bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attentional and interpretive bias towards illness‐related information in chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic review
Authors: Hughes Alicia , Hirsch Colette , Chalder Trudie , Moss‐Morris Rona 
Published: June 2016

PurposeChronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by severe and debilitating fatigue. Studies based on self‐report measures suggest negative illness representations, related symptom interpretations, and heightened symptom focusing are maintaining factors of fatigue. This study reviews studies which have investigated these cognitive biases using experimental methods, to (1) review the evidence for information processing biases in CFS; (2) determine the nature of these biases, that is the stages cognitive biases occur and for what type of stimuli; and (3) provide directions for future methodologies in this area.MethodsStudies were included that measured attention and interpretation bias towards negative and illness‐related information in people with CFS and in a comparison group of healthy controls. PubMed, Ovid, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and EThOS were searched until December 2014.ResultsThe evidence for cognitive biases was dependent on the methodology employed as well as the type and duration of the stimuli presented. Modified Stroop studies found weak evidence of an attentional bias in CFS populations, whereas visual‐probe studies consistently found an attentional bias in CFS groups for health‐threatening information presented for 500 ms or longer. Interpretative bias studies which required elaborative processing, as opposed to a spontaneous response, found an illness‐related interpretive bias in the CFS group compared to controls.ConclusionsSome people with CFS have biases in the way they attend to and interpret somatic information. Such cognitive processing biases may maintain illness beliefs and symptoms in people with CFS. This review highlights methodological issues in experimental design and makes recommendations to aid future research to forge a consistent approach in cognitive processing research.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Studies based on self‐report measures suggest negative illness representations, related symptom interpretations, and heightened symptom focusing contribute to the maintenance of chronic fatigue.

Experimental studies in other clinical populations, such as patients with anxiety, depression, and chronic pain, have identified illness‐specific biases in how information is implicitly attended to and interpreted, which has a causal role in these conditions.

What does this study add?

This is the first review of implicit cognitive processes in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).

Sustained attention and negative interpretations of somatic information may reinforce negative illness beliefs.

Cognitive processes have a role to play in the cognitive behavioural model of CFS.
Intensive lifestyle intervention provides rapid reduction of serum fatty acid levels in women with severe obesity without lowering omega‐3 to unhealthy levels
Authors: Lin C. , Andersen J. R. , Våge V. , Rajalahti T. , Mjøs S. A. , Kvalheim O. M. 
Published: June 2016

SummarySerum fatty acid (FA) levels were monitored in women with severe obesity during intensive lifestyle intervention. At baseline, total FA levels and most individual FAs were elevated compared to a matching cohort of normal and overweight women (healthy controls). After 3 weeks of intensive lifestyle intervention, total level was only 11–12% higher than in the healthy controls and with almost all FAs being significantly lower than at baseline, but with levels of omega‐3 being similar to the healthy controls. This is contrary to observations for patients subjected to bariatric surgery where omega‐3 levels dropped to levels significantly lower than in the lifestyle patients and healthy controls. During the next 3 weeks of treatment, the FA levels in lifestyle patients were unchanged, while the weight loss continued at almost the same rate as in the first 3 weeks. Multivariate analysis revealed that weight loss and change of serum FA patterns were unrelated outcomes of the intervention for lifestyle patients. For bariatric patients, these processes were associated probably due to reduced dietary input and increased input from the patients’ own fat deposits, causing a higher rate of weight loss and simultaneous reduction of the ratio of serum eicosapentaenoic to arachidonic acid.
The Conservation Costs of Game Ranching
Authors: Pitman Ross T , Fattebert Julien , Williams Samual T , Williams Kathryn S , Hill Russell A , Hunter Luke T B , Slotow Rob , Balme Guy A 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe devolution of user rights of wildlife in southern Africa has led to a widespread land‐use shift from livestock farming to game ranching. The economic advantages of game ranching over livestock farming are significant, but so too are the risks associated with breeding financially valuable game where free‐ranging wildlife pose a credible threat. Here, we assessed whether the conservation potential of game ranching, and a decentralized approach to conservation more generally, may be undermined by an increase in human–wildlife conflict. We demonstrate that game rancher tolerance towards free‐ranging wildlife has significantly decreased as the game ranching industry has evolved. Our findings reveal a conflict of interest between wealth and wildlife conservation resulting from local decision making in the absence of adequate centralized governance and evidence‐based best practice. As a fundamental pillar of devolution‐based natural resource management, game ranching proves an important mechanism for economic growth, albeit at a significant cost to conservation.
Insulin resistance and β‐cell function in smokers: results from the EGIR‐RISC European multicentre study
Authors: Gottsäter M. , Balkau B. , Hatunic M. , Gabriel R. , Anderwald C.‐H. , Dekker J. , Lalic N. , Nilsson P. M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimsTobacco smoking is known to increase the long‐term risk of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. This observational, cross‐sectional study aims to compare measures of insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function in current, ex‐ and never‐smokers.MethodsThe study population included 1246 people without diabetes (mean age 44 years, 55% women) from the EGIR‐RISC population, a large European multicentre cohort. Insulin sensitivity was measured using a hyperinsulinaemic, euglycaemic clamp and the homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) index. Two β‐cell function parameters were derived from measures during an oral glucose tolerance test: the early insulin response index and β‐cell glucose sensitivity. Additionally, the areas under the curve during the oral glucose tolerance test were calculated for glucose, insulin and C‐peptide.ResultsAccording to smoking habits, there were differences in insulin sensitivity, which was lower in women who smoked, and in β‐cell glucose sensitivity, which was lower in men who smoked, but these associations lost significance after adjustment. However, after adjustment, the areas under the glucose and the C‐peptide curves during the oral glucose tolerance test were significantly higher in men who smoked.ConclusionsSmoking habits were not independently associated with insulin sensitivity or β‐cell function in a healthy middle‐aged European population. Health‐selection bias, methodological shortcomings or a true lack of causal links between smoking and impaired insulin sensitivity/secretion are possible explanations. The mechanisms behind the observed increased glucose and C‐peptide areas under the curve during the oral glucose tolerance test in male smokers need to be further evaluated.
Morphology of the terminalia of the stick insect Dajaca napolovi from Vietnam (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
Authors: Vallotto Davide , Bresseel Joachim , Constant Jérôme , Gottardo Marco 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAschiphasmatinae is a small group of stick insects from the Oriental region whose genital morphology has been rarely described in detail. The subfamily is of particular interest, as phylogenetic studies have shown Aschiphasmatinae to be the sister group to the remaining Euphasmatodea. In this paper, the male and female terminalia are described for the first time in Dajaca napolovi Brock, a little known aschiphasmatine species from Vietnam. In the male, the transversally undivided abdominal sternum IX and gently incurved cerci with a conspicuous apical tooth represent apomorphies of Aschiphasmatinae. Thorn pads on the hind margin of abdominal tergum X consist of only a single row of 6–7 ventrally oriented teeth. The simple thorn pad structure of Aschiphasmatinae can represent an ancestral condition for Euphasmatodea. The vomer on venter X is well‐developed and features two unusually large basal apodemes and a strongly developed apical spine showing a specialized streaked surface micropattern. Female terminalia are characterized by an unkeeled abdominal sternum VIII covering the reduced primary ovipositor. Gonapophysis VIII does not extend beyond the tip of gonapophysis IX. An asymmetry concerning the size of the paired gonapophyses is reported for the first time in Phasmatodea.
The crystal structure of the ligand‐binding region of serine‐glutamate repeat containing protein A (SgrA) of Enterococcus faecium reveals a new protein fold: functional characterization and insights into its adhesion function
Authors: Nagarajan Revathi , Hendrickx Antoni P. A. , Ponnuraj Karthe 
Published: June 2016

Antimicrobial‐resistant and hospital‐adapted Enterococcus faecium represents a clinical problem in immunocompromised patients in hospitals worldwide. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of E. faecium infections may provide novel therapies to treat or prevent infections. A potential target for novel treatment therapies is the serine‐glutamate repeat containing protein A (SgrA), which is a cell wall‐anchored LPxTG surface protein implicated in binding to fibrinogen and nidogen. Here, we report the X‐ray crystal structure of the N‐terminal ligand‐binding domain of SgrA (rSgrA28–153) to a resolution of 1.79 Å. The structure revealed a new protein fold with significant differences from previously characterized DEv‐IgG‐ and inv‐IgG‐like folds of adhesive proteins known as microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules. The structure contains a Lys–Asn–Glu triad with the potential to form a Lys–Asn isopeptide bond. However, even in the absence of a stabilizing intramolecular isopeptide bond, rSgrA28–153 exhibits remarkable properties like resistance to proteases and high thermal stability. The interaction of rSgrA28–153 with fibrinogen, nidogen, laminin, and abiotic surfaces has been characterized and rSgrA28–153 binds to these molecules with high affinity. rSgrA28–153 also binds to the beta chain of fibrinogen and with high affinity and specificity. Strikingly, the presence of 29 surface‐exposed hydrophobic amino acid residues likely play an important role in the selectivity of rSgrA28–153 to bind to different abiotic surfaces. The results obtained from this study have opened new avenues to explore and understand the role of this unique surface adhesin in the pathogenesis of catheter‐related infections.PDB accession codeThe coordinates and structure factors for rSgrA28–153 have been deposited with the accession code 5FCE.
Global variations in ecosystem‐scale isohydricity
Authors: Konings Alexandra G. , Gentine Pierre 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDroughts are expected to become more frequent and more intense under climate change. Plant mortality rates and biomass declines in response to drought depend on stomatal and xylem flow regulation. Plants operate on a continuum of xylem and stomatal regulation strategies from very isohydric (strict regulation) to very anisohydric. Coexisting species may display a variety of isohydricity behaviors. As such, it can be difficult to predict how to model the degree of isohydricity at the ecosystem scale by aggregating studies of individual species. This is nonetheless essential for accurate prediction of ecosystem drought resilience. In this study, we define a metric for the degree of isohydricity at the ecosystem scale in analogy with a recent metric introduced at the species level. Using data from the AMSR‐E satellite, this metric is evaluated globally based on diurnal variations in microwave vegetation optical depth (VOD), which is directly related to leaf water potential. Areas with low annual mean radiation are found to be more anisohydric. Except for evergreen broadleaf forests in the tropics, which are very isohydric, and croplands, which are very anisohydric, land cover type is a poor predictor of ecosystem isohydricity, in accordance with previous species‐scale observations. It is therefore also a poor basis for parameterizing water stress response in land‐surface models. For taller ecosystems, canopy height is correlated with higher isohydricity (so that rainforests are mostly isohydric). Highly anisohydric areas show either high or low underlying water use efficiency. In seasonally dry locations, most ecosystems display a more isohydric response (increased stomatal regulation) during the dry season. In several seasonally dry tropical forests, this trend is reversed, as dry‐season leaf‐out appears to coincide with a shift toward more anisohydric strategies. The metric developed in this study allows for detailed investigations of spatial and temporal variations in plant water behavior.
Small Area Population Estimation: Estimating Population Size at Ward Level 2014 in South Africa
Authors: Udjo Eric O. 
Published: June 2016

The census is the traditional source of population figures at various levels. Census figures however are technically outdated immediately they are released because planners require figures for the present and possibly for future dates. In an attempt to meet this demand different organisations and researchers produce population estimates and projections. These estimates however are usually at higher geographical levels and often do not meet the planning needs of administrators at lower geographical levels. This study extends a top‐down estimation method to an African country by estimating the mid‐2014 population at ward level in South Africa.The study used the 2011 South Africa Census to estimate current levels of fertility, mortality as well as current trends in net migration at a higher geographical level. Historical trends in fertility and mortality were based on the 1996 Census, 1997 and 1998 October Household Surveys as well as the 2007 Community Survey data. The results indicate that that 20 of the largest wards as at mid‐2014 were located in South Africa's metropolitan areas. Nineteen of the 20 largest wards are currently growing at a rate of over 4% per annum and if this trend continues, eighteen of these wards will double their current population size in less than 15 years.
Catheter replacement structure in home medical care settings and regional characteristics in Tokyo and three adjoining prefectures
Authors: Kimura Takuma , Yoshie Satoru , Tsuchiya Rumiko , Kawagoe Shohei , Hirahara Satoshi , Iijima Katsuya , Akahoshi Toru , Tsuji Tetsuo 
Published: June 2016

AimThe present study investigated the association between the structure of catheter replacement services in home medical care settings and regional characteristics.MethodsAn anonymous self‐administered questionnaire was carried out from August to September 2013. Participants were physicians from 5338 clinics that provided medical care services at home, and nurses from 1619 home‐visit nursing stations in Tokyo and three adjoining prefectures. The questionnaire covered catheter replacement (gastrostomy tubes, nasogastric tubes, tracheal cannulas) during home medical care, and the professions of those who replaced urethral catheters for male and female patients. Regions were divided into two groups (higher‐ and lower‐density regions) based on the number of clinics, number of home‐visit nursing stations and the ratio of the population aged ≥65 years. The rates of respondents that reported catheter replacement was usually executed, and those who reported catheters were replaced by “physicians in principle” were compared between the groups.ResultsResponses were received from 842 clinics (16.3%) and 499 home‐visit nursing stations (31.4%). In the higher‐density regions, the rate of physicians who reported urethral catheters for male patients were replaced by “physicians in principle” was significantly higher than in the lower‐density regions (P < 0.001). In the lower‐density regions, the rate of nurses who reported urethral catheters for male patients were replaced by “nurses in principle” was significantly higher compared with the higher‐density regions (P < 0.016).ConclusionsIn home medical care settings, urethral catheters for male patients are replaced by nurses in regions where physician resources are limited. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 628–636.
Long‐term outcome of haemophilia A patients after successful immune tolerance induction therapy using a single plasma‐derived FVIII/VWF product: the long‐term ITI study
Authors: Jiménez‐Yuste V. , Oldenburg J. , Rangarajan S. , Peiró‐Jordán R. , Santagostino E. 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionImmune tolerance induction (ITI) is a standard intervention to eradicate inhibitors in haemophilic patients. However, information on the long‐term condition of patients who eradicated the inhibitor totally or partially after ITI is scarce.AimTo perform a long‐term follow‐up to describe the status of patients reported as ITI success in the G‐ITI study.MethodsThis was an international, multicentre, observational, retrospective study of the 57 haemophilic patients who were reported as ITI success in the G‐ITI study. Demographics and post‐ITI clinical data recorded until January 2015 were extracted from the medical records. A descriptive analysis was undertaken.ResultsForty‐four patients were evaluable. Post‐ITI follow‐up was 9.1 years in average. Thirty‐seven target joints were affected in 21 patients; 38 patients presented bleeding with a mean of 1.0 ± 1.2 episodes year−1, most of them (271/330) treated with Fanhdi® (Grifols). Around half of the patients underwent at least one surgical procedure. Most venous access complications were of expected nature, requiring hospital stay in practically all cases. Fanhdi was used in 42 patients as the regular haemophilia treatment after ITI, mainly prophylactically. Three patients (6.8%) who were being treated with Fanhdi (prophylaxis), Kogenate (prophylaxis) and Emoclot (on demand), respectively, showed inhibitor relapse (at 29, 53 and 13 months after ITI, with 0.9, 3.65 and 12.5 BU respectively). All of them were successfully tolerized after rescue ITI.ConclusionAfter ITI success, all patients continued with regular successful FVIII treatment for haemophilia for more than 9 years. The few inhibitor relapses were successfully overcome after rescue ITI.
Hypomagnesemia as a predictor of mortality in hemodialysis patients and the role of proton pump inhibitors: A cross‐sectional, 1‐year, retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ago Rika , Shindo Toshihiro , Banshodani Masataka , Shintaku Sadanori , Moriishi Misaki , Masaki Takao , Kawanishi Hideki 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroduction This study aimed to evaluate the association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and serum magnesium levels, and the role of hypomagnesemia and PPI use as a risk factor for mortality in hemodialysis patients.Methods An observational study, including a cross‐sectional and 1‐year retrospective cohort study. The study comprised 399 hemodialysis patients at a single center, and was conducted from January to September 2014. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the independent relationship between serum magnesium levels and baseline demographic and clinical variables, including PPI and histamine‐2 receptor antagonist use. Cox regression model was used to identify lower serum magnesium level and PPI as a predictor of 1‐year mortality.Findings Serum magnesium levels were lower with PPI use than non‐PPI use (2.39 ± 0.36 vs. 2.56 ± 0.39 mg/dL, P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that PPI use, low serum albumin levels, and low serum potassium and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) levels were significantly associated with low serum magnesium levels. A total of 29 deaths occurred during the follow‐up period. According to Cox regression analysis stratified by hs‐CRP, only high serum hs‐CRP levels (>4.04 mg/L) in association with low serum magnesium levels was an independent risk factor for 1‐year mortality (hazard ratio: 2.92; 95% CI: 1.53–6.40, P < 0.001).Discussion Serum magnesium levels are lower in PPI use. In the inflammatory state, a low serum magnesium level is a significant predictor of mortality in hemodialysis patients.
Influence of religiosity and spiritual coping on health‐related quality of life in Saudi haemodialysis patients
Authors: Cruz Jonas Preposi , Colet Paolo C. , Alquwez Nahed , Inocian Ergie P. , Al‐Otaibi Raid Salman , Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD) are frequently troubled by psychiatric disorders and coping problems, which can pose a serious threat to their physical and mental well‐being. Using religious and spiritual interventions as a means of coping with physical and mental challenges is widely recognized. Although this topic has been well studied, in the Middle East regions, where Islam is the dominant religion, studies are limited. Thus, this study was performed to explore the influence of religiosity and spiritual coping (SC) on the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of Saudi patients receiving HD.Methods:A total of 168 HD patients from three hospitals in Saudi Arabia formed a convenient sample for this descriptive, cross‐sectional hospital‐based study. Data collection was done via questionnaire‐guided interviews using the Muslim Religious Index as well as the Arabic Versions of the Spiritual Coping Strategies scale and Quality of Life Index Dialysis. Regression analysis enabled identification of the factors influencing HRQoL.Findings:Older patients were found to reveal higher levels of religiosity, whereas the younger ones expressed a lesser degree of religious and nonreligious coping. Unemployed patients reported greater involvement in religious practices (RP) and more frequently used religious coping than those employed. The latter showed lower intrinsic religiosity and nonreligious coping usage than the unemployed. The respondents reported the greatest satisfaction scores on their psychological/spiritual dimension and the least scores on the social and economic dimension. Therefore, the factors that could influence the HRQoL of the respondents were identified as involvement in RP, intrinsic religious beliefs, religious coping usage and age.Discussion:This study revealed significant findings regarding the importance of religiosity and SC on the HRQoL of the Saudi HD patients. Therefore, it has been highly recommended to integrate religiosity into the health‐care process for such patients to facilitate the achievement of overall optimum health levels.