bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced surface properties of iron by in situ hard nickel coating
Authors: Yamanoglu Rıdvan , Efendi Erdinc 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In the current study, hard facing nickel alloy powders were coated in situ on pure iron by uniaxial hot pressing under vacuum atmosphere to improve its hardness and wear properties. The nickel alloy powders were placed onto the iron powders within a graphite die and then sintered at 1000 °C under 40 MPa for 10 minutes. Hardness and wear properties were studied by using a Vickers hardness tester and a ball-on-disk tribometer, respectively. The wear rates of the samples were evaluated using a sliding velocity of 0.13 m × s−1 under normal loads of 20, 30, 40 and 50 N at room temperature. The interface layer between the nickel layer and pure iron substrate was also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that sintered samples exhibited strong bonding at the interface. The hardness and wear properties of the materials increased effectively after nickel coating.
Mechanical and fracture behavior of B4C reinforced Al composites produced by hot pressing
Authors: Ekici Ergün , Özçatalbaş Yusuf , Gülesin Mahmut 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this study, the effects of particle addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of Al/B4C particle reinforced composite produced by hot pressing method were investigated. After the production of 5, 10 and 15 wt.-% of B4C reinforced composites, T6 heat treatment was applied. It was specified that a strong interface bond occurred between the matrix and particles, and during the fracturing of composites, this effect increased the particle fracture. It was observed that particles were fractured parallel to the fracture surface and to each other fracture surface of MMCp. In general, cavity of particle separated from the matrix was not seen. In the production of MMCp, it was also observed that hot pressing provided a density higher than 99 %. After the heat treatment the maximum hardness value of 173 HB was reached with 15 wt.-% B4C reinforced sample. The transverse rupture strength (TRS) decreased with the increase of reinforcement ratio. The highest TRS was 510 MPa with the 5 wt.-% reinforced material, whereas the lowest value was obtained to be 387 MPa with the 15 wt.-% B4C reinforced material.
Effect of hot dip galvanized coating on the corrosion resistance of the external surface of reinforcement steel
Authors: Aydin Özlem , Topuz Polat 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Studies have been carried out to investigate the performance of hot dip galvanized coating on reinforcement corrosion. The coated and uncoated concrete specimens were subjected to accelerated corrosion to determine the time to corrosion initiation. The accelerated corrosion test results clearly showed that the specimens with hot dip galvanized coatings performed very well against reinforcement corrosion and were better than uncoated specimens.
Post-Disaster Migrations and Returns in Sicily: The 1908 Messina Earthquake and the 1968 Belice Valley Earthquake
Authors: Parrinello Giacomo 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article explores the relationship between disasters and the population movements in two case studies: the 1908 Messina earthquake and the 1968 Belice Valley earthquake. While they happened in different areas and at different times, the earthquakes share two major characteristics. First, they caused the almost complete destruction of infrastructure over a large area. Second, they resulted in massive population movements away from the disaster areas. This paper aims to understand the connection between these phenomena, posing a number of questions: Were the population movements permanent or temporary? Were the disasters solely responsible for the movements? Did the demography of the stricken areas recover from the disaster or not? And why, or why not? To answer these questions, the article draws on historical analysis and comparison, following the population movements not only in the immediate aftermath but also over a longer period of time. This method helps in identifying the characteristics of the movements and in assessing whether they were temporary or permanent, where they were directed, and why. The comparison between the two cases, then, allows conclusions to be drawn about the factors that play a role in orienting the postdisaster population movements, and, in the final analysis, in deciding whether people would continue to live in the disaster area or not. As the article illustrates, while the city of Messina recovered from the post-disaster displacements and soon increased its population, the Belice Valley population remained much smaller than in the pre-disaster years. In order to explain that major difference, it is worthwhile to situate the disaster within a broader narrative, taking into account social, economic, and political factors, as well as overall historical processes. The results of this study, therefore, empirically validate analytical models that account for multiple drivers in post-disaster migration and refute any simplistic connection between disaster and population movements. However, the results can also enrich those models by demonstrating the importance of timescale, and the need to integrate it as a pivotal element in the analysis.
Healthy Country, Unhealthy City: Population Growth, Migration, and Urban Sanitation in Lima and Manila
Authors: Soll David 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article explores the connection between the significant health improvements made in the developing world, particularly after World War II, and the goal of providing clean water and sanitation services to large urban centers in these countries. Using Manila and Lima as case studies, it argues that increases in life expectancy stemming from reduction in the incidence of infectious diseases led to significant rural population growth, spurring rapid migration to urban areas. This migration in turn created enormous public health challenges in cities. Migrants generally lived in unsanitary informal settlements. In some cases, particularly in the short term, moving to the city posed significant health risks to migrants. However, a combination of activism by migrants and increased managerial competence on the part of urban authorities is beginning to yield an urban health dividend, at least in most Latin American and Asian cities. Drawing on the theories of the demographic transition and the epidemiological transition, this analysis links urban health issues to larger-scale transformations in population and health trends.
1. Avant-Propos
Authors: Proust Jacques 
Published: June 2016

1. Jacques Proust : Introduction.
This special issue of Dix-Huitième siècle on the present-day problems of research is the fruit of a collective reflection. Our research has reached a critical threshold, each one of us knows or feels it. But this crisis is not the outcome of the accumulation of knowledge acquired especially in the last twenty years and which is a matter of merely totalising, nor of improving methodology. It is the consequence of profound changes which have place in the overall pattern of social and intellectual relationships in which research is practised. It is this change and its consequences which must be taken into account to-day at a theoretical level. The preparatory dossier of this number constituted essentially by " propositions " and " counter-propositions " exchanged by members of the group, bears witness both to the difficulty and the necessity of the steps undertaken.
Lumières, élite, démocratie : la difficile position des idéologues
Authors: Régaldo Marc 
Published: June 2016

Enlightenment, elite, democracy : the " Idéologues " Difficult Position.
The birth of the intellectual, that new type of scholar, is perhaps the most important social phenomenon of the 18th century. But the intellectualisa socially ambiguous being. This ambiguity can be seen clearly in the ' Idéologues ' of the Décade philosophique. Sincere republicans, they supported the ideals of liberty and equality, but they also defended property and free enterprise. They wanted government by an élite of experts. The plan for a constitution proposed by Amaury Duval in 1795 demonstrates this hesitation between democracy and élitism. Finally, before democracy can be attained, there must be a long process of national education.
Hemsterhuis, platonicien (1721-1790)
Authors: Vieillard-Baron Jean-Louis 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Louis Vieillard-Baron : Hemsterhuis, a Dutch Plato, (1721-1790).
Hemsterhuis, although now almost forgotten, was widely esteemed in his time. His philosophy, which is original, derives from the Dutch Cartesian and Newtonian tradition ; it was also influenced by Malebranche and the Cambridge Platonist, Ralph Cudworth. In turn Hemsterhuis influenced Schelling, Hegel and Novalis. He published numerous ' platonic dialogues ' : Socrates was for him the model for a direct, non-academic, and profoundly true philosophy. Although rejecting Plato in his attempt to reconcile poetry and philosophy, he adopted such Platonic themes as the concept of ' idea that of the soul as a moral organ, and the theory of the soul of the world.
Les paradoxes de Linguet
Authors: Burmeister Brigitte 
Published: June 2016

Brigitte Burmeister : Linguet's paradoxes.
The social theories of Linguet (1736-1794) combine lucid criticism of 18th-century capitalism with pessimistic, even reactionary conclusions. In his Theory of Civil laws (1767), a critique of the Esprit des lois, Linguet begins with a description of the suffering caused by social inequality, to finish with a plan of reform which rejects any social change. Taking as a starting-point two " paradoxes " of Linguet — his apologies for slavery and for oriental despotism — the author demonstrates how these theories reveal the limitations of Enlightenment ideology by reflecting the contradictions of capitalistic society, insoluble within the framework of bourgeois emancipation. This results in the case of Linguet, not in a communistic Utopia but in an equally utopie, and yet reactionary, rejection of Enlightenment thought.
Entre la mystique et la morale
Authors: Le Brun Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Le Brun : Mysticism and morality, the society of jesus in the 18th century.
Between the Quietist controversy (1687-1699) and 1800, the S. J. underwent a spiritual crisis. Favourable to Fénelon, the Jesuits were affected by his condemnation, and hence avoided whatever might revive disputes. Re-editions of 17th-century texts and new works show how mysticism was replaced by moralism, insistence on practical virtues and the search for happiness. But the mystical current persisted clandestinely, as seen in a few theoretical works, and in others published only in the 19th or 20th centuries, which indicate the bases of the late 18th-century spiritual revival, led by Grou and Clorivière.
Le sain et le malsain dans l'économie de la nature
Authors: Guillerme Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Guillerme : The unhealthy and the economy of nature.
The development of pneumatic chemistry is concerned, during the last third of the 18th Century, with the phenomenology of the putrid and therefore with theories about contagion. At the same time the investigations of chemists resulted in new representations of the interrelation between the healthy and the putrid in the vital mixture. But at first their theories appear simply as mutually antagonistic metaphors for the natural economy. It was impossible to decide between such theories until a quantification of chemical reactions established the phenomenological status of miasma.
La correspondance de Madame de Graffigny
Authors: Dainard J.A. , Allan Peter , Showalter English , Boursier Nicole , Curtis Judith , Kerslake L.C. , Smith David W. , Trott David A. , Walker E. A. 
Published: June 2016

J. A. Dainard et al. : Mme de Graffigny's correspondence.
The purpose of this article is to announce a critical edition of the correspondence of Madame de Graffigny, by a team of researchers mainly from the University of Toronto. The interest and usefulness of such an edition are demonstrated, and the historical background of the author and her letters is given. In the appendices are to be found the text of an unpublished letter and inventories of the letters already discovered by the editors, including a guide to the Graffigny Papers at Yale University, where the majority of manuscript letters are located. Readers are asked to write to the general editor if they know of letters not mentioned in the article.
Dix années d'études sadiennes (1968-1978)
Authors: Delon Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Delon : Ten years of sade studies (1968-1978).
An attempt to provide a panorama of Sade studies since the publication of his complete works and the review by G. Gerruti in Studie francise. During this period Sade has entered university research, which had mainly tried to situate him in relation to his contemporaries. He is at the heart of the major ideological debates of our time on the violences of the Sub jet and History. No reflection concerning power, the interplay of desire and family structure, or the position of women, can avoid him. Adaptations for the stage and screen also enable us to consider the status of his text, for the basic problem is that of the relationship between the work and the myth, between the Text and the Name.
«Prêtons la main à la nature... » II. Fureurs utérines
Authors: Goulemot Jean-Marie 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Marie Goulemot : «Give nature a helping hand... » (II) : Uterine frenzies.
The almost total absence of women in Tissot's Onanisme adds to the importance of Bienville's treatise on nymphomania in 17/1. It claims to be a strict application of Tissot's method to women, and reproduces its results (secularisation and médicalisation) and also its failings (no analysis of pleasure, which renders incomprehensible masturbatory passion). In fact, as can be seen from an analysis of Encyclopédie articles, female masturbation does not have the same value as male onanism. It leads to nymphomania and «uterine frenzy ». It is as if there is at the same time an impossibility to discuss female masturbation, and a will to do so, in order to discourage it. There is thus a refusal of an autonomous female erotic ego, which reveals a virile fantasm of the destructive violence of feminine desire, and the fear of the other's sexual independence.
La malédiction paternelle
Authors: Bonnet Jean-Claude 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Claude Bonnet : Paternal malediction.
The father, as a censor of desire and an image of the law which guides all sexuality, occupies an excessively large place in the 18th-century imagination. Among the numerous representations of the father, the theme of the paternal curse is a particular case. Its morality is that a bad son suffers his father's anger and causes, by his conduct, his father's death. This traumatising scenario, in which the themes of guilt and of castration are both in play, represents the father's Last Judgement. This is the solemn moment when the irreparable is committed, and in which, reclaiming his name, the father renounces his son by casting him into the void. This theme, which is present in Prévost and for example in Le Doyen de Killerane, is treated in its own right after 1750, by Diderot, Greuze, Rétif.
Les écoles centrales
Authors: Trenard Louis 
Published: June 2016

Louis Trenard : The «Écoles Centrales ».
In February 1795 the National Convention decided on the creation of an 'École centrale' in each department in order to restore the education system that had been destroyed during the Revolution. F. de Neufchateau directed their teaching towards a 'moral and philosophical goal'. One innovation was the introduction of History, which was to be a lesson in civic spirit and republicanism, and to provide an explanation for the present. The minister recommended the drawing up of a table of universal history and of civilisations, and insisted on quoting sources in order to develop the judgement and spirit of observation. The teachers were given a free hand in their treatment of the syllabus. This discipline — as yet unsure of its methods and aims — was greatly criticised, especially by Volney.
Le souper grec de Mme Vigée Le Brun
Authors: Mosser Monique 
Published: June 2016

Monique Mosser : Mme Vigée Le Brun's Greek supper.
The famous woman painter Elizabeth Vigée Le Brun, who held an important Parisian artistic salon in the rue de Clery, attempted to reconstitute a Greek supper after the publication of J. -J. Barthelemy's novel Le Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Grèce in 1788. She thus symbolises the emergence of a new type of social figure — the leader of fashion. The account of this social event given by the artist in her Souvenirs reveals the close link between art and fashion. Apart from the draperies amd Etruscan vases, the disposition of this dinner reproduces «attitudes » and «tableaux vivants » which are essential for an understanding of the evolution of painting and theatrical design on the eve of the Revolution. Thus, a simple dinner can become a manifesto of Neoclassical art at its zenith.
La gestion seigneuriale des Phélypeaux
Authors: Michel Marie-José 
Published: June 2016

Marie-José Michel : The Phelypeaux's estate management.
The Phelypeaux, a great family of State servants in the 17th and 18th Centuries, owned in the upper Mauldre valley (at present the Yvelines) during Louis XIV's reign, nearly 8000 hectares of land and forests around Pontchartrain Manor. Their papers, conserved in the Archives of the former Seine-et-Oise, reveal the attitudes of the high nobility towards its land and part of its income (35-85,000 livres p. a. — 51 % from farms, 41 % from woods and 8 % from feudal rights). Their estate management is meticulous, rational, concerned with profits and interested in improvements (ploughing implements, artificial meadows), but without questioning the existing feudal structures.
D'Alembert et la nouvelle aristocratie
Authors: Pappas John 
Published: June 2016

John Pappas : d'Alembert and the new aristocracy.
The writer under the Old Régime was subordinated to the aristocracy, who were the judges and dictators of artistic and literary taste. Many 18th-century authors protested against this situation, Voltaire and Rousseau demanding greater respect and a more active role in society. D'Alembert was even bolder and more far-reaching ; his Essai sur la société des gens de lettres et des grands is a blueprint for a campaign to wrest control of public opinion from the aristocracy so that men of letters can become «legislators » in matters of taste and philosophy. He succeeded through his role in the Académie française and inspired 19th-century writers and artists to proclaim themselves, in Balzac's words, the «new pontiffs » of the future.
D'Alembert et les synonymistes
Authors: Auroux Sylvain 
Published: June 2016

Sylvain Auroux : D'Alembert and the synonymists.
Among d'Alembert's literary activities concerning language, synonymy was undoubtedly the most important. He wrote about fifty articles on the subject for the Encyclopédie (reprinted in later dictionaries) and more than once discussed its theory. This article analyses both his theory and his practice, noting particularly his use of oppositions and comparison of "synonymous with" and "can replace". Particular attention is paid to the fact that d'Alembert's work is part of a cumulative series, beginning with Girard (1718), which continued into the 19th Century. This series (in which d'Alembert is distinguished by his mathematical precision) is the origin of Saussure's concept of value.
Un reportage sur Rousseau en 1763
Authors: Schlobach Jochen 
Published: June 2016

Jochen Schlobach : J.-J. Rousseau in 1763.
Two Swiss visitors, J. Wegelin and J.-G. Schulthess, who spent a week with Rousseau at Motiers at the end of October 1763, wrote an account of their discussions with him, entitled "Caractère de Monsieur Rousseau, considéré sous ses faces principales" and dated 28th October 1763. This document provides a description of Rousseau and numerous verbatim reports of conversations, motivated by his two admirers' desire to understand his character at an important moment in the genesis of his Confessions. This text is therefore an exceptional "interview", of interest to specialist and general reader alike. A copy of the unpublished text, discovered in the Wolfenbiittel Library, is published here with an introduction and notes.
L'Europe protestante au siècle des Lumières
Authors: Gusdorf Georges 
Published: June 2016

Georges Gusdorf : Protestant Europe during the Enlightenment.
The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XVI (1685) eradicated the Calvinistic faith in France. This cultural genocide was perceived as an experiment in truth by French refugees all over Protestant Europe. Victims of Catholic persecution, they became propagandists for toleration, liberalism and cosmopoli¬ tanism ; they contributed to the discovery and propagation of the values of the Enlightenment, which proceeded for the greater part from Protestant ideas. Most French historians, prisoners of their Catholic education, are not aware of this Protestant background in the spiritual heritage of their ' Siècle des Lumières '.
La conspiration du prince de Conti (1755-1757)
Authors: Woodbridge John 
Published: June 2016

John Woodbridge : The conspiracy of the prince de Conti (1715-1757).
In the summer of 1755, Pastor Paul Rabaut met secretly with the Prince de Conti to discuss means whereby the Prince could help improve the conditions of the Protestants in France. When Conti's own political influence over his cousin Louis XV began to falter, he attempted to lure the Protestants into a revolt against the King in the spring of 1756. The Protestants were to keep Conti's seditious proposal ' an inviolable secret '. This article explores the extent to which some Protestants entered into Conti's schemes and into those of William Pitt, the English Minister. It underscores the severity of the political crisis which Louis XV faced in the years 1755-1757.
«Le jour de boire est arrivé... » Parodies burlesques de La Marseillaise (1792-1799)
Authors: Hudde Hinrich 
Published: June 2016

Hinrich Hudde : «Le jour de boire est arrivé... » Burlesoue parodies oh the
«Marseillaise ».
As early as 1792, the triumphant soldiers were called to celebrate with the words «A table, Citoyens », sung to the tune of the Marseillaise. Although this most famous burlesque parody was intended to be pro-revolutionary, it was also interpreted as being anti-revolutionary. During the Revolution it was possible, though difficult, to parody the future national anthem. The eating songs, drinking songs and love songs set to Rouget de Lisle's famous tune, which are printed and discussed here, show the possibilities and limitations of a sometimes daring musical and literary entertainment with a political setting.
Du corps paré au corps lavé : une morale du costume et de la cosmétique
Authors: Jaton Anne-Marie 
Published: June 2016

Anne-Marie Jaton : From the body bedecked to the body cleansed : the
morals of dress and cosmetics.
This study traces — through an investigation into fashion, undergarments, make-up and hygiene — the origin and development of a new ' physiological ethic ' which replaces traditional Christian morality. While it takes over some of the latter's characteristics, it differs greatly, creating new patterns of behaviour based on the discovery of the relationship between the ' physical ' and the ' moral '. The salvation of the soul is replaced by Salus, the health of the body ; this entails the establishment of an order of Nature, whose laws are spelled out in the second half of the century in minute detail, down to such things as the frequency of ablutions, the shape of drawers or the composition of make-up.