bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-7 A multi-strain probiotic modifies fecal microbial populations of healthy adult dogs
Authors: Zubillaga Marcial A Guevara , Jørgensen Jens Noesgaard , Jørgensen Lisbeth , Alaverdova Lidiia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Probiotics can modulate the intestinal microbiota and benefit the health of the host, whereas environmental stressors can negatively impact the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), most commonly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, are well-known organisms with probiotic potential. The objective of this study was to determine the impact on the fecal microbial population of healthy dogs, after ingestion of a probiotic blend of Lactobacillus acidophilus-286, Bifidobacterium animalis subs. Lactis-689, and Enterococcus faecium-202. Adult dogs [n = 30; 15 male, 15 female; mean body weight (BW) = 14.7 kg; mean age = 3.3 yr) were enrolled in this placebo-controlled and blinded study. After a 7-d washout period, dogs were allocated into two groups similar in terms of breed, BW, age, and sex. Dogs were fed a complete dry extruded diet and at time 0 h on d 0 received orally 4 g of a placebo paste or probiotic paste corresponding to the target dose of 4x107 total CFU. Administration of the placebo or probiotic was repeated 12 h and 24 h after the first dose. Afterward, fecal scores were evaluated daily for 7 d. Fresh fecal samples were collected on d 0, 3, and 7 for microbial enumerations and fecal metabolite measurements. Fecal microbial count data did not conform to the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances, consequently, non-parametric tests were performed for comparisons. Fecal scores, dry matter, and metabolites were not different between groups. Fecal counts of Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Enterococcus spp. were greater on both d 3 and d 7 (P &lt; 0.01) in dogs that consumed probiotics. Fecal counts of both Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens were fewer (P &lt; 0.01) in dogs that consumed probiotics. In conclusion, the consumption by dogs on d 0 of a probiotic blend of Lactobacillus acidophilus-286, Bifidobacterium animalis subs. Lactis-689, and Enterococcus faecium-202 modified the intestinal microbiota up to 7 d after consumption, as evidenced by the increase of lactic acid bacteria and the decrease of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens in feces.
PSXII-1 Comparative analysis of the training response of Raramuri Criollo and Angus Cattle to virtual fencing
Authors: Perea Andres Ricardo , Macon Lara , Dunlap Robby , Funk Micah , Winkler Parker , Campa-Madrid Sara E , Spetter Maximiliano J , Filbert Meghan , Cibils Andres , Estell Rick E , Duff Glenn C , VanLeeuwen Dawn , Utsumi Santiago A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Virtual fencing (VF) collars rely on GPS tracking and audio warning-electric cueing to exclude or contain livestock inside geofencing zones. Behavioral differences between breeds may occur that explain differences in adaptation to VF. Training response of nonlactating Raramuri Criollo (RC) and Angus-Herford (AH) cattle to a commercial VF system was compared at the Jornada Experimental Range (USDA-ARS) in Las Cruces, NM during November and December, 2023. Thirty RC and 30 AH cows naive to VF were instrumented with Nofence collars (Molde, Norway) and randomly allocated by breed to rectangular pens (n = 6) of similar size (0.16 ha). Cows were fed wheat hay ad libitum in feeding stations at the east and west ends. Unrestricted water, mineral supplements and shade were provided at the center of pens. Two VF exclusion areas of similar size (280 m2) were set in the east and west ends, establishing eventual VF restricted zones (RZ). The training was divided into six 3-d periods. In period 1, RZ were deactivated, allowing cows to adapt to feed, peers, operators and pens. In period 2, RZ were activated on the west end of each pen, with the east side serving as VF containment zone (CZ). In period 3, RZ were switched to the east side, with the west side serving as the CZ. Both RZ were deactivated in period 4 to serve as an extinction phase. The RZ configuration in periods 2 and 3 were repeated in periods 5 and 6, serving as testing phase. Audio warnings (AW), electric pulses (EP), and the ratio (RT) of EP to AW were analyzed with a repeated measures model to evaluate fixed effects of breed, period, day(period), and all interactions according to a completely randomized design with day(period) as repeated factor. Significant effects were tested using LSD (P &lt; 0.05). Both AW and EP were affected by the triple interaction, indicating greater AW and EP in d 1 of period 2 for AH than RC cows. Likewise, AW were greater for AH in period 2, and EP were greater for AH cows in periods 2 and 3 and for RC cows only in period 2. Among day(period), AW and EP were greater for both breeds in d 1 of period 2, and in d 1 of period 3 for AH. No interaction in RT was detected, but mean values were greater for AH than RC, in periods 2 and 3 than 5 and 6, and in d 1 than d 2 and both than d 3, as anticipated. The RT declined through time suggesting that both breeds learned to respond safely to changing VF configurations, but consistent behavioral differences may explain a different VF risk assessment and vigilance of RC cows compared with AH cows.
PSXII-8 Environmental cost effects of different manure treatment methods on dairy farms
Authors: Wang Han , Ma Lu , Bu Dengpan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The issue of manure disposal in dairy farms has long been a significant challenge afflicting the dairy farming industry, as manure poses various detrimental effects such as greenhouse gas emissions and land pollution. This remains an urgent concern for the industry to address. The traditional tank fermentation oxidation pond form of manure treatment and the new biogas power generation mode of manure treatment are currently widely employed in dairy farming enterprises. The evaluation and analysis of the environmental cost of new treatment modes should be conducted using scientific methods to determine which approach is more environmentally friendly. We selected two dairy farms with roughly the same number of dairy cows and the same management level, and the feed formula of the two dairy farms was basically consistent with the herd structure. Among them, the traditional tank fermentation manure treatment pasture, and the biogas power generation pasture. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method of SimaPro software was used, and the software version was 9.0.0.48. In the life cycle assessment, we take into account the depletion of fossil energy, cement, metals, chemical products, electricity, heat, and mechanical pumps during the process of manure treatment. After accounting, the following conclusions are developed. During the whole life cycle of dairy farming, greenhouse gas emissions mainly fall into three types: methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O). CH4 accounts for 64% of the total emissions, which is mainly produced in the process of animal feeding, and a small part comes from manure treatment. CO2 accounts for 34% of the total emissions from the production of feed raw materials. The smallest proportion of transport and fossil energy consumption is N2O, which is mainly produced by manure treatment processes and accounts for 2% of total emissions. The environmental cost of the traditional tank fermentation oxidation pond is 17.6% greater than that of the new type of biogas power generation.
PSXIII-4 Evaluation of an in-pasture weighing system to measure body weight change of growing cattle grazing wheat pasture
Authors: Moffet Corey A , Gunter Stacey A , Beck Paul A , Vining Paul P 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In winter 2023-2024, 65 stocker cattle grazed wheat pasture at the Southern Plains Experimental Range near Fort Supply, Oklahoma. Cattle had access to two in-pasture weighing system (IpWS, SmartScale, C-Lock) units placed at the water trough. Except for occasional standing water following precipitation, the only accessible water source was through the IpWS. Initial squeeze chute body weights (SCBW) were collected following ~16 h fast without feed or water. Full SCBW were collected without overnight fast every 28 d thereafter. Animals place their front feet onto the IpWS platform to drink water (ad libitum) and the front of the animal is weighed with an adjustment factor to convert the value to whole body weight (BW). The objective was to compare the two cattle weighing methods for growing cattle grazing wheat (Triticum aestivum) pasture. There were two cattle types and initial SCBW was 6 beef steers (BS, BW = 249.6 ± 14.4 kg), 6 beef heifers (BH, BW = 252.7 ± 7.3 kg), 26 beef-dairy cross steers (BDS, BW = 129.4.2 ± 18.7 kg), and 27 beef-dairy cross heifers (BDH, BW = 131.0 ± 10.3 kg). We fit a linear model to IpWS weight data as a function of day-of-study, sex, and type with a random animal effect. We estimated BW on the SCW d from the model and compared the IpWS and SCBW values. We used limits-of-agreement analysis to compare methods by date. A positive bias indicates IpWS BW are greater than SCBW and negative bias means IpWS BW &lt; SCBW. In general, IpWS BW overestimated SCBW with biases of 5.2 ± 1.0 kg, 13.4 ± 0.8 kg, 17.2 ± 1.0 kg, and 10.2 ± 1.1 kg on d 0, 28, 56, and 84, respectively. The biases were occasionally affected by cattle type or sex. On d 0, bias was greater for larger beef cattle than for smaller beef-dairy cross cattle (13.7 vs. 3.3 kg, respectively, P = 0.004). On d 56, bias depended on sex with a 22.3 kg bias for steers vs. a 16.2 kg bias for heifers (P = 0.049). On d 28 and 84, biases did not depend on sex or type. Over the 84-d period, BW gain was biased (5.03 ± 1.27 kg). Similarly, average daily BW gain was biased (0.06 ± 0.12 kg/d). The cattle type affected bias for BW gain (beef type = -2.13 kg and beef-dairy cross type = 6.69 kg) and average daily BW gain (beef type = 0.03 and beef-dairy cross type = 0.08 kg/d, P = 0.005). These results indicate that adjustments are likely needed to convert front BW from an IpWS to whole BW and to remove BW bias.
PSVII-12 The Investigation of depot-specific adipogenesis and lipogenesis in bottle-fed ram lambs
Authors: Udoka Aliute Nkoyo S , Owens Lydia , Duckett Susan K 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The deposition of fat in ruminants is a dynamic process that significantly impacts meat quality and production efficiency. The objective of this study was to investigate the dynamics of fat deposition over time across various depots in bottle-fed ram lambs, focusing on pre-adipocyte cell number and gene expression as a key determinants of fat accumulation. Suffolk ram lambs (n = 13) were serially harvested on d 15 (n = 4), d 45 (n = 4), and d 105 of age (n = 5). Lambs were supplemented with milk replacer 20% of body weight (BW)] from d 5 to d 30 of age, milk replacer (10% BW) with creep feed (2.5% of BW) supplementation from d 30 to 45, and creep feed (5% of BW) from d 45 to d 105 of age. At each harvest timepoint, fat depots, including subcutaneous, intramuscular (longissimus muscle), and visceral fat, were snap-frozen for RNA extraction, downstream gene expression analysis, and fatty acid extraction. Pre-adipocyte cells were also preserved, enzymatically digested and subsequently isolated from each depot. Pre-adipocyte cell number was assessed using the CellDrop (Denovix). Preliminary results revealed that pre-adipocyte cell numbers were significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) in subcutaneous and visceral depots 17-d old lambs in comparison to all other depots in other timepoints. The number of pre-adipocytes in intramuscular adipose depots did not differ over time (P &gt; 0.05). Visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots had a significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) amount of preadipocytes present in comparison with the intramuscular depot. Total fatty acid content differed (P &lt; 0.05) among depots and timepoints. Omental fat from d 105 lambs exhibited the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) total fatty acid content in comparison with all other depots. Total fatty acid amount did not statistically differ (P &gt; 0.05) between d 17 and d 45 omental fat depots. Total fatty acid content did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) over time in intramuscular fat samples (LM). The gene expression of several proposed pre-adipogenic markers were evaluated across timepoints and tissues. Moreover, the relationship between pre-adipocyte cell number and fat deposition in both subcutaneous and visceral depots indicates their crucial role in overall fat accumulation in ram lambs. These findings offer novel insights into the dynamics of fat deposition in ruminants, emphasizing the importance of intramuscular fat depots as key sites for fat accumulation. Understanding the relationship between pre-adipocyte cell number and fat deposition across depots can inform management strategies aimed at enhancing meat quality and production efficiency in sheep farming systems. Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying fat deposition in different depots and its impact on meat quality traits.
PSII-12 The effect of the diffusion of geranium and clary sage essential oils on relaxation responses in horses
Authors: Kays Emma , Moore Jennifer , Vasco Carol 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Aromatherapy has been used in holistic medicine to improve relaxation in humans; however, there are limited studies on its use in horses. This study investigated the potential of aromatherapy on relaxation responses in horses using two common essential oils geranium (Pelargonium asperum) and clary sage (Salvia sclarea). We hypothesized that aromatherapy using essential oils would improve relaxation responses in horses. Geranium aromatherapy (GA) and clary-sage aromatherapy (CA) were tested against a control (CO; deionized water only) in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square with three treatments, three horses (584 ± 9 kg of body weight and 11 ± 1 yr old), and three experimental periods. The experiment was replicated using the same horses, and the two experimental replicates were considered the square blocking factor. Aromatherapy session involved a 5-min acclimation period followed by 15 min of aromatherapy using a diffusor. Heart rate and respiration rate at min 0, 7 and 15, and average counts for body position and facial expressions from min 0 to 7 and from 7 to 15 (early and late session, respectively) were used as measure of relaxation. Aromatherapy improved eye expression over time (P = 0.01), with GA and CA horses showing significantly increased durations of relaxed eyes from early to late session (2.8 min vs. 5.3 min for GA and 3.7 min vs. 4.8 min for CA), while horses on CO showed reduced duration from early to late session (2.7 min vs. 1.2 min), indicating increased level of alertness and tension. Aromatherapy tended (P = 0.07) to improve ear expression. Horses receiving CA tended to show longer durations of relaxed ears compared with CO (4.33 min vs. 1.25 min), while GA (3.25 min) did not differ from CA and CO. Aromatherapy did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) measures of body posture and heart and respiratory rates. Although not all relaxation responses were improved by aromatherapy, the results indicate that aromatherapy has potential for improving relaxation in horses as indicated by facial expressions.
PSII-14 Climate and conception: Investigating the resilience of equine embryo survival to ambient temperatures in southeast Texas
Authors: Flores Karla V , Stutts Kyle , Shyam Nair , Blythe Madison K , Martinez Rafael E , Nelson Tatum B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Amidst the unique challenges posed by the humid and hot climate of southeast Texas, this study aimed to assess the establishment of pregnancy from transferred equine embryos, hypothesizing that an increase in ambient temperature would lead to a decrease in pregnancy establishment. To achieve this, we utilized 17 embryo donors and 46 recipient mares (3 to 9 yr of age), all anatomically and clinically normal with no history of reproductive problems. Breeding records for 49 transferred d 8, grade-1 embryos from a single private horse farm in southeast Texas, along with the reported high and low ambient temperatures on the day of transfer, were analyzed using logistic regression via PROC GLIMMIX in SAS v9.4 with fixed effects for the reported high and low ambient temperatures on the day of transfer, with a random statement for donor and sire. The pregnancy rate for all embryo transfers was 79%. Surprisingly, our results revealed that neither the reported high ambient temperatures (P = 0.16) nor reported low ambient temperatures (P = 0.19) significantly influenced the likelihood of pregnancy establishment observed at d 14 post-ovulation of transferred equine embryos. Furthermore, no statistically significant influence (P &gt; 0.05) on pregnancy establishment was observed when embryo transfers were conducted outside of the thermal neutral zone (5°C to 20°C). Within the context of our study, these results suggest that environmental temperatures in southeast Texas do not significantly impact equine pregnancy outcomes.
PSLBI-21 Interactive effects of dietary betaine supplementation and soybean hulls inclusion on growth performance and carcass composition of young growing pigs
Authors: Lima Valesca , Rodrigues Milena , Cardoso Kallita , Lacerda Mariana , Nuñez Amoracyr C , Sousa Saimon , Leite Carla , Brito Luiz F , Schinckel Allan P , Cesar Aline Silve Mello , Stringhini José , Almeida Vivian V 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Growing barrow pigs [n = 24; Large White x Landrace x Duroc; 29.51 ± 3.24 kg initial body weight (BW)] were assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design to evaluate the synergistic effects of dietary levels of betaine (BET; 0 and 0.1%) and soybean hulls (SBH; 0 and 15%) on growth performance and carcass composition. Pigs were blocked by initial BW and housed in individual pens with ad libitum access to feed and water for a 28-d feeding period. Pigs were weighed and feed intake was recorded at 14-d intervals. Real-time ultrasonic (RTU) measurements of the 10th-rib longissimus dorsi muscle area (LMA) and off-midline backfat thickness (BF) were obtained initially and on d 28 for all pigs. Prediction equations were used to estimate total fat tissue (TOFAT) and fat-free total lean (FFTOLN) from the measurements. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of the SAS software. Growth performance data were analyzed as repeated measures on time and carcass data were analyzed as single measures with the respective baseline values used as covariate in the statistical model. There were no SBH x BET interactions for growth response variables. Pig growth was not affected by dietary BET supplementation. During the first 14 d of the study, pigs fed 15% SBH had decreased average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.01), average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.02), and feed efficiency [gain:fee; (G:F;P = 0.04)] when compared with pigs fed diets without SBH. From d 15 to 28, dietary addition of 15% SBH reduced ADFI (P = 0.01), whereas no significant effects on the other growth performance variables were observed. Overall, when compared with pigs fed diets without SBH, pigs fed diets with 15% SBH had reduced feed intake (P = 0.01) and ADG (P = 0.04), which resulted in lighter pigs (P = 0.03) at the completion of the feeding trial. A SBH x BET interaction (P = 0.04) was observed for LMA, with decreased values (P &lt; 0.05) detected for BET-supplemented pigs only when SBH was not included in the diet. No additional carcass composition traits were altered by BET supplementation. Including 15% SBH to the diet decreased BF (P = 0.05) and TOFAT (P = 0.04) in growing pigs. Neither BET supplementation nor SBH inclusion affected FFTOLN. In conclusion, adding supplemental BET to diets with SBH did not synergistically alter nutrient partitioning of young growing pigs. Although no beneficial effects of BET supplementation on growth and carcass composition traits were observed, feeding pigs diets containing 15% SBH resulted in slower growth rates with less fat deposition.
PSLBII-15 The impacts of phyto-chemo-immuno therapeutic agents on cure of bovine brucellosis
Authors: Kaleem Muhammad 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Bovine brucellosis is a very important zoonotic disease of economic interest throughout the world. The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of phyto-chemo-immune therapeutic agents (antibiotics vs. herbal product) against bovine brucellosis in cattle. For this purpose, crossbred cows (n = 20) were divided into 4 groups (i.e., A, B, C and D; n = 5 in each group). The animals in group A, B and C included brucella positive cows, while group D had control negative (healthy) animals. Cows of group A were treated with antibiotics (oxytetracyclin and streptomycin), fluxin meglumin, vitamin E and selenium, and immunized with brucella RB-51 (Bivishot) and FMD oil-based vaccine; group B cows were treated with a herbal product Safi, instead of antiobiotics; group C cows were only treated with flunixin meglumin and vitamin E and selenium, and immunized with RB-51 and FMD vaccines, while cows in group D were only immunized with RB-51 and FMD vaccines. All cows were evaluated for brucella antibodies through ELISA on d 0, 30, 90 and 180 post-treatments, and for antigens through real time PCR on d 180 post-treatment. Moreover, the treated cows were also observed for retention of fetal membranes and birth weight of calves. According to the results, titers of antibodies (OD values) against brucella abortus on d 180 post-treatment were found to be less (P &lt; 0.05) in groups A (0.83 ± 0.2) and D (0.60 ± 0.1) cows compared with group B (1.09 ± 0.2) and C (1.15 ± 0.2) cows. Moreover, no difference (P &gt; 0.05) was found between OD values of group A and D cows. The Ct values, determined through Real time PCR, were greater in group A (37.2 ± 0.9) and D (&gt; 40) cows compared with B (35.0 ± 2.5) and C (32.5 ± 1.2) cows. Furthermore, birth weight of calves was greater in A and D cows compared with B and C cows. Placenta dropping time was shorter in A and D animals compared with group B and C cows. In conclusion, combination of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents and immune boosters (Group-A) may be used as a therapeutic approach to overcome bovine Brucellosis.