bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assets and tactics in a mating market: Economic models of negotiation offer insights into animal courtship dynamics on the lek
Authors: Patricelli Gail L. , Krakauer Alan H. , Mcelreath Richard 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Economists study negotiation as a series of events—partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.—with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depending on the player’s bargaining power. The context in which these negotiations occur—the market—is critical, since players can adjust their behaviors in response to outside offers. Animals similarly are faced with sequential decisions regarding courtship: who to court, how to approach a potential mate, at what level to display, when to give up, etc. Thus economic models of negotiation in a market provide a framework in which we can view not just the outcome of courtship (assortative mating), but also the process, where each sex can use tactics to improve their negotiating outcome, using the assets that they have available. Here we propose to use negotiation as a conceptual framework to explore the factors promoting tactical adjustments during sequential stages of courtship in lekking species. Our goal is to discuss the utility of negotiation as a heuristic tool, as well as the promise and peril of co-opting game theoretic models from economics to understand animal interactions. We will provide a brief overview of a few areas where we see promise for using negotiation as a framework to understand animal courtship dynamics: choice of a display territory, tactical partner choice for negotiation, approaching a potential partner and courtship haggling.
Effect of mate size on maternal reproductive effort in the convict cichlid Amatitlania siquia
Authors: Robart Ashley R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The differential allocation hypothesis predicts individuals will increase their reproductive investment when mated to a high quality partner. In many species of fish with biparental care females prefer large males due to the males’ greater ability to raise more offspring to independence. I examined the relationship between mate quality, parental care and number of offspring in a natural population of convict cichlids Amatitlania siquia. The frequency of frontal displays by females was positively correlated with male standard length. Additionally, as males increased in length relative to their mate, females increased the frequency of chases towards predators, while males decreased the number of displays towards brood predators. This trade-off in parental effort within a pair due to mate quality is a key prediction of differential allocation. The number of offspring was correlated with male, but not female, standard length. These results support the differential allocation hypothesis in that females offered more parental care to offspring of a larger male, while their mates decreased the amount of care they provided. Additionally, females benefited in terms of number of offspring by pairing with higher quality mates. Increased female investment may provide an incentive to ensure male care and maintain pair bonding, which could lead to greater reproductive success through increased offspring survival.
Apparent dissociation of photoperiodic time measurement between vernal migration and breeding under dim green light conditions in Gambel’s white-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii
Authors: Wang Gang , Ramenofsky Marilyn , Wingfield John C. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In seasonally breeding birds, the annual cycle of photoperiod is a principal environmental cue for temporal arrangement of different life-history stages, such as migration and breeding. In the past, most research has focused on the mechanisms of photoperiodic control of breeding with less attention paid to migration. In Gambel’s white-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (GWCS), photoreceptors for induction of breeding are known to reside in the basal hypothalamus. However, it is unknown whether the sites of photoperiodic reception for vernal migration are the same as those for breeding. Therefore, we hypothesized that they may be controlled separately. In this study, we exposed photosensitive GWCSs to low-penetration green light (wavelength at 510 nm) under a regime of 1 lux during the day and &lt;0.1 lux at night, and switched the photoperiodic conditions from short day (10 h daytime) to long day (18 h daytime). The results showed that the experimental birds developed traits associated with vernal migration including mass increase, fat deposition and migratory restlessness behavior when transferred from short day to long day green light cycles, while control birds maintained continuously on short day green light conditions did not express any migration related characteristics. Neither experimental nor control groups showed gonadal recrudescence under either green light cycles. In support of our hypothesis, we were able to apparently dissociate the photoperiodic responses regulating vernal migration and breeding, which suggests separate mechanisms of photoperiodic time measurement. Such distinct photoperiodic mechanisms may drive the fine-tuned temporal arrangement of the two life history stages.
Does foraging mode affect metabolic responses to feeding? A study of pygopodid lizards
Authors: Wall Michael , Thompson Michael B. , Shine Richard 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Foraging mode (ambush vs. active) profoundly affects many aspects of organismal biology, including metabolic rates and their relationship with food intake. Previous studies on snakes suggest that ambushers tend to have lower standard metabolic rates (SMR) and higher energetic costs of digestion and assimilation of prey (specific dynamic action, or SDA) than do active foragers. However, phylogenetic considerations may be at least partly responsible for such patterns, as foraging mode is strongly conserved evolutionarily and most SDA studies have focused on species from only two lineages of ambush foragers (pythonid and viperid snakes) and one lineage of active foragers (colubrid snakes). We sought to deconfound the effects of phylogeny and foraging mode, investigating SMR and SDA in two closely related pygopodid lizards, the common scaly-foot Pygopus lepidopodus (active forager) and Burton’s legless lizard Lialis burtonis (ambush forager). Consistent with the pattern seen in snakes, L. burtonis exhibits a significantly lower SMR and a higher SDA than does P. lepidopodus. The magnitude of SDA in L. burtonis is comparable to that of some pythons and vipers, providing yet more evidence for the remarkable convergence between this species and ambush-foraging snakes.
Metabolic enzymes in seasonally acclimatized and cold acclimated rufous-collared sparrow inhabiting a Chilean Mediterranean environment
Authors: Peña-Villalobos Isaac , Nuñez-Villegas Mónica , Bozinovic Francisco , Sabat Pablo 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Due to the higher energy requirements of birds during winter, it is predicted that the activities of metabolic enzymes (e.g., citrate synthase, CS and cytochrome C oxidase, COX) should increase in tandem with increases in rates of energy expenditure (e.g., basal metabolic rate, BMR). However, there is mixed support for the hypothesis of enzymatic acclimatization. Furthermore, there is little information about the effect of ambient temperature on energetics and tissue enzyme activity levels in passerines inhabiting seasonal Mediterranean environments. In this study we evaluated the interplay between BMR and enzyme activities of freshly caught individuals of the passerine Zonotrichia capensis in winter and summer in a Mediterranean environment from central Chile, and also in warm (30°C) and cold (15°C) lab-acclimated birds. The results revealed a lack of seasonal variation in BMR, thermal conductance and in the activity of CS and COX. However, we found higher BMR and lower thermal conductance in cold-acclimated than in warm-acclimated birds. Also, total CS activity was higher in the flight muscles of cold-acclimated than in warm-acclimated birds. We found also a significant correlation between BMR and total CS activity in pectoral muscle. Although some authors have suggested that BMR mainly depends on the metabolic intensity and mass of internal organs, our results revealed that skeletal muscles such as the flight muscles may also affect BMR. Finally, differences in the acclimation and acclimatization responses in Rufous-collared sparrows suggest that large-scale oscillations in the physical environment might maintain the capacity for flexibility in thermogenic traits through generations.
Individual differences in boldness positively correlate with heart rate in orb-weaving spiders of genus Larinioides
Authors: Shearer Taylor A. , Pruitt Jonathan N. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of studies devoted to consistent individual differences in behavior, termed “behavioral syndromes” or animal “personality”. In particular, ecologists and evolutionary biologists alike seek to explore the functional consequences of individuals’ personalities and explanations for their general maintenance. Understanding the mechanistic underpinnings to personality is arguably key to a deeper understanding of their functional consequences and maintenance. In particular, consistent individual differences in metabolic rate have been proposed as a general explanation for the maintenance of consistent individual differences in boldness, aggressiveness, and activity level. In this paper we explore whether consistent individual differences in boldness are associated with heat rate, a proxy for metabolic rate, in two species of orb-weaving spider: Larinioides cornutus and L. patagiatus. We first documented consistent individual differences in boldness in L. cornutus but not L. patagiatus, as estimated by individuals’ latency to resume movement following an aversive stimulus. We also measured individuals’ heart rate twice in a separate situation. We then tested for an association between individuals’ boldness and their heart rate during these two events. We found that increased boldness was associated with increased heart. Thus, individuals that resumed movement quickly following an aversive stimulus also exhibited faster heart rates. Our studies provide further evidence that consistent individual differences in key physiological attributes, like metabolic rate, might be a general mechanism underlying consistent individual differences in behavior.
Divergent foraging behavior in a hybrid zone: Darwin’s tree finches (Camarhynchus spp.) on Floreana Island
Authors: Peters Katharina J. , Kleindorfer Sonia 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Hybrid speciation is increasingly recognized as a mechanism for novel evolutionary trajectories. However, we know very little about the ecology of a contact zone that has arisen in sympatry. This study examines the foraging behavior and fitness of two species of Darwin’s tree finches (Camarhynchus parvulus, C. pauper) and hybrid offspring on Floreana Island. Previous study showed that the percentage of hybrids in the tree finch population increased from 19% in 2005 to 41% in 2010, and their body and beak size increased by ~5% (parental phenotype did not change). In 2005–2006, all three tree finch groups (two parental species and hybrid birds) used the same foraging substrate, technique, and height. By 2010–2013, the small tree finch C. par-vulus had changed its foraging technique and the medium tree finch C. pauper had changed its foraging height. Both parental species had higher body condition when foraging at (divergent) mean foraging heights per species but hybrid birds did not. We discuss the implications of conserving forest to facilitate vertical niche expansion and the role of hybridization for genetic persistence.
Experimental evolution, behavior and genetics: Associative learning as a case study
Authors: Versace Elisabetta 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The evolutionary dynamics of behavioral traits reflect phenotypic and genetic changes. Methodological difficulties in analyzing the genetic dynamics of complex traits have left open questions on the mechanisms that have shaped complex behaviors and cognitive abilities. A strategy to investigate the change of behavior across generations is to assume that genetic constraints have a negligible role in evolution (the phenotypic gambit) and focus on the phenotype as a proxy for genetic evolution. Empirical evidence and technologic advances in genomics question the choice of neglecting the genetic underlying the dynamics of behavioral evolution. I first discuss the relevance of genetic factors – e.g. genetic variability, genetic linkage, gene interactions – in shaping evolution, showing the importance of taking genetic factors into account when dealing with evolutionary dynamics. I subsequently describe the recent advancements in genetics and genomics that make the investigation of the ongoing evolutionary process of behavioral traits finally attainable. In particular, by applying genomic resequencing to experimental evolution – a method called Evolve & Resequence – it is possible to monitor at the same time phenotypic and genomic changes in populations exposed to controlled selective pressures. Experimental evolution of associative learning, a well-known trait that promptly responds to selection, is a convenient model to illustrate this approach applied to behavior and cognition. Taking into account the recent achievements of the field, I discuss how to design and conduct an effective Evolve & Resequence study on associative learning in Drosophila. By integrating phenotypic and genomic data in the investigation of evolutionary dynamics, new insights can be gained on longstanding questions such as the modularity of mind and its evolution.
How incumbents can shape technological choice and market structure – the case of fixed broadband in Europe
Authors: Cave Martin , Shortall Tony 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to consider circumstances when technological neutrality in fixed broadband (according firms the power to determine technological choices untrammelled by regulation or the operation of specific incentives) should be adopted.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper reviews the likely effect of such a policy on the competitive structure of fixed broadband markets, taking four case studies as examples.

Findings
– The paper finds that choices made by broadband firms with respect to the adoption of fibre to the home versus fibre to the premise, the use of vectoring and the variant of fibre to the home adopted (point to point or point to multipoint) can have a significant effect on the nature of access products which can be provided and thus in the market structure of fixed broadband markets. Access providers can, thus, abridge or foreclose competition in downstream markets. Accordingly, regulators may decide to seek to influence such technological choices to promote competition. But this should be done carefully.

Originality/value
– These issues are part of the on-going debate concerning the revision of the European regulatory framework for electronic communications services.
When polymerase chain reaction does not help: cytomegalovirus pneumonitis associated with very low or undetectable viral load in both blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples after lung transplantation
Authors: Coussement J. , Steensels D. , Nollevaux M.‐C. , Bogaerts P. , Dumonceaux M. , Delaere B. , Froidure A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis occurs frequently among solid organ transplant recipients and is classically associated with significant viral replication in both blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. We present a case of a 64‐year‐old lung transplant recipient who presented with CMV pneumonitis that was diagnosed based on the association of viral inclusion in the BAL sample, rapid response to ganciclovir, and absence of other infectious etiology. Surprisingly, we observed very low or undetectable viral load both in blood and BAL samples. Diagnosis of CMV pneumonitis should rely on the association of clinical, pathological, radiological, and microbiological signs, while quantitative nucleic acid amplification testing should be interpreted with caution.
Effect of Surface Oxidation on the Onset of Nucleate Boiling in a Materials Test Reactor Coolant Channel
Authors: Forrest Eric C. , Don Sarah M. , Hu Lin-Wen , Buongiorno Jacopo , McKrell Thomas J. 
Published: February 2016

The onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) serves as the thermal-hydraulic operating limit for many research and test reactors. However, boiling incipience under forced convection has not been well-characterized in narrow channel geometries or for oxidized surface conditions. This study presents experimental data for the ONB in vertical upflow of deionized (DI) water in a simulated materials test reactor (MTR) coolant channel. The channel gap thickness and aspect ratio were 1.96 mm and 29∶1, respectively. Boiling surface conditions were carefully controlled and characterized, with both heavily oxidized and native oxide surfaces tested. Measurements were performed for mass fluxes ranging from 750 to 3000  kg/m2 s and for subcoolings ranging from 10 to 45°C. ONB was identified using a combination of high-speed visual observation, surface temperature measurements, and channel pressure drop measurements. Surface temperature measurements were found to be most reliable in identifying the ONB. For the nominal (native oxide) surface, results indicate that the correlation of Bergles and Rohsenow, when paired with the appropriate single-phase heat transfer correlation, adequately predicts the ONB heat flux. Incipience on the oxidized surface occurred at a higher heat flux and superheat than on the plain surface.
The Response of the Lower Stratosphere to Zonally Symmetric Thermal and Mechanical Forcing
Authors: Ming Alison , Hitchcock Peter , Haynes Peter 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The response of the atmosphere to zonally symmetric applied heating and mechanical forcing is considered, allowing for the fact that the response may include a change in the wave force (or “wave drag”). A scaling argument shows that an applied zonally symmetric heating is effective in driving a steady meridional circulation provided that the wave force (required to satisfy angular momentum constraints) is sufficiently sensitive to changes in the mean flow in the sense that the ratio is large, where K is a measure of the sensitivity of the wave force; α, N, and f are the radiative damping rate, buoyancy frequency, and Coriolis parameter, respectively; and and are the horizontal and vertical length scales of the heating, respectively. Furthermore, in the “narrow heating” regime where this ratio is large, the structure of the meridional circulation response is only weakly dependent on the details of the wave force. The scaling arguments are verified by experiments in a dry dynamical circulation model. Consistent with the scaling prediction, the regime does not apply when the width of the imposed heating is increased. The narrow-heating regime is demonstrated to be relevant to the double peak in tropical lower-stratospheric upwelling considered in a companion paper, supporting the hypothesis that this feature is radiatively driven. Similar arguments are applied to show that a narrow zonally symmetric applied mechanical forcing is primarily balanced by a change in wave force. This provides an explanation for the recently identified compensation between resolved and parameterized waves in driving modeled trends in the Brewer–Dobson circulation.
Relationship between pelvic incidence and osteoarthritis of the hip
Authors: Gebhart J. J. , Weinberg D. S. , Bohl M. S. , Liu R. W. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesSagittal alignment of the lumbosacral spine, and specifically pelvic incidence (PI), has been implicated in the development of spine pathology, but generally ignored with regards to diseases of the hip. We aimed to determine if increased PI is correlated with higher rates of hip osteoarthritis (HOA). The effect of PI on the development of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) was used as a negative control.MethodsWe studied 400 well-preserved cadaveric skeletons ranging from 50 to 79 years of age at death. Each specimen’s OA of the hip and knee were graded using a previously described method. PI was measured from standardised lateral photographs of reconstructed pelvises. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between age and PI with HOA and KOA.ResultsThe mean age was 60.2 years (standard deviation (sd) 8.1), and the mean PI was 46.7° (sd 10.7°). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between increased PI and HOA (standardised beta = 0.103, p = 0.017). There was no correlation between PI and KOA (standardised beta = 0.003, p = 0.912).ConclusionHigher PI in the younger individual may contribute to the development of HOA in later life. Cite this article: Dr J. J. Gebhart. Relationship between pelvic incidence and osteoarthritis of the hip. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:66–72. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.52.2000552.
Indijos fantazija Didžiosios Britanijos „paveldo filmuose“: „Kelio į Indiją“ analizė
Authors: Valančiūnas Deimantas 
Published: February 2016

This article deals with the reconfiguration of the co­lonial discourse and imagining the ‘Other’ in Britishheritage films and the analysis of David Lean’s film A Passage to India (1984)-an adaptation of F.M. Fors­ter’s novel of the same title and a representative of a specific subgenre of the ‘heritage films’, known also as the ‘Raj revival’. The analysis of Lean’s A Passage to India is carried out in relation to the ‘Thatcherite’ era, conservative politics in Britain, and the ideologi­cally constructed nostalgic gaze to the colonial past. As the analysis of the film has showed, the film is rather ambiguous. On the one hand, the film displays a critical attitude towards the Empire and emphasizes the brutality and inconsistency of the colonial regime in India, while on the other hand it invites the specta­tors to enjoy India as a nostalgic colonial spectacle and constructs it through the sexualisation and orientalisa­tion of the country. The analysis has also showed that the film recharges its characters with an erotic content. The film A Passage to India eroticises the Indian man, where the character of Aziz is constructed as a man ra­diating a dangerous sexuality, which may lead to pain­ful psychopathological consequences when encounte­red by a British woman – a discourse which becomes relevant once again in relation to the anti-immigration politics of the ‘Thatcherite’ Britain of the ’80s.