bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gibbs‐ringing artifact removal based on local subvoxel‐shifts
Authors: Kellner Elias , Dhital Bibek , Kiselev Valerij G. , Reisert Marco 
Published: November 2015

PurposeTo develop a fast and stable method for correcting the gibbs‐ringing artifact.MethodsGibbs‐ringing is a well‐known artifact which manifests itself as spurious oscillations in the vicinity of sharp image gradients at tissue boundaries. The origin can be seen in the truncation of k‐space during MRI data‐acquisition. Correction techniques like Gegenbauer reconstruction or extrapolation methods aim at recovering these missing data. Here, we present a simple and robust method which exploits a different view on the Gibbs‐phenomenon: The truncation in k‐space can be interpreted as a convolution of the underlying image with a sinc‐function. As the image is reconstructed on a discretized grid, the severity of the ringing artifacts depends on how this grid is located with respect to the edge and the oscillation pattern of the function. We propose to reinterpolate the image based on local, subvoxel‐shifts to sample the ringing pattern at the zero‐crossings of the oscillating sinc‐function.ResultsWith the proposed method, the artifact can simply, effectively, and robustly be removed with a minimal amount of image smoothing.ConclusionsThe robustness of the method suggests it as a suitable candidate for an implementation in the standard image processing pipeline in clinical routine. Magn Reson Med 76:1574–1581, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
External calibration of the spectral coverage for three‐dimensional multispectral MRI
Authors: Kaushik S. Sivaram , Marszalkowski Cathy , Koch Kevin M. 
Published: November 2015

PurposeBy combining images created at distinct frequency offsets from the Larmor frequency, three‐dimensional (3D) multispectral imaging (3D‐MSI) sequences help overcome the large spatial frequency dispersion caused by metal implants. This frequency dispersion, however, varies with the implant size, orientation, and composition. Using a MAVRIC 3D‐MSI acquisition, we sought to prospectively calibrate the spectral coverage needed for 3D‐MSI scans. This calibration should offer a significant improvement to image quality, and reduce the scan time.MethodsThe 24 spectral bins from the calibration scan were used to generate a map of frequency offsets around the implant. The magnitude image was used to remove any outliers in the associated frequency offset map, and this processed map was used to determine the cutoff frequency offset and, hence, number of spectral bins. This approach was tested in 13 subjects, by retrospectively reconstructing MAVRIC‐SL images with fewer spectral bins. Subsequently, the spectral coverage for MAVRIC‐SL images was prospectively calibrated in six subjects, and based on the cutoff frequency offset, these images were acquired with fewer spectral bins.ResultsWith fewer spectral bins, both retrospectively and prospectively calibrated MAVRIC‐SL images adequately delineated the implant boundary.ConclusionIncorporating this calibration procedure into future 3D‐MSI exams will help improve image signal‐to‐noise ratio, reduce scan time, and significantly improve clinical workflow when imaging near orthopedic implants. Magn Reson Med 76:1494–1503, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Stimulant use following the publicity of cardiovascular safety and the introduction of patient medication guides
Authors: Chen Chih‐Ying , Bussing Regina , Hartzema Abraham G. , Shuster Jonathan J. , Segal Richard , Winterstein Almut G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPurposeTo explore changes in stimulant utilization and pre‐treatment electrocardiography (ECG) screening in response to cardiovascular (CV) safety concerns.MethodsTwo source populations were established from Florida Medicaid Fee‐for‐service beneficiaries between 2001 and 2008: approximately 44 571 newly diagnosed attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients and 33 000 new stimulant users. Time‐series design and Joinpoint analysis were used to describe monthly trend changes in stimulant initiation, persistence, dosing, and pre‐treatment ECG screening.ResultsInitial and maintenance daily dose declined 6 mg (95% confidence interval [CI] −14 to −1.9) methylphenidate (MPH) equivalent dose from a steady 27 mg after Canada withdrew Adderall XR in February 2005; the trend rebounded to a daily dose of 23 mg, after the remarketing of Adderall XR and a debate in the US over issuing a boxed warning on stimulant CV safety in early 2006. Monthly initiation increased 3.9% (CI −1.0 to 9.1) after the boxed warning debate to 54 per 100 patients per month (CI 44 to 68), but declined 2.4% (CI −3.6 to −1.2) after requirement of medication guides in February 2007. Monthly ECG screening increased 3.2% (CI 2.3 to 4.2) after Adderall XR withdrawal and further increased 13% (CI 4 to 23) after the American Heart Association recommended pre‐treatment ECG screening to 40 per 100 patients per month (CI 17 to 48).ConclusionsThe first signal of stimulant CV safety concerns was followed by varying responses depending on the outcome measure used, suggesting that patients and physicians responded at different times after the publicity of safety concerns. Clinical consequences of the changes are uncertain. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using magnetic levitation for 2D and 3D self‐assembly of cubic silicon macroparticles
Authors: Woldering Léon A. , Been Auke J. , Alink Laurens , Abelmann Leon 
Published: November 2015

Today's micro‐ and nano‐fabrication is essentially two‐dimensional, with very limited possibilities of accessing the third dimension. The most viable way to mass‐fabricate functional structures at the nano‐scale, such as electronics or MEMS, with equal feature sizes in all directions, is by three‐dimensional self‐assembly. Up to now, three‐dimensional self‐assembly has mainly been restricted to crystals of polymer spheres. We report on two‐ and three‐dimensional self‐assembly of silicon cubes, levitated in a paramagnetic fluid. We demonstrate the benefits of templating and study the effect of a change in hydrophilicity of the cubes. These experiments bring us one step closer to three‐dimensional self‐assembly of anisotropic, semiconducting units, which is a crucial milestone in overcoming the scaling limits imposed by contemporary 2D microfabrication.
magnified imageLevitated assembly of silicon cubes.(© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synoptic and mesoscale processes supporting vertical superposition of the polar and subtropical jets in two contrasting cases
Authors: Winters Andrew C. , Martin Jonathan E. 
Published: November 2015

Observational studies have shown that the tropopause characteristically exhibits a three‐step Pole‐to‐Equator structure, with each break between steps in the tropopause height associated with a jet stream. While the two jet streams, the polar and subtropical jets, typically occupy different latitude bands, their separation can occasionally vanish, resulting in a relatively rare vertical superposition of the two jets. A cursory examination of several historical and recent high‐impact weather events over North America and the North Atlantic suggests that superposed jets are a component of their evolution. This study examines the processes that support the production of a polar/subtropical jet superposition during two such events; the 18–20 December 2009 Mid‐Atlantic Blizzard and the 1–3 May 2010 Nashville Flood.Given that ageostrophic transverse circulations and convection have both been shown to be capable of restructuring the tropopause within a single jet environment, the analysis focuses on the role these same processes play within the more complex double‐jet environment. The results demonstrate that ageostrophic transverse circulations play a primary role in the production of a superposition during the December 2009 case by placing subsidence, and a downward protrusion of high potential vorticity (PV) air, between the two jet cores, thereby contributing to the production of the single, steep tropopause wall characteristic of the superposed jet environment. Furthermore, convection fundamentally influences the existence and structure of the subtropical jet stream in both cases, through its associated latent heat release and irrotational outflow as well as the geostrophic adjustment process that responds to upper‐tropospheric mass deposition from convection on the anticyclonic shear side of the jet.
Monitoring of Changes in Composition of Soybean Oil During Deep‐Fat Frying with Different Food Types
Authors: Zhang Qing , Saleh Ahmed S. M. , Shen Qun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractChanges in the composition of soybean oil during deep‐fat frying with wheat dough (WD) and chicken breast meat (CBM) were comparatively investigated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The amounts of saturated fatty acids (FAs) and short‐chain FAs were increased. The amount of unsaturated FAs was decreased as the processing time increased. An increase in the amount of tetradecanoic acid and 9‐cis‐hexadecanoic acid was observed during the CBM frying only. The FTIR spectrum of frying oil was analyzed by extracting the entire information as the area ratios based on vibration absorptions of the specific functional groups. Changes in content of functional groups, namely cis C=C, trans C=C, C=O, C–O, O–H, and C–H, were studied by the FTIR‐based method. Based on the changes in the content of FAs and functional groups, soybean oil fried with CBM degraded more quickly than that fried with WD. Moreover, good linear correlations between the change in contents of functional groups and the mass percentages of FAs were also observed. The FTIR‐based method could be used in real time to monitor the quality of frying oil during the deep‐fat frying.
Stability of Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions with Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) By‐Products
Authors: Guiotto Estefania N. , Capitani Marianela I. , Nolasco Susana M. , Tomás Mabel C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEmulsifiers and stabilizers play an important role in emulsion stability. Optical characterization and droplet size distribution of oil‐in‐water emulsions formulated with different types and concentrations of modified sunflower lecithin [phosphatidylcholine (PC) enriched lecithin and deoiled sunflower lecithin], with or without chia mucilage (0.75 % wt/wt), have been evaluated as a function of storage time at 4 ± 1 °C. Emulsions with PC‐enriched lecithin (without chia mucilage) exhibited the highest stability at the different concentrations because of the high PC/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio in comparison to Control lecithin. The addition of 0.75 % wt/wt mucilage contributed to obtain stable emulsions for all type and concentrations of emulsifiers studied, mainly with PC‐enriched lecithin due to the reduction of the mobility of oil particles by the formation of a tridimensional network.
Role of Water and Selected Minor Components on Association Colloid Formation and Lipid Oxidation in Bulk Oil
Authors: Kittipongpittaya Ketinun , Panya Atikorn , Decker Eric A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study investigated the influence of water content in combination with selected minor components including oleic acid, stigmasterol, α‐tocopherol, and Trolox on their association colloid formation as well as their impact on lipid oxidation in bulk corn oil. First, surface activity of each minor component was evaluated by determining the ability of these components to lower the interfacial tension between bulk oil and water. All components but α‐tocopherol were able to decrease interfacial tension of stripped oil. Second, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of each minor component was determined in bulk oil with no water added and in the presence of 1000 ppm of water. In the bulk oil without extraneous water, we could not determine the CMC of minor components in the range of concentrations studied. However, in the presence of 1000 ppm of water, only stigmasterol could form association colloids at the CMC of 20 mmol/kg oil. Last, the effect of water content (400 and 1000 ppm) and minor components on lipid oxidation in bulk oil was studied by following the lipid hydroperoxides and hexanal formation during storage at 55 °C. Different water content did not significantly impact the lag time of lipid oxidation compared with the control. Interestingly, water caused prooxidant by decreasing the lag time of lipid hydroperoxides and hexanal formation in bulk oil containing oleic acid, stigmasterol, and Trolox compared with the control of each system. On the other hand, there was not significant impact of water on the antioxidant activity of α‐tocopherol, a lipid soluble antioxidant in bulk oil. This study highlights the impact of water content on the surface activity of minor components as well as on the oxidative stability in bulk oil.
Contract governance and buyer–supplier conflict: The moderating role of institutions
Authors: Bai Xuan , Sheng Shibin , Li Julie Juan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDrawing on contract governance literature and institutional theory, this study investigates the differential effects of output‐ and behavior‐based contract governance on buyer–supplier conflict in supply chains. The authors develop a contingent perspective to examine how institutional factors moderate the impact of contract governance. The findings, from an empirical study of buyer–supplier dyads in China, show that an output‐based contract is negatively, whereas a behavior‐based contract is positively, related to buyer–supplier conflict. The effects of a contract are moderated by two primary institutional factors: legal enforceability and unilateral government support. These findings have important implications for supply chain research, public policy, and managerial practice.
Adverse Clinical Effects of Botulinum Toxin Intramuscular Injections for Spasticity
Authors: Phadke Chetan P. , Balasubramanian Chitra K. , Holz Alanna , Davidson Caitlin , Ismail Farooq , Boulias Chris 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjective:The adverse events (AEs) with botulinum toxin type-A (BoNTA), used for indications other than spasticity, are widely reported in the literature. However, the site, dose, and frequency of injections are different for spasticity when compared to the treatment for other conditions and hence the AEs may be different as well. The objective of this study was to summarize the AEs reported in Canada and systematically review the AEs with intramuscular botulinum toxin injections to treat focal spasticity.Methods: Data were gathered from Health Canada (2009-2013) and major electronic databases.Results: In a 4 year period, 285 AEs were reported. OnabotulinumtoxinA (n=272 events): 68% females, 53% serious, 18% hospitalization, and 8% fatalities. The type of AEs reported were – muscle weakness (19%), oropharyngeal (14%), respiratory (14%), eye related (8%), bowel/bladder related (8%), and infection (5%). IncobotulinumtoxinA (n=13): 38% females, 62% serious, and 54% hospitalization. The type of AEs reported were – muscle weakness (15%), oropharyngeal (15%), respiratory (38%), eye related (23%), bowel/bladder related (15%), and infection (15%). Commonly reported AEs in the literature were muscle weakness, pain, oropharyngeal, bowel/bladder, blood circulation, neurological, gait, and respiratory problems.Conclusion:While BoNTA is useful in managing spasticity, future studies need to investigate the factors that can minimize AEs. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the AEs can also improve guidelines for BoNTA administration and enhance outcomes.
Report of the Canadian Neurological Society Manpower Survey 2012
Authors: Kirby Sarah , Weston Lyle E. , Barton Jason J.S. , Buske Lynda , Chauhan Tara S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackground: The Canadian Neurological Society commissioned a manpower survey in 2012 to assess Canadian neurological manpower and resources.Methods: Surveys were sent electronically to all Canadian neurologists with available email addresses. Responses were analysed for effects of physician gender, age, geographic location (eastern or western Canada) or type of practice (academic, community). Questions focused on work patterns, neurologic conditions treated, access to or performance of procedures, and service and manpower issues.Results: A total of 694 of 854 neurologists in Canada were surveyed and 219 (32%) responded. Respondents were 70% male with mean age of 50 years. Neurologists worked an average of 57 hours/week and saw a mean of 40 patients per week. There were significant differences in number of patients seen, types of practice, and areas of neurological specialization between community and academic neurologists. Fifty percent of neurologists report shortages of neurologists in their community, particularly of general adult neurologists. Wait times for neurological services exceeded international standards for consultations and also were longer than Canadian averages for other specialists. More community (18%) than academic (5%) neurologists planned to retire within the next 5 years.Conclusions: The demand for neurological services continues to outstrip resources despite the increased number of neurologists. Impending retirement of community neurologists will exacerbate manpower issues unless adequate numbers of trainees choose general neurologic practice in the community as a career.
Impact of Host Heterogeneity on the Efficacy of Interventions to ReduceStaphylococcus aureusCarriage
Authors: Chang Qiuzhi , Lipsitch Marc , Hanage William P. 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUNDStaphylococcus aureusis a common cause of bacterial infections worldwide. It is most commonly carried in and transmitted from the anterior nares. Hosts are known to vary in their proclivity forS. aureusnasal carriage and may be divided into persistent carriers, intermittent carriers, and noncarriers, depending on duration of carriage. Mathematical models ofS. aureusto predict outcomes of interventions have, however, typically assumed that all individuals are equally susceptible to colonization.OBJECTIVETo characterize biases created by assuming a homogeneous host population in estimating efficacy of control interventions.DESIGNMathematical model.METHODSWe developed a model ofS. aureuscarriage in the healthcare setting under the homogeneous assumption as well as a heterogeneous model to account for the 3 types ofS. aureuscarriers. In both models, we calculated the equilibrium carriage prevalence to predict the impact of control measures (reducing contact and decolonization).RESULTSThe homogeneous model almost always underestimatesS. aureustransmissibility and overestimates the impact of intervention strategies in lowering carriage prevalence compared to the heterogeneous model. This finding is generally consistent regardless of changes in model setting that vary the proportions of various carriers in the population and the duration of carriage for these carrier types.CONCLUSIONSNot accounting for host heterogeneity leads to systematic and substantial biases in predictions of the effects of intervention strategies. Further understanding of the clinical impacts of heterogeneity through modeling can help to target control measures and allocate resources more efficiently.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.2016;37(2):197–204
Should Alcohol-Based Handrub Use Be Customized to Healthcare Workers’ Hand Size?
Authors: Bellissimo-Rodrigues Fernando , Soule Hervé , Gayet-Ageron Angèle , Martin Yves , Pittet Didier 
Published: November 2015

We evaluated whether the volume of alcohol-based handrub used by healthcare workers affects the residual bacterial concentration on their hands according to hand size. Bacterial reduction was significantly lower for large hands compared with small hands, which suggests a need for customizing the volume of alcohol-based handrub for hand hygiene.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(2):219–221
Presidentialization and the politics of coalition: lessons from Germany and Britain
Authors: Poguntke Thomas , Webb Paul 
Published: November 2015

IntroduzioneIn this article, we seek to re-consider the ‘presidentialization of politics’ argument in the light of recent developments in Germany and the United Kingdom. The experiences of coalition government suggestprima faciegrounds for the erosion of the presidentialization process in each country. Germany has operated with a Grand Coalition in which domination of the executive by the Chancellor would seem less likely, whereas the long history of single-party governments in the United Kingdom gave way to a rare experiment in coalitional power sharing between 2010 and 2015, circumstances which should limit prime ministerial power. However, it is our contention that the presidentialization thesis retains its purchase in these two countries. German Chancellors and British prime ministers have been increasingly able to mobilize power resources, which allow them to govern more independently of their own parties and their coalition partners, and this seems to hold across a variety of political circumstances.
The personal party: an analytical framework
Authors: Calise Mauro 
Published: November 2015

IntroduzioneAfter sharing, through its various steps of evolution, the form and status of a corporate body, the party organization is falling prey to the virus of personalization, which is invading so many realms of contemporary life. Italy provides the clearest example of this cross-national trend with Silvio Berlusconi’s personal party. As a media tycoon and one of the wealthiest men in the world, Berlusconi could rely on a skilled professional apparatus as well as on huge financial means to set up, in a few months, a vote-generating machine and become a Prime Minister. His party model has been widely imitated, by both center-right and center-left organizations, with variations and deviations. This article presents an overview of the development of personal parties in Italy and an analytical framework based on Max Weber’s types of personal power.
Experimental study of rotating-disk boundary-layer flow with surface roughness
Authors: Imayama Shintaro , Alfredsson P. Henrik , Lingwood R. J. 
Published: November 2015

Rotating-disk boundary-layer flow is known to be locally absolutely unstable at $R>507$ as shown by Lingwood (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 299, 1995, pp. 17–33) and, for the clean-disk condition, experimental observations show that the onset of transition is highly reproducible at that Reynolds number. However, experiments also show convectively unstable stationary vortices due to cross-flow instability triggered by unavoidable surface roughness of the disk. We show that if the surface is sufficiently rough, laminar–turbulent transition can occur via a convectively unstable route ahead of the onset of absolute instability. In the present work we compare the laminar–turbulent transition processes with and without artificial surface roughnesses. The differences are clearly captured in the spectra of velocity time series. With the artificial surface roughness elements, the stationary-disturbance component is dominant in the spectra, whereas both stationary and travelling components are represented in spectra for the clean-disk condition. The wall-normal profile of the disturbance velocity for the travelling mode observed for a clean disk is in excellent agreement with the critical absolute instability eigenfunction from local theory; the wall-normal stationary-disturbance profile, by contrast, is distinct and the experimentally measured profile matches the stationary convective instability eigenfunction. The results from the clean-disk condition are compared with theoretical studies of global behaviours in spatially developing flow and found to be in good qualitative agreement. The details of stationary disturbances are also discussed and it is shown that the radial growth rate is in excellent agreement with linear stability theory. Finally, large stationary structures in the breakdown region are described.