bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid tooling using friction stir welding and machining
Authors: Abdel-All Esraa Saleh , Frank Matthew Charles , Rivero Iris Violeta 
Published: February 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to present a friction stir molding (FSM) method for the rapid manufacturing of metal tooling. The method uses additive and subtractive techniques to sequentially friction stir bond and then mill slabs of metal. Mold tooling is grown in a bottom-up fashion, overcoming machining accessibility problems typically associated with deep cavity tooling.

Design/methodology/approach
To test the feasibility of FSM in building functional molds, a layer addition procedure that combines friction stir spot welding (FSSW) with an initial glue application and clamping for slabs of AA6061-T651 was investigated. Additionally, FSSW parameters and the mechanical behavior of test mold materials, including shear strength and hardness, were studied. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/elemental map analysis (EDS) of the spot weld zones was carried out to understand the effect of FSSW on the glue materials and to study potential mixing of glue with the plate materials in the welded zone.

Findings
The results indicate that FSM provides good layer stacking without gaps when slabs are pre-processed through sand blasting, moistening, uniform clamping and FSSW using a tapered pin tool. The tensile shear strength results revealed that the welded spots were able to withstand cutting forces during machining stages; however, FSSW was found to cause hardness reduction among spot zones because of over-aging. The SEM/EDS results showed that glue was not mixed with slab materials in spot zones. The proposed process was able to build a test tooling sample successfully using AA6061-T651 plates welded and machined on a three-axis computer numerical control (CNC) mill.

Originality/value
The proposed FSM process is a new process presented by the authors, developed for the rapid manufacturing of metal tooling. The method uses additive and subtractive techniques to sequentially friction stir bond and then mill slabs of metal. The use of FSSW process for materials addition is an original contribution that enables automatic process planning for this new process.
Dynamic resolution control in a laser projection-based stereolithography system
Authors: Pan Yayue , Dagli Chintan 
Published: February 2017

Purpose
In a typical additive manufacturing (AM) system, it is critical to make a trade-off between the resolution and the build area for applications in which varied dimensions, feature sizes and accuracies are desired. Conventional solutions to this challenge are based on curing of multiple areas with a single high resolution and stitching them to form a large layer. However, because of the lack of the capability in adjusting resolution dynamically, such stitching approaches will elongate the build time greatly in some cases. To address the challenge without sacrificing the build speed, this paper aims to design and develop a novel AM system with dynamic resolution control capability.

Design/methodology/approach
A laser projector is adopted in a vat photopolymerization system. The laser projection system has unique properties, including focus-free operation and capability to produce dynamic mask image irrespective of any surface (flat or curved). By translating the projector along the building direction, the pixel size can be adjusted dynamically within a certain range. Consequently, the build area and resolution could be tuned dynamically in the hardware testbed. Besides, a layered depth image (LDI) algorithm is used to construct mask images with varied resolutions. The curing characteristics under various resolution settings are quantified, and accordingly, a process planning approach for fabricating models with dynamically controlled resolutions is developed.

Findings
A laser projection-based stereolithography (SL) system could tune resolution dynamically during the building process. Such a dynamic resolution control approach completely addresses the build size-resolution dilemma in vat photopolymerization AM processes without sacrificing the build speed. Through fabricating layers with changing resolutions instead of a single resolution, various build areas and feature sizes could be produced precisely, with optimized build speed.

Originality/value
A focus-free laser projector is investigated and adopted in a SL system for the first time. The material curing characteristics with changing focal length and therefore changing light intensities are explored. The related digital mask image planning and process control methods are developed. In digital mask image planning, it is the first attempt to adopt the LDI algorithm, to identify proper resolution settings for fabricating a sliced layer precisely and quickly. In the process of characterizing material curing properties, parametric dependence of curing properties on focal length has been unveiled. This research contributes to the advancement of AM by addressing the historical dilemma of the resolution and build size, and optimizing the build speed meanwhile.
Geometrical analysis and tensile behaviour of parts manufactured with flame retardant polymers by additive manufacturing
Authors: Borille Anderson Vicente , Gomes Jefferson de Oliveira , Lopes Daniel 
Published: February 2017

Purpose
Flame-retardant plastics are used in critical applications, such as aircraft interior parts, when the occurrence of fire can lead to serious injury to people. However, there is a lack of related publications. The purpose of this study is to present experimental data regarding geometrical analysis, such as dimensional accuracy and surface roughness, tensile strength and elongation of parts manufactured with flame-retardant materials by additive manufacturing.

Design/methodology/approach
Two additive manufacturing processes, selective laser sintering (SLS) and fused deposition modeling (FDM), were selected to manufacture the parts to be evaluated. Each process used its respective polymer, that is polyamide with flame-retardant additive (PA) for SLS and polyphenylsulfone (PPSF) for FDM. The samples consist of tensile specimens and representative parts of different products. Tensile tests were performed using standard tensile test machines, and geometrical analyses were performed using coordinate measuring machine as well as surface roughness tester.

Findings
As each material can be, in commercial machines, produced by only one process, the material selection for final products has to consider the manufacturing process as well. In general, although the FDM/PPSF process provided specimens with the highest ultimate strength, because of its strong influence by the building direction, FDM/PPSF also provided the lowest strength. SLS/PA was able to provide average strength with less dependency on the build-up direction. The geometrical analysis showed that SLS/PA presents a much smoother surface, but FDM/PPSF presented slightly better dimensional accuracy.

Originality/value
There is still lack of publications on polymers with flame resistance or flame-retardant polymers. Thus, this paper brings new technical information about processing such materials.
Piezoelectric component fabrication using projection-based stereolithography of barium titanate ceramic suspensions
Authors: Song Xuan , Chen Zeyu , Lei Liwen , Shung Kirk , Zhou Qifa , Chen Yong 
Published: February 2017

Purpose
Conventional machining methods for fabricating piezoelectric components such as ultrasound transducer arrays are time-consuming and limited to relatively simple geometries. The purpose of this paper is to develop an additive manufacturing process based on the projection-based stereolithography process for the fabrication of functional piezoelectric devices including ultrasound transducers.

Design/methodology/approach
To overcome the challenges in fabricating viscous and low-photosensitive piezocomposite slurry, the authors developed a projection-based stereolithography process by integrating slurry tape-casting and a sliding motion design. Both green-part fabrication and post-processing processes were studied. A prototype system based on the new manufacturing process was developed for the fabrication of green-parts with complex shapes and small features. The challenges in the sintering process to achieve desired functionality were also discussed.

Findings
The presented additive manufacturing process can achieve relatively dense piezoelectric components (approximately 95 per cent). The related property testing results, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, dielectric and ferroelectric properties as well as pulse-echo testing, show that the fabricated piezo-components have good potentials to be used in ultrasound transducers and other sensors/actuators.

Originality/value
A novel bottom-up projection system integrated with tape casting is presented to address the challenges in the piezo-composite fabrication, including small curing depth and viscous ceramic slurry recoating. Compared with other additive manufacturing processes, this method can achieve a thin recoating layer (as small as 10 μm) of piezo-composite slurry and can fabricate green parts using slurries with significantly higher solid loadings. After post processing, the fabricated piezoelectric components become dense and functional.
Influence of oxygen availability on the activities of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea
Authors: Qin Wei , Meinhardt Kelley A. , Moffett James W. , Devol Allan H. , Virginia Armbrust E. , Ingalls Anitra E. , Stahl David A. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryRecent studies point to the importance of oxygen (O2) in controlling the distribution and activity of marine ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA), one of the most abundant prokaryotes in the ocean. The AOA are associated with regions of low O2 tension in oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), and O2 availability is suggested to influence their production of the ozone‐depleting greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). We show that marine AOA available in pure culture sustain high ammonia oxidation activity at low μM O2 concentrations, characteristic of suboxic regions of OMZs (<10 µM O2), and that atmospheric concentrations of O2 may inhibit the growth of some environmental populations. We quantify the increasing N2O production by marine AOA with decreasing O2 tensions, consistent with the plausibility of an AOA contribution to the accumulation of N2O at the oxic‐anoxic redox boundaries of OMZs. Variable sensitivity to peroxide also suggests that endogenous or exogenous reactive oxygen species are of importance in determining the environmental distribution of some populations.
CSF YKL‐40 and GAP‐43 are related to suicidal ideation in older women
Authors: Rymo I. , Kern S. , Bjerke M. , Zetterberg H. , Marlow T. , Blennow K. , Gudmundsson P. , Skoog I. , Waern M. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate possible relationships between suicidal ideation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of glial markers YKL‐40 (also known as chitinase‐3‐like protein 1), growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43) and myelin basic protein (MBP).MethodThe sample was obtained from the Prospective Population Study of Women and included 86 women without dementia who underwent both psychiatric examinations and lumbar puncture (LP). Eight of these women reported past‐month suicidal ideation.ResultsSignificantly, higher CSF levels of both YKL‐40 and GAP‐43 were detected in women with past‐month suicidal ideation. Associations with suicidal ideation remained for both YKL‐40 and GAP‐43 in regression models adjusted for smoking status, BMI and age. CSF levels of YKL‐40, GAP‐43 and MBP did not differ by depression status. Higher levels of CSF GAP‐43 were associated with feelings of worthlessness; a strong relationship was demonstrated in the fully adjusted model (OR 5.95 CI [1.52–23.20], P = 0.01).ConclusionOur findings of elevated CSF concentrations of both YKL‐40 and GAP‐43 in women with suicidal ideation, compared to those without, suggest that a disrupted synaptic glial functioning and inflammation may be related to the aetiology of suicidal ideation in older adults.
Pemphigus, a pathomechanism of acantholysis
Authors: Furue Masutaka , Kadono Takafumi 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAutoantibodies to the desmosomal proteins desmoglein 1 and 3 cause pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris, which are characterised by keratinocyte dissociation (acantholysis) and intraepidermal blister formation. The passive transfer of pathogenic anti‐desmoglein antibodies induces blisters in mice in vivo and the loss of keratinocyte adhesion in vitro. The pathogenetic mechanisms of acantholysis due to anti‐desmoglein autoantibodies are not fully understood. However, recent studies have revealed that signalling‐dependent and signalling‐independent pathways are operative in the loss of cell adhesion. In this review, we focus on the pathomechanism of acantholysis due to autoantibodies to desmogleins and recent therapeutic approaches.
Cross‐sectional study of emergency department presentation triage categories at Goondiwindi Hospital and their effect on the treatment of acute emergencies
Authors: Saleh Ashraf 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the number and proportion of non‐acute presentations to a district hospital emergency department in Goondiwindi, a rural Queensland town, both in the treatment of emergency cases and potential barriers patients have in seeing a medical practitioner in the general practice setting.DesignOccasions of service to Goondiwindi Hospital were collated from administrative records according to Australasian Triage Scale categories and analysed by Student's t‐test for monthly variations in triage category presentations.SettingOutpatient clinic (emergency department of a public district hospital).ParticipantsAll patients presenting to Goondiwindi Hospital Emergency Department from 1 January 2013 to 30 June 2013.Main outcome measureProportion of high and low triage category presentations in Goondiwindi Hospital during the study period.ResultsTriage category 4 and 5 presentations comprised 35.9% (mean = 225 per month) and 44.4% (mean = 278 per month), respectively, of all occasions of service at the Goondiwindi Hospital Emergency Department during this 6 month period. Life‐threatening presentations (Triage Category 1 and 2) comprised <5% of all occasions of service at Goondiwindi Hospital. There were statistically insignificant differences between total occasions of service by month of presentation.ConclusionsAlthough patients of all acuities presented to Goondiwindi Hospital, low‐acuity presentations were more common than reported at larger hospitals. Frequent interruptions impairing attention to more urgent tasks were noted at Goondiwindi Hospital, causing delayed treatment of sick patients. Educating the local community in the appropriate use of public health services would help direct more attention to the most ill seeking medical care at rural emergency departments such as Goondiwindi Hospital.
Early microvascular retinal changes in optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Simonett Joseph M. , Scarinci Fabio , Picconi Fabiana , Giorno Paola , De Geronimo Daniele , Di Renzo Antonio , Varano Monica , Frontoni Simona , Parravano Mariacristina 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPurposeDiabetic retinopathy (DR) can lead to significant vision loss and blindness and has a particularly high prevalence in patients with type 1 diabetes (DM1). In this study, we investigate quantitative differences in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) data between DM1 patients with no or mild signs of retinopathy and non‐diabetic subjects.MethodsOptical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging was performed on DM1 patients with no or mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and healthy, age‐matched controls. Parafoveal vessel density and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area in the deep capillary plexus (DCP) and superficial capillary plexus (SCP) were calculated with automated quantification software and compared between patient cohorts.ResultsA significant decrease in parafoveal vessel density was seen in the DCP of DM1 patients compared to non‐diabetic controls (57.0 ± 3.3% versus 60.7 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in SCP parafoveal vessel density, DCP FAZ area, or SCP FAZ area between cohorts.ConclusionM1 patients with no or mild signs of retinopathy have reduced parafoveal vessel density in the DCP on OCTA when compared to non‐diabetic controls. These OCTA findings suggest that parafoveal capillary nonperfusion is an early process in DM1‐related retinal changes and occurs initially at the level of the DCP. Further investigation is needed to understand the prognostic role of these vascular changes.
Editorial: relative efficacy of infliximab and adalimumab in Crohn's disease in an Australian and New Zealand cohort
Authors: Barreiro‐de Acosta M. , Gisbert J. P. 
Published: February 2017

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Doecke et al and Radford‐Smith et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13880 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13968.
Letter: multivariate clinical model for eosinophilic oesophagitis – is this generalisable to a general population? Authors’ reply
Authors: von Arnim U. , Röhl F. W. , Miehlke S. , Jechorek D. , Reinhold D. , Wex T. , Malfertheiner P. 
Published: February 2017

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Von Arnim and Rohl et al and Chitsaz papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13869 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13919.
The genomics of inherited bone marrow failure: from mechanism to the clinic
Authors: Wegman‐Ostrosky Talia , Savage Sharon A. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) typically present with significant cytopenias in at least one haematopoietic cell lineage that may progress to pancytopenia, and are associated with increased risk of cancer. Although the clinical features of the IBMFS are often diagnostic, variable disease penetrance and expressivity may result in diagnostic dilemmas. The discovery of the genetic aetiology of the IBMFS has been greatly facilitated by next‐generation sequencing methods. This has advanced understanding of the underlying biology of the IBMFS and been essential in improving clinical management and genetic counselling for affected patients. Herein we review the clinical features, underlying biology, and new genomic discoveries in the IBMFS, including Fanconi anaemia, dyskeratosis congenita, Diamond Blackfan anaemia, Shwachman Diamond syndrome and some disorders of the myeloid and megakaryocytic lineages.
Real‐world use of pomalidomide and dexamethasone in double refractory multiple myeloma suggests benefit in renal impairment and adverse genetics: a multi‐centre UK experience
Authors: Maciocia Nicola , Melville Andrew , Cheesman Simon , Sharpley Faye , Ramasamy Karthik , Streetly Matthew , Jenner Matthew , Benjamin Reuben , Schey Steve , Maciocia Paul , Popat Rakesh , D'sa Shirley , Rismani Ali , Cerner Aviva , Yong Kwee , Rabin Neil 
Published: February 2017

SummaryMyeloma patients who become refractory to immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs) and bortezomib have poor survival, with limited therapeutic options. Pomalidomide has shown improved survival and good tolerability in this patient cohort in clinical trials, but real world data are scarce. We retrospectively analysed all patients treated with pomalidomide at five UK centres between 2013 and 2016. Of 85 patients identified, 70 had sufficient information for response assessments. Median age was 66 years [40–89], 96·5% were refractory to IMiDs, 72·9% were refractory to both an IMiD and bortezomib and 92·9% were refractory to their last treatment. Of 45 patients with fluorescence in situ hybridization results 64% had adverse risk, 19 patients (22·4%) had an estimated glomerular filtration rate <45 ml/min. Grade ≥3 non‐haematological toxicities occurred in 42·4%, and grade ≥3 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in 38% and 24% respectively, but only 18·8% had dose reductions. The overall response rate was 52·9%. At a median follow‐up of 13·2 months, median progression‐free survival was 5·2 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 4·150–6·238], and median overall survival was 13·7 months (95% CI 11·775–15·707). No significant difference was seen in response, survival or tolerability by renal function, age or cytogenetic risk. This real‐world data support the results seen in published clinical trials.
Antibiotic use as a marker of acute infection and risk of first and recurrent venous thrombosis
Authors: Timp Jasmijn F. , Cannegieter Suzanne C. , Tichelaar Vladimir , Braekkan Sigrid K. , Rosendaal Frits R. , le Cessie Saskia , Lijfering Willem M. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryA role for transient infections in the aetiology of venous thrombosis (VT) has been suggested. This study aimed to determine whether individuals who receive antibiotic treatment (as a proxy for infections) have an increased risk of first and recurrent VT and whether infections should be seen as a provoking risk factor for VT.We used the self‐controlled case series method to study the risk of first VT during antibiotic prescriptions. The risk of recurrent VT during antibiotic use was estimated by of time‐dependent Cox‐regression. A total of 2547 patients with a first VT were included and followed for a median of 5·9 years for recurrence (1999–2010), in whom 114 first events occurred during antibiotic use. We found a five‐fold increased risk of first VT during antibiotic treatment: [incidence‐rate‐ratio 5·0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4·0–6·1]. Antibiotic use was associated with a 2·0‐fold (95% CI, 1·1–4·0) increased risk of recurrent VT. Patients with an unprovoked first VT who used antibiotics shortly before this event, had a similar risk of recurrence as patients with a provoked first VT (adjusted hazard ratio 1·1; 95% CI, 0·7–1·7). Individuals who receive antibiotics have an increased risk of first and recurrent VT and infections should be considered a provoking risk factor for VT.
Delays in treatment intensification with oral antidiabetic drugs and risk of microvascular and macrovascular events in patients with poor glycaemic control: An individual patient simulation study
Authors: Folse Henry J. , Mukherjee Jayanti , Sheehan John J. , Ward Alexandra J. , Pelkey Ryan L. , Dinh Tuan A. , Qin Lei , Kim Jennifer 
Published: February 2017

AimsTo use the Archimedes model to estimate the consequences of delays in oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) treatment intensification on glycaemic control and long‐term outcomes at 5 and 20 years.Materials and methodsUsing real‐world data, we modelled a cohort of hypothetical patients with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥8%, on metformin, with no history of insulin use. The cohort included 3 strata based on the number of OADs taken at baseline. The first add‐on in the intensification sequence was a sulphonylurea, next was a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, and last, a thiazolidinedione. The scenarios included either no delay or delay, based on observed and extrapolated times to intensification.ResultsAt 1 year, HbA1c was 6.8% for patients intensifying without delay, and 8.2% for those delaying intensification. For no delay vs delay, risks of major adverse cardiac events, myocardial infarction, heart failure and amputations were reduced by 18.0%, 25.0%, 13.7%, and 20.4%, respectively, at 5 years; severe hypoglycaemia risk, however, increased to 19% for the no delay scenario vs 12.5% for delay. At 20 years, the results showed similar trends to those at 5 years.ConclusionsTiming of intensification of OAD therapy according to guideline recommendations led to greater reductions in HbA1c and lower risks of complications, but higher risks of hypoglycaemia than delaying intensification. These results highlight the potential impact of timely treatment intensification on long‐term outcomes.