bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cerebrovascular Model of Depression in Late Life
Authors: Lyness Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTDepression in older people, especially depression with an older age of onset, may be a manifestation of acquired brain disease. The cerebrovascular model of depression, often referred to as “vascular depression,” hypothesizes that otherwise clinically occult small vessel brain disease contribute to the pathogeneses of some late-life depressive conditions. This paper reviews several lines of evidence supporting the cerebrovascular model and addresses the limitations of the existing literature. Several directions for future research are noted, including empirical testing of the notion that cerebrovascular disease might underlie the pathogeneses of depression with prominent executive dysfunction or other cognitive impairments. At this time, there are no specific therapeutic options for patients with suspected vascular depression beyond standard approaches to depression treatments, although education about the possibly greater risks of chronicity should be included in treatment planning. Therapy of cerebrovascular risk factors and stroke-risk reduction are important as consistent with general practice guidelines, although it is not known whether this will reduce the incidence or improve the outcome of late-life depression.
Acute Stress Reactions: Can Biological Responses Predict Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Authors: Bryant Richard A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTWhat biological responses characterize those acute trauma reactions that develop into chronic psychiatric disorder? The need to understand the genesis of posttraumatic psychological disorders has resulted in much attention on biological reactions in the initial aftermath of trauma exposure. This review outlines the prevailing biological models of acute stress reaction and critiques the available evidence concerning biological responses to trauma that are associated with subsequent psychological disorder. The roles of peritraumatic dissociation and vulnerability factors for acute stress reaction are also reviewed. The major challenges for research on psychobiological responses to trauma are highlighted.
Contemporary Longitudinal Methods for the Study of Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: King Lynda A. , King Daniel W. , Salgado Dawn M. , Shalev Arieh Y. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTTraditional methods for analyzing trends in longitudinal data have typically emphasized average group change over time. In this article, we propose multilevel, regression-based methods for examining inter-individual differences in intra-individual change and apply these methods to research in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The outcome or dependent variable of interest is reconceptualized as an index of dynamic change reflecting the trend or trajectory of an individual's PTSD symptom severity scores across time. A basic statistical model is presented, and analyses and findings are demonstrated with an existing database used in previously published studies. The methods offer promise for future study of the natural course of PTSD chronicity or recovery, risk and resilience factors that influence individual growth or decline, and critical timepoints for intervention.
Women's Mental Health During Pregnancy Influences Fetal and Infant Developmental and Health Outcomes
Authors: Federenko Ilona S. , Wadhwa Pathik D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTWomen's mental health during pregnancy has important implications not only for the well-being of the mother, but also for the development, health, and well-being of her unborn child. A growing body of empirical evidence from population-based studies suggests that two indicators of women's mental health during pregnancy—psychosocial stress and social support—may exert a significant influence on fetal development and infant birth outcomes, such as birth weight and length of gestation, even after controlling for the effects of established sociodemographic, obstetric, and behavioral risk factors. This paper describes the role of three major biological systems involved in the physiology of pregnancy and stress physiology: neuroendocrine, immune/inflammatory, and cardiovascular systems. These systems have been hypothesized to mediate the effects of maternal mental health on fetal developmental and health outcomes, and a central role has been proposed for placental corticotropin-releasing hormone in this process. However, not all women reporting high prenatal stress and/or low social support proceed to develop adverse birth outcomes, raising the question of the determinants of susceptibility/vulnerability in the context of high stress and/or low social support. In this context, the role of race/ethnicity and genetic predisposition are. discussed as two promising avenues of further investigation.
Improvement in Prosocial Functioning After a Switch to Ziprasidone Treatment
Authors: Loebel Antony , Siu Cynthia , Romano Steven 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground: Cognitive, social, and affective impairments are major features of schizophrenia, despite not being represented in the formal diagnostic criteria. These impairments are associated with major reductions in quality of life for patients with schizophrenia. Treatment with newer antipsychotic medications has been reported to improve all of these areas of functioning, but most studies have not examined the direct association between changes in cognitive functioning and other aspects of the illness.Objectives: The goal of this analysis was to examine relationships between cognitive and affective symptoms and their impact on social impairments in patients switched to ziprasidone treatment.Methods: In this study, which is a re-analysis of previously published data, 270 patients were switched from previous treatment with conventional antipsychotics, risperidone, or olanzapine to treatment with ziprasidone. Patients were tested with a cognitive assessment battery, rated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and received other assessments of safety and tolerability. PANSS scores were divided into factors based on previously published factor analyses, with a focus on the cognitive, prosocial, and anxiety-depression factors.Results: Statistically significant improvements for global cognitive functioning and the three PANSS subscales were found across the studies. When the data were pooled for a path analysis, changes in cognitive functioning indexed by the PANSS cognitive subscales was the primary predictor of improvements in PANSS prosocial functions, with changes in anxiety-depression accounting for much less variance.Conclusion: These results suggest a direct relationship between improvements in cognitive and prosocial functioning in patients with schizophrenia and indicate that treatments that enhance cognitive functioning, such novel antipsychotics, have the potential to improve aspects of outcome in schizophrenia even in short-term treatment studies. This issue should be addressed in future double-blind studies of the effects of atypical medications in schizophrenia.
The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Galantamine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Dengiz Alan N. , Kershaw Paul 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAlzheimer's disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative condition characterized by deficits in cognition, inability to perform activities of daily living, and alterations in behavior. Galantamine hydrobromide is the newest acetylcholin esterase inhibitor (AChEI) approved in the United State for the treatment of mild-to-moderate AD. The safety and efficacy of galantamine has been demonstrated in multiple randomized, Phase III trials of > 2,600 patients with mild-to-moderate AD. Studies have found that galantamine improved or maintained performance in all domains of AD (cognition, function, behavior, and caregiver burden in the short term and slowed the decline in performance or maintained baseline performance through 12 months. The dual mechanism of action may make galantamine a reasonable treatment option for both newly diagnosed patients and patients who have not benefitted from or have poorly tolerated current therapy.
Leptin Functioning in Eating Disorders
Authors: Monteleone Palmiero , DiLieto Antonio , Castaldo Eloisa , Maj Mario 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLeptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone, which is involved predominantly in the long-term regulation of body weight and energy balance by acting as a hunger suppressant signal to the brain. Leptin is also involved in the modulation of reproduction, immune function, physical activity, and some endogenous endocrine axes. Since anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are characterized by abnormal eating behaviors, dysregulation of endogenous endocrine axes, alterations of reproductive and immune functions, and increased physical activity, extensive research has been carried out in the last decade in order to ascertain a role of this hormone in the pathophysiology of these syndromes. In this article, we review the available data on leptin physiology in patients with eating disorders. These data support the idea that leptin is not directly involved in the etiology of AN or BN. However, malnutrition-induced alterations in its physiology may contribute to the genesis and/or the maintenance of some clinical manifestations of AN and BN and may have an impact on the prognosis of AN.
Unmasking Anticholinergic Load: When 1 + 1= 3
Authors: Kay Gary , Ginsberg David L. , Pollock Bruce G. , Romanzi Lauri J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe cholinergic system is a major neuromodulatory neurotransmitter system, interacting with core regions of the brain and affecting learning and memory function. Cholinergic function is severely reduced in patients with pathologic conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease. Muscarinic receptors M1–M5 are located at the postsynaptic level of the central cholinergic synapse. Blockage of certain muscarinic receptors has been shown to affect cognitive functioning. The roles of the individual receptor subtypes has implications for pharmacotherapy; eg, nonselective antimuscarinic/anticholinergic medications may block muscarinic neurotransmission, causing deficits in recall and new learning, while M1-receptor agonists and M2-receptor antagonists may not interfere with cognitive functioning. Studies investigating central nervous system (CNS) depressant effects of drugs have shown that antimuscarinic agents have the potential to cause impairment of CNS functioning. CNS dysfunction may be manifested as changes in memory, disruption of sleep, hallucinations, confusion, and delirium.Anticholinergic load refers to the cumulative effect of taking multiple drugs with anticholinergic activity. The extent to which a particular drug affects the cholinergic system can be determined by its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, the integrity of which decreases with age. Elderly individuals are also at high risk for increased anticholinergic load due to reductions in metabolism and elimination as well as pharmacokinetic drug interactions. In addition, elderly people are often prescribed several medications that have direct anticholinergic properties and take over-the-counter medications which may also carry substantial anticholinergic burden. The cumulative effect of these medications in vulnerable elderly patients may precipitate early cognitive declines or further exacerbate cognitive deficits in those already suffering from dementia. Risk of cognitive impairment in patients with overactive bladder can thus be reduced through use of M3-selective antagonists, such as darifenacin, and via alternatives to pharmacotherapy, such as behavioral modification, pelvic floor strengthening, and bladder-retraining exercises.
Contributions of GABAA Receptor Subtype Selectivity to Abuse Liability and Dependence Potential of Pharmacological Treatments for Anxiety and Sleep Disorders
Authors: Ator Nancy A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWhen benzodiazepines (BZs) supplanted barbiturates as a favored, safer treatment for anxiety and sleep disorders in the 1960s, the abuse liability and dependence potential of these drugs were little understood. Widespread recognition of the difficulty of stopping use of chronically taken BZs emerged through the popular press in the late 1970s, which resulted in reluctance to prescribe these otherwise clinically useful compounds. Evolution of the understanding of the biochemical basis for BZ effects in the 1980s and 1990s, coupled with regulatory emphasis on collection of data used in legal scheduling decisions, made possible a targeted search for drugs that would provide effective treatment for anxiety disorders in the absence of abuse liability or dependence potential. Compounds that have selective efficacy at subtypes of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor, are active in preclinical anxiolytic screens, but negative in preclinical studies of behavior relevant to evaluation of abuse liability appear to be one promising means for achieving this end.
Psychostimulant-Induced Behavior as an Animal Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Ethological Approach to the Form of Compulsive Rituals
Authors: Eilam David , Szechtman Henry 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRats treated chronically with the D2/D3, dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole show a pattern of behavior that meets a set of ethologically derived criteria of compulsive behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Moreover, in both quinpirole-treated rats and OCD patients, the structure of compulsive rituals appear similar in being composed of relatively few motor acts that are organized in a flexible yet recurrent manner. In addition, the development of compulsive behavior in quinpirole-treated rats is attenuated by the OCD pharmacotherapeutic drug clomipramine. These similarities support the validity of quinpirole-treated rats as a psychostimulant-induced animal model of OCD. Considering that the induction of compulsive behavior in the rat model involves chronic hyperstimulation of dopamine receptors, this raises the possibility that dopaminergic mechanisms may play a role in OCD, at least in some subtypes of this disorder.
The Role of Glutamate in Anxiety and Related Disorders
Authors: Cortese Bernadette M. , Phan K. Luan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAnxiety, stress, and trauma-related disorders are a major public health concern in the United States. Drugs that target the γ-aminobutyric acid or serotonergic system, such as benzodiazepines and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, respectively, are the most widely prescribed treatments for these disorders. However, the role of glutamate in anxiety disorders is becoming more recognized with the belief that drugs that modulate glutamatergic function through either ionotropic or metabotropic glutamate receptors have the potential to improve the current treatment of these severe and disabling illnesses. Animal models of fear and anxiety have provided a method to study the role of glutamate in anxiety. This research has demonstrated that drugs that alter glutamate transmission have potential anxiolytic action for many different paradigms including fear-potentiated startle, punished responding, and the elevated plus maze. Human clinical drug trials have demonstrated the efficacy of glutamatergic drugs for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. Recent data from magnetic resonance imaging studies provide an additional link between the glutamate system and anxiety. Collectively, the data suggest that future studies on the mechanism of and clinical efficacy of glutamatergic agents in anxiety disorders are appropriately warranted.
Emotional Learning and Glutamate: Translational Perspectives
Authors: Gillespie Charles F. , Ressler Kerry J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAnxiety disorders are a common focus of clinical concern and certain forms of anxiety may be conceptualized as disorders of emotional learning. Behavior therapies effective in the treatment of anxiety are modeled on extinction training as a means of reducing pathological anxiety. The present understanding of human anxiety has been informed by preclinical research using rodent models to study the acquisition and extinction of fear. Glutamate appears to have a central role in both of these processes. The authors review this literature and discuss novel applications of D-cycloserine, a partial N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist, for the treatment of anxiety.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes in a Patient with Migraine Attack and Transient Global Amnesia After Cardiac Catheterization
Authors: Fernandez Andres , Rincon Fred , Mazer Sean P. , Elkind Mitchell S.V. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe presence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in patients with transient global amnesia has been an interesting phenomenologic finding. Several theories surround the occurrence of this syndrome, but little is known about its true physiopathology. We present a case of transient global amnesia after cardiac catheterization associated with migraine headache and MRI changes compatible with an ischemic insult. A discussion on potential explanations for this finding is made, as well as a review of the pertinent literature.
Forgiveness and Psychopathology:Psychobiological and Evolutionary Underpinnings
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Kaminer Debra 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present a case of psychotherapy where a process of forgiveness occurs. Then we review the relevant cognitive-affective neuroscience and clinical implications. Resentment and forgiveness emerge within particular kinds of social interactions and can now increasingly also be conceptualized as embodied in particular neurocircuitry. There may be an association between increased psychopathology and decreased forgiveness, and the implications of this for assessment and treatment deserve further study. There may be gender differences in forgiveness; a highly speculative hypothesis suggests that these would reflect sexual divergence in the evolutionary origins of reconciliatory behavior.
Diagnostic Testing in Epilepsy
Authors: Blum David 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOn the surface, epilepsy seems like an easy diagnosis to make—how could anyone miss a major event like a seizure? However, epilepsy can be deceiving. There are many types of seizures that are more subtle than the obvious tonic-clonic seizure, and many seizure types that look bizarre are misdiagnosed as nonepileptic. As a result, a large number of people with epilepsy experience lengthy delays before appropriate diagnosis and therapy provide relief. Conversely, there are many nonepileptic events that are easily mistaken for seizures, which lead to numerous misdiagnoses of epilepsy in nonepileptic patients. These patients are subjected to unnecessary treatment with toxic medications. In this article, I examine the range of diagnostic tests that can be used to establish a diagnosis of epilepsy, to help select the most appropriate form of therapy, to monitor and adjust therapy, to select appropriate surgical candidates, and to decide when therapy can be discontinued.
Social Issues and Epilepsy
Authors: Drazkowski Joseph F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPeople with epilepsy live and struggle every day with social issues that are relatively minor for people without epilepsy. Apprehension about securing and maintaining one's job or getting a driver's license is significantly greater for the person with epilepsy. Misconceptions held by the general public about epilepsy contribute to and often compound the difficulties and fears experienced by people with epilepsy. Because different people in society react to seizures in different ways, it is important to foster a supportive environment for people with epilepsy. This can be achieved by health care providers and families of people with epilepsy, who can help minimize the negative and inaccurate perceptions that are prevalent regarding people with epilepsy, and maximize their opportunities to integrate successfully into society.
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Children with Epilepsy
Authors: Leonard Elizabeth L. , Kerrigan John F. , Onufrak Elizabeth 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEpilepsy in children and adolescents is associated with a higher rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders than other chronic childhood illnesses. This article describes various psychiatric disorders that occur in children and their effects on brain development, neurologic and intellectual function, and psychological adaptation for children and their families.
Nonepileptic Seizures: Issues in Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Bortz Jennifer J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNonepileptic seizures (NES) are clinical events that can resemble almost any seizure phenotype, but are behavioral and emotional manifestations of psychological distress, conflict, or trauma. Intractable NES is a disabling disorder that drastically affects patients' emotional well-being. Differential diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of NES is complex, with differentials scattered across an array of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This paper provides an overview of issues related to the diagnosis and treatment of NES. It highlights characteristics and risk factors of the disorder, issues in differential diagnosis, and treatment considerations.
Neurocognitive Deficits and Recovery in Chronic Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Nixon Sara Jo , Phillips Julia A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe excessive and chronic use of alcohol is associated with a variety of neurocognitive changes in a substantial number of detoxified alcoholics. These deficits extend across a wide variety of neuropsychological domains and can be observed over a period of months following detoxification. Furthermore, they are seen in both male and female alcoholics, despite the fact that female alcoholics often have shorter drinking histories. Although these deficits are widely observed, there is considerable heterogeneity both within and across studies. Currently, the sources of this variability are only poorly understood. In this article, we review these neurocognitive and neurophysiological deficits, their pattern of recovery, potential contributing or confounding factors, and some of the clinical implications of these findings.
Apathy in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Silva Susan G. , Marin Robert S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractApathy is a common neurobehavioral feature in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Apathy is often interpreted as a sign of depression or as a nonspecific symptom of other medical conditions. However, recent research indicates that the essential meaning of apathy is lack of motivation. This article presents a framework for the classification and differential diagnosis of apathy and addresses issues related to the assessment and treatment of apathy in neuropsychiatric patients.
Genetics of Schizophrenia: Current Findings and Issues
Authors: Kennedy James L. , Pato Michele T. , Bauer Amy , Carvalho Celia , Pato Carlos N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe genetics of schizophrenia are characterized by a set of complex questions, with few answers forthcoming. However, molecular genetic approaches remain the most promising avenue to the understanding of etiologic mechanisms. Powerful discoveries may arise in the near future from candidate gene studies that are benefiting from the extensive neurobiology research in schizophrenia over the past decades. Furthermore, there are promising new divisions of the phenotype into more manageable subtypes that may make both candidate gene and genome scan studies more revealing. The following review discusses selected highlights of the epidemiology, molecular genetic strategies, candidate genes, and genome scan investigations in schizophrenia.