bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis of Ultrahigh‐Surface‐Area Hollow Carbon Nanospheres and their Application in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zeng Shao‐Zhong , Yao Yuechao , Huang Lin , Wu Hongliang , Peng Biaolin , Zhang Qi , Li Xiaohua , Yu Liang , Liu Shiyu , Tu Wenxuan , Lan Tongbin , Zeng Xierong , Zou Jizhao 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHollow carbon nanospheres (HCNs) with specific surface areas up to 2949 m2 g−1 and pore volume up to 2.9 cm3 g−1 were successfully synthesized from polyaniline‐co‐polypyrrole hollow nanospheres by carbonization and CO2 activation. The cavity diameter and wall thickness of HCNs can be easily controlled by activation time. Owing to their large inner cavity and enclosed structure, HCNs are desirable carriers for encapsulating sulfur. To better understand the effects of pore characteristics and sulfur contents on the performances of lithium‐sulfur batteries, three composites of HCNs and sulfur are prepared and studied in detail. The composites of HCNs with moderate specific surface areas and suitable sulfur content present a better performance. The first discharge capacity of this composite reaches 1401 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C. Even after 200 cycles, the discharge capacity remains at 626 mAh g−1.
MECHANISM ANALYSIS FOR THE DIFFERENCE IN SIMULATED TRACK OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MEGI (2010) WITH TWO PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER SCHEMES
Authors: Yu‐Xing WANG , Zhong ZHONG , Yuan SUN , Yi‐Jia HU 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe WRF model was employed to simulate super typhoon Megi (2010) with the YSU and MYJ planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes respectively. The sensitivity of the simulated tropical cyclone (TC) track to the PBL scheme was investigated, and the mechanism for the impact of the PBL scheme on TC track simulation was analyzed from the perspective of TC size. The results show that the description of the vertical mixing process with different schemes is the primary reason for the difference in the simulated lower‐level vertical transport of water vapor. Compared to the MYJ scheme, which could well reproduce Megi's track, the simulation with the YSU scheme produced more active outer spiral rainbands and larger TC size. Accordingly, the increased pressure gradient and radial wind led to more air mass transport from the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) to TC, resulting in a weakened WPSH and the large scale steering flow was changed subsequently. As a result, the simulated TC with the YSU scheme turned northward earlier than observation.
Ionic Liquids as “Masking” Solvents of the Relative Strength of Bases in Proton Transfer Reactions
Authors: Zappacosta Romina , Di Crescenzo Antonello , Ettorre Valeria , Fontana Antonella , Pierini Marco , Siani Gabriella 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEquilibrium constants for the proton transfer reaction between pyridines and trifluoroacetic acid were measured in room‐temperature ionic liquids (ILs) of different cation–anion compositions. The experimental equilibrium constants for ion‐pair formation were corrected according to the Fuoss equation. The calculated equilibrium constants for the formation of free ions were taken as a quantitative measure of the base strength in IL solutions and compared with the relative constants in water. The effect of IL composition is discussed for a series of fixed IL anions and fixed IL cations. Finally, the sensitivity of the proton transfer reaction to the electronic effects of the substituent groups on the pyridine ring was quantified by applying the Hammett equation. A more marked levelling effect on the base strength was observed in ILs than in water. The Hammett reaction constants ρ were then correlated with solvent parameters according to a multi‐parametric analysis, which showed that both specific hydrogen‐bond donor/acceptor and non‐specific interactions play an important role, with α and permittivity being the main parameters affecting the ability of the IL to differentiate the strength of the base.
An H2S‐Sensing/CO‐Releasing Flavonol That Operates via Logic Gates
Authors: Soboleva Tatiana , Benninghoff Abby D. , Berreau Lisa M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSignaling molecules, including H2S and CO, are involved in a complex interplay within cells to maintain cellular homeostasis. In order to investigate the intracellular interplay of different gasotransmitters, new molecular tools are needed that combine the sensing and release capabilities of different small molecules in a single, multifunctional, and highly regulated molecular platform. This report gives the first example of a combined H2S‐sensor/CO‐releasing molecule. This flavonol‐based molecular tool operates intracellularly via a highly regulated AND logic gated input–output sequence and provides fluorescent feedback for the H2S detection and CO release steps. This linear sequence can be combined with a fluorescent molecular sensor for CO detection via a third distinct emission. Overall, this is the first molecular framework that can combine the sensing of H2S with the controlled release of CO, two gaseous molecules that are known to exhibit reciprocal regulation and have overlapping targets in cellular environments.
Evaluation of the psychometric properties of “the Norwegian screening test for dyslexia”
Authors: Nergård‐Nilssen Trude , Eklund Kenneth 
Published: December 2017

The aim of this study was to develop and investigate the psychometric properties of a screening protocol for Norwegian students in upper secondary school. The protocol was designed to assess skills that are at stake in dyslexia. It was administered to 232 students. In the absence of a “gold standard,” comparisons were made between students who reported normal literacy skills (n = 184) and literacy problems (n = 48). Significant group differences were found across all areas. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated good discriminatory power. The screening protocol met the standards for reliability and validity. It has the potential to be a useful tool for teachers to identify students at risk for dyslexia and who thus need to be referred to a full diagnostic investigation.
Does wing reduction influence the relationship between altitude and insect body size? A case study using New Zealand's diverse stonefly fauna
Authors: McCulloch Graham A. , Waters Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractResearchers have long been intrigued by evolutionary processes that explain biological diversity. Numerous studies have reported strong associations between animal body size and altitude, but insect analyses have often yielded equivocal results. Here, we analyze a collection database of New Zealand's diverse endemic stonefly fauna (106 species across 21 genera) to test for relationships between altitude and plecopteran body size. This insect assemblage includes a variety of wing‐reduced (26 spp) and fully winged (80 spp) taxa and covers a broad range of altitudes (0–2,000 m). We detected significant relationships between altitude and body size for wing‐reduced, but not fully winged, stonefly taxa. These results suggest that, while the maintenance of flight apparatus might place a constraint on body size in some fully winged species, the loss of flight may free insects from this evolutionary constraint. We suggest that rapid switches in insect dispersal ability may facilitate rapid evolutionary shifts across a number of biological attributes and may explain the inconsistent results from previous macroecological analyses of insect assemblages.
Macroscale patterns of synchrony identify complex relationships among spatial and temporal ecosystem drivers
Authors: Lottig Noah R. , Tan Pang‐Ning , Wagner Tyler , Cheruvelil Kendra Spence , Soranno Patricia A. , Stanley Emily H. , Scott Caren E. , Stow Craig A. , Yuan Shuai 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEcology has a rich history of studying ecosystem dynamics across time and space that has been motivated by both practical management needs and the need to develop basic ideas about pattern and process in nature. In situations in which both spatial and temporal observations are available, similarities in temporal behavior among sites (i.e., synchrony) provide a means of understanding underlying processes that create patterns over space and time. We used pattern analysis algorithms and data spanning 22–25 yr from 601 lakes to ask three questions: What are the temporal patterns of lake water clarity at sub‐continental scales? What are the spatial patterns (i.e., geography) of synchrony for lake water clarity? And, what are the drivers of spatial and temporal patterns in lake water clarity? We found that the synchrony of water clarity among lakes is not spatially structured at sub‐continental scales. Our results also provide strong evidence that the drivers related to spatial patterns in water clarity are not related to the temporal patterns of water clarity. This analysis of long‐term patterns of water clarity and possible drivers contributes to understanding of broad‐scale spatial patterns in the geography of synchrony and complex relationships between spatial and temporal patterns across ecosystems.
Inhibition of Ion Transport through Gramicidin A Channels by the Addition of Local Anesthetic Procaine
Authors: Yamaguchi Takuya , Shirai Osamu , Kitazumi Yuki , Kano Kenji 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe blocking effects of the cationic procaine, a typical local anesthetic (LA), on ion transport through gramicidin A (gA) channels between two aqueous phases (W1 and W2) were electrochemically elucidated. Although the gA channels promoted the permeation of monovalent cations, especially Cs+, the addition of procaine to W1 decreased the permeation of Cs+ through these channels from W1 to W2. This can be explained based on the following mechanism. Hydrophobic cationic procaine tends to approach the pore of a gA channel. Since it is too large to enter the pore, it cannot pass through the channel. Thus, cationic procaine inhibits the permeation of Cs+ from W1 to W2 by competing with Cs+ for access to the entrances of the gA channels. It is postulated that the decrease in the apparent activity of Cs+ caused by this competition prevents ion transport through the gA channels.
Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Mills Kelly A. , Greene M. Claire , Dezube Rebecca , Goodson Carrie , Karmarkar Taruja , Pontone Gregory M. 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveTo systematically review and analyze the efficacy and tolerability of different antidepressant pharmacologic treatments for depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD)MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane database (CENTRAL), clinicaltrials.gov, and bibliographies for randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of antidepressant medications versus a non‐treatment, placebo, or active treatment groups for depressive symptoms in PD. Twenty of 3191 retrieved studies (1893 patients) were included, but not all could be meta‐analyzed. We used a random‐effects model meta‐analysis to compare depression scores between an active drug and placebo or control group then used a network meta‐analysis to compare the effectiveness of different antidepressant classes. The primary outcome was the efficacy of different classes of antidepressant medications in PD patients with depressive symptoms, measured by standardized mean difference (SMD) in depression score from baseline compared with control.ResultsPairwise meta‐analysis suggested that type B‐selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (SMD = −1.28, CI = −1.68, −0.88), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SMD = −0.49, CI = −0.93, −0.05), and tricyclics (SMD = −0.83, CI = −1.53, −0.13) are effective antidepressants in PD. Network meta‐analysis showed that monoamine oxidase inhibitors had the largest effect on depression in PD (SMD (vs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) = −0.78, CI = −1.55, −0.01), but these might not be considered traditional antidepressants given their type B selectivity.ConclusionsAlthough limited by few data, this review suggests that multiple antidepressant classes are potentially efficacious in the treatment of depression in PD, but that further comparative efficacy and tolerability research is needed.
Intrinsic functional connectivity of the central extended amygdala
Authors: Tillman Rachael M. , Stockbridge Melissa D. , Nacewicz Brendon M. , Torrisi Salvatore , Fox Andrew S. , Smith Jason F. , Shackman Alexander J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe central extended amygdala (EAc)—including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce)—plays a critical role in triggering fear and anxiety and is implicated in the development of a range of debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders. Although it is widely believed that these disorders reflect the coordinated activity of distributed neural circuits, the functional architecture of the EAc network and the degree to which the BST and the Ce show distinct patterns of functional connectivity is unclear. Here, we used a novel combination of imaging approaches to trace the connectivity of the BST and the Ce in 130 healthy, racially diverse, community‐dwelling adults. Multiband imaging, high‐precision registration techniques, and spatially unsmoothed data maximized anatomical specificity. Using newly developed seed regions, whole‐brain regression analyses revealed robust functional connectivity between the BST and Ce via the sublenticular extended amygdala, the ribbon of subcortical gray matter encompassing the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. Both regions displayed coupling with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), midcingulate cortex (MCC), insula, and anterior hippocampus. The BST showed stronger connectivity with the thalamus, striatum, periaqueductal gray, and several prefrontal territories. The only regions showing stronger functional connectivity with the Ce were neighboring regions of the dorsal amygdala, amygdalohippocampal area, and anterior hippocampus. These observations provide a baseline against which to compare a range of special populations, inform our understanding of the role of the EAc in normal and pathological fear and anxiety, and showcase image registration techniques that are likely to be useful for researchers working with “deidentified” neuroimaging data.
Leptin: A new therapeutic target for treatment of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Rehman Kanwal , Akash Muhammad Sajid Hamid , Alina Zunaira 
Published: December 2017

AbstractLeptin is an endogenous protein having 167 amino acids and is derived from adipocytes. It has tertiary structure that resembles with that of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines family. The fundamental role of leptin is to maintain the energy homeostasis with the aid of its counter hormone called ghrelin, known as the “hunger hormone.” Small quantities of leptin are also present in various tissues like ovary, placenta, pituitary gland, mammary gland, skeletal muscle, stomach, and lymphoid tissue. Expression of leptin is strongly associated with various inflammatory responses and immune system, and plays crucial role in the pathophysiology of obesity and development of diabetes mellitus (DM) and insulin resistance. The metabolic action of leptin is equally important as that of insulin in the pathophysiology of obesity and DM. Thereby, this review article tends to discuss the diverse and complicated role of leptin in the pathogenesis of DM. Furthermore, this article will highlight the signifying role of leptin as a therapeutic target by indicating the targeted treatment of DM through the appropriate understanding of advanced therapeutic approaches using leptin as a treatment strategy for DM.
AML1/ETO trans‐activates c‐KIT expression through the long range interaction between promoter and intronic enhancer
Authors: Tian Ying , Wang Genjie , Hu Qingzhu , Xiao Xichun , Chen Shuxia 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe AML1/ETO onco‐fusion protein is crucial for the genesis of t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is well documented as a transcriptional repressor through dominant‐negative effect. However, little is known about the transactivation mechanism of AML1/ETO. Through large cohort of patient's expression level data analysis and a series of experimental validation, we report here that AML1/ETO transactivates c‐KIT expression through directly binding to and mediating the long‐range interaction between the promoter and intronic enhancer regions of c‐KIT. Gene expression analyses verify that c‐KIT expression is significantly high in t(8;21) AML. Further ChIP‐seq analysis and motif scanning identify two regulatory regions located in the promoter and intronic enhancer region of c‐KIT, respectively. Both regions are enriched by co‐factors of AML1/ETO, such as AML1, CEBPe, c‐Jun, and c‐Fos. Further luciferase reporter assays show that AML1/ETO trans‐activates c‐KIT promoter activity through directly recognizing the AML1 motif and the co‐existence of co‐factors. The induction of c‐KIT promoter activity is reinforced with the existence of intronic enhancer region. Furthermore, ChIP‐3C‐qPCR assays verify that AML1/ETO mediates the formation of DNA‐looping between the c‐KIT promoter and intronic enhancer region through the long‐range interaction. Collectively, our data uncover a novel transcriptional activity mechanism of AML1/ETO and enrich our knowledge of the onco‐fusion protein mediated transcription regulation.
miR‐221 negatively regulates inflammation and insulin sensitivity in white adipose tissue by repression of sirtuin‐1 (SIRT1)
Authors: Peng Jie , Zhou Yuanfei , Deng Zhao , Zhang Hong , Wu Yinghui , Song Tongxing , Yang Yang , Wei Hongkui , Peng Jian 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIt is well known that obesity‐induced white adipose tissue inflammation is an important reason for insulin‐resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sirtuin‐1 (SIRT1) is an important regulator of inflammtion response pathways in white adipose tissue. Here, we found that miR‐221 negatively regulated SIRT1 in white adipose tissue during inflammation and HFD‐induced obesity. MiR‐221 is a putative oncogene which has been found overexpressed in a number of human tumors. Recently, it has also found that miR‐221 was increased in obese adipose tissue and may be involved in inflammation and insulin‐resistance. However the specific mechanism remains to be elucidated. In our present study, we found that overexpression of miR‐221 decreased the protein abundance of SIRT1 and caused inflammation and insulin‐resistance in differentiated 3T3‐L1 cells. Conversely, miR‐221 inhibition increased the protein levels, ameliorated inflammation, and improved insulin sensitivity. Moreover, inhibition of SIRT1 by EX527 significantly diminished the downregulation of the inflammation and insulin‐resistance levels induced by the miR‐221 inhibitor. In conclusion, our data suggest that miR‐221 promotes white adipose tissue inflammation and decreases insulin sensitivity in obesity, at least in part, through suppressing SIRT1.
Gender differences in the processes linking public stigma and self‐disclosure among college students with mental illness
Authors: Brown Robyn Lewis , Moloney Mairead Eastin , Brown Jordan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis study investigated predictors of self‐disclosure among college students with mental illness. Participants were 1,393 current college students with a mental illness at 5 universities. Moderated mediation tests were used to analyze the data. Findings of the analysis reveal that public stigma is associated with mental illness disclosure among college students in part because it is associated with an increased perceived stress burden, particularly among men. Implications for future research and program development are discussed, with an emphasis on how public stigma and gender ideologies inform students’ decisions to acknowledge and address a mental health problem.
Conductive Tough Hydrogel for Bioapplications
Authors: Javadi Mohammad , Gu Qi , Naficy Sina , Farajikhah Syamak , Crook Jeremy M. , Wallace Gordon G. , Beirne Stephen , Moulton Simon E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBiocompatible conductive tough hydrogels represent a new class of advanced materials combining the properties of tough hydrogels and biocompatible conductors. Here, a simple method, to achieve a self‐assembled tough elastomeric composite structure that is biocompatible, conductive, and with high flexibility, is reported. The hydrogel comprises polyether‐based liner polyurethane (PU), poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS), and liquid crystal graphene oxide (LCGO). The polyurethane hybrid composite (PUHC) containing the PEDOT:PSS, LCGO, and PU has a higher electrical conductivity (10×), tensile modulus (>1.6×), and yield strength (>1.56×) compared to respective control samples. Furthermore, the PUHC is biocompatible and can support human neural stem cell (NSC) growth and differentiation to neurons and supporting neuroglia. Moreover, the stimulation of PUHC enhances NSC differentiation with enhanced neuritogenesis compared to unstimulated cultures. A model describing the synergistic effects of the PUHC components and their influence on the uniformity, biocompatibility, and electromechanical properties of the hydrogel is presented.
Measured and Monte Carlo simulated surface dose reduction for superficial X‐rays incident on tissue with underlying air or bone
Authors: Baines John , Zawlodzka Sylwia , Markwell Tim , Chan Millicent 
Published: December 2017

PurposeMeasurement of surface dose reduction effects for superficial x‐rays incident on tissue with underlying air or bone and comparison with Monte Carlo simulations of such effects. Further to investigate the correlation between surface dose reduction and changes in Compton backscatter spectra with tissue‐bone separation.MethodsAn Advanced Markus chamber with entrance window facing downstream on the surface of a solid water phantom was used to investigate changes in surface dose with an underlying air or bone interface located at various depths below the surface.Chamber readings were obtained for interface depths ranging from 1 to 100 mm using the 50 kV, 100 kV and 150 kV beams of an Xstrahl 150 x‐ray unit, with field diameters (ϕ) = 2.5 cm and 5 cm. For each beam quality and field size the dose correction factor, DCF(t), namely the ratio of measured dose (t) to dose (t = 100 mm) was determined. Monte Carlo simulations of DCF(t) for air and bone interfaces in tissue are used to validate corresponding measured data. For a given beam and field size, the difference between simulated spectra with an air or bone interface at t = 3 mm was used to determine the Compton backscatter from bone at the surface.ResultsFor air, DCF(t < 40 mm) is less than unity and for a given t DCF(t) decreases as beam energy increases from 50 kV to 150 kV. Conversely for bone DCF(t < 40 mm) increases for a given t with increasing beam energy. In particular for t = 1 mm, ϕ = 5 cm, DCF for air(bone) are 0.90(0.92) and 0.86(0.96) for 50 kV and 150 kV, respectively. For the same tube potentials corresponding factors, ϕ = 2.5 cm, for air(bone) are 0.94(0.96) and 0.92(0.99). Calculated DCF(t) based on Monte Carlo simulations are consistent with experimental observations to within 2%. Monte Carlo simulations of x‐ray spectra demonstrate the presence of Compton backscatter from underlying bone in tissue. With bone at 3 mm depth calculated backscatter spectra at the tissue surface suggest that surface dose is influenced by the proximity of bone and that this effect depends on beam quality.ConclusionsThis work demonstrates the feasibility of using an Advanced Markus chamber with entrance window facing downstream to investigate surface dose reduction with underlying air or bone in tissue. As the field size decreases and beam quality increases surface dose with underlying bone tends to full backscatter values even though tissue thicknesses are below those normally associated with full backscatter. Conversely with underlying bone close to the surface dose will increasingly fall below full backscatter values as the beam energy is reduced and field size is increased.