bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurogenic Orofacial Weakness and Speech in Adults With Dysarthria
Authors: Solomon Nancy Pearl , Makashay Matthew J. , Helou Leah B. , Clark Heather M. 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
This study compared orofacial strength between adults with dysarthria and neurologically normal (NN) matched controls. In addition, orofacial muscle weakness was examined for potential relationships to speech impairments in adults with dysarthria.

Method

Matched groups of 55 adults with dysarthria and 55 NN adults generated maximum pressure (P
max
) against an air-filled bulb during lingual elevation, protrusion and lateralization, and buccodental and labial compressions. These orofacial strength measures were compared with speech intelligibility, perceptual ratings of speech, articulation rate, and fast syllable-repetition rate.

Results

The dysarthria group demonstrated significantly lower orofacial strength than the NN group on all tasks. Lingual strength correlated moderately and buccal strength correlated weakly with most ratings of speech deficits. Speech intelligibility was not sensitive to dysarthria severity. Individuals with severely reduced anterior lingual elevation P
max
(< 18 kPa) had normal to profoundly impaired sentence intelligibility (99%–6%) and moderately to severely impaired speech (26%–94% articulatory imprecision; 33%–94% overall severity).

Conclusions
Results support the presence of orofacial muscle weakness in adults with dysarthrias of varying etiologies but reinforce tenuous links between orofacial strength and speech production disorders. By examining individual data, preliminary evidence emerges to suggest that speech, but not necessarily intelligibility, is likely to be impaired when lingual weakness is severe.
Noise Equally Degrades Central Auditory Processing in 2- and 4-Year-Old Children
Authors: Niemitalo-Haapola Elina , Haapala Sini , Kujala Teija , Raappana Antti , Kujala Tiia , Jansson-Verkasalo Eira 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The aim of this study was to investigate developmental and noise-induced changes in central auditory processing indexed by event-related potentials in typically developing children.

Method
P1, N2, and N4 responses as well as mismatch negativities (MMNs) were recorded for standard syllables and consonants, frequency, intensity, vowel, and vowel duration changes in silent and noisy conditions in the same 14 children at the ages of 2 and 4 years.

Results
The P1 and N2 latencies decreased and the N2, N4, and MMN amplitudes increased with development of the children. The amplitude changes were strongest at frontal electrodes. At both ages, background noise decreased the P1 amplitude, increased the N2 amplitude, and shortened the N4 latency. The noise-induced amplitude changes of P1, N2, and N4 were strongest frontally. Furthermore, background noise degraded the MMN. At both ages, MMN was significantly elicited only by the consonant change, and at the age of 4 years, also by the vowel duration change during noise.

Conclusions
Developmental changes indexing maturation of central auditory processing were found from every response studied. Noise degraded sound encoding and echoic memory and impaired auditory discrimination at both ages. The older children were as vulnerable to the impact of noise as the younger children.

Supplemental materials

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5233939
Usage of Janus green B for the improvement of the filling effect during replication process of nanoimprint nickel stamp
Authors: Zhang Ran , Zheng Yongguang , Liu Ze , Chu Jinkui 
Published: August 2017

This work proposes a simple replication process of nanoimprint nickel stamp with the usage of Janus Green B (JGB) for the improvement of the filling effect to eliminate the voids forming in high aspect ratio nanotrenches during nanoelectroforming process. As JGB molecules tend to adsorb at the edge of the nanotrench with high electron density, the metal deposition rate is reduced at the edge of the nanotrench. Therefore, the voids are not formed due to the elimination of the sealing phenomenon during electrodeposition process. On the basis of the proposed process, a nickel nanoimprint stamp with six nanograting areas of 1.3 mm × 1.3 mm size, 200 nm pitch, 80 nm linewidth and 200 nm depth was replicated successfully. The experiment results demonstrate that the filling effect is gradually improved with the addition of JGB in the replication process of the nickel stamp.
Fabrication and characterisation of TiO2 anti‐reflection coatings with gradient index
Authors: Tian Li , Li Ling , Wu Min 
Published: August 2017

Nano‐textured anti‐reflection (AR) films are designed elaborately to improve the transmittance character and to reduce the surface reflection loss. This work reports the gradient‐index titanium dioxide (TiO2) AR coatings (ARCs) with the thickness of 50–400 nm, which was deposited by radio‐frequency magnetron sputtering‐assisted with the oblique‐angle deposition technique on the low‐iron glass substrates. The technological parameters related with this deposition were discussed such as the base pressure and target–substrate distance, as well as the vapour incident angle. Then, optical characteristics of the graded‐index coating were discussed. An ellipsometric model was built to account for the structural and optical differences. The optimal thickness of the TiO2 ARC was about 250 nm. It exhibited a higher transmittance at the visible light regions over a large wavelength range than that of the primitive glass substrate. The value of refractive index for the TiO2 ARC was 2.245 at the wavelength of 632.8 nm.
Influence of Spark plasma sintering on the tetragonal phase of ZrO2‐NiO nanosized powders synthesised via oxidation of quenched melted Ni40‐Zr60 alloy
Authors: Messaoudene Redha , Saidi Djaffar , Boutarek‐Zaourar Naima , Drazenovic Béatrice , Zaid Bachir , Si Ahmed Abderrahmane 
Published: August 2017

Composite ZrO2‐NiO powders synthesised, via the oxidation of Ni40‐Zr60 alloy, and ball milled to sizes below 90 nm were spark plasma sintered. The isotherm levels, above the monoclinic–tetragonal (m–t) transition temperature in ZrO2 (1170°C), were in the range 1200 and 1300°C. Microstructures with grain sizes between 100 and 900 nm were achieved. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of the sintered samples revealed that the m–t transformation in ZrO2 was preserved. The fraction of tetragonal phase, between 25 and 45%, increases with the isotherm level. Such partial stabilisation of the tetragonal phase is attributed to the presence NiO in ZrO2.
Chain Length of Amphipathic-Type Thioesters Dramatically Affects Reactivity in Aqueous Amidation Reactions with Cysteine Esters
Authors: Otomo Ikumi , Watanabe Kanna , Kuroda Chiaki , Kobayashi Kenichi 
Published: August 2017

The reaction of five amphipathic-type thioesters, CH3(CH2)
m
COS(CH2)
n
COONa (m + n = 12), with cysteine hexyl, butyl, and ethyl esters were studied in aqueous medium. Compounds with the thioester group in close proximity to the carboxylate moiety (m = 10, n = 2) afforded amides in almost quantitative yield, whereas no reaction proceeded by using compounds with the thioester group distant from the carboxylate. In contrast, no clear difference in yield was observed among the five amphipathic-type thioesters upon reaction with valine hexyl ester. The results indicate that the reaction is affected by both the position of the thioester group and the hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of the amino acid side chain.
Management einer portassoziierten Vena-cava-superior-Thrombose im Rahmen eines Crohn-Schubes
Authors: Abel Ludwig , Uhde Britta , Dembinski Rolf , Schraepler Konstantin 
Published: August 2017

Zusammenfassung
Anamnese und klinischer Befund Eine 56-jährige Patientin entwickelte das ausgeprägte Bild einer oberen Einflussstauung, während sie bei akutem Schub eines M. Crohn hospitalisiert war. Führend waren Dyspnoe, Zyanose, Kopfschmerzen und ausgeprägte Schwellung von Gesicht, Hals wie auch oberer Extremität. Wenige Tage zuvor war ihr ein Portkatheter bei Malnutrition infolge des chronisch aktiven M. Crohn mit anhaltender Inflammation implantiert worden.
Untersuchungen Ein CT zeigte einen vollständigen thrombotischen Verschluss der V.-Cava-Superior ausgehend vom Portkatheter.
Diagnose Es bestand eine portassoziierte komplette Vena-Cava-superior-Thrombose mit oberer Einflussstauung bei zeitgleichem schwerem Schub eines M. Crohn mit Hämatochezien.
Therapie u. Verlauf Es erfolgte die lokale prolongierte Lyse analog dem Regime der CaVenT-Studie von 2012. Die Symptome der Einflussstauung waren rückläufig wie auch die Größe des Cavathrombus, die Hämatochezien nahmen kaum zu.
Folgerung Die lokale Lyse scheint eine sichere und effektive Therapie der portassoziierten Thrombose zu sein, insbesondere bei erhöhter Blutungsneigung.
Endocuff-assisted colonoscopy is associated with a lower adenoma miss rate: a multicenter randomized tandem study
Authors: Triantafyllou Konstantinos , Polymeros Dimitrios , Apostolopoulos Periklis , Lopes Brandao Catarina , Gkolfakis Paraskevas , Repici Alessandro , Papanikolaou Ioannis , Dinis-Ribeiro Mario , Alexandrakis George , Hassan Cesare 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Background and study aims The Endocuff (ARC Medical Design, Leeds, UK) is a device that, when mounted on the tip of an endoscope, may assist with inspection of a greater surface of the colonic mucosa by pulling backwards, flattening, and stretching the colonic folds as the endoscope is gradually withdrawn. We aimed to compare the adenoma miss rates of Endocuff-assisted colonoscopy with those of conventional colonoscopy.
Patients and methods The included patients underwent same-day, back-to-back, (Endocuff-assisted colonoscopy as the index procedure followed by conventional colonoscopy or vice versa, randomly assigned 1:1) colonoscopies, performed by six endoscopists with documented adenoma detection rates > 35 %, in four tertiary endoscopy facilities.
Results We randomized 200 patients (mean age 61.2 years [standard deviation 9.8]; 86.5 % colorectal cancer screening surveillance cases). Overall, there were seven incomplete examinations using Endocuff and one with conventional colonoscopy (P = 0.03). Times for endoscope insertion (5.0 minutes [0.8 – 21.0] vs. 5.0 minutes [1.0 – 16.0]; P = 0.49) and withdrawal (6.0 minutes [3.2 – 29.0] vs. 6.0 minutes [3.1 – 17.0]; P = 0.06) were similar for Endocuff-assisted and conventional colonoscopy. We detected one cancer and 195 adenomas; 84 in the proximal colon. Endocuff-assisted colonoscopy showed significantly lower overall and proximal colon adenoma miss rates compared with conventional colonoscopy (14.7 % [8.0 % – 21.0 %] vs. 38.4 % [28.1 % – 48.6 %] and 10.4 % [1.8 % – 19.1 %] vs. 38.9 % [23.0 % – 54.8 %], respectively). No difference between the two arms was shown regarding advanced adenoma miss rates, either overall or in the proximal colon. There were no serious adverse events related to the procedures.
Conclusions In comparison with conventional colonoscopy, Endocuff-assisted colonoscopy has a significantly lower adenoma miss rate when performed by high-detector endoscopists. However, the incomplete colonoscopy rate with Endocuff is higher.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02340065.
Childhood experience of nature influences the willingness to coexist with biodiversity in cities
Authors: Hosaka Tetsuro , Sugimoto Koun , Numata Shinya 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAlthough efforts to promote biodiversity in cities around the world have increased, many wild animals (including vertebrates and invertebrates) comprising “urban biodiversity” are unpopular or often regarded as a nuisance by the general public, particularly by those city residents who have had little experience with nature. We conducted a questionnaire survey with 1030 urban residents in Japan to assess their likeability (like and dislike) towards 29 wild animals, and their willingness to have these animals in their neighbourhoods, and examined the effects of childhood experience of nature and socio-demographic factors on these attitudes. In general, people liked smaller birds and mammals, and some insects, but were only willing to have birds and insects near their homes. Females liked birds and mammals but disliked insects and unfavourable animals more than males. Older people expressed willingness to coexist with insects and birds more than younger people. However, childhood experience with nature, particularly collecting insects and plants, was a more important factor than socio-demographics for positive attitudes towards wild animals. Therefore, even though urban residents were unwilling to coexist with many animals, their attitudes can become more positive through increased interaction with wild animals and plants. Biodiversity conservation initiatives in cities should place greater emphasis on providing children with more interaction with biodiversity.
Habitual sleep as a contributor to racial differences in cardiometabolic risk
Authors: Curtis David S. , Fuller-Rowell Thomas E. , El-Sheikh Mona , Carnethon Mercedes R. , Ryff Carol D. 
Published: August 2017

SignificanceLarge differences in cardiovascular disease and diabetes prevalence exist between African American and European American adults. The US federal government has committed to reducing racial disparities in health; however, the precise mechanisms are not well understood. Sleep is one potential behavioral explanation for current racial differences in cardiometabolic conditions. We show that more than one-half of racial differences in cardiometabolic risk can be explained by sleep patterns—namely, less total sleep and lower sleep efficiency among African American than European American adults. Sleep is a malleable health behavior that is linked with characteristics of the social and physical environment and could be an effective target in national efforts to reduce racial health disparities.
Neuronal cytoskeletal gene dysregulation and mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of Rett syndrome
Authors: Bhattacherjee Aritra , Mu Ying , Winter Michelle K. , Knapp Jennifer R. , Eggimann Linda S. , Gunewardena Sumedha S. , Kobayashi Kazuto , Kato Shigeki , Krizsan-Agbas Dora , Smith Peter G. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Cutaneous sensitivity appears to be abnormal in Rett syndrome and other autistic disorders. Using rats with disrupted methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) expression characteristic of Rett syndrome, we found that MeCP2 deficiency in sensory neurons led to augmented pressure and cold sensitivity but hyposensitivity to heat, accompanied by respective changes in cutaneous innervation. Transcriptome analysis of MeCP2-deficient ganglia showed up-regulation of genes associated with actin cytoskeletal dynamics and adhesion formation; down-regulating key genes in vivo normalized both mechanical sensitivity and innervation density. These findings provide evidence that ganglion cytoskeletal genes play key roles in determining mechanosensory properties, which may contribute to altered pain sensitivity in Rett syndrome and other painful conditions.
Molecular characterization of water and surfactant AOT at nanoemulsion surfaces
Authors: Hensel Jennifer K. , Carpenter Andrew P. , Ciszewski Regina K. , Schabes Brandon K. , Kittredge Clive T. , Moore Fred G. , Richmond Geraldine L. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Nanoemulsions provide exciting opportunities for a wide range of biological, scientific, and industrial applications. The interfacial structure of nanoemulsions is crucial to their stabilization, but molecular factors contributing to their surfactant stabilization are far from understood for most systems. Much more is known about the molecular properties of their smaller micellar counterparts where model systems using surfactants such as dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT or Aerosol-OT) have been illuminating. The studies described herein provide details about the bonding and structure of water and surfactant AOT at regular and reverse nanoemulsion curved surfaces as well as at the corresponding planar oil–water interface. This is accomplished with vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy in its scattering and reflection geometries.
Oligomerization of the tetramerization domain of p53 probed by two- and three-color single-molecule FRET
Authors: Chung Hoi Sung , Meng Fanjie , Kim Jae-Yeol , McHale Kevin , Gopich Irina V. , Louis John M. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Intrinsically disordered proteins often form pathological oligomers implicated in various diseases. In many cases, these oligomers cannot be separated and characterizations of their sizes and conformations are difficult. We develop a single-molecule fluorescence method that can probe individual oligomers without separation and determine the equilibrium constants and oligomerization kinetics. By combining two- and three-color single-molecule FRET spectroscopy with fluorescence lifetime analysis, it is possible to determine conformations and flexibility of individual oligomers unambiguously. We apply this method to the oligomerization of the tetramerization domain of p53 and compare conformations of monomer, dimer, and tetramer. This method will be useful in exploring other protein oligomerization systems involved in important biological and disease processes.
Testing inhomogeneous solvation theory in structure-based ligand discovery
Authors: Balius Trent E. , Fischer Marcus , Stein Reed M. , Adler Thomas B. , Nguyen Crystal N. , Cruz Anthony , Gilson Michael K. , Kurtzman Tom , Shoichet Brian K. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Water molecules play a crucial role in protein–ligand binding. Calculating the energetic consequences of displacing water upon ligand binding has challenged the field for many years. Inhomogeneous solvation theory (IST) is one of the most popular methods for distinguishing favorable from unfavorable water molecules, but little controlled, prospective testing at atomic resolution has been done to evaluate the method. Here we compare molecular docking screens with and without an IST term to gauge its impact on ligand discovery. We test prospective ligand-binding predictions that include an IST term, using crystallography and direct binding.
Printed droplet microfluidics for on demand dispensing of picoliter droplets and cells
Authors: Cole Russell H. , Tang Shi-Yang , Siltanen Christian A. , Shahi Payam , Zhang Jesse Q. , Poust Sean , Gartner Zev J. , Abate Adam R. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Single-cell biology requires the ability to construct experiments with single-cell precision, large numbers, and extremely small fluid volumes. To address this need, we have developed a new technology, printed droplet microfluidics, which encapsulates reagents and single cells in picoliter droplets, then actively selects and deposits desired droplets in an arrayed format on a printing substrate. This technology enables the construction of a large number of relevant single-cellular and multicellular experiments and enables new methods of detection.
Concurrent design of quasi-random photonic nanostructures
Authors: Lee Won-Kyu , Yu Shuangcheng , Engel Clifford J. , Reese Thaddeus , Rhee Dongjoon , Chen Wei , Odom Teri W. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Quasi-random nanostructures with neither periodic nor fully disordered geometries have been used for photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes because the stochastic patterns can manipulate light over a broad range of wavelengths and over wide collection angles. Although serial processes such as electron-beam lithography can fabricate nanostructures, prototype manufacturing over large areas is not possible. Moreover, trial-and-error processing optimization cannot guarantee the fabrication feasibility of the designed structures. In this paper, we report wrinkle lithography, a wafer-scale fabrication procedure whose processing steps can be integrated with concurrent design of nanostructures and function. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we rapidly optimized three-dimensional structures for light trapping in amorphous silicon and realized >160% enhancement in light absorption over the 800–1,200-nm wavelength range.
Atomic structure of a toxic, oligomeric segment of SOD1 linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Authors: Sangwan Smriti , Zhao Anni , Adams Katrina L. , Jayson Christina K. , Sawaya Michael R. , Guenther Elizabeth L. , Pan Albert C. , Ngo Jennifer , Moore Destaye M. , Soriaga Angela B. , Do Thanh D. , Goldschmidt Lukasz , Nelson Rebecca , Bowers Michael T. , Koehler Carla M. , Shaw David E. , Novitch Bennett G. , Eisenberg David S. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
More than 170 mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are linked to inherited forms of ALS, and aggregates of this protein are a pathological feature associated with this disease. Although it is accepted that SOD1 gains a toxic function in the disease state, a molecular understanding of the toxic species is lacking. Here, we identify a short segment of SOD1 that is both necessary and sufficient for toxicity to motor neurons. The crystal structure of the segment reveals an out-of-register β-sheet oligomer, providing a structural rationale for the toxic effects of mutant SOD1 in ALS.
Superresolution expansion microscopy reveals the three-dimensional organization of theDrosophilasynaptonemal complex
Authors: Cahoon Cori K. , Yu Zulin , Wang Yongfu , Guo Fengli , Unruh Jay R. , Slaughter Brian D. , Hawley R. Scott 
Published: August 2017

SignificanceBecause inaccurate chromosome segregation during meiosis is a leading cause of miscarriage in humans, we seek to understand how homologous chromosomes segregate properly. Meiotic chromosome segregation occurs with fidelity only in the presence of the synaptonemal complex (SC), a protein structure that assembles between homologs and facilitates the occurrence of crossing over. Although some functions of the SC are evolutionarily conserved, the mechanisms underlying its multiple roles during meiosis, as well as organizational variances among different organisms, remain under investigation. Here we combine superresolution and expansion microscopy and find strong evidence that theDrosophilaSC comprises two visually distinct layers, perhaps suggesting that each layer connects one sister chromatid from each homologous chromosome.
Light-responsive organic flashing electron ratchet
Authors: Kedem Ofer , Lau Bryan , Ratner Mark A. , Weiss Emily A. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Transport of objects in man-made systems typically relies on energy gradients that span the distance over which the particles must travel. Biological systems do not have these large-scale gradients available and instead transport particles with repeated local interactions between asymmetric structures, powered by nondirectional sources of energy like heat or chemical reactions. This process is called “ratcheting.” Here, we exploit the ratcheting mechanism to transport charge-carrying particles, electrons, through an amorphous organic film in which local structural inhomogeneities disrupt the gradients needed for typical electrical conduction to occur efficiently. This work explores basic mechanisms by which energy that is normally wasted in an electronic or photoelectrical device could be harnessed to do electrical work.