bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
20+ Years of Pore Network Characterization on Carbonate Reservoir Thin Sections: What Did We Learn?
Authors: Ortenzi A. , Dichicco M. C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Pore network characterization on thin sections was used extensively in the last 20+years by industry and academy. This technique is based on the availability of automated image analysis systems that extract from thin section images, in a relatively short time, quantitative data on pore size and shape. The main advantage is to provide data at the same scale of the geological observations; the main disadvantage is to have them in 2D. This implies that the connections among pores, the pore-throats, are lost.
In carbonates, where the correlation between pore geometry and the overall efficiency of the network is strongly driven by the pore throat size and the pore bodies size is often highly heterogeneous, the use of such data may be not obvious.
The main information that can be obtained from this approach is a quick classification of the pore network in terms of structure, based on a simple pore dimension – porosity plot. This allows identifying regions with identifiable efficiency mechanisms. The fact that this information is related to the sedimentary/diagenetic facies is the driver for predictability.
The pore network characterization is carried out either from images taken at the optical microscope or at the scanning electron microscope. The two methodologies allow either the classification of the macroporosity or the quantitative analysis of the microporosity. This information is relevant for the overall productivity of the reservoir.
Other applications of image analysis are related to rock physics. Although they may be sound for simple systems (pure moldic, pure vuggy, intercrystalline), they often fail in mixed networks, where representativeness matters.
Pore network characterization in carbonates is a simple, geologically-driven technique that can be used during reservoir characterization. It is proven to be correlated to 3D measurements, such as MICP (Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure).
Curing Losses While Drilling & Cementing
Authors: Al Maskary Shamsa , Halim Adam Abdul , Al Menhali Shamsa 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The global imbalance between supply and demand for Oil and gas is growing. This trend is was the turn behind studies from numerous oil organizations related to cementing. One of the important functions of cement sheaths is to provide hydraulic zonal isolation between different reservoirs in the well bore.
Lost circulation or lost returns is known as the total or partial loss of drilling fluid or cement while drilling. It can be an expensive, time consuming or disastours as a blow out and loss life.
The significant and continuing losses of mud and/or Cement slurry to a formation during drilling operations affects the oil industry. These problems have negative impact on well economics, well integrity and well life cycle. It has been globally estimated that these problems cause financial loss of billions dollars per year in addition to extensive additional rig resources
The significant and continuing loss of mud and/or cement slurry to a formation during drilling operations is one of the most troublesome problems affecting the Oil Industry. These problems mostly translate in negative impact on well economics.
Loss circulation problems have been identified as one of the most costly and time consuming problems faced in the oil and gas industry. It has been globally estimated that these problems causes drilling industries close to a billion dollars annually in rig time, materials, and other resources.
This paper will describe in detail the nature of the losses and application used to resolve it. The use of cement spacer technology is a viable means of resolving most of these problems. This technology, can be applied to strengthen a wellbore, with high degree of losses as a preventive method. In addition, it can also be used as a corrective method in cases where the wellbore has been fractured due to hydrostatics or because of the effects of ECD.
Case histories will be presented describing curing losses from seepage, moderate, severe or complete loss of returns. The applications include very low fracture gradients wells, where it was impossible to cement with dual slurry with lightweight slurries.
Additional benefits of the spacer is that It is a non-damaging fluid, minimizes filtrate invasion, damage and induced losses while cementing, and it forms a barrier at the wellbore wall to strengthen the wellbore for long-term zonal isolation. The spacer's shows near 100% return permeability.
The spacer has low rheological values which does not cause significant increases in ECD
Creative Rigless Solutions to Maximize Well Value
Authors: Elbarbary Abdalla , Qassem Mohamed , Abu Arab Mohamed , Hallabi Abdallah , Al Karra Mohamed , Mahmoud Gehad 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
With the increasing number of inactive wells which require many rigs to activate them, ADCO through an integrated team approach succeeded in introducing new technologies and practices to activate 50 wells without the need for rig intervention. 40 wells have been activated in 2013 and so far 10 wells in 2014. These creative solutions, technologies and new practices including and not limited to the followings:

Technologies

Best practices
The implementation of the above creative solutions is resulted in realizing 79,200 MBOPD and a cost saving of $ 67 Million in 2013. In addition to save 285 rig days.
Polymer Flood Produced Water Treatment Trials
Authors: Al-Maamari Rashid S. , Sueyoshi Mark , Tasaki Masaharu , Kojima Keisuke , Okamura Kazuo 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Polymer enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operation has been implemented for the production of oil from difficult mature oilfields in Oman. The polymer used in this EOR technique to sweep oil toward production wells is resulting in the generation of polymer flood produced water (PFPW) of increasing viscosity. Current methods of treating oilfield produced water must be reconsidered for the effective treatment of such PFPW of changing quality.
In a previous study, the utilization of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) chemical was proposed for the coagulation of oil in produced water to be separated by flotation and filtration. As such, laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the applicability of PAC and other chemicals for treatment of PFPW that has higher viscosity than ordinary oilfield produced water. These tests clearly indicated that aluminum sulfate (AS) chemical was more effective for treatment of such higher viscosity water.
A pilot plant developed during the earlier study, was utilized to conduct coagulation/flocculation, flotation, filtration, and adsorption treatment trials for PFPW from an oilfield where polymer EOR is underway. For the final trial, the inlet PFPW viscosity was 1.4 cP at 40 °C and oil concentration was above 200 mg·L−1. AS was applied for coagulation/flocculation and flotation stages, and was found to be effective in reducing oil concentration to 1 mg·L−1. Filtration and adsorption stages resulted in further improvement of water quality. Most of the polymer used for EOR was believed to have been removed along with oil and suspended solids.
Geomechanical Characterisation of Analogue Sandstones for the Yield Energy Approach to Prediction of Debris Production and Wellbore Stability
Authors: Lamorde Mustapha , Somerville Jim M. , Hamilton Sally A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Characterisation of the mechanical and petrophysical properties of quarried sandstones was conducted to assess their suitability as reservoir rocks. Five sets of outcrop sandstones, covering a range of porosity and permeability were identified as potential geomechanical analogues for North Sea sandstones. A comprehensive series of mechanical and petrophysical tests were undertaken in order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the sandstones (modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and compressive strength) over a range of confining pressure likely to be encountered in the North Sea and basic petrophysical characteristics defined by grain density, porosity and permeability. The quarried sandstones have been found to be suitable reservoir analogues. The post failure sand production potential of the sandstones was examined by investigating the failure modes and analysing the granulometric characteristics of the comminution debris created by post peak strength sliding along shear surfaces.
Data generated from the laboratory testing were used as input parameters to investigate the propensity of sand debris production and formation stability in a hypothetical wellbore using the yield energy model. This model quantifies the energy available for rock fragmentation and describes the extent of the yield zone as a function of production rates and drawdown pressures. The geomechanical appraisal, which is a necessary component of the approach, also serves as a source of representative mechanical properties data available as input for reservoir simulators and other rock mechanics related analysis. The model was found to be applicable for a wide range of sandstones.
A Change in Behaviour is the Next HSE Frontier
Authors: Del Din Renaud , Annand Alistair , Polo Jerome , Duguay Alexandra , Al Saabri Hassan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Learning from past incidents and from operational experience is a unique way of insuring continuous improvement in maintaining a safe workplace. Sensible to our own performance but also to increasing international evidence on how unsafe behaviours play a major role in many of the accidents, we embarked in a complete revamping of our HSE culture and in particular in one of the important element of this culture; the anomaly reporting system.
The anomaly reporting system is embedded in TABK continuous improvement loop. It allows employees to communicate and identify hazard in his workplace to prompt for improvement, repair or modification. Supervisors and management are made aware of the employee's concern thus creating a continuous improvement momentum.
This paper discuss in details how the anomaly card template was modified to allow employees to report on behavioural issues such as unsafe act or unsafe situation and how an improved database tracking system will allow more accurate and better trending capacities. We are convinced that by improving our workforce ability to better recognize and perceive risky situation, we can greatly contribute to the improvements of the safety in our field.
Constructing Wetlands in the Desert: An Example of Sustainable Produced Water Management in Oman
Authors: Al-Rawahi Mohamed , Prigent Stephane , Headley Tom , Breuer Roman , Paetzelt Rainer 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Large volumes of produced water are generated as an associated co-product of oil production in Oman and other countries; the management of which often imposes a limitation on oil production. In many cases, a portion of this water is re-injected into reservoirs to maintain pressure for the oil wells. The remaining volume is typically disposed of into shallow aquifers or via Deep Well Disposal (DWD) which are environmentally undesirable and operationally energy intensive. Constructed wetlands represent an alternative option for treating produced water and have been trialled in Oman since 2000 with large-scale implementation since 2010. Wetland technology is a phytoremediation process in which native wetland plants facilitate microbial degradation of hydrocarbons. Volume reduction is also achieved through the high evapotranspiration rate of the plants. The advantages of wetland technology include: no or low-energy requirement, low operating cost, no chemical inputs, long life expectancy, high-level treatment performance & reliability. Based on these advantages, Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) decided to proceed with a large-scale application of wetland technology for management of produced water in its Nimr oil field in southern Oman. In 2008, BAUER was awarded a Design, Build-Own, Operate and Transfer (DBOOT) contract to develop the Nimr Water Treatment Plant (NWTP), which was commissioned in 2010. The capacity of the NWTP has been expanded over time and now has a capacity to treat 115,000 m3/day of produced water within 350 ha of Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands (SFCWs,) followed by 500 Ha of evaporation ponds (EP) for volume reduction and salt production. The entire process operates via gravity without any pumps. The inlet produced water is brackish (TDS 7,000 mg/L) and oil-in-water is 400 mg/L on average. More than 90% of the oil (260 bbl/day) is recovered at the front-end of the system using hydrocyclones and skimmers. The remaining hydrocarbons are biologically degraded within the wetlands, producing an effluent with oil-in-water below detection (&lt; 0.1 mg oil/L) and brackish salinity (approximately 10000 mg/L TDS). Research and field trials are currently underway to develop options for reusing the wetland-treated water for irrigation of salt tolerant plants (biosaline agriculture) in order to produce biomass, bio-fuels, fibre and other products. The project has effectively created an "oasis" in the desert, providing valuable habitat for bird life (&gt; 117 species identified at the site).
Three - Zone Commingled and Controlled Production Using Intelligent Well Completion
Authors: El Sayed Mohamed Ibrahim , Al-Mutairi Ali Mohamed , Hassane Mohamed Abdel , Kutty Shanof Mohamed , Karrani Saud Mohamed , Kurian Alex 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Intelligent completion technology is designed to optimize well production and reservoir management processes by enabling operators to remotely monitor and control well inflow or injection downhole, at the reservoir, without physical intervention. Intelligent completions consist of some combination of flow control and zonal isolation devices (typically interval control valves and packers), permanent downhole gauges, downhole control systems and digital infrastructure. The production and reservoir data acquired with downhole sensors can improve the understanding of reservoir behavior and assist in the appropriate selection of infill drilling locations and well designs. Intelligent-well technology can enable a single well to do the job of several wells, whether through controlled commingling of zones or monitoring and control of multiple laterals.
This paper presents the first intelligent well installation in UAE offshore field. The well was equipped with three Interval Control Valves (ICVs) and four permanent downhole gauges (PDHG) with remote control ability to control the flow from each zone monitoring the real time gauge data. This completion enabled commingled production from three reservoirs while balancing flow contribution from each reservoir and avoiding cross-flows from one reservoir into another.
Commingled production from stacked reservoirs in the same field, or a single reservoir with multiple pay intervals, has many benefits during the development of a field – higher production rates per well, cost savings from reduction in the total number of development wells, flexibility in locating surface facilities as a result of minimal footprint, etc. Wide variation in reservoir properties, coupled with the existence of natural fractures within an active water flood environment in this case, prompted the adoption of intelligent well technology to control fluid withdrawal and enhance water flood front conformance. The new completion uses a highly debris tolerant interval control valve (ICV), dual real time gauge system (PDG) and feed-through packers. This paper describes the well selection process, equipment selection, planning, and deployment procedures of the intelligent well completion. Economic drivers for this robust completion as well as the reservoir management implications of successful deployment in this pilot case well and future expansion across the entire field are also discussed.
Benefits of Electrical Submersible Pumping in a Production by Gas-Alternating-Water Recovery Process
Authors: Bartolomeu Mayembe , Rahmawaty Silvya 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Using Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP) in a reservoir undergoing miscible gas and water injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) purpose allowed increasing oil recovery beyond gas and water injection process and reducing the time to deplete the reservoir. The reservoir pressure is above the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for the entire simulation and the saturation pressure was lower than MMP
Two cases have been compared which are: 1-Well controlled by minimum tubing head pressure (THP) of 1000psia and 2-Well controlled by minimum Bottom-hole-pressure (BHP) which is simulates an Electrical submersible pump (ESP) installed. The minimimum bottom-hole-pressure of 500psia has been used to model the ESP.
The electrical submersible pump has been simulated in the reservoir model by maintaining the minimum BHP of 500psia to maximize the oil production of 25000stb/d.
Due to flow rate variation during the lifetime of the well, pump frequency varied operating in the range of 35Hz to 85Hz but for short period of time on these extremes.
Simulation time on THP and BHP control modes were 2000days and 3000days respectively. Oil recovery without and with ESP were 84% and 88% respectively.
Due to fact that the reservoir fluid is light oil in addition to gas injection process, the pump sizing and selection has been presented to be a challenge due to high Gas Oil Ratio (GOR).
Using ESP in gas and water injection process can be advantageous in developing marginal fields where there a need to produce it in short time to maintain the operating costs low but CAPEX can be high.
Density, Salinity, and Entry Depths of Municipal Wastewater in an Urban Lake
Authors: Matthews David A. , O'Donnell Susan M. , Effler Steven W. , Owens Emmet M. , Hurteau Craig A. , Prestigiacomo Anthony R. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT: The depths of entry of municipal wastewater into receiving lakes importantly affects associated impacts on water quality. The plunging behavior of two negatively buoyant inflows that carry municipal waste, an urban tributary and an effluent discharge, in Onondaga Lake, NY, is characterized and quantified based on an integrated program of monitoring, density calculations, and modeling. In‐lake signatures of plunging from the two inflows are differentiated according to constituents in which each is enriched. Under common contemporary conditions, the summer averages of the fraction of the urban stream and effluent discharge inflows plunging to stratified depths is predicted, with a calibrated hydrodynamic model, to be approximately 0.7 and 0.35, respectively. Recent short‐term increases in salinity levels from construction site dewatering caused greater plunging of the effluent discharge and interfered with normal complete fall turnover in the lake.
Graphene Oxide/Chitosan/Polyvinyl‐Alcohol Composite Sponge as Effective Adsorbent for Dyes
Authors: Xu Xiaoqi , Tian Mingwei , Qu Lijun , Zhu Shifeng 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT: Water pollution is one of the most pervasive problems afflicting people. Therefore, seeking highly efficient, low‐cost methods to decontaminate water is very much in demand. In this paper, chitosan/polyvinyl‐alcohol composite sponges are synthesized via foamed cross‐linking method while incorporating different amount of graphene oxide, the resultant graphene oxide/chitosan/polyvinyl‐alcohol composite sponges (GCS) are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), indicating the reasonable dispersion of graphene oxide in the matrix. Furthermore, some physical properties (water absorption, water retention, apparent density, porosity) are also determined; water absorption is high up to 873%, apparent density is lower than 0.25 g/cm3, and porosity could reach 78%. The GCSs also manifest high adsorption ability, as effective adsorbent for Acid Red 37 (AR 37) solution. The relationship between adsorption capacity and independent variables (adsorbent mass, initial dye concentration, and contacting time) is obtained. The optimal adsorption capacity value of AR 37 on GCS could reach 421.5 mg/g.
Oral Hypoxia–Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) for the Treatment of Anemia in Patients with CKD
Authors: Provenzano Robert , Besarab Anatole , Sun Chao H. , Diamond Susan A. , Durham John H. , Cangiano Jose L. , Aiello Joseph R. , Novak James E. , Lee Tyson , Leong Robert , Roberts Brian K. , Saikali Khalil G. , Hemmerich Stefan , Szczech Lynda A. , Yu Kin-Hung Peony , Neff Thomas B. 
Published: April 2016

Background and objectives
Roxadustat (FG-4592), an oral hypoxia–inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that stimulates erythropoiesis, regulates iron metabolism, and reduces hepcidin, was evaluated in this phase 2b study for safety, efficacy, optimal dose, and dose frequency in patients with nondialysis CKD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
The 145 patients with nondialysis CKD and hemoglobin ≤10.5 g/dl were randomized into one of six cohorts of approximately 24 patients each with varying roxadustat starting doses (tiered weight and fixed amounts) and frequencies (two and three times weekly) followed by hemoglobin maintenance with roxadustat one to three times weekly. Treatment duration was 16 or 24 weeks. Intravenous iron was prohibited. The primary end point was the proportion of patients achieving hemoglobin increase of ≥1.0 g/dl from baseline and hemoglobin of ≥11.0 g/dl by week 17 (16 weeks of treatment). Secondary analyses included mean hemoglobin change from baseline, iron utilization, and serum lipids. Safety was evaluated by frequency/severity of adverse events.

Results
Of the 145 patients enrolled, 143 were evaluable for efficacy. Overall, 92% of patients achieved hemoglobin response. Higher compared with lower starting doses led to earlier achievement of hemoglobin response. Roxadustat–induced hemoglobin increases were independent of baseline C–reactive protein levels and iron repletion status. Overall, over the first 16 treatment weeks, hepcidin levels decreased by 16.9% (P=0.004), reticulocyte hemoglobin content was maintained, and hemoglobin increased by a mean (±SD) of 1.83 (±0.09) g/dl (P<0.001). Overall mean total cholesterol level was reduced by a mean (±SD) of 26 (±30) mg/dl (P<0.001) after 8 weeks of therapy, independent of the use of statins or other lipid–lowering agents. No drug–related serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusions
In patients with nondialysis CKD who were anemic, various starting dose regimens of roxadustat were well tolerated and achieved anemia correction with reduced serum hepcidin levels. After anemia correction, hemoglobin was maintained by roxadustat at various dose frequencies without intravenous iron supplementation.
Validation of system codes for plant application on selected experiments
Authors: Koch M. K. , Risken T. , Agethen K. , Bratfisch C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
For decades, the Reactor Simulation and Safety Group at Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB) contributes to nuclear safety by computer code validation and model development for nuclear safety analysis. Severe accident analysis codes are relevant tools for the understanding and the development of accident management measures. The accidents in the plants Three Mile Island (USA) in 1979 and Fukushima Daiichi (Japan) in 2011 influenced these research activities significantly due to the observed phenomena, such as molten core concrete interaction and hydrogen combustion. This paper gives a brief outline of recent research activities at RUB in the named fields, contributing to code preparation for plant applications. Simulations of the molten core concrete interaction tests CCI-2 and CCI-3 with ASTEC and the hydrogen combustion test Ix9 with COCOSYS are presented exemplarily. Additionally, the application on plants is demonstrated on chosen results of preliminary Fukushima calculations.