bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crustal Deformation in the India‐Eurasia Collision Zone From 25 Years of GPS Measurements
Authors: Zheng Gang , Wang Hua , Wright Tim J. , Lou Yidong , Zhang Rui , Zhang Weixing , Shi Chuang , Huang Jinfang , Wei Na 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe India‐Eurasia collision zone is the largest deforming region on the planet; direct measurements of present‐day deformation from Global Positioning System (GPS) have the potential to discriminate between competing models of continental tectonics. But the increasing spatial resolution and accuracy of observations have only led to increasingly complex realizations of competing models. Here we present the most complete, accurate, and up‐to‐date velocity field for India‐Eurasia available, comprising 2576 velocities measured during 1991–2015. The core of our velocity field is from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China‐I/II: 27 continuous stations observed since 1999; 56 campaign stations observed annually during 1998–2007; 1000 campaign stations observed in 1999, 2001, 2004, and 2007; 260 continuous stations operating since late 2010; and 2000 campaign stations observed in 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. We process these data and combine the solutions in a consistent reference frame with stations from the Global Strain Rate Model compilation, then invert for continuous velocity and strain rate fields. We update geodetic slip rates for the major faults (some vary along strike), and find that those along the major Tibetan strike‐slip faults are in good agreement with recent geological estimates. The velocity field shows several large undeforming areas, strain focused around some major faults, areas of diffuse strain, and dilation of the high plateau. We suggest that a new generation of dynamic models incorporating strength variations and strain‐weakening mechanisms is required to explain the key observations. Seismic hazard in much of the region is elevated, not just near the major faults.
Colliding Modons: A Nonlinear Test for the Evaluation of Global Dynamical Cores
Authors: Lin Shian‐Jiann , Harris Lucas , Chen Xi , Yao Weiye , Chai Junyi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe modon, a pair of counter‐rotating vortices propelling one another along a straight line, is an idealization of some observed large‐scale and small‐scale atmospheric and oceanic processes (e.g., twin cyclones), providing a challenging nonlinear test for fluid‐dynamics solvers (known as “dynamical cores”). We present an easy‐to‐setup test of colliding modons suitable for both shallow‐water and three‐dimensional dynamical cores on the sphere. Two pairs of idealized modons are configured to collide, exchange vortices, and depart in opposite directions, repeating indefinitely in the absence of ambient rotation. This test is applicable to both hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic dynamical cores and is particularly challenging for refined grids on the sphere, regardless of solution methodology, or vertical coordinate. We applied this test to three popular dynamical cores, used by three different general circulation models: the Spectral‐Element (SE) core of the Community Atmosphere Model, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) spectral core, and the GFDL Finite‐Volume Cubed‐Sphere dynamical core (FV3). Tests with a locally refined grid and nonhydrostatic dynamics were also performed with FV3. All cores tested were able to capture the propagation, collision, and exchange of the modons, albeit the rate at which the modon was diffused varied between the three cores and showed a strong dependence on the strength of hyperdiffusion.
How Well Do Rheumatology Fellows Manage Acute Infusion Reactions? A Pilot Curricular Intervention
Authors: Weiner Jason J. , Eudy Amanda M. , Criscione‐Schreiber Lisa G. 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveInfusible disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are commonly prescribed in rheumatology and other fields. There are no published formal educational curricula that rheumatology fellowship programs can use to teach infusion reaction management skills to fellows. We aimed to better understand this educational gap and implement and assess the effectiveness of an experiential curriculum on acute infusion reaction management.MethodsWe included current rheumatology fellows and recent graduates from 5 fellowship programs. Using a novel behavioral checklist, we assessed fellows’ performance managing an infusion reaction in a simulation, followed by a didactic session focused on infusion reactions. Pre‐ and postsurveys assessed experiences to determine relevance, as well as attitudes and knowledge.ResultsDespite ubiquitous prescribing of infusible biologic DMARDs, >50% of fellows were uncomfortable managing infusion reactions. Only 11% of fellows reported infusion reaction training during fellowship, but 56% reported managing actual patient infusion reactions. In the simulated infusion reaction, fellows managed grade‐1 reactions appropriately, but grade‐4 reactions poorly, meeting <50% of objectives. All fellows discontinued the infusion in the setting of anaphylaxis, but only 56% administered epinephrine. There was no difference in performance or written knowledge by training year. All fellows felt more prepared to manage infusion reactions postcurriculum and were satisfied with the experience.ConclusionWe confirmed an education gap in rheumatology fellowship training regarding infusion reactions, both in knowledge and performance. We developed and implemented a brief experiential curriculum including simulation of a high‐risk patient‐care scenario. This curriculum was well received and is easily exportable to other programs.
Active Fe‐Nx Sites in Carbon Nanosheets as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst for Flexible All‐Solid‐State Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Wang Mengfan , Liu Sisi , Xu Na , Qian Tao , Yan Chenglin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEfficient electrocatalysts with accessible active sites are a hot topic due to their potential applications in commercial energy devices. Herein, the synthesis of a superior oxygen electrode catalyst is presented with active Fe‐Nx sites in carbon nanosheets, which exhibit prominent catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction. The high accessibility of Fe‐Nx sites is verified by cyanide treatment, and their activity decreases after coordinating with cyanide ions compared with catalysts containing particulate phase active sites. In aqueous zinc–air battery tests, primary batteries with the catalyst as the air electrode demonstrate superior power density and discharge stability. Impressively, flexible all‐solid‐state batteries using gel electrolytes are also assembled and can be used to light a light‐emitting‐diode bracelet, thus holding great potential for practical application in next‐generation electronic devices with portable and wearable characteristics.
Synthesis of Large Surface‐Area g‐C3N4 Comodified with MnOx and Au‐TiO2 as Efficient Visible‐Light Photocatalysts for Fuel Production
Authors: Raziq Fazal , Sun Liqun , Wang Yuying , Zhang Xuliang , Humayun Muhammad , Ali Sharafat , Bai Linlu , Qu Yang , Yu Haitao , Jing Liqiang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHerein, this study successfully fabricates porous g‐C3N4‐based nanocomposites by decorating sheet‐like nanostructured MnOx and subsequently coupling Au‐modified nanocrystalline TiO2. It is clearly demonstrated that the as‐prepared amount‐optimized nanocomposite exhibits exceptional visible‐light photocatalytic activities for CO2 conversion to CH4 and for H2 evolution, respectively by ≈28‐time (140 µmol g−1 h−1) and ≈31‐time (313 µmol g−1 h−1) enhancement compared to the widely accepted outstanding g‐C3N4 prepared with urea as the raw material, along with the calculated quantum efficiencies of ≈4.92% and 2.78% at 420 nm wavelength. It is confirmed mainly based on the steady‐state surface photovoltage spectra, transient‐state surface photovoltage responses, fluorescence spectra related to the produced •OH amount, and electrochemical reduction curves that the exceptional photoactivities are comprehensively attributed to the large surface area (85.5 m2 g−1) due to the porous structure, to the greatly enhanced charge separation and to the introduced catalytic functions to the carrier‐related redox reactions by decorating MnOx and coupling Au‐TiO2, respectively, to modulate holes and electrons. Moreover, it is suggested mainly based on the photocatalytic experiments of CO2 reduction with isotope 13CO2 and D2O that the produced •CO2 and •H as active radicals would be dominant to initiate the conversion of CO2 to CH4.
Mixed Metal Sulfides for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Yu Xin Yao , (David) Lou Xiong Wen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMixed metal sulfides (MMSs) have attracted increased attention as promising electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems including lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs), metal–air batteries (MABs), and water splitting. Compared with monometal sulfides, MMSs exhibit greatly enhanced electrochemical performance, which is largely originated from their higher electronic conductivity and richer redox reactions. In this review, recent progresses in the rational design and synthesis of diverse MMS‐based micro/nanostructures with controlled morphologies, sizes, and compositions for LIBs, SIBs, HSCs, MABs, and water splitting are summarized. In particular, nanostructuring, synthesis of nanocomposites with carbonaceous materials and fabrication of 3D MMS‐based electrodes are demonstrated to be three effective approaches for improving the electrochemical performance of MMS‐based electrode materials. Furthermore, some potential challenges as well as prospects are discussed to further advance the development of MMS‐based electrode materials for next‐generation electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.
Adsorption von hydrierten Protonen an der Luft‐Wasser‐Grenzfläche durch Orientierung
Authors: Mamatkulov Shavkat I. , Allolio Christoph , Netz Roland R. , Bonthuis Douwe Jan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDie Oberflächenspannung der Wasser‐Luft‐Grenzfläche steigt bei Zugabe von anorganischen Salzen, entsprechend einer Verarmung von Ionen. Hingegen verursachen die meisten Säuren eine Verringerung der Oberflächenspannung, was einen Überschuss von hydrierten Protonen an der Oberfläche anzeigt. Zusammen mit der scheinbar negativen Ladung der Grenzfläche zwischen Luft und reinem Wasser, die aus elektrokinetischen Experimenten folgt, führte diese experimentelle Beobachtung zu heftigen Diskussionen seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Hier bestimmen wir die Oberflächenspannung und Affinität der Ionen zur Oberfläche aus klassischen, thermodynamisch konsistenten Molekulardynamiksimulationen. Die Oberflächenspannungen der Lösungen mit NaOH, HCl und NaCl stimmen quantitativ bemerkenswert gut mit experimentell gemessenen Werten überein. Von den untersuchten Ionen wird nur H3O+ an der Luft‐Wasser‐Grenzfläche adsorbiert. Die Adsorption lässt sich durch den tiefen Potentialtopf erklären, der durch die Ausrichtung des H3O+‐Dipols im elektrischen Feld der Grenzfläche entsteht, was wir mit Ab‐initio‐Simulationen bestätigen.
Interlayer Bond Formation in Black Phosphorus at High Pressure
Authors: Scelta Demetrio , Baldassarre Adhara , Serrano‐Ruiz Manuel , Dziubek Kamil , Cairns Andrew B. , Peruzzini Maurizio , Bini Roberto , Ceppatelli Matteo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBlack phosphorus was compressed at room temperature across the A17, A7 and simple‐cubic phases up to 30 GPa, using a diamond anvil cell and He as pressure transmitting medium. Synchrotron X‐ray diffraction showed the persistence of two previously unreported peaks related to the A7 structure in the pressure range of the simple‐cubic phase. The Rietveld refinement of the data demonstrates the occurrence of a two‐step mechanism for the A7 to simple‐cubic phase transition, indicating the existence of an intermediate pseudo simple‐cubic structure. From a chemical point of view this study represents a deep insight on the mechanism of interlayer bond formation during the transformation from the layered A7 to the non‐layered simple‐cubic phase of phosphorus, opening new perspectives for the design, synthesis and stabilization of phosphorene‐based systems. As superconductivity is concerned, a new experimental evidence to explain the anomalous pressure behavior of Tc in phosphorus below 30 GPa is provided.
An investigation on simultaneous effects of several parameters on the demulsification efficiency of various crude oils
Authors: Farrokhi Fatemeh , Jafari Nasr Mohammad Reza , Rahimpour Mohammad Reza , Arjmand Mehdi , Vaziri Seyed Ali 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe current study aims to investigate the simultaneous effects of a novel magnetic demulsifier concentration as well as operating temperature on the demulsification efficiency of three different aboriginal samples of Persian Gulf, namely, light, medium, and heavy crudes. In this regard, TOMAC‐Fe3O4‐SiO2 (MT) was chosen as the magnetic nano‐modified demulsifier. The optimum concentrations of MT were obtained to be 0.98, 0.99, and 1.1 ppm, while the optimum operating temperatures determined were 38.2, 45.2, and 50.1 °C, corresponding to a demulsification efficiency of 95%, 88%, and 81% at the optimum temperature and optimum concentration of MT for light, medium, and heavy crude oil, respectively. Finally, using the obtained experimental data, empirical correlations were proposed for the first time to correlate the nano‐modified demulsifier concentration and operating temperature to the demulsification efficiency for the three studied types of crude oil with different American Petroleum Institute degrees. © 2017 Curtin University and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Pot Green Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Cell Nucleus Labeling and Copper(II) Detection
Authors: Ci Jiliang , Tian Ye , Kuga Shigenori , Niu Zhongwei , Wu Min , Huang Yong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe doping of nitrogen into carbon quantum dots is vitally important for improved fluorescence performance. However, the synthesis of nitrogen‐doped carbon quantum dots (N‐CQDs) is usually conducted under strong acid and high temperature, which results in environmental pollution and energy consumption. Herein, the N‐CQDs were prepared by a mild one‐pot hydrothermal process. The hydrothermal reaction temperature was adjusted to control the particle size, nitrogen/carbon atomic ratio, and quantum yield. The products were water soluble with a narrow particle size distribution and good dispersion stability over a wide pH range. The N‐CQDs could penetrate into the HeLa cell nucleus without any further functionalization. Moreover, the fluorescence of N‐CQDs could be selectively quenched by Cu2+, which suggested applications for the detection of Cu2+ in human plasma.
Effect of socioeconomic status on stage at diagnosis of lung cancer in a hospital‐based multicenter retrospective clinical epidemiological study in China, 2005–2014
Authors: Li Yuanqiu , Shi Jufang , Yu Shicheng , Wang Le , Liu Jianjun , Ren Jiansong , Gao Shugeng , Hui Zhouguang , Li Junling , Wu Ning , Yang Boyan , Liu Shangmei , Qin Mingfang , Wang Debin , Liao Xianzhen , Xing Xiaojing , Du Lingbin , Yang Li , Liu Yuqin , Zhang Yongzhen , Zhang Kai , Qiao Youlin , He Jie , Dai Min , Yao Hongyan ,   the Health Economic Evaluation Working Group, Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC)
Published: September 2017

AbstractThere is inconsistent evidence of associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and lung cancer stage in non‐Chinese populations up to now. We set out to determine how SES affects stage at diagnosis at both individual and area levels, from a hospital‐based multicenter 10‐year (2005–2014) retrospective clinical epidemiological study of 7184 primary lung cancer patients in mainland China. Individual‐level SES data were measured based on two indicators from case report forms of the study: an individual's education and occupation. Seven census indicator variables were used as surrogates for the area‐level SES with principal component analysis (PCA). Multivariate analysis was undertaken using binary logistic regressions and multinomial logit model to describe the association and explore the effect across tertiles on stage after adjusting for demographic variables. There was a significant stepwise gradient of effect across different stages in the highest tertile of area‐level SES, comparing with the lowest tertile of area‐level SES (ORs, 0.77, 0.67, and 0.29 for stage II, III, and IV). Patients with higher education were less likely to have stage IV lung cancer, comparing with the illiterate group (ORs, 0.52, 0.63, 0.71, 0.64 for primary school, middle school, high school, college degree or above subgroup, respectively). Findings suggest that the most socioeconomically deprived areas may be associated with a higher risk of advanced‐stage lung cancer, and increasing educational level may be correlated with a lower risk to be diagnosed at advanced stage in both men and women.
Evaluation of a prediction model for colorectal cancer: retrospective analysis of 2.5 million patient records
Authors: Birks Jacqueline , Bankhead Clare , Holt Tim A. , Fuller Alice , Patnick Julietta 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEarlier detection of colorectal cancer greatly improves prognosis, largely through surgical excision of neoplastic polyps. These include benign adenomas which can transform over time to malignant adenocarcinomas. This progression may be associated with changes in full blood count indices. An existing risk algorithm derived in Israel stratifies individuals according to colorectal cancer risk using full blood count data, but has not been validated in the UK. We undertook a retrospective analysis using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Patients aged over 40 with full blood count data were risk‐stratified and followed up for a diagnosis of colorectal cancer over a range of time intervals. The primary outcome was the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the 18–24‐month interval. We also undertook a case–control analysis (matching for age, sex, and year of risk score), and a cohort study of patients undergoing full blood count testing during 2012, to estimate predictive values. We included 2,550,119 patients. The area under the curve for the 18–24‐month interval was 0.776 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.771, 0.781]. Performance improves as the time interval reduces. The area under the curve for the age‐matched case–control analysis was 0.583 [0.574, 0.591]. For the population risk‐scored in 2012, the positive predictive value at 99.5% specificity was 8.8% with negative predictive value 99.6%. The algorithm offers an additional means of identifying risk of colorectal cancer, and could support other approaches to early detection, including screening and active case finding.
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and prostate cancer risk: results from the EPICAP study
Authors: Doat Solene , Cénée Sylvie , Trétarre Brigitte , Rebillard Xavier , Lamy Pierre‐Jean , Bringer Jean‐Pierre , Iborra François , Murez Thibaut , Sanchez Marie , Menegaux Florence 
Published: September 2017

AbstractChronic inflammation may play a role in prostate cancer carcinogenesis. In that context, our objective was to investigate the role of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in prostate cancer risk based on the EPICAP data. EPICAP is a population‐based case–control study carried out in 2012–2013 (département of Hérault, France) that enrolled 819 men aged less than 75 years old newly diagnosed for prostate cancer and 879 controls frequency matched to the cases on age. Face to face interviews gathered information on several potential risk factors including NSAIDs use. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression models. All‐NSAIDs use was inversely associated with prostate cancer: OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61–0.98, especially in men using NSAIDs that preferentially inhibit COX‐2 activity (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.28–0.79). Nonaspirin NSAIDs users had a decreased risk of prostate cancer (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.53–0.99), particularly among men with an aggressive prostate cancer (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27–0.89) and in men with a personal history of prostatitis (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.07–0.59). Our results are in favor of a decreased risk of prostate cancer in men using NSAIDs, particularly for men using preferential anti‐COX‐2 activity. The protective effect of NSAIDs seems to be more pronounced in aggressive prostate cancer and in men with a personal history of prostatitis, but this needs further investigations to be confirmed.
Anti‐Coke Properties of Acid‐Treated Bentonite‐Supported Nickel‐Boron Catalyst
Authors: Jiang Yuexiu , Huang Tongxia , Xu Yun , Li Xiliang , Qin Zuzeng , Ji Hongbing 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBoron was introduced into nickel/acid‐treated bentonite (Ni/A‐Bn) catalysts to improve the anti‐coking ability of the nickel‐based catalyst in the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. The results showed the B‐doped Ni/A‐Bn catalyst was more active than that without B. During an extended reaction period, Ni‐B/acid‐treated bentonite (Ni‐B/A‐Bn) resulted in a high nitrobenzene conversion and a high aniline selectivity. The lifetime of Ni‐B/A‐Bn was extended significantly compared with that of Ni/A‐Bn. The addition of B into Ni/A‐Bn decreased the NiO particle size, improved the dispersion of active components, and decreased carbon deposition. The combination of B and Ni prevented coke deposition on metallic Ni during nitrobenzene hydrogenation, which reduced carbon deposition on the surface of Ni‐B/A‐Bn.
1‐Alkali‐metal‐2‐alkyl‐1,2‐dihydropyridines: Soluble Hydride Surrogates for Catalytic Dehydrogenative Coupling and Hydroboration Applications
Authors: McLellan Ross , Kennedy Alan R. , Mulvey Robert E. , Orr Samantha A. , Robertson Stuart D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEquipped with excellent hydrocarbon solubility, the lithium hydride surrogate 1‐lithium‐2‐tert‐butyl‐1,2‐dihydropyridine (1tLi) functions as a precatalyst to convert Me2NH⋅BH3 to [NMe2BH2]2 (89 % conversion) under competitive conditions (2.5 mol %, 60 h, 80 °C, toluene solvent) to that of previously reported LiN(SiMe3)2. Sodium and potassium dihydropyridine congeners produce similar high yields of [NMe2BH2]2 but require longer times. Switching the solvent to pyridine induces a remarkable change in the dehydrocoupling product ratio, with (NMe2)2BH favoured over [NMe2BH2]2 (e.g., 94 %:2 % for 1tLi). Demonstrating its versatility, precatalyst 1tLi was also successful in promoting hydroboration reactions between pinacolborane and a selection of aldehydes and ketones. Most reactions gave near quantitative conversion to the hydroborated products in 15 minutes, though sterically demanding carbonyl substrates require longer times. The mechanisms of these rare examples of Group 1 metal‐catalysed processes are discussed.
One‐Dimensional Phosphorus Nanostructures: from Nanorings to Nanohelices
Authors: Sansone Giuseppe , Maschio Lorenzo , Karttunen Antti J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPhosphorus nanorings and nanohelices—speculated to exist over 20 years ago—have been systematically derived from one parent structure and studied with quantum chemical methods. The (P8P2)n nanorings have been recently synthetized inside carbon nanotube templates, and our comprehensive analysis of possible structural arrangements strongly supports the possibility to experimentally determine the closely related (P8P2)n nanohelices. The nanohelices possess very low stiffness, suggesting interesting mechanical properties with nano‐spring‐like behavior.