bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prevalence of Use of Areca Nut and Its Effect on Oral Health in School Going Children in Gadap Town, Malir, Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Maqbool Sana , Leghari Mohammad Ali , Ali Sajjad 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
Areca nut chewing in different forms is getting more prevalent among the south Asian inhabitants. Its uses are progressing from adults to adolescents and especially its frequent use among the school going children. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of areca nut chewing and its effect on the oral health of school going children.

Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study using a close ended questionnaire was conducted to collect the data from the school going children of Gadap town, Malir, Karachi. A random sample of 285 students (n = 285) were examined. The research instrument was self-structured close ended questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions regarding the knowledge and consequences of chewing areca nut, its products and its effect on their oral health. The questionnaires were administered to the students in their respective classes and the filled questionnaires were collected on the same day. Chi-square test was used for differences in frequencies among the types of areca nut, practices of using areca nut and gender variables. Stata 11 was used for data analysis. Total number of 285 children were surveyed.

Results
There were 75.09% boys and 24.91% girls, mean age of the students was 6.23 (1.05). The range of the students was 4 to 8 years. The frequency of using areca nut and products containing areca nut in our study was 77.9%. There were 60.35% students both male and female who were identified to gutkha chewing habit. Frequency of consumption of chewing areca nut made products increases as the age's increases. The 74.38% respondents were suffering from oral lesions.

Conclusion
Chewing of areca nut and products containing areca nut is prevailing in rural areas especially among the lower age group of school going children. Both genders are equally and frequently use areca nut as habit.

How to cite this article
Leghari MA, Ali S, Maqbool S. The Prevalence of Use of Areca Nut and Its Effect on Oral Health in School Going Children in Gadap Town, Malir, Karachi, Pakistan. World J Dent 2016;7(1):6-9.
D’une série à l’autre...
Authors: Meister Albert , Levi Anna-Maria , Lesemann Frédéric 
Published: March 2016

La Revue Internationale d’Action communautaire prend dès le printemps 1979 la relève de l’International Review of Community Development créée il y a une vingtaine d’années par le sociologue Albert Meister.
La RIAC devient désormais une revue principalement francophone, caractérisée par une attention privilégiée aux pratiques novatrices, qu’elles soient professionnelles ou « militantes », institutionnelles ou « de base », dans les domaines de l’action communautaire ou collective reliés aux champs des services sociaux, de la santé publique et de l’éducation des adultes. Elle s’intéresse particulièrement aux expériences de prise en charge et de réappropriation par les populations de leur santé, de leur « bien-être » (welfare) et de leur éducation et est ouverte aux nouveaux problèmes qui se posent aux « sociétés de services ». Dans cette perspective, elle accueille également des analyses des politiques gouvernementales sociales, sanitaires et/ou éducatives qui structurent le développement des collectivités.
Cette revue est produite par quatre centres associés du Québec, de France, de Belgique et de Suisse, avec des correspondants dans d’autres pays dont l’Italie, l’Espagne et l’Amérique latine. Elle conserve son ouverture traditionnelle sur les problèmes actuels de l’organisation socio-sanitaire et éducative des pays « en voie de développement ».
Elle est destinée aux professionnels, aux administrateurs et aux militants qui oeuvrent dans les domaines précités. Elle entend être une revue rigoureuse dans sa démarche descriptive et analytique sans pour autant adopter les formes d’une revue académique. Elle vise à devenir un forum entre acteurs impliqués à divers paliers des systèmes de production de services.
Dans cette perspective, les numéros seront thématiques, consacrés successivement à la prise en charge communautaire de la santé (mai 1979), aux processus d’éducation populaire (novembre 1979), à la prise en charge communautaire de la vie urbaine : logement, transport, aménagement de l’espace (mai 1980), aux instruments de recherche-action (novembre 1980), etc.
La revue paraît deux fois par année, au printemps et en automne. Elle contient des résumés en anglais et en espagnol. Elle est coordonnée et publiée à Montréal.
Nous sollicitons les commentaires, les suggestions, les contributions, les collaborations occasionnelles ou permanentes de tous ceux que ces perspectives intéressent.
Electrical characteristics of Au/Ni Schottky diodes on cleaved m-plane surfaces of free-standing n-GaN substrates
Authors: Naganawa Moe , Aoki Toshichika , Mishima Tomoyoshi , Shiojima Kenji 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We report electrical characteristics of 12 Ni Schottky contacts formed on an m-plane surface, which is a cleaved side surface of a c-plane free-standing n-GaN wafer. We observed a variety of distributions of surface steps with heights up to 5 nm in the contact area. The Schottky barrier heights obtained from current–voltage, capacitance–voltage, and photoresponce results distribute in a small range of 0.67–0.79 eV. The n-value is as good as 1.01 to 1.04. Independent of the step height, the barrier height and n-value variations are nearly absent. One possible reason for this is that the step facets consist of an m-plane. We found that the cleaving method can be utilized to form Schottky contacts on m-plane n-GaN surfaces in order to reveal the basic characteristics.
Highly reduced current collapse in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors by combined application of oxygen plasma treatment and field plate structures
Authors: Asubar Joel T. , Yoshida Satoshi , Tokuda Hirokuni , Kuzuhara Masaaki 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We report on the highly reduced current collapse in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) by combined application of pre-passivation oxygen (O2) plasma treatment and gate field plate (FP) structures schemes. Four different devices were fabricated in this work: (1) conventional HEMT as reference device, (2) field-plated HEMT, (3) O2 plasma-treated HEMT, (4) both field-plated and O2 plasma-treated HEMT. Analysis of dependence of normalized dynamic R
on (NDR) on gate pulse on-time (t
on) revealed that gate-FP reduces the emission time constant (τ
i
) of trapped electrons while O2-plasma treatment decreases the density of traps. For all measurement conditions, the device with both FP and O2 plasma treatment exhibited the least NDR compared to devices with either FP or O2 plasma treatment only, demonstrating for the first time the compatibility of both O2 plasma treatment and FP schemes in mitigating current collapse.
Photon correlation study of background suppressed single InGaN nanocolumns
Authors: Yamamoto Takatoshi , Maekawa Michiru , Imanishi Yusuke , Ishizawa Shunsuke , Nakaoka Toshihiro , Kishino Katsumi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We report on a linearly polarized non-classical light emission from a single InGaN/GaN nanocolumn, which is a site-controlled nanostructure allowing for pixel-like large-scale integration. We have developed a shadow mask technique to reduce background emissions arising from nitride deposits around single nanocolumns and defect states of GaN. The signal to background ratio is improved from

to

, which allows for detailed polarization-dependent measurement and photon-correlation measurements. Polarization-dependent measurements show that linearly polarized emissions arise from excitonic recombination involving a heavy-hole-like electronic state, corresponding to the bulk exciton of an in-plane polarized A exciton. The second-order coherence function at time zero g
(2)(0) is 0.52 at 20 K without background correction. This value is explained in terms of a statistical mixture of a single-photon emission with residual weak background emissions, as well as efficient carrier injection from other localized states.
Effects of glucose, ethanol and acetic acid on regulation of ADH2 gene fromLachancea fermentati
Authors: Yaacob Norhayati , Mohamad Ali Mohd Shukuri , Salleh Abu Bakar , Abdul Rahman Nor Aini 
Published: March 2016

Background.Not all yeast alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) are repressed by glucose, as reported inSaccharomyces cerevisiae.Pichia stipitisADH2 is regulated by oxygen instead of glucose, whereasKluyveromyces marxianusADH2 is regulated by neither glucose nor ethanol. For this reason, ADH2 regulation of yeasts may be species dependent, leading to a different type of expression and fermentation efficiency.Lachancea fermentatiis a highly efficient ethanol producer, fast-growing cells and adapted to fermentation-related stresses such as ethanol and organic acid, but the metabolic information regarding the regulation of glucose and ethanol production is still lacking.Methods.Our investigation started with the stimulation of ADH2 activity fromS. cerevisiaeandL. fermentatiby glucose and ethanol induction in a glucose-repressed medium. The study also embarked on the retrospective analysis of ADH2 genomic and protein level through direct sequencing and sites identification. Based on the sequence generated, we demonstrated ADH2 gene expression highlighting the conserved NAD(P)-binding domain in the context of glucose fermentation and ethanol production.Results.An increase of ADH2 activity was observed in starvedL. fermentati(LfeADH2) andS. cerevisiae(SceADH2) in response to 2% (w/v) glucose induction. These suggest that in the presence of glucose, ADH2 activity was activated instead of being repressed. An induction of 0.5% (v/v) ethanol also increased LfeADH2 activity, promoting ethanol resistance, whereas accumulating acetic acid at a later stage of fermentation stimulated ADH2 activity and enhanced glucose consumption rates. The lack in upper stream activating sequence (UAS) and TATA elements hindered the possibility of Adr1 binding to LfeADH2. Transcription factors such as SP1 and RAP1 observed in LfeADH2 sequence have been implicated in the regulation of many genes including ADH2. In glucose fermentation,L. fermentatiexhibited a bell-shaped ADH2 expression, showing the highest expression when glucose was depleted and ethanol-acetic acid was increased. Meanwhile, S. cerevisiaeshowed a constitutive ADH2 expression throughout the fermentation process.Discussion.ADH2 expression inL. fermentatimay be subjected to changes in the presence of non-fermentative carbon source. The nucleotide sequence showed that ADH2 transcription could be influenced by other transcription genes of glycolysis oriented due to the lack of specific activation sites for Adr1. Our study suggests that if Adr1 is not capable of promoting LfeADH2 activation, the transcription can be controlled by Rap1 and Sp1 due to their inherent roles. Therefore in future, it is interesting to observe ADH2 gene being highly regulated by these potential transcription factors and functioned as a promoter for yeast under high volume of ethanol and organic acids.
Experiência em website de marca-país e a formação da imagem de destino turístico: um estudo na Islândia
Authors: De Carvalho Dirceu Tornavoi , Ferreira Luciana Brandão , Kanazawa Flávio Notomi , Machado Priscilla Mendes , Giraldi Janaina de Moura Engracia 
Published: March 2016

A pesquisa visa verificar se a experiência em websites de marcas-país influencia a imagem e a atratividade de um destino turístico na mente dos consumidores, bem como sua intenção de visitá-lo. Foi conduzido um estudo pré-experimental do tipo pré-teste/pós-teste de um único grupo com uma amostra de 30 estudantes de graduação de uma universidade paulista. O tratamento consistiu em expor os sujeitos da pesquisa ao site turístico oficial da Islândia. As variáveis dependentes foram a percepção de atratividade turística e a intenção de visitar a Islândia. A avaliação da experiência de navegação foi medida utilizando escalas da literatura de comportamento de consumidor online. As duas hipóteses são: (1) a experiência online positiva influencia positivamente a formação da imagem do destino e (2) influencia positivamente a intenção de visita-lo, e ambas foram sustentadas pelos testes estatísticos de comparação de médias antes e após o tratamento. A análise de conteúdo de questão aberta, realizada após o tratamento, mostrou o efeito que o conhecimento adquirido por navegação prazerosa tem na formação da imagem e no aumento da intenção de visita um destino turístico.
Role of Lens Extraction In Glaucoma – A Review
Authors: Singh Kirti , Dangda Sonal 
Published: March 2016

Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is a multifactorial disease with ethnicity, gender, ocular anatomy, iris configuration, lens volume and angle pathology all contributing to its genesis. The frequency of this disease is maximal in Asia where 85% of patients with PACG reside. The magnitude of this disease, primarily asymptomatic coupled with late presentation, where merely laser iridotomy does not suffice to arrest its progression makes surgical treatment by trabeculectomy a necessity to control glaucoma related blindness. However since trabeculectomy in the best of scenarios and best of hands is a surgery with limited functional longevity, more viable and robust surgical treatments for blinding glaucoma have long been explored. Of these new strategies, lens removal is one such modality which has been in the forefront of many recent debates.
Lens removal surgery has always been known to be been associated with reduction of intraocular pressure in patients with normotensive states as well as ocular hypertensive states and performing lens extraction as primary treatment modality to control PACG has been advocated in the past. The soaring popularity of more elegant, less tissue destructive phacoemulsification procedure over manual extracapsular cataract surgery (ECCE) over the last two decades has led to a phenomenal increase in reports confirming increasing utility of lens extraction as a viable method for treatment of PACG. Post phacoemulsification, there is a notable increase in the angle opening distance (AOD500), as seen on various angle imaging modalities, which corresponds positively with improvement in other anterior chamber biometric parameters. But can this anatomical widening of crowded angle and reduction in IOP be extrapolated to the entire spectrum of glaucoma cases? Can primary phacoemulsification be promoted as the first treatment for PACG in the current scenario? Does documented widening of angle by imaging translate into persistent IOP control leading to reduced requirement of other means of glaucoma treatment? This article attempts to answer these questions by literature review of articles and studies pertaining to role of lens extraction in open angle as well as angle closure glaucoma eyes, in those with acute angle closure attack and the new buzzword ‘clear lens extraction’.
Rebamipide 2% Ophthalmic Suspension for the Treatment of Allergic Keratoconjunctivitis: A Hospital Based Study
Authors: Dhawan Munish , Hans Tania , Singh Baltej 
Published: March 2016

Background:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Rebamipide 2% ophthalmic suspension in the treatment of Allergic Keratoconjunctivitis. Rebamipide 2% ophthalmic suspension has shown to be advantageous for the treatment of dry eye and an improvement of ocular allergic conditions, after its application is also remarkable for the patients, especially in severe conditions. Study was done to report the improvement in signs and symptoms after using Rebamipide 2% as an additional therapy in allergic patients and reduced dependency on topical steroids.

Materials and Methods:
Rebamipide 2% ophthalmic suspension was used in the treatment of allergic keratoconjunctivitis. We used subjective signs and symptoms of allergic keratoconjunctivitis as well as objective tests of tear film production like TBUT and Schirmer I and compared the post-treatment values at 1 week, 3 weeks, 5 weeks and 7 weeks, with baseline values.

Results:
The study revealed that Rebamipide 2% significantly improved the clinical grading of the disease, Schirmer I and Tear Film Breakup Time (TBUT) scores. No significant side effects to the therapy were observed. In steroid responsive patients, no aggravation of symptoms was observed after tapering the dose of steroids while steroid non-responder patients showed a significant improvement in the clinical signs and symptoms of allergic keratoconjunctivitis. Maximum effect was observed at 5 weeks of initiation of therapy.

Conclusion:
Rebamipide 2% is effective in improving the signs and symptoms of allergic ocular diseases and is well-tolerated. It helps in reducing the dependence on steroids for the treatment of allergic keratoconjunctivitis.
Mass density at geostationary orbit and apparent mass refilling
Authors: Denton R. E. , Takahashi Kazue , Amoh Justice , Singer H. J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe used the inferred equatorial mass density ρm,eq based on measurements of Alfvén wave frequencies measured by the GOES satellites during 1980–1991 in order to construct a number of different models of varying complexity for the equatorial mass density at geostationary orbit. The most complicated models are able to account for 66% of the variance with a typical variation from actual values of a factor of 1.56. The factors that influenced ρm,eq in the models were, in order of decreasing importance, the F10.7 EUV index, magnetic local time, the solar wind dynamic pressure Pdyn, the phase of the year, and the solar wind BZ (GSM Z direction). During some intervals, some of which were especially geomagnetically quiet, ρm,eq rose to values that were significantly higher than those predicted by our models. For 10 especially quiet intervals, we examined long‐term (>1 day) apparent refilling, the increase in ρm,eq at a fixed location. We found that the behavior of ρm,eq varies for different events. In some cases, there is significant apparent refilling, whereas in other cases ρm,eq stays the same or even decreases slightly. Nevertheless, we showed that on average, ρm,eq increases exponentially during quiet intervals. There is variation of apparent refilling with respect to the phase of the solar cycle. On the third day of apparent refilling, ρm,eq has on average a similar value at solar maximum or solar minimum, but at solar maximum, ρm,eq begins with a larger value and rises relatively less than at solar minimum.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Borotropic Shifts in the Design of Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective γ‐Additions of Allylboron Moieties to Aldimines
Authors: van der Mei Farid W. , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Silverio Daniel L. , Hoveyda Amir H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCatalytic allylboron additions to aldimines are presented for which small amounts of Zn(OMe)2 serve as the co‐catalyst to accelerate allyl exchange and 1,3‐borotropic shift processes. Low‐yielding and moderately α‐ and diastereoselective reactions are thus turned into highly efficient γ‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective transformations that exhibit considerable scope.
Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Complexes Featuring Chelated Acetoxime Pyrazoles: Synthetic, Structural, and Photophysical Study
Authors: Bolotin Dmitrii S. , Novikov Alexander S. , Kolesnikov Ilya E. , Suslonov Vitaliy V. , Novozhilov Yuri , Ronzhina Oksana , Dorogov Mikhail , Krasavin Mikhail , Yu. Kukushkin Vadim 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTreatment of cis‐[PtCl2(Me2SO)2] with the pyrazole acetoximes p‐RC6H4{CN(H)NCCH}CH2C(Me)=NOH (R=OMe, H, F, Cl, CN, NO2), prepared by a cascade reaction from the vinyl isoxazoles p‐RC6H4C(H)=C(H){CONCC(NO2)}Me, leads to the complexes [PtCl2(Ar{CN(H)NCCH}CH2C(Me)=NOH)] (71–88 %). The complexes exhibit solid state room temperature phosphorescence with emission maxima in the region of 644–691 nm and biexponential relaxation with τ1 ≈ 2 ms and τ2 ≈ 0.32 ms. In the platinum compounds, substituents R affect phosphorescence quantum yields, which increase by one order of magnitude on going from electron acceptor (R=NO2; 0.2 %) to electron‐donor groups (R=OMe; 2.0 %). Based upon theoretical TD‐DFT calculations using the CAM−B3LYP functional, the absorption spectra were attributed to metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (1MLCT) and ligand‐to‐ligand charge transfer (1LLCT) processes. The pyrazole acetoximes and their complexes were characterized by elemental analyses (C, H, N), HRESI‐MS, FTIR, 1H NMR (for metal‐free species), and CP‐MAS TOSS 13C{1H} NMR (for the platinum complexes). In addition, two complexes were studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Molecular basis for globotriaosylceramide regulation and enzyme uptake in immortalized aortic endothelial cells from Fabry mice
Authors: Meng Xing‐Li , Day Taniqua S. , McNeill Nathan , Ashcraft Paula , Frischmuth Thomas , Cheng Seng H. , Liu Zhi‐Ping , Shen Jin‐Song , Schiffmann Raphael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFabry disease is caused by deficient activity of α‐galactosidase A and subsequent intracellular accumulation of glycosphingolipids, mainly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Vascular endothelial cells may play important roles in disease pathogenesis, and are one of the main target cell types in therapeutic interventions. In this study, we generated immortalized aortic endothelial cell lines from a mouse model of Fabry disease. These cells retained endothelial cell‐specific markers and functions. Gb3 expression level in one of these clones (referred to as FMEC2) was highly susceptible to culture media, and appeared to be regulated by glucosylceramide synthase. Results also showed that Gb3 could be upregulated by hydrocortisone. FMEC2 express the mannose 6‐phosphate receptor and sortilin but not the mannose receptor. Uptake studies suggested that sortilin plays a role in the binding and internalization of mammalian cell‐produced α‐galactosidase A. Moss‐aGal (a plant‐made enzyme) was endocytosed by FMEC2 via a receptor other than the aforementioned receptors. In conclusion, this study suggests that glucosylceramide synthase and hydrocortisone may play important roles in modulating Gb3 levels in Fabry mouse aortic endothelial cells, and that endocytosis of recombinant α‐galactosidase A involves a combination of multiple receptors depending on the properties of the enzyme.