bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Central Nervous System Is Associated with Neuroinvasion by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and the Development of Encephalitis
Authors: Orandle Marlene S. , MacLean Andrew G. , Sasseville Vito G. , Alvarez Xavier , Lackner Andrew A. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTInflammatory cytokines are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated encephalitis. To examine this in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque model of neuroAIDS, inflammatory cytokine gene expression was evaluated in the brains of macaques infected with pathogenic SIVmac251by reverse transcriptase PCR. Interleukin-1 beta was readily detected in the brains of all animals evaluated, regardless of infection status or duration of infection. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) transcripts were undetectable in the brains of uninfected control animals but were upregulated at 7 and 14 days postinoculation. At the terminal stage of infection, TNF-α and IFN-γ transcripts were coexpressed in the brains of four of five animals with SIV encephalitis (SIVE). Within an encephalitic brain, TNF-α and IFN-γ transcripts were detected in six of seven regions with histologic evidence of SIVE, suggesting a direct relationship between neuropathology and altered cytokine gene expression. With combined fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, TNF-α-expressing cells were frequently identified as CD68-positive macrophages within perivascular lesions. These observations provide evidence that cytokines produced by activated inflammatory macrophages are an important element in the pathogenesis of SIVE.
VP40, the Matrix Protein of Marburg Virus, Is Associated with Membranes of the Late Endosomal Compartment
Authors: Kolesnikova Larissa , Bugany Harald , Klenk Hans-Dieter , Becker Stephan 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Localization of VP40 in Marburg virus (MBGV)-infected cells was studied by using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic analysis. VP40 was detected in association with nucleocapsid structures, present in viral inclusions and at sites of virus budding. Additionally, VP40 was identified in the foci of virus-induced membrane proliferation and in intracellular membrane clusters which had the appearance of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). VP40-containing MVBs were free of nucleocapsids. When analyzed by immunogold labeling, the concentration of VP40 in MVBs was six times higher than in nucleocapsid structures. Biochemical studies showed that recombinant VP40 represented a peripheral membrane protein that was stably associated with membranes by hydrophobic interaction. Recombinant VP40 was also found in association with membranes of MVBs and in filopodia- or lamellipodia-like protrusions at the cell surface. Antibodies against marker proteins of various cellular compartments showed that VP40-positive membranes contained Lamp-1 and the transferrin receptor, confirming that they belong to the late endosomal compartment. VP40-positive membranes were also associated with actin. Western blot analysis of purified MBGV structural proteins demonstrated trace amounts of actin, Lamp-1, and Rab11 (markers of recycling endosomes), while markers for other cellular compartments were absent. Our data indicate that MBGV VP40 was able to interact with membranes of late endosomes in the course of viral infection. This capability was independent of other MBGV proteins.
Herpes Simplex Virus ICP0 and ICP34.5 Counteract Distinct Interferon-Induced Barriers to Virus Replication
Authors: Mossman Karen L. , Smiley James R. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Interferon inhibits virus replication through multiple mechanisms. Here we show that herpes simplex virus proteins ICP0 and ICP34.5 overcome interferon-induced barriers to viral transcription and translation, respectively. These cytokine-induced antiviral mechanisms are differentially expressed in established cell lines: U2OS cells do not mount the IFN-induced mechanism targeted by ICP0, and Vero cells may be defective for the mechanism targeted by ICP34.5.
Truncation of the Cytoplasmic Domain Induces Exposure of Conserved Regions in the Ectodomain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Protein
Authors: Edwards Terri G. , Wyss Stéphanie , Reeves Jacqueline D. , Zolla-Pazner Susan , Hoxie James A. , Doms Robert W. , Baribaud Frédéric 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTWe have described a CD4-independent variant of HXBc2, termed 8x, that binds directly to CXCR4 and mediates CD4-independent virus infection. Determinants for CD4 independence map to residues in the V3 and V4-C4 domains together with a single nucleotide deletion in the transmembrane domain which introduces a frameshift (FS) at position 706. This FS results in a truncated cytoplasmic domain of 27 amino acids. We demonstrate here that while introduction of the 8x FS mutation into heterologous R5, X4, or R5X4 Env proteins did not impart CD4 independence, it did affect the conformation of the gp120 surface subunit, exposing highly conserved domains involved in both coreceptor and CD4 binding. In addition, antigenic changes in the gp41 ectodomain were also observed, consistent with the idea that the effects of cytoplasmic domain truncation must in some way be transmitted to the external gp120 subunit. Truncation of gp41 also resulted in the marked neutralization sensitivity of all Env proteins tested to human immunodeficiency virus-positive human sera and monoclonal antibodies directed against the CD4 or coreceptor-binding sites. These results demonstrate a structural interdependence between the cytoplasmic domain of gp41 and the ectodomain of the Env protein. They also may help explain why the length of the gp41 cytoplasmic domain is retained in vivo and may provide a way to genetically trigger the exposure of neutralization determinants in heterologous Env proteins that may prove useful for vaccine development.
Effects of Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein on Virus-Host Balance
Authors: Bonilla Weldy V. , Pinschewer Daniel D. , Klenerman Paul , Rousson Valentin , Gaboli Mirella , Pandolfi Pier P. , Zinkernagel Rolf M. , Salvato Maria S. , Hengartner Hans 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe cellular promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) associates with the proteins of several viruses and in some cases reduces viral propagation in cell culture. To examine the role of PML in vivo, we compared immune responses and virus loads of PML-deficient and control mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). PML−/−mice exhibited accelerated primary footpad swelling reactions to very-low-dose LCMV, higher swelling peaks upon high-dose inoculation, and higher viral loads in the early phase of systemic LCMV infection. T-cell-mediated hepatitis and consequent mortality upon infection with a hepatotropic LCMV strain required 10- to 100-times-lower inocula despite normal cytotoxic T-lymphocyte reactivity in PML−/−mice. Furthermore, PML deficiency rendered mice 10 times more susceptible to lethal immunopathology upon intracerebral LCMV inoculation. Accordingly, 10-times-lower VSV inocula elicited specific neutralizing-antibody responses, a replication-based effect not observed with inactivated virus or after immunization with recombinant VSV glycoprotein. These in vivo observations corroborated our results showing more virus production in PML−/−fibroblasts. Thus, PML is a contributor to innate immunity, defining host susceptibility to viral infections and to immunopathology.
Long-Distance Base Pairing in Flock House Virus RNA1 Regulates Subgenomic RNA3 Synthesis and RNA2 Replication
Authors: Lindenbach Brett D. , Sgro Jean-Yves , Ahlquist Paul 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Replication of flock house virus (FHV) RNA1 and production of subgenomic RNA3 in the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
provide a useful tool for the dissection of FHV molecular biology and host-encoded functions involved in RNA replication. The replication template activity of RNA1 can be separated from its coding potential by supplying the RNA1-encoded replication factor protein A in
trans
. We constructed a
trans
-replication system in yeast to examine
cis
-acting elements in RNA1 that control RNA3 production, as well as RNA1 and RNA2 replication. Two
cis
elements controlling RNA3 production were found. A proximal subgenomic control element was located just upstream of the RNA3 start site (nucleotides [nt] 2282 to 2777). A short distal element also controlling RNA3 production (distal subgenomic control element) was identified 1.5 kb upstream, at nt 1229 to 1239. Base pairing between these distal and proximal elements was shown to be essential for RNA3 production by covariation analysis and in vivo selection of RNA3-expressing replicons from plasmid libraries containing random sequences in the distal element. Two distinct RNA1 replication elements (RE) were mapped within the 3′ quarter of RNA1: the intRE (nt 2322 to 2501) and the 3′RE (nt 2735 to 3011). The 3′RE significantly overlaps the RNA3 region in RNA1, and this information was applied to produce improved RNA3-based vectors for foreign-gene expression. In addition, replication of an RNA2 derivative was dependent on RNA1 templates capable of forming the long-distance interaction that controls RNA3 production.
Density of Aqueous Solutions of Na2CO3-NAHCO3
Authors: Palatý Zdeněk 
Published: July 2002

The paper deals with a correlation of the ternary systems H2O - Na2CO3 - NaHCO3. The corresponding data have been correlated with an equation presuming the additivity of partial molar volumes, the components being water and the so-called basic solutions of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. From the comparison of experimental and calculated density values of the solutions of Na2CO3 - NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and NaHCO3 at 20 °C it follows that the given procedure provides very precise results.
Visible Absorption Spectrum of Benzophenone Radical Anion in Dipolar Aprotic Solvents
Authors: Wagner-Czauderna Elżbieta , Kalinowski Marek K. 
Published: July 2002

Two-parameter regression including the acceptor number (AN) and permittivity (ε) of the solvent explains to some extent the solvatochromic shift of the absorption band of benzophenone radical anion (Ph2C•-O-) in the visible region. In 11 dipolar aprotic solvents characterized by ε > 10, in which the Ph2C•-O- anions are not associated with (C2H5)4N+ cations (the radicals were prepared by cathodic reduction of benzophenone in the presence of (C2H5)4N+ClO4- as electrolyte) a correlation equation has the form νmax (in cm-1) = 86.2(AN) - 19.7 · 103[(ε - 1)/(2ε + 1)] + 21.32 · 103. It reflects the relative stabilization of the ground state in a medium with a high acceptor number and an increase in the dipole moment of Ph2C•-O- during excitation.
Effects of exercise on lymphocytes and cytokines
Authors: Pedersen Bente Klarlund , Toft Anders Dyhr 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To review results on exercise induced changes in the immune system following strenuous and moderate exercise.Methods—A literature search over the past 15 years was conducted using Medline and selected papers.Results—After intense long term exercise, the immune system is characterised by concomitant impairment of the cellular immune system and increased inflammation. Thus low concentrations of lymphocytes, suppressed natural immunity, suppressed lymphocyte proliferation, and suppressed levels of secretory IgA in saliva are found simultaneously with high levels of circulating proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The underlying mechanisms are multifactorial and include neuroendocrinological and metabolic factors. The clinical consequences of the exercise induced immune changes have not formally been identified, but the exercise effect on lymphocyte dynamics and immune function may be linked to the exercise effects on resistance to infections and malignancy and the cytokine response may be linked to muscle damage or muscle cell growth.Conclusions—Moderate exercise across the life span seems to increase resistance to upper respiratory tract infections, whereas repeated strenuous exercise suppresses immune function. It is premature to offer advice on nutrition to athletes in order to alter the exercise induced immunosuppression found after exercise.
Is exercise effective treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee?
Authors: Petrella Robert J 
Published: July 2002

Objective—To review and determine the effectiveness of exercise treatment in osteoarthritis of the knee.Methods—A computerised literature search of Medline was carried out searching between June 1966 and January 2000.Results—Twenty three randomised controlled trials were identified from the literature. Only three trials were sufficiently powered. Small to moderate beneficial effects of exercise treatment were found for pain, small beneficial effects on disability outcome measures, and moderate to great beneficial effects were observed according to patient global assessment of effect. It was not possible to obtain evidence on the content of exercise interventions, as studies were hampered by lack of attention to proper concealment, reporting of adverse effects, and long term effects of exercise treatment. The lack of standard outcomes measures is also noted.Conclusions—The available evidence indicates beneficial short term effects of exercise treatment in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. However, the number of available studies is limited, and more research is needed to expand this recommendation. Specifically, additional trials should provide information on adherence, home based interventions, interaction with pharmacological treatments, functional outcomes measures relevant to exercise treatment in these patients, and long term effects. At present, doctors should recommend exercise to all patients with mild/moderate disease. Further study should be encouraged and exercise should be continued to be recommended as a mainstay of non-pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee.
Benefits from aerobic exercise in patients with major depression: a pilot study
Authors: Dimeo F , Bauer M , Varahram I , Proest G , Halter U 
Published: July 2002

Background—Several reports indicate that physical activity can reduce the severity of symptoms in depressed patients. Some data suggest that even a single exercise bout may result in a substantial mood improvement.Objective—To evaluate the short term effects of a training programme on patients with moderate to severe major depression.Methods—Twelve patients (mean (SD) age 49 (10) years; five men, seven women) with a major depressive episode according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Society of Psychiatry (DSM IV) criteria participated. The mean (SD) duration of the depressive episode was 35 (21) weeks (range 12–96). Training consisted of walking on a treadmill following an interval training pattern and was carried out for 30 minutes a day for 10 days.Results—At the end of the training programme, there was a clinically relevant and statistically significant reduction in depression scores (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: before, 19.5 (3.3); after, 13 (5.5); p = 0.002. Self assessed intensity of symptoms: before, 23.2 (7); after, 17.7 (8.1); p = 0.006. Values are mean (SD)). Subjective and objective changes in depression scores correlated strongly (r= 0.66, p = 0.01).Conclusions—Aerobic exercise can produce substantial improvement in mood in patients with major depressive disorders in a short time.
Pectoralis major tears: comparison of surgical and conservative treatment
Authors: Hanna C M , Glenny A B , Stanley S N , Caughey M A 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To compare objective measures of strength and subjective functional outcomes in complete distal pectoralis major tears treated either surgically or non-surgically.Methods—Twenty two pectoralis major tears were included in 21 patients. Ten were surgically repaired and 12 were managed non-surgically. Patients completed a standard questionnaire, and clinical examination and isokinetic dynamometry were carried out.Results—In patients who had surgical repair, peak torque returned to 99% of that of the uninjured side and work performed returned to 97%. For those managed conservatively, peak torque and work performed returned to only 56% of that of the uninjured side (p = 0.003 for the difference in peak torque, and p = 0.01 for work performed). Findings were independent of the strength of the patient, whether or not the dominant arm was involved, the age of the patient, and the length of time from injury or surgery to testing. Patients were grouped into one of three subjective functional outcome groups, and those who had a surgical repair had a better functional outcome.Conclusions—Surgical repair results in greater recovery of peak torque and work performed than conservative management of patients with rupture of the pectoralis major.
Clinical risk factors for hamstring muscle strain injury: a prospective study with correlation of injury by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Verrall G M , Slavotinek J P , Barnes P G , Fon G T , Spriggins A J 
Published: July 2002

Objective—To prospectively establish risk factors for hamstring muscle strain injury using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to define the diagnosis of posterior thigh injury.Method—In a prospective cohort study using two elite Australian Rules football clubs, the anthropometric characteristics and past clinical history of 114 athletes were recorded. Players were followed throughout the subsequent season, with posterior thigh injuries being documented. Hamstring intramuscular hyperintensity on T2 weighted MRI was required to meet our criteria for a definite hamstring injury. Statistical associations were sought between anthropometric and previous clinical characteristics and hamstring muscle injury.Results—MRI in 32 players showed either hamstring injury (n = 26) or normal scans (n = 6). An association existed between a hamstring injury and each of the following: increasing age, being aboriginal, past history of an injury to the posterior thigh or knee or osteitis pubis (all p<0.05). These factors were still significant when players with a past history of posterior thigh injury (n = 26) were excluded. Previous back injury was associated with a posterior thigh injury that looked normal on MRI scan, but not with an MRI detected hamstring injury.Conclusions—Hamstring injuries are common in Australian football, and previous posterior thigh injury is a significant risk factor. Other factors, such as increasing age, being of aboriginal descent, or having a past history of knee injury or osteitis pubis, increase the risk of hamstring strain independently of previous posterior thigh injury. However, as the numbers in this study are small, further research is needed before definitive statements can be made.
Does rugby headgear prevent concussion? Attitudes of Canadian players and coaches
Authors: Pettersen J A 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To examine the attitudes of players and coaches to the use of protective headgear, particularly with respect to the prevention of concussion.Methods: A questionnaire designed to assess attitudes to headgear was administered to 63 players from four different Canadian teams, each representing a different level of play (high school, university, community club, national). In addition, coaches from all four levels were questioned about team policies and their personal opinions about the use of headgear to prevent concussion.Results: Although the players tended to believe that the headgear could prevent concussion (62%), the coaches were less convinced (33%). Despite the players' belief that headgear offers protection against concussion, only a minority reported wearing headgear (27%) and few (24%) felt that its use should be made mandatory. Common reasons for not wearing headgear were “its use is not mandatory”, “it is uncomfortable”, and “it costs too much”.Conclusion: Although most players in the study believe that rugby headgear may prevent concussion, only a minority reported wearing it. Coaches tended to be less convinced than the players that rugby headgear can prevent concussion.
Identifying some determinants of “jet lag” and its symptoms: a study of athletes and other travellers
Authors: Waterhouse J , Edwards B , Nevill A , Carvalho S , Atkinson G , Buckley P , Reilly T , Godfrey R , Ramsay R 
Published: July 2002

Background: Travelling across multiple time zones disrupts normal circadian rhythms and induces “jet lag”. Possible effects of this on training and performance in athletes were concerns before the Sydney Olympic Games.Objective: To identify some determinants of jet lag and its symptoms.Methods: A mixture of athletes, their coaches, and academics attending a conference (n = 85) was studied during their flights from the United Kingdom to Australia (two flights with a one hour stopover in Singapore), and for the first six days in Australia. Subjects differed in age, sex, chronotype, flexibility of sleeping habits, feelings of languor, fitness, time of arrival in Australia, and whether or not they had previous experience of travel to Australia. These variables and whether the body clock adjusted to new local time by phase advance or delay were tested as predictors for jet lag and some of its symptoms by stepwise multiple regression analyses.Results: The amount of sleep in the first flight was significantly greater in those who had left the United Kingdom in the evening than the morning (medians of 5.5 hours and 1.5 hours respectively; p = 0.0002, Mann-Whitney), whereas there was no significant difference on the second flight (2.5 hoursv2.8 hours; p = 0.72). Only the severity of jet lag and assessments of sleep and fatigue were commonly predicted significantly (p<0.05) by regression analysis, and then by only some of the variables. Thus increasing age and a later time of arrival in Australia were associated with less jet lag and fatigue, and previous experience of travel to Australia was associated with an earlier time of getting to sleep. Subjects who had adjusted by phase advance suffered worse jet lag during the 5th and 6th days in Australia.Conclusions: These results indicate the importance of an appropriate choice of itinerary and lifestyle for reducing the negative effects of jet lag in athletes and others who wish to perform optimally in the new time zone.
An ergonomic comparison of rowing machine designs: possible implications for safety
Authors: Bernstein I A , Webber O , Woledge R 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: Ergometer training is a common cause of injuries in rowers. A randomised crossover study comparing two power head designs was carried out to examine ergonomic risk factors.Methods: Six elite male rowers undertook 20 minute fatiguing rowing pieces with both fixed and floating power heads. A CODA MPX infrared telemetric motion analysis detector and the ergometer's interface were used to measure displacement, force, work performed, and power output.Results: There was no significant difference in the total work performed, power per stroke, or metabolic load between the two ergometer designs. Fatigue was shown by a mean (SEM) fall of 9.7 (0.79) W/stroke (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.0 to 11.5) between minutes 8–10 and minutes 16–18 (p<0.001). The stroke length was 53 (13) mm (95% CI 18 to 89) longer with the fixed power head (p<0.02). With fatigue, the stroke with the fixed power head lengthened at the “catch” (beginning of the stroke) by 19.5 mm (p<0.01) and shortened at the finish of the stroke by 7.2 mm (p<0.05). No significant changes in stroke length were seen with the floating power head. The mean force per stroke was 12.1% (95% CI 3.0 to 21.2) (27.3 (8.0) N) higher with the power head fixed versus floating (p<0.02).Conclusions: It is postulated that longer stroke lengths and greater forces are risk factors for soft tissue injuries. Further research into whether floating power head rowing ergometers are associated with lower injury rates than fixed power head designs is now needed.