bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purification and quantification of heavy‐chain antibodies from the milk of bactrian camels
Authors: Yao Hongqiang , Zhang Min , Li Yi , Yao Jirimutu , Meng He , Yu Siriguleng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCamel milk has a unique composition with naturally occurring heavy‐chain antibodies (HCAbs), which exert rehabilitating potencies in infection and immunity. To characterize HCAb in camel milk, immunoglobulin G (IgG) was isolated from the milk of Camelus bactrianus by a combination of affinity chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to purify and size‐fractionate protein A and protein G, which were further identified by Western blotting, and were quantified by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) and ELISA. The results indicated that IgG1 fraction contains molecules of 50 kDa heavy chains and 36 kDa light chains. The HCAbs (IgG2 and IgG3 fractions) devoid of light chains, contain heavy chains of 45 kDa and 43 kDa, respectively, the amounts of which were significantly higher than that of the IgG1 in the milk of bactrian camels. Above all, we revealed the considerable amounts of HCAbs in the milk of bactrian camels, and developed a novel method for their purification and quantification. These findings provide the basis for developing potential effects of camel milk and its interface with the dairy industry, as well as future investigations of HCAb and its roles in human health and diseases.
Loss of Institutional Trust Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Adolescents: A Consequence of Procedural Injustice and a Cause of Life‐Span Outcomes
Authors: Yeager David S. , Purdie‐Vaughns Valerie , Hooper Sophia Yang , Cohen Geoffrey L. 
Published: February 2017

This research tested a social‐developmental process model of trust discernment. From sixth to eighth grade, White and African American students were surveyed twice yearly (ages 11–14; Study 1, N = 277). African American students were more aware of racial bias in school disciplinary decisions, and as this awareness grew it predicted a loss of trust in school, leading to a large trust gap in seventh grade. Loss of trust by spring of seventh grade predicted African Americans’ subsequent discipline infractions and 4‐year college enrollment. Causality was confirmed with a trust‐restoring “wise feedback” treatment delivered in spring of seventh grade that improved African Americans’ eighth‐grade discipline and college outcomes. Correlational findings were replicated with Latino and White students (ages 11–14; Study 2, N = 206).
Predicting the spread of all invasive forest pests in the United States
Authors: Hudgins Emma J. , Liebhold Andrew M. , Leung Brian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe tested whether a general spread model could capture macroecological patterns across all damaging invasive forest pests in the United States. We showed that a common constant dispersal kernel model, simulated from the discovery date, explained 67.94% of the variation in range size across all pests, and had 68.00% locational accuracy between predicted and observed locational distributions. Further, by making dispersal a function of forest area and human population density, variation explained increased to 75.60%, with 74.30% accuracy. These results indicated that a single general dispersal kernel model was sufficient to predict the majority of variation in extent and locational distribution across pest species and that proxies of propagule pressure and habitat invasibility – well‐studied predictors of establishment – should also be applied to the dispersal stage. This model provides a key element to forecast novel invaders and to extend pathway‐level risk analyses to include spread.
Overlooking the smallest matter: viruses impact biological invasions
Authors: Faillace Cara A. , Lorusso Nicholas S. , Duffy Siobain 
Published: February 2017

AbstractParasites and pathogens have recently received considerable attention for their ability to affect biological invasions, however, researchers have largely overlooked the distinct role of viruses afforded by their unique ability to rapidly mutate and adapt to new hosts. With high mutation and genomic substitution rates, RNA and single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses may be important constituents of invaded ecosystems, and could potentially behave quite differently from other pathogens. We review evidence suggesting that rapidly evolving viruses impact invasion dynamics in three key ways: (1) Rapidly evolving viruses may prevent exotic species from establishing self‐sustaining populations. (2) Viruses can cause population collapses of exotic species in the introduced range. (3) Viruses can alter the consequences of biological invasions by causing population collapses and extinctions of native species. The ubiquity and frequent host shifting of viruses make their ability to influence invasion events likely. Eludicating the viral ecology of biological invasions will lead to an improved understanding of the causes and consequences of invasions, particularly as regards establishment success and changes to community structure that cannot be explained by direct interspecific interactions among native and exotic species.
Higher resource level promotes virulence in an environmentally transmitted bacterial fish pathogen
Authors: Kinnula Hanna , Mappes Johanna , Valkonen Janne K. , Pulkkinen Katja , Sundberg Lotta‐Riina 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDiseases have become a primary constraint to sustainable aquaculture, but remarkably little attention has been paid to a broad class of pathogens: the opportunists. Opportunists often persist in the environment outside the host, and their pathogenic features are influenced by changes in the environment. To test how environmental nutrient levels influence virulence, we used strains of Flavobacterium columnare, an environmentally transmitted fish pathogen, to infect rainbow trout and zebra fish in two different nutrient concentrations. To separate the effects of dose and nutrients, we used three infective doses and studied the growth of bacteria in vitro. High nutrient concentration promoted both the virulence and the outside‐host growth of the pathogen, most notably in a low‐virulence strain. The increase in virulence could not be exhaustively explained by the increased dose under higher nutrient supply, suggesting virulence factor activation. In aquaculture settings, accumulation of organic material in rearing units can locally increase water nutrient concentration and therefore increase disease risk as a response to elevated bacterial density and virulence factor activation. Our results highlight the role of increased nutrients in outside‐host environment as a selective agent for higher virulence and faster evolutionary rate in opportunistic pathogens.
Retardation effects due to overloads in aluminium‐alloy aeronautical components
Authors: Maligno A. R. , Citarella R. , Silberschmidt V. V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFatigue data are generally derived under constant‐amplitude loading conditions, but aircraft components are subjected to variable‐amplitude loading. Without interaction effects, caused by overloads and underloads intermingled in a loading sequence, it could be relatively easy to establish a crack growth curve by means of a cycle‐by‐cycle integration. However, load‐spectrum effects largely complicate a crack growth under variable‐amplitude cycling. In this paper, fatigue crack growth behaviour of aeronautical aluminium alloy 2024‐T3 was studied. Effects of various loading conditions such as stress ratio and amplitude loadings were investigated. In particular, the effect of different overloads on the fatigue crack growth was simulated using Zencrack code. Preliminary analyses on Compact Tension (CT) specimens proved that the numerical results generated were in agreement with the results provided by an afgrow code for the same conditions. A case study was carried out on a helicopter component, undergoing repeated overloads, to compare numerical results obtained implementing yield zone models in Zencrack.
Association between nighttime sleep duration, sleep timing and falls among middle‐aged and older Chinese population: A cross‐sectional analysis from the Dongfeng–Tongji cohort study, China
Authors: Wang Yi , Li Wending , Shen Lijun , Song Lulu , Li Hui , Liu Bingqing , Yuan Jing , Wang Youjie 
Published: February 2017

AimTo examine the association between nighttime sleep duration, sleep timing, and their interactive effect on falls among middle‐aged and older Chinese adults.MethodsThe study sample of 35,465 (mean age 64.5 years) subjects were from the Dongfeng–Tongji cohort. All subjects completed baseline questionnaires and medical examinations. Participants were classified into five groups based on nighttime sleep duration: <7 h, 7– ≤ 8 h, 8– ≤ 9 h, 9– ≤ 10 h, ≥10 h, and three groups based on sleep timing: <21:00, 21:00– ≤ 23:00, ≥23:00. Logistic regression models estimated the odds ratios (ORs) of nighttime sleep duration/timing with single/recurrent falls.ResultsThe one year rate of falls was 15.2 % among the subjects. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants with longer sleep duration (≥10 h) had 1.48 times (95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.11–1.97) higher odds of recurrent falls, compared with those sleeping 7– ≤ 8 h. Earlier (<21:00) and later (≥23:00) sleep timing were associated with recurrent falls (earlier: OR 1.90, 95 % CI 1.33–2.73; later: OR 1.33, 95 % CI 1.14–1.56) compared with a normal sleep schedule (sleep during 21:00– ≤ 23:00). The combined effect showed that longer sleep duration and earlier sleep timing were associated with a greater occurrence of falls (OR 1.66, 95 % CI 1.22–2.26).ConclusionsLong nighttime sleep duration was associated with a higher occurrence of recurrent falls but not with a single fall. Long sleep duration with early timing greatly increased both single and recurrent falls. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1886–1892.
Diagnostic accuracy of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging and multidetector row computed tomography for identifying hepatocellular carcinoma with liver explant correlation
Authors: Masuda Koichi , Kaneko Junichi , Kawaguchi Yoshikuni , Togashi Junichi , Arita Junichi , Akamatsu Nobuhisa , Sakamoto Yoshihiro , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Sumihito Tamura , Kokudo Norihiro 
Published: February 2017

AimIndocyanine green (ICG)‐fluorescence imaging is useful for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during surgery, but its accuracy has not been compared to that of multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) with liver explant correlation. The aim of the present study was to clarify the precise diagnostic accuracy of ICG‐fluorescence imaging for detecting HCC in a whole explant liver survey.MethodsThirty‐three patients with end‐stage liver disease (mean age, 53 years) were prospectively enrolled in the present study. The mean Model for End‐stage Liver Disease score was 14.6. One month before and 1 week prior to living donor liver transplantation, all patients underwent MDCT and administration of ICG. Following whole liver resection, the explanted liver was sliced. Gross examination and ICG‐fluorescence imaging of both sides of the cut specimen was carried out and all focal liver lesions were recorded.ResultsPathologic examination diagnosed 18 of 84 focal liver lesions as HCC. Of those, MDCT and ICG‐fluorescence imaging diagnosed 12 and 13 HCCs, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of MDCT were 66.7%, 92.4%, 70.6%, 91.0%, and 86.9%, respectively, compared with those of ICG‐fluorescence imaging at 72.2%, 31.8%, 22.4%, 80.8%, and 40.5%, respectively.ConclusionThe sensitivity of ICG‐fluorescence imaging for detecting HCC with liver explant correlation was similar to that of MDCT. However, ICG‐fluorescence imaging had low specificity in the setting of decompensated cirrhotic explant liver correlation.
Development and clinical validation of a novel photography‐based skin erythema evaluation system: a comparison with the calculated consensus of dermatologists
Authors: Cho M. , Lee D.‐H. , Doh E. J. , Kim Y. , Chung J. H. , Kim H. C. , Kim S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveErythema is the most common presenting sign in patients with skin diseases, and various methods to treat erythema symptoms have become common. To evaluate changes in erythema, a reliable device that can support objective diagnosis is required. We developed a novel photography‐based system for erythema diagnosis that provides a high‐resolution three‐view photograph taken in a consistent photography environment with a curved surface light source and can be integrated with optimized image processing algorithms.MethodsA new diagnostic algorithm was applied to photographs from 32 patients to determine areas of erythema automatically. To assess the performance in comparison to dermatologists’ evaluations, five dermatologists independently evaluate the areas of erythema, and we defined an area called the clinical consensus area of erythema (CCAE), which is based on the majority opinion of dermatologists during evaluation. The CCAE values obtained were compared with the erythema areas determined by the system's diagnostic algorithm.ResultsForty‐one photographs with areas of erythema were evaluated by the proposed system and by dermatologists. The results obtained with the proposed system had a mean accuracy of 93.18% with a standard deviation of 3.52% when compared with the CCAE results. The results also showed that the proposed system could detect erythema areas without any pigmentation. In contrast to assessments by individual dermatologists, use of the CCAE reduced the amount of error that occurred owing to bias or subjectivity.ConclusionA new erythema evaluation system was developed and validated through CCAE, suggesting that the system can support dermatologists’ objective diagnoses of erythema.
The effect of tapered toothbrush filaments compared to end‐rounded filaments on dental plaque, gingivitis and gingival abrasion: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hoogteijling FCR , Hennequin‐Hoenderdos NL , Van der Weijden GA , Slot DE 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimThis systematic review was performed to establish the effect of a manual toothbrush with tapered toothbrush filaments (TFTBs) compared to a manual toothbrush with end‐rounded toothbrush filaments (ERTB) on clinical parameters of dental plaque, gingivitis and gingival abrasion.Materials and methodsMEDLINE‐PubMed and Cochrane‐CENTRAL databases were searched. The inclusion criteria were (randomized) controlled clinical trials, participants ≥18 years and papers evaluating the effect of a TFTB compared to an ERTB. Data were extracted for dental plaque index (PI), bleeding scores (BS), gingival index scores (GI) and gingival abrasion scores (GA). A descriptive analysis and a meta‐analysis were performed when appropriate.ResultsAn independent screening of 33 unique papers resulted in seven eligible publications, which included eight comparisons. Meta‐analysis did not show a significant difference between TFTB and ERTB with respect to PI scores. The meta‐analysis of the GI scores showed a significant mean difference in favour of the TFTB (DiffM=−0.12 [95% CI: −0.17; −0.07]). Of the three comparisons evaluating GA, no differences were found.ConclusionWith respect to plaque removal, evidence that supports the recommendation for usage of a TFTB over an ERTB is lacking. Regarding GI, there is minimal evidence favouring a TFTB over an ERTB and the clinical relevance of this difference is probably negligible. Therefore, based on the collective evidence emerging from this systematic review, the strength and direction of the recommendation, there appears to be no firm evidence for a dental healthcare professional to advise the use of a TFTB over the use of an ERTB.
Complex adaptive systems and their relevance for nursing: An evolutionary concept analysis
Authors: Notarnicola Ippolito , Petrucci Cristina , De Jesus Barbosa Maria Rosimar , Giorgi Fabio , Stievano Alessandro , Rocco Gennaro , Lancia Loreto 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis study aimed to analyse the concept of “complex adaptive systems.” The construct is still nebulous in the literature, and a further explanation of the idea is needed to have a shared knowledge of it.A concept analysis was conducted utilizing Rodgers evolutionary method. The inclusive years of bibliographic search started from 2005 to 2015. The search was conducted at PubMed©, CINAHL© (EBSCO host©), Scopus©, Web of Science©, and Academic Search Premier©. Retrieved papers were critically analysed to explore the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of the concept. Moreover, surrogates, related terms, and a pattern recognition scheme were identified. The concept analysis showed that complex systems are adaptive and have the ability to process information. They can adapt to the environment and consequently evolve.Nursing is a complex adaptive system, and the nursing profession in practice exhibits complex adaptive system characteristics. Complexity science through complex adaptive systems provides new ways of seeing and understanding the mechanisms that underpin the nursing profession.
Expression profile of mammalian target of rapamycin‐related proteins in graft biopsy specimens: Significance for predicting interstitial fibrosis after kidney transplantation
Authors: Ogawa Satoshi , Ishimura Takeshi , Miyake Hideaki , Fujisawa Masato 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of the expression profile of mammalian target of rapamycin‐related proteins on the development of interstitial fibrosis after kidney transplantation.MethodsImmunohistochemical staining was carried out to evaluate the expression of five mammalian target of rapamycin‐related proteins (phosphorylated‐Akt, Ras homolog enriched in brain, phosphorylated‐mammalian target of rapamycin, phosphorylated‐p70 ribosomal S6 kinase and phosphorylated‐4E binding protein 1) in graft biopsy specimens obtained from 77 patients at 3 months after kidney transplantation. The change of the estimated glomerular filtration rate and the change of the fibrosis index (defined as the change in the percent area of fibrosis on Masson's trichrome‐stained sections of biopsy specimens) from 3 months to 3 years after kidney transplantation were determined.ResultsThere was a significant correlation between change of the estimated glomerular filtration and change of the fibrosis index in the 77 patients. Univariate analysis identified expression of phosphorylated‐Akt, phosphorylated‐mammalian target of rapamycin and phosphorylated‐p70 ribosomal S6 kinase, as well as donor type and pre‐transplant dialysis duration, as significant predictors of a change of the fibrosis index >10%. However, only phosphorylated‐mammalian target of rapamycin expression, phosphorylated‐p70 ribosomal S6 kinase expression and donor type were independently associated with a change of the fibrosis index >10% according to multivariate analysis.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that mammalian target of rapamycin‐related proteins are involved in the development of interstitial fibrosis after kidney transplantation.
Long‐term management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in callitrichids with oral anti‐hyperglycaemic medication
Authors: Strike T. B. , Feltrer Y. 
Published: February 2017

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (also defined as non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus) is the most common form of spontaneous diabetes in humans and non‐human primates, and has frequently been reported in callitrichids. Oral anti‐hyperglycaemic drugs are the first line of therapy for T2DM along with dietary changes. There are no reports of the successful use of oral anti‐hyperglycaemic medication in callitrichids. Here, we describe the diagnosis of five cases of T2DM in callitrichids at ZSL London Zoo, UK, based on persistent hyperglycaemia, glucosuria and elevated blood‐serum fructosamine. The stabilization and long‐term management of T2DM using oral anti‐hyperglycaemic medication are reported. Treatment with metformin monotherapy was successful in controlling and maintaining normoglycaemia in three individuals for between 4 and 6 years. The addition of glipizide was required to achieve glycaemic control in a fourth animal. A fifth animal was refractory to treatment. Compliance was good and no side effects were seen. Based on these findings, we suggest that anti‐hyperglycaemic drugs, together with appropriate dietary changes, can be effective in the long‐term treatment of T2DM in callitrichids.
Characteristics of sleep–wake cycle and sleep duration in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients with visceral fat accumulation
Authors: Fukuda Shiro , Hirata Ayumu , Nishizawa Hitoshi , Nagao Hirofumi , Kimura Takekazu , Fujishima Yuya , Yamaoka Masaya , Kozawa Junji , Imagawa Akihisa , Funahashi Tohru , Maeda Norikazu , Shimomura Iichiro 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSleep pattern has been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we investigated the difference in bedtime, waking time and estimated sleep duration in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with or without visceral fat accumulation, using a questionnaire on sleep patterns. The study participants were 59 Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (men/women 34/25, age 64.5 ± 12.1 years). Visceral fat accumulation was defined as estimated visceral fat area ≥100 cm2. The patients with visceral fat accumulation (n = 40) showed significantly later bedtime (23.51 ± 01.27 h in the [+] group vs 22.49 ± 01.23 h in the [−] group) and shorter estimated sleep duration (6.6 ± 1.4 h in the [+] group vs 7.9 ± 1.0 h in the [−] group) on weekdays, compared with those without (n = 19). Later bedtime and shorter estimated sleep duration existed in the type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with visceral fat accumulation, compared with those without.
Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of sodium‐dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on cardio‐renal protection in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kashiwagi Atsunori , Maegawa Hiroshi 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe specific sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors) inhibit glucose reabsorption in proximal renal tubular cells, and both fasting and postprandial glucose significantly decrease because of urinary glucose loss. As a result, pancreatic β‐cell function and peripheral insulin action significantly improve with relief from glucose toxicity. Furthermore, whole‐body energy metabolism changes to relative glucose deficiency and triggers increased lipolysis in fat cells, and fatty acid oxidation and then ketone body production in the liver during treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors. In addition, SGLT2 inhibitors have profound hemodynamic effects including diuresis, dehydration, weight loss and lowering blood pressure. The most recent findings on SGLT2 inhibitors come from results of the Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes trial. SGLT2 inhibitors exert extremely unique and cardio‐renal protection through metabolic and hemodynamic effects, with long‐term durability on the reduction of blood glucose, bodyweight and blood pressure. Although a site of action of SGLT2 inhibitors is highly specific to inhibit renal glucose reabsorption, whole‐body energy metabolism, and hemodynamic and renal functions are profoundly modulated during the treatment of SGLT2 inhibitors. Previous studies suggest multifactorial clinical benefits and safety concerns of SGLT2 inhibitors. Although ambivalent clinical results of this drug are still under active discussion, the present review summarizes promising recent evidence on the cardio‐renal and metabolic benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.