bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Did World War I Foster Distinctly “Spectatorial” Attitudes in Writers?
Authors: West Michael 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In Exile's Return, Malcolm Cowley noted that before the United States entered World War I, many American writers volunteered for noncombatant service with Allied forces. Motivated by a sense of adventure more than by patriotic commitment, such service “instilled into us what might be called a spectatorial attitude.” Current literary history relies on Cowley's thesis to characterize much American writing of the postwar decade. But however one defines such “spectatorial” attitudes, can they be distinguished from the detached stances cultivated by European writers whose wartime experience involved more patriotic and political commitment? Many English, French, German, Italian, and Russian authors who saw combat cultivated observers' poses perhaps even more assiduously. Among their motives were speculations about perception, a deeper appreciation of the visual arts and their relation to literature, a sense of theatricality, experience with trench warfare, and the tendency of men in close combat to distance themselves psychologically from the brutal realities of their position. A comparatist perspective suggests that it is unsound literary history to invoke national exceptionalism like American volunteers' greater aloofness in combat as the chief explanation for whatever tendencies to detached spectatorial observation American writers of the 1920s shared with their European counterparts.
A Dissonance of Discourses: Literary Theory, Ideology, and Translation in Mo Yan and Chinese Literary Studies
Authors: Klein Lucas 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Mo Yan's 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature quickly turned into the most controversial international literary prize of recent memory. The controversy took place largely in English, and largely on the American Internet, where as much as Mo Yan was honored as being an important literary voice from a country whose contemporary cultural products are often neglected, he was criticized for supporting the Chinese Communist Party and its government. Defenders have pointed out that the politics in his fiction are neither as simple nor as straightforward as his party membership might otherwise indicate, but critics have said he writes a “daft hilarity” in a “diseased language,” calling his works in translation “superior to the original in their aesthetic unity and sureness.” Taking a detailed look at the controversy and debate, I examine the theoretical assumptions and stakes at work in the reading of Mo Yan and his Nobel, with attention to their ideological underpinnings, followed with a discussion on the importance of considering translation and the relationship between literary reading and politics. I close with a look toward a broadly applicable model of internationalist reading I call translational.
What Makes Our Tongues Twist?: Computational Analysis of Croatian Tongue-Twisters
Authors: Nikolić Davor , Bakarić Nikola 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCroatian tongue-twisters are defined by the lack of euphony, and the abundance of sound patterns that lead to speech errors. The major feature that contributes to this anti-euphonious patterning is the significant presence of consonant clusters in the syllable onset. This research combines a phonostylistic approach, computational analysis, and statistical methods in order to detect and differentiate sound patterning and its effect on euphony in tongue-twisters. The paper presents the results from research that focuses on the computational analysis of these features and their comparison with other similar folklore genres (counting-out rhymes, lyric and epic poetry, proverbs, and narratives).
Transient liquid-phase sintering using silver and tin powder mixture for die bonding
Authors: Fujino Masahisa , Narusawa Hirozumi , Kuramochi Yuzuru , Higurashi Eiji , Suga Tadatomo , Shiratori Toshiyuki , Mizukoshi Masataka 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this research, we develop transient liquid-phase bonding by uniaxial pressing using a Ag–Sn system. The Ag–Sn system was fabricated using Ag and Sn fine powder paste at optimized the proportions. The die bonding was performed for Cu substrates and metalized Si chips, and the sintering process was analyzed by cross-sectional observation. Die shear strength of bonded specimens was also measured. As a result, Ag–Sn completely formed a solid solution, also, Sn and Cu from substrates formed an intermetallic compound. The die shear strength was approximately 40 MPa obtained at 50 wt % Ag proportion of paste at 260, 280, and 300 °C sintering.
Low power switching of Si-doped Ta2O5 resistive random access memory for high density memory application
Authors: Kim Beom Yong , Lee Kee Jeung , Chung Su Ock , Kim Soo Gil , Ko Young Seok , Kim Hyeong Soo 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We report, for the first time, the resistive switching properties of Si-doped Ta2O5 grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The reduced switching current, improved on/off current ratio, and excellent endurance property are demonstrated in the Si-doped Ta2O5 resistive random access memory (ReRAM) devices of 50 nm tech node. The switching mechanism for the Si-doped Ta2O5 resistor is discussed. Si dopants enable switching layer to have conformal distribution of oxygen vacancy and easily form conductive filament. This leads to higher on/off current ratio at even low operation current of 5–10 µA. Finally, one selector–one resistor (1S1R) ReRAM was developed for large cell array application. For the optimized 1S1R stack, 0.2 µA of off current and 5.0 of on/off current ratio were successfully achieved at 10 µA of low operation current.
Suspended germanium cross-shaped microstructures for enhancing biaxial tensile strain
Authors: Ishida Satomi , Kako Satoshi , Oda Katsuya , Ido Tatemi , Iwamoto Satoshi , Arakawa Yasuhiko 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We fabricate a suspended germanium cross-shaped microstructure to biaxially enhance residual tensile strain using a germanium epilayer directly grown on a silicon-on-insulator substrate. Such a suspended germanium system with enhanced biaxial tensile strain will be a promising platform for incorporating optical cavities toward the realization of germanium lasers. We demonstrate systematic control over biaxial tensile strain and photoluminescence peaks by changing structural geometry. The photoluminescence peaks corresponding to the direct recombination between the conduction Γ valley and two strain-induced separated valence bands have been clearly assigned. A maximum biaxial strain of 0.8% has been achieved, which is almost half of that required to transform germanium into a direct band-gap semiconductor.
Characteristics of highly stacked InAs quantum-dot laser grown on vicinal (001)InP substrate
Authors: Akahane Kouichi , Umezawa Toshimasa , Matsumoto Atsushi , Yamamoto Naokatsu , Kawanishi Tetsuya 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We fabricate broad-area laser diodes consisting of 30-layer stacks of InAs quantum dots by using a strain-compensation technique on a vicinal (001)InP substrate. These laser diodes exhibit ground-state lasing at 1576 nm in the pulsed mode with a high characteristic temperature of 111 K at around room temperature (20–80 °C).
Behavior of the potential-induced degradation of photovoltaic modules fabricated using flat mono-crystalline silicon cells with different surface orientations
Authors: Yamaguchi Seira , Masuda Atsushi , Ohdaira Keisuke 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper deals with the dependence of the potential-induced degradation (PID) of flat, p-type mono-crystalline silicon solar cell modules on the surface orientation of solar cells. The investigated modules were fabricated from p-type mono-crystalline silicon cells with a (100) or (111) surface orientation using a module laminator. PID tests were performed by applying a voltage of −1000 V to shorted module interconnector ribbons with respect to an Al plate placed on the cover glass of the modules at 85 °C. A decrease in the parallel resistance of the (100)-oriented cell modules is more significant than that of the (111)-oriented cell modules. Hence, the performance of the (100)-oriented-cell modules drastically deteriorates, compared with that of the (111)-oriented-cell modules. This implies that (111)-oriented cells offer a higher PID resistance.
Spatiotemporal distribution of caudal-type homeobox proteins during development of the hindgut and anorectum in human embryos
Authors: Tang Xiao Bing , Zhang Tao , Wang Wei Lin , Yuan Zheng Wei , Bai Yu Zuo 
Published: March 2016

Background.The objectives of this study were to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of human caudal-type homeobox proteins CDX1, CDX2 and CDX4 during development of the hindgut and anorectum in the embryo and to explore the possible roles of CDX genes during morphogenesis of the hindgut and anorectum.Methods.Embryos (89) were cut into sections serially and sagittally. From gestation weeks 4–9, CDX1, CDX2 and CDX4 proteins were detected on the caudal midline by immunohistochemical staining.Results.During week 4, extensive immunoreactivity of CDX1, CDX2 and CDX4 was detected in the dorsal urorectal septum, urogenital sinus and hindgut. From weeks 5–7, CDX1-, CDX2- and CDX4- positive cells were detected mainly in the mesenchyme of the urorectal septum and hindgut. The levels of CDX2 and CDX4 immunoreactivity were lower compared to CDX1. During weeks 8 and 9, the anorectal epithelium stained positive for CDX1 and CDX4, and the anal epithelium was positive for CDX2.Conclusions.The CDX proteins are constantly distributed during development of the hindgut and anorectum and exhibit overlapping distribution patterns in the cloaca/hindgut, suggesting they are important in the morphogenesis of the human hindgut and anorectum. CDX genes might be involved in development of the anorectal epithelium after the rectum has separated from the urorectal septum.
Diffuse venting at the ASHES hydrothermal field: Heat flux and tidally modulated flow variability derived from in situ time‐series measurements
Authors: Mittelstaedt Eric , Fornari Daniel J. , Crone Timothy J. , Kinsey James , Kelley Deborah , Elend Mitch 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTime‐series measurements of diffuse exit‐fluid temperature and velocity collected with a new, deep‐sea camera, and temperature measurement system, the Diffuse Effluent Measurement System (DEMS), were examined from a fracture network within the ASHES hydrothermal field located in the caldera of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. The DEMS was installed using the HOV Alvin above a fracture near the Phoenix vent. The system collected 20 s of 20 Hz video imagery and 24 s of 1 Hz temperature measurements each hour between 22 July and 2 August 2014. Fluid velocities were calculated using the Diffuse Fluid Velocimetry (DFV) technique. Over the ∼12 day deployment, median upwelling rates and mean fluid temperature anomalies ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm/s and 0°C to ∼6.5°C above ambient, yielding a heat flux of 0.29 ± 0.22 MW m−2 and heat output of 3.1± 2.5 kW. Using a photo mosaic to measure fracture dimensions, the total diffuse heat output from cracks across ASHES field is estimated to be 2.05 ± 1.95 MW. Variability in temperatures and velocities are strongest at semidiurnal periods and show significant coherence with tidal height variations. These data indicate that periodic variability near Phoenix vent is modulated both by tidally controlled bottom currents and seafloor pressure, with seafloor pressures being the dominant influence. These results emphasize the importance of local permeability on diffuse hydrothermal venting at mid‐ocean ridges and the need to better quantify heat flux associated with young oceanic crust.
Fluid inclusion petrology and microthermometry of the Cocos Ridge hydrothermal system, IODP Expedition 344 (CRISP 2), Site U1414
Authors: Brandstätter Jennifer , Kurz Walter , Krenn Kurt , Micheuz Peter 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this study, we present new data from microthermometry of fluid inclusions entrapped in hydrothermal veins along the Cocos Ridge from the IODP Expedition 344 Site U1414. The results of our study concern a primary task of IODP Expedition 344 to evaluate fluid/rock interaction linked with the tectonic evolution of the incoming Cocos Plate from the Early Miocene up to recent times. Aqueous, low saline fluids are concentrated within veins from both the Cocos Ridge basalt and the overlying lithified sediments of Unit III. Mineralization and crosscutting relationships give constraints for different vein generations. Isochores from primary, reequilibrated, and secondary fluid inclusions crossed with litho/hydrostatic pressures indicate an anticlockwise PT evolution during vein precipitation and modification by isobaric heating and subsequent cooling at pressures between ∼210 and 350 bar. Internal over and underpressures in the inclusions enabled decrepitation and reequilibration of early inclusions but also modification of vein generations in the Cocos Ridge basalt and in the lithified sediments. We propose that lithification of the sediments was accompanied with a first stage of vein development (VU1 and VC1) that resulted from Galapagos hotspot activity in the Middle Miocene. Heat advection, either related to the Cocos‐Nazca spreading center or to hotspot activity closer to the Middle America Trench, led to subsequent vein modification (VC2, VU2/3) related to isobaric heating. The latest mineralization (VC3, VU3) within aragonite and calcite veins and some vesicles of the Cocos Ridge basalt occurred during crustal cooling up to recent times. Fluid inclusion analyses and published isotope data show evidence for communication with deeper sourced, high‐temperature hydrothermal fluids within the Cocos Plate. The fluid source of the hydrothermal veins reflects aqueous low saline pore water mixed with invaded seawater.
Nucleation of frictional instability caused by fluid pressurization in subducted blueschist
Authors: Sawai Michiyo , Niemeijer André R. , Plümper Oliver , Hirose Takehiro , Spiers Christopher J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPore pressure is an important factor in controlling the slip instability of faults and thus the generation of earthquakes. Particularly slow earthquakes are widespread in subduction zones and usually linked to the occurrence of high pore pressure. Yet the influence of fluid pressure and effective stress on the mechanics of earthquakes is poorly understood. Therefore, we performed shear experiments on blueschist fault rocks, which likely exist at depth in cold and old subduction zones, to investigate the influence of effective stress on frictional behavior. Our results show potentially unstable behavior at temperatures characterizing the seismogenic zone, as well as a transition from stable to unstable behavior with decreasing effective normal stress, which is mechanically equivalent to increasing fluid pressure. This transition is a prerequisite for generating slow earthquakes. Our results imply that high pore pressures are a key factor for nucleating slip leading to both megathrust and slow earthquakes.
EMVIM: An empirical model for the magnetic field configuration near Venus
Authors: He Maosheng , Vogt Joachim , Zhang Tielong , Rong Zhaojin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMore than 2000 orbits of Venus Express magnetic field measurements are condensed into Empirical Model of Venusian Induced Magnetic fields (EMVIM), an empirical model to quantify the magnetic configuration in the Venusian magnetosphere at low altitude (<500 km) as a function of the upstream solar wind magnetic field (IMF components) and the solar activity index F10.7 as control variables. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is used to construct a set of data‐derived basis functions that are associated with different fundamental magnetospheric processes. The most important basis function represents the magnetic draping configuration of the IMFz component while the second important one represents the draping of the IMFy component. Solar wind‐magnetosphere interactions are quantified through regression analysis of EOF amplitudes and the control variables. Combining the basis functions with regression coefficients results in a model with a determination coefficient R2 of 0.29. As an applicational example, the model is used to quantify the density of the terminator end of the tail current JE in terms of cross‐flow IMF component and F10.7 as
, showing that the current strength is anticorrelated with solar activity.
Latitudinal variation of the specific local time of postmidnight enhancement peaks inFlayer electron density at low latitudes: A case study
Authors: Jiang Chunhua , Deng Chi , Yang Guobin , Liu Jing , Zhu Peng , Yokoyama Tatsuhiro , Song Huan , Lan Ting , Zhou Chen , Wu Xiongbin , Zhang Yuannong , Zhao Zhengyu , Komolmis Tharadol , Supnithi Pornchai , Yatini Clara Y. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIonospheric nighttime enhancements are manifested in an increase of the electron density at nighttime. This paper studies the latitudinal variation of the specific local time of postmidnight enhancement peaks using ionosondes distributed at low latitudes. To obtain the parameters of the ionosphere, we manually extracted ionograms recorded by ionosondes. Cases show that there are significant latitudinal variations in the observed local time of the postmidnight enhancement peaks. Results show that the lower the geomagnetic latitude, the earlier the enhancement peak occurred in the geomagnetic northern hemisphere. Additionally, the enhancement peaks occurred earlier in the geomagnetic southern hemisphere than that in the geomagnetic northern hemisphere for these present cases. We suggest that the combined effect of the geomagnetic inclination and transequatorial meridional wind might be the main driving force for latitudinal variation of the local time of the occurrence.
Seismic moment tensors and estimated uncertainties in southern Alaska
Authors: Silwal Vipul , Tape Carl 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe present a moment tensor catalog of 106 earthquakes in southern Alaska, and we perform a conceptually based uncertainty analysis for 21 of them. For each earthquake, we use both body waves and surface waves to do a grid search over double couple moment tensors and source depths in order to find the minimum of the misfit function. Our uncertainty parameter or, rather, our confidence parameter is the average value of the curve
, where
is the posterior probability as a function of the fractional volume V of moment tensor space surrounding the minimum misfit moment tensor. As a supplemental means for characterizing and visualizing uncertainties, we generate moment tensor samples of the posterior probability. We perform a series of inversion tests to quantify the impact of certain decisions made within moment tensor inversions and to make comparisons with existing catalogs. For example, using an L1 norm in the misfit function provides more reliable solutions than an L2 norm, especially in cases when all available waveforms are used. Using body waves in addition to surface waves, as well as using more stations, leads to the most accurate moment tensor solutions.
Attenuation coefficient of usable solar radiation of the global oceans
Authors: Lin Junfang , Lee Zhongping , Ondrusek Michael , Kahru Mati 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUsable solar radiation (USR) represents spectrally integrated solar energy in the spectral range of 400–560 nm, a domain where photons penetrate the most in oceanic waters and thus contribute to photosynthesis and heating at deeper depths. Through purely numerical simulations, it was found that the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling USR (Kd(USR), m−1) is nearly a constant vertically in the upper water column for clear waters and most turbid waters. Subsequently an empirical model was developed to estimate Kd(USR) based on the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (Kd(490), m−1). We here evaluate this relationship using data collected from a wide range of oceanic and coastal environments and found that the relationship between Kd(490) and Kd(USR) developed via the numerical simulation is quite robust. We further refined this relationship to extend the applicability to “clearest” natural waters. This refined relationship was then used to produce sample distribution of Kd(USR) of global oceans. As expected, extremely low Kd(USR) (∼0.02 m−1) was observed in ocean gyres, while significantly higher Kd(USR) (∼5.2 m−1) was found in very turbid coastal regions. A useful application of Kd(USR) is to easily and accurately propagate surface USR to deeper depths, potentially to significantly improve the estimation of basin scale primary production and heat fluxes in the upper water column.
Uncertainty quantification and global sensitivity analysis of the Los Alamos sea ice model
Authors: Urrego‐Blanco Jorge R. , Urban Nathan M. , Hunke Elizabeth C. , Turner Adrian K. , Jeffery Nicole 
Published: March 2016

AbstractChanges in the high‐latitude climate system have the potential to affect global climate through feedbacks with the atmosphere and connections with midlatitudes. Sea ice and climate models used to understand these changes have uncertainties that need to be characterized and quantified. We present a quantitative way to assess uncertainty in complex computer models, which is a new approach in the analysis of sea ice models. We characterize parametric uncertainty in the Los Alamos sea ice model (CICE) in a standalone configuration and quantify the sensitivity of sea ice area, extent, and volume with respect to uncertainty in 39 individual model parameters. Unlike common sensitivity analyses conducted in previous studies where parameters are varied one at a time, this study uses a global variance‐based approach in which Sobol' sequences are used to efficiently sample the full 39‐dimensional parameter space. We implement a fast emulator of the sea ice model whose predictions of sea ice extent, area, and volume are used to compute the Sobol' sensitivity indices of the 39 parameters. Main effects and interactions among the most influential parameters are also estimated by a nonparametric regression technique based on generalized additive models. A ranking based on the sensitivity indices indicates that model predictions are most sensitive to snow parameters such as snow conductivity and grain size, and the drainage of melt ponds. It is recommended that research be prioritized toward more accurately determining these most influential parameter values by observational studies or by improving parameterizations in the sea ice model.