bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New evidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in north‐eastern Italy
Authors: Gaspari V. , Ortalli M. , Foschini M.P. , Baldovini C. , Lanzoni A. , Cagarelli R. , Gaibani P. , Rossini G. , Vocale C. , Tigani R. , Gentilomi G.A. , Misciali C. , Pesci S. , Patrizi A. , Landini M.P. , Varani S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundHuman leishmaniasis is on increase in the Mediterranean Europe. However, the exact prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is largely unknown as underdiagnosis and under reporting are common.ObjectiveTo evaluate epidemiological, clinicopathological and microbiological aspects of CL cases occurring in the Bologna Province, north‐eastern Italy.MethodsWe performed a retrospective, observational study on CL cases diagnosed in the Bologna Province between January 2013 and December 2015.ResultsDuring 2013–2015, 30 cases of CL were identified in the Bologna Province with an average incidence of 1.00/100 000, with an increase of fourfold to 12‐fold as compared to previous years. 16 of 30 (53%) CL cases presented as single, typical lesions. CL diagnosis was carried out by histological and molecular techniques, although in 7 of 29 (24%) PCR‐positive cases, amastigotes were not visible on histology.ConclusionsWe report new evidence of CL cases in a focal area of north‐eastern Italy in 2013–2015. Our study highlights the importance of CL surveillance in the Mediterranean basin and emphasizes the need for the molecular laboratory surveillance of CL in endemic areas.
Epidemiology of human papillomavirus on anogenital warts in Portugal – The HERCOLES study
Authors: Azevedo J. , Pista A. , Lisboa C. , Santo I. , Azevedo L. , Cunha M.J. ,   the HERCOLES Study Group
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundAnogenital warts (AGW) are one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Approximately, 90% of AGWs are related to infection by HPV 6 and 11. However, AGW have been associated with infection by multiple genotypes, including HR‐HPV, which may be associated with a long‐term increased risk of anogenital cancer.ObjectiveThis observational prospective epidemiological study aims to estimate the type‐specific HPV distribution on incident AGWs in both genders, and additionally to assess the frequency of anal and oral HPV infection in patients with AGWs.MethodsAccording to defined inclusion criteria, individuals with incident clinical diagnosis of AGWs were recruited in seven Portuguese Centres. HPV genotyping was performed using CLART HPV2 test.ResultsBetween November 2012 and March 2014, 162 women and 400 men (mean age: 34 years), were enrolled. After exclusion of patients with unqualified AGW samples, HPV was detected in 95.3% (505/530) AGW patients, 96.8% males and 91.6% females. Among men who have sex with men, HPV was detected in 98.5% patients. HPV 6 and/or HPV 11 were the most frequent genotypes (87.5%), and HPV 16 the most common HR‐HPV (9.2%). Infection with HPV 6/11 and any HR‐HPV was observed in 35.8% patients. HPV prevalence on the anal canal and oral mucosa was 83.1% and 15.0%, respectively.ConclusionIncident AGWs were more frequent in males than in females. LR‐HPVs were more common among males and HR‐HPVs among females. HPV 6 and 11 were the most common genotypes on both genders. However, there was also a high prevalence of HR‐HPVs, particularly of HPV 16. AGWs represent a clinical marker of both anal and oral HPV infections, including anal HR‐HPV infections in women and men who have sex with men. The HERCOLES study could be a clue to further investigations concerning HPV burden of disease by gender and sexual behaviour.
The Emergence of Circular Economy: A New Framing Around Prolonging Resource Productivity
Authors: Blomsma Fenna , Brennan Geraldine 
Published: May 2017

SummaryIn this article, we use Hirsch and Levin's notion of umbrella concepts as an analytical lens, in order to articulate the valuable catalytic function the circular economy (CE) concept could perform in the waste and resource management debate. We realize this goal by anchoring the CE concept in this broader debate through a narrative approach. This leads to the insight that whereas the various resource strategies grouped under the CE's banner are not new individually, the concept offers a new framing of these strategies by drawing attention to their capacity of prolonging resource use as well as to the relationship between these strategies. As such, the CE offers a new perspective on waste and resource management and provides a new cognitive unit and discursive space for debate. We conclude by discussing research opportunities for the industrial ecology (IE) community relating to the concept's theoretical development and its implementation. Specifically, we pose that reinvigorating and growing the social science aspects of IE is required for both. After all, it is in understanding and facilitating the collective implementation of any idea, also the CE concept, that the potential lies for shaping our material future.
Involvement of microglia in early axoglial alterations of the optic nerve induced by experimental glaucoma
Authors: Bordone Melina P. , González Fleitas María F. , Pasquini Laura A. , Bosco Alejandra , Sande Pablo H. , Rosenstein Ruth E. , Dorfman Damián 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGlaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and optic nerve (ON) damage. Cumulative evidence suggests glial cell involvement in the degeneration of the ON and RGCs. We analyzed the contribution of microglial reactivity to early axoglial alterations of the ON in an induced model of ocular hypertension. For this purpose, vehicle or chondroitin sulfate (CS) were weekly injected into the eye anterior chamber from Wistar rats for different intervals. The amount of Brn3a(+) RGC significantly decreased in CS‐injected eyes for 10 and 15 (but not 6) weeks. A reduction in anterograde transport of β‐subunit cholera toxin was observed in the superior colliculus and the lateral geniculate nucleus contralateral to CS‐injected eyes for 6 and 15 weeks. A disruption of cholera toxin β‐subunit transport was observed at the proximal myelinated ON. A significant decrease in phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain immunoreactivity, an increase in ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule 1(+), ED1(+) (microglial markers), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocytes) (+) area, and decreased luxol fast blue staining were observed in the ON at 6 and 15 weeks of ocular hypertension. Microglial reactivity involvement was examined through a daily treatment with minocycline (30 mg/kg, i.p.) for 2 weeks, after 4 weeks of ocular hypertension. Minocycline prevented the increase in ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule 1(+), ED‐1(+), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(+) area, the decrease in phosphorylated neurofilament heavy‐chain immunoreactivity and luxol fast blue staining, and the deficit in anterograde transport induced by 6 weeks of ocular hypertension. Thus, targeting microglial reactivity might prevent early axoglial alterations in the glaucomatous ON.imageCover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13807.
Organic fertilizers alter the composition of pathogens and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in maize roots
Authors: Aguilar Ricardo , Carreón‐Abud Yazmin , López‐Carmona Dante , Larsen John 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRoots of agricultural crops, including maize, are hosts of different microorganisms, many beneficial, like plant growth and health‐promoting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as well as pathogens including Pythium, Polymyxa and Microdochium. To improve crop nutrition and health, profound knowledge is required regarding how agricultural practices affect field populations of root‐associated microorganisms. Hence, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of crop genotype and organic fertilizers on the plant growth performance of maize and their root‐associated microorganisms. The experiment was conducted as a fully factorial greenhouse pot experiment with maize cultivars (two land races and two hybrids) and organic fertilizers (green manure, cow manure and compost) as the two main factors. Plants were harvested 8 weeks after sowing. In general, the different maize cultivars responded similarly to the applications of the organic fertilizers. Cow manure and compost increased plant growth, whereas green manure had limited effect on plant growth. Root colonization with AMF was reduced by green manure with rape. Infection with the root pathogens Pythium and Polymyxa was reduced by all organic fertilizers, whereas in contrast, infection with Microdochium increased with the majority of the organic fertilizers applied. In conclusion, both maize genotype and organic fertilizers affect the abundance of AMF and root pathogens in maize, which should be considered when developing management strategies of these root‐inhabiting microorganisms.
Effects of abandonment on plant diversity in semi‐natural grasslands along soil and climate gradients
Authors: Wehn Sølvi , Taugourdeau Simon , Johansen Line , Hovstad Knut Anders 
Published: May 2017

AbstractQuestionsWhat are the effects of abandonment on plant diversity in semi‐natural grasslands? Do the effects of abandonment on taxonomic and functional diversity vary along environmental gradients of climate and soil?LocationWest and mid‐Norway.MethodsPlant composition was surveyed in 110 subplots of 4 m2 in 14 sites across grazed and abandoned semi‐natural grasslands. Climate data were extracted and soil composition analysed. To reduce the number of explanatory variables and deal with collinearity, we performed PCA. Data on the plant species vegetative height (H), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), specific leaf area (SLA), seed mass (SM) and number of seeds per plant (SNP) for 175 species were extracted from the LEDA database. Measures of plant diversity (species richness, CWM of functional traits and functional diversity (evenness and range)) were calculated for each subplot. To estimate the effects of abandonment on plant diversity and examine how these effects are moderated by gradients in soil and climate, we fitted mixed models to the data including site as a random effect.ResultsSpecies richness in the subplots was lower in abandoned semi‐natural grasslands, especially on more calcareous soils. CWM H, LDMC and SM were higher in abandoned semi‐natural grasslands. CWM LDMC was only higher in the driest subplots. The ranges in H, SLA and SM, as well as evenness in LDMC were also higher in abandoned semi‐natural grasslands,but the range in LDMC was lower.ConclusionsIt is important to assess both taxonomic and functional diversity to understand ecosystem processes. The species pool in ecosystems influenced by a long history of intermediate grazing includes a high proportion of low stature, grazing‐tolerant plant species. Abandonment of extensive land‐use practices will cause a decline in taxonomic diversity (plant species richness) in such systems due to increased abundance of plants with high stature that outcompete the lower, grazing‐tolerant plants. This process is predominant especially if moisture, soil fertility and pH are at intermediate levels. Changes in species communities due to abandonment will also influence ecosystem functioning, such as nutrient turnover and fodder production resilience.
The practice of caricature in 18th‐century Britain
Authors: Taylor David Francis 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis essay offers a survey of critical studies of caricature—as in the art of physiognomic exaggeration and distortion—in 18th‐century Britain. It reviews scholarship that has grappled with such questions as: what is caricature and how do we recognize it? Why caricature? How does caricature make itself felt within the hierarchies of 18th‐century British culture? When and why does it emerge in Britain as a dominant mode of visual satire? What, in this cultural matrix, is its politics, if it can be said to have a politics at all? And can we speak of caricature as a verbal practice as much as a graphic one? This essay begins with a consideration of early efforts to formulate a theory of caricature before turning to more recent contributions to the field that have sought to map the cultural politics of caricature's presence within 18th‐century graphic satire. In a final section, it then considers the work undertaken to trace practices of caricature on stage and in the novel.
Inductive constructivism and national identities: letting the data speak
Authors: Alemán José , Woods Dwayne 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe literature on nationalism has provided conceptual definitions of national identity that supposedly delineate its underlying empirical manifestations. A binary conceptualization (civic versus ethnic) is widely used by scholars. There are confusion and ambiguity in the definition, however, as well as sense that the prevailing schema does not adequately capture the fluidity and complexity of the phenomenon. We posit that abstract conceptual definitions do not validly capture the way individuals actually experience identification with their nations. Using a methodology that models the distribution of responses to survey questionnaires – latent class analysis – we demonstrate that individuals cluster in two different groups in the way they identify with their nations: nationalists are strongly attached to the nation and more exacting in their criteria for membership, while cosmopolitans display lower identification with the nation and are more inclusive in their desired criteria of membership. These classes are to some degree fluid across indicators and nations. Broadly speaking, however, the configurations are comparable cross‐nationally.
Heterogeneity of enterochromaffin cells within the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Diwakarla S. , Fothergill L. J. , Fakhry J. , Callaghan B. , Furness J. B. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEnterochromaffin cells were the first endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract to be chemically distinguished, almost 150 years ago. It is now known that the chromaffin reaction of these cells was due to their content of the reactive aromatic amine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT, also known as serotonin). They have commonly been thought to be a special class of gut endocrine cells (enteroendocrine cells) that are distinct from the enteroendocrine cells that contain peptide hormones. The study by Martin et al. in the current issue of this journal reveals that the patterns of expression of nutrient receptors and transporters differ considerably between chromaffin cells of the mouse duodenum and colon. However, even within regions, chromaffin cells differ; in the duodenum there are chromaffin cells that contain both secretin and 5‐HT, cholecystokinin and 5‐HT, and all three of secretin, cholecystokinin, and 5‐HT. Moreover, the ratios of these different cell types differ substantially between species. And, in terms of function, 5‐HT has many roles, including in appetite, motility, fluid secretion, release of digestive enzymes and bone metabolism. The paper thus emphasizes the need to define the many different classes of enterochromaffin cells and relate this to their roles.
Change in over‐refraction after scleral lens settling on average corneas
Authors: Bray Chelsea , Britton Stephanie , Yeung Debby , Haines Lacey , Sorbara Luigina 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the change in over‐refraction, if any, after a scleral lens settled on the eye for 6–8 h.MethodsSixteen patients of varying refractive errors and normal corneal curvatures (measured with Pentacam™ Oculus) were fitted with trial Mini‐Scleral Design (MSD) scleral lenses (15.8 mm diameter) in one eye. The sagittal depths of the scleral lenses were selected by adding 350 μm to the corneal sagittal heights measured at a chord length of 15 mm with the Visante™ optical coherence tomographer (OCT) anterior segment scans and picking the closest available trial lens in the set. Initial measurements were taken 30 min after lens insertion and included an auto‐refraction, subjective refraction, and best sphere refraction over the contact lens. Visual acuities and Visante™ OCT anterior segment scans were also taken. These measurements were repeated after 6–8 h of lens wear.ResultsOver the trial wearing period, the average change in the spherical component of the over‐refraction was +0.06 D (S.D. 0.17) (p = 0.16). The average change in cylinder was +0.04 D (S.D. 0.19) (p = 0.33). The average absolute change in axis was 1.06° (S.D. 12.11) (p = 0.74). The average change in best sphere was +0.13 ± 0.30 D (p = 0.12). There was no significant change in visual acuity with the best sphere over‐refraction over the 6–8 h wearing period. There was a significant change in central corneal clearance over the wearing period of 83 μm (S.D. 22) (p < 0.0001).ConclusionDespite a significant change in the central corneal clearance due to thinning of the fluid reservoir as the scleral lens settled (an average decrease of 83 μm after wearing the lenses for 6–8 h), there was not a statistically significant change in the subjective over‐refraction (sphere, cylinder, and axis) or best sphere or visual acuity. This study has confirmed that there is no link between reduction in central corneal clearance and change in over‐refraction for average corneas.
Low fossilization potential of keratin protein revealed by experimental taphonomy
Authors: Saitta Evan T. , Rogers Chris , Brooker Richard A. , Abbott Geoffrey D. , Kumar Sumit , O'Reilly Shane S. , Donohoe Paul , Dutta Suryendu , Summons Roger E. , Vinther Jakob 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRecent studies have suggested the presence of keratin in fossils dating back to the Mesozoic. However, ultrastructural studies revealing exposed melanosomes in many fossil keratinous tissues suggest that keratin should rarely, if ever, be preserved. In this study, keratin's stability through diagenesis was tested using microbial decay and maturation experiments on various keratinous structures. The residues were analysed using pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and compared to unpublished feather and hair fossils and published fresh and fossil melanin from squid ink. Results show that highly matured feathers (200–250°C/250 bars/24 h) become a volatile‐rich, thick fluid with semi‐distinct pyrolysis compounds from those observed in less degraded keratins (i.e. fresh, decayed, moderately matured, and decayed and moderately matured) suggesting hydrolysis of peptide bonds and potential degradation of free amino acids. Neither melanization nor keratin (secondary) structure (e.g. ⍺‐ vs β‐keratin) produced different pyrograms; melanin pyrolysates are largely a subset of those from proteins, and proteins have characteristic pyrolysates. Analyses of fossil fur and feather found a lack of amides, succinimide and piperazines (present even in highly matured keratin) and showed pyrolysis compounds more similar to fossil and fresh melanin than to non‐matured or matured keratin. Although the highly matured fluid was not water soluble at room temperature, it readily dissolved at elevated temperatures easily attained during diagenesis, meaning it could leach away from the fossil. Future interpretations of fossils must consider that calcium phosphate and pigments are the only components of keratinous structures known to survive fossilization in mature sediments.
Indeterministic Causation and Two Patches for the Pairing Argument
Authors: Saad Bradford 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe pairing argument aims to demonstrate the impossibility of non‐spatial objects (including minds) standing in causal relations. Its chief premises are (roughly) that causation requires pairing relations between causes and effects and that pairing relations require spatial relations. Critics have argued that the first claim suffers from counterexamples involving indeterministic causation. After briefly rehearsing the pairing argument and the objection from indeterministic causation, I offer two ways of revising the pairing argument to meet the objection from indeterministic causation.
Stimulation of the L2–L3 Dorsal Root Ganglia Induces Effective Pain Relief in the Low Back
Authors: Huygen Frank , Liem Liong , Cusack William , Kramer Jeffery 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionChronic low back pain affects millions of people worldwide and can arise through a variety of clinical origins. In the case of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), previous surgical procedures can contribute to low back pain that is often unresponsive to intervention. Although spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can be an effective treatment modality, it does not provide sufficient pain relief for some intractable cases. Recently, alternative neuromodulation options have been developed, including dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation. The objective of this report is to further investigate these clinical observations.MethodsTwelve patients with significant chronic discogenic low back pain due to FBSS were included. All subjects underwent implantation of DRG stimulation systems that had at least 1 lead placed at L2 or L3. Subjects’ pain ratings, mood, and quality of life were tracked prospectively for up to 12 months.ResultsMore than half of subjects reported 50% or better pain relief in the low back, and the average low back pain relief was 45.5% at 12 months. Concomitant reductions in overall pain, leg pain, pain interference, mood, and quality of life were also found.DiscussionFor the studied population, DRG stimulation at the L2–L3 levels was effective at relieving low back pain. These reductions in pain were associated with improvements in quality of life. Thus, DRG stimulation at these levels may be effective for low back pain by recruiting both segmental and nonsegmental neural pathways that are not otherwise accessible via traditional SCS.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a child 6 months post‐hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Oba Utako , Yamada Hiroshi , Suenobu So‐ichi , Nakamura Yusuke , Ito Akiko , Hatano Yutaka , Itonaga Nobuyoshi , Ohshima Kouichi , Koga Yuhki , Ohga Shouichi , Ihara Kenji 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTEN is a rare and critical disease mostly caused by drugs. It is mediated by activated CD8+ T cells that cause keratinocyte apoptosis with the assistance of cytokines/chemokines. We herein report a pediatric case of TEN after allogeneic HSCT with precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre‐B‐ALL) in second complete remission. Although we did not evaluate the T‐cell subpopulation in blood or skin lesion of the patient, an imbalanced immune reconstitution after HSCT might additively contribute to the development of TEN.