bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenging ICES age estimation protocols: lessons learned from the eastern Baltic cod stock
Authors: Hüssy Karin , Radtke Krzysztof , Plikshs Maris , Oeberst Rainer , Baranova Tatjana , Krumme Uwe , Sjöberg Rajlie , Walther Yvonne , Mosegaard Henrik 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Over the recent decades, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has set guidelines for best practise quality control of age estimation procedures. The applicability of these guidelines is assessed by reviewing the ageing issues of eastern Baltic cod (EBC) as a case study. Since the implementation of an age-based assessment of EBC in the beginning of the 1970s, the assessment has been hampered by the quality of the age composition data, in recent years to a degree that age-based assessment is no longer used. The reason for the age reading problems is the low visual contrast between growth zones in the otoliths which seems to be the result of complex interactions of the hydrography in the Baltic Sea with the cod’s biology and behaviour. Over the last 40 years, various expert groups have struggled to document and improve the agreement of age estimation between national otolith readers, standardize methods and age estimations through repeated exchanges and reference collections as well as an internationally agreed manual. Despite these initiatives the precision of the age estimations based on traditional ageing did not improve, with significant bias persisting between and within readers. Additionally, a wide range of alternative methods for deriving the age information necessary for stock assessment and for validation of the true age have been tested. However, these methods did not produce unbiased age estimates over the entire size and age range of the EBC stock. An age-validation is urgently needed. Deviations from the ICES guidelines identified are as follows: (i) the lack of rigorous quality control, particularly the auditing of national trends in age precision over the years using a reference collection and (ii) the implementation of an age error matrix in the stock assessment.
Exporters’ Exposures to Currencies: Beyond the Loglinear Model*
Authors: Boudt Kris , Liu Fang , Sercu Piet 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We extend the constant-elasticity regression that is the default choice when equities’ exposure to currencies is estimated. In a proper real-option-style model for the exporters’ equity exposure to the foreign exchange rate, we argue, the convexity of the relationship implies that the elasticity should depend on the exchange rate level. For instance, it should shrink to zero when the option to export becomes worthless, and that should happen at a critical exchange rate that is still strictly positive. We propose a class of tractable multi-regime regression models featuring, in line with the real-options logic, smooth transitions and within-regime dynamics in the foreign exchange exposure. We then analyze the exchange rate exposure of Chinese exporting firms and find that the model in which the moneyness of the export option has a positive impact on the exchange rate exposure detects a significantly positive and convex exposure for 40% and 65% of the firms depending on whether the market return is included in the regression or not.
Sevoflurane Postconditioning Reduces Apoptosis by Activating the JAK-STAT Pathway After Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats
Authors: Kim Hyun-Chang , Kim Eugene , Bae Jung Il , Lee Kook Hyun , Jeon Young-Tae , Hwang Jung-Won , Lim Young-Jin , Min Seong-Won , Park Hee-Pyoung 
Published: June 2016

Background:
The antiapoptotic effects of sevoflurane postconditioning are responsible for neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Phosphorylation of the Janus family tyrosine kinases (JAK) 2-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 3 pathway is linked to antiapoptosis. Here, we determined whether the antiapoptotic effects of sevoflurane postconditioning are associated with activation of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway after global transient cerebral ischemia in rats.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-five rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups: sham (n=5), control (10 min of ischemia, n=10), sevoflurane postconditioning (2 periods of sevoflurane inhalation after ischemia for 10 min, n=10), AG490 (a JAK2 selective inhibitor, intraperitoneal administration of 40 mg/kg before ischemia, n=10), and sevoflurane postconditioning plus AG490 group (n=10). The number of apoptotic cells as well as the expression of JAK2, phosphorylated JAK2 (P-JAK2), STAT3, phosphorylated STAT3 (P-STAT3), Bcl-2 (antiapoptotic protein), and Bax (proapoptotic protein) were evaluated 3 days after ischemia.

Results:
The apoptotic cell count was significantly lower in the sevoflurane postconditioning group than in the control, AG490, and sevoflurane postconditioning plus AG490 groups. JAK2 and STAT3 levels were comparable among all 5 groups. P-JAK2, P-STAT3, and Bcl-2 levels were higher and Bax levels were lower in the sevoflurane postconditioning group relative to the control, AG490, and sevoflurane postconditioning plus AG490 groups.

Conclusions:
Sevoflurane postconditioning reduced apoptosis by increasing P-JAK and P-STAT expression after transient global ischemia in rats, and AG490 reversed the beneficial antiapoptotic effects of sevoflurane postconditioning, suggesting that the JAK-STAT pathway may be involved in the antiapoptotic mechanism of sevoflurane postconditioning.
Rhabdomyolysis After Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Authors: Lassey Sarah C. , Robinson Julian N. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND:
Hyperemesis gravidarum may lead to hypovolemia and substantial electrolyte abnormalities, including hypokalemia. Hypokalemia, when profound, may result in rare consequences, such as rhabdomyolysis.

CASE:
A 20-year-old woman with hyperemesis gravidarum at 19 weeks of gestation presented with extreme leg weakness and was found to have hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia. Her course was complicated by rhabdomyolysis, which, after excluding other causes, was attributed to hypokalemia and severe dehydration. After aggressive electrolyte and hydration repletion, she experienced resolution of her symptoms.

CONCLUSION:
Pregnancies complicated by hyperemesis gravidarum represent potentially high-risk clinical scenarios for electrolyte abnormalities and subsequent complications, including rhabdomyolysis.
Graft and Mesh Use in Transvaginal Prolapse Repair
Authors: Schimpf Megan O. , Abed Husam , Sanses Tatiana , White Amanda B. , Lowenstein Lior , Ward Renée M. , Sung Vivian W. , Balk Ethan M. , Murphy Miles ,   for the Society of Gynecologic Surgeons Systematic Review Group
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To update clinical practice guidelines on graft and mesh use in transvaginal pelvic organ prolapse repair based on systematic review.

DATA SOURCES:
Eligible studies, published through April 2015, were retrieved through ClinicalTrials.gov, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases and bibliography searches.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
We included studies of transvaginal prolapse repair that compared graft or mesh use with either native tissue repair or use of a different graft or mesh with anatomic and symptomatic outcomes with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
Study data were extracted by one reviewer and confirmed by a second reviewer. Studies were classified by vaginal compartment (anterior, posterior, apical, or multiple), graft type (biologic, synthetic absorbable, synthetic nonabsorbable), and outcome (anatomic, symptomatic, sexual function, mesh complications, and return to the operating room). We found 66 comparative studies reported in 70 articles, including 38 randomized trials; quality of the literature has improved over time, but some outcomes still show heterogeneity and limited power. In the anterior vaginal compartment, synthetic nonabsorbable mesh consistently showed improved anatomic and bulge symptom outcomes compared with native tissue repairs based on meta-analyses. Other subjective outcomes, including urinary incontinence or dyspareunia, generally did not differ. Biologic graft or synthetic absorbable mesh use did not provide an advantage in any compartment. Synthetic mesh use in the posterior or apical compartments did not improve success. Mesh erosion rates ranged from 1.4–19% at the anterior vaginal wall, but 3–36% when mesh was placed in multiple compartments. Operative mesh revision rates ranged from 3–8%.

CONCLUSION:
Synthetic mesh augmentation of anterior wall prolapse repair improves anatomic outcomes and bulge symptoms compared with native tissue repair. Biologic grafts do not improve prolapse repair outcomes in any compartment. Mesh erosion occurred in up to 36% of patients, but reoperation rates were low.
Vaginal Pessary in Women With Symptomatic Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Authors: Cheung Rachel Y. K. , Lee Jacqueline H. S. , Lee L. L. , Chung Tony K. H. , Chan Symphorosa S. C. 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To compare pelvic floor symptoms, quality of life, and complications in women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (POP) with or without vaginal pessaries in addition to those who do pelvic floor exercises for 12 months.

METHODS:
This was a parallel-group, single-blind, randomized controlled trial with 12 months of follow-up. Women with symptomatic stage I to stage III POP were randomized to either pelvic floor exercises training (control group) or pelvic floor exercises training and insertion of a vaginal pessary (pessary group). The primary outcome was the change of prolapse symptoms and quality of life by using the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaires. Secondary outcomes included bothersome of prolapse symptoms, desired treatment, and any complications.

RESULTS:
From December 2011 through November 2014, 311 women were screened and 276 were randomized as follows: 137 to the control and 139 to the pessary group. One hundred thirty-two (95.0%) women in the pessary group and 128 (93.4%) in the control group completed the study. The Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory of Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Impact Questionnaire of Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire scores decreased in both groups after 12 months, but the mean score differences were higher in the pessary group (Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory: −29.7 compared with −4.7, P<.01; Pelvic Organ Prolapse Impact Questionnaire: −29.0 compared with 3.5, P<.01). Complication rates were low and similar in both groups.

CONCLUSION:
We provided further evidence in nonsurgical treatment for POP. Prolapse symptoms and quality of life were improved in women using a vaginal pessary in addition to pelvic floor exercises.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics–Clinical Trials Registry, https://www2.ccrb.cuhk.edu.hk/web/?page_id=746, ChiCTR-TRC-11001796.
Use of Porcine Xenografts in Dermatology Surgery: The Mayo Clinic Experience
Authors: Yang Yul W. , Ochoa Shari A. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND
Knowledge regarding the use of xenografts in cutaneous surgery is limited.

OBJECTIVE
We sought to better understand the utility, outcomes, and complications of porcine xenograft applications in cutaneous surgery.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
A single center, retrospective study of patients with porcine xenograft applications was completed. Characteristics of tumors, surgical procedures, resulting wound beds, follow-up care, and final length of follow-up were determined, and statistical analysis was conducted.

RESULTS
Of 225 porcine xenograft placements in 220 patients, the majority of tumors were nonmelanoma skin cancers (89%) and similarly divided between the head (excepting nose/ear), nose, ear, and extremities. Both Mohs and standard excision resulted in a 5.7 cm2 mean area of surgical defect, with the majority closed by porcine xenograft only (84.1%), and healing by secondary intention (97.3%). The area of surgical defect and topical antibiotics contributed to increased length of time to final follow-up.

CONCLUSION
The data represent the largest series of biologic dressings in cutaneous surgery and demonstrate the applicability and safety of porcine xenografts. We recommend consideration of porcine xenografts in the appropriate clinical context, to augment secondary intention.
Surgical Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Outcomes of 590 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Kohorst John J. , Baum Christian L. , Otley Clark C. , Roenigk Randall K. , Schenck Louis A. , Pemberton John H. , Dozois Eric J. , Tran Nho V. , Senchenkov Alex , Davis Mark D. P. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND
Hidradenitis suppurativa is a progressive, recurrent inflammatory disease. Surgical management is potentially curative with limited efficacy data.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate hidradenitis surgical patients.

METHODS
Retrospective review of outcomes of 590 consecutive surgically treated patients.

RESULTS
Most patients were white (91.0% [435/478]), men (337 [57.1%]), smokers (57.7% [297/515]) with Hurley Stage III disease (476 [80.7%]). Procedure types were excision (405 [68.6%]), unroofing (168 [28.5%]), and drainage (17 [2.9%]) treating disease of perianal/perineum (294 [49.8%]), axilla (124 [21.0%]), gluteal cleft (76 [12.9%]), inframammary (12 [2.0%]), and multiple surgical sites (84 [14.2%]). Postoperative complications occurred in 15 patients (2.5%) and one-fourth (144 [24.4%]) suffered postoperative recurrence, which necessitated reoperation in one-tenth (69 [11.7%]) of patients. Recurrence risk was increased by younger age (hazard ratio [HR], 0.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7–0.9), multiple surgical sites (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.5), and drainage-type procedures (HR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.2–10.7). Operative location, disease severity, gender, and operative extent did not influence recurrence rate.

CONCLUSION
Excision and unroofing procedures were effective treatments with infrequent complications and low recurrence rates. Well-planned surgical treatment aiming to remove or unroof the area of intractable hidradenitis suppurativa was highly effective in the management of this challenging disease.
Basosquamous Carcinoma: Controversy, Advances, and Future Directions
Authors: Tan Caroline Z. , Rieger Kerri E. , Sarin Kavita Y. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND
Basosquamous carcinoma is a rare cutaneous neoplasm that has caused considerable controversy as to its classification, pathogenesis, and management.

OBJECTIVE
To review and summarize current literature on the definition, pathogenesis, incidence, and management of basosquamous carcinoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Through December 2015, an electronic search of the Pubmed database was performed using combinations of basosquamous carcinoma and metatypical basal cell carcinoma as search terms.

RESULTS
A selection of 39 publications including case reports and series, retrospective studies, and systematic reviews of the literature were included. Descriptions of the definition of basosquamous carcinoma, clinical behavior, histopathological characteristics, current treatment therapies, and future advances are summarized.

CONCLUSION
This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of basosquamous carcinoma. Further study is required to elucidate the mechanisms driving the formation of this aggressive tumor.
Recruitment and Deoxygenation of Selected Respiratory and Skeletal Muscles During Incremental Loading in Stable COPD Patients
Authors: Reid W. Darlene , Sheel A. William , Shadgan Babak , Garland S. Jayne , Road Jeremy D. 
Published: June 2016

PURPOSE:
To evaluate changes in oxygenated (O2Hb), deoxygenated (HHb), and total hemoglobin (tHb) of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), parasternal (PS), biceps (BC), and tibialis anterior (TA) using near-infrared spectroscopy during incremental loading of the inspiratory muscles and the elbow flexors in people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

METHODS:
Fifteen participants with obstructive pulmonary disease were recruited in a repeated-measures crossover design. Near-infrared spectroscopy optodes were applied over the SCM, PS, BC, and TA to measure O2Hb, HHb, and tHb. Participants were randomly assigned to perform incremental inspiratory threshold loading or elbow flexor loading that imposed higher loads every 2 minutes until task failure. At least 1 week later, participants performed the other test. Arterial oxygen saturation (Spo
2) was monitored continuously.

RESULTS:
O2Hb of the main agonist muscles, SCM and BC, decreased compared with the other muscles during inspiratory threshold loading and elbow flexor loading, respectively. SCM O2Hb and BC O2Hb decreased at higher loads compared with baseline. SCM tHb and HHb increased, whereas TA tHb decreased during inspiratory threshold loading. tHb did not change among any muscles during elbow flexor loading. Spo
2 did not change from baseline to task failure.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our data suggest that the SCM was recruited progressively during incremental inspiratory threshold loading; however, O2Hb was not maintained in this muscle. Similarly, O2Hb was not maintained in the biceps during elbow flexor loading. This regional deoxygenation in SCM and BC during incremental loading protocols was not reflected by a decrease in Spo
2.
Employment status, difficulties at work and quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease patients
Authors: De Boer Angela G.E.M. , Bennebroek Evertsz’ Floor , Stokkers Pieter C. , Bockting Claudia L. , Sanderman Robert , Hommes Daniel W. , Sprangers Mirjam A.G. , Frings-Dresen Monique H.W. 
Published: June 2016

Objectives
To assess employment status, difficulties at work and sick leave in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and their relation with sociodemographic and clinical factors, quality of life (QoL), and anxiety and depression.

Materials and methods
IBD patients attending an IBD outpatients’ clinic received self-report questionnaires on employment status, IBD-related difficulties at work and sick leave (Trimbos/iMTA questionnaire for Costs associated with Psychiatric Illness), sociodemographic factors, QoL (Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire and 12-item Short-form Health Survey) and anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Disease activity was assessed by their gastroenterologist. Associations between paid employment and sick leave with sociodemographic and clinical factors, QoL and anxiety and depression were assessed by regression analyses.

Results
In total, 202 IBD patients of working age, with a mean age of 41 years, participated; 63% had Crohn’s disease and 37% had ulcerative colitis, and 57% were women and 19% had active disease. In all, 123 (61%) patients were in paid employment, of whom 31 (25%) were on sick leave, whereas 46 (23%) received a disability pension. Concentration problems (72%), low working pace (78%) and delayed work production (50%) were the most prevalent IBD-related work difficulties. IBD patients without paid employment were older and more often women, with active disease, lower QoL and higher anxiety and depression rates. Sick leave was associated with lower QoL and higher anxiety and depression rates.

Conclusion
More than half of IBD patients were in paid employment, whereas almost a quarter was receiving a disability pension. A large majority experienced work difficulties. Having no paid employment was associated with poorer QoL and more anxiety and depression symptomatology.
Reliability and applicability of two-dimensional shear-wave elastography for the evaluation of liver stiffness
Authors: Varbobitis Ioannis C. , Siakavellas Spyros I. , Koutsounas Ioannis S. , Karagiannakis Dimitrios S. , Ioannidou Panagiota , Papageorgiou Maria-Vasiliki , Pavlopoulou Ioanna D. , Schizas Dimitrios , Bamias Giorgos , Vlachogiannakos Ioannis , Ladas Spyros D. , Papatheodoridis George V. 
Published: June 2016

Background/aim
Two-dimensional shear-wave elastography (2D-SWE) is a new elastographic technique that is increasingly being used across several indications. We assessed the reliability and applicability of 2D-SWE in patients with various chronic liver diseases and attempted to identify parameters potentially affecting liver stiffness.

Methods
We included all patients with chronic liver disease who underwent 2D-SWE examination over a 15-month period. Patients with acute hepatitis, active cholestatic disease, or severe heart failure were excluded. The procedures were performed by three adequately trained operators. Standard operating procedures for liver ultrasonography and elastography were followed.

Results
2D-SWE was reliable in 98% of 605 patients. SD to mean liver stiffness value ratio greater than 9.14%, which was considered an indicator of reliability, was associated independently with age more than 50 years, obesity, or overweight, and use of statins for hyperlipidemia. 2D-SWE was applicable, requiring a median time of 7 min per examination and exceeding 15 min in only 5.5% of patients. Worse applicability expressed as duration more than 0.7 min per reliable measurement was associated independently with age more than 50 years and obesity. The mean and median liver stiffness values were 11.6 and 7.7 kPa, respectively. Liver stiffness more than 7.7 kPa was associated independently with age more than 50 years and increased waist circumference.

Conclusion
2D-SWE represents an applicable method of assessment of liver fibrosis that can provide reliable results in the vast majority of patients with chronic liver diseases. Older age and obesity may affect the reliability and applicability of the method as well as the severity of liver fibrosis.
Temporomandibular joint reconstruction
Authors: Imola Mario J. , Liddell Aaron 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstruction represents one of the more challenging clinical problems that a head and neck surgeon encounters. Fortunately, the problem is fairly uncommon; however, at the same time, clear clinical guidelines have not been formulated. The goal of this review is to present the established solutions to this difficult reconstructive challenge and highlight key developments that have been recently published.

Recent findings
Modern-day approaches to TMJ reconstruction include a handful of surgical modalities: costochondral grafting, revascularized tissue transfer, distraction osteogenesis, and alloplastic temporomandibular joint replacement (APTMJR). Over the past several years, publications have focused primarily on distraction osteogenesis and APTMJR. In particular, APTMJR is emerging as a highly successful and versatile surgical modality when faced with TMJ defects.

Summary
With long-term follow-up after APTMJR approaching 20 years at several of the pioneering centers, alloplastic total joint replacement is emerging as the clinical standard when faced with TMJ defects in a variety of clinical situations. Unfortunately, the dogma of serious complications that occurred during early development may still be stalling widespread acceptance of APTMJR. Due to the complexity of the surgery, its relative infrequency and the lack of exposure in the majority of residency training programs, this surgery is currently best performed by tertiary referral centers.