bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent pregnancy and nutrition: a subgroup analysis from the Mamachiponde study in Malawi
Authors: Friebert Alyssa , Callaghan‐Gillespie Meghan , Papathakis Peggy C. , Manary Mark J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractYoung age at childbearing (≤19 years) is common and associated with poor birth outcomes. A trial among Malawian pregnant women with moderate malnutrition was used to determine outcomes of young adolescents (≤18 years), older adolescents (18–20 years), and adults (>20 years). Women received one of three supplementary foods that provided ∼900 kcal/day and 33–36 g protein/day and returned every 2 weeks. Newborn/maternal measurements were taken at delivery and after 6 and 12 weeks. Upon enrollment, adolescents had greater body mass index than adults (19.9 ± 1.3 versus 19.5 ± 1.4 kg/m2, P < 0.001). Young adolescents received more rations of food and enrolled and delivered with a lower fundal height than adults (21.7 ± 5.2 versus 23.0 ± 5.6, P = 0.00 enrollment; 30.2 ± 3.1 versus 31.0 ± 2.8, P < 0.001 delivery). Among newborns, length for age was lowest in young adolescents, greater in older adolescents, and greatest in adults (Z‐scores –1.7 ± 1.2, –1.4 ± 1.2, and –1.1 ± 1.1, respectively; P < 0.001). These differences persisted in length for age at 6 and 12 weeks of age for infants. Adolescents enrolled earlier in pregnancy and appeared more nutritionally adequate than adults; adolescent outcomes were inferior to those of adults, suggesting that they were subject to more physiologic stressors and/or different nutritional needs.
On formation‐based sampling proxies and why they should not be used to correct the fossil record
Authors: Dunhill Alexander M. , Hannisdal Bjarte , Brocklehurst Neil , Benton Michael J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe fossil record is a unique resource on the history of life, but it is well known to be incomplete. In a series of high‐profile papers, a residual modelling technique has been applied to correct the raw palaeodiversity signal for this bias and incompleteness, and the claim is made that the processed time series are more accurate than the raw data. We apply empirical and simulation approaches to test for correlation and directionality of any relationships between rock and fossil data. The empirical data comprise samples of the global fossil record through the Phanerozoic, and we use simulations to assess whether randomly sampled subsets of modelled data can be improved by application of the residual modelling technique. Our results show that using formation counts as a sampling proxy to correct the fossil record via residual modelling is ill founded. The supposedly independent model of sampling is information‐redundant with respect to the raw palaeodiversity data it seeks to correct, and so the outputs are generally likely to be further from the truth than the raw data. We recommend that students of palaeodiversity cease to use residual modelling estimates based on formation counts, and suggest that results from a substantial number of papers published in the past ten years require re‐evaluation.
Optimal management of apparatus dead space in the anesthetized infant
Authors: King Michael R. , Feldman Jeffrey M. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryMechanical ventilation of the anesthetized infant requires careful attention to equipment and ventilator settings to assure optimal gas exchange and minimize the potential for lung injury. Apparatus dead space, defined as dead space resulting from devices placed between the endotracheal tube and the Y‐piece of the breathing circuit, is the primary source of dead space controlled by the clinician. Due to the small tidal volumes required by infants and neonates, it is easy to create excessive apparatus dead space resulting in unintended hypercarbia or increased minute ventilation in an effort to achieve a desirable PCO2. The goal of this review was to evaluate the apparatus that are commonly added to the breathing circuit during anesthesia care, and develop recommendations to guide the clinician in selecting apparatus that are best matched to the clinical goals and the patient's size. We include specific recommendations for apparatus that are best suited for different size pediatric patients, with a particular focus on patients <5 kg.
Determination of the optimal depth of a left internal jugular venous catheter in infants: A prospective observational study
Authors: Lee Ji‐Hyun , Byon Hyo‐Jin , Choi Yoon‐Hyeong , Song In‐Kyung , Kim Jin‐Tae , Kim Hee‐Soo 
Published: October 2017

SummaryBackgroundFew reports exist regarding the optimal depth of a left‐sided central venous catheter in pediatric patients. We aimed to provide a guideline for the optimal depth of central venous catheters at the left internal jugular vein in infants, using anatomical landmarks, age, height, and weight.MethodsA two‐stage study was conducted. In the first observational study, infants aged ≤1 year and scheduled for elective surgery requiring a central venous catheter were enrolled. The tip of the central venous catheter was confirmed using transthoracic echocardiography. Linear regression modeling was performed to determine the association between the insertion depth of the central venous catheter and the I‐A‐B distance (I, the insertion point; A, the sternal head of the left clavicle; B, the midpoint of the perpendicular line drawn between the sternal head of the right clavicle and an imaginary line between the nipples), based on age, height, and weight. In the second study, the results of the first study were validated in another group of consecutive infants.ResultsIn the first study, the data of 67 patients were analyzed. The infant's height and I‐A‐B distance were highly correlated with the level of the central venous catheter tip (R2=0.763 and 0.772, respectively; all P < .01), using the regression equations 0.11 × height (cm) + 0.19 and 1.02 × I‐A‐B (cm) + 1.55, respectively. In the second study, height was also highly correlated with the insertion depth of the central venous catheter in another 42 infants (r = .938, P = <.001). In a Bland‐Altman's analysis, the mean bias and precision of the actual insertion depth and predicted depth using height were 0.09 and 0.15 cm, respectively. The limits of agreement were −0.19 and 0.38 cm, respectively.ConclusionIn infants, the optimal depth of a central venous catheter at the left internal jugular vein can be determined with a simple formula using height.
Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome: Report of two patients with updated genetic classification and management recommendations
Authors: Loredana Asztalos Manuela , Schafernak Kristian T. , Gray Jayla , Berry Adam , Paller Amy S. , Mancini Anthony J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractHermansky‐Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in one of nine genes involved in the packaging and formation of specialized lysosomes, including melanosomes and platelet‐dense granules. The cardinal features are pigmentary dilution, bleeding diathesis, and accumulation of ceroid‐like material in reticuloendothelial cells. Pulmonary fibrosis induced by tissue damage is seen in the most severe forms, and one subtype is characterized by immunodeficiency. We describe two patients with HPS type 1 and review the updated gene‐based classification, clinical features, and recommendations for evaluation and follow‐up.
Multivariate Fay–Herriot Bayesian Estimation of Small Area Means Under Functional Measurement Error
Authors: Arima Serena , Bell William R. , Datta Gauri S. , Franco Carolina , Liseo Brunero 
Published: October 2017

Summary
Area level models, such as the Fay–Herriot model, aim to improve direct survey estimates for small areas by borrowing strength from related covariates and from direct estimates across all areas. In their multivariate form, where related population characteristics are jointly modelled, area level models allow for inference about functions of two or more characteristics and may exploit dependence between the response variables to improve small area predictions. When model covariates are observed with random error, such as those drawn from another survey, it is important to account for this error in the modelling. We present a Bayesian analysis of a multivariate Fay–Herriot model with functional measurement error, allowing for both joint modelling of related characteristics and accounting for random observation error in some of the covariates. We apply it to modelling 2010 and 2011 poverty rates of school-aged children for US counties, for predicting 2011 poverty rates and the 2010–2011 changes. For this application, the measurement error model results in great improvements in prediction when compared with the direct estimates, and ignoring the measurement error results in uncertainty estimates that are misleading. We propose a computational approach to implementing this model via an independence chain Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm and prove the propriety of the posterior distribution under a class of non-informative priors.
Developments in land information systems: examples demonstrating land resource management capabilities and options
Authors: Hallett S. H. , Sakrabani R. , Keay C. A. , Hannam J. A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractLand Information Systems (LIS) provide a foundation for supporting decision‐making across a broad spectrum of natural resource applications: agronomic, environmental, engineering and public good. Typically, LIS constitute a computerized database repository holding geospatial components, ‘mapping unit’ geometry and related georeferenced materials such as satellite imagery, meteorological observations and predictions and scanned legacy mapping. Coupled with the geospatial data are associated property, semantic and metadata, representing a range of thematic properties and characteristics of the land and environment. This paper provides examples of recent developments of national and regional LIS, presenting applications for land resource capabilities and management. These focus on the ‘Land Information System’ (LandIS) for England and Wales, and the ‘World Soil Survey Archive and Catalogue’ (WOSSAC) and consider Agricultural Land Classification in Wales, an Irish land and soil information system, and a scheme to optimize land suitability for application of palm oil biofertilizers in Malaysia. Land Information Systems support purposeful environmental interpretations, drawing on soil and related thematic data, offering insight into land properties, capabilities and characteristics. The examples highlight the practical transferability and extensibility of technical and methodological approaches across geographical contexts. This assessment identifies the value of legacy‐based natural resource inventories that can be interoperated with other contemporary sources of information, such as satellite imagery.
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the West‐Palaearctic Velia (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae)
Authors: BERCHI GAVRIL MARIUS , COPILAŞ‐CIOCIANU DENIS , KMENT PETR , BUZZETTI FILIPPO MARIA , PETRUSEK ADAM , RÁKOSY LÁSZLÓ , CIANFERONI FABIO , DAMGAARD JAKOB 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe investigated the systematics and biogeography of the West‐Palaearctic water cricket genus Velia Latreille based on a phylogenetic analysis of five molecular markers obtained from 79% of all known taxa of the subgenera Velia (s.s.) and Velia (Plesiovelia) Tamanini. The results revealed a sister‐group relationship between Velia (Plesiovelia) and the monotypic subgenus Velia (s.s.), and showed that the former is divided into three major clades. All taxa of Velia (Plesiovelia) were recovered as monophyletic, except for V. (P.) serbica Tamanini, which was paraphyletic with respect to V. (P.) mancinii mancinii Tamanini. Our results also indicate the existence of several unrecognized species. Molecular dating based on fossil data and COI rates indicates that the split between Velia (s.s.) and Velia (Plesiovelia) occurred between 40 and 22 Ma. An ancestral area reconstruction suggests that the latter originated in southeastern Europe, from where it radiated to the west and east, along the Neogene archipelagos of Europe and Asia Minor. Northwestern Africa served as the second most important diversification centre of the subgenus. The low genetic variability in the widespread V. (P.) caprai caprai Tamanini and V. (P.) saulii Tamanini implies a rapid postglacial colonization of Europe, whereas high diversity within the lineages of V. (P.) serbica indicates survival of Pleistocene glaciations in microrefugia throughout southeastern Europe. These results serve as a useful framework for future studies ranging from the systematics of the group to historical biogeography, ecology and biodiversity conservation.
The Keisarhjelmen detachment records Silurian–Devonian extensional collapse in Northern Svalbard
Authors: Braathen Alvar , Osmundsen Per Terje , Maher Harmon , Ganerød Morgan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAt the junction of the Atlantic and Arctic margins, the crustal‐scale Keisarhjelmen detachment of north‐west Svalbard records previously unrecognised magnitudes of extension. The detachment separates a corrugated metamorphic core complex in the footwall from a mantling Devonian supradetachment basin in the hangingwall. The detachment has a top‐N displacement of more than 50 km, which is aligned with the map‐scale corrugations, and an upwards ductile to brittle transition with shear related footwall retrogression. This configuration has striking similarities to extensional collapse detachments in the paired Scandinavian–Greenland Caledonides, but orientation and position link the detachment with the Ellesmerian orogen.
Evidence of multiple evaporite recycling processes in a salt‐tectonic context, Sivas Basin, Turkey
Authors: Pichat Alexandre , Hoareau Guilhem , Callot Jean‐Paul , Legeay Etienne , Kavak Kaan Sevki , Révillon Sidonie , Parat Corinne , Ringenbach Jean‐Claude 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe isotopic composition of evaporites can shed light on their environment of precipitation and their subsequent recycling processes. In this study, we performed Sr, O and S isotopic analyses on evaporitic sulphates in the halokinetic Sivas Basin. The main objectives were to decipher the age and origin of the evaporites responsible for the salt tectonics, and to test whether diapir dissolution acts as the source of younger evaporitic layers in continental mini‐basins. The Sr isotopes demonstrate that the first evaporites precipitated from seawater during the Middle–Late Eocene. The similar isotopic values measured in the halokinetic domain confirm that the Eocene evaporites triggered the salt tectonics and were continuously recycled in Oligo‐Miocene mini‐basins as lacustrine to sabkha evaporites. Modern halite precipitates suggest that the dissolution and recycling of diapiric halite is ongoing. This study demonstrates the efficiency of isotopic analyses in constraining evaporite recycling processes in continental halokinetic domains.
Lifestyle, habitat and farmers' risk of exposure to tick bites in an endemic area of tick‐borne diseases in Hungary
Authors: Li S. , Juhász‐Horváth L. , Trájer A. , Pintér L. , Rounsevell M. D. A. , Harrison P. A. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryControlling tick bites on farmers is important to the management of tick‐borne diseases and occupational health risks in agriculture. Based on an extensive household survey conducted between June and August 2015 with 219 farmers from western Hungary where tick‐borne diseases are endemic, we analysed the pattern of farmers' self‐reported contacts with ticks and investigated the potential interactions between farmers, landscape and the risk of exposure to tick bites. We developed a lifestyle typology based on farmers' socioeconomic profiles, farming objectives and time use patterns, and a habitat typology describing different configurations of tick habitats and agricultural areas in place of farming. We found no relationship between tick exposure risk and self‐prevention. The lifestyle typology could be used to classify the risk of tick bites and the adoption of prevention measures into different levels, the difference between which could further be modified by the habitat typology. Our results suggest that (i) farmers who are frequently engaged in outdoor recreations and (ii) part‐time and inexperienced farmers who have lower rate of preventive actions are likely to experience greater exposure to tick bites either in less cultivated, semi‐natural habitats or in agricultural landscape with highly diverse land uses. Future disease prevention practices should take into consideration the interaction of lifestyle and habitat and the need to associate different farmer groups with different landscape configurations.
Endomorphins potentiate acid‐sensing ion channel currents and enhance the lactic acid‐mediated increase in arterial blood pressure: effects amplified in hindlimb ischaemia
Authors: Farrag Mohamed , Drobish Julie K. , Puhl Henry L. , Kim Joyce S. , Herold Paul B. , Kaufman Marc P. , Ruiz‐Velasco Victor 
Published: October 2017

Key points
Chronic limb ischaemia, characterized by inflammatory mediator release and a low extracellular pH, leads to acid‐sensing ion channel (ASIC) activation and reflexively increases mean arterial pressure; endomorphin release is also increased under inflammatory conditions.
We examined the modulation of ASIC currents by endomorphins in sensory neurons from rats with freely perfused and ligated femoral arteries: peripheral artery disease (PAD) model.
Endomorphins potentiated sustained ASIC currents in both groups of dorsal root ganglion neurons, independent of mu opioid receptor stimulation or G protein activation.
Intra‐arterial administration of lactic acid (to simulate exercising muscle and evoke a pressor reflex), endomorphin‐2 and naloxone resulted in a significantly greater pressor response than lactic acid alone, while administration of APETx2 inhibited endomorphin's enhancing effect in both groups.
These results suggest a novel role for endomorphins in modulating ASIC function to effect lactic acid‐mediated reflex increase in arterial pressure in patients with PAD.
AbstractChronic muscle ischaemia leads to accumulation of lactic acid and other inflammatory mediators with a subsequent drop in interstitial pH. Acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs), expressed in thin muscle afferents, sense the decrease in pH and evoke a pressor reflex known to increase mean arterial pressure. The naturally occurring endomorphins are also released by primary afferents under ischaemic conditions. We examined whether high affinity mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists, endomorphin‐1 (E‐1) and ‐2 (E‐2), modulate ASIC currents and the lactic acid‐mediated pressor reflex. In rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, exposure to E‐2 in acidic solutions significantly potentiated ASIC currents when compared to acidic solutions alone. The potentiation was significantly greater in DRG neurons isolated from rats whose femoral arteries were ligated for 72 h. Sustained ASIC current potentiation was also observed in neurons pretreated with pertussis toxin, an uncoupler of G proteins and MOR. The endomorphin‐mediated potentiation was a result of a leftward shift of the activation curve to higher pH values and a slight shift of the inactivation curve to lower pH values. Intra‐arterial co‐administration of lactic acid and E‐2 led to a significantly greater pressor reflex than lactic acid alone in the presence of naloxone. Finally, E‐2 effects were inhibited by pretreatment with the ASIC3 blocker APETx2 and enhanced by pretreatment with the ASIC1a blocker psalmotoxin‐1. These findings have uncovered a novel role of endomorphins by which the opioids can enhance the lactic acid‐mediated reflex increase in arterial pressure that is MOR stimulation‐independent and APETx2‐sensitive.
A Retrospective Cohort Analysis Shows that Coadministration of Minocycline with Colistin in Critically Ill Patients Is Associated with Reduced Frequency of Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Lodise Thomas P. , Fan Weihong , Griffith David C. , Dudley Michael N. , Sulham Katherine A. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Nonclinical studies have suggested that oxidative damage, caspase-mediated apoptosis, and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels may be involved in the pathogenesis of colistin (CST)-associated acute renal failure. MIN inhibits caspase 1, caspase 3, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, leading to the hypothesis that coadministration of CST with MIN (CST-MIN) may reduce the incidence of acute renal failure as well as produce additive or synergistic antimicrobial effects. A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Premier Research database to examine the impact of CST-MIN on acute renal failure. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age of ≥18 years, intensive care unit admission at CST initiation, primary International Classification of Diseases 9 (ICD-9) diagnosis of pneumonia or sepsis, nondialysis at hospital admission, and discharge between January 2010 and December 2015. ICD-9 code 584.XX or ICD-10 code N17 was used to define acute renal failure. Baseline comparisons, 1:8 propensity score matching, and confirmatory logistic regression analyses were conducted. In total, 4,817 patients received CST and met inclusion criteria; 93 received CST-MIN. Unadjusted frequency of acute renal failure was significantly lower in patients receiving CST-MIN than CST (11.8% versus 23.7%,
P
= 0.007). Similar results were seen in propensity score matching (12.0% versus 22.3%,
P
= 0.031) and logistic regression analyses (odds ratio of 0.403,
P
= 0.006). Mortalities and 30-day readmission rates were similar between groups. The acute renal failure rate was not impacted by prevalence of baseline renal disease. CST-MIN in critically ill patients may reduce CST-associated acute renal failure. Further evaluation of this combination in prospective clinical studies is warranted.
Reduced Chlorhexidine and Daptomycin Susceptibility in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium after Serial Chlorhexidine Exposure
Authors: Bhardwaj Pooja , Hans Amrita , Ruikar Kinnari , Guan Ziqiang , Palmer Kelli L. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus faecium
strains (VREfm) are critical public health concerns because they are among the leading causes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a bisbiguanide cationic antiseptic that is routinely used for patient bathing and other infection control practices. VREfm are likely frequently exposed to CHX; however, the long-term effects of CHX exposure have not been studied in enterococci. In this study, we serially exposed VREfm to increasing concentrations of CHX for a period of 21 days in two independent experimental evolution trials. Reduced CHX susceptibility emerged (4-fold shift in CHX MIC). Subpopulations with reduced daptomycin (DAP) susceptibility were detected, which were further analyzed by genome sequencing and lipidomic analysis. Across the trials, we identified adaptive changes in genes with predicted or experimentally confirmed roles in chlorhexidine susceptibility (
efrE
), global nutritional stress response (
relA
), nucleotide metabolism (
cmk
), phosphate acquisition (
phoU
), and glycolipid biosynthesis (
bgsB
), among others. Moreover, significant alterations in membrane phospholipids were identified for some populations with reduced DAP susceptibility. Our results are clinically significant because they identify a link between serial subinhibitory CHX exposure and reduced DAP susceptibility. In addition, the CHX-induced genetic and lipidomic changes described in this study offer new insights into the mechanisms underlying the emergence of antibiotic resistance in VREfm.