bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Mechanisms of Desistance at the Intersection of Race, Gender, and Neighborhood Context
Authors: Doherty Elaine Eggleston , Bersani Bianca E. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives: This study tests theorized mechanisms of desistance, and whether the process of desistance is conditioned by social structural position. Methods: We investigate how marriage promotes desistance from crime among urban African American males raised in the Woodlawn community, a disadvantaged neighborhood in Chicago. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we test the resiliency of the marriage effect by observing offending trajectories following marital dissolution; is the marriage effect conditional upon staying married, indicating situational effects? or does the effect persist when marriage is taken away, indicating enduring effects? Further, we test if the process of desistance is conditional upon contextual disadvantage. Results: While initial findings show an increase in violent and property offending upon divorce, further analysis shows evidence that this effect differs by neighborhood structural context; the increase in offending upon divorce is apparent only for African American men who experience continued disadvantage across the life course. Those who moved to relatively more advantaged areas by adulthood show no increase in offending upon marital dissolution. Conclusions: How marriage matters for desistance is partially influenced by social structural position; context matters. These findings invigorate criminological research on the mechanisms driving the marriage effect and provide insight into the interactive nature of person and context.
Performance analysis of hybrid solid desiccant–vapor compression air conditioning system in hot and humid weather of India
Authors: Jani DB , Mishra Manish , Sahoo PK 
Published: February 2016

The performance of hybrid solid desiccant–vapor compression air conditioning system is studied for the typical hot and humid climatic zone of North India (Roorkee). The system consists of a rotary desiccant dehumidifier coupled with heat recovery wheel and a conventional vapor compression air conditioning system. A FORTRAN program was developed to calculate different psychrometric properties like humidity ratio, dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, relative humidity, specific heat, etc. at each state point of the system on the basis of ambient and desired inside room conditions, room cooling load, sensible heat factor, and required air flow rate. The overall system performance has been evaluated in terms of the coefficient of performance and the dehumidifier effectiveness. The influence of variation in ambient conditions on regeneration temperature of desiccants has also been discussed. The simulated results are validated using experimental measurements. The present system has ensured a reduction of 79.15% in processing air humidity ratio at an outlet of the desiccant dehumidifier as compared to the outdoor humidity ratio. The results show that the performance of the system is significantly affected by the variations in ambient temperature and humidity ratio. Practical application: The proposed model of solid desiccant–VCR hybrid air conditioning system minimizes the energy usage in comfort cooling applications such as auditoriums, supermarket, hospitals, central library, offices, and lecture halls in hot and humid climate while maintaining an acceptable thermal comfort level and improving the performance. The proposed approach will give valuable insights to the researchers and building engineers to analyze the impacts of ambient conditions on the energy requirements and performance of solid desiccant cooling to ameliorate comfort, energy, and cost savings. Moreover, its potential contribution in environmental protection makes it more attractive at a time where depletion of energy resources and environmental degradation are of major concerns.
Value of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiobiopsy for pathologic diagnosis of obstructive jaundice: analysis of 826 cases
Authors: Li Zhen , Li Teng-Fei , Ren Jian-Zhuang , Li Wen-Cai , Ren Jing-Li , Shui Shao-Feng , Han Xin-Wei 
Published: February 2016

Background Obstructive jaundice (OJ) is insensitive to radiation and chemotherapy, and a pathologic diagnosis is difficult to make clinically. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiobiopsy (PTCB) is simple to perform and minimally invasive, and clinical practice has shown it to be an accurate and reliable new method for bile duct histopathologic diagnosis. Purpose To investigate the value of PTCB for pathologic diagnosis of causes of OJ. Material and Methods From April 2001 to December 2011, PTCB was performed in 826 consecutive patients. Data on pathologic diagnosis, true positive rate, and complications were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with negative pathologic findings were diagnosed using clinical, imaging, laboratory, and prognostic data. The feasibility and safety of PTCB for OJ were evaluated and true positive rates for biliary carcinoma and non-biliary carcinoma compared. Results PTCB was successful in all cases. Of 740 patients clinically diagnosed with malignant biliary stricture and 86 with benign biliary stricture, 727 received a positive pathologic diagnosis; in 99, the pathologic findings were considered false negative. The true positive rate for PTCB was 88.01% overall, differing significantly for biliary and non-biliary carcinoma ( χ2 = 12.87, P < 0.05). Malignancy accounted for 89.59% of OJ cases; well, moderately, and poorly differentiated carcinoma represented 57.88%, 19.97%, and 22.15%. Biliary adenocarcinoma was the predominant malignant pathologic type (96.41%). Transient bilemia, bile leakage, and temporary hemobilia occurred in 47, 11, and 28 cases, respectively, with no serious complications. Conclusion PTCB is safe, feasible, and simple, with a high true positive rate for definitive diagnosis of OJ causes. Well differentiated adenocarcinoma was the predominant pathologic type.
A Systematic Review of the Effect of Remittances on Diet and Nutrition
Authors: Thow Anne Marie , Fanzo Jessica , Negin Joel 
Published: February 2016

Background: Remittance income is rising rapidly in most low- and middle-income countries. Despite nutrition being a key policy priority for health and development, we know little about the effect of remittance income on diets and nutrition. Objective: To identify the effect of remittance income on nutrition. Method: Systematic review of English-language studies providing information on the impact of remittances on food consumption, food expenditure, or measures of nutritional status, using a narrative synthesis approach for analysis. We searched the English-language published and gray literature using key words “remittances,” “nutrition,” and “diets.” Results: This systematic review identified 20 studies that examined the effect of remittance income on food consumption, dietary intake, and nutritional status, 2 of which were qualitative studies. Overall, the quality of the studies was weak to moderate. These studies show that remittances can increase access to (purchased) food and may have a consumption smoothing effect, reducing households’ vulnerability and leading to improved food security and reductions in underweight. However, remittances appear to have little effect on markers of chronic undernourishment. The studies also suggest that the extra income from remittances may compound trends toward purchasing less healthy (nontraditional) foods that are associated with the nutrition transition. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for further research on the effect of remittances on nutrition and diets, with remittance income forecast to rise rapidly into the future. Programs to ensure that those households receiving remittances move beyond just meeting sufficient calories and improve dietary quality could create nutritional benefits.
Urban Household Characteristics and Dietary Diversity
Authors: Codjoe Samuel Nii Ardey , Okutu David , Abu Mumuni 
Published: February 2016

Background: The world’s population is increasingly becoming urbanized. If the current urban growth rate is to continue, new and unprecedented challenges for food security will be inevitable. Dietary diversity has been used to ascertain food security status albeit at the multicountry and country levels. Thus, household-level studies in urban settings, particularly in sub-Sahara African, are few. Yet, it is imperative that assessments of food security are undertaken particularly in urban settings, due to the projected fast rate of urbanization and the challenges of attaining food security. Objective: To examine household characteristics and dietary diversity. Methods: The study uses data from 452 households from the second round of the Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS) EDULINK urban poverty and health study. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are undertaken. Results: Mean dietary diversity for all households is 6.8. Vegetables have the highest diversity, followed by cereal-based and grain products. Household characteristics that have statistically significant associations with dietary diversity include sex and level of education of household head, household wealth quintile, and source of food. Conclusions: There is high dietary diversity in the study communities of Accra but low consumption of foods rich in micronutrient, such as fruits and milk/dairy products. The study brings to fore issues related to resource-disadvantaged entities of the urban system, namely, females, poor households, and the non-educated who have food insecurity problems.
Apathy in Older Persons With Depression: Course and Predictors
Authors: Groeneweg-Koolhoven Isis , Comijs Hannie C. , Naarding Paul , de Waal Margot W. M. , van der Mast Roos C. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives: Apathy is a common behavioral syndrome, influencing different areas of daily functioning and often seen in depression. Little is known about the course of apathy in depression. In this study, we examine the course and predicting factors of apathy in older persons with depression. Method: Data of 266 older persons with depression participating in the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons, all aged at least 60 years with complete Apathy Scale scores at baseline and 2-year follow-up, were included in this study. Associations between several baseline variables and severity, incidence, and persistence of apathy were examined using regression analyses. Results: At 2-year follow-up, the severity of apathy was predicted by the severity of apathy at baseline, and incidence rate of apathy was 36%, with a lower baseline Mini-Mental State Examination score being an independent predictor. Older persons with incident apathy did not differ in remission rate of depression compared to those without apathy at follow-up. Persistence rate of apathy was 80% and was independently predicted by a higher baseline Apathy Scale score and, surprisingly, by less use of benzodiazepines. Persons with persistent apathy were less likely to recover from depression than those who remitted from apathy. Conclusion: Severity of apathy at baseline, but not depression, predicted apathy at follow-up. Incident apathy was predicted by poorer cognitive function, whereas severe apathy at baseline predicted its persistence. Remarkably, new apathy was not associated with worse outcome of depression whereas persistent apathy was.
Perinatal determinants of D-dimer levels in a cross-sectional study of low risk pregnant women
Authors: Murphy NM , Khashan AS , Broadhurst DI , Gilligan O , O’Donoghue K , Kenny LC 
Published: February 2016

Background To examine perinatal determinants of the antenatal levels of D-dimers. Methods Cross-sectional study of 760 low risk pregnant women recruited into five gestational groups. Variables examined in antenatal groups included maternal age, body mass index, parity, smoking, family history venous thromboembolism (VTE) and previous use of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP). Onset of labour and mode of delivery were also examined in the post-natal group. Results D-dimer levels in group 4 (38–40 + 6) were significantly lower in the women with a history of taking the OCP when compared to those that had not taken it in the past ( P = 0.027). In the day 2 post-natal group, the median level of D-dimer was significantly higher in primparous when compared to multiparous women ( P = 0.015). The median D-dimer levels were significantly lower in the elective Caesarean section group in comparison to spontaneous onset ( P = 0.003) and induction of labour ( P = 0.016). When the mode of delivery was examined, the median D-dimer levels were significantly lower in those that had an elective Caesarean section when compared to normal vaginal delivery ( P = 0.008) and instrumental vaginal delivery ( P = 0.007). Women post elective Caesarean section had a significantly lower D-dimer than those after emergency Caesarean section ( P = 0.008). Discussion There are some significant differences in D-dimer levels when certain perinatal determinants are examined. This work is potentially beneficial to the future diagnosis of VTE in pregnancy as it supports previously published recommended D-dimer levels for the diagnosis of VTE in pregnancy.
Blood eosinophils as a marker of response to inhaled corticosteroids in COPD
Authors: Barnes Neil C. , Sharma Raj , Lettis Sally , Calverley Peter M.A. 
Published: February 2016

Identification of a biomarker that predicts response to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) would help evaluate the risk/benefit profile of ICS in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and guide treatment.The ISOLDE study randomised 751 patients (mean post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 1.4 L: 50% predicted normal) to fluticasone propionate 500 μg twice daily or placebo for 3 years, finding no difference in FEV1rate of decline between treatments (p=0.16) and a significant reduction in median exacerbation rate with fluticasone propionateversusplacebo (p=0.026). We re-analysed ISOLDE results by baseline blood eosinophil count to investigate whether eosinophil level predicts ICS benefit.Patients with eosinophils <2% (n=456) had a similar rate of post-bronchodilator FEV1decline with fluticasone propionate as placebo (–2.9 mL·year−1; p=0.688). With eosinophils ≥2% (n=214), the rate of decline decreased by 33.9 mL·year−1with fluticasone propionateversusplacebo (p=0.003). Exacerbation rate reduction on ICS for fluticasone propionateversusplacebo was higher in the eosinophil <2% group compared with the ≥2% group; time-to-first moderate/severe exacerbation was not different between treatments in either group.A baseline blood eosinophil count of ≥2% identifies a group of COPD patients with slower rates of decline in FEV1when treated with ICS: prospective testing of this hypothesis is now warranted.
How effective is ‘greening’ of urban areas in reducing human exposure to ground-level ozone concentrations, UV exposure and the ‘urban heat island effect’? A protocol to update a systematic review
Authors: Knight Teri , Price Sian , Bowler Diana , King Sian 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background
The impact of climate change on public health may occur through a number of main pathways including increased temperature, ground-level ozone levels and ultra-violet radiation, which have a range of consequences for human health. One strategy for adaptation to the predicted effects of climate change on health that has been proposed, is to ‘green’ urban areas, essentially by increasing the abundance and cover of vegetation. This protocol is for an update of a systematic review which aimed to address the question: How effective is ‘greening’ of urban areas in reducing human exposure to ground-level ozone concentrations, UV exposure and the ‘urban heat island effect’?

Methods
A sensitive search of multiple databases and relevant journals for relevant published articles will be conducted. A search for relevant unpublished articles will be undertaken through an internet search and of websites of relevant organisations. Inclusion criteria will be applied at title, abstract and full-text. Repeatability checks of this screening process will be undertaken. Articles included at full-text will be critically appraised using a standardised checklist. A repeatability check will be made of this process. Pre-defined data items will be extracted from included articles. If appropriate, quantitative synthesis will be undertaken through meta-analysis and/or a narrative synthesis will be undertaken.
Automated analysis of evolving interfaces during in situ electron microscopy
Authors: Schneider Nicholas M. , Park Jeung Hun , Norton Michael M. , Ross Frances M. , Bau Haim H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn situ electron microscopy allows one to monitor dynamical processes at high spatial and temporal resolution. This produces large quantities of data, and hence automated image processing algorithms are needed to extract useful quantitative measures of the observed phenomena. In this work, we outline an image processing workflow for the analysis of evolving interfaces imaged during liquid cell electron microscopy. As examples, we show metal electrodeposition at electrode surfaces; beam-induced nanocrystal formation and dissolution; and beam-induced bubble nucleation, growth, and migration. These experiments are used to demonstrate a fully automated workflow for the extraction of, among other things, interface position, roughness, lateral wavelength, local normal velocity, and the projected area of the evolving phase as functions of time. The relevant algorithms have been implemented in Mathematica and are available online.
Changes in axial alignment of the ipsilateral hip and knee after total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Akiyama K. , Nakata K. , Kitada M. , Yamamura M. , Ohori T. , Owaki H. , Fuji T. 
Published: February 2016

Aims We investigated changes in the axial alignment of the ipsilateral hip and knee after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Patients and Methods We reviewed 152 patients undergoing primary THA (163 hips; 22 hips in men, 141 hips in women) without a pre-operative flexion contracture. The mean age was 64 years (30 to 88). The diagnosis was osteoarthritis (OA) in 151 hips (primary in 18 hips, and secondary to dysplasia in 133) and non-OA in 12 hips. A posterolateral approach with repair of the external rotators was used in 134 hips and an anterior approach in 29 hips. We measured changes in leg length and offset on radiographs, and femoral anteversion, internal rotation of the hip and lateral patellar tilt on CT scans, pre- and post-operatively. Results The mean internal rotation increased by 11° (-15° to 46°) and was associated with underlying disease (OA), pre-operative range of internal rotation, gender, surgical approach, leg lengthening, and change of femoral anteversion (adjusted R2 : 0.253, p < 0.001). The mean lateral patellar tilt increased by 4° (-5° to 14°) and was associated with age, leg lengthening, and increment of hip internal rotation (adjusted R2: 0.193, p < 0.001). Conclusion Both internal rotation of the hip at rest and lateral patellar tilt are increased after THA. Changes in rotation after THA may affect gait, daily activities, the rate of dislocation of the hip, and ipsilateral knee pain. Take home message: Internal rotation of the hip at rest and lateral patellar tilt increase after THA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:349–58.
The Exeter Contemporary flanged cemented acetabular component in primary total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Maggs J. L. , Smeatham A. , Whitehouse S. L. , Charity J. , Timperley A. J. , Gie G. A. 
Published: February 2016

Aims We report on the outcome of the Exeter Contemporary flanged cemented all-polyethylene acetabular component with a mean follow-up of 12 years (10 to 13.9). This study reviewed 203 hips in 194 patients. 129 hips in 122 patients are still in situ; 66 hips in 64 patients were in patients who died before ten years, and eight hips (eight patients) were revised. Clinical outcome scores were available for 108 hips (104 patients) and radiographs for 103 hips (100 patients). Patients and Methods A retrospective review was undertaken of a consecutive series of 203 routine primary cemented total hip arthroplasties (THA) in 194 patients. Results There were no acetabular component revisions for aseptic loosening. Acetabular revision was undertaken in eight hips. In four hips revision was necessitated by periprosthetic femoral fractures, in two hips by recurrent dislocation, in one hip for infection and in one hip for unexplained ongoing pain. Oxford and Harris hip scores demonstrated significant clinical improvement (all p < 0.001). Radiolucent lines were present in 37 (36%) of the 103 acetabular components available for radiological evaluation. In 27 of these, the line was confined to zone 1. No component had migrated. Conclusion Kaplan–Meier survivorship, with revision for aseptic loosening as the endpoint, was 100% at 12.5 years and for all causes was 97.8% (95% confidence interval 95.6 to 100) when 40 components remained at risk. The Exeter Contemporary flanged cemented acetabular component demonstrates excellent survivorship at 12.5 years. Take home message: The Exeter Contemporary flanged cemented acetabular component has excellent clinical outcomes and survivorship when used with the Exeter stem in total hip arthroplasty. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:307–12.
Do trainee surgeons have an adverse effect on the outcome after total hip arthroplasty?
Authors: Reidy M. J. , Faulkner A. , Shitole B. , Clift B. 
Published: February 2016

Aims The long-term functional outcome of total hip arthroplasty (THA) performed by trainees is not known. A multicentre retrospective study of 879 THAs was undertaken to investigate any differences in outcome between those performed by trainee surgeons and consultants. Patients and Methods A total of 879 patients with a mean age of 69.5 years (37 to 94) were included in the study; 584 THAs (66.4%) were undertaken by consultants, 138 (15.7%) by junior trainees and 148 (16.8%) by senior trainees. Patients were scored using the Harris Hip Score (HHS) pre-operatively and at one, three, five, seven and ten years post-operatively. Surgical outcome, complications and survival were compared between groups. The effect of supervision was determined by comparing supervised and unsupervised trainees. A primary univariate analysis was used to select variables for inclusion in multivariate analysis. Results There was no evidence that the grade of the surgeon had a significant effect on the survival of the patients or the rate of revision (p = 0.987 and 0.405, respectively) up to 12 years post-operatively. There was no significant difference in post-operative functional HHS or total HHS among consultants, junior and seniors up to ten years post-operatively (p = 0.401 and 0.331), respectively. There was no significant difference in hospital stay (p = 0.855) between different grades of surgeons. There was no evidence that the level of supervision had an effect on the survival of the patients or the rate of revision (p = 0.837 and 0.203, respectively) up to 12 years post-operatively. There was no significant difference between supervised and unsupervised trainee groups in post-operative functional HHS or total HHS up to ten years post-operatively (p = 0.213 and 0.322, respectively). There was no significant difference in the mean hospital stay between supervised and unsupervised trainees (p = 0.908). Take home message: This study suggests that when trainees are appropriately supervised, they can obtain results comparable with those of their consultant colleagues when performing THA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:301–6.