bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assignment of sugar arrangement in branched steviol glycosides using electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Perera Wilmer H. , Avula Bharathi , Khan Ikhlas A. , McChesney James D. 
Published: November 2016

RationaleSteviol glycosides with an ent‐kaurene core are being used in the Food Industry as non‐caloric sweeteners. These compounds are chemically similar in terms of sugar types and sugar arrangements. In order to assign sugar positions, we describe herein the dissociation pattern for steviol glycosides under varying collision energies.MethodsSteviol glycosides (1 mg/mL, 2 μL) were automatically injected into the mass spectrometer by direct infusion using a 100‐well tray autosampler. The mass spectrometric analysis was performed using a quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QTOF) tandem mass spectrometer (model #G6530A; Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source with Jet Stream technology.ResultsDissociation of several natural and prepared steviol glycosides was carefully studied by ESI‐QTOF‐MS/MS using a range of collision energies: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 eV. This procedure allowed us to establish the dissociation pattern for steviol glycosides, and thus the sugar arrangement in the branched oligosaccharide portion linked at position C‐13 of steviol, and also infer the sugar arrangement at C‐19.ConclusionsThose steviol glycosides with a monosaccharide or less hindered disaccharides at position C‐19 are cleaved at low collision energy (10 eV) while highly hindered disaccharides and trisaccharides are cleaved at 40 eV. However, sugars attached at C‐13 cleave at highest collision energies in the following order: the C‐3 sugar, followed by the C‐2 sugar and finally the sugar directly linked at C‐13. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On l1 stability of switched positive singular systems with time‐varying delay
Authors: Li Shuo , Lin Hai 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThis paper investigates the problem of exponential stability and l1‐gain performance analysis for a class of discrete‐time switched positive singular systems with time‐varying delay. Firstly, a necessary and sufficient condition of positivity for the system is established by using the singular value decomposition method. Then by constructing an appropriate co‐positive Lyapunov functional and using the average dwell time scheme, we develop a sufficient delay‐dependent condition and identify a class of switching signals for the switched positive singular system to be exponentially stable and meet a prescribed l1‐gain performance level under the switching signal. Based on this condition, the decay rate of the system can be tuned and the optimal system performance level can be determined by solving a convex optimization problem. All of the criteria obtained in this paper are presented in terms of linear programming, which suggests a good scalability and applicability to high dimensional systems. Finally, a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posttranscriptional coordination of splicing and miRNA biogenesis in plants
Authors: Stepien Agata , Knop Katarzyna , Dolata Jakub , Taube Michal , Bajczyk Mateusz , Barciszewska‐Pacak Maria , Pacak Andrzej , Jarmolowski Artur , Szweykowska‐Kulinska Zofia 
Published: November 2016

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single‐stranded, noncoding RNAs that play a crucial role in basic physiological and morphological processes and in response to various stresses in eukaryotic organisms. However, the miRNA biogenesis, which is based on the action of complex protein machinery, varies between plants and animals, with the differences largely concerning the location of the process, the protein composition of the microprocessor, the mechanism of miRNA action on mRNA target, and the miRNA gene (MIR) structure. Roughly half of known Arabidopsis MIRs contain introns, and 29 miRNAs are encoded within the introns of host genes. Selection of alternative transcription start sites, alternative splice sites (SSs), and polyadenylation sites has been identified within miRNA primary transcripts (pri‐miRNAs), and such variety is essential for the production and fine‐tuning of miRNA levels. For example, the posttranscriptional processing of intron‐containing pri‐miRNAs involves the action of additional RNA metabolism machineries, such as the spliceosome and polyadenylation machinery, and to a large extent is based on direct communication between SERRATE (one of the core components of the plant microprocessor) and U1 snRNP auxiliary proteins. Moreover, the position of the miRNA stem–loop structure relative to the closest active 5′SS is essential for the miRNA production efficiency. Indeed, it is highly probable that this pre‐miRNA location affects recruitment of the microprocessor to pri‐miRNAs and therefore influences miRNA maturation and target mRNA regulation. Such complicated crosstalk between several machineries is important for a proper miRNA‐connected response to biotic and abiotic stresses, ensuring plant survival in a changing environment. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1403. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1403This article is categorized under:

RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution
A Computable Solution to Partee’s Temperature Puzzle
Authors: Liefke Kristina , Sanders Sam 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a computable solution to Partee’s temperature puzzle which uses one of the standard tools of mathematics and the exact sciences: countable approximation. Our solution improves upon the standard Montagovian solution to the puzzle (i) by providing computable natural language interpretations for this solution, (ii) by lowering the complexity of the types in the puzzle’s interpretation, and (iii) by acknowledging the role of linguistic and communicative context in this interpretation. These improvements are made possible by interpreting natural language in a model that is inspired by the Kleene-Kreisel model of countable-continuous functionals. In this model, continuous functionals are represented by lower-type objects, called the associates of these functionals, which only contain countable information.
Non-crossing Tree Realizations of Ordered Degree Sequences
Authors: Méhats Laurent , Straßburger Lutz 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe investigate the enumeration of non-crossing tree realizations of integer sequences, and we consider a special case in four parameters, that can be seen as a four-dimensional tetrahedron that generalizes Pascal’s triangle and the Catalan numbers. This work is motivated by the study of ambiguities in categorial grammars.
Automatic Concepts and Automata-Theoretic Semantics for the Full Lambek Calculus
Authors: Wurm Christian 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe introduce a new semantics for the (full) Lambek calculus, which is based on an automata-theoretic construction. This automata-theoretic semantics combines languages and relations via closure operators which are based on automaton transitions. We establish the strong completeness of this semantics for the full Lambek calculus via an isomorphism theorem for the syntactic concepts lattice of a language and a construction for the universal automaton recognizing the same language. Automata-theoretic semantics is interesting because it connects two important semantics of the Lambek calculus, namely the relational and the language-theoretic. At the same time, it establishes a strong relation between two canonical constructions over a given language, namely its syntactic concept lattice and its universal automaton.
Categorial Dependency Grammars with Iterated Sequences
Authors: Béchet Denis , Foret Annie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSome dependency treebanks use special sequences of dependencies where main arguments are mixed with separators. Classical Categorial Dependency Grammars (CDG) do not allow this construction because iterative dependency types only introduce the iterations of the same dependency. An extension of CDG is defined here that introduces a new construction for repeatable sequences of one or several dependency names. The learnability properties of the extended CDG when grammars are infered from a dependency treebank is also studied. It leads to the definition of new classes of grammars that are learnable in the limit from dependency structures.
Implementing Variable Vectors in a CCG Parser
Authors: Bekki Daisuke , Kawazoe Ai 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article addresses problems that arise from the use of category variables $${\varvec{T}}$$

T

in combinatory categorial grammars (CCGs), in particular, that they require extension of semantic languages with variable vectors in a form such as $$\lambda \overline{x}.M$$

λ

x
¯

.
M

or $$M\overline{x}$$

M

x
¯

. As a solution to such problems, we introduce a technique for implementing variable vectors within the context of lightblue, a Japanese CCG parser implemented within the Haskell programming language with a dependent type semantics (DTS) representation.
Genetic Counseling for Couples Seeking Noninvasive Prenatal Testing in Japan: Experiences of Pregnant Women and their Partners
Authors: Watanabe Motoko , Matsuo Mari , Ogawa Masaki , Uchiyama Toshitaka , Shimizu Satoru , Iwasaki Naoko , Yamauchi Akemi , Urano Mari , Numabe Hironao , Saito Kayoko 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe recent advent of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has had a significant impact in the field of prenatal testing. Although reports on pregnant women who used NIPT have accumulated, little is known about the experiences of their male partners. In this study, we assessed the experiences of couples who were expecting a child and undergoing NIPT, with a focus on both the pregnant women and their partners. Questionnaires were administered to 282 participants focusing on their specific experiences at three time points: after pre‐test counseling (first visit), when undergoing NIPT (second visit), and when results were received (third visit). Responses were analyzed to assess the differences between pregnant women and their partners. We found that more partners selected “family” as their first information source about NIPT and “my partner” as the first person to request NIPT than did pregnant women (35.6 vs. 5.9 %; p < 0.001 and 19.3 vs.1.5 %; p < 0.001). However, pregnant women more often consulted others including family and friends until undergoing NIPT than their partners (89.1 vs. 54.6 %; p < 0.001). Our findings suggest that it is important to encourage male partners to be actively involved in the NIPT decision‐making process. Differences between pregnant women and their partners should be seriously considered when providing genetic counseling.
Surface Tension and Viscosity of the Ni-Based Superalloys LEK94 and CMSX-10 Measured by the Oscillating Drop Method on Board a Parabolic Flight
Authors: Wunderlich Rainer K. , Fecht Hans-Jörg , Lohöfer Georg 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The surface tension and viscosity of the Ni-based superalloys LEK94 and CMSX-10 were measured by the oscillating drop method in a containerless electromagnetic processing device on board a parabolic flight airplane. Surface oscillations were recorded by 150 and 200 Hz frame rate digital cameras positioned in two perpendicular directions and by the inductive coupling between the oscillating sample surface and the oscillating circuit of the radio frequency heating and positioning generator. The surface tension as a function of temperature of LEK94 and CMSX-10 was obtained as σ(T) = 1.73 − 4.51 × 10−4 [T—1656 K (1383 °C)] Nm−1 and σ(T) = 1.71 − 5.80 × 10−4 [(T—1683 K (1410 °C)] Nm−1, respectively. The viscosity at the liquidus temperatures as 9.8 and 7.8 mPa.s, respectively. In addition, some basic thermophysical properties such as solidus and liquidus temperatures, densities at room temperature, and thermal expansion in the solid phase are reported.
Polyphasic taxonomy ofAspergillussectionCervini
Authors: Chen A.J. , Varga J. , Frisvad J.C. , Jiang X.Z. , Samson R.A. 
Published: November 2016

Species belonging toAspergillussectionCerviniare characterised by radiate or short columnar, fawn coloured, uniseriate conidial heads. The morphology of the taxa in this section is very similar and isolates assigned to these species are frequently misidentified. In this study, a polyphasic approach was applied using morphological characters, extrolite data, temperature profiles and partialBenA,CaMandRPB2sequences to examine the relationships within this section. Based on this taxonomic approach the sectionCerviniis resolved in ten species including six new species:A. acidohumus,A. christenseniae,A. novoguineensis,A. subnutans,A. transcarpathicusandA. wisconsinensis. A dichotomous key for the identification is provided.
Determinants of fire activity during the last 3500 yr at a wildland—urban interface, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Davis Emma L. , Mustaphi Colin J. Courtney , Gall Amber , Pisaric Michael F.J. , Vermaire Jesse C. , Moser Katrina A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLong-term records of wildfires and their controlling factors are important sources of information for informing land management practices. Here, dendrochronology and lake sediment analyses are used to develop a 3500-yr fire and vegetation history for a montane forest in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. The tree-ring record (AD 1771-2012) indicates that this region historically experienced a mixed-severity fire regime, and that effective fire suppression excluded widespread fire events from the study area during the 20th century. A sediment core collected from Little Trefoil Lake, located near the Jasper townsite, is analyzed for subfossil pollen and macroscopic charcoal (>150 μm). When comparing the tree-ring record to the 3500-yr record of sediment-derived fire events, only high-severity fires are represented in the charcoal record. Comparisons between the charcoal record and historical climate and pollen data indicate that climate and vegetation composition have been important controls on the fire regime for most of the last 3500 yr. Although fire frequency is presently within the historical range of variability, the fire return interval of the last 150 yr is longer than expected given modern climate and vegetation conditions, indicating that humans have become the main control on fire activity around Little Trefoil Lake.
Incidence and Outcomes Associated With Infections Caused by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in the United States: Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chiang Hsiu-Yin , Perencevich Eli N. , Nair Rajeshwari , Nelson Richard E. , Samore Matthew , Khader Karim , Chorazy Margaret L. , Herwaldt Loreen A. , Blevins Amy , Ward Melissa A. , Schweizer Marin L. 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUNDInformation about the health and economic impact of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) can inform investments in infection prevention and development of novel therapeutics.OBJECTIVETo systematically review the incidence of VRE infection in the United States and the clinical and economic outcomes.METHODSWe searched various databases for US studies published from January 1, 2000, through June 8, 2015, that evaluated incidence, mortality, length of stay, discharge to a long-term care facility, readmission, recurrence, or costs attributable to VRE infections. We included multicenter studies that evaluated incidence and single-center and multicenter studies that evaluated outcomes. We kept studies that did not have a denominator or uninfected controls only if they assessed postinfection length of stay, costs, or recurrence. We performed meta-analysis to pool the mortality data.RESULTSFive studies provided incidence data and 13 studies evaluated outcomes or costs. The incidence of VRE infections increased in Atlanta and Detroit but did not increase in national samples. Compared with uninfected controls, VRE infection was associated with increased mortality (pooled odds ratio, 2.55), longer length of stay (3-4.6 days longer or 1.4 times longer), increased risk of discharge to a long-term care facility (2.8- to 6.5-fold) or readmission (2.9-fold), and higher costs ($9,949 higher or 1.6-fold more).CONCLUSIONSVRE infection is associated with large attributable burdens, including excess mortality, prolonged in-hospital stay, and increased treatment costs. Multicenter studies that use suitable controls and adjust for time at risk or confounders are needed to estimate the burden of VRE infections.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.2017;38:203–215
Physical interpretation of probability density functions of bubble-induced agitation
Authors: Risso Frédéric 
Published: November 2016

A stochastic model is presented for the probability density function (p.d.f.) of the liquid velocity fluctuations generated by high-Reynolds-number rising bubbles. It considers three elementary sources of fluctuations: the potential flow disturbance around each bubble; the average bubble wakes, which are assumed to decay exponentially; and the turbulent agitation resulting from the flow instability, which is assumed to be isotropic, homogeneously distributed all over the flow and statistically independent of the two others. The model reproduces well and explains the characteristics of the experimental p.d.f.s: exponential tails, asymmetry of vertical fluctuations and evolution with the gas volume fraction. The model involves twoa prioriunknown parameters: the volume of the wake and the velocity scale of the turbulent agitation. Because some parts of the probability functions depend only on a single contribution, these two parameters can be uniquely and independently determined from experimental p.d.f.s. This defines an objective method to separate the various kinds of fluctuations and allows one to determine the contribution of each of them to the total agitation.
Unmanned aerial vehicles mitigate human–elephant conflict on the borders of Tanzanian Parks: a case study
Authors: Hahn Nathan , Mwakatobe Angela , Konuche Jonathan , de Souza Nadia , Keyyu Julius , Goss Marc , Chang'a Alex , Palminteri Suzanne , Dinerstein Eric , Olson David 
Published: November 2016

AbstractProtected areas across the range of the African savannah elephantLoxodonta africanaare increasingly being surrounded and isolated by agriculture and human settlements. Conflicts between people and crop-raiding elephants regularly lead to direct reprisals and diminish community support for conservation. We report on field trials in northern Tanzania that employed a new, humane way for wildlife managers to move elephants away from conflict zones, from distances of > 100 m, thereby enhancing the safety of wildlife managers, farmers and elephants. We deployed 10 unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) piloted by five trained teams of wildlife managers in the Tarangire–Manyara and Serengeti ecosystems. Game Scouts deployed the drones opportunistically during crop-raiding events at the peak of the maize ripening period in 2015 and 2016. In 100% of trials (n = 51) elephants responded to the presence of a drone by departing rapidly from crop fields (n = 38) and settlements (n = 13). The cost of five teams responsible for 617 km2in Tarangire–Manyara was estimated to be USD 15,520 for 1 year, and all drones remained operational for the duration of the study. The initial success of this tool warrants further testing of the utility of small unmanned aerial vehicles as part of the toolbox for wildlife managers and communities dealing with high levels of conflict with wildlife.
Defining security in a changing Arctic: helping to prevent an Arctic security dilemma
Authors: Scopelliti Marzia , Conde Pérez Elena 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIn recent years, radical changes such as rapid warming and ice retreat have become evident in the Arctic region, as recognised by the scientific community, as well as Arctic and non-Arctic states. Against this background, where the Arctic is accumulating economic importance and geopolitical significance for Arctic states and international stakeholders, the main regional actors have engaged in increased cooperation efforts, which is in contrast to the often invoked talk about an imminent conflict or ‘race for resources in the region’. At the same time, modernisation and expansion of military activities and capabilities have been pursued by several Arctic states. While these measures cannot be exclusively attributed to a militarisation of the Arctic and require further discussion, a misperception of such actions may result in the destabilisation of regional cooperation efforts. Furthermore, when considered in a broader context, possible threats to peaceful coexistence in the Arctic are more likely to arise from the present global situation. For example, the invasion of Ukraine has provoked a partial shift in regional cooperation and an uncontrolled spillover effect of the conflict between Russia and Western countries could disrupt regional stability. Drawing on the perspective of International Relations (IR) literature, and considering the absence of a regional institution devoted to security issues, this article highlights the importance of adopting confidence- and security-building measures among all relevant actors in order to create a forum for the discussion of ‘hard’ security topics, to prevent any destabilising effect on Arctic cooperation and security. Such measures may be promoted within existing fora, primarily the Arctic Council.
Neighborhood deprivation and depression in adult twins: genetics and gene×environment interaction
Authors: Strachan E. , Duncan G. , Horn E. , Turkheimer E. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundDepression is a significant problem and it is vital to understand its underlying causes and related policy implications. Neighborhood characteristics are implicated in depression but the nature of this association is unclear. Unobserved or unmeasured factors may confound the relationship. This study addresses confounding in a twin study investigating neighborhood-level effects on depression controlling for genetics, common environment, and gene×environment (G × E) interactions.MethodData on neighborhood deprivation and depression were gathered from 3155 monozygotic twin pairs and 1275 dizygotic pairs (65.7% female) between 2006 and 2013. The variance for both depression and neighborhood deprivation was decomposed into three components: additive genetic variance (A); shared environmental variance (C); and non-shared environmental variance (E). Depression was then regressed on neighborhood deprivation to test the direct association and whether that association was confounded. We also tested for a G × E interaction in which the heritability of depression was modified by the level of neighborhood deprivation.ResultsDepression and neighborhood deprivation showed evidence of significant A (21.8% and 15.9%, respectively) and C (13.9% and 32.7%, respectively) variance. Depression increased with increasing neighborhood deprivation across all twins (p= 0.009), but this regression was not significant after controlling for A and C variance common to both phenotypes (p= 0.615). The G × E model showed genetic influences on depression increasing with increasing neighborhood deprivation (p< 0.001).ConclusionsNeighborhood deprivation is an important contributor to depression via increasing the genetic risk. Modifiable pathways that link neighborhoods to depression have been proposed and should serve as targets for intervention and research.