bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anxiety of Influence: Towards the Early History of Soviet Schools with the Advanced Study of Foreign Languages (late 1940s–early 1960s)
Authors: Mayofis Mariya 
Published: July 2016

Through the analysis of published and archived documents the author seeks to discern the reasons that impelled the Soviet government to establish schools with the advanced study of foreign languages. These reasons seem to be particularly interesting when taking into account that the said schools were founded in the period known by harsh fighting against “cosmopolitanism” and “kowtowing to the West.” Graduates of the new schools were expected to alleviate the acute shortage of experts with foreign language skills, so the focus was put on speaking skills first, while the common secondary school syllabus was restricted to reading and translating. The author believes the conception of schools with the advanced study of foreign languages was self-contradictory from the very beginning and analyzes the resource, social, methodological and deological restrictions that had to be forced on the language school project. The era of “fighting against cosmopolitanism” left an imprint on the teaching philosophy: all learning materials had to pass numerous ideological filters, as Soviet leaders feared foreign languages would have underlying negative effects on students.
Posture Control Considering Joint Stiffness of a Robotic Arm Driven by Rubberless Artificial Muscle
Authors: Saito Naoki ,   Akita Prefectural University, Satoh Toshiyuki ,   ,
Published: July 2016

This paper describes a joint angle control considering the passive joint stiffness of robotic arms driven by rubberless artificial muscle (RLAM), which is a pneumatic actuator. The contraction mechanism of RLAM is the same as that of the McKibben artificial muscle. Unlike the McKibben artificial muscle, RLAM is constructed using an airbag made of a nonelastic material instead of a rubber tube.The objective of this study is to realize a soft contact movement of robotic arms by applying the passive compliance characteristics of RLAMs. In this study, we derive a mathematical expression for the relationship between the output of an RLAM and the joint stiffness of a robotic arm. In addition, we suggest a control scheme for each RLAM. We confirm the validity of these suggestions experimentally. From the result, we observe a good control performance of the joint angle. A robotic arm moves smoothly according to the force added from outside by setting the passive stiffness of the arm.
Surface Jet Pump Pilot Test for Upstream Applications
Authors: Koleshwar Vilas. S. , Al-Khalifa H. H. , Peeran S. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Gas-oil separation plants (GOSPs) consist of two or three separation stages to separate oil, water and associated gas. Oil flows to the stabilization plants and water to injection wells, while associated gas is sent to gas plants for further processing. At Plant A, the high-pressure (HP) gas has adequate pressure to freely flow to gas plants without compression. Gas from intermediate pressure (IP) and low-pressure (LP) stages flows to a nearby stabilization facility, to be compressed along with gases released from the stabilization plant and sent to the same gas plant where HP gases were directed to.
Utilizing a surface jet pump (SJP) at Plant A was found to be an energy saving and economically attractive alternative as it enabled sending the IP gases directly to the gas plant without gas compression by using HP gas as a motive fluid.
This paper will discuss in detail the design basis of this application and few challenges faced during the test. Also, it will cover the wide range of operational envelope that the jet pump covered during the test. The application was found to be successful and resulted in substantial savings in compression cost.
Advantages of using SJPs include using already available fluid energy within a process stream, no moving parts, zero maintenance, zero power or fuel gas usage, small footprint and varying layout configurations. SJPs are well suited to liquid ingestion and to changes in process conditions (without greatly affecting performance). In this paper, other applications of the SJP are also briefly discussed.
Plug Setting Aid Retooled for Improved Downhole Slurry Placement Provides Greater Versatility to the Operator When Planning and Executing Section or Hole Abandonments
Authors: Rogers Hank , Stair Todd , Makowiecki Gary 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
As drilling techniques advance and wellbores become more complex, placing successful cement plugs downhole on the first attempt becomes more challenging. Phenomena and well conditions can have a negative influence on the cement plug performance, significantly impacting well construction/abandonment time and costs. New equipment and procedures developed in recent years have been successfully deployed in hundreds of wells globally to help improve placement accuracy and reliability while also improving the economics associated with plug placement operations. Comparisons are made between various plug cementing operations using both conventional and new equipment to help exemplify options available to the modern drilling engineer.
Mature and newly developed fields require plug cementing operations as part of the life cycle of every well. Modern drilling engineers face new challenges from regulatory bodies and company practices related to best plug cementing practices. Often, regulations or standard practices do not incorporate modern solutions to age-old problems associated with cement placement downhole, such as contamination and fluid movement. Whether cementing operations are for plugback, kickoff, or abandonment, the drilling engineer is tasked with efficiently and effectively using available resources to perform the operation.
This paper documents field practices and tools available to today's drilling engineers that can more effectively enable and ensure slurry placement operations are achieved, and the section or hole abandonment conforms to operator requirements. Further, detailed operational comparisons are provided that compare/contrast how plug cementing operations are performed using conventional pump/pull procedures and the new equipment and procedures developed in recent years.
Role of Wellbore Imaging and Specific Mineralogy Inputs Data in Bit Selection and Design Softwares
Authors: El Sherbeny Wael , Hasan Gasser , Lindsay Bill W , Madkour Ali , Nagy Ahmed , AbuLawi Majed , Mohammad Muntasar S , Richard Aluian 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Formation drillability is one of the most important aspects for planning and designing a new oil/gas well since the factors affecting the drilling performance have complex relationships between formation properties, drill bit design and operational parameters. In view of the high operating cost of drilling rigs, if Rate of Penetration (ROP) can be enhanced, it will reduce open-hole formation exposure time and complications associated with it, resulting in significant savings in drilling time and cost can be realized.
Normally bit engineers utilize the assumed lithology from mud logs and detailed depth-wise lithology of offset wells. The lithology can also be interpreted from conventional logging data such as Sonic, Gamma and Density. Furthermore, the rock's compressive strength is calculated using Compressional / Shear travel time (Sonic log), Bulk density (Density log) and Shale content (Gamma log).
These utilized tools to detect the lithology and rock mechanical properties have an extent of uncertainty due to effects either related to the borehole or drilling fluids that require extensive corrections. That degree of uncertainty subsequently can affect the drill bit design criteria, selection and viability of performance-enhancing features.
This present paper reveals a new practical approach as a solution to minimize uncertainty in terms of bit design and selection by utilizing wellbore imaging either LWD and/or Wireline borehole images and lithology & mineralogy from either wireline mineralogy logs "Pulsed Neutron" and/or ROQSACN instrument to precisely deliver an accurate input data to the drill bit design/selection software modules.
Modeling Coupled Effects of Dissolved Salts (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, SO42-) Concentration on Multiphase Flow and Dissolution of CO2 in Saline Aquifer
Authors: Vivek R. , Kumar G. Suresh 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Dissolution trapping plays imperative role in immobilization of injected CO2 in saline aquifer. However, dissolved salts concentration in saline brine plays critical role in influencing solubility of CO2. The present work numerically investigates the effect of dissolved salts concentration in brine on dissolution of CO2. The present work also investigate the coupled effect of injection induced flow and distribution of CO2 in brine and brine salinity on solubility of CO2. Towards objective, a numerical model governing two phase immiscible fluid flow with associated capillary interphase has been developed. The solubility of CO2 into brine at the interphase is computed by the developed solubility model. Validated numerical model has been used to investigate the coupled effect of flow and dissolution. The observed results suggest that as pressure of the system increases solubility increases, whereas salinity of brine has inverse effect on solubility. It has been observed that, injection of CO2 in porous system results in drastic pressure buildup at the near well bore region and CO2 phase propagates along the length of the porous media. The coupled effect of flow and distribution has significant effect on dissolution and it has been observed that about 15.95% of dissolved mass fraction has been dissolved after 96 hours in injection.
Gravity Water Injectors; Highlights from Saudi Aramco's 51 Years of Experience in a Mature Field
Authors: Al-Hajri Nasser M. , Al-Subaie Fehead M. , Al-Ajmi Mohammed D. , Al-Mujaljil Saleh R. , Al-Ageel Ibraheem M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Saudi Aramco has used gravity water injectors extensively as a reservoir pressure maintenance means to support oil production from a mature field. Gravity water injectors in Field-A are perforated in a highly productive and shallow water producing aquifer. The aquifer pressure and hydrostatic column, between producing and injecting formations, complement each other to achieve gravity injection into a deeper formation. The particular completion of gravity water injectors in Field-A calls for novel approaches to reservoir surveillance as well as well integrity monitoring.
Many unconventional petroleum engineering practices were conceived and applied to responsibly handle gravity water injectors in Field-A. The implemented practices are best in class to monitor gravity water injector injection performance and safeguard the downhole integrity of the injectors. Frequently deployed flowmeter logs were utilized as the main survey source of Field-A's gravity water injectors. Performance indicators and downhole well integrity issues obtained from flowmeter logs are presented throughout this paper.
This paper will also discuss items of interest related to special rigless well intervention practices associated with the nature of gravity water injector completions. The rigless procedures are meant for achieving objectives such as injectivity enhancement, well revival, and wellbore mothballing designed for this type of water injectors. Additionally, a means of regulating injection rates through the installation of down-hole choke valves is going to be described as a case study in this literature.
Finally, various noteworthy aspects of gravity water injector workover operations will be outlined. The aspects associated with gravity water injector workovers include recompilation (conversion) into regular power water injectors as well as regular maintenance workovers.
Field Application of Electromagnetic Eddy Current Technology Enables Proactive Near Surface Casing Inspection
Authors: Mishkhes Abdulrahman T. , Al-Ajmi Mohammed D. , Al-Hajri Nasser M. , Al-Subaie Fehead M. , Fayyaz Muhammad F. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In mature onshore wells, near surface casing and wellhead landing base corrosion was identified as a critical concern that can compromise well integrity. Multiple field studies were conducted to identify the root causes for this corrosion growth, such as water presence (rain, shallow aquifers, etc.) or the absence of adequate cathodic protection. Consequently, a comprehensive surface casing and landing base inspection and repair program was established to proactively take the required corrective measures and ensure the integrity of all wells. The current inspection techniques involve cellar excavation, visual inspection for metal loss, ultrasonic (UT) inspection, or even cement chipping if required. Therefore, optimization of candidate selection and the use of alternative equivalent tools to detect near surface corrosion issues is imperative to enhance well integrity management.
As part of its well integrity management program, Saudi Aramco has put more focus on using eddy current tools (EDCs) to assess the integrity of downhole tubulars and identify downhole leaks. The limitations of the first generation tools were related to the total measured thickness and radius of investigation. However, with technology advancement, progressive tools were introduced with much higher thickness measurement capabilities and deeper radius of investigation that can reach up to the 30-in conductor casing. These added features enabled nonintrusive inspection of near surface casing integrity as well as downhole corrosion profiling.
This paper presents a field application of a nonintrusive approach to inspect shallow surface casing using electromagnetic EDC technology. The methodology allowed for early detection of surface casing corrosion growth, and, accordingly, proactive measures were implemented to enhance the well integrity program and save time, manpower, and operational costs. The paper also recaps multiple case studies of severely corroded near surface casing profiles identified by EDCs.
Elimination of Scaling Potential of Seawater in a Downhole Environment through the Innovative Use of Nanofiltration and Scale Inhibitor
Authors: Karadkar Prasad , Al Dahlan Mohammed , Sahman Faisal , Marshad Khalid , Yami Ibrahim , Soileau Chris , Al-Ghamdi Tawfik , El Hajj Hicham 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Seawater-based fracturing fluids provide greater flexibility when designing stimulation treatments for offshore environments by reducing delays in stimulation vessel scheduling and using an, essentially, unlimited supply of seawater, opposed to fresh water. Because seawater has a higher ionic strength than traditional fresh water, lower viscosity is observed from guar-based polymers. By comparison, the seawater can produce scaling precipitates when sulfate ions contact the calcium, barium, and strontium ions in the formation. The formed sulfate precipitates could lead to formation damage in the form of scaling, pore throats being clogged, and an overall reduction in production capacity.
This paper presents an innovative polymer-based scale inhibitor (SI) to mitigate scaling issues from seawater with 4,000 mg/L sulfate when mixed with 200,000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) formation water. From static bottle tests with seawater, 74% strontium sulfate inhibition was achieved at 300°F. To eliminate sulfate scaling issues, a nanofiltration (NF) membrane-based technique was used to filter seawater. The SI performance was tested by both static bottle tests at different mixing ratios and dynamic tube blocking tests at 300°F. Following static bottle tests, the key ion concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy. Zero scaling was achieved by adding 300 mg/L SI. The fracturing fluid was prepared using a zirconate-crosslinked derivatized guar. The rheology of the fracturing fluid was measured with and without SI to investigate its influence on crosslinking and proppant carrying capacity at 300°F. High magnesium in the seawater consumes hydroxide ions and affects pH control. To obtain a stable fracturing fluid, the pH was optimized to minimize magnesium precipitation. Coreflooding experiments confirmed the addition of SI does not cause additional formation damage.
Using NF-seawater in conjunction with proven SIs can provide effective treatment of seawater-based-fracturing fluids. The separation technique (NF) and chemical solution (SI) complement each other to neutralize scaling issues completely. This technique minimizes freshwater usage in fracturing, which can enable significant savings for offshore operations time and cost.
Extended LWD High Resolution Imaging Solution for Well Placement and Reservoir Characterization in laterally Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Zeghlache Mohamed Larbi , Zayer Mohammed F. , Khandakji Rami 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Logging-while-drilling (LWD) imaging solutions have been a part of the oil and gas formation evaluation technologies portfolio for quite some time. Lately, most LWD solutions have evolved to address new challenges in complex environments. This paper discusses advanced LWD electrical imaging technology and its recent use to help solve persistent challenges related to both well placement and reservoir characterization.
In a thin heterogeneous carbonate reservoir constrained by a tight control window of placement, the high-resolution, real-time laterolog electrical image proved to be an optimum solution to help determine well placement for maximizing reservoir contact. Running wireline imaging for fracture identification, inflow control device (ICD) completion design, and reservoir characterization can impose many risks related to well trajectory, borehole stability, borehole shape, and well control. However, an alternative LWD high-resolution laterolog electrical imaging solution—validated by the example described in this paper from a carbonate reservoir in the Middle East—demonstrated its capability to achieve the same objectives in those environments while avoiding the above-mentioned risks.
Well placement (geosteering) is dependent on control points from offset wells and LWD tool measurements that help identify the location of the bottomhole assembly (BHA) down hole in real time to enable on-the-fly decisions regarding well placement in the sweet zones. Imaging applications that outline a 360° view of the borehole are commonly used to identify formation dips, allowing geosteering specialists to make well trajectory adjustments. This paper illustrates an example of a resistivity contrast in a carbonate reservoir capped by a tight resistive boundary. The real-time LWD high-resolution electrical image helped identify formation dips and features of sublayers within the zone of interest. Noticeable changes in the sublayers' dip were most likely related to a boundary dip angle change. After adjusting the drilling assembly trajectory to account for that change, the LWD electrical image clearly illustrated parallel lines, indicating the well trajectory was smoothly following the same formation dip. In addition, the LWD focused resistivity tool capability to record high-resolution images while drilling proved to be an effective alternative solution to wireline imaging in these environments.
Estimation of MW and CGR in the Absence of Comprehensive Compositional Information: A Practical Application in a Near Critical Gas Reservoir
Authors: D'Windt Adolfo , Akbaar Yasmeen , Al-Arouj Mutlaq 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Describing the volumetric behavior of a gas reservoir requires the knowledge of its composition; however, this information is often limited. This paper presents a workflow for predicting gas specific gravity in absence of comprehensive compositional information. The approach used is to express the real gas law in terms of specific gravity and solve for it by means of the Newton Raphson algorithm. The proposed method requires as input a live fluid density measurement and the non-hydrocarbon content. The Z factor is stated as an implicit function of pseudo-reduced properties that in turn can be explicitly expressed in terms of specific gravity; this is accomplished by means of suitable correlations. The pseudo critical properties determination accounts for the presence of non-hydrocarbon fractions thus this method is not limited by the amount of impurities concentration.
We applied the proposed workflow to a field case corresponding to a sour gas condensate reservoir from which fluid samples are available. Experimental data includes gas chromatography analysis, multistage separator test, and 790 data points comprising Z factor and fluid density measurements from CCE experiments. Specific gravity computation uses fluid density derived from static gradient measurements and an approximate knowledge of the impurities content. A number of 25 combinations of Z factor and pseudo-critical properties correlations were tested for which the convergence rate of the algorithm was 99.9%. Overall error for the specific gravity prediction ranged between −1.5% and 0.5%. CGR and saturation pressure behavior with depth were adequately reproduced.
The proposed methodology allows us for reliable determination of key fluid properties in absence of compositional information by using already and routinely available field data; no expensive additional laboratory work is required. Derived properties can be used for engineering studies purposes and for production testing validation.
Prediction of the Gas Compressibility Factor Using Coefficient-Matrices Based on ANN
Authors: Attia M. , Mahmoud Mohamed , Abdulraheem Abdulazeez , Abido M. A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Gas compressibility factor (Z-factor) is an important parameter that is widely used in petroleum and chemical engineering. An accurate and fast calculation of this parameter is of crucial importance and is used as an essential input in petroleum reservoir simulation. The Standing-Katz chart was published in 1942 and it has been considered an industry standard for the gas compressibility factor. Several methods have been developed to calculate z-factor by correlations such as the one proposed by Brill-Beggs. Other methods such as Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem (DAK) use iterative-based solutions. The DAK correlation gives most reliable fit to the experimental data along with a low average percentage error compared with those from other methods. However, for high values, the DAK correlation fails with very high error compared with the experimental data.
In this study, artificial neural networks (ANN) are used to predict Z-factor. Data used for constructing the Standing-Katz charts and experimental data from the literature were used to build the ANN model and evaluate the quality of the new model compared with the other methods. Data used for constructing the Standing-Katz and Katz compressibility charts were used in constructing the neural networks model. 70% of the data was used for training, 15% for validation, and the remaining 15% for testing. The experimental data collected from the literature was given as a new data to test the quality of the model.
The ANN model constructed using the DAK correlation gave an average absolute percentage error of 0.197 for testing; this value is better than that given by the DAK correlation. The error evaluated using the experimental data for ANN model is very low compared with the DAK correlation and those presented in the literature. In addition, a mathematical model is generated from the ANN model that can be used easily to determine the Z-factor at any conditions.