bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Various Shapes of Innovation
Authors: Roubou I. , Alexopoulou D.K. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Background: Innovation is one of the most difficult words to define, especially when it comes to health technology. The aim of this article is to get a better understanding of the multi-dimensional facet of innovation, how this is valued by different stakeholders and the way forward in order to create innovative interventions for the sake of the patients and the society.

Methods: A literature search was performed using mainly the PubMed database and reports from various organisations (EFPIA, etc.).

Results: In the past, innovation in the pharmaceutical industry was the result of the findings of basic science translated into clinical compounds, ending up in marketed drugs. This model is not valid anymore since significant changes reshaped the drivers of innovations and the key players. Rising costs, increased competition, new scientific and technological developments, well-informed patients created a much more challenging environment where coordinated and committed collaboration seemed to be the only way to overcome these obstacles and reach innovation in order to discover, develop and deliver medicines to patients.

Conclusions: Innovation initiatives have already proved their value by providing solutions to the major challenges the industry faces. It is now clear that a healthy biomedical ecosystem is determined by all stakeholders-academia, nonprofit/for-profit research institutions, government agencies, pharma/biotech industry and patients. Innovation initiatives provide the platform needed in which all stakeholders can meet and share their knowledge in order to deliver through innovation improved outcomes for patients while shaping an efficient and sustainable healthcare system.
Healthcare access for cancer patients in the era of economic crisis. Results from the HOPE III study
Authors: Souliotis Kyriakos , Agapidaki Eirini , Papageorgiou Manto 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Background: Despite the documentation of addressing healthcare disparities in detection and treatment of cancer and health outcomes for cancer patients, the inequalities persist. Cancer patients of several vulnerable groups suffer disproportionally the effect of economic crisis on health and healthcare.
Patients & Methods: A cross sectional survey was carried out between July and October 2014 in order to assess the cancer patients’ barriers to healthcare access. A total of 426 cancer patients, members of cancer patient organization participated in the study. Data were collected by using an online, self reported questionnaire evaluating three main areas: healthcare access (7 items), economic status and financial burden of the disease (17 items) and the alteration on several aspects related to the disease (8 items) from 2009 to 2014.
Results: Approximately 31% of cancer patients reported that they faced barriers to healthcare access for cancer treatment during the last 12 months. The main barriers included long waiting time for a medical appointment (51%) and inability to visit a private physician due to the incapability to pay the out of pocket cost (44%). One in four patient encountered obstacles in medication access which resulted to treatment delay (46%), worsened health status (96%) and increased out of pocket costs (39%).
Conclusions: Results suggest that there are vulnerable groups among cancer patients in Greece who suffer disproportionally more the impact of economic crisis on health and healthcare. Healthcare reforms and targeted interventions should be implemented in order to effectively address the inequities in access for cancer patients.
The studies of granitoids from the Sobótka region in light of theories of the origin of colour in minerals
Authors: Lewicka Ewa 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe article presents the results of the studies of 19 feldspar-quartz raw materials samples, coming from deposits located in the Sobótka region, in light of four distinct physical theories explaining mechanisms for creating the colour of minerals. This is a successive stage of research carried out by the author on reasons for colour variation of samples after firing at 1200°C. This step encompassed a detailed chemical analysis for main and trace elements contents of all the investigated samples as well as Mössbauer studies of two of them. The chemical analysis reveals that the darkest samples are characterised by the highest contents of the following colouring compounds and elements: Fe2O3, MnO, Th, U, Ce, Nd, and V, accompanied by a relatively low amount of TiO2. The Mössbauer studies demonstrated the quantitative predominance of Fe2+over Fe3+in the sample of a relatively darker hue with a high Fe2O3content, while its spectra parameters suggest that Fe2+is located in octahedral coordination that can result in a cold blue tint. Cations Fe3+(located probably in the tetrahedral position) prevail in the other analysed sample that contain less Fe2O3and a relatively high content of TiO2, Ce, and Nd. This probably causes a warm, reddish shade of the sample. The above-mentioned observations and examinations lead to the finding that, at this stage of the investigations, the crystal field theory could be the best suited for the interpretation of colour of the studied samples. This formalism associates the colour origin with ions of the transition elements, some REE and actinides located in the structure of minerals, and their ability to selectively absorb visible light.
Data on mineral raw materials trade turnover – evolution of methodology
Authors: Tymiński Marcin , Szuflicki Marcin , Malon Agnieszka , Szamałek Krzysztof 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The article presents the history of collecting data on mineral raw materials export and import in Poland and balancing mineral raw materials resources. The methodology of gathering data was analyzed on the basis of the publication “The Balance of Mineral Resources Deposits in Poland”. This is the current title of the yearbook, the back issues of which are collected in the Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute headquarters. During the last decades the institutions responsible for collecting and delivering data have changed and they were cited in the article along with the names of general editors of the publication and the authors of the chapter devoted to the exports and imports. As a result, data on mineral raw materials international trade have been presented every year. Moreover, the scope of data and the manner of their presentation were covered in the article. The information on Polish export and import of mineral raw materials has been compiled since the 1960s. Significant changes took place for more than 50 years not only within Polish but also in the world economy, and these economic conditions – the growing number of trade partners, changes in accounting for commodities or currency changes – were the main factors influencing the successive conversions of data presentations. The range of data grew significantly, the source of data altered several times and the methodology of data presentation changed a lot. Over time, there were data presented in longer hindsight and not only on exports and imports but also on the turnover balance. The balance is treated as a reflection of the domestic mineral raw materials sector and of a situation in world mineral economy. Thus, tendencies in the trade turnover have been presented for the last 30 years, for export, import and balance. Graphs were also included in the article showing such changes in relation to the value and magnitude of the trade turnover for all mineral resources and for particular groups – energy, metallic, chemical and rock raw materials. The most important raw materials – in terms of affecting the total balance in Poland – were also specified in the article.
Problem of unlicensed aggregates exploitation in Poland
Authors: Walentek Iwona , Sołomacha Marta , Olejniczak Kamilla 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Despite the absolute prohibition against minerals exploitation without having a mining concession, which was valid until the end of 2011, research conducted by the Polish Geological Institute–National Researching Institute has showed that minerals exploitation without having a mining concession has been prevalent all over the country, mainly that concerning sand and gravel aggregates. Unlicensed exploitation has a negative influence on the natural environment, lower landscape values as well as the State Treasury’s revenues. Actions taken by the geological administration bodies in order to punish a perpetrator have been ineffective. Administrative decisions that charged higher exploitation fees have been issued only in very few cases. But great majority of cases are discontinued after lengthy administrative proceedings. Attempts at liberalization the Geological and Mining Law dated 9 June 2011 (Journal of Laws No. 163, item 981), which since the beginning of 2012 has allowed owners of an area exploit sand and gravel aggregates for their own needs in amounts not greater than 10 m3 per year, do not contribute to eliminating this practice. A spatial database collecting information about points of unconcessioned minerals exploitation all over Poland has been operated since 2008, within the Geoenvironmental Map of Poland II – 1:50,000 scale managed by PIG-PIB. Only large mines and quarries have been taken into account (an area of more than 1 are). All points are verified during a site inspection, a full description and photographic documentation are made for every single working. There are over 2600 points of unconcessioned exploitation located in southern and south-western Poland currently included in the database. By the end of 2015, the registration of points in northern and north-eastern Poland will have been completed. The database with all the collected points is available at: emgsp.pgi.gov.pl.
New data on the resources of sand and grave aggregates for road investment and construction in Poland
Authors: Kozłowska Olimpia , Sołomacha Marta , Walentek Iwona 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Upon accession to the European Union, economic growth became accelerated in Poland, resulting in a boost in infrastructure development. This led to a marked growth in demand for natural sand-gravel aggregates and other raw materials used in road construction. To meet the demand for suitable raw materials, the Ministry of Environment commissioned the Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute to start a re-evaluation of earlier raw material prognoses assessments in order to delineate prognostic areas for development of new resources. The re-evaluation has been conducted by the PGI-NRI within the frame of the compilation of the Geoenvironmental Map of Poland at the scale of 1:50 000, making it possible to identify potential conflicts with land-use plans as well as already established NATURA 2000 and other natural heritage conservation designations and more or less continuous built up areas which preclude or at least impede exploitation of mineral raw materials. The analyses also covered economic factors related to costs of transport and the current economic criteria of mineral resources and reserves. At the first stage of the project (between 2008 and 2012) the re-evaluation was conducted in 432 prognostic areas with a total area of over 33 thousands of hectares. According to the current economic criteria of sand-gravel aggregate deposits there were estimated resources of over 5 mld tons, of which around 3 mld tons of aggregates were suitable for road investments and over 2 mld tons of aggregates were suitable for construction.
The work has made it possible to re-evaluate the occurrences of natural aggregates in the vicinities of urban centers and along corridors delineated for selected planned motorways and expressways as well as those under construction. The study was compiled especially for business entities involved in construction projects or the exploitation of mineral resources and state administrative units as a tool to support land-use planning and management at the level of individual communes, counties (poviats) and voivodeships.
Re-evaluated prognostic areas data are gathered in spatial database and are available through WMS service on the Geoenvironmental Map of Poland portal (emgsp.pgi.gov.pl).
Clays of Wierzbka I deposit (northern margin of Holy Cross Mountains) for the production of clinker tiles
Authors: Gajek Marcin , Partyka Janusz , Rapacz-Kmita Alicja , Wójcik Łukasz , Dudek Magdalena , Gasek Katarzyna 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The paper presents results of research on the assessment of the suitability of the Wierzbka I Triassic clay raw materials, which are part of the Wierzbka deposit near Suchedniów, for the production of clinker tiles obtained by pressing. Red colour clays are often used in the production technology of clinker tiles. The high content of Fe2O3 in the composition of red clays promotes the sintering process and affects the colour of the resulting material, a typical characteristic of clinker materials. The raw materials used in this technology should have good sinterability, which guarantees a material with low water absorption, high chemical resistance and mechanical strength.
Samples of the raw materials were taken from three different depths of the deposit, and subjected to analysis as follows: chemical composition, phase composition (XRD, thermal analysis DSC/TG), sintering shrinkage, sintering curve and the characteristic temperatures. The analysis of the microstructure was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X-ray and thermal analysis of the studied clays revealed the presence of clay minerals such as: illite, kaolinite, illite/smectite, but also quartz and ferruginous minerals. There was no presence of calcium carbonate in the tested samples of the raw clay, which particularly distinguishes these materials as being suitable for use in the fast firing technology of clinker tiles. Samples of the raw materials were pressed under a pressure ranging from 21 to 42 MPa and then fired at temperatures in the range 1130 to 1220°C. The obtained sintered bodies were characterized by a high degree of sintering, an apparent density of 2.31g/cm3, an open porosity of less than 2.5% and water absorption below 1.0%. The results of this study indicate a high technological value of raw materials from the Wierzbka I deposit.
Application of electrodynamic drum separator to electronic wastes separation
Authors: Cieśla Antoni , Kraszewski Wojciech , Skowron Mikołaj , Surowiak Agnieszka , Syrek Przemysław 
Published: April 2016

AbstractStatic electric fields are used, among others, in technological processes such as electric separation. Electrodynamic separation is a process of separating two or more solid phases of various physical properties by electric field forces. The advantage of electrodynamic separation is possibility of obtaining separation of individual components in dry conditions. This eliminates many operations such as thickening, dewatering, hydrotransportation, additional drying which cause higher energy consumption and higher separation process costs. Efficiency of beneficiation depends on many factors such as: electric properties of feed components, feed particle size distribution, drum rotary speed, electric field intensity in working space of separator, configuration of electrodes or surrounding conditions.The paper presents the working of high-voltage drum separator. The analysis of electric field distribution in separator working space was done. Additionally, distribution of forces acting on particles of dielectric and conductive properties was examined, trajectories of charged particles movement were presented too. The laboratory investigations of electronic wastes were performed in two particle fractions: 0.25–0.5 mm and 0–0.25 mm. It was observed that as a result of selective charging of particles they separate according to surface ability to electrifying what allows to obtain selective separation of components being so-called electronic wastes. The application of electrodynamic drum separator allows to separate such elements as Ti, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn from plastics occurring in electronic wastes.
Children’s processing of morphosyntactic and prosodic cues in overriding context-based hypotheses: an eye tracking study
Authors: Armstrong Meghan E. , Andreu Llorenç , Esteve-Gibert Núria , Prieto Pilar 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis research explores children’s ability to integrate contextual and linguistic cues. Prior work has shown that children are not able to weigh contextual information in an adult-like way and that between the age of 4 and 6 they show difficulties in revising a hypothesis they have made based on early-arriving linguistic information in sentence processing. Therefore we considered children’s ability to confirm or override a context-based hypothesis based on linguistic information. Our objective in this study was to test (1) children’s (ages 4–6) ability to form a hypothesis based on contextual information, (2) their ability to override such a hypothesis based on linguistic information and (3) how children are able to use different types of linguistic cues (morphosyntactic versus prosodic) to confirm or override the initial hypothesis. Results from both offline (pointing) and online (eye tracking) tasks suggest that children in this age group indeed form hypotheses based on contextual information. Age effects were found regarding children’s ability to override these hypotheses. Overall, 4-year-olds were not shown to be able to override their hypotheses using linguistic information of interest. For 5- and 6-year-olds, it depended on the types of linguistic cues that were available to them. Children were better at using morphosyntactic cues to override an initial hypothesis than they were at using prosodic cues to do so. Our results suggest that children slowly develop the ability to override hypotheses based on early-arriving information, even when that information is extralinguistic and contextual. Children must learn to weight different types of cues in an adult-like way. This developmental period of learning to prioritize different cues in an adult-like way is consistent with a constraint-based model of learning.
Reducibility by Moments of Linear Impulse Markov Dynamical Systems with Almost Constant Coefficients
Authors: Carkovs Jevgeņijs , Pola Aija , Šadurskis Kārlis 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper deals with linear impulse dynamical systems on ℝd whose parameters depend on an ergodic piece-wise constant Markov process with values from some phase space 𝕐 and on a small parameter ɛ. Trajectories of Markov process x(t,y)∈ ℝd satisfy a system of linear differential equations with close to constant coefficients on its continuity intervals, while its phase coordinate changes discontinuously when Markov process switching occur. Jump sizes depend linearly on the phase coordinate and are proportional to the small parameter ɛ. We propose a method and an algorithm for choosing the base 𝔹(t,y) of the space ℝd that provides approximation of average phase trajectories E{x(t,y)} by a solution of a system of linear differential equations with constant coefficients.
Exemplar narratives: Resources for maintaining solidarity and upholding group standards in an American quilting guild
Authors: Launspach Sonja 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Using conversational data from an ethnographic study of a quilting guild, this article examines how narratives are used to negotiate the tension between maintaining solidarity and upholding group standards. The quilting guild, as a community of practice, provides an excellent context to investigate how narratives are used to construct and reinforce community practices. In this community, the socially situated activity, the quilted blocks on display, and their relationship to the narratives in the discourse are integral components of the interactional frame. The analysis specifically focuses on the role exemplar narratives play in negotiating the tensions between not criticizing other quilters and the group’s need to maintain quilting values and appropriate sewing skills. Through self-disclosure, exemplar narratives construct a less than perfect quilter. This self-portrayal acts to mitigate any implied criticism of intended recipient(s). Drawing on the sociocultural resources of common experiences and self-disclosure, exemplar narratives perform different interactional functions such as modeling accepted quilting practices, constructing both individual and group identities, and preserving an egalitarian floor. Thus, they are a strategic means to negotiate tensions between criticism and support necessary for participant learning in this community of practice.
Kriminalität im Dienste der Gesellschaft
Authors: Strasser Hermann , Brink Henning van den 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
Für Durkheim ist Kriminalität eine ebenso normale wie notwendige gesellschaftliche Erscheinung. Kriminalität erfülle Funktionen, die für den Fortbestand und die Weiterentwicklung einer Gesellschaft wichtig seien. Durch Kriminalität würden die gesellschaftlichen Normen symbolisch verdeutlicht, solidarisierten sich die Gesellschaftsmitglieder und werde die zukünftige Moral antizipiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund scheint die Prävention von Kriminalität, wie sie zur Zeit in den Kommunen verstärkt betrieben wird, zum Scheitern verurteilt und kontraproduktiv für die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung zu sein. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern auch Kriminalprävention gesellschaftliche Funktionen erfüllt, die jene der Kriminalität verstärken oder ergänzen. So dient Kriminalprävention vor allem zur Demonstration der Handlungs- und Steuerungsfähigkeit des Staates, zur symbolischen Normverdeutlichung; sie stiftet aber auch Identität und stärkt den Zusammenhalt der Bürger.
Das Recht – ein Territorium staatlicher Hoheit?
Authors: Pelicand Antoine 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
Seit 2002 gibt es eine neue Kategorie von Richtern im französischen Gerichtswesen: die „bürgernahe“ Richter. Ihr Auftrag ist es, ein anderes Modell der Justiz zu fördern, bei dem die Schlichtung und das Informelle im Mittelpunkt stehen. Der Artikel stellt diese Reform in die Perspektive der Veränderungen von Staatsregulierung dar. Wenn man die Vereinheitlichung des Justizwesens am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zum Vergleich heranzieht, wird deutlich, daß die Professionalisierung des Richteramtes und der wachsende Rekurs auf das Gesetz für die Konfliktlösung mit der zunehmenden Regulierung der Gesellschaft seitens eines jakobinischen Staates verbunden ist. Trotzdem erlaubt die heutige Infragestellung der Staatsrolle keine einfache Einführung alternativer Methoden der Streitschlichtung im Gerichtswesen.