bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sociology of grit: Exploring grit as a sociological variable and its potential role in social stratification
Authors: Kwon Hye Won 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes the currently fashionable psychological notion of “grit” as a potentially useful variable in sociological analysis and explores its potential for contributing to addressing sociological concerns. Grit, comprising perseverance and passion toward long‐term goals, has received growing attention within academia and from the general public as a strong predictor of achievement. Grit captures an important, noncognitive, underdeveloped aspect of agency not included in life course or stratification studies. Grit can contribute to our understanding about how the subjective beliefs that are typically treated as agency are actually translated into volitional action that constructs one's life course, a crucial potential life course mechanism. This paper suggests incorporating grit into sociological understanding of individual‐level aspects of stratification, moving beyond its current conception anchored fully in psychology, to further understand what it is, where it comes from, and why it is sociologically useful.
‘We the People’ or ‘We the Peoples’? A Comparison of Support for the Populist Radical Right and Populist Radical Left in the Netherlands
Authors: Akkerman Agnes , Zaslove Andrej , Spruyt Bram 
Published: October 2017

AbstractResearch on the supply side of politics demonstrates that populism acts as a common denominator even though populist parties possess very different ideological positions. However, it is uncertain whether this translates to the demand side: Do voters support left and right‐wing populist parties for similar reasons? Using the Netherlands as our case study, we investigate the common demand side characteristics of supporters of populist radical right and populist radical left parties. The paper concludes that populist attitudes (i.e. a people‐centered notion of political representation) unify supporters of both populist radical left and populist radical right parties. Supporters of both parties also demonstrate lower levels of political trust (than voters for other parties): this is particularly the case for PVV supporters. Beyond these similarities we find that the PVV and the SP attract very different supporters. PVV supporters demonstrate low immigrant tolerance, while SP voters support more income equality.
Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: estimating disease risk in Australian blood donors travelling overseas
Authors: Coghlan A. , Hoad V. C. , Seed C. R. , Flower R. LP. , Harley R. J. , Herbert D. , Faddy H. M. 
Published: October 2017

Background and ObjectivesInternational travel assists spread of infectious pathogens. Australians regularly travel to South‐eastern Asia and the isles of the South Pacific, where they may become infected with infectious agents, such as dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses that pose a potential risk to transfusion safety. In Australia, donors are temporarily restricted from donating for fresh component manufacture following travel to many countries, including those in this study. We aimed to estimate the unmitigated transfusion‐transmission (TT) risk from donors travelling internationally to areas affected by emerging infectious diseases.Materials and MethodsWe used the European Up‐Front Risk Assessment Tool, with travel and notification data, to estimate the TT risk from donors travelling to areas affected by disease outbreaks: Fiji (DENV), Bali (DENV), Phuket (DENV), Indonesia (CHIKV) and French Polynesia (ZIKV).ResultsWe predict minimal risk from travel, with the annual unmitigated risk of an infected component being released varying from 1 in 1·43 million to <1 in one billion and the risk of severe consequences ranging from 1 in 130 million to <1 in one billion.ConclusionThe predicted unmitigated likelihood of infection in blood components manufactured from donors travelling to the above‐mentioned areas was very low, with the possibility of severe consequences in a transfusion recipient even smaller. Given the increasing demand for plasma products in Australia, the current strategy of restricting donors returning from select infectious disease outbreak areas to source plasma collection provides a simple and effective risk management approach.
Hierarchical evaluation of electrical stimulation protocols for chronic wound healing: An effect size meta‐analysis
Authors: Khouri Charles , Kotzki Sylvain , Roustit Matthieu , Blaise Sophie , Gueyffier Francois , Cracowski Jean-Luc 
Published: October 2017

AbstractElectrical stimulation (ES) has been tested for decades to improve chronic wound healing. However, uncertainty remains on the magnitude of the efficacy and on the best applicable protocol. We conducted an effect size meta‐analysis to assess the overall efficacy of ES on wound healing, to compare the efficacy of the different modalities of electrical stimulation, and to determine whether efficacy differs depending on the wound etiology, size, and age of the chronic wound. Twenty‐nine randomized clinical trials with 1,510 patients and 1,753 ulcers were selected. Overall efficacy of ES on would healing was a 0.72 SMD (95% CI: 0.48, 1) corresponding to a moderate to large effect size. We found that unidirectional high voltage pulsed current (HVPC) with the active electrode over the wound was the best evidence‐based protocol to improve wound healing with a 0.8 SMD (95% CI: 0.38, 1.21), while evaluation of the efficacy of direct current was limited by the small number of studies. ES was more effective on pressure ulcers compared to venous and diabetic ulcers, and efficacy trended to be inversely associated with the wound size and duration. This study confirms the overall efficacy of ES to enhance healing of chronic wounds and highlights the superiority of HVPC over other type of currents, which is more effective on pressure ulcers, and inversely associated with the wound size and duration. This will enable to standardize future ES practices.
Reappraisal of systemic venous chemoreceptors: might they explain the matching of breathing to metabolic rate in humans?
Authors: Parkes M. J. 
Published: October 2017

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
One of the major unanswered questions in physiology is that of how breathing matches metabolic rate. Venous chemoreceptors seem to have been dismissed since the 1960s.

What advances does it highlight?
New evidence shows that their apparent dismissal needs reappraisal.

The paper on which this depends has more than one interpretation, and another paper obtained the opposite result.
Previous search ignored all locations between skeletal muscle and the right heart.
Oxygen sensors other than the arterial chemoreceptors do exist. Heymans and colleagues originally demonstrated some residual breathing response to hypoxia in sino‐aortically denervated animals. Similar results occur in humans.

One of the major unanswered questions in physiology is that of how breathing matches metabolic rate. The existence in humans of venous chemoreceptors that might control breathing seems to have been dismissed since the 1960s. New evidence has emerged showing that this apparent dismissal needs reappraisal. First, the paper in humans on which this depends has more than one interpretation. Moreover, a previous paper obtained the opposite result and is not cited. Secondly, previous search for venous chemoreceptors failed to examine all venous locations between skeletal muscle and the right heart and lungs. Thirdly, oxygen sensors other than the arterial chemoreceptors do exist. Heymans himself originally demonstrated some residual breathing response to hypoxia in sino‐aortically denervated animals. Others confirm a residual breathing response to hypoxia in mammals, including humans. There is now considerable interest in the importance of afferent feedback in controlling the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Moreover, it is now clear that arterial, aortic and central chemoreceptors have no role in explaining how breathing matches metabolic rate during exercise. These together provide a timely reminder that venous chemoreceptors remain ideal candidates still to be considered as metabolic rate sensors to explain matching in humans. Firstly, this is because venous and values do change appropriately in proportion to metabolic rate, so a metabolic rate signal sufficient to drive breathing might already exist. Secondly, chemoreceptor‐like anatomical structures are present in the systemic venous system but remain unexplored. Finally, no extant experimental evidence precludes their existence.
Improvement of the RELAP5-3D Model of Condensation in the Presence of Noncondensables
Authors: Anderson Nolan A. , Mesina George L. 
Published: October 2017

Condensation of steam on the primary side of a steam generator in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) is one means of removing decay heat during some accident scenarios, including small break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA). However, when noncondensable gasses mix with steam, it impairs condensation. To correctly predict plant behavior, nuclear power plant (NPP) safety analysis codes such as RELAP5-3D must model the effect of condensation in the presence of noncondensables properly.
A potential error in the RELAP5-3D code was reported in the condensation model in the presence of noncondensables by the University of Wisconsin[1]. The report indicated that the calculated condensation heat flux was under-predicted due to the modeling of the mass transfer in the gas mixture. The original documentation describing the implementation of the model was reviewed and compared with alternative formulations. An alternative that uses saturation vapor density at temperature of total pressure instead of the saturation vapor density at vapor partial pressure for calculating vapor mass flux was implemented. Comparison of the alternative method with the original against experimental data for several test cases showed improvement for most test cases.
A Novel Steroid-Coenzyme A Ligase from Novosphingobium sp. Strain Chol11 Is Essential for an Alternative Degradation Pathway for Bile Salts
Authors: Yücel Onur , Holert Johannes , Ludwig Kevin Christopher , Thierbach Sven , Philipp Bodo 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Bile salts such as cholate are steroid compounds with a C
5
carboxylic side chain and occur ubiquitously in vertebrates. Upon their excretion into soils and waters, bile salts can serve as growth substrates for diverse bacteria.
Novosphingobium
sp. strain Chol11 degrades 7-hydroxy bile salts via 3-keto-7-deoxy-Δ
4,6
metabolites by the dehydration of the 7-hydroxyl group catalyzed by the 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydratase Hsh2. This reaction has not been observed in the well-studied 9-10-seco degradation pathway used by other steroid-degrading bacteria indicating that strain Chol11 uses an alternative pathway. A reciprocal BLASTp analysis showed that known side chain degradation genes from other cholate-degrading bacteria (
Pseudomonas stutzeri
Chol1,
Comamonas testosteroni
CNB-2, and
Rhodococcus jostii
RHA1) were not found in the genome of strain Chol11. The characterization of a transposon mutant of strain Chol11 showing altered growth with cholate identified a novel steroid-24-oyl–coenzyme A ligase named SclA. The unmarked deletion of
sclA
resulted in a strong growth rate decrease with cholate, while growth with steroids with C
3
side chains or without side chains was not affected. Intermediates with a 7-deoxy-3-keto-Δ
4,6
structure, such as 3,12-dioxo-4,6-choldienoic acid (DOCDA), were shown to be likely physiological substrates of SclA. Furthermore, a novel coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent DOCDA degradation metabolite with an additional double bond in the side chain was identified. These results support the hypothesis that
Novosphingobium
sp. strain Chol11 harbors an alternative pathway for cholate degradation, in which side chain degradation is initiated by the CoA ligase SclA and proceeds via reaction steps catalyzed by so-far-unknown enzymes different from those of other steroid-degrading bacteria.

IMPORTANCE
This study provides further evidence of the diversity of metabolic pathways for the degradation of steroid compounds in environmental bacteria. The knowledge about these pathways contributes to the understanding of the CO
2
-releasing part of the global C cycle. Furthermore, it is useful for investigating the fate of pharmaceutical steroids in the environment, some of which may act as endocrine disruptors.
Conditional Function of Autoaggregative Protein Cah and Common
cah
Mutations in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli
Authors: Carter Michelle Qiu , Brandl Maria T. , Kudva Indira T. , Katani Robab , Moreau Matthew R. , Kapur Vivek 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Cah is a calcium-binding autotransporter protein involved in autoaggregation and biofilm formation. Although
cah
is widespread in Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC), we detected mutations in
cah
at a frequency of 31.3% in this pathogen. In STEC O157:H7 supershedder strain SS17, a large deletion results in a smaller coding sequence, encoding a protein lacking the C-terminal 71 amino acids compared with Cah in STEC O157:H7 strain EDL933. We examined the function of Cah in biofilm formation and host colonization to better understand the selective pressures for
cah
mutations. EDL933-Cah played a conditional role in biofilm formation
in vitro
: it enhanced
E. coli
DH5α biofilm formation on glass surfaces under agitated culture conditions that prevented autoaggregation but inhibited biofilm formation under hydrostatic conditions that facilitated autoaggregation. This function appeared to be strain dependent since Cah-mediated biofilm formation was diminished when an EDL933
cah
gene was expressed in SS17. Deletion of
cah
in EDL933 enhanced bacterial attachment to spinach leaves and altered the adherence pattern of EDL933 to bovine recto-anal junction squamous epithelial (RSE) cells. In contrast, in
trans
expression of EDL933
cah
in SS17 increased its attachment to leaf surfaces, and in DH5α, it enhanced its adherence to RSE cells. Hence, the ecological function of Cah appears to be modulated by environmental conditions and other bacterial strain-specific properties. Considering the prevalence of
cah
in STEC and its role in attachment and biofilm formation,
cah
mutations might be selected in ecological niches in which inactivation of Cah would result in an increased fitness in STEC during colonization of plants or animal hosts.

IMPORTANCE
Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) harbors genes encoding diverse adhesins, and many of these are known to play an important role in bacterial attachment and host colonization. We demonstrated here that the autotransporter protein Cah confers on
E. coli
DH5α cells a strong autoaggregative phenotype that is inversely correlated with its ability to form biofilms and plays a strain-specific role in plant and animal colonization by STEC. Although
cah
is widespread in the STEC population, we detected a mutation rate of 31.3% in
cah
, which is similar to that reported for
rpoS
and
fimH
. The formation of cell aggregates due to increased bacterium-to-bacterium interactions may be disadvantageous to bacterial populations under conditions that favor a planktonic state in STEC. Therefore, a loss-of-function mutation in
cah
is likely a selective trait in STEC when autoaggregative properties become detrimental to bacterial cells and may contribute to the adaptability of STEC to fluctuating environments.
A Canonical Biotin Synthesis Enzyme, 8-Amino-7-Oxononanoate Synthase (BioF), Utilizes Different Acyl Chain Donors in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli
Authors: Manandhar Miglena , Cronan John E. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

BioF (8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase) is a strictly conserved enzyme that catalyzes the first step in assembly of the fused heterocyclic rings of biotin. The BioF acyl chain donor has long been thought to be pimeloyl-CoA. Indeed,
in vitro
the
Escherichia coli
and
Bacillus sphaericus
enzymes have been shown to condense pimeloyl-CoA with
l
-alanine in a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent reaction with concomitant CoA release and decarboxylation of
l
-alanine. However, recent
in vivo
studies of
E. coli
and
Bacillus subtilis
suggested that the BioF proteins of the two bacteria could have different specificities for pimelate thioesters in that
E. coli
BioF may utilize either pimeloyl coenzyme A (CoA) or the pimelate thioester of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) of fatty acid synthesis. In contrast,
B. subtilis
BioF seemed likely to be specific for pimeloyl-CoA and unable to utilize pimeloyl-ACP. We now report genetic and
in vitro
data demonstrating that
B. subtilis
BioF specifically utilizes pimeloyl-CoA.

IMPORTANCE
Biotin is an essential vitamin required by mammals and birds because, unlike bacteria, plants, and some fungi, these organisms cannot make biotin. Currently, the biotin included in vitamin tablets and animal feeds is made by chemical synthesis. This is partly because the biosynthetic pathways in bacteria are incompletely understood. This paper defines an enzyme of the
Bacillus subtilis
pathway and shows that it differs from that of
Escherichia coli
in the ability to utilize specific precursors. These bacteria have been used in biotin production and these data may aid in making biotin produced by biotechnology commercially competitive with that produced by chemical synthesis.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Strain Resistant to Fourth-Generation Cephalosporin and Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics
Authors: Gul Danish , Potter Robert F. , Riaz Hurmat , Ashraf Shifa Tariq , Wallace Meghan A. , Munir Tehmina , Ali Amjad , Burnham Carey-Ann , Dantas Gautam , Andleeb Saadia 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Typhoid is endemic in developing countries. We report here the first draft genome sequence of a
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi clinical isolate from Pakistan exhibiting resistance to cefepime (a fourth-generation cephalosporin) and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, two of the last-generation therapies against this pathogen. The genome is ~4.8 Mb, with two putative plasmids.
Genome Sequence of an Alphaherpesvirus from a Beluga Whale (
Delphinapterus leucas
)
Authors: Davison Andrew J. , Nielsen Ole , Subramaniam Kuttichantran , Jacob Jessica M. , Romero Carlos H. , Burek-Huntington Kathy A. , Waltzek Thomas B. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Beluga whale alphaherpesvirus 1 was isolated from a blowhole swab taken from a juvenile beluga whale. The genome is 144,144 bp in size and contains 86 putative genes. The virus groups phylogenetically with members of the genus
Varicellovirus
in subfamily
Alphaherpesvirinae
and is the first alphaherpesvirus sequenced from a marine mammal.
Laryngeal closure impedes non-invasive ventilation at birth
Authors: Crawshaw Jessica R , Kitchen Marcus J , Binder-Heschl Corinna , Thio Marta , Wallace Megan J , Kerr Lauren T , Roehr Charles C , Lee Katie L , Buckley Genevieve A , Davis Peter G , Flemmer Andreas , te Pas Arjan B , Hooper Stuart B 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundNon-invasive ventilation is sometimes unable to provide the respiratory needs of very premature infants in the delivery room. While airway obstruction is thought to be the main problem, the site of obstruction is unknown. We investigated whether closure of the larynx and epiglottis is a major site of airway obstruction.MethodsWe used phase contrast X-ray imaging to visualise laryngeal function in spontaneously breathing premature rabbits immediately after birth and at approximately 1 hour after birth. Non-invasive respiratory support was applied via a facemask and images were analysed to determine the percentage of the time the glottis and the epiglottis were open.HypothesisImmediately after birth, the larynx is predominantly closed, only opening briefly during a breath, making non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation (iPPV) ineffective, whereas after lung aeration, the larynx is predominantly open allowing non-invasive iPPV to ventilate the lung.ResultsThe larynx and epiglottis were predominantly closed (open 25.5%±1.1% and 17.1%±1.6% of the time, respectively) in pups with unaerated lungs and unstable breathing patterns immediately after birth. In contrast, the larynx and the epiglottis were mostly open (90.5%±1.9% and 72.3%±2.3% of the time, respectively) in pups with aerated lungs and stable breathing patterns irrespective of time after birth.ConclusionLaryngeal closure impedes non-invasive iPPV at birth and may reduce the effectiveness of non-invasive respiratory support in premature infants immediately after birth.
Familial history aggregation on acute appendicitis
Authors: Simó Alari Francesc , Gutierrez Israel , Gimenéz Pérez Judit 
Published: October 2017

Appendectomy is the most commonly performed surgical procedure, affecting 1%–8% of the paediatric population, with a total 7% lifetime risk, most likely in adolescents and young adults.A case of familial aggregation was reported in our hospital in a family composed of nine siblings from which six of them (66.6%) had been treated of acute appendicitis, five of them in our centre.Many factors have been described as predisposing to appendicitis. Several studies have highlighted the influence of genes in the evolution of this disease and its severity, demonstrating a relative risk increase by three when family history is present.Family history of acute appendicitis is an important factor to be taken into consideration during the medical interview. Clinicians attempting to fine-tune their diagnostic accuracy when patients present with acute abdominal pain should inquire about family history of appendicitis.
Epidemiology of injuries in juniors participating in top-level karate competition: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Čierna Dušana , Barrientos Merce , Agrasar Carlos , Arriaza Rafael 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundKarate is a popular combat semi-contact sport among juniors, but there are only few studies available on the epidemiology of injuries in karate junior athletes.AimThe aims of this study were to determine the incidence and pattern of injuries in top-level karate competition for athletes aged 16 to 20 years, and to compare injury rates between age groups (ie, under 18-year-old [U18] and under 21-year-old [U21]) and genders, following the introduction of new weight categories.MethodsA prospective injury surveillance was undertaken at four consecutive World Karate Championships (2009 to 2015), following the same protocols used in previous investigations.ResultsDuring the four championships, a total of 257 injuries were recorded, with an incidence of 41.4/1,000 athlete exposures (AEs, 95% CI 36.4 to 46.3). The injury rate was significantly lower for females with a rate ratio 0.63 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.82). Most of the injuries were minor ones: contusions (n=100), followed by abrasions (n=63) and epistaxis (n=62). Only 10% of the injuries were time-loss injuries (injury incidence rates 4.2/1,000 AEs; 95% CI 2.7 to 6.1). Face injuries represented 69.6% of the injuries, most of them were minor ones (light abrasions 24.5%, epistaxis 24.1%, contusion 16.7%). Change of rules (raising the number of weight categories from three to five) reduced injury incidence in the U21 category.ConclusionsThe total injury rate in junior competitions is lower compared with elite adult athletes and higher compared with younger elite athletes. Time-loss injuries are rare. The implementation of the new competition categories in U21 karate has been associated with a significant reduction in injury rate.