bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculating Power by Bootstrap, with an Application to Cluster-randomized
Trials
Authors: Kleinman Ken , Huang Susan S. 
Published: February 2017

Background: A key requirement for a useful power calculation is that the
calculation mimic the data analysis that will be performed on the actual data, once it
is observed. Close approximations may be difficult to achieve using analytic solutions,
however, and thus Monte Carlo approaches, including both simulation and bootstrap
resampling, are often attractive. One setting in which this is particularly true is
cluster-randomized trial designs. However, Monte Carlo approaches are useful in many
additional settings as well. Calculating power for cluster-randomized trials using
analytic or simulation-based methods is frequently unsatisfactory due to the complexity
of the data analysis methods to be employed and to the sparseness of data to inform the
choice of important parameters in these methods.Methods: We propose that among Monte
Carlo methods, bootstrap approaches are most likely to generate data similar to the
observed data. In bootstrap approaches, real data are re-sampled to build complete data
sets based on real data that resemble the data for the intended analyses. In contrast,
simulation methods would use the real data to estimate parameters for the data and then
simulate data using these parameters. Means of implementing bootstrap power calculation
are described.Results: We demonstrate bootstrap power calculation for a
cluster-randomized trial with a censored survival outcome and a baseline observation
period.Conclusions: Bootstrap power calculation is a natural application of resampling
methods. It provides a relatively simple solution to power calculation that is likely to
be more accurate than analytic solutions or simulation-based calculations, in the sense
that the bootstrap approach does not rely on the assumptions inherent in analytic
calculations. It has several important strengths. Notably, it is simple to achieve great
fidelity to the proposed data analysis method and there is no requirement for parameter
estimates, or estimates of their variability, from outside settings. So, for example,
for cluster-randomized trials, power calculations need not depend on intracluster
correlation coefficient estimates from outside studies. In contrast, bootstrap power
calculation requires initial data resembling data to be used in the planned study. We
are not aware of bootstrap power calculation being previously proposed or explored for
cluster-randomized trials, but it can also be applied for other study designs. We show
with a simulation study that bootstrap power calculation can replicate analytic power in
cases where analytic power can be accurately calculated. We also demonstrate power
calculations for correlated censored survival outcomes in a cluster randomized trial
setting, for which we are unaware of an analytic alternative. The method can easily be
used when preliminary data is available, as is likely to be the case when research is
performed in health delivery systems or other settings where electronic medical records
can be obtained.
Illite-Smectite-Rich Clay Parageneses from Quaternary Tunnel Valley Sediments of the Dutch Southern North Sea — Mineral Origin and Paleoenvironment Implications
Authors: Šegvić Branimir , Benvenuti Antonio , Moscariello Andrea 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Pleistocene sediment infill of elongated glacial incisions of the southern North Sea (SNS) is often referred to as tunnel valleys (TVs). The depositional environment is not yet fully understood and the present study addresses this challenge from the perspective of clay-mineral transformation (illite to illite-smectite) reported from the largest Elsterian TV of the SNS. Material acquired from the K14-12 borehole in the Dutch offshore was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy, electron microprobe, and laser particle-size analysis. Illite and illite-smectite (I-S) appeared as dominant clays along with minor amounts of kaolinite, kaolinite-smectite, and chlorite. The largest amount of I-S is recognized in the main TV portion, while in pre-glacial and uppermost deposits, I-S is less abundant. The XRD peak fitting and deconvolution suggest that I-S consists of several intermediates — ordered (well crystallized illite + R3 I-S) and disordered (R0 I-S + R0 I-SS). Given the average particle sizes (>2 µm) and Kübler index values (0.415–0.341°Δ2θ), illite as well as chlorite and kaolinite were interpreted as detrital. On the basis of the distinctive distribution, grain sizes, and compositional variations of I-S, formation by means of early diageneticin situsmectitization of illite under a cold climate is proposed. The process operatedviaa series of mixed-layer intermediates derived from an illite component being converted progressively to low-charged smectite. The reaction is marked by a significant net loss of K and Al with replacement by Si in a tetrahedral coordination. Layer-charge imbalance is accommodated by Fe(III) and Mg entering an octahedral sheet, whereas Ca partly fills the interlayer sites. Smectitization rates were controlled by illite grain sizes. The results of the present study support strongly the existence of an ice-marginal freshwater depositional environment at the glacial maximum in the SNS in which early diagenesis at low temperatures resulted in incomplete conversion of illite to smectite.
Adsorption of Cu(II) on Rhamnolipid-Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposite
Authors: Li Yan , Bi Hao-Yu , Li Hui , Jin Yong-Sheng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA rhamnolipid-layered double hydroxide (RL-LDH) nanocomposite, derived from the rhamnolipid (RL) biosurfactant, was synthesized through a delamination/reassembling process. The adsorption characteristics of Cu(II) on RL-LDH were investigated in detail and the results indicated the potential of using RL-LDH as an environmentally friendly adsorbent to remove Cu(II). The fabricated RL-LDH nanocomposite was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, elemental chemical composition, and specific surface area analyses. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the influence of various factors, such as contact time, initial Cu(II) concentration, temperature, initial solution pH, and electrolyte concentration on Cu(II) adsorption by the RL-LDH nanocomposite. The RL-LDH nanocomposite had a low surface area of 11.71 m2 g−1, which suggests that surface adsorption would not be important in Cu(II) adsorption. The Cu(II) adsorption data fitted the Freundlich model well at pH 5.5, whereas the adsorption kinetics were accurately described by a pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Chemical binding, that is, the formation of a RL-Cu(II) complex in the LDH interlayer, was assumed to be the rate-limiting step in the adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters that included Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes were also calculated. The adsorption was found to be a spontaneous and exothermic chemisorption process. Furthermore, the adsorption properties of RL-LDH for Cu(II) were compared to Cu(II) adsorption using other adsorbents.
Synthetic Zeolites Derived from Fly Ash as Effective Mineral Sorbents for Diesel Fuel Spill Remediation
Authors: Gao Pingqiang , Zhang Yan , Zhao Lin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDevelopment of an effective sorbent for diesel fuel spill remediation remains an important challenge in the field of synthesis due to the potential capacity of sorbents to efficiently purify contaminated sites. Fly ash, a coal combustion by-product, was used as a raw material to synthesize two inexpensive zeolites (SZ-1 and SZ-2) for oil spill remediation using an alkali fusion approach prior to hydrothermal treatment. The sorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and N2 adsorption/desorption. Diesel fuel sorption was used to examine the potential capacity of the synthetic zeolites to sorb oil and other petroleum products. Diesel fuel viscosity and density were determined at room temperature using a viscometer and a pycnometer, respectively. The synthetic zeolites exhibited a higher diesel fuel sorption capacity than fly ash. The SZ-1 zeolite sorbed approximately 1.43 g·g−1 and SZ-2 sorbed approximately 1.9 g·g−1. The sorption was mainly a physical process and mesopore filling seemed to play the dominant role. Sorbent textures were, therefore, vital for the sorption of petroleum products.
The Human Long Interspersed Element-1 Retrotransposon: An Emerging Biomarker of Neoplasia
Authors: Ardeljan Daniel , Taylor Martin S , Ting David T , Burns Kathleen H 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
A large portion of intronic and intergenic space in our genome consists of repeated sequences. One of the most prevalent is the long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1, L1) mobile DNA. LINE-1 is rightly receiving increasing interest as a cancer biomarker.

CONTENT
Intact LINE-1 elements are self-propagating. They code for RNA and proteins that function to make more copies of the genomic element. Our current understanding is that this process is repressed in most normal cells, but that LINE-1 expression is a hallmark of many types of malignancy. Here, we will consider features of cancer cells when cellular defense mechanisms repressing LINE-1 go awry. We will review evidence that genomic LINE-1 methylation, LINE-1–encoded RNAs, and LINE-1 ORF1p (open reading frame 1 protein) may be useful in cancer diagnosis.

SUMMARY
The repetitive and variable nature of LINE-1 DNA sequences poses unique challenges to studying them, but recent advances in reagents and next generation sequencing present opportunities to characterize LINE-1 expression and activity in cancers and to identify clinical applications.
The mechanisms underlying the muscle metaboreflex modulation of sweating and cutaneous blood flow in passively heated humans
Authors: Haqani Baies , Fujii Naoto , Kondo Narihiko , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMetaboreceptors can modulate cutaneous blood flow and sweating during heat stress but the mechanisms remain unknown. Fourteen participants (31 ± 13 years) performed 1‐min bout of isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise at 60% of their maximal voluntary contraction followed by a 3‐min occlusion (OCC), each separated by 10 min, initially under low (LHS, to activate sweating without changes in core temperature) and high (HHS, whole‐body heating to a core temperature increase of 1.0°C) heat stress conditions. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were measured continuously at four forearm skin sites perfused with 1) lactated Ringer's solution (Control), 2) 10 mmol L‐NAME [inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS)], 3) 10 mmol Ketorolac [inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)], or 4) 4 mmol theophylline (THEO; inhibits adenosine receptors). Relative to pre‐IHG levels with Control, NOS inhibition attenuated the metaboreceptor‐mediated increase in sweating under LHS and HHS (P ≤ 0.05), albeit the attenuation was greater under LHS (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, a reduction from baseline was observed with THEO under LHS during OCC (P ≤ 0.05), but not HHS (both P > 0.05). In contrast, CVC was lower than Control with L‐NAME during OCC in HHS (P ≤ 0.05), but not LHS (P > 0.05). We show that metaboreceptor activation modulates CVC via the stimulation of NOS and adenosine receptors, whereas NOS, but not COX or adenosine receptors, contributes to sweating at all levels of heating.
Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Modelling The Contact Area of Grain Seeds
Authors: Frączek Jarosław , Francik Sławomir , Ślipek Zbigniew , Knapczyk Adrian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The objective of the research was to create a model which defines the relation between a fundamental contact area of a seed and the pressure force, water content in a seed and its geometrical dimensions with application of artificial neural networks (SSN). Computer program Statistica Neural Networks v. 6.0. was used for formation of a neural model. Tests were carried out on Roma wheat seed and Dańkowskie Złote rye with six various water contents: 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.33 (kg·kg-1 dry mass). Caryopses were loaded with eight values of compression force - from 41 N to 230 N. Multiplicity of iterations was 5. Seed material was moistened to obtain a specific water content. Each seed was loaded with compression force with respectively growing values: 41N, 68N, 95N, 122N, 149N, 176N, 203N and 230N. A four-layer network of Perceptron type with 10 neurons in the first and 8 neurons in the second hidden layer was selected as a model which the best defines the contact area of grain seeds loaded with axial force at various moisture levels. This network has 4 inputs (water content, pressure force, thickness and length of caryopses) and one output (elementary contact area of rye and wheat seeds). Comparison of the neural model with empirical formulas obtained from nonlinear estimation proved a considerable higher precision of the first one.
Analysis of Impact Of Biomass Added to RDF Oversize Fraction on Properties of Briquettes
Authors: Frączek Jarosław , Słomka-Polonis Karolina , Mudryk Krzysztof , Wróbel Marek , Dziedzic Krzysztof 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe impact of biomass addition to the RDF oversize fraction on quality parameters obtained from this blend of briquettes produced under semi-industrial conditions was analysed. For the purposes related to the experiment four RDF mixtures with fragmented biomass of common willow Salix viminalis L., differing only with percentage participation of base elements, were prepared. The briquetting process was performed with the use of a semi-industrial briquetting machine at the determined compaction pressure of 47 MPa and a diameter of a sleeve (and a briquette at the same time) of 50 mm. Selected quality parameters of produced briquettes were determined, i.e. density, mechanical strength DU and compression strength. The best parameters were obtained for briquettes produced from the blend with a 50% share of willow (ρ=843.9 kg · m-3, DU=86.1%, Rc=0.46 MPa). The lowest parameters were in case of briquettes without biomass addition. Statistical analysis of research results indicates that biomass additions to RDF significantly affect the improvement of quality parameters of the obtained briquettes.
Dynamics of Temperature Changes in Thermophille Phase of Composting Process in The Aspect of Sanitary Condition of Obtained Material
Authors: Jakubowski Tomasz , Sołowiej Piotr 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A condition of obtaining compost with proper sanitary parameters is achieving the organic recycling process temperature which exceeds 7°C. The objective of the paper was to determine the temperature course in the compost tank for organic recycling of dead poultry in relation to the applied structure forming material. Wheat, oat, barley, rapeseed and corn straw were used as a structure-forming material. A measuring system was equipped with a probe with a temperature sensor with precision of ±0.15°C, transducer and data recorder. Results were prepared with the use of the analysis of variance at the level of significance of α=0.05. Statistically significant differences of the temperature value in the thermophille phase of the composting process between combinations of the experiment were indicated. In all investigated combinations of the experiment, achievement (or exceeding) the temperature value of 70°C of the compost mass was reported.
Effect of Water Immersion of Semi-Finished Products on The Fat Content in Fried Potato Products
Authors: Sobol Zygmunt 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In this study the influence of selected factors, such as duration of water sorption resulting from the process of reducing sugars elution from semi-finished products, temperature of sorbed water, frying temperature and size of the studied objects (thickness of slices), on the total fat content in dry mass of the obtained products was analyzed. The study was conducted on Innovator cultivar. The scope of the study encompassed 5, 10, 15, 20 min water sorption linked to the process of reducing sugars elution. A control study was also conducted on samples without the process of reducing sugars elution. Temperature of sorbed water was 20 and 40°C; temperature of slice frying was 140 and 180°C; the size of the studied objects, in the experiment limited by the thickness of slices, was 4 and 9 mm. Determination of the total fat content in the products was conducted using the Soxhlet method. The greatest amount of fat in dry weight was contained in the products from samples in which sugars were not eluted, when the process was conducted for a short period of time (several minutes) or when elution continued for the longest period of time, approx. 20 min. The smallest amount of fat was contained in the products from samples in which the immersion in water was conducted for 10-15 min. Thicker slices absorb smaller amounts of fat. Increase of temperature of sorbed water in the process of extracting sugars from semi-finished products results in the increase of the total fat content in dry weight of products.
Methodological Aspects of Conceptual Design of an Agricultural Machine by The Case of a Tunnel Spraying Machine
Authors: Ślipek Zbigniew , Francik Sławomir , Frączek Jarosław , Knapczyk Adrian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The article presents the procedure of determination of a structural form of an agricultural machine which encompasses methodological aspects of design related to the division of the basic objective function into member functions, multi-variant solutions and synthesis of astructural form (a virtual prototype of an agricultural machine). The suggested course of proceeding was presented by the case of a design of a tunnel spraying machine. This example reflects well and includes the specificity of the design object in the form of an agricultural machine with specific technical and agro-technical requirements. Attention was paid to the aspects related to methodology of selection of fractional solutions based on previously defined criteria.
Impact of Selected Properties of Raw Material on Quality Features of Granular Fertilizers Obtained from Digestates and ASH Mixtures
Authors: Wróbel Marek , Frączek Jarosław , Jewiarz Marcin , Mudryk Krzysztof , Dziedzic Krzysztof 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The paper presents the results of research, the objective of which was to determine the impact of particle size distribution and density of digestates and ash on density and tensile strength of granular fertilizer obtained from mixtures of these substrates. Particle size distribution, absolute density, envelope density and porosity of substrates were determined. Granular fertilizers were made of clean substrates and their mixtures. Envelope density of the obtained granulates was within 0.81 - 1.88 g⋅cm-3. The determined compaction degree was within 3.65 - 10.12. While, the compaction index IS of granulates made of mixtures was within 0.5 - 0.55 and was lower in comparison to IS of granulates from digestates (0.6) and ash (0.76).
The Dynamics of Changes in Nutritionally Significant Ingredients of Carrot Juice after the Pasteurization
Authors: Mendelová Andrea , Mendel Ľubomír , Fikselová Martina , Andrejiová Alena 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) belongs to the most common type of vegetable because of its consumption, versatile usage in the canning industry and because of its beneficial effects on the health of consumers. It is valuable mainly because of the high content of β-carotene, B vitamins, vitamin C, carbohydrates and minerals. The aim of this work was to compare the quality of carrot juice from different varieties of carrots regarding the content of total carotenoids and polyphenols and also to assess the dynamics of their changes evaluated under the influence of the pasteurization (85 °C). There were selected varieties of carrot such as Baltimore F1, Exhibition F1, Kamaran F1, Napoli F1, Belgrado F1, Komarno F1, Nantes, Rubina and Nandrin F1. The highest content of carotenoids, assessed by the spectrophotometry, was determined in variety Kamaran F1 (213.66 mg 100 g−1 dry matter) and the lowest in Belgrado F1 (146.80 mg 100 g−1 dry matter). After the pasteurization, the content of carotenoid decreased and ranged from 128.04 mg 100 g−1 dry matter in variety Napoli F1 to 142.55 mg 100 g−1 in Kamaran F1. The highest content of polyphenol determined by the Folin Ciocalteu method was found in fresh juice of Rubina (922.80 mg GAE 100 g−1 dry matter) and the lowest in the variety Nantes (535.75 mg GAE 100 g−1 dry matter). After the pasteurization, the content of the monitored components was found to be 450.34 mg GAE 100 g−1 dry matter in Napoli F1 to 751.95 mg GAE 100 g−1 dry matter in Komarno F1 variety.
Insect Pests Occurring on the Different Iris L. (Iridaceae) Taxa
Authors: Wojciechowicz-Żytko Elżbieta , Rogowska Barbara , Dobińska Maja , Witek Anna , Kulig Magdalena 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in years 2012–2013 in the Collection of Ornamental Plants of the Agricultural University in Cracow. Six Iris taxa – Iris graminea L. and hybrids from Sibiriceae section: I. ‘Wisley White’, ‘Wiltrude Gissel’, ‘Violet Meer’, ‘White Swirl’, I. ‘Towanda Redflare’ × I. sibirica hybrid (RF × I SK) were observed. Each taxon was represented by five clumps. In weekly intervals from May to August, the insects: Mononychus punctumalbum (Hbst.), Phorbia servadei (Seguy), Oxythyrea funesta (Poda.) and Aphthona nonstriata (Goeze) were collected from the selected plants. The differences in infestation of different Iris taxa by pests were noted. The most infested by pests was the hybrid from Sibiriceae section I. ‘Wiltrud Gissel’ whereas hardly attacked species was Iris graminea. M. punctumalbum and P. servadei were the most frequently occurring insects. The adults of M. punctumalbum were observed in the greatest numbers on ‘Wiltrud Gissel’, ‘Violet Meer’ and RF × I SK hybrid. P. servadei larvae were most abundant in the buds of ‘Wiltrud Gissel’ and ‘Violet Meer’ O. funesta and A. nonstriata occurred in a small number whereas a common pest – A. newtoni – was not found.
Fixed Point Results Satisfying Rational Type Contractive Conditions in Complex Valued Metric Spaces – Revisited
Authors: Zada Mian Bahadur , Sarwar Muhammad 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In our previous work titled “Fixed Point Results Satisfying Rational type Contractive Conditions in Complex Valued Metric Spaces”[Ann. Math. Sil. 30 (2016), 89-110], some errors has been made in the main results (Theorem 3.1, Theorem 3.7 and Theorem 3.22), that may misguide the readers. This note provides corrections of these errors.