Abstract B20: Schedule-dependent activation of DNA helicases by Checkpoint Kinase 1 inhibition following dNTP depletion causes CDK2-independent replication catastrophe
Authors: Warren Nicholas JH , Eastman Alan R. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
DNA damaging agents are standard of care therapies for many cancers, but frequently produce poor outcomes in many patients. Using DNA damage checkpoint inhibitors to sensitize cancer cells to standard therapies is a rapidly emerging strategy. Understanding the mechanism behind sensitization will help clinicians develop rational combinations and schedules to improve cancer care. Additionally, understanding how defects in the DNA damage response affect treatment outcomes may help identify which patients will respond to treatment. We have previously demonstrated that inhibition of Checkpoint Kinase 1 (Chk1) with MK8776 sensitizes cells to the DNA damaging agent, gemcitabine, in a schedule-dependent manner. However, the mechanism of sensitization as well as the reason why sensitization increases with time following gemcitabine are not well understood. Gemcitabine inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and rapidly depletes deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) leading to S phase arrest. We found that delayed (18-24 h), but not concurrent (0-6 h), Chk1 inhibition following gemcitabine activated the replication machinery. Using chromatin fractionation and western blotting, we found that the helicase co-factor, CDC45, is recruited to DNA during delayed Chk1i after gemcitabine. However, the continued lack of dNTPs prevented functional DNA replication during activation of replicative helicases. This resulted in formation of excessive single-stranded DNA as measured by native BrdU fluorescent microscopy. Consequently, excess single-stranded DNA depleted cellular pools of the DNA protective protein, Replication Protein A. We also confirmed that the treatment results in DNA double-strand breaks, presumably from endonuclease cleavage of unprotected single-stranded DNA. Cyclin Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2) is a known down-stream target of Chk1 activity. CDK2 is also known to play a role in activating the replicative machinery during normal replication. However, titrating in a CDK2 inhibitor did not prevent activation of replicative helicases, suggesting CDK2 is not required for DNA damage in this model. We identified a separate replication-associated kinase, CDC7, was required for DNA damage mediated by delayed Chk1i following gemcitabine. Treatment with CDC7i prevented Chk1i-mediated activation of the replicative helicases as well as DNA damage 18 h after gemcitabine. We conclude that CDC7-mediated aberrant activation of the replication machinery in the absence of dNTPs is the primary mechanism by which Chk1 inhibitors sensitize cancer cells to gemcitabine.
Citation Format: Nicholas JH Warren, Alan R. Eastman. Schedule-dependent activation of DNA helicases by Checkpoint Kinase 1 inhibition following dNTP depletion causes CDK2-independent replication catastrophe [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on DNA Repair: Tumor Development and Therapeutic Response; 2016 Nov 2-5; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2017;15(4_Suppl):Abstract nr B20.