bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric methane variability: Centennial‐scale signals in the Last Glacial Period
Authors: Rhodes Rachael H. , Brook Edward J. , McConnell Joseph R. , Blunier Thomas , Sime Louise C. , Faïn Xavier , Mulvaney Robert 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn order to understand atmospheric methane (CH4) biogeochemistry now and in the future, we must apprehend its natural variability, without anthropogenic influence. Samples of ancient air trapped within ice cores provide the means to do this. Here we analyze the ultrahigh‐resolution CH4 record of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core 67.2–9.8 ka and find novel, atmospheric CH4 variability at centennial time scales throughout the record. This signal is characterized by recurrence intervals within a broad 80–500 year range, but we find that age‐scale uncertainties complicate the possible isolation of any periodic frequency. Lower signal amplitudes in the Last Glacial relative to the Holocene may be related to incongruent effects of firn‐based signal smoothing processes. Within interstadial and stadial periods, the peak‐to‐peak signal amplitudes vary in proportion to the underlying millennial‐scale oscillations in CH4 concentration—the relative amplitude change is constant. We propose that the centennial CH4 signal is related to tropical climate variability that influences predominantly low‐latitude wetland CH4 emissions.
Tectonic significance and geodynamic processes of large‐scale Early Cretaceous granitoid magmatic events in the southern Great Xing'an Range, North China
Authors: Li Shan , Chung Sun‐Lin , Wang Tao , Wilde Simon A. , Chu Mei‐Fei , Guo Qian‐Qian 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe origin and geodynamic evolution of peak Early Cretaceous magmatism in the southern Great Xing'an Range, North China, have long been controversial. Here we report new U‐Pb zircon ages (141–129 Ma) of a suite of dioritic‐granitic rocks from central Inner Mongolia, far from the sutures or plate boundaries of the Paleo‐Pacific and Mongol‐Okhotsk oceans, thus delineating an Early Cretaceous intracontinental magmatic province, which had a peak activity at 130–120 Ma. Dioritic suite including diorite, tonalite, and granodiorite shows variable zircon εHf(t) of +1.4 to + 11.8 and δ18O values of +5.7 to +6.9‰, while granitic suite consisting of monzogranite, syenogranite, and granite porphyry also records variable zircon εHf(t) of −0.9 to +15.0 and δ18O values of +6.3 to +8.1‰, suggesting crustal melting by preexisting crustal source with important recycled supracrustal components including fluids. Furthermore, these rocks show variable whole‐rock δ7Li values (−0.6 to +12.1‰), indicating fluids played an important role in magma source. We propose a deep‐sourced water‐fluxed melting scenario by ancient hydrous slabs inherited from the Paleo‐Asian Ocean that were trapped in the deep interior, thus releasing aqueous fluids to melt the lithospheric mantle and produce water‐rich mafic magmas. These mafic magmas were underplated into crust where they promoted water‐fluxed partial melting to generate the large‐scale Early Cretaceous magmatism in the southern Great Xing'an Range. Such melting due to fluxing of aqueous fluids was probably operating as a widespread process responsible for the Early Cretaceous dramatically tectonomagmatic events and evolution of continental crust in NE Asia.
The complex behavior of El Niño winter 2015–2016
Authors: Palmeiro F. M. , Iza M. , Barriopedro D. , Calvo N. , García‐Herrera R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper examines the outstanding characteristics of the strong 2015–2016 El Niño (EN) winter and its impact over the European region through the stratosphere. Despite being classified as a strong eastern Pacific (EP) EN event, our analysis reveals an anomalous behavior, with some signatures that are more typical of central Pacific (CP) EN events instead. They include (i) a record‐breaking value of the CP index, (ii) a stronger polar vortex in early and midwinter, due to reduced upward wave activity and a weakened Aleutian low, and (iii) the occurrence of one of the earliest stratospheric final warmings (SFWs) on record, which are more prone to occur during CP‐EN. Following the SFW, a stratospheric influence on the Euro‐Atlantic sector is reported in spring, with persistent Greenland blocking resulting in extreme precipitation over some southern European regions. Results highlight the importance of considering early SFWs as mediators of El Niño teleconnections.
Recent Advances in Single‐Atom Catalysis
Authors: Liang Jin‐Xia , Wang Yang‐Gang , Yang Xiao‐Feng , Xing Deng‐Hui , Wang Ai‐Qin , Zhang Tao , Li Jun 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

As a new concept in catalysis, single‐atom catalyst (SAC) is becoming one of the hot topics in both homo‐ and heterogeneous catalysis, owing to its exactly identified active sites, unique electronic structure, and robust stability, selectivity, and activity in catalysis. Herein, we review the structural and electronic properties of SACs and summarize the theoretical and experimental results on a series of iron oxide–supported SACs of M
1
/FeO

x

(M = Pt, Ir, Au, Ni). We discuss the electronic nature of the high reactivity of SACs in catalyzing various important chemical reactions, including CO oxidation, the preferential oxidation of CO in H
2
(PROX), water gas shift (WGS) reactions, and chemoselective hydrogenation. As an extension of the SAC concept, two new types of SACs are also discussed, including
singly dispersed bimetallic sites
(SBMSs) of Rh
1
Co
3
on CoO support that have been shown to exhibit prominent catalytic activity for NO reduction by CO and the so‐called
dynamic single‐atom catalysts
(DSACs), where the dynamically formed transient monatomic species on supported gold nanoparticles are found to be the actual active sites for CO oxidation under reaction conditions. We emphasize that engineering the oxidation states of the supported transition metals is the key to achieve a high catalytic reactivity and selectivity of SACs. Finally, we summarize our understanding of the nature of SACs and provide a perspective viewpoint on the future development of SAC as a bridge of homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis.
Lactate Racemase
Authors: Fellner Matthias , Rankin Joel A , Hu Jian , Hausinger Robert P 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLactate racemase is a microbial enzyme that interconverts thed‐ andl‐isomers of lactic acid. The enzyme contains a covalently bound nickel cofactor that includes a modified nicotinic acid mononucleotide. The carboxyl group on the pyridinium ring is linked to a protein lysine residue but with sulfur incorporated to form a thioamide rather than amide bond. The pyridinium ring is further modified by appending a thioacid at the C5 position. Nickel is coordinated in near planar geometry by the thioamide sulfur, C4 of the pyridinium ring, the sulfur of the thioacid, and an additional histidine side chain. The lactate racemase cofactor thus represents an (SCS)Ni(II) pincer complex, the first example of an organometallic pincer complex found in a biological context. The cofactor is likely to be a hydride acceptor during transient formation of a pyruvate intermediate, which is reduced from either face to achieve racemization.
Synthesis and properties of 5,7‐disubstituted 5,7‐dihydropyrido[2,3‐b:6,5‐b′]diindoles
Authors: Ohlendorf Lars , Velandia John E. Diaz , Kónya Krisztina , Ehlers Peter , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA new and efficient two‐step procedure for the preparation of 5,7‐disubstituted 5,7‐dihydropyrido[2,3‐b:6,5‐b′]diindoles, containing aryl‐, benzyl‐ as well as alkyl‐substituents has been developed. This methodology consists of a chemo‐selective double Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction followed by a fourfold Buchwald‐Hartwig amination reaction. UV/VIS absorption and fluorescence measurements have been carried out for a selected series of compounds. The results are summarized and compared with those of the isomeric 5,7‐disubstituted 5‐7‐dihydropyrido[3,2‐b:5,6‐b′]diindoles.magnified image
Development of Modular Organization in the Chimpanzee Pelvis
Authors: Huseynov Alik , Ponce de León Marcia S. , Zollikofer Christoph P. E. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe bony pelvis of primates is a composite structure serving a variety of functions, and exhibiting a complex pattern of modularity and integration. Still little is known, however, about how patterns of modularity and integration arise, and how they change throughout ontogeny. Here we study the ontogeny of modularity and integration in developmental and functional units of the pelvis of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. We use methods of biomedical imaging and geometric morphometrics to quantify pelvic shape change from late fetal stages to adulthood, and to track changes in patterns of covariation within and among pelvic regions. Our results show that both developmental and functional units of the pelvis exhibit significant levels of modularity throughout ontogeny. Modularity of developmental units (ilium, ischium, and pubis) decreases with increasing age, whereas modularity of functional units tends to increase. We suggest that the decreasing modularity and increasing integration of developmental units reflects their gradual fusion. In contrast, increasing modularity of functional pelvic units likely reflects changing functional demands during an individual's lifetime. Overall, ontogenetic changes in patterns of modularity and integration imply that natural selection could act differently on each module, either developmental or functional, at different stages of ontogeny. This further implies that adult patterns of covariation in the pelvis provide only limited information about its evolvability. Anat Rec, 300:675–686, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pelvic Rotation Effect on Human Stride Length: Releasing the Constraint of Obstetric Selection
Authors: Whitcome Katherine K. , Miller E. Elizabeth , Burns Jessica L. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTAs human walking speed increases, pelvic step accounts for a greater percentage of total step length and is associated with an increase in amplitude of pelvic rotation. As a result, for any given speed individuals of varied pelvic width and leg length should differ in locomotor kinematics and energetic cost. Yet despite absolutely shorter legs and wider pelves relative to leg length in females, mass‐specific cost of transport in walking does not differ by sex. Focusing on stride length as the major component of gait economy, we perform a quantitative analysis of temporal, spatial and rotational gait parameters using kinematic measurements obtained from 30 healthy adults walking at two comfortable speeds. We predicted that a larger component of stride length would derive from pelvic rotation in females and that a stride length model incorporating pelvic and limb kinematics would be a better predictor than a simple limb‐based model. We found that pelvic rotation was greater in females at both speeds but reached significance only at the faster speed. A larger component of female stride length derived from pelvic rotation and the female hip translated farther than the male hip, but only when walking faster. The ModelLIMB and PELVIS was a better predictor of stride length than the limb only model and accurately predicted female stride length but not male stride length. Females exploit the breadth of their obstetric pelvis to obtain longer strides relative to leg length and perform at comfortable travel speeds with greater excursion angles than males. Anat Rec, 300:752–763, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy, Development, and Function of the Human Pelvis
Authors: DeSilva Jeremy M. , Rosenberg Karen R. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe pelvis is an anatomically complex and functionally informative bone that contributes directly to both human locomotion and obstetrics. Because of the pelvis’ important role in obstetrics, it is one of the most sexually dimorphic bony elements of the human body. The complex intersection of pelvic dimorphism, locomotion, and obstetrics has been reenergized by exciting new research, and many papers in this special issue of the pelvis help provide clarity on the relationship between pelvic form (especially female) and locomotor function. Compared to the pelvis of our ape relatives, the human pelvis is uniquely shaped; it is superoinferiorly short and stout, and mediolaterally wide—critical adaptations for bipedalism that are already present in some form very early in the history of the hominin lineage. In this issue, 13 original research papers address the anatomy, development, variation, and function of the modern human pelvis, with implications for understanding the selection pressures that shaped and continue to shape this bone. This rich collection of scholarship moves our understanding of the pelvis forward, while raising dozens of new questions that we hope will serve as inspiration for colleagues and students (both current and future) puzzled by this fascinatingly complex bone. Anat Rec, 300:628–632, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population‐based pregnancy and birth defects surveillance in the era of Zika virus
Authors: Gilboa Suzanne M. , Mai Cara T. , Shapiro‐Mendoza Carrie K. , Cragan Janet D. , Moore Cynthia A. , Meaney‐Delman Dana M. , Jamieson Denise J. , Honein Margaret A. , Boyle Coleen A. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundZika virus is a newly recognized human teratogen; monitoring its impact on the birth prevalence of microcephaly and other adverse pregnancy outcomes will continue to be an urgent need in the United States and worldwide.MethodsWhen the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) activated the Emergency Operations Center for the Zika virus outbreak response in January of 2016, public health leadership recognized that a joint, coordinated effort was required between activities focused on the effects of the infection among pregnant women and those focused on birth defects in fetuses and infants. Before the introduction of Zika virus in the Americas, population‐based birth defects surveillance occurred independently of pregnancy surveillance activities.ResultsThe coordination of pregnancy surveillance and birth defects surveillance implemented through the CDC Zika virus response represents a paradigm shift.ConclusionCoordination of these surveillance systems provides an opportunity to capture information from both a prospective and retrospective approach. This relatively modest investment in the public health infrastructure can continue to protect pregnant women and their infants during the ongoing response to Zika virus and in the next emergent threat to maternal and child health. Birth Defects Research 109:372–378, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between smoking at diagnosis and cause‐specific survival in patients with rectal cancer: Results from a population‐based analysis of 10,794 cases
Authors: Sharp Linda , McDevitt Joseph , Brown Christopher , Carsin Anne‐Elie , Comber Harry 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundCurrently, the 5‐year survival rate for rectal cancer remains at <60%. The identification of potentially modifiable prognostic factors would be of considerable public health importance. A few studies have suggested associations between smoking and survival in rectal cancer; however, the evidence is inconsistent, and most of these studies were relatively small. In a large population‐based cohort study, we investigated whether smoking at diagnosis is an independent prognostic factor for cancer‐specific survival in rectal cancer and whether the association varies by sex, age, or treatment.MethodsRectal cancers (ICD10 C19‐20) diagnosed between 1994 and 2012 were abstracted from the National Cancer Registry Ireland and classified by smoking status at diagnosis. Follow‐up was for 5 years or until December 31, 2012. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare cancer‐specific death rates in current smokers, ex‐smokers, and never smokers. Subgroup analyses by age at diagnosis, sex, and treatment were conducted.ResultsA total of 10,794 rectal cancers were diagnosed. At diagnosis, 25% were current smokers, 24% were ex‐smokers, and 51% were never smokers. Compared with never smokers, current smokers had a significantly greater rate of death from cancer (multivariable hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06‐1.24), but ex‐smokers did not (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.94‐1.11). The association was slightly stronger in men (current versus never smokers: HR = 1.13, 95% CI, 1.02‐1.24) than females (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.90‐1.23), but the test for interaction was not significant (P = .75). The effect of smoking was not modified by age or receipt of tumor‐directed surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.ConclusionsRectal cancer patients who smoke at diagnosis have a statistically significant increased cancer death rate. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms is urgently required. Cancer 2017;123:2543–50. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
CD3+CD8+NKG2D+ T Lymphocytes Induce Apoptosis and Necroptosis in HLA‐Negative Cells via FasL–Fas Interaction
Authors: Ivanova Olga K. , Sharapova Tatiana N. , Romanova Elena A. , Soshnikova Natalia V. , Sashchenko Lidia P. , Yashin Denis V. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTAn important problem in cellular immunology is to identify new populations of cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of killing tumor cells that have lost classical components of MHC‐machinery and to understand mechanisms of the death of these cells. We have previously found that CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes appear in the lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cell culture, which carry Tag7 (PGRP‐S) and FasL proteins on their surface and can kill Hsp70‐ and Fas‐expressing HLA‐negative cells. In this work, we have continued to study the mechanisms of killing of the HLA‐negative tumor cells, focusing this time on the CD8+ lymphocytes. We show that after a tumor antigen contact the IL‐2 activated CD8+ lymphocytes acquire ability to lyse tumor cells bearing this antigen. However, activation of the CD8+ lymphocytes in the absence of antigen causes appearance of a cytotoxic population of CD8+NKG2D+ lymphocytes, which are able to lyse HLA‐negative cancer cells that have lost the classic mechanism of antigen presentation. These cells recognize the noncanonical MicA antigen on the surface of HLA‐negative K562 cells but kill them via the FasL–Fas interaction, as do cytotoxic T lymphocytes. FasL presented on the lymphocyte surface can trigger both apoptosis and necroptosis. Unlike in the case of TNFR1, another cell death receptor, no switching to alternative processes has been observed upon induction of Fas‐dependent cell death. It may well be that the apoptotic and necroptotic signals are transduced separately in the latter case, with the ability of FasL+ lymphocytes to induce necroptosis allowing them to kill tumor cells that escape apoptosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3359–3366, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genome Engineering and Modification Toward Synthetic Biology for the Production of Antibiotics
Authors: Zou Xuan , Wang Lianrong , Li Zhiqiang , Luo Jie , Wang Yunfu , Deng Zixin , Du Shiming , Chen Shi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAntibiotic production is often governed by large gene clusters composed of genes related to antibiotic scaffold synthesis, tailoring, regulation, and resistance. With the expansion of genome sequencing, a considerable number of antibiotic gene clusters has been isolated and characterized. The emerging genome engineering techniques make it possible towards more efficient engineering of antibiotics. In addition to genomic editing, multiple synthetic biology approaches have been developed for the exploration and improvement of antibiotic natural products. Here, we review the progress in the development of these genome editing techniques used to engineer new antibiotics, focusing on three aspects of genome engineering: direct cloning of large genomic fragments, genome engineering of gene clusters, and regulation of gene cluster expression. This review will not only summarize the current uses of genomic engineering techniques for cloning and assembly of antibiotic gene clusters or for altering antibiotic synthetic pathways but will also provide perspectives on the future directions of rebuilding biological systems for the design of novel antibiotics.
Bio‐inspired nanomedicine strategies for artificial blood components
Authors: Sen Gupta Anirban 
Published: March 2017

Blood is a fluid connective tissue where living cells are suspended in noncellular liquid matrix. The cellular components of blood render gas exchange (RBCs), immune surveillance (WBCs) and hemostatic responses (platelets), and the noncellular components (salts, proteins, etc.) provide nutrition to various tissues in the body. Dysfunction and deficiencies in these blood components can lead to significant tissue morbidity and mortality. Consequently, transfusion of whole blood or its components is a clinical mainstay in the management of trauma, surgery, myelosuppression, and congenital blood disorders. However, donor‐derived blood products suffer from issues of shortage in supply, need for type matching, high risks of pathogenic contamination, limited portability and shelf‐life, and a variety of side‐effects. While robust research is being directed to resolve these issues, a parallel clinical interest has developed toward bioengineering of synthetic blood substitutes that can provide blood's functions while circumventing the above problems. Nanotechnology has provided exciting approaches to achieve this, using materials engineering strategies to create synthetic and semi‐synthetic RBC substitutes for enabling oxygen transport, platelet substitutes for enabling hemostasis, and WBC substitutes for enabling cell‐specific immune response. Some of these approaches have further extended the application of blood cell‐inspired synthetic and semi‐synthetic constructs for targeted drug delivery and nanomedicine. The current study provides a comprehensive review of the various nanotechnology approaches to design synthetic blood cells, along with a critical discussion of successes and challenges of the current state‐of‐art in this field. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1464. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1464This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
The syntax of correlatives in Isbukun Bunun
Authors: Wu Hsiao-hung Iris 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper investigates the correlative construction in Isbukun Bunun, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan. I show that in this language the correlative clause and its associated anaphoric element do not form a constituent at any point in the derivation. Drawing on evidence from island-insensitivity, the absence of Condition C effects and non-constituency facts, I propose that the syntactic relation between the correlative clause and the nominal correlate is derived by a base-generated adjunction structure. Moreover, I argue that the correlative clause, which behaves as a generalized quantifier, binds the nominal correlate phrase in the matrix clause, which is construed as a bound variable. The proposed quantificational binding view is further shown to capture the types of correlate phrases allowed in Isbukun Bunun correlatives.