bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Science
Authors: Levin Frank S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins with a broad definition of science and then describes in detail how it functions. Of prime importance is that science is strictly concerned with natural phenomena, explanations of which must be based solely on nature. The need for testing is emphasized. The four elements common to all science are specified: facts, hypotheses, laws, and theories. Data do not become facts until the experimental results are verified, while even so-called facts are seen initially to be provisional because they can be wrong, examples of which are presented. Laws are identified as empirically based. The “if, then” aspect of hypotheses is illustrated by four examples, and it is shown how a hypothesis can become a theory. Special attention is focused on the word theory, whose scientific meaning is so different from its everyday usage. To help clarify this, two similar scientific definitions of theory are presented.
The Quantum Hypothesis
Authors: Levin Frank S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Although 1900 ended with the classical physics of Newton and Maxwell reigning supreme, that reign did not last long, and Chapter 4 shows why. The first crack in this edifice was the failure to detect the presence of the ether, the medium that supposedly carried electromagnetic waves. Next was Thomson’s discovery of the electron, proving that atoms, believed to have been indestructible, were not: they had a structure. Yet another new development, the discovery of radioactivity, also could not be explained by classical physics. Nor could it explain the experimental data from blackbody radiation measurements, yet Planck’s peculiar formula involving his quantum hypothesis, did so perfectly. It introduced a new fundamental constant, named for him. And while his quantum hypothesis did not gain any traction for five years, in 1905 Einstein used it to explain the photoelectric effect, which classical electrodynamics had been unable to do.
Creating Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Levin Frank S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In addition to recounting some contemporary scientific history, Chapter 6 describes the hypothesis that matter, like light, can display wavelike properties, and the creation of the various formulations of quantum mechanics. That matter could have a wavelength was proposed in 1924 by Louis de Broglie, who presented a specific formula for calculating it, one that was verified experimentally in 1927. However, de Broglie’s hypothesis was overshadowed by the creation of three versions of quantum mechanics in 1925/26. The first, denoted matrix mechanics, was proposed by Werner Heisenberg. It was quickly and successfully applied by Wolfgang Pauli to the hydrogen atom. Paul Dirac introduced the next version, which was followed by that of Erwin Schrödinger via a wave equation whose solutions, denoted wave functions, were soon interpreted byMax Born to be related to the probability that certain outcomes or events will occur: classical-physics determinism was thereby removed from quantum mechanics.
Ancient Prophecy
Authors: Nissinen Martti 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis book is a comprehensive treatment of the ancient prophetic phenomenon as it comes to us through biblical, Near Eastern, and Greek sources. Once a distinctly biblical concept, prophecy is today acknowledged as yet another form of divination and a phenomenon that can be found all over the ancient Eastern Mediterranean. Even Greek oracle, traditionally discussed separately from biblical and Mesopotamian prophecy, is essentially part of the same picture. The book gives an up-to-date presentation of textual sources, whether cuneiform tablets from Mesopotamia, the Hebrew Bible, Greek inscriptions, or ancient historians, the number of which has increased substantially in recent times. In addition, the book includes comparative essays on topics such as prophetic ecstasy; temples as venues of prophetic performances; prophets and political rulers; and the prophets’ gender which can be either male, female, or non-gendered. The book argues for a common category of ancient Eastern Mediterranean prophecy, even though the fragmentary and secondary nature of the sources allows only a restricted view to it. The ways prophetic divination manifests itself in ancient sources depend not only on the socio-religious position of the prophets but also on the genre and purpose of the sources. The book shows that, even though the view of the ancient prophetic landscape is restricted by the fragmentary and secondary nature of the sources, it is possible to reconstruct essential features of prophetic divination.
The Metrics of Info-Metrics
Authors: Golan Amos 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In this chapter I present the key ideas and develop the essential quantitative metrics needed for modeling and inference with limited information. I provide the necessary tools to study the traditional maximum-entropy principle, which is the cornerstone for info-metrics. The chapter starts by defining the primary notions of information and entropy as they are related to probabilities and uncertainty. The unique properties of the entropy are explained. The derivations and discussion are extended to multivariable entropies and informational quantities. For completeness, I also discuss the complete list of the Shannon-Khinchin axioms behind the entropy measure. An additional derivation of information and entropy, due to the independently developed work of Wiener, is provided as well.
Efficiency, Sufficiency, and Optimality
Authors: Golan Amos 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this chapter I provide additional rationalization for using the info-metrics framework. This time the justifications are in terms of the statistical, mathematical, and information-theoretic properties of the formalism. Specifically, in this chapter I discuss optimality, statistical and computational efficiency, sufficiency, the concentration theorem, the conditional limit theorem, and the concept of information compression. These properties, together with the other properties and measures developed in earlier chapters, provide logical, mathematical, and statistical justifications for employing the info-metrics framework.
Modeling and Theories
Authors: Golan Amos 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this chapter I concentrate on model and theory building, including model-based hypotheses, based on limited information. I show that the info-metrics framework provides a coherent perspective that helps to identify the elements that are needed for building a logically sound model. The examples given in this chapter show how the info-metrics framework can guide the construction of both theories and models. I start the chapter by introducing conceptual building blocks and providing very simple toy examples. Then a more detailed example, taken from the social sciences, is introduced. A detailed discussion of the falsification and validation of models is also provided.
Competency Crosswalk: A Multispecialty Review of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestones Across Four Competency Domains
Authors: Edgar Laura , Roberts Sydney , Yaghmour Nicholas A. , Leep Hunderfund Andrea , Hamstra Stanley J. , Conforti Lisa , Holmboe Eric S. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose
To identify common and overlapping themes among the interpersonal and communication skills (ICS), practice-based learning and improvement (PBLI), professionalism (PROF), and systems-based practice (SBP) milestones of the transitional year and 26 specialties.

Method
In May 2017, milestones were accessed from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education specialties website. A thematic analysis of the ICS, PBLI, PROF, and SBP milestones was performed to determine unique and common themes across these competencies and across specialties. Keywords from the common program requirements were initially applied as codes to the milestones. Codes were then grouped into common themes.

Results
Twenty-two themes were identified: 15 (68%) were unique to a given competency (3 related to ICS, 4 related to PBLI, 5 related to PROF, and 3 related to SBP), and 7 (32%) appeared in the milestones of more than one core competency. Eleven themes (50%) were used by 20 or more specialties, and 6 themes (27%) by 10 or fewer specialties. No theme was present across all specialties.

Conclusions
The ICS, PBLI, PROF, and SBP milestones contain multiple themes with areas of overlap among these four competencies and substantial variability across specialties. This variability may create differential expectations of residents across specialties, complicate faculty development, and make sharing assessment tools difficult. The thematic analysis provides important insights into how individual specialties interpret and operationalize the ICS, PBLI, PROF, and SBP competency domains and can inform future revisions of milestones to enable harmonization and shared understanding of these competencies across specialties where appropriate.
Disparities in Chronic Conditions Among Women Hospitalized for Delivery in the United States, 2005–2014
Authors: Admon Lindsay K. , Winkelman Tyler N. A. , Moniz Michelle H. , Davis Matthew M. , Heisler Michele , Dalton Vanessa K. 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:
To estimate trends in the prevalence and socioeconomic distribution of chronic conditions among women hospitalized for obstetric delivery in the United States.

METHODS:
A retrospective, serial cross-sectional analysis was conducted using 2005–2014 data from the National Inpatient Sample. We estimated the prevalence of eight common, chronic conditions, each associated with obstetric morbidity and mortality, among all childbearing women and then across socioeconomic predictors of obstetric outcomes. Differences over time were measured and compared across rural and urban residence, income, and payer subgroups for each condition.

RESULTS:
We identified 8,193,707 delivery hospitalizations, representing 39,273,417 delivery hospitalizations occurring nationally between 2005 and 2014. Identification of at least one chronic condition increased significantly between 2005–2006 and 2013–2014 (66.9 per 1,000 delivery hospitalizations in 2005–2006 compared with 91.8 per 1,000 delivery hospitalizations in 2013–2014). The prevalence of multiple chronic conditions also increased during the study period, from 4.7 (95% CI 4.2–5.2) to 8.1 (95% CI 7.8–8.4) per 1,000 delivery hospitalizations between 2005–2006 and 2013–2014. Chronic respiratory disease, chronic hypertension, substance use disorders, and pre-existing diabetes were the disorders with the greatest increases in prevalence over time. Increasing disparities over time were identified across all socioeconomic subgroups analyzed including rural compared with urban residence, income, and payer. Key areas of concern include the rate at which substance use disorders rose among rural women and the disproportionate burden of each condition among women from the lowest income communities and among women with Medicaid as their primary payer.

CONCLUSION:
Between 2005–2006 and 2013–2014, the prevalence of chronic conditions increased across all segments of the childbearing population. Widening disparities were identified over time with key areas of concern including disproportionate, progressive increases in the burden of chronic conditions among women from rural and low-income communities and those with deliveries funded by Medicaid.
Within-Family Analysis of Interpregnancy Interval and Adverse Birth Outcomes
Authors: Class Quetzal A. , Rickert Martin E. , Oberg Anna S. , Sujan Ayesha C. , Almqvist Catarina , Larsson Henrik , Lichtenstein Paul , D'Onofrio Brian M. 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:
To examine associations among interpregnancy interval, the duration from the preceding birth to the conception of the next-born index child, and adverse birth outcomes using designs that adjust for measured and unmeasured factors.

METHODS:
In this prospective cohort study, we used population-based Swedish registries from 1973 to 2009 to estimate the associations between interpregnancy interval (referent 18–23 months) and adverse birth outcomes (ie, preterm birth [less than 37 weeks of gestation], low birth weight [LBW; less than 2,500 g], small for gestational age [SGA; greater than 2 SDs below average weight for gestational age]). Analyses included cousin and sibling comparisons and postbirth intervals (ie, the interval between secondborn and thirdborn offspring predicting secondborn outcomes) to address unmeasured familial confounding.

RESULTS:
Traditional cohort-wide analyses showed higher odds of preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.51, 99% CI 1.39–1.63, 5.99% preterm births]) and LBW (adjusted OR 1.25, 99% CI 1.13–1.39, 3.32% LBW) after a short interpregnancy interval (0–5 months) compared with offspring born after an interpregnancy interval of 18–23 months (3.21% preterm births, 1.92% LBW). Except for preterm birth (adjusted OR 1.72, 99% CI 1.26–2.35), associations were attenuated in cousin comparisons. A small association between a short interpregnancy interval and preterm birth remained in sibling comparisons (adjusted OR 1.22, 99% CI 1.11–1.35), but associations with LBW (adjusted OR 0.83, 99% CI 0.74–0.94) and SGA (adjusted OR 0.74, 99% CI 0.64–0.85) reversed direction. For pregnancy intervals of 60 months or more, odds of preterm birth (adjusted OR 1.51, 99% CI 1.43–1.60, 5.07% preterm births), LBW (adjusted OR 1.61, 99% CI 1.50–1.73, 3.43% low-birth-weight births), and SGA (adjusted OR 1.54, 99% CI 1.42–1.66, 2.49% SGA births) were also higher when compared with the reference interval (1.53% SGA). Associations between long interpregnancy interval and adverse birth outcomes remained through cousin and sibling comparisons. Postbirth interval analyses showed familial confounding is present for short interpregnancy intervals, but supported independent associations for long interpregnancy intervals.

CONCLUSION:
Familial confounding explains most of the association between a short interpregnancy interval and adverse birth outcomes, whereas associations with long interpregnancy intervals were independent of measured and unmeasured factors.
Placental Complications Associated With Psychostimulant Use in Pregnancy
Authors: Cohen Jacqueline M. , Hernández-Díaz Sonia , Bateman Brian T. , Park Yoonyoung , Desai Rishi J. , Gray Kathryn J. , Patorno Elisabetta , Mogun Helen , Huybrechts Krista F. 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether psychostimulants used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with risk of adverse placental-associated pregnancy outcomes including preeclampsia, placental abruption, growth restriction, and preterm birth.

METHODS:
We designed a population-based cohort study in which we examined a cohort of pregnant women and their liveborn neonates enrolled in Medicaid from 2000 to 2010. Women who received amphetamine–dextroamphetamine or methylphenidate monotherapy in the first half of pregnancy were compared with unexposed women. We considered atomoxetine, a nonstimulant ADHD medication, as a negative control exposure. To assess whether the risk period extended to the latter half of pregnancy, women who continued stimulant monotherapy after 20 weeks of gestation were compared with those who discontinued. Risk ratios and 95% CIs were estimated with propensity score stratification to control for confounders.

RESULTS:
Pregnancies exposed to amphetamine–dextroamphetamine (n=3,331), methylphenidate (n=1,515), and atomoxetine (n=453) monotherapy in early pregnancy were compared with 1,461,493 unexposed pregnancies. Among unexposed women, the risks of the outcomes were 3.7% for preeclampsia, 1.4% for placental abruption, 2.9% for small for gestational age, and 11.2% for preterm birth. The adjusted risk ratio for stimulant use was 1.29 for preeclampsia (95% CI 1.11–1.49), 1.13 for placental abruption (0.88–1.44), 0.91 for small for gestational age (0.77–1.07), and 1.06 for preterm birth (0.97–1.16). Compared with discontinuation (n=3,527), the adjusted risk ratio for continuation of stimulant use in the latter half of pregnancy (n=1,319) was 1.26 for preeclampsia (0.94–1.67), 1.08 for placental abruption (0.67–1.74), 1.37 for small for gestational age (0.97–1.93), and 1.30 for preterm birth (1.10–1.55). Atomoxetine was not associated with the outcomes studied.

CONCLUSION:
Psychostimulant use during pregnancy was associated with a small increased relative risk of preeclampsia and preterm birth. The absolute increases in risks are small and, thus, women with significant ADHD should not be counseled to suspend their ADHD treatment based on these findings.
Long-term Risk of a Seizure Disorder After Eclampsia
Authors: Nerenberg Kara A. , Park Alison L. , Vigod Simone N. , Saposnik Gustavo , Berger Howard , Hladunewich Michelle A. , Gandhi Shital , Silversides Candice K. , Ray Joel G. 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the incidence rate and relative risk of a seizure disorder after eclampsia.

METHODS:
We evaluated 1,565,733 births in a retrospective data linkage cohort study in Ontario, Canada, from April 1, 2002, to March 31, 2014. We included females aged 15–50 years and excluded patients with epilepsy, conditions predisposing to seizure, and those who died within 30 days of the delivery discharge date. The exposure was defined as a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, namely 1) eclampsia, 2) preeclampsia, or 3) gestational hypertension. The referent was an unaffected pregnancy. The primary outcome was the risk of seizure disorder starting 31 days after a hospital birth discharge. Risk was expressed as an incidence rate and a hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CI. The predefined study hypothesis was that women with eclampsia would have an increased risk of future seizure disorder.

RESULTS:
There were 1,615 (0.10%) pregnancies exclusively affected by eclampsia, 17,264 (1.1%) with preeclampsia, 60,863 (3.9%) with gestational hypertension, and 1,485,991 (94.9%) unaffected. A future seizure disorder was significantly more likely after a pregnancy with eclampsia (4.58/10,000 person-years) than a pregnancy without a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (0.72/10,000 person-years; crude HR 6.09, 95% CI 2.73–13.60). The adjusted HR was minimally attenuated from 6.09 to 5.42 (95% CI 2.42–12.12) after multivariable adjustment for confounders at the index birth as well as adjusting for traumatic brain injury, stroke, cerebral tumor, aneurysm or hemorrhage, and multiple sclerosis. The risk of seizure disorder was doubled in pregnancies affected by preeclampsia (adjusted HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.21–3.17), but not by gestational hypertension (adjusted HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.71–1.43).

CONCLUSION:
Women with eclampsia should be reassured that, although the relative risk of a seizure disorder is higher than unaffected women, the absolute risk is extremely low (approximately one seizure/2,200 person-years).
NOVEL CASE OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS ENDOPHTHALMITIS AFTER ANTI–VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INJECTION
Authors: Kadaba Varsha R. , Menon Jayshree 
Published: November 2017

Introduction:
Endophthalmitis after anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injection is a rare complication but may lead to rapid destruction of structures within the eye. Infection with Clostridium perfringens has not previously been reported in this context.

Case Report:
A 90-year-old woman presented with endophthalmitis of the right eye, 2 days after an intravitreal injection of ranibizumab. Initial examination showed a high intraocular pressure, refractive to topical treatment, reduced vision, and a hypopyon. Gram stain showed a Gram-positive bacillus, which was identified as C. perfringens. Despite the use of intravitreal and intravenous antibiotics, the patient went on to develop cornea-scleral melt of the right eye. She required an evisceration on the fifth day after ranibizumab.

Conclusion:
This case describes a unique and virulent pathogen leading to globe loss after an anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injection. C. perfringens, naturally living in feces or soil, is more commonly associated with dirty traumatic open-globe injuries. However, it is an important pathogen to consider when there is rapid destruction of eye structures associated with endophthalmitis. Based on a root cause analysis of this case, our department has introduced patient information leaflets on hand hygiene to educate patients having intraocular injections.
PARANEOPLASTIC VITELLIFORM MACULOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH METASTATIC MELANOMA
Authors: Rahimi Mansour , Navajas Eduardo V. , Sarraf David 
Published: November 2017

Purpose:
To report a case of paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy in a patient with metastatic melanoma of unknown primary site.

Methods:
Case report. Main outcome measures include funduscopic examination, fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Results:
A 44-year-old man with a known history of metastatic melanoma was referred for ophthalmic evaluation because of bilateral vision loss. Funduscopic examination was remarkable for vitelliform maculopathy that was confirmed with fundus autofluorescence and spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Conclusion:
We describe a rare case of paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy. There are many etiologies of acquired vitelliform retinal lesions in the retina. Multimodal retinal imaging, including fundus autofluorescence and spectral domain optical coherence tomography, can be best used to identify these lesions. A history of systemic metastatic melanoma should be ruled out in patients with vitelliform maculopathy.
AUTOIMMUNE RETINOPATHY IN A PATIENT WITH A MISSENSE MUTATION IN PITPNM3
Authors: Bakhoum Mathieu F. , Sengillo Jesse D. , Cui Xuan , Tsang Stephen H. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose:
To describe a patient with a PITPNM3 missense mutation who developed late-onset autoimmune retinopathy.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
An 85-year-old man presented with decreased vision, nyctalopia, and photoaversion after an uncomplicated cataract surgery. Multimodal retinal imaging revealed a scalloped pattern of atrophy and a ring of hyperautofluorescence in the perifoveal area on fundus autofluorescence. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography demonstrated loss of the ellipsoid band, along with outer retinal atrophy, sparing the fovea in both eyes. Full field electroretinogram revealed extinguished rod response and severely attenuated cone response. Antiretinal antibodies to 20-kDa and 125-kDa proteins were detected. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous variant, c.2579T>C, p.(Ile860Thr) in PITPNM3, predicted to be severely damaging and deleterious to the protein structure and function. Over the course of 3 months, the patient experienced a rapid progression. Neoplastic workup was negative and he was started on immunosuppressive therapy for a presumed diagnosis of nonparaneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy.

Conclusion:
To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of autoimmune retinopathy in a patient with PITPNM3 mutation. PITPNM3 has been previously shown to affect regulatory T cell function.