bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To exclose nests or not: structured decision making for the conservation of a threatened species
Authors: Cohen Jonathan B. , Hecht Anne , Robinson Kelly F. , Osnas Erik E. , Tyre Andrew J. , Davis Christina , Kocek Alison , Maslo Brooke , Melvin Scott M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDecisions regarding endangered species recovery often face sparse data and multiple sources of uncertainty about the effects of management. Structured decision making (SDM) provides a framework for assembling knowledge and expert opinion and evaluating the tradeoffs between different objectives while formally incorporating uncertainty. The Atlantic Coast piping plover provides an illustrative case for the utility of SDM in endangered species management because its population growth is simple to model, most populations are monitored, decision alternatives are well defined, and many managers are open to recovery recommendations. We built a model to evaluate the decision to use nest exclosures to protect piping plover eggs from predators, where the objective was to maximize λ and the tradeoff was between nest survival and adult survival. The latter can be reduced by exclosures. We used a novel mixed multinomial logistic exposure model to predict daily nest fates and incorporated the results into a stochastic projection matrix that included renesting after nest failure, and adult mortality associated with abandonment. In our test data set (n = 329 nests from 28 sites over four years), the mean nest survival over 34 days was markedly higher for exclosed nests (0.76 ± 0.03 SE) than for unexclosed nests (0.37 ± 0.07). Abandonment rates were also higher for exclosed nests (0.092 ± 0.017) than for unexclosed nests (0.045 ± 0.017), but the difference was not statistically significant and the loss rate to “other sources” (mostly predators) was much lower for exclosed nests (0.15 ± 0.03) than for unexclosed nests (0.58 ± 0.07). Population growth rate (λ) was clearly improved by exclosure use at the sites with high background nest loss rates, but λ was still <1 with exclosure use. Where the background nest loss rates were low, the decision to use exclosures was ambiguous, and λ could benefit from reducing uncertainty in vital rates. Our process demonstrated that geographic and temporal variation in nest mortality determines whether exclosures will be useful in attaining positive population growth rates and that other management options must be considered where the background nest mortality rates are high.
Composition and oxidative stability of oil from Salvia hispanica L. seeds in relation to extraction method
Authors: Dąbrowski Grzegorz , Konopka Iwona , Czaplicki Sylwester , Tańska Małgorzata 
Published: October 2016

This study evaluated the influence of the extraction method on the composition, quality and oxidation stability of chia seed oil. Commercial chia seeds were purchased from a local market and oils were obtained using various methods: Classical Soxhlet extraction using hexane and acetone, supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 at 70 and 90°C, and screw‐pressing from native seeds (cold process), and from seeds conditioned at 110°C (hot process). The oils were characterized by their contents of sterols, tocochromanols, phenolic compounds, carotenoids and squalene, acid and peroxide values and induction times. It was found that the method of obtaining oil had an influence on the extraction of components and oxidative stability. The most favorable method was classical extraction with acetone. This solvent was the most effective in the extraction of total lipids and bioactive components, especially phenolic compounds and carotenoids. The content of these components was highly correlated with induction time. The recovery of oil was generally lower by pressing than by extraction methods and the content of sterols and phenolic compounds was also reduced. In turn, fluid extraction at 70°C was effective in the extraction of squalene and the quality of oil extracted by this method was comparable to cold pressed oil.Practical applications: Chia seeds contain a large amount of oil (from 25 to 35%), which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly α‐linolenic and linoleic acids, with share of ca. 60–67% and 20%, respectively. The high content of PUFA makes this oil very susceptible to oxidation. The seeds are also abundant in many phytochemicals (sterols, tocopherols, squalene, waxes, carotenoids, and phenolics), but their extractivity to the oil depends on the processing conditions. In the study, we evaluated the composition and stability of chia seed oils obtained by classical solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 and screw‐pressing. It was shown that the most favorable method was the extraction with acetone. This solvent was the most effective in extraction of total lipids and bioactive components, especially phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Oil obtained by extraction with acetone was additionally characterized by the highest oxidative stability. This information may be of support to producers for obtaining chia oil more stable and with better nutritional and nutraceutical properties.Oil obtained by extraction with acetone is very different from other oils considering the quality, stability, and contents of bioactive compounds.
Investigation of Host Polymers for Luminescent Solar Concentrators
Authors: Zettl Marcus , Mayer Oliver , Klampaftis Efthymios , Richards Bryce S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOne of the most important elements of a luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) is the host material. In this work, we investigate the key optical properties of eight polymeric host matrices. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC) based formulations exhibited the lowest internal absorbance within the spectral range of the absorption and emission bands of a red‐emitting fluorescent organic dye (Lumogen Red 305). The dye absorbance was dependent on the host matrix and was higher for the PC‐based formulations than the other polymers. However, two different doping concentrations were used, and the higher concentration led to the absorption of more than 90 % of the incident photons within the absorption band of the dye in all cases. The overall optical efficiency with respect to edge emission from 60 mm×60 mm×3.2 mm LSCs varied within an absolute value of 1 % for the eight host matrices investigated. The best result achieved in terms of optical efficiency was 8.9 % for PMMA‐ and PC‐based hosts.
Theoretical investigation about the optical characterization of cone‐shaped pin‐Si nanowire for top cell application
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ajmal , Sichanugrist Porponth , Kato Shinya , Ishikawa Yasuaki 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCone‐shaped semiconductor silicon nanowires (CS‐Si‐NWs) grown in vapor liquid solid mode are promising for the fabrication of low‐cost high‐performance solar cells because of their low processing cost and lower use of Si materials, as compared to planar devices. In this article, the effect of injected charge carriers on the refractive indices and extinction coefficient values in a cone‐shaped pin Si NW (CS‐pin‐Si NW) were considered. Then, the influence of top diameters and periods on the optical absorption was investigated using a finite difference time‐domain (FDTD) modeling method. The absorption increased when we decreased the period from 300 to 150 nm for a light wave with a wavelength of 700 nm. However, in the case of incident light at a wavelength of 500 nm, the absorption significantly increased by up to 100% and was found to be independent of the period. On the other hand, we varied the period and the top diameter of the NWs with a fixed bottom diameter. In this case, we found that the period did not significantly affect the absorption value. A high value of the short circuit current density of 19.5 mA/cm2 was found in the case of NWs with a top diameter of 110 nm and a period of 150 nm. Combined with the analysis of the ultimate photocurrents, an optimum geometric structure with a top diameter of 70 nm and a period of 150 nm for a CS‐pin‐Si NW‐based top cell for tandem solar cell applications was proposed.
Positive affect and cognitive decline: a 12‐year follow‐up of the Maastricht Aging Study
Authors: Berk Lotte , van Boxtel Martin , Köhler Sebastian , van Os Jim 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveIn cross‐sectional studies, positive affect (PA) has been associated with higher levels of cognitive functioning. This study examined whether positive affect (PA) is associated with change in cognitive function over 12 years in an adult population sample.MethodsParticipants (n = 258), aged 40 to 82 years, were drawn from a subsample of the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS) and assessed at baseline, 6 years and 12 years. PA was measured at baseline with a Dutch translation of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). PA scores and associations with cognitive decline were tested in random‐effects models.ResultsControlling for demographics and depressive symptoms, there was no significant association with PA scores and decline in memory (χ2 = 1.52; df = 2; P = 0.47), executive functions (χ2 = 0.99; df = 2; P = 0.61), and information processing speed (χ2 = 0.52; df = 2; P = 0.77) at 6‐ and 12‐year follow‐up.ConclusionsPA did not predict cognitive change over time. These findings question the extent of protective effects of PA on cognitive aging in adulthood, and are discussed in terms of age range and types of measures used for PA and cognition.
MNE Subsidiaries’ Outsourcing and InSourcing of R&D: The Role of Local Institutions
Authors: Santangelo Grazia D. , Meyer Klaus E. , Jindra Bjoern 
Published: October 2016

Plain language summaryThe rules for business vary not only between countries, but within countries. Subsidiaries of multinational enterprises (MNEs), thus, have to consider both the national level and the local context when designing their business practices. To examine this impact, we study R&D outsourcing in four Eastern member states of the European Union and find that local R&D outsourcing is used more frequently where local institutions are strong. However, this local impact depends on the MNE's overall knowledge sourcing practice and is weaker when MNE subsidiaries’ knowledge management prioritizes external sources of knowledge.Technical summaryMultinational enterprises (MNEs) face multiple institutional contexts across and within countries. We analyze subnational institutions in the local environment of MNE subsidiaries to investigate their impact on subsidiaries’ knowledge sourcing‐strategies. Drawing on institutional and transaction cost economics, we argue that the degree of local R&D outsourcing is greater in high quality subnational institutional contexts. However, the quality of local institutions has less impact on the degree of R&D outsourcing by subsidiaries that are more open to external knowledge. These subsidiaries are more experienced in collaborating with external partners and, thus, have developed internal mechanisms to protect their intellectual property even in low quality institutional contexts. We test our arguments on a survey of MNE subsidiaries in four Eastern member states of the European Union. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
Categorizing the Liability of Foreignness: Ownership, Location, and Internalization‐Specific Dimensions
Authors: Zhou Nan , Guillen Mauro F. 
Published: October 2016

Plain language summaryThis study explains the different types of additional costs faced by multinational firms when they invest abroad. We identify product adaptation cost, discrimination cost, governance cost, and appropriation hazard as important sources of the difficulties that multinationals face. We then link each of these costs to different dimensions of cross‐national distance, including economic, cultural, demographic, political, and administrative distance. Finally, we show that the importance of these different distance dimensions differ when multinationals invest abroad for different reasons including market seeking, efficiency seeking, knowledge seeking, and natural resource seeking.Technical summaryThis study bridges the literature on the liability of foreignness (LoF) and cross‐national distance. Following the ownership‐location‐internalization paradigm, we categorize the LoF into three dimensions: ownership‐specific LoF, location‐specific LoF, and internalization‐specific LoF, each of which reduces a specific advantage of the multinational firm. We first define the three dimensions of the LoF and then argue that each dimension is related to different types of costs. We further explain that different types of costs are associated with different dimensions of cross‐national distance, and firms face different types of the LoF and associated costs when they conduct different types of foreign direct investment. We test these hypotheses in the context of Chinese listed firms investing abroad, finding support for most of the predictions. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society
Mer Tyrosine Kinase Regulates Disseminated Prostate Cancer Cellular Dormancy
Authors: Cackowski Frank C. , Eber Matthew R. , Rhee James , Decker Ann M. , Yumoto Kenji , Berry Janice E. , Lee Eunsohl , Shiozawa Yusuke , Jung Younghun , Aguirre‐Ghiso Julio A. , Taichman Russell S. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTMany prostate cancer (PCa) recurrences are thought to be due to reactivation of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). We previously found a role of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK in PCa dormancy regulation. However, the mechanism and contributions of the individual TAM receptors is largely unknown. Knockdown of MERTK, but not AXL or TYRO3 by shRNA in PCa cells induced a decreased ratio of P‐Erk1/2 to P‐p38, increased expression of p27, NR2F1, SOX2, and NANOG, induced higher levels of histone H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, and induced a G1/G0 arrest, all of which are associated with dormancy. Similar effects were also observed with siRNA. Most importantly, knockdown of MERTK in PCa cells increased metastasis free survival in an intra‐cardiac injection mouse xenograft model. MERTK knockdown also failed to inhibit PCa growth in vitro and subcutaneous growth in vivo, which suggests that MERTK has specificity for dormancy regulation or requires a signal from the PCa microenvironment. The effects of MERTK on the cell cycle and histone methylation were reversed by p38 inhibitor SB203580, which indicates the importance of MAP kinases for MERTK dormancy regulation. Overall, this study shows that MERTK stimulates PCa dormancy escape through a MAP kinase dependent mechanism, also involving p27, pluripotency transcription factors, and histone methylation. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 891–902, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Participation of the dentate‐rubral pathway in the kindling model of epilepsy
Authors: Hernández‐Cerón Miguel , Martínez‐Lazcano Juan Carlos , Rubio Carmen , Custodio Verónica , González‐Guevara Edith , Castillo‐Pérez Carlos , Paz Carlos 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTLesions of the cerebellar dentate nucleus (DN) reduce the after‐discharge duration induced by repetitive kindling stimulation and decrease seizures to a lower rank according to Racine's scale. The DN sends cholinergic and glutamatergic fibers to the red nucleus (RN), which is composed of glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. To test the participation of these neurotransmitters in seizures, we compared the levels of glutamate and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the RN in a control condition, a kindled stage, and a kindled stage followed by DN lesions. We found that the kindled stage was associated with significant reductions in glutamate and GABA in the RN and that the lesions of the DN in kindled rats reversed the severity of seizures and restored the GABA levels. GAD65, a GABA‐synthesizing enzyme, was increased in kindled rats and decreased after DN lesions. GAD65 commonly appears localized at nerve terminals and synapses, and it is only activated when GABA neurotransmission occurs. Thus, it is possible that the increased expression of GAD65 found in kindled rats could be due to an exacerbated demand for GABA due to kindled seizures. It is known that GABA maintains the inhibitory tone that counterbalances neuronal excitation. The decreased expression of GAD65 found after the DN lesions indicated that the GABA‐synthesizing enzyme was no longer required once it eliminated the excitatory glutamate input to the RN. We thus conclude that DN lesions and their consequent biochemical changes are capable of decreasing the generalized seizures induced by kindling stimulation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of different depth of grain colour on antioxidant capacity during water imbibition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Shin Oon Ha , Kim Dae Yeon , Seo Yong Weon 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe importance of the effect of phytochemical accumulation in wheat grain on grain physiology has been recognised. In this study, we tracked phytochemical concentration in the seed coat of purple wheat during the water‐imbibition phase and also hypothesised that the speed of germination was only relevant to its initial phytochemical concentration.RESULTSThe results indicate that the speed of germination was significantly reduced in the darker grain groups within the purple wheat. Total phenol content was slightly increased in all groups compared to their initial state, but the levels of other phytochemicals varied among groups. It is revealed that anthocyanin was significantly degraded during the water imbibition stage. Also, the activities of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione S‐transferase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase in each grain colour group did not correlated with germination speed. Overall antioxidant activity was reduced as imbibition progressed in each group. Generally, darker grain groups showed higher total antioxidant activities than did lighter grain groups.CONCLUSIONThese findings suggested that the reduced activity of reactive oxygen species, as controlled by internal antioxidant enzymes and phytochemicals, related with germination speed during the water imbibition stage in grains with greater depth of purple colouring. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Oncologic progress for the treatment of parathyroid carcinoma is needed
Authors: Christakis Ioannis , Silva Angelica M. , Kwatampora Lily Joy , Warneke Carla L. , Clarke Callisia N. , Williams Michelle D. , Grubbs Elizabeth G. , Lee Jeffrey E. , Busaidy Naifa L. , Perrier Nancy D. 
Published: October 2016

Background and ObjectivesParathyroid carcinoma (PC) is rare but potentially lethal. No standardized staging system or treatment guidelines have been established. We aimed to determine whether management of PC and patient outcomes have changed at our institution over the past 35 years.MethodsRetrospective review of patients with PC at our institution between 1980 and 2015. Patients were grouped by date of initial surgery: group 1, 1980–2001; group 2, 2002–2015.ResultsAbout 57 patients (26 in group 1; 31 in group 2) were included. Group 2 had more female patients (61%) than group 1 (31%; P = 0.033). Patients in group 2 were older at the time of initial operation (mean age 48 years in group 1 (SD:14.3) and 56 years (SD:14.6) in group 2; P = 0.034). The 5‐year OS rates were 82% (95%CI 59.6%, 93%) for group 1 and 72% (95%CI 45.0%, 87.7%) for group 2. The 5‐year DFS rates were 62% (95%CI 36.4%, 79.9%) for group 1 and 66% (95%CI 40.6%, 82.2%) for group 2.ConclusionManagement of PC and patient outcomes (OS and DFS) have not significantly changed over the past 35 years at our institution. This rare malignancy needs oncologic improvement. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:708–713. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiscale modeling of femur fracture
Authors: Fish Jacob , Hu Nan 
Published: October 2016

SummaryWe present two multiscale approaches for fracture analysis of full scale femur. The two approaches are the reduced order homogenization (ROH) previously developed by the first author and his associates and a novel accelerated ROH (AROH). The AROH is based on utilizing ROH calibrated to limited experimental data as a training tool to calibrate a simpler, single‐scale anisotropic damage model. For bone tissue orientation, we take advantage of so‐called Wolff's law, which states that bone tissue orientation is well correlated with principal strain direction in a stance position. The meso‐phase properties are identified by minimizing error between the overall cortical and trabecular bone properties resulting from the quantitative computed tomography (QCT) scans and those predicted by the two‐scale homogenization. The overall elastic and inelastic properties of the cortical and trabecular bone microstructure are derived from bone density that can be estimated from the Hounsfield units, which represent the measured grey levels in the QCT scans. For model validation, we conduct ROH and AROH simulations of full scale finite element model of femur created from the QCT and compare the simulation results with available experimental data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New developments in the genetics and pathogenesis of tumours in tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Lam Hilaire C , Nijmeh Julie , Henske Elizabeth P 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn just the past 5 years, dramatic changes have occurred in the clinical management of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Detailed knowledge about the role of the TSC proteins in regulating the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) underlies this paradigm‐shifting progress. Advances continue to be made in understanding the genetic pathogenesis of the different tumours that occur in TSC, including pivotal discoveries using next‐generation sequencing (NGS). For example, the pathogenesis of angiofibromas is now known to involve UV‐induced mutations, and the pathogenesis of multifocal renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in TSC is now known to result from distinct second‐hit mutations. In parallel, the pathological features of TSC‐associated tumours, including TSC‐associated renal cell carcinoma, continue to be defined, despite the fact that TSC was first described 180 years ago. Here, we review recent discoveries related to the pathological features and genetic pathogenesis of TSC‐associated tumours. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.