bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article
Authors: Ødegård Einar , Bretteville-Jensen Anne Line , Skretting Astrid 
Published: January 2018

Einar Ødegård & Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen & Astrid Skretting: The development of drug abuse in Norway in the 1990s This article aims to shed light on the development of drug abuse in Norway during the 1990s. The data come from various different sources, including questionnaire studies as well as other data sets describing the extent of drug abuse in the country. There has been a marked increase in drug abuse during the 1990s. Data from annual youth surveys in 1990 to 1995 indicate that between 8 and 10 per cent of youths aged 15–20 had ever used cannabis, whereas the figure during the latter half of the decade was substantially higher at 18–19 per cent. Surveys in the whole population also point at an increase from 1991 through to 1999: in 1991 the proportion indicating they had ever used cannabis was 8.2%, by 1999 the figure had risen to 12.5%. Furthermore, a simple cohort analysis clearly indicates that large numbers are continuing to use cannabis: the figures are also rising in older age groups. With the growing prevalence of cannabis use in younger age groups we may therefore expect to see increasing numbers of regular and frequent cannabis users in the whole population as well. Drug seizures by the police and customs have increased sharply during the latter half of the 1990s: this applies not only to amphetamine and ecstasy but also cocaine and LSD. This is supported by the results of annual questionnaire surveys among youths, who are reporting a marked increase in the use of these types of drugs. In the early 1990s around 1% of youths in the age group 15–20 said they had ever used amphetamine. This figure remained more or less unchanged through to the mid-1990s. However by the end of the decade around 4% said they had used amphetamine. The data from youth surveys furthermore indicate that there is considerable overlap in the use of amphetamine and ecstasy. In this material the sharpest increase is recorded in the proportion of those indicating they have used both amphetamine and ecstasy. There are several indicators which describe the extent of heroin abuse. All these indicators show that there has been a sharp increase in heroin abuse during the 1990s. A simple mortality analysis suggests that the number of heroin abusers has doubled over the past decade. Drug abuse has also spread markedly both in relation to age groups and geographically: today the problem is by no means limited to any specific age group, nor just to a few major cities.
Reasons for not seeking treatment. A study of the health-based addiction treatment system in Stockholm.
Authors: Storbjörk Jessica 
Published: January 2018

This article is part of a larger treatment system study entitled Women and Men in Swedish Alcohol and Drug Treatment carried out in Stockholm County. The goal is to analyse and describe the reasons people have for not entering the health-based addiction treatment system in Stockholm County. The following questions were raised: What reasons for not seeking treatment did the patients have prior to treatment entry? What are the differences between females and males and alcohol and drug abusers with regard to reasons for not seeking help? The material analysed consists of 942 face-to-face interviews with patients entering alcohol and drug treatment units. The analysis is based on nine items about various things that might get in the way of people getting help for an alcohol or drug problem. The majority of the patients (90 %) endorsed at least one of the statements. The three most prevalent reasons for not entering treatment among the patients were that they did not want to stop drinking or using drugs; they were concerned about what others would think; and thought they could handle their problem themselves. Approximately half of the respondents agreed with each of these items. Forty-four per cent did not think their problem was that serious, and therefore had not sought treatment earlier. Treatment scepticism constituted a barrier for 36 per cent of the respondents that did not think treatment would help them. Responsibilities at work are not considered an important barrier to entering treatment as only 22 per cent agreed with this statement. However, when focusing on those who had a job nearly 45 per cent of the respondents agreed with the statement. Thirty-one per cent of the respondents did not enter treatment since they felt they had too many responsibilities at home. Only 7 per cent indicated the reason for not seeking treatment as there was nobody to take care of their children (among those who had children). A present threat to abusers with children seems to be fear of losing custody of their children. Nearly 30 per cent considered this a reason for not entering treatment. The females support five out of nine statements to a significantly greater extent than the men do and also support three of the four remaining statements to a greater extent than the males, although not to a significant degree. There is no doubt that women experience more home- and child-related barriers to entering treatment. The only difference between alcohol and drug abusers was that alcohol abusers reported unwillingness to stop usage more frequently as a reason for not entering treatment than the drug abusers.
Community action and the regulation of alcohol availability: Modelling the connections
Authors: D'abbs Peter 
Published: January 2018

In Australia, as in other countries, recent initiatives aimed at reducing alcohol-related harm have focused on the local community as the site of interventions, and in many cases have included local controls on alcohol availability as a key component. In this process, liquor licensing authorities – as the statutory agency primarily responsible for regulating alcohol availability – have been called upon to act as instruments of public health. Historically, however, their primary function has not been to promote public health, but rather to maintain orderly markets. Moreover, their power to intervene in market processes has in many instances been curtailed under deregulatory policies accompanying globalisation. Taken together, these trends generate a need for a theoretically-informed understanding of the role of liquor licensing bodies and other regulatory agencies in a context of locally-based initiatives aimed at reducing alcohol-related problems. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for meeting this need. Liquor regulatory systems are seen as agencies of social control mandated by the state. Three key components of these systems are identified: 1) laws and regulations governing the activities of liquor licensing authorities; 2) the structure and resourcing of agencies established to uphold the laws and regulations, and 3) practices through which decisions are reached by the licensing authorities. Each of these has influence independently of, but also in interaction with, each other. The initiation of local action focusing on alcohol problems generates a complex social field within which economic and political agencies, some operating at a purely local level, others at a national or even global level, compete to promote and defend their interests, and in which culturally ascribed beliefs and practices associated with drinking alcohol at the micro-social level are endorsed, challenged and/or defended. Within this field, liquor licensing authorities become agencies upon which competing claims are made. The processes involved can be analysed in terms of four phases: 1) agenda setting and problem definition; 2) specification of alternatives; 3) decision-making; 4) implementation. The components and processes outlined in the paper are illustrated with reference to instances of local action in northern Australia. The model proposed will serve, it is argued here, as a framework for more systematic comparative analysis of such local actions.
Article
Authors: Berg Elin 
Published: January 2018

Do male drug addicts with non-Norwegian ethnic backgrounds need gender specific treatment? Aim This paper focuses on the meaning of gender in the interaction between clinicians and male clients in the context of drug treatment in Norway. Methods The interaction between clients and clinicians was observed during a six month period of fieldwork. The 20 male clients were adults of varying non-Norwegian ethnic backgrounds, whereas the 61 female and male clinicians were mainly professional social workers and trained nurses with a Norwegian ethnic background. The interaction took place in institutions such as treatment and detoxification centres, special institutions and social security offices. After the fieldwork, interviews were carried out with three of the clients over a period of one year. Results The clinicians did not engage with the clients as men, but as drug addicts. Therefore they expected the clients to participate in a “talking cure” to quit their drug abuse. The clients refused such treatment and asked for work to fulfil their roles and responsibilities as men in extended families. The clinicians refused to help them find employment and demanded them to participate in the talking cure. For the men, this probably led to a challenge of their masculinities in two ways. Since they had grown up in a society with strong segregation between the sexes, they felt devaluated as men when they had to talk intimately with female clinicians about personal problems. Secondly, the lack of employment meant that the men were unable to fulfil their roles within their families. They seemed to regard the treatment as a menace to their manhood and role as “pater familias”. Conclusions For the male clients the meaning of gender seemed crucial when they refused the clinicians talking cure. Many ethnic Norwegian male clients, such as the clients in this article, drop out of treatment. Studies by different researchers show that the interpretations in this study can be transferred and thereby have relevance for male clients of Norwegian ethnic background. Since little research work has been done relating to male drug addicts and the treatments they are offered, there should be a stronger focus on this theme.
Artikel
Authors: Hakkarainen Pekka , Metso Leena 
Published: January 2018

Finnish attitudes towards drugs and drug policies – opinions and outlooks among the population in 2002 Aim To describe what Finns think about drugs and drug policies. Method The information is based on a posted questionnaire sent out by Statistics Finland in the Autumn of 2002. A representative sample was randomly chosen from a target group consisting of 15–69 year-old Finns (N= 4 053). The response rate was 63 per cent. The comparative material comprises studies from 1992, 1996 and 1998. Results The worry over the drug problem has continuously increased among Finns. The views of the respondents concerning health risks associated with drugs varied according to age. The attitude towards heroin is, however, extremely negative in all age groups. The Finns stand firmly behind the current drug policies, and consequently the legalisation of drugs receives scant support. The new powers that have been granted to the police receive near unanimous support. Policies aimed at harm reduction such as substitution treatment for drug addicts, and the exchange of needles and syringes are also seen as legitimate measures. School is the most important source of information for the younger respondents, while the older respondents receive their information from the media. Conclusions The development of attitudes has become differentiated. Attitudes towards smoking and heavy drinking have become harder, while the attitudes towards cannabis have softened somewhat. Unlike in Great Britain where the attitude towards cannabis has become more liberal in all age groups, this change has remained a generational phenomenon in Finland, limited to those age groups who were born in the 1970s and 1980s.
“Oh, he was just drunk” – young adults' views on alcohol as an excuse for violent behaviours
Authors: Tryggvesson Kalle , Bullock Sandra L. 
Published: January 2018

Aim This article examines the excuse-value of alcohol in a hypothetical unprovoked male-to-male violence scenario. The excuse-value is conceptualised by two main questions. Does intoxication result in decreased blame? Does intoxication lessen the propensity to call the police? Method In the study, 1004 RDD quantitative telephone surveys were completed with Swedes aged 16–25. The response-rate was 73.8%. The aggressor's intoxication, the victim's intoxication, the severity of the outcome and the aggressor's state of mind were all randomly manipulated. The factors ‘should the police be called’ and the ‘attribution of blame to the aggressor’ have been analysed using factorial ANOVA in SAS. Results Analyses were stratified by sex. For male respondents, the aggressor's intoxication interacted with the victim's intoxication in predicting the attribution of blame. When the victim was drunk, the blame attributed to the aggressor decreased as a result of a higher level of intoxication; whilst there was no effect of the aggressor's intoxication when the victim was only slightly drunk. For female respondents, the aggressor's intoxication interacted with the severity of the outcome. Intoxication decreased the blame with the severe acts but not with the less severe acts. The aggressor's intoxication had no effect on whether the police should be called or not. Conclusions Alcohol intoxication provides some excuse-value for violence, but only for certain acts and under certain circumstances.
Artikel
Authors: Hesse Morten , Balsby Helle 
Published: January 2018

■ Aim To critically assess the widely held belief that treatment for drug abuse should be of long duration and intensive. ■ Method A review of randomized controlled trials to assess dose–response studies of psychosocial treatment, where the experimental variable is the frequency or duration of counselling or group treatment, and randomised controlled studies comparing inpatient and outpatient treatment. ■ Results Five studies with a dose–response type design were identified. In spite of a wide variability of intervention intensities and populations studied, none of the studies have given even modest support for the claim that offering more treatment generally leads to better outcomes. ■ Conclusion The findings suggest that clinicians and researchers should look elsewhere for ways to enhance the efficacy of treatment, including stepped care models, contingency management, or the involvement of significant others in treatment.
Jumping out of harm's way: harm reduction in Finnish drug policy conceptual problems and contradictions
Authors: Hurme Toivo 
Published: January 2018

The article discusses the use of the term “harm reduction” in Finland's contemporary drug policy. The focus is not on the meaning of the term, but rather on its actual use, on how “harm reduction” has been put into play in the governing of the drug question and what is done and has been claimed in the name of “harm reduction”. This brings to light the problems and contradictions that arise if “harm reduction” is taken as a standpoint for policy making or as an analytical tool for drug policy research. The paper reviews different connections and situations where “harm reduction” has been defined or used as an argument for general or specific goals and interventions. Harm reduction is often seen as a general strategy for national drug policy, as opposed to the traditional repressive and punitive strategy. On the other hand, it is also represented as pragmatic, reactive and situational work without general ideals or principles challenging repressive politics. Two main perspectives can be distinguished in the discussion on harm reduction: the human rights perspective and the public health perspective. From a human rights perspective harm reduction is advocated by stressing the rights and equality of drug users. The focus is on the harms that the strict policy of control is causing to abusers. Harm reduction from a public health perspective stresses the harms that drug abuse causes to the nation's population, such as HIV, accidents etc. On the side of these main trends, there are however a wide range of practices which are represented in the name of “harm reduction”, among these tighter police control and surveillance to efface the nuisance problems. The article concludes that in Finland, “harm reduction” is neither a coherent political approach to the drug question nor an exact concept for analytical social research. It is rather a slogan that is used in very different occasions by various political agents as an argument for different interventions, aiming for ideals and goals that might easily contradict each other.
Characterizing performance improvement in primary care systems in Mesoamerica: A realist evaluation protocol
Authors: Munar Wolfgang , Wahid Syed S. , Curry Leslie 
Published: January 2018

Background. Improving performance of primary care systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) may be a necessary condition for achievement of universal health coverage in the age of Sustainable Development Goals. The Salud Mesoamerica Initiative (SMI), a large-scale, multi-country program that uses supply-side financial incentives directed at the central-level of governments, and continuous, external evaluation of public, health sector performance to induce improvements in primary care performance in eight LMICs. This study protocol seeks to explain whether and how these interventions generate program effects in El Salvador and Honduras. Methods. This study presents the protocol for a study that uses a realist evaluation approach to develop a preliminary program theory that hypothesizes the interactions between context, interventions and the mechanisms that trigger outcomes. The program theory was completed through a scoping review of relevant empirical, peer-reviewed and grey literature; a sense-making workshop with program stakeholders; and content analysis of key SMI documents. The study will use a multiple case-study design with embedded units with contrasting cases. We define as a case the two primary care systems of Honduras and El Salvador, each with different context characteristics. Data will be collected through in-depth interviews with program actors and stakeholders, documentary review, and non-participatory observation. Data analysis will use inductive and deductive approaches to identify causal patterns organized as ‘context, mechanism, outcome’ configurations. The findings will be triangulated with existing secondary, qualitative and quantitative data sources, and contrasted against relevant theoretical literature. The study will end with a refined program theory. Findings will be published following the guidelines generated by the Realist and Meta-narrative Evidence Syntheses study (RAMESES II). This study will be performed contemporaneously with SMI’s mid-term stage of implementation. Of the methods described, the preliminary program theory has been completed. Data collection, analysis and synthesis remain to be completed.
Decay of Thermally Modified Engineered Wood Products
Authors: Barnes H. M. , Aro M. D. , Rowlen Amy 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this study, rated plywood, oriented strand board, laminated strand lumber, and laminated veneer lumber were thermally modified as a posttreatment at 140°C, 150°C, 160°C, 170°C, and 180°C using a closed, pressurized treatment method. Eastern larch oriented strand board manufactured from heartwood and sapwood was also thermally modified as a posttreatment at 160°C and 180°C. All specimens were subjected to laboratory soil block durability tests according to American Wood Protection Association E10‐12 utilizing Gloeophyllum trabeum (brown rot) and Trametes versicolor (white rot) fungi. Heat treatment caused a reduction in weight loss for most substrate and fungi combinations.
NON-UNITARY TRANSFORMATION OF QUANTUM TIME-DEPENDENT NON-HERMITIAN SYSTEMS
Authors: Maamache Mustapha 
Published: January 2018

We provide a new perspective on non-Hermitian evolution in quantum mechanics by emphasizing the same method as in the Hermitian quantum evolution. We first give a precise description of the non unitary transformation and the associated evolution, and collecting the basic results around it and postulating the norm preserving. This cautionary postulate imposing that the time evolution of a non Hermitian quantum system preserves the inner products between the associated states must not be read naively. We also give an example showing that the solutions of time-dependent non Hermitian Hamiltonian systems given by a linear combination of SU(1,1) and SU(2) are obtained thanks to time-dependent non-unitary transformation.
PERAN KURSUS PRA NIKAH DALAM MEMPERSIAPKAN PASANGAN SUAMI-ISTRI MENUJU KELUARGA SAKINAH
Authors: Iskandar Zakyyah 
Published: January 2018

Pre marriage course is a government effort to press the high rates of divorce, domestic violence and other family problems. The procedure for execution and materials to be delivered in pre marriage course has been set in the Regulation Director General of Islamic Guidance No. DJ.11 / 491 of 2009 about bride courses is then refined by the Regulation Director General of Islamic Guidance No. DJ.II / 542 of 2013 about Guidelines for Implementation of Pre Marriage Course. This article examines how the rules that have been set by the government assembled premarital courses in Indonesia and slightly described how the implementation of the pre marriage course in neighboring countries. Premarital course program recommendation is still not compulsory for couples who want to get married, therefore the implementation is still deemed less effective. But if the pre marriage course conducted seriously and as an obligation, it can be predicted that pre-marriage courses will serve healthful Indonesian families from the disease of violence, injustice in household and divorce and will created a harmonious family. [Kursus pra nikah merupakan upaya pemerintah dalam menekan tingginya angka perceraian, kekerasan dalam rumah tangga dan problem keluarga lainnya. Tata cara pelaksanaan dan materi yang akan disampaikan dalam kursus pra nikah telah diatur dalam Peraturan Dirjen Bimas Islam No. DJ.11/491 tahun 2009 tentang Kursus Calon Pengantin yang kemudian disempurnakan dengan Peraturan Dirjen Bimas Islam No. DJ.II/542 tahun 2013 tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Kursus Pra Nikah. Artikel ini mengkaji bagaimana peraturan yang telah diatur oleh pemerintah terakit kursus pra nikah di Indonesia dan sedikit mendeskripsikan bagaimana pelaksanaan kursus pranikah di negara tetangga. Program kursus pra nikah masih bersifat anjuran bukan kewajiban bagi pasangan yang ingin menikah, oleh karena itu dalam pelaksanaannya masih dirasa kurang efektif. Namun jika kursus pra nikah dilaksanakan secara serius dan sebagai suatu kewajiban, maka dapat diprediksikan bahwa kursus pra nikah akan berfungsi menyehatkan keluarga Indonesia dari penyakit kekerasan, ketidakadilan dalam rumah tangga serta perceraian dengan terbinanya keluarga sakinah.]