bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sealing Efficiency of Caprock in Fractured Tight Reservoirs Considering Multi-Migration Mechanism Simulated using Improved EDFM
Authors: Shi Luming , Song Peng , Zhao Xurong , Shi Jian , Shi Baishun , Zhao Xin , Awotunde Abeeb A. , Maalouf Elsa 
Published: September 2024

AbstractComprehensive flow mechanisms play a crucial role in the transport and distribution of carbon dioxide in the subsurface during geological storage. However, limited researchers have developed models for evaluating the efficiency of the caprock while considering multiple transport mechanisms. Furthermore, most of the models established by scholars do not consider the influence of complex fractures. In this paper, a numerical model for CO2 storage in a composite caprock considering gas adsorption/desorption, diffusion, hydration reaction, and stress sensitivity of fractures is developed to evaluate the leakage risk of the caprock during CO2 storage in tight reservoirs. An improved Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) is introduced to describe the transfer flow between matrix-fracture, fracture-fracture, and fracture-well. The effects of caprock permeability, CO2 storage rate, fracture number, and fracture half-length on CO2 storage efficiency are analyzed. The results show that decreasing the caprock permeability, CO2 storage rate, fracture half-length and fracture number can enhance caprock sealing efficiency and safety during long-term storage. Among them, the CO2 storage rate had the most significant influence on the security of the caprock layer for long-term storage, and the ratio of escape could reach 29.20% after 900 years of injection at 60t/d, while that of 20t/d was only 2.62%. The permeability of the caprock have a more significant influence on the security of long-term storage, and the escape ratio of high caprock permeability (690nD) can reach 11.52%. The fracture half-length and the number of fractures have less influence on the security of the caprock for long-term storage, and the escape ratio remains between 6.50% and 7.30%. Hence, this work provides a theoretical basis for the safety evaluation of CO2 geological storage with time.
Shell's Strategic Competence Development: Ensuring Capability and Capacity Building Across the Global Operational Safety Skill Pool
Authors: Gosselin Allan , Abbasi Shariq , Richards Angela 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Competence development is an important aspect of career growth and development at Shell. As a result of a project in 2023, we now have a global central Competence Development SharePoint site with an electronic Self-Assessment Tool that helps our global Operational Safety skill pool community to identify and develop opportunities from the competencies required for their role (both current and future); assess their level of proficiency; (knowledge, skill and mastery) and create a development plan to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge for in-role and career progression and development.
Our vision involves establishing an adaptive and robust Safety discipline, supporting Shell’s strategy to create more value with less emissions. We envisage motivated employees, who know that their expertise is highly valued, have clear visibility of their career options and are empowered to strive for excellence. We aim to achieve this vision through three primary pillars. Capacity: Grow the talent pipeline with organizational focus where we attract, retain and develop talent who are competitive both inside and outside our function. Capability: building capability individual focused, maintain and build the capability to meet the business challenges and delivery of Shell’s strategy. Community: strengthen the technical community through an active and proud community aligned with the business needs, leading safety performance through the energy transition.
The purpose of the Operational Safety skill pool is to achieve Goal Zero by building a strong culture where everyone is motivated to relentlessly pursue no harm to people and to protect the environment. Partnering with businesses, assets, and sites to provide support with general Safety management, Contractor HSSE Management, High Risk Transport, Personal Safety & Human Performance, Project Safety, Safe Systems of Work, Emergency Management, and Incident Investigation & Learning.
For the ¬1200 staff and contractors in the Safety skill pool’s Operational Safety discipline community, this has never been so pivotal as the Shell transforms through its ‘Powering Progress’ strategy, where Shell has an important role to play in providing the energy the world needs today, and in helping to build the low-carbon energy system of the future.
Safe for Life: An HSE Campaign Case Study
Authors: Lowry Jodie , Menezes Ana Leticia S. , Gainza Jorge 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This paper describes how a global energy technology company developed and implemented a global communications campaign called Safe for Life. The campaign’s intent was to promote safe behaviors by delivering short videos, featuring employees in company facilities and at home with their families.
The campaign aimed to extend safety culture beyond the workplace by reinforcing Life-Saving Rules and other safety messages in a way that resonated with personnel, their families and friends, as well as the company’s customers. The initiative involved creating eleven short impactful videos, using simple safety messaging aligned with IOGP's Life-Saving Rules. These videos empower individuals by illustrating life-saving actions and establishing connections to their application in real-life scenarios.
The videos aimed to resonate with a diverse global audience and learning styles and were supported by a suite of digital media resources including posters, photos, and safety meeting materials. Videos were released on a monthly basis with global business managers and HSE representatives being responsible for widespread dissemination and engagement with the campaign toolkit materials, which were available in multiple languages.
The short video format has been effective in helping individuals to absorb and retain essential messages and avoid information overload. Since the campaign’s launch, the videos have received over 500,000 views via the company’s internal communications channels. The creation of more than 150 posters and graphics, along with the translation of videos into over eight languages, highlights the effectiveness in reaching diverse audiences and catering to various learning styles.
A profound sense of connection has been achieved by featuring actual employees representing the company’s global operations. Featuring these employees at work and at home with their families has contributed significantly to the success of the campaign.
Interest in the campaign was sustained with the release of new videos and digital media on a monthly basis. Safe for Life has proven successful in communicating how people can become more aware of their surroundings and maintain vigilance of potential hazards, and how they can take appropriate measures to protect themselves and others in every aspect of their lives.
Seamless Synergy: Exploring the Interconnection in Learning from Normal Work Tools
Authors: Yasseen Abdelsalam , Nonno Lamberto 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The oil and gas industries are increasingly embracing Learning from Normal Work, but the synergy among available proactive learning tools remains unclear. This paper addresses this gap by establishing connections between these tools to maximize their collaborative effectiveness.
In our research, the organization under study initiated the adoption and implementation of learning from normal work. Along this journey, three key tools—Learning Teams, Walk Through Talk Through, and Finding the Next Incident—were employed to enhance the learning environment. A significant challenge faced by the organization, both operationally and in HSE functions, was understanding the interlinkages between these tools. To gain widespread acceptance and support from various stakeholders, the organization aimed to demonstrate the unity among these seemingly disparate tools. The research reveals how, when utilized in a specific process, these tools not only interact but also synergize to foster a comprehensive learning experience. The study sheds light on the strengths and weaknesses of each tool, emphasizing that leveraging their strengths contributes to a more holistic learning experience from normal work.
The organization introduced a Learning from Normal Work framework, illustrating the overarching view of how the three adopted tools can collaboratively work to enhance the organization's learning experience. The framework not only depicts their interactions but also guides where to start and why, emphasizing the value of transitioning from one tool to another. It offers insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each tool, emphasizing that by building on these strengths, a more comprehensive proactive learning experience can be cultivated, thereby accelerating the organization's shift towards a reliable safety-focused learning approach.
Bridging the Gap in Mental Health Support Following a Disaster: A Corporate Social Responsibility and Humanitarian Approach
Authors: Attard N. , Sarieddine L. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In the aftermath of the catastrophic flooding in Derna caused by Storm Daniel in September 2023, a comprehensive psychosocial support (PSS) initiative was implemented as part of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to address the significant mental health needs of the affected population. Led by three psychologists, the initiative focused on immediate and structured mental health support through individual and group sessions. The team attended locations where displaced individuals were residing after the disaster. A total of 111 adults and 95 children participated voluntarily following informed consent. Most adults experienced the loss of a family member, damage to their homes, and witnessed fatalities. The mental health status of adults was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). These tools highlighted the extent of psychological distress, including anxiety and depression. A total of 211 interventions for adults were implemented, including individual sessions, group sessions, and follow-up sessions. Individual sessions provided personalized counselling, while group therapy fostered a sense of community and shared experience, which is essential for psychological healing. Severe cases were referred for further mental health support. The psychological status of participating children was also assessed. Many exhibited behavioural changes, emotional disturbances, and physical symptoms such as nightmares, sleep disturbances, and mood swings. Individual and group sessions for children included tailored interventions like storytelling, drawing therapy, and group activities to develop coping mechanisms. This mental health initiative highlighted the importance of CSR efforts, playing a pivotal role in humanitarian support during such events. The intervention successfully identified and began addressing severe mental health issues within the flood-affected population, offering immediate psychological relief and establishing a foundation for long-term support strategies. It emphasized the need to combine professional mental health services with community-based support systems to build resilience and facilitate recovery. The PSS initiative in Derna was crucial in mitigating the disaster's mental health impact, underscoring the importance of sustained and integrated mental health support in post-disaster recovery and the humanitarian approach through CSR.
Comparison of Risk Calculation Methods for Offshore O&G Produced Water Discharges
Authors: Cailleaud K. , Ponthieux O. , Chaineau C. H. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Offshore produced water (PW) risk assessment methods are subject to debate as regards to the type and number of species tested and the use of assessment factor (AF). These include conservative ones with limited species tested and associated with high AF and less conservative ones with lower or no AF. This study was designed to characterize toxicity and calculate risk of PW discharges from platforms in different world areas using various marine species and different calculation methods.
Five acute or pseudo chronic toxicity tests (bacteria, microalgae, crustacean, oyster, and sea urchin larvae) were performed on PW samples from twenty-two platforms. Results from the tests were derived into four thresholds for risk calculation using European Union guidelines: one conservative approach with three species and a high AF of 1000, five species and Species Sensitivity Distributions extrapolation (SSDs) with lower AF (10) and five species and acute to chronic ration (ACR) with low AF (10). Risk results calculated using DREAM three-dimensional dispersion model for the four methods were discussed against acceptable risk threshold in use in OSPAR area.
The main drivers for risk calculation were first the PW discharge flow rate, then PW toxicity, and sea currents. The results showed that the method with three species (AF of 1000) was the most conservative approach with higher risk figures in 70% of PW samples and the one with 5 species and ACR (AF of 10) in 30% of the samples. Methods using more tests species and statistical extrapolation SSD method (AF of 10) allowed to obtain much lower risk figures. Depending on the risk calculation method used, the number of sites above acceptable risk threshold used in OSPAR area ranged from 17/22 (three species and AF of 10) to 3/22 (five species, SSD and AF of 10).
For this study, the European Union guidelines defined for chemical environmental risk assessment, which are among the most conservative ones in the world, were used. Although the SSD method is already quite conservative, a higher AF was used for this study.
This study showed that selection of risk calculation method is key for offshore PW discharge risk assessment. It also highlights that the use of limited number of species for risk assessment in offshore environment may also lead to significant risk overestimation.
Thermodynamics Behind Rigorous Flared Gas Monetization Analysis
Authors: Hay G. A. , Pomerantz A. E. , Pfeiffer K. R. 
Published: September 2024

Associated gas is routinely flared when there are no practical options to sell or use the gas. Many technologies exist that attempt to convert flared gas into sellable products, but the effectiveness of those technologies is inconsistent. The objective of this project was to identify the best approach to monetize flared gas from particular sites in the Uintah Basin within central US, with the goal of reducing the most emissions and creating the highest revenue.
Dozens of gas monetization technologies were considered at the onset of the project, including gas to power, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquid fuels, and specialty chemicals. To help determine the performance of each technology they were evaluated using a rigorous thermodynamic techno-economic analysis to determine how much revenue the technology would generate and emissions it would reduce. The analysis relied on simulating process efficiencies of each of the different technologies when applied to representative flaring gas volumes and compositions. The developed simulations also included any utility, pretreatment, or post-treatment requirements in the field. Analysis of the costs to install and operate the equipment, the emissions created by that equipment, and the revenue generated by selling the final product identified which technology was best suited for considered locations.
Shown in Fig. 1 is the generalized workflow concept of building the process simulation model from a working facility installation. Effort was also made to match the performance, utility usage, and efficiencies across multiple feed compositions and volume rates. This way specific feed gas analysis of a studied opportunity would be most accurately represented.
Accelerating Industrial Decarbonization: Harnessing Emerging Technologies and Digitalization for Net-Zero
Authors: Finol Renato 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We describe and compare several options for decarbonisation of Oil & Gas operations, from low hanging fruits to significant design changes to the addition of complete, major processes such as CCUS or electrification of large crackers.
The comparison includes elements of feasibility in brownfield & greenfield, technology availability, implementation costs, timeline & risks, as well as ROI (Return On Investment) and CO2_OI (CO2 reduction impact On Investment).
The analysis and recommendations in this paper are based on the experience of the author and are illustrated by several actual customer projects. The analysis on Low Hanging fruits is confirmed by a developing literature and third-party sources (eg Concawe Report 18/9, IHSMarkit…). The design paradigm shift suggestions are still a nascent domain. The analysis on large projects such as CCUS, Green or Blue Hydrogen or process electrification is also a first of a kind attempt to assess real long-term financial sustainability of these approaches and position them properly versus other decarbonization tracks.
We describe a dozen ‘low hanging’ decarbonization tracks. These start with the right GHG assessment and performance tool, based on the saying that you can't improve what you don't measure. These tracks are technically available and feasible today. They are compared in terms of feasibility in brownfield & greenfield, implementation costs, timeline & risks, as well as ROI and CO2_OI (Return On Investment and CO2 impact reduction On Investment). We also identify a number of design paradigm shifts, applicable for all greenfield projects. We provide some practical examples, from fully remote operations to flaring elimination.
These design paradigm shifts are evaluated in terms of feasibility, ease of deployment. Suggestions are made on how to integrated them in design and operations philosophy. We eventually analyze approaches such as CCUS, Green or Blue Hydrogen or process electrification. These are often the only ones considered for process decarbonization, and benefit from major thought leadership and press coverage.
We identify the pros and cons of these approaches and assess their real long-term financial sustainability. This paper reminds that Low Hanging fruits, mainly relied to Energy Efficiency and usually facilitated by Digital Transformation, present both a very favorable ROI and CO2-OI. The paper also presents a number of design paradigm shifts that are considered necessary to ensure carbon neutral infrastructure and operations. Last but not least, this paper reminds that some approaches like CCUS may have a significant impact on CO2 reduction, but the CO2_OI as well as all risk elements need to be carefully evaluated.
A New Safety Culture Assessment Model: Understanding Employee Engagement in a Company's Safety Program
Authors: Knode T. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In order to help organizations understand the maturity of their safety culture, assessment tools have been developed to provide insight into the employee's consideration of messaging and programs. These tools have helped companies identify and address shortcomings in their culture. However, something that can be missed with these surveys is the assessment of employees’ engagement, along with their trust in their management and beliefs in the company's safety programs.
Research has shown a direct link between employee engagement and superior safety performance. If we look at the safety culture maturity of a company through the lens of employee engagement, we should assess culture with a tool designed to understand the level of engagement and barriers to improvement. Using a third-party employee survey tool, new questions were delivered to the organization.
A team of operational and safety leaders created the new questions based on the expectations and programs within a company. These questions included actions and beliefs such as how often employees report incidents, near misses, or stop work when needed. Questions were also designed to identify potential leadership or organizational barriers including how the reports are viewed and valued by those up the chain of command.
Once the questions were reviewed and approved by organizational leadership, they were delivered through an online employee survey tool run by a third party.
One of the challenges when introducing new questions regarding safety culture is internal and external benchmarking. Extensive discussions were held with leadership around the benefits of replacing the third-party standard safety questions with a new set that would not be comparable to historical measures. The belief that insight into specific actions is being taken around programs such as incident reporting, and how the reporting is being received and acted on by leadership was viewed as a more important measure of culture.
The survey itself had a decent participation rate. Data was collected for over 50 sites and lent insight into how employees are engaged in the safety programs and if they believe and trust the organization to respond appropriately.
Some of the results were surprising, including the percentage of employees who stated that they reported all incidents.
This proposed model for safety culture maturity can help an organization understand how engaged their employees are in safety, and what potential barriers there may be to that engagement. There have been decades of research on business performance tied to employee engagement, and the importance of an organization's safety culture, combining the two concepts can help further improve safety performance and reduce risk.
Enhancing Carbon Capture: Analyzing Kinetic Models for CO2 Adsorption on Amine Silica Sorbent—Statistical Insight
Authors: Rahman Saad ur , Lalji Shaine Mohammadali , Ali Syed Imran , Burney Muneeb , Junaid Muhammad , Asad Muhammad , Mustafa Muhammad 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Carbon capture and storage is an effective way of preventing the greenhouse gases emission and alleviate the effect of global warming. The capturing effect can be performed with the help of adsorption processes, which overcomes the limitations associated with absorption process. During this study, CO2 adsorption on amine functional silica sorbent experimental data was gathered. This data was collect at five different temperatures ranging from 313-393 K and at various CO2 concentration. The main objective of this study is to investigate the performance of different kinetic model in validating the CO2 adsorption experimental data. Four different model namely; zero order model, pseudo first and pseudo second order model and Higuchi model were graphically and statistical compared in terms of predicting the CO2 adsorption data. The results of the study showed that the zero order model weak in validating CO2 adsorption experimental test. It was unable to model the CO2 adsorption experimental data between 0.02-0.34 mole fractions CO2. The decline in zero order model performance was because this model was based on constant adsorption of CO2 on the adsorbent. However, in reality it is mainly dependent on the availability of active sites on the adsorbent. Moreover, the performance of PSO model was the best. This model works effectively when k2 &gt; k1. This relationship was established at all temperature in the current study. Furthermore, the R2 for this model was also close to 1, which further validates its efficacy. In addition, the performance of Higuchi model was also efficient because this model was predominantly developed for the diffusion driven systems only. The adsorption of CO2 is based on external and internal diffusion process, where molecules of CO2 diffuses into the adsorbent. Hence, it can be concluded that except of zero order model all kinetic models demonstrates lower inconsistency in modeling the CO2 adsorption experimental data.