bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical Application Of A Model For Assessing The Criticality Of Railway Infrastructure Elements
Authors: Novotný Petr , Markuci Jiří , Titko Michal , Slivková Simona , Ŕehák David 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRail transport is an important sub-sector of transport infrastructure. Disruption of its operation due to emergencies can result in a reduction in functional parameters of provided services with consequent impacts on society. Identification of critical elements of this system enables its timely and effective protection. On that ground, the article presents a draft model for assessing the criticality of railway infrastructure elements. This model uses a systems approach and multicriteria semi-quantitative analysis with weighted criteria for calculating the criticality of individual elements of the railway infrastructure. In the conclusion, it presents a practical application of the proposed model including the discussion of results.
Rational Solutions for Lattice Potential KdV Equation and Two Semi-discrete Lattice Potential KdV Equations
Authors: Feng Wei , Zhao Songlin , Shi Ying 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
By imposing reduction conditions on rational solutions for a system involving the Hirota–Miwa equation, rational solutions for lattice potential KdV equation are constructed. Besides, the rational solutions for two semi-discrete lattice potential KdV equations are also considered. All these rational solutions are in the form of Schur function type.
Highly selective naked-eye anion sensors based on thioureido or amido calix[4]arenes
Authors: Bartz Susan , Schühle Daniel T. , Peters Joop A. , Schatz Jürgen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCalix[4]arene-thiourea and -tetraamide naked-eye receptors do not show any tendency to self-aggregation and are highly sensitive towards small monoanions; association constants in DMSO for halogenides (chloride to iodide) and HSO4–are <200m–1. Basic anions deprotonate both receptors leading to a high and selective optical readout. Binding constants for carboxylates, fluoride, and dihydrogen phosphate are three orders of magnitude higher (~105m–1) in case of the tetrathiourea receptor.
Bimodal Respiratory–Locomotor Neurons in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord
Authors: Le Gal Jean-Patrick , Juvin Laurent , Cardoit Laura , Morin Didier 
Published: January 2016

Neural networks that can generate rhythmic motor output in the absence of sensory feedback, commonly called central pattern generators (CPGs), are involved in many vital functions such as locomotion or respiration. In certain circumstances, these neural networks must interact to produce coordinated motor behavior adapted to environmental constraints and to satisfy the basic needs of an organism. In this context, we recently reported the existence of an ascending excitatory influence from lumbar locomotor CPG circuitry to the medullary respiratory networks that is able to depolarize neurons of the parafacial respiratory group during fictive locomotion and to subsequently induce an increased respiratory rhythmicity (Le Gal et al., 2014b). Here, using an isolatedin vitrobrainstem–spinal cord preparation from neonatal rat in which the respiratory and the locomotor networks remain intact, we show that during fictive locomotion induced either pharmacologically or by sacrocaudal afferent stimulation, the activity of both thoracolumbar expiratory motoneurons and interneurons is rhythmically modulated with the locomotor activity. Completely absent in spinal inspiratory cells, this rhythmic pattern is highly correlated with the hindlimb ipsilateral flexor activities. Furthermore, silencing brainstem neural circuits by pharmacological manipulation revealed that this locomotor-related drive to expiratory motoneurons is solely dependent on propriospinal pathways. Together these data provide the first evidence in the newborn rat spinal cord for the existence of bimodal respiratory-locomotor motoneurons and interneurons onto which both central efferent expiratory and locomotor drives converge, presumably facilitating the coordination between the rhythmogenic networks responsible for two different motor functions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn freely moving animals, distant regions of the brain and spinal cord controlling distinct motor acts must interact to produce the best adapted behavioral response to environmental constraints. In this context, it is well established that locomotion and respiration must to be tightly coordinated to reduce muscular interferences and facilitate breathing rate acceleration during exercise. Here, using electrophysiological recordings in an isolatedin vitrobrainstem–spinal cord preparation from neonatal rat, we report that the locomotor-related signal produced by the lumbar central pattern generator for locomotion selectively modulates the intracellular activity of spinal respiratory neurons engaged in expiration. Our results thus contribute to our understanding of the cellular bases for coordinating the rhythmic neural circuitry responsible for different behaviors.
Orchestrating Proactive and Reactive Mechanisms for Filtering Distracting Information: Brain-Behavior Relationships Revealed by a Mixed-Design fMRI Study
Authors: Marini Francesco , Demeter Elise , Roberts Kenneth C. , Chelazzi Leonardo , Woldorff Marty G. 
Published: January 2016

Given the information overload often imparted to human cognitive-processing systems, suppression of irrelevant and distracting information is essential for successful behavior. Using a hybrid block/event-related fMRI design, we characterized proactive and reactive brain mechanisms for filtering distracting stimuli. Participants performed a flanker task, discriminating the direction of a target arrow in the presence versus absence of congruent or incongruent flanking distracting arrows during either Pure blocks (distracters always absent) or Mixed blocks (distracters on 80% of trials). Each Mixed block had either 20% or 60% incongruent trials. Activations in the dorsal frontoparietal attention network during Mixed versus Pure blocks evidenced proactive (blockwise) recruitment of a distraction-filtering mechanism. Sustained activations in right middle frontal gyrus during 60% Incongruent blocks correlated positively with behavioral indices of distraction-filtering (slowing when distracters might occur) and negatively with distraction-related behavioral costs (incongruent vs congruent trials), suggesting a role in coordinating proactive filtering of potential distracters. Event-related analyses showed that incongruent trials elicited greater reactive activations in 20% (vs 60%) Incongruent blocks for counteracting distraction and conflict, including in the insula and anterior cingulate. Context-related effects in occipitoparietal cortex consisted of greater target-evoked activations for distracter-absent trials (central-target-only) in Mixed versus Pure blocks, suggesting enhanced attentional engagement. Functional-localizer analyses in V1/V2/V3 revealed less distracter-processing activity in 60% (vs 20%) Incongruent blocks, presumably reflecting tonic suppression by proactive filtering mechanisms. These results delineate brain mechanisms underlying proactive and reactive filtering of distraction and conflict, and how they are orchestrated depending on distraction probability, thereby aiding task performance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIrrelevant stimuli distract people and impair their attentional performance. Here, we studied how the brain deals with distracting stimuli using a hybrid block/event-related fMRI design and a task that varied the probability of the occurrence of such distracting stimuli. The results suggest that when distraction is likely, a region in right frontal cortex proactively implements attentional control mechanisms to help filter out any distracting stimuli that might occur. In contrast, when distracting input occurs infrequently, this region is more reactively engaged to help limit the negative consequences of the distracters on behavioral performance. Our results thus help illuminate how the brain flexibly responds under differing attentional demands to engender effective behavior.
Head Direction Cell Activity Is Absent in Mice without the Horizontal Semicircular Canals
Authors: Valerio Stephane , Taube Jeffrey S. 
Published: January 2016

Head direction (HD) cells fire when an animal faces a particular direction in its environment, and they are thought to represent the neural correlate of the animal's perceived spatial orientation. Previous studies have shown that vestibular information is critical for generating the HD signal but have not delineated whether information from all three semicircular canals or just the horizontal canals, which are primarily sensitive to angular head rotation in the horizontal (yaw) plane, are critical for the signal. Here, we monitored cell activity in the anterodorsal thalamus (ADN), an area known to contain HD cells, inepstatic circler(Ecl) mice, which have a bilateral malformation of the horizontal (lateral) semicircular canals.Eclmice and their littermates that did not express the mutation (controls) were implanted with recording electrodes in the ADN. Results confirm the important role the horizontal canals play in forming the HD signal. Although normal HD cell activity (Raleigh'sr> 0.4) was recorded in control mice, no such activity was found inEclmice, although some cells had activity that was mildly modulated by HD (0.4 >r> 0.2). Importantly, we also observed activity inEclmice that was best characterized as bursty—a pattern of activity similar to an HD signal but without any preferred firing direction. These results suggest that the neural structure for the HD network remains intact inEclmice, but the absence of normal horizontal canals results in an inability to control the network properly and brings about an unstable HD signal.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCells in the anterior dorsal thalamic nucleus normally fire in relation to the animal's directional heading with respect to the environment—so-called head direction cells. To understand how these head direction cells generate their activity, we recorded single-unit activity from the anterior dorsal thalamus in transgenic mice that lack functional horizontal semicircular canals. We show that the neural network for the head direction signal remains intact in these mice, but that the absence of normal horizontal canals results in an inability to control the network properly and brings about an unstable head direction signal.
Clinicopathological predictive factors in the early remission of corticotroph pituitary macroadenomas in a tertiary referral centre
Authors: Witek Przemysław , Zieliński Grzegorz , Szamotulska Katarzyna , Maksymowicz Maria , Kamiński Grzegorz 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveCorticotroph macroadenomas are a rare cause of Cushing's disease (CD), but their properties are not well-recognised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathological aspects of corticotroph macroadenomas with particular emphasis on proliferation markers and their associations with the efficacy of surgical treatment.DesignA prospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary referral centre in Poland.MethodsIn total, 59 patients with CD (20 macroadenomas and 39 microadenomas) were included in this study. Hormonal and imaging parameters, histopathological and ultrastructural features of the corticotroph tumours and the early surgical outcomes were evaluated.ResultsACTH and ACTH/cortisol ratios were higher in macroadenomas (P<0.001 andP=0.002 respectively). Greater tumour volumes were associated with higher Ki-67 and p53 expression (Ptrend=0.009 andPtrend=0.024 respectively) and the rates of sparsely granulated adenomas (Ptrend=0.036). Immediate postoperative remission and early biochemical remission rates were lower in macroadenomas compared to microadenomas (P<0.001). A logistic regression model showed that the immediate postoperative remission or early biochemical remission depended on tumour volume (P=0.005 andP=0.006 respectively) and invasiveness based on Knosp grades 3 and 4 for macroadenomas and a lack of surgical pseudocapsule for microadenomas (P=0.004 andP=0.007 respectively).ConclusionCorticotroph macroadenomas differ from the more common microadenomas not only in terms of hormonal and imaging characteristics but also in terms of immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features and proliferation markers. The early effectiveness of surgery depends primarily on tumour volume and invasiveness.
ASAS PRADUGA TIDAK BERSALAH DALAM DIMENSI PEMBUKTIAN: TELAAH TEORITIK DARI OPTIK PERLINDUNGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA
Authors: Baital Bachtiar 
Published: January 2016

Sebagai asas fundamental dalam hukum pidana, asas praduga tidak bersalah berkaitan erat dengan masalah pembuktian. Diperkenankan pembalikan beban pembuktian terhadap kesalahan pelaku akan bersinggungan dengan asas praduga tidak bersalah menjadi asas praduga bersalah, sehingga sangat rawan terhadap pelanggaran HAM. Karena itu, penerapan pembalikan beban pembuktian hendaknya dilakukan secara hati-hati dan selektif serta dilakukan dalam kedudukan sebagai terdakwa, sehingga hanya dapat diterapkan pada kasus-kasus tertentu dan diterapkan terbatas. Selain itu, harus dilakukan secara seimbang dan proporsional antara perlindungan kemerdekaan individu di satu sisi dan perampasan hak individu pelaku di sisi lain. DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v2i2.2381
BUDAYA HUKUM DALAM MASYARAKAT MULTIKULTURAL
Authors: Makmur Syafrudin 
Published: January 2016

Indonesia kerap direpresentasikan sebagai suatu mosaik budaya: potongan-potongan budaya yang direkat-rekatkan menjadi sebuah lukisan budaya yang besar dan utuh yang kerap diberi label “kebudayaan nasional”. Potongan-potongan tersebut diasumsikan sebagai “puncak-puncak kebudayaan berbagai daerah” yang ada dalam wilayah negara Indonesia. Sebagai rumah untuk lebih dari 700 bahasa daerah, 300 suku bangsa, lima agama besar, dan 13.000-an pulau, godaan untuk menganggap Indonesia sebagai sebuah negara atau masyarakat multikultural memang besar dan amat mudah untuk terjatuh ke dalamnya. Berbagai wacana tentang Indonesia yang “multikultural” telah sering digaungkan dari masa ke masa dan, bahkan, diabadikan dalam miniatur Indonesia indah di TMII. Apalagi jika kita mengingat bahwa kemajemukan budaya itu telah ada di bumi Nusantara bahkan sebelum Indonesia sebagai sebuah nation state modern lahir. Maka, kedengarannya cukup masuk akal apabila kadang-kadang ada klaim bahwa multikulturalisme sudah merupakan warisan luhur budaya bangsa sejak dahulu kala DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v2i2.2387
INSTRUMEN DAN INSTITUSI INTERNASIONAL DALAM PENEGAKAN HAM
Authors: Nursamsi Dedy 
Published: January 2016

Abad XX ditandai dengan usaha untuk mengkonversikan hak hak individu yang sifatnya kodrati menjadi hak hukum. Usai Perang Dunia II, hukum hak asasi internasional berkembang dengan cara yang mantap dan jelas. Adanya kekejaman Nazi terhadap rakyatnya sendiri menjadikan komitmen internasional melalui organisasi Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa (PBB) untuk menciptakan aturan (orde) internasional yang adil dan mantap di bawah naungan PBB. Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) dipercayai memiliki nilai universal, yang berarti tidak mengenal batas dan ruang waktu. Nilai universal HAM tersebut dikukuhkan dalam instrumen internasional, yang juga memuat institusi (lembaga) internasional sebagai lembaga pengawas dan penegakan HAM. DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v2i2.2389
Aspiration and Non-Aspiration Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children With Neurologic Impairment
Authors: Thomson Joanna , Hall Matt , Ambroggio Lilliam , Stone Bryan , Srivastava Rajendu , Shah Samir S. , Berry Jay G. 
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Children with neurologic impairment (NI) are commonly hospitalized for different types of pneumonia, including aspiration pneumonia. We sought to compare hospital management and outcomes of children with NI diagnosed with aspiration versus nonaspiration pneumonia.

METHODS:
A retrospective study of 27 455 hospitalized children aged 1 to 18 years with NI diagnosed with pneumonia from 2007 to 2012 at 40 children’s hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System database. The primary exposure was pneumonia type, classified as aspiration or nonaspiration. Outcomes were complications (eg, acute respiratory failure) and hospital utilization (eg, length of stay, 30-day readmission). Multivariable regression was used to assess the association between pneumonia type and outcomes, adjusting for NI type, comorbid conditions, and other characteristics.

RESULTS:
In multivariable analysis, the 9.7% of children diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia experienced more complications than children with nonaspiration pneumonia (34.0% vs 15.2%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.3). Children with aspiration pneumonia had significantly longer length of stay (median 5 vs 3 days; ratio of means 1.2; 95% CI 1.2–1.3); more ICU transfers (4.3% vs 1.5%; aOR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1–1.9); greater hospitalization costs (median $11 594 vs $5162; ratio of means 1.2; 95% CI 1.2–1.3); and more 30-day readmissions (17.4% vs 6.8%; aOR 1.3; 95% CI 1.2–1.5).

CONCLUSIONS:
Hospitalized children with NI diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia have more complications and use more hospital resources than when diagnosed with nonaspiration pneumonia. Additional investigation is needed to understand the reasons for these differences.
HIV Testing Among US High School Students and Young Adults
Authors: Van Handel Michelle , Kann Laura , Olsen Emily O’Malley , Dietz Patricia 
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND:
We assessed HIV testing trends among high school students and young adults.

METHODS:
We analyzed National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data to assess HIV testing prevalence among high school students and young adults aged 18 to 24, respectively. Logistic regression models for each sample stratified by gender and race/ethnicity were estimated to assess trends in the percentages ever tested, with year as a continuous linear variable. We report absolute differences in HIV testing prevalence and model results for 2005–2013 (YRBS) and 2011–2013 (BRFSS).

RESULTS:
During the study periods, an average of 22% of high school students (17% of male and 27% of female students) who ever had sexual intercourse and 33% of young adults reported ever being tested for HIV. Among high school students, no change was detected in HIV testing prevalence during 2005–2013, regardless of gender or race/ethnicity. Among young adult males, an average of 27% had ever been tested, and no significant changes were detected overall or by race/ethnicity during 2011–2013. Significant decreases in testing prevalence were detected during 2011–2013 among young adult females overall (from 42.4% to 39.5%), young adult white females (from 37.2% to 33.9%), and young adult black females (from 68.9% to 59.9%).

CONCLUSIONS:
HIV testing prevalence was low among high school students and young adults. No increase in testing among young adult males and decreased testing among young adult black females is concerning given their higher risk of HIV infection.
Comparison Study of Oropharyngeal Microbiota in Case of Bronchial Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Different Severity Levels
Authors: Ogorodova Ludmila Mikhailovna , Fedosenko Sergey Vyacheslavovich , Popenko Anna Sergeevna , Petrov Vyacheslav Alekseevich , Tyakht Alexandr Viktorovich , Saltykova Irina Vladimirovna , Deyev Ivan Anatolievich , Kulikov Evgeny Sergeevich , Kirillova Natalia Aleksandrovna , Govorun Vadim Markovich , Kostryukova Elena Sergeevna 
Published: January 2016

Backgraund: The result of comparative study of oropharyngeal microbiota taxonomic composition in patients with different severity level of bronchial asthma (BA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is presented in this paper. Aims: To compare oropharyngeal microbiota composition in case of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in different severity levels. Metods: 138 patients, 50 with BA and 88 with COPD were studied. For each patient was collected anamnesis vitae, swab from the back of the throat and performed physical examination. High-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and bioinformatic analysis was employed to characterize the microbial communities. Results: As a result of the study was found a number of differences on various taxonomic levels in microbiota’s composition within group of patients with different severity level of BA and group of patients with different severity level of COPD and between those groups. COPD patients with GOLD 1–2 in comparison with GOLD 3–4 patiens are marked by prevalence of species Brevibacterium aureum, genus Scardovia, Coprococcus, Haemophilus, Moryella, Dialister, Paludibacter and decrease of Prevotella melaninogenica species. BA patients with severe uncontrolled asthma in comparison with patients which have mild persistent asthma are marked by decrease of Prevotella and increase of species Bifidobacterium longum, Prevotella nanceiensis, Neisseria cinerea, Aggregatibacter segnis and genus Odoribacter, Alloiococcus, Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, Parvimonas, Sneathia. Patient’s microbiota in BA group in comparison with COPD group is characterized by the prevalence of Prevotella melaninogenica and genus Selenomonas, Granulicatella и Gemella, and decrease of Prevotella nigrescens, Haemophilus influenza and genus Aggregatibacter, Alloiococcus, Catonella, Mycoplasma, Peptoniphilus и Sediminibacterium. There are no differences between microbiota composition in case of severe uncontrolled BA and very severe COPD. Conclusion: Lack of differences in oropharyngeal microbiota taxonomic composition between patients with severe uncontrolled BA and very severe COPD allow us to suggest a similarity of bronchopulmonary system condition in case of diseases' severe stages.
Cónsules y empresarios, expresión local del expansionismo estadunidense hacia fines del siglo XIX
Authors: Parra Alma 
Published: January 2016

<p>Se pretende mostrar la importancia del sector consular estadunidense coma promotor de Los intereses expansionistas de su país en la minería mexicana. En ocasiones, los cónsules y agentes consulares crearon compañías mineras y comerciales apoyados en su experiencia y en el interés de extender sus negocios ya consolidados. Su conocimiento de las condiciones locales les dió acomodo en el servicio exterior, al que sirvieron como apoyo pragmático a la retórica expansionista de la política de la época</p>
Deliberación pública, pluralismo agonístico y democracia. Reafirmación de la democracia deliberativa ante la crítica posestructuralista
Authors: Monsiváis Carrillo Alejandro 
Published: January 2016

<p>La deliberación pública pretende sentar una base sólida para el fortalecimiento y la profundización de la democracia. Sin embargo, desde una perspectiva post-estructuralista en teoría política, se piensa que esta idea, debido a sus supuestos normativos, es inconveniente para tal propósito. Este artículo discute las perspectivas deliberativas y post-estructuralistas en torno a la democracia. Por un lado, se muestra que el enfoque post-estructuralista, a pesar de sus aportaciones, carece de una formulación precisa acerca de cómo construir instituciones y prácticas democráticas. Por otra parte, se discuten ciertas aproximaciones deliberativas a la democracia que proporcionan tal formulación. En una de ellas se ilustra la relevancia de la deliberación para entender los procesos de democratización en América Latina.</p><p> </p>