bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sports activity as a factor differentiating the level of somatic constitution and physical fitness of officer cadets at the Military Academy of Land Forces
Authors: Lenart Dariusz 
Published: April 2016

PurposeSport activities comprise the main forms of physical activity, which include sport disciplines and sport events. The main aim of the work is to evaluate the differentiation of the somatic constitution, physical fitness and the respiratory abilities in officer cadets of the Military Academy of Land Forces, depending on the level of their sports activity.MethodsThe research material was gathered as a result of testing officer cadets of the Military Academy of Land Forces in 2014. The testing covered a research sample of 90 men. The mean age of the examined cadets was 22.9 years. Examinations of the students included anthropometric measurements, physical fitness tests, spirometry and a survey.ResultsThe results indicate the lack of significant differences in the body build characteristics of officer cadets. Only the body mass index was different. Separated groups of students, in term of sports activity, were characterised by similar physical fitness and the different level of the efficiency of the respiratory system. The higher level of these respiratory abilities distinguished sports active officer cadets, in comparison with passive officer cadets.ConclusionsSports activities in leisure time did not turn out to be a factor, which significantly differentiated the somatic characteristics of officer cadets. Sports activity was not also part of lifestyle, which significantly differentiated the level of the majority of the analysed functional and respiratory abilities. Only in the case of the cardio-respiratory efficiency, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, active cadets were characterised by a significantly higher level of these physiological abilities, in comparison with less active cadets.
The role of proprioception in the sagittal setting of anticipatory postural adjustments during gait initiation
Authors: Pereira Marcelo P. , Pelicioni Paulo H. Silva , Gobbi Lilian T.B. 
Published: April 2016

PurposePrevious studies have studied the role of proprioception on the setting of anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) during gait initiation. However, these studies did not investigate the role of proprioception in the sagittal APA setting. We aimed to investigate the role of proprioception manipulation to induce APA sagittal adaptations on gait initiation.MethodsFourteen healthy adults performed gait initiation without, and with, vibration applied before movement onset, and during movement. In addition, the effects of two different vibration frequencies (80 and 120Hz) were tested. Vibration was applied bilaterally on the tibialis anterior, rectus femoris and trapezius superior. The first step characteristics, ground reaction forces and CoP behaviour were assessed.ResultsVibration improved gait initiation performance regardless of the moment it was applied. CoP velocity during the initial phase of APA was increased by vibration only when it was applied before movement. When vibration was applied to disturb the movement, no effects on the CoP behaviour were observed. Manipulation of vibration frequency had no effects.ConclusionsRather than proprioception manipulation, the results suggest that post-vibratory effects and attentional mechanisms were responsible for our results. Taken together, the results show that sagittal APA setting is robust to proprioception manipulation.
Association Between Age and Obesity Over Time
Authors: Kranjac Ashley Wendell , Wagmiller Robert L. 
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
A decline in the prevalence of obesity among 2- to 5-year-olds in the United States was recently reported. This decline may be due to changes in the population composition of children over time or may be a consequence of changes in how strongly individual- or family-level factors are linked to childhood obesity. We applied regression decomposition techniques to identify the sources of the decline.

METHODS:
We used data from the 2003–2004 and 2011–2012 NHANES restricted to 2- to 5-year-old children and Blinder-Oaxaca regression decomposition techniques to partition the decline in early childhood obesity into 2 components: changes resulting from (1) how demographic, economic, and health characteristics of children have changed over this period (ie, changes in population composition) and (2) changes in how these demographic, economic, and health factors are associated with obesity (ie, changes in associations).

RESULTS:
The obesity rate was lower in 2011–2012 than it was in 2003–2004 mainly because obesity was strongly and positively associated with age in 2003–2004 (ie, older children were more likely to be obese than younger children) but not in 2011–2012 (ie, older children were not more likely to be obese than younger children).

CONCLUSIONS:
If the weaker association between age and obesity we observed for this cohort of 2- to 5-year-old children in 2011–2012 persists for subsequent cohorts of young children, the obesity rate for young children will remain at or near the lower rate seen in 2011–2012.
Silica coated, aminosilane functionalization, upconversion emission and cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines of the nanoparticles Y2O3 and Gd2O3 co-doped with Yb3+ and Er3+
Authors: Chávez D. , Juárez-Moreno K. , Hirata G.A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTY2O3 and Gd2O3 upconversion nanoparticles (UCN) co-doped with Yb3+ and Er3+ can absorb and upconvert near infrared (NIR) radiation into visible light. These UCN find application in bioimaging, as an important tool to diagnose and visualize cancer cells. The UCN can be used as biolabels to identify the cells; the nanoparticles can be coated and functionalized with ligands that bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. In this project, the UCN were synthesized by sol-gel method and subsequently coated with a thin silica shell by using the Stöber method. The core-shell UCN were functionalized with amine group to enable folic acid conjugation. The functionalized core-shell nanoparticles were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and luminescence measurements. Concentrations of bare and coated/functionalized UCN between 0.001 µg/mL and 1 µg/mL were tested on two different cell lines from human cervix carcinoma (HeLa) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-)1 with colorimetric assay based on the MTT reagent (methy-134 thiazolyltetrazolium). The results show good luminescence spectra on all core-shell UCN. The MTT assays show that some concentrations of bare UCN of Y2O3: Er, Yb (1%, 1% mol) and Gd2O3 were cytotoxic for cervical adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa). For human colorectal adenocarcinoma all UCN are non-cytotoxic. The UCN with silica-aminosilane functionalization (APTS/TEOS) were non-cytotoxic on both cell lines.
Morphological and Spectroscopic Studies of Chitin Nanowhiskers
Authors: Campos-Cornelio Violeta , Flores-Ramírez Nelly , Vasquez-García Salomón R. , Domratcheva-Lvova Lada , García-González Leandro 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTChitin nanowhiskers were obtained with the purpose to be used as astaxanthin protectors against the photo and thermal degradation. These nanostructures were generated by a freezing/thawing procedure using two stirring methods: mechanical and sonication, which were named as FTM and FTS respectively. Morphological and spectroscopic studies were carried out on chitin nanowhiskers by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Through a SEM analysis, chitin fibers were found uniformly spaced and oriented with the width ranged from of 20-40 nm. Furthermore, the nanowhiskers obtained by FTM showed long and flattened structures and bundles of homogeneous sizes, which have the capacity of being sites of stress concentration. In contrast, by FTS, the nanowhiskers showed coarse fibers exhibiting numerous peaks. By comparing the two methods is appreciated that FTS method provides more surface area, giving more sites for functionalization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) allowed the determination of free movement of functional groups on the surface of samples obtained by FTM and FTS methods. Significant differences of signals in the spectra indicate that there were more unassociated amides in the nanowhiskers obtained by FTS than by FTM.
Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis from Four Different Organic Precursors by CVD
Authors: Granados-Martínez F. G. , Contreras-Navarrete J. J. , García-Ruiz D. L. , Gutiérrez-García C. J. , Durán-Navarro A. , Gama-Ortega E. E. , Flores-Ramírez N. , Huipe-Nava E. , García-González L. , de L. Mondragón-Sánchez M. , Domratcheva-Lvova L. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) from diethyl ether, butanol, hexane and ethyl acetate. A quartz tube with a stainless steel tube catalyst core with 0.019 m diameter and 0.6 m large formed the reactor. To avoid combustion, argon was used as the carrier gas. Time process ranged 30 to 60 min. The range of CNTs synthesis temperature was 680-850 °C for different precursors. Scanning Electron Microscopy micrographs have demonstrated tangled CNTs growth in all samples, thus presenting difficult length measurement. The CNTs diameters from diethyl ether are 45-200 nm, butanol diameter range from 55-230 nm, hexane diameter range is 50-130 nm and ethyl acetate range from 100 to 300 nm. Carbon content for all samples was higher than 93 %, CNTs from butanol showed carbon concentration up to 99%. FTIR, Raman and X-Ray Spectroscopies spectra for all samples demonstrated the characteristics signals present in carbon nanotubes. This research proposes a simple, effective and innovative method to synthesize CNTs by CVD on iron stainless steel catalyst in combination with diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and hexane as precursors by applying the principles of green chemistry, sustainability and its ease to be scaled.
ESENSIALITAS HOME VISIT DALAM PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Yaqien Nurul 
Published: April 2016

Each education institute has a great longing to be able to conduct all education programs thoroughly. The desire to do the whole brings in the school endeavor that is how to create favorable situation between schools and students’ participant. The aim in doing close relationship between school and students’ participant is to give more comprehension for them in school life. Home visit is one of the school programs whose enormous effect in attempting school programs. It does not only overcome the students’ difficulty or achievement of learning but also has a function as offering school programs which is necessary participation or involvement of students’ participant and people in the society to accomplish school programs well.<br />Keyword: Home Visit, development, and Education<br /><br />
APLIKASI MODEL ROLE PLAYING SEBAGAI UPAYA PEMBELAJARAN NILAI DALAM PENDIDIKAN IPS SD/MI
Authors: Zuhriyah Indah Aminatuz 
Published: April 2016

Value is a conviction or believes that become the basic for a person or a group of person to choose their action, or appraise something meaningful or something unmeaning for their live. This interpretation means that value is a characteristic attributed to something related to subject (human as the provider of value). Social values in social science education in elementary school (SD/MI) can be applied trough role playing. Role playing is learning processes in which the students do something have done by other people. That other people maybe is a president, ministry, prominent figure of society, law official, teachers, the owner of other professions, officials, or even the ordinary people. The important thing from this learning process is that students try to think, feel the emotion, and act not as their own self but as others. By occupy and inspire the role, students are going to understand why such kind of action should be done, what kind of value underlying that consideration, and how the object people face that kind of situation.<br /> Keyword: value education, role playing, social science.<br /><br />
Evaluasi Sikap Dan Perilaku Siswa Terhadap Lingkungan Hidup Dan Pembangunan Berwawasan Lingkungan Di Madrasah
Authors: Wahyuningtiyas Neni 
Published: April 2016

<span><em>Environmental education is one effort to realize environmental sustainability </em><span><em>for present until future. Explicitly, it shows that human effort to save</em><br /><span><em>environmental must be done continuously, relay from one generation to </em><span><em>the next generation. In fact, there is problem about behavior and attitude </em><span><em>of student class XI at MA Nurul Ulum Munjungan Trenggalek towards </em><span><em>environmental sustainability. Most of student have less concern towards</em><br /><span><em>environmental sustainability, for examples throwing the rubbish everywhere, </em><span><em>letting classroom dirty, plant that are not caring well, and excessive use of </em><span><em>water. In order to describe the behavior and attitude of students towards</em><br /><span><em>environmental and development based on environmental, evaluation </em><span><em>about behavior and attitude of student is needed to be done actually and </em><span><em>systematically.</em><br /><span><strong>Keywords: </strong><span><em>Evaluation, behavior, environmental behavior</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span>
Pengembangan Kurikulum Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Mubarak Ruma 
Published: April 2016

<span><em>Education is an effort to prepare students to be able live well in the society, </em><span><em>able to develop and improve the quality of their own lives, and contribute </em><span><em>signifiantly in developing and improving the quality of society and </em><span><em>nation . There are six main problems in the national education system, </em><span><em>(1) decline moral and character of students, (2) equitable distribution of</em><br /><span><em>learning opportunities, (3) low internal effiiency of the education system, </em><span><em>(4) institutional status, (5) management of education that is not in line </em><span><em>with the national development, (6) resources are not professional. In this </em><span><em>case, need for social change which gives the direction that education is a</em><br /><span><em>basic approach in the change process. Education is life, therefore learning </em><span><em>activities should be able to equip students with life skills (life competency) </em><span><em>that appropriate with the environment and their lives.</em><br /><span><strong>Keywords: </strong><span><em>Curriculum Development , Elementary School</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span>
Efektivitas Pembelajaran Tematik Pada Materi Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) Di MI Hidayatul Islam Mentoro Tuban
Authors: Thoifah I'anatut 
Published: April 2016

<span><em>Learning is a process two-way communication, teaching performed by </em><span><em>the teacher, as an educator the students learned performed by a student. </em><span><em>It is a model that a many forms, between one to the other to have different </em><span><em>characteristics. That can be appropriated with characteritics every student </em><span><em>all that is already deeply affect the quality of learning process and the result </em><span><em>of the students. This research is to fid out how the thematic and what </em><span><em>steps the thematic on a learn in elementary school of MI Hidayatul Islam </em><span><em>Mentoro. And this research is able to identify the effectiveness of thematic </em><span><em>To get the data needed, researchers use some method is the observation, the</em><br /><span><em>interview, documentation.While for the accumulated data processing using </em><span><em>descriptive analysis by researchers.Research shows that models basically</em><br /><span><em>thematic ‘ s learning Islamic Education (PAI) in elementary school of MI </em><span><em>Hidayatul Islam Mentoro Tuban.</em><br /><span><strong>Key world: </strong><span><em>Effectivity, Learning, Thematic</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span>
Underground coal gasification technology impact on coal reserves in Colombia
Authors: Rosso Murillo John William 
Published: April 2016

<p>In situ coal gasification technology (Underground Coal Gasification–UCG–) is an alternative to the traditional exploitation, due to it allows to reach the today’s inaccessible coal reserves’ recovery, to conventional mining technologies. In this article I answer the question on how the today’s reserves available volume, can be increased, given the possibility to exploit further and better the same resources. Mining is an important wealth resource in Colombia as a contributor to the national GDP. According with the Energy Ministry (Ministerio de Minas y Energía) [1] mining has been around 5% of total GDP in the last years. This is a significant fact due to the existence of a considerable volume of reserves not accounted for (proved reserves at year 2010 were 6.700 million of tons. Source: INGEOMINAS and UPME), and the coal future role’s prospect, in the world energy production.</p>
Funcionalización electroquímica y tribológica de películas de quitosano en fosfato tricálcico depositados en acero 316L
Authors: Mina Escobar Alexis , Aperador Chaparro William Arnulfo , Caicedo Angulo Julio Cesar , Tirado Mejía Liliana Del Socorro , Aguilar Castro Yesid 
Published: April 2016

<p>Se depositaron recubrimientos de fosfato tricálcico-β/quitosano sobre sustratos de acero 316L vía electrodeposición, a una temperatura de 60 °C, aplicando una corriente de 260 mA. Con el fin de estudiar el efecto del contenido de quitosano en la velocidad de corrosión y la respuesta tribológica de los aceros recubiertos, se utilizaron seis concentraciones de quitosano en la mezcla acuosa. Los enlaces químicos presentes en las capas fueron estudiados mediante Espectroscopia de Infrarrojo con Transformada de Fourier (FTIR); la cristalinidad de los depósitos fue examinada mediante difracción de rayos-X (DRX); la resistencia a la corrosión del TCP-β/quitosano depositado sobre los aceros se estudió mediante Espectroscopia de Impedancia Electroquímica (EIS) y curvas anódicas Tafel, encontrándose una disminución del 54% en la velocidad de corrosión para la relación 50-50, con respecto a 100% TCP. La respuesta tribológica se analizó mediante pin-on-disc, evidenciando una reducción del 73% en el coeficiente de fricción con mayor concentración de quitosano.</p>
Algoritmo PSO-Híbrido para solucionar el problema de ruteo de vehículos con entrega y recolección simultáneas
Authors: Lamos Diaz Henry , Galvan Nuñez Silvia Adriana , González Villamizar Ludy Juliana , Cruz Jimenez Camilo 
Published: April 2016

<p>Se presenta la metaheurística de Optimización de Enjambre de Partículas (PSO) para la solución del Problema de Ruteo de Vehículos con Entrega y Recolección Simultáneas (VRPSPD). Se aplica una representación de la solución y un método de decodificación para implementar el PSO al VRPSPD. El método de decodificación inicia transformando una partícula en una lista de prioridades de clientes para entrar a las rutas y en una matriz de prioridades de vehículos para servir cada cliente. Las rutas de los vehículos son construidas con base en la lista de prioridad de clientes y en la matriz de prioridad de vehículos. El algoritmo es validado usando 18 instancias disponibles en la literatura para problemas de 100, 200 y 400 clientes.</p>
Sistema energéticamente eficiente y de bajo costo para controlar la temperatura y aumentar el oxígeno en estanques de cultivo de alevines de tilapia roja
Authors: Vásquez-Salazar Rubén Darío , Pupo-Urrutia Adrián Camilo , Jiménez-Aguas Humberto José 
Published: April 2016

<p>El artículo expone un sistema automático para controlar la temperatura y aumentar el oxígeno en estanques de cultivo de alevines de tilapia roja en la granja John Jairo González, del Politécnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid. El control se realiza a través de un PLC que recibe dos señales de temperatura ubicadas en puntos diferentes del estanque, y una señal de un sensor de nivel. Ejecutando un algoritmo de control, activa o desactiva diferentes circuitos de agua fría, proveniente de la quebrada Guaracú, o caliente, a través de un proceso de bombeo de agua del estanque hacia los colectores solares, y regresándola al estanque, recirculación que se hace hasta obtener una temperatura de 29 °C, un poco por encima de la ideal de 28 °C. El sistema de control es validado comparando temperatura y oxígeno con un tanque sin control. </p>
Desarrollo de intermetálicos TiAl mediante técnicas pulvimetalúrgicas convencionales y de alta densificación
Authors: Amigó-Borrás Vicente , Amigó-Mata Angélica , Haro-Rodríguez Montserrat 
Published: April 2016

<p>Cada día hay más demanda de materiales que ofrezcan altas temperaturas de servicio y bajo peso; pero su fabricación es compleja y costosa, particularmente la de las superaleaciones de base cobalto y la de las aleaciones de titanio; dentro de estas últimas, los intermetálicos TiAl y Ti3Al son ampliamente reconocidos para satisfacer las necesidades actuales; sin embargo, la colada y forja de estos intermetálicos, que tienen una mejor resistencia frente a la oxidación a elevadas temperaturas, resulta muy compleja, y es por lo que, partiendo de polvo prealeado, se busca obtener productos prácticamente acabados con un coste razonable. El presente trabajo analiza la influencia de las variables de procesado de polvos intermetálicos Ti48Al2Cr2Nb, mediante técnicas pulvimetalúrgicas convencionales y Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), en su microestructura y en sus propiedades mecánicas. Se obtienen muestras a diferentes temperaturas de sinterización a partir de polvos obtenidos por atomización. La influencia en las propiedades mecánicas se observa mediante su microdureza y resistencia a la compresión, realizándose un seguimiento de la microestructura mediante microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido.</p><p>Las condiciones de procesado muestran un gran efecto en la microestructura obtenida, fundamentalmente en la formación de la fase α2, que acompaña las propiedades mecánicas finales. Sin embargo, es con el proceso de máxima densificación donde se obtienen las propiedades<br />adecuadas, lo cual hace pensar que es una alternativa clara a los procesos actuales de colada y deformación plástica.</p>
Caracterización de mezclas semidensas con agregados de la región de Tunja
Authors: Higuera Sandoval Carlos Hernando , Aranda-Lòpez Jeiny Elizabeth , Prieto-Hernández José Alberto 
Published: April 2016

<p>Esta investigación determinó la viabilidad de las Mezclas Semidensas en Caliente, o Gap Graded, para el uso en vías de tránsito medio, como una alternativa a la capa asfáltica y a la base asfáltica. Para elaborar las mezclas se utilizaron agregados de dos canteras de la Provincia Centro del departamento de Boyacá: la recebera Piedra Gorda y la cantera La Calera, junto con el ligante bituminoso de penetración 60/70, proveniente de IncoAsfaltos S.A., empresa localizada en Mosquera (Cundinamarca). El diseño de las mezclas se realizó por medio de las metodologías Marshall y Ramcodes. La determinación de los módulos dinámicos de las mezclas se llevó a cabo por medio del equipo Nottingham Asphalt Tester (NAT). Los resultados mostraron valores de módulos mayores para las mezclas realizadas con el agregado de Piedra Gorda. Se diseñó la estructura de pavimento con agregados de La Calera, por cumplir con todas las especificaciones.</p>