bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Routine high‐precision analysis of triple water‐isotope ratios using cavity ring‐down spectroscopy
Authors: Schauer Andrew J. , Schoenemann Spruce W. , Steig Eric J. 
Published: August 2016

RationaleWater isotope analysis for δ2H and δ18O values via laser spectroscopy is routine for many laboratories. While recent work has added the δ17O value to the high‐precision suite, it does not follow that researchers will routinely obtain high precision 17O excess (Δ17O). We demonstrate the routine acquisition of high‐precision δ2H, δ17O, δ18O, d, and Δ17O values using a commercially available laser spectroscopy instrument.MethodsWe use a Picarro L2140‐i cavity ring‐down spectroscopy analyzer with discrete liquid injections into an A0211 vaporization module by a Leap Technologies LC PAL autosampler. The instrument is run in two modes: (1) as recommended by the manufacturer (default mode) and (2) after modifying select default settings and using alternative data types (advanced mode). Reference waters analyzed over the course of 15 months while running unknown samples are used to assess system performance.ResultsThe default mode provides precision for δ2H, δ17O, δ18O, d, and Δ17O values that may be sufficient for many applications. When using the advanced mode, we reach a higher level of precision for δ2H, δ17O, δ18O, d, and Δ17O values (0.4 mUr, 0.04 mUr, 0.07 mUr, 0.5 mUr, and 8 μUr, respectively, where mUr = 0.001 = ‰, and μUr = 10–6) in a shorter amount of time and with fewer syringe actuations than in the default mode. The improved performance results from an increase in the total integration time for each injected water pulse.ConclusionsOur recommended approach for routine δ2H, δ17O, δ18O, d and Δ17O measurements with the Picarro L2140‐i is to make use of conditioning vials, use fewer injections (5 per vial) with greater pulse duration (520 seconds (s) per injection) and use only the first 120 s for δ2H measurements and all 520 s for δ17O and δ18O measurements. Although the sample throughput is 10 unknowns per day, our optimal approach reduces the number of syringe actuations, the effect of memory, and the total analysis time, while improving precision relative to the default approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community software for challenging isotope analysis: First applications of ‘Easotope’ to clumped isotopes
Authors: John Cédric M. , Bowen Devon 
Published: August 2016

RationaleThe measurement of complex isotope systems, notably the multiply substituted isotopologues of CO2 derived from carbonates, is challenging from a mass spectrometric point of view, but it is also time consuming and difficult from a data reduction and normalization perspective. Dedicated software often lags behind and currently limits fast, reliable and reproducible data analysis and inter‐laboratory reproducibility.MethodsWe have developed new community software ‘Easotope’ using Java and the Eclipse framework. The objectives were to reduce and normalize complex isotopic data easily using a program that could run on multiple platforms, with a central database to store data and constants, an open architecture giving end users a complete view of the data processing steps, and a permissions system allowing the administrator to empower each user in proportion to their expertise.ResultsEasotope is now freely available to download, and comprises both a server and a client executable. The server can be run either on a remote machine accessible via the internet, or on a localhost. The client allows users to access the server, and to enter and manipulate data. Easotope currently supports full data storage, data processing and data normalization for bulk isotopes of carbon and oxygen, and for clumped isotopes.ConclusionsEasotope greatly simplifies data processing, reducing processing time to less than a second compared with 30 min when done manually. The software also ensures consistency in data reduction and normalization both within a laboratory and between laboratories. Easotope is designed with the ability to implement other isotopic systems in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consensus estimation‐based target localization in underwater acoustic sensor networks
Authors: Yan Jing , Xu Ziqiang , Wan Yan , Chen Cailian , Luo Xiaoyuan 
Published: August 2016

SummaryTarget localization, which aims to estimate the location of an unknown target, is one of the key issues in applications of underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs). However, the resource‐constrained property of an underwater environment such as noise makes target localization a challenging problem. This paper considers a consensus estimation‐based approach to the target localization problem in UASNs. To detect and acquire the position of the target, a hybrid architecture is applied to UASNs, where autonomous underwater vehicles provide self‐location and clock synchronization for sensor nodes. Built on this architecture, a trilateration method coupled with a regional optimal solution is provided to estimate the rough localization of a target. Furthermore, a consensus estimation‐based algorithm is designed for the regional optimal solution, such that localization accuracy is improved. In the presence of measurement and communication noises, localization error and asymptotic unbiasedness for the estimation algorithm are also investigated. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed localization approach can avoid the occurrence of no‐solution while improving the localization accuracy. In addition, the hybrid communication architecture can reduce the number of transmissions compared with egalitarian decentralized networks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group‐oriented encryption for dynamic groups with constant rekeying cost
Authors: Nishat Koti , Purushothama B. R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn group‐oriented encryption, a sender encrypts a message and sends it to a set of users, which form a group. Encryption is carried out using the group's public key. Only the legitimate group users are capable of decrypting the ciphertext using their individual private keys. Existing literature in group‐oriented encryption schemes considers only static groups in secure group communication. Extension of the existing schemes to support dynamic groups results in the one‐affects‐all problem. We propose a group‐oriented encryption scheme which is capable of handling dynamic groups in secure group communication. In the proposed scheme, we consider groups which are dynamic in nature and involve joining and leaving of members thereby giving rise to the problem of forward and backward secrecy for which group public key needs to be changed. In the proposed scheme, updating the group public key does not affect the group users, and they are not required to update any of their secret key components. The group members can continue their operations with the same secret keys which they are possessing since the time they joined the group. Also, size of the secret key at users, the public key and the ciphertext, remains constant. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A group key‐policy attribute‐based encryption with partial outsourcing decryption in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Wang Qihua , Yu Chang Wu , Li Fagen , Wang Huaqun , Cao Lijie 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOutsourcing decryption that enables the authorized users to obtain the original data without decryption computation is crucially important for wireless sensor networks in public data center. The existing outsourcing decryption schemes have been designed based on key‐policy attribute‐based encryption. The security of outsourcing decryption cannot be guaranteed, because the data center is not loyal, and existing schemes have high computational complexity and energy consumption. In this work, a novel partially outsourcing decryption scheme is proposed to guarantee data security and computational efficiency for resource‐constrained sensor nodes and terminal equipments. According to the attributes of cluster nodes in the proposed scheme, the encryption secret key is encrypted based on group key‐policy attribute‐based encryption and sent to data center, and authorized users who satisfy the attributes of the ciphertext can obtain the secret key to decrypt the ciphertext. Furthermore, in order to reduce the decryption overhead for users, the authorized users can simply decrypt the transformation ciphertext that is partially decrypted by the data center using token key. Compared with the previous decryption schemes, the proposed scheme efficiently decrypts ciphertext and enhances security of the data. The simulation results also indicate that the proposed scheme is efficient in terms of energy consumption and computation by comparing to previous work. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian joint ordinal and survival modeling for breast cancer risk assessment
Authors: Armero C. , Forné C. , Rué M. , Forte A. , Perpiñán H. , Gómez G. , Baré M. 
Published: August 2016

We propose a joint model to analyze the structure and intensity of the association between longitudinal measurements of an ordinal marker and time to a relevant event. The longitudinal process is defined in terms of a proportional‐odds cumulative logit model. Time‐to‐event is modeled through a left‐truncated proportional‐hazards model, which incorporates information of the longitudinal marker as well as baseline covariates. Both longitudinal and survival processes are connected by means of a common vector of random effects.General inferences are discussed under the Bayesian approach and include the posterior distribution of the probabilities associated to each longitudinal category and the assessment of the impact of the baseline covariates and the longitudinal marker on the hazard function. The flexibility provided by the joint model makes possible to dynamically estimate individual event‐free probabilities and predict future longitudinal marker values.The model is applied to the assessment of breast cancer risk in women attending a population‐based screening program. The longitudinal ordinal marker is mammographic breast density measured with the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS) scale in biennial screening exams. © 2016 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Development of an innovative sandwich plate for trough‐type railway bridges
Authors: Steurer Marlene , Petraschek Thomas , Fink Josef 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSubstitute structures for old railway bridges with open railway tracks, which are constructed in accordance with valid European standards and regulations, require a specific, suitable deck slab design. Therefore, a composite plate with cellular longitudinal shear connectors and a low overall depth of 200 mm has been investigated at the Research Centre of Steel Structures (TU Wien). The research programme comprised experimental studies as well as additional numerical analyses by means of the finite element method concerning the shear force transmission‐mechanism of the sandwich design. Laboratory studies included, among other issues, information about the failure mechanism in the core concrete. This article provides a description of the test program and gives a brief summary of selected research results. A short overview on continuing research activities to determine the serviceability, the load‐bearing capacity as well as the fatigue strength of the sandwich plate is presented.
Crossing motorways under traffic without intermediate piers
Authors: Berthellemy Jacques , Schavits David , Erre Charlotte 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe European research programme SBRI attempted to reveal the costs caused during the service life of a bridge – direct costs for the bridge owner as well as indirect costs for users. The principal results of SBRI should make it possible to take better account of the true costs of a central pier by considering the risks in the construction phase and those that may threaten the highway overpass during its service life.CEREMA has developed two economic solutions to reach the objective of avoiding the central pier:

The solution implemented at Ko Wé Kara in New Caledonia is a steel‐concrete composite tied arch bridge with innovative and economic details:

innovative radial hangers made of welded plates, and
innovative reinforcement against accidental impact of over‐height vehicles.

One other possible solution is the composite steel‐concrete gantry bridge. The European research programme PRECOBEAM allowed the use of tests and experimental projects to finalize a new system of connection to lower the cost of this type of structure: a strip along which the cutting line of the steel dowels is made in a clothoid shape (CL), which improves the fatigue resistance. CEREMA introduced this innovation in its research programme.

A composite structure can take various forms. It can associate, for instance, the steel web of a beam directly with a concrete flange. It can also constitute a composite deck with a bottom plate stiffened by connecting CL‐shape indented strips. An outstanding project of this type in New Caledonia is described in detail. Of course, this type of bridge is an integral bridge and the article includes some recommendations for the design and construction of integral bridges.
Free‐form on every scale
Authors: Helbig Thorsten , Riederer Jochen , Kamp Florian , Oppe Matthias 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Bory Mall Shopping Centre, designed by the Italian architect Massimiliano Fuksas, is a mixed use development located on the outskirts of Bratislava, Slovakia.The roof to the shopping mall's central plaza is a free‐form steel gridshell. The concept for its shape is consistent from the footprint to the shape of the grid nodes. The gridshell is assembled from standard rolled steel hollow sections but uses the freedom created by individually shaped CNC‐milled grid nodes to achieve a smooth transition between high slenderness at the bottom and the necessary stiffness at the top.Working in close collaboration with Massimiliano Fuksas Architects, Knippers Helbig provided support for the development of the roof structure right from the start of the project and rounded off their services by providing detailed design of the free‐form central ”Tornado“ façade grid nodes, which were fabricated and built by Metal Yapi.
Transformations of Organic Molecules over Metal Surfaces: Insights from Computational Catalysis
Authors: Moskaleva Lyudmila , Chiu Cheng‐chau , Genest Alexander , Rösch Notker 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMuch‐needed progress in catalytic science, in particular regarding heterogeneous catalysis, is associated with the transition from largely empirical research to rational design of new and improved catalysts and catalytic processes. To achieve this goal, fundamental atomic‐scale understanding of catalytic processes is required, which can be achieved with the help of theoretical modeling, in particular, using methods based on quantum chemical calculations. In this review we illustrate the current progress by discussing examples from the authors’ work in which complex reaction networks involving organic molecules on transition‐metal surfaces have been studied using density functional theory. We review some of the success stories where theory helped to interpret experimental observations and provided atomistic insights into the mechanisms, which were not definitively known before. In other cases, partial disagreement between theoretical results and existing experimental evidence calls for further reconciliation studies.
Neueste technologische Entwicklungen für die Analyse von zirkulierender Tumor-DNA
Authors: Ulz Peter , Geigl Jochen B. , Speicher Michael R. , Heitzer Ellen 
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die Analyse von zirkulierender Tumor-DNA, zusammen mit der Analyse von zirkulierenden Tumorzellen auch oft Liquid Biopsy genannt, ist ein sich rasch entwickelndes Feld in der medizinischen Forschung. Obwohl es von der Entdeckung der zellfreien DNA bis hin zur Erkenntnis, dass sie sich als Biomarker eignet, Jahrzehnte gedauert hat, wurde der klinische Nutzen der ctDNA hinsichtlich der Überwachung des Therapieansprechens, der Identifizierung von Resistenzmechanismen und neu aufkommenden Therapiezielen sowie der Detektion von minimaler Resterkrankung mittlerweile in unzähligen Studien bewiesen.
Aufgrund der hohen Variabilität, mit der ctDNA in der Zirkulation vorkommt, sowie der starken Fragmentierung, stellt die ctDNA aber einen schwierigen Analyten dar. In den letzten Jahren haben erhebliche technologische Fortschritte dazu beigetragen, dass eine Routineanwendung der ctDNA-Analysen tatsächlich realisierbar wird, sofern eine Reihe von regulatorischen Hürden überwunden wird.
Numerical modeling of adhesion and adhesive failure during unidirectional contact between metallic surfaces
Authors: Bortoleto Eleir M. , Prados Erika F. , Seriacopi Vanessa , Fukumasu Newton K. , da S. Lima Luiz G. D. B. , Machado Izabel F. , Souza Roberto M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this work, we developed a finite element modeling approach to study adhesion during unidirectional contact between a two-dimensional plane-strain square and a flat slab. The surfaces were metallic or ceramic, and we analyzed different pairs of materials and their adhesion intensity using a FORTRAN subroutine (DLOAD) connected to a commercial finite element code Abaqus, which provided the surface attractive forces based on the Lennard-Jones interatomic potential using Hamaker constants. We considered adhesive loads during both the approach and separation of the surfaces. During the separation step, we modeled the material transfer between surfaces due to adhesion with respect to damage initiation and propagation at the flat slab. The parameters considered in the simulations include normal load, chemical affinity, and system size, and we analyzed different conditions by comparing the interaction forces during approach and withdrawal. This work also presents: (i) a description of the evolution of energy dissipation due to adhesion hysteresis, (ii) the formation–growth–breakage process of the adhesive junctions and the material transfer between surfaces, and (iii) an adhesive wear map based on a proposed novel equation that correlates the material parameters and material loss due to adhesion. The results indicate that the chemical affinity between bodies in contact is more related to adhesion than the applied load. In addition, the ratio between the material strength and elastic modulus seems to be an important factor in reducing adhesive wear.
The evolution of local instability regions in turbulent non-premixed flames
Authors: Dagan Y. , Arad E. , Tambour Y. 
Published: August 2016

Unsteady turbulent flame evolution in non-premixed combustion has been computationally investigated using large eddy simulations. A simple coaxial combustion chamber, subjected to highly unsteady, turbulent recirculating flow is considered, following the experimental study of Owen et al. (Proc. Combust. Inst., vol. 16, 1976, pp. 105–117). Large-scale flame fluctuations, reported in the above experimental study, such as pulsating flames in swirling and non-swirling conditions, were identified here in our computation. New criteria for flame three-dimensional inhomogeneity are suggested and implemented in the present study, providing the ability to quantify the flame unsteadiness. Using this technique, it is shown that local, large quenched regions develop in the flame’s mixing area and rotate continuously, even when swirl is not imposed on the inlet. However, this rotation appears to be disordered, abruptly changing its direction. On the other hand, our study shows that when swirl is imposed on the inlet, a larger quenched region is identified, rotating in steady ordered rotation in the direction of the imposed swirl. In addition, large-scale radial flame fluctuations are increased downstream with the increase of swirl number. Consequently, significant correlations between radial and circumferential flame fluctuation frequencies were retrieved. Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis reveals coherent flame structures of five dominant modes that contain most of the energy in the fluctuating flame. A simplified analytical stability model is derived and implemented here to assess the hydrodynamic contribution to the flame instability; it is shown that radial fluctuations are excited by circumferential perturbations in the mixing region, providing new insight into the mechanism responsible for the onset of radial fluctuations. The computed radial flame fluctuation spectrum is predicted well using the linear stability analysis. Thus, our findings may therefore be applicable to a large class of non-premixed turbulent combustion problems.
INTEGRATING SCIENTIFIC AND LOCAL SOILS KNOWLEDGE TO EXAMINE OPTIONS BY CONTEXT INTERACTIONS FOR PHOSPHORUS ADDITION TO LEGUMES IN AN ANDEAN AGROECOSYSTEM
Authors: VANEK STEVEN J. , DRINKWATER LAURIE E. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYThis research sought to link Andean soil knowledge and farmer categorization of soil fertility to soil science characterization of soils, and use these to understand the impacts of phosphorus (P) fertilization of legumes using rock phosphate and soluble P fertilizer in 17 smallholder-managed sites with varying soil properties. We found that farmer high/low categorization of soils corresponded to soil P fertility and distance from farmer dwellings. Measures of soil P fertility also were inversely related to mycorrhizal colonization of vetch roots and directly related to the potential for P release by legume residues (C:P ratio). However, particular soil properties (texture and calcium phosphate pools) were better in explaining the response of legume biological nitrogen fixation to P addition, with maximal impacts in low-clay soils and soils with low calcium phosphates, as assessed with a dilute HCl extraction. In these conducive contexts, legume BNF increased 67 and 150% for RP and TSP, respectively (p &lt; 0.05), with similar increases in biomass P stocks that showed promise for soil regeneration. In low-P fields, added P increased potential P release from legume residues via lower C:P ratios (p &lt; 0.05). Percent cover of soil increased from 35% in the control to 45 and 55% with RP and TSP (p &lt; 0.05), which shows potential for reduced erosion risk under P fertilization of legumes. We discuss results with respect to the integration of local farmer knowledge systems with exogenous scientific knowledge.
SELF-DETERMINATION AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: REIMAGINING SOVEREIGNTY IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW
Authors: Guntrip Edward 
Published: August 2016

AbstractInternational investment law can be criticized for its understanding of sovereignty. Informed by the works of Koskenniemi, this article reimagines ‘sovereignty’ based on a host State population exercising its right to economic self-determination. Recent transparency initiatives in international investment law support this conceptualization of sovereignty. Further, the stance taken aligns with the continuous evolution of the international investment law regime. The establishment of a different perspective on sovereignty in international investment law highlights the need for an alternative understanding of this term if international investment law is to achieve widespread approval.