bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flat Urothelial Lesions With Atypia: Interobserver Concordance and Added Value of Immunohistochemical Profiling
Authors: Lawless Margaret E. , Tretiakova Maria S. , True Lawrence D. , Vakar-Lopez Funda 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Distinguishing urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) from other flat lesions of the urinary bladder with cytologic atypia is critically important for the management of patients with bladder neoplasia. However, there is high interpathologist variability in making these distinctions.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to assess interobserver agreement between general and specialized genitourinary pathologists, and to compare these diagnoses with those rendered after an immunohistochemical panel is performed. We hypothesized that addition of a set of immunohistochemical stains would reduce the number of cases classified within intermediate categories of atypia of uncertain significance and low-grade dysplasia.

Design:
Two genitourinary pathologists independently assessed haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)–stained sections of 127 bladder biopsies from each of the 4 International Society of Urological Pathology/World Health Organization categories of flat lesions diagnosed by general pathologists. A subset of biopsies from 49 patients was reassessed after staining with a 3-antibody panel (CD44, CK20, and p53) and the results were correlated with patient follow-up.

Results:
Based on these immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains, 26 cases (53.1%) were recategorized. Of most clinical importance, 5 of 27 cases (18.5%) originally diagnosed as either atypia of uncertain significance or low-grade dysplasia were recategorized as CIS, and recurrent disease was identified on subsequent biopsies. None of the 10 cases diagnosed as CIS based on H&E stains were recategorized.

Conclusions:
This triad of IHC stains can improve the precision of pathologic diagnosis of histologically atypical urothelial lesions of flat bladder mucosa. We recommend that pathologists apply this set of IHC stains to such lesions they find problematic based on H&E stains.
Acute Kidney Injury After Intravenous Versus Intra-Arterial Contrast Material Administration in a Paired Cohort
Authors: McDonald Jennifer S. , Leake Caleb B. , McDonald Robert J. , Gulati Rajiv , Katzberg Richard W. , Williamson Eric E. , Kallmes David F. 
Published: June 2016

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine whether intra-arterial administration of contrast material is associated with a higher risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) compared with that of intravenous (IV) administration in a cohort of patients that received both routes of administration.

Materials and Methods
All patients who received both a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and a diagnostic or interventional cardiac catheterization between 2000 and 2014 were identified. Patients who lacked sufficient preprocedure and postprocedure serum creatinine results, who were on preexisting renal dialysis, or who underwent additional contrast-enhanced procedures within 7 days of either procedure were excluded. The rate of AKI (serum creatinine ≥0.3 mg/dL or 50% above baseline) was compared after CT scan and cardiac catheterization using McNemar test.

Results
A total of 1969 patients met all study inclusion criteria. The rate of AKI after CT scan was similar to the rate after catheterization when examining all patients (9.9% CT vs 11% catheterization, P = 0.12). A similar rate of AKI after both procedures was observed regardless of procedure order, catheterization type, and patient baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Conclusions
Intra-arterial administration of contrast material during cardiac catheterization had a similar risk of AKI as compared with that of CT scanning involving IV administration in a cohort of patients who underwent both procedures. These findings suggest that previously reported much higher rates of AKI after cardiac catheterization compared with that of IV contrast administration reflect higher baseline clinical risk factors for AKI in the former cohort compared with that in the latter.
Measures of maturation in early fossil hominins: events at the first transition from australopiths to earlyHomo
Authors: Dean M. Christopher 
Published: June 2016

An important question in palaeoanthropology is whether, among the australopiths and the first fossil hominins attributed to earlyHomo, there was a shift towards a more prolonged period of growth that can be distinguished from that of the living great apes and whether between the end of weaning and the beginning of puberty there was a slow period of growth as there is in modern humans. Evidence for the pace of growth in early fossil hominins comes from preserved tooth microstructure. A record of incremental growth in enamel and dentine persists, which allows us to reconstruct tooth growth and compare key measures of dental maturation with modern humans and living great apes. Despite their diverse diets and way of life, it is currently difficult to identify any clear differences in the timing of dental development among living great apes, australopiths and the earliest hominins attributed to the genusHomo. There is, however, limited evidence that some early hominins may have attained a greater proportion of their body mass and stature relatively earlier in the growth period than is typical of modern humans today.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Major transitions in human evolution’.
Mosaic evolution and the pattern of transitions in the hominin lineage
Authors: Foley Robert A. 
Published: June 2016

Humans are uniquely unique, in terms of the extreme differences between them and other living organisms, and the impact they are having on the biosphere. The evolution of humans can be seen, as has been proposed, as one of the major transitions in evolution, on a par with the origins of multicellular organisms or the eukaryotic cell (Maynard Smith & Szathmáry 1997Major transitions in evolution). Major transitions require the evolution of greater complexity and the emergence of new evolutionary levels or processes. Does human evolution meet these conditions? I explore the diversity of evidence on the nature of transitions in human evolution. Four levels of transition are proposed—baseline, novel taxa, novel adaptive zones and major transitions—and the pattern of human evolution considered in the light of these. The primary conclusions are that changes in human evolution occur continuously and cumulatively; that novel taxa and the appearance of new adaptations are not clustered very tightly in particular periods, although there are three broad transitional phases (Pliocene, Plio-Pleistocene and later Quaternary). Each phase is distinctive, with the first based on ranging and energetics, the second on technology and niche expansion, and the third on cognition and cultural processes. I discuss whether this constitutes a ‘major transition’ in the context of the evolutionary processes more broadly; the role of behaviour in evolution; and the opportunity provided by the rich genetic, phenotypic (fossil morphology) and behavioural (archaeological) record to examine in detail major transitions and the microevolutionary patterns underlying macroevolutionary change. It is suggested that the evolution of the hominin lineage is consistent with a mosaic pattern of change.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Major transitions in human evolution’.
Metabarcoding of unfractionated water samples relates phyto-, zoo- and bacterioplankton dynamics and reveals a single-taxon bacterial bloom
Authors: Wurzbacher Christian , Attermeyer Katrin , Kettner Marie Therese , Flintrop Clara , Warthmann Norman , Hilt Sabine , Grossart Hans-Peter , Monaghan Michael T. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryMost studies of aquatic plankton focus on either macroscopic or microbial communities, and on either eukaryotes or prokaryotes. This separation is primarily for methodological reasons, but can overlook potential interactions among groups. We tested whether DNA-metabarcoding of unfractionated water samples with universal primers could be used to qualitatively and quantitatively study the temporal dynamics of the total plankton community in a shallow temperate lake. We found significant changes in the relative proportions of normalized sequence reads of eukaryotic and prokaryotic plankton communities over a three-month period in spring. Patterns followed the same trend as plankton estimates using traditional microscopic methods. We characterized the bloom of a conditionally rare bacterial taxon belonging toArcicella, which rapidly came to dominate the whole lake ecosystem and would have remained unnoticed without metabarcoding. Our data demonstrate the potential of universal DNA-metabarcoding applied to unfractionated samples for providing a more holistic view of plankton communities.
Task-specific, dimension-based attentional shaping of motion processing in area MT
Authors: Schledde Bastian , Orlando Galashan F. , Przybyla Magdalena , Kreiter Andreas K. , Wegener Detlef 
Published: June 2016

AbstractNon-spatial selective attention is based on the notion that specific features or objects in the visual environment are effectively prioritized in cortical visual processing. Feature-based attention (FBA) in particular, is a well-studied process that dynamically and selectively enhances neurons preferentially processing the attended feature attribute (e.g. leftward motion). In everyday life, however, behavior may require high sensitivity for an entire feature dimension (e.g. motion). Yet, evidence for feature dimension-specific attentional modulation on a cellular level is lacking. We here investigate neuronal activity in macaque motion-selective medio-temporal area (MT) in an experimental setting requiring the monkeys to detect either a motion change or a color change. We hypothesized that neural activity in MT is enhanced if the task requires perceptual sensitivity to motion. Despite identical visual stimulation, we found that mean firing rates were higher in the motion task, and response variability and latency were lower as compared to the color task. This task-specific response modulation in the processing of visual motion was independent from the relation between attended and stimulating motion direction. It emerged already in the absence of visual input, and consisted of a spatially global and tuning-independent shift of the MT baseline activity. The results provide single cell support for the hypothesis of a feature dimension-specific top-down signal emphasizing the processing of an entire feature class.
Gene expression changes after heat shock of procyclic-formTrypanosoma bruceisuggest that stress has a role in differentiation to mammalian-infective forms
Authors: Minia Igor , Merce Clementine , Terrao Monica , Clayton Christine 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTrypanosome procyclic forms multiply in the midgut of Tsetse flies, and are routinely cultured at 27°C. Heat shocks of 37°C and above result in general inhibition of translation, and severe heat shock (41°C) results in sequestration of mRNA in granules. The mRNAs that are bound by the zinc-finger protein ZC3H11, including those encoding refolding chaperones, escape heat-induced translation inhibition.a At 27°C,ZC3H11mRNA is predominantly present as an untranslated cytosolic messenger ribonucleoprotein particle, but after heat shocks of 37°C - 41°C, theZC3H11mRNA moves into the polysomal fraction. To investigate the scope and specificities of heat-shock translational regulation and granule formation, we analysed the distributions of mRNAs on polysomes at 27C and after 1 hour at 39°C, and the mRNA content of 41°C heat shocks granules. We found that that mRNAs that bind to ZC3H11 remained in polysomes at 39°C and were protected from sequestration in granules at 41°C. As previously seen for starvation stress granules, the mRNAs that encode ribosomal proteins were excluded from heat-shock granules. Seventy mRNAs moved towards the polysomal fraction after the 39°C heat shock; surprisingly, many of these are also increased when trypanosomes migrate to the Tsetse salivary glands. It therefore seems possible that in the wild, temperature changes due to diurnal variations and periodic intake of warm blood might influence the efficiency with which procyclic forms develop into mammalian-infective formsAuthor summaryWhen trypanosomes are inside tsetse flies, they have to cope with temperature variations from below 20°C up to nearly 40°C, due to diurnal variations and periodic intake of warm blood. The procyclic forms, which usually multiply in the midgut, are routinely cultured at 27°C in the laboratory. When they are heated to temperatures of 37°C and above, they shut down protein production, and at 41°C, mRNAs aggregate into granules. We show here that quite a large number of mRNAs are not included in granules and continue to be used for making proteins. Some of the proteins that continue to be made are needed in order to defend the cells against the effects of heat shock. Interestingly, however, a moderate heat shock stimulates expression of genes needed for the parasites to develop further into forms that can colonise the salivary glands. It thus seems possible that in the field, temperature variations might influence the efficiency with which of trypanosomes in tsetse flies become infective for mammals.
Leveraging Functional Annotations in Genetic Risk Prediction for Human Complex Diseases
Authors: Hu Yiming , Lu Qiongshi , Powles Ryan , Yao Xinwei , Fang Fang , Xu Xinran , Zhao Hongyu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGenome wide association studies have identified numerous regions in the genome associated with hundreds of human diseases. Building accurate genetic risk prediction models from these data will have great impacts on disease prevention and treatment strategies. However, prediction accuracy remains moderate for most diseases, which is largely due to the challenges in identifying all the disease-associated variants and accurately estimating their effect sizes. We introduce AnnoPred, a principled framework that incorporates diverse functional annotation data to improve risk prediction accuracy, and demonstrate its performance on multiple human complex diseases.
What do organizational leaders need from lean graduate programming
Authors: Flumerfelt Shannon , Alves Anabela Carvalho , Leão Celina Pinto , Wade Dennis L. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to assess the needs for a lean continuous improvement professional certificate and/or lean leadership cognate for a Doctorate of Education in leadership focused in three main research questions: “What do organizational leaders need from a Lean graduate programming?”; “What are the preferable methods of delivery for Lean teaching/learning?” and “What are the main learner outcomes and do how these impact organizational and continuous improvement outcomes?”

Design/methodology/approach
A survey to 37 organizational leaders in a North-American state was conducted via telephone and email that were returned to the researcher. The survey was designed to target a solid cross-section of organizational decision makers in regard to the need for and type of lean training desired, if at all, for employees. Using a mixed methods approach, the survey was designed to collect both qualitative and quantitative information.

Findings
Respondents indicated that lean continuous improvement thinking and lean process-project management were most the desirable content options. The method of delivery was not as clear with on-ground and online relying on job-embedded, project-based methods as most desirable approaches. Learner outcomes of mastery of lean content along with the ability to impact organizational and continuous improvement outcomes were favored.

Originality/value
Lean leadership education is valued learning by organizational leaders. As so, higher education institutions must be aware of matching better organizational needs with learning experiences. This paper presents a survey that intended to do this in an original way.
Micro-entrepreneurs’ intention to use Islamic micro-investment model (IMIM) in Bangladesh
Authors: Abdul Rahman Rashidah , Muhammad Aliyu Dahiru , Ahmed Selim , Amin Fouad 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
The aim of this paper is to propose and verify a structured model for Islamic micro-finance in Bangladesh. The Islamic micro-investment model (IMIM) aims to harness the role of the Waqf/philanthropic sector to empower micro-entrepreneurs.

Design/methodology/approach
The researchers use the survey technique to investigate the micro-entrepreneurs’ intention to adopt the model. A total of 400 questionnaires are distributed with 207 responses being returned (51.75 per cent). In this study, a structural model is tested to examine the relationship of the behavioural intention to adopt Islamic micro-investment with the attitude towards behaviour, subjective norm, normative belief and behavioural belief.

Findings
The findings of the research show that, overall, the model fits the data and can be used to advance Islamic micro-finance in Bangladesh. However, out of the four hypotheses tested, only two are accepted vis-à-vis the influence of behavioural belief and normative belief on attitude and subjective norm, respectively.

Research limitations/implications
The research suggests the need for an awareness programme on Islamic micro-finance and the role of Waqf in the economic empowerment of the populace.

Practical implications
The IMIM aims to harness the role of the Waqf/philanthropic sector to empower micro-entrepreneurs.

Social implications
The model of Islamic micro-finance may empower poor micro-entrepreneurs and harnesses the potential of Waqf for socio-economic development, thereby, among others, reducing the cost of capital.

Originality/value
Only a few studies have been conducted on micro-finance from an Islamic perspective in Bangladesh. The IMIM, which has been developed by Muhammad (2012) and tested in Nigeria, is the first to be validated through an empirical study in Bangladesh. Thus, testing the viability of IMIM in the Bangladesh context will certainly add value for the clients, institutions and policymakers in Islamic micro-finance.
Intergenerational transmission of religious capital in a developing country
Authors: Khawaja Muhammad Junaid , Farooqi Fareed Sharif , Azid Toseef 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
It is consensus among Muslim social scientists that religion as an informal institution plays a very important role in building the socio-economic structure of an Islamic state. The transmission of religiosity across generations has important economic implications for a family in particular and a society in general. The Tawhidi methodology is applied for a theoretical model and for the development of the model. The purpose of this study is to determine the transmission of religious capital in an Islamic society.

Design/methodology/approach
This study by using an index of religiosity for both parents and their offspring has explored the causal relationship between the religiosity across generations. By using three-tier analytical strategies, i.e. zero-order regression, model with control variables and model with mediating variables, this study has regressed two models for each control and mediating variable.

Findings
The findings for the core variable in all models confirmed the hypothesis of the study that parental religious traits are important determinants of the religiosity of their offspring. For the model of control variables, the variables of area, gender and age of the respondent along with the parental religious index are found to be significant with appropriate signs. For the model with mediating variables, only the variable of parental sharing of religious values along with the parental religious index are found to impact the religiosity of the offspring. Therefore, the nutshell of the findings is that the religious orientation of an offspring is highly influenced by the religious denominations of the parents. The formation of the religious capital is a continuous process and the ultimate result of divine knowledge.

Research limitations/implications
Data at the national level are not collected for this purpose by governmental organizations in a country like Pakistan because of shortage of funds. Therefore, data are collected by the authors.

Practical implications
This study will provide guidance to policy-makers for the formulation of their policies.

Social implications
Intergenerational transmission of religious capital plays a very important role in the moral development of an ideal society.

Originality/value
This is an original effort and is conducted for the first time in Pakistan.
An Islamic monetary theory of value and equation of exchange: evidence from Egypt (696-1517)
Authors: Abdullah Adam 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this research is to present an Islamic monetary theory of value by analyzing real prices and real money in terms of gold and silver in Egypt from 696 to 1517, a period of 821 years from the Umayyads to the Abbasids.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper adopts a quantitative empirical investigation derived from a full population of secondary data to deductively evaluate the measure and store of value functions of money, to affirm an Islamic monetary theory of value, which is also inductively researched through a qualitative interpretation of documentary and content analysis of Islamic and numismatic literature.

Findings
The Islamic monetary theory of value leads to an Islamic equation of exchange that reconfirms the outcome of this research, where a high value of money ensures low constant real prices over the long term.

Research limitations/implications
The findings are based on an empirical investigation involving a single price of wheat series as a reasonable proxy for changes in wholesale commodity prices generally, which was successfully adopted by other studies.

Practical implications
The significance for modern monetary policy is that monetary authorities should adopt an Islamic monetary theory of value to achieve genuine monetary and price stability.

Social implications
Through an Islamic equation of exchange, price stability would ensure real economic growth that protects wealth for holders of money due to a stable purchasing power, and combined with Islamic equity finance, more efficiency in allocating investible resources to increase gross domestic product and employment.

Originality/value
The Islamic monetary theory of value ensures that there is no transfer or confiscation of wealth through inflation, which would impart gains to the issuer due to the excessive supply of money in relation to demand.