bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: On the Existence of Alkyl Carbanions in the Gas Phase.
Authors: GRAUL S. T. , SQUIRES R. R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAccording to R‐COO‐ → R‐ + CO2 by means of collision‐induced decarboxylation in an FT‐ICR the absolute stabilities of 12 carbanions R‐ such as CF3‐, Z‐CH2‐ (Z: ‐H, ‐CN, ‐CH=CH2, ‐Ph), CH2=CH‐, Ac‐, Me‐O‐CO‐, and Ph‐ are experimentally evaluated as having gas phase acidities of 368‐420 kcal/mol.
ChemInform Abstract: Exclusion of a 1,4‐Cyclohexenediyl as a Metastable Intermediate in the (3,3) Sigmatropic Rearrangement of a 1‐Hexen‐5‐yne.
Authors: OWENS K. A. , BERSON J. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFrom a detailed product examination after 2 and 6 half‐lives it is deduced that the (3,3) sigmatropic rearrangement of (‐)‐(S,E)‐(I) (62.2 ±2% ee) at 200 °C to (Z)‐ and (E)‐(I), (Z)‐ and (E)‐(III), and other materials proceed with near‐perfect preservation of enantiomeric purity, the "allowed" pathway being favored.
ChemInform Abstract: Reversibility of Bromonium Ion Formation and Its Effect on Olefin Reactivity in Electrophilic Bromination. New Evidence from the 5H‐Dibenz(b,f)azepine System.
Authors: BELLUCCI G. , BIANCHINI R. , CHIAPPE C. , MARIONI F. , SPAGNA R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe bromonium‐bromide ion‐pair intermediate (IV) generated by the reaction of (IIIa) with HBr can either collapse to the trans‐dibromide (IIIb) or relaese molecular Br2 to give (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Defluorination of Hexafluoroacetone and Its Anil.
Authors: ZEIFMAN YU. V. , VOL'PIN I. M. , POSTOVOI S. A. , GERMAN L. S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTreatment of hexafluoroacetone (I) with Mg/HgCl2 gives perfluoropinacol (II) as described previously, together with the hydroxy ketones (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition of Organocopper Reagents to Unsaturated Esters.
Authors: SAKATA H. , KUWAJIMA I. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe cyclohexenecarboxylate (I) reacts with the butylcuprates (II) to produce the 2‐butylcyclohexanecarboxylate (III) whereas treatment of (I) with (V) or (VI) yields the cyclohexyl butyl ketone (IV) as the main product.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel 1,2‐Migration Reactions of Organometals Containing Aluminum, Zinc, and Other Main Group Metals with α‐Haloorganolithiums.
Authors: NEGISHI E. , AKIYOSHI K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe reaction of organoalanes such as (I) or (IV) with the lithio derivative (II) to give the products (III) or (V) is assumed to proceed via a 1,2‐migration pathway.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Reaction of ((CO)4Co(SiEt3)) with Ethylene and Its Significance in Catalysis of the Hydrosilylation of Alkenes by Carbonylcobalt Complexes.
Authors: SEITZ F. , WRIGHTON M. S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHitherto it was supposed that the hydrosilylation of alkenes proceeds via the Chalk‐Harrod mechanism.
ChemInform Abstract: The Stereochemistry of an SE2′′ Reaction of a Chiral Dienylmethylsilane.
Authors: FLEMING I. , KINDON N. D. , SARKAR A. K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe allylic β‐hydroxy ester (III), prepared from (I) and methacrolein (II), is cleaved to give the acid (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: C5 Building Units for Terpene Synthesis: γ‐Acetoxylation of (E)‐2‐Methyl‐2‐butenals.
Authors: FISCHER R. H. , KRAPF H. , PAUST J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of the compounds (V) and (VIIIa), which are important building blocks for the synthesis of terpenes, is achieved starting from the aldehyde (I) or (VII) (known compound) as outlined in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Disulfides and Related Substances. Part 47. Some Novel Types of Aminoalkyl Disulfides.
Authors: SINGH P. K. , FIELD L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe disulfides (V) are prepared (only stable as salts) with regard to the radioprotective group ‐(CH2)2‐NH2, and their stabilities (= resistance to disproportionation) in D2O are measured; the order of decreasing stability is (Vc) ≫ (Vb) ≫ (Va).
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Conjugate Addition of Organolithium Reagent to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketone.
Authors: MARUOKA K. , NONOSHITA K. , YAMAMOTO H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe methylcyclohexenone (I) reacts with the organolithium compounds (II) in the presence of a methylaluminum bisphenoxide to produce the 1,4‐adducts (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Chloroaryl Cr(CO)3 Complexes.
Authors: SCOTT W. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed substitution reaction of the chlorobenzene chromium complexes (I) with the stannanes (II) and subsequent demetalation with iodine give the disubstituted benzenes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Route to Azetidine‐2,3‐diones and cis‐3β‐Amido Azetidinones.
Authors: TUFARIELLO J. J. , PINTO D. J. P. , MILOWSKY A. S. , REINHARDT D. V. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of the crotonate E‐(I) with the nitrones (II) yields the isoxazolidines (III) and/or (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2′‐Bridged Bis(thiophenes) from Bis(1,3‐dithiolylium‐4‐olates) and Alkynes.
Authors: GOTTHARDT H. , PFLAUMBAUM W. , GUTOWSKI P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of the novel bis(dithiolyliumolates) (IVa), which contain two masked thiocarbonyl ylide systems, from the compounds (I) and (II) is carried out.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocycles from Carbohydrate Precursors. Part 41. Mode of Formation of 1,3‐Dioxolanes and 1,3‐Dioxanes from 1‐C‐Substituted Glycerols During Their Benzylidenation.
Authors: EL ASHRY E. S. H. , EL KILANY Y. , MOUSAAD A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe benzylidenation of the L‐threo‐glycerol (III) in fused ZnCl2 leads to the product (I) with a β‐terminal ring structure whereas the product (IV) having an α‐threo ring is obtained when the reaction is carried out in DMSO/conc.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrakis(1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene)cyclopentanone: A New Electron Donor with Remarkably Low Oxidation Potential.
Authors: SUGIMOTO T. , MISAKI Y. , ARAI Y. , YAMAMOTO Y. , YOSHIDA Z. , KAI Y. , KASAI N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractUsing cyclic voltammetry two redox potentials are found for each compound (II) (vs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecificity in Radical Carbon‐Carbon Bond Formation Reactions Based on Tartaric Acid.
Authors: BARTON D. H. R. , GATEAU‐OLESKER A. , GERO S. D. , LACHER B. , TACHDJIAN C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe decarboxylation of the thiohydroxamic esters (I) and (IV) in the presence of activated alkenes is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 1,2‐Benzoquinones with Enamines.
Authors: OMOTE Y. , TOMOTAKE A. , KASHIMA C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe in situ reaction of the benzoquinones (III), generated from the pyrocatechols (II), with the enamine (Ia) yields the morpholinobenzodioxanes (IV) whereas the hydroxybenzodioxanes (V) are obtained from the reaction of (III) either with the enamine (Ib) or (Ic).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis Based on 1,3‐Oxathianes. Part 4. Mechanism of Asymmetric Induction in the Reactions of Oxathianyl Ketones.
Authors: FRYE S. V. , ELIEL E. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe stereoselectivity of the reaction between oxathianyl ketones (I), which contain two possible sites of chelation, and the reagents L‐Selectride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, and MeMgBr (III) leading to reduction or alkylation is studied in order to illuminate the factors involved in the high levels of asym.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Alkali Metal Cation Complexation by Benzocrown Ethers.
Authors: CZECH B. P. , CZECH A. , KNUDSEN B. E. , BARTSCH R. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAlkali metal picrate (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) extraction and association constants for (I)‐(III) are tabulated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Conformations of Eight‐Membered Cyclic S,S‐Acetals with a Naphthalene Fragment.
Authors: KLIMOVITSKII E. N. , SERGEEVA G. N. , IL'YASOV K. A. , LATYPOV SH. K. , KLOCHKOV V. V. , AL'MYANOVA R. KH. , ARBUZOV B. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCoupling of the dithiols (I) with the carbonyl compounds (II) gives the cyclic S,S‐acetals (III).
ChemInform Abstract: The Paterno‐Buechi Reaction as a Route to Medium‐Ring Ethers and Acetals.
Authors: CARLESS H. A. J. , BEANLAND J. , MWESIGYE‐KIBENDE S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe vinyloxypropyloxyethyl ketones (I) undergo photochemical ring closure to give the bicyclic oxetane acetals (II) which are methanolyzed, forming the macrocyclic diethers (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Exocyclic Alkenes via Cyclialkylation.
Authors: NEGISHI E. , ZHANG Y. , BAGHERI V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStarting with the alkenyl methyl ketones (III) or (VII), the vω‐ene‐2‐ynols (VI) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 1‐Aziridinylphosphonium Chlorides with Amines.
Authors: ZAL'TSMAN I. S. , MARCHENKO A. P. , KUDRYAVTSEV A. A. , PINCHUK A. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe phosphonium chlorides (II), prepared form the phosphorus triamides (I) and the binary system carbon tetrachloride‐ammonia, react with sodium amide to give the phosphorimidic triamides (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Thermolysis of 2‐Phosphabicyclo(2.2.2)octa‐5,7‐dienes: Generation and Trapping of P‐Methyl‐ and P‐Phenylphosphaethene.
Authors: QUIN L. D. , HUGHES A. N. , PETE B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe phosphaethenes (II), generated by retro‐Diels‐Alder cleavage of the phosphabicyclooctadienes (I), are trapped with the dienes (III) or (IX) or the isobenzofuran (XII) to produce the adducts (IV) and (V), (X), or (XIII) which are characterized as the corresponding methoiodides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Formation of 1,2‐Diselenone in the Reaction of 1,2,3‐Selenadiazoles.
Authors: ANDO W. , KUMAMOTO Y. , TOKITOH N. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract1,2,3‐Selenadiazole (I) is thermolyzed in the presence of 4‐tert‐butyl‐1,2,3‐selenadiazole (III), forming the 1,2‐diselenone (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclooctaselenadiazole: Synthesis, Decomposition Pathway, and Reaction with (η5‐C5H5)Co(L)2 (L = C2H4, PPh3). Crystal and Molecular Structure of ((η5‐C5H5)Co)2 (μ2‐η3,η2‐C8H6Se).
Authors: KNEBEL J. , MORLEY C. P. , WILKE G. , KRUEGER C. + , WALLIS J. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe cyclooctaselenadiazole (V) is obtained from the known semicarbazone (III) by oxidation with selenium dioxide (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclofunctionalization of Unsaturated Alcohols with Aryltellurium Trihalides.
Authors: COMASSETO J. V. , FERRAZ H. M. C. , PETRAGNANI N. , BRANDT C. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe hydroxyalkenes (II), (IV), (VI), and (VIII) undergo ring closure upon reaction with the aryltellurium halides (I), yielding the cyclic ethers (III), (V), (VII) or (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Organolanthanoid and Organoyttrium Hydride Chemistry. Part 10. Reactivity of Trimetallic Organoyttrium Hydride Complexes. Synthesis of the Alkoxy Hydride Anions ( ((C5H5)2Y(μ‐H))x((C5H5)2Y(μ‐OCH3))3‐x(μ3‐H))‐ (x = 0‐2) Including the X‐Ray Crystal Structure of ( ((C5H5)2Y(μ‐OCH3))3(μ3‐H))2(Li(THF)3)2.
Authors: EVANS W. J. , SOLLBERGER M. S. , KHAN S. I. , BAU R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe μ2‐bridging hydrides in the trinuclear Y complex (I) are replaced by methoxo groups on reaction with appropriate amount of methanol giving the mono‐, di‐, or trisubstituted product (IIIa), (IIIb), and (IIIc).
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on C‐Heterocyclic Tin Compounds. The Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of Some Thienyl Tetraorganotin(IV) Compounds.
Authors: DAS V. G. K. , LO K. M. , BLUNDEN S. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe tetraorganotin compounds (III) are prepared from the thiophenes (I) by two methods.
ChemInform Abstract: The Copper Salt of 2‐Iodo‐5‐methyl‐N,N′‐dicyanoquinodiimine ‐ A Radical Anion Salt Exhibiting Metallic Conductivity Down to Low Temperatures.
Authors: ERK P. , HUENIG S. + , VON SCHUETZ J. U. + , WERNER H.‐P. , WOLF H. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe salt (Ia) was described recently as the first compound of an organic radical whose single‐crystal conductivity increases up to ca. 500 000 S cm‐1 at 0.45 K. Other salts of type (I) with substituents X: Me, Cl, or Br and M: Cu, Ag or alkali metals (with the exception of (Ia)) show a constant conductivity of 700‐1000 S cm‐1 (Cu salts) and 100‐300 S cm‐1 (other metals) between 300 and 100 K. Below this phase transfer these salts convert to semiconductors.
ChemInform Abstract: (R)‐ and (S)‐5‐Trimethylsilyl‐2‐cyclohexenone: a Versatile Chiral Source for the Synthesis of Optically Active Cyclohexanone Derivatives.
Authors: ASAOKA M. , SHIMA K. , TAKEI H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOptical resolution of racemic 5‐trimethylsilyl‐2‐cyclohexenone (±)‐(I) is achieved by reaction with p‐toluenethiol (II) in the presence of cinchonidine.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis on Carbohydrate Templates: Stereoselective Ugi Synthesis of α‐Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: KUNZ H. , PFRENGLE W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractUgi four‐component condensation of the compounds (I)‐(IV) proceeds with high diastereoselectivity (91‐96%) affording the products (V) which are converted to the corresponding (R)‐amino acids (VIII) by use of an acidic two‐step hydrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2′‐Carbonyl‐bis(3,5‐dioxo‐4‐methyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoline). Part 1. A New Reagent for the Preparation of Carbamates and Amides, Application to the Synthesis of Dipeptides.
Authors: DENARIE M. , GRENOUILLAT D. , MALFROOT T. , SENET J.‐P. , SENNYEY G. , WOLF P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe 1,2,4‐oxadiazolidinedione (I) reacts with phosgene (II) to produce the carbonylbis(oxadiazolidine) (III) which is consecutively treated with the alcohols (IV) and the amines (VI), forming the carbamates (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2′‐Carbonyl‐bis(3,5‐dioxo‐4‐methyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolidine). Part 2. Reagent for the Direct Esterification of Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: GRENOUILLAT D. , SENET J.‐P. , SENNYEY G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe N‐protected amino acids (I) react with the carbonylbis(oxadiazolidine) (II) to give the mixed anhydrides (III) which are treated with 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (IV) to produce the salts (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Ginkgolide B.
Authors: COREY E. J. , KANG M. , DESAI M. C. , GHOSH A. K. , HOUPIS I. N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title compound (XV) is the most active anti‐PAF (platelet activating factor) agent in ginkgo extracts.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective α‐Alkylation of β‐Hydroxy Sulfoxides and Its Application to the Synthesis of (+)‐ and (‐)‐Disparlure.
Authors: SATO T. , ITOH T. , FUJISAWA T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe 1‐phenylsulfinyl‐2‐alkanols (I) are converted to their dianions which undergo substitution, forming the diastereomeric alcohols (III) or (IV) with predominance of the threo isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Hot‐Roll‐Milled Electrolyte Structures for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells.
Authors: IACOVANGELO C. D. , PASCO W. D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe applicability of the alternative technique of hot‐roll‐milling for fabricating porous ceramic matrices for use as electrolyte matrix in molten carbonate fuel cells is demonstrated by applying this method to the production of porous LiAlO2 structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Zirconium Concentration on High Temperature Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of Fe‐15Cr‐4Al at 1150 °C.
Authors: PANDEY J. L. , PRAKASH S. , MEHTA M. L. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract32 oxidation cycles (1 h at 1150 °C in air, 0.5 h air cooling) are performed for samples of the title alloy containing 0, 0.2, 0.55, or 1 wt.% Zr and for one sample containing 1 wt.% Y. The Zr addition is found to enhance the spalling resistance.
Incorporation of pig back fat in restructured dry cured ham to facilitate the release of unsaturated fatty acids and generation of volatile compounds
Authors: Hui Teng , Zhang Yawei , Jamali Muneer Ahmed , Peng Zengqi 
Published: May 2016

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of incorporating pig back fat in restructured dry cured ham (RDH) on its free fatty acid profile (FFA) and the volatile compounds released. Fresh raw hams were skinned, boned, and cut into meat cubes (4–6 × 4–6 × 4–6 cm). The meat cubes were restructured with 0, 2, and 4% pig back fat paste into raw restructured ham. After 30 days of ripening, the FFA and volatiles in the RDH were identified using gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, respectively. The results showed that exogenous pig back fat incorporation from 2 to 4% gave rise to increased neutral lipase activity (p < 0.05) and to enhanced lipid degradation and unsaturated fatty acid release in the RDH sample. A total of 63 volatile compounds were isolated from RDH. The most abundant volatiles were alcohols, followed by esters and aldehydes. The chromatographic areas of the total volatile amount, short chain esters, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, 2‐nonanone, long chain hydrocarbons, and pyrazines increased with pig back fat incorporation, suggesting that exogenous pig back fat incorporation could improve the sensorial quality of restructured dry cured ham.Practical application: Hams produced from genotypes with high intramuscular fat have more intense and persistent aroma, because intramuscular triacylglycerols are a good trap for most aroma compounds and also a source of volatile (aromatic) compounds. Nowadays, mixed diet feed systems or other specific feeding strategies could improve the fat content and composition of raw ham, but led to lower nutritional and sensory quality of hams. Perhaps, the major problem for the relatively poor quality of dry cured ham may be the leanness of modern genotypes, and the pigs from these genotypes are not suitable for dry cured ham production. Thus, thinking from another perspective, through incorporating exogenous pig back fat directly into raw ham, the present work have successfully improved the sensorial properties of dry cured hams.Restructured dry cured hams (RDH) with different pig back fat levels were successfully manufactured. This work shown that large differences in the free unsaturated fatty acid and volatile compounds of RDH can be caused by the exogenous pig back fat incorporation. An increase in pig back fat level from 2 to 4% in RDH significantly enhanced the release of unsaturated fatty acid, and facilitated the generation of volatile compounds including esters, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Life stage sensitivity of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis to ammonia
Authors: Kennedy Alan J. , Lindsay James H. , Biedenbach James M. , Harmon Ashley R. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Ammonia is an important contaminant to consider in all toxicity tests. It is especially important to consider the impacts of ammonia in test methods that use sensitive water column organisms exposed to sediments or sediment extracts, such as porewater and elutriate toxicity tests. Embryo–larval development toxicity tests, such as the 48-h method using Mytilus mussel species, are particularly sensitive to ammonia. To better understand the effect thresholds across different life stages of these mussels, 6 short-term (48-h) development toxicity tests and 3 21-d toxicity tests with different-sized juvenile mussels were conducted. Two of the juvenile mussel tests involved 21-d continuous chronic exposure to ammonia, whereas the third involved an acute 2-d ammonia exposure, followed by a 19-d recovery period. The embryo–larval development test method (50% effect concentration [EC50] = 0.14–0.18 mg/L un-ionized ammonia) was 2.5 times more sensitive than the juvenile mussel 21-d survival endpoint (50% lethal concentration = 0.39 mg/L un-ionized ammonia) and 2 times more sensitive than the most sensitive sublethal juvenile mussel endpoint (EC50 = 0.26 mg/L un-ionized ammonia). Further, it was found that the juveniles recovered from a 48-h exposure to un-ionized ammonia of up to 1.1 mg/L. The data generated suggest that the embryo development endpoint was sufficiently sensitive to un-ionized ammonia to protect the chronically exposed (21 d) juvenile mussels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:89–95. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Cost‐Effective In‐House Neutralization Assay for the Confirmation of HBeAg
Authors: Fletcher Gnanadurai John , Anantharam Raghavendran , Radhakrishnan Kalaivani , Karunakaran Amaldev , Abraham Priya 
Published: May 2016

Background & AimHepatitis B virus‐e‐antigen (HBeAg) is an affordable viral marker to assess viral replication kinetics and response to antiviral therapy. In the absence of confirmatory assays, discrepant or false‐positive HBeAg results are resolved by screening for other HBV markers. We standardized an in‐house HBeAg neutralization assay (HBeAg‐NT) to confirm HBeAg in clinical samples.MethodsThe performance and reliability of this assay were evaluated by first WHO International Standard for HBeAg (first WHO‐IS HBeAg) from Paul Ehrlich Institute and clinical samples (n = 150) from chronic HBV carriers. Of these, 71 HBeAg‐positive sera were used for HBeAg‐NT.ResultsConcentrations spanning 0.25–10 U of first WHO‐IS HBeAg and clinical samples (S/Co ranges from 1.00 to 10.00) were neutralized completely in the HBeAg‐NT.ConclusionsHBeAg‐NT is a simple, cost‐effective, and reliable direct approach to confirm HBeAg in clinical samples which precludes the need for screening additional HBV markers in low resource settings.
Balancing Genetics (Science) and Counseling (Art) in Prenatal Chromosomal Microarray Testing
Authors: Werner‐Lin Allison , McCoyd Judith L. M. , Bernhardt Barbara A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGenetic counselors frequently are called upon to assist patients in understanding the implications of prenatal testing information for their pregnancies and their family's lives. The introduction of highly sensitive testing such as chromosomal microarray has generated additional kinds of uncertainty into the prenatal period. Counselors may feel uncomfortable or inadequately prepared to engage in discussions with prospective parents who are faced with making critical, and timely, decisions about a pregnancy based on uncertain information. As highly sensitive prenatal testing becomes routine in prenatal care, counselors may be in search of approaches to prenatal counseling, as well as specific skills to approach, engage with, and help families find resolution in such challenging circumstances. To assist genetic counselors, we describe practice skills and provide language for approaching conversations with prospective parents. When clinicians regularly provide care to patients and families making life‐altering decisions under conditions of significant uncertainty, discomfort is common and compassion fatigue is likely. We make recommendations directly to the genetic counselor working in reproductive and perinatal settings to enhance training and self‐care and to decrease discomfort in balancing the scientific‐ and art‐ demands of genetic counseling.
Cordocentesis
Authors: Agarwal Nutan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCordocentesis is an ultrasound-guided procedure to obtain fetal band from umbilical cord. It is indicated for rapid evaluation of fetal karyotype, fetal hematological disorders, and identification of fetal infection. Results are available in 48–72 h. If patient presents late and the results from amniocentesis would not be available within time for elective termination of pregnancy, it is the preferred procedure. Therapeutic indications include intravascular cord transfusion in Rh isoimmunization, fetal anemia, or drug administration. Procedure is performed from 18 weeks of gestation onward. Umbilical cord at placental attachment is the site of choice for puncture. We use 21–22 gauge spinal needle for this procedure. It needs expertise and is safe if performed by experienced surgeon. Single dose of antibiotic prior to procedure can be given. The rate of pregnancy loss varies and depends on the indication of procedure. Overall procedure related loss is <2 %.