bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Umbilicals
Authors: Haverty Kevin , Huang Kevin 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Subsea umbilicals are bundles of various cables and small diameter tubes, with overall diameter up to 10″ and overall length up to hundreds of kilometers. Umbilicals are the key components to communicate and control subsea equipment. While each umbilical is uniquely designed to accommodate different functional requirements from different field applications, most umbilicals have similarity on the structural element arrangement, hence the fabrication process. Umbilical handling and installation requires heavy lifting equipment for lifting, large diameter reels/carousels for storage and transportation, and friction tensioners for transpooling and laying.
Drilling Risers and Well Intervention
Authors: Lang Donogh W. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDrilling risers are an essential piece of equipment for drilling oil and gas wells offshore in water depths beyond those in which fixed offshore platforms can operate. Beyond these water depths, drilling can only be carried out from either specialized floating drilling units or floating production facilities. In either case, a drilling riser is typically employed to provide a conduit for running drilling tools and drill pipe from the floating unit to the seabed and to provide for well control and choke and kill operations. This article presents an introductory overview of drilling riser technology, describing the function and purpose of drilling risers, the main components of which they are comprised, and the main engineering and design issues that must be considered in their operation. The topic of well intervention, as it relates to drilling risers and more specialized workover riser systems, is also briefly discussed. Finally, some related technology developments that may help improve the economics of drilling offshore in deep and ultradeep waters are highlighted.
Riser Vortex‐Induced Vibrations
Authors: Nair Aravind R. , Jaiswal Vivek , McGinty Troy D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractVortex‐induced vibration (VIV) fatigue is one of the failure mechanisms of riser systems. Failure occurs due to the fatigue of the structure in vibration. VIV is caused by the motion of risers or other structures to shed vortices when exposed to fluid flow (such as currents and waves) impinging on the structure. The response of the structure is dependent on the natural frequencies of the structure and the frequency at which the structure sheds vortices (shedding frequency). Several physical quantities affect the VIV response such as the dimensions, stiffness, damping, and mass of the structure. VIV results in catastrophic failure of the riser system and is a critical that either the structure by design has low fatigue damage due to VIV or some external VIV suppressing devices are used to ensure safe operations. This article discusses the theory/concepts of VIV and the unique aspects of each riser system (TTRs, SCRs, flexibles, etc.) that need to be accounted for in the fatigue evaluation. The final section of this article introduces the typical suppressing devices that are used. This article focuses on the concepts relevant for riser VIV, and further reading is presented toward the end, for those readers interested in gaining more in‐depth understanding of the topic.
Tidal Energy
Authors: Wills Tom 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The risks of anthropogenic climate change and the benefits of renewable energy development are increasingly well recognized. Experience in the solar and wind power industries has shown that the cost of power from renewable sources can fall faster and by a greater amount than expected.
The tide is the world's most predictable renewable energy resource, and strong tidal currents are found across the globe, often in close proximity to human settlements. Tapping this resource is not a new idea; tidal mills were common in the medieval period, and in the twentieth century, a number of tidal barrages were built to generate electrical power. The development of tidal barrages has, however, been held back by environmental concerns and difficulties in securing capital for these large projects. Current proposals for tidal lagoons of more limited size aim to avoid these problems.
Technology development is increasingly focused on tidal stream turbines, which can be installed in areas of pre‐existing high energy current without the need for large civil constructions. A range of different floating and seabed‐mounted concepts are in development, with horizontal axis turbines the most common type to date.
Energetic tidal sites present a number of engineering and operational challenges, but with sufficient cost reductions, the tide could supply clean power to millions of people worldwide.
Integrated Geophysical and Geotechnical Planning: Through Use of Integrated Geoscience Techniques
Authors: Finnie Ian , Kortekaas Stella 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Integrated planning of geophysical surveys and geotechnical investigations has become a globally recognized best‐practice approach, which enables diagnostic integrated geoscience (DIG) techniques to be applied to achieve technical optimizations and cost savings in project developments. These planning approaches have been successfully applied during complex infrastructure and energy projects, such as offshore wind farm developments and long‐distance subsea pipelines. Despite being fundamentally different in nature, the intrinsic limitations of geophysical and geotechnical investigative techniques can be virtually eliminated by effective planning. This enables effective overlap of the individual data sets and allows for more accurate and reliable interpretation when they are considered in conjunction. This article specifically illustrates how integrated geophysical and geotechnical planning can be incorporated into offshore projects. It provides description of key aspects such as the fundamental importance of “ground‐truthing,” development of ground models, and the benefits of using GIS techniques and explains some reasons why integrated planning has become accepted as a best practice for both technical and commercial reasons, with reference to some example projects.
Pipeline Mechanical Design
Authors: Hassanin Ahmed , Jukes Paul 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSubsea field architecture involves a network of pipelines for transferring hydrocarbons. It is crucial to understand the basics of pipeline design as an engineer to ensure that containment of the fluids is constant. Any loss of containment in land or subsea pipelines can result in adverse effects to the environment and the operator. Designing the pipeline wall thickness based on the stresses that occur from pressure differential and thermal loading will determine the pipeline cross section. The types of design checks undertaken arepressure containment(burst),collapsedue to external pressure,bucklingdue to combined bending and external pressure, andbuckle propagation. Ifbuckle propagationoccurs, thenbuckle arrestorsare included in the pipeline design. Longitudinal loading andcombined equivalent stressesare also considered.
Automatic patient positioning and gating window settings in respiratory‐gated stereotactic body radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer using fluoroscopic imaging
Authors: Pettersson Niclas , Simpson Daniel , Atwood Todd , Hattangadi‐Gluth Jona , Murphy James , Cerviño Laura 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBefore treatment delivery of respiratory‐gated radiation therapy (RT) in patients with implanted fiducials, both the patient position and the gating window thresholds must be set. In linac‐based RT, this is currently done manually and setup accuracy will therefore be dependent on the skill of the user. In this study, we present an automatic method for finding the patient position and the gating window thresholds. Our method uses sequentially acquired anterior–posterior (AP) and lateral fluoroscopic imaging with simultaneous breathing amplitude monitoring and intends to reach 100% gating accuracy while keeping the duty cycle as high as possible. We retrospectively compared clinically used setups to the automatic setups by our method in five pancreatic cancer patients treated with hypofractionated RT. In 15 investigated fractions, the average (±standard deviation) differences between the clinical and automatic setups were −0.4 ± 0.8 mm, −1.0 ± 1.1 mm, and 1.8 ± 1.3 mm in the left–right (LR), the AP, and the superior–inferior (SI) direction, respectively. For the clinical setups, typical interfractional setup variations were 1–2 mm in the LR and AP directions, and 2–3 mm in the SI direction. Using the automatic method, the duty cycle could be improved in six fractions, in four fractions the duty cycle had to be lowered to improve gating accuracy, and in five fractions both duty cycle and gating accuracy could be improved. Our automatic method has the potential to increase accuracy and decrease user dependence of setup for patients with implanted fiducials treated with respiratory‐gated RT. After fluoroscopic image acquisition, the calculated patient shifts and gating window thresholds are calculated in 1–2 s. The method gives the user the possibility to evaluate the effect of different patient positions and gating window thresholds on gating accuracy and duty cycle. If deemed necessary, it can be used at any time during treatment delivery.
De novo variants in CAMK2A and CAMK2B cause neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Akita Tenpei , Aoto Kazushi , Kato Mitsuhiro , Shiina Masaaki , Mutoh Hiroki , Nakashima Mitsuko , Kuki Ichiro , Okazaki Shin , Magara Shinichi , Shiihara Takashi , Yokochi Kenji , Aiba Kaori , Tohyama Jun , Ohba Chihiro , Miyatake Satoko , Miyake Noriko , Ogata Kazuhiro , Fukuda Atsuo , Matsumoto Naomichi , Saitsu Hirotomo 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectiveα (CAMK2A) and β (CAMK2B) isoforms of Calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) play a pivotal role in neuronal plasticity and in learning and memory processes in the brain. Here, we explore the possible involvement of α‐ and β‐CaMKII variants in neurodevelopmental disorders.MethodsWhole‐exome sequencing was performed for 976 individuals with intellectual disability, developmental delay, and epilepsy. The effect of CAMK2A and CAMK2B variants on CaMKII structure and firing of neurons was evaluated by computational structural analysis, immunoblotting, and electrophysiological analysis.ResultsWe identified a total of five de novo CAMK2A and CAMK2B variants in three and two individuals, respectively. Seizures were common to three individuals with CAMK2A variants. Using a minigene splicing assay, we demonstrated that a splice site variant caused skipping of exon 11 leading to an in‐frame deletion of the regulatory segment of CaMKIIα. By structural analysis, four missense variants are predicted to impair the interaction between the kinase domain and the regulatory segment responsible for the autoinhibition of its kinase activity. The Thr286/Thr287 phosphorylation as a result of release from autoinhibition was increased in three mutants when the mutants were stably expressed in Neuro‐2a neuroblastoma cells. Expression of a CaMKIIα mutant in primary hippocampal neurons significantly increased A‐type K+ currents, which facilitated spike repolarization of single action potentials.InterpretationOur data highlight the importance of CaMKIIα and CaMKIIβ and their autoinhibitory regulation in human brain function, and suggest the enhancement of A‐type K+ currents as a possible pathophysiological basis.
Functionalized Gold Nanoclusters Identify Highly Reactive Oxygen Species in Living Organisms
Authors: Xie Yangzhouyun , Xianyu Yunlei , Wang Nuoxin , Yan Zhaoyang , Liu Yong , Zhu Kui , Hatzakis Nikos S. , Jiang Xingyu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSurface engineering of nanomaterials allows fine tuning of their interactions with biological systems, and thus can benefit their applications in monitoring intracellular events. Herein, the facile synthesis of ligand‐functionalized gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) as intracellular probes targeting highly reactive oxygen species (hROS, such as •OH, ClO−, and ONOO−) is demonstrated. Selected ligands such as quaternary ammonium and oligopeptides are utilized to modulate the surface chemistry of AuNCs. It is shown that AuNCs decorated with the cell‐penetrating oligoarginine peptide facilitate cellular uptake and intracellular imaging of hROS in living cells and the zebrafish, with high stability and selectivity.
Inch‐Size Single Crystal of a Lead‐Free Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite for High‐Performance Photodetector
Authors: Ji Chengmin , Wang Peng , Wu Zhenyue , Sun Zhihua , Li Lina , Zhang Jing , Hu Weida , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLarge‐size crystals of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (e.g., CH3NH3PbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) have gained wide attention since their spectacular progress on optoelectronic technologies. Although presenting brilliant semiconducting properties, a serious concern of the toxicity in these lead‐based hybrids has become a stumbling block that limits their wide‐scale applications. Exploring lead‐free hybrid perovskite is thus highly urgent for high‐performance optoelectronic devices. Here, a new lead‐free perovskite hybrid (TMHD)BiBr5 (TMHD = N,N,N,N‐tetramethyl‐1,6‐hexanediammonium) is prepared from facile solution process. Emphatically, inch‐size high‐quality single crystals are successfully grown, the dimensions of which reach up to 32 × 24 × 12 mm3. Furthermore, the planar arrays of photodetectors based on bulk lead‐free (TMHD)BiBr5 single crystals are first fabricated, which shows sizeable on/off current ratios (≈103) and rapid response speed (τrise = 8.9 ms and τdecay = 10.2 ms). The prominent device performance of (TMHD)BiBr5 strongly underscores the lead‐free hybrid perovskite single crystals as promising material candidates for optoelectronic applications.
Photoresponsive Sponge‐Like Coating for On‐Demand Liquid Release
Authors: Gelebart Anne Helene , Liu Danqing , Mulder Dirk J. , Leunissen Kevin H. J. , van Gerven Jop , Schenning Albert P. H. J. , Broer Dirk J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMany publications report on stimuli responsive coatings, but only a few on the controlled release of species in order to change the coating surface properties. A sponge‐like coating that is able to release and absorb a liquid upon exposure to light has been developed. The morphology of the porous coating is controlled by the smectic liquid crystal properties of the monomer mixture prior to its polymerization, and homeotropic order is found to give the largest contraction. The fast release of the liquid can be induced by a macroscopic contraction of the coating caused by a trans to cis conversion of a copolymerized azobenzene moiety. The liquid secretion can be localized by local light exposure or by creating a surface relief. The uptake of liquid proceeds by stimulating the back reaction of the azo compound by exposure at higher wavelength or by thermal relaxation. The surface forces of the sponge‐like coating in contact with an opposing surface can be controlled by light‐induced capillary bridging revealing that the controlled release of liquid gives access to tunable adhesion.
2D Layered Material‐Based van der Waals Heterostructures for Optoelectronics
Authors: Zhou Xing , Hu Xiaozong , Yu Jing , Liu Shiyuan , Shu Zhaowei , Zhang Qi , Li Huiqiao , Ma Ying , Xu Hua , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: January 2018

AbstractVan der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) based on 2D layered materials with selectable materials properties pave the way to integration at the atomic scale, which may give rise to fresh heterostructures exhibiting absolutely novel physics and versatility. This feature article reviews the state‐of‐the‐art research activities that focus on the 2D vdWHs and their optoelectronic applications. First, the preparation methods such as mechanical transfer and chemical vapor deposition growth are comprehensively outlined. Then, unique energy band alignments generated in 2D vdWHs are introduced. Furthermore, this feature article focuses on the applications in light‐emitting diodes, photodetectors, and optical modulators based on 2D vdWHs with novel constructions and mechanisms. The recently reported novel constructions of the devices are introduced in three primary aspects: light‐emitting diodes (such as single defect light‐emitting diodes, circularly polarized light emission arising from valley polarization), photodetectors (such as photo‐thermionic, tunneling, electrolyte‐gated, and broadband photodetectors), and optical modulators (such as graphene integrated with silicon technology and graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) heterostructure), which show promising applications in the next‐generation optoelectronics. Finally, the article provides some conclusions and an outlook on the future development in the field.
Strategies for Improving the Performance of Sensors Based on Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Wu Xiaohan , Mao Shun , Chen Junhong , Huang Jia 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOrganic semiconductors (OSCs) have been extensively studied as sensing channel materials in field‐effect transistors due to their unique charge transport properties. Stimulation caused by its environmental conditions can readily change the charge‐carrier density and mobility of OSCs. Organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) can act as both signal transducers and signal amplifiers, which greatly simplifies the device structure. Over the past decades, various sensors based on OFETs have been developed, including physical sensors, chemical sensors, biosensors, and integrated sensor arrays with advanced functionalities. However, the performance of OFET‐based sensors still needs to be improved to meet the requirements from various practical applications, such as high sensitivity, high selectivity, and rapid response speed. Tailoring molecular structures and micro/nanofilm structures of OSCs is a vital strategy for achieving better sensing performance. Modification of the dielectric layer and the semiconductor/dielectric interface is another approach for improving the sensor performance. Moreover, advanced sensory functionalities have been achieved by developing integrated device arrays. Here, a brief review of strategies used for improving the performance of OFET sensors is presented, which is expected to inspire and provide guidance for the design of future OFET sensors for various specific and practical applications.
Improved Performance of Printable Perovskite Solar Cells with Bifunctional Conjugated Organic Molecule
Authors: Hu Yue , Zhang Zhihui , Mei Anyi , Jiang Youyu , Hou Xiaomeng , Wang Qifei , Du Kai , Rong Yaoguang , Zhou Yinhua , Xu Gengzhao , Han Hongwei 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA bifunctional conjugated organic molecule 4‐(aminomethyl) benzoic acid hydroiodide (AB) is designed and employed as an organic cation in organic–inorganic halide perovskite materials. Compared with the monofunctional cation benzylamine hydroiodide (BA) and the nonconjugated bifunctional organic molecule 5‐ammonium valeric acid, devices based on AB‐MAPbI3 show a good stability and a superior power conversion efficiency of 15.6% with a short‐circuit current of 23.4 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit voltage of 0.94 V, and a fill factor of 0.71. The bifunctional conjugated cation not only benefits the growth of perovskite crystals in the mesoporous network, but also facilitates the charge transport. This investigation helps explore new approaches to rational design of novel organic cations for perovskite materials.
Photoluminescence Characteristics of Multilayer HfSe2 Synthesized on Sapphire Using Ion Implantation
Authors: Tsai Hsu‐Sheng , Liou Jhe‐Wei , Setiyawati Icuk , Chiang Kuan‐Rong , Chen Chia‐Wei , Chi Chi‐Chong , Chueh Yu‐Lun , Ouyang Hao , Tang Yu‐Hui , Woon Wei‐Yen , Liang Jenq‐Horng 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe multilayer HfSe2 on sapphire is first fabricated by the ion beam‐assisted process combining ion implantation with the post annealing. The A1g mode of HfSe2 is shown in the Raman spectrum, the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate the existence of Hf–Se bonding, and the transmission electron microscopy analysis exactly identifies the crystal structure of HfSe2. The six‐layered (6L) octahedral HfSe2 (1T‐HfSe2), whose band structure is well realized by utilizing photoluminescence spectroscopy compared with the results of the density functional theory calculation, is formed via the Hf selenization during annealing.
Magnetic Nanorobots, Generating Vortexes Inside Nanoliter Droplets for Effective Mixing
Authors: Chong Wen Han , Huang Yi , Wong Teck Neng , Ooi Kim Tiow , Zhu Gui‐Ping 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMagnetic nanorobots are used as nanometer‐size stir bars for rapid stirring inside ultrasmall volumes of fluids. Because of their small size and rapid stirring, they can generate many vortexes inside confined small droplets. It is shown that these vortexes can vigorously churn up large microparticles without destabilizing or moving the droplets. The vortex formation can be easily controlled by tuning the stirring rate of nano stir bars using a simple magnetic stirrer.
Self‐Contained Monolithic Carbon Sponges for Solar‐Driven Interfacial Water Evaporation Distillation and Electricity Generation
Authors: Zhu Liangliang , Gao Minmin , Peh Connor Kang Nuo , Wang Xiaoqiao , Ho Ghim Wei 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSolar vaporization has received tremendous attention for its potential in desalination, sterilization, distillation, etc. However, a few major roadblocks toward practical application are the high cost, process intensive, fragility of solar absorber materials, and low efficiency. Herein an inexpensive cellular carbon sponge that has a broadband light absorption and inbuilt structural features to perform solitary heat localization for in situ photothermic vaporization is reported. The defining advantages of elastic cellular porous sponge are that it self‐confines water to the perpetually hot spots and accommodates cyclical dynamic fluid flow‐volume variable stress for practical usage. By isolating from bulk water, the solar‐to‐vapor conversion efficiency is increased by 2.5‐fold, surpassing that of conventional bulk heating. Notably, complementary solar steam generation‐induced electricity can be harvested during the solar vaporization so as to capitalize on waste heat. Such solar distillation and waste heat‐to‐electricity generation functions may provide potential opportunities for on‐site electricity and fresh water production for remote areas/emergency needs.
Conversion‐Based Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium Batteries
Authors: Kim Jongsoon , Kim Hyungsub , Kang Kisuk 
Published: January 2018

AbstractConversion‐based electrode materials for rechargeable sodium batteries (RSBs) have received considerable attention because of their potentially higher energy densities than those of conventional intercalation‐based electrode materials. This would overcome generally lower energy densities of RSBs than those of lithium‐ion batteries. However, they often suffer from large volume changes, sluggish Na‐ion kinetics, and large overpotential in their reaction. Intensive research has thus focused on improving the electrochemical performance through a number of approaches, including analyses of the reaction mechanisms during charge/discharge, engineering the electrode materials in terms of their nanostructuring or compositing, and searching for new candidate materials. This review presents an overview of the approaches used to explore conversion electrode materials for RSBs, in particular focusing on those with relative high redox potential that could be possibly used as cathodes, followed by a discussion of the challenges and perspectives involving future research directions for these materials.