bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Ice Nuclei Efficiency on Arctic Mixed-Phase Clouds from Large-Eddy Simulations
Authors: Fu Shizuo , Xue Huiwen 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The effects of ice nuclei (IN) efficiency on the persistent ice formation in Arctic mixed-phase clouds (AMCs) are investigated using a large-eddy simulation model, coupled to a bin microphysics scheme with a prognostic IN formulation. In the three cases where the IN efficiency is high, ice formation and IN depletion are fast. When the IN concentration is 1 and 10 g−1, IN are completely depleted and the cloud becomes purely liquid phase before the end of the 24-h simulation. When the IN concentration is 100 g−1, the IN supply is sufficient but the liquid water is completely consumed so that the cloud dissipates quickly. In the three cases when the IN efficiency is low, ice formation is negligible in the first several hours but becomes significant as the temperature is decreased through longwave cooling. Before the end of the simulation, the cloud is in mixed phase when the IN concentration is 1 and 10 g−1 but dissipates when the IN concentration is 100 g−1. In the case where two types of IN are considered, ice formation persists throughout the simulation. Analysis shows that as the more efficient IN are continuously removed through ice formation, the less efficient IN gradually nucleate more ice crystals because the longwave cooling decreases the cloud temperature. This mechanism is further illustrated with a simple model. These results indicate that a spectrum of IN efficiency is necessary to maintain the persistent ice formation in AMCs.
A Robust Null Hypothesis for the Potential Causes of Megadrought in Western North America
Authors: Ault Toby R. , St. George Scott , Smerdon Jason E. , Coats Sloan , Mankin Justin S. , Carrillo Carlos M. , Cook Benjamin I. , Stevenson Samantha 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The western United States was affected by several megadroughts during the last 1200 years, most prominently during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; 800 to 1300 CE). A null hypothesis is developed to test the possibility that, given a sufficiently long period of time, these events are inevitable and occur purely as a consequence of internal climate variability. The null distribution of this hypothesis is populated by a linear inverse model (LIM) constructed from global sea surface temperature anomalies and self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index data for North America. Despite being trained only on seasonal data from the late twentieth century, the LIM produces megadroughts that are comparable in their duration, spatial scale, and magnitude to the most severe events of the last 12 centuries. The null hypothesis therefore cannot be rejected with much confidence when considering these features of megadrought, meaning that similar events are possible today, even without any changes to boundary conditions. In contrast, the observed clustering of megadroughts in the MCA, as well as the change in mean hydroclimate between the MCA and the 1500–2000 period, are more likely to have been caused by either external forcing or by internal climate variability not well sampled during the latter half of the twentieth century. Finally, the results demonstrate that the LIM is a viable tool for determining whether paleoclimate reconstructions events should be ascribed to external forcings or to “out of sample” climate mechanisms, or if they are consistent with the variability observed during the recent period.
Revisiting the Leading Drivers of Pacific Coastal Drought Variability in the Contiguous United States
Authors: Cook Benjamin I. , Williams A. Park , Mankin Justin S. , Seager Richard , Smerdon Jason E. , Singh Deepti 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Coastal droughts that simultaneously affect California, Oregon, and Washington are rare, but they have extensive and severe impacts (e.g., wildfire and agriculture). To better understand these events, historical observations are used to investigate 1) drought variability along the Pacific coast of the contiguous United States and 2) years when extreme drought affects the entire coast. The leading pattern of cold-season (October–March) precipitation variability along the Pacific coast favors spatially coherent moisture anomalies, accounting for &gt;40% of the underlying variance, and is forced primarily by internal atmospheric dynamics. This contrasts with a much weaker dipole mode (~20% of precipitation variability) characterized by antiphased moisture anomalies across 40°N and strong correlations with tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Sixteen coastal-wide summer droughts occurred from 1895 to 2016 (clustering in the 1920s–1930s and post-2000), events most strongly linked with the leading precipitation mode and internal atmospheric variability. The frequency of landfalling atmospheric rivers south of 40°N is sharply reduced during coastal droughts but not north of this boundary, where their frequency is more strongly influenced by the dipole. The lack of a consistent pattern of SST forcing during coastal droughts suggests little potential for skillful seasonal predictions. However, their tendency to cluster in time and the impact of warming during recent droughts may help inform decadal and longer-term drought risks.
Effectiveness of Different Urban Heat Island Mitigation Methods and Their Regional Impacts
Authors: Zhang Ning , Chen Yan , Luo Ling , Wang Yongwei 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Cool roofs and green roofs are two popular methods to mitigate the urban heat island and improve urban climates. The effectiveness of different urban heat island mitigation strategies in the summer of 2013 in the Yangtze River delta, China, is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model coupled with a physically based single-layer urban canopy model. The modifications to the roof surface changed the urban surface radiation balance and then modified the local surface energy budget. Both cool roofs and green roofs led to a lower surface skin temperature and near-surface air temperature. Increasing the roof albedo to 0.5 caused a similar effectiveness as covering 25% of urban roofs with vegetation; increasing the roof albedo to 0.7 caused a similar near-surface air temperature decrease as 50% green roof coverage. The near-surface relative humidity increased in both cool roof and green roof experiments because of the combination of the impacts of increases in specific humidity and decreases in air temperature. The regional impacts of cool roofs and green roofs were evaluated using a regional effect index. A regional impact was found for near-surface air temperature and specific/relative humidity when the percentage of roofs covered with high-albedo materials or green roofs reached a higher fraction (greater than 50%). The changes in the vertical profiles of temperature cause a more stable atmospheric boundary layer over the urban area; at the same time, the crossover phenomena occurred above the boundary layer due to the decrease in vertical wind speed.
Validation of IMERG Precipitation in Africa
Authors: Dezfuli Amin K. , Ichoku Charles M. , Huffman George J. , Mohr Karen I. , Selker John S. , van de Giesen Nick , Hochreutener Rebecca , Annor Frank O. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Understanding of hydroclimatic processes in Africa has been hindered by the lack of in situ precipitation measurements. Satellite-based observations, in particular, the TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) have been pivotal to filling this void. The recently released Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) project aims to continue the legacy of its predecessor, TMPA, and provide higher-resolution data. Here, IMERG-V04A precipitation data are validated using in situ observations from the Trans-African Hydro-Meteorological Observatory (TAHMO) project. Various evaluation measures are examined over a select number of stations in West and East Africa. In addition, continent-wide comparisons are made between IMERG and TMPA. The results show that the performance of the satellite-based products varies by season, region, and the evaluation statistics. The precipitation diurnal cycle is relatively better captured by IMERG than TMPA. Both products exhibit a better agreement with gauge data in East Africa and humid West Africa than in the southern Sahel. However, a clear advantage for IMERG is not apparent in detecting the annual cycle. Although all gridded products used here reasonably capture the annual cycle, some differences are evident during the short rains in East Africa. Direct comparison between IMERG and TMPA over the entire continent reveals that the similarity between the two products is also regionally heterogeneous. Except for Zimbabwe and Madagascar, where both satellite-based observations present a good agreement, the two products generally have their largest differences over mountainous regions. IMERG seems to have achieved a reduction in the positive bias evident in TMPA over Lake Victoria.
What happens during early outpatient palliative care consultations for persons with newly diagnosed advanced cancer? A qualitative analysis of provider documentation
Authors: Bagcivan Gulcan , Dionne-Odom J Nicholas , Frost Jennifer , Plunkett Margaret , Stephens Lisa A , Bishop Peggy , Taylor Richard A , Li Zhongze , Tucker Rodney , Bakitas Marie 
Published: September 2017

Background: Early outpatient palliative care consultations are recommended by clinical oncology guidelines globally. Despite these recommendations, it is unclear which components should be included in these encounters. Aim: Describe the evaluation and treatment recommendations made in early outpatient palliative care consultations. Design: Outpatient palliative care consultation chart notes were qualitatively coded and frequencies tabulated. Setting/participants: Outpatient palliative care consultations were automatically triggered as part of an early versus delayed randomized controlled trial (November 2010 to April 2013) for patients newly diagnosed with advanced cancer living in the rural Northeastern US. Results: In all, 142 patients (early = 70; delayed = 72) had outpatient palliative care consultations. The top areas addressed in these consultations were general evaluations—marital/partner status (81.7%), spirituality/emotional well-being (80.3%), and caregiver/family support (79.6%); symptoms—mood (81.7%), pain (73.9%), and cognitive/mental status (68.3%); general treatment recommendations—counseling (39.4%), maintaining current medications (34.5%), and initiating new medication (23.9%); and symptom-specific treatment recommendations—pain (22.5%), constipation (12.7%), depression (12.0%), advanced directive completion (43.0%), identifying a surrogate (21.8%), and discussing illness trajectory (21.1%). Compared to the early group, providers were more likely to evaluate general pain ( p = 0.035) and hospice awareness ( p = 0.005) and discuss/recommend hospice ( p = 0.002) in delayed group participants. Conclusion: Outpatient palliative care consultations for newly diagnosed advanced cancer patients can address patients’ needs and provide recommendations on issues that might not otherwise be addressed early in the disease course. Future prospective studies should ascertain the value of early outpatient palliative care consultations that are automatically triggered based on diagnosis or documented symptom indicators versus reliance on oncologist referral.
Factors determining perceptions of fairness in access to hospital outpatient departments in Taiwan
Authors: Lu Ta-Ping , Rau Pei-Luen Patrick , Guo Zhi , Chen Cui-Ling 
Published: September 2017

Objectives To investigate the effects of four factors on perceptions of fairness in access to outpatient services: proportions of walk-in versus scheduled registration, consultation queues, regulations for late patients and particular categories of patients getting better access. Methods A total of 124 young adults were asked to consider nine different scenarios and report their views of the fairness of each one. Results As regards the balance of types of patients, 60% walk-in registration was seen as fair to both walk-in and scheduled patients. The fairness to both types of patients was higher in the queue with a 1:1 ratio of walk-in to scheduled patients. The policy that a late patient should wait for three on-time patients to be seen was considered to be fair to both on-time and late patients. Immediate consultation for some particular categories of patient (e.g. the elderly) was fair, but for other categories was unfair (e.g. paying an addition amount). Conclusions Fairness in outpatient care is based on equality and need principles. Shorter waiting time does not mean patients view the system as fairer.
Psychometric properties of HeartQoL, a core heart disease-specific health-related quality of life questionnaire, in Danish implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients
Authors: Zangger Graziella , Zwisler Ann-Dorthe , Kikkenborg Berg Selina , Kristensen Marie S , Grønset Charlotte N , Uddin Jamal , Pedersen Susanne S , Oldridge Neil B , Thygesen Lau C 
Published: September 2017

Background Patient-reported health-related quality of life is increasingly used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and as a performance measure to evaluate quality of care. The objective of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Danish HeartQoL questionnaire, a core heart disease-specific health-related quality of life questionnaire, in implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients. Design This study involved cross-sectional and test-retest study designs. Method Implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients in the cross-sectional study completed the HeartQoL, the Short-Form 36 Health Survey, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The HeartQoL structure, construct-related validity (convergent and discriminative) and reliability (internal consistency) were assessed. HeartQoL reproducibility (test-retest) was assessed in an independent sample of implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients. Results Mokken scale analysis supported the bi-dimensional structure of HeartQoL among 358 implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients. Convergent ( r > 0.72) and discriminative validity were confirmed. The HeartQoL scales demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.90). Test-retest reliability (two weeks interval) was assessed in 89 implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients and found to be acceptable for each scale (intra-class correlation > 0.90). Conclusion The Danish HeartQoL questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory key psychometric attributes of validity and reliability in this implantable cardioverter defibrillator population. This study adds support for the HeartQoL as a core heart-specific health-related quality of life questionnaire in a broad group of patients with heart disease including implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients.
Synthesis and crystal structure of C2/c Ca(Co,Mg)Si2O6 pyroxenes: effect of the cation substitution on cell volume
Authors: Gori C. , Tribaudino M. , Mantovani L. , Gatta G. D. , Delmonte D. , Gilioli E. , Mezzadri F. , Calestani G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA series of clinopyroxenes along the CaMgSi2O6–CaCoSi2O6 join was synthesized by quenching from melts at 1500°C and subsequent annealing at 1250°C (at 0.0001 GPa). This protocol proved to be the most effective to obtain homogenous, impurity-free and stoichiometric pyroxenes. Electron microprobe analyses in energy dispersive mode were conducted and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data were collected on Ca (CoxMg1-x)Si2O6 pyroxenes with x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6. Effects of cation substitution at the M1 site are described. The experimental findings of this study allow us to extend the comparative analysis of the structural features of pyroxenes with divalent cations at the M1 and M2 sites.
Currierite, Na4Ca3MgAl4(AsO3OH)12·9H2O, a new acid arsenate with ferrinatrite-like heteropolyhedral chains from the Torrecillas mine, Iquique Province, Chile
Authors: Kampf Anthony R. , Mills Stuart J. , Nash Barbara P. , Dini Maurizio , Molina Donoso Arturo A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe new mineral currierite (IMA2016-030), Na4Ca3MgAl4(AsO3OH)12·9H2O, was found at the Torrecillas mine, Iquique Province, Chile, where it occurs as a secondary alteration phase in association with anhydrite, canutite, chudobaite, halite, lavendulan, magnesiokoritnigite, quartz, scorodite and torrecillasite. Currierite occurs as hexagonal prisms, needles and hair-like fibres up to ∼200 μm long, in sprays. The crystal forms are ﹛100﹜ and ﹛001﹜. Crystals are transparent, with vitreous to silky lustre and white streak. The Mohs hardness is ∼2, tenacity is brittle, but elastic in very thin fibres, and the fracture is irregular. Crystals exhibit at least one good cleavage parallel [001]. The measured density is 3.08(2) g cm -3 and the calculated density is 3.005 g cm -3. Optically, currierite is uniaxial (–) with ω= 1.614(1) and ε= 1.613(1) (measured in white light). The mineral is slowly soluble in dilute HCl at room temperature. The empirical formula, determined from electron-microprobe analyses, is (Na3.95A12.96Ca2.74Mg1.28Fe0.633+Cu0.13K0.08Co0.03Σ11.80 (AS11.685+Sb0.325+Σ12(O56.96Cl0.04)Σ57H30.81. Currierite is hexagonal, P622, with a = 12.2057(9), c = 9.2052(7) Å, V= 1187.7(2) Å3 and Z = 1. The eight strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]: 10.63(100)(100), 6.12(20)(110), 5.30(15)(200), 4.61(24)(002), 4.002(35)(210), 3.474(29)(202), 3.021(96)(212) and 1.5227(29)(440,334,612). The structure of currierite (R1 = 2.27% for 658 Fo > 4σF reflections) is based upon a heteropolyhedral chain along c in which AlO6 octahedra are triple-linked by sharing corners with AsO3OH tetrahedra. Chains are linked to one another by bonds to 8(4 + 4)-coordinated Na and 8-coordinated Ca forming a three-dimensional framework with large cavities that contain rotationally disordered Mg(H2O)6 octahedra. The chain in the structure of currierite is identical to that in kaatialaite and a geometrical isomer of that in ferrinatrite. The mineral is named in honour of Mr. Rock Henry Currier (1940–2015), American mineral dealer, collector, author and lecturer.
Long-term safety and efficacy of emicizumab in a phase 1/2 study in patients with hemophilia A with or without inhibitors
Authors: Shima Midori , Hanabusa Hideji , Taki Masashi , Matsushita Tadashi , Sato Tetsuji , Fukutake Katsuyuki , Kasai Ryu , Yoneyama Koichiro , Yoshida Hiroki , Nogami Keiji 
Published: September 2017

Key Points
Long-term, once-weekly emicizumab was well tolerated with no thromboembolic adverse events in patients with hemophilia A. Long-term, once-weekly emicizumab shows encouraging efficacy irrespective of the presence of FVIII inhibitors in patients with hemophilia A.
Bacterial vaginosis
Authors: Hay Phillip 
Published: September 2017

Bacterial vaginosis is the most prevalent cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age. It can have a major impact on quality of life and psychological wellbeing if frequently recurrent and strongly symptomatic. The use of molecular techniques to study the vaginal microbiome is increasing our understanding of the dynamic changes in flora that occur in health and disease. It might soon be possible to separate Gardnerella into different pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. Many groups are studying compounds that can disrupt the biofilm which is dominated by Gardnerella and Atopobium vaginae. Several studies in the last decade support the concept of bacterial vaginosis as a sexually transmitted infection.
A foreign hotel in London – the history of Hilton’s negotiation of legitimacy in the Swinging Sixties
Authors: Czyzewska Barbara , Roper Angela 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Whilst theories of business internationalization assert that foreignness poses challenges to multinational companies’ subsidiaries operating abroad, historical study of Hilton International’s expansion in the 1960s suggests otherwise. In its early internationalization Hilton International transferred abroad its institutional ownership advantages including corporate philosophy and culture, its practices, policies, processes and work systems and product design. Despite claims of social embeddedness, the London Hilton was perceived to be a typically American hotel. Analysis of Hilton’s expansion strategy suggests that the company used its foreignness as a differentiating factor. This article contributes towards the limited business history research in the area of internationalization and knowledge transference. Historical analysis of Hilton’s internationalization contradicts the institutionalism’s assumption that multinationals must adapt to local institutional settings. This article enhances the notion that playing the ‘foreignness’ game can lead to a comparative global advantage.
Reviews
Authors: Young Elizabeth Drummond , Stafford Patrick , Kuchler Karin , Mackiewicz Alison 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The Gift of the Other: Levinas, Derrida and a Theology of Hospitality, Andrew Shepherd (2014) Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, xi + 264 pp., ISBN: 9781620327661, p/bk, $30.00
Prison Food in America, Erika Camplin (2017) Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, vii + 137 pp., ISBN: 9781442253476, h/bk, $38.00
Europe after Derrida: Crisis and Potentiality, Agnes Czajka and Bora Isyar (eds) (2014) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, xi + 170 pp., ISBN: 9780748683369, h/bk, £65.00
Drinking Dilemmas: Space, Culture, Identity, Thomas Thurnell-Read (ed.) (2016) Abingdon: Routledge, xv + 220 pp., ISBN: 9781138931145, h/bk, £90.00
Growth response of improved native breeds of chicken to diets differed in energy and protein content
Authors: Hidayat Cecep , Iskandar Sofjan , Sartika Tike , Wardhani T. 
Published: September 2017

The aim of doing this experiment was to observe the growth response of improved native breeds of chicken under diets differed in energy and protein content. Three groups of improved native breeds, obtained from mating of ♂KUB to ♀KUB (Line 1), of ♂SenSi to ♀KUB (Line 2) and of ♂Gaok x ♀KUB (Line 3), were subjected to three experimental diets, differed in metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) content. The experimental diets consisted of Diet 1 (2,800 kcal ME/ kg with 17,81% CP), Diet 2 (2,950 kcal ME/ kg with 18,61% CP) and Diet 3 (3,100 kcal ME/ kg with 19,25% CP). The experiment was designed as factorial 3 x 3 with 7 replications of each treatment combination, consisted of 5 birds per treatment combination. The chickens were raised up to 10 weeks of age. Results of the experiment showed that Line 2 (♂SenSi mated to ♀KUB) had highest body weight at 10 weeks of age (P&lt;0.05), lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and highest European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF), compared to other two lines. The appropriate diet for Line 2 was Diet 2. It could be concluded the crossbred line that was resulted from crossing of ♂SenSi to ♀KUB (Line 2), had potential to be used as improved native chicken for the industry in Indonesia supported by appropriate diet containing 2,950 kcal ME/kg with 18.61% crude protein.