bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bimodal behaviour of charge carriers in graphene induced by electric double layer
Authors: Tsai Sing-Jyun , Yang Ruey-Jen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA theoretical investigation is performed into the electronic properties of graphene in the presence of liquid as a function of the contact area ratio. It is shown that the electric double layer (EDL) formed at the interface of the graphene and the liquid causes an overlap of the conduction bands and valance bands and increases the density of state (DOS) at the Fermi energy (EF). In other words, a greater number of charge carriers are induced for transport and the graphene changes from a semiconductor to a semimetal. In addition, it is shown that the dependence of the DOS at EF on the contact area ratio has a bimodal distribution which responses to the experimental observation, a pinnacle curve. The maximum number of induced carriers is expected to occur at contact area ratios of 40% and 60%. In general, the present results indicate that modulating the EDL provides an effective means of tuning the electronic properties of graphene in the presence of liquid.
SLL reduction of slot array antenna by artificial magnetic conductor side walls
Authors: Esmaeli S.H. , Sedighy S.H. 
Published: July 2016

A new waveguide slot array antenna with two artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) side walls is proposed. The AMC layers reflect the wave with different phase delays through the waveguide side walls which compensate the requirement of slots offset and improve the antenna gain and sidelobe level (SLL). A five slots array antenna with AMC layers is designed and measured which shows 9 dB SLL reduction and 1.5 dB gain enhancement with compact size compared with the conventional Elliot one. These results clarify the ability and capability of the proposed design approach.
Low loss 100 GHz spacing Si arrayed‐waveguide grating using minimal terrace at slab–array interface
Authors: Okayama H. , Onawa Y. , Shimura D. , Takahashi H. , Yaegashi H. , Sasaki H. 
Published: July 2016

Si wire arrayed‐waveguide grating is reported using local rib waveguide generating multimode interference at the array and slab waveguide interface. An 8ch device with 100 GHz channel spacing showing 1.2 dB insertion loss is obtained. A loss improvement near the theory was attained using minimum terrace area compared with a device using simple width taper.
LLC resonant converter for electric vehicle battery chargers
Authors: Hua Chih‐Chiang , Fang Yi‐Hsiung , Lin Cheng‐Wei 
Published: July 2016

This study presents a new LLC resonant converter with two transformers in parallel for the electric vehicle battery charger. This topology achieves the zero‐voltage switching for main switches in the entire charging profile. In addition, the zero‐current switching for output rectifier diodes is extended under charging condition. The proposed charger provides a wide range output voltage for the battery system. Moreover, in order to maintain the high efficiency under charging, the charger adopts a bidirectional switch. At low‐output power condition, the charger uses one transformer to transfer the energy. Finally, the design procedure is provided and implemented in a prototype charger with the input DC link 400 V and the output voltage of 36–58 V. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the system performance. The maximum power is up to 700 W and the peak efficiency is as high as 93.6%.
Structural and functional basis of protein phosphatase 5 substrate specificity
Authors: Oberoi Jasmeen , Dunn Diana M. , Woodford Mark R. , Mariotti Laura , Schulman Jacqualyn , Bourboulia Dimitra , Mollapour Mehdi , Vaughan Cara K. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
The activity of many proteins is dependent on molecular chaperones and their accessory proteins, cochaperones. The ability of a cohort of kinases, many of which are oncogenic, to transduce signals is promoted by the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone and Cdc37 cochaperone, and requires the removal of a phosphate from Cdc37 by protein phosphatase 5 (PP5). We present the crystal structure of PP5 with Cdc37 trapped in the active site. The structure reveals how PP5 can associate with different substrates and previously unknown determinants of specificity. Our findings show kinase release from the chaperone complex is critically dependent on this dephosphorylation and that combined inhibition of both Hsp90 and PP5 could provide an effective therapeutic strategy for treating cancers addicted to these kinases.
Contiguity and the causal theory of memory
Authors: Robins Sarah K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn Memory: A Philosophical Study, Bernecker argues for an account of contiguity. This Contiguity View is meant to solve relearning and prompting, wayward causation problems plaguing the causal theory of memory. I argue that Bernecker’s Contiguity View fails in this task. Contiguity is too weak to prevent relearning and too strong to allow prompting. These failures illustrate a problem inherent in accounts of memory causation. Relearning and prompting are both causal relations, wayward only with respect to our interest in specifying remembering’s requirements. Solving them requires saying more about remembering, not causation. I conclude by sketching such an account.
Introduction
Authors: Linafelt Tod 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Toward the end of the twentieth century a genuine, sustained appreciation of the Bible’s literary art—regardless of its historical veracity or of its religious value—arose. The Introduction explains that focus of this VSI is on the two traditional literary genres found in the Bible, namely narrative and poetry. It asks what it means to read the Bible “as literature” and concludes that it is to pay attention to precisely those qualities that do more than communicate information, those qualities of linguistic imagining that may startle and provoke, or soothe and comfort, or perhaps just ask us to enjoy the play of language itself, because we can.
plasmidSPAdes: assembling plasmids from whole genome sequencing data
Authors: Antipov Dmitry , Hartwick Nolan , Shen Max , Raiko Mikhail , Lapidus Alla , Pevzner Pavel A. 
Published: July 2016

Motivation: Plasmids are stably maintained extra-chromosomal genetic elements that replicate independently from the host cell’s chromosomes. Although plasmids harbor biomedically important genes, (such as genes involved in virulence and antibiotics resistance), there is a shortage of specialized software tools for extracting and assembling plasmid data from whole genome sequencing projects.
Results: We present the plasmidSPAdes algorithm and software tool for assembling plasmids from whole genome sequencing data and benchmark its performance on a diverse set of bacterial genomes.
Availability and Implementation: plasmidSPAdes is publicly available at http://spades.bioinf.spbau.ru/plasmidSPAdes/
Contact: d.antipov@spbu.ru
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Gaps in globular cluster streams: giant molecular clouds can cause them too
Authors: Amorisco Nicola C. , Gómez Facundo A. , Vegetti Simona , White Simon D. M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
As a result of their internal dynamical coherence, thin stellar streams formed by disrupting globular clusters (GCs) can act as detectors of dark matter (DM) substructure in the Galactic halo. Perturbations induced by close flybys amplify into detectable density gaps, providing a probe both of the abundance and of the masses of DM subhaloes. Here, we use N-body simulations to show that the Galactic population of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) can also produce gaps (and clumps) in GC streams, and so may confuse the detection of DM subhaloes. We explore the cases of streams analogous to the observed Palomar 5 and GD1 systems, quantifying the expected incidence of structure caused by GMC perturbations. Deep observations should detect such disturbances regardless of the substructure content of the Milky Way's halo. Detailed modelling will be needed to demonstrate that any detected gaps or clumps were produced by DM subhaloes rather than by molecular clouds.
Raman Spectroscopy Differentiates Each Tissue from the Skin to the Spinal Cord
Authors: Anderson T. Anthony , Kang Jeon Woong , Gubin Tatyana , Dasari Ramachandra R. , So Peter T. C. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background
Neuraxial anesthesia and epidural steroid injection techniques require precise anatomical targeting to ensure successful and safe analgesia. Previous studies suggest that only some of the tissues encountered during these procedures can be identified by spectroscopic methods, and no previous study has investigated the use of Raman, diffuse reflectance, and fluorescence spectroscopies. The authors hypothesized that real-time needle-tip spectroscopy may aid epidural needle placement and tested the ability of spectroscopy to distinguish each of the tissues in the path of neuraxial needles.

Methods
For comparison of detection methods, the spectra of individual, dissected ex vivo paravertebral and neuraxial porcine tissues were collected using Raman spectroscopy (RS), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Real-time spectral guidance was tested using a 2-mm inner-diameter fiber-optic probe-in-needle device. Raman spectra were collected during the needle’s passage through intact paravertebral and neuraxial porcine tissue and analyzed afterward. The RS tissue signatures were verified as mapping to individual tissue layers using histochemical staining and widefield microscopy.

Results
RS revealed a unique spectrum for all ex vivo paravertebral and neuraxial tissue layers; diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were not distinct for all tissues. Moreover, when accounting for the expected order of tissues, real-time Raman spectra recorded during needle insertion also permitted identification of each paravertebral and neuraxial porcine tissue.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that RS can distinguish the tissues encountered during epidural needle insertion. This technology may prove useful during needle placement by providing evidence of its anatomical localization.
Total Hip Arthroplasty for Femoral Neck Fractures: Improved Outcomes With Higher Hospital Volumes
Authors: Maceroli Michael , Nikkel Lucas E. , Mahmood Bilal , Ketz John P. , Qiu Xing , Ciminelli Joseph , Messing Susan , Elfar John C. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
To determine if hospital arthroplasty volume affects patient outcomes after undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) for displaced femoral neck fractures.

Methods:
The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database from the New York State Department of Health was used to group hospitals into quartiles based on overall THA volume from 2000 to 2010. The database was then queried to identify all patients undergoing THA specifically for femoral neck fracture during this time period. The data were analyzed to investigate outcomes between the 4 volume quartiles in 30-day and 1-year mortality, 1-year revision rate, and 90-day complication rate (readmission for dislocation, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, prosthetic joint infection, or other complications related to arthroplasty in the treatment of femoral neck fractures with THA).

Results:
Patients undergoing THA for femoral neck fracture at hospitals in the top volume quartile had significantly lower 30-day (0.9%) and 1-year (7.51%) mortality than all other volume quartiles. There were no significant differences on pairwise comparisons between the second, third, and fourth quartiles with regard to postoperative mortality. There was no significant difference in revision arthroplasty at 1 year between any of the volume quartiles. On Cox regression analysis, THA for fracture at the lowest volume (fourth) quartile [hazard ratio (HR), 1.91; P = 0.016, 95% confidence interval (CI), (1.13–3.25)], second lowest volume (third) quartile (HR, 2.01; P = 0.013, 95% CI, 1.16–3.5) and third lowest volume (second) quartile (HR, 2.13; P = 0.005, 95% CI, 1.26–3.62) were associated with increased risk for a 1-year postoperative mortality event. Hospital volume quartile was also a significant risk factor for increased 90-day complication (pulmonary embolism/deep vein thrombosis, acute dislocation, prosthetic joint infection) following THA for femoral neck fracture. Having surgery in the fourth quartile (HR, 2.71; P < 0.001, 95% CI, 1.7–4.31), third quartile (HR, 2.61; P < 0.001, 95% CI, 1.61–4.23), and second quartile (HR, 2.41; P < 0.001, 95% CI, 1.51–3.84), all were significant risk factors for increased 90-day complication risk.

Conclusions:
The results of this population-based study indicate that THA for femoral neck fractures at high-volume arthroplasty centers is associated with lower mortality and 90-day complication rates but does not influence 1-year revision rate. THA for femoral neck fractures at top arthroplasty volume quartile hospitals are performed on healthier patients more quickly. Patient health is a critical factor that influences mortality outcomes following THA for femoral neck fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Costs of Keratinocyte Carcinoma (Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer) and Actinic Keratosis Treatment in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Yoon Jean , Phibbs Ciaran S. , Chow Adam , Pomerantz Hyemin , Weinstock Martin A. 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND
The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides health care to large numbers of veterans afflicted with keratinocyte carcinoma (KC).

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the number of veterans treated for KCs and the related diagnosis, actinic keratosis (AK) and the costs of treating these conditions over a 1-year period.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The authors conducted a cross-sectional analysis of veterans diagnosed with KC or AK during fiscal year 2012 using administrative data on outpatient encounters and prescription drugs provided or paid by VHA. Marginal costs of each condition were estimated from a regression model. The authors estimated counts of outpatient encounters, procedures, and costs related to KC and AK care.

RESULTS
In 2012, there were 49,229 veterans with basal cell carcinoma, 26,310 veterans with squamous cell carcinoma, and 8,050 veterans with unspecified invasive KC. There were also 197,041 veterans with AK and 6,388 veterans with KC-related diagnoses. The VHA spent $356 million on KC and AK outpatient treatment for procedures, prescription drugs, and other dermatologic care during FY2012.

CONCLUSION
There was high prevalence of KC and AK and considerable spending to treat these conditions in VHA. Treatment costs are not generalizable to care provided by non-VHA providers where a facility fee was not incurred.
A Clinical Review of Laser and Light Therapy for Nail Psoriasis and Onychomycosis
Authors: Wiznia Lauren E. , Quatrano Nicola A. , Mu Euphemia W. , Rieder Evan A. 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND
There are considerable emerging data in the use of lasers and lights to treat onychomycosis and psoriasis of the nail subunit.

OBJECTIVE
We aimed to review all of the medical literature on laser therapy of nail psoriasis and onychomycosis published since 1992.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
We performed a PubMed literature search using the search terms “nail,” “laser therapy,” “laser surgery,” “light,” with search terms “psoriasis” and “onychomycosis.” In addition, we performed extensive MeSH and bibliographic searches as delineated in the manuscript. Because of the poor quality of evidence, we were not able to complete a quantitative review and thus present our findings qualitatively.

RESULTS
Although the trials are small, PDL (595 nm) and IPL with a 550-nm filter demonstrate compelling data in treating nail psoriasis. Laser studies of onychomycosis fall short on many levels. Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers with very short pulse durations and fractionated CO2 demonstrate the most promise for the treatment of onychomycosis.

CONCLUSION
The data for treating nail psoriasis and onychomycosis with laser and light therapy are rapidly emerging. With increased subject data, improved study methodology, and more precise output parameters, lasers may become an important modality in the treatment of nail psoriasis and onychomycosis.
Construct and Predictive Validity of a Cystoscopic Checklist to Evaluate Surgical Competency in the Operating Room
Authors: Swift Steven , Edenfield Autumn L. , Clark Dyanna 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the construct and predictive validity of a task-specific checklist for cystoscopy in the operating room.

Methods
This study is a prospective observational study evaluating the validity of a task-specific checklist for cystoscopic proficiency on residents performing cystoscopy in the operating room over a 4-year period. Residents were scored on 2 task-specific checklists: (1) assembly and (2) performance of a diagnostic cystoscopy. Construct validity was evaluated by comparing absolute checklist scores based on resident year with a Kruskal-Wallis and χ2 test, respectively. Paired analysis was performed with Wilcoxon sign rank and McNemar tests to assess differences between initial and final observations. Predictive validity was evaluated by determining the percent of competently performed task-specific checklists subsequent to 1 competent task-specific checklist completion.

Results
One hundred fifty-three evaluations were performed on 30 residents from all 4 levels of training. The median task-specific checklist scores for both (1) assembly and (2) performance of a diagnostic cystoscopy demonstrated construct validity with statistically significant trends demonstrating improved scores as resident year increased from intern to chief, P values of <0.001 and <0.0001, respectively. Once competency was obtained for 1 cystoscope assembly checklist, 92% of future assembly checklists were competently competent. For diagnostic cystoscopy once checklist competency was obtained, 69% of future checklists were completed competently. All scores and competencies were significantly improved from the initial to the final observation.

Discussion
The task-specific checklists for (1) assembly and (2) performance of a diagnostic cystoscopy demonstrated construct validity. Predicative validity for assembly of a cystoscope is high but less so for performance of a diagnostic cystoscope.
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection After Midurethral Sling: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Hammett Jessica , Lukman Revana , Oakes Megan , Whitcomb Emily L. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives
Our primary objective was to estimate the proportion of patients with culture-proven urinary tract infection (UTI) and recurrent UTI after midurethral sling (MUS), as well as to evaluate their risk factors. Our secondary objective was to characterize the difference in the proportion of patients with recurrent UTI before and after MUS.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent MUS from 2009 to 2012 within a large health maintenance organization and subsequently had documentation of at least 1 positive urine culture (>100 K CFU/mL) within 1 year. Validated procedural and diagnostic codes were used to identify patients undergoing MUS and the diagnosis of UTI, respectively.

Results
Of the 7461 MUS performed, 883 (12%) patients had at least 1 culture-proven UTI and 258 (3.5%) patients met the definition of recurrent UTI postoperatively. Of those 883 patients, 89 (10%) patients met the definition of recurrent UTI before, and 258 (29%) patients after, MUS. McNemar χ2 test revealed that patients were more likely to have recurrent UTI after MUS compared with before (P < 0.0001). In multivariate logistic regression, Caucasian (odds ratio [OR], 1.60, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.12–2.29; P = 0.01) and African-American (OR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.42–8.29; P = 0.01) ethnicity, older age (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00–1.04; P = 0.03), and a history of recurrent UTI (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.88–7.93, P = 0.0003) were risk factors for postoperative recurrent UTI.

Conclusions
In this population, preoperative recurrent UTI was the only modifiable risk factor associated with an increased risk of postoperative recurrent UTI.
Clonal heterogeneity influences the fate of new adaptive mutations
Authors: Vázquez-García Ignacio , Salinas Francisco , Li Jing , Fischer Andrej , Barré Benjamin , Hallin Johan , Bergström Anders , Alonso-Perez Elisa , Warringer Jonas , Mustonen Ville , Liti Gianni 
Published: July 2016

In BriefVázquez-García et al. examine the role of clonal heterogeneity in the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance. They report that pre-existing andde novogenetic variation jointly contribute to clonal evolution. By building a library of adaptive mutations in multiple genetic backgrounds, they resolve the fitness effects of mutations in a clonal lineage.HighlightsClonal heterogeneity influences the acquisition of antimicrobial resistanceJoint role of pre-existing andde novogenetic variation in clonal evolutionClonal dynamics are shaped by background-dependent fitness effects of mutationsLoss of clonal heterogeneity is balanced by genomic instability and diversificationSummaryThe joint contribution of pre-existing andde novogenetic variation to clonal adaptation is poorly understood, but essential to design successful antimicrobial or cancer therapies. To address this, we evolve genetically diverse populations of budding yeast,S. cerevisiae, consisting of diploid cells with unique haplotype combinations. We study the asexual evolution of these populations under selective inhibition with chemotherapeutic drugs by time-resolved whole-genome sequencing and phenotyping. All populations undergo clonal expansions driven byde novomutations, but remain genetically and phenotypically diverse. The clones exhibit widespread genomic instability, rendering recessivede novomutations homozygous and refining pre-existing variation. Finally, we decompose the fitness contributions of pre-existing andde novomutations by creating a large recombinant library of adaptive mutations in an ensemble of genetic backgrounds. Both pre-existing andde novomutations substantially contribute to fitness, and the relative fitness of pre-existing variants sets a selective threshold for new adaptive mutations.