bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Science of Happiness, Inequality, and Well-Being
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains what can be learned from the new science of happiness about the harmful effects of inequality. It discusses what well-being means and adopts a broad, ecumenical approach that is pluralist towards different constructs and methods used in the new science of happiness, while retaining normative significance. It analyses the impact that key aspects of capitalism’s emotional regime—such as shame, status anxiety, and envy—have on well-being. It discusses empirical evidence about correlations between money (income and wealth) and well-being on the one hand and inequality and well-being on the other. It develops and defends a refined version of the “Easterlin paradox” and concludes that, in capitalist societies, where social mobility is frustrated, wealth is concentrated, and inequalities become entrenched, people’s well-being is reduced for those forced on (or off) the treadmill for money, status, and education.
Traces of the Rote Armee Fraktion
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this vignette, the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD)’s activities against the West German Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF) are explored. Although the violent group carried out attacks in the Federal Republic of Germany, they elicited support activities of various Dutch groups so there was always a chance that the RAF would expand their theater of operations to Dutch territory, and West German authorities made sure that the Netherlands would not become a safe haven for wanted RAF members. The BVD investigated whether the RAF printed or published their pamphlets in Amsterdam and Nijmegen, interviewed Dutch citizens who might be in touch with RAF members, investigated recipients of mail from RAF members, and tried to find RAF members in Dutch safe houses. The vignette even contains a spectacular lead: a BVD informant knocked on a door in Scheveningen where Hans-Martin Schleyer was staying for a few days before he was taken to Brussels.
Resistance to Gender-Equitable Policy Change
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents the book’s theoretical framework, delving into its feminist institutionalist perspective. To conceptualize resistance to gender-equitable policy change, the chapter distinguishes between the gendered institutional context and active, embodied resistance. The second part of the chapter outlines the resistance stage framework, a framework apt for exploring how resistance to gender-equitable policy change is adapted over time and across different contexts as the gender-equitable policy idea institutionalizes and starts to influence actors’ behavior. Mapped on to the policy process, this framework outlines how status quo defenders adapt their resistance strategies to accommodate institutional and ideational changes across the phases of agenda setting, policy formulation, decision-making, and implementation.
The Permanent Quota and Variations in Resistance Across Parties
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the adoption (in 2017) and implementation (in 2019) of a new and permanent quota policy. Faced with the threat of having to adopt a parity law (a 50 percent quota), men political leaders quickly reverted to adopting a permanent quota law that they knew they could control: a law identical to the 2009 quota, yet permanent. To delve deeper into motives behind quota resistance, this chapter compares resistance in the two political groups historically most opposed to quotas: Partido Nacional and the party faction MPP. The chapter shows how these two organizations are based on distinctly different logics—a clientelist logic for PN and a programmatic logic for MPP. It is posited that these divergent logics carry significant implications for the perception of the quota threat, the nature of the status quo in need of protection, the perceived viability of resistance strategies, and the ultimate outcomes of the quota reform.
Authoritarian Power in Statist and Antistatist Societies
Authors: Forrat Natalia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The first chapter spells out the characteristics of statist and antistatist societies and the mechanisms of how unity- and division-based authoritarianisms thrive in them. In statist societies, group authority—the power of the group over the individual—is possessed by the state, which expands the state’s possibilities to induce the population’s compliance. Statist political environments are homogeneous and solidary; they are driven by team logic and the idea that the state is the leader of that team. In contrast, in antistatist societies, group authority is possessed by nonstate groups, which creates a more competitive and divided political environment. Antistatist political environments are pluralist and contentious; they are driven by the utility maximization logic and competition of different groups for state power and resources.
“It’s Not You and Your Biodegradable Toothbrush against the World”
Authors: Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Literat Ioana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on YouTube and climate change, through an analysis of videos and comments posted by youth around climate anxiety. Climate anxiety—the feeling of dread and distress associated with worrying about the future of the planet—has been shown to be a persistent concern among young people today, across borders and sociocultural contexts. The chapter illuminates how young people used YouTube as a space to work through their concern about the future of the planet and to encourage others to channel anxiety into action. The analysis further foregrounds the value of insider conversations among young people, showing that, at times, the aim of political expression is not to convince or mobilize others, but to seek and to receive social and emotional support. Last but not least, this case study also emphasizes the emotional toll of youth political expression and its grounding in affective experiences.
Techniques in Light Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This book on light microscopy techniques contains three main parts: • Part I: Basic microscope optics • Part II: Transmitted light microscopy techniques • Part III: Epifluorescence microscopy techniques The discussions in Part II roughly follow historical developments, starting with brightfield and darkfield microscopy and progressing through polarized light, phase contrast, differential interference contrast, and modulation contrast microscopy. Part III is concerned with the more modern techniques of epifluorescence microscopy. These chapters describe the progression from a theoretical description of fluorescence, through widefield epifluorescence, confocal, two photon, and selective plane imaging microscopy. Following that, there are two chapters that can be described as computational epifluorescence microscopy; microscopy that has transitioned from strictly visual to one that requires computational intervention to achieve diffraction-limited imaging (restoration microscopy) or better (super-resolution microscopy). The final chapter in this part describes super-resolution epifluorescence microscopy, or resolution that is better than theoretical when using the Abbe or Rayleigh criteria. Finally, included is a chapter on theoretical aspects of microscope resolution. The last chapter in the book describes the history of the microscope from the simple magnifying lens of Leeuwenhoek through the invention of the “double” or compound microscope, optical and mechanical advancements, and finally the discovery of fluorescence and the invention of epifluorescence microscopy.
The Compound Microscope
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the last chapter we discussed the phenomenon of refraction of light and how lenses can be used to create a magnified image. In this chapter we will review how magnification can be increased through the use of two magnifying lenses in series. This device, invented c. 1600, is called the compound microscope and consists of two major lens systems: the object lens system (objective) and the eye lens system (eyepiece or ocular). The concepts of mechanical and optical tube length are discussed, both for finite tube length microscopes and infinity corrected systems. Universal standards such as Infinity Corrected Optics, parfocal distance, and RMS thread size are presented. The major microscope optical systems are discussed in detail: the condenser, the objective, and the eyepiece. Finally, the three configurations of microscopes are described: upright, inverted, and stereo.
Epifluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter on fluorescence microscopy provides the theoretical background for all microscope techniques that use fluorescence for imaging samples. It covers the theory of fluorescence and its implementation in microscopy. Here interference filters and dichroic mirrors are described in the context of the ubiquitous epifluorescence microscope, and all fluorescence microscopes and techniques that follow The concepts of photobleaching, the Stokes shift, and fluorescence quantum yield are also discussed. Included is a description of the optical components required for epifluorescence including the fluorescence filter set, high-intensity light sources, and particular requirements of the microscope optics. The last section is a basic description of the use of fluorescence microscopy in biological research, including several major types of experiments for biological materials such as probed fluorescence targeting, ratio imaging, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), and total internal reflection fluorescence(TIRF) microscopy.
The Evolution of Conventions
Authors: Young H. Peyton 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers n-person games that are played repeatedly, but by different agents in each period. Players usually choose a myopic best response to a sample of information about what others players have done in the past, but occasionally they make mistakes. When the likelihood of mistakes becomes arbitrarily small, only some equilibria will have positive probability in the limit. These are known as stochastically stable equilibria. In 2×2 coordination games they correspond to the risk dominant equilibria but this is not the case for more general games. The stochastically stable equilibria are computed by finding a path of least resistance from every equilibrium to every other, and then finding the equilibrium that has lowest overall resistance. This is a special case of a general theorem on perturbed Markov processes that characterizes their stochastically stable states graph-theoretically.
Learning by Trial and Error
Authors: Young H. Peyton 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A player learns by trial and error if he occasionally tries out new strategies, rejecting choices that are erroneous in the sense that they do not lead to higher payoffs. In a game, however, strategies can become erroneous due to a change of behavior by someone else. This chapter introduces a learning rule in which behavior is conditional on whether a player experiences an error of the first or second type. An error of the first type leads to occasional experimentation with alternative strategies, whereas an error of the second type induces widespread search for an alternative strategy. This rule, called interactive trial and error learning, implements Nash equilibrium behavior in any game with generic payoffs and at least one pure Nash equilibrium.
Payoff-Based Dynamics for Multi-Player Weakly Acyclic Games
Authors: Young H. Peyton , Marden Jason R. , Arslan Gürdal , Shamma Jeff S. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focusses on the class of n-person games that are weakly acyclic in better replies, that is, from any initial combination of stage-game strategies there is a sequence of better replies that lead to a pure Nash equilibrium. An adaptive process is payoff-based or completely uncoupled if the process depends only on a player’s own actions and own payoffs from previous play; it does not depend on the actions taken by other players or their realized payoffs. The chapter analyses simple payoff-based learning processes in which players occasionally experiment with alternative actions and retain them if they yield higher payoffs. In a weakly acyclic game this type of decentralized learning process leads to equilibrium play with probability one. An important application is to multi-agent distributed control problems. The methodology is illustrated with simulations of distributed routing over a network.
Achieving Pareto Optimality through Distributed Learning
Authors: Young H. Peyton , Marden Jason R. , Pao Lucy Y. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces a simple payoff-based learning rule that is completely decentralized and leads to an efficient configuration of actions in any n-person finite strategic-form game with generic payoffs. Agents respond solely to changes in their own realized payoffs, which are affected by the actions of other agents in the system in ways that they do not necessarily understand. The methodcan be applied to the optimization of complex systems with many distributed components, such as the routing of information in networks and the design and control of wind farms.
Irish Theatre in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Irish Theatre in the Twenty-First Century is the first in-depth study of the subject. It analyses the ways in which theatre in Ireland has developed since the 1990s with emerging playwrights Martin McDonagh, Conor McPherson, and Enda Walsh. Companies such as Blue Raincoat, the Corn Exchange, and Pan Pan pioneered an avant-garde dramaturgy. This led to new styles of production of classic Irish works, including the plays of Synge, mounted by Druid. There was a re-imagining of past Irish history in the work of Rough Magic and ANU; plays by Owen McCafferty, Stacey Gregg, and David Ireland, dramatized the legacy of the Troubles; and adaptations of Greek tragedy by Marina Carr and others reflecting the conditions of modern Ireland. From 2015 the movement #WakingTheFeminists led to a sharpened awareness of gender. While male playwrights showed a toxic masculinity on the stage, a generation of female dramatists including Carr, Gregg, and Nancy Harris gave voice to the long suppressed experiences of women. For three separate periods, 2006, 2016, and 2020–2, the author served as one of the judges for the Irish Times Irish Theatre Awards, attending all new productions across the island of Ireland. This allowed him to provide the overviews of the ‘state of play’ of Irish theatre in each of those times which punctuate the book. Drawing also on interviews with Ireland’s leading theatre makers, Grene provides readers with a close-up understanding of Irish theatre in a period when Ireland became for the first time a fully modernized, secular, and multi-ethnic society.
Live History
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
At the time of the political violence in the North of Ireland, many playwrights used history plays as a means of coming to terms with the troubled present. This tradition has continued with a more playful treatment of Irish history, but also the dramatization of disturbingly neglected parts of the past. Donal O’Kelly’s Catalpa (1995) tells the story of the 1876 rescue of Fenian prisoners from Australia, an epic nationalist narrative in O’Kelly’s sources. It is doubly distanced in the play as a one-man performance of an imagined film script, mocking cinematic clichés and machismo heroism. Improbable Frequency (2004), a musical by Arthur Riordan and Bell Helicopter, is a fantasy satire on World War II Ireland. By contrast, in the Monto Cycle (2010–14), the company ANU, directed by Louise Lowe, embedded audience and action in the grim realities of inner-city Dublin past and present.
Waking the Feminists
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In 2015 the announcement of the Abbey’s programme for 2016, centenary of the Easter Rising, produced a sharp reaction because only one woman playwright and three women directors were featured. Social media protests, using the hashtag #WakingTheFeminists, led to a public debate in the Abbey itself and a year-long campaign to publicize the lack of gender balance. By 2022, women occupied five of the most prominent positions in Irish theatre: Selina Cartmell, Anne Clarke, Garry Hynes Caitríona McLaughlin, and Lynne Parker. Interviews with these women and the two people who spearheaded #WakingTheFeminists, Lian Bell and Sarah Durcan, provide the basis for this chapter which consists of a collage of their views on how the movement began and its significance; the factors inhibiting women from participation in Irish theatre, and the extent to which the situation had changed.
Masculinity and Its Discontents
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to analyse the effects of toxic masculinity shown in plays of Mark O’Rowe, Enda Walsh, and Conor McPherson. O’Rowe’s Made in China (2001) represents the hyperviolence of an imagined Dublin gangland, while Walsh’s The Walworth Farce (2006) ends its ridiculously repeated play within a play with a double murder. These playwrights stage violently aggressive men but also men with addictions and obsessions, as in McPherson’s Dublin Carol (2001) about an alcoholic undertaker, and Walsh’s Penelope (2010) which features the besotted modern counterparts to the suitors in the Odyssey fighting to the death. Male fantasias move into the surreal in McPherson’s The Seafarer (2006) where the devil plays cards for the soul of a Dublin drunk, and in Terminus (2009) in which a serial killer is pursued by a demon with a body of worms.
Women Writing Women
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
An increasing number of women playwrights in the twenty-first century have represented women’s experience in Ireland’s repressive past and its changing present, while also exploring the legacy of centuries of patriarchal dominance. Incestuous rape was the shocking subject of Marina Carr’s On Raftery’s Hill (2000), a gang rape was at the centre of Abbie Spallen’s Pumpgirl (2006), while Deirdre Kinahan in Rathdmines Road (2018) explored the many factors that inhibited women from reporting sexual assault. Gender roles were challenged and defied by female playwright performers in Sonya Kelly’s How to Keep an Alien (2014), Margaret McAuliffe’s The Humours of Bandon (2016), and Sarah Hanly’s Purple Snowflakes and Titty Wanks (2021). But such defined gender roles remained constrictive for the trans teenager in Stacey Gregg’s Scorch and for the would-be romcom heroine of Nancy Harris’s Somewhere Out There You (2023).
Allocation and Plea before Venue
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the procedure for indictable only and either offences and explores the duty that exists when a defendant appears on the same occasion as a co-defendant but becomes a discretion if the defendant appears on a subsequent occasion. Under Crim PR 3.16 (3) and 9.11(2), the defendant may request an indication as to whether a custodial or non-custodial sentence is likely in a procedure similar to the procedure for a Goodyear (2005 EWCA Crim 888) indication in the Crown Court. The chapter clarifies how the plea to an either-way matter must be indicated by the defendant personally and not by a lawyer on their behalf. An advocate can indicate a plea on an adult defendant’s behalf to an either-way offence if the defendant’s disorderly behaviour makes it impossible to conduct the proceedings in his presence or the defendant is a company. Criminal damage under £5,000 and theft from a shop of less than £200 are considered.
Bad Character
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the admissibility of bad character that is regulated by sections 98–113 of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003, but section 27(3) Theft Act 1968 remains available to the Crown in cases of handling stolen goods. CJA is concerned with the admission of bad character in relation to the defendant, any co-defendant, or a person other than a defendant in the case. The Criminal Procedure Rules (Crim PR Part 21) provide the procedure for the admission of evidence of bad character. The chapter describes the power of the court to exclude admissible evidence of bad character on the grounds of non-compliance if the effect would be to prejudice a party. A court is free to admit evidence of bad character if to do so would satisfy the overriding objective of Crim PR 1, provided that there is no prejudice.
Mental Disorder
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the detailed guidance published by CPS in 2019, which identifies the principles relevant to the decision to prosecute individuals who have a mental disorder; learning disability or difficulty; Autism Spectrum Disorder; brain injury; dementia; and other mental health, cognitive, or neurodiverse conditions. CPS guidance seeks to inform the decision to prosecute in respect of a span of conditions that include disorders, disabilities, impairments, injuries, and diseases relating to both the brain and mind. Prosecutors will have regard to the mental functioning of a suspect or defendant even where this is not reflected in a recognized condition. The chapter discusses the issue of fitness to plead, which does not arise in the magistrates’ court as the relevant legislation does not provide for any summary procedures. Effective participation and insanity in summary proceedings are considered.
Reporting Restrictions
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the law in relation to child defendants in the adult court that is set out in section 45 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. Under section 11 Contempt of Court Act 1981, the court may make directions necessary for prohibiting the publication of a name or matter in connection with the proceedings. In the case of Re Times Newspapers Ltd [2008] EWCA Crim 2559, the court held that it is an important aspect of open justice that a defendant’s name should be made public. The chapter explains how the court may in appropriate circumstances order the identity of a defendant, or their address, to be protected from publicity. Consideration should be given to section 46 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 if the evidence of a witness may be affected by fear that the identity of her children may become known.
Special Measures and Vulnerable Witnesses
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter cites sections 16 and 17 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 that provide special measures for those aged under 18 that may meet the requirements for incapacity. Witnesses who seek assistance may always benefit if the allegation is of the serious offences listed in the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999, Schedule 1A. Under Part 3 of the Criminal Procedure Rules, the courts are required to facilitate the participation of anyone taking part, both witnesses and defendants. The chapter reviews sections 86–95 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 that provide for the making and discharge of witness anonymity orders. Sections 86–95 are to be regarded as a special measure of last practicable resort.