bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of interfacial composition and crumbliness on aroma release in soy protein/sugar beet pectin mixed emulsion gels
Authors: Hou Jun‐Jie , Guo Jian , Wang Jin‐Mei , Yang Xiao‐Quan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn this study, soy protein isolate/sugar beet pectin (SPI/SBP) emulsion gels were prepared through an enzymatic gelation process. The effects of emulsifier (SBP, SPI or SPI/SBP complex) and emulsification process on the microstructure, texture, breakdown properties and aroma release behavior of resulting emulsion gels were investigated.ResultsOil emulsification by SBP/SPI complex resulted in a higher amount of emulsifier absorbing on the oil–water interface than by SBP and SPI alone, indicating that a more compact interfacial network was formed. Flocculation of oil droplets was observed and corresponding emulsion gels exhibited lower fracture force and strain when the oil was emulsified by SPI and SBP/SPI complex. Moreover, emulsion gels with small droplets produced a greater quantity of small fragments after mastication. However, microstructure did not have a significant effect on breakdown properties of emulsion gels. Headspace gas chromatography analysis showed that the release rate of ethyl butyrate before and after mastication was significantly lower in emulsion gel with more compact network, but the release of aroma compounds with higher hydrophobicity did not show a significant influence of the microstructure and texture of emulsion gel.ConclusionThis finding provides a useful application for designing semi‐solid foods with desirable flavor perception. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Tribo‐electrochemical study of stainless steel surfaces during chemical–mechanical polishing
Authors: Totolin Vladimir , Göcerler Hakan , Rodríguez Ripoll Manel , Jech Martin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChemical–mechanical polishing combines the synergistic effect of chemical etching and mechanical abrasion to achieve surface planarisation. These effects are discussed in this paper based on a tribocorrosion study of stainless steel (SS) immersed in two different acidic polishing slurries containing iron oxide nanoparticles. The effect of slurry chemistry and contact area on depassivation–repassivation phenomena are investigated and discussed. In case of the point‐contact geometry it was found that high friction and wear caused by formation of third body particles in the contact contributed to slow repassivation time of the SS, and wear accelerated corrosion was the dominant mechanism under these conditions. An increase in the contact area caused a removal of oxides from a larger surface area, leading to much slower repassivation rates and the appearance of a tarnish layer on the SS immersed in a slurry with high acid content. Surface chemistry investigations revealed an enrichment of chromium oxide. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
pH‐Triggered Charge‐Reversal Polyurethane Micelles for Controlled Release of Doxorubicin
Authors: He Wanying , Zheng Xu , Zhao Qi , Duan Lijie , Lv Qiang , Gao Guang Hui , Yu Shuangjiang 
Published: February 2016

A series of pH‐triggered charge‐reversal polyurethane copolymers (PS‐PUs) containing methoxyl‐poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG), carboxylic acid groups, and piperazine groups is presented in this work. The obtained PS‐PUs copolymers can form into stable micelles at pH 7.4, which response to a narrow pH change (5.5–7.5) and show a tunable pH‐triggered charge‐reversal property. Doxorubicin (DOX) is encapsulated into the PS‐PU micelles as a model drug. The drug release of DOX‐loaded PS‐PU micelles shows an obviously stepped‐up with reducing the pH. Meanwhile, it is found that the charge‐reversal property can improve the cellular uptake behavior and intracellular drug release in both HeLa cells and MCF‐7 cells. Additionally, the time‐dependent cytotoxicity of the DOX‐loaded PS‐PU micelles is confirmed by MTT assay. Attributed to the tunable charge‐reversal property through changing the molar ratio of piperazine/carboxyl, the PS‐PU micelles will be a potential candidate as an intelligent drug delivery system in future studies.
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Thin Films Bearing Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles Fabricated by Microliter‐Scale Layer‐by‐Layer Deposition
Authors: Jo Hyunjin , Song Seung Keun , Bae Naraechan , Cho Namsung , Yoo Pil J. , Chang Suk Tai , Park Juhyun 
Published: February 2016

A conjugated polymer, poly(9,9‐bis(6‐bromohexyl)‐9H‐fluorene‐alt‐1,4‐phenylene), is synthesized, converted to nanoparticles via a nanoprecipitation process, and utilized to fabricate thin films including conjugated polymer nanoparticles. The nanoparticles with surface bromides can be conjugated with an amine‐functionalized dendrimer via a nucleophilic coupling reaction. Thus, when microliter solutions of the particulates are dragged at a constant velocity on substrates alternately in a layer‐by‐layer manner, thin films composed of the nanoparticles and dendrimers can be successfully built up on the substrates. Our results suggest a methodology to control the deposition of thin films bearing conjugated polymer nanoparticles while minimizing processing time and decreasing material consumption.
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In silico Prediction of Drug Induced Liver Toxicity Using Substructure Pattern Recognition Method
Authors: Zhang Chen , Cheng Feixiong , Li Weihua , Liu Guixia , Lee Philip W , Tang Yun 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDrug‐induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of acute liver failure in the US and less severe liver injury worldwide. It is also one of the major reasons of drug withdrawal from the market. Thus, DILI has become one of the most important concerns of drugs, and should be predicted in very early stage of drug discovery process. In this study, a comprehensive data set containing 1317 diverse compounds was collected from publications. Then, high accuracy classification models were built using five machine learning methods based on MACCS and FP4 fingerprints after evaluating by substructure pattern recognition method. The best model was built using SVM method together with FP4 fingerprint at the IG value threshold of 0.0005. Its overall predictive accuracies were 79.7 % and 64.5 % for the training and test sets, separately, which yielded overall accuracy of 75.0 % for the external validation dataset, consisting of 88 compounds collected from a benchmark DILI database – the Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base. This model could be used for drug‐induced liver toxicity prediction. Moreover, some key substructure patterns correlated with drug‐induced liver toxicity were also identified as structural alerts.
High‐resolution 1H‐MRSI of the brain using short‐TE SPICE
Authors: Ma Chao , Lam Fan , Ning Qiang , Johnson Curtis L. , Liang Zhi‐Pei 
Published: February 2016

PurposeTo improve signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) for high‐resolution spectroscopic imaging using a subspace‐based technique known as SPectroscopic Imaging by exploiting spatiospectral CorrElation (SPICE).MethodsThe proposed method is based on a union‐of‐subspaces model of MRSI signals, which exploits the partial separability properties of water, lipid, baseline and metabolite signals. Enabled by this model, a special scheme is used for accelerated data acquisition, which includes a double‐echo CSI component used to collect a “training” dataset (for determination of the basis functions) and a short‐TE EPSI component used to collect a sparse “imaging” dataset (for determination of the overall spatiospectral distributions). A set of signal processing algorithms are developed to remove the water and lipid signals and jointly reconstruct the metabolite and baseline signals.ResultsIn vivo 1H‐MRSI results show that the proposed method can effectively remove the remaining water and lipid signals from sparse MRSI data acquired at 20 ms TE. Spatiospectral distributions of metabolite signals at 2 mm in‐plane resolution with good SNR were obtained in a 15.5 min scan.ConclusionsThe proposed method can effectively remove nuisance signals and reconstruct high‐resolution spatiospectral functions from sparse data to make short‐TE SPICE possible. The method should prove useful for high‐resolution 1H‐MRSI of the brain. Magn Reson Med 77:467–479, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Deconstructing race and gender differences in adolescent obesity: Oaxaca‐blinder decomposition
Authors: Taber Daniel R. , Robinson Whitney R. , Bleich Sara N. , Wang Y. Claire 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo analyze sources of racial and gender disparities in adolescent obesity prevalence in the United States using Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition.MethodsData were obtained from the National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study, a 2010 nationally representative study of 9th‐12th grade students. Obesity status was determined from objective height and weight data; weight‐related behaviors and school, home, and environmental data were collected via questionnaire. Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition was used to independently analyze racial and gender obesity prevalence differences (PD), i.e., comparing Black girls to White girls, and Black girls to Black boys.ResultsOverall, measured characteristics accounted for 46.8% of the racial PD but only 11.9% of the gender PD. Racial PD was associated with Black girls having less fruit/vegetable access at home, obtaining lunch at school more often, and playing fewer sports than White girls. Gender PD was associated with differential associations between physical activity (PA) measures—including total activities in the past year and days of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in the past week—and obesity.ConclusionsSchool lunch and home food environmental variables accounted for racial disparities, but not gender disparities, in obesity prevalence. Gender differences in mechanisms between PA and obesity should be explored further.
Ideals versus reality: Are weight ideals associated with weight change in the population?
Authors: Kärkkäinen Ulla , Mustelin Linda , Raevuori Anu , Kaprio Jaakko , Keski‐Rahkonen Anna 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo quantify weight ideals of young adults and to examine whether the discrepancy between actual and ideal weight is associated with 10‐year body mass index (BMI) change in the population.MethodsThis study comprised 4,964 adults from the prospective population‐based FinnTwin16 study. They reported their actual and ideal body weight at age 24 (range 22‐27) and 10 years later (attrition 24.6%). The correlates of discrepancy between actual and ideal body weight and the impact on subsequent BMI change were examined.ResultsThe discrepancy between actual and ideal weight at 24 years was on average 3.9 kg (1.4 kg/m2) among women and 1.2 kg (0.4 kg/m2) among men. On average, participants gained weight during follow‐up irrespective of baseline ideal weight: women ¯x = +4.8 kg (1.7 kg/m2, 95% CI 1.6‐1.9 kg/m2), men ¯x = +6.3 kg (2.0 kg/m2, 95% CI 1.8‐2.1 kg/m2). Weight ideals at 24 years were not correlated with 10‐year weight change. At 34 years, just 13.2% of women and 18.9% of men were at or below the weight they had specified as their ideal weight at 24 years. Women and men adjusted their ideal weight upward over time.Conclusions: Irrespective of ideal weight at baseline, weight gain was nearly universal. Weight ideals were shifted upward over time.
Core‐Substituted Naphthalenediimides: LUMO Levels Revisited, in Comparison with Preylenediimides with Sulfur Redox Switches in the Core
Authors: Miros François N. , Matile Stefan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCore‐substituted naphthalenediimides (NDIs) attract increasing attention to bind, transport, and transform electrons, anions, anionic intermediates, and anionic transition states, and to shine as most colorful rainbow fluorophores. The energy level of their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is decisive for many of these applications. Here, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements for a consistent series of NDIs are reported to extract exact LUMO levels under identical conditions. The influence of primary and secondary substituents in the core and on the primary imides is compared with general trends for the reliable prediction of LUMO levels in functional systems. Emphasis is on sulfur redox switches in the NDI core because of their frequent use as isostructural probes for π acidity. The same sulfur redox chemistry is expanded to perylenediimides (PDIs), and LUMO engineering is discussed in a broader context, including also fullerenes, aminonaphthalimides (ANIs), and aminoperyleneimides (APIs). The result is a comprehensive reference table that graphically maps out the LUMO space covered by the leading families of electronaccepting aromatics. This graphical summary of general trends in the π‐acidic space is expected to be both inspiring and quite useful in practice.
Indication of Mild Hemolytic Reaction Among Preterm Infants With ABO Incompatibility
Authors: Yogev‐Lifshitz Maya , Leibovitch Leah , Schushan‐Eisen Irit , Taran Camelia , Strauss Tzipora , Maayan‐Metzger Ayala 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundAmong term infants, ABO incompatibility is a leading cause of hemolytic disease and neonatal jaundice. With respect to preterm infants, data are lacking.ObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence and severity of ABO incompatibility hemolytic disease among preterm infants with respect to hemolytic and jaundice parameters.DesignClinical and laboratory data were collected retrospectively from the medical records of 118 ABO‐incompatible preterms born at gestational age (GA) 29–34 weeks, as well as 118 controls matched for GA, birth weight, and multiplicity. All infants were born at the Sheba Medical Center Tel‐Hashomer between 2009 and 2012.ResultsThe study and control groups were similar on all maternal and neonatal outcome parameters. No differences between the groups were recorded throughout hospitalization regarding hematocrit levels or the need for blood transfusion. Bilirubin levels were higher among the study (ABO‐incompatible) group during the first 10 days of life; however, no significant differences were found regarding the need for phototherapy. Upon evaluating subgroups divided by GA, we found no differences on any hematological and jaundice factors among preterms of 29–31 weeks, whereas among preterms of 32–34 weeks higher positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) results (7% vs. 0% in the control, P = 0.014) as well as higher bilirubin levels were documented.ConclusionsAmong ABO‐incompatible preterm infants with GA 29–34 weeks, there is no evidence of significant hemolytic reaction derived from placental transfer of antibodies. With increasing GA, antibody transfer becomes more significant, resulting in more positive DAT results and greater incidence of neonatal jaundice.
Pharmacotherapy Treatment Patterns, Outcomes, and Health Resource Utilization Among Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction at a U.S. Academic Medical Center
Authors: Bress Adam P. , King Jordan B. , Brixner Diana , Kielhorn Adrian , Patel Harshali K. , Maya Juan , Lee Vinson C. , Biskupiak Joseph , Munger Mark 
Published: February 2016

Study ObjectiveTo assess clinical characteristics, pharmacotherapy treatment patterns, resource utilization and associated charges, and morbidity and mortality outcomes among a real‐world cohort of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in an academic medical center setting.DesignRetrospective analysis.Data SourceElectronic health record database that includes clinical, laboratory, and administrative data for all facilities of the University of Utah Health Care System.PatientsA total of 989 adults with prevalent (preexisting) HFrEF, identified by using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 428.x (heart failure) between January 1, 2007, and June 30, 2013, and who had a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or lower.Measurements and Main ResultsThe cohort had a mean age of 64 ± 15 years and was predominantly white (71%) and male (74%). Patients received β‐blockers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and aldosterone receptor antagonists (ARAs) at rates of 79%, 69%, and 29%, respectively. Patients achieved target doses of β‐blockers, ACEIs, and ARBs at rates of only 24%, 31%, and 13%, respectively. Overall, 58% of patients were prescribed dual therapy with a β‐blocker and an ACEI or ARB, and 19% were prescribed triple therapy (β‐blocker, an ACEI or ARB, and an ARA). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between baseline characteristics with the presence of triple therapy. Two variables were statistically significant in both models: increasing age was associated with a lower odds of triple therapy (univariate: odds ratio [OR] 0.760, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.673–0.857; multivariate: OR 0.768, 95% CI 0.625–0.942), whereas receipt of an implantable cardiac device was associated with a 2‐fold increase in the odds of triple therapy (univariate: OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.1; multivariate: OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.5). During a mean ± SD follow‐up of 36 ± 27 months, all‐cause mortality was 0.12 per person‐year. There were 1311 all‐cause hospitalizations of which 611 (47%) were for worsening heart failure. The rate of all‐cause and heart failure–specific hospitalizations was 0.44 and 0.21 per person‐year of follow‐up, respectively. The median length of stay was 6.4 ± 8.8 days, and the median charge was $22,310. The 30‐day all‐cause readmission rate was 20%, and the primary reason for readmission was heart failure in 65% of cases.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the continuing significant disease and economic burden for patients with HFrEF. Challenges remain in utilization of established disease‐modifying therapy and in the treatment of patients with HFrEF and multiple comorbidities.
Phase separation in dilute polymer solutions at high‐rate extension
Authors: Subbotin Andrey V. , Semenov Alexander N. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article the demixing instability and phase segregation in unentangled polymer solutions of semiflexible chains at high‐rate uniaxial extension above the coil to stretched coil transition was studied. Orientation of the stretched chains was described in terms of an effective potential field. Based on the free energy analysis it was shown that the flow‐induced orientation of polymer segments could drastically reduce the energy of their steric repulsion. As a result attraction between the chains gain more importance, and this effect lead to the demixing process and eventual segregation of polymer from the solvent if the strain rate exceeds some critical value. A mean‐field theory was developed to study this flow‐induced phase separation effect. The phase diagrams of the system showing the spinodal and binodal transitions at different extension rates were calculated and discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1066–1073
Pediatric bronchiectasis: No longer an orphan disease
Authors: Goyal Vikas , Grimwood Keith , Marchant Julie , Masters I. Brent , Chang Anne B. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryBronchiectasis is described classically as a chronic pulmonary disorder characterized by a persistent productive cough and irreversible dilatation of one or more bronchi. However, in children unable to expectorate, cough may instead be wet and intermittent and bronchial dilatation reversible in the early stages. Although still considered an orphan disease, it is being recognized increasingly as causing significant morbidity and mortality in children and adults in both affluent and developing countries. While bronchiectasis has multiple etiologies, the final common pathway involves a complex interplay between the host, respiratory pathogens and environmental factors. These interactions lead to a vicious cycle of repeated infections, airway inflammation and tissue remodelling resulting in impaired airway clearance, destruction of structural elements within the bronchial wall causing them to become dilated and small airway obstruction. In this review, the current knowledge of the epidemiology, pathobiology, clinical features, and management of bronchiectasis in children are summarized. Recent evidence has emerged to improve our understanding of this heterogeneous disease including the role of viruses, and how antibiotics, novel drugs, antiviral agents, and vaccines might be used. Importantly, the management is no longer dependent upon extrapolating from the cystic fibrosis experience. Nevertheless, substantial information gaps remain in determining the underlying disease mechanisms that initiate and sustain the pathophysiological pathways leading to bronchiectasis. National and international collaborations, standardizing definitions of clinical and research end points, and exploring novel primary prevention strategies are needed if further progress is to be made in understanding, treating and even preventing this often life‐limiting disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:450–469. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating efficiency droop in InGaN/GaN quantum well structures using ultrafast time‐resolved terahertz and photoluminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Dunn Aniela , Spencer Ben F. , Hardman Samantha J. O. , Graham Darren M. , Hammersley Simon , Davies Matthew J. , Dawson Phil , Kappers Menno J. , Oliver Rachel A. , Humphreys Colin J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe mechanisms governing efficiency droop in an In0.18Ga0.82N/GaN multiple quantum well structure were investigated using a combination of ultrafast time‐resolved terahertz and photoluminescence spectroscopy. From excitation fluence dependent studies, a reduction in the room temperature photoluminescence efficiency to 3% of its maximum value was observed for an excitation fluence of 0.96 mJcm‐2. A correlation was found between the onset of efficiency droop and the emergence of a peak on the high‐energy side of the quantum well emission with a 1/e decay time of 19.6 ps. These characteristics were attributed to the saturation of localised states and the population of higher energy delocalised states. Time‐resolved studies revealed different scaling behaviours between the terahertz and photoluminescence decay dynamics, suggesting that the saturation of localised hole states may be playing a part in the onset of efficiency droop. (© 2016 The Authors. Phys. Status Solidi C published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acceptor states in HgCdTe films grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy on GaAs and Si substrates
Authors: Yakushev M. V. , Mynbaev K. D. , Bazhenov N. L. , Varavin V. S. , Mikhailov N. N. , Marin D. V. , Dvoretsky S. A. , Sidorov Yu. G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA study of defects in HgCdTe films grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy on GaAs and Si substrates was performed. Variable‐temperature photoluminescence (PL) and carrier lifetime measurements were carried out on as‐grown films and films subjected to post‐growth annealings. Films grown on GaAs substrates appeared to be mostly free from defects providing energy states within the bandgap, yet specific acceptor states were generated in these films under conditions associated with mercury deficiency. The properties of films grown on Si substrates were mostly governed by two types of uncontrolled defects. Relatively deep levels with energy 40 to 70 meV were revealed with the use of PL measurements, yet their effect on the lifetime was not traced. The lifetime value was rather determined by other type of defects with energy depth of ∼30 meV. Possible relation of these defects to the specifics of MBE growth of HgCdTe on Si substrates is discussed. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)