bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taiwanese Migrants and the Development of “Japanese Tawau” in Prewar British North Borneo (臺灣移民與戰前英屬北婆羅洲「日本人的斗湖」之開發)
Authors: Chung (鍾淑敏) Shu-min 
Published: February 2017

This paper examines two waves of Japanese recruitment of Taiwanese migrants to British North Borneo (Sabah, Malaysia today) before World Warii. The North Borneo Chartered Company that governed the region from 1881 encouraged the inflow of migrants and foreign capital. By the time when Japan started to kick off its first wave of labor recruitment Taiwan in around 1915, ethnic Chinese migrants from the Straits Settlements and South China had formed significant communities in the shores of British North Borneo. But local labor power could not meet up the demand of the bourgeoning Japanese enterprises in mining, farming, and fishery industries in British North Borneo in general and in Tawau district in particular. Japan thus attempted to recruit workers from Taiwan to make up the insufficient number of Chinese migrants. In the 1920s, compared with their Chinese counterparts from South China, most Taiwanese did not settle in Borneo after their labor contract expired. The Japanese plan of developing a “Taiwan village” did not come true. In 1938, when Japan launched another launch another migrant scheme to send out Taiwanese to North Borneo, Japanese colonial regime in Taiwan rendered substantial capital and technology to the Taiwanese migrants. Now, Japan expected the Taiwanese to contribute more than their labor power but their connections with other Chinese descendants who had already settled there. In other words, Japan considered the interest of the Taiwanese migrants as part of the interests of the Japanese empire. The roles of prewar Taiwanese migration to British North Borneo should thus be understood by Japan’s Southward Expansion.本文探討1917年與1938年日本人兩波召募臺灣勞工前往英屬北婆羅洲（今馬來西亞沙巴）斗湖一帶的過程和影響。在英國鼓勵日本招募華工來開發當地的背景下，1917年時日本招募臺灣人的動機，最主要是為了因應華工招募不足的困境而採取的臨時性措施，臺灣人被視為華工的替代品。相對於華工，臺灣移工也沒有在當地形成久居的社區。而在1938年臺灣拓殖株式會社提出的移民計畫中，臺灣人已經不只是單純的勞動力，背後還有臺灣總督府為使其定居的經費補助。這或許便是臺拓計畫中所提及臺灣人日本化的成果：可賦予臺灣人更大的任務，去面對人口占居多數的斗湖華人。戰前臺灣人移居北婆羅洲可說是伴隨著總督府南進的風潮與政策中，扮演了不同階段所需要的角色。 (This article is in Chinese).
Chinese Lottery Business and Korea, 1898–1909: The Cantonese Company Tongshuntai, and East Asian Trade Networks (晩淸彩票業與朝鮮,1898–1909：廣幫華商同順泰號和東亞貿易網絡)
Authors: Kang (姜抮亞) Jin-A 
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates Chinese-managed lottery businesses and their circulation from China into Korea. It focuses on the case of the business practices and marketing of the Cantonese company Tongshuntai, a foremost representative of Chinese capital in Korea. Through the case study of the lottery, East Asian trade networks can be understood as a kind of network circulating culture and information across the region. In 1899, the first modern Chinese lottery was issued in Shanghai. Cantonese merchants imported the Chinese lottery and broadly advertised lotteries in the newspaper in Seoul. Korea and China showed the same pattern in lottery business from the time of its rise to its demise. In 1909, there were strong regulations against lottery business both in China and Korea simultaneously. The force leading to the termination of lotteries in China was the reformative power that aimed to modernize China. In Korea, however, impetus to stop lotteries came from Korean nationalism as well as Japanese imperialist authority.
本文以廣幫華商同順泰號的營業活動爲例，探討20世紀初中國彩票在韓國的流通和華商的作用，進而討論20世紀初東亞貿易網絡的文化性功能。在1899年廣濟剬司得到官方批准，在上海創辦了江南義賑彩票，此後中國近代性彩票業眞正開始。在韓華商在江南彩票開始的當年已進口了江南票。中國與韓國，同時彩票大大流行，兩地域社會經驗了同樣的社會變化，供給者接踵而起，過熱競爭，惹起了彩票市場進一步擴大，終於引起了反對彩票的社會剬論。中國創辦國産彩票，代替洋票，杜塞了資本的外流，反而韓國消費洋票之中國彩票，爲了新政期地方財政提供了資金。1909年韓中兩國同時開始了取締彩票，但在中國取締彩票之動力是中國入憲派與改革勢力，在韓國取締彩票的是韓國民族主義情緖以及日本帝國主義。 (This article is in English).
Interpreting Fixed-Location Observations of Turbulence Advected by Waves: Insights from Spectral Models
Authors: Rosman Johanna H. , Gerbi Gregory P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAssigning a physical interpretation to turbulent fluctuations beneath waves is complex because eddies are advected by unsteady wave orbital motion. Here, the kinematic effects of wave orbital motion on turbulent fluctuations at a fixed location were investigated using model turbulence spatial spectra (κ spectra) together with a general form of the frozen turbulence approximation. Model autospectra and cospectra included an inertial subrange, a rolloff at energy-containing scales (L = 2π/κ0), and a dissipation range. Turbulence was advected by a background flow composed of waves (rms orbital velocity σw, peak frequency ωw, and spectral width Δωw) propagating parallel to a current uc. Expressions were derived for turbulence frequency spectra (ω spectra), and parameters were varied across ranges typical in the coastal ocean. Except close to the wave band, the ω-spectrum shape collapses with two dimensionless parameters, a velocity ratio σw/uc, and a time-scale ratio ucκ0/ωw, which can be used to diagnose the effects of wave advection on turbulence spectra. As σw/uc increases, less variance and covariance appear at low frequencies (ω < ucκ0) and more appear at high frequencies (ω > ucκ0). If σw/uc > 2, wave advection must be taken into account when estimating turbulence length scales and integral quantities (e.g., Reynolds stress) from the low-frequency portion of spectra. The offset of the −5/3 region due to waves is unaffected by the rolloff or dissipation range; therefore, previously proposed methods for estimating dissipation rate from wave-affected −5/3 spectra are robust. Although idealized, the results inform the interpretation of turbulence ω spectra beneath waves and guide the estimation of turbulence properties from those spectra.
The Impact of NASA Global Hawk Unmanned Aircraft Dropwindsonde Observations on Tropical Cyclone Track, Intensity, and Structure: Case Studies
Authors: Christophersen Hui , Aksoy Altug , Dunion Jason , Sellwood Kathryn 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The impact of Global Hawk (GH) dropwindsondes on tropical cyclone analyses and forecasts is evaluated in an ensemble-based vortex-scale data assimilation system. Two cases from Hurricane Edouard (2014) are presented. In the first case, inner-core observations were exclusively provided by GH dropwindsondes, while in the second case, GH dropwindsondes were concentrated in the storm’s near environment and were complemented by an extensive number of inner-core observations from other aircraft. It is found that when GH dropwindsondes are assimilated, a positive impact on the minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) forecast persists for most lead times in the first case, conceivably due to the better representation of the initial vortex structure, such as the warm-core anomaly and primary and secondary circulations. The verification of the storm’s kinematic and thermodynamic structure in the forecasts of the first case is carried out relative to the time of the appearance of a secondary wind maximum (SWM) using the tail Doppler radar and dropwindsonde composite analyses. A closer-to-observed wavenumber-0 wind field in the experiment with GH dropwindsondes is seen before the SWM is developed, which likely contributes to the superior intensity forecast up to 36 h. The improvement in the warm-core anomaly in the forecasts from the experiment with GH dropwindsondes is believed to have also contributed to the consistent improvement in the MSLP forecast. For the latter case, a persistent improvement in the track forecast is seen, which is consistent with a better representation of the near-environmental flow obtained from GH data in the same region.
Patient safety in phlebology: The ACP Phlebology Safety Checklist
Authors: Collares Felipe Birchal , Sonde Mehru , Harper Kenneth , Armitage Michael , Neuhardt Diana L , Fronek Helane S 
Published: February 2017

Objectives To assess the current use of safety checklists among the American College of Phlebology (ACP) members and their interest in implementing a checklist supported by the ACP on their clinical practices; and to develop a phlebology safety checklist. Method Online surveys were sent to ACP members, and a phlebology safety checklist was developed by a multispecialty team through the ACP Leadership Academy. Results Forty-seven percent of respondents are using a safety checklist in their practices; 23% think that a phlebology safety checklist would interfere or disrupt workflow; 79% answered that a phlebology safety checklist could improve procedure outcomes or prevent complications; and 85% would be interested in implementing a phlebology safety checklist approved by the ACP. Conclusion A phlebology safety checklist was developed with the intent to increase awareness on patient safety and improve outcome in phlebology practice.
Hand grip strength determination for healthy males in Saudi Arabia: A study of the relationship with age, body mass index, hand length and forearm circumference using a hand-held dynamometer
Authors: Alahmari Khalid A , Silvian S. Paul , Reddy Ravi Shankar , Kakaraparthi Venkata Nagaraj , Ahmad Irshad , Alam Mohammad Mahtab 
Published: February 2017

Objectives To determine whether age, body mass index (BMI), hand length and forearm circumference were predictive of hand grip strength in healthy Saudi Arabian adult males. Methods This cross-sectional descriptive study recruited healthy adult male volunteers. Their anthropometric characteristics including age, BMI, hand length and forearm circumference were measured using routine techniques. Hand grip strength was assessed using a Jamar® Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. The data were analysed using Pearson correlation coefficient ( r) as well as by a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Results The study included 116 healthy males who satisfied the inclusion criteria. A Pearson correlation coefficient matrix demonstrated that all the four measures, age, BMI, hand length and forearm circumference, were significantly correlated with hand grip strength. Age had an inverse correlation with hand grip strength. The anthropometric measures of hand length, age and forearm circumference accounted for 44.2% (R2 0.442) of the variation of the hand grip strength. Conclusion Hand length, age and forearm circumference significantly impacted on hand grip strength in Saudi Arabian healthy adult males.
Use of platelet-rich plasma for regeneration in non-vital immature permanent teeth: Clinical and cone-beam computed tomography evaluation
Authors: Alagl Adel , Bedi Sumit , Hassan Khalid , AlHumaid Jehan 
Published: February 2017

Objective This study was performed to assess the clinical and radiological outcomes of a revascularization procedure in immature teeth with apical periodontitis using platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The PRP protocol and conventional revascularization protocol, which used a blood clot as the scaffold, were compared. Methods Thirty non-vital immature permanent teeth were randomly categorized into two groups. After disinfecting the root canal space with triple antibiotic paste (1:1:1 ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and cefaclor), a tissue scaffold was created using either PRP or a blood clot (control) and covered with white mineral trioxide aggregate. All cases were followed up clinically and radiographically for 12 months. Differences in bone density, root length, and lesion size were calculated using preoperative and postoperative computed tomography images. The means of the differences in individual parameters in the blood clot and PRP groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Results After 5 months, sensitivity tests (cold and electric pulp tests) elicited a delayed positive response in 23 sites. At 12 months, cone-beam computed tomography revealed resolution or a decrease in lesion size and an increase in bone density in all 30 (100%) teeth. Additionally, continued root development was observed in 22 (73%) teeth and early root growth was observed in the test group (mineral trioxide aggregate with PRP). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that PRP can serve as a successful scaffold for regenerative endodontic treatment. With the exception of a significant increase in root length, the results of treatment with PRP were not significantly different from those of the conventional protocol using a blood clot as the scaffold.
The spectrum of neuropsychiatric lupus in a Black Caribbean population: a report of the Barbados National Lupus Registry
Authors: Flower C , Hambleton I , Corbin D , Marquez S , Edghill R 
Published: February 2017

Objective The objective of this study was to examine neuropsychiatric lupus in a Black Caribbean population. Methods We reviewed Barbados National Lupus Registry patients with ≥4 American College of Rheumatology criteria and a diagnosis of neuropsychiatric lupus using the American College of Rheumatology 19 case definitions. Results From 366 patients with four or more American College of Rheumatology criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus, 55 (15%) had evidence of neuropsychiatric lupus. There were 51 females and four males (F:M = 13:1) with a median age of 31 years. A total of 76.4% had a single neuropsychiatric lupus complication and 23.6% had two or three complications occurring sequentially or concurrently. The top three complications were psychosis – 49.1% (95% CI 35.8, 62.5); ischaemic stroke – 32.7% (21.4, 46.5); and generalized tonic-clonic seizures – 12.7% (6.0, 24.8). Twelve of the American College of Rheumatology 19 neuropsychiatric syndromes were represented: 91.2% central; 8.8% peripheral. There were 521 observation years, and for 32 patients (58%) neuropsychiatric lupus was a presenting feature. For the remaining 23 (42%) the first neuropsychiatric lupus event came after systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis – median time of two years. Of the 22 deaths, systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis caused almost half (45.5%) at a median age of 32. The prevalence of nephritis was lower in the neuropsychiatric lupus subgroup (25.5%) compared with the Barbados National Lupus Registry data (47%) ( P = 0.01). Ischaemic stroke caused 22.7% of deaths at a median age of 46 and was the main cause of chronic neurologic deficits amongst survivors. Conclusion Neuropsychiatric lupus was an early cause of morbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus with predominantly singular central nervous system complications, the most common of which was psychosis. Most deaths occurred at a young age, principally from systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis. Ischaemic stroke was the main neurologic cause of death and disability.
Functional Outcomes Following Anterior Transfer of the Tibialis Posterior Tendon for Foot Drop Secondary to Peroneal Nerve Palsy
Authors: Cho Byung-Ki , Park Kyoung-Jin , Choi Seung-Myung , Im Se-Hyuk , SooHoo Nelson F. 
Published: February 2017

Background: This retrospective comparative study reports the practical function in daily and sports activities after tibialis posterior tendon transfer for foot drop secondary to peroneal nerve palsy. Methods: Seventeen patients were followed for a minimum of 3 years after tibialis posterior tendon transfer for foot drop secondary to peroneal nerve palsy. Matched controls were used to evaluate the level of functional restoration. Functional evaluations included American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) scores, and isokinetic muscle strength test. Radiographic evaluation for the changes of postoperative foot alignment included Meary angle, calcaneal pitch angle, hindfoot alignment angle, and navicular height. Results: Mean AOFAS, FAOS, and FAAM scores significantly improved from 65.1 to 86.2, 55.6 to 87.8, and 45.7 to 84.4 points at final follow-up, respectively. However, all functional evaluation scores were significantly lower as compared to the control group ( P < .001). Mean peak torque (60 degrees/sec) of ankle dorsiflexors, plantarflexors, invertors, and evertors at final follow-up were 7.1 (deficit ratio of 65.4%), 39.2, 9.8, and 7.3 Nm, respectively. These muscle strengths were significantly lower compared to the control group ( P < .001). No significant differences in radiographic measurements were found, and no patients presented with a postoperative flat foot deformity. One patient (5.9%) needed an ankle-foot orthosis for occupational activity. Conclusions: Anterior transfer of the tibialis posterior tendon appears to be an effective surgical option for paralytic foot drop secondary to peroneal nerve palsy. Although restoration of dorsiflexion strength postoperatively was about 33% of the normal ankle, function in daily activities and gait ability were satisfactorily improved. In addition, tibialis posterior tendon transfer demonstrated no definitive radiographic or clinical progression to postoperative flat foot deformity at intermediate-term follow-up. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
Effect of ticagrelor with clopidogrel on high on-treatment platelet reactivity in acute stroke or transient ischemic attack (PRINCE) trial: Rationale and design
Authors: Wang Yilong , Lin Yi , Meng Xia , Chen Weiqi , Chen Guohua , Wang Zhimin , Wu Jialing , Wang Dali , Li Jianhua , Cao Yibin , Xu Yuming , Zhang Guohua , Li Xiaobo , Pan Yuesong , Li Hao , Liu Liping , Zhao Xingquan , Wang Yongjun 
Published: February 2017

Rationale and aim Little is known about the safety and efficacy of the combination of ticagrelor and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke. This study aimed to evaluate whether the combination of ticagrelor and aspirin was superior to that of clopidogrel and aspirin in reducing the 90-day high on-treatment platelet reactivity for acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack, especially for carriers of cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function allele. Sample size and design This study was designed as a prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label, active-controlled, and blind-endpoint, phase II b trial. The required sample size was 952 patients. It was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02506140). Study outcomes The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity at 90 days. High on-treatment platelet reactivity is defined as the P2Y12 reaction unit >208 measured using the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. Conclusion The Platelet Reactivity in Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events study explored whether ticagrelor combined with aspirin could reduce further the proportion of patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity at 90 days after acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack compared with clopidogrel and aspirin.
Airport Privatisation: Ownership Structure and Financial Performance of European Commercial Airports
Authors: Vogel Hans-Arthur 
Published: February 2017

After a discourse on commercialisation and privatisation in the sector, this paper assesses the financial performance of 35 European commercial airports for the decade 1990 to 2000 by comparing those in mixed public-private and fully private ownership to those in public possession. The outcomes of partial factor productivity (PFP), financial ratio (FRA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) are evaluated, in order to investigate differences attributable to the degree of privatisation. Changes in performance after a change in ownership structure are reviewed. Finally, airport privatisation is put into perspective. The analysis of sample data reveals economically meaningful and statistically significant differences between publicly owned and privatised airports. The latter group is not a homogeneous one but also shows structural differences between partially and fully privatised companies. The major differences lie in operating efficiency, asset utilisation or capital productivity and capital structure. Whereas privatised airports operate more cost-efficiently, publicly owned airports generate comparatively higher ratios of unit revenue and work load units to total assets. Their capital expenditure to total revenue ratio is lower and the asset turnover is higher. In terms of operating margin, the revenue/expenditure ratio and the ratio of cash flow to revenue, partially and fully privatised airport companies rank higher on average than those in the public sector. Their increased operating efficiency does not, however, translate into significantly higher returns on shareholders' funds. Regarding capital structure and financing of productive assets, publicly owned airports assume more debt relative to their respective equity, which results in considerably higher gearing and financial leverage, compensating for the comparatively low return rate on assets.
The Third Legislative Package and Ownership Unbundling in the Light of the European Fundamental Rights Discourse
Authors: Praduroux Sabrina , Talus Kim 
Published: February 2017

The old vertical structures of EC energy markets are slowly fading away. The latest attempt to move away from this model is the Commission proposal on ownership unbundling. The proposal introduces two alternative regimes. States may choose between full ownership unbundling and a mere control unbundling. Some States and their powerful energy companies have voiced concerns over the compatibility of ownership unbundling with fundamental rights and general principles of Community law. This article discusses the Commission proposal in detail. It also examines the alleged conflict between full ownership unbundling and the fundamental rights and general principles of EC law.
Regulatory Reform of Public Utilities in a Comparative Perspective – The Case of Denmark
Authors: Olsen Ole Jess , Henten Anders , Falch Morten 
Published: February 2017

The paper examines the following questions: What are the main reasons for the different regulatory approaches to the liberalisation of telecommunications and electricity supply? In which directions are the regulation of the two industries developing presently? Furthermore, to what extent have the policies implemented been successful? Finally, is there a relationship between the modes of regulation and the rates of success in the two sectors? The basic answers in the paper are that the differences in regulation primarily rest on the differences in the techno-economic structures of the two industries, but that some degree of convergence between the modes of regulation has occurred lately. With respect to the rate of success, the achievements are most obvious in telecommunications where consumers benefit from lower prices and more options, while the gains are more debatable in the case of electricity. Regarding the relationship between the modes of regulation and the rates of success, the overall answer is that there is a stronger relationship between the techno-economic structures of the two sectors, on the one hand, and the modes of regulation and rates of success respectively, on the other hand, than between the different modes of regulation and the rates of success.
The Fuzzy Definition of Economic Performance in the French High Speed Rail Industry
Authors: Perennes Patricia 
Published: February 2017

This article studies the way economic performance is defined and monitored in the French high speed rail industry under the lens of the theory of «coherence between institutions and technology». It demonstrates that the institutional organization that existed in France between 1997 and 2014 set apart economic performances monitoring for operations on the one side and for infrastructure on the other side. Both “layers” of the industry (infrastructure and operations) were separated in two entities with no coordination mechanism. This ill-designed organizational framework has endangered the future development of the industry. It has led to a dramatic increase of the system debt and to a mismatch between the TOCs' needs in terms of HSR infrastructure and the existing HSR network. The current HSR network is likely to be oversized regarding the potential final demand. This long-lasting misalignment may have led to totally annihilate the eventuality of a real open-access competition in this sector.