bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A homozygous point mutation in the GH1 promoter (c.-223C>T) leads to reduced GH1 expression in siblings with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD)
Authors: Madeira João L O , Jorge Alexander A L , Martin Regina M , Montenegro Luciana R , Franca Marcela M , Costalonga Everlayny F , Correa Fernanda A , Otto Aline P , Arnhold Ivo J P , Freitas Helayne S , Machado Ubiratan F , Mendonca Berenice B , Carvalho Luciani R 
Published: June 2016

ContextMutations in theGH1promoter are a rare cause of isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD).ObjectiveTo identify the molecular aetiology of a family with IGHD.DesignDNA sequencing, electromobility shift (EMSA) and luciferase reporter assays.SettingUniversity Hospital.PatientsThree siblings (2M) born to consanguineous parents presented with IGHD with normal pituitary on MRI.MethodsTheGH1proximal promoter, locus control region, five exons and four introns as well asGHRHRgene were sequenced in genomic DNA by Sanger method. DNA–protein interaction was evaluated by EMSA in nuclear extracts of GH3 pituitary cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed in cells transiently transfected with plasmids containing four different combinations ofGH1allelic variants (AV).ResultsThe patients harboured two homozygous variants (c.-185T>C and c.-223C>T) in theGH1promoter within a highly conserved region and predicted binding sites for POU1F1/SP1 and SP1 respectively. The parents and brother were carriers and these variants were absent in 100 controls. EMSA demonstrated absent binding of GH3 nuclear extract to the c.-223C>T variant and normal binding of both POU1F1 protein and GH3 nuclear extract to the c.-185T>C variant. In contrast toGH1promoter with AV only at c.-185, theGH1promoter containing the AV only at c.-223 and at both positions drove significantly less expression of luciferase compared with the promoter containing either positions wild type in luciferase reporter assays.ConclusionTo our knowledge, c.-223C>T is the first homozygous point mutation in theGH1promoter that leads to short stature due to IGHD.
Ordenação dos advérbios em -mente na Gazeta de Lisboa (séculos XVIII e XIX)
Authors: Fontes Susana 
Published: June 2016

O início da centúria setecentista ficou marcado pelo surgimento do primeiro periódico oficial português, a Gazeta de Lisboa, em 1715, que se constitui como um marco decisivo na nossa história. Um século volvido, Portugal continua a dispor deste importante órgão de informação, o que nos permitiu constituir um corpus de trabalho com cerca de um milhão de palavras, representativo do estado da língua durante estes dois séculos (XVIII e XIX). Neste artigo, auxiliados por ferramentas de linguística computacional (programas de análise automática de texto), pretendemos analisar os advérbios terminados em –mente presentes no texto e proceder à análise das diferentes posições ocupadas por este grupo de advérbios na frase, para podermos verificar se houve alguma mudança significativa neste percurso e de que forma a predominância de uma determinada posição poderá ter condicionado o próprio valor do advérbio. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Using the Tuning Methodology to design the founding benchmark competences for a new academic professional field: the case of Advanced Rehabilitation Technologies
Authors: Hughes Ann-Marie , Freeman Chris , Banks Tom , Savelberg Hans , Gobbi Mary 
Published: June 2016

Designing innovative high quality educational programmes to meet the workforce needs in emerging interdisciplinary areas of practice can present challenges to academics, students, employers and industrial partners. This paper demonstrates how the Tuning Process successfully helped to construct benchmark learning outcomes and competences in the area of healthcare practice where advanced technologies are used to improve movement namely Rehabilitation Technologies (RTs). The paper also discusses the engagement of patients, carers and carer organisations within the development of competences. Due to changing demographics, limited resources and the availability of technology, rehabilitation technologies are starting to be used for the assessment and treatment of patients. However there are currently no European transnational Bachelor or Master programmes targeted at educating people for the design, development, use and evaluation of these technologies. The contemporary field is predominantly staffed and resourced by engineering scientists and clinicians who were primarily educated in their primary discipline. The first generations of rehabilitation technologists have established this specialist field through invention, perseverance, and collaborative working. However, there is now a recognition that new and complementary skill sets are required by future graduates, whether engineering scientists or clinicians, so as to better meet the needs of clients and the employment market whether in the domains of industry, research, academia or clinical practice. This project demonstrates how a group of European specialist rehabilitation technologists, supported by educationalists, collaborated to identify and develop the core competences and learning outcomes required by future Master’s (second cycle) graduates in this new discipline. Building on the work of the Tuning Process and applying the principles embedded in the Bologna Process, future employability needs are determined through an imaginative, technological and cost conscious entrepreneurial approach to education.
Published online: 01 June 2016
Increasing PhD students’ employability by focusing on the academic entrepreneurship. The analysis of the entrepreneurial competences
Authors: Hodzic Sabina 
Published: June 2016

The aim of the present study was to explore the perspective for entrepreneurship among PhD students coming from variety of disciplines. More precisely, to identify the most important entrepreneurial competences for succeeding in the entrepreneurial venture, to explore whether these competences are being developed during the 3rd cycle studies, and to explore the entrepreneurial intentions of the future doctors. In order to choose the most important entrepreneurial competences, individual semi-structured interviews with ten entrepreneurs from different fields were conducted. In addition, the importance of each competence was evaluated in form of the questionnaire, by seventeen entrepreneurs. After the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the interviews and the questionnaire, 20 competences were selected as the most important entrepreneurial competences. These 20 competences were then evaluated by 50 PhD students from different fields of study. They evaluated the importance of each entrepreneurial competence, the level of its development during their PhD studies, and indicated their entrepreneurial intentions after finishing the PhD. The most important and the most developed competences are presented in the results. In addition, the results showed relatively high entrepreneurial intentions in case of not finding a job after the PhD and in general. These results imply the need for incorporating some sort of entrepreneurial training and the development of entrepreneurial competences adapted to each subject area during the PhD studies.
Published online: 01 June 2016
Dialética da informação: Uma leitura epistemológica no pensamento de Vieira Pinto e Anthony Wilden | Dialectics of Information: an epistemological reading of Vieira Pinto and Anthony Wilden
Authors: Dantas Marcos 
Published: June 2016

RESUMO Este texto, seccionado por razões editoriais em duas partes, apresenta, basicamente, uma leitura no pensamento de dois autores de formação marxista, o brasileiro Álvaro Vieira Pinto e o britânico Anthony Wilden. Ambos, nos anos 1970, buscaram elaborar um conceito de "informação" a partir de pressupostos dialético-materialistas, em diálogo com os cientistas que então avançavam estudos e formulações sobre o tema. O artigo mostra os pontos que aproximam Vieira Pinto e Wilden, bem como pontos que os distinguem. E visa contribuir para a reconstrução epistemológica do materialismo dialético, nisto também fornecendo fundamentos teóricos para a economia política da informação e da comunicação. Nesta primeira parte será discutido o pensamento de Vieira Pinto.Palavras-chave: Informação; Marxismo: Dialética; Economia Política.ABSTRACT This paper essentially proposes a reading of two marxist authors, the Brazilian Alvaro Vieira Pinto and British Anthony Wilden. In the 1970s, both tried to develop a concept of "information" from dialectical-materialist assumptions in a dialogue with scientists who developed studies and conceptual formulations in this field. The article shows the points approaching Vieira Pinto and Wilden as well as points that distinguish them. It aims to contribute to the epistemological reconstruction of dialectical materialism, and to provide a theoretical background for the political economy of information and communication. Due to editorial needs, the article was divided in two parts. This first part discusses Vieira Pinto's thought.Keywords: Information; Marxism; Dialectic; Political Economy.
O projeto de lei do Compartilhamento de Arquivos Digitais: uma possível solução para o problema? | The bill's proposal of digital file sharing: a possible solution to the problem?
Authors: Machado Jorge 
Published: June 2016

RESUMO A reprodução não autorizada de conteúdos digitais protegidos constitui um dos maiores problemas da atualidade, fazendo do direito autoral no meio digital um terreno de amplos conflitos. A repressão ao compartilhamento digital tem falhado enquanto solução ao problema. No texto, expomos uma proposta de legalização e apresentamos sua viabilidade econômica diante dos interesses dos detentores de direitos autorais.Palavras-chave: P2P; Compartilhamento; Legalização; Direitos Autorais; Internet.ABSTRACT The unauthorized reproduction of Protected Digital Content is one of the most important problems of the present. It raises great conflicts about copyright in the digital environment.The repression linked to digital sharing has failed to solve the problem. In this text, we present a proposal to legalize digital sharing and present the economic feasibility in facing the interests of copyright owners.Keywords: P2P; Digital Sharing; Legalization; Copyrights; Internet.
Marco Civil da Internet: abrindo a caixa-preta da agenda de uma política pública | Civil Rights Framework for the Internet: opening the black box agenda of a public policy
Authors: Radomsky Guilherme , Solagna Fabricio 
Published: June 2016

RESUMO O Marco Civil da Internet (MCI), aprovado em abril de 2014, foi resultado de um longo processo de elaboração e discussão que enfrentou a resistência de vários setores e o apoio de novos atores emergentes. Este artigo analisa a história da construção da lei e traça a emergência de um ativismo em prol de direitos na internet que ultrapassou a fronteira entre sociedade civil e Estado. O mapeamento e o estudo da rede de ativismo permitiu mostrar como os atores-chave mobilizaram o Estado, atuaram dentro e fora das esferas de governo, modificaram pautas legislativas, abriram e aproveitaram oportunidades políticas na formulação do Marco Civil.Palavras-chave: Marco Civil; Políticas Públicas; Movimentos Sociais; Redes Sociais; Agenda-Setting.ABSTRACT The Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet (MCI), approved in April 2014, was the result of a long process that faced resistance from various sectors and, at the same time, received the support of emergent actors. This article analyzes the history of the MCI and the emergence of activism in favor of internet rights. This movement transcended the boundaries between civil society and the State. The study on the activists' network shows how key stakeholders mobilized the State, acting inside and outside government instances, modified legislative agendas and took advantage of political opportunities in the formulation of the Framework.Keywords: Civil Rights Framework for the Internet; Public Policy; Social Movements; Social Networks.
Os direitos autorais no marco civil da internet | Copyrights in the Civil Rights Framework for the Internet
Authors: Souza Allan Rocha de , Schirru Luca 
Published: June 2016

RESUMO Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a representação das questões sobre os direitos autorais no mundo digital conforme expostas na construção do Marco Civil da Internet. Para tal, recorre-se aos debates travados nas consultas públicas conduzidas pelo Poder Executivo Federal e no decorrer do processo legislativo. A discussão central revolve em torno da forma de retirada do ar de conteúdos alegadamente protegidos por direitos autorais e a responsabilidade do provedor. Não resolvidas por um consenso político-social mínimo, essas situações são objeto de regulamentação privada e suas discordâncias levadas ao Judiciário, privilegiando, com isso, o poder econômico dos agentes.Palavras-chave: Direitos Autorais; Regulamentação da Internet; Direitos Digitais. ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze how the issues pertaining to copyrights in the digital world are presented in the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet. To this end, we refer to the debates in public consultations conducted by the State and throughout the legislative process. The central questions revolve around the procedures for removal of content allegedly protected by copyrights as well as internet service providers' responsibility over it. Unsolved by political and social consensus, these situations end up subject to private regulation and the disagreements are taken to the judicial system, thus favoring the economic power of agents.Keywords: Copyright Law; Internet Regulation; Digital Rights.
Phylogenetic impoverishment of plant communities following chronic human disturbances in the Brazilian Caatinga
Authors: Ribeiro Elâine M. S. , Santos Bráulio A. , Arroyo‐Rodríguez Víctor , Tabarelli Marcelo , Souza Gustavo , Leal Inara R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractChronic disturbances, such as selective logging, firewood extraction and extensive grazing, may lead to the taxonomic and phylogenetic impoverishment of remaining old‐growth forest communities worldwide; however, the empirical evidence on this topic is limited. We tested this hypothesis in the Caatinga vegetation – a seasonally dry tropical forest restricted to northeast Brazil. We sampled 11,653 individuals (adults, saplings, and seedlings) from 51 species in 29 plots distributed along a gradient of chronic disturbance. The gradient was assessed using a chronic disturbance index (CDI) based on five recognized indicators of chronic disturbances: proximity to urban center, houses and roads and the density of both people and livestock. We used linear models to test if mean effective number of lineages, mean phylogenetic distance and phylogenetic dispersion decreased with CDI and if such relationships differed among ontogenetic stages. As expected, the mean effective number of lineages and the mean phylogenetic distance were negatively related to CDI, and such diversity losses occurred irrespective of ontogeny. Yet the increase in phylogenetic clustering in more disturbed plots was only evident in seedlings and saplings, mostly because clades with more descendent taxa than expected by chance (e.g., Euphorbiaceae) thrived in more disturbed plots. This novel study indicates that chronic human disturbances are promoting the phylogenetic impoverishment of the irreplaceable woody flora of the Brazilian Caatinga forest. The highest impoverishment was observed in seedlings and saplings, indicating that if current chronic disturbances remain, they will result in increasingly poorer phylogenetically forests. This loss of evolutionary history will potentially limit the capacity of this ecosystem to respond to human disturbances (i.e., lower ecological resilience) and particularly their ability to adapt to rapid climatic changes in the region.
Feeding guild of non‐host community members affects host‐foraging efficiency of a parasitic wasp
Authors: de Rijk Marjolein , Yang Daowei , Engel Bas , Dicke Marcel , Poelman Erik H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractInteractions between predator and prey, or parasitoid and host, are shaped by trait‐ and density‐mediated processes involving other community members. Parasitoids that lay their eggs in herbivorous insects locate their hosts through infochemicals such as herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and host‐produced kairomones. Hosts are frequently accompanied by non‐host herbivores that are unsuitable for the parasitoid. These non‐hosts may interfere with host location primarily through trait‐mediated processes, by their own infochemicals, and their induction of the emission of plant volatiles. Although it is known that single non‐hosts can interfere with parasitoid host location, it is still unknown whether the observed effects are due to species specific characteristics or to the feeding habits of the non‐host herbivores. Here we addressed whether the feeding guild of non‐host herbivores differentially affects foraging of the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata for its common host, caterpillars of Pieris brassicae feeding on Brassica oleracea plants. We used different phloem‐feeding and leaf‐chewing non‐hosts to study their effects on host location by the parasitoid when searching for host‐infested plants based on HIPVs and when searching for hosts on the plant using infochemicals. To evaluate the ultimate effect of these two phases in host location, we studied parasitism efficiency of parasitoids in small plant communities under field‐tent conditions. We show that leaf‐chewing non‐hosts primarily affected host location through trait‐mediated effects via plant volatiles, whereas phloem‐feeding non‐hosts exerted trait‐mediated effects by affecting foraging efficiency of the parasitoid on the plant. These trait‐mediated effects resulted in associational susceptibility of hosts in environments with phloem feeders and associational resistance in environments with non‐host leaf chewers.
Demographic shifts related to mycoheterotrophy and their fitness impacts in two Cephalanthera species
Authors: Shefferson Richard P. , Roy Mélanie , Püttsepp Ülle , Selosse Marc‐André 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEvolutionary losses of photosynthesis in terrestrial plants all originate in photosynthetic ancestors. The adaptive context under which this transition happens has remained elusive because of the rarity of plants in which both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic forms exist as a polymorphism. Here, we report on demographic patterns in photosynthetic (“green”) and nonphotosynthetic (“albino”) individuals within populations of two such species, Cephalanthera damasonium and C. longifolia, which also acquire nutrition from their mycorrhizal hosts (partial mycoheterotrophy). We hypothesized that demographic shifts in albinos relative to greens would include compensatory patterns with respect to fitness, such that maladaptive changes to survival or reproduction would be adaptively countered by changes to other parameters, such as growth probabilities. We tracked individuals in two populations of C. damasonium for 3 yr, and in one population of C. longifolia for 14 yr. We then analyzed vital rates for both phenotypes using general linear mixed models (GLMMs) and multi‐state capture mark‐recapture models (CMR), and used these models to develop size‐classified, function‐based population projection matrices. We estimated fitness as the deterministic population growth rate (λ) for each phenotype, and explored the impact of shifts in demographic patterns to albinism via life table response experiments (LTREs). Mortality differed between greens and albinos, but not similarly across species. Albinos generally sprouted less than greens, and flowered more when small but less at other times. Albinos typically had a higher probability of fruiting, although their lower flower numbers yielded lower numbers of fruits overall. Fitness did not differ significantly among phenotypes. Thus, we did not find significant evidence that albinism is adaptive or maladaptive; however, if in fact it is the latter, then we did find evidence of incomplete compensation for declines in survival and reproduction from growth transitions, particularly to small flowering size classes in C. damasonium, and to large vegetative size classes in C. longifolia. These patterns indicate some support for the idea that albinism may lead to the speciation of mycoheterotrophic plants.
Trophic interactions determine the effects of drought on an aquatic ecosystem
Authors: Amundrud Sarah L. , Srivastava Diane S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSpecies interactions can be important mediators of community and ecosystem responses to environmental stressors. However, we still lack a mechanistic understanding of the indirect ecological effects of stress that arise via altered species interactions. To understand how species interactions will be altered by environmental stressors, we need to know if the species that are vulnerable to such stressors also have large impacts on the ecosystem. As predators often exhibit certain traits that are linked to a high vulnerability to stress (e.g., large body size, long generation time), as well as having large effects on communities (e.g., top‐down trophic effects), predators may be particularly likely to mediate ecological effects of environmental stress. Other functional groups, like facilitators, are known to have large impacts on communities, but their vulnerability to perturbations remains undocumented. Here, we use aquatic insect communities in bromeliads to examine the indirect effects of an important stressor (drought) on community and ecosystem responses. In a microcosm experiment, we manipulated predatory and facilitative taxa under a range of experimental droughts, and quantified effects on community structure and ecosystem function. Drought, by adversely affecting the top predator, had indirect cascading effects on the entire food web, altering community composition and decomposition. We identified the likely pathway of how drought cascaded through the food web from the top‐down as drought→predator→shredder→decomposition. This stress‐induced cascade depended on predators exhibiting both a strong vulnerability to drought and large impacts on prey (especially shredders), as well as shredders exhibiting high functional importance as decomposers.