bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philicity, fugality, and equilibrium constants: when do rate-equilibrium relationships break down?
Authors: Mayr Herbert , Ofial Armin R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLinear free energy relationships, in particular relationships between rate and equilibrium constants, are the basis for our rationalization of organic reactivity. Whereas relationships between the kinetic terms nucleophilicity and nucleofugality and the thermodynamic term basicity have been in the focus of interest for many decades, much less attention has been paid to the relationships between electrophilicity, electrofugality, and Lewis acidity. By usingp- andm-substituted benzhydrylium ions (Aryl2CH+) as reference electrophiles, reference electrofuges, and reference Lewis acids of widely varying electron demand and constant steric surroundings of the reaction center, we have developed comprehensive reactivity scales which can be employed for classifying polar organic reactivity and for rationally designing synthetic transformations. It is a general rule that structural variations in electron-surplus species, which increase basicities, also increase nucleophilicities and decrease nucleofugalities, and that structural variations in electron-deficient species, which increase Lewis acidities also increase electrophilicities and decrease electrofugalities. Deviations from this behavior are analyzed, and it is shown that variations in intrinsic barriers are responsible for the counterintuitive observations that structural variation in one of the reactants alters the rates of forward and backward reactions in the same direction. A spectacular example of this phenomenon is found in vinyl cation chemistry: Vinyl cations are not only generated several orders of magnitude more slowly in SN1 reactions than benzhydrylium ions of the same Lewis acidity, but also react much more slowly with nucleophiles.
Perception of the contents of animated maps
Authors: Łucjan Kamila 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Intense development of computer technology has taken place in the last several decades made it possible to cartographically present variability of phenomena in a dynamic way. As a result of using animation techniques in cartography there appeared new methods of presentation of changes, referred to as direct. Considering the character of the relation between display time and real time, two basic types of animated maps have been distinguished: temporal and non-temporal. Other criteria of classifying animation are the presence and level of interactivity and the technical criteria of production.
Regardless of the applied classification, perception of the contents of animated maps is one of the main issues, since using animation leads to a significant cognitive load specific for dynamic methods. Fast sequence of data and its quick disappearance can result in omission of some information because in the case of animated maps there is a higher risk of exceeding perception potential of users than in the case of static maps.
Higher efficiency of animated map perception can be achieved by applying methods of cognitive overload reduction determined through experimental research. The most important of them are: using control tools, directing attention with dynamically blinking lights, locating connected objects close to one another, using sound, adapting generalization level to the characteristics of moving images and accounting for the age and experience of map users.
Among more sophisticated solutions are such elements as so-called decay and a combination of static and animated map features in the form of semi-static animations.
Fabrication of random and aligned-oriented cellulose acetate nanofibers containing betamethasone sodium phosphate: structural and cell biocompatibility evaluations
Authors: Saifoori Saba , Fallah-Darrehchi Mahshid , Zahedi Payam , Bayandori Moghaddam Abdolmajid 
Published: March 2017

Abstract:
The objective of this work was to prepare electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibers containing betamethasone sodium phosphate (BSP). Two different morphologies including random and aligned orientations were rationally designed to improve the performance of samples in in vitro experiments. By comparing the CA nanofibrous samples with randomly and aligned-oriented morphologies, the scanning electron microscopy images showed that the neat aligned-oriented nanofibers with an average diameter of 180±15 nm could be obtained using a high-speed rotating collector. Subsequently, the tensile test confirmed that the aligned CA nanofibers had higher mechanical properties than that of the randomly oriented ones. Moreover, the BSP release profile obtained by UV-vis spectrophotometry depicted that the aligned samples had an initial burst release of BSP followed by a slow penetration of the drug with a gentle slope during 72 h. Furthermore, the ultimate amounts of BSP released from the random and aligned CA nanofibers into the phosphate buffer solution were 63% and 53%, respectively. Finally, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on both aligned and random electrospun CA nanofibrous samples containing BSP. The thiazolyl blue and hematoxylin and eosin staining results showed that the BSP-loaded nanofibers with the aligned morphology provided the most suitable environment for the cells’ growth, viability, and proliferation.
Effect of the particulate morphology of resin on the gelation process of PVC plastisols
Authors: Ji Yubi , Yang Zhao , Shi Min , Tan Hong 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The gelation process of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastisol is very important to ensure the quality of the product and is affected by the type of resins, plasticizers, and other additives. In this study, the gelation process of the as-prepared PVC plastisol was characterized by measuring the evolution of vibrational viscosity with temperature or time using a vibrational viscometer. Furthermore, the effect of some commercial resins with different particulate morphologies on the gelation process was investigated by synchronously combining scanning election microscopy and laser particle size analyses. The results of this study proved that the particle size distribution and the aggregation degree of the secondary particles of a resin are the key factors affecting the gelation process. For the resin with bimodal particle size distribution, the closer the aggregation of the secondary particles, the slower the gel speed; however, an opposite behavior was observed for the resins with unimodal particle size distribution.
Carbon Nanomembranes
Authors: Angelova Polina , Gölzhäuser Armin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis chapter describes the formation and properties of one nanometer thick carbon nanomembranes (CNMs), made by electron induced cross-linking of aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The cross-linked SAMs are robust enough to be released from the surface and placed on solid support or over holes as free-standing membranes. Annealing at ~1000K transforms CNMs into graphene accompanied by a change of mechanical stiffness and electrical resistance. The developed fabrication approach is scalable and provides molecular level control over thickness and homogeneity of the produced CNMs. The mechanisms of electron-induced cross-linking process are discussed in details. A variety of polyaromatic thiols: oligophenyls as well as small and extended condensed polycyclic hydrocarbons have been successfully employed, demonstrating that the structural and functional properties of the resulting nanomembranes are strongly determined by the structure of molecular monolayers. The mechanical properties of CNMs (Young’s modulus, tensile strength and prestress) are characterized by bulge testing. The interpretation of the bulge test data relates the Young’s modulus to the properties of single molecules and to the structure of the pristine SAMs. The gas transport through the CNM is measured onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - thin film composite membrane. The established relationship of permeance and molecular size determines the molecular sieving mechanism of permeation through this ultrathin sheet.
Crowdsourcing-Based Geoinformation, Disadvantaged Urbanisation Challenges, Subsaharan Africa: Theoretical Perspectives and Notes
Authors: Ingwe Richard 
Published: March 2017

AbstractScholars and practitioners concerned with geoinformation, cyber-cartography, development studies, and other subjects increasingly explore crowdsourcing and its huge advantages for development. Some have advocated it for adoption/promotion by government as a means of citizen engagement. The objective of this article is to increase the appreciation of the contribution that crowdsourcing can make towards resolving challenges associated with disadvantaged urbanisation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We review urban challenges of SSA and three practices of crowdsourcing: volunteered geographic information (VGI), Citizen Science (CS), and Participatory Mapping (PM). Then we examine problems associated with the advocacy for government adoption of those practices in SSA. We argue that civil society collaboration with an international governmental organisation (IGO) instead of government promises a better way of adopting and promoting them. This suggestion is based on the fact that work related to this strategy is carried out by a global coalition of civil society, the UN-NGLS. This strategy promises a more rapid way of taking advantage of fast-tracking public engagement in the economic region, SSA.
Quaternary ammonium based task specific ionic liquid for the efficient and selective extraction of neptunium
Authors: Gupta Nishesh Kumar , Sengupta Arijit , Biswas Sujoy 
Published: March 2017

Abstract:
Liquid–liquid extraction of neptunium from aqueous acidic solution using quaternary ammonium based task specific ionic liquid (TSIL) was investigated. The extraction of Np was predominated by the ‘cation exchange’ mechanism via [NpO2·Hpth]+ species for NpO2
2+, while NpO2
+ was extracted in ionic liquid as [NpO2·H·Hpth]+. The extraction process was thermodynamically spontaneous while kinetically slower. Na2CO3 as strippant showed quantitative back extraction of neptunium ions from TSIL. TSIL showed excellent radiolytic stability upto 500 kGy gamma exposure. Finally, the TSIL was employed for the processing of simulated high level waste solutions revealing high selectivity of TSIL towards neptunium.
Number 13 / Part I. Music. 2. Systematical Approacho of Integrality of Musical Didactical Activity Through The Dramaturgy at Musical Education Lesson
Authors: Caliga Marina 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The integrality of musical-didactical activities at the lesson as a systematical aproach of the musical education process is the problem that we search for. In this way, dramaturgy at the lesson is searched as one of the principles of this integrity. The words “project”, “diagram”, “scenario”, “libretto” of the lesson are described in this study through two aspects: emotional dramaturgy and reasonable dramaturgy. These are the most important purpose of the personal attitude and activity. Through what mechanisms the dramaturgy is obtained at the lesson? How the emotional tones lead to the culmination? How are integrated the words dramaturgy and systematization? All these questions are studied in this article. In this way, dramaturgy at the lesson is the mechanism that integrates the system.
Number 13 / Part I. Music. 5. Transdisciplinary Dimensions of Music Education: Terminological and Conceptual Approaches
Authors: Crisciuc Viorica , Cosumov Marina 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Complex and integrated nature of issues such as globalization, migration, interculturalism, environmental protection, information explosion, claims a transdisciplinary approach to education and music education. To cope with changes characteristic of the contemporary world, students need as generic skills: the ability to learn how to learn, ability and problem-solving assessment. Transdisciplinarity - involves such issues often highly complex, using tools and rules specific to certain science investigations using concepts of these sciences, but in other contexts. Students are interested in concrete problems faced in everyday life and looking for more of these explanations and practical solutions. To identify issues related to cross-disciplinary dimension of music education concepts will investigate disciplinary, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary are four arrows of a single bow: knowledge.
Number 13 / Part I. Music. 7. Grounds of Absolute Pitch Development in Yamaha Music School
Authors: Iușcă Dorina 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Absolute pitch is defined as the ability to identify the pitch class of a certain given sound without the aid of an external reference pitch (Takeuchi & Hulse, 1993; Deutsch, 2002). The incidence of absolute pitch is extremely rare among the general population, respectively 1 in 10.000 people and it depends on testing conditions such as the number of identified sounds, pitch Chroma, pitch height, timbre, register or requested reaction time, and also on subjects musical training commencing and Eastern-Asian origins. The way absolute pitch develops is described by three models: the tone language theory, the early training theory and the genetic theory. The early training theory states that absolute pitch appears due to the beginning of musical lessons during a critical development period situated before the age of 6. The educational implications of this theory are revealed in the principles and activities of Yamaha Music School which employs didactic strategies that naturally develop absolute pitch. Yamaha Music School is the largest private music education system from Japan, established by Torakusu Yamaha in 1954. Up to this day it has extended in 40 countries from Europe, Asia and the American continents, as it has about 710 million students and 30.000 teachers. The present study aims to illustrate a detailed analysis of the way the learning experiences offered by Yamaha School lead to the development of absolute pitch.
Number 13 / Part I. Music. 10. Communicational Entropy in The Present’s Crisis – Mediation and Community Action through Music Management
Authors: Balan Oana 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Present day art phenomena that surround us from all media channels compel us, who have been educated as professional musicians, to find justifications for the sonic abuse that contemporary society is subjected to and to resuscitate, within this vitiated context, the art music meant to re-educate our people, restoring them to the conscience and value of their identity. Educating the public and bringing them closer to contemporary art is a task meant to be fulfilled by music institutions as well, since they should seek to investigate efficient methods of generating connecting bridges to the large masses by transforming music into a shared cultural commodity.
Part II. Drama / Choreography2. Medea. A Mother – Creation Laboratory
Authors: Condurache Dumitriana , Ciofu Anca Mihaela 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
One of the challenges which an arts‟ professor faces in the XXIth century is “the need to refresh”. Therefore, it is essential to find out efficient teaching-learning methods which imply the creative involvement of the students, in order to get an organic learning as a result, but also in order to provoke a superior degree of responsibility towards the process itself and, last but not least, towards their future profession. That‟s why we chose to work with a group of students based on the theatre-laboratory system, they getting involved in every step, from the choice of the text to the improvisation, until the making of the final show.
2. Empathy and Communication through Art
Authors: Rusu Marinela 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Art is one of the finest means of shaping the personality, of access to aesthetic and moral values of society. The paper presents some of the elements of communication through art, in the double sense of this process, from the artwork (creator) to the viewer, but also from the viewer to the work of art and creator. The key-element of this dual process is the empathy, the ability to feel the emotional states of others. It develops within a set of personality traits, including: emotional intelligence, emotional feelings diversity, cognitive skills, along with motivation and personal ideals. Art is a medium of communication but also an element of developing a general receptivity to the world and its authentic values.
3. Proposals Regarding the Work Strategies in Plastic Visual Activities. The Professor as a Visual Art Mediator
Authors: Aprotosoaie-Iftimi Ana-Maria 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Starting from the cultural mediator model, the teacher, in his turn, can be positioned from the perspective of the assumed positioned of art mediator. Thus, his role would be to make art accessible to a public under training (students). Approaching activities in an upward direction - from the uninitiated (students) towards the professionals (artists), the designed activities will thus start from the developmental needs of the students. Finding ways of connecting youth and art by introducing art into everyday life and identifying examples where elements, skills and knowledge about art can be applied in everyday life and the permanent concentration of the mediator professor on the public/youth/students and not on the works of art and, thus placing young people at the heart of artistic mediation are several ways of opening, awakening and training the interest of the new art public.
4. Knowledge and Valorisation of the Plastic Language and of the Folk Decorative Motifs in the Artistic Education Study Process
Authors: Arbuz-Spatari Olimpiada 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The framework and the reference objectives of the ‘Textile art’ course signal priority of the student’s initiation in the fine arts language theory. It is essential to discover new possibilities to study and apply of fine arts language elements for the purposes of triggering students’ creativity. For this purpose, at the course of “Textile art”, we will examine the necessity of studying fine arts language, synthesis of creative forms when essentially determining the contents in the process of development of artistic creativity to fine arts education students. In the process of development of artistic creativity in students it is important to study the language elements by selecting and processing artistic elements of nature. The study of the elements of fine arts language contributes to educating and informing the creative personality while choosing and processing the reality in the context of a methodical creative thinking - along with compositional regularities of scale, rhythm, movement and fine arts forms.
5. The Basic Principles of The Working Process From Nature and the Role of Composition in Creating Landscape in Terms of Plein-Air
Authors: Savițkaia-Baraghin Iarîna 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Principles of possession of the landscape painting, applied by masters of the past, as well as theoretical elaborations of scientists in the field of chromatics, psychology and pedagogy of arts, become important components in improving training methods of artists in plein-air in contemporary conditions. The skills and knowledge gained in the process of pleinair studies form professional skills and improve the properties of painting and composition within the workshop. This studying outlines the stringency of training and development methods of creative individuality, especially in plein-air, where the principal teacher is the nature. The plein-air enriches color perception of the real world, located in the air, and mutual relationship of landscape with architecture and space determines knowledge of the issues of proportionality and subordination in compositions, educates sense of proportion and artistic taste. Improving visual mastery into the natural environment contributes to the formation to painters of the necessity to create outside the workshop, which is a necessary condition for the development of individuality and professional skills of the painter.
8. Industrial Design: The Roles and Factors of Aesthetics, Modeling, Styling, Product Brand and Branding in Design/Design Education
Authors: Efer Obasuyi Osa-Francis 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This paper examined the roles and factors of Aesthetics viz-a-viz those of modeling, styling and the product Brand (Branding) as viewed against their fundamental relevance as core ingredients for the actualization of any Design initiative and creative endeavour. These roles, influences and place of Aesthetics (and its allied components, makes up the very soul, content and essence of what the product is all about. Its Form, Shape, Morphological / physical attributes and characteristics. The paper established that the aesthetic components of beauty, colour, shape, (form) fonts, (lettering or typography) and all other general Aesthetic Ambience gives the given product the desired quality/beauty that it exudes to help determine its marketability / profitability as a Brand. The paper also reviewed the aspects /implications of these roles and influences on Design Education alongside highlighting the potentials of the Design Educator - learner experience, while exploiting the Teachers ability to effectively harmonise the various approaches and practices of a functional Design-led Educational programme viz-a-viz piloting such talents/skills achieved to practicable and useful ends as professionals in Design and Technology. The paper also seeks to establish that the roles and factors of modeling styling and Branding of the product which is best exemplified through the adaptation of Design inputs and features such as ornamentation, edge delineation, texture movement/flow of linear form, symmetry or Assymetry of shapes, colour, granularity (of matter/particles large or small) or coarseness, play of light (sunlight) and shade, transcendence (state of being or existence of a product beyond the limits of material experience) and that of total harmony. The paper recommends that for any product Brand to succeed it must incorporate all of the above components together with the inclusion of the other qualities that makes up the intangible content of the Brand such as, Brand Name, Logo, Tagline (catchphrase) the Graphics (elements of Design) Brand Shape, Brand colour, culminating in the establishment of what the Brand mission statement is about, its function, role or job it is intended to perform.
9. The Importance of the Drawing in the Artistic Creation Process
Authors: Ştefănescu Mircea 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In this academic paper I want to highlight the importance of the drawing and its purpose in the visual artist's creative effort which is in full artistic activity. I will illustrate what I have said previously with the drawings by artists such as Dürer Alfred, Alberto Giacometti, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Andeea Paladio and others artists who have created numerous drawings to study, or as the remarkable artworks. So, during the artistic process the sculptors, the painters or the architects draw to study, to remember or to clarify their own ideas. Many drawings are straightforward, with a single-purpose and spontaneous, but often are an intuitive response to an experience or an idea which must be necessarily put on paper. These studies are often the means by which the artists develop passages which is meant to be incorporated in a detailed and complex art composition.