bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negative Creeping Discharge along Aerial Insulated Wire in Wet Condition
Authors: NISHI TOSHIYUKI , HANAOKA RYOICHI , MURDIYA FRI , MIYAGI KATSUNORI 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYAerial insulated wires are supported by postinsulators and binding wires on reinforced concrete poles. When a lightning flash strikes near by the wires, an overvoltage due to the indirect lightning surge is induced in the conductive wire core. A creeping discharge can develop along the wire surface from the free end of the binding wire through the postinsulator and reinforced concrete pole if flashover occurs at the postinsulator, and this also leads to wire damage such as melting or snapping. This can occur under either rainy or thunderstorm conditions. In this case, it indicates that the wire surface is stressed by lightning impulses under wet condition. Consequently, it is important to prevent wire damage and to clarify the characteristics of creeping discharges along the wire surface under dry and wet conditions. In previous investigations, we observed the characteristics of creeping discharges along wire surfaces under dry conditions. In this investigation, we examined creeping discharges under both impulse voltages with various wave front durations and wet conditions on the wire surface. These voltages were applied to the conductive wire core as inductive lightning surges. The duration and phenomena of negative creeping discharges developing along the wire surface were measured using a still camera with an image intensifier. We report the characteristics of the development of negative creeping discharges along wire surfaces under wet condition.
Convenient Synthesis of Cyclic α‐Aminophosphonates by Alkylation–Cyclization Reaction of Iminophosphoglycinates Using Phase‐Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Ramírez‐Marroquín Oscar Abelardo , Romero‐Estudillo Iván , Viveros‐Ceballos José Luis , Cativiela Carlos , Ordóñez Mario 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe alkylation reaction of diethyl N‐(diphenylmethylene)aminomethylphosphonate (6) with alkyl dihalides under phase‐transfer catalysis followed by hydrolysis of the benzophenone imine moiety and subsequent cyclization provides a simple and convenient method for the synthesis of known and new cyclic α‐aminophosphonates 1–5 in moderate to good yields.
Nitropyrene Photoprobes: Making Them, and What Are They Good for?
Authors: Espinoza Eli M. , Xia Bing , Darabedian Narek , Larsen Jillian M. , Nuñez Vicente , Bao Duoduo , Mac Jenny T. , Botero Fabian , Wurch Michelle , Zhou Feimeng , Vullev Valentine I. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPyrene derivatives are among the most widely used organic fluorescent photoprobes. Many of them are photosensitizers for hole injection. Pyrenes, however, are mostly UV absorbers, limiting their utility for photonic applications. Nitration of pyrene shifts its absorption to the visible region. Conversely, nitration of pyrene that is already derivatized for covalent labeling, produces mixtures of isomers that are challenging to separate. We present a robust procedure for attaining isomerically pure nitropyrenes. NMR analysis provides unequivocal assignments of the regioisomers and of the structures of the disubstituted nitropyrenes. The added substituents negligibly affect the electronic properties of the nitropyrenes. Photoexcited nitropyrenes undergo efficient triplet formation, making them an attractive choice for triplet sensitizers and photooxidants. Hence, facile and reliable preparation of disubstituted nitropyrenes provides venues for exploring their electronic and photonic utility.
Regulation of the Expression of Heparan Sulfate 3‐O‐Sulfotransferase 3B (HS3ST3B) by Inflammatory Stimuli in Human Monocytes
Authors: Sikora Anne‐Sophie , Delos Maxime , Martinez Pierre , Carpentier Mathieu , Allain Fabrice , Denys Agnès 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTHeparan sulfate (HS) is recognized as an important player in a wide range of dynamic steps of inflammatory reactions. Thereby, structural HS remodeling is likely to play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses; however, little is known about underlying mechanism. In this study, we analyzed the regulation of expression of HS 3‐O‐sulfotransferases (HS3STs) in response to inflammatory stimuli. We found that among the seven HS3ST isoenzymes, only the expression of HS3ST3B was markedly up‐regulated in human primary monocytes and the related cell line THP1 after exposure to TLR agonists. TNF‐α was also efficient, to a lesser extent, to increase HS3ST3B expression, while IL‐6, IL‐4, and IFN‐γ were poor inducers. We then analyzed the molecular mechanisms that regulate the high expression of HS3ST3B in response to LPS. Based on the expression of HS3ST3B transcripts and on the response of a reporter gene containing the HS3ST3B1 promoter, we provide evidence that LPS induces a rapid and strong transcription of HS3ST3B1 gene, which was mainly dependent on the activation of NF‐κB and JNK signaling pathways. Additionally, active p38 MAPK and de novo synthesized proteins are involved in post‐transcriptional mechanisms to maintain a high level of HS3ST3B mRNA to a steady state. Altogether, our findings indicate that HS3ST3B1 gene behaves as a primary response gene, suggesting that it may play an important role in making 3‐O‐sulfated HS with specific functions in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1529–1542, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projections for the duration and degree days of the thermal growing season in Europe derived from CMIP5 model output
Authors: Ruosteenoja Kimmo , Räisänen Jouni , Venäläinen Ari , Kämäräinen Matti 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTGlobal warming leads to a prolongation and intensification of the thermal growing season. In this study, we present projections for the growing season length and growing degree day sum (GDD) in Europe by the end of the 21st century using two threshold temperatures, 5 and 10 °C. The analysis was based on simulations performed with 22–23 CMIP5 global models under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Systematic errors in the temporal mean and variability of modelled temperatures were eliminated, and the data were downscaled spatially by employing a bias‐correction method. To determine the onset, termination and GDD of the growing season, two methods have been used. The previously developed Fourier method is suited for exploring long‐term means, while the novel temperature deviation integral method is applicable to inter‐annual variations.According to the multi‐model mean of the RCP8.5 simulations in the late 21st century, for the majority of Europe the growing season is prolonged by 1.5–2 months, the GDD above 5 °C increasing by 60–100%. Responses to RCP4.5 are qualitatively similar but smaller. A decomposition of the uncertainty variance reveals that in the near‐term future the contribution of internal variability is pronounced, but by the end of the century inter‐model differences dominate.In studying growing‐season conditions on an annual basis, we found that in coming decades years with a GDD below the recent past (1971–2000) mean become very uncommon. In the majority of years, GDD will exceed the 10‐year or even the 20‐ or 50‐year return level derived from recent past data.
Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 as a potential therapeutic target in osteosarcoma
Authors: Cai Xianyi , Liu Yunlu , Yang Wen , Xia Yun , Yang Cao , Yang Shuhua , Liu Xianzhe 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTRecent studies have revealed that long noncoding RNA metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) plays an important role in the development of several solid tumors. However, the function of MALAT1 in the tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma remains unknown. In the present study, levels of MALAT1 in human osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues were detected by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The roles of MALAT1 in osteosarcoma were investigated by using in vitro and in vivo assays. We observed that MALAT1 expression was up‐regulated in human osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues. In vitro knockdown of MALAT1 by siRNA significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. In addition, MALAT1 knockdown markedly suppressed the formation of tubular network structures and caused breakage of stress fibers in osteosarcoma cell lines U2OS and MNNG/HOS. Furthermore, MALAT1 knockdown delayed tumor growth in an osteosarcoma xenograft model. Specifically, we found that administration of MALAT1 siRNA decreased the protein levels of RhoA and its downstream effectors Rho‐associated coiled‐coil containing protein kinases (ROCKs). Taken together, these findings suggest that MALAT1 plays an oncogenic role in osteosarcoma and may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of osteosarcoma patients. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:932–941, 2016.
Littoral‐benthic primary production estimates: Sensitivity to simplifications with respect to periphyton productivity and basin morphometry
Authors: Devlin Shawn P. , Vander Zanden M. Jake , Vadeboncoeur Yvonne 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPeriphyton is a critical energy source for consumers in lakes of all sizes, but estimates of average, area‐specific littoral zone benthic primary production (LBP) have been hampered by low spatial and temporal resolution of productivity data. We analyzed the sensitivity of estimates of LBP to depth‐specific variation in photosynthesis‐irradiance (PE) parameters and temporal variation in water clarity using monitoring data from five northern temperate lakes. Maximum photosynthesis rates peaked in the upper epilimnion in all five lakes, and our best daily estimates of LBP ranged from 125 mg C m−2 d−1 to 425 mg C m−2 d−1. Nonlinear variation in maximum photosynthesis (PMAX) with depth caused overestimates in LBP by an average of 10% when mean values of PMAX were applied throughout the euphotic zone. Conversely, applying values of light levels at onset of saturation (Ek) from the upper epilimnion resulted in underestimating LBP by an average of 19% compared with the most data‐rich (optimal) calculations. Simplified approximations of bathymetry yielded underestimates or overestimates of LBP, depending on basin shape. Incorporating temporal variation in water clarity and daily solar irradiance did not substantially improve estimates of average summer LBP compared with estimates that incorporated summer average values of Kd, but this result should not be extrapolated to lakes with more variable water clarity. Estimates of average littoral zone benthic primary production can be optimized by incorporating depth‐specific variation in maximum periphyton productivity, saturation light intensity, and sediment surface area into calculations.
Study of plasma‐derived miRNAs mimic differences in Huntington's disease brain
Authors: Hoss Andrew G. , Lagomarsino Valentina N. , Frank Samuel , Hadzi Tiffany C. , Myers Richard H. , Latourelle Jeanne C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundBiomarkers for Huntington's disease progression could accelerate therapeutic developments and improve patient care. Brain microRNAs relating to clinical features of Huntington's disease may represent a potential Huntington's disease biomarker in blood.ObjectiveThis study was undertaken to examine candidate microRNAs in plasma to determine whether changes observed in HD brains are detectable in peripheral samples.MethodsFour microRNAs from 26 manifest Huntington's disease, four asymptomatic Huntington's disease gene carriers, and eight controls were quantified in plasma using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Linear regression was used to assess microRNA levels across control, asymptomatic gene carriers, and manifest patients.ResultsmiR‐10b‐5p (P = 0.0068) and miR‐486‐5p (P = 0.044) were elevated in Huntington's disease plasma. miR‐10b‐5p was decreased in asymptomatic gene carriers as compared with patients with Huntington's disease (P = 0.049), but no difference between asymptomatic gene carriers and healthy controls was observed (P = 0.24).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that microRNA changes observed in Huntington's disease brain may be detectable in plasma and have potential clinical utility. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A coupled chemo‐viscoplastic cap model for simulating the behavior of hydrating cemented tailings backfill under blast loading
Authors: Lu Gongda , Fall Mamadou 
Published: November 2015

SummaryAlthough the use of blasting has become a routine in contemporary mine operations, there is a lack of knowledge on the response of cement tailings backfills subjected to sudden dynamic loading. To rationally describe such a phenomenon, a new coupled chemo‐viscoplastic cap model is proposed in the present study to describe the behavior of hydrating cemented tailings backfill under blast loading. A modified Perzyna type of visco‐plasticity model is adopted to represent the rate‐dependent behavior of the cemented tailings backfill under blast loading. A modified smooth surface cap model is consequently developed to characterize the yield of the material, which also facilitates hysteresis and full compaction as well as dilation control. Then, the viscoplastic formulation is further augmented with a variable bulk modulus derived from a Mie–Gruneisen equation of state, in order to capture the nonlinear hydrostatic response of cemented backfills subjected to high pressure. Subsequently, the material properties required in the viscoplastic cap model are coupled with a chemical model, which captures and quantifies the degree of cement hydration. Thus, the behavior of hydrating cemented backfills under the impact of blast loading can be evaluated under any curing time of interest. The validation results of the developed model show a good agreement between the experimental and the predicted results. The authors believe that the proposed model will contribute to a better understanding of the performance of cemented backfills under mine blasting and contribute to evaluating and managing the risk of failure of backfill structures under such a dynamic condition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiscale approach to the computational characterization of magnetorheological elastomers
Authors: Keip Marc‐Andre , Rambausek Matthias 
Published: November 2015

SummaryMagnetorheological elastomers are materials with a composite microstructure that consists of an elastomeric matrix and magnetizable inclusions. Because of the magnetic inclusions, magnetorheological elastomers are able to change their properties under magnetic field. Thereby, their effective behavior strongly depends on the microstructure. This calls forhomogenization strategiesto characterize their macroscopic response. However, for arbitrary macroscopic bodies, this is a non‐trivial task. The main difficulty stems from the fact that a magnetic body interacts with its surrounding and thus perturbs the magnetic field it is subjected to. In a multiscale simulation, this interaction has to be accounted for through a physically sound prescription ofmagnetic boundary conditions. Thus, the goal of this contribution is to establish a two‐scale homogenization framework that allows for both (i) the incorporation of the microstructure into the macroscopic simulation and (ii) the application of experimentally motivated boundary conditions on arbitrary macroscopic bodies. We show the capabilities of the approach in several numerical studies, in which we analyze the effective behavior of different specimens. Depending on their microstructure, we observe a contraction or extension of the specimens and find magnetically induced stiffening or weakening. All numerical predictions are in good qualitative agreement with experimental measurements. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for adverse outcomes of Indigenous infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis
Authors: McCallum Gabrielle B. , Chatfield Mark D. , Morris Peter S. , Chang Anne B. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryBackgroundHospitalized bronchiolitis imposes a significant burden among infants, particularly among Indigenous children. Traditional or known risk factors for severe disease are well described, but there are limited data on risks for prolonged hospitalization and persistent symptoms. Our aims were to determine factors (clinical and microbiological) associated with (i) prolonged length of stay (LOS); (ii) persistent respiratory symptoms at 3 weeks; (iii) bronchiectasis up to ∼24 months post‐hospitalisation; and (iv) risk of respiratory readmissions within 6 months.MethodsIndigenous infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis were enrolled at Royal Darwin Hospital between 2008 and 2013. Standardized forms were used to record clinical data. A nasopharyngeal swab was collected at enrolment to identify respiratory viruses and bacteria.ResultsThe median age of 232 infants was 5 months (interquartile range 3–9); 65% male. On multivariate regression, our 12 point severity score (including accessory muscle use) was the only factor associated with prolonged LOS but the effect was modest (+3.0 hr per point, 95%CI: 0.7, 5.1, P = 0.01). Presence of cough at 3 weeks increased the odds of bronchiectasis (OR 3.0, 95%CI: 1.1, 7.0, P = 0.03). Factors associated with respiratory readmissions were: previous respiratory hospitalization (OR 2.3, 95%CI: 1.0, 5.4, P = 0.05) and household smoke (OR 2.6, 95%CI: 1.0, 6.3, P = 0.04).ConclusionIncreased severity score is associated with prolonged LOS in Indigenous children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. As persistent symptoms at 3 weeks post‐hospitalization are associated with future diagnosis of bronchiectasis, optimising clinical care beyond hospitalization is needed to improve long‐term respiratory outcomes for infants at risk of respiratory disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:613–623. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation: recent insights into an age old problem
Authors: Dupont Liane , Reeves Matthew B. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection remains a major cause of morbidity in patient populations. In certain clinical settings, it is the reactivation of the pre‐existing latent infection in the host that poses the health risk. The prevailing view of HCMV latency was that the virus was essentially quiescent in myeloid progenitor cells and that terminal differentiation resulted in the initiation of the lytic lifecycle and reactivation of infectious virus. However, our understanding of HCMV latency and reactivation at the molecular level has been greatly enhanced through recent advancements in systems biology approaches to perform global analyses of both experimental and natural latency. These approaches, in concert with more classical reductionist experimentation, are furnishing researchers with new concepts in cytomegalovirus latency and suggest that latent infection is far more active than first thought. In this review, we will focus on new studies that suggest that distinct sites of cellular latency could exist in the human host, which, when coupled with recent observations that report different transcriptional programmes within cells of the myeloid lineage, argues for multiple latent phenotypes that could impact differently on the biology of this virus in vivo. Finally, we will also consider how the biology of the host cell where the latent infection persists further contributes to the concept of a spectrum of latent phenotypes in multiple cell types that can be exploited by the virus. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Initiation Capabilities of Energetic Diazodinitrophenols
Authors: Izsák Dániel , Klapötke Thomas M. , Preimesser Andreas , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe diazophenols 3‐amino‐6‐diazo‐2, 4‐dinitrophenol (4) and 3‐chloro‐6‐diazo‐2, 5‐dinitrophenol (8) were synthesized and comprehensively characterized. The regio‐selectivity of nitration reactions with N,N′‐(1, 4‐phenylene)dimethanesulfonamide (1) and N,N′‐(1, 4‐phenylene)diacetamide (6) was investigated in detail. The purity of the products was confirmed via low temperature X‐ray diffraction, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Moreover, the capability of 4 and 8 to initiate RDX (1, 3, 5‐trinitro‐1, 3, 5‐triazinane) was tested, together with the two other recently presented diazophenols 4‐diazo‐2, 6‐dinitrophenol (iso‐DDNP) and 3‐hydroxy‐DDNP (HODDNP). The tests revealed superior properties of HODDNP compared to DDNP and the other tested diazophenols regarding its ability to initiate RDX.
The Novel
Authors: Brink André 
Published: November 2015

"The novel, Brink argues, is not about representation but the self-conscious play of language. From its inception, he suggests, the genre has been about the act of writing and self-reflection. This thesis is not new but is part of the currency of postmodern literary theory. Brink, himself a noted South African novelist, the author of some 12 books, including A Dry White Season (1984), and a university professor, brings the insight of an insider. He surveys 15 celebrated novels, historically arranged from Don Quixote and La Princesse de Cleves to A.S. Byatt's Possession and Italo Calvino's If on a Winter Night a Traveller examining each in terms of its play with writing and language. His discussions are marked by clarity, insight, and comprehension. A valuable book."
--Thomas L. Cooksey, Library Journal
"What a treat to explore the novel as a genre through the lucid eyes of André Brink, himself one of the world's foremost novelists! I particularly enjoyed the way in which the most traditional novels were revealed as contemporary and entirely relevant."
--Ariel Dorfman
The postmodernist novel has become famous for the extremes of its narcissistic involvement with language. In this challenging and wide-ranging new study, André Brink argues that this self-consciousness has been a defining characteristic of the novel since its inception. Taking as his starting point "the propensity for story" embedded in all language, he demonstrates that the old familiar novels may be the more startlingly modern, while postmodernist texts remain more firmly rooted in convention.
From the beginnings of the genre with Don Quixote, through "classic" novels of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and modern and postmodern texts of the twentieth, Brink performs a sweeping analysis of 500 years of the novel, including Moll Flanders, Emma, Madame Bovary, The Trial, One Hundred Years of Solitude, and Possession. As an internationally recognized novelist, he brings a unique critical eye and enthusiasm to his exploration of the genre, offering the reader a refreshing and rewarding introduction to the novel and narrative theory.