bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options
Authors: Lovett Gary M. , Weiss Marissa , Liebhold Andrew M. , Holmes Thomas P. , Leung Brian , Lambert Kathy Fallon , Orwig David A. , Campbell Faith T. , Rosenthal Jonathan , McCullough Deborah G. , Wildova Radka , Ayres Matthew P. , Canham Charles D. , Foster David R. , LaDeau Shannon L. , Weldy Troy 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe review and synthesize information on invasions of nonnative forest insects and diseases in the United States, including their ecological and economic impacts, pathways of arrival, distribution within the United States, and policy options for reducing future invasions. Nonnative insects have accumulated in United States forests at a rate of ~2.5 per yr over the last 150 yr. Currently the two major pathways of introduction are importation of live plants and wood packing material such as pallets and crates. Introduced insects and diseases occur in forests and cities throughout the United States, and the problem is particularly severe in theNortheast andUpperMidwest. Nonnative forest pests are the only disturbance agent that has effectively eliminated entire tree species or genera from United States forests within decades. The resulting shift in forest structure and species composition alters ecosystem functions such as productivity, nutrient cycling, and wildlife habitat. In urban and suburban areas, loss of trees from streets, yards, and parks affects aesthetics, property values, shading, stormwater runoff, and human health. The economic damage from nonnative pests is not yet fully known, but is likely in the billions of dollars per year, with the majority of this economic burden borne by municipalities and residential property owners. Current policies for preventing introductions are having positive effects but are insufficient to reduce the influx of pests in the face of burgeoning global trade. Options are available to strengthen the defenses against pest arrival and establishment, including measures taken in the exporting country prior to shipment, measures to ensure clean shipments of plants and wood products, inspections at ports of entry, and post‐entry measures such as quarantines, surveillance, and eradication programs. Improved data collection procedures for inspections, greater data accessibility, and better reporting would support better evaluation of policy effectiveness. Lack of additional action places the nation, local municipalities, and property owners at high risk of further damaging and costly invasions. Adopting stronger policies to reduce establishments of new forest insects and diseases would shift the major costs of control to the source and alleviate the economic burden now borne by homeowners and municipalities.
New Enzyme Completion Technology Used in the Gulf of Mexico for the First Time
Authors: Bast M. S. , Ali S. A. , Scarborough B. , Luyster M. R. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Polymer-specific and starch specific-enzymes were evaluated for use as breakers for biopolymer/starch-based drill-in fluids. Various combinations of drill-in fluid components were also tested to determine the optimum system that would enhance enzyme(s) performance. In the first half of the testing program, the effectiveness of the enzyme(s) was determined by measuring the flow rate of synthetic oil through a permeable disk before and after exposure of the drill-in fluid filter cake to enzyme(s) for a specified soak period. To better simulate and exemplify a drill-in fluid, simulated drill solids were added to these systems. The combination of a customized drill-in fluid and enzyme(s) breaker that exhibited the optimum rheology, fluid loss control, and clean up was then tested using approximate wellbore conditions with a 25 ft. horizontal model. In addition, a customized displacement pill for enhancing the removal of residual drill-in fluid filter cakes was tested and optimized to enhance the effectiveness of enzyme(s).
The results were then applied to two candidates in the Main Pass 313 Field, Gulf of Mexico. Both wells exhibited higher than expected production rates, as well as relatively low skin damage and improved cost savings compared to conventional vertical completions and a similar horizontal completion.
Isha-Upanishad and Economics Consideration: An Elucidation
Authors: Gewali Babu Ram 
Published: May 2016

<p>In this article, the effort has been made to trace the tradition of oriental economic thoughts- spread in the four Vedas and Upanishad, which are the earliest documents of human civilization. For the analysis the first Upanishad- Isha has been selected. This analysis is based on the first mantra of Isha-Upanishad. It is concluded that the first serious econic thinking was inisitated by the composer of Upanishad. </p><p><strong>Economic Literature,</strong> Vol. XI (35-39), June 2013 </p>
State of Food (in)Security in Chepang Community: A Case of Dahakhani VDC, Chitwan
Authors: Aryal Badri 
Published: May 2016

<p>This study intends to investigate food (in) security situation of Chepang communities as well as their food coping strategies based on 48 sample households in Dahakhani Village Development Committee, Chitwan. On an average they possess low level of assets and meager amount of crops and animal husbandry products. Consequently, most of the Chepang are found food insecure. Social services like school and drinking water sources are supplied within half an hour walking distance from their home whereas institutions are 3 hours far from home. Correlation analysis showed highly significant relationship between number of food insufficient months and number of livestock and birds in the household; between number livestock and birds with quantities of cereal production in a year. There is significant association of quantity of cereal production and land holding size with number of food insufficient months for a year. It can be inferred that meat is one of the important component of Chepang food habit and promotion of livestock rising can be an important supplement to Chepang diets. </p><p><strong>Economic Literature</strong>, Vol. XI (60-66), June 2013 </p>
Book Review: The System of Tourism Development Planning in Nepal (An Integrated Approach)
Authors: Srivastava Nagendra Lal 
Published: May 2016

<p><em>The System of Tourism Development Planning in Nepal (An Integrated Approach)</em>, by Prof. Dr. Om Sharma. Kathmandu: Nawaraj Pandey, Ananda Chand and Saraswati Sharma, 2012. Pages 280 (including Bibliography, Index and Appendices). Price: NRs 300.</p><p><strong>Economic Literature,</strong> Vol. XI (67-68), June 2013 </p>
Book Review: Business Economics (Second Edition)
Authors: Poudel Hom Nath 
Published: May 2016

<p><em>Business Economics</em> (Second Edition) by Pramshu Nepal, Min Raj Poudel, Girdhari Prasad Lamichhne and Rishi Ram Gaire. Kathmandu: M.K. Publisher and distributers, 2012, Pages 385 (including references, old question and chapter wise question banks). Price: NRs 280.</p><p><strong>Economic Literature</strong>, Vol. XI (69-70), June 2013 </p>
Suvorexant: A boon for Sleepless Nights
Authors: Khadka Anjan , Brashier Dick , Khanpure Amol Vijay , Chuki Pem 
Published: May 2016

Insomnia is characterized by difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, or experiencing nonrestorative sleep. Insomnia is the most common medical complaint in general practice. Low efficacy and various side effects limit the use of existing treatment option. Suvorexant is an orexin receptor antagonist (ORA), first in a new class of drugs in development for the treatment of insomnia. It inhibits the wakefulness-promoting orexin neurons of the arousal system thereby promoting the natural transition from wakefulness. It also improves sleep onset and sleep maintenance and has a favorable tolerability and limited side-effect profile.
Carboxylate-Terminated Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymer as an Effective Inhibitor for Carbonate and Sulphate Scales
Authors: Liu Guangqing , Xue Mengwei , Liu Qinpu , Zhou Yuming , Huang Jingyi 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
For the control of carbonate and sulphate scales, a new type of green scale inhibitors AQn was synthesized. The thermal stability and the molecular weight of the copolymers were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis and gel permeation chromatography, respectively. The anti-scale property of the AQn copolymers towards CaCO3 and CaSO4 in the artificial cooling water was studied through static scale inhibition tests. The results show that both CaCO3 and CaSO4 inhibition increase with increasing the degree of polymerization of AQn from 5 to 15. The dosage of AQn plays also an important role on CaCO3 and CaSO4 inhibition. Surface morphology characterization of CaCO3 and CaSO4 was investigated with combination of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. An inhibition mechanism is proposed that the interactions between calcium and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are the fundamental impetus to restrain the formation of the scale in cooling water systems.
Geometric Properties of Normalized Wright Functions
Authors: Mustafa Nizami 
Published: May 2016

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate some characterizations for the Wright functions to be in the subclasses S * ( α , β ) and	C ( α , β ) ( α , β ∈ [ 0 , 1 ) ) . Several sufficient conditions are obtained for the normalized Wright functions to be in these classes. Results obtained in this paper are new and their usefulness is put forth by several corollaries.
Impact of the Learning Curve on Intraoperative Surgical Time in Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery
Authors: Grewal Dilraj S. , Dalal Ritika R. , Jun Scott , Chou Jonathan , Basti Surendra 
Published: May 2016

PURPOSE:
To analyze the impact of learning curve on operating room (OR) times, femtosecond laser times, procedure time (time for laser and non-laser steps combined), and surgical time (procedure time minus transfer and preoperative times) during transition to femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) and comparison with conventional phacoemulsification.

METHODS:
In this retrospective, comparative case series, patients undergoing FLACS by an experienced surgeon between November 2012 and June 2014 were reviewed using the Catalys Precision Laser system (Abbott Medical Optics, Santa Ana, CA). The cohort was divided into five sequential groups of roughly equally sized cohorts (n = 33 for groups 1 to 4, n = 34 for group 5) and temporal change in surgical times was compared. For controls, 50 consecutive patients who underwent phacoemulsification concurrently were reviewed.

RESULTS:

There were 166 eyes evaluated that underwent FLACS. Femtosecond laser time shortened through the first three groups (group 1: 4.37 minutes vs group 3: 3.37 minutes,
P
< .05) but plateaued thereafter (group 4: 3:43 minutes, group 5: 3:35 minutes,
P
> .05). Total FLACS OR time reduced through sequential groups (group 1: 44 minutes vs group 5: 34 minutes,
P
< .001). Procedure time reduced from 33 (group 1) to 23 (group 5) minutes (
P
< .001). However, surgical and total OR time for group 5 (0:17 ± 0.02 and 0:34 ± 0:04 minutes, respectively) remained longer than phacoemulsification (0.14 ± 0:04 and 0:29 ± 0:05 minutes, respectively, both
P
< .05).

CONCLUSIONS:
Despite significant reduction in OR times with increasing surgeon experience, FLACS required longer overall procedure times and surgical times compared to phacoemulsification, even when approaching 200 cases. Surgeons and institutions should budget for increased surgical times and associated costs when transitioning to FLACS.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(5):311–317.]
The Effect of LASIK on Timing of Cataract Surgery
Authors: Yesilirmak Nilufer , Chhadva Priyanka , Diakonis Vasilios F. , Waren Daniel P. , Yoo Sonia H. , Donaldson Kendall E. 
Published: May 2016

PURPOSE:
To compare the age at the time of cataract surgery in patients who have undergone microkeratome-assisted LASIK versus individuals matched for axial length, cataract grade, and visual acuity with no history of refractive surgery.

METHODS:
Retrospective chart review of patients who underwent cataract extraction between September 2013 and March 2015 at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. Patients had a history of either microkeratome-assisted LASIK or no prior ocular surgery. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) before and after cataract extraction, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) before cataract extraction, gender, axial length, and cataract grade were assessed, along with age at the time of LASIK, age at the time of cataract extraction, and the time lapse between LASIK and cataract extraction.

RESULTS:

Fifty eyes of 38 patients were included in the LASIK group and 155 eyes of 136 patients were included in the control group. There was no significant difference between these groups with respect to gender (
P
= .87), CDVA before cataract extraction (
P
= .11), UDVA before cataract extraction (
P
= .09), axial length (
P
= .67), and cataract grade (
P
= .46). Mean age at the time of cataract extraction for patients in the LASIK group and control group were 64 ± 7 and 73 ± 8 years, respectively (
P
< .005). Negative correlations were found between age at time of cataract extraction and axial length in the LASIK and control groups (
r
= −0.18,
P
= .20 vs
r
= −0.36,
P
=. 01, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:
Microkeratome-assisted LASIK seems to be correlated with earlier cataract extraction. Patients with a history of microkeratome-assisted LASIK under-went cataract surgery a decade sooner than patients with similar demographic and ocular characteristics.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(5):306–310.]
Combined Cataract and Refractive Corneal Inlay Implantation Surgery: Comparison of Three Techniques
Authors: Stojanovic Nela R. , Feingold Vladimir , Pallikaris Ioannis G. 
Published: May 2016

PURPOSE:
To compare clinical outcomes of three different techniques of combined cataract and Presbia Flexivue Microlens refractive corneal inlay (Presbia Coöperatief U.A., Amsterdam, Netherlands) implantation surgery for presbyopia compensation over a 12-month follow-up.

METHODS:
In this comparative pilot study, 15 patients with bilateral cataract were allocated to one of three groups with a different combination of surgical steps (cataract surgery, intrastromal pocket creation, and inlay implantation). In the three-step group, the intracorneal pocket was created in the non-dominant eye, bilateral cataract surgery was performed 3 months later, and the intracorneal inlay was inserted 3 months after that. In the two-step at 3 days group, bilateral cataract surgery was performed 3 days after pocket creation and inlay implantation in the non-dominant eye. In the two-step at 3 months group, the pocket creation and the inlay implantation were performed in the non-dominant eye 3 months after bilateral cataract surgery. Visual, refractive, and contrast sensitivity outcomes were evaluated and compared between the three groups.

RESULTS:
Twelve months after the inlay implantation, mean monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/32 in the three-step group, 20/32 in the two-step at 3 days group, and 20/25 in the two-step at 3 months group. Achieved mean monocular uncorrected near visual acuity was similar in the three groups (20/25). The visual and refractive outcomes did not show significant differences between groups. Contrast sensitivity was similar between groups under mesopic and photopic conditions. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed.

CONCLUSIONS:
Clinical outcomes of three different techniques of combined cataract surgery and refractive corneal inlay implantation had no apparent differences between them. The corneal inlay provided excellent near vision acuity, with high patient satisfaction and a high spectacle independence rate after cataract surgery.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(5):318–325.]
Prevalence of Glaucoma in Myopic Corneal Refractive Surgery Candidates in Hong Kong China
Authors: Biswas Sayantan , Jhanji Vishal , Leung Christopher K. S. 
Published: May 2016

PURPOSE:
To estimate the prevalence of glaucoma in myopic individuals in Hong Kong China seeking corneal refractive surgery and factors associated with the occurrence of glaucoma.

METHODS:
Six hundred twenty-nine eyes of 315 myopic individuals seeking corneal refractive surgery in a tertiary institution in Hong Kong China, were consecutively recruited. Glaucoma was defined by the presence of abnormal retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and neuroretinal rim measurements obtained with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, as well as narrowed neuroretinal rim and optic disc excavation observed in color optic disc stereophotographs. Factors associated with glaucoma were analyzed with univariable and multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS:
The mean age and spherical equivalent were 36.3 ± 9.3 years (range: 21.5 to 60.1 years) and −6.59 ± 2.34 diopters (D) (range: −2.25 to −17.13 D), respectively. Twenty-three eyes of 16 myopic individuals (5.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.2% to 8.1%) had glaucoma, of which 10 eyes of 7 myopic individuals (2.2%; 95% CI: 1.1% to 4.5%) also had visual field defects by standard automated perimetry (5 had mild and 5 had moderate visual field loss). None of the myopic individuals were aware of the diagnosis at the time of examination. The inferotemporal sector of the optic disc was the most frequent location where RNFL thinning was found and the superonasal visual field was the most common region where visual field defects were located. The only biometric factor associated with glaucoma was intraocular pressure (odds ratio: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.75).

CONCLUSIONS:
Glaucoma was present in 5.1% of myopic individuals seeking corneal refractive surgery in Hong Kong China. Corneal refractive surgeons should be watchful in the diagnostic evaluation of glaucoma among myopic corneal refractive surgery candidates.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(5):298–304.]
Impacts sur la santé des pratiques des agriculteurs urbains à Dakar (Sénégal)
Authors: Ba Abou , Cantoreggi Nicola , Simos Jean , Duchemin Éric 
Published: May 2016

L’agriculture urbaine (AU) occupe une place importante dans l’économie des pays en voie de développement. À Dakar (Sénégal), elle assure 70 % de la demande en légumes ainsi que la création de milliers d’emplois directs et indirects. Malgré ce rôle économique et social très important, l’agriculture urbaine à Dakar est toutefois confrontée à deux problèmes majeurs : l’insécurité foncière et l’accès à l’eau. Pour faire face à ces contraintes, les producteurs ont recours à des pratiques qui ne sont pas sans conséquence sur l’environnement, leur santé et celle des populations. L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser les impacts sanitaires de ces pratiques agricoles dans un contexte d’urbanisation continue. Au terme de ce travail, cette recherche révèle que les pratiques agricoles observées dans les Niayes (zone agricole) de Dakar ont d’une part d’énormes impacts sur la santé des agriculteurs et des populations environnantes et d’autre part qu’à moyen terme ces impacts seront accentués par la forte urbanisation de la région. En effet, les pratiques agricoles actuelles dans la gestion de l’eau et l’utilisation des pesticides mises en perspective avec les modifications inhérentes à la forte urbanisation risquent de bouleverser les synergies spatiales existantes dans les systèmes de production en milieu urbain.
Maraichage urbain et semi-urbain de Moringa oleifera Lam. par des associations de femmes au Burkina Faso : contraintes et opportunités
Authors: Dao Madjelia Cangré Ebou , Sanou Josias , Pare Souleymane 
Published: May 2016

Une enquête a été menée en 2014 dans la région du Centre au Burkina Faso et avait pour objectif de décrire les systèmes de cultures maraichères intégrant Moringa oleifera, un arbre légume dans le maraîchage urbain et périurbain de Ouagadougou en vue de ressortir les contraintes et les potentialités. Au total, 59 femmes membres de trois associations féminines pratiquant les cultures maraîchères de M. oleifera ont été identifiées à Ouagadougou (Nabonswendé), Loumbila (Pan-Nafa) et Komsilga (association Zemstaaba). Les résultats obtenus montrent que M. oleifera est produit en association avec principalement la laitue (58 % des planches) et sous forme de monoculture (42 % des planches). Les opportunités de cultiver cette plante par les associations de femmes sont essentiellement de disposer de feuilles fraiches riches en éléments nutritifs en saison sèche au moment où elles sont rares, d’avoir des revenus monétaires pendant les saisons sèches, d’être des actrices clés de la filière Moringa au Burkina Faso. Les problèmes qu’elles rencontrent sont liés à la non-maitrise des techniques de production en planches par plus de 80 % de femmes membres des trois associations, à la non-accessibilité aux facteurs de productions et avec des techniques de commercialisation des produits toujours rudimentaires. À cet effet, le renforcement des capacités techniques des productrices et l’accompagnement technique des systèmes de collecte et de distribution de semences viables, de qualité pour elles et par elles-mêmes, pourraient constituer une grande valeur économique et stratégique pour les petites productrices en milieux urbain et semi urbain du Burkina Faso. Cette étude constitue un point de départ pour un suivi plus approfondi de cette activité génératrice de revenus pour ces femmes démunies.
Geochronology and lithogeochemistry of granitoid rocks from the central part of the Central plutonic belt, New Brunswick, Canada: implications for Sn-W-Mo exploration
Authors: Wilson Reginald A. , Kamo Sandra L. 
Published: May 2016

The central part of the Central plutonic belt in New Brunswick is underlain by numerous plutons of calc-alkaline, foliated and unfoliated granite that intrude Cambrian to Early Ordovician metasedimentary rocks. U-Pb (zircon) dating demonstrates that granites range in age from Middle Ordovician to Late Devonian, although most are late Silurian to Early Devonian. An age of 467 ± 7 Ma has been obtained on the foliated McKiel Lake Granite, whereas unfoliated intrusions yield ages of 423.2 ± 3.2 Ma (Bogan Brook Granodiorite), 420.7 +1.8/-2.0 Ma (Nashwaak Granite), 419.0 ± 0.5 Ma (Redstone Mountain Granite), 416.1 ± 0.5 Ma (Beadle Mountain Granite), 415.8 ± 0.3 Ma (Juniper Barren Granite), 409.7 ± 0.5 Ma (Lost Lake Granite), and 380.6 ± 0.3 Ma (Burnthill Granite). All plutons exhibit mixed arc-like and within-plate geochemical signatures, although the Redstone Mountain and Burnthill granites are dominantly of within-plate type. Trace element data reveal a close overall geochemical similarity between Ordovician and Silurian – Devonian plutons, indicating that all were generated by partial melting of the same crustal source. Late Silurian to Early Devonian plutons mainly comprise biotite and/or muscovite-bearing, peraluminous granite and are considered prospective for granophile-element mineralization. All plutons contain Sn well in excess of the granite global average abundance, and several contain average tin values comparable to productive stanniferous granites elsewhere. The Burnthill, Lost Lake, Beadle Mountain, and Nashwaak granites are geochemically most evolved and enriched in Sn and W. The Burnthill Granite in particular has experienced late-stage hydrothermal processes that have resulted in local enrichments of these elements.
Canonical Systems of Basic Invariants for Unitary Reflection Groups
Authors: Nakashima Norihiro , Terao Hiroaki , Tsujie Shuhei 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIt is known that there exists a canonical system for every finite real reflection group. In a previous paper, the first and the third authors obtained an explicit formula for a canonical system. In this article, we first define canonical systems for the finite unitary reflection groups, and then prove their existence. Our proof does not depend on the classification of unitary reflection groups. Furthermore, we give an explicit formula for a canonical system for every unitary reflection group.