bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical exchange rotation transfer imaging of intermediate‐exchanging amines at 2 ppm
Authors: Zu Zhongliang , Louie Elizabeth A. , Lin Eugene C. , Jiang Xiaoyu , Does Mark D. , Gore John C. , Gochberg Daniel F. 
Published: June 2017

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging of amine protons exchanging at intermediate rates and whose chemical shift is around 2 ppm may provide a means of mapping creatine. However, the quantification of this effect may be compromised by the influence of overlapping CEST signals from fast‐exchanging amines and hydroxyls. We aimed to investigate the exchange rate filtering effect of a variation of CEST, named chemical exchange rotation transfer (CERT), as a means of isolating creatine contributions at around 2 ppm from other overlapping signals. Simulations were performed to study the filtering effects of CERT for the selection of transfer effects from protons of specific exchange rates. Control samples containing the main metabolites in brain, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and egg white albumen (EWA) at their physiological concentrations and pH were used to study the ability of CERT to isolate molecules with amines at 2 ppm that exchange at intermediate rates, and corresponding methods were used for in vivo rat brain imaging. Simulations showed that exchange rate filtering can be combined with conventional filtering based on chemical shift. Studies on samples showed that signal contributions from creatine can be separated from those of other metabolites using this combined filter, but contributions from protein amines may still be significant. This exchange filtering can also be used for in vivo imaging. CERT provides more specific quantification of amines at 2 ppm that exchange at intermediate rates compared with conventional CEST imaging.
Synthesis of Wavelength‐Shifting Fluorescent DNA and RNA with Two Photostable Cyanine–Styryl Dyes as the Base Surrogate Pair
Authors: Steinmeyer Jeannine , Rönicke Franziska , Schepers Ute , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTwo nucleic acid building blocks were synthesized, consisting of two photostable green‐ and red‐emitting cyanine–styryl dyes and (S)‐3‐amino‐1,2‐propanediol as a substitute for the ribofuranoside, and incorporated as base‐pair surrogates by using automated phosphoramidte chemistry in the solid phase. The optical properties and, in particular, the energy‐transfer properties were screened in a range of DNA duplexes, in which the “counter bases” of the two dyes were varied and the distance between the two dyes was enlarged to up to three intervening adenosine–thymidine pairs. The DNA duplex with the best optical properties and the best red/green emission ratio as the readout bore adenosine and thymidine opposite to the dyes, and the two dyes directly adjacent to each other as the base surrogate pair. This structural arrangement can be transferred to RNA to obtain similarly fluorescent RNA probes. Representatively, the positively evaluated DNA duplex was applied to verify the fluorescence readout in living HeLa cells by using fluorescence confocal microscopy.
Aging of Standard and Insensitive RDX Crystals Investigated by Means of X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Herrmann Michael , Förter‐Barth Ulrich , Bohn Manfred A. , Borne Lionel 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCoarse particles of the high explosive RDX in different qualities (S‐RDX, I‐RDX, VI‐RDX) were aged artificially in air and argon, equivalent up to 25 years at 25 °C. The samples were investigated by means of X‐ray diffraction and rocking curves, revealing the behavior of microstrain during the artificial aging. The investigations revealed that the improved crystal quality of RDX survives artificial aging in contrast to a standard quality, where aging increases microstrain significantly. Besides aging details and mechanisms on a crystal level are described and discussed, such as eutectic mixtures with HMX impurities, crystal growth, defect healing, surface diffusion and smoothing, and reconstruction of crystal faces, edges and corners in rounded particles.
Anticonvulsive evaluation of THIP in the murine pentylenetetrazole kindling model: lack of anticonvulsive effect of THIP despite functional δ‐subunit‐containing GABAA receptors in dentate gyrus granule cells
Authors: Simonsen Charlotte , Boddum Kim , von Schoubye Nadia L. , Kloppenburg Alissa , Sønderskov Kasper , Hansen Suzanne L. , Kristiansen Uffe 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTHIP (4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4‐c]pyridin‐3‐ol) is a GABAA receptor agonist with varying potencies and efficacies at γ‐subunit‐containing receptors. More importantly, THIP acts as a selective superagonist at δ‐subunit‐containing receptors (δ‐GABAARs) at clinically relevant concentrations. Evaluation of THIP as a potential anticonvulsant has given contradictory results in different animal models and for this reason, we reevaluated the anticonvulsive properties of THIP in the murine pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling model. As loss of δ‐GABAAR in the dentate gyrus has been associated with several animal models of epilepsy, we first investigated the presence of functional δ‐GABAA receptors. Both immunohistochemistry and Western blot data demonstrated that δ‐GABAAR expression is not only present in the dentate gyrus, but also the expression level was enhanced in the early phase after PTZ kindling. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp studies in acute hippocampal brain slices revealed that THIP was indeed able to induce a tonic inhibition in dentate gyrus granule cells. However, THIP induced a tonic current of similar magnitude in the PTZ‐kindled mice compared to saline‐treated animals despite the observed upregulation of δ‐GABAARs. Even in the demonstrated presence of functional δ‐GABAARs, THIP (0.5–4 mg/kg) showed no anticonvulsive effect in the PTZ kindling model using a comprehensive in vivo evaluation of the anticonvulsive properties.
Ozone‐induced dissociation on a traveling wave high‐resolution mass spectrometer for determination of double‐bond position in lipids
Authors: Vu Ngoc , Brown Jeffery , Giles Kevin , Zhang Qibin 
Published: June 2017

RationaleThe position of C=C within fatty acyl chains affects the biological function of lipids. Ozone‐induced dissociation mass spectrometry (OzID‐MS) has great potential in determination of lipid double‐bond position, but has generally been implemented on low‐resolution ion trap mass spectrometers. In addition, most of the OzID‐MS experiments carried out so far were focused on the sodiated adducts of lipids; fragmentation of the most commonly observed protonated ions generated in LC/MS‐based lipidomics workflow has been less explored.MethodsOzone generated in line from an ozone generator was connected to the trap and transfer gas supply line of a Synapt G2 high‐resolution mass spectrometer. Protonated ions of different phosphatidylcholines (PC) were generated by electrospray ionization through direct infusion. Different parameters, including traveling wave height and velocity, trap entrance and DC potential, were adjusted to maximize the OzID efficiency. sn‐positional isomers and cis/trans isomers of lipids were compared for their reactivity with ozone.ResultsTraveling wave height and velocity were tuned to prolong the encounter time between lipid ions and ozone, and resulted in improved OzID efficiency, as did increasing trapping region DC and entrance potential. Under optimized settings, at least 1000 times enhancement in OzID efficiency was achieved compared to that under default settings for monounsaturated PC standards. Monounsaturated C=C in the sn‐2 PC isomer reacted faster with ozone than the sn‐1 isomer. Similarly, the C=C in trans PC reacted faster than in cis PC.ConclusionsThis is the first implementation of OzID in the trap and transfer region of a traveling wave enabled high‐resolution mass spectrometer. The OzID reaction efficiency is significantly improved by slowing down ions in the trap region for their prolonged interaction with ozone. This will facilitate application of high‐resolution OzID‐MS in lipidomics.
Tissue‐specific turnover and diet‐tissue discrimination factors of carbon and nitrogen isotopes of a common forage fish held at two temperatures
Authors: Colborne S.F. , Fisk A.T. , Johnson T.B. 
Published: June 2017

RationaleThe application of stable isotopes to foraging ecology is dependent on understanding life‐history and environmental factors unrelated to diet that may influence isotopic composition. Diet‐tissue discrimination factors (DTDFs) and turnover rates will increase the accuracy of isotope‐based studies. Furthermore, little consideration has been given to the effects of temperature or life‐history stage on isotopic ratios despite the prevalence of variation in temperature and growth rates throughout life.MethodsWe measured δ13C and δ15N values with an elemental analyzer coupled to a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. These values were used to estimate turnover and DTDFs for Emerald Shiners (Notropis atherinoides), a common North American freshwater forage fish. Fish were assigned to a temperature treatment, either 10°C (Low) or 20°C (High), and provided one of three diets (commercial pellet, Artemia salina, or Hemimysis anomala). At regular intervals fish were sampled and the isotopic compositions of whole body and liver tissues were determined.ResultsTissue turnover rates for fish fed Artemia were faster for liver than for whole body, but were also influenced by temperature. Turnover occurred faster at higher temperatures for body and liver δ15N values, but not for δ13C values. The pellet and Hemimysis treatments were in isotopic equilibrium from the start of the experiment and estimated DTDFs based on these treatments were lower than assumed for Δ15N (+0.6 to 2.7‰) and variable, but within expected ranges for Δ13C (−1.9 to +1.5‰).ConclusionsThe results for Emerald Shiners differed from commonly made assumptions for applying stable isotopes to ecological questions, possibly related to a bias in the use of juveniles in studies of turnover and DTDFs and assumptions regarding thermal‐independence of isotopic relationships. The species‐specific DTDF and tissue turnover estimates provided here will inform interpretations of stable isotope data for smaller fish species and improve food‐web studies.
Managing the negative impacts of groundwater flow on electrothermal remediation
Authors: Hegele Paul R. , McGee Bruce C. W. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRapid groundwater fluxes often influence subsurface temperature distributions during in situ thermal remediation using electrothermal or conduction heating technologies. This study used a numerical approach to evaluate the impact of groundwater flow on electrothermal heating, as well as the effectiveness of several upgradient heat loss management strategies, in a hypothetical treatment volume. Design alternatives using upgradient (i) hydraulic barriers, (ii) physical barriers, and (iii) increased energy input are evaluated. Results indicate that target temperatures can be achieved, despite the presence of local groundwater flow velocities greater than 0.3 m/day, through the careful design and implementation of the alternatives evaluated. However, physical barriers need to be designed to prevent groundwater flow through the heated volume to be effective. Field data from an electrothermal application are also presented, where boiling temperatures were achieved after steam injection and upgradient pumping wells were implemented.
Remediation techniques for mitigating vapor intrusion from sewer systems to indoor air
Authors: Nielsen Karin Birn , Hvidberg Boerge 
Published: June 2017

AbstractInvestigations at former dry cleaning sites in Denmark show that sewer systems often are a major vapor intrusion pathway for chlorinated solvents to indoor air. In more than 20 percent of the contaminated drycleaner sites in Central Denmark Region, sewer systems were determined to be a major vapor intrusion pathway. Sewer systems can be a major intrusion pathway if contaminated groundwater intrudes into the sewer and contamination is transported within the sewer pipe by water flow in either free phase or dissolved states. Additionally, the contamination can volatilize from the water phase or soil gas can intrude the sewer system directly. In the sewer, the gas phase can migrate in any direction by convective transport or diffusion.Indications of the sewer as a major intrusion pathway are:

higher concentrations in the upper floors in buildings,
higher concentrations in indoor air than expected from soil gas measurements,
higher concentrations in bathrooms/kitchen than in living rooms,
chlorinated solvents in the sewer system, and
a pressure gradient from the sewer system to indoor air.
Measurements to detect whether or not the sewer system is an intrusion pathway are simple. In Central Denmark Region, the concentrations of contaminants are routinely measured in the indoor air at all floors, the outdoor air, behind the water traps in the building, and in the manholes close to the building. The indoor and outdoor air concentration, as well as concentrations in manholes, are measured by passive sampling on sorbent samplers over a 14‐day period, and the measurements inside the sewer system are carried out by active sampling using carbon tubes (sorbent samplers). Furthermore, the pressure gradient over the building slab and between the indoor air and the sewer system are also measured. A simple test is depressurization of the sewer system. Using this technique, the pressure gradient between the sewer system and the indoor air is altered toward the sewer system—the contamination cannot enter the indoor air through the sewer system. If the sewer system is a major intrusion pathway, the effect of the test can be observed immediately in the indoor air.Remediation of a sewer transported contamination can be:

prevention of the contaminants from intruding into the sewer system or
prevention of the contaminated gas in the sewer system from intruding into the indoor air.
Remediation techniques include the following:

lining of the sewer piping to prevent the contamination from intruding into the sewer;
sealing the sewer system in the building to prevent the contamination from the sewer system to intrude the indoor air;
venting of manholes; and
depressurizing the sewer system.
Pseudomonas sp. (Strain 10–1B): A potential inoculum candidate for green and sustainable remediation
Authors: Bello‐Akinosho Maryam , Adeleke Rasheed , Thantsha Mapitsi S. , Maila Mphekgo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSoil pollution caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a consequence of various industrial processes which destabilizes the ecosystem. Bioremediation by bacteria is a cost‐effective and environmentally safe solution for reducing or eliminating pollutants in soils. In the present study, we artificially polluted agricultural soil with used automobile engine oil with a high PAH content and then isolated bacteria from the soil after 10 weeks. Pseudomonas sp. strain 10–1B was isolated from the bacterial community that endured this artificial pollution. We sequenced its genomic DNA on Illumina MiSeq sequencer and evaluated its ability to solubilize phosphate, fix atmospheric nitrogen, and produce indoleacetic acid, in vitro, to ascertain its potential for contribution to soil fertility. Its genome annotation predicted several dioxygenases, reductases, ferredoxin, and Rieske proteins important in the ring hydroxylation initiating PAH degradation. The strain was positive for the soil fertility attributes evaluated. Such combination of attributes is important for any potential bacterium partaking in sustainable bioremediation of PAH‐polluted soil.
Green algae of the genus Spirogyra: A potential absorbent for heavy metal from coal mine water
Authors: Vetrivel Selvi Angu , Diptanghu Mukherjee , Ebhin Masto Reginald , Sydavalli Sheik , Gaurav Nehru , Tiger Kumar Pankaj 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAlgae have considerable capability for absorbing heavy metals from wastewaters and are considered an effective treatment technology. Heavy metal absorption from coal mine water from the Bhowra Abandoned mine (open cast mine) and the Sudamdih Shaft mine (underground mine waters), both located in Dhanbad, India, by cells of Spirogyra was studied at different dilutions (100 percent, 80 percent, 60 percent, 40 percent, and 20 percent). In the present study, the following 18 metals were selected for analysis: aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), silver (Ag), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cesium (Cs), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), indium (In), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and vanadium (V). Accordingly, Al and K were found to be higher in concentration with respect to selected metals for both mine waters. The biosorption study revealed that higher amounts of Al, Bi, Co, Cs, Fe, Ga, Mn, Ni, and V were absorbed by algal biomass at 100 percent concentration from both mine waters. The maximum uptake of Cu, As, and Cd was measured at 60 percent, 40 percent, and 20 percent, respectively, for the Bhowra Abandoned mine water. The biosorption equilibrium study revealed that Ag, Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Ga, In, K, Mn, Ni, and V were maximally absorbed by algal biomass at 100 percent concentration from Bhowra mine water, while the maximum uptake by the algal biomass measured for the Sudamidh coal mine water was for Al, As, Bi, Cu, Fe, and Mn at 100 percent concentration. The different physicochemical characteristics of mine water and drinking water standards was also studied. Accordingly, total dissolved solid and chemical oxygen demand concentrations exceeded the drinking water standards for water samples collected from both mines.
Academic Language as a Predictor of Reading Comprehension in Monolingual Spanish‐Speaking Readers: Evidence From Chilean Early Adolescents
Authors: Meneses Alejandra , Uccelli Paola , Santelices María Verónica , Ruiz Marcela , Acevedo Daniela , Figueroa Javiera 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAlthough literacy achievement has improved in Chile, adolescents’ underperformance in reading comprehension is still a serious concern. In English, core academic‐language skills (CALS) have been found to significantly predict reading comprehension, even controlling for academic vocabulary knowledge.CALSare high‐utility language skills that support reading comprehension across school content areas. Guided by an operational definition of SpanishCALS(S‐CALS), three goals drove this study: to develop two psychometrically reliable tests, the S‐CALSInstrument and the Spanish Academic Vocabulary (S‐AVoc) Test; to explore the dimensionality of core academic‐language proficiencies, as measured by these two tests; and to examine the contribution of core academic‐language proficiencies to reading comprehension. A cross‐sectional sample of 810 Chilean students (grades 4–8) participated in four assessments that measured standardized reading comprehension, word‐reading fluency, Spanish academic vocabulary, and S‐CALS. Using classical test theory and item response theory analyses, results yielded robust reliability evidence for both instruments. Consistent with prior research, S‐CALSand academic vocabulary scores displayed upward trends in higher grades yet considerable within‐grade variability. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that S‐CALSand S‐AVoc were best conceptualized as part of a higher order construct, the Spanish core academic‐language and vocabulary skills (S‐CALVS). The aggregated S‐CALVSscores predicted reading comprehension, beyond the contribution of grade, school factors, and word‐reading fluency. This study advances our scientific understanding ofCALSas relevant for adolescent literacy beyond the English language. The high‐utility school‐relevant language and vocabulary skills offer promising tools to inform and evaluate innovative reading comprehension interventions for Spanish‐speaking adolescents.
2,5‐Dihydro‐1,2‐oxaphosphol‐2‐ium Ions, as Highly Reactive Phosphorus‐Centered Electrophiles: Generation, NMR Study, and Reactions
Authors: Lozovskiy Stanislav V. , Ivanov Alexander Yu. , Bogachenkov Alexander S. , Vasilyev Aleksander V. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDiphenyl allenyl phosphonates are cyclized into 2,5‐dihydro‐1,2‐oxaphosphol‐2‐ium ions in Brønsted acids (TfOH, H2SO4, FSO3H). These species have been studied by means of 1H, 13C, 31P NMR. The cations react with various nucleophiles (H2O, MeOH, EtOH, Et2NH, PhH) on the phosphorus atom. The obtained products are very labile and undergo decomposition. Contrary to Brønsted acids, under the action of Lewis acids AlX3 (X=Cl, Br), these diphenyl allenyl phosphonates lead to another kind of heterocycles, 2,5‐dihydrobenzo[f][1,2]oxaphosphepine‐2‐oxides.
Liquid‐Metal Indium Catalysis for Direct Dehydrogenative Conversion of Methane to Higher Hydrocarbons
Authors: Nishikawa Yuta , Ogihara Hitoshi , Yamanaka Ichiro 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCatalysts for dehydrogenative conversion of methane (DCM) to higher hydrocarbons are worthy of attention. Indium supported on silica (In/SiO2) was found for effective catalyst for the DCM reaction above 1023 K. Products were ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, naphthalene and hydrogen. A highest selectivity of sum of products was 96 % at 1098 K and a steady‐state sum yield was 2.1 % with 63 % selectivity at 1173 K. Characterization studies using temperature‐programed X‐ray diffraction (TP‐XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the working state of indium catalyst was liquid metal. Effects of reaction temperature on the product distribution and studies of temperature‐programed‐reaction (TPR) indicated that liquid‐metal indium activated methane and selectively converted to ethane. Higher hydrocarbons were produced from ethane in the gas phase without catalyst.
Direct Conversion of Carbohydrates into 5‐Ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) and 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) catalyzed by Oxomolybdenum complexes
Authors: Pereira Juliana G. , Sousa Sara C. A. , Fernandes Ana C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis work reports the first methodology for one‐pot synthesis of 5‐ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from various carbohydrates catalyzed by oxo‐molybdenum complexes. The best results of EMF (53‐60 %) were obtained using a mixture of ethanol/THF (5:2) catalyzed by MoO2Cl2(H2O)2 at 120 °C, after 17 h. This dioxo‐molybdenum complex also promoted the synthesis of EMF from other carbohydrates such as inulin and sucrose. The selective conversion of fructose into HMF was achieved in good yield (75 %) from fructose using MoO2Cl2(H2O)2 in DMSO at 120 °C after 30 minutes. This novel methodology has the advantages of using an inexpensive, environmental friendly and air stable catalyst with an easy preparation.
Symmetric multiprocessing from boot to virtualization
Authors: Denz Robert , Brookes Scott , Osterloh Martin , Kuhn Stephen , Taylor Stephen 
Published: June 2017

SummaryThe x86 multicore processor architecture and the concepts associated with symmetric multiprocessing have become the linchpin of modern operating systems and cloud computing. A solid understanding of these technologies has become critical to any developer entering the field. Unfortunately, the complexity associated with discovering, enabling, using, and virtualizing multiple cores has created a paucity in the available documentation, transferable knowledge, and readable code exemplars. This paper describes our experience in overcoming these hurdles in the design of a from scratch, multi‐core operating system––Bear––for secure and resilient cloud computing. In particular, we trace the intricacies involved in the development of a multi‐core microkernel with an integrated multi‐core hypervisor. By exploring the implementation details, from bootstrapping through core virtualization to process scheduling, this paper aims to fill the knowledge gaps, highlight potential pitfalls, and introduce multicore development in a concise start‐to‐finish exemplar.