bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free-living greylag geese adjust their heart rates and body core temperatures to season and reproductive context
Authors: Wascher Claudia A. F. , Kotrschal Kurt , Arnold Walter 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAnimals adaptively regulate their metabolic rate and hence energy expenditure over the annual cycle to cope with energetic challenges. We studied energy management in greylag geese. In all geese, profound seasonal changes of heart rate (fH) and body temperature (Tb) showed peaks in summer and troughs during winter, and also daily modulation of fH and Tb. Daily mean fH was on average 22% lower at the winter trough than at the summer peak, whereas daily mean Tb at the winter trough was only about 1 °C below the summer peak. Daily means of Tb together with those of air temperature and day length were the most important predictors of daily mean fH, which was further modulated by precipitation, reproductive state, and, to a minor degree, social rank. Peaks of fH and Tb occurred earlier in incubating females compared to males. Leading goslings increased daily mean fH. Our results suggest that in greylag geese, pronounced changes of fH over the year are caused by photoperiod-induced changes of endogenous heat production. Similar to large non-hibernating mammals, tolerance of lower Tb during winter seems the major factor permitting this. On top of these major seasonal changes, fH and Tb are elevated in incubating females.
Flexible spectral manipulation property of a high power linearly polarized random fiber laser
Authors: Ye Jun , Xu Jiangming , Song Jiaxin , Wu Hanshuo , Zhang Hanwei , Wu Jian , Zhou Pu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFiber lasers with flexible spectral manipulation property could provide a flexible tool for scenes where the temporal coherence property accounts, for example, coherent sensing/communication and nonlinear frequency conversion. Due to the good laser performance and relative simplicity of implementation, random fiber lasers (RFLs) based on random distributed feedback and Raman gain have earned more and more attention in the past few years, and a variety of RFLs with substantially different spectral properties have been developed. In this presentation, we demonstrate a high power linearly polarized RFL with flexible spectral manipulation property, in which the central wavelength and the linewidth of the spectrum can be tuned independently through a bandwidth-adjustable tunable optical filter (BA-TOF). The central wavelength of the RFL can be continuously tuned from 1095 to 1115 nm, while the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth has a maximal tuning range from ~0.6 to more than 2 nm. Moreover, the output power of 1102.5–1112.5 nm reaches ~23 W with polarization extinction ratio (PER) value > 20 dB. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a powerful linearly polarized RFL with both wavelength and linewidth tunability.
Skin and respiratory chemical allergy: confluence and divergence in a hybrid adverse outcome pathway
Authors: Kimber Ian , Poole Alan , Basketter David A. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Sensitisation of the respiratory tract to chemicals resulting in respiratory allergy and allergic asthma is an important occupational health problem, and presents toxicologists with no shortage of challenges. A major issue is that there are no validated or, even widely recognised, methods available for the identification and characterisation of chemical respiratory allergens, or for distinguishing respiratory allergens from contact allergens. The first objective here has been review what is known (and what is not known) of the mechanisms through which chemicals induce sensitisation of the respiratory tract, and to use this information to construct a hybrid Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) that combines consideration of both skin and respiratory sensitisation. The intention then has been to use the construction of this hybrid AOP to identify areas of commonality/confluence, and areas of departure/divergence, between skin sensitisation and sensitisation of the respiratory tract. The hybrid AOP not only provides a mechanistic understanding of how the processes of skin and respiratory sensitisation differ, buy also a means of identifying areas of uncertainty about chemical respiratory allergy that benefit from a further investment in research.
Well-Being and Resilience in Children With Speech and Language Disorders
Authors: Lyons Rena , Roulstone Sue 
Published: January 2018

PurposeChildren with speech and language disorders are at risk in relation to psychological and social well-being. The aim of this study was to understand the experiences of these children from their own perspectives focusing on risks to their well-being and protective indicators that may promote resilience.MethodEleven 9- to 12-year-old children (4 boys and 7 girls) were recruited using purposeful sampling. One participant presented with a speech sound disorder, 1 presented with both a speech and language disorder, and 9 with language disorders. All were receiving additional educational supports. Narrative inquiry, a qualitative design, was employed. Data were generated in home and school settings using multiple semi-structured interviews with each child over a 6-month period. A total of 59 interviews were conducted. The data were analyzed to identify themes in relation to potential risk factors to well-being and protective strategies.ResultsPotential risk factors in relation to well-being were communication impairment and disability, difficulties with relationships, and concern about academic achievement. Potential protective strategies were hope, agency, and positive relationships.ConclusionThis study highlights the importance of listening to children's narratives so that those at risk in relation to well-being can be identified. Conceptualization of well-being and resilience within an ecological framework may enable identification of protective strategies at both individual and environmental levels that can be strengthened to mitigate negative experiences.
Ptosis bei chronisch progressiver externer Ophthalmoplegie: diagnostische Probleme und therapeutische Konsequenzen
Authors: Pfeiffer Markus 
Published: January 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Ptosis im Rahmen der chronisch progressiven externen Ophthalmoplegie (CPEO) ist häufig das erste Symptom einer sehr seltenen systemischen Muskelerkrankung. In der Progression über viele Jahre treten oft später Einschränkungen der Augenmotilität auf, die den Verdacht auf CPEO begründen. Man beobachtet in den Jahren der Frühphase eine einfache erworbene Ptosis, die mit Levatorchirurgie korrigiert werden kann. Wegen der außerordentlichen Seltenheit der CPEO (< 1% der Ptosisformen) werden aufwendige Muskelbiopsien oder genetische Analysen der mitochondrialen DNA zunächst nicht primär in Erwägung gezogen. Intraoperative Beobachtungen während der Ptosischirurgie und postoperative Motilitätsprobleme erwecken jedoch schon in der Frühphase den Verdacht auf CPEO und begründen diese speziellen Untersuchungen. Nach Bestätigung einer CPEO können alternative Operationsverfahren, z. B. Frontalissuspension, eingesetzt werden.
A crosslinguistic study of some extended uses ofwhat-based interrogative expressions in Chinese, English, and Korean
Authors: Lee Heeju , Su Danjie , Tao Hongyin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractInterrogative pronouns such aswhatin English,shenmein Mandarin Chinese, andmwe/mwusunin Korean all have developed extended uses beyond interrogation. Such uses may include filling a gap in conversation, softening a speaker’s epistemic stance, and indicating strong emotions such as surprises or incredulity. Yet there is little research dealing with crosslinguistic patterns with large corpora of interactive discourse data. In this paper, we investigate the extended uses based on corpora of multiple telephone calls from the three languages. We show that eight categories of extended use can be identified in the corpora and that most of the extended uses tend to fall in the negative territory. We provide a pragmatic interactive account for this phenomenon and hope that the taxonomy and coding scheme developed here can serve as a starting point for future crosslinguistic and corpus-based comparative studies ofwhat-like tokens as well as of the discourse pragmatic uses of other interrogative forms.
The challenge of a “lacking” language
Authors: McDonald Edward 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn the eyes of early modern European scholars, Chinese was commonly regarded as a “lacking” language: lacking its own grammatical tradition or “grammatics”; lacking the complex morphology of the classical European languages; even lacking its own “parts of speech” or word classes. In the late 19th century Ma Jianzhong created a grammatics for Chinese by adapting the categories of Latin grammar - and with a good understanding of the similarities and differences between the two languages - but the Chinese grammarians who followed him have struggled with the question of what might be common to all languages and what might be distinctive to Chinese. Ma saw a Chinese grammatics as a way to fill a gap in the country's literacy education, and this applied focus has been shared by most Chinese grammarians since, something which has tended to put restrictions on their description and theorising. A historical perspective is thus absolutely essential for understanding the practical and ideological problems Chinese grammatics continues to face, and can also throw light on the general challenge of extending “European grammar” to non-European languages.
A corpus-based study of the recurrent lexical bundleka li kong‘let (me) tell you’ in Taiwanese Southern Min conversations
Authors: Chang Miao-Hsia , Hsieh Shu-Kai 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper investigates the most frequent lexical bundle (LB)ka li kong(to-you-say) (KLK), in an 18.5-hour Taiwanese Southern Min conversation corpus. The analysis focuses on the discourse-pragmatic functions of KLK, the role it plays in the speaker’s management of information in talk-in-interaction, and the collocations that are employed. The results show that the speaker utilizes KLK to imply epistemic authority regarding the veracity of the predication. Meanwhile, it expresses the speaker’s stance or functions as a discourse organizer to initiate a narrative that is newsworthy. Prosodically, it is always processed as a holistic chunk with great phonological reduction. Along with the low transitivity of the verbkongdemonstrated by the type of object it takes, we argue that KLK is developing into a discourse marker. Collocation of KLK with the markertohfurther triggers the grammaticalization of the four-word bundletoh ka li kong(TKLK) to encode an extreme stance.
Patterns of affix borrowing in a sample of 100 languages
Authors: Seifart Frank 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBorrowing affixes may be rare compared to lexical borrowing, but it is not random. The current study describes regular patterns of affix borrowing in a database containing 649 borrowed affixes, challenging a number of previous claims about relative borrowability, in particular regarding inflectional categories. It is shown that borrowing affixes of all major nominal and verbal inflectional categories, including case markers and argument indexes, is well attested. Borrowing case markers, for instance, appears to be just as common as borrowing plural markers. By factoring in the “availability” for borrowing (i.e. whether a potential donor language has a relevant affix), it can be shown that nominal categories are far more frequently borrowed than verbal categories. Additionally, it is shown that sets of borrowed affixes often consist of interrelated sets of forms, e.g. forming paradigms, rather than being isolated forms from different morphosyntactic systems, in particular for the more tightly integrated inflectional subsystems. The frequency and systematicity by which inflectional affixes are borrowed calls for a reconsideration of the role of inflection in models of language contact.
A corpus-based investigation of language change in Italian
Authors: Viola Lorella 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In Italian, grazie ‘thanks’ and ringraziare ‘to thank’ historically introduce an object by means of the preposition di ‘of’ (Renzi, Salvi & Cardinaletti 1991: 545–548); when grazie and ringraziare introduce a subordinate infinite clause, they may all the same be followed by either di or per ‘for’, the latter being the habitual preposition introducing an implicit causal subordinate (ibid.). In light of these considerations, a general lower frequency of occurrence of collocations with per would be expected. This article argues that, in contemporary Italian, there has been an increase in the use of constructions with per and that such an increase is due to an influence from the English thanks/to thank for. Through diachronic lexicographic, quantitative and qualitative analyses carried out over a range of dictionaries and corpora, this article will show that the frequency of use of forms with per has indeed more than octupled in writing from 1200 to 2011 and more than doubled in speech from 1965 to 2003. Moreover, by analyzing the distribution of the studied constructions in a corpus of dubbed Italian from (American) English, the article will also explore the possibility that language contact with English, mainly via dubbing translations, may have played a concurrent fundamental role motivating such changes.
On the sociolinguistics of video games localisation
Authors: Fernández-Costales Alberto 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This paper addresses the localization of video games into minority languages by presenting a qualitative study which reports on interviews with professional game localizers and translation scholars from bilingual territories in Spain: the Balearic Islands, the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, and the Valencian Community. The article argues that sociolinguistics has been largely ignored within the emerging field of video game translation, and the implications of and the need to adapt video games into minority languages deserves further investigation. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were held with 5 experts aiming to recall their perceptions and views of the current situation of game localisation in Spain. The analysis of the interviews suggests there is a mismatch between the current reality of video game localisation, which is clearly market-driven, and the scenario for language diversity developed in the European Union and in Spain in the last few decades.
Seeking delocalization
Authors: O’Hagan Minako 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe continuing development of the Internet and broader technologization have made the presence of game fans and the diverse fan community highly visible, shaping part of contemporary global game culture. The influences of such user empowerment have been debated, notably along the lines of the emergence of participatory culture (Jenkins 2006). Increased fan participation in translation facilitated by technological environments is highlighting the need to pay attention to the role played by such highly engaged users in the localization industry. Yet, to date the topic has not been explored fully in game localization research. To fill this gap, this article considers the significance for game localization of the dynamically evolving status and influence of international game fan communities. Taking the case of a controversy that erupted during 2015 and 2016 over localization of a Japanese tactical RPG (Role Playing Game) title, the article investigates how user empowerment is impacting on game localization. This article demonstrates the importance – for game publishers and developers alike – of recognizing the increasingly significant presence of global game fan communities. In particular, game publishers and developers must be prepared to have clear and consistent localization policies and strategies in place in order to face the scrutiny of increasingly knowledgeable and empowered fan communities.
Targeted translation
Authors: Ranford Aiden 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Japanese popular culture in the form of anime, manga, and videogames, enjoys significant popularity with diehard international fan groups, who have often become acquainted with aspects of Japanese culture through fan-translated media. However, this base of knowledgeable fans stands unique amongst standard translation practice, which seeks to iron out cultural specificities to create a text that reads flawlessly for a mass audience. This article therefore sets out to explain how videogame translators adopt targeted translation strategies to make their products more marketable to either a mass audience, the members of which may be ignorant, ambivalent, or even hostile to Japanese pop culture products, or to dedicated niche fan groups whose interest in Japan has been stoked by unofficial translations that frequently position themselves as the only avenue for accessing an “authentic” text. The final releases for eight pairs of Japanese games from the Role-Playing Game genre will be analysed to illustrate how far-reaching translation decisions have been used to make individual games more marketable to either group.
Reduced structure in Malagasy headlines
Authors: Paul Ileana 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This paper examines the register associated with headlines in Malagasy. While in many languages headlines appear to have reduced structure as evidenced by the absence of certain grammatical markers (determiners, copulas, tense), Malagasy headlines show a change in word order from VOS to SVO. It is argued that like English, Malagasy headlines involve a truncated syntactic structure and that the absence of certain functional projections accounts for the change in word order.
Unspeakable sentences
Authors: Haegeman Liliane 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe empirical focus of this paper is register based subject omission in English. On the basis of a range of empirical data (including naturally occurring examples) the paper first dispels a number of common misconceptions about the phenomenon such as the idea that (i) this phenomenon is only restricted to diary style, (ii) only first person subjects can be omitted, (iii) the null subject is an instantiation of pro, (iv) the null subject is always uniquely identified in the context. The paper develops the cartographic analysis of register based subject omission proposed inHaegeman (2013)and based onRizzi’s (2006b)‘Privilege of the Root’ approach. A key ingredient of the analysis is the hypothesis that there is a specialized projection for the encoding of subjecthood (SubjP).
Subject drop in Swiss French text messages
Authors: Stark Elisabeth , Robert-Tissot Aurélia 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we present evidence in favour of a syntactic approach to subject drop in Swiss French text messages. Subject drop in our corpus follows patterns found in various so-called "written abbreviated registers" such as diaries, notes etc.: it occurs at the beginning of main sentences and after preposed adjuncts. Based on a corpus of 1100 text messages, collected in 2009/10 (www.sms4science.ch), we test predictions put forward by two approaches to argument drop in abbreviated registers, i.e. the "Avoid Weak Start" hypothesis byWeir (2012a)and the "Truncated CP hypothesis" byHaegeman (2013). While for our data the first approach cannot be excluded, our results more strongly support the syntactic one, despite the fact that some data, especially preposed strong subjectmoiwithout clitic resumption, challenge existing analyses. These data suggest that dropped referential subjects can be analysed as instances of familiar topic drop.
Register variation and distributional patterns in article omission in Dutch headlines
Authors: Oosterhof Albert , Rawoens Gudrun 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This paper presents a corpus study of article omission in newspaper headlines. The corpus consists of material from a variety of Dutch and Flemish newspapers. The most important factor influencing the frequency of article omission in headlines is the journalistic genre in which it occurs. The main focus of the study is on the semantic and syntactic distribution of the phenomenon, on the basis of which a case will be made for its description as a manifestation of the more widespread decline of the article in Dutch and not as a phenomenon motivated solely by pragmatic factors.
Obligatorily null pronouns in the instructional register and beyond
Authors: Massam Diane , Bamba Kazuya , Murphy Patrick 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
English is not canonically considered a pro-drop language. Despite this, it does allow null pronouns, although less freely than traditional pro-drop languages like Italian and Japanese. The focus of this paper is the instructional register (characteristic of recipes) where we claim that object pronouns are obligatorily null in English: “Take 3 eggs. Break _ into a bowl.”. We present an analysis of Instructional Register Null Objects that also accounts for obligatorily null pronouns in certain radical pro-drop languages like Niuean. In this language, most pronouns are optionally null, however 3rd person inanimate pronouns are obligatorily null. We argue that the obligatorily null nature of such pronouns (whether register-specific like in English, or general as in Niuean) is a result of their lack of φ-features, which leaves them with only the option of being realized through Neeleman & Szendrői’s (2007) general Zero Spell-out Rule.
Null arguments in old Norwegian
Authors: Kinn Kari 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this paper I propose a new analysis of null arguments in Old Norwegian. I argue that the option of null realization in Old Norwegian correlates with a distinction between φP and DP pronouns in the sense ofDéchaine & Wiltschko (2002), and that this distribution can be captured by a version of pronoun deletion (Roberts 2010b). On a more general, theoretical level, I argue that both the structure of pronouns and that of the functional domains C, T and v influence the null argument properties of a language. Thus, null arguments, but also blocking of null arguments in non-null-argument languages like Modern Norwegian and English, may be derived in different ways.
Conclusion: transforming tourism.
Authors: Smith J. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

This chapter addresses the question of whether the mainstream tourism industry can be transformed and whether it can adopt a circular approach. It also argues that tourism cannot be measured by standard economic models, and that adoption of measures such as the Economy for the Common Good could challenge the industry and others to rethink what defines progress. The chapter also discusses how tourism can prepare for new work patterns and respond to the growth in migration, as well as how global warming will change tourism.