bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eradication ofHelicobacter pyloriInfection Restores ki67, p53, and Cyclin D1 Immunoreactivity in the Human Gastric Epithelium
Authors: Triantafyllou Konstantinos , Papadopoulos Vasilios , Emanouil Theodoras , Gkolfakis Paraskevas , Damaskou Vasileia , Tziatzios Georgios , Panayiotides Ioannis G. , Vafiadis Irene , Ladas Spiros D. 
Published: November 2016

IntroductionWe evaluated the effect of Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication on p53, cyclin D1 expression, and cell proliferation in gastric mucosa.Materials and MethodsWe assessed p53, cyclin D1, and ki67 immunoexpression in gastric mucosa from 31 HP chronic gastritis patients and 12 controls. Reassessment was performed 6 months after successful HP eradication.ResultsSuccessful eradication resulted in significant decrease of p53 (1.53 ± 0.16 vs 0.83 ± 0.19, P = 0.01) and ki67 (9.84 ± 0.96 vs 4.77 ± 0.27, P < 0.001) staining in the antrum. Similarly, p53 immunoreactivity significantly decreased in the corpus (1.27 ± 0.20 vs 0.46 ± 0.15, P = 0.02), while there was a trend for decreased corpus cyclin D1 and ki67 expression (0.17 ± 0.07 vs 0.0, P = 0.08 and 8.71 ± 1.24 vs 5.85 ± 0.54, P = 0.09, respectively). Importantly, after successful HP eradication, the immunoreactivity of the studied parameters was similar to that of controls.ConclusionSuccessful HP infection eradication restores p53, cyclin D1, and ki67 immunoreactivity in the gastric mucosa to the level of controls.
A New Quasi-Monte Carlo Technique Based on Nonnegative Least Squares and Approximate Fekete Points
Authors: Bittante Claudia , De Marchi Stefano , Elefante Giacomo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe computation of integrals in higher dimensions and on general domains, when no explicit cubature rules are known, can be ”easily” addressed by means of the quasi-Monte Carlo method. The method, simple in its formulation, becomes computationally inefficient when the space dimension is growing and the integration domain is particularly complex. In this paper we present two new approaches to the quasi-Monte Carlo method for cubature based onnonnegative least squaresandapproximate Fekete points. The main idea is to use less points and especiallygood pointsfor solving the system of the moments.Good pointsare here intended as points with good interpolation properties, due to the strict connection between interpolation and cubature. Numerical experiments show that, in average, just a tenth of the points should be used mantaining the same approximation order of the quasi-Monte Carlo method. The method has been satisfactory applied to 2 and 3-dimensional problems on quite complex domains.
Adaptive Mixed GMsFEM for Flows in Heterogeneous Media
Authors: Chan Ho Yuen , Chung Eric , Efendiev Yalchin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we present two adaptive methods for the basis enrichment of the mixed Generalized Multiscale Finite Element Method (GMsFEM) for solving the flow problem in heterogeneous media. We develop an a-posteriori error indicator which depends on the norm of a local residual operator. Based on this indicator, we construct an offline adaptive method to increase the number of basis functions locally in coarse regions with large local residuals. We also develop an online adaptive method which iteratively enriches the function space by adding new functions computed based on the residual of the previous solution and special minimum energy snapshots. We show theoretically and numerically the convergence of the two methods. The online method is, in general, better than the offline method as the online method is able to capture distant effects (at a cost of online computations), and both methods have faster convergence than a uniform enrichment. Analysis shows that the online method should start with a certain number of initial basis functions in order to have the best performance. The numerical results confirm this and show further that with correct selection of initial basis functions, the convergence of the online method can be independent of the contrast of the medium. We consider cases with both very high and very low conducting inclusions and channels in our numerical experiments.
Guest Editorial: Reinvigorating Project Management Research and Practice: Perspectives from the Non-Profit Sector
Authors: Lannon John , Walsh John 
Published: November 2016

The genesis of this Special Issue was a conference on “Delivering Social Good: Managing Projects in the Non-Profit Sector” held at the University of Limerick in October 2014. The diversity that exists within the broad non-profit sector became apparent at this event, as did its increasing projectification and the variety of organizational forms and models resulting from this trend. Tools, techniques, processes and practices inherited from the business world were described, as were methodologies adopted, adapted and specifically designed for work in areas like international development, humanitarian work and community settings. Insights into the lived experiences of project managers in the non-profit sector were also shared, as were a number of diverse conceptualisations of temporary organisations.
Assessing uncertainties in global cropland futures using a conditional probabilistic modelling framework
Authors: Engström Kerstin , Olin Stefan , Rounsevell Mark D. A. , Brogaard Sara , van Vuuren Detlef P. , Alexander Peter , Murray-Rust Dave , Arneth Almut 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. We present a modelling framework to simulate probabilistic futures of global cropland areas that are conditional on the SSP (shared socio-economic pathway) scenarios. Simulations are based on the Parsimonious Land Use Model (PLUM) linked with the global dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS (Lund–Potsdam–Jena General Ecosystem Simulator) using socio-economic data from the SSPs and climate data from the RCPs (representative concentration pathways). The simulated range of global cropland is 893–2380 Mha in 2100 (± 1 standard deviation), with the main uncertainties arising from differences in the socio-economic conditions prescribed by the SSP scenarios and the assumptions that underpin the translation of qualitative SSP storylines into quantitative model input parameters. Uncertainties in the assumptions for population growth, technological change and cropland degradation were found to be the most important for global cropland, while uncertainty in food consumption had less influence on the results. The uncertainties arising from climate variability and the differences between climate change scenarios do not strongly affect the range of global cropland futures. Some overlap occurred across all of the conditional probabilistic futures, except for those based on SSP3. We conclude that completely different socio-economic and climate change futures, although sharing low to medium population development, can result in very similar cropland areas on the aggregated global scale.
Epidemiology of cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Thais
Authors: Ittiwut Rungnapa , Siriwan Pichit , Suphapeetiporn Kanya , Shotelersuk Vorasuk 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Background
Oral clefts, including cleft lip (CL), CL with cleft palate (CL/CP), and cleft palate only (CPO), are among the most common birth defects, and if left untreated can cause significant morbidity. Causes are complex and involve both genetic and environmental factors. Several studies have demonstrated the highest prevalence of oral clefts being in Asian, white, and African populations. However, there have been very few epidemiological studies of oral clefts in Thais.

Objectives
To describe the epidemiology and factors associated with oral clefts in Thais.

Methods
This retrospective case-control observational study included individuals from numerous regions in Thailand. We reviewed data regarding 784 patients with an oral cleft collected in questionnaires as part of the Thai nationwide Smart Smile and Speech Project from 2006 to 2014. Data regarding patients with oral clefts were analyzed, and compared with data regarding 187 unaffected controls.

Results
Of 784 cases, CL/CP accounted for 59.8%, CPO 21.9%, and CL 18.3%. A family history of oral clefts was detected in all 3 types (P < 0.001). Maternal use of any drugs or herbal medicine not prescribed by physicians during pregnancy in cases of CPO (P = 0.049) and maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy in cases of CL/CP (P = 0.047) were significantly higher than that by mothers of controls.

Conclusions
CL/CP is the most common type of oral cleft. A family history of oral clefts, and maternal consumption of alcohol or nonprescribed drugs are positively associated with oral clefts in Thais.
Prenatal diagnosis and in utero treatment of severe congenital toxoplasmosis: a case report
Authors: Petpichetchian Chusana , Suntharasaj Thitima , Kor-Anantakul Ounjai 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Background
Acute infection of pregnant women with Toxoplasma gondii can result in fetal transmission. When clinical abnormalities are evident by ultrasonography in late gestation, medical treatment may be attempted, but the data on outcomes are limited.

Objectives
To present a case of congenital fetal toxoplasmosis from Thailand and review the literature.

Methods
A woman presented at 31 weeks of gestation with severe bilateral ventriculomegaly, cardiomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly with intrahepatic hyperechogenicities, and polyhydramnios. Medical treatment with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and folinic acid was initiated. There was no improvement. Social, medical, ethical and legal issues were considered.

Results
Delivery was indicated at 34+2 weeks of gestation because of premature amniorrhexis. The neonate suffered from respiratory distress, meningitis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and expired at age 11 days.

Conclusions
When fetal congenital toxoplasmosis is diagnosed late in pregnancy with severe ultrasonographic abnormalities, the neonatal outcome is poor despite in utero treatment with antibiotics.
Observer heterogeneity can be thought of as a confounding variable
Authors: Mirhaghi Amir 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The study published in the April 2016 issue of Asian Biomedicine recruited 2 different sets of observers to perform triage assessments. We know that each observation is subjected to an error. The error has 2 varieties including interobserver variation and intraobserver variation. So effort must be devoted to reduce these errors. The methodology reported may suffer from both intraobserver and interobserver error substantially.
La afectación prioritaria de los trabajadores de mayor edad en el despido colectivo
Authors: Solà Monells Xavier 
Published: November 2016

Aunque la prohibición de discriminación por razón de edad se extrae con claridad del art. 14 de la CE, el art. 17.1 del TRLET y de la normativa internacional, en la práctica la selección de las personas que verán extinguida su relación laboral en los procedimientos de despido colectivo se basa a menudo en ese factor.La jurisprudencia ordinaria ha admitido tradicionalmente la afectación prioritaria de los trabajadores de edad como una opción lícita y no discriminatoria, al considerar que permite configurar una estructura de plantilla más estable, siendo razonable concentrar las extinciones en aquellas personas que tengan una expectativa laboral más corta.La reciente STC 66/2015, de 13 de abril y la toma en consideración de los criterios establecidos por el TJUE en relación al art. 6.1 de la Directiva 2000/78/CE, donde se determina en qué supuestos pueden estar justificadas las diferencias de trato por motivos de edad, obligan a adoptar un planteamiento bastante más exigente y requerir la concurrencia de dos elementos para excluir la discriminación: primero, que la medida en la que se materializa el trato diferenciado persiga un objetivo legítimo de política social; y segundo, que sea adecuado y necesario para la consecución de dicho objetivo.
Towards an integrated primary and secondary HIV prevention continuum for the United States: a cyclical process model
Authors: Horn Tim , Sherwood Jennifer , Remien Robert H , Nash Denis , Auerbach Judith D. ,   for the Treatment Action Group and Foundation for Aids Research HIV Prevention Continuum Working Group
Published: November 2016

IntroductionEvery new HIV infection is preventable and every HIV‐related death is avoidable. As many jurisdictions around the world endeavour to end HIV as an epidemic, missed HIV prevention and treatment opportunities must be regarded as public health emergencies, and efforts to quickly fill gaps in service provision for all people living with and vulnerable to HIV infection must be prioritized.DiscussionWe present a novel, comprehensive, primary and secondary HIV prevention continuum model for the United States as a conceptual framework to identify key steps in reducing HIV incidence and improving health outcomes among those vulnerable to, as well as those living with, HIV infection. We further discuss potential approaches to address gaps in data required for programme planning, implementation and evaluation across the elements of the HIV prevention continuum.ConclusionsOur model conceptualizes opportunities to monitor and quantify primary HIV prevention efforts and, importantly, illustrates the interplay between an outcomes‐oriented primary HIV prevention process and the HIV care continuum to move aggressively forward in reaching ambitious reductions in HIV incidence. To optimize the utility of this outcomes‐oriented HIV prevention continuum, a key gap to be addressed includes the creation and increased coordination of data relevant to HIV prevention across sectors.
Aperture Antennas
Authors: Kozakoff Dennis 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAperture antennas include those having large planar areas such as parabolic reflectors. The classic technique used in the calculation of aperture antenna radiation patterns is applying the equivalence principle followed by physical optics approximations. The equivalence principle is based on replacing the physical antenna aperture with a virtual antenna aperture consisting of an ensemble of Huygens' sources, each of which is a source of spherical wavelets. The total pattern is taken as a construction of these Huygens' secondary waves. It can be further shown that a simple Fourier transform relation exists between the amplitude distribution of these sources and the radiation pattern in angle space. For many aperture antenna problems, the distribution can be assumed from theoretical considerations or determined empirically from near‐field probes of the aperture fields. But there are many other antennas such as horn antennas, where a virtual aperture can also be constructed in front of the physical aperture in order to model and analyze the antenna. Thus, an aperture antenna has more to do with the method used to model the antenna than its actual form.For most aperture antenna problems, these classical techniques are adequate and give reasonably accurate results. However, other analysis techniques such as the method of moments (MoM), the finite‐element method (FEM), and the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method are applicable. These methods are more robust, but the complexity and large amount of computer resources required must be traded off with the accuracy desired compared to the relatively simple techniques discussed.
Electromagnetic Wave Scattering
Authors: Musselman Randall L. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Electromagnetic wave scattering is the reradiation of electromagnetic energy that results when an electromagnetic field encounters an abrupt change in electrical or magnetic properties. Typically, this occurs when an electromagnetic field is incident on a structure or scattering object. When the original electromagnetic field crosses the boundary between two regions, each with different electrical or magnetic parameters, the field will change as it enters the second region. This abruptly changing propagation medium induces sources of scattering at the boundary between the two media, including conduction and displacement currents. These currents act as sources of electromagnetic reradiation, much like the sources that created the original incident electromagnetic field, such as from an antenna. This reradiation is called electromagnetic wave scattering, because it scatters the incident electromagnetic field from its original propagation path. The three mechanisms for electromagnetic wave scattering are reflection, refraction, and diffraction, and can be specular or diffuse. Snell's law and the fundamental electromagnetic theorems of uniqueness, induction, and equivalence are useful for solving electromagnetic wave scattering problems. Diffraction around obstructions is analyzed using ray‐tracing techniques, such as geometrical theory of diffraction (
GTD
), or full‐wave analysis, such as physical optics. Babinet's principle allows the solution for electromagnetic wave scattering through apertures to be used to analyze scattering around conductive plates, by treating these two distinct cases as complements of each other. Electromagnetic wave scattering forms the basis for radar cross section, integral to both monostatic and bistatic radar systems. Rayleigh and Mie scattering are special cases of electromagnetic wave scattering.
Radar Antennas
Authors: Niu Tiaoming , Mei Zhonglei , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRadar is an object‐detection system that transmits/receives and processes reflected electromagnetic waves to determine the location, angle, and velocity of targets such as aircraft, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, and ships. In the radar system, the antenna is an essential component and plays an important role in detecting objects. There are various antenna candidates that can be adopted into radar systems. In this article, definitions of fundamental antenna parameters are given, and then various possible antenna candidates for radar systems are demonstrated and analyzed. Various reflectors with corresponding feeding source have been widely used as radar antennas with high gain and low cost, while phased‐arrays provide the radar system with the ability of dynamic scanning with a flat profile. Combing the advantages of the reflector and the phased array, the concept of reflectarray is introduced and the corresponding design principles and characteristics are discussed. Different types of radiation elements with corresponding characteristics for constructing reflectarrays are presented. Due to the innovative enhancement that novel metamaterials can provide to antenna engineering, radar antennas based on (or incorporating) metamaterials are also presented. In addition, for each antenna type representative examples are demonstrated for a more comprehensive understanding.
Propagation of Extremely Low‐Frequency Radio Waves
Authors: Nickolaneko Alexander P. , Shvets Alexander V. , Hayakawa Masashi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe address the subionospheric extremely low‐frequency (ELF) radio propagation with an emphasis put on the global and transverse electromagnetic resonance and on geophysical information deduced from resonance parameters. The expected spectra are demonstrated for the global electromagnetic (Schumann resonance,SR) and the waveforms are given for theELFtransients orQ‐bursts. Models ofELFpropagation constant are presented together with efficient models of the lower ionosphere conductivity that provide realisticSRdata in the direct field computations such asFDTD(finite‐difference time‐domain) method. Observational aspects are also addressed, including a brief description of the field sources, instrumentation, and typical signal processing with illustrations of actual data.
Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs)
Authors: Fagaly Robert L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSuperconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)‐based instruments have proven to be the most sensitive measurement techniques for not only magnetization measurements but also for a number of other electrical measurements. Their device noise (well below 1 mK), flat frequency and phase response that extends from DC to above 10 GHz, and low drift permit electromagnetic measurements at levels far superior to conventional techniques. SQUID instruments consist of a SQUID amplifier or sensor and a detection circuit that transforms the signal of interest into a magnetic flux that is detected by the SQUID sensor. Associated control electronics transform this signal into a room temperature voltage that is available for additional signal processing if needed. The SQUID amplifier and the detection coils are superconducting devices that are kept at cryogenic temperatures. Various types of SQUID sensors and materials (low‐temperature and high‐temperature superconductors) are discussed along with a wide variety of applications, including laboratory, geophysical, nondestructive test and evaluation along with specific examples of medical applications.
Artificial Hearts and Cardiac Assist Devices: Performance, Control, and Power Delivery
Authors: Trumble Dennis R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOrgan transplantation is a medical therapy that poses persistent risks of tissue rejection that are managed on a continual basis by immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine, prednisone, and azathioprine. However, despite the effectiveness of these antirejection medications widespread application of this technology has been, and continues to be, severely limited by the shortage of suitable donor organs. Artificial organ systems constructed by man‐made materials have an advantage over tissue‐based therapies insofar as they are not subject to rejection problems or limited by organ availability. Still, the development and use of these synthetic devices present its own unique set of challenges that have yet to be completely overcome. The reason is simple. The heart, liver, kidney, and other internal organs perform functions that are not fully understood by modern science. Artificial organs for implant therefore provide, at best, an incomplete solution to a complex medical problem. While the use of artificial organs can be satisfactory in many cases, these interventions generally involve the implantation of nonbiological elements within the body, raising issues of biocompatibility, and requiring stringent sterilization protocols. Moreover, the use of implanted man‐made structures that contact with circulating blood (e.g., heart valves) has been associated with an increased incidence of thromboembolic events. This article considers the energy requirements and sensor/control aspects of artificial hearts and ventricular assist devices designed to augment blood flow and tissue perfusion levels provided by the failing heart.
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)
Authors: Birk Andreas , Pfingsthorn Max 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article gives an overview of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), that is, probabilistic methods to generate a 2D or 3D map of unknown areas under imperfect localization. The article provides a survey of the theoretical basis of SLAM as well as the core background information about the underlying techniques for implementing actual SLAM systems.
Phase Change Memories: Principles and Applications
Authors: Pirovano Agostino 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The phase‐change memory (PCM) is a nonvolatile semiconductor technology based on thermally induced phase transitions of a thin‐film material, typically a chalcogenide. PCM relies on a resistance change to store data permanently. Although the historical origin of the PCM concept dates back to the 1970s, nowadays it is considered one of the most promising candidates for the next‐generation nonvolatile memories (NVM). In comparison with flash, PCM has the potential to improve the random access time, read throughput (versus NOR flash), write throughput (versus NAND flash), direct write, bit granularity, and endurance, as well as to be scalable beyond flash technology. The interest of the semiconductor industries for the PCM technology has led to several research programs that culminated in the mass production in 2012 of a 1 GB PCM chip for mobile applications.