bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dissociation of the Compound of Iodine and Thio-urea
Authors: Marshall Hugh 
Published: June 2016

When thio-urea is treated with suitable oxidising agents in presence of acids, salts are formed corresponding to the general formula (CSN2H4)2X2:—Of these salts the di-nitrate is very sparingly soluble, and is precipitated on the addition of nitric acid or a nitrate to solutions of the other salts. The salts, as a class, are not very stable, and their solutions decompose, especially on warming, with formation of sulphur, thio-urea, cyanamide, and free acid. A corresponding decomposition results immediately on the addition of alkali, and this constitutes a very characteristic reaction for these salts.
A Special Circulant considered by Catalan
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

(1) In his “Recherches sur les déterminants,” published in the Bulletin of the Royal Academy of Belgium in 1846, Catalan gives a proposition in regard to circulants of the typewhich deserves some special attention, as there can be little doubt that it is seriously misleading. Unfortunately, too, it has actually already misled to a considerable extent, the proposition having been reproduced by quite a number of writers without any care being taken to verify it. Even the very latest text-book, that written by Professor Pascal of Pavia and translated into German by H. Leitzmann, gives importance to the proposition, and by omitting the so-called proof diminishes the chance of detection of error.
A Differentiating Machine
Authors: Murray J. Erskine 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIt was pointed out to me a few months ago, by my friend Professor W. H. Heaton, that our knowledge of the laws of physical variations might be greatly increased if their study were facilitated by the invention of a machine which would automatically deduce the rate of change of a function from the curve representing that function. In cases where the physical law is already known, and is expressible in terms of known mathematical quantities, such a machine is not essential, though it provides an excellent illustration of mathematical laws; there is, however, a vast and ever-increasing mass of numerical results awaiting discussion and co-ordination, and it is in reducing these to law and order that the differentiator should prove a useful tool.
The Three-line Determinants of a Six-by-Three Array
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

(1) If the array in question beits score of three-line determinants |a1b2c3|, |a1b2f3|,.… may be viewed as consisting of two complementary sets of ten, each of the first set containing at least two columns taken from |a1b2c3|, and each of the second set at least two columns taken from |f1g2h3|. Further, either set of ten may be viewed as consisting of one unique member and three sub-sets of three members each, the members of a sub-set being derivable from one another by performing the cyclical substitutions
Crystallographical Notes
Authors: Marshall Hugh 
Published: June 2016

I. Axes of Compound Symmetry of the Second Order.In recent years, since the more or less general adoption of the systematic classification of crystals under the thirty-two possible types of symmetry, it has become usual to dispense with the ‘centre of symmetry’ as one of the elements of crystal symmetry, and to adopt in its place the ‘axis of compound symmetry of the second order.’
Deep Water Ship-Waves
Authors: Kelvin Lord 
Published: June 2016

§§ 32–64. Canal Ship-Waves.§ 32. To avoid the somewhat cumbrous title “Two-dimensional,” I now use the designation “Canal † Waves” to denote waves in a canal with horizontal bottom and vertical sides, which, if not two-dimensional in their source, become more and more approximately two-dimensional at greater and greater distances from the source. In the present communication the source is such as to render the motion two-dimensional throughout; the two dimensions being respectively perpendicular to the bottom, and parallel to the length of the canal: the canal being straight.
The Nature of Amorphous Sulphur, and Contributions to the Study of the Influence of Foreign Bodies on the Phenomena of Supercooling observed when Melted Sulphur is suddenly Chilled
Authors: Smith Alexander 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe hardening of plastic sulphur was investigated, and it was found that partial reversion to soluble sulphur prevents the securing in quasi-solid form of the whole of the amorphous sulphur present. It was discovered, however, that sulphur formed by precipitation in presence of concentrated acids does yield 100 per cent, of insoluble sulphur, and that only the impossibility of realising the requisite condition of very fine subdivision is therefore responsible for the smaller yields from melted sulphur which has reached the highest temperatures previous to being chilled.
XXVI.—On the Histological Changes in the Liver and Kidney after Chloroform administered by Different Channels
Authors: Clark G. Herbert 
Published: June 2016

1. When kidney or liver tissue is immersed in a saline solution containing chloroform, degenerative changes take place similar to the normal necrobiotic changes but very much more rapid. In the case of the kidney the glomeruli are not affected for a very considerable time.2. When chloroform is administered through the respiratory passages a considerable degree of degeneration is only occasionally found in the kidney and liver cells. It is more marked in some cases than in others where a similar amount of chloroform was given to animals of a similar size. This may be associated with the very varying rate at which the drug is eliminated, as shown by Miss Lindsay (loc. cit.). The degree of change in the liver was never great. In the kidney there is frequently cloudy swelling, and occasionally desquamation of the epithelium of the ascending and descending tubules.3. Where the drug is given by the stomach the mortality is great and the changes observed in the organs are marked. In all cases there is evidence of the toxic action of the drug. In the animals most affected, the structure of the liver is almost entirely lost, nothing remaining of the lobules but a shell of liver cells enclosing a cheesy debris.In the kidney the drug acts in a similar way, the degree of degeneration being somewhat less than in the liver.The glomeruli are but little affected even in the worst cases.4. When the drug is given hypodermically the changes are similar to those observed when the drug is given by the stomach. The liver is again more affected than the kidney.On the whole, however, chloroform does not appear to be quite so destructive to the liver tissue when administered in this form.5. The marked action of the drug upon the liver, whether administered by the stomach or hypodermically, is probably accounted for by the “anchoring” action referred to by D. Noël Paton (1). It would be interesting to know if there is evidence of a similar action on the part of the kidney cells to account for the extensive degenerative change frequently observed there.6. The result of these observations helps to explain the different effects of chloroform on hepatic metabolism. When given by the respiratory passages it is rapidly eliminated, produces no marked histological changes, and the metabolic disturbances are slight; but when given by the mouth and hypodermically it is more slowly eliminated, has more time to produce its toxic action, and the metabolic disturbances are pronounced.In a future paper the action of chloroform upon the blood corpuscles will be dealt with.
XLII.—The Atomic Weight of Platinum
Authors: Archibald E. H. 
Published: June 2016

Twenty-two years have passed since the atomic weight of platinum was studied by Dittmar and M'Arthur. This is the last investigation recorded which has been concerned with the value of this constant.During the intervening period, as the result of many investigations carried on by Professor T. W. Richards and his students, the accuracy with which many of the’ manipulations incident to atomic weight investigations can be executed has been greatly increased. Perhaps of still greater importance, methods for the preparation of many compounds of undoubted purity have been devised, and the principles underlying the preparation of pure substances have been clearly set forth.
X.—Note on Pfaffians with Polynomial Elements
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

So far back as March 1855 Brioschi in effect formulated the theorem that any even-ordered determinant is expressible as a Pfaffian; for example in the case of the fourth order he gave the equalitywhere (h, k) stands forthis expression being obtained by multiplying the hth columnof the given determinant by the kth columnof an equivalent determinant.
IV.—On The Transverse Galvanomagnetic and Thermomagnetic Effects in several Metals
Authors: Unwin F. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe four transverse galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects were determined in the case of iron, nickel, cobalt, silver, copper, zinc, cadmium, aluminium.The results were considered in the light of the electron theory of conduction in metals as formulated by G. H. Livens, and were found to be in fair accord with the theory as regards the ratios of the effects, but they could not be reconciled with the expressions given for the effects themselves.
VI.—On Fechner's Law and the Self-Luminosity of the Eye
Authors: Peddie William 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFechner's law states that change of visual perceptivity is proportional to the fractional change in the intensity of the light. At weak intensities a term, regarded as constant, has to be added to the intensity of the external light on account of the self-luminosity of the eye. By integration over the whole stimulated part of the retina, Helmholtz obtained an expression for the perceptivity which agreed with observation in so far as the general nature of the relation between perceptivity and external stimulus is concerned. Close correspondence can be obtained by assuming that the self-luminosity term in Fechner's expression is itself a simple function of the external stimulus, rising rapidly to a maximum and thereafter slowly falling to a steady value.
IV.—Period of Survival of the Shore-Crab (Carcinus mænas) in Distilled Water
Authors: Lim Robert K. S. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARY1. The period of survival in distilled water is shortest with post-moult crabs, longer with pre-moult, and longest with inter-moult.2. Further, a relatively constant percentage of salts is lost, irrespective of size; hence one of the determining factors in survival is the rate of loss of these salts. The other factor is the rate of osmosis of water, causing œdema.3. With regard to the moult cycle, the concentration of the blood and the structure of the membranes are seemingly little altered, but the amount of calcium in the latter varies with moult-age, being least in post-moult and most in inter-moult membranes.4. It is concluded, that the higher the percentage of calcium, the less permeable are the membranes and the longer is the duration of survival.5. Œdema and loss of salts naturally disturb the tonicity equilibrium of the body fluid, and thus cause death.
V.—Thermodynamics of Adsorption
Authors: Williams A. M. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARY1. The adsorption of a gas has been investigated thermodynamically with special reference to the heat effects accompanying adsorption.2. Expressions are developed for three isothermal heats of adsorption of a gas and for the heat of immersion of a powder in a liquid.3. The effect of the variation of the surface of an adsorbent when adsorbing is examined, and it is shown from Titoff's observations (assuming, of course, the adsorption to be reversible) that the divergence between calculated and observed values of the heat of adsorption can be explained on the assumption of a change of surface area. The fractional change of surface per c.cm. adsorbed can be calculated, and also the surface energy per grm. adsorbent in vacuo.
VII.—Experiments on the Respiratory Mechanism of the Shore Crab (Carcinus mænas)
Authors: Lim Robert K. S. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARY(a) The direction of the respiratory current is postero-anterior, whether the crab is above the sand or buried in it.(b) Reversal of this direction also occurs and is more frequent when the animal is buried or when a strong ink suspension is used during an experiment.(c) The sub-branchial cleft may be divided into four separate spaces which are in direct communication with gaps between certain gill origins, the whole constituting the sub-branchial inlets.(d) The direction of these inlets varies from postero-anterior to almost latero-medial.(e) They determine the direction of the inhaled currents within the branchial chambers.(f) The relation between the position of the gills and these inlets allows for a convenient and maximal flow.
XII.—The Sound-Waves and other Air-Waves of the East London Explosion of January 19, 1917
Authors: Davison Charles 
Published: June 2016

The explosion which occurred in East London at 6.51 p.m. on January 19, 1917, was one of the greatest ever experienced in this country. The sitex of the explosion is indicated approximately by the star in the accompanying maps. The total amount of explosives lost is known, if at all, only to those in authority.In order to determine the forms of the sound-areas, I wrote letters to most of the principal newspapers published in London and within and near the districts concerned, and I am greatly indebted to the courtesy of many editors in allowing me space for which there were so many important claims, and also to the numerous correspondents who so kindly answered my inquiries. After the boundaries of the sound-areas had been drawn from an unusually large number of positive records, I wrote to the incumbents of many parishes in small towns and large villages, and to superintendents of police within the silent zone and just within and for some distance outside the boundaries of the sound-areas as I had drawn them. The total number of positive records is 571 from 391 places, and of negative records 75 from 71 places. In addition to these, there are 79 records from 71 places at which the sound was apparently not observed, but at which windows were shaken or pheasants disturbed; making a total of 725 records from 533 places.
XIV.—Note on the Construction of an Orthogonant
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

(1) The essence of Cayley's mode* of arriving at the formation of an orthogonal substitution lies, as is known, in the observation that if two sets of variablesx, y, z, w, and ξ, η, ζ, ωbe taken linear functions of a third setin such a way that the determinant of the coefficients is in the one caseand in the other the conjugate of this, then the first and second set of variables are orthogonally related.
XV.—The Formation of the Germ-Band in the Egg of the Holly Tortrix Moth, Eudemis nævana (Hb.)
Authors: Huie L. H. 
Published: June 2016

During the spring of 1916, while making observations from an economic point of view on the Holly Tortrix Moth, Eudemis nœvana (Hb.), I found that, owing to the transparency of the egg and its flattened form, the development could be followed in the living egg in a general way with unusual clearness.Investigations have been carried out on the embryology of about eighteen species of Lepidoptera, but as far as I am aware no account has been published of the embryology of the Tortricidæ.
III.—Notes on some Turbellaria from Scottish Lochs.
Authors: Martin C.H. 
Published: June 2016

In this paper I wish to refer to some of the more interesting Turbellaria found during the months of July, August, and September 1905 at Ardeonaig on Loch Tay, and during August and the early part of September 1906 at Tarbet on Loch Lomond.I also wish to describe in more detail a newly discovered Kalyptorhynch, and to put forward some observations on the origin of the nematocysts in someMicrostoma lineare.The opportunity of working on these forms occurred in connection with the work of the Scottish Lake Survey under Sir John Murray, to whom, for his unfailing kindness, I owe a very deep debt of gratitude.
IV.—An Account of a Brachydactylous Family.
Authors: Drinkwater H. 
Published: June 2016

Abnormalities of the digits occur under a great variety of forms, and with such frequency that most medical men interested in the subject are more or less familiar with them.In studying such cases one cannot fail to be struck with the fact that, although the tendency to abnormality may be inherited, the inheritance is not always “true,” i.e. the precise form is not accurately reproduced in the offspring. Especially, perhaps, is this the case where the abnormality consists in a deficiency of digits. One individual of a family may have four fingers, another three, and another two, or even one, and that one very imperfect. Such cases have often been recorded (see B.M.J., 1886, vol. ii. p. 976).
V.—Notolepis Coatsi, Poisson pélagique nouveau recueilli par l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise.
Authors: Dollo Louis , Traquair M. R. H. 
Published: June 2016

Bien que les Orcades du Sud aient été découvertes dès 1821, par Powell, sur le Dove, et bien que ces îles aient été visitées à nouveau:En 1822–23, par Weddell, qui donna le nom au groupe, avec la Jane et le Beaufoy;En 1838, par Dumont d'Urville, avec l'Astrolabe et la Zélée;En 1874, par Dallmann, avec le Grönland;En 1893, par Larsen, avec le Jason;rien n'était connu de la faune ichthyologique de ces parages au moment où ils furent explorés par l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise (1902–1904).
VI.—The Body-Temperature of Fishes and other Marine Animals.
Authors: Simpson Sutherland 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYThe body-temperature of the following fishes, crustaceans, and echinoderms has been examined and compared with the temperature of the water in which they live:—Cod-fish (Gadus morrhua), ling (Molva vulgaris), torsk (Brosmius brosme), coal-fish or saithe (Gadus virens), haddock (Gadus œgelfinus), flounder (Pleuronectes flesus), smelt (Osmerus eperlanus), dog-fish (Scyllium catulus), shore crab (Carcinus mœnas), edible crab (Cancer pagurus), lobster (Homarus vulgaris), sea-urchin (Echinus esculentus), and starfish (Asterias rubens). The minimum, maximum, and mean temperature difference for each species are given in the following table:—The excess of temperature is most evident in the larger specimens. This is well shown in the case of the coal-fish, where in the adult it was 0°·7 C., and in the great majority (11 out of 12) of the young of the first year, 0°·0 C. The body-weight and the conditions under which the fish are captured probably form the most important factors in determining the temperature difference.In 14 codfish, where the rectal, blood, and muscle temperatures were recorded in the same individual, it was found to be highest in the muscle and lowest in the rectum, the mean temperature difference being 0°·46 C. for the muscle, 0°·41 C for the blood, and 0°·36 C. for the rectum.
XI.—The Product of the Primary Minors of an n-by-(n + 1) Array.
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

(1) IN a paper by A. Scholtz entitled “Sechs Punkte eines Kegelschnittes” (Archiv d. Math. u. Phys., lxii. pp. 317–324, year 1878) there appears a statement which, after correction of two misprints, runs thus:—where ξln=ylzn − ynzl. A year or so later there was published a paper by Hunyady with the title “Beitrag zur Theorie des Flächen zweiten Grades” (Crelle's Journ., lxxxix. pp. 47–69), in which it is asserted, again without proof, thatThe object of the present note is to formulate and prove a general theorem of which these are cases, and to draw certain deductions therefrom.
XIV.—On a Sensitive State induced in Magnetic Materials by Thermal Treatment.
Authors: Gray James G. , Ross Alexander D. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARY1. Specimens of steel cooled from high temperatures are, as regards their magnetic properties, in a “sensitive state.”2. After magnetisation, reversal of the field reduces the susceptibility.3. Cyclic reversals of the field between definite limits bring the magnetic quality to a definite lower value for fields lying between these limits.4. So long as the field is not changed in sign, the “sensitive state” persists.5. Cyclic reversals of the field between narrow limits reduce the susceptibility for fields beyond these limits, but not to its lowest possible value.6. The rate of cooling from the high temperature—if not very rapid—has little influence on the magnitude of the effect.7. The “sensitive state” does not wear off with time.8. Mechanical vibration of the specimens considerably reduces the phenomenon.9. The “sensitive state” is most pronounced in hard steels.10. The effect is induced to a slight degree in some varieties of steel by temperatures as low as 100° C. It increases with increasing temperatures to about 700° C. Further increase in temperature has little influence.11. Similar effects are noticeable in cast iron and in cobalt. The “sensitive state” is absent, or is present to only a very slight extent, in soft iron.12. The effect has a maximum value for fields which give large values of μ, and tends to zero as the saturation point is approached.
XV.—On a Test for Continuity.
Authors: Young W. H. 
Published: June 2016

§ 1. THE usual method of proving that a function defined as the limit of a sequence of continuous functions is continuous is by proving that the convergence is uniform. This method may fail owing to the presence of points at which the convergence is non-uniform although the limiting function is continuous. In such a case it would be necessary to apply a further test, e.g. that of Arzelà (“uniform convergence by segments”).In some cases the continuity may be proved directly by means of a totally different principle, without reference to modes of convergence at all. It is, in fact, a necessary and sufficient condition for the continuity of a function that it should be possible to express it at the same time as the limit of a monotone ascending and of a monotone descending sequence of continuous functions.
XXXI.—On the “Negative” Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions.
Authors: Taylor W. W. , Moore T. W. 
Published: June 2016

THE subject of the “negative” viscosity of solutions has of late attracted considerable attention. Since the publication of the paper by one of us with Ranken in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, there have appeared a paper by Jones and Veazey, and two by Getman.Since the latter of the papers by Getman contains a comprehensive review of the older literature on the subject, it is unnecessary for us to do more than indicate those points which are of fundamental importance. First noticed by Hübner in 1873, “negative” viscosity was observed by Sprung in the course of his extensive researches to occur in solutions of several potassium and ammonium salts, while corresponding sodium salts do not cause it. Later investigations added to the salts which are known to give rise to it; mention may be made of hydrobromic acid, in which it occurs at low temperatures but not at higher temperatures, whilst it does not occur at all in the case of hydrochloric acid.