bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Chronic Low-Dose Radiation on Human Neural Progenitor Cells
Authors: Katsura Mari , Cyou-Nakamine Hiromasa , Zen Qin , Zen Yang , Nansai Hiroko , Amagasa Shota , Kanki Yasuharu , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Kaneki Kiyomi , Taguchi Akashi , Kobayashi Mika , Kaji Toshiyuki , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Miyagawa Kiyoshi , Wada Youichiro , Akimitsu Nobuyoshi , Sone Hideko 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe effects of chronic low-dose radiation on human health have not been well established. Recent studies have revealed that neural progenitor cells are present not only in the fetal brain but also in the adult brain. Since immature cells are generally more radiosensitive, here we investigated the effects of chronic low-dose radiation on cultured human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) derived from embryonic stem cells. Radiation at low doses of 31, 124 and 496 mGy per 72 h was administered to hNPCs. The effects were estimated by gene expression profiling with microarray analysis as well as morphological analysis. Gene expression was dose-dependently changed by radiation. By thirty-one mGy of radiation, inflammatory pathways involving interferon signaling and cell junctions were altered. DNA repair and cell adhesion molecules were affected by 124 mGy of radiation while DNA synthesis, apoptosis, metabolism and neural differentiation were all affected by 496 mGy of radiation. These in vitro results suggest that 496 mGy radiation affects the development of neuronal progenitor cells while altered gene expression was observed at a radiation dose lower than 100 mGy. This study would contribute to the elucidation of the clinical and subclinical phenotypes of impaired neuronal development induced by chronic low-dose radiation.
The actin cytoskeleton modulates the activation of iNKT cells by segregating CD1d nanoclusters on antigen-presenting cells
Authors: Torreno-Pina Juan A. , Manzo Carlo , Salio Mariolina , Aichinger Michael C. , Oddone Anna , Lakadamyali Melike , Shepherd Dawn , Besra Gurdyal S. , Cerundolo Vincenzo , Garcia-Parajo Maria F. 
Published: January 2016

Significance
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells react against CD1d antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the absence of exogenous antigens, a feature defined as autoreactivity. How iNKT cell autoreactivity is fine-tuned to prevent autoimmunity remains enigmatic. Here, we show that iNKT cell activation is regulated by the lateral nanoscale organization of CD1d loaded with exogenous and endogenous antigens. Using a combination of advanced biophysical techniques, we show that CD1d molecules organize in nanoclusters on the membrane of APCs. We further discover that the actin cytoskeleton prevents enhanced CD1d nanoclustering by hindering physical encountering between CD1d diffusing nanoclusters, reducing basal iNKT cell activation. As such, regulation of CD1d nanoclustering through the actin cytoskeleton constitutes a novel mechanism to fine-tune peripheral iNKT cell autoreactivity.
International instructional systems: How England measures up
Authors: Creese Brian , Isaacs Tina 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTAlthough England was not included in the International Instructional Systems Study because it was not a high‐performing jurisdiction by the Study's definition, contributors largely were England‐based. Analysing the Study's nine overall aspects of instructional systems, this paper finds that England is out of step with many of the high‐performing jurisdictions, largely deliberately and at the behest of recent and current governments. It is at the deep end of centralisation, its curriculum is not much integrated, and its accountability system is high‐stakes test and examinations based coupled by an exacting inspection system. Many of the changes are recent and therefore have not had a chance to bed down, so whether they will result in improvements in international tests such as PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS remains to be seen.
Feeding Ecology of Juvenile Yellowfin Tuna from Waters Southwest of Taiwan Inferred from Stomach Contents and Stable Isotope Analysis
Authors: Weng Jinn-Shing , Lee Ming-An , Liu Kwang-Ming , Hsu Ming-Shu , Hung Mine-Kune , Wu Long-Jing 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The Yellowfin Tuna Thunnus albacares is one of the major fish species caught around subsurface fish aggregation devices (FADs) in the waters southwest of Taiwan. However, how it interacts with other organisms around FADs is poorly known. In this study, the diet and feeding habits of juvenile Yellowfin Tuna were estimated from the analysis of stomach contents from 1,477 specimens with FLs ranging from 24 to 108 cm and stable isotope analysis (202 specimens) collected around FADs in the waters southwest of Taiwan. The analysis of stomach contents indicated that juvenile Yellowfin Tuna with FL &lt; 50 cm mainly feed on larval purpleback flying squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis, larval shrimps, and zooplanktonic organisms such as amphipods. Yellowfin Tuna with FL of ∼50 cm switch their diet to teleost fishes such as Japanese Barracudina Lestrolepis japonica, Skinnycheek Lanternfish Benthosema pterotum, and fishes in the families Exocoetidae and Scombridae. Stable isotope analysis indicated that the δ15N values ranged between 6.2‰ and 12.6‰, and the estimated trophic position varied from 3.18 ± 0.24 for tuna with FL &lt; 30 cm, while it reached 4.59 ± 0.50 for those with FL &gt; 50 cm and 4.75 ± 0.06 for those with FL &gt; 90 cm. Based on the distinct diet shift of the juvenile Yellowfin Tuna, demonstrated by both stomach contents and stable isotope analyses, this study concluded that the tuna shift their diet at approximately 50 cm FL.
Received March 31, 2015; accepted September 9, 2015
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Black Sea Bass Sizes and Catches in the Southeastern United States Inferred from Spatially Explicit Nonlinear Models
Authors: Bacheler Nathan M. , Ballenger Joseph C. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Temporal and spatial variability in abundance often results from the effects of environmental and landscape variables interacting over multiple spatial scales, and understanding the complex interplay among these variables is key to elucidating the drivers of a species' population dynamics. We used a spatially explicit, variable-coefficient, generalized additive modeling approach with 24 years of fishery-independent trap data (N = 11,726 samples) to elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of size and size-specific CPUE of Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata along the southeastern Atlantic coast of the United States. Black Sea Bass catch exhibited complex spatial and temporal dynamics that were influenced by environmental, landscape, and sampling effects. Black Sea Bass were more commonly caught inshore than offshore, but were significantly smaller inshore and southward and larger offshore and northward in the study area. Moreover, the spatial distribution of Black Sea Bass changed as abundance varied within and among sampling seasons. Standardized mean length of Black Sea Bass also increased by more than 20% over the study period, from 230 mm TL in the early 1990s to 280 mm TL after 2010. These results elucidate the spatial and temporal dynamics of Black Sea Bass, inform population structure and indices of abundance, and provide an analytical framework that can be easily adapted to other species and systems.
Received October 31, 2014; accepted September 14, 2015
Seasonal group characteristics and occurrence patterns of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in Xiamen Bay, Fujian Province, China
Authors: Wang Xianyan , Wu Fuxing , Turvey Samuel T. , Rosso Massimiliano , Zhu Qian 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Monthly field surveys were conducted between August 2010 and July 2015 to explore seasonal group characteristics and occurrence patterns of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in Xiamen Bay, China. Dolphins formed larger groups in winter and spring (dry seasons) than in summer and autumn (wet seasons; U = 1,564.00, P &lt; 0.001). Sighting encounter rates were higher during the wet season than during the dry season (U = 181.00, P &lt; 0.001), while individual encounter rates were not significantly different between seasons (F = 0.494, d.f. = 3, P = 0.688). Dolphin sightings and the foraging events were mainly found in inner harbors (Western Harbour and Tongan Bay) during the dry seasons and in peripheral areas (Jiulong River Estuary, Wuyu, and Dadeng-Xiaodeng) during the wet seasons. Seasonal occurrence patterns may be associated with the seasonal prey shifts between these different environments.
Cognitive Functioning after Surgery in Middle-aged and Elderly Danish Twins
Authors: Dokkedal Unni , Hansen Tom G. , Rasmussen Lars S. , Mengel-From Jonas , Christensen Kaare 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAbstract
In a study of 8,503 twins, a negligible but statistically significant decrease in a sensitive composite cognitive score was present in twins with at least one major surgery, but there was no difference by intrapair analysis. There was no clinically significant association of major surgery and anesthesia with long-term cognitive dysfunction, suggesting that factors other than surgery and anesthesia are more important.

Background
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is common, but it remains unclear whether there are long-term adverse cognitive effects of surgery combined with anesthesia. The authors examined the association between exposure to surgery and level of cognitive functioning in a sample of 8,503 middle-aged and elderly twins.

Methods
Results from five cognitive tests were compared in twins exposed to surgery, classified as major, minor, hip and knee replacement, or other, with those of a reference group without surgery using linear regression adjusted for sex and age. Genetic and shared environmental confounding was addressed in intrapair analyses of 87 monozygotic and 124 dizygotic same-sexed twin pairs in whom one had a history of major surgery and the other did not.

Results
Statistically significantly lower composite cognitive score was found in twins with at least one major surgery compared with the reference group (mean difference, −0.27; 95% CI, −0.48 to −0.06), corresponding to one tenth of an SD, that is, a negligible effect size. In the intrapair analysis, the surgery-exposed co-twin had the lower cognitive score in 49% (95% CI, 42 to 56%) of the pairs. None of the other groups differed from the reference group except the knee and hip replacement group that tended to have higher cognitive scores (mean difference, 0.35; 95% CI, −0.18 to 0.87).

Conclusions
A history of major surgery was associated with a negligibly lower level of cognitive functioning. The supplementary analyses suggest that preoperative cognitive functioning and underlying diseases were more important for cognitive functioning in mid- and late life than surgery and anesthesia.
The Impact of Prehospital Intubation With and Without Sedation on Outcome in Trauma Patients With a GCS of 8 or Less
Authors: Hoffmann Michael , Czorlich Patrick , Lehmann Wolfgang , Spiro Alexander S. , Rueger Johannes M. , Lefering Rolf 
Published: January 2016

Background:
Although unconsciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] 3 to 8) necessitates intubation according national guidelines, there is a notable lack of evidence to support this approach. This study evaluates the impact on outcome of prehospital intubation with and without sedation in trauma patients with a GCS of ≤8.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort analysis of severely injured trauma patients registered in the TraumaRegister DGU of the German Trauma Society (DGU) from 2002 to 2013 was conducted. Only directly admitted patients alive on admission and with a GCS of ≤8 at the scene were included. The observed outcome was matched with the expected outcome deriving from the Revised Injury Severity Classification, version II (RISC-II). Furthermore, a Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) was calculated for various subgroups. Early neurological outcome was classified using the Glasgow Outcome Scale.

Results:
A total of 21,242 patients fulfilled the study inclusion criteria. A total of 18,975 patients (89.3%) received prehospital intubation. Intubation rates were continuously increasing with decreasing GCS score values. Difference between observed and expected mortality was lower in intubated patients (42.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 41.5%-42.9%]; RISC-II prognosis 41.4%; SMR 1.020 [95% CI, 1.003-1.037]) compared with nonintubated (30.0% [95% CI, 28.1-31.9%] RISC-II prognosis 26.6% and SMR 1.128 [95% CI, 1.057-1.199]). Patients being sedated before intubation presented significant (P<0.001) lower observed mortality (37.7% [95% CI, 36.7-38.7%], RISC-II prognosis 39.0%, SMR 0.967 [95% CI, 0.951-0.983]) associated with a less poor early neurological outcome compared with those being intubated without sedation.

Conclusions:
Observed outcome of prehospital intubated patients with a GCS of ≤8 seems less poor than predicted compared with nonintubated patients. Sedation before intubation might potentially decrease mortality and improve early neurological outcome. Further studies are required to clarify this issue.
Glaucoma and the Origins of Its Name
Authors: Laios Konstantinos , Moschos Marilita M. , Androutsos George 
Published: January 2016

Purpose:
To identify the origins of the name of the disease Glaucoma.

Methods:
Ancient Greek medical literature, Homeric poems, and ancient Greek religion and art were examined.

Results:
The roots of the name Glaucoma could be traced back to Homeric times. Ancient Greek physicians following the Hippocratic tradition preferred the use of the terms Hypochysis or Hypochyma for the same disease. This fact indicates that the older term Glaucoma did not fulfill strict medical criteria, but had a long history connected to superstition, which the rational ancient Greek physician tried to overcome using terms derived from their fundamental principal of humoral pathology.

Conclusions:
In ancient Greek medical literature, Glaucoma had a significant place among ocular diseases. The origin of its name could be traced back to Homeric times and could be connected to the ancient belief of a primitive folk about the apotropaic role of animals against diseases, which in this case is represented by the superstitious role of the owl.
Three-Dimensional Topographic Surface Changes in Response to Compartmental Volumization of the Medial Cheek: Defining a Malar Augmentation Zone
Authors: Stern Carrie S. , Schreiber Jillian E. , Surek Chris C. , Garfein Evan S. , Jelks Elizabeth B. , Jelks Glenn W. , Tepper Oren M. 
Published: January 2016

Background:
Given the widespread use of facial fillers and recent identification of distinct facial fat compartments, a better understanding of three-dimensional surface changes in response to volume augmentation is needed. Advances in three-dimensional imaging technology now afford an opportunity to elucidate these morphologic changes for the first time.

Methods:
A cadaver study was undertaken in which volumization of the deep medial cheek compartment was performed at intervals up to 4 cc (n = 4). Three-dimensional photographs were taken after each injection to analyze the topographic surface changes, which the authors define as the “augmentation zone.” Perimeter, diameter, and projection were studied. The arcus marginalis of the inferior orbit consistently represented a fixed boundary of the augmentation zone, and additional cadavers underwent similar volumization following surgical release of this portion of the arcus marginalis (n = 4). Repeated three-dimensional computer analysis was performed comparing the augmentation zone with and without arcus marginalis release.

Results:
Volumization of the deep medial cheek led to unique topographic changes of the malar region defined by distinct boundaries. Interestingly, the cephalic border of the augmentation zone was consistently noted to be at the level of the arcus marginalis in all specimens. When surgical release of the arcus marginalis was performed, the cephalic border of the augmentation zone was no longer restricted.

Conclusions:
Using advances in three-dimensional photography and computer analysis, the authors demonstrate characteristic surface anatomy changes in response to volume augmentation of facial compartments. This novel concept of the augmentation zone can be applied to volumization of other distinct facial regions.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, V.
How Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Make Decisions Regarding Hand Reconstruction: A Qualitative Study from the Silicone Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Arthritis Project
Authors: Mathews Alexandra L. , Burns Patricia B. , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: January 2016

Background:
Previous studies have determined specific factors influencing patients with rheumatoid arthritis to choose to undergo reconstructive hand surgery. However, little is known about how rheumatoid arthritis patients are counseled by physicians regarding surgical options and the concerns that cause patients to decide not to undergo hand surgery reconstruction. The authors conducted a qualitative study to investigate the decision-making process rheumatoid arthritis patients undergo when deciding about surgical treatment, including the specific involvement from their physicians in the decision.

Methods:
Participants were recruited from the ongoing international collaborative Silicone Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Arthritis study. Twenty semistructured interviews were conducted, and data were analyzed using grounded theory methodology.

Results:
Eight of the 11 participants that underwent metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty indicated that improving hand function was the primary reason they chose to undergo surgery. Four of these participants were concerned about the aesthetics of their hands, whereas five of the eight participants who discussed their reasoning for not undergoing surgery felt aesthetics was not a good enough reason to undergo surgery. Three participants indicated that a negative perception of hand surgery by their rheumatologists discouraged them from the procedure. Finally, most (14 of 18) participants chose to make the final decision about surgery without involvement from their physician.

Conclusions:
The decision of whether or not to undergo surgery can be personal, and patients may prefer to make the final decision independently. It is important that rheumatoid arthritis patients receive collaborative counseling from their rheumatologists and hand surgeons to ensure they are making a knowledgeable decision.
Primary versus Flap Closure of Perineal Defects following Oncologic Resection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Devulapalli Chris , Jia Wei Anne Tong , DiBiagio Jennifer R. , Baez Marcelo L. , Baltodano Pablo A. , Seal Stella M. , Sacks Justin M. , Cooney Carisa M. , Rosson Gedge D. 
Published: January 2016

Background:
Abdominoperineal resection and pelvic exenteration for resection of malignancies can lead to large perineal defects with significant surgical-site morbidity. Myocutaneous flaps have been proposed in place of primary closure to improve wound healing. A systematic review was conducted to compare primary closure with myocutaneous flap reconstruction of perineal defects following abdominoperineal resection or pelvic exenteration with regard to surgical-site complications.

Methods:
A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases. After data extraction from included studies, meta-analysis was performed to compare outcome parameters defining surgical-site complications of flap and primary closure.

Results:
Our systematic review yielded 10 eligible studies (one randomized controlled trial and nine retrospective studies) involving 566 patients (226 flaps and 340 primary closures). Eight studies described rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps and two studies used gracilis flaps. In meta-analysis, primary closure was more than twice as likely to be associated with total perineal wound complications compared with flap closure (OR, 2.17; 95 percent CI, 1.34 to 3.14; p = 0.001). Rates of major perineal wound complications were also significantly higher in the primary closure group (OR, 3.64; 95 percent CI, 1.43 to 7.79; p = 0.005). There was no statistically significant difference between primary and flap closure for minor perineal wound complications, abdominal hernias, length of stay, or reoperation rate.

Conclusions:
This is the first systematic review with meta-analysis comparing primary closure with myocutaneous flap closure for pelvic reconstruction. The authors’ results have validated the use of myocutaneous flaps for reducing perineal morbidity following abdominoperineal resection or pelvic exenteration.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, II.
Redefining “Employability” as something to be achieved
Authors: Reid James 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to contribute a broader understanding of the complexity in relationships of power and responsibility in employability in higher education contexts and posits a conceptual framework for employability as a process, something to be achieved.

Design/methodology/approach
– This conceptual paper arises from experience of and research into placement practices and draws upon Joan Tronto’s feminist epistemology (1993, 2012) to argue for a critical understanding of employability.

Findings
– There is little in the literature that discusses employability as a process involving moral and political work. The conceptual framework offers a process of five phases to provide a foundation for understanding employability that moves beyond a focus on skills and attributes.

Research limitations/implications
– The conceptual framework enables all employability professionals, including researchers, to think beyond skills and attributes for employment to explore the implications of the relations that shape the need for employability within and outside their sphere.

Practical implications
– Developing a conceptual framework enables employability professionals to evaluate their practices and assess: if practices are inclusive or excluding; the implications of power and responsibility; the tensions arising from the diverse nature of need in employability work.

Originality/value
– This paper posits a conceptual framework for understanding the process of employability work as something to be achieved.