bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Oil Recovery by Seawater Flooding in Halfaya Carbonate Reservoir, Iraq: Experiment and Simulation
Authors: Zhu Guangya , Kun Xu Li , Wang Xiaojin , Liu Fang , Cong Yanzi , Zhang Yapu , Ou Jin 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Seawater flooding has recently been investigated as a new emerging method on improving oil recovery in Middle East carbonates. This paper presents a mechanism study about seawater flooding in carbonates. The objective of this paper is to identify the key controlling factors for improving carbonates oil recovery by seawater injection.
We briefly describe the analytical model for Halfaya (HF) carbonate reservoir. A new parameter is introduced to analyze the salinity affecting on oil recovery. We carry out core flood experiments on selected carbonate core samples and formation water (166840-192450 ppm) from HF carbonates, Iraq. The formation water, seawater and treated seawater with different salinities and ionic compositions are injected to evaluate the effect on oil recovery. The relationship between brine salinity and recovery factor shows that the lower the salinity, the higher the recovery factor, and the optimum salinity (30150 ppm) is much close to that of seawater. Ion composition of seawater is modified to analyze the effects on oil recovery. Ion compositions of both injected and produced water are analyzed. Reservoir simulation predicts the production performance of well group to investigate the improvement of water cut and recovery factor for different kind of injected water.
Results indicate that seawater flooding is feasible for HF carbonate reservoirs. Low salinity of seawater samples with higher SO42- and lower Ca2+ concentration can dramatically improve the oil recovery 5-10%. The mechanism of enhanced oil recovery by seawater is mainly attributed to ion exchange happened during treated seawater flooding in carbonate rocks and the wettability alternation to more water-wet condition.
This study presents a method and parameters to handle core flood data and reservoir simulation results. Furthermore, this paper can be extended to assess other carbonate reservoirs developed by seawater flooding in the Middle East.
Comprehensive Study of Polymer Gel Profile Control for Wag Process in Fractured Reservoir: Using Experimental and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Xiao K. , Mu L. , Wu X. , Yang L. , Xu F. , Zhu G. , Zhu Y. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Fracture has a significant impact on sweep efficiency of displacement agent, especially for WAG process. Flooding can be affected negatively by the formation of water and gas channeling. Numerical efforts have been made to improve WAG in fracture reservoirs, however, some deficiencies still exist in understanding behavior of plugging agent and designing injection strategy. This study is conducted to investigate mechanisms of polymer gel injection for profile modification during WAG in fractured reservoirs by core flooding tests and numerical model simulations. Additionally, effect of gel solution on improving sweep efficiency under different WAG parameters is evaluated.
Cores with artificial fractures are applied to flooding experiments using oil, water, CO2 and polymer gel solution. CT image analysis is conducted to evaluate the effect of fracture, WAG and gel injection parameters on performances of sweep efficiency during WAG process. Results of core flooding are matched with numerical simulation model to optimize scheme of gel solution injection.
Core flooding experiments indicate that polymer gel solution in proper composition can control displacement profile effectively by observing CT scan images that can evaluate oil distribution changes quantitatively by image analysis. Additionally, injection strategy of gel profile modification for oil recovery in the period of WAG is optimized by using the core-scale model matched with core flooding, mainly including gel injection volume and timing. Relationship between fracture and injection strategy of WAG and gel is also analyzed. It is shown that WAG ratio of 1:1, small WAG single slug, large volume of gel and early gel injection can provide favorable condition for EOR in reservoir with large fracture. However, considering issues of economy and injection pressure, too large and early gel injection would affect oil production negatively.
The purpose of this study is to provide a much more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of polymer gel control for fractured reservoir during WAG. The idea of method can be an effective guide for enhancing field oil production.
Effect of Surfactants on Hydrolysis of Mono-N-ethyl-o-toluidine Phosphate
Authors: Yadav Homeshwari , Bhoite S. A. , Singh A. K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHydrolysis of phosphate ester (Mono-N-ethyl-o-toluidine phosphate) in the presence of different surfactants has been studied at 303 K. The rate of reaction has been found to be first-order and fractional order kinetics with respect to [substrate] and [HCl] respectively. The cationic micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), anionic micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonionic micelles of Brij-35 enhanced the rate of reaction to a maximum value and thereafter, the increase in concentration of surfactant decreased the reaction rate. The rate of reaction increased with increase of dielectric constant of the medium. The variation in the rate of hydrolysis by micelles was treated by considering the Menger-Portnoy, Piszkiewicz's and Berezin kinetic models. The various thermodynamic parameters have also been evaluated. The added salts viz KCl, KNO3, K2SO4 enhanced the rate of reaction in the presence of cationic, anionic and non-ionic micelles. The kinetic parameters i. e. micellar phase (kΨ) and binding constant (KS) were determined from the rate (surfactant) profile.
Thermodynamic Solution Properties of Benzalkonium Chloride in Aqueous and Ethanolic Media and its Interactions with Organized Assemblies of Anionic Surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Amino Acids
Authors: Mahmood Khalid , Shakeel Muhammad , Siddiq Mohammad , Usman Muhammad 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis manuscript reports the physicochemical behaviour of antimicrobial cationic surfactant benzalkonium chloride (BAC) as well as its interaction with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate in term of mixed micelle. Surface activity of pure BAC was studied by measuring the surface parameters i. e. surface pressure (Π), surface excess concentration (Γ), area per molecule and standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption (ΔGads). The electrical conductivity was measured to calculate the thermodynamic parameters like free energy of micellization, ΔGm, enthalpy of micellization, ΔHm and entropy of micellization, ΔSm. The interaction of the drug with sodium dodecyl sulfate was studied, in term of mixed micelle, by electrical conductivity and UV/Visible spectroscopy. Spectroscopic method helps to calculate the partition coefficient (Kx) and free energy of partition, while the conductivity method is helpful to calculate thermodynamic parameters of their interaction. The effect of different amino acids on CMC of BAC has also been studied.
Influence on rewetting temperature and wetting delay during rewetting rod bundle by various radial jet models
Authors: Debbarma A. , Pandey K. M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Numerical investigation of the rewetting of single sector fuel assembly of Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) has been carried out to exhibit the effect of coolant jet diameters (2, 3 and 4 mm) and jet directions (Model: M, X and X2). The rewetting phenomena with various jet models are compared on the basis of rewetting temperature and wetting delay. Temperature-time curve have been evaluated from rods surfaces at different circumference, radial and axial locations of rod bundle. The cooling curve indicated the presence of vapor in respected location, where it prevents the contact between the firm and fluid phases. The peak wall temperature represents as rewetting temperature. The time period observed between initial to rewetting temperature point is wetting delay. It was noted that as improved in various jet models, rewetting temperature and wetting delay reduced, which referred the coolant stipulation in the rod bundle dominant vapor formation.
Stability analysis of the Korean prototype Generation-IV sodium-cooled fast reactor using linear frequency domain approach
Authors: Kim S. J. , Ha P. N. V. , Lim J. Y. , Hahn D. H. , Kang C. M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has been developing the 150 MWe Prototype Generation-IV Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (PGSFR). The design concept is highly based on passive safety mechanisms, minimizing the need for engineered safety systems. Presently, it is of primary importance to assure the reactor dynamics and stability against small reactivity disturbances under power operating conditions. KAERI has therefore developed the NuSTAB code for stability analysis of the PGSFR. In NuSTAB, the neutron-kinetic and thermal-hydraulic coupling equations are linearized to form the characteristic equation, which is solved as a generalized eigenvalue problem for determining the decay ratio, an indicator of the system stability. In this paper, the stability of the PGSFR was analyzed by applying the point kinetic and spatial kinetic options in the NuSTAB code. System responses to temperature feedbacks including the Doppler effect, thermal expansion, coolant density change, and overall feedback were studied. The results indicate that the initial U and final TRU cores of the PGSFR are both inherently stable thanks to the temperature feedbacks.
Incorporation of SiC particles in FS welded zone of AZ31 Mg alloy to improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance
Authors: Abbasi Mahmoud , Abdollahzadeh Amin , Omidvar Hamid , Bagheri Behrouz , Rezaei Milad 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The solid-state nature of the friction stir welding (FSW) process leads to several advantages over fusion welding methods as problems associated with cooling from the liquid phase are avoided. This process eliminates many of the defects associated with fusion welding techniques such as shrinkage, solidification cracking and porosity. In general, FSW has been found to produce a low number of defects and is very tolerant of variations in parameters and materials. Nevertheless, physical and chemical properties of the weld zone developed during FSW are a primary concern. In this study, the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the weld zone resulting after FSW are investigated and improved by addition of SiC particles. AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets were FS welded and simultaneously processed by incorporation of SiC particles. Mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of FS welded specimens were compared with those of FS welded and processed specimens. The results showed that the addition of SiC particles during FSW considerably improved the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the weld zone. Based on the obtained results, incorporation of SiC hard particles in the microstructure of weld zone produced by FSW is highly recommended.
Fundamental Features of Quantum Dynamics Studied in Matter-Wave Interferometry—Spin Weak Values and the Quantum Cheshire-Cat
Authors: Sponar Stephan , Denkmayr Tobias , Geppert Hermann , Hasegawa Yuji 
Published: March 2016

The validity of quantum-mechanical predictions has been confirmed with a high degree of accuracy in a wide range of experiments. Although the statistics of the outcomes of a measuring apparatus have been studied intensively, little has been explored and is known regarding the accessibility of quantum dynamics. For these sorts of fundamental studies of quantum mechanics, interferometry using neutron matter-waves in particular, provides almost ideal experimental circumstances. In this device quantum interference between spatially separated beams occurs on a macroscopic scale. Recently, the full determination of weak-values of neutrons 1 2	- spin adds a new aspect to the study of quantum dynamics. Moreover, a new counter-intuitive phenomenon, called quantum Cheshire Cat, is observed in an interference experiment. In this article, we present an overview of these experiments.
Display of GPI‐anchored anti‐EGFR nanobodies on extracellular vesicles promotes tumour cell targeting
Authors: Kooijmans Sander A. A. , Aleza Clara Gómez , Roffler Steve R. , van Solinge Wouter W. , Vader Pieter , Schiffelers Raymond M. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are attractive candidate drug delivery systems due to their ability to functionally transport biological cargo to recipient cells. However, the apparent lack of target cell specificity of exogenously administered EVs limits their therapeutic applicability. In this study, we propose a novel method to equip EVs with targeting properties, in order to improve their interaction with tumour cells.MethodsEV producing cells were transfected with vectors encoding for anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nanobodies, which served as targeting ligands for tumour cells, fused to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor signal peptides derived from decay‐accelerating factor (DAF). EVs were isolated using ultrafiltration/size‐exclusion liquid chromatography and characterized using western blotting, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, and electron microscopy. EV–tumour cell interactions were analyzed under static conditions using flow cytometry and under flow conditions using a live‐cell fluorescence microscopy‐coupled perfusion system.ResultsV analysis showed that GPI‐linked nanobodies were successfully displayed on EV surfaces and were highly enriched in EVs compared with parent cells. Display of GPI‐linked nanobodies on EVs did not alter general EV characteristics (i.e. morphology, size distribution and protein marker expression), but greatly improved EV binding to tumour cells dependent on EGFR density under static conditions. Moreover, nanobody‐displaying EVs showed a significantly improved cell association to EGFR‐expressing tumour cells under flow conditions.ConclusionsWe show that nanobodies can be anchored on the surface of EVs via GPI, which alters their cell targeting behaviour. Furthermore, this study highlights GPI‐anchoring as a new tool in the EV toolbox, which may be applied for EV display of a variety of proteins, such as antibodies, reporter proteins and signaling molecules.
L'engagement public et les choix politiques des avocats, de l'Ancien Régime à la Révolution. Les exemples de Douai et Rennes
Authors: Leuwers Hervé 
Published: March 2016

Hervé Leuwers, Engagement en politieke keuze bij de advokaten, van het Ancien Régime tot de revolutie. Het voorbeeld van Douai en Rennes.
De advokaten die lid zijn van de parlementen van Douai en Rennes in 1789 tonen levenslang veel belangstelling voor openbare funkties. In Douai oefenen 56 % van de in 1789 ingeschrevenen op een of ander moment een funktie uit in de politiek of de administratie. In Rennes zijn er dat 38 % op een totaal van 47.
De revolutie brengt voor velen een breuk mee in hun politiek engagement en een verlies van hun lokale invloed, eveneens de doorbraak in de nationale vergadering en een grondige vernieuwing van het politiek personeel. Maar hun aanwezigheid in publieke funkties komt niet in het gedrang.
Men kan dit dubbel fenomeen verklaren door hun politieke cultuur, hun belangstelling voor de publieke zaak, de evolutie van hun politiek denken, en evenzeer de roi van woordvoerder en cultured tussenpersoon die de Fransen van toen hen toedachten.
Contribution à une histoire des chemins du pouvoir sous la IIIe République : les conseillers généraux du Nord, du début du siècle à la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Authors: Florin Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2016

L'analyse de 250 biographies de conseillers généraux élus dans le Nord entre le début du siècle et 1940 met en évidence la variété des itinéraires qui conduisent à l'assemblée départementale, sous la Troisième République, selon les tendances politiques.
En effet, le personnel politique étudié a certains traits en commun, quelle que soit son étiquette partisane : nos conseillers sont élus, pour la plupart, dans leur canton natal, et entrent au Conseil général à l'âge mûr, après avoir exercé un mandat municipal, source d'une assise politique locale qui explique une élection assurée dès la première candidature.
En revanche, l'approche statistique aboutit à démontrer le rôle discriminant de certains attributs : l'héritage familial, le patrimoine culturel, la situation socio-professionnelle, les engagements pris en dehors du champ politique, différencient nettement élus de droite et de gauche.
Reste que, globalement, la sous-représentation des catégories sociales les plus modestes (en dépit de l'accroissement du poids de la Gauche au Conseil général), souligne les limites de la démocratisation du recrutement du personnel politique sous la Troisième République.
La fonction municipale sous la Troisième République. L'exemple du département du Nord.
Authors: Vandenbussche Robert 
Published: March 2016

La législation de 1884 établit un compromis entre des exigences contradictoires, celles de la décentralisation souhaitée par bien des notables et promise par les républicains et celles d'un contrôle maintenu du pouvoir central. En effet, la loi laisse plus d'importance au contrôle de l'autorité politique et administrative que ne pensaient l'envisager ses promoteurs.
Pourtant la mise en œuvre de la loi a favorisé la construction d'une véritable fonction municipale et la confirmation d'une entité communale et municipale véritable dès avant la Première Guerre mondiale. Car l'élection du maire au suffrage universel, en apportant l'onction populaire et en la renouvelant, contribue à rééquilibrer les rapports entre l'Etat central et les pouvoirs locaux.
Par ailleurs, les débats et les évolutions politiques de la fin du XIXe et du début du XXe permettent aux maires — et tout particulièrement aux maires urbains — de construire, à l'intérieur du cadre juridique, un domaine de compétences élargi. L'école, l'ébauche d'une véritable politique sociale publique, l'indispensable politique urbanistique, renforcent très sensiblement la consistance de la fonction municipale.
Enfin, la conjoncture politique — et particulièrement l'occupation de la Première Guerre mondiale — développe les tendances à la «municipalisation» tout en favorisant la construction éphémère d'un nouveau réseau de pouvoir qui repose sur les hiérarchies urbaines.
An ecological approach to measuring the evolutionary consequences of gene flow from crops to wild or weedy relatives
Authors: Campbell Lesley G. , Lee David , Shukla Kruti , Waite Thomas A. , Bartsch Detlef 
Published: March 2016

Premise of the study:Agricultural practices routinely create opportunities for crops to hybridize with wild relatives, leading to crop gene introgression into wild genomes. Conservationists typically worry this introgression could lead to genetic homogenization of wild populations, over and above the central concern of transgene escape. Alternatively, viewing introgression as analogous to species invasion, we suggest that increased genetic diversity may likewise be an undesirable outcome.Methods:Here, we compare the sensitivity of conventional population genetic metrics with species diversity indices as indicators of the impact of gene flow on genetic diversity. We illustrate this novel approach using multilocus genotype data (12 allozyme loci) from 10 wild (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima) and eight putative crop–wild hybrid beet populations (B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris × B. vulgaris subsp. maritima) scattered throughout Europe.Results:Conventional population genetic metrics mostly failed to detect shifts in genetic composition of putative hybrid populations. By contrast, species diversity indices unambiguously revealed increased genetic diversity in putative hybrid populations.Discussion:We encourage other workers to explore the utility of our more sensitive approach for risk assessment prior to the release of transgenic crops, with a view toward widespread adoption of our method in studies aimed at detecting allelic invasion.
SHOCK BREAKOUT AND EARLY LIGHT CURVES OF TYPE II-P SUPERNOVAE OBSERVED WITH KEPLER
Authors: Garnavich P. M. , Tucker B. E. , Rest A. , Shaya E. J. , Olling R. P. , Kasen D , Villar A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We discovered two transient events in the Kepler field with light curves that strongly suggest they are type II-P supernovae (SNe II-P). Using the fast cadence of the Kepler observations we precisely estimate the rise time to maximum for KSN2011a and KSN2011d as 10.5 ± 0.4 and 13.3 ± 0.4 rest-frame days, respectively. Based on fits to idealized analytic models, we find the progenitor radius of KSN2011a (280 ± 20 R
⊙) to be significantly smaller than that for KSN2011d (490 ± 20 R
⊙), but both have similar explosion energies of 2.0 ± 0.3 × 1051 erg. The rising light curve of KSN2011d is an excellent match to that predicted by simple models of exploding red supergiants (RSG). However, the early rise of KSN2011a is faster than the models predict, possibly due to the supernova shock wave moving into pre-existing wind or mass-loss from the RSG. A mass-loss rate of 10−4
M
⊙ yr−1 from the RSG can explain the fast rise without impacting the optical flux at maximum light or the shape of the post-maximum light curve. No shock breakout emission is seen in KSN2011a, but this is likely due to the circumstellar interaction suspected in the fast rising light curve. The early light curve of KSN2011d does show excess emission consistent with model predictions of a shock breakout. This is the first optical detection of a shock breakout from a SNe II-P.
SIMULATION OF ENERGETIC PARTICLE TRANSPORT AND ACCELERATION AT SHOCK WAVES IN A FOCUSED TRANSPORT MODEL: IMPLICATIONS FOR MIXED SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS
Authors: Kartavykh Y. Y. , Dröge W. , Gedalin M. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We use numerical solutions of the focused transport equation obtained by an implicit stochastic differential equation scheme to study the evolution of the pitch-angle dependent distribution function of protons in the vicinity of shock waves. For a planar stationary parallel shock, the effects of anisotropic distribution functions, pitch-angle dependent spatial diffusion, and first-order Fermi acceleration at the shock are examined, including the timescales on which the energy spectrum approaches the predictions of diffusive shock acceleration theory. We then consider the case that a flare-accelerated population of ions is released close to the Sun simultaneously with a traveling interplanetary shock for which we assume a simplified geometry. We investigate the consequences of adiabatic focusing in the diverging magnetic field on the particle transport at the shock, and of the competing effects of acceleration at the shock and adiabatic energy losses in the expanding solar wind. We analyze the resulting intensities, anisotropies, and energy spectra as a function of time and find that our simulations can naturally reproduce the morphologies of so-called mixed particle events in which sometimes the prompt and sometimes the shock component is more prominent, by assuming parameter values which are typically observed for scattering mean free paths of ions in the inner heliosphere and energy spectra of the flare particles which are injected simultaneously with the release of the shock.