bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why social status matters for understanding the interrelationships between testosterone, economic risk‐taking, and gender
Authors: Fisk Susan Rebecca , Miller Brennan J. , Overton Jon 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe conduct an extensive review of the literature on testosterone and economic risk‐taking behavior. In sum, there is evidence of a positive association between testosterone and economic risk taking, although it is unlikely to be a strong association given the abundance of null results. However, we argue that the existing literature may overstate the causal effects of testosterone on economic risk taking (or even report a spurious correlation) because this research has not considered the potentially confounding role of social status. Status could concurrently influence both testosterone and economic risk taking, given that testosterone is a social hormone with a reciprocal relationship with social status, and social status has been found to drive risk‐taking behavior. We also argue against using findings from this literature to make gender essentialist claims, primarily because social phenomena influence the size—and existence—of gender differences in economic risk‐taking behavior. We conclude with suggestions for future research.
Blurring the boundaries: Using Gamergate to examine “real” and symbolic violence against women in contemporary gaming culture
Authors: Gray Kishonna L. , Buyukozturk Bertan , Hill Zachary G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRecent controversies in gaming culture (i.e., Gamergate) highlight the lack of attention devoted to discussions of actual violence women experience in gaming. Rather, the focus is often situated on in‐game violence; however, we must extend discussions of in‐game violence and increased aggression to account for the “real world,” violent, realities of women as gamers, developers, and even critics of the medium. As such, we provide context with a brief introduction to the events of Gamergate. We then discuss the connections between the continued marginalization of women both in video games and in “real life.” Drawing from a range of sociological and ludological research, especially Bourdieu and Wacquant's conceptualization of symbolic violence, we examine the normalization of violence towards women in gaming culture. We conclude with considerations for future work involving symbolic violence and other conceptualizations of violence. This focus allows for a more impactful consideration as to why and how codified simulated violence affects marginalized members of communities. Using symbolic violence to connect trends within games to the lived experiences of women in gaming communities binds virtual experiences to “real” ones.
Intraocular pressure in American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) measured with rebound and applanation tonometry
Authors: Cannizzo Sarah A. , Lewbart Gregory A. , Westermeyer Hans D. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) with rebound and applanation tonometry and to create calibration curves for both tonometers to determine the actual IOP of bullfrogs.ProceduresTwenty bullfrogs were evaluated with slip‐lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, rebound tonometry, and applanation tonometry. Axial globe length and corneal thickness were measured in the three largest and the three smallest frogs with ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography, respectively. Two frogs were euthanized for direct manometry.ResultsThe median IOP was 4 mmHg with the rebound tonometer and 16 mmHg with the applanation tonometer. The correlation coefficient (r2) between the manometry measurements and the tonometers was 0.95 and 0.91 for the rebound and applanation tonometers, respectively. The corresponding equations were y = 0.331x + 0.558 for the rebound tonometer and y = 0.675x + 1.907 for the applanation tonometer. The median axial globe length was 0.94 cm. The median corneal thickness was 0.093 mm.ConclusionsThe rebound tonometer is the preferable tonometer for American Bullfrogs. Neither tonometer produced IOP readings that matched the manometer. The rebound tonometer was more precise and it was faster and easier to use.
Design and implementation of a head‐and‐neck phantom for system audit and verification of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Webster Gareth J. , Hardy Mark J. , Rowbottom Carl G. , Mackay Ranald I. 
Published: March 2017

The head and neck is a challenging anatomic site for intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), requiring thorough testing of planning and treatment delivery systems. Ideally, the phantoms used should be anatomically realistic, have radiologic properties identical to those of the tissues concerned, and allow for the use of a variety of devices to verify dose and dose distribution in any target or normal‐tissue structure.A phantom that approaches the foregoing characteristics has been designed and built; its specific purpose is verification for IMRT treatments in the head‐and‐neck region. This semi‐anatomic phantom, HANK, is constructed of Perspex (Imperial Chemical Industries, London, U.K.) and provides for the insertion of heterogeneities simulating air cavities in a range of fixed positions. Chamber inserts are manufactured to incorporate either a standard thimble ionization chamber (0.125 cm3: PTW, Freiburg, Germany) or a smaller PinPoint chamber (0.015 cm3: PTW), and measurements can be made with either chamber in a range of positions throughout the phantom. Coronal films can also be acquired within the phantom, and additional solid blocks of Perspex allow for transverse films to be acquired within the head region.Initial studies using simple conventional head‐and‐neck plans established the reproducibility of the phantom and the measurement devices to within the setup uncertainty of mm. Subsequent verification of 9 clinical head‐and‐neck IMRT plans demonstrated the efficacy of the phantom in making a range of patient‐specific dose measurements in regions of dosimetric and clinical interest. Agreement between measured values and those predicted by the Pinnacle3 treatment planning system (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA) was found to be generally good, with a mean error on the calculated dose to each point of (range: to ) for the primary planning target volume (PTV), (range: to ) for the nodal PTV, and (range: to ) for the spinal cord. The suitability of the phantom for measuring combined dose distributions using radiographic film was also evaluated.The phantom has proved to be a valuable tool in the development and implementation of clinical head‐and‐neck IMRT, allowing for accurate verification of absolute dose and dose distributions in regions of clinical and dosimetric interest.PACS numbers: 87.53.‐j, 87.53.Xd, 87.56.Fc
Cylindrical coordinate‐based TG‐43U1 parameters for dose calculation around elongated brachytherapy sources
Authors: Awan Shahid B. , Dini Sharifeh A. , Hussain Manzoor , Soleimani‐Meigooni David , Meigooni Ali S. 
Published: March 2017

In 2001, the use of cylindrical coordinates was demonstrated to be more suitable than was the use of polar coordinates for accurate computer calculations during treatment planning for intravascular brachytherapy sources. In the present work, we investigated the applicability of cylindrical coordinate–based TG‐43U1 parameters for dosimetric evaluation and dose calculations for RadioCoil sources (RadioMed Corporation, Tyngsboro, MA) 1.0‐cm to 6.0‐cm long. For brevity, only the results for sources 1.0‐cm, 3.0‐cm, and 5.0‐cm long are presented here. Dosimetric characteristics of RadioCoil sources were calculated in liquid water using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. To demonstrate the suitability of this methodology, the Monte Carlo–simulated dose profiles for a RadioCoil source 5.0‐cm long at radial distances of 0.5 cm, 0.9 cm, and 1.25 cm were compared with calculated data using TG‐43U1 parameters in the polar and cylindrical coordinate systems. In addition, we also used a source 1.0‐cm long parameterized using cylindrical coordinates to investigate the application of a linear segmented source (LSS) model originally introduced by our group. The results indicate that, for dose calculation around elongated brachytherapy sources, cylindrical coordinate–based TG‐43U1 parameters more accurately represent the dose distribution around an elongated source than the polar coordinate–based parameters. In addition, the LSS model, in conjunction with the cylindrical coordinate–based parameters for a source 1.0‐cm long, can be used to replicate the dose distribution around any integral source length. This process eliminates the need to collect and enter data for multiple source lengths into treatment planning systems.PACS number: 87.66.Jj
Multiple Histone Lysine Methyltransferases Are Required for the Establishment and Maintenance of HIV-1 Latency
Authors: Nguyen Kien , Das Biswajit , Dobrowolski Curtis , Karn Jonathan 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

We showed previously that the histone lysine methyltransferase (HKMT) H3K27me3 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and is required for the maintenance of HIV-1 latency in Jurkat T cells. Here we show, by using chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, that both PRC2 and euchromatic histone-lysine
N
-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), the G9a H3K9me2-3 methyltransferase, are highly enriched at the proviral 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR) and rapidly displaced upon proviral reactivation. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(s) (CRISPR)-mediated knockout of EZH2 caused depletion of both EZH2 and EHMT2, but CRISPR-mediated knockout of EHMT2 was selective for EHMT2, consistent with the failure of EHMT2 knockouts to induce latent proviruses in this system. Either (i) knockout of methyltransferase by short hairpin RNA in Jurkat T cells prior to HIV-1 infection or (ii) inhibition of the enzymes with drugs significantly reduced the levels of the resulting silenced viruses, demonstrating that both enzymes are required to establish latency. To our surprise, inhibition of EZH2 (by GSK-343 or EPZ-6438) or inhibition of EHMT2 (by UNC-0638) in the Th17 primary cell model of HIV latency or resting memory T cells isolated from HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, was sufficient to induce the reactivation of latent proviruses. The methyltransferase inhibitors showed synergy with interleukin-15 and suberanilohydroxamic acid. We conclude that both PRC2 and EHMT2 are required for the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 proviral silencing in primary cells. Furthermore, EZH2 inhibitors such as GSK-343 and EPZ-6438 and the EHMT2 inhibitor UNC-0638 are strong candidates for use as latency-reversing agents in clinical studies.

IMPORTANCE
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduces the circulating virus to undetectable levels. Although patients adhering to the HAART regimen have minimal viremia, HIV persists because of the existence of latent but replication-competent proviruses in a very small population of resting memory CD4
+
T cells (~1 in 10
6
cells). Latency remains the major obstacle to a functional cure for HIV infection, since the persistent reservoir almost invariably rebounds within 2 to 8 weeks when HAART is interrupted. In latently infected cells, the HIV genome is stably integrated into the host chromosome but transcriptionally repressed because of epigenetic silencing mechanisms. We demonstrate here that multiple histone lysine methyltransferases play a critical role in both the establishment and maintenance of proviral silencing in cells obtained from well-suppressed patients. Drugs that inhibit these enzymes are available from oncology applications and may find a use in reversing latency as part of a reservoir reduction strategy.
Heart failure in patients presenting with dyspnoea to the emergency department in the Asia Pacific region: an observational study
Authors: Keijzers Gerben , Kelly Anne-Maree , Cullen Louise , Klim Sharon , Graham Colin A , Craig Simon , Kuan Win Sen , Jones Peter , Holdgate Anna , Lawoko Charles , Laribi Said 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesTo describe demographic features, assessment, management and outcomes of patients who were diagnosed with heart failure after presenting to an emergency department (ED) with a principal symptom of dyspnoea.DesignPlanned substudy of the prospective, descriptive cohort study: Asia, Australia and New Zealand Dyspnoea in Emergency Departments (AANZDEM).Setting46 EDs in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia collected data over 3 72-hour periods in May, August and October 2014.ParticipantsPatients with an ED diagnosis of heart failure.Outcome measuresOutcomes included patient epidemiology, investigations ordered, treatment modalities used and patient outcomes (hospital length of stay (LOS) and mortality).Results455 (14.9%) of the 3044 patients had an ED diagnosis of heart failure. Median age was 79 years, half were male and 62% arrived via ambulance. 392 (86%) patients were admitted to hospital. ED diagnosis was concordant with hospital discharge diagnosis in 81% of cases. Median hospital LOS was 6 days (IQR 4–9) and in-hospital mortality was 5.1%. Natriuretic peptide levels were ordered in 19%, with lung ultrasound (<1%) and echocardiography (2%) uncommonly performed. Treatment modalities included non-invasive ventilation (12%), diuretics (73%), nitrates (25%), antibiotics (16%), inhaled β-agonists (13%) and corticosteroids (6%).ConclusionsIn the Asia Pacific region, heart failure is a common diagnosis among patients presenting to the ED with a principal symptom of dyspnoea. Admission rates were high and ED diagnostic accuracy was good. Despite the seemingly suboptimal adherence to investigation and treatment guidelines, patient outcomes were favourable compared with other registries.
Commissioning of specialist palliative care services in England
Authors: Lancaster Harriet , Finlay Ilora , Downman Maxwell , Dumas James 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesSome failures in end-of-life care have been attributed to inconsistent provision of palliative care across England. We aimed to explore the variation in commissioning of services by Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) using a data collection exercise.MethodsWe sent a Freedom of Information request in the form of an open questionnaire to all 209 CCGs in England to assess their commissioning of palliative and end-of-life care services, mainly focused on the provision of specialist palliative care services.Results29 CCGs provided information about the number of patients with some form of palliative care needs in their population. For specialist palliative care services, CCGs allocated budgets ranging from £51.83 to £2329.19 per patient per annum. 163 CCGs (77.90%) currently commission 7-day admission to their specialist palliative care beds. 82.84% of CCGs commission 7-day specialist palliative care services in patients' own homes and out-of-hours services rely heavily on hospice provision. 64 CCGs (31.37%) commission pain control teams, the majority of whom only operate in regular working hours. 68.14% of CCGs reported commissioning palliative care education of any sort for healthcare professionals and 44.85% of CCGs had no plans to update or review their palliative care services.ConclusionsThe most important finding from this exercise is that the information CCGs hold about their population and services is not standardised. However, information based on data that are more objective, for example, population and total budget for palliative care, demonstrate wide variations in commissioning.
Survivorship of severe medically unexplained symptoms in palliative care
Authors: Dwyer Justin , Taylor Keryn , Boughey Mark 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesPatients who articulate their psychological distress primarily through physical symptoms (referred to as medically unexplained symptoms (MUS)) pose a challenge to the skills of most clinicians, including palliative care physicians. The philosophical underpinnings of palliative care with a stated focus on symptom management and care of the person in their psychosociospiritual context lend itself to the care of these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics to improve identification of this patient group within palliative care.MethodsHere, we report a case series of 6 patients with severe MUS who were referred to palliative care. We use illustrative case vignettes, examine clinical and demographic characteristics and review the perspectives of the multidisciplinary team to identify the common threads.ResultsThis case series highlights the complexities and challenges that are inherent in providing assessment and care for patients with MUS that present to palliative care. Characteristics that were identified included the clustering of ‘trigger’ symptoms, backgrounds of multiple chronic illnesses and relationship dysfunction. Patient outcomes in this group were universally poor, including the death of 2 patients.ConclusionsKnowledge of this patient group is vital given the likely increase in prevalence of MUS as palliative care broadens its focus earlier in the trajectory of illness. The strengths of palliative care, including psychosociospiritual assessment, multidisciplinary input and communication skills holds the potential to accurately identify patients with MUS and allow the opportunity for specialist psychiatric input with the hope of improving outcomes for patients and their families.
Analysis and design of the system of a total digital Si-gyroscope
Authors: Huang Fuxiang , Liang Yin 
Published: March 2017

In order to get a thorough understanding of the total digital silicon micro-gyroscope, a novel system-level model with details of both the sense and circuit is presented in this paper. Unlike the traditional structures of the digital part of the digital gyroscope, a structure with programmable delay units (PDUs) instead of DPLLs gives a brief and robust character of the whole system. And the PDUs coordinating with the FIR filter could lead to a removal of the IF filters of the sigma–delta DAC for feedback, which saves a lot of consumption. Two MASH sigma–delta ADCs are designed to convert the output of the charge–voltage converters to digital signals, which also bring a better stability. The ADCs achieve an SNR of 102.5 dB with a 10 kHz bandwidth. The stabilization of the closed drive mode has also been analyzed including how the noise caused by the quantization of the digital circuit is affecting the stabilization of both the amplitude and frequency of the driving signals. In the end, a final result of simulation of the gyroscope shows the correctness and accuracy of the whole model of the gyroscope.
Pelvic musculature of
Vectidraco daisymorrisae
and consequences for pterosaur locomotion
Authors: Frigot Rachel A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The unique morphology of pterosaurs makes them a compelling group to study, but the lack of ready analogues or descendant clades presents problems when inferring their biology and ecology. In this paper, the extant phylogenetic bracket is used to reconstruct the musculature of the pterosaur
Vectidraco daisymorrisae
and a detailed comparison is made between the musculature of this taxon and other reconstructions in the literature.
M. iliofibularis
is reconstructed as originating upon the angular process of the posterior iliac process, putting it into a mechanically advantageous position as an abductor.
M. flexor tibialis internus
is reconstructed as greatly enlarged over the ancestral state, probably in response to the reduction of
M. caudofemoralis brevis
and the tail. This enlargement is considered to correspond to the increasing role of
M. flexor tibialis internus
as a hip retractor.
Acute corneal epithelial debridement unmasks the corneal stromal nerve responses to ocular stimulation in rats: implications for abnormal sensations of the eye
Authors: Hirata Harumitsu , Mizerska Kamila , Dallacasagrande Valentina , Guaiquil Victor H. , Rosenblatt Mark I. 
Published: March 2017

It is widely accepted that the mechanisms for transducing sensory information reside in the nerve terminals. Occasionally, however, studies have appeared demonstrating that similar mechanisms may exist in the axon to which these terminals are connected. We examined this issue in the cornea, where nerve terminals in the epithelial cell layers are easily accessible for debridement, leaving the underlying stromal (axonal) nerves undisturbed. In isoflurane-anesthetized rats, we recorded extracellularly from single trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the cornea that are excited by ocular dryness and cooling: low-threshold (<2°C cooling) and high-threshold (>2°C) cold-sensitive plus dry-sensitive neurons playing possible roles in tearing and ocular pain. We found that the responses in both types of neurons to dryness, wetness, and menthol stimuli were effectively abolished by the debridement, indicating that their transduction mechanisms lie in the nerve terminals. However, some responses to the cold, heat, and hyperosmolar stimuli in low-threshold cold-sensitive plus dry-sensitive neurons still remained. Surprisingly, the responses to heat in approximately half of the neurons were augmented after the debridement. We were also able to evoke these residual responses and follow the trajectory of the stromal nerves, which we subsequently confirmed histologically. The residual responses always disappeared when the stromal nerves were cut at the limbus, suggesting that the additional transduction mechanisms for these sensory modalities originated most likely in stromal nerves. The functional significance of these residual and enhanced responses from stromal nerves may be related to the abnormal sensations observed in ocular disease. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In addition to the traditional view that the sensory transduction mechanisms exist in the nerve terminals, we report here that the proximal axons (stromal nerves in the cornea from which these nerve terminals originate) may also be capable of transducing sensory information. We arrived at this conclusion by removing the epithelial cell layers of the cornea in which the nerve terminals reside but leaving the underlying stromal nerves undisturbed.