reservoir prediction. This study uses outcrop data and synthesis of modern bayhead delta characteristics to define criteria for bayhead delta recognition, develop a detailed facies model and highlight their utility in a regional context. The following criteria for bayhead delta identification are proposed herein: (i) overall coarsening‐up pattern; (ii) small‐scale clinoform (5 to 15 m height; 100 to 1000 m length) showing a down‐clinoform decrease in grain size and palaeocurrent energy; (iii) increasing abundance of mud interbeds towards the clinoform toe; (iv) basinward‐directed palaeocurrents generated mainly by fluvial input with strong tidal overprint; (v) greatest tidal influence in the intertidal zone of the inactive delta front and better preservation of turbidites at clinoform toes; (vi) brackish trace and body fossils; and (vii) position within an overall backstepping stratigraphic succession. Ancient bayhead deltas described in this study are situated within a moderately rising to flatly rising transgressive interval over a 300 km transect. Steeply rising transgressive trajectories sequester sandy, thicker, better connected transgressive deposits in the inner part of the estuary where bayhead deltas tend to stack vertically. Flatter transgressive trajectories sequester sand in disparate, disconnected estuarine sandstone bodies with partial preservation of bayhead deltas. Proposed criteria aid recognition of bayhead delta deposits in other basins to reconstruct transgressive shoreline trajectories that inform reservoir models and volumetrics.
Immunomodulatory and Immunosuppressive Roles of 1α,25(OH)2D3 in Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Alhassan Mohammed H. , Saboor‐Yaraghi A. A. , Mirshafiey A. , Vahedi H. , Shiri‐Shahsavar M. R. , Mousavi Nasl Khameneh A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAutoimmune diseases are pathological conditions characterized by abnormal responses, accompanied by autoantibodies to self‐molecules. The role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases has increased significantly in the recent past from its functions in calcium and phosphate homoeostasis, and it is now involved in the regulations and proliferations of Th1 and Th17 lymphocyte. 1α,25(OH)2D3 is very important in ameliorations of inflammatory disorders arising from autoimmune diseases, but the mechanism by which this is performed is still a bone of contentions. This review aimed to highlight the existing facts about the roles of Vitamin D in the treatment and management of autoimmune diseases. An extensive online literature search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE and Scopus. Accumulated bodies of research evidence are available which demonstrates that Vitamin D has a very important part to play in the regulation of immune responses in autoimmune diseases. Some of the authors suggested that Vitamin D3 carry‐out its immunosuppressive and immune modulatory action, through its actions on antigen‐presenting cells and activated T and B cells with the help of Vitamin D receptors present on the each of these cells. Vitamin D supplementation assists in autoimmune disorders by making qualitative and quantitative changes in the immune system (downregulation of Th1 and upregulations of Th2 cells). This resulted in the body to be more tolerant of self and less likely to mount autoimmune responses.
Medically Documented Suicide Ideation Among U.S. Army Soldiers
Authors: Ursano Robert J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Stein Murray B. , Naifeh James A. , Nock Matthew K. , Aliaga Pablo A. , Fullerton Carol S. , Wynn Gary H. , Ng Tsz Hin Hinz , Dinh Hieu M. , Sampson Nancy A. , Kao Tzu‐Cheg , Schoenbaum Michael , McCarroll James E. , Cox Kenneth L. , Heeringa Steven G. ,   the Army STARRS collaborators
Published: November 2016

We used administrative data to examine predictors of medically documented suicide ideation (SI) among Regular Army soldiers from 2006 through 2009 (N = 10,466 ideators, 124,959 control person‐months). Enlisted ideators (97.8% of all cases) were more likely than controls to be female, younger, older when entering service, less educated, never or previously deployed, and have a recent mental health diagnosis. Officer ideators were more likely than controls to be female, younger, younger when entering service, never married, and have a recent mental health diagnosis. Risk among enlisted soldiers peaked in the second month of service and declined steadily, whereas risk among officers remained relatively stable over time. Risk of SI is highest among enlisted soldiers early in Army service, females, and those with a recent mental health diagnosis.
The Rise and Fall of Iraq in the Social Sciences*
Authors: Ahram Ariel I. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveThis article analyzes how the extremely authoritarian nature of the Iraqi regime affected scholarship of Iraq and shows how regime opacity and brutality constrain social science research.MethodsThe article examines scholarly output on Iraq using qualitative and quantitative metrics from the Saddam Hussein era and the post‐2003 period after his removal from power.ResultsThe article finds a dramatic increase in the quantity of publications on Iraq after 2003 and a shift toward more nomothetic, theory‐building research involving Iraq. New forms of research on Iraq, including field research, embedded observation, interviews, surveys, and archival research, also became prevalent after 2003.ConclusionThe progress of social science research depends both on regime transparency and regime stability. Researchers can adjust techniques to address the absence of transparency or stability, but without the combination of both, the overall venture suffers.
Paranoia and Perspective, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Start Loving Research in the Islamic Republic of Iran*
Authors: Malekzadeh Shervin 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesTo demonstrate that qualitative research is both possible and desirable in closed, nondemocratic settings such as Iran, research sites seemingly hostile to the outside investigator.MethodsUsing an ethnographical approach consisting of document analysis, semi‐structured interviews, and participant observation, the project documents the development of postrevolutionary schooling in Iran by mapping ruptures within the pedagogical state's project following the 1979 Revolution as well as gaps between the state's formal goals and the private use and appropriation of the public school system by ordinary families from below.ResultsA willingness to embrace contingency and flexibility in the field yielded an original and empirically rich data set that in turn inspired four general rules for research in authoritarian and nonauthoritarian countries: do not panic; make it boring; self‐reflect; and panic, if just a little.ConclusionsBy engaging in research in authoritarian and nonauthoritarian settings, researchers demonstrate a commitment to drawing out local complexity and agency, producing findings that are likely to unsettle and disrupt existing literatures drenched with the weight of tropes and unexamined assumptions, incrementally leading to analysis that is restorative of “the local” even as it informs nonlocal audiences outside of the case.
Scientific Closure and Research Strategies in Uzbekistan*
Authors: Markowitz Lawrence P. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesUsing the example of Uzbekistan, this article examines the challenges and opportunities for conducting field research in a context of tightened scientific closure in those countries with highly autocratic regimes.MethodsDrawing on the author's own field experience conducting elite interviews in Uzbekistan in 2002 and 2003 (as well as many subsequent visits), it examines three strategies of field research that emerged in this context of tightening scientific closure.ResultsThe article outlines several essential features of authoritarianism in Uzbekistan and tracks the regime's shift toward scientific closure over three distinct phases, tracing out the implications of this shift for those carrying out systematic field research.ConclusionsUzbekistan illustrates the challenges and opportunities facing researchers under conditions of scientific closure in the 20–30 other countries ruled by hard authoritarian regimes.
Overcoming Research Obstacles in Hybrid Regimes: Lessons from Rwanda*
Authors: Loyle Cyanne E. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveThis article discusses the challenges of conducting research in hybrid regimes. Under these conditions, governments proscribe the types of questions researchers can ask and self‐preservation on the part of the researcher induces further self‐censorship. This ultimately impacts the type of research we conduct and the outputs of that research.MethodsExperiences conducting research in Rwanda are used to explore these challenges.ResultsResearch restrictions and monitoring in hybrid regimes is found to limit the types of research questions that scholars can ask as well as the questions that they do ask.ConclusionsIn this article, I suggest that being knowledgeable of the context, exercising creativity when needed, and demonstrating respect for research participants are essential skills for navigating the obstacles of conducting research in a hybrid regime.
Soil carbon as affected by cover crops under no‐till under tropical climate
Authors: Rosolem C. A. , Li Y. , Garcia R. A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn tropical, low‐fertility soils, crop yields are dependent on soil carbon, and cropping systems under no‐till can increase soil C stocks. Plant residues supplied by cover crops in no‐till systems may improve aggregate stability and soil carbon, which may be further increased with the introduction of a legume in the cropping system. This research studied the effects of cover crops in rotation with soybean under no‐till on soil carbon and nitrogen, in Botucatu, Brazil, for 3 yr. The cover crops were millet (Penninsetum americanum Leek), cober crop (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), grown in the spring. Fallow without cover crops was used as a control. Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) were grown in fall–winter and summer, respectively. Generally, cover crops increased soil carbon contents, but soil N was only increased by sunn hemp in the particulate organic C fraction. An increase in the labile carbon fraction in the topsoil layers was closely related to cover crop root development. Fallow in spring should not be recommended in degraded soils with lowcarbon stock. Labile‐fractioned soil organic carbon and total carbon levels are more efficiently increased by grasses than by legumes in the short term, and grasses cropped in spring increase soil C/N ratio. Conversely, the introduction of a legume (sunn hemp) maintained a more stable C/N ratio, that is around 10, which would be more effective in increasing soil C in the long term.
Equivalent Circuit of the Concentration Transport in a Fluidic Channel
Authors: Marschner U. , Páez Chávez J. , Voigt A. , Richter Andreas 
Published: November 2016

A new equivalent circuit is presented, which describes the transport of a chemical solution with a certain concentration in a fluidic channel. Channels are basic parts of a microfluidic systems and the concentration of the chemical solution can control the opening and closing of valves based on smart hydrogels. This type of microfluidic systems facilitates the autonomous control of fluid flow, e.g. in chemo-fluidic oscillators. Through this channel, the solution is transported at a velocity determined by the flow rate through the channel and its cross section. While the volumetric flow is not delayed in an ideal channel, the channel acts as delay line for the particles and thus for a certain concentration transport through the channel.
In this setting, the transport of the dissolved chemical by water traveling along the delay channel can be described by the one-dimensional transport equation. In order to derive the equivalent circuit, the transport equation is numerically approximated based on the well-known Method of Lines. This method consists in approximating the original PDE via a large system of ODEs. The ODEs are obtained by discretizing the PDE in space, in such a way that each component of the resulting system of ODEs approximates the solution of the PDE at some grid point along the spatial interval. Once the system of ODEs has been constructed, a flow and a difference quantity can be defined and the ODEs interpreted as finite network elements. Since the equations are isomorphic to electrical ODEs of electrical network elements, the fluidic channel can be expressed by an equivalent circuit. Thus the transient behavior of the transport mechanism can be calculated using a circuit simulator as part of a design automation. Simulation results are presented.