bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Azithromycin‐Induced, Biopsy‐Proven Acute Interstitial Nephritis in an Adult Successfully Treated with Low‐Dose Corticosteroids
Authors: Woodruff Ashley E. , Meaney Calvin J. , Hansen Elizabeth A. , Prescott Gina M. 
Published: November 2015

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a form of acute kidney injury (AKI) characterized by a rapid deterioration of renal function, inflammatory infiltration of interstitial tissues, and renal edema. Drug‐induced AIN is the most common etiology of AIN, but AIN can also have infectious, autoimmune, or idiopathic causes. β‐Lactam antibacterials, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and proton pump inhibitors are recognized as leading causes of AIN; however, many other drugs have been identified as causes. We describe the case of a 59‐year‐old white male who developed AIN that required hemodialysis following azithromycin treatment. He presented to the hospital with complaints of nausea, vomiting, malaise, and fever over the past 3 days, along with no urine output in the preceding 24 hours. Two weeks earlier, he had completed a 5‐day course of azithromycin 500 mg on day 1 followed by 250 mg/day on days 2–5 (total dose 1.5 g) for an upper respiratory tract infection. On admission, the patient's serum creatinine (Scr) concentration was 7.4 mg/dl (baseline = 1.3 mg/dl). He reported a similar episode of kidney failure 2 years earlier after taking azithromycin; however, at that time it was believed the AKI was likely due to benazepril use in the setting of acute infection, and a kidney biopsy was not performed. His Scr concentration peaked at 11.4 mg/dl, and three sessions of hemodialysis were required. A kidney biopsy was performed that revealed AIN. Low‐dose prednisone 0.3 mg/kg (30 mg)/day, tapered over the next 3 months, was administered, and his renal function improved to near baseline prior to discharge; 6 months later, his Scr concentration was 1.4 mg/dl. Despite lower than recommended dosing, this patient responded well to prednisone and did not experience long‐term sequelae from renal injury. Use of the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale indicated a definite relationship (score of 10) between azithromycin exposure and the manifestation of AIN. To our knowledge, this is the first report of azithromycin‐induced acute interstitial nephritis with near‐complete resolution of renal injury in an adult. This case report illustrates the importance of rapid recognition of drug‐induced renal injuries and discontinuation of the offending agent. Select use of corticosteroids may improve both time to and extent of renal function recovery.
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 47)
Authors: Green Martin A. , Emery Keith , Hishikawa Yoshihiro , Warta Wilhelm , Dunlop Ewan D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractConsolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined, and new entries since July 2015 are reviewed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Susceptibility to insecticides and activities of glutathione S‐transferase and esterase in populations of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Mississippi
Authors: Fleming Daniel E , Krishnan Natraj , Catchot Angus L , Musser Fred R 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDLygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) is a serious pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Mississippi, particularly in the Delta region. This may be due to decreased insecticide susceptibility in that region. Research has revealed populations of L. lineolaris in the Delta region with high levels of insecticide resistance; however, comparisons with populations in the remainder of the state are limited.RESULTSExperiments were undertaken to compare the LC50 values and activities of detoxification enzymes of L. lineolaris populations. The results of these studies indicated that the LC50 values were not different between the Delta and Hills regions, but differences were significant between populations within and across regions. Results of the detoxifying enzyme activity assays revealed significantly higher esterase activity in the Delta region when compared with the Hills. Glutathione S‐transferase activity was not different between regions, but differences within and across regions were significant.CONCLUSIONThe results indicated that glass‐vial assays to determine and compare LC50 values may be less accurate than enzymatic assays for detecting insecticide susceptibility differences. Higher esterase activity is likely a contributing factor to the difficulties with managing L. lineolaris in the Mississippi Delta region. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of the bias voltage effect and the force effect during the nanoscale AFM electric lithography on the copper thin film surface
Authors: Yang Ye , Lin Jun 
Published: November 2015

SummaryAs one of the tip‐based nanoscale machining methods, AFM‐based nanolithography has been proved to be capable of fabricating nanostructures and devices on a wide range of materials by means of mechanical force, bias voltage, chemical reaction, etc. In this paper, we have compared the influences of the bias voltage effect and the force effect during the nanoscale AFM electric lithography on the metallic copper film surface respectively through the bias voltage dominating scheme and the contact force dominating scheme. The geometric sizes of the line structures and the area patterns fabricated under the two schemes with different parameter settings were compared to obtain the machining characteristics and mechanisms of the two distinct effects separately. The ratios of debris amount to the total material removal amount under the two schemes were quantitatively evaluated. Furthermore, both the arbitrary line structure with high aspect ratio and the area pattern with small surface roughness were fabricated under the appropriate scheme and parameter settings. This study is of great help to effectively achieve the desired nanoscale patterns by AFM electric lithography for their promising applications in the fabrication of various MEMS or NEMS devices. SCANNING 38:412–420, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Competitive heterogeneity, cohorts, and persistent advantage
Authors: Madsen Tammy L. , Walker Gordon 
Published: November 2015

Research summary: Juxtaposing competing theories of whether superior profits endure, this article investigates differences in the rates at which firms' profit advantages persist following a significant regulatory change in the rules governing industry competition. Such a change creates two cohorts of firms, Entrants that lack experience in the industry and Incumbents that competed in the industry before the regulatory shift. The findings show that both cohorts' profit advantages persist, but at different rates: Superior performing Incumbents sustain an advantage longer than superior performing Entrants. This result is counterintuitive since Entrants are not constrained by a legacy of competing under the prior regime. Overall, the findings indicate that stages of a firm's development and of an industry's evolution are critical to understanding how long superior profits persist.Managerial summary: State and federal institutions employ regulations in an attempt to address market failures and to create a stable set of market and nonmarket relationships among relevant actors. A byproduct of this stability is decreased competition, and in turn, reduced incentives for firms to develop efficient operations. One might expect then that deregulation would fundamentally disrupt incumbent firms' abilities to develop and sustain a profit advantage. We find the reverse: Over time, some firms in the Incumbent cohort develop persistent, albeit temporary, profit advantages despite an onslaught of Entrants. Thus, while deregulation shakes out inefficient firms, it may strengthen, rather than threaten the profit trajectories of incumbent firms over time. Advantages developed by superior performing Entrants also endure, but for a shorter duration relative to Incumbents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation in mammalian oocyte maturation
Authors: Reyes Juan M. , Ross Pablo J. 
Published: November 2015

Oocyte developmental competence is the ability of the mature oocyte to be fertilized and subsequently drive early embryo development. Developmental competence is acquired by completion of oocyte maturation, a process that includes nuclear (meiotic) and cytoplasmic (molecular) changes. Given that maturing oocytes are transcriptionally quiescent (as are early embryos), they depend on post‐transcriptional regulation of stored transcripts for protein synthesis, which is largely mediated by translational repression and deadenylation of transcripts within the cytoplasm, followed by recruitment of specific transcripts in a spatiotemporal manner for translation during oocyte maturation and early development. Motifs within the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of messenger RNA (mRNA) are thought to mediate repression and downstream activation by their association with binding partners that form dynamic protein complexes that elicit differing effects on translation depending on cell stage and interacting proteins. The cytoplasmic polyadenylation (CP) element, Pumilio binding element, and hexanucleotide polyadenylation signal are among the best understood motifs involved in CP, and translational regulation of stored transcripts as their binding partners have been relatively well‐characterized. Knowledge of CP in mammalian oocytes is discussed as well as novel approaches that can be used to enhance our understanding of the functional and contributing features to transcript CP and translational regulation during mammalian oocyte maturation. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:71–89. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1316This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Mechanisms
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Nonionic Mixed Surfactant Stabilized Water‐in‐Oil Microemulsions for Active Ingredient In Vitro Sustained Release
Authors: Yew Han‐Choi , Misran Misni Bin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractOlive oil is an excellent dispersing medium for water‐in‐oil microemulsions as it helps hydrate the skin and enhances the release of the active ingredients. In this study, mixed surfactants containing Span® 80 with varied Tween® series at 1:1 ratio were prepared with olive oil and water to produce water‐in‐oil microemulsions. The microemulsions were used to study the in vitro release of the active ingredients with different water solubilities. A microemulsion olive oil/water/mixed surfactant (56:4:40 by weight) was selected from the constructed phase diagram for further physical characterization. The analysis showed that the microemulsion composed of Span® 80 and Tween® 80 (ST80) was the most suitable surfactant combination. Equal amounts of ascorbic acid, caffeine and lidocaine were solubilized in ST80 microemulsions to study their release rate. Physical evaluation of ST80 microemulsions incorporating the active ingredients showed no apparent change compared to the ST80 microemulsion alone. The in vitro release study showed that the rate of active ingredients released from the microemulsion into the receptor chamber depends on their hydrophobicity, whereby lidocaine and caffeine were fivefold and twice as fast, respectively, with respect to ascorbic acid. ST80 microemulsions show constant rate of active ingredient release, demonstrating the sustained release properties of the system.
EMT is associated with, but does not drive resistance to ALK inhibitors among EML4‐ALK non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Gower Arjan , Hsu Wei-Hsun , Hsu Shuo-Tse , Wang Yisong , Giaccone Giuseppe 
Published: November 2015

ALK gene fusion occurs in approximately 3–7% of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For patients with ALK positive NCSLC, crizotinib and ceritinib are FDA approved ALK inhibitors, however, patients inevitably acquire resistance to such therapies typically within one to two years. Interrogation of in vitro ALK‐positive NSCLC cell line models of acquired resistance to first and second‐generation ALK inhibitors revealed acquired epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanisms. Here we demonstrated that knockdown of upregulated mesenchymal markers in acquired resistant lines decreased the invasive and migratory capabilities of the cells, however, it did not restore sensitivity to ALK inhibitors. Removing drug for 5 weeks from H3122 cell line that acquired resistance to ceritinib restored its sensitivity to ceritinib. In addition, HSP90 inhibitors ganetespib and 17‐AAG were potent in inducing cell death in cell lines resistant to crizotinib and ceritinib. Taken together, EMT does not drive resistance to ALK inhibitors and HSP90 inhibition demonstrates more efficacy when further ALK inhibition may not. This study warrants more exploration of HSP90 inhibitors for ALK‐positive patients who progress on 1st and 2nd line ALK inhibitor therapy.
Candidates in 2013 Italian general election: evidence from the Italian Candidate Survey
Authors: Di Virgilio Aldo , Giannetti Daniela , Pedrazzani Andrea , Pinto Luca 
Published: November 2015

IntroduzioneChanges in electoral politics in contemporary democracies have contributed to shifting the focus of research from parties to individual candidates. The 2013 Italian Candidate Survey (ICS) has collected original survey data with the aim of gaining new insights into the role of political elites, looking in particular at the candidates running for office in the last Italian general election. Based on interviews with individual candidates, the ICS provides a tool for analysing party members; and for comparing them with voters in several ways. In this paper, we spell out the main features of our research that was conducted within the framework of a larger project that examined political representation in Italy between 2013 and 2015. Moreover, we offer three examples of potential applications of ICS data. First, we present a model of political representation favoured by Italian candidates that matches with a well-known typology of political representation. Second, we utilize our ICS data to estimate candidates’ policy preferences and to assess the level of congruence with their voters. Finally, by comparing the distribution of candidates’ self-placements and their own party mean position on the left-right scale, we show how our data can be used to explore intra-party cohesion.
Simply-Supported Elliptical Auxetic Plates
Authors: Lim T.-C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWhile the maximum bending moment, and hence maximum bending stress, of a fully clamped elliptical plate under uniform load is independent from the Poisson's ratio of the plate material, the same cannot be said so when the plate is simply supported. This paper develops a simple but sufficiently accurate model for evaluating the bending stresses along the principal axes of a simply supported elliptical under uniform load. Plotted results suggest that bending stresses at plate center along the longer principal axis is minimized by the use of highly auxetic materials if the elliptical plate is almost circular but the use of mildly auxetic material is preferred if the aspect ratio of the elliptical plate is very high. Results also reveal that bending stresses at plate center along the shorter principal axis is minimized when the plate material is highly auxetic. Upon considering the von Mises stress state as the effective stress, it was found that the maximum effective stress is reduced with the use of auxetic and conventional materials for simply supported elliptical plates of low and high aspect ratios, respectively.
Iodine status among pregnant women after mandatory salt iodisation
Authors: Anaforoğlu İ. , Algün E. , İnceçayır Ö. , Topbaş M. , Erdoğan M. F. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractI is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis and neurological development. Various changes occur in thyroid hormone metabolism during pregnancy and I requirements increase significantly. The purpose of this study was to investigate I status among pregnant women in Trabzon, formerly a severely I-deficient area but shown to have become I sufficient following mandatory iodisation of table salt based on monitoring studies among school-age children (SAC) in the area. A total of 864 healthy pregnant women with a median age of 28 (25th–75th percentile 17–47) years participated in the study. None of them were using I-containing supplement. All of them were screened for use of iodised salt, obstetric history, thyroid function tests and urinary I concentrations (UIC), and thyroid ultrasonography was performed. Median UIC was 102 (25th–75th percentile=62–143) μg/l. Median UIC of the patients according to trimesters were 122 µg/l at the 1st, 97 µg/l at the 2nd and 87 µg/l at the 3rd trimester. UIC in the 1st trimester was higher compared with the 2nd and 3rd trimesters (P<0·017). Nodules were present in 17·7 % of women (n 153). The rate of iodised salt usage among pregnant women was 90·7 %. Our study demonstrates that, although the I status among SAC has been rectified, I deficiency (ID) is still prevalent among pregnant women. Current knowledge is in favour of I supplementation in this group. Until the effects of maternal I supplementation in mild ID have been clarified by large-scale prospective controlled trials, pregnant women living in borderline defficient and I-sufficient areas, such as Trabzon city, should receive 100–200 µg/d of I-containing supplements in addition to iodised salt.
Food intake response to exercise and active video gaming in adolescents: effect of weight status
Authors: Chaput J. P. , Tremblay A. , Pereira B. , Boirie Y. , Duclos M. , Thivel D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAlthough a few data are available regarding the impact of video games on energy intake (EI) in lean adolescents, there is no evidence on the effect of passive and active video gaming on food intake in both lean and obese youth. It is also unknown whether isoenergetic active video games and exercise differently affect food consumption in youth. In all, twelve lean and twelve obese adolescent boys (12–15 years old) had to complete four 1-h sessions in a cross-over design study: control (CON; sitting), passive video game (PVG; boxing game on Xbox 360), active video game (AVG; boxing game on Xbox Kinect 360) and exercise (EX; cycling). The exercise and active video game activities were designed to generate the same energy expenditure (EE). EE was measured using a K4b2 portable indirect calorimeter. Ad libitum food intake and appetite sensations were assessed following the sessions. AVG and EX-EE were significantly higher in obese participants and significantly higher compared with PVG and CON in both groups. Obese participants significantly ate more than lean ones in all four conditions (P<0·001). EI did not differ between conditions in obese participants (CON: 4935 (sd 1490) kJ; PVG: 4902 (sd 1307) kJ; AVG: 4728 (sd 1358) kJ; EX: 4643 (sd 1335) kJ), and was significantly lower in lean participants after EX (2847 (sd 577) kJ) compared with PVG (3580 (sd 863) kJ) and AVG (3485 (sd 643) kJ) (P<0·05). Macronutrient intake was not significantly different between the groups or conditions. Hunger was significantly higher and satiety was lower in obese participants but no condition effect was observed. Overall, moderate-intensity exercise provides better effect on energy balance than an isoenergetic hour of active video gaming in lean adolescent boys by dually affecting EE and EI.
On Athesmia (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) from Jackals in Tanzania
Authors: Hammond J. A. 
Published: November 2015

1. An Athesmia sp. from two species of jackals (Canis adustus Sundervall, 1846, and Canis mesomelas Schreber, 1775) in northern Tanzania is described.2. While considerable variation in size and internal morphology was observed, these differences do not appear to be significant.3. There being no constant morphological features to establish a new species, these specimens are for the present considered to be A.foxi Goldberger and Crane, 1911.4. The difficulties in the identification of Athesmia are discussed and the present position in the genus briefly reviewed.5. Histopathological studies were carried out with negative results and reference is made to other reports of such studies in the literature.
Long-term result of out-patient neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser photocoagulation surgery for patients with epistaxis
Authors: Zhang J , Qiu R , Wei C 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the long-term efficacy of out-patient neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser photocoagulation surgery for patients with epistaxis.Methods:A retrospective clinical study was conducted. A total of 217 consecutive patients who presented with acute or recurrent epistaxis received neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser photocoagulation treatment in an out-patient setting.Results:At three years, 94 per cent of acute epistaxis patients versus 88 per cent of recurrent epistaxis patients reported no bleeding. The outcome scores at 12 weeks and 3 years after treatment showed no significant differences between the 2 groups (p = 0.207 and p = 0.186). However, there was a significant difference in outcome scores at four weeks after treatment (p = 0.034). The median (and mean ± standard deviation) pain levels experienced during the laser operation (performed in an office setting) were 4.0 (3.75 ± 2.09) in the acute epistaxis group and 4.0 (3.83 ± 2.01) in the recurrent epistaxis group. Neither group had any complications.Conclusion:Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser photocoagulation is desirable in the treatment of both acute and recurrent epistaxis, and has long-lasting efficacy.
Kinematic model to control the end-effector of a continuum robot for multi-axis processing
Authors: Cobos-Guzman Salvador , Palmer David , Axinte Dragos 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYThis paper presents a novel kinematic approach for controlling the end-effector of a continuum robot for in-situ repair/inspection in restricted and hazardous environments. Forward and inverse kinematic (IK) models have been developed to control the last segment of the continuum robot for performing multi-axis processing tasks using the last six Degrees of Freedom (DoF). The forward kinematics (FK) is proposed using a combination of Euler angle representation and homogeneous matrices. Due to the redundancy of the system, different constraints are proposed to solve the IK for different cases; therefore, the IK model is solved for bending and direction angles between (−π/2 to +π/2) radians. In addition, a novel method to calculate the Jacobian matrix is proposed for this type of hyper-redundant kinematics. The error between the results calculated using the proposed Jacobian algorithm and using the partial derivative equations of the FK map (with respect to linear and angular velocity) is evaluated. The error between the two models is found to be insignificant, thus, the Jacobian is validated as a method of calculating the IK for six DoF.
PROPERTY AND THE CREATION OF VALUE
Authors: Moller Dan 
Published: November 2015

Abstract:Following Locke, philosophical discussion of private property has tended to focus on the acquisition of natural resources as central. In this paper I first pursue the idea that the resource paradigm doesn't apply to most developed economies, and show how this creates problems for many accounts of property. My second ambition is to draw a normative conclusion by showing that redistribution of wealth generated in the context of services is more difficult to justify compared with the natural resource paradigm philosophers have often focused on.