bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gentamicin bladder instillations decrease symptomatic urinary tract infections in neurogenic bladder patients on intermittent catheterization
Authors: Cox Lindsey , He Chang , Bevins Jack , Clemens J. Quentin , Stoffel John T. , Cameron Anne P. 
Published: September 2017

Introduction: This study aimed to determine if gentamicin bladder instillations reduce the rate of symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) in neurogenic bladder (NGB) patients on intermittent self-catheterization (ISC) who have recurrent UTIs. Secondary aims were to examine the effects of intravesical gentamicin on the organism resistance patterns.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our prospective NGB database. Inclusion criteria were NGB patients performing ISC exclusively for bladder drainage with clinical data available for six months before and six months after initiating prophylactic intravesical gentamicin instillations. Symptomatic UTIs were defined as symptoms consistent with UTI plus the need for antibiotic treatment.Results: Twenty-two patients met inclusion criteria; etiology of NGB was 63.6% spinal cord injury, 13.6% multiple sclerosis. Median time since injury/diagnosis was 14 years and 6/22 (27.3%) hadundergone urological reconstruction. Patients had fewer symptomatic UTI’s (median 4 vs. 1 episodes; p<0.004) and underwent fewer courses of oral antibiotics after initiating gentamicin (median 3.5 vs. 1; p<0.01). Days of oral antibiotic therapy decreased from 15 before to five after gentamicin, but this did not reach significance. There were fewer telephone encounters for UTI concerns per patient (median 3 vs. 0; p=0.03). The proportion of multidrug-resistant organisms in urine cultures decreased from 58.3%to 47.1% (p=0.04) and the rate of gentamicin resistance did not increase. Adverse events were mild and rare.Conclusions: Gentamicin bladder instillations decrease symptomatic UTI episodes and reduce oral antibiotics in patients with NGB on ISC who were suffering from recurrent UTIs. Antibiotic resistancedecreased while on gentamicin instillations.
Handhaving van de Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming vanuit Nederlands perspectief
Authors: Oude Elferink E. , Reus J.G. 
Published: September 2017

Handhaving van de Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming vanuit Nederlands perspectief
De Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming zal op 25 mei 2018 van toepassing worden. Ten aanzien van de handhaving van regels op het vlak van gegevensbescherming gaat dat grote veranderingen teweegbrengen. In dit artikel wordt een toekomstbeeld geschetst.Verordening (EU) 2016/679 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 27 april 2016 betreffende de bescherming van natuurlijke personen in verband met de verwerking van persoonsgegevens en betreffende het vrije verkeer van die gegevens en tot intrekking van Richtlijn 95/46/EG (algemene verordening gegevensbescherming), PbEU 2016, L 119/1
Validation of Modifications to the ANSR for Listeria Method for Improved Internal Positive Control Performance
Authors: Alles Susan , Meister Evan , Hosking Edan , Tovar Eric , Shaulis Rebecca , Schonfeld Mark , Zhang Lei , Li Lin , Biswas Preetha , Mozola Mark , Donofrio Robert , Chen Yi 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
A study was conducted to validate a minor reagent formulation change to the ANSR for Listeria method, Performance Tested MethodSM 101202. This change involves increasing the master mix volume prelyophilization by 40% and addition of salmon sperm DNA (nontarget DNA) to the master mix. These changes improve the robustness of the internal positive control response and reduce the possibility of obtaining invalid results due to weak-positive control curves. When three foods (hot dogs, Mexican-style cheese, and cantaloupe) and sponge samples taken from a stainless steel surface were tested, no significant differences in performance between the ANSR and U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual or U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook reference culture procedures were observed for any of the matrixes as determined by probability of detection analysis. Inclusivity and exclusivity testing yielded 100% expected results for target and nontarget bacteria. Accelerated stability testing was carried out over a 7 week period and showed no decrease in assay performance over time.
Curcumin longa extract-loaded nanoemulsion improves the survival of endotoxemic mice by inhibiting nitric oxide-dependent HMGB1 release
Authors: Ahn Min Young , Hwang Jung Seok , Lee Su Bi , Ham Sun Ah , Hur Jinwoo , Kim Jun Tae , Seo Han Geuk 
Published: September 2017

Background
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a well-known damage-related alarmin that participates in cellular inflammatory responses. However, the mechanisms leading to HMGB1 release in inflammatory conditions and the therapeutic agents that could prevent it remain poorly understood. This study attempted to examine whether the Curcumin longa herb, which is known to have anti-inflammatory property, can modulate cellular inflammatory responses by regulating HMGB1 release.

Methods
The murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or a C. longa extract-loaded nanoemulsion (CLEN). The levels of released HMGB1, nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases were analyzed in RAW264.7 macrophages. The effects of CLEN on survival of endotoxemic model mice, circulating HMGB1 levels, and tissue iNOS expression were also evaluated.

Results
We have shown that a nanoemulsion loaded with an extract from the C. longa rhizome regulates cellular inflammatory responses and LPS-induced systemic inflammation by suppressing the release of HMGB1 by macrophages. First, treatment of RAW264.7 macrophages with the nanoemulsion significantly attenuated their LPS-induced release of HMGB1: this effect was mediated by inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation, which in turn suppressed the NO production and iNOS expression of the cells. The nanoemulsion did not affect LPS-induced p38 or extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Second, intraperitoneal administration of the nanoemulsion improved the survival rate of LPS-injected endotoxemic mice. This associated with marked reductions in circulating HMGB1 levels and tissue iNOS expression.

Discussion
The present study shows for the first time the mechanism by which C. longa ameliorates sepsis, namely, by suppressing NO signaling and thereby inhibiting the release of the proinflammatory cytokine HMGB1. These observations suggest that identification of agents, including those in the herb C. longa, that can inhibit HMGB1 production and/or activity may aid the treatment of endotoxemia.
Os resultados das políticas públicas de ecoturismo em Unidades de Conservação no Brasil e no Canadá
Authors: Matheus Fabricio Scarpeta , Raimundo Sidnei 
Published: September 2017

Propósito do tema: As políticas e definições sobre ecoturismo abordam basicamente três aspectos: a conservação do meio ambiente, a conscientização ambiental dos visitantes e o envolvimento da comunidade local. A partir desse enfoque, como objetivo analisou-se os resultados das políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento do uso público em Unidades de Conservação. Metodologia e abordagem: A análise foi realizada em duas áreas protegidas, o Parque Estadual Turístico Alto do Ribeira (PETAR), localizado no Estado de São Paulo, no Brasil, e o Strathcona Provincial Park, situado na província de British Columbia, no Canadá. O estudo de casos múltiplos se utilizou de duas fontes de evidências, os documentos das políticas públicas identificadas e as entrevistas com os atores envolvidos: poder público, comunidade local e visitantes. A análise dos documentos e das entrevistas foi realizada por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Tais políticas públicas foram discutidas à luz de bases conceituais sobre áreas protegidas e uso público, bem como sobre os atos normativos sobre uso público em Unidade de Conservação nos dois países. Entre os principais resultados, destaca-se que o foco das políticas públicas em atividades mais permissivas, no caso canadense, ou na restrição de atividades, no caso brasileiro, não é preponderante para a conservação do meio ambiente. Originalidade do documento: A política de terceirizações, adotada em British Columbia e que começa a ser implantada em São Paulo, tem impactado de forma mais direta os três aspectos analisados.
Erosion and Accretion on a Mudflat: The Importance of Very Shallow‐Water Effects
Authors: Shi Benwei , Cooper James R. , Pratolongo Paula D. , Gao Shu , Bouma T. J. , Li Gaocong , Li Chunyan , Yang S.L. , Wang Ya Ping 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUnderstanding erosion and accretion dynamics during an entire tidal cycle is important for assessing their impacts on the habitats of biological communities and the long‐term morphological evolution of intertidal mudflats. However, previous studies often omitted erosion and accretion during very shallow‐water stages (VSWS, water depths < 0.20 m). It is during these VSWS that bottom friction becomes relatively strong and thus erosion and accretion dynamics are likely to differ from those during deeper flows. In this study, we examine the contribution of very shallow‐water effects to erosion and accretion of the entire tidal cycle, based on measured and modeled time‐series of bed‐level changes. Our field experiments revealed that the VSWS accounted for only 11% of the duration of the entire tidal cycle, but erosion and accretion during these stages accounted for 35% of the bed‐level changes of the entire tidal cycle. Predicted cumulative bed‐level changes agree much better with measured results when the entire tidal cycle is modeled than when only the conditions at water depths of >0.2 m (i.e., probe submerged) are considered. These findings suggest that the magnitude of bed‐level changes during VSWS should not be neglected when modeling morphodynamic processes. Our results are useful in understanding the mechanisms of micro‐topography formation and destruction that often occur at VSWS, and also improve our understanding and modeling ability of coastal morphological changes.
MJO‐Related Tropical Convection Anomalies Lead to More Accurate Stratospheric Vortex Variability in Subseasonal Forecast Models
Authors: Garfinkel C. I. , Schwartz C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe effect of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) on the Northern Hemisphere wintertime stratospheric polar vortex in the period preceding stratospheric sudden warmings is evaluated in operational subseasonal forecasting models. Reforecasts which simulate stronger MJO‐related convection in the Tropical West Pacific also simulate enhanced heat flux in the lowermost stratosphere and a more realistic vortex evolution. The time scale on which vortex predictability is enhanced lies between 2 and 4 weeks for nearly all cases. Those stratospheric sudden warmings that were preceded by a strong MJO event are more predictable at ∼20 day leads than stratospheric sudden warmings not preceded by a MJO event. Hence, knowledge of the MJO can contribute to enhanced predictability, at least in a probabilistic sense, of the Northern Hemisphere polar stratosphere.
Future Changes in Tropical Cyclone Activity in High‐Resolution Large‐Ensemble Simulations
Authors: Yoshida Kohei , Sugi Masato , Mizuta Ryo , Murakami Hiroyuki , Ishii Masayoshi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractProjected future changes in global tropical cyclone (TC) activity are assessed using 5,000 year scale ensemble simulations for both current and 4 K surface warming climates with a 60 km global atmospheric model. The global number of TCs decreases by 33% in the future projection. Although geographical TC occurrences decrease generally, they increase in the central and eastern parts of the extra tropical North Pacific. Meanwhile, very intense (category 4 and 5) TC occurrences increase over a broader area including the south of Japan and south of Madagascar. The global number of category 4 and 5 TCs significantly decreases, contrary to the increase seen in several previous studies. Lifetime maximum surface wind speeds and precipitation rate are amplified globally. Regional TC activity changes have large uncertainty corresponding to sea surface temperature warming patterns. TC‐resolving large‐ensemble simulations provide useful information, especially for policy making related to future climate change.
Flexural Isostasy: Constraints From Gravity and Topography Power Spectra
Authors: Watts A. B. , Moore J. D. P. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe have used spherical harmonic coefficients that describe Earth's gravity anomaly and topography fields to quantify the role of isostasy in contributing to crustal and upper mantle structure. Power spectra reveal that the gravity effect of topography and its flexural compensation contribute significantly to the observed free‐air gravity anomaly spectra for spherical harmonic degree 33 < n < 400, which corresponds to wavelength 100 < λ < 1200 km. The best fit is for an elastic plate (flexure) model with an elastic thickness, Te, of 34.0 ± 4.0 km. Smaller values underpredict the observed gravity spectra while higher values overpredict. The best fit Te is a global average and so there will be regions where Te is lower and higher. This is confirmed in studies of selected regions such as the Hawaiian‐Emperor seamount chain and the Himalaya fold and thrust belt where we show that flexural isostatic anomalies are near zero in regions where Te~34.0 km and of large amplitude in regions of lower and higher Te. Plate flexure may also contribute at higher (n > 400) and lower (n < 33) degrees, but topography appears either uncompensated or fully compensated at these degrees, irrespective of the actual Te. All isostatic models underpredict the spectra at 2 < n < 12 and so we interpret the low‐order Earth's gravity field as caused, at least in part, by nonisostatic processes due to dynamic motions such as those associated with convective upwellings and downwellings in Earth's mantle.
Irrationality
Authors: Kyriacou Andreas P. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
At the individual level irrationality emerges when people fail to maximize a well‐ordered preference set or insofar as they entertain systematically biased beliefs about choice alternatives. Assuming that individuals have unbiased estimates of the price of irrationality, they will tend to behave more rationally as the private cost of irrational behavior increases. At the aggregate level, irrational outcomes may be less likely in market settings but more likely in large number public or collective choice ones. From a Weberian perspective, a rational society characterized by efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control may yield irrationalities in the guise of inefficiencies, homogenization, alienation, dehumanization, and disenchantment.
Situational Analysis
Authors: Clarke Adele E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Situational analysis (SA) is an extension of the grounded theory (GT) method of analysis for qualitative research developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, today the most popular form of interpretive analysis in the social sciences and humanities transnationally. Sociologist Adele Clarke, who studied with Strauss, developed SA by extending GT to include an array of poststructural and other contemporary concerns inspired by the work of Foucault, Deleuze, Guattari, and Haraway. In SA the situation itself becomes the unit of analysis, and the analyst makes three kinds of maps to analyze it: situational maps, social worlds/arenas maps, and positional maps. SA can be done with interview, ethnographic, historical, narrative, visual, and other discursive materials, hence it is particularly useful in multimodal research.
Help‐Seeking
Authors: Pescosolido Bernice A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHelp‐seeking refers to efforts or actions which assist individuals with physical, mental, or emotional behaviors perceived as out of the ordinary. Whilst this term is often used interchangeably with service utilization, healthcare decision‐making, or health/illness behavior, several factors differentiate the concept of help‐seeking from the others. These factors may include societal influence, legal coercion, and the use of alternative therapies.
Intergenerational Mobility: Methods of Analysis
Authors: Luijkx Ruud 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis entry comprises an analysis of intergenerational mobility, and in particular mobility tables, in which parents' and children's positions are cross‐classified. These positions can refer to the level of educational achievement, earnings, occupational position, religious denomination, social class, and so on. Intergenerational class mobility (social mobility) involves the class of the family in which respondents lived when young (the origin class) and their current class position (the destination class).
Accountability of the News
Authors: Min Young 
Published: September 2017

The notion of media accountability concerns how to balance
freedom
and
social responsibility
in various aspects such as
media structure
,
performance
, and
products
. Accountability of the news is a notion concerning media products, especially
public affairs reporting
(→ news). News accountability may involve two different sub‐dimensions:
liability
and
answerability
(McQuail 2005). The former mainly addresses the issues of how to prevent or reduce potential harm or danger caused by news content and focuses on imposing on the media material penalties based upon private or public laws. The latter notion, on the other hand, concerns how to control and improve the
quality of news
and emphasizes more noncoercive measures such as debate, negotiation, and dialogue between the news media and their claimants (→ Quality of the News). The notion of answerability is most concretely expressed in various
codes of ethics
or professional conduct that journalists or media industries have voluntarily accepted as their own professional or managerial guidelines (→ Ethics in Journalism; Professionalization of Journalism). The answerability approach further underscores the role of news critics and those people affected by the news, beyond that of media owners and practitioners.
Advertising Effectiveness
Authors: Tellis Gerard J. 
Published: September 2017

How effective is advertising in contemporary markets? What does advertising effectiveness mean? By the term “advertising effectiveness,” we mean what change → advertising achieves in markets. Advertising also creates changes in awareness, → attitudes, beliefs, and intentions. These are all valid effects of advertising. However, in the interest of focus and parsimony, this entry focuses on the effects of advertising on
only market behavior
.
Advertising Ethics
Authors: Richards Jef I. 
Published: September 2017

Simply stated, “ethics” refers to standards of conduct derived from moral values. Those standards vary greatly from discipline to discipline and person to person, and even philosophers approach ethics from multiple directions (Spence & Van Heekeren 2005, 8). But in its most basic form these are concepts of right and wrong behavior, not limited to what is required by law (Drumwright & Murphy 2004; → Communication and Law; Advertising Law and Regulation). Law deals with only a limited range of “wrong” behavior, especially in the context of → advertising. In the US, for instance, the First Amendment, along with practical enforcement limitations, prevent it from addressing most issues (→ Right to Communicate; Freedom of Communication). For the remainder, only the ethical standards of those involved in the advertising process stand as protection for consumers.
Advertising Frequency and Timing
Authors: Hallemann Michael 
Published: September 2017

The frequency and timing of advertising message exposures plays an important role in advertising campaign management, specifically media planning. However, when planning an advertising campaign, this is not as important as addressing questions about the advertising goal (what is to be achieved), the target groups (who is to be reached), and the budget (amount). The question at the heart of the overall strategy is how many exposures are ideally needed to reach a target person and within what time frame (→ Advertisement Campaign Management; Advertising Strategies; Media Planning).
Affective Disposition Theories
Authors: Raney Arthur A. 
Published: September 2017

Media scholars and consumers alike ponder the question “why do we enjoy the stories we enjoy?” Affective disposition theory is one of the leading explanations of the enjoyment process. The theory – more accurately, set of theories – conceptualizes enjoyment of media content as a product of a viewer's emotional affiliations with characters and the storyline outcomes associated with those characters. Although the theory does not seek to predict whether an individual will like or dislike a specific character or story, it provides keen insight into the process through which people enjoy these things (→ emotion; Enjoyment/Entertainment Seeking).
Age Identity and Communication
Authors: Harwood Jake 
Published: September 2017

Communication plays a substantial role in influencing understandings and self‐presentations with regard to age. While the immutable passing of time (and rising chronological age) is at the heart of life‐span development issues, our age group identifications and the age groups into which we are categorized are not deterministically organized by chronological age. Rather, age identities and categorizations are considerably more malleable. Gender or ethnicity category distinctions remain relatively impermeable over time, and the boundaries between such groups remain fairly rigid and clear for most people (people who are multiracial “passing” as members of other groups, or who are transsexual/transgendered, constitute exceptions here). In contrast, age group memberships change with time and divisions between age groups are fuzzy and highly negotiable. As a result, they are perhaps more open to social construction (→ Discursive Psychology). This provides opportunities to study the communicative practices that people employ to manage their age identities. Negative age stereotypes and prejudicial (ageist) attitudes are also common. Despite the fact that most of us will (or hope to) get old, many youngandold people hold negative views of older adulthood (Kite et al. 2005). Hence, age presents unique opportunities and points of interest for identity scholars.
Agenda Building
Authors: Nisbet Matthew C. 
Published: September 2017

Agenda building refers to the process by which news organizations and journalists feature, emphasize, and/or select certain events, issues, or sources to cover over others. Research in the area is closely linked to but distinct from the agenda‐setting tradition which examines the connection between the issues portrayed in the news media and the issue priorities of the public (McCombs 2004). Agenda building is also related to work in political science onpolicy agenda setting, which focuses on how news coverage both reflects and shapes the priorities of government officials, decision‐makers, and elites (Baumgartner & Jones 1993; → Agenda‐Setting Effects).