bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic reference levels for common paediatric fluoroscopic examinations performed at a dedicated paediatric Australian hospital
Authors: Bibbo Giovanni , Balman Debbie , Linke Rebecca 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroductionDiagnostic reference levels (DRL) of procedures involving ionising radiation are important tools for optimising radiation doses delivered to patients and to identify cases where the levels of dose are unusually high. This is particularly important for paediatric patients undergoing fluoroscopic examinations as these examinations can be associated with a high radiation dose. In this study, a large amount of paediatric fluoroscopic data has been analysed to:

establish local DRL,
identify the most significant factors determining radiation dose to patients, and
modify fluoroscopic techniques to optimise the examination protocols.
MethodsPaediatric fluoroscopic studies performed at our institution from April 2010 to May 2015 have been retrospectively analysed to determine range, mean, 75th and 95th percentiles of Dose–Area Product (DAP) and fluoroscopic screening time for Micturating Cystourethrography (MCU), Airway, Airway and Swallow, Barium Swallow and Meal, Barium Follow Through and Barium Enema studies.ResultsCurrently, no Australian paediatric fluoroscopic DRL data are available for comparison and thus our data can only be compared with international published data. No major changes to examination protocols or modification to fluoroscopic techniques were found necessary as our data compared well with the international published values.ConclusionThe dose delivered to patients depend on a number of factors particularly the experience of the operators. However, DRL are also important, as shown in this study, as they enable best practice by providing feedback to the operators on their performance and benchmarking the institution with other institutions.
Patterns of resource distribution among conspecific larvae in two fruit fly species: Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Liendo María C. , Devescovi Francisco , Boca Teresa , Cladera Jorge L. , Vera Maria T. , Segura Diego F. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) are fruit fly pests whose larvae are frequently found sharing the same fruit with conspecifics. Because larvae are incapable of leaving the fruit in search of non‐infested fruit, they are forced to share nutritional resources and eventually compete with other larvae for these.
In the present study, we investigated the effect of intraspecific competition on the development of A. fraterculus and C. capitata larvae, and compared the strategies adopted by these species.
To this end, newly‐hatched larvae were transferred into a container with a fixed amount of larval diet at increasing larval densities and several developmental parameters were measured.
The two species showed similarities and differences in the way in which they responded to an increasing density. In A. fraterculus, pupal weight and the duration of the larval stage decreased as the competition levels increased. Larvae of C. capitata showed a consistent reduction in pupal weight and larval survival as the larval density increased. In A. fraterculus, the reduction in pupal weight was heterogeneous, with most pupae showing a marked decrease in weight and only few pupae showing slight negative effects or no effect at all, whereas, in C. capitata, the reduction was similar for all pupae.
The differences in the way in which these species responded to competition suggest that there are different patterns of resource distribution among conspecific larvae. The implications of these findings for oviposition behaviour and the life history of the two species are discussed.
Neutral detergent fiber increases endogenous ileal losses but has no effect on ileal digestibility of amino acids in growing pigs
Authors: Mariscal‐Landín Gerardo , Reis de Souza Tércia Cesária , Bayardo Uribe Alejandro 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to determine the effect of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on endogenous amino acids and protein ileal losses; and also apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids and crude protein. Sixteen barrows were fed four protein‐free diets containing graded NDF levels in Experiment 1. NDF was a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and corn leaves (SBCL). Twenty‐four barrows were fed diets with soybean protein concentrate (SPC) or casein as protein sources and SBCL or corncobs (CC) as NDF sources in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, a linear increase (P < 0.05) in endogenous amino acid and protein ileal losses was observed with increased NDF levels, except for arginine, histidine, methionine and proline. In Experiment 2, protein (P < 0.001) and NDF (P < 0.01) sources significantly affected AID of dry matter, which was higher in casein diets (71.7%) and CC diets (70.7%). Protein and NDF sources significantly affected (P < 0.05) SID of crude protein, which was higher in casein diets (92.8%) and CC diets (92.7%). NDF source had no effect (P > 0.05) on SID of amino acids. Overall, this study showed that NDF increased endogenous amino acid and protein ileal losses, but did not affect ileal digestibility of amino acids.
Performance of trigger tools in identifying adverse drug events in emergency department patients: a validation study
Authors: Karpov Andrei , Parcero Catherine , Mok Catherine P.Y. , Panditha Chandima , Yu Eugenia , Dempster Linda , Hohl Corinne M. 
Published: June 2016

AimsTrigger tools are retrospective surveillance methods that can be used to identify adverse drug events (ADEs), unintended and harmful effects of medications, in medical records. Trigger tools are used in quality improvement, public health surveillance and research activities. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of trigger tools in identifying ADEs.MethodsThis study was a sub‐study of a prospective cohort study which enrolled adults presenting to one tertiary care emergency department. Clinical pharmacists evaluated patients for ADEs at the point‐of‐care. Twelve months after the prospective study's completion, the patients' medical records were reviewed using eight different trigger tools. ADEs identified using each trigger tool were compared with events identified at the point‐of‐care. The primary outcome was the sensitivity of each trigger tool for ADEs.ResultsAmong 1151 patients, 152 (13.2%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 11.4, 15.3%) were diagnosed with one or more ADEs at the point‐of‐care. The sensitivity of the trigger tools for detecting ADEs ranged from 2.6% (95% CI 0.7, 6.6%) to 15.8% (95% CI 10.6, 22.8%). Their specificity varied from 99.3% (95% CI 98.6, 99.7) to 100% (95% CI 99.6, 100%).ConclusionThe trigger tools examined had poor sensitivity for identifying ADEs in emergency department patients, when applied manually and in retrospect. Reliance on these methods to detect ADEs for quality improvement, surveillance, and research activities is likely to underestimate their occurrence, and may lead to biased estimates.
A framework for aligning needs, abilities and affordances to inform design and practice of educational technologies
Authors: Antonenko Pavlo D. , Dawson Kara , Sahay Shilpa 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper addresses the need for enhancing our awareness of user‐centered design in educational technology through a more explicit and systematic alignment between the needs of educational technology users (learners and educators) and the affordances provided by the technology. First, we define the term “affordance” and discuss it from the perspectives of cognitive psychology and user interaction design. Next, we propose a taxonomy of functional affordances that builds on prior research and reflects the current trends in the design of educational technologies. The paper is concluded with an illustration of how explicit alignment of needs, abilities, and affordances can inform the evaluation of an educational technology designed to support dyslexic readers. The four‐step framework applied in this analysis helps (a) define user needs, (b) identify a potentially appropriate technology, (c) understand the abilities the technology affords and (d) align technological affordances with the specific needs of the target users. This framework is a step toward increased recognition of the importance of user‐centered design of educational technologies; it provides the needed guidance and structure for aligning needs, abilities, and affordances during the design, implementation, and evaluation of technologies for learning and teaching.
THE RISK PREFERENCES OF ENTREPRENEURS IN INDONESIA
Authors: Sohn Kitae 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTEntrepreneurship is known to be important for innovation and economic growth, but relatively little attention has been paid to entrepreneurs in developing countries. We examined an important aspect of entrepreneurship: risk‐taking. We analysed the Indonesian Family Life Survey and compared risk preferences between entrepreneurs and non‐entrepreneurs. We found that risk tolerant workers were more likely to be entrepreneurs than risk averse workers by about 5 percentage points, or about 20 percent of the proportion of entrepreneurs in the labour force. The results imply that not all entrepreneurs in Indonesia are pushed into the sector; some actively take risks and seek innovations.
The association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and suicide attempts in a population‐based study
Authors: Fuller‐Thomson E. , Baird S. L. , Dhrodia R. , Brennenstuhl S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo further our understanding of the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and suicidal behaviour, this study investigates the association between three types of ACEs and lifetime suicide attempts, while considering potential gender‐specific and mediating effects.MethodsData were obtained from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey‐Mental Health (CCHS‐MH), a cross‐sectional, population‐based survey comprised of respondents aged 18 or older who provided self‐reported data on past experiences of suicide attempts, as well as childhood sexual abuse (CSA), childhood physical abuse (CPA) and parental domestic violence (PDV) (n = 22 559). After testing for ACE by gender interactions, we estimated the odds of lifetime suicide attempts for each ACE and then investigated whether depression, anxiety, substance abuse and chronic pain acted as mediators of the relationship.ResultsThe odds of suicide attempts are significantly higher among those with a history of CPA (OR = 3.29; 99.9% CI 2.33–4.64), CSA (OR = 4.42; 99.9% CI 3.14–6.23) or PDV (OR = 2.52; 99.9% CI 1.69–3.76), when ACEs are mutually adjusted. There is little evidence that gender acts as a moderator; however, depression, anxiety, substance abuse and chronic pain appear to partially mediate the associations. Depression alone accounts for about a quarter of the associations with CSA and CPA.ConclusionsMental health factors and chronic pain appear only to partially mediate relationships between ACEs and lifetime suicide attempts. Future research should look at other pathways with the goal of developing multi‐level interventions.
Adult vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria: the European perspective
Authors: Weinberger B 
Published: June 2016

Summary
Besides immunizations against influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae and herpes zoster, which are recommended specifically for elderly people, regular booster vaccinations against tetanus, diphtheria and in some cases pertussis and polio are recommended in many European countries for adults, including elderly people. Vaccination recommendations for adults differ greatly between individual countries and coverage data is scarce. Tetanus-specific antibody concentrations are generally higher than diphtheria-specific antibodies, and a substantial proportion of adults, and particularly of elderly people, do not have protective antibody concentrations against diphtheria. Antibody levels increase upon booster vaccination in all age groups, but diphtheria-specific antibody concentrations remain below protective levels in some older individuals, even immediately after vaccination and long-term protection is frequently not achieved. Future vaccination strategies should therefore include regular and well-documented booster shots, e.g. against tetanus and diphtheria, throughout life.
Nd:YAG laser radiation (1.064 nm) accelerates differentiation of osteoblasts to osteocytes on smooth and rough titanium surfaces in vitro
Authors: Karoussis Ioannis K. , Kyriakidou Kyriaki , Psarros Costas , Lang Niklaus P. , Vrotsos Ioannis A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundA number of studies revealed beneficial effects of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) regarding cell proliferation and differentiation.AimTo investigate the effect of Nd:YAG (1.064 nm) laser radiation in the proliferation and differentiation potential of MG‐63 osteoblast‐like cells. Additionally, the effects of the surface configurations were to be evaluated.Material and methodsMG‐63 osteoblast cells were cultured on different surfaces: plastic tissue culture, smooth (polished) titanium‐PT and rough titanium‐SLA. The effects of both titanium surfaces and low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) on cell adhesion were evaluated by the gene expression of molecules involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and MTT proliferation assays were used to examine cell morphology and proliferation, respectively.ResultsCompared to smooth (PT) surfaces, SLA surfaces favoured MG‐63 cell differentiation. Following the application of Nd:YAG laser irradiation, cells yielded statistically significantly improved differentiation on both smooth and SLA surfaces compared with non‐irradiated surfaces.ConclusionsThe findings of this present study suggest that both surface morphology and Nd:YAG laser irradiation influence the proliferation and differentiation potential of MG‐63 cells.
Sleep biosignature of Type 2 diabetes: a case–control study
Authors: Lecube A. , Romero O. , Sampol G. , Mestre O. , Ciudin A. , Sánchez E. , Hernández C. , Caixàs A. , Vigil L. , Simó R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimTo determine whether or not the sleep disturbances associated with Type 2 diabetes affect the structure of sleep.MethodsWe designed a case–control study in 76 patients with Type 2 diabetes and 76 control subjects without Type 2 diabetes, matched by age, gender, BMI and waist and neck circumferences. A subgroup of 32 patients with Type 2 diabetes was also matched with 64 control subjects without Type 2 diabetes according to apnoea‐hypopnoea index score. Examination included an overnight full polysomnography.ResultsNo differences in the percentage of time spent in either rapid eye movement or non‐rapid eye movement sleep were observed between groups; however, patients with Type 2 diabetes had more microarousal events during sleep than control subjects [41.4 (total range 4.0–104.4) vs 20.7 (total range 1.3–94.5) events/h; P < 0.001]. These differences were mainly observed during the non‐rapid eye movement sleep [7.4 (total range 0–107.2) vs 0.2 (total range 0–65.2) events/h; P < 0.001]. In addition, sleep variables related to oxygen saturation measures, such as the percentage of time spent with oxygen saturation ≤90%, were significantly greater during the rapid eye movement sleep in patients with Type 2 diabetes [20.3 (total range 0–99.2) vs. 10.5 (total range 0–94.0)%; P = 0.047]. This pattern was maintained in the subgroup of patients matched by apnoea‐hypopnaea index. Finally, stepwise regression analyses showed that apnoea‐hypopnoea index, the presence of Type 2 diabetes and fasting plasma glucose value were independently associated with the number of microarousals (R2=0.667).ConclusionsType 2 diabetes is associated with an altered sleep structure, with different effects according to rapid eye movement (increase in nocturnal hypoxia) or non‐rapid eye movement (increase in sleep fragmentation) sleep.
An empirically derived short form of the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey II
Authors: Grabman J. , Vajda Bailey K. , Schmidt K. , Cariou B. , Vaur L. , Madani S. , Cox D. , Gonder‐Frederick L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimsTo develop an empirically derived short version of the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey II that still accurately measures fear of hypoglycaemia.MethodsItem response theory methods were used to generate an 11‐item version of the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey from a sample of 487 people with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subsequently, this scale was tested on a sample of 2718 people with Type 1 or insulin‐treated Type 2 diabetes taking part in DIALOG, a large observational prospective study of hypoglycaemia in France.ResultsThe short form of the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey II matched the factor structure of the long form for respondents with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, while maintaining adequate internal reliability on the total scale and all three subscales. The two forms were highly correlated on both the total scale and each subscale (Pearson's R > 0.89).ConclusionsThe short form of the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey II is an important first step in more efficiently measuring fear of hypoglycaemia. Future prospective studies are needed for further validity testing and exploring the survey's applicability to different populations.
Identifying the independent effect of HbA1c variability on adverse health outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Prentice J. C. , Pizer S. D. , Conlin P. R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimsTo characterize the relationship between HbA1c variability and adverse health outcomes among US military veterans with Type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study used Veterans Affairs and Medicare claims for veterans with Type 2 diabetes taking metformin who initiated a second diabetes medication (n = 50 861). The main exposure of interest was HbA1c variability during a 3‐year baseline period. HbA1c variability, categorized into quartiles, was defined as standard deviation, coefficient of variation and adjusted standard deviation, which accounted for the number and mean number of days between HbA1c tests. Cox proportional hazard models predicted mortality, hospitalization for ambulatory care‐sensitive conditions, and myocardial infarction or stroke and were controlled for mean HbA1c levels and the direction of change in HbA1c levels during the baseline period.ResultsOver a mean 3.3 years of follow‐up, all HbA1c variability measures significantly predicted each outcome. Using the adjusted standard deviation measure for HbA1c variability, the hazard ratios for the third and fourth quartile predicting mortality were 1.14 (95% CI 1.04, 1.25) and 1.42 (95% CI 1.28, 1.58), for myocardial infarction and stroke they were 1.25 (95% CI 1.10, 1.41) and 1.23 (95% CI 1.07, 1.42) and for ambulatory‐care sensitive condition hospitalization they were 1.10 (95% CI 1.03, 1.18) and 1.11 (95% CI 1.03, 1.20). Higher baseline HbA1c levels independently predicted the likelihood of each outcome.ConclusionsIn veterans with Type 2 diabetes, greater HbA1c variability was associated with an increased risk of adverse long‐term outcomes, independently of HbA1c levels and direction of change. Limiting HbA1c fluctuations over time may reduce complications.
Patterns in Varroa destructor depend on bee host abundance, availability of natural resources, and climate in Mediterranean apiaries
Authors: LEZA M. MAR , MIRANDA‐CHUECA MIGUEL A. , PURSE BETHAN V. 
Published: June 2016

1. Varroa destructor Linnaeus (Acari: Varroidae) is one of the greatest threats to apiculture. This study examines the role of host density, natural resource availability for bees, the management and climate in driving spatial and annual variability in the abundance of Varroa, and the occurrence of colony losses, recorded in apiaries across a Mediterranean island over a 2‐year period, using a hierarchical generalised linear model framework.2. The seasonal abundance of Varroa showed a bimodal pattern with two peaks, the first one being in spring and larger than the second one located in summer/autumn. In contrast, bee colony losses were mainly concentrated in autumn/winter.3. The abundance patterns of Varroa were best explained by models combining host, climate, and resource availability. A key novel finding was that low availability of natural flowering resources leads to high levels of infestation of Varroa, highlighting the importance of preserving natural resources around apiaries for the maintenance of pollination services in the landscape. Varroa abundance was also found to increase as bee density increased, probably as a result of the greater brood availability. Moreover, Varroa abundance increased as temperatures decrease and decreases as relative humidity increases, which is consistent with previous studies. Anti‐varroa treatments were only found to impact Varroa levels in the second 6 months of the year. Organic treatments outperformed synthetic treatments.4. Empirical research on optimal seasonal timing and combinations of treatments, as well as impacts of climate and resource availability on natural dynamics of bees and Varroa in different climate zones, is urgently required.
Environmental changes define ecological limits to species richness and reveal the mode of macroevolutionary competition
Authors: Ezard Thomas H. G. , Purvis Andy 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCo‐dependent geological and climatic changes obscure how species interact in deep time. The interplay between these environmental factors makes it hard to discern whether ecological competition exerts an upper limit on species richness. Here, using the exceptional fossil record of Cenozoic Era macroperforate planktonic foraminifera, we assess the evidence for alternative modes of macroevolutionary competition. Our models support an environmentally dependent macroevolutionary form of contest competition that yields finite upper bounds on species richness. Models of biotic competition assuming unchanging environmental conditions were overwhelmingly rejected. In the best‐supported model, temperature affects the per‐lineage diversification rate, while both temperature and an environmental driver of sediment accumulation defines the upper limit. The support for contest competition implies that incumbency constrains species richness by restricting niche availability, and that the number of macroevolutionary niches varies as a function of environmental changes.
Does Morphology Play an Important Role in L2 Chinese Vocabulary Acquisition?
Authors: Zhang Haomin (Stanley) 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe present study examined the role of morphological awareness in second language (L2) Chinese vocabulary acquisition through an investigation of linguistic universality and specificity underlying morphological awareness. Morphological awareness in this study was conceptualized as a universal and sharable cognitive resource as well as a language‐dependent metalinguistic skill. College‐level Chinese as a second language learners (N = 171) participated in this study. Assessments of universal morphological awareness (morpheme recognition and morpheme discrimination), language‐specific morphological awareness (compound structure analysis and compound structure discrimination), and vocabulary knowledge (word‐meaning knowledge and character knowledge) were administered to the participants. A structural equation modeling analysis indicated that language‐universal morphological awareness and language‐specific morphological awareness jointly predicted L2 Chinese vocabulary knowledge. More important, a follow‐up regression analysis verified the relative contribution of multifaceted morphological awareness to vocabulary knowledge. The findings revealed that language‐specific morphological awareness in the form of compound structure awareness predicted a significant but small proportion of variance after universal morphological awareness was controlled for. The importance of morphological awareness and pedagogical implications is discussed.