bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of Salmonella in Shell Eggs by Hot Water Immersion and Its Effect on Quality
Authors: Geveke David J. , Gurtler Joshua B. , Jones Deana R. , Bigley Andrew B. W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThermal inactivation kinetics of heat resistant strains of Salmonella Enteritidis in shell eggs processed by hot water immersion were determined and the effects of the processing on egg quality were evaluated. Shell eggs were inoculated with a composite of heat resistant Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) strains PT8 C405, 2 (FSIS #OB030832), and 6 (FSIS #OB040159). Eggs were immersed in a circulating hot water bath for various times and temperatures. Come‐up time of the coldest location within the egg was 21 min. SE was reduced by 4.5 log at both hot water immersion treatments of 56.7 C for 60 min and 55.6 °C for 100 min. Decimal reduction times (D‐values) at 54.4, 55.6, and 56.7 °C were 51.8, 14.6, and 9.33 min, respectively. The z‐value was 3.07 °C. Following treatments that resulted in a 4.5 log reduction (56.7 °C/60 min and 55.6 °C/100 min), the surviving population of SE remained static during 4 wk of refrigerated storage. After processing under conditions resulting in 4.5 log reductions, the Haugh unit and albumen height significantly increased (P < 0.01) and yolk index significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The shell dynamic stiffness significantly increased (P < 0.05), while static compression shell strength showed no significant difference (P < 0.05). Vitelline membrane strength significantly increased (P < 0.05); although, no significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in vitelline membrane elasticity. In summary, the hot water immersion process inactivated heat resistant SE in shell eggs by 4.5 log, but also significantly affected several egg quality characteristics.
Assessment of the influence of intrinsic environmental and geographical factors on the bacterial ecology of pit latrines
Authors: Torondel Belen , Ensink Jeroen H.J. , Gundogdu Ozan , Ijaz Umer Zeeshan , Parkhill Julian , Abdelahi Faraji , Nguyen Viet‐Anh , Sudgen Steven , Gibson Walter , Walker Alan W. , Quince Christopher 
Published: February 2016

SummaryImproving the rate and extent of faecal decomposition in basic forms of sanitation such as pit latrines would benefit around 1.7 billion users worldwide, but to do so requires a major advance in our understanding of the biology of these systems. As a critical first step, bacterial diversity and composition was studied in 30 latrines in Tanzania and Vietnam using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and correlated with a number of intrinsic environmental factors such as pH, temperature, organic matter content/composition and geographical factors. Clear differences were observed at the operational taxonomic unit, family and phylum level in terms of richness and community composition between latrines in Tanzania and Vietnam. The results also clearly show that environmental variables, particularly substrate type and availability, can exert a strong structuring influence on bacterial communities in latrines from both countries. The origins and significance of these environmental differences are discussed. This work describes the bacterial ecology of pit latrines in combination with inherent latrine characteristics at an unprecedented level of detail. As such, it provides useful baseline information for future studies that aim to understand the factors that affect decomposition rates in pit latrines.
RClone: a package to identify MultiLocus Clonal Lineages and handle clonal data sets in r.
Authors: Bailleul Diane , Stoeckel Solenn , Arnaud‐Haond Sophie 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Partially, clonal species are common in the Tree of Life. And yet, population genetic models still mostly focus on the extremes: strictly sexual versus purely asexual reproduction. Here, we present an R package built upon genclone software including new functions and several improvements.

The RClone package includes functions to handle clonal data sets, allowing (i) checking for data set reliability to discriminate multilocus genotypes (MLGs), (ii) ascertainment of MLG and semi‐automatic determination of clonal lineages (MLL), (iii) genotypic richness and evenness indices calculation based on MLGs or MLLs and (iv) describing several spatial components of clonality. RClone allows the one‐shot analysis of multipopulation data sets without size limitation, suitable for data sets now increasingly produced through next‐generation sequencing.

A major improvement compared to existing software is the ability to determine the threshold to cluster similar MLGs into MLLs, based on implemented simulations of sexual events. Several functions allow data importation, conversion and exportation with adegenet, Genetix or Arlequin.
RClone is provided with two vignettes to handle analysis on one (RClone_quickmanual) or several populations (RClone_qmsevpops).
Nationwide incidence of serious complications of epidural analgesia in the United States
Authors: Rosero E. B. , Joshi G. P. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundThis study aimed to describe the incidence and risk factors of in‐hospital spinal hematoma and abscess associated with epidural analgesia in adult obstetric and non‐obstetric populations in the United States.MethodsThe Nationwide Inpatient Sample was analyzed to identify patients receiving epidural analgesia from 1998 to 2010. Primary outcomes were incidence of spinal hematoma and epidural abscess. Use of decompressive laminectomy was also investigated. Regression analyses were conducted to assess predictors of epidural analgesia complications. Differences in mortality and disposition of patients at discharge were compared in patients with and without neuraxial complications. Obstetric and non‐obstetric patients were studied separately.ResultsA total of 3,703,755 epidural analgesia procedures (2,320,950 obstetric and 1,382,805 non‐obstetric) were identified. In obstetric patients, the incidence of spinal hematoma was 0.6 per 100,000 epidural catheterizations (95% CI, 0.3 to 1.0 × 10−5). The incidence of epidural abscess was zero. In non‐obstetric patients, the incidence of spinal hematoma and epidural abscess were, respectively, 18.5 per 100,000 (95% CI, 16.3 to 20.9 × 10−5) and 7.2 per 100,000 (95% CI, 5.8 to 8.7 × 10−5) catheterizations. Predictors of spinal hematoma included type of surgical procedure (higher in vascular surgery), teaching status of hospital, and comorbidity score. Patients with spinal complications had higher in‐hospital mortality (12.2% vs. 1.1%, P < 0.0001) and were significantly less likely to be discharged to home.ConclusionsThis large nationwide data analysis reveals that the incidence of epidural analgesia‐related complications is very low in obstetric population epidural analgesia and much higher in patients having vascular surgery.
Trading in broken things: Gendered performances and spatial practices in a northern Vietnamese rural‐urban waste economy
Authors: NGUYEN MINH T. N. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThrough their deeply gendered performative and place‐making practices, migrant waste traders take part in regenerating and revaluing urban space in Hanoi, Vietnam. Ethnographic research in the city and in their native rural district suggests that these practices are simultaneously strategic and contingent on the waste traders’ gender and class positions. This positioning is defined by their marginalization as rural migrants and the social ambiguity of waste, which they creatively use for their own purposes. Alongside creating value for the waste they deal in, the traders turn marginality and ambiguity into social and economic spaces essential for communal life and economy, albeit with uncertain outcomes. These spaces are not locally bounded but part of shifting trajectories of power in the global market and the urban order of Vietnam. [waste, rural migrants, performance, urban space, Vietnam]
Petitioning a giant: Debt, reciprocity, and mortgage modification in the Sacramento Valley
Authors: STOUT NOELLE 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTFollowing the 2007 mortgage crash, the US government established programs to assist homeowners by modifying their mortgages. But the oversight of these programs was granted to the same mortgage industry giants that provoked the crisis, and these lenders rejected over 70 percent of applicants’ requests for modifications. In the process, there emerged new mortgage‐modification bureaucracies, fusing corporate and state forms of administrative power. Yet as mortgagors demanded assistance from private lenders, they and lending company employees were drawn into reciprocal relationships that anthropologists have previously associated with “gift economies.” This convergence of government and corporate bureaucracies has inspired among homeowners and modification specialists in California's Sacramento Valley forms of reciprocity often considered antithetical to late‐capitalist finance. This surprising contemporary juxtaposition of reciprocity and indebtedness suggests a need to revise long‐standing anthropological theories about the social obligations born of debt ties within late liberal capitalist markets. [bureaucracy, corporations, debt, foreclosure, mortgaging, reciprocity, United States]
Stability and Marginal Bone Level Changes of SLActive Titanium‐Zirconium Implants Placed with Flapless Surgery: A Prospective Pilot Study
Authors: Altinci Pinar , Can Gulsen , Gunes Onur , Ozturk Caner , Eren Hakan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundImmediately‐loaded, narrow‐diameter implants can be a less invasive alternative for the implant‐supported fixed rehabilitation of narrow, posterior crests.PurposeTo determine the stability and marginal bone level (MBL) changes of narrow‐diameter, titanium‐zirconium (TiZr) implants placed with flapless surgery and loaded immediately in the posterior region.Materials and MethodsThirty‐eight TiZr implants (3.3 mm diameter, 10 mm length, Roxolid, Straumann AG) were placed in the posterior crests of 14 patients with computer‐guided flapless surgery as a support of 3‐unit posterior bridges. Eighteen implants were loaded immediately, and 20 implants were loaded conventionally. The implant stability quotients were determined at the 1, 2, 4, and 8. weeks of healing before conventional loading, and at the 3, 6, and 12. months after loading by resonance frequency analysis. The MBL changes were measured by digital radiography.ResultsThe surgical protocols were accomplished without any biological complications. There was no significant difference in the stability changes of TiZr implants between the loading groups (p > .05). The MBL changes were −0.18 ± 0.27 mm and −0.24 ± 0.27 mm at the 12. month of immediate and conventional loading, respectively, which was not statistically significant (p > .05).ConclusionThe stability and MBL changes of TiZr implants supporting posterior 3‐unit bridges were clinically acceptable at the first year of loading.
Ethylhexylglycerin: a low‐risk, but highly relevant, sensitizer in ‘hypo‐allergenic’ cosmetics
Authors: Aerts Olivier , Verhulst Lien , Goossens An 
Published: February 2016

SummaryBackgroundEthylhexylglycerin is a relatively new cosmetic ingredient that is used for its surfactant, emollient, skin‐conditioning and antimicrobial properties. Since 2002, it has been occasionally reported as a contact allergen.ObjectivesTo report on 13 patients who presented with allergic contact dermatitis caused by ethylhexylglycerin, evaluated at two Belgian university patch test clinics during the period 1990–2015.Patients and methodsThe patients were patch tested with the European baseline series, a cosmetic series, and – if indicated – additional series. Both the cosmetic products used and their single ingredients were patch tested.ResultsAll but one of the ethylhexylglycerin‐allergic patients were female, with a median age of 43 years (range: 29–81 years), most often suffering from dermatitis on the face, and sometimes on the hands and/or axillae. As the culprit products, leave‐on cosmetics were identified, including a high number of proclaimed ‘hypo‐allergenic’ and ‘preservative‐free’ facial creams, sun protection creams, and deodorants.ConclusionsEthylhexylglycerin is a rare, but highly relevant, cosmetic sensitizer, even in those products advertised to be safe for consumers. Targeted patch testing with ethylhexylglycerin 5% pet. is very useful, and routine patch testing in a cosmetic series may be considered. Higher test concentrations might be indicated in selected cases.
Accidental aspiration of denture cleanser tablets caused severe mucosal edema in upper airway
Authors: Ochi Nobuaki , Yamane Hiromichi , Honda Yoshihiro , Takigawa Nagio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA 78‐year‐old man accidentally swallowed denture cleanser tablets (Polident®). Although he immediately spat them out, he felt difficulty in breathing. Observation using a fiber optic bronchoscope revealed a constricted glottis with edema and redness. The instillation of 1% xylocaine with epinephrine to the epiglottis and larynx reduced the edema and enabled the bronchoscope to pass the glottis. Red and edematous mucosa of the trachea and major bronchus were also observed. We should be aware that accidental aspiration of denture cleansers may cause laryngeal edema.
Interactions between levels of attention ability and levels of bilingualism in children's executive functioning
Authors: Sorge Geoff B. , Toplak Maggie E. , Bialystok Ellen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAttention difficulty is associated with poor performance on executive functioning (EF) tasks, yet EF is enhanced in bilingual children. However, no research to date has investigated the possible interaction between bilingualism and attention ability in children to determine the consequences for EF when both are present. We assessed a sample of typically developing children who were 8 to 11 years old for their ability in attention control and level of bilingualism on the basis of questionnaires completed by parents and teachers. Children performed three tasks requiring aspects of EF: stop signal task (inhibition), flanker task (interference control), and frogs matrices task (spatial working memory). Results from hierarchical regressions confirmed that both attention ability and bilingualism contributed to performance on the EF tasks. Where interaction effects were significant, they showed that attention ability was a stronger predictor for an inhibition task, namely stop signal, and bilingualism a stronger predictor for an interference task, namely flanker. Furthermore, these results allow us to discuss the relation between EF and attention ability.
Prevention of antibiotic‐associated metabolic syndrome in mice by intestinal alkaline phosphatase
Authors: Economopoulos K. P. , Ward N. L. , Phillips C. D. , Teshager A. , Patel P. , Mohamed M. M. , Hakimian S. , Cox S. B. , Ahmed R. , Moaven O. , Kaliannan K. , Alam S. N. , Haller J. F. , Goldstein A. M. , Bhan A. K. , Malo M. S. , Hodin R. A. 
Published: February 2016

AimsTo examine whether co‐administration of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) with antibiotics early in life may have a preventive role against metabolic syndrome (MetS) in mice.MethodsA total of 50 mice were allocated to four treatment groups after weaning. Mice were treated with azithromycin (AZT) ± IAP, or with no AZT ± IAP, for three intermittent 7‐day cycles. After the last treatment course, the mice were administered a regular chow diet for 5 weeks and subsequently a high‐fat diet for 5 weeks. Body weight, food intake, water intake, serum lipids, glucose levels and liver lipids were compared. 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing was used to determine the differences in microbiome composition.ResultsExposure to AZT early in life rendered mice susceptible to MetS in adulthood. Co‐administration of IAP with AZT completely prevented this susceptibility by decreasing total body weight, serum lipids, glucose levels and liver lipids to the levels of control mice. These effects of IAP probably occur as a result of changes in the composition of specific bacterial taxa at the genus and species levels (e.g. members of Anaeroplasma and Parabacteroides).ConclusionsCo‐administration of IAP with AZT early in life prevents mice from susceptibility to the later development of MetS. This effect is associated with alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota. IAP may represent a novel treatment against MetS in humans.
The Post Arab Spring Reform: The Maghreb at a Cross Roads
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Bouandel Youcef 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Arab Spring, which was launched in Tunisia, took the Arab Middle East by storm. Its results, to varying degrees, have been felt in every country in the region. In the Maghreb, three scenarios have been unfolding. Tunisia has seen the greatest changes with the country maneuvering its transition to democracy. Algeria — whose aims have not necessarily been a genuine transition to democracy, but to keep the status quo — has continued its process of reforms that started almost three decades ago. In Morocco, the leadership has used the Arab Spring to initiate a series of incremental reforms to further open up the political space, in a more controlled fashion.
SURVEY MEASURES OF FAMILY DECISION PROCESSES FOR ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SCHOOLING DECISIONS
Authors: Giustinelli Pamela , Manski Charles F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this article, we consider the collection of novel subjective data on family processes of schooling decisions. In particular, we review recent progress on survey measurement of expectations, information, and locus of decision of American families within the context of secondary schooling, and we discuss possible future developments by providing concrete examples from recent exploratory efforts. We argue that collection of data on adolescents' and parents' perceptions of the available school options and the application‐and‐admission rules, their subjective expectations about short‐ and long‐term consequences of alternative choices, and their assessments of the locus of decision making within families could greatly enhance economic modeling and contribute to effective econometric analysis of schooling decisions. (JEL C83, D19, D79, D83, D84, I21, I26, J24)
Non‐Salient Geographic Variation in Birdsong in a Species That Learns by Improvisation
Authors: Soha Jill A. , Poesel Angelika , Nelson Douglas A. , Lohr Bernard 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGeographic variation in birdsong and differential responses of territorial males to local and non‐local song variants have been documented in a number of songbird species in which males learn their songs through imitation. Here, we investigated geographic song variation and responses to local and non‐local song in the grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), a species in which males develop song by improvisation rather than imitation, as a first step toward understanding how the extent and salience of geographic song variation is related to the mode of song development. To describe the geographic variation in song, we compared songs from populations in eastern Maryland and central Ohio, USA, using multiple acoustic analysis techniques. We then conducted a playback experiment in Maryland using local and non‐local (Ohio) songs to test how territorial males responded to this geographic variation. We found acoustic differences between songs from the two sites. However, males responded similarly to playback of these songs, suggesting that this geographic variation is not behaviorally salient in a territorial context. Together with previous studies, our results suggest that across species, geographic song variation and the extent to which this variation functions in communication may be correlated with the accuracy with which song models are imitated during song development.
The Influence of Agglomeration Externalities on Manufacturing Growth Within Indonesian Locations
Authors: Ercole Roberto , O'neill Robert 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDifferences in agglomeration externalities and industrial regimes between locations generate performance differentials for their localized economic activities. For more than two decades, scholars have debated which externality is dominant for growth and under which regime. This study aims to resolve this debate by analyzing the influence of agglomeration economies on the growth of five‐digit manufacturing sectors and firms for Indonesian cities and regencies between 2000 and 2009. This is investigated employing the recent reconceptualization of variety based on sectoral linkages distinguishing related and unrelated varieties, which allow assessing their idiosyncratic economic roles. The findings support that economic relatedness is the dominant source for expansion of sectors and firms within Indonesian locations. Specialized clusters and competition are inversely related to manufacturing growth, although the latter fosters sectoral employment within Indonesian regencies. Population density and human capital show antithetic effects between cities and regencies due to their distinctive urbanization trajectories and industrial compositions.
An Analysis of UCNS Certified Headache Center Patient Intake Forms
Authors: Sharon Roni , Rayhill Melissa , Joseph Viknevich  , Charleston Larry , Mathew Paul G. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveCompare the similarities and differences among headache intake forms from headache centers with United Council of Neurologic Subspecialties (UCNS) accredited headache medicine fellowships in the United States. Patient intake forms establish a first communication with patients. There have been no studies evaluating them at headache centers. Analysis of these forms can provide insight into their content and potential for improvement.MethodsThis observational study involved collection and analysis of intake forms from 25 UCNS fellowship accredited headache centers from July 2014 to October 2014. Forms were compared and contrasted in terms of data fields included, response format, and use of validated assessment tools.ResultsForms shared many common elements, yet were highly variable in content, style, scales, and methods of analysis. Twenty percent (5/20) of centers did not have a formal intake form. Forms ranged from 1 to 28 pages. Seventy percent (12/17) utilized a check box format, 23% (4/17) utilized an open ended/fill in the blank format, and 6% (1/17) utilized a circle the response(s) format. Family history was inquired about in 82% (14/17) of forms and past medical history (PMH) in 58% (10/17) of forms. Gender questions were asked 82% (14/17) of the time for women, 29% (5/17) for men. Eighty‐eight percent (15/17) of forms had questions concerning any type of previous medication tried.DiscussionPatient intake forms are useful for clinical purposes, but vary markedly between UCNS headache centers. Ultimately, a universal intake form could be generated, providing a research‐based alternative to the form currently used at each center. Use of a standardized intake form by UCNS centers would streamline data collection, a good first step in the eventual generation of a headache registry.