bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results from the NHS Breast Screening Programme 1990–1993
Authors: Moss S M , Michel M , Patnick J , Johns L , Blanks R , Chamberlain J 
Published: January 2017

Objective –To present results from the NHS breast screening programme (NHSBSP) for the three year period 1990 to 1993, and to examine the extent to which interim targets are being met. Methods –Data have been collated from all screening programmes in the United Kingdom on standard “Korner” returns, supplemented for the year 1991/92 by data from the radiology quality assurance programme. Most of the data refer to the prevalent screening round, but some data on rescreening are also available. Results –The total cancer detection rate at prevalent screens was 6·0/1000, 18% being in situ cancers; the detection rate of invasive cancers ⩽ 10 mm in diameter was 1·3/1000, but data on size were missing for 12% of cancers. Referral rates were significantly lower for programmes using' two view mammography at the prevalent screen than for those using single view, and cancer detection rates were significantly higher. For prevalent screens over the three year period, 70% of programmes had a referral rate of ≤ 7%, 87% had a benign biopsy rate of ≤ 5/1000, and 79% had a cancer detection rate of ≥ 5/1000. By contrast, only 30% of programmes appeared to meet the target detection rate of > ⩽5/1000 for invasive cancers ≤ 10 mm in diameter. Conclusions – While the majority of interim targets are being met by the NHSBSP, the rate of detection of small invasive cancers requires careful monitoring. Collection of more accurate data on size of cancers and interval cancer rates will give a better indication of progress towards the target mortality reduction.
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Strategies to Prompt Attendance for a Pap Smear
Authors: Bowman Jenny , Sanson-Fisher Rob , Boyle Catherine , Pope Stephanie , Redman Sally 
Published: January 2017

Objective – To assess the comparative efficacy, by randomised controlled trial, of three interventions designed to encourage “at risk” women to have a Pap smear: an educational pamphlet; letters inviting attendance at a women's health clinic; and letters from physicians. Methods – Subjects at risk for cervical cancer who had not been adequately screened were identified by a random community survey and randomly allocated to one of the intervention groups or a control group. Six months after intervention implementation, a follow up survey assessed subsequent screening attendance. Self report was validated by comparison with a national screening data base. Results – A significantly greater proportion of women (36.9%) within the group receiving a physician letter reported screening at follow up than in any other group (P =0.012). The variables most strongly predicting screening attendance were: age, perceived frequency of screening required, use of oral contraceptives, and allocation to receive the physician letter intervention. Conclusions – The relative efficacy of the GP letter in prompting screening attendance shows that this strategy is worthy of further investigation. There remains a need to examine the barriers to screening for older women, and to develop tailored strategies for this population.
Problems in Assessing Screening Experience in Observational Studies of Screening Efficacy: Example of Urinalysis Screening for Bladder Cancer
Authors: Friedman Gary D , Hiatt Robert A , Quesenberry Charles P , Weiss Joe V , Weiss Noel S 
Published: January 2017

Objective – To evaluate screening urinalysis for its efficacy in preventing fatal bladder cancer. Methods –A case-control study of 290 case subjects with fatal bladder cancer v 290 age and sex matched control subjects, with ascertainment of urinalyses by medical record review. Results –In the five years before the symptoms that led to the detection of bladder cancer, case subjects had significantly fewer routine (screening) urinalyses than controls (matched odds ratio for one or more urinalyses v none = 0.60 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41 to 0.87], adjusted for cigarette smoking and occupational bladder cancer risk). However urinalyses for urinary symptoms and problems before those that led to bladder cancer diagnosis were more frequent in the cases; hence there was only a small statistically non-significant deficit in cases of urinalyses for all reasons combined (corresponding adjusted odds ratio 0.94, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.46). Since urinalyses for symptoms and problems could have led to the detection of bladder cancer, the latter finding appears more applicable. Methodological problems included: difficulty in assigning the reason for urinalysis; the possibility that clinically indicated urinalyses led to a reduction in screening urinalyses; and difficulty in identifying the detectable and curable preclinical phase for targeting ascertainment of urinalyses. Reducing potential efficacy, haematuria on urinalysis, particularly transient or mild asymptomatic microhaematuria, was often not followed up by cystoscopy. Conclusions –This study did not show that ordinary urinalysis was effective in preventing fatal bladder cancer but because of methodological problems a clear answer may require a randomised controlled trial.
Public Understanding of Medical Screening
Authors: Cockburn Jill , Redman Selina , Hill David , Henry Elaine 
Published: January 2017

Aim –To estimate the extent of public understanding of mass screening for disease and of the benefits and limitations of screening. Methods – Telephone interviews were conducted with a national sample of 835 Australians. Results – Of total respondents, 68% claimed to have heard of screening tests, but only 21% correctly understood that screening tests are for asymptomatic people. This understanding was related to education. The most frequently named tests were mammography (51%) and Pap tests (33%), and for all age groups these were mentioned by more women than men. Around 27% of respondents thought that the Pap test would detect 95% or more of cases, 45% thought the test would detect 90% or more, while 60% of respondents thought the test would detect 80% or more of cases. Around 29% of respondents thought that mammography would detect 95% or more of cases, 49% thought the test would detect 90% or more, while 65% of respondents thought the test would detect 80% or more of cases. Of all respondents, 33% favoured compensation when cases were “missed” by screening provided people were warned beforehand, 58% were not in favour, and 9% were unsure. Conclusions – There are misconceptions among the public concerning the purpose of screening and the accuracy of screening tests. However, most people accept that some cases of disease will be missed by screening and that if people are adequately informed beforehand compensation should not automatically follow for those whose disease is missed.
Psoriasis Vulgaris Caused by Ceramic Inserts Used in Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Higuchi Fujio , Tsuruta Daisuke , Ishibashi Yumiko , Imamura Kazuko , Shimoyama Tokiko , Ookawa Takahiro , Kume Shinichiro , Yoshida Shiro , Gotoh Masafumi , Noda Akio , Mori Toshie , Hamada Takahiro , Ishii Norito , Dainichi Teruki , Kobayashi Hiromi , Nagata Kensei , Hashimoto Takashi 
Published: January 2017

Background: Ceramics are inorganic nonmetallic materials and are used as bioinert components in joint replacement surgeries. Ceramics are known to be low allergenic. We experienced a ceramic-induced psoriasis. Objective: We report a first case of possible ceramic-induced psoriasis caused by a ceramic insert. Methods: A 55-year-old female received an implanted ceramic-on-ceramic total hip replacement for osteoarthritis of the right hip joint. Following surgery, she developed psoriatic lesions, which continued for 10 years. We suspected that psoriasis was caused by a ceramic insert and removed it surgically. Results: When the ceramic insert was replaced with a polyethylene-on-metal hip joint, the psoriatic lesions completely disappeared. Conclusion: The pathogenesis of psoriasis is still an enigma, although deregulation of nuclear factor κB signaling and resulting abnormal cytokine secretion are speculated to be involved. Ceramics may affect these signaling events and cause the onset of psoriasis. Renseignements de base: Les céramiques sont des matériaux non métalliques inorganiques et sont utilisées comme composants bio-inertes dans les arthroplasties. Les céramiques sont reconnues pour être peu allergisantes. Nous avons observé un psoriasis provoqué par la céramique. Objectif: Nous exposons un premier cas possible de psoriasis provoqué par la céramique causé par un implant en céramique. Méthodes: Une femme de 55 ans a reçu une prothèse céramique-sur-céramique implantée lors d'une arthroplastie totale de la hanche pour traiter l'arthrose de l'articulation de la hanche droite. Après la chirurgie, elle a développé des lésions psoriasiques dont la manifestation s'est poursuivie pendant 10 ans. Nous avons soupçonné que le psoriasis était causé par l'implant en céramique, et nous l'avons enlevé chirurgicalement. Résultats: Une fois l'implant en céramique remplacé par une prothèse articulaire en polyéthylène-sur-métal, les lésions psoriasiques ont disparu complètement. Conclusion: La pathogenèse du psoriasis demeure une énigme, bien qu'on suppose que la dérégulation de la voie de signalisation NF-κB et que la sécrétion anormale de cytokines résultante soient impliquées. Les céramiques peuvent affecter ces événements de signalisation et provoquer l'apparition du psoriasis.
Emitted Noise Levels of Common Home Appliances Used to Clean and Wash
Authors: Öztürk Cüneyt 
Published: January 2017

Common home appliances used to wash dishes and clothes, and clean the home are often significant noise sources. Increasing awareness of this problem by consumers and their growing demand for quieter products have caused manufacturers to be more aware of potential problems. Manufacturers well understand that in order to stay competitive in the market they need to develop quieter products. This paper describes the operation of such appliances and the associated noise generating mechanisms which have been measured in terms of sound power, directivity and spectral content. Standard recommended methods of measurement are also described.
The Prediction of Noise from Construction Sites – The History of a National Standard
Authors: Jones R.D. 
Published: January 2017

The British Standard Code of Practice for noise control on construction and demolition sites has been in existence for 21 years. In that time, it has evolved and been expanded to cover both other open site activities and also to include vibration. This paper considers the evolution and some of the thought processes and driving forces to implement the changes which have occurred. It also reviews experience of the use of the Code and perceived shortfalls, and whether these have any material impact on the Code's validity. Experience has shown that the Code has stood the test of time and served the construction industry well, particularly where it has been more widely used on major development and infrastructure projects.
The Effectiveness of Pre-Cast Wall-Piles in Reducing Ground Vibration
Authors: Hayakawa K. , Kani Y. , Matsubara N. , Woods R.D. 
Published: January 2017

This paper presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of pre-cast wall-piles for controlling ground vibrations. Field measurements have been performed for five cases of different types of pre-cast wall-piles. A method for estimation of vibration reduction by pre-cast wall-piles has been developed, based on wave penetration theory. Vibration levels as registered on the off-side of the PC wall-piles barrier were 5 to 7 dB lower than that recorded at the site with no such barrier. Theoretical results, using the wave penetration theory showed good agreement with the field tests.
Transglutaminase-6 is an autoantigen in progressive multiple sclerosis and is upregulated in reactive astrocytes
Authors: Cristofanilli Massimiliano , Gratch Daniel , Pagano Benjamin , McDermott Kelsey , Huang Jessie , Jian Jeffrey , Bates Deneb , Sadiq Saud A 
Published: January 2017

Background: Transglutaminase-6 (TGM6), a member of the transglutaminase enzyme family, is found predominantly in central nervous system (CNS) neurons under physiological conditions. It has been proposed as an autoimmune target in cerebral palsy, gluten-sensitive cerebellar ataxia, and schizophrenia. Objective: To investigate TGM6 involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Antibody levels against TGM6 (TGM6-IgG) were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 62 primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), 85 secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), and 50 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients and 51 controls. TGM6 protein expression was analyzed in MS brain autopsy, murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and cultured astrocytes. Results: CSF levels of TGM6-IgG were significantly higher in PPMS and SPMS compared to RRMS and controls. Notably, patients with clinically active disease had the highest TGM6-IgG levels. Additionally, brain pathology revealed strong TGM6 expression by reactive astrocytes within MS plaques. In EAE, TGM6 expression in the spinal cord correlated with disease course and localized in reactive astrocytes infiltrating white matter lesions. Finally, knocking down TGM6 expression in cultured reactive astrocytes reduced their glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Conclusion: TGM6-IgG may be a candidate CSF biomarker to predict and monitor disease activity in progressive MS patients. Furthermore, TGM6 expression by reactive astrocytes within both human and mouse lesions suggests its involvement in the mechanisms of glial scar formation.
Application of Fracture Mechanics to Steel Connections in Moment Frames under Seismic Loading
Authors: Joh C. , Chen W.F. 
Published: January 2017

The 6.8 magnitude Northridge earthquake that shook California's San Fernando Valley on January 17 in 1994, did not cause the collapse of any steel structures but connections, confidently designed and constructed in the past with traditional code simplification and common site welding techniques, were discovered not to meet our expectations. This paper reviews connection failures during the 1994 Northridge earthquake and the design philosophy and examines the post-Northridge earthquake experimental and analytical researches. Possible causes of the moment connections damage are categorized into three classes; welding-related factors, design-related factors, and material-related factors. For the analyses, the idealizations of the moment connection considering each factor are studied. From the idealization of the moment connection, the five-plate model is analyzed to investigate the stress concentration and stress state of the connection. The equivalent design crack models are investigated using the fracture mechanics approach.
Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus in Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: Driscoll Carolyn J. , Cashion Ann K. , Hathaway Donna K. , Thompson Carol , Conley Yvette , Gaber Osama , Vera Santiago , Shokouh-Amiri Hosein 
Published: January 2017

Context Approximately 20% of liver transplant recipients develop posttransplant diabetes mellitus. Hepatitis C, a leading indication for liver transplantation, has been identified as a risk factor for posttransplant diabetes mellitus and is an observation that is not well described. Objective To evaluate the incidence of posttransplant diabetes mellitus and risk factors associated with this condition. Design A retrospective chart review. Setting A large urban transplant center. Patients One hundred fifteen liver transplant recipients who received a transplant between January 1, 1998, and August 31, 2001. Results The rate of posttransplant diabetes mellitus, calculated at 3-month intervals in the first year after liver transplantation, ranged from 19.4% to 24.6%, which is similar to the averages reported in most published studies. The cumulative rate of posttransplant diabetes mellitus, which includes all patients who developed this condition during the time studied, was 31.3%. Clinical and demographic factors, including immunosuppression regimens, were similar between patients with and without posttransplant diabetes mellitus. Two risk factors for posttransplant diabetes mellitus were identified: hepatitis C, which was the leading indication for transplantation in this group (54.8%), and cytomegalovirus infection during the first year after transplantation. Other clinical and demographic variables, such as gender, age, ethnicity, rejection episodes, body mass index, and immunosuppression, were not identified as risk factors for posttransplant diabetes mellitus in liver transplant recipients.
Conversion from Mycophenolate Mofetil to Enteric-Coated Mycophenolate Sodium in Patients with Gastrointestinal Side Effects: Case Studies
Authors: Boswell Anita , Rigg Keith , Shehata Magdi 
Published: January 2017

Background The potential benefit of the current mycophenolic acid, mycophenolate mofetil, has not yet been fully achieved in clinical transplantation because of its gastrointestinal side effects. Dose splitting, dose reduction, and drug discontinuation are strategies that are used to manage gastrointestinal symptoms. However, recently reported registry data suggest these alterations result in inadequate graft protection, leading to increased late acute rejection rates and decreased long-term graft survival. Objective To investigate the potential use of the new enteric-coated formulation of mycophenolic acid therapy, mycophenolate sodium, and its suggested improved side effects profile. Participants Five patients who previously had or were currently experiencing gastrointestinal side effects while taking mycophenolate mofetil were selected at random. These patients were initially switched to an equimolar dose of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium. An increase in mycophenolate sodium doses was attempted according to symptoms. Changes in kidney function and gastrointestinal symptom scores were recorded before and after conversion. Results No episodes of acute rejection were observed in any patients during or after conversion. All patients experienced an overall improvement in gastrointestinal symptom scores following conversion, and an increase in mycophenolate sodium dose was achieved in 1 patient.
Donation after Cardiac Death Has a Minimal Impact on Thoracic Organ Recovery
Authors: Olson Leslie , Cravero Lynn , Kisthard Jim , Ward Scott , Marks William 
Published: January 2017

Background Our organ procurement organization recently developed an aggressive donation after cardiac death program. Thoracic organs are rarely recovered from Non—Heart-beating donors. Therefore, there is concern that donation after cardiac death may affect the recovery of thoracic organs from donors not allowed to progress to brain death. Objective To evaluate the potential impact of donation after cardiac death on the recovery of thoracic organs. Methods On the assumption that prolongation of care on all cases would result in a diagnosis of brain death. By retrospective chart review, all donations after cardiac death were evaluated for thoracic organ potential using the same standards that were used to evaluate brain-dead donors. Results During the study period there were 34 of 44 (77%) Non—Heart-beating donors qualified to donate abdominal organs only. Ten of 44 Non—Heart-beating donors (24%) qualified to potentially donate thoracic organs; the families of 4 of 10 of these donors insisted on the immediate withdrawal of life support, leaving only 6 donors with thoracic organ potential. All 6 of these donors qualified as potential heart donors and 3 as potential lung donors. Conclusions A total of 97 organs were recovered and successfully transplanted from 44 Non—Heart-beating donors. If all the donors who qualified to donate thoracic organs progressed to brain death and if their thoracic organs were transplantable, then 6 additional hearts and 3 pairs of lungs may have been recovered. These data demonstrate that an aggressive donation after cardiac death program contributes significantly to the organ donor pool, with a minimal impact on potential thoracic organ recovery.
Information Sharing: Its Impact on Donor and Nondonor Families' Experiences in the Hospital
Authors: Long Tracy , Sque Magi , Payne Sheila 
Published: January 2017

Objective To illustrate the methods used to convey complicated information regarding the critical injury, and death diagnosed by means of brainstem testing, to the next of kin of potential organ donors. Design 3-year, prospective, longitudinal study. Participants and Setting Forty-three family members who chose to donate their deceased relatives' organs were recruited via 4 transplant coordinating centers, and 3 family members who chose not to donate were recruited via 1 intensive care unit. Method Face-to-face qualitative interviews were carried out with 46 family members of 43 individuals who died between June and December 2000. Family members who agreed to donation were interviewed during and after their next of kin's admission to hospital and 3 to 5 months, 13 to 15 months, and 18 to 26 months after bereavement. Three participants who chose not to donate were interviewed on 1 occasion only. Interviews were audio-recorded, and the transcribed reports were analyzed using a comparative, thematic approach focusing on the detection of similarities and differences between cases. Results Participants who were offered verbal information supported by complementary methods of communication had (1) a greater understanding of the critical injury sustained by their next of kin, and (2) fewer questions over time regarding brainstem testing. Conclusion Better methods of communicating complicated information are needed, as the sheer load of information shared makes demands of next of kin at a time when they are cognitively and emotionally poorly equipped to respond.
Patient-Reported Outcomes for Open versus Laparoscopic Living Donor Nephrectomy
Authors: Rodrigue James R. , Cross Natalie J. , Newman Robert C. , Widows Michelle R. , Guenther Robert T. , Kaplan Bruce , Morgan Michelle A. , Howard Richard J. 
Published: January 2017

Background Rates of living kidney donation have increased dramatically in recent years, in large part because of improved surgical techniques such as laparoscopic nephrectomy. Objective To compare patient-reported outcomes of laparoscopic nephrectomy versus open donor nephrectomy in 84 adult live kidney donors. Outcome Measures Outcomes included perceptions of pain and surgical scarring, number of surgical/medical complications, hospital length of stay, physical health problems related to donation, return to work, financial impact, health-related quality of life, and satisfaction with the donation experience. Results and Conclusion The 2 groups did not differ significantly in pain perceptions, number of surgical/medical complications, physical health problems, financial impact, health-related quality of life, or overall satisfaction. However, laparoscopic nephrectomy donors had significantly fewer hospital days and faster return to work time than open donor nephrectomy donors. The majority of donors report excellent health-related quality of life and no complications in the months following surgery. In addition, it appears that laparoscopic nephrectomy, in comparison to open donor nephrectomy, may reduce barriers to living kidney donation by reducing hospital length of stay and time away from work. Being able to return to work much sooner after surgery may significantly reduce the indirect costs (ie, lost wages) associated with living donation.