bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hurricane Katrina: Addictive Behavior Trends and Predictors
Authors: Beaudoin Christopher E. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. Post-disaster trends in alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking, as well as their predictors, were identified. Methods. Data from cross-sectional and panel surveys of African American adults in New Orleans, Louisiana, were used from before (2004: n=1,867; 2005: n=879) and after (2006a: n=500; 2006b: n=500) Hurricane Katrina. Results. Alcohol consumption increased significantly from pre- to post-Hurricane Katrina, while cigarette smoking remained constant. In 2006, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated with cigarette smoking, whereas “news attention” and “provided social support” were inversely associated with cigarette smoking. “News attention” was also inversely associated with cigarette smoking frequency, while “neighborliness” was associated with alcohol consumption. In addition, the effects of PTSD on alcohol consumption were moderated by “neighborliness.” Conclusions. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, there were complex predictive processes of addictive behaviors involving PTSD, news information, and social capital-related measures.
Describing Local Boards of Health: Insights from the 2008 National Association of Local Boards of Health Survey
Authors: Patton Dana , Moon Charles E. , Jones Jeff 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We examined findings from the 2008 National Association of Local Boards of Health Survey to provide information about this understudied entity to the public health community. Methods. The survey instrument consisted of 196 items covering five parts: (7) demographics; (2) composition and organizational structure; (3) roles, responsibilities, and authorities; (4) telecommunications infrastructure; and (5) concerns and needs. The survey was sent to chairs of local boards of health (LBHs) in 2008 (n=3,276). After six months of follow-ups and reminders, and a month of data cleaning and screening, the final sample consisted of 870 respondents, for a return rate of 27%. Results. LBHs tend to represent smaller communities and are primarily appointed. Governing and policy-making boards are more prevalent than advisory boards. Most boards do not have official websites or e-mail addresses of board members available to the public; however, most report the capability to receive training via webcasts. Boards express concerns and needs in a variety of areas, particularly public health law, strategic planning, and accreditation. Conclusions. Little is known about the more than 3,000 LBHs across the United States that are often charged with making and enforcing public health law. This article is a first step toward providing the public health community with information about LBHs based on survey data.
Pediatricians' Experience with and Response to Parental Vaccine Safety Concerns and Vaccine Refusals: A Survey of Connecticut Pediatricians
Authors: Leib Susan , Liberatos Penny , Edwards Karen 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. Physicians are seeing increasing numbers of parents who question the safety of vaccines or refuse to vaccinate their children. This study examined how frequently pediatricians in one New England state encounter parental vaccine safety concerns and vaccine refusals, how often physicians dismiss families from their practices for vaccine refusal, and how parental vaccine refusal impacts pediatricians personally. Methods. The study consisted of a quantitative survey of primary care pediatricians in one New England state; 133 pediatricians completed the questionnaire. Variables examined included number of parental vaccine concerns and refusals seen by each physician, physicians' response to parental vaccine concerns and refusals, the personal impact of parental vaccine safety refusals on pediatricians, and respondent estimates of socioeconomic characteristics of families seen in their practices. Results. The majority of responding pediatricians reported an increase in parental vaccine safety concerns and refusals. More than 30% of responding pediatricians have dismissed families because of their refusal to immunize. Suburban physicians caring for wealthier, better educated families experience more vaccine concerns and/or refusals and are more likely to dismiss families for vaccine refusal. Vaccine refusals have a negative personal impact on one-third of physician respondents. Conclusions. Pediatricians in Connecticut are reporting increased levels of parental vaccine safety concerns and refusals. Physicians who report more parental vaccine safety concerns and refusals and who care for wealthier, better educated families are more likely to dismiss families who refuse vaccines and to be negatively affected by parental vaccine refusals, which may adversely impact childhood vaccination rates.
How Parents' Negative Experiences at Immunization Visits Affect Child Immunization Status in a Community in New York City
Authors: Stockwell Melissa S. , Irigoyen Matilde , Martinez Raquel Andres , Findley Sally 
Published: January 2017

Objective. Little is known about how families' experiences with immunization visits within the medical home may affect children's immunization status. We assessed the association between families' negative immunization experiences within the medical home and underimmunization. Methods. We surveyed parents ( n=392) of children aged 2–36 months about immunization experiences at community health centers, hospital-based clinics, private practices, and community-based organizations in New York City. We used Chi-square tests and odds ratios (ORs) to assess the relationship between medical home elements and parental immunization experience ratings. We used multivariable analysis to determine the association between negative experiences during immunization visits and underimmunization, controlling for insurance, maternal education, and receipt of benefits from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Results. The majority of children were of Latino race/ethnicity and had Medicaid and a medical home. One-sixth (16.9%) of families reported a previous negative immunization experience, primarily related to the child's reaction, waiting time, and attitudes of medical and office staff. Parents' negative immunization experiences were associated with the absence of four components of the medical home: continuity of care, family-centered care, compassionate care, and comprehensive care. In addition, children in families who reported a negative experience were more likely to have been underimmunized (adjusted OR=2.00; 95% confidence interval 1.12, 3.58). Conclusions. In a community in New York City, underimmunization of young children was associated with negative immunization experiences. Strategies to improve family experiences with immunization visits within the medical home (particularly around support for the family), medical and ancillary staff attitudes, and reduced waiting time may lead to improved immunization delivery.
Improving Immunization Rates at 18 Months of Age: Implications for Individual Practices
Authors: McElligott James T. , Roberts James R. , O'Brien Elizabeth S. , Freeland Katherine D. , Kolasa Maureen S. , Stevenson John , Darden Paul M. 
Published: January 2017

Objective. We sought to model the effect that a targeted immunization visit at 18 months of age could have on immunization rates of preschool-aged children in a sample of pediatric practices. Methods. We conducted retrospective chart reviews in six practices of all active patients aged 18–30 months. Up-to-date (UTD) status was defined as receipt of four diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis, three polio, one measles-mumps-rubella, three hepatitis B, and one varicella vaccines. Haemophilus influenza tybe b vaccine was not included due to a shortage in vaccine supply during the time of the study. Practice vaccination rates were determined at 17 months, 18 months, and the age at assessment. Of those not UTD at 17 months, the percentage of children who could be brought UTD with one visit was calculated for each practice. This calculated rate was compared with the measured rate at 18 months of age and at the age of assessment. Results. At each practice, we reviewed 183–616 charts (median = 382). Observed UTD immunization rates at 17 months ranged from 26% to 64% (median = 38%) and increased 3 to 27 percentage points (median = 6) from age 17 months to 18 months and 9 to 39 percentage points (median = 17) from age 17 months to the age at assessment. A simulated vaccination visit at 18 months of age could improve the UTD rates from 27 to 61 percentage points (median = 44). Conclusion. Practice-based interventions aimed at encouraging an 18-month well-child visit that emphasizes delivery of vaccines have the potential to substantially increase timely vaccination rates among individual practices.
Extra-Immunization as a Clinical Indicator for Fragmentation of Care
Authors: Darden Paul M. , Gustafson Kristina K. , Nietert Paul J. , Jacobson Robert M. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We assessed whether extra-immunization can serve as a clinical indicator for fragmentation of care. Methods. Using public-use files of the 1999–2003 National Immunization Survey, we classified children 19–35 months of age by their vaccination providers for the degree of fragmentation of care as ordered from lowest with one vaccine provider, to increasing fragmentation with multiple providers in one facility type, to multiple providers in more than one facility type. Extra-immunization was defined conservatively based on the year-specific recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for immunizations due before 18 months of age. Of note, 1999–2003 transitioned from oral to inactivated poliovirus vaccines. Results. The rate for extra-immunization was 9.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.2, 9.7). Of single vaccines, the rate for polio vaccine was highest (5.7%, 95% CI 5.5, 6.0). Extra-immunization was lowest for the 69% of children with only one vaccination provider (6.4%, 95% CI 6.1, 6.7), was higher in children who had more than one vaccination provider with one vaccination facility type (13.9%, 95% CI 13.2, 14.6), and highest with more than one facility type (24.1%, 95% CI 22.5, 25.6). Logistic regression (including race/ethnicity, language, provider type, survey year, and a parent-held immunization record) confirmed that multiple providers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.30), multiple facility types (AOR=4.67), Spanish language (AOR=1.29), and race/ethnicity (black AOR=1.16, Hispanic AOR=1.31) were each associated with extra-immunization. Excluding poliovirus vaccine from the analysis, AORs for multiple providers and multiple facility types increased to 3.64 and 8.95, respectively. Conclusions. Extra-immunization is associated with receiving immunizations from multiple providers and multiple facility types.
Validity of Parent-Reported Vaccination Status for Adolescents Aged 13–17 Years: National Immunization Survey-Teen, 2008
Authors: Dorell Christina G. , Jain Nidhi , Yankey David 
Published: January 2017

Objective. The validity of parent-reported adolescent vaccination histories has not been assessed. This study evaluated the validity of parent-reported adolescent vaccination histories by a combination of immunization card and recall, and by recall only, compared with medical provider records. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2008 National Immunization Survey-Teen. Parents of adolescents aged 13–17 years reported their child's vaccination history either by immunization card and recall ( n=3,661) or by recall only ( n=12,822) for the hepatitis B (Hep B), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), varicella (VAR), tetanus-diphtheria/tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Td/Tdap), meningococcal conjugate (MCV4), and quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV4) (for girls only) vaccines. We validated parental report with medical records. Results. Among the immunization card/recall group, vaccines with >20% false-positive reports included MMR (32.3%) and Td/Tdap (36.9%); vaccines with >20% false-negative reports included VAR (35.2%), MCV4 (36.0%), and Tdap (41.9%). Net bias ranged from −25.0 to −0.1 percentage points. Kappa values ranged from 0.22 to 0.92. Among the recall-only group, vaccines with >20% false-positive reports included Hep B (33.9%), MMR (61.4%), VAR (26.2%), and Td/Tdap (60.6%); vaccines with >20% false-negative reports included Hep B (58.9%), MMR (33.7%), VAR (51.6%), Td/Tdap (25.5%), Tdap (50.3%) MCV4 (63.0%), and HPV4 (20.5%). Net bias ranged from −46.0 to 0.5 percentage points. Kappa values ranged from 0.03 to 0.76. Conclusions. Validity of parent-reported vaccination histories varies by type of report and vaccine. For recently recommended vaccines, false-negative rates were substantial and higher than false-positive rates, resulting in net underreporting of vaccination rates by both the immunization card/recall and recall-only groups. Provider validation of parent-reported vaccinations is needed for valid surveillance of adolescent vaccination coverage.
Using the North Dakota Immunization Information System to Determine Adolescent Vaccination Rates and Uptake
Authors: LoMurray Keith , Sander Molly 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We described the uptake and coverage rates of meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4); tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap); and quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV4) in North Dakota using the North Dakota Immunization Information System (NDIIS). Methods. We analyzed all available MCV4, Tdap, and HPV4 doses given after vaccine licensure and through December 31, 2009, obtained from the NDIIS to identify trends and patterns in vaccine administration. We analyzed all data by administration date, age group, and health-care provider type. We also calculated missed opportunities to complete all recommended vaccines among vaccinated adolescents. Results. For adolescents aged 13–17 years, 69.2% had ≥1 dose of Tdap and 62.8% had ≥1 dose of MCV4. Of females aged 13–17 years, 42.8% initiated the HPV4 vaccination series and 24.9% received ≥3 HPV4 doses. Only 48.7% of males aged 13–17 years received both Tdap and MCV4 at the same visit, and only 11.5% of females aged 13–17 years received Tdap, MCV4, and HPV4 doses at the first visit. Conclusions. The NDIIS is useful in tracking adolescent vaccine uptake. The immunization rates for all three routinely recommended adolescent vaccines are rising in North Dakota, although at different paces. Providers should be educated about the importance of not missing opportunities to vaccinate, and school-based vaccination clinics should be used to reach adolescents who are less likely to have preventive care visits.
Prevalence of HIV Testing Provision at Community Organizations Serving Young People in a Mid-Atlantic City, 2013-2014
Authors: Marcell Arik V. , Okano Lauren , Pilgrim Nanlesta A. , Jennings Jacky M. , Page Kathleen R. , Sanders Renata , Loosier Penny S. , Dittus Patricia J. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Little is known about the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing at community organizations or the organizational characteristics associated with testing. The objective of this study was to describe (1) the prevalence of HIV testing at community organizations serving young people in a mid-Atlantic urban city and (2) the characteristics associated with organizations that provide such testing. Methods: We conducted telephone or in-person surveys between February 2013 and March 2014 with 51 directors and administrators of community organizations serving young people. We asked whether the organization provided HIV screening or testing, and we collected data on organizational characteristics (eg, setting, client, and staff member characteristics; services offered). We generated frequencies on measures and used Poisson regression analysis to examine the association between testing and organizational characteristics. Results: Of the 51 organizations surveyed, 21 provided HIV testing. Of the 30 organizations that did not provide HIV testing, only 7 had a relationship with programs that did provide it. Characteristics associated with the provision of HIV testing included offering general health services (relative risk [RR] = 4.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.68-12.48; P = .003) and referral services for sexually transmitted infection screening (RR = 5.77; 95% CI, 1.70-19.59; P = .005) and HIV care (RR = 4.78; 95% CI, 1.61-14.21; P = .005), as well as among administrators who perceived their staff members were comfortable talking with young people about sexual health (RR = 3.29; 95% CI, 1.28-8.49; P = .01). Conclusions: The prevalence of HIV testing provision at organizations serving young people in this mid-Atlantic city was low, and few organizations offered linkages to HIV testing. Strategies are needed to increase the provision of HIV testing at community organizations serving young people, whether through direct or linked approaches.
Load–extension properties of glass plain knitted technical fabrics – Part II: extensions in the course-wise and wale-wise directions
Authors: Kurbak Arif 
Published: January 2017

In this paper, the load–extension behavior of glass plain knitted fabrics is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Experiments are carried out by preparing two sets of samples for two directions, namely for the course-wise and wale-wise directions. The load–extension properties are explored by attaching dead weights to the lower ends of the samples. Therefore, while obtaining the load–extension properties in the loading direction, the contraction properties of the samples in the lateral directions are also investigated. By observing the load–extension and load–contraction curves, three stages are distinguished. The first stage can be attributed to the fabric extension or contraction. The second stage can be attributed to the yarn extension or contraction as well as to the changes in the shapes of the samples. The third stage can be attributed to the extension or contraction of the fibers. After obtaining the dimensional properties of a single loop in the knitted fabric, curve fittings are carried out for the three stages. In the rest of the work, a theoretical analysis is carried out to explain the first stage of extension and contraction that was explained above. In the theoretical work, the load–extension or the load–contraction behaviors of the arms of the loops are calculated by using the inflexional elastica theory. The extension behaviors of the loop heads, on the other hand, are calculated by using the extension of the circular ring, which was given in Part I. As a result of the theoretical analysis, some simple equations between the loads applied and the extensions or contractions are obtained. These equations for the extension or contraction rates depend on the initial dimensional properties of the loop, the bending rigidity of the material, frictional restraints and the Poisson ratio. The equations also show that an extension or contraction in the wale-wise direction follows Hooke’s Law, whereas an extension or contraction in the course-wise direction depends on the square root of the applied load. Providing some simple equations about the relation between the load and extension in the loading direction as well as between the load and contraction in the lateral direction are suggested, determining the contractions in the lateral direction in addition to the extensions in the loading direction, which can be used in engineering software in simulating fabric load–extension behaviors under loadings. Finally, the initial and the extended states of the fabric are drawn to scale by using 3DS Max computer software.
Women and poverty: Rural-urban dimensions
Authors: Rustagi Preet 
Published: January 2017

This paper is about the gender dimensions of poverty with focus on rural and urban variations. The issues probed are wide-ranging: what are the implications of poverty for women's lives; is the impact of poverty on women distinct, and in what ways are poor women more vulnerable than others? So far, most of the attention has been on rural poverty, however, shifting more recently towards the concerns for urban poor. The question remains whether urban poverty is a spillover of rural poor through the process of migration? What are the characteristic features of urban poor and how do they differ from rural poor, especially in terms of the implications for women's lives. Does the association of women-headed households with poverty hold true in the Indian context? How different are the characteristics of women heads in rural and urban areas and what are its implications on poverty among such households? These issues are taken up by analysing women-headed households in terms of their marital status, educational levels and employment status across the rural-urban divide. Gender-based deprivations and discriminations are additions to poverty related vulnerabilities. The twin and combined impact of gender and poverty are examined through women's demographic, educational and employment statuses. Also, the differences between men and women in terms of the nature of employment is compared across the consumption expenditure quintiles to view both gender and poverty interface.
Roles and status of women in extractive industries in India: Making a place for a gender-sensitive mining development
Authors: Lahiri-Dutt Kuntala 
Published: January 2017

In tracing women's roles and analysing their low status in the extractive industries in India, particularly coal mining, this paper highlights the need of sensitizing the Indian mining establishments ranging from educational, research and training institutions to the Ministries and Bureaus as well as the industrial organizations so as to provide equal work opportunities for women. It shows that mining is not a ‘non-traditional’ area of work for women as is commonly thought. It also raises the importance of class, caste and locational juxtaposition in understanding institutionalized sensitivities towards gender. The author argues that the formal extractive industries continue to exclude women and remain sites of rewards of production for men because of the entrenched social bias as traditionally those working in the collieries were largely from lower caste, poorer classes and indigenous communities.
Individualist Educators in a Collectivist Society: Insights from a Cross-Cultural Model Applied to China
Authors: Greenlee David , Stück James 
Published: January 2017

Over the months the young European Ph.D. grew frustrated. His position on the East Asian seminary faculty fulfilled a personal dream. But he did not know how to respond to the increasing requests from students for extensions on deadlines or special consideration on test scores. “Why couldn't they just get the work done on time and accept the grade they had earned?” he asked himself. Two Ph.D. students walked across the suburban Chicago campus after a session in a weeklong seminar led by a noted Latin American theologian. “What did you think of his talk?” asked the American, a student who frequently asked questions. “I think we should just be quiet and let the professor say what he wants to say,” the Korean responded abruptly.