bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geometry and evolution of a fault‐controlled Quaternary basin by means of TDEM and single‐station ambient vibration surveys: The example of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake area, central Italy
Authors: Civico R. , Sapia V. , Di Giulio G. , Villani F. , Pucci S. , Baccheschi P. , Amoroso S. , Cantore L. , Di Naccio D. , Hailemikael S. , Smedile A. , Vassallo M. , Marchetti M. , Pantosti D. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe applied a joint survey approach integrating time domain electromagnetic soundings and single‐station ambient vibration surveys in the Middle Aterno Valley (MAV), an intermontane basin in central Italy and the locus of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. By imaging the buried interface between the infilling deposits and the top of the pre‐Quaternary bedrock, we reveal the 3‐D basin geometry and gain insights into the long‐term basin evolution. We reconstruct a complex subsurface architecture, characterized by three main depocenters separated by thresholds. Basin infill thickness varies from ~200–300 m in the north to more than 450 m to the southeast. Our subsurface model indicates a strong structural control on the architecture of the basin and highlights that the MAV experienced considerable modifications in its configuration over time. The buried shape of the MAV suggests a recent and still ongoing predominant tectonic control by the NW‐SE trending Paganica‐San Demetrio Fault System (PSDFS), which crosscuts older ~ENE and NNE trending extensional faults. Furthermore, we postulate that the present‐day arrangement of the PSDFS is the result of the linkage of two previously isolated fault segments. We provide constraints on the location of the southeastern boundary of the PSDFS, defining an overall ~19 km long fault system characterized by a considerable seismogenetic potential and a maximum expected magnitude larger than M 6.5. This study emphasizes the benefit of combining two easily deployable geophysical methods for reconstructing the 3‐D geometry of a tectonically controlled basin. Our joint approach provided us with a consistent match between these two independent estimations of the basin substratum depth within 15%.
Source characteristics of the 2015 Mw6.5 Lefkada, Greece, strike‐slip earthquake
Authors: Melgar Diego , Ganas Athanassios , Geng Jianghui , Liang Cunren , Fielding Eric J. , Kassaras Ioannis 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe present a kinematic slip model from the inversion of 1 Hz GPS, strong motion, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data for the 2015 Mw6.5 Lefkada, Greece, earthquake. We will show that most of the slip during this event is updip of the hypocenter (10.7 km depth) with substantial slip (>0.5 m) between 5 km depth and the surface. The peak slip is ~1.6 m, and the inverted rake angles show predominantly strike‐slip motion. Slip concentrates mostly to the south of the hypocenter, and the source time function indicates a total duration of ~17 s with peak moment rate at ~6 s. We will show that a 65° dipping geometry is the most plausible due to a lack of polarity reversals in the InSAR data and good agreement with Coulomb stress modeling, aftershock locations, and regional moment tensors. We also note that there was an ~20 cm peak‐to‐peak tsunami observed at one tide gauge station 300 km away from the earthquake. We will discuss tsunami modeling results and study the possible source of the amplitude discrepancy between the modeled and the observed data at far‐field tide gauges.
Incorporating geologic information into hydraulic tomography: A general framework based on geostatistical approach
Authors: Zha Yuanyuan , Yeh Tian‐Chyi J. , Illman Walter A. , Onoe Hironori , Mok Chin Man W. , Wen Jet‐Chau , Huang Shao‐Yang , Wang Wenke 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHydraulic tomography (HT) has become a mature aquifer test technology over the last two decades. It collects nonredundant information of aquifer heterogeneity by sequentially stressing the aquifer at different wells and collecting aquifer responses at other wells during each stress. The collected information is then interpreted by inverse models. Among these models, the geostatistical approaches, built upon the Bayesian framework, first conceptualize hydraulic properties to be estimated as random fields, which are characterized by means and covariance functions. They then use the spatial statistics as prior information with the aquifer response data to estimate the spatial distribution of the hydraulic properties at a site. Since the spatial statistics describe the generic spatial structures of the geologic media at the site rather than site‐specific ones (e.g., known spatial distributions of facies, faults, or paleochannels), the estimates are often not optimal. To improve the estimates, we introduce a general statistical framework, which allows the inclusion of site‐specific spatial patterns of geologic features. Subsequently, we test this approach with synthetic numerical experiments. Results show that this approach, using conditional mean and covariance that reflect site‐specific large‐scale geologic features, indeed improves the HT estimates. Afterward, this approach is applied to HT surveys at a kilometer‐scale‐fractured granite field site with a distinct fault zone. We find that by including fault information from outcrops and boreholes for HT analysis, the estimated hydraulic properties are improved. The improved estimates subsequently lead to better prediction of flow during a different pumping test at the site.
Space‐time duality for the fractional advection‐dispersion equation
Authors: Kelly James F. , Meerschaert Mark M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe fractional advection‐dispersion equation replaces the second spatial derivative in the usual advection‐dispersion equation with a fractional derivative in the spatial variable. It was first applied to tracer tests in underground aquifers, and later to tracer tests in rivers. An alternative model replaces the first time derivative with a fractional derivative in time. Previous work has shown that both models provide a reasonable fit to breakthrough curves in rivers, which has led to a controversy regarding the physically appropriate fractional model. This paper shows that the relevant space‐fractional model is mathematically equivalent to the corresponding time‐fractional model, thus resolving the controversy.
The mechanistic basis for storage‐dependent age distributions of water discharged from an experimental hillslope
Authors: Pangle Luke A. , Kim Minseok , Cardoso Charlene , Lora Marco , Meira Neto Antonio A. , Volkmann Till H. M. , Wang Yadi , Troch Peter A , Harman Ciaran J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDistributions of water transit times (TTDs), and related storage‐selection (SAS) distributions, are spatially integrated metrics of hydrological transport within landscapes. Recent works confirm that the form of TTDs and SAS distributions should be considered time variant—possibly depending, in predictable ways, on the dynamic storage of water within the landscape. We report on a 28 day periodic‐steady‐state‐tracer experiment performed on a model hillslope contained within a 1 m3 sloping lysimeter. Using experimental data, we calibrate physically based, spatially distributed flow and transport models, and use the calibrated models to generate time‐variable SAS distributions, which are subsequently compared to those directly observed from the actual experiment. The objective is to use the spatially distributed estimates of storage and flux from the model to characterize how temporal variation in water storage influences temporal variation in flow path configurations, and resulting SAS distributions. The simulated SAS distributions mimicked well the shape of observed distributions, once the model domain reflected the spatial heterogeneity of the lysimeter soil. The spatially distributed flux vectors illustrate how the magnitude and directionality of water flux changes as the water table surface rises and falls, yielding greater contributions of younger water when the water table surface rises nearer to the soil surface. The illustrated mechanism is compliant with conclusions drawn from other recent studies and supports the notion of an inverse‐storage effect, whereby the probability of younger water exiting the system increases with storage. This mechanism may be prevalent in hillslopes and headwater catchments where discharge dynamics are controlled by vertical fluctuations in the water table surface of an unconfined aquifer.
Stress field and kinematics for diffuse microseismicity in a zone of continental transpression, South Island, New Zealand
Authors: Warren‐Smith Emily , Lamb Simon , Stern Tim A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe analyze shallow (0–20 km) microseismicity adjacent to the Alpine Fault in New Zealand, where there is oblique convergence of the Australian and Pacific plates. Focal mechanisms for 155 earthquakes (June 2012 to October 2013) are inverted to determine the orientation of the stress field. This yields a principal horizontal axis of compression, SHmax = 114° ± 10°, which cannot be explained in terms of the sum of stress from tectonic loading due to plate convergence, indicated by GPS observations, and gravitational stresses. The azimuth of slip vectors for individual focal mechanisms cluster perpendicular and parallel to the plate convergence vector. These faults, however, strike at ~45° to SHmax from the stress inversion, suggesting a very low coefficient of friction. The earthquake slip directions may be kinematically controlled, accommodating the plate convergence on a limited set of fractures, similar to the segmentation for neotectonic faulting along the Alpine Fault, which is partitioned into strike‐slip and thrust segments at a 1–10 km scale. We suggest two possible controls on our calculated SHmax azimuths. First, there may be a slight clockwise bias in the estimates of SHmax from earthquakes; slip may be occurring on a more limited range of fractures than assumed by the stress inversion method, although this effect is likely to be relatively small (±5°). More importantly, the components of the stress field may be relieved at different timescales during big earthquakes, resulting in a residual stress field that varies significantly (±15°) on timescales of several large earthquakes.
Tunneling and Superconductivity
Authors: Ruggiero Steven T. 
Published: March 2017

The article contains sections titled:IntroductionNormal/Insulator/Normal Tunnel JunctionsNormal/Insulator/Superconducting Tunnel JunctionsSuperconductor/Insulator/Superconducting Tunnel JunctionsSuperconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs)Phonon StructureGeometrical ResonancesScanning Tunneling MicroscopyCharging Effects
Radiation and Particle Detectors
Authors: Grupen Claus 
Published: March 2017

AbstractParticle and radiation detectors have a large number of applications in many different fields like high energy physics, astro‐particle physics, nuclear physics, medicine, biology, and even in art and other fields. The article describes the basic interaction processes for typical detectors and their applications used in many different fields. Special emphasis is put on detectors for high resolution spectroscopy. In this respect the best results are obtained with cryogenic detectors which benefit from the low energy required to achieve quantum transitions, in contrast e.g. to ionisation processes. These detection techniques are particularly important for the measurement of low energy particles and rare proceses, like the search for weakly interacting massive particles, which are used in this article as an example for the research possibilities for cryogenic detectors.
Recent Developments in Pd0‐Catalyzed Alkene‐Carboheterofunctionalization Reactions
Authors: Garlets Zachary J. , White Derick R. , Wolfe John P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis Focus Review summarizes recent developments in palladium‐catalyzed alkene carboalkoxylation and carboamination reactions. New synthetic methods that have been reported within the past four years are described, along with mechanistic insights and the influence of reaction mechanism on product stereochemistry. The applications of these transformations to the synthesis of natural products and other biologically relevant compounds are also discussed.
Flexible control of highly‐directive emissions based on bifunctional metasurfaces with low polarization cross‐talking
Authors: Xu He‐Xiu , Tang Shiwei , Ling Xiaohui , Luo Weijie , Zhou Lei 
Published: March 2017

Achieving flexible and highly directive emissions toward pre‐designed directions has intrigued long‐held interest in both science and engineering community, but most available efforts suffer the issues of bulky size, limited functionalities, and low efficiency. Here, we propose a general strategy to efficiently and flexibly control the emission beams with dual functionalities realized independently by orthogonal excitations. To overcome the polarization cross‐talking, a novel planar multi‐mode anisotropic meta‐atom is designed by incorporating the screening effect of a surrounding wire loop. As the result, we can design the polarization‐dependent phase profile under certain polarization, without worrying about their influences on the other polarization. As an illustration, two proof‐of‐concept metasurfaces are actualized at microwave frequencies, of which one combines the functionalities of focused‐beam and large‐angle multibeam emissions while another hybrids the functionalities of beam‐steering and small‐angle multibeam emissions. Theoretical, full‐wave simulation, and experimental results are in excellent agreement with each other, which collectively demonstrate the desired performances of our bifunctional devices. Our proposed strategy paves the way to realize high‐performance multifunctional optical devices with high integration and complex wavefront manipulations.
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Regioselektive Photoisomerisierung/C‐C‐Bindungsbildung von asymmetrischem B(ppy)(Mes)(Ar): die Rolle von Arylgruppen am Boratom
Authors: Mellerup Soren K. , Li Cally , Peng Tai , Wang Suning 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAsymmetrische N,C‐chelatisierte Organoborverbindungen mit zwei unterschiedlichen Arylgruppen am Borzentrum gehen Photoisomerisierungen ein, bei denen infolge der ausschließlichen Reaktion an der weniger sperrigen Arylgruppe intensiv gefärbte “dunkle Isomere” entstehen. Diese Spezies isomerisieren thermisch durch einen direkten H‐Atomtransfer vom Boriranring auf den Pyridylring und Ringexpansion zu 4bH‐Azaborepinen. Mechanistische Einblicke in diese hoch regioselektive Umwandlung wurden sowohl aus kinetischen Daten als auch durch computergestützte Rechnungen erhalten.
Fervent Hype behind Magnesium Batteries: An Open Call to Synthetic Chemists—Electrolytes and Cathodes Needed
Authors: Muldoon John , Bucur Claudiu B. , Gregory Thomas 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMagnesium metal is a superior anode which has double the volumetric capacity of lithium metal and has a negative reduction potential of −2.37 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode. A major benefit of magnesium is the apparent lack of dendrite formation during charging which is one of the crucial concerns of using a lithium metal anode. In this Review, we highlight the foremost research in the development of electrolytes and cathodes and discuss some of the significant challenges which must be overcome in realizing a practical magnesium battery.
Modified cyclopentadienyl molybdenum compounds with enhanced cytotoxic activity towards MOLT‐4 leukaemia cells
Authors: Honzíčková Iva , Vinklárek Jaromír , Růžičková Zdeňka , Řezáčová Martina , Honzíček Jan 
Published: March 2017

A series of new cyclopentadienyl molybdenum compounds bearing substituted phenanthroline ligands [(η5‐C5H4CH2C6H4X‐4)Mo(CO)2(N,NL)][BF4] (X = F, Cl, Br; N,NL = phen, 5‐NH2‐phen, 4,7‐Ph2‐phen) was prepared and characterized using infrared and NMR spectroscopies. Crystal structures of [(η5‐C5H4CH2C6H4F‐4)Mo(CO)2(NCMe)2][BF4], [(η5‐C5H4CH2C6H4X‐4)Mo(CO)2(phen)][BF4] (X = F, Cl, Br) and [(η5‐C5H4CH2C6H4Cl‐4)Mo(CO)2(4,7‐Ph2‐phen)][BF4]⋅(4,7‐Ph2‐phen)⋅HBF4 were determined using X‐ray diffraction analysis. Biological studies revealed a strong cytotoxic effect of the chelating ligands. Although the cytostatic effect of the halogen in the side chain of the cyclopentadienyl ring is negligible, it could be used for future post‐modification of these types of cytotoxic active molybdenum‐based compounds.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Rituximab and Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis in Treating Fatigue and Oral Dryness in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Bowman Simon J. , Everett Colin C. , O'Dwyer John L. , Emery Paul , Pitzalis Costantino , Ng Wan‐Fai , Pease Colin T. , Price Elizabeth J. , Sutcliffe Nurhan , Gendi Nagui S. T. , Hall Frances C. , Ruddock Sharon P. , Fernandez Catherine , Reynolds Catherine , Hulme Claire T. , Davies Kevin A. , Edwards Christopher J. , Lanyon Peter C. , Moots Robert J. , Roussou Euthalia , Giles Ian P. , Sharples Linda D. , Bombardieri Michele 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate whether rituximab, an anti–B cell therapy, improves symptoms of fatigue and oral dryness in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS).MethodsWe conducted a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group trial that included health economic analysis. Anti‐Ro–positive patients with primary SS, symptomatic fatigue, and oral dryness were recruited from 25 UK rheumatology clinics from August 2011 to January 2014. Patients were centrally randomized to receive either intravenous (IV) placebo (250 ml saline) or IV rituximab (1,000 mg in 250 ml saline) in 2 courses at weeks 0, 2, 24, and 26, with pre‐ and postinfusion medication including corticosteroids. The primary end point was the proportion of patients achieving a 30% reduction in either fatigue or oral dryness at 48 weeks, as measured by visual analog scale. Other outcome measures included salivary and lacrimal flow rates, quality of life, scores on the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Sjögren's Syndrome Patient Reported Index and EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index, symptoms of ocular and overall dryness, pain, globally assessed disease activity, and cost‐effectiveness.ResultsAll 133 patients who were randomized to receive placebo (n = 66) or rituximab (n = 67) were included in the primary analysis. Among patients with complete data, 21 of 56 placebo‐treated patients and 24 of 61 rituximab‐treated patients achieved the primary end point. After multiple imputation of missing outcomes, response rates in the placebo and rituximab groups were 36.8% and 39.8%, respectively (adjusted odds ratio 1.13 [95% confidence interval 0.50, 2.55]). There were no significant improvements in any outcome measure except for unstimulated salivary flow. The mean ± SD costs per patient for rituximab and placebo were £10,752 ± 264.75 and £2,672 ± 241.71, respectively. There were slightly more adverse events (AEs) reported in total for rituximab, but there was no difference in serious AEs (10 in each group).ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that rituximab is neither clinically effective nor cost‐effective in this patient population.
Sequential Functionalization of a Natural Crosslinker Leads to Designer Silicone Networks
Authors: Laengert Scott E. , Schneider Alyssa F. , Lovinger Eric , Chen Yang , Brook Michael A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPrecise silicone networks are difficult to prepare from multiple starting materials because of poor spatial control over crosslink location, competing side reactions, and incompatible catalysts among other reasons. We demonstrate that cure processes catalyzed by B(C6F5)3 (the Piers–Rubinsztajn reaction) and platinum‐catalyzed hydrosilylation are perfectly compatible, and can be used in either order. It is possible to perform three different, selective, sequential reactions in the same pot using H‐terminated silicones as chain extenders in all cases to give explicit networks. Eugenol, a readily available aromatic compound, acts as a trifunctional crosslinker (HO, MeO, HC=CH2), each functional group of which can be induced to undergo selective reaction. With platinum catalysis, the reaction of SiH groups with alkenes is fastest, while B(C6F5)3 catalyzes reaction at phenols much faster than methoxybenzene. Thus, a variety of H‐terminated telechelic siloxanes can be used to form chain extended polymers or elastomers or foams in which the morphology of the material and its constituent parts can be manipulated at will.
Taylor polynomial Approximation and Adaptive Passivity‐Based Control Applied to the Level Regulation of a Conical Tank
Authors: Travieso‐Torres Juan Carlos , Duarte‐Mermoud Manuel A. , Beytía‐Cancino Orlando 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe techniques of Taylor polynomial approximation (TPA) and adaptive passivity‐based controller (APBC) are combined in this study and applied to the level regulation of a conical tank. The design and comparative experimental results with a classical PI controller are presented. After combining these two approaches a robust adaptive controller named TPA–APBC, which is simpler than the classical APBC and PI controller, is obtained. This new TPA–APBC preserves the stability of the overall system after assuming that the nonlinear system is unknown and that it can be suitably represented by a first‐order linear model with unknown parameters.
Delivery of growth factor‐based therapeutics in vascular diseases: Challenges and strategies
Authors: Xu He‐Lin , Yu Wen‐Ze , Lu Cui‐Tao , Li Xiao‐Kun , Zhao Ying‐Zheng 
Published: March 2017

AbstractEither cardiovascular or peripheral vascular diseases have become the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, growth factors therapeutics, whatever administrated in form of exogenous growth factors or their relevant genes have been discovered to be an effective strategy for the prevention and therapy of vascular diseases, because of their promoting angiogenesis. Besides, as an alternative, stem cell‐based therapy has been also developed in view of their paracrine‐mediated effect or ability of differentiation toward angiogenesis‐related cells under assistance of growth factors. Despite of being specific and potent, no matter growth factors or stem cells‐based therapy, their full clinical transformation is limited from bench to bedside. In this review, the potential choices of therapeutic modes based on types of different growth factors or stem cells were firstly summarized for vascular diseases. The confronted various challenges such as lack of non‐invasive delivery method, the physiochemical challenge, the short half‐life time, and poor cell survival, were carefully analyzed for these therapeutic modes. Various strategies to overcome these limitations are put forward from the perspective of drug delivery. The expertised design of a suitable delivery form will undoubtedly provide valuable insight into their clinical application in the regenerative medicine.