bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nilpotent Group C*-algebras as Compact Quantum Metric Spaces
Authors: Christ Michael , Rieòel Marc A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLetbe a length function on a group G, and let Mdenote the operator of pointwise multiplication byon l2(G). Following Connes, M𝕃can be used as a “Dirac” operator for the reduced group C*-algebra(G). It deûnes a Lipschitz seminorm on(G), which defines a metric on the state space of(G). We show that for any length function satisfying a strong form of polynomial growth on a discrete group, the topology from this metric coincides with the weak-* topology (a key property for the definition of a “compact quantum metric space”). In particular, this holds for all word-length functions on ûnitely generated nilpotent-by-finite groups.
Preparation and Characterization of Phase Transition/Graphite foam Composite Materials
Authors: Yu Jia , Tang ChenLong , Yu ZhiChao 
Published: June 2016

Background Phase transition/graphite foam (PCM/GF) composite materials are a kind of composite materials that fill graphite foam with phase change materials. Methods In this paper, graphite foam was prepared firstly by the soft template method, the heat conductivity of which at room temperature is 5.44 W/(m∙K). Then, four phase change materials including eicosane, acetamide, xylitol, and erythritol were chosen for filling into the prepared graphite foam to obtain PCM/GF composite materials. Results and conclusions Among the four kinds of materials, erythritol composite material has the highest melting point (118.5°C) and the highest enthalpy of fusion (266.3J/g), weight loss ratios of xylitol composite material after ten cycles is the lowest (2.1%), the compressive strength of xylitol composite material is the highest (9.08 MPa) and that of eicosane composite material is the lowest (3.32 MPa).
John Steinbeck's Beacon in Darkness: East of Eden as a Morals Paradigm for Sons
Authors: Heavilin Barbara A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Like Viktor Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning, Steinbeck's East of Eden centers around choices and responsibility, and he bases his story on a most memorable human choice: the biblical story of Cain and his deliberate choice to murder his brother, Abel. Robert DeMott states that “Steinbeck used Genesis (4:1–16) for the action, characterization, and title of his novel.” At its core and always in its backdrop, then, Steinbeck's Cain-and-Abel story in East of Eden sets forth a paradigm of right choice and right behavior for his two young sons. In truth, Steinbeck states clearly his intention to elucidate this biblical passage with greater scrutiny than it had ever undergone before, exploring its fuller meaning: “Certainly I do not think that the Cain-Abel story has ever been subjected to such scrutiny. Nor has any story been so fruitful of meaning.”
Legal Constraints on the Indeterminate Control of ‘Dangerous’ Sex Offenders in the Community: The Dutch Perspective
Authors: Struijk Sanne , Mevis Paul 
Published: June 2016

Legal Constraints on the Indeterminate Control of ‘Dangerous’ Sex Offenders in the Community: The Dutch Perspective
In the Netherlands, the legal possibilities for post-custodial supervision have been extended considerably in recent years. A currently passed law aims to further increase these possibilities specifically for dangerous (sex) offenders. This law consists of three separate parts that may all result in life-long supervision. In the first two parts, the supervision is embedded in the conditional release after either a prison sentence or the safety measure ‘ter beschikking stelling’ (TBS). This paper focuses on the third part of the law, which introduces an independent supervisory safety measure as a preventive continuation of both a prison sentence and the TBS measure. Inevitably, this new independent sanction raises questions about legitimacy and necessity, on which this paper reflects from a human rights perspective. Against the background of the existing Dutch penal law system, the content of the law is thoroughly assessed in view of the legal framework of the Council of Europe and the legal principles of proportionality and less restrictive means. In the end, we conclude that the supervisory safety measure is not legitimate nor necessary (yet). Apart from the current lack of (empirical evidence of) necessity, we state that there is a real possibility of an infringement of Article 5(4) ECHR and Article 7 ECHR, a lack of legitimising supervision ‘gaps’ in the existing penal law system, and finally a lack of clear legal criteria. Regardless of the potential severity of violent (sex) offenses, to simply justify this supervisory safety measure on the basis of ‘better safe than sorry’ is not enough.
Long period preservation of marine products using electrostatic field
Authors: Okumura Takamasa , Yaegashi Taro , Yamada Kazuki , Ito Takanori , Takahashi Katsuyuki , Aisawa Sumio , Takaki Koichi , Yamazaki Shigeyoshi , Syuto Bunei 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The effect of an AC electric field on the freshness of marine products was experimentally investigated. An AC voltage of 10 kV with 50 Hz in frequency was generated with a transformer and applied to a plane electrode set in an incubator. The biological material was the gonad of purple sea urchin. The AC electric field with 50 Hz in frequency was applied to the gonad at −1 °C for 7 days. Freshness was evaluated by measuring protein release and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The results showed that the protein release and LDH activity in the gonad were suppressed by applying the AC electric field, compared with that without the AC electric field. Moreover, the gonad was treated with the AC electric field at −5 °C for 3 days and then preserved at 0 °C for 1 day without the field. This electrical field treatment of the gonad prolonged the freshness date for more than 10 days under 4 °C preservation condition. In addition, the permeability of the cell membrane was suppressed by applying the AC electric field. Concerning the relationship between permeability and AC electric field, the conformational change of bovine serum albumin (BSA) induced by the AC electric field was evaluated on the basis of UV absorption spectra. The results revealed that the secondary and/or higher-order structure gradually changes with preservation period. The conformational change of the BSA molecule was induced by applying the AC electric field.
Horizontal mixing in the Southern Ocean from Argo float trajectories
Authors: Roach Christopher J. , Balwada Dhruv , Speer Kevin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe provide the first observational estimate of the circumpolar distribution of cross‐stream eddy diffusivity at 1000 m in the Southern Ocean using Argo float trajectories. We show that Argo float trajectories, from the float surfacing positions, can be used to estimate lateral eddy diffusivities in the ocean and that these estimates are comparable to those obtained from RAFOS floats, where they overlap. Using the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) velocity fields to advect synthetic particles with imposed behavior that is “Argo‐like” and “RAFOS‐like” diffusivity estimates from both sets of synthetic particles agreed closely at the three dynamically very different test sites, the Kerguelen Island region, the Southeast Pacific Ocean, and the Scotia Sea, and support our approach. Observed cross‐stream diffusivities at 1000 m, calculated from Argo float trajectories, ranged between 300 and 2500 m2 s−1, with peaks corresponding to topographic features associated with the Scotia Sea, the Kerguelen Plateau, the Campbell Plateau, and the Southeast Pacific Ridge. These observational estimates agree with previous regional estimates from the Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES) near the Drake Passage, and other estimates from natural tracers (helium), inverse modeling studies, and current meter measurements. These estimates are also compared to the suppressed eddy diffusivity in the presence of mean flows. The comparison suggests that away from regions of strong topographic steering suppression explains both the structure and magnitude of eddy diffusivity but that eddy diffusivities in the regions of topographic steering are greater than what would be theoretically expected and the ACC experiences localized enhanced cross‐stream mixing in these regions.
Intensification and poleward shift of subtropical western boundary currents in a warming climate
Authors: Yang Hu , Lohmann Gerrit , Wei Wei , Dima Mihai , Ionita Monica , Liu Jiping 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA significant increase in sea surface temperature (SST) is observed over the midlatitude western boundary currents (WBCs) during the past century. However, the mechanism for this phenomenon remains poorly understood due to limited observations. In the present paper, several coupled parameters (i.e., sea surface temperature (SST), ocean surface heat fluxes, ocean water velocity, ocean surface winds and sea level pressure (SLP)) are analyzed to identify the dynamic changes of the WBCs. Three types of independent data sets are used, including reanalysis products, satellite‐blended observations. and climate model outputs from the fifth phase of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Based on these broad ranges of data, we find that the WBCs (except the Gulf Stream) are intensifying and shifting toward the poles as long‐term effects of global warming. An intensification and poleward shift of near‐surface ocean winds, attributed to positive annular mode‐like trends, are proposed to be the forcing of such dynamic changes. In contrast to the other WBCs, the Gulf Stream is expected to be weaker under global warming, which is most likely related to a weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, we also notice that the natural variations of WBCs might conceal the long‐term effect of global warming in the available observational data sets, especially over the Northern Hemisphere. Therefore, long‐term observations or proxy data are necessary to further evaluate the dynamics of the WBCs.
Constraints on olivine‐rich rock types on the Moon as observed by Diviner and M3: Implications for the formation of the lunar crust
Authors: Arnold J. A. , Glotch T. D. , Lucey P. G. , Song E. , Thomas I. R. , Bowles N. E. , Greenhagen B. T. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe place upper limits on lunar olivine abundance using midinfrared (5–25 µm) data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment (Diviner) along with effective emissivity spectra of mineral mixtures in a simulated lunar environment. Olivine‐bearing, pyroxene‐poor lithologies have been identified on the lunar surface with visible‐near‐infrared (VNIR) observations. Since the Kaguya Spectral Profiler (SP) VNIR survey of olivine‐rich regions is the most complete to date, we focus this work on exposures identified by that study. We first confirmed the locations with VNIR data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) instrument. We then developed a Diviner olivine index from our laboratory data which, along with M3 and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera wide‐angle camera data, was used to select the geographic area over which Diviner emissivity data were extracted. We calculate upper limits on olivine abundance for these areas using laboratory emissivity spectra of anorthite‐forsterite mixtures acquired under lunar‐like conditions. We find that these exposures have widely varying olivine content. In addition, after applying an albedo‐based space weathering correction to the Diviner data, we find that none of the areas are unambiguously consistent with concentrations of forsterite exceeding 90 wt %, in contrast to the higher abundance estimates derived from VNIR data.
Testing a land model in ecosystem functional space via a comparison of observed and modeled ecosystem flux responses to precipitation regimes and associated stresses in a Central U.S. forest
Authors: Gu Lianhong , Pallardy Stephen G. , Yang Bai , Hosman Kevin P. , Mao Jiafu , Ricciuto Daniel , Shi Xiaoying , Sun Ying 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTesting complex land surface models has often proceeded by asking the question: does the model prediction agree with the observation? Such an approach has yet led to high‐performance terrestrial models that meet the challenges of climate and ecological studies. Here we test the Community Land Model (CLM) by asking the question: does the model behave like an ecosystem? We pursue its answer by testing CLM in the ecosystem functional space (EFS) at the Missouri Ozark AmeriFlux (MOFLUX) forest site in the Central U.S., focusing on carbon and water flux responses to precipitation regimes and associated stresses. In the observed EFS, precipitation regimes and associated water and heat stresses controlled seasonal and interannual variations of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 and evapotranspiration in this deciduous forest ecosystem. Such controls were exerted more strongly by precipitation variability than by the total precipitation amount per se. A few simply constructed climate variability indices captured these controls, suggesting a high degree of potential predictability. While the interannual fluctuation in NEE was large, a net carbon sink was maintained even during an extreme drought year. Although CLM predicted seasonal and interanual variations in evapotranspiration reasonably well, its predictions of net carbon uptake were too small across the observed range of climate variability. Also, the model systematically underestimated the sensitivities of NEE and evapotranspiration to climate variability and overestimated the coupling strength between carbon and water fluxes. We suspect that the modeled and observed trajectories of ecosystem fluxes did not overlap in the EFS and the model did not behave like the ecosystem it attempted to simulate. A definitive conclusion will require comprehensive parameter and structural sensitivity tests in a rigorous mathematical framework. We suggest that future model improvements should focus on better representation and parameterization of process responses to environmental stresses and on more complete and robust representations of carbon‐specific processes so that adequate responses to climate variability and a proper degree of coupling between carbon and water exchanges are captured.
Cold ion demagnetization near the X‐line of magnetic reconnection
Authors: Toledo‐Redondo Sergio , André Mats , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , Vaivads Andris , Walsh Andrew , Li Wenya , Graham Daniel B. , Lavraud Benoit , Masson Arnaud , Aunai Nicolas , Divin Andrey , Dargent Jeremy , Fuselier Stephen , Gershman Daniel J. , Dorelli John , Giles Barbara , Avanov Levon , Pollock Craig , Saito Yoshifumi , Moore Thomas E. , Coffey Victoria , Chandler Michael O. , Lindqvist Per‐Arne , Torbert Roy , Russell Christopher T. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAlthough the effects of magnetic reconnection in magnetospheres can be observed at planetary scales, reconnection is initiated at electron scales in a plasma. Surrounding the electron diffusion region, there is an Ion‐Decoupling Region (IDR) of the size of the ion length scales (inertial length and gyroradius). Reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause often includes cold magnetospheric (few tens of eV), hot magnetospheric (10 keV), and magnetosheath (1 keV) ions, with different gyroradius length scales. We report observations of a subregion inside the IDR of the size of the cold ion population gyroradius (∼15 km) where the cold ions are demagnetized and accelerated parallel to the Hall electric field. Outside the subregion, cold ions follow the E × B motion together with electrons, while hot ions are demagnetized. We observe a sharp cold ion density gradient separating the two regions, which we identify as the cold and hot IDRs.
Comparisons of mapped magnetic field lines with the source path of the 7 April 1995 type III solar radio burst
Authors: Li B. , Cairns Iver H. , Gosling J. T. , Malaspina D. M. , Neudegg D. , Steward G. , Lobzin V. V. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIdeally, the sources of type III solar radio bursts, which are produced mainly by flare‐accelerated electron beams, trace the magnetic field lines along which the beams propagate from the Sun to interplanetary space. A recently developed 2‐D approach for large‐scale mapping of magnetic field lines between the Sun and Earth in the solar equatorial plane is applied to the sources of the 7 April 1995 type III radio burst imaged by Ulysses and Wind. The approach uses near‐Earth solar wind data and a solar wind model with intrinsic nonradial magnetic field at the source surface of the solar wind. Quantitative agreement is found between the mapped field lines, the observed path of the radio source centroids, and the field configurations inferred from solar wind suprathermal electrons observed by Wind. Moreover, the mapped field lines are consistent with Wind not observing the in situ type III electron beam, Langmuir waves, and local radio emission for this type III event.
Surface layer temperature inversion in the Bay of Bengal: Main characteristics and related mechanisms
Authors: Thadathil Pankajakshan , Suresh I. , Gautham S. , Prasanna Kumar S. , Lengaigne Matthieu , Rao R. R. , Neetu S. , Hegde Akshay 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSurface layer temperature inversion (SLTI), a warm layer sandwiched between surface and subsurface colder waters, has been reported to frequently occur in conjunction with barrier layers in the Bay of Bengal (BoB), with potentially commensurable impacts on climate and postmonsoon tropical cyclones. Lack of systematic measurements from the BoB in the past prevented a thorough investigation of the SLTI spatiotemporal variability, their formation mechanisms, and their contribution to the surface temperature variations. The present study benefits from the recent Research Moored Array for African‐Asian‐Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) buoys located in BoB along 90°E at 4°N, 8°N, 12°N, and 15°N over the 2006–2014 period. Analysis of data from these RAMA buoys indicates that SLTI forms after the summer monsoon and becomes fully developed during winter (December–February). SLTI exhibits a strong geographical dependency, with more frequent (80% times during winter) and intense inversions (amplitude, ΔT ∼ 0.7°C) occurring only in the northern BoB compared to central and southern Bay. SLTI also exhibits large interannual and intraseasonal variations, with intraseasonal amplitude significantly larger (ΔT ∼ 0.44°C) than the interannual amplitude (∼0.26°C). Heat budget analysis of the mixed layer reveals that the net surface heat loss is the most dominant process controlling the formation and maintenance of SLTI. However, there are instances of episodic advection of cold, low‐saline waters over warm‐saline waters leading to the formation of SLTI as in 2012–2013. Vertical processes contribute significantly to the mixed layer heat budget during winter, by warming the surface layer through entrainment and vertical diffusion.
Contributions of different tidal interactions to fortnightly variation in tidal duration asymmetry
Authors: Guo Wenyun , Song Dehai , Wang Xiao Hua , Ding Pingxing , Ge Jianzhong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe general framework for identifying tidal duration asymmetry proposed by Song et al. (2011) is extended to express fortnightly variability in duration asymmetry. The extended metrics are verified and studied using observed sea level data at 481 stations worldwide. The results reveal that fortnightly variability is universal and that duration asymmetry can be stronger during neap tide than during spring tide. The fortnightly variability in duration asymmetry is primarily induced by three types of tidal interactions: interactions within the principal tidal constituents, interactions between high‐frequency and principal tidal constituents, and interactions between long‐period and principal tidal constituents. Among these interactions, the first type is most important at most of the stations and is related to the form number F. The contributions of different interactions can be quantified using their frequencies, amplitudes and phases. Global patterns of the fortnightly variation are illustrated using TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry data. The findings show that remarkable fortnightly variation in the tidal duration asymmetry occurs in most open oceans and is significant around an amphidromic point. The metrics derived in this study can be used to examine any time‐varying characteristics in tidal asymmetry (not limited to duration asymmetry) by selecting a suitable frequency threshold.
Impacts of the East Asian Monsoon on springtime dust concentrations over China
Authors: Lou Sijia , Russell Lynn M. , Yang Yang , Xu Li , Lamjiri Maryam A. , DeFlorio Michael J. , Miller Arthur J. , Ghan Steven J. , Liu Ying , Singh Balwinder 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe use 150 year preindustrial simulations of the Community Earth System Model to quantify the impacts of the East Asian Monsoon strength on interannual variations of springtime dust concentrations over China. The simulated interannual variations in March‐April‐May (MAM) dust column concentrations range between 20–40% and 10–60% over eastern and western China, respectively. The dust concentrations over eastern China correlate negatively with the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) index, which represents the strength of monsoon, with a regionally averaged correlation coefficient of −0.64. Relative to the strongest EAM years, MAM dust concentrations in the weakest EAM years are higher over China, with regional relative differences of 55.6%, 29.6%, and 13.9% in the run with emissions calculated interactively and of 33.8%, 10.3%, and 8.2% over eastern, central, and western China, respectively, in the run with prescribed emissions. Both interactive run and prescribed emission run show the similar pattern of climate change between the weakest and strongest EAM years. Strong anomalous northwesterly and westerly winds over the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts during the weakest EAM years result in larger transport fluxes, and thereby increase the dust concentrations over China. These differences in dust concentrations between the weakest and strongest EAM years (weakest‐strongest) lead to the change in the net radiative forcing by up to −8 and −3 W m−2 at the surface, compared to −2.4 and +1.2 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere over eastern and western China, respectively.