bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of Smart Grid Innovation for Organizational Models in Electricity Distribution
Authors: Kiesling Lynne 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDigital technologies from outside the electricity industry are prompting changes in both regulatory institutions and electric utility business models, leading to the disaggregation or unbundling of historically vertically integrated electricity firms in some jurisdictions and not others, and simultaneously opening the door for competition with the traditional electric utility business. This chapter uses the technological and organizational history of the industry, combined with the transactions cost theory of the firm and of vertical integration, to explore the implications of smart grid technologies for future distribution company business models. Smart grid technologies reduce transactions costs, changing economical firm boundaries and reducing the traditional drivers of vertical integration. Possible business models for the distribution company include an integrated utility, a network manager, or a coordinating platform provider.
Advanced Protection Systems
Authors: Apostolov Alexander 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis chapter covers advanced distribution protection systems required by smart grid‐related applications. It starts with a discussion of the effects of short‐circuit faults on sensitive equipment or processes and distributed energy resources (DERs). This is followed by the description of the protection requirements for distribution systems with penetration of DERs. This is followed by the presentation of advanced distribution substations protection schemes based on IEC 61850 GOOSE (generic object‐oriented substation event) messages. The use of multiple setting groups and programmable scheme logic, together with the adaptation to changes in the substation environment, is discussed as well. Load shedding in substations is presented at the end.
Reliability Evaluation in Transmission Systems
Authors: Singh Chanan , Mitra Joydeep 
Published: August 2016

AbstractComposite power system reliability models provide a comprehensive methodology for evaluating the reliability of the bulk power system. These models include the generation and transmission facilities and appropriate network flow models. These models provide tools for rational decision making regarding cost–benefit analysis. This chapter discusses the component models of the power system, their interrelationships, and the network flow models needed. Various techniques, analytical as well as Monte Carlo, are described. Contemporary issues such as integration of renewable intermittent sources of energy and the interdependence of cyber and current‐carrying parts are also discussed.
Substation Automation Systems
Authors: Apostolov Alexander 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter covers substation automation systems as a building block of a smart grid. It describes the different types of substation automation systems functions, the components of these systems, and the messages and services being used. It later compares the design of conventional (hard wired) and digital substations and presents some details on the IEC 61850 GOOSE (generic object‐oriented substation event) and sampled values messages. The architecture of digital substations and their benefits are later presented.
PMUHardware and Algorithms
Authors: Dotta Daniel , Murphy R. Jay , Bi Tianshu , Chow Joe H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPhasor measurement units (PMUs) are digital instruments that report the magnitude and phase of sinusoidal voltages and currents on an AC power system at a rate of 30/50/60 samples per second. Coupled with a precise time signal such as GPS (global positioning system) time pulses, the magnitude and phase information can be time tagged and communicated via the Internet, allowing the investigation of power system dynamics over a large geographical area. This chapter reviews the PMU specifications and algorithms to compute the magnitude and phase of a sinusoidal signal, hardware components, and testing methods.
Distributed Energy Resources (
DER
) Using
IEC
61850 with Cyber Security and Resilience Guidelines
Authors: Cleveland Frances M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A paradigm shift is occurring in the power industry from centralized generation to decentralized electric power production, based in large part on distributed energy resources (DERs), consisting of generation, energy storage systems, and controllable load that are interconnected with the distribution power systems. This shift is due to increasing pressures for renewable energy, the reduction in cost of DER systems, and the technology advances that permit effective management of large numbers of these DER systems. The increasing numbers of DER systems impact the stability, reliability, and efficiency of the power grid. Their unplanned locations, their variable sizes and capabilities, and their fluctuating responses to both environmental and power situations make them difficult to manage. Utilities cannot directly control these large numbers of DER systems as they do bulk generation but must coordinate with DER owners and third parties on managing these resources. At the same time, thanks to new technologies, DER systems are becoming quite “smart” and can perform “autonomously” according to preestablished settings while still responding to occasional commands. DER systems can “sense” local conditions of voltage levels, frequency deviations, and temperature, and can receive commands that allow them to modify their power and reactive power output.
Demand Response
Authors: Pratt Robert G. , Fuller Jason C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis chapter introduces the concept of demand response, that is, flexible loads that can respond to the needs of the electric power system by changing their demand for power. It describes a broad range of services that demand response services can provide to the grid and provides a basis for estimating their value to today's grid operations. The nature of electrical loads in buildings is described including sources of information for estimating end‐use load shapes and key characteristics of building/customer populations. The basic physics of demand response from building cooling loads is described, as are the techniques and tools used to analyze the technical potential of demand response potential and design the control and coordination schemes to dispatch it. Prototypical analyses are presented that illustrate some of the fundamental challenges of developing such schemes. The chapter concludes with a description of various types of programs used by utilities and aggregators to engage customers and realize value from demand response.
Dynamic Security Assessment
Authors: Wang Lei , Lin Xi , Howell Fred , Morison Kip 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis chapter covers the subject of dynamic security assessment (DSA) of power systems. Development of advanced DSA technologies is considered as part of the trend in building smart control centers. After a short discussion on the concept of power system security analysis, three basic elements of DSA are described, namely, security criteria and contingencies to be applied, models to be used, and analysis methods to perform the studies. This is followed by DSA applications using the traditional off‐line approach and more advantageous online approach. Further details for the deployment of the online DSA systems are provided to illustrate the applications of this innovative technology.
Demand‐Side Response/Home Energy Management
Authors: Ishii Hideo , Hirohashi Wataru , Mitsuoka Masataka , Hayashi Yasuhiro 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes demand‐side issues specific to home energy management. Two key issues pertain to home energy management: (i) supporting a power network operation by controlling the consumption of electricity and (ii) providing optimum household operation for devices and appliances (e.g., cost of electricity). To achieve the desired performance from the cooperation of various devices and applications, automated control via a home energy management system (HEMS) is required. HEMS is classified into three distinct categories based on physical form and allocation of the appropriate control algorithm. Then, elemental technologies are summarized, which are combined with HEMS to constitute a global energy management system (EMS). To showcase the effectiveness of this system, we present some use cases of HEMS as well as experiments conducted at the EMS Shinjuku R&D Center established in Waseda University. At this site, four smart houses were built and equipped with an air conditioner, a battery, electric vehicles/plug‐in hybrid vehicle and charger, a heat‐pump water heater, a fuel cell cogeneration system, and a solar inverter. The potential for expansion of HEMS beyond the function of energy management through collaboration with different disciplines is mentioned.
IEC61970 for Energy Management System Integration
Authors: Santodomingo Rafael , Uslar Mathias , Specht Michael , Rohjans Sebastian , Taylor Gareth , Pantea Stefan , Bradley Martin , McMorran Alan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe optimal planning, operation, and management of electricity transmission networks requires a wide range of software applications, such as energy management systems, network planning tools, data historians, and asset management applications, which all need to exchange data with each other. Standard data models make these data exchanges possible by formally defining the semantics of the information to be shared among the power system applications. The common information model (CIM) as defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee (TC) 57 is the most widely accepted standard data model that promotes interoperability in electricity power systems. This chapter gives an overview of the CIM IEC 61970 transmission series by describing its scope, structure, modeling aspects, exchange formats, integration processes, and tools. Moreover, it presents real case studies showing the benefits of adopting IEC 61970 series in terms of transmission network operation and planning.
The Empty Nose Syndrome 6‐Item Questionnaire (ENS6Q): a validated 6‐item questionnaire as a diagnostic aid for empty nose syndrome patients
Authors: Velasquez Nathalia , Thamboo Andrew , Habib Al‐Rahim R. , Huang Zhenxiao , Nayak Jayakar V. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundEmpty nose syndrome (ENS) is considered an acquired condition that remains difficult to diagnose objectively. Defining specific symptoms that can be reliably associated with this disorder would be essential to identifying possible ENS patients. We sought to validate an ENS‐specific, 6‐item questionnaire as an adjunct to the standard Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT‐22) questionnaire to discriminate patients suspected of having ENS.MethodsThe Empty Nose Syndrome 6‐item Questionnaire (ENS6Q) paired 6 common ENS symptoms (nasal suffocation, nasal burning, nasal openness, crusting, dryness, and impaired air sensation through nasal cavities) with testing on 75 patients divided in 3 patient cohorts: ENS; chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis; and healthy controls. Participants answered 2 rounds of both the SNOT‐22 questionnaire and ENS6Q within 48 hours of each other. No changes in treatments occurred in the test interval between questionnaires. Internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, validity, and area under the curve were assessed to differentiate between patient cohorts using the 2 instruments.ResultsWe found high internal consistency for ENS6Q and SNOT‐22 questionnaire at 0.93 (95% CI, 0.90‐0.95) and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.94‐0.96), respectively. The test‐retest reliability between timepoints for ENS6Q testing was 0.969. The ENS6Q statistically significantly discriminated between ENS and control patients and between ENS and chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis (CRSsNP) patients, without significant differences between CRSsNP and controls. The area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) threshold score comparison further supported the ability of the ENS6Q to differentiate ENS from CRSsNP patients.ConclusionThe ENS6Q is the first validated, specific, adjunct questionnaire to the SNOT‐22 to more reliably identify patients suspected of developing ENS.
First Synthesis of Continuous Mesoporous Copper Films with Uniformly Sized Pores by Electrochemical Soft Templating
Authors: Li Cuiling , Jiang Bo , Wang Zhongli , Li Yunqi , Hossain Md. Shahriar A. , Kim Jung Ho , Takei Toshiaki , Henzie Joel , Dag Ömer , Bando Yoshio , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAlthough mesoporous metals have been synthesized by electrochemical methods, the possible compositions have been limited to noble metals (e.g., palladium, platinum, gold) and their alloys. Herein we describe the first fabrication of continuously mesoporous Cu films using polymeric micelles as soft templates to control the growth of Cu under sophisticated electrochemical conditions. Uniformly sized mesopores are evenly distributed over the entire film, and the pore walls are composed of highly crystalized Cu.
Efficient Pathway for the Preparation of Aryl(isoquinoline)iodonium(III) Salts and Synthesis of Radiofluorinated Isoquinolines
Authors: Yuan Zheliang , Cheng Ran , Chen Pinhong , Liu Guosheng , Liang Steven H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIodonium compounds play a pivotal role in 18F‐fluorination of radiopharmaceuticals containing non‐activated arenes. However, preparation of these species is limited to oxidation conditions or exchange with organometallics that are prepared from aryl halides. Herein we describe a novel “one‐pot” process to assemble aryl(isoquinoline)iodonium salts in 40–94 % yields from mesoionic carbene silver complex and Aryl‐I‐Py2(OTf)2. The method is general, practical, and compatible with well‐functionalized molecules as well as useful for the preparation of a wide range of 18F‐labeled isoquinolines resulting in up to 92 % radiochemical conversion. As proof of concept, a fluorinated isoquinoline alkaloid, 18F‐aspergillitine is prepared in 10 % isolated radiochemical yield from the corresponding phenyl(aspergillitine)iodonium salt.
Stability Analysis and Design of Uncertain Discrete‐time Switched Systems with Actuator Saturation Using Antiwindup and Multiple Lyapunov Functions Approach
Authors: Zhang Xinquan , Zhao Jun , Li Xiaoyin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe stability analysis and anti‐windup design problem is investigated for a class of discrete‐time switched systems with saturating actuators by using the multiple Lyapunov functions approach. Firstly, we suppose that a set of linear dynamic output controllers have been designed to stabilize the switched system without input saturation. Then, we design anti‐windup compensation gains and a switching law in order to enlarge the domain of attraction of the closed‐loop system. Finally, the anti‐windup compensation gains and the estimation of domain of attraction are presented by solving a convex optimization problem with linear matrix inequality (LMI) constraints. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
Exponential Stability for Multi‐Area Power Systems with Time Delays Under Load Frequency Controller Failures
Authors: Li Xu , Wang Rui , Wu Shu‐Nan , Dimirovski Georgi M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates the exponential stability problem for a class of multi‐area power systems with time delays under load frequency controller failures (LFCFs). For describing the phenomenon of LFCFs, the considered multi‐area power system is rewritten as a switched system with multiple time delays. By adopting the switching technique, the exponential stability conditions for multi‐area power systems are developed when the controller failure frequency and the unavailability ratio of the controller are restricted. Finally, one example is given to show the applicability of the proposed method.
Nomenclature of homodetic cyclic peptides produced from ribosomal precursors: An IUPAC task group interim report
Authors: Craik David J. , Young Shim Youn , Göransson Ulf , Moss Gerard P. , Tan Ninghua , Jadhav Pramodkumar D. , Shen Jianheng , Reaney Martin J. T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn 2015, an International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Task Group was formed to develop nomenclature recommendations for homodetic cyclic peptides produced from ribosomal precursors. Delegates of the 2015 International Conference on Circular Proteins (ICCP) were presented with the strengths and weaknesses of four published approaches to homodetic cyclic peptide nomenclature, and a summary of the ensuing discussion is presented here. This interim report presents a potentially novel suggestion—the use of Cahn‐Ingold‐Prelog rules to specify amino acid priority in homodetic peptides for consistent numbering. Indeed, this might be the first extension of the Cahn‐Ingold‐Prelog rules in five decades. The authors invite interested parties to contact the corresponding author with suggestions for the improvement of the proposed nomenclature; these ideas will be discussed and considered for inclusion in the final report.
Systematic review of risk prediction models for diabetes after bariatric surgery
Authors: Zhang R , Borisenko O , Telegina I , Hargreaves J , Ahmed A R , Sanchez Santos R , Pring C , Funch-Jensen P , Dillemans B , Hedenbro J L 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
Diabetes remission is an important outcome after bariatric surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify risk prediction models of diabetes remission after bariatric surgery.

Methods
A systematic literature review was performed in MEDLINE, MEDLINE-In-Process, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases in April 2015. All English-language full-text published derivation and validation studies for risk prediction models on diabetic outcomes after bariatric surgery were included. Data extraction included population, outcomes, variables, intervention, model discrimination and calibration.

Results
Of 2330 studies retrieved, eight met the inclusion criteria. Of these, six presented development of risk prediction models and two reported validation of existing models. All included models were developed to predict diabetes remission. Internal validation using tenfold validation was reported for one model. Two models (ABCD score and DiaRem score) had external validation using independent patient cohorts with diabetes remission assessed at 12 and 14 months respectively. Of the 11 cohorts included in the eight studies, calibration was not reported in any cohort, and discrimination was reported in two.

Conclusion
A variety of models are available for predicting risk of diabetes following bariatric surgery, but only two have undergone external validation.
Determination of MLN0128, an investigational antineoplastic agent, in human plasma by LC–MS/MS
Authors: Kunati Sandeep R. , Xu Yan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMLN0128, an mTOR kinase inhibitor, is currently undergoing clinical investigation for treatment of a variety of cancers. To support this work, an LC–MS/MS method has been developed for the determination of MLN0128 in human plasma. A structural analog STK040263 was used as the internal standard. Both MLN0128 and the IS were first extracted from plasma using methyl tert‐butyl ether; then separated on a Waters XTerra® MS C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of methanol–acetonitrile–10.0 mm ammonium formate (34:6:60, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.300 mL min−1. Quantitation of MLN0128 was done by positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in multiple‐reaction‐monitoring mode. This method has a total run time of <4 min with the retention times of 1.95 and 2.94 min for the IS and MLN0128, respectively. The method has been validated per the US Food and Drug Administration guidance for bioanalytical method validation. It has a calibration range of 0.100–50.0 ng mL−1 in human plasma with a correlation coefficient > 0.999. The overall assay accuracy and precision were ≤ ± 4 and ≤8%, respectively. The IS normalized recovery of MLN0128 was 98–100%. The stability studies showed that MLN0128 was stable under all tested conditions. The method developed may be useful for clinical studies of MLN0128.
Ultraperformance convergence chromatography‐high resolution tandem mass spectrometry for lipid biomarker profiling and identification
Authors: Jones Jace W. , Carter Claire L. , Li Fei , Yu Jianshi , Pierzchalski Keely , Jackson Isabel L. , Vujaskovic Zeljko , Kane Maureen A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLipids represent biologically ubiquitous and highly dynamic molecules in terms of abundance and structural diversity. Whereas the potential for lipids to inform on disease/injury is promising, their unique characteristics make detection and identification of lipids from biological samples analytically demanding. We report the use of ultraperformance convergence chromatography (UPC2), a variant of supercritical fluid chromatography, coupled to high‐resolution, data‐independent tandem mass spectrometry for characterization of total lipid extracts from mouse lung tissue. The UPC2 platform resulted in lipid class separation and when combined with orthogonal column chemistries yielded chromatographic separation of intra‐class species based on acyl chain hydrophobicity. Moreover, the combined approach of using UPC2 with orthogonal column chemistries, accurate mass measurements, time‐aligned low‐ and high‐collision energy total ion chromatograms, and positive and negative ion mode product ion spectra correlation allowed for confident lipid identification. Of great interest was the identification of differentially expressed ceramides that were elevated 24 h post whole thorax lung irradiation. The identification of lipids that were elevated 24 h post‐irradiation signifies a unique opportunity to investigate early mechanisms of action prior to the onset of clinical symptoms in the whole thorax lung irradiation mouse model.
Determination of dihydroartemisinic acid in Artemisia annua L. by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
Authors: Tian Na , Tang Yuwei , Tian Dongming , Liu Zhonghua , Liu Shuoqian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) is the direct precursor to artemisinin, an effective anti‐malaria compound from Artemisia annua L. (A. annua), and it can be transformed to artemisinin without the catalysis of enzyme. A rapid and sensitive analysis of DHAA in A. annua is needed to screen excellent plant resources aimed to improve artemisinin production. In order to develop a rapid and sensitive determination method for DHAA in plant, the extraction and analysis conditions were extensively investigated in the present work. As a result, extraction of powdered A. annua leaves at 55°C for 50 min with chloroform resulted in the highest yield of DHAA, with a recovery of >98%. The precision of this gas chromatographic procedure ranged from 1.22 to 2.94% for intra‐day and from 1.69 to 4.31% for inter‐day, respectively. The accuracy was 99.55–103.02% for intra‐day and 98.86–99.98% for inter‐day, respectively. The measured LOQ and LOD values of the proposed method reached 5.00 and 2.00 μg/mL, respectively. Validation indicated the method was robust, quick, sensitive and adequate for DHAA analysis.