bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the World of Commerce: Rethinking Hausa Diaspora History through Marriage, Distance, and Legal Testimony
Authors: O’Rourke Harmony 
Published: April 2016

Abstract:Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, Hausa migrants traveled to the Cameroon Grassfields where they established multiple settlements known asabakwa, a term referring to descendants of mixed marriages between Hausa men and local, mainly non-Muslim women. Previous historical studies on Hausa diaspora communities in West Africa have largely concentrated on the spread of commerce and Islam. By contrast, this article asks how gendered power asymmetries, together with the essential diaspora factors of distance and travel, influenced the marital relationships that made the diaspora possible. This approach to Hausa diaspora history emerges from Islamic court records dating from the late 1940s to the early 1960s in British mandated territory. The founding of the court resulted in the institutionalization of Islamic household patriarchy as well as debates over Hausa values, especially marriage as a primary site of belonging and patriarchal control. This article demonstrates that marital negotiations and distance interacted with colonial legal structures and community patriarchy in a manner that both intensified women’s vulnerability and provided opportunities to strategically forge new identities and relationships.
Applicability of the 1D Child–Langmuir relation for ion diode current calculation
Authors: Pushkarev A.I. , Isakova Y.I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe paper presents the results of the analysis of the influence of curvature of the electrons trajectory in the anode–cathode gap of an ion diode on the diode impedance and evaluation of applicability of the one-dimensional (1D) Child–Langmuir (CL) ratio for calculation of the electron current. Investigations of an ion diode with a graphite anode in self-magnetic insulation mode were carried out. Experiments were performed on the TEMP-4M ion accelerator set in a double pulse mode, with the first negative pulse (150–200 kV, 400–600 ns) followed by the second positive pulse (250–300 kV, 150 ns). The result of this study is that we have determined the boundary conditions for the applicability of 1D CL ratio for calculation of the electron current in the ion diode. It was found that the deviation of the diode current–voltage characteristics from CL ratio will be observed only with a significant change in the acceleration voltage during electron drift or when the electron drift time exceeds the transit time of ions.
Bioavailability of milk protein-derived bioactive peptides: a glycaemic management perspective
Authors: Horner Katy , Drummond Elaine , Brennan Lorraine 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMilk protein-derived peptides have been reported to have potential benefits for reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, what the active components are and whether intact peptides exert this bioactivity has received little investigation in human subjects. Furthermore, potentially useful bioactive peptides can be limited by low bioavailability. Various peptides have been identified in the gastrointestinal tract and bloodstream after milk-protein ingestion, providing valuable insights into their potential bioavailability. However, these studies are currently limited and the structure and sequence of milk peptides exerting bioactivity for glycaemic management has received little investigation in human subjects. The present article reviews the bioavailability of milk protein-derived peptides in human studies to date, and examines the evidence on milk proteins and glycaemic management, including potential mechanisms of action. Areas in need of advancement are identified. Only by establishing the bioavailability of milk protein-derived peptides, the active components and the mechanistic pathways involved can the benefits of milk proteins for the prevention or management of type 2 diabetes be fully realised in future.
Bernoulli, Darwin, and Sagan: the probability of life on other planets
Authors: Rossmo D. Kim 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe recent discovery that billions of planets in the Milky Way Galaxy may be in circumstellar habitable zones has renewed speculation over the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The Drake equation is a probabilistic framework for estimating the number of technological advanced civilizations in our Galaxy; however, many of the equation's component probabilities are either unknown or have large error intervals. In this paper, a different method of examining this question is explored, one that replaces the various Drake factors with the single estimate for the probability of life existing on Earth. This relationship can be described by the binomial distribution if the presence of life on a given number of planets is equated to successes in a Bernoulli trial. The question of exoplanet life may then be reformulated as follows – given the probability of one or more independent successes for a given number of trials, what is the probability of two or more successes? Some of the implications of this approach for finding life on exoplanets are discussed.
Islamic theology and the principles of palliative care
Authors: Al-Shahri Mohammad Zafir 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIt is well established that provision of palliative care is a human right for the patients and their families going through the suffering associated with a life-threatening illness. The holistic nature of palliative care, dictated by the multifaceted suffering experienced by patients, calls for giving due consideration to the cultural and spiritual background of the target population. Similarly, the paramount impact of Islamic wholeness on Muslims' perceptions, beliefs, and way of living makes it necessary for non-Muslim palliative care professionals who are caring for Muslim patients to increase their awareness about the parts of Islamic theology pertinent to the principles of palliative care. This would include a basic knowledge of the Islamic faith and how Muslims view and cope with the calamity of a life-threatening condition along with the suffering associated with it. Equally important are issues related to the management of symptoms using agents that are normally strictly prohibited by Islamic teachings, including opioids, brain stimulants, and cannabinoids. The current review briefly discusses the Islamic perspectives pertinent to a Muslim patient's journey throughout the palliative care experience, onward to a safe passing, and beyond.
Closed-form solutions and scaling laws for Kerr frequency combs
Authors: Renninger William H. , Rakich Peter T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA single closed-form analytical solution of the driven nonlinear Schrödinger equation is developed, reproducing a large class of the behaviors in Kerr-comb systems, including bright-solitons, dark-solitons, and a large class of periodic wavetrains. From this analytical framework, a Kerr-comb area theorem and a pump-detuning relation are developed, providing new insights into soliton- and wavetrain-based combs along with concrete design guidelines for both. This new area theorem reveals significant deviation from the conventional soliton area theorem, which is crucial to understanding cavity solitons in certain limits. Moreover, these closed-form solutions represent the first step towards an analytical framework for wavetrain formation, and reveal new parameter regimes for enhanced Kerr-comb performance.
Glucose becomes one of the worst carbon sources for E.coli on poor nitrogen sources due to suboptimal levels of cAMP
Authors: Bren Anat , Park Junyoung O. , Towbin Benjamin D. , Dekel Erez , Rabinowitz Joshua D. , Alon Uri 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn most conditions, glucose is the best carbon source for E. coli: it provides faster growth than other sugars and is consumed first in sugar mixtures. Here we identify conditions in which E. coli strains grow slower on glucose than on other sugars, namely when a single amino acid (arginine, glutamate, or proline) is the sole nitrogen source. In sugar mixtures with these nitrogen sources, E. coli still consumes glucose first, but grows faster rather than slower after exhausting glucose, generating a reversed diauxic shift. We trace this counterintuitive behavior to a metabolic imbalance: levels of TCA-cycle metabolites including α-ketoglutarate are high and levels of the key regulatory molecule cAMP are low. Growth rates were increased by experimentally increasing cAMP levels, either by adding external cAMP, by genetically perturbing the cAMP circuit or by inhibition of glucose uptake. Thus, the cAMP control circuitry seems to have a ‘bug’ that leads to slow growth under what may be an environmentally rare condition.
Seminal plasma induces inflammation in the uterus through the γδ T/IL-17 pathway
Authors: Song Zhi-Hui , Li Zhong-Yin , Li Dan-Dan , Fang Wen-Ning , Liu Hai-Yan , Yang Dan-Dan , Meng Chao-Yang , Yang Ying , Peng Jing-Pian 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAfter insemination, a large number of leukocytes migrate into the uterus, which is accompanied by intense inflammation. However, the details of how seminal plasma interacts with the uterus are still not very clear. Here, we present that neutrophils migrate and accumulate around the uterine epithelium following insemination, which is accompanied by an increase in interleukin (IL) 17A levels. Additionally, we find that γδ T cells are the major source of IL-17A, and the seminal plasma could induce the γδ T cells to secret IL-17A. Blocking IL-17A could reduce the number of neutrophils in the uterus and prevent them from migrating to the epithelium by decreasing the chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5. Blocking IL-17A did not affect the Th1/Th2 balance but actually diminished the inflammation in the uterus by reducing the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α. In summary, we found a new mechanism by which seminal plasma could influence the inflammation in the uterus through the γδ T/IL-17 pathway to regulate the expression of various chemokines and cytokines.
Translating politeness cues in Philippine missionary linguistics: “Hail, Mister Mary!”and other stories
Authors: Sales Marlon James 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe earliest and most extensive systematic descriptions of Philippine languages are found in the grammatical and lexicographical works of Spanish Catholic priests from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. Tagalog was the most studied among these languages, and was generally portrayed as the most “refined” because of certain cues that overtly mark verbal politeness. As these politeness cues were taken as translation constraints in Latinate tongues, they are often explained through solutions that operated on arbitrary equivalences between Tagalog and Castilian. A closer reading of these equivalences reveals that aside from the reduction of language to the usual categories of grammar, the proposed translation solutions also inscribed verbal politeness within a hierarchized vision of colonial polity, and repurposed the pre-existing mechanisms of Tagalog so as to articulate a Christian(ized) discourse.
Integrating sustainability concepts and value planning for sustainable construction
Authors: Karunasena Gayani , Rathnayake R.M.N.U. , Senarathne Dushan 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– Sustainable construction (SC) is a vital requirement to safeguard the world for future generations. However, there are several potential barriers such as initial costs of implementation of sustainability concepts (approaches used to safeguard three dimensions of sustainability, namely environmental, social and economical). The purpose of this paper is to integrate sustainability concepts to value planning (VP) which attracts clients as it is used to reduce unnecessary costs.

Design/methodology/approach
– A comprehensive literature survey was carried out to develop a conceptual linkage between SC and VP disciplines. This was followed by a questionnaire survey with 40 respondents and 16 semi-structured expert interviews to ascertain prevailing status of these concepts in the Sri Lankan construction industry. Data were analyzed using statistical and content analysis, respectively.

Findings
– Findings revealed even though knowledge is fairly good, application and experience of experts are not satisfactory regarding these concepts. However, it is established that there is a huge requirement to apply these concepts in local construction projects. In order to overcome barriers identified, a framework has been developed to integrate sustainability concepts and VP disciplines in construction projects.

Originality/value
– The framework can be used as a guide by construction industry practitioners for betterment of construction projects, ultimately steering the industry toward sustainability.
TBPE scoring framework for tropical buildings
Authors: Nazeer Sabrina Fathima , De Silva Nayanthara 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to determine how well the facilities are performing in order to support the organizational goals and user requirement it is very vital to conduct regular building evaluations which necessitates the important usage of building performance evaluation (BPE) where it provides the current status quo of building. Presently, there are various BPE approaches developed around the world, and as evidenced there are no in-depth studies on BPE in tropical countries to evaluate the building performance (BP). However, adapting these approaches might not necessarily be applicable in the context of tropical countries due to geographical, climatic, cultural and other differences. This has been identified as the gap in this research and aimed to formulate a holistic total building performance evaluation (TBPE) scoring framework, for the assessment of performance of buildings.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study was quantitative in nature. First, a comprehensive literature survey was carried out. This was followed by an expert survey to sieve out the most significant BP factors identified in the literature survey. With that detailed questioner survey was carried out proposing a TBPE scoring framework

Findings
– A TBPE scoring framework was proposed with a total of 265 points to evaluate buildings compromising of seven criteria and 57 dimensions in which energy management, reachability, occupational hygiene, thermal, etc. had higher contribution in evaluating building.

Research limitations/implications
– Identification of measurement units and parameters for BP dimensions are expected to be conducted in order to distribute the scoring evenly. Continuous studies are also necessary since the expectations of building performance dimensions changing all the time.

Originality/value
– This paper readdresses the need of evaluating the buildings and suggesting the paradigm to evaluate the buildings in an objective manner.
Sharīʿah appraisal on the issue of imposing burden of proof to the entrepreneur in trust based contracts
Authors: Mohamed Naim Asmadi , Habibi Hj Long Mohd Noor , Abu Bakar Mahyuddin , Md Hussain Muhammad Nasri 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the Shariah view on the legitimacy of requiring the entrepreneur to prove that he/she has complied with all business requirements in case the actual profit was below the expected profit in trust-based contracts such as mudarabah and musharakah.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper is part of the research which applies qualitative research approaches, including among others, content analysis, interviews, observations and descriptive analysis using fiqh muqaran (comparative analysis of jurists’ arguments) in few phases.

Findings
The study found that shifting the burden of proof to the fiduciary is the weightier view and necessary to ensure that both sides are protected. The considerations of protecting people’s wealth (ḥifẓ amwāl al-nās) and mitigating widespread greed (ṭamaʿ) are among the reasons for allowing elements such as ʿurf, tuhmah and dalālat al-ḥāl to be treated as bayyinah in trust-based contracts when the fiduciary is obliged to defend himself from litigation.

Research limitations/implications
The study is meant to strengthen the practices of Islamic banks world wide.

Practical implications
Few protections can be applied for capital provider.

Social implications
This study is meant to give solution in dealing with moral hazard of both parties, and to provide solution to the regulator for policy drafting and to increase confidence to the industry.

Originality/value
The finding is important in assisting the regulators in drafting the policy to protect both parties without neglecting the essence of trust-based contracts.
Exploring novel Islamic finance methods in support of OIC exports
Authors: Gundogdu Ahmet Suayb 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to propose a new Islamic trade finance framework for Islamic financial institution (FIs) to support exports in Organisation of Islamic Co-operation (OIC) countries.

Design Methodology Approach:
This paper introduces and proposes the recently developed Islamic finance methods of the supplier financing Wakala agreement, restricted Mudaraba and award-winning Export Credit Agency (ECA) export finance structures from the aspects of Shari’ah compliance, efficiency, simplicity for traders and risk management. This paper uses the approach of critical realism. The three-stratum approach is appropriate for Islamic product development, where the real, the actual and the empirical can be observed.

Findings:
The author argues that the ECA export financing structures, or restricted Mudaraba if preferred, with an embedded supplier financing Wakala agreement can pave the way for Islamic FIs to support exporting companies. It is also concluded that development and support of the Takaful industry are vital for the success of Islamic export financing schemes because of its role in risk management.

Originality Value:
Although very active in import financing with standard Murabaha contracts, Islamic FIs are still not able to meet the need for financing the expanding exports of OIC countries. Because of the difficulty in developing products that are both efficient and Shari’ah-compliant, export financing is the most controversial issue for the Islamic trade finance industry. Existing or proposed export finance products are heavily criticised by concerned Muslims, as they include bill discounting, akin to factoring in conventional finance. This paper introduces methods aimed at overcoming the inadequacy of existing structures.
The end of performance management: sorting the facts from the hype
Authors: Kinley Nik 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review recent developments in performance management processes and make recommendations for practice.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper reviews historical issues and developments in performance management processes, with particular attention paid to the challenges involved in ensuring effective performance management.

Findings
The paper finds that many of the recent headlines declaring the end of performance management and at best premature and at worst misleading. Recent developments in practice are described and reviewed, and recommendations on which of the developments are worth for organizations to pursue are made based on current research.

Originality/value
There are many headlines and a fair bit of hype around performance management recently. This paper reveals the issues and research behind the hype.
Using OpenMI and a Model MAP to Integrate WaterML2 and NetCDF Data Sources into Flood Modeling of Genoa, Italy
Authors: Harpham Quillon , Lhomme Julien , Parodi Antonio , Fiori Elisabetta , Jagers Bert , Galizia Antonella 
Published: April 2016

AbstractExtreme hydrometeorological events such as flash floods have caused considerable loss of life and damage to infrastructure over recent years. Flood events in the Mediterranean region between 1990 and 2006 caused over 4,500 fatalities and cost over €29 billion in damage, with Italy one of the worst affected countries. The Distributed Computing Infrastructure for Hydro‐Meteorology (DRIHM) project is a European initiative aiming at providing an open, fully integrated eScience environment for predicting, managing, and mitigating the risks related to such extreme weather phenomena. Incorporating both modeled and observational data sources, it enables seamless access to a set of computing resources with the objective of providing a collection of services for performing experiments with numerical models in meteorology, hydrology, and hydraulics. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how this flexible modeling architecture has been constructed using a set of standards including the NetCDF and WaterML2 file formats, in‐memory coupling with OpenMI, controlled vocabularies such as CF Standard Names, ISO19139 metadata, and a Model MAP (Metadata, Adaptors, Portability) gateway concept for preparing numerical models for standardized use. Hydraulic results, including the impact to buildings and hazards to people, are given for the use cases of the severe and fatal flash floods, which occurred in Genoa, Italy in November 2011 and October 2014.
Evaluating environmental education, citizen science, and stewardship through naturalist programs
Authors: Merenlender Adina M. , Crall Alycia W. , Drill Sabrina , Prysby Michelle , Ballard Heidi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAmateur naturalists have played an important role in the study and conservation of nature since the 17th century. Today, naturalist groups make important contributions to bridge the gap between conservation science and practice around the world. We examined data from 2 regional naturalist programs to understand participant motivations, barriers, and perspectives as well as the actions they take to advance science, stewardship, and community engagement. These programs provide certification‐based natural history and conservation science training for adults that is followed by volunteer service in citizen science, education, and stewardship. Studies in California and Virginia include quantitative and qualitative evaluation data collected through pre‐ and postcourse surveys, interviews, and long‐term tracking of volunteer hours. Motivations of participants focused on learning about the local environment and plants and animals, connecting with nature, becoming certified, and spending time with people who have similar interests. Over half the participants surveyed were over 50 years old, two‐thirds were women, and a majority reported household incomes of over $50,000 (60% in California, 85% in Virginia), and <20% of those surveyed in both states described themselves as nonwhite. Thus, these programs need to improve participation by a wider spectrum of the public. We interviewed younger and underrepresented adults to examine barriers to participation in citizen science. The primary barrier was lack of time due to the need to work and focus on career advancement. Survey data revealed that participants’ ecological knowledge, scientific skills, and belief in their ability to address environmental issues increased after training. Documented conservation actions taken by the participants include invasive plant management, habitat restoration, and cleanups of natural areas and streams. Long‐term data from Virginia on volunteer hours dedicated to environmental citizen science show an increase from 14% in 2007 to 32% in 2014. In general, participants in the naturalist programs we examined increased their content knowledge about ecosystems, had greater confidence in conserving them, and continued to engage as citizen scientists after completing the program.