bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitución, constitucionalización y constitucionalismo de la Unión Europea
Authors: Gordillo Pérez Luis Ignacio 
Published: February 2016

<p class="p1">Sumario: I. Sobre el término «Constitucionalización». II. ¿Qué es una constitución? 1. Aproximación al concepto de constitución. A. Orígenes. B. Aproximación al concepto de constitución desde la Teoría del Estado. a) El concepto racionalnormativo. b) El concepto histórico. c) El concepto sociológico. d) El concepto mínimo. C. Recapitulación sumaria: el concepto de constitución en la doctrina europea actual. 2. Elementos esenciales o contenido mínimo. A. Estado de Derecho e imperio del Derecho. B. Derechos y libertades fundamentales. C. Separación de poderes. D. Principio democrático. 3. Tratado y constitución. A. Consideraciones preliminares. B. La debilidad argumentativa de los enfoques tradicionales. C. El argumento de los tipos de normas: aprobación, modificación y extinción de tratados y constituciones. D. Recapitulación sumaria. III. Constitucionalismo y Unión Europea. 1. La constitución de la UE. A. Consideraciones preliminares. B. Sector doctrinal que niega la existencia de una Constitución europea. C. Sector doctrinal que sostiene la existencia de una Constitución europea. a) Perspectiva formal: los Tratados constitutivos como constitución de la Unión Europea. b) Perspectiva material: la jurisprudencia como factor principal de constitucionalización de la Unión Europea. 2. El Tratado por el que se instituye una Constitución para Europa.</p>
La Bioética entre la conciencia, la norma y la religión (Acercamiento a un supuesto ético de proyección jurídica de la conciencia personal)
Authors: Calvo Espiga Arturo 
Published: February 2016

Se intenta, en principio, clarificar el concepto de bioética desde los parámetros de las denominadas éticas laicas y éticas religiosas. A continuación, se ofrece, partiendo de la incidencia que los problemas planteados desde la bioética tienen en los ámbitos jurídicos, una posible vía de solución capaz de superar las discrepancias en las soluciones aportadas desde las construcciones teóricas de las bioéticas al uso. Más allá de la ideología que subyace a las distintas opciones en bioética, se prima la asunción de la conciencia personal no sólo como límite negativo (objeciones) de situaciones límite, sino como fuente de derecho, lo que constituye a la persona y a su conciencia en instancia legitimadora de toda decisión que afecte a su vida, salud o integridad.
Certeza y verdad en el Derecho
Authors: Luna Serrano Agustín 
Published: February 2016

<p>Este artículo analiza la relación entre la verdad natural y la verdad jurídica. Lo que el derecho dice y afirma como cierto, en función de su autoridad, no siempre se corresponde con la verdad, que se percibe o se descubre por la razón. Así, si bien en la mayoría de los casos el ordenamiento dispensa seguridad a través de la certeza que se deriva de la realidad de una manera directa y natural, no faltan ocasiones en que las leyes crean ellas mismas esa realidad jurídica</p>
Adecuación judicial del sistema de fuentes del Derecho objetivo al hoy y el mañana del Estado de bienestar
Authors: Zorrilla Ruiz Manuel María 
Published: February 2016

<p>La restauración integra de los elementos del Estado de Bienestar que se han degradado, es hoy una tarea imposible. Algunas aportaciones de la jurisdicción ordinaria pueden revelar nuevos aspectos sobre la esencia y el significado del Estado de Bienestar. Afectarían a la universalización de la justicia penal, al reconocimiento de la libertad de empresa como derecho fundamental y continente de funciones sociales, al relieve de la seguridad jurídica para revigorizar el sistema de fuentes del Derecho objetivo, a los componentes cambiantes que registra el contenido variable del Derecho justo, a la singularidad de producción de las fuentes del Derecho del Trabajo, a los testimonios de la plenitud existencial del ordenamiento jurídico, a la incondicional defensa de la paz frente a las agresiones de la delincuencia organizada, a las opciones didácticas de una jurisdicción innovadora y a la utilidad de los ordenamientos jurídicos para promover la continuidad del Estado de Bienestar. La erosión de los valores clásicos produce la emergencia de otros que pueden reemplazarles para evitar un desamparo social estrepitoso</p>
La igualdad en la regulación constitucional de la familia, el matrimonio y los menores
Authors: Pérez Sola Nicolás 
Published: February 2016

<p>La observancia del principio de igualdad de las personas ante la ley en el ámbito de los diferentes tipos de uniones familiares así como entre los integrantes de las mismas. La observancia de la igualdad entre los cónyuges así como de los miembros de las uniones de hecho y la ausencia de discriminación por el tratamiento diferenciado en la ley de las consecuencias jurídicas para los cónyuges como para los convivientes, especialmente cuando se produce la crisis y ruptura de ambas. La prevalencia del interés superior del menor en las relaciones paterno filiales en contextos concretos: investigación de la paternidad, interrupción del embarazo, elección de la formación educativa</p>
La dimensión constitucional del poder presupuestario de la Unión Europea
Authors: Porras Gómez Antonio-Martín 
Published: February 2016

<p>En el contexto del debate sobre las transformaciones que está experimentando el constitucionalismo contemporáneo, un lugar prominente viene a ser ocupado por la extensión de marcos constitucionales a realidades sociopolíticas que van más allá del Estado. El presente artículo pretende indagar en la morfología de estas nuevas realidades objeto del constitucionalismo, utilizando el específico caso de la Unión Europea y su poder presupuestario como evidencia empírica sobre la que explorar los contornos conceptuales del constitucionalismo supranacional. Pretende, básicamente, responder a dos cuestiones: ¿qué es la supranacionalidad y qué relación tiene este concepto con el constitucionalismo?, y ¿en qué medida el poder presupuestario europeo configura un poder supranacional inscrito en un marco constitucional?</p> <p>El artículo se estructura en torno a tres apartados. En primer lugar, se realiza una aproximación teórica al constitucionalismo supranacional. En segundo lugar, se describe el sistema presupuestario europeo, que pasará a ser analizado a través del concepto de supranacionalidad. Finalmente, la última sección resume las proposiciones formales y empíricas más relevantes</p>
La coordinación gubernamental de las políticas europeas. Un análisis de derecho comparado sobre los miembros fundadores
Authors: Ragone Sabrina 
Published: February 2016

<p>El estudio analiza los sistemas de coordinación de las políticas europeas adoptados en los Estados fundadores de la UE. Teniendo en cuenta la evolución normativa, la autora propone una clasificación cua-tripartita, basada en la aplicación combinada de distintos elementos determinantes: la existencia o inexistencia de un Ministro para los Asuntos Europeos; la existencia o inexistencia de un órgano de coordinación interministerial específico y su colocación en la Presidencia del Gobierno o en el Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores. Los resultados del análisis comparado son finalmente cotejados con los de otros estudios anteriores y en las conclusiones se enfoca el tema desde la óptica de la circulación de modelos</p>
La sede del Parlamento Europeo en Estrasburgo en entredicho. ¿El último asalto en su pugna con Bruselas?
Authors: San Miguel Osaba Ana María 
Published: February 2016

<p>De acuerdo con las disposiciones de los Tratados, el Parlamento Europeo tiene su sede en la ciudad de Estrasburgo, donde se deberán celebrar los 12 períodos parciales de sesiones plenarias, convirtiéndose Bruselas en lugar de reunión de las comisiones parlamentarias y de celebración de los períodos de sesiones plenarias adicionales. La necesidad de desplazamiento todos los meses entre ambas ciudades, no sólo de los eurodiputados, sino también de los traductores, secretarios, y demás personal necesario, así como de la correspondiente documentación, ha originado una situación claramente insatisfactoria que ha hecho alzarse numerosas voces partidarias de fijar una sede única para los trabajos parlamentarios, en referencia claramente favorable a la ciudad de Bruselas, lo que ha originado, por otra parte, la lógica reacción francesa partidaria del mantenimiento de la sede en la capital alsaciana. La frecuentemente difícil relación entre la institución parlamentaria y los gobiernos de los Estados implicados ha obligado asimismo al Tribunal de Justicia a pronunciarse sobre esta materia en diversas ocasiones. Vamos a analizar la trayectoria seguida en este conflicto, con mención de los argumentos esgrimidos por los partidarios de una u otra opción, hasta llegar a la última resolución aprobada por la cámara en sesión plenaria el 20 de noviembre de 2013, y que ha supuesto un nuevo varapalo al interés de Francia en el mantenimiento de la sede de Estrasburgo</p>
Utah Tuning Project
Authors: Davies Randall S. , Williams David 
Published: February 2016

<p>Tuning is a faculty-driven initiative designed to improve the quality of higher education by establishing transparent and fully assessable learning outcomes and proficiencies for degrees, discipline by discipline. Unlike many other initiatives in the United States which function within an individual institution, the Utah Tuning Project involved all institutes of higher education within the state of Utah. The purpose of this paper is to document the findings from an evaluation of a multiyear project targeting four undergraduate degree programs involved in a tuning initiative. A summary of recommendations and best practices is provided, along with the challenges and benefits to individuals and programs engaged in this process.</p>
Towards a concept of Communicative Competence in Health: a qualitative study in medical residents
Authors: Cabrales Rodolfo A. 
Published: February 2016

<span>Despite the wealth of literature surrounding the importance of effective communication in the clinical practice, there is a dearth of consensus in the literature on what communicative competence in health (CCH) is, and the practices of meaningful health communication.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><strong> </strong></span><span>Seventeen residents (17) were invited to share their thoughts on the concept of communicative competence in health and on difficulties they encounter during their clinical practice related with communication. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of CCH with emphasis on the implications in the medical curriculum, teaching, learning and assessment.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><strong> </strong></span><span>Three focus group discussions were conducted with the clinical supervisor. The results were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using principles from grounded theory for qualitative data analysis. </span><span class="apple-converted-space">The 135 open codes and defined axial codes were discussed and a number of conceptual frameworks were utilized to disentangle the concept of CCH.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><strong> </strong></span><span>The focus group themes related to the concept of communication in health, its importance and difficulties, the role of the physician and health personnel. The participants felt their own training did not prepare them to establish effective communication with patients and relatives. Some barriers include lack of time and lack of institutional priority given to communication issues.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><strong> </strong></span><span>The techniques originating from grounded theory permitted to define a broader concept of CCH with the following three specific scopes: biological perspective (objective world), social (social world) and subjective world (expressive-aesthetic).</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><strong> </strong></span><span>This new concept of CCH is central to understanding how the health communication process occurs, where a myriad of individual (physician, patient, staff, relatives), organizational and societal interrelated factors influence health decisions and practice. These components need to be addressed by medicine schools, health institutions and other stakeholders in the planning and designing a new model of curricula.</span>
Impact of Erasmus mobility for study on the development of Tuning Europe generic competences, as assessed by outgoing and incoming students in a large university: a revealing analysis
Authors: Donà dalle Rose Luigi F. 
Published: February 2016

<p class="Default">We explore on the basis of a simple survey tool the <em>perceived </em>impact of the Erasmus mobility experience on the improvement of the thirty generic competences of the Tuning Europe list. We rely on a self-assessment procedure, i.e. on data collected by the Erasmus Office of the University of Padova, Italy, through end-of-stay questionnaires, as returned by both outgoing and incoming Erasmus students. Processed data yield the percentage number of ticks, by which a given competence was chosen by the answering samples. We introduce a quantity “importance of improvement”, which measures the perceived degree of development of a given generic competence during the mobility experience and allows a consistent comparison among different samples. On this basis, we can order the thirty competences according to decreasing perceived importance of improvement in the two above samples. From a general point of view, Erasmus students perceive the most important improvement in instrumental competences. We can then carry out meaningful comparisons between the profiles of competences’ improvement of outgoing and incoming students, both in qualitative and in quantitative terms. Such a comparison reveals interesting features linked to the academic and human environments of mobile students. A further step in the analysis describes how country effects give more insight into the previous results. In such a context, we analyze the country impact on each given competence for both outgoing (visiting the country) and incoming (from the country) students, on the country subgroup competences’ profile and on the exchange of competences, which occurs between paired country subgroups.</p>
Changing paradigms: towards competency-assessment in admission to master’s programmes in Europe: a review
Authors: Kouwenaar Kees 
Published: February 2016

<p>The majority of efforts to improve admission to master’s programmes in Europe for students with a bachelor´s from outside the providing university have been focused on standardization of defined outcomes of bachelor´s degrees and improvement in mechanisms for recognition of diplomas and degree. With growing diversity within and around these master’s programmes, an alternative approach to master’s admission in needed. This article analyses the nature and shortcomings of the standardisation and the recognition approach and reports on the creation of a competency-assessment based approach in the Mastermind Europe project. In that project – part of the EU’s ERASMUS+ programme, Guiding Tools are produced for academic master’s directors who want to base their admission decisions less on recognition of a diploma and more on assessment of the applicants´ competency. The Guiding Tools focus on specific categories of admission criteria, on how they can be brought together in a coherent framework and on IT tools to help organize the process. The guiding tools are accompanied by a short Introductory Note on the Paradigm Shift from diploma-recognition based to competency-based master’s admission.<a title="" href="#1">[1]</a> This article<a title="" href="#2">[2]</a> is a more elaborate version of that introductory note, reflecting also the progress in thinking and tool development since the start of the project. It is intended both for users of the Guiding Tools who seek more background and detail, and for readers with a general interest in the topic. For users of the Guiding Tools, it may give them additional reasons and arguments that they may find useful to increase commitment in their own university.</p><div><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div><p><a id="a" name="1"></a>[1] A competency-assessment approach to master’s admission should not be confused with Competency-Based Education.</p></div><div><p><a id="a" name="2"></a>[2] The author acknowledges the support received from all members of the Mastermind Europe project team; outside the team, special acknowledgement is due to Robert Wagenaar (Tuning) and to Bas Wegewijs (Nuffic/Naric).</p></div></div>
DEALING WITH THE PAST: PROSECUTION AND PUNISHMENT OF COMMUNIST CRIMES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES / LIDAR COM O PASSADO: PROCESSOS PENAIS E PUNIÇÃO DE CRIMES COMUNISTAS NA EUROPA CENTRAL E ORIENTAL
Authors: Faix Martin , Svacek Ondrej 
Published: February 2016

This article addresses issues arising in the context of transition to democracy in Central and Eastern Europe, namely in Germany (former East Germany), Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. The contribution reflects various means of transitional justice which were applied in these countries: access to the archives of secret police, lustration and prosecution of the crimes of the past (successor trials). Central issue of this article is the criminal prosecution of communist crimes. Here authors focus their attention on two interrelated aspects: choice of applicable law and statutory limitations, which both are linked to the principle of legality. Practice and methods in prosecution of the communist crimes adopted across the analyzed countries reveal considerable heterogeneity and from comparative perspective pose a unique legal laboratory. Despite differences in applicable law, including treatment and interpretation of statutory limitations, and differences in overall outcomes of prosecution and punishment of the communist crimes, all countries were conformed to requirements of the principle of legality. The article thus confirms that states, when dealing with their past, enjoy a wide margin of appreciation.Keywords: Communist crimes. Central and Eastern Europe. Transitional justice. Successor trials. Nullum crimen sine lege.
“Midwifery Abdication”:A Finding From an Interpretive Study
Authors: Jefford Elaine , Jomeen Julie 
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND:Good clinical reasoning in midwifery is essential for the safety and quality of the care for women and babies. Midwives, as autonomous practitioners, are held legally and professionally accountable for their clinical reasoning, decisions, and the care they provide. Yet there is contested space between being accountable to the woman (and her birth experience) and being accountable to legal and professional frameworks and regulations. This places the midwife in a vulnerable position. This vulnerability is explored in this article.METHODOLOGY:The narratives of 6 midwives who were interviewed as part of a larger study were subjected to an inductive thematic analysis. Trustworthiness and rigor of the study was assured by careful monitoring of the research process and data checking.RESULTS:Although potentially unpalatable to the midwifery profession, we feel it is important to acknowledge that a concept calledMidwifery Abdicationdoes perhaps exist. Our assertion is underpinned by 3 key themes: “internalized perceptions of midwifery practice,” “knowing but failing to act,” and “prioritization of the woman’s needs.” Although this may be an unconscious act, it may be part of a conscious thought process which is influenced by internal and external factors. The result is loss of one’s professional voice. Midwifery Abdication introduces a level of risk, in changing clinical situations, which require a reconsideration and potential renegotiation of maternal choices and decisions.CONCLUSION:Some midwives appear to abdicate their professional decision-making role. Midwives must practice within their country’s legislative framework, which is complemented by their regulatory authority codes of professional conduct, standards, and ethics. Midwifery Abdication undermines the safety and efficacy of midwifery practice and thus destabilizes our right to claim professional autonomy.
Dutch Midwives’ Behavior and Determinants in Promoting Healthy Gestational Weight Gain, Phase 2: A Quantitative Approach
Authors: Merkx Astrid , Ausems Marlein , Budé Luc , de Vries Raymond , Nieuwenhuijze Marianne J. 
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND: Unhealthy gestational weight gain (GWG) contributes to long-term obesity in women and their offspring. The aim of this study is to quantify midwives’ behavior in promoting healthy GWG and to identify the most important determinants related to this behavior.METHODS: A survey based on the attitude–social influence–self-efficacy (ASE) model and prior qualitative research was conducted among 112 Dutch practicing midwives.RESULTS: Midwives were moderately active in monitoring GWG and diet education and less active in physical activity education. Regression analysis showed that efforts to promote healthy GWG were associated with several determinants, including attitudes, self-efficacy, social influence, the involvement of other health workers, health promotion, and barriers.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The identified behavioral determinants provide insight into ways to stimulate midwives to promote healthy GWG.
New Two Sensors PVC- Membrane and Chemically Carbon Paste for Determination of Antidepressant Drug Escitalopram Oxalate in Bulk, Cipralex and Human Fluids
Authors: Amal F. Khorshid  
Published: February 2016

Preparation and construction of a new polyvinyl chloride PVC-membrane and chemically modified carbon paste (CMCP) sensors based on ion-pair exchanger escitalopram-silicotungstic (Es-ST) (Sensor 1) and escitalopram-silicomolybdic (Es-SM) (Sensor 2). The effect of several plasticizers and composition of ion-exchangers on the performance characteristics of the sensors was studied. Sensors(1, 2) with 1% composition and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as plasticizer in PVC-membrane showed Nernstian slopes ranged from 57.5- 59.5 ±0.1 mV/decade over the concentration ranged from 5.0 x 10-7-1.0 x 10-2 M with the life span not less than two months and pH 2.5-7.5 with a detection limit 0.1 nM. While in (CMCP) sensors (1, 2) exhibited with 3% composition and tricresylphthalate (TCP) as binder an excellent Nernstian slopes 59.5, 60.5±0.5 mV/decade for 1 and 2 respectively and a wide concentration range from 1.0 x 10-7-1.0 x 10-2 M and pH 2.5-7.5 with a detection limit 0.5 nM. The sensors reflected high selectivity towards different anions, cations, sugars and amino acids and was recommended by IUPAC. The standard addition, the calibration curve and potentiometric titration methods were used for determination escitalopram in its bulk powder, pharmaceutical tablets Cipralex, human plasma/urine and monitoring profile for the tablet in vitro-dissolution rates. The recoveries were excellent and with good agreement compared with British Pharmacopoeia.