bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Focus: Health, Safety, Environment, and Social Responsibility (August 2015)
Authors: Garland Emmanuel 
Published: July 2016

Technology Focus
If there is a discipline where current conceptual research and technology development expand simultaneously, involving highly interconnected people, it is health, safety, security, environment, and social responsibility (HSSE–SR, or HSE in brief). There are two reasons for that. The first one is the unique relationship between that discipline and society at large, which generates new challenges for or objections against the oil and gas industry every day. The second one is that the HSE discipline is rather young, compared with other exploration-and-production disciplines.
Ten years ago, the challenge was almost technical only. As we were pushing back the frontiers (e.g., high pressure/high temperature, Arctic, ultradeep water, extraheavy oil, shale gas), we were striving to improve our HSE performances by reducing our footprint and the number of accidents, with a view to demonstrate to the stakeholders that providing us license to operate was both safe and the right choice for society. The paradigm has now changed. Is that because of the Macondo disaster and the release of the Gasland documentary film 5 years ago? Partly, but not solely. Stakeholder expectations are significantly different, and we now need to convince them of the rightfulness of our industry. Alternative sources of energy emerge and, like any newcomer, look like promising brides even when there are voices warning society about their latent defects.
In the following pages, you will read of efforts made by the industry to develop tools to better understand the environment and the effects of the industry on it, to develop techniques to reduce or mitigate those effects, to find means to lower technical risks, and to ensure that every worker returns home safely every day. At the same time, there is an ongoing discussion on the best way to make progress, on how to influence the behavior of the workers, on how to maintain the competency of the workforce when experienced people retire, and on how to respond to the threats caused by new forms of violence. It is critical that our efforts continue, even in a time of depressed crude-oil prices. JPT
Proposed Standards for Peer‐Reviewed Publication of Computer Code
Authors: Timlin Dennis , David Olaf , Green Timothy R. , Fleisher David H. , Kim Soo‐Hyung , Ahuja Laj R. 
Published: July 2016

The use of computers in agricultural research has expanded rapidly in recent years. Such code can be considered a scientific product that has applications in both research and education. Usage of this code can be expanded to a wide range of potential end users. We propose that the Agronomy Journal peer review and publish software code in the form of small, self‐contained modules. To do this, it is critical that the software used in agricultural research be well documented and written in a clear, easily understandable format. Our objective is to outline consistent standards that can be used to publish peer‐reviewed computer code. The goal of documenting source code is to inform the reader of the logic, meaning of variable names, and purpose of the various components of the code. Users who are not familiar with the code should be able to easily comprehend and use it. The documentation should include test data and a driver such that users can run the model and compare output to published results. Parameters and other input and output variables should be described in detail and documented so their source in the literature can be identified. Use of models by members of the scientific community and other end users can increase the impact of the developer's research and reduce costs of research devoted to modeling efforts. This article discusses necessary requirements to document and publish code that facilitates the reuse and modification of code.

Computer models are scientific products important for both reseach and education.
The computer code is subject to change and may be used by a wide variety of people.
Code for these models should be written in a clear, understandable format and be well documented.
Well documented and well written code will increase the scientific value of the code.
Effect of Micronutrients Soil Supplementation on Sugarcane in Different Production Environments: Cane Plant Cycle
Authors: Mellis Estêvão Vicari , Quaggio José Antonio , Becari Gustavo Ricardo Gonçalves , Teixeira Luiz Antonio Junqueira , Cantarella Heitor , Dias Fabio Luiz Ferreira 
Published: July 2016

Fertilization of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) with micronutrients is not common and this can affect crop yield. Research results of micronutrients in sugarcane in Brazil are still scarce and inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to assess the sugarcane crop response to Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo, and B fertilization in different sugarcane production environments in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. An experiment was conducted at 11 locations. The treatments consisted of the application of fixed micronutrient doses only to the planting furrow as follows: control, Zn (10 kg ha−1), Mn (10 kg ha−1), Cu (10 kg ha−1), B (3 kg ha−1), Mo (2 kg ha−1), and complete (Zn +Mn + Cu + B +Mo). The design consisted of a randomized block with five replicates. The leaf content, tillering, sugarcane yield, and total recoverable sugar were determined in cane plant. The responses varied with location, soil type, climate, and variety. Positive responses to micronutrients application were observed in all parameters studied with the exception of total recoverable sugar. The sugarcane yield increased significantly with the application of micronutrients in the following order of magnitude: Zn > Mo = Mn > Cu > B = Complete, with yield gain of 18, 12, 12, 10, 9, and 9 tonnes of cane per hectare (TCH), respectively. Sugarcane responded positively to micronutrient, especially Zn fertilization, demonstrating that this practice may be economically viable and increase the productivity of Brazilian sugarcane fields, making agribusiness sugarcane more sustainable.

Micronutrients can increase sugarcane yield.
Zinc is the principal micronutrient to sugarcane producer.
The application of high doses of micronutrients may increase the productivity of sugarcane Brazilians.
Simulating Potato Growth and Nitrogen Uptake in Eastern Canada with the STICS Model
Authors: Morissette René , Jégo Guillaume , Bélanger Gilles , Cambouris Athyna N. , Nyiraneza Judith , Zebarth Bernie J. 
Published: July 2016

The ability of process‐based soil–crop models to simulate potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield and N uptake for a range of N fertilization under the conditions of eastern Canada has never been tested. Our objectives were (i) to calibrate and evaluate the performance of the STICS model for the Shepody and Russet Burbank cultivars with cultivar‐specific critical N concentration dilution curves, and (ii) to quantify the gain in model performance with cultivar‐specific N concentration curves rather than a generic curve. Data sets including measurements of leaf area index (LAI), total and tuber biomass, and total and tuber N uptake for several N rates (0–280 kg N ha−1) collected at Charlottetown, PE; Fredericton, NB; and Québec, QC, Canada were used. Calibration was done with one data set from Charlottetown for Shepody and one data set from Québec for Russet Burbank, while all the other data sets were used to evaluate model performance. Following calibration, the STICS model generally performed well, with a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) < 30% and a normalized mean error (NME) ranging from –8% to 23%, for LAI and biomass. Model performance was slightly worse for total and tuber N uptake, although cultivar‐specific N concentration curves for Shepody and Russet Burbank improved model performance compared with a generic curve with a lower NRMSE (18–50% vs. 21–63%) and NME (–9 to 23% vs. –14 to 23%). Cultivar‐specific critical N concentration curves should therefore be used for assessing the N budget of potato cropping systems.Core Ideas

The STICS soil–crop model was calibrated and evaluated for two potato cultivars.
Calibrated and evaluated variables were LAI, total and tuber biomass, and total and tuber N uptake.
Cultivar‐specific critical N concentration curves are recommended for N budget assessment.
Untersuchungen ueber die Entwicklungsdynamik von eingebutteten Aufforstungen von korsikanischer Schwarzfoehre
Authors: Van Miegroet M. , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

The development and structure of afforestations completed by replanting of Pinus nigra var calabrica. - Measurements have been done in a 10 years old stand of Pinus nigra var. calabrica, planted at a distance of 1 m X 1 m with 2 years old transplanted plants and in which after one year 20 to 25 % of the plants were filled in. It was the aim to research what's the role, the function, the efficiency of the repair planting. The study of the yearly growth, the structure, the differentiation and the morphological characteristics permits to conclude, 1. the plants filled in are always smaller than the dominating older ones, 2. only a small part of them are able to take a co-dominating place in the stand, and 3. the quality of the co-dominating plants, which were filled in, isn't better than that of the original stand. The efficiency of the repair planting is therefore rather doubtful, especially when the distance of plants is small (1 X 1 m), the loss is moderate, the station is of good quality and the repair planting doesn't happen immediately.
Le choix des réserves forestières dans la zone caspienne en Iran
Authors: Mossadegh A. 
Published: July 2016

Dans le cadre de l'aménagement de territoire et du choix de l'utilisation des terres, il est très urgent en premier lieu de choisir l'emplacement des Parcs-Nationaux et des réserves. Il faut choisir des réserves forestières ou botaniques car dans les forêts on peut observer comment se developpent différentes espèces d'arbres sans l'influence humaine. Il faut mentionner certaines régions où on devrait choisir des réserves. Région d'Assalem dans des forêts de Fagetum. Toute la forêt naturelle de cupressus sempervirens de la vallée de Hassanabad. Au sud d'Aliabad se trouve la plus vieille forêt pure de Taxus baccata L. en deux parties sur deux versants d'environ 150 ha près d'Afra-Takhté.
La structure forestière du mont Babor
Authors: De Smet K. , Bouanza F. 
Published: July 2016

The Babor forest is situated in the central part of north Algeria. It is dominated by two conifers, namely Cedrus atlantica and the endemic fir Abies numidica, as well as one decidious oak Quercus faginea. The percentage of conifers increases on higher altitude while around the top (~ 2000 m) the oak totally disappears. Between 1650 and 1950 m a mixture of the above-mentioned species occurs; although they may grow in equal proportions, oak and fir are more widespread. The distribution of the different forest types is shown on a map and the applied classification is compared with two other types of classifications, mentioned in the literature. The forest structure of the oak-fir-cedar type has been illustrated by two drawings, each with the horizontal and vertical projection of a transect. The behaviour of each of the six main species has been analysed in terms of their role in forest dynamics. Some propositions were made for the procedure of the fundamental research to be done in the near future.
The choice of tree species as a strategical concept
Authors: Van Miegroet M. 
Published: July 2016

The choice of species is not a goal in itself, but a means to an end. It is a natural phenomenon and part of the management of a vulnerable ecosystem. It has to do with the plantation and the forest sensu-stricto and with all possible transitions between these fundamental types. It has a double objective: the stability of the ecosystem and the continuity of its use, needing the acceptance of a dual strategy and a broad conceptual vision on forest use and forest care. The choice of species is not unique and never definitive. It has to be done at several occasions and on different levels of forest development. It must acknowledge the multiple realities of change. The choice must not be made between fast growth and slow growth, between tolerant and intolerant species, but aim at rightful use of species in adequate combinations of time sequences and space patterns. Homogenisation by choosing a single species should be the exception, because of the ecological and functional limitations. The choice of species should be part of a coherent strategy recognising and respecting the natural strategies for colonisation, exploitation, adaptation, differentiation and conservation.
Characterisation of small-scale stand types in a mixed hardwood forest
Authors: Neirynck J. , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Gradients in soil moisture, texture, nutrient state and spacing patterns enable us to divide stands into separate substands, which have their own tree species composition and structures. Nevertheless, such a separation is just the beginning of a set of conclusions and observations. It is based upon differences in flora and chemical characteristics. As a matter of fact, every separate sub stand has its own microclimate in which a well defined complex of environmental variables regulates regeneration, flora presence and leaf decomposition. The results of such an intensive research should lead to the improvement of the stand tending.
Soil and forest floor characteristics of Scots pine stands on drift sands
Authors: Maddelein D. , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

In Flanders, important drift sand areas were afforestated with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) during the last century. Drought stress and limited nutrient availability are two major factors limiting tree growth on these sites. Nevertheless, afforestation succeeded extremely well and tree growth can be considered as satisfactory. Chemical soil analysis stresses the very poor quality of the mineral soil. Nutrient content of the mineral soil is even poorer than that of neighbouring heathland soils. The formation of a well developed forest floor is the most important feature of soil evolution during the last century. A seventy year old stand has built up a thick forest floor, with a biomass of over 10 kg/m2. This layer functions as a main nutrient source in the ecosystem. Annually, 4000 to 5000 kg of tree litter per hectare return to the forest soil. Sixty percent of this fraction consists of shed needles. Needles also have a dominant share in the nutrient amounts returned with tree litter. Annually, about 42 kg of N, 8 kg of K, 15 kg of Ca and 2 kg of P and Mg are returned to the soil with tree litter. These values are, with exception of N, very low compared to other forest ecosystems. The herbaceous layer, poor in species and dominated by wavy-hair grass (Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.), also produces over 2500 kg of litter per year and per hectare, and plays an equally important role in the nutrient supply of the growing vegetation. Key words: Scots pine, drift sand, forest floor, litter
Ecology, practice and policy of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) management in Belgium
Authors: Muys B. , Maddelein D. , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), a tree native of North America, was introduced in Europe in the 17th century and applied as a forest tree from the end of the 19th century onwards. It was expected to produce valuable timber, even on poor sandy soils, but it seldom did. Until the fifties, it was massively underplanted in Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) stands where it was believed to ameliorate the soil. Nowadays, as a consequence of its offensive reproduction strategy and important atmospheric ammonia immissions, black cherry has completely overgrown the substorey of thousands of hectares of Scots pine forest in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, preventing regeneration of any species but itself. Some ecological, silvicultural and forest political aspects of this issue are presented and discussed. This paper shows that the soil ameliorating properties of black cherry are doubtful and suggests that it might be an important competitor of the timber crop for nutrients and water. Furthermore, it illustrates that the abundance of black cherry forces silviculture to maintain an everlasting age class system with clearcutting and very costful black cherry combat operations (mechanical or/and chemical) during each regeneration period. It finally states that the present forest policy in Belgium, that made the option to reconvert the first generation pine stands into mixed and more uneven aged stands, only can be realized with an efficient control of black cherry. In that respect, an integrated black cherry management plan issuing a total prohibition of planting and trade, an obligatory control of seed trees in public forests and a subsidized combat in private forests, is proposed in this paper.
Multitemporal Landsat TM data for stand-based management in northern US forest ecosystems
Authors: Coppin P. 
Published: July 2016

Multitemporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery was processed and forest canopy change information was extracted over a 415 km2 area in north central Minnesota. The study covered two-, four-, and six-year disturbance monitoring cycles. At the pixel level, the detection of canopy depletion and increment dynamics over the six-year interval was 94% accurate. The stand-based accuracy was 714 out of 759 (also 94%). Here change was detected in at least 50% of the total number of pixels that made up the individual stands. This paper specifically discusses the information content of multitemporal multispectral satellite data from the perspective of traditional stand management. Cross-verification using contingency matrices and geographical information system (GIS) modelling, combined with intensive field verification, has shown that the majority of the so-called "change classification errors" were not errors at all, but a powerful source of substand information that can significantly impact sustainable resource management. While the digital disturbance monitoring methodology as developed for this study does not perform its task at the stand level, stand data on change can be readily extracted with the additional benefit of explicit substand information being made available to the resource manager.
Enhancing sustainable forest management in Indonesia
Authors: Pratiwi - , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

This paper gives an overview of the problems of forest management and proposed strategy to enhance sustainable forest management in Indonesia. The increase of the population number leads to need of land to support their activities, particularly for agriculture, pasture, settlement, etc. Since forest is the major land-use in Indonesia, deforestation is inevitable. Deforestation rate in Indonesia increased, from 0.3 percent in 1970s to 0.6 percent of total land in 1980's, causing socio-economic and ecological consequences. Based on the awareness of the multiple forest functions concerning the ecological, social and economical aspects, declined forest land area might lead to local and global catastrophes. Hence forest resources should be stabilized or even the area should be increased through declining deforestation, increasing reforestation areas on degraded land, etc. In addition the forest should be maintained based on the principles of sustainable forest management. Efforts in sustaining forest existence and forest management in Indonesia have been started since long time, but the success of these efforts is still to be increased by enhancing sustainable forest management.
Comparison of mechanical, biological and chemical methods for controlling Black cherry (Prunus serotina) in Flanders (Belgium)
Authors: Van den Meersschaut D. , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Large scale application of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in forestry and the typical ecological characteristics of the species resulted in its dominance of the shrublayer in homogeneous pine forests on poor sandy soils in Flanders. For reasons of nature conservation Flemish forest policy and management tries to transform these forests into more natural and structural deciduous forests. Controlling Black cherry is seen as a major condition for succes in this matter. In this study the lethal effect of mechanical, biological and chemical control methods was tested using an experimental block design. The methods consisted of girdling and felling with periodical removal of new sprouts, stump and stem treatment with mycoherbicide based on the Silverleaf disease fungus (Chondrostereum purpureum Pouzar), leaf and stump treatment with the herbicide glyphosate and stem treatments with the same herbicide using different techniques like the Hack &amp; Squirt method, the EZject Capsule Injection System and the Silvaxe Tree Injector. The results indicated that a proper comparison can only be made after evaluation in the second autumn after treatment at the earliest. All chemical control methods, except one (Silvaxe Tree Injector System), showed a significant higher proportional mortality than mechanical and biological control methods. No statistical proof was found of a seasonal influence on mortality for the chemical methods. Application of the Hack &amp; Squirt method and the EZject Capsule Injection System in summertime resulted in a significantly higher proportional mortality than leaf treatment and stump treatment in autumn. Lethal doses of glyphosate for different dbh-classes were calculated resulting in easy to use application procedures for stem treatment. The high lethal effect of the Hack &amp; Squirt method confirmed their practical value. No significant seasonal influence on mortality nor any significant impact of mycoherbicide concentration was found for the biological stump treatments. Stem treatment with mycoherbicide proved inappropriate. The best season for girdling appears to be springtime while additional test indicate that wintertime could be even more appropriate. The lowest Significant proportional mortality for girdling and felling with one additional removal of sprouts was found in summertime. A high variability in proportional mortality was detected for the mechanical methods and in a lesser degree for the biological methods, sometimes approximating or even equaling the mortality rate of chemical methods. If environmental considerations have to be taken into account or if chemical control is legally forbidden (e.g. forest reserves in Flanders) biological stump treatment and girdling offer a valuable alternative. Their variable mortality can lead to unpredictable results though.