bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Police Use of Body Cameras
Authors: Birds Jonathan M. , Sousa William H. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Body worn cameras (BWCs) are small video/audio devices worn by police officers that are designed to record police-citizen interactions and other officer activities. BWCs offer several potential advantages in terms of enhancing the quality of policing. They may increase transparency and accountability for police, reduce police use of force and complaints of police misconduct, provide protection for officers and citizens, and improve evidence gathering and case processing. However, BWCs also present some challenges and concerns, including financial costs, policy development issues, and concerns over citizen privacy. This essay provides an overview of BWCs and their use, explores their most commonly discussed benefits and concerns, and describes the current state of research on the technology.
Social Consequences of Mass Reentry
Authors: Barrick Kelle , Lattimore Pamela K. , Huffman Amanda 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the broader social implications of mass incarceration and reentry. It first considers the characteristics of the communities that are most affected by high rates of incarceration and, thus, likely high rates of reentry. In particular, it cites evidence showing that the burden of incarceration and reentry is disproportionately experienced by poor, urban communities and that mass reentry may actually increase crime. It then discusses research that addressed the impact of incarceration/reentry on collective efficacy and social organization as well as public safety, noting that prison admissions/releases, the two components of coercive mobility, lead to social disorganization. That is, reentering offenders cause residential instability that makes it difficult to self-regulate and to exercise informal social control in the community. The article suggests directions for future research and practice with an eye toward a better understanding of the correlations among crime, incarceration, reentry, and community characteristics.
Safety of Perioperative Glucocorticoids in Elective Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Toner Andrew J. , Ganeshanathan Vyhunthan , Chan Matthew T. , Ho Kwok M. , Corcoran Tomas B. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Background
Glucocorticoids are increasingly used perioperatively, principally to prevent nausea and vomiting. Safety concerns focus on the potential for hyperglycemia and increased infection. The authors hypothesized that glucocorticoids predispose to such adverse outcomes in a dose-dependent fashion after elective noncardiac surgery.

Methods
The authors conducted a systematic literature search of the major medical databases from their inception to April 2016. Randomized glucocorticoid trials in adults specifically reporting on a safety outcome were included and meta-analyzed with Peto odds ratio method or the quality effects model. Subanalyses were performed according to a dexamethasone dose equivalent of low (less than 8 mg), medium (8 to 16 mg), and high (more than 16 mg). The primary endpoints of any wound infection and peak perioperative glucose concentrations were subject to meta-regression.

Results
Fifty-six trials from 18 countries were identified, predominantly assessing dexamethasone. Glucocorticoids did not impact on any wound infection (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.2) but did result in a clinically unimportant increase in peak perioperative glucose concentration (weighted mean difference, 20.0 mg/dl; CI, 11.4 to 28.6; P < 0.001 or 1.1 mM; CI, 0.6 to 1.6). Glucocorticoids reduced peak postoperative C-reactive protein concentrations (weighted mean difference, −22.1 mg/l; CI, −31.7 to −12.5; P < 0.001), but other adverse outcomes and length of stay were unchanged. No dose–effect relationships were apparent.

Conclusions
The evidence at present does not highlight any safety concerns with respect to the use of perioperative glucocorticoids and subsequent infection, hyperglycemia, or other adverse outcomes. Nevertheless, collated trials lacked sufficient surveillance and power to detect clinically important differences in complications such as wound infection.
Sevoflurane Exposure during the Critical Period Affects Synaptic Transmission and Mitochondrial Respiration but Not Long-term Behavior in Mice
Authors: Chung Woosuk , Ryu Min Jeong , Heo Jun Young , Lee Soomin , Yoon Seunghwan , Park Haram , Park Sangil , Kim Yangsik , Kim Yoon Hee , Yoon Seok Hwa , Shin Yong Sup , Lee Won Hyung , Ju Xianshu , Kweon Gi Ryang , Ko Youngkwon 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Background
Anesthesia during the synaptogenic period induces dendritic spine formation, which may affect neurodevelopment. The authors, therefore, evaluated whether changes in synaptic transmission after dendritic spine formation induced by sevoflurane were associated with long-term behavioral changes. The effects of sevoflurane on mitochondrial function were also assessed to further understand the mechanism behind spinogenesis.

Methods
Postnatal day 16 to 17 mice were exposed to sevoflurane (2.5% for 2 h), and synaptic transmission was measured in the medial prefrontal cortex 6 h or 5 days later. The expression of postsynaptic proteins and mitochondrial function were measured after anesthesia. Long-term behavioral changes were assessed in adult mice.

Results
Sevoflurane increased the expression of excitatory postsynaptic proteins in male and female mice (n = 3 to 5 per group). Sevoflurane exposure in male mice transiently increased miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency (control: 8.53 ± 2.87; sevoflurane: 11.09 ± 2.58) but decreased miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current frequency (control: 10.18 ± 4.66; sevoflurane: 6.88 ± 2.15). Unexpectedly, sevoflurane increased miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current frequency (control: 1.81 ± 1.11; sevoflurane: 3.56 ± 1.74) in female mice (neurons, n = 10 to 21 per group). Sevoflurane also increased mitochondrial respiration in male mice (n = 5 to 8 per group). However, such changes from anesthesia during the critical period did not induce long-term behavioral consequences. Values are presented as mean ± SD.

Conclusions
Sevoflurane exposure during the critical period induces mitochondrial hyperactivity and transient imbalance of excitatory/inhibitory synaptic transmission, without long-lasting behavioral consequences. Further studies are needed to confirm sexual differences and to define the role of mitochondrial activity during anesthesia-induced spine formation.
Major unanswered questions in the clinical gout field
Authors: Stamp Lisa K. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose of review
Although gout is one of the most common forms of inflammatory arthritis, it has been relatively neglected until recently. Despite progress in many areas of pathophysiology and genetics of gout and the development of new urate lowering therapies, there remain a number of unanswered clinical questions. With the resurgence of interest in gout it is important to recognize key aspects of gout management that remain challenging and require further research.

Recent findings
The unanswered clinical issues outlined in this review are basic aspects of gout management that clinicians treating people with gout face on a daily basis and include when urate lowering therapy should be commenced, the most appropriate target serum urate, use of prophylaxis when starting urate lowering therapy and the most appropriate urate lowering therapy, particularly for those with chronic kidney disease.

Summary
Some of the issues outlined in this article are the subject of ongoing clinical research and some, such as use of allopurinol in people with chronic kidney impairment, may be less relevant with the advent of potentially safer urate lowering therapies but until that time further understanding to aid clinical decision-making is required.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Central Venous Catheter Confirmation by Bedside Ultrasound Versus Chest Radiography in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ablordeppey Enyo A. , Drewry Anne M. , Beyer Alexander B. , Theodoro Daniel L. , Fowler Susan A. , Fuller Brian M. , Carpenter Christopher R. 
Published: December 2016

Objective:
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the accuracy of bedside ultrasound for confirmation of central venous catheter position and exclusion of pneumothorax compared with chest radiography.

Data Sources:
PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, reference lists, conference proceedings and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Study Selection:
Articles and abstracts describing the diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound compared with chest radiography for confirmation of central venous catheters in sufficient detail to reconstruct 2 × 2 contingency tables were reviewed. Primary outcomes included the accuracy of confirming catheter positioning and detecting a pneumothorax. Secondary outcomes included feasibility, interrater reliability, and efficiency to complete bedside ultrasound confirmation of central venous catheter position.

Data Extraction:
Investigators abstracted study details including research design and sonographic imaging technique to detect catheter malposition and procedure-related pneumothorax. Diagnostic accuracy measures included pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio.

Data Synthesis:
Fifteen studies with 1,553 central venous catheter placements were identified with a pooled sensitivity and specificity of catheter malposition by ultrasound of 0.82 (0.77–0.86) and 0.98 (0.97–0.99), respectively. The pooled positive and negative likelihood ratios of catheter malposition by ultrasound were 31.12 (14.72–65.78) and 0.25 (0.13–0.47). The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for pneumothorax detection was nearly 100% in the participating studies. Bedside ultrasound reduced mean central venous catheter confirmation time by 58.3 minutes. Risk of bias and clinical heterogeneity in the studies were high.

Conclusions:
Bedside ultrasound is faster than radiography at identifying pneumothorax after central venous catheter insertion. When a central venous catheter malposition exists, bedside ultrasound will identify four out of every five earlier than chest radiography.
Higher Fluid Balance Increases the Risk of Death From Sepsis: Results From a Large International Audit*
Authors: Sakr Yasser , Rubatto Birri Paolo Nahuel , Kotfis Katarzyna , Nanchal Rahul , Shah Bhagyesh , Kluge Stefan , Schroeder Mary E. , Marshall John C. , Vincent Jean-Louis 
Published: December 2016

Objectives:
Excessive fluid therapy in patients with sepsis may be associated with risks that outweigh any benefit. We investigated the possible influence of early fluid balance on outcome in a large international database of ICU patients with sepsis.

Design:
Observational cohort study.

Setting:
Seven hundred and thirty ICUs in 84 countries.

Patients:
All adult patients admitted between May 8 and May 18, 2012, except admissions for routine postoperative surveillance. For this analysis, we included only the 1,808 patients with an admission diagnosis of sepsis. Patients were stratified according to quartiles of cumulative fluid balance 24 hours and 3 days after ICU admission.

Measurements and Main Results:
ICU and hospital mortality rates were 27.6% and 37.3%, respectively. The cumulative fluid balance increased from 1,217 mL (–90 to 2,783 mL) in the first 24 hours after ICU admission to 1,794 mL (–951 to 5,108 mL) on day 3 and decreased thereafter. The cumulative fluid intake was similar in survivors and nonsurvivors, but fluid balance was less positive in survivors because of higher fluid output in these patients. Fluid balances became negative after the third ICU day in survivors but remained positive in nonsurvivors. After adjustment for possible confounders in multivariable analysis, the 24-hour cumulative fluid balance was not associated with an increased hazard of 28-day in-hospital death. However, there was a stepwise increase in the hazard of death with higher quartiles of 3-day cumulative fluid balance in the whole population and after stratification according to the presence of septic shock.

Conclusions:
In this large cohort of patients with sepsis, higher cumulative fluid balance at day 3 but not in the first 24 hours after ICU admission was independently associated with an increase in the hazard of death.
Oocyte vitrification for elective fertility preservation: the past, present, and future
Authors: Gunnala Vinay , Schattman Glenn 
Published: December 2016

Purpose of review
Oocyte cryopreservation is no longer experimental and one of its rapidly growing indications is elective fertility preservation. Currently there is no sufficient evidence to support its practice and therefore its place in IVF remains uncertain.

Recent findings
Vitrification has superior post-thaw survival and fertilization outcomes compared with oocytes that were frozen with the slow-freeze technique. Oocyte vitrification produces similar IVF outcomes compared with fresh oocytes and is not associated with further obstetrical or perinatal morbidity. Undergoing elective oocyte cryopreservation between ages 35 and 37 will optimize live birth rates as well as cost effectiveness from mathematical models.

Summary
In women who delay child bearing, elective oocyte cryopreservation in the mid 30s may be beneficial in terms of live birth rates and cost effectiveness. Prospective studies of women who have undergone oocyte cryopreservation and are now attempting conception are needed before official recommendations can be made regarding elective egg freezing.
Impact of menopausal status on negative mood and depressive symptoms in a longitudinal sample spanning 20 years
Authors: Campbell Katherine E. , Dennerstein Lorraine , Finch Sue , Szoeke Cassandra E. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Objective:
Studies examining depressive symptoms and negative mood across the postmenopause are lacking, particularly those that examine prevalence in early and late postmenopause. This study examines negative mood and depressive occurrence in the menopausal stages to provide a better understanding of prevalence of mood disturbance during this period.

Methods:
This study was a longitudinal assessment of variables drawn from an epidemiological prospective study of women's healthy aging. Scores were analyzed using general linear mixed models to determine whether there were reductions in negative mood across the stages of the menopausal transition, including the substages of the early and late postmenopause, as defined by Stages of Reproductive Ageing Workshop+10 criteria. Negative mood scores, derived from the Affectometer 2, were obtained at 11 time points between 1992 and 2012 in a group of 438 Melbourne-based, community-dwelling women aged between 45 and 55 years at baseline (n = 234; 53% retention in 2012). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale administered at three time points for 10 years.

Results:
Women's experience of negative mood and depressive symptoms was highest during the menopausal transition and lowest in the late postmenopause. Increasing age was associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms F(1,559) = 14.83, P < 0.001 and negative mood F(1,935) = 14.97, P < 0.001. When controlling for age, there was no difference found between the early and late postmenopause stage mean scores.

Conclusions:
Although there were differences found between negative mood and depressive symptom scores in relation to categories of reproductive aging, age was found to be the driving influence to their association.
Exercise training ameliorates glucosamine-induced insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Chen Chung-Hwan , Huang Tsang-Hai , Cheng Tsung-Lin , Chang Chi-Fen , Wang Chau-Zen , Wu Meng-Hsing , Kang Lin 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Objective:
Glucosamine (GlcN), which has been reported to induce insulin resistance (IR), is a popular nutritional supplement used to treat osteoarthritis in menopausal women. We previously demonstrated that GlcN treatment caused IR in ovariectomized rats by reducing the expression of glucose transport protein subtype 4 (GLUT-4) in skeletal muscle. In the present study, we hypothesized that endurance exercise training can reverse GlcN-induced IR.

Methods:
Fifty female rats were randomly divided into five groups with 10 rats in each group: (1) sham-operated group; (2) sham-operated group with GlcN treatment for 14 days; (3) ovariectomy (OVX) group; (4) OVX with GlcN treatment; and (5) OVX with GlcN treatment followed by exercise training (running program) for 8 weeks.

Results:
Fasting plasma glucose increased in the OVX + GlcN group, and fasting plasma insulin and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher only in this group. After the rats received exercise training for 8 weeks, no increase in the fasting plasma glucose, insulin, or HOMA-IR was observed. In an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, the plasma glucose, plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, and glucose-insulin index were significantly elevated only in the OVX with GlcN treatment group. However, the plasma glucose, plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, and glucose-insulin index decreased after exercise training for 8 weeks, implying that GlcN-induced IR in OVX rats could be reversed through exercise. A histological analysis revealed that exercise training can reduce islet hypertrophy and maintain GLUT-4 in skeletal muscle.

Conclusions:
Exercise training can alleviate IR in OVX rats treated with GlcN. Islet hyperplasia was subsequently prevented. Preserving GLUT-4 expression may be one of the mechanisms by which exercise prevents IR.
Continued under-recognition of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the Berlin definition: what is the solution?
Authors: Laffey John G. , Pham Tài , Bellani Giacomo 
Published: December 2016

Purpose of review
Timely recognition of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may allow for more prompt management and less exacerbation of lung injury. However, the absence of a diagnostic test for ARDS means that the diagnosis of ARDS requires clinician recognition in what is usually a complicated and evolving illness. We review data concerning the extent of recognition of ARDS in the era of the Berlin definition of ARDS.

Recent findings
ARDS continues to be under-recognized – even in the era of the more recent ‘Berlin’ definition, and significant delay in its recognition is common. Factors contributing to under-recognition may include the complexity of ARDS biology, low specificity of the consensus (diagnostic) criteria, and concerns about reliable interpretation of the chest radiograph. Understandably, ‘external’ factors are also at play: ICU occupancy and higher patient to clinician ratio impair recognition of ARDS. Timely recognition of ARDS appears important, as it is associated with the use of higher PEEP, prone positioning and neuromuscular blockade which can lower mortality. Computer-aided decision tools seem diagnostically useful, and together with the integration of reliable biomarkers, may further enhance and speed recognition of this syndrome.

Summary
Significant numbers of patients with ARDS are still unrecognized by clinicians in the era of the Berlin definition of ARDS, with potentially important consequences for patient management and outcome.
Update on nonmalignant lesions of the inferior turbinate
Authors: Goldfarb Jared M. , Goldfarb David , Rosen Marc R. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose of review
The inferior turbinates are routinely examined by otolaryngologists on anterior rhinoscopy and nasal endoscopy. Most lesions of the inferior turbinate are benign but can often be confused with malignancy. This review highlights the broad differential of nonmalignant lesions of the inferior turbinates and their management.

Recent findings
A variety of infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, and vascular lesions may affect the inferior turbinates. The most common nonmalignant lesions of the sinonasal region are nasal polyps, inverted papillomas, hemangiomas, and angiofibromas. Early lesions are often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on routine examination. As these lesions grow they present with nonspecific signs that can be seen in benign, malignant, and infectious etiologies. The most common signs and symptoms are nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, epistaxis, sinusitis, and hyposmia. Most nonmalignant lesions have characteristic appearances but definitive diagnosis is achieved with biopsy or culture. If the lesions are small the biopsy itself is often curative.

Summary
Lesions of the inferior turbinates are rarely isolated to these structures alone. Careful examination can noninvasively assist in early diagnosis of extensive lesions. Once malignancy and processes such as invasive fungal sinusitis or inverted papillomas have been ruled out, treatment of these lesions is ordinarily noncomplicated and definitive.
How Menopause Symptoms and Attitude Impact Korean Women's Quality of Life After Adjuvant Treatment for Breast Cancer
Authors: Gang Moonhee , Jung Mi Sook , Park Sunyoung , Park Younghee , Oh Kyongok 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Attitudes toward menopause vary across cultures and influence women's experiences of menopausal symptoms, possibly leading to reduced posttreatment quality of life in breast cancer survivors.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of menopausal symptoms and attitudes on health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors who were premenopausal at the time of diagnosis.

Methods:
A total of 139 women receiving chemotherapy with/without endocrine therapy were assessed with self-report questionnaires of established reliability and validity. Hierarchical regression was conducted to assess the impact of menopausal symptoms and attitudes on quality of life, while controlling for demographic characteristics.

Results:
Overall, participants endorsed more than half of 46 symptoms, most at the level of mild symptoms, and most reported a less positive attitude toward menopause. Lower quality of life was significantly predicted by more menopausal symptoms endorsed and more negative attitudes when controlling for demographic factors associated with quality of life (R
2 = 26.1%). Most participants experienced change from premenopause to postmenopause after the completion of adjuvant chemotherapy with or without tamoxifen.

Conclusions:
The results suggest that more menopausal symptoms and negative attitudes toward menopause may affect health-related quality of life considerably in chemotherapy-treated Asian breast cancer survivors.

Implications for Practice:
Healthcare professionals should develop a better understanding of the effects of menopausal symptoms and attitudes on quality of life by using a culturally relevant perspective based on patients' sociocultural backgrounds. Furthermore, these findings help healthcare professionals communicate with their Asian clients in a more informed way and provide culturally appropriate and individualized care.