bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Market as “God”?
Authors: Day Keri 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis article explores two lines of inquiry. The first is related to the production of human subjectivities in relation to market ideology and practices. What kinds of human subjectivities are produced when people worship the market as “God”? The market and its values of hyper‐competition become idols as people overly direct their energy toward earning and accumulating financial and social capital in order to find meaning and worth. Worshiping the market reflects a perverted anthropology. The second line of inquiry is related to the language of sacrifice intrinsic to both free market logic and Western Christian theology. Could Christian theology, even unwittingly, reinforce the problem of sacrifice in market logic, which justifies forms of human loss (such as chronic poverty) in order to promote long‐term economic growth and greater human wellbeing?
α‐Defensins and bacterial/permeability‐increasing protein as new markers of childhood obesity
Authors: Prats‐Puig A. , Gispert‐Saüch M. , Carreras‐Badosa G. , Osiniri I. , Soriano‐Rodríguez P. , Planella‐Colomer M. , de Zegher F. , Ibánez L. , Bassols J. , López‐Bermejo A. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to test whether α‐defensins and bacterial/permeability‐increasing protein were related to obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in prepubertal children.MethodsPlasma α‐defensins and bacterial/permeability‐increasing protein, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), HOMA‐IR and HMW‐adiponectin were assessed.ResultsIn a cross‐sectional study (N = 250), higher α‐defensins concentrations were positively associated with BMI, waist, SBP, cIMT, HOMA‐IR and negative correlated with HMW‐adiponectin (all between r = 0.191 and r = 0.377, p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.0001). Conversely, plasma bacterial/permeability‐increasing protein concentrations presented inversed associated with the same parameters (all between r = −0.124 and r = −0.329; p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.0001). In a longitudinal study (N = 91), α‐defensins at age 7 were associated with BMI (β = 0.189, p = 0.002; model R2 = 0.847) and waist (β = 0.241, pthinsp;= 0.001; model R2 = 0.754) at age 10.Conclusionsα‐Defensins and bacterial/permeability‐increasing protein may be the markers of childhood obesity. Increased concentrations of α‐defensins may predict BMI and abdominal fat deposition in children.
Speciation in peripheral populations: effects of drift load and mating systems
Authors: Rettelbach A. , Servedio M. R. , Hermisson J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSpeciation in peripheral populations has long been considered one of the most plausible scenarios for speciation with gene flow. In this study, however we identify two additional problems of peripatric speciation, as compared to the parapatric case, that may impede the completion of the speciation process for most parameter regions. First, with (predominantly) unidirectional gene flow, there is no selection pressure to evolve assortative mating on the continent. We discuss the implications of this for different mating schemes. Second, genetic load can build up in small populations. This can lead to extinction of the peripheral species, or generate selection pressure for lower assortative mating to avoid inbreeding. In this case, either a stable equilibrium with intermediate assortment evolves or there is cycling between phases of hybridization and phases of complete isolation.
Hybrid performance and heterosis in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne), regarding acidity, soluble solids and dry matter content in fruits
Authors: Kaczmarska Elżbieta , Gawroński Jacek , Jabłońska‐Ryś Ewa , Zalewska‐Korona Marta , Radzki Wojciech , Sławińska Aneta 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA top‐cross‐mating design among 29 S4 inbred lines and tester (cultivar ‘Dukat’) was carried out to study their breeding value in terms of general combining ability (GCA). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the acidity, soluble solids and dry matter contents in fruits of progeny F1 in comparison with S4 inbred lines as well as the cultivars (S0); identify strawberry genotypes with high value of GCA for use in cultivar development; and determine mid‐parent heterosis regarding S4 inbred lines and cultivated strawberry. The 2‐year observations showed statistically significant differences between tested genotypes in terms of the studied traits. The highest breeding value based on GCA was estimated for Chandler 123‐5 for soluble solids and dry matter content, and Kent 7‐6 for acidity. Estimated mid‐parent heterosis had positive and negative values. The highest heterosis in terms of extract and dry matter content (26.71% and 17.50%, respectively) occurred in the offspring Chandler 123‐5 × ‘Dukat’, but as regards acidity in hybrid Chandler 123‐22 with cv. ‘Dukat’. The study of genetic divergence by dendrograms may help to identify parents suitable for obtaining hybrids with higher heterosis effects.
Mouse models of acute exacerbations of allergic asthma
Authors: Kumar Rakesh K. , Herbert Cristan , Foster Paul S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMost of the healthcare costs associated with asthma relate to emergency department visits and hospitalizations because of acute exacerbations of underlying chronic disease. Development of appropriate animal models of acute exacerbations of asthma is a necessary prerequisite for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms and assessing potential novel therapeutic approaches. Most such models have been developed using mice. Relatively few mouse models attempt to simulate the acute‐on‐chronic disease that characterizes human asthma exacerbations. Instead, many reported models involve relatively short‐term challenge with an antigen to which animals are sensitized, followed closely by an unrelated triggering agent, so are better described as models of potentiation of acute allergic inflammation. Triggers for experimental models of asthma exacerbations include (i) challenge with high levels of the sensitizing allergen (ii) infection by viruses or fungi, or challenge with components of these microorganisms (iii) exposure to environmental pollutants. In this review, we examine the strengths and weaknesses of published mouse models, their application for investigation of novel treatments and potential future developments.
Government agency interventions in Australia and New Zealand’s indigenous popular music industries and indigenous empowerment
Authors: Cattermole Jennifer 
Published: February 2016

As Wilson and Stewart (2008: 3) note, “industrialized, mass-produced messages and images – and accompanying technologies – in most cases have represented the perspectives, values and institutional structures of empire.” While radio broadcasting in post-colonial New Zealand exemplifies this global trend, Māori have challenged Pākehā dominance of the nation’s airwaves in recent decades, having successfully carved out a space for themselves within the New Zealand mediascape. Nevertheless, getting more Māori music (especially songs with te reo lyrics) on radio and other forms of broadcasting media remains a challenge – especially in the New Zealand commercial broadcasting sphere. It has been 30 years since a te reo song last topped the charts. This challenge has been addressed in various ways by the two organizations mandated to promote Māori language and Māori culture via broadcasting: Te Māngai Pāho (TMP) and New Zealand On Air (NZOA). This article will describe and evaluate TMP and NZOA’s responses to calls for more Māori music (especially songs with te reo lyrics) on air, and suggest further measures that could be implemented to increase the broadcasting of such music. It will also placeTMP and NZOA’s strategies in the context of broader NZ cultural-political shifts, and in the context of changes in the NZ broadcasting environment. It asks whether, or to what extent, cultural protectionism is needed today in NZ’s deregulated and diversifying broadcasting environment.
Anthem for Jersey: Music, Media and Politics in an Island Setting
Authors: Johnson Henry 
Published: February 2016

In 2007, Jersey’s government launched a competition in search for an anthem to celebrate the island’s identity. Even though the island uses ‘God Save the Queen’ as its official anthem because of its allegiance to the British Crown, there are increasingly more occasions for the island to have its own anthem, such as at the Island Games or the Commonwealth Games when island athletes compete against other jurisdictions that might also use ‘God Save the Queen’. Two other songs, ‘Ma Normandie’ (‘My Normandy’) and ‘Beautiful Jersey’ (‘Man Bieau P’tit Jèrri’), have sometimes been used at times of celebration, but in recent years there has been increased discussion regarding the place of these songs because neither was originally composed as an official anthem for Jersey. Over the past few decades, Jersey has re-thought internal cultural policy towards island identity, which has been part of a process of increased reflection on the island’s heritage as well as its place in the wider world. This article helps show how Jersey is rethinking identity through several spheres: media, political and cultural. By studying the process of finding its own anthem, the politics of local identity construction are highlighted and provide examples that help explain why a unique anthem is needed in the present-day, and how the island is represented and has responded through song as a result of the competition.
Biopharmaceutical Characterization of Nebulized Antimicrobial Agents in Rats. 4. Aztreonam
Authors: Marchand Sandrine , Grégoire Nicolas , Brillault Julien , Lamarche Isabelle , Gobin Patrice , Couet William 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine aztreonam (ATM) membrane permeability using Calu-3 cells and its plasma and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF) pharmacokinetics in rats after intratracheal nebulization and intravenous administration (15 mg · kg
−1
). ATM exhibits low Calu-3 permeability (0.07 ± 0.02 × 10
−6
cm · s
−1
), and a high area under the ELF/unbound plasma concentration time curve between 0 and infinity (AUC
ELF
/AUC
u,plasma
) ratio of 1,069 was observed after nebulization in rats. These results confirm that ATM is a low-permeability molecule and a good candidate for nebulization.
Aminoglycosides for Treatment of Bacteremia Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Shields Ryan K. , Clancy Cornelius J. , Press Ellen G. , Nguyen M. Hong 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTAminoglycoside treatment of carbapenem-resistant (CR)Klebsiella pneumoniaebacteremia was associated with a 70% rate (23/33) of 30-day survival. Successful treatment was associated with sources of bacteremia amenable to reliable aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics (P= 0.037), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) scores of <20 (P= 0.16), and nonfatal underlying diseases (P= 0.015). Success rates were 78% and 100% if ≥2 and all 3 factors were present, respectively. Clinicians may consider the use of aminoglycosides against CRK. pneumoniaebacteremia if strains are susceptible and the sources of infection are amenable to reliable pharmacokinetics.
A First-in-Human Study To Assess the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies against Human Cytomegalovirus in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Dole Kiran , Segal Florencia Pereyra , Feire Adam , Magnusson Baldur , Rondon Juan C. , Vemula Janardhana , Yu Jing , Pang Yinuo , Pertel Peter 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause significant disease in immunocompromised patients and treatment options are limited by toxicities. CSJ148 is a combination of two anti-HCMV human monoclonal antibodies (LJP538 and LJP539) that bind to and inhibit the function of viral HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) and the pentameric complex, consisting of glycoproteins gH, gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131. Here, we evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of LJP538 or LJP539 or their combination in healthy volunteers. Adverse events and laboratory abnormalities occurred sporadically with similar incidence between antibody and placebo groups and without any apparent relationship to dose. No subject who received antibody developed a hypersensitivity, infusion-related reaction or anti-drug antibodies. After intravenous administration, both LJP538 and LJP539 demonstrated typical human IgG1 pharmacokinetic properties, with slow clearances, limited volumes of distribution, and long terminal half-lives. The pharmacokinetic parameters were linear and dose proportional for both antibodies across the 50-fold range of doses evaluated in the study. There was no apparent impact on pharmacokinetics when the antibodies were administered alone or in combination. CSJ148 and the individual monoclonal antibodies were safe and well tolerated, with pharmacokinetics as expected for human immunoglobulin.
Novobiocin Susceptibility of MukBEF-Deficient Escherichia coli Is Combinatorial with Efflux and Resides in DNA Topoisomerases
Authors: Petrushenko Zoya M. , Zhao Hang , Zgurskaya Helen I. , Rybenkov Valentin V. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Condensins play a key role in the global organization of bacterial chromosomes. In
Escherichia coli
, the inactivation of its sole condensin MukBEF induces severe growth defects and renders cells hypersusceptible to novobiocin. We report here that this hypersusceptibility can be observed in TolC-deficient cells and is therefore unrelated to multidrug efflux. We further show that mutations in MukE that impair its focal subcellular localization potentiate novobiocin and that the extent of the potentiation correlates with the residual activity of MukE. Finally, both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV might partially complement novobiocin susceptibility in a temperature-dependent manner. These data indicate that the observed antibiotic susceptibility resides in both type II DNA topoisomerases and is efflux independent. Furthermore, novobiocin susceptibility is associated with the activity of MukBEF and can be induced by its partial inactivation, which makes the protein a plausible target for inhibition.
Lactobacilli Reduce Helicobacter pylori Attachment to Host Gastric Epithelial Cells by Inhibiting Adhesion Gene Expression
Authors: de Klerk Nele , Maudsdotter Lisa , Gebreegziabher Hanna , Saroj Sunil D. , Eriksson Beatrice , Eriksson Olaspers Sara , Roos Stefan , Lindén Sara , Sjölinder Hong , Jonsson Ann-Beth 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

The human gastrointestinal tract, including the harsh environment of the stomach, harbors a large variety of bacteria, of which
Lactobacillus
species are prominent members. The molecular mechanisms by which species of lactobacilli interfere with pathogen colonization are not fully characterized. In this study, we aimed to study the effect of lactobacillus strains upon the initial attachment of
Helicobacter pylori
to host cells. Here we report a novel mechanism by which lactobacilli inhibit adherence of the gastric pathogen
H. pylori
. In a screen with
Lactobacillus
isolates, we found that only a few could reduce adherence of
H. pylori
to gastric epithelial cells. Decreased attachment was not due to competition for space or to lactobacillus-mediated killing of the pathogen. Instead, we show that lactobacilli act on
H. pylori
directly by an effector molecule that is released into the medium. This effector molecule acts on
H. pylori
by inhibiting expression of the adhesin-encoding gene
sabA
. Finally, we verified that inhibitory lactobacilli reduced
H. pylori
colonization in an
in vivo
model. In conclusion, certain
Lactobacillus
strains affect pathogen adherence by inhibiting
sabA
expression and thereby reducing
H. pylori
binding capacity.
Carbon Fixation Driven by Molecular Hydrogen Results in Chemolithoautotrophically Enhanced Growth of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Kuhns Lisa G. , Benoit Stéphane L. , Bayyareddy Krishnareddy , Johnson Darryl , Orlando Ron , Evans Alexandra L. , Waldrop Grover L. , Maier Robert J. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

A molecular hydrogen (H
2
)-stimulated, chemolithoautotrophic growth mode for the gastric pathogen
Helicobacter pylori
is reported. In a culture medium containing peptides and amino acids, H
2
-supplied cells consistently achieved 40 to 60% greater growth yield in 16 h and accumulated 3-fold more carbon from [
14
C]bicarbonate (on a per cell basis) in a 10-h period than cells without H
2
. Global proteomic comparisons of cells supplied with different atmospheric conditions revealed that addition of H
2
led to increased amounts of hydrogenase and the biotin carboxylase subunit of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) carboxylase (ACC), as well as other proteins involved in various cellular functions, including amino acid metabolism, heme synthesis, or protein degradation. In agreement with this result, H
2
-supplied cells contained 3-fold more ACC activity than cells without H
2
. Other possible carbon dioxide (CO
2
) fixation enzymes were not up-expressed under the H
2
-containing atmosphere. As the gastric mucus is limited in carbon and energy sources and the bacterium lacks mucinase, this new growth mode may contribute to the persistence of the pathogen
in vivo
. This is the first time that chemolithoautotrophic growth is described for a pathogen.

IMPORTANCE
Many pathogens must survive within host areas that are poorly supplied with carbon and energy sources, and the gastric pathogen
Helicobacter pylori
resides almost exclusively in the nutritionally stringent mucus barrier of its host. Although this bacterium is already known to be highly adaptable to gastric niches, a new aspect of its metabolic flexibility, whereby molecular hydrogen use (energy) is coupled to carbon dioxide fixation (carbon acquisition) via a described carbon fixation enzyme, is shown here. This growth mode, which supplements heterotrophy, is termed chemolithoautotrophy and has not been previously reported for a pathogen.
Friendly Fire: Biological Functions and Consequences of Chromosomal Targeting by CRISPR-Cas Systems
Authors: Heussler Gary E. , O'Toole George A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

C
lustered
r
egularly
i
nterspaced
s
hort
p
alindromic
r
epeat (
C
RISPR)-
as
sociated (Cas) systems in bacteria and archaea target foreign elements, such as bacteriophages and conjugative plasmids, through the incorporation of short sequences (termed spacers) from the foreign element into the CRISPR array, thereby allowing sequence-specific targeting of the invader. Thus, CRISPR-Cas systems are typically considered a microbial adaptive immune system. While many of these incorporated spacers match targets on bacteriophages and plasmids, a noticeable number are derived from chromosomal DNA. While usually lethal to the self-targeting bacteria, in certain circumstances, these self-targeting spacers can have profound effects in regard to microbial biology, including functions beyond adaptive immunity. In this minireview, we discuss recent studies that focus on the functions and consequences of CRISPR-Cas self-targeting, including reshaping of the host population, group behavior modification, and the potential applications of CRISPR-Cas self-targeting as a tool in microbial biotechnology. Understanding the effects of CRISPR-Cas self-targeting is vital to fully understanding the spectrum of function of these systems.
Functional Role of N- and C-Terminal Amino Acids in the Structural Subunits of Colonization Factor CS6 Expressed by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Debnath Anusuya , Sabui Subrata , Wajima Takeaki , Hamabata Takashi , Banerjee Rajat , Chatterjee Nabendu Sekhar 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

CS6 is a common colonization factor expressed by enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
. It is a two-subunit protein consisting of CssA and CssB in an equal stoichiometry, assembled via the chaperone-usher pathway into an afimbrial, oligomeric assembly on the bacterial cell surface. A recent structural study has predicted the involvement of the N- and C-terminal regions of the CS6 subunits in its assembly. Here, we identified the functionally important residues in the N- and C-terminal regions of the CssA and CssB subunits during CS6 assembly by alanine scanning mutagenesis. Bacteria expressing mutant proteins were tested for binding with Caco-2 cells, and the results were analyzed with respect to the surface expression of mutant CS6. In this assay, many mutant proteins were not expressed on the surface while some showed reduced expression. It appeared that some, but not all, of the residues in both the N and C termini of CssA and CssB played an important role in the intermolecular interactions between these two structural subunits, as well as chaperone protein CssC. Our results demonstrated that T20, K25, F27, S36, Y143, and V147 were important for the stability of CssA, probably through interaction of CssC. We also found that I22, V29, and I33 of CssA and G154, Y156, L160, V162, F164, and Y165 of CssB were responsible for CssA-CssB intermolecular interactions. In addition, some of the hydrophobic residues in the C terminus of CssA and the N terminus of CssB were involved in the stabilization of higher-order complex formation. Overall, the results presented here might help in understanding the pathway used to assemble CS6 and predict its structure.

IMPORTANCE
Unlike most other colonization factors, CS6 is nonfimbrial, and in a sense, its subunit composition and assembly are also unique. Here we report that both the N- and C-terminal amino acid residues of CssA and CssB play a critical role in the intermolecular interactions between them and assembly proteins. We found mainly that alternate hydrophobic residues present in these motifs are essential for the interaction between the structural subunits, as well as the chaperone and usher assembly proteins. Our results indicate the involvement of the side chains of identified amino acids in CS6 assembly. This study adds a step toward understanding the interactions between structural subunits of CS6 and assembly proteins during CS6 biogenesis.