bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis on English paragraph written by students
Authors: Tseesed Bayasgalan 
Published: October 2024

This research aims to analyze the structure and unity of paragraphs written by undergraduate students at Mongolian National University of Education. The study utilizes the structural components and unity of English paragraphs as a framework. Six students participated in the study, with research data comprising essays in English covering various topics. The findings reveal that students struggle to grasp the concept of a paragraph as a distinct section of writing, typically focusing on a single theme to express a coherent idea about an event. Many students encountered difficulties in composing the structural elements of a paragraph, including crafting a topic sentence, providing supporting details, and concluding effectively. These structural components play a crucial role in developing a unified idea. Furthermore, students commonly made errors such as veering off-topic, including unnecessary sentences, and disrupting the chronological sequence of events in complex writing tasks. Students made errors in composing the supporting and concluding sentences of the paragraph because they lacked comprehension of the primary function of the topic sentence.
Суралцагчдын англи хэлээр бичсэн цогцолборт хийсэн дүн шинжилгээ
Хураангуй: Энэхүү судалгаа нь Монгол Улсын Боловсролын Их сургуулийн бакалаврын оюутнуудын бичсэн цогцолборын (догол мөр) бүтэц болон өгүүлбэрүүдийн нэгдмэл байдалд хийх дүн шинжилгээнд чиглэгдсэн болно. Судалгаа нь англи хэлний цогцолборын ерөнхийн бүтцийн хэсгүүдийг загвар болгон ашигласан. Судалгаанд нийт 6 оюутныг хамруулсан ба уг судалгааны мэдээлэлд оюутнуудын англи хэлээр бичсэн өөр өөр сэдэв бүхий цогцолбор багтсан болно. Судалгааны явцад оюутнууд цогцолборыг аливаа хэрэг явдлын тухай харьцангуй төгс санаа илэрхийлсэн нэгдмэл утга бүхий бүтэц гэдгийг ойлгодоггүй нь илэрсэн. Зарим оюутнуудын хувьд цогцолборын бүтцийг зөв зохион байгуулж бичих тал дээр бэрхшээлтэй тулгарч байв. Түүнчлэн оюутнууд цогцолбор бичихдээ тухайн сэдвээсээ хазайсан, онц чухал шаардлагагүй өгүүлбэрүүдийг бичих болон үйл явдлын дэс дарааллыг алдагдуулсан зэрэг алдааг гаргаж байсан. Оюутнууд цогцолборын дэмжих туслах болон дүгнэлт өгүүлбэрийг бичихдээ алдаа гаргаж байсан нь чиглүүлэгч өгүүлбэрийн гол үүргийг сайн ойлгоогүйтэй холбоотой байв.
Түлхүүр үг: бичих чадвар, чиглүүлэгч өгүүлбэр, дэмжигч өгүүлбэр, дүгнэлт өгүүлбэр
Museum Research and Developments some issues
Authors: Sundev Enkhnaran 
Published: October 2024

Since the 20th century, the International Committee for Museum Studies (ICOFOM), the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, the Mongolian Culture and Arts Research Institute, the Musei Udirdah Gazar, the National Museum of Mongolia, and the Universities have been developing museology in our country with available resources. It will be clarified the need to reflect and innovate the research works and achievements of museologists in practice, and to improve the relations between museology and museums.
Музейн судалгаа хөгжүүлэлтийн тойм
Хураангуй: ХХ зууны үеэс Музей судлалын олон улсын хороо (ICOFOM), Монгол Улсын Шинжлэх ухааны академи, Соёл урлаг судлалын хүрээлэн, Музей удирдах газар, Монголын үндэсний музей, их сургууль нь манай улсад музей судлалыг боломжит нөөцүүдээр ханган хөгжүүлж иржээ. Музей судлаачдын судалгааны бүтээл, ололтыг практикт тусгах, инновацжуулах, музей судлал, музейн уялдаа холбоог сайжруулах шаардлагатай болсон дүгнэлт танилцуулна.
Түлхүүр үгс: сан хөмрөг, судалгаа, харилцаа
Slametan Event On New Year's Eve New In Strengthening Solidarity Boyolali Village Community
Authors: Linda Khofifah  
Published: October 2024

New Year, become great night often used by some teenager For do matter negative things like drunk , do matter deviate and stuff others can raises chaos and chaos. Then what, activities positive done at night year new. Slametan be one activities carried out by some public Java as expression of gratitude nor safety to god, In order strengthen connection between fellow citizens boyolali in the village Boyolali, held a Gathering event Slametan at night day on date final before enter year new. Research methods This use study qualitative related to Max Weber's Theory action social. Based on results research , as for values solidarity embodied and benefits from gatherings Slametan ie First Strengthen familiarity, Second Strengthen Solidarity between fellow, Third increase the religiosity of Boyolali residents, Fourth, Stretch Conflict Fourth Increase harmony among residents of Boyolali Village, Central Java.
Aktuelle BFH-Judikatur zu Verlusten nach § 15a EStG – Bestandsaufnahme und Gestaltungsüberlegungen
Authors: Prinz Ulrich 
Published: October 2024

Zusammenfassung
Der IV. Senat des BFH hat in jüngerer Zeit drei wichtige Urteile zu Detailfragen bei Verlusten nach § 15a EStG veröffentlicht, die im Beitrag analysiert und eingeordnet werden. Im Ergebnis werden nach Meinung des BFH einerseits verrechenbare Verluste nach § 15a Abs. 4 EStG bei Mitunternehmerkapitalgesellschaften nicht durch § 8c KStG beschädigt; des Weiteren ist der fiktive Gewinn i.S.d. § 15a Abs. 3 EStG auch bei unterjährigem Gesellschafterwechsel nicht beteiligungs-, sondern gesellschafterbezogen zuzurechnen. Beide Urteile sind aus Sicht der Praxis im Ergebnis erfreulich. Andererseits hält der BFH eine Aufwärtsabfärbung gem. § 15 Abs. 3 Nr. 1 EStG bei einer vermögensverwaltenden Oberpersonengesellschaft auch bei nur verrechenbaren Verlusten einer gewerblichen Unterpersonengesellschaft für geboten. Die Praxis muss hier einmal mehr äußerst umsichtig gestalten. Die aktuelle BFH-Judikatur weist aus Praktikersicht also „Licht und Schatten“ auf, ist dessen ungeachtet aber stets von systematischen Erwägungen im Rahmen transparenter Besteuerungsgrundsätze getragen.
Tagungs- und Diskussionsbericht zum 92. Berliner Steuergespräch am 16.9.2024 „Aktuelle Probleme und Perspektiven der Kapitalertragsteuer“
Authors: Richter Andreas , Welling Berthold 
Published: October 2024

Zusammenfassung
Der Fokus des 92. Steuergesprächs zu aktuellen Problemen und Perspektiven der Kapitalertragsteuer lag auf einer konstruktiven Diskussion. Das Problem der überlangen Bearbeitungsdauern von Freistellungs- und Erstattungsverfahren war durch die kleine Anfrage der CDU/CSU-Bundestagsfraktion offengelegt worden. Hierzu ging man besonders auf die Perspektiven und Lösungsansätze ein. Besondere Brisanz hat das Thema der Erstattung von Kapitalertragsteuer erst durch die Cum-Ex-Fälle und die weniger prominenten Cum-Cum-Fälle erlangt. Diese sollten im Rahmen des Steuergesprächs aber ausgeklammert werden, da die Kommission beim Bundesfinanzministerium sich in ihrem fast 300-seitigen Zwischenbericht Anfang des Jahres bereits ausreichend damit beschäftigt und sich das Gesetz an den relevanten Stellen bereits geändert hat. Thema des Steuergesprächs waren daher der aktuelle Stand von Reformvorschlägen zur Kapitalertragsteuer und deren Vereinbarkeit miteinander sowie ihre Umsetzbarkeit.
A robust gene signature for the prediction of early relapse in stage I–III colon cancer
Authors: Dai Weixing , Li Yaqi , Mo Shaobo , Feng Yang , Zhang Long , Xu Ye , Li Qingguo , Cai Guoxiang 
Published: January 2018

Colon cancer patients experiencing early relapse consistently exhibited poor survival. The aim of our study was to develop an mRNA signature that can help to detect early relapse cases in stage I–III colon cancer. Public microarray datasets of stage I–III colon cancer samples were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Propensity score matching analysis was performed between patients in the early relapse group and the long‐term survival group from GSE39582 discovery series (N = 386), and patients were 1 : 1 matched. Global mRNA expression changes were then analyzed between the paired groups to identify the differentially expressed genes. Lasso Cox regression modeling analysis was conducted for the selection of prognostic mRNA. Fifteen mRNA were finally identified to build an early relapse classifier. With specific risk score formula, patients were classified into a high‐risk group and a low‐risk group. Relapse‐free survival was significantly different between the two groups in every series, including discovery [hazard ratio (HR): 2.547, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.708–3.797, P < 0.001)], internal validation (HR: 5.146, 95% CI: 1.968–13.457, P < 0.001), and external validation (HR: 1.977, 95% CI: 1.295–3.021, P < 0.001) sets of patients. Time‐dependent receiver‐operating characteristic at 1 year suggested more prognostic accuracy of the classifier [area under curve (AUC = 0.703)] than the American Joint Commission on Cancer tumor–node–metastasis staging system (AUC = 0.659) in all 951 patients. In conclusion, we developed a robust mRNA signature that can effectively classify colon cancer patients into groups with low and high risks of early relapse. This mRNA signature may help select high‐risk colon cancer patients who require more aggressive therapeutic intervention.
U.S. Hail Frequency and the Global Wind Oscillation
Authors: Gensini Vittorio A. , Allen John T. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractChanges in Earth relative atmospheric angular momentum can be described by an index known as the Global Wind Oscillation. This global index accounts for changes in Earth's atmospheric budget of relative angular momentum through interactions of tropical convection anomalies, extratropical dynamics, and engagement of surface torques (e.g., friction and mountain). It is shown herein that U.S. hail events are more (less) likely to occur in low (high) atmospheric angular momentum base states when excluding weak Global Wind Oscillation days, with the strongest relationships found in the boreal spring and fall. Severe, significant severe, and giant hail events are more likely to occur during Global Wind Oscillation phases 8, 1, 2, and 3 during the peak of U.S. severe weather season. Lower frequencies of hail events are generally found in Global Wind Oscillation phases 4–7 but vary based on Global Wind Oscillation amplitude and month. In addition, probabilistic anomalies of atmospheric ingredients supportive of hail producing supercell thunderstorms closely mimic locations of reported hail frequency, helping to corroborate report results.
Alkanolamine – Methode zur Bestimmung von 11 Alkanolaminen in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz mittels Ionenchromatographie [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2018]
Authors: Breuer D. , Blaskowitz M. , Eshlaghi Ansari P. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the limit value monitoring of 11 alkanolamines such as 2‐aminoethanol, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, aminomethyl propanol, 2‐dimethylaminoethanol, diglycolamin, methyl diethanolamine, 4‐amino‐1‐butanol, (s)‐3‐amino‐1,2‐propanediol, 1‐aminopropan‐2‐ol and 2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol in workplace air. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a quartz fibre filter impregnated with methanesulfonic acid. The filter is positioned in a GSP sampling head which comply with the requirement of EN 481 for inhalable aerosol and EN 13936 for particle/vapour mixtures. The flow rate is set to 0.5 L/min with a recommended air sample volume of 60 L. After solvent extraction the sample solution is analysed by means of ion chromatography with conductivity detection. The quantitative determination of the alkanolamines is based on calibration functions obtained by means of multiple‐point calibrations. The limit of quantification for an individual alkanolamine is in the range from 0.087 to 0.58 mg/m3.
Probenahme und Analyse von Stoffen und Stoffgemischen, die gleichzeitig als Dampf und Partikel in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz vorkommen können [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2018]
Authors: Breuer D. , Dragan C.G. , Hebisch R. , Bartsch R. , Giesen Y. , Krämer W. , Nitschke L. , Nitz G. , Pannwitz K.‐H. , Tschickardt M. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

AbstractDue to their physical properties semi‐volatile substances can occur as particle/vapour mixtures in workplace air. Such mixtures are formed, e. g. as a result of mechanical processes such as the processing of metals or ceramics, during dipping processes in electroplating or during spraying processes. For that reason workplace air measurements must be carried out with a suitable sampling system for the collection of particles and vapours in workplace air. This report sets out the general principles of the physical behaviour of airborne aerosols and explains the different toxic effects of both phases by inhalation. Sampling strategies for collection of particle/vapour mixtures in workplace air using generally accepted combined sampling systems are described. In addition, several approved sampling heads and sampling systems such as GSP, GSP‐Mini, GGP/GGP‐U are presented. Influences on the measurement results such as temperature, humidity, sampling, transport and storage are discussed and the calculation of the expanded uncertainty when measuring these special kinds of substances is explained.
Addendum to Nitrobenzene [BAT Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Leng G. , Bolt H.M. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated nitrobenzene (CAS No
98‐95‐3
) in 2016, considering aniline released from aniline‐haemoglobin conjugate to characterize the internal exposure and the methaemoglobin formation as critical effect.

After inhalative exposure, high nitrobenzene concentrations cause adenomas and carcinomas in liver, kidney and thyroid in rats as well as lung and mamma in mice. A MAK value of 0.1 ml nitrobenzene/m
3
was established. For the haemoglobin adduct of nitrobenzene, a BLW (biological guidance value) of 100 µg aniline (released from aniline‐haemoglobin conjugate)/l blood corresponding to a methaemoglobin formation of 5% was evaluated based on field studies.
Formamide, dimethylformamide – Determination of formamide in urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry [Biomonitoring Methods, 2018]
Authors: Scherer G. , Gilch G. , Aust B. , Blaszkewicz M. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the presented biomonitoring method.

The method described herein allows the determination of formamide in urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Due to its sensitivity, this method is suitable for the detection of occupational and environmental exposure to formamide. For the analytical determination 1 mL of urine is lyophilised after being spiked with
13
C,
15
N‐formamide as the internal standard. The lyophilisate is extracted with 200 µL methanol. After centrifugation, 1 µL of the extract is injected into a GC‐MS system. The method was extensively validated and the reliability data were confirmed by an independent laboratory, which has established and cross‐checked the whole procedure.
Methylvinylether [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of methyl vinyl ether [
107‐25‐5
].

There are no new data. Methyl vinyl ether was assessed in two 28 day inhalation studies, the first with 5 male and 5 female rats each and concentrations of 0, 500, 3500, 25 000 ml/m
3
and a second with 10 male rats each and concentrations of 0, 150, 500, 1500 ml/m
3
. In the first study 3500 ml/m
3
was the systemic NOAEC for females and local NOAEC for males and females. In male rats, changes in haematological and clinico‐chemical parameters were observed in all exposure groups independent of the concentration. These effects could not be reproduced in the second study. At 3500 ml/m
3
the body weight gain of male rats was reduced. This reduction was not seen in the second study with a higher number of animals. Therefore the commission now evaluates the effects at 3500 ml/m
3
as incidental, maybe due to the lower number of animals, and defined 3500 ml/m
3
as NOAEC. As the margin of the MAK value of 200 ml/m
3
to slight effects at 25 000 ml/m
3
is large enough it also accounts for the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (the blood:air partition coefficient of methyl vinyl ether is > 5; see List of MAK‐ and BAT values chapters I b and I c). Therefore the MAK value of 200 ml/m
3
is confirmed.

Since a systemic effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category II is retained. No data concerning half‐life are available; therefore the default excursion factor of 2 is confirmed.

For rats, the NOAEC for developmental toxicity after inhalation is 5000 ml methyl vinyl ether/m
3
, at 10 000 ml/m
3
variations and retarded ossification were observed. Even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace the difference of the NOAEC for developmental toxicity to the MAK value is sufficient so that methyl vinyl ether remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.
1,2‐Benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐on [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated 1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐one [
2634‐33‐5
] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail.

Critical effect of 1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐one is its strong irritancy seen in the rabbit eye test. Irritation of the respiratory tract after inhalation was not investigated but is to be expected. As there are no inhalation studies available, the derivation of a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for 1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐one is still not possible and the substance remains assigned to chapter II b of the List of MAK and BAT values.
In three prenatal toxicity studies in rats with gavage application, 1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐one results in reduced foetal body weights and delayed ossifications at 73 or 90 mg/kg body weight and day. The NOAELs for developmental toxicity are 29, 30, and 55 mg/kg body weight and day.
1,2‐Benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐one is a skin sensitizer and therefore remains designated with “Sh”. It is not genotoxic and valid carcinogenicity studies are lacking. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
1,2‐Dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethylchinolin, polymer [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 1,2‐dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline, polymer [
26780‐96‐1
], an UVCB substance (“Unknown, of variable composition, or of biological origin”), considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

Critical effect is the liver toxicity observed in rats after 13‐week inhalative exposure resulting in a LOAEC of 15 mg/m
3
and 2‐year oral exposure with a NOAEL of 3.1 mg/kg body weight and day. In studies with rabbits the polymer does not irritate the eyes or skin. No maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) can be derived, as the compositions of the polymers used in the studies are unknown.

1,2‐Dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline, polymer, is neither mutagenic in vitro nor carcinogenic. Genotoxicity studies in vivo are not available. 1,2‐Dihydro‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline, polymer, shows developmental toxicity in rats at an oral dose of 300 mg/kg body weight and day which is toxic to the dams.
Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. Limited data show no sensitization.
Calciumbis(dinonylnaphthalinsulfonat) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid, calcium salt [
57855‐77‐3
], to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. As the substance is irritating to rabbit eyes an irritating potential for the respiration tract of humans has to be assumed. Inhalation studies are lacking. Therefore, a MAK value could not be derived and the substance is assigned to Section II b of the List of MAK and BAT values. Data on the genotoxic potential is not available. The analogous barium salt is not genotoxic. Carcinogenicity studies and data on the potential of contact sensitization in humans are lacking. A Buehler test in guinea pigs has some limitations due to incomplete information on composition and purity of the test substance. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
tert‐Butanol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the Pregnancy Risk Group of
tert
‐butyl alcohol [
75‐65‐0
].

In rats, fetal weights were reduced at 2000 ml/m
3
, the LOAEC for developmental toxicity after inhalation. A 95 % lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose for developmental toxicity of 1600 ml/m
3
was calculated. After now considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT values, chapters I b and I c) this concentration corresponds to 800 ml/m
3
at the workplace. The difference to the MAK value of 20 ml/m
3
is still sufficient so that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed.
tert
‐Butyl alcohol remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.

In a screening study based on OECD guideline 421 the NOAEL for fetotoxicity is 400 mg/kg body weight and day in rats. After toxicokinetic scaling this dose corresponds to a concentration of 233 ml/m
3
at the workplace. The difference between the NOAEL for fetotoxicity for rats and the MAK value of 20 ml/m
3
confirms the assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C.

For mice, no NOAEL for developmental toxicity was obtained. At the LOAEL for developmental toxicity after gavage of 1600 mg/kg body weight and day, increased numbers of resorptions and reduced litter size, but no malformations occurred. After toxicokinetic scaling this dose corresponds to a concentration of 553 ml/m
3
at the workplace. The difference between the LOAEL for developmental toxicity for mice and the MAK value does not contradict the retention of the assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C, particularly as a bolus administration (gavage) is considered to be a worst case compared with a continuous exposure at the workplace.
Calculation Methods for Vibration and Structure‐Borne Noise
Authors: Smith Malcolm G. , Roberts Simon N. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article provides a review of prediction methods for vibration and structure‐borne noise on board ships and off‐shore platforms. Used at the design stage, these can help to ensure that a vessel is fit for purpose with respect to health, safety, comfort, and reliability criteria. The main focus is on predicting the level of vibration caused by on‐board machinery, and the design of effective methods of vibration control.
In the early stages of design, models of idealized structures may be appropriate. For many structures, however, more realistic numerical models are required. At low frequencies, this means finite element modeling, while for predictions of high‐frequency structure‐borne noise around the vessel, statistical energy analysis is used.