bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation during pod wall
development of white lupin genotypes differing in
proportion of pod walls
Authors: LAGUNES-ESPINOZA L. C. , HUYGHE C. , PAPINEAU J. , SHIELD I. 
Published: July 2002

Pods of white lupin are characterized by a high proportion of pod walls in the pod mass at maturity.
Genotypic variation in pod wall thickness at maturity and in proportion of pod walls has been
described in this species. The objective of this study was to describe the pod and seed development
in two ecotypes and one cultivar of spring-sown white lupin differing in proportion of pod walls, and
to estimate the precise stage of development when the differences in pod wall dry matter among
genotypes are first observed. The nitrogen content was also determined during the pod development
of three genotypes. LA356, E084 and Lublanc were grown in the field in the UK and France in 1998
and 1999. The duration of pod and seed development was similar among genotypes and environmental
conditions. Proportion of pod walls by dry weight at maturity were 0·21–0·23 for LA356, 0·27–0·28
for E084 and 0·30 for Lublanc. The ecotype with the lowest proportion of pod walls accumulated less
dry matter in the pod walls than those with the highest proportion.Variation in pod wall dry matter per seed between genotypes was observed early during the pod
development (300°C days from flowering) and it was maintained during all pod development. No
significant differences were observed for the total nitrogen content at maturity among genotypes with
high and low proportion of pod walls.
Newman, the Tractarians and the British Critic
Authors: SKINNER S. A. 
Published: July 2002

We state as a fact, which we have received, on what we deem
undoubted authority, that the Puseyite party have bought up the
BRITISH CRITIC, which publication accordingly will from henceforth
be dedicated to the promulgation of their principles: The Record,
1 Jan. 1838This article focuses on the Tractarian takeover and subsequent
control of the British Critic, a politically and theologically
conservative quarterly periodical, between 1838 and 1843. In
doing so it claims several justifications. Firstly, and primarily, it seeks to
demonstrate the importance of the Critic within first-generation Tractarianism
and therefore to rehabilitate an extensive periodical journalism
as a vital yet neglected source for historians of the movement. Though
various Tractarians such as Richard Hurrell Froude, John Henry
Newman, John Keble and Edward Bouverie Pusey had all written for the
British Magazine and William Sewell regularly for the Quarterly Review in
the early 1830s, it was the Critic which came to serve as the principal
medium for the movement's commentary. Historians' neglect of this
commentary, it is suggested, has had important consequences in terms of
our understanding of Tractarianism, for it has served to marginalise
certain aspects of the movement's early thought – in particular the social
criticism which was a consistent feature of the Critic's pages.
Flow about a circular cylinder between parallel walls
Authors: ZOVATTO LUIGINO , PEDRIZZETTI GIANNI 
Published: July 2002

The flow about a body placed inside a channel differs from its unbounded counterpart
because of the effects of wall confinement, shear in the incoming velocity profile, and
separation of vorticity from the channel walls. The case of a circular cylinder placed
between two parallel walls is here studied numerically with a finite element method
based on the vorticity–streamfunction formulation for values of the Reynolds number
consistent with a two-dimensional assumption.The transition from steady flow to a periodic vortex shedding regime has been
analysed: transition is delayed as the body approaches one wall because the interaction
between the cylinder wake and the wall boundary layer vorticity constrains the
separating shear layer, reducing its oscillations. The results confirm previous observations
of the inhibition of vortex shedding for a body placed near one wall. The
unsteady vortex shedding regime changes, from a pattern similar to the von Kármán
street (with some differences) when the body is in about the centre of the channel, to
a single row of same-sign vortices as the body approaches one wall. The separated
vortex dynamics leading to this topological modification is presented.The mean drag coefficients, once they have been normalized properly, are comparable
when the cylinder is placed at different distances from one wall, down to
gaps less than one cylinder diameter. At smaller gaps the body behaves similarly to
a surface-mounted obstacle. The lift force is given by a repulsive component plus an
attractive one. The former, well known from literature, is given by the deviation of
the wake behind the body. Evidence of the latter, which is a consequence of the shear
in front of the body, is given.
Edge, cavity and aperture tones at very low Mach numbers
Authors: HOWE M. S. 
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses self-sustaining oscillations of

high-Reynolds-number shear layers and jets incident on edges and

corners at infinitesimal Mach number. These oscillations are

frequently sources of narrow-band sound, and are usually attributed

to the formation of discrete vortices whose interactions with the

edge or corner produce impulsive pressures that lead to the formation

of new vorticity and complete a feedback cycle of operation.

Linearized analyses of these interactions are presented in which free

shear layers are modelled by vortex sheets. Detailed results are

given for shear flows over rectangular wall apertures and shallow

cavities, and for the classical jet–edge interaction. The

operating stages of self-sustained oscillations are identified with

poles in the upper half of the complex frequency plane of a certain

impulse response function. It is argued that the real parts of these

poles determine the Strouhal numbers of the operating stages observed

experimentally for the real, nonlinear system. The response function

coincides with the Rayleigh conductivity of the ‘window’

spanned by the shear flow for wall apertures and jet–edge

interactions, and to a frequency dependent drag coefficient for

shallow wall cavities. When the interaction occurs in the

neighbourhood of an acoustic resonator, exemplified by the flue organ

pipe, the poles are augmented by a sequence of poles whose real parts

are close to the resonance frequencies of the resonator, and the

resonator can ‘speak’ at one of these frequencies (by

extracting energy from the mean flow) provided the corresponding pole

has positive imaginary part.The Strouhal numbers predicted by this theory for a shallow wall

cavity agree well with data extrapolated to zero Mach number from

measurements in air, and predictions for the jet–edge

interaction are in excellent accord with data from various sources in

the literature. In the latter case, the linear theory also agrees for

all operating stages with an empirical, nonlinear model that takes

account of the formation of discrete vortices in the jet.
High-velocity flow in a rough fracture
Authors: SKJETNE E. , HANSEN A. , GUDMUNDSSON J. S. 
Published: July 2002

We simulate high-velocity flow in a self-affine channel with a
constant perpendicular
opening by solving numerically the Navier–Stokes equations, and analyse
the resulting
flow qualitatively and quantitatively. At low velocity, i.e. vanishing
inertia, the effective
permeability is dominated by the narrowest constrictions measured perpendicular
to
the local flow direction and the flow field tends to fill the channel due
to the diffusion
generated by the viscous term in the Stokes equation. At high velocity
(strong inertia),
the high-velocity zones of the flow field resemble a narrow tube of essentially
constant
thickness in the direction of flow, since the transversal diffusion is
weak compared to
the longitudinal convection. The thickness of the flow tube decreases with
Reynolds
number. This narrowing in combination with mass balance results in an average

velocity in the flow tube which increases faster with Reynolds number than
the
average velocity in the fracture. In the low-velocity zones, recirculation
zones appear
and the pressure is almost constant.The flow tube consists of straight sections. This is due to inertia.
The local curvature
of the main stream reflects the flow-tube/channel-wall interaction.
A boundary layer
is formed where the curvature is large. This boundary layer is highly dissipative
and
governs the large pressure loss (inertial resistance) of the medium. Quantitatively,

vanishing, weak and strong inertial flow regimes can be described by the
Darcy, weak
inertia and Forchheimer flow equations, respectively. We observe a cross-over
flow
regime from the weak to strong inertia, which extends over a relatively
large range
of Reynolds numbers.
Rethinking the Legacy of the Liberal
State in Latin America: The cases of
Argentina (1853–1916) and Mexico
(1857–1910)
Authors: NEGRETTO GABRIEL L. , AGUILAR RIVERA JOSÉ ANTONIO 
Published: July 2002

The predominant interpretation of nineteenth century Latin America is
to see the failure of constitutional democracy in the region in terms of the
inability of liberal elites to break with an authoritarian past. Against these views,
we argue that the divorce between liberalism and democracy in Latin America
was the unintended outcome of the institutions created by the liberal elite in
response to the problems of territorial fragmentation and factional conflict that
emerged after the fall of the Spanish empire. Using the cases of Argentina and
Mexico, we support this proposition by focusing on the creation of a centralised
form of government and a system of electoral control by the ruling elites as the
main factors that through time prevented the evolution of the liberal regime into
a competitive democracy.There is no good faith in America, nor among the nations of America. Treaties
are scraps of paper; constitutions, printed matter; elections, battles; freedom,
anarchy; and life, a torment.Simón Bolívar
Social Capital: Promise and Pitfalls of its Role in Development
Authors: PORTES ALEJANDRO , LANDOLT PATRICIA 
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this commentary is threefold. First, to review the origins
and definitions of the concept of social capital as it has developed in the
recent literature. Second, to examine the limitations of this concept when
interpreted as a causal force able to transform communities and nations.
Third, to present several relevant examples from the recent empirical
literature on Latin American urbanisation and migration. These examples
point to the significance of social networks and community monitoring in
the viability of grass-roots economic initiatives and the simultaneous
difficulty of institutionalising such forces.Current interest in the concept of social capital in the field of national
development stems from the limitations of an exclusively economic
approach toward the achievement of the basic developmental goals:
sustained growth, equity, and democracy. The record of application of
neoliberal adjustment policies in less developed nations is decidedly
mixed, even when evaluated by strict economic criteria. Orthodox
adjustment policies have led to low inflation and sustained growth in some
countries, while in others they have failed spectacularly, leading to
currency crises, devaluations, and political instability. The ‘one-size-fits-
all’ package of economic policies foisted by the International Monetary
Fund and the US Treasury on countries at very different levels of
development have led to a series of contradictory outcomes that orthodox
economic theory itself is incapable of explaining.
Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America, especially Mexico
Authors: KNIGHT ALAN 
Published: July 2002

‘In all matters of importance, style and not content
is the
important thing’: Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest.Populism is a concept which, despite repeated critiques, refuses to

disappear from Latin American studies. This article reviews some of the

literature, suggesting that populism is best defined in terms of a
particular
political style, characteristically involving a proclaimed
rapport with ‘the people’,
a ‘them-and-us’ mentality, and (often, though not necessarily)
a period of crisis
and mobilisation; none of which makes it exceptional, abnormal, ‘unmediated’

or irrational. Mexican – among other – examples are invoked.
The article
questions some received opinions: that populism is typically urban, relates
to
particular historical stages of development, or distinctively derives from
either
multi-class alliances or elite manipulation. It also queries the fashionable
notion
of ‘economic populism’. Finally, the article notes the recent
phenomenon of
‘neo-populism’, embodied by Salinas, Menem, Fujimori, etc.,
which a suitably
loose (‘stylistic’) definition can usefully accommodate,
thus suggesting the
continued, if limited, utility of the concept.
The Well-being Questionnaire: evidence for a three-factor structure with 12 items (W-BQ12)
Authors: POUWER F. , SNOEK F. J. , VAN DER PLOEG H. M. , ADÈR H. J. , HEINE R. J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The Well-being Questionnaire (W-BQ) has been designed to measure psychological
well-being in people with a chronic somatic illness and is recommended by the World Health
Organization for widespread use. However, studies into the factor structure of this instrument are
still limited and their findings are inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the factor structure
of the Dutch version of the W-BQ.Methods. A cross-validation design was used. A total of 1472 people with diabetes completed the
W-BQ and were randomly assigned to group A or B. In group A (N = 736), exploratory factor
analyses were conducted. Group B (N = 736) was split up into four subgroups of male or female
patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. In these subgroups, confirmatory factor analyses were
employed to test the model(s) developed in group A and the two models described in the literature
(four-factor model with 22 items and a three-factor model with 12 items).Results. Exploratory factor analyses yielded a three-factor model with 21 items (negative well-being,
energy and positive well-being). In the subgroups of group B confirmatory factor analyses only
accepted the three-factor model with 12 items. This factor solution was stable across gender, type
of diabetes and level of education.Conclusions. The best description of the factor structure of the Dutch translation of the W-BQ was
given by a three-factor solution with 12 items (W-BQ12), measuring positive well-being (four items),
negative well-being (four items) and energy (four items).
Suicides and serious suicide attempts: two populations or one?
Authors: L. BEAUTRAIS ANNETTE 
Published: July 2002

Background. Few studies have examined the extent to which populations of suicides and attempted suicides are similar, or different. This paper compares suicides and serious suicide attempts in terms of known risk factors for suicidal behaviour.Methods. Using case–control methodology, risk factors for suicidal behaviour were examined in 202 individuals who died by suicide, 275 individuals who made medically serious suicide attempts and 984 randomly selected control subjects. Based on data from significant others, measures used spanned sociodemographic factors, childhood experiences, psychiatric morbidity and psychiatric history, exposure to recent stressful life events and social interaction.Results. Multiple logistic regression identified the following risk factors that were common to suicide and serious suicide attempts: current mood disorder; previous suicide attempts; prior out-patient psychiatric treatment; admission to psychiatric hospital within the previous year; low income; a lack of formal educational qualifications; exposure to recent stressful interpersonal, legal and work-related life events. Suicides and suicide attempts were distinguished in the following ways: suicides were more likely to be male (OR = 1·9, 95% CI 1·1, 3·2); older (OR = 1·03, 95% CI 1·02, 1·04); and to have a current diagnosis of non-affective psychosis (OR = 8·5, 95% CI 2·0, 35·9). Suicide attempts were more likely than suicides to have a current diagnosis of anxiety disorder (OR = 3·5, 95% CI 1·6, 7·8) and to be socially isolated (OR = 2·0, 95% CI 1·2, 3·5). These findings were confirmed by discriminant function analysis, which identified two functions that described the three subject groups: the first function discriminated the two suicide groups from control subjects on a dimension corresponding to risk factors for suicide; the second function discriminated suicide from suicide attempt subjects on a series of factors including gender, non-affective psychosis and anxiety disorder.Conclusions. Suicides and medically serious suicide attempts are two overlapping populations that share common psychiatric diagnostic and history features, but are distinguished by gender and patterning of psychiatric disorder.
One session cognitive behavioural therapy for elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: KUNIK M. E. , BRAUN U. , STANLEY M. A. , WRISTERS K. , MOLINARI V. , STOEBNER D. , ORENGO C. A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. We hypothesized that compared to an educational intervention, a single 2 h session of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), with 6-week follow-up, would reduce anxiety and depression, improve physical and mental functioning, and lead to a better quality of life and greater satisfaction with treatment in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods. Fifty-six subjects were recruited from a large, urban, academically affiliated Veterans Affairs (VA) Hospital, a non-profit private hospital, and a local newspaper, for a single blind randomized controlled clinical trial. One 2 h session of group CBT was designed to reduce symptoms of anxiety, with specific components including relaxation training, cognitive interventions, and graduated practice, followed by homework and weekly calls for 6 weeks. This was compared to a group that received 2 h of COPD education, followed by weekly calls. Pre- and post-intervention subjects in both groups were administered SF-36, Geriatric Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, 6 min walk test, and the FEV-1. Following the intervention, both groups completed the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire.Results. When compared with a group that received education about COPD, 2 h CBT group showed decreased depression and anxiety. Contrary to our hypothesis, despite the decrease in depression and anxiety, there was no change in the physical functioning of the patients.Conclusions. Twenty to 40 % of patients with COPD have high levels of anxiety and depression. Our study finds that as little as 2 h of CBT administered in a group setting is able to reduce these anxious and depressive symptoms.
The influence of the economic and social environment on deliberate self-harm and suicide: an ecological and person-based study
Authors: HAWTON K. , HARRISS L. , HODDER K. , SIMKIN S. , GUNNELL D. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Geographic variations in the incidence of deliberate self-harm (DSH) and suicide have been shown to be associated with area-based measures of socio-economic deprivation and social fragmentation. Previous studies have been subject to methodological limitations. None has investigated whether ecological associations are reflected in characteristics of individuals involved in suicidal behaviour.Methods. DSH patients presenting to a general hospital between 1985 and 1995 and suicides (including open verdicts) from the same catchment area were studied. Mean annual rates of DSH and suicide by gender were calculated for electoral wards. The wards were amalgamated into 20 groups according to their ranking for socio-economic deprivation (Townsend) and social fragmentation scores. Associations of these variables with DSH and suicide rates were investigated. Characteristics of DSH patients living in ward groups with the highest and lowest socio-economic deprivation and social fragmentation scores were compared.Results. Socio-economic deprivation was associated with DSH rates among males (r = 0·89) and females (r = 0·87). After controlling for social fragmentation the associations remained relatively strong, particularly in young males. Associations with social fragmentation in both genders (males, r = 0·83; females, r = 0·86) were attenuated after controlling for socio-economic deprivation. For suicide, the only significant association was with socio-economic deprivation in males (r = 0·79), but this was attenuated after controlling for social fragmentation. The characteristics of individual DSH patients reflected those of the areas where they lived.Conclusions. Reducing socio-economic deprivation and its associated problems may be an important strategy in the prevention of suicidal behaviour, especially in young men.
Medical findings and predictors of long-term physical outcome in
anorexia nervosa: a prospective, 12-year follow-up study
Authors: HERZOG W. , DETER H.-C. , FIEHN W. , PETZOLD E. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) run a
high risk of becoming chronically ill and of dying. In the acute phase
of their illness they present with numerous physical and laboratory
abnormalities. However, little is known about the long-term prognostic
value of these findings or about the medical morbidity in large
samples of consecutively treated patients in the long-term.Methods. We evaluated 84 consecutive female patients with
AN who were studied again an average of 11·9 years later. The
ability of some of the laboratory data obtained at the initial
examination to predict a fatal or chronic course was analysed by
discriminant and multiple regression analyses.Results. Abnormally low serum albumin levels ([les ] 36
g/l) and a low weight ([les ] 60% of average body weight) at the
initial examination were variables best able to predict a lethal
course. In addition, high serum creatinine and uric acid levels
predicted a chronic course. Most of the initial abnormal laboratory
findings were reversible with a normal food intake. At a 12-year
follow-up 67% of the chronic anorexic patients and 27% of those in the
good/intermediate outcome group (compared to 8% morbidity in
normal controls) presented with medical co-morbidity, in particular
osteoporosis and renal disease. The standardized mortality ratio was
9·6.Conclusions. Laboratory findings obtained at the initial
examination may be helpful in predicting a fatal or chronic course of
AN. An evaluation of the long-term outcome of eating disorders should
include an assessment of the medical co-morbidity.
Can positive affect items be used to assess depressive

disorders in the Japanese population?
Authors: IWATA N. , UMESUE M. , EGASHIRA K. , HIRO H. , MIZOUE T. , MISHIMA N. , NAGATA S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The purpose of the present study was to examine

the measurement properties of

positive affect items among the Japanese population.Methods. Responses to the Japanese version of the Center for

Epidemiologic Studies Depression

Scale and four additional negatively revised items of the original

positive affect items were

compared for 85 Japanese psychiatric out-patients with

dysphoric-mood-related symptoms and 255

demographically matched controls.Results. Responses to positive affect items were generally

comparable between the two groups,

whereas responses to negative symptom items were markedly different

(P<0·002 for all

comparisons). The group difference was most marked for symptom

persistence. Responses to the

four negatively revised items of positive affect revealed a similar

picture to that of the negative

symptom items. The internal consistency of the scale significantly

improved when the original

positive affect items were replaced by the negatively revised items

(P<0·001 for both).Conclusions. Positive affect items with positive wording

cannot be used to assess depressive

disorders in the Japanese population adequately, but this can be done

with the corresponding negatively revised items.