bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical and electrophysiological development of the hypothalamic orexin neurons from embryos to neonates
Authors: Ogawa Yukino , Kanda Takeshi , Vogt Kaspar , Yanagisawa Masashi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe amount, quality, and diurnal pattern of sleep change greatly during development. Developmental changes of sleep/wake architecture are in a close relationship to brain development. The fragmentation of wake episodes is one of the salient features in the neonatal period, which is also observed in mature animals and human individuals lacking neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin signaling. This raises the possibility that developmental changes of lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons are relevant to the development of sleep/wake architecture. However, little information is available on morphological and physiological features of developing orexin neurons. To address the cellular basis for maturation of the sleep/wake regulatory system, we investigated the functional development of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. The anatomical development as well as the changes in the electrophysiological characteristics of orexin neurons was examined from embryonic to postnatal stages in orexin‐EGFP mice. Prepro‐orexin promoter activity was detectable at embryonic day (E) 12.0, followed by expression of orexin A after E14.0. The number of orexin neurons and their membrane capacitance reached similar levels to adults by postnatal day (P) 7, while their membrane potentials, firing rates, and action potential waveforms were developed by P21. The hyperpolarizing effect of serotonin, which is a major inhibitory signal for adult orexin neurons, was detected after E18.0 and matured at P1. These results suggest that the expression of orexin peptides precedes the maturation of electrophysiological activity of orexin neurons. The function of orexin neurons gradually matures by 3 weeks after birth, coinciding with maturation of sleep/wake architecture.
Phosphorus‐Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Szűcs Rózsa , Bouit Pierre‐Antoine , Nyulászi László , Hissler Muriel 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are highly appealing functional materials in the field of molecular electronics. In particular, molecular engineering of these derivatives by using organic chemistry is a powerful method to tune their properties from the point of view of the band gap and supramolecular assemblies. Another way to achieve such control is to take advantage of the specific reactivity of heteroatoms placed within the sp2‐carbon framework. This strategy has been successfully applied to nitrogen, sulfur and boron. In this review, examples of phosphorus‐containing PAHs and the effect of the phosphorus environment on the electronic properties from both experimental and theoretical points of view are discussed.
High‐throughput IDCT architecture for high‐efficiency video coding (HEVC)
Authors: Chen Yuan‐Ho , Ko Yi‐Fan 
Published: June 2017

SummaryThis paper presents a hardware design capable of supporting high‐efficiency video coding inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) with a 32×32 transform unit size, using a single 1‐D IDCT core with transpose memory to reduce costs. The proposed 1‐D IDCT core employs 16 computation paths for high throughput and is implemented using distributed arithmetic to facilitate the sharing of hardware resources. The proposed 1‐D IDCT is capable of calculating 1‐D and 2‐D data simultaneously along 32 parallel paths. When implemented using Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 40‐nm CMOS technology, the proposed 2‐D transform core provides throughput of 6.4 gigapixels/s with a gate count of 335 k. The results show that a superior hardware efficiency can be achieved in the proposed 32‐point IDCT core compared with the existing works. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiparametric Whole Blood Dissection: A one‐shot comprehensive picture of the human hematopoietic system
Authors: Basso‐Ricci Luca , Scala Serena , Milani Raffaella , Migliavacca Maddalena , Rovelli Attilio , Bernardo Maria Ester , Ciceri Fabio , Aiuti Alessandro , Biasco Luca 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHuman hematopoiesis is a complex and dynamic system where morphologically and functionally diverse mature cell types are generated and maintained throughout life by bone marrow (BM) Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells (HSPC). Congenital and acquired hematopoietic disorders are often diagnosed through the detection of aberrant frequency or composition of hematopoietic cell populations. We here describe a novel protocol, called “Whole Blood Dissection” (WBD), capable of analyzing in a single test‐tube, hematopoietic progenitors and all major mature cell lineages composing either BM or peripheral blood (PB) through a multiparametric flow‐cytometry analysis. WBD allows unambiguously identifying in the same tube up to 23 different blood cell types including HSPC subtypes and all the major myeloid and lymphoid lineage compartments at different stages of maturation, through a combination of 17 surface and 1 viability cell markers. We assessed the efficacy of WBD by analyzing BM and PB samples from adult (n = 8) and pediatric (n = 9) healthy donors highlighting age‐related shift in cell composition. We also tested the capability of WBD on detecting aberrant hematopoietic cell composition in clinical samples of patients with primary immunodeficiency or leukemia unveiling expected and novel hematopoietic unbalances. Overall, WBD allows unambiguously identifying >99% of the cell subpopulations composing a blood sample in a reproducible, standardized, cost‐, and time‐efficient manner. This tool has a wide range of potential pre‐clinical and clinical applications going from the characterization of hematopoietic disorders to the monitoring of hematopoietic reconstitution in patients after transplant or gene therapy. © 2017 The Authors. Cytometry Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
Evolutionary response to global change: Climate and land use interact to shape color polymorphism in a woodland salamander
Authors: Cosentino Bradley J. , Moore Jean‐David , Karraker Nancy E. , Ouellet Martin , Gibbs James P. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEvolutionary change has been demonstrated to occur rapidly in human‐modified systems, yet understanding how multiple components of global change interact to affect adaptive evolution remains a critical knowledge gap. Climate change is predicted to impose directional selection on traits to reduce thermal stress, but the strength of directional selection may be mediated by changes in the thermal environment driven by land use. We examined how regional climatic conditions and land use interact to affect genetically based color polymorphism in the eastern red‐backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus). P. cinereus is a woodland salamander with two primary discrete color morphs (striped, unstriped) that have been associated with macroclimatic conditions. Striped individuals are most common in colder regions, but morph frequencies can be variable within climate zones. We used path analysis to analyze morph frequencies among 238,591 individual salamanders across 1,170 sites in North America. Frequency of striped individuals was positively related to forest cover in populations occurring in warmer regions (>7°C annually), a relationship that was weak to nonexistent in populations located in colder regions (≤7°C annually). Our results suggest that directional selection imposed by climate warming at a regional scale may be amplified by forest loss and suppressed by forest persistence, with a mediating effect of land use that varies geographically. Our work highlights how the complex interaction of selection pressures imposed by different components of global change may lead to divergent evolutionary trajectories among populations.
Performance‐based grouping methods of bridge classes for regional seismic risk assessment: Application of ANOVA, ANCOVA, and non‐parametric approaches
Authors: Mangalathu Sujith , Jeon Jong‐Su , Padgett Jamie E. , DesRoches Reginald 
Published: June 2017

SummaryOne of the key tasks to enable a regional risk assessment is to group structures with similar seismic performances and generate fragility curves representative of the grouped structures. The grouping has been traditionally performed based primarily on engineering judgment and prior experience. This paper (i) presents an overview of various statistical techniques such as analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and Kruskal–Wallis test for grouping the bridges of similar performance; (ii) compares the groupings that emerge from the various grouping techniques; and (iii) identifies the method that has more statistical power in creating bridge sub‐classes of distinct structural performance. The grouping is achieved by comparing the structural responses of bridge classes obtained from the non‐linear time history analysis of bridges. The relative merits of these grouping techniques are discussed with the case study of box‐girder bridges in California. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk assessment of imidacloprid use in forest settings on the aquatic macroinvertebrate community
Authors: Benton Elizabeth P. , Grant Jerome F. , Nichols Rebecca J. , Webster R. Jesse , Schwartz John S. , Bailey Joseph K. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The isolated effects of a single insecticide can be difficult to assess in natural settings because of the presence of numerous pollutants in many watersheds. Imidacloprid use for suppressing hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Annand) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in forests offers a rare opportunity to assess potential impacts on aquatic macroinvertebrates in relatively pristine landscapes. Aquatic macroinvertebrate communities were assessed in 9 streams in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (southern Appalachian Mountains, USA). The streams flow through hemlock conservation areas where imidacloprid soil drench treatments were applied for hemlock woolly adelgid suppression. Sites were located upstream and downstream of the imidacloprid treatments. Baseline species presence data (pre-imidacloprid treatment) were available from previous sample collections at downstream sites. Downstream and upstream sites did not vary in numerous community measures. Although comparisons of paired upstream and downstream sites showed differences in diversity in 7 streams, higher diversity was found more often in downstream sites. Macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups and life habits were similar between downstream and upstream sites. Downstream and baseline stream samples were similar. While some functional feeding group and life habit species richness categories varied, variations did not indicate poorer quality downstream communities. Imidacloprid treatments applied according to US Environmental Protection Agency federal restrictions did not result in negative effects to aquatic macroinvertebrate communities, which indicates that risks of imidacloprid use in forest settings are low. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3108–3119. © 2017 SETAC
Tensile properties of plant fibre‐polymer composites in fire
Authors: Bhat T. , Kandare E. , Gibson A. G. , Di Modica P. , Mouritz A. P. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryThe structural performance of polymer composites reinforced with plant fibres when exposed to fire was experimentally evaluated and compared against an E‐glass fibre laminate. Fire testing under combined one‐sided radiant heating and static tensile loading revealed that flax, jute, or hemp fibre composites experience more rapid thermal softening and fail within much shorter times than the fibreglass laminate, which is indicative of vastly inferior structural performance in fire. The plant fibre composites soften and fail before the onset of thermal decomposition of the plant fibres and polymer matrix, whereas the E‐glass fibres provide the composite with superior tensile properties to higher temperatures and higher applied tensile stresses. The tensile performance of the three types of plant fibre composites in fire was not identical. When exposed to the same radiant heat flux, the flax fibre composite could withstand higher tensile stresses for longer times than the hemp and jute laminates, which showed similar performance.
Sexual dimorphism in the inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury
Authors: Villapol Sonia , Loane David J. , Burns Mark P. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe activation of resident microglial cells, alongside the infiltration of peripheral macrophages, are key neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury (TBI) that are directly associated with neuronal death. Sexual disparities in response to TBI have been previously reported; however it is unclear whether a sex difference exists in neuroinflammatory progression after TBI. We exposed male and female mice to moderate‐to‐severe controlled cortical impact injury and studied glial cell activation in the acute and chronic stages of TBI using immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization analysis. We found that the sex response was completely divergent up to 7 days postinjury. TBI caused a rapid and pronounced cortical microglia/macrophage activation in male mice with a prominent activated phenotype that produced both pro‐ (IL‐1β and TNFα) and anti‐inflammatory (Arg1 and TGFβ) cytokines with a single‐phase, sustained peak from 1 to 7 days. In contrast, TBI caused a less robust microglia/macrophage phenotype in females with biphasic pro‐inflammatory response peaks at 4 h and 7 days, and a delayed anti‐inflammatory mRNA peak at 30 days. We further report that female mice were protected against acute cell loss after TBI, with male mice demonstrating enhanced astrogliosis, neuronal death, and increased lesion volume through 7 days post‐TBI. Collectively, these findings indicate that TBI leads to a more aggressive neuroinflammatory profile in male compared with female mice during the acute and subacute phases postinjury. Understanding how sex affects the course of neuroinflammation following brain injury is a vital step toward developing personalized and effective treatments for TBI.
Development of ergonomic gun barrel cleaning method: Automation and its advantages
Authors: Nam Kyung Hyun , Lee Songil , Kyung Gyouhyung , An Jihwan , An Sangjin 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe aims of this study were to assess postural risks associated with the current gun barrel cleaning method and to develop an ergonomic gun barrel cleaning method that could reduce such risks. The inner surfaces of gun barrels should be cleaned after use to maintain their firing function. The current method of cleaning gun barrels requires multiple soldiers to push and pull a long cleaning pole for 1–3 hr. Such motions require both hands to be raised to shoulder height. The current manual method and a newly designed automated method were compared in terms of safety and effectiveness. Postural risk assessments were performed using OWAS, RULA, and REBA. Results: The manual cleaning method involves the highest postural risk level (Action Category/Level 4), requiring immediate intervention, and exposes multiple soldiers to life‐threatening situations for a longer time during wartime. The postural risk associated with using the automated cleaning system was much lower (Action Category/Level 2). Once loaded into the gun barrel by a single soldier, the automated system takes approximately 20 min to complete cleaning. The automated cleaning method reduces musculoskeletal disorder risks associated with cleaning gun barrels and increases military power. The automated gun barrel cleaning method is an ergonomic solution that can be used for cleaning gun barrels within a short time without exposing soldiers to postural risks.
Effect of local wrist muscle fatigue on multiple assembly‐related psychomotor skills
Authors: Tsao Liuxing , Ma Liang , Wang Luoru 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHuman operators are still a vital resource in modern manufacturing systems, especially for fine assembly tasks. Declining muscle strength due to physical tasks can impair psychomotor skills and can cause adverse effects on assembly quality. To understand how local muscle fatigue can influence multiple psychomotor skills, 20 subjects participated in an experiment in which four psychomotor tests were performed to mimic fine assembly tasks, and their performances under nonfatigued wrist and fatigued wrist conditions were compared. Results showed that wrist fatigue caused significant decrements in the dexterity of fingers and fingertips, but there was no significant influence on arm‐hand steadiness. Local muscle fatigue impairs psychomotor skills to different extents but does not necessarily lead to lower performance. Humans are capable of coordinating motion units to compensate for the influence of muscle fatigue, but this is rather limited. It is suggested that in assembly operations, tasks should be arranged according to different task demands on diverse psychomotor skills.
Theta band power increases in the posterior hippocampus predict successful episodic memory encoding in humans
Authors: Lin Jui‐Jui , Rugg Michael D. , Das Sandhitsu , Stein Joel , Rizzuto Daniel S. , Kahana Michael J. , Lega Bradley C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFunctional differences in the anterior and posterior hippocampus during episodic memory processing have not been examined in human electrophysiological data. This is in spite of strong evidence for such differences in rodent data, including greater place cell specificity in the dorsal hippocampus, greater sensitivity to the aversive or motivational content of memories in ventral regions, connectivity analyses identifying preferential ventral hippocampal connections with the amygdala, and gene expression analyses identifying a dorsal–ventral gradient. We asked if memory‐related oscillatory patterns observed in human hippocampal recordings, including the gamma band and slow‐theta (2.5–5 Hz) subsequent memory effects, would exhibit differences along the longitudinal axis and between hemispheres. We took advantage of a new dataset of stereo electroencephalography patients with simultaneous, robotically targeted anterior, and posterior hippocampal electrodes to directly compare oscillatory subsequent memory effects during item encoding. This same data set allowed us to examine left–right connectivity and hemispheric differences in hippocampal oscillatory patterns. Our data suggest that a power increase during successful item encoding in the 2.5–5 Hz slow‐theta frequency range preferentially occurs in the posterior hippocampus during the first 1,000 ms after item presentation, while a gamma band power increase is stronger in the dominant hemisphere. This dominant–nondominant pattern in the gamma range appears to reverse during item retrieval, however. Intrahippocampal phase coherence was found to be stronger during successful item encoding. Our phase coherence data are also consistent with existing reports of a traveling wave for theta oscillations propagating along the septotemporal (longitudinal) axis of the human hippocampus. We examine how our findings fit with theories of functional specialization along the hippocampal axis.
Seizure severity‐dependent selective vulnerability of the granule cell layer and aberrant neurogenesis in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Uemori Takeshi , Toda Keiko , Seki Tatsunori 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus rodent model has been commonly used to analyze the mechanisms of human temporal lobe epilepsy. Recent studies using this model have demonstrated that epileptic seizures lead to increased adult neurogenesis of the dentate granule cells, and cause abnormal cellular organization in dentate neuronal circuits. In this study, we examined these structural changes in rats with seizures of varying severity. In rats with frequent severe seizures, we found a clear loss of Prox1 and NeuN expression in the dentate granule cell layer (GCL), which was confined mainly to the suprapyramidal blade of the GCL at the septal and middle regions of the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus. In the damaged suprapyramidal region, the number of immature neurons in the subgranular zone was markedly reduced. In contrast, in rats with less frequent severe seizures, there was almost no loss of Prox1 and NeuN expression, and the number of immature neurons was increased. In rats with no or slight loss of Prox1 expression in the GCL, ectopic immature neurons were detected in the molecular layer of the suprapyramidal blade in addition to the hilus, and formed chainlike aggregated structures along the blood vessels up to the hippocampal fissure, suggesting that newly generated neurons migrate at least partially along blood vessels to the hippocampal fissure. These results suggest that seizures of different severity cause different effects on GCL damage, neurogenesis, and the migration of new neurons, and that these structural changes are selective to subdivisions of the GCL and the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus.
Variability and trends in runoff in the rivers of British Columbia's Coast and Insular Mountains
Authors: Hernández‐Henríquez Marco A. , Sharma Aseem R. , Déry Stephen J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study examines the 1914–2015 runoff trends and variability for 136 rivers draining British Columbia's Coast and Insular Mountains. Rivers are partitioned into eastward and westward flowing rivers based on flow direction from the Coast Mountains. Thus, eastward and westward runoff trends and influence of topography on runoff are explored. Our findings indicate that rivers flowing eastward to the Nechako and Chilcotin plateaus contribute the lowest annual runoff compared to westward rivers where runoff is high. Low interannual runoff variability is evident in westward rivers and their alpine watersheds, whereas eastward rivers exhibit high interannual runoff variability. On Vancouver Island, some of the rivers with the highest annual runoff exhibit high interannual variability. A significant (p < .05) negative correlation exists between mean annual runoff (Rm) and latitude, gauged area, mean elevation, and its corresponding coefficient of variation. However, a significant positive correlation was found between the glacierized area of mountainous regions and Rm. The mean coefficient of variation in annual runoff is significantly negatively correlated with latitude and glacierized area, but significantly positively correlated with longitude. Annual and seasonal runoff trend analyses of each river were performed for an early (1936–2015), a middle (1966–2015), and a late (1986–2015) period using the Mann–Kendall test. Trend analyses revealed a shift towards more positive detectable (signal‐to‐noise ratio > 1) trends in annual and seasonal runoff from the middle to the late period across the study domain. Most positive detectable seasonal runoff trends in the middle period occur in spring in glacierized westward rivers located >1,200 m, whereas in the late period, they all occur in fall and are regionally coherent around Vancouver Island and south coastal BC. Rivers draining eastward exhibit more positive trends over 1986–2015 compared to westward rivers. This study provides crucial information on the hydrology of mountain watersheds across British Columbia's coast in response to Pacific Decadal Oscillation phase changes, the elevational amplification of regional climate change, and their influences on precipitation and glacier retreat.