bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Renewable Energy
Authors: Wang Weisheng , Chen Ziyu , Zha Hao 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRenewable energies have different characteristics comparing to fossil energy, such as wind and solar energies. With the rapidly increasing proportion of renewable power, the consequent impacts on smart grids cannot be neglected. In order to ensure successful operation of smart grids with high renewable energy penetration, advance technologies have been developed. This chapter first addresses basic principles and characteristics of renewable power generation, then impacts of renewable energy on smart grids and specific technologies are further introduced.
Role of Energy Storage
Authors: Hu Xuehao 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In recent years, with increasing renewable power generation integrated into power grids, especially wind and solar power generation, various electric energy storage (EES) technologies, such as battery energy storage, have achieved fast development. The role of EES in the power system is important. The application of EES in the power system spans generation, transmission, distribution, and customer side of operations. There is a variety of energy storage technologies with different characteristics, which can be categorized as mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, thermal, and chemical energy storage. For application, it is necessary to select suitable energy storage technologies, considering not only a comparison of their comprehensive performance but also how they can work in combination with conventional means in power grids. Although the various EES technologies are maturing at different paces, all of them are making progress. EES has wide market potential and will greatly benefit the integration of renewable power generation and the stable operation of smart grids.
Evolution of Power Grids (Transmission)
Authors: Overholt Philip N. , Eto Joseph H. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Today's electric power transmission grid is the result of years of technological innovation driven by the needs of the institutions that have planned, built, operated, and regulated the grid. To understand how smart grid technologies – monitoring, communication, and control devices and systems – will influence the grid's future evolution, we must understand how the institutions and regulations that influence the grid have evolved and the challenges they currently face. This chapter illustrates the relationship between transmission grid evolution and the future of smart grid technologies by describing how synchrophasors – a leading example of smart grid technologies – will contribute to the continuing evolution of the US transmission system by maintaining and improving transmission system reliability, allowing for increased utilization of existing transmission lines and thereby delaying or avoiding the need for construction of new transmission facilities, and improving the operation of wholesale electricity markets.
Definitions, Scope, Visions, and Benefits
Authors: Widergren Steven E. , Pratt Robert G. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

The term
smart grid
evokes different images to different people. Its scope spans the large‐scale production of electricity, the coordination of its delivery over great distances and local distribution systems into the end‐use facilities, and the application, storage, and production of electricity within these facilities. It touches a broad‐base of stakeholders that includes owners, operators, technology, and service providers from all segments of the system, as well as local, state, and federal government agencies that regulate electricity. At its core, smart grid represents the transformational application of information and communications technology to a more efficient and effective electric system. The vision of how this system will look and operate 5, 10, or 30 years from now gives birth to creative opportunities, which promise to yield great benefits economically, socially, and environmentally. This chapter discusses the meaning of smart grid, the extent of its transformational aspects to the electric grid, and the benefits its proponents hope to achieve as the future unfolds.
Global Survey of Smart Grid Activities
Authors: Biviji Mustafa A. , Martini Luciano , Nigris Michele De , Kang Dong‐Joo , Ton Dan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA survey of global smart grid activities provides trends prevalent in the electric industry across different geographies. These trends are either dictated by local/regional electric grid enhancement requirements or influenced by state or national policy goals. The International Smart Grid Action Network, a Clean Energy Ministerial initiative, conducts biennial survey to identify the key smart grid drivers and technologies trending worldwide. This chapter describes the key trends by geography as well as pioneering projects in seven smart grid application areas (smart metering, smart network management, integration of distributed energy resources, integration of large‐scale renewable energy sources/systems, aggregation [demand response, virtual power plant], smart customer and smart home, and electric vehicles and Vehicle2Grid applications) for the three major continents – North America, Europe, and Asia.
Behavioral Aspects of Smart Meters
Authors: Baddeley Michelle 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis chapter outlines some of the economic and behavioral considerations that affect the use and uptake of smart metering technologies. In standard economic terms, smart meters (SMs) have the potential to enable better matching of supply and demand, enabling real‐time and more efficient pricing. They also have additional benefits explicable using key insights from behavioral economics. If SMs are designed to take account of common heuristics, that is, quick decision‐making rules, and decision‐making biases, then their net benefit will be significantly increased. The behavioral factors that are likely to be most significant for SMs include status quo and familiarity biases, anchoring and adjustment around reference points, social influences, and present bias/short‐termism. This chapter explores the potential for SMs to effectively enable household energy saving – for example, by providing a tool for setting default options, allowing more frequent and accurate real‐time energy use data for householders, conveying social information and/or improving information flows, and enabling householders to switch suppliers more easily. SMs have the potential to offer new services in the future too, for example – reducing fuel poverty by enabling prepayment customers to manage their energy payments more easily.
Wide Area Monitoring through Synchrophasor Measurement
Authors: Liu Yilu , Liu Yong , Zhang Ye , Guo Jiahui , Zhou Dao 
Published: August 2016

AbstractConsidered as one of the most significant developments of smart grid technology, wide area monitoring system (WAMS) utilizing synchrophasor measurements has been expected to help create a more reliable and efficient electric power infrastructure. The use of phasor measurement units (PMUs) can help with understanding, predicting, or even controlling the status of power grid stability in real time. A power system frequency monitoring network (FNET/GridEye) was first proposed in 2001 and then established in 2004. As a pioneering WAMS, it serves the entire North American power grid and other main power grids worldwide through advanced real‐time situational awareness techniques, such as real‐time measurement visualization, accurate disturbance location estimation, and interarea oscillation modal analysis. Furthermore, taking advantage of the vast historical database, postevent analysis, measurement‐aided model validation, and other nonreal‐time applications have also been investigated. Dozens of papers published in the past 10 years had discussed the FNET/GridEye's various functionalities. This chapter summarizes the FNET/GridEye work and presents some of the latest implementations of FNET/GridEye's applications.
Remedial Action Schemes and Defense Systems
Authors: Zhang Yichen , Raoufat Mohammad Ehsan , Tomsovic Kevin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe power system must be operated to withstand any single equipment outage as well as other credible contingencies. At times, this is either not possible or requires overly conservative operation of the system. In response, utilities have developed numerous specialized actions in response to specific events that ensures continued reliable operation of the grid. Such a defined response is generally referred to as a Remedial Action Scheme RAS). RAS have proliferated in recent years as they may allow deferred transmission upgrades and new interconnections. This chapter overviews various approaches to RAS design and related defense systems.
Defining, Measuring, and Improving Resilience of Electric Power Systems
Authors: Guttromson Ross , Watson Jean‐Paul 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThere is an emergence of interest in the area of power grid resilience; however, there is not a common definition of what it means, what metrics should be used, or how it should be differentiated from existing NERC (National Energy Reliability Council) and state‐based reliability definitions. This chapter provides a definition of resilience and associated metrics that can be used to quantitatively describe consequences to a high‐impact threat or group of threats. A methodology is then presented, which can be used to improve system resilience through the optimal selection of infrastructure investments or operating changes subject to various constraints, including financial.
Overview of Distributed Energy Resources
Authors: Hatziargyriou Nikos D. , Zountouridou Erietta I. , Vassilakis Athanasios , Moutis Panayiotis , Papadimitriou Christina N. , Anastasiadis Anestis G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAccording to CIGRE Working Group 37‐23, distributed generators (DGs) are definedas nonpredictable, nondispatchable small generation units (nominal power below 50 MW), connected to distribution power systems. Although this definition is today challenged by the significant advances in forecasting techniques and the control capabilities offered by the power electronics interfacing most DGs to the distribution network, these are widely understood to include most renewable energy sources (except large hydro plants over 50 MW) and small CHP (combined heat and power) and fuel‐based (gas, diesel, biofuels) units. Distributed energy resources (DER) is a wider term that includes next to DG, distributed storage devices and flexible loads.DER may produce AC or DC power and most of them need to be power conditioned via several stages, before they can be integrated to the grid. Nowadays, the great development in power electronics permit the safe and economic integration of DER to the passive distribution grids of the present, while it gives them the potential to be a key element of the active grids of the future.This chapter provides an overview of the most popular DER, including renewable energy sources and storage. The basic electrical power generation mechanism and technology for each DER is briefly described. The power electronic interfaces and their control, which constitute very important components of DER, are beyond the scope of this chapter and are only superficially discussed. For each technology, simplified equations and the procedure for creating a dynamic model for simulation studies is provided.
Renewable Energy Forecasting
Authors: Bessa Ricardo J. , Dowell Jethro , Pinson Pierre 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPresently, in several countries, the wind and solar power capacity connected to the distribution network is increasing steadily. In parallel, the investment in smart grid technologies is growing, which will support the integration of renewable energy and represents an opportunity to develop advanced management functions. Forecasting is a key input for several management functions of distribution system operators (DSOs).This chapter describes modeling approaches allowing to take advantage of the wealth of power measurements available in near real‐time in a smart grid context [e.g., smart meters and SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) system], in order to improve the quality of renewable energy forecasting in a computationally efficient manner. As a basis, the power generation vector is to be considered as a multivariate one, that is, by simultaneously focusing on all sites of interest, instead of trying to build and estimate models at every location, individually. Two real‐world test cases with wind and solar generation are used to show the improvement in accuracy from exploring distributed information in a probabilistic forecasting framework.
HVDCNetworks for Offshore Wind Power
Authors: Finney Steve , Xu Lie , Bell Keith 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis chapter introduces some of the main concepts and challenges associated with the design and development of large offshore DC systems. Various engineering, regulatory, and economic issues associated with offshore networks are described. Different converter topologies, and offshore DC grid configurations and control strategies are discussed. System behaviour and protection requirement during faults on the DC grid are highlighted. Various design and operation of high‐voltage DC (HVDC) networks considering protection requirement and continuity of power supply are discussed. Cost and regulatory considerations for offshore HVDC system are also briefly introduced.
Cybersecurity ofSCADAwithin Substations
Authors: Hahn Adam , Sun Chih‐Che , Liu Chen‐Ching 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe cybersecurity of modern substations is becoming increasingly important as they continue to integrate more digital control and communication technologies. This chapter will explore the cybersecurity threats to substations and will then discuss various mechanisms to protect them. The chapter will demonstrate how the security protections, such as encryption, authentication, access control, and intrusion detection, should be applied to substation systems. The chapter will then discuss the emerging cybersecurity requirements for both product vendors and utilities.
Conservation Voltage Reduction
Authors: de León Francisco , Diaz‐Aguiló Marc , Raza Ashhar 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe chapter presents the fundamental concepts of conservation voltage reduction (CVR). Starting from a historical overview and ending with the numerical assessment of its economic impact, the chapter discusses the implementation methods of CVR, the potential energy savings, and possible problems with undervoltage violations. A large set of household appliances, commercial and residential lighting devices, air conditioners, and motors under different operating conditions were tested in the laboratory to develop ZIP coefficients models. The ZIP coefficients for individual pieces of equipment are tabulated in a manner suitable for use in power flow simulations. The application of CVR on radial and meshed distribution systems is presented. Network‐wide field verification of the power flow models versus voltage reduction tests gives great confidence on the results. It is shown that CVR in meshed distribution systems yields energy savings of 0.5% per each 1% voltage reduction and economic savings to the customers of 0.25% per 1% voltage reduction. This is achieved at virtually no expense for the utility owing to the stiff nature of meshed networks. Radial systems perform very differently from one another and the degree of success is very much dependent on the system configuration and the necessary investment.
PowerQuality
Authors: Milanović Jovica V. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis chapter starts by providing basic introduction to Power Quality and defines major drivers for increased interest in Power Quality in current and future power networks. Following this, Power Quality subdivision into different phenomena is given and each phenomenon defined. Equipment and process sensitivity to Power Quality disturbances is discussed next and the concept of Process Immunity Time introduced as a key parameter in determining the financial consequences of inadequate Power Quality. The financial losses due to Power Quality disturbances and methodology for development of optimal techno‐economic solutions for Power Quality mitigation are discussed next. The penultimate section is devoted to Power Quality monitoring, followed by brief summary of trends and directions for future academic and industrial work in the area of Power Quality. The discussion provided in this chapter is generic and applies to all networks irrespective of network design and geographical location.
Condition Monitoring and Asset Management in the Smart Grid
Authors: Bangalore Pramod , B. Tjernberg Lina 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOne of the main characteristics of a smart grid is the availability of large volumes of data, for example, gained from sensors. This data can be utilized as a tool to estimate the state of the system as a whole or any component within the system. In order to achieve actionable information from the variety of data that is available from smart grids, it is important to use the correct mathematical and signal processing tools. Furthermore, the future smart grid is expected to have high levels of reliability. This can be achieved by integrating the condition monitoring systems with maintenance management, wherein the focus is shifted from corrective maintenance to predictive condition‐based maintenance.This chapter introduces the concept of reliability‐centered asset management (RCAM). The RCAM approach provides the possibility of both qualitative and quantitative analysis toward optimal maintenance strategy. Furthermore, various issues with condition monitoring in smart grids have been discussed along with some literature that suggest possible solutions for these issues. Finally, a detailed case study of a data‐based condition monitoring method based on artificial neural network is presented to demonstrate one of the many possibilities to use data from various measurement systems to reach actionable decisions.
Power Electronics for Flexible Distribution Networks
Authors: Green Tim C. , Frost Thomas , Junyent‐Ferré Adrià , Mitcheson Paul D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDistribution network operators today face multiple challenges arising from the proliferation of distributed renewable generation, electric vehicle chargers, and further electrification of heating/cooling. These are known causes of multiple power quality and operational concerns that include under‐ or overvoltage conditions and greater ratios between peak and average demand. The business‐as‐usual approach to handle these concerns can be very costly and in some cases be impractical. Power electronics could be used to mitigate the aforementioned issues but to date have seen little use in distribution networks despite widespread use in industrial motor drives, as interfaces for renewable generation and within HVDC transmission. This chapter discusses how and where power electronic converters can play their part in meeting challenges in future distribution networks. It goes on to discuss the barriers to adoption of power electronics and how those barriers might be addressed in order to move the benefit–cost ratio to favor their use.
Communication Solutions for Distribution Systems
Authors: Kim Myongsoo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractVarious communication systems have been used in distribution systems according to their purpose and are being developed for new applications. There are many applications in distribution area and we will be able to see more in the near future. Because distribution systems have tons of components and the components are scattered, the systems are more complicated than transmission systems and its prestage systems. There is no perfect solution for communication in distribution systems, but the optimized solution may be suggested by reviewing communication requirements. Possible communication solutions will be introduced and suggested according to applications in distribution area in the standpoint of the utility.
Integration of Solar Photovoltaics
Authors: Zong Qing‐Chang , Romero‐Cadaval Enrique , Miñambres‐Marcos Víctor 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe main issues related to the integration of photovoltaic systems into the grid will be presented and discussed in this chapter. In the context of smart grids, photovoltaic installations, as distributed energy resources connected in many case to the distribution grid, can do much more than just injecting energy into the grid as an active part of the distribution system and can implement the active functions required for meeting the requirements of the future grid.This chapter will define the present and future context of connected photovoltaic systems and their role in the future smart grid. Later, the general operation of these installations will be discussed to identify the possibilities they could offer to future grid. The main operation problems when connected to the grid are identified next. Finally, smart grid integration will be discussed, mainly focused on ancillary services, as active control using energy storage systems, reactive power, or voltage control, avoiding harmonic propagation. Other basic functionalities such as their operation as virtual synchronous generators or the islanding detection will also be discussed.
Microgrids in Distribution
Authors: Hatziargyriou Nikos D. , Kleftakis Vasilis A. , Papadimitriou Christina N. , Messinis George M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAccording to CIGRE WG C6.21Microgrids are electricity distribution systems containing loads and distributed energy resources (DERs) (such as distributed generators, storage devices, or controllable loads) that can be operated in a controlled, coordinated way either while connected to the main power network or while islanded. The different parts of the microgrid can be interconnected via an AC link forming AC microgrids or via a DC link forming DC microgrids. The notion of control is critical in the definition of microgrids. In fact, what differentiates microgrids from Distribution Grids with distributed energy sources and loads lies in the capabilities to manage and coordinate the available resources, so that they appear to the upstream network as a single coordinated unit. The developments in power electronics that are used for the interconnection of inverter‐based generation and storage units, such as photovoltaics and batteries, within microgrids have provided the possibility of incorporating advanced functionalities in the control of the distributed resources. Droop curves such as active power – frequency (P–f) and reactive power – voltage (Q–V), similar to the ones of traditional rotating machines and together with the capability of remotely controlling them, allow the application of advanced control strategies for microgrid operation. Advanced Information and Communications Technology (ICT) provides further opportunities for the application of intelligent techniques in microgrids decentralized control.This chapter deals with microgrid control and operation, including both primary and secondary voltage and frequency control and optimal dispatch among the DERs. Centralized and decentralized approaches are discussed, and typical results are displayed, obtained from laboratory setups at the Electric Energy Systems Laboratory of the National Technical University of Athens.