bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Increased Equity to the Estimated Social Benefits from a Transfer Program: An Illustration from PROGRESA/Oportunidades
Authors: Alderman Harold , Behrman Jere R , Tasneem Afia 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Most impact evaluations of Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) and Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs) focus on the returns to increased human capital investments that will be reaped largely or exclusively in the future (e.g., when current children have increased productivities as adults). But the objectives of these programs are not only to increase human capital investments with implications for future levels and distributions of income but also to alleviate current poverty and reduce current inequality. The current distributional gains from such programs depend on the degree of inequality aversion in the social welfare function. Simulations show that, for a range of inequality aversion parameters, the welfare gains from current redistribution for the Mexican PROGRESA CCT program can be as large, or possibly much larger, than the estimated present discounted value of future earnings from human capital investments in lower and upper secondary schooling. These, moreover, are underestimates of the gains from redistribution because, in addition to current gains, such gains will be augmented in the future through the distribution of the returns on the human capital investments induced by cash transfer programs. Therefore, to fully evaluate such programs, it is critical to incorporate the distributional gains, not only the impacts on human capital investments.
Readmission and Prolapse Recurrence After Abdominal and Vaginal Apical Suspensions in Older Women
Authors: Sanses Tatiana V. D. , Hanley Jan M. , Zhang Peter , Richter Holly E. , Gambert Steven R. , Saigal Chris S. 
Published: March 2017

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2016;128:1369–1377)
Optimal surgical approaches for pelvic organ prolapse have been investigated in randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews, but the safest and most durable apical suspension has not been definitely identified. Estimates of prolapse recurrence vary widely (from 2.3% to 29.2%) because of differences in study design and length of follow-up.
Prediction of Pathological Complete Response Using Endoscopic Findings and Outcomes of Patients Who Underwent Watchful Waiting After Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Kawai Kazushige , Ishihara Soichiro , Nozawa Hiroaki , Hata Keisuke , Kiyomatsu Tomomichi , Morikawa Teppei , Fukayama Masashi , Watanabe Toshiaki 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND:
Nonoperative management for patients with rectal cancer who have achieved a clinical complete response after chemoradiotherapy is becoming increasingly important in recent years. However, the definition of and modality used for patients with clinical complete response differ greatly between institutions, and the role of endoscopic assessment as a nonoperative approach has not been fully investigated.

OBJECTIVE:
This study aimed to investigate the ability of endoscopic assessments to predict pathological regression of rectal cancer after chemoradiotherapy and the applicability of these assessments for the watchful waiting approach.

DESIGN:
This was a retrospective comparative study.

SETTINGS:
This study was conducted at a single referral hospital.

PATIENTS:
A total of 198 patients with rectal cancer underwent preoperative endoscopic assessments after chemoradiotherapy. Of them, 186 patients underwent radical surgery with lymph node dissection.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The histopathological findings of resected tissues were compared with the preoperative endoscopic findings. Twelve patients refused radical surgery and chose watchful waiting; their outcomes were compared with the outcomes of patients who underwent radical surgery.

RESULTS:
The endoscopic criteria correlated well with tumor regression grading. The sensitivity and specificity for a pathological complete response were 65.0% to 87.1% and 39.1% to 78.3%. However, endoscopic assessment could not fully discriminate pathological complete responses, and the outcomes of patients who underwent watchful waiting were considerably poorer than the patients who underwent radical surgery. Eventually, 41.7% of the patients who underwent watchful waiting experienced uncontrollable local failure, and many of these occurrences were observed more than 3 years after chemoradiotherapy.

LIMITATIONS:
The number of the patients treated with the watchful waiting strategy was limited, and the selection was not randomized.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although endoscopic assessment after chemoradiotherapy correlated with pathological response, it is unsuitable for surveillance of patients treated via a nonoperative approach. Incorporation of a “watchful waiting” strategy without establishing proper surveillance protocols and salvage strategies might result in poor local control.
Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Polyethylene Glycol With Ascorbic Acid and an Oral Sulfate Solution in a Split Method for Bowel Preparation: A Randomized, Multicenter Phase III Clinical Trial
Authors: Kim Bun , Lee Seong Dae , Han Kyung Su , Kim Byung Chang , Youk Eui-Gon , Nam Myung Jin , Lee Doo Han , Sohn Dae Kyung 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND:
An adequate level of bowel preparation before colonoscopy is important. The ideal agent for bowel preparation should be effective and tolerable.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and tolerability of polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid and oral sulfate solution in a split method for bowel preparation.

DESIGN:
This was a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial.

SETTINGS:
Outpatients at the specialized clinics were included.

PATIENTS:
A total of 186 subjects were randomly assigned. After exclusions, 84 subjects in the polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid group and 83 subjects in the oral sulfate solution group completed the study and were analyzed.

INTERVENTIONS:
Polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid or oral sulfate solution in a split method was the included intervention.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The primary end point was the rate of successful bowel preparation, which was defined as being excellent or good on the Aronchick scale. Tolerability and adverse events were also measured.

RESULTS:
Success of bowel preparation was not different between 2 groups (91.7% vs 96.4%; p = 0.20), and the rate of adverse GI events (abdominal distension, pain, nausea, vomiting, or abdominal discomfort) was not significantly different between the 2 groups. In contrast, the mean intensity of vomiting was higher in the oral sulfate solution group than in the polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid group (1.6 ± 0.9 vs 1.9 ± 1.1; p = 0.02).

LIMITATIONS:
All of the colonoscopies were performed in the morning, and the subjects were offered enhanced instructions for bowel preparation. In addition, the results of tolerability and adverse effect may have a type II error, because the number of cases was calculated for confirming the efficacy of bowel preparation.

CONCLUSIONS:
Oral sulfate solution is effective at colonoscopy cleansing and has acceptable tolerability when it is compared with polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid. The taste and flavor of oral sulfate solution still need to be improved to enhance tolerability.
Endometrial microbiome
Authors: Franasiak Jason M. , Scott Richard T. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose of review
There have been great improvements in assisted reproduction in the recent decade; however, there are still a significant number of chromosomally normal blastocysts that fail to produce live births. The human microbiome is the totality of the microbes and their genomes that exist in and on the host. The understanding of its impact on health and human disease, particularly in human reproduction, is evolving.

Recent findings
New technologies have empowered metagenomic sample analysis that allows for more fully characterizing the reproductive tract microbiome. With these technologies, we have determined not only that sites previously thought to be sterile in fact have robust microbiomes, but also have better characterized the normal and abnormal vaginal and endometrial microbiome.

Summary
The understanding of the microbiome in health and human disease, in particular in relation to human reproduction, is in its infancy. As the reproductive tract dysbiosis are better characterized and understood, we may be better equipped to manipulate it more expertly.
Pharmacological Treatment of ADHD in Addicted Patients: What Does the Literature Tell Us?
Authors: Carpentier Pieter-Jan , Levin Frances R. 
Published: March 2017

Learning objectives
After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Evaluate pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients with substance use disorder (SUD) • Assess the causes of the diminished efficacy of ADHD medication in patients with comorbid SUD

Objective
Substance use disorder (SUD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occur, and the presence of ADHD complicates the treatment of the addiction. Pharmacotherapy is a potent intervention in childhood and adult ADHD, but findings have been mixed in adolescent and adult ADHD patients with SUDs. This review focuses on several contributing factors and possible explanations, with implications both for future research and for clinical practice.

Method
This systematic review examined all randomized, placebo-controlled trials of pharmacotherapy for ADHD in adult and adolescent SUD patients.

Results
The number of studies is limited, and several studies are hampered by qualitative flaws. The results, in general, are inconclusive for most medications studied, but more recent trials using psychostimulants in robust dosing have demonstrated significantly positive results.

Conclusion
In reviewing these trials, possible explanations relating to the particular characteristics and problems of this complex patient group are discussed. Several factors, including ADHD symptom severity, psychiatric comorbidity, persistent drug use, choice of medication, and concomitant psychosocial intervention, influence study results. Taking these factors into account may improve the likelihood of detecting significant effects in future research, as the recent positive trials have indicated, and may help in the appropriate selection of pharmacotherapy in clinical practice.
How Well Do We Understand the Long-Term Health Implications of Childhood Bullying?
Authors: Zarate-Garza Pablo Patricio , Biggs Bridget K. , Croarkin Paul , Morath Brooke , Leffler Jarrod , Cuellar-Barboza Alfredo , Tye Susannah J. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Once dismissed as an innocuous experience of childhood, bullying is now recognized as having significant psychological effects, particularly with chronic exposure. Victims of bullying are at risk for a number of psychiatric disturbances, and growing evidence suggests that the pathophysiological effects of bullying, as with other forms of trauma and chronic stress, create additional health risks. We review the literature on the known sequelae of bullying, including psychiatric and physiological health effects, with a focus on implications for the victim. In addition, since it is now well established that early and chronic exposure to stress has a significant negative impact on health outcomes, we explore the implications of this research in relation to bullying and victimization in childhood. In particular, we examine how aspects of the stress response, via epigenetic, inflammatory, and metabolic mediators, have the capacity to compromise mental and physical health, and to increase the risk of disease. Research on the relevant mechanisms associated with bullying and on potential interventions to decrease morbidity is urgently needed.
Determination of mild, moderate, and severe pain interference in patients with cancer
Authors: Shi Qiuling , Mendoza Tito R. , Dueck Amylou C. , Ma Haijun , Zhang Jeffrey , Qian Yi , Bhowmik Debajyoti , Cleeland Charles S. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Effective assessment and management of pain in patients with cancer is strengthened by the patient's report of how much pain interferes with daily functioning. This requires a clear delineation of different levels of pain interference. We derived optimal cutpoints for differentiating between mild, moderate, and severe pain interference assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and describe the prevalence and characteristics of pain-induced functional impairment in patients with cancer. Data were pooled across 3 Phase III pivotal trials. Patient-completed questionnaires included the EuroQol 5 dimensions questionnaire (EQ5D), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General Measure (FACT-G), and BPI. Optimal cutpoints for categorizing pain interference into 3 levels were derived using analysis of variance, with different cutpoint sets for BPI total interference (BPI-PITS, the average score of all 7 items), activity-related interference (BPI-WAW, the average score of work, general activity, and walking), and mood-related interference (BPI-REM, the average score of relations with others, enjoyment of life, and mood) as independent variables and EQ5D–visual analog scale and total FACT-G score as dependent variables. To validate the cutpoints, we assessed whether interference categories were in concordance with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG-PS) levels. The optimal cutpoints were (2,5) for BPI-PITS, (2,6) for BPI-WAW, and (2,5) for BPI-REM. The mild (<2), moderate (2-5 or 2-6), and severe (>5 or >6) pain interference groups were significantly concordant with ECOG-PS levels (P < 0.0001). We empirically derived patient-reported pain interference categories in relation to clinician-rated performance status. These cutpoints may facilitate the conduct and interpretation of clinical evaluation, symptom epidemiology, and clinical trials.
Nerve injury–induced epigenetic silencing of opioid receptors controlled by DNMT3a in primary afferent neurons
Authors: Sun Linlin , Zhao Jian-Yuan , Gu Xiyao , Liang Lingli , Wu Shaogen , Mo Kai , Feng Jian , Guo Weixiang , Zhang Jun , Bekker Alex , Zhao Xinyu , Nestler Eric J. , Tao Yuan-Xiang 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Opioids are the gold standard for pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain, but their analgesic effects are unsatisfactory in part due to nerve injury–induced downregulation of opioid receptors in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. How nerve injury drives such downregulation remains elusive. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-triggered DNA methylation represses gene expression. We show here that blocking the nerve injury–induced increase in DRG DNMT3a (a de novo DNMT) rescued the expression of Oprm1 and Oprk1 mRNAs and their respective encoding mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) proteins in the injured DRG. Blocking this increase also prevented the nerve injury–induced increase in DNA methylation in the promoter and 5′-untranslated region of the Oprm1 gene in the injured DRG, restored morphine or loperamide (a peripheral acting MOR preferring agonist) analgesic effects, and attenuated the development of their analgesic tolerance under neuropathic pain conditions. Mimicking this increase reduced the expression of Oprm1 and Oprk1 mRNAs and their coding MOR and KOR in DRG and augmented MOR-gated neurotransmitter release from the primary afferents. Mechanistically, DNMT3a regulation of Oprm1 gene expression required the methyl-CpG–binding protein 1, MBD1, as MBD1 knockout resulted in the decreased binding of DNMT3a to the Oprm1 gene promoter and blocked the DNMT3a-triggered repression of Oprm1 gene expression in DRG neurons. These data suggest that DNMT3a is required for nerve injury–induced and MBD1-mediated epigenetic silencing of the MOR and KOR in the injured DRG. DNMT3a inhibition may serve as a promising adjuvant therapy for opioid use in neuropathic pain management.
Outpatient Liver Biopsy in Children
Authors: Bolia Rishi , Matta Judy , Malik Rohan , Hardikar Winita 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTLiver biopsy is a valuable tool. Even though outpatient liver biopsies are routinely performed in adults, there are no clear recommendations on its safety and feasibility in children. We reviewed the records of children who underwent a percutaneous liver biopsy at our institution between January 2005 and June 2015. A total of 626 biopsies were performed on 497 patients (250 boys, median age 6 [0.2–19.3] years). Abnormal liver function tests for investigation 288 (46%) was the most common indication. Thirty (4.8%) biopsies had complications, most common being subcapsular hematoma 14 of 30 (46.7%). Complications were identified within 8 hours of the biopsy in all patients. Approach, needle size, or number of passes did not affect the complication rate. Bleeding‐related complications were not related to the international normalized ratio. Performing liver biopsies on an outpatient basis would have saved 60 beds/AU$ 80,000/year. The present study suggests that if an observation period of 8 hours is instituted, outpatient liver biopsies can be performed safely in children.
Vaginal Obliterative Procedures for Pelvic Organ Prolapse: A Systematic Review
Authors: Buchsbaum Gunhilde M. , Lee Toy Gee 
Published: March 2017

Importance
Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition, the prevalence of which is likely to increase with the aging of our population. Also changing are parameters by which outcomes are assessed, shifting toward patient-centered care.

Objective
To review vaginal obliterative procedures for surgical treatment of advanced pelvic organ prolapse historically and to discuss evidence on indications for colpocleisis, outcomes, and complications, as well as review pros and cons for concomitant vaginal hysterectomy and anti-incontinence procedures.

Evidence Acquisition
Review predominantly of the English language literature on issues associated with obliterative vaginal surgery for advanced pelvic organ prolapse from LeFort’s and Neugebauer’s original description in the late 1800s to now.

Results
LeFort and total colpocleisis are effective procedures for surgical treatment of advanced pelvic organ prolapse with relatively low complication rates. Patient satisfaction is high. Loss of coital function is rarely a reason for regret. Hysterectomy is not required in most patients with procidentia. Anti-incontinence procedures can be performed at time of colpocleisis for patients with coexisting stress incontinence. Evidence is conflicting with regard to occult stress urinary incontinence.

Conclusions and Relevance
Colpocleisis are valuable procedures for women with severe pelvic organ prolapse who do not wish to retain coital function. Results are maintained in women with recurrent prolapse after prior failed reconstructive surgery. Considering a patient’s goals for surgery and comprehensive presurgical counseling are important determinants of patient satisfaction.

Target Audience
Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives
After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to list indications and contraindications for vaginal obliterative procedures, discuss risks and benefits of sling placement at time of colpocleisis, list perioperative complications, and discuss perioperative workup for LeFort colpocleisis.
Psychotherapy With Somatosensory Stimulation for Endometriosis-Associated Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Meissner Karin , Schweizer-Arau Annemarie , Limmer Anna , Preibisch Christine , Popovici Roxana M. , Lange Isabel , de Oriol Barbara , Beissner Florian 
Published: March 2017

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2016;128:1134–1142)
The underlying causal mechanisms for endometriosis are poorly understood. There is a weak correlation between the severity of organic pathology and reported pain intensity in women with endometriosis.
Effect of First Line Cancer Treatment on the Ovarian Reserve and Follicular Density in Girls Under the Age of 18 Years
Authors: El Issaoui Meryam , Giorgione Veronica , Mamsen Linn S. , Rechnitzer Catherine , Birkebæk Niels , Clausen Niels , Kelsey Thomas W. , Andersen Claus Yding 
Published: March 2017

(Abstracted from Fertil Steril 2016;106:1757–1762)
Over the last several decades, the late-effect mortality from all causes has significantly decreased among 5-year survivors of childhood cancer. This increased survival is largely due to the development of effective chemotherapeutic regimens and radiotherapy.
Value-Based Payment Reform and the Medicare Access and Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015: A Primer for Plastic Surgeons
Authors: Squitieri Lee , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: March 2017

Summary:
In 2015, the U.S. Congress passed the Medicare Access and Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act, which effectively repealed the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services sustainable growth rate formula and established the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Quality Payment Program. The Medicare Access and Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act represents an unparalleled acceleration toward value-based payment models and a departure from traditional volume-driven fee-for-service reimbursement. The Quality Payment Program includes two paths for provider participation: the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System and Advanced Alternative Payment Models. The Merit-Based Incentive Payment System pathway replaces existing quality reporting programs and adds several new measures to create a composite performance score for each provider (or provider group) that will be used to adjust reimbursed payment. The advanced alternative payment model pathway is available to providers who participate in qualifying Advanced Alternative Payment Models and is associated with an initial 5 percent payment incentive. The first performance period for the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System opens January 1, 2017, and closes on December 31, 2017, and is associated with payment adjustments in January of 2019. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services estimates that the majority of providers will begin participation in 2017 through the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System pathway, but aims to have 50 percent of payments tied to quality or value through Advanced Alternative Payment Models by 2018. In this article, the authors describe key components of the Medicare Access and Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act to providers navigating through the Quality Payment Program and discuss how plastic surgeons may optimize their performance in this new value-based payment program.