bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of extrafloral nectar in pest management: overcoming context dependence
Authors: Jones Ian Matthew , Koptur Suzanne , von Wettberg Eric J. 
Published: August 2016

Summary

Extrafloral nectar (EFN) provides plants with indirect defence against herbivores by attracting predatory insects, predominantly ants. Decades of research have supported the role of EFN as an effective plant defence, dating back to Thomas Belt's description of ants on acacia in 1874.

Despite this extensive body of literature, knowledge of the ecological role of EFN has rarely been applied in the field of pest management. We review the existing literature on the use of EFN in agriculture and consider the obstacles that have hindered this transition.

Chief among these obstacles is the influence of ecological context on the outcome of EFN‐mediated interactions. As such, we consider the options for various agricultural systems in the light of the growth habit of EFN‐producing species, focusing first on orchard species and then on herbaceous crops. In each case, we highlight the benefits and difficulties of utilizing EFN as a pest management tool and of measuring its efficacy.

Synthesis and applications. We argue that it is time for a shift in extrafloral nectar (EFN) research towards applied settings and seek to address the question: How can a context‐dependent and often inducible plant trait be utilized as a reliable tool in agricultural pest management? Breeding crops for increased EFN production, and intercropping with EFN‐producing plants, can enhance assemblages of beneficial insects in many agricultural settings. Orchard systems, in particular, provide an ecological context in which the attraction of ants can contribute to cost‐effective and sustainable pest management programmes over a broad geographic range.
Bacterial Cross‐contamination Potential Associated with Contaminated Currency
Authors: Kesavan Jana , Stephens Amelia , Kesavan Meera 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPrevious studies have shown a significant amount of contaminants on paper currencies. It is important to study the transfer of microorganisms between paper currencies to determine whether it meets the level of a human health threat. This cross‐contamination potential was analyzed by seeding new US 1‐dollar bills with Bacillus thuringiensis, and pressing or rubbing them against clean currency to determine the amount of bacteria transfer to the unseeded currency. The transferred amount of bacteria was recovered, plated, incubated, and the colony‐forming units were quantified. Among the recovery methods tested, the most efficient method, vortexing for 10 min with a recovery efficiency of 40 ± 8.1%, was used in this analysis. The resulting transfer rates were 4.8%, 8.6%, and 14.3% when pressed for 24 h, 72 h, and rubbed together, respectively. These transferred amounts of bacteria are significant and have the potential to spread infectious diseases.
IgG4‐related tubulointerstitial nephritis: A prospective analysis
Authors: Nada Ritambhra , Ramachandran Raja , Kumar Ashwani , Rathi Manish , Rawat Amit , Joshi Kusum , Kohli Harbir Singh , Gupta Krishan Lal 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimsImmunoglobulin‐G4 (IgG4)‐related tubulo‐interstitial nephritis (IgG4TIN) could be the first presentation of IgG4‐related systemic disease. Most of the data is from the West or Japan and retrospective, with good patient outcome.MethodsThis study was carried out from April 2011 to July 2013. We report a prospective follow‐up of 11 patients who presented with renal dysfunction and had histological diagnosis of IgG4TIN followed for a minimum period of 1 year or until end‐stage renal disease.ResultsIgG4TIN constituted 0.28% of total renal biopsies and 6.5% of all tubulointerstitial nephritis. Patient ages ranged between 21 and 71 years with a male predominance. All the patients had renal dysfunction at presentation with a mean serum creatinine of 5.12 mg/dL. Proteinuria was subnephrotic except when there was coexisting membranous glomerulonephritis (36.4%). The mean 24‐h urine protien excretion was 1.8 g. Serum IgG4 levels were elevated in 10 (90.9%) patients. Ten (90.9%) patients had renomegaly and one (9.1%) had focal renal mass. Extra‐renal manifestations were present in seven (63.6%). Renal histology showed pattern A in five (45.5%), pattern B in four (36.3%) and pattern C in two (18.1%) patients. All but one patient (90.9%) received immunosuppressive therapy. Four (36.3%) achieved complete remission and three (27.2%) progressed to end stage renal disease. Two patients died due to infections while on steroid therapy. One patient with a mass had end stage renal disease for 12 months and did not improve with steroid therapy, and one (pattern C) had progressive chronic kidney disease on follow‐up.ConclusionIgG4TIN in an Indian cohort most often presents with rapidly progressive renal failure and less often has extra‐renal organ involvement. On follow‐up, patients can experience a more aggressive course with progression to end stage renal disease.
Pulse oximetry could significantly enhance the early detection of critical congenital heart disease in neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Hu Xiao‐jing , Zhao Qu‐ming , Ma Xiao‐jing , Yan Wei‐li , Ge Xiao‐ling , Jia Bing , Liu Fang , Wu Lin , Ye Ming , Huang Guo‐ying 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimLimited data have been available regarding critical congenital heart disease (CHD) screening in neonatal intensive care unit (NICUs). This study evaluated the feasibility of screening for CHD by adding pulse oximetry (POX) to clinical evaluation in a NICU in Shanghai, China.MethodsWe screened 4128 eligible consecutive NICU admissions using POX plus clinical evaluation. Infants with positive screening results were then evaluated with echocardiography. Those with negative screening results were put under observation, and they also underwent echocardiography if their oxygen saturation fell below 95% on room air during hospitalisation.ResultsThis enhanced procedure detected 19 critical CHD cases, and seven of these diagnoses would have been delayed if POX had not been incorporated into the screening strategy. This means that the addition of POX increased the detection rate of critical CHD from 63.2 to 100%. The false‐positive rate of critical CHD screening using POX plus clinical evaluation was higher in NICU patients with high morbidity rates.ConclusionWhen pulse oximetry screening was added to clinical evaluation, it increased the number of critical CHD cases that were detected in our NICU. This method could provide a useful screening protocol for critical CHD cases.
Systematic review: pre‐ and post‐operative prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in liver transplant candidates
Authors: Ney M. , Haykowsky M. J. , Vandermeer B. , Shah A. , Ow M. , Tandon P. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundCardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold standard for the objective assessment of functional status. In many conditions, CPET outperforms the traditional variables in predicting mortality.AimIn patients with cirrhosis listed for liver transplantation, our primary aim was to determine the prognostic value of CPET for pre‐and post‐transplant mortality and, in particular, whether CPET remained predictive after adjustment for liver disease severity.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted in databases Medline, Scopus, Embase and PubMed. Where possible, data were pooled for meta‐analyses using a DerSimonian and Laird random effects model.ResultsA total of seven studies were retrieved, including 1107 patients with a mean MELD of 14.2 (standard deviation 1.6) and peak baseline VO2 of 17.4 mL/kg/min. In all of the studies in which multivariable analysis was performed, CPET variables were independent predictors of pre‐transplant mortality (three studies) and post‐transplant mortality (four studies). In the three studies where we could aggregate post‐transplant mortality data, post‐transplant mortality was predicted by AT with a mean difference of 2.0 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.42–3.59; Z = 2.48, P = 0.01) between survivors and nonsurvivors. The peak VO2 was not significant (0.77 95% CI: −1.36 to 2.90; Z = 0.71, P = 0.48).ConclusionsPatient's listed for liver transplant have significant functional limitations, with a weighted mean VO2 below the threshold level required for independent living. Although heterogeneity in study designs with respect to timing, CPET variables, and cut‐off values precluded the determination of CPET mortality thresholds, the studies support CPET as an objective and independent predictor of pre‐ and post‐transplant mortality.
Hodgkin lymphoma: a negative interim‐PET cannot circumvent the need for end‐of‐treatment‐PET evaluation
Authors: Mesguich Charles , Cazeau Anne‐Laure , Bouabdallah Krimo , Soubeyran Pierre , Guyot Martine , Milpied Noël , Bordenave Laurence , Hindié Elif 
Published: August 2016

We examined the outcome of a cohort of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in order to assess if fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) at the end of treatment (end‐PET) can be omitted when the interim PET (int‐PET) is negative. Seventy‐six ABVD(adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine)‐treated patients were retrospectively included. No change in treatment was made on the basis of int‐PET results. Suspicious foci on end‐PET received biopsy confirmation whenever possible. Median follow‐up was 58·9 months. Uptake on int‐PET higher than liver (scores 4–5) was rated positive according to the Lugano classification, while a positive end‐PET corresponded to scores 3, 4 and 5. Fifteen patients had treatment failure. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value and accuracy of int‐PET were 46·7%, 85·2%, 43·8%, 86·7% and 77·6%, respectively. For end‐PET the figures were: 80%, 93·4%, 75%, 95% and 90·8%. Eight patients with negative int‐PET had treatment failure; six of them were identified as non‐responders with end‐PET. The 5‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) was 87% for patients with negative int‐PET versus 56% with positive int‐PET. The 5‐year PFS was 96% with negative end‐PET versus 23% with positive end‐PET. The prognostic information from int‐PET as regards PFS (log‐rank test P = 0·0048) was lower than that provided by end‐PET (P < 0·0001). Int‐PET predicted only half of the failures. When used in clinical routine, a negative int‐PET study cannot obviate the need for end‐PET examination.
Addressing Uncertainty in Marine Resource Management; Combining Community Engagement and Tracking Technology to Characterize Human Behavior
Authors: Metcalfe Kristian , Collins Tim , Abernethy Kirsten E. , Boumba Richard , Dengui Jean‐Claude , Miyalou Ricky , Parnell Richard J. , Plummer Kate E. , Russell Debbie J.F. , Safou Gilbert Koumba , Tilley Dominic , Turner Rachel A. , VanLeeuwe Hilde , Witt Matthew J. , Godley Brendan J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSmall‐scale fisheries provide an essential source of food and employment for coastal communities, yet the availability of detailed information on the spatiotemporal distribution of fishing effort to support resource management at a country level is scarce. Here, using a national‐scale study in the Republic of Congo, we engaged with fishers from 23 of 28 small‐scale fisheries landing sites along the coast to demonstrate how combining community engagement and relatively low cost Global Positioning System (GPS) trackers can rapidly provide fine‐scale information on: (1) the behavioral dynamics of the fishers and fleets that operate within this sector; and (2) the location, size and attributes of important fishing grounds upon which communities are dependent. This multidisciplinary approach should be considered within a global context where uncertainty over the behavior of marine and terrestrial resource‐users can lead to management decisions that potentially compromise local livelihoods, conservation, and resource sustainability goals.
The present status of xeroderma pigmentosum in Japan and a tentative severity classification scale
Authors: Nakano Eiji , Masaki Taro , Kanda Fumio , Ono Ryusuke , Takeuchi Seiji , Moriwaki Shinichi , Nishigori Chikako 
Published: August 2016

AbstractXeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary disease. Patients with XP have severe hypersensitivity to sunlight, resulting in skin cancers, and some patients have neurological symptoms. In Japan, XP complementation group A (XP‐A) is the most common form, and it is associated with severe neurological symptoms. We performed a nationwide survey on XP to determine the present status of XP in Japan. The distribution of complementation groups in Japan was considerably different from that in other countries, but there was a higher frequency in group A and the variant type, which is similar to previous reports in Japan. Basal cell carcinoma was the most frequent skin cancer that patients with XP developed, followed by squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. The frequency of these skin cancers in patients with XP‐A has decreased, and these skin cancers have been occurring in much older people than those previously observed. Diagnosing XP in patients at younger ages seems to encourage patients and their parents to use sun protection, which helps prevent skin cancer. We also created a tentative scale for classifying the severity of XP, and we evaluated the neurological symptoms of XP‐A using this severity scale. Our classification correlated well with patients' age, suggesting that it may be useful and feasible in clinical practice to assess the progression of symptoms of each patient with XP and evaluate the effects of treatment in the future.
Epithelial–mesenchymal interaction mechanisms leading to the over‐expression of neprilysin are involved in the UVB‐induced formation of wrinkles in the skin
Authors: Imokawa Genji 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn clinical studies, the formation of facial wrinkles has been closely linked to the loss of elastic properties of the skin. Repetitive UVB irradiation of animal skin at suberythemal doses significantly reduces its elastic properties, resulting in the formation of wrinkles. That also elicits a marked alteration in the three‐dimensional structure of elastic fibres, which is closely associated with a subsequent reduction in the elastic properties of the skin. While UVB irradiation stimulates the activity of skin fibroblast‐derived elastase in the dermis, a synthetic inhibitor specific for skin fibroblast‐derived elastase as well as an extract of Zingiber officinale (L.) Rose capable of inhibiting skin fibroblast‐derived elastase, but not neutrophil elastase, prevented wrinkle formation in our studies of animal and human facial skin, respectively. The close interrelationship among wrinkle formation, elastic properties and elastic fibre linearity is revealed by the effects of different concentrations of the elastase inhibitor, which indicates that enhanced elastase activity by dermal fibroblasts plays a pivotal role in the UVB wrinkling mechanism. Fortunately, we were able to identify human skin fibroblast‐derived elastase as the previously known enzyme neprilysin/neutral endopeptidase. Using both a UVB‐conditioned medium assay and a co‐culture system, we characterized the epithelial–mesenchymal interaction between keratinocytes and fibroblasts which leads to increased expression of neprilysin at the transcriptional, translational and enzymatic levels. Our results demonstrate that interleukin‐1α and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor are intrinsic cytokines secreted by UVB‐exposed keratinocytes that stimulate the expression of neprilysin by skin fibroblasts.
Increased susceptibility to oxidative stress‐ and ultraviolet A‐induced apoptosis in fibroblasts in atypical progeroid syndrome/atypical Werner syndrome with LMNA mutation
Authors: Motegi Sei‐ichiro , Uchiyama Akihiko , Yamada Kazuya , Ogino Sachiko , Yokoyama Yoko , Perera Buddhini , Takeuchi Yuko , Ishikawa Osamu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAtypical progeroid syndrome (APS), including atypical Werner syndrome (AWS), is a disorder of premature ageing caused by mutation of the lamin A gene, the same causal gene involved in Hutchinson‐Gilford syndrome (HGS). We previously reported the first Japanese case of APS/AWS with a LMNA mutation (p.D300N). Recently, it has been reported that UVA induced abnormal truncated form of lamin A, called progerin, as well as HGS‐like abnormal nuclear structures in normal human fibroblasts, being more frequent in the elderly, suggesting that lamin A may be involved in the regulation of photoageing. The objective of this study was to elucidate the sensitivity to cell damage induced by oxidative stress or UVA in fibroblasts from APS/AWS patient. Using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry analysis, the amount of early apoptotic cells and degree of intra‐cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were higher in H202‐ or UVA‐treated APS/AWS fibroblasts than in normal fibroblasts, suggesting that repeated UV exposure may induce premature ageing of the skin in APS/AWS patients and that protecting against sunlight is possibly important for delaying the emergence of APS/AWS symptoms. In addition, we demonstrated that H2O2‐, or UVA‐induced apoptosis and necrosis in normal and APS/AWS fibroblasts were enhanced by farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) treatment, indicating that FTI might not be useful for treating our APS/AWS patient.
Climate, history and life‐history strategies interact in explaining differential macroecological patterns in freshwater zooplankton
Authors: Henriques‐Silva Renato , Pinel‐Alloul Bernadette , Peres‐Neto Pedro R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimWe investigated how freshwater microcrustaceans with different susceptibilities to Allee effects differ in the distribution of their geographical range size (GRS) and diversity along latitudinal gradients, evaluating the importance of climatic and historical factors in explaining these differences. We hypothesized that sexual copepods would have a smaller GRS and that their distribution would be linked to historical processes due to mate‐finding Allee effects during colonization. Given that cyclic parthenogenetic cladocerans avoid these Allee effects, we predicted that they would exhibit a larger GRS and their distribution would be related to climatic factors rather than dispersal limitation.LocationCanadian watersheds, North America.MethodsWe used a database containing the presence–absence of freshwater zooplankton across 1665 Canadian lakes along a latitudinal gradient of 40°. We computed GRS using minimum convex polygons encompassing all lakes in which each species was present. We pooled the diversity of lakes within watersheds, and computed linear regressions models between watershed diversity and average GRS with the average latitude, distance from a glacial refugium and environmental variables of the watershed. All analyses were performed separately for cladocerans and copepods.ResultsCladocerans exhibited, on average, a GRS 70% larger than that of copepods. We found a strong relationship between diversity (negative) and average GRS (positive) with latitude for cladocerans but not for copepods. Cladoceran macroecological patterns were mainly explained by climatic factors, whereas the lack of latitudinal gradients in copepods was potentially due to the influence of a northern glacial refuge and dispersal limitation.Main conclusionsOur results show that Allee effects are strongly and negatively associated with GRS, influencing the relative importance of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation on species diversity patterns. We suggest that studies should avoid lumping species with large differences in their susceptibility to Allee effects in order to better disentangle the multiple processes affecting large‐scale patterns.
Liability to Deception and Manipulation: The Ethics of Undercover Policing
Authors: Nathan Christopher 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDoes undercover police work inevitably wrong its targets? Or are undercover activities justified by a general security benefit? In this article I argue that people can make themselves liable to deception and manipulation. The debate on undercover policing will proceed more fruitfully if the tactic can be conceptualised along those lines, rather than as essentially ‘dirty hands’ activity, in which people are wronged in pursuit of a necessary good, or in instrumentalist terms, according to which the harms of undercover work are straightforwardly overcome by its benefits. This article motivates the ‘liability view’ and describes its attractions, challenges, and implications.
‘Them Two Things are What Collide Together’: Understanding the Sexual Identity Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans People Labelled with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Dinwoodie Robert , Greenhill Beth , Cookson Alex 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundPrevious research aiming to understand the lives of lesbian, gay bisexual and trans (LGBT) people labelled with intellectual disabilities is limited. There are few recent studies and available findings are often contradictory and inconsistent.MethodThis study aimed to explore how LGBT people labelled with intellectual disabilities experienced their sexual identities. Five LGBT people labelled with intellectual disabilities were interviewed, and data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis methodology.ResultsFour superordinate themes represented the following: common experiences of bullying/abuse, understanding sexualities, other's responses to intellectual disabilities and sexualities, and navigating acceptance.ConclusionsStrategies for coping with abuse maintained participant's engagement in local communities. Sexuality was often problematized by others despite being generally accepted by participants. Coming out was a continual process of decision‐making to facilitate safety and acceptance. To feel fully supported, participants desired holistic service provision sensitive to their sexuality and intellectual disability needs. Clinical and research implications are suggested.
‘Stability on the Borders’: The Ukraine Crisis and the EU's Constrained Policy Towards the Eastern Neighbourhood
Authors: Howorth Jolyon 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Ukraine crisis itself is, to some extent, the result of a flawed approach on the part of the EU to the strategic question of its relationships with its Eastern neighbours, an approach rendered more fraught by the parallel American enlargement of NATO. The EU has found itself constrained in its reaction to the Ukraine crisis by policies adopted over previous decades. In the first part, this article will situate the crisis in the historical context of the twin enlargements of the EU and NATO. Secondly, it will assess the consequences of the European neighbourhood policy in fostering the crisis. In the third part, this article will argue that, during the crisis itself, the EU acted in ways that were more constraining than enabling. Finally, the article will evaluate the EU's response in terms of the criteria laid out in the Introductory Framework to this Special Issue.