bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of protein kinase C alpha translocation in radiation-induced bystander effect
Authors: Fang Zihui , Xu An , Wu Lijun , Hei Tom K. , Hong Mei 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIonizing radiation is a well known human carcinogen. Evidence accumulated over the past decade suggested that extranuclear/extracellular targets and events may also play a critical role in modulating biological responses to ionizing radiation. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of radiation-induced bystander effect is still unclear. In the current study, AL cells were irradiated with alpha particles and responses of bystander cells were investigated. We found out that in bystander AL cells, protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) translocated from cytosol to membrane fraction. Pre-treatment of cells with PKC translocation inhibitor chelerythrine chloride suppressed the induced extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) activity and the increased cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression as well as the mutagenic effect in bystander cells. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was elevated in directly irradiated but not bystander cells; while TNFα receptor 1 (TNFR1) increased in the membrane fraction of bystander cells. Further analysis revealed that PKC activation caused accelerated internalization and recycling of TNFR1. Our data suggested that PKCα translocation may occur as an early event in radiation-induced bystander responses and mediate TNFα-induced signaling pathways that lead to the activation of ERK and up-regulation of COX-2.
An activation-induced IL-15 isoform is a natural antagonist for IL-15 function
Authors: Zhao Lei , Hu Bo , Zhang Yinsheng , Song Yuan , Lin Dandan , Liu Yonghao , Mei Yu , Sandikin Dedy , Sun Weiping , Zhuang Min , Liu Haiyan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractInterleukin 15 (IL-15) expression induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, inhibits the apoptosis of activated T cells and prolongs the survival of CD8+ memory T cells. Here we identified an IL-15 isoform lacking exon-6, IL-15ΔE6, generated by alternative splicing events of activated immune cells, including macrophages and B cells. In vitro study showed that IL-15ΔE6 could antagonize IL-15-mediated T cell proliferation. The receptor binding assay revealed that IL-15ΔE6 could bind to IL-15Rα and interfere with the binding between IL-15 and IL-15Rα. Over-expression of IL-15ΔE6 in the murine EAE model ameliorated the EAE symptoms of the mice. The clinical scores were significantly lower in the mice expressing IL-15ΔE6 than the control mice and the mice expressing IL-15. The inflammation and demyelination of the EAE mice expressing IL-15ΔE6 were less severe than the control group. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that IL-15ΔE6 expression reduced the percentages of inflammatory T cells in the spleen and spinal cord, and inhibited the infiltration of macrophages to the CNS. Our results demonstrated that IL-15ΔE6 could be induced during immune activation and function as a negative feedback mechanism to dampen IL-15-mediated inflammatory events.
Antiviral factors and type I/III interferon expression associated with regulatory factors in the oral epithelial cells from HIV-1-serodiscordant couples
Authors: Cervantes Cesar A. C. , Oliveira Luanda M. S. , Manfrere Kelly C. G. , Lima Josenilson F. , Pereira Natalli Z. , Duarte Alberto J. S. , Sato Maria N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIndividuals who remain HIV-seronegative despite repeated unprotected exposure to the virus are defined as exposed seronegative (ESN) individuals. Innate and adaptive immunity, as well as genetic factors, provide ESNs with important advantages that allow for low infection susceptibility. The majority of HIV-1-infected individuals undergo antiretroviral therapy, which can decrease the level of HIV-1 exposure in ESNs. We analyzed type I interferon (IFN)-related antiviral and regulatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and oral epithelial cells from serodiscordant couples. Our findings revealed that ESNs did not induce the expression of antiviral factors (APOBEC-3G, TRIM5-α, SAMDH1, STING, TBk1) or regulatory factors (Trex, Foxo3, Socs3, IL-10) in PBMCs, unlike their HIV-1-infected partners. In contrast, ESNs upregulated APOBEC-3G and type I/III IFNs (IFNs-α,-β/-λ) in oral mucosal epithelial cells similar to their HIV-infected partners. The serodiscordant groups exhibited an increased expression of type I IFN-induced regulators, such as Trex and Foxo3, in oral epithelial cells. TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 were expressed in oral epithelial cells of both ESNs and HIV-1-infected subjects. These findings revealed evidence of antiviral factors, type I/III interferon and regulatory factor expression only in the oral mucosal compartment of ESNs, while HIV-1-infected partners systemically and oral mucosal expressed the antiviral profile.
Does Working Memory Enhance or Interfere With Speech Fluency in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter? Evidence From a Dual-Task Paradigm
Authors: Eichorn Naomi , Marton Klara , Schwartz Richard G. , Melara Robert D. , Pirutinsky Steven 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
The present study examined whether engaging working memory in a secondary task benefits speech fluency. Effects of dual-task conditions on speech fluency, rate, and errors were examined with respect to predictions derived from three related theoretical accounts of disfluencies.

Method
Nineteen adults who stutter and twenty adults who do not stutter participated in the study. All participants completed 2 baseline tasks: a continuous-speaking task and a working-memory (WM) task involving manipulations of domain, load, and interstimulus interval. In the dual-task portion of the experiment, participants simultaneously performed the speaking task with each unique combination of WM conditions.

Results
All speakers showed similar fluency benefits and decrements in WM accuracy as a result of dual-task conditions. Fluency effects were specific to atypical forms of disfluency and were comparable across WM-task manipulations. Changes in fluency were accompanied by reductions in speaking rate but not by corresponding changes in overt errors.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that WM contributes to disfluencies regardless of stuttering status and that engaging WM resources while speaking enhances fluency. Further research is needed to verify the cognitive mechanism involved in this effect and to determine how these findings can best inform clinical intervention.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963808
Effects of aluminium and sodium co‐doping on the structural and electrochemical performances of the spinel LiMn2O4 cathode materials
Authors: Li Yuzhu , Mao Yanfang , Zhan Taotao , Li Chao , Xiao Shunhua 
Published: May 2016

The lithium‐ion battery cathode materials spinel LiMn2O4, LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 and Li0.94Na0.06Al0.1Mn1.9O4 materials are synthesised by sol–gel method. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performances of the aluminium and sodium co‐doped materials are studied by X‐ray diffraction measurement, scanning electron microscopy, and Electron diffraction spectroscopy, respectively. The results reveal that appropriate amount doping of aluminium and sodium does not change the spinel structure of LiMn2O4. Those materials have a good crystallinity and the sizes are approximately 150 nm. The initial discharge capacity of Li0.94Na0.06Al0.1Mn1.9O4 is 113.8 mAh/g at 0.5 C. Compared with the rate capability of LiMn2O4, the discharge capacity of 107.5 mAh/g at 5 C for Li0.94Na0.06Al0.1Mn1.9O4 has 46.8% improvement. Obviously, aluminium and sodium co‐doping is a very effective way to improve LiMn2O4 rate capability.
Evaluating the effect of a selective piscivore fishery on rockfish recovery within marine protected areas
Authors: Oken Kiva L. , Essington Timothy E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAlthough ecosystem-based fisheries management is often associated with trade-offs between conflicting demands for ecosystem services, the holistic ecological considerations the approach promotes may sometimes lead to novel solutions that benefit both conservation and fisheries. Directed fishing on large piscivorous fish can reduce predation on prey and thereby benefit those populations, but incidental take of prey species in these fisheries may negate or even reverse the benefit. Whether benefits from reduced predation outweigh the costs of increased fishing will depend on the relative strength of each mortality source and the sensitivity of the population to mortality at different life stages. In the California Current, predatory lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) populations recovered rapidly from fishing exploitation over the past two decades, while recovery of some rockfish species (Sebastes spp.) has been slow, mainly because of low natural productivities. One management tool has been the adoption of rockfish conservation areas (RCAs) that prohibit bottom contact fishing gear. Because lingcod also inhabit RCAs, fishers have been unable to catch their sustainable lingcod quotas. Therefore, we explored the conditions under which opening RCAs to a selective lingcod fishery might permit rockfish recovery despite the potential bycatch. We developed a joint equilibrium model of the two populations and analysed scenarios to assess the sensitivity of the model's predictions to key uncertainties. The model suggests a wide range of fishery and ecological conditions under which a lingcod fishery may not harm rockfish populations. However, a sensitivity analysis indicated that the range of fishing scenarios where rockfish are not harmed is highly sensitive to assumptions regarding the nature of the trophic linkage between lingcod and rockfish. We conclude that consideration of trophic interactions may reveal new fishing opportunities that meet both ecological and human goals, but precise predictions of the outcomes will require more detailed models and adaptive management.
Yield Losses Due to Crown Rust in Winter Oats in Alabama
Authors: Bowen K. L. , Hagan A. K. , Pegues M. , Jones J. 
Published: May 2016

Crown rust is a common disease on winter oats in Alabama. While considered the most destructive disease of oats, little has been done in recent years, with current cultivars, to demonstrate yield losses due to crown rust. Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of fungicides and application timing on crown rust severity and yield. All fungicides reduced crown rust and improved yield. Two fungicide applications were better than a single fungicide application for reducing crown rust. Relative to yield, a single fungicide application during flag leaf development (FS 8-9) was better than a single application during head extension (FS 10.3). When compared with the non-treated control, significant yield gains were obtained with Tilt and Headline in all four years and Stratego YLD in three of four years. Fungicide programs resulted in a broad range of crown rust severities; disease levels were highly related to decreases in yield in each of four years. In two study years, ‘Coker 227’ was more damaged by crown rust, with about 10% yield loss for each unit disease, than was ‘Horizon 270,’ with 2.5 to 4.5% loss. However, in 2013, virulence patterns of the crown rust pathogen shifted and disease on Horizon 270 was greater than that on Coker 227; relative yield losses were also much lower in 2013. Accepted for publication 15 April 2016. Published 4 May 2016.
The Decay of Disease Association with Declining Linkage Disequilibrium: A Fine Mapping Theorem
Authors: Maadooliat Mehdi , Bansal Naveen K. , Upadhya Jiblal , Farazi Manzur R. , Ye Zhan , Li Xiang , Schrodi Steven J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSeveral important and fundamental aspects of disease genetics models have yet to be described. One such property is the relationship of disease association statistics at a marker site closely linked to a disease causing site. A complete description of this two-locus system is of particular importance to experimental efforts to fine map association signals for complex diseases. Here, we present a simple relationship between disease association statistics and the decline of linkage disequilibrium from a causal site. A complete derivation of this relationship from a general disease model is shown for very large sample sizes. Quite interestingly, this relationship holds across all modes of inheritance. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations using a disease genetics model applied to chromosomes subjected to a standard model of recombination are employed to better understand the variation around this fine mapping theorem due to sampling effects. We also use this relationship to provide a framework for estimating properties of a non-interrogated causal site using data at closely linked markers. We anticipate that understanding the patterns of disease association decay with declining linkage disequilibrium from a causal site will enable more powerful fine mapping methods.
iVirus: facilitating new insights in viral ecology with software and community datasets imbedded in a cyberinfrastructure
Authors: Bolduc Benjamin , Youens-Clark Ken , Roux Simon , Hurwitz Bonnie L. , Sullivan Matthew B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMicrobes impact nutrient and energy transformations throughout the world’s ecosystems, yet they do so under viral constraints. In complex communities, viral metagenome (virome) sequencing is transforming our ability to quantify viral diversity and impacts. While some bottlenecks, e.g., few reference genomes and non-quantitative viromics, have been overcome, the void of centralized datasets and specialized tools now prevents viromics from being broadly applied to answer fundamental ecological questions. Here we present iVirus, a community resource that leverages the CyVerse cyberinfrastructure to provide access to viromic tools and datasets. The iVirus Data Commons contains both raw and processed data from 1866 samples and 73 projects derived from global ocean expeditions, as well as existing and legacy public repositories. Through the CyVerse Discovery Environment, users can interrogate these datasets using existing analytical tools (software applications known as “Apps”) for assembly, ORF prediction, and annotation, as well as several new Apps specifically developed for analyzing viromes. Because Apps are web-based and powered by CyVerse super-computing resources, they enable scalable analyses for a broad user base. Finally, a use-case scenario documents how to apply these advances towards new data. This growing iVirus resource should help researchers utilize viromics as yet another tool to elucidate viral roles in nature.
Human rights disasters, corporate accountability and the state
Authors: Siddiqui Javed , Uddin Shahzad 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the state-business nexus in responses to human rights violations in businesses and questions the efficacy of the UN guiding principles on human rights in businesses, in particular in the ready-made garments (RMG) industry in Bangladesh. Drawing on Cohen’s notion of “denial” and Black’s (2008) legitimacy and accountability relationships of state and non-state actors, the study seeks to explain why such “soft” global regulations remain inadequate.

Design/methodology/approach
– The empirical work for this paper is based on the authors’ participation in two multiple-stakeholder advisory consultation meetings for the RMG sector in Bangladesh and 11 follow-up interviews. This is supplemented by documentary evidence on human rights disasters, responses of the state and non-state actors and human rights reports published in national and international newspapers.

Findings
– The paper provides clear evidence that the state-business nexus perpetuates human rights disasters. The study also shows that the Bangladeshi state, ruled by family-led political parties, is more inclined to protect businesses that cause human rights disasters than to ensure human rights in businesses. The economic conditions of the RMG industry and accountability and legitimacy relationships between state and non-state actors have provided the necessary background for RMG owners to continue to violate the safety and security of the workplace and maintain inhumane working conditions.

Research limitations/implications
– Complex state politics, including family, kinship and wealthy supporters, and economic circumstances have serious implications for the efficacy of the UN guiding principle on human rights for business. This paper calls for broader political and economic changes, nationally and internationally.

Originality/value
– The study highlights the perpetuation of corporate human rights abuses by the state-business nexus, and indicates that human rights issues continue to be ignored through a discourse of denial. This is explained in terms of legitimacy and accountability relationships between state and non-state actors, bounded by complex political and economic conditions.
Sequence determination of a new parrot bornavirus‐5 strain in Japan: implications of clade‐specific sequence diversity in the regions interacting with host factors
Authors: Komorizono Ryo , Makino Akiko , Horie Masayuki , Honda Tomoyuki , Tomonaga Keizo 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, the genome sequence of a new parrot bornavirus‐5 (PaBV‐5) detected in Eclectus roratus was determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genus Bornavirus is divided into three major clades and that PaBV‐5 belongs to clade 2, which contains avian viruses that exhibit infectivity to mammalian cells. Sequence comparisons of the regions known to interact with host factors indicated that the clade 2 avian viruses possess sequences intermediate between the clade 1 mammalian viruses and the clade 3 avian viruses, suggesting that the identified regions might contribute to the differences in virological properties between the three clades.
SPECT‐CT/VQ versus CTPA for diagnosing pulmonary embolus and other lung pathology: Pre‐existing lung disease should not be a contraindication
Authors: Bhatia Kartik Dev , Ambati Chaitanya , Dhaliwal Rajiv , Paschkewitz Royce , Hsu Eugene , Ho Bao , Young Andy , Emmett Louise 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionSingle Photon Emission Computed Tomography‐Ventilation‐Perfusion (SPECT‐VQ) with low‐dose CT (SPECT‐CT/VQ) has equivalent diagnostic accuracy to CTPA for diagnosing pulmonary embolus (PE) while using lower radiation doses, but is underutilized owing to perceived inaccuracy of scintigraphy in the setting of pre‐existing lung disease. This study assesses the accuracy of SPECT‐CT/VQ compared with CTPA for the diagnosis of PE, including in patients with pre‐existing lung disease.MethodsRetrospective non‐inferiority cohort study of all patients who underwent SPECT‐CT/VQ scanning at St Vincent's Hospital, NSW, from June 2012 to November 2013, who also had a CTPA within the same admission and <72 h apart (n = 102).ResultsSPECT‐CT/VQ had 100% sensitivity and 94.4% specificity when compared with CTPA. Of the 102 patients, 14 were lung transplant patients, and 27 had other pre‐existing lung disease (41/102, 40.2%), with SPECT‐CT/VQ having a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 97.2% in this patient group. Non‐inferiority of SPECT‐CT/VQ was demonstrated at a significance level of 0.005.ConclusionSPECT‐CT/VQ has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing PE compared with CTPA, even among patients with pre‐existing lung disease, with lower radiation doses.
The Theological Landscape of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: the Catholic Church, the World Council of Churches and the Bomb
Authors: Welty Emily 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCan religion bring something distinct, critical and useful to global politics? Or do the voices of religious actors mimic those of secularNGOs when given opportunities to speak truth to power in international diplomacy? This article examines these questions through the lens of nuclear disarmament, considering the role of the Catholic Church and the World Council of Churches at the 2015 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference at the United Nations headquarters in New York City. While faith communities have had a potent role in pushing for nuclear disarmament, the article argues that much more can be done by religious actors to argue that nuclear weapons are a stain on the moral conscience of people of faith.
Topoisomerase I expression is associated with prognosis in postoperative non‐small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Lu Baohua , Zhang Hongmei , Zhang Tongmei , Cai Yiran , Hu Ying , Zheng Hua , Li Baolan 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundBiomarkers may help to improve non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) prognosis. However, the prognostic effect of topoisomerase I (Topo I) on NSCLC is unknown. We evaluated the clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of tumor Topo I and thymidylate synthase (TS) protein expression in postoperative NSCLC patients.MethodsOne hundred and fifteen patients with postoperative NSCLC were enrolled. Topo I and TS protein were detected in removed tumors by immunohistochemistry. The correlations between Topo I/TS protein expression and clinicopathologic characters and outcomes of patients were analyzed.ResultsIncreased expression of Topo I was found in 57 (49.6%) tumors. The largest diameter of the tumor was significantly different between patients with high and low Topo I expression (
P
= 0.035). TS staining showed that 35 (30.4%) carcinomas were TS positive. The level of TS expression was correlated with tumor differentiation (
P
= 0.037). Patients with low Topo I expression had significantly longer overall survival (OS) than those with high expression (
P
= 0.004). The correlation between Topo I expression and OS was demonstrated among patients with squamous cell carcinoma (
P
= 0.030) and patients in pathological tumor node metastasis stage I (
P
= 0.027). Topo I expression was positively correlated with TS expression in tumor tissue (R = 0.251,
P
= 0.007).ConclusionsLow Topo I expression is an independent favorable prognostic factor for longer OS in postoperative NSCLC patients, especially in squamous cell carcinoma. There is a correlation between the expression of TS and Topo I in removed tumor tissue.