bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interlocked Photo‐degradable Macrocycles Allow One‐Off Photo‐triggerable Gelation of Organo‐ and Hydrogelators
Authors: Tung Shun‐Te , Cheng Hung‐Te , Inthasot Alex , Hsueh Fang‐Che , Gu Ting‐Jia , Yan Pei‐Cong , Lai Chien‐Chen , Chiu Sheng‐Hsien 
Published: December 2017

Abstract[2]Rotaxanes displaying one‐off photo‐triggerable gelation properties have been synthesized through the “clipping” of photo‐degradable macrocycles around the amide or urea functionalities of organo‐ and hydrogelators. Irradiation with UV‐light cleaved the photo‐labile macrocyclic components from the [2]rotaxanes, resulting in the free gelators being released into solution and, thereafter, forming gels. When the rate of gelation was sufficiently rapid, selective gelation of specific regions of the solution—and, indeed, photo‐patterning of the solution—was possible.
Cover Image, Volume 74, Issue 12
Authors: Ohnuki Jun , Yodogawa Akira , Takano Mitsunori 
Published: December 2017

ON THE COVER: The cover image, by Jun Ohnuki et al., is based on the Research Article Electrostatic balance between global repulsion and local attraction in reentrant polymerization of actin, DOI: 10.1002/cm.21391.
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Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of a Caspase‐3 Apoptosis Reporter
Authors: Buschhaus Johanna M. , Gibbons Anne E. , Luker Kathryn E. , Luker Gary D. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCaspase‐3 is a proteolytic enzyme that functions as a key effector in apoptotic cell death. Determining activity of caspase‐3 provides critical information about cancer cell viability and response to treatment. To measure apoptosis in intact cells and living mice, a fluorescence imaging reporter that detects caspase‐3 activity by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used. Changes in FRET by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) were measured. Unlike FRET measurements based on fluorescence intensity, lifetime measurements are independent of reporter concentration and scattering of light in tissue, making FLIM a robust method for imaging in 3D environments. Apoptosis of breast cancer cells in 2D culture, spheroids, and in vivo murine breast tumor xenografts in response to a variety of genetic and pharmacologic methods implicated in apoptosis of cancer cells was studied. This approach for quantifying apoptosis of cancer cells is based on caspase‐3 activity at single‐cell resolution using FLIM. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Contribution of Adipose Tissue to Development of Cancer
Authors: Cozzo Alyssa J. , Fuller Ashley M. , Makowski Liza 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTSolid tumor growth and metastasis require the interaction of tumor cells with the surrounding tissue, leading to a view of tumors as tissue‐level phenomena rather than exclusively cell‐intrinsic anomalies. Due to the ubiquitous nature of adipose tissue, many types of solid tumors grow in proximate or direct contact with adipocytes and adipose‐associated stromal and vascular components, such as fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells, stem and progenitor cells, endothelial cells, innate and adaptive immune cells, and extracellular signaling and matrix components. Excess adiposity in obesity both increases risk of cancer development and negatively influences prognosis in several cancer types, in part due to interaction with adipose tissue cell populations. Herein, we review the cellular and noncellular constituents of the adipose “organ,” and discuss the mechanisms by which these varied microenvironmental components contribute to tumor development, with special emphasis on obesity. Due to the prevalence of breast and prostate cancers in the United States, their close anatomical proximity to adipose tissue depots, and their complex epidemiologic associations with obesity, we particularly highlight research addressing the contribution of adipose tissue to the initiation and progression of these cancer types. Obesity dramatically modifies the adipose tissue microenvironment in numerous ways, including induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis, increased stem cell abundance, and expansion of proinflammatory immune cells. As many of these changes also resemble shifts observed within the tumor microenvironment, proximity to adipose tissue may present a hospitable environment to developing tumors, providing a critical link between adiposity and tumorigenesis. © 2018 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:237‐282, 2018.
Short‐Chain Fatty Acid Transporters: Role in Colonic Homeostasis
Authors: Sivaprakasam Sathish , Bhutia Yangzom D. , Yang Shengping , Ganapathy Vadivel 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTShort‐chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetate, propionate, and butyrate) are generated in colon by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber. Though diffusion in protonated form is a significant route, carrier‐mediated mechanisms constitute the major route for the entry of SCFA in their anionic form into colonic epithelium. Several transport systems operate in cellular uptake of SCFA. MCT1 (SLC16A1) and MCT4 (SLC16A3) are H+‐coupled and mediate electroneutral transport of SCFA (H+: SCFA stoichiometry; 1:1). MCT1 is expressed both in the apical membrane and basolateral membrane of colonic epithelium whereas MCT4 specifically in the basolateral membrane. SMCT1 (SLC5A8) and SMCT2 (SLC5A12) are Na+‐coupled; SMCT1‐mediated transport is electrogenic (Na+: SCFA stoichiometry; 2:1) whereas SMCT2‐mediated transport is electroneutral (Na+: SCFA stoichiometry; 1:1). SMCT1 and SMCT2 are expressed exclusively in the apical membrane. An anion‐exchange mechanism also operates in the apical membrane in which SCFA entry in anionic form is coupled to bicarbonate efflux; the molecular identity of this exchanger however remains unknown. All these transporters are subject to regulation, notably by their substrates themselves; this process involves cell‐surface receptors with SCFA as signaling molecules. There are significant alterations in the expression of these transporters in ulcerative colitis and colon cancer. The tumor‐associated changes occur via transcriptional regulation by p53 and HIF1α and by promoter methylation. As SCFA are obligatory for optimal colonic health, the transporters responsible for the entry and transcellular transfer of these bacterial products in colonic epithelium are critical determinants of colonic function under physiological conditions and in disease states. © 2018 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:299‐314, 2018.
Molecular Design of Efficient Organic D–A––A Dye Featuring Triphenylamine as Donor Fragment for Application in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Ferdowsi Parnian , Saygili Yasemin , Zhang Weiwei , Edvinson Tomas , Kavan Ladislav , Mokhtari Javad , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael , Hagfeldt Anders 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA metal‐free organic sensitizer, suitable for the application in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), has been designed, synthesized and characterized both experimentally and theoretically. The structure of the novel donor–acceptor–π‐bridge–acceptor (D–A–π–A) dye incorporates a triphenylamine (TPA) segment and 4‐(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol‐4‐ylethynyl)benzoic acid (BTEBA). The triphenylamine unit is widely used as an electron donor for photosensitizers, owing to its nonplanar molecular configuration and excellent electron‐donating capability, whereas 4‐(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol‐4‐ylethynyl)benzoic acid is used as an electron acceptor unit. The influences of I3−/I−, [Co(bpy)3]3+/2+ and [Cu(tmby)2]2+/+ (tmby=4,4′,6,6′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) as redox electrolytes on the DSSC device performance were also investigated. The maximal monochromatic incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency (IPCE) reached 81 % and the solar light to electrical energy conversion efficiency of devices with [Cu(tmby)2]2+/+ reached 7.15 %. The devices with [Co(bpy)3]3+/2+ and I3−/I− electrolytes gave efficiencies of 5.22 % and 6.14 %, respectively. The lowest device performance with a [Co(bpy)3]3+/2+‐based electrolyte is attributed to increased charge recombination.
Antioxidant Activity, In Vitro Digestibility and Stability of Flaxseed Oil and Quercetin Co‐Loaded Submicron Emulsions
Authors: Huang Juan , Wang Qiang , Sun Rui , Li Tong , Xia Nan , Xia Qiang 
Published: December 2017

Flaxseed oil and quercetin have received extensive attention in food industry. However, their poor solubility in water and stability are major limitations for their application in functional foods. In this work, we encapsulated flaxseed oil and quercetin into submicron emulsions by high pressure homogenization method to overcome their shortcomings in application. The loading of flaxseed oil in submicron emulsions was 10% and the solubility of quercetin in water is increased by at least 1300 folds. In vitro antioxidant study indicated that the addition of flaxseed oil could increase the antioxidant activity of quercetin. During in vitro digestion, the smaller the particle size of submicron emulsions, the faster the digestive rate of flaxseed oil and the higher the bio‐accessibility of quercetin. Furthermore, accelerated oxidation study revealed that quercetin could protect flaxseed oil effectively. Besides, metallic ions stability study illustrated that the influence of Na+ on the emulsion stability is smaller than that of Ca2+ and high Ca2+ concentration could lead to stratification of the submicron emulsions. The storage stability shows that the prepared submicron emulsions can be stored for 8 weeks at three different temperatures. Hence, submicron emulsion can be a promising vehicle for delivery of flaxseed oil and quercetin.Practical Applications: Submicron emulsions can be used to improve the water solubility and bioavailability of lipophilic nutrients. The combination of flaxseed oil and quercetin in submicron emulsions can compensate for their individual shortcomings in application and exert synergistic beneficial actions on human health. Furthermore, this technology is easy in operation and can be realized in industry. Flaxseed oil and quercetin co‐loaded submicron emulsions can be applied in milk and liquid beverages in food industry.Submicron emulsions are fabricated to enhance the delivery of flaxseed oil and quercetin. The smaller the particle size of submicron emulsions, the faster the digestive rate of flaxseed oil and the higher the bio‐accessibility of quercetin. Quercetin can protect flaxseed oil against oxidation effectively. The antioxidant effect of quercetin is found to be better than commonly used antioxidants.
Nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture for analgesia in adult cancer patients with breakthrough pain: A randomized, double‐blind controlled trial
Authors: Liu Q. , Gao L.‐L. , Dai Y.‐L. , Li Y.‐X. , Wang Y. , Bai C.‐F. , Mu G.‐X. , Chai X.‐M. , Han W.‐J. , Zhou L.‐J. , Zhang Y.‐J. , Tang L. , Liu J. , Yu J.‐Q. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a fixed nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture for the management of breakthrough cancer pain.Methods/designA double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial was undertaken in the Medical ward of Tumor Hospital of General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University. 240 cancer patients with breakthrough pain were recruited and randomly received a standard pain treatment (morphine sulphate immediate release) plus a pre‐prepared nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture, or the standard pain treatment plus oxygen. The primary endpoint measure was the numerical rating scale (NRS) score measured at baseline, 5 and 15 min after the beginning of treatment, and at 5 min post treatment.ResultIn all, analysis of pain score (NRS) at 5 min after the beginning of treatment shown a significant decrease in nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture treated patients with 2.8 ± 1.3 versus 5.5 ± 1.2 in controls (p < 0.01). At 15 min during the intervention, the mean pain score for nitrous oxide/oxygen was 2.0 ± 1.1 compared with 5.6 ± 1.3 for oxygen (p < 0.01).ConclusionThis study shows that self‐administered nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture was effective in reducing moderate to severe breakthrough pain among patients with cancer.SignificanceThe management of breakthrough cancer pain is always a challenge due to its temporal characteristics of rapid onset, moderate to severe in intensity, short duration (median 30–60 min). Our study find that self‐administered nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture was effective in reducing moderate to severe breakthrough cancer pain.
Near total and inorganic phosphorus concentrations as a proxy for identifying ancient activities in urban contexts: The example of dark earth in Brussels, Belgium
Authors: Devos Yannick 
Published: December 2017

AbstractUrban stratigraphy is characterized by complicated sequences resulting from many superimposed phases of human occupation and activity. Parts of these deposits are difficult to interpret solely based on field data. One typical example is “dark earth”: thick, dark‐colored, humic, homogeneous archaeological deposits covering large areas. The correct interpretation of dark earths requires a geoarchaeological approach that involves detailed micromorphological observations. The present article discusses the potential of applying near total and inorganic phosphorus analyses as a quick and relatively cheap method to obtain a preliminary characterization of such urban deposits. For the town of Brussels (Belgium), a large database of 12 types of well‐identified urban deposits was created. Despite a series of postdepositional processes that affected most of these urban deposits, significant differences in near total (Pnt), inorganic (Pi), organic (Po) phosphate levels, and/or Pnt/Pi, Pni/Po ratios were observed in most types of deposits, thus enabling the rapid characterization of dark earth deposits.
Cerebral sex dimorphism and sexual orientation
Authors: Manzouri Amirhossein , Savic Ivanka 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe neurobiology of sexual orientation is frequently discussed in terms of cerebral sex dimorphism (defining both functional and structural sex differences). Yet, the information about possible cerebral differences between sex‐matched homo and heterosexual persons is limited, particularly among women. In this multimodal MRI study, we addressed these issues by investigating possible cerebral differences between homo and heterosexual persons, and by asking whether there is any sex difference in this aspect. Measurements of cortical thickness (Cth), subcortical volumes, and functional and structural resting‐state connections among 40 heterosexual males (HeM) and 40 heterosexual females (HeF) were compared with those of 30 homosexual males (HoM) and 30 homosexual females (HoF). Congruent with previous reports, sex differences were detected in heterosexual controls with regard to fractional anisotropy (FA), Cth, and several subcortical volumes. Homosexual groups did not display any sex differences in FA values. Furthermore, their functional connectivity was significantly less pronounced in the mesial prefrontal and precuneus regions. In these two particular regions, HoM also displayed thicker cerebral cortex than other groups, whereas HoF did not differ from HeF. In addition, in HoM the parietal Cth showed “sex‐reversed” values, not observed in HoF. Homosexual orientation seems associated with a less pronounced sexual differentiation of white matter tracts and a less pronounced functional connectivity of the self‐referential networks compared to heterosexual orientation. Analyses of Cth suggest that male and female homosexuality are not simple analogues of each other and that differences from heterosexual controls are more pronounced in HoM.
Influence of Flushing Pressure before Irrigation on the Anti‐Clogging Performance of Labyrinth Channel Emitters
Authors: Yu Liming , Li Na , Yang Qiliang , Liu Xiaogang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the influence of different pressures on the distribution of particle sizes of deposited sediments and discharged sands in the process of flushing, using cylindrical labyrinth channel emitters. Flushing was performed for 2 min before each irrigation under 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 MPa of pressure. The variation in flow discharge with irrigation times was measured after flushing, and a Malvern laser particle size analyser was employed to analyse the gradation of discharged sands. The results of this study suggested that irrigation time with normal outflow rate was remarkably extended and the anti‐clogging performance of emitters was obviously promoted by the increase in flushing pressures. Moreover, the emitters were sensitive to particles larger than 6.607 μm in diameter, which tended to be retained in the flow paths. In contrast, particles smaller than 6.607 μm in diameter flowed out of the labyrinth channel easily. Furthermore, the flushing pressure had a major impact on the larger particles of discharged sediments, whereas it had a minor effect on smaller particles. Increasing flushing pressures appropriately could effectively increase the passing rate of larger particles, thereby extending the lifespan of emitters. Therefore, it is advised to perform high‐pressure flushing for 2–3 min before each irrigation to prevent the clogging of emitters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery of a novel six‐long non‐coding RNA signature predicting survival of colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Fan Qiaowei , Liu Bingrong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. In the study, we aimed to identify key long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) significantly associated with prognosis of CRC and develop an expression‐based lncRNA signature to provide survival risk prediction for CRC patients. LncRNA expression profiles and clinical information of CRC patients were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Six hundred and eighteen differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified between CRC and normal tissues. After univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis for these differentially expressed lncRNAs and overall survival of CRC patients, six predictive lncRNAs (RP1‐170O19.17, RP11‐785D18.3, RP11‐798K3.2, XXbac‐B476C20.9, RP11‐481J13.1, and RP11‐167H9.4) were finally screened out to construct a six‐lncRNA signature, based on which patients in the training dataset were divided into the high‐risk and low‐risk group with significantly different overall survival. ROC curve analysis demonstrated competitive performance of the six‐lncRNA signature. The prognostic power of the six‐lncRNA signature was successfully validated in the testing and entire dataset. Multivariate Cox regression analysis and stratification analysis further suggested that the six‐lncRNA signature was independent of other conventional clinical variables for survival prediction in CRC patients. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the possible roles of these predictive lncRNAs in some cancer‐related biological processes and pathways. Our study demonstrated the promising potential of the novel six‐lncRNA signature as an independent biomarker for survival prediction of CRC patients.
Prevention of chemotherapy‐induced cachexia by ACVR2B ligand blocking has different effects on heart and skeletal muscle
Authors: Hulmi Juha J. , Nissinen Tuuli A. , Räsänen Markus , Degerman Joni , Lautaoja Juulia H. , Hemanthakumar Karthik Amudhala , Backman Janne T. , Ritvos Olli , Silvennoinen Mika , Kivelä Riikka 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundToxicity of chemotherapy on skeletal muscles and the heart may significantly contribute to cancer cachexia, mortality, and decreased quality of life. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective cytostatic agent, which unfortunately has toxic effects on many healthy tissues. Blocking of activin receptor type IIB (ACVR2B) ligands is an often used strategy to prevent skeletal muscle loss, but its effects on the heart are relatively unknown.MethodsThe effects of DOX treatment with or without pre‐treatment with soluble ACVR2B‐Fc (sACVR2B‐Fc) were investigated. The mice were randomly assigned into one of the three groups: (1) vehicle (PBS)‐treated controls, (2) DOX‐treated mice (DOX), and (3) DOX‐treated mice administered with sACVR2B‐Fc during the experiment (DOX + sACVR2B‐Fc). DOX was administered with a cumulative dose of 24 mg/kg during 2 weeks to investigate cachexia outcome in the heart and skeletal muscle. To understand similarities and differences between skeletal and cardiac muscles in their responses to chemotherapy, the tissues were collected 20 h after a single DOX (15 mg/kg) injection and analysed with genome‐wide transcriptomics and mRNA and protein analyses. The combination group was pre‐treated with sACVR2B‐Fc 48 h before DOX administration. Major findings were also studied in mice receiving only sACVR2B‐Fc.ResultsThe DOX treatment induced similar (~10%) wasting in skeletal muscle and the heart. However, transcriptional changes in response to DOX were much greater in skeletal muscle. Pathway analysis and unbiased transcription factor analysis showed that p53‐p21‐REDD1 is the main common pathway activated by DOX in both skeletal and cardiac muscles. These changes were attenuated by blocking ACVR2B ligands especially in skeletal muscle. Tceal7 (3‐fold to 5‐fold increase), transferrin receptor (1.5‐fold increase), and Ccl21 (0.6‐fold to 0.9‐fold decrease) were identified as novel genes responsive to blocking ACVR2B ligands. Overall, at the transcriptome level, ACVR2B ligand blocking had only minor influence in the heart while it had marked effects in skeletal muscle. The same was also true for the effects on tissue wasting. This may be explained in part by about 18‐fold higher gene expression of myostatin in skeletal muscle compared with the heart.ConclusionsCardiac and skeletal muscles display similar atrophy after DOX treatment, but the mechanisms for this may differ between the tissues. The present results suggest that p53‐p21‐REDD1 signalling is the main common DOX‐activated pathway in these tissues and that blocking activin receptor ligands attenuates this response, especially in skeletal muscle supporting the overall stronger effects of this treatment in skeletal muscles.