bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concentration of bacterial aerosols in response to synoptic weather and land‐sea breeze at a seaside site downwind of the Asian continent
Authors: Murata Kotaro , Zhang Daizhou 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAirborne bacteria are a major group of bioaerosols, but their temporal and spatial variations in the atmosphere are poorly understood due to a lack of accurate information at an appropriate temporal resolution. In this study, we quantified the concentration and viability of airborne bacteria at a seaside site on the southwestern coast of Japan in spring to investigate their association with synoptic weather, which was governed alternately by cyclones and anticyclones moving in the middle‐latitude westerly flow. The concentration of bacteria, on the order of 105–106 cells m−3, showed a small amplitude of variation, while the viability significantly differed in the range of 23–96% under different weather conditions. Cyclones transported bacteria from the Asian continent in their postfrontal air. Compared to bacteria under other weather conditions, the bacteria in postfrontal air had a large concentration, a low viability, and a close correlation with coarse aerosol particles. In contrast, bacterial concentration and viability in prefrontal air varied over small ranges, and no correlation between bacteria and aerosol particle number concentration was observed. During anticyclones, although bacterial concentration was similar to that in prefrontal air, bacterial viability was high, and the concentration had pulse increases of approximately 2 times the usual level when the wind changed to land/sea breezes. The increases were attributed to the accumulation of bacteria in stagnant air due to local sources. These results show the following two distinct patterns of bacterial concentration and viability at the seaside location of this study: (1) during postfrontal long‐distance dust plume transport related to a cyclone approaching from the Asian continent, the bacterial concentration is correlated with the coarse aerosol particle number concentration and the bacterial viability is low, and (2) pulse increases of viable bacteria are observed at anticyclone conditions corresponding to local sources and land‐sea breeze conditions.
Vortices in Saturn's Northern Hemisphere (2008–2015) observed by Cassini ISS
Authors: Trammell Harold Justin , Li Liming , Jiang Xun , Pan Yefeng , Smith Mark A. , Bering Edgar A. , Hörst Sarah M. , Vasavada Ashwin R. , Ingersoll Andrew P. , Janssen Michael A. , West Robert A. , Porco Carolyn C. , Li Cheng , Simon Amy A. , Baines Kevin H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe use observations from the Imaging Science Subsystem on Cassini to create maps of Saturn's Northern Hemisphere (NH) from 2008 to 2015, a time period including a seasonal transition (i.e., spring equinox in 2009) and the 2010 giant storm. The processed maps are used to investigate vortices in the NH during the period of 2008–2015. All recorded vortices have diameters (east‐west) smaller than 6000 km except for the largest vortex that developed from the 2010 giant storm. The largest vortex decreased its diameter from ~11,000 km in 2011 to ~5000 km in 2015, and its average diameter is ~6500 km during the period of 2011–2015. The largest vortex lasts at least 4 years, which is much longer than the lifetimes of most vortices (less than 1 year). The largest vortex drifts to north, which can be explained by the beta drift effect. The number of vortices displays varying behaviors in the meridional direction, in which the 2010 giant storm significantly affects the generation and development of vortices in the middle latitudes (25–45°N). In the higher latitudes (45–90°N), the number of vortices also displays strong temporal variations. The solar flux and the internal heat do not directly contribute to the vortex activities, leaving the temporal variations of vortices in the higher latitudes (45–90°N) unexplained.
Inter‐model comparison of subseasonal tropical variability in aquaplanet experiments: Effect of a warm pool
Authors: Leroux Stephanie , Bellon Gilles , Roehrig Romain , Caian Mihaela , Klingaman Nicholas P. , Lafore Jean‐Philippe , Musat Ionela , Rio Catherine , Tyteca Sophie 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study compares the simulation of subseasonal tropical variability by a set of six state‐of‐the‐art AGCMs in two experiments in aquaplanet configuration: a zonally symmetric experiment, and an experiment with a warm pool centered on the equator. In all six models, the presence of the warm pool generates zonal asymmetries in the simulated mean states in the form of a “Gill‐type” response, made more complex by feedbacks between moisture, convective heating and circulation. Noticeable differences appear from one model to another. Only half the models simulate mean low‐level equatorial westerlies over the warm pool area. The presence of the warm pool can also favor the development of large‐scale variability consistent with observed Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) characteristics, but this happens only in half the models. Our results do not support the idea that the presence of the warm pool and/or of mean low‐level equatorial westerlies are sufficient conditions for MJO‐like variability to arise in the models. Comparing spectral characteristics of the simulated Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves (CCEWs) in the aquaplanet experiments and the corresponding coupled atmosphere‐ocean (i.e., CMIP) and atmosphere‐only (i.e., AMIP) simulations, we also show that there is more consistency for a given model across its configurations, than for a given configuration across the six models. Overall, our results confirm that the simulation of subseasonal variability by given model is significantly influenced by the parameterization of subgrid physical processes (most‐likely cloud processes), both directly and through modulation of the mean state.
Variability and predictability of the space environment as related to lower atmosphere forcing
Authors: Liu H.‐L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere (TI) are characterized by perpetual variability as integral parts of the atmosphere system, with intermittent disturbances from solar and geomagnetic forcing. This review examines how the TI variability is affected by processes originating from the lower atmosphere and implications for quantifying and forecasting the TI. This aspect of the TI variability has been increasingly appreciated in recent years from both observational and numerical studies, especially during the last extended solar minimum. This review focuses on the role of atmospheric waves, including tides, planetary waves, gravity waves, and acoustic waves, which become increasingly significant as they propagate from their source region to the upper atmosphere. Recent studies have led to better understanding of how these waves directly or indirectly affect TI wind, temperature, and compositional structures; the circulation pattern; neutral and ion species transport; and ionospheric wind dynamo. The variability of these waves on daily to interannual scales has been found to significantly impact the TI variability. Several outstanding questions and challenges have been highlighted: (i) large, seemingly stochastic, day‐to‐day variability of tides in the TI; (ii) control of model error in the TI region by the lower atmosphere; and (iii) the increasing importance of processes with shorter spatial and temporal scales at higher altitudes. Addressing these challenges requires model capabilities to assimilate observations of both lower and upper atmosphere and higher model resolution to capture complex interactions among processes over a broad range of scales and extended altitudes.
Direct prediction of spatially and temporally varying physical properties from time‐lapse electrical resistance data
Authors: Hermans Thomas , Oware Erasmus , Caers Jef 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTime‐lapse applications of electrical methods have grown significantly over the last decade. However, the quantitative interpretation of tomograms in terms of physical properties, such as salinity, temperature or saturation, remains difficult. In many applications, geophysical models are transformed into hydrological models, but this transformation suffers from spatially and temporally varying resolution resulting from the regularization used by the deterministic inversion. In this study, we investigate a prediction‐focused approach (PFA) to directly estimate subsurface physical properties with electrical resistance data, circumventing the need for classic tomographic inversions. First, we generate a prior set of resistance data and physical property forecast through hydrogeological and geophysical simulations mimicking the field experiment. We reduce the dimension of both the data and the forecast through principal component analysis in order to keep the most informative part of both sets in a reduced dimension space. Then, we apply canonical correlation analysis to explore the relationship between the data and the forecast in their reduced dimension space. If a linear relationship can be established, the posterior distribution of the forecast can be directly sampled using a Gaussian process regression where the field data scores are the conditioning data. In this paper, we demonstrate PFA for various physical property distributions. We also develop a framework to propagate the estimated noise level in the reduced dimension space. We validate the results by a Monte Carlo study on the posterior distribution and demonstrate that PFA yields accurate uncertainty for the cases studied.
Oxygen‐Rich 1,2,4‐Triazolo[3,4‐d]‐1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐f]furazano[3,4‐b]pyrazines as Energetic Materials
Authors: Sheremetev Aleksei B. , Korolev Vecheslav L. , Potemkin Aleksandr A. , Aleksandrova Natali S. , Palysaeva Nadezhda V. , Hoang Trung H. , Sinditskii Valery P. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA convenient one‐pot synthesis of 5,10‐bis(trinitromethyl)‐ (5) and 5,10‐bis(fluorodinitromethyl)furazano[3,4‐e]di([1,2,4]triazolo)[4,3‐a:3′,4′‐c]pyrazines (6) by employing the reaction of 5,6‐dichlorofurazano[3,4‐b]pyrazine with 5‐(trinitromethyl)‐ and 5‐(1‐fluoro‐1,1‐dinitromethyl)tetrazoles, respectively, was developed. The protocol was carried out under mild conditions at a moderate temperature and over short reaction times to synthesize the products in excellent yields. For the first time, these polynitromethyl‐substituted compounds, which may have potential use as explosive and propellant materials, have been fully characterized. The burning rate of compound5was shown to be slightly superior to that of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20).
Ultraviolet Photodissociation Induced by Light‐Emitting Diodes in a Planar Ion Trap
Authors: Holden Dustin D. , Makarov Alexander , Schwartz Jae C. , Sanders James D. , Zhuk Eugene , Brodbelt Jennifer S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe first application of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) for ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) mass spectrometry is reported. LEDs provide a compact, low cost light source and have been incorporated directly into the trapping cell of an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. MS/MS efficiencies of over 50 % were obtained using an extended irradiation period, and UVPD was optimized by modulating the ion trapping parameters to maximize the overlap between the ion cloud and the irradiation volume.
Achieving High Efficiency and Eliminating Degradation in Solid Oxide Electrochemical Cells Using High Oxygen‐Capacity Perovskite
Authors: Jun Areum , Kim Junyoung , Shin Jeeyoung , Kim Guntae 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRecently, there have been efforts to use clean and renewable energy because of finite fossil fuels and environmental problems. Owing to the site‐specific and weather‐dependent characteristics of the renewable energy supply, solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) have received considerable attention to store energy as hydrogen. Conventional SOECs use Ni‐YSZ (yttria‐stabilized zirconia) and LSM (strontium‐doped lanthanum manganites)‐YSZ as electrodes. These electrodes, however, suffer from redox‐instability and coarsening of the Ni electrode along with delamination of the LSM electrode during steam electrolysis. In this study, we successfully design and fabricate highly efficient SOECs using layered perovskites, PrBaMn2O5+δ (PBM) and PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+δ (PBSCF50), as both electrodes for the first time. The SOEC with layered perovskites as both‐side electrodes shows outstanding performance, reversible cycling, and remarkable stability over 600 hours.
Hierarchical Nanowires Synthesized by Supramolecular Stepwise Polymerization
Authors: Zhuang Zeliang , Jiang Tao , Lin Jiaping , Gao Liang , Yang Chaoying , Wang Liquan , Cai Chunhua 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe self‐organization of pre‐assembled aggregates is an efficient stepwise strategy for fabricating nanostructures with a second level of hierarchy. Herein, we report that anisotropic spindle‐like micelles, self‐assembled from polypeptide graft copolymers with rigid backbones, can serve as ideal pre‐assembled subunits for constructing one‐dimensional materials with hierarchical structures. By adding organic solvents and dialyzing against water, reactive points can be generated at the ends of the spindle‐like micelles, which subsequently drive the anisotropic micelles to grow as rods in a chain and eventually self‐assemble into hierarchical nanowires in a stepwise manner. The second self‐assembly step is a hierarchical process that resembles step polymerization. Hierarchical structures can be precisely synthesized by this new type of polymerization. These nanostructures can be tailored by the activity of the reactive points, which depends on the nature of the solvent and the molecular architecture.
Surface Modification of Water Purification Membranes
Authors: Miller Daniel J. , Dreyer Daniel R. , Bielawski Christopher W. , Paul Donald R. , Freeman Benny D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPolymeric membranes are an energy‐efficient means of purifying water, but they suffer from fouling during filtration. Modification of the membrane surface is one route to mitigating membrane fouling, as it helps to maintain high levels of water productivity. Here, a series of common techniques for modification of the membrane surface are reviewed, including surface coating, grafting, and various treatment techniques such as chemical treatment, UV irradiation, and plasma treatment. Historical background on membrane development and surface modification is also provided. Finally, polydopamine, an emerging material that can be easily deposited onto a wide variety of substrates, is discussed within the context of membrane modification. A brief summary of the chemistry of polydopamine, particularly as it may pertain to membrane development, is also described.
Symbiotic Control in Mechanical Bond Formation
Authors: Wang Yuping , Sun Junling , Liu Zhichang , Nassar Majed S. , Botros Youssry Y. , Stoddart J. Fraser 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSince the advent of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), many approaches to templating their formation using various different noncovalent bonding interactions have been introduced and explored. In particular, employing radical‐pairing interactions between BIPY.+ units, the radical cationic state of 4,4′‐bipyridinium (BIPY2+) units, in syntheses is not only a convenient but also an attractive source of templation because of the unique properties residing in the resulting catenanes and rotaxanes. Herein, we report a copper‐mediated procedure that enables the generation, in the MIM‐precursors, of BIPY.+ radical cations, while the metal itself, which is oxidized to CuI, catalyzes the azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions that result in the efficient syntheses of two catenanes and one rotaxane, assisted by radical‐pairing interactions between the BIPY.+ radical cations. This procedure not only provides a fillip for making and investigating the properties of Coulombically challenged catenanes and rotaxanes, but it also opens up the possibility of synthesizing artificial molecular machines which operate away from equilibrium.
Gold‐Nanoparticle‐Loaded Carbonate‐Modified Titanium(IV) Oxide Surface: Visible‐Light‐Driven Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide from Oxygen
Authors: Teranishi Miwako , Hoshino Riyoko , Naya Shin‐ichi , Tada Hiroaki 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGold nanoparticle‐loaded rutile TiO2 with a bimodal size distribution around 10.6 nm and 2.3 nm (BM‐Au/TiO2) was prepared by the deposition precipitation and chemical reduction (DP‐CR) technique. Visible‐light irradiation (λ>430 nm) of the BM‐Au/TiO2 plasmonic photocatalyst yields 35 μm H2O2 in aerated pure water at irradiation time (tp)=1 h, and the H2O2 concentration increases to 640±60 μm by the addition of 4 % HCOOH as a sacrificing electron donor. Further, a carbonate‐modified surface BM‐Au/TiO2 (BM‐Au/TiO2‐CO32−) generates a millimolar level of H2O2 at tp=1 h with a quantum efficiency (Φ) of 5.4 % at λ=530 nm under the same conditions. The recycle experiments confirmed the stable performance of BM‐Au/TiO2.
Economics of biofuels and bioproducts from an integrated pyrolysis biorefinery
Authors: Dang Qi , Hu Wenhao , Rover Marjorie , Brown Robert C. , Wright Mark M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper describes a novel integrated biorefinery based on fast pyrolysis and subsequent bio‐oil upgrading to produce three product portfolios: hydrocarbon biofuels (gasoline and diesel), bio‐based products (bioasphalt, calcium acetate, and dextrose), and hydrocarbon chemicals (aromatics, olefins, and fuel oil). Based on the economic assumptions and historical market prices of the products, we calculate internal rates of return (IRRs) of the biorefinery (2000 dry metric tons per day) over 30 years to evaluate its performance. Given the historical low, average, and high prices of the products, a total of 27 scenarios are explored and the maximum IRR for each scenario is determined. Results indicate that upgrading bio‐oil to bio‐based products yields the maximum IRR of 67.9% if bio‐based products can be marketed at a historical high price level (between $257 and $1491 per metric ton) and an IRR of 42.5% at an average price level (between $240 and $950 per metric ton). Under some market conditions, the biorefinery should produce hydrocarbon chemicals or biofuels to increase the IRR. We also estimate the IRR probability distribution using Monte Carlo simulation by ‐incorporating distributions of product prices and bio‐oil fractions allocated for three product portfolios. Average IRRs of −3.9% for biofuels, 42.7% for bio‐based products, and 17.3% for hydrocarbon chemicals are observed with standard deviations of 24.4%, 24.1%, and 6.5%, respectively. The integrated ‐biorefinery exhibits an IRR distribution of 16.2% ± 16.4% suggesting that the integrated biorefinery could balance the economic disadvantages and benefits from individual product portfolio to achieve profitable IRRs. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Untersuchungen zu Herstellungs‐ und Instandhaltungs kosten von unterschiedlichen Konzepten zur Sicherstellung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Parkbauten
Authors: Schubert Maren , Dauberschmidt Christoph , Eltschig Christian , Nechvatal Dirk , Rapolder Markus , Schedl Tobias 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEs ist derzeit eine intensive Diskussion im Gange, wie man die Dauerhaftigkeit von Parkbauten sicherstellen kann. Dabei werden häufig Kosten als Argument für oder gegen eine bestimmte Ausführung vorgebracht, ohne dass bisher eine durchgängige Kostenbetrachtung für verschiedene Konzepte zur Sicherstellung der Dauerhaftigkeit durchgeführt worden ist.In dieser Veröffentlichung werden die Kosten verschiedener Konzepte anhand einer virtuellen zweigeschossigen Tiefgarage mit üblichen Abmessungen für die beiden maßgeblichen Bauteile „Zwischendecke” und „Bodenplatte” verglichen. Dabei wird bei den Herstellungskosten z. B. auch die von dem Oberflächenschutz‐ oder Abdichtungssystem abhängige Mindestbewehrung berücksichtigt. Zudem werden in Abhängigkeit vom gewählten Oberflächenschutz‐ oder Abdichtungssystem die Kosten für die Instandhaltung, bestehend u. a. aus der Wartung, der Inspektion und der Instandsetzung, über einen Nutzungszeitraum von 50 Jahren angesetzt und miteinander ver glichen. Bei den Kostenansätzen werden die marktüblichen Schwankungen bzw. die angesetzten Instandsetzungszyklen durch die Betrachtung von Mittel‐, Minimal‐ und Maximalwerten berücksichtigt.Für die Zwischendecke werden die Beschichtungs‐ bzw. Abdichtungssysteme „OS 11”, „Gussasphalt (ein‐/zweischichtig) mit Schweißbahn”, „Gussasphalt (ein‐/zweischichtig) mit OS 10” und „PMMA” betrachtet. Für die Bodenplatte werden getrennt für die Lastfälle „Wasserwechselzone” (WW) und „Wasserdruck” (WD) die Systeme „OS 11”, „Gussasphalt (ein‐/zweischichtig) mit Schweißbahn” und „OS 8 mit begleitender Rissbehandlung” untersucht. Dabei werden für die laufenden Instandhaltungskosten ingenieurmäßige Anhaltswerte nach dem jetzigen Wissensstand gewählt. Es wird erwartet, dass durch aktuell laufende Forschungsprojekte zukünftig wissenschaftlich fundierte Ansätze vorliegen werden, die zu einer Fortschreibung des Kostenvergleichs führen werden.
Zentrische Druckversuche an schlanken UHPC‐Stützen
Authors: Schmidt Angela , Curbach Manfred 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIm Rahmen des von der DFG geförderten Schwerpunktprogramms (SPP) 1542 „Leicht Bauen mit Beton” wurden im Teilprojekt „Querschnittsadaption stabförmiger Druckbauteile” zentrische Druckversuche an unbewehrten UHPC‐Stützen mit quadratischem und rechteckigem Querschnitt durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse wurden anschließend mit Versuchsreihen anderer Forscher verglichen. Der Fokus der Untersuchungen lag auf dem Versagensverhalten von knickgefährdeten Stützen bei unterschiedlichen Randbedingungen. Für diese Versuche wurden sowohl eine gelenkige als auch eine eingespannte Lagerung umgesetzt. Neben einer Analyse des Versagensvorgangs wurden die Ergebnisse mit der idealen Knicklast nach Euler und mit der Spannungsgleichung nach Theorie II. Ordnung verglichen. Vor‐ und Nachteile der Ansätze werden abschließend aufgezeigt, gegenübergestellt und diskutiert.
Discovery of Unusual Biaryl Polyketides by Activation of a SilentStreptomyces venezuelaeBiosynthetic Gene Cluster
Authors: Thanapipatsiri Anyarat , Gomez‐Escribano Juan Pablo , Song Lijiang , Bibb Maureen J. , Al‐Bassam Mahmoud , Chandra Govind , Thamchaipenet Arinthip , Challis Gregory L. , Bibb Mervyn J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractComparative transcriptional profiling of a ΔbldMmutant ofStreptomyces venezuelaewith its unmodified progenitor revealed that the expression of a cryptic biosynthetic gene cluster containing both type I and type III polyketide synthase genes is activated in the mutant. The 29.5 kb gene cluster, which was predicted to encode an unusual biaryl metabolite, which we named venemycin, and potentially halogenated derivatives, contains 16 genes including one—vemR—that encodes a transcriptional activator of the large ATP‐binding LuxR‐like (LAL) family. Constitutive expression ofvemRin the ΔbldMmutant led to the production of sufficient venemycin for structural characterisation, confirming its unusual biaryl structure. Co‐expression of the venemycin biosynthetic gene cluster andvemRin the heterologous hostStreptomyces coelicoloralso resulted in venemycin production. Although the gene cluster encodes two halogenases and a flavin reductase, constitutive expression of all three genes led to the accumulation only of a monohalogenated venemycin derivative, both in the native producer and the heterologous host. A competition experiment in which equimolar quantities of sodium chloride and sodium bromide were fed to the venemycin‐producing strains resulted in the preferential incorporation of bromine, thus suggesting that bromide is the preferred substrate for one or both halogenases.