bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus and related risk factors: a review
Authors: Yuan Xiao-Ying , Wang Xu-Gang 
Published: July 2017

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global epidemic disease and has become a significant health problem. Many studies have raised concern about the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with T2DM and even the Alzheimer’s disease patients with T2DM. The incidence of MCI is higher in individuals with T2DM than those without diabetes. Cognitive changes might affect everyday activities depending on the work and situation. Although the exact pathophysiology of MCI in T2DM is unclear, many studies suggest that the alterations in pathoglycemia, diabetic complications, related end products, and physical/psychological status are significant risk factors. In this article, we systematically overview the studies to illustrate the related risk factors of cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM. Further high quality studies and treatment need to be initiated and it will become incumbent on clinicians to identify and cure the earliest signs of clinical impairment.
Explicit Solutions and Conservation Laws of a Coupled Burgers’ Equation
Authors: Xue Bo , Li Fang , Li Yihao , Sun Mingming 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Based on the gauge transformation between the corresponding 3×3 matrix spectral problems, N-fold Darboux transformation for a coupled Burgers’ equation is constructed. Considering the N=1 case of the derived Darboux transformation, explicit solutions for the coupled Burgers’ equation are given and their figures are plotted. Moreover, conservation laws of this integrable equation are deduced.
Appetite Regulations After Sprint Exercise Under Hypoxic Condition in Female Athletes
Authors: Kojima Chihiro , Kasai Nobukazu , Ishibashi Aya , Murakami Yukako , Ebi Kumiko , Goto Kazushige 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Kojima, C, Kasai, N, Ishibashi, A, Murakami, Y, Ebi, K, and Goto, K. Appetite regulations after sprint exercise under hypoxic condition in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1773–1780, 2019—The present study determined changes in appetite-regulating hormones and energy intake after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIT) under hypoxic conditions (HYP) in trained female athletes. Fifteen female athletes completed 3 trials on different days of either HIIT under HYP, HIIT under normoxic conditions (NOR), or rest in normoxia (CON). Exercise trials consisted of 2 successive sets of 8 repeated bouts of a 6-second maximal sprint separated by a 30-second rest. Blood samples were obtained to measure plasma acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide–1 (GLP-1), and metabolite concentrations. Energy intake during an ad libitum buffet meal test was evaluated 30 minutes after exercise or rest. Plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations decreased significantly after exercise (p ≤ 0.001), but no difference was observed between the HYP and NOR. Plasma GLP-1 concentrations did not differ after exercise, with no difference between the HYP and NOR. Although absolute energy intake in the HYP (634 ± 67 kcal) and NOR (597 ± 63 kcal) was significantly lower than that in the CON (756 ± 63 kcal, p = 0.006), no difference was observed between the HYP and NOR. These results show that HIIT under hypoxic and NOR lowered plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations and energy intake.
Acute Neuromuscular and Endocrine Responses to Two Different Compound Exercises: Squat vs. Deadlift
Authors: Barnes Matthew J. , Miller Adam , Reeve Daniel , Stewart Robin J.C. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Barnes, MJ, Miller, A, Reeve, D, and Stewart, RJ. Acute neuromuscular and endocrine responses to two different compound exercises: squat vs. deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2381–2387, 2019—Anecdotally, it is believed that the deadlift exercise brings about greater levels of central fatigue than other exercises; however, no empirical evidence exists to support this view. In addition, little is known about the acute endocrine response to heavy deadlift exercise and how this may differ from other similar compound exercises. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and compare the acute, neuromuscular and endocrine responses to squat and deadlift exercises. Ten resistance-trained males completed 8 sets of 2 repetitions at 95% of 1 repetition maximum. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force of the quadriceps, along with measures of central (voluntary activation [VA] and surface electromyography) and peripheral (electrically evoked control stimulus) fatigue were made before and 5 and 30 minutes after exercise. In addition, salivary testosterone and cortisol were measured at these same time points. MVIC was reduced after the completion of both exercises (p = 0.007); however, no difference between exercises was evident. Similarly, although VA changed over time (p = 0.0001), no difference was observed between exercises. As a measure of peripheral fatigue, force from the control stimulus changed over time (p = 0.003) with a greater decrease evident after the squat (p = 0.034). Electromyography was reduced over time (p = 0.048) but no difference was seen between exercises. No change was seen in testosterone and cortisol. Although a greater absolute load and larger volume load were completed for the deadlift, no difference in central fatigue was evident between the 2 compound exercises. The greater peripheral fatigue observed after squat exercise may be due to the greater work completed by the quadriceps with this exercise. These results suggest that separate periodization, tapering, and programming considerations may be unnecessary when using the squat and deadlift to develop muscular strength.
Fatigue in U12 Soccer-7 Players During Repeated 1-Day Tournament Games—A Pilot Study
Authors: Sanchez-Sanchez Javier , Sanchez Mario , Hernandez Daniel , Ramirez-Campillo Rodrigo , Martínez Cristian , Nakamura Fabio Y. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Sanchez, M, Hernandez, D, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Martínez, C, and Nakamura, FY. Fatigue in U12 Soccer-7 players during repeated 1-day tournament games—a pilot study. J Strength Cond Res 33(11): 3092–3097, 2019—The aim of this study was to describe and compare the distances and displacement speeds of U12 Soccer-7 athletes during 4 tournament Soccer-7 games (TG) played in less than 24 hours (experimental condition) with those recorded during 2 league Soccer-7 games (LG) with 24 hours of rest before the match (control condition). Ten participants (age = 10.3 ± 0.5 years) were recruited for the study. Main data analyzed during games included distance completed relative to match duration (Drel), maximal velocity, and distance completed at different running speeds (including acceleration, deceleration, standing, walking, jogging, medium-intensity running, high-intensity running, and sprinting). For data collection during games, athletes wore a global positioning system unit. Different (p ≤ 0.05) mean playing time was recorded during TG and LG (15.1 and 31.8 minutes/match, respectively). Drel during the 4 TG was maintained between 85.7 ± 8.5 and 87.5 ± 8.5 m·min−1 (p > 0.05) and during the 2 LG between 84.2 ± 10.9 and 87.5 ± 9.9 m·min−1 (p > 0.05). Moreover, similar Drel was recorded during TG and LG (86.8 and 85.9 m·min−1, respectively). Compared with LG, during TG, maximal velocity was lower (23.0 and 21.3 km·h−1, respectively; p ≤ 0.05). In addition, compared with the last game of the tournament, in the preceding games, the distance covered at low speeds (3.1–8.0 km·h−1) was lower (37.7 and 32.4%, respectively; p ≤ 0.05) and at high speeds (≥18.1 km·h−1) tends to be higher (2.5 and 3.3%, respectively). Therefore, compared with the control condition, accumulated Soccer-7 games with less than 24 hours of interday rest negatively affect displacement speed distribution (but not overall relative distances) in U12 Soccer-7 athletes. These results may help to better plan training and competition schedules to youth players.
A Novel View on the Role of Intracellular Tails in Surface Delivery of the Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter KCC2
Authors: Friedel Perrine , Ludwig Anastasia , Pellegrino Christophe , Agez Morgane , Jawhari Anass , Rivera Claudio , Medina Igor 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA plethora of neurological disorders are associated with alterations in the expression and localization of potassium-chloride cotransporter type 2 (KCC2), making KCC2 a critical player in neuronal function and an attractive target for therapeutic treatment. The activity of KCC2 is determined primarily by the rates of its surface insertion and internalization. Currently the domains of KCC2 dictating its trafficking and endocytosis are unknown. Here, using live-cell immunolabeling and biotinylation of KCC2 proteins expressed in murine neuroblastoma N2a cells, human embryonic kidney 293 cells, or primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons, we identified a novel role for the intracellular N and C termini in differentially regulating KCC2 surface expression. We report that the N terminus is required for KCC2 insertion into the plasma membrane, whereas the C terminus is critical for the membrane stability of KCC2. Our results provide novel insights into the structure–function role of specific KCC2 domains and open perspectives in exploring structural organization of this protein.
Održivost i njezine sastavnice kao nova paradigma u teoriji i praksi hrvatskog planiranja
Authors: Cavrić Branko 
Published: July 2017

Effort to incorporate sustainability aspects into the spatial planning agenda requires new relationships between conventional and new players in today's post-socialist world. Some stakeholders engaged in development, management and governance are sometimes tailoring the destiny of regional and urban systems in Croatia without sustainability concerns. Their activities show the lack of awareness and negative attitude towards sustainable planning practices where the major goal is to improve the quality of life of current and future generations. Without sound ideas about carrying capacities and sustainability, some of these actors have ignored the planning knowledge and expertise (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007). Planners advise upon them with their professional skill and knowledge but the driving force is still political power. These proponents have managed to safeguard their own spatial and land interests on the expense of the public and ordinary citizens, by maintaining the system of "copy-paste" planning blue prints, suitable for supporting emerging urban sprawl and uncontrolled construction activities. Unfortunately, due to the long-term social ignorance and strong alliance of developer's lobbies, architects and constructors, various international planning ideas with "sustainability in mind" have not affected Croatian planning theory and practice, yet. Some of them are petrified, misinterpreted or simply abolished owing to obstinate legislation, the non-existence of formal planning education, and the privileged position of only one brand of chartered planners (e.g. architects) . Alternative development solutions, such as public participation, behavioral, organizational and technological advances, diversity of implementing instruments in the planner's "toolkit", and the planner's numerous tasks in guiding sustainable change, are still to be recognized in this EU accession country.Notwithstanding, this paper aims to summaries sustainability and its derivates as the new paradigms, in which the guiding leitmotif of the new global agenda for planning is spelled out by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (2001b) as follows: "The new planning is less coded and technical, more innovative and entrepreneurial. It is more participatory and concerned with projects rather than whole spatial systems. Planning expertise is increasingly sought not only by the state, but also by the corporate sector and civil society. What is controversial is not planning per se, but its goal: whether it should be directed chiefly at efficiency, reinforcing the current distribution of wealth and power, or whether it should play a distributive role to help create minimum standards of urban liveability" (Hague, 2001).
Geografski aspekti ekološkog uzgoja ljekovitog bilja u Hrvatskoj
Authors: Šiljković Željka , Rimanić Ana 
Published: July 2017

There are about 160 to 170 autochthonous medicinal and aromatic plants that are either collected or produced in Croatia. In all parts of Croatia natural geographic conditions, namely climatic, pedological and hydrogeographical conditions are suitable for organic production of medicinal plants. In this work the authors give the most relevant information on chamomile (Matricaria chamomile) and lavender (Lavandula anustifolia) production. These two plants had the biggest share in medicinal plants production before war in the 1990s. Until then Croatia was one of the leading producers of chamomile and lavender in the world. The article deals with the current situation of collecting and producing medicinal plants in Croatia and the opportunities that economic activity can offer. The main goal is to determine natural geographic conditions which influence organic medicinal plants production that contribute to the revitalization of rural areas and slow down deagrarization and deruralization if systematically applied.
Karakterisasi dan Aplikasi Enzim Transglutaminase dari Streptoverticillium ladakanum pada Daging Lumat IKan Mata Goyang
Authors: Fawzya Yusro Nuri , Zilda Dewi Seswita , Poernomo Achmad , Kristiana Indra , Nursyam Happy 
Published: July 2017

Telah dilakukan karakterisasi enzim transglutaminase mikroba (MTGase) yang diproduksi dari Streptoverticillium ladakanumdengan menggunakan media yang mengandung limbah cair tahu dan hidrolisat tepung tapioka. Enzim MTGase yang dikarakteris as i merupakan enzim kasar yang telah dipekatkan menggunakan ultrafiltrasi dan dikeringbekukan. Enzim ini kemudian diaplikasikan pada daging lumat ikan mata goyang (Priacanthus macracanthus) lalu diamati sifat fisik (tekstur) produk restrukturisasi yang dihasilkan. Sebagai pembanding, dilakukan aplikasi TGase komersial (KTGase) pada daging lumat yang sama. Penambahan TGase dilakukan dengan 2 cara, yaitu: (1) bersama-sama dengan garam NaCl 1%, (2) bersama-sama dengan garam NaCl 1% dan sodium kaseinat 1%. Sebagai control adalah daging lumat ditambah garam N aCl 1% (tanpa penambahan enzim TGase). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MTGase dari S. ladakanumbekerja optimum pada pH 8 dan suhu 55°C. Aktivitas enzim ini relatif tidak terpengaruh oleh adanya ion logam Ca2+,Mg2+, Na+, dan K+maupun inhibitor seperti ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA), dan phenylmethyl-sulfonylfluoride(PMSF). Enzim MTGase tanpa penambahan sodium kaseinat menunjukkan kemampuan membentuk gel yang tidak berbeda dengan TGase komersial, menghasilkan kekuatan gel 16848 g mm dan nilai kekenyalan 0,97. Enzim ini juga terbukti dapat meningkatkan kekuatan gel, kekenyalan, dan kepadatan produk restrukturisasi daging lumat ikan yang hanya ditambah garam NaCl saja atau yang ditambah garam NaCl dan sodium kaseinat.
Ubuntu and the law in South Africa
Authors: Makgoro Y 
Published: July 2017

The new constitutional dispensation, like the idea of freedom in South Africa, is also not free of scepticism. Many a time when crime and criminal activity are rife, sceptics would lament the absence of ubuntu in society and attribute this absence to what they view as the permissiveness which is said to have been brought about by the Constitution with its entrenched Bill of Rights.
Firstly, I would like to take this opportunity and (attempt to) demonstrate the irony that the absence of the values of ubuntu in society that people often lament about and attribute to the existence of the Constitution with its demands for respect for human rights when crime becomes rife, are the very same values that the Constitution in general and the Bill of Rights in particular aim to inculcate in our society.
Secondly, against the background of the call for an African renaissance that has now become topical globally, I would like to demonstrate the potential that traditional African values of ubuntu have for influencing the development of a new South African law and jurisprudence.
The concept ubuntu, like many African concepts, is not easily definable. In an attempt to define it, the concept has generally been described as a world-view of African societies and a determining factor in the formation of perceptions which influence social conduct. It has also been described as a philosophy of life.
Much as South Africa is a multicultural society, indigenous law has not featured in the mainstream of South African jurisprudence. Without a doubt, some aspects or values of ubuntu are universally inherent to South Africa’s multi cultures.
The values of ubuntu are therefore an integral part of that value system which had been established by the Interim Constitution.
The founding values of the democracy established by this new Constitution arguably coincide with some key values of ubuntu(ism).
Ubuntu(-ism), which is central to age-old African custom and tradition however, abounds with values and ideas which have the potential of shaping not only current indigenous law institutions, but South African jurisprudence as a whole.
Ubuntu can therefore become central to a new South African jurisprudence and to the revival of sustainable African values as part of the broader process of the African renaissance.
Konstitusionele voorskrifte rakende regspersone
Authors: Pienaar Gerrit 
Published: July 2017

The interim Constitution of 1993 and the final Constitution of 1996 contain specific provisions applicable to juristic persons. Juristic persons are also entitled to the fundamental rights contained in the Bill of Rights to the extent that these rights are applicable to them. It must be kept in mind that juristic persons have peculiar characteristics and that the fundamental rights of juristic persons differ from those of natural persons.
Juristic persons are also under the obligation to respect the fundamental rights of natural persons and other juristic persons to the extent provided for in the Bill of Rights. In the case of juristic persons acting as organs of state the vertical application of the Bill of Rights safeguards the fundamental rights of persons against state action or interference. The circumstances where juristic persons act as organs of state are discussed with reference to case law. Difference of opinion exists regarding the horizontal application of the Bill of Rights, that is the application of the Bill of Rights to private law relationships. In terms of the interim Constitution the Bill of Rights was applied horizontally in an indirect manner. Section 35(3) provided that the common and customary law must be developed by both the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court to promote the values underlying an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom, without completely abolishing the common and customary law.
The final Constitution provides in section 8(2) that natural and juristic persons in private law relationships are also bound by the Bill of Rights if, and to the extent that, such rights are applicable, taking into account the nature of the rights and the nature of any duty imposed by such right. The direct horizontal application of the Bill of Rights is, however, limited by section 36. The extent of the rights of juristic persons and limitations on them in private law relationships are investigated, taking into account the right of freedom of association in terms of section 18. The various
principles to be taken into consideration in the case of clubs, religious organisations, educational institutions, political organisations and trading and professional institutions are discussed.
Muslim personal law and the meaning of "law" in the South African and Indian constitutions
Authors: Rautenbach Christa 
Published: July 2017

The Muslim population of South Africa follows a practice which may be referred to as
Muslim personal law. Although section 15 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 recognises religious freedom and makes provision for the future recognition of other personal law systems, Muslim personal law is, at this stage, not formally recognised in terms of South African law. Since Muslim personal law receives no constitutional recognition the question may be asked whether the 1996 Constitution, and in particular the Bill of Rights as contained in chapter 2 of the 1996 Constitution, is applicable to "non-recognised" Muslim personal law. The answer to this question depends to a large extent on the meaning of "law" as contained in the 1996 Constitution.
When the viewpoint of academic writers and the courts are evaluated it seems as if the meaning of law in South Africa is restricted to the common law, customary law and legislation. If such a viewpoint is to be followed, Muslim personal law is excluded from the scrutiny of the Bill of Rights. It is, however, inconceivable that there might be certain areas of "law" that are not subject to the scrutiny of the Bill of Rights. In this note it will be argued that Muslim personal law should be regarded as law in terms of the 1996 Constitution, or in the alternative, that Muslim personal law (or at least Muslim marriages) should be recognised in terms of section 15 of the 1996 Constitution.
Due to the historical resemblance between South Africa and India the meaning of
"law" as contained in the 1996 Constitution will be compared with the meaning of "law" as contained in the Constitution of India. Although the Constitution of India indirectly gives recognition to various personal laws in India, these personal laws are not subject to the provisions of the Constitution of India. Therefore, it would be argued that one should approach the Constitution of India with caution when its provisions are compared to those of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa.
The significance of constitutional values
Authors: Nishihara Hiroshi 
Published: July 2017

This article addresses the question of the meaning and legal significance of constitutional values in contemporary times. The article attends also to related questions namely, what constitute “constitutional values” and what are the limitations of the meaning afforded to this notion. Attention is paid in the particular, to freedom, equality and democracy as value-neutral criteria of fairness and government neutrality with reference to the South African and German contexts as well as to value-neutrality as a culturally conditioned value. The author concludes with a cosmopolitan view of freedom and the right to peace with reference to the constitutional texts of Japan and the United States.