bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tolerance of Gaspé fishermen to cold water
Authors: LeBlanc Jacques , Hildes J. A. , Héroux O. 
Published: December 2017

A group of Gaspé fishermen used to cold water immersion and control subjects from the same vicinity were studied to determine if the fishermen's hands were adapted to cold. With one hand immersed in cold water, the pressor response was greater in the control subjects; the fishermen maintained a higher finger temperature and complained less of pain; heat flow from the fishermen's hands was greater than in the control group; finger numbness as measured by a modification of Mackworth's V-test was variable and not significantly different in the two groups. Skin biopsies showed no difference in skin thickness or cell size but there was a significantly greater number of mast cells in the fishermen's skin. The differences between the fishermen and the control subjects may be related to repeated cold exposure. Submitted on June 7, 1960
Maximal work of one breathing cycle
Authors: Craig Albert B. 
Published: December 2017

The method used enables one to record directly the pressure-volume diagram of a subject while breathing against a high resistance. The average work accomplished during expiration was 69% and, during inspiration, 79% of that which was predicted from the pressures developed against a column of mercury at different lung volumes. When maximal respiratory efforts are assessed, one can expect to incur the same problems of defining maximum as are encountered with other muscles. Submitted on June 2, 1960
Effect of sleep on hypoxic stimulation of breathing at sea level and altitude
Authors: Reed Donal J. , Kellogg Ralph H. 
Published: December 2017

The effect of sleep on the level of hypoxia in four adult male, sea-level residents was studied at sea level, during 23 days at 14,250 ft. and after return to sea level. The subjects, awake and asleep, breathed graded O2-N2 mixtures, each followed by a high O2 gas. Sleep did not significantly affect the hypoxic drive of breathing as evaluated from the steady-state levels of ventilation or from the immediate respiratory depression produced by interrupting hypoxia. At the ambient altitude O2 tension, arterial O2 saturation indicated by ear oximeter fell 4–8% with sleep. This fall in arterial oxygenation is believed to be sufficient to help explain the increased severity of mountain sickness which is commonly associated with sleep at altitude. Submitted on June 6, 1960
Cutaneous vasomotor nerves to the head and trunk
Authors: Blair D. A. , Glover W. E. , Roddie I. C. 
Published: December 2017

Simultaneous measurements of skin temperature of various skin areas of the body were made during indirect cooling and heating of the body. Cooling the body caused a much larger fall in the nose and finger temperature than in mouth temperature, indicating active vasoconstriction in these areas. In the ear, cheek, chest and forehead there was no evidence for vasoconstriction. Evidence of vasodilatation in all the skin areas studied was obtained when the body was indirectly heated. Blocking the vasomotor nerves to the ear resulted in a large increase in skin temperature and, during body heating, the skin temperature of the normal ear did not exceed that of the nerve-blocked ear. It was concluded that the changes in ear blood flow subserving temperature regulation are mainly due to alterations in vasoconstrictor tone. In the chest and cheek, cutaneous nerve block did not alter skin temperature, yet it reduced the rise in skin temperature normally seen during body heating. It was concluded that the vasodilatation normally seen in these areas is not due to release of vasoconstrictor tone, but rather to an active vasodilator mechanism, mediated through fibers running with the cutaneous nerves. Submitted on May 27, 1960
Effects of somatotropin in rats acutely exposed to adverse environments
Authors: Hale Henry B. , Mefferd Roy B. 
Published: December 2017

Metabolic effects of acute (24-hr.) exposure to low barometric pressure (380 mm Hg), heat (35°C), or cold (2°C) were determined in fasting rats which had received subcutaneous injections of somatotropin (0.5 mg/100 gm b.wt.) 24 hours before and immediately before exposure. Comparison was made with rats exposed to the same conditions without pretreatment with somatotropin and with controls held under neutral conditions of temperature and pressure (24°C, 750 mm Hg). Somatotropin modified environmentally induced changes in 24-hour urinary excretion of urea, uric acid and phosphate and the urinary Na/K, Ca/P and uric acid/creatinine ratios. Suggestive evidence was thus obtained to support the hypothesis that somatotropin contributes to homeostasis. Submitted on October 26, 1959
A unified system for evaluation and selection of heat stress candidates
Authors: Gold Joseph 
Published: December 2017

A system for the evaluation and selection of heat stress candidates has been developed that is concerned not only with the extent to which an individual is capable of dissipating heat, but also the price he must pay for so doing. The former is dealt with through the concept of effective body heat storage ( qe); the latter, through a newly developed index of strain ( IG). Effective body heat storage is defined as that amount of storage obtained if a subject were able to go into a heat chamber already fully equilibrated with it and with all heat-dissipating mechanisms fully operating. The index attempts to express a new concept, accumulative circulatory strain, in terms of heart rate alone. The best subjects (usually in the young age groups) show a low ( IG) and low ( IG); the worst (usually in the older age groups) show a high ( qe) and low ( IG). All subjects were maintained at rest during heat exposure. Submitted on April 8, 1960
Energy metabolism in college girls
Authors: Banerjee Sachchidananda , Barua Anita , Ghosh Arati 
Published: December 2017

Energy expenditures during different activities of 24 college girls were determined by measurement of oxygen consumption. The energy cost of various activities expressed as Calories per square meter of body surface per hour was as follows: basal metabolic rate (BMR), 28.75 α 0.47; lying at rest, 30.95 α 0.60; sitting at rest, 36.03 α 0.66; sitting at study, 34.59 α 0.63; sitting at household work, 80.71 α 3.50; standing at laboratory work, 48.71 α 2.70; walking, 110.27 α 2.70; ascending stairs, 137.83 α 4.60; and descending stairs, 90.39 α 3.25. The average total daily energy expenditure of the subjects, determined for a period of 7 days, was 1503 Cal. and the average daily intake was 1507 Cal. Energy expenditure during standardized work on the bicycle ergometer was determined in six college girls by measurement of oxygen consumption. The energy cost of work done equivalent to 150 kpm/min. was found lowest when the work was performed in the basal state, highest 1 hour after a heavy meal, and intermediate 4 hours after the meal. The results indicated that performance of work was more efficient on an empty stomach than when it was full. Submitted on September 19, 1960
Fluctuation of peripheral blood flow in subjects with circulatory impairment
Authors: Franke Ernst K. 
Published: December 2017

Fluctuations of the capillary blood flow in the skin of the hands of cardiac patients were compared with those of normal controls. In normal subjects the peripheral blood flow undergoes spontaneous, rhythmic fluctuations of a period of 30–60 seconds, whose main function is the regulation of the body temperature. These fluctuations were recorded by means of a probe that was sensitive to the effective thermal conductivity of the skin, which is proportional to the blood flow in its capillaries. The essential elements of the probe are two wires (constantan, 0.2 mm) of 1-cm length that are in contact with the skin at a mutual distance of 0.5 cm. One of the wires is heated by alternating current. The temperature difference that therefore develops between these wires is proportional to the thermal conductivity of the skin. It is recorded by means of thermocouples in contact with the wires. It was found that the cardiac patients had, on the average, a substantially lower amplitude of fluctuations than the normal controls. It is assumed that this may be attributed to anatomical changes of the arteriolar walls, which cause increased rigidity. Submitted on August 10, 1959
Stability of basal metabolic rate on a polar expedition
Authors: Lewis H. E. , Masterton J. P. , Rosenbaum S. 
Published: December 2017

The basal metabolism studied in 29 young adults on 349 occasions over 2 years in the Arctic was 37.4 (sd α 3.7) kcal/m-2/hr-1, and well within the normal British standards. The variability showed no relationship to season. On polar expeditions, men's physiologically significant exposure to cold is small because of efficient protection by clothing and shelter. Information is needed about precise differences of microclimate in the polar regions and at home. Field work could more profitably be directed to the cognate problem of costs of various activities in the cold rather than basal metabolic rate. Submitted on April 25, 1960
Relationship of aortic pressure and diameter in the dog
Authors: Barnett G. O. , Mallos A. J. , Shapiro A. 
Published: December 2017

The measurement of the relationship between aortic diameter and aortic pressure is of importance in the general problem of blood flow measurements. This relationship was examined in the upper descending aorta of the anesthetized thoracotomized dog using a specially devised strain-gauge caliper and a catheter-manometer pressure recording system. It was found that the slope of the graph of mean diameter vs. mean pressure (“mean extensibility index”) was linear between mean pressures of 60–140 mm Hg, and was only slightly affected by intravenous norepinephrine. The ratio of the change in diameter to the change in pressure for a single pulse (“dynamic extensibility index”) was not significantly different from the mean extensibility index below mean pressures of about 130 mm Hg. The dynamic extensibility index was moderately decreased by norepinephrine. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of Walter Gray) Submitted on August 8, 1960
Pulmonary gas transport as influenced by a hypergravitational environment
Authors: Steiner Sheldon H. , Mueller Gustave C. E. , Cherniack Neil S. 
Published: December 2017

Inertial effects on pulmonary gas exchange were measured during forward acceleration at 6 and 8 g. During the 3-min-acceleration plateau, O2 uptake decreased a mean of 16 ml/min at 6 g and 71 ml/min at 8 g. CO2 excretion increased 62 ml/min at 6 g and only 30 ml/min at 8 g. The respiratory exchange ratio increased from 0.83 to 1.17 at 6 g and 1.24 at 8 g. There was a marked increase in the minute volume of ventilation. During the recovery periods, an additional 470 ml O2 was consumed; 360 ml CO2 was excreted above control values for 6 g; 650 ml O 2 was consumed; and 580 ml CO 2 was excreted for 8 g. The increased metabolic work at the g levels studied was small, representing approximately 150 ml/min O 2. The respiratory exchange ratio was well above 1.00, and a large O 2 debt accumulated. Exercise at 8 g resulted in a marked increase in O 2 uptake, which eliminated the possibility that the observed effects were caused by impaired alveolar ventilation or diffusing capacity. Cardiac output has been reported essentially unchanged or slightly increased during forward acceleration and, therefore, the response cannot be explained by a decrease in pulmonary blood flow. The evidence suggests that the diminution in O 2 exchange and impairment in CO 2 excretion represents a combination of alteration in the pulmonary ventilation to blood flow ratios and peripheral arterial shunting. Note:(With the Technical Assistance of Justin L. Taylor) Submitted on February 8, 1961
Left ventricular heat production measured by coronary flow and temperature gradient
Authors: Neill William A. , Levine Herbert J. , Wagman Richard J. , Messer Joseph V. , Krasnow Norman , Gorlin Richard 
Published: December 2017

The study of energetics of the left ventricular myocardium, normally based on its oxygen consumption and mechanical work performance, can be extended by determining its heat production as well. By considering all forms of energy input and output of the left ventricle, calculations were made of left ventricular net heat production under a variety of hemodynamic conditions. One of the mechanisms for removal of the heat produced is provided by the coronary blood, which is warmed in transit through the myocardium. Direct measurements of the rate of heat removal by the coronary circulation were made from coronary flow rate and veno-arterial temperature gradient. The fraction of left ventricular net heat production which is removed by the coronary perfusion is proportional to coronary flow rate. The fraction at a given flow rate is sufficiently reproducible to permit estimation of total heat produced from the portion measured in the coronary circulation. Certain of the theoretical applications of heat data may require more accuracy than appears feasible by this method. Which of the applications discussed will prove practical remains to be determined. Submitted on February 13, 1961
Effect of hypothermia on responses to imposed trachea obstruction
Authors: Hall F. G. , Salzano John 
Published: December 2017

Respiratory and circulatory responses to three levels of imposed tracheal obstruction were measured in normothermic dogs; the same measurements were repeated after the blood temperature of the animals had been reduced to 28 C by immersion in ice water. Respiratory rate increased, tidal volume decreased, and arterial oxygen saturation progressively declined as a result of tracheal impedance at 37 C. The induction of the hypothermic condition caused a fall in respiratory rate, an increase in tidal volume, and no change in arterial oxygen saturation in response to the same obstruction to air flow. Cardiac output and systemic pressure increased as the magnitude of obstruction was increased in the normothermic animals but were not altered by the same degree of obstruction in the hypothermic animals. The differences in responses observed at the two temperatures studied seem to be related to the degree to which hypoxia develops in the normothermic animals as a result of tracheal air flow impedance. Submitted on May 16, 1961
Pulmonary arterial shunting in man during forward acceleration
Authors: Steiner Sheldon H. , Mueller Gustave C. E. 
Published: December 2017

The arterial blood gases were determined during forward acceleration 90∘ to the acceleration vector at 6 g and 8 g breathing room air and at 8 g breathing 100% oxygen. Arterial saturation fell to 84% at 6 gand 75% at 8 g. Prebreathing O2 for 15 min prior to acceleration with continued inhalation during the acceleration plateau only partially corrected the undersaturation to 86% at 8 g. Recovery was not complete in 3 min unless O g therapy was used. Whole blood carbon dioxide content was depressed at 6 g and 8 g on room air, but this was corrected by O g inhalation. However, during the recovery period while breathing oxygen the carbon dioxide content was depressed. pH was reduced and pCO g elevated slightly during each acceleration period. Since cardiac output and alveolar ventilation have been reported to be essentially unaltered during forward acceleration at these magnitudes, the observed effects must represent substantial alterations in the individual ventilation to blood flow ratios throughout the lung, with approximately 50% of the cardiac output shunted through totally nonventilated areas at 8 g. There also must be some inadequately perfused or nonperfused peripheral areas, as evidenced by the fall in CO g content and pH and the accumulation of a substantial O g debt previously reported during acceleration. Note: With the Technical Assistance of Alice M. Caton and Justin L. Taylor, Jr. Submitted on June 12, 1961
Anthropometric fractionation of body weight
Authors: Behnke Albert R. 
Published: December 2017

Body weight ( W) may be predicted with an accuracy of ±2% from the sum ( CCCC) of 11 anthropometric circumferences and stature ( h). Additional measurements made on two small groups of men and women and on a large group of workmen serve to confirm the equivalence of C/K and (See PDF). The value of the constant ( k) for both men and women is 300. If D represents C/K, then D2 x h = W. Each single circumference ( c) divided by a specific constant ( k), which is a fraction of K, may be converted into a d value and into an equivalent body weight, i.e., d2 x h = d( W). In effect, body weight can be fractionated into at least 11 components which provide quantitative intraindividual and interindividual comparison of body build. Note: With the Technical Assistance of Dorothy Merritt Jones and E. Chadwick Squires Submitted on April 28, 1961
Continuous measurement of alveolo-arterial gradients at ambient and anoxic levels
Authors: Cosby R. S. , Stowell E. C. , Morrison D. M. , Mayo M. , Ruymann F. B. , Bernard B. 
Published: December 2017

In 18 normal subjects continuous alveolo-arterial differences were measured at decreasing levels of inspired pO2 from ambient to 12% oxygen. A mean difference of 12.1 mm Hg decreased gradually to virtual obliteration of the gradient at low levels of inspired pO2. A modified Clark electrode lying within a Riley needle continuously recorded arterial O2 tensions and, together with a recording alveolar O2 electrode, inscribed a continuous visual alveolo-arterial difference. The response of arterial pO2 to an anoxic level, though maximal in the 1st min (74% of the total change in 4 min), continued to change at the rate of 2 frac12%/min during and after the 4th min. Continuously changing levels of ventilation and arterial pO2 and pCO2, as described, make it unlikely that the steady state is ever truly present during acute exposure to anoxia. Submitted on April 17, 1961
Sweating and body temperatures following abrupt changes in environmental temperature
Authors: Belding H. S. , Hertig B. A. 
Published: December 2017

Human subjects were transferred between environments imposing different levels of heat stress. Analyses of measurements obtained after a reasonably steady state had been achieved in each of several environments revealed equally good correlation between a) sweat rate and ear temperature (tympanic membrane), and b) sweat rate and calculated deep skin temperature (hypothetical). The correlations are consistent with adjustment of sweating in response to either hypothalamic temperature or temperature of skin receptors or some combination of the two. However, during the first 20 min after transfer, changes in sweat rate and skin temperature occurred together and in the same direction, but were not accompanied by any consistent change in ear temperature. Thus, to the extent that ear temperature represents hypothalamic temperature, an hypothesis of control of sweating based on hypothalamic temperature alone is not tenable. Alternative physiological explanations are given for data developed elsewhere and used in support of an hypothesis of sweat control solely from the hypothalamus. Submitted on August 14, 1961
Effect of altering limb position on blood flow, O2 uptake, and skin temperature
Authors: Abramson David I. , Tuck Samuel , Zayas Agenor M. , Mitchell Roscoe E. 
Published: December 2017

The effect of altering the position of the upper extremity on local blood flow, oxygen uptake and tissue temperatures was studied in a group of 19 normal subjects. In each instance the limb was placed in three positions: 1) horizontally, at the level of the heart; 2) with the elbow at this level, but with the forearm and hand dependent and forming an angle of 34°with the horizontal; and 3) with the forearm and hand elevated and forming an angle of 34°with the horizontal. No consistent change in blood flow or O2 uptake was noted when the limb was placed in dependency. In the elevated position there was a small, but significant, reduction in blood flow and O2 uptake. Cutaneous temperature of the forearm was not affected by either position, while a definite fall in skin temperature was noted in the hand in dependency. These results suggest that variations in position of the upper extremity elicit compensatory vascular mechanisms which tend to counteract the hydrostatic effect on local blood flow and O2 uptake. Submitted on June 19, 1961
Blood and plasma volume in adult males
Authors: Yiengst Marvin J. , Shock Nathan W. 
Published: December 2017

Total blood volumes were estimated in 94 normal ambulatory males, aged 19–95 years, by the T-1824 dye dilution method. There were no significant age changes when results were expressed in terms of either body weight or surface area. The mean values for individual age groups between 40'49 and 80'95 years varied between 46.7 ± 1.5 and 51.5 ± 1.5 ml/kg body wt. for plasma volume and between 75.1 ± 2.0 and 82.3 ± 2.0 ml/kg body wt. for total blood volume. Submitted on October 16, 1961
Maintenance of the pharyngeal airway
Authors: Shelton Ralph L. , Bosma James F. 
Published: December 2017

The effect of cervical extension, cervical flexion, mandible displacement, tongue displacement, and effortful increase in intrathoracic pressure on the pharyngeal airway of ten normal adults is described from radiographic observations. Maintenance of the airway is viewed as being effected by interaction between cervical postural and pharyngeal muscles. Identification of the function of these mechanisms might provide new criteria for evaluation of pharyngeal impairment. The performance of extension was especially remarkable because of the consistency of the subjects' postural and pharyngeal responses to spoken command. The pharyngeal airway of each subject was distinctively expanded. The relationship between postural and pharyngeal structures has procedural implications for speech investigations. Submitted on August 14, 1961
Effect of O2 breathing on pulmonary compliance
Authors: Griffo Zora J. , Roos Albert 
Published: December 2017

The effect of oxygen breathing on pulmonary compliance was studied in paralyzed, artificially ventilated dogs and in two normal subjects. 1) In the dogs and the human subjects the course of compliance during oxygen breathing for periods of 1frac12–2 hr following hyperinflation was compared with that during air breathing. 2) In dogs compliance after apnea on oxygen (following hyperinflation) for frac12–7 min was compared with that after apnea on air. Intrapulmonary pressure during apnea was atmospheric. 3) In the human subjects the course of compliance was followed during air breathing for 50–70 min, preceded by hyperinflation and immediately followed by oxygen breathing for 80–100 min. In none of these three sets of studies did oxygen breathing affect the course or magnitude of pulmonary compliance. It is concluded that breathing pure oxygen at atmospheric pressure for several hours does not enhance the development of pulmonary atelectasis in normal subjects. Submitted on July 3, 1961
Mechanical aspects of panting in dogs
Authors: Crawford Eugene C. 
Published: December 2017

Apparently healthy, unanesthetized dogs weighing 12.3 ± 1.8 kg were caused to pant by the warming effect of incandescent lamps. Panting frequency was recorded and found to be 5.33 ± 0.7 cycles/sec. The natural frequency of the respiratory system of each of the animals was then determined, the mean being 5.28 ± 0.3 cycles/sec. The increased effectiveness of panting at the resonant frequency of the respiratory system is discussed in terms of respiratory impedance and maximum volume flow with least effort. The impracticality of panting at other frequencies is shown by calculation. Submitted on August 2, 1961