bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fungal endophytes as priority colonizers initiating wood decomposition
Authors: Song Zewei , Kennedy Peter G. , Liew Feng J. , Schilling Jonathan S. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryPriority effects among wood decomposers have been demonstrated by manipulating fungal assembly history via inoculations in dead wood and then tracking community development usingDNAsequencing. Individual wood‐degrading fungi have been shown, however, to initiate decay after having colonized living trees as endophytes.To track these ‘upstream’ colonizers across the endophyte–saprophyte transition, we coupled high‐throughput sequencing with wood physiochemical analyses in stem sections extracted from healthy birch trees (Betula papyrifera; 4–7 cm dia.). We incubated wood in microcosms, limiting communities as endophytes−only or challenging endophytes withFomes fomentariusorPiptoporus betulinusat high exogenous inoculum potential.Initial fungal richness in birch stems averaged 143OTUs and decreased nearly threefold after five months of decomposition. AlthoughF. fomentariussuccessfully colonized some stem sections incubated at 25 °C, decayed wood was generally dominated by saprophytic fungi that were present originally in lower abundances as endophytes.Among saprophytes, fungi in the brown rot functional guild consistently dominated, matching wood residues bearing the chemical hallmarks of brown rot. Despite this functionally redundant outcome, the taxa that rose to dominate in individual sections varied. Surprisingly, the brown rot taxa dominating wood decomposition were better known for lumber degradation rather than log decay in ground contact.Given the isolation from colonizers in our design, this redundancy of brown rot as the outcome suggests that these taxa and more generally brown rot fungi could have adapted to decompose wood where there is lower competitive pressure. Competitive avoidance would complement the diffuse depolymerization mechanisms of brown rot fungi, which are likely more prone to sugar pilfering by other organisms than the processive depolymerization mechanisms of white rot fungi.Overall, this guild‐level predictability of fungal endophyte development and consequence is encouraging given the challenges of predicting wood decomposition, and it provides a base for testing these dynamics under increasing natural complexity.
Improving Care Transitions Management: Examining the Role of Accountable Care Organization Participation and Expanded Electronic Health Record Functionality
Authors: Huber Thomas P. , Shortell Stephen M. , Rodriguez Hector P. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveExamine the extent to which physician organization participation in an accountable care organization (ACO) and electronic health record (EHR) functionality are associated with greater adoption of care transition management (CTM) processes.Data Sources/Study SettingA total of 1,398 physician organizations from the third National Study of Physician Organization survey (NSPO3), a nationally representative sample of medical practices in the United States (January 2012—May 2013).Study DesignWe used data from the third National Study of Physician Organization survey (NSPO3) to assess medical practice characteristics, including CTM processes, ACO participation, EHR functionality, practice type, organization size, ownership, public reporting, and pay‐for‐performance participation.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsMultivariate linear regression models estimated the extent to which ACO participation and EHR functionality were associated with greater CTM capabilities, controlling for practice size, ownership, public reporting, and pay‐for‐performance participation.Principal FindingsApproximately half (52.4 percent) of medical practices had a formal program for managing care transitions in place. In adjusted analyses, ACO participation (p < .001) and EHR functionality (p < .001) were independently associated with greater use of CTM processes among medical practices.ConclusionsThe growth of ACOs and similar provider risk‐bearing arrangements across the country may improve the management of care transitions by physician organizations.
Choice of Rice Production Practices in Ghana: A Comparison of Willingness to Pay and Preference Space Estimates
Authors: Owusu Coffie Rebecca , Burton Michael P. , Gibson Fiona L. , Hailu Atakelty 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRice has been identified as an important food security crop in Ghana. However, there is a production deficit and new technologies to reduce the deficit are not widely adopted. Although poor adoption by farmers’ is often linked to constraints such as access to information, farmers’ perceptions of the technologies are also important. We apply an advanced discrete choice experiment to evaluate farmers’ preferences for rice production practices. Specifically, we generate willingness to pay (WTP) estimates using willingness to pay space (WS) and compare these with values from the indirect or preference space (PS) method. Our modelling also accounts for the effects onWTPestimates of farmers’ stated attribute importance (SAI) information. Empirical results fromWSandPSmodels reveal that on average, farmers value higher yields and are negatively affected by higher risk of crop failure and labour requirements. Comparing the performance of the two models, we find theWSmodel provides a superior fit to our data and reduces the likelihood of producing implausibleWTPestimates. Further,SAIinclusion did not produce much variation in ourWTPestimates.
Physicochemical and Microstructural Characterization of Corn Starch Edible Films Obtained by a Combination of Extrusion Technology and Casting Technique
Authors: Fitch‐Vargas Perla Rosa , Aguilar‐Palazuelos Ernesto , de Jesús Zazueta‐Morales José , Vega‐García Misael Odín , Valdez‐Morales Jesús Enrique , Martínez‐Bustos Fernando , Jacobo‐Valenzuela Noelia 
Published: August 2016

AbstractStarch edible films (EFs) have been widely studied due to their potential in food preservation; however, their application is limited because of their poor mechanical and barrier properties. Because of that, the aim of this work was to use the extrusion technology (ExT) as a pretreatment of casting technique to change the starch structure in order to obtain EFs with improved physicochemical properties. To this, corn starch and a mixture of plasticizers (sorbitol and glycerol, in different ratios) were processed in a twin screw extruder to generate the starch modification and subsequently casting technique was used for EFs formation. The best conditions of the ExT and plasticizers concentration were obtained using response surface methodology. All the response variables evaluated, were affected significatively by the Plasticizers Ratio (Sorbitol:Glycerol) (PR (S:G)) and Extrusion Temperature (ET), while the Screw Speed (SS) did not show significant effect on any of these variables. The optimization study showed that the appropriate conditions to obtain EFs with the best mechanical and barrier properties were ET = 89 °C, SS = 66 rpm and PR (S:G) = 79.7:20.3. Once the best conditions were obtained, the optimal treatment was characterized according to its microstructural properties (X‐ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy) to determine the damage caused in the starch during ExT and casting technique. In conclusion, with the combination of ExT and casting technique were obtained EFs with greater breaking strength and deformation, as well as lower water vapor permeability than those reported in the literature.
Assessing environmental pollution in birds: a new methodological approach for interpreting bioaccumulation of trace elements in feather shafts using geochemical sediment data
Authors: Borghesi Fabrizio , Dinelli Enrico , Migani Francesca , Béchet Arnaud , Rendón‐Martos Manuel , Amat Juan A. , Sommer Simone , Gillingham Mark A. F. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Environmental trace element composition can have an important impact on ecosystem and population health as well individual fitness. Therefore, carefully assessing bioaccumulation of trace elements is central to studies investigating the ecological impact of pollution. Colonial birds are important bioindicators since non‐invasive sampling can easily be achieved through sampling of chick feathers, which controls for some confounding factors of variability (age and environmental heterogeneity). However, an additional confounding factor, external contamination (ExCo), which remains even after washing feathers, has frequently been overlooked in the literature.

We developed a new method to reliably interpret bioaccumulation of 10 trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn) in feathers using chicks of a colonial species: the Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus roseus. First, only shafts were used to remove ExCo retained in vanes. Secondly, we applied a thorough washing procedure. Thirdly, we applied a new analytical method to control for ExCo, which assumes that ExCo is mainly due to adhered sediment particles and that the relative concentration of each trace element will be similar to the sediment geochemical composition of sampling sites. We validated this new methodology by comparing trace element composition and particle composition (by scanning electron microscopy and mass spectrometry) of washed and unwashed feathers.

The washing procedure removed >99% of K indicating that most of the ExCo from salt was removed. Scanning electron microscopy and mass spectrometry revealed that some sediment particles remained after washing, especially clays which are likely to severely bias bioaccumulation interpretation. We successfully controlled for ExCo by calculating the ratio of ExCo due to sediment using the geochemical fingerprint of sediment samples. Our methodology leads to conservative estimates of bioaccumulation for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn and Zn.

We have validated a new more reliable method of analysing trace element concentrations in feathers, which effectively controls for ExCo, if geochemical sediment data can be meaningfully compared to ExCo of feathers. We have demonstrated that overlooking ExCo leads to potentially erroneous conclusions, and we urge that the method applied in this study be considered in future studies.
Corporate diversification, institutional investors and internal control quality
Authors: Chen Guang‐Zheng , Keung Edmund C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between corporate diversification, institutional investors and internal control quality. Using a sample of firms disclosing internal control information from 1999 to 2011, the results show that corporate diversification is positively associated with the likelihood of internal control weakness. Moreover, this relationship is stronger (weaker) when firms have higher transient (dedicated) institutional ownership, indicating that transient (dedicated) institutional investors increase (mitigates) the internal control problems arising from diversification. This study contributes to the literature by providing evidence on the role of corporate diversification in the quality of internal control.
Southern Hemisphere biodiversity and global change: Data gaps and strategies
Authors: Chambers Lynda E. , Barnard Phoebe , Poloczanska Elvira S. , Hobday Alistair J. , Keatley Marie R. , Allsopp Nicky , Underhill Les G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLong‐term datasets needed to detect the impacts of global change on southern biodiversity are still scarce and often incomplete, challenging adaptation planning and conservation management. Biological data are probably most limited in arid countries and from the oceans, where natural environmental variability (‘noise’) means that long time series are required to detect the ‘signal’ of directional change. Significant national and international investment and collaboration are needed for most southern nations to reliably track biodiversity trends and improve conservation adaptation to rapid climate change. Emerging early warning systems for biodiversity, incorporating regional environmental change drivers, citizen science and regional partnerships, can all help to compensate for existing information gaps and contribute to adaptation planning.
Policing the unstable materialities of digital‐media piracy in Brazil
Authors: DENT ALEXANDER S. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTAround the world, antipiracy NGOs train police to recognize the unauthorized use of music and films and to publicly destroy illicit CDs and DVDs. For those who enforce laws governing intellectual property (IP), music and film piracy underscores how digital reproduction can be conceived of as forgetful, inconstant, and promiscuous. In Brazil, discourses about “cleaning” (limpeza) unite incitements to greater security, more active governance, and stricter IP enforcement. Understanding the global dynamics of IP policing requires analysis of ideologies of material purity and the historicity associated with them. This ethnography of antipiracy NGOs, law enforcement, and informal economies in southern Brazil brings together the anthropologies of mediation and IP, arguing that producers and consumers of digital texts are becoming increasingly anxious about how those texts circulate. [intellectual property, policing, piracy, materiality, digital media, NGOs, Brazil]Em todo o mundo, ONGs anti‐pirataria capacitam as polícias para que estas reconheçam a utilização não autorizada de música e filmes e para que destruam publicamente CDs e DVDs ilícitos. Para aqueles que fazem cumprir as leis que regulam a propriedade intelectual (PI), a pirataria de música e filmes evidencia como a reprodução digital pode ser concebida como esquecida, inconstante e promíscua. No Brasil, discursos sobre limpeza unem incitamentos a uma maior segurança, uma governança mais activa, e um respeito mais estrito pela PI. Compreender as dinâmicas globais do policiamento da PI requer uma análise das ideologias da pureza material e da historicidade a elas associada. Esta etnografia de ONGs anti‐pirataria, cumprimento da lei e economias informais do Sul do Brasil junta as antropologias da mediação e da PI, argumentando que produtores e consumidores de textos digitais estão a ficar crescentemente ansiosos sobre a forma como esses textos circulam. [propriedade intelectual, policiamento, pirataria, materialidade, mídia digital, ONGs, Brasil]
Memory, body, and the online researcher: Following Russian street demonstrations via social media
Authors: GRAY PATTY A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe Moscow street demonstrations of 2011–12 were the largest public gatherings in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. They were also the largest‐ever gathering of Russians on social media. While using the Internet to follow such large‐scale social movements remotely, researchers experience social media as a context in which anthropology happens. They may think about “being there” in new ways that shift their focus to their own processes of memory making and sense of bodily presence. Experiencing and remembering social media in the body challenges the distinctions we might otherwise make between virtual and physical encounters. [body memory, protest, social media, digital anthropology, online research, Moscow, Russia]Московские уличные демонстрации 2011–12 стали наиболее многочисленными в России со времен распада Советского Союза. Они также объединили наибольшее число россиян в социальных сетях. Используя Интернет для изучения крупномасштабных социальных движений в удаленном доступе, исследователи одновременно рассматривают онлайн пространство социальных сетей как новое поле антропологии. Новые способы «присутствия» побуждают исследователей обратиться к своему собственному процессу производства памяти и собственному чувству телесности. Особые опыт и память телесности в социальных средствах коммуникации заставляют нас пересмотреть границы виртуального и физического опыта. [память тела, протест, социальные медиа, цифровая антропология, онлайн исследования, Москва, Россия;]
Ethnography at its edges: Compulsory Zionism, free speech, and anthropology
Authors: GILL LESLEY 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTLara Deeb and Jessica Winegar argue convincingly in Anthropology's Politics that US‐based academics face harassment and threats to their careers if they publicly reject US militarism in the Middle East and criticize the Israeli state in their teaching, research, and public speaking. Their analysis of five generations of anthropologists demonstrates that knowledge production is always political, but the thematic chapter organization—graduate school, getting hired, and handling job conflicts—does not explore the historical conjunctures in which the cohorts were formed. The authors’ assertion that the American Anthropological Association's practice of issuing public statements ignores the Middle East and criticism of US policies is clear, yet the association's history of opposition to US policies globally is uneven and episodic. Anthropology's Politics is an important and well‐researched book.
Renal function and novel urinary biomarkers in infants with neonatal encephalopathy
Authors: Sweetman Deirdre U. , Onwuneme Chike , Watson William R. , O'Neill Amanda , Murphy John F.A. , Molloy Eleanor J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimPerinatal asphyxia is associated with multi‐organ injury including acute kidney injury (AKI). New urinary biomarkers may detect more subtle renal injury.MethodsUrinary biomarkers (albumin, beta‐2 microglobulin, cystatin‐C, epidermal growth factor, neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin, osteopontin, uromodulin) were serially measured from days 1 to 7 in term infants with perinatal asphyxia and controls and compared to ‘Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome’ scoring of renal injury and to encephalopathy grade.ResultsA total of 255 urine samples were taken from infants exposed to perinatal asphyxia (n = 82) and term controls (n = 10). Thirty‐nine infants underwent therapeutic hypothermia, four died and 30 infants had acute kidney injury. Infants with acute kidney injury had significantly higher levels of urinary albumin (day 2), cystatin‐C (days 1, 2, 3 and 7), neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (days 2, 3 and 7) and osteopontin (days 2, 3 and 7) and lower epidermal growth factor and uromodulin (day 1) compared to those without AKI. Day 2 cystatin‐C predicted AKI with an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.89, p < 0.001, cut‐off 9.8 × 104 pg/mL. NE grade II/III infants had significantly elevated levels of urinary cystatin‐C, neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin and decreased EGF compared to grade 0/I infants.ConclusionAsphyxiated infants who develop acute kidney injury have significantly altered urinary biomarkers postnatally. Validation of neonatal AKI urinary biomarkers in a large prospective study is required. Long‐term follow‐up of infants post‐asphyxial insult for chronic renal injury is advised.
The Pharmacology and Toxicology of the ‘Holy Trinity’
Authors: Horsfall Joseph T. , Sprague Jon E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCombining opioids with benzodiazepines and skeletal muscle relaxants (‘The Holy Trinity’) has been reported to potentiate the ‘high’. Through unique interactions with colocalized μ‐opioid and GABAA receptors, the combined use of these agents induces a synergistic increase in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and depression of respiration. The inhibition of GABA release mediated by μ1‐opioid receptor activation results in a subsequent increase in dopamine in the NAc. Benzodiazepines activate the GABAAR to suppress respiration in the medullary respiratory centres. The skeletal muscle relaxant, carisoprodol, appears to bind to a unique binding domain within the GABAAR to further enhance the respiratory depressant effects of the benzodiazepines. Therefore, the opioids, the benzodiazepines and carisoprodol alone or in combination are capable of inducing respiratory depression. Current guidelines for opioid prescribing recommend against the concomitant use of benzodiazepines but do not recognize the potential risk associated with the addition of skeletal muscle relaxants.
Unpacking religious affiliation: Exploring associations between Christian children's religious cultural context, God image, and self‐esteem across development
Authors: Smith Erin I. , Crosby Robert G. 
Published: August 2016

In developmental research, religiousness is typically measured with omnibus affiliation or attendance variables that underspecify how the religious cultural contexts and experiences that affiliation represents influence developmental outcomes. This study explores associations between five aspects of a religious cultural context (family religiosity, religious schooling, church‐based relationships with peers and adults, and view of God) in 844 seven‐ to 12‐year‐old Christian children to examine how they differentially predict self‐esteem. Results of a structural equation model (SEM) analysis indicated that God image and peer church relationships directly predicted self‐esteem, whereas God image mediated the influence of adult church relationships and family religious practices on self‐esteem. A multiple group SEM analysis met the criterion for weak, but not strong, evidence that self‐esteem is more related to younger children's adult church relationships but older children's peer church relationships. God image tended to be more related to younger children's family religious practices but older children's adult church relationships. Implications for developmental researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Religious affiliation is an omnibus variable representing multiple contexts of development.

Self‐esteem is an important outcome variable with different influences across development.

Religious affiliation is associated with increased self‐esteem.

What does this study add?

Children's experience in the contexts of religious affiliation influences development differently.

It is not just affiliation, but specific religious contexts that influence children's self‐esteem.

The role of religious contexts in shaping children's self‐esteem shifts across development.