bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reply to Comments by Tsurutani et al. on “Modeling Extreme ‘Carrington‐Type’ Space Weather Events Using Three‐Dimensional Global MHD Simulations”
Authors: Ngwira Chigomezyo M. , Pulkkinen Antti , Kuznetsova Maria M. , Glocer Alex 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this response, we address the three main comments by Tsurutani et al. (2018, http://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024779) namely, unusually high plasma density, interplanetary magnetic field intensity, and fast storm recovery phase. The authors agree that there is room to improve the modeling by taking into account these comments and other aspects that were not fully explored during our initial work. We are already in the process of undertaking a more comprehensive modeling project.
The Plasma Environment Associated With Equatorial Ionospheric Irregularities
Authors: Smith Jonathon M. , Heelis R. A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe examine the density structure of equatorial depletions referred to here as equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). Data recorded by the Ion Velocity Meter as part of the Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamics Investigation (CINDI) aboard the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite are used to study EPBs from 1600 to 0600 h local time at altitudes from 350 to 850 km. The data are taken during the 7 years from 2008 to 2014, more than one half of a magnetic solar cycle, that include solar minimum and a moderate solar maximum. Using a rolling ball algorithm, EPBs are identified by profiles in the plasma density, each having a depth measured as the percent change between the background and minimum density (ΔN/N). During solar moderate activity bubbles observed in the topside postsunset sector are more likely to have large depths compared to those observed in the topside postmidnight sector. Large bubble depths can be observed near 350 km in the bottomside F region in the postsunset period. Conversely at solar minimum the distribution of depths is similar in the postsunset and postmidnight sectors in all longitude sectors. Deep bubbles are rarely observed in the topside postsunset sector and never in the bottomside above 400 km in altitude. We suggest that these features result from the vertical drift of the plasma for these two solar activity levels. These drift conditions affect both the background density in which bubbles are embedded and the growth rate of perturbations in the bottomside where bubbles originate.
Effect of Gravity Waves From Small Islands in the Southern Ocean on the Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation
Authors: Garfinkel C. I. , Oman L. D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe effect of small islands in the Southern Ocean on the atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere is considered with a series of simulations using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry‐Climate Model in which the gravity wave stress generated by these islands is increased to resemble observed values. The enhanced gravity wave drag leads to a 2 K warming of the springtime polar stratosphere, partially ameliorating biases in this region. Resolved wave drag declines in the stratospheric region in which the added orographic gravity waves deposit their momentum, such that changes in gravity waves are partially compensated by changes in resolved waves, though resolved wave drag increases further poleward. The orographic drag from these islands has impacts for surface climate, as biases in tropospheric jet position are also partially ameliorated. These results suggest that these small islands are likely contributing to the missing drag near 60°S in the upper stratosphere evident in many data assimilation products.
Annual REE Signal of East Asian Winter Monsoon in Surface Seawater in the Northern South China Sea: Evidence From a Century‐Long Porites Coral Record
Authors: Jiang Wei , Yu Kefu , Song Yinxian , Zhao Jian‐xin , Feng Yue‐xing , Wang Yinghui , Xu Shendong , Han Tao 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) plays a significant role in the Asian climate system. However, the scarcity of direct high‐resolution records, especially those covering recent centuries, limits our understanding of monsoonal dynamics. Here we present a reconstruction of annual EAWM strength over the past century and a half using a Porites coral from Yongxing Island in the northern South China Sea (SCS), where the variations in the rare earth element (REE) parameters in surface seawater are dominantly controlled by the input of aeolian dust. Our record indicates that the EAWM strength weakly increased overall during the latter half of the nineteenth century but decreased during the twentieth century, especially after ~1950 Common Era. Additionally, during the past century and a half, the relationship between the EAWM and the East Asian summer monsoon, as recorded in speleothems, varied temporally and depended on the strength of the EAWM. Our findings suggest that the REE proxy of corals from the offshore SCS can be applied as an excellent indicator of the winter monsoon strength.
Influence of residential performance on residents' health status: Nationwide survey of environmental performance of detached houses and residents' health status
Authors: Kawakubo Shun , Ikaga Toshiharu , Murakami Shuzo , Hoshi Tanji , Ando Shintaro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPrevious studies have revealed the relationships between specific residential environmental factors and residents' health status. However, no study has considered the comprehensive health risk due to the overall residential environment. Therefore, a large‐scale nationwide questionnaire survey was conducted using the CASBEE Health Checklist to examine the residential environment of detached houses and residents' health status. This analysis indicated that the overall residential environment is likely an important determinant of health and was associated with disease prevalence among residents.
Cambridge Suite of Exams
Authors: Hall Charles 
Published: January 2018

The Cambridge Suite of Exams is a progressively more difficult series of standardized English language assessments developed by Cambridge English Language Assessment at the University of Cambridge, England. These exams differ from most other well‐known tests of the four skills (reading, writing, listening, and speaking) in that there is a “face‐to‐face” speaking assessment that includes two candidates and two assessors.The exams were developed for a variety of reasons, including school admission, placement in programs, proving proficiency to potential employers, and for immigration purposes. Defenders of these high‐stakes exams believe them fair, valid, and reliable; however, there are critics who maintain that these exams do not reflect real‐world language abilities. There are also complaints that because of the importance of these tests, teachers must “teach to the test.” As a result, curricula are often changed to meet the requirements of the tests, not the needs of the students.
Versatile, High‐Power, Flexible, Stretchable Carbon Nanotube Sheet Heating Elements Tolerant to Mechanical Damage and Severe Deformation
Authors: Lee Yourack , Le Viet Thong , Kim Jeong‐Gyun , Kang Haeyong , Kim Eun Sung , Ahn Seung‐Eon , Suh Dongseok 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA macroscopic carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet‐based heating element having flexible, stretchable, and damage‐tolerant features, and wide applicability in harsh environments, is introduced. Because of the intrinsic connection of extremely flexible CNT bundles throughout the sample by van der Waals interactions without use of a binder, the electrical resistance variation of the CNT sheet on elastomer heating element as a function of strain is completely suppressed to some extent, even when stretched under up to 400% strain, which guarantees electrical stability under severe mechanical deformation. In addition, the spatial uniformity of the heat generated from the microaligned CNT bundles reduces the temperature variation inside the sample, which also guarantees thermal stability and operation at a higher average temperature. Such exceptional performance is achieved by the passivation of the elastomer layer on the CNT sheets. Furthermore, the mechanical robustness of this flexible, stretchable heating element is demonstrated by stable heater operation, even when the heating element is damaged. In addition, this design concept of CNT sheet on elastomer is extended to transparent flexible heaters and electric‐thermochromic windows.
Highly Porous Polymer Aerogel Film‐Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Zheng Qifeng , Fang Liming , Guo Haiquan , Yang Kefang , Cai Zhiyong , Meador Mary Ann B. , Gong Shaoqin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA novel class of high performance polymer porous aerogel film‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (A‐NGs) is demonstrated. The A‐NGs, made of a pair of highly porous polymer films, exhibit much higher triboelectric outputs than the corresponding dense polymer film‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (D‐NGs) under the same mechanical stress. The triboelectric outputs of the A‐NGs increase significantly with increasing porosity, which can be attributed to the increase in contact area and the electrostatic induction in the porous structure, thereby leading to additional charges on the porous surface. Remarkably, the A‐NG fabricated using porous chitosan aerogel film paired with the most porous polyimide (with a porosity of 92%) aerogel film demonstrates a very high voltage of 60.6 V and current of 7.7 µA, corresponding to a power density of 2.33 W m−2, which is sufficient to power 22 blue light‐emitting‐diodes (LEDs). This is the first report on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) employing porous polymer aerogel films as both positive and negative materials to enhance triboelectric outputs. Furthermore, enhancing the tribopositive polarity of the cellulose aerogel film via silanization using aminosilane can dramatically improve the triboelectric performance. Therefore, this study provides new insights into investigating porous materials with tunable triboelectric polarities for high performance TENGs.
Chemoselective Flow Hydrogenation Approaches to Diversify the Cytotoxic Tetrahydroepoxyisoindole Carboxamide Scaffold
Authors: Spare Lawson K. , Harman David G. , Aldrich‐Wright Janice R. , Nguyen Thanh V. , Gordon Christopher P. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAn Intramolecular Diels‐Alder cycloaddition reaction between a furan diene and an alkynic dienophile was performed within a flow hydrogenator fitted with an inert titanium column at 150 °C, no H2, under 100 bar pressure. A single column pass (tR=1.6 min) afforded ≈55% conversion to the tetrahydroepoxyisoindole carboxamide scaffold with a product turnover of ≈0.035 g/h, a 95% improvement over batch procedures. The cycloaddition protocol is performed in water and ethanol, and does not require catalysts or other additives. Quantitative hydrogenation of the resulting dual π‐bonds within the oxabicyclo system was effected with either a 10% Pd/Al2O3 or 10% Pd/CaCO3 catalyst at 20 °C, 20 bar, with full H2 whereas utilisation of a Raney Ni catalyst under these conditions resulted in a quantitative mono‐olefin reduction of the C4‐C5 double‐bond. With regard to di‐olefin reduction, a degree of stereoselectivity was observed with the aforementioned palladium‐based catalysts yielding exclusive formation of (R) configuration at C7 while utilisation of a 5% Pt/C (sulfided) catalyst at temperatures below 60 °C promoted the formation of the (S)‐isomer at C7. Hence this work further highlights that flow‐hydrogenation provides unprecedented convenience for establishing robust protocols to effect chemoselective transformations.magnified image
Highly Efficient Infrared Photodetection in a Gate‐Controllable Van der Waals Heterojunction with Staggered Bandgap Alignment
Authors: Jo Seo‐Hyeon , Lee Hae Won , Shim Jaewoo , Heo Keun , Kim Minwoo , Song Young Jae , Park Jin‐Hong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn recent years, various van der Waals (vdW) materials have been used in implementing high‐performance photodetectors with high photoresponsivity over a wide detection range. However, in most studies reported so far, photodetection in the infrared (IR) region has not been achieved successfully. Although several vdW materials with narrow bandgaps have been proposed for IR detection, the devices based on these materials exhibit notably low photoresponsivity under IR light illumination. Here, highly efficient near‐infrared (NIR) photodetection based on the interlayer optical transition phenomenon in a vdW heterojunction structure consisting of ReS2 and ReSe2 is demonstrated. In addition, by applying the gate‐control function to the two‐terminal vdW heterojunction photodetector, the photoresponsivity is enhanced to 3.64 × 105 A W−1 at λ = 980 nm and 1.58 × 105 A W−1 at λ = 1310 nm. Compared to the values reported for previous vdW photodetectors, these results are the highest levels of photoresponsivity in the NIR range. The study offers a novel device platform for achieving high‐performance IR photodetectors.
Oxidative Mechanochemistry: Direct, Room‐Temperature, Solvent‐Free Conversion of Palladium and Gold Metals into Soluble Salts and Coordination Complexes
Authors: Do Jean‐Louis , Tan Davin , Friščić Tomislav 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNoble metals are valued, critical elements whose chemical activation or recycling is challenging, and traditionally requires high temperatures, strong acids or bases, or aggressive complexation agents. By using elementary palladium and gold, demonstrated here is the use of mechanochemistry for noble‐metal activation and recycling by mild, clean, solvent‐free, and room‐temperature chemistry. The process leads to direct, efficient, one‐pot conversion of the metals, including spent catalysts, into either simple water‐soluble salts or metal–organic catalysts.
Curie point and a space charge relaxation in ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) copolymers with different thermal history
Authors: Kochervinskii Valentin , Malyshkina Inna , Bedin Sergey , Korlyukov Alexander , Buzin Mikhail , Shakirzyanov Rafael 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTHigh‐temperature processes of space charge relaxation in films of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) (70–30) have been investigated. The films were prepared by the crystallization from a solution in tetrahydrofuran at a room temperature. X‐ray data analysis showed that initial films crystallize in metastable state: a paraelectric phase is formed at fast crystallization below the Curie temperature. An exothermic process was observed at heating, indicating a solid‐state crystallization of metastable paraelectric regions. This process is controlled by melting of ordered regions formed at secondary crystallization. These transformations of structure affect characteristics of the high‐temperature space charge relaxation process. In particular, it was found that activation energy of extrinsic conductivity is reduced by several times in the region of ferroelectric‐paraelectric phase transition. An additional relaxation process was registered above the Curie temperature, which is caused by the relaxation of charges in double electric layer formed on an interface between an electrode (Au) and fluorine‐containing polymer. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46186.
Synthesis and properties of polypropylene/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites with different LDHs particle sizes
Authors: Qiu Lei , Gao Yanshan , Lu Peng , O'hare Dermot , Wang Qiang 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate whether the particle sizes of inorganic additives in polymer have an influence on the flame‐retardant and other properties of the polymer, five types of Mg3Al–CO3 layered double hydroxide (LDHs) with particle diameters of 80–100, 200–350, 500–550, 550–600, and 700–900 nm were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The obtained Mg3Al–CO3 LDHs were treated using the aqueous miscible organic solvent treatment method to give highly dispersed platelets in Polypropylene (PP). The thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of the PP/AMO–LDH nanocomposites were investigated systematically. The results showed that the thermal stability and flame retardancy of PP could be improved after incorporating AMO–LDHs. The temperature at 50% weight loss (T0.5) of PP/LDH (700–900 nm) nanocomposites with a LDH loading of 15 wt % was increased by 57 °C. When the LDHs loading was 40 wt %, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the PP/LDH nanocomposites with small LDHs particle sizes (<350 nm) was decreased by ca. 58%. The limiting oxygen index was increased by 5% for PP/LDH (80–100 nm) nanocomposites. The response surface regression results also indicated that both LDH particle size and loading have influence on PHRR, heat release capacity, tensile strength, and elongation at break. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46204.
Reducing water sorption of injection‐molded polyamide 6 bars by polymerization‐induced diffusion of styrene and grafting with polystyrene
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Huan , Tan Yin‐Le , Guo Zhao‐Xia , Yu Jian 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTAn innovative method for reducing water sorption of injection‐molded polyamide 6 (PA6) bars by polymerization‐induced diffusion of styrene and grafting with polystyrene (PS) is reported. The process involves diffusion of styrene into PA6 bar in aqueous medium, addition of benzoyl peroxide to initiate polymerization of styrene, and further diffusion of styrene into the bar during polymerization. A hydrophobic PS‐rich shell consisting mainly of PS‐g‐PA6 can be formed in the surface layer of the PA6 bar, and as a result, the water sorption and dimensional change of PS‐modified PA6 bars reduce significantly. An incorporation of only 1.2% PS is sufficient, showing the advantage of this method over conventional melt mixing. The tensile modulus and strength of 1.2% PS‐modified PA6 bar increase slightly compared to those of neat PA6 bar due to reinforcement effect of rigid PS and reduced level of water‐caused plasticization, while maintaining the good ductility. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46243.
Selective Activation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor II Induces Antiinflammatory Responses and Alleviates Experimental Arthritis
Authors: Fischer Roman , Proske Marcel , Duffey Maëlle , Stangl Hubert , Martinez George F. , Peters Nathalie , Kraske Alexandra , Straub Rainer H. , Bethea John R. , Kontermann Roland E. , Pfizenmaier Klaus 
Published: January 2018

ObjectiveTreg cells modulate immune responses and can suppress the development of autoimmune diseases. Tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNFRII) has been recognized as a key receptor on these cells that facilitates expansion and stabilization of CD4+ Treg cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic activity of a novel TNFRII agonist in experimental arthritis as well as the role of different Treg cell subsets.MethodsA novel mouse TNFRII–selective fusion protein (EHD2‐sc‐mTNFR2) was generated by genetic engineering. Mouse T cells were incubated together with interleukin‐2 and/or EHD2‐sc‐mTNFR2, and the effects on Treg cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Mice with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) were treated with EHD2‐sc‐mTNFR2 or saline, and the therapeutic effects were monitored and characterized.ResultsSelective activation of TNFRII was found to expand both CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells. Moreover, TNFRII activation elevated the number of CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD25+ Treg cells and increased the number of FoxP3‐expressing cells in CD8+, but not CD4+, Treg cells, indicating different mechanisms of TNFRII‐induced expansion of diverse T cell subsets with suppressive activity. In the CIA model, we demonstrated that administration of the TNFRII agonist EHD2‐sc‐mTNFR2 led to the expansion of both CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells in vivo and induced antiinflammatory responses that alleviated arthritis.ConclusionOur findings support the use of TNFRII‐selective therapeutics as an effective approach to the treatment of arthritic disease and possibly other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Features, Treatment, and Outcomes of Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Childhood‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Borgia R. Ezequiel , Gerstein Maya , Levy Deborah M. , Silverman Earl D. , Hiraki Linda T. 
Published: January 2018

ObjectiveTo describe the features and treatment of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in a single‐center cohort of patients with childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to compare childhood‐onset SLE manifestations and outcomes between those with and those without MAS.MethodsWe included all patients with childhood‐onset SLE followed up at The Hospital for Sick Children from 2002 to 2012, and identified those also diagnosed as having MAS. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of MAS and SLE, medication use, hospital and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions, as well as damage indices and mortality data were extracted from the Lupus database. Student's t‐tests and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare continuous and categorical variables, respectively. We calculated incidence rate ratios of hospital and PICU admissions comparing patients with and those without MAS, using Poisson models. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis was used to examine the time to disease damage accrual.ResultsOf the 403 patients with childhood‐onset SLE, 38 (9%) had MAS. The majority (68%) had concomitant MAS and SLE diagnoses. Fever was the most common MAS clinical feature. The frequency of renal and central nervous system disease, hospital admissions, the average daily dose of steroids, and time to disease damage were similar between those with and those without MAS. We observed a higher mortality rate among those with MAS (5%) than those without MAS (0.2%) (P = 0.02).ConclusionMAS was most likely to develop concomitantly with childhood‐onset SLE diagnosis. The majority of the MAS patients were successfully treated with corticosteroids with no MAS relapses. Although the numbers were small, there was a higher risk of death associated with MAS compared to SLE without MAS.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hybrid Rod‐Like Hollow CoWO4/Co1−xS for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Ge Jinhua , Wu Jihuai , Dong Jia , Jia Jinbiao , Ye Beirong , Jiang Si , Zeng Jijia , Bao Quanlin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA rod‐like hollow cobalt tungstate/non‐stoichiometric cobalt sulfide (CoWO4/Co1−xS) hybrid is successfully grown in situ on nickel foam through a simple two‐step hydrothermal process. Owing to the unique hollow structure, the as‐synthesized CoWO4/Co1−xS hybrid electrode possesses a large surface area and delivers a high specific capacitance of 1894.5 F ⋅ g−1 at a current density of 1 A ⋅ g−1. By using the CoWO4/Co1−xS hybrid electrode as the anode and an activated carbon (AC) electrode as the cathode, an asymmetric supercapacitor of CoWO4/Co1−xS//AC exhibits a high capacitance of 103.1 F ⋅ g−1 and high specific capacitance retention of 87.27 % after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor demonstrates a maximum power density of 4000 W ⋅ kg−1 at an energy density of 22.5 Wh ⋅ kg−1. The superior performance of the device can be ascribed to distinctive structure and positive synergistic effects in the hybrid. The facile preparation process and excellent performance presented here indicate the CoWO4/Co1−xS hybrid to be a promising candidate electrode material for supercapacitor applications.