bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extended right hemicolectomy and left hemicolectomy for colorectal cancers between the distal transverse and proximal descending colon
Authors: Gravante G , Elshaer M , Parker R , Mogekwu AC , Drake B , Aboelkassem A , Rahman EU , Sorge R , Alhammali T , Gardiner K , Al-Hamali S , Rashed M , Kelkar A , Agarwal R , El-Rabaa S 
Published: March 2016

Introduction We report our experience with extended right hemicolectomy (ERH) and left hemicolectomy (LH) for the treatment of cancers located between the distal transverse and the proximal descending colon, and compare postoperative morbidity, mortality, pathological results and survival for the two techniques. Methods A retrospective review was performed of a single institution series over ten years. Patients who underwent different operations, had benign disease or received palliative resections were excluded. Data collected were patient demographics, type and duration of surgery, tumour site, postoperative complications and histology results. Results Ninety-eight patients were analysed (64 ERHs, 34 LHs). ERH was conducted using an open approach in 93.8% of cases compared with 73.5% for LH. The anastomotic leak rate was similar for both groups (ERH: 6.3%, LH: 5.9%). This was also the case for other postoperative complications, mortality (ERH: 1.6%, LH: 2.9%) and overall survival (ERH: 50.4 months, LH: 51.8 months). All but one patient in the ERH cohort had clear surgical margins. Nodal evaluation for staging was adequate in 78.1% of ERH cases and 58.8% of LH cases. Conclusions In our experience, both ERH and LH are adequate for tumours located between the distal transverse and the proximal descending colon.
Effect of toe extension on EMG of triceps surae muscles during isometric dorsiflexion
Authors: Siddiqi Ariba , Arjunan Sridhar P. , Kumar Dinesh 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe protocol for estimating force of contraction by triceps surae (TS) muscles requires the immobilization of the ankle during dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. However, large variability in the results has been observed. To identify the cause of this variability, experiments were conducted where ankle dorsiflexion force and electromyogram (EMG) of the TS were recorded under two conditions: (i) toes were strapped and (ii) toes were unstrapped, with all other conditions such as immobilization of the ankle remaining unchanged. The root mean square (RMS) of the EMG and the force were analyzed and one-tail Student’s t-test was performed for significance between the two conditions. The RMS of the EMG from TS muscles was found to be significantly higher (~55%) during dorsiflexion with toes unstrapped compared with when the toes were strapped. The torque corresponding to dorsiflexion was also higher with toes unstrapped. Our study has shown that it is important to strap the toes when measuring the torque at the ankle and EMG of the TS muscles.
Chinese Education in the United States: Players and Challenges
Authors: Xiao Yun 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Since the turn of the twenty-first century, China has emerged as the second largest economy in the world. In the U.S., Chinese speakers became the second largest non-English-speaking population, and Chinese education obtained unprecedented opportunities in both the K-12 school system and higher education. Various players have contributed to this development, with the major ones being (1) the U.S.-government funded National Security Language Initiatives (NSLI), (2) the long existing Chinese community heritage language schools, and (3) China’s Confucius Institute (CI) program. The NSLI has created a number of meaningful projects such as the Foreign Language Assistance Program, the Teacher Exchange and Summer Language Institutes Youth Exchanges, the Flagship Program, and STARTALK, in which the Chinese language is the focus. The Chinese community heritage language schools have a history of over 150 years in the U.S. and are enrolling 200,000 Chinese students (estimated), more than the U.S. K-12 schools and higher education combined. China’s CI program has established 97 CIs and 357 Confucius classrooms in the U.S., which have reached millions of American people and students. However, the present data show that there lacks a coherent language policy in the U.S. education system. Although the above players have joined forces and made great contributions to the development of U.S. Chinese education, each of them is facing significant challenges. On the one hand, NSLI and Chinese community heritage language schools are both on the sidelines of the American public school system. On the other, with CI’s fast expansion, concerns and criticisms grow regarding its role in the context of U.S. higher education. Some of the concerns have been translated into negative actions and policies.
北美书面汉语语法特点探析 ——— 基于互联网中文文本的考察
Authors: 卫东 詹 , 红印 陶 
Published: March 2016

摘要
过去有关海外不同地区汉语变体的研究主要集中在离中国大陆比较近的港台、东南亚等地,本文作为国家社科基金立项 “全球华语语法研究” 重大课题的一个构成部分，把研究范围扩大到北美汉语的语法特点。我们首先建立了一个大规模的北美汉语书面语语料库，同时在参考以往有关海外华语语法特点研究文献的基础上，拟定了一批语法调查项目，并在语料中逐项做了采样调查。同时也讨论了英语对中文表达的影响。最后，基于本文的研究发现，我们对全球华语语法的整体研究提出了一些初步的看法，包括考察区域变体的语法特点时的方法论问题以及华语社区语法变异的趋同现象及其原因，希望对今后的研究起到一些帮助作用。
香港中文判決書的語言使用與語言規範
Authors: 培光 王 , 金智 蘇 
Published: March 2016

摘要
本文在對香港中文判決書語料的研究中，發現其語言使用存在着三個重要問題：表達不清；術語不統一；語言使用與標準漢語有一定差別。作者在中文判決書和英文判決書比較分析的基礎上進一步發現英語在句法層面上對中文判決書語言使用方面的影響主要有：（一）套用英語的搭配方式；（二）套用英語的介詞結構；（三）套用英語的句式。本文重點在討論語言規範。文章最後對如何促進香港中文判決書的語言規範工作提出了建議。
关于词汇学术语 “社区词” 的命名
Authors: 小琳 田 
Published: March 2016

摘要
社区词是某个社区使用的反映该社区政治、经济、文化的特有词语。要理解社区词命名的根基，首先应了解其在现代汉语词汇系统中的定位，社区词与文言词、方言词、外来词共同丰富了现代汉语的一般词汇。其次，要理解社区词，还要对其与方言词和社会方言的区别有明确的认识，社区词用通用语素构词，而且使用于整个社区而非某一社会阶层或职业群体，是它们之间的不同之处。与特有词语、区域词语和文化词语这些名称相比，社区词这一名称最能反映这些词语的特点，是最佳名称。
The Introduction of “Safety Science” into an Undergraduate Nursing Programme at a Large University in the United Kingdom
Authors: White Nick , Clark Deborah , Lewis Robin , Robson Wayne 
Published: March 2016

AbstractImplementing safety science {a term adopted by the authors which incorporates both patient safety and human factors (Sherwood, G. (2011). Integrating quality and safety science in nursing education and practice. Journal of Research in Nursing, 16(3), 226–240. doi: 10.1177/1744987111400960)} into healthcare programmes is a major challenge facing healthcare educators worldwide (National Advisory Group on the Safety of Patients in England, 2013; World Health Organisation, 2009). Patient safety concerns relating to human factors have been well-documented over the years, and the root cause(s) of as many as 65–80 % of these events are linked to human error (Dunn et al., 2007; Reason, 2005). This paper will describe how safety science education was embedded into a pre-registration nursing programme at a large UK university. The authors argue that the processes described in this paper, may be successfully applied to other pre-registration healthcare programmes in addition to nursing.
Medical Brain Drain: Free-Riding, Exploitation, and Global Justice
Authors: Reglitz Merten 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In her debate with Michael Blake, Gillian Brock sets out to justify emigration restrictions on medical workers from poor states on the basis of their free-riding on the public investment that their states have made in them in form of a publicly funded education. For this purpose, Brock aims to isolate the question of emigration restrictions from the larger question of responsibilities for remedying global inequalities. I argue that this approach is misguided because it is blind to decisive factors at play in the problem of medical brain drain and consequently distorts the different responsibilities this problem generates. Brock’s strategy, if successful, would effectively lead to punishing emigrating workers from poor states for the free-riding and exploitation that is committed by affluent states – which is a counter-intuitive result.
The crystal structure of 1-(4-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl)ethanone
Authors: Li Meng , Bai XueFeng , Hou YanJun 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
C10H11ClO2, triclinic, P1̅ (No. 2), a = 7.8485(8) Å, b = 8.0420(8) Å, c = 8.8701(9) Å, α = 107.4340(10)°, β = 106.307(10)°, γ = 101.9710(10)°, V = 485.97(8) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0513, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1405, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of 2-(4-methylbenzoyl)pyrene, C24H16O
Authors: Ran Zhang , Fang-Fang Han , Li-Fang Zhang 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
C24H16O, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 13.642(3) Å, b = 10.787(2) Å, c = 11.551(2) Å, β = 110.73(3)°, V = 1589.8(6) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0506, wR
ref
(F2) = 0.1482, T = 293(2) K.
Investigation on cavitation bubble dynamics induced by clinically available Ho:YAG lasers
Authors: Stock Karl , Steigenhöfer Daniel , Pongratz Thomas , Graser Rainer , Sroka Ronald 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Background and objective: Endoscopic laser lithotripsy is the preferred technique for minimally invasive destruction of ureteral and kidney stones, and is mostly performed by pulsed holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser irradiation. The absorbed laser energy heats the water creating a vapor bubble which collapses after the laser pulse, thus producing a shock wave. Part of the laser energy strikes the stone through the vapor bubble and induces thermomechanical material removal. Aim of the present study was to visualize the behavior and the dynamics of the cavitation bubble using a specially developed ultra-short-time illumination system and then to determine important characteristics related to clinically used laser and application parameters for a more detailed investigation in the future.

Materials and methods: In accordance with Toepler’s Schlieren technique, in the ultra-short-time-illumination set-up the cavitation bubble which had been induced by Ho:YAG laser irradiation at the fiber end, was illuminated by two Q-switched lasers and the process was imaged in high contrast on a video camera. Cavitation bubbles were induced using different pulse energies (500 mJ/pulse and 2000 mJ/pulse) and fiber core diameters (230 μm and 600 μm) and the bubble dynamics were recorded at different times relative to the Ho:YAG laser pulse. The time-dependent development of the bubble formation was determined from the recordings by measuring the bubble diameter in horizontal and vertical directions, together with the volume and localization of the center of the bubble collapse.

Results: The results show that the bubble dynamics can be visualized and studied with both high contrast and high temporal resolution. The bubble volume increases with pulse energy and with fiber diameter. The bubble shape is almost round when a larger fiber core diameter is used, and elliptical when using a fiber of smaller core diameter. Moreover, the center of the resulting bubble is slightly further away from the fiber end and the center of the bubble collapse for a smaller fiber core diameter.

Conclusion: The experimental set-up developed gives a better understanding of the bubble dynamics. The experiments indicate that the distance between fiber tip and target surface, as well as the laser parameters used have considerable impact on the cavitation bubble dynamics. Both the bubble dynamics and their influence on the stone fragmentation process require further investigation.
Effect of temperature regime and compression in OCT imaging of skin in vivo
Authors: Agrba Pavel D. , Kirillin Mikhail Yu. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract:
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a modern technique for imaging of internal structures of biotissue of up to several millimeters in depth with a resolution of several micrometers. However, various external conditions can distort the diagnostic capabilities of an OCT image. Mechanical compression and temperature regime are the two conditions which mostly affect the diagnostic OCT images obtained with a contact probe. It is shown here that the application of compression to human skin induces a decrease in contrast of the stratum corneum-epidermis junction and an increase in contrast of the epidermis-dermis junction. With regard to these junctions, a preliminary change of biotissue temperature induces additional changes in the contrast, with opposing effects in case of heating and cooling.
Rethinking semiotics: Toward a theory of intentional sign
Authors: Jin Yiqiang , Cao Liqin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSign involves a relation between two correlatives established essentially by an act of mental associating. An adequate theory of sign should regard sign as a process based on such an act. A theory of intentional sign thus formed may serve as an example of the approach to such a theory. Every intentional sign process involves five basic factors and multiple stages, whose variation results in various types of processes. Processes of the same sign-vehicle form an autonomous system covering most basic topics of semiotics. Process systems of different sign-vehicles are interconnected via relation between the sign-vehicles, forming a system of systems generally called “sign system.” This theory may be further expanded into a fuller framework.
Synthesis, single-crystal structure determination and Raman spectra of the tricyanomelaminates NaA
5[C6N9]2 · 4 H2O (A = Rb, Cs)
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , Schulz Armin , DiSalvo Francis J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Transparent colorless crystals of NaA
5[C6N9]2 · 4 H2O (A = Rb, Cs) were obtained by blending aqueous solutions of Na3[C6N9] and RbF or CsF, respectively, and subsequent evaporation of the water under ambient conditions. Both compounds crystallize in the space group P21/m (no. 11) with the cell parameters a = 815.56(16), b = 1637.7(4) and c = 1036.4(3) pm, and β = 110.738(12)° for NaRb5[C6N9]2 · 4 H2O and a = 843.32(6), b = 1708.47(11) and c = 1052.42(7) pm, and β = 112.034(2)° for NaCs5[C6N9]2 · 4 H2O, respectively. Raman spectra of the title compounds complement our results.
Some rape/canola seed oils: fatty acid composition and tocopherols
Authors: Matthaus Bertrand , Özcan Mehmet Musa , Al Juhaimi Fahad 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Seed samples of some rape and canola cultivars were analysed for oil content, fatty acid and tocopherol profiles. Gas liquid chromotography and high performance liquid chromotography were used for fatty acid and tocopherol analysis, respectively. The oil contents of rape and canola seeds varied between 30.6% and 48.3% of the dry weight (p<0.05). The oil contents of rapeseeds were found to be high compared with canola seed oils. The main fatty acids in the oils are oleic (56.80–64.92%), linoleic (17.11–20.92%) and palmitic (4.18–5.01%) acids. A few types of tocopherols were found in rape and canola oils in various amounts: α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, β-tocopherol and α-tocotrienol. The major tocopherol in the seed oils of rape and canola cultivars were α-tocopherol (13.22–40.01%) and γ-tocopherol (33.64–51.53%) accompanied by α-T3 (0.0–1.34%) and δ-tocopherol (0.25–1.86%) (p<0.05). As a result, the present study shows that oil, fatty acid and tocopherol contents differ significantly among the cultivars.
Improved Load Carrying Behavior of Perfobond Rib-Installed Partially Expanded Micropiles
Authors: Kim S.-H. , Choi J. , Lee J.-M. , Lee J. , Jung C.-Y. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This study proposed an advanced type of a micropile system. The proposed micropile system consists of perfobond ribs, installed on steel rod to improve shear resistance between the thread and the grout, and partially expanded drill holes to increase shear resistance between the grout and the ground. This study contained experimental evaluations on the proposed micropile system to verify the increase in the shear capacity of perfobond rib installed on the steel rod and the load-carrying capacity of shear key created by the partially expanded drill hole. Push-out tests were conducted on a rolled screw thread and perfobond rib-installed steel rods in order to compare their load-carrying capacities and load carrying behavior. It was confirmed that the proposed micropile system with perfobond-rib installed steel rods show much superior load carrying behavior in terms of initial stiffness, ultimate load, and ductile behavior. Through on-site pull-out tests, it was found that the load carrying capacity of the proposed micropile system increased significantly due to the effect of shear key created by partially expanded drill hole.
Evaluation of High Temperature on Microwave Reflectivity of Carbon-Fiber—Reinforced Cement-Based Composites
Authors: Wang Z. , Li K. , Wang C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Carbon-fiber-reinforced cement-based composites are widely used as electromagnetic microwave shielding materials. However, high temperature on fire can affect not only their mechanical properties but also microwave-absorbing abilities. In this paper, the specimens of the composites with different carbon-fiber content were prepared. The mechanical properties were measured when the composites were cooled down to room temperature from 600°C naturally and by spraying water. The reflectivity of the composites with different cooling methods against microwave was evaluated through an arch reflectivity measurement system in 2.0–18.0 GHz frequency range at the temperature of 20°C, 300°C, and 600°C. The porosity, morphology, and the compositions were analyzed by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Results show that mechanical properties decrease and porosity increases dramatically at the temperature of 600°C. The reflectivity varies with the increase of porosity at low frequencies, but increases at high frequencies with reflecting waves when the temperature rises. At the same temperature, the increasing carbon-fiber content enhances the reflectivity with reflecting electromagnetic microwaves. After high temperature, the cooling exerts little effect over the microwave reflectivity of the composites.
Contribution of the Imaging System Components in the Overall Error of the Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation Technique
Authors: Hijazi A. , Kähler C. J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Digital image correlation (DIC) is one of the most widely used non-invasive methods for measuring full-field surface strains in a wide variety of applications. The DIC method has been used by numerous researchers for measuring strains during the plastic range of deformation where the strains are relatively large. The estimation of the amount of background strain error in the measurements is of prime importance for determining the applicability of this method for measuring small strains (such as the elastic strains in metals, ceramics, bone samples, etc.). In this study, the strain errors in 2D-DIC measurements associated with different types of imaging systems were investigated. In-plane rigid-body-translation, experiments were used to estimate the overall amount of error in DIC displacement and strain measurements. Different types of cameras having different types of sensors and different spatial resolutions were used in the study. Also, for the same type of camera, different types of lenses were used. Results show that the DIC measurement accuracy depends on the magnitude of image displacement and that different error estimation parameters can be used for quantifying the accuracy of the measurements. Also, the effect of the lens on measurement accuracy is more pronounced than that of the camera. Furthermore, imaging conditions such as image sharpness and camera gain also affect the accuracy. Further still, the measurement accuracy was found to be influenced by the direction of translation. The results indicate that measurement error can be reduced by orienting the camera such that the major displacement direction is parallel to the width direction of the image. The experimental approach used in this study can be used for quantitatively assessing the quality of the different types of cameras and lenses and to determine their suitability for use in experimental techniques that depend on image analysis such as DIC and particle image velocimetry (PIV).
Effects of Hollow Fly-Ash Particles on the Properties of Magnesium Matrix Syntactic Foams: A Review
Authors: Manakari V. , Parande G. , Gupta M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the past decade, magnesium has been seen as one of the most potential metals for weight-critical engineering applications. As magnesium is the lightest structural metal, it has higher weight-saving capabilities when compared to aluminum. Significant research efforts have been carried out on magnesium matrix alloys and composites to tailor and enhance mechanical properties based on end applications. This paper provides a review on fly-ash-reinforced magnesium matrix syntactic foams. Fly-ash cenospheres are made up of mainly alumina and silica and also contains large number of trace elements, which makes it intriguing to analyze the microstructure and interfacial responses of the end composites. In comparison with aluminum matrix syntactic foams, the research on magnesium matrix syntactic foams is still at an incipient stage. This paper provides an insight on processing techniques, microstructural and mechanical evaluations of pure Mg, AZ, and ZC alloy series, and their syntactic foams. This paper also reviews the weight-saving ability of magnesium matrix syntactic foams and their potential scope and applications.
La lectura posmoderna de Carlos Fuentes en Los hijos del conquistador sobre Suárez de Peralta
Authors: Prieto Covadonga Lamar 
Published: March 2016

Carlos Fuentes da voz, en Los hijos del conquistador, a los dos hijos de nombre Martín de Hernán Cortés. Buena parte de su relato es un intertexto del Tratado del descubrimiento de las Indias y su conquista de Suárez de Peralta, autor criollo novohispano del siglo xvi. Aquí se examinan las variantes que introduce Fuentes al texto de Suárez de Peralta, así como las técnicas literarias posmodernas que emplea para establecer entre su texto y el otro una relación hipertexto-hipotexto en sentido genettiano.
In Los hijos del conquistador, Carlos Fuentes gives voice to two sons, both named Martín de Hernán Cortés. A large part of the narrative is an intertext with Tratado del descubrimiento de las Indias y su conquista by Suárez de Peralta, a sixteenth-century New Spain-Criollo author. In this essay, I examine the variants introduced by Fuentes to Suárez de Peralta’s text, such as the postmodern literary techniques that Fuentes engages to establish a relationship of hypertext-hipotext, in the Genettian sense, between the two texts.