bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fragment Velocity Distribution of Velocity Enhanced Warhead under Double Symmetric Initiations
Authors: Wang Li , Han Feng , Chen Fang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCylindrical casing filled with charge under eccentric point initiation is a kind of velocity enhanced warhead (VEW). The initial velocity distribution of fragments from VEW is a key issue in the field of explosive technology. Most of the formulas existed can predict the fragment velocity distribution from VEW with a single eccentric initiation point, but the fragment velocity distribution of the VEWs with double symmetric eccentric initiation points is not studied well. In this paper, a new formula is established to predict the radial distribution of the fragment velocities from VEW under double symmetric initiation points. Not only the maximum velocity gains, but also the velocity gains with azimuth angle can be calculated using this formula. The formula applies a correctional function in consideration of both the angle 2ϕ between the two symmetric initiation points and the ratio of the mass charge to that of metal casing β. Finally, the X‐ray experiments were conducted to verify the formula established in this paper, and the predictions agree well with the experimental data. According to the comparisons between the calculated results from the formula and the published data, the formula also shows good agreement.
Prognostic factors for clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer treated with sequential novel androgen receptor‐directed therapies
Authors: Nadal Rosa , Tsai Hua‐Ling , Sinibaldi Victoria J. , Paller Channing J. , Antonarakis Emmanuel S. , Denmeade Sammuel R. , Carducci Michael A. , Eisenberger Mario A. 
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUNDPrognostic factors associated with clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with a novel androgen receptor‐directed therapies (ARDT) in the second line setting has not been formally evaluated.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed and analyzed medical records of all patients with mCRPC who received sequential treatment with ARDT. We analyzed potential clinical factors associated with post treatment endpoints including 50% decline in prostatic‐specific antigen (PSA), PSA‐progression‐free survival (PFS), clinical or radiographic PFS and overall survival (OS). Prognostic univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were developed and assessed.RESULTSOne hundred twenty‐six patients with mCRPC treated with a second‐line novel ARDT were included. Overall, 50% decline in PSA was observed in 22% of patients and a median PSA‐PFS of 2.9 months and a PFS of 3.6 months. After adjusting for potential confounders including prior exposure to docetaxel and number of prior antiandrogen agents, time to development of CRPC was an independent factor associated with PSA‐PFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99–1; P = 0.02) and PFS (HR: 0.99; CI: 0.98–1; P= 0.01). PSA response (50% decline) to first‐line novel ARDT correlated negatively with PSA‐PFS with second‐line novel ARDT (HR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.14–2.53; P = 0.009) and lower pre‐treatment levels of albumin were associated with shorter PFS (HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.32‐0.97; P = 0.03). Performance status, pre‐treatment levels of albumin, extent of disease and time to development CRPC were associated with OS.CONCLUSIONSSecond‐line ARDT is associated with modest outcomes in patients with mCRPC. Time to development of CRPC is the strongest predictor of PSA response, PSA‐PFS and OS which suggest that intrinsic resistance to AR directed treatment is the major treatment outcome factor in these patients. Future studies in patients receiving long term ARTD should include the identification of predictive biomarkers to facilitate treatment selection. Prostate 76:512–520, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic P‐glycoprotein inhibition increases the brain concentration of escitalopram: potential implications for treating depression
Authors: O'Brien Fionn E. , Moloney Gerard M. , Scott Karen A. , O'Connor Richard M. , Clarke Gerard , Dinan Timothy G. , Griffin Brendan T. , Cryan John F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRecent preclinical studies have revealed a functionally important role for the drug efflux pump P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) at the blood–brain barrier in limiting brain levels and thus antidepressant‐like activity of certain antidepressant drugs. Specifically, acute administration of P‐gp inhibitors, such as verapamil and cyclosporin A (CsA), has been shown to augment brain concentrations and functional activity of the antidepressant escitalopram in rodents. However, depression is a chronic disorder and current treatments require prolonged administration to elicit their full therapeutic effect. Thus, it is important to investigate whether acute findings in relation to P‐gp inhibition translate to chronic paradigms. To this end, the present study investigates whether chronic treatment with the P‐gp inhibitor verapamil and the antidepressant escitalopram results in enhanced brain distribution and antidepressant‐like effects of escitalopram. Verapamil (10 mg·kg−1 i.p.) and escitalopram (0.1 mg·kg−1 i.p.) were administered once daily for 22 days. On the final day of treatment, brain regions and plasma were collected for analysis of cortical and plasma escitalopram concentrations, and to determine the hippocampal expression of genes previously reported to be altered by chronic antidepressant treatment. Verapamil treatment resulted in a greater than twofold increase in brain levels of escitalopram, without altering plasma levels. Neither gene expression analysis nor behavioral testing revealed an augmentation of responses to escitalopram treatment due to verapamil administration. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that P‐gp inhibition can yield elevated brain concentrations of an antidepressant after chronic treatment. The functional relevance of these increased brain levels requires further elaboration.
Green laser diodes with low operation voltage obtained by suppressing carbon impurity in AlGaN: Mg cladding layer
Authors: Tian Aiqin , Liu Jianping , Zhang Liqun , Ikeda Masao , Zhang Shuming , Li Deyao , Fan Xiaowang , Zhou Kun , Wen Pengyan , Zhang Feng , Yang Hui 
Published: December 2015

AbstractElectrical properties of Al0.07Ga0.93N: Mg samples with different carbon impurity concentrations were investigated by Hall measurements. By reducing carbon impurity concentration from 2×1018 cm‐3 to 5×1016 cm‐3, the resistivity of p‐Al0.07Ga0.93N decreases from 7.4 Ω·cm to 2.2 Ω·cm. By applying the growth conditions of low‐temperature AlGaN: Mg with low carbon incorporation to cladding layer of green LD structure, we have obtained green LDs with series resistance as low as 2.4 Ω and operation voltage of 4.9 V at 4 kA/cm2. The green LDs lased at 508 nm with a threshold current density of 8.5 kA/cm2and a slope efficiency of 0.22 W/A. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Design of GaN‐based surface plasmon LEDs to enhance the modulation bandwidth and light output
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhao Lixia , Zhu Shichao , Yu Zhiguo , An Pingbo , Yang Chao , Wu Chunhui , Li Jinmin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGallium nitride based light emitting diodes have shown their advantages in the application of visible light communication (VLC) besides general illumination. However, the modulation bandwidth of current commercial GaN based LEDs still cannot meet daily application of VLC. It has been reported that the modulation bandwidth can be enhanced by the surface plasmon due to the coupling between the surface plasmon and the active region of LEDs. However, the light output may be decreased. In this study, we designed a GaN‐based surface plasmon LEDs using lateral coupling to both increase the light output and the modulation bandwidth. The finite difference time domain method was utilized to investigate the modulation bandwidth of the GaN‐based surface plasmon LEDs as well as the light output. Simulation results show that the modulation bandwidth was estimated to be ∼2.3 GHz with 2.5 times enhancement of the light output compared with conventional LED structure. This design of surface plasmon LEDs will be useful for applications in high frequency visible light communication. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
LTQ Orbitrap Velos in routine de novo sequencing of non‐tryptic skin peptides from the frog Rana latastei with traditional and reliable manual spectra interpretation
Authors: Samgina Tatiana Yu. , Tolpina Miriam D. , Trebse Polonca , Torkar Gregor , Artemenko Konstantin A. , Bergquist Jonas , Lebedev Albert T. 
Published: December 2015

RationaleMass spectrometry has shown itself to be the most efficient tool for the sequencing of peptides. However, de novo sequencing of novel natural peptides is significantly more challenging in comparison with the same procedure applied for the tryptic peptides. To reach the goal in this case it is essential to select the most efficient methods of triggering fragmentation and combine all the possible complementary techniques.MethodsCollision‐induced dissociation (CID), high‐energy collision dissociation (HCD), and electron‐transfer dissociation (ETD) tandem mass spectra recorded with a LTQ Orbitrap Velos instrument were used for the elucidation of the sequence of the natural non‐tryptic peptides from the skin secretion of Rana latastei. Manual interpretation of the spectra was applied.ResultsThe combined approach using CID, HCD, and ETD tandem mass spectra of the multiprotonated peptides in various charge states, as well as of their proteolytic fragments, allowed the sequences of seven novel peptides from the skin secretion of Rana latastei to be established.ConclusionsManual mass spectrometry sequencing of natural non‐tryptic peptides from the skin secretion of Rana latastei provided the opportunity to work successfully with these species and demonstrated once again its advantage over automatic approaches. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ontogenic growth as the root of fundamental differences between childhood and adult cancer
Authors: Werner Benjamin , Traulsen Arne , Dingli David 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCancer, the unregulated proliferation of cells, can occur at any age and may arise from almost all cell types. However, the incidence and types of cancer differ with age. Some cancers are predominantly observed in children, others are mostly restricted to older ages. Treatment strategies of some cancers are very successful and cure is common in childhood, while treatment of the same cancer type is much more challenging in adults. Here, we develop a stochastic model of stem cell proliferation that considers both tissue development and homeostasis and discuss the disturbance of such a system by mutations. Due to changes in population size, mutant fitness becomes context dependent and consequently the effects of mutations on the stem cell population can vary with age. We discuss different mutant phenotypes and show the age dependency of their expected abundances. Most importantly, fitness of particular mutations can change with age and advantageous mutations can become deleterious or vice versa. This perspective can explain unique properties of childhood disorders, for example, the frequently observed phenomenon of a self-limiting leukemia in newborns with trisomy 21, but also explains other puzzling observations such as the increased risk of leukemia in patients with bone marrow failure or chemotherapy induced myelodysplasia.
Early experiences and integration in the persistence of first‐generation college students in STEM and non‐STEM majors
Authors: Dika Sandra L. , D'Amico Mark M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRepresentation of diverse groups in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields is a persistent concern in the United States. Although there have been some strides toward more diverse representation, significant problems of underrepresentation remain in particular STEM fields: physical sciences, engineering, math, and computer sciences (PEMC). The purpose of this study is to understand the significance of pre‐college personal and academic factors along with early college experiences to explain persistence among first‐generation college students (FGCS) considering possible differences among PEMC‐STEM majors, other‐STEM majors, and non‐STEM majors. Using institutional and survey data from one 4‐year urban research institution in the Southeast, logistic regression models demonstrate the importance of early academic performance (first‐semester GPA) to increase odds of FGCS persistence across majors; and also reveal important differences. Besides early academic performance, the only other significant factor for persistence of PEMC‐STEM majors was perceived preparation in math. Perceived social fit was significant for persistence for the other‐STEM and non‐STEM majors, whereas perceived academic fit was only significant for non‐STEM majors. These results align generally with previous research, and also suggest that examining differences among STEM subgroups may help develop more nuanced understandings of the needs of different groups. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53: 368–383, 2016
What do we mean by science education for civic engagement?
Authors: Rudolph John L. , Horibe Shusaku 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOne of the most frequently cited goals for science education over the years has been to provide students with the understanding and skills necessary to engage in science‐related civic issues. Despite the repeated insistence on the importance of this kind of democratic participation, there has been little effort in the research community either to define just what science‐related civic engagement entails or to ask whether the research or practices in the field are suited to accomplishing this goal. In this paper we take a step toward this end by offering a precise definition of science‐related civic engagement drawing on work from the fields of philosophy and political theory. We argue that such engagement can be found in instances requiring both the use and production of scientific knowledge and examine the various avenues of that engagement. We then explore some implications such a definition might have for thinking about science education research and practice. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53: 805–820, 2016
Investigating optimal learning moments in U.S. and finnish science classes
Authors: Schneider Barbara , Krajcik Joseph , Lavonen Jari , Salmela‐Aro Katariina , Broda Michael , Spicer Justina , Bruner Justin , Moeller Julia , Linnansaari Janna , Juuti Kalle , Viljaranta Jaana 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study explores how often students are engaged in their science classes and their affective states during these times, using an innovative methodology that records these experiences in situ. Sampling a subset of high schools in the U.S. and Finland, we collected over 7,000 momentary responses from 344 students over the course of a week. We examine engagement within and between students in different environments identifying common social and emotional factors they may be experiencing in their science classes, suggesting the challenges that the U.S. and Finland may encounter when implementing their new science standards (i.e., Next Generation of Science Standards and Finnish National Core Curriculum). We operationalize engagement as situational when students experience high levels of challenge, skill, and interest, which we term as optimal learning moments. Specifically we analyze: (i) the components of optimal learning; (ii) the relationship of optimal learning with other subjective measures; (iii) how optimal learning moments in science classes compare to other academic classes; and (iv) the extent that optimal learning moments predict an individual's perception of importance to self and future in science classes. Using several multivariate models, results show that when students are challenged in their classes and are appropriately skilled they are more likely to feel confident, successful, and happy during specific science classes as well as in other academic classes. When students experience more times of optimal learning in their science classes they are more likely to report that they perceive science as important to them and their futures. Females, however, report being more stressed in their science classes than males. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53:400–421, 2016
Water security in small island developing states: the limited utility of evolving governance paradigms
Authors: Belmar Yasa N. , McNamara Karen E. , Morrison Tiffany H. 
Published: December 2015

Despite decades of donor support for the water sector, many small island developing states (SIDS) have failed to make acceptable levels of progress toward achievement of water‐related millennium development goals and reduction of water‐related risks. At least three distinct policy paradigms have at different times been regarded as best practice for responding to water insecurity throughout the world. Yet, while the water management literature points to the need for a paradigm shift toward improved governance approaches, there has been little critical examination of whether the assumptions implicit within these theoretical paradigms are applicable toSIDScontexts. This study reviews the water management, governance, and island studies literatures to identify the ways in which the unique historical, geographical, and economic contexts ofSIDSlimit or enable the applicability of these paradigms. The analysis shows that each paradigm has a different underlying conceptualization of governance, and how institutions can regulate social–ecological relations for achieving water security. The conceptualizations of governance under the adaptive management paradigm seem to most closely reflect the complexity of governance inSIDS, and may therefore hold the most potential for addressing water insecurity. However, the analysis also highlights the need for further research to test the application of adaptive management in a way that can also cater for the unique socio‐political relations that affect the outcomes of governance inSIDS.WIREs Water2016, 3:181–193. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1129This article is categorized under:Human Water > Water Governance
Clustering techniques for neuroimaging applications
Authors: Derntl Alexandra , Plant Claudia 
Published: December 2015

Clustering has been proven useful for knowledge discovery from massive data in many applications ranging from market segmentation to bioinformatics. In this study, we focus on clustering large amounts of medical image data of the human brain to identify structures of interest. Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques enable unprecedented insights into the complex processes in the brain. However, especially for clinical studies, a huge amount of data has to be processed in order to find patterns characterizing the structure and function of the healthy brain and its alternations associated with diseases. We survey clustering methods specifically designed for neuroimaging applications such as segmentation of fiber tracks and lesions, as well as methods that can deal with multimodal imaging data. Furthermore, we will illustrate how clustering enables knowledge discovery from data by enhancing the performance of supervised techniques and discovering meaningful subgroups of subjects. The main purpose of this study is to give an introduction on how versatile clustering techniques can be applied in neuroimaging to tackle different applications where automated methods are desired. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2016, 6:22–36. doi: 10.1002/widm.1174This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Biological Data Mining
Application Areas > Health Care
Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Grid-based Methods in Relativistic Hydrodynamics and Magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Martí José María , Müller Ewald 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
An overview of grid-based numerical methods used in relativistic hydrodynamics (RHD) and magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD) is presented. Special emphasis is put on a comprehensive review of the application of high-resolution shock-capturing methods. Results of a set of demanding test bench simulations obtained with different numerical methods are compared in an attempt to assess the present capabilities and limits of the various numerical strategies. Applications to three astrophysical phenomena are briefly discussed to motivate the need for and to demonstrate the success of RHD and RMHD simulations in their understanding. The review further provides FORTRAN programs to compute the exact solution of the Riemann problem in RMHD, and to simulate 1D RMHD flows in Cartesian coordinates.
Novel Very Long‐Chain α‐Methoxylated Δ5,9 Fatty Acids from the Sponge Asteropus niger Are Effective Inhibitors of Topoisomerases IB
Authors: Carballeira Néstor M. , Montano Nashbly , Amador Luis A. , Rodríguez Abimael D. , Golovko Mikhail Y. , Golovko Svetlana A. , Reguera Rosa M. , Álvarez‐Velilla Raquel , Balaña‐Fouce Rafael 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe novel fatty acids (2R,5Z,9Z)‐2‐methoxy‐25‐methyl‐5,9‐hexacosadienoic acid (1a) and (2R,5Z,9Z)‐2‐methoxy‐24‐methyl‐5,9‐hexacosadienoic acid (1b) were isolated in 80 % purity from the Caribbean sponge Asteropus niger by chloroform/methanol extraction followed by solvent partitioning and silica gel column chromatography. The compounds were characterized by utilizing a combination of gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and circular dichroism. Acids 1a and 1b were not detected in the phospholipids (PtdCho and PtdIns) of the sponge, but rather as free FA and possibly in glycosylceramides. The mixtures of 1a and 1b displayed cytotoxicity towards THP‐1 and HepG2 cells with EC50's between 41 and 35 μg/mL. Apoptosis was not the preferred mode of cell death induced by 1a–1b in the THP‐1 cells. This implies other types of cytotoxicity mechanisms, such as membrane disruption and/or the inhibition (EC50 = 1.8 μg/mL) of the human topoisomerase IB enzyme (hTopIB), with a mechanism of inhibition different from the one displayed by camptothecin (CPT). In a separate experiment, the mixture of 1a and 1b also displayed cytotoxicity towards ex vivo mouse splenocytes infected with Leishmania infantum amastigotes (IC50 = 0.17 mg/mL) and free living promastigotes (IC50 = 0.34 mg/mL). It was also found that the FA were inhibitory of the Leishmania topoisomerase IB (LTopIB) with an EC50 = 5.1 μg/mL. Taken together, 1a and 1b represent a new class of FA with potential as TopIB inhibitors that preferentially inhibit hTopIB over LTopIB.
Chemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Seed Oil
Authors: Payamalle Shivanand , Shinde Smita , Joseph Kadanthottu Sebastian , Mutakekar Sonal , Murgude Manisha , Tawadare Rakesh , Murthy Hosakatte Niranjana 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe physicochemical and fatty acid compositions of seed oil extracted from Thunbergia fragrans were determined. The oil content, free fatty acids, peroxide value, saponification value and iodine value were 21.70 %, 2.25 % (as oleic acid), 9.6 (mequiv. O2/kg), 191.71 (mg KOH/g) and 127.84 (g/100 g oil) respectively. The fatty acid profiles of the methyl esters showed the presence of 90.16 % unsaturated fatty acids and 9.84 % saturated fatty acids. Palmitoleic acid, which is usually found in marine foods and is unique in seed oils of botanical origin, was the major component (79.24 %). The oil can also be used in industries for the preparation of liquid soaps, shampoos and alkyd resin.