bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age‐dependent changes in physical performance and body composition in community‐dwelling Japanese older adults
Authors: Makizako Hyuma , Shimada Hiroyuki , Doi Takehiko , Tsutsumimoto Kota , Lee Sangyoon , Lee Sung Chul , Harada Kazuhiro , Hotta Ryo , Nakakubo Sho , Bae Seongryu , Harada Kenji , Yoshida Daisuke , Uemura Kazuki , Anan Yuya , Park Hyuntae , Suzuki Takao 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to describe the age‐dependent changes in the parameters of physical performance and body composition in Japanese older adults who are independently dwelling in the community. We also examined whether the age‐dependent changes differ among physical performance and body composition parameters.MethodsCross‐sectional data from 10 092 community‐dwelling older adults (mean age 73.6 years; 5296 women) were analyzed. The measures of physical performance included hand‐grip strength, the five‐times‐sit‐to‐stand test, and walking speed. Body composition parameters (body weight, fat mass, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass) were measured with a bioelectrical impedance analyser. Correlations between age and the physical performance and body composition parameters were tested. The T‐scores of physical performance and body composition measurements were calculated and presented according to 5‐year age groups to examine the differences in age‐dependent changes in physical performance and body composition parameters.ResultsAll physical performance measures significantly decreased with aging. The cumulative mean T‐scores according to age group showed different age‐dependent changes between body mass index (BMI) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) (cumulative mean T‐score change of BMI and ASMI of −5.7 to −2.9 and −12.7 to −12.1, respectively). The slope declines in age‐associated changes were greater in grip strength (β = −0.77, 95% confidence interval = −0.82 to −0.76) for men and in walking speed (β = −0.95, 95% confidence interval = −0.99 to −0.90) for women.ConclusionsThe patterns of age‐dependent decreases in physical performance measures differed among parameters and between sexes. There is a possibility of a difference in the age‐related slope patterns among parameters; decreases in grip strength in men and walking speed in women may be more prominent with advancing age. Furthermore, the decrease in ASMI with age is more striking than that of BMI.
Estimating apparent maximum muscle stress of trunk extensor muscles in older adults using subject‐specific musculoskeletal models
Authors: Burkhart Katelyn A. , Bruno Alexander G. , Bouxsein Mary L. , Bean Jonathan F. , Anderson Dennis E. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTMaximum muscle stress (MMS) is a critical parameter in musculoskeletal modeling, defining the maximum force that a muscle of given size can produce. However, a wide range of MMS values have been reported in literature, and few studies have estimated MMS in trunk muscles. Due to widespread use of musculoskeletal models in studies of the spine and trunk, there is a need to determine reasonable magnitude and range of trunk MMS. We measured trunk extension strength in 49 participants over 65 years of age, surveyed participants about low back pain, and acquired quantitative computed tomography (QCT) scans of their lumbar spines. Trunk muscle morphology was assessed from QCT scans and used to create a subject‐specific musculoskeletal model for each participant. Model‐predicted extension strength was computed using a trunk muscle MMS of 100 N/cm2. The MMS of each subject‐specific model was then adjusted until the measured strength matched the model‐predicted strength (±20 N). We found that measured trunk extension strength was significantly higher in men. With the initial constant MMS value, the musculoskeletal model generally over‐predicted trunk extension strength. By adjusting MMS on a subject‐specific basis, we found apparent MMS values ranging from 40 to 130 N/cm2, with an average of 75.5 N/cm2 for both men and women. Subjects with low back pain had lower apparent MMS than subjects with no back pain. This work incorporates a unique approach to estimate subject‐specific trunk MMS values via musculoskeletal modeling and provides a useful insight into MMS variation. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:498–505, 2018.
Environmental change and raw material selection strategies at Taoshan: a terminal Late Pleistocene to Holocene site in north‐eastern China
Authors: Yang Shi‐Xia , Zhang Yu‐Xiu , Li You‐Qian , Zhao Chao , Li Xiao‐Qiang , Yue Jian‐Ping , Hou Ya‐Mei , Deng Cheng‐Long , Zhu Ri‐Xiang , Petraglia Michael D. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThe Lesser Khingan Mountains of north‐eastern China are heavily forested, making archaeological site identification difficult owing to poor ground surface visibility. Nevertheless, several prehistoric archaeological site discoveries have been made in recent years and a limited number of excavations have been initiated. One of the most important sites to emerge is Taoshan, which has yielded stratified stone tool assemblages dating from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the mid‐Holocene. Pollen profiles indicate significant changes in vegetation, fluctuating from steppe conditions during the LGM to forested conditions in the Bølling–Allerød interstadial (B–A) and the mid‐Holocene. The stone tool assemblages from Taoshan were primarily produced from varieties of volcanic tuff, rhyolite, hornfels and agate. Geological prospecting and petrological analyses were performed to document procurement sources and changes in raw material exploitation strategies. During the LGM, the predominant raw material was vitric tuff, available from a source ca. 5–10 km from Taoshan. In the B–A and mid‐Holocene layers, emphasis was on the exploitation of raw materials in gravel bars, although stone tool reduction techniques and raw material preferences changed considerably during this time interval. Diachronic changes in raw materials and exploitation strategies correspond to changes in vegetation and human adaptations.
A probabilistic method of assessing carbon accumulation rate at Imnavait Creek Peatland, Arctic Long Term Ecological Research Station, Alaska
Authors: Nichols Jonathan E. , Peteet Dorothy M. , Frolking Steve , Karavias John 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTArctic peatlands are an important part of the global carbon cycle, accumulating atmospheric carbon as organic matter since the Late glacial. Current methods for understanding the changing efficiency of the peatland carbon sink rely on peatlands with an undisturbed stratigraphy. Here we present a method of estimating primary carbon accumulation rate from a site where permafrost processes have either vertically or horizontally translocated nearby carbon‐rich sediment out of stratigraphic order. Briefly, our new algorithm estimates the probability of the age of deposition of a random increment of sediment in the core. The method assumes that if sediment age is measured at even depth increments, dates are more likely to occur during intervals of higher accumulation rate and vice versa. Multiplying estimated sedimentation rate by measured carbon density yields carbon accumulation rate. We perform this analysis at the Imnavait Creek Peatland, near the Arctic Long Term Ecological Research network site at Toolik Lake, Alaska. Using classical radiocarbon age modeling, we find unreasonably high rates of carbon accumulation at various Holocene intervals. With our new method, we find accumulation rate changes that are in improved agreement within the context of other sites throughout Alaska and the rest of the Circum‐Arctic region.
Contrasting evidence of Holocene ice margin retreat, south‐western Greenland
Authors: Levy L. B. , Larsen N. K. , Davidson T. A. , Strunk A. , Olsen J. , Jeppesen E. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTConstraining the Greenland Ice Sheet's (GrIS) response to Holocene climate change provides calibrations for ice sheet models that hindcast past ice margin fluctuations. Ice sheet models predict enhanced ice retreat in south‐western Greenland during the middle Holocene; however, few geological observations corroborating the extensive retreat are available. We present new data from lake sediment cores from the Isua region, south‐western Greenland, which provide constraints on Holocene fluctuations of the GrIS margins. Our data indicate that the main GrIS margin was 30 km west of its present‐day extent by ∼5.7k cal a BP and had retreated to within 3 km of its present‐day margin by ∼4.6k cal a BP; with subsequent re‐advances by ∼1.8 and at ∼1.7, ∼1.3 and ∼0.5k cal a BP. Times of ice retreat are coeval with increasing temperatures in western Greenland, suggesting that temperature was a dominant factor in ice retreat. The late retreat at Isua is in contrast to the early retreat observed in the Godthåbsfjord area and is probably related to the lack of fjords extending to the present Isua ice margin. Our data are not consistent with current ice sheet models that overestimate the middle Holocene ice retreat in the Isua region of south‐western Greenland.
Applying portable Raman spectrometers for field discrimination of sulfates: Training for successful extraterrestrial detection
Authors: Košek Filip , Culka Adam , Drahota Petr , Jehlička Jan 
Published: June 2017

The presence of sulfates containing Mg, Fe, and Ca (in several hydration states) has been confirmed on Mars from data acquired by both orbital and in‐situ measurements. It has been suggested that the sulfates on Mars originated deep the past from the evaporation of water at accumulation points on the Martian surface. Consequently, they can be seen as highly relevant to any search for the presence of extraterrestrial life.Miniaturized Raman spectrometers (which permit analysis of the mineralogical and molecular composition of a specimen) will be included in rovers on future planetary exploration missions. Portable miniature Raman spectrometers operating in the near‐infrared (785 nm) and in the green (532 nm, currently selected for the ExoMars mission) were used on‐site to estimate the mineralogical compositions of sulfate weathering crusts at Valachov (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic). Spectra of sufficient quality were quickly obtained, and the characteristic shifts of the sulfate ν1 band of the minerals allowed for the discrimination of several sulfates. Superficial crusts contained gypsum, jarosite, rozenite, fibroferrite, magnesiocopiapite, and melanterite as major components. The current testing has confirmed the favorable performance of handheld instruments for the discrimination of structurally similar sulfates of relevance for studies on Mars. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aroma‐volatile profile of black morel (Morchella importuna) grown in Israel
Authors: Tietel Zipora , Masaphy Segula 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDA headspace solid‐phase microextraction method with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to profile the aroma volatiles of mature fruiting bodies of Morchella importuna grown in Israel.RESULTSWe tentatively identified 40 aroma compounds and seven unknown volatiles. The M. importuna aroma profile consisted of 14 aldehydes, six alcohols, 10 methyl esters, four heterocyclic/sulfur compounds, 10 carbohydrates and three other compounds (i.e. one acid, one ketone and one butyl ester). The most abundant volatiles were carbohydrates, with a total relative peak area of 29.3%, followed by alcohols (27.7%), aldehydes (21.6%), methyl esters (10.8%), heterocyclic/sulfur compounds (3.1%) and other compounds (5.8%). The 8‐carbon (C8) compounds imparting typical mushroom‐like aroma were very abundant in M. importuna, accounting for 27.9% of the total peak area and including, amongst others, 1‐octen‐3‐ol (80% of total C8), octanal and 2‐octenal (Z‐ and E‐).CONCLUSIONThe aroma volatile profile of morels has much in common with that of other mushrooms, with a few unique characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of the aroma profile of M. importuna. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Competitiveness of overseas pleasure destinations: A comparison study based on choice sets
Authors: Kozak Metin , Kim Seongseop (Sam) , Chon Kaye 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study investigates the competitiveness of overseas destinations as perceived by leisure tourists from mainland China, with a focus on how the competitiveness of destinations varies by choice set. The results of this study confirm the funnel‐down structure of consumer choice sets including the early choice set, the middle choice set, and the late choice set: The size of these sets became progressively smaller as the moment for making the final decision drew nearer. In addition, the results clearly indicate that travel distance is an important determinant of tourism demand: Short‐haul destinations are more competitive than long‐haul destinations.
An experience‐based typology for natural event tourists
Authors: Kruger Martinette , Saayman Melville 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis research identified viable target markets at one of the largest salmon runs in Canada. We segmented the markets according to the factors these natural event viewers regard as important for a memorable experience. This gave us a typology of viewers that we labelled “selective experience seekers, tranquil experience seekers, comprehensive experience seekers,” and “casual experience seekers.” Our results show that such segmentation is a useful research tool for producing a clear visitor profile. It enabled us to provide strategic insights for managing the salmon run viewing experience, and similar natural events, according to the preferences of specific market segments.
Experimental and numerical investigation on the transient vascular thermal response to multi‐pulse Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Li Dong , Li Ruohui , Jia Hao , Chen Bin , Wu Wenjuan , Ying Zhaoxia 
Published: June 2017

Background and ObjectivePort wine stains (PWS) are congenital vascular malformations that progressively darken and thicken with age. Laser therapy is currently the most effective way in clinical practice for PWS. A 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser in the near‐infrared band can achieve a deeper treatment depth compared to the current widely adopted pulsed dye laser. However, because of its relatively weak absorption by blood, single‐pulse Nd:YAG laser requires high energy density to cause effective vessel damage, but may inflict undesirable burning to surrounding collagen. Multi‐pulse laser has great potential in clinical treatment because it needs less energy density for each pulse. This paper presented an experimental and theoretical study of the transient thermal effects of low‐energy multi‐pulse Nd:YAG laser on blood vessels.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn vivo experiments were performed on dorsal skin chamber. By using a high speed camera (up to 2,000 fps), the complete and dynamic thermal response of blood vessels during laser irradiation and between pulse intervals was obtained. In vitro experiment in capillary tubes and Numerical simulations by two‐scale heat transfer model were also conducted to further explore the in vivo experimental findings.ResultsThe complete and dynamic response of blood vessels were obtained, including vessel dilation, thrombus formation, partial vessel constriction, thread‐like constriction, cavitation and bubbles, and hemorrhage. Thread‐like constriction is the desirable treatment end point, which will only occur after thrombus completely occludes the vessel lumen. Cavitation can cause hemorrhage when thrombus fails to occlude the vessel lumen. In vitro experiment found that vessel constriction was due to the constriction of thrombus induced by laser irradiation. Theoretical investigation revealed that the mechanism for the effective reduction of energy density by multi‐pulse Nd:YAG laser was due to enhanced light absorption of the blood with thrombus formation.ConclusionsFor multi‐pulse treatment, laser parameters are recommended as repetition rate of 10 Hz and pulse number of 10. The incident energy in each pulse should be strong enough to induce blood coagulation through seven or eight pulses and should be lower than the threshold of blood cavitation. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:852–865, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Moving up in taste: Enhanced projected taste and freshness of moving food products
Authors: Gvili Yaniv , Tal Aner , Amar Moty , Wansink Brian 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCan implied motion enhance consumer judgment of food freshness and taste? Freshness plays an important role in determining anticipated taste. Different perceptual cues may influence judgments of freshness. While some cues such as coloring and bruising play an obvious role, the authors argue that cues that on face value appear unrelated to freshness may also influence judgments of freshness. Specifically, the authors argue that humans have learned to relate movement to food freshness, and that this leads perceived motion to generate enhanced judgments of freshness, and, consequently, projected taste. This proposition is demonstrated in four studies. The studies show that the inclusion of implied motion in food pictures leads to elevated judgments of freshness and projected taste.
Computational Studies of the Active and Inactive Regulatory Domains of Response Regulator PhoP Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Qing Xiao‐Yu , Steenackers Hans , Venken Tom , De Maeyer Marc , Voet Arnout 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe response regulator PhoP is part of the PhoP/PhoQ two‐component system, which is responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes involved in controlling virulence, biofilm formation, and resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, modulating the transcriptional function of the PhoP protein is a promising strategy for developing new antimicrobial agents. There is evidence suggesting that phosphorylation‐mediated dimerization in the regulatory domain of PhoP is essential for its transcriptional function. Disruption or stabilization of protein‐protein interactions at the dimerization interface may inhibit or enhance the expression of PhoP‐dependent genes. In this study, we performed molecular dynamics simulations on the active and inactive dimers and monomers of the PhoP regulatory domains, followed by pocket‐detecting screenings and a quantitative hot‐spot analysis in order to assess the druggability of the protein. Consistent with prior hypothesis, the calculation of the binding free energy shows that phosphorylation enhances dimerization of PhoP. Furthermore, we have identified two different putative binding sites at the dimerization active site (the α4‐β5‐α5 face) with energetic “hot‐spot” areas, which could be used to search for modulators of protein‐protein interactions. This study delivers insight into the dynamics and druggability of the dimerization interface of the PhoP regulatory domain, and may serve as a basis for the rational identification of new antimicrobial drugs.
Impact of episiotomy on the urogenital hiatus using transperineal ultrasound
Authors: Cassadó Garriga Jordi , Carmona Ruiz Ana , Pessarrodona Isern Antoni , Rodríguez Carballeira Monica , Esteve Serena Esther , García Manau Pablo , Valls Esteve Marta , Huguet Galofré Eva 
Published: June 2017

AimsTo analyze whether episiotomy affects the urogenital hiatal area and the difference in the hiatus at rest and during contraction, as an indirect measurement of the contractile capacity of the levator ani muscle.MethodsWe performed an observational, comparative, retrospective study of primiparous women who had normal vaginal deliveries. The urogenital hiatal area was compared in women with and without episiotomy. All women underwent transperineal ultrasound scanning after delivery, and all the images were analyzed offline by the principal investigator who was blinded to all clinical data. The urogenital hiatal area was measured at rest and during both Valsalva and contraction manoeuvres. The difference in the hiatus at rest and during contraction was also calculated. These scanning variables were compared between the study groups.ResultsIn total, 194 women were analysed (101 with, and 93 without, episiotomy). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the area of the hiatus at rest (P = 0.583), on Valsalva (P = 0.158), and on contraction (P = 0.468), or in the difference in the hiatus at rest and during contraction (P = 0.095).ConclusionsIn normal vaginal delivery, neither the area of the urogenital hiatus nor its difference at rest and during contraction, as measured by ultrasound, were modified by performing an episiotomy.
Structural study of the bladder in fetuses with prune belly syndrome
Authors: Julio Junior Helce R. , Costa Suelen F. , Costa Waldemar S. , Barcellos Sampaio Francisco J. , Favorito Luciano A. 
Published: June 2017

AimsTo study the bladder structure of fetuses with prune belly syndrome (PBS).MethodsWe studied three bladders obtained from three male fetuses with PBS and seven bladders from seven male fetuses without anomalies. Each bladder was dissected and embedded in paraffin, from which 5 μm thick sections were obtained and stained with Masson's trichrome (to quantify connective tissue and smooth muscle) and picrosirius red with polarization (to observe collagen). Immunohistochemistry with tubulin (Tubulin, beta III, Mouse Monoclonal Antibody) was applied to observe the bladder nerves. The images were captured with an Olympus BX51 microscope and Olympus DP70 camera. The stereological analysis was done with the Image Pro and Image J programs, using a grid to determine volumetric densities (Vv). Means were statistically compared using the Mann‐Whitney test (P < 0.05).ResultsQuantitative analysis documented that smooth muscle fibers were significantly smaller (P = 0.04) in PBS fetuses (9.67% to 17.75%, mean = 13.2%) compared to control group (13.33% to 26.56%, mean = 17.43%). The analysis of collagen fibers showed predominance of green in the control group, suggesting collagen type III presence, and predominance of red in the in PBS fetal bladders, suggesting collagen type I presence in this group. The qualitative analysis of the nerves with immunohistochemistry with tubulin showed predominance of nerves in the control group.ConclusionThe bladder in PBS had lower concentrations of smooth muscle fibers, collagen type III, and nerves. These structural alterations can be one of the factors involved in urinary tract abnormality such as distended bladder in patients with PBS.
A multigrid perspective on the parallel full approximation scheme in space and time
Authors: Bolten Matthias , Moser Dieter , Speck Robert 
Published: June 2017

SummaryFor the numerical solution of time‐dependent partial differential equations, time‐parallel methods have recently been shown to provide a promising way to extend prevailing strong‐scaling limits of numerical codes. One of the most complex methods in this field is the “Parallel Full Approximation Scheme in Space and Time” (PFASST). PFASST already shows promising results for many use cases and benchmarks. However, a solid and reliable mathematical foundation is still missing. We show that, under certain assumptions, the PFASST algorithm can be conveniently and rigorously described as a multigrid‐in‐time method. Following this equivalence, first steps towards a comprehensive analysis of PFASST using blockwise local Fourier analysis are taken. The theoretical results are applied to examples of diffusive and advective type.