bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Density and P‐wave velocity structure beneath the Paraná Magmatic Province: Refertilization of an ancient lithospheric mantle
Authors: Chaves Carlos , Ussami Naomi , Ritsema Jeroen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe estimate density and P‐wave velocity perturbations in the mantle beneath the southeastern South America plate from geoid anomalies and P‐wave traveltime residuals to constrain the structure of the lithosphere underneath the Paraná Magmatic Province (PMP) and conterminous geological provinces. Our analysis shows a consistent correlation between density and velocity anomalies. The P‐wave speed and density are 1% and 15 kg/m3 lower, respectively, in the upper mantle under the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic alkaline provinces, except beneath the Goiás Alkaline Province (GAP), where density (+20 kg/m3) and velocity (+0.5%) are relatively high. Underneath the PMP, the density is higher by about 50 kg/m3 in the north and 25 kg/m3 in the south, to a depth of 250 − 300 km. These values correlate with high‐velocity perturbations of +0.5% and +0.3%, respectively. Profiles of density perturbation versus depth in the upper mantle are different for the PMP and the adjacent Archean São Francisco (SFC) and Amazonian (AC) cratons. The Paleoproterozoic PMP basement has a high‐density root. The density is relatively low in the SFC and AC lithospheres. A reduction of density is a typical characteristic of chemically depleted Archean cratons. A more fertile Proterozoic and Phanerozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle has a higher density, as deduced from density estimates of mantle xenoliths of different ages and composition. In conjunction with Re‐Os isotopic studies of the PMP basalts, chemical and isotopic analyses of peridodite xenoliths from the GAP in the northern PMP, and electromagnetic induction experiments of the PMP lithosphere, our density and P‐wave speed models suggest that the densification of the PMP lithosphere and flood basalt generation are related to mantle refertilization. Metasomatic refertilization resulted from the introduction of asthenospheric components from the mantle wedge above Proterozoic subduction zones, which surrounded the Paraná lithosphere. The high‐density PMP lithosphere is presently gravitationally unstable and prone to delamination.
Obesity indices are predictive of elevated C‐reactive protein in long‐haul truck drivers
Authors: Wideman Laurie , Oberlin Douglas J. , Sönmez Sevil , Labban Jeffrey , Lemke Michael Kenneth , Apostolopoulos Yorghos 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundObesity rates in long‐haul truck drivers have been shown to be significantly higher than the general population. We hypothesized that commercial drivers with the highest levels of general obesity and abdominal adiposity would have higher concentrations of high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation.MethodsSurvey and anthropometric data were collected from 262 commercial drivers. Weight, circumference measures, and blood analysis for CRP (N = 115) were conducted and compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. CRP values were non‐normally distributed and logarithmically transformed for statistical analyses.ResultsBMI, waist circumference, sagittal abdominal diameter, and CRP were significantly higher than in the general population. Anthropometric indices that included height (BMI, waist‐to‐height ratio, and sagittal diameter‐to‐height ratio), were most predictive of CRP values.ConclusionsAbdominal obesity is prevalent in commercial vehicle drivers and is an important indicator of the presence of inflammation in this population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:665–675, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterizing emergency department patients who reported work‐related injuries and illnesses
Authors: Bhandari Ruchi , Marsh Suzanne M. , Reichard Audrey A. , Tonozzi Theresa R. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundPer a Congressional directive and funding, this study describes worker and workplace characteristics of emergency department (ED) patients who reported their injury/illness to their employer. The study also responds to Congress's request to enumerate injured/ill self‐employed workers and workers with chronic conditions.MethodsWe conducted a follow‐back study on injured/ill workers, including self‐employed, identified from a national ED surveillance system from June 2012 through December 2013.ResultsAn estimated 3,357,000 (95%CI: 2,516,000–4,199,000) workers treated in EDs reported their injury/illness to their employer or were self‐employed. Of those, 202,000 (95%CI: 133,000–272,000) had a chronic condition. Of all reporters, excluding self‐employed, 77% indicated they received instructions as to whom to report.ConclusionThe study did not identify underreporting issues and revealed that medical records data may not be appropriate for assessing underreporting. Additional research is needed to examine workplace characteristics that encourage injury and illness reporting. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:610–620, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using emergency department surveillance data to assess occupational injury and illness reporting by workers
Authors: Marsh Suzanne M. , Reichard Audrey A. , Bhandari Ruchi , Tonozzi Theresa R. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveResearchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) share detailed methodologies from conducting two follow‐back studies initiated in 2010 that were designed to assess whether workers reported their injuries and illnesses to their employers and to identify worker incentives and disincentives for reporting work‐related injuries to employers.MethodologyStudy respondents were sampled from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System occupational supplement (NEISS‐Work), an emergency department‐based surveillance system. Telephone interviews were used to collect information directly from workers.OutcomesAmong persons treated in emergency departments who could be identified as working at the time of injury or illness, most reported their injury or illness to their employer. Our studies did not assess if these reported injuries and illnesses were recorded on the Occupational Safety and Health logs.DiscussionOur approach suggests that emergency department‐based surveillance data are limited in their utility to investigate underreporting among workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:600–609, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Traumatic penile amputation in a 15‐year‐old boy presenting late in northwestern Nigeria
Authors: Musa Muhammad Ujudud , Abdulmajid Umar Farouk , Mashi Sharfuddeen Abbas , Yunusa Bashir 
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical MessageTraumatic penile amputation is a serious urological emergency, although rare whenever it happens, there is a need to refer the patient early to urologist within 24 h, with the stump wrapped in saline; unfortunately, our patient presented late and as such could not benefit from penile reimplantation.
A Squaraine Derivative for Cost‐Effective, Quick, and Highly Sensitive Determination of Mercury and Thiols and pH Sensing
Authors: Sklavounos Alexandros A. , Pefkianakis Eleftherios K. , Toubanaki Dimitra K. , Vougioukalakis Georgios C. , Calokerinos Antony C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe introduction of innovative sensing approaches is of increasing interest in the development of analytical platforms and methodologies for the colorimetric, fluorimetric, and/or optical detection of important analytes. Herein, the synthesis of a novel squaraine derivative is reported, as well as its successful utilization in the colorimetric and fluorimetric determination of thiols. The reported squaraine was also evaluated as a pH sensor. In addition, a promising paper‐based colorimetric method for mercury detection was developed and evaluated.
Bulk Free Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Vinyl Acetate: A Comparative Study
Authors: Victoria‐Valenzuela David , Herrera‐Ordonez Jorge , Luna‐Barcenas Gabriel , Verros George D. , Achilias Dimitris S. 
Published: July 2016

The model and methodology for estimating diffusion‐controlled rate coefficients for the methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization system is extended to the vinyl acetate (VAc) case. Comparison of the kinetic behavior and termination rate coefficients (kt) of both monomers suggests that at low conversions the termination reaction is controlled by the chemical step, whereas at moderate and high conversions it is controlled by the diffusive step which in turn is determined by the segmental diffusion of the long radicals and not by the center of mass diffusion of short radicals. It is found that, for most of the conversion range, diffusion coefficient for VAc is lower than the one for MMA notwithstanding that ktVAc > ktMMA. An explanation of this apparent inconsistency on the base of the model results and in terms of segmental mobility is proposed.
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Clinical presentation and risk factors of serious infections in children with Down syndrome treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Ceppi Francesco , Stephens Derek , den Hollander Barbara S. , Krueger Joerg , Whitlock James , Sung Lillian , Hitzler Johann 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundTreatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children with Down syndrome (DS) is associated with a higher incidence of life‐threatening infections compared to the overall pediatric population. The objective of this study was to describe infections and identify risk factors of microbiologically documented infections at a sterile site in children with DS during chemotherapy for ALL.ProcedureWe conducted a single‐institution retrospective review of infectious episodes encountered by patients with DS during primary treatment for ALL. Correlations between features of clinical presentation and severity of microbiologically proven infections were investigated.ResultsAmong 237 suspected infectious episodes encountered by 35 patients with DS and ALL (DS–ALL), a total of 40 episodes (16.9%) had the clinical presentation of a severe infection (SI). Seventeen patients had 33 (13.9%) microbiologically proven infections from a sterile site. Fever was not part of the clinical presentation in 27% of microbiologically documented infectious episodes. The odds ratio of a microbiologically proven infection at a sterile site was significantly increased during a 7‐day interval after treatment with glucocorticoids (2.18; 95% CI: 1.02–4.66; P = 0.04). Neither administration of anthracyclines in the preceding 14 days nor neutropenia correlated with infections.ConclusionsSerious infections in DS–ALL may present without typical signs such as fever. The immediate time period following administration of glucocorticoids is particularly associated with the risk of SIs.
Capacitance–voltage spectroscopy and analysis of dielectric intrinsic amorphous silicon thin films
Authors: Gerke Sebastian , Micard Gabriel , Job Reinhart , Hahn Giso , Terheiden Barbara 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCapacitance‐voltage (CV) spectroscopy of classic metal‐insulator‐semiconductors (MIS) using insulating oxides as well as highly passivating intrinsic and hydrogenated amorphous silicon ((i) a‐Si:H) has been discussed extensively in literature, particularly with regard to photovoltaic applications. Imperfectly passivating as well as thermal or light‐induced degraded (i) a‐Si:H exhibits a reduced passivation quality and an increased defect‐based shunt conductivity. These properties cannot be accounted for by classical CV spectroscopy as described in literature for insulating oxides or highly passivating (i) a‐Si:H. To characterize such imperfectly passivating or degraded (i) a‐Si:H thin films by CV spectroscopy, the required MIS samples have to be prepared following special design rules. Design rules were defined on the base of electric field FEM investigations and empirically validated. In combination with an adapted approach to calculate the number of defects (ND) CV spectrometry becomes a more reliable analytic tool to describe imperfectly passivating as well as degraded (i) a‐Si:H. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Detection and reduction of tungsten contamination in ion implantation processes
Authors: Polignano M. L. , Galbiati A. , Grasso S. , Mica I. , Barbarossa F. , Magni D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we review the results of some studies addressing the problem of tungsten contamination in implantation processes. For some tests, the implanter was contaminated by implantation of wafers with an exposed tungsten layer, resulting in critical contamination conditions. First, DLTS (deep level transient spectroscopy) measurements were calibrated to measure tungsten contamination in ion‐implanted samples. DLTS measurements of tungsten‐implanted samples showed that the tungsten concentration increases linearly with the dose up to a rather low dose (5×1010 cm–2). Tungsten deactivation was observed when the dose was further increased. Under these conditions, ToF‐SIMS revealed tungsten at the wafer surface, showing that deactivation was due to surface segregation. DLTS calibration could therefore be obtained in the linear dose regime only. This calibration was used to evaluate the tungsten contamination in arsenic implantations. Ordinary operating conditions and critical contamination conditions of the equipment were compared. A moderate tungsten contamination was observed in samples implanted under ordinary operating conditions. This contamination was easily suppressed by a thin screen oxide. On the contrary, implantations in critical conditions of the equipment resulted in a relevant tungsten contamination, which could be reduced but not suppressed even by a relatively thick screen oxide (up to 150 Å). A decontamination process consisting of high dose implantations of dummy wafers was tested for its efficiency to remove tungsten and titanium contamination. This process was found to be much more effective for titanium than for tungsten. Finally, DLTS proved to be much more sensitive that TXRF (total reflection X‐ray fluorescence) in detecting tungsten contamination. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A statistical model for the gettering of impurities on an atomistic scale
Authors: Kamiyama Eiji , Sueoka Koji , Vanhellemont Jan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe phenomena of impurities in Si in thermal equilibrium can be described on an atomistic scale. This model can statistically estimate the thermal equilibrium concentrations and the distribution of any metallic contamination atoms in advanced wafer structures if the gettering site densities in the wafer and their binding energies for the metallic impurity atoms are known. This model has the advantage that gettering phenomena can be calculated based on ab initio calculation results. Ab initio calculations indeed allow calculating the binding energy of any kind of contamination atom at any position in crystals without the need to perform extensive experiments. The model is illustrated for the gettering of Cu atoms in a p‐type Si double layer structure consisting of a moderately B‐doped layer, the “device layer,” and a heavily B‐doped layer, the “substrate.” By using this statistical approach, we can also predict Cu solubility in Si wafers for various B‐doping levels without the assumption of any solubility data in a previously‐known doping level, as is typically found in the literature. The calculated results show good agreement with published experimental observations. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Information or resolution: Which is required from an SEM to study bulk inorganic materials?
Authors: Xing Q. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySignificant technological advances in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been achieved over the past years. Different SEMs can have significant differences in functionality and performance. This work presents the perspectives on selecting an SEM for research on bulk inorganic materials. Understanding materials demands quantitative composition and orientation information, and informative and interpretable images that reveal subtle differences in chemistry, orientation/structure, topography, and electronic structure. The capability to yield informative and interpretable images with high signal‐to‐noise ratios and spatial resolutions is an overall result of the SEM system as a whole, from the electron optical column to the detection system. The electron optical column determines probe performance. The roles of the detection system are to capture, filter or discriminate, and convert signal electrons to imaging information. The capability to control practical operating parameters including electron probe size and current, acceleration voltage or landing voltage, working distance, detector selection, and signal filtration is inherently determined by the SEM itself. As a platform for various accessories, e.g. an energy‐dispersive spectrometer and an electron backscatter diffraction detector, the properties of the electron optical column, specimen chamber, and stage greatly affect the performance of accessories. Ease‐of‐use and ease‐of‐maintenance are of practical importance. It is practically important to select appropriate test specimens, design suitable imaging conditions, and analyze the specimen chamber geometry and dimensions to assess the overall functionality and performance of an SEM. For an SEM that is controlled/operated with a computer, the stable software and user‐friendly interface significantly improve the usability of the SEM. SCANNING 38:864–879, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Surface Activity and Aggregation Behavior of Novel Gemini Pyridinium Amphiphiles
Authors: Hao Junsheng , Wang Pan , Zhang Yongbin , Zhang Yue 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA series of novel pyridinium cationic gemini amphiphiles, 3,3′‐(carbonyldiimino)bis (1‐n‐alkylpyridinium) dibromides, having octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl alkyl chains were synthesized. The surface properties and aggregation behavior in aqueous solution were evaluated by surface tension, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement. The adsorption at the air/solution interface of all the compounds were quantitative described using the Frumkin model, and the effect of alkyl chain length on surface activity and aggregate behavior was analyzed. It was found that all the gemini amphiphiles possess surface activity and low critical micellization concentration (CMC) values. The values of log CMC depended linearly on the carbon number of the alkyl chains, but the surface tension at the CMC (γcmc) showed a minimum for the compound with dodecyl chains. Combinations of DLS and TEM observations showed the existence of vesicles with a broad size distribution in aqueous solution. Meanwhile, vesicles formed below the CMC could be a possible reason for the observed deviation of surface tension curves from the Frumkin model.
Design of Frame-Like Periodic Solids for Isotropic Symmetry by Member Sizing
Authors: Theerakittayakorn K. , Suttakul P. , Sam P. , Nanakorn P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this study, a methodology to design frame-like periodic solids for isotropic symmetry by appropriate sizing of unit-cell struts is presented. The methodology utilizes the closed-form effective elastic constants of 2D frame-like periodic solids with square symmetry and 3D frame-like periodic solids with cubic symmetry, derived using the homogenization method based on equivalent strain energy. By using the closed-form effective elastic constants, an equation to enforce isotropic symmetry can be analytically constructed. Thereafter, the equation can be used to determine relative unit-cell strut sizes that are required for isotropic symmetry. The methodology is tested with 2D and 3D frame-like periodic solids with some common unit-cell topologies. Satisfactory results are observed.
Book review: MARINA VIGÁRIO, SÓNIA FRITA & M. JOÃO FREITAS (eds.), Phonetics and phonology: Interactions and interrelations (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 306) – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Deterding David 
Published: July 2016

The author of this book review apologies for the error in one of the book editors’ names.Sónia Frita should be Sónia Frota.
Can Rahner Bridge the Linguistic Divide?
Authors: Masson Robert 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDespite the extensive discussion about theological discourse in both the English-speaking world and in Europe, there have been few serious and extended attempts to relate Anglo-American philosophy and theology to Karl Rahner's “transcendental” perspective. Because of their difference in perspective each has much to offer the other. It is reasonable to hope that in bridging the gap between the two, we might make some progress in the still more formidable task of developing a Christian theology which would enable us to emerge from our linguistic ghettos to offer a more credible response to contemporary secular culture. The article warns, however, that the search for points of affinity between these two casts of mind can easily lead to a distortion of one perspective or the other, rather than to a genuine confrontation and dialogue. An examination of an attempt to find such points of affinity provides the occasion for disclosing Rahner's possible contribution to the discussion of religious language, while also demonstrating the limitations of any approach which seeks points of similarity without at the same time noting the fundamental difference between his perspective and that of some who represent Anglo-American thinking.
Facilitation in Education for the Environment
Authors: Thomas Glyn 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe concept of education for the environment is well documented in the literature but is apparently less common in practice. Some of the reasons provided for this rhetoric-reality gap include: the controversial and political nature of the subject, the difficulty of empowering students into meaningful action, the challenge of using innovative methods, the difficulties associated with values education, and deficiencies in teacher preparation. Advocates of education for the environment encourage teachers to use student centred, experiential approaches yet provide little guidance to teachers on how to effectively utilise these approaches in their programs. There is a growing body of literature in the field of facilitation that is directly applicable to student-centred, experiential, environmental education. This paper will seek to demonstrate the relevance of facilitation skills, knowledge and experience to the effective implementation of education for the environment.