bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diphenylphenacyl sulfonium salt as dual photoinitiator for free radical and cationic polymerizations
Authors: Kaya Kerem , Kreutzer Johannes , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTDiphenylphenacylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate (DPPS+BF4–) salt possessing both phenacyl and sulfonium structural units was synthesized and characterized. DPPS+BF4– absorbs light at relatively higher wavelengths. The direct and sensitized initiation activity of the salt in both cationic and free radical photopolymerizations was investigated and compared with that of its analogue triphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate (TPS+BF4–). Differential scanning photocalorimetry and conventional gravimetric studies revealed that DPPS+BF4– showed higher efficiency for direct and sensitized photopolymerizations of most of the monomers investigated. Although, principally both homolytic and/or heterolytic cleavage is possible, theoretical studies suggested that homolytic pathway is more favored for the generation of reactive initiating species. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 451–457
Apparent depth‐dependent modulus and hardness of polymers by nanoindentation: Investigation of surface detection error and pressure effects
Authors: Qian Zhiyuan , Risan Jared , Stadnick Benjamin , McKenna Gregory B. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTNanoindentation is a widely used technique to characterize the mechanical properties of polymeric materials at the nanoscale. Extreme surface stiffening has been reported for soft polymers such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) rubber. Our recent work [J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys.2017,55, 30–38] provided a quantitative model which demonstrates such extreme stiffening can be associated with experimental artifacts, for example, error in surface detection. In this work, we have further investigated the effect of surface detection error on the determination of mechanical properties by varying the sample modulus, instrument surface detection criterion, and probe geometry. We have examined materials having Young's moduli from ∼2 MPa (PDMS) to 3 GPa (polystyrene) using two different nanoindentation instruments (G200 and TI 950) which implement different surface detection methods. The results show that surface detection error can lead to apparent large stiffening. The errors are lower for the stiffer materials, but can still be significant if care is not taken to establish the range of the surface detection error in a particular experimental situation. We have also examined the effect of pressure beneath the probe on the nanoindentation‐determined modulus of polystyrene with different probe geometries. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2018,56, 414–428
Evaluation of the Deuterium Isotope Effect in the Detonation of Aluminum Containing Explosives
Authors: Tappan Bryce C. , Bowden Patrick R. , Manner Virginia W. , Leiding Jeffery A. , Jakulewicz Micah S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDuring or shortly after a detonation in condensed explosives, the reaction rates and the physical mechanism controlling aluminum reaction is poorly understood. We utilize the kinetic isotope effect to probe Al reactions in detonation product gases in aluminized, protonated and deuterated high explosives using high‐fidelity detonation velocity and cylinder wall expansion velocity measurements. By observation of the profile of cylinder wall velocity versus time, we are able to determine the timing of aluminum contribution to energy release in product gases and observe the presence or absence of rate changes isotopic substitution. By comparison of the Al oxidation with lithium fluoride (LiF), data indicate that Al oxidation occurs on an extremely fast time scale, with post‐detonation kinetic isotope effects observed in carbon containing formulations.
Tracing the source of methomyl using stable isotope analysis
Authors: Song Byeong‐Yeol , Gwak Seongshin , Jung Minji , Nam Geummun , Kim Nam Yee 
Published: December 2017

RationalePesticide self‐poisoning is a major method of suicide in many agricultural communities worldwide. In addition, there are a number of known crime cases related to people being harmed by insecticides. Methomyl, a prohibited insecticide in the Republic of Korea, has high toxicity and is frequently used for self‐poisoning. In this study, we investigated the source of origin of methamyl in a fatal poisoning case using stable isotope ratio analysis.MethodsTwo bottles of Soju from a crime scene were seized and nine different brands of methomyl products were collected from the neighborhood for analysis. In addition, the gastric contents and energy drink from the person who had committed suicide were analyzed. Isotope analysis using GC/Isolink/IRMS was conducted to determine the source of the methomyl by comparing their carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios. Linear discriminant analysis was utilized to verify the results.ResultsIsotope ratio analysis showed that the isotope ratio ranges of methomyl found in the Soju, the gastric contents of the suicide victim, and the energy drink bottle were similar to those of a seized methomyl product, Samgong methomyl 2011 (SG11). Thus, it was assumed that SG11 was used in this fatal poisoning case.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the potential of stable isotope ratio analysis for the determination of insecticide origin in fatal poisoning cases.
Highly dexterous 2‐module soft robot for intra‐organ navigation in minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Abidi Haider , Gerboni Giada , Brancadoro Margherita , Fras Jan , Diodato Alessandro , Cianchetti Matteo , Wurdemann Helge , Althoefer Kaspar , Menciassi Arianna 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundFor some surgical interventions, like the Total Mesorectal Excision (TME), traditional laparoscopes lack the flexibility to safely maneuver and reach difficult surgical targets. This paper answers this need through designing, fabricating and modelling a highly dexterous 2‐module soft robot for minimally invasive surgery (MIS).MethodsA soft robotic approach is proposed that uses flexible fluidic actuators (FFAs) allowing highly dexterous and inherently safe navigation. Dexterity is provided by an optimized design of fluid chambers within the robot modules. Safe physical interaction is ensured by fabricating the entire structure by soft and compliant elastomers, resulting in a squeezable 2‐module robot. An inner free lumen/chamber along the central axis serves as a guide of flexible endoscopic tools. A constant curvature based inverse kinematics model is also proposed, providing insight into the robot capabilities.ResultsExperimental tests in a surgical scenario using a cadaver model are reported, demonstrating the robot advantages over standard systems in a realistic MIS environment.ConclusionSimulations and experiments show the efficacy of the proposed soft robot.
Electron Holographic Study of Semiconductor Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Luying , Hu Xiaokang , Gao Yihua 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSemiconductor light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), especially GaN‐based heterostructures, are widely used in light illumination. The lack of inversion symmetry of wurtzite crystal structures and the lattice mismatch at heterointerfaces cause large polarization fields with contributions from both spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric polarization, which in turn results in obvious quantum confined stark effect. It is possible to alleviate this effect if the local electrostatic fields and band alignment induced charge redistribution can be quantitatively determined across the heterostructures. In this Concept, the applications of electron holography to investigate semiconductor LEDs are summarized. Following the off‐axis electron holography scheme, the GaN‐based LED heterostructures including InGaN/GaN‐based quantum wells, other GaN‐based quantum wells, and other forms of GaN‐based LED materials are discussed, focusing on the local potential drops, polarization fields, and charge distributions. Moreover, GaAs‐based LED heterostructures are briefly discussed. The in‐line electron holography scheme emphasizes the capability of large area strain mapping across LED heterostructures with high spatial resolution and accuracy, which is combined with quantitative electrostatic measurements and other advanced transmission electron microscopy characterizations to provide an overall nanometer scale perspective of LED devices for further improvement in their electric and optical properties.
Self‐Assembled Aptamer‐Nanomedicine for Targeted Chemotherapy and Gene Therapy
Authors: Zhao Nianxi , Zeng Zihua , Zu Youli 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChemotherapy is the mainstream treatment of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). However, chemotherapy can cause severe adverse effects in patients because it is not ALCL‐specific. In this study, a multifunctional aptamer‐nanomedicine (Apt‐NMed) achieving targeted chemotherapy and gene therapy of ALCL is developed. Apt‐NMed is formulated by self‐assembly of synthetic oligonucleotides containing CD30‐specific aptamer and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐specific siRNA followed by self‐loading of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX). Apt‐NMed exhibits a well‐defined nanostructure (diameter 59 mm) and stability in human serum. Under aptamer guidance, Apt‐NMed specifically binds and internalizes targeted ALCL cells. Intracellular delivery of Apt‐NMed triggers rapid DOX release for targeted ALCL chemotherapy and intracellular delivery of the ALK‐specific siRNA induced ALK oncogene silencing, resulting in combined therapeutic effects. Animal model studies reveal that upon systemic administration, Apt‐NMed specifically targets and selectively accumulates in ALCL tumor site, but does not react with off‐target tumors in the same xenograft mouse. Importantly, Apt‐NMed not only induces significantly higher inhibition in ALCL tumor growth, but also causes fewer or no side effects in treated mice compared to free DOX. Moreover, Apt‐NMed treatment markedly improves the survival rate of treated mice, opening a new avenue for precision treatment of ALCL.
Ultrathin Nanosheet Assembled Sn0.91Co0.19S2 Nanocages with Exposed (100) Facets for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Bing , Gu Peng , Zhang Guangxun , Lu Yao , Huang Kesheng , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractUltrathin 2D inorganic nanomaterials are good candidates for lithium‐ion batteries, as well as the micro/nanocage structures with unique and tunable morphologies. Meanwhile, as a cost‐effective method, chemical doping plays a vital role in manipulating physical and chemical properties of metal oxides and sulfides. Thus, the design of ultrathin, hollow, and chemical doped metal sulfides shows great promise for the application of Li‐ion batteries by shortening the diffusion pathway of Li ions as well as minimizing the electrode volume change. Herein, ultrathin nanosheet assembled Sn0.91Co0.19S2 nanocages with exposed (100) facets are first synthesized. The as‐prepared electrode delivers an excellent discharge capacity of 809 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 with a 91% retention after 60 discharge–charge cycles. The electrochemical performance reveals that the Li‐ion batteries prepared by Sn0.91Co0.19S2 nanocages have high capacity and great cycling stability.
Interface Engineering with MoS2–Pd Nanoparticles Hybrid Structure for a Low Voltage Resistive Switching Memory
Authors: Wang Xue‐Feng , Tian He , Zhao Hai‐Ming , Zhang Tian‐Yu , Mao Wei‐Quan , Qiao Yan‐Cong , Pang Yu , Li Yu‐Xing , Yang Yi , Ren Tian‐Ling 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMetal oxide‐based resistive random access memory (RRAM) has attracted a lot of attention for its scalability, temperature robustness, and potential to achieve machine learning. However, a thick oxide layer results in relatively high program voltage while a thin one causes large leakage current and a small window. Owing to these fundamental limitations, by optimizing the oxide layer itself a novel interface engineering idea is proposed to reduce the programming voltage, increase the uniformity and on/off ratio. According to this idea, a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)–palladium nanoparticles hybrid structure is used to engineer the oxide/electrode interface of hafnium oxide (HfOx)‐based RRAM. Through its interface engineering, the set voltage can be greatly lowered (from −3.5 to −0.8 V) with better uniformity under a relatively thick HfOx layer (≈15 nm), and a 30 times improvement of the memory window can be obtained. Moreover, due to the atomic thickness of MoS2 film and high transmittance of ITO, the proposed RRAM exhibits high transparency in visible light. As the proposed interface‐engineering RRAM exhibits good transparency, low SET voltage, and a large resistive switching window, it has huge potential in data storage in transparent circuits and wearable electronics with relatively low supply voltage.
Encapsulation of Gold Nanoparticles into DNA Minimal Cages for 3D‐Anisotropic Functionalization and Assembly
Authors: Luo Xin , Chidchob Pongphak , Rahbani Janane F. , Sleiman Hanadi F. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) endowed with anisotropic DNA valency are an important class of materials, as they can assemble into complex structures with a minimal number of DNA strands. However, methods to encode 3D DNA strand patterns on AuNPs with a controlled number of unique DNA strands in a predesigned spatial arrangement remain elusive. In this work, a simple one‐step method to yield such DNA‐decorated AuNPs is demonstrated, through encapsulating AuNPs into DNA minimal nanocages. The AuNP@DNA cage encapsulation complex inherits the 3D anisotropic molecular information from the DNA nanocage with enhanced structural stability. The DNA nanocage can be further functionalized and used as a building block for the self‐assembly of complex architectures, such as dimers and trimers, programmed assemblies with sequential growth DNA backbones and DNA origami.
Nanomotion Detection Method for Testing Antibiotic Resistance and Susceptibility of Slow‐Growing Bacteria
Authors: Villalba María Ines , Stupar Petar , Chomicki Wojciech , Bertacchi Massimiliano , Dietler Giovanni , Arnal Laura , Vela María Elena , Yantorno Osvaldo , Kasas Sandor 
Published: December 2017

AbstractInfectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms and are often severe. Time to fully characterize an infectious agent after sampling and to find the right antibiotic and dose are important factors in the overall success of a patient's treatment. Previous results suggest that a nanomotion detection method could be a convenient tool for reducing antibiotic sensitivity characterization time to several hours. Here, the application of the method for slow‐growing bacteria is demonstrated, taking Bordetella pertussis strains as a model. A low‐cost nanomotion device is able to characterize B. pertussis sensitivity against specific antibiotics within several hours, instead of days, as it is still the case with conventional growth‐based techniques. It can discriminate between resistant and susceptible B. pertussis strains, based on the changes of the sensor's signal before and after the antibiotic addition. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of clinically applied antibiotics are compared using both techniques and the suggested similarity is discussed.
A Monodispersed Spherical Zr‐Based Metal–Organic Framework Catalyst, Pt/Au@Pd@UIO‐66, Comprising an Au@Pd Core–Shell Encapsulated in a UIO‐66 Center and Its Highly Selective CO2 Hydrogenation to Produce CO
Authors: Zheng Zhizhong , Xu Haitao , Xu Zhenliang , Ge Jianping 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA Zr‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) catalyst, Pt/Au@Pd@UIO‐66, is assembled, where UIO‐66 is Zr6O4(OH)4(BDC)6 (BDC = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate). The gold nanoparticles (NPs) act as the core for the epitaxial growth of Pd shells, and the core–shell monodispersed nanosphere Au@Pd is encapsulated into UIO‐66 to control its morphology and impart nanoparticle functionality. The microporous nature of UIO‐66 assists the adsorption of Pt NPs, which in turn enhances the interaction between NPs and UIO‐66, favoring the formation of isolated and well‐dispersed Pt NP active sites. This MOF exhibits high catalytic activity and CO product selectivity for the reverse‐water–gas‐shift reaction in a fixed‐bed flow reactor.
Multistage Targeting Strategy Using Magnetic Composite Nanoparticles for Synergism of Photothermal Therapy and Chemotherapy
Authors: Wang Yi , Wei Guoqing , Zhang Xiaobin , Huang Xuehui , Zhao Jingya , Guo Xing , Zhou Shaobing 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMitochondrial‐targeting therapy is an emerging strategy for enhanced cancer treatment. In the present study, a multistage targeting strategy using doxorubicin‐loaded magnetic composite nanoparticles is developed for enhanced efficacy of photothermal and chemical therapy. The nanoparticles with a core–shell–SS–shell architecture are composed of a core of Fe3O4 colloidal nanocrystal clusters, an inner shell of polydopamine (PDA) functionalized with triphenylphosphonium (TPP), and an outer shell of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) linked to the PDA by disulfide bonds. The magnetic core can increase the accumulation of nanoparticles at the tumor site for the first stage of tumor tissue targeting. After the nanoparticles enter the tumor cells, the second stage of mitochondrial targeting is realized as the mPEG shell is detached from the nanoparticles by redox responsiveness to expose the TPP. Using near‐infrared light irradiation at the tumor site, a photothermal effect is generated from the PDA photosensitizer, leading to a dramatic decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Simultaneously, the loaded doxorubicin can rapidly enter the mitochondria and subsequently damage the mitochondrial DNA, resulting in cell apoptosis. Thus, the synergism of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy targeting the mitochondria significantly enhances the cancer treatment.
In Situ Synthesis of Few‐Layered g‐C3N4 with Vertically Aligned MoS2 Loading for Boosting Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Bian Hui , Ji Yujin , Yan Junqing , Li Ping , Li Ling , Li Youyong , (Frank) Liu Shengzhong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn artificial photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, effective incident photon absorption and a high‐charge recombination rate are crucial factors influencing the overall efficiency. Herein, a traditional solid‐state synthesis is used to obtain, for the first time, novel samples of few‐layered g‐C3N4 with vertically aligned MoS2 loading (MoS2/C3N4). Thiourea and layered MoO3 are chosen as precursors, as they react under nitrogen atmosphere to in situ produce the products. According to the quasi‐Fourier transform infrared reflectance and X‐ray diffraction measurements, the detailed reaction process is determined to proceed through the confirmed formation pathway. The two precursor units MoS2 and C3N4 are linked by MoN bonds, which act as electronic receivers/conductors and hydrogen‐generation sites. Density functional theory is also carried out, which determines that the interface sites act as electron‐accumulation regions. According to the photoelectrochemical results, MoS2/C3N4 can achieve a current of 0.05 mA cm−2, which is almost ten times higher than that of bare g‐C3N4 or the MoS2/C3N4‐R reference samples. The findings in the present work pave the way to not only synthesize a series of designated samples but also thoroughly understand the solid‐state reaction.
Glycyrrhetinic Acid Functionalized Graphene Oxide for Mitochondria Targeting and Cancer Treatment In Vivo
Authors: Zhang Chao , Liu Zunfeng , Zheng Ying , Geng Yadi , Han Chao , Shi Yamin , Sun Hongbin , Zhang Can , Chen Yijun , Zhang Luyong , Guo Qinglong , Yang Lei , Zhou Xiang , Kong Lingyi 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMitochondria‐mediated apoptosis (MMA) is a preferential option for cancer therapy due to the presence of cell‐suicide factors in mitochondria, however, low permeability of mitochondria is a bottleneck for targeting drug delivery. In this paper, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a natural product from Glycyrrhiza glabra, is found to be a novel mitochondria targeting ligand, which can improve mitochondrial permeability and enhance the drug uptake of mitochondria. GA‐functionalized graphene oxide (GO) is prepared and used as an effective carrier for targeted delivery of doxorubicin into mitochondria. The detailed in vitro and in vivo mechanism study shows that GA‐functionalized GO causes a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and activates the MMA pathway. The GA‐functionalized drug delivery system demonstrates highly improved apoptosis induction ability and anticancer efficacy compared to the non‐GA‐functionalized nanocarrier delivery system. The GA‐functionalized nanocarrier also shows low toxicity, suggesting that it can be a useful tool for drug delivery.
Monitoring of structural modal parameters and dynamic responses of a 600m‐high skyscraper during a typhoon
Authors: He Yinghou , Li Qiusheng , Zhu Hongping , Han Xuliang , He Yuncheng , Li Xiao 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThis paper presents field measurement results of structural dynamic properties and wind‐induced responses of 600m‐high Ping‐An Finance Center in Shenzhen during the passage of Typhoon Haima. The field measurements included wind speed, wind direction, and structural acceleration responses during the typhoon. Analysis of the field measurements is carried out to investigate the wind‐induced structural vibrations and dynamic properties of the skyscraper under typhoon condition. In the analysis, natural frequencies and damping ratios of Ping‐An Finance Center are estimated using Peak‐Picking method, half‐power bandwidth method in frequency domain, and random decrement technique in time domain, respectively. Two band‐pass filtering methods, namely, elliptical filtering method and Kaiser‐window FIR filter, are adopted to deal with the measured acceleration signals. Consequently, the modal parameters identified with the Peak‐Picking, half‐power bandwidth, and random decrement technique methods are presented and discussed in detail. In addition, the probabilistic characteristics of the recorded acceleration responses are analyzed using the generalized extreme value distribution, and then the serviceability of the skyscraper during the typhoon is evaluated.