bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES-HUMAN FOODS1
Authors: Maraviglia T. C. 
Published: December 2016

General regulations establishing good manufacturing practices (GMP' s) for food establishments are now effective. Under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, FDA brought many food insanitation actions. Until recently, there were no specific standards (GMP' s) dealing with the plant sanitation concept in Section 402(a) (4) of the Act. Two court opinions touching on the subject of standards (GMP' s) are mentioned.
FDA's food sanitation programs now include bacteriological findings as well as the visible evidence of insanitation. The general, “umbrella” regulations will be followed by specific appendices for individual foods. If specific GMP's exist, FDA sanitary inspections will cover the key points in the GMP's.
In other instances, the general regulations will apply. Such inspections will be the usual FDA sanitary inspection. FDA will continue its present procedures including: inspector's discussion with management, written reports of observations, and post-inspection letters. If necessary, FDA can still use legal sanctions available to it.
Reasonableness and appropriate consideration to significant factors can be expected in FDA's administration of the GMP's. GMP's will be subject to updating and revision.
Some benefits of GMP's are: (a) industry, as well as cooperating State and local agencies, have a definite statement of FDA's requirements for food plant sanitation and for compliance with Section 402(a)(4) of the FDC Act; (b) GMP's will help in the planning and implementation of cooperative food inspection programs between FDA and other agencies; and (c) GMP's will minimize actual distribution of potentially hazardous or contaminated products to consumers.
CONTAMINATION OF MILK WITH AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS THROUGH THE VACUUM DEFOAMER
Authors: Cannon R. Y. , Reddy K. K. 
Published: December 2016

Serratia marcescens aerosols were generated under a hood covering the filler end of a model EPCF Pure Pak milk packaging machine. When water was packaged with the machine, contamination by the test organism occurred only when the defoamer was in operation.
Milk samples were obtained from the supply line to the filler bowl, the filler bowl, and the filled package in three different plants. Airborne microorganisms were collected at the same time in the vicinity of the packaging machine by liquid impingement. Following incubation at 4.5 C and 7.0 C, the bacterial types in milk samples from the filler bowl and package but not from the supply line were similar to those in the impingement fluid for two of the trials at both incubation temperatures, and for the third at 4.5 C incubation.
Air pulled through the filler bowl at rates of 3,000 to 6,000 liters/min by the defoamer contaminated the milk with psychrotrophic microorganisms.
ESTIMATION OF SOMATIC CELLS IN MILK USING MEMBRANE FILTER SEPARATION AND DNA DETERMINATION WITH DIPHENYLAMINE1
Authors: Hutjens M. F. , Schultz L. H. , Ward G. E. , Yamdagni S. 
Published: December 2016

A diphenylamine-DNA method of estimating somatic cell concentration in milk was studied in two separate trials. Trial I involved 68 bulk milk samples and a comparison of detergent and centrifuge procedures for separation of milk fat prior to estimation of somatic cells. Membrane filters of 3μ-pore size were used to concentrate cells. Color developed with diphenylamine was measured in a spectrophotometer. The detergent preparation was superior to centrifuging, as judged by correlation coefficients between the direct microscopic cell count (DMSCC) and optical density (OD) of 0.93 and 0.82, respectively, for the two methods. Coefficients of variation of duplicate optical density readings were 9.4 and 16.7 for the detergent and centrifuge methods, respectively. Regression equations revealed a linear relationship between OD and DMSCC for the detergent, but a curvilinear relationship for the centrifuge procedure.
In Trial II, 40 bulk milk samples were analyzed with an improved procedure involving detergent preparation, use of membrane filters to collect cells, and modifications of reagents to increase color development with diphenylamine. Correlations of 0.94 between OD and DMSCC and 0.95 between calculated micrograms of DNA and DMSCC were obtained. The coefficient of variation on optical density values was 3.5.An estimate of 9μg of DNA per million somatic cells was calculated, assuming 100% purity of the DNA standard used. This final procedure has been described in detail.
FIFTY YEARS OF PROGRESS IN THE CHEESE INDUSTRY. A REVIEW
Authors: Price Walter V. 
Published: December 2016

Since 1920 the cheese industry has moved west and south in the United States. Milk production and procurement have changed from simple hand milking and wagon deliveries to machine milking of large herds and bulk handling of milk under supervision of industry and government agencies. Hand labor in factories has been reduced. Sanitary buildings and equipment, use of pasteurized milk, and selected cultures, starter concentrates, bacteriophage-inhibiting media, and improved enzymes have simplified biological control of the processes. Better warehouses and new methods of packaging provide better protection and merchandising.
In the past 50 years the development of process cheese has opened new markets and inspired the development of highly sophisticated methods of packaging and merchandising natural cheese. Movements of cheese on the primary markets from factory to warehouse for curing, and then to dealers, processors, institutions, chain stores, marketing associations, special outlets, and mail order distributors are more orderly. Supervised grading, public marketing organizations, and availability of complete information on market movements, prices, and other market statistics are essentials provided for modern merchandising.
The cheese industry still faces many problems involving production, net income control, utilization of by-products, development of new products, conservation of milk constituents, and methods of merchandising and marketing. Solution of these problems depends upon availability of and supporting facilities for men with training and skill to attack them. Continuing growth during the past 50 years clearly indicates that production of cheese and its related products and by-products is an expanding phase of the dairy industry.
VOLUNTARY FOOD PROTECTION PROGRAMS DO WORK1
Authors: Lane C. Bronson 
Published: December 2016

Many “consumer protectionists” are publicly stating that food protection programs will work only if conducted solely and exclusively by the Federal Government. The National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) has disproved this view with its industry — state regulatory — Federal agency cooperative voluntary milk control program.
The NCIMS was born on June I, 1950, in St. Louis, Missouri, and adopted as its theme, “The Best Possible Milk Supply for All Our People.” The nation's milk drinkers — as consumers — have reaped the benefits of its voluntary program and activities. The Interstate Milk Shipments Program has provided them with the safest dairy products in the world. It also has encouraged free competition in the market place, and has, in some instances, helped prevent tax-draining multiple inspection programs through reciprocity endeavours.
COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF SOME SCREENING TESTS FOR DETECTION OF ABNORMAL MILK1
Authors: Schultze W. D. , Smith J. W. , Jasper D. E. , Klastrup O. , Newbould F. H. S. , Postle D. S. , Ullmann W. W. 
Published: December 2016

The California Mastitis Test, Modified Whiteside Test, Wisconsin Mastitis Test, tube Catalase Test, Milk Gel Index, and Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (NMC Method) were done according to a detailed protocol in five laboratories. Each laboratory tested about 250 bulk tank milk samples in blind duplicate. Screening tests were compared at various critical scores with respect to their identification of milk samples with cell concentration above (positive) and below (negative) 1.0 and 1.5 million/ml. The percent of positive samples correctly identified is the Utility of the screening test; the percent of negative samples mis-identified is the Cost.
At the 1.5 million cells per milliliter limit, and using U.S.P.H.S. recommended critical scores, the mean Cost/Utility estimates were: CMT 68/98, MWT 64/97, WMT 13/84, and CAT 38/94. Lowering the critical score for WMT to &gt; 20 increased its Utility to an acceptable 89% at 17% Cost. At the 1.0 million/ml cell concentration limit the ranking of tests did not change materially. Laboratories varied widely in Cost of screening with all tests, and, particularly for subjectively-scored tests, in the critical score required for equivalent Utility. In all comparisons, the MGI was the test of choice, with the WMT ranking next.
FOOD AND OTHER SOURCES OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN HOSPITALS. A REVIEW1
Authors: Pasch John H. 
Published: December 2016

Persons entering a hospital are often more susceptible to infection than normal persons because of their debilitated condition. The hospital food supply is a potential source of infectious pathogenic microorganisms. Three infectious bacteria are of particular concern because of their ubiquitous nature and heartiness. They are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.
Transfer of microorganisms to patients via hospital food supplies can occur in three ways. First, pathogenic bacteria can be brought in on food itself. If food is not cooked, as is true of many fruits and some vegetables, bacteria can be transferred from the food to the patient. Second, food service personnel may be carriers of pathogenic organisms that can contaminate food and then be transferred to the patient via the food supply. Third, mishandling of food by improper or insufficient heating, refrigeration, or storage can result in foodborne illness. Beside food, bacteria that cause nosocomial infections can come from such sources as hospital personnel (nurses, doctors, etc.), general hospital equipment, and burn victims. Proper food handling together with adequate employee education are probably the most practical means to control the problem of nosocomial infections resulting from hospital food.
INHIBITION OF BACTERIA BY SOME VOLATILE AND NON-VOLATILE COMPOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH MILK
Authors: Kulshrestha D. C. , Marth E. H. 
Published: December 2016

Nutrient broth inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus was dispensed into aerosol cans with an epoxy lining. Twenty-five volatile or non-volatile compounds were individually added to these cans to yield final concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm of each compound. The compounds used included fatty acids (formic, acetic, butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic), aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and glyoxal), ketones (acetone, 2-butanone, and diacetyl, amines (propyl- and hexylamine), alcohols (furfurol and methanol), sulfur compounds (methylsulfide, methylsulfone, methanethiol, and ethanethiol), acetonitrile, chloroform, ether, and ethylenedichloride. Bacteria were enumerated at intervals during incubation at 37 C.
At 1000 ppm butyric acid was least inhibitory of the fatty acids, but at 10 ppm, butyric, octanoic, and decanoic acid were more effective against S. aureus than were the other fatty acids. Formaldehyde was most inhibitory of the aldehydes tested, whereas propionaldehyde was least effective. Diacetyl was most detrimental of the ketones tested. Chloroform at 1000 ppm inactivated S. aureus. Acetonitrile, ether, ethylenedichloride, and methylsulfone were significantly inhibitory to S. aureus only at higher concentrations. Lower concentrations of methylsulfide, methanethiol, and ethanethiol sometimes significantly enhanced growth of S. aureus. Amines were more inhibitory to S. aureus than were the alcohols.
Patulin: A Mycotoxin of Potential Concern in Foods1
Authors: STOTT W. T. , BULLERMAN L. B. 
Published: December 2016

Patulin is a metabolite of numerous Aspergillus and Penicillium species. It is toxic to a wide range of biological systems including microorganisms, plants and animals. Patulin has also been shown to be carcinogenic to mice. The susceptibility of man to this toxin is unknown at this time. However, when the numerous biological systems affected by patulin are considered, it is likely that man would also be susceptible to the toxic effects of this compound in some manner. Thus, patulin must be considered a potential health hazard.
The fact that patulin can be produced by a number of penicillia at refrigeration temperatures is a source of possible concern. Many of these molds are found on refrigerated food products and the possibility that patulin production could occur during refrigerated storage is very real. However, the reactivity of patulin with sulfhydryl groups and other food components may cause its apparent disappearance from a food product. Whether the compound breaks down and disappears or is simply chemically altered to a non-detectable form is not known. Apparently toxicity is lessened, though it is not known if low pH or reactions with digestive enzymes might reverse these reactions or liberate free patulin in the gut. Certain foods such as cheeses and cured meats which are low in carbohydrates and high in protein do not appear to support patulin production to any great extent. This combined with the reactivity of patulin with sulfhydryl groups seems to lessen the danger of patulin occurrence in these foods. However, apple products and grain based products may pose more of a potential problem. Apple products are of particular concern since common apple rotting molds are frequent producers of patulin and because of the stability of patulin in these products.
Further work is necessary to determine more completely the foods most likely to be contaminated with patulin. Presently, foods high in carbohydrates would appear to be of greater concern than foods low in carbohydrates and high in protein. Refrigerated storage of foods will not necessarily guarantee that they will remain free of patulin since many molds capable of producing patulin can do so at low temperatures. Further work is also needed to determine the fate of patulin as it undergoes reactions with sulfhydryl groups and other food components to determine if there are conditions under which patulin can be regenerated or recovered in a toxic form.
Certification of Food Service Managers—Why and How?1,2
Authors: MORRISON ROBERT P. , CARTER RENFIELD R. 
Published: December 2016

As an apparent consequence of recent scares concerning botulism and generally increased public concern for environmental quality, there is widespread interest in comprehensive programs of education food service industry management personnel in food protection. Most often these efforts are justified on epidemiologic grounds. Food borne illness experience does not support this position.
The program initiated by the Ohio Department of Health in 1972 and funded by the Food and Drug Administration during 1973–1974 is the most prominent example of such a program. Examination of a report submitted at the June 1974 National Environmental Health Association conference reveals that this program is quite costly, excessive in the scope of its curriculum, and most probably places an undue academic burden on food service management people. Apparently heavy emphases are placed on foodborne disease, microbiology of principal foodborne etiologic agents, epidemiology, food service establishment plan and equipment review, exploration of the organization of official health agencies concerned with food protection, and itinerant and temporary food service operations, Most of these are topics the average food service manager has neither the need nor the ability to effectively understand. It is contended that food service manager training in code requirements and interpretation, the concept of self-inspection and regulation, and the rudiments of food protection practice is sufficient.
Voluntary participation in a program embodying academic excesses is only wasteful. However, potentially serious problems could result if legal requirement were adopted making satisfactory testing performance in such a program mandatory. A situation could eventuate wherein people lacking academic prowess would be deprived of the opportunity to pursue a vocation they have successfully and safely engaged in for years. Environmentalists are challenged to remember that environmental technology is only a tool and not their master and to serve the public with this view in mind.
The Natural History of Anisakiasis in Animals1,2
Authors: CHENG THOMAS C. 
Published: December 2016

Adult anisakid nematodes are known to be parasites in the alimentary tracts of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The known life cycle patterns among the anisakids are reviewed and from what is known, it is not possible to predict whether those hosts in which larval forms occur are true intermediate hosts or paratenic hosts. This is especially true of marine fishes in which third- and fourth-stage larvae are common.
Among physical parameters known to influence the survival, development, and distribution of anisakids, temperature apparently is an important one. Similarly, a series of experiments has revealed that two unidentified species of Contracaecum from marine fish are not infective to laboratory mammals primarily because of their inability to survive mammalian body temperatures.
It has also been demonstrated that Contracaecum larvae normally present in the digestive tracts of marine fishes will migrate out of dead hosts or into their mesenteries and musculature. Thus, in considering the potential public health importance of larval anisakids in marine fish, those in the digestive tract should not be considered as unimportant since they will migrate into muscles.
Dual-cut graphene transistors with constant-current regions fabricated by the atomic force microscope anode oxidation
Authors: Wu Chong-Rong , Dou Kun Peng , Wang Cheng-Hung , Chang Chung-En , Kaun Chao-Cheng , Wu Chao-Hsin , Lin Shih-Yen 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Graphene bandgap opening is an important issue for the application of this material. We have demonstrated that by atomic force microscope (AFM) anode oxidation, long nonconductive oxidation lines can be fabricated on graphene surfaces. By using this fabrication technique with the dual-cut transistor architecture, the phenomenon of constant-current regions near the Dirac point can be observed in devices at room temperature when the cut separation is smaller than 100 nm. The results may provide evidence of the phenomenon of graphene bandgap opening at room temperature. The theoretical bandgap values are further estimated by density-function-derived tight-binding calculations.
Ultrasonic microspectroscopy characterization of chemically tempered glass
Authors: Arakawa Mototaka , Kushibiki Jun-ichi , Ohashi Yuji 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
We evaluated the elastic properties of the compressive stress (CS) layer of chemically tempered glass by ultrasonic microspectroscopy (UMS) in a very high frequency (VHF) range. Two commercial aluminosilicate glass specimens were prepared, and one of them was chemically tempered. Changes in elastic properties in the CS layer with the residual stress introduced by the exchange of Na+ ions for larger K+ ions were estimated by precisely measuring the densities and longitudinal and shear velocities for both the tempered and nontempered specimens. Using a single-layer model for the surface layer, we observed drastic increases in bulk-wave velocities and significant decreases in attenuation coefficients. We determined that the average elastic properties, namely, the elastic constants c
11 and c
44, and the density of the surface layer, were 9.6 and 7.1, and 1.2% larger than those of the nontempered specimen, respectively. We also estimated the distributions of the elastic properties according to the complementary error function (CEF) for the distribution of K+ ion concentration. Furthermore, using a line-focus-beam (LFB) system, we measured the frequency characteristics of the velocity (V
LSAW) of leaky surface acoustic waves (LSAWs) on a water-loaded surface of the tempered specimen and clarified that the distributions of the elastic properties did not follow the CEF. The LFB system can be used for analyzing/determining details of the surface properties and is a promising tool for evaluating and characterizing chemically tempered glass and tempering process conditions.
Synergistic damage mechanism of corrosion and cavitation-erosion for plasma ion nitrided 18Cr–8Ni–1.1Mn–0.43C stainless steel in seawater
Authors: Chong Sang-Ok , Kim Seong-Jong 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In this work, it was investigated that resistance of combination damages of electrochemical corrosion and cavitation-erosion for plasma ion nitrided 18Cr–8Ni–1.1Mn–0.43C stainless steel at various process temperatures under cavitation environment in seawater. The plasma ion nitriding treatment was performed with a gas mixture ratio of 25% N2 and 75% H2 at a temperature of 623, 673, 723, and 773 K for 10 h, at a chamber pressure of 250 Pa. Expanded austenite (γN) was produced at whole plasma ion nitriding temperatures and especially phases of CrN and γ′ were observed at 773 K in X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In Tafel analysis, the highest corrosion potential and corrosion current density were analyzed on the untreated (non-cavitation) specimen among specimens under the cavitation condition. Under cavitation environment, the highest corrosion potential and the lowest corrosion current density presented at 673 K. As a result of observation of surface morphologies after anodic polarization experiment under cavitation environment, uniform corrosion was observed on the untreated specimen and plasma ion nitrided specimens, while localized corrosion was shown on the untreated substrate under non-cavitation environment. Furthermore, greater damage depth and severe morphologies were observed at plasma ion nitrided specimens than untreated substrate, whereas the greatest weight loss at 723 K was indicated due to the high pitting corrosion potential and wide passivity potential region.
Constructing a Novel Dendron for a Self‐Host Blue Emitter with Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Solution‐Processed Nondoped Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Bipolar Charge Transfer and Stable Color Purity
Authors: Ban Xinxin , Lin Baoping , Jiang Wei , Sun Yueming 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSelf‐host thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have recently been identified as effective emitters for solution‐processed nondoped organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, except for the carbazole unit, few novel dendrons have been developed to build self‐host TADF emitters. This study reports two self‐host blue materials, tbCz‐SO and poCz‐SO, with the same TADF emissive core and different dendrons. The influence of the peripheral dendrons on the photophysical properties and electroluminescent performances of the self‐host materials were systematically investigated. The transient fluorescence and electroluminescence spectra indicated that the diphenylphosphoryl carbazole units could effectively encapsulate the emissive core to reduce the concentration quenching effect and to enhance reverse intersystem crossing. By using tbCz‐SO and poCz‐SO as host‐free blue emitters, the performance of the solution‐processed nondoped OLED device demonstrated that a more balanced charge transfer from the bipolar dendrons would offer a better current efficiency of 10.5 cd A−1 and stable color purity with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage units of (0.18, 0.27).