bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug residues in syringes and other injecting paraphernalia in Hungary
Authors: Péterfi Anna , Csorba József , Figeczki Tamás , Kiss József , Medgyesi‐Frank Katalin , Posta János , Gyarmathy V. Anna 
Published: May 2017

The appearance and spread of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is a phenomenon seen throughout Europe since 2008. Synthetic cathinones, a group of NPS, have been self‐reported as the drug injected by the vast majority of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Hungary. This study aims at updating our knowledge of what exactly are the compounds injected by PWID.This multi‐site study analysed residues from used injecting drug paraphernalia collected from PWID via low‐threshold services and from public places in Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc, Szeged, Békéscsaba and Pécs between March 2015 and February 2016. The paper describes the results of the chemical analysis of 2985 analytical samples created out of the 22 005 objects collected in this period. Active agents and their occurrences (compound cases) were identified using GC–MS.The study detected 161 different compounds, mostly synthetic cathinones (29%), non‐psychoactive compounds (14%), amines (12%), non‐psychoactive medications (12%) and other substances (32%). Of the 12 762 compound cases, 50% were cathinones, 18% substitution medications, 9% non‐controlled psychoactive substances and 24% other substances. Among compound cases, the most frequent cathinones were pentedrone (21%) and α‐PHP (12%). Among substitution medications, most were methadone (93%), and non‐controlled psychoactive substances were caffeine (74%) and nicotine (21%). Overall, the most prevalent substances were methadone (16%), pentedrone (10%) and caffeine (7%) with considerable variation detected among participating cities.Our results are consistent with previous self‐reported data showing a high prevalence of synthetic cathinone injection among PWID in Hungary. We also detected a large‐scale misuse of methadone by PWID.
Inter‐group forgiveness in the aftermath of symmetric and asymmetric communal violence: Contact density and nationalistic climates as contextual mediators
Authors: Penic Sandra , Elcheroth Guy , Morselli Davide 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this study, we examine how communal exposure to war violence is related to the inhabitants' forgiveness. Based on multilevel analyses of representative survey data collected in the post‐war former Yugoslavia (N = 18 351), we show that forgiveness depends on the type of communal violence: It is lowest in communities exposed to asymmetric and strongest in communities exposed to symmetric violence. We further show the mediating role of the inter‐ethnic bonds and nationalistic climates in the communities: while asymmetric violence breaks local inter‐ethnic bonds and fuels norms of unconditional nationalism, in communities exposed to symmetric violence, inter‐ethnic contact is preserved, and nationalism rejected, more strongly than elsewhere. Our findings thus show that individuals' reconciliatory attitudes depend on the social context in which they are embedded; in particular, on the type of violence that affected their community and on the resulting communal climate that fosters or inhibits inter‐ethnic contact and exclusionary identities.
The effect of the validity of co‐occurrence on automatic and deliberate evaluations
Authors: Moran Tal , Bar‐Anan Yoav , Nosek Brian A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCo‐occurrence of an object and affective stimuli does not always mean that the object and the stimuli are the same valence (e.g., false accusations that Richard is a crook). Contemporary theory posits that information about the (in)validity of co‐occurrence has stronger influence on deliberate than automatic evaluation. However, available evidence supports that hypothesis only when the (in)validity information is delayed. Further, the existing evidence is open to alternative methodological accounts. In six high‐powered experiments (total N = 1750), we modified previous procedures to minimize alternative explanations and examine whether delayed (in)validity information has a discrepant effect on automatic versus deliberate evaluation. Casting doubt on the generality of the hypothesis, we found more sensitivity of deliberate than automatic evaluation to delayed validity information only when automatic evaluation was measured with the Implicit Association Test and not with the evaluative priming task or the affective misattribution procedure.
Beyond ‘nothing to hide’: When identity is key to privacy threat under surveillance
Authors: Stuart Avelie , Levine Mark 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPrivacy is psychologically important, vital for democracy, and in the era of ubiquitous and mobile surveillance technology, facing increasingly complex threats and challenges. Yet surveillance is often justified under a trope that one has ‘nothing to hide’. We conducted focus groups (N = 42) on topics of surveillance and privacy and using discursive analysis, identify the ideological assumptions and the positions that people adopt to make sense of their participation in a surveillance society. We find a premise that surveillance is increasingly inescapable, but this was only objected to when people reported feeling misrepresented, or where they had an inability to withhold aspects of their identities. The (in)visibility of the surveillance technology also complicated how surveillance is constructed. Those interested in engaging the public in debates about surveillance may be better served by highlighting the identity consequences of surveillance, rather than constructing surveillance as a generalised privacy threat.
Attachment insecurities, life satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction from a dyadic perspective: The role of positive and negative affect
Authors: Molero Fernando , Shaver Phillip R. , Fernández Itziar , Recio Patricia 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to examine the association between attachment insecurities (anxiety and avoidance) and both subjective well‐being (positive affect [PA] and negative affect [NA] and life satisfaction) and relationship satisfaction. There were 174 Spanish heterosexual couples with a mean length of relationship of 13.9 years who participated in the study. The hypotheses were tested according to the actor–partner interdependence model. We proposed a model in which PA and NA could mediate the association between attachment insecurities and life and relationship satisfaction. Results show that (1) actor effects are more frequent than partner effects; (2) anxious attachment tends to be related to NA and avoidant attachment to PA; (3) avoidance is more detrimental than anxiety for relationship satisfaction at individual and dyadic levels, and (4) there are some mediational effects of NA and PA in the association between attachment insecurities and life and relationship satisfaction.
Darkness into light? Identification with the crowd at a suicide prevention fundraiser promotes well‐being amongst participants
Authors: Kearns Michelle , Muldoon Orla T. , Msetfi Rachel M. , Surgenor Paul W. G. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSuicide is recognised to be subject to social contagion, with an elevated risk of adverse outcomes amongst those affected. Drawing upon research within the social identity approach, we hypothesised that, for those bereaved by suicide, identifying with similar others could provide ‘a social cure’. A large cross‐sectional study and a longitudinal study were carried out at a charity fundraiser for suicide prevention, with participants completing an online survey before and after the event. Results showed that, for those who lost someone they knew (Study 1) or a family member (Study 2) to suicide, there was a significant increase in psychological well‐being after the event. This was mediated by identification with the crowd. These findings demonstrate that collective participation in a suicide awareness event can be an effective social intervention for those bereaved by suicide in terms of psychological well‐being, with implications for informing best‐practice interventions targeting this at‐risk group.
‘Healthy’ identities? Revisiting rejection‐identification and rejection‐disidentification models among voluntary and forced immigrants
Authors: Bobowik Magdalena , Martinovic Borja , Basabe Nekane , Barsties Lisa S. , Wachter Gusta 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRejection‐identification and rejection‐disidentification models propose that low‐status groups identify with their in‐group and disidentify with a high‐status out‐group in response to rejection by the latter. Our research tests these two models simultaneously among multiple groups of foreign‐born people living in two cultural contexts. We examined these effects on representative samples of 2446 refugees in the Netherlands (Study 1) and 1234 voluntary immigrants in Spain (Study 2). We found that both ethnic and host national identification are ‘healthy’ and thus predominantly conducive to greater hedonic and eudaimonic well‐being. Further, perceived discrimination was associated with host national disidentification among refugees in the Netherlands and voluntary immigrants in Spain. However, our findings regarding the rejection‐identification link were less consistent. We discuss the importance of ethnic and host national identification for the well‐being of immigrants.
Competence and confusion: How stereotype threat can make you a bad judge of your competence
Authors: Tellhed Una , Adolfsson Caroline 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWomen tend to have competence doubts for masculine‐stereotyped domains (e.g., math), whereas men tend to think they can handle both feminine‐stereotyped and masculine‐stereotyped domains equally well. We suggest that perhaps women's more frequent experience with stereotype threat can partly explain why. Our results showed that when stereotype threat was primed in high school students (n = 244), there was no relationship between their performance on an academic test (the SweSAT) and their assessment of their performance (how well they did), whereas in a non‐stereotype threat condition, there was a medium‐sized relationship. The effect was similar for both men and women primed with stereotype threat. The results imply that stereotype threat undermines performance assessments.
Addicted to answers: Need for cognitive closure and the endorsement of conspiracy beliefs
Authors: Marchlewska Marta , Cichocka Aleksandra , Kossowska Małgorzata 
Published: May 2017

AbstractConspiracy theories offer simple answers to complex problems by providing explanations for uncertain situations. Thus, they should be attractive to individuals who are intolerant of uncertainty and seek cognitive closure. We hypothesized that need for cognitive closure (NFCC) should foster conspiracy beliefs about events that lack clear official explanations, especially when conspiracy theories are temporarily salient. In Experiment 1, NFCC positively predicted the endorsement of a conspiracy theory behind the refugee crisis, especially when conspiratorial explanations were made salient. Experiment 2 showed that when conspiratorial explanations were made salient, NFCC positively predicted beliefs in conspiracies behind a mysterious plane crash. However, the link between NFCC and beliefs in conspiratorial explanations was reversed in the case of a plane crash with an official, non‐conspiratorial, explanation for the accident. In conclusion, people high (vs. low) in NFCC seize on conspiratorial explanations for uncertain events when such explanations are situationally accessible.
Intergroup threat, social dominance, and the malleability of ideology: The importance of conceptual replication
Authors: Roebroeck Elodie , Guimond Serge 
Published: May 2017

AbstractConsistent with the theory of malleable ideology, research has shown that, under intergroup threat, antiegalitarian individuals will exploit the malleable character of color blindness and strategically claim to be strong supporters of it. In three studies conducted in France, we found no support for this theory when measuring color blindness but strong support when using measures of laïcité, an ideology of secularism. Indeed, those who score low on social dominance orientation (SDO) were more likely to support laïcité than antiegalitarian individuals. However, a situational threat (Study 1), a symbolic threat experimentally induced (Study 2), and a perceived symbolic threat (Study 3) were all related to increased support for laïcité by people high in SDO, without affecting those low in SDO. Thus, laïcité is a malleable ideology that can be adopted by individuals having contrasting motivations, as color blindness in the United States. Implications for the role of exact and conceptual replications in the development of a psychological science are discussed.
When “who we are” and “who I desire to be” appear disconnected: Introducing collective/personal self‐discrepancies and investigating their relations with minority students' psychological health
Authors: Debrosse Regine , Rossignac‐Milon Maya , Taylor Donald M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAccording to Self‐Discrepancy Theory research, perceiving mismatches between personal aspects of the self‐concept is associated with negative psychological consequences, including depression and anxiety. However, the impact of perceiving mismatches between collective and personal self‐aspects is still unknown. In a first step to address this gap, we introduce collective/personal self‐discrepancies—perceived mismatches between a desired self‐aspect and a collective identity. For cultural minority group members (n = 147), collective/personal self‐discrepancies were associated with more severe anxiety and depression symptoms. Bootstrapping analyses suggest that these relations are mediated by self‐discrepancies experienced at the personal level, but only for group members presenting average or high levels of ethnic identification. This study reaffirms the importance of collective identities, especially as potential antecedents of personal aspects of the self‐concept. The findings are further discussed in terms of their significance for cultural minority group members, who often highly identify with their minority groups.
Interpersonal attraction in dyads and groups: Effects of the hearts of the beholder and the beheld
Authors: Malloy Thomas E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDyadic interpersonal attraction (IA) was studied within groups of very highly acquainted family members, friends and coworkers. IA was determined by the perceiver (i.e., the heart of the beholder), the target (i.e., the heart of the beheld), and in specific dyads, by the unique combination of the two. The consistency of one's attraction to others and others' attraction to the person across groups was addressed using the key person design. Attraction to a person in one group was independent of attraction to that person in another, although people predicted that members of different groups were similarly attracted to them. A new model (ARRMA) was specified to simultaneously study assumed reciprocity, actual reciprocity, and metaperception accuracy of attraction (i.e., accurate predictions of others' attraction to oneself). Assumed reciprocity of IA was substantial at the individual and dyadic levels. Reciprocity of attraction at the individual level, a heretofore unconfirmed “plausible hypothesis”, was supported; dyadic reciprocity was weak. Meta‐accuracy of IA was observed among individuals but was weak in dyads. Perceived interpersonal similarity predicted IA among individuals and in specific dyads. Considering dyadic attraction within and between groups and the use of componential analysis permitted the specification of new IA phenomena and resolved a long‐standing theoretical problem regarding the reciprocity of attraction.
On the trade‐off between energy saving and number of switchings in green cellular networks
Authors: Dolfi Marco , Cavdar Cicek , Morosi Simone , Piunti Pierpaolo , Zander Jens , Del Re Enrico 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCellular networks are optimized by targeting multiple objectives. Usually, the different objectives are not coherent: minimizing the transmit power; the number of base station (BS) sleep‐mode switchings, ie, active/sleep state transitions; and the activity of the BSs and guaranteeing the quality‐of‐service (QoS) of users. Hence, suitable trade‐offs have to be managed by network planners to provide an efficient solution to the challenge of booming mobile data. In this paper, we propose a multiobjective optimization framework aimed at minimizing the power consumption and the number of BS sleep‐mode switchings in cellular networks, by jointly considering QoS requirements. These requirements are expressed in terms of a required bit rate for each mobile terminal. The framework deals with network management, such as the number of BSs that should be switched on, considering common diurnal patterns of the traffic demand. The optimization technique proposed in this paper is mixed‐integer quadratic programming, which solves the joint power allocation and user association problem while also considering optimized bandwidth allocation schemes. The trade‐off between the conflicting objectives, as well as the performance analysis in terms of the throughput and energy consumption of the network, is shown for different traffic load cases. The proposed optimization can obtain up to 60% energy savings during off‐peak hours, guaranteeing QoS target requirements. By optimizing the network configuration, a 70% reduction in BS switch on/off operations can be reached in a day with 3% more energy expense.
Modeling and analysis of traffic‐aware spectrum handover schemes in cognitive HetNets
Authors: Habibzadeh Ameneh , Shirvani Moghaddam Shahriar , Razavizadeh Seyed Mohammad , Shirvanimoghaddam Mahyar 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCognitive radio (CR) heterogeneous network (HetNet) is an emerging technology that aims at enhancing spectrum utilization through spectrum sharing among macro base stations and femto base stations. Similar to other CR networks, in CR HetNets, providing the desired quality of service for the licensed primary users (PUs) is of utmost importance. Due to the shared spectrum between PUs and cognitive secondary users (CSUs) as well as offloading policies, the spectrum handover (SHO) process must be carefully designed. Using the idea of reserved channels, this paper proposes 2 traffic‐aware SHO schemes for cognitive HetNets. In the proposed schemes, each CSU can adopt either a shared‐to‐reserved or a reserved‐to‐shared SHO strategy. The proposed approaches can be implemented in both distributed and centralized manners to maintain a trade‐off between performance and complexity. The performance of the proposed schemes is mathematically analyzed, and closed‐form expressions are derived for the blocking probability of the PUs and the forced termination probability of the CSUs. Numerical results show that the proposed schemes outperform the existing SHO approaches, such as always‐change, always‐stay, and proactive methods, specifically at higher arrival rates of PUs. Moreover, several evaluation metrics, such as effective throughput, energy efficiency, and a proposed combinational utility function, are investigated for both distributed and centralized schemes. The results show that the proposed centralized schemes offer higher performance compared to the distributed schemes.
An exploration of enhancing thermal protective clothing performance by incorporating aerogel and phase change materials
Authors: Zhang Hui , Song Guowen , Su Hui , Ren Haitao , Cao Juan 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThermal liners play a critical role in thermal protective performance for firefighter gear. Effective engineering of textile material is necessary to enhance this protective performance. A modified thermal protective erformance (TPP) tester was used to study the influence of incorporating aerogel and microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) in thermal liners (including a traditional thermal liner, phase‐change layer, and aerogel layer) and the relevant parameters associated with enhanced thermal liner performance. Two different phase‐transition temperature (45°C and 50°C) of MPCM were selected. The samples were exposed to a medium intensity radiation of 15 kW/m2 for 240 seconds, and a skin burn model was applied for second‐degree burn prediction. Given the selected, results showed that the best TPP in this study was achieved when the phase‐transition temperature of MPCM was 45°C and the layering order consisted of the traditional thermal layer (closest to heat source), followed by an aerogel layer, and a final MPCM layer. The predicted second‐degree burn time was 218.3 seconds and increased by 90% compared with only containing traditional thermal liner with a thickness of 5 mm. For all 3 materials contained in the thermal liner, the relationship between absorbed energy and predicted second‐degree skin burn time indicated that they had a remarkable negative linear correlation (R2 was 0.9792). The experimental data and predicted results were in good agreement, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9911. The findings provide a scientific basis for future textile engineering and a novel approach to improve TPP.
Does a lot help a lot? Forecasting stock returns with pooling strategies in a data‐rich environment
Authors: Baetje Fabian 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA variety of recent studies provide a skeptical view on the predictability of stock returns. Empirical evidence shows that most prediction models suffer from a loss of information, model uncertainty, and structural instability by relying on low‐dimensional information sets. In this study, we evaluate the predictive ability of various lately refined forecasting strategies, which handle these issues by incorporating information from many potential predictor variables simultaneously. We investigate whether forecasting strategies that (i) combine information and (ii) combine individual forecasts are useful to predict US stock returns, that is, the market excess return, size, value, and the momentum premium. Our results show that methods combining information have remarkable in‐sample predictive ability. However, the out‐of‐sample performance suffers from highly volatile forecast errors. Forecast combinations face a better bias–efficiency trade‐off, yielding a consistently superior forecast performance for the market excess return and the size premium even after the 1970s.
Appropriate position of porous insert in a heat exchanger by thermohydraulic analysis
Authors: Akar S. , Rashidi S. , Esfahani J. Abolfazli 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper presents numerically an appropriate position of a porous insert to get a better thermohydraulic performance from a porous heat exchanger. The simulation is based on the Darcy‐Brinkman‐Forchheimer model in the porous field. Two‐dimensional continuity, momentum, and energy equations with incompressible, laminar, steady assumptions have been solved using a finite volume approach. The analysis is performed for different values of porous layer thickness, length, and porosity at a fixed value of Reynolds number (Re = 100) and thermal conductivity ratio (Rc = 5). The results showed that there is about a 48% and 13% reduction in pressure drop and Nusselt number, respectively, by decreasing horizontal porous substrate thickness from 1 to 1/2 for δv = 1/3 at ε = 0.7. As a result, the pressure drop reduces considerably with a reasonable reduction in heat transfer rate by decreasing horizontal porous substrate thickness from 1 to 1/2.