bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environment‐dependent plasticity and ontogenetic changes in the brain of hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon
Authors: Näslund J. , Larsen M. H. , Thomassen S. T. , Aarestrup K. , Johnsson J. I. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLowered rearing density has repeatedly been shown to increase the performance of hatchery‐reared salmonids stocked into natural environments. One possible mechanism for this pattern could be that lower densities enhance brain development, which has been shown to be the case in other hatchery enhancement strategies, like environmental enrichment. Here, we investigated the size of the brain in hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar kept at standard (high) and reduced (low) tank densities. In contrast to our predictions, we found that fish reared at high density had larger dry mass of cerebellum and telencephalon, correcting for body size. No differences were detected for total brain mass. Furthermore, we found that the relative size of both telencephalon and cerebellum, in relation to total brain mass, changed with body size. Cerebellum increased in relative size with increased body size, while the opposite pattern was observed for telencephalon. Overall, these results reveal substantial brain plasticity depending on the surrounding environment as well as ontogenetic adaptive changes in the brain of the Atlantic salmon.
The island rule is not valid in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea)
Authors: Karagkouni M. , Sfenthourakis S. , Meiri S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe island rule posits that small animals grow larger on islands, whereas large‐bodied ones are expected to dwarf, but remains largely unexplored in invertebrates. We tested the rule at an inter‐specific level on terrestrial isopods (Oniscidea). We also tested the influence of island area on body size variability. We assembled female size and distribution data from the literature for 901 species of Oniscidea. We compared lengths of insular endemics (N = 296 species) and congeneric or confamilial mainland species (N = 605). We repeated the same analyses for species within climatic zones. We found that isopods do not follow the island rule in either the family or genus level, either globally or within climatic regions. While sizes of island isopods are often different than those of their mainland kin, they show no overall tendency towards dwarfism or gigantism on islands. Island area has no discernible effect on body size. Size variation is similar among insular and mainland species, but the size range is greater in insular species. Globally, the island rule is not supported. Oniscidea are phytosaprophagous feeding on a wide variety of plant material and are preyed upon by a wide range of predators, so that island environment does not exert strong selection pressures on their body size.
Thermal and irradiation history of lunar meteorite Dhofar 280
Authors: Korochantseva Ekaterina V. , Buikin Alexei I. , Hopp Jens , Lorenz Cyrill A. , Korochantsev Alexander V. , Ott Ulrich , Trieloff Mario 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDhofar 280 recorded a complex history on the Moon revealed by high‐resolution 40Ar‐39Ar dating. Thermal resetting occurred less than 1 Ga ago, and the rock was exposed to several impact events before and afterwards. The cosmic ray exposure (CRE) age spectrum indicates a 400 ± 40 Ma CRE on the lunar surface. A unique feature of this lunar sample is a partial loss of cosmogenic 38Ar, resulting in a (low‐temperature) CRE age plateau of about 1 Ma. This was likely caused by the same recent impact event that reset the (low‐temperature) 40Ar‐39Ar age spectrum and preceded the short transit phase to Earth of ≤1 Ma. Dhofar 280 may be derived from KREEP‐rich lunar frontside terrains, possibly associated with the Copernicus crater or with a recent impact event on the deposits of the South Pole–Aitken basin. Although Dhofar 280 is paired with Dhofar 081, their irradiation and thermal histories on the Moon were different. An important trapped Ar component in Dhofar 280 is “orphan” Ar with a low 40Ar/36Ar ratio. It is apparently a mixture of two components, one endmember with 40Ar/36Ar = 17.5 ± 0.2 and a second less well‐constrained endmember with 40Ar/36Ar ≤10. The presence of two endmembers of trapped Ar, their compositions, and the breccia ages seem to be incompatible with a previously suggested correlation between age or antiquity and the (40Ar/36Ar)trapped ratio (Eugster et al. 2001; Joy et al. 2011a). Alternatively, “orphan” Ar of this impact melt breccia may have an impact origin.
The septins FaCdc3 and FaCdc12 are required for cytokinesis and affect asexual and sexual development, lipid metabolism and virulence in Fusarium asiaticum
Authors: Zhang Yu , Gao Tao , Shao Wenyong , Zheng Zhitian , Zhou Mingguo , Chen Changjun 
Published: September 2016

SummarySeptins are a highly conserved family of GTP‐binding proteins that contribute to many cellular and metabolic functions, including cell polarity, cytokinesis, cell morphogenesis and pathogenesis. In this study, we characterized the septins FaCdc3 and FaCdc12 in the filamentous fungus Fusarium asiaticum. The functions of FaCdc3 and FaCdc12 were evaluated by constructing deletion mutants of FaCdc3 and FaCdc12, designated ΔFaCdc3‐5 and ΔFaCdc12‐71, respectively. The deletion mutants exhibited a reduced rate of mycelial growth, increased aerial hyphae formation, irregularly shaped hyphae, reduced conidiation and a lack of sexual reproduction in wheat kernels. Histochemical analysis revealed that the conidia and hyphae of ΔFaCdc3‐5 and ΔFaCdc12‐71 formed large lipid droplets (LDs). ΔFaCdc3‐5 and ΔFaCdc12‐71 also exhibited increased resistance to agents that induce osmotic stress and damage the cell membrane and cell wall. In addition, the hyphae and conidia of the two mutants formed fewer septa than those of the wild‐type and exhibited aberrant nuclear distribution. Pathogenicity assays showed that ΔFaCdc3‐5 and ΔFaCdc12‐71 exhibited reduced virulence on wheat spikelets, which was indirectly correlated with a reduced level of deoxynivalenol accumulation. All of these defects were restored by genetic complementation of the two mutants with the parental FaCdc3 and FaCdc12. These results indicate that FaCdc3 and FaCdc12 play a critical role in various cellular processes in F. asiaticum.
The motility of esophageal sphincters during liquid and solid bolus swallows: a multicenter normative value study of high‐resolution manometry in China
Authors: Xiang X.‐L. , Wang A. , Tu L. , Ke M.‐Y. , Yang Y.‐S. , Jiang B. , Lin L. , Dai N. , Zhang S.‐S. , Tao L. , Xu H. , Liang X.‐M. , Fang X.‐C. , Xia Z.‐W. , Wang X. , Wu J.‐N. , Wang M.‐F. , Zhang H.‐J. , Fang Y.‐F. , Shen C. , Wang J. , Peng L.‐H. , Li W.‐Y. , Wang Z.‐F. , Wang K. , Liu N. , Hou X.‐H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundIt is gradually accepted that solid bolus swallow needs to be added to the procedure of manometry. The motility differences in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) were not well described. Sierra Scientific Instruments solid‐state high‐resolution manometry (HRM) system, the most popular HRM system in China, lacks the Chinese normative values for both liquid and solid bolus swallow parameters.MethodsThe esophageal HRM data of 88 healthy volunteers were analyzed. The parameters of both sphincters in resting stage were summarized and those during solid and liquid swallows were compared.Key ResultsNormative HRM values of sphincter parameters in solid and liquid bolus swallows in China were established. The UES residual pressure of solid bolus swallows was lower than that of liquid bolus (0.3±5.5 mm Hg vs 4.8±5.9 mm Hg, P=.000). The time parameters of UES relaxation between two types of bolus swallows were similar. In solid bolus swallows, the intrabolus pressure (IBP) (13.8±5.1 mm Hg vs 10.9±5.7 mm Hg, P=.000) and LES relaxation time (11.0±2.1 seconds vs 8.7±1.3 seconds, P=.000) were higher. The 4‐second integrated relaxation pressure between both bolus swallows was similar.Conclusions & InferencesThe function of the UES and LES between solid and liquid bolus swallows is different. Chinese HRM parameters are different from the Chicago Classification (http://www.chictr.org.cn, Number ChiCTR‐EOC‐15007147).
Coincidence and Common Cause
Authors: Lando Tamar 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAccording to the traditional view of the causal structure of a coincidence, the several parts of a coincidence are produced by independent causes. I argue that the traditional view is mistaken; even the several parts of a coincidence may have a common cause. This has important implications for how we think about the relationship between causation and causal explanation—and in particular, for why coincidences cannot be explained.
Low levels of strigolactones in roots as a component of the systemic signal of drought stress in tomato
Authors: Visentin Ivan , Vitali Marco , Ferrero Manuela , Zhang Yanxia , Ruyter‐Spira Carolien , Novák Ondřej , Strnad Miroslav , Lovisolo Claudio , Schubert Andrea , Cardinale Francesca 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Strigolactones (SL) contribute to drought acclimatization in shoots, because SL‐depleted plants are hypersensitive to drought due to stomatal hyposensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA). However, under drought, SL biosynthesis is repressed in roots, suggesting organ specificity in their metabolism and role. Because SL can be transported acropetally, such a drop may also affect shoots, as a systemic indication of stress.

We investigated this hypothesis by analysing molecularly and physiologically wild‐type (WT) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) scions grafted onto SL‐depleted rootstocks, compared with self‐grafted WT and SL‐depleted genotypes, during a drought time‐course.

Shoots receiving few SL from the roots behaved as if under mild stress even if irrigated. Their stomata were hypersensitive to ABA (likely via a localized enhancement of SL synthesis in shoots). Exogenous SL also enhanced stomata sensitivity to ABA.

As the partial shift of SL synthesis from roots to shoots mimics what happens under drought, a reduction of root‐produced SL might represent a systemic signal unlinked from shootward ABA translocation, and sufficient to prime the plant for better stress avoidance.
Connecting the plant vasculature to friend or foe
Authors: Melnyk Charles W. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe plant vasculature transports water, sugars, hormones, RNAs and proteins. Such critical functions need to be protected from attack by pests and pathogens or from damage by wounding. Plants have developed mechanisms to repair vasculature when such protections fail and to even initiate new vascular connections to tissues supporting symbionts. The developmental phenomena underlying vascular repair and rewiring are therefore critical for horticultural grafting, for plant infection and for mutualist associations with rhizosphere microbes. Despite the biological and economic interest, we are only beginning to understand how plants connect and reconnect their vasculature to a wide variety of organisms. Here, I discuss recent work and future prospects for this emerging field.

Contents

Summary
1611

I.
Introduction
1611

II.
Connecting veins within a plant: leaf formation
1612

III.
Connecting veins within a plant: wound healing
1612

IV.
Connecting veins between plants: plant grafting
1614

V.
Connecting veins between plants: parasitic plant infections
1614

VI.
Connecting veins to symbionts: nematode infections
1614

VII.
Connecting veins to symbionts: bacterial infections
1615

VIII.
Conclusion
1616

Acknowledgements
1616

References
1616
Craniofacial morphology in pediatric patients with Prader–Willi syndrome: a retrospective study
Authors: Giuca M. R. , Inglese R. , Caruso S. , Gatto R. , Marzo G. , Pasini M. 
Published: September 2016

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo investigate craniofacial characteristics in pediatric patients with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS).Setting and Sample PopulationA retrospective sample of 20 consecutive patients with PWS who had lateral and antero‐posterior (AP) cephalograms (14 males and six females; average age 10.2 ± 3 years) was compared to 20 controls matched for age and sex (14 males and six females; average age 10.5 ± 3.7 years).Materials and MethodsCephalometric skeletal measurements were performed twice at a 1‐week interval by one calibrated operator, and random error was calculated using Dahlberg's formula. Mean values and standard deviations were computed for all variables. Student's t‐test for independent samples was used to determine significant differences between PWS and controls. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsCephalometric values for the length of the maxilla (p < 0.01), mandibular length (p < 0.05) at both the ramus (p < 0.05) and the mandibular body (p < 0.01), and posterior and anterior facial height (p < 0.01) were significantly lower in patients with PWS compared to controls. The AP cephalometric analysis revealed a significant reduction (p < 0.01) in maxillary skeletal width, mandibular skeletal width, and interzygomatic distance.ConclusionsPediatric patients with PWS seem to have a general reduction in certain craniofacial skeletal parameters (i.e., maxillary and mandibular length) compared to controls, but this study did not assess the overall craniofacial characteristics.
Characterization of microparticles in patients with venous malformations of the head and neck
Authors: Zhu J‐Y , Ren J‐G , Zhang W , Wang F‐Q , Cai Y , Zhao J‐H , Chen G , Zhao Y‐F 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo determine the basic biochemical features of microparticles (MP) in patients with venous malformation (VM) of the head and neck.MethodsMicroparticles were isolated from peripheral venous blood of VM patients or healthy subjects and from lesional fluid of VM patients. Flow cytometry and real‐time polymerase chain reaction were employed to determine the concentration, cellular origin, and RNA expression of obtained MP. A functional coagulation test was applied to measure the coagulant activity of MP.ResultsCirculating levels of total MP, platelet‐derived MP, and endothelial MP were significantly elevated in VM patients and were consistently increased in VM patients with more extensive lesions. Lesional MP (MP from lesional fluid of VM) in VM patients were more abundant than circulating MP from VM patients or healthy subjects. Moreover, MP from VM patients displayed markedly distinct mRNA and microRNA expression compared with healthy subjects. Furthermore, MP from VM patients exhibited enhanced procoagulant activity, as evidenced by significantly shorter coagulation time.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates for the first time that patients with VM have an altered MP profile and MP may be associated with VM‐associated thrombogenesis. Further studies are required to explore the precise pathophysiological roles of MP in VM.
Comparative analysis of three histologic grading methods for squamous cell carcinoma of the lip
Authors: Strieder L , Coutinho‐Camillo CM , Costa V , da Cruz Perez DE , Kowalski LP , Kaminagakura E 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate three histologic grading methods for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lip, the conventional three‐grade model proposed by the World Health Organization, tumor budding and depth of invasion (BD) model, and histologic risk assessment (HRA) model, and to correlate them with prognosis.Materials and MethodsFifty‐three patients with lip SCC were evaluated.ResultsThe mean age was 65 years, 69.8% of the participants were men, and 66.0% of the patients had early‐stage tumors. Using the BD and conventional three‐grade methods, 52.8% and 64.2% of the cases were graded as low risk, respectively. The HRA model graded 54.7% of the cases as medium risk. In the BD model, the higher histologic grade was associated with worse prognosis (P = 0.045). Overall survival at 5 years was 87.8%. Tumor size (T3 + T4) and lymph node involvement (N+) were associated with reduced overall survival and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) (P = 0.002 and 0.005; 0.007 and 0.01, respectively). Surgical treatment combined with radiotherapy was associated with lower RFS (P = 0.03).ConclusionsHigh‐grade lip SCC in advanced stages is associated with a poor prognosis. The BD model is a simple and effective tool for the prognostic evaluation of lip SCC.
The mouth apparatus of the Cambrian gilled lobopodian Pambdelurion whittingtoni
Authors: Vinther Jakob , Porras Luis , Young Fletcher J. , Budd Graham E. , Edgecombe Gregory D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOmnidens is a large feeding apparatus composed of circlets of teeth, first documented from the early Cambrian of China. Originally interpreted as the oral cone of a radiodontan, it was later reinterpreted as the introvert of a priapulan. In both cases the Omnidens mouthparts underpinned estimates of gigantic (c. 2 m) body size. Recent evidence has been used to suggest that pharyngeal teeth and radially‐arranged oral plates in the stem‐group onychophoran Hallucigenia and the lower stem‐group euarthropod Jianshanopodia are homologous to structures of the introvert in priapulans and other scalidophorans, and are thus primitive characters for moulting animals (Ecdysozoa) as a whole. Here we show that the early Cambrian gilled lobopodian Pambdelurion whittingtoni from Sirius Passet, Greenland, possesses a mouth apparatus identical to Omnidens, being composed of the same three zones with detailed similarities of sclerites in each zone. An oral cone with rings of pharyngeal teeth, radial plates and outer scalid‐like plates are ecdysozoan characters retained in the euarthropod stem group. Omnidens from China probably belongs to an unrecognized Pambdelurion‐like animal rather than being part of a giant priapulan.
A maximin–minimax approach for classifying soybean genotypes for drought tolerance based on yield potential and loss
Authors: Bhatia Virender Singh , Jumrani Kanchan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractScreening for drought in soybean is often a bottleneck in plant breeding programmes. Sixteen genotypes were evaluated for drought tolerance during 2012, 2013 and 2014. The experiment was conducted in a split‐plot design, and the main plots consisted of irrigated and water stress treatments, and subplots consisted of 16 genotypes. The average seed yield was highest in 2012 (1708 kg/ha), followed by 2014 (1364 kg/ha) while very low yields (958 kg/ha) were observed during 2013. The per cent reduction in average soybean yield under water stress conditions was maximum (43%) during 2014 followed by 2012 (40%) and 2013 (31%), respectively. The average yields of soybean genotypes also differed significantly, which ranged from 892 (NRC 12) to 2008 kg/ha (JS 97‐52). The maximin–minimax approach was used to classify these genotypes, and only, one genotype was identified as drought resistant and high yielding (EC 538828), three as tolerant and high yielding (JS 97‐52, EC 456548 and EC 602288) and none as low yielding and resistant, while the remaining 12 genotypes were found to be low yielding and susceptible to drought.
Skin Exposure to Ultraviolet B Rapidly Activates Systemic Neuroendocrine and Immunosuppressive Responses
Authors: Skobowiat Cezary , Postlethwaite Arnold E. , Slominski Andrzej T. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe back skin of C57BL/6 mice was exposed to a single 400 mJ cm−2 dose of ultraviolet B (UVB), and parameters of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in relation to immune activity were tested after 30–90 min following irradiation. Levels of brain and/or plasma corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH), β‐endorphin, ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) were enhanced by UVB. Hypophysectomy had no effect on UVB‐induced increases of CORT. Mitogen‐induced IFNγ production by splenocytes from UVB‐treated mice was inhibited at 30, 90 min and after 24 h. UVB also led to inhibition of IL‐10 production indicating an immunosuppressive effect on both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Conditioned media from splenocytes isolated from UVB‐treated animals had no effect on IFNγ production in cultured normal splenocytes; however, IFNγ increased with conditioned media from sham‐irradiated animals. Sera from UVB‐treated mice suppressed T‐cell mitogen‐induced IFNγ production as compared to sera from sham‐treated mice. IFNγ production was inhibited in splenocytes isolated from UVB‐treated animals with intact pituitary, while stimulated in splenocytes from UVB‐treated hypophysectomized mice. Thus, cutaneous exposure to UVB rapidly stimulates systemic CRH, ACTH, β‐endorphin and CORT production accompanied by rapid immunosuppressive effects in splenocytes that appear to be independent of the HPA axis.
Photobiomodulation by Infrared Diode Laser: Effects on Intracellular Calcium Concentration and Nitric Oxide Production of Paramecium
Authors: Amaroli Andrea , Benedicenti Alberico , Ferrando Sara , Parker Steven , Selting Wayne , Gallus Lorenzo , Benedicenti Stefano 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn Paramecium, cilia beating is correlated to intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Recent findings affirm that photobiomodulation (PBM) can transiently increase the [Ca2+]i in mammalian cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of both 808 and 980 nm diode laser irradiated with flat‐top hand‐piece on [Ca2+]i and NO production of Paramecium primaurelia, to provide basic information for the development of new therapeutic approaches. In the experiments, the laser power in CW varied (0.1; 0.5; 1; and 1.5 W) to generate the following respective fluences: 6.4; 32; 64; and 96 J cm−2. The 6.4 J cm−2 did not induce PBM if irradiated by both 808 and 980 nm diode laser. Conversely, the 32 J cm−2 fluence had no effect on Paramecium cells if irradiated by the 808 nm laser, while if irradiated by the 980 nm laser induced increment in swimming speed (suggesting an effect on the [Ca2+]i, NO production, similar to the 64 J cm−2 with the 808 nm wavelength). The more evident discordance occurred with the 96 J cm−2 fluence, which had the more efficient effect on PBM among the parameters if irradiated with the 808 nm laser and killed the Paramecium cells if irradiated by the 980 nm laser. Lastly, the 980 nm and 64 or 96 J cm−2 were the only parameters to induce a release of stored calcium.
Nanostructured Polymeric Micelles Carrying Xanthene Dyes for Photodynamic Evaluation
Authors: de Freitas Camila Fabiano , Pellosi Diogo Silva , Estevão Bianca Martins , Calori Italo Rodrigo , Tsubone Tayana Mazin , Politi Mário José , Caetano Wilker , Hioka Noboru 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIt was evaluated the properties of the xanthene dyes Erythrosin B, Eosin Y and theirs Methyl, Butyl and Decyl ester derivatives as possible photosensitizers (PS) for photodynamic treatments. The more hydrophobic dyes self‐aggregate in water/ethanol solutions above 70% water (vol/vol) in the mixture. In buffered water, these PS were encapsulated in Pluronic polymeric surfactants of P‐123 and F‐127 by two methodologies: direct addition and the thin‐film solid dispersion methods. The thin‐film solid method provided formulations with higher stabilities besides effective encapsulation of the PS as monomers. Size measurements demonstrated that Pluronic forms self‐assembled micelles with uniform size, which present slightly negative surface potential and a spherical form detected by TEM microscopy. The ester length modulates xanthene localization in the micelle, which is deeper with the increase in the alkyl chain. Moreover, some PS are distributed into two populations: one on the corona micelle interface shell (PEO layer) and the other into the core (PPO region). Although all PS formulations show high singlet oxygen quantum yield, promising results were obtained for Erythrosin B esters with the hydrophobic P‐123, which ensures their potential as drug for clinical photodynamic applications.