bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigenicity, immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a conserved Leishmania hypothetical protein against visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Dias Daniel S. , Martins Vívian T. , Ribeiro Patrícia A. F. , Ramos Fernanda F. , Lage Daniela P. , Tavares Grasiele S. V. , Mendonça Débora V. C. , Chávez-Fumagalli Miguel A. , Oliveira Jamil S. , Silva Eduardo S. , Gomes Dawidson A. , Rodrigues Michele A. , Duarte Mariana C. , Galdino Alexsandro S. , Menezes-Souza Daniel , Coelho Eduardo A. F. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this study, a Leishmania hypothetical protein, LiHyS, was evaluated regarding its antigenicity, immunogenicity and protective efficacy against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Regarding antigenicity, immunoblottings and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using human and canine sera showed high sensitivity and specificity values for the recombinant protein (rLiHyS) in the diagnosis of VL. When evaluating the immunogenicity of LiHyS, which is possibly located in the parasite's flagellar pocket, proliferative assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects or VL patients showed a high proliferative index in both individuals, when compared to the results obtained using rA2 or unstimulated cultures. Later, rLiHyS/saponin was inoculated in BALB/c mice, which were then challenged with Leishmania infantum promastigotes. The vaccine induced an interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production, which was maintained after infection and which was associated with high nitrite and IgG2a antibody levels, as well as low IL-4 and IL-10 production. Significant reductions in the parasite load in liver, spleen, bone marrow and draining lymph nodes were found in these animals. In this context, the present study shows that the rLiHyS has the capacity to be evaluated as a diagnostic marker or vaccine candidate against VL.
Identification of a novel PYP-1 gene inSarcoptes scabieiand its potential as a serodiagnostic candidate by indirect-ELISA
Authors: Xu Jing , Huang Xing , He Manli , Ren Yongjun , Shen Nengxing , Li Chunyan , He Ran , Xie Yue , Gu Xiaobin , Jing Bo , Peng Xuerong , Yang Guangyou 
Published: November 2017

AbstractScabies is a parasitic disease caused by the ectoparasiteSarcoptes scabiei, affecting different mammalian species, including rabbits, worldwide. In the present study, we cloned and expressed a novel inorganic pyrophosphatase, Ssc-PYP-1, fromS. scabieivar.cuniculi. Immunofluorescence staining showed that native Ssc-PYP-1 was localized in the tegument around the mouthparts and the entire legs, as well as in the cuticle of the mites. Interestingly, obvious staining was also observed on the fecal pellets of mites and in the integument of the mites. Based on its good immunoreactivity, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant Ssc-PYP-1 (rSsc-PYP-1) as the capture antigen was developed to diagnose sarcoptic mange in naturally infected rabbits; the assay had a sensitivity of 92·0% and specificity of 93·6%. Finally, using the rSsc-PYP-1-ELISA, the Ssc-PYP-1 antibody from 10 experimentally infected rabbits could be detected from 1 week post-infection. This is the first report ofS. scabieiinorganic pyrophosphatase and the protein could serve as a potential serodiagnostic candidate for sarcoptic mange in rabbits.
Differences between populations in host manipulation by the tapewormSchistocephalus solidus– is there local adaptation?
Authors: Hafer Nina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHost manipulation whereby a parasite increases its transmission to a subsequent host by altering the behaviour of its current host is very far spread. It also occurs in host–parasite systems that are widely distributed. This offers the potential for local adaptation. The tapewormSchistocephalus solidusmodifies its first intermediate copepod host's predation susceptibility to suit its own needs by reducing its activity before it becomes infective and increasing it thereafter. To investigate potential differences in host manipulation between different populations and test for potential local adaptation with regard to host manipulation, I experimentally infected hosts from two distinct populations with parasites from either population in a fully crossed design. Host manipulation differed between populations mostly once the parasite had reached infectivity. These differences in infective parasites were mostly due to differences between different parasite populations. In not yet infective parasites, however, host population also had a significant effect on host manipulation. There was no evidence of local adaptation; parasites were able to manipulate foreign and local hosts equally well. Likewise, hosts were equally poor at resisting host manipulation by local and foreign parasites.
Directional associations between memory impairment and depressive symptoms: data from a longitudinal sample and meta-analysis
Authors: Yu Junhong , Lim Hui-Ying , Abdullah Fadzillah Nur d/o Mohd , Chan Hui-Minn , Mahendran Rathi , Ho Roger , Kua Ee-Heok , Power Michael John , Feng Lei 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundPrevious cross-lagged studies on depression and memory impairment among the elderly have revealed conflicting findings relating to the direction of influence between depression and memory impairment. The current study aims to clarify this direction of influence by examining the cross-lagged relationships between memory impairment and depression in an Asian sample of elderly community dwellers, as well as synthesizing previous relevant cross-lagged findings via a meta-analysis.MethodsA total of 160 participants (Mage = 68.14, s.d. = 5.34) were assessed across two time points (average of 1.9 years apart) on measures of memory and depressive symptoms. The data were then fitted to a structural equation model to examine two cross-lagged effects (i.e. depressive symptoms→memory; memory→depressive symptoms). A total of 14 effect-sizes for each of the two cross-lagged directions were extracted from six studies (including the present; total N = 8324). These effects were then meta-analyzed using a three-level mixed effects model.ResultsIn the current sample, lower memory ability at baseline was associated with worse depressive symptoms levels at follow-up, after controlling for baseline depressive symptoms. However, the reverse effect was not significant; baseline depressive symptoms did not predict subsequent memory ability after controlling for baseline memory. The results of the meta-analysis revealed the same pattern of relationship between memory and depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThese results provide robust evidence that the relationship between memory impairment and depressive symptoms is unidirectional; memory impairment predicts subsequent depressive symptoms but not vice-versa. The implications of these findings are discussed
Quantification of four different post-dispersal seed deposition patterns after dung beetle activity
Authors: Braga R. F. , Carvalho R. , Andresen E. , Anjos D. V. , Alves-Silva E. , Louzada J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract:Primary seed dispersal of many rain-forest seeds occurs through defecation by mammals. Dung beetles are attracted to the defecations and through their dung-processing behaviour these insects change the initial pattern of seed deposition. Final seed deposition patterns, i.e. where and how seeds are deposited after dung beetle activity has taken place, may strongly depend on seed size. In this study we addressed the following question: Do different sizes of seeds have different deposition patterns following dung beetle processing? We conducted a field experiment in lowland Amazonian rain forest in Brazil using 200-g dung-piles containing seed mimics of three sizes: 3.5, 8.6 and 15.5 mm long. Seed deposition condition after dung beetle activity was dependent on seed size. Small seeds were more often buried in beetle tunnels, while medium and large seeds more often remained on the soil surface, either clean or still covered by dung. A low proportion of seeds of all sizes remained on the soil surface covered by loose soil excavated by dung beetles. We speculate that the latter deposition pattern, though not very frequent, might be highly favourable for both seed survival and seedling establishment.
KIPLING'S BESTIARY
Authors: Roy Parama 
Published: November 2017

The animal turn in studies of nineteenth-century imperialism has been a long time in coming. Scholars seeking to yoke together questions of nonhuman life and the domain of the colony have come to acknowledge, at long last, that the imperial landscape was not a purely human one. Only now, suggests John Miller, has the considerable scholarship on empire and the natural world made an impress upon Victorian literary studies (479). The animal turn, however, is not new in the scholarship on Rudyard Kipling. For Kipling, empire never was simply an affair of human beings; more perhaps than any other writer of the colonial experience, he saw imperialism as encompassing plural and multiply scaled orders of animate life. Henry James, an early admirer of Kipling's work, took disgusted note in 1897 of what seemed to him the simultaneous multitudinousness and diminution of the younger writer's fictional world: “My view of his prose future has much shrunken in light of one's increasingly observing how little life he can make use of. . . . In his earliest time I thought he perhaps contained the seeds of an English Balzac; but I have given that up in proportion as he has come down steadily from the simple in subject to the more simple–from the Anglo-Indians to the natives, from the natives to the Tommies, from the Tommies to the quadrupeds, from the quadrupeds to the fish, and from the fish to the engines and screws” (Page 49).
IN DEFENSE OF CONTENT-INDEPENDENCE
Authors: Adams N.P. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTDiscussions of political obligation and authority have focused on the idea that the commands of genuine authorities constitute content-independent reasons. Despite its centrality in these debates, the notion of “content-independence” is unclear and controversial, with some claiming that it is incoherent, useless, or irrelevant. I clarify content-independence by focusing on how reasons can depend on features of their container. I then show how the fact that laws can constitute content-independent reasons is consistent with the fact that some laws must fail to bind due to their egregiously unjust content. Finally, I defend my understanding against challenges and show why it retains a place of special importance for questions about the law and political obligation. Content-independence highlights that it is some feature of the law or law-making process in general that is supposed to generate moral obligations for citizens, not the merits of particular laws.
The consequences of unemployment on diet composition and purchase behaviour: a longitudinal study from Denmark
Authors: Smed Sinne , Tetens Inge , Bøker Lund Thomas , Holm Lotte , Ljungdalh Nielsen Annemette 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo explore and describe quantitatively the effect over time of unemployment on food purchase behaviour and diet composition.DesignLongitudinal data from 2008–2012, with monthly food purchase data aligned with register data on unemployment measured as a dichotomous indicator as well as a trend accounting for the duration.SettingA household panel which registers daily food purchases combined with detailed nutritional information and registration of the duration of unemployment at individual level. The structure of the data set facilitates the detection of effects or associations between duration of unemployment and diet composition, purchase behaviour in terms of food expenditure, and share of food purchased on offer and in discounters while controlling for important confounding factors.SubjectsDanish households of working age (n3440) adjusted to household equivalents. We use fixed-effects econometric methods to control for unobserved heterogeneity.ResultsIn the short run, unemployment led to substitution in favour of discount stores and increases in food expenditure and in consumption of saturated fat, total fat and protein due to increased consumption of animal-based foods. In the medium run food expenditure declined together with consumption of fresh animal-based foods and saturated fat, total fat and protein. In the even longer run these nutrients were substituted by carbohydrates and added sugar.ConclusionsUnemployment has a substantial influence on diet composition, but effects vary with duration of the unemployment period, which may have potential health implications. This ought to be taken into consideration in evaluations of existing reforms and in future reforms of welfare systems.
Mixed Weyl semimetals and low-dissipation magnetization control in insulators by spin–orbit torques
Authors: Hanke Jan-Philipp , Freimuth Frank , Niu Chengwang , Blügel Stefan , Mokrousov Yuriy 
Published: November 2017

AbstractReliable and energy-efficient magnetization switching by electrically induced spin–orbit torques is of crucial technological relevance for spintronic devices implementing memory and logic functionality. Here we predict that the strength of spin–orbit torques and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in topologically nontrivial magnetic insulators can exceed by far that of conventional metals. In analogy to the quantum anomalous Hall effect, we explain this extraordinary response in the absence of longitudinal currents as hallmark of monopoles in the electronic structure of systems that are interpreted most naturally within the framework of mixed Weyl semimetals. We thereby launch the effect of spin–orbit torque into the field of topology and reveal its crucial role in mediating the topological phase transitions arising from the complex interplay between magnetization direction and momentum-space topology. The presented concepts may be exploited to understand and utilize magnetoelectric coupling phenomena in insulating ferromagnets and antiferromagnets.
A conformational switch in initiation factor 2 controls the fidelity of translation initiation in bacteria
Authors: Caban Kelvin , Pavlov Michael , Ehrenberg Måns , Gonzalez Ruben L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInitiation factor (IF) 2 controls the fidelity of translation initiation by selectively increasing the rate of 50S ribosomal subunit joining to 30S initiation complexes (ICs) that carry an N-formyl-methionyl-tRNA (fMet-tRNAfMet). Previous studies suggest that rapid 50S subunit joining involves a GTP- and fMet-tRNAfMet-dependent “activation” of IF2, but a lack of data on the structure and conformational dynamics of 30S IC-bound IF2 has precluded a mechanistic understanding of this process. Here, using an IF2-tRNA single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer signal, we directly observe the conformational switch that is associated with IF2 activation within 30S ICs that lack IF3. Based on these results, we propose a model of IF2 activation that reveals how GTP, fMet-tRNAfMet, and specific structural elements of IF2 drive and regulate this conformational switch. Notably, we find that domain III of IF2 plays a pivotal, allosteric, role in IF2 activation, suggesting that this domain can be targeted for the development of novel antibiotics.
Iced photochemical reduction to synthesize atomically dispersed metals by suppressing nanocrystal growth
Authors: Wei Hehe , Huang Kai , Wang Da , Zhang Ruoyu , Ge Binghui , Ma Jingyuan , Wen Bo , Zhang Shuai , Li Qunyang , Lei Ming , Zhang Cheng , Irawan Joshua , Liu Li-Min , Wu Hui 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPhotochemical solution-phase reactions have been widely applied for the syntheses of nanocrystals. In particular, tuning of the nucleation and growth of solids has been a major area of focus. Here we demonstrate a facile approach to generate atomically dispersed platinum via photochemical reduction of frozen chloroplatinic acid solution using ultraviolet light. Using this iced-photochemical reduction, the aggregation of atoms is prevented, and single atoms are successfully stabilized. The platinum atoms are deposited on various substrates, including mesoporous carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and zinc oxide nanowires. The atomically dispersed platinum on mesoporous carbon exhibits efficient catalytic activity for the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction, with an overpotential of only 65 mV at a current density of 100 mA cm−2 and long-time durability (>10 h), superior to state-of-the-art platinum/carbon. This iced-photochemical reduction may be extended to other single atoms, for example gold and silver, as demonstrated in this study.
The core-promoter factor TRF2 mediates a Fruitless action to masculinize neurobehavioral traits in Drosophila
Authors: Chowdhury Zahid Sadek , Sato Kosei , Yamamoto Daisuke 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn fruit flies, the male-specific fruitless (fru) gene product FruBM plays a central role in establishing the neural circuitry for male courtship behavior by orchestrating the transcription of genes required for the male-type specification of individual neurons. We herein identify the core promoter recognition factor gene Trf2 as a dominant modifier of fru actions. Trf2 knockdown in the sexually dimorphic mAL neurons leads to the loss of a male-specific neurite and a reduction in male courtship vigor. TRF2 forms a repressor complex with FruBM, strongly enhancing the repressor activity of FruBM at the promoter region of the robo1 gene, whose function is required for inhibiting the male-specific neurite formation. In females that lack FruBM, TRF2 stimulates robo1 transcription. Our results suggest that TRF2 switches its own role from an activator to a repressor of transcription upon binding to FruBM, thereby enabling the ipsilateral neurite formation only in males.
Interfaces between hexagonal and cubic oxides and their structure alternatives
Authors: Zhou Hua , Wu Lijun , Wang Hui-Qiong , Zheng Jin-Cheng , Zhang Lihua , Kisslinger Kim , Li Yaping , Wang Zhiqiang , Cheng Hao , Ke Shanming , Li Yu , Kang Junyong , Zhu Yimei 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMulti-layer structure of functional materials often involves the integration of different crystalline phases. The film growth orientation thus frequently exhibits a transformation, owing to multiple possibilities caused by incompatible in-plane structural symmetry. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanism of the transformation has not yet been fully explored. Here we thoroughly probe the heteroepitaxially grown hexagonal zinc oxide (ZnO) films on cubic (001)-magnesium oxide (MgO) substrates using advanced scanning transition electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and first principles calculations, revealing two distinct interface models of (001) ZnO/(001) MgO and (100) ZnO/(001) MgO. We have found that the structure alternatives are controlled thermodynamically by the nucleation, while kinetically by the enhanced Zn adsorption and O diffusion upon the phase transformation. This work not only provides a guideline for the interface fabrication with distinct crystalline phases but also shows how polar and non-polar hexagonal ZnO films might be manipulated on the same cubic substrate.
Transgenic Cavendish bananas with resistance to Fusarium wilt tropical race 4
Authors: Dale James , James Anthony , Paul Jean-Yves , Khanna Harjeet , Smith Mark , Peraza-Echeverria Santy , Garcia-Bastidas Fernando , Kema Gert , Waterhouse Peter , Mengersen Kerrie , Harding Robert 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBanana (Musa spp.) is a staple food for more than 400 million people. Over 40% of world production and virtually all the export trade is based on Cavendish banana. However, Cavendish banana is under threat from a virulent fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (TR4) for which no acceptable resistant replacement has been identified. Here we report the identification of transgenic Cavendish with resistance to TR4. In our 3-year field trial, two lines of transgenic Cavendish, one transformed with RGA2, a gene isolated from a TR4-resistant diploid banana, and the other with a nematode-derived gene, Ced9, remain disease free. Transgene expression in the RGA2 lines is strongly correlated with resistance. Endogenous RGA2 homologs are also present in Cavendish but are expressed tenfold lower than that in our most resistant transgenic line. The expression of these homologs can potentially be elevated through gene editing, to provide non-transgenic resistance.
Time-resolved diffraction of shock-released SiO2 and diaplectic glass formation
Authors: Gleason A. E. , Bolme C. A. , Lee H. J. , Nagler B. , Galtier E. , Kraus R. G. , Sandberg R. , Yang W. , Langenhorst F. , Mao W. L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractUnderstanding how rock-forming minerals transform under shock loading is critical for modeling collisions between planetary bodies, interpreting the significance of shock features in minerals and for using them as diagnostic indicators of impact conditions, such as shock pressure. To date, our understanding of the formation processes experienced by shocked materials is based exclusively on ex situ analyses of recovered samples. Formation mechanisms and origins of commonly observed mesoscale material features, such as diaplectic (i.e., shocked) glass, remain therefore controversial and unresolvable. Here we show in situ pump-probe X-ray diffraction measurements on fused silica crystallizing to stishovite on shock compression and then converting to an amorphous phase on shock release in only 2.4 ns from 33.6 GPa. Recovered glass fragments suggest permanent densification. These observations of real-time diaplectic glass formation attest that it is a back-transformation product of stishovite with implications for revising traditional shock metamorphism stages.