bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Psoriasis: Novel Uses for Biologic Response Modifiers in Pediatric Dermatology
Authors: Bellodi‐Schmidt Fernanda , Shah Kara N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDermatologists have witnessed the increasing availability of novel biologic response modifiers for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in recent years. The most common dermatologic indication for the use of biologic response modifiers in adults is psoriasis, but the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved any of these agents for use in any dermatologic disease in children with the exception of omalizumab, and as such, use in this population is considered off‐label. In this review, we focus on the use of these agents in children to treat inflammatory skin diseases other than psoriasis, including atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and toxic epidermal necrolysis, with an emphasis on the use of etanercept, infliximab, rituximab, omalizumab, and ustekinumab. By highlighting novel uses of these agents, particularly for the treatment of dermatologic conditions for which optimal therapies are yet to be established, we hope to raise awareness of the potential use of this class of medications to treat inflammatory skin diseases in children.
Abnormal cardiac axis as a prenatal marker of left pulmonary artery sling
Authors: Ishii Yoichiro , Miyamoto Takashi , Nakajima Kimiko , Tanaka Kensuke , Ikeda Kentaro , Inamura Noboru , Takagi Takeshi , Kobayashi Tomio , Arakawa Hirokazu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLeft pulmonary artery sling (LPAS) is a rare vascular anomaly. The left pulmonary artery arises distally from the right pulmonary artery on the right side of the trachea and passes between the trachea and esophagus towards the left lung, compressing the lower trachea. LPAS is associated with congenital tracheal stenosis, which frequently requires early surgical intervention and has a poor prognosis due to severe airway obstruction after birth. Therefore, LPAS should be prenatally diagnosed to prepare for surgical intervention for tracheal stenosis. To the best of our knowledge, there are few reports on prenatal echocardiographic findings in LPAS. We report three prenatal cases of LPAS, which resulted in respiratory symptoms. We discuss fetal ultrasound findings and highlight the abnormal rotation of the fetal cardiac axis to the right as a useful sign in the prenatal screening of LPAS.
Can absence of pyuria exclude urinary tract infection in febrile infants? About 2011 AAP guidelines on UTI
Authors: Kim Seong Heon , Lyu Soo Young , Kim Hye Young , Park Su Eun , Kim Su Young 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to describe clinical and laboratory characteristics of urinary tract infection (UTI) without significant pyuria in young children aged 2–24 months.MethodsThe subjects consisted of infants and young children with febrile UTI treated at Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Korea. Group A included 283 patients with definite UTI who fulfilled the revised American Academy of Pediatrics diagnostic criteria, and group B included 19 patients with presumed UTI who had significant culture of uropathogens without pyuria, bacteriuria or other focus of infection.ResultsDuration of fever before hospital visit in group B was significantly shorter than in group A (17.7 ± 14.0 vs 34.5 ± 30.7 h). Most patients in group B (17/19, 89.5%) came to the hospital within 24 h of onset of fever. Acute scintigraphic lesions were found in 47.8% of patients in group A and 50% in group B. Underlying urological abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux and obstructive uropathy were found in 24.5% of patients in group A and in 33.3% of patients in group B (P = 0.74).ConclusionsClinicians cannot exclude UTI on the absence of pyuria in young children aged 2–24 months.
Comparison of innate and Th1‐type host immune responses in Oesophagostomum dentatum and Trichuris suis infections in pigs
Authors: Andreasen A. , Skovgaard K. , Klaver E. J. , van Die I. , Mejer H. , Thamsborg S. M. , Kringel H. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThis study investigated the details of the innate and Th1/Treg‐type‐associated host immune responses in Trichuris suis and Oesophagostomum dentatum mono‐ and co‐infected pigs and in vitro in stimulated porcine dendritic cell cultures. Forty‐eight pigs were allocated into a 2‐factorial design with two groups trickle‐inoculated with 10 T. suis eggs/kg/day (Group T) or 20 O. dentatum L3/kg/day (O). Another group (OT) was infected with both parasites. Group C remained uninfected. Expression of innate and Th1/Treg‐cell‐associated genes in gut mucosa and associated lymph nodes was determined by qPCR at necropsy day 35 and 71. Gene expression showed suppressed/inhibited Th1 and Treg‐type immune reactions, in accordance with previous findings of a predominant Th2‐type immune response to both nematodes. The in vitro part examined the production of TNF‐α in porcine dendritic cells (DC) exposed to T. suis and/or O. dentatum excretory/secretory (E/S) products. Further, binding capacity and structure of E/S products were characterized. Glycan and lectin‐binding capacity were generally lower in O. dentatum E/S products compared to T. suis which may explain the earlier found weaker Th2 response to the former. Surprisingly, O. dentatum E/S products induced a significant (P < 0·0001) increase in TNF‐α DC production, potentially indicating a new mode of helminth–host immune response interaction.
Real Effective Exchange Rate Misalignment in the Euro Area: A Counterfactual Analysis
Authors: El‐Shagi Makram , Lindner Axel , von Schweinitz Gregor 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe European debt crisis has revealed severe imbalances within the Euro area, sparking a debate about the magnitude of those imbalances, in particular concerning real effective exchange rate misalignments. We use synthetic matching to construct a counterfactual economy for each member state in order to identify the degree of these misalignments. We find that crisis countries are best described as a combination of advanced and emerging economies. Comparing the actual real effective exchange rate with those of the counterfactuals gives evidence of misalignments before the outbreak of the crisis: all peripheral countries appear strongly and significantly overvalued.
Modeling Urban Land Use Changes Using Support Vector Machines
Authors: Samardžić‐Petrović Mileva , Dragićević Suzana , Kovačević Miloš , Bajat Branislav 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSupport Vector Machines (SVM) is a machine learning (ML) algorithm commonly applied to the classification of remotely sensing data and more recently for modeling land use changes. However, in most geospatial applications the current literature does not elaborate on specifications of the SVM method with respect to data sampling, attribute selection and optimal parameters choices. Therefore the main objective of this study is to present and investigate the SVM technique for modeling urban land use change. The SVM model building procedure is presented together with the detailed evaluation of the output results with respect to the choice of datasets, attributes and the change of SVM parameters. Geospatial datasets containing nine land use classes and spatial attributes for the Municipality of Zemun, Republic of Serbia were used for years 2001, 2003, 2007 and 2011. The Correlation‐based Feature Subset method, kappa coefficient, Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) and kappa simulation were used to perform the model evaluation and compare the model outputs with the real land use datasets. The obtained results indicate that the SVM‐based models perform better when implementing balanced data sampling, reduced data sets to informative subsets of attributes and properly identify the optimal learning parameters.
Are Acts of Supererogation Always Praiseworthy?
Authors: Archer Alfred 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIt is commonly assumed that praiseworthiness should form part of the analysis of supererogation. I will argue that this view should be rejected. I will start by arguing that, at least on some views of the connection between moral value and praiseworthiness, it does not follow from the fact that acts of supererogation go beyond what is required by duty that they will always be praiseworthy to perform. I will then consider and dismiss what I will call the Argument from Stipulation in favour of holding that acts of supererogation are always praiseworthy. Next, I will examine what I will call the Necessary Connection Argument, which posits a necessary connection between supererogation and praiseworthiness. I will argue that the intuitions used to motivate this argument are best explained by a debunking explanation.
Dendritic cells modulate burn wound healing by enhancing early proliferation
Authors: Vinish Monika , Cui Weihua , Stafford Eboni , Bae Leon , Hawkins Hal , Cox Robert , Toliver‐Kinsky Tracy 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAdequate wound healing is vital for burn patients to reduce the risk of infections and prolonged hospitalization. Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells that release cytokines and are central for the activation of innate and acquired immune responses. Studies have showed their presence in human burn wounds; however, their role in burn wound healing remains to be determined. This study investigated the role of DCs in modulating healing responses within the burn wound. A murine model of full‐thickness contact burns was used to study wound healing in the absence of DCs (CD11c promoter‐driven diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice) and in a DC‐rich environment (using fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐3 ligand, FL‐ a DC growth factor). Wound closure was significantly delayed in DC‐deficient mice and was associated with significant suppression of early cellular proliferation, granulation tissue formation, wound levels of TGFβ1 and formation of CD31+ vessels in healing wounds. In contrast, DC enhancement significantly accelerated early wound closure, associated with increased and accelerated cellular proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and increased TGFβ1 levels and CD31+ vessels in healing wounds. We conclude that DCs play an important role in the acceleration of early wound healing events, likely by secreting factors that trigger the proliferation of cells that mediate wound healing. Therefore, pharmacological enhancement of DCs may provide a therapeutic intervention to facilitate healing of burn wounds.
Subcutaneous perfusion before and during surgery in obese and nonobese patients
Authors: Kaiser Heiko A. , Kaiser Dagmar J. , Krejci Vladimir , Saager Leif , Erdoes Gabor , Hiltebrand Luzius B. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTHypoxia at the surgical site impairs wound healing and oxidative killing of microbes. Surgical site infections are more common in obese patients. We hypothesized that subcutaneous oxygen tension (PsqO2) would decrease substantially in both obese and non‐obese patients following induction of anesthesia and after surgical incision. We performed a prospective observational study that enrolled obese and non‐obese surgical patients and measured serial PsqO2 before and during surgery. Seven morbidly obese and seven non‐obese patients were enrolled. At baseline breathing room air, PsqO2 values were not significantly different (p = 0.66) between obese (6.8 kPa) and non‐obese (6.5 kPa) patients. The targeted arterial oxygen tension (40 kPa) was successfully achieved in both groups with an expected significant increase in PsqO2 (obese 16.1 kPa and non‐obese 13.4 kPa; p = 0.001). After induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation, PsqO2 did not change significantly in either cohort in comparison to levels right before induction (obese 15.5, non‐obese 13.5 kPa; p = 0.95), but decreased significantly during surgery (obese 10.1, non‐obese 9.3 kPa; p = 0.01). In both morbidly obese and non‐obese patients, PsqO2 does not decrease appreciably following induction of anesthesia, but decreases markedly (∼33%) after commencement of surgery. Given the theoretical risks associated with low PsqO2, future research should investigate how PsqO2 can be maintained after surgical incision.
Economic Assessment of Zoonoses Surveillance in a ‘One Health’ Context: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Babo Martins S. , Rushton J. , Stärk K. D. C. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryCollaboration between animal and public health sectors has been highlighted as a means to improve the management of zoonotic threats. This includes surveillance systems for zoonoses, where enhanced cross‐sectoral integration and sharing of information are seen as key to improved public health outcomes. Yet, there is a lack of evidence on the economic returns of such collaboration, particularly in the development and implementation of surveillance programmes. The economic assessment of surveillance in this context needs to be underpinned by the understanding of the links between zoonotic disease surveillance in animal populations and the wider public health disease mitigation process and how these relations impact on the costs and benefits of the surveillance activities. This study presents a conceptual framework of these links as a basis for the economic assessment of cross‐sectoral zoonoses surveillance with the aim of supporting the prioritization of resource allocation to surveillance. In the proposed framework, monetary, non‐monetary and intermediate or intangible cost components and benefit streams of three conceptually distinct stages of zoonotic disease mitigation are identified. In each stage, as the final disease mitigation objective varies so does the use of surveillance information generated in the animal populations for public health decision‐making. Consequently, the associated cost components and benefit streams also change. Building on the proposed framework and taking into account these links, practical steps for its application are presented and future challenges are discussed.
On Berman–Gibbs stability and K-stability of -Fano varieties
Authors: Fujita Kento 
Published: November 2015

The notion of Berman–Gibbs stability was originally introduced by Berman for$\mathbb{Q}$-Fano varieties$X$. We show that the pair$(X,-K_{X})$is K-stable (respectively K-semistable) provided that$X$is Berman–Gibbs stable (respectively semistable).
Functional properties of in vitro excitatory cortical neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Livesey Matthew R. , Magnani Dario , Hardingham Giles E. , Chandran Siddharthan , Wyllie David J. A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe in vitro derivation of regionally defined human neuron types from patient‐derived stem cells is now established as a resource to investigate human development and disease. Characterization of such neurons initially focused on the expression of developmentally regulated transcription factors and neural markers, in conjunction with the development of protocols to direct and chart the fate of differentiated neurons. However, crucial to the understanding and exploitation of this technology is to determine the degree to which neurons recapitulate the key functional features exhibited by their native counterparts, essential for determining their usefulness in modelling human physiology and disease in vitro. Here, we review the emerging data concerning functional properties of human pluripotent stem cell‐derived excitatory cortical neurons, in the context of both maturation and regional specificity.
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Satellite cell response to erythropoietin treatment and endurance training in healthy young men
Authors: Hoedt Andrea , Christensen Britt , Nellemann Birgitte , Mikkelsen Ulla Ramer , Hansen Mette , Schjerling Peter , Farup Jean 
Published: November 2015

Key point
Erythropoietin (Epo) treatment may induce myogenic differentiation factor (MyoD) expression and prevent apoptosis in satellite cells (SCs) in murine and in vitro models.
Endurance training stimulates SC proliferation in vivo in murine and human skeletal muscle.
In the present study, we show, in human skeletal muscle, that treatment with an Epo‐stimulating agent (darbepoetin‐α) in vivo increases the content of MyoD+ SCs in healthy young men. Moreover, we report that Epo receptor mRNA is expressed in adult human SCs, suggesting that Epo may directly target SCs through ligand‐receptor interaction.
Moreover, endurance training, but not Epo treatment, increases the SC content in type II myofibres, as well as the content of MyoD+ SCs.
Collectively, our results suggest that Epo treatment can regulate human SCs in vivo, supported by Epo receptor mRNA expression in human SCs. In effect, long‐term Epo treatment during disease conditions involving anaemia may impact SCs and warrants further investigation.
AbstractSatellite cell (SC) proliferation is observed following erythropoitin treatment in vitro in murine myoblasts and endurance training in vivo in human skeletal muscle. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of prolonged erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA; darbepoetin‐α) treatment and endurance training, separately and combined, on SC quantity and commitment in human skeletal muscle. Thirty‐five healthy, untrained men were randomized into four groups: sedentary‐placebo (SP, n = 9), sedentary‐ESA (SE, n = 9), training‐placebo (TP, n = 9) or training‐ESA (TE, n = 8). ESA/placebo was injected once weekly and training consisted of ergometer cycling three times a week for 10 weeks. Prior to and following the intervention period, blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained and maximal oxygen uptake () was measured. Immunohistochemical analyses were used to quantify fibre type specific SCs (Pax7+), myonuclei and active SCs (Pax7+/MyoD+). ESA treatment led to elevated haematocrit, whereas endurance training increased . Endurance training led to an increase in SCs associated with type II fibres (P < 0.05), whereas type I fibres showed no changes. Both ESA treatment and endurance training increased Pax7+/MyoD+ cells, whereas only ESA treatment increased the total content of MyoD+ cells. Epo‐R mRNA presence in adult SC was tested with real‐time RT‐PCR using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (CD56+/CD45−/CD31−) to isolate cells from a human rectus abdominis muscle and was found to be considerably higher than in whole muscle. In conclusion, endurance training and ESA treatment may separately stimulate SC commitment to the myogenic program. Furthermore, ESA‐treatment may alter SC activity by direct interaction with the Epo‐R expressed on SCs.
The roles of c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinases (JNKs) in obesity and insulin resistance
Authors: Pal Martin , Febbraio Mark A. , Lancaster Graeme I. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObesity is currently at epidemic levels worldwide and is associated with a wide range of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease and certain forms of cancer. Obesity‐induced chronic inflammation is central to the disrupted metabolic homeostasis which underlies many of these conditions. While research over the past decade has identified many of the cells and signalling molecules that contribute to obesity‐induced inflammation, perhaps the best characterised are the stress‐activated c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinases (JNKs). JNKs are activated in obesity in numerous metabolically important cells and tissues such as adipose tissue, macrophages, liver, skeletal muscle and regions of the brain and pituitary. Elegant in vivo mouse studies using Cre‐LoxP‐mediated recombination of the JNK1 and JNK2 genes have revealed the remarkably diverse roles that JNKs play in the development of obesity‐induced inflammation, impaired glucose homeostasis and hepatic steatosis. While JNK activation in classical metabolically active tissues such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue only appears to play a minor role on the induction of the above‐mentioned pathologies, recent studies have clearly established the important roles JNK signalling fulfils in macrophages, the liver and cells of the anterior pituitary. Collectively, these studies place JNKs as important mediators of obesity and obesity‐associated disruptions to metabolic homeostasis.
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Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of living systems: An emerging platform for biology and medicine
Authors: Cheng Ji-Xin , Xie X. Sunney 
Published: November 2015

Imaging with molecular vibrations
The vibrational spectra of biomolecules could in principle image cells and tissue without added markers. Practically, several technical problems need to be overcome to achieve sufficient imaging depths, resolution, and data acquisition speed. Cheng and Xie review emerging bioimaging methods for use in the lab and the clinic.

Science
, this issue p.
10.1126/science.aaa8870
A pharyngeal jaw evolutionary innovation facilitated extinction in Lake Victoria cichlids
Authors: McGee Matthew D. , Borstein Samuel R. , Neches Russell Y. , Buescher Heinz H. , Seehausen Ole , Wainwright Peter C. 
Published: November 2015

The downside of innovationEvolutionary innovation allows a species to invade a new niche or environment. Generally, the emergence of adaptive traits is thought to lead to diversification. Support for this process in nature, however, is mixed. McGeeet al.show that the evolution of secondary jaws in fish may be an example of how innovation can reduce diversification (see the Perspective by Vermeij). Fish with secondary jaws are less able to rapidly ingest fish prey, which puts them at a competitive disadvantage to regularly jawed fish. Such competition could lead to reduced variation and the extinction of lineages with the trait.Science, this issue p.1077; see also p.1038
Predicting poverty and wealth from mobile phone metadata
Authors: Blumenstock Joshua , Cadamuro Gabriel , On Robert 
Published: November 2015

Predicting unmeasurable wealthIn developing countries, collecting data on basic economic quantities, such as wealth and income, is costly, time-consuming, and unreliable. Taking advantage of the ubiquity of mobile phones in Rwanda, Blumenstocket al.mapped mobile phone metadata inputs to individual phone subscriber wealth. They applied the model to predict wealth throughout Rwanda and show that the predictions matched well with those from detailed boots-on-the-ground surveys of the population.Science, this issue p.1073
Standardization of Assays That Detect Anti-Rubella Virus IgG Antibodies
Authors: Dimech Wayne , Grangeot-Keros Liliane , Vauloup-Fellous Christelle 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYRubella virus usually causes a mild infection in humans but can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Vaccination programs have significantly decreased primary rubella virus infection and CRS; however, vaccinated individuals usually have lower levels of rubella virus IgG than those with natural infections. Rubella virus IgG is quantified with enzyme immunoassays that have been calibrated against the World Health Organization (WHO) international standard and report results in international units per milliliter. It is recognized that the results reported by these assays are not standardized. This investigation into the reasons for the lack of standardization found that the current WHO international standard (RUB-1-94) fails by three key metrological principles. The standard is not a pure analyte but is composed of pooled human immunoglobulin. It was not calibrated by certified reference methods; rather, superseded tests were used. Finally, no measurement uncertainty estimations have been provided. There is an analytical and clinical consequence to the lack of standardization of rubella virus IgG assays, which leads to misinterpretation of results. The current approach to standardization of rubella virus IgG assays has not achieved the desired results. A new approach is required.