bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic HMS silica as a Support to Immobilization of Catalysts Based on Cationic Manganese Porphyrins
Authors: Ucoski Geani Maria , Pinto Victor Hugo Araújo , DeFreitas‐Silva Gilson , Rebouças Júlio Santos , Mazzaro Irineu , Nunes Fábio Souza , Nakagaki Shirley 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe immobilization of cationic manganese porphyrins (MnP) over the surface of a magnetic hexagonal HMS silica (HMS‐Mag) produced a solid with high surface area and relatively homogeneous pores. Given the presence of the magnetite, the catalysts are easily recovered and reused without loss of mass. The MnP immobilization explored the strong interaction between the positive charges of the cationic MnP and the deprotonated Si‐OH groups on the surface of HMS‐Mag. Soret bands on the UV‐Vis spectra of the MnP‐loaded HMS‐Mag confirmed the presence of MnP on the prepared solids. The catalytic efficiency, robustness, and reusability of the prepared solids were investigated on cis‐cyclooctene and cyclohexane oxidations. The solids showed similar or higher catalytic efficiency than the corresponding MnP under homogeneous catalysis, with selectivity for cyclohexanol in cyclohexane oxidation. Additionally, the solid catalysts showed high resistance against deactivation, confirming the reusability capacity in at least five cycles of cyclooctene oxidation.
Solvent‐Controlled Friedel–Crafts Reaction for the Synthesis of 3‐Indolyl‐3‐hydroxy Oxindoles and 3, 3‐Diindolyl Oxindoles Catalyzed by Dabco‐Base Ionic Liquids
Authors: Tong Jun , Li Yu‐Wei , Xu Da‐Zhen 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSolvent‐controlled Friedel–Crafts reaction of indoles with various isatins catalyzed by 1,4‐diazobicyclo[2.2.2]octane(DABCO)‐base ionic liquids for a general route toward synthesis of 3‐indolyl‐3‐hydroxy oxindoles and 3, 3‐diindolyl oxindoles has been successful developed. When the reaction was performed in THF, only the monoindolylation products of 3‐indolyl‐3‐hydroxy oxindoles were obtained in good to excellent yields (70–96%). While water was employed as solvent, 3, 3‐diindolyl oxindoles were obtained as the sole products in excellent yields (85–98%). Plausible reaction mechanisms were proposed according to the experimental results.
Detection of Botulinum Toxin Muscle Effect in Humans Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Qualitative Case Series
Authors: O'Dell Michael W. , Villanueva Mark , Creelman Carly , Telhan Gaurav , Nestor Jaclyn , Hentel Keith D. , Ballon Douglas , Dyke Jonathan P. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundAlthough important for dosing and dilution, there are few data describing botulinum toxin (BT) movement in human muscle.ObjectiveTo better understand BT movement within human muscle.DesignProof‐of‐concept study with descriptive case series.SettingOutpatient academic practice.ParticipantsFive subjects with stroke who were BT naive with a mean age of 60.4 ± 14 years and time poststroke of 4.6 ± 3.7 years.MethodsThree standardized injections were given to the lateral gastrocnemius muscle (LGM): 2 contained 25 units (U) of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) in 0.25 mL of saline solution and the third 0.25 mL of saline solution only. The tibialis anterior muscle (TAM) was not injected in any subject. A leg magnetic resonance image was obtained at baseline, 2 months, and 3 months later with a 3.0 Tesla Siemens scanner. Three muscles, the LGM, lateral soleus muscle (LSM), and TAM, were manually outlined on the T2 mapping sequence at each time point. A histogram of T2 relaxation times (T2‐RT) for all voxels at baseline was used to calculate a mean and standard deviation (SD) T2‐RT for each muscle. Botulinum toxin muscle effect (BTME) at 2 months and 3 months was defined as a subject‐ and muscle‐specific T2‐RT voxel threshold ≥3 SD above the baseline mean at or near BT injection sites.Main Outcome MeasuresBTME volume for each leg magnetic resonance imaging slice at 3 time points and 3 muscles for all subjects.ResultsOne subject missed the 3‐month scan, leaving 18 potential observations of BTME. Little to no BTME effect was seen in the noninjected TAM. A BTME was detected in the LGM in 13 of 18 possible observations, and no effect was detected in 5 observations. Possible BTME effect was seen in the LSM in 3 subjects due to either diffusion through fascia or needle misplacement. Volume of BTME, as defined here, appeared to be substantially greater than the 0.25‐mL injection volume.ConclusionsThis descriptive case series is among the first attempts to quantify BTME within human muscle. Our findings are preliminary and are limited by a few inconsistencies. However, we conclude that use of magnetic resonance imaging to detect the volume of BTME is feasible and may assist researchers in modeling the spread and diffusion of BT within human muscle.Level of EvidenceIV
Large-eddy simulation of flow over a cylinder with from to : a skin-friction perspective
Authors: Cheng W. , Pullin D. I. , Samtaney R. , Zhang W. , Gao W. 
Published: May 2017

We present wall-resolved large-eddy simulations (LES) of flow over a smooth-wall circular cylinder up to$Re_{D}=8.5\times 10^{5}$, where$Re_{D}$is Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter$D$and the free-stream speed$U_{\infty }$. The stretched-vortex subgrid-scale (SGS) model is used in the entire simulation domain. For the sub-critical regime, six cases are implemented with$3.9\times 10^{3}\leqslant Re_{D}\leqslant 10^{5}$. Results are compared with experimental data for both the wall-pressure-coefficient distribution on the cylinder surface, which dominates the drag coefficient, and the skin-friction coefficient, which clearly correlates with the separation behaviour. In the super-critical regime, LES for three values of$Re_{D}$are carried out at different resolutions. The drag-crisis phenomenon is well captured. For lower resolution, numerical discretization fluctuations are sufficient to stimulate transition, while for higher resolution, an applied boundary-layer perturbation is found to be necessary to stimulate transition. Large-eddy simulation results at$Re_{D}=8.5\times 10^{5}$, with a mesh of$8192\times 1024\times 256$, agree well with the classic experimental measurements of Achenbach (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 34, 1968, pp. 625–639) especially for the skin-friction coefficient, where a spike is produced by the laminar–turbulent transition on the top of a prior separation bubble. We document the properties of the attached-flow boundary layer on the cylinder surface as these vary with$Re_{D}$. Within the separated portion of the flow, mean-flow separation–reattachment bubbles are observed at some values of$Re_{D}$, with separation characteristics that are consistent with experimental observations. Time sequences of instantaneous surface portraits of vector skin-friction trajectory fields indicate that the unsteady counterpart of a mean-flow separation–reattachment bubble corresponds to the formation of local flow-reattachment cells, visible as coherent bundles of diverging surface streamlines.
Diversities Among Common Law Countries
Authors: Reynolds Francis 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMy purpose is to provide a survey indicating some of the differences within the common law between one country and another. I must immediately make clear that there is at least one person, perhaps several, in this room (including the other speakers) who know very much more about any one of the topics I shall consider than I claim to do. I hope that they will excuse me for any inaccuracies or lapses of understanding in their own areas: my only purpose is to make general observations on the diversities between common law countries as I see them.
A survey of structure from motion.
Authors: Özyeşil Onur , Voroninski Vladislav , Basri Ronen , Singer Amit 
Published: May 2017

The structure from motion (SfM) problem in computer vision is to recover the three-dimensional (3D) structure of a stationary scene from a set of projective measurements, represented as a collection of two-dimensional (2D) images, via estimation of motion of the cameras corresponding to these images. In essence, SfM involves the three main stages of (i) extracting features in images (e.g. points of interest, lines,etc.) and matching these features between images, (ii) camera motion estimation (e.g. using relative pairwise camera positions estimated from the extracted features), and (iii) recovery of the 3D structure using the estimated motion and features (e.g. by minimizing the so-calledreprojection error). This survey mainly focuses on relatively recent developments in the literature pertaining to stages (ii) and (iii). More specifically, after touching upon the early factorization-based techniques for motion and structure estimation, we provide a detailed account of some of the recent cameralocationestimation methods in the literature, followed by discussion of notable techniques for 3D structure recovery. We also cover the basics of thesimultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM) problem, which can be viewed as a specific case of the SfM problem. Further, our survey includes a review of the fundamentals of feature extraction and matching (i.e. stage (i) above), various recent methods for handling ambiguities in 3D scenes, SfM techniques involving relatively uncommon camera models and image features, and popular sources of data and SfM software.
Village democracy and household welfare: evidence from rural China
Authors: Xu Ying , Amacher Gregory S. , Xu Jintao 
Published: May 2017

AbstractVillage democratization in rural China is found to have profound impacts on many socio-economic aspects, but little is understood as to how welfare impacts may occur through farmers' principal production activities. This study helps to fill this gap by investigating how village democracy affects rural household welfare through these channels, using a unique household survey. The authors first establish a theoretical framework that links democracy to household welfare through changes in production efficiency. Focusing on both agricultural and forest production, they then implement empirical estimation using stochastic production frontier techniques with careful consideration of household heterogeneity in technical efficiency. They find that higher levels of village democracy significantly increase farmers' production efficiency, thereby improving their welfare. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study on the impacts of democracy on producer welfare using micro-level data.
Kantian Phenomenalism Without Berkeleyan Idealism
Authors: Jankowiak Tim 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPhenomenalist interpretations of Kant are out of fashion. The most common complaint from anti-phenomenalist critics is that a phenomenalist reading of Kant would collapse Kantian idealism into Berkeleyan idealism. This would be unacceptable because Berkeleyan idealism is incompatible with core elements of Kant’s empirical realism. In this paper, I argue that not all phenomenalist readings threaten empirical realism. First, I distinguish several variants of phenomenalism, and then show that Berkeley’s idealism is characterized by his commitment to most of them. I then make the case that two forms of phenomenalism are consistent with Kant’s empirical realism. The comparison between Kant and Berkeley runs throughout the paper, with special emphasis on the significance of their theories of intentionality.
Dental politics and subsidy systems for adults in Sweden from 1974 until 2016
Authors: Franzon Bengt , Axtelius Björn , Åkerman Sigvard , Klinge Björn 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Aims:
The dental health sector, as part of the Swedish welfare system, originated in 1974. Since then, the dental insurance has undergone three major changes. The aim of this archive study was to study where in the legislative process the dental politics concerning national dental insurance and subsidies were formed.

Materials and Methods:
The material, such as Commission of inquiry proposals and Government Bills from four major dental reforms, was collected from the library at the Sveriges Riksdag (Swedish Parliament) and was analysed and structured using a modified version of the Health Field Model.

Results:
The views on the fundamental ideas, such as the connection between general and dental health, preventive dentistry, rehabilitation of the mouth and promotion of dental health, were the same over the years. The views on dentistry as a market, when it comes to freedom of prices, have undergone a major change since 1974, but the view on the welfare state remains the same.

Conclusions:
The Swedish dental subsidy systems and how dentistry has been treated politically are the results of a chain of events ranging from care for the population's dental health, political doctrines, ‘zeitgeist‚, dental policy, to state finances.
Single-cell RNA-seq enables comprehensive tumour and immune cell profiling in primary breast cancer
Authors: Chung Woosung , Eum Hye Hyeon , Lee Hae-Ock , Lee Kyung-Min , Lee Han-Byoel , Kim Kyu-Tae , Ryu Han Suk , Kim Sangmin , Lee Jeong Eon , Park Yeon Hee , Kan Zhengyan , Han Wonshik , Park Woong-Yang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSingle-cell transcriptome profiling of tumour tissue isolates allows the characterization of heterogeneous tumour cells along with neighbouring stromal and immune cells. Here we adopt this powerful approach to breast cancer and analyse 515 cells from 11 patients. Inferred copy number variations from the single-cell RNA-seq data separate carcinoma cells from non-cancer cells. At a single-cell resolution, carcinoma cells display common signatures within the tumour as well as intratumoral heterogeneity regarding breast cancer subtype and crucial cancer-related pathways. Most of the non-cancer cells are immune cells, with three distinct clusters of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and macrophages. T lymphocytes and macrophages both display immunosuppressive characteristics: T cells with a regulatory or an exhausted phenotype and macrophages with an M2 phenotype. These results illustrate that the breast cancer transcriptome has a wide range of intratumoral heterogeneity, which is shaped by the tumour cells and immune cells in the surrounding microenvironment.
The molecular mechanism of the type IVa pilus motors
Authors: McCallum Matthew , Tammam Stephanie , Khan Ahmad , Burrows Lori L. , Howell P. Lynne 
Published: May 2017

AbstractType IVa pili are protein filaments essential for virulence in many bacterial pathogens; they extend and retract from the surface of bacterial cells to pull the bacteria forward. The motor ATPase PilB powers pilus assembly. Here we report the structures of the core ATPase domains of Geobacter metallireducens PilB bound to ADP and the non-hydrolysable ATP analogue, AMP-PNP, at 3.4 and 2.3 Å resolution, respectively. These structures reveal important differences in nucleotide binding between chains. Analysis of these differences reveals the sequential turnover of nucleotide, and the corresponding domain movements. Our data suggest a clockwise rotation of the central sub-pores of PilB, which through interactions with PilC, would support the assembly of a right-handed helical pilus. Our analysis also suggests a counterclockwise rotation of the C2 symmetric PilT that would enable right-handed pilus disassembly. The proposed model provides insight into how this family of ATPases can power pilus extension and retraction.
Quantification of differential gene expression by multiplexed targeted resequencing of cDNA
Authors: Arts Peer , van der Raadt Jori , van Gestel Sebastianus H.C. , Steehouwer Marloes , Shendure Jay , Hoischen Alexander , Albers Cornelis A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWhole-transcriptome or RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a powerful and versatile tool for functional analysis of different types of RNA molecules, but sample reagent and sequencing cost can be prohibitive for hypothesis-driven studies where the aim is to quantify differential expression of a limited number of genes. Here we present an approach for quantification of differential mRNA expression by targeted resequencing of complementary DNA using single-molecule molecular inversion probes (cDNA-smMIPs) that enable highly multiplexed resequencing of cDNA target regions of ∼100 nucleotides and counting of individual molecules. We show that accurate estimates of differential expression can be obtained from molecule counts for hundreds of smMIPs per reaction and that smMIPs are also suitable for quantification of relative gene expression and allele-specific expression. Compared with low-coverage RNA-Seq and a hybridization-based targeted RNA-Seq method, cDNA-smMIPs are a cost-effective high-throughput tool for hypothesis-driven expression analysis in large numbers of genes (10 to 500) and samples (hundreds to thousands).
Beta-agonist overuse and delay in obtaining medical review in high risk asthma: a secondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Pilcher Janine , Patel Mitesh , Pritchard Alison , Thayabaran Darmiga , Ebmeier Stefan , Shaw Dominick , Black Peter , Braithwaite Irene , Weatherall Mark , Beasley Richard 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAsthma mortality surveys report delays in seeking medical review and overuse of beta-agonist therapy as factors contributing to a fatal outcome. However, the strength of these associations is limited because many asthma deaths are unwitnessed. We undertook a secondary analysis of data from a 24-week randomised controlled trial of 303 patients with high-risk asthma, randomised to combination budesonide/formoterol inhaler according to a single maintenance and reliever therapy regimen or fixed dose budesonide/formoterol with salbutamol as reliever (Standard) regimen. Medication use was measured by electronic monitors. The thresholds for high, marked and extreme beta-agonist use days were defined in the single maintenance and reliever therapy arm as: >8, >12 and >16 actuations of budesonide/formoterol in excess of four maintenance doses, respectively; and in the Standard arm as: >16, >24 and >32 actuations of salbutamol, respectively. Whether a medical review was obtained within 48 h of an overuse episode was determined by review of data collected during the study by participant report. The mean (standard deviation) proportion of days in which high, marked and extreme beta-agonist overuse occurred without medical review within 48 h was 0·94(0·20), 0·94(0·15) and 0·94(0·17), and 0·92(0·19), 0·90(0·26) and 0·94(0·15) for single maintenance and reliever therapy and Standard regimens, respectively. In at least 90% of days, in which beta-agonist overuse occurred, patients did not obtain medical review within 48 h of beta-agonist overuse, regardless of the magnitude of overuse or the inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist regimen.
Raman spectroscopy and regenerative medicine: a review
Authors: Ember Katherine J. I. , Hoeve Marieke A. , McAughtrie Sarah L. , Bergholt Mads S. , Dwyer Benjamin J. , Stevens Molly M. , Faulds Karen , Forbes Stuart J. , Campbell Colin J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe field of regenerative medicine spans a wide area of the biomedical landscape—from single cell culture in laboratories to human whole-organ transplantation. To ensure that research is transferrable from bench to bedside, it is critical that we are able to assess regenerative processes in cells, tissues, organs and patients at a biochemical level. Regeneration relies on a large number of biological factors, which can be perturbed using conventional bioanalytical techniques. A versatile, non-invasive, non-destructive technique for biochemical analysis would be invaluable for the study of regeneration; and Raman spectroscopy is a potential solution. Raman spectroscopy is an analytical method by which chemical data are obtained through the inelastic scattering of light. Since its discovery in the 1920s, physicists and chemists have used Raman scattering to investigate the chemical composition of a vast range of both liquid and solid materials. However, only in the last two decades has this form of spectroscopy been employed in biomedical research. Particularly relevant to regenerative medicine are recent studies illustrating its ability to characterise and discriminate between healthy and disease states in cells, tissue biopsies and in patients. This review will briefly outline the principles behind Raman spectroscopy and its variants, describe key examples of its applications to biomedicine, and consider areas of regenerative medicine that would benefit from this non-invasive bioanalytical tool.
Serum sonic hedgehog (SHH) and interleukin-(IL-6) as dual prognostic biomarkers in progressive metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Noman A. S. , Uddin M. , Chowdhury A. A. , Nayeem M. J. , Raihan Z. , Rashid M. I. , Azad A. K. , Rahman M. L. , Barua D. , Sultana A. , Shirin A. , Ferdous J. , Parag R. R. , Rahman S. M. , Mahmud M. R. , Jerin C. S. , Jahan N. , Siddiqua A. , Ara T. , Sabur E. B. , Alam S. S. , Baidya S. , Akther S. , Rahman M. Z. , Banu T. , Murugan A. K. , Sabri S. , Islam S. M. S. , Karakas B. , Aboussekhra A. , Yeger H. , Farhat W. A. , Islam S. S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSerum from one hundred and ten breast cancer patients and thirty healthy female volunteers, were prospectively collected and evaluated for serum levels of Shh and IL-6 using human Shh and IL-6 specific enzyme-linked immunoassays. All patients were regularly monitored for event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). Overall outcome analysis was based on serum Shh and IL-6 levels. In patients with progressive metastatic BC, both serum Shh and IL-6 concentrations were elevated in 44% (29 of 65) and 63% (41 of 65) of patients, respectively, at a statistically significant level [Shh (p = 0.0001) and IL-6 (p = 0.0001)] compared to the low levels in healthy volunteers. Serum levels tended to increase with metastatic progression and lymph node positivity. High serum Shh and IL-6 levels were associated with poor EFS and OS opposite to the negative or lower levels in serum Shh and IL-6. The elevated levels of both serum Shh and IL-6 were mainly observed in BC patients who had a significantly higher risk of early recurrence and bone metastasis, and associated with a worse survival for patients with progressive metastatic BC. Further studies are warranted for validating these biomarkers as prognostic tools in a larger patient cohort and in a longer follow-up study.
A Systems Genetics Approach Identified GPD1L and its Molecular Mechanism for Obesity in Human Adipose Tissue
Authors: He Hao , Sun Dianjianyi , Zeng Yong , Wang Ruifeng , Zhu Wei , Cao Shaolong , Bray George A. , Chen Wei , Shen Hui , Sacks Frank M. , Qi Lu , Deng Hong-wen 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTo explore novel molecular mechanisms underlying obesity, we applied a systems genetics framework to integrate risk genetic loci from the largest body mass index (BMI) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analysis with mRNA and microRNA profiling in adipose tissue from 200 subjects. One module was identified to be most significantly associated with obesity and other metabolic traits. We identified eight hub genes which likely play important roles in obesity metabolism and identified microRNAs that significantly negatively correlated with hub genes. This module was preserved in other three test gene expression datasets, and all hub genes were consistently downregulated in obese subjects through the meta-analysis. Gene GPD1L had the highest connectivity and was identified a key causal regulator in the module. Gene GPD1L was significantly negatively correlated with the expression of miR-210, which was experimentally validated that miR-210 regulated GPD1L protein level through direct interaction with its mRNA three prime untranslated region (3′-UTR). GPD1L was found to be upregulated during weight loss and weight maintenance induced by low calorie diet (LCD), while downregulated during weight gain induced by high-fat diet (HFD). The results indicated that increased GPD1L in adipose tissue may have a significant therapeutic potential in reducing obesity and insulin resistance.