bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring How Lay Rescuers Overcome Barriers to Provide Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Mathiesen Wenche Torunn , Bjørshol Conrad Arnfinn , Høyland Sindre , Braut Geir Sverre , Søreide Eldar 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundSurvival rates after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) vary considerably among regions. The chance of survival is increased significantly by lay rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before Emergency Medical Services (EMS) arrival. It is well known that for bystanders, reasons for not providing CPR when witnessing an OHCA incident may be fear and the feeling of being exposed to risk. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of why barriers to providing CPR are overcome.MethodsUsing a semi-structured interview guide, 10 lay rescuers were interviewed after participating in eight OHCA incidents. Qualitative content analysis was used. The lay rescuers were questioned about their CPR-knowledge, expectations, and reactions to the EMS and from others involved in the OHCA incident. They also were questioned about attitudes towards providing CPR in an OHCA incident in different contexts.ResultsThe lay rescuers reported that they were prepared to provide CPR to anybody, anywhere. Comprehending the severity in the OHCA incident, both trained and untrained lay rescuers provided CPR. They considered CPR provision to be the expected behavior of any community citizen and the EMS to act professionally and urgently. However, when asked to imagine an OHCA in an unclear setting, they revealed hesitation about providing CPR because of risk to their own safety.ConclusionMutual trust between community citizens and towards social institutions may be reasons for overcoming barriers in providing CPR by lay rescuers. A normative obligation to act, regardless of CPR training and, importantly, without facing any adverse legal reactions, also seems to be an important factor behind CPR provision.MathiesenWT, BjørsholCA, HøylandS, BrautGS, SøreideE. Exploring how lay rescuers overcome barriers to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a qualitative study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(1):27–32.
Evaluating structure selection in the hydrothermal growth of FeS2 pyrite and marcasite
Authors: Kitchaev Daniil A. , Ceder Gerbrand 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWhile the ab initio prediction of the properties of solids and their optimization towards new proposed materials is becoming established, little predictive theory exists as to which metastable materials can be made and how, impeding their experimental realization. Here we propose a quasi-thermodynamic framework for predicting the hydrothermal synthetic accessibility of metastable materials and apply this model to understanding the phase selection between the pyrite and marcasite polymorphs of FeS2. We demonstrate that phase selection in this system can be explained by the surface stability of the two phases as a function of ambient pH within nano-size regimes relevant to nucleation. This result suggests that a first-principles understanding of nano-size phase stability in realistic synthesis environments can serve to explain or predict the synthetic accessibility of structural polymorphs, providing a guideline to experimental synthesis via efficient computational materials design.
Selective and low temperature transition metal intercalation in layered tellurides
Authors: Yajima Takeshi , Koshiko Masaki , Zhang Yaoqing , Oguchi Tamio , Yu Wen , Kato Daichi , Kobayashi Yoji , Orikasa Yuki , Yamamoto Takafumi , Uchimoto Yoshiharu , Green Mark A. , Kageyama Hiroshi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLayered materials embrace rich intercalation reactions to accommodate high concentrations of foreign species within their structures, and find many applications spanning from energy storage, ion exchange to secondary batteries. Light alkali metals are generally most easily intercalated due to their light mass, high charge/volume ratio and in many cases strong reducing properties. An evolving area of materials chemistry, however, is to capture metals selectively, which is of technological and environmental significance but rather unexplored. Here we show that the layered telluride T2PTe2 (T=Ti, Zr) displays exclusive insertion of transition metals (for example, Cd, Zn) as opposed to alkali cations, with tetrahedral coordination preference to tellurium. Interestingly, the intercalation reactions proceed in solid state and at surprisingly low temperatures (for example, 80 °C for cadmium in Ti2PTe2). The current method of controlling selectivity provides opportunities in the search for new materials for various applications that used to be possible only in a liquid.
Bandgap renormalization and work function tuning in MoSe2/hBN/Ru(0001) heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Chen Yuxuan , Zhang Chendong , Pan Chi-Ruei , Chou Mei-Yin , Zeng Changgan , Shih Chih-Kang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe van der Waals interaction in vertical heterostructures made of two-dimensional (2D) materials relaxes the requirement of lattice matching, therefore enabling great design flexibility to tailor novel 2D electronic systems. Here we report the successful growth of MoSe2 on single-layer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on the Ru(0001) substrate using molecular beam epitaxy. Using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, we found that the quasi-particle bandgap of MoSe2 on hBN/Ru is about 0.25 eV smaller than those on graphene or graphite substrates. We attribute this result to the strong interaction between hBN/Ru, which causes residual metallic screening from the substrate. In addition, the electronic structure and the work function of MoSe2 are modulated electrostatically with an amplitude of ∼0.13 eV. Most interestingly, this electrostatic modulation is spatially in phase with the Moiré pattern of hBN on Ru(0001) whose surface also exhibits a work function modulation of the same amplitude.
Ringing phenomenon in chaotic microcavity for high-speed ultra-sensitive sensing
Authors: Chen Lei , Liu Qian , Zhang Wei-Gang , Chou Keng C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe ringing phenomenon in whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microcavities has demonstrated its great potential for highly-sensitive and high-speed sensing. However, traditional symmetric WGM microcavities have suffered from an extremely low coupling efficiency via free-space coupling because the emission of symmetric WGMs is non-directional. Here we report a new approach for high-speed ultra-sensitive sensing using the ringing phenomenon in a chaotic regime. By breaking the rotational symmetry of a WGM microcavity and introducing chaotic behaviors, we show that the ringing phenomenon in chaotic WGM microcavities extends over both the positive and the negative frequency detune, allowing the ringing phenomenon to interact with analytes over a much broader bandwidth with a reduced dead time. Because the coupling of the chaotic microcavity is directional, it produces a significantly higher signal output, which improves its sensitivity without the need of a fiber coupler.
Phenotypic plasticity in sex pheromone production in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
Authors: Dion Emilie , Monteiro Antónia , Yew Joanne Y. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity refers to the environmental control of phenotypes. Cues experienced during development (developmental plasticity) or during adulthood (acclimatization) can both affect adult phenotypes. Phenotypic plasticity has been described in many traits but examples of developmental plasticity in physiological traits, in particular, remain scarce. We examined developmental plasticity and acclimatization in pheromone production in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana in response to rearing temperature. B. anynana lives in the African tropics where warm rearing temperatures of the wet season produce active males that court and females that choose, whereas cooler temperatures of the dry season lead to choosy less active males and courting females. We hypothesized that if male pheromone production is costly, it should be reduced in the dry season form. After describing the ultrastructure of pheromone producing cells, we showed that dry season males produced significantly less sex pheromones than wet season males, partly due to acclimatization and partly due to developmental plasticity. Variation in levels of one of the compounds is associated with differential regulation of a pheromone biosynthetic enzyme gene. This plasticity might be an adaptation to minimize pheromone production costs during the stressful dry season.
The functional architecture of mother-infant communication, and the development of infant social expressiveness in the first two months
Authors: Murray Lynne , De Pascalis Leonardo , Bozicevic Laura , Hawkins Laura , Sclafani Valentina , Ferrari Pier Francesco 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBy two-three months, infants show active social expressions during face-to-face interactions. These interactions are important, as they provide the foundation for later emotional regulation and cognition, but little is known about how infant social expressiveness develops. We considered two different accounts. One emphasizes thecontingencyof parental responsiveness, regardless of its form; the other, thefunctional architectureaccount, emphasizes the preparedness of both infants and parents to respond in specific ways to particular forms of behaviour in their partner. We videotaped mother-infant interactions from one to nine weeks, and analysed them with a micro-analytic coding scheme. Infant social expressiveness increased through the nine-week period, particularly after 3 weeks. This development was unrelated to the extent of maternal contingent responsiveness, even to infant social expressions. By contrast, specific forms of response that mothers used preferentially for infant social expressions-mirroring, marking with a smile- predicted the increase in these infant behaviours over time. These results support a functional architecture account of the perceptual and behavioural predispositions of infants and parents that allow young infants to capitalize on relatively limited exposure to specific parental behaviours, in order to develop important social capacities.
Biology of archaea from a novel family Cuniculiplasmataceae (Thermoplasmata) ubiquitous in hyperacidic environments
Authors: Golyshina Olga V. , Kublanov Ilya V. , Tran Hai , Korzhenkov Alexei A. , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Nechitaylo Taras Y. , Gavrilov Sergey N. , Toshchakov Stepan V. , Golyshin Peter N. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe orderThermoplasmatales(Euryarchaeota) is represented by the most acidophilic organisms known so far that are poorly amenable to cultivation. Earlier culture-independent studies in Iron Mountain (California) pointed at an abundant archaeal group, dubbed ‘G-plasma’. We examined the genomes and physiology of two cultured representatives of a FamilyCuniculiplasmataceae,recently isolated from acidic (pH 1–1.5) sites in Spain and UK that are 16S rRNA gene sequence-identical with ‘G-plasma’. Organisms had largest genomes amongThermoplasmatales(1.87–1.94 Mbp), that shared 98.7–98.8% average nucleotide identities between themselves and ‘G-plasma’ and exhibited a high genome conservation even within their genomic islands, despite their remote geographical localisations. Facultatively anaerobic heterotrophs, they possess an ancestral form of A-type terminal oxygen reductase from a distinct parental clade. The lack of complete pathways for biosynthesis of histidine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine and proline pre-determines the reliance on external sources of amino acids and hence the lifestyle of these organisms as scavengers of proteinaceous compounds from surrounding microbial community members. In contrast to earlier metagenomics-based assumptions, isolates were S-layer-deficient, non-motile, non-methylotrophic and devoid of iron-oxidation despite the abundance of methylotrophy substrates and ferrous ironin situ, which underlines the essentiality of experimental validation of bioinformatic predictions.
Reasoning based on consolidated real world experience acquired by a humanoid robot
Authors: Petit Maxime , Pointeau Grégoire , Dominey Peter Ford 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe development of reasoning systems exploiting expert knowledge from interactions with humans is a non-trivial problem, particularly when considering how the information can be coded in the knowledge representation. For example, in human development, the acquisition of knowledge at one level requires the consolidation of knowledge from lower levels. How is the accumulated experience structured to allow the individual to apply knowledge to new situations, allowing reasoning and adaptation? We investigate how this can be done automatically by an iCub that interacts with humans to acquire knowledge via demonstration. Once consolidated, this knowledge is used in further acquisitions of experience concerning preconditions and consequences of actions. Finally, this knowledge is translated into rules that allow reasoning and planning for novel problem solving, including a Tower of Hanoi scenario. We thus demonstrate proof of concept for an interaction system that uses knowledge acquired from human interactions to reason about new situations.
A theory of nonlinear networks. I
Authors: Brayton R. K. , Moser J. K. 
Published: December 2016

This report describes a new approach to nonlinear RLC-networks which is based on the fact that the system of differential equations for such networks has the special form
\[

L

(
i
)

d
i

d
t

=

∂
P

(

i
,
v

)

∂
i

,
C

(
v
)

d
v

d
t

=
−

∂
P

(

i
,
v

)

∂
v

.

L\left ( i \right )\frac {{di}}{{dt}} = \frac {{\partial P\left ( {i,v} \right )}}{{\partial i}},C\left ( v \right )\frac {{dv}}{{dt}} = - \frac {{\partial P\left ( {i,v} \right )}}{{\partial v}}.

\]
The function,

P

(

i
,
v

)

P\left ( {i,v} \right )

, called the mixed potential function, can be used to construct Liapounov-type functions to prove stability under certain conditions. Several theorems on the stability of circuits are derived and examples are given to illustrate the results. A procedure is given to construct the mixed potential function directly from the circuit. The concepts of a complete set of mixed variables and a complete circuit are defined.
Intermodulation products for 𝜈-law biased wave rectifier for multiply frequency input
Authors: Feuerstein E. 
Published: December 2016

The intermodulation products obtained by passing the sum of

N
+
1

N + 1

sinusoids of amplitudes

P
1

,
⋅
⋅
⋅

P
N

{P_1}, \cdot \cdot \cdot {P_N}

through a power rectifier of characteristic
\[

I
=

{

0

α

(

V
−
B

)

v

V
>
B

V
>
B

v
>
0

I = \left \{ {\begin {array}{*{20}{l}}0\\{\alpha {{\left ( {V - B} \right )}^v}} \qquad \end {array}\begin {array}{*{20}{l}} {V > B}\\ {V > B \qquad v > 0} \end {array}} \right .

\]
have been expressed by S. O. Rice and W. R. Bennett in terms of contour integrals involving products of Bessel functions. In this paper these integrals are rewritten as improper integrals on the real line plus constant terms. These integrals converge fast enough in many cases to be useful in numerical integration.
Re‐Examining the Reported Rates of Return to Food and Agricultural Research and Development: Reply
Authors: Hurley Terrance M. , Rao Xudong , Pardey Philip G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHurley, Rao and Pardey (2014) analytically and empirically evaluate the internal rate of return (IRR) vis a vis the modified internal rate of return (MIRR) for investments in agricultural research and development (R&D). They find that estimates of the IRR are 2.5 to 5 times larger than the MIRR for a wide range of assumptions, leading them to question the value of the IRR as a metric to represent the rate of return to agricultural R&D. Oehmke (2016) defends the IRR by arguing that it has important properties that the MIRR does not possess. In this article, we critically examine these properties demonstrating that some are not inherent to the MIRR. For other properties, we simply disagree with Oehmke's assessment of their desirability. Therefore, we are not compelled to change our original recommendation.
Historian: accurate reconstruction of ancestral sequences and evolutionary rates
Authors: Holmes Ian H 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Motivation
Reconstruction of ancestral sequence histories, and estimation of parameters like indel rates, are improved by using explicit evolutionary models and summing over uncertain alignments. The previous best tool for this purpose (according to simulation benchmarks) was ProtPal, but this tool was too slow for practical use.

Results
Historian combines an efficient reimplementation of the ProtPal algorithm with performance-improving heuristics from other alignment tools. Simulation results on fidelity of rate estimation via ancestral reconstruction, along with evaluations on the structurally informed alignment dataset BAliBase 3.0, recommend Historian over other alignment tools for evolutionary applications.

Availability and Implementation
Historian is available at https://github.com/evoldoers/historian under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 US license.
A Feedback and Evaluation System That Provokes Minimal Retaliation by Trainees
Authors: Baker Keith , Haydar Bishr , Mankad Shawn 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Background
Grade inflation is pervasive in educational settings in the United States. One driver of grade inflation may be faculty concern that assigning lower clinical performance scores to trainees will cause them to retaliate and assign lower teaching scores to the faculty member. The finding of near-zero retaliation would be important to faculty members who evaluate trainees.

Methods
The authors used a bidirectional confidential evaluation and feedback system to test the hypothesis that faculty members who assign lower clinical performance scores to residents subsequently receive lower clinical teaching scores. From September 1, 2008, to February 15, 2013, 177 faculty members evaluated 188 anesthesia residents (n = 27,561 evaluations), and 188 anesthesia residents evaluated 204 faculty members (n = 25,058 evaluations). The authors analyzed the relationship between clinical performance scores assigned by faculty members and the clinical teaching scores received using linear regression. The authors used complete dyads between faculty members and resident pairs to conduct a mixed effects model analysis. All analyses were repeated for three different epochs, each with different administrative attributes that might influence retaliation.

Results
There was no relationship between mean clinical performance scores assigned by faculty members and mean clinical teaching scores received in any epoch (P ≥ 0.45). Using only complete dyads, the authors’ mixed effects model analysis demonstrated a very small retaliation effect in each epoch (effect sizes of 0.10, 0.06, and 0.12; P ≤ 0.01).

Conclusions
These results imply that faculty members can provide confidential evaluations and written feedback to trainees with near-zero impact on their mean teaching scores.
Clavicular Refracture at the Site of Angular Malunion in Young Athletes
Authors: Furey Matthew J. , Zdero Radovan , McKee Michael D. 
Published: December 2016

Objective:
The treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures has, in the last 2 decades, shifted markedly towards operative management. Prospective trials have defined accepted clinical and radiographic indications for the surgical management of clavicle fractures. This report documents 3 cases of clinically united angular malunion of the midshaft clavicle in young athletes that subsequently refractured to highlight angular deformity in the absence of displacement as a potential indication for surgical fixation.

Design:
Case series.

Setting:
A level 1 trauma centre.

Patients/Participants:
Three young athletic patients with angular malunion of the midshaft clavicle who experienced refracture, requiring surgical fixation.

Intervention:
Surgical fixation of midshaft clavicle fracture, as treatment for refracture after angular malunion.

Results:
All 3 patients required subsequent surgical fixation of their midshaft clavicle fracture, correcting the angular malunion and restoring shoulder function.

Conclusions:
Midshaft clavicular fractures that malunite with significant angulation in the absence of displacement represent a risk for subsequent refracture. For this reason, angular deformity should be considered as a potential indication for surgical fixation in acute clavicular fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Survival Benefit and Cost Savings From Compliance With a Simplified 3-Hour Sepsis Bundle in a Series of Prospective, Multisite, Observational Cohorts
Authors: Leisman Daniel E. , Doerfler Martin E. , Ward Mary Frances , Masick Kevin D. , Wie Benjamin J. , Gribben Jeanie L. , Hamilton Eric , Klein Zachary , Bianculli Andrea R. , Akerman Meredith B. , D’Angelo John K. , D’Amore Jason A. 
Published: December 2016

Objectives:
To determine mortality and costs associated with adherence to an aggressive, 3-hour sepsis bundle versus noncompliance with greater than or equal to one bundle element for severe sepsis and septic shock patients.

Design:
Prospective, multisite, observational study following three sequential, independent cohorts, from a single U.S. health system, through their hospitalization.

Setting:
Cohort 1: five tertiary and six community hospitals. Cohort 2: single tertiary, academic medical center. Cohort 3: five tertiary and four community hospitals.

Patients:
Consecutive sample of all severe sepsis and septic shock patients (defined: infection, ≥ 2 systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and hypoperfusive organ dysfunction) identified by a quality initiative. The exposure was full 3-hour bundle compliance. Bundle elements are as follows: 1) blood cultures before antibiotics; 2) parenteral antibiotics administered less than or equal to 180 minutes from greater than or equal to two systemic inflammatory response syndrome “and” lactate ordered, or less than or equal to 60 minutes from “time-zero,” whichever occurs earlier; 3) lactate result available less than or equal to 90 minutes postorder; and 4) 30 mL/kg IV crystalloid bolus initiated less than or equal to 30 minutes from “time-zero.” Main outcomes were in-hospital mortality (all cohorts) and total direct costs (cohorts 2 and 3).

Measurements and Main Results:
Cohort 1: 5,819 total patients; 1,050 (18.0%) bundle compliant. Mortality: 604 (22.6%) versus 834 (26.5%); CI, 0.9–7.1%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.72; CI, 0.61–0.86; p value is less than 0.001. Cohort 2: 1,697 total patients; 739 (43.5%) bundle compliant. Mortality: 99 (13.4%) versus 171 (17.8%), CI, 1.0–7.9%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.60; CI, 0.44–0.80; p value is equal to 0.001. Mean costs: $14,845 versus $20,056; CI, –$4,798 to –5,624; adjusted β, –$2,851; CI, –$4,880 to –822; p value is equal to 0.006. Cohort 3: 7,239 total patients; 2,115 (29.2%) bundle compliant. Mortality: 383 (18.1%) versus 1,078 (21.0%); CI, 0.9–4.9%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.84; CI, 0.73–0.96; p value is equal to 0.013. Mean costs: $17,885 versus $22,108; CI, –$2,783 to –5,663; adjusted β, –$1,423; CI, –$2,574 to –272; p value is equal to 0.015.

Conclusions:
In three independent cohorts, 3-hour bundle compliance was associated with improved survival and cost savings.