bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the missing link between forest albedo and productivity in the
boreal zone
Authors: Hovi Aarne , Liang Jingjing , Korhonen Lauri , Kobayashi Hideki , Rautiainen Miina 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Albedo and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) determine the shortwave radiation balance and productivity of forests. Currently, the physical link between forest albedo and productivity is poorly understood, yet it is crucial for designing optimal forest management strategies for mitigating climate change. We investigated the relationships between boreal forest structure, albedo and FAPAR using a radiative transfer model called Forest Reflectance and Transmittance model FRT and extensive forest inventory data sets ranging from southern boreal forests to the northern tree line in Finland and Alaska (N  =  1086 plots). The forests in the study areas vary widely in structure, species composition, and human interference, from intensively managed in Finland to natural growth in Alaska. We show that FAPAR of tree canopies (FAPARCAN) and albedo are tightly linked in boreal coniferous forests, but the relationship is weaker if the forest has broadleaved admixture, or if canopies have low leaf area and the composition of forest floor varies. Furthermore, the functional shape of the relationship between albedo and FAPARCAN depends on the angular distribution of incoming solar irradiance. We also show that forest floor can contribute to over 50 % of albedo or total ecosystem FAPAR. Based on our simulations, forest albedos can vary notably across the biome. Because of larger proportions of broadleaved trees, the studied plots in Alaska had higher albedo (0.141–0.184) than those in Finland (0.136–0.171) even though the albedo of pure coniferous forests was lower in Alaska. Our results reveal that variation in solar angle will need to be accounted for when evaluating climate effects of forest management in different latitudes. Furthermore, increasing the proportion of broadleaved trees in coniferous forests is the most important means of maximizing albedo without compromising productivity: based on our findings the potential of controlling forest density (i.e., basal area) to increase albedo may be limited compared to the effect of favoring broadleaved species.
Solar-forced diurnal regulation of cave drip rates via phreatophyte evapotranspiration
Authors: Coleborn Katie , Rau Gabriel C. , Cuthbert Mark O. , Baker Andy , Navarre Owen 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. We present results of a detailed study of drip rate variations at 12 drip discharge sites in Glory Hole Cave, New South Wales, Australia. Our novel time series analysis, using the wavelet synchrosqueezed transform, reveals pronounced oscillations at daily and sub-daily frequencies occurring in 8 out of the 12 monitored sites. These oscillations were not spatially or temporally homogenous, with different drip sites exhibiting such behaviour at different times of year in different parts of the cave. We test several hypotheses for the cause of the oscillations, including variations in pressure gradients between karst and cave due to cave breathing effects or atmospheric and earth tides, variations in hydraulic conductivity due to changes in viscosity of water with daily temperature oscillations, and solar-driven daily cycles of vegetative (phreatophytic) transpiration. We conclude that the only hypothesis consistent with the data and hydrologic theory is that daily oscillations are caused by solar-driven pumping by phreatophytic trees which are abundant at the site. The daily oscillations are not continuous and occur sporadically in short bursts (2–14 days) throughout the year due to non-linear modification of the solar signal via complex karst architecture. This is the first indirect observation leading to the hypothesis of tree water use in cave drip water. It has important implications for karst hydrology in regards to developing a new protocol to determine the relative importance of trends in drip rate, such as diurnal oscillations, and how these trends change over timescales of weeks to years. This information can also be used to infer karst architecture. This study demonstrates the importance of vegetation on recharge dynamics, information that will inform both process-based karst models and empirical estimation approaches. Our findings support a growing body of research exploring the impact of trees on speleothem paleoclimate proxies.
Soil microbial biomass and function are altered by 12 years of crop rotation
Authors: McDaniel Marshall D. , Grandy A. Stuart 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Declines in plant diversity will likely reduce soil microbial biomass, alter microbial functions, and threaten the provisioning of soil ecosystem services. We examined whether increasing temporal plant biodiversity in agroecosystems (by rotating crops) can partially reverse these trends and enhance soil microbial biomass and function. We quantified seasonal patterns in soil microbial biomass, respiration rates, extracellular enzyme activity, and catabolic potential three times over one growing season in a 12-year crop rotation study at the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station LTER. Rotation treatments varied from one to five crops in a 3-year rotation cycle, but all soils were sampled under a corn year. We hypothesized that crop diversity would increase microbial biomass, activity, and catabolic evenness (a measure of functional diversity). Inorganic N, the stoichiometry of microbial biomass and dissolved organic C and N varied seasonally, likely reflecting fluctuations in soil resources during the growing season. Soils from biodiverse cropping systems increased microbial biomass C by 28–112 % and N by 18–58 % compared to low-diversity systems. Rotations increased potential C mineralization by as much as 53 %, and potential N mineralization by 72 %, and both were related to substantially higher hydrolase and lower oxidase enzyme activities. The catabolic potential of the soil microbial community showed no, or slightly lower, catabolic evenness in more diverse rotations. However, the catabolic potential indicated that soil microbial communities were functionally distinct, and microbes from monoculture corn preferentially used simple substrates like carboxylic acids, relative to more diverse cropping systems. By isolating plant biodiversity from differences in fertilization and tillage, our study illustrates that crop biodiversity has overarching effects on soil microbial biomass and function that last throughout the growing season. In simplified agricultural systems, relatively small increases in crop diversity can have large impacts on microbial community size and function, with cover crops appearing to facilitate the largest increases.
The Devil's Coach House and Skeleton Cave: Colonial Tales, the Medieval Demonic, and the Absence of the Indigenous
Authors: Ruys Juanita Feros 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
The Jenolan Caves, west of Sydney, Australia, first came to the notice of European settlers in the late 1830s. Their “discovery” and exploration was presented as a tale of daring settlers, intrepid travelers, desperate bushrangers, and even a medieval demonic figure drawn from the European Christian imaginary, for whom a large cavern was named the Devil's Coach House. Also evident, however, is a silence regarding the Indigenous history of this area—until the discovery in 1903 of the bones of an Indigenous person calcified into the floor of a cave, consequently named the Skeleton Cave. Yet the history of New South Wales in this period was one of bloody massacres of Indigenous people. This article explores how this history, though repressed, erupts in the naming processes of the Jenolan Caves, and how the Indigenous reappears as a revenant, displaced onto other aliens of settler society—bushrangers, convicts, and the Devil himself.
The effects of lumbar sympathectomy on bone and soft tissue haemodynamics of the leg recorded using near infrared spectroscopy: A case report
Authors: Meertens Robert M , Knapp Karen M , Casanova Francesco , Strain William D 
Published: November 2016

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an established tool for the measurement of microvascular haemodynamics in different tissue types. This case report outlines the novel use of NIRS for measuring total oxygenation index (TOI) and relative oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin concentration changes as markers of oxygenation and blood volume in muscle and bone tissue. In particular, NIRS is used to examine differences between the left and right leg in a participant who has experienced a permanent unilateral lumbar sympathectomy following an anterior lumbar intervertebral fusion. Anatomical sites at the lateral head of the gastrocnemius, tibial diaphysis and proximal tibia were investigated with NIRS during an arterial occlusion protocol at the distal femur. Consistent differences were observed between the sympathectomised left leg and the normal right leg. These included reduced baseline TOI, reduced deoxygenation rates during occlusion, and reduced reoxygenation rates post occlusion release in the sympathectomised leg at all anatomical sites. This case report demonstrates the potential of NIRS as a research tool for investigating the microvascular effects of lumbar sympathectomy. This may be useful for further investigation into the merit of chemical lumbar sympathectomy for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including hyperhidrosis and peripheral vascular disease.
Buurtwachten in Nederland: ontwikkeling, mechanismen en morele implicaties
Authors: Lub V. 
Published: November 2016

Neighborhood watch groups in the Netherlands: development, mechanisms and moral implications
Neighborhood watch schemes have become increasingly popular in the Netherlands. Drawing from data from 340 municipalities and fieldwork in four districts, the article shows how neighborhood watch groups have developed in the Netherlands and illustrates how they contribute to lower crime levels and collective efficacy, advancing theoretical notions from the literature. However, this form of coproduction of public safety is not without its moral problems. Stigmatization, ethnic profiling and excessive social control are real issues.
Buurtsurveillance in de Haagse Schilderswijk – door de ogen van jongeren uit de buurt
Authors: Boutasmit M. , Snel E. 
Published: November 2016

Neighborhood watch as experienced by young Dutch-Moroccans in the Schilderswijk in The Hague
This article examines how Dutch-Moroccan juveniles from the Schilderswijk in The Hague, a neighborhood known as relatively unsafe, experience neighborhood watch and how they cope with it. Does neighborhood watch make juveniles to reduce or to continue their deviant behavior? The authors found that particularly neighborhood watchers from their own ethnic community (‘residential fathers’) have a positive influence on juveniles. Juveniles tend to obey them more because they feel treated with understanding and respect. Also they feel uncomfortable when realizing that supervisors from their own community might know their parents and families and might tell them about their deviant behavior. The role of the family in reducing deviant behavior of migrant juveniles was not yet mentioned in the literature.
Ultrasonography-Guided Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for a Patient With Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Authors: Sucher Benjamin M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPatients with thoracic outlet syndrome can be treated with osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) to alleviate dysfunction and restriction of the pectoralis minor muscle (PMM) and the resulting compression of the brachial plexus. Neuromuscular ultrasonography (US) can demonstrate abnormalities in the thoracic outlet that are amenable to OMT and can be used to monitor intervention. The present report identifies PMM deformation and brachial plexus compression in a 32-year-old woman with thoracic outlet syndrome who was treated successfully with OMT. Neuromuscular US results were used to measure the degree of PMM deformation with the pectoral bowing ratio and confirm the diagnosis. Osteopathic manipulative treatment was applied and monitored using neuromuscular US to confirm that the operator's manipulating hand had direct contact with the PMM. Symptoms abated immediately after treatment. Results of a second neuromuscular US examination showed that the pectoral bowing ratio decreased into the normal range and thus confirmed that PMM deformation had resolved.
Physical and electrical properties of induced high-k ZrHfO crystallization with ZrN cap by high power impulse magnetron sputtering for metal–gate metal–insulator–semiconductor structures
Authors: Tsai Jung-Ruey , Juan Pi-Chun , Lin Cheng-Li , Lin Guo-Cheng 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Metal–gate TiN/ZrN/ZrHfO/p-Si metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) structures have been fabricated in this work. The physical and electrical properties were characterized. The crystallization of high-k ZrHfO thin-film is induced by high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) during the deposition of ZrN capping layer. The binding energies and depth profiles were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that Zr and Hf out-diffusion from high-k dielectric in samples with HIPIMS is lesser than those in samples with the conventional DC magnetron sputtering (DCMS). The dielectric constant which strongly relates to the tetragonal phase becomes higher and the flatband voltage shift shows smaller by using the HIPIMS method than by the conventional DCMS. The cation and anion vacancies have been investigated by the defect reaction model.
Analyzing pathogen suppressiveness in bioassays with natural soils using integrative maximum likelihood methods in R
Authors: Rall Björn C. , Latz Ellen 
Published: November 2016

The potential of soils to naturally suppress inherent plant pathogens is an important ecosystem function. Usually, pathogen infection assays are used for estimating the suppressive potential of soils. In natural soils, however, co-occurring pathogens might simultaneously infect plants complicating the estimation of a focal pathogen’s infection rate (initial slope of the infection-curve) as a measure of soil suppressiveness. Here, we present a method in R correcting for these unwanted effects by developing a two pathogen mono-molecular infection model. We fit the two pathogen mono-molecular infection model to data by using an integrative approach combining a numerical simulation of the model with an iterative maximum likelihood fit. We show that in presence of co-occurring pathogens using uncorrected data leads to a critical under- or overestimation of soil suppressiveness measures. In contrast, our new approach enables to precisely estimate soil suppressiveness measures such as plant infection rate and plant resistance time. Our method allows a correction of measured infection parameters that is necessary in case different pathogens are present. Moreover, our model can be (1) adapted to use other models such as the logistic or the Gompertz model; and (2) it could be extended by a facilitation parameter if infections in plants increase the susceptibility to new infections. We propose our method to be particularly useful for exploring soil suppressiveness of natural soils from different sites (e.g., in biodiversity experiments).
Immunoglobulin A and nutrients in milk from great apes throughout lactation
Authors: Garcia Miriam , Power Michael L. , Moyes Kasey M. 
Published: November 2016

Differences in macronutrients between human and ape milks appear relatively small, but variation in other components such as immunoglobulins (Ig) may be greater. This study characterized the macronutrient and secretory (sIgA) profiles in milk from gorillas and orangutans throughout lactation. Fifty‐three milk samples from four gorillas and three orangutans were collected throughout 48 and 22 months postpartum (MPP), respectively. Samples were grouped in five stages of lactation (0 to 6 months, more than 6 months to 12 months, more than 12 months to 18 months, more than 18 months to 36 months, and more than 36 months to 48 months). Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design. Concentration of sIgA did not change due to species or its interaction with MPP. Crude protein, regardless of MPP, was greater for gorillas compared with orangutans (1.27 vs. 0.85%). Fat, sugar, and gross energy were affected by the interaction of species × MPP. For gorilla milk, concentrations of sIgA were 43 mg/L at 6 MPP increasing to 79 mg/L at 48 MPP. Protein was highest at 48 MPP. Sugar was lowest at 48 MPP. Values for fat and gross energy were the highest 36 MPP. For orangutan milk, concentrations of sIgA were highest at 6 MPP. Sugar decreased with MPP. Protein, dry matter, or fat were unaffected by MPP. Gross energy content was steady during the first 18 MPP but it tended to decrease by 36 MPP. The results indicate that macronutrients are similar between human, published data, and great ape milk, though gorilla milk has higher protein and human milk higher fat (published data). Concentrations of sIgA in ape milk were about 10‐fold lower than human values from the literature. Differences between human and ape milk may lie more in bioactive/immune molecules than nutrients.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
Milk macronutrients from great apes differed throughout lactation.
Milk macronutrients but not IgA from non‐human great apes and humans were quite similar.
Milk protein was greater in Gorilla compared with Orangutan.
Humeral correlates of forelimb elevation in four West African cercopithecid monkeys
Authors: Dunham Noah T. , Kane Erin E. , McGraw W. Scott 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesWe previously found that differing degrees of forelimb flexion, elevation, and abduction during nonlocomotor foraging activities covaried with scapular morphology among four sympatric cercopithecids. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether features of the proximal humerus are similarly related to forelimb elevation during foraging.MethodsOur sample consists of humeri (n = 42) of adult Cercocebus atys, Cercopithecus diana, Colobus polykomos, and Piliocolobus badius collected from Côte d'Ivoire's Taï National Park. Features of the proximal humerus known to correspond with varying degrees of forelimb mobility were examined using a combination of 2‐dimensional caliper‐based indices and 3‐dimensional analyses.ResultsSome features of the proximal humerus are consistent with the varying frequencies of forelimb elevation during foraging. For instance, the red colobus (P. badius) has a variety of features consistent with more pronounced shoulder mobility and forelimb flexibility including a wider, more distally projecting deltoid plane, greater tuberosity positioned below the humeral head articular surface, and larger intertuberosity angle.ConclusionsThe colobines, particularly P. badius, display a number of humeral and scapular features indicative of greater arm flexion, elevation, and abduction compared to the two cercopithecines. We conclude that idiosyncrasies in forelimb use during foraging are reflected in functionally relevant features of the cercopithecid proximal humerus, highlighting that postural behavior, in additional to locomotor behavior, can exert selective pressures on primate skeletal form. This result should provide for more informed reconstructions of the full positional repertoires in fossil taxa.
Ein Nernst‐Biosuperkondensator
Authors: Pankratov Dmitry , Conzuelo Felipe , Pinyou Piyanut , Alsaoub Sabine , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Shleev Sergey 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWir stellen hier einen “Nernst‐Biosuperkondensator” vor, der auf nur einem Redoxpolymer, Poly(vinylimidazol‐co‐allylamin)‐Os(bpy)2Cl] und zwei Biokatalysatoren beruht. Während des Ladevorgangs des Biosuperkondensators sind Bioanode und Biokathode elektrisch voneinander getrennt. An der Bioanode werden die am Redoxpolymer gebundenen Os3+‐Komplexe über die Oxidation von Glukose an der PQQ‐abhängigen Glukosedehydrogenase zu Os2+ reduziert, sodass das Nernst‐Potential des Os3+/Os2+‐Redoxpaars zu negativen Werten verschoben wird. Die gleichzeitige durch Bilirubinoxidase katalysierte Reduktion von O2 an der Biokathode führt zur Oxidation der polymergebundenen Os‐Komplexe und damit zu einer Verschiebung des Nernst‐Potentials zu positiveren Werten. Trotz der Nutzung nur eines Redoxpolymers wurde während des Ladevorgangs eine Leerlaufspannung größer 0.45 V erreicht, wobei die Ladung im Redoxpolymer an Bioanode und Biokathode gespeichert wird. Nach Kontaktieren der beiden Elektroden über einen Widerstand vordefinierter Größe wurde über einen kurzen Zeitraum eine hohe Energiedichte erreicht, welche die Energiedichte einer entsprechenden kontinuierlich betriebenen Biobrennstoffzelle um den Faktor 8 übertrifft.
Verbesserte Erweiterung des eukaryotischen genetischen Codes für seitenspezifische, hochauflösende Click‐PAINT‐Mikroskopie
Authors: Nikić Ivana , Estrada Girona Gemma , Kang Jun Hee , Paci Giulia , Mikhaleva Sofya , Koehler Christine , Shymanska Nataliia V. , Ventura Santos Camilla , Spitz Daniel , Lemke Edward A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHochauflösende Mikroskopie (SRM) profitiert von der Möglichkeit der Einführung kleiner photostabiler Fluoreszenzmarkierungen in Proteine. Die Erweiterung des genetischen Codes (GCE) erfüllt diese Anforderung, indem sie es ermöglicht, kleine Markierungsstellen in Form einzigartig reaktiver nichtkanonischer Aminosäuren (ncAAs) an beliebigen Stellen im Zielprotein einzubringen. Allerdings limitieren die geringe Effizienz des Einbaus der ncAAs und die hohe Hintergrundfluoreszenz die Anwendung für SRM. Die Änderung der subzellulären Lokalisierung des Pyrrolysin‐basierten GCE‐Systems für Click‐Chemie in Kombination mit der DNA‐PAINT‐Mikroskopie ermöglicht es, sogar in geringen Mengen vorkommende Proteine in Säugerzellen zu visualisieren. Dieser Ansatz verknüpft eine vielseitige, biokompatible und potenziell nicht ausbleichende Markierungsmethode mit einer seitenrestspezifischen Präzision. Darüber hinaus eliminiert unser modifiziertes GCE‐System unspezifische Hintergrundfluoreszenz und erhöht die Expressionsausbeute stark, was auch für eine Verbesserung des Protein‐Engineerings in Eukaryoten mittels GCE von Interesse ist.
β‐Cyclodextrin protected Cu nanoclusters as a novel fluorescence sensor for graphene oxide in environmental water samples
Authors: Zhong Yaping , He Yu , Ge Yili , Song Gongwu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper proposed a simple and sensitive approach for detecting graphene oxide (GO) in a wide pH range in environmental water samples using fluorescent β‐CD protected Cu NCs based on the hydrogen‐bond interactions between GO and 6‐SH‐β‐CD. The influences of dilution ratio and pH were investigated. We found that the fluorescence quenching efficiency of Cu NCs by GO remained almost the same under pH from 4 to 10, which benefitted the monitoring of GO under different pH conditions in real samples. The fluorescence quenching mechanism was also discussed. The fluorescence of β‐CD protected Cu NCs could be quenched in the presence of GO with a lowest detection concentration of 0.1 mg·L−1. Good linear correlations were obtained over the concentration range from 0 to 30 mg·L−1 at different pH values (pH = 4, pH = 7 and pH = 12). In addition, this method was successfully applied to the determination of GO in real samples which presents more opportunities for application in environmental and material sciences.