bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Igr Evaluation Experiment 2,1996
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 2.5 acre block of 130-yr-old trees on M 7A rootstock. Trees measured 11 ft. in height and 10 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of 4 replications (2 ‘Delicious’, 2 ‘Criterion’) of 9-tree plots (3 rows X 3 trees/row) in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Dates (plant growth stage and degree-days after 1st pheromone trap catch in spring of CM, TABM, OFM) of application were 10 May (petal fall, 163,-, 296), 22 May (302, 161, 489), 3 Jun (410, 317, 644), 11 Jun (561, 508, 835), 26 Jun (900, 921, 1248), 11 Jul (1191, 1285, 1613), 25 Jul (1499, 1641, 1969), 8 Aug (1754, 1989, 2317), 21 Aug (1976, 2274, 2602), 30 Aug (2144, 2488, 2815), and 5 Sep (2237, 261 1, 2938). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agri-Mycin, Asana, COCS, Dithane, Nova, Penncozeb, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatments were evaluated by counting arthropod pests and injury on the periphery of the center tree in each plot periodically during the season. Control of WALH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. OFM control was determined by counting injured terminals per tree. Effect of treatments against ERM was determined by sampling 25 leaves/tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Control of STLM was determined by counting all tissue-feeding mines during a 5 minute period per tree. Effect of treatments against TABM was determined by counting leaf shelters and live larvae within leaf shelters per tree. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 100 picked apples/replication on 24 Sep.
Evaluation of Various Repellents for Control of Flea Beetle on Broccoli, 1996
Authors: Al-Doghairi Mohammed , Cranshaw Whitney , Sclar D. Casey , Gerace Dan , Tupy Andrea 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Broccoli (cv. Premium Crop) was planted on 13 May 1996 at the Horticulture Field Research Center in Ft. Collins, CO. Plots consisted of single 10 ft long rows with 15 in. in-row spacing, arranged in RCB design with six replications. Each plot consisted of 8 plants. Repellent treatments were applied on 20 and 30 May, and 3 and 24 June with hand-held sprayers. Plants were sprayed to the point of drip delivering a spray volume of approximately 167 ml for each plot. Insect counts were made on 21 and 31 May 4, 6, 11, 20, 24, and 28 Jun, and 1 and 11 Jul by whole plant examination of 4 plants in the center of each plot.
Early-Season Evaluation of Insecticides on Apple, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Krawczyk Grzegorz 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Seven insecticide treatments and a control, each replicated 5 times among ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Yorking’ trees, were applied to single-tree plots in a RCB design. The trees were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft and were 24 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.4 mph. The application dates of the various treatments were based on various phenological stages of ‘Golden Delicious’ development (see the first table for application dates). A regular fungicide schedule (Dithane 75 DF, Nova 40 WP, Ziram 76 WP) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50 WP and Imidan 70 WP) were applied at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the sprays for rosy apple aphid control was evaluated by counting the total number of RAA injured clusters/tree in a 3-5- and 10-minute sample per tree on 15 May, 12 Jun, and 14 Jul, respectively. The number of RAA injured fruit per tree was determined by making a 10-min count on 14 Jul. STLM was evaluated on 6 and 16 Jun by counting the number of tissue-feeding mines per 5 minutes around the periphery of the tree. The number of motile ERM was determined by collecting 25 leaves per tree and brushing those leaves with a leaf-brushing machine. Pest pressure was moderate.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly on Staked Tomato with Foliar and Soil-Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Greenhouse raised tomato seedlings were planted 11 Mar at 18-inch spacing on 4 pairs of subirrigated beds 32 inches wide and 240 ft long on 6-ft centers. Beds had been fertilized with 800 lb/acre of 5-16-8 dry bottom mix and 500 lbs/acre of 19-0-30 top mix banded on each side of the bed, fumigated with a 67/33% mixture of methyl bromide/chloropicrin at a rate of 2201b/acre and covered with black polyethylene film. Each bed was divided into four 60-ft-long plots. Seven treatments and an untreated check were assigned to the 8 plots of each pair of beds in RCB design with 4 replications. Plants were sprayed with a combination of Maneb 80 WP at 1 lb/acre plus Kocide 101 at 3 lb/acre for disease control and side dressed with 40 lb N/acre and 40 lb K/acre liquid fertilizer on 22 Mar. Three applications of NoMate® tomato pinworm pheromone were made 1,15, and 29 Apr. Tomatoes were staked and tied according to standard practices. Admire and CGA-293343 treatments were applied as a soil drench 24 May in 10 ml of solution to each plant. Foliar treatments, EXP 80667A 70 WP, EXP 61096A .83EC, and Provado were applied with a high-clearance sprayer utilizing a hydraulic pump operating at 200 psi and delivering the spray through two drop booms each equipped with 3 yellow hollow-cone Albuz® nozzles for a rate of 69 GPA. Five weekly foliar applications were initiated on 29 Apr after a count of adults on 22 Apr. The soil-drench treatments were also sampled 22 Apr. Sampling for adults in drench-treated plot began 22 Apr. and in foliar-treated plot the following week. Adult whitefly were sampled by a beat-pan method employing 9X13 inch metal cake pan painted black and covered with a 10% detergent/vegetable oil mixture. The total number of adults captured from one beat on four separate plants was counted as a subsample with 5 subsamples collected per plot. Nymphs were monitored in the field beginning 28 Apr. using a hand lens on the first date to examine 40 sq cm of a leaf from the 6-7th node. The number of small/medium or large/pupae were recorded for each single-leaf subsample with 5 leaves sampled per plot. Leaves were taken to the laboratory on the 2 subsequent sample dates and the number of dead or parasitized pupae was also noted.
Evaluation of Acaricides for Control of Spider Mites on Watermelon, 1997
Authors: Fouche Calvin , Mullen Robert , Cutter Dawn 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Six treatments were evaluated in a field near Farmington, CA to determine their efficacy in controlling spider mites. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Sprays were applied with a 5-hp backpack mist blower on 31 July in a volume of 100 gpa. One lb of Orthene SP/acre was applied as a maintenance spray due to aphid pressure. Infestations were monitored by removing 10 leaves per plot and counting with a binocular dissecting scope at 15X.
Early-Season Insect Control in Alfalfa, 1997
Authors: Berberet R. C. , Zarrabi A. A. , Bisges A. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Eleven chemical insecticide treatments were evaluated for efficacy in controlling AW larvae and BAA infesting the first crop of a 3rd-year stand of ‘Cimarron VR’ alfalfa at the Agronomy Research Station, Stillwater, OK. Pretreatment samples indicated a population of 2.2 AW larvae/stem and 19.0 B AA/stem. Insecticides were applied on 11 Mar using flooding nozzles (Spraying System Co., TK SS-5) calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 24 psi when traveling at 3 mph. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design on plots 5 X 10 m in size, repli-cated 4 times. Sampling was conducted at 2, 6, 13, 20, and 27 DAT by pulling 25 stems/plot and placing them in standard Berlese funnels to extract in-sects for counting. Subsamples of aphids were identified on each date to determine if species other than BAA were present. Dry matter yields were esti-mated for first harvest on 5 May by removing forage from a 1 X 5 m area in each plot using a flail-type harvester. Subsamples were dried for determination of moisture content and yields were calculated on a dry weight/acre basis.
Indirect Effect of Basf 490 on Adult Amblyseius Fallacis, 1997
Authors: Bostanian N. J. , Racette G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
BASF 490 is an experimental fungicide applied against apple scab in early spring. Fifty dwarf apple trees (cv Liberty) in a row were treated with BASF 490 50 WP on June 11 and again on June 23, 1997. The first treatment corresponded to petal fall and the second treatment corresponded to first cover. Three rows away, the exercise was repeated with Nova 50WP. The trees were sprayed to drip off with a Cyclone hydraulic sprayer (Hector Delorme, Farnam, Qc, Canada). Twenty-four hours after treatment, 12 leaves from the edges of the row and another six from the middle of the row were picked and brought in a cooler to the lab. The check trees were sprayed with water. The leaves, 18 from each treatment, were placed with their upper surface on wet foam in rectangular trays. The wet foam served as a barrier and at the same time kept the leaves fresh. The petioles were covered with wet J-cloth. Six adult predators, 24 to 48 h old, were transferred to the leaves and twospotted spider mites were supplied as prey. The trays were placed in a growth chamber, set at 24° C and 80% RH. The leaves were examined at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after treatment for adult mortality. At the rates used for apple scab control, residues of neither fungicide had any direct adverse effect on adult predatory mite, Amblyseuis fallacis.
Evaluation of Insecticide Treatments Against Tarnished Plant Bug on Cotton, 1996
Authors: Russell J. S. , Gore J. , Torrey K. D. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticide efficacy was evaluated at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA by caging TPB adults on treated plants. Cotton was planted on 20 May in a Gigger Gilbert silt loam (pH = 6.0, 1.1% organic matter). Treatments were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch centers) by 50 ft. long. Applications were made on 11 Jun using a tractor-mounted 4 row boom, and compressed air system, calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 40 psi with 8001 flat-fan nozzles (1/row). TPB adults were collected from flowering Coreopsis spp, with a 15-inch-diameter sweep net, held in the laboratory in a 1.5-ft3 wire mesh cage, and fed green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. After 24 h, TPB were placed in 20-ml glass vials (5/vial), transported to the field, and caged in 3 X 4-inch mesh bags over a plant terminal. Five plants randomly chosen from the 2 center rows of each plot were infested with TPB adults. The bags were removed and TPB mortality was determined at 24 h after infestation. Rainfall did not influence the results of this test. TPB mortality was analyzed with ANOVA and means separated with DMRT.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 80698A 75 Fs Applied After the Permanent Flood in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticides and fertilizer. On 1 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and planted with 100 lb of untreated or EXP 80698A 75 FS-treated seed/acre at the rate shown in the table. Fertilizer and seed were incorporated into dry league soil with a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flushed (24-48 h temporary flooding, then draining). Rice emerged through soil on 9 May. On 28 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagran at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied by hand with a 20 ft spray boom pressurized with CO2. Immediately before the permanent flood on 30 May (21 d after emergence of rice through soil), selected plots were treated with EXP 80698A 75 FS at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre. On 2 Jun, (3 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were treated with EXP 80698A 75 FS at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre and Karate at 0.03 lb (AI)/acre. All liquid insecticides were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens) hand-held, spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 16 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 and 30 lb nitrogen/acre, respectively; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 193 lb/acre. On each of 25 Jun and 10 Jul (26 and 41 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (5 Sep = 119 d from emergence of rice through soil) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Tobacco Aphid Control of Burley Tobacco, 1997
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agric. Res. and Ext. Cntr, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate various insecticides applied as foliar, soil, transplant drench (TPD), and transplant water (TPW) treatments for control of TA on burley tobacco. Tobacco ‘Tennessee 90’ was transplanted into experimental plots on 22 May. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Temik 15 G was applied in a 14-inch band and covered with 6 to 8 inches of soil at bedding on 21 May. Transplant water (TPW) treatments were applied at 204 gpa with a bucket and dipper (4 fl oz/plant). A CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with an 8004 E tip and operated at 20 psi was used to apply Admire drench treatments (TPD) in 17 fl oz of water to plants in 200-cell float trays at 1 d before transplanting. Plants were irrigated immediately after application to wash Admire residue off the plants into the media. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 28 gpa at 60 psi through 3 TX-12 nozzles/row on 31 Jul. Temperature was 85° F. TA counts were made on the upper leaves of 10 plants per plot. We followed production practices recommended by the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by Waller-Duncan K-ratio t-test (K = 100). TA count data were transformed to log 10 (x + 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Tobacco Insect Control with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1996
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Various insecticides applied as transplant water treatments were compared with foliar and soil treatments for TA and TFB control and for their effects on the yield of flue-cured to bacco. Tests were conducted on a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Agric. Res. and Ext. Cntr., Black-stone, VA. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. The Temik treatment was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 21 May (soil temperature 75 °F ambient temperature, 88 °F, soil pH, 5.6; weather, sunny; soil moisture, good). The Admire drench treatment was applied to tobacco seedlings in 288-cell float trays 24 hrs before transplanting. The treatment was applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 1 fl oz of Admire 240 FS in 1.84 gal of water/1,000 plants through 8003LP tips at 20 psi. Treatments were watered in with an additional 1 gal of water immediately after application. ‘Coker 371 Gold’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted and the transplant water (TPW) treatments were applied in 204 gal solution/acre with a Holland plunger-type transplanter on 21 May. The weather was sunny, and soil and ambient temperature was 75 °F and 88-91 °F, respectively. Foliar applications of Orthene were applied on 3 Jul and 8 Aug with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 28 gpa at 60 psi through TX-12 nozzles (3 per row. The weather was clear, wind speed was less than 5 mph, and ambient temperature was 84-86°F at each application. Except for insect control, tobacco production followed Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations. Dipel 4 L (Bacillus thuringiensis) was applied for tobacco hornworm control on 3 Jul. TA were counted on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 6 to 10 wks after transplanting. On 22 Aug, TA damage was rated for each plot on a scale of 0 to 10: 0 = no signs of aphid feeding; 10 = all leaves showing severe damage resulting from TA infestations including honeydew, sooty mold, necrotic leaf tissue, and exuviae. TFB feeding holes were counted on 5 plants/plot on 2 and 26 Jun, 2 and 5 wks after transplanting. Tobacco was harvested and cured and yield was determined. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by Waller-Duncan K-ratio t-test (K = 100). TA count data were transformed to log10 (x + 1) before analysis.
Control of Tobacco Wireworms with Spring Applications of Lorsban, 1997
Authors: Sorenson C. E. , Stephenson A. S. , Clewis S. B. , Ratz C. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of broadcast, ppi Lorsban 4 E and Mocap 6 EC against tobacco wireworms in the field. Plots were established at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station, Whiteville, NC, on 30 Apr in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Individual plots were 4 rows (1.14 m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in a RCB design with 3 treatments (untreated check included) and 4 blocks. On 24 Apr, the foliar materials were applied using a COz-powered backpack sprayer fitted with Spraying Systems flat-fan nozzles, 20" apart on a 6.7" boom at 30 psi and 25 gpa. Tobacco was transplanted on 30 Apr with a single-row transplanter. At 20 days after transplanting, 10 plants from rows 2 and 3 were pulled and rated for damage. Wireworm damage ratings were subjected to ANOV and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
Black Cutworm Larval Suppression with Cyfluthrin, Chlorpyrifos, and Experimental Formulations on Creeping Bentgrass, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatment plots were 6X10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker with top-dressing sand used to provide even distribution of product. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8002-VS- TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom operating at 28 psi, and applied in 625 ml of water/60 ft2 or delivering 2.7 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (10 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 65° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 63° F; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 57.7% sand, 30.0% silt, 12.3% clay; soil: soil percent water content (percent by weight), 19.3%; organic matter, 4.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.7; time of application, early morning; and cloudy skies. The entire area was irrigated with 0.375 in of water at 5:30 am on 11 Jul. A total of 0.3 inches of rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 11 Jul through 12 Jul. The experimental areas was syringed on an as-needed basis through 17 Jul. Efficacy data were recorded on 11 Jul, 13 Jul, and 17 Jul by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0-yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap-irritant drench of 30 ml Lemon Joy&#x99; dishwashing detergent in 2 gal. of water.
Evaluation of Bifenthrin, Diazinon, and Dursban Granular Formulations for Management of Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatment plots were 6X10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker with top-dressing sand used to provide even distribution of product. At treatment time (17 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 73° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 69° F; RH, 84%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 58.6% sand, 30.1% silt, 11.3% clay; soil percent water weight (percent by weight), 17.5%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8; time of application, early morning; and clear skies. The entire area was irrigated with 0.25 of water immediately following application of granules. A total of 8.85 inches of rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 17 Jul through 5 Aug. Treatments were applied on 17 Jul following artificial infestation of the research area with second- and third-instar Black cutworm larvae on 15 Jul. Efficacy data was recorded on 20 Jul, 25 Jul, 3 Aug, and 6 Aug by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0-yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap-irritant drench of 30 ml Lemon Joy&#x99; dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of water.