bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modal Semantics without Worlds
Authors: Warmke Craig 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOver the last half century, possible worlds have bled into almost every area of philosophy. In the metaphysics of modality, for example, philosophers have used possible worlds almost exclusively to illuminate discourse about metaphysical necessity and possibility. But recently, some have grown dissatisfied with possible worlds. Why are horses necessarily mammals? Because the property of being a horse bears a special relationship to the property of being a mammal, they say. Not because every horse is a mammal in every possible world. Some have recently begun to use properties to develop rivals to possible worlds semantics which may someday compare in formal power and capture the different systems of modal logic. In this paper, I do two things. I first offer a quick primer on possible worlds semantics. Then I discuss three rivals and the work they have left to do.
Resatorvid‐based Pharmacological Antagonism of Cutaneous TLR4 Blocks UV‐induced NF‐κB and AP‐1 Signaling in Keratinocytes and Mouse Skin
Authors: Janda Jaroslav , Burkett Nichole B. , Blohm‐Mangone Karen , Huang Vivian , Curiel‐Lewandrowski Clara , Alberts David S. , Petricoin Emanuel F. , Calvert Valerie S. , Einspahr Janine , Dong Zigang , Bode Ann M. , Wondrak Georg T. , Dickinson Sally E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCutaneous exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major causative factor in skin carcinogenesis, and improved molecular strategies for efficacious chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are urgently needed. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling has been shown to drive skin inflammation, photoimmunosuppression, and chemical carcinogenesis. Here we have examined the feasibility of genetic and pharmacological antagonism targeting cutaneous TLR4 for the suppression of UV‐induced NF‐κB and AP‐1 signaling in keratinocytes and mouse skin. Using immunohistochemical and proteomic microarray analysis of human skin, we demonstrate for the first time that a significant increase in expression of TLR4 occurs in keratinocytes during the progression from normal skin to actinic keratosis, also detectible during further progression to squamous cell carcinoma. Next, we demonstrate that siRNA‐based genetic TLR4 inhibition blocks UV‐induced stress signaling in cultured keratinocytes. Importantly, we observed that resatorvid (TAK‐242), a molecularly targeted clinical TLR4 antagonist, blocks UV‐induced NF‐κB and MAP kinase/AP‐1 activity and cytokine expression (Il‐6, Il‐8, and Il‐10) in cultured keratinocytes and in topically treated murine skin. Taken together, our data reveal that pharmacological TLR4 antagonism can suppress UV‐induced cutaneous signaling, and future experiments will explore the potential of TLR4‐directed strategies for prevention of NMSC.
Bridging the Gap between Social Acceptance and Ethical Acceptability
Authors: Taebi Behnam 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNew technology brings great benefits, but it can also create new and significant risks. When evaluating those risks in policymaking, there is a tendency to focus on social acceptance. By solely focusing on social acceptance, we could, however, overlook important ethical aspects of technological risk, particularly when we evaluate technologies with transnational and intergenerational risks. I argue that good governance of risky technology requires analyzing both social acceptance and ethical acceptability. Conceptually, these two notions are mostly complementary. Social acceptance studies are not capable of sufficiently capturing all the morally relevant features of risky technologies; ethical analyses do not typically include stakeholders’ opinions, and they therefore lack the relevant empirical input for a thorough ethical evaluation. Only when carried out in conjunction are these two types of analysis relevant to national and international governance of risky technology. I discuss the Rawlsian wide reflective equilibrium as a method for marrying social acceptance and ethical acceptability. Although the rationale of my argument is broadly applicable, I will examine the case of multinational nuclear waste repositories in particular. This example will show how ethical issues may be overlooked if we focus only on social acceptance, and will provide a test case for demonstrating how the wide reflective equilibrium can help to bridge the proverbial acceptance‐acceptability gap.
Foreign Language Learning and Trade
Authors: Ginsburgh Victor , Melitz Jacques , Toubal Farid 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe paper is devoted to an econometric analysis of learning foreign languages in all parts of the world. Our sample covers 193 countries and 13 important languages. Four factors significantly explain learning: world population of speakers of home language, trade with speakers of foreign language, linguistic distance between home and foreign language and literacy. Trade may well deserve more emphasis than the other three factors, not only for its significance, but also because its direction can change faster and by a larger order of magnitude. Controlling for any of the 13 target languages, including English, is of no particular importance.
Prospective Study of Major Loss Life Events and Risk for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Daniel Stephanie S. , Goldston David B. , Erkanli Alaattin , Heilbron Nicole , Franklin Joseph C. 
Published: November 2016

This prospective, naturalistic study examined the association between major loss life experiences, other psychiatric risk factors (depression, hopelessness, and anxiety), and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) among adolescents followed through young adulthood for up to 14 years. Major loss life events were related to subsequent increases in STBs. Major loss life events were primarily related to increases in suicide ideation in the presence of lower levels of other risk factors. There was a bidirectional relationship between major losses and other risk factors. Implications for the association between loss experiences, other risk factors, and future STBs are discussed.
Treatment outcomes of over 1000 patients on second‐line, protease inhibitor‐based antiretroviral therapy from four public‐sector HIV treatment facilities across Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Shearer Kate , Evans Denise , Moyo Faith , Rohr Julia K. , Berhanu Rebecca , Van Den Berg Liudmyla , Long Lawrence , Sanne Ian , Fox Matthew P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo report predictors of outcomes of second‐line ART for HIV treatment in a resource‐limited setting.MethodsAll adult ART‐naïve patients who initiated standard first‐line treatment between April 2004 and February 2012 at four public‐sector health facilities in Johannesburg, South Africa, experienced virologic failure and initiated standard second‐line therapy were included. We assessed predictors of attrition (death and loss to follow‐up [≥3 months late for a scheduled visit]) using Cox proportional hazards regression and predictors of virologic suppression (viral load <400 copies/ml ≥3 months after switch) using modified Poisson regression with robust error estimation at 1 year and ever after second‐line ART initiation.ResultsA total of 1236 patients switched to second‐line treatment in a median (IQR) of 1.9 (0.9‐4.6) months after first‐line virologic failure. Approximately 13% and 45% of patients were no longer in care at 1 year and at the end of follow‐up, respectively. Patients with low CD4 counts (<50 vs. ≥200, aHR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.03–3.32) at second‐line switch were at greater risk for attrition by the end of follow‐up. About 75% of patients suppressed by 1 year, and 85% had ever suppressed by the end of follow‐up.ConclusionsPatients with poor immune status at switch to second‐line ART were at greater risk of attrition and were less likely to suppress. Additional adherence support after switch may improve outcomes.
Design of In-Service Repair Welding Procedures for Operating Pipelines: Critical Assessment of Variables Affecting Restraint Level and Heat-Affected Zone Microstructures of Vintage Pipelines
Authors: Guest Stuart , Dyck Jason , Egbewande Afolabi , MacKenzie Robert , Sadowski Mark 
Published: November 2016

In order to maintain pipeline operation during repair and maintenance work, operators typically install branch (i.e. hot-tap) and repair fittings (i.e. sleeves) onto flowing pipelines. In-service welding procedures must be designed for these installations per code requirement. Welding induced cracking during the installation of pressure containing repair fittings is a major concern when welding onto flowing pipelines. Repair fitting dimensions influence cooling rates and restraint conditions. A combination of high stress and brittle microstructures formed during the rapid cooling of high carbon equivalent vintage pipeline steel can create conditions that promote the formation of cracks. CSA Z662 and API 1104 specify essential variables (requirements) that aim to mitigate risk of cracking by qualifying the weld procedure to equal or more severe conditions than expected in the field. These essential variables can include material carbon equivalent, cooling rate, and level of restraint limitations to be applied during qualification of the weld procedure. This paper will focus on the creation of a safe welding procedure by pre-welding assessment of the phase transformations that occur during welding on liquid product vintage pipelines and modelling the influence of readily quantifiable variables on the level of restraint induced by repair fittings.
Finite element analysis (FEA) was utilized to study the thermal history of simulated in-service weld heat affected zones to approximate the stress and strain magnitudes (level of restraint) at the fillet weld toe of simulated sleeve repairs. Thermal analysis was conducted on various weld bead geometries to simulate the effects of cooling rates and tempering. To aid in the design of a safe weld procedure, two continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams were constructed from a vintage 1960s API 5L X52 pipe with a carbon equivalent of 0.51% (CEN and IIW). This enabled the selection of optimal welding parameters that produced desirable HAZ microstructures. The modeling of restraint level accounted for the thermal expansion and contraction of a multi-pass fillet weld sequence on various pipe and sleeve thicknesses. The sleeve-on-pipe configuration was compared to the plate-on-plate configuration. Sleeve wall thickness was varied from 1 to 7 times the pipe wall thickness to account for any possible instances where a very thick fitting, such as emergency fittings (e.g. STOPPLE®), may be installed on a thin pipeline. Test welds were completed on the 1960s vintage pipeline steel with a high volume water flow loop to simulate operating conditions. The heat affected zone hardness values correlated well with those predicted by the FEA and CCT results.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Girth Weld HAZ in X80 Line Pipe With High Deformability for Strain Based Design Applications
Authors: Liu Yu , Li Yezheng , Li Shuo , You Zongbin , Yin Zhanghua 
Published: November 2016

X80 line pipe with high longitudinal deformability (X80HD) has been developed and applied in the Strain Based Design (SBD) of pipelines in harsh environment such as seismic areas, permafrost areas, fault zones, etc. For SBD pipelines it is critical that the pipeline girth welds overmatch the tensile properties of the pipe material to avoid local strain accumulation in the girth weld during a strain event. Also, it is important that pipeline girth welds that may experience high strains in operation have sufficient toughness to ensure adequate resistance to failure by fracture.
The objective of this research was to gain a better understanding of the influence of chemical composition and essential welding variables on microstructure and properties of the HAZ regions formed in X80HD pipeline girth welds. In this study, by using the weld thermal simulation approach, the peak temperatures (Tp, representative of the distance to the fusion boundary) and the cooling times, particularly between 800 °C and 500 °C (t8/5, representative of the weld heat input), identical to those occurring in the girth weld HAZ of three different X80HD pipe steels, were artificially reproduced. It should be noted that t8/5 is influenced by both heat input and preheat temperature. The weld peak temperatures, Tp, from 500 °C to 1300 °C, in 100 °C increment, whereas the cooling times t8/5 from 5 to 30 seconds were in 5, 15, and 30 seconds, associated with the heat input range of self-shielded flux cored arc welding (FCAW-S). The thermal simulation specimens on tensile properties, Charpy impact toughness, and Vickers hardness were tested and analyzed. Microstructures of these simulated HAZ were characterized by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, the actual FCAW-S girth welding experiments were carried out. These girth welds were subjected to different testing for evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of X80HD girth welded joints. These included transverse weld tensile testing, microhardness map of the weld joint, Charpy V-notch impact testing of weld metal and HAZ, and microstructure analysis. The results demonstrated that softening occurs in the fine grained HAZ (FGHAZ) and the inter-critical HAZ (ICHAZ) of X80HD line pipe girth welds. The severity of HAZ softening depends on the steel chemistry and the heat input applied during girth welding. The metallurgical design of the X80HD pipeline steel and the optimization of the girth welding procedures were proposed.
Development of Contemporary Welding Procedures for Heavy Wall Hot Tap Split Tee Longitudinal Seam Welds
Authors: Atkinson Mark , Slater Simon 
Published: November 2016

Historically, the manual metal arc welding (MMA) process has been used for welding of full encirclement split tees on hot tap connections for gas transmission pipelines. The National Grid high pressure gas transmission network currently consists of pipelines up to and including 1219 mm outside diameter. The large diameter pipes require split tee assemblies up to 80 mm thick. The arc time to complete welding can be considerable and requires multiple welders to complete welding in one continuous operation.
The qualification of a mechanised gas shielded flux cored arc welding (GSFCAW) procedure for welding the longitudinal seams on large diameter tee connections would realise significant operational and cost benefits over the MMA method. The equipment for mechanised field welding is readily available for a large number of applications across many industries. Recent advances in the technology suggest that a suitable mechanised procedure can be developed for the longitudinal weld seams of split tee assemblies.
The primary aim of this project was to qualify a mechanised GSFCAW process and set of procedures in line with the National Grid specification for welding longitudinal seams of split tee assemblies. A comprehensive welding and test schedule was performed using 50 mm tee material. Welding was performed using the Firefly welding system in three positions, flat, overhead and horizontal to cover the full range of welding positions required for tee connections with either horizontal or vertical off-take branches.
Based on the mechanical testing and non-destructive examination (NDE) results, the combination of process and consumables used in this project have been qualified in accordance with the National Grid specification.
A number of quality issues were observed during welding and recommendations to address these have been identified. The travel speeds achieved using the GSFCAW process are up to twice those recorded when welding a similar size fitting using MMA. Even after considering the remedial work required to rectify quality issues, the overall welding times recorded using the GSFCAW process were lower than those recorded on a similar size fitting welded on site using the MMA process.
Material Properties and Flaw Characteristics of Vintage Girth Welds
Authors: Kotian Kunal , Wang Yong-Yi 
Published: November 2016

Integrity assessment of girth welds in in-service vintage pipelines is sometimes necessary, including regulatory requirements, changes in service or pipe support conditions which may cause additional stress on the girth welds, or “indications” being reported in in-line inspection (ILI). Material properties and flaw characteristics are essential in such assessment, but very little data are available in most cases.
In a PRCI-funded effort, material properties and flaw characteristics of vintage girth welds are generated and analyzed to fill the critical gaps. The output of this effort is being used as the inputs to a vintage girth weld assessment procedure being developed in a separate and parallel effort. The outcome of these efforts collectively allows for the assessment of vintage girth welds, which is a part of an overall integrity management program.
The basic material property data being generated include (i) pipe tensile properties in both hoop and longitudinal directions, (ii) weld metal tensile properties, (iii) macrohardness traverse, and (iv) Charpy impact transition curves with notches in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and deposited weld metal. These data provide essential information on tensile strength, weld strength mismatch, and toughness. In addition, tensile tests were conducted on cross-weld specimens with natural flaws and artificially machined planar flaws. These cross-weld tests provide an indication of the welds’ stress capacity in the presence of flaws. They also provide the apparent toughness which is essential in assessing welds’ tensile strain capacity. All tested girth welds were inspected using radiography and phased array UT. Thus, this work provides a coherent picture of the material properties, flaw characteristics, and stress and strain capacities of the tested vintage girth welds.
Corrosion Growth and Remnant Life Assessment: How to Pick the Right Approach for Your Pipeline
Authors: Smith Michael , Argent Cheryl , Wilde Andrew 
Published: November 2016

Accurate modelling of future corrosion growth is critical to long term pipeline integrity. A lot has been published within the industry regarding how to accurately determine corrosion growth rates (CGRs) from repeat in-line inspection data but there is limited guidance to support pipeline operators in deciding how to apply CGRs in order to support the development of repair plans and investigate pipeline remnant life. The consequences of significantly under- or overestimating CGRs are high and getting the balance right between the two is not straightforward.
Future integrity decisions can be made using maximum, upper bound, or average corrosion rates, and these rates may be calculated for and applied to individual features, pipe joints, or segments. All of the commonly used methods have advantages and disadvantages.
In this paper 10 CGR application methods have been applied to 3 onshore pipelines in which 3 inspections were conducted. The methods were compared against each other by reviewing the corrosion growth predictions from the 1st and 2nd inspections with the actual results of the 3rd inspection.
The aims of the study were:
i. to identify the methods that limit underestimation of corrosion growth but also do not severely overestimate corrosion growth, and
ii. to identify which methods are most appropriate for the different future integrity decisions, e.g. repair & re-inspection planning and remnant life estimation.
A scoring methodology was developed in order to compare and rank the CGR application methods. The methodology was based on an underestimation score (to identify which methods minimize underestimation) and an overestimation score (to identify which methods limit unnecessary repair work). The scoring method allowed for weightings to be applied to the under- and overestimation scores to take account of how the priorities vary when making different future integrity decisions.
Double Jointing Technology for Strain-Based Design (SBD) Pipelines
Authors: Verma Neerav , Fairchild Doug P. , Wasson Andrew J. , Anderson Timothy D. , Noecker Fredrick F. 
Published: November 2016

Pipelines may experience significant longitudinal strains when subjected to large ground motions, such as seismic activity, landslides, etc. For these conditions, a strain-based design (SBD) approach can be used. The use of higher strength steels (like X80) for SBD approach can enable significant construction cost savings. Costs can be further reduced through the use of a double jointing process in order to reduce the amount of field welding. However, it is challenging to achieve adequate girth weld properties for SBD scenarios involving higher strength steels by using conventional double jointing processes such as submerged arc welding (SAW).
Acicular ferrite interspersed in martensite (AFIM) has been previously identified as an advantageous high strength weld metal microstructure that can be applied in field pipeline construction. In this paper, a double jointing technology for X70+ SBD applications will be discussed. Excellent strength and toughness properties were achieved in double joint welds by using an optimized AFIM welding technology that included a tailored welding consumable wire and a high productivity GMAW-P weld process. Welding procedures are discussed along with mechanical properties achieved. Productivity comparisons suggest that a fully optimized GMAW-P welding process in the 1G-rolled welding position can have productivity comparable to a conventional SAW double jointing process.
Non-Linear Corrosion Growth: A More Appropriate and Accurate Model for Predicting Corrosion Growth Rate
Authors: Al-Amin M. , Kariyawasam S. , Zhang S. , Zhou W. 
Published: November 2016

External metal-loss corrosion is one of the major contributing factors for pipeline failures in North America. Corrosion growth rate plays a crucial role in managing corrosion hazard for gas and liquid pipelines. Quantifying the growth of corrosion over time is critically important for the risk and reliability analysis of pipelines, planning for corrosion mitigation and repair, and determination of time intervals for corrosion inspections. Conservatism in predicting the growth rate has significant engineering implication as non-conservatism can lead to critical anomalies being missed by mitigation actions and may cause pipeline failure; whereas, over conservatism can lead to unnecessary inspections and anomaly mitigations that may result in significant unnecessary cost to pipeline operators.
As more and more pipelines are now being inspected by in-line inspection (ILI) tools on a regular basis, the ILI data from multiple inspections provide valuable information about the growth of corrosion anomalies on the pipeline. Although the application of linear growth rate calculated by comparing depths from two successive ILI is a common practice in the pipeline industry, research has shown that the growth of corrosion anomaly is non-linear and anomaly-specific. The authors of this paper have previously developed anomaly-specific non-linear corrosion growth model based on multiple ILI data. The objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the appropriateness of anomaly-specific non-linear corrosion growth model, and to illustrate the advantages of using non-linear corrosion growth model in the integrity management program. Two case studies were performed to illustrate the application of non-linear growth model by incorporating the measurement errors associated with the ILI tools, which include both the bias (constant and non-constant) and random scattering error. The findings of these case studies are presented in this paper.