bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing the timescale of a catastrophic fan‐forming event on Earth using a Mars model
Authors: Duller Robert A. , Warner Nicholas H. , De Angelis Silvio , Armitage John J. , Poyatos‐Moré Miquel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe calculation of formation timescales of alluvial fans and deltas on Mars is important as it has direct implications for understanding the planet's hydrologic history. The robustness of sediment transport models is not in doubt but validation of the broad approach using a terrestrial example of similar scale and likely origin, where hydraulic parameters and timescales are known, is useful. Using a catastrophically formed terrestrial fan, where abundant sedimentological information is available, we find that the modeled hydraulic parameters and formation timescales are in very close agreement with the known values of the event. This supports the general modeling approach as applied to Mars fans but also highlights the added value of detailed sedimentary information when reconstructing hydraulics and timescales on Earth and Mars, which cannot be confidently gleaned from the final snapshot of surface geomorphology alone.
Distinct crustal isostasy trends east and west of the Rocky Mountain Front
Authors: Schmandt Brandon , Lin Fan‐Chi , Karlstrom Karl E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSeismic structure beneath the contiguous U.S. was imaged with multimode receiver function stacking and inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersion and ellipticity measurements. Crust thickness and elevation are weakly correlated across the contiguous U.S., but the correlation is ~3–4 times greater for separate areas east and west of the Rocky Mountain Front (RMF). Greater lower crustal shear velocities east of the RMF, particularly in low‐elevation areas with thick crust, are consistent with deep crustal density as the primary cause of the contrasting crust thickness versus elevation trends. Separate eastern and western trends are best fit by Airy isostasy models that assume lower crust to uppermost mantle density increases of 0.18 g/cm3 and 0.40 g/cm3, respectively. The former value is near the minimum that is plausible for felsic lower crust. Location of the transition at the RMF suggests that Laramide to post‐Laramide processes reduced western U.S. lower crustal density.
Observations of a substantial cloud‐aerosol indirect effect during the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga‐Veiðivötn fissure eruption in Iceland
Authors: McCoy Daniel T. , Hartmann Dennis L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Bárðarbunga‐Veiðivötn fissure eruption lasted from 31 August 2014 to 28 February 2015, during which its sulfur emissions dwarfed anthropogenic emissions from Europe. This natural experiment offers an excellent opportunity to investigate the aerosol indirect effect and the effect of effusive volcanic eruptions on climate. During the eruption cloud droplet effective radius (re) over the region surrounding Iceland was at the lowest value in the 14 year Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer data record during September and October 2014. The change in reflected solar radiation due to increased cloud reflectivity during September and October is estimated to exceed 2 W m−2 over the region surrounding Iceland, with increases of 1 W m−2 extending as far south as the Açores. The strength of the aerosol indirect effect diagnosed here reaffirms the ability of volcanic aerosols to affect cloud properties and ultimately the planetary albedo.
Simultaneous observations of F2 layer stratification and spread F at postmidnight over a northern equatorial anomaly region
Authors: Jiang Chunhua , Yang Guobin , Deng Chi , Zhou Chen , Zhu Peng , Yokoyama Tatsuhiro , Song Huan , Lan Ting , Ni Binbin , Zhao Zhengyu , Zhang Yuannong 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSimultaneous observations of F2 layer stratification and spread F at postmidnight (00:00 LT to 05:00 LT) were carried out on 22, 23, and 28 November 2013, using ionosondes distributed over a northern equatorial anomaly region at three specific locations, i.e., Puer (PUR, 22.7°N, 101.05°E, dip latitude 12.9°N), Chiang Mai (CMU, 18.8°N, 98.9°E, dip latitude 9.04°N), and Chumphon (CPN, 10.7°N, 99.4°E, dip latitude 0.93°N). The results show that both the PUR and CMU stations observed the F2 layer stratification at postmidnight in the Northern Hemisphere, frequently accompanied with gravity waves (the periods~30–100 min). It is reported that F2 layer stratification at postmidnight can be observed in the Northern Hemisphere for the first time. It is suggested that the thermospheric neutral wind triggered by gravity waves strongly contribute to the altitude dependence of the combined vertical plasma velocity, which consequently poses significant impacts on the occurrence of the low‐latitude F2 layer stratification at postmidnight. In addition, the spread F other than F2 layer stratification was observed at the CPN station located at the geomagnetic equator, suggesting that smaller geomagnetic inclination tend to inhibit the postmidnight F2 layer stratification in the equatorial region. Furthermore, on 23 November 2013 a good correlation was identified between the F2 layer stratification at PUR and the spread F at both CMU and CPN, possibly due to that the large‐scale gravity waves originating at middle latitudes contribute to the nighttime spread F observed in the low‐latitude and equatorial regions.
Evidence of dispersion and refraction of a spectrally broad gravity wave packet in the mesopause region observed by the Na lidar and Mesospheric Temperature Mapper above Logan, Utah
Authors: Yuan T. , Heale C. J. , Snively J. B. , Cai X. , Pautet P.‐D. , Fish C. , Zhao Y. , Taylor M. J. , Pendleton W. R. , Wickwar V. , Mitchell N. J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGravity wave packets excited by a source of finite duration and size possess a broad frequency and wave number spectrum and thus span a range of temporal and spatial scales. Observing at a single location relatively close to the source, the wave components with higher frequency and larger vertical wavelength dominate at earlier times and at higher altitudes, while the lower frequency components, with shorter vertical wavelength, dominate during the latter part of the propagation. Utilizing observations from the Na lidar at Utah State University and the nearby Mesospheric Temperature Mapper at Bear Lake Observatory (41.9°N, 111.4°W), we investigate a unique case of vertical dispersion for a spectrally broad gravity wave packet in the mesopause region over Logan, Utah (41.7°N, 111.8°W), that occurred on 2 September 2011, to study the waves' evolution as it propagates upward. The lidar‐observed temperature perturbation was dominated by close to a 1 h modulation at 100 km during the early hours but gradually evolved into a 1.5 h modulation during the second half of the night. The vertical wavelength also decreased simultaneously, while the vertical group and phase velocities of the packet apparently slowed, as it was approaching a critical level during the second half of the night. A two‐dimensional numerical model is used to simulate the observed gravity wave processes, finding that the location of the lidar relative to the source can strongly influence which portion of the spectrum can be observed at a particular location relative to a source.
The Two‐Column Aerosol Project: Phase I—Overview and impact of elevated aerosol layers on aerosol optical depth
Authors: Berg Larry K. , Fast Jerome D. , Barnard James C. , Burton Sharon P. , Cairns Brian , Chand Duli , Comstock Jennifer M. , Dunagan Stephen , Ferrare Richard A. , Flynn Connor J. , Hair Johnathan W. , Hostetler Chris A. , Hubbe John , Jefferson Anne , Johnson Roy , Kassianov Evgueni I. , Kluzek Celine D. , Kollias Pavlos , Lamer Katia , Lantz Kathleen , Mei Fan , Miller Mark A. , Michalsky Joseph , Ortega Ivan , Pekour Mikhail , Rogers Ray R. , Russell Philip B. , Redemann Jens , Sedlacek Arthur J. , Segal‐Rosenheimer Michal , Schmid Beat , Shilling John E. , Shinozuka Yohei , Springston Stephen R. , Tomlinson Jason M. , Tyrrell Megan , Wilson Jacqueline M. , Volkamer Rainer , Zelenyuk Alla , Berkowitz Carl M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Two‐Column Aerosol Project (TCAP), conducted from June 2012 through June 2013, was a unique study designed to provide a comprehensive data set that can be used to investigate a number of important climate science questions, including those related to aerosol mixing state and aerosol radiative forcing. The study was designed to sample the atmosphere between and within two atmospheric columns; one fixed near the coast of North America (over Cape Cod, MA) and a second moveable column over the Atlantic Ocean several hundred kilometers from the coast. The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility (AMF) was deployed at the base of the Cape Cod column, and the ARM Aerial Facility was utilized for the summer and winter intensive observation periods. One important finding from TCAP is that four of six nearly cloud‐free flight days had aerosol layers aloft in both the Cape Cod and maritime columns that were detected using the nadir pointing second‐generation NASA high‐spectral resolution lidar (HSRL‐2). These layers contributed up to 60% of the total observed aerosol optical depth (AOD). Many of these layers were also intercepted by the aircraft configured for in situ sampling, and the aerosol in the layers was found to have increased amounts of biomass burning material and nitrate compared to aerosol found near the surface. In addition, while there was a great deal of spatial and day‐to‐day variability in the aerosol chemical composition and optical properties, no systematic differences between the two columns were observed.
A Bead‐Based Proximity Assay for BRD4 Ligand Discovery
Authors: Roberts Justin M. , Bradner James E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBromodomain‐containing proteins have emerged as desirable targets for anti‐neoplastic and anti‐inflammatory drug discovery. Toward the development of selective inhibitors of the BET family of bromodomains, we optimized bead‐based assays to detect interactions between bromodomains and poly‐acetylated histone peptides. Donor and acceptor beads bound to target and ligand are brought into proximity by this protein‐protein interaction. After laser illumination, singlet oxygen evolved from donor beads travels to the spatially close acceptor beads, resulting in chemiluminesence. This AlphaScreen assay has proven amendable to high‐throughput screening, secondary validation, and specificity profiling during lead discovery and optimization. Here we report our protocol for assay development to measure inhibition of ligand binding to bromodomain‐containing protein 4 (BRD4). We discuss the discovery of an appropriate probe, optimization of bead, probe, and protein concentrations, and the derivation of protein‐probe inhibition curves. Finally, we explore the implementation of this technology for high‐throughput screening of potential BRD4 inhibitors. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular Evolution Directs Protein Translation Using Unnatural Amino Acids
Authors: Cox Vanessa E. , Gaucher Eric A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUnnatural amino acids have in recent years established their importance in a wide range of fields, from pharmaceuticals to polymer science. Unnatural amino acids can increase the number of chemical groups within proteins and thus expand or enhance biological function. Our ability to utilize these important building blocks, however, has been limited by the inherent difficulty in incorporating these molecules into proteins. To address this challenge, researchers have examined how the canonical twenty amino acids are incorporated, regulated, and modified in nature. This review focuses on achievements and techniques used to engineer the ribosomal protein‐translation machinery, including the introduction of orthogonal translation components, how directed evolution enhances the incorporation of unnatural amino acids, and the potential utility of ancient biomolecules for this process. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distributive Negotiation Strategies
Authors: Allen Mike , Burrell Nancy 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This entry outlines the issues faced in a distributive bargaining situation and describes some of the principles and research. The assumptions about bargaining and the description of various aspects of the negotiation situation (zero sum, prisoner's dilemma, multiple parties, threats, existence of direct communication) all provide a basis for understanding the role of communication on the outcome.
Attachment and Relationships
Authors: Rosier Jennifer Gill , Munz Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Decades of research have found support for the notion that the attachment style one develops in infancy continues to impact a person's ability to form, develop, and maintain friendships, family relationships, and romantic partnerships throughout the lifespan. Although one's attachment style is not set in stone (i.e., it can potentially change, especially when individuals are faced with traumatic experiences in life), it remains relatively consistent for most individuals, affecting their perceptions of themselves and others and helping shape their communication skills and efforts.
Actor–Partner Interdependence Model
Authors: Priem Jennifer S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) is a framework for analyzing interdependent dyadic data. The model improves upon traditional regression and ANOVA analyses by estimating not only the main effects of one individual's variables, but also assessing how members of a dyad influence each other simultaneously within a single model. This entry provides an overview of the basic model specification, considerations that need to be made when using APIM, and options for statistical techniques to test actor–partner effects.
Uncertainty and Relationship Development
Authors: Solomon Denise Haunani 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUncertainty is inextricably linked to relationship development. People enter initial interactions with a considerable lack of information about their communication partner. Whether partners seek further interaction and develop their relationship depends on their ability to communicate effectively despite this uncertainty and in ways that decrease this uncertainty. As relationships escalate, partners continue to gather and provide information that alleviates uncertainty as they assess the viability and desirability of further relationship escalation. Uncertainty persists within mutually committed relationships, contributing to dialectical tensions and manifesting as questions about a person's own interest in the relationship, the partner's involvement in the association, and the nature of the relationship in general. Because uncertainty can arise whenever conditions within and surrounding a relationship change and because uncertainty complicates interpersonal communication, it influences the development and maintenance of intimacy across the relational lifespan.
Crisis Negotiation
Authors: Donohue William A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis entry reviews research related to the process of crisis negotiation as a distinct form of negotiation. It is argued that crisis negotiation focuses on resolving key relational issues of power and identity rather than the substantive issues that divide negotiators. Resolving these issues requires addressing five paradoxes that can entrap negotiators: dispossession, detachment, face, irrationality, and time. Resolving these paradoxes enables normative bargaining that focuses on substantive problem‐solving.
Hurtful Communication
Authors: Vangelisti Anita L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Hurtful communication takes place when someone says or does something that emotionally injures another. It is relatively common and can shape the way relational partners behave, think, and feel toward each other. This entry describes scholarship conceptualizing hurt feelings. It then provides an overview of studies that describe hurtful interactions, the cognitive processes associated with hurtful communication, the characteristics of interpersonal relationships that are linked to hurtful interactions, and the association between social and physical pain. The entry closes with some issues that might be usefully addressed in future research.
Communication in Workplace Teams
Authors: Russell Tillman , Reimer Torsten 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Research on communication in workplace teams involves the communication processes amongst team members and how communication impacts team outcomes. Communication is important for a team's concertive effort to act effectively as a unit. Workplace teams often face complex tasks that require teams to share task‐relevant information to coordinate actions and collectively accomplish organizational goals. Research suggests that the development of Shared Mental Models (SMM) and Transactive Memory Systems (TMS) can help workplace teams coordinate their actions. These tools enable teams to implicitly coordinate their actions and to perform tasks in fast‐paced environments.
Family Typologies
Authors: Koerner Ascan F. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Family typologies in interpersonal communication scholarship group families that exhibit unique and distinguishing characteristics of relationship and communication behaviors into different types. Ideally, such categorizations, while often based on some external characteristic such as family membership, reveal important differences in the communication behaviors and relationships of different family and thereby clarify general principles that underlie communication and relationship processes. This entry reviews two types of typologies—typologies based on structure and typologies based on processes—with particular attention paid to the basic communication and interpersonal dynamics that these typologies help to clarify.
Relational and Task Conflict
Authors: Brown Lori A. , Roloff Michael E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Conflict constitutes incompatible activity that in some cases results from or leads to disagreement. Scholars have distinguished between relational and task conflict. This entry examines two approaches used to study relational and task conflict. The first is a relational contextual approach and examines conflicts occurring within intimate relationships (e.g., marriage, family) relative to those that are defined primarily by the completion of tasks (e.g., employer–employee, work team). The second approach treats relational and task conflicts as characteristics of a disagreement and examines their effect on close and task‐oriented relationships.
Pragmatics of Human Communication
Authors: Segrin Chris 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

The book
Pragmatics of Human Communication
, published in 1967, was a groundbreaking statement about the functions of interpersonal communication, particularly as it relates to behavioral and psychiatric problems. The two major contributions of the book were its presentation of axioms of human communication and elaboration of the double‐bind hypothesis associated with family interaction and schizophrenia. Some of the axioms of communication were controversial and overstated but have enduring heuristic values to students and scholars of human communication. The double‐bind hypothesis, although never substantiated, played an important role in the formation of the interpersonal paradigm in mental health.
Social Allergens
Authors: Miller Courtney Waite 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA social allergy is a negative emotional reaction to behavior one finds annoying, termed a social allergen. Social allergens can be categorized by the perceived degree of personalism and intentionality; their intersection results in four types of social allergens. Social allergens can elicit strong negative emotional reactions and impact many types of relationships. Individuals cope with social allergens in various ways. Offender apologies and believing a person will stop their annoying behavior can lessen the negative relational effects of social allergens.
Implicit Relationship Theories and Relational Communication
Authors: Reznik Rachel M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Implicit theories of romantic relationships (ITRs) are beliefs individuals have about how romantic relationships work. Researchers have independently identified two sets of implicit theories of romantic relationships. Destiny and soul mate theorists believe that partners are either compatible or they are not. Growth and work‐it‐out theorists believe that relationships develop over time and take effort. ITRs have implications for how individuals interpret events in their relationships and are related to relational satisfaction, coping with negative relational events, violence, and forgiveness.
Leader–Member Exchange Theory
Authors: Jian Guowei 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This entry presents an overview of the leader–member exchange (LMX) theory and research. It traces the theory's conceptual evolution from a marginal perspective of supervisor–subordinate relationships to a full‐fledged mainstream leadership model. The entry summarizes key findings with regard to the antecedents and outcomes of LMX and presents major lines of inquiry that have sprung from the theory, including the effects of leader–member agreement of LMX, the influence of similarity and diversity of the dyadic partners, and the communication process in leader–member relationship development.
Marshaling Social Support
Authors: Crowley John P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Support‐marshaling represents the communicative activities individuals employ to either limit interference or enhance support from network members for the achievement of relational or instrumental goals. Early work in this area focused on the strategies individuals use to seek support and the types of strategies that produced satisfactory results. Current research has focused on illustrating how individuals negotiate two dilemmas: (a) whether to confront target network members directly or to influence them through hidden strategies indirectly, and (b) whether to seek to enhance a target network member's support or limit any further interference from the target network member on the achievement of the individual's goal(s). Social contextual theory has proven to be a useful framework from which to conceptualize the support‐marshaling process.
Knowledge Structures and Social Interaction
Authors: Berger Charles R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The ways in which knowledge about people and the roles they play, as well as social interaction conventions and social contexts, is organized in long‐term memory plays a vital role in the understanding of others’ actions and discourse, on the one hand, and the production of messages on the other. Once activated, the cognitive structures that organize this knowledge allow social actors to understand each other's behavior, including what is being said and how it is being said, and to respond to others rapidly and in meaningful ways. When social actors struggle to understand others’ intentions or have difficulty actualizing their intentions in speech and action, social interaction is disrupted; these disruptions may potentiate negative emotional states. Thus, mutual attunement to the knowledge structures guiding social interaction is necessary to promote efficient goal achievement and to ensure that goals are attained in a socially appropriate manner.