bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chloroplastic ATP synthase builds up a proton motive force preventing production of reactive oxygen species in photosystem I
Authors: Takagi Daisuke , Amako Katsumi , Hashiguchi Masaki , Fukaki Hidehiro , Ishizaki Kimitsune , Goh Tatsuaki , Fukao Yoichiro , Sano Ryosuke , Kurata Tetsuya , Demura Taku , Sawa Shinichiro , Miyake Chikahiro 
Published: April 2017

SummaryOver‐reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport (PET) chain should be avoided, because the accumulation of reducing electron carriers produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) within photosystem I (PSI) in thylakoid membranes and causes oxidative damage to chloroplasts. To prevent production of ROS in thylakoid membranes the H+ gradient (ΔpH) needs to be built up across the thylakoid membranes to suppress the over‐reduction state of the PET chain. In this study, we aimed to identify the critical component that stimulates ΔpH formation under illumination in higher plants. To do this, we screened ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)‐treated Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the formation of ΔpH is impaired and the PET chain caused over‐reduction under illumination. Subsequently, we isolated an allelic mutant that carries a missense mutation in the γ‐subunit of chloroplastic CF0CF1‐ATP synthase, named hope2. We found that hope2 suppressed the formation of ΔpH during photosynthesis because of the high H+ efflux activity from the lumenal to stromal side of the thylakoid membranes via CF0CF1‐ATP synthase. Furthermore, PSI was in a more reduced state in hope2 than in wild‐type (WT) plants, and hope2 was more vulnerable to PSI photoinhibition than WT under illumination. These results suggested that chloroplastic CF0CF1‐ATP synthase adjusts the redox state of the PET chain, especially for PSI, by modulating H+ efflux activity across the thylakoid membranes. Our findings suggest the importance of the buildup of ΔpH depending on CF0CF1‐ATP synthase to adjust the redox state of the reaction center chlorophyll P700 in PSI and to suppress the production of ROS in PSI during photosynthesis.
How do i participate in T‐cell immunotherapy?
Authors: Suhoski Davis Megan M. , McKenna David H. , Norris Philip J. 
Published: April 2017

T cells play a key role in the adaptive immune response, and the ability to manipulate T cells for therapeutic uses has advanced in the past decade. Infusion of expanded or engineered T cells can potentially be used to treat cancer, viral infections, graft‐versus‐host disease, and organ transplant rejection. The role that blood banks play in the manufacture and distribution of T‐cell therapeutics is still being defined. Given the regulatory framework of blood banks, they are well positioned to collect raw material for manufacture of T‐cell therapies and to distribute finished product to hospitals in support of clinical trials or eventually for licensed products.A deeper level of involvement in manufacture of T‐cell therapeutics is also possible, although that requires more substantial investment in physical facilities and personnel with the regulatory and scientific expertise to prepare and produce cellular therapy products. Examples of physical infrastructure needed would be a laboratory with a clean room for culture of T cells, specialized equipment for expansion of the cells, and adequate administrative and storage support space. Processes that would need to be developed to produce T‐cell therapeutics would include development of standard operating procedures and an appropriate quality assurance program. As blood banks consider supporting this novel class of therapies, they will need to weigh capital and expertise requirements with the benefits of providing a novel therapy and the potential of growth for their operations.
Behavioral Emergency Response Team: Implementation Improves Patient Safety, Staff Safety, and Staff Collaboration
Authors: Zicko CDR Jennifer M. , Schroeder LCDR Rebecca A. , Byers CDR William S. , Taylor LT Adam M. , Spence CDR Dennis L. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundStaff members working on our nonmental health (non‐MH) units (i.e., medical‐surgical [MS] units) were not educated in recognizing or deescalating behavioral emergencies. Published evidence suggests a behavioral emergency response team (BERT) composed of MH experts who assist with deescalating behavioral emergencies may be beneficial in these situations. Therefore, we sought to implement a BERT on the inpatient non‐MH units at our military treatment facility.AimsThe objectives of this evidence‐based practice process improvement project were to determine how implementation of a BERT affects staff and patient safety and to examine nursing staffs’ level of knowledge, confidence, and support in caring for psychiatric patients and patients exhibiting behavioral emergencies.MethodsA BERT was piloted on one MS unit for 5 months and expanded to two additional units for 3 months. Pre‐ and postimplementation staff surveys were conducted, and the number of staff assaults and injuries, restraint usage, and security intervention were compared.ResultsThe BERT responded to 17 behavioral emergencies. The number of assaults decreased from 10 (pre) to 1 (post); security intervention decreased from 14 to 1; and restraint use decreased from 8 to 1. MS staffs’ level of BERT knowledge and rating of support between MH staff and their staff significantly increased. Both MS and MH nurses rated the BERT as supportive and effective.Linking Evidence to ActionA BERT can assist with deescalating behavioral emergencies, and improve staff collaboration and patient and staff safety.
mTOR folate sensing links folate availability to trophoblast cell function
Authors: Rosario Fredrick J. , Powell Theresa L. , Jansson Thomas 
Published: April 2017

Key points
Folate deficiency during pregnancy is associated with restricted fetal growth, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.
Here we show that mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) functions as a folate sensor in primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells.
Folate sensing by mTOR in PHT cells involves both mTOR Complex 1 and 2 and requires the proton‐coupled folate transporter.
We report a previously unknown molecular mechanism by which folate regulates trophoblast cell function. Because mTOR is a positive regulator of placental amino acid transport and mitochondrial function, placental mTOR folate sensing may constitute the mechanistic link between maternal folate status and fetal growth.
These findings provide new insight into how folate influences human cell physiology and may have implications for our understanding of how altered folate availability causes diseases such as fetal growth restriction, fetal malformations and cancer.
AbstractFolate is a water‐soluble B vitamin that is essential for cellular methylation reactions and DNA synthesis and repair. Low maternal folate levels in pregnancy are associated with fetal growth restriction, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) links nutrient availability to cell growth and function by regulating gene expression and protein translation. Here we show that mTOR functions as a folate sensor in primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells. Folate deficiency in PHT cells caused inhibition of mTOR signalling and decreased the activity of key amino acid transporters. Folate sensing by mTOR in PHT cells involves both mTOR Complex 1 and 2 and requires the proton‐coupled folate transporter (PCFT, SLC46A1). The involvement of PCFT in mTOR folate sensing is not dependent on its function as a plasma membrane folate transporter. Increasing levels of homocysteine had no effect on PHT mTOR signalling, suggesting that mTOR senses low folate rather than high homocysteine. In addition, we demonstrate that maternal serum folate is positively correlated to placental mTORC1 and mTORC2 signalling activity in human pregnancy. We have identified a previously unknown molecular link between folate availability and cell function involving PCFT and mTOR signalling. We propose that mTOR folate sensing in trophoblast cells matches placental nutrient transport, and therefore fetal growth, to folate availability. These findings may have implications for our understanding of how altered folate availability causes human diseases such as fetal growth restriction, fetal malformations and cancer.
Proposal of Future-Applied Conventional Technology
Authors: Kuroda Koji , Hamada Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2017

Japan is geopolitically blessed with natural grace such as beautiful four seasons, abundant forest, fruitful earth and fresh water. And it seems that it has induced the deep trust between nature and human and has cultivated the Japanese unique culture which harmonizes nature with human sensibility.
The origin of handmade technology in Japan dates back to the Jomon period more than 10,000 years ago. The Jomon potteries excavated were made by utilizing the technologies of kneading clay with water and sintering by fire, and some of them were discovered to have the lacquer coatings on their surfaces extracted from plants.
The conventional technology would be created by our predecessors who had the sophisticated sensitivity and the excellent imagination cultivated with the careful observation of nature behavior. The technology was handed down to today through various historical changes in response to the diverse values of the individual era. It can be considered that the Japanese conventional technology is the nature friendly cultural asset co-created by nature and human through the long-term environmental changes more than 10000 years.
Future-applied conventional technology is the most reliable technology study to develop the future and to hand over the advanced value to the next generation.In this study, we scrutinized the related theme studied by Future-Applied Conventional Technology Center in Kyoto Institute of Technology, in order to extract the engineering element inherent in the conventional technologies and classify into common elements and specific elements for each technology. From the view point of nature and human relation, engineering elements were extracted comprehensively about the main materials, the auxiliary materials, the human sensibility, the hand tools and the human skills. The main materials and the auxiliary materials were classified into “wood, fire, earth, metal, water” according to the old Eastern thought “the five elements theory” which constitute nature, and animal-derived materials in addition. The human sensibility elements were extracted about the material evaluation, the dynamic process observation and the finished degree evaluation and classified into five senses “visual, auditory, tactile, taste, smell”, and the other sense such as fitness feeling with clothes or accessories. The hand tools were listed such as brush, trowel, spatula, scissors and hammer with the features of usage. The human skills were extracted about each material manipulating process comprehensively and classified into common elements and specific elements, by considering the features respectively.
With applying this study as a guideline for the innovation of the future technology harmonized with nature and human, it would be expected to promote variety of researches of the conventional technology and to develop the future technology for the modern cutting-edge field, by feeling the importance of the engineering elements and their relationship study inherent in the conventional technology.
Phage Inhibit Pathogen Dissemination by Targeting Bacterial Migrants in a Chronic Infection Model
Authors: Darch Sophie E. , Kragh Kasper N. , Abbott Evelyn A. , Bjarnsholt Thomas , Bull James J. , Whiteley Marvin 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

The microbial communities inhabiting chronic infections are often composed of spatially organized micrometer-sized, highly dense aggregates. It has recently been hypothesized that aggregates are responsible for the high tolerance of chronic infections to host immune functions and antimicrobial therapies. Little is currently known regarding the mechanisms controlling aggregate formation and antimicrobial tolerance primarily because of the lack of robust, biologically relevant experimental systems that promote natural aggregate formation. Here, we developed an
in vitro
model based on chronic
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
infection of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. This model utilizes a synthetic sputum medium that readily promotes the formation of
P. aeruginosa
aggregates with sizes similar to those observed in human CF lung tissue. Using high-resolution imaging, we exploited this model to elucidate the life history of
P. aeruginosa
and the mechanisms that this bacterium utilizes to tolerate antimicrobials, specifically, bacteriophage. In the early stages of growth in synthetic sputum, planktonic cells form aggregates that increase in size over time by expansion. In later growth, migrant cells disperse from aggregates and colonize new areas, seeding new aggregates. When added simultaneously with phage,
P. aeruginosa
was readily killed and aggregates were unable to form. When added after initial aggregate formation, phage were unable to eliminate all of the aggregates because of exopolysaccharide production; however, seeding of new aggregates by dispersed migrants was inhibited. We propose a model in which aggregates provide a mechanism that allows
P. aeruginosa
to tolerate phage therapy during chronic infection without the need for genetic mutation.

IMPORTANCE
Bacteria in chronic infections often reside in communities composed of micrometer-sized, highly dense aggregates. A primary challenge for studying aggregates has been the lack of laboratory systems that promote natural aggregate formation in relevant environments. Here, we developed a growth medium that mimics chronic lung infection and promotes natural aggregate formation by the bacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. High-resolution, single-cell microscopy allowed us to characterize
P. aeruginosa
’s life history—seeding, aggregate formation, and dispersal—in this medium. Our results reveal that this bacterium readily forms aggregates that release migrants to colonize new areas. We also show that aggregates allow
P. aeruginosa
to tolerate therapeutic bacteriophage addition, although this treatment limits
P. aeruginosa
dissemination by targeting migrants.
INTERMETALLIC COMPOUND FORMATION IN Ni/Sn DIFFUSION COUPLE AT ATMOSPHERIC AND AT 10−8 ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE
Authors: ADIOUI N. , HANNECH E. B. , GUERGUEB W. , BOUOUDINA M. 
Published: April 2017

The microstructure resulting from diffusion reactions, at solid-state temperatures, in Ni/Sn couples has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The Ni3Sn4 phase was the only reaction product which formed in the couples at temperatures from 150[Formula: see text]C to 220[Formula: see text]C. The growth kinetics of Ni3Sn4 layer followed the parabolic law with an apparent activation energy of 104[Formula: see text]kJ[Formula: see text]mol[Formula: see text]. The effect of the atmosphere on the microstructure of the interfacial layer was investigated at 220[Formula: see text]C for a pressure of 10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]atm. A decrease in the growth rate of the phase layer was observed.
Azimuthal Scattering from Elliptical Hair Fibers
Authors: Khungurn Pramook , Marschner Steve 
Published: April 2017

The appearance of hair follows from the small-scale geometry of hair fibers, with the cross-sectional shape determining the azimuthal distribution of scattered light. Although previous research has described some of the effects of non-circular cross sections, no accurate scattering models for non-circular fibers exist. This article presents a scattering model for elliptical fibers, which predicts that even small deviations from circularity produce important changes in the scattering distribution and which disagrees with previous approximations for the effects of eccentricity.
To confirm the model’s predictions, new scattering measurements of fibers from a wide range of hair types were made, using a new measurement device that provides a more complete and detailed picture of the light scattered by fibers than was previously possible. The measurements show features that conclusively match the model’s predictions, but they also contain an ideal-specular forward-scattering behavior that is not predicted and has not been fully described before.
The results of this article indicate that an accurate and efficient method for computing scattering in elliptical cylinders—something not provided in this article—is the correct model to use for realistic hair in the future and that the new specular behavior should be included as well.
Characterizing the effects of feature salience and top-down attention in the early visual system
Authors: Poltoratski Sonia , Ling Sam , McCormack Devin , Tong Frank 
Published: April 2017

The visual system employs a sophisticated balance of attentional mechanisms: salient stimuli are prioritized for visual processing, yet observers can also ignore such stimuli when their goals require directing attention elsewhere. A powerful determinant of visual salience is local feature contrast: if a local region differs from its immediate surround along one or more feature dimensions, it will appear more salient. We used high-resolution functional MRI (fMRI) at 7T to characterize the modulatory effects of bottom-up salience and top-down voluntary attention within multiple sites along the early visual pathway, including visual areas V1–V4 and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Observers viewed arrays of spatially distributed gratings, where one of the gratings immediately to the left or right of fixation differed from all other items in orientation or motion direction, making it salient. To investigate the effects of directed attention, observers were cued to attend to the grating to the left or right of fixation, which was either salient or nonsalient. Results revealed reliable additive effects of top-down attention and stimulus-driven salience throughout visual areas V1–hV4. In comparison, the LGN exhibited significant attentional enhancement but was not reliably modulated by orientation- or motion-defined salience. Our findings indicate that top-down effects of spatial attention can influence visual processing at the earliest possible site along the visual pathway, including the LGN, whereas the processing of orientation- and motion-driven salience primarily involves feature-selective interactions that take place in early cortical visual areas. NEW & NOTEWORTHY While spatial attention allows for specific, goal-driven enhancement of stimuli, salient items outside of the current focus of attention must also be prioritized. We used 7T fMRI to compare salience and spatial attentional enhancement along the early visual hierarchy. We report additive effects of attention and bottom-up salience in early visual areas, suggesting that salience enhancement is not contingent on the observer’s attentional state.
Dynamic population codes of multiplexed stimulus features in primate area MT
Authors: Goddard Erin , Solomon Samuel G. , Carlson Thomas A. 
Published: April 2017

The middle-temporal area (MT) of primate visual cortex is critical in the analysis of visual motion. Single-unit studies suggest that the response dynamics of neurons within area MT depend on stimulus features, but how these dynamics emerge at the population level, and how feature representations interact, is not clear. Here, we used multivariate classification analysis to study how stimulus features are represented in the spiking activity of populations of neurons in area MT of marmoset monkey. Using representational similarity analysis we distinguished the emerging representations of moving grating and dot field stimuli. We show that representations of stimulus orientation, spatial frequency, and speed are evident near the onset of the population response, while the representation of stimulus direction is slower to emerge and sustained throughout the stimulus-evoked response. We further found a spatiotemporal asymmetry in the emergence of direction representations. Representations for high spatial frequencies and low temporal frequencies are initially orientation dependent, while those for high temporal frequencies and low spatial frequencies are more sensitive to motion direction. Our analyses reveal a complex interplay of feature representations in area MT population response that may explain the stimulus-dependent dynamics of motion vision. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Simultaneous multielectrode recordings can measure population-level codes that previously were only inferred from single-electrode recordings. However, many multielectrode recordings are analyzed using univariate single-electrode analysis approaches, which fail to fully utilize the population-level information. Here, we overcome these limitations by applying multivariate pattern classification analysis and representational similarity analysis to large-scale recordings from middle-temporal area (MT) in marmoset monkeys. Our analyses reveal a dynamic interplay of feature representations in area MT population response.
Association Between Use of Long-Acting Nitrates and Outcomes in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Lim Shir Lynn , Benson Lina , Dahlström Ulf , Lam Carolyn S.P. , Lund Lars H. 
Published: April 2017

Background—
Nitrates may be beneficial in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) by enhancing cGMP signaling and improving hemodynamics, but real-world data on potential efficacy are lacking.

Methods and Results—

We linked the Swedish Heart Failure Registry to national registries with
International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision
comorbidity diagnoses and demographic and socioeconomic data. In HFpEF, defined as left ventricular ejection fraction ≥40%, we derived propensity scores for nitrate use using 52 baseline variables. The association between nitrate use and all-cause mortality and the composite of all-cause mortality or first heart failure hospitalization was assessed in a cohort matched 2:1 untreated to treated based on age and propensity score. In the overall HFpEF cohort (n=19 047; mean [SD] age, 76 [12] years; 46% women), nitrates were used in 17%, and the crude 1-year survival for treated versus untreated patients was 79% (95% confidence interval [CI], 78%–80%) versus 84% (95% CI, 83%–84%) respectively; hazard ratio was 1.48 (95% CI, 1.40–1.56;
P
<0.001) during a median 755-day follow-up. Matching yielded 2235 treated versus 4470 untreated patients, with 1-year survival of 80% (95% CI, 78%–82%) versus 79% (95% CI, 78%–81%) and hazard ratio of 1.06 (95% CI, 0.98–1.15;
P
=0.12). Nitrates were associated with worse composite outcome in the matched HFpEF cohort, with 1-year event-free survival of 62% (95% CI, 60%–64%) versus 65% (95% CI, 63%–66%) and hazard ratio of 1.11 (95% CI, 1.04–1.18;
P
=0.003). These patterns were reproduced in several consistency analyses.

Conclusions—
In HFpEF, the use of nitrates was not associated with improvements in all-cause mortality or heart failure hospitalization.