bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acomodación en pacientes de cinco a doce años con ambliopía refractiva leve y moderada: prueba piloto
Authors: Medrano Sandra Milena , Acuña Bedoya Lina Marcela , Angulo Sánchez Sara Viviana 
Published: November 2015

<p>Objetivo: determinar el estado acomodativo en pacientes con ambliopía refractiva entre los cinco años y los doce años de edad. Metodología: se incluyó una muestra de quince niños ambliopes refractivos y un grupo control de quince niños entre los cinco años y los doce años de edad. Los pacientes de grupo control debían tener AV máxima de 0,32 LogMar sin corrección, tanto en visión lejana como en visión próxima y defectos refractivos corregidos. Se tuvieron en cuenta individuos con ambliopía refractiva leve y moderada de tipo isometrópica y anisometrópica con AV mínima de 0,4 y máxima de 0,8 LogMar con corrección óptica adecuada. Se excluyeron sujetos que padecían alteración ocular de tipo orgánico, problemas cognitivos, diagnóstico o con cirugía de estrabismo o trauma y pacientes que hubieran estado o que en su momento asistieran a terapia visual. En cada paciente se evaluó el estado acomodativo midiendo el Lag de acomodación, la flexibilidad de acomodación y la amplitud de acomodación (AA) con tres técnicas subjetivas (PU, MPD y ML) y una objetiva (MODAA). Resultados: la AA medida con los cuatro métodos fue estadísticamente significativa menor en los ambliopes (p &lt; 0,05), siendo la diferencia más marcada con el empleo de ML (4,72 D). Sin embargo, con la técnica objetiva de MODAA que ha demostrado tener alta fiabilidad, las diferencias no fueron clínicamente significativas (0,47). Conclusiones: el estado acomodativo de los pacientes ambliopes refractivos entre cinco años y doce años, es menor cuando se emplean procedimientos subjetivos. La alteración acomodativa más frecuente fue la insuficiencia de acomodación.</p><p> </p>
Waterflood Direction and Front Characterization with Multiple Methods: A Case Study in Changqing Oilfield, China
Authors: He Youwei , Cheng Shiqing , Li Lei , Mu Guoquan , Zhang Tiantian , Xu Hainan , Qin Jiazheng , Yu Haiyang 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Due to the effect of reservoir heterogeneity and micro-fractures in low permeability reservoirs, effectively characterization of waterflood direction and front has become a tough issue under high water-cut condition. In order to achieve better understanding of such a complex problem, a workflow, containing statistical and numerical techniques, is developed to characterize waterflood direction and front distribution in Changqing Oilfield by employing both flow rates and bottom-hole pressure (BHP) data. The workflow includes four steps: first, dynamic analysis is used to qualitatively investigate the relationships between injector and producers. Then, constraint multiple linear regressions (MLR) method is applied to calculate the interwell connectivity coefficients, which was used to quantitatively describe the waterflood direction by injection and production rates. Based on the results of the two former steps, we can adopt numerical well testing as our third step to deal with flow rates and BHP data to characterize the waterflood direction and front. Finally, streamline method is employed to simulate the waterflood front and high-permeability channels distribution based on the outcome of the three preceding techniques. We apply this workflow to the well group W16 in Changqing Oilfield, and the results show that we can acquire better understanding of waterflood performance under high water-cut condition, including interwell connectivity, waterflood direction, and waterflood front distribution.
Compared to individual method, the proposed workflow can offer more perspectives and ways to make a comprehensive and deep investigation of the waterflood reservoir. With the help of the information obtained by this workflow, operators could make more reasonable decisions on waterflood management such as well pattern optimization and injection-production parameters adjustment.
Channel Fracturing Maximizes Production from Low-Permeability Reservoirs in India
Authors: Sharma Amit , Shah Arpit , Bordeori Krishna , Da-Costa Olushola Horatio , Aggarwal Vishal , Ranjan Amit , Nagar Ankesh , Misra Anurag , Pathak Shashank , Ranjan Vishal 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing has evolved as the preferred completion strategy for low-permeability reservoirs in India. Hence, a hydraulic fracturing technique that maximizes production and is also operationally efficient will provide an optimum solution for the development of these reservoirs. A channel fracturing technique recently applied to more than 20 treatments for various operators in different fields and reservoirs in India has been delivering superior production results and has proved to be operationally more efficient compared to conventional hydraulic fracturing operations performed in India.
Proppant is pumped in pulses at the surface during the channel fracturing technique. These pulses create stable channels within the hydraulic fractures thus decoupling fracture conductivity from the proppant pack itself which result in providing near-infinite fracture conductivity. An earth model was prepared from petrophysical measurements including acoustical data which allowed for the calculation of stresses that are required for hydraulic fracture modelling. These preliminary models were further calibrated based on pressure data gathered during fracture diagnostic tests and this calibrated model was used for the final treatment design. Post-treatment production evaluation was performed by applying nodal analysis and by comparing actual production with predicted production from a reservoir simulator.
Treatment evaluation indicated higher fracture conductivity for channel fracturing technique than that of conventional treatments and this led to higher production. Fracturing fluid recovery has also been higher as compared to conventional treatments. Screenouts were eliminated on the treatments that applied the channel fracturing technique. This allowed fracturing zones that might not have been completed with conventional treatments. The amount of proppant pumped per stage has been reduced by nearly 50% as compared to conventional treatments and treating pressures in general have been lower which has led to lower horsepower consumption on the treatments. These successful hydraulic fracturing treatments have confirmed the applicability of the channel fracturing technique in the low-permeability reservoirs of India.
This paper presents channel fracturing treatments that have been performed for the first time in India including treatments performed with heated fluid expanding the envelope for the technology application. This paper identifies a solution for screenouts during hydraulic fracturing treatments while maximizing production from low-permeability reservoirs.
Characterization and Measurement of Multiscale Gas Transport in Shale-Core Samples
Authors: Alnoaimi K. R. , Duchateau C.. , Kovscek A. R. 
Published: November 2015

Summary
This work introduces an experimental technique to probe simultaneously flow and diffusion of gas through shale. A core-scale pressure-pulse-decay experiment is used to study the upstream- and downstream-pressure responses of Eagle Ford and Haynesville shale samples. With the aid of numerical models, the pressure histories obtained from the experiments are matched and gas and rock properties are obtained. The experiments are conducted at varying pore pressure and net effective stress to understand the sensitivity of the rock porosity and permeability as well as the gas diffusivity. A dual-porosity model is constructed to examine gas transport through a system of micropores and microcracks. In this sense, the role of the two different-sized pore systems is deconvolved. In some cases, the micropore system carries roughly one-third of the gas flow. The porosity, permeability, and diffusivity obtained assign physical properties to the macroscales and microscales simultaneously. Results bridge the gap between these scales and improve our understanding of how to assign transport physics to the correct pore scale.
Postconflit : entre guerre et paix ?
Authors: Cattaruzza Amaël , Dorier Elisabeth 
Published: November 2015

La notion de « postconflit », définie par les Nations unies, désigne un modèle idéal de transition après une guerre, impliquant institutions internationales, États et acteurs civils, privés et associatifs pour surmonter ensemble les tensions et (re)construire une paix durable ( peace-building dans le jargon international). La terminologie internationale du postconflit définit une norme d’intervention impliquant une série d’actions standardisées : urgence humanitaire, post-urgence, transition, state-building , processus de réconciliation, reconstruction et développement, etc. Cependant, les discours institutionnels présentant l’intervention postconflit comme une technique neutre sont contestables car ils évacuent les enjeux politiques, les rivalités de pouvoir et les impacts indésirables du processus lui-même. L’objectif de ce numéro est de rassembler différents éclairages territoriaux montrant les décalages entre idéal et réalité, ainsi que les points communs à des programmes internationaux engagés de manière similaire dans des contextes différents. Il contribue aussi à un positionnement de la géographie comme outil de lecture spécifique, les contributions proposant des analyses à différentes échelles des jeux d’acteurs et dynamiques territoriales entre guerre et paix.
Analyse de la compétence des propriétaires – dirigeants des P.M.E. du Nord – Cameroun
Authors: Ngongang Dagobert 
Published: November 2015

Dans cet article, les auteurs se penchent sur la compétence des propriétaires-dirigeants des PME de la région Nord-Cameroun. Ils cherchent à répondre à deux interrogations : en quoi l’environnement familial et le soutien de la communauté d’origine peuvent-ils déterminer la compétence du propriétaire-dirigeant ? Dans quelle mesure les compétences influent-elles l’atteinte des objectifs fixés et la flexibilité de l’entreprise. Se fondant sur les résultats d’une étude empirique menée auprès de 61 propriétaires-dirigeants, l’auteur montre que l’environnement familial détermine la compétence des propriétaires-dirigeants et que les compétences du propriétaire-dirigeants influence positivement l’atteinte des objectifs et la flexibilité des entreprises.
Characteristics of Children With Primary Congenital Glaucoma Receiving Trabeculotomy and Goniotomy
Authors: Mukkamala Lekha , Fechtner Robert , Holland Bart , Khouri Albert S. 
Published: November 2015

Purpose:
To describe the groups of patients who received trabeculotomy or goniotomy for the treatment of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) regarding age at treatment, intraocular pressure (IOP) outcome, and medication burden.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review of patients with PCG seen at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, from 1998 to 2012 was conducted. Inclusion criteria were patients who received trabeculotomy or goniotomy with at least 9 months of follow-up. Presenting examination, surgical intervention, IOP, and number of medications at 1 and 2 years postoperatively were recorded. Absolute and qualified success, defined as IOP greater than 5 and less than 21 mm Hg without and with medications, respectively, was determined.

Results:

Fifty eyes of 29 patients were diagnosed as having PCG. Of those, 25 eyes received trabeculotomy or goniotomy, with 19 fulfilling inclusion criteria. Average age at the time of trabeculotomy was 8 months versus 21 months for patients undergoing goniotomy. Mean IOP was significantly reduced (
P
< .001) for both trabeculotomy and goniotomy by 29.5% at 1 year and 33.3% at 2 years. There was no significant difference in IOP control between trabeculotomy and goniotomy groups. Patients in the goniotomy group were treated with significantly more medications before and after surgery compared to patients receiving trabeculotomy (
P
< .01), resulting in a greater rate of absolute success in trabeculotomy at 1 and 2 years.

Conclusions:
Patients with PCG who underwent trabeculotomy had higher IOP and were treated at an earlier age than those who had goniotomy. Both effectively lowered IOP up to 2 years with greater medication burden in patients receiving goniotomy.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2015;52(6):377–382.]
Yves Montand, Serge Reggiani, c’est nous… les Italiens ?
Authors: Mourlane Stéphane 
Published: November 2015

Les itinéraires d’Yves Montand (Ivo Livi) et de Serge Reggiani s’inscrivent dans l’important courant migratoire en provenance d’Italie vers la France au cours des années 1920. Dans leurs singularités, ils éclairent, en particulier dans leur jeunesse, certains aspects généraux de cette migration. Leur carrière artistique, qui se déploie après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, témoigne d’un lien maintenu avec le pays d’origine selon des modes différenciés. Ils peuvent néanmoins être considérés tous les deux comme des vecteurs d’italianité en France à un moment où la mémoire de la migration tend à se diluer dans l’espace public.
Chanson et immigration portugaise en France : une musique du retour ?
Authors: Pereira Victor 
Published: November 2015

Si la chanson française est, en partie, un « art de métèques » (Yves Borowice), force est de constater que rares sont les interprètes portugais ou d’origine portugaise, alors qu’autour de 1,2 million de Portugais ou de descendants de Portugais vivent en France. L’expérience des migrants portugais a été tardivement évoquée dans la chanson française. De plus, dans le champ musical, les Portugais et leurs descendants ont principalement investi une « scène à part » constituée par la musique folklorique et des chansons populaires interprétées en portugais. Cet article décrit comment la chanson française, interprétée par des chanteurs d’origine portugaise ou non, a évoqué les migrants portugais en France et quelles formes musicales ont développé et consommé une partie non négligeable des Portugais et de leurs descendants en France. Loin d’illustrer la soi-disant « intégration » des Portugais en France, ces chansons et ces pratiques musicales illustrent le fort attachement d’une partie de cette population au Portugal et alimentent l’idée du retour, réel ou fantasmé.
Formulation Development for Bosch Etch Residue Removal: Effect of Solvent on Removal Efficiency
Authors: Peters Richard , Cao Yuanmei , Pollard Kim , Pfettscher Don , Phenis Mike 
Published: November 2015

The Bosch etch process is a critical process step used to create through silicon vias (TSVs) for 3D integrated circuit manufacturing. During the Bosch etch, a fluoropolymer passivation layer is formed on the sidewall of TSVs to help achieve a vertical profile and to protect the exposed dielectric materials. The fluoropolymer residue on the sidewalls in the TSVs must be removed prior to subsequent process steps. The highly fluorinated character of the fluorocarbon polymer residue makes its complete removal challenging due to characteristics such as limited solubility in solvents and slow or no reactivity with components of common cleaning or strip solutions.
In this paper, the results of a study of solvents for developing formulations for removal of Bosch etch residue from TSVs are presented. The selection of components for an etch residue remover must take into consideration several key factors including removal efficiency, environmental-health-safety (EHS) guidelines, and material cost. The results demonstrate that the solvent selection has a dramatic impact on polymer removal efficiency, where poor solvent selection can lead to the formation of polymer balls inside the vias. The reported studies include cleaning results using a combination of polar solvents including protic and aprotic solvents, and amide and non-amide solvents. The cleaning performance is compared with a prediction using Hansen solubility parameters. Complete residue removal using TMAH-free and NMP-free formulations for TSV diameters down to 5 μm is demonstrated. Scanning electron microscopy, (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were used to characterize the cleaning performance.
Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fan-Out Wafer Level Packaging
Authors: Shelton Doug 
Published: November 2015

Advanced process technology is required to develop and enable mass production of Fan-Out Wafer-Level Packaging (FOWLP) solutions for high-density 3D and 2.5D packaging. Canon has identified key challenges that must be solved for successful implementation of high-density integration technologies and has developed key technology for Canon Litho Systems to support the most challenging processes.
In this paper, Canon will present process optimization results for high-resolution patterning of wafers across large topography as well as solutions that enable litho systems to compensate for FOWLP grid error due to die placement errors.
Characterization of a New and Complete Lead-Free Thick Film Resistor System for the Hybrid Circuit Market
Authors: Skurski Michael A. , LaBranche Marc H. 
Published: November 2015

The move to lead-free thick film technology, including resistors does not necessarily mean a move away from performance. There have been many recent developments in the area of lead-free glasses, thick film dielectrics, and conductor materials. However, the development of lead-free resistor materials has been slower to enter the market. This slower evolution is due, in part, to the need to develop a series of discrete compositions that are compatible with each other and cover a wide range of resistance values. There can be 8–10 individual members in such a series. The primary goal of this development was to achieve resistor performance on par with, or superior to an existing and popular premium lead based resistor system.
This paper describes a new series of lead-free thick film resistor compositions that cover a complete range of decade values from 1 Ohm/square to 10 MegOhms/square. Each member is compatible and blendable with adjacent members to cover all possible resistivity needs. This system provides excellent environmental stability of laser trimmed resistors, tight TCR gap control, a wide processing latitude, and minimal termination effects with a wide range of lead-free conductor metallurgies including Au, Ag, Ag/Pt, and Ag/Pd. In this paper, we report the results of a characterization study that includes 1000 hours of laser trim stability in 85°C/85%RH, thermal ageing at 150°C, room temperature ageing, and thermal cycle stability at −50°C +150°C. Electrical properties are presented and include Power Handling, Quan-tech Noise, and Electrostatic Discharge stability. In addition, this paper investigates and documents: resistor length effects, fire and refire sensitivity effects, thickness behavior, and the use of lead-free encapsulation.
Leveraging Glass Properties for Advanced Packaging
Authors: Shorey A.B. , Lu Y.J. , Smith G.A. 
Published: November 2015

Glass provides many opportunities for advanced packaging. The most obvious advantage is given by the material properties. As an insulator, glass has low electrical loss, particularly at high frequencies. The relatively high stiffness and ability to adjust the coefficient of thermal expansion gives advantages to manage warp in glass core substrates and bonded stacks for both through glass vias (TGV) and carrier applications. Glass also gives advantages for developing cost effective solutions. Glass forming processes allow the potential to form both in panel format as well as at thicknesses as low as 100 um, giving opportunities to optimize or eliminate current manufacturing methods.
As the industry adopts glass solutions, significant advancements have been made in downstream processes such as glass handling and via/surface metallization. Of particular interest is the ability to leverage tool sets and processes for panel fabrication to enable cost structures desired by the industry. By utilizing the stiffness and adjustable CTE of glass substrates, as well as continuously reducing via size that can be made in a panel format, opportunities to manufacture glass TGV substrates in a panel format increase. We will provide an update on advancements in these areas as well as handling techniques to achieve desired process flows. We will also provide the latest demonstrations of electrical, thermal and mechanical reliability.
Transient Liquid Phase Sintering Pastes as Solder Alternatives in High Temperature Applications
Authors: Shearer Catherine , Holcomb Ken 
Published: November 2015

High operating temperature electronics are a growing market in the electronics industry. Most of the components and substrates necessary to support the production of these harsh environment devices are now available, but the interconnect materials for component, module and board level assembly are lagging in development. Currently the high operating temperature markets are being served by lead-bearing solders and expensive alloys such as gold-tin or gold-germanium. Lead has been banned from the majority of electronics applications in many areas of the world, but so far has been exempted in the high temperature solder applications due to the lack of an adequate replacement. Even without the impending regulatory restrictions, the melting temperature of the lead containing solders is marginal for the next generation of high operating temperature electronics.
Transient liquid phase (TLPS) sintering paste compositions are a new class of solder replacement materials that can be processed at typical reflow temperatures, but which do not remelt when subjected to subsequent thermal excursions. TLPS pastes combine solder alloy particles and reactive metal particles in proportions such that the solder ‘thermosets’ during a typical solder reflow cycle. This ‘thermosetting’ behavior results in a joint that does not remelt at the original reflow temperature, and thus enables the highly reliable electrical interconnect essential for high operating temperature applications.
TLPS pastes are similar to solders in many respects. The electrical, thermal and mechanical performance is similar to conventionally used tin-based solders. The TLPS pastes are stored and applied like solder pastes. The reflow cycles used to form the TLPS paste joints are also similar to those for forming solder joints. However, unlike solder, TLPS materials do not change shape during reflow or wet substrates beyond the deposition footprint. Also unlike solder, the metals within the bulk of the TLPS interconnect react with one another resulting in a stable interconnect with a thermally robust bonding structure to joining surfaces, even after subsequent thermal cycles. Though not a practical replacement for solder in common assembly operations, TLPS technology is an attractive solder alternative for specialty interconnect applications. In this paper, the nature and characteristics of TLPS pastes will be will be explored in comparison to solder paste materials commonly used in high operating temperature applications.
Product Ranks of the 3 × 3 Determinant and Permanent
Authors: Ilten Nathan , Teitler Zach 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe show that the product rank of the 3 × 3 determinant det3 is 5, and the product rank of the 3 × 3 permanent perm3 is . As a corollary, we obtain that the tensor rank of det3 is 5 and the tensor rank of perm3 is 4. We show moreover that the border product rank of permn is larger than n for any n ≥ 3.