bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Paper. The effect of colour grading of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seeds on their quality for sowing
Authors: Rosińska Agnieszka , Dorna Hanna , Szopińska Dorota , Seidler-Łożykowska Katarzyna 
Published: April 2017

Summary
Introduction: Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is a medicinal plant belonging to Asteraceae family. Extract from milk thistle achenes (termed in practice as seeds) contains sylimarin, which protects liver cells against inorganic and organic toxic compounds. Objective: The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of colour grading on the quality of milk thistle seeds. Methods: Seeds were graded manually by colour according to the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, issued in Great Britain. In three samples two fractions of seeds were separated: beige and brown, whereas seeds of the fourth sample were graded into three fractions: yellow, beige and brown. The 1000-seed weight and germination of graded and non-graded seeds were evaluated. Infestation of graded seeds with fungi was assessed. Results: Brown seeds had a higher 1000-seed weight than beige or yellow ones. Germination at the final count of beige seeds did not differ as compared to that of brown seeds or was even better. Milk thistle seeds were infested with numerous fungi, however Alternaria alternata and Ulocladium consortiale predominated. Conclusions: Less mature beige seeds can be used as sowing material because their germination at the final count did not differ as compared to that of fully mature brown seeds or was even better. Infestation of these seeds with some of the fungi was lower than brown seeds.
Experimental Paper. The effect of different development stages on the quantity and quality of the essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle in Iran
Authors: Esfahani Razieh Ebadati , Moradi Pejman 
Published: April 2017

Summary
Introduction: The Mexican lime tree with the scientific name of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle have great economic value because of its essential oil with a unique flavour. Objective: The essential oils from the peel of C. aurantifolia were collected during three development periods. Methods: The essential oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Results: The essential oil yields (v/w%) were 1.54%, 0.88% and 1.23%, respectively. The highest oil yield was obtained at stage I (1.54% v/w). The analysis of the essential oil indicated that limonene, β-pinene, geranial, neral and γ-terpinene were the main compounds of all samples. At the first stage, the highest percentages belonged to limonene (39.38%), geranial (14.32%) and neral (11.01%). On the other hand, the highest percentages of β-pinene and γ-terpinene (24.25% and 8.92%, respectively) were found at the final stage. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that the harvest time has a considerable effect on the content and amount of lime fruit essential oil.
Health-promoting properties of compounds derived from Capsicum sp. A review
Authors: Szydełko Joanna , Szydełko Magdalena , Boguszewska-Czubara Anna 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThis article presents multidirectional effects of capsaicin and its natural derivatives as well as natural and synthetic analogs in term of their therapeutic properties. Active agents present in various Capsicum genus plants exert analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and gastroprotective effects. Furthermore, capsaicin positively influences the metabolism of lipids. Numerous research show that capsaicinoids inhibit proliferation and migration process of cancer cells, what makes them molecules of high interest in oncology. Among broad range of positive activities, we have focused only on those properties that have already found application in medicine or seemed to be the most probably used in the near future. Even if in low or single doses this compound has been reported successful in numerous therapies, the negative consequences of high doses or prolonged administration is also discussed in the review.
Degree of Certainty in Students’ Academic Performance Evaluation Using a New Fuzzy Inference System
Authors: Salunkhe Satish S. , Deshpande Ashok , Joshi Yashwant 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The academic performance assessment of students helps teachers, administrators, and policymakers to initiate corrective measures on academically poor students. This paper revisits the Zadeh-Deshpande formalism for evaluating students’ answer scripts using the concept of the reliability of information (degree of confidence) via the “degree of match” and fuzzy inference system in students’ performance evaluation. The case study infers that the overall performance of all the students is “average”. Furthermore, 206 of 237 students (87%) are declared as “average” with “high degree of certainty” by the evaluators (teachers). The aim of the proposed method is not to replace the traditional method of evaluation. Instead, the proposed technique is a step forward to enrich the present system of students’ performance assessment. Policymakers can use this method as it provides reliable information. A comparison between the results obtained from the academic performance of students using multiexpert and single-expert systems is also discussed in the paper.
Effectiveness and sustainability of remedial actions for land restoration in Abeokuta urban communities, Ogun state, Nigeria
Authors: Lawal-Adebowale Okanlade Adesokan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The destructive impact of land degradation on social and economic endeavours of the residents of certain urban areas of Abeokuta communities in Ogun State, Nigeria calls for remedial actions to restoring the affected land areas. This becomes essential in order to ensure safe inhabitation and enhanced socioeconomic engagements of the residents. Taken remedial actions in this regard included the use of sandbags, debris and wood logs, rubbles and stones, construction of contours and drainages. While each of these actions, in one way or the other, effectively improves the degraded land, it was concluded that the use of rubbles and stones, and drainage construction were sustainably durable for land restoration on the premise that these actions does not allow for water logging or flooding in of the study area. It was however recommended that these sustainable remedial actions should rather be pro-actively taken for prevention of land degradation than being taken as degraded land restoration actions basically because it is much cheaper to prevent environmental degradation than to have the degraded land restored.
Global experience on irrigation management under different scenarios
Authors: Valipour Mohammad 
Published: April 2017

Abstract This study aims to assess global experience on agricultural water management under different scenarios. The results showed that trend of permanent crops to cultivated area, human development index (HDI), irrigation water requirement, and percent of total cultivated area drained is increasing and trend of rural population to total population, total economically active population in agriculture to total economically active population, value added to gross domestic production (GDP) by agriculture, and the difference between national rainfall index (NRI) and irrigation water requirement is decreasing. The estimating of area equipped for irrigation in 2035 and 2060 were studied acc. to the three scenarios: I - the values of the main indices would be changed by the same slope of the past half of century, II and III - the slopes would be decreased by 30% and 50% respectively. The minimum and maximum values of pressure on renewable water resources by irrigation, are related to the third and first scenarios by 2035 (6.1%) and 2060 (9.2%), respectively.
Enseñar la historia de Francia a través de la traducción: un proyecto de coordinación docente
Authors: García Luque Francisca , Barceló Martínez Tanagua 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In the current context of implementation of the new syllabus according to the guidelines and the philosophy of the EHEA, this article presents a cooperation project between two subjects belonging to the educational program of future translators and interpreters, «Language and Culture applied to Translation and Interpreting» and «Translation of General Texts».
The goal of this project is to conceive a common task that contributes to the acquisition of both linguistic and cultural knowledge about the history of France and professional competences in translation area.
Interkulturelle Argumentation und Höflichkeit im deutschen und arabischen Sprachgebrauch: gegenseitige Feindbildproduktion oder Dialog der Kulturen
Authors: Bouchara Abdelaziz 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The paper addresses intercultural differences in argumentation between Arabs and Germans, and, more specifically, politeness-based misunderstandings resulting from mutual stereotypes and negative representations. The analysis of some exemplary conversations demonstrate how diverging discursive practices and argument patterns can influence intercultural situations when Arabs and Germans confront each other during group dialogues: Among Arabs issues that may cause conflict and direct confrontation are – especially in the field of politics and religion – in intercultural situations usually avoided in favor of communicative harmony. In German society, particularly among students, it is, however, regarded as an intellectual challenge to express one’s views and to discuss public issues among friends.
Estimation of changes of lower limbs reactivity among mountain cyclist under the influence of sauna treatment - abstract
Authors: Niewiadomy Paweł , Tiffert-Tłok Joanna , Szuścik Katarzyna , Stolecka-Warzecha Anna , Kwaśna Krystyna 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Background: Elaborated system of neuromuscular connections gives to a human ability of body control, possibility to move and perform any complicated moves. The issue of neuromuscular conduction appears more frequently in physiotherapy, biological restoration or, widely perceived, sport training. Physiotherapists often wonder how sauna treatment, mainly used in biological restoration, influence on changes of its conduction and, on which level of a rehabilitation, training process or biological restoration should it be used. The aim of this paper was to check how an organism would react after methodically conducted sauna treatments in a form of whole body biological restoration.
Material/Methods: Competitors of cycling group GR AIRCO Team participated in research. Twelve men were classified and divided onto two age groups. On the basis of questionnaires personal details as well as basic antropometric parameters were collected. Tool used to measure reactivity was chosen to research method: Reactivity Measure MCZR/ATB 1.0.
Results: Analysis of variance of following measurements did not show any statistically crucial differences between the group under the age of 30 and over 30 (p>0,05). Results are shown respectively for right leg, left leg, both lower limbs tested simultaneously with the division onto age groups. Analysis of variance show increase of reactivity for all tested participants after sauna.
Conclusions: Sauna treatment among cyclist has impact on a rate of lower limbs reactivity tested simultaneously with impulse differentiation to an appropriate legs.
A Graphical Method for Great Circle Routes
Authors: Hsu Tien-Pen , Chen Chih-Li , Hsieh Tsung-Hsuan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A great circle route (GCR) is the shortest route on a spherical earth model. Do we have a visual diagram to handle the shortest route? In this paper, a graphical method (GM) is proposed to solve the GCR problems based on the celestial meridian diagram (CMD) in celestial navigation. Unlike developed algebraic methods, the GM is a geometric method. Appling computer software to graph, the GM does not use any equations but is as accurate as using algebraic methods. In addition, the GM, which emphasizes the rotational surface, can depict a GCR and judge its benefit.
Analysis of Catalitic Reactors Usefulness to Reduce Pollution Generated by Piston Combustion Engines with Regard to Ship Main Engines
Authors: Zielińska Edyta , Girtler Jerzy , Lejda Kazimierz 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The article presents results which indicate that the use of catalytic reactors to reduce emissions of harmful compunds contained in the exhaust gas is important in the operation of vehicle motors operation. Efforts of the shipbuilding industry to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gas emitted by the main engines have been indicated and pointed to the desirability of the use of these catalysts in maritime transport. It has been pointed out that studies of the harmful substances in exhaust gases performer at vehicle inspection stations have an impact on increasing the safety of drivers and other road users and contribute to preserving the natural environment by reducing the danger coming from cars operating on Polish roads. An opinion has been expressed that the most serious threats to the environment are emitted by car transport exhaust fumes, which are characterized by significant emission of toxic compounds excreted into the atmosphere from tailpipe emissions.
It has been demonstrated that a fully functioning catalytic reactor, operating in a steady state at appropriate temperatures and the composition of the mixture close to stoichiometric ratio, can reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides by more than 90%. Also, an assessment has been presented reporting the efficiency of catalytic reactors of spark ignition engines operating in a test vehicle inspection station. The results of research in the evaluation of their performance were correlated with their operation waveforms. Such an approach is justified by the fact that during the operation of each vehicle the wear of its assemblies and components is different - including the catalytic reactor. The catalytic layer undergoes aging so that there are changes in the structure and chemical composition of the catalyst bed, while the overlapping of layers of different chemical compounds that block access to the active layer of the reactor.
An opinion has also been expressed that it would be advisable to take steps to use research results presented in this article for research of catalytic reactors similar use in diagnostic systems of marine combustion engines, especially the main ones, which exhaust emissions are incomparably greater than in the case of car engines.
Closed-End Real Estate Funds in Comparison with other Investment Opportunities in Poland
Authors: Wolski Rafal , Załęczna Magdalena 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The first closed-end real estate investment funds in Poland began to appear in 2004, along with the development of the capital market and the real estate market. The funds invested both in the housing market and in the commercial market. In general, they encouraged potential investors to purchase investment fund units by pointing to positive results obtained by similar funds in other countries, as well as the dynamic growth of prices in domestic real estate markets. However, the analysis of the performance of closed-end real estate funds in Poland shows that they have failed to earn satisfactory rates of return. The aim of the study was to compare their performance with the profitability of other investment instruments in the 2004 to 2014 period. In addition, the authors aimed to establish why closed-end real estate funds had failed to succeed in Poland, by analyzing, among other things, their institutional context. The study was based on a comparison of the characteristics and performance of particular funds, and also analyzed the profitability of selected alternative investments.
Econometric Identification of the Impact of Real Estate Characteristics Based on Predictive and Studentized Residuals
Authors: Doszyń Mariusz , Gnat Sebastian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The paper proposes a means of determining the impact of real estate characteristics based on the residuals of an accordingly specified econometric model. The econometric model contains explanatory variables whose values are easily measurable. Then, the hypothesis that the residuals of the econometric model encompass the impact of specific factors indicating that the real estate is atypical is verified, thus supporting real estate market analysis. The work describes various types of residuals (predictive and studentized residuals).
Operation Study of Miniature Air-blast Atomizer under Very Low Liquid Pressures
Authors: Gaissinski Igor , Levy Yeshayahou , Kutikov Daniel , Sherbaum Valery , Rovenski Vladimir 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Miniature air blast atomizers are intended for use in small jet engines. The typical miniature atomizer with rotating air outside the pressure swirl nozzle was investigated by theoretically and experimentally. The equations which describe the flow of rotating hollow liquid jet in a gaseous environment, where there is difference between outer and inner pressures of the liquid film were developed. The effects of surface tension, gravity forces, and inner-outer pressure difference on liquid film modes and its disintegration were considered. A set of the relevant equations was solved numerically. The initial conditions for the equations: pressure distribution inside and outside of the ‘onion’ as function of outer rotating air and liquid parameters, were obtained experimentally. The numerical results were verified by the experimental study. It was shown that exists two shapes of liquid film nearby nozzle exit – ‘onion’ and open film. Shape of the liquid film for the given nozzle pressure drop depends mainly on air pressure difference outside and inside the film. Two resulting spray modes are distinguished in droplet characteristics drastically. The results can be applied for estimation of the operational parameters of air-blast atomizers that operate with very low liquid pressure drop.
Hydration and Solvation Effect of Glycine and Glycylglycine Molecules with β-Cyclodextrin in Aqueous Media. A Thermodynamic Characteristic of Interaction
Authors: Tasneem Shadma 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The densities, ρ and viscosities, η have been measured for DL- glycine (Gly) and glycylglycine (Gly-Gly) in aqueous β cyclodextrin, (β-CD) at temperature 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15 K. Interaction between macrocyclic β-CD and amino acids was studied by two independent technique: density and viscosity. The two different intensive properties are used to obtain various thermodynamic characteristics of the material behavior. Using the measured density data the apparent molar volumes, Vϕ
, partial molar volume at infinite dilution,

V
ϕ
ο

,

$V_\phi ^o,$

experimental slope, SV
, isobaric expansibility,

ϕ
E
0

,

$\phi _E^0,$

and the partial molar volume of transfer at infinite dilution,

Δ

V

ϕ
(
t
r
)

ο

$\Delta V_{\phi (tr)}^o$

have been obtained. Moreover, the Falkenhagen’s theoretical coefficient, A, Jones-Dole coefficient, B, free energies of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent,

Δ

μ
1

ο
#

$\Delta \mu _1^{o\# }$

and per mole of solute,

Δ

μ
2

ο
#

,

$\Delta \mu _2^{o\# },$

enthalpy, ΔHo

# and entropy, ΔSo

# of activation of viscous flow have been evaluated by using viscosity data. The negative value of transfer volume for Gly and Gly-Gly in aqueous β-CD suggests that the hydrophobic-hydrophilic and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions are predominating over ionic-hydrophilic and hydrophilic-hydrophilic interactions. The results indicate the formation of a stable complexation between the β-CD cavity and structural hydration effect of amino acids on the thermodynamic of their interactions in solutions.
Effects of Betaine Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Power: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ismaeel Ahmed 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Ismaeel, A. Effects of betaine supplementation on muscle strength and power: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 31(8): 2338–2346, 2017—Betaine (BET) has recently gotten much attention for its potential role as an ergogenic aid and has become a common ingredient in peri-workout dietary supplements. The purpose of this systematic review of the literature was to investigate the effects of BET supplementation on muscular strength and power. A computerized literature search of 3 databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus) was performed. Included in the review were randomized controlled trials that measured muscle strength, power, or both measures in healthy participants. Quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Seven trials were identified, and quality assessment showed that all were of “excellent quality.” Only 2 of the studies reported increases in strength or power after supplementation with BET. The remaining 5 studies showed no change in any strength or power outcome measures with BET supplementation. This review highlights the lack of evidence for a clear ergogenic effect of BET supplementation on strength and power performance. However, because 2 studies did identify increases of up to 24.61% on strength and power as a result of BET supplementation, additional studies are necessary to evaluate its effectiveness.
The Main Features of the Concept of POLITENESS in the German Linguistic World-Image
Authors: Ugryniuk R. 
Published: April 2017

This article is an attempt to describe the reflection of the concept POLITENESS in the language based on material in bulk (11 064 cases of occurrences of the key word Höflichkeit), which were taken from the Mannhein German Reference Corpus (COSMAS).
The article analyzes the complex features of the concept of German modern language. According to the material, the most frequent features of the concept are diplomacy (3552) as the establishment of international relations, formality (2210) in compliance with generally accepted standards of conduct, acquired feature (1820) produced under the influence of certain conditions of social environment and success (1604) in everyday affairs and in the professional field. Less important appeared demonstrative politeness (522) to cause an affirmative attitude, hospitality (498) and features of good manners (780) of other nationalities in the view of nativ German speakers. The non relevant features are innateness (22) and falsity, untruth (56).
Thus, the politeness in the imagination of native German speakers has formal, sometimes, ritual character, it is a social feature and serves to successfully perform various kinds of tasks
Genetikai hatások a korai kötődés fejlődésében
Authors: Gervai Judit , Tóth Ildikó , Lakatos Krisztina 
Published: April 2017

Bowlby elmélete megjósolta, és a következő évtizedek számos empirikus vizsgálata bizonyította, hogy a korai kötődési viselkedés különféle mintázatainak megjelenését elsősorban a gondozói viselkedés érzékenységének eltérései okozzák. Metaelemzések szerint azonban ezek csak harmadát magyarázzák a kötődési viselkedés varianciájának. A gondozási környezet mellett az 1990-es években felmerült a csecsemők egyéni jellemzőinek, pl. temperamentumának befolyása is a kötődés fejlődésére. A molekuláris genetikai módszerek fejlődése a genetikai vizsgálatok érzékenységének növekedését eredményezte, és 2000-ben kutatócsoportunk publikált elsőként a csecsemőkori kötődés egyéni változatosságának hátterében álló specifikus génhatásokról.
Tanulmányunkban áttekintjük, hogy a humán genom projekt eredményeinek köszönhetően miként bővült tudásunk az elmúlt 15 év során. Az áttekintett kutatások fő kérdései, hogy a környezeti tényezők mellett mely gének mely változatai gyakorolnak befolyást a csecsemők kötődési viselkedésére, ezek hogyan befolyásolják a kötődés egyéni változatosságát, s milyen kölcsönhatásban lehetnek a környezeti tényezőkkel. Áttekintjük a bizonyítékokat, amelyek azt sugallják, hogy az idegrendszerben kifejeződő bizonyos gének különböző változatai hozzájárulhatnak a gondozói környezetre való eltérő csecsemőkori érzékenységhez (gén−környezet kölcsönhatások), továbbá hogy a gondozói viselkedés korai eltérései különbözőképpen befolyásolhatják egyes, a kötődés fejlődésében fontos gének működését (epigenetikai hatások).