bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decadal reanalysis of biogeochemical indicators and fluxes in the North West European shelf‐sea ecosystem
Authors: Ciavatta S. , Kay S. , Saux‐Picart S. , Butenschön M. , Allen J. I. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper presents the first decadal reanalysis simulation of the biogeochemistry of the North West European shelf, along with a full evaluation of its skill, confidence, and value. An error‐characterized satellite product for chlorophyll was assimilated into a physical‐biogeochemical model of the North East Atlantic, applying a localized Ensemble Kalman filter. The results showed that the reanalysis improved the model simulation of assimilated chlorophyll in 60% of the study region. Model validation metrics showed that the reanalysis had skill in matching a large data set of in situ observations for 10 ecosystem variables. Spearman rank correlations were significant and higher than 0.7 for physical‐chemical variables (temperature, salinity, and oxygen), ∼0.6 for chlorophyll and nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, and silicate), and significant, though lower in value, for partial pressure of dissolved carbon dioxide (∼0.4). The reanalysis captured the magnitude of pH and ammonia observations, but not their variability. The value of the reanalysis for assessing environmental status and variability has been exemplified in two case studies. The first shows that between 325,000 and 365,000 km2 of shelf bottom waters were vulnerable to oxygen deficiency potentially threatening bottom fishes and benthos. The second application confirmed that the shelf is a net sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide, but the total amount of uptake varies between 36 and 46 Tg C yr−1 at a 90% confidence level. These results indicate that the reanalysis output data set can inform the management of the North West European shelf ecosystem, in relation to eutrophication, fishery, and variability of the carbon cycle.
An evaluation of the variable‐resolution CESM for modeling California's climate
Authors: Huang Xingying , Rhoades Alan M. , Ullrich Paul A. , Zarzycki Colin M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this paper, the recently developed variable‐resolution option within the Community Earth System Model (VR‐CESM) is assessed for long‐term regional climate modeling of California at 0.25° (∼28 km) and 0.125° (∼14 km) horizontal resolutions. The mean climatology of near‐surface temperature and precipitation is analyzed and contrasted with reanalysis, gridded observational data sets, and a traditional regional climate model (RCM)—the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Statistical metrics for model evaluation and tests for differential significance have been extensively applied. With only prescribed sea surface temperatures, VR‐CESM tended to produce a warmer summer (by about 1–3°C) and overestimated overall winter precipitation (about 25%–35%) compared to reference data sets. Increasing resolution from 0.25° to 0.125° did not produce a statistically significant improvement in the model results. By comparison, the analogous WRF climatology (constrained laterally and at the sea surface by ERA‐Interim reanalysis) was ∼1–3°C colder than the reference data sets, underestimated precipitation by ∼20%–30% at 27 km resolution, and overestimated precipitation by ∼65–85% at 9 km. Overall, VR‐CESM produced comparable statistical biases to WRF in key climatological quantities. This assessment highlights the value of variable‐resolution global climate models (VRGCMs) in capturing fine‐scale atmospheric processes, projecting future regional climate, and addressing the computational expense of uniform‐resolution global climate models.
Aquifer imaging with pressure waves—Evaluation of low‐impact characterization through sandbox experiments
Authors: Zhou YaoQuan , Lim David , Cupola Fausto , Cardiff Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the detailed spatial variation of hydraulic properties in the subsurface has been the subject of intensive research over the past three decades. A recently developed approach to characterize subsurface properties is hydraulic tomography, in which a series of pumping tests are jointly inverted using a heterogeneous numerical model. Recently, Cardiff et al. (2013) proposed a modified tomography approach named Oscillatory Hydraulic Tomography (OHT), in which periodic pumping signals of different frequencies serve as the aquifer stimulation, and pressure responses are recorded at observation locations for tomographic analysis. Its key advantages over traditional hydraulic tomography are that: (1) there is no net injection or extraction of water, and (2) the impulse (an oscillatory signal of known frequency) is easily extracted from noisy data. However, OHT has only been evaluated through numerical experiments to date. In this work, we evaluate OHT performance by attempting to image known heterogeneities in a synthetic aquifer. An instrumented laboratory sandbox is filled with material of known hydraulic properties, and we measure aquifer responses due to oscillatory pumping stimulations at periods of 2, 5, 10, and 20 s. Pressure oscillation time series are processed through Fourier Transforms and inverted tomographically to obtain estimates of aquifer heterogeneity, using a fast, steady‐periodic groundwater flow model. We show that OHT is able to provide robust estimates of aquifer hydraulic conductivity even in cases where relatively few pumping tests and observation locations are available. The use of multiple stimulation frequencies is also shown to improve imaging results.
Assessment of Psychopathology in Young Children
Authors: Briggs‐Gowan Margaret J. , Godoy Leandra , Heberle Amy , Carter Alice S. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

There has been tremendous change in young children's mental health over the past 20 years. Early childhood (0–5 years) is now recognized as a crucial period for the development of self‐regulation, a critical set of competencies that have implications for adaptive functioning in school and through the life span. As the field presses forward to address the mental health needs of young children, success will be optimized by a well‐informed assessment approach. This chapter reviews important issues for consideration when planning assessments with young children: (1)
contextual factors
, including the caregiving environments (e.g., home, child care, early education environments), caregiver influences on social‐emotional functioning and assessment, recent changes in family structure or contextual stressors, and sociocultural factors; (2) children's
functioning in other developmental domains
, including language, cognition, adaptive functioning, health, and sensory; (3) the
goals and purposes of the assessment and evaluation setting
; (4)
psychometric issues
, including reliability, validity, developmental sensitivity, and cultural validity; and (5)
interpretation of the whole child
in relation to contextual and developmental factors and evaluation of impairment. A primary goal is to help clinicians and researchers determine the most suitable measures from a wide array of parent and other caregiver reports and observational and direct assessment measures. A variety of assessments that have demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity in young children, including screening instruments, comprehensive dimensional assessments, and psychiatric diagnostic interviews, are reviewed. Finally, ongoing challenges, future directions, and exciting opportunities in research and clinical applications in early childhood assessment are discussed.
Developmental Issues in Assessment, Taxonomy, and Diagnosis of Psychopathology: Life Span and Multicultural Perspectives
Authors: Achenbach Thomas M. , Rescorla Leslie A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter argues for applying developmental research on psychopathology to adults as well as to children. It also argues for using standardized, multisource assessment data from diverse populations to construct and norm empirically based taxonomies of psychopathology. Findings for hundreds of thousands of individuals from over fifty societies are reviewed in support of multicultural empirically based assessment and taxonomy of child and adult psychopathology. Methods and findings for developmental research on psychopathology are reviewed and evaluated, including multiple longitudinal studies of large representative population samples assessed with similar instruments for operationally defining phenotypes of psychopathology. Quantitative aids to advancing the developmental study, understanding, and diagnosis of psychopathology are presented. Directions for continued research are outlined, including family‐based assessment and interventions, quantification of diagnoses, and multicultural norms for evaluating the effects of interventions.
Developmental Epidemiology
Authors: Costello E. Jane , Angold Adrian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIntroducing epidemiology as the study of health and illness in human populations, we discuss what questions modern epidemiology addresses, the key methods it uses, and how these methods can be applied to developmental psychopathology. A short history of how child psychiatric epidemiology has grown into developmental epidemiology illustrates society's changing concerns about child mental health. We describe some of the ways in which developmental epidemiology is branching out into related areas: life course and intergenerational epidemiology; global epidemiology; genetic epidemiology; the study of burden of disease, including cost‐benefit analysis; and the use of epidemiologic designs to test hypotheses about causation. Finally, we note that developmental epidemiology extends the range of translational epidemiology. We make the case that (1) the goal of epidemiological research is disease prevention; (2) understanding the development of a disease and intervening to prevent and control it are equally important aspects of epidemiological research; (3) understanding the development of a disease may point to different kinds of intervention at different stages in the developmental process; and (4) understanding individual development is a critical part of understanding and intervening in the disease process because both risk for and expression of disorder change over the life course.
Emotion and the Development of Psychopathology
Authors: Cole Pamela M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter considers the role of emotion in the development of psychopathology through the lens of the functional perspective on emotional development. First, a brief historical perspective on conceptualizations of the nature of emotion is offered, followed by a discussion of the view of emotion from the functional perspective. After summarizing prevailing views on the relation between emotional functioning and psychopathology, the chapter draws from the developmental psychopathology perspective, focusing on the typical development of emotional competence as a counterpoint to the development of psychopathology. Emotional competence is defined from the functional perspective, including its three main components: emotion expression, emotion understanding, and emotion regulation. Then the typical development of each of these components is described as well as the risks for psychopathology that are associated with each component. Conclusions about the central role of emotion in the development of competence and psychopathology are summarized with particular attention to what a functional perspective offers for future directions for research on this topic. Finally, translational implications of this perspective for clinical assessment and intervention are discussed.
Autonomy and Autonomy Disturbances in Self‐Development and Psychopathology: Research on Motivation, Attachment, and Clinical Process
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Deci Edward L. , Vansteenkiste Maarten 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSelf‐determination theory (SDT) maintains that the adequate support and satisfaction of individuals' psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness promotes the gradual unfolding of individuals' integrative tendencies, as manifested through intrinsic motivation, internalization, identity development, and integrative emotion regulation. At the same time, the thwarting of these same psychological needs and the resultant need frustration is presumed to evoke or amplify a variety of psychopathologies, many of which involve autonomy disturbances. We begin by defining what autonomy involves and how socializing agents, particularly parents, can provide a nurturing (i.e., need‐supportive) environment, and we review research within the SDT literature that has shed light on various integrative tendencies and how caregivers facilitate them. In the second part of this chapter, we detail how many forms of psychopathology involve autonomy disturbances and are associated with a history of psychological need thwarting. We especially focus on internally controlling regulation in internalizing disorders; impairments of internalization in conduct disorders and antisocial behavior; and fragmented self‐functioning in borderline and dissociative disorders. The role of autonomy support as an ameliorative factor in treatment settings is then discussed among other translational issues. Finally we highlight some implications of recognizing the important role of basic psychological needs for both growth‐related and pathology‐related processes.
I‐Self and Me‐Self Processes Affecting Developmental Psychopathology and Mental Health
Authors: Harter Susan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter focuses on selected developmental psychopathologies during three stages of childhood and three stages of adolescence that involve theself. A new framework casts the Jamesian processes of the I‐self and the me‐self on center stage, as key actors in a conspiracy that is implicated in five forms of developmental psychopathology: (1) narcissism; (2) low self‐esteem; (3) depression and suicidal behaviors; (4) eating disorders; and (5) school violent revenge committed by humiliated victims of chronic harassment and bullying. Each of these five forms will be traced through the six developmental levels. However, the positive features and functions of the Jamesian I‐self will also be emphasized in the service of mental health, which should be our ultimate goal. Clinical and research implications will be explored. The I‐self will be given a more gratifying job description other than defending and packaging a fragile me‐self so as to be acceptable to society. Alliances between the I‐self and the goals of the positive psychology movement will be highlighted.
Developmental Social Neuroscience
Authors: Decety Jean , Cowell Jason M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In the last two decades, multiple‐levels of analysis approaches to the study of developmental psychopathology have become widespread. Central to this perspective is the importance of integrating genetic, neurobiological, hormonal, behavioral, and psychophysiological measures into the investigation of normal and abnormal development. Scholars across multiple academic domains, particularly in cognitive, affective, and social development, have begun to chart out brain circuits and mechanisms underpinning the development of social competence and social cognition. The field of developmental social neuroscience exemplifies this integration, combining knowledge of the social brain with an understanding of the context in which it is developing. This new field provides theoretical and conceptual clarity to views of psychopathology. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive definition of social neuroscience, a discussion of the primary issues with interpretation and integration of information from multiple levels, and several examples of areas where this approach has been particularly beneficial for our insight about normative and abnormal development.
Neurodevelopmental Theories of Schizophrenia: Twenty‐First Century Perspectives
Authors: Haut Kristen M. , Schvarcz Ariel , Cannon Tyrone D. , Bearden Carrie E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSchizophrenia is a devastating mental illness afflicting about 1 percent of the population, involving delusions and hallucinations. Although originally believed to be a disorder of neurodegeneration, multiple lines of inquiry now provide compelling evidence for its neurodevelopmental origins. As such, one of the most puzzling aspects about this disorder is its characteristic onset in late adolescence or early adulthood. In this chapter we review evidence for the involvement of both early (genetic and perinatal) and later (adolescent) neurodevelopmental influences in the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. New findings regarding its genetic architecture implicate both common and rare genetic variants that converge on pathways involving disruption of synaptic plasticity, which may be related to neural endophenotypes present in both patients and their clinically unaffected relatives. Together, these findings suggest a combination of these early and later neurodevelopmental factors converge to produce the cellular, structural, and functional deficits underlying the disorder.
Explicating the “Developmental” in Preschool Psychopathology
Authors: Bufferd Sara J. , Dyson Margaret W. , Hernandez Iseli G. , Wakschlag Lauren S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this chapter on preschool psychopathology, we discuss common emotional and behavioral syndromes during the preschool developmental period, including attentional, oppositional, conduct, anxiety, and mood problems. Current knowledge based on the current classification system will be summarized briefly, including rates of disorders, patterns of comorbidity, and evidence of reliability and validity (e.g., stability of disorders, associations with impairment, observed behavior, and family history). The remainder and main focus of the chapter is devoted to applying a developmental psychopathology approach to examine preschool psychopathology within a dimensional, developmental domain framework. Recent measurement advances in the dimensional operationalization of behavior in preschool‐age children are discussed. We then characterize four broad developmental domains: emotion regulation, self‐control, social engagement, and internalization of rules and standards, and discuss their expression in early childhood as a framework for advancing knowledge of the spectrum of normal to abnormal behavior. Within each domain, we describe essential developmental capacities, normative variation in behavior, and clinically concerning deviation within each domain. In addition, we highlight the central features of each domain using an exemplary syndrome and highlight how the cross‐cutting domains are relevant to other common syndromes as well. We also delineate steps for translating dimensional, developmentally sensitive measurement from research to clinical application. To conclude, we offer suggestions for future directions for research geared toward advancing multilevel, developmentally oriented conceptualization of psychopathology.
Attention and Impulsivity
Authors: Nigg Joel T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSelf‐regulation and self‐control of attention and impulse (emotion and behavior) are fundamental to adaptation and closely intertwined. Accordingly, disturbances in regulation of attention and impulse are ubiquitous in developmental psychopathology, but attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comprises a paradigmatic neurodevelopmental condition for examining typical and atypical functioning and development of these abilities at multiple levels of analysis. It is described. Then a two‐process model of regulation is used as heuristic for organizing both the functioning of attention and impulse control and the related literature on ADHD pathophysiology. For both inattention and impulsivity, type 1 (bottom‐up) and type 2 (top‐down) regulatory processes, their corresponding formal measurement, and corresponding neural instantiation are described to the extent the literature allows. Impulsivity can be linked to temporal discounting of reward, here presented as a bottom‐up process that intersects particularly, but not exclusively with emotion regulation. It can also be linked with response inhibition or response suppression, here presented primarily in its top‐down aspect. However, it can also occur in a bottom‐up fashion via emotional arousal. Therefore, integration of cognition and emotion is conceptually essential for understanding self‐control, impulsivity, and inattention. Additional processes accordingly are contained with these heuristic type 1 and type 2 manifestations and are elaborated to add nuance to the general framework proposed. In each section, typical functioning is described and findings in relation to ADHD are highlighted including behavioral, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging findings. Developmental etiology is discussed in relation to molecular genetic approaches, gene by environment interplay, and epigenetic emergence of function and dysfunction. Conclusions and future directions are proposed, highlighting the emerging tractability of revised neurobiologically based nosology for ADHD, the importance of adding contextual nosology to biological nosology, and the integrative potential of an epigenetic model.
Community Violence Exposure and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Tolan Patrick H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCommunity violence is concentrated in lower socioeconomic urban communities although it occurs in many locations. While sharing many features with child maltreatment and other family violence, it is also distinct in the relation of perpetrator(s) to victims and in how residing near where it occurs is potentially harmful. The correlation of community violence exposure to psychopathology is well documented, and some studies to articulate the pathways of impact have been conducted. Yet much of the current understanding is based on inferences from child abuse and neglect studies, and others confound types of violence exposure. Among the key challenges in advancing knowledge about community violence impact are: (1) clearer shared definitions of what constitutes community violence; (2) sophisticated comparison to effects of other stressors and other forms of violence; (3) adequate tests of interventions meant to modify exposure and impact of exposure; and (4) clarity about neurobiological processes that characterize exposure impact. Also, most studies have focused on individual differences in exposure, not adequately considering community‐level effects. A developmental‐ecological approach is suggested as most useful, particularly in light of the common co‐occurrence of exposure to other forms of violence and psychopathology risk factors.