bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of camera trapping for conservation behaviour research
Authors: Caravaggi Anthony , Banks Peter B. , Burton A Cole , Finlay Caroline M. V. , Haswell Peter M. , Hayward Matt W. , Rowcliffe Marcus J. , Wood Mike D. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAn understanding of animal behaviour is important if conservation initiatives are to be effective. However, quantifying the behaviour of wild animals presents significant challenges. Remote‐sensing camera traps are becoming increasingly popular survey instruments that have been used to non‐invasively study a variety of animal behaviours, yielding key insights into behavioural repertoires. They are well suited to ethological studies and provide considerable opportunities for generating conservation‐relevant behavioural data if novel and robust methodological and analytical solutions can be developed. This paper reviews the current state of camera‐trap‐based ethological studies, describes new and emerging directions in camera‐based conservation behaviour, and highlights a number of limitations and considerations of particular relevance for camera‐based studies. Three promising areas of study are discussed: (1) documenting anthropogenic impacts on behaviour; (2) incorporating behavioural responses into management planning and (3) using behavioural indicators such as giving up densities and daily activity patterns. We emphasize the importance of reporting methodological details, utilizing emerging camera trap metadata standards and central data repositories for facilitating reproducibility, comparison and synthesis across studies. Behavioural studies using camera traps are in their infancy; the full potential of the technology is as yet unrealized. Researchers are encouraged to embrace conservation‐driven hypotheses in order to meet future challenges and improve the efficacy of conservation and management processes.
Statistical analysis of financial data with many zeros
Authors: Song Kai‐Sheng , Kieschnick Robert 
Published: June 2017

One of the core issues in finance is to understand why firms finance themselves as they do. This issue has become increasingly important because how firms are financed influences their performance and value. Since the 1950s, the capital structure literature has addressed this fundamental issue by focusing on a firm's mix of debt and equity. However, firms often use more than one type of debt claim. Furthermore, some firms use certain types of debt claim that others do not use. The financing choices of various forms of debt claim and different amounts of debt issued lead to financial data with multiple continuous proportions and many zeros implied by debt structures. We propose a novel method for addressing such choice‐implied statistical issues. Our method is based on choice probability‐driven submodels and is empirically implementable even in large dimensions. Its performance is demonstrated by simulations. Its application to the analysis of debt structures of U.S. corporations reveals that the determinants of the choice to use a particular form of debt and how much of that type of debt to use are not identical: a valuable insight missing from prior financial research. Our methodology is applicable not only to firm financing decisions in corporate finance, but also to choices in other critical areas of finance such as household investment decisions in household finance. WIREs Comput Stat 2017, 9:e1399. doi: 10.1002/wics.1399This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational Finance
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate Analysis
Numerical simulation of circulation control turbine cascade with Coanda jet and counter-flow blowing at high Mach numbers
Authors: Feng Y. , Song Y. , Chen F. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThe performance of a circulation-control inlet guide vane that makes use of the Coanda effect was studied numerically in a high Mach number turbine cascade. The effect of different shapes (elliptic and circular) of the Coanda surface at the blade trailing edge was investigated by implementing both a Coanda jet and a counter-flow blowing. Under high subsonic flow conditions, with a total blowing ratio of 3% of the mainstream, the circulation control cascade can reach the same performance as the reference stator with a 13.5% reduction in the axial chord length, with minimal increase of the energy loss coefficient. The Coanda surfaces with small curvature are more efficient in entraining the mainstream flow, and they achieve better aerodynamic performance. The wall attachment of the Coanda jet is improved by employing counter-flow blowing, resulting in a slight increase of both the exit flow angle and the expansion ratio. Under supersonic flow conditions at the cascade exit, it is more difficult for the circulation control cascade to reach the appropriate flow turning due to a premature shock wave, which is absent in the original cascade until the very end of the suction surface.
Indirect Versus Direct Standardization Methods for Reporting Healthcare-Associated Infections: An Analysis of Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in Maryland
Authors: O’Hara Lyndsay M. , Masnick Max , Leekha Surbhi , Jackson Sarah S. , Blanco Natalia , Harris Anthony D. 
Published: June 2017

Whether healthcare-associated infection data should be presented using indirect (current CMS/CDC methodology) or direct standardization remains controversial. We applied both methods to central-line–associated bloodstream infection data from 45 acute-care hospitals in Maryland from 2012 to 2014. We found that the 2 methods generate different hospital rankings with payment implications.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:989–992
Estimation of present-day glacial isostatic adjustment, ice mass change and elastic vertical crustal deformation over the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: ZHANG BAOJUN , WANG ZEMIN , LI FEI , AN JIACHUN , YANG YUANDE , LIU JINGBIN 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThis study explores an iterative method for simultaneously estimating the present-day glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), ice mass change and elastic vertical crustal deformation of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) for the period October 2003–October 2009. The estimations are derived by combining mass measurements of the GRACE mission and surface height observations of the ICESat mission under the constraint of GPS vertical crustal deformation rates in the spatial domain. The influence of active subglacial lakes on GIA estimates are mitigated for the first time through additional processing of ICESat data. The inferred GIA shows that the strongest uplift is found in the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) sector and subsidence mostly occurs in Adelie Terre and the East Antarctica inland. The total GIA-related mass change estimates for the entire AIS, West Antarctica Ice Sheet (WAIS), East Antarctica Ice Sheet (EAIS), and Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet (APIS) are 43 ± 38, 53 ± 24, −23 ± 29 and 13 ± 6 Gt a−1, respectively. The overall ice mass change of the AIS is −46 ± 43 Gt a−1 (WAIS: −104 ± 25, EAIS: 77 ± 35, APIS: −20 ± 6). The most significant ice mass loss and most significant elastic vertical crustal deformations are concentrated in the ASE and northern Antarctic Peninsula.
CALIBRATING DETERMINACY STRENGTH IN LEVELS OF THE BOREL HIERARCHY
Authors: HACHTMAN SHERWOOD 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe analyze the set-theoretic strength of determinacy for levels of the Borel hierarchy of the form$\Sigma _{1 + \alpha + 3}^0 $, forα<ω1. Well-known results of H. Friedman and D.A. Martin have shown this determinacy to requireα+ 1 iterations of the Power Set Axiom, but we ask what additional ambient set theory is strictly necessary. To this end, we isolate a family of weak reflection principles, Π1-RAPα, whose consistency strength corresponds exactly to the logical strength of${\rm{\Sigma }}_{1 + \alpha + 3}^0 $determinacy, for$\alpha < \omega _1^{CK} $. This yields a characterization of the levels ofLby or at which winning strategies in these games must be constructed. Whenα= 0, we have the following concise result: The leastθso that all winning strategies in${\rm{\Sigma }}_4^0 $games belong toLθ+1is the least so that$L_\theta \models {\rm{``}}{\cal P}\left( \omega \right)$exists, and all wellfounded trees are ranked”.
THE HERBRAND FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION OF THE DOUBLE NEGATION SHIFT
Authors: ESCARDÓ MARTÍN , OLIVA PAULO 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper considers a generalisation of selection functions over an arbitrary strong monad T, as functionals of type $J_R^T X = (X \to R) \to TX$. It is assumed throughout that R is a T-algebra. We show that $J_R^T$ is also a strong monad, and that it embeds into the continuation monad $K_R X = (X \to R) \to R$. We use this to derive that the explicitly controlled product of T-selection functions is definable from the explicitly controlled product of quantifiers, and hence from Spector’s bar recursion. We then prove several properties of this product in the special case when T is the finite powerset monad ${\cal P}_{\rm{f}} \left( \cdot \right)$. These are used to show that when $TX = {\cal P}_{\rm{f}} \left( X \right)$ the explicitly controlled product of T-selection functions calculates a witness to the Herbrand functional interpretation of the double negation shift.
Morphological assessment of the earliest paradoxidid trilobites (Cambrian Series 3) from Morocco and Spain
Authors: ÁLVARO J. JAVIER , ESTEVE JORGE , ZAMORA SAMUEL 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA Cambrian immigration event of paradoxidid trilobites has traditionally marked some regional lower–middle Cambrian boundaries in the Acado-Baltic subprovince (including Baltica and the Mediterranean and Avalonian margins of West Gondwana). The earliest paradoxidine species in Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula have been used as a chronostratigraphic link to support the definition of a common base for the Cambrian Series 3, but recent studies have proposed new species without revising previously established ones. This paper offers a morphological statistical analysis based on both linear measurement and landmark-based geometric morphometric approaches performed on the earliest paradoxinine trilobites sampled in the Anti-Atlas (Morocco) and the Iberian Chains (Spain). As a result, the diagnosis ofAcadoparadoxides mureroensisis emended and several species recently erected in Morocco (A.cf.mureroensis,A. levisettii,A. ovatopygeandA. pampalius) are suggested as synonyms ofA. mureroensisuntil 3D statistical analyses are available based on material preserved on carbonate or silica nodules. The first appearance ofA. mureroensisin both areas can be provisionally used for regional correlation until homotaxic tests are checked.
Bovine intra-mammary challenge withStreptococcus dysgalactiaespp.Dysgalactiaeto explore the effect on the response of Complement activity
Authors: Maye Susan , Flynn James , Stanton Catherine , Fitzgerald Gerald F. , Kelly Philip M. 
Published: June 2017

Recently published work as described by the authors highlighted the extent of Complement activity in bovine milk. Localised mastitis infection occurring in the mammary glands of dairy cows is readily detectable by the levels of somatic cells in milk. Thus, it is opportune to monitor Complement activity in milks in association with the animal's innate immune response to mammary infection. Preliminary screening of milk samples taken randomly showed that milk with a high somatic cell count (SCC) reduced growth of the Complement-sensitive strainE. coliO111 to a greater extent (P< 0·05) than when the marker microorganism was grown in milk heated for the purpose of inactivating Complement. A follow-up study set out to determine the effect on Complement activity when a sub-clinical mastitis infection was induced in the mammary gland of four lactating dairy cows. The effect ofStr. dysgalactiaespp.dysgalactiaeinoculation into selected individual udder quarters of the mammary glands of each animal was followed by monitoring of SCC levels in the milks from the segregated udder samples during subsequent milking. At 72 and 96 h post inoculation (PI), the SCCs for the challenged quarter were increased compared to normal values. At the same time, the bactericidal sequestration assay identified increasedE. coliO111 inhibition that can be directly linked to greater Complement activity in those quarter milks affected by induced inflammation. Thus, it can be identified that the high SCC milks were more effective in limitingE. coliO111 growth. Milks from the unchallenged quarters in all four cows were significantly less effective at reducing growth of the assay strain (P< 0·05).An ELISA assay targeting specific activation components of the Complement pathways confirmed that greater bacterial inhibition observed during the bactericidal sequestration assay was attributable to higher Complement activity in the milk samples from the affected quarters, i.e., with higher SCC. The induced infection was confirmed as self-limiting in three of the affected animals and their SCC returned to normal levels within 14 d PI, while the fourth cow required brief antibiotic intervention.
Endoscopic electrocautery and fibrin obliteration of an acutely complicated pyriform fossa sinus tract in a septuagenarian
Authors: Heyes R , Aulakh A G , Lingam R K , Tatla T 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackground:Pyriform fossa sinus tracts classically present with neck abscess, recurrent infections and suppurative thyroiditis in children; acute presentation in a geriatric patient is rare.Methods:Case report and Medline literature review.Case report:A 79-year-old female presented with a left-sided neck mass and severe odynophagia of 3 days’ duration. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large-volume, loculated fluid collection extending throughout the deep spaces of the neck on the left, within and around the thyroid gland capsule. There was radiological evidence of internal jugular vein thrombophlebitis. Abscess incision and drainage, and endoscopic evaluation, were performed. A deeply penetrating sinus was seen in the left pyriform apex, the entrance of which was circumferentially cauterised and the lumen obliterated with fibrin glue. Following post-operative intravenous antibiotics, the patient made a complete recovery.Conclusion:This paper describes the first use of fibrin glue to obliterate a pyriform fossa sinus tract in an adult.
You'll feel better in the morning: slow wave activity and overnight mood regulation in interepisode bipolar disorder
Authors: Soehner A. M. , Kaplan K. A. , Saletin J. M. , Talbot L. S. , Hairston I. S. , Gruber J. , Eidelman P. , Walker M. P. , Harvey A. G. 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundSleep disturbances are prominent correlates of acute mood episodes and inadequate recovery in bipolar disorder (BD), yet the mechanistic relationship between sleep physiology and mood remains poorly understood. Using a series of pre-sleep mood inductions and overnight sleep recording, this study examined the relationship between overnight mood regulation and a marker of sleep intensity (non-rapid eye movement sleep slow wave activity; NREM SWA) during the interepisode phase of BD.MethodsAdults with interepisode BD type 1 (BD;n= 20) and healthy adult controls (CTL;n= 23) slept in the laboratory for a screening night, a neutral mood induction night (baseline), a happy mood induction night, and a sad mood induction night. NREM SWA (0.75–4.75 Hz) was derived from overnight sleep EEG recordings. Overnight mood regulation was evaluated using an affect grid pleasantness rating post-mood induction (pre-sleep) and the next morning.ResultsOvernight mood regulation did not differ between groups following the sad or happy inductions. SWA did not significantly change for either group on the sad induction night compared with baseline. In BD only, SWA on the sad night was related to impaired overnight negative mood regulation. On the happy induction night, SWA increased relative to baseline in both groups, though SWA was not related to overnight mood regulation for either group.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that SWA disruption may play a role in sustaining negative mood state from the previous night in interepisode BD. However, positive mood state could enhance SWA in bipolar patients and healthy adults.
Is penal substitution incoherent? An examination of Mark Murphy's criticisms
Authors: CRAIG WILLIAM LANE 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSome critics of the doctrine of penal substitution have alleged that the doctrine is incoherent because punishment entails an attitude of condemnation or censure towards the person punished, which is impossible in the case of Christ. It is shown that this objection is multiply flawed and that a number of viable ways of avoiding the alleged incoherence are available to the penal substitution theorist.
Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the Chilean diet (2010)
Authors: Cediel Gustavo , Reyes Marcela , da Costa Louzada Maria Laura , Martinez Steele Euridice , Monteiro Carlos A , Corvalán Camila , Uauy Ricardo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and analyse its association with the content of added sugars in the Chilean diet.DesignCross-sectional study of national dietary data obtained through 24 h recalls and classified into food groups according to the extent and purpose of food processing (NOVA classification).SettingChile.SubjectsA probabilistic sample of 4920 individuals (aged 2 years or above) studied in 2010 by a national dietary survey (Encuesta Nacional de Consumo Alimentario).ResultsUltra-processed foods represented 28·6 (se0·5) % of total energy intake and 58·6 (se0·9) % of added sugars intake. The mean percentage of energy from added sugars increased from 7·7 (se0·3) to 19·7 (se0·5) % across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. After adjusting for several potential sociodemographic confounders, a 5 percentage point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods determined a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars. Individuals in the highest quintile were three times more likely (OR=2·9; 95 % CI 2·4, 3·4) to exceed the 10 % upper limit for added sugars recommended by the WHO compared with those in the lowest quintile, after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. This association was strongest among individuals aged 2–19 years (OR=3·9; 95 % CI 2·7, 5·9).ConclusionsIn Chile, ultra-processed foods are important contributors to total energy intake and to the consumption of added sugars. Actions aimed at limiting consumption of ultra-processed foods are being implemented as effective ways to achieve WHO dietary recommendations to limit added sugars and processed foods, especially for children and adolescents.
Breast-feeding duration for the prevention of excess body weight of mother–child pairs concurrently: a 2-year cohort study
Authors: Mastroeni Marco Fabio , Mastroeni Silmara Salete de Barros Silva , Czarnobay Sandra Ana , Ekwaru John Paul , Loehr Sarah A , Veugelers Paul J 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between breast-feeding duration and the risk of excess body weight (children &gt;85th percentile, mothers BMI≥25·0 kg/m2) concurrently in mother–child pairs two years after delivery.DesignProspective cohort study in Joinville, Brazil. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the independent relationship between breast-feeding duration and risk of excess body weight.SettingBrazilian public maternity hospital.SubjectsThree hundred and five mother–child pairs.ResultsAt 2-year follow-up, 23·6 % of mother–child pairs had excess body weight. Children breast-fed for &lt;2 months were more likely to have excess body weight than children breast-fed for ≥6 months (OR=2·4; 95 % CI 1·1, 5·1). Breast-feeding for &lt;2 months was also associated with a greater likelihood of maternal excess body weight compared with those who breast-fed for ≥6 months (OR=2·9; 95 % CI 1·1, 8·1). There was a progressive increase in the likelihood of mother–child pairs having excess body weight as breast-feeding duration decreased. In addition to breast-feeding duration, other independent determinants of excess body weight were pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain and number of pregnancies in mothers, and birth weight in children.ConclusionsBreast-feeding for a longer duration has a parallel protective effect on the risk of excess body weight in mother–child pairs two years after birth. Since members of the same family could be influenced by the same risk factors, continued promotion and support of breast-feeding may help to attenuate the rising prevalence of overweight in mother–child pairs.
Mental health service use and need for care of Australians without diagnoses of mental disorders: findings from a large epidemiological survey
Authors: Bobevski I. , Rosen A. , Meadows G. 
Published: June 2017

Aims.While epidemiological surveys worldwide have found a considerable proportion of people using mental health services not to have a diagnosis of a mental disorder, with possible implications of service overuse, other work has suggested that most people without a current diagnosis who used services exhibited other indicators of need. The aims of the present study were, using somewhat different categorisations than previous work, to investigate whether: (1) Australians without a diagnosis of a mental disorder who used mental health services had other indicators of need; and (2) how rate and frequency of service use in Australia related to level of need, then to discuss the findings in light of recent developments in Australian Mental Health Policy and other epidemiological and services research findings.Methods.Data from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB) 2007 was analysed.Results.Most people using mental health services had evident indicators of need for mental health care (MHC), and most of those with lower evident levels of need did not make heavy use of services. Only a small proportion of individuals without any disorders or need indicators received MHC (4%). Although this latter group comprises a fair proportion of service users when extrapolating to the Australian population (16%), the vast majority of these individuals only sought brief primary-care or counselling treatment rather than consultations with psychiatrists. Access and frequency of MHC consultations were highest for people with diagnosed lifetime disorders, followed by people with no diagnosed disorders but other need indicators, and least for people with no identified need indicators. Limitations include some disorders not assessed in interview and constraints based on survey size to investigate subgroups defined, for instance, by socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage individually or by characteristics of area.Conclusions.MHC for individuals with no recognised disorders or other reasonable need for such care may be occurring but if so is likely to be an area-specific phenomenon. Rather than revealing a large national pool of treatment resources being expended on the so-called ‘worried well’, the findings suggested a generally appropriate dose–response relationship between need indicators and service use. Definitive ascertainment of area-specific disparities in this national pattern would require a different survey approach. Government proposals for widespread introduction of stepped-care models that may seek to divert patients from existing treatment pathways need to be implemented with care and well informed by local data.