bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Event marketing.
Authors: Gerritsen D. , Olderen R. van 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Events are used more and more often as a live means of communication. Event marketing is the discipline where marketing, events and communication come together. In this respect, one can identify a development from product orientation towards communication orientation. Experience marketing provides for memorable experiences, an emotional added value which the customer is asking for. The event can be regarded as a communication platform within the developments in the area of marketing communication. The event has a place of its own in the marketing mix as a communication tool, in addition to, for instance, sponsoring, the Internet and advertising. We distinguish three types of event marketing. An event can be an event in itself, it can be part of a bigger event or it can be facilitated by regional or national governments. There are many advantages to event marketing, including the personal approach, integrated communication and the opportunity to interest trade journalists. Disadvantages may be: the one-offness, the costs involved and the complexity. For a strategic use of events, it is obviously important to determine accurately the objective and the target group. An event must always involve customization.
Events and customer relationship marketing.
Authors: Gerritsen D. , Olderen R. van 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The increasing degree of competition and individualization, as well as technological developments, lead to a greater emphasis on relationships in the field of marketing. The three Rs - reputation, relationships, reciprocity - constitute the strategic counterpart to the four Ps. The target group of events within relationship marketing can be either internal or external: clients, employees, suppliers, influencers (e.g. government bodies and the press). Customer knowledge is obviously very important in relationship marketing, including emotional data (which are often overlooked). Segmentation is essential to the registration of customer data. Relationship marketing implies a relationship strategy, which may have a social, psychological and/or temporal character. A lasting relationship is the ultimate goal. Events are an effective means in relationship marketing, and they can be used for various reasons. Apart from budget constraints, there are, in principle, no limits to relationship marketing. An exception in this respect is the pharmaceutical industry.
Events and city marketing: the role of events in cities.
Authors: Mierlo J. van 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

All cities have by now become very much aware of city marketing. City promotion is not something new. Even the old Greeks and Romans did it. The traditional marketing mix of the original four Ps - product, price, place and promotion - is extended by presentation, politics and personnel in the field of city marketing. City branding is a trend within city marketing. City branding involves a city working on a distinctive identity on the basis of core values. In this connection, self-expression is one of the marketing tools, and creativity, too, is an essential component of making a city attractive. City branding is about the city as a brand, and its starting point is the needs of residents, companies and (potential) visitors. The events policy of a city should be in alignment with the city marketing policy, and must result in a well-balanced events programme. Culture, place, power, relationships, resources and planning are all success factors with regard to events programmes. Sustainability is something that affects everything and deserves a central place in urban events policies.
Effect measurement and evaluation.
Authors: Gerritsen D. , Olderen R. van 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Effect measurement is becoming increasingly important for the very reason that events are exploited more and more on the basis of strategic objectives. In this context, the PDCA cycle is a vital tool. Hall (1992) devised an effect matrix for public events that, besides the economic effects, measured touristic/commercial, physical, sociocultural, psychological and political effects. Possible reasons for an effect measurement are: determining whether the investment has been profitable (ROI) and accountability for the policy pursued. Moreover, interim effect measurements are useful when adjustments have to be made. Several objectives can be distinguished regarding effect measurement (hierarchy of objectives): strategic effect objectives, operational effect objectives and attainment objectives (the 'what' question). A proper objective is logical, clear, transparent and formulated in terms of SMART. Methods and techniques used in effect measurement are related to the 'how' question: it must be decided which indicators and measuring tools are relevant to the objective. The baseline of the measurement should be established in advance. Effect measurement can be both quantitative and qualitative. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, with the emphasis on qualitative methods, often works best. Examples of qualitative methods to measure effects are the in-depth interview, laddering (with the value map as its graphic result) and observation.
Sustainability: from theory to practice.
Authors: Morpeth N. D. , Yan H. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter initially considers different discourses of sustainability from both Eastern and Western perspectives. It then considers distinctions between sustainable development and sustainability and the emergence of these concepts, politically, and in pedagogy and policy. Finally, a case study of the UK considers how principles of sustainability have informed planning and policy agendas.
Critical approaches to spatial analysis.
Authors: Morpeth N. D. , Yan H. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter uses interdisciplinary approaches to review different perspectives of the natural environment and to consider dualist thinking between the natural and the social environment. It then considers how critical theory can be used to create insights as to how spatial analysis can be applied to tourism planning, for the needs of different intersectional groups, in diverse cultural localities. A case study on mega-events, and specifically the Brazil 2014 soccer World Cup, contextualizes the conceptual aspects of spatial analysis.
Spatial planning - managing tourism and recreation in a lived-in 'protected' area.
Authors: Beardmore K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter indicates that an analysis of UK national parks differs from those in other parts of the world because they are 'lived in' and the majority of land is in private ownership. The chapter highlights partnership working and a collaborative approach to developing an integrated management plan, which is underpinned by the principles of sustainability, to balance the needs of conservation, recreation and local communities.
Sustainable tourism development of rural destinations: the Schist Villages, Portugal.
Authors: Eurico S. T. , Oliveira F. M. F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter highlights how the 'Schist Villages Programme', financed through European Union funding, has been developed since 2001 in a rural and socio-economic isolated area of Portugal. This chapter demonstrates how the creation of the 'Schist Villages' brand is based on a coordinated process of planning, involving different local, regional and national actors and their utilization of the principles of sustainability.
National approaches to planning and tourism in Latvia.
Authors: Atstāja D. , Brīvers I. , Līviņa A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the historical phases of the development of tourism in Latvia, evaluating how tourism governance arrangements in Latvia inform tourism policy, planning and management. It considers how tourism policy and planning, in Latvia, has incorporated the principles of sustainability and explores how niche forms of tourism, not least dark tourism, are part of the promotion 'Latvia. Best Enjoyed Slowly' which exemplifies the principles of sustainability.
Market failure: some problems of using the market to allocate resources.
Authors: Hill B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Although the price system can be useful to an economy in indicating the pattern of consumer demand, where current production leaves shortages and surpluses, and in channelling resources into satisfying demand, it also contains imperfections which should be recognized and understood. This chapter explains why society acts to overcome the imperfections. The chapter covers imperfect competition, monopoly, transaction costs, externalities associated with production and consumption, public goods, and imperfect knowledge by consumers.
Government policy for agriculture and rural areas.
Authors: Hill B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter deals with the problems agriculture and the rural economy faces and the policies used to tackle them. It starts from a general review of why governments wish to interfere with the running of the economy, and discusses the four basic stages of the policy process. The chapter then moves on to examine the special case for intervention in agriculture and rural areas. Some tools of market intervention under the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) are highlighted, as well as the agri-environmental policy instruments and rural development policy in the EU.
Service and experience design.
Authors: Buswell J. , Williams C. , Sutton C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter examines the principles and methods involved in designing quality into the leisure, events, tourism and sport (LETS) product or service and the way it is experienced by the consumer. In highlighting the factors that are significant in designing service systems and processes, it examines the elements and components of service and experience design and presents an integrated approach to their management to meet customer requirements as fully as possible.
Service culture.
Authors: Buswell J. , Williams C. , Sutton C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter highlights the importance of service culture to the achievement of quality in the leisure, events, tourism and sport (LETS) industry and the crucial role of staff in this process. It highlights how staff and their interaction with customers (which is central to many contexts) can be managed and enhanced. Source of service culture conflict are discussed, and the notions of emotional labour and emotional engagement of staff are explored in depth, building on the application of Human Sigma theory.
Profile of an invasive plant: Mikania micrantha.
Authors: Ellison C. A. , Sankaran K. V. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In this chapter, current information on the taxonomy and distribution of M. micrantha are summarized, followed by a review of relevant details on its life cycle and physiological ecology. The last of these topics has received much attention over recent years and advances have been made in particular on the allelopathic properties and photosynthetic strategy of the plant. Additional information about its physiology has been elucidated from a comparison with Mikania cordata, which is native to Asia. One of the consequences of the domination of M. micrantha in many habitats in the Asia-Pacific region is that several rural communities have been driven to seek ways of exploiting the plant, and these have been largely based on its perceived traits and properties. The reported benefits are few, but they are reviewed at the end of this chapter to complete the species profile. An increasing amount of research over recent decades has revealed much about the physiology and ecology of M. micrantha and this has provided a clearer basis for understanding how and why this plant has become invasive in so many agricultural and native ecosystems. The main biological traits and features of the plant may not substantially differentiate it from other indigenous sprawling vines. However, though it may have competitive advantages, having evolved in isolation from the indigenous fauna of the Asia-Pacific region, there is also strong evidence that the absence of specialized natural enemies following its introduction from the Neotropical region is also critical.
Understanding the impact of invasive Mikania micrantha in shifting agriculture and its management through traditional ecological knowledge.
Authors: Ramakrishnan P. S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter first discusses some of the dynamics of the patterns and processes determining the presence and role of exotic weeds in general, and mikania (Mikania micrantha) in particular, in the jhum shifting agricultural system, and then explores possible control measures through a community participatory landscape management plan. The NEPED (Nagaland Environmental Protection and Economic Development) project, a local governmental initiative in the state of Nagaland in northeastern India, is mentioned. Over the course of the NEPED project in shifting agriculture-affected Nagaland, assisted succession will be used to strengthen natural processes of forest succession that had been weakened under shortened jhum cycles. This will help to control weedy species in general and exotics in particular. The fond hope is that the local communities will, over a period of time, not feel the need for 'slash and burn' agriculture, but will move towards a rotational fallow management system, and indeed, an agroforestry system where trees and crops are temporally separated from one another.
Policy frameworks for the implementation of a classical biological control strategy: the Indian experience.
Authors: Rabindra R. J. , Kumar P. S. , Verghese A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter is intended to share the Indian experience on importing and utilizing a rust pathogen for the classical biological control of a weed - the first ever attempt to introduce a plant pathogen for classical biological control of a weed by any country in the region. As a prelude to this, the chapter first highlights the overall problem of alien weeds in India, the use of classical biological control for these weeds and the existing frameworks and guidelines that enable the introduction of host-specific natural enemies to manage invasive pests in India. Lastly, the chapter discusses India as a provider of weed biological control agents. The import of the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii into India for Mikania micrantha control is a landmark in the development of classical biological control of weeds using pathogens. It has paved the way for the use of fungal pathogens as biological control agents for invasive alien weeds in India.
Rural enterprise business development in the developed world.
Authors: Robinson P. , Murray A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of rural business development in the developed world, offering UK, US and European perspectives on the development of rural tourism enterprises, including farm tourism and culinary tourism. The chapter illustrates the importance of public funding to the development of many rural businesses and recognizes that it is funding through mechanisms such as the European Union that has enabled many rural areas to pump-prime projects that would be unattractive to private sector investment due to the small-scale operation of so many rural businesses and the need for individuals to drive forward their own businesses. The importance of considering sustainability in developing a rural tourism product is also emphasized.
Social enterprise and the rural landscape.
Authors: Wiscombe C. A. , Dobson C. K. , Heyworth-Thomas E. , Maynard L. , Ryder S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces the growth and importance of social enterprises to rural communities, the types of social enterprise often found within rural landscapes, the governance and funding complexities such organizations face, and the importance of networking and relationship building within the genre. The marketing and human resource functions in social enterprises are also discussed. Case studies of social enterprises (including tourism ones) in Cumbria (England, UK) are used to illustrate the concepts discussed.
The rural business environment in developing economies.
Authors: Olubiyo S. O. , Oriade A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explores the nature and scope of the rural business environment in developing countries. Key influencing elements of the rural business environment are discussed, namely, social, technological, economic, physical and political factors. Also discussed is the management of the rural tourism environment in developing countries, which takes place at three levels: government, group and individual organization levels. Supported with case studies from Africa, the chapter analyses the characteristics of the rural business environment and entrepreneurs. Relevant theories and concepts, government policies and contemporary sector issues are also examined.
Developing and growing knowledge within rural tourism enterprises.
Authors: Greenwood T. , Tate J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter looks at the significance and curation of knowledge in a range of commercial settings, focusing on tourism enterprises and rural tourism enterprises specifically. It shows that organizations, in this case rural tourism enterprises, can benefit from carefully managing and nurturing their knowledge resources and processes. The chapter uses mini case-studies from Cumbria (England, UK) to provide examples and applications of theory.
Collaborate to innovate: challenges and strategies for rural business to innovate.
Authors: Rosli A. , Chang J. , Granados M. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter outlines the principles of collaboration to support innovation in rural business, by understanding the key elements of innovation and open innovation. The chapter also explores the current and ongoing challenges facing rural tourism businesses to innovate. It highlights cases set within the context of rural tourism in Malaysia and Colombia, recognizing some of their unique characteristics, including geo-location, reliance on nature and contested use of rural resources; and provides an avenue for exploring paths towards sustainable development in rural businesses.
Human rights and citizenship rights.
Authors: Veal A. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter examines the complex and contested nature of human rights and their implications for public policy, particularly governments' leisure, sport and tourism policies. Also considered are citizenship rights, group rights (of the disabled, children, women, minorities and indigenous peoples), and other rights which have implications for leisure and tourism, including the idea of the rights of future generations and the rights of animals.
The market versus the state.
Authors: Veal A. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter considers the role of the state in public policy (particularly leisure, sport and tourism policies) using the perspective of the academic discipline of economics. The chapter includes: a brief discussion of the current worldwide triumph of capitalism; an outline of the approach of mainstream economics in analysing the role of the state within capitalism; a summary of market failure arguments for state activity that arise from the branch of mainstream economics known as welfare economics; discussion of social/political arguments for state intervention which do not arise from mainstream economics; an overview of a number of further issues concerning the role of the state, including the question of facilitating versus direct provision, and the effects of globalization; and a brief introduction to non-mainstream economics.
Strategic planning.
Authors: Veal A. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter considers the strategic aspects of policy making, as opposed to day-to-day planning and decision making, in the fields of leisure, sport and tourism. This involves consideration of the initial terms of reference (or brief) for the exercise, the time-period to which it relates and its scope in terms of types of leisure and tourism activity covered. It then considers the issues of the nature of organizational mission, goals and objectives in the leisure/tourism context. Finally, there is a discussion of the way leisure and tourism relate to statutory land-use planning.
Evaluating approaches to planning for leisure, sport and tourism.
Authors: Veal A. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter considers eight alternative approaches to planning in the leisure, sport and tourism context, namely: meeting fixed standards; providing opportunity; resource-based planning; meeting demand; satisfying stakeholder requirement; meeting needs; providing benefits; and increasing participation. Each of these is analysed in terms of: mission implications, consumer motivation, operational model, tourism implications and limitations. It is concluded that a participation-based approach is the most valid.
Selecting a sample.
Authors: Smith S. L. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses a number of core concepts related to sampling in tourism research. These include the logic of sampling, as well as key tasks in selecting a sample, such as the choice of the sampling frame and developing a target for sample size. Practical guidelines for estimating confidence intervals for a given sample size, as well as for estimating whether differences in results between two survey percentages are statistically significant, are presented at the end of the chapter.
Leisure, recreation and tourism research design.
Authors: Hammitt W. E. , Aybar-Damali B. , McGuire F. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces some of the basic research concepts and design. The chapter starts by discussing the purpose and types of leisure, recreation and tourism research, and then how to formulate and evaluate potential research topics and problems. The objective of the chapter is accomplished by a discussion of identifying/writing a research purpose, developing and writing hypotheses, concepts and constructs, variables, significance and significance testing, causality and association, and reliability and validity. The chapter concludes with examples of topics discussed in the chapter.
Finding and summarizing research literature.
Authors: Vaske J. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter is concerned with finding and summarizing the existing research. Finding the research involves conducting a literature review of the professional journals and academic books. Literature reviews serve a variety of functions (e.g. becoming familiar with the concepts used to understand a problem, developing a theoretical framework, providing a rationale for research questions/hypotheses), and can be done manually or electronically. The chapter outlines a series of six steps that should be followed when conducting a literature review. Taking notes on each article is a good starting point, but sometimes it is helpful to construct tables or figures that highlight the 'big picture'. After identifying and reading the pertinent literature, the chapter provides strategies for summarizing what is learned and discusses how to think critically about existing research.