bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infections Due to Acinetobacter baumannii in the ICU: Treatment Options
Authors: Zhanel George , Clark Nina , Lynch Joseph 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBacteria within the genus Acinetobacter (principally A. baumannii-calcoaceticus complex [ABC]) are gram-negative coccobacilli that may cause nosocomial infections in critically ill or debilitated patients (particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia and infections of the bloodstream, urinary tract, and wounds). Treatment of Acinetobacter infections is difficult, as Acinetobacter spp. are intrinsically resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, and have a remarkable ability to acquire new resistance determinants via mechanisms that include plasmids, transposons, integrons, and resistance islands. Since the 1990s, global resistance to antimicrobials has escalated dramatically among ABC. Global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR)-A. baumannii strains reflects dissemination of a few clones between hospitals, geographic regions, and continents; excessive use of antibiotics amplifies this spread. Many isolates are resistant to all antimicrobials except colistin (polymyxin E) and tigecycline, and some infections are untreatable with existing antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to treat or prevent infections due to ABC. Strategies to curtail environmental colonization with MDR-ABD will require aggressive infection control efforts and cohorting of infected patients. Thoughtful antibiotic strategies are essential to limit the spread of MDR-ABC. Optimal therapy will likely require combination antimicrobial therapy of existing antibiotics as well as development of novel antibiotic classes.
Should We Treat Ventilator-Associated Tracheobronchitis with Antibiotics?
Authors: Coakley John , Nseir Saad , Martin-Loeches Ignacio 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPatients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) often require lung organ support. The use of mechanical ventilation, while lifesaving can be associated with subsequent complications. The most common complication in patients under mechanical ventilation is the development of ventilator-associated lower respiratory tract infections (VA-LRTIs). Before the development of VA-LRTI, there is a continuum process that ranges from airway colonization to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). There is an intermediate process called ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT). Contemporary treatment of VA-LRTI emphasizes the importance of prompt broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. Previous studies reported prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay in patients with VAT. This negative impact on outcome is related to increased inflammation of the lower respiratory tract, sputum production, and higher rates of VAP. Extubation failure and difficult weaning have been reported to be associated with increased sputum volume in mechanically ventilated patients. Antibiotic treatment for VAT patients is still a matter for debate. Observational studies suggested a beneficial effect of antimicrobial treatment in VAT patients, including a reduced duration of mechanical ventilation and lower rates of subsequent VAP. Previous studies demonstrated beneficial effects of systemic and aerosolized antibiotics in preventing VAP in critically ill patients. However, antibiotic treatment is a recognized risk factor for the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Infections related to these bacteria are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost. Therefore, a large well-designed study is warranted to determine whether patients with VAT should receive antimicrobials. Furthermore, a short course of antimicrobials could be sufficient in these patients.
Biology of T Helper Cells and Their Role in Neonatal Infection
Authors: Abdulmageed Mohammed , Omar Said , Madhukar B. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractT lymphocytes play a central role in the adaptive immune system of the body to provide protection and surveillance against infections. Precursors of T cells begin their journey in the bone marrow and reach the thymus where they mature into naive T cells through a series of transitionary stages and interaction with thymic epithelial cells in various regions of the thymus to emerge as single-positive CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. The CD4+ naive T cells leave thymus and migrate to the peripheral lymphatic tissue for further differentiation into various subsets as a consequence of interaction with cytokines and altered gene regulation by specific transcription factors. This review summarized the intrathymic T-cell biology and various subsets of T cells, their characteristic cytokine production, and their role in neonatal infections.
The Stroop-Interference-NoGo-Test (STING): A Fast Screening Tool for the Global Assessment of Neuropsychological Impairments
Authors: Fehlmann Bernhard , Jokeit Hennric 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Background With the Stroop-Interference-NoGo-Test (STING), we introduce an efficient and sensitive screening tool for the assessment of mild to moderate cognitive impairment. Its development was motivated by the ongoing economization of diagnostics and therapy in clinics as well as by the increased recognition of the effects of cognitive impairments on quality of life and professional reintegration. Established screenings such as the MoCA, MMSE and CAMCOG are either more time-consuming or lack sensitivity with regard to mild to moderate impairments in relevant domains.
Methods STING is based on the idea of an omnibus test. It integrates attentional, lexical-semantic, speed- and inhibitory components. In this way, a basic sensorimotor component is separated from a higher-order cognitive/executive component, which allows for differentiation between cognitive and generalised or merely sensorimotor impairments. The norms are based on data from 907 participants (386 M, 521 F). Its discriminative power was investigated in 64 patients (32 M, 32 F) with heterogeneous, but predominantly mild to moderate neuropsychological impairments.
Results The split-half reliability is essentially r=0.82–0.95. For the parallel-test reliability, the index is r=0.82–0.91, whereas the test-retest stability is estimated somewhat lower (r=0.48–0.81). Practice effects are moderate (7–12%). STING is correlated with many familiar tests, but sets itself apart from mere intelligence testing. Within the age category of 12–34 years, the number of correct items in the more complex second half of the test was predictive for clinical caseness, with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 47%. Between the ages of 35 and 64, the classification was improved by the combination with the ratio of both halves, which represents set-shifting costs. Here the sensitivity of 71% goes hand in hand with a specificity of 70%.
Discussion STING provides a measure that can be considered sufficiently sensitive for use in the global assessment of cognitive impairment. A positive result does not replace a neuropsychological assessment, but indicates the need for one. The test offers an opportunity to neurologists, psychologists and psychiatrists to objectify mild to moderate, transient, or chronic functional impairments and to evaluate their course over time.
Mikroschulung „Mikrolagerung“
Authors: Jurkowitsch Romana Eva 
Published: June 2017

Zusammenfassung
Patienten- und Angehörigenedukation Der Dekubitus, das sogenannte
Druckgeschwür oder auch Wundliegen, ist in der Versorgung von Erwachsenen und
Kindern mit Bewegungseinschränkungen ein großes Problem. Offene chronische
Wunden, ausgelöst durch zu langen Druck, Reibung und Scherkräfte, sind
schmerzhaft und meist sehr langwierig in ihrer Behandlung. Dabei sind
vorbeugende Maßnahmen und deren Durchführung zur Vermeidung von Dekubitus leicht
zu erlernen.
Durch die Brille der Eltern geschaut
Authors: Aussem Daria 
Published: June 2017

Zusammenfassung
Familienintegration und elternbezogene Verständnisförderung für
Stationsteams Angst, Konflikte, Freude, Sorge, Erschöpfung, Traurigkeit,
Selbstzweifel, Erleichterung – eine Vielfalt menschlicher Themen prägt das Leben
einer Station mit. Eltern und Familien brauchen in Zeiten größter Sorge
Unterstützung – ebenso wie Mitarbeiter auf den Intensivstationen. Diese erhalten
sie in den Kliniken beispielsweise durch Psychologen, Sozialpädagogen oder durch
hierfür weitergebildete Pflegekräfte. Neben dem Auftrag zur Stabilisierung der
Eltern liegt ein Fokus auf der Kommunikation und Interaktion. Unterschiedliche
Welten treffen in der Klinik aufeinander. Psychosoziale Arbeit hat in diesem
Kontext viel mit Dolmetschen zu tun: Dolmetschen zwischen Eltern bzw. Familien
und Station. Doch wie kann das Miteinander auf Station und zwischen Eltern und
Station begleitet werden? – Ein Erfahrungsbericht.
Gelenke aus tribologischer Sicht
Authors: Dobler Tobias K. , Dobler Klaus 
Published: June 2017

ZusammenfassungWelche Faktoren bestimmen die Reibung und somit auch den Verschleiß von Gelenken? Bedeutet höhere Reibung auch mehr Verschleiß beim
menschlichen Gelenk? Hat das Gelenkknacken etwas mit der Gasblase zu tun, die bei manchen Bewegungen im Gelenk entsteht? Tiefere
Einsicht ermöglicht hier die Tribologie, eine wissenschaftliche Fachrichtung, die sich mit Reibung, Schmierung und Verschleiß
beschäftigt und in der Industrie nicht mehr wegzudenken ist.
Enuresis und Inkontinenz
Authors: Peters Kristin 
Published: June 2017

ZusammenfassungMiktionsstörungen sind die zweithäufigste chronische Erkrankung des Kindes. Zu unterscheiden sind 2 verschiedene Typen. Die Enuresis ist
durch ein nächtliches Überfluten des Bettes bei verminderter Erweckbarkeit gekennzeichnet und auf eine Reifungsverzögerung des Nervensystems
zurückzuführen. Die Inkontinenz tagsüber entspricht der Dranginkontinenz des Erwachsenen. Es besteht ein imperativer, häufiger Harndrang mit
einer geringen Miktionsmenge. Bewusste oder unbewusste Haltemanöver sollen den Toilettengang hinauszögern. Veränderte Druckverhältnisse im
Abdomen reizen die Blase und bedingen eine viel zu frühe Kontraktion.Bei der Enuresis und der Inkontinenz liegen komplett unterschiedliche Entstehungsmechanismen vor. Daher ist deren Behandlung individuell je
nach entsprechender Form durchzuführen.
Dringende Hausbesuche in Altenheimen – ein Status Quo aus hausärztlicher Sicht
Authors: Bleckwenn Markus , Ashrafnia David , Schnakenberg Rieke , Weckbecker Klaus 
Published: June 2017

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Aufgrund des demografischen Wandels nehmen v. a. Hausbesuche in Altenpflegeeinrichtungen zu. Eine besondere Herausforderung an die Logistik der Hausarztpraxen stellen dabei dringende Hausbesuche dar. Bisher gibt es keine Handlungsempfehlungen für die Durchführung von dringenden Hausbesuchen. Daher wurde in dieser Studie untersucht, wie Hausarztpraxen mit Anfragen zu dringenden Heimbesuchen umgehen und welche Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten sich dabei für die ärztliche Notfallversorgung zeigen.
Methodik Es wurden insgesamt 15 Lehrärzte des Instituts für Hausarztmedizin der Universität Bonn mittels leitfadengestützten Interviews zum Thema befragt. Wir werteten die Interviews mit der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring aus.
Ergebnisse Dringende Hausbesuche werden per Telefon oder per Fax angefordert. Die Hausbesuche werden in der Regel nach der Sprechstunde in der Mittagspause von den Ärzten durchgeführt. Eine Weiterleitung an den Rettungsdienst schildern die Hausärzte als absolute Ausnahme. Angekommen im Heim entstehen Wartezeiten, bis die verantwortliche Pflegekraft Zeit für den gemeinsamen Notfallbesuch hat. Zudem werden deutliche Unterschiede in der Qualifikation der Pflegekräfte und im Umgang mit Notfallsituationen angegeben. Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten sahen die Ärzte daher in der Weiterqualifizierung der Pflegekräfte, in präventiven Hausbesuchen und bei der Einschätzung der Dringlichkeit von Heimbesuchen.
Schlussfolgerung Um die Notfallversorgung in Altenheimen zu verbessern, sollten die von den Hausärzten vorgebrachten Verbesserungsvorschläge in kontrollierten Studien überprüft werden. Zudem könnten durch eine gemeinsame Schulung in der geriatrischen Notfallversorgung die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Hausarztpraxen und Altenpflegeeinrichtungen verstärkt werden.
“Did he smile his work to see?”—Gothicism, Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho and the art of taxidermy
Authors: Mondal Subarna 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article attempts to read Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho (1960) as a film that belongs to the genre of the corporeal Gothic. It attempts to study the fluidity of human anatomy, as shown in Psycho, through the lens of taxidermy. In Psycho, Norman Bates practises taxidermy to “fill” his “empty” time. But taxidermy is not used in the film merely as a marginal art practised by a marginalized character. It is a major motif that contributes significantly in adding to the Gothic atmosphere of the film. Highlighting the materiality of the human body through “grotesque preservation” and thereby creating a discourse on the preservation/destruction duality, that is central to taxidermy, is the point through which the paper seeks entry into the zone of the Gothic and into the world of Psycho. The decaying body of Mrs Bates, the deranged body of Norman Bates, and the tortured body of Marion Crane are studied as “taxidermic recreations” that not only reflect a taxidermist’s urge to construct compliant bodies but become sites of the creator’s and the viewer’s desire, much in the vein of a Gothic creation. The paper thus tries to understand whether the art of taxidermy, in general, and, its use in Psycho in particular, contributes to the genre of the Gothic. This article is published as part of a collection on Gothic and horror.
Postglacial response of Arctic Ocean gas hydrates to climatic amelioration
Authors: Serov Pavel , Vadakkepuliyambatta Sunil , Mienert Jürgen , Patton Henry , Portnov Alexey , Silyakova Anna , Panieri Giuliana , Carroll Michael L. , Carroll JoLynn , Andreassen Karin , Hubbard Alun 
Published: June 2017

Significance
Shallow Arctic Ocean gas hydrate reservoirs experienced distinct episodes of subglacial growth and subsequent dissociation that modulated methane release over millennial timescales.
Consequences of rapid ice sheet melting on the Sahelian population vulnerability
Authors: Defrance Dimitri , Ramstein Gilles , Charbit Sylvie , Vrac Mathieu , Famien Adjoua Moïse , Sultan Benjamin , Swingedouw Didier , Dumas Christophe , Gemenne François , Alvarez-Solas Jorge , Vanderlinden Jean-Paul 
Published: June 2017

SignificanceA major uncertainty concerning the 21st century climate is the ice sheet response to global warming. Paleodata indicate rapid ice sheet destabilizations during the last deglaciation, which could lead to an underestimation of sea level rise, as suggested in recent publications. Therefore, we explore the impact of different scenarios of Greenland partial melting in the very sensitive Sahel region. We first demonstrate that such a melting induces a drastic decrease of West African monsoon precipitation. Moreover, we quantify the agricultural area losses due to monsoon changes. Consequently, we pinpoint a large potential for migration of millions of people in the coming decades. Thus, the ice sheet destabilization provokes not only coastal damages but also large population migration in monsoon area.
Crystal structures of theBurkholderia multivoranshopanoid transporter HpnN
Authors: Kumar Nitin , Su Chih-Chia , Chou Tsung-Han , Radhakrishnan Abhijith , Delmar Jared A. , Rajashankar Kanagalaghatta R. , Yu Edward W. 
Published: June 2017

SignificanceBcc bacteria are intrinsically resistant to multiple antibiotics. They are major pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and can cause severe necrotizing pneumonia, which is often fatal. Hopanoid biosynthesis is one of the major mechanisms involved in multiple antimicrobial resistance of Bcc pathogens. ThehpnNgene ofB. multivoransencodes an integral membrane protein of the HpnN family of transporters, which is responsible for shuttling hopanoids to the outer membrane. Here, we report crystal structures ofB. multivoransHpnN that indicate a plausible pathway for hopanoid transport. Overall our data suggest a novel mechanism for hopanoid transport involved in cell wall remodeling, which is critical for mediating multidrug resistance inBurkholderia.
IL-2 therapy restores regulatory T-cell dysfunction induced by calcineurin inhibitors
Authors: Whitehouse Gavin , Gray Elizabeth , Mastoridis Sotiris , Merritt Elliot , Kodela Elisavet , Yang Jennie H. M. , Danger Richard , Mairal Marta , Christakoudi Sofia , Lozano Juan J. , Macdougall Iain C. , Tree Timothy I. M. , Sanchez-Fueyo Alberto , Martinez-Llordella Marc 
Published: June 2017

Significance
Preservation and/or enhancement of Treg function is becoming a key component of modern immunotherapeutic strategies, but the direct influence of many immunosuppressive drugs on Tregs remains unknown. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), which are widely used to treat inflammatory disorders, reduce the size of the Treg pool substantially, and this reduction might hinder their overall beneficial effects. Here we show that the decrease in Treg numbers is caused by increased cell death as a result of the limited availability of the IL-2 growth factor. Hence, the addition of IL-2 restores the survival and suppressive properties of Tregs exposed to CNIs and improves allograft survival. Our data provide a strong rationale for combining CNIs with IL-2 therapy to maximize effective immunosuppression and to promote tolerance acquisition.
Deubiquitinating enzyme VCIP135 dictates the duration of botulinum neurotoxin type A intoxication
Authors: Tsai Yien Che , Kotiya Archana , Kiris Erkan , Yang Mei , Bavari Sina , Tessarollo Lino , Oyler George A. , Weissman Allan M. 
Published: June 2017

Significance
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent biological toxins. These proteases function by cleaving SNARE proteins, leading to paralysis and death from respiratory failure. BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) has the most prolonged symptoms due to an extraordinarily stable catalytic light chain (LCA). BoNT/A intoxication can occur through ingestion (either sporadically or from a common food source), as a consequence of a clinical mishap, or potentially through bioterrorism, which would require mass mechanical ventilation. We report that LCA persistence is due to a particular deubiquitinating enzyme that binds a specific region of LCA and prevents its ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. These findings represent an essential step toward developing targeted molecular approaches to reducing morbidity and mortality from this toxin.
Dynamic changes in murine forebrain miR-211 expression associate with cholinergic imbalances and epileptiform activity
Authors: Bekenstein Uriya , Mishra Nibha , Milikovsky Dan Z. , Hanin Geula , Zelig Daniel , Sheintuch Liron , Berson Amit , Greenberg David S. , Friedman Alon , Soreq Hermona 
Published: June 2017

Significance
Acute traumatic stress increases the sensitivity to develop epileptic seizures in certain people. It is therefore important to discover physiological mechanisms that avoid epilepsy. To test if rapidly inducible microRNAs (miRs) could mediate such protection, we combined mouse engineering, RNA sequencing, electric recording of brain activity, and learning tests. We discovered that miR-211, originating from an epilepsy-related genomic locus, may be involved, and therefore engineered mice produce a drug-suppressible excess of brain miR-211. In these mice, suppressing miR-211 excess to the original expression levels in normal brains led to electrically recorded epilepsy and hypersensitivity to epilepsy-inducing compounds; it also modified acetylcholine receptor composition. The functional impact of miR-211 dynamics on seizure threshold may enable future development of miR-211–directed therapeutics.
High-mobility group box-1 as an autocrine trophic factor in white matter stroke
Authors: Choi Jun Young , Cui Yuexian , Chowdhury Samma Tasneem , Kim Byung Gon 
Published: June 2017

SignificanceIschemic stroke in white matter induces degeneration of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and myelin. How ischemia leads to white matter degeneration remains elusive, and there is therefore no specific treatment to prevent ischemic white matter damage. Here we provide evidence that HMGB1 released from ischemic OLs may provide TLR2-dependent autocrine trophic effects on neighboring OLs. Injection of an HMGB1 inhibitor exacerbated the structural and functional outcomes in a focal white matter stroke model, suggesting a function for HMGB1 as an endogenous trophic factor for OLs and myelin sheath under ischemia. Thus, our study identified HMGB1 as a stress-induced signal that maintains structural and functional integrity of the white matter and provides a target for therapeutic development in white matter stroke.
Sensorimotor integration on a rapid time scale
Authors: Luo Jinhong , Kothari Ninad B. , Moss Cynthia F. 
Published: June 2017

Significance
Humans and other animals continuously monitor sensory information to inform the selection of motor commands for adaptive behaviors. Acoustic communication, for example, utilizes auditory feedback to fine-tune vocal production parameters. Because most animal species produce vocalizations that last several hundred milliseconds, it is difficult to dissect the temporal dynamics of audio-vocal feedback control. Here we took advantage of the brief echolocation signals of bats and mapped out the time course of vocal adjustments to background noise on a millisecond time scale. The high temporal resolution data provided the foundation for the model of audio-vocal volume control. We discovered that temporal summation, a shared auditory process across the animal kingdom, lies at the core of adaptive vocal volume control.
Chemical probes to potently and selectively inhibit endocannabinoid cellular reuptake
Authors: Chicca Andrea , Nicolussi Simon , Bartholomäus Ruben , Blunder Martina , Aparisi Rey Alejandro , Petrucci Vanessa , Reynoso-Moreno Ines del Carmen , Viveros-Paredes Juan Manuel , Dalghi Gens Marianela , Lutz Beat , Schiöth Helgi B. , Soeberdt Michael , Abels Christoph , Charles Roch-Philippe , Altmann Karl-Heinz , Gertsch Jürg 
Published: June 2017

Significance
Suitable chemical tools have been instrumental in the discovery and characterization of the endocannabinoid system. However, the lack of potent and selective inhibitors for endocannabinoid transport has prevented the molecular characterization of this process. Current uptake inhibitors are poorly bioavailable to the central nervous system (CNS) and weakly selective because they also inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the major anandamide-degrading enzyme. Few studies have addressed the uptake inhibition of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), which is the major endocannabinoid. Here, we report a highly potent and selective endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor. Our data indicate that endocannabinoid transport across the membrane can be targeted, leading to general antiinflammatory and anxiolytic effects in mice.
Histamine modulation of the basal ganglia circuitry in the development of pathological grooming
Authors: Rapanelli Maximiliano , Frick Luciana , Bito Haruhiko , Pittenger Christopher 
Published: June 2017

Significance
Dysregulation of brain histamine (HA) is a rare cause of Tourette syndrome and related conditions, but the associated pathophysiological mechanisms remain obscure. We show that repetitive behavioral pathology in mice derives from deficiency of neurotransmitter HA (rather than HA from other sources), acting in the dorsal striatum. These data provide a functional dissection of acute HA modulation in the brain and elucidate the anatomical correlates of pathological dysregulation when neuronal HA is disrupted.