bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host plant associations and geographical factors in the diversification of the Macaronesian Rhopalomesites beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Hernández‐Teixidor David , López Heriberto , Pons Joan , Juan Carlos , Oromí Pedro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimTo obtain nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies of Macaronesian Rhopalomesites weevils and test the monophyly and time of origin of two species groups feeding on Euphorbiaceae and other plants. Additionally, to investigate the population structure within species, and its associations with geographical isolation versus trophic selection.LocationMacaronesian Islands and the British Isles.MethodsMaximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were undertaken using mitochondrial (cox1 and cytb) and nuclear (ITS‐2 and 28S RNA) genomic sequences. Ancestral Rhopalomesites host plant associations and divergence times were inferred from Bayesian analyses and population data.ResultsEvidence was found for two Rhopalomesites clades. One was associated with Euphorbia host plants, having vicariant species in the Madeira and Canary archipelagos. In this lineage, an ancestral association with Euphorbia mellifera in the two island groups was deduced, which has subsequently undergone shifts to related host plant species in marginal areas. The second clade was found to be an ecological generalist, exploiting decaying wood from the Lauraceae or other forest trees – is also present on such islands along with the Azores and parts of Atlantic Western Europe.Main conclusionsThe results point to a quasi‐parallel colonization by the two ecologically distinct lineages in Macaronesia, dating to the early Pliocene, followed by allopatric isolation according to the presence of suitable habitats on particular islands in more recent times.
Can school counselors deliver cognitive‐behavioral treatment for social anxiety effectively? A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Masia Warner Carrie , Colognori Daniela , Brice Chad , Herzig Kathleen , Mufson Laura , Lynch Chelsea , Reiss Philip T. , Petkova Eva , Fox Jeremy , Moceri Dominic C. , Ryan Julie , Klein Rachel G. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundSocial anxiety disorder (SAD) typically onsets in adolescence and is associated with multiple impairments. Despite promising clinical interventions, most socially anxious adolescents remain untreated. To address this clinical neglect, we developed a school‐based, 12‐week group intervention for youth with SAD, Skills for Academic and Social Success (SASS). When implemented by psychologists, SASS has been found effective. To promote dissemination and optimize treatment access, we tested whether school counselors could be effective treatment providers.MethodWe randomized 138, ninth through 11th graders with SAD to one of three conditions: (a) SASS delivered by school counselors (C‐SASS), (b) SASS delivered by psychologists (P‐SASS), or (c) a control condition, Skills for Life (SFL), a nonspecific counseling program. Blind, independent, evaluations were conducted with parents and adolescents at baseline, post‐intervention, and 5 months beyond treatment completion. We hypothesized that C‐SASS and P‐SASS would be superior to the control, immediately after treatment and at follow‐up. No prediction was made about the relative efficacy of C‐SASS and P‐SASS.ResultsCompared to controls, adolescents treated with C‐SASS or P‐SASS experienced significantly greater improvement and reductions of anxiety at the end of treatment and follow‐up. There were no significant differences between SASS delivered by school counselors and psychologists.ConclusionWith training, school counselors are effective treatment providers to adolescents with social anxiety, yielding benefits comparable to those obtained by specialized psychologists. Questions remain regarding means to maintain counselors’ practice standards without external support.
Persistence and resistance as complementary bacterial adaptations to antibiotics
Authors: Vogwill T. , Comfort A. C. , Furió V. , MacLean R. C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBacterial persistence represents a simple of phenotypic heterogeneity, whereby a proportion of cells in an isogenic bacterial population can survive exposure to lethal stresses such as antibiotics. In contrast, genetically based antibiotic resistance allows for continued growth in the presence of antibiotics. It is unclear, however, whether resistance and persistence are complementary or alternative evolutionary adaptations to antibiotics. Here, we investigate the co‐evolution of resistance and persistence across the genus Pseudomonas using comparative methods that correct for phylogenetic nonindependence. We find that strains of Pseudomonas vary extensively in both their intrinsic resistance to antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and rifampicin) and persistence following exposure to these antibiotics. Crucially, we find that persistence correlates positively to antibiotic resistance across strains. However, we find that different genes control resistance and persistence implying that they are independent traits. Specifically, we find that the number of type II toxin–antitoxin systems (TAs) in the genome of a strain is correlated to persistence, but not resistance. Our study shows that persistence and antibiotic resistance are complementary, but independent, evolutionary adaptations to stress and it highlights the key role played by TAs in the evolution of persistence.
Is specialization an evolutionary dead end? Testing for differences in speciation, extinction and trait transition rates across diverse phylogenies of specialists and generalists
Authors: Day E. H. , Hua X. , Bromham L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSpecialization has often been claimed to be an evolutionary dead end, with specialist lineages having a reduced capacity to persist or diversify. In a phylogenetic comparative framework, an evolutionary dead end may be detectable from the phylogenetic distribution of specialists, if specialists rarely give rise to large, diverse clades. Previous phylogenetic studies of the influence of specialization on macroevolutionary processes have demonstrated a range of patterns, including examples where specialists have both higher and lower diversification rates than generalists, as well as examples where the rates of evolutionary transitions from generalists to specialists are higher, lower or equal to transitions from specialists to generalists. Here, we wish to ask whether these varied answers are due to the differences in macroevolutionary processes in different clades, or partly due to differences in methodology. We analysed ten phylogenies containing multiple independent origins of specialization and quantified the phylogenetic distribution of specialists by applying a common set of metrics to all datasets. We compared the tip branch lengths of specialists to generalists, the size of specialist clades arising from each evolutionary origin of a specialized trait and whether specialists tend to be clustered or scattered on phylogenies. For each of these measures, we compared the observed values to expectations under null models of trait evolution and expected outcomes under alternative macroevolutionary scenarios. We found that specialization is sometimes an evolutionary dead end: in two of the ten case studies (pollinator‐specific plants and host‐specific flies), specialization is associated with a reduced rate of diversification or trait persistence. However, in the majority of studies, we could not distinguish the observed phylogenetic distribution of specialists from null models in which specialization has no effect on diversification or trait persistence.
Prevalence and factors associated with potentially inappropriate prescriptions among older patients at hospital discharge
Authors: Hudhra Klejda , Beçi Eni , Petrela Elizana , Xhafaj Delina , García‐Caballos Marta , Bueno‐Cavanillas Aurora 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesExplicit criteria have been used worldwide to identify suboptimal prescribing such as potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs). The objective of our study was to determine prevalence, types and factors associated with PIPs in older people discharged from an Albanian hospital.MethodRetrospective, cross‐sectional study conducted among patients aged 60 years and more discharged from the Cardiology and Internal Medicine departments of the University Hospital Center ‘Mother Theresa’ Tirana during 2013. PIPs were identified by using Beers (2012 update) and STOPP criteria (2008 and 2014 versions). Chi‐square analysis and Student Test were performed. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals were estimated by logistic regression analysis.ResultsMedical files for 319 patients were assessed. The median number of drugs prescribed was 7.8 (SD 2.2). PIPs prevalence at hospital discharge was 34.5% (95% CI 27.5–42.2%; 110 patients) according to both Beers and STOPP version 1 criteria. STOPP version 2 identified 201 (63.0%) patients with at least one PIP (95% CI 55.2–70.2%; 312 PIPs). The drugs more frequently involved in PIPs were aspirin, spironolactone, benzodiazepines, digoxin and methyldopa. The odds of having a PIP were higher in patients discharged from Internal Medicine (P < 0.005). The PIP index was 0.056%, 0.054% and 0.125% respectively for Beers, STOPP 2008 and STOPP 2014 criteria. A significant positive correlation was found between the number of prescribed drugs and PIP occurrence.ConclusionsOur study found that between one and two out of three older patients has at least one PIP among the treatment prescribed at hospital discharge, depending on the tool used for detection. The high frequency of PIPs suggests the urgent need for interventions to reduce them.
Starch–Cellulose Ether Films: Microstructure and Water Resistance
Authors: Arik Kibar E. Aytunga , Us Ferhunde 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this study, composite films of corn starch, methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose plasticized by glycerol or polyethylene glycol (PEG) were prepared and the effects of blending level as well as the plasticizer type on the microstructure, water vapor permeability (WVP), opacity and solubility properties were investigated. Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM) observations showed homogeneous matrix of glycerol plasticized films and it was taken as an indicator of structural integrity. PEG plasticized films exhibited discontinuous surface, and this was attributed to phase separation. WVP of the films was found between 1.5 × 10−11 and 13.3 × 10−11 g/s m Pa and composite films were more resistant to water than starch film. However, WVP values were significantly higher than many of the synthetic films; as a result, one of the potential applications for presented films might be utility as a hydrophilic polymer layer in active food packaging applications. Among the factors studied, the plasticizer type was the most effective factor on the opacity of the films. Besides, differences in solubility were attributed to the differences in their structural integrity.Practical ApplicationsStarch films have good barrier properties to oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipids; however, they have limited mechanical properties and water vapor resistance. In the presented study, this problem is overcome by blending with cellulose ethers and water resistance is improved up to six folds. The developed films are in hydrophilic character when compared to conventional synthetic films such as PE and PP. Therefore, the developed films are quite appropriate to be used as a carrier polymer matrix for active hydrophilic and/or volatile compounds in active food packaging applications. Another potential applications of those films presented in this study is utilization as edible film layer where mechanical and permeability resistance needed.
Effect of Sodium Chloride on the Reduction of Bacillus Cereus in Shrimp Jeotgal During Refrigerated Storage
Authors: Kim Minhui , Young Park Shin , Jung Park Tae , Ha Sang‐Do 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSalted shrimp Jeotgal, a favorite in Korea, is raw fermented fish containing 20–30% NaCl, which serves to inhibit its decay for a certain period. However, Bacillus cereus has been detected in commercial salted–fermented shrimp. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the effect of 5–15% NaCl on the inactivation of B. cereus in various salted shrimp stored for two weeks. We determined whether NaCl could affect lactic acid bacteria and pH in salted shrimp during storage. B. cereus significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with increasing NaCl concentration and storage time at 10C. The average B. cereus count steadily and rapidly reduced before and after a 7‐day storage period, respectively. Moreover, there was no significant change in the population of lactic acid bacteria and the Hunter color (P > 0.05) during storage periods at 10C.Practical ApplicationsThis study indicates that the use of NaCl at doses of 5–15% could be an effective way to control B. cereus contamination in salted shrimp during storage at 10C. The color measurement degenerated with stepwise decrease in NaCl concentration from 7 days of storage. Therefore, we suggest that salted shrimp containing 5–15% NaCl should be consumed within 7 days.
Influence of Respiration on Predictive Microbial Growth of Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae in Fresh‐Cut Apples Packaged Under Modified Atmosphere
Authors: Putnik Predrag , Bursać Kovačević Danijela , Herceg Korina , Levaj Branka 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectives in this study were to model/predict simultaneous influences of apple O2‐consumption/CO2‐production rates
and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (from volumetric concentrations of O2/CO2
on microbial growth (Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, AMB; Enterobacteriaceae, EBac) in 2 fresh‐cut apple cultivars treated with five anti‐browning treatments and stored in refrigerator. Growth of both microorganisms was best predicted by length of shelf‐life,
With AMB/EBac growth, cultivar's
decreased together with
in packaging. Similarly, with microbial growth
dropped, while simultaneously
increase was observed in package. Regression coefficients ratios for AMB‐respiration models were similar to ratios for stoichiometric coefficients for respiration equation with malic acid as main substrate. Hence, presented models likely captured natural relations between predictors, and gave good estimate of AMB growth and its association with respiration in MAP. Apple browning had weak or no association with bacterial growth. Obtained models may be utilized to optimize industrial parameters with least AMB/EBac growth, hence facilitate extension of fresh‐cut apple shelf‐life.Practical ApplicationsRelationships between fresh‐cut apples O2‐consumption/CO2‐production rates, volumetric concentrations of O2/CO2 in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and microbial growth (Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, AMB; Enterobacteriaceae EBac) were established and yielded mathematical models which may be utilized to optimize industrial parameters with least AMB/EBac growth, hence facilitate extension of fresh‐cut apple shelf‐life. All equations and models are publicly accessible at apple.pbf.hr or 31.147.204.87, and can be used to calculate almost every parameter relevant for apple respiration and apple browning (only for permeable systems). Additionally, users can choose their own production settings (size of package, initial volumetric concentration of gases, apple mass), and calculate optimal values (with least browning) for their fresh‐cut processes (taking into account their own packaging film and others). Therefore, results presented in this paper will likely be useful to the fresh‐cut industry.
Religious Involvement and Adaptation in Female Family Caregivers
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , Nelson Bruce , Shaw Sally F. , Saxena Salil , Cohen Harvey Jay 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between religious involvement (RI) and adaptation of women caring for family members with severe physical or neurological disability.DesignTwo‐site cross‐sectional study.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsA convenience sample of 251 caregivers was recruited. RI and caregiver adaptation (assessed by perceived stress, caregiver burden, and depressive symptoms) were measured using standard scales, along with caregiver characteristics, social support, and health behaviors. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify relationships and mediating and moderating factors.ResultsReligious involvement (RI) was associated with better caregiver adaptation independent of age, race, education, caregiver health, care recipient's health, social support, and health behaviors (B = −0.09, standard error = 0.04, t = −2.08, P = .04). This association was strongest in caregivers aged 58–75 and spouses and for perceived stress in blacks.ConclusionReligious involvement (RI) in female caregivers is associated with better caregiver adaptation, especially for those who are older, spouses of the care recipients, and blacks. These results are relevant to the development of future interventions that provide support to family caregivers.
Comparison of three‐dimensional analysis and stereological techniques for quantifying lithium‐ion battery electrode microstructures
Authors: TAIWO OLUWADAMILOLA O. , FINEGAN DONAL P. , EASTWOOD DAVID S. , FIFE JULIE L. , BROWN LEON D. , DARR JAWWAD A. , LEE PETER D. , BRETT DANIEL J.L. , SHEARING PAUL R. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryLithium‐ion battery performance is intrinsically linked to electrode microstructure. Quantitative measurement of key structural parameters of lithium‐ion battery electrode microstructures will enable optimization as well as motivate systematic numerical studies for the improvement of battery performance. With the rapid development of 3‐D imaging techniques, quantitative assessment of 3‐D microstructures from 2‐D image sections by stereological methods appears outmoded; however, in spite of the proliferation of tomographic imaging techniques, it remains significantly easier to obtain two‐dimensional (2‐D) data sets. In this study, stereological prediction and three‐dimensional (3‐D) analysis techniques for quantitative assessment of key geometric parameters for characterizing battery electrode microstructures are examined and compared. Lithium‐ion battery electrodes were imaged using synchrotron‐based X‐ray tomographic microscopy. For each electrode sample investigated, stereological analysis was performed on reconstructed 2‐D image sections generated from tomographic imaging, whereas direct 3‐D analysis was performed on reconstructed image volumes. The analysis showed that geometric parameter estimation using 2‐D image sections is bound to be associated with ambiguity and that volume‐based 3‐D characterization of nonconvex, irregular and interconnected particles can be used to more accurately quantify spatially‐dependent parameters, such as tortuosity and pore‐phase connectivity.
Dying with dignity: a concept analysis
Authors: Hemati Zeinab , Ashouri Elaheh , AllahBakhshian Maryam , Pourfarzad Zahra , Shirani Farimah , Safazadeh Shima , Ziyaei Marziyeh , Varzeshnejad Maryam , Hashemi Maryam , Taleghani Fariba 
Published: March 2016

Aims and objectivesThis article is a report of an analysis of the concept of dying with dignity.BackgroundDignity is an important component of providing care for dying patients and their families. Nevertheless, given that this concept is poorly defined, concept analysis is one of the best ways to define and clarify the concept of death with dignity with the aim to enhance its application in clinical practice, research and education.DesignA search of multiple nursing and social sciences databases was undertaken, including Academic Search Complete, Science Direct, ProQuest, Scopus, Medline, PubMed, EBSCO, Ovid, Noormage, Cinahl, Magiran, PsycINFO and SID.MethodsAfter an extensive review of the literature from 1998–2014, about 14 related articles were included in the study. Based on these articles, the applications, attributes and experimental results of and references to death with dignity were recorded.ResultsBased on this analysis, the most important attributes of this concept included respect for privacy, respect, spiritual peace and hope. The antecedents of this concept included consideration of moral values during caregiving, preservation of human dignity as a patient right and professional ethics, and belief in the dignity of self and others, consideration of culture in providing end‐of‐life care. The consequences of this concept included a sense of peace in the patient and their family, peaceful death and provision of patient privacy and comfort.ConclusionThe concept of patient dignity has been referred to in many contexts. However, considering the dignity of dying patients commensurate with their culture is the most important component of care provided by nurses to facilitate a peaceful death.Relevance to clinical practiceRespecting the dignity of the patient results in the reduction of her/his suffering and prepares her/him for a comfortable death.
Information Flows in Foreign Exchange Markets: Dissecting Customer Currency Trades
Authors: MENKHOFF LUKAS , SARNO LUCIO , SCHMELING MAIK , SCHRIMPF ANDREAS 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTWe study the information in order flows in the world's largest over‐the‐counter market, the foreign exchange (FX) market. The analysis draws on a data set covering a broad cross‐section of currencies and different customer segments of FX end‐users. The results suggest that order flows are highly informative about future exchange rates and provide significant economic value. We also find that different customer groups can share risk with each other effectively through the intermediation of a large dealer, and differ markedly in their predictive ability, trading styles, and risk exposure.
Transmissible amyloid
Authors: Tjernberg L.O. , Rising A. , Johansson J. , Jaudzems K. , Westermark P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThere are around 30 human diseases associated with protein misfolding and amyloid formation, each one caused by a certain protein or peptide. Many of these diseases are lethal and together they pose an enormous burden to society. The prion protein has attracted particular interest as being shown to be the pathogenic agent in transmissible diseases such as kuru, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Whether similar transmission could occur also in other amyloidoses such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and serum amyloid A amyloidosis is a matter of intense research and debate. Furthermore, it has been suggested that novel biomaterials such as artificial spider silk are potentially amyloidogenic. Here, we provide a brief introduction to amyloid, prions and other proteins involved in amyloid disease and review recent evidence for their potential transmission. We discuss the similarities and differences between amyloid and silk, as well as the potential hazards associated with protein‐based biomaterials.