bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading Augustan Rome: Materiality as RhetoricIn Situ
Authors: Favro Diane 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThe first emperor of Rome, Augustus, exploited architecture to convey his sophisticated propaganda. He famously boasted to have found Rome a city of brick, and left it a city of marble. This claim has been considered an apt metaphor for the establishment of an imperial state, though the quantitative, physical veracity of the boast has never been fully interrogated. A team from UCLA mapped and modeled the marble projects added to Rome in the decades of Augustan power, using rule-based procedural modeling to generate numerous 3D, interactive, geo-temporal simulations of the entire cityscape with each marble intervention placed in situ topographically and chronologically. Broad, pan-urban views of the city’s evolution revealed that Augustan marble projects were neither overwhelming in number nor readily visible. Examination of the urban experience over time and space, however, revealed that marble construction had a constant and pervasive impact. Daily urban residents found their movements blocked by marble transports and their senses bombarded by the noisy, dusty work at construction sites. Thus, it was not the rhetoric conveyed by architecture that justified Augustus’ claim, but the rhetoric of the building act that spoke loudly and persuasively in situ.
Postoperative Epileptic Seizures in Children: Is the Brain Incision a Risk Factor?
Authors: Massimi Luca , Battaglia Domenica , Bianchi Federico , Peraio Simone , Peppucci Elisabetta , Di Rocco Concezio 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Postoperative seizures (PSs) after neurosurgical operations are common but little is known about the role of surgical brain incision on their genesis. This topic has not been addressed so far.

OBJECTIVE
To verify if the corticotomy affects the risk of PSs and postoperative epilepsy (PE) in children.

METHODS
One hundred forty-three consecutive pediatric cases operated on for supratentorial lesions at the same institution in the last 15 yr have been retrospectively reviewed by dividing them into group A, 68 children who required brain corticotomy mainly for hemispheric tumors, and group B, 75 children treated through extracortical approaches mainly for suprasellar and optic tumors. Patients with possible “epileptic” biases, like preoperative seizures, were excluded.

RESULTS
No significant differences have been found between group A and B as far as incidence of PSs (11.7% vs 14.5%) and PE (4.5% vs 6.5%), timing, and type of seizures are concerned after a mean 6.8 yr follow-up. The size of corticotomy in group A (<3 cm2 vs >3 cm2) had no impact on epileptogenesis as well as the other variables considered in both groups (age, sex, extent of lesion resection).

CONCLUSION
This study shows that the surgical cortical “trauma” would not represent a risk factor for PSs and PE. According to the present analysis and the literature, other causes seem to be involved (namely, electrolytic imbalance and brain gliosis). This information is important for preoperative surgical planning and postoperative management. A validation by both adult series and prospective studies is needed.
Physician assistant dual employment
Authors: Jeffery Colette , Morton-Rias Dawn , Rittle Mary , Cannon James , Hooker Roderick S. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
National health workforce supply and demand models help predict requirements built on individual annual productivity assumptions. Dual employment rarely is addressed, yet in 2015, about 13.5% of certified physician assistants (PAs) reported two or more clinical positions. Of PAs working two positions, 44% reported the main reason was to supplement earnings, followed by role variety. The mean number of hours worked by all certified PAs was 40.7 per week and the average number of patients was 75. Dual-employed PAs averaged more than 51 hours and 97 patients per week. This new finding reveals an added dimension to provider productivity statistics requiring refinements to annual output calculations.
Socially Accountable Medical Education: An Innovative Approach at Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine
Authors: Greer Pedro J. , Brown David R. , Brewster Luther G. , Lage Onelia G. , Esposito Karin F. , Whisenant Ebony B. , Anderson Frederick W. , Castellanos Natalie K. , Stefano Troy A. , Rock John A. 
Published: June 2017

Problem
Despite medical advances, health disparities persist, resulting in medicine’s renewed emphasis on the social determinants of health and calls for reform in medical education.

Approach
The Green Family Foundation Neighborhood Health Education Learning Program (NeighborhoodHELP) at Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine provides a platform for the school’s community-focused mission. NeighborhoodHELP emphasizes social accountability and interprofessional education while providing evidence-based, patient- and household-centered care. NeighborhoodHELP is a required, longitudinal service–learning outreach program in which each medical student is assigned a household in a medically underserved community. Students, teamed with learners from other professional schools, provide social and clinical services to their household for three years. Here the authors describe the program’s engagement approach, logistics, and educational goals and structure.

Outcomes
During the first six years of NeighborhoodHELP (September 2010–August 2016), 1,470 interprofessional students conducted 7,452 visits to 848 households with, collectively, 2,252 members. From August 2012, when mobile health centers were added to the program, through August 2016, students saw a total of 1,021 household members through 7,207 mobile health center visits. Throughout this time, households received a variety of free health and social services (e.g., legal aid, tutoring). Compared with peers from other schools, graduating medical students reported more experience with clinical interprofessional education and health disparities. Surveyed residency program directors rated graduates highly for their cultural sensitivity, teamwork, and accountability.

Next Steps
Faculty and administrators are focusing on social accountability curriculum integration, systems for assessing and tracking relevant educational and household outcomes, and policy analysis.
Investigation of the Effect of Diabetes on Radiculopathy Induced by Nucleus Pulposus Application to the DRG in a Spontaneously Diabetic Rat Model
Authors: Kameda Takuya , Sekiguchi Miho , Kaneuchi Yoichi , Konno Shin-ichi 
Published: June 2017

Study Design.
A controlled, interventional animal study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on radiculopathy due to lumbar disc herniation (LDH), by investigating pain-related behavior and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) in type 2 diabetic rats following application of nucleus pulposus (NP) to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG).

Summary of Background Data.
Previous clinical studies suggested negative effects of DM on radiculopathy due to LDH, and that inflammation and nerve regeneration could interact with DM and radiculopathy.

Methods.
We applied autologous NP to the left L5 DRG of adult male Wistar rats and Goto-Kakizaki rats. Behavioral testing measured the mechanical withdrawal threshold of rats. We immunohistochemically evaluated the localization of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1), receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and TNF-α in DRGs. TNF-α and GAP43 expression levels in DRG were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting.

Results.
The mechanical withdrawal threshold significantly declined in the non-DM NP group compared with the non-DM sham group for 28 days, whereas the decline in threshold extended to 35 days in the DM NP group compared with the DM sham group. RAGE and TNF-α expression in DRGs was colocalized in Iba-1 positive cells. The non-DM NP rats had higher TNF-α protein expression levels versus the non-DM sham rats on day 7, and the DM NP group had higher levels versus the DM sham group on days 7 and 14. The non-DM NP group had higher GAP43 mRNA expression than the non-DM sham group for 28 days, while the DM NP group had a higher level than the DM sham group for 35 days.

Conclusion.
DM prolongs the pain-related behavior caused by NP. The prolonged inflammation and nerve regeneration could elucidate the pathogenesis of continuous pain of radiculopathy initiated by LDH.

Level of Evidence: N /A
Brain changes associated with age-related hearing loss
Authors: Golub Justin S. 
Published: June 2017

Purpose of review
To discuss brain changes associated with age-related hearing loss (ARHL), including cognitive abilities and neuroimaging findings. This information will be helpful to hypothesize and ultimately understand how ARHL may be mechanistically related to changes in brain structure and function. It will also be helpful to guide the strength of treatment recommendations.

Recent findings
ARHL has recently been associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. This observation is present in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, in diverse patient populations, and after controlling for a variety of potential confounders. Preliminary brain imaging studies show smaller brain volumes as well as white matter tract dysfunction in adults with hearing loss.

Summary
ARHL is related to cognitive impairment and dementia. More study is needed to determine if the association is causal, and if treatment efforts could reduce the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Given the low risk of treating ARHL and the potential health benefit for the aging brain, it is recommended to proactively discuss ARHL and treatment with patients.
Hydrocortisone Therapy in Catecholamine-Resistant Pediatric Septic Shock: A Pragmatic Analysis of Clinician Practice and Association With Outcomes*
Authors: Nichols Blake , Kubis Sherri , Hewlett Jennifer , Yehya Nadir , Srinivasan Vijay 
Published: June 2017

Objectives:
The 2012 Surviving Sepsis Campaign pediatric guidelines recommend stress dose hydrocortisone in children experiencing catecholamine-dependent septic shock with suspected or proven absolute adrenal insufficiency. We evaluated whether stress dose hydrocortisone therapy in children with catecholamine dependent septic shock correlated with random serum total cortisol levels and was associated with improved outcomes.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Non-cardiac PICU.

Patients:
Critically ill children (1 mo to 18 yr) admitted between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2013, with catecholamine dependent septic shock who had random serum total cortisol levels measured prior to potential stress dose hydrocortisone therapy.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The cohort was dichotomized to random serum total cortisol less than 18 mcg/dL and greater than or equal to 18 mcg/dL. Associations of stress dose hydrocortisone with outcomes: PICU mortality, PICU and hospital length of stay, ventilator-free days, and vasopressor-free days were examined. Seventy children with catecholamine-dependent septic shock and measured random serum total cortisol levels were eligible (16% PICU mortality). Although 43% (30/70) had random serum total cortisol less than 18 μg/dL, 60% (42/70) received stress dose hydrocortisone. Children with random serum total cortisol less than 18 μg/dL had lower severity of illness and lower Vasopressor Inotrope Scores than those with random serum total cortisol greater than or equal to 18 μg/dL (all p < 0.05). Children with stress dose hydrocortisone had higher severity of illness and PICU mortality than those without stress dose hydrocortisone (all p < 0.05). Mean random serum total cortisol levels were similar in children with and without stress dose hydrocortisone (21.1 vs 18.7 μg/dL; p = 0.69). In children with random serum total cortisol less than 18 μg/dL, stress dose hydrocortisone was associated with greater PICU and hospital length of stay and fewer ventilator-free days (all p < 0.05). In children with random serum total cortisol greater than 18 μg/dL, stress dose hydrocortisone was associated with greater PICU mortality and fewer ventilator-free days and vasopressor-free days (all p < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Stress dose hydrocortisone therapy in children with catecholamine-dependent septic shock correlated more with severity of illness than random serum total cortisol levels and was associated with worse outcomes, irrespective of random serum total cortisol levels.
Predictors of Autologous Free Fat Graft Retention in the Management of Craniofacial Contour Deformities
Authors: Denadai Rafael , Raposo-Amaral Cesar Augusto , Pinho Andre Silveira , Lameiro Thais Miguel , Buzzo Celso Luiz , Raposo-Amaral Cassio Eduardo 
Published: June 2017

Background:
Autologous free fat graft outcomes are not always predictable, and variables that can potentially influence fat graft retention are still not well understood or investigated. The purposes of this study were to assess fat graft retention in the management of craniofacial contour deformities and to identify possible predictive factors of this retention.

Methods:
A prospective analysis was conducted using consecutive patients with unilateral craniofacial contour deformities who underwent autologous free fat grafting between 2012 and 2015. Standardized ultrasonographic craniofacial soft-tissue thickness measurements were adopted to determine the fat graft retention. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of 12-month postoperative fat graft retention.

Results:
One hundred forty-two patients were enrolled. There was significant (all p < 0.05) and progressive reduction in fat graft retention within the first 3 postoperative months, and the retained fat graft was maintained (all p > 0.05) from 3 to 12 months postoperatively, with a 12-month fat graft retention rate of 67.7 percent. Age, Parry-Romberg syndrome, previous craniofacial bone surgery, grafted volume, and forehead unit were independently negative (all p < 0.05) predictors of fat graft retention, whereas cheek unit was an independently positive (all p < 0.05) predictor of retention.

Conclusion:
Craniofacial fat graft retention is achievable but remains somewhat unpredictable, with age, Parry-Romberg syndrome, previous bone surgical intervention, grafted volume, and recipient sites affecting retention.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Risk, III.
MoMo: Discovery of post-translational modification motifs
Authors: Cheng Alice , Grant Charles E. , Bailey Timothy L. , Noble William Stafford 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMotivationPost-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are associated with many significant biological functions and can be identified in high throughput using tandem mass spectrometry. Many PTMs are associated with short sequence patterns called “motifs” that help localize the modifying enzyme. Accordingly, many algorithms have been designed to identify these motifs from mass spectrometry data.ResultsMoMo is a software tool for identifying motifs among sets of PTMs. The program re-implements two previously described algorithms, Motif-X and MoDL, packaging them in a web-accessible user interface. In addition to reading sequence files in FASTA format, MoMo is capable of directly parsing output files produced by commonly used mass spectrometry search engines. The resulting motifs are presented to the user in an HTML summary with motif logos and linked text files in MEME motif format.AvailabilitySource code and web server available athttp://meme-suite.orgContacttimothybailey@unr.eduandwilliam-noble@uw.eduSupplementary informationSupplementary figures are available atBioinformaticsonline.
The Genetic Epidemiology of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: A Genome-Wide Association Study Harnessing National Clinical Audit Data
Authors: Hatzikotoulas Konstantinos , Roposch Andreas , Shah Karan M , Clark Matthew J , Bratherton Selina , Limbani Vasanti , Steinberg Julia , Zengini Eleni , Warsame Kaltuun , Ratnayake Madhushika , Tselepi Maria , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Loughlin John , Eastwood Deborah M , Zeggini Eleftheria , Wilkinson J Mark 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundDevelopmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common, heritable condition characterised by abnormal formation of the hip joint, but has a poorly understood genetic architecture due to small sample sizes. We apply a novel case-ascertainment approach using national clinical audit (NCA) data to conduct the largest DDH genome-wide association study (GWAS) to date, and replicate our findings in independent cohorts.MethodsWe used the English National Joint Registry (NJR) dataset to collect DNA and conducted a GWAS in 770 DDH cases and 3364 controls. We tested the variant most strongly associated with DDH in independent replication cohorts comprising 1129 patients and 4652 controls.ResultsThe heritable component of DDH attributable to common variants was 55% and distributed similarly across autosomal and the X-chromosomes. Variation within theGDF5gene promoter was strongly and reproducibly associated with DDH (rs143384, OR 1.44 [95% CI 1.34-1.56], p=3.55x10−22). Two further replicating loci showed suggestive association with DDH nearNFIB(rs4740554, OR 1.30 [95% CI 1.16-1.45], p=4.44x10−6) andLOXL4(rs4919218, 1.19 [1.10-1.28] p=4.38x10−6). Through gene-based enrichment we identifyGDF5, UQCC1, MMP24, RETSATandPDRG1association with DDH (p<1.2x10−7). Using the UK Biobank and arcOGEN cohorts to generate polygenic risk scores we find that risk alleles for hip osteoarthritis explain <0.5% of the variance in DDH susceptibility.ConclusionUsing the NJR as a proof-of-principle, we describe the genetic architecture of DDH and identify several candidate intervention loci and demonstrate a scalable recruitment strategy for genetic studies that is transferrable to other complex diseases.Key MessagesWe report the first genome-wide scan for DDH in a European population, and the first to use national clinical audit data for case-ascertainment in complex disease.The heritable component of DDH attributable to common variants is 55% and is distributed similarly across autosomal and the X-chromosomes.Variation within theGDF5gene promoter is strongly and reproducibly associated with DDH, with fine-mapping indicating rs143384 as the likely casual variant.Enrichment analyses implicateGDF5, UQCC1, MMP24, RETSATandPDRG1as candidate targets for intervention in DDH.DDH shares little common genetic aetiology with idiopathic osteoarthritis of the hip, despite sharing variation within theGDF5promoter as a common risk factor.
Computational approaches for discovery of mutational signatures in cancer
Authors: Baez-Ortega Adrian , Gori Kevin 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe accumulation of somatic mutations in a genome is the result of the activity of one or more mutagenic processes, each of which leaves its own imprint. The study of these DNA fingerprints, termed mutational signatures, holds important potential for furthering our understanding of the causes and evolution of cancer, and can provide insights of relevance for cancer prevention and treatment. In this review, we focus our attention on the mathematical models and computational techniques that have driven recent advances in the field.
SWELL1is a glucose sensor required for β-cell excitability and insulin secretion
Authors: Kang Chen , Gunasekar Susheel K. , Mishra Anil , Xie Litao , Zhang Yanhui , Pai Saachi , Gao Yiwen , Norris Andrew W. , Stephens Samuel B. , Sah Rajan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractInsulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell initiated by activation of voltage-gated Ca2+channels (VGCC) to trigger Ca2+-mediated insulin vesicle fusion with the β-cell plasma membrane. The firing of VGCC depends on the β-cell membrane potential, which is in turn mediated by the balance of depolarizing (excitatory) and hyperpolarizing (inhibitory) ionic currents1-3. While much attention has focused on inhibitory potassium currents4-10there is little knowledge about the excitatory currents required to depolarize the β-cell, including the molecular identity of these excitatory currents3. Here we show that SWELL1 (LRRC8a) mediates a swell-activated, depolarizing chloride current (ICl,SWELL)in β-cells. Hypotonic and glucose-stimulated β-cell swelling activates SWELL1-mediated ICl,SWELLand this is required for both glucose-stimulated and hypotonic swell-mediated activation of VGCC-dependent intracellular calcium signaling in β-cells. SWELL1 KO MIN6 cells and β-cell targeted SWELL1 KO murine islets exhibit significantly impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, with preserved insulin contentin vitro. Tamoxifen-inducible β-cell targetedSWELL1KO mice have normal fasting insulin levels but display markedly impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Our results reveal a physiological role for SWELL1 as a glucose sensor - linking glucose-mediated β-cell swelling to SWELL1-dependent activation of VGCC-triggered calcium signaling, and highlights SWELL1-mediated “swell-secretion” coupling as required for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
Whole genome sequencing-based detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence in non-typhoidalSalmonella entericaisolated from wildlife
Authors: Thomas Milton , Fenske Gavin John , Ghimire Sudeep , Welsh Ronald , Ramachandran Akhilesh , Scaria Joy 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study was to generate a reference set ofSalmonella entericagenomes isolated from wildlife from the United States and to determine the antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene profile of the isolates from the genome sequence data. We sequenced the whole genomes of 103Salmonellaisolates sampled between 1988 and 2003 from wildlife and exotic pet cases that were submitted to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Among 103 isolates, 50.48% were from wild birds, 0.9% was from fish, 24.27% each were from reptiles and mammals. 50.48% isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic. Resistance against the aminoglycoside streptomycin was most common while 9 isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant having resistance against more than three antibiotics. Determination of virulence gene profile revealed that the genes belonging to csg operons, the fim genes that encode for type 1 fimbriae and the genes belonging to type III secretion system were predominant among the isolates. The universal presence of fimbrial genes and the genes encoded by pathogenicity islands 1-2 among the isolates we report here indicates that these isolates could potentially cause disease in humans. Therefore, the genomes we report here could be a valuable reference point for future traceback investigations when wildlife is considered to be the potential source of human Salmonellosis.