bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finasteride in Androgenic Alopecia
Authors: Zito Patrick M. , Hin Nady 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
By definition, a drug is a medicine or substance that exerts a physiologic effect on an organism. In dermatology, various medications and substances are utilized on a daily basis, ranging from topical treatments to anesthetics in micrographic surgery. The purpose of this section is to focus on some of the more common substances, specifically how they work, how they are utilized, and their routine alternatives (if available). The mechanism of action, usage, and alternative options of the medication finasteride are discussed.
Corticosteroids and Thiopurines, But Not Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists, are Associated With Cytomegalovirus Reactivation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Shukla Tushar , Singh Siddharth , Tandon Parul , McCurdy Jeffrey D. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
The association between cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and individual immunosuppressive agents in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been clearly defined. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess this association.

Methods:
Multiple electronic databases were searched systematically through July 2015 for observational studies reporting CMV reactivation (based on serum-based or tissue-based tests) in IBD patients stratified by medication exposure. We estimated summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects model. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.

Results:
Sixteen observational studies were identified. As compared with nonexposed patients, exposure to corticosteroids (CS) (12 studies, 1180 patients, 52.3% exposed; OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.40-2.99) and thiopurines (14 studies, 1273 patients, 24.1% exposed; OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.01-2.39) was associated with increased risk of CMV reactivation. In contrast, as compared with patients not exposed to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists, exposure to TNF antagonists was not associated with an increased risk of CMV reactivation (7 studies, 818 patients, 18.5% exposed; OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.93-2.24). The results remained stable for CS and thiopurines when the analysis was limited to hospitalized patients, and by a tissue-based diagnosis. Studies were limited in the ability to assess the impact of concomitant immunosuppressive therapy, duration of medication exposure, and disease severity.

Conclusions:
On the basis of 16 observational studies, exposure to CS or thiopurines, but not TNF antagonists, was associated with an increased risk of CMV reactivation in IBD patients.
Symptom Index or Symptom Association Probability?
Authors: Abdul-Hussein Mustafa , Zhang Crystal , Castell Donald 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Symptom index (SI) and symptom association probability (SAP) are popular methods used to measure symptom association in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Aim:
To investigate whether these 2 methods yield similar results in analysis of both typical and atypical GERD symptoms.

Materials and Methods:
Combined impedance-pH reflux studies of 1471 patients tested for possible GERD symptoms from January 2010 to May 2015 were reviewed. SI and SAP were analyzed for typical and atypical GERD symptoms including heartburn, regurgitation, indigestion, chest pain, cough, and throat clearing (TC). Patients who reported <3 symptom events during the 24-hour monitoring period were excluded. ON and OFF proton pump inhibitor (PPI) groups were reviewed. Kappa coefficient (κ) rather than simple percentage was used to measure the agreement rate. Simple percentage agreement is a less reliable method compared with κ.

Results:
On PPI therapy, there was a good κ between SI and SAP for regurgitation (0.68) and indigestion (0.64), moderate for heartburn (0.48) and chest pain (0.51), and poor for cough (0.33) and TC (0.29). There was a lower κ OFF PPI therapy for heartburn (0.36), regurgitation (0.44), and indigestion (0.50). But there was no difference in κ for chest pain (0.61), cough (0.29), and TC (0.33).

Conclusions:
SI and SAP showed better agreement for patients with typical GERD symptoms and even better when tested ON PPI. A better symptom association method is needed for patients with atypical GERD symptoms.
Optimal Timing of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Acute Cholangitis
Authors: Hou Linda A. , Laine Loren , Motamedi Nima , Sahakian Ara , Lane Christianne , Buxbaum James 
Published: November 2016

Objectives:
Acute cholangitis mandates resuscitation, antibiotic therapy, and biliary decompression. Our aim was to define the optimal timing of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for patients with acute cholangitis.

Methods:
Clinical data on all cases of cholangitis managed by ERCP were prospectively collected from September 2010 to July 2013. The clinical impact of the time to ERCP, defined as the time from presentation in the emergency department to the commencement of the ERCP, was determined. The primary outcome was length of hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included vasopressor use, endotracheal intubation, intensive care unit admission, and death.

Results:
ERCP was successful in 182 (92%) of 199 patients with cholangitis. Length of hospitalization was significantly longer for patients undergoing ERCP at ≥48 versus <48 hours (median 9.1 vs. 6.5 d, P=0.004) even though patients having ERCP at ≥48 hours were less sick as indicated by less frequent intensive care unit admission [odds ratio,0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.2-0.6]. Multivariate analysis revealed that hospitalization increased by 1.44 days for every day ERCP was delayed (P<0.001). Comparison of ERCP≥72 versus <72 hours revealed odds ratios of 2.6 (95% CI, 1.0-7.0) for vasopressor requirement and 3.6 (95% CI, 0.8-15.9) for mortality. Time to ERCP did not impact technical success or procedural adverse events.

Conclusions:
ERCP should be performed within 2 days of presentation as a delay of 48 or more hours is associated with disproportionate increase in hospital stay. Delay>72 hours is associated with additional adverse outcomes including hypotension requiring vasopressor support.
Molecular imaging in neuroendocrine tumors: recent advances, controversies, unresolved issues, and roles in management
Authors: Ito Tetsuhide , Jensen Robert T. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
The purpose is to review recent advances in molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), discuss unresolved issues, and review how these advances are affecting clinical management.

Recent findings
Molecular imaging of NETs underwent a number of important changes in the last few years, leading to some controversies, unresolved issues, and significant changes in clinical management. The most recent changes are reviewed in this article. Particularly important is the rapid replacement in somatostatin receptor scintigraphy of 111In-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid-single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (CT) by 68Ga-fluorodopa(F-D)PA), 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-peptide-PET/CT imaging, which is now approved in many countries including the USA. Numerous studies in many different types of NETs demonstrate the greater sensitivity of 68Ga-DOTA-peptide PET/CT, its high specificity, and its impact on management. Other important developments in somatostatin receptor scintigraphy/molecular imaging include demonstrating the prognostic value of both 68Ga-DOTA-peptide PET/CT and 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose PET/CT; how their use can be complementary; comparing the sensitivities and usefulness of 68Ga-DOTA-peptide PET/CT and 18F-FDOPA PET/CT; introducing new linkers and radiolabeled ligands such as 64Cu-DOTA-peptides with a long half-life, enhancing utility; and the introduction of somatostatin receptor antagonists which show enhanced uptake by NETs. In addition, novel ligands which interact with other receptors (GLP-1, bombesin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory polpeptide, integrin, chemokines) are described, which show promise in the imaging of both NETs and other tumors.

Summary
Molecular imaging is now required for all aspects of the management of patients with NETs. Its results are essential not only for the proper diagnostic management of the patient, but also for assessing whether the patient is a candidate for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with 177Lu and also for providing prognostic value.
New treatment options for irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea
Authors: Weber H. Christian 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder with negative impact on quality of life and it represents a substantial economic burden on healthcare cost. The medical management of IBS remains largely symptomatic. This review provides an update related to the most recently published diagnostic Rome IV criteria for IBS and clinical trial data for novel treatment modalities in IBS targeting the peripheral opioid receptors of the enteric nervous system and the gut microbiota.

Recent findings
The new Rome IV criteria define functional gastrointestinal disorders as disorders of the gut–brain interaction. In addition to previously introduced pharmacological treatment modalities for IBS with constipation (IBS-C) with synthetic peptides and small molecules targeting gastrointestinal receptors and ion channels, the newly Food and Drug Administration-approved mixed peripheral opioid receptor agonist/antagonist eluxadoline and the nonabsorbable antibiotic rifaximin demonstrate efficacy and safety in the treatment of IBS with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D).

Summary
Diagnostic criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders, including IBS, have been revised in Rome IV and are defined as gut–brain disorders. The mixed peripheral opioid receptor agonist/antagonist eluxadoline and the antibiotic rifaximin have been recently Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) with proven efficacy and acceptable side-effect profiles.
Revisiting erythroleukemia
Authors: Arber Daniel A. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
The 2016 WHO classification of hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms alters the diagnostic criteria for erythroleukemia, including eliminating the erythroid/myeloid type of acute erythroleukemia, which was a prior subcategory of acute myeloid leukemia, not otherwise specified. Only pure erythroid leukemia remains in the WHO classification. This review will summarize the literature that contributed to that classification change as well as recent literature on the significance of the change.

Recent findings
There is now a large body of literature on the negative prognostic impact of erythroid predominance, defined as 50% or more bone marrow erythroid cells, in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs). Recent studies have found similarities between erythroleukemia, especially the erythroid/myeloid type, and the erythroid-rich MDS cases. On the basis of these data, the WHO now reclassifies cases of the prior erythroid/myeloid acute erythroleukemia group based on the total blast cell count. This change moves such cases into an MDS category, usually MDS with excess blasts. This approach, however, may cloud the significance of erythroid predominance in this group of patients.

Summary
The report clarifies the current criteria for a diagnosis of erythroleukemia as well as the ongoing challenges in classifying this group of erythroid rich bone marrow disorders.
Correlation Between Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Based on Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Authors: Liu An-Nuo , Wang Lu-Lu , Li Hui-Ping , Gong Juan , Liu Xiao-Hong 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe literature on posttraumatic growth (PTG) is burgeoning, with the inconsistencies in the literature of the relationship between PTG and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms becoming a focal point of attention. Thus, this meta-analysis aims to explore the relationship between PTG and PTSD symptoms through the Pearson correlation coefficient. A systematic search of the literature from January 1996 to November 2015 was completed. We retrieved reports on 63 studies that involved 26,951 patients. The weighted correlation coefficient revealed an effect size of 0.22 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.18 to 0.25. Meta-analysis provides evidence that PTG may be positively correlated with PTSD symptoms and that this correlation may be modified by age, trauma type, and time since trauma. Accordingly, people with high levels of PTG should not be ignored, but rather, they should continue to receive help to alleviate their PTSD symptoms.
PMTCT Option B+ Does Not Increase Preterm Birth Risk and May Prevent Extreme Prematurity: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Malawi
Authors: Chagomerana Maganizo B. , Miller William C. , Pence Brian W. , Hosseinipour Mina C. , Hoffman Irving F. , Flick Robert J. , Tweya Hannock , Mumba Soyapi , Chimbwandira Frank , Powers Kimberly A. 
Published: November 2016

Objective:
To estimate preterm birth risk among infants of HIV-infected women in Lilongwe, Malawi, according to maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) status and initiation time under Option B+.

Design:
A retrospective cohort study of HIV-infected women delivering at ≥27 weeks of gestation, April 2012 to November 2015. Among women on ART at delivery, we restricted our analysis to those who initiated ART before 27 weeks of gestation.

Methods:
We defined preterm birth as a singleton live birth at ≥27 and <37 weeks of gestation, with births at <32 weeks classified as extremely to very preterm. We used log-binomial models to estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between ART and preterm birth.

Results:
Among 3074 women included in our analyses, 731 preterm deliveries were observed (24%). Overall preterm birth risk was similar in women who had initiated ART at any point before 27 weeks and those who never initiated ART (risk ratio = 1.14; 95% confidence interval: 0.84 to 1.55), but risk of extremely to very preterm birth was 2.33 (1.39 to 3.92) times as great in those who never initiated ART compared with those who did at any point before 27 weeks. Among women on ART before delivery, ART initiation before conception was associated with the lowest preterm birth risk.

Conclusions:
ART during pregnancy was not associated with preterm birth, and it may in fact be protective against severe adverse outcomes accompanying extremely to very preterm birth. As preconception ART initiation appears especially protective, long-term retention on ART should be a priority to minimize preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies.
Which patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis benefit from revascularization?
Authors: Naylor A. Ross 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
To summarize why there are polarized opinions regarding the management of patients with asymptomatic carotid disease and whether it is possible to identify patients who might benefit from carotid interventions.

Recent findings
Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial and Asymptomatic Carotid Trial 1 (ACT-1) recently concluded that outcomes after carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting were not significantly different in asymptomatic patients and that procedural risks were below the accepted 3% threshold. However, systematic reviews suggest that Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial/ACT-1 results may not be generalizable into routine practice. In parallel, meta-analyses suggest that stroke rates on medical therapy may be declining, suggesting that Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study/Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial data, which have underpinned every practice guideline since 1995, are too historical for use in 2017. A recent review has, however, identified a number of clinical/imaging features that may be associated with higher rates of stroke on medical therapy.

Summary
The majority of surgeons/interventionists are unlikely to accept radical changes in practice until new randomized trials confirm that the risk of stroke on modern medical therapy is significantly lower than that previously accepted. In the interim, it would be preferable to target interventions into a smaller cohort who present with clinical/imaging features that might render them ‘higher risk for stroke’ on medical therapy.
The neurobiology of uncertainty: implications for statistical learning
Authors: Hasson Uri 
Published: November 2016

The capacity for assessing the degree of uncertainty in the environment relies on estimating statistics of temporally unfolding inputs. This, in turn, allows calibration of predictive and bottom-up processing, and signalling changes in temporally unfolding environmental features. In the last decade, several studies have examined how the brain codes for and responds to input uncertainty. Initial neurobiological experiments implicated frontoparietal and hippocampal systems, based largely on paradigms that manipulated distributional features of visual stimuli. However, later work in the auditory domain pointed to different systems, whose activation profiles have interesting implications for computational and neurobiological models of statistical learning (SL). This review begins by briefly recapping the historical development of ideas pertaining to the sensitivity to uncertainty in temporally unfolding inputs. It then discusses several issues at the interface of studies of uncertainty and SL. Following, it presents several current treatments of the neurobiology of uncertainty and reviews recent findings that point to principles that serve as important constraints on future neurobiological theories of uncertainty, and relatedly, SL. This review suggests it may be useful to establish closer links between neurobiological research on uncertainty and SL, considering particularly mechanisms sensitive to local and global structure in inputs, the degree of input uncertainty, the complexity of the system generating the input, learning mechanisms that operate on different temporal scales and the use of learnt information for online prediction.This article is part of the themed issue ‘New frontiers for statistical learning in the cognitive sciences’.
Language learning, language use and the evolution of linguistic variation
Authors: Smith Kenny , Perfors Amy , Fehér Olga , Samara Anna , Swoboda Kate , Wonnacott Elizabeth 
Published: November 2016

Linguistic universals arise from the interaction between the processes of language learning and language use. A test case for the relationship between these factors is linguistic variation, which tends to be conditioned on linguistic or sociolinguistic criteria. How can we explain the scarcity of unpredictable variation in natural language, and to what extent is this property of language a straightforward reflection of biases in statistical learning? We review three strands of experimental work exploring these questions, and introduce a Bayesian model of the learning and transmission of linguistic variation along with a closely matched artificial language learning experiment with adult participants. Our results show that while the biases of language learners can potentially play a role in shaping linguistic systems, the relationship between biases of learners and the structure of languages is not straightforward. Weak biases can have strong effects on language structure as they accumulate over repeated transmission. But the opposite can also be true: strong biases can have weak or no effects. Furthermore, the use of language during interaction can reshape linguistic systems. Combining data and insights from studies of learning, transmission and use is therefore essential if we are to understand how biases in statistical learning interact with language transmission and language use to shape the structural properties of language.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘New frontiers for statistical learning in the cognitive sciences’.
TRACX2: a connectionist autoencoder using graded chunks to model infant visual statistical learning
Authors: Mareschal Denis , French Robert M. 
Published: November 2016

Even newborn infants are able to extract structure from a stream of sensory inputs; yet how this is achieved remains largely a mystery. We present a connectionist autoencoder model, TRACX2, that learns to extract sequence structure by gradually constructing chunks, storing these chunks in a distributed manner across its synaptic weights and recognizing these chunks when they re-occur in the input stream. Chunks are graded rather than all-or-nothing in nature. As chunks are learnt their component parts become more and more tightly bound together. TRACX2 successfully models the data from five experiments from the infant visual statistical learning literature, including tasks involving forward and backward transitional probabilities, low-salience embedded chunk items, part-sequences and illusory items. The model also captures performance differences across ages through the tuning of a single-learning rate parameter. These results suggest that infant statistical learning is underpinned by the same domain-general learning mechanism that operates in auditory statistical learning and, potentially, in adult artificial grammar learning.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘New frontiers for statistical learning in the cognitive sciences’.
Occurrence of rating distortions and ratees’ fairness perceptions per raters’ mood and affect
Authors: Razzaq Sumrina , Iqbal Muhammad Zahid , Ikramullah Malik , van Prooijen Jan-Willem 
Published: November 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the occurrence of rating distortions under raters’ different mood conditions and at different levels of interpersonal affect of raters towards ratees, and further its association with ratees’ perceptions of distributive and interpersonal fairness.Design/methodology/approachFor the scenario-based experiment, the study recruited 110 undergraduate students as participants. Of them, 22 raters appraised the video-taped buyer-seller negotiation performance of 88 ratees. Repeated measures analysis was employed to analyse data.FindingsResults revealed that under different mood conditions (pleasant and sad) and at different levels of interpersonal affect towards ratees (high and low), raters distorted ratings (inflated and deflated, respectively). These rating distortions shaped ratees fairness perceptions in such a way that ratees who received inflated ratings due to raters’ pleasant mood and high interpersonal affect perceived more distributive and interpersonal fairness than ratees who received deflated ratings due to raters’ sad mood and low interpersonal affect.Originality/valueThe paper is a step towards integrating the affect infusion model with distributive and interpersonal fairness theory. This integration can be of value for enhancing our understanding of how rater-centric rating errors take place, which subsequently shape ratees’ fairness perceptions.