bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The semantic values of the Latin tenses and moods
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter starts with a theoretical introduction to the notions of tense, aspect, and mood. It is assumed that the Latin verbal system is essentially a temporal system based on a combination of reference point and relative position (anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority). Finite forms have a reference time, which, by contrast, non-finite forms are lacking. Latin has three moods: indicative, subjunctive, and imperative. For the interpretation of the subjunctive (which indicates non-factivity or counterfactivity) the type of sentence in which it is used is decisive. The discussion of the moods and tenses is presented separately for main clauses and subordinate clauses. In subordinate clauses the subjunctive functions both as a semantic mood and as a grammatical mood. A relatively large amount of space is devoted to the semantic value of the perfect and to the so-called sequence of tenses.
Cases and prepositions
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter deals with the function of cases and prepositions and their contribution to a correct interpretation of the context in which they are used. Frequency data are provided, which show the use of cases and prepositions to mark constituents at the clause and noun phrase levels, that is, for arguments, adjuncts, disjuncts, and attributes. Special attention is paid to the question how it is possible that the same case or preposition is used at different levels. It is difficult to find one ‘core’ meaning for each case or preposition that covers these various uses. The meaning of the nouns and verbs and the context in which they are used contributes much to a correct interpretation. In the course of the history of Latin the function of cases and prepositions changed, but the final break down of the case system occurred much later than the period covered by the Syntax.
Introduction
Authors: Payne Richard K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter introduces the homa and the theoretical issue of studying ritual change over long periods of time and across the boundaries of ritual cultures. The cross-cultural transmission of the ritual out of the Indian subcontinent throughout the entire tantric world poses methodological issues, such as the balancing of textual and ethnographic studies. It considers the idea of ritual invariance which has long been characteristic of scholarly and popular understandings of ritual. The conception of ritual as invariant, however, has impeded the historical study of ritual change. The chapter closes by introducing each subsequent chapter.
The Structure of Japanese Buddhist Homa
Authors: Tachikawa Musashi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter is based on the dualism of sacred and profane as explicated by Mircea Eliade. The ritual sequence of homa in Japan moves from the profane to the sacred, a transition made more complex by the continuing dynamic mediation between the two states, rather than a simple transition from one to the other. Additional nuance is added to this dualism by the way in which the chapter introduces the categories of pure and impure. These do not simply matching the oppositional categories of sacred and profane, but rather operate across those two categories. It also discusses the relation between individual, subjective experience and collective experience in the context of ritual performance.
The VedicHomaand the Standardization of HinduPūjā
Authors: Lubin Timothy 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines the way in which the traditional solemn rites (śrauta), requiring three fires, are simplified. This change results in the creation of the domestic, or “homely” rituals as the chapter calls them. The systematic integration of ritual practices in the Purāṇas and Āgamas—the penumbra of the Vedic tradition—involved assimilating food offerings to well-known Vedic forms. Thus, pūjā was provided with a Vedic framework and warrant. The domestic rites (gṛhya) thus initiated were much simpler than the solemn rites, as they only require a single fire for their performance. Similarly, there is an accompanying reduction in the number of officiants required for the performance of the domestic rites.
Homa Rituals in the Indian Kālacakra-tantra Tradition
Authors: Wallace Vesna A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The Kālacakra-tantra is considered one of the most authoritative tantric traditions, and the chapter examines the homa as found in that tradition. Instructions for the construction of a ritual site include color symbolism, revealing another layer of symbolic associations between the type of ritual and the requirements for its effective performance. Also discussed are the directions and locations where a ritual hearth is best constructed, along with its size and shape. In contrast to other texts discussed in this collection, the texts discuss five kinds of ritual performance. According to this tradition, while external homa can accomplish mundane goals, it is only the internal homa in which the awakened consciousness acts as the ritual fire that can accomplish the ultimate goal of awakening.
Demographic Anxiety
Authors: Orgad Liav 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
New waves of immigrants have normally been accompanied by exaggerated feelings of threat to national identity and unity. Quite often, they have prompted an extreme and disproportionate response. By analyzing three cases—Hispanics in America, Muslims in Europe, and Palestinians in Israel—this chapter demonstrates a modern disproportionate reaction to immigration. The cases are radically different one from the other, but they nevertheless have a common denominator—“demographobia.” The purpose of this chapter is to present a typology of demographic concerns—civic, cultural, and ethnic; show how these concerns are frequently accompanied by exaggerated facts, false conclusions, and public hysteria; and demonstrate how they initiate anti—immigration laws. Generally, the chapter illustrates how liberal democracies want to have it both ways—enjoying the economic benefits of immigration, while not being willing to fully accommodate the cultural changes which it brings about.
National Constitutionalism
Authors: Orgad Liav 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter suggests a two—stage process for regulating immigration and access to citizenship. In the first stage, immigrants would have to accept basic liberal—democratic principles as a prerequisite for admission; these principles are not culture—oriented, but constitute a system of structural rules governing human behavior. In the second stage, as part of the naturalization process required to obtain citizenship of a specific state, immigrants would be asked to accept fundamental constitutional principles—which include linguistic and fundamental cultural elements. However, these principles must be essential to citizenship and as just as one could reasonably expect, given the state’s overall circumstances. I call this concept “national constitutionalism.” In general, the chapter provides a normative framework for immigration regulation that protects a thin version of the majority cultural identity within the liberal discourse.
Immigration Policy and Constitutional Identity
Authors: Orgad Liav 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The book conducts a systematic analysis of immigration requirements in liberal states. But don’t be mistaken: the book is more about “us” than about immigrants. We are those who define the type and number of people we permit to join our community, and what rules apply to the naturalization process. Immigration law, hence, is a unique platform to examine our choices. It shapes who we are as a people and, at the same time, functions as a mirror reflecting those qualities that we value in others. By putting immigrants to test, we put our own values to test. The concluding chapter traces what immigration policy can teach us about constitutional identity. In an attempt to define what the process of becoming a citizen means—how to become British, French, and German—states are exploring their own ethos—what Britishness, Frenchness, and Germanness means. Regulating immigration is a journey into ourselves.
OMPPM: online multiple palindrome pattern matching
Authors: Kim Hwee , Han Yo-Sub 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Motivation: A palindrome is a string that reads the same forward and backward. Finding palindromic substructures is important in DNA, RNA or protein sequence analysis. We say that two strings of the same length are pal-equivalent if, for each possible centre, they have the same length of the maximal palindrome. Given a text T of length n and a pattern P of length m, we study the palindrome pattern matching problem that finds all indices i such that P and T[i−m+1:i] are pal-equivalent.
Results: We first solve the online palindrome pattern matching problem in O(m2) preprocessing time and O(mn) query time using O(m2) space. We then extend the problem for multiple patterns and solve the online multiple palindrome pattern matching problem in O(mkM) preprocessing time and O(mkn+c) query time using O(mkM) space, where M is the sum of all pattern lengths, mk is the longest pattern length and c is the number of pattern occurrences.
Availability and implementation: The source code for all algorithms is freely available at http://toc.yonsei.ac.kr/OMPPM
Contact: kimhwee@cs.yonsei.ac.kr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Spatial and temporal activity patterns of ocelots Leopardus pardalis in lowland forest of eastern Ecuador
Authors: Blake John G. , Mosquera Diego , Loiselle Bette A. , Swing Kelly , Guerra Jaime , Romo David 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOcelots ( Leopardus pardalis ) are common in lowland forests of Amazonia. We used camera traps to document the occurrence and activity of ocelots at a site in eastern Ecuador during 2005–2012 (15,058 trap-days). We accumulated 384 independent images of 16 males (147 images), 19 females (234 images), and 3 not assigned to individual or sex. Individuals varied in number of images (1 to &gt; 50), number of camera locations (1–8), and number of months from first to last image (1–85). Photographic rate varied across years, from 15.3 to 29.9/1,000 trap-days in 2006 and 2010, respectively. Males and females were primarily active at night and showed similar hourly patterns of activity. Up to 3 individual males and 4 individual females were recorded at different camera locations each year. Resident males typically were photographed at more locations (mean of 4.1) than females (mean of 3.2). Results indicate that multiple ocelots, of both sexes, may be found within a relatively small (~650 ha) area of lowland forest in eastern Ecuador and emphasize the importance of the region for conservation of ocelots and other species.Los ocelotes ( Leopardus pardalis ) son felinos comunes en los bosques de tierras bajas de la Amazonía. Utilizamos cámaras trampa para documentar la ocurrencia y actividad de ocelotes en un sitio en el Este de Ecuador durante 2005–2012 (15.058 días-trampa). Acumulamos 384 imágenes independientes de 16 machos (147 fotografías), 19 hembras (234 fotografías), y tres a los que no se les asignó individuo o sexo. Los individuos variaron en número de imágenes (1 a &gt; 50), número de locaciones de las cámaras (1 a 8) y en el número de meses desde la primera hasta la última imagen (1 a 85). La tasa de captura fotográfica varió a través de los años, de 15,3 a 29,9 / 1.000 días-trampa en 2006 y 2010, respectivamente. Machos y hembras fueron activos principalmente durante la noche y mostraron patrones similares de actividad por hora. Hasta tres individuos machos y cuatro individuos hembras fueron registrados en diferentes locaciones cada año. Machos residentes fueron fotografiados en más lugares (media de 4,1) que hembras (media de 3,2). Los resultados indican que varios ocelotes, de ambos sexos, pueden encontrarse dentro de un área relativamente pequeña (~ 650 ha) de bosques de tierras bajas en el Este de Ecuador y enfatizan en la importancia de la región para la conservación de ocelotes y otras especies.
NuSTAR catches the unveiling nucleus of NGC 1068
Authors: Marinucci A. , Bianchi S. , Matt G. , Alexander D. M. , Baloković M. , Bauer F. E. , Brandt W. N. , Gandhi P. , Guainazzi M. , Harrison F. A. , Iwasawa K. , Koss M. , Madsen K. K. , Nicastro F. , Puccetti S. , Ricci C. , Stern D. , Walton D. J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We present a NuSTAR and XMM–Newton monitoring campaign in 2014/2015 of the Compton-thick Seyfert 2 galaxy, NGC 1068. During the 2014 August observation, we detect with NuSTAR a flux excess above 20 keV (32 ± 6 per cent) with respect to the 2012 December observation and to a later observation performed in 2015 February. We do not detect any spectral variation below 10 keV in the XMM–Newton data. The transient excess can be explained by a temporary decrease of the column density of the obscuring material along the line of sight (from NH ≃ 1025 cm−2 to NH = 6.7 ± 1.0 × 1024 cm−2), which allows us for the first time to unveil the direct nuclear radiation of the buried active galactic nucleus in NGC 1068 and to infer an intrinsic 2–10 keV luminosity L$_{\rm X}=7^{+7}_{-4} \times 10^{43}$ erg s−1.
Far East Scarlet-Like Fever: A Review of the Epidemiology, Symptomatology, and Role of Superantigenic Toxin: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-Derived Mitogen A
Authors: Amphlett A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFar East scarlet-like fever (FESLF) is a severe inflammatory disease that occurs sporadically and in outbreaks in Russia and Japan. Far East scarlet-like fever is caused by Yersinia pseudotubuclosis infection, an organism that typically causes self-limiting gastroenteritis in Europe. Studies suggest the ability of Far Eastern strains to produce superantigen toxin Y pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen A is integral to FESLF pathogenesis.In Europe, human Y pseudotuberculosis infection typically occurs sporadically, in the form of a self-limiting gastroenteritis. In Russia and Japan, outbreaks of Y pseudotuberculosis infection cause severe systemic inflammatory symptoms. This disease variant is called FESLF. Geographical heterogeneity exists between virulence factors produced by European and Far Eastern Y pseudotuberculosis strains, implicating superantigen Y pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen A (YPMa) in the pathogenesis of FESLF. This article describes the epidemiology and clinical features of FESLF, and it presents the evidence for the role of YPMa in FESLF pathogenesis.
Oral Polio Vaccination and Hospital Admissions With Non-Polio Infections in Denmark: Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sørup Signe , Stensballe Lone G. , Krause Tyra G. , Aaby Peter , Benn Christine S. , Ravn Henrik 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Background.  Live vaccines may have nonspecific beneficial effects on morbidity and mortality. This study examines whether children who had the live-attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) as the most recent vaccine had a different rate of admissions for infectious diseases than children with inactivated diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-polio-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTaP-IPV-Hib) or live measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) as their most recent vaccine.
Methods.  A nationwide, register-based, retrospective cohort study of 137 403 Danish children born 1997–1999, who had received 3 doses of DTaP-IPV-Hib, were observed from 24 months (first OPV dose) to 36 months of age.
Results.  Oral polio vaccine was associated with a lower rate of admissions with any type of non-polio infection compared with DTaP-IPV-Hib as most recent vaccine (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], .77–.95). The association was separately significant for admissions with lower respiratory infections (adjusted IRR, 0.73; 95% CI, .61–.87). The admission rates did not differ for OPV versus MMR.
Conclusions.  Like MMR, OPV was associated with fewer admissions for lower respiratory infections than having DTaP-IPV-Hib as the most recent vaccination. Because OPV is now being phased-out globally, further studies of the potential beneficial nonspecific effects of OPV are warranted.
Upper Cervical Fusion in Children With Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita
Authors: Serhan Er Mehmet , Abousamra Oussama , Rogers Kenneth , Akyol Yakup , Palocaren Thomas , Takemitsu Masakazu , Campbell Jeffrey W. , Mackenzie William G. 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Paraplegia or death secondary to upper cervical spine instability and spinal cord compression are known consequences of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDC). Stabilization and occasionally decompression of the upper cervical spine are indicated to treat upper cervical instability and stenosis. The purpose of this study was to report the results of upper cervical spine fusion in children with SEDC who had upper cervical instability.

Methods:
Twenty children (17 females and 3 males) with SEDC who underwent upper cervical spine fusion at a mean age of 72 months were retrospectively analyzed. Three of these children were under the age of 2. Fifteen children had posterior instrumentation and fusion whereas 5 children had posterior in situ fusion without use of any implant. Thirteen of 20 children had iliac crest autograft. Radiographic and clinical results were reported.

Results:
The average follow-up period was 8 years and 8 months. All children with instrumentation achieved fusion. Three of 5 children who had no instrumentation had nonunion (1 child had a stable nonunion and did not need revision; 1 had a single noninstrumented revision and ended up with a stable nonunion without further intervention; and the third one had a noninstrumented revision and had to have a second, instrumented, revision to achieve fusion). Six children had thoracolumbar scoliosis or kyphoscoliosis which required surgical management.
No postoperative neurological deficits were observed. Two of the 3 children with a preoperative neurological deficit showed full recovery and the third one remained unchanged. Pseudarthrosis is the main complication for the noninstrumented group. Distal junctional instability after successful fusion is seen at long-term follow-up (average=6 y) for 13% of patients in instrumented group.

Conclusions:
Instrumentation and iliac bone grafting results in 100% upper cervical fusion for SEDC children who demonstrated instability before surgery.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—therapeutic.
The Arabidopsis Auxin Receptor F-box proteins AFB4 and AFB5 are Required for Response to the Synthetic Auxin Picloram
Authors: Prigge Michael J. , Greenham Kathleen , Zhang Yi , Santner Aaron , Castillejo Cristina , O’Malley Ronan C. , Ecker Joseph R. , Estelle Mark 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe plant hormone auxin is perceived by a family of F-box proteins called the TIR1/AFBs. Phylogenetic studies reveal that these proteins fall into four clades in flowering plants called TIR1, AFB2, AFB4, and AFB6 (Parryet al. 2009). Genetic studies indicate that members of the TIR1 and AFB2 groups act as positive regulators of auxin signaling by promoting the degradation of the Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors (Dharmasiriet al. 2005; Parryet al. 2009). In this report, we demonstrate that both AFB4 and AFB5 also function as auxin receptors based onin vitroassays. We also provide genetic evidence that both AFB4 and AFB5 are targets of the picloram family of auxinic herbicides. In contrast to previous studies we find that nullafb4alleles do not exhibit obvious defects in seedling morphology or auxin hypersensitivity. We conclude that AFB4 and AFB5 act in a similar fashion to other members of the family but exhibit a distinct auxin specificity.
The KIAA0319 Gene Polymorphisms are Associated with Developmental Dyslexia in Chinese Uyghur Children
Authors: Zhao Hua , Chen Yun , Zhang Bao-ping , Zuo Peng-xiang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTo investigate the association of KIAA0319 gene polymorphisms and developmental dyslexia in individuals of Uyghurian descent. Eighteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of gene KIAA0319 were screened in a group of 196 patients with dyslexia and 196 controls of Uyghur descent by determined the genotypes using a custom-by-design 48-Plex SNPscan™ Kit. SAS 9.1.3 software were used for data analysis. Seven SNPs(Pmm=0.001) of KIAA0319 have significant differences between the cases and controls under specific genotype models. Especially for rs6935076(Padjusted=0.020 under dominant model;Padjusted=0.028 under additive model) and rs3756821(Padjusted=0.021 under additive model), which still associated with dyslexia after Bonferroni correction. The linkage disequilibrium analysis showed four block within gene KIAA0319 and only the ten-maker haplotype(P=0.013) in block 4 was significantly more common in dyslexia children than in controls. The results indicated that genetic polymorphisms of KIAA0319 are associated with increased risk of developmental dyslexia in Uyghur population.
MicroScope: ChIP-seq and RNA-seq software analysis suite for gene expression heatmaps
Authors: Khomtchouk Bohdan B. , Hennessy James R. , Wahlestedt Claes 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe propose a user-friendly ChIP-seq and RNA-seq software suite for the interactive visualization and analysis of genomic data, including integrated features to support differential expression analysis, interactive heatmap production, principal component analysis, gene ontology analysis, and dynamic network analysis.MicroScope is hosted online as an R Shiny web application based on the D3 JavaScript library:http://microscopebioinformatics.org/. The methods are implemented in R, and are available as part of the MicroScope project at:https://github.com/Bohdan-Khomtchouk/Microscope.
Quantum Theory on Genome Evolution
Authors: Luo LiaoFu 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA model of genome evolution is proposed. Based on several general assumptions the evolutionary theory of a genome is formulated. Both the deterministic classical equation and the stochastic quantum equation are proposed. The classical equation is written in a form of of second-order differential equations on nucleotide frequencies varying in time. It is proved that the evolutionary equation can be put in a form of the least action principle and the latter can be used for obtaining the quantum generalization of the evolutionary law. The wave equation and uncertainty relation for the quantum evolution are deduced logically. Two fundamental constants of time dimension, the quantization constant and the evolutionary inertia, are introduced for characterizing the genome evolution. During speciation the large-scale rapid change of nucleotide frequency makes the evolutionary inertia of the dynamical variables of the genome largely decreasing or losing. That leads to the occurrence of quantum phase of the evolution. The observed smooth/sudden evolution is interpreted by the alternating occurrence of the classical and quantum phases. In this theory the probability of new-species formation is calculable from the first-principle. To deep the discussions we consider avian genome evolution as an example. More concrete forms on the assumed potential in fundamental equations, namely the diversity and the environmental potential, are introduced. Through the numerical calculations we found that the existing experimental data on avian macroevolution are consistent with our theory. Particularly, the law of the rapid post-Cretaceous radiation of neoavian birds can be understood in the quantum theory. Finally, the present work shows the quantum law may be more general than thought, since it plays key roles not only in atomic physics, but also in genome evolution.