bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodontal abscess as a possible oral clinical sign in the diagnosis of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus of elderly in a dental clinic set up – a 7‐year cross‐sectional study
Authors: Alagl Adel S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the periodontal abscess as a possible oral clinical diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in the elderly.MethodsIn this clinical outpatient department, cross‐sectional study of 84 months, 143 212 subjects between the ages of 40 and 84 years were screened for the presence of periodontal abscess. Relevant medical and dental histories were recorded using a questionnaire. The subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, presence of periodontal abscess, and absence of other systemic disease were referred for laboratory diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (HbA1c). The subjects tested positive for the diabetes were noted, statistical evaluation was undertaken to correlate between undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and periodontal abscess.ResultsIt was found out that 0.05% undiagnosed diabetes was noted among the 143 212 patients. Among the 143 212 subjects, 1352 met the inclusion criteria having periodontal abscess. Mean age of the participants was 57 ± 14.2 years. Among the 1352 subjects with periodontal abscess: 793 (58.65%) subjects had increased HbA1c (≥6.5% or 47.5 mmol/mol or 7.8 mmol/L); 559 (41.35%) individuals reported to have normal HbA1c (≤6.5% or 47.5 mmol/mol or 7.8 mmol/L). The difference was found to be statistically significant.ConclusionPeriodontal abscess can be considered as possible oral clinical diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Elderly individuals visiting dental clinics need to be given due attention to find out the possibility of having this systemic condition. Medical fraternities are advised to consider oral health parameters in the evaluation of the medical status of elderly individuals.
Monocortical versus bicortical hard palate anchorage with the same total available cortical thickness: a finite element study
Authors: Poorsattar‐Bejeh Mir Arash 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to compare the bicortical fixation of a palatal miniscrew in comparison to monocortical anchorage when total anchored cortical layer thicknesses are the same.Materials and methodsSix models were designed: I, monocortical, 1.1 mm palatal cortical thickness, 8.5 mm bone height; II, bicortical, 0.4 mm palatal, 0.7 mm nasal cortical thickness, 8 mm bone height; III, bicortical, 0.7 mm palatal and 0.4 mm nasal cortical thickness, 8 mm bone height; IV, monocortical, 1.1 mm palatal cortical thickness, 7 mm bone height; V, bicortical, 0.4 mm palatal, 0.7 mm nasal cortical thickness, 7 mm bone height; VI, bicortical, 0.7 mm palatal and 0.4 mm nasal cortical thickness, 8.5 mm bone height. An 8 mm miniscrew was fully engaged in the bone and was subjected to vertical pull out until displaced 0.01 mm and 0.05 mm or horizontal traction load of 2 N.ResultsMonocortical fixation provides higher retention in comparison to bicortical fixations with the same total cortical thicknesses in terms of vertical pull‐out test. Models with bicortical fixation and thicker nasal cortex sustained lower strain energy when subjected to horizontal traction load.ConclusionBicortical fixation of hard palate exhibit different reactions to vertical and horizontal tractions.
Comparison of EBSD patterns simulated by two multislice methods
Authors: LIU Q.B. , CAI C.Y. , ZHOU G.W. , WANG Y.G. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe extraction of crystallography information from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns can be facilitated by diffraction simulations based on the dynamical electron diffraction theory. In this work, the EBSD patterns are successfully simulated by two multislice methods, that is, the real space (RS) method and the revised real space (RRS) method. The calculation results by the two multislice methods are compared and analyzed in detail with respect to different accelerating voltages, Debye–Waller factors and aperture radii. It is found that the RRS method provides a larger view field of the EBSD patterns than that by the RS method under the same calculation conditions. Moreover, the Kikuchi bands of the EBSD patterns obtained by the RRS method have a better match with the experimental patterns than those by the RS method. Especially, the lattice parameters obtained by the RRS method are more accurate than those by the RS method. These results demonstrate that the RRS method is more accurate for simulating the EBSD patterns than the RS method within the accepted computation time.
Porous structure of fibre networks formed by a foaming process: a comparative study of different characterization techniques
Authors: AL‐QARARAH AHMAD M. , EKMAN AXEL , HJELT TUOMO , KIISKINEN HARRI , TIMONEN JUSSI , KETOJA JUKKA A. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryRecent developments in making fibre materials using the foam‐forming technology have raised a need to characterize the porous structure at low material density. In order to find an effective choice among all structure‐characterization methods, both two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional techniques were used to explore the porous structure of foam‐formed samples made with two different types of cellulose fibre. These techniques included X‐ray microtomography, scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, direct surface imaging using a CCD camera and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The mean pore radius for a varying type of fibre and for varying foam properties was described similarly by all imaging methods. X‐ray microtomography provided the most extensive information about the sheet structure, and showed more pronounced effects of varying foam properties than the two‐dimensional imaging techniques. The two‐dimensional methods slightly underestimated the mean pore size of samples containing stiff CTMP fibres with void radii exceeding 100 μm, and overestimated the pore size for the samples containing flexible kraft fibres with all void radii below 100 μm. The direct rapid surface imaging with a CCD camera showed surprisingly strong agreement with the other imaging techniques. Mercury intrusion porosimetry was able to characterize pore sizes also in the submicron region and led to an increased relative volume of the pores in the range of the mean bubble size of the foam. This may be related to the penetration channels created by the foam‐fibre interaction.
ECONOMIC EVOLUTION IN CHINA ECOLOGICALLY FRAGILE REGIONS
Authors: Deng Xiangzheng , Wang Zhan , Zhao Chunhong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEconomic evolution is considered as being driven by innovation of research and development (R&D) even if regional characteristics usually have critical impacts on various culture‐oriented living styles that change in a social transformation dynamically. In documented Chinese history, climate changes and geographic conditions are constraints of the economic evolution in ecologically fragile regions. Lots of unpublished indigenous knowledge of environmental adaptation as a part of culture have been excluded from innovative records. In this research, we review research records of several key factors closely associated with economic evolution in the history of study regions, including climate change, cultural transition, economic base, resource endowment and transportation accessibility. By surveying previous research records and contents, we examine the paths of economic evolution mixed with adaptive cultures response to climate change in each region and draw conclusions that (1) the economic evolution with regional climate changes interactively experience three stages of culture‐hindered, culture‐mixed, and culture‐impelled adaptation diversely; (2) regions that have higher economic performance with less innovative records highly likely have a relatively large number of indigenous knowledge unpublished throughout cultural evolution; and (3) English world has research preference to the regions that have lower economic performance with a distinctive culture in China.
Melatonin prevents the dynamin‐related protein 1‐dependent mitochondrial fission and oxidative insult in the cortical neurons after 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium treatment
Authors: Chuang Jih‐Ing , Pan I‐Ling , Hsieh Chia‐Yun , Huang Chiu‐Ying , Chen Pei‐Chun , Shin Jyh Wei 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial morphology is dynamic and precisely regulated by the mitochondrial fission and fusion machinery. Aberrant mitochondrial fragmentation controlled by the mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1), may result in cell death. Our previous results showed that melatonin protected neurons by inhibiting oxidative stress in a 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+)‐induced PD model. However, the effect of melatonin on mitochondrial dynamics remains uncharacterized. Herein, we investigated the effect of melatonin and the role of Drp1 on MPP+‐induced mitochondrial fission in rat primary cortical neurons. We found that MPP+ induced a rapid increase in the ratio of GSSG:total glutathione (a marker of oxidative stress) and mitochondrial fragmentation, Drp1 upregulation within 4 hours, and finally resulted in neuron loss 48 hours after the treatment. Neurons overexpressing wild‐type Drp1 promoted mitochondrial and nuclear fragmentation; however, neurons overexpressing dominant‐negative Drp1K38A or cotreated with melatonin exhibited significantly reduced MPP+‐induced mitochondrial fragmentation and neuron death. Moreover, melatonin cotreatment prevented an MPP+‐induced high ratio of GSSG and mitochondrial Drp1 upregulation. The prevention of mitochondrial fission by melatonin was not found in neurons transfected with wild‐type Drp1. These results provide a new insight that the neuroprotective effect of melatonin against MPP+ toxicity is mediated by inhibiting the oxidative stress and Drp1‐mediated mitochondrial fragmentation.
Whole‐Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs
Authors: Liu N‐C. , Adams V.J. , Kalmar L. , Ladlow J.F. , Sargan D.R. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundA novel test using whole‐body barometric plethysmography (WBBP) was developed recently to diagnose brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in unsedated French bulldogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe hypotheses of this study were: (1) respiratory characteristics are different between healthy nonbrachycephalic dogs and brachycephalic dogs; and among pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs; and (2) obesity and stenotic nares are risk factors forBOAS. The main objective was to establish a diagnostic test forBOASin these 3 breeds.AnimalsA total of 266 brachycephalic dogs (100 pugs, 100 French bulldogs, and 66 bulldogs) and 28 nonbrachycephalic dogs.MethodsProspective study. Exercise tolerance tests with respiratory functional grading, andWBBPwere performed on all dogs. Data fromWBBPwere associated with functional grades to train quadratic discriminant analysis tools to assign dogs toBOAS+ andBOAS‐ groups. ABOASindex (0–100%) was calculated for each dog. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate classification ability.ResultsMinute volume was decreased significantly in asymptomatic pugs (P= .009), French bulldogs (P= .026), and bulldogs (P< .0001) when compared to nonbrachycephalic controls. Respiratory characteristics were different among breeds and affected dogs had a significant increase in trace variation. TheBOASindex predictedBOASstatus for each breed with 94–97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.9–100%) accuracy (area under the ROC curve). Both obesity (P= .04) and stenotic nares (P= .004) were significantly associated withBOAS.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTheWBBPcan be used as a clinical tool to diagnoseBOASnoninvasively and objectively.
Antigen Concentrations as an Indicator of Clinical Remission and Disease Relapse in Cats with Histoplasmosis
Authors: Hanzlicek A.S. , Meinkoth J.H. , Renschler J.S. , Goad C. , Wheat L.J. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundTreatment monitoring is subjective and disease relapse is common in cats with histoplasmosis. TheHistoplasmaantigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is a noninvasive test used for determining disease remission and detecting disease relapse in humans with histoplasmosis. The utility of the antigenEIAfor these purposes in cats remains unknown.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThoseHistoplasmaantigen concentrations in urine and serum would decline with antifungal treatment and that antigen elimination would be an indicator of clinical remission in cats with histoplasmosis treated with antifungal treatment.AnimalsFifteen client‐owned cats with histoplasmosis.MethodsMasked observational study. Cats were monitored monthly during antifungal treatment. Time of clinical remission and serum and urine antigen elimination were determined for each cat.ResultsTwelve of 15 cats achieved clinical remission. At the time of diagnosis, antigen was detectable in urine in 14/15 (93%) cats and in serum in 11/15 (73%) cats. Both serum (P< .0005) and urine (P< .0001) antigen concentrations significantly decreased over time with effective treatment. Antigen elimination was sensitive [urine, 90.0% (95%CI72.3–97.4%); serum, 90.4% (68.2–98.3%)] but less specific [urine, 64.6% (51.7–75.8%); serum, 52.1% (37.4–66.5%)] for disease remission. Urine antigen was positive in both cats and serum antigen was positive in 1 cat at the time of disease relapse.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMeasurement ofHistoplasmaantigen in urine and serum might be useful tests for determining disease remission and relapse in cats with histoplasmosis. Further research is needed to investigate the importance of low‐level antigenemia and antigenuria.
Lion proximity, not moon phase, affects the nocturnal movement behaviour of zebra and wildebeest
Authors: Traill L. W. , Martin J. , Owen‐Smith N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMoon phase affects nocturnal activity patterns in mammals. Among ungulates, a number of studies have found animals to be more active over full moon nights. This may be because increased luminosity provides increased opportunity to forage and/or increased ability to detect predators; known as the visual acuity hypothesis. Here, we use GPS‐derived movement data to test for the influence of moon phase on plains zebra Equus quagga and blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus activity in Kruger National Park, South Africa. We compare animal movement (rate and displacement) over full and new moon nights, and consider the effect of lion proximity. We found that lion proximity largely determined the nocturnal movements of zebra and wildebeest, not moon phase. When lions were >1 km away, there was no difference in the nocturnal movement activity of prey animals over full and new moon conditions, contradicting previous findings. When lions were within 1 km of these animals, however, the movement of zebra and wildebeest greatly increased over the new moon, the relatively dark period when lion were most likely hunting. Although we could not explicitly test for predator detection here, our findings suggest that the visual acuity hypothesis does not hold for zebra and wildebeest in Kruger National Park (KNP) given that there is no evidence for increased foraging activity over the full moon. The influence of moon phase on the nocturnal activity of African ungulates may be more complicated than anticipated, and we suggest that this cannot be estimated unless predator proximity is accounted for.
Ancient DNA from the extinct South American giant glyptodont Doedicurus sp. (Xenarthra: Glyptodontidae) reveals that glyptodonts evolved from Eocene armadillos
Authors: Mitchell Kieren J. , Scanferla Agustin , Soibelzon Esteban , Bonini Ricardo , Ochoa Javier , Cooper Alan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGlyptodonts were giant (some of them up to ~2400 kg), heavily armoured relatives of living armadillos, which became extinct during the Late Pleistocene/early Holocene alongside much of the South American megafauna. Although glyptodonts were an important component of Cenozoic South American faunas, their early evolution and phylogenetic affinities within the order Cingulata (armoured New World placental mammals) remain controversial. In this study, we used hybridization enrichment and high‐throughput sequencing to obtain a partial mitochondrial genome from Doedicurus sp., the largest (1.5 m tall, and 4 m long) and one of the last surviving glyptodonts. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that glyptodonts fall within the diversity of living armadillos. Reanalysis of morphological data using a molecular ‘backbone constraint’ revealed several morphological characters that supported a close relationship between glyptodonts and the tiny extant fairy armadillos (Chlamyphorinae). This is surprising as these taxa are among the most derived cingulates: glyptodonts were generally large‐bodied and heavily armoured, while the fairy armadillos are tiny (~9–17 cm) and adapted for burrowing. Calibration of our phylogeny with the first appearance of glyptodonts in the Eocene resulted in a more precise timeline for xenarthran evolution. The osteological novelties of glyptodonts and their specialization for grazing appear to have evolved rapidly during the Late Eocene to Early Miocene, coincident with global temperature decreases and a shift from wet closed forest towards drier open woodland and grassland across much of South America. This environmental change may have driven the evolution of glyptodonts, culminating in the bizarre giant forms of the Pleistocene.
Strong dispersal in a parasitoid wasp overwhelms habitat fragmentation and host population dynamics
Authors: Couchoux C. , Seppä P. , van Nouhuys S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe population dynamics of a parasite depend on species traits, host dynamics and the environment. Those dynamics are reflected in the genetic structure of the population. Habitat fragmentation has a greater impact on parasites than on their hosts because resource distribution is increasingly fragmented for species at higher trophic levels. This could lead to either more or less genetic structure than the host, depending on the relative dispersal rates of species. We examined the spatial genetic structure of the parasitoid waspHyposoter horticola, and how it was influenced by dispersal, host population dynamics and habitat fragmentation. The host, the Glanville fritillary butterfly, lives as a metapopulation in a fragmented landscape in the Åland Islands, Finland. We collected wasps throughout the 50 by 70 km archipelago and determined the genetic diversity, spatial population structure and genetic differentiation using 14 neutralDNAmicrosatellite loci. We compared the genetic structure of the wasp with that of the host butterfly using published genetic data collected over the shared landscape. Using maternity assignment, we also identified full‐siblings among the sampled parasitoids to estimate the dispersal range of individual females. We found that because the parasitoid is dispersive, it has low genetic structure, is not very sensitive to habitat fragmentation and has less spatial genetic structure than its butterfly host. The wasp is sensitive to regional rather than local host dynamics, and there is a geographic mosaic landscape for antagonistic co‐evolution of host resistance and parasite virulence.
Vacuolar targeting of recombinant antibodies in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Ocampo Carolina Gabriela , Lareu Jorge Fabricio , Marin Viegas Vanesa Soledad , Mangano Silvina , Loos Andreas , Steinkellner Herta , Petruccelli Silvana 
Published: May 2016

SummaryPlant‐based platforms are extensively used for the expression of recombinant proteins, including monoclonal antibodies. However, to harness the approach effectively and leverage it to its full potential, a better understanding of intracellular processes that affect protein properties is required. In this work, we examined vacuolar (vac) targeting and deposition of the monoclonal antibody (Ab) 14D9 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Two distinct vacuolar targeting signals (KISIA and NIFRGF) were C‐terminal fused to the heavy chain of 14D9 (vac‐Abs) and compared with secreted and ER‐retained variants (sec‐Ab, ER‐Ab, respectively). Accumulation of ER‐ and vac‐Abs was 10‐ to 15‐fold higher than sec‐Ab. N‐glycan profiling revealed the predominant presence of plant typical complex fucosylated and xylosylated GnGnXF structures on sec‐Ab while vac‐Abs carried mainly oligomannosidic (Man 7‐9) next to GnGnXF forms. Paucimannosidic glycans (commonly assigned as typical vacuolar) were not detected. Confocal microscopy analysis using RFP fusions showed that sec‐Ab‐RFP localized in the apoplast while vac‐Abs‐RFP were exclusively detected in the central vacuole. The data suggest that vac‐Abs reached the vacuole by two different pathways: direct transport from the ER bypassing the Golgi (Ab molecules containing Man structures) and trafficking through the Golgi (for Ab molecules containing complex N‐glycans). Importantly, vac‐Abs were correctly assembled and functionally active. Collectively, we show that the central vacuole is an appropriate compartment for the efficient production of Abs with appropriate post‐translational modifications, but also point to a reconsideration of current concepts in plant glycan processing.
Multistakeholder partnerships with the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea to improve childhood immunisation: A perspective from global health equity and political determinants of health equity
Authors: Kim Hani , Marks Florian , Novakovic Uros , Hotez Peter J. , Black Robert E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the current partnerships to improve the childhood immunisation programme in the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea (DPRK) in the context of the political determinants of health equity.MethodsA literature search was conducted to identify public health collaborations with the DPRK government. Based on the amount of publicly accessible data and a shared approach in health system strengthening among the partners in immunisation programmes, the search focused on these partnerships.ResultsThe efforts by WHO, UNICEF, GAVI and IVI with the DPRK government improved the delivery of childhood vaccines (e.g. pentavalent vaccines, inactivated polio vaccine, two‐dose measles vaccine and Japanese encephalitis vaccine) and strengthened the DPRK health system by equipping health centres, and training all levels of public health personnel for VPD surveillance and immunisation service delivery.ConclusionThe VPD‐focused programmatic activities in the DPRK have improved the delivery of childhood immunisation and have created dialogue and contact with the people of the DPRK. These efforts are likely to ameliorate the political isolation of the people of the DPRK and potentially improve global health equity.