bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: EINE ALLGEMEINE MULTI‐KOHLENSTOFF‐HOMOLOGISIERUNG VON OLEFINEN UEBER HYDROBORIERUNG‐CARBONYLIERUNG
Authors: NEGISHI E. , BROWN H. C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDurch die Addition von Thexylboran (I) an zwei Olefine in sukzessiver Reaktion entstehen Trialkylborane (IV), deren Carbonylierung mit Kohlenmonoxid bei 70 at und 50°C bei nachfolgender Oxidation mit Wasserstoffperoxid in Gegenwart von Natriumacetat zu den Ketonen (V) in guten Ausbeuten führt.
ChemInform Abstract: OPTISCH AKTIVES DIPROPYLCYCLOPROPAN DURCH ENTHALOGENIERENDE CYCLISIERUNG VON OPTISCH AKTIVEM 4,6‐DIBROM‐NONAN
Authors: SCHLOSSER M. , FOUQUET G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNonan‐4,6‐dion (I) wird mit Natriumboranat zum Nonan‐4,6‐diol (IIa) reduziert, dessen DL‐Diastereomeres in Fonn des Lithiumsalzes (IIb) mit Phthalsäureanhydrid (III) zum Bis‐phthalsäurehalbester (IV) umgesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE DER ORTHOBENZOCHINONE 6. MITT. RK. PRIM. AROMATISCHER AMINE MIT ALKYLSUBSTITUIERTEN 1,2‐BENZOCHINONEN, VERDRAENGUNG VON ALKYLGRUPPEN IN 4‐ UND 5‐STELLUNG
Authors: HORSPOOL W. M. , SMITH P. I. , TEDDER J. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion des o‐chinons (I) mit p‐Anisidin (II) verläuft analog der Reaktion des unsubstituierten o‐Chinons und führt in Methanol zu dem Chinon (III), in Äther dagegen zu dem Chinonimin (IVb) als Hauptprodukt und dem Aminochinon (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. EINES DICHINOCYCLOBUTENS
Authors: HAUFF S. , RIEKER A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract4‐Phenyläthinyl‐2,6‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐phenol (I) liefert bei der Oxidation über (IIa) 6 (IIb) das Dimere (III), das weiter in das Cyclobuten (IV) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON PYRIDAZINCARBONSAEUREESTERN MIT 1‐DIAETHYLAMINOPROPIN
Authors: NEUNHOEFFER H. , WERNER G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBei der Umsetzung mit 1‐Diäthylamino‐propin (II) liefern die beiden Pyridazincarbonsäureester (I) und (V) die Addukte (III) bzw. (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOLYSE VON 5‐AMINO‐4‐CHLOR‐2‐PHENYL‐3(2H)‐PYRIDAZINON
Authors: ROSEN J. D. , SIEWIERSKI M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBeim Bestrahlen des Herbicids Pyrazon (I) mit einer 450 W‐Hanovia‐Lampe entstehen in wäßriger Lösung und auf der Silicagel‐Platte hauptsächlich polymere Produkte.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMIE VON BIOAKTIVEN VERBINDUNGEN, LOESUNGSPHASEN‐PHOTOCHEMIE VON SYMM. TRIAZINEN
Authors: PAPE B. E. , ZABIK M. J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie Bestrahlung von (I) bei 253,7 oder 300 nm führt in Methanol zu den Triazinen (II), (III) und (IV) und zu flüchtigen Schwefelverbindungen.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHIN‐DERIVATE VON ADAMANTAN
Authors: SHEPELEVA E. S. , SAMIN P. I. , OLEINIK D. M. , BAGRII E. I. , POLYAKOVA A. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBeim Einleiten von Sauerstoff in eine Lösung von Adamantan (I) in übeF schüssigem Phosphortrichlorid bei ‐5 ‐ 3°C bildet sich Adamantyl‐phosphonsäure‐dichlorid (III),das in siedendem Wasser zur Phosphonsäure (IV) verseift wird.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE ISOMERISIERUNG VON PHOSPHINIGSAEUREALKENYLESTERN ZU KETOPHOSPHINEN
Authors: NOVIKOVA Z. S. , GALITSKOVA N. P. , LUTSENKO I. F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDas Kaliumsalz des Diphenylphosphins (I) liefert mit Acetonyl‐quecksilber= Chlorid (IIa) bzw. 2‐Oxobutyl‐quecksilberchlorid (IIb) den Isopropenylester (IIIa) bzw. den α‐Äthylvinylester (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. VON NEUEN SUBSTITUIERTEN PHENOXAPHOSPHINSAEUREN, IHRE IR‐, UV‐ UND NMR‐SPEKTREN UND IHR ZERFALL IM MASSENSPEKTROMETER
Authors: LEVY J. B. , WHITEHEAD G. W. , GRANOTH I. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie Phenoxaphosphinoxide (II) werden aus den Äthem (I) nach Friede]‐Crafts mit anschließender Hydrolyse und Oxidation erhalten (26‐69% Ausbeute).
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON UEBERGANGSMETALL‐VERBINDUNGEN MIT MAKROCYCLISCHEN ALKADIINEN 1. MITT. INTRAMOLEKULARE TRANSANNULARE CYCLISIERUNGEN MIT CYCLOPENTADIENYLDICARBONYLKOBALT
Authors: KING R. B. , EFRATY A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie Alkadiine (I) reagieren mit den Cyclopentadienyl‐Co‐Komp1exen (II) in siedendem Octan bzw. Cyclooctan zu den tricyclischen Cyclobutadien‐Derivaten (III) in von der Größe der entstehenden Ringe abhängigen Ausbeuten (2 bis 86%).
ChemInform Abstract: NITRAT ALS LIGAND IN KOORDINATIONSVERBINDUNGEN DES NICKEL(II) MIT 2‐(AMINOAETHYL)‐PYRIDINEN
Authors: UHLIG EGON , UNGER EBERHARD 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDurch Umsetzung von Ni‐dinitrat mit den Pyridinliganden wurden die Komplexe (I)‐(III) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: KONFORM.‐UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN PALLADIUM(II)‐ UND PLATIN(II)‐KOMPLEXEN MIT CARBOXYLATOBRUECKEN
Authors: POWELL JOHN , JACK THOMAS 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie Stereochemie von 34 Komplexen (I) bzw. (II), deren Darstellung mit 50 bis 94 bzw. 82‐90% Ausbeute durch Reaktion der analogen Di‐u‐chloro‐Komplexe mit entsprechenden Ag‐Salzen erfolgte, wurde NMR‐spektroskopisch im Hinblick auf die nichtäquivalenten Methylgruppen der Phosphin‐ bzw. Arsinliganden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN AZOFARBSTOFFEN 9. MITT. AZOKUPPLUNG HETEROCYCLISCHER DIAZOVERBINDUNGEN
Authors: SAWAGUCHI H. , HASHIDA Y. , MATSUI K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Azokupplungsreaktion von 17 diazotierten heterocyclischen Aminen (I) mit R‐Säure (2‐Naphthol‐3,6‐disulfonsäure) (II) zu den Azofarbstoffen (III) wurden spektrophotometrisch ermittelt und aus den erhaltenen Werten die o‐Konstanten berechnet.
ChemInform Abstract: AMINOFORMYLIERUNG VON POLYENALDEHYDEN, ALKOXYALDEHYDEN UND ALKOXYACETALEN, SYNTH. HOEHERER POLYMETHINCYANINE
Authors: MAKIN S. M. , SHAVRYGINA O. A. , BEREZHNAYA M. I. , KIRILLOVA G. V. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDurch Aminoformylierung des Äthoxyhexenals (I) mit Dimethylformamid‐ POCl3 bei 40°C und alkalische Aufarbeitung des Reaktionsgemisches läßt sich das Dimethylaminoheptatrienal (II) darstellen; die Reaktion dieses Aminoaldehyds (II) mit den Aminen (III) in wäßrigem HCl bzw. in wäßriger Perchlorsäure liefert die Polymethincyanine (IV) (Ausbeute 40‐60%) (als Chloride bzw. Perchlorate).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 9‐EPI‐CHININ UND 9‐EPI‐CHINIDIN
Authors: GRETHE G. , GUTZWILLER J. , LEE H. L. , USKOKOVIC M. R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDer aus der Säure (Ia) erhaltene Ester (Ib) wird mit dem Li‐chinolin (II) zu dem Derivat (IIIa) kondensiert, das mit N‐Chlor‐diisopropylamin in Phosphorsäure die epimeren α‐Chlor‐ketone (IIIb) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE MEISENHEIMER‐UMWANDLUNG VON (+)‐NUPHARIDIN
Authors: LALONDE R. T. , WOOLEVER J. T. , AUER E. , WONG C. F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUmwandlungsreaktionen von (+)‐Nupharidin (II) zu (I) und (III) werden untersucht und diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. DER 2,5‐DIOLE VON A‐NOR‐5ALPHA‐ANDROSTAN‐17BETA‐OL UND A‐NOR‐5BETA‐ANDROSTAN‐17BETA‐OL
Authors: LABLER L. , TAMM CH. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie Synthese der vier epimeren Triole (I) wird beschrieben: Das A‐Norandrostenon (II) wird mit alkalischem H2O2 zu dem Epoxid (III) oxidiert, aus dem durch LiAlH4 ‐Reduktion in Äther und anschließende Benzoylierung mit Benzoylchlorid die epimeren Dibenzoate (IVa) und (IVb) entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: PHENYLESTER ALS C‐TERMINALE SCHUTZGRUPPEN BEI DER PEPTIDSYNTH.
Authors: KENNER G. W. , SEELY JOHN H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract"117 Als Beispiele werden die geschützte Sequenz 1 1‐16 von Calcitonin M (I) und das Heptapeptid (II) vom C‐Ende her nach bekannten Methoden aufgebaut.
ChemInform Abstract: LIPIDE, SYNTH. VON 1,2‐DIACYL‐SN‐GLYCERINEN AUS 2,5‐O‐METHYLEN‐D‐MANNIT
Authors: KABANOVA M. A. , SHVETS V. I. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDas durch Acylierung von 2,5‐O‐Methylen‐D‐mannit (I) mit Palmitinsäure‐ Chlorid in Pyridin bei O‐20°C dargestellte 1,6‐Di‐O‐palmitoyl‐Derivat (II) wird durch Spaltung mit Pb(IV)‐acetat in Äthylacetat bei 20°C und anschließende Na‐boranat‐Reduktion des entstehenden Dialdehyds im gleichen Lösungsmittel in das Diol (III) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUSAMMENGESETZTE LIPIDE, SYNTH. UND UNTERSUCHUNG VON CIS‐1‐O‐(HEXADECEN‐(1)‐YL)‐2‐STEAROYL‐SN‐GLYCERYL‐(3)‐(N,N‐DIMETHYL‐AMINOAETHYL)‐PHOSPHAT (PHOSPHATIDALDIMETHYLAETHANOLAMIN)
Authors: VTOROV I. B. , SEREBRENNIKOVA G. A. , EVSTIGNEEVA R. P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDurch Reaktion von cis‐1‐O‐[Hexadecen‐(1)‐yl]‐2‐stearoyl‐3‐brom‐3‐desoxy‐sn‐ glycerin mit dem Ag‐Salz von Phosphorsäuredibenzylester in siedendem Xylol wird das Glyceryldibenzylphosphat (I) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: EINE DIREKTE SYNTH. VON UNGESAETTIGTEN URACIL‐NUCLEOSIDEN AUS SILYLIERTEM URACIL UND TRIACETYLGLUCAL
Authors: KONDO T. , NAKAI H. , GOTO T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUnter der Einwirkung von Lewis‐Säuren kondensiert Bis‐(trimethylsi1yl)‐ uracil (I) mit Triacetylglucal (II) zu den ungesättigten Pyrimidin‐Nucleosiden (H1), (IV) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN UEBER DIE CHEMISCHE MODIFIZIERUNG DER ANTIBIOTICA AUS DER STREPTOTHRICIN‐GRUPPE 1. MITT. UEBER CITROMYCIN‐DERIVATE
Authors: TANIYAMA H. , SAWADA Y. , HASIMOTO K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCitromycin (I) wird durch Behandlung mit 3n‐Salzsäure, mit methanolischem Ammoniak und N‐Acetoxysuccinimid (IV) in die Derivate (II), (III) und (V) umgewandelt.
CD8+ T cells of Listeria monocytogenes‐infected mice recognize both linear and spliced proteasome products
Authors: Platteel Anouk C. M. , Mishto Michele , Textoris‐Taube Kathrin , Keller Christin , Liepe Juliane , Busch Dirk H. , Kloetzel Peter M. , Sijts Alice J. A. M. 
Published: February 2016

CD8+ T cells responding to infection recognize pathogen‐derived epitopes presented by MHC class‐I molecules. While most of such epitopes are generated by proteasome‐mediated antigen cleavage, analysis of tumor antigen processing has revealed that epitopes may also derive from proteasome‐catalyzed peptide splicing (PCPS). To determine whether PCPS contributes to epitope processing during infection, we analyzed the fragments produced by purified proteasomes from a Listeria monocytogenes polypeptide. Mass spectrometry identified a known H‐2Kb‐presented linear epitope (LLO296‐304) in the digests, as well as four spliced peptides that were trimmed by ERAP into peptides with in silico predicted H‐2Kb binding affinity. These spliced peptides, which displayed sequence similarity with LLO296‐304, bound to H‐2Kb molecules in cellular assays and one of the peptides was recognized by CD8+ T cells of infected mice. This spliced epitope differed by one amino acid from LLO296‐304 and double staining with LLO296‐304‐ and spliced peptide‐folded MHC multimers showed that LLO296‐304 and its spliced variant were recognized by the same CD8+ T cells. Thus, PCPS multiplies the variety of peptides that is processed from an antigen and leads to the production of epitope variants that can be recognized by cross‐reacting pathogen‐specific CD8+ T cells. Such mechanism may reduce the chances for pathogen immune evasion.
Serrated needle design facilitates precise round window membrane perforation
Authors: Stevens James P. , Watanabe Hirobumi , Kysar Jeffrey W. , Lalwani Anil K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe round window membrane (RWM) has become the preferred route, over cochleostomy, for the introduction of cochlear implant electrodes as it minimizes inner ear trauma. However, in the absence of a tool designed for creating precise perforation, current practices lead to tearing of the RWM and significant intracochlear pressure fluctuations. On the basis of RWM mechanical properties, we have designed a multi‐serrated needle to create consistent holes without membrane tearing or damaging inner ear structures. Four and eight‐serrated needles were designed and produced with wire electrical discharge machining (EDM). The needle's ability to create RWM perforations was tested in deidentified, commercially acquired temporal bones with the assistance of a micromanipulator. Subsequently, specimens were imaged under light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The needles created consistent, appropriately sized holes in the membrane with minimal tearing. While a four‐serrated crown needle made rectangular/trapezoid perforations, the octagonal crown formed smooth oval holes within the membrane. Though designed for single use, the needle tolerated repeated use without significant damage. The serrated needles formed precise perforations in the RWM while minimizing damage during cochlear implantation. The octagonal needle design created the preferred oval perforation better than the quad needle. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1633–1637, 2016.
Drought prediction over the East Asian monsoon region using the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system and the global sea surface temperature anomalies
Authors: Awan Jehangir Ashraf , Bae Deg‐Hyo 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPrediction of droughts has a great importance in the management and planning of water resources. This study developed an adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based model for prediction of droughts, and evaluated its applicability in the seven homogeneous rainfall zones of the East Asian monsoon region (20°–50°N, 103°–149°E). Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to characterize the drought events. SPI series were computed for each zone using a 30‐year (1978–2007) gridded rainfall dataset (0.5° grid resolution) at the corresponding grid points. The influence of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) on droughts was assessed using a lagged‐correlation between global gridded SSTA (0.2° grid resolution) and the SPI of each zone. SSTA were used as a potential predictor variable based on the premise that the land‐sea thermal contrast is a major driver of the monsoon. The model was trained and validated using a 25‐year (1978–2002) dataset, with different configurations to obtain the optimum model structure and a set of suitable predictors. The performance of the model was demonstrated by comparing the model simulated results with the observed drought index and drought categories using a 5‐year (2003–2007) independent checking dataset. The model predicted the drought categories accurately for 50 to 70% cases in checking period for different zones. The results showed the viability of the proposed model for drought prediction with substantial enhancement in accuracy when past SSTA were used as a predictor compared with the use of only past SPI data.
RNA‐seq analysis of clinical‐grade osteochondral allografts reveals activation of early response genes
Authors: Lin Yang , Lewallen Eric A. , Camilleri Emily T. , Bonin Carolina A. , Jones Dakota L. , Dudakovic Amel , Galeano‐Garces Catalina , Wang Wei , Karperien Marcel J. , Larson Annalise N. , Dahm Diane L. , Stuart Michael J. , Levy Bruce A. , Smith Jay , Ryssman Daniel B. , Westendorf Jennifer J. , Im Hee‐Jeong , van Wijnen Andre J. , Riester Scott M. , Krych Aaron J. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPreservation of osteochondral allografts used for transplantation is critical to ensure favorable outcomes for patients after surgical treatment of cartilage defects. To study the biological effects of protocols currently used for cartilage storage, we investigated differences in gene expression between stored allograft cartilage and fresh cartilage from living donors using high throughput molecular screening strategies. We applied next generation RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) and real‐time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) to assess genome‐wide differences in mRNA expression between stored allograft cartilage and fresh cartilage tissue from living donors. Gene ontology analysis was used to characterize biological pathways associated with differentially expressed genes. Our studies establish reduced levels of mRNAs encoding cartilage related extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (i.e., COL1A1, COL2A1, COL10A1, ACAN, DCN, HAPLN1, TNC, and COMP) in stored cartilage. These changes occur concomitantly with increased expression of “early response genes” that encode transcription factors mediating stress/cytoprotective responses (i.e., EGR1, EGR2, EGR3, MYC, FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, JUN, JUNB, and JUND). The elevated expression of “early response genes” and reduced levels of ECM‐related mRNAs in stored cartilage allografts suggests that tissue viability may be maintained by a cytoprotective program that reduces cell metabolic activity. These findings have potential implications for future studies focused on quality assessment and clinical optimization of osteochondral allografts used for cartilage transplantation. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1950–1959, 2016.
Assessing the production and economic benefits from preventing cows grazing on wet soils in New Zealand
Authors: Laurenson Seth , Houlbrooke David J , Beukes Pierre C 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDIntensive grazing by cattle on wet pasture can have a negative effect on soil physical quality and future pasture production. On a North Otago dairy farm in New Zealand, experimental plots were monitored for four years to assess whether preventing cow grazing of wet pastures during the milking season would improve soil structure and pasture production compared with unrestricted access to pastures. The DairyNZ Whole Farm Model was used to scale up results to a farm system level and ascertain the cost benefit of deferred grazing management.RESULTSSoils under deferred grazing management had significantly higher total porosity, yet no significant improvement in macroporosity (values ranging between 0.112 and 0.146 m3 m−3). Annual pasture production did not differ between the control and deferred grazing treatments, averaging 17.0 ± 3.8 and 17.9 ± 4.1 t DM ha−1 year−1 respectively (P > 0.05). Furthermore, whole farm modelling indicated that farm operating profit was reduced by NZ$1683 ha−1 year−1 (four‐year average) under deferred grazing management.CONCLUSIONDeferring dairy cow grazing from wet Pallic soils in North Otago was effective in improving soil structure (measured as total soil porosity), yet did not lead to a significant increase in pasture production. Whole farm modelling indicated no economic benefit of removing cows from wet soils during the milking season. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Modeling repetitive, non‐globular proteins
Authors: Basu Koli , Campbell Robert L. , Guo Shuaiqi , Sun Tianjun , Davies Peter L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWhile ab initio modeling of protein structures is not routine, certain types of proteins are more straightforward to model than others. Proteins with short repetitive sequences typically exhibit repetitive structures. These repetitive sequences can be more amenable to modeling if some information is known about the predominant secondary structure or other key features of the protein sequence. We have successfully built models of a number of repetitive structures with novel folds using knowledge of the consensus sequence within the sequence repeat and an understanding of the likely secondary structures that these may adopt. Our methods for achieving this success are reviewed here.
A 3‐D hand gesture signature based biometric authentication system for smartphones
Authors: Sun Ziwen , Wang Yao , Qu Gang , Zhou Zhiping 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe authentication mechanism being equipped in most of the smartphones, by detecting a 4‐digit password or a simple pattern, are easy to be hacked and impersonated. In this paper, a 3‐D hand gesture signature (HGS) based biometric authentication system is designed and implemented by taking advantage of the on‐phone accelerometer to capture the 3‐D acceleration information when user makes a gesture to gain access to the phone. The captured data will be processed through a sequence of signal processing such as data smooth, gesture spotting, sequence alignment, and interpolation, and then a match rule will be used to compare the processed data and the genuine user's registered pattern to determine whether granting the access to the phone to the user. And an automatic template updating strategy based on cluster analysis is proposed to improve the stability of the system. The 3‐D HGS authentication system has been implemented on real smartphones, and the results tested for a total of 76 520 times by 19 users show very low false acceptance (0.27%) and false rejection rates (4.65%). Furthermore, comparison tests have been carried out among the 3‐D HGS and two similar authentication systems by exporting the real gesture samples from the phones to a desktop PC, the simulation results reveal the 3‐D HGS system has the best authentication accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FFSc: a novel measure for low‐rate and high‐rate DDoS attack detection using multivariate data analysis
Authors: Hoque Nazrul , Bhattacharyya Dhruba K. , Kalita Jugal K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a major security threat for networks and Internet services. Attackers can generate attack traffic similar to normal network traffic using sophisticated attacking tools. In such a situation, many intrusion detection systems fail to identify DDoS attack in real time. However, DDoS attack traffic behaves differently from legitimate network traffic in terms of traffic features. Statistical properties of various features can be analyzed to distinguish the attack traffic from legitimate traffic. In this paper, we introduce a statistical measure called Feature Feature score for multivariate data analysis to distinguish DDoS attack traffic from normal traffic. We extract three basic parameters of network traffic, namely, entropy of source IPs, variation of source IPs, and packet rate to analyze the behavior of network traffic for attack detection. The method is validated using CAIDA DDoS 2007 and MIT DARPA datasets. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atopic dermatitis and the intestinal microbiota in humans and dogs
Authors: Craig J. Mark 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe prevalence of human and canine allergic diseases is commonly perceived to be increasing. Suggested predisposing factors in people and dogs include increased allergen load, increased exposure to pollutants, reduced family size, reduced microbial load and less exposure to infection at a young age, increasingly urbanised environment, and changes in dietary habits. Genetic make‐up may provide a template for phenotypic predisposition which is strongly influenced by our diet and environment leading to constant regulation of gene expression. One way in which diet can alter gene expression is via its effects on the gut flora or microbiota, the collection of microbes residing in the gastrointestinal tract. The resident microbiota is important in maintaining structural and functional integrity of the gut and in immune system regulation. It is an important driver of host immunity, helps protect against invading enteropathogens, and provides nutritional benefits to the host. Disruption of the microbiota (dysbiosis) may lead to severe health problems, both in the gastrointestinal tract and extra‐intestinal organ systems. The precise mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota exerts its effects are only beginning to be unravelled but research is demonstrating close links between gut microflora and many factors involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). AD and indeed any other ‘skin disease’, may be seen as a possible manifestation of a more systemic problem involving gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, which may occur even in the absence of gastrointestinal signs. Manipulation of the canine intestinal microbiota as a method for modifying atopy, may be attempted in many ways including avoidance of certain foods, supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, optimising nutrient intake, minimising stress, antimicrobial therapy, correction and prevention of low stomach acid, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).