bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A low-power inverter-based CMOS level-crossing analog-to-digital converter for low-frequency biosignal sensing
Authors: Tanaka Suiki , Niitsu Kiichi , Nakazato Kazuo 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Low-power analog-to-digital conversion is a key technique for power-limited biomedical applications such as power-limited continuous glucose monitoring. However, a conventional uniform-sampling analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is not suitable for nonuniform biosignals. A level-crossing ADC (LC-ADC) is a promising candidate for low-power biosignal processing because of its event-driven properties. The LC-ADC acquires data by level-crossing sampling. When an input signal crosses the threshold level, the LC-ADC samples the signal. The conventional LC-ADC employs a power-hungry comparator. In this paper, we present a low-power inverter-based LC-ADC. By adjusting the threshold level of the inverter, it can be used as a threshold-fixed window comparator. By using the inverter as an alternative to a comparator, power consumption can be markedly reduced. As a result, the total power consumption is successfully reduced by 90% of that of previous LC-ADC. The inverter-based LC-ADC was found to be very suitable for use in power-limited biomedical devices.
Effectiveness of adaptive silverware on range of motion of the hand
Authors: McDonald Susan S. , Levine David , Richards Jim , Aguilar Lauren 
Published: February 2016

Background.Hand function is essential to a person’s self-efficacy and greatly affects quality of life. Adapted utensils with handles of increased diameters have historically been used to assist individuals with arthritis or other hand disabilities for feeding, and other related activities of daily living. To date, minimal research has examined the biomechanical effects of modified handles, or quantified the differences in ranges of motion (ROM) when using a standard versus a modified handle. The aim of this study was to quantify the ranges of motion (ROM) required for a healthy hand to use different adaptive spoons with electrogoniometry for the purpose of understanding the physiologic advantages that adapted spoons may provide patients with limited ROM.Methods.Hand measurements included the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP), proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP), and metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) for each finger and the interphalangeal (IP) and MCP joint for the thumb. Participants were 34 females age 18–30 (mean age 20.38 ± 1.67) with no previous hand injuries or abnormalities. Participants grasped spoons with standard handles, and spoons with handle diameters of 3.18 cm (1.25 inch), and 4.45 cm (1.75 inch). ROM measurements were obtained with an electrogoniometer to record the angle at each joint for each of the spoon handle sizes.Results.A 3 × 3 × 4 repeated measures ANOVA (Spoon handle size by Joint by Finger) found main effects on ROM of Joint (F(2, 33) = 318.68, Partialη2= .95,p< .001), Spoon handle size (F(2, 33) = 598.73, Partialη2= .97,p< .001), and Finger (F(3, 32) = 163.83, Partialη2= .94,p< .001). As the spoon handle diameter size increased, the range of motion utilized to grasp the spoon handle decreased in all joints and all fingers (p< 0.01).Discussion.This study confirms the hypothesis that less range of motion is required to grip utensils with larger diameter handles, which in turn may reduce challenges for patients with limited ROM of the hand.
DynamicBayesian Models: Inference and Forecasting
Authors: Prado Raquel 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBayesian forecasting encompasses statistical theory and methods intime‐seriesanalysis and time‐series forecasting, particularly approaches using dynamic andstate‐space models, although the underlying concepts and theoretical foundation relate to probability modeling and inference more generally. This entry focuses specifically on Bayesian time‐series modeling, inference, and forecasting via dynamic models, with mention of related areas.
Statistics: History and Principle
Authors: Sheynin Oscar 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis is an essay on the history of statistics focused on lesser known issues. Drawing on the statements of Karl Pearson, Mises, Kolmogorov & Prokhorov and other authors, I think that the science of statistics is tantamount to the statistical method which in turn is largely the theory of statistics or mathematical (more precisely, theoretical) statistics.
Temporal Change
Authors: Esterby Sylvia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe study of temporal environmental change is motivated by the need to know if the state of the environment has deteriorated or, in some cases, if it has improved as a result of the removal or lessening of stress on the system. The data available for study of temporal change are observational and this presents challenges to the analysis as the cause of a detected change is also of interest. Through a series of examples, this article reviews modeling techniques that partition variability into components constructed to adequately describe the structure of the data. Temporal change is important in many areas and examples are taken from studies of water quality, floods, air quality, stratospheric ozone, global surface temperature, and species abundance, landscape patterns, and point patterns in ecology. Model features include deterministic and stochastic trends, seasonality, covariates as fixed and random components, evolutionary terms, short‐, and long‐term memory processes.
Control Chart for Nonconformities per Unit (
u
‐chart)
Authors: Mitra Amitava 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Statistical process control charts are a graphical means to monitor a process or product in manufacturing or service applications. One category of control charts deals with data of attribute type. Specifically, these charts track nonconformities or defects obtained from samples chosen randomly from the process or product. When the size of the selected sample varies, the characteristic that is monitored is the number of nonconformities or defects per unit, through a control chart referred to as a
u
‐chart. The occurrence of nonconformities or defects is assumed to be governed by a Poisson distribution. For a homogeneous Poisson distribution, the rate of occurrence of nonconformities or defects is assumed to be constant over a period of time or space or area or volume, depending on the context of the application.
Ethics of Outcome Adaptive Randomization
Authors: Freidlin Boris , Korn Edward L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe purpose of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) is to facilitate improvements in clinical care by providing reliable and timely assessment of new therapies. For a given RCT, outcome adaptive randomization (OAR) methodology allows information from the early study patients to increase the chances of the later study patients being randomized to the better performing treatment arm(s), suggesting an ethical advantage. At the same time, OAR designs increase the methodological and practical complexity of the study. Relative to the standard RCT designs that incorporate interim monitoring, the OAR approach provides a modest increase in the number of favorable outcomes at the cost of a slightly higher number of unfavorable outcomes and a larger study. Consequently, unless the majority of patients are treated on RCTs, OAR would delay introduction of new effective therapies into routine clinical practice. Even in settings where a high proportion of patients are treated on clinical trials (e.g., some rare disease settings), the methodological and practical complexity introduced by OAR is likely to offset its small theoretical advantage.
A Review of Index Number Theory
Authors: Balk Bert M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article reviews economic index number theory, from the axiomatic viewpoint, for temporal and spatial comparison. This provides the appropriate context for a discussion of the properties of the index number formulas used in practice. In addition, the connection with microeconomic consumer and producer theory is discussed.JEL code:C43, D11, D21, D24.
Vascular complications in steroid treated patients undergoing trans‐femoral aortic valve implantation
Authors: Echeverria Angela , Krajcer Zvonimir 
Published: February 2016

Key Points

Steroids if taken chronically or periprocedurally contribute to delayed wound healing and decreased vascular patency
Access site complications after diagnostic interventional procedures carry significant morbidity, increased cost, and prolonged hospital stay
TAVI offers high risk surgical candidates with severe aortic stenosis a significant survival advantage
Slip in Flow through Assemblages of Spherical Particles at Low to Moderate Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Kishore Nanda , Ramteke Rahul R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEffects of slip velocity and volume fraction of slip spheres on the momentum transfer characteristics of assemblages of slip spheres are numerically investigated. The fluid slip along the surface of the sphere is considered by Navier's linear slip model. The dimensionless governing continuity and momentum equations are solved using a semi‐implicit marker and cell method implemented on a staggered grid arrangement in spherical coordinates. The convection and viscous terms of momentum equations are discretized by means of the QUICK scheme and a second‐order central differencing scheme, respectively. The present numerical solver is benchmarked via grid independence and comparisons with the existing literature values. Results were obtained over a wide range of pertinent dimensionless numbers such as the Reynolds number, volume fraction of the dispersed phase, and dimensionless slip parameter.
Effective medical treatment strategies to help cessation of purging behaviors
Authors: Mascolo Margherita , McBride Jennifer , Mehler Philip S. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveHerein we review the major medical issues involved in the “detoxing” of patients who engage in purging behaviors and the pathophysiology of why they occur.MethodsGiven a limited evidence base of randomized controlled trials, we conducted a thorough qualitative review to identify salient literature with regard to the medical issues involved in “detoxing” patients from their purging behaviors.ResultsPseudo Bartter's Syndrome is the root cause of much of the medical difficulties which can arise when purging behaviors are abruptly discontinued. However, this is imminently treatable and even preventable with a judicious medical treatment plan which targets the increased serum aldosterone levels which would otherwise promote salt and water retention and a propensity towards severe edema formation. Effective recommendations are provided which can make this process much less vexing for patients attempting to cease their purging behaviors.Conclusions“Detoxing” from purging behaviors can be fraught with medical complications which frustrate these patients and can lead to unsuccessful outcomes. Medical providers should become familiar with the pathophysiology which is the basis for Pseudo Bartter's Syndrome and the effective medical treatments which can lead to a successful outcome. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:321–327).
Bright Blue Photoluminescence Emitted from the Novel Hyperbranched Polysiloxane‐Containing Unconventional Chromogens
Authors: Niu Song , Yan Hongxia , Li Song , Xu Peilun , Zhi Xiaoli , Li Tingting 
Published: February 2016

A blue fluorescence‐emitting hyperbranched polysiloxane simultaneously containing hydroxyl and epoxy groups (HPHEp) has been developed through one‐step A2 + B3 melt polycondensation between methoxyl groups of (3‐glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (A‐187) and hydroxyl groups of neopentyl glycol under catalyst‐free conditions. The emission intensity of the HPHEp in ethanol solution continuously arises in pace with raising its concentration, and the brightest luminescence is observed even in the 100% solid state. Studies show that the aggregation of oxygen‐rich heteroatoms from the hydroxyl and epoxy groups is assigned to the luminous source. Intriguingly, the HPHEp displays reinforced photoluminescence after polyetherification by 20 wt% polyether amine M2070; nevertheless, the modified polymer represents diminished emission intensity along with increasing the polyether content. Thus, this investigation offers a new methodology of designing photoluminescent materials.
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Evaluation of the Impact of a Pharmacist‐Led Telehealth Clinic on Diabetes‐Related Goals of Therapy in a Veteran Population
Authors: Maxwell Lauralee G. , McFarland Michael Shawn , Baker Jennifer Waymier , Cassidy Regina F. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesTelemedicine has been offered as a way to ensure that all patients, including those who live in rural areas, have access to the same health care. This study was performed to evaluate the benefit of a real‐time, clinic‐based video telehealth (Clinical Video Telehealth [CVT]) program and the impact of a pharmacist‐led CVT clinic for chronic disease state management. The primary objective was to evaluate changes from baseline values, in veterans referred by primary care providers to this clinic.MethodsThis was a single‐center, prospective, pre–post pilot study that also included a post–patient satisfaction survey. The study was conducted at the Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, which is composed of two medical centers and 12 community‐based outpatient clinics (CBOCs) located away from the two main facilities. Fifteen clinical pharmacy specialists (CPSs)—seven at the two main facilities and eight at the CBOCs—provide disease state management clinical pharmacy services. One of the seven CPSs at the main facilities works via telemedicine and provides services to the CBOCs where on‐site clinical pharmacy services did not exist. The primary outcomes were changes from baseline in A1C, LDL level, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure after 6 months of CVT services by the CPS. Secondary outcomes were the percentages of patients meeting American Diabetes Association treatment goals for hemoglobin A1c (A1C), low‐density lipoprotein level, and blood pressure, both individually and in combination after attending a pharmacist‐led CVT program; the level of patient satisfaction with pharmacists' care and with CVT as a method of receiving chronic disease management, specifically for diabetes; and medication additions or changes made by the pharmacist.ResultsTwenty‐six patients completed the 6‐month evaluation. A significant decrease in A1C of 2% from baseline was observed (p=0.0002), and the percentage of patients meeting goal A1C significantly increased from 0% at baseline to 38% at 6 months (p=0.0007). Overall patient satisfaction scores were also high, with a median score 39.5 (interquartile range 36–40) of a maximum score of 40.ConclusionSix months of CVT clinic attendance significantly improved A1C values and the overall percentage of patients meeting their goal A1C values in this veteran population. In addition, patient satisfaction scores also indicated a high level of satisfaction with the pharmacist‐led CVT service.
Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 levels and incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation
Authors: Skuladottir G. V. , Cohen A. , Arnar D. O. , Hougaard D. M. , Torfason B. , Palsson R. , Indridason O. S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLow circulating levels of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) have been associated with an increased risk of adverse effects after cardiac surgery. The metabolites, 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3, provide a good index of vitamin D status. In this study, we examined the association between preoperative plasma levels of total 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 and the risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) following open heart surgery. The levels of plasma 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 in 118 patients, who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valvular surgery, were measured immediately prior to surgery and on postoperative day 3 by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Patients who developed POAF had higher median plasma levels of 25(OH)D2 than those who remained in sinus rhythm (SR) (P = 0·003), but no significant difference was noted in levels of 25(OH)D3 or total 25(OH)D between the two groups (P > 0·05). By univariate analysis, patients with total 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D2 levels above the median had higher frequency of POAF (P < 0·05) and the incidence of POAF increased significantly with each higher quartile of preoperative plasma levels of 25(OH)D2 (P = 0·001), an association that was independent of confounding factors. In both the SR and POAF groups, the median plasma levels of 25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3 and total 25(OH)D were lower (P < 0·05) on the third postoperative day compared with preoperatively. Our findings demonstrate that higher plasma levels of 25(OH)D2 are associated with increased risk of POAF, while this is not the case for 25(OH)D3 or total 25(OH)D. The reason for these discrepant results is not clear but warrants further study.
Israel and the European Extradition System
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: February 2016

I shall try in the following pages to explain Israel's policy on extradition, outline briefly Israel's Extradition Law, 1954, and survey Israel's extradition links with European countries. I shall then deal with Israel's experience with the application of the European Convention on Extradition of 13 December 1957, and shall consider possible modifications to the Convention. This task has been made easier by the three reports which have been presented by Professor Schultz, Mr. Duk and Mr. Karle.The extradition of criminals presents for every country delicate and complex problems, for this branch of law, regulated by both international agreements and domestic legislation, is intimately related to each State's concepts of administration of justice and criminal law, as well as to its approach to human rights in general, and asylum in particular.
Legal Aspects of the Egyptian Intervention in Yemen
Authors: Ossad Meir 
Published: February 2016

Most writers discussing pre-Republican Yemen stress its complete isolation from the rest of the world. Those sympathetic to the Republic are anxious to point out that the Imams, or kings, of the country consciously followed a policy of almost hermetic isolation in order to ensure the continuation of the feudal privileges which they and the tribal sheikhs enjoyed. Whether or not this interpretation is accurate it is necessary to point out that some countries, and not only Arab states, had already been in contact with the kingdom for several decades at the time of the 1962 coup.Italy was the first European nation to make a deliberate attempt to develop its relations with Yemen in this century. The Italians, anxious to make their position in Eritreamore secure and, if possible, to gain an economic foothold in Arabia, concluded a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the Imam on September 2, 1926. From that time, and in spite ofthe disappearance of Italian colonies in East Africa, the Italians have continued to enjoy a somewhat privileged position among Western Europeans in the country. At times during the past few years, they have been almost the only Westerners permitted to remain in Yemen.
Forged Indorsements and Bankers' Liability
Authors: Gottesman Moshe 
Published: February 2016

I. Conditions of Protection: (1) A “Bill”: a) General observations, b) conditional instruments i) uncrossed instrument ii) crossed instrument, c) banker's draft i) uncrossed instrument ii) crossed instrument, d) instrument to order of unspecified person, e) instrument with forged drawer's signature or material alteration, f) “bill” distinguished from “cheque”, g) non-negotiable bill.(2) Indorsement: a) Indorsement distinguished from receipt, b) forgery of signature of drawee bank's customer, c) unauthorized signature(3) Good Faith(4) Ordinary Course of Business(5) Lack of Negligence: a) When this element required, b) meaning of concept(6) Payment: a) Payment distinguished from collection, b) payment otherwise than by drawee bank, c) protection distinguished from cause of actionThe subject of this study is one aspect of the complex of rights and obligations created upon the perpetration of forgery in the indorsement of a bill. In general terms we are concerned here with the conversion of a bill, its forged indorsement, the payment thereof by the drawee and a claim by the owner of the bill upon the drawee for the amount of the bill. The local law recognizes the right to such a claim but interposes a shield protective of the drawee under certain conditions. The purpose of the present study is to examine the nature of this protection, to identify the conditions thereof and to examine its reasonableness. The intention is to confine attention solely to this protection and accordingly no inquiry will so far as possible, be conducted into any principle which possesses broader projections beyond this limited theme. Nevertheless, one cannot ignore a number of relationships which arise as a consequence of this protection but are not created between the true owner and the drawee themselves. In order to examine the reasonableness of the protection, these relationships require investigation, if only briefly.
Proposed Simplifications of Convention-Making Procedures
Authors: Lador-Lederer J.J. 
Published: February 2016

I. Generations of lawyers have laboured to establish a code on the law ol treaties. Eventually, a treaty on that subject was signed in Vienna on May 23, 1969—the “Treaty on Treaties”. Without intending now to go into questions regarding the Convention as a whole (it certainly is one of the best prepared pieces of modern international legislation), attention must be paid to a matter which the President of the Conference itself, Professor Roberto Ago, found necessary to point out in a specific Report on the Final Stage of the Codification of International Law to the International Law Commission, and which has been revived as a subject of doctrinal studies, under dramatic pressure, first by the bodies which feel responsible for the security of air traffic. The need for rapid entry into force of certain international Conventions, however, also poses the question whether experience, subsequent to the Vienna Conference, is appropriately helped by that code. This is the point of observation chosen for this paper: treaty-making as part of the functional operation of inter-governmental organizations.The question is far from being purely academic. As will be seen below, several important IGOs have these last years posed the question of simplification of entry into force of ‘their’ treaty law. It must be asked therefore whether this is—or may become—a general trend or possibly one limited to a specific category of IGOs, and hence of treaties. We will show that there are no short-cuts to “simplification” and “simple” solutions.
Shareholders v. Directors
Authors: (Jurkevitz) Aharon Yoran 
Published: February 2016

Two recent English cases bring to the fore the difficulties that controlling shareholders face when they wish to remove incumbent directors. In the case of Bushell v. Faith, the director involved took refuge in an article of association which weighted the voting power of directors for the sole purpose of defeating a removal resolution. Although he held only one third of the outstanding shares, he was able to outvote the controlling shareholders and remain in the saddle. The House of Lords decided that the article in question did not run foul of sec. 184(1) of the 1948 Companies Act, which invalidates articles requiring more than a simple resolution for removal of directors.The rationale of the Court of Appeal and of the House of Lords was that as long as multiple and restricted voting rights are generally recognized, no different rule can apply to voting rights weighted specifically for blocking a removal resolution. Only Lord Morris of Borth-Y-Gest endorsed the reasoning of Ungoed-Thomas J. at first instance (not reported) who held that the purpose of the article in question was to make a director irremovable and that it was tantamount to a requirement that more than a simple majority be necessary for removal.