bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites under Fingernails of Primary School Children in Zakho, Kurdistan Region
Authors: Jameel Ahmad Y. , Issa Araz R. , Amidy Kaveen S.Kh. , Mero Wijdan M. S. , Sabri Mohammed A. , Khdihir Mohammed A. 
Published: June 2017

In this study, 103 fingernails samples were collected (31 female and 72 male) from primary school children aged between 6 to12 years, which lived in Zakho city during the period from March to November, 2015. Each fingernail sample was immersed in normal saline, and subsequently centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2500 rpm. The supernatant was discarded; a few drops of the sediment of each sample were placed on the center of a clean glass slide with a drop of iodine or eosin, and then examined microscopically. The results revealed a total rate of 25.24% of infection with parasites. The recorded parasites with their rates included: eggs of Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichaura (7.76, 5.82, 2.91 and 0.97 %, respectively) and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia (4.85 and 2.91 %). According to age, the highest percentage of infection occurred in 9 years old children. Regarding the gender, males showed a higher rate of infection than females (17.47 % versus 7.76%, respectively). These results clarify the role of fingernails in the transmission of parasitic infections, which requires continuous cleaning and cutting.
Anatomical and Palynological Characters of Celtis L. In Kurdistan-Iraq
Authors: Shahbaz Saleem E. , Sharif Nazar M. 
Published: June 2017

Anatomical and palynological characters of Celtis genus growing in Iraq were studied in an attempt to provide useful features to delimit taxa and to refine taxonomic relationships. Results revealed the presence of lithocysts inside the leaf structure of C. tournefortii with few of them forming very small protrusion out of the leaf, while in C. australis lithocysts form large protrusion out from the leaf. The large midrib adaxial hump of C. tournefortii constitute a wide area between the two sides of the leaf blade, while in C. australis the small midrib adaxial hump produce narrow area between the two sides of the leaf blade. Stomata are of anomocytic type in C. australis while, anomocytic and paracytic in C. tourneforti. Furthermore, simple hairs are dense on the adaxial side of the petiole of C. tournefortii var. tournefortii, while absent from the adaxial side of the petiole of C. tournefortii var. glabrata. Leaves of all taxa are distinctly bifacial, hypostomatic, and provided with one layer of palisade parenchyma. Pollen grains are 3-porate, rarely 4-porate. A sunken area in the aperture surrounding a pore is distinct. Pollen is mediae in size and subprolate in shape, the pollen grains of C. australis together with var. glabrata belong to Celtis-type grain, while, var. tournefoertii to the Ulmus-type grain. The high anatomical and palynological differences between varieties of C. tournefoertii support promotion of these two varieties to the specific level.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of a New Series of Benzo[E][1,3]Oxazepine Compounds from Schiff Bases
Authors: Azeez Hashim J. , Qadir Kali M. 
Published: June 2017

The present work includes synthesis, characterization and investigation the biological activity of a new series of benzo [e][1, 3]oxazepine compounds which were prepared from Schiff bases. The synthetic routes have been divided into two steps as follows: The first step includes the synthesis of Schiff bases, by treatment of 4-amino diphenyl amine and different substituted benzaldehydes in absolute ethanol using glacial acetic acid as catalyst. The second step of this work is the synthesis of a series benzo [e][1, 3] oxazepine, by the reaction of the synthesized Schiff bases with phthalic anhydride in dry benzene. The structures of the synthesized products were confirmed on the basis of (UV-Visible, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Some of the synthesized compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity, against two types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative).The results showed the high sensitivity of the synthesized compounds to both types of bacteria.
The Influence of the Growth Time on the Size and Alignment of Zno Nanorods
Authors: Abdulrahman Ahmed F. , Ahmed Sabah M. , Ahmed Naser M. 
Published: June 2017

Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods arrays were synthesized on glass substrates. ZnO seed layers were prepared on the glass substrate by RF Sputtering technique. ZnO nanorods synthesized using low-cost chemical bath deposition method at low temperature (95 ºC). The effect of the different growth time such as (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) h on the morphology, elemental chemical composition and structure of the ZnO nanorods were obtained systemically, and tested by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy dispersive analysis (EDX), and XRD measurements. The results found that the ZnO nanorods with hexagonal wurtzite structure grow vertically on the glass substrates. Most of the prepared samples have strong and sharp (002) peak intensities and the diffraction peaks (002) become higher and narrower as growth time increasing, obtaining that the ZnO crystalline quality became better with growth time increasing. The growth rate was decreased with increasing growth time, and the high aspect ratio was found at 4 h as a growth time. The size, length and crystalline size of the ZnO nanorods increase with increasing growth time. Furthermore, the ZnO nanorods vertically grow at (002) direction along the c-axis on the glass substrate, with elementary chemical compositions of zinc and oxygen only for all prepared samples.
Les apports de l’analyse transactionnelle aux organisations positives
Authors: Chernet Daniel 
Published: June 2017

Dans notre monde contemporain, les médias nous présentent de plus en plus souvent des entreprises « broyeuses d’humains » au service exclusif de la finance, servant les intérêts de quelques-uns au détriment de ceux qui y travaillent. Nous sommes confrontés à un nombre croissant de personnes en grande souffrance dans leur milieu de travail. Mais il existe des entreprises et des chercheurs qui mettent leur intelligence et leur énergie pour enrayer cette tendance. Daniel Chernet, en fait partie. Dans un langage clair et direct, il décrit l’exemple des entreprises « positives », et partant des concepts de la théorie organisationnelle de Berne, il explore les conditions nécessaires au changement et l’impact de ce changement sur les différents niveaux de processus de fonctionnement de l’organisation. La lecture de son article nous apporte une vraie bouffée d’optimisme quant au futur : il est possible aux organisations de mettre en place d’autres types de fonctionnement dans lesquels l’humain reprend sa place, et l’utilisation de l’AT peut aider à les élaborer. B.E.
Le prix du compromis politique
Authors: Piganiol Marie 
Published: June 2017

Les politiques sociales parviennent-elles à s’accomplir lorsque des politiques gestionnaires menacent leur réalisation ? Si oui, comment et à quel prix ? Cet article s’intéresse aux face-à-face entre les politiques de logement et de la dette. Depuis les années 2000, ces deux politiques s’affrontent dans le marché foncier par leurs stratégies rivales. D’un côté, les villes sont à l’affût de terrains urbains à bas prix pour construire massivement des logements abordables. De l’autre, les administrations et les entreprises publiques vendent chèrement le patrimoine public pour rembourser leur dette. À partir d’une enquête qualitative approfondie sur des transactions concernant des terrains publics, nous distinguons deux modalités de compromis marchands entre les villes et les propriétaires publics : le prix de vente et l’augmentation de la rente foncière. Ces compromis ont plusieurs conséquences politiques. À court terme et à condition que les villes y mettent le prix, la vente des terrains publics permet de créer de nombreux logements. Mais la vente des terrains publics encourage l’augmentation des prix fonciers, compromettant les politiques de logement à long terme.
Pour mettre fin au mythe de Laplace
Authors: Sartenaer Olivier 
Published: June 2017

Nous ouvrons la présente étude par une élucidation de la teneur du « mythe de Laplace », que nous interprétons comme l’inférence prenant pied sur la conjonction de deux prémisses, l’hypothèse d’une intelligence illimitée et l’hypothèse d’un univers ontologiquement déterministe, et aboutissant à la thèse du déterminisme épistémologique. Nous nous donnons ensuite comme objectif de démontrer qu’une telle inférence est invalide. À cette fin, nous partons à la recherche d’un cadre métaphysique particulier au sein duquel il est possible de soutenir la conjonction des hypothèses de l’inférence laplacienne avec la négation de sa thèse. En particulier, après avoir évalué – puis écarté – la possibilité que le bergsonisme convienne à cet égard, nous montrons qu’une philosophie spécifique de l’évolution s’étant inspirée – mais aussi distanciée – du bergsonisme constitue le cadre recherché. La mise en évidence de l’existence et de la consistance même d’une telle philosophie constitue l’occasion de mettre fin au mythe de Laplace.
Le structuralisme phénoménologique de Jacques English
Authors: Benoist Jocelyn 
Published: June 2017

La voie de recherche de Jacques English fut absolument unique dans son contexte. À l’époque du structuralisme et de la prédominance de l’ontologie heideggerienne, il choisit de se consacrer à l’étude de la phénoménologie husserlienne. Pendant trente ans, il joua le rôle de gardien de la flamme de la phénoménologie transcendantale dans un relatif isolement et dans une certaine mesure à contre-courant. Son enquête endurante jeta les bases d’un nouveau départ de la recherche phénoménologique, qui finalement survint dans les années 1980. Pourtant, cet article montre comment, dans l’analyse englishienne, combinant Husserl et Platon sur un mode original, la phénoménologie de la conscience a intrinsèquement une dimension structurale. En fait, la phénoménologie de Jacques English fournit l’exemple singulier d’un structuralisme de la conscience.
Monocyte Adhesion, Migration, and Extracellular Matrix Breakdown Are Regulated by Integrin αVβ3 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Brilha Sara , Wysoczanski Riccardo , Whittington Ashley M. , Friedland Jon S. , Porter Joanna C. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In tuberculosis (TB), the innate inflammatory immune response drives tissue destruction, morbidity, and mortality. Monocytes secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which have key roles in local tissue destruction and cavitation. We hypothesized that integrin signaling might regulate monocyte MMP secretion in pulmonary TB during cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Adhesion to type I collagen and fibronectin by Mycobacterium tuberculosis–stimulated monocytes increased MMP-1 gene expression by 2.6-fold and 4.3-fold respectively, and secretion by 60% (from 1208.1 ± 186 to 1934.4 ± 135 pg/ml; p &lt; 0.0001) and 63% (1970.3 ± 95 pg/ml; p &lt; 0.001). MMP-10 secretion increased by 90% with binding to type I collagen and 55% with fibronectin, whereas MMP-7 increased 57% with collagen. The ECM did not affect the secretion of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 or -2. Integrin αVβ3 surface expression was specifically upregulated in stimulated monocytes and was further increased after adhesion to type I collagen. Binding of either β3 or αV integrin subunits increased MMP-1/10 secretion in M. tuberculosis–stimulated monocytes. In a cohort of TB patients, significantly increased integrin β3 mRNA accumulation in induced sputum was detected, to our knowledge, for the first time, compared with control subjects (p &lt; 0.05). Integrin αVβ3 colocalized with areas of increased and functionally active MMP-1 on infected monocytes, and αVβ3 blockade markedly decreased type I collagen breakdown, and impaired both monocyte adhesion and leukocyte migration in a transwell system (p &lt; 0.0001). In summary, our data demonstrate that M. tuberculosis stimulation upregulates integrin αVβ3 expression on monocytes, which upregulates secretion of MMP-1 and -10 on adhesion to the ECM. This leads to increased monocyte recruitment and collagenase activity, which will drive inflammatory tissue damage.
Aging Impairs Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis and Increases Influenza-Induced Mortality in Mice
Authors: Wong Christine K. , Smith Candice A. , Sakamoto Koji , Kaminski Naftali , Koff Jonathan L. , Goldstein Daniel R. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Influenza viral infections often lead to increased mortality in older people. However, the mechanisms by which aging impacts immunity to influenza lung infection remain unclear. We employed a murine model of influenza infection to identify these mechanisms. With aging, we found reduced numbers of alveolar macrophages, cells essential for lung homeostasis. We also determined that these macrophages are critical for influenza-induced mortality with aging. Furthermore, aging vastly alters the transcriptional profile and specifically downregulates cell cycling pathways in alveolar macrophages. Aging impairs the ability of alveolar macrophages to limit lung damage during influenza infection. Moreover, aging decreases alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils, downregulates the scavenging receptor CD204, and induces retention of neutrophils during influenza infection. Thus, aging induces defective phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages and increases lung damage. These findings indicate that therapies that enhance the function of alveolar macrophages may improve outcomes in older people infected with respiratory viruses.
IL-23 Limits the Production of IL-2 and Promotes Autoimmunity in Lupus
Authors: Dai Hong , He Fan , Tsokos George C. , Kyttaris Vasileios C. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The IL-23/IL-17 pathway is important in multiple autoimmune diseases, but its effect on lupus pathology remains unclear, with opposing trials in murine models of the disease. In this study, we show a disease activity–related upregulation of serum IL-23 and IL-23 receptor in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as compared with healthy controls. When added in SLE T cell in vitro cultures, IL-23 induced IL-17 and limited IL-2 production, whereas T follicular helper and double negative (DN) T cells significantly expanded. To further dissect the role of IL-23 in the expression of autoimmunity and related pathology, we generated IL-23 receptor–deficient MRL.lpr mice. These IL-23R−/−MRL.lpr mice displayed attenuated lupus nephritis with a striking decrease in the accumulation of DN T cells in the kidneys and secondary lymphoid organs. Moreover, T cells from IL-23R−/−MRL.lpr mice produced increased amounts of IL-2 and reduced amounts of IL-17 compared with T cells from wild type animals. In vitro IL-23 treatment promoted IL-17 production and downregulated IL-2 production. The IL-23R−/−MRL.lpr had fewer T follicular helper cells, B cells, and plasma cells, leading to decreased production of anti-dsDNA Abs. Our results show that IL-23 accounts for the main aspects of human and murine lupus including the expansion of DN T cells, decreased IL-2, and increased IL-17 production. We propose that blockade of IL-23 should have a therapeutic value in patients with SLE.
Die direkte katalytische Oxidation von Methan zu Methanol – eine kritische Beurteilung
Authors: Ravi Manoj , Ranocchiari Marco , van Bokhoven Jeroen A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEs gibt vielzählige direkte, selektive Ansätze, um Methan partiell zu oxidieren, jedoch ist noch keiner von ihnen zur industriellen Reife gelangt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Oxidation von Methan zu Methanol eine schwierige, aber lohnende Aufgabe, da sie eine wirkungsvolle Methode ist, um das Abfackeln von Erdgas, das als Nebenprodukt in der Erdölindustrie anfällt, zu unterbinden, und zugleich die Möglichkeit bietet, Methan zu valorisieren. Dieser Aufsatz berücksichtigt die Synthese von Methanol und seinen Derivaten ausgehend von Methan durch homogen‐ und heterogenkatalytische Methoden. Er zeigt die starken Einschränkungen der direkten katalytischen Synthese von Methanol aus Methan auf und unterstreicht dabei die enorme Überlegenheit von Systemen, die Methanolderivate produzieren oder sich durch Besonderheiten wie die Verwendung von Mehrkomponenten‐Katalysatoren zur Methanolstabilisierung auszeichnen. Für die zukünftige Forschung erweist sich die Stabilisierung von Methanol in der homogenen und heterogenen Katalyse als unentbehrlich.
Claycop/hydrazine: A new and highly efficient recyclable/reusable catalytic system for 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazole synthesis under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Elnagdy Hanan M. F. , Gogoi Kongkona , Ali Abdul A. , Sarma Diganta 
Published: June 2017

Clay‐supported copper(II) nitrate (claycop) has been used as an efficient catalyst for azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions leading to 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles. The highly efficient claycop/hydrazine hydrate catalytic system affords triazoles in a few minutes (1–20 min) at room temperature, under mild and solvent‐free conditions. High regioselectivity, excellent yields, ease of claycop synthesis and recyclability/reusability of the catalyst are considered as practical merits of the protocol.
Preparation of cationic modified collagen extracted from leather wastes and their application in dye flocculation
Authors: Li Chongyi , Liao Hongguang , Zhang Xiang , Yu Xiaoguang , Tong Mengliang 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTA series of novel cationic flocculants are designed and synthesized successfully by grafting two monomers onto the collagen backbone, namely acrylamide (AM) and 2‐methacryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC). Apparently, these effective grafting modifications are well demonstrated by adopting FTIR and H1 NMR measurements, which could be used to estimate grafting ratios of corresponding monomers approximately. Additionally, significant improvements in positive charge densities and amorphous aggregation structures are also definitely confirmed by Zeta and XRD measurements, respectively. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis clearly proves the formation of cationic branched chain architectures, whose maximum thermal degradation temperature would significantly decrease with the introduction of AM. In addition, much more porous and rougher surface structures could be visibly observed after successful grafting modifications. Furthermore, when the feeding weight ratio between collagen and DMC is controlled at 1:3, or the equal amounts of AM and DMC are introduced meanwhile the mass ratio between collagen and mixed monomers (DMC + AM) is fixed at 1:4, the samples acquired could both perform the best in decolorizing the model wastewater containing methyl orange (MO) dyes in their groups, and hereby, a corresponding flocculation mechanism is also proposed based on the structural analysis of the formed flocs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45363.
An investigation on the graphitic carbon nitride reinforced polyimide composite and evaluation of its tribological properties
Authors: Zhu Lin , You Liangjun , Shi Zhaoxin , Song Haojie , Li Songjun 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThis article presented a novel application for the graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4), which was used as nanofillers to improve the tribological properties of polyimide (PI). The composite based on PI and g‐C3N4 was prepared by mechanical mixing process and hot compression molding process. The characterizations of g‐C3N4 and PI/g‐C3N4 composites were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Friction and wear tests were carried out using UMT‐2 reciprocating tribo‐tester against stainless steel ball under dry friction. The results showed that the amount of g‐C3N4 was decisive to the tribological properties of PI/g‐C3N4 composites. The optimal tribological properties occurred when the amount of g‐C3N4 was 10 wt %, which showed the smallest friction coefficient and the lowest wear rate. Furthermore, this work provided an example of application for the g‐C3N4 as the excellent nanofiller in polymer matrix composites. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45403.
2,6‐Bis(diazaboryl)pyridine: A Superbasic Sterically Demanding Pyridine Ligand.
Authors: Schröder Jan , Himmel Daniel , Böttcher Tobias 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHerein a convenient one‐pot route to a sterically demanding superbasic pyridine is presented. Functionalization of the 2‐ and 6‐positions with the strongly σ‐donating boryl‐groups shifts the calculated gas phase basicity of the pyridine nitrogen atom to 1012 kJ mol−1, which outperforms the “proton sponge” 1,8‐bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (996 kJ mol−1). The diazaboryl groups are oriented orthogonally to the pyridine ring and do not block the N‐position, which resembles the geometry of commonly used N‐heterocyclic carbenes. This allows the substituted pyridine to be used as a neutral N‐donor ligand in coordination chemistry that is demonstrated herein with the Lewis adducts of haloboranes. Contrary to NHCs, which can form extraordinarily stable adducts, the pyridine ligand is intended to act as a weaker‐coordinating alternative and could allow for alternative ligand chemistry.
Long‐term outcome of anorexia nervosa: Results from a large clinical longitudinal study
Authors: Fichter Manfred Maximilian , Quadflieg Norbert , Crosby Ross D. , Koch Sonja 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveAssessment of the long‐term outcome of anorexia nervosa (AN) in a very large sample of inpatients (N = 1,693) and identification of predictors for poor outcome.MethodOver 25 years (mean 10 years), consecutively admitted inpatients of a specialized hospital were followed. A subsample of 112 patients with 20‐year follow‐up was defined. Bivariate comparisons and logistic regression analysis identified risk factors of poor outcome.ResultsBody mass index (BMI) increased during the follow‐up period. Eating behavior as well as general psychopathology improved but did not reach the level of healthy controls. Remission was found in 30% (total sample) and in 40% (20‐year follow‐up subsample). Crossover from AN to binge‐eating disorder or obesity was rare. The predictors of a negative course of illness included lower BMI at admission; a higher score on the Eating Disorder Inventory Maturity Fears subscale at admission; fewer follow‐up years; and higher age at admission. The main diagnostic crossover occurred from AN to eating disorder not otherwise specified. Motherhood was related to better outcome.DiscussionMany patients with very severe AN recover from their illness but AN also shows considerable long‐term negative consequences. Over long time periods, survivors show improvement but better treatments for severe cases are still needed. Predictors of outcome included symptom severity, chronicity, and length of follow‐up but not psychiatric comorbidity.