bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life Style Education: Are We Prepared for Changes?
Authors: Yusuf Qismullah 
Published: April 2017

The public should be aware of the sudden change of life style of some people that makes their life completely different from their previous ones. All of us must be ready to face any circumstances from this manifestation in the future. The rich, wealthy and famous should be made aware that that type of life style is not wrong, but they should also be taught how to follow a normal way of life. Proper guidance and counselling on how to live normally needs to be provided with especially designed lectures and classes. Bringing these “students” to remote villages where the poor and the disadvantaged live may help them to understand the hardships of life around them. Having a short intern period within such a community will help them further understand the real life of the majority in their country. Furthermore, if they are always taught in an environment of luxury and are never faced with a normal education system and style of life, a major problem arises: if, in the future, our country is led by such graduates, who never went through our normal education system or lived a normal style of life, how can they understand and lead the majority in our country? This paper discusses this phenomenon.
Economic analysis of antibiotics use and vaccine program in commercial broiler farming of Tangail district in Bangladesh
Authors: Sultan S , Begum R , Rahman MA , Ahmed MJU , Islam MM , Haque S 
Published: April 2017

The present study was conducted to investigate the status of current antibiotics use and vaccine application program in commercial broiler farming, to understand about the current market scenario of antibiotics and vaccine related products and to identify the major problems of broiler farming and suggestions for its improvements. For achieving these objectives, 50 broiler farms and 20 antibiotics-vaccine products sellers were selected purposively from 5 selected unions of Sakhipur upazila in Tangail district. In the study area, 42% respondent had a slim idea about residual effect of antibiotics. Most of the farmers in the visited area used almost same types of antibiotics. Among the farms surveyed, 98% farms practiced proper vaccination. Among the 50 farmers, 66% farmers had idea about sound vaccination program and 98% farmer thought that vaccination is essential for their farming. In the study area, 70% farmers got their antibiotics and vaccine from dealer. The study showed that antibiotic cost is only 3.53% and vaccination cost is 1.06% of the total cost. Regarding the antibiotics use, results were alarming and found that 100% respondents used antibiotics in broiler production. Both positive and negative significant correlations were observed for different parameters. The problems related to present antibiotics and vaccination program and their probable solutions suggested by broiler farmers were also focused in this study.Progressive Agriculture 27 (4): 490-501, 2016
Origin of Non-axisymmetric Features of Virgo Cluster Early-type Dwarf Galaxies. I. Bar Formation and Recurrent Buckling
Authors: Kwak SungWon , Kim Woong-Tae , Rey Soo-Chang , Kim Suk 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A fraction of early-type dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster have a disk component and even possess disk features such as bar, lens, and spiral arms. In this study, we construct 15 galaxy models that resemble VCC856, which is considered to be an infalling progenitor of disk dwarf galaxies, within observational error ranges, and use N-body simulations to study their long-term dynamical evolution in isolation as well as the formation of bar in them. We find that dwarf disk galaxies readily form bars unless they have an excessively concentrated halo or a hot disk. This suggests that infalling dwarf disk galaxies are intrinsically unstable to bar formation, even without any external perturbation, accounting for a population of barred dwarf galaxies in the outskirts of the Virgo cluster. The bars form earlier and stronger in galaxies with a lower fraction of counter-streaming motions, lower halo concentration, lower velocity anisotropy, and thinner disk. Similarly to normal disk galaxies, dwarf disk galaxies also undergo recurrent buckling instabilities. The first buckling instability tends to shorten the bar and to thicken the disk, and drives a dynamical transition in the bar pattern speed as well as mass inflow rate. In nine models, the bars regrow after the mild first buckling instability due to the efficient transfer of disk angular momentum to the halo, and are subject to recurrent buckling instabilities to turn into X-shaped bulges.
The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. II. Fornax A: A Two-phase Assembly Caught in the Act
Authors: Iodice E. , Spavone M. , Capaccioli M. , Peletier R. F. , Richtler T. , Hilker M. , Mieske S. , Limatola L. , Grado A. , Napolitano N. R. , Cantiello M. , D’Abrusco R. , Paolillo M. , Venhola A. , Lisker T. , Ven G. Van de , Falcon-Barroso J. , Schipani P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
As part of the Fornax Deep Survey with the ESO VLT Survey Telescope, we present new g- and r-band mosaics of the SW group of the Fornax Cluster. It covers an area of 3 × 2 square degrees around the central galaxy NGC 1316. The deep photometry, the high spatial resolution of OmegaCam, and the large covered area allow us to study the galaxy structure, trace stellar halo formation, and look at the galaxy environment. We map the surface brightness profile out to 33′ (∼200 kpc ∼ 15R

e
) from the galaxy center, down to

arcsec−2 and

arcsec−2. This allow us to estimate the scales of the main components dominating the light distribution, which are the central spheroid, inside 5.′5 (∼33 kpc), and the outer stellar envelope. Data analysis suggests that we are catching in the act the second phase of the mass assembly in this galaxy, since the accretion of smaller satellites is going on in both components. The outer envelope of NGC 1316 still hosts the remnants of the accreted satellite galaxies that are forming the stellar halo. We discuss the possible formation scenarios for NGC 1316, by comparing the observed properties (morphology, colors, gas content, kinematics, and dynamics) with predictions from cosmological simulations of galaxy formation. We find that (i) the central spheroid could result from at least one merging event (it could be a preexisting early-type disk galaxy with a lower-mass companion) and (ii) the stellar envelope comes from the gradual accretion of small satellites.
Effects of Preionization in Radiative Shocks. I. Self-consistent Models
Authors: Sutherland Ralph S. , Dopita Michael A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In this paper we treat the preionization problem in shocks over the velocity range 10 < v
s < 1500 km s−1 in a self-consistent manner. We identify four distinct classes of solutions controlled by the value of the shock-precursor parameter,

, where

is the ionization parameter of the UV photons escaping upstream. This parameter determines both the temperature and the degree of ionization of the gas entering the shock. In increasing velocity, the shock solution regimes are cold neutral precursors (v

s
≲ 40 km s−1), warm neutral precursors (40 ≲ v

s
≲ 75 km s−1), warm partly ionized precursors (75 ≲ v

s
≲ 120 km s−1), and fast shocks in which the preshock gas is in photoionization equilibrium and is fully ionized. The main effect of a magnetic field is to push these velocity ranges to higher values and to limit the postshock compression. In order to facilitate comparison with observations of shocks, we provide a number of convenient scaling relationships for parameters, such as postshock temperature, compression factors, cooling lengths, and Hβ and X-ray luminosity.
Reducing Uncertainties in the Production of the Gamma-emitting Nuclei 26Al, 44Ti, and 60Fe in Core-collapse Supernovae by Using Effective Helium Burning Rates
Authors: Austin Sam M. , West Christopher , Heger Alexander 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
We have used effective reaction rates (ERRs) for the helium burning reactions to predict the yield of the gamma-emitting nuclei 26Al, 44Ti, and 60Fe in core-collapse supernovae (SNe). The variations in the predicted yields for values of the reaction rates allowed by the ERR are much smaller than obtained previously, and smaller than other uncertainties. A “filter” for SN nucleosynthesis yields based on pre-SN structure was used to estimate the effect of failed SNe on the initial mass function averaged yields; this substantially reduced the yields of all these isotopes, but the predicted yield ratio 60Fe/26Al was little affected. The robustness of this ratio is promising for comparison with data, but it is larger than observed in nature; possible causes for this discrepancy are discussed.
A Very Large (θE ≳ 40″) Strong Gravitational Lens Selected with the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect: PLCK G287.0+32.9 (z = 0.38)
Authors: Zitrin Adi , Seitz Stella , Monna Anna , Koekemoer Anton M. , Nonino Mario , Gruen Daniel , Balestra Italo , Girardi Marisa , Koppenhoefer Johannes , Mercurio Amata 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Since galaxy clusters sit at the high end of the mass function, the number of galaxy clusters both massive and concentrated enough to yield particularly large Einstein radii poses useful constraints on cosmological and structure formation models. To date, less than a handful of clusters are known to have Einstein radii exceeding

(for a source at

, nominally). Here, we report an addition to that list of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) selected cluster, PLCK G287.0+32.9 (z = 0.38), the second-highest SZ-mass (M
500) cluster from the Planck catalog. We present the first strong-lensing analysis of the cluster, identifying 20 sets of multiply imaged galaxies and candidates in new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data, including a long,

giant arc, as well as a quadruply imaged, apparently bright (magnified to

AB), likely high-redshift dropout galaxy at

[6.13–8.43] (95% C.I.). Our analysis reveals a very large critical area (1.55 arcmin2,

), corresponding to an effective Einstein radius of

. The model suggests the critical area will expand to 2.58 arcmin2 (

) for sources at

. Our work adds to recent efforts to model very massive clusters toward the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope, in order to identify the most useful cosmic lenses for studying the early universe. Spectroscopic redshifts for the multiply imaged galaxies and additional HST data will be necessary for refining the lens model and verifying the nature of the

dropout.
Is there a need to audit CVM applications to the environment?
Authors: Hosking S 
Published: April 2017

It is well known to economists that the contingent valuation method (CVM) fills an important gap in valuation technology with respect to managing public environmental goods and services. Currently acceptable CVM practice requires many challenging steps to be followed. One of these important steps is that of assessing the theoretical validity of the household willingness to pay (WTP) finding, but it is far from being a sufficient basis for reaching conclusions as to the credibility predicted community willingness to pay for environmental services. This paper reviews the step of testing for theoretical validity and challenges its importance relative to other more fundamental assessments of the credibility of the predicted household and societal WTP. This paper then deduces that an external ‘audit’ assessment may be necessary, in addition to an internal one, for these values to attain credibility in the determination of public choices.
A critical assessment of the perceptions of graduates regarding their generic skills level: an exploratory study
Authors: Smith Elroy Eugene , Krüger Janine 
Published: April 2017

This article outlines the perceptions of potential Business Management graduates regarding their generic skills level. To achieve the aim of this article, a literature study and empirical research were undertaken. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 205 potential Business Management graduates at a tertiary institution. To investigate the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, thirteen null-hypotheses were tested. The results revealed some significant relationships between these variables. Seven predetermined generic skills factors, namely basic, communication, management, environmental awareness, intellectual, self and career management as well as interpersonal skills, were identified and empirically tested in this article. Skills development should take place within an overall framework providing for the coordination and progression of skills development from first to final year of study. Future curricula development should specifically focus on developing those skills lacking most by potential graduates as identified in this article.
Environmental conditions for SMME development in a South African province
Authors: Mahadea Darma , Pillay Morgan 
Published: April 2017

The development of entrepreneurship is the focus of considerable policy interest in South Africa and many other countries. This is particularly in recognition of its contribution to economic growth, poverty alleviation and employment creation. In South Africa, various new strategies and institutions have recently been created with a view to empowering formerly disadvantaged members to enter the mainstream economy as entrepreneurs rather than job seekers. While the government directs considerable efforts to advancing Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs), certain environmental factors can favour or hinder the optimal development of these firms. According to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports, the level of entrepreneurial activity in South Africa is rather low in relation to that in other countries at a similar level of development. This paper uses factor analysis to examine the internal and external environmental conditions influencing the development of small ventures on the basis of a survey conducted in Pietermaritzburg, the capital of the KZN province. The results indicate that three clusters constrain SMME development in Pietermaritzburg: management, finance and external environmental conditions. In the external set, rising crime levels, laws and regulations, and taxation are found to be significant constraints to the development of business firms.
Application of the contingent valuation method to estimate the willingness-to-pay for restoring indigenous vegetation in Underberg, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Du Preez Mario , Tessendorf S , Hosking Stephen 
Published: April 2017

This study estimates the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a project (i.e. the Working for Water Programme) aimed at removing alien vegetation and restoring indigenous vegetation in Underberg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The WTP estimate reflects the benefit of preference for indigenous vegetation over alien vegetation. In a survey, a questionnaire was administered to 260 households in the Underberg region during September 2005. It was deduced that the mean WTP for the project was R21.12 in 2005 (R26.40 in 2008), the total WTP was R25 344.00 (R31 680.00 in 2008) and the WTP per hectare was R21.87 (R27.34 in 2008). A valuation function to predict WTP responses was also estimated. The function showed that knowledge of the local Working for Water Programme and income were important determinants of WTP.
The relationship between employee motivation and job involvement
Authors: Govender S , Parumasur Sanjana Brijball 
Published: April 2017

The study aims to assess the current level of, and relationship between, employee motivation and job involvement. This cross-sectional study was undertaken in a financial institution from which 145 employees were drawn using a simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using the Employee Motivation Questionnaire (Fourie, 1989) and the Job Involvement Questionnaire (Lodahl and Kejner, 1965) and, was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that significant intercorrelations exist amongst the majority of dimensions and sub-dimensions of employee motivation and job involvement. Recommendations are graphically presented to provide practitioners and managers with guidelines for enhancing employee motivation and job involvement respectively.
The relationship between job insecurity and burnout
Authors: Tilakdharee N , Ramidial S , Parumasur Sanjana Brijball 
Published: April 2017

Organisational survival has necessitated more flexible practices (short-term contracts and outsourcing) and, the need for an effective workforce that is able to work continuously under immense pressure. Whilst the former has raised feelings of job insecurity, the latter has resulted in burnout. This study aims to assess levels of job insecurity and burnout amongst 87 employees in a training and development environment, relationships between these two key dimensions and the impact of biographical variables. Data, collected using the Job Insecurity Questionnaire (JIQ) and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), reflects a significant relationship between these dimensions. The study provides recommendations for reducing their catastrophic individual and organisational consequences.
Debt financing the capital requirements of informal market traders
Authors: Schraader Derek , Whittaker Louise , McKay Ian 
Published: April 2017

This paper describes a case study undertaken to determine whether formal sector personal debt financing might contribute to the funding of South African informal market traders. The case study was conducted at the Natalspruit informal market in Ekhuruleni, Gauteng1. Quantitative questionnaire surveys and a financial diaries project established that market traders in the Natalspruit informal market: have capital requirements large enough to justify the use of formal sector debt financing, can generate sufficient operating profits to pay for formal sector debt financing, and would be willing to utilise formal sector debt financing if given the opportunity. However, formal sector debt financing is most relevant to those informal market traders with the skills and motivation to utilize financing provided effectively and who are willing to inject more formality into their business.
South Africa and United States stock prices and the Rand/Dollar exchange rate
Authors: Ocran Matthew 
Published: April 2017

This paper seeks to examine the dynamic causal relations between the two major financial assets, stock prices of the US and South Africa and the rand/US$ exchange rate. The study uses a mixed bag of time series approaches such as cointegration, Granger causality, impulse response functions and forecasting error variance decompositions. The paper identifies a bi-directional causality from the Standard & Poor’s 500 stock price index to the rand/US$ exchange rate in the Granger sense. It was also found that the Standard & Poor’s stock price index accounts for a significant portion of the variations in the Johannesburg Stock Exchange’s All Share index. Thus, while causality in the Granger sense could not be established for the relationship between the price indices of the two stock exchanges it can argued that there is some relationship between them. The results of the study have implications for both business and Government.
Employee susceptibility to experiencing job insecurity
Authors: Paul Dachapalli Leigh-Anne , Parumasur Sanjana Brijball 
Published: April 2017

Employees attach value to their job features/total job and when they perceive threats to these and experience feelings of powerlessness, their level of job insecurity increases. Since job insecurity is a subjective phenomenon, the study aims to assess who is more susceptible to experiencing job insecurity by assessing biographical correlates. The research adopts a formal, hypothesis-testing approach where quantitative data were collected using a cross-sectional, survey method from a sample of 1620 employees. The results, generated using the ANOVA model, indicate that biographical influences do exist in terms of job insecurity. The implication is that change managers need to take cognisance of these influences and develop suitable strategies for each group to reduce the prevalence of job insecurity. Recommendations are made in this regard.
The study of venture capital finance and investment behaviour in small and medium-sized enterprises
Authors: Mbhele Patmond 
Published: April 2017

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are often credited with innovative entrepreneurial practices and conceiving new market opportunities. Government has reinforced these positive economic externalities through policy programmes and designated support structures. Venture capital organisations often galvanise innovative knowledge by entrenching and sustaining nascent businesses through value-creating funding behaviours. In this way, the venture capital industry financially supports entrepreneurial activity for economic growth and governs and nurtures the growth of the SMEs. These show that the venture capital industry embraces value-creating opportunities on the basis of rational partnerships with enterprises that have limited track records and less formal control mechanisms. The tentative factor analysis findings suggest an integrated framework for the venture capital industry from the significant intercorrelations among the variables. The most important focus of this article, however, is its attempt to examine the behavioural traits of SMEs and venture capitalists regarding systematic finance and investment for inclusivity and due diligence.
Identifying risks facing the South African tourism industry
Authors: Shaw Gordon , Saayman Melville , Saayman Andrea 
Published: April 2017

Even though risks certainly influence travel and tourism patterns, very little research has been conducted into how the industry generally perceives and manages risks. This article aims to (i) identify the risks the South African tourism industry deems important; (ii) construct a matrix for assessing the various risks identified and (iii) determine whether sectors of the industry rate the importance of risks differently. In total, there were 212 responses to the questionnaire in the survey on South African tourism businesses. The statistical analysis included a factor analysis and an ANOVA (analysis of variance). Nine factors were identified and the ANOVA confirmed that sectors do perceive differing levels of importance in the various risks. The risk assessment matrix showed that internal risks are rated among the most important, even though little attention is paid to these in the literature.
Prevalence of sustainability reporting practices of listed companies on established and emerging stock exchanges
Authors: Turk Brendan K. , Shackleton Charlie , Whittington-Jones Kevin 
Published: April 2017

The business sector has a substantial role in addressing current environmental issues and concerns. Consequently, there is a growing adoption of corporate sustainability principles and practices across all market sectors. This study examined four developed and four emerging stock markets and the sustainability reporting practices of the top 20 and bottom 20 companies in each. The results illustrate that the developed market sector was more advanced in its corporate sustainability reporting, both in the proportion of companies issuing a sustainability report (approximately 60 per cent) and the proportion of company webpages dedicated to sustainability reporting. This difference was largely due to the effect of the top 20 companies. There was little difference between developed and developing markets when only the bottom 20 companies were considered, of which less than one-third provided sustainability reports. These results show that sustainability reporting is prevalent in both developed and developing markets, especially among market leading companies, but that overall, most developing markets have some catching up to do.