bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion of Consciousness as Principle of Morality
Authors: Utz Konrad 
Published: January 2017

Kant shows that a fundamental theory of normativity and morality can give neither an explanation nor an explication of normativity, but can only articulate and render explicit its origin. It can do so by indicating the place or topos and the turn or trope of its originating. According to Kant, the topos of normativity is the will qua practical reason and its trope is the general, typically instrumental use of this reason, i.e. reflection. The trope of the origin of morality is autonomy, i.e. practical reason turning on itself and thus becoming pure practical reason, thereby establishing its own form as law: the categorical imperative. Consequently, fundamental ethics serves two functions (if it is indeed successful): formally, it provides evidence for the originality or authenticity of morality; materially, it gives a criteriological principle for the content of morality. The article argues that Kant was right in his view of the foundation of ethics, but was wrong in the manner in which he met the requirements thus established. The topos of normativity and, consequently, of morality cannot be reason, but must be consciousness or, more precisely, (actual) knowledge de se; and its fundamental trope cannot be reflection (and then autonomy), but must be what can be described as a conversion of consciousness. This conversion can be identified with philein in the sense of Aristotle. It has four different aspects: desire, cognition, benevolence, and recognition. When philein is reciprocal and lived, philia ensues. Friendship (in the broad sense of Aristotle) is then described as the topos of the origin of Normativity and Morality.
O mito do conhecimento
Authors: BonJour Laurence , Gallina Albertinho Luiz , Da Silva Kariane Marques 
Published: January 2017

Em “O Mito do Conhecimento”, Laurence BonJour defende a tese de que a concepção “falibilista” de conhecimento, assumida de modo preponderante pelos epistemólogos na era pós-Gettier, “está errada”, pois tal concepção “fraca” de conhecimento proporciona pouca satisfação da perspectiva filosófica e é inexistente no âmbito do senso comum, constituindo tão-somente um “mito filosófico”.
Unreasonable Selflessness
Authors: Borges Rodrigo , Medeiros Felipe Castelo Branco 
Published: January 2017

According to Jennifer Lackey (2007), one should assert that p only if (i) it is reasonable for one to believe that p and (ii) if one asserted that p, one would assert that p at least in part because it is reasonable for one to believe that p. As data for this norm of assertion Lackey appeals to the intuition that in cases of ‘selfless assertion’ agents assert with epistemic propriety something they don’t believe. If that norm of assertion was true, then it would explain why selfless assertions are epistemically proper. In this paper we offer a reductio ad absurdum of this view. The result is that selfless assertions are not epistemically appropriate.
Variabilidad en la estructura morfológica de los sustantivos españoles
Authors: Ambadiang Théophile 
Published: January 2017

Las propuestas formuladas a lo largo de las últimas décadas en torno a la formación de diminutivos, la asignación del acento, la formación del plural y las llamadas marcas de palabra en el ámbito de la morfología nominal del español remiten en último término a la estructura morfológica de los sustantivos españoles. Los estudios más relevantes en torno a esta última tienen un enfoquefonológico (cf. Harris 1983, Roca 1989, Baković en prensa, entre otros) o morfológico (cf. Hooper y Terrell 1976, Harris 1991, 1992, Bermúdez-Otero 2006,2007 y Bonet 2006, entre otros), dependiendo de la naturaleza de los criteriosen los que basan sus generalizaciones. Intentamos mostrar en un primer momento que, más allá de la diferencia a la que acabamos de aludir, los análisispropuestos en estos estudios tienen el efecto de poner en tela de juicio cualquiercaracterización de los segmentos finales de las formas nominales que se basaseen rasgos morfológicos, en contradicción con propuestas como las de Lloret(2013), Mel’čuk (2013) y, en menor medida, Roca y Feliú (2002), por ejemplo.Por otro lado, no pueden evitar que formas idénticas en sus segmentos finales ysu patrón acentual se comporten de manera diferente en uno o diferentes procesos morfológicos, ni que formas dispares en cuanto a sus segmentos finales y su patrón acentual se comporten de manera idéntica en tales procesos. A las incongruencias implícitas en estas dos observaciones cabe añadir que en algunos casos una misma forma puede presentar comportamientos diferentes en un mismo proceso o en diferentes procesos morfológicos. Sugerimos que existe cierta correlación entre estas últimas observaciones, enel sentido de que las divergencias y coincidencias que se producen entre diversas formas nominales no se pueden disociar de la variabilidad que se observa con ciertos sustantivos. Desde este punto de vista, el estudio de la variabilidad estructural de los sustantivos españoles tiene implicaciones de mucho interés para su representación morfológica y, en este sentido, motiva el intento, que nos proponemos aquí, de buscar las correlaciones que puedan existir entre las representaciones morfológicas posibles con una forma nominal dada y su comportamiento en diversos procesos morfológicos. A este efecto, examinamos las fuentes de la variabilidad que se observa en las formas nominales del español, antes de estudiar su alcance, el estatus y las funciones de los segmentos finales o prefinales, así como las implicaciones de nuestras observaciones para la representación morfológica de los sustantivos españoles y su comportamiento en diversos procesos morfológicos. A modo de cierre, recalcamos la necesidad de ahondar en la caracterización morfológica de los segmentos (pre)finales de las formas nominales, así como su incidencia en el comportamiento que tienen estas últimas en diversos procesos morfológicos.
Nivel de actividad física según el cuestionario PAQ-A en escolares de secundaria en dos colegios de San Martin de Porres – Lima
Authors: Montoya Trujillano Andrea Alexia , Pinto Rebatta Dora Andrea , Taza Mendoza Andrea Edith Fátima , Meléndez Olivari Elizabeth Cecilia , Alfaro Fernández Paul Rubén 
Published: January 2017

Objetivos: Determinar el nivel de actividad física en escolares de secundaria de edades entre los 14 -17 años en dos colegios del distrito de San Martín de Porres; así como, el nivel de actividad física en relación al tipo decolegio, género, edad, a las actividades físicas, participación en las clases de educación física, actividades del tiempo libre, actividades del fin de semana y frecuencia diaria. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, comparativo,observacional y transversal. Se tomó la población universo de 690 escolares del nivel secundario de 3er, 4to y 5to año del colegio entre las edades de 14-17 años, 375 eran del colegio estatal I.E. N° 3037 Gran Amauta, y 315 delcolegio privado Institución Educativa Parroquial “San Columbano” del Distrito de San Martin de Porres. Para la recolección de los datos se aplicó el cuestionario PAQ-A. Resultados: El 75,9% de la población encuestada presentó un nivel bajo y muy bajo de actividad física. En los niveles moderado e intenso, los varones fueron más activos que las mujeres con una diferencia del 5,7%. Asimismo, existió diferencia entre ambos colegios respecto al nivel de actividad física moderado e intenso (Estatal 30,1% - Particular 18,4%). Conclusiones: Según el Cuestionario PAQ – A, en esta población de escolares de edades entre 14 y 17 años de ambos colegios de San Martín de Porres, el nivel de actividad física fue bajo.
Síndrome de Beals
Authors: Marruffo Huapalla Gustavo , Del Pozo Copaja Edwin 
Published: January 2017

El síndrome de Beals es una enfermedad hereditaria del tejido conectivo. Tiene un carácter autosómico dominante. Fenotípicamente, es parecido al síndrome de Marfan, pero menos grave. Se caracteriza por aracnodactilia,dolicostenomelia, cifoscoliosis, contracturas múltiples congénitas, alteraciones de los pabellones auriculares, hipoplasia de los músculos de la pantorrilla y cardiopatía. El gen responsable de este síndrome (5q-23-31) codifica una proteína, la fibrilina 2, componente de las microfibrillas de elastina. La evolución de las contracturas es hacia la mejoría, pero la cifoscoliosis puede ser progresiva. Describimos un nuevo caso y revisamos la bibliografía médica.
Sistema de asistencia manual (SAM): Para disfunciones neurologicas y misceláneas.
Authors: Arista Rivera. María Teresa 
Published: January 2017

SAM tiene como objetivo brindar soporte en la rehabilitación del miembro superior, como complemento terapéutico. Está basado en Idea (iDEA – iPad Dexterity Enhancement Apparatus, Loyola Marymount University), cuyo análisis permitió replantear el diseño y los accesorios así como su accesibilidad en términos de costo. Por su versatilidad puede ser utilizado por el terapeuta debido a los brazaletes ajustables a un solo dispositivo. Se implementa el uso de AsT-rix (ortesis para la escritura), diseñada según la necesidad del usuario en forma individual y con los criterios clínicos competentes. Se hace referencia a cinco casos clínicos que utilizaron el sistema en forma satisfactoria, 2 adultos y 3 niños con diagnóstico de hemiplejia y parálisis cerebral.
Psicosis instrumental: a propósito de dos probables casos
Authors: Núñez-Moscoso Patricia , Di Natale-Guevara Milko , Pomareda-Llanos Julio , Cruzado Lizardo 
Published: January 2017

El Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-5) define a la simulación como la representación intencional de síntomas físicos o psicológicos falsos o muy exagerados, motivada por incentivos externos diversos, aunque reconoce que, en muchos casos, la simulación puede tener cierto valor adaptativo. Estrictamente hablando, la simulación no es un trastorno mental sino un problema que puede ser objeto de atención clínica. Sin embargo, se presume erróneamente que la simulación podría darse solamente en contextos forenses, lo que dificulta su identificación en ámbitos clínicos. La “psicosis instrumental” es una variante de simulación consistente en el fingimiento de síntomas por parte de un individuo con diagnóstico subyacente de una psicosis primaria y que simula sus síntomas en momentos de estabilidad clínica. Se presentan dos casos de personas con diagnóstico primario de esquizofrenia que pueden ser considerados también como aparentes casos de psicosis instrumental. No existen reportes previos de este trastorno en nuestro país, aunque presumiblemente su número no debe ser exiguo. Se revisa también la literatura pertinente a este interesante fenómeno que, más alláde su naturaleza psicopatológica, parece reflejar conductas de una definida índole psicosocial.
Prevention of Material Deterioration in ECM of Sintered Carbide with Iron Ions
Authors: Goto Akihiro ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Nakata Atsushi , Wang Sicong , Saito Nagao ,   S.N. Engineering Laboratory, Aichi, Japan
Published: January 2017

This study focuses on electrochemical machining as a method of processing sintered carbide at high speeds. Previous studies have suggested the possibility of using electrochemical machining to achieve high-speed machining of sintered carbide. However, there has been strong resistance in industry against bringing sintered carbide into contact with a conductive liquid. This is because the material quality of sintered carbide is degraded by the elution of Co when it is brought into contact with a conductive liquid.In previous reports, the authors have shown that it is possible to control two modes of Co elution occurring during electrochemical machining: the elution from sintered carbide when it comes into contact with an electrolyte, and the selective elution of Co due to difference in the speeds of WC dissolution and elution of Co when sintered carbide is connected to an electrical source for processing. It was shown that it is possible to control the elution Co in sintered carbide when it comes into contact with an electrolyte by adding Co ions to the electrolyte to increase the concentration of Co ion, and that it is possible to prevent the excessive elution of Co by using a bipolar electrical source for machining. Although we showed that it is possible to carry out electrochemical machining of sintered carbide without degrading its quality, adding of large amounts of Co ions to the electrolyte entails a high cost. In this report, therefore, we describe the addition of Fe ions instead of Co ions to perform electrochemical machining of sintered carbide without quality degradation.
Soil Factors Influencing Nematode Spatial Variability in Soybean
Authors: Freitas José Roberto Brito , Moitinho Mara Regina , De Bortoli Teixeira Daniel , da Silva Bicalho Elton , da Silva João Fernandes , Siqueira Diego Silva , Barbosa Bruno Flávio Figueiredo , Soares Pedro Luiz Martins , Pereira Gener Tadeu 
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas
Spatial distribution P. brachyurus nematode is influenced by soil chemical properties.
In sites with low fertility the plants become more susceptible to nematode attack.
In sites concentrating greater amount Mg are favorable to greater number of nematode.
The economic damage to Brazilian soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production attributed to Pratylenchus brachyurus has increased in recent years. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of soil properties on nematode variability in a soybean crop. Soil and root samples (0–0.20 m) were collected from 142 points in an area that was 180 by 180 m. Root samples were analyzed for nematodes, and soil samples were analyzed for chemical attributes. The data were analyzed using principal component analysis and geostatistics. The spatial variability maps of the attributes S, Ca, Mg, K, sum of bases, base saturation index, and cation exchange capacity were aligned with the water runoff direction. Soil organic matter and K were associated with very low number of nematodes in the root (NNR) (NNR ≤ 3614), low (3614 < NNR ≤ 10,496), and moderate (10,496 < NNR ≤ 21,248). On the other hand, the regions with high Mg, S, and soybean productivity were associated with regions with high (21,248 < NNR ≤ 43,648) and very high (NNR > 43,648) NNR. The findings indicated that soil chemical characteristics influence the population dynamics of the root‐lesion nematode P. brachyurus.
Chloride Fertilizers Increase Spring Wheat Yields in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Graham Christopher , Woodard Howard , Bly Anthony , Fixen Paul , Gelderman Ronald 
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas
Across all site‐years of the study, results show a statistically significant grain yield increase of 0.17 t ha−1.
Where pre‐plant soil test Cl− levels were lower than 1.87 mg kg−1, fertilizer Cl− applications increased grain yield by 0.26 t ha−1 with an average return of $18.42 ha−1.
The potential profitability of Cl− fertilizer application is highly dependent on the choice of cultivar.
Chloride (Cl−) plays an important role in osmoregulatory functions within the plant and aids in disease suppression. Previous research established a soil sufficiency level and fertilizer Cl− recommendations based on a 0‐ to 60‐cm soil depth sample. This work found spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield was responsive to Cl− fertilizers on soils with low Cl− soil tests. However, the response was often variable and cultivar specific, which suggested that further refinements to the Cl− fertilizer recommendations were necessary. In this research, the impact of Cl− fertilizer on yield, test weight, and protein of three spring wheat cultivars (Forge, Marshall, and Oxen) was tested in a randomized complete block experiment in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2002 in Aurora, SD. Across all years and cultivars, results showed a statistically significant grain yield increase of 0.17 t ha−1 with Cl− addition. Similarly, Cl− increased test weight by 0.98 kg hL−1. Protein, on the other hand, showed a cultivar by Cl− response with Cl− increasing protein by 2.28 g protein kg−1 in Oxen and decreasing protein 2.52 g protein kg−1 in Forge. Where pre‐plant‐soil test Cl− levels were lower than 1.87 mg kg−1, fertilizer Cl− applications increased grain yield by 0.26 t ha−1 with an average return of $18.42 ha−1. However the potential profitability of Cl− fertilizer application is highly dependent on the choice of cultivar. Further research is necessary to assess if increasing spring rainfall in the region will increase Cl− yield responses.
A Reduction in Spikelet Number and Fertility Causes Yield Vulnerability in High‐Yielding Rice
Authors: Kobata Tohru , Ishi Hibiki , Iwasaki Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas
Low irradiance caused by a later end to the rainy season as a result of climate change is of concern in Japan. The objectives of this study were to identify the critical factors causing yield instability in high‐yielding indica‐ and japonica‐dominant rice cultivars released from 1990 to 2010 in Japan over 3 yr with contrasting levels of radiation. In most of these new cultivars, the yield response to the decline in radiant conditions is not well known.
The spikelet number decreased with a decrease in solar radiation during the panicle formation stage, such that under low radiation conditions, the benefit of a high spikelet number in the high‐yielding cultivars disappeared.
The significant effect of spikelet fertility on grain‐filling under fluctuating radiation levels is specific to the high‐yielding cultivars, whereas in the common cultivars, inadequate grain‐filling in fertilized spikelets is the dominant effect of low irradiance after the middle of the reproductive stage.
In Japan, the indica × japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars released since 1990 are high‐yielding under favorable weather conditions. However, climate change may delay the end of the rainy season to midsummer and decrease irradiance in the dominant rice‐growing season. The objectives of this study were to identify the critical yield component factor causing yield instability in these high‐yielding cultivars under fluctuations of solar radiation. One standard‐yield japonica, three high‐yielding japonica‐dominant, and two indica‐dominant cultivars were grown in western Japan over 3 yr under contrasting radiation levels. Rough grain yield (RY) ranged from 520 to 980 g m−2 and was positively correlated with spikelet number (SNO). The SNO decreased with a decrease in solar radiation during the panicle‐formation stage; therefore, under low radiation (75% of the highest), the benefit of a high SNO disappeared in the high‐yielding cultivars. A decrease in cumulative radiation during the grain‐filling period decreased both RY and the spikelet‐filling percentage (%F) (RY/potential grain yield [PY]) in the cultivars with high PY. %F was highly correlated with spikelet fertility (%S), where %S was lower in the high‐yielding cultivars than in japonica and fluctuated. There was a higher correlation between %S and cumulative radiation for 2 wk before heading per PY. Restricting the assimilate‐supply by leaf removal near the heading‐time significantly lowered %S. These results suggest that the limitation of the assimilate‐supply due to low irradiance at the panicle‐formation and flowering stages reduces SNO and %S, respectively, which restrains the potential of the high‐yielding cultivars.
Comparison of Miscanthus and Switchgrass Cultivars for Biomass Yield, Soil Nutrients, and Nutrient Removal in Northwest Spain
Authors: Oliveira José Alberto , West C. P. , Afif Elias , Palencia Pedro 
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas
Miscanthus and switchgrass are often touted as biomass crop choices, but have rarely been compared side‐by‐side.
Miscanthus was slower to establish than switchgrass cultivars, but out‐yielded switchgrass in the latter 3 yr of the trial.
Phosphorus was the soil nutrient most likely to be drawn down to levels requiring fertilization, after N.
Comparative performance tests of perennial grasses for biomass yield, quality, and soil nutrient removal are needed to guide decisions toward meeting European Union targets for renewable energy production. We compared hybrid miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus Greef and Deuter ex Hodkinson and Renvoize) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars Cave‐in‐Rock, (upland type), Alamo, and Kanlow (lowland types) for biomass yield and changes in soil macronutrient levels and removal rates in a humid Spanish environment. Soil and plant nutrient and C levels were measured after each annual biomass harvest for 4 yr. Plant nutrient concentrations were multiplied by biomass yield to express nutrient removal. Yield ranking (4‐yr mean) was miscanthus (17.6 Mg ha−1) > Kanlow (13.3 Mg ha−1) = Alamo (13.0 Mg ha−1) > Cave‐in‐Rock (7.7 Mg ha−1). Miscanthus biomass yield peaked in the third year at 27.0 Mg ha−1. The high yield of miscanthus together with its relatively low macronutrient concentrations and intermediate removal rates, indicate its advantages over switchgrass as a biomass crop choice. Alamo and Kanlow usually removed more macronutrients than Cave‐in‐Rock, suggesting a greater long‐term fertilizer requirement for the lowland types. Soil C stocks increased by a mean of 2850 kg ha−1 over 4 yr at 0‐ to 20‐cm depth. Phosphorus was the macronutrient most likely to become deficient after repeated harvests. Miscanthus and lowland switchgrass cultivars performed well in the Atlantic maritime region of Spain, therefore the choice of crop would rely on economics of establishment and long‐term stand maintenance.
Long Term Survivorship of a Severely Notched Femoral Stem after Replacing the Fractured Ceramic head with a Cobalt-Chromium Head
Authors: Panagopoulos Andreas , Tatani Irini , Megas Panagiotis 
Published: January 2017

Background:Although ceramic head fracture occurs infrequently today, in the event of a fracture, the resulting revision surgery can prove very challenging, since the ceramic particles lodge into the surrounding soft tissue and can cause rapid implant failureCase Presentation:A case of long term survivorship of a severed notched femoral stem after replacing the fractured femoral head with a cobalt-chromium one is reported in a 40-year old woman with hip dysplasia who underwent an uncomplicated total hip arthroplasty. The incident of ceramic femoral head fracture occurred 14 months postoperatively without reporting any significant trauma. Intraoperative findings at revision were a multifragmented femoral head and a damaged polyethylene insert along with diffuse metallosis and excessive wear of the cone of the stem. Both the stem and the acetabular component were stable. After removal of ceramic fragments, metallotic tissue excision and careful lavage of the joint, the inlay was replaced by a similar one and a cobalt-chromium femoral head was placed to the existing notched taper of the firmly incorporated stem. At the 13thyear follow up examination, the patient had no pain, used no walking aids, and had normal activity with no signs of wearing or loosening in the plain x-rays.Conclusion:Despite current recommendations of using ceramic femoral heads in cases of fracture or to revise the severely damaged stems we were able to provide a long term survivorship up to 13 years postoperatively of a cobalt-chromium femoral head applied to a severe damaged stem.