bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The origin of species richness patterns along environmental gradients: uniting explanations based on time, diversification rate and carrying capacity
Authors: Pontarp Mikael , Wiens John J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimsPatterns of species richness, such as the remarkable biodiversity of tropical regions, have been documented and studied for centuries. However, their underlying evolutionary and ecological causes are still incompletely understood. A commonly stated paradigm in the literature is that high richness in some habitats is directly caused by one of three competing explanations: (1) greater time‐for‐speciation (earlier colonization), (2) more rapid diversification rates (faster speciation relative to extinction) or (3) higher carrying capacity. However, these three explanations have been relatively little studied using theoretical approaches (especially in terms of comparing all three). Furthermore, empirical studies give conflicting results about their relative importance. Here, we use simulations to study the processes that drive richness patterns along environmental gradients.LocationGlobally applicable.MethodsWe use individual‐based and trait‐based modelling of eco‐evolutionary dynamics to simulate the evolutionary radiation of a clade across five habitats with differing ecological conditions, and track patterns of species richness within and between habitats over time. We specifically address the roles of time and diversification rates in explaining richness patterns and the potential impact of carrying capacity.Main results and conclusionsContrary to the widespread paradigm, we find that variation in carrying capacity can underlie differences in diversification rates and time‐for‐speciation among habitats. Therefore, carrying capacity is not a competing, alternative explanation for richness patterns. We also find that the time‐for‐speciation effect dominates richness patterns over short time‐scales, whereas diversification rates dominate over longer time‐scales. These latter observations can help reconcile the seemingly conflicting results of many empirical studies, which find that some patterns are explained by time and others by differences in diversification rates.
Research Review: Neural response to threat in children, adolescents, and adults after child maltreatment – a quantitative meta‐analysis
Authors: Hein Tyler C. , Monk Christopher S. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundChild maltreatment is common and has long‐term consequences for affective function. Investigations of neural consequences of maltreatment have focused on the amygdala. However, developmental neuroscience indicates that other brain regions are also likely to be affected by child maltreatment, particularly in the social information processing network (SIPN). We conducted a quantitative meta‐analysis to: confirm that maltreatment is related to greater bilateral amygdala activation in a large sample that was pooled across studies; investigate other SIPN structures that are likely candidates for altered function; and conduct a data‐driven examination to identify additional regions that show altered activation in maltreated children, teens, and adults.MethodsWe conducted an activation likelihood estimation analysis with 1,733 participants across 20 studies of emotion processing in maltreated individuals.ResultsMaltreatment is associated with increased bilateral amygdala activation to emotional faces. One SIPN structure is altered: superior temporal gyrus, of the detection node, is hyperactive in maltreated individuals. The results of the whole‐brain corrected analysis also show hyperactivation of the parahippocampal gyrus and insula in maltreated individuals.ConclusionsThe meta‐analysis confirms that maltreatment is related to increased bilateral amygdala reactivity and also shows that maltreatment affects multiple additional structures in the brain that have received little attention in the literature. Thus, although the majority of studies examining maltreatment and brain function have focused on the amygdala, these findings indicate that the neural consequences of child maltreatment involve a broader network of structures.
Temperature‐dependent development of the European larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae
Authors: Schebeck M. , Schopf A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe temperature‐dependent development of the European larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae, was studied under long‐day conditions L:D 16:8 at three temperature regimes, 15°C, 20°C and 25°C, using the sandwich plate method. By observing the individual developmental progress, we calculated the developmental times and lower developmental thresholds of one entire generation and various ontogenetic stages. The mean developmental time of one generation was about 120, 64 and 37 days at 15°C, 20°C and 25°C, respectively. The egg stage comprised about 9% of the total development or about 16% of the pre‐imaginal development. The larval stages took about 39% of the entire and about 66% of the pre‐imaginal development. The pupal stage needed about 11% of the total or about 18% of the pre‐imaginal development. The lower developmental threshold for one generation was 11.2°C. The egg stage had the highest lower developmental threshold of 12.0°C, the pupa the lowest of 9.8°C and the total larval stages showed a value of 11.2°C. The thermal requirements for I. cembrae have never been studied in detail before. The results will be a valuable contribution for monitoring and risk assessment models to estimate the beetle's phenology and its potential impacts on forest ecosystems under changing climate conditions.
Host plants mixture and fitness ofKolla paulula: with an evaluation of the application of Weibull function
Authors: Tuan S.‐J. , Chang P.‐W. , Saska P. , Atlihan R. , Chi H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe xylem‐feeding leafhopperKolla paulula(Walker), a vector of Pierce's disease, occurs primarily on weeds in and around fruit and ornamental crop orchards in Taiwan. Because our preliminary studies showed thatK. paululaperformed poorly when reared on pilose beggarticks (Bidens pilosaL. var.radiata) (PB) or trilobate wedelia (Wedelia triloba(L.)) (TW) alone, we collected the life table data ofK. paululareared on a mixture of both host plants to determine the effect at the population level. During their lifespan, 95.6% of feeding time was spent on the major host plant (PB) and only 4.4% on the minor host plant (TW). The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), net reproduction rate (R0) and mean generation time (T) ofK. paululawere 0.0487, 1.0500 day−1, 35.86 offspring and 73.4 days, respectively. Because more than 95% of the insects have been observed feeding on both plants, this would indicate that the minor host plant may play an important role in the fitness ofK. paulularegardless of the short feeding time. We calculated the percentage contribution to the population parameters made by females that had fed on both PB and TW and compared these with the values obtained for offspring of females that had fed solely on PB. We also evaluated the usefulness of applying the Weibull distribution in demographic studies. We demonstrated that when there is a higher mortality in specific life stages, the fitted Weibull distribution would be inaccurate in describing the survival curve and that application of the fitted curve to the calculation of life expectancy or other statistics would result in significant discrepancy to the actual curve.
Enhanced toxicity of Cry2Ab with cantharidin and its analogues on Mythimna separata
Authors: Fan J. B. , van de Velde S. , Sun W. B. , Yu H. , Zhang Y. L. , Wang D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a severe pest of graminaceous crops in Asia and Australia. In this study, we investigated the impacts of Cry2Ab, cantharidin and its analogues (cantharidin‐23 and cantharidin‐24) on M. separata growth, hydrolytic enzymes and detoxifying enzymes. Differences in weight gain and enzyme activities among all treatments were observed. Larval and pupal weight gain and hydrolytic enzyme activities declined when larvae were treated with Cry2Ab, cantharidin and its analogues, individually or in combination. The combination of Cry2Ab and cantharidin or cantharidin‐24 had a markedly adverse effect on larval weight gain. Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase were inhibited, whereas glutathione S‐transferase was upregulated in all treatments with sublethal doses. The maximum reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity and increase in glutathione S‐transferase activity occurred after the larvae were treated with a combination of Cry2Ab and cantharidin‐24 over 48 h. The results suggest that the compositions of Cry2Ab, cantharidin and cantharidin‐24 have a potential use in pest management.
Evaluation of lures and traps for male and female monitoring of Mediterranean fruit fly in pome and stone fruit
Authors: Broughton S. , Rahman T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCommercial traps and lures have recently become available for monitoring male and female Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia, with possible applications in monitoring and mass trapping. This study investigated the attractiveness of commercially available male [Capilure® (CPL), Trimedlure (TML) cone, plugs, and wafers] and female‐targeted synthetic lures (three‐component BioLure®, BioLure® Unipak, Ceratitis® Unipak, TMA Plus® Unipak and Biotrap® gel), and five female‐targeted traps [Maxi® trap, Sorygar Tephri‐trap, Probodelt® cone trap, and BioTrap Globe® traps (two versions)]. Results showed that TML and CPL lures were equivalent up to 8 weeks, but TML‐baited traps captured 1.2–4.6 times more male medflies than CPL‐baited traps with lures aged 9–16 weeks. For female‐targeted trapping, all tested lures were female selective. Ceratitis® Unipak was equivalent to three‐component (3‐C) BioLure®, whilst BioLure® Unipak captured 1.1–1.5 times more medflies than 3‐C BioLure®. The least efficient lures were TMA Plus® Unipak and Biotrap Fruit Fly Attractant Gel. Tephri‐traps were the least efficient trap, with Maxi traps catching 1.9–6.7 times more medflies than the Tephri‐trap. The appropriate selection of lures and traps for applications in monitoring and mass trapping are discussed.
Susceptibility of Dendroctonus simplex to Hypocreales fungi: towards the development of a biological control strategy
Authors: Srei N. , Lavallée R. , Guertin C. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe use of Hypocreales fungi against bark beetles is an attractive alternative strategy for biological control in forestry. However, fungal inoculation methods remain a major challenge due to the cryptic behaviour of these beetles. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of adult eastern larch beetles, Dendroctonus simplex, to different isolates of Hypocreales fungi and to assess the efficiency of direct inoculation of fungal conidia using an assisted autodissemination device. Among the nine fungal isolates tested, Beauveria bassiana INRS‐242 was selected as the utmost isolate causing a mortality rate of 64.4% of D. simplex adults within 10 days and having a high conidial viability of 81.7%. Using an assisted autodissemination device, a fungal‐coated pouch was a promising contamination chamber. Once it had fallen onto the fungal‐coated pouch, each D. simplex adult loaded an average lethal dose of 2.1 × 109 conidia, which induced a mortality rate of 98.0%. Our results demonstrated the fungal pathogenicity of B. bassiana INRS‐242 against the eastern larch beetles and pointed out the potential of the assisted autodissemination device as an effective method of conidia inoculation. These findings represent the first step to develop a biological control strategy against D. simplex populations.
Comparison of a Virtual Older Driver Assessment with an On‐Road Driving Test
Authors: Eramudugolla Ranmalee , Price Jasmine , Chopra Sidhant , Li Xiaolan , Anstey Kaarin J. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo design a low‐cost simulator‐based driving assessment for older adults and to compare its validity with that of an on‐road driving assessment and other measures of older driver risk.DesignCross‐sectional observational study.SettingCanberra, Australia.ParticipantsOlder adult drivers (N = 47; aged 65–88, mean age 75.2).MeasurementsError rate on a simulated drive with environment and scoring procedure matched to those of an on‐road test. Other measures included participant age, simulator sickness severity, neuropsychological measures, and driver screening measures. Outcome variables included occupational therapist (OT)‐rated on‐road errors, on‐road safety rating, and safety category.ResultsParticipants’ error rate on the simulated drive was significantly correlated with their OT‐rated driving safety (correlation coefficient (r) = −0.398, P = .006), even after adjustment for age and simulator sickness (P = .009). The simulator error rate was a significant predictor of categorization as unsafe on the road (P = .02, sensitivity 69.2%, specificity 100%), with 13 (27%) drivers assessed as unsafe. Simulator error was also associated with other older driver safety screening measures such as useful field of view (r = 0.341, P = .02), DriveSafe (r = −0.455, P < .01), and visual motion sensitivity (r = 0.368, P = .01) but was not associated with memory (delayed word recall) or global cognition (Mini‐Mental State Examination). Drivers made twice as many errors on the simulated assessment as during the on‐road assessment (P < .001), with significant differences in the rate and type of errors between the two mediums.ConclusionA low‐cost simulator‐based assessment is valid as a screening instrument for identifying at‐risk older drivers but not as an alternative to on‐road evaluation when accurate data on competence or pattern of impairment is required for licensing decisions and training programs.
Non‐proton ligand‐sensing domain of acid‐sensing ion channel 3 is required for itch sensation
Authors: Lei Zhen , Sami Shaikh Abdul , Zheng Wenshuai , Yu Xiao , Yu Jingui , Li Jingxin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractItch, the unpleasant sensation that evokes a desire to scratch, accompanies numerous skin and nervous system disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms of itch are unclear. Acid‐sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) is a sensor of acidic and primary inflammatory pain. The whole‐cell patch clamp technique was used to determine the effect of chloroquine (CQ) on ASICs currents in primary sensory neurons or the Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with rat ASIC1a or ASIC3. Site‐directed mutagenesis of plasmid was performed. Scratching behavior was evaluated by measuring the number of bouts during 30 min after injection. CQ, an anti‐malarial drug defined as a histamine‐independent pruritogen, selectively enhanced the sustained phase of ASIC3 current in a concentration‐dependent manner either in ASIC3‐transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells or in primary cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Further studies revealed that the effect of CQ on ASIC3 channels depends on the newly identified non‐proton ligand‐sensing domain. Importantly, CQ‐evoked scratching behavior was largely alleviated by APETx2, a selective ASIC3 channel blocker. Like CQ, other compounds such as amiloride, 2‐guanidine‐4‐methylquinazoline and neuropeptide FF, which have been previously reported to be non‐proton ligands that activate ASIC3, undoubtedly evoked the scratching response. In conclusion, ASIC3, a proton‐gated ion channel critical for pain sensation, also functions as an essential component of itch transduction.
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An efficacy and safety of nanofractional radiofrequency for the treatment of striae alba
Authors: Pongsrihadulchai Napatthaorn , Chalermchai Thep , Ophaswongse Suwirakorn , Pongsawat Suriya , Udompataikul Montree 
Published: October 2016

SummaryBackgroundStriae distensae (SD) is a form of dermal scar. A number of treatments have been proposed, but they usually have unsatisfactory result especially in striae alba. Recently, nanofractional RF has been developed. Its mechanism of action is to stimulate dermal remodeling and epidermal re‐epithelization.AimTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of nanofractional RF in the treatment of striae alba.Patients/MethodsThis is an experimental, assessor‐blinded, before–after study. Thirty‐three subjects, with striae alba on their thighs, abdomen, or buttocks (11 subjects each) were enrolled. Treatments with nanofractional RF were undergone for a total of three sessions at 4‐week intervals. Clinical outcomes were assessed, by comparing pre‐ and post‐treatment measurement of total lesional surface area (using digital Pictzar™ software), and length and width of lesions. Histopathological evaluation was also performed.ResultsAt 4 weeks after the last treatment, the total surface area, and the width and the length of striae alba significantly decreased from the baseline (P < 0.001). Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation was reported in six subjects. Regarding histopathology, the average mean number of collagen and elastin bundles was significantly increased (P = 0.005 and 0.012, respectively).ConclusionNanofractional RF is highly effective with a good safety profile for the treatment of striae alba.
The Role of Men's Childbearing Intentions in Father Involvement
Authors: Lindberg Laura Duberstein , Kost Kathryn , Maddow‐Zimet Isaac 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAn expanding body of research has investigated factors that influence fathers' involvement with their children. Generally overlooked has been the role of pregnancy intentions on men's fathering behaviors. In this study, the authors used nationally representative data from men interviewed in the 2002 and 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth to examine relationships between fathers' pregnancy intentions and multiple aspects of their parental involvement. Using propensity score methods to control for confounding, they found that men were less likely to live with a young child from a mistimed than intended pregnancy and that among nonresident fathers, mistimed pregnancies were associated with lower levels of visitation and consequently reduced participation in caregiving and play. Among both resident and nonresident fathers, mistimed pregnancies were also associated with lower self‐appraisals of fathering quality when compared with intended pregnancies; for nonresident fathers, however, this association was moderated by other involvement.
Grandparents' Education and Infant Health: Pathways Across Generations
Authors: McFarland Michael J. , McLanahan Sara S. , Goosby Bridget J. , Reichman Nancy E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUsing data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing survey linked to respondents' medical records (N = 2,870), this study examines the association between grandparents' education and birth outcomes and explores potential pathways underlying this relationship. Results show that having a grandfather with less than a high school education was associated with a 93 gram reduction in birth weight, a 59% increase in the odds of low birth weight, and a 136% increase in the odds of a neonatal health condition when compared with having a grandfather with a high school education or more. These associations were partially accounted for by mother's educational attainment and marital status as well as by prenatal history of depression, hypertension, and prenatal health behaviors, depending on the specific outcome. The findings from this study call for heightened attention to the multigenerational influences of educational attainment for infant health.
Agreement between quantitative and qualitative sensory testing of changes in oro‐facial somatosensory sensitivity
Authors: Agbaje J. , De Laat A. , Constantinus P. , Svensson P. , Baad‐Hansen L. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryQualitative somatosensory testing (QualST) is a simple chairside test. It can be used to roughly assess the presence or absence of altered somatosensory function. To use QualST clinically, it is important to assess its agreement with quantitative sensory testing (QST). The aims of this study were to assess the agreement between QST and QualST when testing the modulation of facial sensitivity by capsaicin in healthy participants and to explore the agreement between QST and QualST in assessing the intraoral sensory function in clinical atypical odontalgia (AO) patients. Eighteen healthy pain‐free adults and data from 27 AO patients were included in the study. Thirteen QST and three QualST parameters were evaluated at each site. Z‐scores were computed for healthy participants, and Loss‐Gain scores were created. The agreement observed between QST and QualST in participants with no alterations in facial sensation (placebo) was good, that is ranging from 89% to 94%. A poorer agreement was seen after capsaicin application in all test modalities with agreement ranging from 50% to 72%. The commonest misclassification observed was participants classified as normal according to QST, but hyper‐ or hyposensitive according to QualST after capsaicin application, especially for cold and pinprick. A similar trend was observed in AO patients where patients classified as normal using QST were misclassified as hypersensitive and in few patients as hyposensitive by QualST. In conclusion, the study showed that QualST may be used as a screening tool in the clinical setting, especially to show that subjects have normal sensory function.
WhatsApp is an effective tool for obtaining second opinion in oral pathology practice
Authors: Sarode Sachin C. , Sarode Gargi S. , Anand Rahul , Patil Shankargouda , Unadkat Hemant 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to find out the efficacy of WhatsApp application for obtaining second opinion on histopathological diagnosis in oral pathology practice.MethodsA total of 247 cases comprising of 34 different oral pathologies were photomicrographed using smartphone cameras through compound microscopes and sent for second opinion diagnosis (SOD) to 20 different oral pathologists using WhatsApp.ResultsOf 4795 (97.06%) total second opinion received, correct SOD were received for 4710 (98.22%) cases. Hundred percent times correct SOD was received for lesions including adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, keratinizing cystic odontogenic tumor, odontome, and dentigerous cyst. Lesions such as myoepithelial carcinoma, osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia received less percentage of correct SOD (85.71–75.75%). Correct SOD was obtained for variants of ameloblastoma (99.01%), grading of epithelial dysplasia (87.54%), and squamous cell carcinoma (95.26%). A positive correlation was observed between correct SOD and age (P = 0.0143) and experience (P = 0.0189) of the pathologist. The time taken for giving second opinion by the pathologists ranged from 81.98 ± 32.89 to 90.72 ± 38.88 min.ConclusionSmartphone camera is a handy and efficient tool in capturing photomicrographs from the compound microscope. Transfer of such photomicrograph via WhatsApp is an effective and convenient approach in procuring second opinion on histopathological diagnosis of oral pathologies.