bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Senile lower lid entropion successfully treated with botulinum toxin A
Authors: Iozzo Ivano , Tengattini Vera , Antonucci Valentina A 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBackgroundSpasmodic senile entropion (SE) is characterized by the inward turning of the eyelid. SE typically occurs spontaneously, but sometimes after ocular surgery. As of today, it is still lacking a gold standard technique.AimsTo report the results of 11 cases of involutional entropion of the lower lid successfully treated with an injection of botulinum toxin, to evaluate the clinical results, and to document the duration of relief.MethodsEleven patients with senile entropion were treated with abobotulinum toxin A. The orbicularis oculi muscle was injected with 35 Su units of botulinum toxin. The procedures required an average of 5 min to complete. The follow‐up period was 24 months.ResultsThe average age of the patients was 68.09 years (ranging between 62 and 75). About 7 days after the treatment, the entropion had resolved and there was only one recurrence at the 3‐month visit. The recurrence rate was 27% after 6 months, and 27% after 9 months. Of note, the patients with recurrence repeated the injection and showed an increasingly long wellness period.ConclusionsInjection of botulinum toxin can treat entropion and resulted in a significantly high success rate.
Staff attitudes and reactions towards residents’ masturbation in Spanish long‐term care facilities
Authors: Villar Feliciano , Serrat Rodrigo , Celdrán Montserrat , Fabà Josep 
Published: January 2016

Aims and objectivesTo explore staff attitudes and reactions towards masturbation in long‐term care facilities.BackgroundStaff attitudes and reactions towards the expression of sexuality in long‐term care facilities may be influenced by the nature of the sexual behaviour being expressed. Staff attitudes towards masturbation, a common sexual behaviour in such settings, have gone largely unexplored so far.DesignAn exploratory, descriptive, qualitative research design.MethodsFifty‐three staff members working in five different long‐term care facilities participated in the study. They were asked about what they would think, how they would react, and what possible reactions they might expect from workmates if they entered a room and found a resident masturbating.ResultsThe majority of participants considered that masturbation was acceptable and avoiding interference was by far the most common reaction, although other reactions also arose. When asked about reactions attributed to workmates, mentions to reprimanding the resident and gossiping/joking about the issue were more frequent than acceptance.ConclusionsThe discrepancy between professionals’ own reported attitudes and those attributed to workmates suggests the existence of widespread negative reactions towards sexual activity in later life.Relevance to clinical practiceIn the light of these results, we underline the necessity of developing explicit policies regarding sexual issues. Formal training offered to staff would also help to recognise and preserve resident's sexual rights and needs.
Creating facades of conformity in the face of job insecurity: A study of consequences and conditions
Authors: Hewlin Patricia Faison , Kim Sung Soo , Song Young Ho 
Published: January 2016

This study investigates creating facades of conformity (i.e., suppressing personal values and pretending to embrace organizational values) as a coping strategy associated with perceived job insecurity in workplace. In two survey‐based studies, we examined the conditions under which such a strategy is more likely, and the consequences of its use. The results show in Study 1 (N = 404) and in Study 2 (N = 622) that facades of conformity, although employed as an agentic response to protect one's status, is paradoxically associated with negative employee outcomes including increased intention to leave and reduced affective commitment. Furthermore, the results show that age attenuates the relationship between perceived job insecurity and facades of conformity, such that older workers are less likely than younger workers to engage in facades under higher job insecurity. Our research contributes to theory on job insecurity, authenticity, and lifespan development. Managerial implications are discussed.Practitioner points

The current study found that employees who feel their job security threatened were more likely to suppress personal values and pretend to embrace organizational values, and such responses were linked to their intention to leave and reduced affective commitment.

The results from this study highlight the importance of fostering organizational environments that encourage authenticity such that members are not compelled to suppress personal values and pretend to embrace organizational values in job‐insecure environments.

The results also highlight how employees will enact their careers at different stages of their lives. In job‐insecure environments, older workers are more likely than younger workers to express divergent points of view.
IL‐1β‐regulating angiogenic factors expression in perforated temporomandibular disk cells via NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Xu Jie , Cai Hengxing , Meng Qinggong , Li Yingjie , Chen Guoxin , Fang Wei , Long Xing 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundA high density of blood vessels is observed in the perforated disks of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), but the underlying mechanism is unknown. This study aimed to explore the regulation of disk angiogenesis in the perforated disks.MethodsExpressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin‐1 (Ang‐1), chondromodulin‐1 (ChM‐1), and thrombospondins‐1 (TSP‐1) were compared between healthy and perforated TMJ disk cells with or without interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) incubation. The tube formation, cell migration, and expressions of matrix‐metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (HUV‐EC‐C) were investigated in conditional media of disk cells. Western blot was performed to determine protein level of VEGF, Ang‐1, ChM‐1 and TSP‐1 in IL‐1β‐induced disk cells cultured by NF‐κB‐ or P38‐specific pathway inhibitors, respectively.ResultsConditional media from perforated disk cells induced more tube formation, cell migration, and MMPs’ expression in HUV‐EC‐C. Expressions of VEGF and Ang‐1 were significantly higher, and ChM‐1 and TSP‐1 were lower in perforated disks compared to healthy disks. The VEGFA concentration was 291.1 ± 36.09 pg/ml in perforated disk cell conditioned media, markedly larger than that in NDCCM (144.9 ± 33.69 pg/ml). IL‐1β induced VEGF through NF‐κB signaling pathway and Ang‐1 through p38 MAPK pathway, while repressed expression of ChM‐1 and TSP‐1 was through NF‐κB pathway. Blockade of each pathway markedly restrained inducing effect of cultural media on HUV‐EC‐C tube formation and migration.ConclusionsPerforated disk cells secreted more angiogenic factors which might induced via NF‐κB pathway.
Diagnosing autism: Australian paediatric research network surveys
Authors: Randall Melinda , Albein‐Urios Natalia , Brignell Amanda , Gulenc Alisha , Hennel Sabine , Coates Cathy , Symeonides Christos , Hiscock Harriet , Marraffa Catherine , Silove Natalie , Bayl Vivian , Woolfenden Susan , Williams Katrina 
Published: January 2016

AimAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with reported prevalence of more than 1/100. In Australia, paediatricians are often involved in diagnosing ASD and providing long‐term management. However, it is not known how paediatricians diagnose ASD. This study aimed to investigate whether the way Australian paediatricians diagnose ASD is in line with current recommendations.MethodsMembers of the Australian Paediatric Research Network were invited to answer questions about their ASD diagnostic practice in a multi‐topic survey and also as part of a study about parents needs around the time of a diagnosis of ASD.ResultsThe majority of the 124 paediatricians who responded to the multi‐topic survey and most who responded to the parent needs survey reported taking more than one session to make a diagnosis of ASD. Most paediatricians included information from preschool, child care or school when making a diagnosis, and over half included information from speech pathology or psychology colleagues more than 50% of the time. The main reasons for not including assessment information in the diagnostic process were service barriers such as no regular service available or long waiting lists. More than 70% reported ordering audiology and genetic tests more than half of the time.ConclusionNot all paediatricians are following current recommendations for diagnosing ASD more than 50% of the time. While there are good reasons why current diagnostic approaches may fall short of expected standards, these need to be overcome to ensure diagnostic validity and optimal services for all children and their families.
Prescribed fire alters surface activity and movement behavior of a terrestrial salamander
Authors: O'Donnell K. M. , Thompson F. R. , Semlitsch R. D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPrescribed fire has become a commonly used forest management tool for reducing the occurrence of severe wildfires, decreasing fuel loads and reestablishing the historic ecological influences of fire. Investigating population‐level wildlife responses to prescribed fire is important for evaluating the effects of fire management on animals, but in order to predict and simulate wildlife responses to potential management actions, mechanistic studies that elucidate individual‐level responses are also necessary. We used radio‐frequency identification to investigate individual‐level responses of western slimy salamanders Plethodon albagula to prescribed fire. We compared the salamander home‐range sizes [minimum convex polygons (MCP)], movement behaviors, and activity levels before and after prescribed fire using a randomized block experiment. We initiated the study at three plots in 2011, and added two new plots in 2012. We captured, tagged and released ≥38 salamanders at each plot from May 2011–May 2012 (total N = 205). We recorded 918 total recaptures of 142 unique salamanders; 31% of tagged salamanders were never recaptured. Across all years and treatments, only 14% of relocations were surface‐active (i.e. visually confirmed) salamanders; the others were underground. Following prescribed fire, the surface‐active proportion of recaptures was nearly seven times greater in control versus burned areas, which indicates that P. albagula respond to post‐prescribed fire conditions by spending more time belowground. We did not find evidence of direct mortality of salamanders from fires; the proportion of known‐alive individuals did not differ between treatments. Maximum daily displacement was 43.3% higher among burn‐area than control‐area salamanders, and MCP varied in a similar pattern; this may indicate salamanders were attempting to find more hospitable microenvironments or other resources, such as prey. Together, these individual‐level observations corroborate our findings from a population‐level study of a congeneric terrestrial salamander and contribute to our understanding of the behavioral mechanisms underlying population dynamics.
Romantic Anarchism: Asceticism, Aestheticism, and Education
Authors: Jun Nathan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMany anarchists of the late 19th and early 20th expressed a deeply anti‐romantic – one might even say chauvinistic – attitude marked by hostility toward artists, intellectuals, bohemians, and other “sentimentalists”; an unwavering commitment to austerity and personal self‐denial; and contempt for non‐political feelings and relationships, including family relationships. To this extent, many anarchists were simultaneously “romantic” (in the sense of being idealistic) as well as “anti‐romantic” (in the sense of being austere, pragmatic, and opposed to sentimentality). In this essay, I argue that the “anti‐romantic” tendency exemplified by some anarchists – which I will call “Romantic asceticism” – is actually profoundly Romantic (upper‐case ‘R’) insofar as it draws upon various political and philosophical ideas associated with 19th‐century Romanticism. At the same time, I will explore the existence of an alternative and countervailing tendency – which I will call “Romantic aestheticism” – which, although it is at least as indebted to Romanticism, stands in fundamental opposition to the former tendency. Further, I will argue that the latter tendency is not only more prevalent among the anarchists of this period but also more influential and significant in the history of anarchist thought and practice.
Under History's Changing Climate: Anarchism's Romantic Moods
Authors: Cohn Jesse 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIs anarchism itself a form of what Jerome J. McGann called “romantic ideology,” privileging passion over reason, the affective over the cognitive? An answer is more difficult to give than might be readily apparent. On the one hand, anarchists have defined their political identity against romanticism as the literature of “tender, delicate, distinguished souls, aspiring to heaven, and living on earth as if in spite of themselves (Bakunin).” However, the anarchist tradition does betray a certain romantic genealogy, and anarchists such as Louise Michel, Gustav Landauer, and Rudolf Rocker have often evinced fascination with what Proudhon lambasted as a “literature of decadence.” Ultimately, rather than rendering a definitive political judgment on romanticism, anarchists come to enlist elements of its poetry and philosophy to organize affects in response to changing historical conditions.
High antiviral activity of NS5A inhibitor ABT‐530 with paritaprevir/ritonavir and ribavirin against hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection
Authors: Poordad Fred , Landis Charles S. , Asatryan Armen , Jackson Daniel F. , Ng Teresa I. , Fu Bo , Lin Chih‐Wei , Yao Betty , Kort Jens 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsABT‐530 is a next‐generation hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitor with potent pangenotypic antiviral activity in vitro. Paritaprevir is an NS3/4A protease inhibitor codosed with ritonavir that displays in vitro activity against HCV genotypes 1–4 and 6.MethodsEfficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of ABT‐530 with paritaprevir/ritonavir and ribavirin were evaluated in this phase 2, open‐label, multicentre study in treatment‐naïve non‐cirrhotic patients with genotype 3 infection. Ten patients, all genotype 3a, received 120 mg ABT‐530 and 150/100 mg paritaprevir/ritonavir once daily with ribavirin for 12 weeks.ResultsNine (90%) patients achieved a sustained virological response at post‐treatment weeks 12 and 24. One patient experienced virological failure at treatment week 6. Sequence analyses for HCV variants in samples from this patient identified A166S in NS3 at baseline and after breakthrough, as well as A30K at baseline and linked S24F+M28K+A30K variants in NS5A after breakthrough. Neither genotype 3 NS3 A166S nor NS5A A30K variant confers any resistance to paritaprevir or ABT‐530 respectively. However, genotype 3 NS5A S24F+M28K+A30K‐linked variant confers a >5000‐fold increase in ABT‐530 EC50 relative to that of the wild‐type replicon. This patient's ABT‐530 exposure was comparable to the cohort, while paritaprevir and ritonavir exposures were the lowest of all patients. No serious or severe adverse events and adverse events leading to early discontinuation were reported.ConclusionsResults from this study show that ABT‐530 holds promise as part of a direct‐acting antiviral treatment regimen for HCV genotype 3 infection.
A longitudinal study of human milk composition in the second year postpartum: implications for human milk banking
Authors: Perrin Maryanne T. , Fogleman April D. , Newburg David S. , Allen Jonathan C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWhile the composition of human milk has been studied extensively in the first year of lactation, there is a paucity of data regarding human milk composition beyond one year postpartum. Policies vary at milk banks around the world regarding how long lactating women are eligible to donate their milk. The primary purpose of this study is to describe longitudinal changes in human milk composition in the second year postpartum to support the development of evidence based guidelines regarding how long lactating women can donate human milk to a milk bank. Nineteen lactating women in North Carolina provided monthly milk samples from 11 months to 17 months postpartum (N = 131), and two non‐profit milk banks provided (N = 33) pooled, unpasteurized milk samples from 51 approved donors less than one year postpartum. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the concentration of total protein, lactoferrin, lysozyme, Immunoglobulin A, oligosaccharides and sodium in longitudinal samples of mother's milk between 11 and 17 months postpartum, while zinc and calcium concentrations declined, and no changes were observed in lactose, fat, iron and potassium. Human milk in the second year postpartum contained significantly higher concentrations of total protein, lactoferrin, lysozyme and Immunoglobulin A, than milk bank samples, and significantly lower concentrations of zinc, calcium, iron and oligosaccharides. Accepting milk bank donations beyond one year postpartum is a potential strategy for increasing the supply of donor milk, but may require mineral fortification.
Identifying interventions to help rural Kenyan mothers cope with food insecurity: results of a focused ethnographic study
Authors: Pelto Gretel H. , Armar‐Klemesu Margaret 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAn ethnographic study was conducted in two areas in southern and western Kenya to identify potential interventions to improve the quality, availability and affordability of foods consumed by infants and young children. A cultural–ecological model of determinants of nutrition identified the sectors of information for data collection related to infant and young child (IYC) diet and feeding‐related behaviours, and the focused ethnographic study manual was used to guide the research. The results provide qualitative evidence about facilitators and constraints to IYC nutrition in the two geographical areas and document their inter‐connections. We conclude with suggestions to consider 13 potential nutrition‐sensitive interventions. The studies provide empirical ethnographic support for arguments concerning the importance of combining nutrition‐specific and nutrition‐sensitive interventions through a multi‐sectoral, integrated approach to improve the nutrition of infants and young children in low‐income, resource‐constrained populations. They also document the value of ethnography as a component of landscape analysis in nutrition programme and policy planning.

In addition to constraints on infant and young child diet that originate in environmental and technological conditions in both agro‐ecological zones, other factors that affect feeding practices include features of social organisation, household access to social support, caregivers income‐earning activities and their own health.
The results of the ethnographies, which highlight the importance of obtaining the knowledge and perspectives of caregivers of infants and young children, reveal the interactions of the multiple factors that affect child nutrition and the need for simultaneous nutrition‐sensitive interventions to complement nutrition‐specific intervention actions.
Most caregivers in both areas not only understood the importance of diet and food quality for child survival, they also regarded it as essential for child growth and development. This indicates that caregivers in these rural Kenyan communities have adopted the basic biomedical interpretation of the importance of child nutrition as an integral part of their ‘knowledge frameworks’.
Using ethnography in implementation research to improve nutrition interventions in populations
Authors: Tumilowicz Alison , Neufeld Lynnette M. , Pelto Gretel H. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract‘Implementation research in nutrition’ is an emerging area of study aimed at building evidence‐based knowledge and sound theory to design and implement programs that will effectively deliver nutrition interventions. This paper describes some of the basic features of ethnography and illustrates its applications in components of the implementation process. We review the central purpose of ethnography, which is to obtain the emic view – the insider's perspective – and how ethnography has historically interfaced with nutrition. We present examples of ethnographic studies in relation to an analytic framework of the implementation process, situating them with respect to landscape analysis, formative research, process evaluation and impact evaluation. These examples, conducted in various parts of the world by different investigators, demonstrate how ethnography provided important, often essential, insights that influenced programming decisions or explained programme outcomes.

Designing, implementing and evaluating interventions requires knowledge about the populations and communities in which interventions are situated, including knowledge from the ‘emic’ (insider's) perspective.
Obtaining emic perspectives and analysing them in relation to cultural, economic and structural features of social organisation in societies is a central purpose of ethnography.
Ethnography is an essential aspect of implementation research in nutrition, as it provides important insights for making decisions about appropriate interventions and delivery platforms; determining how best to fit aspects of programme design and implementation into different environmental and cultural contexts; opening the ‘black box’ in interventions to understand how delivery and utilisation processes affect programme outcomes or impacts; and understanding how programme impacts were achieved, or not.
Acceptability of locally produced ready‐to‐use therapeutic foods in Ethiopia, Ghana, Pakistan and India
Authors: Weber Jacklyn M. , Ryan Kelsey N. , Tandon Rajiv , Mathur Meeta , Girma Tsinuel , Steiner‐Asiedu Matilda , Saalia Firibu , Zaidi Shujaat , Soofi Sajid , Okos Martin , Vosti Stephen A. , Manary Mark J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSuccessful treatment of severe acute malnutrition has been achieved with ready‐to‐use therapeutic food (RUTF), but only 15% of children with severe acute malnutrition receive RUTF. The objective of this study was to determine whether new formulations of RUTF produced using locally available ingredients were acceptable to young children in Ethiopia, Ghana, Pakistan and India. The local RUTFs were formulated using a linear programming tool that allows for inclusion of only local ingredients and minimizes cost. The study consisted of 4 two‐arm, crossover, site‐randomized food acceptability trials to test the acceptability of an alternative RUTF formula compared with the standard peanut‐based RUTF containing powdered milk. Fifty children with moderate wasting in each country were enrolled in the 2‐week study. Acceptability was measured by overall consumption, likeability and adverse effects reported by caregivers. Two of the four RUTFs did not include peanut, and all four used alternative dairy proteins rather than milk. The ingredient cost of all of the RUTFs was about 60% of standard RUTF. In Ethiopia, Ghana and India, the local RUTF was tolerated well without increased reports of rash, diarrhoea or vomiting. Children consumed similar amounts of local RUTF and standard RUTF and preferred them similarly as well. In Pakistan, local RUTF was consumed in similar quantities, but mothers perceived that children did not enjoy it as much as standard RUTF. Our results support the further investigation of these local RUTFs in Ethiopia, Ghana and India in equivalency trials and suggest that local RUTFs may be of lower cost.