bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ultralift: A Simple, Safe, Effective Facelift Technique
Authors: Stokes Russell B. 
Published: January 2017

Background: Experience with smaller ultrasonic liposuction cannulas for neck and lower facial contouring has led to the incorporation of this technique into face-lifting procedures. Combining ultrasonic liposuction of the neck and a subcutaneous face-lift with the superficial musculoaponeurotic system plication (hereby called the Ultralift) provides a benefit greater than either technique alone. Objective: To determine if incorporating ultrasonic liposuction of the submental, jowl, and lateral neck regions is a safe and effective adjunct to a face-lift. Methods: The Vaser lipoplasty system was used to emulsify fat in the submental, jowl, and lateral neck regions. The fat was then evacuated with a VentX cannula, and the face-lift was then performed. Results: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent the Ultralift procedure. This technique has been used on 47 patients. Patient ages ranged from 39 to 78 years, with an average age of 57 years. Follow-up ranged from 4 months to 4 years. There were no hematomas, seromas, skin burns, sloughs, or persistent nerve injuries. Conclusions: Ultrasonic liposuction combined with face-lifting is an effective and safe method of facial rejuvenation.
Limited-Incision Brachioplasty with Vaser-Assisted Lipoplasty of the Arm
Authors: Stokes Russell B. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: This study is designed to present a novel, minimally invasive combination of procedures for improving upper arm appearance. Methods: Eleven patients underwent Vaser-assisted lipoplasty of the arm and limited-incision brachioplasty between July 2003 and April 2006. Anchoring of the superficial fascial system was used in all patients, and postoperative compression garments were used for 2–3 weeks. Results: All patients were satisfied with the improvement they received from this procedure. There were no infections, seromas, or nerve-related complications from this procedure. There were 3 small wound separations among the 22 arms treated with this technique. Conclusions: The combination of Vaser-assisted lipoplasty and limited-incision brachioplasty has been a safe, effective treatment for mild or moderate excess skin and fat of the upper arm. Combining these 2 procedures has yielded improved outcomes relative to either alone, and morbidity is comparable to either alone.
Studies on Microleakage Associated with Visible Light Cured Dental Composites
Authors: Krishnan V. Kalliyana , Bindhu D. B. , Manjusha K. 
Published: January 2017

The objective of this investigation was twofold: 1) to determine the extent of microleakage associated with two visible light cured dental composites, one of which is an indigenously developed light cure composite (chitra light cure system) compared with a commercially available control material (Prisma APH light cure system), and 2) to study the effect of using bonding agents upon the above phenomena. The bonding agents used along with the above composites during restoration were chitra bonding agent system containing chitra primer/chitra resin and a control (Probond) which was purchased commercially. A comparison of microleakage in freshly restored human premolar teeth by silver nitrate staining technique was made during the above study. Cavities were restored with both composites with and without bonding agents, stored in 50% silver nitrate, and sections were cut after developing. The microtomed sections were observed under the optical light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Results indicate that bonding agents are mandatory for effective bonding at the tooth/resin interface and subsequent reduction in marginal leakage. Chitra bonding agent showed excellent adhesive bonding characteristics at the dentine/composite interface with minimal marginal leakage compared to the control bonding system. The chitra light cure composite material also showed lower shrinkage characteristics compared to Prisma APH composite.
Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Shahmanesh M , Bradbeer C S , Edwards A , Smith S E 
Published: January 2017

Autonomic function tests have been recorded in 40 male homosexual patients with serum antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 12 male homosexuals without such antibodies. Abnormalities of autonomic function were found in 15 of 31 patients without other recognized reasons for autonomic dysfunction. Four patients had two or more test abnormalities. The profile of these abnormalities was found to be different from that of autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes and other disorders and was consistent with the presence of sympathetic overactivity. Abnormalities in autonomic function were particularly associated with clinically identifiable neurological complications of HIV infection.
Thirty years of cyclophosphamide: assessing the evidence
Authors: Houssiau F 
Published: January 2017

The ideal therapy for lupus nephritis should reduce mortality and end-stage renal disease in the long term, induce early response and remission, prevent flares, have minimal side-effects and not compromise fertility. It should also be active in all ethnic groups, widely available and cost effective. Despite 30 years' clinical experience, the ability of cyclophosphamide to meet these needs is not supported by robust evidence. The first National Institutes for Health (NIH) trial in 1986 led to a shift from oral to intravenous cyclophosphamide. The three NIH trials together then led to the dogma that high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide is the only cytotoxic agent superior to steroids alone in lupus nephritis and to its general acceptance as the ‘standard of care’. Since then, high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide has been shown to have no impact on survival, to be less effective in black patients and to have many side-effects, particularly an unacceptable risk of premature menopause. The Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial found that low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide could be used as an alternative to a high-dose regimen and was associated with half as many severe infections. Other advantages include no hospitalisation and virtually no risk of premature gonadal failure. Other studies have looked at regimens in which cyclophosphamide is entirely replaced – for example, with mycophenolate mofetil – and have found fewer side-effects and better induction of remission. Intravenous cyclophosphamide is the only therapy with long-term data for reduction of end-stage renal disease. As data on other therapies accumulate, however, intravenous cyclophosphamide might no longer be considered the standard treatment for lupus nephritis.
Exploring new territory: considering the future
Authors: Schneider M 
Published: January 2017

The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)'s guidelines for lupus state that mycophenolate mofetil has at least equivalent efficacy to and less toxicity than cyclophosphamide for the short-and medium-term treatment of lupus nephritis but that long-term data are available only for cyclophosphamide. New therapies are needed to reduce toxicity and the need for steroids and to offer the possibility of cure. Therapies under investigation include other immunosuppressive agents, anticellular therapies, drugs that modify cell-cell interactions, (anti-)cytokine therapy, hormone therapy and lupus-specific immunomodulation. Rituximab has shown promise in patients refractory to conventional immunosuppression, which suggests that targeting B cells may be successful. Other anti-cell therapies include epratuzumab, belimumab and alemtuzumab. Anti-cytokine approaches include tumour necrosis factor alpha blockade with infliximab, anti-interleukin 6-receptor therapy with tocilizumab and interferon-α blockade. As anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies correlate with flares of lupus nephritis, they may represent another therapeutic target – as do monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and protein kinase CK2. Therapeutic options to prevent damage in lupus nephritis include non-immunosuppressive treatments aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk (such as statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and aspirin). As was the case with rheumatoid arthritis, a change in therapeutic aims – from survival through prevention of renal failure to induction of remission – may modify outcomes. EULAR's guidelines state that renal biopsy is the best monitor of clinical outcome in lupus nephritis, as immunological tests have limited predictive value. Measurement of urinary mRNA for cytokine and growth factor genes may provide a more sensitive, non-invasive method of monitoring therapeutic response.
Invasive Cervical Cancer in Southampton and South West Hampshire: Effect of Introducing a Comprehensive Screening Programme
Authors: Herbert Amanda , Breen Catherine , Bryant TN , Hitchcock A , Macdonald H , Millward—Sadler G H , Smith Jenifer 
Published: January 2017

A study of invasive cervical cancer in Southampton and South West Hampshire is reported, covering three consecutive three year periods during which the screening coverage increased from an estimated 60% to a recorded 87% of eligible women aged 20–64. From the first to the third periods of the study in that age group registrations of fully invasive squamous cell carcinoma (stage Ib and above) fell from 64 to 30 (53%), which was largely counteracted by an increase in microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma (linear trend: P<0–0001). In the same age group registrations of adenocarcinoma rose slightly, which resulted from an increase in the number diagnosed at a depth of invasion of less than 3 mm. There were no significant changes in the numbers of stage III and IV cancers or among cancers in women aged 65 and over. A strong inverse association was found between stage of both histological types of cancer and their likelihood of being screen detected rather than symptomatic: 91% of screen detected cancers were diagnosed at stage I compared with 38% of symptomatic cancers. There was a slight downward trend in the incidence of cancer per 100 000 total female population across the three periods of the study with a significant trend towards low stage disease, which is likely to reduce mortality in years to come. The trend towards screen detected cancers and cancers of less than 3 mm depth of invasion is presented as a positive outcome to be expected in early rounds of increasing the screening coverage.
Uptake of Cervical Screening in General Practice: Effect of Practice Organisation, Structure, and Deprivation
Authors: Ibbotson T , Wyke S , McEwen J , Macintyre S , Kelly M 
Published: January 2017

Objectives— To investigate associations between uptake for cervical screening in general practice and the organisation of screening, features of practice structure, and deprivation. Setting— Greater Glasgow Health Board area in the west of Scotland, which covers a socioeconomically varied population. Methods— General practice questionnaire survey and interview based study. The main outcome measure was the uptake rate for each participating practice over the five and a half years ending 31 December 1993. This was used to determine whether practices achieved 80% uptake to trigger maximum payment for cervical screening services. Results— Forty seven per cent (n = 92) of all practices in the Greater Glasgow Health Board area agreed to take part in the research, with complete data collected for 87 practices. Participation varied according to number of partners in the practice and the average deprivation score of the practice. Uptake rates ranged from 48.2% to 92.9% (median 77.5%, interquartile range 69.8% to 83.4%). Thirty seven practices (43%) achieved the 80% target. None of the recommended features of good organisation of cervical screening showed any statistically significant association with uptake rates. In stepwise multiple regression four variables were shown to have independent associations with uptake. These were the number of partners in the practice, the average deprivation of the practice, the presence of a female general practitioner, and using a practice's own lists for sending out letters of invitation. In stepwise logistic regression just two of these variables contributed to the prediction of achieving 80% uptake – namely, average deprivation and number of partners. There were no significant interactions between deprivation and the organisation of screening in relation to uptake. Conclusions— Organising cervical screening in general practice according to accepted standards is less important in predicting uptake than more intractable features of the practice such as the size of the partnership, its average deprivation level, the presence of a female general practitioner, and using their own (presumed more accurate) register of addresses to call women. A flexible incentive scheme may more fairly reward the efforts of those general practitioners who achieve high uptake rates but who do not trigger remuneration at the 80% level.
Literature Review of Idiopathic Toe Walking: Etiology, Prevalence, Classification, and Treatment
Authors: Pomarino David , Ramírez Llamas Juliana , Martin Stephan , Pomarino Andrea 
Published: January 2017

Purpose: The main objective of this review is to gather the information available about idiopathic toe walking (ITW), its prevalence and classification, and possible therapeutic approaches. In addition, this review aims to clarify the differences between idiopathic toe walkers and tiptoe walkers with underlying neurological or muscle deficiency as primary conditions. Understanding its causes and learning to make a differential diagnosis will help determine the adequate therapeutic approach. Methods: This is a review of different articles and case studies from 1967 to 2016. The information was gathered to update and unify all the information about ITW that has been published. Conclusion: The literature offers limited research regarding the possible etiology, prevalence, classification, and evaluation of ITW. This review puts together all the information regarding the etiology, prevalence, classifications, evaluation, and treatment of ITW. Levels of Evidence: Level IV
The additional utility of apparent diffusion coefficient values of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma for predicting metastasis during clinical staging
Authors: Yoshida Rika , Yoshizako Takeshi , Hisatoshi Araki , Mori Hiroshi , Tamaki Yukihisa , Ishikawa Noriyoshi , Kitagaki Hajime 
Published: January 2017

Background The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value is known to be an indicator of tumor activity. The ADC value of high-grade clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is significantly lower than that of low-grade clear-cell RCC. Purpose To investigate the utility of ADC values of clear-cell RCC by comparing ADC values between groups with T1a RCC (tumor size ≤ 4 cm) without metastasis and the group with metastasis. Material and Methods A retrospective review was performed on 51 patients with 51 RCCs who underwent 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evaluating a renal mass confirmed pathologically to be clear-cell RCC between January 2010 and August 2014. We compared ADC values between group A (T1a RCC without metastasis, T1aN0M0) and group B (RCC with metastasis) using the Mann–Whitney U test. Results The patients were divided into group A (n = 30; tumor size: median, 24.5 mm; range, 8–40 mm; ADC value [×10−3 mm2/s]: median, 1.71; range, 1.23–2.24) and group B (n = 21; tumor size: median, 87.5 mm; range, 18–150 mm; ADC value [×10−3 mm2/s]: median, 1.35; range, 0.91–1.94). The ADC value differed significantly between the two groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.869. Using the optimum cutoff value (1.552 × 10−3 mm2/s), ADC had a sensitivity of 80.0% and specificity of 81.0%. Conclusion There was a statistically significant difference in the ADC between group A (T1a clear-cell RCC without distant metastasis) and group B (advanced clear-cell RCC with lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis).
The fallacy of the average: on the ubiquity, utility and continuing novelty of Jensen's inequality
Authors: Denny Mark 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
Biologists often cope with variation in physiological, environmental and ecological processes by measuring how living systems perform under average conditions. However, performance at average conditions is seldom equal to average performance across a range of conditions. This basic property of nonlinear averaging – known as ‘Jensen's inequality’ or ‘the fallacy of the average’ – has important implications for all of biology. For instance, a burgeoning awareness of Jensen's inequality has improved our ability to predict how plants and animals will respond to a warmer and more variable future climate. But for many biologists, the fallacy of the average is still a novel concept. Here, I highlight the importance of Jensen's inequality, provide a simple graphical approach to understanding its effects, and explore its consequences at atomic, molecular, organismal and ecological levels.
Correlation of heart failure severity and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level in children
Authors: Mahrani Yasmien , Nova Ria , Saleh Masagus Irsan , Rahadianto Kemas Yakub 
Published: January 2017

Background Heart failure affects morbidity and mortality in children with heart disease. There is no single, specific test to diagnose heart failure. The modified Ross Reithmann scoring system has been used to classify heart failure severity, but it is limited due to its subjectivity. The N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is secreted by the ventricles during heart failure. It has been suggested as a possible marker for diagnosing heart failure.Objective To investigate the correlation between heart failure severity and plasma NT-proBNP concentration in children aged one month to 14 years.Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in the Pediatrics Department of Mohammad Hoesin Hospital from July to September 2015 on children with congestive heart failure, aged one month to 14 years. Heart failure severity was assesed using the modified Ross Reithmann scoring system. Plasma NT-proBNP measurements were done in all subjects. Statistical analysis was done by Spearman’s test.Results Subjects’ median plasma NT-proBNP concentration was 1,703 pg/mL (range 310-9,000 pg/mL). The NT-proBNP level and severity of heart failure had a significant, positive correlation (r=0.87; P<0.001). The NT-proBNP minimum levels in subjects with mild, moderate and severe heart failure were 310 pg/mL, 1,251 pg/mL, and 2,610 pg/mL, respectively.Conclusion Plasma NT-proBNP level has a significant, positive correlation with the severity of heart failure in children. As such, NT-proBNP level may be useful as a biochemical marker for the diagnosis and grading of the severity of heart failure in children.
Hubungan Higiene Perorangan Anak dengan Kejadian Kusta Anak di Kabupaten Pasuruan Tahun 2014-2015
Authors: Amira Nisa , Sulistyorini Lilis 
Published: January 2017

Latar belakang. Faktor higiene perorangan yang baik merupakan faktor yang dapat mencegah penularan kusta. Penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara higiene perorangan dengan kejadian kusta. Kasus kusta anak merupakan indikasi masih adanya penularan aktif di masyarakat.Tujuan. Menganalisis hubungan antara aspek higiene perorangan anak yang meliputi kebersihan badan dan rambut, kebersihan tempat tidur dan kebersihan handuk dengan kejadian kusta anak di Kabupaten Pasuruan tahun 2014-2015.Metode. Penelitian analitik observasional dengan desain kasus kontrol dilakukan selama bulan Maret-Juni 2016 dengan sampel kasus dan kontrol masing-masing 16 sampel di Kabupaten Pasuruan.Hasil. Kebersihan badan dan rambut anak yang kurang baik merupakan faktor risiko penularan kusta anak di Kabupaten Pasuruan tahun 2014-2015 (OR: 5,000; IK95% 1,096-22,820). Kebersihan handuk yang kurang baik merupakan faktor risiko penularan kusta anak tahun 2014-2015 (OR:11,667; IK95% 1,227-110,953. Kebersihan tempat tidur bukan merupakan faktor risiko penularankusta anak di Kabupaten Pasuruan tahun 2014-2015.
Evaluation of removal torque values for titanium screws of prosthetic abutments after different torque application techniques: in vitro study
Authors: Medina Carolina Enith Bullen , Rafael Caroline Freitas , Volpato Claudia Angela Maria , Özcan Mutlu , Vasconcelos Diego Klee de 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To evaluate the removal torque values on abutment screws after different torque application techniques. Materials and methods: Thirty specimens of an external hexagon implant, a prefabricated abutment and a titanium screw were distributed randomly in three groups. In group 1, the screws received a torque of 30 N.cm; group 2 received a torque of 30N.cm and a second torque after 10 min, in accordance with the technique proposed by Brending et al. and Dixon et al.; in group 3, a torque of 30 N.cm was applied and maintained for 20 s, in accordance with the technique recommended by Sella et al. The specimens were attached to a universal testing machine and a digital key was coupled to the load cell in order to control the torque value at a velocity of 1 N.cm/s. Removal torque was performed 10 minutes after torque application. Values were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (? = 0.05). Results: The mean and standard deviations (±SD) of removal torque values found were 27.95±0.99N.cm for group 1, 28.32±0.68N.cm for group 2 and 26.89±1.03N.cm for group 3. Groups 1 and 2 exhibited statistically higher values of torque than group 3 (p ? 0.05). Conclusion: The technique recommended by Breeding et al. and Dixon et al. seemed to be the best option when considering the removal torque values of external hexagon implants. Keywords: Abutment screw; Dental implants; Removal torque.
Anatomic characterization of mentual foramen in dentate and edentulous regions with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).
Authors: Lopes Sergio Lucio Pereira de Castro , Donato Iara Santos Quadros da Costa , Assis Afonso Celso Souza de , Moraes Mari Eli Leonelli de , Manhães Jr Luiz Roberto Coutinho , Gamba Thiago de Oliveria 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To characterize and compare the positions and dimensions of the mental foramen (MF) openings between dentate and edentulous areas on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Material and Methods: Seventy-two CBCT images (i-CAT Next Generation, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA) of the mandible were analyzed. The CBCT images were divided into two groups: Group D (dentate) - with first and second mandibular premolars; Group E (edentulous) - without first and second mandibular premolars. At the transversal cuts, two measurements were obtained: MF height – the vertical distance between the lowest point of the mandibular canal to the external cortical of the mandible’s base (MFIH); MF opening – the greatest vertical distance between the superior and inferior MF external corticals (AbMF). Also, in Group D, the MF position was studied in relation to four landmarks: 1st premolar, between 1st and 2nd premolar; 2nd premolar; and other locations. Independent sample t-test and descriptive analysis were applied. Results: Only the distance AbMF showed statistically significant difference between groups, with tendency towards increasing in group D. Group E exhibited statistically significant difference between genders for the distance AbMF, with tendency towards greater values for males. Group D showed that MF was more frequently located at the area of the 2nd premolars (65.9%), while the area of the 1st premolars was that of smallest frequency (4.9%). Conclusion: the edentulism only reduced the dimension of MF opening. Edentulous males had a greater MF opening than edentulous females.Keywords: Cone beam computed tomography; Mandible; Anatomy, Regional; Anatomic variation.