bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection methods of main circuit parameters for modular multilevel converters
Authors: Xu Zheng , Xiao Huangqing , Zhang Zheren 
Published: February 2016

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) will be used in power systems more and more widely. The main circuit parameter design of the MMC impacts the initial investment and the operating performance of the system. In this study the parameter design problem of several important elements in the main circuit of the MMC, such as the link transformer, the arm reactor, the sub‐module (SM) capacitor and the SM power electronic devices are analysed. Based on the fundamental equivalent circuit of the MMC, the design method for the rated valve side no‐load voltage of the link transformer is proposed; and the variation range of the rated valve side no‐load voltage is determined as (1.00–1.05)/2 times of the DC side voltage. By introducing the concept of the equivalent capacity discharging time constant H, the nearly constant relationship between the fluctuation ratio of the SM capacitor voltage and the H‐value for different projects is discovered, which means the H‐value is independent of particular projects. In this study, the corresponding parameters of several practical projects are analysed and the recommended H‐value is given as 40 ms. The voltage and current stress of the SM power electronic devices is investigated for the four extreme operating conditions by the analytical formulae of the MMC; and it is discovered that the current stress of the SM power electronic devices changes greatly with the operating condition. By introducing the concepts of the phase unit series resonance frequency and the circulating current resonance frequency, the principle for designing the parameter of the arm inductor is established. Through analysing the corresponding parameters of several real projects, the recommended value of the phase unit series resonance frequency is given as the rated frequency of the connected AC system.
Étude terminographique descriptive, systématique et bilingue dans le domaine des aliments fonctionnels et des nutraceutiques
Authors: Le Poder Marie-Evelyne 
Published: February 2016

Les nouvelles tendances alimentaires observées ces dernières années ont montré un intérêt croissant des populations pour une alimentation saine et équilibrée, c’est-à-dire, fonctionnelle, ayant contribué à l’apparition d’un nouvel axe de recherche dans les domaines des sciences des aliments et de la nutrition : le domaine des aliments fonctionnels et des nutraceutiques. Susceptible d’offrir de nouveaux débouchés sur le marché de la traduction, ce domaine constitue un terrain privilégié pour la formation de traducteurs/trices mais aussi pour les professionnels/elles du secteur. Ledit domaine a donné lieu à la réalisation d’un travail terminographique systématique de type descriptif et bilingue dont nous exposons ici des résultats partiaux. Le présent travail s’articule autour de cinq parties : cadre théorique de la recherche ; objectifs poursuivis ; méthodologie utilisée ; exposition de résultats partiaux de la recherche ; présentation d’un glossaire espagnol-français.
Comparing heritage speakers and late L2-learners of European Portuguese
Authors: Santos Ana Lúcia , Flores Cristina 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study compares the performance of Portuguese-German heritage children and adult L2 speakers of European Portuguese whose L1 is German with respect to two aspects of grammar, adverb placement and VP-ellipsis, which depend on a core syntactic property of the language, verb movement. The results show that both groups have acquired V-to-I and adverb placement, showing no influence of a V2 grammar. Performance in the VP-ellipsis task is more complex: heritage children produce VP-ellipsis at the level of controls, as opposed to L2 speakers; however, both L2 and heritage speakers show that cross-linguistic influence may produce a preference for pronoun substitution over VP-ellipsis in a task asking for redundancy resolution. Nevertheless, given that overall results show that heritage children perform at the level of L1 children, we take our results to support approaches to heritage bilingualism which suggest the development of an intact grammar in childhood.
2. Peer interaction and metacognitive instruction in the EFL classroom
Authors: Fujii Akiko , Ziegler Nicole , Mackey Alison 
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines the effects of metacognitive instruction on the provision and use of interactional opportunities in learner-learner interactions in the task-based EFL classroom. Learners (N = 39) drawn from three intact speaking classes in an intensive academic EFL program were divided into a treatment group and a control group. Learners in both groups completed a pretest and posttest. The treatment group participated in a metacognitive instruction session, which demonstrated to learners the benefits of interactional feedback and presented tips and practice on how to provide feedback to their peers. Overall, findings indicate that metacognitive instruction led to greater provision and use of interactional feedback in subsequent interactions, and that learners recognized the benefits for their second language learning.
Genomics in agriculture.
Authors: Kaur R. , Shilpa Shilpa , Kumar K. , Sharma N. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Plant breeders mainly rely on phenotypic selection for the improvement of plant varieties. However, with the advent of molecular markers in the early 1980s, it became possible to select desirable traits more directly. Molecular markers, primarily DNA markers, are sections of the genome of the organisms that are used for recognition of a larger area of the genome. The genome represents the sum of all the genes in an organism and the study of the whole genome is known as genomics which comprises both structural as well as functional aspect of genomics. The first DNA-based genetic marker was restriction fragment length polymorphism. A molecular marker can either be located within the gene of interest or be linked to a gene determining a trait of interest. Easily detectable DNA markers can now be used in plant breeding through marker-assisted selection (MAS) for the development of improved varieties based on the genotype of plants rather than assessing the phenotype only. In addition, DNA markers are also used for germplasm evaluation, genetic diagnostics, phylogenetic analysis, study of genome organization and screening of transformants. The breeding strategies of MAS used most frequently for introgression of genes from breeding lines or wild relatives to cultivated species are: marker-assisted back-crossing, marker-assisted recurrent selection, advanced backcross-quantitative trait loci and pyramiding of genes. Current breeding objectives, for which MAS is regularly utilized in crops are mainly, disease and pest resistance and secondarily yield improvement, quality traits, and abiotic stress resistance.
International instructional systems: social studies
Authors: Brant Jacek , Chapman Arthur , Isaacs Tina 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on research conducted as part of the International Instructional System Study that explored five subject areas across nine jurisdictions in six high‐performing countries. The Study's overall aim was to understand what, if anything, there is in common in the curricula and assessment arrangements among the high‐performing jurisdictions to see if there are aspects of instructional system design that might account, in part, for high performance. This paper focuses on social studies which in most jurisdictions includes elements of history, geography and citizenship and highlights a number of emerging issues. These include the advantages and disadvantages of teaching history and geography separately or within a social studies programme; the extent to which key concepts are embedded within the social studies/history/geography curricula; whether the level of demand should be considered in terms of a generic taxonomy or in terms of subject specific models; how progression might be defined and considerations of an appropriate balance between teacher assessment and external assessment.
Cas-Database: web-based genome-wide guide RNA library design for gene knockout screens using CRISPR-Cas9
Authors: Park Jeongbin , Kim Jin-Soo , Bae Sangsu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMotivation: CRISPR-derived RNA guided endonucleases (RGENs) have been widely used for both gene knockout and knock-in at the level of single or multiple genes. RGENs are now available for forward genetic screens at genome scale, but single guide RNA (sgRNA) selection at this scale is difficult.Results: We develop an online tool, Cas-Database, a genome-wide gRNA library design tool for Cas9 nucleases from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9). With an easy-to-use web interface, Cas-Database allows users to select optimal target sequences simply by changing the filtering conditions. Furthermore, it provides a powerful way to select multiple optimal target sequences from thousands of genes at once for the creation of a genome-wide library. Cas-Database also provides a web application programming interface (web API) for advanced bioinformatics users.Availability and implementation: Free access at http://www.rgenome.net/cas-database/.Contact: sangsubae@hanyang.ac.kr or jskim01@snu.ac.krSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Effects of high pCO2 on Tanner crab reproduction and early life history, Part II: carryover effects on larvae from oogenesis and embryogenesis are stronger than direct effects
Authors: Long W. Christopher , Swiney Katherine M. , Foy Robert J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAnthropogenic CO2 release is increasing the pCO2 in the atmosphere and oceans and causing a decrease in the pH of the oceans. This decrease in pH, known as ocean acidification, can have substantial negative effects on marine life. In this study, we use wild-brooded larvae and larvae from females held in treatment pH for two brooding cycles over 2 years to detect carryover effects from oogenesis and embryogenesis. Ovigerous females were held at three pHs: ∼8.1 (Ambient), 7.8, and 7.5. Exposure to acidified conditions at the larval stage alone had minimal effects on the larvae, possibly because larvae may be adapted to living in an environment with large pH swings. Exposure of Tanner crab larvae to low pH during the embryo phase had a more substantial effect on morphology, size, Ca/Mg content, and metabolic rate than exposure during the larval phase, and maternal exposure during the oogenesis phase increased the carryover effect. Although the larval phase itself is resilient to low pH, carryover effects are likely to have a negative effect on larvae in the wild. These results, combined with negative effects of high pCO2 at other life history stages, indicate that high pCO2 may have a negative effect on the Tanner crab populations and fisheries soon.
Emergency Neuroimaging of Intracranial Infection, Inflammation, and Demyelination
Authors: Siegel Cory D. , Schaefer Pamela W. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes the cross-sectional neuroimaging manifestations of the most common infectious, inflammatory, and demyelinating pathologies that radiologists may encounter in the emergency setting. Clinical features and relevant CT and MRI findings of common intracranial pyogenic, viral, mycobacterial, and parasitic infections are discussed in detail. The neuroimaging of demyelinating processes such as multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) are also described, as are inflammatory conditions such as neurosarcoidosis. We provide radiologists with a framework to evaluate emergency neuroimaging cases. We provide example cases to complement the discussion, with note made of imaging findings, differential considerations, and important key features that are essential to successfully evaluating these examinations.
Soft Tissue Neck Infections and Inflammation
Authors: Hito Rania , Abujudeh Hani H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This chapter outlines the essential anatomy required to accurately describe and diagnose infections and inflammatory processes involving the face and soft tissues of the neck. Common emergency infectious and inflammatory processes involving the face and soft tissues of the neck are reviewed. Differential diagnoses based on location and appearance are detailed. As timely recognition of complications such as internal jugular vein thrombosis, mediastinitis, and airway compromise is imperative, the critical complications are listed and examples are given.
Nontraumatic Spinal Emergencies
Authors: Borja Maria J. , Rapalino Otto 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Non-traumatic emergencies of the spine include conditions resulting in acute or rapid development of neurological symptoms pertaining to the spinal cord from either intrinsic or extrinsic cord pathology, and that require prompt treatment to prevent further or irreversible neurological dysfunction. Non-traumatic spinal emergencies can be grouped into three main clinical categories: Compressive myelopathy, acute non-compressive myelopathy, and vertebral infection. Myelopathy is a generic term used to describe signs and symptoms of spinal cord dysfunction secondary to a lesion affecting the cord. Acute compressive myelopathy is usually a neurosurgical emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and management to avoid permanent neurological deficit.
Traumatic Disorders of the Chest
Authors: Lo Hao S. , Marone Louis , Hayim Morris , Abujudeh Hani H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Thoracic trauma generally refers to injury to the thoracic (chest) cavity, which includes structures of the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, neuroendocrine, and lymphatic systems. Thoracic trauma accounts for approximately 25% of all traumatic injuries in the United States, second only to head trauma. Blunt trauma refers to injury caused by direct impact or a non-penetrating force. Penetrating trauma refers to injury caused by a foreign object entering the body.
Urolithiasis
Authors: Uyeda Jennifer W. , Harisinghani Mukesh 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis are formed by crystallization of supersaturated materials in the urine that form stones. They can form in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. The prevalence is increasing, and 1.2 million Americans are affected annually. The rate of recurrence is high, up to 50% within 5-10 years and 75% within 20 years.
Emergencies of the Pelvis
Authors: Bolar Divya S. , Huang Ambrose J. , Abujudeh Hani H. , Chang Connie Y. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Most pelvic fractures are due to high-energy trauma, and they range from minor injuries to prehospital death (the patient is dead on arrival). In the United States, the annual incidence of pelvic fractures is estimated at 37 per 100,000 individuals. General categories of pelvic fractures include acetabular fractures, unstable pelvic ring fractures, stable pelvic fractures without ring disruption, and avulsion fractures.
Emergencies of the Hand
Authors: Bolar Divya S. , Chang Connie Y. , Abujudeh Hani H. , Huang Ambrose J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Hand injuries are the most common upper extremity injuries seen in the Emergency Department. Conventional radiography is the imaging approach of choice for initial evaluation. This chapter first provides an overview of the radiographic hand anatomy and formulates a systematic approach for evaluating osseous, ligamentous, and tendinous injury on multiple views. A discussion of unique radiographic features for fractures and ligamentous and tendinous injury types follows. This is divided into phalangeal avulsion fractures, osseous and ligamentous injuries of the thumb, metacarpal-neck fractures, and tuft fractures. Injury mechanisms, management strategies, associated complications, and the role of additional imaging with CT/MRI are also briefly discussed. Finally, “not to miss” injuries are highlighted, with emphasis on the associated imaging findings.
Pediatric Hip Pain
Authors: Balza Rene , Shailam Randheer 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Hip pain in children is a common cause of visits to emergency departments and orthopedic offices; it can be caused by many different clinical entities, which include trauma, infection, tumor, rheumatological disease, and internal joint derangement. One of the most common causes of pain is transient synovitis, which is a benign, self-limiting condition; it may be undistinguishable, however, from more serious conditions like septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.
Aortic and Other Vascular Emergencies
Authors: Omer Dara , Mansouri Mohammad , Abujudeh Hani H. , Nicola Refky 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Arterial and vascular emergencies are important to recognize because they have a significant effect on the acute care patients in the emergency room. This chapter discusses both the urgent and chronic conditions, which can have serious complications such as rupture or end-organ infarction. The most commonly encountered problems are aortic aneurysms, aortic dissection, and arterial occlusion. The less common conditions include subclavian steal syndrome, aortoenteric fistula, chronic mesenteric ischemia, and mycotic aneurysms. Both CT and MRI are important in the initial diagnosis and the management of patients in the emergency department.
Malpositioned Lines and Tubes
Authors: Whitesell Ryan T. , Abujudeh Hani H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Support lines and tubes, including central venous catheters (CVCs) and endotracheal, enteric, gastrostomy, and thoracostomy tubes, are commonly placed for both emergency and elective indications in a wide variety of clinical settings. Precise anatomical positioning is needed to ensure proper functioning and reduce the risk of complications that may be attributable to improper placement. By definition, a malpositioned line or tube is one that is not placed in appropriate proximity to expected anatomical landmarks that indicate that the device may be used safely and effectively. Malpositioned lines and tubes should be repositioned in a timely fashion.
Panoramic Radiograph and other Maxillofacial Imaging in the Emergency Setting
Authors: Grammer Rebecca L. , Abujudeh Hani H. , Troulis Maria J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Panoramic imaging is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of the facial structures that includes both maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures. This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography, and it is also based on the principle of the reciprocal movement of an X-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the ‘image layer,’ in which the object of interest is located. Panoramic radiographs include broad coverage of facial bones and teeth, with low radiation dose, and are useful in patients unable to open their mouth. Drawbacks including less fine detail of dental anatomy, and that patients must be able to sit up or stand for the image, precluding patients who are intubated, bed-bound, or unable to cooperate.
Biopsy Techniques for Melanoma
Authors: Yamamoto Maki , Zager Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In 2014, the incidence of cutaneous melanoma in the United States was 76,100, making it the fifth most common malignancy in males and seventh amongst females. Early diagnosis has clear implications for overall survival and depends on the liberal use of biopsies of suspicious cutaneous lesions. Proper surgical treatment of the primary tumor (determination of margins of excision) and the decision whether to surgically evaluate the regional nodal basin when it is clinically negative (by sentinel lymph node biopsy) both rely on precise preoperative assessment of primary tumor pathological factors. Accurate measurement of the Breslow thickness, as well as assessment for the presence of ulceration, mitotic rate (especially in thin ≤1 mm melanomas), amongst other primary tumor factors (lymphovascular invasion, satellitosis, regression, Clark’s level), all play a role in the surgical decision-making process. Debate continues regarding the optimal biopsy technique for the diagnosis and initial microstaging of melanoma.
Melanoma Staging and Risk Stratification
Authors: Philips Prejesh , Gabriel Emmanuel , Santillan Alfredo A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Melanoma staging has historically been a dynamic and continuously evolving process. It is based on the existing evidence of factors known to impact prognosis as well as deliver guided therapy. Over the last few decades, clinical melanoma-staging systems have incorporated a wide array of radiological and biochemical modalities. Staging systems are essential to clinicians in order to provide prognostic information to patients, develop tailored treatment strategies, and guide the evaluation of clinical trials. Melanoma staging has evolved as more prognostic factors are characterized. This chapter outlines the major developments in melanoma staging and their impact on current staging systems and risk stratification.
Impact of a Comparative Study on the Management of Scoliosis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Are Corticosteroids Decreasing the Rate of Scoliosis Surgery in the United States?
Authors: Raudenbush Brandon L. , Thirukumaran Caroline P. , Li Yue , Sanders James O. , Rubery Paul T. , Mesfin Addisu 
Published: February 2016

Study Design.
A cross-sectional analysis.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to determine whether the surgical treatment for scoliosis due to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has decreased over a recent 11-year period, specifically, after the wide acceptance of glucocorticoid treatment for DMD.

Summary of Background Data.
DMD can result in a flaccid neuromuscular scoliosis that has been traditionally treated surgically. In 2004, a comparative study demonstrated that glucocorticoid treatment decreased the progression of scoliosis in DMD.

Methods.
We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2001 to 2012 to identify patients with DMD undergoing spinal fusion. Demographic information (age, hospital size, location, geographic status) was collected. We examined the distribution of patient and hospital characteristics among cohorts undergoing spinal fusion from 2001 to 2004 (period 1; before publication of the comparative study), 2005 to 2008 (period 2; immediately following publication of the comparative study), and 2009 to 2012 (period 3; moderate duration following publication of the comparative study).

Results.
We identified 1874 males undergoing spinal fusion. During this period, the overall rate of DMD surgeries declined by 48%—from 1.87 surgeries in 2001 to 0.97 surgeries in 2012 per million US males per year. This decline was significantly pronounced following the publication of the comparative study [periods 2 and 3; For period 2 vs. period 1: incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.71, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.56–0.91, P = 0.01; For period 3 vs. period 1: IRR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.61–0.97, P = 0.03].

Conclusion.
Our study demonstrates a significant decrease in the rate of scoliosis surgery for DMD from 2001 to 2012. It appears that the decline in surgical treatment could be related to the publication and landmark study demonstrating decreased progression of scoliosis with glucocorticoid treatment.

Level of Evidence: 3